,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,& ,,its ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals ,,f ,,! ,,/ates ,,ea/ ,,( ,,! ,,mississippi ,,riv] ,,& ,,f ,,! ,,canadian ,,prov9ces ,,ea/ ,,( ,,longitude #ie4 ,,by ,,oliv] ,p4 ,,hay ,associate ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton ,illu/ration ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,c>negie ,,in/itution ,,( ,,wa%+ton1 ,,febru>y1 #aibc ,,c>negie ,,in/itution ,,( ,,wa%+ton ,,publication ,,no4 #cbb ,,te*nical ,,press ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,page ,preface ,,vii-,,viii ,conclusions reg>d+ ! divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e #a-ae ,limits ( ! ,plei/oc5e #a ,! ,blanco ,plioc5e #a ,divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e #b ,elevation ( ,cont95t #c ,connections ( ,nor? ,am]ica ) ,s\? ,am]ica & ,asia #c ,s\rces ( v]tebrates #d ,ri*ness ( ,plei/oc5e life #d ,evolution dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e #e ,ext9ction ( species #f ,! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e1 ! ,nebraskan #g ,! ,aftonian int]glacial #aj ,! ,y>m\? int]glacial #ab ,! ,ill9ois glacial #ab ,! ,sangamon int]glacial #ab ,! ,peorian int]glacial #ac ,! ,wiscons9 & ! ,waba% b$s #ac ,coa/al ,pla9 t]races #ac ,conspectus ( ,geology & ,v]tebrate ,palontology ( ! ,plei/oc5e #ad-ae ,f9ds ( ,plei/oc5e cetaceans 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #ag-bj ,ont>io #ag ,quebec #ah ,v]mont #ai ,new ,brunswick #ai ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bj ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bj ,florida #bj ,f9ds ( ,plei/oc5e ,p9nip$ia 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #ba-cj ,gr9nell ,l& #ba ,nova ,scotia #ba ,new ,brunswick #ba ,quebec #ba ,ont>io #bc ,ma9e #bc ,new ,hamp%ire #be ,massa*usetts #be ,new ,j]sey #bf ,virg9ia #bh ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bi ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bi ,f9ds ( ,plei/oc5e ,x5>?ra 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #ca-dd ,new ,j]sey #ca ,p5nsylvania #ca ,ohio #ca ,indiana #cb ,ill9ois #cc ,virg9ia #cd ,we/ ,virg9ia #cd ,s\? ,c>ol9a #ce ,georgia #cf ,florida #cg ,alabama #dj ,mississippi #dj ,t5nessee #da ,k5tucky #dc ,f9ds ( ma/odons 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #de-abh ,ont>io #de ,cape ,breton ,isl& #df ,massa*usetts #dg ,connecticut #dg ,new ,york #dh ,new ,j]sey #fc ,p5nsylvania #fh ,ohio #gj ,mi*igan #hj ,indiana #hh ,ill9ois #ajj ,wiscons9 #aaj ,m>yl& #aab ,virg9ia #aac ,we/ ,virg9ia #aae ,nor? ,c>ol9a #aae ,s\? ,c>ol9a #aah ,georgia #abj ,florida #aba ,alabama #abd ,mississippi #abd ,t5nessee #abg ,k5tucky #abh ,f9ds ( ,elephas primig5ius 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #acj-adf ,ont>io #acj ,new ,york #aca ,new ,j]sey #acb ,p5nsylvania #acc ,ohio #acd ,mi*igan #acg ,indiana #ach ,ill9ois #adj ,wiscons9 #adc ,m>yl& #add ,virg9ia #ade ,nor? ,c>ol9a #ade ,florida #ade ,t5nessee #adf ,k5tucky #adf ,f9ds ( ,elephas columbi 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #adg-afa ,ont>io #adg ,v]mont #adh ,new ,york #adi ,new ,j]sey #adi ,p5nsylvania #aej ,ohio #aej ,mi*igan #aea ,indiana #aea ,ill9ois #aeb ,m>yl& #aed ,nor? ,c>ol9a #aee ,s\? ,c>ol9a #aee ,georgia #aeg ,florida #aeg ,k5tucky #afj ,f9ds ( ,elephas imp]ator 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #afb-afd ,s\? ,c>ol9a #afb ,florida #afb ,alabama #afd ,f9ds ( ,elephas sp4 indet4 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #aff-ahb ,ungava #aff ,ont>io #aff ,v]mont #afg ,new ,york #afg ,p5nsylvania #afh ,ohio #afh ,mi*igan #aga ,indiana #aga ,ill9ois #age ,wiscons9 #agh ,m>yl& & ,di/rict ( ,columbia #agh ,virg9ia #agh ,we/ ,virg9ia #agi ,nor? ,c>ol9a #agi ,florida #agi ,mississippi #ahj ,t5nessee #aha ,k5tucky #aha ,f9ds ( ,equid 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #ahc-bjb ,massa*usetts #ahc ,new ,york #ahc ,new ,j]sey #ahd ,p5nsylvania #ahd ,ohio #ahe ,indiana #ahf ,ill9ois #ahg ,m>yl& & ,di/rict ( ,columbia #ahh ,virg9ia #ahi ,we/ ,virg9ia #aij ,nor? ,c>ol9a #aij ,s\? ,c>ol9a #aia ,georgia #aic ,florida #aid ,alabama #bjj ,mississippi #bjj ,t5nessee #bja ,k5tucky #bjb ,f9ds ( tapirs 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bjc-baj ,p5nsylvania #bjc ,ohio #bjc ,indiana #bjc ,m>yl& #bjd ,virg9ia #bjd ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bjd ,georgia #bjf ,florida #bjf ,mississippi #bjh ,t5nessee #bji ,k5tucky #bji ,rh9oc]oses 9 ,florida #baa ,f9ds ( pecc>ies 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bab-bbc ,new ,york #bab ,new ,j]sey #bac ,p5nsylvania #bac ,ohio #bad ,mi*igan #bae ,indiana #baf ,ill9ois #bah ,wiscons9 #bai ,m>yl& #bbj ,virg9ia #bba ,we/ ,virg9ia #bba ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bba ,florida #bbb ,t5nessee #bbb ,k5tucky #bbc ,f9ds ( camels 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bbd-bbe ,p5nsylvania #bbd ,florida #bbd ,t5nessee #bbe ,f9ds ( ,odocoileus 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bbf-bcd ,ont>io #bbf ,new ,york #bbf ,new ,j]sey #bbf ,p5nsylvania #bbg ,ohio #bbg ,mi*igan #bbg ,indiana #bbh ,ill9ois #bbi ,wiscons9 #bcj ,m>yl& #bcj ,virg9ia #bca ,we/ ,virg9ia #bca ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bca ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bca ,florida #bcb ,mississippi #bcc ,t5nessee #bcd ,k5tucky #bcd ,f9ds ( ,c]vus canad5sis 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bce-bdc ,ont>io #bce ,v]mont #bce ,new ,york #bce ,new ,j]sey #bcg ,p5nsylvania #bcg ,mi*igan #bcg ,indiana #bch ,ill9ois #bci ,wiscons9 #bdj ,m>yl& #bdb ,nor? ,c>ol9a #bdb ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bdb ,georgia #bdc ,florida #bdc ,t5nessee #bdc ,k5tucky #bdc ,f9ds ( ,rangif] 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bdd-bdg ,gr9nell ,l& #bdd ,ont>io #bdd ,v]mont #bdd ,connecticut #bdd ,new ,york #bde ,new ,j]sey #bde ,p5nsylvania #bdf ,ill9ois #bdf ,wiscons9 #bdg ,k5tucky #bdg ,f9ds ( musk-ox5 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bdh-bee ,gr9nell ,l& #bdh ,new ,j]sey #bdh ,p5nsylvania #bdh ,ohio #bdi ,mi*igan #bej ,indiana #bea ,ill9ois #bec ,we/ ,virg9ia #bed ,mississippi #bed ,k5tucky #bee ,f9ds ( ext9ct bisons 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bef-bfe ,ont>io #bef ,p5nsylvania #bef ,ohio #beg ,indiana #beg ,ill9ois #bei ,wiscons9 #bei ,m>yl& #bei ,virg9ia #bei ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bfj ,georgia #bfa ,florida #bfb ,alabama #bfd ,mississippi #bfd ,k5tucky #bfe ,f9ds ( ,bison bison 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica #bff-bga ,ont>io #bff ,massa*usetts #bff ,new ,york #bff ,new ,j]sey #bfg ,p5nsylvania #bfg ,indiana #bfh ,ill9ois #bfh ,wiscons9 #bgj ,k5tucky #bgj ,f9ds ( ,ca/oroides 9 ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates #bgb-bhj ,new ,york #bgb ,p5nsylvania #bgb ,ohio #bgc ,mi*igan #bge ,indiana #bgf ,ill9ois #bgh ,s\? ,c>ol9a #bgi ,georgia #bhj ,mississippi #bhj ,t5nessee #bhj ,plei/oc5e ,geology ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica & its fossil v]tebrates #bha-djf ,ont>io #bha ,quebec #bhh ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,cape ,breton ,isl& #bhi ,new ,engl& #bij ,new ,york #bid ,new ,j]sey #bii ,p5nsylvania #cjf ,ohio #cbd ,mi*igan #ccj ,indiana #cca ,ill9ois #ccd ,wiscons9 #cdj ,m>yl& & ,di/rict ( ,columbia #cdd ,virg9ia #cea ,we/ ,virg9ia #ced ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cee ,s\? ,c>ol9a #cfa ,georgia #cfh ,florida #cgb ,alabama #chd ,mississippi #che ,t5nessee #cic ,k5tucky #djj ,,illu/rations ,,plates4 ,,map #a4 ,plei/oc5e cetaceans 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #b4 ,plei/oc5e ,p9nip$ia 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #c4 ,plei/oc5e ,x5>?ra 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #d4 ,plei/oc5e ,x5>?ra 9 ,florida4 #e4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #f4 ,ea/]n ,new ,york1 we/]n ,massa*usetts1 & ,connecticut1 %[+ relation ( ma/odon localities to areas ( sea-level 9 ,late ,wiscons94 #f;,a4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,new ,j]sey4 #g4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,ohio4 #h4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,mi*igan4 #i4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,indiana4 #aj4 ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,florida4 #aa4 ,elephas primig5ius 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ab4 ,elephas columbi 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ac4 ,elephas columbi 9 ,florida4 #ad4 ,elephas imp]ator 9 s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ae4 ,elephas imp]ator 9 ,florida4 #af4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ag4 ,plei/oc5e horses 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ah4 ,plei/oc5e horses 9 ,florida4 #ai4 ,plei/oc5e tapirs 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bj4 ,plei/oc5e pecc>ies 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ba4 ,plei/oc5e camels 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bb4 ,plei/oc5e species ( ,odocoileus 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bc4 ,c]vus canad5sis 9 ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bd4 ,rangif] 9 ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #be4 ,plei/oc5e musk-ox5 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bf4 ,ext9ct bisons 9 ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bg4 ,bison bison 9 ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bh4 ,ca/oroides 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bi4 ,ca/oroides 9 ,ohio4 #cj4 ,ca/oroides 9 ,indiana4 #ca4 ,areas 9 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,massa*usetts1 & ,v]mont occupi$ by wat] at sea-level 9 ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #cb4 ,isobases ( ,late ,glacial uplift4 #cc4 ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]'s view ( preglacial dra9age ( ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes4 #cd4 ,wiscons9 glaci] 9 ,new ,york1 lakes ,newb]ry & ,maumee1 & localities ( ma/odons4 #ce4 ,glacial map ( ,ohio4 #cf4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e mammals 9 ,ohio4 #cg4 ,glacial map ( ,indiana4 #ch4 ,glacial map ( ,ill9ois4 ,%[s also localities ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates4 #ci4 ,coa/al pla9 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ) localities ( ,plei/oc5e animals & plants4 #dj4 ,sket* map ( ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,georgia4 #da4 ,bigbone ,lick & vic9ity4 ,,text-,,figures4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,geological section ( ,tw9 ,creek1 ne> ,bee*]1 ,w ,co41 ,ill9ois #ajh #b4 ,section across gully at ,:itehall1 ,wiscons9 #bdb #c4 ,region ab\t ,toronto1 ,ont>io #bhb #d4 ,ea/]n ,ont>io1 %[+ limit ( m>9e & fre%-wat] bea*es #bhf #e4 ,s\? %ore-l9e ( ! ,*ampla9 sea #bhg #f4 ,preglacial dra9age ( ! ,upp] ,ohio #bic #g4 ,geologic section ( ,fi% ,h\se b$s at ,camd51 ,new ,j]sey #cjb #h4 ,vic9ity ( ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 %[+ di/ribution ( ! ,tr5ton gravels #cje #i4 ,geologic sections at ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey #cje #aj4 ,nor!rn ,p5nsylvania1 %[+ glaciat$ areas #cji #aa4 ,section ( ,port ,k5n$y bone cave at "t ( fir/ exploration1 #ahga #cah #ab4 ,section ( ,port ,k5n$y bone cave at "t ( la/ exploration1 #ahif #cah #ac4 ,metat>sal ( ,ovis sp4 indet41 f ,k5dall ,co41 ,ill9ois #cch #ad4 ,relation ( ! driftless area to ! surr\nd+ glaciat$ areas #cdb #ae4 ,diagram %[+ ! suppos$ t]races ( ! ,m>yl& coa/al pla9 #cde #af4 ,section across ,potomac ,riv] ne> ,big ,pool1 ,m>yl&1 %[+ gravel-cov]$ t]races #cdg #ag4 ,g5]aliz$ section across ,allegh5y ,valley at ,p>k]s ,l&+1 ,w4 ,va4 #cdi #ah4 ,too? ( ,hydro*o]us p9ckneyi #cfe #ai4 ,jaw & too? ( a wolf f ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a #cff #bj4 ,coa/al pla9 ( ,georgia #cfi #ba4 ,geologic section f nor? to s\? ?r\gh ! phosphate deposits ( ,florida #cgg #bb4 ,geological map ( ,mississippi embaym5t #chh #bc4 ,c\nty map ( ,t5nessee1 to %[ :]e ,plei/oc5e fossils h be5 f\nd #cie #bd4 ,v]tical section ( ,bigbone ,cave1 ,elroy1 ,van ,bur5 ,co41 ,t5nessee #cih #be4 ,section on bank ( ,t5nessee ,riv] at ,na%ville #djj ,,preface4 ,! writ] has be5 engag$ = sev]al ye>s on an inve/igation ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ( ! ,v]tebrata :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ! deposits ( ?is epo*4 ,x _h be5 8 expectation to publi% ! results ( all 8 /udies at ! same date4 ,h[ev]1 on consultation ) ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,m]riam1 x 0 agre$ t x w\ld be bett] to publi% imm$iately t "p :i* p]ta9s to ! region ly+ ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] &1 z to ! c\ntry fur!r nor?1 t ea/ ( longitude #ie4 ,at ! outset ! writ] 0 conv9c$ t1 be=e j conclusions c\ld be rea*$1 x 0 necess>y to "k :at fossil mat]ials _h be5 collect$ & "u :at geological & geographical conditions4 ,he !re=e made z ?or\gh a se>* z possible ( ! lit]ature = reports ( discov]ies ( fossil v]tebrates4 ,also1 :5 9 sci5tific j\rnals or 9 newspap]s ! f9d+ ( fossils 0 record$1 rec\rse 0 _h to correspond5ce1 ?us secur+ mu* exact in=mation z to locality1 k9d ( matrix1 dep?1 & o!r important data4 ,(t5 photographs h be5 obta9$ & ev5 ! mat]ials !mselves4 ,! writ] has also visit$ _m museums & colleges ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry & exam9$ _! collections4 ,ev5 9 ! small] in/itutions1 :]e p]haps only a few objects h be5 secur$ & pres]v$1 "s ( ^! h furni%$ important in=mation4 ,regret may be express$ t 9 ! l>g] museums & colleges1 z well z ! small] ones1 too (t5 !re h be5 pres]v$ only meag] or no records reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( :at w\ld o!rwise be valuable specim5s4 ,9 ord] to %[ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! mo/ important species t occur 9 consid]able numb]s1 a s]ies ( maps has be5 prep>$1 p]ta9+ to ! foll[+3 ,:ales & porpoises4 ,seals & walruses4 ,! ed5tates4 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,e4 columbi4 ,e4 imp]ator4 ,e4 species undet]m9$4 ,ma/odons1 mo/ly ,mammut4 ,horses1 mo/ly ,equus4 ,tapirs4 ,pecc>ies4 ,camels4 ,odocoileus4 ,c]vus4 ,rangif]4 ,musk-ox54 ,bisons1 ext9ct4 ,bison bison4 ,giant beav]s4 ,:]e ! map ( a ,/ate has become too cr[d$ ) num]als1 a special map ( t ,/ate = t species or g5us has be5 prep>$4 ,!re are maps ( ! ed5tates 9 ,florida2 ma/odons ( ,indiana1 ( ,new ,york1 ( ,ohio1 ( ,mi*igan1 ( ,florida2 ,elephas columbi 9 ,florida2 ,elephas imp]ator 9 ,florida2 horses 9 ,florida4 ,o!r maps & figures = illu/ration ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology w be f\nd 9 _! prop] places4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! pres5t volume is occupi$ by a consid]ation ( ! specim5s record$ on ! maps4 ,su* in=mation is not$ z c\ld be secur$1 (t5 satisfactory1 little en\gh sometimes2 b x has be5 f\nd t "o c n =esee :at important in=mation a giv5 fossil may furni%4 ,at lea/1 ! pres5ce ( ! fossil at a locality indicates ! exi/5ce !re ( ,plei/oc5e deposits ( "s k9d4 ,9 cases :]e o!r species h be5 associat$ ) ! "o mapp$ & describ$1 ^! are not$4 ,:5 ! consid]ation ( ^! mapp$ species & g5]a is complet$1 ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! v>i\s ,/ates & prov9ces is tak5 up1 s f> z x is relat$ to ! v]tebrate palontology4 ,?is involv$ an exam9ation ( mu* ( ! lit]ature ( ! ,glacial p]iod2 & "h "o soon f9ds himself 9 face ( huge tomes & endless articles & detail$ maps4 ,only some:at less 9 am\nt is ! lit]ature ( ! ,/ates beyond ! glaciat$ area4 ,! opportunity to misund]/& & to commit errors is unlimit$1 & ! writ] c only hope = l5i5t criticism4 ,an attempt has be5 made 9 ! case ( all v]tebrate fossils to det]m9e _! geological relations & to d]ive "s g5]al conclusions reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( our ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates & _! relation to ! divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,! conclusions rea*$ are embodi$ 9 ! imm$iately succe$+ pages4 ,n mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to ! fossil inv]tebrates & plants4 ,x is evid5t t nei!r ! mollusks nor ! plants h und]gone any consid]able *ange dur+ ,plei/oc5e times & are !re=e n available z indicators ( geological /ages1 ?\gh (t5 useful = det]m9+ local climatic conditions4 ,_! value c be bett] utiliz$ by ! palomalacologi/s & palobotani/s4 ,to ! (fic]s ( museums & colleges & to ! private individuals :o h s freely (f]$ ! use ( _! mat]ials & 9 o!r ways aid$ ! writ]1 he takes pleasure 9 express+ 8 s9c]e ?anks4 ,mo/ ( all1 h[ev]1 he is indebt$ to ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton = ! g5]\s support ext5d$ dur+ ! ye>s ( ?is inve/igation4 ,,june #a1 #aibb4 ,,oliv] ,p4 ,,hay4 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,& ,,its ,,v]tebrat$ ,,animals4 ,,conclusions ,,reg>d+ ,,! ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,i4 ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,! ,plei/oc5e is reg>d$ z be+ equival5t to :at is kn[n z ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,x began ) ! deploym5t ( ! ice-%eets :i*1 proce$+ f _! c5t]s ( accumulation 9 ,briti% ,am]ica1 laid d[n 9 ! ,ea/ ! ,j]seyan drift & 9 ! ,we/ ! ,nebraskan4 ,! m ! ,glacial p]iod is /udi$ ! m "o becomes impress$ ) ! significance ( its physical effects on ! nor!rn hemisph]e & ) its influ5ce on ! v]tebrate life4 ,d\btless its effects on ! _w 9 g5]al are only beg9n+ to be compreh5d$4 ,! writ] kn[s ( no o!r ph5om5a1 geological or biological1 :i* s well *>act]ize ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod z d ^? compreh5d$ "u ! t]m ,glacial4 ,!y con/itute ! key to ! det]m9ation ( ! subdivisions ( ! epo* & ( _! succession & to ! hi/ory ( ! v]tebrates :i* dur+ ?is "t occupi$ ! cont95t4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,blanco ,,plioc5e4 ,! ,blanco is held to belong to ! upp]1 or to ! upp]mo/1 ,plioc5e4 ,x is at pres5t assign$ to ! ,middle ,plioc5e 7,osborn1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #cfa1 p4 #ha2 ,mat!w1 ibid41 p4 #abj74 ,until rec5tly ! olde/ kn[n ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates appe>$ to be repres5t$ by ! collections :i* long ago 7 made at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon1 & at ,grayson 7,hay ,spr+s71 ,nebraska4 ,^! assemblages _h =m]ly be5 ref]r$ to ! ,plioc5e1 & ! belief t !y belong !re is n yet :olly )\t support]s4 ,x seem$1 !re=e1 prop] to retire ! ,blanco some:at4 ,! discov]y t ! ,fossil ,lake & ,grayson faunas 7 repres5t$ 9 ! ,aftonian deposits ( ,i[a1 & belong$ probably to ! fir/ int]glacial /age1 reveals ! fact t ! geological int]val betwe5 ! ,blanco & ! ,aftonian is at lea/ p>tly fill$ by ! fir/ glacial /age1 ! ,nebraskan4 ,naturally1 x is to be expect$ t ! brea* betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] faunas w be occupi$1 9 "p at lea/1 by ! v]tebrates ( ! ,nebraskan4 ,:at ^! are is n yet well det]m9$2 b ! writ] believes t z ! ,blanco & its equival5t & closely relat$ =mations & faunas become bett] kn[n1 !y w be attract$ close to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,aside f ! facts j m5tion$1 ! ,blanco fauna seems to ! writ] to be m closely relat$ to ! ,aftonian ?an has be5 suppos$4 ,! g5]a :i* occur 9 ! ,blanco are ! foll[+3 ,megalonyx4 ,mylodon4 ,glypto!rium4 ,hipp>ion4 ,pliohippus4 ,protohippus4 ,platygonus4 ,pliau*5ia4 ,anancus4 ,gompho!rium4 ,/egoma/odon4 ,felis4 ,amphicyon8 ,borophagus4 ,canim>tes4 ,( ^!1 ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 ,hipp>ion1 ,platygonus1 ,anancus1 ,gompho!rium81 ,/egoma/odon1 & ,felis are kn[n f ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,anancus includes ma/odons ) %ort1 tuskless l[] jaws & trefoil$ mol>s4 ,gompho!rium1 hav+ long l[] jaws ) tusks1 upp] tusks ) enamel b&1 & ) trefoil$ mol>s1 may be repres5t$ by "s ( ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e species4 ,! same species ( ,/egoma/odon appe>s to be pres5t 9 ! ,blanco z 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 ,s4 mirificus4 ,! ed5tate ,glypto!rium is n f> remov$ f ,glyptodon ( ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,! ,blanco g5]a ( horses are s close to ,equus t ,cope reg>d$ !m z belong+ to ?is g5us4 ,! matt] may be look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,if ,mylodon1 ,megalonyx1 & ,glypto!rium are ref]r$ to ! ,middle ,plioc5e1 we %all probably h !m record$ z liv+ 9 ,texas be=e !y exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is true t ,santiago ,ro? 7,neues ,jahrb41 ,m94 ,beil41 ,bd41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 table opposite p4 #add7 /ates t ,glyptodon occurs 9 ! ,l[] ,pampas b$s1 & ^! he ref]s to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e2 b ! writ] believes t ,wilck5s 7,neues ,jahrb1 ,m94 ,beil41 ,bd41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aic7 is m ne>ly correct 9 plac+ !m 9 ! ,plioc5e4 ,:ile ! op9ion may be correct t1 :5 no ob/acles int]v5e1 ! "t requir$ = mammals to spread ov] ev5 a cont95t con/itutes b a small "p ( a geological age1 yet 9 mak+ _! way f ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially f ,arg5t9a1 along ! n>r[ bridge t appe>s to h be5 (f]$ !m1 probably ov] m\nta9 ranges1 & across riv]s & gorges1 & 9 ! face ( ! compet+ fauna advanc+ f ! nor?1 "s ( :i* 7 wolves & sab]-too? tig]s1 ! sl[ly plodd+ & in(f5sive ed5tates w\ld h enc\nt]$ too _m h9drances to be able to make ! j\rney 9 a %ort "t4 ,! writ]1 !re=e1 v5tures to range ! ,blanco imm$iately bel[ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,on ab\t ! same level may be plac$ ! ,tul>e-,et*ego9 & ! ,?\s& ,creek =mations ( ,m]riam 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 pp4 #dbe1 #dbi74 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,hi/orical ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,! writ] accepts ! divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e :i* ! geologi/s appe> to h e/abli%$4 ,=m]ly x 0 believ$ t ,nor? ,am]ica _h be5 subject$ to a s+le glacial epo*2 n[ x seems to be prov$ t !re h occurr$ five su* glacial epo*s1 or /ages1 & t !re h int]v5$ f\r int]glacial /ages ( mild climate4 ,! int]glacial /ages are italiciz$4 ,! ,nebraskan /age is ! e>lie/1 ! ,wiscons9 ! late/3 ,wiscons91 ,peorian1 ,i[an1 ,sangamon1 ,ill9oian1 ,y>m\?1 ,kansan1 ,aftonian1 ,nebraskan4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s /ages w be briefly discuss$4 ,! /ages are n equally well und]/ood & at pres5t d n seem to be ( equal importance 9 _! relation to v]tebrate paleontology4 ,,iv4 ,,elevations ,,( ,,! ,,cont95t ,,imm$iately ,,prec$+ ,,or ,,accompany+ ,,! ,,op5+ ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,9 pursu+ ! /udy ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 "o soon realizes t ?is p]iod 0 "o ( great geological activity4 ,ranges ( m\nta9s1 if n begun anew1 7 at lea/ rais$ to great] altitudes4 ,! ,cascade ,range appe>s to h begun to re> its head at ! beg9n+ ( ! epo*1 or ev5 a little lat]4 ,"h & !re ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 ruptur$ & great %eets ( lava 7 p\r$ out ov] ! l&4 ,ice caps repeat$ly accumulat$ ov] l>ge areas 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe1 & 9 _! movem5ts s\?w>d transport$ va/ am\nts ( e>?y dbris & turn$ ! c\rses ( great /reams4 ,app>5tly at times ! ra9fall 0 greatly increas$4 ,! riv]s1 quick5$ by great] slope & ! increas$ volume ( wat]1 cut _! *annels deep] & 9 ! m\nta9s excavat$ pr(\nd gorges4 ,?r\gh elevation ( ! l& ,nor? ,am]ica 01 late 9 ! ,plioc5e or e>ly 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 put into easy communication ) ,asia & ,s\? ,am]ica1 s t v]tebrat$ animals pass$ freely to & fro4 ,a "p ( ^! activities probably belong$ to ! latt] "p ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,9 ! m elevat$ regions ( ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?r\gh ! *emical1 ruptur+1 & transport+ prop]ties ( wat]1 rocks 7 dissolv$ & _! dis9tegrat$ mat]ials produc$ :at has be5 designat$ ! ,lafayette =mation2 b x is possible t ?is belongs to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,v4 ,,connections ,,) ,,asia ,,& ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,m5tion has j be5 made ( a l& connection ) ,asia at "s "t ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! evid5ce = ?is may be call$ circum/antial r ?an direct4 ,! geological evid5ce has n be5 develop$4 ,if any deposits conta9+ m>9e fossils _h be5 laid d[n along ! ,asiatic & ,alaskan coa/s dur+ a "t ( elevation1 !y w\ld n[ be cov]$ by ! sea4 ,our evid5ce = ! connection is d]iv$ f ! di/ribution ( ! v]tebrate animals4 ,dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e our c\ntry 0 invad$ by a ho/ ( mammals ^: home 0 orig9ally 9 ,asia4 ,^! includ$ elephants1 bisons1 elk1 goats1 be>s1 wolves1 & foxes1 besides _m mammals ( small] size4 ,x is ! pres5ce 9 ,am]ica ( ! small] animals1 _m g5]a ( rod5ts ( ,asiatic orig91 t %[s t !re mu/ h be5 a l& connection4 ,^! c\ld n h made _! passage across ,b]+ ,/rait on ! ice1 z x might be imag9$ ! l>g] animals did4 ,! way betwe5 ! two cont95ts _h m ?an once be=e be5 op51 b x 0 dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e t mod]n ,asiatic g5]a ent]$ ,nor? ,am]ica 9 great numb]s4 ,exactly :]e ! l& bridge betwe5 ! two c\ntries 0 situat$ is n c]ta92 x may be t a l>ge "p ( ! area n[ occupi$ by ,b]+ ,sea 0 !n dry l&4 ,arldt 7,entwicklung d] ,kont95te1 plate #ba7 repres5ts a connection ext5d+ f ! nor!rn bord] ( ,alaska s\?w>d to include ! ,aleutian ,isl&s4 ,:]e n>r[e/1 ?is bridge1 z repres5t$ by ! au?or nam$1 ext5d$ f latitude #fj to #gj1 a di/ance ( ab\t #gjj miles4 ,9 su* case ! cold curr5ts f ! ,arctic ,ocean w\ld h be5 prev5t$ f ent]+ ! ,pacific1 :ile ! ,japan ,curr5t w\ld h w>m$ up ! s\!rn side ( ! bridge4 ,! r\te 0 !n op5 on ! nor? = ! boreal animals ( ,asia to ent] ,alaska2 :ile on ! s\? ! g5]a inhabit+ ! m temp]ate "p ( ea/]n ,asia w\ld h _h free access to ! ,am]ican %ore4 ,once on ! cont95t1 ! boreal mammals might h spread along ! %ores ( ! ,arctic ,ocean & ^? ( ! temp]ate p>ts ( ,asia h made _! way up ! ,yukon ,valley1 or possibly along ! ,pacific coa/1 to ! w>m] regions t[>d ! s\?4 ,we d n ne$ to suppose t ev5 dur+ ! fir/ glacial1 or ,nebraskan1 /age ! climate ( t "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 z inclem5t z n[4 ,at ! o!r end ( our cont95t a tra9 ( ev5ts n :olly dissimil> 0 9 motion4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,plioc5e "s ,s\? ,am]ican ed5tates1 su* z ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 & ,glypto!rium1 _h rea*$ ,texas4 ,probably a little lat] ! bridge _h become wid5$ s t o!r ed5tates & a few g5]a ( ,s\? ,am]ican hy/ric9e rod5ts sw>m$ into our s\!rn bord]s4 ,at ! same "t a ho/ ( c>nivores1 tapirs1 horses1 camels1 pecc>ies1 de]1 & cricet9e & sciur9e rod5ts made _! way into ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is n[ c]ta9 t ! l& bridge ov] :i* ! int]*ange took place did n include ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,possibly !re yet rema9$ along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,c5tral ,am]ica "s ( ! bord]1 n[ subm]g$1 :i* ,s*u*]t 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xx1 plates #if to #ajj7 repres5ts z be+ pres5t dur+ ! ,t]ti>y4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,v]tebrates ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,! ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica has be5 d]iv$ f ?ree s\rces4 ,"o compon5t _h desc5d$ f ! animals :i* occupi$ ! cont95t dur+ ! late ,t]ti>y1 b ev5 ^! 7 ( mix$ d]ivation4 ,a few appe> to h filt]$ 9 f ,s\? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,plioc5e2 o!rs _h come f ,asia dur+ ,t]ti>y invasions2 b a l>ge elem5t 0 native to ! c\ntry4 ,z su* may be tak5 ! camels1 ! pecc>ies1 ! ?ree-to$ horses1 ! prong-horn antelope1 ! de] ( ! g5us ,odocoileus4 ,^u a cont95t ( va/ ext5t & great f]tility1 possess+ unb\nd$ v>iety ( climate & habitat1 all ^! animals 7 ?r[n toge!r to /ruggle = _! exi/5ce4 ,we mu/ dep5d ^u ! imag9ation to picture :at ! result w\ld h be5 if nature _h pursu$ a c\rse :i* might h be5 pr$ict$4 ,:at ! result 9 reality 01 we %all see4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,ri*ness ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,v]tebrate ,,life4 ,x w be pr(itable to consid] briefly ! "* ( ! ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fauna4 ,! writ] has compil$ a li/ ( ! species :i* h1 s f> z he kn[s1 be5 collect$ & describ$ up to ?is "t4 ,!re are 9 all #fcg species2 ( ^!1 #chg belong to ! mammals1 #aed to ! birds1 #bf only to ! reptiles1 #g to ! amphibians1 #ef to ! bony fi%es1 & #g to ! gr\p ( %>ks & rays4 ,c]ta9ly ^! =m only a "p ( ! species :i* exi/$4 ,at pres5t !re are kn[n 9 our exi/+ fauna nor? ( ,mexico #fic species ( mammals1 exclud+ ! cetaceans--some:at m ?an twice ! numb] ( kn[n ,plei/oc5e species4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 r 9 ! great v>iety ( =ms t ! ,plei/oc5e excell$4 ,foll[+ ,g]rit ,s4 ,mill]'s ,l& ,mammals ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #aiab1 we f9d 9 our pres5t fauna nor? ( ,mexico #bi families2 9 ! ,plei/oc5e !re are n[ kn[n #cg families1 n includ+ ! cetaceans4 ,9 our exi/+ mammalian fauna !re are recogniz$ #aaa g5]a2 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 ) h>dly half z _m species record$1 #ach g5]a are c\nt$4 ,9 ord] to realize m vividly ! v>iety ( ,plei/oc5e =ms1 we h only to recall ! animals !n pres5t1 n[ abs5t1 namely1 ! great gr\nd-slo?s1 ! glyptodons1 ! num]\s species ( horses1 tapirs1 num]\s pecc>ies1 camels1 ! ext9ct relatives ( ! musk-ox51 ext9ct bisons1 elephants1 ma/odons ( ?ree or f\r g5]a1 ! giant beav]1 & ! sab]-too? tig]s4 ,among ! birds1 reptiles1 batra*ians1 & fi%es1 !re 7 few /rik+ =ms1 & ^! 7 mo/ly among ! birds & ! tortoises4 ,! above acc\nt %[s ! great ri*ness ( ! v]tebrate life dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e2 fur!rmore1 ?is abundance evid5tly exi/$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! epo*4 ,x con/itut$ ! mat]ials on :i* t comb9ation ( conditions :i* we call environm5t _h to "w dur+ ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! comp>ison %[s t ! result 0 an impov]i%m5t ( ! v]tebrate fauna4 ,g5]a & families1 ev5 ord]s1 7 wip$ out ( exi/5ce1 & ^! includ$ "s ( ! noble/ animals t h grac$ ! face ( ! e>?1 ! elephants1 ! ma/odons1 tapirs1 _m species ( bison1 horses1 sab]-too? cats1 huge tig]s1 & gigantic wolves4 ,! foll[+ n9e or t5 families became ei!r :olly ext9ct or cont9u$ to exi/ only 9 o!r m hospitable l&s3 ! ,mega!riid1 includ+ sev]al g5]a ( gr\nd-slo?s2 ! ,hoplophorid or glyptodons2 ! ,caviid1 :i* embrac$ "o or m species ( huge capyb>as2 ! ,elephantid1 "u :i* are arrang$ ?ree or f\r species ( elephants & ?ree g5]a ( ma/odons2 ! ,equid1 repres5t$ by a doz5 or m species ( horses2 ! ,camelid1 ( :i* !re 7 sev]al ,plei/oc5e species & probably ?ree or f\r g5]a2 ! ,hynid1 ( :i* !re appe>s to h be5 at lea/ "o g5us1 ) "o species2 ! ,tapirid1 includ+ ?ree or f\r species2 & probably ! ,rh9oc]otid4 ,besides ^!1 ! subfamily ( ,felid kn[n z ,ma*airodont91 embrac+ ^? wond]ful c>nivores ! sab]-too? tig]s1 0 suppress$4 ,! ,dasypodid1 :i* includ$ "s armadillos #e or #f feet long1 are n[ repres5t$ by only "o small species 9 ,texas4 ,( ! ,tagassuid1 to :i* belong$ sev]al g5]a & /ately species ( pecc>ies1 !re exi/s n[ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica nor? ( ,mexico b "o species1 an animal ( only mod]ate size4 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,evolution ,,dur+ ,,! ,,plei/oc5e4 ,we h se5 t ! ,plei/oc5e fauna 0 v diff]5t f t :i* exi/$ :5 :ite m5 fir/ ent]$ ! c\ntry2 also t ! diff]5ce has 9 l>ge "p be5 due to ! de/ruction ( species1 g5]a1 & families4 ,we may n[ inquire :e!r or n ! loss has be5 to any consid]able ext5t comp5sat$ by ! developm5t ( new =ms4 ,_m ( our exi/+ g5]a & species h be5 f\nd 9 ! collections t repres5t ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e kn[n to u4 ,! writ] believes x w\ld be unsafe to say t any liv+ species t "o might select may n h]eaft] be discov]$ 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e collections4 ,x is probably true1 h[ev]1 t "s ( ^? small *anges by :i* we di/+ui% "o species f ano!r h be5 produc$4 ,"s small b p]si/5t diff]5ces might1 = example1 h aris5 9 ! tee? or 9 ! =m ( ! skull ( a gr\p ( muskrats :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ x z =m+ a new species4 ,x is extremely d\btful t any new g5us ( v]tebrates has be5 develop$ s9ce ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,mat!w has conclud$ 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xl1 pp4 #bcb-bce7 t ! evolution ( ! mammals dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e am\nts to ab\t "o-t5? ( t a*iev$ dur+ ! ,plioc5e4 ,! pres5t writ] reg>ds ?is z a lib]al e/imate4 ,?is failure to evolve new g5]a & species is n necess>ily to be attribut$ to ! %ortness ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod2 x may h be5 due r to ! unfavorable conditions4 ,9 :at direction c\ld an animal make progress :51 aft] be+ subject$ = "s ?\s&s ( ye>s to "o set ( conditions1 x 0 compell$ = "s o!r ?\s&s to endure j ! opposite conditions8 ,if life 9 front ( a glaci] = "s c5turies l$ to ! developm5t ( a coat ( hair on an elephant1 t coat w\ld probably disappe> dur+ ! succe$+ int]glacial /age1 & 9 ! end1 if ! elephant _h n p]i%$1 he w\ld be :]e he began4 ,too mu* /ress mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be plac$ on ?is sugge/ion4 ,x may yet be possible to %[ t n[h]e 9 ! _w 0 any consid]able progress made by mammals dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e1 9 ! modification ( _! =ms & /ructure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also possible t all ov] ! _w climatic conditions 7 at int]vals unfavorably affect$ by ! developm5t ( ! great glaci]s & t all life 0 ret>d$ 9 its evolution4 ,! writ] believes1 !re=e1 t x c n be %[n ) c]ta9ty t new =ms ( liv+ ?+s1 especially v]tebrates1 7 develop$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x may be q z difficult to prove t any g5]a or species ( importance ent]$ f o!r l&s aft] ! fir/ invasion4 ,"u ^! conditions !re appe>s to be no means = det]m9+ successive faunas o!r ?an ?r\gh record+ ! "t ( ! disappe>ance ( g5]a & species4 ,,ix4 ,,did ,,! ,,ext9ction ,,( ,,species ,,take ,,place ,,mo/ly ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e8 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e !re exi/$1 z has be5 %[n1 an abundant & highly v>i$ mammalian fauna2 at ! close ( ! epo* ?is fauna _h become relatively impov]i%$4 ,did all ^? families & g5]a & species1 t 9 ! end 7 miss+1 p]i% dur+ or aft] ! la/ glacial /age1 ! ,wiscons98 ,?is op9ion has be5 express$ by "s4 ,! writ] believes t ?is view is :olly improbable4 ,a glacial %eet1 /ret*$ across ! cont95t or a l>ge "p ( x1 0 n local 9 its effects2 x 0 n a cap ( ice m]ely conceal+ a "p ( ! l& & cov]$ possibly by =e/s & all[+ occupation by c]ta9 h>dy animals1 :ile beyond1 up to its foot1 ! c\ntry 0 pleasantly cool1 wood$1 & ab\nd+ ) animat$ creatures4 ,9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada ,m\nta9s ( ,cali=nia 7,l9dgr51 ,folio #ff1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 & ( ,nevada 7,knopf1 ,pr(4 ,pap41 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aaj1 pp4 #ib-aje7 & 9 ! ,san ,juan ,m\nta9s ( ,colorado 7,atwood & ,ma!r1 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #che71 at di/ances ( approximately #fjj or #gjj miles f ! glacial front1 !re exi/$1 dur+ m ?an "o /age1 ext5sive local glaci]s4 ,along ! ,atlantic coa/ dur+ at lea/ "o glacial /age ! walrus 0 driv5 z f> s\? z ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,"o c h>dly d\bt t ! :ole cont95t 0 *ill$ dur+ ea* ( ! glacial /ages4 ,to mammals1 :i* = p]haps v>i\s reasons _h be5 ) difficulty endur+ ! /ress ( exi/5ce1 ! glacial climates w\ld give ! f9al /roke2 p]haps to o!rs ! int]glacial climates w\ld h be5 q z fatal4 ,we c n d\bt t ea* glacial & ea* int]glacial /age swept away a few ( ! less h>dy g5]a & species4 ,nev]!less1 sev]al rem>kable animals pass$ ?r\gh ! vicissitudes ( all ! glacial & int]glacial times & left _! bones 9 ! deposits ov]ly+ ! la/1 or ,wiscons91 drift4 ,su* are two species ( elephants1 ! ,am]ican ma/odon1 ! giant beav]1 & "o or m species ( pecc>ies4 ,:y !y succumb$ at la/ is difficult to say4 ,possibly ! return ( a fif? w>m era prov$ too mu* = _! endurance4 ,a reason = believ+ t ! g5]a & species miss+ f ! fauna f\nd "h :5 :ite m5 arriv$1 call$ sometimes ! ,columbian fauna1 7 ext]m9at$ gradually & n at "o epo* is t c]ta9 ones are f\nd 9 deposits ov]ly+ ! e>li] glacial drift-%eets1 b are n f\nd 9 deposits on lat] drifts4 ,camels occur 9 ,aftonian b$s ov]ly+ ! ,nebraskan drift1 b h n be5 collect$ 9 lat] int]glacial deposits4 ,horses gr[ sc>c] z ! ,plei/oc5e advances4 ,!y are kn[n f deposits ov]ly+ ! ,ill9oian drift1 b d n appe> aft] ! ,wiscons94 ,x4 ,,! ,,/ratigraphical ,,& ,,"t ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,plei/oc5e4 ,x is necess>y to det]m9e1 if possible1 :]e ! b\nd>y l9e %all be drawn betwe5 ! ,plioc5e & ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,room mu/ be made = ! fir/ int]glacial1 ! ,nebraskan1 & its fauna4 ,h[ long ?is fir/ glacial /age cont9u$ we d n "k4 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury h indicat$ 7,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dbj7 t 9 a r\gh way ! dates f ! pres5t ( ! culm9ation ( ! v>i\s glacial /ages1 except ! ,nebraskan1 tak5 9 ord] backw>d1 may be repres5t$ by ! geometrical s]ies #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af4 ,t is1 if ! ,ill9oian /age _h its culm9ation #aej1jjj ye>s ago1 t ( ! ,kansan occurr$ #cjj1jjj ye>s ago2 if ! ,nebraskan %\ld fall 9 ! same s]ies1 x culm9at$ #fjj1jjj ye>s ago2 & x & ! succe$+ ,aftonian int]glacial held sway z long z all ! re/ ( ! ,plei/oc5e put toge!r4 ,x w\ld be ra% to ass]t t ?is fir/ glacial did la/ s long2 b we see ! possibilities4 ,9 a p]sonal communication ,pr(essor ,frank ,lev]ett writes t he e/imates t ! ,kansan culm9ation took place at n less ?an #djj1jjj ye>s ago & ! ,nebraskan at #ejj1jjj4 ,?is1 z ! pres5t writ] e/imates1 w\ld leave = ! ,nebraskan itself some:]e ne> #dj1jjj or #ej1jjj ye>s4 ,"s *anges 9 ! life ( ! ,plei/oc5e mu/ h be5 wr\ght dur+ ^? ye>s4 ,! glacial deposits ( ! ,nebraskan /age are n z well kn[n z "o might wi%4 ,!y appe> to be 9 g5]al ov]la9 by ! lat] drifts & are obs]v$ mo/ly :]e /reams h cut ?r\gh bo? ! ov]ly+ drift & ! ,nebraskan4 ,! old drift f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey is ?9 & ( no great ext5t4 ,moreov]1 we c h>dly expect to f9d fossil v]tebrates 9 ! drift itself4 ,we mu/ !re=e dep5d on /udies ( suppos$ ,nebraskan fossils f\nd mo/ly outside ( ! glaciat$ area & make comp>ison ( !m ) e>li] & lat] faunas4 ,if we %all discov] collections ( ,nebraskan v]tebrate animals1 we may be sure t !y w diff] f ^? ( ! fir/ int]glacial1 ! ,aftonian4 ,we may be pretty c]ta9 t !y w include auto*?on\s g5]a ( ! late ,t]ti>y1 :i* may be miss+ f ! ,aftonian1 toge!r ) at lea/ a few g5]a f ,s\? ,am]ica & o!rs f ,asia4 ,n[1 h any =mations & includ$ fossil v]tebrates be5 f\nd :i* may be fitt$ into ! ,nebraskan int]val8 ,9 ?is /age ! writ] places ! b$s :i* ,cope designat$ ! ,idaho =mation 7,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil41 #ahhc1 p4 #ace74 ,s9ce ,cope's "t sev]al new species h be5 add$ to 8 li/ f ?is =mation4 ,9 #aiag 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dcb71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,m]riam publi%$ a li/ ( ! fossils1 except fi%es1 :i* _h be5 secur$ up to t "t4 ,! li/ ( species ref]r$ to ! ,idaho =mation is z foll[s3 ,equus idaho5sis4 ,e4 excelsus8 ,protohippus8 ,rh9oc]os1 probably ,aphelops 7,teleoc]as7 fossig]4 ,ma/odon mirificus4 ,c]vus1 possibly new4 ,small] & m sl5d] ?an ,c4 canad5sis4 ,procamelus1 size ( ,p4 major4 ,tragoc]us8 horn-core ( antelope4 ,is*yrosmilus n4 sp4 ,moro!rium leptonyx4 ,ca/or1 possibly n4 sp4 ,olor1 size ( ,o4 paloregonus4 ,graculus idaho5sis4 ,9 ?is collection ! pres5ce ( horses ( ! g5us ,equus1 ( ,c]vus1 ,moro!rium1 & ,ca/or1 is /rongly sugge/ive ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! type ( ,ma/odon mirificus 0 f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits ( probably ,aftonian age4 ,al?\gh rh9oc]oses are suppos$ to h become ext9ct be=e ! end ( ! ,plioc5e1 ?is supposition may be an error4 ,! li/ ( ,blanco v]tebrates is a %ort "o1 & ! abs5ce ( a g5us f x is n decisive4 ,"o draw+ ( a se9e 9 ! sea-wat]s ( ,florida w\ld furni% inadequate mat]ials = conclusions ab\t ! fi% fauna ( t coa/4 ,! ,?\s& ,creek fauna 7,m]riam1 ,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dbi71 :i* to ! pres5t writ] appe>s ( ab\t ! same age z ! ,blanco1 conta9s a species ( ,teleoc]as4 ,! g5]a ,protohippus & ,procamelus might be suppos$ to h cont9u$ _! exi/5ce & evolution until int]rupt$ by an age ( ice & by competitors f ,asia4 ,9 #aiag 7,bull4 cit41 vol4 ,x1 pp4 #bee-bff7 ,m]riam & ,buwalda publi%$ a %ort li/ ( fossils :i* !y _h collect$ along ! ,columbia ,riv] 9 ,wa%+ton ,/ate4 ,a horse 0 f\nd :i* 0 ref]r$ to ,equus or ,pliohippus2 also two camelids1 "o ( :i* 0 ?\ght to be ne> ,pliau*5ia4 ,m]riam conclud$ t ! evid5ce on ! :ole favor$ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! li/ w fit into ! ,nebraskan )\t difficulty4 ,9 #ahhi 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #bec71 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope publi%$ a li/ ( fossil mammals collect$ 9 ! 8,oregon des]t10 app>5tly some:]e 9 ! region ( ,silv] ,lake or ,summ] ,lake4 ,! li/ is z foll[s3 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,elephas or ,ma/odon4 ,holom5iscus or ,au*5ia4 ,aphelops sp4 indet4 ,hippo!rium relictum4 ,equus sp4 indet4 ,cope look$ ^u ?is collection z rem>kable 9 t x %[$ ! pres5ce ( true horses & camels associat$ ) a rh9oc]os4 ,he conclud$ t ! fossils belong$ to 8 ,idaho =mation4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w ?\ght t ! collection 0 a mixture ( fossils f two =mations 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cba74 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 made 9 ,nebraskan deposits4 ,9 #aiba 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 pp4 #fag-fch71 ! writ] describ$ a collection ( v]tebrate rema9s f ,anita1 ,cocon9o ,c\nty1 ,arizona4 ,^! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 a cave 9 mak+ explorations = copp] ore4 ,! li/ foll[s3 ,equus occid5talis4 ,e4 giganteus8 ,mylohyus8 sp4 indet4 ,procamelus cocon95sis4 ,p4 longurio4 ,antilocapra am]icana8 ,m>mota arizon4 ,citellus tuitus4 ,neotoma c9]ea4 ,lepus b5jam9i4 ,bra*ylagus br[ni4 ,taxidea robu/a4 ,canis nubilus8 ,c4 latrans8 ,*asmapor!tes ossifragus4 ,! writ] believes t ?is assemblage ( mammals mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x w be not$1 h[ev]1 t !re are two species ( ! g5us ,procamelus4 ,^! resemble s mu* two species1 ,p4 major & ,p4 m9imus1 describ$ by ,leidy & ,lucas 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 ,i-,,xiv1 #ae-fa7 f ! ,ala*ua clays ( ,florida1 t x seem$ at fir/ necess>y to id5tify !m z su*4 ,! g5us ,procamelus seems1 !re=e1 to be br\ght def9itely into ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 probably ! ,nebraskan4 ,! collections made 9 ! ,ala*ua clays 9 ,florida 7 obta9$ 9 ,ala*ua & ,levy c\nties4 ,on pages #aie & #cge w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ! geological conditions "u :i* ! fossils 7 f\nd1 & li/s ( ! species4 ,! ess5tial features are t su* suppos$ ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e g5]a z ,gompho!rium1 ,procamelus1 ,teleoc]as1 & ,aphelops 7 f\nd associat$ ) ! ,plei/oc5e g5]a ,odocoileus1 ,tapirus1 ,mega!rium1 & ,equus4 ,?is has be5 expla9$ on ! !ory t ! clays are ( ,t]ti>y age & t ! ,plei/oc5e species _h become m+l$ ) ^? ( an e>li] "t4 ,at a numb] ( places 9 ,florida :]e phosphate rock has be5 m9$ !re h be5 secur$ simil> associations ( e>ly camels1 rh9oc]oses1 horses 7,hipp>ion1 ,p>ahippus7 ) g5]a belong+ und\bt$ly to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,?is has occurr$ s (t5 t ! writ] d\bts ! correctness ( ! explanation giv54 ,he v5tures1 !re=e1 to include 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,nebraskan /age ! v>i\s deposits t h receiv$ ! names ,ala*ua clays1 ! ,dunnellon =mation1 & ,bone ,valley =mation4 ,! latt]1 call$ also ! l&-pebble phosphates1 is believ$ by ,sell>ds to be contemporane\s 9 age ) ! ,dunnellon or h>d phosphates1 b to h accumulat$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,bo? ! ,ala*uan & ! ,bone ,valley =mations 7 ref]r$ by ,sell>ds to ei!r ! late ,mioc5e or ! e>ly ,plioc5e1 ) an evid5t pref]5ce = ! latt]4 ,x seems to h be5 ! pres5ce ( ! rh9oc]oses t mo/ influ5c$ him 9 8 assignm5t ( ! deposits2 b !re 7 naturally o!r consid]ations4 ,he wrote3 ,! pres5ce ( rh9oc]oses 9 ! =mation is believ$ to e/abli% def9itely ! fact t ! b$s c n be lat] ?an ! e>ly ,plioc5e1 s9ce rh9oc]oses 9 ,am]ica app>5tly did n survive beyond t "t 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #gc74 ,accord+ to ,sell>ds ! h>d phosphate1 belong+ to ! ,ala*ua 7,dunnellon7 =mation 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cg7 result$ f a dis9tegration ( und]ly+ ,upp] ,oligoc5e deposits & probably ! ,vicksburg lime/one4 ,?r\gh *emical action ^! rocks 7 p>tly dissolv$ & ! residual mat]ials 7 mix$ by local subsid5ce & by action ( /reams & lat] modifi$ by *emical *anges4 ,! l&-pebble phosphate ( ! ,bone ,valley =mation _h1 ,sell>ds conclud$ 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ee71 result$ f und]ly+ phosphate m>ls ( ,upp] ,oligoc5e age4 ,?is occurr$ dur+ a "t ( g5]al subsid5ce ( suffici5t ext5t to p]mit m>9e wat]s to rea* ! area cov]$ by ! ,bone ,valley phosphates4 ,! pres5ce ( sea-wat] is indicat$ by ! occurr5ce ( bones ( cetaceans4 ,) reg>d to ! effects ( /reams & ( ! *emical action ( ! wat] on ! rocks1 :i* contribut$ to ! =mation ( ! h>d rock phosphate & ! production ( s9ks & caves1 x may be rem>k$ t we "k ( no "t :5 rocks 7 dissolv$ & caves =m$ to ! ext5t t !y 7 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,z %[n on page #ae1 v>i\s deposits ( m>9e m>ls along ! ,atlantic coa/ are ref]r$ by ! writ] to ! ,nebraskan4 ,among ^! m>ls are ! coqu9a rock f\nd at ,/4 ,augu/9e & ! m>9e m>l und]ly+ ! b$ at ,v]o1 :i* conta9$ e>ly ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fossils4 ,^! m>ls are kn[n to ext5d well inl&1 be+ f\nd at ,kissimmee1 #ej miles f ! coa/4 ,9 "s places !y are met ) at dep?s ( #gj feet 7,sell>ds1 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aje-ajf74 ,m>ls ( probably ! same age occur on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,florida 7,dall1 ,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aeb74 ,! writ] believes t "s ( ^! m>ls may yet be connect$ ) ! phosphate b$s ( ! ,bone ,valley =mation4 ,a figure tak5 f ,sell>ds 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,fla41 vol4 ,,vii1 opp4 p4 #ec7 may be f\nd on page #cgg4 ,?is illu/rates ! relation ( ! ,dunnellon & ,bone ,valley =mations to ! und]ly+ deposits4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,int]glacial1 ,,or ,,aftonian1 ,,/age4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( collections ( fossil v]tebrates :i* long ago 7 secur$ at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon1 & ( o!rs along ,niobr>a ,riv]1 ne> ,grayson1 ,nebraska4 ,li/s ( ! species f\nd at ea* locality 7 giv5 by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w 9 #aijb 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cag-cbj74 ,^! deposits & animals 7 reg>d$ by ,cope & ,m>% z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e1 until ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 9 8 "w on ,lake ,bonneville 7,monogr4 ,i1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #cic-djb7 %[$ t ! ,oregon fossils mu/ belong to ! ,glacial epo*1 b he ref]r$ !m to a late "t 9 ?is epo*1 t ( ! la/ glaciation4 ,x ?us became q impossible to det]m9e ! age ( any collection ( fossil v]tebrates4 ,9 #ahhg 7,univ4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,kansas vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bii-cjh71 ,willi/on wrote3 ,e fact furni%$ f ,kansas seems to sub/antiate ,cope's conclusion t ! ,megalonyx fauna ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,equus fauna ( ! ,we/ 7 contemporane\s & t bo? occurr$ dur+ ! p]iod ( depression2 t is1 dur+ late ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,?is p>agraph 0 quot$ by ,osborn 9 #aiaj 78,age ( ,mammals10 p4 #dec71 :o appe>s to agree 9 "p ) ,willi/on1 al?\gh he express$ ! op9ion t "s ( ! deposits 7 e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,osborn support$ ! view ( ! exi/5ce ( two faunas1 t ( ! 8,equus zone0 & t ( ! 8,megalonyx zone40 ,! =m] fauna 0 reg>d$ z ! old]1 b ov]lapp+ some:at dur+ ! 8mid-,plei/oc5e0 ! ,megalonyx fauna4 ,he pres5t$ a catalogue ( deposits belong+ to 8 ,equus zone 78 page #dec7 & ano!r ( ^? ( ! ,megalonyx zone 7p4 #dfg74 ,9 ! latt] he includ$ deposits t he w\ld n[ d\btless ref] to ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e1 = example1 ! ,a%ley ,riv] b$s4 ,x 0 necess>y = ! geologi/s to come aga9 to ! rescue ( ! palontologi/s4 ,!y e/abli%$ ! fact t !re _h pass$1 n a s+le glacial /age1 b a s]ies1 & t ^! _h be5 sep>at$ by correspond+ int]glacial /ages4 ,!y 7 able to %[ also t betwe5 ! drift-%eets !re 7 to be f\nd remnants ( old gravels & fossil-be>+ soils4 ,9 ,i[a1 ?r\gh ! c>eful rese>*es ( ,calv9 & ,%imek1 num]\s rema9s ( fossil mammals 7 discov]$ 9 gravels ly+ betwe5 ! e>lie/ drift1 ! ,nebraskan1 & ! second drift1 ! ,kansan4 ,among ^! mammals 7 id5tifi$ horses1 camels1 elephants 7,e4 columbi1 ,e4 imp]ator71 ,mylodon1 ,megalonyx1 & a l>ge rum9ant :i* is c]ta9ly a species ( bison4 ,?is fauna1 kn[n z ! ,aftonian1 0 correlat$ by ,calv9 ) t ( ! ,%]idan b$s ( ,nebraska 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ced74 ,! writ] has _h ! opportunity to /udy ?is ,aftonian mat]ial 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii71 &1 al?\gh x is n z abundant z might be desir$1 he agrees ) ,calv9's correlation4 ,mak+ due all[ances = environm5t & ! haz>ds att5d+ pres]vation & collection1 ! ,aftonian & ,%]idan fauna is practically ! same z t f\nd at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon4 ,fur!rmore1 x may be trac$ along ! pla9s into ,texas & to ! %ores ( ! ,gulf4 ,"h1 at or ne> tide-level1 or n f> away1 may be f\nd horses1 camels1 elephants 7,e4 columbi & ,e4 imp]ator71 ,mammut am]icanum1 & ma/odons ) tee? pres5t+ trefoils4 ,9 ,texas1 )9 a mile ( ! ,l\isiana l9e1 ,elephas imp]ator has be5 collect$4 ,! fauna reappe>s on ! we/ coa/ ( ,florida2 also on ,peace ,creek2 on ! ea/ coa/ at ,v]o2 at ,brunswick & ,savannah1 ,georgia2 along ,a%ley ,riv]1 ne> ,*>le/on2 probably also on ! banks ( ,neuse ,riv]1 #af miles bel[ ,new ,b]n1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 & aga9 probably at ,long ,bran*1 ,new ,j]sey1 :]e ,mega!rium has be5 f\nd2 & f9ally at ,port ,k5n$y1 on ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 ab\t #be miles above ,philadelphia4 ,all along ! coa/1 app>5tly f ! ,rio ,gr&e to ,long ,bran*1 ! localities :i* furni% ,aftonian fossils are )9 a few feet ( sea-level4 ,,xii4 ,,! ,,y>m\? ,,int]glacial ,,/age4 ,up to ! pres5t "t ! int]glacial soils f\nd 9 a few localities betwe5 ! ,kansan & ! ,ill9oian drifts h furni%$ only scanty rema9s ( v]tebrate fossils--a rabbit & a skunk at ! type locality 9 ,i[a4 ,c]ta9ly1 h[ev]1 ! same animals 7 liv+ !n t 7 f\nd at lat] /ages4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,ill9oian ,,glacial ,,/age4 ,to ! ,ill9oian glacial /age ! writ] ref]s ! collection ( fossil v]tebrates :i* 0 describ$ 9 #aijh by ,b>num ,br[n 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #aeg-bjh7 & :i* _h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,con>d fissure ne> ,willcockson1 ,newton ,c\nty1 ,arkansas4 ,x is plac$ "h r ?an 9 ! ,sangamon /age1 because ( ! numb] ( species pres5t :i* sugge/ a r cold climate4 ,a li/ ( ^! species w be f\nd on pages #ca-cb ( volume ,,xxiii1 ( ! ,i[a ,geological ,survey4 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,sangamon ,,int]glacial ,,/age4 ,?is 0 ! w>m /age :i* succe$$ ! glacial ,ill9oian4 ,betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 !re pass$ a long p]iod ( "t4 ,x is n[ believ$ t x 0 int]rupt$ by ! ,i[an ice-%eet1 b ?is appe>s n to h la/$ long nor to h occupi$ any consid]able area4 ,associat$ ) x 9 "s way 0 ! accumulation ( mu* loess4 ,?is 0 =m]ly suppos$ to h be5 deposit$ to a l>ge ext5t at lea/ dur+ ! ,sangamon2 b1 z ,lev]ett in=ms me1 x appe>s to h be5 laid d[n at a "t ne>] ! ,wiscons9 ?an ! ,ill9oian4 ,?is ,i[an drift & ! loess has be5 ! subject ( a special inve/igation by ,ald5 & ,leighton 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #di-bab74 ,few v]tebrate fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! loess4 ,_! bones may h be5 dissolv$ out by ! p]colat+ ra9-wat]1 & yet ! delicate %ells ( l& mollusks are abundant4 ,a collection :i* ! writ] reg>ds z belong+ rightfully to ! ,sangamon 0 made at ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 _m ye>s ago1 by ,william ,mc,adams4 ,a li/ ( ! species & an acc\nt ( ! geological conditions connect$ ) x are pres5t$ on page #cci4 ,! rema9s appe> to h accumulat$ 9 a pond on ! ,ill9oian drift & to h be5 cov]$ by loess4 ,! horse 0 yet 9 exi/5ce1 z well z ! de] ,sangamona & ! antelope ,taurotragus am]icanus4 ,two-?irds ( ! #ae species are ext9ct4 ,a small] numb] ( species h be5 collect$ ne> ,kimmswick1 j bel[ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri4 ,! rema9s f\nd 9 a cave 9 ,bex> ,c\nty1 ,texas1 are believ$ to belong "h 7,hay1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #abi74 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s t mo/ ( ! v]tebrates h be5 collect$ :i* ! writ] ref]s to ! ,sangamon /age4 ,^! h be5 f\nd 9 caves & fissures f nor!rn ,p5nsylvania to nor!rn ,alabama4 ,un=tunately1 al?\gh mo/ly discov]$ sev]al ye>s ago1 "s ( ^! collections h n yet be5 well /udi$ & h n be5 accessible to ! writ]4 ,!y conta9 two or ?ree species ( horses1 two or ?ree g5]a ( pecc>ies1 tapirs1 ! de] ,sangamona1 ! antelope ,taurotragus1 & "o or m species ( sab]-too? tig]s4 ,half or m ( ! species are ext9ct4 ,to ! writ] ^! assemblages seem to fit into ! hi/ory n[h]e s well z into ! ,sangamon /age4 ,ano!r assemblage t probably belongs "h is t made at ,toronto 7p4 #bhb74 ,?is indicates a w>m climate1 s9ce ! pawpaw & ! osage orange grew !re4 ,,xv4 ,,! ,,peorian ,,int]glacial ,,/age4 ,?is is ! int]glacial int]val betwe5 ! ,i[an glacial & ! ,wiscons94 ,x 0 probably n ( long cont9uance & is *iefly rem>kable = ! deposition ( loess4 ,?is has n furni%$ any important collections ( v]tebrate fossils4 ,! type locality = ! ,peorian /age is a locality ea/ ( ,peoria1 ,ill9ois4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 m5tions sev]al cases 9 :i* old soils believ$ to belong to ! ,peorian 7 obs]v$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,none ( ^! has furni%$ v]tebrate fossils4 ,x is usually difficult to di/+ui% ! ,sangamon f ! ,peorian soils4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,wiscons9 ,,glacial ,,/age ,,& ,,! ,,waba% ,,b$s4 ,! next /age :i* furni%es abundant v]tebrate fossils is ! ,wiscons94 ,^! rema9s are f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! old soils & mucks :i* accumulat$ 9 ! swamps1 ponds1 & lakes left on ! unev5 surface ( ! ,wiscons9 drift z ! ice retir$4 ,to su* deposits ! writ] has giv5 ! "n ,waba% b$s4 ,!y are (t5 call$ po/-glacial deposits2 b t t]m ought 9 /rictness to be appli$ only to deposits ( ! pres5t epo*4 ,!y may be call$ ,late ,glacial1 b t expression has be5 us$ = ! drift & mora9es produc$ by ! second half ( ! ,wiscons9 glaciation4 ,x might be bett] to use = ! divisions ( ! ,wiscons9 ! t]ms ,l[] & ,upp]4 ,9 ! late ,wiscons91 or ! ,waba%1 deposits !re may be f\nd rema9s ( any ( ! exi/+ animals ( ! region2 also (t5 ! bones & tee? ( mammals n[ liv+ 9 m nor!rn regions4 ,besides ^!1 !re may occur ! relics ( animals :i* 7 able to endure ! rigors1 *anges1 & competitions ( ! ,glacial p]iod1 b succumb$ at its end4 ,^! are1 especially1 two species ( elephants1 "o or two species ( ma/odons1 f\r or m species ( musk-ox51 ! moose ,c]valces1 "o or m species ( pecc>y1 & ! giant beav]4 ,,xvii4 ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,t]races ,,( ,,! ,,coa/al ,,pla94 ,! writ] w discuss briefly ! widely accept$ !ory t along ! sea-coa/ f ,new ,j]sey to s\?we/]n ,texas !re occurs a s]ies ( t]races & correspond+ esc>pm5ts1 ?ree or m 9 numb]1 repres5t+ successive em]g5ces ( ! bord]s ( ! cont95t f ! sea4 ,! !ory 0 fir/ propos$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahhh1 p4 #cfg2 #ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 #ahia1 pp4 #cec-eba74 ,he includ$ 9 ! initial subm]g5ce n only ! area occupi$ by ! suppos$ ,plei/oc5e t]races1 b also ! bord]s ( ! coa/s to an elevation correspond+ to ! ,lafayette 7,appomattox7 =mation1 :i* he ref]r$ provisionally to ! late ,plioc5e4 ,?is subm]g5ce requir$ a depression ( ! ea/]n half ( ! cont95t am\nt+ to #ejj feet or m4 ,! !ory 0 accept$ especially by ! geologi/s ( ,m>yl& 9 _! excell5t reports 7,%attuck1 ,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e volume1 pp4 #fb-acg1 ) maps74 ,x has likewise be5 appli$ to ! geology ( ,virg9ia 7,cl>k & ,mill]1 ,va4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,no4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dh-ef1 #agi-ahi71 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,/eph5son1 ,n4 ,c4 ,geol4 ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 #aiab1 pp4 #bff-bij71 ,georgia 7,veat*1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ga41 ,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 #aiaa1 pp4 #ce-ej71 z ,okef5okee & ,satilla2 7,/eph5son1 ibid41 pp4 #dbe-dde71 ,florida 7,matson & ,clapp1 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ii1 #aiji71 & to ,texas 7,deuss51 ,wat] ,supply ,pap4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #cce1 pp4 #gh-hc74 ,conspectus ( ! ,geology & ,v]tebrate ,paleontology ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 #a #b #c #d ,drift-%eets & ,repres5tative ,disappe>ance ( ,*>act]i/ic o!r deposits4 collections4 g5]a & g5]a4 species4 ,wiscons9 ,/age4 ,atlantic to ,made 9 swamps & ,megalonyx1 ,exi/+ mammals1 ,pacific 9 old lakes on ,elephas1 plus ^? ( ,wiscons91 ,wiscons9 drift ,mammut1 column #c ,ill9ois1 7,waba% b$s7 f ,c]valces1 ,i[a1 ,indiana1 ,ill9ois to ,symbos1 ,ohio1 ,new ,massa*usetts & ,bo!rium1 ,york1 ,new ,cape ,breton ,isl&4 ,mylohyus1 ,j]sey 7,cape ,l$a clays1 ,canada4 ,platygonus ,may1 ,tr5ton ,bison gravels71 occid5talis1 ,ont>io1 ,ca/oroides ,quebec1 etc41 ,ma9e1 ,massa*usetts4 ,peorian ,/age4 ,old soils ,fossil mammals r>ely,none c]ta9ly ,few recogniz$4 ,9 betwe5 ! f\nd4 kn[n4 g5]al1 ^? ,i[an & ! ( ! ,wiscons9 ,wiscons94 drifts :]e ! =m] is pres5t4 ,report$ by ,lev]ett 7,mon4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxxviii7 f localities 9 ,ill9ois4 ,usually h>d to di/+ui% f ,sangamon4 ,abundant loess 9 ,mississippi ,valley4 ,i[an ,/age4 ,kn[n c]ta9ly ,none4 ,mylodon1 ,tapirus1,none kn[n2 b 9 only f ,i[a ,equus1 g5]al ^? ( & ,wiscons94 ,taurotragus1 ! lat] ,suppos$ to be ,sangamona1 /ages4 pres5t along ,bison ,new ,engl& latifrons1 ,b4 coa/1 ,gay antiquus1 ,head to ,ma9e4 nocyon1 ,d9oba/is1 ,smilodon1 ,smilodontopsis4 ,sangamon ,/age4 ,sangamon ,riv]1 ,alton1 ,ill9ois2 ,none kn[n to ,mylodon1 a few ,ill9ois4 ,old ,kimmswick1 h become horses1 tapirs1 soils j ,miss\ri2 cave 9 ext9ct dur+ pecc>ies1 above ! ,bex> ,c\nty1 ?is /age4 ,sangamona1 ,ill9oian ,texas2 bluffs at ,taurotragus1 drift4 ,"s ,nat*ez1 ,symbos1 ,bison loess ( ?is ,mississippi2 salt latifrons1 ,b4 /age4 ,cave m9e at ,petite antiquus1 deposits 9 ,anse1 ,l\isiana2 ,elephas & ,texas & 9 ,cavet[n & ,mammut4 ! ,alleghany ,corriganville1 ,m\nta9s4 ,m>yl&2 ,ivanhoe1 ,virg9ia2 ,:itesburg ,t5nessee2 int]glacial b$s at ,toronto1 ,ont>io4 ,ill9oian ,/age4 ,9 ,ill9ois1 ,con>d fissure1 ,may include "s ,equus1 ,mylohyus1 ,wiscons91 ,newton ,c\nty1 accr$it$ to ,symbos1 ,felis1 ea/]n ,i[a1 ,arkansas4 ,o!rwise ! ,kansan4 ,smilodontopsis1 ,indiana1 ,ohio4 none recogniz$4 ,d9oba/is4 ,suppos$ glacial drift f ,long ,isl& to ,massa*usetts 7,montauk till1 etc474 ,y>m\? ,/age4 ,int]glacial ,few v]tebrates yet ,n kn[n4 ,few kn[n4 soils & recogniz$4 ,skunk ,d\btless ^? mucks betwe5 & rabbit at :i* became ! ,kansan & ,y>m\?1 ,i[a4 ext9ct dur+ ,ill9oian 9 ,ill9oian & ,i[a & ,i[an & lat]4 ,ill9ois4 ,g>dn] clay & ,sankaty f ,long ,isl& to ,bo/on4 ,kansan ,/age4 ,i[a1 ,miss\ri1 ,fossil v]tebrates ,mega!rium1 ,d\btless ^? 9 ,kansas1 & r>ely f\nd4 ,glyptodon1 ! lat] /ages nor?we/w>d4 ,/egoma/odon1 ( ?is column ,loess ,anancus1 & "s ( ov]ly+ ! ,gompho!rium81 ^? ( ?is drift2 ,elephas /age 9 column ,j]seyan imp]ator1 #c4 drift4 ,new ,es*atius1 ,j]sey 7may be ,camelops1 ,nebraskan72 ,camelus1 ,p5sauk54 ,hydro*rus ,jameco gravels ,aftonius1 on ,long ,lepto*rus1 ,isl&1 ,new ,trucifelis4 ,york1 & ,cape ,cod1 ,massa*usetts4 ,aftonian ,/age4 ,gravels & ,along ,miss\ri ,riv] ,none recogniz$4 ,mylodon1 soils betwe5 9 ,i[a2 ,fossil ,probably "s ,megalonyx1 ! ,kansan & ,lake1 ,oregon2 ( ^? cit$ ,mega!rium1 ! ,nebraskan ,grayson1 ,%]idan "u ! ,glyptodon1 9 ,i[a1 ,c\nty1 ,nebraska2 ,kansan4 ,*lamy!rium1 ,miss\ri1 ,la ,brea1 ,elephas ,nebraska1 & ,cali=nia2 ,lake imp]ator1 ,kansas4 ,lake ,lahontan & ,walk] ,anancus1 & riv] ,riv]1 ,nevada2 ,gompho!rium1 deposits 9 ,lavaca & ,tapirus1 ,equus1 ,nebraska & ,galve/on ,bays1 ,hipp>ion1 ,oregon2 riv] ,texas2 ,peace ,creek1 ,camelops1 deposits1 ,caloosahat*ee ,camelus1 ,bison ,pittbridge1 ,riv]1 & ,v]o1 regius1 ,texas2 asphalt ,florida2 ,brunswick ,hydro*rus4 b$s ne> ,los & ,savannah1 ,angeles1 ,georgia2 ,beau=t ,cali=nia4 & ,a%ley ,riv]1 ,s&s1 etc4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a2 be>+ ,neuse ,riv]1 ,nor? v]tebrate ,c>ol9a2 ,fi% rema9s at or ,h\se clay ne> ne> sea-level ,camd51 ,new ,j]sey2 f m\? ( ,long ,bran*1 ,new ! ,rio ,gr&e ,j]sey2 ,port to ,s&y ,hook1 ,k5n$y1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,p5nsylvania4 ,nebraskan ,/age4 ,drift 9 ,i[a ,collections made 9 ,gompho!rium ,mega!rium1 & ,nebraska s\?we/]n ,idaho2 floridanum1 ,elephas b5ea? m 8,oregon ,des]t10 ,protohippus1 imp]ator1 rec5t drifts2 ,oregon2 ,anita1 ,p>ahippus1 ,mammut1 ,idaho ,cocon9o ,c\nty1 ,procamelus1 ,gompho!rium =mation1 ,arizona2 ,r+gold1 ,teleoc]as1 floridanum1 ,idaho2 ,new ,yakima ,c\nty1 ,aphelops4 ,protohippus1 ,j]seyan8 & ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ,p>ahippus1 ,bridgeton1 ,new clays 9 ,ala*ua ,hipp>ion1 ,j]sey2 & ,levy c\nties2 ,equus1 ,tapirus1 ,mannetto ,dunnellon1 ,ocala1 ,teleoc]as1 gravels1 ,new ,brew/]1 & ,aphelops1 ,york4 ,long ,mulb]ry1 ,florida4 ,procamelus1 ,isl&1 & ,horse at ,m>?a's ,agrio!rium1 ,cape ,cod1 ,v9ey>d84 ,canis1 ,massa*usetts2 ,trucifelis 8,fir/ floridanus1 ,glacial0 at ,*asmapor!tes4 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d2 ,arcadia m>ls1 on ,peace ,creek2 ,ala*uan clays & phosphates1 & ,bone ,valley phosphates2 m>9e m>l b$ at ,v]o2 ,coqu9a at ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida2 ,qu>ant9e ,/ation1 ,s\?port1 ,new ,hanov] ,c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a2 ,dismal ,swamp1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,virg9ia4 ,,upp] ,,plioc5e--,,blanco1 ,,texas2 ,,?\s& ,,creek1 ,,nevada2 ,,et*ego9-,,tul>e1 ,,calif4 ,upp] ,plioc5e ,/age4 ,texas1 ,nevada1 ,li/s publi%$ by ,j4,glypto!rium1 ,glypto!rium1 & ,c4 ,m]riam 9 ,pliohippus1 ,megalonyx1 ,cali=nia4 ,bullet9 ( ,tephrocyon1 ,gompho!rium1 ,dep>tm5t ,geology1 ,hynogna?us1 ,pliohippus1 ,univ]sity ( ,il+oc]os4 ,hipp>ion1 ,cali=nia1 vol4 x1 ,teleoc]as1 p4 #dbe ,platygonus1 7,et*ego9-,tul>e72 ,pliau*5ia1 p4 #dbe 7,?\s& ,procamelus1 ,creek72 p4 #dcd ,il+oc]os1 7,blanco74 ,tephrocyon1 ,hynogna?us4 ,9 ,m>yl& & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia !re h be5 recogniz$ ?ree ,plei/oc5e t]races 7,%attuck1 z cit$ above74 ,! upp]mo/ is ! ,sund]l&1 ! next ! ,wicomico1 ! l[e/ ! ,talbot4 ,^! are n correlat$ by ,%attuck def9itely ) glacial divisions ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 b ! ,sund]l& is ! olde/1 :ile ! ,talbot is reg>d$ ! mo/ rec5t1 probably ab\t ! age ( ! la/ glacial /age1 ! ,wiscons94 ,:5 ! writ] began 8 /udy ( ! ,plei/oc5e he accept$ ! !ory propos$ by ,mc,gee & ! ,m>yl& geologi/s1 & traces ( ?is acceptance may be f\nd 9 ?is "w2 b he is n[ conv9c$ ( its falsity4 ,x is h>dly to be believ$ t ! coa/al region c\ld h be5 occupi$1 ev5 at int]vals1 s9ce ! late ,plioc5e1 :5 ! depression is suppos$ to h be5 at lea/ #ejj feet1 & #bjj feet dur+ ! ,sund]l&1 d[n to ! end ( ! ,wicomico & ev5 ! ,talbot1 )\t its hav+ left o!r traces ( m>9e occupation ?an ! suppos$ t]races & esc>pm5ts4 ,!re ought to appe> some:]e 9 ! long bord] f ,new ,j]sey to ,mexico abundant & ext5sive deposits ( /ratifi$ mat]ials1 clays1 s&s1 & gravels4 ,su* deposits appe> to be relatively r>e4 ,a /ill m s]i\s objection to ! !ory ( subm]g5ce b5ea? m>9e wat]s is ! abs5ce ( m>9e fossils4 ,9 ! mat]ials =m+ ^! t]races "o might ) confid5ce expect to f9d at lea/ m>9e mollusks1 mussels1 clams1 & b$s ( oy/]s2 probably also rema9s ( fi%es1 ( porpoises1 & ( :ales4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! ,talbot t]race1 :i* is ne> sea-level 7,%attuck1 op4 cit41 p4 #aj71 ! support]s ( ! !ory "u consid]ation admit t n 9 ! ,lafayette1 nor ! ,sund]l&1 nor ! ,wicomico1 h any traces ( su* fossils be5 met )4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all ov] ^! t]races are f\nd rema9s ( l& animals & plants4 ,ma/odons1 elephants1 & horses are by no means r>e4 ,conditions favorable = ! pres]vation ( tee? ( proboscideans mu/ h be5 q z well adapt$ to pres]ve %ells ( oy/]s4 ,9 ! ,sund]l& & ,wicomico a few l& plants h be5 secur$1 an abundance ( !m 9 ! ,talbot4 ,map ,no4 #ci %[s ! di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e mammals1 mollusks1 & plants on ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,x seems evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! sea has _h no?+ to d ) ! =mation ( ! ,lafayette1 ! ,sund]l&1 & ! ,wicomico t]races1 & little ) t ( ! ,talbot4 ,x 0 natural t ! advocates ( ?is !ory ( ! =mation ( ^! t]races dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e %\ld di/ribute !m some:at imp>tially ov] ! "t ( ?is epo*1 assign+ ! ,talbot to a late int]val4 ,on page #aa ! writ] has call$ att5tion to ! fact t 9 _m places along ! coa/ f s\!a/]n ,texas to ,new ,j]sey1 at or ne> sea-level1 !re are b$s :i* conta9 a v]tebrate fauna ( ! ,aftonian or fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,probably n[h]e d ^! b$s h any l>ge am\nt ( lat] mat]ials ov]ly+ !m2 x is (t5 extremely little4 ,s f> z ! writ] c judge1 ?is means t all ! t]races & esc>pm5ts 7 produc$ be=e ! "t ( ! fir/ int]glacial2 n s9ce t di/ant "t has !re occurr$ along ! ,gulf or ,atlantic coa/s s\? ( ,new ,j]sey any consid]able elevation or depression ( ! ,coa/al ,pla94 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,cetaceans ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 7,map #a47 ,,ont>io4 #a4 ,nepean ,t[n%ip1 ,c>leton ,c\nty4--,9 #aiad1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe1 ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 /at$ 7,summ4 ,rep4 = #aiac1 p4 #bii7 t ,walt] ,bill+s1 ( ,ottawa1 _h pres5t$ to ! ,survey a caudal v]tebra ( ,delph9apt]us leucas1 f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e gravel on lot #ae1 concession #e1 ( ,nepean t[n%ip4 ,! locality is ne> ,jock ,riv]1 a /ream :i* fl[s nor!a/]ly & ent]s ,rideau ,riv] ab\t #aa miles s\? ( ,ottawa4 ,) x 0 s5t ! l[] end ( a femur1 suppos$ to belong to ! bison4 #b4 ,ottawa ,ea/1 ,c>leton ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe report$ 7,summ4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,c4 = #aiji1 p4 #bgc7 t ,mr4 ,a4 ,p5fold _h pres5t$ to ! ,survey a caudal v]tebra ( ,delph9apt]us leucas1 :i* he _h f\nd at ,ottawa ,ea/1 at a dep? ( #be feet1 :ile digg+ a well4 #c4 ,smi?'s ,falls1 ,lan>k ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhc 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bjj7 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( two v]tebr1 a "p ( ano!r1 & a fragm5t ( a rib ( a l>ge :ale1 9 a balla/ pit at ,wel%e's1 #c miles nor? ( ,smi?'s ,falls4 ,?is :ale he id5tifi$ z ,megapt]a longimana 7,m4 bops74 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 gravel at a dep? ( #cj feet & ab\t #ej feet f ! orig9al face ( ! pit4 ,! elevation ( ! place is giv5 z ab\t #ddj feet above sea-level4 ,dawson /at$ t ?is corresponds exactly ) ! height ( "o ( ! sea-t]races on ,royal ,m\nta9 at ,montreal4 ,he add$ t ?is animal might h sail$ pa/ t m\nta91 !n only a rocky islet1 :5 a wide sea1 #djj feet above ! l[] levels ( ,montreal1 cov]$ all ! pla9 ( ! l[] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,inasmu* z ! highe/ t]race conta9+ m>9e fossils at ,montreal /&s at a height ( ab\t #fbe feet 7,/ansfield1 ,mem4 #gc1 ,canad4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiae7 above sea-level1 ! region _h app>5tly ris5 ab\t #afj feet at lea/ above its l[e/ subm]g5ce :5 ! :ale 0 buri$4 ,! discov]y ( ?is :ale is m5tion$ by ,dawson 9 8 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahid1 page #bfh2 also by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s 9 8 ,report ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,v]mont1 #aijg-h1 page #hc4 #d4 ,pak5ham1 ,lan>k ,c\nty4--,?is locality is ab\t #db miles nor?-nor?we/ f ,wel%e's1 :]e ! :ale rema9s j discuss$ 7 f\nd4 ,at ,pak5ham1 9 #aijf1 !re 7 discov]$ bones1 includ+ a ne>ly p]fect skull1 ( a :ite :ale4 ,! discov]y 0 report$ 9 #aijf & #aijg by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,:iteaves 7,summ4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,c4 = #aijh1 p4 #aga2 ,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #bad-baf74 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd by a well-digg] on a f>m 7lot #ba1 #aa? concession71 & 7 emb$d$ 9 blue clay at a dep? ( #ad feet4 ,imm$iately ab\t ! bones 0 a mixture ( clay & %ells4 ,! animal has be5 ref]r$ to ,delph9apt]us leucas4 ,z "o ( ! e>-bones 0 secur$1 ! det]m9ation ( ! species w\ld appe> to be possible4 ,accord+ to ,p]k9s1 ! e>-bone 9 ! type ( ,d4 v]montanus diff]s f t ( ! exi/+ :ite :ale1 ,d4 leucas4 ,! writ] is unable to say m ?an t ! :ale f\nd at ,pak5ham belongs to ! ,late ,wiscons94 #e4 ,cornwall1 ,/ormont ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj 7,canad4 ,naturali/ & ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dch-dci71 ,e4 ,bill+s gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( rema9s ( a :ite :ale at ,cornwall4 ,consid]able p>ts ( ! skull 7 secur$1 includ+ ! l[] jaws4 ,besides _m v]tebr & "s o!r p>ts1 #h tee? 7 sav$1 b ! e>-bones 7 miss+4 ,! animal _h be5 ab\t #ae feet long4 ,:e!r x belong$ to ,delph9apt]us leucas or ,d4 v]montanus may be reg>d$ z d\btful4 ,extracts f ,bill+s's description are to be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,p]k9s's pap] 7,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,v]mont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #ha-hb74 #f4 ,william/[n1 ,gl5g>ry ,c\nty4--,?is place is ab\t #aj miles nor!a/ ( ,cornwall4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,p]k9s's pap] j cit$ x is /at$ t ,edw>d ,ardley1 assi/ant curator at ,r$pa? ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,univ]sity1 ,montreal1 _h f\nd "h a few bones ( a :ite :ale1 ! hyoid1 a few phalanges1 & rib fragm5ts4 ,x is impossible f su* limit$ mat]ials to det]m9e :e!r ! animal 0 ,delph9apt]us v]montanus or ,d4 leucas4 ,f ,mr4 ,ardley1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,willey1 curator ( ,r$pa? ,museum1 ! pres5t writ] has le>n$ t ^! bones 7 dug up f a dep? ( #ad feet1 9 a well sunk5 9 ! ,l$a clay4 ,"u ! surface soil 0 a b& ( s&y clay conta9+ %ells ( ,saxicava & ,mya4 ,b5ea? ?is 0 a /iff blue clay %[+ /ratification & conta9+ %ells ( ,l$a4 ,,quebec4 #g4 ,montreal4--,9 #ahfc 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #iai71 ,w4 ,e4 ,logan ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( "s bones ( a :ale at ! ,mile-,end qu>ries1 ,montreal1 on a slight ridge1 8:]e are f\nd /ratifi$ s& & gravel hold+ b\ld]s & %ells 9 ! l[] "p40 ,9 correspond+ clays 9 a neighbor+ bricky>d 0 f\nd a pelvis ( a seal1 ,phoca grndl&ica4 ,9 #ahie 7,canad4 ,rec4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cea71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson report$ ! discov]y ( a ne>ly complete skeleton ( ano!r :ite :ale at ,montreal4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 brick clay1 ne> ,pap9eau ,road4 ,! locality is said by ,dawson to be ab\t #ajj feet above ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce2 ! bones 7 9 ! clay at a dep? ( #bb feet4 ,! clay itself 0 probably deposit$ at a dep? ( #ej to #hj fa?oms4 ,?is is said by ,dawson to correspond approximately ) a well-m>k$ %ore-l9e at ,montreal1 f\nd at a height ( ab\t #dgj feet above ! sea & ) ! old sea-bea* at ,smi?'s ,falls z relat$ on page #ag4 ,9 #aiaf1 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,ardley1 assi/ant curator ( ,r$pa? ,museum1 report$ 7,canad4 ,rec4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #dij-dic7 ! discov]y ( a l>ge "p ( ! skeleton ( a :ite :ale1 suppos$ to belong to ,delph9apt]us leucas1 at ,montreal ,ea/4 ,! skeleton 0 buri$ 9 ,l$a clay ab\t #ae feet above ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,x 0 #aj4e feet long4 ,! cranium & l[] jaw 7 secur$1 besides p>ts ( ! trunk & limbs4 #h4 ,rivire du ,l\p1 ,temisc\ata ,c\nty4--,9 8 "w1 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahid1 on page #bfh1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson report$ t bones ( ,beluga catodon 7,delph9apt]us leucas7 _h be5 f\nd at ! place m5tion$4 ,x is n probable t p>ts suffici5t = mak+ a def9ite det]m9ation 7 secur$1 nor did ,dawson give any details reg>d+ ! geological conditions connect$ ) ! discov]y4 ,d\btless ! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 m>9e deposits ( "o ( ! t]races4 #i4 ,metis1 ,rim\ski ,c\nty4--,9 ! "w j cit$ 7p4 #bfi71 ,dawson /at$ t 9 ! summ] ( #ahia he secur$ a l>ge jawbone ( a :ale :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ a cell> 9 ! %elly m>l ( ! l[] t]race at ,metis4 ,he did n id5tify ! species1 b appe>s to imply t x belong$ to ei!r ! 8humpback0 7,megapt]a bops7 or to "o ( ! f9n] :ales 7,balnopt]a74 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #aj4 ,jaquet ,riv]1 ,re/ig\*e ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgd 7,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #djj-djd71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,gilp9 gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( "s cetacean bones 9 a railroad cut at ! place nam$1 b did n id5tify ! bones o!rwise ?an z ^? ( a small cetacean4 ,9 ! same ye> 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #eig71 9 a %ort1 unsign$ communication1 ?is discov]y 0 m5tion$ & ! :ale 0 id5tifi$ z ,beluga v]montana4 ,9 volume ,,viii ( ! same j\rnal 7#ahgd1 p4 #bai71 ,dr4 ,d4 ,honeyman describ$ ! deposit & gave a li/ ( ! %ells f\nd 9 x4 ,dawson 7,canad4 ,ice ,age1 p4 #bfh7 ref]s ! bones to ,beluga catodon4 ,! locality is a cut ( ! ,int]national ,railway1 on ! nor? side ( ! ,jaquet ,riv]1 ab\t #j4be mile f ! sea4 ,gilp9 gives ! elevation z #dj feet above ! sea2 ! writ] ( ! unsign$ communication j m5tion$ gives x z #be feet4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s 7,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,v]mont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #ajb-aab7 /udi$ ! bones describ$ by ,gilp94 ,!y consi/$ ( #ah v]tebr1 "s fragm5ts ( ! skull1 "o ( ! e>-bones1 a "p ( ! l[] jaw1 "s fragm5ts ( ribs1 & "s arm-bones4 ,he id5tifi$ ! animal z belong+ to ! g5us ,monodon & probably ,m4 monoc]os1 ! exi/+ n>:al4 #aa4 ,mace's ,bay1 ,*>lotte ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgi 7,geol4 ,survey ( ,canada1 #ahgg-gh1 ,,ee1 p4 #bc71 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,mat!w report$ ! discov]y ( a ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a :ale1 possibly a species ( ,delph9apt]us1 at ! m\? ( ! ,popologan 7or ,pocologan7 ,riv]4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute at ,/4 ,john4 ,x _h fall5 f a bank ( ,l$a clay4 ,x probably belongs to ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,,v]mont4 #ab4 ,*>lotte1 ,*itt5d5 ,c\nty4--,at ?is place 7 discov]$ consid]able p>ts ( a :ale1 describ$ 9 #ahej 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bef-bfc7 by ,zadock ,?ompson1 "u ! "n ,beluga v]montana4 ,! animal has by _m be5 reg>d$ z id5tical ) ! :ite :ale1 ,delph9apt]us leucas1 n[ appe>+ sometimes z f> up z ,montreal4 ,a m ext5d$ description ( x 0 giv5 9 #ahec 7,hi/4 ,v]mont1 ,app5d41 p4 #ae1 figs4 #a-ac74 ,?is 0 reproduc$ 9 ,edw>d ,hit*cock's ,report on ! ,geology ( ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 page #afd1 & 0 foll[$ by rem>ks on ! specim5 by ,edw>d ,hit*cock jr4 ,9 ! second volume ( ! "w j cit$ 7p4 #ich7 ,hag] furni%$ a figure ( ! skeleton z m\nt$4 ,9 #aijh 7,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,v]mont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #gf-aab1 plates ,x-,,xix71 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s gave an ext5d$ description ( ! rema9s & rea*$ ! conclusion t ,d4 v]montanus is di/9ct f ,d4 leucas4 ,s9ce ,p]k9s's article gives a full hi/ory ( ! discov]y & ! lit]ature p]ta9+ to ! specim51 ?is acc\nt w be mu* abridg$4 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 mak+ a cut = ! ,rutl& & ,burl+ton ,railroad1 at ! t[n ( ,*>lotte1 ab\t a mile ea/ ( ! %ore ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,! bones 7 #h or #i feet bel[ ! surface & 87 v completely b$d$ 9 f9e adhesive blue clay40 ,! locality is #fj feet above ! mean level ( ! lake & #aej feet above ! sea4 ,! deposits 7 laid d[n 9 ! m>9e wat]s :i* took possession ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley :5 ! ,wiscons9 glacial ice _h )drawn nor? ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]4 ,! geological age ( ! animal is !re=e late ,plei/oc5e4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 #ac4 ,bel[ ,new ,b]n4--,9 #ahdb 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #adc71 ,ri*>d ,h>lan report$ reg>d+ ! species ( fossil v]tebrates f\nd #af miles bel[ ,new ,b]n4 ,8 li/1 :i* 0 long & consi/$ ma9ly ( v]nacul> names1 includ$ 8cetaceans40 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 #ad4 ,*>le/on4--,9 #ahfj 7,holmes's ,po/-,plioc5e ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aag1 plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #i71 ,leidy describ$ a cetacean too? :i* he call$ ,physet] antiquus4 ,lat] ! specific "n 0 *ang$ to vetus4 ,at ! same "t he figur$ a too? 7fig4 #h7 f\nd 9 ! ,a%ley ,riv] deposits4 ,he fur!r /at$ t tee? app>5tly ( ! same species _h be5 tak5 f ! ,mioc5e =mations ( ,virg9ia1 b f\nd no *>act]s by :i* !y c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! rec5t sp]m :ale4 ,,georgia4 #ae4 ,brunswick4--,9 #aiaa 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf71 ,gidley report$ f "h1 among o!r v]tebrates1 "s tee? :i* he reg>d$ z ^? ( ,physet] vetus2 b ?is may n be correct & !y may n belong to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,,florida4 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaf 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #aje71 ,doctor ,sell>ds /at$ t he _h obta9$ f m>l-pits work$ at ?is place = road mat]ials a proboscidean tusk & a rib ( a :ale1 probably ( ! g5us ,balnopt]a4 ,at ! same place _h be5 f\nd a too? ( ,elephas columbi4 #ag4 ,de ,l&1 ,volusia ,c\nty4--,at ?is place 0 obta9$ ! dolph9 skull :i* ,sell>ds describ$ z ,globicephalus breckeii 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xiv74 ,x 0 f\nd emb$d$ 9 s& at a dep? ( #aj feet4 ,?is s& ov]lies m>ls :i* are reg>d$ z ,plioc5e or ,mioc5e4 ,sell>ds believ$ t ! s&s belong$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is n improbable t ! m>ls p]ta9 to ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! fir/ glacial "t4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,p9nip$ia ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 7,map #b47 ,,gr9nell ,,l&4 ,dumbbell ,h>bor4--,9 #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,field5 publi%$ a pap] on ! ,po/-,t]ti>y b$s ( ,gr9nell ,l& & nor? ,gre5l&4 ,field5 & ,de ,rance report$ on ! same subject 9 #ahgh 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff74 ,9 b$s hav+ an elevation ( #djj feet1 9 latitude #hb #cj1 !re 7 obta9$ meag] rema9s ( ,phoca hispida & ,ovibos mos*atus4 ,9 latitude #hb #be 7 secur$ rema9s ( ,rangif] t>&us1 ,ovibos mos*atus1 & ,phoca b>bata4 ,! inv]tebrate fauna 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) t exi/+ !re to-day4 ,if ! b$s are ( ,plei/oc5e age1 z ! elevation appe>s to indicate1 !y may be ref]r$ to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,,nova ,,scotia4 #a4 ,sable ,isl&4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy !re is a walrus skull :i* 0 s5t to ! ,academy f ,sable ,isl& ab\t #ahga4 ,accord+ to ,rhoads 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahih1 p4 #aig71 ,leidy reg>d$ ?is skull z t ( a rec5t individual2 b ,rhoads /ates t 8! specim5 is ( precisely ! same nature 9 color1 texture1 & specific gravity z ! l>g] fossil specim5 :i* ,leidy describ$ & figur$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions & :i* came f ! bea* at ,long ,bran*1 ,new ,j]sey40 ,he ?9ks t x _h be5 d]iv$ f an anci5t rais$ sea-bea*4 ,?is does n appe> to be at all improbable4 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #b4 ,fairville1 ,*>lotte ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgi 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 ,rep4 = #ahgg-h1 ,,ee1 p4 #bc71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,mat!w report$ ! discov]y ( a skeleton ( ,phoca grnl&ica ne> ,fairville1 at ! m\? ( ,/4 ,john ,riv]1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,! =e limbs & sev]al v]tebr 7 miss+4 ,! skeleton 0 aft]w>ds de/roy$ 9 a fire at ,/4 ,john4 ,! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #be feet1 9 ! l[] ,l$a clay4 ,,quebec4 #c4 ,bic1 ,rim\ski ,c\nty4--,9 ,le ,naturali/e ,canadi5 7vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aijh1 p4 #ea71 ! editor1 ,v4 ,a4 ,hu>d1 9 comm5t+ on a lett] writt5 to him & ann\nc+ ! capture ( a walrus some:]e on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 recall$ an article contribut$ 9 #ahfi by ! =m] editor1 a prie/ nam$ ,provan*] 7,le ,naturali/e ,canad41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai74 ,?is writ] /at$ t "s workm5 employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,int]national ,railway _h discov]$ at ,bic1 ,rim\ski ,c\nty1 ,quebec1 on ! s\!rn %ore ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 a complete skeleton ( a walrus4 ,?is skeleton _h a l5g? ( #ac feet4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #ad feet1 9 a compact clay1 & at a height ( m ?an #ajj feet above sea-level4 ,! skeleton 0 deposit$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,rim\ski ,sem9>y1 b 0 de/roy$ 9 a fire 9 #ahha4 ,x is evid5t t :5 t animal di$ & 0 buri$ 9 ! clay ! l& 9 t region /ood at a level at lea/ #ajj feet l[] ?an at pres5t4 ,?r\gh ! late ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe1 ( ! ,canada ,geological ,survey1 ! writ] has receiv$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,john/on1 :o made a special /udy ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 in=mation reg>d+ ! age ( ! clays at ,bic4 ,he says t little c be said def9itely reg>d+ ! age ( ! clays 9 :i* ! walrus skeleton 0 f\nd4 ,clays belong+ to ! ,*ampla9 subm]g5ce /& n[ at an elevation ( #caa feet 9 t vic9ity2 & m>9e %ells occur 9 clays1 suppos$ to belong to ! ,*ampla91 at an altitude ( #abj feet4 ,!re is a possibility t "s ( ! clays 9 t region are e>li] ?an ! "t ( ! ,wiscons94 ,mr4 ,john/on cites ,guide ,book ,no4 #a1 "p ,i1 pp4 #gg-gh1 ( ! ,canada ,survey1 & ,dawson's ,ice ,age1 #ahic1 pp4 #ahf-aie4 ,! fir/ article 0 writt5 by ,j4 ,w4 ,gold?wait4 ,on page #iba ( ,logan's ,geology ( ,canada1 #ahfc1 x is /at$ t bones ( :ales & ( ! morse h be5 f\nd p>tially emb$d$ 9 ! ,l$a clay 9 sev]al places betwe5 ,bic & ,matanne1 ab\t #fj miles f>!r d[n ! riv]4 #d4 ,montreal1 ,quebec4--,9 #ahfc1 ,logan 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #ibj7 told ( ! discov]y ( a skeleton ( ,phoca grndl&ica ne> ,montreal4 ,! exact locality appe>s to be ab\t #j4ge mile ea/ ( :at 0 !n kn[n z ! ,mile-end qu>ries4 ,^! qu>ries 7 ab\t #ajj feet above sea-level1 & ! spot :]e ! skeleton 0 f\nd 0 ab\t #dj feet l[] d[n4 ,at a ne>by bricky>d "s bones ( a "y seal 7 discov]$ :i* belong$ probably to ! same species4 ,"o ( ! pelvic bones ( a seal 0 f\nd also at ! ,mile-end qu>ries4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson 78,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahdd1 p4 #bfg7 /at$ t ! skeleton 0 f\nd 9 ! ,l$a clay2 t x is 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological ,survey1 at ,ottawa2 & t deta*$ bones are 9 ! ,pet] ,r$pa? ,museum ( ,mc,gill ,univ]sity at ,montreal4 ,! ,l$a clay1 at lea/ t ( ! upp] portion ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley1 is n[ ref]r$ to ! ,*ampla9 epo*1 a "t :5 ! sea _h invad$ ?is valley & ev5 ,lake ,ont>io4 #e4 ,ttreauville1 ,ottawa ,c\nty4--,9 #ahig ,h4 ,m4 ,ami 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bd7 ann\nc$ t he & ,ruggles ,wright _h f\nd "s bones :i* 7 probably ^? ( a "y h>bor seal1 ,phoca vitul9a4 ,!y 7 collect$ 9 #ahhh1 9 a s&y lay] ab\t #cj feet bel[ ! surface1 on a hillside1 at ,wright's brick clay pits1 on ,aylm] ,road1 ,ttreauville1 ,quebec4 ,?is place is ab\t #e miles we/ ( ,hull1 & )9 #aj miles ( ,ottawa4 ,^! bones are 9 ! ,victoria ,museum at ,ottawa4 ,besides ! left half ( ! l[] jaw ) tee?1 !re are bo? e>-bones1 "o exoccipital1 ! great] portion ( ! backbone1 scapula1 "p ( ! pelvis1 & "s ( ! l>g] limb-bones4 ,?is species is abundant 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & also asc5ds ! l>g] riv]s to a great di/ance4 ,d\btless great numb]s inhabit$ ! inl& sea :i*1 dur+ ,*ampla9 times1 is believ$ to h occupi$ ! valley ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,lake ,ont>io1 & ! valley ( ! ,ottawa ,riv] ne>ly z f> up z ! city ( ,ottawa4 ,,ont>io4 #f4 ,ottawa4--,rema9s believ$ to belong to ,phoca grnl&ica h be5 f\nd ne> ,ottawa1 ,ont>io4 ,9 #ahef 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ij1 plate ,,iii71 ,doctor ,leidy describ$ & figur$ ! h9d] limbs ( a "y aquatic animal :i* he reg>d$ z a seal1 b did n m exactly id5tify4 ,he express$ ! op9ion t its desc5dants 7 yet sport+ 9 ! sea-bord]s ( ,canada4 ,?is specim5 0 f\nd 9 ,gl\ce/] ,t[n%ip1 ,c>leton ,c\nty1 ab\t #i miles ea/ ( ,ottawa4 ,! locality is on ,gre5's ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ! ,ottawa ,riv]1 ! bank ( ! creek be+ ab\t #cj feet high & compos$ ( clay4 ,?is is reg>d$ z be+ ( ,*ampla9 age1 ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,out ( ?is clay 7 wa%$ num]\s nodules ( h>d5$ clay1 _m ( :i* conta9$ organic rema9s1 su* z m>9e %ells & fi%es4 ,among ! latt] are two species1 ! capel9 7,mallotus villosus7 & ! lump-suck] 7,cyclopt]us lumpus74 ,lat]1 at ! same locality1 a l[] jawbone ( a "y seal 0 f\nd1 :i* 0 id5tifi$ z ! h>p seal2 & x 0 ev5 ?\ght t x might h belong$ ) ! h9d] limbs figur$ by ,leidy4 ,a figure ( ?is jaw1 ) "s ( ! tee?1 0 publi%$ by ,dawson 9 8 8,canadian ,ice ,age40 ,,ma9e4 #g4 ,addison ,po9t1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,f ! curator ( ! ,portl& ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,norton1 ! in=mation is receiv$ t "s portions ( ! skeleton ( a walrus1 sev]al ribs1 p>ts ( two limbs1 & a phalanx ( a digit1 _h be5 f\nd at ,reef ,po9t1 ne> ,addison ,po9t1 ,ma9e4 ,^! rema9s are n[ 9 ! collection ( ! society j nam$4 ,!y _h be5 collect$ 9 #ahha by ,c4 ,h4 ,boyd1 :o publi%$ an acc\nt ( !m 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bcd74 ,!y _h wa%$ out ( ! bank on ! ea/]n side ( ,pleasant ,riv]1 ab\t #c miles bel[ ,addison4 ,!y _h be5 buri$ 9 a /iff blue clay1 ab\t #b feet above high-wat]4 ,above !m !re 0 #f feet ( ! clay1 & above ?is gravel & soil4 ,mr4 ,boyd /at$ t he _h se5 a tusk1 ) a "p ( ! socket1 :i* _h be5 wa%$ out at ! same place4 #h4 ,&rews ,isl&1 ,knox ,c\nty4--,! ,am]ican ,museum ,j\rnal = #aiab 7vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #bfi-bgj7 conta9s an article :i* calls att5tion to a walrus skull pres]v$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york4 ,x is report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd by ,sidney ,norton1 9 ,decemb] #aiab1 9 #ej fa?oms ( wat]1 ne> ,&rews ,isl&1 (f ,owl's ,head1 ,p5obscot ,bay4 ,"o ( ! tusks is complete1 ! o!r is gone2 also ! occiput & zygomatic ar*es are miss+4 ,! bone is said to be q well petrifi$1 :i* %[s t ! skull is n a rec5t "o4 #i4 ,g>d9]1 ,k5nebec ,c\nty4--,9 #ahde ,*>les ,lyell visit$ 78,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd7 ,g>d9]1 ,ma9e1 & exam9$ a collection ( fossil %ells & cru/acea :i* _h be5 made by ,mrs4 ,fr$]ic ,all5 f ! glacial deposits ( t vic9ity4 ,he recogniz$ ! too? ( a walrus1 :i* he /at$ 0 simil> to ! "o procur$ by him on ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4 ,?is too? is said by ,pack>d 7,mem4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 #ahfg1 p4 #bdf7 to h be5 a tusk2 & he 0 in=m$ t x _h be5 tak5 by ,lyell to ,london & _h be5 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,ri*>d ,ow54 ,inasmu* z ,ow5 reg>d$ ! specim5 f\nd on ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d z a species di/9ct f ! "o n[ liv+ on ! ,atlantic coa/1 x is to be suppos$ t ! ,g>d9] specim5 also 0 ?\ght to be diff]5t f ! latt]4 ,pack>d1 9 ano!r communication 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,i1 #ahfh1 p4 #bfh71 /ates t ! too? ( ! walrus & "s tee? ( a suppos$ bison 7 discov]$ 9 ! clay-b$s at ,g>d9] by ,lyell1 or at lea/ dur+ 8 visit1 b x is evid5t t !y _h be5 collect$ be=e 8 arrival4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! suppos$ bison tee? f\nd 9 clay at ,g>d9]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,! ,am]ican ,bisons1 #ahgf1 pp4 #hi1 #ia7 gives u "s in=mation ab\t ! fate ( ,mrs4 ,fr$]ic ,all5's collection4 ,at h] dea? x pass$ into ! possession ( h] daught]1 by :om ! great] "p ( x 0 pres5t$ to ,b[do9 ,college1 ,brunswick1 ,ma9e4 ,pr(essor ,manton ,copel&1 ( ?is college1 in=ms ! writ] t ! walrus tusk is 9 _! collection & be>s ! numb] ,,fm#bj4 ,x is badly %att]$4 ,! l5g? is ab\t #ge mm4 ,! important matt] conc]n+ ! rema9s ( ! walrus f\nd at ,g>d9] is to det]m9e :5 ! animal liv$ !re4 ,x is to be assum$ t ! tusk _h be5 buri$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e clay at t locality4 ,?is appe>s to belong to ! clos+ p]iod ( ! ,wiscons9 /age1 b !re has be5 "s dispute ab\t its age4 ,pack>d 7,mem4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bde-bdf7 gives a li/ ( ! species :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! clay at ,g>d9]4 ,^! are ne>ly all inv]tebrates & indicate a climate some:at cold] ?an t n[ exi/+ !re4 ,:e!r ! "t :5 ! walrus liv$ at ,g>d9] 0 be=e or aft] ! culm9ation ( ! ,wiscons9 ice p]iod1 x 0 s long ago t ^? deposits ( clay1 made 9 sea-wat] ( consid]able dep?1 h s9ce be5 lift$ above sea-level to a height ( p]haps #bjj feet4 #aj4 ,portl&1 ,cumb]l& ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 volume ,,xii1 #ahgh1 page #fcc1 x is record$ t ! l>g] "p ( ! skeleton ( a walrus1 includ+ ! skull1 ) tusks ov] #e in*es long1 _h lately be5 f\nd 9 ! ,quat]n>y clays at ,portl&4 ,x _h be5 discov]$ by workm5 excavat+ = ! f\ndation ( ! transf] /ation ( ! ,bo/on & ,ma9e ,railroad4 ,! rema9s 7 p>tially emb$d$ 9 a lay] ( blue clay a foot ?ick1 itself ov]la9 by #b feet #b in*es ( a light] clay4 ,! latt] conta9$ ca/s & %ells ( #aa species ( mollusks4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 9 8 "w already quot$1 /ates t ! skeleton 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #g feet4 ,x 0 plac$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,portl& ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & is /ill !re1 z report$ by ! curator1 ,ar?ur ,h4 ,norton4 ,mr4 ,norton has s5t ! writ] an extract f ! report ( ! committee :i* inve/igat$ ?is discov]y4 ,! b$ ( blue clay 9 :i* ! great] "p ( ! skeleton 0 buri$ conta9$ ! foll[+ species ( mollusks3 ,mya ar5>ia1 ,macoma sabulosa 7calc>ea71 ,mytilus edulis1 ,c>dium 7,s]ripes7 grndl&icum1 ,saxicava di/orta1 ,nucula antiqua1 ,l$a t5uisulcata1 ,l4 truncata 7,yoldia glacialis71 ,natica clausa1 ,n4 pusilla1 & ,a/>te /riata4 ,! light]-color$ clay above ! blue clay 0 m s&y & adh]$ /rongly to ! bones4 ,?is clay conta9$ ,mya ar5>ia1 ,mytilus edulis1 ,s]ripes grndl&icus1 ,a/>te /riata1 ,macoma calc>ea1 ,nucula antiqua1 ,natica1 & ,balanus4 ,above ! light]-color$ clay j m5tion$ 0 a foot ( a clay :i* conta9$ wood & roots1 ! unus$ portion ( ! brick clay t once exi/$ !re1 b :i* _h be5 remov$ = ! manufacture ( bricks4 ,inasmu* z ! clay ov]ly+ ! b$ 9 :i* ! rema9s 7 f\nd conta9s m>9e %ells1 x is c]ta9 t s9ce _! deposition ! l& has be5 consid]ably elevat$4 ,george ,n4 ,/one 7,monogr4 ,,xxxiv1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bhf-bia7 has discuss$ ! age ( ! glacial deposits at ,portl&4 ,pr(essor ,m4 ,l4 ,full] has writt5 to ! au?or t on ! ,ma9e coa/ ! *ief clay is kn[n z ! ,l$a & is f\nd at ,portl& & ,g>d9]1 & t x probably ant$ates ! ,wiscons94 ,?is is n to be correlat$ ) ! ,l$a clay ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley4 ,x corresponds r to ,clapp's 8high-level clays0 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #eje1 seq474 ,,new ,,hamp%ire4 #aa4 ,jeffries ,reef1 (f ,portsm\?4--,! specim5 f ?is place consi/s ( ! great] "p ( ! left side ( ! skull ( a l>ge individual4 ,! occipital & ! exoccipitals are miss+4 ,! bone & especially ! tusk h suff]$ "s decay4 ,! fragm5t is label$ z hav+ be5 dr$g$ f a dep? ( #ej to #ge fa?oms on ,ea/]n ,jeffries ,reef4 ,! bottom 0 h>d4 ,jeffries ,reef lies #e or m miles (f ! s\!rnmo/ "p ( ! ,ma9e coa/ & ext5ds f ! ,isle ( ,%oals to ,boon ,isl&4 ,! skull belong$ to an old individual4 ,! l5g? f ! re> ( ! ma/oid process to ! front ( ! premaxilla is #cfj mm4 ,! exs]t$ "p ( ! tusk measures #bbe mm4 9 l5g?4 ,at its base ! diamet]s are #fe mm4 & #db mm4 ,!re are #d l>ge gr9d+ tee?4 ,!re is no reason = suppos+ t ! species repres5t$ is n ,o4 rosm>us4 ,,massa*usetts4 #ab4 ,gay ,head1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4--,9 8 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 volume ,i1 #ahde1 page #beg1 plate ,v1 figure #a1 ,lyell ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( a "p ( a skull ( a walrus at ,gay ,head4 ,?is he _h pur*as$ f a fi%]man :o liv$ !re & :o said x _h fall5 out ( a conglom]ate f\nd at t place & :i* conta9s bones ( cetaceans4 ,! skull reta9$ b a small portion ( its animal matt]4 ,ri*>d ,ow51 to :om ! skull 0 %[n1 reg>d$ x z belong+ to a species di/9ct f ,o4 rosm>us4 ,! upp] jaw conta9$ ! base ( "o tusk1 ! socket = ! o!r1 & #c mol> tee? on ea* side4 ,! r$uc$ numb] ( mol>s furni%es no di/9ctive "*1 = exi/+ individuals sometimes pres5t ?is numb]4 ,! base ( ! tusk has its transv]se diamet] great] ?an usual relatively to ! =e-&-aft diamet]4 ,accord+ to ,lyell's illu/ration ( ! specim51 ! great] diamet] 0 #gj mm41 ! %ort] #ec mm4 ,! writ] has se5 no tusk ( ,o4 rosm>us z ?ick z ?is2 b ! ?ickness is v>iable & may possibly atta9 to two-?irds ( ! great] diamet]4 ,inasmu* z ! ,t]ti>y deposits at ,gay ,head1 ris+ above ! sea to a height ( ab\t #aej feet1 are capp$ by a %eet ( glacial drift & clays1 x is probable t ! skull 9 "q _h fall5 f "s ( ^! drift deposits4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,woodwor? 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #ihb71 !re are at ,gay ,head deposits ( drift :i* repres5t "s ( ! old] glacial /ages z well z ! la/ "o1 ! ,wiscons94 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 t ?is walrus liv$ !re z f> back z ! middle ( ! glacial epo* or ev5 e>li]4 ,= additional in=mation on ! geology ( t isl& consult ,woodwor?'s pap]1 9 :i* ! lit]ature is cit$2 also ! important pap] by ,n4 ,s4 ,%al] 7#g? ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahhh1 pp4 #cjc-cfc47 ,! hood$ seal1 ,cy/ophora cri/ata1 has probably be5 f\nd fossil at ,gay ,head4 ,! only reason = ?is supposition is f\nd 9 a /atem5t made by ,*>les ,lyell 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cb2 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvi1 #ahdd1 p4 #cai74 ,he says t ) o!r rema9s on ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d he f\nd a too? hav+ ! cr[n fractur$4 ,lyell submitt$ ! too? to ,ri*>d ,ow51 :o pron\nc$ x to be t ( a seal :i* seem$ to be ne>ly alli$ to ! mod]n ,cy/ophora proboscidea 7,c4 cri/ata74 ,x seems q probable t ?is species liv$ !re at ! "t :5 ! walrus haunt$ ! region4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! rema9s report$ belong$ to an animal t liv$ 9 t region z f> back z ! ,mioc5e4 ,! too? 0 n describ$ or figur$4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 #ac4 ,long ,bran*4--,portions ( sev]al walrus skulls h be5 f\nd on ! bea* at ,long ,bran*4 ,two ( ^! 7 describ$ & figur$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfg 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #hc1 plate ,,iv1 figs4 #a1 #b1 plate ,v1 fig4 #a74 ,"o skull1 lack+ ! l[] jaw1 "s ( ! "r h9d] "p ( ! cranium1 & ! exs]t$ portion ( "o tusk1 0 discov]$ 9 #ahec4 ,! o!r specim51 discov]$ ab\t #ahef1 furni%$ ! front ( ! skull z f> back z ! middle ( ! palate4 ,bo? belong$ to old individuals4 ,leidy conclud$ t ! animals :i* _h possess$ ^! skulls belong$ to ! exi/+ species ,odob5us rosm>us4 ,he surmis$ t !y _h be5 float$ to ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ on fields ( ice or p]haps _h liv$ !re dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,! skull :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahec is n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy2 ! o!r is 9 ! collection ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,geological ,survey4 ,rec5tly1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,n4 ,rhoads has /udi$ ^! skulls4 ,he _h also = exam9ation ! skull f ,sable ,isl&1 :i* has be5 m5tion$4 ,he conclud$ t ^! skulls belong$ to a species di/9ct f ,o4 rosm>us & :i* might be> ,de,kay's "n1 ,o4 virg9ianus4 ,x does n appe> to ! pres5t writ] t ,rhoads has successfully ma9ta9$ 8 proposition4 ,he did n h at h& a suffici5t numb] ( skulls ( ! exi/+ ,atlantic walrus to pres5t all ! v>iations t occur 9 t species4 ,( c\rse1 ! numb] ( fossil specim5s 0 v limit$4 ,9 discuss+ ,rhoads's conclusion1 x w be ( advantage to consid] a "p ( a skull :i* belongs to ! ,m>% collection 9 ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,?is specim5 consi/s ( ! ant]ior half ( ! skull1 )\t ! tusks & )\t ! o!r tee?4 ,x 0 f\nd at ,kitty ,hawk1 at ! m\? ( ,albem>le ,s\nd1 j nor? ( latitude #cf4 ,x is ?or\ghly fossiliz$2 &1 hav+ be5 f\nd s f> s\?1 x may be safely reg>d$ z hav+ belong$ to ! species :i* inhabit$ ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison1 su* measurem5ts are "h giv5 z c be obta9$ f ! skull2 likewise ! correspond+ measurem5ts ( a specim5 f ,sable ,isl&1 ,no4 #aiiebh ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ( ano!r1 ,no4 #bbjad ( ! ,national ,museum1 br\ght f ,ungava ,bay4 ,un=tunately1 ! basil> l5g? ( ! fossil c n be det]m9$1 nor ! wid? ( ! ma/oids4 ,measurem5ts ( skulls ( walruses1 9 millimet]s4 ,kitty ,sable ,ungava ,hawk4 ,isl&4 ,bay4 ,f front ( premaxill to re> ( vom] #ahc #afg #bje ,f front ( tusk to optic =am5 #ahh #agg #aie ,f oral bord] ( premaxilla to upp] bord] ( nasal op5+ #aaj #if #ajj ,greate/ wid? across maxill #afj #acf #agg ,lea/ wid? at front ( orbits #aje #ajf #adf ,lea/ wid? at temporal foss #ge #fb #gj ,wid? betwe5 ! sockets = tusks #ge #ge #he ,l5g? ( r[ ( tee? #hb #fj #hc ,space betwe5 incisors #dj #cf #cb ,space betwe5 la/ mol>s #fb #fj #ec ,long diamet] ( tusk at base #cd #bf #ch ,! nasal bones ( ! fossil are s ?or\ghly consolidat$ ) ea* o!r & ) ! adjo9+ bones t _! dim5sions c n be det]m9$4 ,!re is no reason1 h[ev]1 = suppos+ t ! l5g? 0 great] ?an #gj mm4 ,! gr9d+ tee? ( ! fossil d n %[ ! l>g] size t we might expect f ,rhoads's det]m9ations & f comp>ison ) ,leidy's illu/rations4 ,! second socket 0 almo/ exactly ! diamet] ( ! same socket 9 ! ,sable ,isl& specim5 measur$4 ,! ?ird socket is l>g] ?an t ( ! skull f ,sable ,isl&4 ,! sockets = ! fir/ mol>s are v small & %all[2 ! socket = ! left incisor is /ill small]1 :ile t = ! "r incisor is :olly effac$4 ,! diamet] ( ! socket = ! second mol> is mu* %ort] ?an t ( ! correspond+ socket 9 ! ,ungava ,bay specim54 ,9 ! latt]1 ! left incisor is pres5t & l>ge1 b ! o!r is miss+ & ! socket is ne>ly fill$ up4 ,x is evid5t t ! tee? are extremely v>iable 9 bo? size & ! numb] pres5t4 ,rhoads has f\nd t ! incisive =am9a ( ! fossil skulls 9 8 h&s are plac$ high above ! alveol> bord]s4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a specim5 ?is height is #cb mm42 9 ! ,sable ,isl& specim5 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 #cj mm42 9 ! ,ungava ,bay specim51 ab\t #bb mm4 ,nor does ! di/ance betwe5 ! sockets = ! incisors 9 ! fossil f ,nor? ,c>ol9a agree ) t dim5sion 9 ! two specim5s f ,long ,bran*4 ,despite ! diff]5ces %[n 9 ! measurem5ts 9 ! table giv5 above1 ! writ] mu/ conclude t !re are n z yet suffici5t reasons = reg>d+ ! ,plei/oc5e walrus ( ! ,atlantic coa/ z specifically diff]5t f ! exi/+ =m4 ,dr4 ,alb]t ,reid ,l$\x1 m9+ eng9e]1 ( ,new ,york ,city1 :5 a "y man ba?+ at l[ tide at ,long ,bran*1 f\nd a skull ( a walrus4 ,?is 0 giv5 to ,pr(essor ,john ,s4 ,newb]ry & is n[ probably at ei!r ,columbia ,univ]sity or ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,at ! same "t & at ! same spot 0 a heel-bone ( ,mega!rium1 n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum 7p4 #ca74 ,x is v improbable t ^! two animals liv$ !re at ! same "t4 ,accord+ to rec5t publications ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,new ,j]sey 7,salisbury1 ,report = #ahig1 p4 #ai1 pl4 ,i2 ,lewis & ,kmmel1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ad1 p4 #abj1 ) ,geologic ,map ( ,new ,j]sey1 #aiaj-aiab71 ,long ,bran* is situat$ on ! ,cape ,may =mation4 ,?is is reg>d$ by ! geologi/s j quot$ z correspond+ 9 age1 9 great "p at lea/1 to ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,:5 ?is deposit 0 laid d[n1 ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ 0 depress$ f #ce to #ej feet bel[ its pres5t level4 ,x seems v probable t at t "t ! walrus 0 liv+ !re & t ! skulls f\nd h be5 wa%$ out ( ?is deposit by ! waves dur+ /orms4 ,nev]!less1 ! f9d+ ( ,mega!rium at ,long ,bran* %[s t !re are deposits pres5t :i* belong probably to e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,kmmel1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,new ,j]sey1 has in=m$ ! writ] t a /rip #j4be to #j4ge mile back f ! ocean 9 ! region ab\t ,long ,bran* probably belongs to ! ,rec5t "t4 ,he /ates t "o w\ld be safe 9 conclud+ t ! skulls ( ! walrus 7 f\nd 9 deposits n old] ?an ! ,cape ,may & t !y may h occurr$ 9 m rec5t b$s4 ,aga9/ ! view t ! walruses f\nd along ?is coa/ liv$ !re dur+ ! ,rec5t p]iod is _! well-fossiliz$ condition4 #ad4 ,ocean ,grove1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj1 aft] a /orm1 a "p ( a skull ( a walrus 0 f\nd on ! bea* at ,ocean ,grove1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is is /ill 9 ! possession ( ! f9d]1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,hidd51 :o furni%$ ! writ] ) photographs ( ! specim54 ,x consi/s ( ! front ( ! skull ext5d+ back to ! bases ( ! zygomatic ar*es1 & conta9+ portions ( bo? tusks & mo/ ( ! tee?4 ,!re is no likelihood t ?is specim5 belong$ to any o!r species ?an ,odob5us rosm>us1 & x 0 probably wa%$ out ( ! same deposits z ^? :i* furni%$ ! specim5 f\nd at ,long ,bran*4 ,,virg9ia4 #ae4 ,accomac ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,annals ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 volume ,,ii1 #ahbh1 page #bga1 ,messrs4 ,mit*ill1 ,smi?1 & ,coop] made a report on a fossil walrus skull f\nd along ! ,virg9ia coa/ some:]e 9 ,accomac ,c\nty4 ,only ! ant]ior half ( ! skull 0 secur$4 ,accord+ to ?is report1 portions ( ! tusks 7 pres]v$1 b 7 mu* mutilat$4 ,!re 7 pres5t also #d ( ! gr9d+ tee?4 ,! skull 0 describ$ z be+ rem>kably h>d & heavy & ! tusks 7 almo/ agatiz$4 ,! sutures ( ! skull _h mo/ly clos$ up2 h5ce ! animal 0 evid5tly an old "o4 ,! specim5 bore ! m>ks ( hav+ be5 9 salt wat]1 & 0 said to h be5 f\nd on ! bea*4 ,?is is ! specim5 :i* ,de,kay1 9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ( ,n4 ,y41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #ef1 plate ,,xix1 fig4 #a71 made ! type ( 8 ,tri*e*us virg9ianus4 ,newb]ry1 9 #ahgc 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,new ,york1 p4 #ga71 id5tifi$ ! specim5 z belong+ to ! exi/+ ,atlantic species4 ,cope 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahgd1 p4 #ag7 does n m5tion ! pres5ce ( tusks4 ,he suppos$ t !re 01 at t "p ( ! coa/1 glacial drift1 out ( :i* ! skull _h be5 wa%$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no su* deposits 9 t region4 ,?is specim5 0 plac$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,new ,york1 b accord+ to ,rhoads1 0 aft]w>d de/roy$ 9 a fire4 ,on exam9ation ( ,g4 ,b4 ,%attuck's "w on ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,m>yl& 7,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e volume1 p4 #ie1 plate ,i71 x seems t ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia 9 ,accomac ,c\nty is occupi$ by ! ,talbot =mation4 ,?is1 accord+ to 8 !ory1 corresponds1 at lea/ ! "p ne>e/ ! coa/1 ) ! ,cape ,may =mation ( ,new ,j]sey4 ,h5ce we might conclude t ! walrus skull 9 "q _h become buri$1 probably dur+ ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,! pres5t writ] reg>ds ! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,talbot t]race z be+ mu* old]4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>k & ,b4 ,l4 ,mill] 7,virg9ia ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull41 ,no4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahg7 recognize ! pres5ce ( ! ,talbot =mation 9 ,accomac ,c\nty1 :]e x seems to rea* a ?ickness ( #ajj feet2 b ! au?ors add t "p ( ?is may belong to e>li] ,plei/oc5e =mations4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 #af4 ,kitty ,hawk1 ,currituck ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,m>% collection ( fossils belong+ to ,yale ,univ]sity is a "p ( a skull f\nd some:]e ne> ,kitty ,hawk4 ,no p>ticul>s reg>d+ ! exact place ( discov]y accompany ! specim54 ,x has already be5 describ$ on page #bg2 &1 :ile !re are "s diff]5ces betwe5 x & ! rec5t skulls us$ = comp>ison1 x is n believ$ t a di/9ct species is indicat$4 ,accord+ to ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son's map ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 & ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 plate ,,xiii71 ! coa/ at ,kitty ,hawk & = ab\t #ej miles back ( ?is is occupi$ by ! ,pamlico =mation4 ,?is corresponds to ! upp] "p ( ! ,talbot ( ,m>yl&1 & x1 or "p ( x1 may h be5 deposit$ at ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,s f> z ! pres5t writ] kn[s1 !re is no?+ to %[ ! "* ( ! climate !n prevail+4 ,z ?is ,pamlico n[h]e rises m ?an #be feet above sea-level1 & z ! ?ickness is usually only f #ae to #bj feet1 x is possible t ! walrus skull f\nd at ,kitty ,hawk _h be5 une>!d by ! waves f ! ,*[an =mation or "s /ill e>li] deposit4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 #ag4 ,*>le/on4--,9 #ahgf ,leidy ann\nc$ 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahgf1 p4 #hj7 t a complete tusk ( a walrus _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,a%ley ,riv]1 ne> ,*>le/on4 ,?is tusk ,leidy describ$ & figur$ 9 #ahgg 7,j\r4 ,phila4 ,acad41 vol4 ,,viii1 fig4 #f74 ,x _h evid5tly be5 dr$g$ f ! riv] 9 collect+ phosphate rock1 z h be5 mo/ ( ! fossils ( t region4 ,! tusk 0 #ac in*es long4 ,ne> ! base x measur$ #c4fb in*es & transv]sely #a4ge in*es4 ,leidy especially notic$ ! %ortness ( ! tusk z comp>$ ) ! diamet]1 b conclud$ t ! tusk might1 dur+ ! life ( ! individual1 h be5 brok5 (f & worn obliquely at ! end4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,*>le/on ,museum are "s fragm5ts ( tusks ( a species ( walrus1 probably ,o4 rosm>us4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,no4 #ajbh1 furni%es #ahd mm4 ( ! di/al end4 ,! wid? at ! fracture is #fj mm41 ! ?ickness #bi mm4 ,! di/al end is worn (f some:at obliquely1 b n s mu* z 9 ! tusk figur$ by ,leidy2 also1 ! tusk appe>s to h be5 less curv$ ?an ! "o :i* he describ$4 ,! orig9al l5g? c n be det]m9$4 ,ano!r fragm5t1 ,no4 #ajbi1 0 giv5 to ! ,*>le/on ,museum by ,major ,e4 ,willis & 0 no d\bt f\nd 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,?is g5tleman has s5t a fossil horse-too? & a "p ( a sir5ian to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum f ,w&o ,riv]4 ,! fragm5t is %ort1 b belong$ to a l>ge tusk1 its long diamet] be+ #ha mm41 ! %ort] "o #ea mm4 ,x 0 !re=e a l>g] tusk & "o ^: ?ickness 0 relatively great] ?an t ( ! imp]fect specim5 f\nd at ,long ,bran* & figur$ by ,leidy4 ,mr4 ,e>le ,sloan's collection at ! ,*>le/on ,museum has two o!r fragm5ts ( tusks4 ,"o1 ,no4 #acdig1 is #aac mm4 long1 #fj mm4 wide1 & #be mm4 ?ick2 ! o!r1 ,no4 #acbif1 is #adj mm4 long1 #fj mm4 wide1 & #ca mm4 ?ick4 ,consid]+ t all ( ! rema9s ( ! walrus f\nd ab\t ,*>le/on h be5 pick$ out ( great quantities ( phosphate rock collect$ = comm]cial purposes1 & t no records ( ! exact locality :]e obta9$ h be5 kept1 x is impossible to det]m9e _! exact geological age4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ?is animal inhabit$ ! region ab\t ,*>le/on at ! "t x frequ5t$ ! coa/s ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a & ,new ,j]sey4 ,?is appe>s to h be5 dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age2 b x is possible t ! walrus ext5d$ its range f> s\?w>d dur+ m ?an "o ( ! glacial /ages4 ,all ( ! specim5s appe> to be ?or\ghly fossiliz$4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,x5>?ra ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,long ,bran*1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 !re is a l>ge heel-bone :i* 0 f\nd at ! place nam$ & id5tifi$ z hav+ belong$ to a species ( ,mega!rium1 mo/ probably to ,m4 mirabile4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,l$\x1 ( ,new ,york1 :o wrote t he f\nd x ab\t #dj ye>s ago :ile ba?+ at ,long ,bran*4 ,) ?is bone 7 f\nd a skull ( a walrus & a too? ( a ma/odon4 ,! heel-bone is some:at m ?an #ae in*es long4 ,x 0 incru/$ ) b>nacles & small oy/] %ells4 ,:ile "o c n at pres5t be c]ta9 t ?is animal did n live up to a late /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 x is improbable t x did s4 ,x is also q improbable t ! mega!rium & walrus liv$ at ,long ,bran* at ! same "t4 ,x is m likely t ! mega!rium _h its exi/5ce !re at ! "t :5 horses liv$ 9 ! same region & :5 ! ,port ,k5n$y fauna exi/$2 t is1 at "s "t dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e ab\t ! ,aftonian /age4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,f ! not$ bone cave at ,port ,k5n$y a numb] ( species ( ,megalonyx h be5 describ$4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is g5us 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,:eatley 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd74 ,cope1 9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #baa-bai71 admitt$ ! occurr5ce ( #d species1 ,megalonyx :eatleyi1 ,m4 loxodon1 ,m4 tortulus1 & ,m4 scalp]4 ,x mu/ be left to future inve/igations to det]m9e ! /atus ( ^! species4 ,m4 jeff]sonii 0 n recogniz$ by ,cope 9 ! mat]ials f\nd 9 ! cave4 ,( ,m4 loxodon1 only a s+le upp] can9e mol> 0 f\nd4 ,( ,m4 :eatleyi1 num]\s specim5s 7 secur$1 includ+ consid]able p>ts ( cru%$ & decay$ skulls4 ,m4 tortulus 0 repres5t$ by a consid]able numb] ( tee?2 ,m4 scalp] by only a s+le 8can9e-mol>40 ,on page #cab w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates associat$ ) ^! slo?s4 ,( ,mylodon1 ,:eatley 7op4 cit41 p4 #chd7 _h a s+le ungual phalanx :i* ,cope 7op4 cit41 p4 #baj7 ?\ght belong$ probably to ,m4 h>lani4 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,rema9s ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,megalonyx h be5 report$ f a bone cave at ?is place by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 #aijh1 p4 #bca74 ,! associat$ species are li/$ on pages #cba-cbb4 ,,ohio4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,nor? ,fairfield1 ,huron ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,norwalk1 ,huron ,c\nty1 ,museum !re are v>i\s bones ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii :i* 7 obta9$ ab\t #g miles f ,nor? ,fairfield4 ,! writ] le>n$ ( ! discov]y ( ?is skeleton f ,mr4 ,roe ,niv]1 a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois4 ,un=tunately ,mr4 ,niv] di$ be=e ! writ] c\ld obta9 all ! desir$ in=mation4 ,a "p ( ! skeleton 0 9 8 possession & is probably 9 ! possession ( 8 family1 b ! writ] has be5 unable to secure any in=mation f !m4 ,! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( a few feet 9 a hackb]ry swamp & 7 consid]ably scatt]$4 ,9 ! se>* = ^! ! bones :i* =m ! type ( ,bison sylve/ris ,hay 7 f\nd4 ,! locality is )9 ! area ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet & evid5tly ! animal liv$ !re aft] ! ice _h retir$ f ! region4 #b4 ,mill]sburg1 ,holmes ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio !re is a m\nt$ specim5 ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii conta9+ a consid]able "p ( ! skeleton2 ! miss+ portions are replac$ artificially4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ,holmes ,c\nty j nor? ( ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet4 ,?is mora9e _h l$ to ! =mation ( a m>%1 & 9 ?is ! animal end$ 8 life4 ,! place 0 said by ,orton to be #f miles ea/ & a mile nor? ( ,mill]sburg4 ,! skeleton lay on %ell m>l b5ea? #f feet ( peat4 ,! rema9s h be5 describ$ by ,claypole 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahia1 pp4 #abb-acb1 #adi-aec7 & by ,hay 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aiac1 p4 #eeh2 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,i[a1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 #aiad1 p4 #aaj74 ,,indiana4 7,map #c47 ,! only memb] ( ! ord] ( ,x5>?ra t has yet be5 f\nd 9 ?is ,/ate is ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 & ?is 9 only "o place1 viz1 ,evansville4 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,9 #ahed 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aii-bjj71 ,leidy describ$ a collection ( v]tebrate fossils secur$ by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,l9cke f ! banks ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 ne> ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,evansville4 ,at t "t & locality bones 7 usually f\nd /ick+ out ( ! bank :5 ! wat] 9 ! riv] 0 l[4 ,! bones s5t to ,leidy 7 ?or\ghly impregnat$ ) oxide ( iron1 :i* s]v$ z a cem5t to adh]+ pebbles1 s&1 & fragm5ts ( ,unios & %ells ( o!r fre%-wat] mollusks4 ,! rema9s ( ! megalonyx consi/$ ( p>ts ( two tibi ( "y individuals1 an atlas1 a fragm5t ( a heel-bone1 a metac>pal & a metat>sal bone1 & a claw phalanx4 ,) ^! 7 discov]$ a fragm5t ( a c]vical v]tebra ( a species ( bison1 v>i\s bones ( ! ,virg9ia de]1 a v]tebra ( a horse1 probably ,equus complicatus1 a too? ( ! tapir ,tapirus haysii1 & a "p ( ! upp] jaw ( ! wolf n[ kn[n z nocyon dirus1 b at t "t call$ by ,leidy ,canis primvus4 ,! pr9cipal int]e/ 9 ^! rema9s is to det]m9e at :at "t dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e ! megalonyx liv$4 ,"s indications may be obta9$ f a /udy ( its companions4 ,f a "p ( a c]vical v]tebra ,leidy c\ld n "n ! bison1 b x belong$ probably to "o ( ! ext9ct species4 ,! de] is yet liv+1 b appe>s to h exi/$ ?r\gh mo/ ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! species ( horse repres5t$ is ext9ct1 & !re is no evid5ce t x liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,its late/ repres5tatives probably liv$ dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 ,no tapir is kn[n to h liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,! wolf1 nocyon dirus1 is believ$ to be repres5t$ 9 ! num]\s individuals f\nd 9 ! asphalt b$s ( ,los ,angeles1 ,cali=nia1 probably equival5t 9 age to ! ,aftonian4 ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,c4 ,veat* 7,j\r4 ,geology1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #beg-bgb7 has giv5 an acc\nt ( *anges :i* h occurr$ along ! ,ohio ,riv] 9 ,sp5c] ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 ab\t #be miles above ,evansville1 s9ce late ,plioc5e times4 ,accord+ to 8 inve/igations1 ! valley ( ! riv] 0 deeply excavat$ into ! ,c>bonif]\s rocks dur+ ! ,oz>kian uplift4 ,s9ce t "t1 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 t great valley has be51 to a l>ge ext5t1 fill$ up by alluvial deposits4 ,:ile ! great] "p ( ^! deposits 7 laid d[n dur+ glacial /ages1 x is n improbable t "s 7 made dur+ ! ,aftonian /age & t a "p ( ^! yet exi/ along ! bord]s ( ! riv]4 ,x is /ill m probable t ,sangamon b$s yet exi/ !re & t ! bones ,leidy describ$ 7 f\nd "h4 ,_m bones ( ! megalonyx 7 describ$ by ,leidy 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 article ,v7 f a locality #e or #f miles bel[ ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky1 n mu* m ?an #aj miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek4 ,! bone-b$ 0 said by ,dr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,ow5 7op4 cit41 p4 #g7 to be ab\t #e feet above ord9>y l[-wat]4 ,9 ! same b$ ,ow5 f\nd abundant rema9s ( ! de]4 ,he seem$ to reg>d ?is bone-b$ z a cont9uation ( t exi/+ at ,pigeon ,creek4 ,megalonyx has be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 betwe5 ,c9c9nati & ,l\isville1 associat$ ) ,equus complicatus1 two species ( ext9ct bisons1 & ! ,virg9ia de]1 9 deposits ov]ly+ ,ill9oian drift & h5ce belong+1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! ,sangamon4 ,^! deposits are1 h[ev]1 at a high] level1 be+ n[ subm]g$ only at times ( v high-wat] 9 ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,if ^! & ! ,pigeon ,creek b$s are ( ! same age1 we may suppose t ! animals entomb$ at ! latt] place 7 buri$ l[ d[n 9 ! deep valley along ! riv] banks1 :ile ^? at ,bigbone became cov]$ up ar\nd salt spr+s at a high] level4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 ! fall ( #aiji a claw phalange ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 0 f\nd ne> ,urbana by ,mr4 ,l9dley1 ( ,urbana4 ,an excavation 0 be+ made at ! ea/]n end ( ,cry/al ,lake1 & ! too?1 z report$ to ! writ] by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,c4 ,adams1 0 discov]$ 9 a blue clay4 ,! writ] has se5 ! too?4 ,! extreme l5g? 9 a /raight l9e _h be5 close to #ade mm4 ,! greate/ ?ickness 0 #db mm4 ,?is has be5 figur$ by ! writ] 7,i[a4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol ,,xxiii1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #e1 #f1 text-figs4 #bh-bi74 ,inasmu* z all ?is region is cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift & ?is too? 0 f\nd 9 a deposit ly+ on ! top ( ?is drift1 !re c be no reason = d5y+ t ?is species liv$ aft]1 probably long aft]1 ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,two occurr5ces ( ! same species 9 ,ohio confirm ! conclusion4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum conta9s a fragm5t ( a mol> ( app>5tly ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 f a collection made long ago by ,william ,mc,adams1 at ,alton1 ,ill9ois4 ,x has on x ,mc,adams's numb] #ba4 ,?is collection1 :i* 0 long 9 ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 z v]tebrate palontologi/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 is said to h be5 made 9 ! loess at ,alton4 ,mo/ ( ! tee?1 ) occasional bones1 are inclos$ 9 nodules ( extremely f9e s& & c>bonate ( calcium s h>d t ! tee? c n be remov$ )\t injury4 ,!y h be51 h[ev]1 p>tly expos$ by wea!r+4 ,! nodules :i* conta9$ ! fossils 7 f\nd betwe5 ! loess & ! und]ly+ ,ill9oian drift4 ,! fragm5t ( a megalonyx too? has ! diamet]s respectively #af mm4 & #bd mm4 ,x is ?9n] =e-&-aft ?an o!r specim5s1 b ?is may be an individual v>iation4 ,x is believ$ t ?is loess belongs to ! ,sangamon int]glacial /age4 ,! geology ( ! locality & ! species f\nd !re are discuss$ on page #cci4 ,also1 ! fossils 7 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,! pres5ce ( ?is slo?-l bea/ appe>s to indicate t ! climate 0 at t "t mild4 #c4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ac71 ,dr4 ,leidy br\ght to ! notice ( ! ,academy ! fossil rema9s ( two species ( mu* int]e/4 ,^! _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,academy by ,h5ry ,gre51 ( ,elizabe?1 ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty1 & 7 report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a n>r[ crevice ( ! lead-be>+ rocks 9 ! vic9ity ( ,gal5a1 at a dep? ( #acj feet4 ,"o fossil 0 a metac>pal bone ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ! o!r 0 id5tifi$ z a la/ l[] mol> ( ,bison antiquus4 ,leidy m5tion$ ?ree o!r species1 ,platygonus compressus1 ,procyon priscus1 & ,anomodon snyd]i z hav+ be5 f\nd ab\t ,gal5a 9 simil> situations4 ,! geological age ( ! ,v]tebrata f\nd 9 ! lead crevices ab\t ,gal5a has n be5 well det]m9$1 b ! pres5t writ] has reg>d$ !m z be+ probably ( late ,wiscons9 "t4 ,! ,bison too? may h be5 t ( ! yet exi/+ species4 ,h[ev]1 ! possibility is t ^! fossils are pre-,wiscons94 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son1 9 #aiag 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgb1 figs4 #d1 #e71 report$ ! discov]y ( ! symphyseal portion ( ! l[] jaw ( ,megalonyx at ,saltville4 ,x 0 ref]r$ ) "s d\bt to ,m4 dissimilis ,leidy4 ,fur!r m5tion ( ! specim5 w be made on page #ceb4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,on a page devot$ to ! consid]ation ( a consid]able numb] ( species f\nd by ,cope ne> ,ivanhoe1 9 ,wy! ,c\nty1 m5tion w be made ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 ,only fragm5ts ( tee? 7 secur$ by ,cope4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,gre5 ,bri] ,c\nty4--,9 a cave situat$ some:]e 9 ?is c\nty 7 f\nd ! bones describ$ 9 #agii by ,presid5t ,?omas ,jeff]son 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bdf-bfj7 "u ! "n ,megalonyx4 ,colonel ,john ,/ew>t became int]e/$ & sav$ "s ( ! bones f be+ c>ri$ away by curi\s inhabitants ( ! region4 ,! bones1 a di/al end ( a femur1 a complete radius1 a complete ulna1 ?ree claws1 & "s o!r foot-bones 7 secur$ & pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society ( ,philadelphia1 f :i* !y pass$ into ! possession ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 :]e !y are /ill pres]v$4 ,"s ( ^! 7 describ$ by ,dr4 ,casp> ,wi/> 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahii1 p4 #ebf1 plates ,i1 ,,ii74 ,inasmu* z ?is species may h exi/$ dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e & c]ta9ly aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,wiscons9 epo*1 & inasmu* z no o!r species 7 f\nd associat$ ) ! megalonyx bones1 x is impossible to say to :at "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e t p>ticul> animal is to be assign$4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum ! writ] has se5 a left l[] can9e too? ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 ,! =e-&-aft diamet] is #cd mm41 ! transv]se #ah mm4 ,x is record$ z f\nd 9 dr$g+ 9 ,coosaw ,riv]4 ,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ahdh1 p4 #bjc7 f\nd fragm5ts ( bones1 probably belong+ to ,mega!rium1 on ,edd+s ,isl&1 ab\t #aj miles s\? ( ,beau=t4 #b4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahee1 ,doctor ,leidy 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ee7 /at$ t ,pr(essor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ( ,*>le/on1 _h loan$ him fragm5ts ( two v small tee? ( ,mega!rium f\nd on ! %ores ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,^! 7 figur$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,holmes1 ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aaa1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,9 a collection belong+ to ,rev4 ,rob]t ,wilson1 9 ,*>le/on1 ! writ] has se5 a too? ( ,mega!rium f\nd by ! ,*>le/on ,m9+ ,company 9 ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,g4 ,e4 ,manigault 7,proc4 ,elliott ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #ahhf1 p4 #ia7 report$ ! f9d+ ( a claw phalanx ( ,megalonyx at ,ca9hoy1 #ab miles f ,*>le/on1 on ,w&o ,riv]4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum is a "p ( ! "r side ( ! upp] jaw ( ,mega!rium1 ) ! second & ?ird tee? & p>ts ( ! sockets ( ! fir/ & f\r?4 ,x is record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,bolton phosphate m9e on or 9 ,/ono ,riv]4 ,!re is 9 ! same museum a fragm5t ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw ( ! same animal4 ,?is jaw conta9s ! second & ?ird mol>s & p>ts ( ! socket ( ! fir/ & f\r?4 ,x is record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,kiawah phosphate m9e1 ,coop] ,riv]4 ,! ,*>le/on ,museum conta9s consid]able p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a mega!rium ( :i* no record has be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ,holmes's 8,po/-,pleioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 page #aaa1 plate ,,xx1 figures #g to #g;b1 ,leidy m5tion$ briefly & figur$ two small fragm5ts ( l[] tee? ( ,mylodon h>lani1 :i* _h be5 obta9$ f ! ,plei/oc5e b$s ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,! too? figur$ 0 orig9ally describ$ z ,eubradys antiquus4 ,figures ( x are f\nd also 9 ! sev5? volume ( ! ,smi?sonian ,contributions to ,k1 plate ,,xvi1 figures #ba;a to #ba;c4 ,! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a is discuss$ on pp4 #cfa to #cfh4 ,,georgia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahi71 ,ri*>d ,h>lan gave to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces a numb] ( bones :i* _h be5 collect$ 9 ! ,brunswick ,canal by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,c\p] & s5t to ! ,academy4 ,among ^! 0 a numb] ( bones ( ,mega!rium4 ,a "p ( a l[] jaw conta9$ #d tee?4 ,a li/ ( ! bones is pres5t$ by ,c\p] on page #dd ( ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's memoir on ,mega!rium publi%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,!re 71 besides ! "p ( a m&ible1 p>ts ( #b maxill )\t tee?1 p>ts ( #f or #g femora1 a "p ( an ilium1 sev]al dorsal v]tebr1 & sev]al tee?4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 ed4 #b1 #ahej1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdg7 /at$ t a "p ( a skeleton ( a ,mega!rium1 dug out 9 cutt+ ! canal1 0 s ne> ! surface t x 0 p5etrat$ by ! roots ( a p9e tree4 ,mo/ ( ?is mat]ial 0 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia 7,leidy1 ,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #ed74 ,! accompany+ fossils w be nam$ on page #cgj4 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,*a?am ,c\nty4--,! e>lie/ ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ,mega!rium 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 made by ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill 9 #ahbd 7,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eh-fa1 plate ,,vi74 ,! ann\ncem5t 0 bas$ on a numb] ( tee? :i* _h be5 s5t to him f ,skidaway ,isl&4 ,9 ! same volume1 on pages #aad to #abd1 plate ,,viii1 ,william ,coop] describ$ tee? & bones :i* _h be5 s5t to him f ! same locality by ,joseph ,e4 ,hab]%am4 ,coop] _h "s reason to conclude t all ! bones & tee? f\nd up to t "t _h come f ! same individual4 ,9 #ahbh 7,annals cit$1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfg-bgj7 ,coop] describ$ additional mat]ials :i* he _h receiv$ f ,skidaway ,isl&4 ,9 #ahdf 7,hodgson's ,mem4 ,mega?41 p4 #be71 ,hab]%am gave a li/ ( ! fossil bones & tee? f\nd at ! isl& m5tion$4 ,lyell 7op4 cit41 p4 #cac7 gave a brief acc\nt ( a visit to ,skidaway ,isl& & /at$ t ,mega!rium1 ,mylodon1 ,ma/odon1 ,elephas primig5ius1 & a species ( ! ox tribe _h be5 f\nd !re4 ,9 #ahee 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #ej7 ,leidy enum]at$ ! specim5s ( ,mega!rium :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,skidaway ,isl&1 & he gave an excell5t figure 7plate xv7 ( a ramus ( ! l[] jaw conta9+ all its tee?1 :i* _h be5 s5t to ! ,national ,in/itute at ,wa%+ton4 ,^! bones ought to be n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum1 b ! writ] has n be5 able to f9d !m4 ,!y may nev] h be5 transf]r$ & may be lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,leidy did n m5tion o!r specim5s f ,skidaway ,isl&1 giv5 by ,scriv51 & n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,"o ( ^! is ! h9d] "p ( a skull figur$ 9 ,hodgson's memoir4 ,also1 ! same plate conta9s :at is almo/ c]ta9ly ! a/ragalus2 its greate/ diamet] is #i in*es4 ,fur!rmore1 !re is pres5t ! di/al end ( a "r hum]us pres5t$ by ,doctor ,scriv54 ,x is probably "o ( ! two m5tion$ on page #bg ( ,hodgson's memoir4 ,z 9 ! "o !re measur$1 ! di/ance across ! condyles is #ad in*es & t across ! articul> surfaces is #g4ge in*es4 ,! ,scriv5 collection also conta9s sev]al tee? & fragm5ts ( o!rs4 ,a piece ( ! maxilla be>s ! small h9d]mo/ upp] mol>1 no d\bt ! fragm5t m5tion$ by ,hab]%am 9 8 memor&um1 page #bf4 ,_m ( ! bones s5t f ! isl& %[ by ! pres5ce ( b>nacles & bryozoa t at "o "t !y lay 9 salt wat]2 b ?is 0 probably n long be=e !y 7 discov]$4 ,lyell /at$ t among o!r animals :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,skidaway ,isl& 0 ,mylodon4 ,mylodon 0 report$ by ,lyell 78,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afd7 z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,heyn]'s ,bridge4 ,?is is or 0 situat$ ab\t #g miles s\? ( ,savannah & ab\t #e miles nor?we/ f ! locality on ,skidaway ,isl& :]e ! ,mega!rium & ,mylodon rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,! map accompany+ ,hodgson's memoir is "h reproduc$ z map #dj4 ,,florida4 7,maps #c1 #d47 #a4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,leidy m5tion$ 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 pp4 #aa1 #ab7 ! fact t an a/ragalus ( ,mega!rium _h be5 f\nd at ,ar*]4 ,sev]al o!r species ( v]tebrates h be5 f\nd !re1 among !m ,teleoc]as fossig]1 ,gompho!rium floridanum1 ,hipp>ion plicatile1 ?ree species ( ,procamelus1 & a species ( ,tapirus4 ,! deposits are assign$ to ! ,plioc5e1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! mega!rium & ! tapir belong$ among ! o!rs4 ,! geology ( ! locality is discuss$ on page #cge4 ,! mega!rium1 z an undet]m9$ species1 is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( fossils :i* is record$ by ,leidy 9 ,bullet9 #hd ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 page #abi4 ,x may be ref]r$ provisionally to ,leidy's ,mega!rium mirabile4 #b4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,fr$ ,all51 at ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! writ] has se5 a "r tibia ( a mylodon f\nd 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal ab\t #bh miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! bone is complete1 except t a sliv] has be5 split (f ! upp] half ( ! out] bord]4 ,! total l5g? ( ! bone is #bij mm42 ! greate/ wid? ( ! upp] end #bjh mm42 wid? at middle ( l5g? #aje mm42 wid? ( surface = a/ragalus #acj mm4 ,?is appe>s to be a relatively /\t] bone ?an ! l>g] "o describ$ by ,h>lan 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliv1 #ahdb1 p4 #gg74 ,x is also l>g] & relatively /\t] ?an a tibia f\nd at ,labelle1 ,lee ,c\nty1 describ$ on page #dj4 ,x is ref]r$ to ,mylodon h>lani4 #aa4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum !re are "s foot-bones ( a l>ge gr\nd-slo?1 :i* are label$ z hav+ be5 collect$ 9 #ahhg by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,! collector 0 probably ,j4 ,b4 ,hat*]4 ,! a/ragalus _h evid5tly be5 /udi$ by ,leidy4 ,?is bone 0 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aiai 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvi1 p4 #ajd1 plate ,,xxvii7 z ,?9obadi/es segnis4 ,lat]1 o!r p>ts ( ! foot 7 f\nd 9 ! museum & describ$ 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 p4 #fch1 plate ,,cxix1 figs4 #f-aa74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhh1 9 a fissure 9 a lime/one qu>ry1 probably ,phillip's qu>ry1 ne> ,ocala1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox discov]$ "s v]tebrate rema9s :i* 7 lat] describ$ by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-ag1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #a1 #e1 #f to #i74 ,! species z det]m9$ by ,leidy 7 ,elephas columbi1 ,equus frat]nus1 ,au*5ia m9ima1 & ,ma*airodus floridanus4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,quat]n>y1 b 9 ,dall's pap] ( #ahib 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 !y are ref]r$ to ! age ( ! ,ala*ua clays2 t is1 to ! ,plioc5e4 ,sell>ds1 9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc71 reg>ds ! fossils z belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e1 & he adds repres5tatives ( #d g5]a to ! li/4 ,^! are undet]m9$ species ( ,bison1 ,odocoileus1 ,dasypus1 & ,sylvilagus4 ,! g5us ,dasypus is ! "o to :i* att5tion is especially call$ at ?is "t4 ,a li/ ( ! v]tebrate animals f\nd at ?is place is pres5t$ on page #cgh4 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ,sell>ds's report j ref]r$ to1 he pr9ts a li/ ( ! ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates f\nd 9 ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]4 ,among ^! is ! x5>?rid animal ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale4 ,:at p>ts 7 secur$ & exactly at :at place ! writ] does n "k4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey is a foot-bone1 ,no4 #acjg1 :i* appe>s to be ! second "r metac>pal ( ,megalonyx4 ,x is small] ?an ! "o figur$ by ,leidy4 ,! extreme l5g? is #fj mm41 ! greate/ diamet] ( ! proximal end #bg mm41 t ( ! di/al end #cf mm4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! m9e ( ! ,dunnellon ,phosphate ,company4 ,= a li/ ( ! associat$ species ! read] is ref]r$ to page #cgf4 #e4 ,hillsboro ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,9 #aiae 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #aci71 ,sell>ds /at$ t ! ,j>man collection at ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity1 at ,na%ville1 conta9s sev]al d]mal plates ( ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale1 f\nd 9 ,hillsboro ,riv]4 #f4 ,s>asota ,bay1 ,s>asota ,c\nty4--,9 #aiae1 ,sell>ds 7op4 cit41 p4 #adc7 report$ t ! collection ( ,wagn] ,free ,in/itute at ,philadelphia conta9s "o d]mal plate ( ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale f\nd by ,joseph ,willcox at ,:ite ,bea*1 on ,s>asota ,bay4 ,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 possesses a d]mal plate ( a x5>?rid1 collect$ by ,b>num ,br[n #h miles s\!a/ ( ,s>asota4 ,?is probably belong$ to ! animal m5tion$ above4 #g4 ,zolfo1 ,h>dee ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w has in=m$ ! writ] t !re are 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory "s bones ( a v l>ge individual ( ,mega!rium1 report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd ne> ,zolfo4 ,an a/ragalus1 ! proximal "p ( a hum]us1 ! di/al "p ( a radius1 & ! proximal "p ( a femur 7 m5tion$4 ,^! bones may be ref]r$ provisionally to ,mega!rium mirabile ,leidy4 #h4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,at ?is place !re h be5 f\nd rema9s repres5t+ #d g5]a ( x5>?rids1 z foll[s3 ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 ,*lamy!rium1 & ,dasypus4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii is repres5t$ by a "p ( a l[] jaw1 a "r upp] can9e too?1 a mol> too?1 a "p ( a hyoid bone1 an axis1 an a/ragalus1 a m$ian phalanx1 & a claw 7,sell>ds1 #h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adh1 plate ,,xxv1 fig4 #b2 plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #f74 ,^! 7 all f\nd 9 ! /ratum d5om9at$ ,no4 #b 9 ! report j cit$4 ,mylodon h>lani8 is kn[n f a s+le claw1 b f :i* /ratum x 0 d]iv$ is n kn[n4 ,*lamy!rium is repres5t$ by a "p ( ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw1 a "p ( ! left side1 a foot-bone1 & num]\s d]mal plates 7,sell>ds1 op4 cit41 p4 #adh1 plate ,,xxviii1 figs4 #d to #f2 plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #g74 ,mo/ ( ^! rema9s h be5 tak5 f /ratum ,no4 #b1 b "s f9ely pres]v$ d]mal plates h be5 collect$ f ,no4 #c4 ,dasypus rema9s1 consi/+ ( d]mal scutes1 h be5 f\nd 9 bo? ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,no4 #agie7 is a bone1 app>5tly ! "r p>ietal ( an undet]m9$ x5>?rid4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! canal ( ! ,indian ,riv] ,f>ms ,company1 ea/ ( ! railway & ne> ,indian ,riv]4 ,! l5g? ( ! bone at ! midl9e is #gj mm4 & "h ! ?ickness is #bb mm4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 no m$ian cre/ & only a feebly indicat$ occipital cre/4 ,!re is no r\gh surface = ! temporal muscles1 z 9 ,no?ro!rium1 & ! bone is ?ick] ?an 9 t g5us4 ,= complete li/s ( ! fossil v]tebrates f\nd at ,v]o1 see page #chb4 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,! ,x5>?ra are repres5t$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ab\t ,arcadia by ! g5]a ,megalonyx1 ,glyptodon1 & ,*lamy!rium4 ,if ^! 7 n f\nd at ,arcadia !y 7 collect$ along ,peace ,creek1 n f> f ! t[n4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,arcadia is giv5 on page #chj4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bg7 /at$ t a fir/ phalanx ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 0 among ! fossils collect$ along ,peace ,creek4 ,x 0 probably f\nd on ! s&-b> at ,arcadia4 ,among ! fossil v]tebrates describ$ by ,leidy1 ! pap] j cit$ includ$ "s d]mal plates :i* he ref]r$ to ! g5us ,glyptodon4 ,two ( ^! plates 7 figur$ 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #i2 plate ,,vi1 fig4 #a7 z ^? ( ,g4 petalif]us1 a species bas$ on half ( a d]mal scute describ$ by ,cope f s\?we/]n ,texas4 ,! d]mal scute %[n on ,leidy's plate ,,iv appe>s to be indi/+ui%able f simil> plates :i* h be5 ref]r$ by ! pres5t writ] to ,cope's ,g4 petalif]us 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,li1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajg1 plates ,,iii to ,v74 ,! scute repres5t$ by ,leidy on 8 plate ,,vi appe>s to be f> less ext5sively pitt$ ?an any ( ^? ( ! specim5 j ref]r$ to4 ,on ,leidy's plate ,v are two views ( a scute :i* he ?\ght might h belong$ on ! tail ( a glyptodon4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is scute has a beak di/9ctly set (f f ! body ( ! scute4 ,among ! few caudal scutes ( ! specim5 :i* ! writ] describ$ none pres5ts su* a beak1 b su* may h exi/$4 ,x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t !re 0 a s+le species ( ,glyptodon f\nd on ,peace ,creek & t x 0 diff]5t f ,g4 petalif]us4 ,leidy ?\ght t ^! caudal scutes resembl$ ^? on ! tail ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican ,g4 asp]2 b ,burmei/]'s figures d n indicate exactly su* keel$ scutes4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! ,florida species requires a new "n4 ,x is to be call$ ,glyptodon rivipacis ,hay4 ,leidy ref]r$ ano!r d]mal scute to "s glyptodont animal 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #c71 b its nature is d\btful2 x may ev5 belong to "o ( ! l>ge species ( ,te/udo4 ,a conical bone 7plate ,,iii1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 belong$ pretty c]ta9ly to ,te/udo4 ,9 ! pap] cit$ ,leidy describ$ & figur$ 7p4 #bd1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #c to #f7 plates ( an armadillo-l animal to :i* he gave ! "n ,glyptodon sept5trionalis4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale4 ,leidy _h ov] #cj ( ^! d]mal scutes :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,arcadia4 ,!y are n[ 9 ! ,wagn] ,free ,in/itute at ,philadelphia4 ,sell>ds 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xl1 #aiae1 p4 #adc7 /ates t !re are #c d]mal plates ( ?is animal 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,9 #aiae 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gg1 #gh1 plate on p4 #aad7 he describ$ a l[] jaw1 a too?1 & #b d]mal plates ( ! same animal4 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,florida ,geological ,survey is a "r tibia ( a mylodon1 f\nd on ! bank ( ,caloosahat*ee ,riv]1 ne> ,labelle1 pres5t$ by ,capt4 ,f4 ,h4 ,h5dry4 ,! total l5g? is #bff mm42 on ! inn] bord] #bcf mm4 ,! wid? across ! articulatory surface = ! femur is #afd mm4 ,! wid? at ! middle ( ! l5g? is #hd mm42 =e-&-aft diamet] at ! same place #ch mm4 ,! side-to-side diamet] ( ! surface = ! a/ragalus is #eg mm4 ,! bone is ref]r$ to ,mylodon h>lani4 #aa4 ,see page #cg4 ,,alabama4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,tuscumbia1 ,colb]t ,c\nty4--,9 8 "w on ! 8,ext9ct ,slo? ,tribe0 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #f1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #ac71 ,leidy1 9 record+ ! mat]ials belong+ to ,megalonyx jeff]sonii at 8 disposal1 m5tion$ a suppos$ ?ird upp] mol>1 said to h come 8f ,tuscumbia ,c\nty1 ,alabama40 ,?is 0 an error1 z ! "n ( ! t[n is ,tuscumbia4 ,! too? _h be5 loan$ to him by ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t its hi/ory4 ,m]c] 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #ch7 /at$ t a well-pres]v$ s]ies ( bones ( ,megalonyx _h be5 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia by ,mr4 ,tuomey4 ,!y _h be5 obta9$ 9 a cave some:]e 9 nor!rn ,alabama4 ,leidy does n m5tion ?is collection 9 8 "w j cit$4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf7 exhibit$ be=e ! ,academy a l>ge s]ies ( fossil bones secur$ by him ne> ,nat*ez4 ,among ^! 7 not$ especially :at 0 describ$ z an entire head ) "p ( ! l[] jaw1 & _m p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 ,?is skull is /ill 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy4 ,! l[] jaw is miss+4 ,x appe>s t sev]al skeletons 7 repres5t$ 9 ,dickeson's collection4 ,^!1 z ,dickeson /at$1 _h be5 f\nd 9 a t5aci\s blue clay :i* und]lies :at he call$ diluvial drift1 b n[ reg>d$ z be+ at lea/ pr9cipally loess4 ,associat$ ) ?is animal 7 rema9s ( ,ursus1 ,bos 7,bison71 ,c]vus 7,odocoileus71 ,equus1 & "s o!r b undet]m9$ g5]a4 ,9 8 8,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 edition #b1 #ahej1 volume ,,ii1 p4 #aif1 ,lyell m5tions ! ,megalonyx among o!r fossils f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,he /ates t ! fossils f\nd by ,doctor ,dickeson 7 obta9$ 9 ! 8,mammo? ,rav9e0 #f miles f ,nat*ez4 ,9 ,s\?all's 8,rec5t ,orig9 ( ,man10 #ahge1 page #eeb1 is a /atem5t made by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,g4 ,=%ey 7z quot$ f ,fo/]'s 8,prehi/oric ,races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 p4 #fa7 9 :i* he says t he visit$ ! locality :]e ! human pelvis 0 f\nd & t x 0 situat$ 9 ,b]n>d's ,bay\1 #b4e miles f ,nat*ez4 ,9 8 memoir ( #ahec on 8,ext9ct ,species ( ,am]ican ,ox0 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 art4 ,,iii1 p4 #aj71 ,doctor ,leidy includ$ ,mylodon among ! g5]a f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,9 8 memoir ( #ahee on ! 8,ext9ct ,slo? ,tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ica0 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #dh7 he gave a li/ ( ! bones & brief descriptions ( !m4 ,!y all belong$ to "o individual1 :i* 0 ab\t half-gr[n4 ,9 a li/ furni%$ to ,b4 ,c4 ,l4 ,wailles by ,doctor ,leidy 7,wailles1 ,agric4 ,geol41 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bhf71 #d species ( ,x5>?ra are includ$ among ! mammals f\nd fossil 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,mississippi4 ,^! are ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ,m4 dissimilis1 ,mylodon h>lani1 & ,ereptodon priscus4 ,cope reg>d$ ,m4 dissimilis z ! same z ,m4 jeff]sonii1 & ,leidy 0 dispos$ to consid] 8 ,ereptodon priscus z id5tical ) "o ( ! species ( ,megalonyx4 ,a li/ ( ! fossil v]tebrates f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nat*ez w be giv5 on page #cib4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,elroy1 ,van ,bur5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahca 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 s]4 ,i1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bfi-bhf1 plates ,,xii to ,,xiv2 #ahce1 ,m$4 ,phys4 ,res41 pp4 #cai-cca1 plates ,,xii to ,,xv71 ,ri*>d ,h>lan describ$ a numb] ( bones ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii :i* _h be5 pur*as$ = ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 & :i* he report$ _h be5 f\nd 9 8,:ite ,cave10 ,k5tucky4 ,?is 0 suppos$ to be situat$ ne> ,mammo? ,cave4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ lat] t ! bones _h be5 f\nd 9 ,bigbone ,cave1 ,van ,bur5 ,c\nty1 ,t5nessee4 ,! bones m5tion$ by ,h>lan _h belong$ to a "y animal & consi/$ ( #e v]tebr1 a few =e-limb bones1 a few h9d]-limb bones1 a scapula1 a rib1 & a "p ( a mol> too?4 ,"s ( ! articulat+ surfaces /ill reta9$ _! c>tilage4 ,9 ! same cave 7 f\nd bones ( 8,bos0 7,bison71 8,c]vus0 7,odocoileus871 ,ursus1 & a human metac>pal4 ,^! 7 said to h be5 f\nd on ! surface1 :ile ! megalonyx bones 7 buri$ at a dep? ( #b or #c feet4 ,! m&ible ( ! be> 7,h>lan1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhc7 0 describ$ z display+ appe>ances ( antiquity equal to t ( ! megalonyx bones4 ,! slo? bones 7 made ! basis ( ! "n ,megalonyx laqueatus4 ,9 #ahee 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #d71 ,leidy det]m9$ t ^! bones belong$ to ,m4 jeff]sonii4 ,he wrote t ! collection consi/$ ( "o mol> too?1 f\r dorsal v]tebr1 "o lumb>1 a left hum]us lack+ ! upp] epiphysis1 ! proximal two-?irds ( ! "r ulna1 ! "r radius1 ! left scapula1 ! di/al epiphysis ( ! "r femur1 ! left tibia1 & ! di/al epiphysis ( ! "r tibia1 a "r calcaneum1 two claws ( a h9d] foot1 & "s fragm5ts ( ribs4 ,leidy appe>s to h conclud$ t ^! bones _h be5 ^? ( a "y animal1 b t o!r bones 9 ! collection _h belong$ to adult individuals4 ,he /at$ t !y _h come f ,bigbone ,cave1 ,:ite ,c\nty4 ,?is adjo9s ,van ,bur5 on ! nor? & possibly at t "t includ$ ! latt]2 or ,leidy may h be5 mi/ak54 ,besides ! bones above m5tion$1 ,h>lan describ$ f ?is cave an ilium ( ,megalonyx 7,m$4 & ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #ccd74 ,9 #ahib 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aba-abc71 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,m4 ,saf=d report$ ! discov]y ( "s bones ( a megalonyx 9 ,bigbone ,cave4 ,!y _h be5 met ) 9 ! bat manure at a dep? ( ab\t #c feet4 ,! p>ts receiv$ by ,pr(essor ,saf=d1 & :i* are all probably 9 ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity1 7 ! skull1 #ag v]tebr 7includ+ #e sacrals71 a fragm5t ( a rib1 a "r scapula1 a "r hum]us1 ! two ilia1 a "p ( ! "r pubis1 a "p ( ! "r is*ium1 & a left tibia4 ,saf=d conclud$ t ^! bones =m$ a "p ( ! same "y animal t ,h>lan _h describ$4 ,9 #ahig 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #cf-gj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] gave a detail$ acc\nt ( 8 explorations 9 ?is cave4 ,x is situat$ ab\t a mile f ! left bank ( ,caney ,=k ,riv]1 a mile above ! m\? ( a conflu5t call$ ,dry ,bran*1 & at an elevation ( ab\t #a1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,x is excavat$ 9 ,c>bonif]\s lime/one & op5s into :at is kn[n z 8,bee* ,cove40 ,?omas ,l4 ,bailey 78,res\rces ( ,t5nessee10 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aca-acb7 describ$ x z be+ situat$ #c4e miles s\? ( ,quebeck1 ne> ! head ( a holl[ or cove ext5d+ s\? f ,mc,elroy's /ore4 ,! latt] is probably ! locality put d[n on ! topographic %eet ( ! quadrangle z ,elroy4 ,x is fur!r said to be "o bran* ( an ext5sive cave ^: o!r bran* is kn[n z ,ar* ,cave4 ,bigbone ,cave is kn[n to ext5d a di/ance ( #c miles4 ,x appe>s t ! cave _h be5 exploit$ = saltpet] 9 ! w>s ( #aggf1 #ahab1 & #ahfc & imm5se am\nts ( ! nitr\s e>? _h be5 remov$4 ,m]c] f\nd no bones until he _h rea*$ a small passage at a di/ance ( #ijj feet f ! entrance4 ,"h he f\nd an epiphysis ( a left hum]us1 #f v]tebr1 an a/ragalus1 & a calcaneum ( a slo?1 evid5tly a "y animal2 & he conclud$ t !y 7 probably p>ts ( ! same animal t ,h>lan _h describ$ _m ye>s be=e2 also a "p ( a skeleton t _h be5 f\nd !re 9 #ahhd1 :i* is ! "o describ$ by ,saf=d4 ,a rem>kable feature ( ! bones ( ! "y animal f\nd 9 ?is cave1 z not$ by ,h>lan1 ,leidy1 & ,m]c]1 is ! pres5ce ( "s ( ! c>tilage1 "s %r$s ( ligam5ts1 & a "p ( ! horny %ea? ( "o claw4 #b4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahid 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #cee-ceg71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] report$ 8 "w1 done 9 #ahic1 9 a cave situat$ on ,look\t ,m\nta91 ne> ,*attanooga1 ,t5nessee4 ,9 a brief report made ,june #d1 #ahif 7,dept4 ,am]4 & ,prehi/4 ,ar*ol4 ,univ4 ,p5n471 ,m]c] /at$ t ?is cave is on ! left bank ( ,t5nessee ,riv]1 #j4be mile bel[ ,*attanooga ,creek4 ,accord+ to ! report la/ quot$1 ! cave e>?1 8) its culture lay]10 0 remov$ by him to a di/ance ( #eh feet f ! entrance4 ,accord+ to ! report ( #ahid1 ?is 0 effect$ by digg+ #d tr5*es1 #f feet #aj in*es wide & ) a dep? ( #c feet1 9 two cases to rock bottom4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! deposit 7 f\nd a jaw ( ,tapirus haysii ) tee?1 & a jaw ( a small ,mylodon1 id5tifi$ z su* by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope4 ,a bone ( ! ext9ct pecc>y appe>s to h be5 f\nd high] up 9 ! lay] ( refuse4 ,9 a lett] receiv$ by ! writ] 9 #aiai1 ,doctor ,m]c] /at$ t lat] ,cope express$ "s d\bt reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! bone suppos$ to belong to ,mylodon4 ,a fur!r ref]5ce to ?is cave & its cont5ts w be f\nd on page #cif4 #c4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,c\nty4--,9 #ahej 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhj2 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #eh71 ,jeffries ,wyman report$ t a too? & a claw ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii _h be5 f\nd 9 ! 8diluvium0 ( ,mississippi ,riv] at ,memphis4 ,! too? is a fir/ upp] mol> ( l>ge size2 ! claw is t ( ! m$ian digit4 ,) ^! 7 f\nd rema9s ( ma/odon1 beav]1 & ,ca/oroides ohio5sis4 #d4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,william ,edw>d ,my]1 ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 ! writ] has receiv$ = exam9ation a fragm5t ( a too? ( a mylodon :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,na%ville1 9 s& or gravel1 along ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 b5ea? #cj feet ( gravel4 ,?is too? appe>s to be ! left l[] p5ultimate mol> ( ,mylodon h>lani1 b x is 9 "s ways diff]5t4 ,! ant]o-inn] face has a broad1 %all[ groove1 :ile ! out] face makes a small] angle ) ! inn] h9d] face ?an 9 ! too? figur$ by ,leidy4 ,! transv]se section resembles t ( ! l[] p5ultimate mol> ( ,m4 sulcid5s ,cope 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 plate ,x1 fig4 #d;a71 & some:at ! too? reg>d$ by ,cope z ! upp] f\r? mol> ( ,m4 sulcid5s 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xi1 fig4 #g74 ,x is probable t ,m4 sulcid5s & ,m4 r5id5s ( ,cope are synonyms ( ,m4 h>lani1 z ,/ock 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cca7 is incl9$ to believe4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( a cross-section ( ! too? f\nd at ,na%ville is #bg mm42 ! greate/ wid? #ad mm4 ,! too? is ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ridge1 ( ,na%ville4 ,at ! same locality h be5 f\nd rema9s ( ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,mammut am]icanum1 a camel 7,camelops871 a species ( de]1 & "s turtle bones4 ,! deposit seems to belong to a /age n f> remov$ f ! ,aftonian4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 #ahca1 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #gg1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #a to #c7 describ$ a left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a gr\nd-slo? :i* _h be5 br\ght to ,new ,york4 ,?is jaw he ref]r$ to 8 ,megalonyx laqueatus 7,m4 jeff]sonii72 b x 0 lat] %[n by ,ow5 7,zool4 ,beagle1 #ahdj1 p4 #fh7 to belong to ,mylodon1 & he nam$ x ,m4 h>lani 9 honor ( ,dr4 ,h>lan4 ,f ,coop] 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #agb7 x is le>n$ t ?is bone _h =m$ "p ( ! ,f9nell collection at ,c9c9nati4 ,s f> z ! pres5t writ] sees1 !re 0 no?+ 9 ,h>lan's article to %[ :]e ! jaw 0 discov]$4 ,9 #ahee 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #dg1 plate ,,xiv1 figs4 #a1 #b71 ,leidy fur!r describ$ & illu/rat$ ! specim5 & /at$ t x 0 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,9 #aijc1 ,b>num ,br[n 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #eaa7 /at$ t ,h>lan's specim5 ought to be 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 b x c\ld n be f\nd4 ,x is m probable t x 0 de/roy$ 9 a fire 9 ! old ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,9 8 report on ,bigbone ,lick 7op4 cit41 p4 #aga71 ,coop] /at$ t he _h se5 9 ! 8,we/]n ,museum10 ,c9c9nati1 a l>ge hum]us ( a megalonyx4 ,coop] fur!r wrote t he & a companion _h f\nd at ! lick a metac>pal bone :i* he suppos$ belong$ to ! same animal4 ,! hum]us 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,h>lan 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bgg1 plate ,,xiii1 fig4 #aj74 ,coop] 7op4 cit41 p4 #agb7 m5tions o!r bones ( ,megalonyx f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 b "s may h belong$ to ,mylodon4 ,?is is ! case ) ! fragm5t ( l[] jaw ) #d tee? :i* became ! type ( ,mylodon h>lani1 z above m5tion$4 ,9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity !re is an ungual phalanx #afg mm4 long1 #ff mm4 high1 & #dc mm4 ?ick at ! middle ( ! height4 ,?is is label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,a li/ ( ! species discov]$ at ?is place w be f\nd on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection made by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]1 9 ! sulphur spr+ at ! place m5tion$1 ! writ] has se5 two ungual phalanges :i* 7 id5tifi$ z ^? ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 #c4 ,h5d]son1 ,h5d]son ,c\nty4--,a consid]able "p ( a skeleton ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 0 f\nd at diff]5t times ext5d+ ?r\gh "s ye>s1 ab\t #e or #f miles bel[ ,h5d]son1 9 ! bank ( ,ohio ,riv]4 ,?is skeleton is n[ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana & 0 describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahee 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #c74 ,?is collection furni%$ a f9e skull & l[] jaw4 ,9 ! same deposits 7 f\nd _m horns & bones ( de]4 ,! geology ( ! locality & ! age ( ! bones w be discuss$ on page #dje4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,ma/odons ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,essex ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami report$ t he _h exhum$ "s ma/odon rema9s 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! exact locality 0 n giv54 ,x 0 nor? ( ! we/ end ( ,lake ,erie4 ,! section dug up 0 f #f to #h feet deep4 ,at ! bottom 7 clay & b\ld]s2 above ?is 7 f\nd gravel & ! bones1 & above ^! s&1 %ell m>l1 peat1 & o!r s&s ( v>i\s colors4 ,! rema9s 7 fragm5t>y4 #b4 ,morpe? & ,highgate1 ,elg9 ,c\nty4--,9 #aheh 7,canad4 ,j\r4 ,indu/4 ,sci4 ,art1 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cef71 ,e4 ,j4 ,*apman ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( ma/odon at or ne> ?is place4 ,he _h se5 a draw+ ( ! too?4 ,x appe>s t ano!r man also _h s5t to ! j\rnal an acc\nt ( ! discov]y1 accompani$ by draw+s4 ,^! %[$ #e di/9ct cr[n-ridges4 ,9 #ahia 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ejd2 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #fd? meet+1 #ahib1 p4 #fed71 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,hoyes ,panton gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( mammo? & ma/odon bones at ,highgate1 only a few miles nor? ( ,morpe?4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 a b$ ( m>l4 ,"s measurem5ts ( ! ma/odon 7 giv54 #c4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,elg9 ,c\nty4--,9 a private museum at ,niag>a ,falls1 own$ at ! "t by ,davis ,bro!rs1 ! writ] saw a q complete l[] jaw & a tusk1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ?is place 9 #ahef1 on ! f>m ( ,isaac ,b>n>d4 ,! jaw _h ! la/ #c tee? on ! "r side & ! la/ #b on ! left side4 ,9 front 0 a tusk ab\t #f in*es long :i* appe>$ to be 9 ! middle ( ! jaw4 ,! upp] tusk is curv$ 9 a semicircle4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 #ahfi1 p4 #ci7 m5tions ?is f9d4 ,he /at$ t !re 7 #b l[] tusks4 ,if ?is 0 ! case ! species ,m4 prog5ium is indicat$4 #d4 ,london1 ,middlesex ,c\nty4--,9 ! article quot$ above f ! ,geological ,magaz9e ( ,london1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson /at$ t !re 7 9 ! ,prov9cial ,museum #c ma/odon mol>s :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,london4 #e4 ,m>burg1 ,norfolk ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami report$ ! exhumation ( rema9s ( a ma/odon at "s place 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! skull1 #be ribs1 #dj foot-bones1 #b tusks1 & _m v]tebr 7 recov]$4 ,! rema9s 7 buri$ at a dep? ( f only #c to #d4e feet4 ,at ! bottom 0 clay2 above ?is1 %ell m>l1 & s&s ( diff]5t colors2 & above all 0 peat4 ,! writ] has se5 ?is skull 9 ,victoria ,museum1 ,ottawa4 ,x is to a consid]able ext5t re/or$4 ,x appe>s to h be5 f\nd at or ne> ,m>burg4 ,a small label1 some:at injur$1 has ! record3 8,we/ half lot #ae1 ,r ,v1 ,tp4 ( 8dh\se1 ,norfolk ,co41 ,ont4 ,ami1 #ahig40 ,! p5ultimate & ultimate mol>s are 9 place4 ,! =m] is #aac mm4 long2 ! latt] is #agd mm4 long1 & has #d cre/s & a talon4 ,! tusks are pres5t & ! "r "o is #b1bcj mm4 long4 ,! skull is a l>ge "o4 ,! wid? across ! re> is #gfj mm4 #f4 ,dunnville1 ,haldim& ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 dec4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ch1 #ci71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson gave an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon1 9 #ahfh1 at ! place nam$1 situat$ at ! ea/ end ( ,lake ,erie4 ,:5 he rea*$ ! place a l>ge "p ( ! animal _h disappe>$1 especially ! tusks4 ,he f\nd #g tee?1 a few v]tebr1 a few fragm5ts ( ribs1 & "p ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw4 ,^! rema9s 7 buri$ 9 a swamp1 p>tly emb$d$ 9 a lay] ( f9e s&4 ,?is conta9$ fre%-wat] %ells ( species yet liv+ 9 t region4 ,! s& 0 #b4e feet ?ick & re/$ on b\ld] clay4 ,ov] ! s& 0 #a4e feet ( black vegetable mold4 ,he reg>d$ x z cle> t ! animal liv$ long aft] ! close ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 #g4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es & ,well& ,port1 ,l9coln ,c\nty4--,at ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york1 ! writ] has se5 a ca/ ( a l[] jaw1 label$ z hav+ come f ! place nam$ above4 ,on ! left side ! second & ?ird mol>s are pres5t1 ! =m] slightly worn1 ! h9d]mo/ n at all4 ,on ! "r side ! h9d]mo/ mol> is n to be se54 ,! second mol> is tilt$ up beh9d & l[]$ 9 front4 ,! little we> ( ! too? is on ! h9d] end4 ,x is possible t ! h9d]mo/ mol> 0 yet 9 ! bone & some:at "u ! second "o4 ,! ramus has a l5g? ( #djj mm4 #h4 ,toronto1 ,york ,c\nty4--,x does n appe> to be :olly c]ta9 t ! ma/odon has be5 f\nd at ,toronto2 b its occurr5ce !re is probable4 ,9 "s ( 8 pap]s ,coleman has report$ t its pres5ce 0 believ$ to be det]m9$4 #i4 ,junction ( ,miss9aibi & ,moose ,riv]s1 ,algoma ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,rob]t ,bell report$ a ma/odon too? f ! locality m5tion$4 ,x _h be5 *opp$ out ( a skull by an ,indian4 ,lat] ,bell attempt$ to obta9 ! skull1 b c\ld n1 because ( high wat]4 ,a fur!r acc\nt 0 giv5 ( ?is too? by ,bell 9 #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #chc74 ,,cape ,,breton ,,isl&4 #a4 ,middle ,riv]1 ,victoria ,c\nty4--,9 #aiab 7,proc4 ,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #afc-agd71 ,mr4 ,h>ry ,pi]s1 curator ( ! ,prov9cial ,museum1 ,halifax1 pres5t$ a pap] 9 :i* he detail$ ! hi/ory ( ma/odon rema9s f\nd on ,cape ,breton ,isl&4 ,at ! place above nam$1 9 a mead[1 at a dep? ( only #e in*es1 0 f\nd a "r femur4 ,accord+ to ,pi]s's acc\nt1 ?is 0 discov]$ ab\t ! ye> #ahcd1 possibly a few ye>s e>li]4 ,x came into ! possession ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute1 at ,halifax1 & lat] ( ! ,prov9cial ,museum ( ,halifax1 :]e x is n[ pres]v$4 ,x 0 notic$ & figur$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson 9 ! f\r editions ( 8 8,acadian ,geology40 #b4 ,baddeck1 ,victoria ,c\nty4--,accord+ to ,pi]s's acc\nt1 a mol> too? ( a ma/odon1 n[ 9 ! ,prov9cial ,museum1 0 f\nd 9 #ahei1 at ! place nam$4 ,?is too? is figur$ by ,dawson1 ) ! femur4 ,pi]s /ates t ,dawson 0 9 error 9 cr$it+ ,honeyman ) ! discov]y4 ,details reg>d+ ?is are want+4 ,! mol> has #c cre/s4 ,9 ! same museum is a "p ( a proboscidean tusk1 b x is n c]ta9 :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,x is q c]ta9 t all ( ^! rema9s are ( animals :i* liv$ !re aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$4 ,^! localities are n indicat$ on ! map4 ,,massa*usetts4 7,maps #e1 #f47 #a4 ,col]a9e1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgb 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adf71 ,dr4 ,edw>d ,hit*cock1 9 a lett] to "o ( ! editors1 report$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( a ma/odon at or ne> ?is place4 ,x _h be5 %ovel$ out ( a muck-b$1 on ! f>m ( ,elias ,b>dwell4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t ! matt]4 ,?is too? 0 m5tion$ by ,b4 ,k4 ,em]son 9 #aiag 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #eig1 p4 #adi74 #b4 ,%rewsbury1 ,worce/] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ad1 #ae71 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton read be=e ! ,academy an extract f ! ,new ,york ,times1 copi$ f ! ,worce/] ,spy ( ,octob] #ad1 #ahhe1 relat+ to ! f9d+ ( a human skull ne> ,%rewsbury1 close to ! spot :]e ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd ! ye> be=e4 ,9 ,sci5ce 7vol4 ,,vi1 #ahhe71 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam gave an acc\nt ( ! inve/igations ( ! case made by himself & o!rs4 ,! conditions "u :i* ! ma/odon 0 buri$ 7 incid5tally describ$4 ,9 ! same ye> ,frankl9 ,p4 ,rice1 a memb] ( ! ,worce/] ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 publi%$ a pamphlet ( #h pages1 9 :i* ! discov]y & exhumation ( ! rema9s 7 set =?2 "o mol>1 an upp] p5ultimate1 0 well figur$4 ,a tr5* 0 be+ made 9 a mead[ ( a f>m]1 ,w4 ,u4 ,mayn>d1 ab\t #b miles f ! c5t] ( ,%rewsbury1 on ! road to ,nor?bor\gh4 ,! tee? & "s bones ( ! ma/odon 7 met at a dep? ( #h feet4 ,putnam /at$ t ^! rema9s1 z well z ! human skull1 7 re/+ on blue clay b5ea? a b$ ( peat4 ,rice report$ t ! ma/odon bones & tee? 7 re/+ on b$-rock4 ,putnam believ$ t bo? skulls _h be5 transport$ ?i!r by wat] be=e ! peat 0 laid d[n4 ,f ,mrs4 ,ella ,horr1 cu/odian ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum ( ,worce/]1 ! writ] has le>n$ t ! ma/odon rema9s are pres]v$ !re4 ,m5tion 0 made ( ^! rema9s by ,b4 ,k4 ,em]son 9 #aiag 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #eig1 p4 #adi74 ,!re is no reason to suppose t ! ma/odon 9 "q liv$ be=e ! ,wiscons9 /age1 b at its close4 ,! ice mu/ already h retir$ beyond ! ,/ate1 & ! l&1 :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,fair*ild1 0 depress$ at ! latitude ( ,%rewsbury ab\t #cej feet1 mu/ h be5 elevat$ en\gh to r$uce consid]ably ! area cov]$ by wat] be=e conditions w\ld h favor$ ! pres5ce ( ma/odon4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! depression 0 n s great4 ,,connecticut4 7,maps #e1 #f47 #a4 ,*e%ire1 ,new ,hav5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahg71 a note appe>$ :i* /at$ t 9 ! summ] ( ! prec$+ ye> #c or #d l>ge mol> tee? ( a 8mammo?0 _h be5 f\nd ne> ,*e%ire4 ,f ! description x is evid5t t !y 7 tee? ( a ma/odon4 ,!y 7 9 f9e condition b 7 imm$iately de/roy$ 9 a frolic ( ! workm54 ,! tee? _h be5 f\nd 9 gravel only a few feet "u gr\nd4 ,w>r5 78,monogr4 on ,ma/odon giganteus10 p4 #c7 /at$ t ! ma/odon tee? _h be5 f\nd 9 mak+ a canal at ,*e%ire4 ,he und\bt$ly ref]r$ to ! tee? m5tion$ above4 ,s*u*]t 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cba7 /ates t "o too? 0 pres]v$ & is n[ 9 ! ,yale ,univ]sity collection4 #b4 ,new ,brita91 ,h>t=d ,c\nty4--,9 #ahce 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #afe71 a report 0 publi%$ ab\t ! f9d+ ( a v]tebra ( a ma/odon 9 digg+ a canal = a factory 9 ,b]l91 n f> f ,new ,brita94 ,x appe>s to h be5 met ) 9 a deposit ( m>l4 ,s*u*]t 7op4 cit41 p4 #cbb7 m5tions ?is f9d & says t ! locality 0 n 9 ,b]l91 b 9 ,new ,brita94 ,! dep? is giv5 z #c feet & ! mat]ial z mud or clay4 ,s*u*]t1 z cit$1 gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y1 9 #aheb1 ( ano!r ma/odon 9 ,new ,brita94 ,two or ?ree tee? & "s bones 7 f\nd 9 a s(t swampy soil4 #c4 ,f>m+ton1 ,h>t=d ,c\nty4--,9 #aiad 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #cba-ccj71 ,s*u*]t & ,lull describ$ ! exhumation ( a ma/odon ne> ! t[n nam$4 ,all ( ! pr9cipal bones ( ! skeleton 7 secur$4 ,"o tusk & mo/ ( ! foot-bones 7 miss+4 ,! acc\nt ought to be tak5 by collectors z a model = _! reports4 ,! exact position ( ! skeleton is giv54 ,a topographic map ( ! surr\nd+ region is furni%$1 z well z ! details conc]n+ ! mat]ials occurr+ above & bel[ ! bones4 ,^! lay on b\ld] clay ( ,wiscons9 age & 7 cov]$ by mat]ials wa%$ 9 f ! surr\nd+ high] gr\nds4 ,no mollusks 7 f\nd 9 ! excavation1 & little vegetation4 ,! bones1 z %[n by ,lull's map1 7 rem>kably little di/urb$1 n m ?an "o might expect f ! activities ( wolves4 ,"o ( ! tusks 01 h[ev]1 remov$ f ! skull a di/ance ( #bc feet & left on gr\nd #b feet high]4 ,s*u*]t reg>d$ ?is z be+ h>d to expla94 ,! o!r tusk 0 n f\nd at all4 #d4 ,bri/ol1 ,h>t=d ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ad71 ,o4 ,p4 ,hubb>d /at$ t ! rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,bri/ol1 b no fur!r in=mation 0 furni%$4 #e4 ,%>on1 ,lit*field ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahg71 9 a footnote1 x 0 report$ t1 a good _m ye>s be=e t "t1 "s rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ne> ,%>on4 ,9 #ahce 7ibid41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #aff7 x 0 /at$ t a ma/odon bone1 f\nd probably at ,%>on1 _h be5 pres5t$ to ! museum ( ,yale ,college4 ,!re seems to be no c]ta9ty t ! bone 0 correctly id5tifi$4 ,,new ,,york4 7,maps #e1 #f1 #cd47 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,ri*mond ,c\nty4--,9 #aija 7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #fg71 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,hollick report$ ! discov]y ( "s fragm5ts ( a mol> ( a ma/odon 9 a swamp deposit 9 ! ,moravian cemet]y imm$iately nor? ( ,new ,dorp1 ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,! mol> 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #bc feet4 ,! swamp1 n[ dra9$1 0 locat$ imm$iately on ! mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 7,folio #aeg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,sur474 ,x _h evid5tly at fir/ be5 a pond ab\t #be feet deep2 lat] x _h become fill$ up ) s&y silt1 muck1 & vegetable dbris4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #h feet ,hollick f\nd a /ratum approximately #b feet ?ick1 9 :i* 7 cones ( :ite spruce 7,picea canad5sis71 a tree n[ f\nd n f>!r s\? ?an nor!rn ,new ,engl& & ! ,adirondacks4 ,evid5tly ! ma/odon _h liv$ !re n long aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ice1 = ! too? appe>s to h be5 only ab\t #b feet above ! bottom ( ! old pond4 ,! spot is probably at an altitude above ! subm]g5ce describ$ by ,fair*ild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bgi74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,k+s ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ae71 ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,m>t9 /at$ t "s #ae or #bj ye>s be=e t "t a ma/odon skeleton _h be5 exhum$ 9 excavat+ = ! ,ridgewood1 ,long ,isl&1 res]voirs4 ,no details 7 furni%$4 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,que5s ,c\nty4--,9 #ahei 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ab? meet+1 #aheh1 p4 #bcb71 ,j4 ,c4 ,brevoort report$ ! f9d+ ( #e mol> tee? & fragm5ts ( bones 9 remov+ pond-muck 9 ! valley ( a small /ream :i* fl[$ into ,baisley's pond1 ne> ,jamaica4 ,9 ! pond itself 0 a deposit ( mud1 9 "s places #f feet deep1 :i* re/$ on gravel4 ,?is deposit ( mud1 mix$ ) vegetable matt]1 is cont9u$ up ! valley m5tion$4 ,! bones & tee? 7 f\nd ab\t #bj y>ds f ! *annel ( ! /ream1 re/+ on ! gravel & cov]$ by ab\t #d feet ( ! muck4 ,accord+ to ,folio #hc1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,jamaica & vic9ity is situat$ on /ratifi$ drift :i* 0 laid d[n :ile ! foot ( ! glacial ice 0 imm$iately nor? ( ! t[n4 ,! ma/odon mu/ h liv$ !re aft] ! retreat ( ! ice f ! isl&2 x may h be5 a long "t aft]w>d4 ,accord+ to ,fair*ild1 z above cit$1 ?is locality 0 subm]g$ by ! sea :ile ! /ratifi$ mat]ials 7 be+ laid d[n4 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,c\nty4--,9 #ahia 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #cdb71 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,p4 ,:itfield not$ ! f9d+ ne> ,inwood ( a fragm5t ( :at he reg>d$ z a ma/odon tusk4 ,x 0 met 9 cutt+ a dit* 9 a peat-swamp4 ,:ile ! probability is t ! tusk 0 t ( a ma/odon1 x might h be5 t ( "o ( ! elephants4 #e4 ,riv]head1 ,suffolk ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ( ,new ,york1 ,mamm41 p4 #ajc71 ,de,kay /at$ t 9 ! ye> #ahbc m ?an half ( a l[] jaw1 ) ! tee?1 ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd on ! s\? bea*1 ab\t #d miles ea/ ( ,riv]head1 betwe5 high & l[ wat]4 ,?is fossil 0 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke 9 #aijd 7,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 ,bull4 #fi1 p4 #ibc72 also by ,j4 ,c4 ,brevoort 9 #ahei 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #bcc74 ,?is vic9ity 0 evid5tly subm]g$ :ile ! foot ( ! glaci] 0 9 ,long ,isl&4 ,only aft] ! em]g5ce ( ! isl& did ! animal probably h its exi/5ce4 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ae7 report$ ! discov]y ( a l>ge portion ( a ma/odon's tusk 9 a cell> excavation 9 ,morrisania #c ye>s previ\sly4 ,"h1 z 9 simil> cases1 "o c n be c]ta9 t ! tusk 0 n t ( an elephant4 #g4 ,new ,york ,city4--,9 #ahia 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #cdb71 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,p4 ,:itfield record$ ! f9d+ ( a suppos$ ma/odon tusk at ! upp] end ( ,new ,york ,isl&4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #af feet bel[ mean l[-wat] m>k1 emb$d$ 9 peat1 ) ! socket end d[nw>d4 ,x 0 met ) 9 excavat+ ! ,h>lem %ip-canal & at ! m\? ( ,dyckman's ,creek1 an artificial wat]way4 ,! location is giv5 z #ae feet f ! nor? side ( ! canal & #aj feet we/ ( ! c5t] ( ,broadway4 ,at ?is p>ticul> spot !re 0 f\nd at ! surface f #d to #f feet ( mead[ sod1 ) roots1 etc4 ,bel[ ?is 0 #ab feet ( incipi5t pure peat1 ly+ on #ah to #bj in*es ( s&y clay1 :i* itself repos$ on lime/one4 ,! tusk 0 9 ! peat1 ) its base 9 ! s&4 ,x appe>$ to h settl$ f above ?r\gh ! peat4 #h4 ,h>tsdale1 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh1 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke 7#fj? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 = #aijf1 p4 #fj71 report$ t a too? & "s small fragm5ts ( bone ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd on ! prop]ty ( ,w4 ,h4 ,fi% ( ,h>tsdale4 ,no o!r in=mation 0 giv54 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockl& ,c\nty4--,9 #ahah 7,cuvi]'s ,essay ,orig4 ,e>?1 p4 #cij1 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #a to #d71 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill /at$ t he _h receiv$ a set ( gr9d+ tee? :i* _h be5 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,x is describ$ z be+ #aa miles we/ ( ! ,hudson ,riv] & #cb miles f ,new ,york4 ,! tee? _h be5 f\nd 9 mud at a dep? ( #c feet4 ,!y are m5tion$ 9 ,j4 ,d4 ,godman's 8,am]ican ,natural ,hi/ory40 #aj4 ,ard51 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 #aijc 7,new ,york ,/ate ,mus4 ,bull4 #fi1 p4 #ibf71 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke /at$ t a tusk & a few o!r bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,9 #aijh 7#ff? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fa71 he gives ! fur!r in=mation t ! locality 0 on l&s ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,h>riman4 ,only #b tee?1 "s ribs1 & a few fragm5ts 7 secur$4 ,! soil 0 a peat or vegetable mold4 #aa4 ,monroe1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 #aijc 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibf71 ,cl>ke report$ t ab\t ! ye> #ahhh ma/odon bones 7 f\nd on l& ( ,m>t9 ,konnight4 ,cl>ke himself cont9u$ excavations 9 #aija4 ,ab\t half ( ! skeleton 0 secur$ 9 all4 ,^! bones are n[ 9 ! ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum at ,albany4 ,!y lay b5ea? #c feet ( clayey muck1 at ! bottom ( a pond f #c to #aj feet deep4 #ab4 ,*e/]1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 #ahah 7,cuvi]'s ,essay1 etc41 p4 #cgf1 plate ,,vii1 figs4 #a to #d71 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill pres5t$ an acc\nt ( ! exhumation 9 #ahag ( a "p ( a ma/odon skeleton at ,*e/]4 ,?is _h be5 orig9ally discov]$ 9 a dit* made ?r\gh a wet mead[4 ,! surface soil 0 und]la9 by ab\t #f feet ( black peat1 & ! bones lay 9 ?is at a dep? ( ab\t #d feet2 b5ea? 0 a /ratum ( co>se vegetation4 ,no m>l und]lay ?is muck4 ,! upp] jaw ) tee? & tusks1 l[] jaw ) tee?1 %\ld]-blade1 v]tebr1 & p>ts ( ! limbs 7 secur$4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is discov]y is to be f\nd 9 ,godman's 8,am]ican ,natural ,hi/ory40 ,j4 ,c4 ,w>r51 9 ! second edition ( 8 monograph on ! ma/odon1 has "s rem>ks on ! food ( ?is ma/odon4 ,9 #aiji 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #adg1 plate71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey made a contribution to ! hi/ory ( ?is specim54 ,:at became ( ! bones is n kn[n4 #ac4 ,salisbury ,mills1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 #aijc 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibf71 ,cl>ke gives a brief acc\nt ( a "p ( a ma/odon skeleton :i*1 9 #ahgi1 0 f\nd at ?is place1 #i miles s\?we/ ( ,newburgh4 ,x n[ =ms ! l>g] "p ( a m\nt 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,! pres5t writ] has no fur!r in=mation reg>d+ ?is specim54 #ad4 ,new ,w9dsor1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,kansas ,city ,review ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 volume ,,iii1 #ahgi1 page #bda1 is an item conc]n+ ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon at ?is place4 ,ne>ly all ! bones 7 secur$4 ,x 0 /at$ t a black ve9 ( muck ab\t #bj feet ?ick re/$ on a b$ ( blue clay4 ,! bones lay at dep?s v>y+ f #b to ne>ly #e feet f ! surface4 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,a consid]able numb] ( ma/odons1 "s ( !m well pres]v$1 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,newburgh4 ,! e>lie/ "o f\nd 0 exhum$ by ,*>les ,wilson ,peale1 fa!r ( ! arti/ ,rembr&t ,peale1 9 #ahja4 ,an acc\nt ( ! une>?+ ( ?is specim5 is giv5 by ,rembr&t ,peale 9 8 8,hi/orical ,disquisition on ! ,ma/odon10 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,! locality 0 probably s\? or s\?we/ ( ,newburgh1 = 9 ano!r pap] 7,tillo*'s ,philos4 ,mag41 ,london1 vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahjb1 p4 #afc7 he /ates t x 0 9 ! neighborhood ( ,new ,w9dsor4 ,peale wrote t ! specim5 0 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,john ,ma/54 ,peale's acc\nt is repr9t$ 9 ! second volume ( ,godman's 8,am]ican ,natural ,hi/ory40 ,! :ole ( t "p ( ! c\ntry is spok5 ( z ab\nd+ 9 morasses1 solid en\gh = cattle to walk ^u1 & conta9+ peat und]la9 by a %ell m>l4 ,! ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 an ef=t to get at ! m>l4 ,x appe>s t ! bones 7 met ) at a dep? ( #f or #g feet1 & 7 ly+ on ! m>l4 ,al?\gh ! spr+ ( #ahja 0 an unusually dry "o1 ! digg+ 0 greatly h9d]$ by ! incom+ wat]1 & ! "w 0 f9ally ab&on$4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! skeleton 0 secur$ & s5t to ,philadelphia4 ,:at is kn[n z ! ,w>r5 ma/odon 0 discov]$ 9 #ahde1 on ! f>m ( ,n4 ,brew/]1 some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,newburgh4 ,x is an unusually complete & well-pres]v$ skeleton1 & gave occasion to ! wait+ ( ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,w>r5's monograph entitl$ 8,description ( a skeleton ( ! ,ma/odon giganteus40 ,( ?is "w !re 0 an edition pr9t$ 9 #aheb1 a second 9 #ahee4 ,! spot :]e ?is skeleton 0 buri$ is describ$ z be+ situat$ 9 a small valley #cjj or #djj feet 9 l5g?1 9 :i* 0 a pond ( wat] #cj or #dj feet 9 diamet]4 ,ar\nd ?is ! gr\nd 0 wet & swampy4 ,! summ] ( #ahde be+ unusually dry & ! pond desiccat$1 a se>* 0 be+ made = m>l4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #d feet ! summit ( ! animal's head 0 enc\nt]$4 ,= _m ye>s ?is skeleton 0 9 ,cambridge1 b is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york4 ,accord+ to ,w>r5's description 7,monograph1 #a/ ed41 pp4 #e1 #baa1 vignette71 !re 0 a deposit ( ab\t #b feet ( bog-peat1 !n ab\t a foot ( peat ( a r$di% color4 ,?is 0 und]la9 by a b$ ( %ell-m>l ( a ?ickness n giv51 b probably ab\t #b or #c feet1 :ile bel[ ?is 0 mud *ang+ d[nw>d into clay4 ,"s p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 9 ?is mud2 b ! head1 ! "r =e-leg1 ! sp9al column1 "p ( ! ribs1 ! pelvis1 & ! tail 7 emb$d$ 9 ! m>l4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,a4 ,lee 7#ba/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,cab9et1 ,new ,york1 p4 #ajh7 affirm$ t ^! bones 7 n 9 ! m>l1 b 7 :olly emb$d$ 9 ! muck or peat4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 /at$ 9 #aijb 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #afi7 t !re is 9 ,vass> ,college a skeleton ( a ma/odon :i* is suppos$ to h be5 f\nd at ,newburgh4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute1 ,new ,york1 is a p>tial skeleton :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahii on ! f>m ( ,f4 ,w4 ,s*aeff]1 #c miles we/ ( ,newburgh4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ibf71 ! bones 7 f\nd ly+ on a /ony pavem5t "u muck & m>l4 ,osborn 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,x1 #ahii1 p4 #eci7 /at$ t ! deposit is mo/ly d>k & conta9s ?or\ghly decompos$ vegetable matt] m+l$ ) a few /ones & num]\s rema9s ( trees1 "s ( :i* reta9 m>ks ( beav]s' tee?4 ,! deposit appe>$ to consi/ ( ?ree lay]s1 indicat+1 z suppos$1 ! build+ ( ?ree di/9ct beav]-dams4 ,dr4 ,john ,micklebor\gh 7,brooklyn ,eagle1 ,m>4 #i1 #aija7 /at$ t he _h collect$ 9 ?is peat-swamp species ( mollusks belong+ to ,limna1 ,physa1 ,planorbis1 & ,sphrium4 ,he reg>d$ x z c]ta9 t ! swamp _h be5 = a long "t a fre%-wat] lake4 ,eag] 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 wrote t 9 #ahch a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd ne> ,newburgh1 on a f>m own$ by ,samuel ,dixon4 ,no details4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ibf7 /at$ t 9 #aijb a cranium & "s o!r p>ts ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,balmville1 j nor? ( ,newburgh4 ,! bones lay at a dep? ( f #b to #h feet1 "s 9 ! muck & "s 9 ! m>l bel[4 ,"u ! m>l 0 f\nd a b\ld] pavem5t4 ,9 #aijb 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #eid1 #ajcc71 ,reg9ald ,gordon gave acc\nts ( ! exhumation ( a ma/odon skeleton #a mile nor? ( ! nor!rn limit ( ,newburgh & #j4ge mile away f ! ,hudson4 ,?is c]ta9ly ref]s to ! same ma/odon z t report$ by ,cl>ke4 ,! place is a swamp ( ab\t #b acres & at a height ( #ahj feet above ! level ( ! riv]4 ,! bones 7 f\nd #b to #h feet bel[ ! surface1 a few ( !m inclos$ 9 ! muck1 mo/ ( !m 9 an und]ly+ %ell-m>l4 ,! muck av]ages #b feet 9 ?ickness2 ! m>l v>ies f a few in*es to #ab feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b5ea? ! m>l a solid bottom is =m$ ( pebbles & b\ld]s4 #af4 ,nor!a/ ( ,cold5ham1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdg 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc71 ,eag] wrote t 9 #ahjj rema9s ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd ab\t #g miles nor!a/ f ,montgom]y1 on or ne> a f>m own$ by ,dr4 ,george ,graham4 ,?is /atem5t 0 bas$ on ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,graham's lett] 7,m$4 ,repos41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac74 ,?is mu/ h be5 9 ! vic9ity ( ! t[n nam$4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,graham /at$ t a v]tebra _h be5 f\nd "h4 ,?is may h be5 9 ! m>%es along ,bu%field ,creek4 #ag4 ,ea/ ,cold5ham1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham 7op4 cit41 p4 #bac7 /ates t ab\t #g miles ea/ ( ,montgom]y 7app>5tly ab\t #e miles we/ ( ,newburgh71 a gr9d+-too? & "s hair ( a dun color _h be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #d or #e feet4 ,possibly ! suppos$ hair 0 "s sort ( vegetable matt]4 ,! place may h be5 on ,bu%field ,creek4 ,gordon 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #ajcc7 report$ fur!r ! f9d+ ( l>ge numb]s ( tree-trunks bo? 9 ! muck & 9 ! m>l4 ,"s ma/odon bones 7 f\nd re/+ on ! trees4 ,r$ c$> & spruce 7 recogniz$4 ,"s trees %[$ m>ks ( ! tee? ( beav]s4 #ah4 ,montgom]y1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,sev]al m or less well-repres5t$ skeletons ( ma/odons h be5 discov]$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,montgom]y4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 ! fir/ 7 met ) 9 #aghb4 ,an acc\nt ( ! discov]y 0 giv5 by ,rev4 ,rob]t ,annan 9 #agic 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #afj-afd74 ,! t[n 0 n nam$1 b ,ma!r 7,geol4 ,n4 ,y41 #a/ ,di/41 pt4 #a1 #ahdc1 p4 #bjb71 on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham 7,m$4 ,repos41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac71 /at$ t ! place 0 #c miles s\? ( ,w>d's ,bridge1 an old "n ( ,montgom]y4 ,?is w\ld be ne> ! village ( ,neelyt[n1 & probably 9 ! swamps along ,beav] ,creek4 ,a dit* 0 be+ made 9 a deep & wet swamp1 & "s l>ge tee? 7 ?r[n out4 ,! description ( ^! %[s t !y belong$ to a ma/odon4 ,bones 7 pres5t1 b mo/ly s f> decay$ t few c\ld be sav$4 ,eag] 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 /at$ t 9 #ahjc ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd on a f>m a mile ea/ ( ,montgom]y4 ,^! bones 7 dug out by ,peale 9 #ahje or #ahjf1 & ,eag]1 !n a boy1 obs]v$ ! "w f day to day4 ,no?+ 0 said ab\t :at rema9s 7 secur$1 or ab\t ! geological conditions2 b ,graham wrote t #c or #d ribs 7 f\nd 9 a swamp at a dep? ( #h feet4 ,r4 ,peale1 writ+ 9 #ahjc 78,disquisition on ,mammo?10 pp4 #bg-bi71 report$ t 8 fa!r exhum$ ma/odon bones on a f>m belong+ to ,t4 ,b>b]1 :]e #h ye>s be=e #d ribs _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ a pit4 ,"o may suppose t only "o place is 9 "q & t ,eag] 0 wrong 9 8 date4 ,peale secur$ almo/ an entire set ( ribs1 two rott5 tusks1 #c or #d small tee?1 & "s o!r p>ts4 ,at ! bottom ( ! excavation !re 0 a %ell m>l2 above ?is !re 0 probably peat or muck4 ,dr4 ,graham fur!r /at$ t ab\t #c miles ea/ ( ,w>d's ,bridge 7n[ ,montgom]y7 "s o!r bones _h be5 discov]$4 ,?is 0 q c]ta9ly ne> ! village ( ,b]ea1 :]e swamps are indicat$ on ! topographical map ( t quadrangle4 #ai4 ,hamptonburg1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,eag] 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 /ates t 9 #ahde ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is t[n on ! f>m ( ,jesse ,c4 ,cleve1 b no fur!r in=mation 0 furni%$4 #bj4 ,bullville1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,eag] 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 says t 9 #agid rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ab\t #e miles we/ ( ,montgom]y1 j ea/ ( ! resid5ce ( ,ar*ibald ,craw=d1 & ne> ! l9e ( ! ,co*ecton turnpike4 ,x appe>s probable t ! place 0 ea/ ( ,bullville on ! ,dwa> ,kill4 ,:at 0 f\nd 0 n /at$4 ,9 #ahcj 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dgh1 plate ,,xvii71 ,j4 ,d4 ,godman describ$ a skull ( a ma/odon :i*1 he said1 _h be5 dis9t]r$ a %ort "t previ\sly by ,ar*ibald ,craw=d1 ab\t #ab miles f ,newburgh4 ,besides ! head1 "s bones f ! trunk & limbs 7 secur$4 ,:e!r or n two discov]ies _h be5 made1 & :e!r1 if two1 ! localities 7 ne> ea* o!r1 x is n[ impossible to say ) confid5ce4 ,some:]e ab\t ,bullville1 possibly f>!r nor? or nor!a/1 ! eld] ,peale 7,r4 ,peale1 ,hi/4 ,disquis41 p4 #cj7 secur$ "s ma/odon bones4 ,9 arriv+ at ! place1 he cross$ ,wallkill ,riv] at ! falls 7,wald57 & 8asc5d$ into a rudely cultivat$ c\ntry ab\t #bj miles f ! ,hudson40 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 a morass on ! f>m ( ,pet] ,millspaw4 ,! l[] jaw f\nd !re 0 m5tion$ & figur$ by ,hays 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahcd1 p4 #cba74 #ba4 ,scot*t[n1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,on ! page j quot$1 ,eag] report$ t 9 #ahdd "s "p ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,9 8 "w on ,ma/odon giganteus 7fir/ edition1 pages #aaj-aag1 plates ,,xvi1 ,,xviii1 ,,xix71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w>r5 describ$ a v complete skull :i* _h be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,he /at$ t ! magnific5t head is rem>kable = its size1 :it5ess1 & ! di/9ctness ( its sutures4 ,x is kn[n z ! 8,%awangunk head40 ,w>r5 wrote t ! /rata cov]+ x 73 fir/1 gravel2 second1 m>l2 ?ird1 a lay] ( peat h>d en\gh to be turn$ 9 a la!4 ,eag]1 9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,orange ,c\nty10 on page #cdh1 /at$ t rema9s ( ,ma/odon maximus 71 9 #ahdc1 dug up f a m>l-b$ on ! f>m ( ,william ,connor1 ab\t #j4be mile f ,scot*t[n1 & 7 !n 9 ! cab9et ( ,pr(essor ,emmons1 ( ,albany4 ,?is 0 q c]ta9ly ! 8,%awangunk ma/odon40 #bb4 ,otisville1 ,orange ,c\nty4--,9 ,yale ,univ]sity !re is a ne>ly complete skeleton ( a ma/odon :i* 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c4 ,m>% 9 #ahib 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliv1 p4 #cej1 plate ,,viii71 b no /atem5t 0 made z to its orig94 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 p4 #ibe7 /at$ t a ma/odon f\nd 9 #ahgd 0 pur*as$ by ,pr(essor ,m>%4 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 #aijh1 p4 #aic7 ref]s to a ma/odon at ,yale :i* came f ,otisville4 ,9 #aiad 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #ccj7 he pres5t$ "s notes on ! anatomy4 ,a newspap] acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ?is skeleton /at$ t ! region ( ! /oma* conta9$ v fre%-look+1 l>ge leaves ( odd =m1 & blades ( /range grass ( extreme l5g?1 & f #a to #c in*es 9 wid?4 ,x seems probable t a good deal ( ?is 0 pure imag9ation4 ,! vegetation :i* fl\ri%$ !re at ! "t ! ma/odon 0 liv+ 0 c]ta9ly n diff]5t f t ( to-day4 #bc4 ,%awangunk1 ne> ,wallkill1 ,ul/] ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham1 writ+ 9 #ahja 7,m$4 ,repos4 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac71 report$ t 8a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$ ab\t #c miles ea/ ( 8 h\se1 9 ! t[n ( ,%awangunk40 ,! bones lay ab\t #aj feet f ! surface & 7 9 a v s\nd /ate4 ,"s p>ts ( ! head1 mu* brok51 7 among ! p>ts secur$4 #bd4 ,ell5ville1 ,ul/] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfa 7#ad? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,cab9et1 pp4 #g1 #ae7 ! discov]y at ?is place ( "s ma/odon rema9s 0 briefly report$4 ,a l>ge tusk & p>ts ( ! skull1 ) tee?1 7 secur$4 ,! swamp is compos$ ( ab\t #b feet ( peat & #c feet ( m>l1 re/+ on a base ( clay4 ,! bones 7 ly+ 9 ! m>l4 ,9 #ahga 7#ba/ ,ann4 ,rep41 etc41 p4 #abh7 fur!r m5tion ( ^! bones 0 made4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ibg7 m5tions ^! rema9s & adds t !re is also a small] tusk 9 ! museum4 ,9 ,rutg]s ,college1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! writ] has se5 a tusk ab\t #aj feet long1 ) a consid]ably spiral =m1 :i* is said to h be5 f\nd at ,ell5ville4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be ! tusk ( an elephant4 #be4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,dut*ess ,c\nty4--,9 #ahed 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #ddg71 an editorial p>agraph /at$ t a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd buri$ 9 a m>% ab\t #b miles ea/ ( ,p\ghkeepsie4 ,x _h !n be5 only p>tly exhum$4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ibg7 quotes f a lett] writt5 by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,b4 ,dwight1 :o /at$ t ab\t #dj1 p]haps #de1 ye>s previ\sly ma/odon bones _h be5 f\nd 9 a small pond on ! 8,creek ,road10 f #b to #c miles nor!a/ ( ! city nam$4 ,probably ! same skeleton 0 ref]r$ to by bo? writ]s4 ,cl>ke /at$ fur!r t !re is 9 ! ,/ate ,museum a v]tebra ( a ma/odon f ,p\ghkeepsie4 #bf4 ,betwe5 ,r$ ,bridge & ,wurtsboro1 ,sullivan ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ca71 ,j4 ,van ,r5ssela] report$ t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd by workm5 digg+ ! ,delaw>e & ,hudson ,canal1 ne> ! po9t nam$4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! skeleton _h be5 secur$4 ,ma!r 7,geol4 #a/ ,di/41 p4 #bcc7 adds t ?is 0 f\nd 9 a peat-bog4 #bg4 ,clav]ack1 ,columbia ,c\nty4--,some:]e ne> ?is place1 n improbably on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty1 7 f\nd app>5tly ! fir/ ma/odon rema9s discov]$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,orange ,c\nty1 ,new ,york10 ,eag] publi%$ a lett] address$ 9 #agjf by ,gov]nor ,joseph ,dudley to ,cotton ,ma!r4 ,9 ?is he told ( hav+ secur$ a too? :i* 0 probably a p5ultimate mol> ( a ma/odon4 ,dudley reg>d$ x z ! eye-too? ( a giant :o _h be5 de/roy$ by ! flood4 ,! locality 0 giv5 z ab\t #cj miles bel[ ,albany & 0 m5tion$ z ,clav]ack4 ,x appe>s t ano!r too? _h be5 pres5t$ ! ye> be=e to ,"l ,cornbury4 ,9 ! acc\nt ( ?is1 f\nd 9 a lett] by ,"l ,cornbury1 ! locality is giv5 z #bj miles bel[ ,albany4 ,cl>ke 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibh7 ?9ks t ?is 0 probably ne> ! pres5t ,new ,baltimore2 b a lett] f ,abeel1 record] ( ,albany ,c\nty1 publi%$ by ,cl>ke1 %[s t a man 0 s5t to ,clav]ack to make fur!r se>*4 ,x appe>s z if #b tee? _h be5 discov]$ at ! same place ne> ! t[n4 ,abeel /at$ t ! too? _h be5 f\nd ne> ! bank ( ! riv]1 & t o!r bones 7 met ) #ae feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x appe>s n improbable t ^! bones 7 buri$ 9 clays laid d[n dur+ ! ,late ,wiscons9 subm]g5ce or 9 deposits ov]ly+ ^! clays4 #bh4 ,freehold1 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,cl>ke 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibg7 /at$ t !re is 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 an atlas ( a ma/odon :i* 0 f\nd at ,freehold4 #bi4 ,gre5eville1 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfg71 ,james ,hall /at$ t he _h visit$ ?is locality1 :]e ma/odon bones _h be5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 a fre%-wat] m>l4 ,lyell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahdc1 p4 #abg7 visit$ ! locality ) ,hall & /at$ t ! ma/odon bones occurr$ 9 swamps at a dep? ( #d or #e feet4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,ma!r 7,geol4 #a/ ,di/41 p4 #dd7 wrote t bones suppos$ to belong to an elephant _h be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! rema9s report$ by ,ma!r & ,hall are ^? ( an elephant or ( a ma/odon4 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,c\nty4--,ma!r 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 #ahdc1 p4 #dd7 record$ ! f9d+ ( ma/odon rema9s on ,held]b]g ,m\nta91 on ! f>m ( a ,mr4 ,%e>1 #d or #e miles we/ ( ,hudson ,riv]1 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,coeymans4 ,! rema9s 7 discov]$ 9 a b$ ( %ell-m>l1 9 ! bank ( a m>%4 ,a tusk 0 tak5 to ,albany4 ,x 0 suppos$ t mo/ ( ! skeleton 0 left 9 ! gr\nd4 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,museum1 at ,albany1 !re is a m\nt$ skeleton ( a ma/odon discov]$ 9 #ahff4 ,x 0 fir/ ann\nc$ by ,rob]t ,safely 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlii1 #ahff1 p4 #dbf7 & soon aft]w>d notic$ by ,m>% 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahff1 p4 #aae74 ,x =m$ ! subject ( an essay by ,james ,hall 7#ba/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,cab9et1 #ahga1 pp4 #ih-adh1 plates ,,iii-,,vii7 & 0 fur!r m5tion$ by ,cl>ke 9 #aijc 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ibi-icj74 ,portions ( x 7 f\nd 9 two l>ge pot-holes on ! %ore ( ,mohawk ,riv]4 ,= ! facts1 & = ,hall's & ,cl>ke's conclusions1 ! read] mu/ consult ! publications cit$4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t 7#ba/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,cab9et1 #ahga1 pp4 #abi-adh7 discuss$ ! geological conditions at ,cohoes4 ,he conclud$ 7p4 #adj7 t ! pot-holes 7 n made dur+ a glacial p]iod1 b 7 ( preglacial age4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild1 :o has /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! ,mohawk ,valley m ?or\ghly ?an anyone else1 has express$ 9 a lett] to ! pres5t writ] ! op9ion t ! pot-holes are po/-glacial =mations4 ,! matt] is fur!r discuss$ on page #big4 ,inasmu* z ! glacial ice 0 n f> away1 x appe>s to ! pres5t writ] t ! geological /age may bett] be reg>d$ z ,late ,wiscons94 ,pr(essor ,fair*ild's plate #af ( ,bullet9 ,no4 #afj ( ! ,/ate ,museum ( ,new ,york gives ! position ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 9 ,new ,york at ! "t t x _h j )drawn f ! region ab\t ,cohoes4 ,8 plate #ag pres5ts a lat] /age1 :5 ! upp] "p ( ! ,hudson ,valley 0 occupi$ by ,lake ,albany4 ,un=tunately1 no evid5ces ( o!r animal life1 except+ ! beav]1 7 f\nd ) ! ma/odon at ,cohoes4 ,m>%1 9 8 notice ( ! discov]y1 gave a li/ ( ! trees recogniz$ 9 ! pot-holes4 ,!re 7 :ite p9e1 hemlock1 black spruce1 l>*1 swamp maple1 & :ite bir*4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 !re is a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon ) second & ?ird true mol>s1 "r & left1 :i* is said to h come f ,cohoes4 #cb4 ,cop5hag51 ,lewis ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #dg71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam /at$ t !re _h be5 f\nd 9 #ahgg1 9 a m>l b$ ab\t a mile we/ ( ,cop5hag51 a tusk measur+ #e feet #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 pur*as$ = ! ,/ate ,cab9et4 ,x c\ld n be det]m9$ :e!r ?is _h belong$ to an elephant or a ma/odon4 #cc4 ,c5t] ,lisle1 ,broome ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,watk9s ,gl5-,catatonk folio ,no4 #afi ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on page #bh1 ,dr4 ,ralph ,s4 ,t>r /at$ t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd a few hundr$ y>ds nor? ( ?is t[n1 9 a boggy place :]e a spr+ em]ges f ! base ( a gravel t]race4 ,he did n tell :at p>ts _h be5 f\nd4 ,he rem>k$ t "o c\ld n be c]ta9 :e!r ! bones _h be5 wa%$ out ( ! gravel or _h come f an animal :i* _h mir$ !re4 ,9 geological age x mu/ be ref]r$ to ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #cd4 ,brookton1 ,tompk9s ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 volume ,v1 #ahga1 page #cad1 ,c4 ,fr$ ,h>tt gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ma/odon bones at ,mott's ,corn]s1 on ,six-mile ,creek4 ,?is is ! =m] "n ( ! pres5t village ( ,brookton4 ,only #b tee? & "s fragm5ts ( bones 7 secur$4 ,! locality is situat$ 9 a deep valley ( ! creek1 :i* _h once be5 fill$ ) drift1 & ?r\gh ?is ! creek _h cut d[n to solid rock4 ,:]e ! bones 7 f\nd 0 a small peat-bog consi/+ ( a lay] ( peat v>y+ f a few in*es to #b feet4 ,?is 0 full ( /icks1 p9e knots1 b>k1 etc41 m or less decay$4 ,bel[ ?is peat 0 a lay]1 a few in*es ?ick1 compos$ ( clay mix$ ) pebbles & pieces ( %ale4 ,9 ?is 7 ! tee? & decay$ bones4 ,! :ole 0 und]la9 by drift mat]ials4 ,t>r1 z cit$ above1 /at$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 a swamp 9 ! valley bottom at ,brookton4 ,he did n say :5 ! discov]y 0 made1 nor :at 0 f\nd4 ,x is n unlikely t ! two cases are ! same4 ,9 #ahga 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eh71 ,dr4 ,burt ,g4 ,wild] report$ t #e tee? & _m fragm5t>y bones _h be5 f\nd ne> ,i?aca1 9 a deposit ( modifi$ drift4 ,! writ] has be5 in=m$ by ,miss ,pe>l ,%eldon1 ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 t ^! are ! same rema9s z ^? report$ by ,pr(essor ,h>tt4 ,! ma/odon f\nd at ,brookton c\ld h>dly h liv$ !re be=e ! /age :5 ! wat]s t ga!r$ at ! s\!rn edge ( ! retreat+ ice 7 rea*+ ! sea by way ( ,mohawk & ,hudson ,riv]s4 #ce4 ,pony ,holl[1 ,tompk9s ,c\nty4--,9 #aiae 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #ih-ii71 ,pe>l ,%eldon1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology 9 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 report$ t a tusk1 probably ( a ma/odon1 _h be5 f\nd at ,pony ,holl[1 #ab miles s\?we/ ( ,i?aca1 on ! f>m ( ,b]t ,drake4 ,?is place1 z %[n on ! ,i?aca ,quadrangle topographical %eet1 is 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( ! c\nty4 ,z ! writ] is in=m$ by ,miss ,%eldon1 x is on ,cantor ,creek1 ne> its junction ) ,we/ ,bran*4 ,! tusk 0 met ) 9 a gravel-pit at a dep? ( #bd feet4 ,! radius ( curvature 0 betwe5 #b & #c feet1 ! circumf]5ce f #aj to #ac in*es4 ,x may h be5 ! tusk ( an elephant4 ,! pit 0 9 ! base ( an ext5sive t]race :i* foll[s ! valley-wall high above ! outwa% gravel-pla9 occupy+ ! floor ( ! valley4 ,! report] ?\ght t ! t]race 0 n lat] 9 orig9 ?an ! end ( ! ice occupation ( ! valley1 & might be e>li]4 ,miss ,%eldon in=m$ ! writ] t ! t]race :i* conta9$ ! ma/odon tusk is too high 9 ! valley to h be5 =m$ by wat] back$ up aga9/ ! retreat+ ice-front4 ,fur!rmore1 ! locality is s\? ( ! divide4 ,x 0 sugge/$ t dur+ ! retreat ( ! ice ! s\?w>d-fl[+ wat] 9 ! ,pony ,holl[ bas9 0 back$ up some:at by ! ice 9 ! ,s5eca bas94 ,at any rate1 ! t]race & ! ma/odon conta9$ 9 x belong to ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 ice /age4 #cf4 ,elmira1 ,*emung ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke 7#fj? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ei7 ref]r$ to reports ( ! eighte5? c5tury to ! effect t tusks ( proboscideans _h be5 f\nd 9 ,*emung ,riv]1 "o ( !m j bel[ ,elmira4 ,x is v probable t "s or all ( ^! _h belong$ to ! ma/odon4 ,app>5tly all t c be said ab\t ! geological age ( ^! proboscideans is t !y liv$ dur+ or aft] ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 drift /age4 #cg4 ,lodi1 ,s5eca ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 !re are second & ?ird upp] ma/odon mol>s1 record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,lodi4 ,! t[n is on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,s5eca ,lake4 ,?is animal belong$ to ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age1 or to a lat] "o4 ,possibly x 0 liv+ !re at ! e>ly p]iod :5 ! imp\nd$ wat]s ( ! ,f+] ,lake region 7 dis*>g+ ?r\gh ,susquehanna ,riv]4 #ch4 ,mac$on1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 9 #aijc 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #icj7 report$ = ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild1 t !re are 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/] a few ma/odon tee? f ?is place4 ,!re is no in=mation on record ab\t ! geology ( ! place :]e !y 7 f\nd4 ,! animal belong$ to a relatively late /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e & may h liv$ close to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rec5t4 ,! glaci] _h )drawn ne> to or )9 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io4 #ci4 ,s5eca ,ca/le1 ,ont>io ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,edw>d ,hit*cock jr41 9 #ahhe 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #dej71 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( :at 0 suppos$ to be rema9s ( ma/odon at ! bottom ( a peat morass1 lately dra9$1 at ! t[n nam$4 ,?is place is ne> ,fl9t ,creek4 ,no tee? & no "p ( ! skull 7 f\nd4 ,! rema9s 7 tak5 to ,amh]/ ,college4 ,) ^! bones 0 f\nd also an antl] ( an elk4 ,9 a lett] writt5 ,decemb] #ba1 #aiah1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,loomis1 ( ,amh]/1 /ates t he reg>ds ^! bones z ^? ( an elephant4 ,9 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke's report ( #aijc1 on page #ica1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,peck gave an acc\nt ( ?is ma/odon1 toge!r ) a plate repres5t+ ! way 9 :i* ! bones 7 scatt]$4 ,!y 7 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #c feet & are %[n to h be5 ly+ 9 a deposit ( clay & m>l1 above :i* came 9 succession clay & s&1 s&1 peat1 & muck4 ,b5ea? ! bones 71 9 ord]1 s&1 blue clay1 s&y clay1 & a ?9 lay] ( s& re/+ on b\ld] clay4 ,! /age at or aft] :i* ?is ma/odon or elephant liv$ 0 probably t repres5t$ by ,fair*ild's plate #ch4 #dj4 ,p]k9sville 7,portway71 ,/eub5 ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke1 9 #aijh 7#fa/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd71 report$ ! discov]y ( a "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon 9 a l>ge swamp #j4ge mile nor? ( ,portway railroad /ation4 ,! swamp occupies a depression 9 a mass ( mora9ic drift4 ,at ! surface is f #f to #ab in*es ( black muck1 b5ea? :i* is a b$ ( ne>ly :ite m>l f #f in*es to #f feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! bones 7 ly+ #d or #e rods f ! bord] ( ! swamp4 ,^? f\nd 7 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,among !m 0 "o ramus ( ! l[] jaw ) tee?4 ,?is & ! foll[+ specim5 liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glaci] _h )drawn ab\t halfway f its t]m9al mora9e to ! %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 #da4 ,wayl&1 ,/eub5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgd 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #ia71 a report by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,hunt1 ( ,philadelphia1 0 pres5t$1 :i* dealt ) ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* ( a ma/odon said to h be5 f\nd at ,wayl&4 ,no /atem5t 0 made z to ! skeleton ( ! animal1 or ! exact place :]e x _h be5 discov]$4 ,no rema9s ( trees ( any k9d 7 detect$1 b /ems & leaves ( mosses1 conf]void filam5ts1 a fragm5t suppos$ to belong to a ru%1 woody tissue1 & b>k ( h]bace\s plants4 #db4 ,pitts=d1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahca 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ceh71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,gu]nsey1 ( ,pitts=d1 wrote t a "p ( a tusk1 suppos$ to belong to a ma/odon1 _h be5 f\nd on ! bank ( ,irondequoit ,creek1 #b4e miles ea/ ( ! t[n4 ,! "p secur$ 0 #g4e feet long1 & ! :ole tusk 0 ?\ght to h be5 ab\t #i feet long4 ,! figure accompany+ ! description seems to indicate a ma/odon tusk r ?an t ( an elephant1 b "o c n be c]ta9 ab\t ! matt]4 ,a mu* decay$ c]vical v]tebra also 0 f\nd4 ,james ,hall1 9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfd71 report$ t 9 ! t[n ( ,p]9ton !re _h be5 f\nd 9 ! bank ( a small /ream1 9 gravel & s&1 a tusk & sev]al tee?4 ,?is place appe>s to be1 or to h be51 v ne> ,pitts=d4 ,at ,p]9ton1 too1 0 f\nd a too? ( ! elephant ,elephas primig5ius1 z m5tion$ on ano!r page4 ,x 0 ne> "h probably t !re 7 f\nd p>ts ( two skeletons ( ! pecc>y ,platygonus compressus1 z not$ 9 its prop] place4 ,inasmu* z all ^! animals1 z well z ^? f\nd ne>] ,ro*e/]1 7 buri$ 9 deposits ov]ly+ ,wiscons9 drift1 !y mu/ h liv$ aft] ! )drawal ( ! ice beyond ,ro*e/]1 & at a "t :5 ! region _h tak5 ! pres5t aspect or ne>ly s4 #dc4 ,ro*e/]1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdb 7,nat4 ,hi/4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mamm41 p4 #ajc71 ,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay /at$ t 9 #ahag rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ,ro*e/]1 #d feet bel[ ! surface1 9 a holl[ or wat]-c\rse4 ,he did n give 8 au?ority = ?is /atem5t4 ,james ,hall1 9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfd71 report$ t 9 #ahch1 dur+ ! excavation ( ! ,g5esee ,valley ,canal1 at its junction ) ,sophia /reet1 v>i\s bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$4 ,!y are said to h be5 int]m+l$ ) gravel & cov]$ by clay & loam1 above :i* 0 a deposit ( %ell m>l4 ,! bones 7 plac$ 9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,albany4 ,c4 ,d4 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #ahcg1 p4 #bja7 says t ^! bones 7 ly+ on & 9 a h>d body ( blue clay & ab\t #b feet above ! lime/one1 :i* itself 0 poli%$4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #ica7 report$1 on ! au?ority ( ,h4 ,l4 ,w>d1 t a few rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,m\nt ,hope cemet]y4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/] is a proboscidean rib #hcg mm4 long1 :i* is label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd ,janu>y #bg1 #aiac1 at ! corn] ( ,*>lotte b\lev>d & ,mill] /reet4 ,x lay 9 gravel #ab feet bel[ ! surface4 ,x seems to ! writ] to belong to ,mammut am]icanum4 #dd4 ,scottsburg1 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icb7 report$ t #bj bones & v>i\s fragm5ts ( bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 collect$ "h by ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley & ,h4 ,a4 ,gre51 & pres5t$ to ! ,yale collection by ,r4 ,s4 ,fell[s4 ,no additional in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,^! rema9s include a h9d]mo/ l[] mol> 7,cat4 ,no4 #aagad7 t _h n yet come into use4 ,! animal may be suppos$ to h liv$ dur+ or aft] ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #de4 ,f[l]ville1 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icb7 /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,peck1 t #c or #d tee?1 tusks1 & o!r bones1 badly brok51 _h be5 f\nd1 9 #ahhf1 9 an excavation on ! bank ( ,g5esee ,riv]1 #hj feet above ! wat]4 ,no fur!r in=mation has be5 record$4 ,f ,dr4 ,i4 ,edw>d ,l9e1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 ! writ] has receiv$ a photograph ( an upp] "r p5ultimate mol>1 little worn1 :i* he reports z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 #ahhg1 ne> ,g5esee ,riv]1 on ! road f ,avon to ,f[l]ville4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 a m>%y "p ( ! f>m ( ,rob]t ,boyd & 0 exhum$ by ! late ,dr4 ,william ,ni%et1 ( ,avon4 ,o!r tee?1 a tusk1 & fragm5ts ( bone 7 f\nd1 "s ( :i*1 ,dr4 ,l9e /ates1 7 tak5 to ,h>v>d ,univ]sity by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam4 ,q c]ta9ly ?is 0 ! same ma/odon z t report$ by ,mr4 ,peck4 ,! animal c\ld n h liv$ "h until aft] a /age repres5t$ by ,fair*ild's plate #cg 7,bull4 #abg1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus474 #df4 ,g5eseo1 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbg 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #chj71 ,j]emiah ,van ,r5ssela] report$ t1 9 #ahbf1 ! skull1 tusks1 l[] jaws ) tee?1 pelvis1 & _m o!r bones _h be5 f\nd at ,g5eseo4 ,lat] 7#ahda7 ,lyell & ,james ,hall made excavations at ! same place1 b discov]$ only "s fragm5ts ( ! skull & ( o!r bones4 ,^! 7 at a dep? ( ab\t #e feet & 7 mix$ ) m>l & yet exi/+ fre%-wat] %ells4 ,ov] all 0 a lay] ( muck 7,lyell1 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ee74 ,hall 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfc1 fig4 #agc7 publi%$ a figure ( "o ( ! tee?1 a h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,! rem>k z to ! geological age ( ! ,f[l]ville specim5 applies to ?is "o4 #dg4 ,nunda1 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 p4 #icb7 /at$1 on ! au?ority ( ,*>les ,e4 ,bee*]1 t #aj bones & fragm5ts ( a ma/odon _h be5 secur$ "h1 & pres5t$ to ,yale ,univ]sity collection4 ,no exact locality & no geological in=mation 7 furni%$4 ,! geological age is q c]ta9ly late ,wiscons9 or /ill lat]4 #dh4 ,belvid]e1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #aijd1 page #fj1 an anonym\s note /ates t "s ma/odon rema9s1 #c ribs & #d v]tebr1 _h be5 une>!d at ?is place by ,james ,johnson1 ( ,brad=d1 & ,alban ,/ew>t1 ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution4 ,no?+ 0 said z to ! exact locality & geological conditions4 ,! "t ( ! animal's life c\ld h>dly h be5 e>li] ?an ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #di4 ,pike1 ,wyom+ ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgf 7,guide to ,g5esee ,valley ,mus41 ,let*wor? ,p>k1 ,ca/ile1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg1 pp4 #e-f71 a "p ( a skull1 ! tusks1 a few v]tebr1 & "s foot-bones 7 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,*>les ,d5nis1 on ! outskirts ( ! village ( ,pike4 ,!y 7 met ) 9 mak+ a dit* & h5ce 7 probably 9 a m>%4 ,_! geological age is t ( ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age or lat]4 #ej4 ,attica1 ,wyom+ ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhg 7#f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/1 = #ahhf1 p4 #cd71 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke describ$ briefly ! f9d+ ( suppos$ ma/odon bones at ?is place4 ,a tusk _h be5 enc\nt]$ :ile a tr5* = a wat]-ma9 0 be+ dug on ,g5esee /reet4 ,9 #ahhh 7#da/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,mus41 = #ahhg1 pp4 #chh-cij1 plate71 ,cl>ke report$ ! results ( fur!r digg+4 ,! tusk 0 exhum$1 z well z two ribs & a fragm5t ( ! zygomatic ar*4 ,no?+ 0 f\nd t di/+ui%$ ! rema9s f ^? ( an elephant4 ,! fragm5ts 7 9 a bog-hole & scatt]$ ov] a space ab\t #bj by #be feet4 ,"u ! made gr\nd 0 fir/ a lay] ( loam #e in*es ?ick1 !n came 9 succession #a foot #b in*es ( clayey muck & #a foot #e in*es ( unlam9at$ clay & an undet]m9$ ?ickness ( lam9at$ clay4 ,! bones lay 9 ! unlam9at$ clay1 at a dep? ( #b feet #f in*es f ! natural surface4 ,) ! bones 0 :at 0 ?\ght to be an ankle-bone ( an elk4 ,at a di/ance ( #ge feet 0 ano!r bog-hole1 #ge feet 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 fill$ ) muck ly+ on compact lam9at$ clay4 ,! muck _h a maximum ?ickness ( #d feet4 ,at ! deepe/ place 0 f\nd a piece ( pott]y &1 b5ea? & ar\nd x1 ab\t #cj fragm5ts ( ?or\ghly burn$ *>coal4 ,! proboscidean rema9s "h describ$ mu/ h be5 buri$ aft] 7h[ long aft] "o c n say7 ! ,wiscons9 glaci] _h retir$ ab\t two-?irds ! way f its s\?w>d limit to ! %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 #ea4 ,l]oy1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4--,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay1 9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #ajd71 /at$ t 9 #ahda a ma/odon too? weigh+ #b p\nds _h be5 f\nd 9 a b$ ( m>l #c miles s\? ( ,l]oy4 ,no o!r in=mation appe>s to h be5 record$4 ,! ma/odons f\nd "h & at ,/af=d & ,batavia c\ld h liv$ only aft] ! ice-%eet _h retir$ beyond ^! places4 ,ab\t ?is "t ! wat]s ( ! ,f+] ,lake region f\nd an outlet we/w>d to ! ,mississippi by way ( lakes ,w>r5 & ,*icago4 #eb4 ,/af=d1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4--,james ,hall1 9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfd71 report$ t "s ye>s previ\sly a small mol> too? _h be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,x 0 b5ea? muck & ^u a deposit ( clay & s&4 ,!re 0 f\nd also a quantity ( hair-l conf]v1 ( a dun-br[n color1 :i* resembl$ hair s closely t a close exam9ation 0 necess>y to det]m9e its real nature4 #ec4 ,batavia1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4--,9 #aijd 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 p4 #icb71 ,cl>ke report$ = ,h4 ,l4 ,w>d1 t 9 #ahig two tusks1 a "p ( a skull ) tee?1 sev]al v]tebr1 & ribs _h be5 f\nd "h4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t ?is case4 #ed4 ,holley1 ,orleans ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdc1 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfd7 report$ t dur+ ! excavation ( ! ,erie ,canal1 a l>ge mol> too? 0 f\nd 9 a swamp ne> ,holley4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,cl>ke1 0 ab\t #ahbj4 ,at ! e>lie/ "t assignable1 ?is ma/odon liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glaci] _h )drawn ne>ly into ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,x may h _h its exi/5ce ne>ly up to ! ,rec5t epo*4 #ee4 ,m$9a1 ,orleans ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,buffalo ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory is a "p ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 a swamp ne> ,m$9a4 ,x conta9s ! second & ?ird true mol>s4 ,! rem>k ab\t ! geological age ( ! ,holley ma/odon is applicable to ?is "o4 #ef4 ,niag>a1 ,niag>a ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #ajd71 ,de ,kay /at$ t a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ a mill-race on ,goat ,isl&1 #ab or #ac feet bel[ ! surface4 ,lyell1 9 #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 allud$ to ! occurr5ce ( rema9s ( ma/odon 9 a fre%-wat] =mation on ! "r bank ( ! ,niag>a ,riv] at ! ,falls4 ,! =mation appe>s to h consi/$ ( gravel4 ,^! are possibly ! same rema9s z ^? m5tion$ by ,de ,kay4 ,hall 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfd7 /at$ t ! deposit 0 a f9e gravel & loam conta9+ fre%-wat] %ells1 & evid5tly ( fluviatile orig94 ,^! deposits 7 not$ by ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 pp4 #iac-iad74 ,on ! ,canadian side ( ! gorge bel[ ! ,falls1 #af species ( fre%-wat] mollusks 7 f\nd 9 ! s&1 evid5tly :]e !y _h liv$4 ,at ! museum ( ,davis ,bro!rs1 at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,u4 ,davis told ! writ] t he own$ #b ma/odon tee? :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ = ! f\ndations ( ! ,t[] ,hotel1 :i* faces ! ,falls p>k4 ,ma/odons c\ld h liv$ :]e ,niag>a ,falls is n[ locat$ only aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet _h retir$ f> en\gh to p]mit ! wat]s ( ,lake ,iroquois to fall some:at bel[ ^? ( ,lake ,erie1 ! %r9kage ( ! latt] to its pres5t bas91 & ! =mation ( dry l& or l& n too swampy ar\nd ! pres5t ,niag>a ,falls4 #eg4 ,h9sdale1 ,catt>augus ,c\nty4--,hall 7op4 cit41 p4 #cfd7 /at$ t at ?is place a tusk1 ) "s horns ( de]1 _h be5 f\nd 9 gravel & s&1 #af feet bel[ ! surface4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icc7 m5tions ?is case & sugge/s t ! antl]s 7 possibly ^? ( ! elk4 ,! tusk may q z well h be5 t ( an elephant4 ,lyell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahdc1 p4 #abg7 ref]r$ to ?is discov]y z %[+ ma/odon bones at ! highe/ elevation kn[n at t "t1 #a1ejj feet above ! sea4 #eh4 ,conewango1 ,catt>augus ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7#fj? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fj71 ,cl>ke report$ t "p ( a ma/odon skeleton1 consi/+ ( f #dj to #ej bones1 mo/ly v]tebr & foot-bones1 _h be5 une>!d 9 #aijf f ! bank ( ! ,/ate dit* along ,conewango ,creek1 close to ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,catt>augus & ,*autauqua ,c\nties4 ,! rema9s lay on a %elf ( h>d clay4 ,!y 7 discov]$ & report$ by ,c4 ,n4 ,ho>d & ,w4 ,h4 ,ho>d4 ,! locality 0 probably n f> f ! t[n indicat$4 ,?is animal is to be ref]r$ to ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age2 t is1 to ! ,waba% /age4 #ei4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,9 #ahji 7,phila4 ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,j\r41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeg71 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton report$ t a too? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd on ,buffalo ,creek1 ne> its m\?4 ,( ?is ma/odon "o c only say t x liv$ late 9 ,wiscons9 times1 n e>li] probably ?an :5 ,lake ,iroquois became ! imm$iate pr$ecessor ( ,lake ,ont>io4 #fj4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgb 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #agh71 ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,*5ey ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( p>ts ( #b skeletons ( ! ma/odon1 9 a swamp ab\t a mile nor? ( ,jame/[n4 ,"o 0 a small animal1 probably a "y "o1 ! l>g] "o an adult4 ,( ! latt]1 #f tee? 9 ! l[] jaw1 ! tusks1 & v>i\s o!r bones 7 secur$4 ,! rema9s 7 ly+ 9 a soil compos$ ( peat & m>l1 at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,a great mass1 #h or #i bu%els1 ( brok5 twigs 0 f\nd & tak5 to be ! cont5ts ( ! animal's /oma*4 ,?is ma/odon belong$ to ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 #fa4 ,we/field1 ,*autauqua ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,cl>ke1 9 #aijc 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icc71 report$ ! discov]y ( a "p ( a skeleton at ,we/field4 ,x 0 on ! prop]ty ( ,mrs4 ,alice ,peacock1 alongside ! ,nickel ,plate ,railroad4 ,a tusk1 #f feet #b in*es long & highly curv$1 #ag ribs1 #h pelvic & lumb> v]tebr1 a patella1 & p>ts ( ! scapula & pelvis 7 secur$4 ,! bones lay on a pavem5t ( heavy b\ld]s & "u sev]al feet ( black clayey muck4 ,?is animal c\ld h liv$ "h only aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet _h )drawn )91 or ne>ly )91 ! bas9 ( ,lake ,erie4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,maps #e1 #f-;,a47 #a4 ,mann+ton ,t[n%ip1 ,salem ,c\nty4--,9 ,rutg]s ,college1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 is a m\nt$ ma/odon said to h be5 f\nd on ! ,hackett f>m1 ,*e/nut ,hill1 9 ,mann+ton4 ,?is t[n%ip is nor?we/ ( ! t[n ( ,salem4 ,x is /at$ t ab\t #ge p] c5t ( ! bones are pres5t 9 ! m\nt$ skeleton2 ! miss+ p>ts are re/or$ 9 pla/] or "s o!r mat]ial4 ,rhoads 7,mamm1 ,p5n4 ,n4 ,j41 #aijc1 p4 #bce7 0 in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,valiant t ?is skeleton 0 excavat$ f a b$ ( gray m>l1 at a dep? ( f #f to #h feet bel[ ! surface4 ,accord+ to ,lewis & ,kmmel's geological map ( ,new ,j]sey1 #aiab1 ?is region appe>s to be ov]la9 by ! ,cape ,may =mation 7see also ,salisbury & ,knapp1 vol4 ,,viii1 ,f9al ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 p4 #aid74 #b4 ,h>risonville1 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi1 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 p4 #gdj7 /at$ t a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ?is place1 b no details 7 furni%$4 ,h>risonville is on ,oldman's ,creek1 & along ?is are di/ribut$1 accord+ to ! map above cit$1 mat]ials belong+ to ! ,p5sauk5 =mation4 ,bridgeton1 ,p5sauk51 & ,cape ,may deposits are1 h[ev]1 n f> away 7,salisbury & ,knapp1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ca1 #if1 #ig1 #aid1 #aih74 #c4 ,mullica ,hill1 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty4--,9 ,cook's 8,geology ( ,new ,j]sey10 ,cope report$ also t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd at ,mullica ,hill1 on ,raccoon ,creek1 b "h aga9 no details 7 giv54 ,foll[+ ! map cit$1 & ,salisbury & ,knapp1 page #aid1 we f9d ,cape ,may deposits at ! t[n1 b ,p5sauk5 is n f> away1 & x is n kn[n exactly :]e ! ma/odon rema9s 7 met )4 #d4 ,woodbury1 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,samuel ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,p5n4 ,n4 ,j41 #aijc1 p4 #bce7 record$ ! discov]y ( a ma/odon ne> ,woodbury4 ,x 0 f\nd on ,mantua ,creek & 0 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,curry1 ( ,woodbury4 ,mantua ,creek fl[s s\? ( ,woodbury1 ab\t #b4e miles di/ant4 ,on ! map cit$ ! region is indicat$ z be+ cov]$ mo/ly by ,p5sauk5 mat]ials1 b !re is "s ,cape ,may 7,salisbury & ,knapp1 pp4 #ajj1 #aia74 ,! ,cape ,may is on a l[] level along ! /reams4 ,f ,dr4 ,curry ! writ] le>ns t ! rema9s ( ?is ma/odon pass$ into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,twells1 ( ,woodbury1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,nei!r ( ^! g5tlem5 is able to furni% any fur!r in=mation4 #e4 ,pemb]ton1 ,burl+ton ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfi1 p4 #gdj7 /at$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd at ,pemb]ton4 ,previ\sly1 ,conrad 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila4 vol4 ,i1 #ahcb1 p4 #aa7 _h report$ t bones & tee? ( ?is species _h be5 f\nd "h4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy at ,philadelphia are a "p ( a skull & "s bones & tee? :i* 7 collect$ at ,pemb]ton 9 #ahhg by ,j4 ,c4 ,salt> & ,e4 ,mc,connell4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,p5n4 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bcd7 m5tion$ ?is skeleton & said t x 0 expos$ 9 ! b$ ( a small /ream4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,coleman ,salt>1 n[ ( ,mil=d1 ,delaw>e1 has k9dly repli$ to ! pres5t writ]'s inquiries4 ,he says t ! skeleton 0 f\nd ab\t #a4e miles nor?we/ ( ,pemb]ton1 9 ! bank ( a small /ream ly+ p>tly 9 ! wat]1 p>tly emb$d$ 9 ! bank4 ,! flood-pla9 is p]haps ab\t #aj feet bel[ ! till$ l& along ! /ream4 ,on ! flood-pla9 is rec5t silt4 ,bel[ ?is appe>s to be a ,plei/oc5e deposit :i* conta9s vegetable dbris1 includ+ p9e cones4 ,! skeleton 0 9 ?is lay]1 ab\t #c feet bel[ ! surface4 ,pr(essor ,valiant in=m$ ,mr4 ,rhoads t ano!r skull 0 f\nd1 a good _m ye>s ago1 9 a swamp ne> ,pemb]ton1 & = a long "t 0 us$ z a door-/ep be=e its real nature 0 discov]$4 ,mr4 ,salt>1 9 ! lett] ref]r$ to above1 /at$ t 8 und]/&+ has be5 t ?is skull 0 f\nd along ! same /ream & 0 us$ z a /epp+-/one 9 cross+1 until "s progressive p]son s\ght to *ange its position4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy1 at ,philadelphia1 are #b good tee? & p>ts ( #b o!rs :i* are said to h be5 f\nd at ,pemb]ton4 ,!y are cr$it$ to ,g4 ,c4 ,=sy?4 ,at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity is a ne>ly complete l[] jaw1 ,no4 #hagc1 ( a ma/odon :i* 0 collect$ at ,pemb]ton4 ,pemb]ton is on ,rancocas ,riv]4 ,9 ,salisbury & ,knapp's "w ( #aiag1 on page #ahd1 x is /at$ t s&s :i* seem to belong to ! ,cape ,may are f\nd along ! ,nor? bran* ( ! ,rancocas ne> ,pemb]ton4 #f4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads1 9 #aijc 7,mamm4 ,p5n4 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bce7 /at$ t !re is 9 ,rutg]s ,college ,museum a specim5 ( tusk ( ma/odon :i* 0 report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 #ahgh associat$ ) /one implem5ts 9 ! ,tr5ton gravels1 #ab feet bel[ ! surface4 ,cook 7,rep4 ,/at4 ,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 = #ahgh1 p4 #ae7 /at$ t ! tusk 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #ad feet1 ) ! gravel & /ones p>tly /ratifi$ ov] x4 ,!re may be a "q :e!r ! tusk belong$ to a ma/odon or to an elephant4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,lockwood 7,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,xxli1 p4 #cdd7 wrote t he _h se5 a tusk1 d\btless ! "o m5tion$ above1 tak5 f ! ,tr5ton gravels4 ,:e!r or n ?is tusk 0 f\nd imm$iately at ,tr5ton 0 n /at$1 b ,cook report$ t x 0 f\nd at ,tr5ton4 #g4 ,freehold1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,sev]al ma/odons h be5 report$ f ?is place4 ,pr(essor ,samuel ,lockwood1 9 #ahhb 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #bia2 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cda2 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 #ahhc1 p4 #cfe7 report$ t he _h exhum$ a skeleton ( a ma/odon 9 a peat-swamp #b miles we/ ( ! t[n4 ,x re/$ on h>dpan1 b5ea? ! peat4 ,ov] ! neck 7 /icks :i* _h be5 cut by beav]s4 ,lockwood's complete acc\nt 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 z quot$4 ,! skeleton 0 9 v bad condition4 ,! l[] jaw is n m5tion$4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,j]sey map cit$1 ! region ab\t ,freehold is occupi$ by ! ,p5sauk5 =mation2 accord+ to ,salisbury & ,knapp ! id5tity ( ?is is n :olly c]ta94 ,x is impossible to say :5 ! skeleton _h fall5 !re4 ,"s "o1 probably ,g4 ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda71 /at$ t bones ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ne> ,freehold by ,o4 ,r4 ,willis4 ,pr(essor ,valiant has told ! writ] ( a milk-too? ( a ma/odon f\nd at 8,h>t%orne's mills0 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gha74 #h4 ,engli%t[n1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,p5n41 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bce7 /at$ t ,pr(essor ,valiant _h in=m$ him t rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 m>l at ,engli%t[n4 ,! relations ( ! rema9s to ! m>l "o c n n[ le>n4 ,accord+ to ! ,new ,j]sey geologi/s1 ! region ab\t ! place is occupi$ by ,p5sauk52 b "o c n be c]ta9 ab\t ! geological age ( ! ma/odon4 #i4 ,m>lboro1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,george ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 report$ t a portion ( a jaw ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 a mill-race at ,m>lboro2 b :5 ?is happ5$ we are n told4 ,rhoads1 z cit$1 probably ref]s to ! same specim51 :]e he m5tions a ramus ( a "y ma/odon conta9+ ! milk d5tition4 ,?is is 9 ,rutg]s ,college4 ,! gravels on ! hills ab\t ,m>lboro are ref]r$ by ! ,new ,j]sey geologi/s to ! ,p5sauk54 ,x is n unlikely1 h[ev]1 t ,cape ,may deposits are to be met ) at l[] levels4 #aj4 ,long ,bran*1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,a numb] ( ma/odons h be5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,long ,bran*4 ,9 #ahbd 7,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adc-adg71 ,de ,kay1 ,van ,r5ssela]1 & ,coop] gave a detail$ acc\nt ( ! exhumation ( a ma/odon skeleton on a f>m call$ 8,popl>10 #c miles s\?we/ ( ,long ,bran*1 & #b miles f ! sea-bea*4 ,! skeleton 0 f\nd ne> ! bord] ( a m>% & s close to ! surface t x 0 discov]$ by a mol> /ick+ out ( ! turf4 ,! v]tebral column lay only ab\t #h or #aj in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,^! bones1 includ+ ! skull1 :i* lay ne> ! surface1 7 m or less decay$4 ,! tusks 7 n f\nd at all4 ,! bones 7 all buri$ 9 a /ratum ( black e>? ab\t #h feet ?ick4 ,bel[ ?is 0 a b$ ( s&1 ) roll$ pebbles1 ( unequal ?ickness1 b g5]ally ?ick] ?an ! b$ ( muck4 ,"u ?is aga9 0 f\nd a b$ ( m>l ( undet]m9$ age4 ,! impression receiv$ by ! inve/igators 0 t ! animal _h sunk5 into ! m>% & di$ 9 a /&+ position4 ,9 su* a case1 ! bog _h be5 =m$ be=e ! animal 0 mir$ 9 x4 ,!re is an acc\nt by ,van ,r5ssela] 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume ,,xi1 #ahbf1 page #bdf1 ( ! f9d+ ( ?is skeleton4 ,godman 7,am]4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii7 gave an acc\nt ( ! same discov]y4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 ?\ght t ! bones _h become expos$ to view ?r\gh subsid5ce ( ! peaty lay]1 due to its hav+ be5 dra9$4 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #cfe7 /ates t he _h assi/$ 9 exhum+ a ma/odon at ,long ,bran* :i* 0 9 a natural v]tical position1 8 body support$ by ! turf soil or black e>? & 8 feet re/+ ^u a gravelly bottom4 ,lockwood 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 #ahhb1 p4 #bid2 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cdd7 report$ t he _h kn[n ( #b tee? ( ! ma/odon :i* at di/ant times _h be5 tak5 up at sea (f ,long ,bran*4 ,:ile x is v natural to ref] to ! late/ ,plei/oc5e ^! ma/odons :i* lie s ne> ! surface1 x mu/ n be conclud$ ) too mu* assurance t !y d belong to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,! discov]y ( horse-tee? 9 ! ,naves9k ,hills & ( ,mega!rium at ,long ,bran* %[s t ! old] ,plei/oc5e deposits are pres5t 9 ?is region4 #aa4 ,naves9k ,hills1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfa71 ,leidy report$ t rema9s ( ! ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is region1 associat$ ) a v]tebra & "s tee? ( a fossil horse4 ,?is 0 bas$ on ,mit*ill's /atem5t 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,rema9s1 p4 #g7 t he _h a "p ( a tibia ( a ma/odon4 #ab4 ,manasquan ,inlet1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhb 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #bid71 ,lockwood /at$ t he _h kn[n ( a tusk & "s o!r bones ( a ma/odon :i* _h be5 uncov]$ by sea-waves 9 a /orm ab\t #ae miles s\? ( ,long ,bran*4 ,9 ano!r place 7,pop4 ,sci4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cdd7 he spoke ( a tusk :i* _h be5 ?us une>!d 9 ,monm\? ,c\nty4 ,! place 0 evid5tly nor? ( ,manasquan ,inlet4 ,salisbury & ,knapp 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,,viii7 describe ! region along ! coa/ f ,manasquan ,riv] to ,long ,bran* z pres5t+ ,cape ,may deposits at elevations bel[ #dj or #de feet1 :ile mod]n bea* deposits occupy "s areas bel[ ?is level4 ,x seems1 h[ev] t "s ( ^! suppos$ ,rec5t mat]ials conta9 ext9ct v]tebrates & are old] ?an !y appe> to be4 #ac4 ,v]ona1 ,essex ,c\nty4--,george ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 /at$ t a v p]fect too? ( a ma/odon _h be5 pick$ up ne> ,v]ona4 ,?is t[n is on ,peckman ,brook1 & 9 ! valley ( ?is /ream !re is "s /ratifi$ drift :i* is ref]r$ to ! ,wiscons94 ,too little is kn[n ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! too? to enable "o to det]m9e ) confid5ce its geological age4 #ad4 ,rockport1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty 7,s*ooley's ,m\nta974--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahh71 ,?omas ,p4 ,/ew>t report$ ! discov]y ( :at he call$ a mammo? on ,s*ooley's ,m\nta94 ,x 0 met ) 9 #ahbg1 9 excavat+ ! ,morris ,canal4 ,! locality mu/ !re=e be we/ ( ,musconetcong ,riv] & probably n f> f ,rockport4 ,! bones lay at a dep? ( ab\t #c feet4 ,! animal 0 evid5tly a ma/odon4 ,a too?1 a l[] la/ mol>1 measur$ #c4e in*es 9 wid? & #g in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! enamel 0 well pres]v$4 ,o!r bones 7 f\nd4 #ae4 ,hackett/[n1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! f\r? volume ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 #ahdd1 on pages #aah to #aba1 !re is an acc\nt1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,maxwell1 ( ! discov]y ( ! rema9s ( #e ma/odons ne> ,hackett/[n1 ab\t halfway on ! road to ,vi5na4 ,9 ?is vic9ity is a ridge ( gneiss :i* runs 9 a nor!a/-&-s\?we/ direction4 ,on ?is ridge is a pond-l depression ab\t #dj y>ds 9 l5g? by #be y>ds 9 wid?1 :i* at "o "t 0 a m>%4 ,aft] x 0 dra9$ ! own] began digg+ 9 x & discov]$ ! ma/odon skeletons4 ,!y are describ$ z consi/+ ( "o animal pretty l>ge1 ?ree ( small] size1 & "o a calf4 ,f ^! 7 obta9$ a skeleton :i* became ! prop]ty ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity & has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! ,cambridge skeleton4 ,x is describ$ by ,w>r5 9 bo? editions ( 8 8,monograph on ! ,ma/odon40 ,jackson 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fj7 describ$ ^! skeletons4 ,a l[] jaw ( a "y individual _h two alveoli = l[] tusks1 #j4ge in* 9 diamet]4 ,asa ,gray 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdh1 p4 #ib7 exam9$ wood :i* _h be5 tak5 9 ! place occupi$ by ! /oma* ( ! skeleton ref]r$ to4 ,he f\nd no diff]5ces betwe5 x & t ( ! common hemlock spruce4 ,:ile ,gray speaks ( ?is ma/odon z be+ f\nd on ,s*ooley's ,m\nta91 he evid5tly meant ! ones f\nd at ,hackett/[n4 ,accord+ to ,maxwell's acc\nt !re 0 at ! surface #f in*es ( vegetable deposit2 bel[ ?is 0 f\nd ab\t #f in*es ( :iti% s&2 :ile bel[ ?is came a b$ ( pure muck f #d to #f feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ?is 7 buri$ ! ma/odon bones4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s41 ed4 #c1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc7 m5tions ! skeletons f\nd at ,hackett/[n4 ,betwe5 ! ribs _h be5 f\nd ab\t #g bu%els ( vegetable matt] suppos$ to h be5 conta9$ 9 ! /oma*4 ,he took "s ( x to ,london & _h x exam9$ microscopically4 ,x appe>$ to belong to ! :ite c$>1 ,?uja occid5talis4 ,by consult+ ,lewis & ,kmmel's geological map ( ,new ,j]sey1 x w be se5 t ! locality :]e ^! ma/odons 7 f\nd is on ! ,wiscons9 mora9e4 ,plates ,,xlv & ,,xlv a ( ,salisbury's report 7vol4 ,v1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey7 pres5t ! topographical & geological details ( ?is region4 ,a 8ma/odon pond0 is !re mapp$ :i* is d\btless ! "o ref]r$ to above4 ,we may be q c]ta91 !re=e1 t ^! ma/odons liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,a note1 app>5tly by ,george ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda71 /at$ t "s ye>s previ\sly a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd #j4e mile ea/ ( ,vi5na1 #d miles we/ ( ,hackett/[n4 #af4 ,hope1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4--,a note1 probably by ,george ,h4 ,cook1 9 8 8,geology ( ,new ,j]sey10 #ahfh1 page #gda1 /at$ t a "p ( a ma/odon skeleton _h be5 f\nd ab\t #b miles f ,hope1 on ! road lead+ to ,johnsonsburg & on ! f>m ( ,*>les ,h[ell4 ,?is w\ld be nor!a/ f ,hope4 ,on ! ,new ,j]sey map ref]r$ to !re is "s ,wiscons9 drift indicat$ ne> ?is place4 ,! rema9s are probably ( late ,wiscons9 age4 #ag4 ,gre5dell1 ,sussex ,c\nty4--,9 ,w>r5's 8,monograph on ! ,ma/odon0 7fir/ edition1 page #agd2 second edition1 page #bjj7 is an extract tak5 f ! ,sussex ,regi/]1 ( ,septemb] #bg1 #ahea1 giv+ an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( bones1 jaws1 & tee? ( a ma/odon on ! f>m ( ,timo?y ,h4 ,cook1 ne> ,gre5ville4 ,?is t[n 0 lat] call$ ,cutt(f & ?is "n has rec5tly be5 *ang$ to ,gre5dell4 ,9 ,cook's 8,geology ( ,new ,j]sey10 #ahfh1 page #gda1 ! f>m 0 said to belong to ,jacob ,voss4 ,9 a bog :i* _h be5 dra9$ a fire 0 made on a /ump ( a tree4 ,! fire burn$ ! roots1 & ! bones ( ! animal became expos$4 ,! bones ( ! head especially 7 app>5tly v ne> ! surface4 ,! t[n is on ! ,lackawanna ,railroad1 ab\t #c miles nor!a/ ( ,johnsonsburg1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,tunkhannock1 ,wyom+ ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhc 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,g#g1 p4 #bj71 ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite report$ t ! tusks & ! tee? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,tunkhannock4 ,at ! m\? ( ,tunkhannock ,creek a l>ge gravel deposit rises to a height ( #abe feet above ,susquehanna ,riv] & !n spreads out into a wide pla94 ,9 ! valley ( ! creek m5tion$ x takes ! =m ( a %>p1 l[ kame-l ridge ( gravel & b\ld]s4 ,9 su* deposits ! ma/odon rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,accord+ to ,:ite1 ^! gravels & b\ld]s 7 laid d[n 9 ! wat]s :i* came f ! retreat+ glaci] & :i* deeply flood$ all ! /reams4 ,9 case ?is explanation is ! correct "o1 ?is ma/odon liv$ !re aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! retreat ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 ^? gravels1 at a height ( #abe feet1 belong to an old] glacial /age4 ,:ite1 on page #abc ( 8 report quot$ above1 ref]r$ to a tusk :i* _h be5 dug up 9 "o ( ! /reets ( ,tunkhannock4 ,?is 0 probably ! "o m5tion$ 9 connection ) ! tee?4 #b4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 9 #ahgc 7,ext4 ,v]t4 ,fauna ,we/4 ,t]rs41 p4 #bch1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #i71 report$ t !re 0 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia #c fir/ premol>s ( app>5tly z _m individuals ( ,mammut am]icanum1 :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,pitt/on1 associat$ ) ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus7 & ,symbos sp4 indet4 78,bison latifrons0 ( ,leidy74 ,"o ( ^! he figur$4 ,! pres5t writ] has exam9$ ^! tee?4 ,two are upp] antep5ultimate milk mol>s 7pm#b71 "r & left2 ano!r is an upp] p5ultimate milk mol>1 ^: l5g? is #de mm4 & ^: wid? is ne>ly z mu*4 ,!y probably did n all belong to "o individual4 ,! geological age ( ^! ma/odons w be discuss$ on page #cjh4 #c4 ,b]wick1 ,columbia ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has a ca/ ( a ma/odon too? s5t !re 9 #aijd by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,u4 ,le%]4 ,! too? 0 an upp] "r la/ mol> & only slightly worn4 ,!re 7 #d cre/s & a v /rongly develop$ talon4 ,no details 7 furni%$ reg>d+ ! conditions "u :i* x 0 discov]$4 #d4 ,read+1 ,b]ks ,c\nty4--,! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia conta9s a l[] left h9d]mo/ too? ( a ma/odon & "s fragm5ts ( "o or two o!r tee?1 said to h be5 f\nd on ,s*uylkill ,riv] at ,read+4 ,^! rema9s appe> n to h be5 accompani$ by any details reg>d+ ! mann] ( _! burial4 #e4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,_m rema9s ( ! ma/odon h be5 f\nd 9 ! fam\s cave1 or fissure1 discov]$ at ?is place4 ,! fir/ acc\nts ( ^! fossils 7 publi%$ 9 #ahga 7,cope1 ,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ae1 #ie2 ,:eatley1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bce-bcg1 #chd-che74 ,cope 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #aic-bfg7 pres5t$ ! results ( a ?or\gh exploitation ( ! cave4 ,= ! nature ( ! rema9s ( ma/odon f\nd !re ! pap]s m5tion$ may be consult$4 ,a li/ ( ! associat$ fossils & a discussion ( ! geological features ( ! case w be f\nd 9 its prop] place on page #cab4 #f4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,york ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy at ,philadelphia !re is a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( a ma/odon :i* is label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! t[n%ip m5tion$1 b no details reg>d+ ! exact locality & k9d ( deposit 7 furni%$4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip is situat$ 9 ! we/ & nor?we/]n "p ( ,york ,c\nty4 #g4 ,ki%acoquillas ,/ation1 ne> ,re$sville1 ,miffl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #aheh ,pr(essor ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s 7,geol4 ,p5nsylvania1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhj7 wrote t #d gr9d]s ( a ma/odon & a "p ( ! skull _h be5 f\nd #c miles s\?we/ ( ,br[n's ,mills on ,ki%acoquillas ,creek4 ,! rema9s re/$ on r\nd$ pebbles & 7 cov]$ ) a few feet ( alluvium4 ,pr(essor ,mo%eim ,sw>tzell1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 in=ms ! pres5t writ] t ,br[n's ,mills is locat$ at ! /ation ,re$sville1 & t ! too? mu/ h be5 f\nd ne> ! /ation4 #h4 ,*amb]sburg1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahjf1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton 7,phila4 ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,j\r41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeg7 record$ t a l>ge gr9d] ( ,elephas am]icanus ( ,cuvi] _h be5 f\nd 9 a field a few miles f ,*amb]sburg4 ,! too? 0 evid5tly t ( a ma/odon4 #i4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl&1 9 #aijh 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol ,,iv1 p4 #bcc71 report$ rema9s ( "y ma/odons f a cave at ! place nam$4 ,!y 7 associat$ ) _m o!r species ( mammals1 a li/ ( :i* w be pres5t$ on pages #cba1 #cbb4 #aj4 ,b$=d1 ,b$=d ,c\nty4--,accord+ to ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss41 #d? ed41 #ahcd1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgd71 ,mit*ill m5tion$ t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at or ne> ?is place4 ,! pres5t writ] has n se5 ,mit*ill's /atem5t4 #aa4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgf1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,/ev5son 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,k1 p4 #bb71 report$ t num]\s fragm5ts ( bones & tee? _h be5 f\nd 9 ! riv] bank at ! junction ( ,monongahela & ,allegh5y ,riv]s4 ,!y 7 said to h be5 pres5t$ to a ,pittsburgh high s*ool4 #ab4 ,hickory1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,/ev5son 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,k1 p4 #bb7 report$ t a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd 9 ,m\nt ,pleasant ,t[n%ip1 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,x 0 said to h be5 discov]$ on ! high divide betwe5 ,raccoon & ,*>ti]s ,creeks4 ,! too? is pres]v$ at ,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son ,college1 at ,wa%+ton1 9 ! c\nty ( ! same "n4 ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,l9ton has in=m$ ! writ] t ! too? 0 f\nd ab\t #a or #a4e miles s\!a/ ( ,hickory4 ,?is indicates t x 0 f\nd along ,we/l& ,run1 probably ab\t halfway d[n to ! village ( ,we/l&4 ,! geological position & possible age w be discuss$ on page #cbc4 #ac4 ,erie1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,erie ,public ,museum ! writ] has se5 a "p ( a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol> ( a ma/odon :i* is label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd long ago on :at 0 call$ ,fronti] f>m1 ab\t #b miles we/ ( ! ,public ,libr>y1 bel[ ,eigh? /reet & t[>d ! lake4 ,! discov]y is cr$it$ to ,w4 ,f4 ,leutz]4 ,! locality w\ld app>5tly be on ,*ase ,creek1 at an elevation ( ab\t #fjj feet above sea-level1 unless x _h possibly be5 buri$ along ! creek 9 "s pre-,wiscons9 =mation4 ,9 lack ( ! in=mation t ought to h be5 pres]v$ x may be impossible to arrive at any c]ta9 conclusion4 ,mr4 ,clyde ,c4 ,hill1 civil eng9e]1 ,nor? ,ea/1 ,erie ,c\nty1 has in=m$ ! writ] t ,*ase ,creek fl[s ?r\gh ! old ,fronti] f>m4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #e1 #g47 ,,9 ,,unglaciat$ ,,region4 #a4 ,pike ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,c9c9nati ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t wrote t ! upp] jaw ( a ma/odon1 ) a consid]able "p ( ! cranium1 _h be5 f\nd some:]e 9 ?is c\nty & _h be5 on exhibition 9 ! ,/ate ,agricultural rooms4 ,x 0 own$ by a ,mr4 ,fau/1 ( ,galion or ,cre/l9e4 ,no?+ m appe>s to be kn[n ab\t ?is specim54 #b4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,c\nty4--,9 #ahcg 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #gi71 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildre?1 9 an unsign$ article1 /at$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd #b miles nor? ( ?is place1 dur+ ! excavation ( a canal4 ,he recogniz$ l>ge portions ( tusks & "s mol> tee?4 ,at ! same place 7 f\nd ! skull :i* became ! type ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 z well z a skull :i* ,hildre? describ$ & nam$ ,ovis mamill>is1 b :i* probably belong$ to a dome/ic %eep4 #dg4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,ohio ,univ]sity ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*ology & ,hi/ory !re are "s rema9s ( a pecc>y :i*1 z report$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 0 f\nd associat$ ) rema9s ( a ma/odon4 ,! locality is said to be 9 ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #bd1 t[n%ip #ah nor?1 range #c we/4 ,?is w\ld be 9 ! s\? edge ( ! t[n ( ,lisbon & probably on ! s\? side ( ! ,middle ,=k ( ,little ,beav] ,riv]4 ,x w\ld be j outside ( ! mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet4 ,,9 ,,ill9oian ,,drift ,,area4 #c4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 ! fir/ edition ( 8 8,ossem5s ,fossiles10 9 #ahab 7vol4 ,,ii1 ,ma/odons1 p4 #ab71 ,cuvi] m5tion$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( a ma/odon on ! "r bank ( ,ohio ,riv]1 betwe5 ! two ,miamis4 ,9 #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 ,lyell report$ t tee? ( ! ma/odon & ( an elephant _h be5 f\nd #d miles nor? ( ,c9c9nati1 9 gravel b$s ( ! high] t]race4 ,9 8 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 volume ,,ii1 page #fj1 ,lyell wrote t sev]al tee? ( ma/odons _h be5 discov]$ on ,mill ,creek1 & on :at he indicat$ z ! upp] t]race4 ,he pres5t$ a li/ ( ! g5]a ( mollusks t _h be5 f\nd at ! same place4 ,he add$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata ( ! upp] t]race1 bo? above & bel[ ,c9c9nati4 ,pr(essor ,f5neman writes t 9 ,mill ,creek valley ! ,ill9oian is di/9ctly t]race-l & compos$ ( int]b$d$ %eets ( outwa% & till1 z ?\gh made dur+ repeat$ advances ( ! ice4 ,! tee? m5tion$ may belong1 !re=e1 to ! ,ill9oian or ,sangamon4 ,! mo/ important discov]y ( ma/odon rema9s is t record$ by ,se? ,hayes 7,j\r4 ,c94 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvii1 #ahie1 p4 #bag7 & by ,e4 ,w4 ,claypole 7,am]4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xv1 #ahie1 p4 #cbe74 ,^! rema9s =m :at is kn[n z ! 8,%aw ma/odon40 ,!y 7 discov]$ 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,c9c9nati1 9 section #bg ( ,columbia ,t[n%ip4 ,! spot is #a4d miles away f ! riv]1 & j s\? ( ! upp] "p ( ,crawfi% ,creek4 ,rema9s ( at lea/ ?ree ma/odons 7 exhum$1 includ+ #c tusks1 a l[] jaw ) tee?1 & _m o!r bones4 ,!re 7 f\nd also a too? & a v]tebra ( a horse4 ,an int]e/+ matt] reg>d+ ! l[] jaw is ! pres5ce ( #b m&ibul> tusks ( consid]able size 7,hayes1 z cit$1 plates ,,xi1 ,,xii74 ,! diamet] ( ea* is giv5 z #a4e in*es4 ,"o project$ beyond ! jaw #i4ge in*es2 ! o!r1 #g4d in*es4 ,!y 7 curv$ r /rongly d[nw>d4 ,! specim5 is to be ref]r$ to ,mammut prog5ium ,hay4 ,! geology ( ! locality w be describ$ on page #cbh4 ,"u ?is numb] may be record$ ! discov]y ( ma/odon tee? 9 a well sunk at ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 ab\t #h miles ea/ ( ! c5tral "p ( ,c9c9nati 7,full] & ,clapp1 ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #bei1 #aiab1 p4 #bg74 ,! tee? 7 f\nd 9 co>se gravel1 :i* lies only #ae feet f ! surface1 & is ov]la9 by old till & loess4 ,! indications are t ! age ( ! ma/odon is e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,,9 ,,area ,,( ,,wiscons9 ,,drift4 #d4 ,am&a1 ,butl] ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,sci5ces ! writ] has se5 #b tee? ( a ma/odon1 probably ( ! same individual1 :i* are label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,dick's ,creek1 ,butl] ,c\nty4 ,?is creek is 9 ,lemon ,t[n%ip1 & fl[+ we/w>d1 empties into ! ,miami ne> ,am&a4 ,! tee? are cr$it$ to ,w4 ,s4 ,vaux4 ,no details reg>d+ ! circum/ances ( discov]y are record$4 ,! locality is s\? ( ! ,g]mant[n mora9e4 #e4 ,g]mant[n1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t report$ t "s ye>s be=e t "t an acc\nt _h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,dayton ,j\rnal ( ! f9d+ ( tee?1 tusks1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon ne> ,g]mant[n4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r any compet5t p]son id5tifi$ ^! rema9s1 nor :at has become ( !m4 ,9 #ahgj 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 pp4 #ed-eg71 ,edw>d ,orton describ$ a geological section :i* 0 expos$ along ,tw9 ,creek1 a mile ea/ ( ,g]mant[n4 ,"h 7 f\nd precipit\s walls ( clay & gravel f #ej to #ajj feet 9 ?ickness & ext5d+ #j4be mile 9 ea* direction f a po9t4 ,b5ea? ?is 0 a b$ ( peat along #dj rods ( ! ea/ bank ( ! creek1 v>y+ f #ab to #bj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,9 ! peat-b$ 7 f\nd mosses1 grasses1 s$ges1 & wood & b]ries ( r$ c$>4 ,orton report$ t 9 #ahgj !re 7 tak5 f ?is b$ two ma/odon tusks ea* #h feet 9 l5g?2 also a too? :i* aft]w>ds 0 %[n to belong to ,ca/oroides4 ,:e!r or n ^! tusks 7 ^? m5tion$ by ,klipp>t is unc]ta94 ,?is section is discuss$ by ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 p4 #cfc1 plate ,,xiv7 & by ,g4 ,f4 ,wright 78,ice age 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 #e? ed41 p4 #eib1 fig4 #aea74 ,! latt] reg>ds ! peat-b$ z hav+ come into exi/5ce dur+ a tempor>y recession ( ! ,wiscons9 ice & z hav+ be5 cov]$ up dur+ ano!r advance ( x4 ,lev]ett ?9ks t !re is good reason to believe t ! peat-b$ indicates a consid]able int]val ( deglaciation1 b t x rema9s to be det]m9$ :e!r ?is prec$$ ! =mation ( ! e>ly ,wiscons9 mora9e or succe$$ x4 ,consid]+ ! great ?ickness ( ! ov]ly+ ,wiscons9 drift & ! almo/ c]ta9ty t ,ill9oian drift und]lies ! ,wiscons91 x seems probable t ?is peat-b$ belongs to an int]glacial deposit1 probably ! ,sangamon4 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbj 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 ,i1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde71 ,caleb ,atwat] wrote t tee? ( ! ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,dayton4 ,no details 7 giv5 & ! case is n illum9at+4 ,! weights giv5 = "s ( ! tee? make x d\btful :e!r or n he di/+ui%$ ma/odon tee? f ^? ( elephants4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ( ,april #aiba1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,pick]+1 ( ,lake ,view1 ,ohio1 s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution = id5tification a well-pres]v$ upp] "r second mol> ( a ma/odon4 ,?is _h be5 f\nd #d miles ea/ ( ,dayton 9 an excavation1 #cj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! too? is #acj mm4 long & #ie mm4 wide4 ,! surfaces ( ! cones are furni%$ ) welt-l ridges :i* desc5d f ! summit to ! bases4 ,?is :ole region is occupi$ by ,wiscons9 drift4 ,x is probable t ! too? 0 f\nd 9 "s riv] deposit1 n 9 ! drift itself4 #g4 ,new ,p>is1 ,preble ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 = #ahhf1 p4 #bgg7 report$ t _m bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$ by a f>m] liv+ #b or #c miles f ,new ,p>is4 ,two gr9d+ tee? & "o tusk ne>ly #aa feet long 7 "p ( ! rema9s4 ,! bones became ! prop]ty ( ,e>lham ,college4 ,no?+ 0 said reg>d+ ! circum/ances ( ! discov]y1 b ! bones 7 probably f\nd 9 "o ( ! m>%es s common 9 t region4 ,new ,p>is itself appe>s to be situat$ on ! ,g]mant[n mora9e4 #h4 ,we/ ,sonora1 ,preble ,c\nty4--,9 #ahic 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore report$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd ne> ,sonora1 ,preble ,c\nty1 9 company ) a fragm5t ( a too? ( ,ca/oroides4 ,he probably meant ,we/ ,sonora1 z !re is1 at pres5t at lea/1 no t[n by ! "n ( ,sonora 9 ! c\nty4 ,he furni%$ no details z to topography or geology4 ,we/ ,sonora is on ! ,englewood glacial mora9e4 #i4 ,new ,madison1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,! museum connect$ ) ! public libr>y 9 ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,c\nty1 conta9s a l>ge l[] jaw ( a ma/odon ) ! second & ?ird mol>s1 "r & left1 f\nd ne> ! headwat]s ( ,mud ,creek1 on ! f>m ( ,elias ,h>t]4 ,! place 0 evid5tly ne> ! village ( ,new ,madison4 ,! t[n%ip is numb] #aj nor?1 range #a ea/1 & is nam$ ,h>rison4 ,9 ! same collection is a "p1 ab\t #d feet long1 ( a tusk f\nd on ! f>m ( ,daniel ,ruh1 ab\t #b miles nor? ( ,new ,madison4 ,x 0 met ) at a dep? ( #c feet 9 digg+ a dit*4 ,= ! geology ( ! region see page #cbf4 ,new ,madison is on ! ,englewood mora9e4 #aj4 ,=t ,jeff]son1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ! public libr>y 9 ,gre5ville is a ne>ly complete m\nt$ skeleton ( a ma/odon f\nd ab\t #aijh1 9 ,neave ,t[n%ip1 #aa nor?1 range #b ea/1 ne> ! village nam$4 ,! spot is on ! ,delapla9e f>m & ne> ! headwat]s ( ,bridge ,creek4 ,! region is v flat & 0 orig9ally swampy4 #aa4 ,six miles we/ ( ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,! writ] has be5 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,calv9 ,"y1 liv+ we/ ( ,gre5ville1 t1 a good _m ye>s ago1 a consid]able "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 exhum$ on ,kraut ,creek1 on ! f>m ( ,absalom ,%ade1 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #cd1 t[n%ip #ab nor?1 range #a ea/4 ,"o tusk 0 brok5 up by ! workm5 9 ord] to discov] :at k9d ( wood x 04 ,a l[] jawbone1 conta9+ l>ge mol>s1 0 #c feet #b in*es long4 ,! rema9s 7 sold to ,john ,collett1 s5t to a museum 9 ,t]re ,haute1 & f9ally de/roy$ 9 a fire4 ,! rema9s 7 orig9ally f\nd at a dep? ( #e feet & scatt]$ ab\t 9 s& & ov]la9 by vegetable mold & peat4 ,9 a lett] ( ,m>* #i1 #aiae1 ,mr4 ,"y wrote t ano!r ma/odon _h be5 f\nd #f miles we/ ( ,gre5ville4 ,! rema9s 7 buri$ at a dep? ( #b4e feet & lay on a b$ ( s& & gravel4 ,tee? & a tusk #aj feet long 7 obs]v$1 b ! skeleton 0 n exhum$4 ,^! fossils 7 f\nd on or ne> ! ,sidney mora9e4 #ab4 ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,! collection at ,gre5ville conta9s an upp] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( a ma/odon said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,gre5ville ,creek1 ab\t #j4ge mile we/ ( ! t[n4 ,ano!r too?1 an upp] left second mol>1 0 f\nd ne>ly nor!a/ ( ! t[n1 b h[ f> is n /at$4 ,ma/odon rema9s 7 said by ,joseph ,moore 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 to h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! giant beav]1 some:]e ne> ,gre5ville4 ,^! rema9s also mu/ h be5 buri$ ne> ! ,sidney mora9e1 probably 9 swamps along its bord]4 #ac4 ,ansonia1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,gre5ville ne>ly complete ossa innom9ata1 "r & left1 & "s v]tebr are pres]v$1 all f\nd on ! f>m ( ,hezekiah ,woods1 9 section #i ( t[n%ip #ac nor?1 range #b ea/1 at ! headwat]s ( ,/illwat] ,creek4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! s\? ( ?is section is occupi$ by a swamp4 ,ar\nd ?is runs ! cont\r-l9e ( #a1jjj feet above sea-level4 #ad4 ,troy1 ,miami ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,%etrone1 ( ! ,ohio ,ar*ological ,museum1 at ,columbus1 report$ 9 #aiad t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 a depression ab\t #c miles f ,troy4 ,a company engag$ 9 dra9+ ! pond & 9 digg+ f\nd ! bones4 ,a l[] jaw conta9+ tee? 0 secur$1 z well z an upp] too?4 ,! tusks _h n be5 f\nd4 ,troy is on ! ,loramie ,riv]1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,englewood & ,sidney mora9es4 ,! rema9s c]ta9ly belong to ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 /age or lat]4 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills writes t ! rema9s 7 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,:eel]1 #c miles s\!a/ ( ,troy4 ,a swampy kettlehole 0 be+ dra9$4 #ae4 ,catawba1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t wrote t a consid]able "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ,cl>k ,c\nty & _h be5 plac$ 9 ,witt5b]g ,college1 at ,spr+field4 ,no details 7 furni%$4 ,f ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,%atz]1 ( ,witt5b]g ,college1 9 reply to an inquiry1 ! pres5t writ] has receiv$ ! in=mation t ?is ma/odon is n[ m\nt$ & 9 ! collection ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus4 ,x 0 f\nd at ! edge ( a small m>%1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,n4 ,s4 ,conway1 on or close to ! l9e betwe5 ,cl>k & ,*ampaign c\nties1 & ab\t #d4e miles s\?we/ ( ,me*anicsburg4 ,?is w\ld be app>5tly ab\t a mile nor?we/ ( ,catawba & 9 ! hills ea/ ( ,buck ,creek4 ,mr4 ,%atz] /at$ t x is 9 a r /rong knob-&-kettle c\ntry4 ,?is is %[n1 too1 by ! topographical %eet ( ! region4 ,! writ] has exam9$ ?is ma/odon4 ,! tusks measure1 foll[+ ! curve1 #i feet #h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,at ! base ( "o ( !m "o diamet] is #afb mm42 ! o!r1 #ahd mm4 ,! tusks are some:at spirally curv$4 ,! animal 0 n ag$1 inasmu* z ! second true mol> is worn only on ! fir/ cre/1 & ! ?ird mol> is n at all worn4 #di4 ,brighton1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,%atz] reports t 9 #aije or #aijf he excavat$ a ma/odon at a po9t ab\t #e miles s\!a/ ( ! place :]e ! o!r 0 f\nd & ab\t a mile due nor? ( ! village ( ,brighton4 ,?is skeleton 0 met 9 a m>% & lay at a dep? ( ab\t #ah in*es1 b "o =e-leg w5t /raight d[n into ! blue clay4 ,! tusks 7 badly decay$1 b _m ( ! bones 7 well pres]v$4 #af4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #aic71 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull wrote t ! ,yale ,univ]sity collection has a fairly complete skeleton ( a "y ma/odon f ,urbana4 ,! pres5t writ] made a note on ?is specim5 to ! effect t x 0 f\nd on a f>m #e miles nor? ( ,urbana4 ,?is w\ld seem to be n f> f ,mad ,riv]4 #ej4 ,wood/ock1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec7 report$ t 9 #ahfi a f>m]1 ,w4 ,a4 ,h[>d1 ( ,wood/ock1 :ile dit*+ 9 8 mead[1 dug up a f9ely pres]v$ femur ( a ma/odon4 ,= sev]al ye>s ?is 0 on exhibition 9 ! ,/ate agricultural rooms at ,columbus4 ,un=tunately "o c n be sure t ! bone 0 n t ( "o ( ! elephants4 #cj4 ,fayette ,c\nty1 ne> ,new ,holl&1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t report$ t portions ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$ 9 a bog ne> ,new ,holl&4 ,!re appe>s to be no c]ta9ty t ! rema9s 7 n ^? ( an elephant4 ,!y _h n be5 exhum$4 #ag4 ,s\? ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,9 #ahcd 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bef71 9 an unsign$ article1 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildre? report$ ! discov]y ( ma/odon tee? & ribs 9 an excavation = a culv]t 9 a small /ream1 a mile ea/ ( ,bloomfield1 n[ call$ ,s\? ,bloomfield1 :]e a canal 0 be+ con/ruct$4 ,! tee? 7 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,at ! same place 0 f\nd ! too? ( an elephant4 ,^! rema9s are said to h be5 emb$d$ 9 a black boggy e>?4 #ah4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbj 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde71 ,caleb ,atwat] /at$ t a l>ge ?igh bone ( a ma/odon _h a %ort "t be=e be5 f\nd ne> ! t[n 9 digg+ a mill-race4 ,"h aga9 !re mu/ be d\bt reg>d+ ! id5tification ( ! animal4 #ai4 ,pickaway ,pla9s1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,?is "n is giv5 to a level tract ly+ ab\t #e miles s\?we/ ( ,circleville & ea/ ( ,scioto ,riv]4 ,9 ! article cit$ above1 ,caleb ,atwat] /at$ t he _h #b tee? ( a ma/odon1 "o ( :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 a small rivulet ne> ! 8,pickaway ,pla9s40 ,?is too? is illu/rat$ by figures #a & #b ,b1 ( plate ,,ii1 ( ! pap] cit$4 ,x is evid5tly a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,! locality w\ld be n f> f ! broad t]m9al ,wiscons9 mora9e4 #bj4 ,salt ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,! writ] j quot$ report$ t ! o!r ma/odon too? :i* he own$ _h be5 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,salt ,creek1 #bb feet #i in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,?is too? is figur$ on plate ,,ii ( ,atwat]'s pap] above cit$4 #ba4 ,%adeville1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a too? ( a ma/odon :i* 0 f\nd at ,%adeville4 ,?is place is on ,scioto ,riv]1 a few miles bel[ ,columbus4 ,x is probably ( ,late ,wiscons9 age4 #ea4 ,granville1 ,lick+ ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #gi71 ,l4 ,e4 ,hicks report$ t he _h exam9$ ! left side ( ! pelvis ( a ma/odon f\nd 9 ! bank ( ,raccoon ,creek1 ne> ,granville1 along ! r\te ( ! ,atlantic & ,lake ,erie ,railway4 ,?is place is on ! we/ bord] ( ! ,gr& ,riv] mora9e4 #bb4 ,m\nt ,gilead1 ,morr[ ,c\nty4--,9 ,w>d's ,natural ,hi/ory ,e/abli%m5t1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 ! writ] has se5 an upp] left ?ird mol> ( a ma/odon1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,no details accompani$ ! specim54 ,! too? is #aeh mm4 long & #ie mm4 wide1 & has a l>ge pulp-cavity4 ,m\nt ,gilead is on ! mora9e :i* =ms ! ea/]n limb ( ! ,scioto lobe4 ,! too? may be ) safety reg>d$ z ( ,late ,wiscons9 age4 #bc4 ,h>p]1 ,logan ,c\nty4--,9 ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 are #b mol>s ( a ma/odon1 ! l[] second & ! ?ird1 :i* 7 f\nd some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,h>p]4 #bd4 ,r\ndhead1 ,h>d9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t report$ t consid]able p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 exhum$ at ,=t ,mc,arthur1 9 ,h>d9 ,c\nty1 hav+ evid5tly drift$ out to ! ,scioto m>% & be+ widely scatt]$4 ,=t ,mc,arthur does n appe> on rec5t maps2 a gazette] ( #ahce locates ! place 9 ,logan ,c\nty1 #bd miles nor? ( ,urbana4 ,! locality appe>s to be 9 ! neighborhood ( ,r\ndhead & 9 ! m>%es 9 :i* ,scioto & ,miami ,riv]s take _! rise4 #be4 ,wa%+ton ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #af ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 #aiab1 page #ch1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,da*n[ski1 quot+ f ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson1 /at$ t 9 #ahgh ,mr4 ,s4 ,craig1 :ile engag$ 9 survey+ section #ai ( ,wa%+ton ,t[n%ip 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #e ,e47 discov]$ a ma/odon skeleton4 ,no fur!r se>* _h be5 made 9 #aije 7,williamson's ,hi/4 ,we/4 ,ohio & ,auglaize ,c\nty1 p4 #ccf74 ,:ile d\btless a proboscidean 0 buri$ !re1 "o c n be sure t x 0 n an elephant4 ,?is place is n f> f ,new ,knoxville4 #bf4 ,pu%eta ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,f ! same au?orities x is le>n$ t 9 #ahid a ma/odon calf 0 discov]$ 9 section #bi ( ! t[n%ip nam$ 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #f ,e471 emb$d$ 9 a lay] ( muck at ! bottom ( a circul> pond4 ,! skeleton is report$ z hav+ be5 q complete1 b x w5t to pieces z x dri$4 ,! tusks 7 ab\t #a foot long4 ,at ?is place ! wat]s fl[ into ,cle> ,creek1 a bran* ( ,auglaize ,riv]4 #bg4 ,wapakoneta1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,! au?orities quot$ report$ t a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$ 9 a dit* excavation 9 section #cc ( ,du*\quet ,t[n%ip 7,tp4 #e ,s41 ,r4 #f ,e471 n f> f ,wapakoneta4 ,! rema9s crumbl$ on exposure & dry+4 ,!y may h be5 ^? ( an elephant4 #bh4 ,du*\quet ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,! au?orities on :om reliance is "h put /ate t 9 #ahia a ma/odon 0 discov]$ by "s labor]s :o 7 deep5+ & wid5+ ! b$ ( a creek :i* ext5ds ?r\gh section #bb ( ! t[n%ip m5tion$4 ,?is creek mu/ h be5 ei!r ,auglaize ,riv] or a bran* ( x1 s unimportant t x is n d[n on ! topographical %eet ( t quadrangle4 ,! tusks ext5d$ across ! creek & 7 cut (f by ! workm5 & c>ri$ away4 #bi4 ,/4 ,johns1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,ma/odons h be5 report$ f two localities ne> ! village ( ,/4 ,johns & along ! headwat]s ( ,will[ ,creek4 ,! "o ne>e/ ! village is m5tion$ 9 ,da*n[ski's "w 8,peat ,deposits ( ,ohio0 7,bull4 #af1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #aiab1 p4 #ch74 ,x 0 f\nd 9 section #d ( ,clay ,t[n%ip 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #g ,e471 "s "t ab\t #ahgj4 ,!re is no c]ta9ty t ! bone did n belong to an elephant4 ,! o!r ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 #ahgj & acc\nts ( ! discov]y 7 giv5 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 #ahga1 p4 #bbj2 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 #ahgc1 p4 #eef72 & by ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson 7,hi/4 ,we/4 ,ohio & ,auglaize ,c\nty1 #aije1 pp4 #ccd-ccf74 ,! locality is #b4e miles ea/ ( ,/4 ,johns1 9 section #c1 ,clay ,t[n%ip4 ,f>m]s 7 engag$ 9 runn+ a broad dit* ?r\gh a swamp4 ,! dep? ( ! swamp deposit at t po9t 0 #h feet1 ( :i* ! upp] ?ird 0 peat1 ! rema9d]1 s f> z %[n1 ( m>l or m>ly clay4 ,! bones 7 9 _! natural relations & x 0 evid5t to ,gilb]t t ! animal _h mir$ !re4 ,! l[] limb-bones 7 direct$ d[nw>d & well pres]v$1 b ! bones ne>] ! surface 7 badly decompos$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! tee? enabl$ ,gilb]t to id5tify ! animal z ! ma/odon4 ,! peat _h evid5tly be5 deposit$ aft] ! dea? ( ! animal1 :i* _h occurr$ aft] ! deposit ( ! drift4 ,klipp>t 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec7 /at$ t a "p ( ! rema9s _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ,wapakoneta ,high ,s*ool4 ,! rema9s mu/ h be5 buri$ ne> ! ,loramie mora9e4 ,9 ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] exam9$ tee? & bones ( two ma/odons :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ,auglaize ,c\nty1 b ! exact localities 7 n kn[n4 #cj4 ,see page #ge4 #ca4 ,ohio ,city1 ,van ,w]t ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,:ittlesey /at$ t a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd at ?is place1 & fur!r1 t x _h be5 m5tion$ by ,*>les ,lyell4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 alluvium & re/$ on a blue m>l4 ,! locality is 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,lima mora9e4 #cb4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,putnam ,c\nty4--,9 #aiac1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,maple1 ( ?is t[n1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = id5tification a l[] left fir/ mol>1 f\nd 9 gravel #c miles nor? ( ! t[n1 ne> ! bord] ( anci5t ,lake ,maumee4 #cc4 ,lib]ty ,t[n%ip1 ,putnam ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgd1 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #cib7 told ( ! f9d+ ( l>ge bones1 suppos$ to belong to a ma/odon1 j s\!a/ ( ! c5t] ( section #f1 9 dra9+ ! ,m$>y m>%1 9 ! t[n%ip nam$ 7,tp4 #b ,n41 ,r4 #g ,e47 ,! bones 7 9 a s&y loam along ! nor? side ( ! ,leipsic ridge1 a "p ( ! ,defiance mora9e4 ,ano!r 0 f\nd 9 section #h ( ! same t[n%ip4 ,! rema9s consi/$ ( two tee?1 bones ( ! po/]ior extremities1 & a fragm5t ( a tusk4 ,! limb-bone 0 remov$ #bc feet f ! tusk4 ,^! rema9s lay at a dep? ( ab\t #c feet f ! surface4 ,o!r l>ge bones1 ma/odon or elephant1 7 f\nd 9 section #g1 ,ottawa ,t[n%ip 7,tp4 #a ,n41 ,r4 #g ,e474 ,?is 0 evid5tly on ! s\? side ( ! ridge m5tion$1 b yet probably nor? ( ,blan*>d ,riv]4 #cd4 ,spr+field ,t[n%ip1 ,lucas ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #eef71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t wrote t ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trembley1 ( ,tol$o1 _h in=m$ him t a too? ( a ma/odon _h be5 obta9$ f a m>% 9 ,spr+field1 ,lucas ,c\nty4 ,x is probable t ,gilb]t meant ,spr+field ,t[n%ip4 ,he c\ld n asc]ta9 ! exact locality1 b he rem>k$ t all ! m>%es ( t t[n%ip date f ! =mation ( ! l[e/ & mo/ rec5t ( ! rais$ bea*es & t x 0 almo/ c]ta9 t ! too? is n less rec5t ?an !y4 ,spr+field ,t[n%ip is ne>ly 9 ! c5t] ( ?is c\nty4 ,9 #ahhf 7,proc4 ,dav5port ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cji71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,/]l+1 ( ,clevel&1 wrote t ab\t #ae ye>s previ\sly a ma/odon skeleton _h be5 f\nd 9 a cranb]ry swamp 9 ,lucas ,c\nty2 b no m exact location 0 giv54 ,a l>ge dit* 0 be+ made :]e ! muck ( ! bog 0 ab\t #h feet deep & re/$ on a lay] ( 8h>d pan40 ,! skeleton 0 badly decay$4 ,:at pro( ! writ] _h t ! rema9s belong$ to ! ma/odon is n /at$4 #ce4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,wood ,c\nty4--,f a clipp+ tak5 f ! ,tol$o ,blade ( ,janu>y #ae1 #aiai1 ) #b illu/rations1 x is le>n$ t ,mr4 ,john ,wel%1 ( ! t[n%ip nam$1 :ile digg+ a tr5* on 8 f>m1 une>!d a too? ( a ma/odon4 ,! pictures %[ t x 0 a consid]ably worn1 l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip 7,tp4 #c ,n41 ,r4 #i ,e47 is 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty4 ,f ,mr4 ,wel% ! writ] le>ns t ! locality is #c4e miles nor!a/ ( ,de%l] & 9 section #ag4 ,! too? 0 buri$ at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,! locality is well )9 ! area cov]$ by old ,lake ,maumee4 #cf4 ,c>ey1 ,wy&ot ,c\nty4--,9 ,april1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,n4 ,copley1 ,c>y1 s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution a mu*-worn l[] left fir/ true mol>1 f\nd at ,c>y1 9 muck1 at a dep? ( #c feet4 ,) x 0 f\nd also a can9e too? ( a be>1 app>5tly ,ursus am]icanus4 ,^! 7 buri$ ne> ! ,defiance mora9e4 #cg4 ,old ,=t1 ,s5eca ,c\nty4--,at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] 0 told ( a ma/odon :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,old ,=t1 & 0 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,gillmor1 ( ,fremont1 ,ohio4 ,^u inquiry ,mr4 ,gillmor /at$ t ! too?1 ( :i* he s5t a sket*1 _h be5 f\nd 9 #aiji 9 a l[ & m>%y piece ( til$ gr\nd :i* lies ea/ ( ,s&usky ,riv]1 opposite ,old ,=t4 ,! too? 0 v sup]ficially buri$1 = x 0 turn$ up by ! pl[4 ,mr4 ,gillmor /at$ t 9 con/ruct+ ! ,nickel ,plate ,railroad1 n f> f :]e ! too? 0 f\nd1 "s l>ge bones _h be5 discov]$4 ,! locality is nor? ( ,defiance mora9e & on ! old b$ ( ,lake ,maumee4 #ch4 ,bucyrus1 ,craw=d ,c\nty4--,9 #ahch1 z told by ! geologi/s ,c4 ,briggs 7,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 pp4 #abg-abi7 & ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #ahci1 p4 #ahi1 fig4 #a71 a ne>ly p]fect skull & v>i\s p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 f\nd ne> ,bucyrus1 on ! l& ( a ,mr4 ,hahn1 dur+ ! excavation ( a mill-race1 & 9 a b$ ( fre%-wat] %ell m>l ab\t #d feet ?ick4 ,bo? tusks 71 h[ev]1 miss+4 ,!re 7 secur$ also #f c]vical v]tebr1 #f dorsals1 #a lumb>1 #e caudals1 #bh ribs1 mo/ ( ! pelvis1 & sev]al limb-bones4 ,! f9e skull 0 s5t to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society 9 ,philadelphia1 & is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( t city4 ,:at 0 done ) ! rema9d] ( ! skeleton ! pres5t writ] does n "k4 ,?is specim5 has be5 ref]r$ to by sev]al au?ors4 ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 #ahgd1 p4 #bdg7 /at$ t ! skeleton 0 emb$d$ 9 ! muck & m>l ( a swamp & t :at rema9$ ( x 0 !n 9 possession ( ! ,ohio ,agricultural & ,me*anical ,college4 ,! locality 0 probably ne> ,cel9a mora9e4 #ci4 ,s&usky1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,:ittlesey wrote t a tusk & a few bones ( ma/odon or elephant _h be5 uncov]$ at ! deep cut ( ! ,mansfield ,railroad1 a few miles f ,s&usky1 9 a ,rec5t bog ( muck4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t 7,c94 ,j\r4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahge1 p4 #aec7 ref]r$ to ! tusk & said t a "p ( x 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,homopa?ic ,college at ,s&usky4 ,x is impossible n[ to say :e!r ?is belong$ to a ma/odon or an elephant4 ,if /ill pres]v$ x may be possible to det]m9e ! g5us f ! microscopical /ructure ( ! ivory4 #dj4 ,br[nhelm ,t[n%ip1 ,lora9 ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,ob]l9 ,college are _m bones ( a ma/odon1 "s jaws & tee?1 & a "p ( ! skull1 collect$ ab\t #ahih1 on ! f>m ( a ,mr4 ,fr5*1 9 ! t[n%ip nam$1 n f> f ! %ore ( ,lake ,erie4 ,pr(essor ,lynds ,jones1 ( ,ob]l9 ,college1 has s5t ! in=mation t ?is ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 a c\nty dit* 9 t[n%ip #f ,n41 range #ai ,w41 ab\t :]e ! dit* crosses f lot #bi to #cj1 on :at is kn[n z ! ,nor? ,ridge road4 ,?is ridge is m5tion$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahgd1 p4 #bjg1 map opp4 p4 #eh71 & has an elevation ( f #ajj to #aah feet above ,lake ,erie4 ,x repres5ts ! bea* ( old ,lake ,w>r54 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lynds ,jones1 ! ma/odon _h be5 buri$ 9 a morass betwe5 two bran*es ( ! ,nor? ,ridge or old bea*4 ,?is 0 ( c\rse well along t[>d ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 #da4 ,pittsfield ,t[n%ip1 ,lora9 ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,ob]l9 ,college are "s fragm5ts ( ma/odon tee?1 f\nd some:]e 9 ,pittsfield t[n%ip 7,tp4 #d ,n41 ,r4 #ah ,w47 at a dep? ( ab\t #b or #c feet1 9 a dit*4 ,no fur!r details h be5 secur$4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 at ,new ,york1 is a l[] "r second mol> :i* _h be5 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,crook4 ,x _h probably be5 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,lagrange1 b ?is is n c]ta94 #db4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,*>les ,:ittlesey 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #ae7 /at$ t1 _m ye>s be=e he wrote1 a gr9d] ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd on ! we/ side ( ,cuyahoga ,riv]1 9 ! valley alluvium1 re/+ on drift clay ne> ! lake level4 ,?is might indicate "o ( ?ree ?+s3 ,! ma/odon belong$ to "s pre-,wiscons9 /age2 or ! too? _h1 aft] ! retirem5t ( ! lake to its pres5t level1 be5 wa%$ d[n f above2 or ! animal _h liv$ !re aft] ! lake _h rea*$ ab\t its pres5t level4 ,newb]ry 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 #ahgc1 p4 #ahc7 /at$ t 8 8,delta ,s& ,deposit10 :i* =ms ! surface ( ! ,clevel& plateau1 _h yield$ num]\s portions ( ! skeletons ( elephant & ma/odon4 ,^! c\ld h>dly h exi/$ be=e ! retirem5t ( ! lake )9 ! ,w>r5 bea*4 ,klipp>t 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahge1 p4 #aec7 says t a ne>ly complete skeleton ( a ma/odon 0 dug up 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ,clevel&1 b _h be5 brok5 into pieces at once by ! workm54 ,! id5tity ( ?is specim5 is d\btful & ! exact locality is unkn[n4 #dc4 ,m$9a ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7op4 cit41 p4 #aec71 ,klipp>t report$ t ne>ly #ej ye>s be=e he wrote tusks1 said to h be5 #ab feet long1 & "s p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 tak5 out ( a m>l pit 9 ?is c\nty4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 !re is unc]ta9ty ab\t ! locality & ! id5tity ( ! animal4 #dd4 ,gre5 ,t[n%ip1 ,summit ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,william ,c4 ,mills1 ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,ohio1 has in=m$ ! writ] t he _h secur$ rema9s ( a "y ma/odon 9 section #ac ( ?is t[n%ip 7,tp4 #b ,n41 ,r4 #i ,w474 ,! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #cj in*es & 7 badly decay$4 ,! region is flat & lies 9 a b5d ( ! headwat]s ( ,tusc>awas ,riv]4 #de4 ,massillon1 ,/>k ,c\nty4--,s4 ,p4 ,hildre?1 9 #ahcg 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ef71 report$ t a ye> or two be=e he wrote "s v l>ge bones & tusks ( a ma/odon _h be5 br\ght to light 9 excavat+ a mill-race ne> ,massillon ?r\gh a swamp or wet prairie4 ,?is city is situat$ on ! ,tusc>awas ,riv]4 #df4 ,canton1 ,/>k ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,c9c9nati ,inquir] ( ,novemb] #aa1 #aiaj1 a p>agraph ann\nc$ t "s boys1 :ile digg+ 9 ! ea/ end ( ! city1 _h f\nd #b ma/odon tee?4 ,on ,novemb] #bf ! writ] receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,bu%1 ( ,canton1 :o describ$ ! tee?1 s t x is c]ta9 t !y 7 ^? ( ! ma/odon4 ,bo? ,massillon & ,canton are situat$ on ! broad ,gr& ,riv] mora9e4 #dg4 ,see page #gj4 #dh4 ,trumbull ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,plumm]1 9 #ahdc 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xliv1 p4 #cjb1 footnote71 /at$ t he own$ a gr9d] ) #aj prom95ces :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty4 ,evid5tly ! too? 0 t ( a ma/odon1 b ! locality is some:at vague4 ,= #di & #ej see page #gd2 = #ea see page #ge4 ,,mi*igan4 7,maps #e1 #h47 #a4 ,*ur*1 ,hillsdale ,c\nty4--,9 #aija !re 0 f\nd1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,levi ,wood1 ne> ,*ur*1 ! great] "p ( ! skeleton ( a small ma/odon4 ,?is 0 exhum$ by an ag5t ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & is exhibit$ !re4 ,! animal is small & probably a female4 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 a peat-swamp1 n f> f ! surface4 ,^? mo/ deeply buri$ 7 only #d feet f ! surface1 :ile o!rs 7 d[n only ab\t #b4e feet4 ,! :ole ( ! t[n%ip 9 :i* ,*ur* is situat$ is occupi$ by a "p ( ! ,mississ9awa mora9e1 ! out]mo/ "o =m$ by ! ,erie lobe ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,s f> z ! gr\nd is conc]n$1 ! ma/odon might h liv$ !re long be=e ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age at any "t aft] ! exposure ( ! mora9e4 ,?is ma/odon 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gilmore 9 #aijf 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxx1 p4 #faj1 plate ,,xxxv74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce 7vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbc71 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,w9*ell report$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( a ma/odon on section #g ( ! t[n%ip ( ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4 ,! locality is said to h be5 ab\t #g miles nor?we/ ( ! t[n ( ,adrian4 ,! t[n%ip mu/ !re=e be t designat$ z #f s\?1 #d ea/4 ,w9*ell gave a li/ ( ! bones1 & ?is comprises probably ab\t half ( ! skeleton1 includ+ ! skull4 ,accord+ to ,w9*ell1 ^! rema9s 7 f\nd at a dep? ( only ab\t #b feet 9 a peat-bog2 b5ea? ?is peat1 :i* 0 #b4e feet ?ick1 0 m>ly clay1 pass+ at ! dep? ( #d feet into loose s&4 ,accord+ to ! glacial map ( ,lev]ett & ,taylor1 ! locality w\ld lie well outside ! limits ( ,lake ,maumee & w\ld be on ! ,=t ,wayne mora9e4 ,probably a long :ile aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial %eet _h retir$ f ,mi*igan1 ?is ma/odon di$ !re & became cov]$ by ! ?9 deposit ( peat1 z f\nd4 ,"h may be not$ likewise "s rema9s ( a ma/odon :i* ,w9*ell1 9 ! same pap]1 says _h be5 f\nd 9 ,adrian4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahh7 !re is a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon1 report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 a lacu/r9e m>% 9 ?is c\nty1 9 ! 8same locality z ! ,deck] ma/odon 9 ,adrian ,college40 ,a note /ates t ) ?is 7 f\nd bones ( de]1 elk1 & ca/oroides4 7,see fur!r1 "u ! acc\nt ( ! skull ( ,ca/oroides f\nd at ,adrian47 ,9 ! annual report ( ! ,mi*igan ,geological ,survey = #aija1 page #bec1 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane m5tion$ t at ,cl9ton1 ,l5awee ,c\nty1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,gragg _h f\nd sev]al tee? & bones ( ma/odon4 ,^! seem to h be5 buri$ 9 ! same glacial dra9-way z ^? f\nd 9 ,adrian t[n%ip4 #bg4 ,clayton1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,george ,t[ns5d1 ( ,clayton1 ,mi*igan1 has in=m$ ! writ] t he has ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon :i* he f\nd :ile digg+ a po/hole on 8 f>m ne> t t[n4 ,! locality is describ$ z ! middle ( ! l9e betwe5 ! s\!a/ & nor!a/ qu>t]s ( s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #g1 ,t4 #g4 ,s41 ,r4 #b ,e41 & ne> a creek4 ,! t[n%ip is ,dov]4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor ! imm$iate region is cov]$ by glacial gr\nd mora9e4 #c4 ,h[ell1 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7op4 cit41 p4 #beb7 report$ t a l[] too? & a "p ( a pelvis _h be5 obta9$ 9 dr$g+ ! ,%iawassee ,riv]1 9 #aijj4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gilmore1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 tells ! writ] t he saw a ma/odon too? :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 a swamp #b miles s\?we/ ( ,h[ell4 ,alex&] ,w9*ell1 9 #ahfd 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bbd71 report$ ma/odon rema9s f ,gre5 ,oak1 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4 ,no details 7 furni%$4 ,mo/ ( ?is c\nty is occupi$ by ! ,*>lotte mora9e sy/em1 =m$ by ! ice-lobe :i* ext5d$ out f ,sag9aw ,bay4 #d4 ,bellevue1 ,eaton ,c\nty4--,! writ] has le>n$ f ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 describ$ f ne> ,bellevue by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,foote1 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,report ( ! ,pione] ,society ( ,mi*igan1 on pages #djb-djc4 ,! animal 0 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,cumm+s4 ,x 0 a l>ge "o1 ! femur hav+ a l5g? ( #c feet #aj in*es & "o tusk 0 ov] #ab feet 9 l5g?4 ,f\r tee? belong$ to ! upp] jaw4 ,! rema9s mu/ h be5 f\nd be=e #ahgi4 ,bellevue is situat$ on ! ,kalamazoo ,riv]1 :i* "h trav]ses ! ,kalamazoo mora9e4 ,z 9 o!r cases 9 ! c5tral regions ( ! ,/ate1 ma/odons may h liv$ at a r e>ly /age aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice began to )draw2 b !y may h kept f>!r f ! glacial front4 #e4 ,olivet1 ,eaton ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rept4 ,bo>d ( ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #bec7 report$ ! f9d+ ( ma/odon bones ne> ,olivet4 ,a lett] f ,pr(essor ,samuel ,ritt5h\se1 ( ,olivet ,college1 gives ! in=mation t _m ( ! bones ( ! skeleton _h be5 secur$4 ,^! 7 exhum$ f a m>% on ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( section #aa1 t[n%ip #a nor?1 range #e we/4 ,foll[+ ,lev]ett & ,taylor's map1 ! locality seems to be on an esk] ?r\gh :i* fl[s ,battle ,creek4 ,! c\ntry 9 ?is region is cov]$ by ! ,kalamazoo mora9ic sy/em ( ! ,sag9aw lobe4 ,! ma/odon mu/ h be5 buri$ aft] ! ice rec$$ f t mora9e4 #f4 ,/anton1 ,montcalm ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 prep>ator 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 in=m$ ! writ] t ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,hodges1 ( ,/anton1 9 #aiaa f\nd "s ma/odon tee?4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t ^! rema9s4 ,/anton is situat$ betwe5 ! ,we/ ,bran* mora9ic sy/em & ! ,*>lotte sy/em4 #g4 ,bu*anan1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,william ,hillis ,smi?1 ( ,niles1 ,mi*igan1 in=m$ ! writ] t _m rema9s ( ma/odons 7 f\nd 9 a l>ge dit* made to dra9 ! ,bak]/[n m>%4 ,?is dit* began s\? & we/ ( ,bu*anan & empti$ into ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,x 0 #af feet wide & #h to #aj feet deep4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! "w bones & tee? 7 frequ5tly ?r[n out by ! /eam %ovel1 especially bones ( ma/odons4 ,"o skull 0 badly cru%$1 b 0 repair$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 ( ,kalamazoo1 & sold to ! ,w>d ,e/abli%m5t1 ( ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york4 ,exact /atem5ts z to localities are want+1 b ! dit* 0 evid5tly locat$ on & )9 ! ,valp>aiso mora9e4 ,x is ?is mora9e :i* runs ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan & sep>ates ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce dra9age f t ( ! ,mississippi2 ea/ ( ! lake x ext5ds f> nor? into ,mi*igan4 ,naturally1 ?is mora9e 0 =m$ be=e ! )drawal ( ! ,lake ,mi*igan lobe ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci] into t lake1 & ! ma/odons might h liv$1 di$1 & be5 buri$ !re at any "t aft] ! exposure ( ! mora9e & ! developm5t ( climatal conditions t p]mitt$ _! exi/5ce4 ,mr4 ,hillis ,smi? /at$ t a too? ( an elephant _h be5 ?r[n out 9 mak+ ! dit* above m5tion$4 ,?is too? 0 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 ( ,kalamazoo4 ,! species is n kn[n4 ,! ma/odons ref]r$ to above 7 m5tion$ by ,lane 9 8 report ( #aija1 page #bec4 ,he also call$ att5tion to a li/ ( ! mollusks f\nd 9 ! muck b5ea? "o ( ! ma/odons1 prep>$ by ,bryant ,walk] 7,nautilus1 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #aba71 9 :i* #cf species 7 nam$4 #h4 ,eau ,claire1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,jo9t ,docum5ts ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ,mi*igan1 session #ahda1 page #eei1 ,bela ,hubb>d /at$ t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd on ,paw ,paw ,creek1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4 ,lane 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #beb7 /at$ t !re are 9 ! ,agricultural ,college at ,ea/ ,lans+1 #f tee? & half ( a l[] jaw1 f\nd ne> ,eau ,claire1 & :i* may be ! rema9s ref]r$ to by ,hubb>d4 ,?is appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be an error4 ,on ^! tee? are ! label3 8,f\nd at ,eau ,claire1 ,b]ri5 ,co41 ,mi*4 ,f\nd b5ea? sev]al feet ( muck :ile digg+ a dit*4 ,b4 ,l4 ,com/ock1 ,aug4 #ag1 #ahif40 ,! tee? are extraord9>ily l>ge2 ,m#c "r is #bbb mm4 long4 ,! exact places :]e ! rema9s m5tion$ 7 f\nd h n be5 record$4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! small glacial lakes :i* occupi$ ! depressions t exi/$ betwe5 ! ,valp>aiso mora9e & ! %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan :ile ! latt] 0 yet fill$ ) ice1 see ,lev]ett & ,taylor's ,monograph ,no4 ,,liii1 pages #bbe-bbg4 ,9 ! deposits ( ^! lakes1 b probably long aft] ! glacial ice _h retir$1 7 buri$ ! bones ( ! ma/odon & o!r animals4 ,f ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ! in=mation has be5 receiv$ t a "p ( a skull ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 mak+ a public dit* ab\t #b or #c miles s\? ( ,b>ada4 #be4 ,gali51 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #acc71 ,i4 ,a4 ,lapham report$ ! discov]y ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon at ,t]re ,c\pe4 ,?is place has disappe>$ f ! maps2 b x is said to h be5 situat$ on ! railroad1 #aa miles we/ ( ,niles1 n f> ea/ ( ,gali54 ,! jaw 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,taylor1 at a dep? ( #f feet4 ,x 0 peculi> 9 hav+ a sup]num]>y mol>1 a sev5?4 ,! jaw 0 aga9 describ$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w>r5 9 #ahee 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 7#b71 vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cdh-cec74 #i4 ,dorr1 ,allegan ,c\nty4--,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #bec7 /at$ t ,frank ,fles] & o!rs _h secur$ a jawbone ( ma/odon & sev]al tee?4 ,! place is /at$ to be #d miles we/ ( ,dorr1 probably 9 ! valley ( ,rabbit ,riv]1 :]e x cuts ?r\gh ! ,valp>aiso mora9e4 #aj4 ,cannonsburg1 ,k5t ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,k5t ,sci5tific ,museum at ,gr& ,rapids is a l[] left la/ mol>1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,cannonsburg1 by ,h5ry ,detm]4 ,! exact locality ( ! place :]e ! too? 0 f\nd is unkn[n to ! writ]4 ,! too? is only slightly worn & is ( a :ite color4 ,cannonsburg is on a great expansion ( :at ,lev]ett & ,taylor call ! ,*>lotte mora9ic sy/em1 a sy/em produc$ by ! ,sag9aw lobe ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci]4 ,be+ "o ( ! m di/ant mora9es ( ! ,sag9aw lobe1 x 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ to be fre$ f ice & to (f] itself to animal occupancy2 b x may n h be5 invad$ by ma/odons until ! glacial wall _h mov$ mu* f>!r away4 #aa4 ,moorl&1 ,muskegon ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,k5t ,sci5tific ,museum at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan1 is a m\nt$ ma/odon1 ! bones ( :i*1 except ! limbs1 belong to a specim5 f\nd ab\t #aije 9 a swamp nor? ( ,moorl&4 ,! exact locality1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,mc,kay1 ! f9d]1 is ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t]1 section #af1 t[n%ip #aj nor?1 range #ad we/4 ,! skull & ! tusks are 9 good condition4 ,b5ea? ! skeleton 0 f\nd ! skull :i* 0 made ! type ( ,bo!rium s>g5ti ,gidley4 ,! ,moorl& swamp =ms "p ( a great pla9 ab\t #be miles wide ly+ betwe5 ! 8,lake bord] mora9ic sy/em0 7,lev]ett & ,taylor1 p4 #bbb7 & ! pres5t ea/]n %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,?is pla9 appe>s to h be5 occupi$ by ei!r ice or ! wat]s ( old glacial lakes until well ne> ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,! animal mu/ h be5 "o ( ! late/ ( 8 tribe to inhabit ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan4 ,x may h liv$ long aft] ! "t ( ! musk-ox on ^: skull ! ma/odon's pelvis 0 ly+4 #ab4 ,williams ,t[n%ip1 ,bay ,c\nty4--,9 ! annual reports ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,mi*igan 7#aija1 p4 #bec2 #aije1 p4 #ced71 ! discov]y ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon 9 ,bay ,c\nty 0 ann\nc$4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 a depression call$ a pot-hole4 ,! locality m accurately giv5 is 9 ! s\?we/ corn] ( section #c1 t[n%ip #ad nor?1 range #c ea/4 ,!re 0 a fragm5t ( a tusk #h4ge feet long & b little curv$1 a femur & its socket #i4e in*es across1 "o v]tebra1 & "o too?4 ,^! 7 f\nd #c or #d feet f ! surface4 ,! rema9s 7 s5t to ,ypsilanti4 ,an exam9ation ( ,lev]ett & ,taylor's plate ,,xvii 7,monograph ,,liii7 indicates t ! ma/odon c\ld n probably h liv$ !re until aft] ! "t ( ,lake ,w>r54 ,at t "t ! ice-%eet occupi$ mo/ ( ,lake ,huron & a "p ( ,sag9aw ,bay1 b ! climate ( t region 0 probably1 = a long "t aft] ! pass+ ( ,lake ,w>r51 too raw & cold to please ! ma/odon1 s t x 0 long aft]w>d t ?is individual left 8 skeleton 9 ! boggy hole4 #ac4 ,ne> ,sag9aw1 ,sag9aw ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane has report$ 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #beb7 t he _h f\nd 9 ! possession ( f>m]s 9 ,tittabawassee ,t[n%ip1 ,sag9aw ,c\nty1 p>ts ( a tusk1 said to h come f a dit* ne> ! c\rse ( ! ,p>k] dra91 ab\t #j4be mile nor? ( ! s\? l9e ( section #bj1 t[n%ip #ac nor?1 range #c ea/1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,williamson1 ( ,sag9aw4 ,dr4 ,lane also report$ rema9s ( a ma/odon1 includ+ ! l[] jaw1 f\nd 9 digg+ a tile dit* on ! 8,willis f>m40 #ad4 ,see page #he4 #ae4 ,sag9aw ,c\nty4--,9 ,octob] #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,mc,quiston s5t to ! writ] photographs ( ?ree ma/odon tee? f\nd on a f>m ab\t #h miles ea/ ( nor? ( ,elsie1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty4 ,he has s9ce giv5 ?is locality z be+ 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #d1 t[n%ip #i nor?1 range #a ea/4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's glacial map ( ,mi*igan1 ?is w\ld be ab\t #f miles )9 ! old ,lake ,w>r5 bea*-l9e & 9 s&y deposits laid d[n 9 wat]4 ,! tee? 7 f\nd at a dep? ( #c feet4 ,x may be t ! animal di$ at t spot aft] ! wat]s ( ,lake ,w>r5 _h retir$4 ,if s1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to det]m9e ! orig9 ( ! mat]ials :i* cov]$ ! ma/odon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ma/odon rema9s 7 possibly deposit$ !re aft] ! )drawal ( ,lake ,wayne & t ! ov]ly+ mat]ials 7 laid d[n by ! wat] ( ,lake ,w>r51 = ?is lake appe>s to h /ood at a high] level ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,if ! latt] supposition is correct1 ma/odons c\ld live n f> away f ! glacial front4 ,fur!r correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,mc,quiston makes x appe> improbable t ! ov]ly+ mat]ials 7 deposit$ by lake wat]s4 ,pr(essor ,lev]ett sugge/s t ! animal _h di$ 9 an old swale & _h aft]w>ds be5 buri$ "u f9e mat]ial wa%$ 9 f ! some:at high] gr\nd 9 ! neighborhood4 ,9 t case ! ma/odon may h liv$ at any "t aft] ! lake wat]s _h retir$ f ! locality4 #ad4 ,alma1 ,gratiot ,c\nty4--,9 ,alma ,college1 at ,alma1 ,gratiot ,c\nty1 are "s rema9s ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ab\t #f4e miles s\!a/ ( ,alma1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,alb]t ,smi?4 ,^! rema9s 7 exhum$ "u ! direction ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,m4 ,mac,curdy1 ( ,alma ,college 7,mi*4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,rep4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aai74 ,v>i\s p>ts ( ! skull are pres]v$1 "o "p %[+ beautifully ! air-cells2 also a fragm5t ( a too?1 axis1 ?ree dorsal v]tebr1 a few ribs1 & a "p ( ! pelvis4 ,f ,mr4 ,alb]t ,smi? x is le>n$ t ! rema9s 7 f\nd on ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #ag1 t[n%ip #aa nor?1 range #b we/4 ,?is1 foll[+ ,lev]ett & ,taylor's map1 w\ld be on ! ,owosso mora9e1 :i* "h runs nor? f ,i?aca1 ,gratiot ,c\nty4 ,a dit* 0 be+ dug ?r\gh a peat-bog & ! bones 7 met ) at a dep? ( #d feet or less f ! surface4 ,pr(essor ,mac,curdy wrote t ! bones 7 ly+ on a b$ ( gravelly s& & 7 cov]$ by a ?9 lay] ( mix$ s& & vegetation1 :ile ov] ?is 0 ab\t #c or #d feet ( well-decay$ peat4 ,! locality is ab\t #b miles f ! %ore-l9e ( ! glacial ,lake ,maumee1 z mapp$ by ,lev]ett & ,taylor4 ,9 ! collection at ,alma ,college is a left ramus ( ! jaw ( a ma/odon1 :i* conta9s ! second & ! ?ird true mol>s & ! socket = ! fir/ mol>4 ,?is jaw is report$ to h be5 f\nd on ! ,william ,pitt f>m1 ab\t #g miles f ,alma & 9 ,seville ,t[n%ip4 ,! exact locality is giv5 ! writ] by ,pr(essor ,mac,curdy z be+ 9 ! s\? half ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #bb1 t[n%ip #ab nor?1 range #d we/4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis contribut$ = ! writ] ! in=mation t ^! bones 7 discov]$ 9 con/ruct+ dit*es f #ah in*es to probably #c feet 9 dep?4 ,9 ! ,alma ,college collections are "s ma/odon rema9s1 includ+ ?ree f9e upp] tee?1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! s\!a/ "p ( ! village ( ,alma4 ,! locality is describ$ z be+ 9 ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #c1 t[n%ip #aa nor?1 range #c we/4 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,davis1 deceas$1 =m]ly pr(essor at ,alma ,college1 lat] connect$ ) ! ,bureau ( ,m9es at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 z peat exp]t1 in=m$ ! writ] t _m ye>s ago he exhum$ p>ts ( two skeletons ( ma/odons4 ,"p ( ! bones lay 9 a small deposit ( m>l & 7 well pres]v$2 ! o!rs lay on ! edge ( ! m>l-b$ & above x & 7 n s well pres]v$4 ,x appe>s t ! locality _h be5 cov]$ p]man5tly ) wat] 9 :i* peat 0 gr[+4 ,associat$ ) ! bones 9 ! m>l 7 ! fruits ( ! tam>ack 7,l>ix l>ic9a7 & ( ! black spruce 7,picea m>iana74 ,^! trees are gr[+ !re to-day1 & ext5d f> nor? into ,briti% ,am]ica2 h5ce1 :5 ^? ma/odons 7 liv+ 9 ! region ab\t ,alma ! climate may h be5 z w>m z x is to-day or mu* cool]4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis in=m$ ! writ] t a l>ge numb] ( ma/odon bones 7 f\nd ab\t #ahhe by a f>m] :o liv$ half a mile we/ ( ,riv]dale4 ,?is 0 9 ,seville ,t[n%ip1 ,no4 #ab nor?1 range #d we/1 app>5tly 9 section #ca4 ,! discov]y 0 made by ! own] ( ! l&1 :o f\nd a numb] ( tee? ( a ma/odon atta*$ to ! roots ( a small elm tree :i* he pull$ out ( a swale on 8 f>m4 ,! bones 7 n m ?an #ah in*es bel[ ! surface4 ,pr(essor ,davis reg>d$ x z rem>kable t rema9s ( ! ma/odon %\ld be s ne> ! surface 9 ponds & swales :]e peat is gr[+4 #af4 ,bancr(t1 ,%iawassee ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7#g? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan1 #aije1 p4 #eec7 report$ t "s ribs1 tusks1 tee?1 & _m bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ne> ,bancr(t1 at a dep? ( #d feet1 9 m>l1 above :i* 7 muck1 m>l1 & s&4 ,lane gives ! locality z be+ on ! l9e betwe5 sections #cf & #be1 t[n%ip #f nor?1 range #e ea/1 b ?is w\ld be ab\t #ab miles ea/ ( ,bancr(t4 ,! range is probably #c ea/4 ,! locality appe>s to be on ! ,f[l] mora9e4 #ag4 ,v5ice1 ,%iawassee ,c\nty4--,9 ! agricultural s*ool at ,ea/ ,lans+ is a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>1 catalog ,no4 #ccib1 :i* is said to h be5 f\nd at ,v5ice by ,mr4 ,hiram ,johnson4 ,!re are also p>ts ( "o or two tusks f ! same place1 probably ( ma/odon4 ,v5ice is j nor? ( ! ,owosso mora9e1 & ! ma/odon mu/ h liv$ !re at a r late "t 9 ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,a lett] f ,mr4 ,fayette ,johnson1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 son ( ,mr4 ,hiram ,johnson1 in=ms ! writ] t he saw ! bones tak5 up ab\t ! ye> #ahhd4 ,! place 0 ab\t ! c5t] ( section #ba1 t[n%ip #g nor?1 range #d ea/4 ,?is w\ld be app>5tly on ! ,owosso mora9e4 #ah4 ,f5ton1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4--,alex&] ,w9*ell 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbd7 report$ ma/odon rema9s f ?is place4 ,no details 7 giv54 ,f5ton is locat$ on ! ,portl& mora9e1 "o ( ^? built up by ! ,sag9aw lobe4 #ai4 ,davison1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4--,9 ! museum ( ! ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,s*ool1 at ,ea/ ,lans+1 ,mi*igan1 is a l>ge left femur1 f\nd ne> ,davison1 ,g5esee ,c\nty4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cull51 b no m exact in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is femur ) ^? ( ! ma/odon & ( a specim5 ( ,e4 primig5ius f ,sib]ia indicates t ! bone belong$ to ! ,am]ican ma/odon4 ,! l5g? is #dj4e in*es4 ,davison is situat$ on ! bord] ( an old lake :i* lay along ! front ( ! ice :i* built up ,/4 ,johns mora9e 7,taylor1 ,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #bda74 ,at ?is /age ! e>lie/ ( ! glacial lakes1 ,lake ,maumee1 _h n yet come into exi/5ce2 b x mu/ h be5 long aft] ?is "t t ! ma/odon liv$ 9 ! region ab\t ,davison4 #bj4 ,utica1 ,macomb ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfd1 ,alex&] ,w9*ell 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bbd7 report$ ma/odon rema9s f ne> ?is t[n4 ,a m5tion ( ?is discov]y is giv5 9 volume ,,xvii1 page #dbe1 ( ! 8,collections & ,rese>*es made by ! ,mi*igan ,pione] & ,hi/orical ,society10 by ,george ,h4 ,cannon4 ,x is "h /at$ t rema9s _h be5 une>!d on ! f>m ( ,hon4 ,p4 ,k4 ,lee*1 & t specim5s ( ! jawbone & sev]al tee? 7 9 ! cab9et ( ,hon4 ,w4 ,w4 ,&rus4 ,a lett] to ! pres5t writ] f ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,lee*1 son ( ,mr4 ,p4 ,k4 ,lee*1 /ates t ! rema9s _h be5 f\nd on ! ea/ half ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #ca1 t[n%ip #c nor?1 range #ab ea/1 9 a swale :i* runs across ! l& describ$4 ,^! tee? & bones 7 de/roy$ 9 a fire _m ye>s ago4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's ,glacial ,map ( ! ,s\!rn ,p59sula ( ,mi*igan1 ! locality :]e ^! rema9s 7 discov]$ is ne> ! out] bord] ( ! glacial ,lake ,maumee1 at a po9t :]e !re 0 a delta4 ,?is delta is m5tion$ by ,lev]ett & ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #chc74 ,x is :]e ,cl9ton ,riv] ent]$ old ,lake ,maumee4 ,x is evid5t t ! animal did n live be=e ! "t ( ?is lake2 x probably exi/$ long aft] ?is "t1 :5 ! climate _h mu* mod]at$4 #ba4 ,plym\?1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,alex&] ,w9*ell 7,fir/ ,bi5n4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/1 #ahfa1 p4 #acb7 /at$ t a ,mr4 ,%attuck _h exhum$ ne>ly an entire set ( tee? ( a ma/odon1 ) a "p ( a tusk #g feet 9 l5g?4 ,w9*ell saw five ( ! tee?2 ! o!r bones appe> to h be5 de/roy$4 ,! exact location ( ?is place is n kn[n1 b ,plym\? is )9 ! bord] ( ! glacial ,lake ,maumee2 & ! exi/5ce ( ! ma/odon 0 possible only well t[>d ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #bb4 ,wy&otte1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan are _m bones1 includ+ jaws ) tee?1 ( a ma/odon f\nd 9 ,monguegon ,t[n%ip1 ab\t #f miles s\?we/ ( ,wy&otte & ab\t #b miles nor?we/ ( ,sibley4 ,! locality m accurately giv5 is ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #ab1 t[n%ip #d s\?1 range #aj ea/4 ,?is 0 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,vreel&4 ,a c\nty dit* 0 be+ made to dra9 :at is kn[n z ! ,big ,m>%4 ,z report$ to ! writ] by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,assi/ant ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,mi*igan1 on a v co>se lime/one gravel are #cj in*es ( blue clay & ov] ?is ab\t #cj in*es ( muck4 ,! bones 7 mo/ly 9 ! blue clay2 ^? ly+ 9 ! muck 7 mu* decay$4 ,"s tee? & an atlas are 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,vreel&4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's map1 ?is ma/odon 0 buri$ )9 ! bord]s ( glacial ,lake ,lundy1 j outside ( t ( ,lake ,r\ge1 a contempor>y ( ,lake ,algonqu94 ,on page #ddb ( ,lev]ett & ,taylor's monograph x is /at$ t ! altitude ( ! bea* ( ,r\ge ,lake is #ehi feet4 ,on ! map j ref]r$ to ! #fjj-;foot cont\r-l9e runs at a consid]able di/ance we/ ( ! locality ( ! ma/odon f9d4 ,! latt] appe>s1 !n1 to h be5 some:]e betwe5 ! altitude ( #ehi & #fjj feet above sea-level1 )\t consid]+ ! dep? ! skeleton may h la9 bel[ ! surface4 ,! altitude ( ,lake ,erie is #egc feet4 ,x is evid5t t ! lake _h atta9$ ne>ly1 if n q1 its pres5t level :5 ?is ma/odon liv$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case1 :o sup]9t5d$ ! excavation ( ?is specim51 in=m$ ! writ] t ! bones 7 f\nd #d feet f ! surface4 #bc4 ,see page #hh4 #bd4 ,pet]sburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,alex&] ,w9*ell 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbd7 report$ ma/odon rema9s f ?is place4 ,! t[n is 9 t[n%ip #g s\?1 range #f ea/4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's map1 ,pet]sburg is )9 ! bea* :i* m>ks ! old glacial ,lake ,w>r54 ,probably1 !re=e1 ?is ma/odon liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ?is lake1 unless x _h liv$ dur+ ! "t ( ,lake ,wayne & be5 cov]$ ov] by ! deposits ( ,lake ,w>r5 :5 ! wat]s ( ! latt] made _! advance on ! l&4 ,! "t ( ! ma/odon 0 m probably aft] bo? lakes _h ceas$ to exi/4 #bc4 ,sal9e1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 in=m$ ! writ] t he _h se5 "s ma/odon rema9s :i* _h be5 f\nd "h 9 #ahhj4 ,no exact /atem5ts 7 giv5 reg>d+ ! place4 ,sal9e is v close to ! bea* ( old ,lake ,maumee1 :]e ?is bea* is cross$ by ,sal9e ,riv] & on ! ,defiance mora9e4 #be4 ,see page #hc4 #bf4 ,sev5 miles s\!a/ ( ,ypsilanti1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i71 ,russell & ,lev]ett /at$ t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd a few ye>s previ\sly on ! f>m ( ,alb]t ,d>l+1 ab\t #g miles s\!a/ ( ,ypsilanti1 :]e labor]s 7 digg+ a dit* across a swampy field4 ,! l[] jaw ) mol> tee? 9 place1 ! left tusk1 tee? ( ! upp] jaw1 portions ( ! cranium1 "s v]tebr & ribs1 & "s ( ! l>g] bones ( ! limbs 7 f\nd4 ,) consid]able re/oration ^! p>ts 7 m\nt$ & plac$ 9 ! museum ( ,mi*igan ,univ]sity4 ,! locality mu/ be n f> away f ,huron ,riv] & )9 ! bea* ( old ,arkona ,lake1 a pr$ecessor ( ! pres5t ,lake ,erie4 #bg4 ,see page #ha4 ,,indiana4 7,maps #e1 #i47 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,unglaciat$ ,,region4 #a4 ,posey ,c\nty4--,on page #cda ( ,bla9ville's 8,o/ographie des ,mammifres10 volume ,,iii1 x is /at$ t ,lesueur _h %[n ,bla9ville draw+s ( a f9e v]tebra & a femur1 ) its epiphyses1 ( a ma/odon :i* _h be5 f\nd along ! ,waba% ,riv]4 ,8 language indicates t ?is 0 some:]e bel[ ,new ,h>mony4 ,he /at$ t ^! bones 7 9 ! libr>y at ,v9c5nes1 ,indiana4 ,9 answ] to my inquiry ab\t ^! bones1 ,presid5t ,horace ,ellis1 ( ,v9c5nes ,univ]sity1 in=m$ me t "s bones :i* appe> to be ^? m5tion$ are 9 8 univ]sity4 ,^! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 digg+ a well1 at a dep? ( #fj feet4 ,"o ( ! curators ( ! libr>y at ,v9c5nes1 ,mr4 ,badollet1 /ates t ) ^! bones 7 "s sk9 & hair4 ,we may suppose t !re 0 "s mi/ake ab\t ?is4 ,un=tunately1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 x is n[ impossible to det]m9e j :]e ^! rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,new ,h>mony is situat$ on ! bord] ( ! ,ill9oian drift1 & ?is cont9ues ne>ly #aj miles f>!r s\?4 ,?is drift is cov]$ by loess4 ,a well sunk "h w\ld1 at a dep? ( #fj feet1 be 9 probably ,i[an loess4 ,ne>] ! riv]1 9 ! l[l&s1 ! dep? giv5 w\ld probably be 9 ,wiscons9 outwa%4 #b4 ,dubois ,c\nty4--,"s details reg>d+ ! specim5 f\nd "h are giv5 9 ! au?or's pap] on ! 8,plei/oc5e ( ,indiana0 7#cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gjb74 ,a "p ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd long ago ne> ! m\? ( ,wolf ,creek1 at ! ,rock ,h\se ,=d ( ,:ite ,riv]4 ,?is appe>s to be 9 ,h>rison ,t[n%ip 7#a nor?1 range #d we/74 ,! valley ( ,:ite ,riv] is "h occupi$ by alluvial t]races old] ?an ! ,wiscons9 drift 7,lev]ett1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxvii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi74 ,!re is "h too1 no d\bt1 mu* outwa% f ! ,wiscons9 glaci] itself4 ,! writ] has receiv$ a photograph ( a ma/odon too? :i* ,mr4 ,m>%all ,rob]ts1 ( ,jasp]1 ,indiana1 f\nd 9 #aiab 9 ,ea/ ,:ite ,riv]1 9 ! nor?we/ "p ( ,h>rison ,t[n%ip4 ,! too? is #aie mm4 long & #hg mm4 wide & has f\r cre/s & a l>ge talon4 ,9 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill's 8,obs]vations on ! ,geology ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 page #cfc1 x is /at$ t a "p ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd1 9 ,july #ahag1 8ne> ! falls ( ! ea/ bran*0 ( ,:ite ,riv]4 ,no exact conclusion c be drawn f ! facts kn[n4 #c4 ,h9do/an1 ,m>t9 ,c\nty4--,ma/odon rema9s 7#cf? ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gjg7 h be5 f\nd at ,h9do/an1 on ! ea/ bank ( ,:ite ,riv]1 ab\t #d4e miles directly s\?we/ ( ,%oals4 ,a ma/odon too? 0 f\nd 9 ,:ite ,riv] at ,%oals 7op4 cit41 p4 #gji74 ,x appe>s to be impossible to det]m9e ! age ( ?is mat]ial4 #d4 ,orange ,c\nty1 we/ ( ,orleans4--,! writ] has giv5 an acc\nt 7#cf? ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gaj7 ( ma/odon rema9s f\nd "h1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,m>ion ,f4 ,ma!rs1 app>5tly ne> ! l9e betwe5 ! t[n%ips ( ranges #a & #b we/ & #c nor?1 & ab\t #b miles s\? ( ! l9e betwe5 ,orange & ,lawr5ce ,c\nties4 ,! rema9s appe> to h be5 f\nd 9 a valley & ab\t #d4e feet bel[ ! surface4 ,be+ f\nd ?us 9 an unglaciat$ region1 !y might h be5 deposit$ at any "t dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 #e4 ,sp>ksville1 ,jackson ,c\nty4--,"s ye>s ago tee? & ribs ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd on ! bank ( ,:ite ,riv]1 at ,sp>ksville4 ,! valley "h is fill$ ) outwa% f ! ,wiscons9 drift1 b !re is possibly "s outwa% f ! ,ill9oian4 #f4 ,jackson ,c\nty1 #g miles we/ ( ,tampico4--7,see #cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #gjf47 ,a ma/odon too? 0 report$ f\nd on ! bank ( ,judah ,creek1 a bran* ( ,mill ,creek1 9 section #i1 t[n%ip #d nor?1 range #d ea/1 n f> f ,muscatatuk ,riv]4 ,?is is at "s di/ance outside ( ! bord] ( ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,along ,mill ,creek are alluvial deposits1 b ne>by is ,*e/nut ridge ( probably ,wiscons9 age 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #aib74 #g4 ,new ,albany1 ,floyd ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,indiana1 page #agf1 ,mr4 ,william ,w4 ,bord5 /at$ t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 frequ5tly f\nd on ! bank ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 at ,new ,albany4 ,z too (t51 !re are lack+ details z to localities & levels4 ,x is q probable t !re is "s outwa% at ?is place f ! ,ill9oian drift1 & !re is mu* f ! ,wiscons94 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,)9 ,,area ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #h4 ,pr9ceton1 ,gibson ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj1 ?ree tee? ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd 9 ?is village1 at a dep? ( #f feet1 9 a sew] :i* 0 be+ con/ruct$ 9 ,we/ ,*e/nut /reet4 ,?is region is cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 #aiad71 ,pr9ceton is situat$ on ,ill9oian gr\nd mora9e cov]$ by loess4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,%aw1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 :o is famili> ) ! region 9 "q1 in=ms ! writ] t ^! tee? 7 almo/ c]ta9ly f\nd 9 ,i[an loess1 deposit$ at "s "t betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 glacial /ages4 #eb4 ,v9c5nes1 ,knox ,c\nty4--,at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,colorado1 at ,b\ld]1 !re is an atlas ( a ma/odon :i* 0 tak5 !re by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,m4 ,ellis1 =m]ly ( ,v9c5nes1 :o /at$ t ?is1 ) o!r bones1 _h be5 f\nd at ,v9c5nes1 associat$ ) a skull ( a fossil bison4 #i4 ,knox or ,gibson ,c\nty4--,9 ,bla9ville's 8,o/ographie des ,mammifres10 page #cdj1 x 0 /at$ t ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at "s place betwe5 ,v9c5nes & ,new ,h>mony4 ,! locality w\ld be 9 ei!r ,knox or ,gibson ,c\nty4 ,! valley ( ! ,waba% 9 all ?is region is fill$ ) outwa% f ! ,wiscons9 glaci]1 & mo/ probably ! animal repres5t$ liv$ dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age2 b our lack ( k ( ! conditions 9 :i* ! jaw 0 f\nd =bids any assumption ( c]ta9ty 9 our conclusion4 #aj4 ,p>ke ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,=ty-fir/ ,annual ,report ( ! ,/ate ,museum ( ,new ,york x is report$ t !re 0 receiv$1 ab\t #ahhh1 ! too? ( a ma/odon1 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 at ! junction ( ,raccoon & ,little ,raccoon ,creeks4 ,^! creeks unite on section #bc ( t[n%ip #ad nor?1 range #h we/4 ,! political "n ( ! t[n%ip is ,florida4 ,! region is cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift2 h5ce ! too? is q c]ta9ly m rec5t ?an t epo*4 ,! valleys ( ! creeks nam$ are occupi$ by outwa% f ,wiscons9 drift1 & probably ! tee? f\nd lodgm5t !re dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #aa4 ,brookville1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,! writ] has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! rema9s ( ma/odons f\nd ne> ,brookville 7#cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 #aiab1 p4 #gjd74 ,! in=mation is d]iv$ f a report by ,dr4 ,rufus ,haymond1 made 9 ! ,fir/ ,annual ,report1 #ahfi1 page #aii4 ,two ( ^! 7 f\nd #h or #i feet bel[ ! surface1 9 ! gravel ( ! upp] t]race1 along ,:itewat] ,riv]4 ,"o 0 discov]$ ab\t half a mile bel[ ,brookville1 ! o!r ab\t #c4e miles bel[ ! village4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor's acc\nt ( ?is region 7#cd? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana71 ! t]race 9 :i* ! ma/odon bones 7 buri$ is #ajj feet above ! pres5t b$ ( ,:itewat] ,riv]4 ,z ,haymond speaks ( skeletons be+ f\nd at ^! localities1 x is probable t some?+ m ?an isolat$ tee? or bones 7 buri$ !re4 ,if s1 ! bones 7 9 _! orig9al place ( int]m5t1 & s9ce t int]m5t ! t]race 0 built up high] by ab\t #h feet4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #aah71 ^! t]races 7 made f ! outwa% ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci] :ile x 0 =m+ ! mora9es :i* cross ,wayne & ! s\!rn "p ( ,r&olph ,c\nties4 ,if ?is is true1 ^! ma/odons liv$ %ortly aft] ! culm9ation ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,?is int]pretation w\ld imply t ma/odons c\ld live 9 v close proximity to ! glacial front4 ,h[ev]1 n too mu* importance mu/ be atta*$ to ?is case1 = x is possible t ! animals 7 n correctly id5tifi$4 ,accord+ to ,haymond1 ano!r skeleton 0 f\nd ab\t #c4e miles nor!a/ ( ,brookville1 9 a piece ( m>%y gr\nd :i* ! own] 0 dit*+4 ,?is discov]y mu/ h be5 made ei!r on ! out] 7,h>twell7 mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci] or along ,ea/ ,honnas ,creek1 :]e x breaks ?r\gh ! mora9e4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! animal mu/ h be5 buri$ !re aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ice f t mora9e4 #ab4 ,de>born ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgb 7#c;d & #d? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #djb71 ,pr(essor ,r4 ,b4 ,w>d] m5tion$ briefly t "s rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 met ) 9 ?is c\nty4 ,a "p ( a l>ge pelvis 0 f\nd at a salt spr+ on ,tann]'s ,creek1 bel[ ,guil=d4 ,?is may h belong$ to ei!r a ma/odon or an elephant4 ,a ma/odon's too? is said to h be5 f\nd on high gr\nd on ,george ,r&all's f>m1 #e miles we/ ( s\?we/ ( ,aurora1 ly+ on a /ratum ( blue clay #h or #i feet bel[ ! surface4 ,?is region is occupi$ by ,ill9oian drift & ! ma/odon probably liv$ !re at "s "t aft] ! ,ill9oian /age & be=e ! ,wiscons94 ,h[ev]1 we c n be c]ta9 t ! animal 0 n a mammo?1 = no description 0 giv5 ( ! too? & x has almo/ c]ta9ly be5 de/roy$4 ,accord+ to ,l4 ,c4 ,w>d's report on ! soils ( ,de>born ,c\nty 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bcb71 ?is imm$iate region is occupi$ by :at he calls lime/one upl& soil1 :i* has result$ f ! decay ( ,silurian lime/ones & %ales4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ,ill9oian drift !re4 ,nev]!less1 by "s means1 ?is proboscidean 0 buri$ !re dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e p]iod4 ,w>d] m5tion$ o!r rema9s ( proboscideans report$ f ,ohio ,c\nty1 adjo9+ ,de>born on ! s\?1 a piece ( a tusk f\nd ne> ,patriot1 a tusk on ,laugh]y ,creek above ,h>t=d1 & a too? at ,ris+ ,sun1 9 ! riv] bank2 b ^! may h belong$ to elephants4 ,to an elephant may h belong$ ! tusks :i* ,w>d] report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! riv] bottom #e miles bel[ ,vevay1 9 ,switz]l& ,c\nty4 #ed4 ,lawr5ceburg1 ,de>born ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 ( ,h\/on1 ,texas1 =m]ly ( ,muncie1 ,indiana1 a c>eful collector ( ma/odon & elephant tee?1 9 a lett] in=m$ ! writ] t 9 ,augu/ #ahhg a l>ge ma/odon too? 0 f\nd ne> ,lawr5ceburg1 b ! exact locality 0 n giv54 #bj4 ,*>le/on1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,indiana1 #ahgd1 page #agf1 ,mr4 ,william ,w4 ,bord5 report$ ! discov]y ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon on tract #ee ( ! 8,ill9ois ,grant10 ab\t #b miles s\?we/ ( ,*>le/on ,l&+ & ab\t ! same di/ance f ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,a "p ( ! bones 0 s5t to ! old ,l\isville ,museum2 ! o!rs 71 9 #ahgd1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,coons1 "o ( ! f9d]s4 ,probably ! bones h long be5 lo/ or de/roy$4 ,accord+ to ,bord51 !y 7 f\nd 9 a s&-bank4 ,?is region is occupi$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,accord+ to ,r4 ,w4 ,ellis's soil survey ( ?is region 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bde1 map71 ?is area is occupi$ by :at is call$ ,new ,wa%+ton clay loam4 ,?is is reg>d$ z ! residual soil ( ! dis9tegrat$ lime/one ( ! ,jeff]sonville & ,niag>a =mations4 ,no?+ is said ab\t any glacial drift "h1 b ! s& ( ! s&-pit m5tion$ mu/ h be5 deposit$ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,%elbyville ,,& ,,! ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9es4 #ac4 ,gre5ca/le1 ,putnam ,c\nty4--,! ,/ate collection at ,indianapolis conta9s a la/ mol> ( a ma/odon f\nd some:]e ne> ,gre5ca/le4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r x 0 f\nd on ,wiscons9 drift or on ,ill9oian1 or 9 ,wiscons9 outwa% along ,eel ,riv]4 #ej4 ,gre5sburg1 ,decatur ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w1 ,am]ican ,museum ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york ,city1 ! writ] has receiv$ in=mation1 accompani$ by draw+s1 t tee? & "p ( ! jaw ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd ne> ,gre5sburg1 by ,mr4 ,roscoe ,humphrey4 ,! draw+s %[ two tee?1 "o hav+ a l5g? ( #ajb mm41 ! o!r ( #ace mm4 ,mr4 ,humphrey /ates t ! jaw & ! tee? 7 f\nd 9 a bran* ( ,s& ,creek1 ab\t #d4e miles s\!a/ ( ,gre5sburg4 ,?is is evid5tly on ! ,%elbyville mora9e4 #ad4 ,danville1 ,h5dricks ,c\nty4--,! collection ( ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis conta9s a l[] second true mol> label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd ne> ,danville4 ,! specim5 is cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,v9nage4 ,z ?is region is cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift1 x is probable t ! animal liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$4 #ae4 ,attica1 ,f\nta9 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,walk]1 ( ,attica1 ,indiana1 has in=m$ ! writ] t ab\t ,octob] #a1 #ahie1 a ma/odon jaw 0 f\nd ne> ,newt[n1 9 t c\nty4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,b4 ,mc,kinney1 ( ,newt[n1 wrote t ! jaw 0 discov]$ 9 ! bank ( ,coal ,creek1 ab\t #d rods f :]e ! creek crosses into ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 9 ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #i1 t[n%ip #bj nor?1 range #f we/4 ,! bank rose #c feet above ! b$ ( ! creek & 0 compos$ ( a black loam2 high] gr\nd is f\nd ab\t #bj rods away4 ,?is jaw mu/ h be5 buri$ orig9ally :]e x 0 f\nd or ne>by & aft] ! ice :i* =m$ ! ,*ampaign mora9e _h )drawn fur!r nor?4 ,x may h be5 long aft] ?is )drawal4 ,! description ( ! jaw & tee? leaves no d\bt z to ! correct id5tification ( ! animal4 ,=m] ,/ate ,geologi/ ,john ,collett1 9 #ahhj 7#bnd ,rep4 ,bur4 ,/at4 ,geol4 ,indiana1 p4 #chf71 /at$ t 9 digg+ a canal a few miles nor? ( ,cov+ton a skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd emb$d$ 9 wet peat4 ,collett report$ t ! bones yet conta9$ _! m>r[4 ,! id5tity ( ! species & ! details z to location & dep?s are n giv54 ,d\btless ! age ( ! animal 0 ,late ,wiscons94 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,nor? ,,( ,,! ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9ic ,,sy/em ,,& ,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,waba% ,,riv] ,,& ,,! ,,mississ9awa ,,mora9e4 ,! :ole region is occupi$ by deposits f ! ,wiscons9 glacial %eet4 #af4 ,b[]s1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,donaldson ,bod9e ( ,waba% ,college1 has in=m$ ! writ] t ab\t #ahhe "s rema9s ( a ma/odon 7 une>!d on ! f>m ( ,milton ,n4 ,waugh1 ne> ,b[]s4 ,! exact locality is said to be 9 section #ab1 t[n%ip #bj nor?1 range #c we/4 ,?is mu/ be close to a /ream nam$ on ! map ,potato ,creek4 ,?is lies nor? ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9ic sy/em or on its nor!rn edge4 ,! epo* ( ! animal is n e>li] ?an ,wiscons94 ,accord+ to ,jones & ,orahood's soil survey ( ?is c\nty 7#cg? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #adi71 ! glacial drift is almo/ ev]y:]e ov]la9 by loess1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to ne>ly #c feet4 ,?is loess 0 deposit$ aft] ! ice _h retir$ f t region4 #ag4 ,indianapolis1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis !re is a l[] "r la/ mol> label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,indianapolis1 at ,p5nsylvania & ,?irtie? /reets1 by workm5 :o 7 digg+ a sew]4 ,?is 0 probably 9 outwa% mat]ials br\ght d[n by ,fall ,creek f ! nor!a/ dur+ ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 ice f ! ,bloom+ton mora9e to ! "o :i* passes ?r\gh ,union ,city & ,muncie1 call$ ! ,union ,city mora9e4 #ah4 ,&]son1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,indianapolis ,/> ( ,july #cj1 #aiaa1 is an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( jawbones1 ) tee?1 ( a ma/odon4 ,! acc\nt 0 accompani$ by reproductions ( photographs1 :i* make ! id5tification c]ta94 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,l\is ,webb1 b ! exact location 0 n indicat$4 ,! animal c]ta9ly liv$ aft] ! culm9ation ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 p4 #ii7 /ates t 9 p>ts ( c5tral ,indiana ! ,wiscons9 drift may be relatively ?91 z little z f #ae to #bj feet4 ,9 we/]n ,tipton & s\!rn ,cl9ton ,c\nties a buri$ soil ab\t #bj feet bel[ ! surface seems to repres5t ! l& surface previ\s to ! ,wiscons9 invasion4 ,9 s\!rn ,madison ,c\nty a black mucky soil1 c>ry+ pieces ( wood l>ge en\gh to be call$ logs1 und]lies ! till at f #ae to #dj feet4 ,su* a soil w\ld be ! product ( ! int]val betwe5 ! ,ill9oian glacial /age & ! ,wiscons91 probably ei!r ,sangamon or ,peorian4 ,9 su* deposits !re might be f\nd v]tebrate rema9s1 possibly ev5 ( horses4 #ai4 ,fairm\nt ,t[n%ip1 ,grant ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhc1 ,a4 ,j4 ,ph9ney1 ,m4 ,d41 9 describ+ ! geology ( ,grant ,c\nty 7#ac? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #adc71 report$ t "s ye>s previ\sly ! too? ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ! m>%es s\? ( ! lake 9 ,fairm\nt ,t[n%ip1 numb] #bc nor?1 range #h ea/4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! report x is /at$ t ! lake 0 9 section #ad4 ,x cov]$ at ! "t ( writ+ ab\t #aj acres1 b _h =m]ly cov]$ ab\t #cj acres4 ,! dra9age is n[ nor? into ! ,mississ9awa ,riv]2 b1 be=e ! ,wiscons9 ice _h )drawn to :]e ! ,mississ9awa mora9e n[ is1 ! dra9age 0 t[>d ! s\? into ,:ite ,riv]4 ,at "s "t aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ice f ?is region x became occupi$ by ma/odons1 elephants1 giant beav]s1 & d\btless _m o!r species ( animals4 ,= #bj see page #ia4 #ba4 ,muncie1 ,delaw>e ,c\nty4--,a4 ,j4 ,ph9ney1 9 #ahhb 7#aa? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #aca71 report$ t a ma/odon too? 0 f\nd #d4e miles we/ ( ,muncie1 on ! f>m ( ,edw>d ,mc,kinley4 ,no details z to dep? or k9d ( soil 7 giv54 ,! too? is said to h measur$ #d by #e4e in*es1 ) a dep? ( #g in*es4 ,unless ! roots 7 pres5t & l>ge x seems n unlikely t ! too? 0 t ( an elephant4 ,ph9ney did n say t he saw ! too?4 ,he report$ o!r suppos$ ma/odon rema9s :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 b !re is no assurance t !y 7 correctly id5tifi$4 ,:atev] proboscideans !y 71 !y liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retreat$ f t region4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 ( ,h\/on1 ,texas1 =m]ly ( ,muncie1 ,indiana1 has be5 int]e/$ 9 mak+ collections ( fossils & curiosities4 ,he has kept a note-book ( 8 f9ds & has illu/rat$ x ) sket*es4 ,he has a l[] "r la/ ma/odon mol> :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,muncie4 ,x is #h4e in*es long1 & has #d cre/s & #e roots4 ,he reports hav+ se5 a ma/odon too? ) #c cre/s1 :i* 0 f\nd ,june #ahhg1 ab\t #a4ge miles ea/ ( ,muncie1 at ! m\? ( ,hog ,creek4 ,two tee?1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,mock /ill owns "o1 7 f\nd ,augu/ #h1 #ahid1 #b4e miles s\? ( ,muncie1 9 a dit* ne> ,buck ,creek1 on ! f>m own$ by ,oliv] ,mc,connell4 #ec4 ,roy]ton1 ,delaw>e ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 above ref]r$ to1 %[$ ! writ] a draw+ ( a ma/odon too? :i* 0 f\nd ,may #bd1 #ahij1 ne> ,roy]ton1 #f miles nor? ( ,muncie4 ,) ?is 7 two o!r tee?2 "o #g in*es long & weigh$ ne>ly #d p\nds4 ,^! 7 discov]$ 9 excavat+ tile clay at a dep? ( ab\t #c4e feet4 #bb4 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity are two l[] true mol>s1 app>5tly ! fir/ ( ea* side4 ,! l5g? ( ea* is #ie mm4 ,!y are label$ z hav+ come f ,h5ry ,c\nty1 ,indiana1 b !re is no?+ to indicate f :at "p ( ! c\nty4 #bc4 ,losantville1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,losantville is1 accord+ to ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 on ! ,bloom+ton mora9e ( ! ,wiscons94 ,z indicat$ on ! map1 ! drift is cov]$ ) silt =m$ 9 local ice-bord] pools4 ,h5ce ! ma/odon 9 "q left 8 bones 9 a depression on ! top ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet1 & lat] !y 7 cov]$ by a deposit ( peat4 ,9 ,nautilus1 volume ,,iv1 page #aca1 ,elwood ,pleas1 ( ,dunrei?1 ,indiana1 gave a li/ ( six species ( mollusks f\nd associat$ ) ! ma/odon4 ,all are yet liv+4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ph9ney 7,twelf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,ind4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aha7 /at$ t ma/odon bones _h be5 met 9 ?is c\nty1 b no details 7 furni%$4 #bd4 ,dalton1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,e>lham ,college collection !re is a l[] jaw f\nd 9 ,nettle ,creek1 ne> ,dalton4 ,x conta9s ! la/ two mol>s4 ,! la/ "o has five cre/s & a talon4 ,! front ( ! symphysis is r\gh1 b !re are no alveoles = tusks4 ,dalton is 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty & on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e1 :]e ?is jo9s ! ,bloom+ton mora9e4 #be4 ,jacksonburg1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,john ,t4 ,plumm] 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 ,i1 vol4 ,,xliv1 #ahdc1 p4 #cjb7 /at$ t he _h obta9$ ne> ,jacksonburg1 #ah miles we/ ( ,ri*mond1 a too?4 ,x _h f\r cross-ridges & 0 s well pres]v$ t a d5ti/ attempt$ to make artificial human tee? f x4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map1 ! too? 0 probably on ! surface ( ,wiscons9 drift4 ,x c\ld n1 !re=e1 h liv$ until aft] ! ,%elbyville mora9e _h be5 cle>$ ( ice4 #bf4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! twelf? volume ( ! ,am]ican ,geologi/1 page #gc1 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore1 !n ( ,e>lham ,college1 /at$ t "s s\nd tee? & decay$ bones ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd #b miles ea/ ( ,ri*mond1 9 scoop+ out a fi%-pond4 ,a label on a l[] la/ mol> /ates t ! rema9s 7 f\nd on ! ,floyd f>m4 ,) !m 7 f\nd a fragm5t ( an incisor ( ,ca/oroides4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 ! locality w\ld be outside ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,)9 ,,! ,,mississ9awa ,,mora9e4 #bg4 ,p5n ,t[n%ip1 ,jay ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,david ,mc,caslin 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #afi7 /at$ t v>i\s rema9s ( ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ,jay ,c\nty4 ,he m5tion$ 9 p>ticul> fragm5ts f\nd 9 ,p5n ,t[n%ip 7t[n%ip #bd nor?1 range #h ea/7 & :i* seem$ to indicate ! pres5ce ( an entire skeleton4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ?is skeleton 0 t ( an elephant4 ,! ,salamonie mora9e passes diagonally ?r\gh ?is t[n%ip4 #bh4 ,=t ,wayne1 ,all5 ,c\nty4--,ri*>d ,lydekk] 7,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #ag7 /at$ t !re is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory a ca/ ( ! left half ( ! bra9 ( an immature specim5 ( ma/odon :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,=t ,wayne4 ,! ca/ _h be5 s5t to t museum by ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,r4 ,dry] 7#af? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #abi7 report$ five skeletons ( ma/odons f\nd 9 ,all5 ,c\nty4 ,no p>ticul>s 7 giv54 ,a note f ,pr(essor ,dry] to ! pres5t writ] /ates t he _h be5 unable to obta9 additional in=mation4 ,x is n unlikely t "s ( ^! rema9s belong$ to elephants1 b d\btless "s 7 ^? ( ma/odons4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s little ( value is secur$ f su* discov]ies4 #bi4 ,de,kalb ,c\nty1 #e miles we/ ( ,wat]loo4--,9 ! ,c>negie ,museum at ,pittsburgh !re is a q complete skeleton ( a ma/odon :i* 0 f\nd 9 #ahig1 9 a peat-bog ab\t #e miles we/ ( ,wat]loo4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& gave a brief acc\nt ( ?is skeleton 9 #aije 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dfd74 ,! exact location ( ! place has n be5 asc]ta9$ by ! writ]4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map 7,monograph ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey7 ?is ma/odon 0 buri$ on ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,salamonie mora9e1 & x c\ld n h liv$ !re until well along 9 ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #ee4 ,de,kalb ,c\nty1 #e miles nor!a/ ( ,wat]loo4--,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& 7,popul> ,sci5ce1 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #ahii1 p4 #bcc7 describ$ ! f9d+ & dis9t]m5t ( ?ree ma/odons & _h a figure ( "o skeleton4 ,"o ( ! ne>ly complete skeletons 0 f\nd re/+ on 8h>dpan10 p>tly emb$d$ 9 a ?9 lay] ( %ell m>l & muck "u ! peat1 at po9ts n m ?an #c feet bel[ ! surface4 #ef4 ,noble ,c\nty4--,"u ?is numb] may be m5tion$ ! foll[+ discov]y ( ma/odon rema9s3 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/1 volume ,,ii1 #ahfh1 page #ef1 0 report$ a communication made to ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce by ,dr4 ,mey]s1 ( ,=t ,wayne4 ,he ann\nc$ t he & ,dr4 ,/impson1 ( ,*icago1 _h une>!d ! skeletons ( ?ree ma/odons some:]e 9 ,noble ,c\nty1 9 a bas9-%ap$ depression 9 ! middle ( a corn-field1 =m]ly a will[ swamp4 ,"o ( ! animals 0 a "y "o4 ,"s ( ! bones _h be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,?ru%1 9 digg+ a dit* ?r\gh 8 l&4 ,! skeletons lay at a dep? ( #d or #e feet1 9 a /ratum ( peat :i* ov]lay blue clay conta9+ lacu/r9e %ells4 ,9 ! peat 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( b\ghs & bran*es ( sev]al k9ds ( wood 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation1 & "s fragm5ts _h be5 gnaw$ by beav]s4 #cj4 ,a%ley1 ,/eub5 ,c\nty4--,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 conta9s ! f9e skull ( a ma/odon1 f\nd 9 ,/eub5 ,t[n%ip n f> f ,a%ley4 ,! f9d] ( ! skull1 ,mr4 ,walt] ,f4 ,dell]1 ( ,a%ley1 in=m$ ! writ] t x 0 discov]$ 9 a swamp :i* 0 be+ dra9$1 ab\t #e feet f ! surface4 ,he /ates t ! bones lay 9 a m>l1 itself ov]la9 by muck1 & on top ( all "s soil :i* _h be5 wa%$ 94 ,s f> z c be det]m9$1 ! animal 0 buri$ betwe5 ! ,mississ9awa & ! ,salamonie mora9es4 ,) ! skull 7 f\nd o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 :i* %[s t ! rema9s 7 9 _! orig9al place ( burial4 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,outside ,,( ,,mississ9awa ,,mora9e ,,& ,,betwe5 ,,waba% ,,& ,,kankakee ,,riv]s4 #ca4 ,beav] ,lake1 ,newton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbi71 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley report$ t 9 dra9+ ,beav] ,lake1 9 ,newton ,c\nty1 ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd1 9 company ) ,bo!rium4 ,no details 7 furni%$1 & x is n kn[n :at 0 done ) ! specim5s4 ,x is probable t ! musk-ox belong$ to ! species ,symbos cavifrons4 ,x occurs ov] ! c\ntry mu* m abundantly ?an any o!r musk-ox4 ,beav] ,lake has disappe>$ f ! maps1 b x is %[n on ! geological map ( ,indiana1 publi%$ 9 ! ,eighte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,indiana4 ,! lake occupi$ a "p ( ! pres5t t[n%ip ( ,mc,clellan 7t[n%ip #cj nor?1 range #i we/74 ,d\btless ?is lake exi/$ ev] s9ce ! retirem5t ( ! ice f t region4 ,! ma/odon 0 probably f\nd 9 mak+ ! dit* f ! lake 9 a nor?we/]ly direction into ! ,kankakee ,riv]4 #cb4 ,jasp] ,c\nty4--,john ,collett1 at t "t ,/ate geologi/1 report$ 9 #ahhb 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gc7 t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 b no p>ticul>s 7 furni%$4 ,he /at$ t rema9s ( ?is species1 z well z ^? ( ! mammo?1 7 buri$ 9 deposits ( peat4 ,a portion ( ! c\nty is occupi$ by ! ,m>seilles mora9ic sy/em1 ! rema9d] by ! ,kankakee m>%1 p]haps l>gely a lake dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,on ! maps ! numb] #cb is plac$ arbitr>ily4 #cc4 ,d5ham1 ,pulaski ,c\nty4--,9 #aiae ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum secur$ a l>ge "p ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon f\nd ab\t #b miles we/ ( ,d5ham4 ,! locality is describ$ to ! writ] by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,pattison1 ( ,w9amac1 z be+ on ! half-section l9e betwe5 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( ! nor?we/ qu>t] & ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #i1 t[n%ip #ca nor?1 range #c we/4 ,?is w\ld be n f> we/ f ! c5t] ( ! section4 ,! skeleton 0 ?r[n out by ! %ovel ( ! dit*+ ma*9e1 b mo/ ( ! bones1 includ+ ! skull1 7 obta9$ 9 q good condition4 ,!y 7 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #i feet1 9 a m>ly deposit1 itself ov]la9 by s&y mat]ials4 ,on consult+ ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,indiana x is se5 t ?is skeleton 0 f\nd 9 a m>%y tract1 9 :i* ,monon ,riv] rises4 ,x is repres5t$ by ,lev]ett z a gr\nd mora9e pla91 surr\nd$ by pla9s cov]$ by s& & display+ s& dunes4 ,x =ms a "p ( :at has be5 call$ ,kankakee ,lake1 b :i*1 z ,lev]ett says1 may h be5 9 late ,plei/oc5e times n greatly unlike :at x has be5 )9 ,rec5t times4 ,x mu/ h be5 well along 9 ! aft]noon ( ! ,wiscons9 /age :5 ?is ma/odon tempt$ ! insecure foot+ ( ^! swamps4 ,?is skeleton has be5 m\nt$ & is n[ on exhibition at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #cd4 ,ri* ,grove ,t[n%ip1 ,pulaski ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 ( ! ,national ,museum1 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,williams1 ( ,w9amac1 ,indiana1 9 #aiae1 saw "s ma/odon bones :i* _h be5 f\nd "h4 ,no details h be5 report$4 #di4 ,indian ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,pulaski ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 x has be5 le>n$ t 9 ,june #aiad1 ab\t half ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,william ,battie1 #e miles we/ ( ,oak1 ,pulaski ,c\nty4 ,?is w\ld be 9 t[n%ip #bi nor?1 range #b we/4 ,! skeleton 0 enc\nt]$ by dit*]s at a dep? ( #c feet1 9 black loam4 ,x 0 n secur$ = ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 #ce4 ,royal ,c5t]1 ,cass ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,gidley & ,mr4 ,williams1 z m5tion$ "u ,no4 #cd1 saw also "s ma/odon rema9s :i* 7 f ab\t #b miles we/ ( ,royal ,c5t]4 #dh4 ,fulton1 ,fulton ,c\nty4--,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 conta9s sev]al ma/odon bones secur$ by ,mr4 ,b>num ,br[n 9 #aiae1 b :i* _h be5 f\nd by ,mr4 ,ar?ur ,fry1 9 ,july #aiac4 ,^! rema9s 7 met ) 9 excavat+ = abutm5ts = a bridge & _h be5 ?r[n out ( a dra9age dit*4 ,! bones 7 disassociat$ & scatt]$ ov] a consid]able area4 ,!y 7 all 9 black muck ov]ly+ compact quicks& & ab\t #d feet bel[ ! black loam surface soil4 ,f ,mr4 ,fry x is le>n$ t ! locality is #b miles s\!a/ ( ,fulton4 ,?is is 9 t[n%ip #bi nor?1 range #b ea/1 & q c]ta9ly 9 section #cf4 ,mr4 ,fry wrote t 9 digg+ up ^! bones logs 7 f\nd t _h be5 gnaw$ by beav]s4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w in=ms ! writ] t on clean+ up ! mat]ials !re prov$ to be pres5t at lea/ f\r individuals4 ,"o 0 repres5t$ by a v complete skull ) portions ( ! tusks4 ,!re 0 ano!r skull2 also two l[] jaws :i* appe>$ n to belong to ei!r ( ! skulls4 ,f ! %ortness & ! diamet] ( ! tusks x is believ$ t all ! individuals 7 females4 ,besides ! skulls !re 7 _m bones belong+ to ! trunk & ! limbs4 #cf4 ,macy1 ,miami ,c\nty4--,ne> ?is place 0 f\nd ! f9e skeleton ( a ma/odon :i* is m\nt$ & on exhibition 9 ! ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons94 ,a figure ( ?is has be5 publi%$ by ! writ] 7#cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #fei74 ,?is skeleton 0 f\nd1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,w>d1 director ( ! museum m5tion$1 9 #aijg1 9 ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( section #bi1 t[n%ip #bi1 range #d ea/1 betwe5 ,macy & ,de$sville4 ,?is locality is on ! great mora9e :i* lies nor? ( ,eel ,riv] & 0 produc$ by ! ice fronts ( ! ,mi*igan1 ! ,sag9aw1 & ! ,lake ,erie lobes4 ,accord+ to a sket* & "s notes furni%$ to ,mr4 ,w>d by ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,fite1 :o secur$ ! skeleton1 x 0 ly+ at ! l[] end ( an #h-%ap$ area ( l[ muck l& surr\nd$ by r high s&y l&4 ,! skeleton 0 buri$ at a dep? ( #d or #e feet1 & ! surface 0 miry & cov]$ ) wat]4 ,mr4 ,fite conclud$ f ! position ( ! bones t ! animal _h become mir$4 ,he says 9 a lett] to ! pres5t writ] t ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* _h be5 pres]v$1 b on exposure to ! air became p[d]y l a%es4 ,mr4 ,fite writes t he took up portions ( ano!r ma/odon 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #bf1 t[n%ip #bi nor?1 range #e ea/ 7,p]ry ,t[n%ip71 & t he has ! l[] jaw & tee?4 ,?is animal 0 f\nd 9 an old pond :i* _h a gr[? ( buttonwood4 ,! bones 7 9 a blue clay1 itself ov]la9 by a ri* black soil4 ,/ill ano!r ma/odon is report$ by ,mr4 ,fite f ?is region4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ! fall ( #aiae1 9 ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( section #ab1 t[n%ip #bi nor?1 range #c ea/4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd at a dep? ( #d feet & 7 9 a pretty fair /ate ( pres]vation1 except ! skull4 ,! animal _h be5 a l>ge "o4 #cg4 ,p]u1 ,miami ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,yale ,univ]sity is a l[] left la/ mol>1 ,no4 #aafhi1 label$ z hav+ come f ,p]u1 b !re is no o!r in=mation4 ,p]u is on ! ,waba% ,riv]1 a few miles s\? ( ,d5v]4 #ea4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,miami ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,fite reports hav+ f\nd ano!r ma/odon 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #aa1 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,miami ,c\nty 7,t4 #be ,n41 ,r4 #e ,e474 ,?is w\ld be n f> f ,pipe ,creek1 betwe5 ,som]set & ,amboy1 & "s miles outside ( ! ,mississ9awa mora9e4 ,! writ] has se5 ^! bones1 mo/ly v]tebr1 & agrees ) ! id5tification4 #ch4 ,laketon1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,elrod & ,b5$ict /ate 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bdj7 t 9 #ahgb a ne>ly complete skeleton ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd ab\t #b miles we/ ( ?is place1 9 digg+ a dit* at ! roadside4 ,! exact location is 9 section #h1 t[n%ip #bi nor?1 range #f ea/1 ne> ! bank ( ,silv] ,creek4 ,! political "n ( ! t[n%ip is ,pleasant4 ,?is w\ld be on ! s\!rn bord] ( ! great mora9e already m5tion$ z runn+ nor!a/w>d & s\?we/w>d1 nor? ( ,eel ,riv]4 ,aft] "s litigation ! skeleton 0 put on exhibition at ,=t ,wayne4 ,9 ?r[+ up an embankm5t = a bridge across ,silv] ,creek1 workm5 f\nd 9 ! same t[n%ip1 z report$ by ,elrod & ,b5$ict1 bones ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,!y 7 "u #e feet ( muck4 #ci4 ,nor? ,man*e/]1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,elrod & ,b5$ict1 z cit$ above1 report$ t a jawbone ) two tee? 9 x _h be5 f\nd on ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #a1 t[n%ip #bi1 range #g ea/4 ,?is is ab\t #c miles ea/ ( ,nor? ,man*e/]4 ,! description giv5 ( ^! tee? %[s t ! jaw 0 t ( a ma/odon4 ,x 0 f\nd b5ea? #b4e feet ( solid blue clay4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map1 ! locality is n f> we/ ( ! out] bord] ( ! ,mississ9awa mora9e4 #dj4 ,lagrange1 ,lagrange ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,donaldson ,bod9e1 n[ deceas$1 =m]ly ( ,waba% ,college1 ,craw=dsville1 ,indiana1 in=m$ ! writ] t !re are 9 ,waba% ,college "s tee? & o!r p>ts ( a ma/odon1 :i* 7 f\nd 9 #aiaj 9 "s dr$g+ op]ations ne> ,lagrange4 ,h4 ,pohlig 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,belge ,gol41 etc41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiab1 p4 #ahg7 describ$ a l[] jaw1 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,lagrange1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,tetracaulodon ohioticum4 ,x conta9$ a small tusk #bcj mm4 long & #dj mm4 9 diamet]4 ,!re 0 pres5t also an alveolus = ! o!r tusk4 ,he accepts ! g5us ,tetracaulodon = ma/odons 8a quatre df5ses p]man5tes sans mail reprs5t p> le ,ma/odon ohioticum40 ,individuals )\t l[] tusks are reg>d$ by him z females4 ,9 ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 !re is1 or 01 a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon f ,lagrange ,c\nty4 ,! writ] has receiv$ a photograph %[+ ! "r =e-leg1 two ribs1 two tusks1 & a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon f\nd 9 #ahhd1 9 a swamp1 #d miles nor?we/ ( ,lagrange4 ,! rema9s 7 emb$d$ 9 a clayey m>l deposit1 at a dep? ( f #d to #aj feet4 ,!y are said to h be5 exhum$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,betts4 ,! h9d]mo/ l[] mol> %[s five cre/s & a heel4 ,on ! "r side is a small l[] tusk4 ,lagrange is situat$ at ! junction ( mora9es =m$ by ! ,sag9aw & ! ,huron-,erie lobes ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci]4 ,f ?is ! ,lagrange mora9e runs (f nor?we/w>d 7,lev]ett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 p4 #adc74 ,p>ts ( ! c\nty are occupi$ by till pla9s & o!rs by s& & gravel pla9s & *annels ( glacial dra9age4 ,at ! "t ^! ma/odons liv$ 9 ,/eub5 & ,lagrange ,c\nties1 ! ,wiscons9 ice mu/ h retir$ q beyond ! limits ( ! ,/ate4 ,,ma/odons ,,f\nd ,,nor? ,,( ,,kankakee ,,riv]4 #da4 ,l[ell1 ,lake ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,ponto1 ,l[ell1 ,indiana1 has s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a photograph ( a l[] "r h9d] mol> 7app>5tly n yet hav+ come into use7 ( a ma/odon4 ,?is 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #b feet #i in*es 9 a tr5* = a tile dra94 ,! locality is 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #cf1 t[n%ip #cc nor?1 range #i we/4 ,?is is on ! s\!rn bord] ( :at ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #age7 reg>ds z possibly ! we/w>d cont9uation ( ! ,kalamazoo mora9ic sy/em ( ! ,lake ,mi*igan glacial lobe4 #db to #dd4 ,port] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7#bb;d ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ind471 ,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,blat*ley report$ ma/odons f v>i\s localities 9 ?is c\nty2 he probably did n see ^! rema9s1 & ! id5tifications mu/ be reg>d$ z some:at d\btful4 ,nev]!less x is m probable t ! bones & tee? belong$ to ! ma/odon ?an to any ( ! elephants4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 h be5 f\nd 9 ?is same c\nty4 ,x is r rem>kable t s little def9ite k has be5 pres]v$ reg>d+ ! proboscideans f\nd 9 ?is corn] ( ,indiana4 #db4 ,hebron1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,"o ( ! localities j m5tion$ is 9 section #be1 t[n%ip #cc nor?1 range #g we/1 ab\t #c miles s\!a/ ( ,hebron4 ,no o!r in=mation has be5 obta9$ ab\t ?is specim54 ,o!r rema9s are said to h be5 f\nd 9 a m>%1 by ! side ( ,cobb's ,creek1 j ea/ ( ,hebron4 #dc4 ,k\ts1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,ano!r f9d ( ma/odon rema9s1 z report$ by ,pr(essor ,blat*ley1 0 ne> ,s&yhook1 nor?we/ ( ,k\ts4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wolbr&t1 ( ,k\ts1 has in=m$ ! writ] t a too?1 probably t ref]r$ to by ,pr(essor ,blat*ley1 0 f\nd "s ye>s ago 9 a dit* be+ made 9 ! ,s&yhook m>%4 ,! too? 0 f\nd 9 a mucky soil at a dep? ( ab\t #b feet4 ,! rema9s :i* 7 f\nd ea/ ( ,hebron & ! too? f\nd ne> ,k\ts 7 buri$ ne> ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,kankakee m>%1 :i* probably 01 s9ce ! pass+ ( ! ,wiscons9 ice1 no less a m>% ?an )9 hi/orical times1 & p]haps dur+ "s ( ! "t a lake4 #dd4 ,valp>aiso1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,blat*ley1 z quot$ above1 report$ t "s rema9s ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd ab\t #b miles s\?we/ ( ,valp>aiso4 ,! locality is 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #bg1 t[n%ip #ce nor?1 range #f we/4 ,?is w\ld be on ! ,valp>aiso mora9e4 #de4 ,valp>aiso1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,! writ] has le>n$ f ,mr4 ,jacob ,davis1 ( ,hebron1 t 9 dr$g+ at a po9t ab\t #e miles s\!a/ ( ,valp>aiso he met ) a skeleton ( a ma/odon & secur$ a l>ge numb] ( bones at a dep? ( #h feet2 b "s ( !m 7 c>ri$ (f by curiosity hunt]s4 ,x is depress+ to ?9k t su* rema9s %\ld be pres]v$ = ?\s&s ( ye>s only to be put to su* trivial uses4 ,?is locality w\ld be 9 ! ,kankakee m>%es4 #df4 ,olive ,t[n%ip1 ,/4 ,joseph ,c\nty4--,9 ! museum at ,notre ,dame ,univ]sity are consid]able rema9s ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ab\t #aijb 9 ,olive ,t[n%ip1 ab\t #ab miles we/ or s\?we/ ( ,notre ,dame4 ,pr(essor ,kirs* has s5t a photograph ( a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,olive ,t[n%ip4 ,app>5tly ! ma/odon & ! elephant 7 liv+ toge!r late 9 ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #dg4 ,notre ,dame1 ,/4 ,joseph ,c\nty4--,f ,rev4 ,a4 ,m4 ,kirs* ! writ] le>ns t rema9s ( two ma/odons h be5 f\nd 9 ! region ab\t ,notre ,dame1 )9 a few feet ( ! surface4 ,all ^! localities are )9 ! area ( ,kankakee m>%4 ,^! specim5s are n[ 9 ! f9e collection ( t univ]sity4 ,= #dh1 #di see page #ig2 = #ej see page #ib2 = #ea see page #ih2 = #eb see page #ij2 = #ec see page #id2 = #ed see page #ia2 = #ee & #ef see page #ie4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #e1 #ch47 ,,outside ,,( ,,area ,,( ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #a4 ,%awneet[n1 ,gallat9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7vol4 ,,vi1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 p4 #bad71 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,t4 ,cox report$ t tee? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd ! prec$+ summ] close to ! wat]'s edge 9 front ( ,%awneet[n4 ,!y 7 emb$d$ 9 a %all[ deposit ( blui% clay :i* re/$ ^u yell[ clay & gravel4 ,mi*ael ,rob9son1 ( ,%awneet[n1 /ates 9 a lett] t he has 9 8 cab9et tee? ( ma/odon & mammo?1 f\nd ab\t t t[n4 ,! bluffs bord]+ ! ,ohio ,riv] at ,%awneet[n 7 reg>d$ by ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 z ( ,wiscons9 age1 consi/+ ( outwa% f ! ice-%eet ly+ f>!r nor?4 ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n 7vol4 ,,vi1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 p4 #ci7 /at$ t a f9e too? ( a ma/odon1 f\nd 9 ,gallat9 ,c\nty1 _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,/ate cab9et1 b no exact hi/ory ( x 0 kn[n4 #b4 ,*e/]1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,a note 9 ! ,kansas ,city ,review ( ,sci5ce & ,indu/ry1 volume ,,vii1 #ahhc1 page #cea1 tak5 app>5tly f a newspap] at ,*e/]1 /ates t a ma/odon's tusk & skull _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,*e/]4 ,x 0 expect$ t ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,ill9ois at t "t1 w\ld arrive & conduct ! exhumation4 ,lat] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 ,wor!n /at$ t a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd at ,*e/]2 b no details 7 add$4 ,) s little k z to exact locality & ! surr\nd+s ! discov]y is ( little value4 ,,)9 ,,area ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #c4 ,beauc\p1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #aheg1 ! geologi/ ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] report$ 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,x1 ,nat4 ,hi/41 p4 #afc7 t rema9s ( a ma/odon _h be5 discov]$ by workm5 9 mak+ an excavation along ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad1 ne> ! t[n ( ,beauc\p4 ,! bones 7 at a dep? ( #ah feet 9 ! prairie drift1 bel[ ! yell[ clay & 9 ! old] or r$di% clay4 ,no details 7 giv5 z to :at bones 7 f\nd or :at 0 done ) !m4 ,mo/ ( ?is c\nty is cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #ggj7 /ates t on ! high] l&s ?is has a dep? ( f #aj to #bj feet4 ,"o might suppose t at a dep? ( #ah feet "s pre-,ill9oian int]glacial deposit _h be5 enc\nt]$4 ,x is n at all probable t ! bones ( ! ma/odon 7 inclos$ 9 ! drift itself4 #d4 ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,/4 ,clair ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,f4 ,v4 ,hayd5 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahff1 p4 #caf7 ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( a too? ( a ma/odon 9 ! bluffs opposite ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is 0 probably 9 ,/4 ,clair ,c\nty4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a l[] "r la/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,/4 ,clair ,c\nty1 b !re is no o!r in=mation4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce !re are two tee? ( a ma/odon1 "r & left la/ upp] mol>s1 :i* _h be5 br\ght 9 by a boy & pres5t$ to ! ,academy4 ,he said t !y _h be5 f\nd 9 ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is & _h be5 9 ! possession ( ! family = "s "t4 ,! l5g? ( ! left mol> is #age mm41 ! wid? #ajb mm4 ,:ile ! valley ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] is "h fill$ by deposits laid d[n dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age 7,lev]ett1 op cit41 plate ,,vi7 & by lat]-=m$ alluvium1 ,ill9oian drift ent]s into ! bluffs1 & p]haps pre-,ill9oian int]glacial soils4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( int]e/ t !re %\ld be an exact record made ( ! place ( discov]y ( e bone & too? f\nd1 ! "* ( ! deposit1 & ! dep? ( burial4 ,9 all ! cases "h record$ no su* records h be5 kept4 #e4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cae2 #ahga1 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #fjg71 ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n report$ t a "p ( a jawbone ( a ma/odon1 ) two tee? 9 x1 _h be5 f\nd 9 ! l[] "p ( ! loess1 #cj feet bel[ ! surface1 at "s po9t j above ,alton4 ,! jaw 0 sep>at$ f ! lime/one by #b or #c feet ( local drift4 ,! bone 0 ( a *alky :it5ess & 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation4 ,wor!n wrote t ! loess on ! bluffs 9 ?is region is f #dj to #hj feet 9 ?ickness1 b appe>s 9 places to h be5 remov$ by erosion1 s t x comes d[n to ! rock4 ,ref]5ce is made by ,wor!n lat] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 to ! discov]ies ( v]tebrate fossils 9 ! drift & loess ( ?is region4 ,he m5tions t ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams f\nd1 at ,alton & ,*e/]1 rema9s ( ma/odon1 mammo?1 megalonyx1 ca/oroides1 & 8,bos primig5ius40 ,mc,adams's collection is n[ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & a li/ ( ! species is pres5t$ on page #cci4 ,^! species 7 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,9 x are only two fragm5ts ( mol>s ( ?is species4 ,9 ! collection at ,yale ,univ]sity 7,no4 #aagac7 is an upp] left la/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 obta9$ f ,mr4 ,mc,adams4 ,! enamel is v :ite4 ,!re is on ! label ! date 8,feb4 #ba1 #ahhh40 ,?is may be "o ( ! tee? ref]r$ to above1 & ! date may ref] to ! date ( pur*ase4 #f4 ,s&oval1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,be=e ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 at its meet+ 9 #ahef 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 #aheg1 p4 #afc71 ! geologi/ ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] /at$ t at ,s&oval1 on ! ,ill9ois ,c5tral ,railroad1 ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #ab feet1 "u conditions simil> to ^? exi/+ ne> ,beauc\p1 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4 ,"h aga9 !re is a pov]ty ( in=mation4 ,9 ?is c\nty !re is1 9 _m places1 a v compact :ite clay ov]ly+ ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,! relations ( ?is to ! drift are n well und]/ood4 ,at a dep? ( #ab feet 9 ?is clay ! ,ill9oian drift might n be rea*$ 9 "s places1 :ile at ?is dep? 9 ! drift a pre-,ill9oian deposit might be enc\nt]$4 #g4 ,ne> ,niantic1 ,macon ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh71 ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n gave an acc\nt ( f9d+ "s rema9s ( a ma/odon 9 ?is c\nty1 ne> ! l9e betwe5 x & ,sangamon ,c\nty & betwe5 ,illiopolis & ,niantic1 on a f>m !n own$ by ,mr4 ,william ,f4 ,correll4 ,! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume #ej1 page #dbb1 9 a note reg>d+ ! discov]y1 /ates t ! place is #a4e miles s\!a/ ( ,illiopolis4 ,a well 0 be+ sunk 9 a l[1 spongy piece ( gr\nd1 :i* _h evid5tly be5 a pond fill$ up by wa% f ! surr\nd+ high] gr\nd4 ,at a dep? ( #d feet two tusks 7 f\nd1 "o measur+ #g feet 9 l5g? & ab\t #h in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 ! l[] jaw conta9+ ! tee?1 ! tee? ( ! upp] jaw1 & "s small bones4 ,besides ^! rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 !re 7 f\nd "s bones ( ! buffalo & de]1 & two antl]s ( an elk4 ,! bones ( ^! yet exi/+ species are said to h be5 f\nd at ! same dep? z ! ma/odon bones1 b 7 ( a light] color & less decay$4 ,! bones 7 p>tly emb$d$ 9 a light-gray quicks&1 fill$ ) small fre%-wat] %ells4 ,above ?is 0 #d feet ( black peaty soil4 ,9 ! eigh? volume ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,ill9ois1 on page #bc1 ,wor!n wrote t "s ( ! small] bones ( ! ma/odon & ^? ( ! o!r animals1 except ! antl]s ( ! elk1 7 pres]v$ 9 ! ,/ate ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 at ,spr+field4 ,9 ! museum ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce are1 z report$ by ! curator1 ,frank ,c4 ,bak]1 to ,netta ,c4 ,&]son 7,augu/ana ,lib4 ,pubs4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #ad71 two rami ( ! l[] jaw & sev]al mol>s ( a ma/odon1 all well pres]v$4 ,!y are label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,macon ,c\nty1 8#f miles f ,abraham ,l9coln's fir/ home0 & z hav+ be5 pres5t$ by ,c4 ,f4 ,gn!r4 ,) ^! is an upp] too? :i* probably belong$ ) ! same lot z ! l[] jaw4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t ?is jaw & ^! tee? are ^? describ$ by ,wor!n4 ,! f9d] _h probably sold !m to ,mr4 ,gn!r1 ( ,*icago1 :o _h a private collection4 ,! region ab\t ,niantic is )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift1 s t ! bones mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 ! pond aft] ! pass+ away ( ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,bak] 7,bull4 ,univ4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #cjj71 9 speak+ ( ?is case1 says t ! deposit re/s on ,ill9oian drift & h5ce x appe>s ref]able to ! ,sangamon int]val4 ,x seems to ! pres5t writ] t ^! animals belong to a lat] "t1 possibly ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,! locality is ab\t #e miles f ,sangamon ,riv]4 ,"o might suppose t "t en\gh _h elaps$ aft] ! ,ill9oian = ! dra9age ( ! pond t mu/ once h be5 !re4 ,also1 ,wor!n 9 8 acc\nt /ates ! upl&s are cov]$ by loess f #f to #bj feet 9 ?ickness4 ,"o might expect t ! pond w\ld h be5 fill$ up ) ! loess :i* _h bl[n into x & :i* _h be5 wa%$ into x f ! surr\nd+ high] l&4 ,^! consid]ations are ( c\rse n f9al4 ,! ,wiscons9 mora9e is n f> away1 & x is possible t outwa% f ?is 0 responsible = ! pond & t ! animals liv$ aft] ! glaci] _h pass$ away4 #h4 ,w>saw1 ,hancock ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's 8,prelim9>y ,li/ ( ,fossil ,ma/odon & ,mammo? ,rema9s 9 ,ill9ois & ,i[a0 7,augu/ana ,lib4 ,pubs4 ,no4 #e7 x 0 report$ by ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,wor!n1 ( ,w>saw1 t a "p ( a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd /ick+ out ( a bank ( a creek #e miles bel[ ! t[n m5tion$4 ,! writ] has se5 9 ! collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy1 f ne> ,w>saw1 a "p ( a l[] second mol>1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #aj feet1 #c miles ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,g4 ,w4 ,hall4 #i4 ,manito1 ,mason ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a l>ge upp] "r second mol>1 ,no4 #ghja1 pres5t$ 9 #aiac by ,mr4 ,john ,wi$m]1 ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,?is 0 f\nd by 8 workm5 ne> ,manito1 9 a peat deposit1 at a dep? ( #e feet1 emb$d$ 9 ! top ( a lay] ( s& :i* und]lies ! peat4 ,at ab\t ! same dep? 0 f\nd a "p ( ! skull ( ,symbos cavifrons1 also pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,! place ( discov]y m exactly giv5 is 9 section #bb1 t[n%ip #bc1 range #f4 ,?is locality is )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,on ! ea/1 a few miles away1 is ! foot ( ! great ,%elbyville mora9e2 :ile v ne>1 t[>d ! we/1 !re are1 accord+ to ,lev]ett 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi7 widely spread deposits br\ght d[n by ! ,ill9ois ,riv] f ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,! geological conditions "h seem to make x probable t bo? animals liv$ ne> ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,!re may1 h[ev]1 h be5 a consid]able int]val betwe5 ! times ( ! two animals2 = peat1 sometimes at lea/1 accumulates v sl[ly4 ,9 pro( ( ?is may be cit$ ! case ( ma/odons f\nd ne> ! surface ( peat swamps 9 ,mi*igan4 ,9 ! same peat-swamp at ,manito 7 f\nd at dep?s ( #c or #d feet "s ,indian fl9t implem5ts4 ,^! are 9 ! collection ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #aj4 ,knox ,c\nty4--,on page #ad ( ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 already m5tion$1 ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,hurd1 curator ( ! museum ( ,knox ,college1 ,galesburg1 report$ t !re 0 9 ! collection a well-pres]v$ too? ( a ma/odon f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,spoon ,riv]1 :i* runs across ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! c\nty4 ,exactly :]e along ?is /ream ! too? 0 discov]$ is n on record4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 on page #ab1 ,pr(essor ,frank ,c4 ,bak]1 !n curator ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 report$ t !re is 9 ! collection a "p ( a tusk ( a ma/odon1 f\nd at ,cambridge1 9 digg+ a well1 at a dep? ( #af feet4 ,9 ?is case "o c n be c]ta9 t ! tusk did n belong to "o ( ! elephants4 ,f in=mation accompany+ ! specim5 "o c det]m9e little ab\t ! exact geological age ( ! animal4 ,x is probably po/-,ill9oian4 #ab4 ,rural ,t[n%ip1 ,rock ,isl& ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udd5 79 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 p4 #ah7 report$ t !re is 9 ! collection ( ,augu/ana ,college1 ,rock ,isl&1 a well-pres]v$ too? ( a ma/odon1 f\nd 9 #aijj1 9 a creek 9 ! t[n%ip nam$1 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! c\nty4 ,udd5 gives ! locality z be+ 9 section #ai1 t[n%ip #af nor?1 range #a we/4 ,9 ! same in/itution 7,j4 ,a4 ,udd51 ,augu/ana ,coll41 ,pub4 ,no4 ,v1 p4 #ab7 is a "p ( a proboscidean tusk1 ref]r$ to ! ma/odon1 :i* ,dr4 ,udd5 /ates 0 f\nd ne> ,milan1 at ! base ( ! loess1 9 ! r$ oxidiz$ lay] ( ! ,ill9oian b\ld] clay4 ,! locality is on ! nor? side ( ,rock ,riv] & on ! ea/ side ( ! ,milan road s\? ( ,rock ,isl&4 ,! conditions w\ld seem to indicate t ! animal _h liv$ ab\t ! close ( ! ,ill9oian drift /age4 ,ab\t ,june #ae1 #aiaf1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,daxon1 ( ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 s5t photographs ( two ma/odon tee? to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = id5tification4 ,^! tee? 7 f\nd 9 ,b[l+ ,t[n%ip1 ,rock ,isl& ,c\nty1 #aj or #ab miles s\? ( ,rock ,isl&1 b no fur!r in=mation ab\t !m has be5 secur$4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,a4 ,pa>mann1 curator ( ! ,dav5port1 ,i[a1 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 has writt5 t he _h se5 a f9ely pres]v$ ma/odon too? :i* _h be5 pick$ up on ! surface ( ! gr\nd a mile we/ ( ,milan4 ,! l& ar\nd ab\t is swampy4 ,! too? 0 9 ! possession ( ,edw>d ,h]b]t1 ,rock ,isl&1 ,ill9ois1 b ! pres5t writ] has n be5 able to get any in=mation f him4 #ac4 ,/]l+1 ,:iteside ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #dbbb7 is a ma/odon mol>1 record$ z f\nd ne> ! t[n nam$4 ,x 0 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey & cr$it$ to ,t4 ,a4 ,s*rod]4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd ) o!r tee? & p>ts ( ! skeleton1 s t !re is little probability t ! skeleton 0 di/urb$ aft] its orig9al int]m5t4 ,x is to be regrett$ t s little in=mation 0 all[$ to come ) ! specim54 ,/]l+ is 9 a region ( v complicat$ ,plei/oc5e geology4 ,s\? ( x is an ext5sive region ( swamps & deposits ref]r$ by ,lev]ett 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi7 to 8s& & gravel pla9s ( ,wiscons9 age40 ,nor? ( ! t[n is drift mapp$ by ,lev]ett z ,i[an1 b :i* is n[ reg>d$ z ,ill9oian4 ,z to ! age ( ! too? 9 "q1 no probable conclusion c be =m$1 except t x is ( po/-,ill9oian "t4 #bg4 ,walnut1 ,bureau ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 !re are ?ree mol>s 7,no4 #ajfff71 belong+ to ea* side ( ! upp] jaw ( a ma/odon :i* 0 f\nd some:]e ne> ,walnut1 9 ,bureau ,c\nty4 #ad4 ,new ,mil=d1 ,w9nebago ,c\nty4--,accord+ to ,s4 ,p4 ,la?rop 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahea1 p4 #dci71 a l>ge too? ( a ma/odon1 9 a f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 0 f\nd 9 ! ,ki%waukee ,riv]1 be+ br\ght up 9 a se9e4 ,! geology ab\t ,new ,mil=d is n well work$ out4 ,! deposits along ! ,ki%waukee 7 probably laid d[n dur+ or %ortly aft] ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #ae4 ,byron1 ,ogle ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #aaj71 ,james ,%aw report$ t a too? id5tifi$ z t ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd1 9 #aheh1 9 a tribut>y ( ,/illman's ,run1 some:]e 9 ! region ab\t ,byron4 ,! locality is l[ & m>%y4 ,! too? is describ$ z hav+ be5 a pond]\s gr9d]1 weigh+ #g4e p\nds1 & to h be5 cov]$ ) a black & %9+ enamel4 ,a l>ge ma/odon too?1 j out ( ! wat]1 might atta9 su* a weight4 ,! /atem5t reg>d+ ! enamel confirms ! id5tification4 ,%aw report$ fur!r t a l>ge leg-bone1 suppos$ to belong to a ma/odon1 _h be5 f\nd #b or #c miles above ,byron1 along ! bank ( ,rock ,riv]1 #e feet bel[ ! surface & ab\t #ae feet above ord9>y wat]-level4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,/ate ,museum at ,spr+field4 ,?is may h belong$ to "o ( ! elephants4 ,h>p]1 ,ogle ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 on page #ae1 is a report f ,miss ,abba ,eag]1 ( ,=re/on1 conc]n+ a too? ( a ma/odon f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,gross1 9 ,=re/on ,t[n%ip1 ab\t a mile s\? ( ,h>p]1 9 ! b$ ( a small /ream4 ,ano!r too? _h be5 f\nd !re a %ort "t be=e4 ,byron is on ,rock ,riv]1 & ! too? 0 probably 9 alluvial deposits laid d[n aft] ! recession ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,h>p] is ne> ! we/]n bord] ( ! c\nty & ,ill9oian drift cov]s ! c\ntry4 ,all t c be said 9 ! case ( ! tee? f\nd is t ! possessors liv$ aft] ! ,ill9oian /age4 #af4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,ill9ois ,/ate ,univ]sity ! writ] saw a l[] "r la/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ,june #a1 #aiaa1 at ,cry/al ,lake p>k1 #a4e miles nor!a/ ( ! univ]sity4 ,pesotum1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 #aiji1 ,mr4 ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #di7 record$ ! fact t a ma/odon too? ) "s bones _h be5 f\nd ne> ,pesotum1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,pfeff]1 at a dep? ( #c4e feet1 9 digg+ a dit*4 ,inasmu* z ?is :ole region is cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift1 ! animal c\ld n h liv$ !re be=e ! ice :i* deposit$ ! ,*ampaign mora9e _h )drawn4 ,x probably liv$ !re long aft] ! ice _h retreat$1 possibly ab\t ! "t :5 ! megalonyx1 ^: claw alone is left z a memorial ( 8 =m] exi/5ce1 liv$ 9 t region4 #ag4 ,edg> ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bff71 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley1 9 describ+ ! topography ( ,edg> ,c\nty1 /at$ t a ne>ly p]fect skeleton ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ! sl\ghs ( ! prairie region :i* prevails 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! c\nty4 ,x 0 said t aft] hav+ be5 exhibit$ ov] t region x 0 sold to "s museum 9 ,philadelphia1 b ! writ] has be5 unable to obta9 fur!r in=mation4 ,9 #aheg 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci5ce1 vol4 ,x1 ,nat4 ,hi/41 p4 #aj71 ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] report$ t a jaw & ?ree tee? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 yell[ clay1 ab\t #c feet f ! surface1 at ,bloomfield1 9 ?is c\nty4 ,?is "n has disappe>$ f ! maps & gazette]s4 ,a little ( ! s\!rn bord] ( ! c\nty is occupi$ by ,ill9oian drift1 b ! great] "p is cov]$ by drift ( ,wiscons9 age4 ,! ma/odons report$ probably liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ! la/ ice ( ! ,glacial p]iod4 #ah4 ,fairm\nt1 ,v]million ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj1 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bdb7 /at$ t 9 ,septemb] #ahfh rema9s ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd #b miles s\!a/ ( ,fairm\nt4 ,he describ$ ! locality z hav+ a black soil1 f #a to #b feet deep1 & und]la9 by a light-br[n t5aci\s clay1 fill$ ) ! %ells ( ,lymna1 ,physa1 ,planorbis1 ,sphrium1 etc4 ,! bones ( ! ma/odon lay p>tly 9 ?is m>ly clay1 b ! tip ( "o tusk rose to )9 #ac in*es ( ! surface4 ,! bones 7 consid]ably decay$1 b ,bradley ?\ght ?is _h result$ f ! previ\s dra9+ ( ! l& & ! accession ( air to ! bones4 ,"s fragm5ts ( ?is skeleton are 9 ! collection ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ce4 ,! locality is v close to ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,*ampaign mora9e4 #ai4 ,iroquois & ,v]million ,c\nties4--,"u ?is numb] mu/ be record$ #c ma/odons f\nd at z _m diff]5t places4 ,hoope/on is 9 ,v]million ,c\nty1 b evid5tly ! ma/odon cr$it$ to ?is place 0 f\nd 9 ,iroquois ,c\nty4 ,six miles nor?we/ ( ,hoope/on4--,9 #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,dept4 ,/ati/4 & ,geol4 ,indiana1 p4 #ah2 ( complete report1 p4 #chf71 ,john ,collett gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( a ne>ly complete skeleton ( a ma/odon ab\t #f miles nor?we/ ( ,hoope/on4 ,! locality is evid5tly 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( t[n%ip #bd nor?1 range #aa ea/4 ,ea* tusk =m$ a full qu>t] ( a circle1 0 #i feet long1 #bb in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! base1 & weigh$1 :ile yet wet1 #age p\nds4 ,! l[] jaw 0 well pres]v$1 ne>ly #c feet long1 & conta9$ a magnific5t set ( tee?4 ,! leg-bones1 :5 jo9$ at ! knee1 made a l5g? ( #e4e feet4 ,:at 0 suppos$ to be rema9s ( h]bs & grasses :i* ! animal _h eat5 7 f\nd betwe5 ! ribs4 ,! foll[+ mollusks are report$ z be+ f\nd 9 ! same clay z t :i* conta9$ ! bones3 ,pisidium abditum81 ,valvata tric>9ata1 ,valvata /riata81 ,planorbis p>vus4 ,x is /at$ t ^! %ells live at pres5t all ov] ! ,/ates ( ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 & ,mi*igan1 & indicate t ! climate ( ! ma/odon's day 0 greatly l t ( ! pres5t 9 t region4 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke 7#ef? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum1 publi%$ 9 #aijd1 p4 #ibf7 /ates t ! tusks ( ?is ma/odon are n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory & =m a "p ( a m\nt$ ma/odon4 ,! l[] jaw is also 9 t museum4 ,! writ] has se5 ?is jaw1 ,no4 #adcde1 & !re are 9 x #b tusks ( consid]able size1 su* z ! writ] has suppos$ *>act]iz$ ,mammut prog5ium4 ,9 case ?is species %all prove to be a natural "o x cont9u$ f ! fir/ int]glacial or ev5 e>li] to ! close ( ! ,wiscons94 ,?is is ! ma/odon to :i* ,blat*ley ref]s 7#bb;d ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ij74 ,ea/ ,lynn1 ,v]million ,c\nty4--,! writ] has a note to ! effect t "s ma/odon rema9s 7 f\nd ne> ?is place 9 #ahha1 b ! au?ority c n be cit$4 ,ea/ ,lynn is #g miles we/ ( ,hoope/on4 ,rossville4--,dr4 ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg1 jr4 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bullet91 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 #aiji1 p4 #di1 plate ,,iv1 figs4 #b1 #c7 report$ ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon's too? ne> ,rossville1 on ! banks ( ! ,nor? =k ( ,v]million ,riv]1 ab\t #g miles s\? ( ,hoope/on4 ,! figures indicate t ! too? is ! l[] "r fir/ mol>1 #abg mm4 long & #he mm4 wide4 ,all ?ree ( ! ma/odons m5tion$ 7 evid5tly buri$ 9 pond & swamp deposits :i* lie on or ne> ! ,bloom+ton mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,!y liv$1 !re=e1 aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! la/ glacial ice-%eet & probably long aft] t disappe>ance4 #bj4 ,bee*]1 ,w ,c\nty4--,at ,hebron1 ,indiana1 ! writ] has se5 v>i\s bones ( ma/odons :i* _h be5 une>!d 9 ! region ab\t ,bee*] by ,mr4 ,jacob ,davis1 9 dr$g+ l>ge dit*es4 ,he describ$ ^! bones z am\nt+ to 8ab\t two wagonloads40 ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 ,ill9ois1 /at$ 9 a lett] t x is report$ t ov] a doz5 ma/odons h be5 f\nd on "o f>m ne> ,bee*] 9 ! la/ #aj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,lang=d s5t also a geological section 7fig4 #a7 tak5 along ,trim ,creek4 ,besides ! ma/odon rema9s f\nd !re1 he obta9$ a l>ge "p ( an antl] ( ,c]valces4 ,! locality is giv5 z ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #aa1 t[n%ip #cc nor?1 range #ad ea/1 #c miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,bee*]4 ,?is locality is on ! ,valp>aiso mora9e1 ! la/ =m$ be=e ! ,wiscons9 ice )drew into ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 probably long aft] ?is t ! ma/odons liv$ & di$ !re4 ,mr4 ,lang=d's acc\nt seems to indicate t1 aft] ! deposition ( ! ,valp>aiso mora9e & ! )drawal ( ! ice-%eet1 !re 0 left along :at is n[ ,trim ,creek a %all[ lake1 :i* became gradually fill$ by wa%+s f ! mora9e4 ,?is at l5g? became a m>% & produc$ peat & o!r vegetable muck4 ,at "o /age ! surface appe>s to h be5 occupi$ by a =e/1 :i* lat] became cov]$ by ab\t #d feet ( s&y soil4 ,ov] ?is is #b feet ( black peat1 itself ov]la9 by probably ,rec5t deposits4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,geological section ( ,trim ,creek4 ,bee*]1 ,w ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois4 #a4 ,mora9e4 #b4 ,wiscons9 drift4 #c4 ,alluvium4 #d4 ,black peat4 #e4 ,s&y soil1 ) bones4 #f4 ,peat1 s&1 vegetable matt]4 #g4 ,same /a9$ br[n2 ) gravel4 ,mr4 ,lang=d has writt5 t all ! ma/odon bones 7 f\nd above ! gravel1 "s ( !m #e or #f feet bel[ ! surface4 ,antl]s ( ! elk occurr$ only above ! ma/odon bones4 #ba4 ,morris1 ,grundy ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj1 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aic7 /at$ t 9 #ahfh ! rema9s ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd at ,turn]'s 8/ripp+s10 ab\t #c miles ea/ ( ,morris4 ,^! bones lay "u #ah in*es ( black mucky soil & ab\t #d feet ( yell[i% loam1 & re/$ on ab\t a foot ( h>d blue clay1 :i* itself cov]$ ! coal4 ,! bones 7 mo/ly badly decay$ & ! great] "p 7 brok5 & ?r[n away by ! m9]s2 b "s1 includ+ a "p ( a l[] jaw & #c tee?1 7 s5t to ! ,/ate ,cab9et at ,spr+field4 ,! locality 0 reg>d$ by ,bradley z "p ( an old riv] bottom4 ,9 #ahga1 ,wor!n ref]r$ to ! same or ano!r ma/odon :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,morris4 ,he /at$ t x _h be5 f\nd 9 undi/urb$ drift1 #h feet bel[ ! surface4 ,! blue clay on :i* lay ! ma/odon describ$ by ,bradley may h be5 br\ght d[n f ! ice :i* deposit$ ! ,valp>aiso mora9e4 ,! loam & muck 7 probably deposits ( consid]ably lat] date4 ,x is n probable t ! ,wor!n ma/odon 0 buri$ 9 undi/urb$ drift4 #bb4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,c\nty4--,at a locality 9 ?is c\nty1 ne> ,:itewill[1 h be5 f\nd _m ma/odon bones & ^? ( v>i\s o!r animals4 ,! place is #e miles we/ by nor? ( ,m9ooka & #ae miles we/ ( ,joliet4 ,collections h be5 made !re by ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,*icago1 & by ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet4 ,mr4 ,lang=d wrote t 8 collection 0 made 9 t[n%ip #ce nor?1 range #h ea/1 & probably section #bg4 ,! f>m belong$ to ,john ,bam=d4 ,app>5tly ,dr4 ,riggs's collection 0 made at ! same place4 ,fur!r details w be f\nd on page #ccg4 ,dr4 ,riggs report$ 9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 already ref]r$ to sev]al times1 t 9 #aijb at lea/ six skulls & num]\s o!r bones _h be5 f\nd 9 a well #aj feet 9 diamet]4 ,above ^! 7 bones ( bison1 de]1 & elk4 #bc4 ,yorkville1 ,k5dall ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory is a composite skull ( a ma/odon1 "p ( :i* 0 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,yorkville2 b ! writ] kn[s no?+ m def9ite4 ,yorkville is situat$ on ,fox ,riv]1 ne> ! nor?we/]n bord] ( ! ,m>seilles mora9e4 #bd4 ,aurora1 ,kane ,c\nty4--,h4 ,m4 ,banni/]1 9 #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aac7 wrote z foll[s3 8,a portion ( ! rema9s ( a ma/odon1 consi/+ ( ! tusks & sev]al tee?1 0 obta9$ 9 excavat+ ! track = ! ,*icago1 ,burl+ton1 & ,qu9cy ,railroad ne> ! city ( ,aurora1 & are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ,cl>k ,sem9>y at t place40 ,^! same rema9s 7 describ$ by ! geologi/ ,c4 ,d4 ,wilbur 7,trans4 ,ill4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ei1 figs4 #a to #c74 ,he /at$ t bo? tusks & sev5 tee? 7 f\nd1 all well pres]v$4 ,! tusks 7 #aj feet long & #aj in*es 9 diamet] at ! base2 !y 7 curv$ upw>d & consid]ably worn at ! ends on ! und]side4 ,*>les ,:ittlesey 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af7 probably ref]r$ to ^! rema9s4 ,he /at$ t !y 7 f\nd 9 a swamp4 ,probably "o ( ^! tee? 0 s5t to ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w>r51 ( ,bo/on1 ! au?or ( 8,! ,ma/odon giganteus ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,x is describ$ 9 ! second edition ( ?is monograph1 on page #gf4 ,9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 volume ,,iv1 page #cgf1 ,w>r5 describ$ a too?1 probably ! same1 :i* _h be5 f\nd #dj miles we/ ( ,*icago1 at a dep? ( #h feet4 ,he said x 0 ! l>ge/ ma/odon too? !n kn[n4 ,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 page #aj1 x is report$ t 9 #ahge "s ma/odon rema9s 7 f\nd ab\t #h miles s\?we/ ( ,nap]ville1 :i* is 9 ,du ,page ,c\nty4 ,! locality w\ld be n f> f ! common meet+-po9t ( ,kane1 ,k5dall1 ,w1 & ,du ,page ,c\nties2 also probably )9 #h miles ( ,aurora4 ,! rema9s1 :atev] !y 71 7 donat$ to ! museum ( ,j5n+s ,sem9>y1 ,aurora4 ,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/ x is /at$ t tee? & a tusk ( a ma/odon 7 f\nd1 9 #ahec1 by workm5 ext5d+ ! ,burl+ton ,railroad s\? ( ,aurora4 ,!y 7 9 a swamp ne> ,fox ,riv]1 :]e ! ,burl+ton %ops are situat$4 ,^! rema9s1 probably ! same z ^? above describ$1 7 pres5t$ to ,j5n+s ,sem9>y4 #be4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,c\nty4--,?is t[n is 9 ,kane ,c\nty1 ab\t #i miles nor? ( ,aurora4 ,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 on page #ac1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 report$ t1 some:]e 9 ?is vic9ity1 9 cutt+ a dit* to dra9 a m>%y lake ( ab\t #bjj acres1 "s leg-bones & v]tebr ( ma/odon 7 f\nd 9 a /icky clay f ab\t #e to #g feet f ! surface4 ,dr4 ,riggs writes t along ! same dit* he pick$ up a jaw ( ! exi/+ species ( elk & "s bison bones4 ,maple ,p>k1 ,kane ,c\nty4--,doctor ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg record$ 9 #aiji 7,bull4 ,univ4 ,ill41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ej1 plate ,,iv7 ! discov]y ( a l>ge "p ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #f feet4 ,! exact location 0 n giv54 ,! :ole ( ,kane ,c\nty lies betwe5 or is cov]$ by ! ,bloom+ton & ,m>seilles mora9es1 & ! ma/odons f\nd !re mu/ h liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ice :i* produc$ ^? mora9es4 #bf4 ,gl5coe1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 on page #i1 ,pr(essor ,james ,g4 ,ne$ham1 ( ,lake ,=e/ ,univ]sity1 report$ t a fragm5t ( a ma/odon's too? _h be5 dug up :ile a dit* 9 glacial drift 0 be+ made4 ,gl5coe is situat$ on ! ea/]n till ridge1 z describ$ by ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cha71 ! "o ne>e/ ! we/]n %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,if ! too? m5tion$ really occurr$ 9 undi/urb$ drift1 x is possible t x 0 r$eposit$ f "s e>li] int]glacial deposit4 ,9 #ahia1 ,w4 ,k4 ,higley 7,bull4 ,*icago ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 ,,xv7 report$ ! f9d+ ( "s bones ( a ma/odon1 ab\t #f ye>s previ\sly1 on ! s\? side ( ,wick] ,p>k1 ne> ,milwaukee ,av5ue1 ,evan/on4 ,! bones 7 9 a lay] ( f9e s& 9 :i* 7 trunks ( oak trees4 ,! dep? 0 #ac feet4 ,! rem>k 0 made t ! level m>k$ ! upp] or late limit ( ! ma/odon4 #bg4 ,see page #aje4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #e47 #a4 ,dov]1 ,rac9e ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a tusk1 id5tifi$ z t ( a ma/odon1 exhum$ f a peat-bog at ,dov]1 9 #ahgh4 ,bo? tusks & "s fragm5ts ( a scapula1 "s ribs1 & v]tebr 7 f\nd1 b app>5tly no tee?4 ,only "o tusk 0 sav$2 #d feet #h in*es long & mod]ately curv$1 ! middle ( ! concave surface be+ ab\t #f in*es bel[ a l9e jo9+ ! base & ! tip ( ! tusk4 ,dov] is situat$ ne> ! s\!rn bord] ( ,rac9e ,c\nty1 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( t[n%ip #c nor?1 range #bj ea/4 ,x is1 !re=e1 )9 ! great composite mora9e :i* runs along ! we/]n side ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,accord+ to ,ald5's map 7,pr(4 ,pap] #ajf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,iii7 ! t[n is on a tract cov]$ by gr\nd mora9e ( ! ,lake ,mi*igan glaci]4 #b4 ,wauke%a1 ,wauke%a ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a slightly worn upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 ,no4 #chfg1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,wauke%a4 ,!re is no o!r hi/ory4 ,! geological age is probably practically ! same z t ( ! too? f\nd at ,dov]1 ,late ,wiscons94 #c4 ,madison1 ,dane ,c\nty4--,! records = ma/odons at ,madison are n v satisfactory4 ,pr(essor ,eliot ,blackweld] in=ms ! writ] t !re is 9 ! collection at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 a l>ge v]tebra1 suppos$ to be t ( a ma/odon1 br\ght up out ( ,lake ,monona1 9 #aijf4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis in=m$ ! au?or t 9 #aijh he visit$ ! fill 9 "o ( ! city p>ks made by pump+ mud f ,lake ,monona & f\nd fragm5ts ( ivory & p>ts ( proboscidean bones4 ,x is possible t ^! fragm5ts belong$ to an elephant4 #d4 ,bluem\nds1 ,dane ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfb ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 9 8 8,report on ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi ,l& ,region10 page #acb1 m5tions hav+ f\nd1 at ,bluem\nds1 ! fir/ #c decidu\s mol>s ( ! ma/odon1 exquisitely pres]v$ & n at all discolor$4 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 9 ,:itney's report1 on pages #dba1 #dbb1 ref]r$ to ^! milk mol>s4 ,:itney 9 #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb7 /at$ t he _h f\nd 9 a crevice ne> ,bluem\nds bones & tee? ( ma/odon1 pecc>y1 buffalo1 & wolf4 #e4 ,lone ,rock1 ,ri*l& ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,eliot ,blackweld]1 ( ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,univ]sity1 in=ms ! writ] t !re is 9 _! collection a pair ( tusks1 suppos$ to be ( a ma/odon4 ,!y 7 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,lone ,rock 9 #aija1 :i* is on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,wiscons9 ,riv]1 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ,ri*l& ,c\nty4 #f4 ,s9s9awa1 ,grant ,c\nty4--,9 8 report on ! geology ( ! lead region1 already ref]r$ to1 ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney /at$1 on 8 page #acc1 t ! greate/ quantity ( bones ( ! ma/odon f\nd 9 t region seems to h be5 ne> ,s9s9awa m\nd1 b he _h no exact p>ticul>s ( dep? or position4 ,"s 7 pres]v$ at ! locality = sev]al ye>s2 o!rs1 to ! am\nt ( sev]al bu%els1 7 c>ri$ (f or de/roy$4 #g4 ,wauzeka1 ,craw=d ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,public ,museum ( ,milwaukee is an upp] la/ mol>1 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,x is only slightly worn & ne>ly :ite 9 color4 ,no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! exact place or "u :at conditions x 0 f\nd4 #h4 ,ri*l& ,c5t]1 ,ri*l& ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,george ,wagn] ( ! ,wiscons9 ,/ate ,univ]sity1 has in=m$ ! writ] t !re is 9 t univ]sity an almo/ complete skeleton ( a ma/odon1 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,no p>ticul>s are kn[n to ! pres5t writ] reg>d+ ! hi/ory ( ! specim54 #i4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,s4 ,weidman1 ( ! ,wiscons9 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 in=m$ ! writ] t 9 ! brick clays us$ at ,m5om9ee _h be5 f\nd a "p ( a leg-bone ( a ma/odon4 ,dr4 ,weidman 0 k9d en\gh to s5d ! bone = exam9ation4 ,x prov$ to be ! di/al end ( ! "r hum]us1 includ+ ! epiphysial "p4 ,! int]ior ( ! bone _h be5 neatly excavat$1 z if by a tool ( "s k9d1 ! m>ks ( :i* rema9$1 :i* prov$ to be ! jaws ( a wolf4 ,he _h evid5tly be5 aft] ! m>r[ & _h scrap$ out all ( ! "p fill$ by cancellat$ bone4 ,! explanation appe>s to be t ! ma/odon _h 9 "s way brok5 an arm & _h di$4 ,! wolves !n proce$$ to dev\r him2 !y c\ld n h brok5 ! limb !mselves4 ,! f9d+ ( ! bone %[s t ^! clays belong to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,9 a s& =mation und]ly+ ! clays a c>ib\ antl] & bones ( ! ,mack9aw tr\t1 ,cri/ivom] namaycu%1 h be5 f\nd4 ,pr(essor ,weidman reg>ds ! clays z be+ ( pre-,i[an age4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,/4 ,m>y's ,city1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bjj7 conta9s a f9e upp] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum1 label$ z pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,v>d5 & z f\nd _m ye>s ago 9 a m>l-b$ at or ne> ! t[n nam$4 ,x 0 probably met 9 digg+ = ,mioc5e m>l1 b 0 d\btless inclos$ 9 ov]ly+ ,plei/oc5e mat]ials4 ,accord+ to ,%attuck's ,plei/oc5e map ( ,m>yl& 7,plei/oc5e volume1 plate ,i71 ,/4 ,m>y's ,city is situat$ on ! ,wicomico t]race2 b because ( abs5ce ( exact in=mation :e!r ! too? 0 9 ! body ( ?is deposit1 or bel[ x1 or possibly 9 lat] mat]ials above ! ,wicomico1 its exact age c n be det]m9$4 ,tee? f ! locality 7 m5tion$ by ,lucas on page #afb ( ! volume j cit$4 ,! geology ( ! c\nty is describ$ 9 a special volume ( ! ,m>yl& ,survey1 #aijg4 #b4 ,/4 ,clem5ts1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum conta9s a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>1 f\nd long ago1 app>5tly #ahcg1 & pres5t$ by ,a4 ,mc,williams4 ,x is record$ z hav+ be5 discov]$ 9 digg+ a mill-race at or above ,/4 ,clem5ts4 ,?is race mu/ q c]ta9ly h be5 locat$ along ,/4 ,clem5ts ,creek4 ,! place is situat$ 9 ! ,wicomico pla92 b possibly ,talbot deposits ext5d$ up ! creek f>!r ?an mapp$4 #c4 ,t[son1 ,baltimore ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas 7,m>yl& ,plioc5e1 ,plei/oc5e vol41 p4 #afc7 /at$ t ! collection ( ! ,m>yl& ,geological ,survey conta9s a f9e upp] la/ mol> ( a ma/odon f\nd on ! ,ridgeley e/ate1 at ,hampton1 ne> ,t[son1 ab\t #aj miles nor? ( ,baltimore4 ,at pres5t "o c n det]m9e ! "t dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e :5 ?is too? 0 "p ( a liv+ creature4 #d4 ,lane's ,creek81 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,! writ] receiv$1 9 #aiab1 a lett] f ,pr(essor ,a4 ,f4 ,be*dolt1 ( ,bell+ham1 ,/ate ( ,wa%+ton1 9 :i* he /at$ t some:at m ?an #cg ye>s be=e1 :ile tea*+ s*ool 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 he saw ! rema9s ( a skull ( a ma/odon :i* "s negroes _h une>!d 9 mak+ a mill-race1 b !y _h brok5 x 9 pieces ) sl$gehamm]s4 ,pr(essor ,be*dolt recollect$ pla9ly ! 8mammill>y face0 ( ! too?4 ,! locality is describ$ z be+ ne> ! ,p5nsylvania l9e1 s\? & some:at we/ ( ,m]c]sb]g1 ,p5nsylvania1 among ! foot-hills ( ,nor? ,m\nta91 at a place locally kn[n z 8,! ,corn]40 ,x appe>s probable t ! locality 0 some:]e along ,lane's ,creek4 #d4 ,cle> ,spr+1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 circul> ,no4 #aji1 volume ,,xiii1 ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 #ahic1 pages #bf1 #bg1 is an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon too? 9 #ahfc4 ,x 0 discov]$ aft] a /orm1 ly+ on a pile ( driftwood1 9 ,conoco*eague ,creek1 at a po9t #b4e miles s\? ( ,cle> ,spr+1 & a mile nor? ( ! entry ( ! creek into ,potomac ,riv]4 ,! too? is 9 ! collection ( ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,six miles ea/ ( ,williamsburg1 ,york ,c\nty4--,9 ,godman's ,natural ,hi/ory 7#c;d ed41 #ahfj1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gg7 m5tion is made ( ! discov]y1 9 #ahaa1 ( rema9s ( a ma/odon along ! banks ( ! ,york ,riv]1 #f miles ea/ ( ,williamsburg4 ,! acc\nt 0 d]iv$ f ,dr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill 7,m$4 ,repos41 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #chh2 ,cuvi]'s 8,!ory ( ! ,e>?10 p4 #cii74 ,he _h receiv$ 8 in=mation f ,bi%op ,james ,madison1 !n presid5t ( ,college ( ,william & ,m>y1 at ,williamsburg4 ,! p>ts f\nd consi/$ ( ! bones ( ! pelvis1 a ?igh bone1 #b v]tebr1 #b ribs1 #b tusks1 & #g mol> tee?1 #d ( :i* 7 yet 9 a "p ( ! jaw1 probably ! l[]4 ,! l>ge/ too? is report$ z weigh+ #g4be p\nds2 ! smalle/ betwe5 #c & #d p\nds4 ,x is probable t ma/odon tee? 9 a wet condition w\ld weigh ! am\nt /at$4 ,cl>k & ,mill] 7,bull4 ,,iv1 ,virg9ia ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiab1 p4 #bj7 ref] ?is animal to ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,talbot =mation4 ,dr4 ,lyon ,g4 ,tyl]1 presid5t ( ,college ( ,william & ,m>y1 in=ms ! writ] t ! fossils above m5tion$ 7 d\btless de/roy$ 9 a fire :i* consum$ ! ma9 build+ 9 #ahei4 #b4 ,city ,po9t1 ,pr9ce ,george ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #eci7 conta9s a "p ( ! upp] second true mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum1 s5t !re 9 #ahhh by ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,webb4 ,! too? is silicifi$4 ,mr4 ,webb report$ t ! fragm5t _h be5 une>!d by labor]s 9 mak+ a dit* ?r\gh "s l[l& :i* ab\nd$ 9 %ells & blue m>l4 ,9 a lett] dat$ ,septemb] #b1 #aiah1 ,mr4 ,webb in=m$ ! writ] t 8 recollection is t ! too? 0 f\nd ab\t #ab miles nor? ( ,disputanta & ne> ,james ,riv]4 #c4 ,ab+don1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,an upp] "r second true mol> 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #hhjg7 is record$ z hav+ be5 receiv$ 9 ,janu>y #ahfi f ,mr4 ,wyndham ,rob9son1 b !re is no in=mation z to ! exact locality1 dep?1 & k9d ( soil inclos+ x4 ,) x 7 f\nd "s v]tebr & fragm5ts ( ribs & ( tusks4 #d4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is ! horizontal "p ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a "y ma/odon1 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,?is1 ) "s rema9s ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison & "s tee? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 7 pres5t$ to ! museum 9 #aiad by ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,m\nt4 ,!y _h be5 f\nd ab\t #ahif1 9 mak+ an excavation = ! wat] res]voir ( ! t[n4 ,x is said t )9 less ?an a c5tury ! valley at ,saltville 0 at times a lake4 ,! res]voir is situat$ at ! edge ( ?is =m] lake4 ,! bones 7 f\nd at a dep? ( n m ?an #h feet4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 #aiag1 p4 #dgd7 records ! f9d+ ( ma/odon rema9s 9 ! ,saltville deposit4 ,he /ates t fragm5t>y rema9s ( ma/odon h = _m ye>s be5 pick$ up 9 t valley4 ,a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates f\nd at ?is place is giv5 on page #cec4 ,ab\t #ajj ye>s ago 7,m$4 & ,physic4 ,j\r41 ,phila41 ,,xv1 #ahjf1 #a/ ,supp41 p4 #chh7 an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ma/odon rema9s 9 ,wy! ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia1 0 publi%$ by ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton4 ,! details _h be5 communicat$ to him by ,bi%op ,james ,madison1 presid5t ( ,william & ,m>y ,college1 ,williamsburg1 ,virg9ia4 ,accord+ to ! bi%op1 n only 7 bones discov]$ b also ! /oma* ( ! animal 9 a /ate ( p]fect pres]vation1 & conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( half-ma/icat$ food 7,godman's ,am]4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 #c;d ed41 #ahfj1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gd74 ,lat]1 ! bi%op admitt$ t he _h be5 mis9=m$4 ,x is probable t some?+ 0 f\nd !re1 at lea/ "s bones4 ,bi%op ,madison _h made arrangem5ts to h ! bones s5t to ,williamsburg2 b if !y rea*$ !re !y 7 d\btless de/roy$ by a fire 9 #ahei4 ,! suppos$ discov]y is m5tion$ 9 ,cuvi]'s 8,ossem5s ,fossiles10 volume ,,ii1 page #bgj1 & is discuss$ 9 ,b>ton's 8,ar*ologia ,am]icana10 #ahad1 page #da4 ,wy! ,c\nty at t "t occupi$ f> m t]ritory ?an at pres5t1 & possibly ! bones describ$ by ,madison _h really be5 f\nd 9 ,wa%+ton or ,smy? ,c\nties2 b ,saltville1 z ! writ] is in=m$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,hutton1 surveyor1 nev] 0 9 ,wy! ,c\nty4 #e4 ,cov+ton1 ,alleghany ,c\nty4--,9 #aija !re 0 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,jones1 ( ,cov+ton1 a l[] la/ mol> ( a ma/odon f\nd at t place4 ,?is too? diff]s f ! ord9>y tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum 9 hav+ ! cr[n m depress$4 ,! writ] has obs]v$ simil> tee? :i* h be5 f\nd else:]e4 ,x is possible t !y belong$ to a species di/9ct f ,m4 am]icanum4 ,dr4 ,jones in=m$ ! writ] t ! too? 0 f\nd )9 ! city limits ( ,cov+ton1 ab\t #cjj y>ds f ,jackson ,riv]1 at a dep? ( #ab feet1 9 brick clay4 #f4 ,hot ,spr+s1 ,ba? ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a "p ( an upp] left second true mol>1 record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd ab\t a mile f ! ,hot ,spr+s ,hotel4 ,! too? is silicifi$4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,allister4 ,hot ,spr+s is at ! head ( ,wilson ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ,jackson ,riv]4 ,9 ! folio ( ,mont]ey ,quadrangle com+ d[n ne>ly to ,hot ,spr+s1 no m5tion is made ( any ,plei/oc5e2 b ! pres5ce ( occasional deposits ( soils along "s ( ! /reams is record$4 ,evid5tly "s ( ^! deposits 7 laid d[n 9 ,plei/oc5e times4 #g4 ,edom1 ,rock+ham ,c\nty4--,! ,am]ican ,geologi/ 9 #ahia 7vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cce71 conta9s an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ at ?is place ( bones ( :at 0 call$ a mammo?1 b :i* 0 m probably a ma/odon4 ,x 0 said to h be5 discov]$ on ! l& ( a ,mr4 ,frank4 ,! in=mation 0 furni%$ by ,dr4 ,zirkle1 :o /at$ t a ne>ly complete skull _h be5 f\nd4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon1 record$ only z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,virg9ia4 ,! specim5 7,no4 #baj7 w\ld n be wor? m5tion+ 7 x n t x pres5ts 9 front two sockets = tusks ( consid]able size4 ,! bases ( ! tusks are reta9$ at ! bottom ( ! sockets4 ,! left socket has a diamet] ( ab\t #ce mm42 ! o!r is slightly small]4 ,f ! outside ( "o socket to ! outside ( ! o!r is #id mm4 ,! front ( ! symphysis is damag$1 s t its l5g? c n be det]m9$4 ,its l[] face is q flat4 ,! height ( ! jaw at ! front ( ! too? :i* 0 pres5t is ab\t #aej mm4 ,x seems to ! writ] t ?is jaw belong$ to ! species ,mammut prog5ium4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,/ew>t/[n1 ,monongalia ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 9 8 8,ice ,age 9 ,nor!rn ,am]ica10 fif? edition1 page #cgh1 wrote t ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,:ite _h report$ 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cgh-cgi7 ! f9d+ ( a too? ( a ma/odon at ?is place2 b 9 ! article quot$ no?+ is said ab\t a ma/odon4 ,evid5tly ,:ite publi%$ ?is article else:]e4 ,! too? is said to h be5 dug up on ! fif? & highe/ t]race along ,monongahela ,riv]4 ,9 ,:ite's article1 page #cgh1 x is /at$ t 9 ! region ( ,morgant[n ! high-t]race deposits are ab\t #bge feet above l[-wat] 9 ! ,monongahela & #a1jfe feet above tide4 ,x is probable t ! ma/odon liv$ !re dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 #b4 ,p>k]sburg1 ,wood ,c\nty4--,9 #aijb ! pres5t writ] receiv$ f ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,mill]1 ( ! ,high ,s*ool ( ,william/[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 a lett] inclos+ photographs ( a ma/odon too?1 f\nd on ,neal ,isl&1 #c miles above ,p>k]sburg4 ,! too? appe>s to be ! upp] left second mol> & is furni%$ ) all ( its roots4 ,! writ] does n "k "u :at conditions ! too? 0 f\nd4 ,its p]fect /ate ( pres]vation %[s t x c\ld n h be5 c>ri$ f> by ! /ream4 ,= a discussion ( ! ,plei/oc5e ( "s p>ts ( ,we/ ,virg9ia ! read] may consult ! p>agraphs on pages #ced-cee4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #e1 #ci47 #a4 ,new ,hanov] ,c\nty4--,"u ?is numb] mu/ be m5tion$ t a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum has be5 f\nd ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,wilm+ton1 ne> ! ,=t ,fi%] road4 ,?is too? is 9 ! possession ( ,capta9 ,e4 ,d4 ,williams1 ( ,wilm+ton4 #b4 ,p5d] ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 ( ! ,/ate ,museum at ,raleigh1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 has in=m$ ! writ] t !re are 9 t museum "s rema9s ( ma/odon f ,p5d] ,c\nty2 b no?+ m is kn[n to ! pres5t writ] ab\t ! nature ( ^! rema9s or ab\t ! locality :]e !y 7 f\nd4 #c4 ,dupl9 ,c\nty4--,f ! same s\rce x is le>n$ t !re are 9 ! collection at ,raleigh tee? ( ma/odon :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ,dupl9 ,c\nty4 #d4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,raleigh is a left ramus ( a ma/odon1 collect$ ne> ,goldsboro4 ,! writ] has exam9$ ?is important specim5 & has also receiv$ a photograph ( x1 s5t by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley4 ,?is is evid5tly ! jaw describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahga1 p4 #aac7 f photographs receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,k]r1 !n ,/ate geologi/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?is jaw 0 record$ z hav+ be5 obta9$ f gravel ov]ly+ ,mioc5e m>l1 ne> ,goldsboro4 ,?is specim5 pres5ts ! peculi>ity ( hav+ two tusks at ! front ( ! symphysis4 ,! diamet] ( ^! is #de mm4 ,h[ long !y 7 orig9ally c n be det]m9$4 ,! =m ( ?is jaw & pres5ce ( two l>ge incisor tusks indicates t ?is specim5 belongs to ,mammut prog5ium4 ,! front mol> pres5t1 ,m#b1 has a l5g? ( #abb mm4 & a wid? ( #hh mm4 ,leidy reg>d$ ?is jaw z hav+ belong$ to a male animal4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aheh1 p4 #aii7 m5tions t a l>ge numb] ( bones _h be5 f\nd 9 a m>l pit ne> ,goldsboro4 #e4 ,jacksonville1 ,onsl[ ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,museum at ,raleigh ! writ] has se5 a "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ne> ,jacksonville & exhum$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,adicks4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! skull1 includ+ upp] tee?1 bo? upp] tusks1 l[] jaw1 & "s limb-bones1 7 secur$4 ,! animal 0 evid5tly a fully mature "o1 z !re 7 pres5t 9 ! jaws ! la/ & ! next to ! la/ mol>s2 b ^! 7 n greatly worn4 ,9 ! l[] jaw !re 7 no tusks1 b ! tip ( ! jaw seem$ to indicate t e>li] 9 life ^! might h be5 pres5t4 ,! upp] tusks are unusually %ort4 ,"o is #cc in*es 7#hda mm47 long1 #id mm4 9 diamet] at ! base1 & #abj mm4 ab\t ! middle ( ! l5g?4 ,at ! base is a pulp-cavity ^: dep? is #bcj mm4 ,! di/al end ( ?is tusk is mu* worn1 evid5tly dur+ ! life ( ! animal4 ,on "o side is a flat surface #abj mm4 long & #ge mm4 wide :i* is direct$ obliquely to ! plane ( ! curvature ( ! tusk4 ,opposite ?is surface is ano!r ^: plane is p>allel ) t ( ! curvature ( ! tusk4 ,ab\t #ej mm4 f its tip ! tusk is cross$ by a groove ne>ly #bj mm4 wide & #db mm4 deep1 :i* appe>s to h be5 produc$ by ! draw+ ( bran*es or roots across ! tusk4 ,ab\t #fj mm4 fur!r back !re is ano!r groove1 broad] & %all[]4 ,! o!r tusk is #idj mm4 long4 ,ne> its extremity x is cross$ by ?ree grooves1 "o ( :i*1 ab\t #ee mm4 beh9d ! tip1 runs two-?irds ( ! way ar\nd ! tusk4 ,! small size ( ! tusks makes x pretty c]ta9 t ?is animal 0 a female4 ,! jaw does n diff] especially f t ( a ,late ,wiscons9 ma/odon1 app>5tly ab\t "o-six? tall]1 f\nd ne> ,w9amac1 ,indiana1 & n[ m\nt$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #f4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 ( ! ,/ate ,museum1 at ,raleigh1 ! writ] has le>n$ t tusks & tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum _h be5 secur$ = t museum at ,maysville4 ,?is is situat$ on ,:ite ,oak ,riv]4 ,photographs %[ ! tee? are l[] h9d]mo/ mol>s1 "r & left4 ,! writ] has se5 ^! tee?2 likewise upp] second & ?ird mol>s & ! tusks4 ,! latt] are ( m$ium size1 hav+ a diamet] ( #abj mm4 at ! base4 ,! pulp-cavity is #aij mm4 deep4 ,! enamel ( all ! tee? is r r\gh & corrugat$4 #g4 ,sixte5 miles s\!a/ ( ,newb]n1 ,pamlico ,c\nty4--,on ! left bank ( ,neuse ,riv]1 at a po9t said to be #af miles bel[ ,newb]n1 sev]al v]tebrate fossils 7 collect$ _m ye>s ago4 ,! collection appe>s to h be5 made by ! botani/ ,nuttall2 b ! fir/ m5tion f\nd by ! writ] is a pap] by ,h4 ,b4 ,croom1 9 #ahce 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #afh-aga74 ,he /at$ t ! locality 0 on ! nor? bank ( ,neuse ,riv]1 on ! l& ( ,mr4 ,b5n]s1 :o _h dug sev]al pits 9 ord] to obta9 m>l4 ,9 ^! pits1 "s rea*+ a dep? ( #be feet1 _m fossil %ells1 %>ks' tee?1 & bones ( m>9e fi%es 7 f\nd4 ,^! m>ls appe> to belong to ! ,plei/oc5e 7,/eph5son1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 & ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhi74 ,9 ! same pits 7 f\nd tee? & bones ( v>i\s ,plei/oc5e mammals4 ,a few ( ! fossils1 z ! great %>k too?1 c]ta9ly belong$ to ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,croom /ates t !re 7 fragm5ts ( ! horns ( a fossil elk2 also a ma/odon too? :i* _h a bread? ( #g in*es & a dep? ( #i4e in*es4 ,x is n improbable t ?is 0 a too? ( an elephant4 ,tee?1 suppos$ to belong to a fossil elk & :i* _h a bread? ( #c in*es & a dep? ( #d4e in*es1 7 probably h9d]mo/ milk mol>s ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,h>lan 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc7 indicat$ t he _h se5 9 ! collection made by ,nuttall rema9s ( ! ma/odon2 also ( a suppos$ ,sus1 an elephant1 elk1 de]1 horse1 seal1 cetaceans1 a tortoise1 %>k1 skate1 snake1 & fi%4 ,?is collection app>5tly pass$ into ! h&s ( ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad4 ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #aff7 /at$ t ,conrad _h _m ye>s previ\sly obta9$ ^! animals ne> ,newb]n4 ,besides ^? m5tion$ he includ$ a hippopotamus4 ,?is id5tification 0 probably bas$ on milk tusks or l[] tusks ( ! ma/odon4 #h4 ,h>l[e1 ,c>t]et ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #cdh71 ,eli%a ,mit*ell wrote t 9 digg+ ! ,clubfoot & ,h>l[e ,canal1 rema9s ( bo? ! elephant & ! ma/odon _h be5 f\nd4 ,"u ?is numb] may be m5tion$ ! f9d+ ( a jaw ( a ma/odon 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 :i* appe>s to run "s miles ea/ ( ! old ,clubfoot & ,h>l[e ,canal4 ,?is specim5 is1 or 0 rec5tly1 9 ! laboratory ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission at ,beau=t4 #i4 ,pitt ,c\nty4--,9 #ahga 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #aac71 ,leidy report$ t an isolat$ l[] la/ mol> too? ( ,mammut am]icanum1 b accompani$ by ! jaw1 _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,pitt ,c\nty4 ,no m exact locality 0 m5tion$4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bjb7 is a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol> :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,pitt ,c\nty4 #aj4 ,wilson ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley ! writ] le>n$ t !re are 9 ! museum at ,raleigh "s rema9s ( ma/odon f ,wilson ,c\nty4 ,! writ] has se5 at ,raleigh a l[] second left mol>1 f ,wilson ,c\nty4 #aa4 ,t>boro1 ,edgecombe ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bje7 is a l[] "r la/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum1 record$ z hav+ be5 s5t by ,dr4 ,pitman1 ( ,t>boro4 ,x is black & v heavy4 #ab4 ,rocky ,m\nt1 ,na% ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aheb1 p4 #ef7 m5tion$ ! f9d+ ( ma/odon bones 9 m>l-pits1 on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,knight1 on ! bank ( ,t> ,riv]1 #c miles we/ ( ,rocky ,m\nt4 ,! ,plei/oc5e is "h suppos$ to belong pr9cipally to ! ,sund]l&1 b p>tly to ! ,wicomico =mation4 ,emmons1 9 #aheh 7,rep4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv41 ,agric4 ,ea/ ,cos41 p4 #aii71 figur$ & briefly describ$ a mol> ( a ma/odon :i* he ref]r$ to ,ma/odon giganteus4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 a ,mioc5e m>l pit 9 ,halifax ,c\nty2 b s _m ,plei/oc5e species h be5 report$ f su* m>ls t x is possible t ! too? belong$ to a ,plei/oc5e animal4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cif7 ref]r$ ?is too? ) d\bt to 8 ,ma/odon obscurus2 b ! type ( ! latt]1 a l[] mol> 7,leidy op4 cit41 plate ,,xxvii1 fig4 #ac71 pres5ts no su* d\ble s]ies ( trefoils4 ,leidy 7op4 cit41 p4 #bdg1 plate ,,xvii1 fig4 #af7 ref]r$ "s fragm5ts ( ma/odon tee? f\nd at ,t>boro to 8 ,ma/odon obscurus2 b ^! seem to ! writ] to belong to ,gompho!rium rugosid5s4 ,we d n "k t ,g4 obscurum is a ,plei/oc5e species1 nor is x c]ta9 t x has be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,c\nty4--,9 ! region ab\t ,beau=t num]\s rema9s ( ma/odons h be5 f\nd1 mo/ ( :i* are to be ref]r$ to ,mammut am]icanum4 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia ! writ] has se5 a f9e left l[] la/ mol> ( ?is species4 ,! collection ( ,rutg]s ,college conta9s a "p ( a too? f ,coosaw ,riv]4 ,at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity !re is an upp] second true mol> f some:]e ab\t ,beau=t4 ,field ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum has #c tee? ( ,mammut1 record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! phosphate b$ at ,beau=t4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 /at$ he _h se51 9 ! collection ( ,c4 ,n4 ,%ep>d at ,amh]/ ,college1 bones1 fragm5ts ( jaws1 & tee? ( ma/odon f ! m>l at ! head ( ,hilton ,h>bor1 on ,/4 ,hel5a ,isl&1 on :i* ,beau=t is situat$4 ,among ^! 7 #b inf]ior tusks ab\t #aj in*es long & #b in*es 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,if ! mol>s :i* accompani$ !m _h diff]$ f ^? ( ,mammut am]icanum1 ,leidy w\ld h be5 quick to note ! fact4 ,evid5tly ! bones & tee? m5tion$ by ,leidy are ^? n[ 9 ! m\nt$ skeleton at ,amh]/ ,college1 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,b4 ,loomis 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #dcg1 figs4 #a1 #c1 #d7 z ,ma/odon am]icanus4 ,?is 0 a v l>ge animal & ! two l>ge l[] tusks %[ t x belong$ to ,mammut prog5ium4 ,9 ! ,academy's collection at ,philadelphia is a l>ge h9d]mo/ mol>1 #ahj mm4 long & #if mm4 wide1 :i* _h be5 s5t to ! ,academy 9 company ) ! type ( ,gompho!rium rugosid5s4 #b4 ,a%ley ,riv]1 above ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfj 7,holmes's ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aji71 ,leidy /at$ t fragm5ts ( tee? & bones _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,po/-,plioc5e deposits ( ,a%ley ,riv]1 app>5tly ref]able to ,ma/odon ohioticus 7,mammut am]icanum74 ,9 a footnote to ?is /atem5t1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes says t s9ce ,leidy's /atem5t 0 writt5 sev]al p]fect tee? h be5 discov]$1 & ref]r$ to plate ,,xix1 figures #a1 #b1 #c4 ,^! figures illu/rate ! tee? :i* belong$ to ,dr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,klip/e91 ,*ri/ ,*ur*4 ,9 ! preface to ,holmes's "w he ref]s to ! tee? on ?is plate z be+ ^? associat$ ) tee? ( a horse1 rema9s ( a de]1 & a piece ( pott]y4 ,on page ,,iii ( ! introduction !re is fur!r explanation ( ! discov]y4 ,exactly :]e ! swamp :i* ,klip/e9 0 dra9+ 0 situat$ seems n to h be5 /at$1 b ! context appe>s to indicate t x 0 some:]e along ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 #aiah 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #dch1 fig4 #b1 n 8fig4 #c07 ,pr(essor ,loomis describ$ & figur$ #b l[] tusks1 f\nd 9 ,n9e ,mile ,bottom1 #i miles above ,*>le/on1 probably along ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,on page #dda ,loomis correctly describ$ ^!1 except t :at he call$ enamel is only a d5se out] lay] ( d5t9e4 ,evid5tly ^! tusks _h be5 us$ = pun*+ aga9/ h>d objects4 ,"o may surmise t ! animal _h be5 accu/om$ to b>k trees ) !m4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 /ates t he saw 9 ! collection ( ,c4 ,n4 ,%ep>d1 at ,amh]/ ,college1 rema9s ( ma/odons1 etc41 :i* _h be5 f\nd on ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 ! collections at ,*>le/on1 bo? ! private ones & t ( ! ,*>le/on ,museum1 !re are tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum1 b records ( exact localities are usually want+4 #c4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,c\nty4--,john ,drayton1 9 8 8,view ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 9 #ahjb1 page #ci1 plate1 figure #d1 m5tions ! discov]y ( fossil bones 9 ,bigg9 ,swamp1 made 9 digg+ a canal betwe5 ,santee & ,coop] ,riv]s4 ,x appe>s probable t ?is swamp is n f> f ,monks ,corn]4 ,drayton's figure %[s t ! too? 0 "o ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,x is said to h be5 buri$ at a dep? ( #h or #i feet4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton 7,ar*ologia ,am]41 #ahad1 pp4 #bb-bc7 /at$ t he _h exam9$ tee? ( bo? ma/odon & elephant f ?is swamp4 ,george ,turn] 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahii1 p4 #eaa7 speaks ( ! discov]y ( bones ( :at is call$ ! mammo? 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,santee & ,coop] ,riv] ,canal4 ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss41 ed4 #d1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bge7 /at$ t ! naturali/ ,m4 ,bose _h witness$ ! exhumation ( #e mol>s ( ma/odon dur+ ! excavation ( ! 8canal de ,c>ol9e10 #ae miles f ,*>le/on4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 pure s& at a dep? ( #c feet4 ,x is possible t !re is "h an error 9 ! di/ance f ,*>le/on4 #d4 ,lee ,c\nty4--,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ahdh1 p4 #agh7 /ates t betwe5 ,lyn*'s ,creek & ,black ,riv]1 8ne> ,concord *ur*10 he f\nd a b$ ( ,plioc5e m>l ab\t #d feet ?ick1 :i*1 l ! ,d>l+ton deposit1 re/s on black %ale4 ,9 an excavation made 9 ?is m>l1 he f\nd a portion ( a tusk ( a ma/odon4 ,?is might1 inde$1 h belong$ to an elephant1 b m probably to ,mammut am]icanum4 #e4 ,d>l+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ahdh1 pp4 #agg-ahj71 ,tuomey report$ t #b p]fect mol>s ( ,ma/odon maximus 7,mammut am]icanum7 _h be5 f\nd on l& ( ,g4 ,w4 ,d>gan1 some:]e ne> ,d>l+ton4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a swamp & cov]$ ) #c or #d feet ( mud1 b ly+ 9 a m>l :i* he reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e4 ,"o 0 s5t to ! college at ,columbia4 ,9 a note to ! geologi/ ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 #ahef1 p4 #afg71 ,tuomey /at$ t he _h plac$ 9 ! cab9et ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,college a f9e too? ( ma/odon1 f\nd 9 ,d>l+ton di/rict4 ,at an e>li] date ,rob]t ,w4 ,gibbes 7same ,proce$+s1 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahej1 p4 #fg7 exhibit$ be=e ! association tee? ( a horse f\nd at ,d>l+ton1 associat$ ) bones ( ,ma/odon4 ,,georgia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,9 ,ri*>d ,h>lan's li/ 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,i1 #ahda-dc1 p4 #ahi7 ( fossil v]tebrates :i* _h be5 exhum$ 9 mak+ ! ,brunswick ,canal 7 m5tion$ tee? ( ,ma/odon giganteum 7,mammut am]icanum74 ,ab\t ?is "t ,j4 ,h4 ,c\p] 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cc7 read a pap] 9 :i* he m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( ! same species 9 ! canal ref]r$ to4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 p4 #cdh7 includ$ ! ma/odon among ! species discov]$ "h4 ,ri*>d ,ow5 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ic7 report$ ! result ( an exam9ation ( a collection submitt$ to him ?r\gh ,lyell4 ,hippopotamus _h be5 recogniz$ 9 a suppos$ incisor2 b ,ow5 %[$ t x 0 a small tusk ( a proboscidean1 probably ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bdh7 /at$ t he _h exam9$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ! h9d] "p ( a too? ( ! ,am]ican ma/odon4 ,gidley 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 recogniz$ ,gompho!rium floridanum & ,mammut am]icanum 9 a collection :i* _h be5 made "s ye>s ago at ,brunswick1 probably 9 dr$g+ 9 ! h>bor4 ,inasmu* z only fragm5ts ( ^! tee? 7 pres5t1 ! id5tification 0 difficult4 ,! writ] has1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 _h ! opportunity to exam9e ^! fragm5ts4 ,!y appe> all to belong to ,gompho!rium rugosid5s1 a species r common 9 t region4 ,?is species probably does n belong to ! ,plei/oc5e1 b to ! upp] ,mioc5e or ! ,l[] ,plioc5e4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t x belongs to ! l[]mo/ ,plei/oc5e1 ! ,nebraskan4 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,*a?am ,c\nty4--,rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum h be5 f\nd at two places 9 ,*a?am ,c\nty1 ,heyn]'s ,bridge & ,skidaway ,isl&4 ,lyell 7,travels 9 ,n4 ,a41 #ahde1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afc7 records 8 visit to ,heyn]'s ,bridge1 on ,:ite ,bluff ,creek1 ab\t #g miles s\? ( ,savannah4 ,9 ,hodgson's memoir ?is locality is said to be on ,v]non ,creek 7map #dj74 ,lyell _h le>n$ f ,dr4 ,hab]%am t bones ( ma/odons & o!r ext9ct mammals _h already be5 f\nd !re4 ,lyell himself secur$ a gr9d] ( a ma/odon4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a b$ ( clay ab\t #f feet ?ick expos$ only at l[ wat]4 ,! too? ref]r$ to may be ! "o m5tion$ by ,lydekk] 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bc74 ,hodgson 78,memoir on ,mega!rium10 p4 #ab7 report$ ! discov]y ( ma/odon rema9s at ?is place1 specify+ a section ( a tusk #c4be feet long & ne>ly #aa in*es 9 circumf]5ce2 also a femur1 :i* 0 s5t to ,p>is4 ,ref]5ce is made to ! ma/odon rema9s on page #db ( ! memoir m5tion$4 ,= ! geology ( ?is locality & a li/ ( ! species f\nd !re ! read] is ref]r$ to page #cga4 ,,florida4 7,maps #e1 #aj47 ,x has n be5 practicable to arrange ! figures on ! map ( ma/odons 9 ,florida 9 an ord]ly mann]4 ,bel[1 ! localities are describ$ by beg9n+ at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,/ate & end+ at ! s\!rn end4 #a4 ,m>ianna1 ,jackson ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cbd7 is a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum1 record$ z hav+ be5 s5t to ! ,national ,in/itute1 ,septemb] #be1 #ahdg1 by ,walt] ,yonge1 f ,m>ianna4 ,no additional in=mation has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is a l>ge upp] "r la/ mol>1 ) #e cross-cre/s1 a h9d] talon1 & ne>ly complete roots4 ,m>ianna is situat$ on ,*ipola ,riv]4 #ab4 ,little ,riv]1 ,gadsd5 ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiaf1 p4 #ajd7 report$ t a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum _h be5 obta9$ f ,little ,riv]4 #b4 ,=t ,:ite1 ,columbia ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds report$ to ! writ] ! discov]y ( a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum at a po9t #c miles nor?we/ ( ,=t ,:ite4 ,no details h be5 receiv$4 ,! t[n is on ,santa ,fe ,riv]4 #c4 ,citra1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ,w>d's ,natural ,hi/ory ,e/abli%m5t1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 ! writ] saw 9 ,janu>y #aiad1 #b cross-cre/s ( a probably h9d]mo/ upp] mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,!re _h be5 pres5t a l>ge pulp-cavity4 ,no?+ def9ite ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! specim5 c\ld be obta9$1 except t x _h be5 f\nd at ,citra4 #ae4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,f ?is locality ,sell>ds 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh7 report$ ! discov]y ( a ma/odon1 probably ,gompho!rium floridanum4 ,associat$ ) ?is species 0 an undet]m9$ species ( ,hipp>ion4 ,at ! same place has be5 f\nd ,tapirus t]re/ris8 ,on 8 plates ,,iv & ,v ( ! same volume1 ,sell>ds has figur$ tee? belong+ to two undet]m9$ species ( ma/odons4 ,all ( ^! fossils came f ! phosphate deposits at ,neals4 #af4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 p4 #aa7 report$ t ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall _h discov]$ at ,ar*] rema9s ( a ma/odon to :i* ,leidy gave ! "n ,ma/odon floridanus4 ,x is "h ref]r$ to ! g5us ,gompho!rium4 ,x 0 associat$ 9 ! ,ala*ua clays ) a species ( ,hipp>ion1 ?ree species ( ,procamelus1 & a rh9oc]os2 also an a/ragalus ( ,mega!rium4 ,all ( ^!1 except ! la/1 are usually ref]r$ to ! ,l[] ,plioc5e or ! ,upp] ,mioc5e4 ,! writ] believes t !y belong to ! l[e/ ,plei/oc5e1 ! ,nebraskan4 #ag4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,c\nty4--,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhg1 p4 #cji7 report$ ! f9d+ ( sev]al species ( fossil v]tebrates 9 ! ,mixon bone-b$1 at or ne> ,willi/on4 ,! species 7 ,gompho!rium floridanum1 ,hipp>ion plicatile1 ,procamelus major1 & ,teleoc]as prot]us4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays at dep?s f #b4e to #f feet4 ,9 ,dall's li/ ( #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi7 ,hipp>ion +5uum is includ$4 #ah4 ,juliette1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,sell>ds1 9 #aiac 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh71 /at$ t ,gompho!rium floridanum _h be5 f\nd 9 h>d phosphate 9 a m9e at ?is place4 ,z 9 o!r su* cases1 he ref]r$ ! species to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ! ,l[] ,plioc5e4 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey is a fragm5t ( a mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum :i* 0 dr$g$ up f ,)lacoo*ee ,riv] dur+ op]ations by ! ,s*ilman & ,b5e ,phosphate ,company4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,john ,d4 ,rob]tson4 ,9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,rob]tson ( ,ocala1 ,florida1 is a "p ( a skull ( ,mammut am]icanum1 report$ by him to h be5 f\nd 9 ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #a1 t[n%ip #ag s\?1 range #ai ea/4 ,?is w\ld be ab\t #f miles ea/ ( ,dunnellon & n f> f ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]4 ,9 ! region ab\t ,dunnellon ! ma/odon ,gompho!rium floridanum has be5 collect$4 ,= ! li/ ( species f\nd at ,dunnellon & 9 ,)lacoo*ee ,riv] ! read] may consult page #cgf4 #ai4 ,ne> ,san ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,c\nty4--,f /ation #abj1 on ! ,inl& ,wat]way1 ne> ,san ,pablo ,bea*1 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajf7 report$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum 9 place 9 ! bank ( ! canal4 ,rema9s ( ,elephas columbi & undet]m9$ species ( ,bison & ,odocoileus _h be5 ?r[n out by ! dr$ge4 #d4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,c\nty4--,at ! resid5ce ( ,mr4 ,fr$ ,r4 ,all51 #aac ,k+ /reet1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida1 ! writ] _h ! privilege ( exam9+ sev5 tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum :i* _h be5 f\nd ne> ,mr4 ,all5's f>m1 #bh miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal4 ,at ! same place ,mr4 ,all5 _h f\nd rema9s ( a fossil horse1 a mylodon1 alligator1 & a "p ( ! pla/ron ( ,t]rap5e antipex4 ,! deposits are to be reg>d$ z belong+ to "s "p ( ! fir/ half ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 probably ! fir/ int]glacial4 #f4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #baej7 is an upp] left la/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum1 s5t 9 ,augu/ #aija f ,daytona by ,e4 ,t4 ,conrad ,company4 ,x _h be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #e feet 9 an old oy/]-b$ :i* 0 be+ dug up = surfac+ ! /reets4 ,! locality is )9 ! limits ( ! t[n & ab\t #b miles f ! ,atlantic coa/4 ,! s5d]s report$ a little lat] t !y _h f\nd f\r o!r tee?1 a piece ( tusk #dj in*es long & #g in*es 9 diamet]1 & ab\t a bu%el ( bones & fragm5ts4 ,!re appe>$ to be o!r bones 9 ! pit1 b no?+ m is on record4 ,s9ce t ma/odon di$ !re1 ! l& appe>s to h be5 depress$ b5ea? ! sea1 p]mitt+ ! gr[? ( ! oy/]-b$1 aft] :i* !re 0 aga9 an elevation4 #ac4 ,fellsm]e1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje7 /at$ t ,mammut am]icanum1 repres5t$ by a too? or tee?1 _h be5 f\nd at ,fellsm]e 9 connection ) ! con/ruction ( dra9age canals4 #g4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,at ?is place h be5 f\nd well-pres]v$ rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,besides a "p ( a l[] jaw1 !re are "s p>ts ( tusks & fragm5ts ( o!r p>ts4 ,! "r side ( a palate conta9+ ! second & ! ?ird true mol>s1 f\nd 9 :at has be5 call$ /ratum ,no4 #b1 has be5 figur$ by ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,xxxi74 ,! age ( ^! w be discuss$ on pages #cha-chd4 #ad4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,c\nty4--,9 8 report ( #aiaf1 already cit$1 ,dr4 ,sell>ds not$ ! fact1 on page #aje1 t sev]al tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum _h be5 obta9$ by him1 #h miles we/ ( ! ,florida ,ea/ ,coa/ ,railroad1 9 ! canal con/ruct$ to dra9 ! ,ev]glades4 ,f ! same canal _h be5 secur$ ,elephas columbi1 ,equus complicatus1 & a femur ( a species ( ,bison4 ,sell>ds in=ms u t ! v]tebrate fossils "h1 z at ,v]o & _m o!r localities1 are emb$d$ 9 ! s& & muck b$s :i* lie above ! ,plei/oc5e m>ls4 #h4 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,rema9s ( ma/odon h be5 report$ f v>i\s places 9 ?is c\nty1 b ! localities h n be5 v exactly def9$4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum 7,no4 #fgbf7 is a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum :i* 0 s5t by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,spitl]1 ( ,tampa4 ,exactly :]e x 0 f\nd is n record$4 ,! too? is :ite & well pres]v$4 ,!re are five cross-cre/s4 ,! cones are unusually l[1 & su* tee? may possibly repres5t an undescrib$ species4 ,at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a ma/odon too?1 label$ z hav+ come f ,tampa ,bay4 ,! too? is heavy & rock-l4 ,a "p ( an atlas ( ! ma/odon is f ! same place4 ,9 ! collection ( ,ob]l9 ,college1 ,ob]l91 ,ohio1 is a l[] "r la/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,sulphur ,spr+s1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4 ,! writ] has n f\nd :]e ?is place is situat$4 ,all ( ! specim5s m5tion$ belong to ,mammut am]icanum4 #i4 ,alafia ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds 7#g? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aab1 fig4 #de7 records ! f9d+ ( an upp] "r la/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum 9 ?is riv]4 ,! too? is unworn & has f\r cross-cre/s & a l>ge talon4 ,x 0 pres]v$ 9 ! collection ( ,s4 ,a4 ,rob9son4 ,) a collection ( tee? ( ,equus f\nd 9 ,alafia ,riv] & pres]v$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a s+le cross-cre/ ( ,mammut am]icanum4 #bj4 ,brew/]1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 8 report ( #aiae 7p4 #ajf1 fig4 #cf7 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds figur$ a fragm5t ( a tusk1 f\nd 9 a phosphate m9e1 :i* he suppos$ might belong to ,gompho!rium floridanum4 ,he figur$ also a too? 7p4 #ajd1 fig4 #cd7 :i* he def9itely ref]r$ to ?is species1 b x is n cle> t x 0 f\nd at ,brew/]4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd associat$ ) ! tusk w be f\nd on page #chj4 ,among ^! species is ,mammut prog5ium1 a species rang+ f ! ,aftonian to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,:ile all ! species ( ! li/ are ref]r$ by ,sell>ds to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e1 ,m4 prog5ium appe>s to favor a lat] ref]5ce4 #aj4 ,pa9s ,creek1 ,polk8 ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 is a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,pa9s ,creek1 #ej miles f ,tampa4 ,x appe>s to be a second milk mol>2 ! l5g? is #dc mm41 ! wid? at ! second cre/ likewise #dc mm4 ,!re is a ,big ,pa9s ,creek 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,polk ,c\nty1 :i* empties into ,peace ,creek4 ,a little fur!r s\? is ,little ,pa9s ,creek1 :i* empties into ,peace ,creek 9 ,de ,soto ,c\nty1 ne> ,b[l+ ,gre54 ,on :i* ( ^! ! too? 0 f\nd c n be det]m9$4 #aa4 ,peace ,creek1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aiij7 is an upp] "r h9d]mo/ mol> record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,peace ,riv]4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! exhibit ( ! ,plant ,sy/em at ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition at ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,x is cr$it$ also to ! ,peace ,riv] ,phosphate ,company4 ,probably ! too? 0 f\nd some:]e n f> f ,arcadia4 ,leidy 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 does n record ! species f ,arcadia1 b 8 undet]m9$ species ( ! g5us may h be5 ,m4 am]icanum4 ,! too? m5tion$ above has five cross-cre/s & a conical talon4 ,at ! ends ( ! transv]se valleys are l>ge tub]cles4 ,,alabama4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,c\nty4--,! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum conta9s #c or #d fragm5ts ( l>ge mol>s ( ,mammut am]icanum f\nd n f> f ! t[n nam$4 ,"o fragm5t is label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 section #aj1 t[n%ip #ag nor?1 range #g ea/4 ,?is w\ld probably be #f or #g miles we/ ( nor? f ! t[n nam$4 ,ano!r fragm5t is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,bogue ,*itto4 ,! tee? 7 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey by ,craw=d ,p4 ,lewis4 ,f ?is same region !re h be5 collect$ rema9s ( ,elephas imp]ator & ,equus leidyi4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,p]?%ire1 ,boliv> ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a fragm5t1 ! re> end1 ( an upp] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,mammut am]icanum1 receiv$ f ,p]?%ire 9 ,augu/ #aiad4 ,x is ! gift ( ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,kn[lton & 0 report$ z hav+ be5 suck$ up ) gravel f ! b$ ( ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,?is place is 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,boliv> ,c\nty & imm$iately s\? ( latitude #cd4 #b4 ,caseilla1 ,tallahat*ie ,c\nty4--,! writ] has se5 a l[] left la/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 f\nd 9 #aiae1 ne> ?is place4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = id5tification by ,dr4 ,b4 ,frankl91 ( ,caseilla4 ,he /at$ t ! too? _h be5 f\nd 9 ,avant ,creek1 ab\t #c miles above its entrance into ,yalobu%a ,riv]1 app>5tly 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ,tallahat*ie ,c\nty1 9 t[n%ip #bc nor?1 range #g we/4 ,! too? _h be5 buri$ 9 jo9t clay4 ,! banks ( ! creek are usually ab\t #aj feet high1 b :]e ! too? 0 f\nd1 on ! s\? side ( ! creek1 ! bluff is ab\t #ej feet high4 #c4 ,jackson1 ,h9ds ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia is a l[] left la/ milk mol>1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,isaac ,lea & report$ to h be5 f\nd ne> ,jackson1 ,mississippi4 ,no additional in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,! too? is b slightly worn & has complete roots4 #d4 ,vicksburg1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cdd7 is a fragm5t ( an upp] "r la/ mol>1 said to h be5 f\nd at ,vicksburg4 ,! fragm5t consi/s ( ! h9d]mo/ cre/ & ! talon4 ,9 ,wailles's report on ! geology ( ,mississippi1 #ahed1 page #bhd1 !re is a /atem5t to ! effect t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ! deep cut ( ! railroad at ,vicksburg4 #e4 ,bov9a81 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4--,9 ,wailles's report1 j cit$1 x is /at$ t ma/odon bones _h be5 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,big ,black ,riv]1 ne> ! ea/]n l9e ( ,w>r5 ,c\nty4 ,:ile ! /atem5t is r indef9ite1 ! locality is probably some:]e 9 ! region ab\t ,bov9a1 on ! railway f ,vicksburg to ,jackson4 #f4 ,claiborne ,c\nty4--,accord+ to ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahei1 p4 #aaa71 portions ( jaws ) tee? ( ma/odons h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 associat$ ) a skull ( a be> :i* he c\ld n di/+ui% f t ( ,ursus am]icanus4 #g4 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,9 ,wailles's report ( #ahed 7p4 #bhd71 already cit$1 x is /at$ t rema9s ( ! ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 ne> ! =m] t[n ( ,gre5ville4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to le>n m exactly :]e ?is t[n 0 situat$4 #h4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,! region ab\t ,nat*ez is a f]tile "o = rema9s ( ma/odons & v>i\s o!r fossil v]tebrates4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! f9d+ ( fossils "h appe>s to be a note by ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill 9 #ahbf 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,rema9s1 p4 #aj71 :o pres5t$ two tee? to ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,g4 ,troo/1 9 #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,p5n41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adc71 /at$ t he _h 9 8 cab9et a too? ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ne> ,nat*ez4 ,9 #ahde 7,proc4 #f? ,meet4 ,assoc4 ,am]4 ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s1 pp4 #gg-gi71 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson read a pap] on ! geology ( ! ,nat*ez bluffs1 9 :i* he m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( ma/odons4 ,9 #ahdf 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf71 ! same writ] exhibit$ at ! ,academy a l>ge collection ( fossil bones :i* _h be5 made ne> ,nat*ez4 ,8 acc\nt treats especially ( ! rema9s ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii & a human pelvis2 b x is m5tion$ t ! deposit ab\nds 9 bones & tee? ( ! ma/odon4 ,dickeson /at$ t ! /ratum :i* conta9$ ^! organic rema9s is a t5aci\s blue clay :i* und]lies :at he call$ ! diluvial drift ea/ ( ,nat*ez4 ,?is 8drift0 is n[ reg>d$ z be+ mo/ly loess4 ,lyell1 9 #ahdf 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a41 ed4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aie71 wrote t ma/odon rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ! loam 7loess7 :i* conta9$ l&-%ells at diff]5t dep?s4 ,hilg>d 9 #ahfj 7,geol4 ,agric4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif7 gives a li/1 furni%$ by ,dr4 ,leidy1 ( ! mammalian fossils :i* _h be5 f\nd 89 a solid blue clay said to belong to ?is =mation0 7! ,bluff =mation74 ,ma/odons are said to be by f> ! mo/ common4 ,at ,p9e ,ridge1 #f miles nor? ( ,nat*ez1 9 t[n%ips #g & #h nor?1 range #c we/1 ma/odons & o!r mammals occurr$ at a dep? ( ab\t #bj feet f ! surface1 9 a rav9e4 ,! li/ ref]r$ to 0 quot$ f ,wailles's report ( #ahed 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf74 ,leidy1 9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #i71 9 speak+ ( ! occurr5ce ( human rema9s at ,nat*ez1 ref]r$ to ! occurr5ce ( ! ma/odon at ?is place4 ,mc,gee1 9 #ahia 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #cii71 9 discuss+ ! geological conditions at ,nat*ez1 /at$ t sev]al ne>ly p]fect skulls ( ! ma/odon & at lea/ "o ( ! ,am]ican elephant _h be5 discov]$ at ,nat*ez4 ,8 idea 0 t "s ( ^! rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ! br[n loam & "s 9 ! gravelly b$s well d[n t[>d ! ,port ,hudson clays4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! loess at ,nat*ez1 ,%imek1 9 #aijd 7,bull4 ,labs4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 ,univ4 ,i[a1 p4 #cje71 express$ d\bt ab\t ! occurr5ce ( ma/odons & o!r v]tebrates 9 ! loess4 ,9 ! collection at ,yale ,univ]sity is a l>ge l[] jaw ( ,mammut am]icanum1 label$ z f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,bo? rami are repres5t$ & ea* has 9 x ! second & ?ird mol>s4 ,! h9d]mo/ mol> is b little worn4 ,! second mol> is #aae mm4 long & #hg mm4 wide1 ! ?ird mol> #ahh mm4 long & #ic mm4 wide4 ,! sp\t at ! front ( ! jaw is cut (f squ>e & is r\gh1 b !re are no sockets = tusks4 ,= fur!r consid]ation ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology at ,nat*ez & a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates f\nd !re1 ! read] is ref]r$ to pages #chi to #cic4 #i4 ,p9ckneyville1 ,wilk9son ,c\nty4--,on page #bhd ( ,wailles's report ( #ahed he /at$ t ma/odon bones _h be5 obta9$ 9 ,bay\ ,s>a1 ne> ,p9ckneyville4 #aj4 ,betwe5 ,zeigl]ville & ,pe>ce1 ,yazoo ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ajbge7 is a "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a ma/odon1 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,fi%]1 ab\t #h miles nor?we/ ( ,vaughan4 ,?is jaw 0 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,d\?at1 secret>y ( ! ,yazoo ,comm]cial ,club1 ( ,yazoo ,city4 ,! specim5 _h be5 wa%$ out ( its place ( burial along a creek4 ,f ,mr4 ,fi%] ! writ] has receiv$ ! in=mation t ! jaw 0 f\nd along ,te%acah ,creek1 9 section #i1 t[n%ip #ab nor?1 range #a ea/4 ,x appe>s to h be5 buri$ at a dep? ( ab\t #ae feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! jaw f ! re> to ! front ( ! p5ultimate mol> is #fcj mm41 to ! front ( ! beak #hjh mm4 ,a "p ( ! front ( ! jaw has be5 brok5 (f dur+ exhumation1 z %[n by ! photographs4 ,! height at ! middle ( ! l5g? is #aie mm4 ,! coronoid process rises #djj mm4 above ! l[] bord] ( ! jaw4 ,!re are pres5t ! h9d]mo/ & ! p5ultimate mol>s4 ,! h9d]mo/ is #bbj mm4 long & has five cre/s & a l[ r\gh talon4 ,9 ! front ( ! jaw is a "p ( ! socket = an incisor tusk :i* _h a diamet] ( ab\t #dj mm4 ,app>5tly ! jaw is to be ref]r$ to ,mammut prog5ium4 #aa4 ,woodville1 ,wilk9son ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,f]guson1 ( ,woodville1 ! writ] has receiv$ a lett]1 ) a photograph %[+ jawbones1 ) tee?1 ( "o or m ma/odons f\nd ne> ,woodville4 ,"s fragm5ts ( tusks1 a "p ( a skull1 & "s v]tebr 7 also f\nd4 ,! in=mation is s5t t ^! rema9s 7 buri$ "u #cj feet ( deposit4 ,!y 7 f\nd on ! bank ( ,dunb> ,creek1 a tribut>y ( ,bay\ ,s>a1 9 t[n%ip #a1 range #c1 section #bd4 ,on pages #che to #chi w be treat$ ! geology ( ?is region2 b at ! pres5t x w\ld be unsafe to ref] ^! ma/odons to any p>ticul> /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #e4 ,fig4 #bc47 #a4 ,k+sport1 ,sullivan ,c\nty4--,! writ] 0 in=m$ by ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,torbett1 a newspap] man1 t ,d4 ,m4 ,lafitte1 ( ,bri/ol1 ,t5nessee1 _h a too? ( a ma/odon1 f\nd ne> ,k+sport4 ,mr4 ,torbett _h se5 ! too? & recogniz$ its simil>ity to a ma/odon too? %[n him4 #b4 ,/4 ,clair1 ,hawk9s ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,georgia1 wait+ 9 #ahib 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ccc71 report$ t a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd some:]e 9 t c\nty4 ,on mak+ inquiry ( ,dr4 ,mc,callie ! writ] receiv$ ! in=mation t ! too? 0 f\nd ab\t #c4e miles ne>ly due ea/ f ,/4 ,clair & ab\t #g or #h miles s\? ( ,rog]sville4 ,! too? 0 pres5t$ to ! ,univ]sity ( ,t5nessee4 #c4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,! writ] has receiv$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,bayless ! in=mation t a ma/odon too? _h be5 f\nd #c miles s\? ( ! place nam$4 ,! m exact locality is giv5 z ! f>m ( ,john ,silv]1 #j4ge mile nor? ( ,bays ,m\nta94 ,! too? 0 discov]$ "u a :ite oak /ump1 at a dep? ( #f feet4 ,x 0 #g4e in*es long & _h #e cross-cre/s4 #d4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,g4 ,troo/1 writ+ 9 #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,pa41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adb71 /at$ t he _h 9 8 cab9et a too? ( a ma/odon f ! locality nam$4 #e4 ,neub]ts ,spr+s1 #g miles ,s\!a/ ( ,knoxville4--,doctor ,mc,callie1 z cit$ above1 report$ ! discov]y ( f\r mol>s ( a ma/odon 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation at a po9t #g miles s\!a/ ( ,knoxville4 ,!y 7 f\nd b5ea? #cj in*es ( a yell[ t5aci\s clay1 9 :i* occurr$ wat]-worn /ones4 ,9 a communication to ! writ]1 ,dr4 ,mc,callie indicates t ! rema9s _h be5 buri$ at a "t :5 ,t5nessee ,riv] fl[$ at a high] level ?an at pres5t4 #f4 ,elev5 miles ,we/ ( ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,nelson1 a memb] ( ! ,t5nessee ,geological ,survey1 ! in=mation has be5 receiv$ t "s ma/odon rema9s1 includ+ tee?1 _h be5 f\nd #aa miles we/ ( ,na%ville1 j we/ ( ,mill ,creek & ab\t #bjj y>ds f ,cumb]l& ,riv]4 ,! rema9s occurr$ 9 a v t\gh yell[i% clay :i* occupi$ a solution *annel 9 ! ,c>t] ,creek lime/one4 ,?is 0 at a dep? ( ab\t #ae feet f ! surface4 ,"u ?is numb] may be record$ ! f9d+ ( a "p ( a l[] mol> ( a "y ma/odon ne> ,na%ville1 s5t to ! writ] = exam9ation by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,my]1 ( ,na%ville1 9 #aibj4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! nor? bank ( ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 ab\t #cjj y>ds up/ream f ,lock ,a1 9 a b$ ( s& b5ea? ne>ly #cj feet ( gravel4 ,) x 7 f\nd a calcaneum ( a camel & "s fragm5ts ( a %ell ( a turtle4 ,9 a ?9 b$ ( gravel j bel[ ?is 7 discov]$ a too? ( ,equus leidyi1 a femur ( a probably l>g] horse1 & an antl] ( a small probably undescrib$ de]4 ,app>5tly ^! fossil-be>+ deposits belong some:]e ne> ! ,aftonian int]glacial /age4 ,rem>ks on ! geology ( ?is locality w be f\nd on page #cii4 #g4 ,williamson ,c\nty1 #aa miles ,s\!a/ ( ,na%ville4--,! geologi/ ,troo/ 7vol4 cit41 p4 #aci7 record$ ! f9d+ ( ma/odon bones & tee? 9 ! region not$4 ,! locality 0 said to be ab\t #j4e mile f ,lib]ty meet+-h\se4 ,x mu/ be 9 ! extreme nor!a/]n corn] ( ,williamson ,c\nty4 ,9 ano!r spot n f> away 7 f\nd a tusk & a "p ( a too?4 #h4 ,fayetteville1 ,l9coln ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,wilbur ,a4 ,nelson1 above m5tion$1 ! writ] le>n$ 9 #aiac t ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,my]1 ( ,c>?age1 _h dug up1 ne> ,fayetteville1 ab\t two-?irds ( ! skeleton ( a ma/odon4 ,no?+ m has be5 le>n$ ab\t ?is4 #i4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,c\nty4--,9 #ahej 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #eg71 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman report$ t tee? ( a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,memphis4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to h be5 obta9$ f ! diluvium ( ,mississippi ,riv]1 & 7 f\nd associat$ ) ,ca/oroides1 ,ca/or1 & ,megalonyx4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,ludl[1 ,k5ton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,sunday ,/> ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 = ,janu>y #c1 #aiai1 !re appe>$ a reproduction ( a photograph ( a tusk1 believ$ to belong to a ma/odon1 :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,ludl[1 opposite ! l[] end ( ,c9c9nati4 ,x 0 une>!d by ! /eam %ovel 9 ! c\rse ( excavat+ = ! ,s\!rn ,railroad1 at a dep? ( #ce feet1 9 a gravel bank4 ,x is report$ to h a l5g? ( #f feet #aj in*es & a diamet] ( #g in*es4 ,a "p ( ! di/al end is miss+4 ,accord+ to ! photograph1 ! tusk =ms some:at m ?an half ! circumf]5ce ( a circle ^: radius is ab\t #bc4e in*es4 ,! curvature & ! ?ickness1 z comp>$ ) ! l5g?1 appe> to indicate t x belong$ to a ma/odon1 b ! id5tity is n c]ta94 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,at ?is place !re h be5 collect$ an almo/ incr$ible numb] ( tee?1 skulls1 & o!r bones ( ,mammut am]icanum2 & ^! h be5 s5t to _m museums ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,:ile skulls are said to h be5 f\nd1 no complete skeletons h ev] be5 collect$4 ,9 #ahje1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton 7,m$4 ,phys4 ,j\r4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aed-aei7 wrote ( bones he _h se5 f ?is place4 ,he quot$ f a lett] writt5 by ,john ,b>tram to ,james ,logan4 ,"s ,%awanese ,indians _h br\ght to ,pittsburgh a too? & a piece ( tusk4 ,!y describ$ a head z hav+ a long nose & a m\? on ! und]side4 ,!y report$ t !re 7 at ! ,lick five :ole skeletons2 also a %\ld]-blade :i*1 :5 /ood on end1 came to ! %\ld]s ( a tall man4 ,:at !y reg>d$ z ! long nose may be int]pret$ z a tusk4 ,probably "s tons ( ma/odon bones h be5 collect$ at ?is place1 b x is q c]ta9 t ne>ly ! :ole ( ?is important mat]ial has be5 lo/4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ! locality1 its geology1 & ! species collect$ !re w be made on pages #dja to #djd1 map #da4 #c4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,f an excavation made at ?is place by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]1 9 an attempt to re/ore ! spr+s :i* suppli$ ! once popul> wat]+-place1 !re 7 tak5 a l>ge quantity ( bones ( v>i\s animals1 p]haps z mu* z two f>m-wagon loads4 ,! great] numb] ( ^! bones belong$ to ! ma/odon4 ,portions ( skulls 7 f\nd1 b no complete skull4 ,!re 7 9 ! collection p]haps #ajj ma/odon tee? & _m tusks1 b "s ( ^! may h belong$ to elephants4 ,9 "s cases ! tusks %[ at ! di/al end evid5ces ( abrasion by use4 ,sev]al tusks are plan$ (f on opposite sides1 z if !y _h la9 buri$ 9 ! bottom ( a /ream1 _h be5 worn d[n flat by s& & gravel1 & _h !n be5 turn$ ov] & plan$ on ! o!r side4 ,9 ,mr4 ,hunt]'s collection1 se5 by ! writ]1 !re are small tusks1 probably decidu\s upp] or l[] ones1 :i* v>y f #hg mm4 to #aae mm4 9 l5g?4 ,ea* "o is slightly flatt5$1 & has an out] lay] ( h>d d5t9e or possibly enamel1 :i* is smoo?4 ,:5 ?is has peel$ (f ! und]ly+ d5t9e is groov$ & ridg$ longitud9ally4 ,! transv]se diamet]s v>y f #bj to ab\t #bg mm4 ,"s ( ^! small tusks are /raight1 o!rs are slightly curv$4 ,on page #dje w be giv5 a li/ ( ! associat$ animals & rem>ks on ! geology4 #d4 ,h>risonville1 ,h>rison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a l[] left p5ultimate mol> ( a ma/odon said to h be5 f\nd some:]e ne> ?is place4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,hon4 ,m4 ,l4 ,ross1 ?r\gh ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]4 ,no details are kn[n4 ,! village m5tion$ is said to be ne> ,cyn?iana1 b x is n on ! maps at h&4 #e4 ,fayette ,c\nty4--,9 ,k5tucky ,univ]sity !re is a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( a ma/odon1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd some:]e 9 ! c\nty4 #f4 ,dr5non ,spr+s1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 #ahha1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gre5e1 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,/ati/4 & ,geol4 ,indiana1 #ahhj1 p4 #dbh7 /at$ t ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,indiana conta9s a rem>kably f9e half ( a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon1 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t x4 ,9 #ahca1 ,c4 ,s4 ,raf9esque 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ced7 wrote t 8,dr5non's ,licks _h bones & m\nds10 indicat+ t at t e>ly "t fossil bones _h be5 f\nd !re4 #g4 ,l\isville1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,9 #ahce1 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan 7,m$4 & ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #bef7 ref]r$ to /atem5ts made to ! effect t sev]al ma/odon skeletons _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ ! canal ar\nd ! falls ( ! ,ohio1 at ,l\isville4 ,!y 7 tak5 f ! riv] banks1 at a dep? ( sev]al feet b5ea? ! pres5t soil4 ,x 0 add$ t sev]al pairs ( tusks 7 arrang$ 9 a circle )9 :i* 7 rema9s ( a fire & ,indian tools4 ,! au?ority = ?is /ory is h>dly :at "o c\ld desire4 #h4 ,smi?l&81 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia is a "p ( a l[] left h9d]mo/ ma/odon mol>1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ! m\? ( ,cumb]l& ,riv]4 ,x is cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,godd>d4 ,no details h be5 pres]v$4 ,smi?l& is at ! m\? ( ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 b h[ f> away f ?is t[n ! too? 0 f\nd is n kn[n4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,elephas ,,primig5ius ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfc 7,canad4 ,naturali/ & ,geol41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cii71 ,pr(essor ,alex4 ,w9*ell wrote t he _h a ca/ ( a too? f\nd at ,toronto1 & ?\ght by him to belong to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! writ] saw ?is ca/ at ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan4 ,x is evid5tly a l[] "r p5ultimate mol> ( ! species m5tion$4 ,x is to be regrett$ t m in=mation 0 n furni%$ z to ! exact locality & ! b$s2 x w\ld be ( int]e/ to "k :e!r x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! int]glacial deposits t occur ab\t ,toronto4 #b4 ,am>an?1 ,duff]9 ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #chg71 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,bell report$ ! f9d+ ( ! great] "p ( ! skeleton ( an elephant 9 a swamp 9 lot #i1 range #g1 ( ! t[n%ip ( ,am>an?4 ,! tusk 0 said to be #ad feet long & #h in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! context indicates t ! rema9s 7 f\nd at a mod]ate dep? 9 %ell m>l4 ,9 #ahia 7,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 #c1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ejd71 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,hoyes ,panton report$ ! discov]y1 9 #ahij1 ( bones ( a mammo? at ?is place1 impli$ly 9 a b$ ( m>l4 ,!re 7 #ca ribs1 sev]al v]tebr1 a tusk #ab4ff feet long1 ) a portion brok5 (f2 also a too? weigh+ #af4ge p\nds4 ,f ,mr4 ,simon ,jelly1 ( ,%elburne1 ! writ] le>ns t ! bones report$ to h be5 f\nd at ,%elburne are ! same z ^? report$ f ,am>an?4 ,!y _h be5 exhum$ by 8 bro!r1 ,john ,jelly1 & 7 tak5 to ,ow5 ,s\nd & f !re exhibit$ at c\nty fairs = sev]al ye>s4 ,^! bones1 or a "p ( !m1 are at pres5t 9 possession ( ,mr4 ,alex&] ,duke1 ( ,san ,diego1 ,cali=nia4 ,a photograph ( ! tusk %[s x has q ! l5g? giv5 = x4 ,x is relatively sl5d]1 ! base hav+ a diamet] said to be #i4e in*es4 ,x is spirally twi/$ 9 ! di/al half4 ,! atlas is pres5t & /at$ to measure #af by #i in*es4 ,!re is a small b di/9ct photograph ( a h9d]mo/ mol>1 app>5tly an upp] "o4 ,! too? is #af in*es long1 #g in*es high1 & #c in*es wide4 ,?is is ! l5g? f ! front ( ! gr9d+-surface to ! base beh9d4 ,! plates are n worn to ! base 9 front4 ,!re appe> to be #bb ridge-plates pres5t1 & #f 9 a #d-;in* l9e4 ,! base ( ! too? is /raight2 ! ridge-plates curve =w>d slightly z !y asc5d4 ,! hyoid ar* is pres]v$4 ,! writ] reg>ds ! specim5 z be+ a l>ge individual ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,?is elephant liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet _h begun to )draw4 ,accord+ to ,taylor's map 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,xix71 ?is region _h become cle>$ ( ice :ile ! bas9 ( ,lake ,ont>io 0 /ill fully occupi$ by ! glaci]2 b x is d\btful t ! animal c\ld h liv$ !re at t "t4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,m9oa1 ,onondaga ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,burnett ,smi?1 ( ,syracuse ,univ]sity1 s5t ! writ] photographs ( a l[] h9d]mo/ mol> ( an elephant :i*1 associat$ ) a tusk1 0 f\nd at ?is place1 #h miles ea/ ( ,syracuse4 ,dr4 ,smi? has asc]ta9$ t ! too? & ! tusk 7 dug up dur+ ! con/ruction ( ! ,we/ ,%ore ,railroad4 ,! too? is q c]ta9ly t ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x is worn d[n to ! base 9 front1 b reta9s a "p ( its l>ge po/]ior root4 #b4 ,williamson1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity is a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> too? f\nd at ?is place4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild in=m$ ! writ] t ! too? 0 f\nd on ! ,iroquois bea*1 b :e!r on ! nor!rn or s\!rn side is n kn[n4 #c4 ,pitts=d1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ,new ,york ,mamm41 p4 #aja1 plate ,,xxxii1 fig4 #b71 ,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay describ$1 "u ! "n ,elephas am]icanus1 a too? f\nd at ,p]9ton1 ab\t #aj miles ea/ ( ,ro*e/] & ne> ,irondequoit ,riv]4 ,a description ( ! discov]y & ( ! locality _h be5 giv5 9 #ahcg 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxii1 p4 #cgg7 by an anonym\s writ]4 ,two tee? & a tusk _h be5 f\nd 9 a s&y bank on ! /ream m5tion$ :ile a race 0 be+ made = a saw-mill4 ,! tusk1 & probably ! tee? also1 lay at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,! exact locality 0 describ$ z be+ #b miles nor? ( ! cross+ ( ,erie ,canal4 ,?is is 9 reality s\!a/ ( ,ro*e/] & ne> ,pitts=d4 ,on page #ei is describ$ a tusk ( a suppos$ ma/odon f\nd at ,pitts=d 9 #ahcj4 ,de ,kay reg>d$ ! animal z belong+ to an undescrib$ species1 b 8 "n ,elephas am]icanus _h be5 appli$ to ! ma/odon by ,cuvi] 9 #agii4 ,on exam9+ ,fair*ild's plates %[+ ! recession ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 7,bull4 #abg1 ,/ate ,mus4 ,new ,york7 x w be se5 t ! localities :]e ! ?ree specim5s ( ,elephas primig5ius h be5 f\nd are close to ! s\? %ore ( ! anci5t ,lake ,iroquois4 ,! animals c\ld n1 !re=e1 h liv$ be=e ! ice _h ne>ly or q )drawn into ! bas9 ( ! pres5t ,lake ,ont>io4 ,!y may h liv$ long aft] ?is1 possibly up to1 or ne> to1 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rec5t4 ,x is to be not$ fur!r t ! locality ( ! mol> too? f\nd at ,williamson1 ,wayne ,c\nty1 is clos] to ! %ore ( ,iroquois ,lake ?an is t ( any ( ! ma/odons2 s possibly ?is species exi/$ some:at long] ?an did ! ma/odon4 #d4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,f ! director ( ! ,buffalo ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,dr4 ,william ,l4 ,bryant1 ! writ] has receiv$ photographs ( a "r upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius dr$g$ f ne> ! middle ( ,niag>a ,riv]1 opposite ,buffalo4 ,! too? is #bge mm4 long & #ajj mm4 wide on ! worn surface4 ,x is worn to ne> ! base 9 front1 b probably no plates are :olly lo/4 ,!re appe> to be ab\t #bd pres5t4 ,x appe>s probable t ! too? _h n be5 c>ri$ f> aft] be+ wa%$ f its re/+-place4 ,al?\gh x probably belongs to ! ,wiscons9 /age1 !re is a possibility t x 0 wa%$ out ( "s old] ,plei/oc5e deposit4 #e4 ,que5sbury1 ,w>r5 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,h>tnagel1 assi/ant ,/ate geologi/ ( ,new ,york1 in=m$ ! writ] ( ! discov]y1 "s #fj ye>s ago1 ( a too? ( an elephant ne> ,que5sbury1 situat$ ne> ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,george4 ,! too? is label$ z f\nd on ! ,john ,h>ris f>m4 ,! nature ( ! deposit 9 :i* x 0 buri$ is n kn[n4 ,x 0 f\nd dur+ ! excavation ( a cell>1 !re=e at no great dep?4 ,! too? is a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>1 worn on only ab\t #h plates & n to ! base 9 front4 ,ab\t #g plates are miss+ f ! re>4 ,!re are pres5t #ag ridge-plates4 ,! l5g? along ! base is #bej mm42 orig9ally x mu/ h be5 close to #cej mm4 ,on a lat]al face !re are only ab\t #g ( ! plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,nev]!less1 ! writ] reg>ds ! too? z belong+ to ,e4 primig5ius4 ,x is unusually long = ! species2 h5ce ! plates are ?ick]1 q z ?ick z "s specim5s ( ,e4 columbi4 ,h[ev]1 ! enamel1 z %[n on ! worn face1 is mu* ?9n] ?an t ( ,e4 columbi & comp>atively little fold$4 ,! plates are only mod]ately concave on ! h9d] face4 ,! height ( ! too? at ! n9? plate is #adj mm4 #f4 ,lewi/on1 ,niag>a ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,h>tnagel ! writ] receiv$ in=mation ( ! f9d+ ( a too? ( an elephant at ,lewi/on2 & lat] ! too? 0 s5t = exam9ation4 ,x prov$ to belong to ,e4 primig5ius & to be ! upp] "r h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,inasmu* z x is worn to ! base 9 front & z ! l>ge ant]ior root is miss+1 "s plates1 probably at lea/ two1 are miss+4 ,!re are #bb pres5t4 ,! too? is worn back to ! t5? f ! re>4 ,! l5g?1 z ! too? is pres]v$1 is #bge mm4 ,! height at ! t5? plate f ! re> is #afj mm41 n includ+ ! base ( ! roots4 ,! greate/ ?ickness is #he mm4 ,on ! lat]al face are #i plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! base ( ! too? is /raight2 ! h9d] bord] ( ! cr[n1 ar*$4 ,mr4 ,h>tnagel /at$ t besides ! too? "s fragm5ts ( o!r tee? & two atlases 7 f\nd at ! same place4 ,evid5tly m ?an "o animal 0 pres5t4 ,! rema9s "h describ$ 7 discov]$ at lea/ #bj feet bel[ ! gravel-b$ at t place & #hj feet bel[ ! level top ( ! t]race at po9ts :]e x 0 n erod$4 ,! bones & tee? appe> to h be5 scatt]$ ?r\gh a b$ ( s$im5ts at lea/ #f feet 9 ?ickness4 ,! rema9s describ$ above 7 m5tion$ by ,k9dle & ,taylor on page #ac ( ,folio #aij ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 b 7 ref]r$ to a ma/odon4 ,! writ]s describ$ ! deposit 9 :i* ! too? 0 f\nd4 ,! geological age 0 believ$ to be t ( ! ,iroquois episode ( ! ,wiscons94 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity is an upp] "r la/ mol> ( ?is species record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,tr5ton4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 ! bluff ( ,delaw>e ,riv]1 j outside ! f5ce ( ! ,riv]view cemet]y1 ab\t #ab feet f ! surface4 ,! too? 0 giv5 to ,dr4 ,m>cus ,s4 ,f>r by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 & to him by ,dr4 ,w>d1 ( ,tr5ton4 ,dr4 ,abbott 0 c]ta9 t x 0 f\nd 9 ! ,tr5ton gravels4 ,fur!r m5tion w be made ( ?is on page #cjd4 #b4 ,nor? ,pla9field1 ,union ,c\nty4--,9 ,rutg]s ,college is a consid]ably wea!r$ elephant too? ref]r$ to ?is species4 ,x 0 f\nd on ,gre5brook road1 #b miles ea/ ( ,nor? ,pla9field4 ,!re are ab\t #ab ridge-plates pres5t 9 ! specim54 ,?is locality is on ! bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 drift mora9e1 & ! elephant too? 0 probably buri$ 9 outwa% f ! mora9e4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aic7 is a "p ( an upp] mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius s5t 9 #ahhi by ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles1 ( ,brookfield4 ,x 0 f\nd along ! nor? =k ( ,c[anesqua ,creek4 ,! h9d] #ac plates are pres5t4 ,mr4 ,sayles1 9 a lett] to ! pres5t writ]1 /at$ t orig9ally ! too? _h #h m enamel plates4 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! too? is ! h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,t5 ( ! plates on ! side ( ! too? are cross$ by a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,! animal probably belong$ to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #b4 ,*add's ,=d1 ,*e/] or ,delaw>e ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia1 is a fragm5t ( an elephant too? label$ z f\nd 9 kaol9 deposits own$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,jeffries & ,g4 ,b4 ,dill+ham4 ,! specim5 0 describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahge1 p4 #aba74 ,9 ?is fragm5t are six ridge-plates1 & a l9e cross+ !m measures #fj mm4 ,! too? appe>s to h belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,leidy /at$ t x _h be5 f\nd ly+ on ! kaol9 b$1 #h feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 ! same collection is a fragm5t ( a too? to be ref]r$ to ,e4 primig5ius1 consi/+ ( ?ree plates1 app>5tly pres5t$ by ,i4 ,mc,clure4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ,*e/] ,c\nty1 b no m exact locality 0 nam$4 #c4 ,h>vey's1 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,&rew ,j4 ,way*(f1 ( ,waynesburg1 ! writ] has receiv$ = exam9ation a l[] jaw ( a "y individual ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd ne> ! place nam$4 ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,l9ton s5t ! in=mation t x 0 discov]$ 9 ! b$ ( ,gray's ,=k ( ,t5 mile ,creek1 ab\t #j4be mile we/ ( ,graysville4 ,9 ! jaw are ! second true mol>s1 "r & left1 slightly worn4 ,! l5g? ( ea* is #afe mm41 ! wid? #fb mm4 #d4 ,lone ,p9e1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,l9ton1 ( ,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son ,college1 ! writ] receiv$ a photograph ( an elephant too? f\nd at ,lone ,p9e4 ,?is place is locat$ on ,little ,t5 mile ,creek1 #g4be miles s\!a/ ( ,wa%+ton4 ,pr(essor ,l9ton writes t a #ajj-mm4 l9e crosses t5 ( ! ridge-plates on ! side ( ! too?4 ,! photograph %[s t !re are #bj plates pres5t1 ( :i* #ab are worn m or less4 #e4 ,beav]dam1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ca71 ,mr4 ,j]emiah ,van ,r5ssela] describ$ a too? :i* mu/ h be5 t ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x _h be5 f\nd ne> ,lake ,erie1 at a place call$ ,beav]dam1 ne> a small rivulet1 & at a height ( #fjj feet above ! lake4 ,he /at$ t !re 7 #ac lay]s ( enamel 9 a l9e #d4e in*es long4 ,! too? 0 s5t to ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 b 0 probably de/roy$ 9 a fire at ! old ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #aa1 #cf47 #a4 ,wav]ly1 ,pike ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upp] mol> ( an elephant said to h be5 f\nd 9 a gravel-pit ( ! ,norfolk & ,we/]n ,railroad1 at ,wav]ly4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 9 #aijj by ,mr4 ,e4 ,sehon1 :o /at$ t ! too? _h be5 pick$ up along ! railroad m5tion$1 ab\t #cj miles s\? ( ,k5ova1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 b t ! gravel _h be5 load$ on ! c>s at ,wav]ly4 ,! too? is believ$ to be ! h9d]mo/ milk mol>4 ,!re are #aj plates 9 a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,! ,plei/oc5e geological conditions at ,wav]ly may to "s ext5t be le>n$ by consult+ ,lev]ett's pap] =m+ ,monograph ,,xli ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 pages #aja-ajd4 ,!re is a possibility t ?is too? 0 buri$ 9 gravels old] ?an ! la/ glacial /age4 #b4 ,zanesville1 ,musk+um ,c\nty4--,9 #ahec 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #adf-adg7 is f\nd a brief acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( elephant rema9s at ,zanesville4 ,"o tusk & f\r mol>s 7 f\nd4 ,two ( ! latt] weigh$ 7probably :ile wet7 #bj p\nds ea* & two o!rs #ad p\nds ea*4 ,!y _h be5 f\nd on ! l9e ( :at 0 !n call$ ! ,ohio ,c5tral ,railroad & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! city4 ,at ab\t ! same "t 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cgg7 ,w>r5 exhibit$ a too? ( an elephant1 "o ( ?ree receiv$ by him f ,zanesville 7mispr9t$ ,lanesville74 ,9 ! second edition ( 8 monograph on 8,ma/odon giganteus0 ,w>r5 figur$ "o ( ^! tee? 78 plate ,,xxviii74 ,x 0 /at$ t he _h f\r ( ! tee?1 all belong+ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,^! are n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,! "r upp] h9d]mo/ mol> is a f9e l>ge too?4 ,! l>ge front root is miss+1 z are q c]ta9ly ab\t #c plates4 ,!re are n[ #bh pres5t4 ,! l5g? along ! ne>ly /raight base is #cce mm4 ,! re> is high & ar*$4 ,!re are #i plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e & ! enamel is little fe/oon$4 ,fo/]1 9 #aheg 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #aj? meet+1 p4 #aef71 describ$ ! discov]y & exhumation ( ^! rema9s1 publi%+ a geological section illu/rat$ by a figure4 ,! elephant b$ is #cg feet above ! riv] & ov] #bj feet f ! surface4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus 7,no4 #ebif7 is a f9e upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius cr$it$ to ,t4 ,w4 ,lewis & said to h be5 f\nd at ,zanesville4 ,!re are n9e or t5 plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,zanesville is situat$ 9 ! unglaciat$ "p ( ! ,/ate2 b outwa% f bo? ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 glaci]s has be5 deposit$ along ! riv]4 ,= a k ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo* 9 t region1 ,lev]ett's "w may be consult$ 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 p4 #aeh1 plate ,,ii74 #c4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,musk+um ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cjh7 is a too?1 app>5tly ! fir/ true mol>1 ( ,elephas primig5ius label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,salt ,creek1 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,salt ,creek is situat$ 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty1 fl[s s\?w>d1 & empties into ,musk+um ,riv] at ,duncan ,falls4 ,?is too? is probably ! "o m5tion$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 9 #aheg 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #aj? meet+1 #ahef1 p4 #aeh7 z hav+ be5 f\nd ne> ! m\? ( ,salt ,creek & !n own$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,ross4 #d4 ,millport1 ,columbiana ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,edw9 ,l9ton1 ( ,wa%+ton & ,jeff]son ,college1 ,wa%+ton1 ,p5nsylvania1 ! writ] receiv$ a lett] /at+ t !re is 9 t in/itution a too? ( an elephant f\nd 9 section #g ( ,frankl9 ,t[n%ip 7#ag nor?1 range #c we/71 app>5tly ab\t #b miles nor!a/ ( ,millport & on or ne> ! /ream ,nancy ,run4 ,! locality is outside ( ! glaciat$ area4 ,probably ! animal _h liv$ dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age1 b !re is a *ance t x belong$ to an e>li] "t4 #e4 ,m\nt ,heal?y1 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 #aiad1 ! writ] receiv$ ! photograph ( a skull ( ,elephas primig5ius :i* 0 f\nd "s ye>s be=e at ,m\nt ,heal?y4 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,m4 ,f5neman in=m$ ! writ] t x 0 discov]$ on ! f>m ( ,b>ney ,mill]1 9 ! bank ( ,:isky ,run4 ,pr(essor ,c4 ,a4 ,hunt1 ( ,m\nt ,heal?y1 has s5t ! in=mation t x 0 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,taylor ,creek1 a bran* ( ,we/ ,=k ( ,mill ,creek1 9 ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #bh1 t[n%ip #c1 range #a1 ( ! ,miami pur*ase4 ,taylor ,creek is probably ano!r "n = ,:isky ,run4 ,! skull 0 met ) 9 deep alluvial s$im5t4 ,at ! "t ( ,pr(essor ,hunt's writ+ x 0 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,jacob ,kism]1 ,nor? ,side1 ,c9c9nati4 ,9 #aibj x 0 pur*as$ = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ajbfa74 ,! front ( ! skull is pres]v$ f ! v]tex to ! front ( ! premaxilla4 ,a "p ( "o tusk1 ab\t #d in*es 9 diamet]1 is pres5t4 ,an upp] mol> 0 deta*$ & lat] lo/ or o!rwise dispos$ (4 ,! "o pres5t has #aj ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #bhc71 9 speak+ ( drift deposits 9 ,mill ,creek ,valley1 /at$ t ! great] "p ( ! drift is ,ill9oian4 ,pr(essor ,f5neman 7,bull4 #ai1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 p4 #aeh7 ref]s ! deposit to ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #ae4 ,butl] ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia is an elephant too? :i* is accr$it$ to ,w4 ,s4 ,vaux & label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,butl] ,c\nty4 ,! too? has n[ a l5g? ( #bcj mm41 b is worn d[n to ! base 9 front & ! l>ge ant]ior root is miss+4 ,! wid? is #aje mm4 ,x appe>s to be a l>ge h9d]mo/ upp] mol> ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,no?+ m def9ite is kn[n ab\t ! locality4 ,! :ole c\ntry is cov]$ ) ,wiscons9 drift4 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,society ( ,ar*ology & ,hi/ory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio is a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius :i*1 z report$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 0 f\nd ne> ! middle ( ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,montgom]y ,c\nty4 ,?is w\ld n be f> f ,dayton4 ,! locality is )9 ! area cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift & ! animal liv$ probably n f> away f ! foot ( ! retir+ glaci]4 #g4 ,selma1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4--,9 ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 are two upp] la/ mol>s1 "r & left1 said to h be5 collect$ at ,selma4 ,!re are n9e ridge-plates 9 a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,no?+ is kn[n reg>d+ ! geological conditions connect$ ) ! discov]y1 except t ! locality is )9 ! ,wiscons9 area4 #h4 ,v]sailles1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius 7,no4 #dgfa71 record$ z f\nd 9 ,wayne ,t[n%ip1 on ! f>m ( ,fo/] ,compton1 9 ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! t[n%ip4 ,?is w\ld be probably ab\t #d miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,v]sailles4 ,! c\ntry is level & 0 d\btless orig9ally swampy4 ,?is too? is app>5tly ! "o m5tion$ by ,a4 ,c4 ,l9demu? 9 #ahgh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #eji74 ,he /at$ t x _h be5 pick$ up 9 ! creek bottom j nor? ( ,v]sailles4 ,"u ?is numb] may be record$ a too? ( ,e4 primig5ius f\nd _m ye>s ago by ,george ,h4 ,tea=d1 ab\t #b miles s\!a/ ( ,pale/9e1 9 ,d>ke ,c\nty1 & n[ 9 ! collection 9 ! public libr>y at ,gre5ville4 ,x is a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,!re are #bj plates pres5t & evid5tly a few are miss+ f ! front4 #i4 ,j]sey1 ,lick+ ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 are two l>ge tee? ( ,elephas primig5ius label$ z s5t f ?is place & cr$it$ to ,d4 ,d4 ,condit4 ,! l5g? along ! base ( "o ( ! tee? is #bhf mm4 ,!re are n9e plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e & ! enamel is unusually ?94 ,?is locality is on ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 t]m9al mora9e & ! animal belongs !re=e to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #aj4 ,*icago1 ,huron ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,society ( ,ar*ology & ,hi/ory1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ?is place1 :i* is locat$ on or close to ! ,defiance mora9e4 #aa4 ,kamms1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty4--,ab\t ,may #a1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,gl5n1 ( ,kamms1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a photograph ( a too? :i* ! pres5t writ] id5tifi$ z belong+ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,?is t[n is ab\t #d miles f ! %ore ( ,lake ,erie4 #ab4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,adelb]t ,college1 ,clevel&1 is a l[] jaw ( ,elephas primig5ius :i* 0 obta9$ "h4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,p4 ,cu%+ has furni%$ ! writ] photographs ( ?is jaw1 :i* belong$ to a "y animal1 inasmu* z ! h9d]mo/ milk mol> _h n :olly appe>$ above ! bone4 ,( ?is too?1 six ridge-plates 7 cross$ by a l9e #ej mm4 9 l5g?4 ,?is jaw 0 f\nd 9 #aiji1 9 mak+ a sew]1 9 hi!rto undi/urb$ mat]ials1 #bb feet f ! surface4 ,9 ! section at t po9t is f\nd #bb feet ( s& re/+ on till1 ! latt] be+ ! upp] "p ( ! glacial fill+ ( ! preglacial ,cuyahoga ,valley1 #cjj feet d[n to ! rock4 ,! jaw 0 at ! base ( ! s&s4 ,pr(essor ,cu%+ reg>d$ ! jaw z old] ?an old ,lake ,w>r5 & presumably z belong+ to ! "t ( ,lake ,:ittlesey4 #ac4 ,new ,b]l91 ,/>k ,c\nty4--,at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a well-pres]v$ specim5 ( an upp] second true mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd ne> ,new ,b]l94 ,!re 7 c\nt$ #af ridge-plates1 ( :i* #aa are 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,f ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,/ahl1 ,alliance1 ,ohio1 ! writ] has le>n$ t ?is too? 0 f\nd ab\t a mile s\? ( ,new ,b]l91 9 a small gravel hill along ! ,canton & ,new ,b]l9 highway4 ,! gravel 0 be+ remov$ to make a road-b$4 ,new ,b]l9 is on ! ,gr& ,riv] mora9e & ! elephant belongs !re=e to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #ad4 ,amboy1 ,a%tabula ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,natural ,hi/ory ,society1 ! writ] exam9$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 discov]$ at ?is place4 ,x is ! front half ( ! "r upp] h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,!re are n9e ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,at ! same place1 & probably "u ! same geological conditions1 7 f\nd tee? ( ,elephas columbi4 ,^! conditions w be describ$ on page #cbi4 #ae4 ,see page #ace4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,?ree ,oaks1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,w>r51 ( ,?ree ,oaks1 has 9 8 possession ! upp] & l[] la/ mol>s1 "r & left1 ( an elephant :i* appe>s to h be5 f\nd some:]e 9 ! neighborhood ( ,?ree ,oaks4 ,^! are l>ge tee? & seem to ! writ] to belong to ,e4 primig5ius4 ,! left upp] too? is #cjj mm4 long & #ajj mm4 wide4 ,!re are #bb plates4 ,! too? is worn back to ! f\rte5? plate1 #agj mm4 high4 ,!re are only sev5 plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e1 b x mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt t ! too? is a l>ge "o = ! species4 ,! plates are p>allel ) "o ano!r & ! base ( ! too? is /raight4 ,! enamel is ?94 ,"o ( ! l[] tee? has a l5g? ( #cdb mm4 ,! height at ! fir/ unworn plate1 ab\t ! f\rte5?1 is #ace mm4 ,on ! out] face !re are six plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,n kn[+ exactly :]e ^! tee? 7 f\nd or at :at dep?1 n mu* c be said reg>d+ !m4 ,h[ev]1 ! region ab\t ,?ree ,oaks is occupi$ by ,wiscons9 drift & ! animal q c]ta9ly liv$ dur+ ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 ,z %[n by ! map ( ma/odons 9 ,mi*igan 7map #h71 at lea/ ?ree specim5s ( ! ,am]ican ma/odon h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty4 ,x is extremely probable t ! two species liv$ toge!r4 #b4 ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,mi*igan ,agricultural ,s*ool1 at ,ea/ ,lans+1 is a l[] jaw 7,no4 #hbfj7 ( ,elephas primig5ius1 f\nd at ,eaton ,rapids1 on ! ,gr& ,riv]4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aije1 p4 #eec7 says t x 0 f\nd #b miles bel[ ! t[n4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 #aijd by ,*>les ,h4 ,fry4 ,! jaw conta9s a too? on ea* side1 & 9 front ( ea* is a socket = a miss+ too?4 ,beh9d ! too? is a cavity 9 ! jaw = a succe$+ too?4 ,! "o pres5t is tak5 to be ! fir/ true mol>4 ,!re are pres5t #ac1 possibly #ad1 plates4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #abc mm41 its wid? #ea mm4 ,! enamel is ?9 & little cr9kl$4 ,! jaw is #ajj mm4 high at ! re> ( ! too? pres5t4 ,eaton ,rapids is situat$ on ! ,gr& ,riv]1 :]e ! latt] breaks ?r\gh ! ,*>lotte mora9ic sy/em4 ,9 ?is c\nty !re h be5 f\nd two ma/odons1 "o ab\t ,belleview1 ! o!r 9 ! vic9ity ( ,olivet4 ,,indiana4 7,map #aa47 ,,9 ,,area ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #a4 ,ott] ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,vigo ,c\nty4--,9 ,w>d's ,natural ,hi/ory ,e/abli%m5t1 ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 ! writ] saw a pair ( upp] second mol>s :i*1 9 #ahhe1 7 f\nd 9 ,ott] ,creek ,t[n%ip4 ,!y 7 dug up on ! f>m ( ,w4 ,h4 ,/ew>t1 :ile mak+ a dit* 9 l[ gr\nd4 ,f in=mation receiv$ f ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,nor? ,t]re ,haute1 x appe>s t ! locality is n f> f ! common meet+-po9t ( sections #h1 #i1 #af1 #ag ( t[n%ip #ac nor?1 range #h we/4 ,! complete too?1 ! "o ( ! left side1 _h #bb plates & a front & a re> talon4 ,! l5g? 0 #bdh mm41 ! wid? #if mm4 ,!re 7 #aj plates 9 a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,?is ?9ness ( ! plates is evid5ce z to ! specific id5tity ( ! animal4 #b4 ,madison1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 at ,philadelphia1 conta9s a l>ge l[] la/ mol> ( ! "r side1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,hall[ell 9 #ahdj1 & label$ z com+ f ,madison4 ,! l5g? is #bde mm41 & !re are #i plates 9 #ajj mm4 ,?is too? 0 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,leidy 9 #ahfi4 ,f ! in=mation furni%$ "o c conclude only t ,elephas primig5ius once liv$ 9 s\!rn ,indiana4 #c4 ,vevay1 ,switz]l& ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,e4 ,danglade1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission1 pres5t$ ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a too? 7,no4 #giac71 app>5tly a second true mol>1 possibly ! fir/1 ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,!re are #aj plates pres5t4 ,! too? 0 f\nd on ! %ore ( ,ohio ,riv] ab\t #a4e miles bel[ ,vevay1 hav+ be5 wa%$ out ( a gravel bank1 & is mu* wea!r$4 ,no exact conclusions ab\t ! age ( ! too? c be drawn f ! kn[n facts4 ,,9 ,,area ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,%elbyville ,,& ,,! ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9es4 #aj4 ,web/]1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,e>lham ,college are #b elephant tee?1 cr$it$ to ,jehiel ,bond & f\nd on ,nol&s ,=k1 ne> ,web/]1 ,wayne ,c\nty4 ,"o is ! second mol> ( ! "r side ( ! upp] jaw & is mu* worn2 ! o!r is ! ?ird upp] mol> ( app>5tly ! same side & is b little worn4 ,^! tee? 7 m5tion$ by ! au?or 9 8 report on ! 8,plei/oc5e ,v]tebrata ( ,indiana0 7#cc;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gej71 b he _h n !n det]m9$ to :at species !y belong$4 ,a r5ew$ /udy %[s t !y c]ta9ly belong to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,) ^! tee? is a tusk :i* measures #a1hjj mm4 along ! convex curve4 ,web/] is situat$ s\? ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9e1 9 a tract ( c\ntry indicat$ by ,lev]ett z cov]$ by undulat+ drift1 9 "p mora9ic4 ,! great] "p ( ?is political t[n%ip1 made up app>5tly ( p>ts ( t[n%ips numb]$ #ac nor? & ranges #h & #i we/1 is occupi$ by outwa% deposits laid d[n by ! ,waba% ,riv] & br\ght f fur!r nor? dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age2 b at pres5t1 at lea/1 x is impossible to assign ! animal to any p>ticul> division ( t /age4 ,,9 ,,area ,,nor? ,,( ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9e ,,& ,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,mississ9awa ,,mora9e ,,& ,,! ,,waba% ,,riv]4 #d4 ,w9dsor1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 is a "p ( a too? ref]r$ to ?is species4 ,x is ei!r ! la/ milk mol> or ! fir/ true mol> ( ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw4 ,!re are pres5t elev5 plates & "o or m is miss+ f ! re>4 ,! l5g? along ! base is #ajj mm41 ! wid? is #ee mm4 ,!re are six plates 9 a l9e #ej mm4 long4 ,?is too? 0 f\nd ,augu/ #bj1 #ahic1 9 ! b$ ( ,/ony ,creek1 ne> ,w9dsor4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,indiana1 ?is is j s\? ( ! ,union ,city mora9e ne> its junction ) ! ,bloom+ton mora9e4 ,by :at is kn[n ( ! habits ( ?is species x may h liv$ ev5 :5 ! glacial %eet 0 =m+ ! ,union ,city mora9e4 #e4 ,w9*e/]1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,e>lham ,college is a l[] mol> ( ! "r side1 app>5tly ! fir/1 label$ z f\nd at ,w9*e/]4 ,no details are furni%$4 ,w9*e/] lies on ! bord] ( ! ,union ,city mora9e & all ! c\ntry ab\t is occupi$ by ,wiscons9 drift4 ,x is q c]ta91 !re=e1 t ?is mammo? liv$ at "s "t betwe5 ! =mation ( ! mora9e m5tion$ & ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo*4 #f4 ,fairm\nt1 ,grant ,c\nty4--,"h 0 f\nd1 9 #aijd1 ! ne>ly complete skeleton ( ! mammo? m\nt$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,x has be5 describ$ & figur$ by ! writ] 7#cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gah1 figs4 #fc1 #fd2 ,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #cif1 fig4 #acc74 ,x 0 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mrs4 ,dora ,c4 ,gift1 ab\t #d miles ea/ ( ,fairm\nt4 ,! location is 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #bc1 t[n%ip #bc nor?1 range #h ea/4 ,?is in=mation has be5 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,george ,swi%]1 surveyor ( ,grant ,c\nty4 ,?is :ole region is mapp$ by ,lev]ett z be+ occupi$ by gr\nd mora9e ( till pla9s1 & ! animal mu/ h liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice cle>$ away4 ,a tract m or less mora9ic1 an ext5sion ( ! ,union ,city mora9e1 is indicat$ by ,lev]ett on 8 late/ map z pass+ fur!r s\? ?an ,fairm\nt4 ,at ! e>lie/ x mu/ h be5 aft] ! )drawal ( ! ice f ! ,union ,city mora9e t ! animal liv$4 ,consid]+ ! "* ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 ! nature ( ! deposit inclos+ ! skeleton1 & ! dep? at :i* x 0 buri$1 x might be suppos$ t x 0 n long aft] ! =mation ( ! ,union ,city mora9e t ?is elephant exi/$4 #i4 ,nor? ,lib]ty1 ,/4 ,joseph ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,a4 ,m4 ,kirs*1 ( ,notre ,dame ,univ]sity1 ! writ] receiv$ a photograph ( an upp] mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd at ,new ,lib]ty ab\t #aije4 ,?is too? is worn to ! base 9 front & to ! f\r? plate f ! re>4 ,evid5tly sev]al plates are gone f ! front4 ,app>5tly #ah rema94 ,! extreme l5g? is #bae mm4 ,! edges ( ! plates1 z se5 on ! side ( ! too? pres5t a sigmoid curve4 ,! enamel 0 evid5tly ?94 ,,9 ,,area ,,nor? ,,( ,,kankakee ,,riv]4 #h4 ,cr[n ,po9t1 ,lake ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,/ose1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 in=m$ ! writ] t ab\t #ahhh he help$ 9 exhum+ "s bones ( an elephant ne> ,cr[n ,po9t1 discov]$ 9 ! con/ruction ( a l>ge dit* 9 t[n%ip #cd nor?1 range #h we/4 ,! bones lay 9 a swamp clay at a dep? ( #h to #aj feet4 ,a "p ( a tusk1 "o too?1 & "o l>ge bone 7 put 9 ,gu5!r's ,museum1 ,*icago4 ,ano!r too? 7,m#c7 own$ by ,mr4 ,/ose 7,no4 #hjfg7 0 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 9 #aiad4 ,x is worn to ! base 9 front2 #bb plates rema94 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #bhe mm41 & ! wid? #ajj mm4 ,!re are #h plates 9 a #ajj mm4 l9e4 ,! enamel is ?9 & little fold$4 ,,9 ,,area ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,waba% ,,& ,,kankakee ,,riv]s4 #g4 ,ne> ,francisville1 ,pulaski ,c\nty4--,! writ] has receiv$ f ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,pattison1 ( ,w9amac1 ,indiana1 two photographs ( a too? ( an elephant :i* q c]ta9ly belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! locality is 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #bj1 t[n%ip #cj nor?1 range #d we/4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map1 ?is is 9 a tract cov]$ by ,wiscons9 gr\nd mora9e & b little above ! level ( ! ,kankakee m>%es1 ! #gjj-;foot cont\r-l9e be+ n f> away4 ,j we/ ( ! place is a "p ( ! ,m>seilles mora9e4 ,! spot mu/ be v ne> ,metamonong ,creek4 #aa4 ,ro*e/]1 ,fulton ,c\nty4--,! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 has a well-pres]v$ skull ( ,elephas primig5ius :i* _h be5 exhum$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ro*e/]4 ,! exact locality is n kn[n to ! writ]4 ,! specim5 is suppos$ to h be5 a female4 ,! tusks are sl5d] & only #gjj mm4 long4 ,! h9d]mo/ upp] mol> is pres5t4 ,x is #bde mm4 long & #ge mm4 wide4 ,!re are #aj plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,!re appe> to be #be or #bf plates pres5t4 ,! second mol> 0 /ill 9 use & ab\t #acj mm4 long4 ,?is 0 a l>ge elephant1 ! measurem5ts fall+ only slightly bel[ ! specim5 9 t museum :i* 0 obta9$ ne> ,fairm\nt1 ,grant ,c\nty4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #aa1 #ch47 #a4 ,cairo1 ,alex&] ,c\nty4--,! collection ( ! ,buffalo ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory conta9s a too? ( an elephant1 an upp] left second true mol>1 app>5tly belong+ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x is report$ to h be5 f\nd at ,cairo1 at a dep? ( #ie feet bel[ ! b$ ( ,ohio ,riv]4 ,x 0 probably discov]$ 9 prep>+ ! f\ndations ( a railroad bridge4 ,x has #ae ridge-plates1 besides ! front & re> talons4 ,! l5g? ( ! base1 9 a /raight l9e1 is #aef mm4 ,!re are #aj plates 9 a l9e #ajj mm4 long1 a numb] too great = ,e4 columbi4 ,! too? is unworn4 ,x has suff]$ no injury1 z f be+ roll$ along ! riv] b$2 h5ce ! animal probably di$ ne> :]e ! too? 0 f\nd4 ,x is impossible to assign ! too? ) c]ta9ty to any p>ticul> /age ( ,plei/oc5e times4 ,x seems mo/ probable t ! animal liv$ at ! "t ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet 0 only a few miles away2 ! dep? at :i* x 0 buri$ 9 ! fill+ ( ! riv] *annel appe>s to l5d confirmation to ?is view4 #b4 ,a%l&1 ,cass ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #baie7 are "s rema9s ( an elephant1 ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius1 f\nd at ,a%l& 9 ! spr+ ( #aija4 ,! rema9s consi/ ( pieces ( "o tusk1 ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw1 ! "r & left upp] h9d]mo/ mol>s1 ! "r l[] la/ mol>1 a fragm5t ( ! re> ( a mu*-worn upp] second mol>1 & ano!r ( a correspond+ly worn l[] second mol>4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 till+ a f>m ne> ,a%l& by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,arnold1 ( ,jacksonville1 ,ill9ois4 ,! upp] tee? resemble greatly ^? figur$ by ! writ] 9 8 report on ! ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia ( ,i[a 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,lix72 b ! tee? f ,a%l& are m worn ?an ^? f\nd 9 ,milwaukee4 ,! la/ mol>s f ,a%l& are worn back to ab\t ! elev5? ridge-plate1 & ! second mol> is worn s t only its re> portion rema9$4 ,! l5g? ( ! upp] mol>s is ab\t #bge mm4 ,! height ( ! elev5? plate is #ahe mm42 ! bread? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #ij mm4 ,"o or two ( ! h9d] plates are miss+1 b evid5tly !re 7 at lea/ #bd4 ,!re are #i or #aj ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e on ! worn surface2 f>!r t[>ds ! base #h plates 9 ! same space4 ,! ridge-plates are little b5t2 ! enamel is ?9 & little s9u\s 9 its way across ! worn surface ( ! too?4 ,! l[] la/ mol> is #cae mm4 long1 #aeb mm4 high1 & #he mm4 wide4 ,x is ?us long] ?an ! upp] mol>s1 slightly n>r[]1 & n s high4 ,a fragm5t ( ! h9d] end ( :at appe>s to be ! l[] left second mol> %[s #g ridge-plates rema9+4 ,^! =m two s]ies1 an inn] & an out]1 entirely sep>ate f ea* o!r4 ,?is condition is sometimes se5 9 little-worn tee?4 ,! geology ( ?is region may be /udi$ on ! ,tallula-,spr+field ,folio1 ,no4 #ahh ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! ,tallula ,quadrangle includes a n>r[ /rip ( ! ea/]n bord] ( ,cass ,c\nty4 ,"h ! surface =ms a ne>ly level prairie4 ,accord+ to ! geologi/s ,%aw & ,savage1 ! surface 9 ! region next to ,cass ,c\nty & mu* ( ! re/ ( ! quadrangle is cov]$ by a blanket ( loess4 ,its ?ickness v>ies f #d to #bj feet2 "u ?is1 sometimes1 9 wells1 is to be f\nd a d>k-color$ ill-smell+ deposit1 ( no great ?ickness1 :i* is believ$ to repres5t ! ,sangamon /age4 ,und]ly+ ! loess ev]y:]e is ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,z reg>ds ! geological age ( ! elephant describ$ above1 x is q c]ta9 t x liv$ aft] ! ,ill9oian /age4 ,x is q probable1 too1 t its tee? & bones 7 f\nd 9 ! loess :i* ov]lies ! ,sangamon soil 9 "s places 9 ! quadrangle4 ,?is loess may h accumulat$ dur+ ! ,i[an glacial /age or dur+ ! succe$+ ,peorian int]glacial4 ,consid]+ :at we "k ab\t ! habits ( ,elephas primig5ius1 x appe>s mo/ probable t ! animal 9 "q pass$ its life dur+ "s "p ( ! ,i[an4 #c4 ,kewanee1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 at ,*ampaign1 is a fragm5t ( an upp] mol> ( ,elephas primig5ius1 f\nd at ,kewanee4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #aiaj1 9 mak+ an excavation = ! ,national ,tube ,company1 & 0 pres5t$ to ! univ]sity by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,kemp1 at t "t eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! "w ( excavation4 ,?is g5tleman has furni%$ v exact in=mation reg>d+ ! discov]y ( ! too? & ! nature ( ! deposits pass$ ?r\gh4 ,mr4 ,kemp himself saw ! too? tak5 out & /ates t x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #ab feet4 ,z to ! mat]ials pass$ ?r\gh1 ,mr4 ,kemp writes3 8,aft] ! fir/ #b feet ( soil c>ry+ organic matt] we h #e feet ( yell[ clay above ! gr\nd-wat] level1 & bel[ ?is approximately #c feet ( yell[ clay :i* becomes v s(t unless c>efully dra9$ be=e work+4 ,?is yell[ clay !n m]ges into blui% clay1 h>d & bett] pack$1 go+ to a dep? ( approximately #bj to #ba feet4 ,at ?is level we meet ) t black soil :i* is kn[n locally z #8! *ip y>d' & :i* conta9s vegetation & pieces ( wood1 z y describe4 ,?is #8*ip y>d' is a s(t] /ratum ?an ! ov]ly+ blue clay & caus$ difficulty 9 ! excavation ( a hole approximately #bj feet by #cj feet & #bj feet deep1 z ! vibration ( ! reciprocat+ eng9es 9 ! build+ caus$ ! bottom to rise 9 little hillocks ov] night1 & ! la/ #b feet ( excavation _h to be dug out & #bd in*es ( concrete plac$ 9 ! bottom1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! excavation40 ,at ,galva1 #aj miles s\?we/ ( ,kewanee1 9 cutt+s along ! railroad1 is f\nd a section :i* illu/rates ! geological situation at ,kewanee 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abf1 plate ,x74 ,!re is at ! top #d feet ( loess1 #a foot ( ,sangamon soil1 #d feet ( ,ill9oian drift2 9 ano!r section ne>by !re are #ab feet ( loess1 #b feet ( ,sangamon soil1 & #dj feet ( ,ill9oian drift4 ,ano!r section at ,galva is describ$ by ,lev]ett 7op4 cit41 p4 #acj74 ,! loess is #ae feet ?ick1 b5ea? :i* is a mucky soil ab\t #a foot 9 dep?1 :i* caps ! ,ill9oian till %eet4 ,9 ?is soil a log ab\t a foot 9 diamet] & sev]al feet long 0 f\nd emb$d$4 ,ald5 & ,leighton 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 p4 #agj7 m5tion ?is occurr5ce4 ,f ^! examples x becomes evid5t t ! 8*ip b$0 at ,kewanee is a ,sangamon soil ov]la9 by loess4 ,! elephant too? at a dep? ( #ab feet mu/ h be5 buri$ 9 ! blue clay4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is probably ! unwea!r$ "p ( ! loess4 ,if s1 ! mammo? too? f\nd at ,kewanee is to be ref]r$ to ! e>ly ,peorian /age4 #d4 ,p5ny's ,sl\gh1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,dav5port ,academy ( ,sci5ce is a l>ge upp] left h9d]mo/ mol> too?1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,p5ny's ,sl\gh4 ,x is v l>ge1 ! l5g? along ! base be+ #ceg mm4 7ab\t #ad in*es71 & ! height ( ! eighte5? plate is #age mm4 ,!re is an unusual numb] ( ! plates1 app>5tly #bg4 ,!re are #g plates 9 a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,! too? is mod]ately worn4 ,!re are #b l>ge roots 9 front & #b r[s ( small] ones beh9d ^!4 ,! base is /raight & ! plates little w>p$4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,m>t91 ( ,g5eseo1 ,ill9ois1 c\nty surveyor ( ,h5ry ,c\nty1 has in=m$ ! writ] t ,p5ny's ,sl\gh is locat$ 9 sections #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 & #bj ( t[n%ip #ah nor?1 range #c ea/1 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty & on ,rock ,riv]4 ,on ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ?is region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 ! area is indicat$ z be+ occupi$ by s& & gravel pla9s & t]races ( ,wiscons9 age4 ,x seems mo/ probable t ?is elephant liv$ :5 ! ,wiscons9 glaci] 0 n f> away4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a v>iety ( ,plei/oc5e =mations 9 t region & ! elephant 9 "q may belong to ! ,i[an or to ! ,ill9oian glacial /age4 #e4 ,k5dall ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,national ,museum is a pla/] ca/ made f a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 f\nd some:]e 9 ,k5dall ,c\nty1 b ! pres5t location ( ! orig9al too? is n kn[n4 ,x _h a l5g? ( #bhj mm4 along ! base4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 #bj plates1 #h 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! too? seems to h resembl$ greatly "o ( ,e4 primig5ius :i* 0 br\ght f ,alaska4 ,k5dall ,c\nty is mo/ly occupi$ by mora9es =m$ dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 especially mora9es :i* 7 built up j be=e ! retirem5t ( ! ice into ! bas9 ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,probably ! elephant :i* possess$ ! too? liv$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,milwaukee4--,9 ! ,public ,museum ( ,milwaukee are consid]able p>ts ( a mammo? skeleton 7,no4 #ecea7 f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! city4 ,^! 7 secur$ 9 ,may #ahih1 9 excavat+ = a sew] along ,cold ,spr+ av5ue & betwe5 ,tw5ty-n9? & ,?irtie? /reets4 ,on le>n+ ( ! discov]y1 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,turn]1 !n taxid]mi/ ( ! ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 aft]w>ds *ief taxid]mi/ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 took *>ge ( ! excavations = ! skeleton4 ,he furni%$ ! writ] ) an acc\nt ( 8 "w1 giv+ a li/ ( ! bones1 a plan ( ! area excavat$1 & a section ( ! deposits pass$ ?r\gh4 ,a description ( ! rema9s is giv5 bel[3 ,feet4 ,in*es4 ,fill$-9 mat]ials #d #j ,clay & peat1 mix$ #a #j ,peat #a #c ,peat & clay1 mix$ #a #j ,peat1 clay1 & %ells #a #j ,cle> blue clay ) ! elephant bones at ! bottom #d #f ,gravel & cobble/ones undet]m9$4 ,z indicat$ 9 ,turn]'s sket*1 ! surface ( ! gravel & /ones slop$ d[nw>d t[>d ! nor?4 ,x w be se5 t ! bones 7 buri$ ab\t #i or #aj feet bel[ ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! head ( ! elephant 0 direct$ t[>d ! ea/1 ! h9d] end t[>d ! we/4 ,! p>ts f\nd 7 )9 a di/ance ( #aj feet f ea/ to we/4 ,lat] ! excavations on ea* side ( ! sew] 7 ext5d$ ea/w>d1 z %[n on ! plan1 9 an ef=t to f9d ! skull1 b )\t success1 & iron rods #aj feet long1 9 two sections1 7 driv5 _! full l5g? horizontally ev]y:]e ar\nd ! excavation 9 ! hope ( recov]+ ! skull4 ,= "s "t aft] ! f9d+ ( ^! bones ! !ory prevail$ t !y _h belong$ to an elephant ( "o ( ! circuses :i* _h made use ( ! gr\nd ne> !re4 ,! fact t ! l[] jaw 0 f\nd1 b n ! upp] jaw & ! bra9-case1 & only a "p ( ! v]tebr & a "p ( ! foot-bones1 is suffici5t to dispose ( ?is !ory4 ,also1 "s ( ! bones lack ! epiphyses4 ,besides ?is1 ! elephant 0 nei!r ! ,african nor ! ,asiatic species4 ,x is evid5t t ! animal aft] dy+ _h la9 on ! surface = "s "t1 s t ! bones 7 some:at scatt]$1 p]haps by wolves or waves1 & "s 7 injur$ by exposure to ! wea!r4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! bones f\nd3 ,l[] jaw1 #e c]vicals1 #i presacrals1 #ca ribs1 bo? scapul1 bo? hum]i1 bo? uln1 bo? radii1 #i wri/bones1 #ad metac>pals & phalanges1 #a femur & a fragm5t ( ! o!r1 #b tibi1 #b fibul1 #ag metat>sals & phalanges4 ,x is evid5t t ?is elephant liv$ & di$ aft] ! ,lake ,mi*igan ice-lobe _h )drawn f t vic9ity4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 n h be5 long aft] t )drawal2 = x is probable t ! muddy wat]s f ! foot ( t glacial lobe furni%$ ! blue clay :i* envelop$ ! bones4 ,lat] peat & muck & mixtures ( ^! ) clay accumulat$ ov] ! blue clay4 ,! place is )9 ! area ( :at ,ald5 has mapp$ z gr\nd mora9e ( ,lake ,mi*igan glaci]4 ,! occurr5ce ( peat & %ells seems to %[ t !re 0 a pond 9 :i* ! elephant _h be5 buri$ & aft]w>ds cov]$ ) clay & peat4 ,"u ?is numb] mu/ be includ$ ! f9e palate & tee? f\nd 9 excavat+ = a sew] on ! ,s\? ,side1 at ,milwaukee4 ,! record z to exact location1 dep?1 & k9d ( mat]ials ov]ly+ x is miss+4 ,a description ( x1 ) illu/rations1 0 publi%$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 #aiab 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #dji1 plate ,,lix74 ,?is individual probably _h a hi/ory n greatly diff]5t f t ( ! ,cold ,spr+ ,av5ue elephant4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh7 /at$ he _h se5 9 ! collection ( ! ,baltimore ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces two mol>s1 ! tusk1 maxill>y & premaxill>y bones1 & p>ts ( frontals1 ) fragm5ts ( o!r bones1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,elephas am]icanus ,leidy4 ,^!1 x is suppos$1 7 rema9s ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,lucas 7,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e1 #aijf1 p4 #afd7 ref]s to ^! rema9s & id5tifies !m z c]ta9ly ^? ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,he f\nd a small] too? ( ?is species :i* _h come f ,ox=d ,neck4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #bee7 speaks ( ! tee?1 tusks1 & ! o!r p>ts m5tion$ above4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,9 #aiad1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,m\nt1 ( ! ,ma?ieson ,alkali ,works1 ( ,saltville1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum "s rema9s ( an elephant1 id5tifi$ z ,elephas primig5ius4 ,^! 7 f\nd ab\t #ahif 9 mak+ an excavation = ! wat] res]voir4 ,! mo/ important p>ts s5t are tee?1 :ole or fragm5t>y1 & appe> to repres5t ?ree or f\r individuals4 ,among ! tee? is a complete b consid]ably worn upp] left h9d]mo/ mol> & an unworn upp] second true mol>4 ,! =m] indicates ! pres5ce ( #bc ridge-plates2 ! latt] #af ( !m4 ,rem>ks on ?is discov]y & a li/ ( all ! species secur$ w be f\nd on page #ceb4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #aa1 #ci47 #a4 ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ,c>t]et ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,museum1 at ,raleigh1 ! writ] has se5 an upp] h9d]mo/ mol> 7,a4 ,n4 #acbf7 :i* c]ta9ly belongs to ?is species & :i* is said to h be5 dr$g$ up 9 ,core ,creek4 ,! creek =ms a "p ( ! ,inl& ,wat]way :i* jo9s ,neuse ,riv] ) ! h>bor at ,beau=t4 ,! mol> 0 pres5t$ to ! ,/ate collection by ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,pat]son1 ,u4 ,s4 assi/ant eng9e]1 n[ ( ,newb]n1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,f ! director ( ! museum1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 ! writ] has receiv$ photographs ( ?is f9e too?4 ,9 ! same canal 0 f\nd a jaw ( a ma/odon :i* is m5tion$ on page #aag4 ,f ,mr4 ,pat]son ! writ] has receiv$ ! important in=mation t ! too? 0 f\nd 9 ,core ,creek ab\t #h4e miles f ,beau=t1 9 #aiji1 :ile dr$g+ a s$im5t>y deposit v>y+ f #f to #h feet 9 dep?1 conta9+ num]\s cypress /umps & roots & und]la9 by a deposit ( s& mix$ ) %ells & o!r fossils4 ,into ?is ! dr$ge w5t f #f to #h feet4 ,! too? is worn to ! base 9 front & a v few plates are probably miss+4 ,nev]!less1 !re are /ill #bb or #bc rema9+4 ,! base ( ! too? is ne>ly /raight & ! ridge-plates are b little curv$4 ,! l5g? ( ! base is #bcb mm4 ,measur$ along ! side ( ! too? are #aa ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! enamel is unusually ?91 be+ ab\t #a4c mm4 9 ?ickness1 & b little undulat+ across ! gr9d+-surface4 ,x is believ$ t ! deposit conta9+ ?is elephant too? & ! cypress /umps belongs to ! fir/ int]glacial1 :ile ! und]ly+ s&s conta9+ m>9e fossils belong to ! ,nebraskan glacial /age4 ,,florida4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,e>le1 an en?usia/ic collector liv+ at ?is place1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 9 #aiba v>i\s lots ( v]tebrate fossils :i* _h be5 wa%$ up on ! bea* at ,palma ,sola4 ,among ! fossils belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e is a too?1 a "r l[] second milk mol>1 :i* mu/ app>5tly be ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x is mu* worn1 ! plates pres5t ris+ above ! base only ab\t #aj mm4 ,! ant]ior root & ! po/]ior _h be5 consid]ably absorb$4 ,only #d ridge-plates rema92 evid5tly at lea/ #a _h :olly disappe>$ f ! front1 & #b1 possibly #c1 f ! re>4 ,! orig9al l5g? ( ! too? c n be det]m9$4 ,! wid? is #cj mm4 ,! #d enamel plates pres5t1 toge!r ) ! portion ( cem5t belong+ to ea*1 occupy a l5g? ( #cj mm4 ,! enamel is ?94 ,x w\ld be m surpris+ to f9d ?is species 9 ,florida _h x n already be5 discov]$ 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & at two places 9 ,texas1 ,temple & ne> ,san ,antonio4 ,"o c n /ate ) c]ta9ty ! /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e dur+ :i* ?is individual liv$1 b ! writ] believes t x 0 dur+ an e>ly /age1 p]haps ! fir/ int]glacial4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #aa4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 a collection ( fossil v]tebrates s5t _m ye>s ago to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum & describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #he7 is a fragm5t consi/+ ( two plates f ! re> ( a p5ultimate milk mol>1 probably ( ! l[] jaw4 ,?is is ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,( page #cie w be f\nd a li/ ( ! accompany+ species4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia is a f9e upp] left h9d]mo/ mol>1 s5t f ! place nam$4 ,!re are pres5t #bc or #bd plates4 ,x is worn back to ! apex ( ! eighte5? plate4 ,! l5g? along ! base 9 a /raight l9e is #bec mm42 !re are !re=e ab\t #i plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,"s o!r tee? f ! same place1 n[ 9 ! collection1 7 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same species4 ,9 ,william ,coop]'s acc\nt ( collections made at ,bigbone ,lick 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afh-aga7 he %[$ t great numb]s ( tee? z well z bones ( elephants _h be5 collect$ at v>i\s times at ?is locality4 ,he ref]s all to ,elephas primig5ius1 b c]ta9ly _m ( !m mu/ h belong$ to ! species n[ kn[n z ,e4 columbi4 ,coop] m5tions ! discov]y ( a f9e & ne>ly entire skull ( an elephant1 #d feet long1 hav+ all ( ! tee? & "o tusk 9 x4 ,9 ! ne>ly #ajj ye>s t h elaps$ ?is specim5 has probably suff]$ de/ruction4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,elephas ,,columbi ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es1 ,l9coln ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acg71 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe /at$ t !re 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada f ?is place a mol> ( a mammo?1 pur*as$ 9 #ahhg by ,mr4 ,:iteaves4 ,x _h be5 f\nd :ile excavat+ "u ! op]a h\se = a sew]1 on ,que5 ,/reet4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,buffalo ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory ! writ] has se5 a ca/ ( a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>1 ! orig9al ( :i* is said to h be5 f\nd at ,/4 ,ca?>9es4 ,x 0 probably made f ! too? n[ 9 ! collection at ,ottawa4 ,!re are #bb plates2 probably "o or two may be miss+ f ! front1 & ! we> ext5ds ov] only #f plates4 ,( ^! !re are #g 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! plates ( ! h9d] half are consid]ably curv$1 & ! h9d]mo/ ones lean /rongly =w>d4 ,! writ] reg>ds ! too? z t ( ,elephas columbi4 ,z %[n by ,fair*ild's plate #ag 7,bull4 #afj1 ,new ,york ,geol4 ,surv47 & ,coleman's plate #bb 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 ,,xv1 p4 #cdg7 ?is t[n is situat$ )9 ! ,iroquois bea*4 ,! elephant c\ld1 !re=e1 h>dly h liv$ at or be=e ! "t ( ! =mation ( ! bea*2 9 reality x probably liv$ long aft] ! lake _h retir$ to its pres5t limits4 ,9 8 8,catalogue ( ,ca/s ( ,fossils10 #ahff1 page #cg1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d gave a figure ( a ca/ ( an elephant too?1 ,no4 #adc1 ! orig9al ( :i* 0 said to h be5 f\nd at ,/4 ,ca?>9es4 ,?is too? may be ! "o n[ at ,ottawa1 b if s ! figure is incorrect4 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfc 7,canad4 ,nat4 & ,geol41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ace71 a l[] jaw ( an elephant 0 describ$ "u ! "n ,euelephas jacksoni ,briggs & ,fo/]4 ,?is _h be5 f\nd ne> ,hamilton1 at ! extreme we/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,x 0 m5tion$ & figur$ z ,euelephas jacksoni 9 ! same ye> by ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #iad1 figs4 #die1 #dig74 ,! specific "n1 h[ev]1 is n to be cr$it$ to ,briggs & ,fo/]1 = x 0 propos$ by ,w4 ,w4 ,ma!r 9 #ahch 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cfb1 figures7 = a l[] jaw ( an elephant f\nd 9 ,jackson ,c\nty1 ,ohio4 ,?is jaw is1 h[ev]1 f ! description & ! figure1 :olly indet]m9able4 ,lambe 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acf7 pres5ts a %ort hi/ory ( ! specim5 f\nd at ,hamilton4 ,x 0 report$ fir/ by ,t4 ,cottle 9 #aheb 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cie2 repr9t 9 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xv1 #ahec1 p4 #bhb74 ,besides ! jaw1 lack+ mo/ ( ! left ramus1 !re 0 f\nd a mu*-curv$ tusk ne>ly #g feet long4 ,! writ] has _h ! opportunity to exam9e ?is jaw1 n[ 9 ! ,victoria ,museum at ,ottawa4 ,x is believ$ to belong to ,elephas columbi4 ,! f9ely pres]v$ la/ mol> has be5 worn on ab\t #i ( ! ridge-plates1 & ?is worn surface is ab\t #aaj mm4 long4 ,!re are #bd plates pres5t1 & #h ( ^! occupy a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! h9d] plates lean =w>d & ! base ( ! too? is v convex4 ,cottle report$ t ! rema9s 7 discov]$ at a dep? ( #dj feet f ! surface & at an elevation ( #fj feet above ! level ( ! lake4 ,x is /at$ on ! label t ! elevation above ! lake 0 #gj feet1 & ?is is ! height giv5 by ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #iad74 ,! au?or /at$ also t at an elevation ( #g feet m 7 f\nd antl]s ( ,c]vus canad5sis & ! jaw ( a beav]4 ,,v]mont4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,m\nt ,holly1 ,rutl& ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajj71 ,pr(essor ,l\is ,agassiz exhibit$ be=e ! memb]s ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce a too? & a tusk ( an elephant1 discov]$ 9 mak+ excavations = ! ,rutl& & ,burl+ton ,railroad1 some:]e on ! slope ( ,m\nt ,holly1 ,rutl& ,c\nty4 ,x 0 said to h be5 f\nd ly+ "u an erratic b\ld]4 ,agassiz 0 d\btful z to ! specific id5tity ( ! animal4 ,9 #ahej 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bef71 ,zadock ,?ompson gave a brief acc\nt ( ?is discov]y4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd1 he said1 9 ,m\nt ,holly ,t[n%ip1 at an elevation ( #a1cfj feet above sea-level1 9 a deposit ( muck1 at a dep? ( ab\t #i feet4 ,?is muck-b$ is locat$ on ! divide betwe5 ! /reams :i* fl[ into ,connecticut ,riv] & ^? :i* empty into ,lake ,*ampla94 ,9 #ahec 78,hi/ory ( ,v]mont10 ,app41 p4 #ad7 ,?ompson pres5t$ a m ext5d$ report on ! discov]y4 ,?is is repr9t$ 9 ,edw>d ,hit*cock's 8,report on ! ,geology ( ,v]mont10 #ahfa1 page #agf4 ,! elevation is giv5 "h z #a1dae feet2 ! location is said to be ea/ ( ! summit /ation4 ,on ! ,wall+=d topographic %eet ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ! /ation nam$ ,summit is %[n to h an elevation ( #a1ejj feet4 ,fir/1 !re 0 f\nd a too? ly+ on gravel b5ea? #aa feet ( peat2 soon aft]w>d a tusk 0 discov]$ at a di/ance ( #hj feet1 & lat] ! o!r tusk & "s bones 7 met ) n f> away4 ,! gr9d] 0 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,! l5g? ( "o tusk along ! convexity ( ! curve is giv5 z #hj in*es1 :ile ! di/ance direct f ! base to ! tip 0 #fj in*es4 ,a figure ( ! tusk 0 giv5 by ,hag] 9 ! second volume ( ! #ahfa report j ref]r$ to1 on page #icd4 ,accord+ to ,agassiz's /atem5t1 ! too? & tusk 7 tak5 to ! ,lawr5ce ,sci5tific ,s*ool1 ,cambridge4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,w>r5 78,monogr4 on ,ma/odon giganteus10 ed4 #b1 #ahee1 p4 #afb1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 ,b7 figur$ & describ$ ! too?4 ,! l5g? 0 giv5 z #aa in*es at ! base1 & ! numb] ( ridge-plates z #bb4 ,?is w\ld give an av]age ( #h plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,?is numb] & ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! too? indicate t ! animal 0 ,elephas columbi1 in/ead ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is too? & t ( ,e4 primig5ius is well %[n by ! figure ( a too? ( ,e4 primig5ius f ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 figur$ on ! same plate ) ! ,v]mont too?4 ,?is too? is n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum at ,new ,york4 ,?ompson report$ ! pres5ce ( _m billets ( wood1 ab\t #ah in*es long1 9 ! bottom ( ! muck1 ! "w ( beav]s4 ,at ! ,dav5port 7,i[a7 ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce ! writ] exam9$ a too? ( an elephant label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,m\nt ,holly 9 excavat+ = ! ,v]mont ,c5tral ,railroad4 ,! l5g? along ! base is #cjj mm41 ! height ( ! n9? plate is #afj mm41 ! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface #afj mm4 ,!re are 9 all #bd plates1 ! #aj ant]ior ones ( :i* are worn4 ,!re are #g ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e1 measur$ on "o side ( ! too?4 ,?is too? is reg>d$ z belong+ to ,elephas columbi2 x c]ta9ly belong$ to ano!r individual ?an ! "o t ,w>r5 figur$4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! animals repres5t$ by ! tee? & skeletal rema9s f\nd on ,m\nt ,holly liv$ aft] ! retreat ( ! ice f ^? m\nta9s2 & "o may suppose t local glaci]s l+]$ long aft] ! ma9 ice-front _h ab&on$ ! region4 ,! animals liv$ c]ta9ly z late z ne> ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 if n at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rec5t2 !y may h be5 liv+ on ^? m\nta9s :ile ! bas9 ( ,lake ,*ampla9 0 an arm ( ! sea4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,hom]1 ,cortl& ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdg 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,agric4 & ,sci41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ca1 fig471 ,samuel ,woolwor? report$ t an elephant too? _h be5 f\nd on ! bank ( a small /ream1 ab\t #b miles nor?we/ ( ,hom]4 ,emmons1 9 #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ea/4 ,cos41 p4 #bjj71 figur$ ! same too?4 ,9 8 ,manual ( ,geology 7ed4 #b1 #ahfj1 p4 #bdb1 fig4 #bjg7 he /at$ t ?is too? 0 f\nd 9 ,cortl& ,c\nty4 ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d1 ( ,ro*e/]1 adv]tis$ & sold ca/s ( ?is elephant too?1 z ! writ] is in=m$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,w>d1 ( ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ?is elephant liv$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,hom] aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial ice _h begun its retreat to ! f> nor?4 #b4 ,elmira1 ,*emung ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york is a "p ( an elephant too? 7,cat4 ,no4 #ajdhh7 :i* ! writ] id5tifies z belong+ to ,elephas columbi1 & :i* is record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,elmira4 ,!re are only #c ridge-plates 9 ! fragm5t4 ,z to ! "t dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e :5 ?is species liv$ 9 ,new ,york1 all t c be said is t x 0 dur+ ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,no specim5s h be5 f\nd z close to ! glacial lakes prec$+ ,lake ,ont>io z 9 ! cases ( ,elephas primig5ius1 b ?is may be due to accid5ts ( pres]vation or to failures ( discov]y4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,middlet[n1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahah 7,cuvi]'s 8,!ory ( ! ,e>?10 p4 #chd1 plate ,i1 figs4 #b1 #e71 ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill ref]r$ to a too? ( an elephant f\nd some:]e ab\t ,middlet[n4 ,9 8 8,catalogue ( ,organic ,rema9s10 #ahbf1 page #aj1 ,mit*ill m5tion$ a s+ul> boat-%ap$ too? ( an elephant1 f\nd on ,b5nett's f>m1 ,middlet[n1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,bo? ref]5ces are to ! same too?2 ! %ape 0 due to ! we> ! too? _h suff]$4 ,x 0 said to come f ! region :]e ! horse rema9s 7 obta9$4 ,?is too? 0 a l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>1 mu* worn4 ,x evid5tly belong$ to ,elephas columbi4 ,we h no o!r in=mation ab\t ! specim54 ,x appe>s probable t ! deposits :i* yield$ rema9s ( horses & ( elephants are to be ref]r$ to an int]glacial /age1 at lea/ z old z ! ,sangamon4 ,! f9d+ ( a bone ( ,mega!rium along ! ,new ,j]sey coa/ sugge/s t ! ,aftonian may be repres5t$ !re4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,! writ] has receiv$ f ,mr4 ,&rew ,way*(f1 ( ,waynesburg1 a small photograph ( a l[] h9d]mo/ mol>1 f\nd #c miles s\? ( ,rog]sville1 9 ! b$ ( ,h>gus ,creek4 ,! too? 0 f\nd ab\t #aiji or #aiaj & pass$ into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,way*(f2 b x _h be5 brok5 by ! f9d]1 :o wi%$ to see :at 0 9 x4 ,! too? has #h ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e & ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! plates indicate t x belong$ to ,elephas columbi4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e1 ) ! k at comm&1 ! /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e to :i* ?is animal is to be assign$4 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ca71 an anonym\s note /at$ t !re 0 9 ,c>negie ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory an enorm\s tusk1 suppos$ to be ( ?is species1 f\nd 9 ! banks ( ! ,allegh5y ,riv]1 9 a suburb ( ,pittsburgh4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no c]ta9ty t ! tusk 0 n t ( ,e4 primig5ius or ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,9 ei!r case x w\ld be difficult to ref] ! animal to any def9ite ,plei/oc5e /age4 #c4 ,tryonville1 ,craw=d ,c\nty4--,9 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,rob]ts s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution consid]able p>ts ( a skeleton ( ,elephas columbi1 includ+ ! h9d] "p ( a l[] mol>1 probably ! p5ultimate4 ,^! rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 digg+ a cell> 9 ,tryonville1 at a dep? ( #g feet4 ,tryonville is on ,oil ,creek & 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! c\nty4 ,f ,mrs4 ,a4 ,a4 ,o',dell1 ,niag>a ,falls1 ,new ,york1 daught] ( ,mr4 ,rob]ts1 ! writ] le>ns t ! cell> 0 at a height ( #hj feet above ! level ( ,oil ,creek4 ,s9ce t "t ! creek has ab&on$ its *annel at t po9t4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ab1 #cf47 #a4 ,/>k ,c\nty4--,9 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity is a l>ge l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> catalogu$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,/>k ,c\nty4 ,! too? has #bd ridge-plates & is worn back to ! f\rte5? f ! front4 ,! l5g? f ! front ( ! too? to ! base ( ! la/ plate is #cae mm4 ,!re is no exact record ( ! locality4 ,! ,gr& ,riv] mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 ice cov]s mo/ ( ?is c\nty1 s t ! animal probably liv$ aft] ! ice _h disappe>$ f t vic9ity4 #b4 ,amboy1 ,a%tabula ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,buffalo 7,new ,york7 ,natural ,hi/ory ,society is a small elephant too?1 evid5tly a second milk mol>1 f\nd at ,amboy4 ,x is reg>d$ by ! writ] z belong+ to ,elephas columbi4 ,!re are pres5t #g ridge-plates & all h suff]$ we>4 ,! l5g? f front to re> is #aad mm4 ,9 ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 ,clevel&1 is a l>ge l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol> ( an elephant f\nd at ,amboy1 9 ! extreme nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re is a description & figure ( ?is too? 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican = ,janu>y #bc1 #aijd1 on page #fj4 ,x is !re call$ ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x pres5ts #bc plates & front & re> talons2 ! l5g? f ! base 9 front to ! re> ( ! h9d] talon is #bie mm4 ,!re are f #f to #h plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! too? 0 f\nd betwe5 #ahij & #aijj 9 a gravel-pit ne> ,amboy1 work$ by ! ,lake ,%ore ,railroad4 ,9 ! same pit 0 discov]$ a tusk :i* may h belong$ to ! same animal4 ,a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius at ! ,buffalo ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory 0 probably f\nd at ! same place4 ,! writ] is in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,frank ,r4 ,van ,horn1 ( ! ,case ,s*ool ( ,appli$ ,sci5ce1 t ! deposit consi/s ( int]/ratifi$ s&s & gravels & is suppos$ to be ! delta =mation ( ! old ,conneaut ,riv]4 ,its ?ickness 0 f #ej to #ge feet4 ,9 ?is deposit 0 driftwood1 arrang$ 9 su* regul> ord] t x sugge/$ ! idea t x _h =m$ "p ( a corduroy road4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,jackson ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfc 7,canad4 ,naturali/ & ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cii71 ,alex&] ,w9*ell describ$ an elephant too? 7,no4 #cafc71 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty4 ,?is is n[ 9 ! collection at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 label$ ,elephas jacksoni4 ,! writ] reg>ds x z belong+ to ,e4 columbi4 ,x is ! mu*-worn h9d]mo/ too? ( ! left side ( ! l[] jaw4 ,!re are pres5t #ag plates1 & ab\t #g are miss+ f ! front end4 ,above ! bases ( ! re> plates are only #e 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e2 on ! worn face are #g plates 9 ?is di/ance4 ,! ant]ior plates lean backw>d ) respect to ! base1 :ile ! h9d] ones lean =w>d4 ,! plates are m or less b5t betwe5 base & apex4 ,! ,kalamazoo mora9ic sy/em crosses ! middle ( ,jackson ,c\nty1 runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,9 #ahfa 7#a/ ,bi54 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan1 p4 #acb71 ,pr(essor ,w9*ell m5tion$ ?is too? & /at$ t x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty :ile a dit* 0 be+ made4 ,! locality is1 !re=e1 nor? ( ! mora9e ref]r$ to above4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,t]re ,haute1 ,vigo ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis is a f9e l[] left mol> ( ,e4 columbi1 label$ z f\nd1 9 #ahif1 ne> ,t]re ,haute1 on ! f>m ( ,a>on ,conov]1 & pres5t$ by ,e>l ,conov]4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,c4 ,&]son1 c\nty surveyor ( ,vigo ,c\nty1 in=m$ ! writ] t ! f>m is locat$ 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #i1 t[n%ip #ab nor?1 range #i we/4 ,?is is #c4e miles nor? ( ,t]re ,haute4 ,! place is ne> ,waba% ,riv] & ! deposit is probably outwa% f "o ( ! ice-%eets4 ,! dep? at :i* ! too? 0 f\nd is giv5 z #ah feet4 ,! l5g? f ! top ( ! ant]ior plate to ! base ( ! h9d]mo/ is #chj mm42 wid? ( worn face #ajj mm4 ,! h9d] plates lean /rongly t[>d ! front & !re are #f plates 9 #ajj mm4 #b4 ,monrovia1 ,morgan ,c\nty4--,! collection ( ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis conta9s ! h9d] half ( :at appe>s to be ! l[] "r la/ mol>4 ,?is 0 pres5t$ ,janu>y #aj1 #aiaa1 by ,david ,hobson1 ( ,monrovia1 ,indiana1 & is label$ z f\nd #a4e miles s\!a/ ( ,monrovia1 9 a gravel b> 9 ,sycamore ,creek4 ,!re are pres5t #ac plates1 consid]ably flex$ z !y rise f base to summit4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,indiana1 ,monrovia is situat$ on ! nor!rn edge ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e4 ,! too? seems to h be5 f\nd 9 ,sycamore ,creek1 on ! mora9e or ne> its s\!rn bord]1 n f> f ! nor!rn bord] ( ! ,ill9oian drift area4 ,:ile ! possessor ( ?is too? probably liv$ dur+ "s p]iod ( ! ,wiscons9 /age1 x is possible t ! too? _h be5 wa%$ out ( "s deposit ( ! ,ill9oian or ( "s int]glacial deposit laid d[n betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 /ages4 #c4 ,w9dfall1 ,tipton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,morrill collection1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska1 ,l9coln1 !re are two tee?1 an upp] & a l[] la/ mol>1 secur$ at ,w9dfall by ,pr(essor ,erw9 ,h4 ,b>b\r4 ,^! tee? h be5 describ$ & illu/rat$ by ! writ] 7#cf? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gdb1 plates ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi74 ,w9dfall is situat$ on ,wiscons9 drift1 "s miles we/ ( ! m or less mora9ic belt :i* m>ks ! nor?we/w>d cont9uation ( ! ,union ,city mora9e4 #d4 ,br+hur/1 ,c>roll ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis is a la/ mol> f\nd "s ye>s ago ne> ,br+hur/ & pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,john ,flora4 ,!re are #bg plates pres5t1 an unusual numb]4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #cbj mm4 f ! summit ( ! fir/ to ! base ( ! tw5ty-six?4 ,no in=mation 0 furni%$ z to ! exact place :]e ! too? 0 f\nd1 nor z to ! dep? & k9d ( mat]ials4 ,br+hur/ is situat$ on ,wiscons9 drift1 & ! animal mu/ h liv$ at "s "t aft] ! ice retir$ f ! ,f[l]-,lafayette mora9e4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #ab1 #ch47 #a4 ,/aley1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois ! writ] has se5 a l[] la/ mol> record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd by ,john ,e>ly at a po9t #e4e miles we/ & #a4e miles s\? ( ,*ampaign1 app>5tly n f> f ,/aley4 ,x is said to h be5 pick$ up by a dr$ge2 h5ce probably 9 "s dit*+ op]ations4 ,! writ] reg>d$ ! too? z belong+ to ,elephas columbi4 ,app>5tly ?is too? 0 f\nd v ne> ! out] bord] ( ! ,*ampaign mora9e2 h5ce ! animal might h liv$ at any "t aft] ! deposition ( ?is mora9e4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t ?is species did n affect su* a cold environm5t1 & haunt$ ^? regions :5 ! climate _h greatly ameliorat$4 #b4 ,/ronghur/1 ,h5d]son ,c\nty4--,9 ! summ] ( #aiad1 ,mr4 ,john ,%ick discov]$ ne> ,/ronghur/1 9 a well1 at a dep? ( #bj feet1 f\r elephant tee?4 ,a lett]1 ) photographs ( ^! tee?1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 0 %[n ! writ]1 :o id5tifi$ ! tee? z belong+ to ,elephas columbi1 app>5tly ! second & ?ird upp] decidu\s mol>s1 "r & left4 ,!y 7 report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 a d>k soil4 ,all ! region ab\t ,/ronghur/ is occupi$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,s9ce at a dep? ( #bj feet an old soil 0 rea*$ x becomes q c]ta9 t ?is repres5ts a pre-,ill9oian int]glacial deposit1 probably ! ,y>m\? /age2 & to t mu/ be assign$ ! "t ( ! elephant 9 "q4 #c4 ,*illico!1 ,peoria ,c\nty4--,9 ! palontological collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,i[a is a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 record$ z collect$ at ,*illico! by ,fr$ ,wa*s4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 gravel1 at a dep? ( #dj feet1 b ! exact locality is n kn[n4 ,! too? is ! fir/ l[] true mol>4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! geological age ( ?is too?4 ,*illico! is situat$ on ,ill9ois ,riv] & )9 ! area ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,! valley is fill$ ) deposits br\ght d[n f ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet & by late alluvium2 b at a dep? ( #dj feet !re might possibly be "s e>li] gravels4 #d4 ,*icago ,heights1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,f ,j4 ,h4 ,knapp1 ,*icago ,heights1 ! writ] has receiv$ photographs ( a l[] h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas columbi1 f\nd 9 ,second ,creek1 #b4e miles ea/ ( ,*icago ,heights4 ,?is locality is situat$ on ! ,valp>aiso mora9e & we mu/ ref] ! "t ( ! exi/5ce ( ! elephant to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #e4 ,pawpaw1 ,lee ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! palontological dep>tm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska ! writ] saw a l[] mol> ( ,elephas columbi 7app>5tly ! left second71 f\nd at ,pawpaw4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,ev]ett1 ( ,l9coln1 ,nebraska4 ,!re are pres5t #ai ridge-plates1 & !re are #g plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,on inquiry by ! writ] ,mr4 ,frank ,:eel]1 ( ,pawpaw1 furni%$ detail$ in=mation4 ,9 con/ruct+ an ice-pond !re 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #d feet p>ts ( bo? hip-bones1 a femur #d feet #d in*es long1 "s mu* decay$ foot-bones1 "s v]tebr & ribs1 & ! head & l[] jaw4 ,! head is said to h be5 ne>ly #c feet long & ! l[] jaw #bf in*es long4 ,9 ! latt] 7 two huge tee?4 ,x appe>s t ! =elegs 7 pres5t1 b mu* decay$4 ,no tusks 7 f\nd1 nor any upp] tee?4 ,x 0 conclud$ t ! animal 0 #bb feet #f in*es long & betwe5 #ae & #af feet high2 b ! dim5sions 7 und\bt$ly exagg]at$4 ,c]ta9 8/reaks & mossy fib]s0 l$ to ! conclusion t ! animal _h be5 cov]$ ) a coat ( hair4 ,x is probable t all ( ^! rema9s except ! too? 9 ,l9coln h be5 lo/4 ,und\bt$ly1 _h an exp]t 9 exhum+ su* skeletal rema9s be5 call$ 9 !re might h be5 rescu$ a l>ge "p ( ! skeleton4 ,up to ?is "t no good skeleton has be5 secur$ ( ,e4 columbi4 ,! place :]e ! skeleton 0 f\nd is 9 ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #aj1 t[n%ip #cg nor?1 range #b ea/4 ,?is is situat$ on a memb] ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9ic sy/em1 a mora9e left by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t ! skeleton ( ! elephant _h1 dur+ "s ,late ,wiscons9 "t1 fall5 9 a pond & become sl[ly cov]$ up4 ,!re is an acc\nt ( ?is discov]y 9 ,f4 ,e4 ,/ev5s's 8,hi/ory ( ,lee ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois10 #aiad1 page #ebg4 #f4 ,woodhull1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,galesburg1 ,ill9ois1 ,regi/] ( ,may #ad1 #aiaa1 appe>$ an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( ?ree l>ge mol>s & "s bones ( a suppos$ ma/odon 9 a clay ( a brick & tile factory at ,woodhull4 ,pr(essor ,page ,l4 ,bak]1 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools 9 ,woodhull1 /ates t fir/ a "p1 #f feet #aj in*es long1 ( a tusk 0 f\nd1 #i in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! base1 #f in*es at ! o!r end4 ,"s scatt]$ bony plates suppos$ to belong to ! skull 7 obs]v$1 b no limb-bones 7 f\nd4 ,five tee? 7 secur$1 v>y+ 9 weight f #f to #af p\nds2 "o _h #bj enamel plates1 & !re 7 #f ( ^! plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! species repres5t$ 0 ,elephas columbi4 ,pr(essor ,bak] /at$ t ! pit 0 ab\t #ad feet deep1 ! upp] #b feet consi/+ ( prairie soil1 possibly loess4 ,bel[ ?is is #aj feet ( r$ clay1 & !n ab\t #b feet ( :ite clay1 re/+ on a lay] ( muck4 ,! bones 7 9 ! :ite clay1 b re/+ on ! muck4 ,! tee? 7 :olly 9 ! :ite clay4 ,! tusk 0 remov$ ab\t #ae feet f ! tee?4 ,?is region is cov]$ by ,ill9ois drift1 ov]la9 by loess1 sometimes ( consid]able ?ickness4 ,x does n appe> f ! dep? & "* ( ! deposits t ! ,ill9oian drift _h be5 p5etrat$4 ,! muck-b$ belongs probably to ! ,sangamon /age1 possibly to ! ,i[an4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! geological sections f\nd at ,galva1 ab\t #ah miles fur!r ea/ 7see p4 #adb74 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope wrote t !re _h be5 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,lamb]t ,kirby1 9 ,ox=d ,neck1 a mol> too? resembl+ t ( a half-gr[n ,elephas primig5ius or ,e4 columbi4 ,besides ?is too? 7 rema9s ( :at ,cope call$ ,elephas am]icanus ,leidy4 ,^!1 x is suppos$1 belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! collection ref]r$ to _h be5 plac$ 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,baltimore ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 b ! writ] has n se5 x4 ,lucas 7,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e1 #aijf1 p4 #afg7 describes ! tee? f ?is locality4 ,he id5tifi$ "o small too? z belong+ c]ta9ly to ,e4 columbi1 & a l>ge "o z probably belong+ to ! same species4 #b4 ,que5 ,anne ,c\nty4--,9 #ahbj1 ,horace ,h4 ,hayd5 7,geolog4 ,essays1 p4 #aba7 wrote t he _h an enorm\s gr9d] ( ! ,asiatic elephant1 dug up 9 ! c\nty nam$1 on ! plantation ( ,mr4 ,c>mi*ael4 ,x 0 said to h be5 envelop$ 9 a /iff blue clay4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill 7,cuvi]'s 8,!ory ( ! ,e>?10 #ahah1 p4 #cid1 plate ,i1 figs4 #c1 #e7 m5tions & figures ! too?1 app>5tly t ( ,elephas columbi4 ,x is said to h be5 dug out ( ! gr\nd by ! side ( a m>%4 ,x 0 ! la/ upp] mol> ( probably ! "r side4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,wirt ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,john ,l4 ,tilton1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 ! writ] has receiv$ = exam9ation a fragm5t ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi report$ to h be5 f\nd _m ye>s ago1 some:]e 9 ,wirt ,c\nty along ,little ,kana:a ,riv]4 ,no details h be5 pres]v$4 ,! ?ick ridge-plates & ! heavy crimp$ enamel betray ! species4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #ab1 #ci47 #a4 ,new ,hanov] ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,raleigh1 ! writ] has se5 a "p ( a mol> too? ( ?is species consi/+ ( #i ridge-plates4 ,x is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! qu>ry ( ,ross & ,l>ry4 ,!re are #h ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e & ! enamel is r ?ick4 ,capta9 ,e4 ,d4 ,williams1 ( ,wilm+ton1 has in=m$ ! writ] t ?is qu>ry is situat$ ab\t #i miles bel[ ,wilm+ton1 ne> ! ,=t ,fi%] road4 ,f a po9t a little bel[ ?is ,capta9 ,williams secur$ a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #bac7 /at$ t !re 0 9 ! exhibit ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution at ! exposition at ,philadelphia1 9 #ahgf1 a la/ l[] mol> ( ?is species1 f\nd at ,beau=t4 ,! pres5t writ] has n recogniz$ ! too? 9 ! collection ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,9 ,rutg]s ,college are six or m tee? or p>ts ( tee? ( ,e4 columbi1 record$ z com+ f ,coosaw ,riv]4 ,9 ! collection ( ,amh]/ ,college ! writ] has se5 two l[] h9d]mo/ mol>s1 label$ z collect$ 9 ,coosaw ,riv]4 #b4 ,edi/o ,riv]4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia !re is a fragm5t ( a mol> ( ,elephas columbi1 compris+ only #b ridge-plates1 record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 or on ,edi/o ,riv]4 ,! specim5 is cr$it$ to ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,*apman4 ,:ile ! locality is indef9ite1 x probably 0 some:]e ar\nd ,edi/o ,isl&4 #c4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,num]\s tee? ( ,elephas columbi h be5 f\nd 9 ! region surr\nd+ ,*>le/on4 ,godman 7,am]4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beg7 ref]r$ to a /atem5t made by ,catesby to ! effect t negroes _h f\nd tee? along ,/ono ,riv] :i* !y recogniz$ z ^? ( an elephant4 ,?is _h previ\sly be5 m5tion$ by ,b>ton 9 8 8,ar*ologia ,am]icana10 #ahad4 ,9 ,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 page #ajh1 ,leidy /at$ t small fragm5ts ( tee? & bones1 usually mu* wat]-worn1 ( ! ext9ct elephant are n infrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ,po/-,plioc5e deposits 9 ! vic9ity ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 a footnote to ?is rem>k1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes /at$ t lat] a p]fect too? _h be5 discov]$ & 0 figur$ on plate ,,xvii2 b ! too? !re figur$ came f ,texas4 ,9 #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih71 ,leidy report$ t he _h se5 9 ! collection ( ,c4 ,n4 ,%ep>d1 at ,amh]/ ,college1 rema9s ( elephant f ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,x is c]ta9 t at lea/ a "p ( ^! rema9s belong$ to ,elephas columbi4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are tee?1 record$ z hav+ be5 secur$ f ! phosphate b$s ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,z an example may be m5tion$ ,no4 #baje1 a l>ge upp] "r mol>1 ) #bj ridge-plates4 ,ano!r has ! numb] #afad 7,hay1 ,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #dac1 plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #d74 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum ! writ] has se5 a l[] second milk mol> 7,no4 #acejd7 ( ?is species4 ,!re are #i ridge-plates & front & re> talons4 ,! l5g? is #abc mm41 ! wid? #eb mm41 ) #h plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,9 ! same museum is an upp] left second milk mol> 7,no4 #aaji7 ) #h plates pres5t4 ,! l5g? along ! base is #ie mm42 f ! base 9 front to ! re> ( ! cr[n #aag mm42 wid? #ee mm4 ,?is too? appe>s to h be5 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,9 ! same museum are o!r tee? ( ?is species1 mo/ly p>ts ( ! h9d]mo/ mol>s4 ,o!r tee? are f\nd 9 ! private collections ( ,*>le/on4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 !re are "s tee? 7,nos4 #acgjg1 #acgjh7 f ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on :i* are ref]r$ to ,elephas columbi4 ,"o is an upp] h9d]mo/ mol>1 worn to ! base 9 front & hav+ left #ah plates4 ,!re are #f plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! enamel is ?ick4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #bib mm42 ! wid?1 #ij mm4 ,ano!r is a worn l[] too? ) #af plates4 ,ano!r too?1 ei!r a la/ milk mol> or a fir/ true mol>1 is n worn to ! base & reta9s ! front root4 ,!re are #ab plates & a l>ge talon & a #ajj-mm4 l9e crosses #h plates4 ,! enamel is ?ick & consid]ably fe/oon$4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! too? is #agc mm4 ,!re is ano!r l[] "r too?1 probably ! la/ milk mol>1 :i* pres5ts #aa plates & front & re> talons4 ,!re are ne>ly #h plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,ano!r "r l[] too?1 app>5tly ! fir/ true mol>1 #afe mm4 long on ! gr9d+-face1 has likewise #h plates 9 #ajj mm4 ,a "p ( an upp] h9d]mo/ mol> pres]ves #aa plates4 ,!re are #f plates 9 #ajj mm4 & ! enamel is ?ick & fold$4 ,= a li/ ( ! v]tebrate fossils f\nd 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on1 & _! geological age1 ! read] is ref]r$ to page #cfc4 #d4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,c\nty4--,9 #ahjb1 ,john ,drayton 78,a ,view ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #dj1 plate1 fig4 #e7 wrote t elephant bones _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! excavation ( a canal jo9+ ,santee & ,coop] ,riv]s4 ,drayton's illu/ration %[s t ?is too? mu/ h belong$ to ,elephas columbi4 ,! locality 0 9 ,bigg9 ,swamp1 app>5tly n f> f ,monks ,corn]4 ,at ! same "t & place 7 f\nd rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,! mat]ials are said to h be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,*>le/on ,libr>y4 ,b>ton 7,ar*ologia ,am]41 p4 #bb7 /at$ he _h exam9$ tee? ( bo? ! ma/odon & ! elephant f ?is place4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ff1 plate ,v1 fig4 #c2 ,m$4 ,phys4 ,res4 p4 #cei1 plate1 fig4 #c7 /at$ t a too? ( an elephant f ! ,santee ,canal _h be5 s5t to ! ,academy at ,philadelphia4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,?is is ! type locality ( ,elephas columbi4 ,?is species 0 bas$ by ,falcon] 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,,xiii1 #aheg1 table opposite p4 #bai7 on a "p ( a too? receiv$ f ! geologi/ ,*>les ,lyell & :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,brunswick ,canal4 ,! specim5 consi/$ ( #aj m$ian plates ( a l[] second or ?ird mol>4 ,falcon] figur$ x 9 #ahfh 7,palont4 ,mem41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bad1 #bba1 plate ,x74 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc4 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdh7 not$ t an elephant _h be5 f\nd 9 excavat+ ! canal4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan1 9 #ahdb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahi71 /at$ t a l>ge collection ( bones ( v>i\s animals _h be5 pres5t$ to ! ,academy by ,j4 ,hamilton ,c\p]1 ( ,d>i51 ,georgia4 ,among ^! 7 tee? ( ,e4 primig5ius4 ,c\p]1 9 #ahdh 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 etc41 p4 #de71 /at$ t two l[] jawbones ) tee?1 sev]al loose tee?1 two tusks1 & sev]al v]tebr ( ,elephas primig5ius _h be5 collect$ 9 ! canal dur+ #ahch & #ahci4 ,^! rema9s q c]ta9ly belong$ to ,elephas columbi unless possibly "s belong$ to ,e4 imp]ator4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #bed7 records ! pres5ce 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( a l[] mol> ( ,e4 columbi4 ,! pres5t writ] has se5 9 ?is collection p>ts ( f\r tee? ( ?is species :i* _h be5 s5t f ! ,brunswick ,canal1 d\btless p>ts ( ! ,c\p] collection4 ,! species are li/$ on page #cfi4 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,*a?am ,c\nty4--,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cad7 report$ t ,elephas primig5ius _h be5 f\nd at ?is place1 ) ,mega!rium1 ,mylodon1 ,ma/odon1 & :at 0 d\btless a species ( ,bison4 ,hab]%am1 9 #ahdf 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 etc41 p4 #bi71 m5tion$ two tee? :i* he id5tifi$ likewise z ,e4 primig5ius4 ,^! elephant tee? are all to be ref]r$ ) mu* c]ta9ty to ,e4 columbi4 ,= ! exam9ation ( ! geology ab\t ,savannah ! read] is ref]r$ to page #cga1 map #dj4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ab1 #ac47 #a4 ,/4 ,m>ks ,riv]1 ,wakulla ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih71 ,leidy /at$ t f ?is place !re 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,society ( ,bo/on a mol> ( ! ?ick-plat$ v>iety ( elephant4 ,! gr9d+-surface1 irregul> & worn s z to pres5t a t]rac$ appe>ance1 has a l5g? ( #h4e in*es & includ$ #aa ridge-plates4 ,! species is q c]ta9ly ,elephas columbi4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc7 report$ t "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon or ( an elephant _h be5 obta9$ f ,wakulla ,spr+ by ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,?omas4 ,?is is ne> ,craw=dville4 #b4 ,/ation #abj1 ,duval ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,florida1 p4 #ajf7 report$ t ,elephas columbi _h be5 discov]$ at ,/ation #abj1 on ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal4 ,at ! same place _h be5 f\nd ,mammut am]icanum1 an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison1 & an undet]m9$ species ( ,odocoileus4 ,! locality is probably #e miles s\? ( ,pablo ,bea*4 #c4 ,citra1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ,janu>y #aiad1 ! writ] saw at ,w>d's ,e/abli%m5t1 at ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 ! h9d] half ( a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas columbi1 label$ z f\nd at ,citra4 ,no details 7 pres]v$ respect+ ! hi/ory ( ! too?4 ,!re 7 #f ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 #d4 ,ne> ,mantanzas1 ,/4 ,john ,c\nty4--,at ! resid5ce ( ,fr$ ,r4 ,all51 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida1 ! writ] has se5 "p ( f\r h9d]mo/ mol>s1 ?ree upp] & "o l[]1 ( ,elephas columbi1 f\nd 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ne> 8 f>m1 #bh miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 app>5tly n f> f ,mantanzas4 ,at ! same place h be5 f\nd ,mammut am]icanum1 ,equus sp41 ,mylodon h>lani1 & ,t]rap5e antipex4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep4 p4 #ajf7 adds to ?is li/ an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison & "o ( ,odocoileus4 #e4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,f ?is place ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ag1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #f-i7 has describ$ & figur$ a fir/ & a second milk mol>4 ,! figures h be5 reproduc$ by ! writ] 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,lxi1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f74 ,^! tee? c]ta9ly belong to ,elephas columbi4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a fissure 9 a lime/one rock1 ne> ,ocala1 9 ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,phillips4 ,) !m 7 a "p ( a skull ( ,smilodon floridanus1 tee? ( a horse :i* ,leidy ref]r$ to 8 ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi71 & tee? suppos$ to belong to ! little camel ,procamelus 7,au*5ia7 m9imus4 ,^! fossils 7 ref]r$ to ! ,plioc5e1 b app>5tly !re is n suffici5t reason = do+ s4 ,! geology ( ! locality is treat$ on page #cgh4 #f4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 ,no4 #bbcb1 is a "p ( ! re> ( :at is reg>d$ z a h9d]mo/ upp] mol>1 f\nd 9 a phosphate m9e ne> ,dunnellon4 ,!re are #g ridge-plates1 b "s are miss+ f ! front & "s f ! re>4 ,! height ( ! front plate pres5t is #baj mm42 ! wid? is #hb mm4 ,!re are #f plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,?is too? is rem>kable because ( its ?9ness4 ,x is possibly a m ant]ior too?1 b is r high to be su*4 ,! geology ( ! neighborhood ( ,dunnellon & a li/ ( ! species collect$ !re are to be f\nd on page #cgf4 #g4 ,hold]1 ,citrus ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,by/ra1 *emi/ ( ! ,buttg5ba* riv] m9e1 is a fragm5t ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 f\nd 9 ! m9e1 on ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 a few miles nor? ( ,hold]1 9 section #bi1 t[n%ip #ag s\?1 range #ai ea/4 ,9 ! same collection are a fragm5t ( an upp] & "o ( a l[] mol>1 f\nd 9 ! same place 9 dr$g+ = phosphate rock4 #ba4 ,sumt]ville1 ,sumt] ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,no4 #bdj7 is a s+le plate ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 f\nd by ,dr4 ,sell>ds #c miles ea/ ( ,hold]4 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sell>ds /at$ t ,mr4 ,morris1 ( ,daytona1 _h f\nd 9 a m>l pit a too? ( ,elephas columbi4 ,z /at$ on page #abb1 rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum h be5 f\nd 9 simil> pits4 ,9 ^! pits 7 collect$ a piece ( a tusk ( a proboscidean & a rib ( a :ale1 ?\ght to belong to ! g5us ,balnopt]a4 ,9 ! ,fif? ,annual ,report ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 on pages #bbb to #bbe1 are pres5t$ ! logs ( artesian wells put d[n at ,daytona4 ,9 "o well 0 f\nd a b$ ( :ite m>l at a dep? ( #f feet1 hav+ a ?ickness ( #i feet4 ,x is possible t ?is corresponds to ! m>l-b$ :i* furni%$ ! elephant & :ale1 & x may belong to ! fir/ glacial /age4 #h4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a fragm5t consi/+ ( two plates ( an upp] mol> ( ,elephas columbi1 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,tampa4 #i4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,p9ellas ,c\nty4--,9 ! museum ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,ga9esville1 ,florida1 is an upp] left second mol> ( ,elephas columbi record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,indian ,rock1 a village ne> ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 9 ! p59sula we/ ( ,tampa ,bay4 ,! too? is cov]$ ) b>nacles & _h evid5tly be5 9 salt wat]4 ,no o!r in=mation 0 secur$ respect+ ! too?4 #aj4 ,k+s=d1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,yale ,univ]sity is a fragm5t ( a l[] mol> ( ,elephas columbi1 record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,k+s=d4 ,x 0 obta9$ "u #ai feet ( phosphate rock & s&4 ,! collector 0 ,juan ,c4 ,edmundoz4 ,!re are pres5t #e co>se plates4 ,! too? belongs possibly to ,e4 imp]ator4 ,z record$ on ano!r page1 tee? ( horses h be5 f\nd 9 ! same situation4 ,if correctly report$1 !y belong1 ) ! phosphate1 to ! ,nebraskan /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 #bj4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,!re has be5 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ) o!r fossils1 a fragm5t ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 wa%$ up on ! bea* at ,palma ,sola1 & f\nd by ,mr4 ,*as4 ,t4 ,e>le4 ,besides ! elephant too? 7 fragm5ts ( de] antl]s1 sev]al tee? ( ,equus complicatus1 a few ( ,e4 leidyi1 "o ( ,e4 littoralis1 & an a/ragalus & a metapodial ( ,bison latifrons84 ,^! all belong app>5tly to e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,) !m came tee? ( %>ks1 a beak ( a porpoise1 & ! di/al end ( a metapodial ( a camel1 all probably wa%$ out ( ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e deposits 9 ! neighborhood4 #aa4 ,s>asota1 ,s>asota ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory are two fragm5ts ( tee? ( ,elephas columbi collect$ ab\t #h miles s\!a/ ( ,s>asota by ,mr4 ,b>num ,br[n1 9 #aiaa2 "o consi/s ( ?ree1 ! o!r ( two plates4 ,) !m 7 f\nd fragm5ts ( ext9ct turtles & a d]mal plate ( an ed5tate1 possibly ( ,*lamy!rium2 also sev]al tee? ( horses4 #ah4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brev>d ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje7 ann\nc$ t tee? ( ,elephas columbi & ( ,equus complicatus _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,hopk9s ,dra9age ,canal4 #ag4 ,fellsm]e1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7op4 cit41 p4 #aje7 report$ a too? or tee? ( ,elephas columbi f\nd 9 a dra9age canal at ?is place4 #ab4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,num]\s fragm5ts ( tee? ( ,elephas columbi h be5 f\nd at ,v]o4 ,! geology w be discuss$ on pages #cha to #chc1 & a li/ ( ! fossil v]tebrates t h be5 f\nd at ,v]o w be pres5t$4 #ac4 ,zolfo1 ,h>dee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 7,no4 #aeedf7 is ! "r ramus ) ! symphysis & "o too? ( ,elephas columbi4 ,! too? is q c]ta9ly ! h9d]mo/ "o4 ,?irte5 plates are pres5t & a numb] mu/ h worn out & disappe>$ f ! front4 ,zolfo is on ,peace ,creek4 #ad4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,num]\s rema9s ( ,elephas columbi h be5 f\nd at ,arcadia & vic9ity1 mo/ly 9 ! c\rse ( dr$g+ = phosphate4 ,! geology ( ! region is discuss$ on pages #chj-cha & a li/ pres5t$ ( fossil v]tebrates f\nd !re4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bb1 plate ,,vii7 figur$ a v l>ge too? f\nd at ,arcadia4 ,x has #bg plates & is #djj mm4 long4 ,!re are #f plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,?is too? is 9 ! collection ( ! ,wagn] ,in/itute 9 ,philadelphia4 ,leidy record$ also a "p ( a la/ mol>1 n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee1 ,wiscons91 is an upp]1 left1 h9d]mo/ mol> label$ z f\nd 9 ! phosphate b$s ( ,peace ,creek1 probably at ,arcadia4 ,x 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,ad4 ,me9ecke4 ,!re are #f plates & a little m 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,tee?1 ,nos4 #cai & #aiia1 f ,arcadia1 are 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,no4 #aega ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey 0 f\nd #f miles nor? ( ,arcadia4 #ae4 ,t\rn]'s1 ,glades ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #hjhh7 is a "p ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi s5t by ,j4 ,m4 ,purvis1 ,t\rn]'s1 ,florida4 ,x 0 report$ z hav+ be5 collect$ on ! ,caloosahat*ee ,riv] at ! place nam$4 ,?is place 7spell$ also ,turn]'s7 appe>s to be ne> ,?ompson's & probably 9 t[n%ip #dc s\?1 range #bi ea/4 ,?is too? appe>s to be ! p5ultimate milk mol>2 !re are #i ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! enamel is ?9 & mu* fold$4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bc7 record$ ! discov]y ( a la/ mol> too? ( ,e4 columbi at "s po9t on ! riv] m5tion$4 ,! too? is 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia4 ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 on ! au?ority ( ,leidy /at$ t ,bison latifrons & ,equus frat]nus _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plioc5e b$s along ?is riv]4 ,x is probable t he us$ ,b4 latifrons 9 a wide s5se4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep41 p4 #ajb7 %[s t at lea/ ! elephant & ! horse 7 f ! ,plei/oc5e4 #ai4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,c\nty4--,sell>ds1 9 8 ,eigh? ,annual ,report1 page #aje1 /at$ t !re _h be5 secur$ f ! ,palm ,bea* ,canal = ! dra9age ( ! ,ev]glades1 tee? ( ,elephas columbi1 z well z ^? ( ,equus complicatus & ,mammut am]icanum1 & a femur ( a species ( ,bison4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia ! writ] has se5 a numb] ( tee? :i* belong to ,elephas columbi1 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,:e!r or n ^! are "p ( ! collection giv5 by ,presid5t ,?omas ,jeff]son ! writ] has n le>n$4 ,"o ( ^! tee? has be5 describ$ & figur$ by ! writ] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #gcg1 plate ,,xxii1 fig4 #a74 ,x is id5tifi$ z ! upp] h9d]mo/ milk mol>1 is :olly unworn1 & %[s well ! =m ( ! cr[n be=e x came into action4 ,9 t /age ! roots are almo/ :olly undevelop$4 ,! l5g? tak5 at "r angles ) ! plates is #ade mm4 ,= rem>ks on ! geology ( ?is locality & a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates ! read] is ref]r$ to pages #dja to #djd4 #b4 ,m\? ( ,big ,tw9 ,creek1 ,ow5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory are two f9e tee? & a l[] jaw1 ) ! asc5d+ rami miss+1 f\nd :]e ! creek op5s into ,k5tucky ,riv]4 ,f ! f9d]s1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,ogd5 & 8 son1 ! writ] le>n$ t ! jaw 0 ab\t on a level ) ! wat]4 ,!y _h fa/5$ _! boat to x1 ?9k+ x 0 a /ump4 ,! top ( ! bluff 0 ab\t #ce feet above ! wat]4 ,"s o!r bones 7 secur$1 among !m a hum]us4 ,! bones 7 9 a mixture ( :at ,mr4 ,ogd5 call$ h>dpan & s&4 ,no c]ta9 /atem5ts c be made ab\t ! geological age ( ?is specim54 ,x might well be pre-,wiscons94 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,elephas ,,imp]ator ,,9 ,,s\!a/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #ad47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,a numb] ( tee? ( ,elephas imp]ator h be5 se5 by ! writ] 9 ! collections made 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,no4 #aceeg ( ! ,*>le/on ,museum is a "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw conta9+ ! h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,sixte5 plates are c\nt$1 b x is probable t ab\t two are miss+ f ! front4 ,!re is no indication t !re 0 ano!r too? beh9d x4 ,! exact locality ( discov]y is n kn[n4 ,9 ! ,fro/ collection is a "p 7#h plates7 ( a l[] "r la/ mol>1 :i* mu/ be ref]r$ to ?is species4 ,se5 on ! inn] face are only f\r ridge-plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,9 ! collection ( ,rev4 ,rob]t ,wilson is a fragm5t ( a mol> ( ,e4 imp]ator4 ,! f\r plates pres5t occupy #ajj mm4 ( ! l5g? ( ! too?4 #b4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,c\nty4--,ri*>d ,h>lan 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahbc1 p4 #ff1 plate ,v1 fig4 #b2 ,m$4 ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #cei1 plate1 fig4 #b7 describ$ briefly & figur$ an elephant too? f\nd 9 con/ruct+ ! ,santee ,canal1 probably 9 ,bigg9 ,swamp1 :]e ! rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum & ,elephas columbi 7 discov]$4 ,! too? 0 a l>ge "o1 ! greate/ diagonal l5g? be+ #ad4e in*es 7#cfh mm474 ,x _h be5 worn back q to ! re>1 ! trituration hav+ affect$ #ae ridge-plates4 ,?is worn face measur$ #i in*es 7#bbh mm474 ,h>lan /at$ t on ?is gr9d+-face #e in*es 0 occupi$ by #f enamel plates & #g plates ( cem5t4 ,an e/imate %[s t a #ajj-mm4 l9e w\ld cross #e ( ! ridge-plates4 ,_h ?is too? possess$ ! numb] 7#bd7 ( ridge-plates usually f\nd 9 ,e4 columbi1 its l5g? w\ld h be5 #bj in*es or m4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ad1 #ae47 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,nos4 #bbcc1 #bbcd7 are two fragm5ts ( tee? ( an elephant dr$g$ f ,)lacoo*ee ,riv] at ,dunnellon1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,titcomb4 ,! tee? are reg>d$ by ! writ] z be+ l[] la/ mol>s1 al?\gh ! plates run ne>ly directly across ! gr9d+-surfaces4 ,!y may belong to "o individual4 ,no4 #bbcc pres5ts six plates2 five ( ^! occupy a l9e #ajj mm4 9 l5g?4 ,!y are mu* b5t z !y asc5d1 s t _! h9d] faces are v concave4 ,! enamel is mod]ately ?ick4 ,! too? 7,no4 #bbcd7 has be5 figur$ by ,dr4 ,sell>ds ( ! natural size 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #he1 fig4 #ab74 ,z %[n by t figure1 ! ridge-plates ( ! re> portion h a ?ickness ( #be mm4 or ev5 m4 ,tak5 all toge!r !re are h>dly #e 9 #ajj mm4 ,if t too? _h belong$ to ,elephas columbi & _h _h #bd plates1 ! l5g? w\ld h be5 ab\t #be in*es1 :i* is h>dly to be suppos$4 #b4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,9 ! eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,florida1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds describ$ & figur$ 7p4 #aej1 plate ,,xxv1 fig4 #a7 a l[] jaw ( an elephant :i* _h be5 f\nd ne> ,v]o4 ,he ref]r$ x to ,elephas columbi1 b not$ ! co>s5ess ( ! plates & its resemblance to ,e4 imp]ator4 ,! specim5 0 f\nd #c miles we/ ( ,v]o1 along ! bank ( ! dra9age canal4 ,x 0 emb$d$ 9 a matrix ( br[n s&1 a /ratum ( :i* re/s on ! m>9e %ell-m>l :i* und]lies t region4 ,x is evid5t t a numb] ( plates are miss+ f ! front & t ! too? is ! h9d]mo/ "o4 ,if ! jaw _h belong$ to ,e4 columbi ) #bd plates1 ! l5g? ( ! tee? w\ld h be5 ab\t #ddj mm4 ,9 case ! too? is t ( ,e4 imp]ator1 !re 7 probably ab\t six m plates 9 front orig9ally & ! too? _h a l5g? ( ab\t #ccj mm4 ,! wid? appe>s to be ab\t #ij mm4 ,9 ! collection at ,amh]/ ,college is a fragm5t ( a l[] "r mol>1 probably ! h9d]mo/1 ( ?is species4 ,six plates are repres5t$4 ,x is well worn d[n1 ) a v concave gr9d+-surface4 ,! plates are close to #be mm4 ?ick4 ,! exact place :]e ! too? 0 f\nd is n m5tion$ on ! label1 b x 0 some:]e ab\t ,v]o4 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,c\nty4--,9 ! report j cit$ 7p4 #aab1 fig4 #df71 ,sell>ds describ$ briefly & illu/rat$ a too? he secur$ 9 ,caloosahat*ee ,riv] 9 #aiad4 ,notes tak5 by ! writ] are to ! effect t x 0 f\nd on ! nor? bank ( ! riv]1 at ! fir/ b5d above ,labelle1 probably 9 ,lee ,c\nty & 9 t[n%ip #dc s\?1 range #bi ea/4 ,! l5g? ( ?is too?1 z pres]v$1 is #caj mm4 f ! base 9 front to ! re> ( ! talon4 ,!re are #ab ridge-plates pres5t1 b evid5tly "s are gone f ! front4 ,!re are #e ( ^! plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e1 tak5 at ! middle ( _! height4 ,sell>ds's /atem5t t 8 figure is "o-fif? ! natural size is evid5tly an error = "o-?ird4 ,if ?is too? belong$ to ,e4 columbi & _h ! usual numb] ( plates1 #bd1 ! l5g? w\ld h be5 ne> #fjj mm41 a size n probable4 ,if x belong$ to ,e4 imp]ator1 z ! writ] ?9ks x did1 ! orig9al l5g? 0 some:]e ne> #dej mm41 a m reasonable1 b at ! same "t1 an unusual dim5sion4 #d4 ,ev]glades4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york 7,no4 #hjfh71 is a "p ( a too? once suppos$ to belong to ! ,indian elephant & said to h be5 m5tion$ some:]e by ! geologi/ ,j4 ,d4 ,dana z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ev]glades4 ,x appe>s to be well fossiliz$4 ,x is app>5tly ! second true mol> ( ! "r side4 ,!re are #ab plates1 ( :i* #e occupy a l9e #ajj mm4 long4 ,"s plates are evid5tly miss+ f ! front4 ,! writ] believes t ?is too? belongs to ,elephas imp]ator4 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahi7 is a "p ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( an elephant record$ z hav+ be5 f\nd on ,peace ,creek4 ,?is jaw 0 collect$ by ,j4 ,fras ,le ,b>on1 & 9 a report made to ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,baird 9 #ahha1 he indicat$ t ?is fossil1 ) _m o!rs :i* he _h s5t to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 _h be5 f\nd some:]e along ,peace ,creek betwe5 ! m\? ( ,little ,*>lie ,apopka ,creek & tide-wat]1 b ! place is no m exactly designat$2 9 any case n _m miles away f ,arcadia4 ,x1 ) o!r ,plei/oc5e fossils1 0 f\nd 9 gravel ov]ly+ a s(t yell[ lime/one ab\t #d4e feet ?ick4 ,! jaw has be5 describ$ & figur$ by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bc1 plate ,,viii1 fig4 #b7 z ,elephas columbi4 ,he /at$ t eight ( ! ridges occupy a space ( #f4d in*es4 ,8 e/imate 01 h[ev]1 made ne> ! gr9d+-surface ( ! too?1 :]e ! plates conv]ge4 ,! writ] has remov$ ! bone & "s ( ! cem5t f ! inn] face ( ! too?1 s z bett] to expose ! edges ( ! plates4 ,x is f\nd t f\r ( ! enamel plates1 ) ! correspond+ cem5t plates1 occupy #ajj mm4 ,! plates are too co>se = ! too? to be t ( ,elephas columbi4 ,! l5g? ( ! too?1 9 a /raight l9e along ! base1 is #bfj mm4 ,_h ! too? orig9ally _h #bb plates1 a mod]ate numb] = ,e4 columbi1 ! total l5g? w\ld h be5 #ejj mm4 or m4 ,mean:ile1 ! wid? is only #he mm4 ,!re are n[ #ab plates left1 & !re 7 at fir/ probably #ah4 ,! orig9al l5g? 0 probably ab\t #djj mm4 or less4 ,leidy ?\ght t ! #ab plates pres5t repres5t$ ! complete numb] ent]+ into ! con/itution ( ! too?1 b ! exposure ( ! base ( ! too? 9 front %[s t a numb] ( plates _h be5 worn out & lo/4 ,! species ( v]tebrates f\nd along ,peace ,riv] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,arcadia & _! geological age are discuss$ on pages #chj-cha4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,h5nessy1 ( ,palmetto1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has receiv$ a "p ( a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol> ( ,elephas imp]ator1 f\nd by him on ,janu>y #aj1 #aiag1 on ! nor? %ore ( ,manatee ,riv]1 )9 ! corporate limits ( ,palmetto4 ,! specim5 pres5ts sev5 ridge-plates & "p ( an eigh?4 ,portions ( ! too? are miss+ f bo? ends4 ,! di/ance across five plates is #ajf mm4 ,! wid? across ! worn face is #ajj mm41 ! height ( ! h9d]mo/ plate pres5t #aej mm4 ,! enamel is /rongly plicat$4 ,! too? c]ta9ly belongs to ,elephas imp]ator4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! too? 9 its complete /ate 0 ab\t #cfj mm4 ,_h x belong$ to ,e4 columbi1 ) #bd plates1 ! l5g? w\ld h be5 ab\t #dhj mm4 7#ai in*es74 ,,alabama4 7,map #ad47 #a4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a l[] left mol> :i* belongs to ?is species4 ,x 0 collect$ by ,lawr5ce ,johnson1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,x is worn d[n to ! base 9 front & "s plates h ?us disappe>$4 ,p>ts ( sev5 plates & ! h9d] talon rema94 ,! wid? ( ! gr9d+-face is #ij mm4 ,at ! ?ird plate f ! re> ! height ( ! cr[n is #ig mm4 ,! h9d] bord] ( ! too? is obtusely keel$ & !re are no indications t !re 0 ano!r too? beh9d x4 ,x seems necess>y1 !re=e1 to reg>d x z ! h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,! l>ge h9d] root 0 develop$1 b holl[ to conta9 ! pulp4 ,! ant]ior root is entirely miss+4 ,! plates ( ! cr[n turn backw>d /rongly4 ,( ^! plates !re are on ! inn] face ( ! too? h>dly f\r 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e2 on ! out] face1 only f\r4 ,! enamel is r /rongly fold$ & ( mod]ate ?ickness4 ,) ?is too? !re came f ! same place a mol> ( ,equus leidyi & "s fragm5ts ( tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,! writ] believes t ^! species %[ ! pres5ce1 along ,bogue ,*itto1 ( ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ab\t ,aftonian age4 #b4 8,ne> ,gulf ( ,mexico40--,j4 ,c4 ,w>r51 9 ! second edition ( 8 "w1 8,! ,ma/odon giganteus ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 #ahee1 page #afb1 plate ,,xxviii1 figure ,a1 describ$ & figur$ a "p ( a l>ge upp] mol>1 probably ! h9d]mo/1 ( an elephant :i*1 z ! writ] believes1 belongs to ,elephas imp]ator4 ,w>r5 /at$ m]ely t ?is too? _h be5 f\nd 9 ,alabama1 ne> ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,he reg>d$ ! too? z belong+ to ,elephas primig5ius & repres5t+ a =m ) extremely ?ick plates4 ,falcon] 7,palont4 ,mem41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbg7 describ$ ! too? ) some:at m accuracy ?an did ,w>r51 al?\gh he _h only a ca/ ( ! too?4 ,he /at$ t ! specim5 pres5t$ ! middle portion ( an enorm\s la/ upp] mol> ( ! "r side4 ,?is too? _h lo/ "p ( ! front by we> & ! re> by fracture4 ,!re 7 pres]v$ eight complete ridges & a half ( ano!r 9 front4 ,falcon] said t x bore a close resemblance to ! ,bolla]t too? f\nd at ,san ,filipe1 9 ,texas1 a too? describ$ 9 ,! ,geologi/1 ( ,london1 9 #ahfa1 #ahfb1 volumes ,,iv & ,v4 ,he gave ! l5g? ( ! fragm5t1 measur$ at ! base1 z #g in*es2 ! l5g? ( ! eight h9d] ridges1 at ! base1 #f4f in*es2 ! wid? ( ! cr[n at ! ?ird ridge1 #d4f in*es2 ! greate/ wid? beh9d1 #d4i in*es2 ! height ( ! la/ ridge1 #h in*es4 ,! av]age ?ickness ( ! plates1 includ+ ! cem5t1 0 #j4h in*4 ,w>r5's figure %[s t ! enamel is well crimp$4 ,falcon] ref]r$ ! too?1 ) "s d\bt1 to ,elephas columbi1 b he 0 n well acqua9t$ ) ,e4 imp]ator4 ,! pres5t writ] believes t ! too? belongs to ! la/ species nam$4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,! wid? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #aaj mm4 ,!re are #e plates 9 a #ajj-mm4 l9e4 ,! plates are n curv$4 ,! enamel is ?ick & fe/oon$4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,elephants ,,( ,,undet]m9$ ,,species ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,! r num]\s specim5s ( elephants "h describ$ are ^? ^: specific id5tity c n at pres5t be det]m9$4 ,(t5 ! discov]y ( elephant rema9s1 especially ( tee?1 has be5 report$ )\t any attempt at description or id5tification2 or !y may h be5 ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius at a "t :5 no specific di/9ctions 7 recogniz$ among our elephants4 ,9 probably mo/ cases ! specim5s report$ h be5 lo/4 ,! great majority ( !m belong$ ei!r to ,elephas primig5ius or to ,e4 columbi4 ,x has seem$ wor? :ile to keep record ( ^! unid5tifi$ specim5s2 = equally ) ! o!rs !y %[ ! pres5ce ( ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,,ungava4 #a4 ,long ,isl&1 ,james ,bay4--,9 #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cga1 fig4 #a71 ,rob]t ,bell report$ ! discov]y ( an elephant too? on ,long ,isl&1 id5tifi$ by ,boyd ,dawk9s z t ( ,elephas columbi2 by ,cope z probably a v>iety int]m$iate betwe5 ,e4 columbi & ,e4 primig5ius4 ,no measurem5ts 7 giv5 by ,bell1 & ! too? 0 figur$ obliquely1 s its proportions c h>dly be det]m9$4 ,cope reg>d$ x z a h9d]mo/ mol>1 b x appe>s to be a la/ milk mol> or a fir/ true mol>4 ,x is rem>kable = ! great ?ickness ( ! cem5t betwe5 ! enamel plates4 ,! too? 0 report$ f\nd on ! nak$ rock ( an isl& ne>ly b>e ( soil4 ,x might be suppos$ t a too? ?us expos$ w\ld soon h be5 de/roy$ by wea!r+4 ,lucas 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,m>yl&1 ,plei/oc5e vol41 p4 #aea7 express$ ! op9ion t x _h be5 c>ri$ !re by wat] or ice4 ,"o might suppose x _h be5 br\ght to ! isl& by human ag5cy4 ,( its geological age no?+ c be said1 except t x is ,plei/oc5e4 ,?is locality is n m>k$ on ! map ( elephants ( undet]m9$ species1 z x lies some:at too f> nor?4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es1 ,l9coln ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,cat4 ,ca/s ,foss41 p4 #cg1 fig471 ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d repres5t$ a ca/ ( an elephant too? :i* appe>s to be ! l[] "r h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,! orig9al is /at$ to h be5 f\nd at ,/4 ,ca?>9es & to be 9 a museum at ,niag>a4 ,x is possible t ?is is ! too? describ$ on ano!r page z ,elephas columbi & n[ 9 ! ,victoria ,museum at ,toronto2 b1 :ile ,w>d's figure repres5ts ! great] l5g? ( ! too? z worn1 9 ! o!r too? only #f plates are worn4 ,x is possible t ! figure is incorrectly drawn4 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,c\nty4--,9 #aijd 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #ceb71 ,coleman m5tion$ ! f9d+ ( mammo? rema9s 9 a tunnel excavat$ ?r\gh ,burl+ton ,heights1 ne> ,hamilton1 & 9 a gravel-pit ab\t a mile f>!r we/w>d4 ,a tusk & "s bones 7 secur$1 b no?+ by means ( :i* ! species may be id5tifi$4 ,on page #adg is describ$ ! jaw ( ,e4 columbi1 discov]$ at ,burl+ton ,heights4 ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 pp4 #iff1 #ifg7 illu/rat$ ! jaw j m5tion$ by two figures1 #dif1 #dih1 ( ! symphysis ( an elephant1 f\nd at ,hamilton4 ,possibly ?is bone belong$ to ,e4 primig5ius4 #c4 ,toronto1 ,york ,c\nty4--,9 #ahie 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fda71 ,coleman report$ t 9 #ahid a too? ( a mammo? _h be5 f\nd on ,don ,riv]1 nor? ( ,toronto1 at a po9t :]e ! /ream fl[s ov] ! middle till ( ! region & cuts away banks %[+ /ratifi$ s& & 9 "s cases ! upp] till4 ,! too? may1 !re=e1 belong to ! int]glacial b$s1 b possibly to ! late glacial4 ,9 #aija 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bia71 ! same au?or indicat$ ! possible occurr5ce ( mammo? or ma/odon 9 ! ,don ,valley b$s4 ,?is 0 record$ 9 #aijj 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 p4 #ccj74 ,on page #cjj 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix7 x is /at$ t an ulna ( a mammo? or ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 int]glacial b$s 9 ,toronto1 possibly 9 deposits repres5t+ ! cold-climate ,sc>boro b$s2 b z x %[$ glacial scrat*es x may h be5 ly+ on ! surface at ! "t ( ! ,wiscons9 ice advance4 ,ev5 9 ! latt] case ! bone c1 x w\ld seem1 be ref]r$ to an int]glacial /age4 ,9 #ahii 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aid71 ,coleman /at$ t tee? ( mammo?s _h be5 discov]$ 9 a b>1 a "p ( ! ,iroquois bea* at ,york1 ea/ ( ,toronto4 ,,v]mont4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,ri*mond1 ,*itt5d5 ,c\nty4--,edw>d ,hit*cock 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,v]mont1 #ahfa1 p4 #agf7 /at$ t 9 #aheh rema9s ( an elephant _h be5 f\nd 9 ,ri*mond1 b no details 7 furni%$4 ,"o ( ! tee? is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,v]mont4 ,! writ] reg>ds ! species z indet]m9able4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,s5eca ,lake4--,9 #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ea/4 ,c\nties1 p4 #bjj71 ,emmons /at$ t a too? belong+ to ! elephant _h be5 tak5 f ! bea* ( ,s5eca ,lake4 ,:5 ?is happ5$1 exactly :]e1 & :at 0 done ) ! too?1 ! pres5t writ] does n "k4 #b4 ,wellsburg1 ,*emung ,c\nty4--,9 #agic 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #afd71 ,timo?y ,edw>ds report$ a horn or bone ( "s animal _h be5 f\nd 9 ,*emung1 or ,tyoga1 ,riv]1 ab\t #ab miles f ,tyoga ,po9t4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,a%ley1 ( ! ,libr>y ( ,congress1 in=m$ ! writ] t ,tyoga ,po9t 0 a =m] "n ( ! pres5t t[n ( ,a!ns1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,:e!r ! tusk 0 really f\nd 9 ,p5nsylvania or 9 ,new ,york is unc]ta91 nor is x any m c]ta9 t ! tusk 0 t ( an elephant & n ( a ma/odon4 ,! fragm5t 0 #f feet #i in*es long1 ) a circumf]5ce ( #ba in*es at ! base & #ae in*es at ! o!r extremity4 ,x 0 e/imat$ to h =m$ an arc #aj or #ab feet long ( a semicircle4 ,ma!r1 9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 pp4 #bcc1 #fcf71 /at$ t bones ( bo? ! ma/odon & ! elephant _h be5 f\nd 9 ,orange ,c\nty4 ,on page #dd ( ! same volume he /at$ t bones suppos$ to belong to an elephant _h be5 f\nd #b miles we/ ( ,gre5ville1 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty4 ,hall reg>d$ !m z belong+ to a ma/odon4 ,! case is d\btful4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,*amb]sburg1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahjf 7,phila4 ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,j\r41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aeg71 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton report$ rema9s ( a mammo? f\nd at ,*amb]sburg4 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,natural ,sci41 ,phila41 p4 #aba71 ,leidy exhibit$ draw+s ( an elephant too?1 dr$g$ up at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,allegh5y & ,monongahela ,riv]s at ,pittsburgh4 ,! too? 0 ne>ly entire & weigh$ slightly less ?an #af p\nds4 ,leidy ref]r$ ! too? to ,elephas am]icanus1 b :e!r x 0 ,e4 primig5ius or ,e4 columbi c n be det]m9$4 #c4 ,meadville1 ,craw=d ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,geologi/1 ( ,london1 volume ,v1 #ahfb1 on page #dca1 x 0 /at$ t ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,ruhmond1 ( ,meadville1 _h report$ to ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ! discov]y ( mammo? rema9s 9 ! excavation ( ! ,atlantic & ,great ,we/]n ,railroad at ,fr5* ,creek4 ,no fur!r in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,9 ?is case ! rema9s might h be5 ^? ( a ma/odon4 #d4 ,gir>d1 ,erie ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,erie ,public ,museum are ?ree tusks1 said to h be5 f\nd ne> ,gir>d2 "o is ab\t #d feet long2 ano!r some:at long]4 ,!y are sl5d] & probably belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius1 b !re is no c]ta9ty ab\t ?is4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #af1 #cf47 #a4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,jackson ,c\nty4--,some:]e along ?is creek 0 discov]$ ! l[] jaw & its tee?1 to :i* 0 fir/ giv5 ! "n ,elephas jacksoni4 ,! creek1 ) its bran*es1 ga!rs up ! wat]s ( ! c5tral "p ( ! c\nty & leaves ! c\nty at its nor?we/ corn]4 ,! fir/ notice ( ?is jaw appe>s to h be5 giv5 9 #ahch 7,fir/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 pp4 #if1 #ig7 by ,c4 ,briggs1 assi/ant geologi/ ( ! survey4 ,he /at$ t ) "s o!r bones x _h be5 f\nd1 by unnam$ p]sons1 ab\t #ahce1 9 ! bank ( a bran* ( ,salt ,creek1 9 ! nor?we/ "p ( ! c\nty4 ,a second se>*1 made by ,briggs & ,fo/]1 br\ght to light fragm5ts ( ! skull1 two tee?1 & "s o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,p>ts ( ! tusk 9 a frail condition 7 secur$4 ,x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! tusk measur$ on ! out] curve #aj feet #i in*es4 ,! writ] has be5 unable to le>n :at has become ( ^! bones2 none is 9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,columbus4 ,! report made by ,briggs on ?is specim5 0 repr9t$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume ,,xxxiv1 #ahch1 page #ceh1 9 a review ( ,ma!rs' ,fir/ ,annual ,report4 ,! au?or ( ! review 0 almo/ c]ta9ly ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/]4 ,an unsign$ lett]1 app>5tly also by ,fo/]1 foll[s1 9 :i* are poor figures ( ! jaw & "o ( ! tee?4 ,9 ?is lett] ! "n ,elephas jacksoni is appli$ to ! rema9s4 ,9 #ahci 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #aij71 ,fo/] contribut$ a figure ( "o ( ! tee?1 probably a h9d]mo/ mol>1 b x is unc]ta9 :e!r x repres5ts ! :ole too? or ! rema9+ "p ( a worn "o2 nor is ! am\nt ( r$uction indicat$4 ,! pres5t writ] f9ds x impossible to decide :e!r ! too? belongs to ,elephas primig5ius or ,e4 columbi4 #b4 ,bev]ly1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #dga71 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,&rews report$ t1 sev]al ye>s be=e he wrote1 p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a huge mammo? _h be5 dug up 9 ,bev]ly4 ,among o!r p>ts 7 sev]al l>ge tee? 9 good pres]vation1 "o ( :i* 0 deposit$ 9 ! cab9et ( ,m>ietta ,college2 b ! writ] has n be5 able to le>n any?+ ab\t x4 ,a ,dr4 ,b[51 ( ,wat]=d ,t[n%ip1 0 said to h f\nd1 some:]e f>!r up ,musk+um ,riv]1 a %\ld]-blade ( a mammo?2 b ?is locality mu/ h be5 9 ,morgan ,c\nty4 ,! id5tification ( ! species is also que/ionable4 #c4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,c\nty4--,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahch1 p4 #hj7 report$ a mol> & a tusk ( an elephant _h be5 dug up at ,na%port1 9 excavat+ a canal4 ,) ^! _h be5 f\nd rema9s ( a ma/odon1 ( ,ca/oroides1 & ( a suppos$ %eep4 ,m probably ! latt] 0 an intrusion ( a dome/ic %eep4 ,^! rema9s _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,zanesville ,a!num1 b ! writ] c get no trace ( !m4 #d4 ,ross ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #ae71 ,*>les ,:ittlesey report$ he _h se5 rema9s ( elephant 9 alluvial muck 9 ,ross ,c\nty1 at an elevation ( ab\t #ej feet above ! bottom l& ( ! ,scioto ,valley4 ,! locality 0 no m exactly def9$ & "o c n det]m9e :e!r x is )9 ! ,wiscons9 area1 t ( ! ,ill9oian1 or t n glaciat$4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,xli1 p4 #bei71 :at appe>s to be an ,ill9oian t]race along ,scioto ,riv] opposite ,*illico! /&s #abj feet above ! riv]1 :ile ! ,wiscons9 t]race is #fj feet l[]4 ,! elephant rema9s 7 probably on ! ,wiscons9 t]race4 #e4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 ,lyell wrote t bo? elephant & ma/odon tee? _h be5 f\nd 9 ! gravelly b$s ( ! high] t]races on ! "r bank ( ! riv] at ,c9c9nati4 ,9 8 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica0 7vol4 ,,ii1 #ahde1 p4 #ei71 ,lyell 0 m def9ite 9 8 /atem5t4 ,he /at$ t ne> ! edge ( ! high] t]race1 9 digg+ a gravel-pit1 :i* he saw op5 at ! end ( ,six? /reet1 a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius _h be5 discov]$ n long be=e4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,ulri* in=ms ! writ] t ?is 0 probably at ! ea/]n end ( ! /reet4 ,inasmu* z all ! elephant rema9s ( our c\ntry 7 at t "t ref]r$ to ,e4 primig5ius1 x is d\btful :e!r ! specim5 belong$ to ?is species or to ,e4 columbi4 ,pr(essor ,n4 ,m4 ,f5neman writes t ! 8high] t]race0 "h m5tion$ c be no?+ m ?an ! t]race on :i* ! l[] city /&s1 namely1 ! ,wiscons9 outwa%4 ,he kn[s ( no fragm5ts ( ,ill9oian t]race !re4 #f4 ,=t ,jeff]son1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ejh71 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,l9demu? wrote t ,dr4 ,g4 ,miesse _h 9 8 collection an almo/ p]fect skeleton ( a mammo?1 z well z portions ( a ma/odon1 bo? ( :i* 7 f\nd 9 ! peat deposits ( ,mud ,creek 8prairie40 ,?is ma/odon is d\btless ! "o describ$ on page #gc & pres]v$ 9 ! ,gre5ville ,public ,libr>y4 ,:]e ! elephant rema9s are ! writ] does n "k4 ,! locality appe>s to be 9 ,neave ,t[n%ip 7t[n%ip #aa nor?1 range #b ea/74 #g4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,9 #ahcd 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bef71 9 an unsign$ article1 ! geologi/ ,s4 ,p4 ,hildre? told ( hav+ a too? ( an elephant :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 gravelly diluvium back ( ,circleville4 ,?is meant probably some:]e ea/ ( ! t[n4 #h4 ,s\? ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,c\nty4--,9 ! article j cit$1 ,hildre? told ( secur+1 ne> ,s\? ,bloomfield1 tee? ( ! 8,am]ican elephant10 9 association ) ^? ( ! ma/odon4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 excavat+ = a culv]t ov] a small bran* ne> ! t[n4 ,hildre? describ$ ! tee?1 s t x is c]ta9 t !y belong$ to an elephant2 b ! species c n be det]m9$4 ,a too? is describ$ z be+ #g in*es broad1 #f in*es long1 & #c in*es ?ick4 #i4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhf 7,proc4 ,dav5port ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cjh71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,/]l+ report$ ! f9d+ ( an elephant 9 a small swamp #c miles f ,clevel& & #b miles f ! lake4 ,! swamp _h orig9ally occupi$ ab\t #b acres ( surface4 ,a well-pres]v$ tusk1 two v]tebr1 ?ree ribs1 "p ( ! sacrum1 & a mol> 7 secur$4 ,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ahc71 ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry /at$ t ! delta s& deposits1 ! gravel & s&1 :i* =m ! surface ( ! ,clevel& plateau1 _h yield$ num]\s p>ts ( ! skeletons ( ma/odon & elephant4 #aj4 ,montville1 ,geauga ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ebf71 ,m4 ,c4 ,read record$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( an elephant at ?is place4 ,two tusks 7 secur$1 also all ! bones ( ! pelvis1 sev5 or eight v]tebr1 "s ribs1 fragm5ts ( ! skull1 & a "p ( "o too?2 ! latt] 0 n describ$4 ,! rema9s 7 f\nd 9 a small m>%2 at ! surface 0 a deposit :i* _h result$ f ! gr[? ( swamp vegetation2 at ! bottom 0 clay2 & 9 ?is clay ! bones 7 buri$4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to h belong$ to a "y animal4 #aa4 ,canton1 ,/>k ,c\nty4--,9 ,m\nt ,union-,scio ,college ! writ] has exam9$ a "r tibia ( a proboscidean report$ to h be5 f\nd #c miles nor!a/ ( ,canton4 ,x is believ$ to h belong$ to "o ( ! elephants & n to a ma/odon4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts 7 tak54 mm4 ,total l5g? #fge ,side-to-side diamet] ( l[] end across ! articul> surface #bjj ,=e-&-aft diamet] ( l[] end across ! articul> surface #afj ,circumf]5ce at middle ( l5g? #cde ,side-to-side diamet] at middle ( l5g? #aaj ,=e-&-aft diamet] at middle ( l5g? #ajd ,side-to-side diamet] at extreme upp] end #bde ,,mi*igan4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,ea/ ,sag9aw1 ,sag9aw ,c\nty4--,9 #aijb 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #beb71 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane report$ ! too? ( a mammo? f\nd 9 dit*+ close to ! ,pre ,m>quette %aft ,no4 #b1 9 ,ea/ ,sag9aw1 & t ?is _h be5 id5tifi$ by ! taxid]mi/ ,william ,ri*t]4 ,! size giv51 #aa by #e in*es1 indicates t x belong$ to "o ( ! elephants4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #c feet or less1 & at an elevation ( ab\t #be feet above ! lake4 ,! writ] has be5 unable to get any additional in=mation ab\t ?is too?4 ,! locality is )9 ! bea*-l9e ( ! glacial ,lake ,algonqu91 :i* appe>s1 accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #cig71 to h /ood at a l[] level ?an our pres5t ,lake ,erie4 #b4 ,macomb ,c\nty4--,alex&] ,w9*ell 7#a/ ,bi5n4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan1 #ahfa1 p4 #acb71 9 speak+ ( an elephant mol> f\nd 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,jackson ,c\nty1 add$ t o!r rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ,macomb ,c\nty4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #beb1 footnote7 takes ?is to ref] to ! rema9s ( ! mammo?4 ,"h aga9 a discov]y is made ( little value1 ?r\gh ! neglect to collect accurate in=mation & to pres]ve ! specim54 ,macomb ,c\nty1 situat$ on ,lake ,/4 ,clair1 is ne>ly :olly occupi$ by deposits laid d[n by ! fall+ glacial lakes f ,lake ,maumee to ,lake ,erie4 #c4 ,gr& ,l$ge1 ,eaton ,c\nty4--,=m] ,/ate ,geologi/ ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,mi*igan = #aija1 p4 #beb7 made ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,gr9old1 ( ,gr& ,l$ge1 notic$ 9 dit*+ nor? ( t t[n t !y _h cut ?r\gh a tusk2 & ?r\gh ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,full] my att5tion 0 call$4 ,i w5t !re & f\nd ! rema9s b>ely a foot f ! surface1 9 a little l[ swale :i* ,mr4 ,frank ,tabor1 ! own]1 said 0 a duck pond #dj ye>s ago2 9 o!r words1 a good place = a l>ge1 heavy animal to get mir$4 ,we expos$ ?ree tee? :i* 7 pla9ly ^? ( a mammo?1 & 7 ly+ j expos$4 ,! tee? 71 two ( !m1 #h in*es long1 ! ?ird #f4 ,! tusk _h flatt5$ into an ellipse ab\t #i by #e in*es ne> ! butt1 & #f or #g feet long40 ,gr& ,l$ge is on ! s\? bank ( ,gr& ,riv]1 9 ! nor!rn edge ( ! c\nty2 likewise on ! ,lans+ mora9e1 "o ( ! conc5tric mora9es laid d[n by ! retreat+ ,sag9aw lobe ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 #d4 ,bu*anan1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,w4 ,hillis ,smi?1 ( ,niles1 ,mi*igan1 in=m$ ! writ] t 9 #ahii a dra9age dit* 0 be+ made ?r\gh ! ,bak]/[n m>%1 s\? & we/ f ,bu*anan1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! "w _m ma/odon bones 7 ?r[n out2 also t "o too? ( a mammo? 0 f\nd4 ,?is came into ! possession ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 ( ,kalamazoo4 ,,indiana4 7,map #af47 ,,9 ,,driftless ,,area4 #a4 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,john ,collett 7#g? ,ann4 ,report ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bde1 #bdf7 /at$ t mammo? rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t ^!4 #b4 ,%oals1 ,m>t9 ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,m4 ,f4 ,ma!rs1 ( ,orleans1 ,indiana1 in=m$ ! writ] t 9 #ahhj1 :ile at ,%oals fi%+1 a "p ( ! upp] jaw ( an elephant1 ) two l>ge tee? 9 x1 0 f\nd1 9 ,:ite ,riv] bel[ ! %oals4 ,mr4 ,ma!rs assures ! writ] t ! tee? 7 ( a k9d v diff]5t f ^? ( a ma/odon f\nd on 8 place4 ,he did n "k :at became ( ! specim54 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahga1 p4 #ajc7 /at$ t rema9s ( ! mammo? & ( ! ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ,m>t9 ,c\nty emb$d$ 9 m>% clay re/+ on ! drift4 ,! only drift 9 ! c\nty is ! ,ill9oian4 ,^! animals mu/ h liv$ aft] ! ,ill9oian /age2 b n necess>ily imm$iately aft]4 ,,on ,,area ,,cov]$ ,,by ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #c4 ,vigo ,c\nty4--,john ,collett1 9 #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,/ati/4 & ,geol41 #ahhj1 p4 #che71 /at$ t elephant rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ,vigo ,c\nty4 #d4 ,gosport1 ,ow5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahei1 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,a4 ,wylie 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bhc7 gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( p>ts ( ! skeleton ( an elephant 9 ! bank ( ,:ite ,riv]1 ab\t a mile s\!a/ ( ,gosport4 ,two tusks1 f\r tee?1 & "s fragm5t>y p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 exhum$1 f a b$ ( s&1 ov]la9 by #h feet ( /iff blui% clay4 ,! s& appe>$ to re/ on b$-rock4 ,"o tusk _h a l5g? ( ab\t #i feet & a diamet] ( #h in*es1 & ?is diamet] 0 ma9ta9$ to ne> ! tip4 ,! tee? 7 evid5tly ! second & ?ird mol>s1 probably ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! l>ge/ mol> measur$ #aa in*es on ! longe/ diagonal & _h #bj plates4 8,! di/ance betwe5 ! plates & ! int]val betwe5 ! pairs is ab\t "o-f\r? in*40 ,?is specim5 0 probably tak5 to ! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana & de/roy$ 9 a fire4 ,x seems mo/ likely t ! rema9s belong$ to ,e4 primig5ius4 ,!y 7 app>5tly buri$ 9 outwa% mat]ials f ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 #ag4 ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,c\nty4--,9 #aijb 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aija1 p4 #bdg71 ,j4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 a physician1 report$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd 9 a gravel-pit #j4e mile s\? ( ,wailesboro at a dep? ( #g feet4 ,! too? weigh$ #i p\nds4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds de/roy$ 9 a fire4 ,al?\gh ?is 0 q c]ta9ly ! too? ( an elephant1 ! id5tification ( ! species may be d\bt$4 #e4 ,brookville1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,r4 ,haymond 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xlvi1 p4 #bid71 "u ! "n ,mega!rium1 describ$ a too?1 evid5tly ( an elephant4 ,9 #ahfi 7#a/ ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #bjj7 ,haymond /at$ t he _h ! too? 9 8 possession2 b ! family does n n[ 7#aiaj7 "k :at became ( x4 ,x measur$ #ac in*es 9 l5g?1 #f in*es 9 height1 & #d in*es 9 ?ickness4 ,x probably belong$ to ,e4 columbi4 ,no /atem5t 0 made z to ! exact place ( discov]y4 ,john ,t4 ,plumm]1 9 #ahdc 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cjb71 describ$ a tusk f\nd 9 digg+ a dit* ne> ,brookville1 #ae feet f ! surface4 ,x 0 ne>ly #f feet long1 _h a diamet] ( #d in*es1 & 0 /rongly curv$4 ,?is might h belong$ to a ma/odon4 ,,on ,,area ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,%elbyville ,,& ,,! ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9es4 #f4 ,p>ke1 ,v]million1 & ,putnam ,c\nties4--,john ,collett1 ,/ate geologi/ 9 #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,/ati/4 & ,geol41 p4 #che7 made ! b>e /atem5t t mammo? rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ^! c\nties4 ,! s\!rn portions ( ,p>ke & ,putnam ,c\nties are occupi$ by ,ill9oian drift2 ! nor!rn portion ( ea* by ,wiscons94 ,collett's /atem5t is n ( great value = u4 ,"s rema9s might h be5 buri$ on ! area cov]$ by ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,,9 ,,area ,,nor? ,,( ,,! ,,bloom+ton ,,mora9e ,,& ,,s\? ,,( ,,! ,,waba% ,,riv] ,,& ,,! ,,mississ9awa ,,mora9e4 #g4 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,w4 ,h4 ,?ompson1 9 #ahhf 7#ae? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aei71 report$ ! l[] jaw ( a mammo? f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,black ,creek1 on ! l& ( ,milton ,n4 ,waugh1 :o 0 n will+ to "p ) x4 ,?ompson ?\ght t a lake _h =m]ly occupi$ p>ts ( ,sug> ,creek & ,madison ,t[n%ips4 ,! jaw conta9$ two tee?2 besides ?is jaw1 !re 7 two tusks ne>ly #aa feet long4 ,! writ] 0 in=m$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,donaldson ,bod9e t ! locality 0 on section #ab1 t[n%ip #bj nor?1 range #c we/4 ,! tee? & bones 7 une>!d by a ,mr4 ,p>i% & aft]w>ds sold by him2 b x has be5 f\nd impossible to trace _! hi/ory4 ,! locality is on or v ne> a portion ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9ic sy/em1 s t x is evid5t t ! animal liv$ dur+ ! latt] portion ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #af4 ,conn]sville1 ,fayette ,c\nty4--,m4 ,g4 ,mock has %[n ! writ] a sket* ( an elephant too? f\nd "s ye>s ago #c miles s\?we/ ( ,conn]sville4 ,! too? 0 #i in*es long1 #g in*es high1 & weigh$ #h p\nds4 ,:e!r x belong$ to ,e4 primig5ius or to ,e4 columbi is n kn[n4 #h4 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,john ,collett1 z m5tion$ "u ,no4 #f1 /at$ t mammo? rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 b he did n ent] into details4 #i4 ,noblesville1 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,john ,collett1 9 ! report cit$ 9 ! la/ p>agraph1 on page #che1 gave a detail$ acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( "s rema9s ( a mammo? #d miles s\!a/ ( ,noblesville1 on ! f>m ( ,john ,h4 ,caylor4 ,! locality is giv5 z on ! ea/ half ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #af1 t[n%ip #ah1 range #i we/2 b evid5tly ! range is #e ea/4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhj a l>ge dit* 0 be+ made = ! dra9age ( a swamp1 situat$1 accord+ to ,collett1 9 a valley #bj rods wide & ext5d+ sev]al miles f s\!a/ to ne>ly nor?we/4 ,! high] l& on ea* side is glacial drift & conta9s gravel & l>ge b\ld]s4 ,! dit* 0 #d feet deep1 #c feet ( :i* 0 9 rec5t peat or bog1 & ! bottom ext5d$ d[n #a foot into f9e blue clay4 ,9 ?is clay 7 f\nd two well-pres]v$ tee? ( a mammo?1 a hip bone1 a ?igh bone1 & ! tips ( two v]tebr4 ,^! bones & tee? 7 scatt]$ along ! l9e ( ! dit* a di/ance ( #hj feet & 9 a wid? ( less ?an #b feet4 ,:at became ( ^! bones we are n in=m$4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's map1 ?is region is cov]$ by ,wiscons9 gr\nd mora9e4 ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,lev]ett t ! valley m5tion$ by ,collett 0 probably orig9ally a subglacial dra9age *annel4 #ae4 ,muncie1 ,delaw>e ,c\nty4--,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 ( ,h\/on1 ,texas1 =m]ly ( ,muncie1 ,indiana1 %[$ ! writ] a sket* ( an elephant too?1 a l[] h9d]mo/ mol>1 ) consid]able p>ts ( ! skeleton1 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,s4 ,n4 ,priddy1 ,july #a1 #ahie4 ,! too? 0 #ab in*es long & #e in*es across4 ,?is belong$ probably to ,elephas columbi1 b ( ?is !re is no c]ta9ty4 #aj4 ,dora1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,elrod & ,b5$ict1 9 #ahib 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #bda71 report$ two l>ge tee? ( a mammo? f\nd on ! f>m ( ,john ,h4 ,peffley1 9 ! ea/ half ( ! s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #ah1 t[n%ip #bg1 range #h ea/4 ,! writ]s ( ! report saw "o ( ! tee? & id5tifi$ x z ,elephas primig5ius2 b probably !y did n consid] ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is species & ,e4 columbi4 ,,9 ,,area ,,nor? ,,( ,,waba% ,,riv]4 #aa4 ,jasp] ,c\nty4--,john ,collett 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #gc7 report$ t mammo? rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 ,jasp] ,c\nty4 ,no?+ 0 add$4 #ab4 ,pleasant ,t[n%ip1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,elrod & ,b5$ict1 z not$ above1 /ate on _! page #bdj t "s ye>s previ\sly mammo? bones _h be5 discov]$ :ile ?r[+ up an embankm5t = a bridge across ,silv] ,creek4 ,! bones 7 f\nd "u #e feet ( muck4 ,we h no assurance t ^! bones 7 n ^? ( a ma/odon4 ,x 0 report$ to ,elrod & ,b5$ict t "s 7 9 ,waba% ,college1 at ,craw=dsville4 ,on ?is same creek1 ne> ,laketon1 7 f\nd "s ma/odon rema9s1 = :i* see page #ih4 ,?is t[n%ip1 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,waba% ,c\nty1 lies on ! great mora9e :i* runs along ! nor? side ( ,eel ,riv]4 #ac4 ,/4 ,john's1 ,lake ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,w4 ,s4 ,blat*ley1 9 #ahih 7#bb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #ij71 /at$ t an almo/ complete skeleton ( a mammo? _h be5 f\nd 9 a m>% at ! headwat]s ( ,deep ,riv]1 9 ! nor? half ( section #ce1 t[n%ip #ce nor?1 range #i we/4 ,?is w\ld be v close to ,/4 ,john's & on ! ,valp>aiso mora9e4 ,x is n probable t ,pr(essor ,blat*ley saw ?is skeleton1 & we c n1 !re=e1 be c]ta9 t x 0 n t ( a ma/odon4 ,if x did belong to "o ( ! elephants x is to be regrett$ t su* r>e mat]ials h n be5 pres]v$4 #ad4 ,all5 ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,c4 ,r4 ,dry] 7#af? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 record$ ! f9d+ ( a s+le mammo? too? 9 ,all5 ,c\nty4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t ?is4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #af1 #ch47 ,,)9 ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,ill9oian ,,drift4 #a4 ,equality1 ,gallat9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge1 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bac-bad71 9 8 report on ,gallat9 ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 /at$ he _h pick$ up num]\s plates ( elephant tee? at :at 0 call$ 8,half-moon10 locat$ ne> ,equality1 9 section #ai1 t[n%ip #i1 range #h ea/4 ,x is an excavation made _m ye>s ago to obta9 salt-br9e1 ne> ! ,sal9e ,riv]1 z ! region !reab\t furni%es salt spr+s4 ,x is impli$ 9 ,cox's acc\nt t o!r rema9s ( elephants _h be5 f\nd !re1 b usually 9 a bad condition4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e to :i* species ( elephant ! fragm5ts belong$4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ! region 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi71 ! locality is occupi$ by alluvial t]races old] ?an ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,n f> away is ! bord] ( ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,mo/ probably ! elephants !re repres5t$ liv$ aft] ! ,ill9oian /age1 b !y may h liv$ at any "t !reaft] up to ! ,late ,wiscons94 #b4 ,*e/]1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,a4 ,w4 ,wor!n1 =m] ,/ate geologi/ ( ,ill9ois1 made 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 ! /atem5t t ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams _h f\nd at ,*e/] & ,alton rema9s ( mammo?1 ,megalonyx1 ,bos 7,bison71 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 & o!r ext9ct animals4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 say :at species _h be5 f\nd at ea* place4 ,a newspap] /atem5t 0 publi%$ 9 #aiaa to ! effect t ,william ,rade1 ( ,belleville1 _h a l>ge too?1 f\nd 9 ! l[l&s along ,mississippi ,riv] s\? ( ,*e/]4 ,x 0 describ$ z a mol> a foot 9 l5g?1 #f in*es 9 diamet] 79 height probably71 weigh+ ov] #e p\nds1 & hav+ sev]al p>allel ridges across ! face4 ,x 0 d\btless ! too? ( a species ( elephant4 ,a lett] address$ to ,william ,rade br\ght no response4 ,x is probable t ! too? _h be5 wa%$ d[n f high] gr\nd at "s "t4 ,its geological age is indet]m9able4 #c4 ,calh\n ,c\nty4--,william ,mc,adams report$ 9 #ahhc 7,trans4 ,/4 ,l\is ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxix7 t he _h recov]$ f ! clay 9 a rav9e 9 ,calh\n ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 8! jaw ( an elephant beside :i* ,jumbo w\ld seem small40 ,"o ( ! tee? f ?is fossil jaw1 & :i* ,mc,adams pres5t$ be=e ! ,academy = inspection1 weigh$ ne>ly #ah p\nds4 ,x is n kn[n :at became ( ?is jaw & ! tee?2 nor c we det]m9e ! geological age ( ! animal4 ,su* discov]ies lose mo/ ( _! value ?r\gh lack ( exact /atem5ts reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! objects4 #ae4 ,*ri/ian ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ci71 ,wor!n /at$ t a too? ( a mammo? _h be5 f\nd by ,david ,mill] 9 a s& drift ne> ! ,s\? ,=k ( ,sangamon ,riv]1 9 ,*ri/ian ,c\nty4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,/ate cab9et4 ,! too? is said to h be5 ( a *alky :it5ess4 ,! drift :i* cov]s ?is c\nty belongs to ! ,ill9oian4 ,x is n probable t ! animal 9 "q liv$ be=e ! ,ill9oian /age4 #d4 ,sangamon ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc1 ,wor!n 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 /at$ t ! too? ( a mammo? _h be5 f\nd "s ye>s be=e 9 ! bluffs ( ! ,sangamon ,riv] & ne> ! surface4 ,he conclud$ t x _h n come f b$s old] ?an ! loess4 ,:ile ! probability is t ! too? 0 f\nd 9 ! ,sangamon loess1 !re c be no c]ta9ty ab\t x4 ,! animal might h liv$ !re :ile ! ,wiscons9 ice 0 ne>by4 #e4 ,fulton ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/ ( #aije 7,augu/ana ,libr>y ,pubs4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #aj71 ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,hurd1 ( ,knox ,college1 report$ t !re 0 9 ! museum ( t college a poorly pres]v$ too? ( "s species ( elephant1 f\nd 9 ,fulton ,c\nty4 ,all t c be said ab\t ! geological age ( ?is f9d is t ! c\nty is cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift & t ! too? is probably n old]4 ,nev]!less1 x might h be5 f\nd 9 "s excavation or along "s rav9e :i* _h rea*$ ! ,y>m\?4 #f4 ,galesburg1 ,knox ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/ ref]r$ to1 page #ad1 ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,hurd report$ !re 0 9 ! cab9et ( ,knox ,college a mu* decay$ elephant too?1 f\nd ne> ,galesburg 9 ! mak+ ( a dit*4 ,! presumption is t ! dit* _h n pass$ ?r\gh ! ,ill9oian drift & t ! animal _h liv$ aft] ! ,ill9oian /age2 x may be dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 #ad4 ,pek91 ,tazewell ,c\nty4--,9 #aiji 7,bull4 #ejf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #fa71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udd5 report$ rema9s ( a proboscidean f\nd 9 ,adam ,saal's gravel-pit1 betwe5 ,ill9ois ,riv] & ,dead ,lake1 a mile s\? ( ,pek91 at a dep? ( #ah feet4 ,!re 7 two tusks1 two tee?1 a "p ( a jaw1 & a few o!r bones4 ,"o too? is report$ to h weigh$ #ah p\nds1 ! o!r #h p\nds4 ,^! 7 d\btless weigh$ :ile wet4 ,only ! tee? ( an elephant w\ld weigh s mu*4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! species4 ,udd5 /at$ t ! gravel probably belongs to ! late/ ,wiscons9 t]race4 ,! locality is on ! bord] ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e4 #i4 ,peoria1 ,peoria ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bcg71 ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n report$ two mol> tee?1 ) a portion ( ! jaw1 f\nd 9 a gravel-b$ 9 ! bluff 9 ! city ( ,peoria4 ,a "p ( "o ( ^! tee? 0 !n 9 ! ,/ate ,cab9et at ,spr+field4 ,accord+ to ,wor!n1 ^! rema9s 7 f\nd at a dep? betwe5 #ab & #dh feet4 ,accord+ to ,udd5's map 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ejf1 plate ,i7 ! locality w\ld probably be on ! e>ly ,wiscons9 t]race4 ,! animal mu/ h liv$ dur+ ! =mation ( ?is t]race4 ,x w\ld seem t ?is mu/ h be5 aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h begun to retire & :ile ! region 0 yet mu* depress$4 ,bak] 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bii7 /at$ t ?is animal 0 a ma/odon4 #g4 ,rock ,isl&1 ,rock ,isl& ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/ ( ma/odons & elephants x is /at$ t 9 lay+ ! ov]fl[ pipe f ! bas9s ( ! ,rock ,isl& wat]works on ! bluff s\? ( ! city1 a cut 0 made 9 ! loess to a dep? ( ab\t #bb feet ne> ! edge ( ! bluff4 ,9 ! l[] "p ( ?is cut 7 f\nd a "p ( a too? ( an elephant & a piece ( a leg-bone4 ,^! 7 giv5 to ! museum ( ,augu/ana ,college4 ,! loess at ?is po9t is said to be ab\t #ce feet ?ick & ! l[] "p is some:at peaty 9 cuts 9 ! /reets fur!r we/4 ,probably ?is loess belongs to ! ,i[an /age & t b5ea? x 0 an old soil deposit$ 9 peat-swamps4 ,! fossil seems to belong to ! ,i[an glacial /age1 possibly to ! ,peorian int]glacial4 ,,elephants ,,f\nd ,,)9 ,,! ,,area ,,( ,,! ,,wiscons9 ,,drift4 #h4 ,atwood1 ,piatt ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 page #ag1 x is /at$ t 9 ! museum ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity !re is a too? ( a mammo? f\nd ne> ,atwood 9 #ahgi4 ,x 0 dug up f ab\t #f feet f ! surface4 ,atwood is 9 ! extreme s\!a/]n corn] ( ,piatt ,c\nty2 ! region r\nd ab\t is occupi$ by :at ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 calls ! ,%elbyville till %eet1 belong+ to ! e>ly ,wiscons9 /age4 ,! animal may h liv$ at any "t s9ce t till 0 deposit$ up to ,late ,wiscons94 ,! too? 0 probably buri$ 9 "s old peat-swamp & une>!d dur+ till+ op]ations4 #ac4 ,:eaton1 ,du ,page ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 page #aj1 x 0 report$ on ! au?ority ( ,*>les ,a4 ,blan*>d1 presid5t ( ,:eaton ,college1 t ab\t #ahij ! rema9s ( a mammo? 7 f\nd 9 dit*es on ! ,jewell f>m1 ne> ,:eaton4 ,! rema9s consi/$ ( ab\t a doz5 ribs1 z _m v]tebr1 a femur1 & o!r p>ts ( legs4 ,x appe>s to ! writ] t ! rema9s may h belong$ to a ma/odon4 ,:eaton is situat$ on t "p ( ! ,valp>aiso mora9e :i* runs p>allel ) ! we/]n %ore ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,:atev] ! animal 0 x mu/ be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #ac4 ,oak ,p>k1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,"u ?is numb] #ac mu/ be record$ a mammo? too? f\nd 9 a gravel-pit at ,oak ,p>k1 at a dep? ( sev]al feet4 ,only p>ts ( x 7 secur$ & ! species is unkn[n4 ,! pit 0 9 ! ,gl5ville bea*1 laid d[n dur+ ! wan+ ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial %eet 7,bak]1 ,f4 ,c41 ,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 p4 #gj74 #aj4 ,evan/on1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 page #i1 ,pr(essor ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 ( ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 report$ t ! museum conta9s ! too? ( a mammo?1 tak5 f a gravel-pit ne> ,evan/on4 ,! animal mu/ h liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glaci] _h )drawn into ! bas9 ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 #aa4 ,ro*elle1 ,ogle ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 pages #ae1 #af1 ,pr(essor ,frank ,lev]ett report$ t 9 ,july #ahhf he _h se5 a collection ( mammo? fossils at ! h\se ( ,f4 ,g4 ,rossman1 a f>m] liv+ ne> ,ro*elle1 :i* he _h obta9$ 9 a bog 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( section #cc1 ,lynnville ,t[n%ip4 ,! mat]ials consi/$ ( a tusk1 two tee?1 a piece ( ! jawbone1 a few ribs1 & "s fragm5ts ( bones4 ,! fragm5t ( tusk 0 ab\t #e feet long1 #bj in*es 9 circumf]5ce at "o end1 ab\t #ah in*es at ! o!r4 ,! too? 0 f #ab to #ac in*es long & #d in*es wide4 ,ro*elle is on ! bord] betwe5 ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet & ! e>li] "o ly+ we/ ( x4 ,on ,lev]ett's map ?is is put d[n z be+ ,i[an2 b no ,i[an is n[ recogniz$ 9 ,ill9ois4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,rice1 c\nty surveyor1 report$ t ,lynnville ,t[n%ip is numb] #da nor?1 range #b we/4 ,,9 ,,! ,,unglaciat$ ,,region ,,9 ,,! ,,nor?we/ ,,corn] ,,( ,,! ,,/ate4 #ab4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney report$ 9 #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb7 t a few tee? ( ! elephant _h be5 f\nd ne> ,gal5a1 on ! surface4 ,^! are said to be pres]v$ 9 a collection 9 ,gal5a4 ,:itney /at$ t ^! 7 all t he _h met ) 9 ! lead region4 ,9 8 ,geology ( ! ,lead ,region 7,wiscons9 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abi-acc7 ! same au?or said t1 s f> z he knew1 elephant rema9s nev] 7 f\nd 9 ! lead crevices4 ,! tee? m5tion$ above _h be5 f\nd )9 ! limits ( ! city ( ,gal5a4 ,gal5a is situat$ 9 ! driftless region & no conclusion is rea*$ ab\t ! geological age ( ^? tee?4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #af47 #a4 ,/ockholm1 ,pep9 ,c\nty4--,all t is kn[n reg>d+ ! occurr5ce ( an elephant at ?is place 0 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,n4 ,h4 ,w9*ell 9 #aiaj 7,bull4 ,m9n4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dag71 z foll[s3 8,capt4 ,jos4 ,buisson /at$ t a mammo? too? 0 f\nd opposite ,lake ,city1 ne> ,/ockholm1 on ! %ore ( ,lake ,pep940 ,! too? may h be5 t ( a ma/odon4 ,,m>yl& ,,& ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,upp] ,m>lboro1 ,pr9ce ,george's ,c\nty4--,9 ,b4 ,l4 ,mill]'s geological report on ?is c\nty 7,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiaa1 pp4 #abe1 #abf7 x is /at$ t a "r hum]us ( a mammo?1 z det]m9$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 _h be5 f\nd at ! road cross+ ( ,cab9 ,bran*1 ne> ! we/]n bran* ( ,patux5t ,riv]4 ,! bone 0 s5t to ,georget[n ,univ]sity1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #b4 ,wa%+ton4--,9 ! ,pr9ce ,george's ,c\nty volume ( ! ,m>yl& ,geological ,survey1 #aiaa1 page #abc1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mill] /at$ t a too? ( ,elephas am]icanus 7,e4 primig5ius probably7 _h be5 f\nd 9 ,wicomico mat]ials 9 ! pits ( a ,wa%+ton brick company1 at a dep? ( #ce feet4 ,! bricky>d 0 b\nd$ by ,florida & ,tr9idad av5ues & ! ,blad5sburg turnpike4 ,:at has become ( ?is too? is n kn[n1 nor c "o be c]ta9 t ! too? 0 n t ( ,e4 columbi4 ,x may ) safety be ref]r$ to an e>ly /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,w>r5ton1 ,fauqui] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahca1 ,ri*>d ,h>lan 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eh-fg71 9 a lett] to ! editor1 /at$ t a 8,dr4 ,w40 ( ! village pres5t$ him ) a fossil mol> too? ( an elephant f\nd 9 t vic9ity4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ( ?is specim54 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,:eel+1 ,ohio ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #aj? meet+1 p4 #afj7 report$ t ,alfr$ ,se>s _h deposit$ 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution "s elephant rema9s obta9$ #d4e miles bel[ ,:eel+ ,creek4 ,!y 7 f\nd on ! second bottom or t]race & at a dep? ( #ag feet f ! surface4 ,)9 a few feet ( ?is place 0 an ,indian m\nd4 ,:5 ! m\nd 0 built1 #ag feet ( s$im5t _h accumulat$ ov] ! elephant rema9s4 ,"o c1 h[ev]1 h>dly ref] ! bones to a "t f>!r back ?an ! ,wiscons94 ,a record 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum %[s t ,mr4 ,se>s1 9 #aheb1 s5t a tusk & a too? ( an elephant to ,wa%+ton4 ,^! 7 d\btless plac$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,old ,national ,in/itute4 ,if !y 7 transf]r$ to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ! record has app>5tly be5 lo/4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #af1 #ci47 #a4 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n1 on ,neuse ,riv]1 9 ,pamlico ,c\nty4--,h>lan1 9 #ahdb 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #adc71 /at$ t he _h se51 9 ! collection made by ,nuttall on ,neuse ,riv]1 rema9s ( an elephant4 ,eli%a ,mit*ell1 9 ! same ye> 7,elem5ts ( ,geol41 p4 #abh71 /at$ t !re 0 9 ! cab9et ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a a too? ( an elephant f ! locality m5tion$4 ,possibly ! too? ref]r$ by ,croom 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 p4 #agj7 to ! ma/odon & :i* 0 #g in*es wide & #i4e in*es deep1 0 really t ( an elephant4 ,7 x n = ! fact t ,elephas primig5ius has be5 f\nd 9 ?is region ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 "o might1 ) confid5ce1 ref] ! too? f\nd bel[ ,newb]n to ,e4 columbi4 ,= o!r species f\nd at ?is place ! read] may consult pages #ceh to #cei4 #b4 ,h>l[e1 ,c>t]et ,c\nty4--,eli%a ,mit*ell 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 #ahbg1 p4 #cdg7 /at$ t 9 digg+ ! ,clubfoot & ,h>l[e ,canal rema9s ( bo? ! ma/odon & ! elephant _h be5 f\nd4 ,no?+ m def9ite 0 communicat$4 ,! probability is t ! animal 0 ,elephas columbi4 #c4 ,dupl9 ,c\nty4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 9 #ahej1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes report$ t he _h obta9$ a "p ( a mol> ( an elephant f\nd some:]e 9 ,dupl9 ,c\nty4 ,he spoke ( its resemblance 9 n>r[ness & 9 ?9ness ( plates to a too? f\nd 9 ,v]mont & exhibit$ by ,agassiz4 ,possibly x belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,,florida4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,wakulla ,spr+s1 ,wakulla ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey is a "r tibia ( an elephant report$ f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,! measurem5ts %[n 9 ! accompany+ table 7 secur$4 ,= comp>ison ! dim5sions ( ! tibia ( ! great ,elephas primig5ius 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,new ,york are pres5t$4 ,measurem5t ( tibias1 9 millimet]s4 ,wakulla ,spr+s elephant4 ,e4 primig5ius4 ,total l5g? #hac #gce ,greate/ wid? across upp] end #bff #bde ,=e-&-aft diamet] at middle ( l5g? #ajf #ajj ,side-to-side diamet] at middle ( l5g? #acb #ajf ,greate/ wid? across l[] end #bae #bje ,) ! tibia f ,wakulla ,spr+s is ! di/al half ( an imm5se femur ( ! left side4 ,! di/ance across ! articul> surface ( ! di/al end 0 at lea/ #bda mm41 b ! bone has suff]$ "s abrasion4 ,! out] articul> surface measures #aae mm42 ! inn] #a1bjb mm4 ,:5 ! bone is plac$ on a table ) ! h9d] face d[nw>d ! inn] ridge :i* b\nds ! patell> groove rises #bhj mm4 above ! table4 ,:e!r ^! bones belong to ,elephas imp]ator or to ,e4 columbi is unc]ta94 #b4 ,/okes ,f]ry1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,riv]1 ,nassau ,c\nty4--,9 #aiji1 ,sell>ds 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adg7 /at$ t ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 _h f\nd at ?is place1 9 a phosphate deposit1 a fragm5t ( an elephant too? toge!r ) #c tee? ( a fossil horse & "s e>-bones ( a :ale4 ,! elephant belong$ probably to ,e4 columbi1 b possibly to ,e4 imp]ator4 #c4 ,b>t[1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahia1 p4 #abj7 has record$ ! discov]y at ?is place ( tusks suppos$ to be ^? ( ,elephas columbi4 ,possibly ! tusks 7 ^? ( ,e4 imp]ator or ev5 ^? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,9 8 report on ! ,geology & ,agriculture ( ,mississippi1 #ahed1 page #bhd1 ,wailles wrote t fossil rema9s ( ! elephant 7 n !n kn[n to h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,h[ev]1 on page #bhf1 ,elephas primig5ius is includ$ 9 ! li/ ( fossil ,mammalia furni%$ by ,leidy4 ,! latt] does n say :]e 9 ,mississippi elephant rema9s _h be5 discov]$1 b x 0 probably at ,nat*ez4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,lafayette =mation 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 "p #a1 p4 #djj71 ,mc,gee /at$ t at lea/ "o skull ( ! ,am]ican elephant _h be5 f\nd at ,nat*ez 9 gravel1 well d[n t[>d ! ,port ,hudson clays1 & t to ?is adh]$ "s ( ! co>se gravel ( ! matrix4 ,probably ! species 0 ,elephas columbi4 ,x is likely t ! skulls ref]r$ to by ,mc,gee 7 n z complete z he suppos$4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #af4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,gallat91 ,sumn] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahce1 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,troo/ 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,p5n41 vol4 ,i1 #ahce1 p4 #add7 report$ t a ,mrs4 ,ephraim ,fo/] possess$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd 9 a well at a dep? ( #dj feet4 ,! id5tification foll[$ ! op9ion ( t "t t only "o species ( elephant _h exi/$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,x m probably belong$ to ,e4 columbi4 #b4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,c\nty4--,9 ! publication j ref]r$ to ! geologi/ ,g4 ,troo/ /at$ t he own$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 f\nd a few miles bel[ ,columbia1 probably ne> ,duck ,riv]1 b no details z to ! exact locality & k9ds ( deposits 7 furni%$4 ,hayes & ,ulri* 7,folio #ie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 appe> n to h recogniz$ any ,plei/oc5e 9 ?is quadrangle4 ,on page #f !y /at$ t n>r[ /rips ( bottom l&s occur along ! l>g] /reams1 p>ticul>ly along ,duck ,riv]4 ,! too? 0 probably t ( ,e4 columbi4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,rema9s belong+ c]ta9ly to bo? ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 columbi h be5 f\nd "h1 & !re is no reason = suppos+ t any o!r species has ev] be5 collect$4 ,_m specim5s h1 h[ev]1 be5 m5tion$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! subject :i* "o may h difficulty 9 ref]r+ to ei!r ( ^! species4 ,! difficulty arises f ! insuffici5cy ( ! descriptions & ( ! illu/rations :5 !re are any4 ,two elephant mol>s f ,am]ica 7 figur$ by ,cuvi] 7,oss4 ,foss41 ed4 #d1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #i1 #aa71 )\t any exact locality be+ giv51 s f> z ! pres5t writ] c discov]4 ,adams 7,palontograph4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #abb7 says ( ^! t "o 0 f ,mississippi1 ! o!r f ,bigbone ,lick1 b :i* is f ! latt] place is n indicat$4 ,casp> ,wi/> 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 n4 s41 vol4 ,i1 #ahah1 p4 #cgf7 report$ t 9 ! ,jeff]son collection !re 7 tee? :i* he ref]r$ to ! ,sib]ian elephant4 ,among ^! 7 "s :i* belong$ to a "y animal4 ,william ,coop] 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 #ahca1 pp4 #afh-aga7 recall$ ! quantity ( elephant rema9s f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick be=e 8 visit4 ,9 ! ,f9nell collection 0 a tusk ) "p ( ! base miss+1 :i* 0 /ill #aa feet #aj4e in*es long & #bb in*es 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 mu* curv$1 a fact :i* induc$ him to ref] x to an elephant4 ,9 ! same collection 7 num]\s o!r p>ts ( elephants1 includ+ #bj or m tee?4 ,a ,mr4 ,bullock secur$ a skull ne>ly entire4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t ! great] "p ( all ?is f9e mat]ial has be5 lo/4 ,_m ( ! bones & tee? collect$ 9 e>ly times w5t to ! museums ( ,europe2 "s are m5tion$ by ,lei? ,adams 7,palontograph4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #ge1 #abb7 & ,lydekk] 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #aia74 #b4 ,newport1 ,campbell ,c\nty4--,9 #ahga ,pr(essor ,%al] 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afj7 /at$ t he _h a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! upp]mo/ t]race ( ! alluvial plane opposite ,c9c9nati1 at a dep? ( ov] #fj feet f ! surface4 ,9 #ahgg 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi71 ! same writ] /at$ t a mol> too? ( ,elephas primig5ius _h be5 f\nd 9 ! city ( ,newport1 ab\t #be feet above high-wat] m>k & at a dep? ( #dj feet4 ,x is n improbable t ! two acc\nts ref] to ! same specim54 #c4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]1 made at ?is place1 7 sev]al mu* wat]-worn tee? ( elephants1 ! species n det]m9$4 #d4 ,em95ce1 ,h5ry ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,david ,d4 ,ow51 9 #aheg 7#c;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 p4 #ajc71 report$ t bones & tee? ( ! mammo? _h1 at times1 be5 f\nd "h4 ,!y d n appe> to h be5 pres]v$4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,equid ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,massa*usetts4 7,map #ag47 ,gay ,head1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d4--,9 #aijj 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dei1 plate ,,xlii1 fig4 #b71 ,j4 ,b4 ,woodwor? report$ f9d+ an a/ragalus ( a horse 9 an osse\s conglom]ate1 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,mioc5e4 ,x 0 id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn1 :o rem>k$ t x resembl$ closely ! same bone ( "s ,plei/oc5e horses4 ,f ?is conglom]ate h be5 obta9$ bones ( :ales1 suppos$ly also a skull ( a walrus4 ,:ile ! size ( ! a/ragalus sugge/s m t ( a ,plei/oc5e horse1 x is possible t !re 0 "s l>ge ,mioc5e equid t liv$ !re4 ,! pres5t writ] is incl9$ to believe x w be f\nd t ! a/ragalus came f "o ( ! old] ,plei/oc5e deposits recogniz$ z pres5t at ,gay ,head4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,?rog's ,neck1 ,new ,york ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,*>les ,:ittlesey /at$ he _h a too? ( a horse1 tak5 f ! compact m>9e drift at ,?rog's ,neck4 ,x 0 obta9$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,bailey f excavations at ,=t ,s*uyl]1 #ah feet bel[ ! surface4 ,accord+ to ,folio ,no4 #hc ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,h>lem ,quadrangle1 ,?rog's ,neck is occupi$ by till :i* usually ?9ly cov]s1 or leaves expos$1 ! und]ly+ ,hudson s*i/2 ,salisbury gives an acc\nt ( ! drift on page #ad ( ! folio cit$4 ,at ! dep? indicat$ ! too? 0 probably ly+ 9 pre-,wiscons9 deposits2 & tak+ into consid]ation ! geological age ( o!r horse rema9s1 "o may reasonably conclude t ! too? at ,?rog's ,neck 0 ( a horse t liv$ dur+ ! middle or e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,t !re may be mat]ials ( a pre-,wiscons9 /age und]ly+ ! surface drift at ,?rog's ,neck is indicat$ by ,woodwor?'s discov]y 7,bull4 #dh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #fbf1 plate ,i7 ( deposits old] ?an ! ,wiscons9 along ,hemp/ead ,bay1 ,long ,isl&4 ,,note4--,9 #aheh 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cjc71 ,dr4 ,skilton1 ( ,troy1 wrote t a f>m] _h dug up1 9 :at _h be5 m>%y gr\nd1 #ag tee? ( a horse4 ,^!1 ,skilton /at$1 belong$ to ,equus major4 ,! tee? 7 greatly decay$4 ,! writ] ( ! report said t ! enamel ( ! fir/ upp] mol>1 mean+ ! ant]ior ( ! six gr9d+ tee?1 measur$ #a4i in*es 7#dg4e mm472 t ( ! correspond+ l[] tee? #b4cc in*es 7#eh mm474 ,if ^! measurem5ts 7 tak5 correctly1 !y indicate a horse mu* l>g] ?an any yet kn[n1 unless x be ,equus giganteus ( ,texas4 ,!re is no evid5ce t ,dr4 ,skilton _h made any s]i\s /udy ( ! d5tition ( horses & ! tee? 7 probably ^? ( a dome/ic horse1 or ev5 ( "s o!r animal4 ,9 #ahhd 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dg71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam1 9 8 pap] 8,! ,v]tebrates ( ! ,adirondack ,region10 /at$ he _h exam9$ sev]al fossil mol> tee? ( ,equus major exhum$ at ,ke5es ,/ation1 ne> ! ,oswegat*ie ,ox ,b[1 9 ,jeff]son ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,he comp>$ !m ) ! correspond+ tee? ( an imm5se dray horse & f\nd !m mu* l>g]4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,c4 ,manse1 ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,univ]sity1 ,canton1 ,new ,york1 s5t me = exam9ation #d upp] tee? ( a horse :i* mu/ be ^? exam9$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,m]riam4 ,!y are label$ z hav+ be5 collect$ at ,g\v]neur1 a t[n n f> f ,ke5es ,/ation4 ,aft] a c>eful /udy ( ^! tee? & comp>ison ) ^? ( ! dome/ic horse1 ! writ] concludes t !y belong$ to ! latt]4 ,dome/ic horses are kn[n to h l>g] tee?4 ,pr(essor ,manse has un=tunately be5 unable to trace ! hi/ory ( ! tee? back to ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,b5ton1 ( ,ogd5sburg1 :o %[$ !m to ,dr4 ,m]riam4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,sw$esboro1 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfh 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,j]sey1 p4 #gda71 ,cope /at$ t ,equus complicatus 0 repres5t$ 9 ,new ,j]sey by a s]ies ( tee? obta9$ :ile a mill-dam at ,sw$esboro 0 be+ cle>$4 ,no fur!r in=mation has be5 secur$4 ,at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 ! writ] has se5 a horse-too? label$ z com+ f ! t[n nam$2 b :e!r or n x is "o ( ^? ref]r$ to by ,cope x is impossible to say4 #b4 ,fi% ,h\se1 ,camd51 ,camd5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bej1 fig4 #ee71 ,cope wrote t a p>tial skull ( ,equus frat]nus _h be5 f\nd at ,fi% ,h\se 9 a blacki% clay at a dep? ( #bj feet f ! top ( ! clay4 ,ov] ! clay 0 impos$ a b$ ( s& f #h to #ae feet ?ick4 ,?is important skull appe>s to h be5 lo/ 7fig4 #g74 ,9 #ahig 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey = #ahif1 p4 #bjh1 plate ,x71 ,lewis ,woolman describ$ o!r rema9s ( horses suppos$ to belong to ,equus complicatus1 secur$ 9 ! same ,fi% ,h\se clays4 ,! writ] has se5 ^! & reg>ds !m z belong+ to ! species j nam$4 ,^! rema9s ( horses w be m5tion$ on pages #cjb-cjc4 #c4 ,naves9k ,hills1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,some:]e 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,monm\? ,c\nty1 9 ! region ( ! ,naves9k 7or ,nev]s9k7 ,hills1 h be5 f\nd rema9s ( a fossil horse4 ,!y 7 fir/ m5tion$ by ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,rema9s1 #ahbf1 pp4 #g1 #h74 ,he m5tion$ a c]vical v]tebra & tee? 9 s\nd condition4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfa7 wrote t a v]tebra & tee? 7 associat$ ) rema9s ( a ma/odon4 ,mit*ill m5tions only a "p ( a tibia ( a ma/odon4 ,^! objects 7 all pres5t$ by ,mit*ill to ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york4 ,! writ] believes ^! tee? _h be5 buri$ 9 an e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposit4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia are #b horse-tee? f\nd at or ne> ,pitt/on4 ,!y 7 describ$ & figur$ by ,leidy 9 #ahgc 7,monograph ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,i1 pp4 #bde-bdf1 plate ,,xxxiii1 figs4 #af1 #ag7 z ,e4 major 7,e4 complicatus74 ,he /at$ !y 7 f\nd on ! banks ( ! ,susquehanna ,riv]1 associat$ ) rema9s ( ma/odons & ,bison latifrons4 ,! la/ 01 h[ev]1 a species ( ,symbos4 ,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfb71 ,leidy /at$ t x 0 report$ ^! rema9s _h come f a /ratum 8full ( bones40 ,?is /ratum belong$ probably to an e>ly or middle ,plei/oc5e int]glacial /age4 #b4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,leidy report$ ! f9d+ ( 8a pair ( tee? ( a horse1 :i* 7 yet incompletely develop$10 9 ,h>tman's ,cave1 ne> ! t[n m5tion$4 ,he ?\ght !y belong$ to an indig5\s species4 ,! position ( ! cave1 its fossils1 & _! age w be consid]$ 9 discuss+ ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! ,/ate on pages #cjh to #caa4 #c4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,z long ago z #ahga 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bce1 #chd71 ,:eatley ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( #b unid5tifi$ species ( horses 9 ! great bone cave at ! place nam$4 ,!y 7 associat$ ) ! rema9s ( #dj o!r species ( v]tebrates1 besides _m insects4 ,9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aic-bfg1 plates ,,xviii-,,xxi71 ,cope describ$ ! mat]ials collect$ up to t "t f ! same cave4 ,( horses he record$ #b =ms1 :i* he nam$ ,equus frat]nus frat]nus & ,e4 frat]nus pect9atus4 ,he 0 incl9$ to believe ! latt] w\ld prove to be a di/9ct species4 ,x is n c]ta9 :e!r ?is conclusion 0 correct2 b if n a species1 x is probably a subspecies ( ,equus complicatus4 ,! tee? ref]r$ to ,e4 frat]nus frat]nus are pretty c]ta9ly ^? ( ,e4 complicatus4 ,( ?is species ,cope _h a decay$ skull ( a "y animal ) tee?1 besides a consid]able numb] ( o!r tee? & "s bones ( ! skeleton4 ,! geological relations ( ^! rema9s & ^? ( ! o!r species w be discuss$ on pages #caa to #cbj4 #d4 ,ru!r=d1 ,dauph9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfh 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 p4 #aie71 ,leidy describ$ a horse-too?1 loan$ him by ,mr4 ,w4 ,lor5z & f\nd some:]e betwe5 ,ru!r=d & ,highspire4 ,x 0 met 9 a depression #f feet deep & #bj feet across1 fill$ ) diluvium4 ,leidy ?\ght ! too? might h belong$ to a contempor>y ( ! ma/odon1 b ?is 0 equally improbable4 ,all ! cem5t 0 dissolv$ f ! too?1 & ! latt] 0 /a9$ by iron1 b n petrifi$4 ,x 0 an upp] second true mol>4 ,x has probably suff]$ ! fate ( su* specim5s z are reta9$ 9 private h&s4 #e4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son1 ( ! ,c>negie ,museum1 ,pittsburgh1 ! writ] le>ns t "s "p ( an unid5tifi$ species ( horse has be5 f\nd 9 ! collection made "s ye>s ago at ,frank/[n4 ,= a li/ ( ! species page #cba may be consult$4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ag1 #cf47 #a4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahie 7,j\r4 ,c94 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bag71 ,mr4 ,se? ,hayes record$ ! discov]y ( a mol> too? & a v]tebra ( a horse1 id5tifi$ z ,equus frat]nus4 ,x 0 met ) 9 exhum+ ! rema9s ( ! 8,%aw ma/odon0 9 ,hyde ,p>k1 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ,c9c9nati4 ,! details ( ! exhumation are giv5 9 ! description ( ! ma/odon4 ,! geological age ( ^! animals dates probably f ab\t ! ,sangamon /age4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to exam9e ! horse rema9s ref]r$ to4 ,x is probable t ! too? belong$ to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,columbus1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #a1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,*>les ,:ittlesey /at$ t bones & tee? ( a horse _h be5 f\nd 9 fissures or 8clay seams0 ( ! ,cliff lime/one at ,columbus4 ,9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ! same geologi/ report$ t ,joseph ,sullivant1 ( ,columbus1 _h1 _m ye>s be=e1 obta9$ f ! crevices ( ! ,cliff lime rock1 on ! we/ side ( ,scioto ,riv]1 a numb] ( bones emb$d$ 9 r$ clay4 ,among ^! 0 ! too? ( a horse4 ,! crevice _h n be5 op5 s9ce ! date ( ! :ite settlem5t ( ! c\ntry & x 0 :olly fill$ by ! r$ clay :i* results f ! decomposition ( ! lime/one4 ,probably all ! rema9s m5tion$ by ,:ittlesey h be5 lo/4 ,9 #ahge 7,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,klipp>t wrote t1 9 excavat+ ! ext]ior wall at ! ,ohio p5it5ti>y1 ! w>d51 ,mr4 ,burr1 f\nd ! fossil jaw ( a horse ) ! mol>s 9 good condition4 ,he /at$ ! horse mu/ h be5 "o-?ird l>g] ?an ! ord9>y horse ( to-day4 ,f ,pr(essor ,cl9ton ,r4 ,/auff]1 ( ,adelb]t ,college1 ,clevel&1 ! writ] receiv$ = exam9ation a horse-too?1 label$3 8,catalogue ,no4 #cef4 ,horse-too?4 ,giv5 by ,rob]t ,c>twright4 ,f\nd at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 9 excavat+ 9 a peat-b$ = a gas hold] 9 ! p5it5ti>y gr\nds1 ,octob] #cj1 #ahgc40 ,x is possible t ?is is ! same too? m5tion$ by ,klipp>t1 b probably x is ano!r4 ,! pres5t writ] id5tifies ! too? z t ( ,equus complicatus4 ,! geological age is probably approximately t ( ! ,sangamon /age4 #c4 ,salt ,creek1 ,columbiana ,c\nty4--,9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 art4 #c1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #af71 ,*>les ,:ittlesey report$ a too? ( a horse f\nd1 ab\t #bj ye>s be=e1 9 mak+ ! ,s&y & ,beav] ,canal1 along ,s&y ,creek1 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 at a dep? n exce$+ #ab or #ae feet4 ,probably ! locality 0 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! c\nty4 ,! s\rces ( ,salt ,creek are 9 ,hanov] ,t[n%ip1 n f> f ! s\rces ( ,little ,beav] ,creek4 ,f ?is vic9ity ,salt ,creek fl[s we/w>d4 ,?is c\nty lies )9 ! ,ill9oian drift region & ! horse probably liv$ dur+ ! ,sangamon /age or e>li]4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 rema9s ( ext9ct horses h be5 f\nd 9 ,indiana only at ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,evansville4 ,only a s+le v]tebra1 a la/ c]vical1 0 secur$4 ,?is =m$ "p ( a collection made at ! place nam$ by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,l9cke4 ,! collection 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii74 ,! bone 0 ref]r$ to ,equus am]icanus1 a "n employ$ at t "t = ! horse n[ kn[n z ,equus complicatus4 ,al?\gh x w\ld usually be impossible to id5tify a species ( horse on su* mat]ials1 x is probable t ,leidy 0 correct4 ,! geological age ( ! bone-b$ is discuss$ on page #cb4 ,x is conclud$ t ! age is mo/ probably ! ,sangamon1 b possibly ,aftonian4 ,! same species has be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 above ,l\isville1 on ! ,k5tucky side4 ,! deposits !re ov]lie ! ,ill9oian drift & are1 9 "p at lea/1 ,sangamon4 ,associat$ ) ! horse bone at ,pigeon ,creek 7 megalonyx1 a probably ext9ct bison1 ! ,virg9ia de]1 a tapir1 & ! ext9ct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,on ! l9e betwe5 ,bond & ,fayette ,c\nties4--,9 #ahii1 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ci1 figure7 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,equus major an equ9e maxilla1 conta9+ #d premol>s1 s5t him by ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,ill9ois4 ,?is maxilla _h be5 f\nd 9 a bog betwe5 ,bond & ,fayette c\nties4 ,x 0 ref]r$ by ,gidley 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ace1 fig4 #bd7 to ,equus pect9atus ,cope4 ,! specim5 is 9 ! collection ( ! ,/ate museum at ,spr+field & has be5 /udi$ by ! writ]1 :o reg>ds x z belong+ to ,equus complicatus4 ,a fossil horse-too? f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,k5tucky1 greatly resembles "o ( ! premol>s ( ?is jaw4 ,! region :]e ?is jaw 0 f\nd lies )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift2 &1 inasmu* z ! specim5 0 f\nd on a bog ly+ on ?is drift1 ! animal mu/ h liv$ aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet4 ,! bog deposit belong$ probably to ! ,sangamon /age4 ,! writ] has endeavor$ e>ne/ly1 b 9 va91 to obta9 m exact details reg>d+ ! locality :]e ! jaw 0 f\nd & ! dep? ( int]m5t4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,at a meet+ ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,decemb] #d1 #ahhb 7,trans4 ,/4 ,l\is ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxx71 ,william ,mc,adams report$ he _h se5 ! fossil too? ( a horse f ne> ,alton4 ,no details 7 add$1 except t all ! horses he _h se5 f ! drift 7 l>ge animals1 :ile ^? f ! bad l&s ( ,dakota 7 mo/ly q small4 ,9 ! ,mc,adams collection1 an acc\nt ( :i* w be giv5 on page #cci1 is a fragm5t ( an incisor ( a horse4 ,x has on x ,mc,adams's ,no4 #be4 ,x is d\btful t ?is too? 0 f\nd 9 ! loess4 ,all ! fossils ( t collection purport+ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! loess are v :ite1 :ile ?is is ( a br[ni% color1 & !re is a coat ( iron oxide adh]+ to "s p>ts ( x4 ,?is may or may n be ! too? m5tion$ by ,mc,adams z above report$4 #c4 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,at ! meet+ ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce j ref]r$ to1 ,mr4 ,mc,adams /at$ t tee? ( an ext9ct horse _h be5 br\ght up f ! bottom ( a well be+ dug 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty4 ,m exact situation & ! dep? ( ! well 7 n m5tion$4 ,bo? ,gre5e & ,madison c\nties are occupi$ by ! ,ill9oian drift-%eet4 ,! horse-tee? f\nd 9 ^! c\nties might h come f ,sangamon deposits2 or possibly ! ,ill9oian drift _h be5 pass$ ?r\gh & ,y>m\? int]glacial _h be5 ent]$4 ,! geologi/s ,j4 ,a4 ,udd5 & ,e4 ,w4 ,%aw 7,belleville-,breese ,folio1 ,no4 #aie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #g7 h not$ 9 ^? quadrangles deposits :i* may consi/ ( pre-,ill9oian till2 also old black soils :i* may belong to ! ,y>m\?4 ,! quadrangles m5tion$ lie along ! s\!rn bord] ( ,madison ,c\nty4 ,! old soils 7 f\nd at dep?s v>y+ f #cj to #ge feet4 ,9 ?is region1 too1 ! ,ill9oian drift is ov]la9 by a blanket ( loess4 ,to arrive at any valuable conclusion1 "o ought to "k j :]e specim5s are f\nd & at :at dep?s & 9 :at k9d ( deposits4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! in=mation is ( ! mo/ meag] k9d4 ,! specim5s m5tion$ are n 9 a collection made by ,mc,adams & n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum4 ,,m>yl& ,,& ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,m>%all ,hall1 ,*>les ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upp] "r mol>1 fir/ or second1 ( a horse label$ z f\nd at ?is place4 ,x is cr$it$ to ,mr4 ,o4 ,n4 ,bryan1 :o1 "s ye>s ago1 contribut$ _m articles to ! museum4 ,! conditions ( discov]y are n kn[n4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #bh mm41 ! wid? #bg mm4 ,x probably belongs to ,equus leidyi4 ,accord+ to ,%attuck's map ( ! ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e ( ,m>yl& 7,m>yl& ,geol4 ,surv41 #aijf1 plate ,i7 ?is locality is occupi$ by ,talbot deposits4 ,%attuck reg>ds ! ,talbot z belong+ to late ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! pres5t writ] does n accept ?is view4 #b4 ,georget[n1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia4--,9 #ahce 7,m$4 & ,phys4 ,rese>*es1 p4 #bfg71 ,dr4 ,ri*>d ,h>lan ackn[l$g$ ! receipt1 at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 ( rema9s ( a fossil horse f\nd at ,georget[n 9 con/ruct+ ! canal along ! ,potomac4 ,^! 7 probably tee? & _h be5 s5t by ,colonel ,i4 ,j4 ,ab]t1 ( ,wa%+ton4 ,!y ought n[ to be 9 ! ,academy m5tion$4 ,9 #ahej1 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg7 pres5t$ be=e ! ,am]ican ,association ( ,sci5ces a specim5 7a too?87 :i* he said came f ! bank ( ! ,potomac & 0 associat$ ) a too? ( ,bos 7,bison74 ,h[ he came to h ?is 0 n relat$1 nor is x c]ta9 t x 0 f\nd ne> ,wa%+ton4 #c4 ,mit*ellville1 ,pr9ce ,george's ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #b upp] tee?1 mol>s or premol>s 7,no4 #hhac71 ( a horse f\nd on 8 e/ate nor?we/ f ! t[n nam$1 by ,mr4 ,edw>d ,s4 ,walk]4 ,!y 7 pres5t$ to ! ,national ,museum by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,b]ry1 ( ,john ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,^! tee?1 app>5tly fir/ & second mol>s1 seem to belong to an undescrib$ species4 ,! table gives ! height ( ! tee? & dim5sions ( ! gr9d+-surface 9 millimet]s4 ,too?4 ,height4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,protocone4 ,m#a #gj #bi4e #be #ab ,m#b #gc #cj #bc #ad4e ,! tee? pres5t ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 little worn4 ,measurem5ts ( ! cr[n tak5 ab\t "o-?ird ! di/ance to ! base are z foll[s3 ,too?4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,protocone4 ,m#a #be #be #aa ,m#b #bf #be4b #ac ,! tee? are mod]ately curv$1 s t ! out] face is convex1 ! inn] concave4 ,"s ( ! cem5t is reta9$ & is color$ blue ) vivianite4 ,! enamel pres5ts less complication ?an is usually f\nd 9 ei!r ,equus complicatus or ,e4 leidyi4 ,! dim5sions ( ! tee? & ! n>r[ness1 especially ( ! second mol>1 seem to exclude ref]5ce to ei!r ( ! species m5tion$4 #d4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,william ,palm]1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 _h = _m ye>s be5 mak+ collections1 mo/ly ( ,mioc5e v]tebrates1 along ! cliffs at ,*esapeake ,bea*4 ,among o!r fossils f\nd !re are "s rema9s ( horses1 among !m "o mu* worn upp] too?1 probably a premol>4 ,! height is only #ba mm41 ! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface #bb4d mm41 ! wid? #bd mm4 ,x may be ref]r$ provisionally to ,e4 leidyi4 ,mr4 ,palm] _h also an ungual phalanx & a c]vical v]tebra & v>i\s o!r bones & tee? ( horses4 ,! geological situation at ! place & ! o!r ,plei/oc5e species f\nd !re w be discuss$ on pages #cdg-cdh4 #e4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 8 "w on ! exploration ( ,bu%y ,cav]n1 ne> ,cavet[n1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,peabody 7,bull4 ,,iv1 ,dept4 ,ar*ol41 ,phillips ,acad41 p4 #ab7 /at$ t 9 a lime/one qu>ry1 s\? ( ! cave1 9 ! r$ e>?1 0 f\nd a too? :i* ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley id5tifi$ z probably ,equus complicatus4 ,9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #if-aji71 ! writ] describ$ a collection made at ,cavet[n4 ,9 ?is 7 o!r rema9s ref]r$ to ,equus complicatus4 ,"s fragm5ts ( a l>ge too? 7 ref]r$ ) d\bt to ,equus giganteus4 #f4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 a crevice 9 a lime/one rock1 at a po9t ab\t #c miles we/ ( nor? ( ,cumb]l&1 tak5 9 a /raight l9e1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 9 ! fall ( #aiab1 made a l>ge collection ( fossil v]tebrates4 ,9 ?is collection is a fir/ phalanx ( an ext9ct horse4 ,! species has n be5 det]m9$4 ,a li/ ( ! accompany+ species1 s f> z det]m9$1 w be pres5t$ on pages #cdi-cej4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,ab+don1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is ! out] half ( an upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( a horse s5t1 9 #ahfi1 by ,mr4 ,wyndham ,rob9son4 ,) x 7 rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #cj mm4 ,x belongs pretty c]ta9ly to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgd7 report$ ! occurr5ce ( an upp] left mol> ( a horse at ,saltville4 ,! species has n be5 det]m9$4 ,! matt] w be ref]r$ to aga9 on pages #ceb-cec4 #c4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #aga-ahb71 ,cope gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( rema9s ( num]\s fossil v]tebrates some:]e along ,new ,riv]1 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,among ^! animals 7 upp] & l[] milk & p]man5t mol>s ( a horse4 ,cope id5tifi$ ^! z belong+ d\btfully to ,equus complicatus4 ,on page #cec1 ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! region & a li/ ( ! accompany+ v]tebrates w be pres5t$4 #d4 ,/aunton1 ,augu/a ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,deek5s1 surgeon d5ti/ ( ,/aunton1 a too? ( a horse f\nd some:]e 9 t vic9ity1 0 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 a lime/one qu>ry1 #gj feet bel[ ! surface1 9 a n>r[ /ratum ( clay4 ,probably ! too? _h be5 c>ri$ d[n into a crevice 9 ! lime/one by a curr5t ( wat]4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #ca mm4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! enamel folds is simple1 b ! too? _h only j begun to be worn4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! too? is rem>kable & x may belong to an unrecogniz$ species4 #e4 ,d5ni/on1 ,halifax ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,joyn]1 liv+ ne> ?is place1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 9 #aibj receiv$ a left l[] gr9d+-too? ( a horse1 f\nd by ! donor 9 a little /ream on 8 f>m4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,po9t ,pleasant1 ,mason ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,l4 ,v4 ,gu?rie1 sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,we/ ,virg9ia ,asylum1 at ,hunt+ton1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum receiv$ = exam9ation a horse-too? dr$g$ up ) gravel f ,ohio ,riv] at ,po9t ,pleasant4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to di/+ui% ?is too? 7ei!r ! la/ or ! next to ! la/ premol>7 f t ( ,equus niobr>5sis4 ,if fur!r discov]ies confirm ?is provisional det]m9ation1 ! kn[n range ( ! species w be greatly ext5d$4 ,! too? has be5 deposit$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ! own]1 ,capta9 ,h4 ,s4 ,w]t1 ( ,po9t ,pleasant4 ,! pres5ce ( ?is too? proves t !re are1 some:]e n f> away1 "s e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposits1 probably 9 "s high t]race along ! ,ohio1 su* z are f\nd 9 abundance along ! upp] "p ( ! riv] & its afflu5ts4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #ag1 #ci47 #a ,elizabe?t[n1 ,blad5 ,c\nty4--,! geologi/ ,e4 ,emmons 7,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv41 #aheh1 p4 #aig1 fig4 #ah7 describ$ & figur$ an upp] left second or ?ird mol> too? ( a horse :i* he call$ ,equus caballus1 ! dome/ic animal4 ,x1 ) a too? f ! l[] jaw1 _h be5 f\nd 9 a b$ ( ,mioc5e age at ,elizabe?t[n4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! age ( ! m>l-b$1 ! horse liv$ dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,conrad1 h[ev] 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cei71 insi/$ on ! ,mioc5e age ( ! animal4 ,! same too? 01 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 plate ,,xv1 fig4 #af71 figur$ by ,leidy & ref]r$ to ,e4 frat]nus4 ,x is n[ kn[n z ,e4 leidyi4 ,mill] 7,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 & ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdh7 po9ts out t pat*es ( ,mioc5e m>l d occur 9 ! vic9ity ( ,elizabe?t[n4 #b4 ,sixte5 miles ,s\!a/ ( ,newb]n1 on ! ,neuse ,riv]1 9 ,pamlico ,c\nty4--,9 a locality on ! left bank ( ,neuse ,riv]1 ab\t #af miles bel[ ,newb]n1 bones ( ,equus & v>i\s o!r animals 7 fir/ f\nd long ago1 app>5tly by ,nuttall4 ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad1 9 #ahch 7,fossils ,m$ial ,t]t4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 ,x71 spoke ( great numb]s ( bones ( horse1 ma/odon1 etc4 ,h>lan 7,m$4 ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #bfg7 says t ,conrad possess$ specim5s f ! locality4 ,lydekk] 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus4 "p #c1 p4 #hi7 /ates t !re is 9 t museum an upp] *eek-too? f ,newb]n4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 none ( ! tee? f\nd "h has be5 figur$ or accurately describ$4 ,on pages #ceh-cei w be f\nd a li/ ( ! v]tebrate fossils collect$ at ,newb]n & a consid]ation ( ! geology4 #c4 ,gre5ville1 ,pitt ,c\nty4--,9 #aheb1 ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #ajf7 said he _h procur$ a gr9d] ( a horse at ,gre5ville1 9 ! s&y /ratum j above ! ,mioc5e m>l4 ,9 #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,agric41 ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 p4 #aig1 fig4 #ba71 ! same writ] figur$ an incisor too? f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e ( ,pitt ,c\nty4 ,conrad 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci4 #ahga1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dfh7 spoke ( ! f9d+ ( black & m9]aliz$ tee? ( a horse1 :i* he reg>d$ z ,e4 frat]nus1 9 ,mioc5e m>l4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahga1 p4 #aac7 report$ on ! upp] mol> too? :i* ,conrad _h f\nd4 ,he reg>d$ x z occurr+ accid5tally 9 ! ,mioc5e & z belong+ to ,e4 complicatus2 b z ! too? 0 injur$1 ,leidy ?\ght x might belong to ,hipp>ion4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia ! writ] has se5 q c]ta9ly ! same too?4 ,x appe>s to be an upp] premol>1 ! ?ird or ! f\r?4 ,x has a height ( ab\t #ej mm4 & a l5g? ( #cj mm4 ,! inn] half has be5 split (f4 ,x is t ( ,e4 complicatus4 #d4 ,plym\?1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,e4 ,emmons1 9 #aheh 7,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv4 ,agric41 ,ea/]n ,c\nties1 p4 #aig1 figs4 #ai1 #bj71 figur$ #b tee?1 an upp] left mol> or premol> & a h9d]mo/ left mol>1 :i* _h be5 wa%$ up on ! bea* at ,plym\?4 ,?is place is on ! s\? bank ( ,roanoke ,riv]4 ,judg+ f ,emmons's figures1 "o mu/ conclude t ^! tee? belong to ,equus leidyi4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,c\nty4--,9 ! museum ( ,rutg]s ,college1 at ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,j]sey1 ! writ] has se5 #f tee? ( ,equus1 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,u4 ,%ep>d jr41 & obta9$ on ,coosaw ,riv]2 b no m detail$ in=mation has be5 furni%$4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum is a too? ( ,equus complicatus :i* 0 f\nd by ,mr4 ,e>le ,sloan1 9 ,coosaw ,riv]4 #b4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,! rema9s ( horses1 especially tee?1 are among ! mo/ abundant ,plei/oc5e fossils 9 ! region ar\nd ,*>le/on4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s h be5 discov]$ 9 dr$g+ = phosphate rock1 & usually no?+ is record$ ab\t ! exact locality :]e f\nd or ab\t ! conditions ( burial4 ,a consid]able numb] ( well-pres]v$ tee? h1 h[ev]1 be5 discov]$ 9 kn[n localities & "u def9$ conditions4 ,! e>lie/ collection ( fossils describ$ f ab\t ,*>le/on 0 made by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ( ,*>le/on1 & ,capta9 ,a4 ,h4 ,b[man1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,^! fossils 7 s5t to ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy & describ$ by him z e>ly z #aheh1 b m fully 9 #ahfj1 9 ,holmes's 8,po/-,pleioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a40 ,mo/ ( ^! fossils 7 obta9$ on ! %ores ( ,a%ley ,riv]1 ab\t #aj miles above ,*>le/on4 ,f ?is locality 7 describ$ #e upp] tee? ( ,equus complicatus 7,leidy1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajb1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #b-e1 #g7 & #b l[] ones 7plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #ai1 #ba74 ,( ,equus leidyi 7,e4 frat]nus ,leidy7 ! au?or quot$ describ$ f ,a%ley ,riv] #b l[] tee? 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #bj1 #bb74 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 report$ t !re 7 9 ! collection ( ,c4 ,n4 ,%ep>d1 at ,amh]/ ,college1 tee? ( ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus7 & ,e4 frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi7 secur$ 9 ! ,a%ley ,riv] deposit4 ,leidy1 9 #ahgc 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,v]t4 ,fauna ,we/4 ,t]rs41 p4 #bde1 plate ,,xxxiii1 figs4 #ad1 #ae7 report$ an upp] mol> & a l[] "o ( ,e4 complicatus1 f\nd 9 ! 8phosphate b$s0 ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,f ,doctor ,swamp1 ,johns ,isl&1 s\?we/ ( ,*>le/on1 ,leidy 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajc1 plate ,,xv1 fig4 #f7 describ$ an upp] too? z t ( 8 ,equus frat]nus4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds made by ,cope ! type ( ?is species2 b ,gidley 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aaa7 det]m9$ t ?is type belongs itself to ,e4 complicatus4 ,x 0 ?is det]m9ation :i* made x necess>y to give a new "n1 ,e4 leidyi1 to ! tee? ( m$ium size :i* _h gone "u ! "n ( ,e4 frat]nus4 ,9 ! ,national ,museum is a f9ely pres]v$ upp] "r ?ird or f\r? premol> ( :at appe>s to be ,equus complicatus :i* is record$ hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,w&o ,riv]1 nor?we/ f ,*>le/on4 ,! too? is #ge mm4 high1 #ca mm4 long on ! gr9d+-face1 & #bg mm4 wide4 ,! enamel is mu* complicat$4 ,9 ,holmes's 8,po/-,pleioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 on pages #ajb & #ajd1 ,leidy m5tions an upp] second premol> ( ,equus frat]nus f\nd on ,goose ,creek1 ab\t #ab miles f ,*>le/on4 ,he add$ a p>agraph on ! geology4 ,fur!r ref]5ce to ?is w be f\nd on page #cfc4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum & 9 ! private collections ab\t ,*>le/on ! writ] has se5 _m tee? ( horses f\nd 9 t region1 mo/ ( !m )\t /atem5ts ab\t exact localities1 ?\gh "s 7 f\nd 9 ,/ono ,riv]4 ,! tee? ( ,e4 leidyi appe> to be m num]\s 9 ! collections ?an ^? ( ,e4 complicatus4 ,_m tee? ( bo? species are conta9$ 9 ! ,scanlan collection1 made 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on & n[ own$ by ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,9 ?is collection are f\nd also two l[] mol>s :i* ! writ] ref]s to ,equus littoralis4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to pages #cfb to #cff4 #c4 ,ri*l& ,c\nty4--,on ! occasion ref]r$ to 9 ! next p>agraph1 ,rob]t ,w4 ,gibbes pres5t$ a too? ( a horse f\nd 9 ,ri*l& di/rict at a dep? ( #ag feet1 9 a sl\gh1 suppos$ to h be5 a =m] b$ ( ,cong>ee ,riv]4 #d4 ,d>l+ton1 ,d>l+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahej 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg71 ,gibbes %[$ be=e ! ,association sev]al specim5s ( horse-tee?1 ref]r$ to ,equus am]icanus 7,e4 complicatus71 f\nd 9 suppos$ ,plioc5e at ,d>l+ton4 ,!y 7 report$ z hav+ be5 discov]$ associat$ ) bones ( a ma/odon1 presumably ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,no additional in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,d>l+ton is situat$ on a bran* ( ,black ,creek1 an afflu5t ( ,great ,p$ee ,riv]4 ,! tee? 7 probably f\nd 9 a ,plei/oc5e t]race deposit4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ag47 ,app>5tly rema9s ( ext9ct horses h be5 f\nd 9 ,georgia 9 only two places1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,dur+ ! con/ruction 79 #ahch-ci7 ( a canal :i* connect$ ,altamaha & ,turtle ,riv]s1 rema9s ( v>i\s fossil v]tebrates 7 discov]$4 ,a li/ ( ^! w be giv5 on page #cgj4 ,among ! rema9s 0 a l[] left la/ premol> or fir/ mol> ( an ext9ct horse1 describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahdg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdg1 p4 #bff7 & aga9 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's ,po/-,pleioc5e ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #ajd1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #bc74 ,9 ! fir/ publication he ref]r$ ! too? to 8 species ,equus am]icanus 7,e4 complicatus72 b 9 #ahfj he ref]r$ x to 8 ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,! size ( ! too? appe>s to ju/ify 8 lat] conclusion4 ,lyell1 9 8 8,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 made 9 #ahde 7ed4 #b1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cdh71 /at$ t rema9s ( ,equus _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,brunswick ,canal4 ,he ref]r$ x to ,equus curvid5s1 & /at$ t ?is species _h ! upp] tee? m curv$ ?an any liv+ horse4 ,on page #dcf ( ,bullet9 ,no4 #bf ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,georgia1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley furni%$ a li/ ( v]tebrates dr$g$ up some:]e ne> ,brunswick4 ,among ! species are #c horses1 ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi71 ,e4 complicatus1 & ,e4 tau 7probably ,e4 littoralis74 ,?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,georgia1 ! writ] has be5 p]mitt$ to /udy ^! tee?4 ,!re is "o damag$ upp] mol> :i* belongs to ,e4 complicatus2 #d upp] & #a l[] gr9d]s belong to ,e4 leidyi2 #b upp] left mol>s are c]ta9ly ^? ( ,e4 littoralis2 "o hav+ a height ( #gb mm41 a cr[n-l5g? ( #bc mm41 & a wid? ( #bb mm4 ,! l5g? is slightly great] ?an t ( ! type ( ! species4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia ! writ] has exam9$ an equ9e tibia pres5t$ by ,j4 ,h4 ,c\p]1 probably f\nd 9 ! ,brunswick ,canal ) ! o!r rema9s pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,c\p]4 ,x is comp>$ 9 size ) a tibia ( ! horse ,edw9 ,=re/1 ) t ( a draft horse 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ) t ( ,e4 scotti1 ,no4 #ajfbh1 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,measurem5ts ( tibi ( horses1 9 millimet]s4 ,brunswick ,edw9 ,draft ,e4 horse4 ,=re/4 horse4 scotti4 ,total l5g? ( tibia #dee #cfe #dbj #cgj ,side-to-side diamet] at #fe #db #ej #di middle ( l5g? ,! ,brunswick horse 0 evid5tly a v l>ge "o1 b x may h be5 an unusually l>ge specim5 ( ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,*a?am ,c\nty4--,on page #bg ( ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's 8,memoir on ! ,mega!rium10 9 ,joseph ,hab]%am's memor&um1 is not$ ! fact t among ! fossils f\nd "h 0 a well-pres]v$ too? ( a horse4 ,! height ( ! too? is giv5 z be+ #b4ge in*es1 greate/ diamet] #a4b in*es1 ! lea/ #a in*4 ,! too? 0 evid5tly an upp] premol> or mol>4 ,x belong$ probably ei!r to ,equus complicatus or ,e4 leidyi1 b to :i* is unc]ta94 ,9 #ahej 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg71 ,rob]t ,w4 ,gibbes report$ ! discov]y ( horse rema9s1 probably a too?1 9 ! alluvium ( ,skidaway ,isl&1 a few miles s\!a/ ( ,savannah4 ,no fur!r in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,! geological conditions at ?is isl& & ! fossils f\nd !re w be consid]$ on pages #cgj to #cgb4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ag1 #ah47 #a4 ,/okes ,f]ry1 ,/4 ,m>y's ,riv]1 ,nassau ,c\nty4--,9 #aiji 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adg71 ,sell>ds /at$1 on au?ority ( notes receiv$ f ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son1 t #c tee? ( a fossil horse _h be5 f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,at ! same place 0 discov]$ a fragm5t ( a too? ( an elephant1 mo/ probably ,elephas columbi1 & "s e>-bones ( a :ale4 ,! writ] has n se5 ^! & does n "k to :at species !y belong$4 ,measurem5ts ( tibi ( horses4 ,dim5sions tak54 ,equus sp4 ,e4 ,e4 ,florida4 scotti4 caballus4 ,total l5g? ( bone #cif #cgj #cib ,l5g? on out] bord] #cfj ,l5g? on inn] bord] #cgh ,wid? across upp] end #abe #ajg #ajh ,=e-&-aft diamet] at middle ( l5g? #de #dj #cg ,side-to-side diamet] at middle ( l5g? #ef #di #dc ,greate/ wid? at l[] end #id #ic #hf #b4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,mr4 ,fr$ ,r4 ,all51 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,florida1 ! writ] has exam9$ a left tibia ( an ext9ct horse1 f\nd 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ab\t #bh miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! species has n be5 det]m9$1 b x may be well to put on record ! measurem5ts4 ,x app>5tly belong$ to a r l>ge horse4 ,= comp>ison1 o!r correspond+ measurem5ts are giv51 tak5 f ,equus scotti1 ,no4 #ajfbh ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & f ,equus caballus1 ,no4 #gd ( ,mr4 ,*ubb's collection at ! museum m5tion$1 a trott+ /allion4 ,x w be se5 t ! tibia f\nd bel[ ,/4 ,augu/9e is a relatively /\t] bone ?an ^? x is comp>$ )4 ,! l>ge horse1 kn[n to h exi/$ 9 ,florida1 is ,equus complicatus4 #c4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,?is place is ne> ,newb]ry4 ,"h h be5 collect$ ,gompho!rium floridanum1 ,tapirus t]re/ris81 & ,hipp>ion sp4 indet4 #d4 ,wade1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,! writ] has se5 at ,tallahassee1 #d fossil ,equus tee?1 f\nd at ?is place4 ,"o is ,no4 #adgj ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey & label$ z f\nd 9 ! ,buttg5ba* 8cumm]0 m9e4 ,x is a l[] left second premol>1 #dj mm4 high1 #ca mm4 long1 & #ad4e mm4 wide1 n includ+ ! cem5t pres5t4 ,ano!r too?1 ,no4 #adfb1 f ,buttg5ba*'s riv] m9e1 ne> ,wade1 is ! h9d]mo/ left mol> ( ! l[] jaw1 #cb mm4 long1 & #ac mm4 wide 9 front4 ,x is ?\ght ^! tee? belong$ to ,equus leidyi4 #e4 ,newb]ry1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,?is is ! locality m5tion$ by ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 p4 #abh7 "u ! "n ( ,hall[ells2 b he m5tion$ no fossils f ?is place4 ,9 ! ,report ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 volume v1 page #eh1 ,sell>ds /at$ t a species ( ,hipp>ion _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! h>d phosphate4 ,9 ! eigh? report ( ! same survey1 on page #db1 ! pres5t writ] describ$ a specifically undet]m9$ species ( ,p>ahippus1 also f ! phosphate deposits4 ,on page #id ,dr4 ,sell>ds report$ ,equus littoralis & ,odocoileus f ,newb]ry4 ,! writ] has id5tifi$ z ,equus littoralis1 a horse repres5t$ by a l[] left h9d]mo/ mol>1 f\nd at ,newb]ry4 #f4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 9 #ahhe 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #cb1 #cc71 describ$ f ?is place a rh9oc]os1 ,rh9oc]os prot]us1 & ,hippo!rium +5uum4 ,9 #ahhf 7ibid41 pp4 #aa1 #ab7 he aga9 m5tion$ ^! species & describ$ 9 addition to !m ,ma/odon floridanus & #c species ( camels :i* he ref]r$ to ! g5us ,au*5ia4 ,9 a li/ furni%$ by ,leidy to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 !re are li/$1 besides ! species m5tion$1 ,mega!rium & ,c]vus virg9ianus81 all f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays & usually ref]r$ to ! ,l[] ,mioc5e or ,upp] ,plioc5e4 ,9 ! li/ pres5t$ on page #cge1 "u ! geology ( ,florida1 a species ( tapir is add$4 ,at pres5t ! writ] assigns ! deposits kn[n z ! ,ala*ua clays to l[]mo/ ,plei/oc5e4 #g4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is an upp] la/ mol> ( ,equus1 f\nd at ! place nam$ & pres5t$ by ,e4 ,mixon4 ,! enamel is n mu* plicat$4 ,! size ( ! too? indicat$ t x belong$ to ,e4 leidyi4 ,9 ! li/ ( v]tebrates une>!d at ,mixon's 7ne> ,willi/on71 furni%$ by ,leidy to ,dall1 7 includ$ two species ( ,hippo!rium1 ,h4 +5uum & ,h4 plicatile4 ,^! species are n[ ref]r$ to ! g5us ,hipp>ion4 ,h4 plicatile 0 describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahhg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #cji74 ,a li/ ( ! species at pres5t kn[n to h be5 obta9$ "h is to be f\nd on page #cge "u ! geology ( ,florida4 ,!y h all be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays & are usually reg>d$ z belong+ to ! late ,t]ti>y4 #h4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ac71 ,leidy report$ ! discov]y ( "s fossil v]tebrates 9 a fissure 9 a lime/one rock ne> ,ocala4 ,"s equ9e tee? he ref]r$ to ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,! o!r species 7 id5tifi$ z ,smilodon floridanus1 ,elephas columbi1 & 7) "s d\bt7 ,procamelus m9imus4 ,= conclusions reg>d+ ! geology ( ! locality see page #cgh4 #i4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,! writ] has exam9$ #b fossil horse-tee? f\nd ne> ,dunnellon1 n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey4 ,no4 #acff is f ! ,camp ,phosphate ,company's ,blue ,run m9e4 ,x is a fir/ or second upp] mol>1 worn d[n to a height ( only an in* & hav+ a gr9d+-surface #bf mm4 long & #be mm4 wide & ) a protocone #ab mm4 long =e-&-aft4 ,no4 #addd1 also a fir/ or second upp] mol>1 has a height ( #dg mm41 a l5g? ( #bd mm41 a wid? ( #bc mm41 & a protocone ( #aa4e mm4 ,! enamel ( ! lakes is mu* plicat$4 ,! tee? are id5tifi$ z ^? ( ,equus leidyi4 ,no4 #addd has be5 figur$ by ,sell>ds 7#g? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aaa1 fig4 #dj7 & describ$ z dr$g$ f ! ,s*ilmann & ,b5e riv] m9e1 on ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]4 ,on page #cgf1 "u ! geology ( ,florida1 w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species obta9$ at ,dunnellon & ! surr\nd+ region4 ,9 ?is li/ is includ$ ,p>ahippus sp4 indet4 & ,hipp>ion plicatile4 ,dr4 ,sell>ds believes t _m species ( t li/ belong to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! horse-l species1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! camel are held by him z be+ old] ?an ! ,plei/oc5e4 #aj4 ,h]n&o1 ,citrus ,c\nty4--,at ?is place h be5 secur$ ,gompho!rium floridanum1 ,hipp>ion sp4 indet41 & ,procamelus sp4 indet41 all f ! phosphate deposits & ref]r$ by ,sell>ds to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ! ,l[] ,plioc5e4 #aa4 ,hold]1 ,citrus ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,by/ra1 ( ,hold51 is a fossil horse-too? dr$g$ f ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 9 section #bi1 t[n%ip #ag s\?1 range #ai ea/4 ,! species to :i* ! too? belong$ has n be5 det]m9$4 #ab4 ,orange ,c\nty4--,! writ] has se51 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 an upp] "r la/ mol> ( ,equus1 label$ z f\nd 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,no?+ m is kn[n by ! writ] ab\t ! too?4 #ac4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brev>d ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sell>ds /at$ t at ?is place1 9 ! ,hopk9s dra9age canal1 _h be5 collect$ tee? ( ,elephas columbi & ,equus complicatus4 #ad4 ,k+s=d1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #c horse-tee? collect$ 9 #aijc by ,mr4 ,juan ,c4 ,edmundoz1 f "s ( ! phosphate m9es 9 ! region ab\t ,k+s=d4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! fossils f ^! m9es h be5 suppos$ to belong to ! late ,mioc5e or e>ly ,plioc5e1 ^! horse-tee? are c]ta9ly ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,"o too?1 ,no4 #hfbj1 is an upp] "r true mol>1 ei!r ! fir/ or ! second4 ,x is worn d[n to ab\t half its orig9al l5g?4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #be mm42 its wid? is #bf mm4 ,! enamel surr\nd+ ! lakes is extremely complicat$4 ,ano!r too?1 ,no4 #hfai1 is a "r h9d]mo/ mol> ) ! protocone miss+4 ,a ?ird too?1 ,no4 #hfah1 is a little-worn l[] mol>1 probably ! second4 ,! height is #hc mm41 ! l5g? #be mm41 wid? #ad mm4 ,! tee? are to be ref]r$ to ,equus leidyi4 #ae4 ,brew/]1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 volume ,,viii ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 pages #ie1 #if1 ,dr4 ,sell>ds /ates t f ! phosphate m9es at ,brew/] h be5 obta9$ tee? ( ,hipp>ion m9or4 ,a li/ ( ! associat$ species is to be f\nd 9 ! discussion ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,florida on page #chj4 #af4 ,alafia ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a collection ( #aj tee? ( ,equus1 said to h be5 dr$g$ 9 ,alafia ,riv]4 ,"s belong to ,e4 leidyi4 ,"o1 a "r ?ird or f\r? upp] premol> worn d[n to a height ( #dj mm41 has /ill a l5g? ( #cj mm4 & a wid? ( #bg mm42 app>5tly x belongs to ,e4 complicatus4 ,! writ] has describ$ an ext9ct species ( box-tortoise1 ,t]rap5e putnami 7,fossil ,turtles1 ,n4 ,a41 p4 #cfj7 dr$g$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam 9 ,alafia ,riv] ab\t a mile above its entrance into ,tampa ,bay4 ,) ! bone1 :i* =ms ! type ( ! species1 7 dr$g$ a p]iph]al bone ( a ,te/udo1 possibly ,t4 crassiscutata1 & rema9s ( horses & tapirs4 ,x is pretty c]ta9 t ! #aj tee? above m5tion$ 7 secur$ by ,pr(essor ,putnam4 ,9 ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 is a "p ( a l[] "r premol> ( ,equus1 app>5tly ,e4 leidyi1 said to h be5 f\nd ne> ,tampa ,bay4 #ag4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,at sev]al places ab\t ! m\? ( ,manatee ,riv] h be5 f\nd relics ( fossil horses4 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,leitzel1 ( ,palmetto1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = id5tification "s tee? f\nd 9 ,manatee ,riv]1 o!rs 9 ,t]ra ,ceia ,bay4 ,! tee? are all well fossiliz$2 "s are upp] tee?1 o!rs belong bel[4 ,! writ] reg>ds !m z belong+ to ,equus leidyi4 ,9 ! same museum are #b l[] "r true mol>s1 a second & a ?ird1 s5t f ,manatee by ,mr4 ,n4 ,b4 ,moore4 ,! tee? are mod]ately worn4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface ( ! h9d]mo/ mol> is only #bc mm41 ! wid? #ab mm4 ,!y mu/ h belong$ to a small horse & are ref]r$ to ,equus littoralis4 ,f ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,e>le ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum receiv$ 9 ,febru>y #aiba1 sev]al tee? ( ,equus leidyi1 #b ( ,e4 complicatus1 & #a ( ,e4 littoralis1 :i* _h be5 wa%$ up on ! bea* at ,palma ,sola1 ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,palmetto4 ,) ^! tee? came p>ts ( antl]s ( a de]1 a "p ( a metac>pal & an a/ragalus ( ,bison latifrons81 a "p ( a beak ( a platani/id porpoise1 a "p ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 a fragm5t or two ( a t]rap9 7,tra*emys sp4 indet471 a fragm5t ( ! c>apace ( a s(t-%ell$ turtle1 & tee? ( %>ks4 ,! porpoise & ! %>ks1 also a "p ( a metapodial ( a camel1 may belong to ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e deposits ne> ! locality4 #ah4 ,s>asota ,bay1 ,s>asota ,c\nty4--,! region a little fur!r s\? ?an ,manatee ,riv] has furni%$ rema9s ( ext9ct horses4 ,sell>ds 7#g? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aab1 fig4 #dg7 has figur$ a l[] too? ( a l>ge horse1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox1 at ,:ite ,bea*1 on ,s>asota ,bay4 ,inasmu* z ! =e-&-aft dim5sion ( ! too? is #cj mm41 x v probably belong$ to ,equus complicatus4 ,mr4 ,willcox has submitt$ to ! writ] #b l>ge l[] tee?1 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! species j m5tion$4 ,ano!r l[] too?1 app>5tly a ?ird or f\r? l[] premol>1 f\nd on ! same bea*1 has ! =e-&-aft dim5sion only #bf mm41 ! wid? #ae mm4 ,?is is ref]r$ to ,equus leidyi4 ,at ,blackburn's place1 #ab miles s\? ( ,:ite ,bea*1 ,mr4 ,willcox secur$ a too? ( ,equus app>5tly little worn4 ,! height is #hc mm41 ! l5g? at ! summit #bh mm41 b a little fur!r d[n only #bf mm42 ! wid? #ab mm4 ,?is too? is to be ref]r$ to ,equus leidyi4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 are #g tee? ( ,equus1 collect$ 9 #aiaa by ,mr4 ,b>num ,br[n at a place #h miles s\!a/ ( ,s>asota4 ,!y appe> to belong to ! ,florida horse ( m$ium size1 ,equus leidyi4 #ai4 ,calv5ia1 ,h>dee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #dhch7 is an upp] "r la/ mol> ( a horse label$ z f\nd ne> ! m\? ( ,*>lie ,apopka ,creek & z hav+ be5 pres5t$ by ,capta9 ,le ,b>on ?r\gh ,l4 ,c4 ,johnson4 ,! too? belongs to ,equus leidyi4 ,ano!r too? f\nd at ! same place1 at ! same "t 7,decemb] #af1 #ahhc71 & pres5t$ 9 ! same way1 is a l[] gr9d]4 ,! height is #ge mm41 ! l5g?1 #bg mm41 ! ?ickness #ab4c mm4 ,x is to be ref]r$ to ,e4 leidyi4 #bj4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,_m rema9s ( horses1 especially tee?1 h be5 collect$ at & ne> ?is place1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox1 on a s&-b> at ,arcadia be+ explor$ = phosphate4 ,! fir/ publi%$ description ( ^! rema9s appe>s to be t ( ,leidy 9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 ,,ii1 p4 #ai74 ,leidy _h at h& #ag upp] mol>s1 #b l[] mol>s1 & #b incisors4 ,he 01 at t "t1 unc]ta9 :e!r ^! tee? p]ta9$ to an indig5\s species ( ,equus or to ! dome/ic horse4 ,! manag] ( ! ,arcadia ,phosphate ,company1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,moorhead1 in=m$ ,mr4 ,willcox t ! ma9 s\rce ( ! mat]ials ( ! b> ext5d$ = miles along ! %ores ( ,peace ,creek & 0 ab\t #h feet ?ick4 ,among ! mat]ials exam9$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahij1 p4 #ahb7 0 a too? :i* he reg>d$ z belong+ to ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus71 b1 on ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,cope1 he describ$ & figur$ z ,hippo!rium pr9ceps4 ,lat]1 ,lucas 7,trans4 cit41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #di1 plate ,,xix1 figs4 #ab1 #ac7 conclud$ t ,leidy's fir/ op9ion 0 correct4 ,! too? is abnormal 9 hav+ ! column ( ! protocone free f ! o!r cusps ( ! too? = a %ort di/ance f ! gr9d+-surface4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #hd 7p4 #abi7 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,leidy ref]r$ ! ,peace ,creek horses to 8 ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi71 & x is f\nd t 9 size & o!r respects ! type ( ,hippo!rium pr9ceps agrees ) ?is species4 ,x is reta9$1 h[ev]1 z ,equus pr9ceps4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #f tee? collect$ on ,peace ,creek1 probably n f> f ,arcadia1 :i* all app>5tly belong to ,e4 leidyi4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xiv1 #aija1 p4 #aba7 /at$ t !re is 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum a too? f ,peace ,creek1 mu* too small to be ref]r$ to any species at t "t report$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b resembl+ closely ,equus tau1 f ,mexico4 ,?is too? probably belongs to ,equus littoralis4 ,besides ! horses ( ! g5us ,equus1 !re h be5 f\nd at or ne> ,arcadia ! #c-to$ horse ,hipp>ion +5uum4 ,:e!r ?is is to be ref]r$ ) ! great majority ( ! fossils f\nd 9 ?is region to ! ,aftonian fauna ( ! fir/ int]glacial or to ! ,nebraskan /age x is impossible to say4 #ba4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,num]\s rema9s ( ext9ct horses h be5 f\nd "h1 b !y always consi/ ( s+le bones or tee?1 sometimes 9 f9e condition1 sometimes some:at wat]-worn4 ,! rema9s occur 9 bo? deposits1 designat$ z ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c1 b 9 ! latt] ! mat]ials are m fragm5t>y & n specifically id5tifiable4 ,sell>ds has figur$ "s ( ! tee? 9 8 sev5? ,annual ,report 7#aiae1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 figs4 #dj-dc74 ,9 8 eigh? report1 on page #adi1 he has recogniz$ ! occurr5ce "h ( #c species1 ,equus complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 & ,e4 littoralis4 ,! writ] has exam9$ a l>ge can9e too? f\nd 9 ! /ratum ( s&1 ,no4 #b4 ,f its size x is ref]r$ to ,equus complicatus4 ,its =e-&-aft diamet] is #ad mm4 ,ano!r too? f ! /ratum1 an upp] "r ?ird true mol>1 f9ely pres]v$ & reta9+ "s ( ! cem5t1 is reg>d$ z belong+ to ,e4 leidyi4 ,two l[] tee? f ,no4 #b are wat]-worn1 b reta9 _! /ructure4 ,! =e-&-aft diamet] ( ea* is #ba mm4 ,!y mu/ h belong$ to ! little horse call$ ,e4 littoralis4 ,a fragm5t ( an upp] too? is ref]r$ to ?is species4 ,x is n wat]-worn1 b has be5 split f ! cr[n to ! root4 ,a h9d] fir/ phalangeal bone f\nd 9 ! canal 7,no4 #ahjb ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey7 is #if mm4 long4 ,?is indicates a horse z l>ge z our ord9>y dome/ic horses & x probably belong$ to ,equus complicatus4 #bb4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ag71 ,leidy /at$ t ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox _h obta9$1 f a ,plioc5e %ell-b$ on ,caloosahat*ee ,riv]1 "s rema9s ( a fossil horse1 consi/+ ( two c]vical v]tebr & a "p ( a l[] jaw1 :i* conta9$ ! fir/ & second mol> tee?4 ,^! tee? are probably :at w\ld be call$ premol>s #b & #c4 ,leidy ref]r$ ! rema9s to 8 ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,dall 7,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 /at$ t ,equus frat]nus1 ,bison latifrons1 & ,elephas columbi 7 f\nd 9 ,plioc5e b$s on ! ,caloosahat*ee1 b ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajb7 corrects ?is error z to ! age4 ,! writ] has receiv$ a lett] f ,mr4 ,willcox 9 :i* he /ates t ! fragm5t ( l[] jaw 0 f\nd ab\t #b or #c miles bel[ ,labelle4 #bc4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sell>ds wrote t ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hayes _h secur$ = ! ,florida ,/ate ,geological ,survey1 f ! ,palm ,bea* ,canal1 tee? ( ,elephas columbi & ,equus complicatus & a femur ( a species ( ,bison4 ,,alabama4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,newb]n1 ,hale ,c\nty4--,9 ,augu/ #aiad1 !re 0 receiv$ at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 f ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,:ite1 ( ,newb]n1 a l[] left fir/ incisor ( a horse4 ,?is1 ) a l[] mol> ( a species ( ,bison1 _h be5 f\nd 9 a creek4 ,! incisor is some:at worn1 b /ill reta9$ a "p ( ! cup4 ,! gr9d+-face is #ad mm4 f side to side4 ,! species c n be det]m9$4 #b4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upp] "r true mol>1 fir/ or second1 ( a horse1 f\nd at ?is place 9 #ahhc1 by ,l4 ,c4 ,johnson1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! too? is id5tifi$ z t ( ,equus leidyi4 ,! enamel is mu* cr5at$4 ,at ! same place 0 f\nd a too? 7a l[] mol>7 ( ,elephas imp]ator1 & tee? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,x seems to ! writ] t ! pres5ce ( ^! species indicates t ! deposits along ,bogue ,*itto belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 ab\t equival5t to ! ,aftonian4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,orizaba1 ,tippah ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aijg7 is a fossil too? ( a horse1 a ?ird or f\r? "r premol>1 f\nd app>5tly n f> f ?is little t[n4 ,x is label$ z hav+ be5 pick$ up at ,l&]'s mill1 #i miles s\? ( ,ripley1 on ,cane ,creek1 out ( dbris ( ,cretace\s m>l1 & giv5 to ,dr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,/anton4 ,h[ x came to be m+l$ ) ! m>l is n kn[n4 ,! too? is only mod]ately worn1 ! height be+ #ge mm4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #bh mm41 ! wid? #bg mm4 ,x has ! enamel unusually /rongly fold$4 ,! too? is ref]r$ provisionally to ,equus leidyi4 #b4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,else:]e w be f\nd an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( fossil v]tebrates ne> ,nat*ez by ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dick]son 7p4 #cij71 among :i* 7 f\nd horse-tee?1 ref]r$ to two species4 ,"o ( ^! horses1 repres5t$1 z suppos$1 by #ab tee?1 0 at fir/ call$ by ,leidy ,equus am]icanus 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdg1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfe1 plate ,,ii72 b lat] ,equus complicatus 7,proc4 cit41 #aheh1 p4 #aa74 ,9 #aija 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aji1 fig4 #g71 ,gidley select$ "o ( ! tee?1 t ( ,leidy's plate ,,ii1 figs4 #a1 #f1 ref]r$ to above1 z ! special type ( ! species ,equus complicatus4 ,^! ,nat*ez tee? are n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,"s ( ! tee? f ,nat*ez 7 describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's ,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 pp4 #ajj-aje1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #aa-ae1 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #bd-bf1 #cj1 #ca7 z ,equus complicatus4 ,o!rs 7pp4 #ajjaje1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #ag1 #ah1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #bg7 7 ref]r$ to a hi!rto unrecogniz$ species ,equus frat]nus4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #ag4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,hawk9s ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ebj7 is a s+le horse-too? f\nd _m ye>s ago 9 a crevice 9 a m>ble qu>ry at ?is place4 ,x is ref]r$ by ! writ] to ,equus leidyi 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hd74 ,) x 7 s5t a can9e too? & a few bones ( a pecc>y1 describ$ z ,mylohyus setig] 7p4 #cid74 #b4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhe ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles collect$ at ?is place a lot ( bones & tee? ( v]tebrates1 describ$ by ! pres5t writ] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hg74 ,among !m is an upp] "r second premol> ( a horse1 id5tifi$ z ,equus leidyi4 ,a li/ ( ! species w be f\nd on page #cie4 ,e4 littoralis also is pres5t4 #c4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is an upp] second mol> too? br\ght f ,look\t ,m\nta9 7,gidley1 ,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aba74 ,"u :at conditions ?is too? 0 f\nd h n be5 record$4 ,x belongs probably to ! species ,equus littoralis4 #d4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4--,f ,william ,edw>d ,my]1 ( ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 ! writ] receiv$1 ,june #bf1 #aibj1 "s fossils collect$ ne> ,na%ville1 ab\t #cjj y>ds up/ream f ,lock ,a1 9 ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 at a dep? ( ne>ly #cj feet b5ea? a bank ( gravel4 ,bel[ ?is gravel is a b$ ( s& app>5tly #b or #c feet ?ick & ?is is und]la9 by ano!r b$ ( gravel app>5tly ab\t #b feet ?ick4 ,?is itself lies on b$-rock at ab\t ! level ( l[ wat] 9 ! riv]4 ,9 ! l[] gravel 7 f\nd a l[] mol> ( ,equus leidyi1 a "p ( a left femur ( a l>ge horse1 & an antl] ( a small undet]m9$ & probably undescrib$ de]4 ,9 ! lay] ( s& 7 discov]$ a heel bone ( a camel1 a "p ( a too? ( a "y ma/odon1 & "s fragm5ts ( turtle bones4 ,! equ9e too? belongs to ! "r side4 ,x has a height ( ab\t #hj mm41 a l5g? ( #bh mm4 on ! gr9d+-surface1 & a wid? ( #af mm4 ,x is black1 & l ! o!rs ?or\ghly fossiliz$4 ,! fragm5t ( femur appe>s to h belong$ to a horse p]haps l>g] ?an ,equus leidyi4 ,x beg9s at ! l[] bord] ( ! ?ird tro*ant] & desc5ds to ! l[] "p ( ! deep fossa = ! plant>is muscle4 ,imm$iately above ! fossa ! side-to-side diamet] ( ! bone is #ej mm41 ! =e-&-aft #fj mm4 ,9 a horse ( m$ium size ^! diamet]s are respectively #de mm4 & #ec mm4 ,lat] !re 0 discov]$ at ! same locality ! upp] two-?irds ( ! "r metat>sal4 ,! fragm5t is #bcj mm4 long4 ,! upp] articul> end is some:at injur$2 #ge mm4 bel[ ! upp] end ! =e-&-aft diamet] is #de mm41 ! side-to-side diamet] #ch mm4 ,! latt] diamet] 0 some:at great]1 z ! bone appe>s to be slightly cru%$4 ,! specim5 is ref]r$ to ,equus complicatus4 ,probably ! femur m5tion$ above belong$ to ?is species4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 _! report publi%$ 9 #ahca 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #cga71 ,coop]1 ,smi?1 & ,dekay report$ !y f\nd 9 ! collection f ?is place l>ge tee? & bones ( a horse4 ,!y reg>d$ ^! z be+ ( equal antiquity ) ! ext9ct animals associat$ ) !m4 ,9 #ahdg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfc1 #bfd7 ,leidy /at$ t !re 7 9 ! ,academy #aj p]man5t mol>s ( a horse f ,bigbone ,lick4 ,^! he ref]r$ to ,equus curvid5s4 ,9 #ahec 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfc7 he wrote t sev]al tee? suppos$ to h come f ?is locality _h possibly be5 obta9$ else:]e4 ,9 #ahea 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 p4 #adj71 he spoke ( foot-bones ( ! horse1 a calcaneum & fir/ phalanx1 f ! same place4 ,9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajd71 ,leidy m5tion$ sev]al horse-bones f ,bigbone ,lick pres5t$ to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society by ,presid5t ,jeff]son4 ,9 ,ro*e/] ,univ]sity are #b ho( phalanges label$ f ,bigbone ,lick4 ,osborn 78,age ( ,mammals10 p4 #dgh7 puts d[n ,equus f ,bigbone ,lick z be+ d\btful4 ,!re appe>s to be no good reason = ?is4 ,! rema9s ( horses f ?is locality appe> all to belong to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,monday's ,l&+1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,m4 ,mill]1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky1 ! writ] has receiv$ = exam9ation a mu*-worn upp] left mol> or premol> ( a horse f\nd at ! place nam$4 ,x 0 met ) 9 a fissure fill$ ) cry/alliz$ calcite1 ne> ! bank ( ,k5tucky ,riv]4 ,! ve9 ( calcite 0 ab\t #f feet wide4 ,simil> ve9s at ?is locality h be5 work$ d[n to a dep? ( #bjj or #cjj feet4 ,a "p ( a l[] jaw ( a de]-l animal 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ^! ve9s4 ,! horse-too? is badly worn1 b x appe>s to h belong$ to a small species1 ! =e-&-aft l5g? ( ! cr[n be+ only #ai mm4 ,! enamel ( ! ant]ior lake is consid]ably complicat$4 ,x is impossible1 f ! lack ( o!r fossil rema9s1 to det]m9e ! geological age ( ?is horse4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,tapirid ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,9 #ahga1 ,:eatley ann\nc$ 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd7 t he _h discov]$ 9 ! ,port ,k5n$y bone cave #b species ( tapirs 7,tapirus am]icanus & ,t4 haysii74 ,9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bec71 ,cope /at$ t rema9s ( #ce or m tapirs _h be5 discov]$ 9 ?is cave4 ,he ref]r$ all to ,t4 haysii4 ,^! tapirs w be m5tion$ aga9 on page #cab1 :]e ! geological relations ( ! cave & its cont5ts are consid]$4 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& report$ 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca7 f\nd 9 a bone cave at ,frank/[n ! ?ird & f\r? l[] premol>s ( a tapir ab\t ! size ( ,tapir am]icanus1 :i* "n is a synonym ( ,t4 t]re/ris4 ,?is w be m5tion$ 9 ! discussion ( ! geology ( ! region on page #cba4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ai1 #cf47 #a4 ,new ,salisbury81 ,columbiana ,c\nty4--,some:]e 9 ! region probably ( ! t[n nam$ 0 f\nd1 ab\t #ahej1 a jaw ( a tapir1 app>5tly m5tion$ fir/ by ,l\is ,agassiz 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 #ahea1 p4 #agi71 :o ref]r$ to x z a jaw ( a pa*yd]m4 ,leidy1 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajg71 report$ t he _h /udi$ a mu*-mutilat$ fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw ( ! small] v>iety ( ! ext9ct tapir1 :i* _h belong$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,bra9]d1 ( ,clevel&4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! valley ( ,yell[ ,creek1 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 9 an erosion ( ! coal s]ies4 ,x 0 cov]$ ) #cj feet ( clay1 at a height ( #ahf feet above l[-wat] 9 ,ohio ,riv]4 ,*>les ,:ittlesey1 9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 /at$ t ?is specim5 0 tak5 f 8valley drift10 ( ,yell[ ,creek1 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,:ite1 ,c4 ,e41 9 a cut ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,railroad4 ,inasmu* z ,yell[ ,creek itself does n ent] ! c\nty nam$1 ref]5ce mu/ be to :at is call$1 on ! topographical %eet ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,nor? ,=k ( ,yell[ ,creek4 ,! railroad foll[s ?is creek = _m miles 9 ! c\nty4 ,! t[n ( ,new ,salisbury is tak5 z be+ probably n f> f ! locality4 ,x is n kn[n :at became ( ?is specim51 nor is x possible to say to :i* species x belong$4 ,x is to be ref]r$ probably to ! ,sangamon /age4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,tapir rema9s h be5 f\nd at only "o place 9 ,indiana1 viz1 9 ! banks ( ! ,ohio ,riv] at ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,evansville4 ,a s+le l[] h9d] mol> =m$ "p ( a collection made by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,l9cke & describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii74 ,?is too? 0 figur$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #i1 #aj7 "u ! "n ,tapirus haysii4 ,associat$ ) ! too? 7 rema9s ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 a bison ( probably an ext9ct species1 ! ,virg9ia de]1 ! horse kn[n z ,equus complicatus1 & ! l>ge ext9ct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,on page #cb is discuss$ ! probable age ( ! bone-b$ :i* conta9$ ! animals nam$ above4 ,x is conclud$ t ! age is possibly ! ,aftonian1 b m probably ! ,sangamon4 ,?is species ( tapir has be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,k5tucky1 betwe5 ,l\isville & ,c9c9nati1 9 deposits conta9+ ,equus complicatus1 #b ext9ct species ( ,bison1 de]1 etc4 ,! deposits lie on ,ill9oian drift & are 9 "p1 at lea/1 ( ,sangamon age4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 a crevice 9 lime/one rock1 at a po9t ab\t #c miles we/ ( nor? ( ,cumb]l&1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley f\nd a too? ( a tapir4 ,! too? has nev] be5 specifically id5tifi$4 ,a li/ ( ! associat$ species1 z f> z det]m9$1 w be giv5 on page #cej4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,cope ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( sev]al l[] mol>s ( a tapir 9 :at he reg>d$ z cave breccia1 along ,new ,riv]4 ,^! tee? he f\nd to be some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( ,t4 t]re/ris1 ! ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ican species1 & he ref]r$ !m to ,tapirus haysii4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd "h is giv5 on page #cec4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajf1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #b1 #c71 ,leidy describ$ briefly & figur$ #b injur$ upp] *eek-tee? ( a tapir f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,a%ley ,riv]1 & ref]r$ by him to ,tapirus am]icanus fossilis1 on ! supposition t !y 7 n diff]5t f ^? ( ! exi/+ ,s\? ,am]ican tapir1 b l>g]4 ,! l>g] ( ! two tee? 7fig4 #b7 appe>s to h _h a =e-&-aft diamet] ( ab\t #bi mm4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 to belong to ,leidy's species ,tapirus haysii4 ,"u ! same "n1 ,t4 am]icanus fossilis1 ,leidy illu/rat$ 7figs4 #aa1 #ab7 a l[] mol> f\nd on ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,?is appe>s to be too small to h belong$ to ,t4 haysii4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( ref]r+ x to ,t4 am]icanus 7,t4 t]re/ris7 x may possibly be f\nd to belong to ,t4 v]o5sis ,sell>ds1 ! l[] mol>s ( :i* are n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? figur$ by ,leidy is t ( a second mol> ( ,t4 t]re/ris1 b ! wid? is great] ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum is a "p ( a left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a tapir likewise ref]r$ to ,t4 v]o5sis ,sell>ds4 ,?is fragm5t conta9s all #c ( ! true mol>s4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts 7 secur$3 ,measurem5ts1 9 millimet]s1 ( l[] mol>s ( tapirs 9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum4 ,tapirus v]o5sis8 ,tapirus haysii4 ,l5g?4,wid?4 ,l5g?4,wid?4 ,l5g? ( all #c mol>s comb9$#ff #gi ,fir/ mol> #bj #ag #be #bh ,second mol> #bc #ah4e #bf #ca4e ,?ird mol> #bd #ah #bh #cb ,9 ! collection ( ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney1 at ,lambs1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 are #b tapir tee?1 "o ( :i* is an upp] mol>1 n yet come into use1 app>5tly ! la/ too? ( ! "r side4 ,! l5g? ( ! cr[n is #be4e mm41 ! wid? 9 front #bg4e mm41 beh9d ab\t #bc mm4 ,9 front is a pretty /rong c+ulum1 b !re is none beh9d4 ,?is too? is ref]r$ to ,tapirus haysii4 ,9 ! ,scanlan collection f ,*>le/on1 n[ ! prop]ty ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 are v>i\s specim5s ( tapirs4 ,an upp] left second mol> is slightly worn4 ,! l5g? is #bd mm41 ! wid? #cj mm4 ,! out] bord] ( ! cr[n makes a "r angle ) ! ant]ior bord]2 9 ,t4 t]re/ris ! out] ant]ior corn] is consid]ably less ?an a "r angle4 ,9 ! latt] ! h9d] faces ( ! protocone & ( ! hypocone are concave2 9 ! too? "h describ$ bo? h9d] faces are swoll51 & ! cre/s appe> m depress$ ?an 9 ,t4 t]re/ris4 ,x is reg>d$ z belong+ to ,t4 haysii4 ,9 ! ,scanlan collection are #c l[] mol>s :i* ! writ] ref]s to ,t4 haysii4 ,! foll[+ are ! measurem5ts3 ,measurem5ts1 9 millimet]s1 ( l[] mol>s ( tapirs 9 ! ,scanlan collection4 ,l5g?4,wid?4 ,left ?ird8 mol>1 ) ! re> c+ulum brok5 (f#bh #bb4e ,left second mol> #be4e #ba ,"r second mol> #bg #ba ,9 ! ,scanlan collection is a fragm5t ( ! left maxilla ) #d tee?1 ! la/ premol> & ! #c mol>s4 ,! specim5 resembles figure #a ( ,leidy's plate ,,xvii ( ,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a40 ,! tee? ( ! ,scanlan specim5s are1 h[ev]1 less worn4 ,! h9d] mol> _h n yet come ?r\gh ! gum4 ,! specim5 is ref]r$ to ,t4 t]re/ris4 ,! foll[+ are ! measurem5ts3 ,measurem5ts1 9 millimet]s1 ( upp] tee? ( ,tapirus t]re/ris4 ,too?4 ,tapir f ,*>le/on4 ,t4 t]re/ris1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,no4 #bchaaj ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,pm#a #ai #bd4e #ai #be ,m#a #bj #be4e #ba #bc ,m#b #bb4e #bh #bc4e #bg ,m#c #bd4e #bg4e #be4e #bf ,! mol> tee? h an acute angle betwe5 ! ant]ior & ! out] bord]s1 & ! front & ! h9d] faces ( ! protocone & ! hypocone are n s swoll5 z 9 ! too? ref]r$ to ,t4 haysii4 ,9 app>5tly e respect ! tee? ( ! fossil agree ) ! tee? ( ,tapirus t]re/ris f ,brazil4 ,x is to be hop$ t be=e long a good skull ( ! ,plei/oc5e tapir ^: tee? s closely resemble ^? ( ,t4 t]re/ris w be discov]$4 ,if ! two prove to be ! same species x w seem t only ! desc5dants ( ^? :i* migrat$ to ,nor? ,am]ica p]i%$ dur+ ! ,glacial p]iod4 ,!re is ano!r too?1 an upp] left second mol>1 ( ,t4 t]re/ris 9 ! ,scanlan collection2 also ! re> half ( an upp] mol> label$ z com+ f ,bull ,riv]4 ,o!r fragm5ts ( tee? are record$ z com+ f ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum 7,no4 #acdie7 is a "p ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ) ! #c mol>s4 ,on measurem5t x is f\nd t ! tee? & jaw agree closely ) ^? ( ,t4 t]re/ris4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,9 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bf ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley publi%$ a li/ ( species ( v]tebrate fossils :i* belong to ! ,/ate collection at ,atlanta1 secur$ dur+ "s dr$g+ op]ations at ,brunswick4 ,?is li/1 ) modifications1 is incorporat$ 9 t pres5t$ on page #cgj4 ,among ! fossils exam9$ by ,gidley1 a too? 0 recogniz$ z t ( ,tapirus haysii4 ,,florida4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,florida1 ! writ] has be5 p]mitt$ to exam9e v>i\s tee? 7,no4 #aahf1 ,florida ,geological ,survey7 tak5 f ! ,t4 ,a4 ,?ompson phosphate m9es at ,neals4 ,among ^! is a l[] left milk mol> ( a tapir4 ,! l5g? ( ! cr[n is #ba mm41 ! wid? at ! front lobe #ad mm41 at ! h9d] lobe #ab4e mm4 ,! buttresses are well develop$4 ,! too? may be provisionally ref]r$ to ,tapirus t]re/ris1 yet liv+ 9 ,brazil4 ,al?\gh ?is too? 0 f\nd 9 phosphate mat]ials1 x seem$ to ,dr4 ,sell>ds m probable t x 0 an intrusion f ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,! pres5t writ] ref]s ! ,ala*ua clays to ! ,nebraskan /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,sell>ds has ref]r$ to ?is too? 9 8 ,eigh? ,annual ,report1 #aiaf1 p4 #id4 #b4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhd1 p4 #aai71 ,leidy briefly describ$ a too? ( a tapir f\nd by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,neal1 ( ,ar*]1 ,florida4 ,?is is n[ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #ccbi4 ,! too? is ! ?ird premol> ( ! left side1 implant$ 9 a fragm5t ( maxilla4 ,! cr[n is #bc mm4 long & #bg mm4 wide4 ,leidy /at$ t x diff]$ nei!r 9 =m nor size f ! correspond+ too? ( ! liv+ ,tapirus am]icanus 7,t4 t]re/ris72 b 9 a specim5 ( ?is ! correspond+ too? is only #ah4e mm4 long & #be mm4 wide4 ,! fossil agrees 9 size ) ! same too? ( ,t4 haysii f ! ,port ,k5n$y ,cave 9 ,p5nsylvania 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #eic74 ,) ?is too? _h be5 f\nd tee? ( a "y ma/odon1 rema9s ( sev]al individuals ( a species ( rh9oc]os1 "s foot-bones ( a llama1 a calcaneum :i* ,leidy ?\ght possibly belong$ to ! ext9ct ,c]vus am]icanus 7,c]valces scotti71 & v]tebral c5tra ( a small crocodile4 ,! c]valces 0 aft]w>ds dropp$ f ! li/s4 ,^! rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 a b$ ( clay1 occupy+ a ridge 9 a p9e =e/4 ,! deposits are n[ kn[n z ! ,ala*ua clays1 & !y1 z well z ! conta9$ fossils1 w be discuss$ on page #cge4 ,! tapir rema9s are n includ$ 9 ,leidy's li/ giv5 9 ,bullet9 #hd ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,! writ] has exam9$ a numb] ( tapir tee? f\nd 9 phosphate b$s 9 ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 at ,dunnellon4 ,f ! ,florida geological survey an upp] left second premol> 7,no4 #addj7 has be5 receiv$ :i* is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! correspond+ too? ( ,tapirus t]re/ris & pres5ts o!r peculi>ities4 ,x may h belong$ to ,t4 haysii4 ,an upp] second true mol> 7,no4 #addj7 has ! cr[n #bc mm4 long1 #bg mm4 wide across ! front lobe1 & #bc mm4 across ! h9d] lobe4 ,! correspond+ dim5sions ( a specim5 ( ,t4 t]re/ris f ,sur9am are #bd mm41 #be4e mm41 & #ba4e mm4 ,a too? 7,no4 #acgh7 :i* appe>s to be ! l[] left second mol> is #bb4e mm4 long1 #ai mm4 wide 9 front1 & #bj mm4 wide beh9d4 ,! correspond+ measurem5ts ( ,t4 t]re/ris are #bb4e mm41 #ah4e mm41 & #ag4e mm4 ,! buttresses :i* desc5d f ! out] ends ( ! cre/s ( ! fossil too? are n s /rongly develop$ z 9 ,t4 t]re/ris4 ,probably ^! tee? belong to an undescrib$ species4 ,an upp] mol> hav+ a l5g? ( #bc mm4 has be5 %[n ! writ] by ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son2 x 0 f\nd 9 phosphate deposits at ,dunnellon & s5t to him by ,si/] ,m4 ,ca!r9e1 ( ,/4 ,joseph's ,academy1 at ,/4 ,augu/9e4 #d4 ,ne> ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,rob]tson1 ( ,ocala1 pres5t$ to ! ,national ,museum a too? ( a tapir1 f\nd 9 phosphate deposits a few miles f ,ocala1 section #e1 t[n%ip #ae s\?1 range #bc ea/4 #e4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( fossils1 at ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity1 made f ! phosphate-produc+ b$s 9 ,hillsboro ,c\nty1 is "p ( ! left ramus ( a l[] jaw ( a tapir conta9+ ! fir/ & second true mol>s4 ,! fir/ mol> has a l5g? ( #bd mm4 & a wid? ( #bj mm4 9 front4 ,?is is small] ?an ! correspond+ too? ( ,t4 t]re/ris & ne> t suppos$ to belong to ,t4 v]o5sis4 ,! second mol> has lo/ its h9d] cre/4 ,"u ! fir/ mol> ! jaw is #ed mm4 deep & #cg mm4 ?ick4 ,! writ] 7,fossil ,turtles ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 p4 #cfa7 report$ ! f9d+ ( tapir tee? 9 ,alafia ,riv]1 9 ?is c\nty4 #f4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,at ?is important locality rema9s ( tapirs h be5 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( s&s kn[n z ,no4 #b1 & likewise 9 ! b$ ( muck m5tion$ 9 discussions ( ! locality z ,no4 #c4 ,f ! latt] h be5 secur$ p>ts ( #b l[] jaws & a numb] ( deta*$ tee? 7,sell>ds1 #h? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #adi74 ,"o at lea/ ( ^! 7,no4 #fidc7 appe>s to belong to ,tapirus haysii4 ,f ,no4 #b ,dr4 ,sell>ds has obta9$ a ne>ly complete skull ( a tapir1 describ$ 7#aj? & #aa? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eg1 plates ,i-,,iv7 z ,tapirus v]o5sis4 ,f ! same /ratum he 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #aci7 secur$ a "p ( a too? :i* he ref]r$ ) "s d\bt to ,t4 haysii4 #g4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai7 /at$ he _h exam9$ #c cr[ns ( upp] mol>s & fragm5ts ( o!rs4 ,9 no way did he f9d !m diff]+ f ^? ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican tapir1 ,t4 am]icanus 7,t4 t]re/ris74 ,on page #chj w be f\nd a li/ ( ! v]tebrate fossils f\nd 9 ?is vic9ity4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahb71 ,dr4 ,leidy wrote t !re 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy a too? ( a tapir discov]$ by ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson ne> ,nat*ez4 ,x _h be5 f\nd 9 association ) rema9s ( ! ma/odon & ! horse ,equus am]icanus 7,e4 complicatus74 ,! too? 0 pron\nc$ a l[] mol> ( ! left side1 app>5tly ! ?ird milk mol>1 & 0 ref]r$ to ,tapirus am]icanus fossilis2 t is1 x 0 look$ ^u z a fossil too? ( ! exi/+ ,s\? ,am]ican tapir4 ,! mol> 0 m5tion$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajf74 ,! writ] has se5 ?is too? 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,9 #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #adh71 ,leidy call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy to a fragm5t ( a left l[] jaw ) #b tee? ( a tapir f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ne> ,nat*ez & s5t to ,leidy by ! geologi/ ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles4 ,x 0 ref]r$ to ,tapirus haysii4 ,?is specim5 0 figur$ & describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,wailles m5tion$ ?is jaw 9 8 "w 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bhe71 & /at$ t x 0 f\nd 9 a rav9e on ,p9e ,ridge1 :i* runs ?r\gh t[n%ips #g & #h1 range #c we/1 ab\t #f miles nor? ( ,nat*ez4 ,9 a li/ 7furni%$ by ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy7 ( fossil mammals f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,mississippi1 #b species ( tapirs are includ$1 viz1 ,tapirus am]icanus 7,t4 t]re/ris7 & ,t4 haysii 7,wailles1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhf2 ,hilg>d1 ,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahfj1 p4 #aif74 ,! associat$ species w be li/$ on page #cia4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #ai4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a collection ( bones & tee? ( sev]al species ( v]tebrates1 made 9 :at may once h be5 ! floor ( a cave1 ne> ! village m5tion$4 ,on page #cie w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species4 ,among ! rema9s are #aj tee?1 9 f9e pres]vation1 ( a "y tapir1 describ$ by ! writ] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hh1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #d to #aa71 & made ! type ( a new species1 ,tapirus t5nesse4 #b4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,on ! left bank ( ,dumpl9 7or ,dumpl+7 ,creek1 ab\t #e miles above its entrance into ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]1 & app>5tly ab\t z _m miles nor?we/ f ,d&ridge1 is a cav]n kn[n z ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] briefly describ$ 7,dept4 ,am]4 & ,prehi/4 ,ar*ology1 ,univ4 ,p5n41 #ahif7 8 inve/igation ( ! cave4 ,he report$ ! f9d+ ( rema9s ( tapir1 pecc>y1 be>1 & small rod5ts2 b ^! 7 n specifically det]m9$4 #c4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahid 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #cef71 ,m]c] report$ t he _h f\nd tee? ( a tapir 9 a cave on ,look\t ,m\nta94 ,cope1 on page #eig ( ! same volume1 id5tifi$ ^! tee? z ^? ( ,t4 haysii4 ,) !m 0 f\nd a bone1 ?\ght to belong to a mylodon4 ,accord+ to a lett] receiv$ by ! writ] f ,dr4 ,m]c]1 ! tapir specim5 consi/$ ( a l[] "r ramus1 #a left incisor1 & #e mol>s4 ,! tee? appe> all to h be5 loose & ! jawbone 0 brok5 into ab\t #h fragm5ts4 ,! cave & its cont5ts w be discuss$ on page #cih4 #d4 ,bri/ol1 ,sullivan ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #b tapir tee? 9 a fragm5t ( ! left maxilla4 ,^! are ! f\r? premol> & ! fir/ mol>1 bo? consid]ably worn4 ,! size ( ^! tee? indicates t !y belong to ,tapirus haysii4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,! evid5ces = ! occurr5ce ( a species ( tapir at ?is place are n z conv9c+ z might be desir$4 ,9 #aheb1 ,dr4 ,i4 ,hays 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ec7 pres5t$ to ! ,academy a too? ( a tapir :i* he _h _h 9 8 possession two ye>s & :i* 0 said by him to h come f ! b$ ( a canal 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,?is too? 0 nam$ by ,leidy ,tapirus haysii on page #ajf ( ! volume cit$ & aga9 on page #adh1 b )\t description4 ,x 0 aga9 m5tion$ by him 9 #ahec 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bja7 & aga9 )\t description4 ,9 #ahfj1 ,leidy 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajf1 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #g1 #h7 describ$ & figur$ ! too? & /at$ t x 0 suppos$ to h come f ,bigbone ,lick4 ,:i* ( ! /atem5ts 0 correct ! writ] does n "k4 #b4 ,/amp+ ,gr\nd1 ,scott ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj ! writ] receiv$ = exam9ation f ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,m4 ,mill]1 pr(essor ( geology 9 ! ,/ate ,univ]sity at ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky1 a "p ( a l[] jaw ( ,tapirus haysii1 f\nd betwe5 ! t[n nam$ & ,georget[n1 9 ! bottom ( a fill$-up s9k-hole enc\nt]$ 9 lead-m9+ op]ations1 on ,mc,connell's ,run4 ,9 ?is specim5 all ! mol>s are complete & ! roots ( ! #c h9d] premol>s are pres5t4 #c4 ,y>nallton1 ,fayette ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,mill] !re 0 receiv$ ) ! specim5 above describ$ pieces ( ! jaws ( ,tapirus haysii1 discov]$ 9 an old /ream-deposit at ! place nam$4 ,a fragm5t ( a l[] jaw 0 s5t2 also a piece ( a "r maxilla1 ) ! ant]ior true mol> complete & p>ts ( ! second mol> & ( ! h9d]mo/ premol>4 ,"s o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton 7 f\nd1 b !y seem n to h be5 c>$ =4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,rh9oc]oses ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,florida4 #a4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,two species ( rh9oc]os h be5 describ$ f ?is locality4 ,9 #ahhd 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #aah71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy report$ ! discov]y1 ) o!r fossils1 ( rema9s ( a species ( ! g5us ,rh9oc]os 9 ,ala*ua clays1 b he gave x no "n4 ,?is 01 h[ev]1 done 9 #ahhe 7same ,proce$+s1 #ahhe1 p4 #cb74 ,9 #ahif1 aft] ! dea? ( ,leidy1 8 unf9i%$ pap]1 complet$ & edit$ by ,pr(essor ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 0 publi%$ 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #da seq41 ) num]\s figures74 ,?is species is n[ ref]r$ to ,teleoc]as1 z ,teleoc]as prot]us4 ,9 #ahij 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahij1 p4 #id71 ,leidy describ$ ano!r species :i* he call$ ,rh9oc]os longipes1 f ! same place & deposit4 ,?is species is n[ call$ ,aphelops longipes4 ,^! species are usually cr$it$ to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to page #cgf1 :]e ! geological position ( ^! b$s is discuss$4 #b4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,c\nty4--,9 8 li/ ( #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 furni%$ by ,leidy1 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall includ$ ,rh9oc]os prot]us among ! fossils f\nd at ,mixon's1 ne> ! village ( ,willi/on4 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 #aiac 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds /at$ t "s rema9s ( a rh9oc]os _h be5 f\nd 9 ! m9es work$ along ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 9 ! region ab\t ,dunnellon4 ,9 volume ,,viii ( ! ,florida ,survey1 page #id1 ,aphelops malacorh9us 7,a4 longipes7 is includ$ among ! fossils f\nd 9 ! ,dunnellon =mation4 ,x is n includ$ 9 8 li/ ( ,plei/oc5e species f\nd 9 ! ,)lacoo*ee ,riv] 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ajd74 ,?is 0 d\btless because he reg>d$ x z belong+ to an e>li] =mation4 #d4 ,mulb]ry1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 #aiae 7#g? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #gb71 ,sell>ds /at$ t a too? ( ,teleoc]as fossig] 79 ! pres5t "w recogniz$ z ,t4 prot]us7 _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,bone ,valley phosphate =mation1 at ! place nam$4 ,z 9 o!r cases1 ! ,bone ,valley =mation 0 ref]r$ to ! ,late ,t]ti>y4 #e4 ,brew/]1 ,polk ,c\nty4--,9 ! volume la/ ref]r$ to1 on page #gb1 ,sell>ds m5tions p>ts ( jaws & tee? f\nd 9 a phosphate m9e at ,brew/] :i* are diff]5t f ^? ( ,teleoc]as prot]us4 ,"s ( ^! are figur$ by ,sell>ds on 8 pages #ajg & #ajh4 ,!y h n be5 specifically or g5]ically det]m9$4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,pecc>ies ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,ro*e/]1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cc-dj71 ,leidy describ$ & figur$ a skull ( ,platygonus compressus1 pur*as$ ( ,w>d's ,natural ,sci5ce ,e/abli%m5t1 at ,ro*e/]1 & said to h be5 f\nd 9 a gravel bank 9 a railroad excavation1 a few miles f ,ro*e/]4 ,?is skull 0 a "p ( #b incomplete skeletons f\nd ly+ toge!r4 ,! writ] receiv$ ^w f ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,l4 ,w>d1 director ( ! ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 t he recollects t1 :5 a small boy1 ab\t #ahgc or #ahgd1 he w5t ) 8 fa!r1 ,h5ry ,a4 ,w>d1 to "s po9t on ! ,new ,york ,c5tral ,railroad1 :]e pecc>y rema9s _h be5 f\nd4 ,he ?9ks ! place 0 at or ne> ,pitts=d4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 director ( ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 !n 9 ! employ ( ! eld] ,w>d1 writes t ! place 0 at ,pitts=d1 & 9 a gravel bank be+ work$ by ! railroad company to obta9 mat]ials = a fill4 ,! exact dep? at :i* ! bones 7 f\nd is n recall$1 b x 0 n great4 ,! locality1 accord+ to ,fair*ild's plate #db 7,bull4 #abg1 ,/ate ,mus41 ,new ,york71 is on ! pr$ecessor ( ,irondequoit ,bay1 ext5d+ out f ,lake ,iroquois4 ,! pecc>ies possibly liv$ r e>ly 9 ! late ,wiscons9 /age2 b m probably _! "t ( exi/5ce 0 consid]ably lat]1 :5 ! climate _h become mild]4 #b4 ,ga9esville1 ,wyom+ ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,h>tnagel1 assi/ant ,/ate geologi/ ( ,new ,york1 ! writ] receiv$ notice ( ! discov]y1 9 #aiad1 ( ! rema9s ( #b pecc>ies at a po9t ab\t "o-?ird ( a mile nor?we/ ( ,ga9esville4 ,! rema9s consi/ ( #b ne>ly complete skulls1 p>ts ( #e ribs1 #b scapul1 #b metac>pals1 #a innom9ate bone1 #a ilium1 #a radius1 #a ulna1 & #b tibi4 ,^! h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke z belong+ to ,platygonus compressus4 ,! mann] ( burial ( ^! pecc>ies is puzzl+ & int]e/+4 ,!y 7 f\nd 9 a hill1 or druml91 :i* /&s out on a pla9 ( consid]able ext5t & ^: long axis runs nor? & s\?4 ,! elevation is #a1fbe feet above sea-level4 ,! druml9 is ab\t #fjj feet long1 ab\t #cjj feet wide1 & #dj feet high4 ,x is compos$ ( s&1 gravel1 & /ones up to a foot 9 diamet]4 ,! bones are said to h be5 discov]$ by a contractor :o 0 remov+ s& & gravel4 ,! bones 7 at ! s\? end ( ! druml9 & buri$ 9 a consid]able pocket ( s&4 ,^? report+ ! position ( ! bones place !m at lea/ #aj feet f ! surface1 & p]haps z mu* z #cj feet4 ,mr4 ,h>tnagel ?9ks x is almo/ necess>y to suppose t ! skeletons 7 !re :5 ! druml9 0 built4 ,to ! writ] x w\ld appe> /ill m difficult to expla9 h[ !y happ5$ to be !re at t "t4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chg71 ,leidy describ$ a too? ( a pecc>y %[n to him by ,timo?y ,conrad1 b f\nd by ,dr4 ,p4 ,kniesk]n1 suppos$ly 9 a ,mioc5e =mation ( ,%>k ,riv]4 ,leidy express$ ! conclusion t ! too? resembl$ v closely a premol> ( ,dicotyles nasutus1 n[ call$ ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,x is v probable t ! too? _h gott5 into ,mioc5e mat]ials by accid5t or t !re 0 "s error 9 ! hi/ory1 & t x really belong$ to a ,plei/oc5e pecc>y4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg7 report$ ,dicotyles nasutus f ! ,cry/al ,hill 7,h>tman's7 cave ne> ,/r\dsburg2 b lat] 7,ann4 ,rep4 = #ahhg1 ,p5nsylvania ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #c-f7 he describ$ ! tee? & p>ts ( ! jaws z ,dicotyles p5nsylvanicus4 ,?is species w be f\nd on page #caj "u ! "n ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus1 9 ! li/ ( fossils f\nd 9 ?is cave4 ,!re too w be f\nd a discussion ( ! location ( ! cave & ! probable age ( ! rema9s4 #b4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,9 ! bone cave at ?is place h be5 f\nd #c species ( pecc>ies4 ,cope1 9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bei-bfc7 describ$ ^! "u ! names ,mylohyus tetragonus1 ,m4 p5nsylvanicus1 & ,m4 nasutus4 ,! fir/ 0 a new species1 bas$ on a damag$ l[] jaw ) "s ( ! tee? 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xxi1 figs4 #c-c;b74 ,= ! pres5t ! writ] ref]s x to ! g5us ,tagassu1 inasmu* z ! int]val betwe5 ! can9e & ! fir/ premol> 7pm#b7 is only half ! l5g? ( ! :ole too? r[1 & ! mol>s h ! /ructure f\nd 9 ,tagassu4 ,"s tee? belong+ to an upp] jaw 7 ref]r$ ) d\bt to ?is species4 ,!y may h belong$ to ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus4 ,( ! species la/ nam$1 ,cope _h fragm5ts ( #b l[] jaw's ) "s tee? 9 !m & "s tee? free f ! jaws4 ,( ,mylohyus nasutus1 ,cope _h f ! cave only an upp] can9e & its ref]5ce to ?is species is unc]ta94 ,on page #cab w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates f\nd 9 ! ,port ,k5n$y ,cave2 also rem>ks on _! geological age4 #c4 ,milroy1 ,miffl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhb1 ,leidy describ$ 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhb1 p4 #cjb7 a species ( pecc>y f\nd 9 a lime/one cave 9 ! c\nty nam$1 b he gave no m exact in=mation2 nor did he d s 9 8 two subsequ5t ref]5ces to x 9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #di2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #ab1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,! specim5 is 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania survey1 z quot$1 ! giv] is call$ ,john ,s*w>z]4 ,! "n ( ! species is ,platygonus vetus4 ,! writ] has be5 in=m$ by ,j4 ,c4 ,swig>t1 c\nty surveyor ( ,miffl9 ,c\nty1 t ! prop] "n ( ! donor ( ! specim5 0 ,john ,sw>tzell1 a =m] surveyor :o liv$ ne> ,milroy & :o 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 geology4 ,f ,pr(essor ,mo%eim ,sw>tzell1 ( ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 son ( ,john ,sw>tzell1 ! writ] has receiv$ a lett] 9 :i* are giv5 ?is son's recollections reg>d+ ! f9d+ ( ! specim5 9 "q4 ,he /ates t x 0 discov]$ 9 ,nag9ey's lime/one qu>ry1 #a4e miles s\? ( ,milroy4 ,x came f a consid]able1 b n[ unkn[n1 di/ance f ! surface & 0 fir/ notic$ 9 ! dbris ( ! qu>ry4 ,:ile ,mr4 ,john ,sw>tzell 0 obs]v+ x1 an ignorant workman /ruck x ) a tool & damag$ x1 exclaim+ t x 0 only ! jaw ( a hog4 ,x 0 lat] s5t to ,philadelphia4 ,pr(essor ,sw>tzell writes t !re 0 a cave n f> away1 b t ! jaw 0 n f\nd 9 x2 x probably _h fall5 d[n into a crevice ( ! lime/one4 #d4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& report$ rema9s ( a numb] ( pecc>ies f\nd 9 a bone cave at ! place nam$4 ,he m5tion$ especially ,dicotyles p5nsylvanicus1 b ?\ght x belong$ prop]ly 9 ,platygonus4 ,x is probably to be ref]r$ to ,mylohyus z ,m4 p5nsylvanicus4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #bj1 #cf47 #a4 ,wilm+ton1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,museum ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio1 at ,columbus1 are consid]able p>ts ( ! jaws1 tee?1 & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton ( a specim5 ( ,platygonus compressus exhum$ at a po9t ab\t #d4e miles nor? ( we/ ( ,wilm+ton4 ,! locality is giv5 z be+ 9 ! nor!a/ corn] ( ,adams ,t[n%ip1 s\? ( ! road runn+ nor!a/ & s\?we/ betwe5 ,todd & ,dut* ,creeks2 also ab\t #j4f mile s\? ( ! nor? l9e ( ,adams ,t[n%ip & ab\t #j4ge mile f ! ea/ l9e4 ,x w\ld !re=e be ne> ! second nor?we/]ly direct$ loop ( ,todd ,creek 9 t neighborhood4 #b4 ,columbus1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,h>t=d1 pp4 #a-f2 also 9 ,c94 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-f71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klipp>t gave an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( ab\t a doz5 skeletons ( ,platygonus compressus4 ,^! 7 buri$ 9 #b 8ne/s0 n f> f ea* o!r4 ,! bones 7 r brittle & 7 damag$ some:at 9 exhum+ !m4 ,! place ( burial 0 9 ! bank 7app>5tly ! "r7 ( ,ol5tangy ,riv]1 at ! cross+ ( ,ol5tangy & ,montgom]y /reets4 ,! rema9s 7 "h buri$ 9 a s&-bank4 ,"o lot ( #f ( ! smalle/ animals 0 f\nd 9 p5etrat+ ! s& bank ab\t #bj feet f ! entrance & at a dep? ( #h feet f ! surface4 ,!y 7 emb$d$ 9 calc>e\s clay & s&4 ,! o!r #f & l>ge/ animals 7 f\nd ab\t #f feet f>!r 9 & ab\t #d feet deep]4 ,x appe>s t all ! animals 7 ly+ ) _! sn\ts direct$ t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,klipp>t ?\ght t !y _h be5 de/roy$ sudd5ly & viol5tly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t !y _h be5 froz5 9 _! b$s dur+ a w9t] /orm4 ,( ^! skeletons x appe>s t half w5t to ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 & ! pres5t writ] has _h ! privilege ( /udy+ !m4 ,! geological age ( ! animals w be consid]$ on page #ccj4 #c4 ,*alfants1 ,p]ry ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,museum at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ohio are consid]able p>ts ( a specim5 ( ,platygonus compressus f\nd n f> f ,jona?an ,creek1 ab\t a mile nor!a/ ( ,*alfants4 ,! locality1 z giv5 ! writ] by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 is z foll[s3 c5t] ( s\?we/ qu>t] ( section #ad1 t[n%ip #ag nor?1 range #af we/4 ,! "n ( ! political t[n%ip is ,hopewell4 ,! locality appe>s to be on ! area cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,?is fact makes x possible t ! animals liv$ dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 #d4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection j m5tion$ is ! left ramus ( a l[] jaw ( a pecc>y :i* ! writ] ref]r$ ) d\bt to ,mylohyus nasutus ,leidy4 ,x lacks s mu* ( ! front end t only #ah mm4 ( ! symphysis is pres5t2 also1 ! asc5d+ ramus is brok5 (f4 ,!re are pres5t ! #c milk mol>s & ! fir/ mol>1 b ?is is yet 9 its cavity 9 ! bone4 ,a comp>ison ) ,leidy's ,m4 p5nsylvanicus seems to %[ t ! jaw did n belong to t species4 ,( ,m4 nasutus no l[] jaw is kn[n4 ,table ( measurem5ts1 9 millimet]s4 ,specim54 ,lisbon jaw4 ,m4 p5n4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,l5g?4 ,wid?4 ,dm#b #i #e #g #d4e ,dm#c #ab #h #aa #g ,dm#d #ai4e #aa #ah #aj4e ,m#a #af4e #ab #af #ac ,?is specim5 0 f\nd ne> ! s\!rn edge ( ,lisbon1 on ,middle ,=k ( ,little ,beav] ,creek1 9 ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #bd1 t[n%ip #ah nor?1 range #c we/4 ,! locality is app>5tly outside ( ! glaciat$ area2 & x is at pres5t impossible to det]m9e ! geological age ( ! animal beyond t x und\bt$ly belongs to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! writ] believes t ,mylohyus nasutus did n survive ! ,wiscons9 ice-/age4 ,! specim5 0 describ$ & figur$ by ! writ] 9 #aiad 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #bbf1 plate ,,xxv1 figs4 #d-f74 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #cf47 #a4 ,beld+1 ,ionia ,c\nty4--,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 no species ( pecc>y has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan1 except at ,beld+4 ,! rema9s are 9 ! palontological collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 at ,ann ,arbor1 & belong to ! species ,platygonus compressus ,le ,conte4 ,! rema9s are said to consi/ ( bones ( #e individuals2 & ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 prep>ator at ! univ]sity1 in=m$ ! writ] !re are #bid bones4 ,! skull ( "o ( ! #e individuals 0 miss+ :5 ! collection 0 made4 ,! skeletons 7 f\nd 9 a peat-swamp1 9 #ahgg1 & 7 s5t to ,pr(essor ,alex&] ,w9*ell by ,mr4 ,a4 ,tuttle4 ,a skull belong+ to ?is collection 0 describ$ 9 #aijc 7,j\r4 ,geology1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ggg1 figs4 #a-d7 by ,mr4 ,george ,wagn]4 ,x seems probable t !re1 z 9 two or ?ree o!r kn[n cases1 a h]d ( ^! animals1 asleep toge!r1 _h succumb$ to rigor\s wea!r1 probably to a w9t] blizz>d4 ,beld+ is situat$ on ,flat ,riv]1 a tribut>y ( ,gr& ,riv]4 ,x lies close to a "p ( ! ,*>lotte mora9e sy/em1 ?\ght to be correlat$ ) ! ,valp>aiso sy/em4 ,^! pecc>ies c\ld n h liv$ 9 t region until aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$ into ,lake ,mi*igan1 or ne>ly s4 ,x is m probable t !y liv$ !re long aft] ?is retirem5t1 at a "t :5 ! climate _h become mu* w>m]4 ,,indiana4 7,map #cf47 #a4 ,gibson ,c\nty4--,! type specim5 ( ,mylohyus nasutus 0 f\nd some:]e 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! specim5 0 fir/ m5tion$ by ,leidy 9 #ahfj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #daf71 b )\t o!r designation ?an pecc>y4 ,leidy wrote t x _h be5 s5t to him by ,dr4 ,david ,d4 ,ow51 :o in=m$ him t x _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,gibson ,c\nty1 9 digg+ a well1 at a dep? ( betwe5 #cj & #dj feet4 ,no m exact locality has ev] be5 det]m9$4 ,! specim5 consi/$ ( ! front ( ! skull only4 ,x 0 lat] describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 same ,academy1 #ahfh1 p4 #bcj71 "u ! "n ,dicotyles nasutus2 & 9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #che1 plate ,,xxviii1 figs4 #a1 #b7 0 fur!r describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,! figures ref]r$ to h be5 reproduc$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #fjg1 text-figs4 #db1 #dc71 & aga9 9 #aiad 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,xxvi1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,x is un=tunate t ,ow5 & ,leidy did n m accurately e/abli% ! locality :]e ?is jaw 0 f\nd4 ,9 ,gibson ,c\nty !re is a consid]able v>iety ( geological deposits1 ev5 consid]+ only ^? belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t4 ,! ea/]n & ! s\!a/]n portion lies outside ! drift-cov]$ region4 ,a /rip along ! ,waba% is occupi$ by alluvial deposits belong+ to ! ,rec5t epo*4 ,outside ( ?is is ano!r /rip cov]$ mo/ly by ,ill9oian drift4 ,! ,patoka ,quadrangle1 describ$ 9 ,folio ,no4 #aje ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 publi%$ 9 #aijd1 cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ( ,gibson ,c\nty4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is folio %[s h[ complicat$ are ! lat] geological features ( ! region4 ,x is fair to suppose t a well f #cj to #dj feet 9 dep? 0 dug1 especially at t "t1 9 ! high] p>ts ( ! c\nty1 :]e ! elevation is some:]e ne> #ejj feet above sea-level4 ,"h su* a well w\ld probably g ?r\gh ! r scatt]+ ,wiscons9 deposits ( v>i\s k9ds or ?r\gh ! loess ref]r$ to ! ,i[an /age1 rea*+ p]haps ! ,sangamon2 or ?r\gh lat] ,ill9oian or e>ly ,sangamon lake deposits & ,ill9oian glacial accumulations into pre-,ill9oian deposits4 ,! folio cit$ notes 7p4 #c7 ! pres5ce ( deposits suppos$ to belong to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,ill9oian /age4 ,^! conta9$ zones ( black muck & o!r organic mat]ials2 & 9 places 7 f\nd logs & :at 7 ?\ght by ! well-digg]s to be 8black-oak0 leaves4 ,all ^! might h be5 ( ,aftonian age2 & 9 deposits ( t "t might h be5 f\nd ! jaw ( ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,?is species has be5 report$ f a numb] ( o!r localities2 b ! rema9s h be5 ( s imp]fect "* t ! id5tifications may h be5 errone\s4 ,pr(essor ,cope report$ 9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf7 t he _h f\nd sev]al mol>s & can9e tee? ( ?is animal 9 cave breccia 9 ,wy! ,c\nty1 ,virg9ia4 ,! breccia appe>$ to be v old1 & 9 !m 7 f\nd a species ( ,megalonyx1 ,equus complicatus81 ,tapirus haysii1 ,ursus amplid5s1 & _m o!r ext9ct species4 ,cope 9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bfc7 ann\nc$ ?is species f ! ,port ,k5n$y cave 9 s\!a/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 ?is case !re 7 f\nd only a can9e & #d mol>s2 h5ce n too mu* reliance mu/ be plac$ on ! id5tification4 ,a l>ge majority ( ! num]\s species f\nd 9 ! ,port ,k5n$y cave are ext9ct4 ,among ^! are species ( ,megalonyx1 a mylodon1 a be>1 #b species ( sab]-too? tig]s1 a tapir1 #a or #b species ( horse1 & #c species ( pecc>ies4 ,"o c h>dly d\bt t ! animals belong$ to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! indications are t ! kn[n examples ( ,mylohyus nasutus belong$ to ! fir/ half ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 t is1 to ! ,sangamon /age or to ! ,aftonian4 #b4 ,ne> ,williams1 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,indiana are "s pecc>y rema9s f\nd 9 ,rock ,cliff qu>ry1 n f> nor?we/ f ,williams4 ,^! 7 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #eif1 #fje74 ,! rema9s 7 secur$ by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,be$e4 ,a "p ( a l[] jaw :i* conta9$ a fir/ true mol> & impressions ( ! second & ?ird mol>s 0 ref]r$ to ,leidy's species ,tagassu l5is4 ,a l>ge la/ upp] mol> 7op4 cit41 p4 #fje1 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #b7 0 ref]r$ ) "s d\bt to ,platygonus vetus4 ,^! rema9s1 toge!r ) "s bones ( "o or ! o!r ( ^! species & a c>apace ( ! box-tortoise /ill liv+ 9 t region1 7 inclos$ 9 masses ( /alagmite :i* appe> to h pretty completely fill$ an old cave 9 ! lime/one1 enc\nt]$ 9 qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,be$e1 ! cave _h1 :5 he saw x1 be5 all qu>ri$ away except "o corn]4 ,?is 0 f #bj to #cj feet bel[ ! g5]al surface at t place4 ,x 0 ab\t #ajj feet above ! pres5t level ( ,:ite ,riv]1 ab\t on a level ) ! highe/ t]race along t /ream4 ,! probabilities are t ! pecc>ies & ! box-tortoise belong to "o ( ! e>li] ,plei/oc5e int]glacial /ages4 ,pr(essor ,be$e is incl9$ to believe t ! cave 0 fill$ dur+ ! ,ill9oian glacial /age by /reams c>ry+ 9 mud & s& & gravel4 ,if ?is view is correct ! inclos$ rema9s w\ld be at lea/ z old z ! ,y>m\?4 ,! species ,tagassu l5is is closely relat$ to ! pecc>y :i* n[ lives 9 s\?we/]n ,texas & ,mexico1 & x has be5 reg>d$ z id5tical ) x2 b !re appe> to be reasons :y x %\ld be reta9$ "u its own "n4 ,x 0 fir/ describ$ f tee? f\nd among mat]ials com+ f ! phosphate deposits ab\t ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,c]ta9ly _m ( ! species f\nd !re liv$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is possible t c]ta9 tee? ref]r$ by ,cope 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 to ! exi/+ pecc>y belong$ to ,t4 l5is2 b !re is no?+ kn[n reg>d+ _! exact geological age4 ,o!r tee? f\nd 9 ! lead region ( ,ill9ois 7 id5tifi$ by ,wyman z ^? ( ! exi/+ pecc>y4 ,!y too may h be5 ^? ( ,t4 l5is4 ,! writ] reg>ds ! animals f\nd 9 ! lead crevices z belong+ to r late ,plei/oc5e1 possibly to ,peorian or ,sangamon times4 ,z to ! rema9s f\nd 9 ! cave 9 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty x is probable t !y date back to ! ,sangamon /age4 #c4 ,laketon1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,f\rte5? ,annual ,report ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,indiana1 page #bj1 ,cope & ,wortman /at$ !re 0 9 ! ,survey's collection ! symphyseal portion ( ! l[] jaw & a l>ge "p ( ! left ramus ) all ! premol> tee?1 except ! la/4 ,?is _h be5 f\nd at ,laketon1 9 ,waba% ,c\nty4 ,!re 7 giv5 no fur!r details1 & ! writ] fail$ to f9d ! specim5 9 ! collection4 ,9 ! collection ( ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 are photographs ( probably ?is specim5 & ( a "p ( ! upp] jaw4 ,! latt] bone %[s #c premol>s & ! fir/ mol>2 ! l[] jaw pres5ts ! symphysis1 ! "r can9e1 & ! #b ant]ior premol>s4 ,! photographs are label$ z ^? ( ,platygonus compressus1 det]m9$ by ,cope1 & z made f ! ,waba% ,c\nty specim54 ,all ! region ab\t ,laketon is cov]$ ) ,wiscons9 drift or mat]ials d]iv$ f x4 ,! pecc>y f\nd mu/ h liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ! bord] ( ! glaci] beyond ! ,waba% ,riv]4 ,x 0 probably long aft] ?is & :5 ! climate 0 p]haps w>m] ?an x is n[4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #bj1 #ch47 #a4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh1 ,dr4 ,john ,l4 ,le ,conte 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ajb-ajf7 describ$ :at he reg>d$ z #e new species ( fossil mammals f ! lead region ( ,ill9ois4 ,^! _h be5 secur$ by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,snyd]1 ( ,gal5a1 9 a lead crevice #ej feet bel[ ! surface1 fill$ ) a mixture ( clay & s& cem5t$ by oxide ( iron into a h>d mass f :i* ! specim5s c\ld n be remov$ )\t great injury4 ,! species describ$ 7 call$ ,platygonus compressus1 ,hyops depressifrons1 ,proto*rus prismaticus1 ,procyon priscus1 & ,anomodon snyd]i4 ,! la/ 0 reg>d$ z relat$ to ! moles4 ,procyon priscus resembl$ closely ! exi/+ ,p4 lotor4 ,! #c species fir/ m5tion$ are n[ reg>d$ z belong+ to a s+le species1 :i* takes ! "n ,platygonus compressus4 ,x may be rem>k$ t ! orig9al spell+ ( ! g5]ic "n 0 due p]haps to a lapsus calami or to a pr9t]'s error4 ,9 ! complete pap] publi%$ %ortly aft]w>d ! "n 0 spell$ ,platygonus4 ,x is to be add$ t ! tee? :i* s]v$ z ! type ( ! s-call$ species ,proto*rus prismaticus 7 f\nd at a locality #ae miles f ! place :]e ! o!r rema9s 7 obta9$2 b z to :]e ?is place 0 no?+ is said4 ,9 #ahdh 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #beg-bgd1 plates ,i to ,,iv7 ,platygonus compressus 0 m completely describ$4 ,v>i\s tee? & p>ts ( ! skull & "s limb-bones 7 figur$4 ,9 ?is article x is /at$ t ! rema9s describ$ _h be5 f\nd 9 a lead crevice a few miles f ,gal5a4 ,a portion ( ! bones _h be5 pres]v$ by ! m9]s & _h at l5g? f\nd _! way into ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,snyd]1 a m]*ant 9 ,gal5a4 ,9 #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #c-e7 ,hyops depressifrons & ,proto*rus prismaticus 7 fur!r describ$1 ! fir/ be+ plac$ 9 ! g5us ,dicotyles4 ,bo? ( ^! are n[ reg>d$ z belong+ to ,platygonus compressus4 ,! writ] has consid]$ x z probable t ! pecc>y rema9s1 z well z ,procyon priscus & ,anomodon snyd]i1 are ( ,late ,wiscons9 age2 b x is possible t !y are some:at old]4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to page #cdc1 :]e ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! lead region is discuss$4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,mc,adams collection1 ( :i* a g5]al acc\nt has be5 giv5 on page #cci1 is a "p ( a l[] can9e too? :i* app>5tly diff]s 9 no way f ! correspond+ can9e ( ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis1 f\nd by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 9 a lime/one fissure ne> ,cumb]l&1 ,m>yl&4 ,on page #cej w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ?is fissure & _! geological age4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,bluem\nds1 ,dane ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfb1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney report$ 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wiscons91 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ace1 #acf7 t he _h discov]$ 9 a crevice at ,bluem\nds1 accompani$ by bones & "s tee? ( ! ma/odon1 a buffalo1 & a wolf1 sev]al fragm5ts ( jaws & "s tee? & o!r bones ( a pecc>y1 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation4 ,at ! top ( 8 page #acd ,:itney indicates t ^! rema9s belong$ to ! species n[ call$ ,platygonus compressus4 ,on page #dbb ( ! same volume ,jeffries ,wyman1 9 report+ on ! v]tebrate rema9s collect$ 9 ! lead region1 m5tions only #c tee?2 & ^!1 he said1 diff]$ mu* f ei!r ( ! fossil species & agre$ ) ! exi/+ pecc>y4 ,f ,:itney's note at ! bottom ( 8 page #ace we may suppose t ^! #c tee? 7 f\nd 9 ,i[a1 ne> ,dubuque4 ,x is probable t ! tee? f\nd at ,bluem\nds belong$ to ,tagassu l5is4 ,9 #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb71 ,:itney /at$ t f a crevice ne> ,bluem\nds he got pecc>y bones & tee? :i* 7 suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! animals n[ liv+4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd7 /at$ t he believ$ t tee? f\nd 9 ,wiscons9 belong$ to ,dicotyles l5is4 ,"o c n be c]ta9 reg>d+ ! age ( ^! animals f\nd 9 ?is lead region4 ,!y are probably pre-,wiscons94 ,! age w be discuss$ on page #cdc4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,b5$ict1 ,*>les ,c\nty4--,m ?an #ej ye>s ago ,cope 7,proc4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 report$ ! f9d+ ( pecc>y jaws m+l$ ) rema9s ( ,mioc5e v]tebrates collect$ by ,james ,t4 ,?omas1 ne> 8 resid5ce 9 ,*>les ,c\nty1 n f> f ,patux5t ,riv]1 ne> ,b5$ict4 ,cope recogniz$ t ! pecc>y & a "p ( a jaw ( ,grison macrodon 7ref]r$ by ,cope to ,gal]a7 belong$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! pecc>y 0 ref]r$ to ! exi/+ species ,dicotyles 7,tagassu7 torquatus2 likewise _! simil>ity to ! rema9s describ$ by ,leidy f ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 0 not$4 ,!y are assign$ "h to ,tagassu l5is4 ,! jaws f ! ,patux5t locality are n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 #b4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,william ,palm]1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 has %[n ! writ] #c tee? ( a pecc>y secur$ at ! place nam$4 ,^! w be m5tion$ 9 ! discussion ( ! geology ( ! locality4 ,a left ?ird premol> is #aj4c mm4 long & #f4b mm4 wide4 ,a left second mol> is #ab mm4 long & #aj mm4 wide4 ,^! app>5tly belong$ to ,tagassu l5is4 ,9 ,m>* #aiba1 ,dr4 ,adolph ,h4 ,s*ultz1 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,m$ical ,s*ool1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a "p ( ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw ( a pecc>y f\nd at ,*esapeake ,bea*4 ,?is fragm5t conta9s ! fir/ & second mol>s & ! sockets ( ! f\r? premol> & ! ?ird mol>4 ,?is jaw & ! tee? h be5 comp>$ ) ! correspond+ p>ts ( a specim5 ( ,tagassu angulatus 7,no4 #cehae1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus471 secur$ along ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,mexico4 ,9 size ! fossil tee? diff] little f ^? ( ,t4 angulatus2 ! fir/ mol> is1 h[ev]1 some:at wid]2 ! conule betwe5 ! two h9d]mo/ cones1 ! hypoconulid1 is mu* small] ?an 9 ! exi/+ pecc>y us$ = comp>ison4 ,! inn] face ( ea* too? is n s flat 9 ! fossil z 9 ! o!r species4 ,9 ! fossil ! height ( ! jaw at ! second mol> is #bh mm42 9 ,t4 angulatus #ce mm4 ,! specim5 is ref]r$ to ,tagassu l5is4 #c4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 a rock crevice #c miles we/ ( nor? ( ,cumb]l&1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley f\nd abundant rema9s ( pecc>ies4 ,^! 7 describ$ by him 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #fea-fgh1 plates ,,liv1 ,,lv1 #ac text-figs474 ,he recogniz$ #d species1 #b belong+ to ,platygonus & #b to ,mylohyus4 ,! new species1 ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis & ,p4 int]m$ius & ,mylohyus exortivus1 are bas$ on mat]ials f\nd 9 ! fissure4 ,) ! o!r mat]ials he recogniz$ a "p ( a l[] jaw1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,m4 p5nsylvanicus4 #d4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #if-aji71 ! writ] describ$ a collection ( fossil v]tebrates made at ,cavet[n by ! (fic]s ( ,phillips ,academy1 ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,among ! species are #f :i* belong to ! gr\p ( pecc>ies1 z foll[s3 ,mylohyus nasutus 7,leidy71 ,m4 exortivus ,gidley1 ,m4 obtusid5s ,hay1 ,tagassu8 tetragonus8 7,cope71 ,platygonus vetus ,leidy1 ,p4 cumb]l&5sis ,gidley4 ,^! & ! associat$ species app>5tly liv$ "h dur+ approximately ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e1 probably ! ,sangamon /age4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! fissure & _! geological relations are pres5t$ on page #cdh4 ,! specim5 above ref]r$ provisionally to ,tagassu tetragonus 0 call$1 9 ! pap] cit$ above1 ,platygonus tetragonus4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be ne>] ,tagassu4 ,x may ev5 belong to an unnam$ g5us4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,cope report$ he _h f\nd sev]al mol> & can9e tee? ( ,dicotyles nasutus1 9 cave breccia on ,new ,riv]1 ) rema9s ( _m o!r species ( v]tebrates4 ,?is n[ be>s ! "n ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,a li/ ( ! species is giv5 on page #cec1 :]e ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,virg9ia is discuss$4 #b4 ,augu/a ,c\nty4--,9 #aheg 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ajd71 ,leidy /at$ he _h exam9$ a fragm5t ( a l[] jaw ( a "y individual ( ,platygonus compressus1 f\nd 9 ! c\nty nam$4 ,! jaw conta9$ ! la/ milk mol>1 unworn4 ,! fir/ true mol> _h n yet begun to protrude4 ,! writ] has se5 ?is specim5 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,no o!r in=mation reg>d+ its place ( orig9 has be5 secur$4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,r5icks1 ,gre5bri] ,c\nty4--,9 #aibj 7,rep4 ,smi?son4 ,in/1 = #aiah1 p4 #bhh1 plates ,i-,,vi71 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley report$ on a visit he _h made to a cave situat$ on ,gre5bri] ,riv]1 ne> ,r5icks4 ,! cave 0 discov]$ dur+ qu>ry+ op]ations 9 lime/one4 ,! great] "p ( ! bones _h be5 de/roy$ be=e ! work]s appreciat$ _! value4 ,only a "p ( a skull ( a pecc>y 0 secur$1 probably ( ! species ,platygonus int]m$ius 7,gidley1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 p4 #ffi74 ,x has ! catalogue ,no4 #hjjc ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,?is animal is to be ref]r$ to ! ,middle ,plei/oc5e4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfj 78,holmes's ,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #ajh1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #ac1 #ad71 ,leidy report$ ! f9d+ ( tee? ( a pecc>y 9 ! ,a%ley ,riv] deposits4 ,^! tee?1 a l[] ?ird mol> & probably a l[] second mol>1 7 describ$ "u ! "n ,dicotyles fossilis & 7 said to h ! size & =m ( ! correspond+ tee? ( ! coll>$ pecc>y1 ,dicotyles torquatus 7,tagassu tajacu74 ,fragm5ts ( "s upp] tee? 7 said to h ! size ( ^? ( ,d4 labiatus4 ,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd71 ! fossil tee? j m5tion$ 7 ref]r$1 ) "s o!rs1 to ! new species ,dicotyles l5is4 ,! pr9cipal "* di/+ui%+ ! tee? ( ?is species f ^? ( ! exi/+ pecc>ies m5tion$ is ! abs5ce ( accessory tub]cles4 ,?is is %[n also 9 an upp] h9d]mo/ mol> ( ! same species1 describ$ by ! writ] 7#i? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,sur41 #aiag1 p4 #dh1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b7 "u ! "n ,tayassu l5is4 ,! "n %\ld h be5 ,tagassu l5is4 ,9 ! ,p9ckney collection1 at ! ,p9ckney resid5ce1 ,lambs1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ne> ,*>le/on1 ! writ] exam9$ a too? ( a pecc>y1 :i* app>5tly belongs to ano!r species4 ,x is tak5 to be a l[] h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,a "p ( ! ant]ior cre/ & a "p ( "o side are brok5 (f4 ,! heel is relatively l>ge1 consi/+ ( a h9d] & #b ant]ior tub]cles2 betwe5 ! ant]ior tub]cles is ano!r m9ute "o4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* cross-valley is a tub]cle4 ,! l5g? ( ! fragm5t is #bj4b mm41 ! wid? #i4e mm4 ,?is 0 evid5tly a l>g] animal ?an ,tagassu l5is4 ,,florida4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,app>5tly #b species ( pecc>ies h be5 f\nd 9 ! deposits along ! dra9age canal1 ne> ,v]o1 9 ! upp]mo/ /ratum 7,no4 #c74 ,"o1 repres5t$ by a can9e too?1 has n be5 det]m9$ 7,hay1 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #ej74 ,x appe>$ to be too l>ge to belong to ,tagassu l5is4 ,! o!r rema9s belong$ to a small pecc>y & h be5 ref]r$ to ,tagassu l5is4 ,9 #aiaf 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #adi71 ,sell>ds report$ ! f9d+ ( #b *eek-tee? & a tibia4 ,"o ( ! tee? 0 tak5 f ! /ratum call$ ,no4 #b2 ! o!r tee? & ! tibia _h wa%$ out ( ! bank & x 0 unc]ta9 f :i* /ratum !y _h come4 ,9 #aiag 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #de1 #dh1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b71 ! writ] report$ ! f9d+ ( a h9d]mo/ mol> ( a small pecc>y1 believ$ to be ,t4 l5is1 9 /ratum ,no4 #b2 also ! discov]y by ,isaac ,m4 ,weills ( a small can9e ( ,t4 l5is 9 /ratum ,no4 #c 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #c74 ,on page #ej ( ! same pap] ! writ] ref]r$ provisionally to ,t4 l5is ! tibia above m5tion$4 #b4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,f ?is place h be5 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum _m specim5s ( fossil v]tebrates1 a li/ ( :i* w be f\nd 9 ! discussion ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,florida 7p4 #cgi74 ,"s ( ^! belong to ! ,plei/oc5e1 o!rs app>5tly to ! ,mioc5e4 ,among ! specim5s is a "r a/ragalus ( a pecc>y4 ,:ile x is possible t ! orig9al possessor ( ?is a/ragalus liv$ dur+ ! ,mioc5e1 x does n seem probable4 ,x may h belong$ to ,tagassu l5is4 ,! l5g? ( ! bone is #cb mm41 ! wid? across ! l[] end #ai mm4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #bj4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,hawk9s ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a "p ( a l[] left can9e too? ( a pecc>y f\nd ne> ! place m5tion$4 ,) x came an upp] mol> ( ,equus leidyi4 ,! too? lacks mo/ ( ! cr[n4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ! writ] "u ! "n ,mylohyus setig] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hd1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #ba-bc74 ,! root ( ! too? is #ic mm4 long1 measur$ along ! convexity ( ! curve4 ,a little ( ! tip ( ! root is miss+4 ,! size ( ! too? indicates a v l>ge animal4 #b4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a consid]able collection ( bones & tee? made 9 #ahhe ne> ,:itesburg4 ,?is locality & ! accompany+ species w be discuss$ on ano!r page4 ,among ! rema9s are #c upp] can9e tee?1 ref]r$ by ! writ] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ij1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #ab-ac7 to ,mylohyus nasutus ,leidy4 ,a li/ ( ! associat$ species w be f\nd on page #cie4 #c4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4--,9 #ahif 7,dept4 ,am]4 & ,prehi/4 ,ar*ol4 ,univ4 ,p5n471 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] report$ he _h f\nd rema9s ( ! tapir1 pecc>y1 be>1 & small rod5ts 9 ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,! cave is situat$ on ! left bank ( ,dumpl9 ,creek1 ab\t #e miles above its entrance into ,fr5* ,broad ,riv]4 ,! species to :i* ! pecc>y rema9s belong$ 0 n det]m9$4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,rockca/le ,c\nty4--,9 #ahec1 ,dr4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cca1 plates ,,xxxv1 ,,xxxvi1 ,,xxxvii1 figs4 #e-h1 #ag1 #ai7 describ$ "u ! "n ,eu*rus macrops1 a f9e skull ( a pecc>y :i* _h be5 ly+ = #dg ye>s 9 ! collection ( ! society4 ,x _h be5 s5t !re by ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n1 ( ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky1 & 0 said to h be5 f\nd 9 "o ( ! nitr\s caves ( t ,/ate4 ,! writ] is in=m$ by ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,m4 ,mill]1 ,pr(essor ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,k5tucky1 t x is unlikely t ! skull came f any ( ! caves 9 ! region ab\t ,lex+ton1 z he _h nev] he>d any ( !m _h be5 work$ = saltpet]4 ,9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society = #ahjd 7vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bce-bdg7 is a pap] by ,samuel ,br[n1 9 :i* he describes a cave 9 :at is n[ ,rockca/le ,c\nty4 ,9 ?is & "s o!r neighbor+ caves 7 f\nd imm5se quantities ( saltpet]4 ,probably ! skull :i* ,leidy aft]w>d describ$ f ?is region 0 br\ght to light4 ,x appe>s to h be5 m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,b>ton z e>ly z #ahjf 7,phila4 ,m$4 & ,phys4 ,j\r41 vol4 ,,ii1 plate ,i1 p4 #aeh74 ,x is n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 recogniz$ by ,leidy z belong+ to ,platygonus compressus4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,camelid ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #ba47 #a4 ,x is n c]ta9 t any fossil camel rema9s h ev] be5 f\nd 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,9 #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bfd1 plate ,,xxi1 figs4 #d1 #d;a7 ,cope describ$ ,teleopt]nus ori5talis & ref]r$ x to ! ,camelid4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ! ,port ,k5n$y cave1 & :atev] its relation%ips x belongs to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,mat!w 7,osborn1 ,age ( ,mamm41 p4 #dfi7 sugge/$ t its aff9ities might be ) ! musk-ox54 ,,florida4 7,map #ba47 #a4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhf 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 p4 #ab71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy briefly describ$ ?ree species ( ! g5us ,procamelus f mat]ials collect$ ne> ,ar*] by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall4 ,! tee? & bones _h be5 f\nd 9 :at has be5 call$ ! ,ala*ua clays1 & 7 associat$ ) a consid]able numb] ( species ( v]tebrates4 ,! li/ w be f\nd on page #cge1 :]e ! ,plei/oc5e geology is consid]$4 ,! ?ree species ( camels 7 call$ ,au*5ia major1 ,a4 m9or1 & ,a4 m9imus4 ,!y are n[ ref]r$ to ! g5us ,procamelus4 ,9 #ahif !y 7 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 ,,vii-,,xiv1 #ae-fa1 ) plates7 describ$ 9 m detail & illu/rat$ by ,leidy & ,lucas4 ,! error ( call+ ,p4 m9or by ! "n ,p4 m$ius1 fir/ introduc$ by ,cope1 0 foll[$ 9 ! pap] j m5tion$2 & "s au?ors h cont9u$ ?is practice4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall includ$ ^! camels 9 8 li/ 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi74 ,au?ors h 9 g5]al ref]r$ to ! ,t]ti>y ! deposit :i* furni%$ ^! camels2 ! pres5t writ] believes t ! ,ala*ua b$s belong to ! fir/ glacial /age4 ,! matt] is fur!r discuss$ on pages #cgf to #cgh4 #b4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,c\nty4--,9 #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall publi%$ a li/1 furni%$ by ,joseph ,leidy1 ( ! v]tebrate fossils f\nd at :at 0 !n kn[n z ,mixon's bone-b$4 ,! species1 ) "s additions1 are li/$ on page #cge4 ,among o!rs is ,procamelus major4 ,! species 7 f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays1 & ^! clays are ref]r$ by ,sell>ds to ! ,upp] ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e4 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhi1 p4 #ca2 ,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-ag71 ,leidy m5tion$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( a camel1 reg>d$ by him z belong+ to ,procamelus1 9 a lime/one qu>ry at ,ocala4 ,) x 7 describ$ ! sab]-too? tig] ,ma*airodus floridanus4 ,tee? 7 f\nd also ( a horse :i* is ref]r$ to ,equus leidyi4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ?is locality is on page #cgh4 ,9 ! ,philadelphia ,academy pap] ,leidy call$ ! camel ,au*5ia m9or4 ,9 ! next pap] cit$ he reg>d$ x z ,a4 m9imus4 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #id1 #ajd71 ,dr4 ,sell>ds pres5t$ a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates discov]$ 9 ! ,dunnellon =mation at ,dunnellon & vic9ity4 ,among ! species is ! camel ,procamelus m9or4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 he did n include among ! ,plei/oc5e animals4 ,undet]m9$ tee? ( a camel are m5tion$ by ,sell>ds z f\nd 9 ! phosphate m9es at ,dunnellon 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh74 #e4 ,h]n&o1 ,citrus ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh7 report$ a discov]y ( tee? ( an undet]m9$ species ( camel 9 a phosphate m9e at ,h]n&o4 ,^! probably are ( ! g5us ,procamelus4 #f4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,"s rema9s ( a camel h be5 f\nd 9 ! /ratum at ,v]o kn[n z ,no4 #b1 ! "o imm$iately ov]ly+ ! b$ ( m>9e m>l4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep41 p4 #adi7 /ates !re _h be5 secur$ up to t "t two upp] *eek-tee?1 a di/al end ( a cannon-bone1 & a phalanx4 ,! latt]1 a h9d] fir/ phalanx1 is figur$ 7plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #e74 ,x resembles consid]ably ! bone figur$ by ,leidy & ,lucas 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,iv1 plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #h71 b x pres5ts important diff]5ces4 ,! ant]ior phalange figur$ by ,leidy & ,lucas is #he mm4 long2 a h9d] phalange ( ! same animal w\ld h be5 %ort]4 ,! h9d] phalange f\nd at ,v]o is #ajd mm4 long4 ,! probability is t its own] 0 an animal consid]ably l>g] ?an ,leidy's ,procamelus m9imus4 ,! phalanx ref]r$ by ,leidy & ,lucas to ,procamelus m$ius 7,p4 m9or7 has exactly ! l5g? ( t ( ,p4 m9imus1 b is a mu* /\t] bone1 ! side-to-side diamet] at ! middle ( ! l5g? be+ "o-half great]4 ,! ,v]o camel appe>s1 !re=e1 to be di/9ct f any ( ! ,plioc5e camels ( ,florida4 ,x probably belongs to ! g5us ,camelops4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #ba4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,my]1 ( ,na%ville1 ! writ] has receiv$ = exam9ation a "r calcaneum ( an undet]m9$ species ( camel1 belong+ probably to ! g5us ,camelops4 ,?is 0 f\nd ne> ,na%ville1 9 ! bank ( ,cumb]l& ,riv]4 ,at ! same locality 7 f\nd "p ( a too? ( a "y ma/odon1 a too? ( ,equus leidyi1 a fragm5t ( a femur ( a probably l>g] horse1 an antl] ( a "y de]1 a too? ( ,mylodon1 & "s fragm5ts ( turtle bones4 ,h[ev]1 ! horse rema9s & ! antl] are said to h be5 ly+ 9 a lay] ( gravel1 :ile ! camel & ma/odon 7 9 a b$ ( s& j above ! gravel4 ,ov] ^! b$s are ne>ly #cj feet ( gravel4 ,! total l5g? ( ! calcaneum is #ach mm41 ! greate/ height #fg mm41 & ! ?ickness at ! re> ( ! articul> surface = ! a/ragalus1 #de mm4 ,f ! re> end to ! surface = ! a/ragalus is #he mm4 ,! surface = union ) ! cuboid is #ai mm4 wide1 consid]ably n>r[] ?an 9 ! drom$>y & 9 an a/ragalus f ,d5v]1 ,colorado1 :i* app>5tly belongs to ,camelops hu]fan5sis4 ,! out] face ( ! bone is consid]ably less concave ?an 9 ei!r ( ! two species ref]r$ to4 ,! tub]osity is relatively ?ick] at ! middle ( its l5g? ?an is ei!r ( ! species m5tion$2 its height at its middle is relatively less ?an 9 ! ,d5v] specim54 ,x is believ$ t ! age ( ! b$s conta9+ ^! fossils is ab\t t ( ! ,aftonian int]glacial4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,plei/oc5e ,,de] ,,( ,,! ,,g5us ,,odocoileus ,,9 ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,toronto4--,9 ! ,guide ,book ,no4 #f1 issu$ by ! ,ont>io ,bureau ( ,m9es 9 #aiac1 & prep>$ by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,p4 ,coleman1 x is record$ on page #ah t 9 ! ,don b$s at ,toronto1 suppos$ to belong to ! ,sangamon /age1 _h be5 f\nd bones ( a de] resembl+ ^? ( ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,on page #bi de] bones are report$ z f\nd 9 o!r b$s situat$ 9 ! we/]n "p ( ,toronto4 ,! age ( ^! is unc]ta92 !y may be old] ?an ! ,don b$s or y\ng] ?an ! ,sc>boro b$s4 ,9 ^! same b$s h be5 f\nd also a l[] jaw ( a be>1 possibly ,ursus am]icanus2 an atlas ( a bison1 a "p ( an antl] ( ,c]valces borealis1 & "s p>ts ( ei!r a ma/odon or a mammo?4 ,! geology ( ! ,plei/oc5e 9 ! region ab\t ,toronto is treat$ on pages #bha to #bhc1 figure #c4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,orange ,c\nty4--,emmons1 9 #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,ea/4 ,c\nties1 p4 #bja71 /at$ he _h f\nd1 9 a fre%-wat] m>l-b$ 9 ,orange ,c\nty1 a horn ( an ext9ct de]1 associat$ ) rema9s ( ma/odon4 ,! exact locality is unkn[n4 #b4 ,gre5ville1 ,gre5e ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdf 7,bo/on ,j\r4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cij71 ,james ,hall m5tion$ ! f9d+ ( a jawbone1 ) tee?1 ( a de] 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty4 ,x 0 associat$ ) rema9s ( a ma/odon4 #c4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdc 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfg71 ,hall report$ t an eng9e] ( ! ,g5esee ,valley ,canal in=m$ him t ne> ,new ,hudson1 #d miles f ,cuba1 sev]al antl]s ( de] & "o ( an elk _h be5 f\nd #ab feet bel[ ! surface1 9 a muck deposit4 ,new ,hudson appe>s to be ab\t #aj miles nor? ( ,cuba1 & n on ! canal4 ,! locality is said to be at ! summit ( ! canal4 #d4 ,h9sdale1 ,catt>augus ,c\nty4--,james ,hall 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cfd1 #cff7 /at$ t a tusk1 suppos$ to belong to a ma/odon1 ) "s horns ( de]1 _h be5 f\nd at ,h9sdale 9 s& & gravel1 #af feet bel[ ! surface4 ,cl>ke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 p4 #icc7 sugge/$ t ^! may h be5 antl]s ( ! elk4 ,!re appe> to be no good reasons = suspect+ t any ( ! de] rema9s f\nd 9 ,new ,york are old] ?an ,late ,wiscons94 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,wood/[n1 ,salem ,c\nty4--,9 ! palontological collection at ,yale ,univ]sity is a fragm5t ( an antl] ( a de]1 mo/ probably ( ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 discov]$ 9 ,salem ,c\nty4 ,x is n accompani$ by any in=mation z to ! exact locality :]e f\nd or z to ! conditions ( burial4 ,! fragm5t ( ! %aft is #ace mm4 long1 & f x spr+s a t9e1 ! p>tial l5g? ( :i* is ab\t #de mm4 #b4 ,v9c5t[n1 ,burl+ton ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce at ,philadelphia are "s fragm5ts ( antl]s label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,v9c5t[n4 ,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgf71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy /at$ t rema9s ( ! de] _h be5 f\nd 9 ,burl+ton & ,monm\? ,c\nties1 b no exact localities 7 m5tion$4 ,_m ( ! specim5s seem to h be5 f\nd1 z accid5tal occupants1 9 m>l-b$s ( ,cretace\s age4 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia !re are specim5s f ,pemb]ton4 #c4 ,deal1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,academy's collection1 at ,philadelphia1 !re is a specim5 label$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ?is place4 ,no details are record$4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy report$ on a collection :i* _m ye>s be=e _h be5 f\nd 9 ,h>tman's ,cave1 ne> ,/r\dsburg4 ,ne>ly all ! species /ill exi/1 b 9 ! collection 0 includ$ ,ca/oroides & ,rangif]4 ,among ! fossils 7 jawbones1 ) tee?1 & brok5 bones ( ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,x seems possible t ! rema9s _h collect$ !re at ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 b "s may belong to ! ,rec5t4 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& report$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( a de]1 possibly ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 9 a cave at ,frank/[n4 ,) ?is de] 7 _m o!r species ( mammals4 ,a li/ is pres5t$ on page #cba4 ,,ohio4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,9 8 8,hi/ory ( ,ohio & ( ,auglaize ,c\nty10 #aije1 on page #cch1 ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson1 9 describ+ ! f9d+ ( a skull ( ,ca/oroides ne> ,new ,knoxville1 /at$ t "s bones ( ! de] _h be5 f\nd 9 :at 0 believ$ to h be5 ! h\se ( ! giant beav]4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to h be5 br\ght !re by c>nivor\s animals2 b ! de] may h di$ !re be=e ! h\se 0 cov]$ up4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhj ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum receiv$ f ,pr(essor ,ko/1 !n ( ,adrian ,college1 a skull ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis discov]$ at ! place nam$ above4 ,9 8 communication he wrote t at ! same place !re _h be5 f\nd previ\sly a ma/odon & bones ( an elk & ( a de]4 ,! place 0 9 a m>%1 9 ,adrian1 & ! fossils 7 at a dep? ( #d feet4 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh1 ,russell & ,lev]ett 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i7 report$ ! discov]y ( bones ( de] & elk 9 a peat-swamp1 #c miles s\? ( ,ann ,arbor4 ,9 ! same swamp _h be5 f\nd1 at a dep? ( #e feet1 a skull ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis4 ,! bones ( ! de] & elk 7 at a some:at high] level1 s t x is n :olly c]ta9 !y belong to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! specim5s f\nd bo? at ,adrian & ,ann ,arbor liv$ !re aft] ! retreat ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,9 a collection ( bones & tee? made at ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,evansville1 & describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj7 7 includ$ rema9s ( ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,) ^! bones 7 p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 a bison ( probably an ext9ct species1 a c]vical v]tebra ( ! horse kn[n z ,equus complicatus1 a too? ( a tapir1 & ! type upp] jaw ( ! ext9ct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,on page #cb is discuss$ ! age ( ! bone-b$4 ,x is conclud$ t x belong$ possibly to ! ,aftonian /age1 b m probably to ! ,sangamon4 ,al?\gh ?is species ( de] yet exi/s1 abundant rema9s ( a species n yet di/+ui%able f x are f\nd 9 e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposits 9 ,florida & else:]e4 ,accord+ to ,d4 ,d4 ,ow5 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #g71 ?is de] 0 f\nd associat$ ) megalonyx bones a few miles bel[ ,h5d]son1 ,k5tucky4 ,also1 ^! two species1 toge!r ) ,equus complicatus & an ext9ct species ( ,bison & o!r ext9ct species ( mammals1 h be5 exhum$ at ,bigbone ,lick1 halfway betwe5 ,l\isville & ,c9c9nati1 on ! ,k5tucky side4 ,"u ?is numb] may be consid]$ ! de] ,odocoileus doli*opsis1 :i* ,cope describ$ 9 #ahgh 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ahi74 ,?is 0 repres5t$ by a left ramus ( ! m&ible1 f\nd1 z report$ by ! ,/ate geologi/1 ,john ,collett1 9 a late lacu/r9e deposit 9 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4 ,9 ! same deposits 0 f\nd an ulno-radius ( a species ( ,bison4 ,! de] jaw 0 fur!r describ$ & figur$ by ,cope & ,wortman 9 #ahhd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bb1 plate ii74 ,"h1 9 quot+ ,cope's description f\nd 9 volume ,,iv ( ,bullet9s ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 page #cgi1 ! au?ors sub/itut$ ,h>rison ,c\nty = ,v&]burg ,c\nty4 ,9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fae71 ! pres5t writ] accept$ ,cope & ,wortman's /atem5t z to ! c\nty2 b x appe>s t ! locality 0 really 9 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4 ,cope & ,wortman's plate 0 reproduc$ by ! writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fae1 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #b;b74 ,figure #a ( ! plate repres5ts a "p ( an upp] jaw :i* may or may n belong to ! same species4 ,x 0 suppos$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ! same deposits4 #b4 ,h>risville1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 ! writ] has exam9$ "s bones :i* app>5tly belong$ to ! ,virg9ia de]1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,! di/al end ( ! radius1 a "r calcaneum1 & a sacrum h be5 id5tifi$4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 a swamp kn[n z 8,! ,dismal10 situat$ ab\t #f miles ne>ly ea/ ( ,w9*e/]4 ,?is w\ld n be f> f ! village ( ,h>risville4 ,9 ?is swamp 7 collect$ ! f9e specim5 ( ! giant beav]1 pres]v$ at ,e>lham ,college1 & ! bones ( an elk4 ,! swamp is locat$ ne> ! ,union ,city mora9e1 & ! animals buri$ !re mu/ h liv$ at "s "t aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet2 probably ! "t 0 long en\gh aft] t retirem5t = ! climate to become relatively mild4 #c4 ,roann1 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,9 #ahib 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bda71 ,elrod & ,b5$ict report$ t 9 #ahhb a ,mr4 ,rantz1 :ile digg+ a dit* on ! f>m ( ,william ,runkle1 #c miles nor? ( ,roann1 une>!d1 at a dep? ( #i feet1 ! antl]s & "p ( ! skeleton ( ! de] ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,! locality is evid5tly nor? ( ,eel ,riv] & ne> ! s\!rn bord] ( ! great mora9e :i* runs p>allel ) ?is /ream & nor? ( x4 ,und\bt$ly ?is de] liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h )drawn f ! vic9ity4 ,9 simil> situations 9 t region h be5 f\nd sev]al ma/odons4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! de] belong$ to ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,f ,mr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,galtry1 ( ,roann1 ! writ] le>ns t ,mr4 ,runkle in=m$ him t none ( ! bones f\nd has be5 pres]v$4 ,!re 7 _m f\nd1 %9-bones1 ribs1 & antl]s1 f #c to #d feet bel[ ! surface4 ,l>ge numb]s ( poles 7 f\nd1 & ! dit* digg]s got ! notion t ^! poles _h =m$ a bridge4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #bb1 #ch47 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc1 ,wor!n1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,ill9ois1 report$ 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 t he _h f\nd "s de] bones 9 a bog ne> ,niantic2 ) !m 7 rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 buffalo1 & elk4 ,:at is kn[n reg>d+ ! locality & ! geology is "h record$ on page #ajb4 ,all ^! rema9s 7 probably buri$ ne> ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 #b4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,c\nty4--,9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 page #aa4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 assi/ant curator ( palontology 9 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 report$ t 9 #aijb ,mr4 ,john ,bam=d1 9 enl>g+ a spr+ 9 a bog1 enc\nt]$ a lay] ( ab\t #b feet ( bison1 de]1 & elk bones at a dep? ( ab\t #e feet4 ,) ^! 7 f\nd skulls ( at lea/ #f ma/odons4 ,f ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 ! writ] has receiv$ a base ( a l>ge antl] & a ne>ly complete small antl] ( ! "r side4 ,^! are n to be di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ,o4 virg9ianus4 ,mr4 ,lang=d wrote t ! ma/odon bones 7 m+l$ ) ! o!r bones to ! bottom ( ! pit dug4 ,9 ! same excavation 7 f\nd rema9s ( ma/odon1 ,c]valces1 ! exi/+ moose1 ! elk1 ! buffalo1 & ! cannon-bone ( a l>ge %eep-l animal4 ,! exact levels 9 :i* ^! bones occurr$ is n kn[n4 ,! read] may consult page #aji4 #c4 ,ottawa1 ,la ,salle ,c\nty4--,j4 ,d4 ,caton 78,antelopes & ,de] ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 p4 #bbg7 tells ( hav+ f\nd a ne>ly complete skeleton & ?ree antl]s ( ! ,virg9ia de] 9 ! valley ( ,fox ,riv]1 ne> ,ottawa4 ,^! rema9s 7 9 a /ratum ( gravel at a dep? ( m ?an #af feet4 ,ov] ?is 0 ! surface loam1 !n s&1 s& & clay1 !n m s&4 ,x seems probable t ^! deposits belong$ to ! ,late ,wiscons94 #d4 ,evan/on1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,frank ,c4 ,bak] 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull1 ,,xvii1 pp4 #d1 #hf7 pres5t$ a geological section tak5 9 ! ,tole/on bea* at ,evan/on4 ,?is bea* 0 laid d[n aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,at ! dep? ( ab\t #i feet 0 f\nd a bone ( a de]4 ,9 #ahia1 ,w4 ,k4 ,higley 7,bull4 ,*icago ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 ,,xiv7 report$ t a pelvis1 ref]r$ to a de]1 _h be5 f\nd 9 ,late ,wiscons9 deposits at ,evan/on4 ,he _h 9 m9d ! bone f\nd 9 ,tole/on bea*4 ,at ! same place 0 f\nd a femur ( a de] at a dep? ( #i feet 7,lev]ett1 ,bull4 ,*icago ,acad4 ,sci4 ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,surv41 ,,ii1 #ahig1 pp4 #gf1 #gg74 ,app>5tly ! femur & ! pelvis _h be5 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,oliv] ,m>cy 9 #ahfd1 f :om bo? ,lev]ett & ,bak] quote ! geological section4 #e4 ,lemont1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,bak] 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ef1 #hi7 report$ ! f9d+ ( a portion ( a skull ( ,odocoileus virg9ianus & a skull ( ! muskrat 9 ! ,des ,pla9es ,valley1 at ,lemont1 9 a b$ ( peat4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,lead region4--,9 #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wiscons91 p4 #dba71 ,jeffries ,wyman1 9 8 report on ! v]tebrate animals f\nd by ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney1 /at$ t !re 0 a s]ies ( sev]al mol> tee? :i*1 9 =m & size1 corresponds exactly ) ^? ( ! r$ de] 7,c]vus virg9ianus74 ,he m5tion$ also v>i\s bones :i* seem$ to belong to ! same species1 b "s 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,9 #ahgf 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #di71 ,all5 describ$ z a new species ,c]vus :itneyi1 bas+ ! "n on a left hum]us1 a left radius1 & a "r metat>sal f\nd 9 ! ,:itney collection4 ,x appe>s probable t ^! bones are ^? m5tion$ by ,wyman z be+ l>g] ?an ! exi/+ ,virg9ia de] & ! mule de]4 ,all5 does n1 h[ev]1 m5tion :at ,wyman wrote4 ,all5's species is n[ ref]r$ to ! g5us ,odocoileus4 ,x is n /at$ by ei!r ,wyman or ,all5 ev5 f :at ,/ate ! rema9s 7 secur$4 ,x is mo/ probable t x 0 ,wiscons94 ,f ! ,plei/oc5e ( t region two species ( ,odocoileus are !re=e kn[n1 ,o4 virg9ianus & ,o4 :itneyi4 #b4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,c\nty4--,9 a lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,janu>y #ba1 #aiag1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,wiscons91 not$ t a v]tebra ( a de] _h be5 f\nd 9 brick clay at ,m5omonie4 ,x 0 s5t to ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,new ,york & id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w4 ,?is clay is at pres5t reg>d$ by ,dr4 ,weidman z probably belong+ to ! ,sangamon int]glacial4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope report$ t fragm5ts ( antl]s n di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! ,virg9ia de]1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 _h be5 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,lamb]t ,kirby1 9 ,ox=d ,neck4 ,^!1 ) rema9s ( o!r v]tebrates1 7 plac$ 9 ! ,baltimore ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 #b4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ajd71 ! writ] describ$ ! di/al end ( two radii f\nd at ,cavet[n 9 a fissure 9 a lime/one qu>ry4 ,^! 7 associat$ ) rema9s ( #bd o!r species ( v]tebrates1 mo/ly mammals4 ,! radii appe>$ to be ^? ( ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,ano!r de]1 ,sangamona fugitiva1 0 f\nd 9 ! same fissure4 ,a li/ ( ! accompany+ species is giv5 on page #cdh4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgd1 fig4 #g7 report$ ! f9d+ ( an a/ragalus ( "s de]-l animal at ,saltville4 ,he /ates t ! bone agrees ) t ( ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 b is l>g]4 ,to ! pres5t writ] ! bone is n only too l>ge to be t ( ! ,virg9ia de]1 b is relatively too n>r[1 x be+ assum$ t ,pet]son's figure is correct4 ,9 bo? ! ,virg9ia de] & ! elk ! wid? ( ! bone is ab\t #gj p] c5t ( ! greate/ l5g?1 :ile ! figure giv5 is only #fj p] c5t z wide z long4 ,x is n improbable t ! animal belong$ to ano!r g5us4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf7 ,cope /at$ t mol>s & o!r fragm5ts ( ,c>iacus 7,odocoileus7 virg9ianus 7 abundant 9 ! cave breccia :i* he exam9$4 ,a li/ ( ! accompany+ species w be f\nd on page #cec4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,wood ,c\nty4--,9 #ahce 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #adg71 ,hildre? /at$ t bones ( a de] _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 !n a "p ( ,virg9ia1 involv$ 9 ! trav]t9e on ! floor ( ! cave4 ,no facts are kn[n t give any clue to ! geological age ( ^! bones4 ,!y probably belong to "s e>ly or middle /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #bb1 #ci47 #a4 ,on ,neuse ,riv]1 ,pamlico ,c\nty1 #af ,miles bel[ ,newb]n4--,accord+ to bo? ,croom 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 p4 #afh7 & ,h>lan 7op4 cit41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc71 rema9s ( de] _h be5 f\nd at ?is locality4 ,= want ( m exact in=mation we may ref] !m to ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,on page #cei w be f\nd a li/ ( ! species collect$ "h4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,num]\s fragm5t>y rema9s ( ,odocoileus h be5 f\nd 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 z e>ly z #ahei 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahei1 p4 #agg71 ann\nc$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( de] 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,po/-,plioc5e ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aji1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #a-d7 /at$ t ! collections ( ,pr(essor ,holmes & ,capta9 ,b[man conta9$ fragm5ts ( antl]s1 portions ( jaws1 & tee? :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,po/-,plioc5e b$s ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,leidy conclud$ ^! rema9s did n diff] f ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! exi/+ :ite-tail$ de] 7,o4 virg9ianus74 ,_m fragm5ts ( antl]s belong 9 ! ,scanlan collection at ,yale ,univ]sity4 ,!y are ?or\ghly fossiliz$ & are h>d & heavy4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum 7,no4 #ajdg7 is an ant]ior cannon-bone ( a de]1 b no def9ite locality is record$4 ,x is black & app>5tly phosphatiz$1 z are ! num]\s fragm5ts ( antl]s f\nd 9 ! private collections at ,*>le/on4 ,! cannon-bone m5tion$ is #ahh mm4 long4 ,:ile ! mat]ials s f> discov]$ d n enable u to di/+ui% ! de] rema9s f\nd ab\t ,*>le/on f ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 x is n improbable t !y belong$ 9 reality to ano!r species1 "s p]haps to ! ,floridan ,plei/oc5e species ,o4 sell>dsi4 ,antl]s ( ! :ite-tail$ or ,virg9ia de] are common 9 ! collections ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,9 ! ,scanlan collection are bases ( antl]s ( adult bucks & two simple spikes ( "y de]4 ,"o base is diff]5t f ! o!rs 9 be+ mu* flatt5$ 9 "o bord]1 probably ! "o on :i* ! fir/ t9e arose4 ,x is possible t x repres5ts a di/9ct species4 #b4 ,d>l+ton1 ,d>l+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdh1 ,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 pp4 #agg-ahj7 /at$ t on ! l& ( a ,rev4 ,mr4 ,campbell1 some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,d>l+ton1 he _h f\nd fragm5ts ( ! horns ( a de]4 ,he reg>d$ ! b$s z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e4 ,9 ! neighborhood1 9 a simil> deposit1 _h be5 f\nd mol>s ( ,ma/odon maximus 7,mammut am]icanum74 ,bo? species may belong to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,,florida4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajf7 report$ rema9s ( ,odocoileus f\nd at /ation #abj ( ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ab\t #e miles s\? ( ,pablo ,bea*4 ,fur!r m5tion is made ( ?is on page #cgd4 #b4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,9 8 eigh? report 7page #id7 ,sell>ds /at$ t at ,neals1 ne> ,newb]ry1 tee? _h be5 collect$ :i* probably belong$ to a species ( ,odocoileus4 ,^! 7 f\nd :ile phosphate rock 0 be+ m9$2 b !y1 ) a too? ( a tapir & "o ( ,equus littoralis1 d\btless belong to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 #c4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,9 #ahif ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/it41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,x71 9 a note on ! species ( v]tebrates f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays1 includ$ among ^! a tapir1 a ma/odon1 & a mega!rium4 ,9 8 li/ furni%$ = ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall's report 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 is includ$ ,c]vus virg9ianus84 ,! tapir1 ! de]1 & ! mega!rium h be5 reg>d$ z ,plei/oc5e fossils :i* became mix$ ) ^? ( ! ,plioc5e4 ,= t reason ,odocoileus is "h cr$it$ to ,ar*]4 ,see also ,sell>ds's conclusion 7#f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #afb74 ,x is n c]ta9 exactly :]e ! species above nam$ 7 f\nd4 ,"o locality m5tion$ by ,leidy is #aj miles s\? ( ,ar*]1 n[ ,willi/on2 ano!r is #aj miles nor? ( ! same t[n1 n[ ,newb]ry4 ,= ! geological age ( ! species f\nd at ,ar*]1 consult page #cge4 #d4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,f a fissure 9 a lime/one rock at ,ocala1 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #ajc7 secur$ "s rema9s ( ,odocoileus1 b x 0 n det]m9$ to :at species !y belong$4 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,! writ] 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #dc1 plate ,,viii1 figs4 #c-e7 describ$ "s tee? ( a de] f\nd ne> ,dunnellon1 9 ! 8,cull5s riv] m9e40 ,^! 7 ref]r$ provisionally to ! species or subspecies n[ liv+ 9 t region1 ,odocoileus osceola4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,9 a small collection ( fossil v]tebrates s5t f ?is place by ,mr4 ,erne/ ,leitzel to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum = id5tification 7 "s fragm5ts ( antl]s ( ,odocoileus4 #g4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,e>le ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum receiv$1 9 #aiba1 _m fragm5ts ( antl]s f\nd on ! bea* at ,palma ,sola1 ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,palmetto & on ! s\? side ( ,manatee ,riv]4 ,) ^! came tee? ( ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis1 tee? & bone ( ,bison latifrons81 a too? ( ,elephas columbi1 & a fragm5t ( ! beak ( a ziphoid porpoise4 ,! la/ & v>i\s %>ks' tee? probably orig9at$ 9 ,mioc5e deposits n f> away4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ?is place & believ$ to belong to ! ,plei/oc5e is pres5t$ on page #cgi4 #h4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhi1 p4 #if2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 ,leidy report$ ! discov]y ( antl]s ( de]1 ,odocoileus 7,c]vus7 virg9ianus1 at ,arcadia4 ,^! may h belong$ to ,o4 osceola or ,o4 sell>dsi4 ,9 #ahhd 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #dbh71 ,mr4 ,s4 ,t4 ,walk] report$ ! f9d+ ( fossils1 among !m fragm5ts ( de] antl]s1 on s&-b>s 9 ,peace ,riv]1 f a po9t ab\t :]e ! t[n ( ,hull n[ is to a po9t #h miles by l& above ,=t ,ogd51 app>5tly n f> f ! pres5t t[n ( ,ow5s4 ,on ?is matt] see ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aji74 ,?is locality & its fossils are fur!r describ$ on page #cha4 #i4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,num]\s rema9s belong+ to "o or two species ( ,odocoileus h be5 f\nd at ,v]o4 ,fragm5ts ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! skeleton & "s tee? h be5 f\nd 9 ! two upp] /rata1 ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c1 :i* lie above ! m>9e m>l4 ,! writ] 7#i? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiag1 pp4 #ej-eg1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #c7 ref]r$ "s ( ^! bones to ! new species1 ,o4 sell>dsi4 ,possibly only ?is species is repres5t$ at t locality1 b probably "s ( ! bones belong to ,o4 osceola4 ,li/s ( ! species f\nd 9 ! two deposits be>+ fossil v]tebrates w be f\nd on pages #cha to #chc4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,leidy wrote 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii7 z foll[s3 8,fossil bones ( a de] n l>g] ?an ! ,c]vus virg9ianus h be5 f\nd 9 association ) bones ( ! ,megalonyx1 ,ma/odon1 etc41 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nat*ez1 ,mississippi4 ,9 ! cab9et ( ! ,academy m5tion$ !re are sev]al specim5s f ! locality1 consi/+ ( a portion ( a l[] jaw1 a fragm5t ( an antl]1 & ! po/]ior & inf]ior portions ( two crania40 ,! geology ( ?is important locality is discuss$ on pages #chi to #cic4 #b4 ,ab]de51 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgf71 ,leidy /at$ t rema9s ( a de] _h be5 f\nd at ?is place 9 a railroad cutt+4 ,no details 7 giv54 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #bb4 ,figure #bc47 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,museum1 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #he-ie71 ! writ] describ$ bones & tee? ( ,plei/oc5e animals :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,:itesburg4 ,a li/ ( ! species is giv5 on page #cie4 ,9 ! collection are #ba tee? :i* 7 ref]r$ to ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 b _! small size sugge/s t !y may belong to ano!r species ( de]4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4--,on page #bja is pres5t$ an acc\nt ( a collection made at ,na%ville4 ,among ! fossils 0 an antl] ( a de] :i* is ref]r$ by ! writ] to an undet]m9$ species ( ,odocoileus 7p4 #cii74 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,! bones & tee? ( ! ,virg9ian de] h be5 report$ ) "s d\bt f ,bigbone ,lick2 ev5 if f\nd x is n c]ta9 t !y belong$ to ,plei/oc5e deposits4 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection made 9 clean+ out ,bluelick ,spr+s1 9 ,ni*olas ,c\nty1 rema9s ( a de] 7 secur$4 ,! geological age ( ^! c n be det]m9$ ) c]ta9ty1 b !y 7 probably ( ,late ,wiscons9 "t4 ,= a li/ ( ! associat$ species see page #dje4 #c4 ,h5d]son1 ,h5d]son ,c\nty4--,9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 publi%$ by ! latt] 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #g71 ,dr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,ow5 /at$ t _m antl]s & bones ( de] _h be5 f\nd ab\t #f miles bel[ ,h5d]son1 associat$ ) bones ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,c]vus ,,canad5sis ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,c\nty4--,on ,burl+ton ,heights1 ne> ,hamilton1 _m ye>s ago antl]s ( ! elk 7 f\nd associat$ ) a jaw ( a beav]4 ,!y 7 discov]$ #cj feet f ! surface & at a level #g feet high] ?an ! jaw ( ,elephas columbi describ$ on page #adg4 ,! age ( all ^! bones is late ,plei/oc5e4 ,! elk _h1 !re=e1 spread ov] ! nor!rn "p ( our c\ntry be=e ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,! geology ( ?is locality & ! species f\nd !re are consid]$ on pages #bhd-bhe4 #b4 ,ne> ,/ra?roy1 ,middlesex ,c\nty4--,9 #aija 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ie-ig1 fig47 ,l4 ,h4 ,smi? wrote on ! occurr5ce ( ! elk 9 ,ont>io4 ,none _h be5 kn[n to exi/ !re s9ce ! settlem5t by :ite m54 ,! writ] ( ! article _h a numb] ( specim5s ( antl]s collect$ 9 ! neighborhood ( ,/ra?roy & ! neighbor+ c\nty1 ,lambton4 ,a f9e pair ( antl]s & a "p ( a skeleton ( an elk _h be5 discov]$ 9 a boggy spr+ 9 lot #ae1 #ab? concession1 t[n%ip ( ,lobo4 ,x 0 evid5tly n deeply buri$4 ,?is & ! o!rs1 not)/&+ %all[ness ( burial1 may h be5 buri$ 9 ,late ,plei/oc5e times2 b !re is no assurance t !y did n live dur+ ! e>ly ,rec5t4 #c4 ,k+/on1 ,front5ac ,c\nty4--,9 #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cgg71 ,rob]t ,bell /at$ t rema9s ( ! elk _h be5 f\nd 9 %ell m>l 9 at lea/ two places ne> ,k+/on4 ,,v]mont4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,gr& ,isle1 ,*ampla9 ,lake4--,9 #ahdj 7,rep4 on ,quadrup$s1 ,massa*usetts1 p4 #hb71 ,emmons report$ ! f9d+ ( an antl] on ?is isl&1 :i* he conclud$ belong$ possibly to a "y elk4 ,x _h be5 ?r[n out by ! pl[ f an elevat$ piece ( gr\nd1 ne> a spr+ ( wat]4 ,he conclud$ t x 0 ! antl] ( ! second ye>1 & /at$ t x _h no bran*es4 ,x 0 some:at curv$ & _h a total l5g? ( #hdi mm4 ,! diamet] j above ! burr 0 giv5 z #ahc mm42 b ?is is mu* great] ?an t 9 any specim5s ( "y elks at h&4 ,possibly "s o!r species is repres5t$ & x may n h belong$ to ,plei/oc5e4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,racket ,riv]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty4--,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay1 9 #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #abj1 plate ,,xxix1 fig4 #a71 describ$ a "p ( a skull1 to :i* 7 atta*$ ! damag$ antl]s ( an elk1 :i* _h be5 dug up ne> ! m\? ( ,raquette ,riv]4 ,?is mu/ h be5 n f> f ! t[n ( ,racket ,riv]4 ,no?+ appe>s to be kn[n reg>d+ ! conditions "u :i* ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cgg7 ref]s to ! specim54 ,x 0 at "o "t 9 ! ,lyceum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 b is probably no long] 9 exi/5ce4 #b4 ,s5eca ,ca/le1 ,ont>io ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,e4 ,hit*cock 7,sci5ce1 vol4 ,,vi1 #ahhe1 p4 #dej7 report$ ! f9d+ ( an antl] ( an elk at ?is place4 ,x 0 associat$ ) suppos$ rema9s ( a ma/odon1 9 a peat morass1 ne> ,fl9t ,creek4 ,x is to be cr$it$ to ! ,late ,wiscons94 #c4 ,f>m+ton1 ,ont>io ,c\nty4--,james ,hall1 9 #ahhg 7#f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,new ,york1 p4 #cia71 report$ ! discov]y ( ab\t two-?irds ( ! skeleton ( an elk at ! place nam$1 9 a c$> swamp1 buri$ 9 peat at dep?s ( f #f to #ah in*es4 ,! antl]s _h project$ above ! surface & _h be5 gnaw$ by rod5ts4 ,hall rem>k$ t ! elk _h n be5 kn[n to live 9 t region s9ce ! com+ ( ! :ite race4 ,! skeleton may or may n h be5 deposit$ !re dur+ ! late ,plei/oc5e4 #d4 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity is a calv>ium ( an elk label$ z f\nd 9 ,liv+/on ,c\nty4 ,! f9d] _h1 ) a tool1 *opp$ (f ! antl]s & o!rwise hack$ ! skull4 ,"o c n be c]ta9 z to ! geological age ( ! specim54 #e4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,c\nty4--,9 #ahdc1 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #d? ,di/41 p4 #cfg7 report$ t sev]al horns ( de] & "o ( an elk _h be5 f\nd at ! summit ( ! ,g5esee ,valley ,canal4 ,! place giv5 0 ,new ,hudson1 #d miles f ,cuba2 b ?is t[n is ab\t #aj miles f ,cuba & app>5tly n on ! canal4 ,! antl]s 7 f\nd at a dep? ( #ab feet1 9 muck4 #f4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,c\nty4--,hall 7op4 cit41 p4 #cfe7 /at$ t ,dr4 ,emmons _h 9 8 possession a too? :i* he reg>d$ z belong+ to ?is species4 ,de ,kay 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #abj1 plate ,,xxix1 fig4 #d7 describes & figures ?is too?4 ,emmons1 9 #ahdj 7,rep4 ,quadrup$s ( ,massa*usetts1 p4 #hb71 fir/ m5tion$ ! too? & said x _h be5 f\nd 9 a clay b$ ) sev]al o!rs4 ,! too? may belong to ! ,plei/oc5e1 b ?is c n be prov$4 ,x is ( value1 z are ! o!r cases1 z %[+ ! =m] di/ribution ( ! species4 #g4 ,boonville1 ,oneida ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7,trans4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #df71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,h>t ,m]riam report$ t ,mr4 ,calv9 ,v4 ,graves1 ( ,boonville1 _h p>ts ( elk horns1 pl[$ up 9 an old beav] mead[4 ,^! may h belong$ to v late ,plei/oc5e "t or to any "p ( ! ,rec5t4 #h4 ,?ird ,lake ( ,fulton ,*a91 ,h]kim] ,c\nty4--,9 ! publication j ref]r$ to & on page #de1 ,m]riam /at$ he _h se5 a numb] ( elk antl]s1 f\nd 9 a bog ne> ! place m5tion$4 ,_! geological age c n be det]m9$ any m closely ?an 9 ! prec$+ case4 #i4 ,/eele's ,corn]s1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty4--,on page #df ( ! pap] j cit$1 ,m]riam report$ t ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,b5ton1 ( ,ogd5sburg1 _h p>ts ( antl]s discov]$ at ! place nam$4 ,no details z to mode ( occurr5ce 7 giv54 ,! antl]s 7 disc>d$ by _! own]s "s "t aft] ! cle>+ away ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,deal1 ,monm\? ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg71 ,leidy /at$ t !re 7 9 ! museum ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy portions ( two antl]s ( ! elk obta9$ 9 ! e>? j above ! ,cretace\s gre5s& ne> ,deal4 ,no fur!r in=mation 0 furni%$4 ,deal is ab\t #e miles s\? ( ,long ,bran*4 ,! antl]s may h belong$ to ! ,plei/oc5e or to ! ,rec5t4 #b4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaa 7,pap]s ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #abc71 ,mr4 ,erne/ ,volk detail$ ! f9d+ ( a fragm5t ( an antl] ( an elk 9 ! glacial gravels at ,tr5ton1 at a dep? ( #e4e feet4 ,= ! geology ( ?is locality see page #cjd4 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,n4 ,j41 #ahfh1 p4 #gdb7 wrote t ?is species has left antl]s & bones 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,/ate 9 ! gravel drift1 b he m5tions no localities4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahii 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,p5nsylvania1 = #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,leidy report$ ! discov]y ( v>i\s fragm5t>y rema9s ( ?is species 9 ! ,cry/al ,hill 7,h>tman's7 ,cave1 ne> ,/r\dsburg4 ,?is cave & its cont5ts w be consid]$ on page #caj4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,c\nty4--,f ,durham ,cave1 situat$ ne> ,riegelsville1 !re 0 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 ab\t #gj ye>s ago1 a collection ( bones4 ,!y 7 exam9$ by ,leidy1 :o report$ on !m 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi74 ,9 ?is li/ ! elk 0 n m5tion$4 ,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ah1 #ai71 fur!r att5tion 0 giv5 to ! collection1 & ! elk 0 includ$4 ,! bison1 :i* 0 m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ li/1 0 omitt$ 9 ! second4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhj1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ko/1 ( ,adrian ,college1 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a skull ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis & a jaw ( a ma/odon f\nd 9 a m>% 9 ! t[n ( ,adrian1 at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,at ! same place ano!r ma/odon1 toge!r ) bones ( a de] & ( an elk1 _h previ\sly be5 secur$4 ,^! belong to a late p]iod 9 ! ,wiscons94 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i71 ,russell & ,lev]ett told ( ! f9d+ ( bones ( elk & de] 9 a peat-swamp1 #c miles s\? ( ,ann ,arbor4 ,9 ! same swamp1 at a dep? ( #e feet1 a skull ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis _h be5 discov]$4 ,! bones ( ! elk & de] 7 at a some:at high] level4 ,:ile !y are probably ( late ,plei/oc5e age1 "o c n be :olly sure ( x4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,cambridge ,city1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,e>lham ,college1 at ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 is a "p ( ! skull ( an elk 7,no4 #ejgj7 label$ z f\nd a mile nor?we/ ( ,cambridge ,city1 & z pres5t$ by ,lee ,ault1 sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools84 ,x is record$ on ! specim5 t x 0 f\nd 9 ,little ,simond's ,creek & lay p>tly expos$ 9 a b$ ( gravel #d rods bel[ ! mill-dam1 & #j4be mile f :]e ! creek empties into ! ,we/ ,=k ( ,:itewat] ,riv]4 ,! specim5 is pretty ?or\ghly m9]aliz$ & /a9$ ) iron oxide4 ,! geological age ( ! skull is unc]ta91 b x has ! appe>ance ( be+ old4 ,f\nd 9 t region1 x mu/1 h[ev]1 be y\ng] ?an ! ,%elbyville & ,bloom+ton mora9es1 :i* are ne>by4 #b4 ,f\nta9 ,city1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ,e>lham ,college is ! re> ( ! skull ( an elk record$ z f\nd on ,nolan's ,=k1 ne> ! bord] ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9e4 ,x has ! ,no4 #ejfi & is cr$it$ to ,mr4 ,isaac ,?omas4 ,! rem>k made 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph ab\t ! age ( ! specim5 f ,cambridge ,city may be repeat$ "h4 #c4 ,h>risville1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 are "s bones :i* belong to ,c]vus canad5sis & report$ f\nd 9 ,may #ahic1 by ,messrs4 ,%oemak]1 ,graves1 & ,moore1 9 a dit* or canal be+ put ?r\gh ! swamp kn[n !n by ! "n ( 8,! ,dismal10 app>5tly ab\t #f miles ea/ ( ,w9*e/]1 ne> ! t[n ( ,h>risville4 ,x 0 "h t 0 f\nd ! f9e specim5 ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis :i* is at ,e>lham4 ,j at :at dep? ! elk bones 7 f\nd is n kn[n4 ,) !m came "s bones ( ! :ite-tail$ de]1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,( ! elk !re are a dorsal & two lumb> v]tebr1 mo/ ( ! sacrum1 "s pieces ( ribs1 ! articul> end ( ! scapula1 a complete hum]us1 mo/ ( ! "r side ( ! pelvis1 mo/ ( ! left pubis1 ! left cubo-navicul> bone1 ! di/al end ( ! left cannon-bone1 & ?ree phalanges4 ,we c n be c]ta9 t ! animal liv$ at t place dur+ ,plei/oc5e times4 ,at mo/1 x liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h )drawn f t vic9ity4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,ph9ney 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aha7 /at$ t 9 dra9+ swamps 9 ?is c\nty elks' antl]s _h be5 f\nd1 b no details 7 giv54 ,at any rate1 9 t region all su* rema9s w\ld belong to a "t foll[+ ! middle ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #d4 ,p5nville1 ,jay ,c\nty4--,mc,caslin1 9 8 report on ! geology ( ,jay ,c\nty 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #afi71 /at$ t ! bones ( ! ma/odon & po/-glacial de]1 or elk1 _h be5 frequ5tly met )4 8,! gigantic antl]s ( ! latt] h be5 f\nd 9 size indicat+ an animal #h or #i feet high & #aj or #aa 9 l5g?4 ,^! h be5 pick$ up 9 a bog nor? ( ,camd540 ,mak+ prop] all[ances = miscalculations1 we mu/ conclude t ^! antl]s belong$ to ! elk 7,c]vus canad5sis74 ,! antl]s _h probably be5 laid out s z to give _! maximum ext5t4 ,?is t[n%ip 7#bd nor?1 range #ab ea/7 is 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( ! c\nty4 ,! "n ,camd5 no long] appe>s on ! maps1 be+ app>5tly a =m] "n = ,p5nville4 ,! bog ref]r$ to 0 evid5tly nor? ( ! ,salamonie ,riv] & close to or on ! mora9e be>+ ! same "n4 ,! elk mu/ h liv$ !re aft]1 probably a long "t aft]1 ?is mora9e 0 laid d[n4 #e4 ,waba% ,c\nty4--,elrod & ,b5$ict report$ 9 #ahib 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bdj7 t a ,mr4 ,longnec] _h une>!d ! head & antl]s ( an elk 9 a swamp on 8 f>m 8ne> ! we/ c\nty l9e40 ,! antl]s measur$ #h feet f tip to tip4 ,9 ?is case !y probably 7 giv5 _! greate/ possible span4 ,x is to be regrett$ t no m def9ite locality 0 giv54 ,= ^? 9 t region :o might be int]e/$1 x w\ld be possible to le>n ! location m accurately by se>*+ ! (fice ( ! c\nty surveyor or ( ! c\nty cl]k4 ,at any rate1 ! animal liv$ !re 9 ,late ,wiscons9 "t4 #f4 ,=esman1 ,newton ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis is ! left antl] ( an elk said to h be5 f\nd 9 #ahhd1 at ,=esman4 ,x is cr$it$ to ,d4 ,e4 ,h[e1 & ! writ] has n be5 able to get any additional in=mation4 ,=esman is on ,iroquois ,riv]2 &1 accord+ to ,lev]ett's map 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 ! region ab\t !re is occupi$ by clay ( a glacial lake bottom4 ,! antl] may be ( ! ,rec5t p]iod1 b m probably ( ,late ,wiscons9 times4 #g4 ,r5ssela]1 ,jasp] ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate collection at ,indianapolis j m5tion$ is a "p1 ab\t #af in*es long1 ( ! antl] ( an elk1 pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,l\ghridge1 ( ,r5ssela]1 b no additional in=mation is furni%$4 ,! animal may h liv$ at any "t dur+ or s9ce ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #h4 ,lake ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,tw5ty-second ,annual ,report ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ ( ,indiana1 page #ij1 ,blat*ley /at$ t antl]s ( ! elk _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 b no details 7 giv54 #i4 ,k\ts1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,9 ! report j cit$1 on page #ij1 ,blat*ley1 ,/ate geologi/1 report$ antl]s ( a l>ge elk f\nd close to tee? ( a ma/odon4 ,?is 0 some:]e ne> ,k\ts4 ,! reports ( fossil rema9s ( ,c]vus canad5sis 9 ,indiana are n v satisfactory4 ,9 few cases has any ef=t be5 made to record any?+ l exact in=mation z to ! locality & ! dep? ( burial & ! nature ( ! deposit & to pres]ve ! specim5s4 ,nev]!less1 9 mo/ in/ances at lea/1 x is q c]ta9 t ! rema9s ref]r$ to ?is species 7 really su*4 ,:ile1 aga91 "s ( ! rema9s h possibly belong$ to ! ,rec5t p]iod1 probably mo/ ( !m date back to late ,plei/oc5e2 t is1 ,late ,wiscons9 times4 ,9 _m cases ! rema9s h be5 f\nd at a dep? ( sev]al feet 9 swamps t 7 be+ dra9$4 ,x is c]ta9 t ^! swamp deposits accumulat$ ) exce$+ sl[ness4 ,n infrequ5tly fossil ma/odon bones & tee? h be5 f\nd )9 a few in*es ( ! surface4 ,9 ! case ( none ( ! f9ds ( elk mat]ials is !re any indication ( an age beyond t ( ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #bc1 #ch47 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,c\nty4--9 #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh71 ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n report$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( ma/odon1 elk1 buffalo1 & de] 9 a bog ne> ,niantic4 ,! exact locality & ! conditions are describ$ on page #ajb4 ,9 t acc\nt x is conclud$ t ! ma/odon rema9s w5t to ! museum ( ,c4 ,f4 ,gn!r1 ( ,*icago1 & f !re to ! collection ( ! ,*icago ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,:at became ( ! bones ( ! elk1 ! buffalo1 & ! de] is n kn[n4 ,z no record appe>s to h be5 kept ( ! dep?s at :i* ea* ( ! species 0 f\nd1 we d n "k :e!r or n ! o!rs 7 z old z ! ma/odon4 ,h[ev]1 x is c]ta9 t ^! old ponds & m>%es left on ! surface ( ! ,wiscons9 drift fill$ up v sl[ly4 #b4 ,ne> ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,c\nty1 #e miles we/ by nor? ( ,m9ooka4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 in=m$ ! writ] t he _h f\nd "h bones ( ! elk4 ,^! 7 also report$ by him 9 ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/ 7,augu/ana ,coll4 ,publ41 ,no4 #e1 page #aa74 ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 has likewise f\nd elk antl]s "h & rema9s ( ,c]valces & ,alces am]icanus4 ,= ! location ( ?is place & its geological situation page #ccg may be consult$4 ,all ! species f\nd are )\t d\bt ( ,late ,wiscons9 age4 ,riggs's /atem5t ref]r$ to appe>s to indicate t ! elk1 buffalo1 & de] bones f\nd are ( m rec5t age ?an ^? ( ! ma/odons1 b ,mr4 ,lang=d writes t ! antl]s 7 mix$ up ) ! ma/odon bones4 #c4 ,palos ,p>k1 ,cook ,c\nty4--,?is place is on ! ,waba% ,railway1 ab\t #bj miles s\?we/ ( ,*icago4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs wrote ! au?or t 9 ,octob] #aiae1 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory _h receiv$ a f9e head & antl]s ( ! elk f ! ,sag ,dra9age ,canal ne> ,palos ,p>k4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 peat at a dep? ( #ac feet4 ,"o c h>dly d\bt t ! animal liv$ !re dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #d4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 writ+ ,april #c1 #aiaf1 in=m$ ! au?or t he _h pick$ up ! jaw ( an elk along a dit*1 some:]e ab\t ,batavia1 9 :i* ma/odon bones _h be5 f\nd4 ,at :at dep? ! bones _h be5 buri$ c\ld n be det]m9$4 ,9 ?is case all t c be said is t ! animal liv$ !re aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$ f t place4 #e4 ,union ,grove1 ,:iteside ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #gcce1 is a "r a/ragalus ( an elk f\nd ne> ,union ,grove1 #c feet bel[ ! surface ( a b$ ( peat1 9 an old *annel ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,?is a/ragalus 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,leo ,b4 ,l9coln1 ( ,*icago1 ?r\gh ! peat exp]t ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,pr(essor ,*>les ,a4 ,davis4 ,! locality is said to be 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #g1 ,union ,grove ,t[n%ip1 app>5tly t[n%ip #ba nor?1 range #d we/4 ,?is section appe>s to be ab\t #e miles away f ! pres5t b$ ( ! riv]4 ,al?\gh ! area is outside ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet1 x is n probable t ! elk ant$ates ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,its age is m probably ,late ,wiscons94 #f4 ,lead ,region ( ,ill9ois4--,9 #ahgf1 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dh7 /at$ he f\nd 9 a collection made 9 ?is region by ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney an imp]fect radius t seem$ n to diff] at all f t ( a "y male ,c]vus canad5sis4 ,?is collection is t report$ on by ,jeffries ,wyman 9 #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wiscons91 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dba-dbc74 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ! specim5 0 f\nd 9 ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 or ,ill9ois4 ,z else:]e /at$1 ! writ] =m]ly reg>d$ ! v]tebrate fossils f\nd 9 t region z belong+ mo/ly to ! ,late ,wiscons92 b x n[ appe>s possible !y liv$ dur+ a pre-,wiscons9 "t4 #g4 ,bee*]1 ,w ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 ,ill9ois1 an intellig5t collector ( ! fossils ( t region1 in=m$ ! au?or t he obta9$ an antl] ( ! ,c]vus canad5sis at a place along ,trim ,creek1 ab\t #c miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,bee*]4 ,! fragm5t includ$ ! base & two t9es4 ,! exact locality & ! geological conditions are discuss$ on page #ajg4 ,mr4 ,lang=d report$ t ! antl]s 7 above ! ma/odon bones4 ,at ! same place 0 f\nd a fragm5t ( an antl] ( ,c]valces4 ,all ^! species belong$ probably to v late ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,wauwatosa1 ,milwaukee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,public ,museum ( ,milwaukee are p>ts ( bo? antl]s ( an elk f\nd at ,mill]'s brew]y1 9 ,wauwatosa1 at a dep? ( #d feet4 ,wauwatosa is a suburb we/ ( ,milwaukee1 on ! ,m5omonie ,riv]1 situat$ pr9cipally on "o ( ! mora9es laid d[n j be=e ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet retir$ into ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,! elk mu/ h liv$ !re s9ce t )drawal ( ! ice4 ,x is possible t ! antl]s 7 f\nd 9 m>% deposits ( ,rec5t age along ! ,m5omonie ,riv]4 #b4 ,pewaukee1 ,wauke%a ,c\nty4--,?is t[n is situat$ ab\t #bj miles nor? ( we/ ( ,milwaukee4 ,9 ! ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee is an antl] :i* 0 pl[$ up some:]e ab\t ,pewaukee by ,/anley ,g4 ,hask9s & pres5t$ by him to ! museum4 ,probably ! antl] belongs to ! ,rec5t epo*4 #c4 ,:itehall1 ,trempealeau ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,wiscons91 ! writ] receiv$ a tibia f\nd ne> ,:itehall & :i* he id5tifies z belong+ to ,c]vus canad5sis4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! discov]y has be5 furni%$ by ,dr4 ,weidman3 8,! gully 7fig4 #b7 9 :i* ! tibia 0 f\nd is erod$ out ( /ratifi$ s&1 conta9+ fragm5ts ( local s&/one & *]ts4 ,! /ratifi$ s&1 ) local small fragm5ts ( s&/one1 is1 ( c\rse1 pre-loessial 9 orig91 b ! erosion ( ! l[] t]race is po/-loessial1 & ! gully is v rec5t4 ,! tibia 0 tak5 #b feet bel[ ! l[] t]race1 along ! side ( ! gully ab\t #e or #f feet deep at ! l[] end & #c or #d feet deep at ! upp] end2 l5g? ( gully #cjj or #djj feet4 ,! bone may possibly h be5 ins]t$ aft] ! developm5t ( ! l[] t]race1 b ,i c\ld see no indication ( di/urbance or *ange 9 ! upp] #b feet ( ! l[] t]race fur!r expos$ by ! gully at ?is po9t1 ! upp] #b feet be+ ess5tially ! same at ?is po9t z else:]e along ! side ( ! gully4 ,if ! bone 0 deposit$ along ) ! small fragm5ts ( s&/one 9 ! /ratifi$ =mation1 ! fragm5ts be+ usually flat1 ab\t #j4e in* ?ick by #a to #b in*es wide1 !n ! bone is evid5tly pre-loessial 9 age4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k ! bone 0 deposit$ ) ! s&/one fragm5ts dur+ ! process ( ! fill+ up ( ! valley ) ! /ratifi$ surface1 long be=e ! loess 0 deposit$ 9 ! region1 r ?an aft] ! loess & ! l[] t]race 0 =m$40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagrammatic section ( gully ne> ,:itehall1 ,wiscons91 %[+ place ( burial ( elk bone4 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ! specim5 belong$ to ! ,peorian /age or an e>li] "o4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope /at$ t a collection ( v]tebrate fossils _h be5 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,lamb]t ,kirby1 9 ,ox=d ,neck1 includ+ p>ts ( antl]s4 ,^! 7 n di/+ui%able f ^? ( ! elk & ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,!y 7 plac$ 9 ! ,baltimore ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,maps #bc1 #ci47 #a4 ,on ,neuse ,riv]1 ,pamlico ,c\nty1 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n4--,on page #aag1 9 discuss+ ! occurr5ce ( ma/odons at ?is place1 x is /at$ t ,h4 ,b4 ,croom _h report$ also ! pres5ce ( elk rema9s4 ,a m compet5t witness 0 ,ri*>d ,h>lan1 :o includ$ ! elk 9 8 li/ ( species 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc74 ,! read] is ref]r$ to page #ceh1 :]e ! locality & ! species are fur!r consid]$4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy does n seem to m5tion ! occurr5ce ( ! wapiti at ,*>le/on4 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 9 ! introduction to 8 "w on ,po/-,plioc5e fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 page #g1 m5tions ! elk among ! animals f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e b$s :i* /ill h liv+ repres5tatives4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 at ,philadelphia1 are two tee?1 label$ z f ,a%ley ,riv] & cr$it$ to ,capta9 ,a4 ,h4 ,b[man4 ,x is possible t ,leidy did n m5tion !m because he reg>d$ !m z tee? ( elk t liv$ )9 ,rec5t times4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,9 a li/ ( fossil v]tebrates dr$g$1 probably1 f ! h>bor at ,brunswick1 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( "s "p1 suppos$ly a too?1 ( a c]vul9e1 8probably belong+ to ! g5us ,c]vus40 ,t ,c4 canad5sis might h liv$ 9 t region dur+ "s "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e is n at all improbable2 t x liv$ !re dur+ ! "t t ,mega!rium exi/$ we h n at pres5t suffici5t evid5ce4 ,,florida4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,alafia ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4--,f ! late ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam ! writ] le>n$ t he _h obta9$ f ,alafia ,riv] "s "p ( ! elk4 ,! pres5t writ] has n se5 ! specim54 ,,t5nessee4 7,figure #bc47 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4--,9 a collection ( fossil v]tebrates secur$ at ,:itesburg & describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aibj are "s fragm5ts ( tee? :i* 7 ref]r$ to ,c]vus canad5sis 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ib74 ,a li/ ( ! species is pres5t$ on page #cie4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 8 report ( #ahca on ,bigbone ,lick1 ,william ,coop] 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjg7 /at$ t he _h f\nd rema9s ( ,c]vus canad5sis2 b he did n appe> to be :olly c]ta9 ( ?is4 ,%al] 0 likewise 9 d\bt reg>d+ ! pres5ce ( ! elk 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 vol4 ,,iii1 n4 s41 p4 #aig74 ,o!r au?ors h m5tion$ ! elk z occurr+ "h1 b n 9 a conv9c+ way4 ,nev]!less1 x is n at all improbable t ?is species 0 repres5t$ "h4 ,! geology ( ?is locality is consid]$ on pages #dja to #djd & a li/ ( ! species is pres5t$4 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( fossil v]tebrates secur$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]1 liv+ ne> ,bluelick ,spr+s1 7 tee?1 "s bones1 & fragm5ts ( antl]s4 ,?is collection _h be5 secur$ 9 an attempt to clean out & re/ore ! fail+ spr+s4 ,:e!r or n ^! rema9s date back to ! ,plei/oc5e is unc]ta94 ,!y are report$ to h be5 f\nd above ! bones ( ! ma/odon4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,rangif] ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,gr9nell ,,l&4 ,dumbbell ,h>bor4--,9 #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,field5 publi%$ a pap] on ! po/-,t]ti>y b$s ( ,gr9nell ,l& & nor? ,gre5l&4 ,9 #ahgh 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff71 ,field5 & ,de ,rance pres5t$ a report on ! same subject4 ,at a /ation 9 latitude #hb #cj ,n41 9 b$s at an elevation ( #djj feet1 !re 7 secur$ meag] rema9s ( ,ovibos mos*atus & ,phoca hispida4 ,at ano!r /ation1 9 latitude #hb #be1 !re 7 obta9$ rema9s ( ,rangif] t>&us1 ,ovibos mos*atus1 & ,phoca b>bata4 ,! inv]tebrate fauna 0 f\nd to be id5tical ) t n[ exi/+ !re4 ,9 case ! b$s are ,plei/oc5e !y are probably ^? ( a late /age4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,c\nty4--,9 #ahii 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aie71 ,coleman /at$ t horns ( ! c>ib\ 7 common 9 ! ,c>leton ,b>1 j we/ ( ,toronto4 ,?is b> belong$ to ! ,iroquois bea*4 ,9 ! same b> ne> ,york1 ea/ ( ,toronto1 mammo? tee? _h be5 f\nd4 ,9 #aijd 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #cff71 ! same writ] /ates t antl]s are v common at ,toronto ,junction4 ,?is is probably ! same locality z t spok5 ( z ,c>leton ,b>4 ,9 #aija 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bij1 #bih71 ,coleman wrote t a %$ horn ( a c>ib\ _h be5 f\nd at ,taylor's bricky>d4 ,?is is ne>ly a mile nor? ( ! ,g]>d /reet bridge 9 ,toronto 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #hg74 ,x 0 9 a blue peaty clay1 9 :i* 7 f\nd also unios & wood4 ,?is clay is ab\t #d feet #f in*es ?ick & ne> ! top ( ! w>m-climate b$s4 ,not)/&+ ! pres5ce ( ! antl] ( a c>ib\1 ! /ratum is assign$ by ,coleman to ! w>m-climate b$s1 because ( ! "* ( ! vegetation4 ,at pres5t ! c>ib\ is n kn[n to come ne>] ?an #aej or #bjj miles to ,toronto4 ,,v]mont4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,woodbury1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #aiaj 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,v]mont1 p4 #g71 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s /at$ t !re are 9 ! ,/ate ,cab9et at ,burl+ton a fully develop$ antl] & a "p ( ! upp] jaw1 ) five mol>s1 ( ,rangif] c>ib\ f\nd at ,woodbury 9 a peat-bog at a dep? ( #g feet4 ,probably ! animal liv$ at ab\t ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,! species has n be5 kn[n 9 ! ,/ate s9ce hi/orical times4 ,,connecticut4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,new ,hav51 ,new ,hav5 ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,x71 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,d4 ,dana gave an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( a hum]us & a tibia ( a re9de] 9 ! ,qu9nipiac ,valley1 ne> ,new ,hav54 ,! hum]us 0 discov]$ 9 a b$ ( clay at a dep? ( #aa feet2 ! tibia at a dep? ( #g feet4 ,! two bones belong$ to diff]5t individuals4 ,m>%1 z quot$ by ,dana1 ?\ght t ! tibia resembl$ m closely t ( ,rangif] t>&us ( ,europe ?an x did t ( ,r4 c>ib\1 b t ! hum]us 0 m simil> to t ( ! c>ib\4 ,dana conclud$ t ! clays _h be5 laid d[n aft] ! glaci] _h retreat$ f ! valley1 b :ile x 0 yet ne> en\gh to s5d d[n ice-floes4 ,woodwor? 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 #a1 p4 #igh7 0 incl9$ to ref] ! clays to "s pre-,wiscons9 "t4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,oss9+1 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahei1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aid7 read a lett] f ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,fi%]1 ( ,oss9+ 7!n ,s+ ,s+71 9 :i* 0 report$ ! f9d+ ( an antl] ( a re9de] 9 t vic9ity1 9 excavat+ a peat-b$1 #f feet f ! surface4 ,! peat-b$ _h an area ( ab\t an acre1 0 surr\nd$ by high gr\nd1 & look$ z if x _h be5 ! site ( an anci5t lake4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! situation ( ! place 0 n m accurately giv54 ,woodwor? 7,bull4 #hd1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus41 #aije1 p4 #ahg7 rem>k$ t he did n "k ! circum/ances "u :i* ! re9de] rema9s _h be5 f\nd2 b its occurr5ce !re 0 consonant ) 8 views ( ! non-subm]g5ce ( ! l[] ,hudson valley4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re appe>s to be no good reason :y ! c>ib\ might n h occupi$ t region /ep by /ep z ! glaci] retir$1 & h rema9$ !re long en\gh = its bones to become buri$ 9 mucks ov]ly+ ! deposits laid d[n 9 ! ,hudson :ile x 0 at sea-level4 #b4 ,racket ,riv]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg71 ,leidy m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( c>ib\ 78,c]vus t>&us07 rema9s at ,racket ,riv]1 bas+ 8 /atem5t on a rem>k ( ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,rema9s1 #ahbf1 p4 #bf74 ,on ! same page ,leidy ref]r$ to ,mit*ill's skull ( ! elk f\nd at ,racket ,riv]1 & to ,de ,kay's figure ( x4 ,9 ,de ,kay's description 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mamm41 p4 #abj7 ( ! skull he /at$ t x bore a label 9 ,mit*ill's h&writ+ purport+ t ! skull belong$ to ! re9de]4 ,x looks1 !re=e1 v mu* z if ! cr$it+ ( ! c>ib\ to ?is locality is due to an error ( id5tification on ! "p ( ,mit*ill2 on ! o!r h&1 x is b>ely possible t ,mit*ill _h rema9s ( bo? animals f ! locality4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,v9c5t[n1 ,burl+ton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #i71 ,leidy describ$ & figur$ a "p ( an antl] ( a re9de] f\nd at ,v9c5t[n4 ,x 0 discov]$ #d feet f ! surface 9 soil ov]ly+ gre5s&4 ,accord+ to ,lewis & ,kmmel's geological map1 ! region ab\t ,v9c5t[n is occupi$ by ,cape ,may deposits re/+ on ,manasquan m>l1 ( ,cretace\s age4 ,x may be suppos$1 !re=e1 t ?is re9de] 0 9 t region dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ahc74 ,?is antl] is peculi> 9 hav+ no br[-t9e1 9 hav+ ! bez-t9e plac$ at an unusual height1 #f in*es above ! base1 & 9 hav+ no t9e arise f ! re> ( ! %aft up to a height ( ab\t #b feet f ! base4 ,:]e ! la/-m5tion$ t9e might be expect$ is simply a %>p ridge4 ,leidy ?\ght t ! antl] resembl$ m closely t ( ! b>r5-gr\nd re9de] ?an t ( ! woodl& re9de]4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 belong to a di/9ct b z yet unnam$ species4 #b4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,peabody ,mus41 ,h>v>d ,univ41 = #ahhc1 p4 #cgb71 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam report$ z foll[s on a fragm5t ( antl] ( ,rangif] f\nd at ,tr5ton by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott3 8,a piece ( work$ antl]1 probably a h&le to a /one knife1 f ! gravel 9 ! railroad cut :]e ! human too? 7,no4 #bggih7 0 f\nd4 ,collect$ & pres5t$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott40 ,?is specim5 is m5tion$ by ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey1 #aijc1 p4 #bda7 z belong+ to ,rangif] grnl&icus4 ,f ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,will\ghby1 director ( ,peabody ,museum1 ! writ] le>ns t ?is "p ( an antl] is yet 9 t museum4 ,he writes t x has be5 a h&le = app>5tly a /eel knife & t he sees no?+ :atev] ab\t ! specim5 to indicate a prehi/oric orig94 ,x may1 he ?9ks1 h be5 wa%$ out ( "s rec5t ,indian grave4 ,9 a p]sonal lett] to ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads1 ,pr(essor ,putnam wrote t ! fragm5t _h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 z belong+ to ,rangif]4 ,9 #ahhc 7,j\r4 ,frankl9 ,in/41 vol4 ,,cxv1 pp4 #cff1 #cgd71 ,h4 ,c4 ,lewis /at$ on ! au?ority ( ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott t rema9s ( ,rangif] _h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,tr5ton gravels4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 ,cry/al ,hill 7,h>tman's7 ,cave1 ne> ,/r\dsburg1 !re 0 f\nd1 _m ye>s ago1 bones & tee? ( :at ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg7 call$ ,rangif] c>ib\4 ,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #e7 ! rema9s are spok5 ( z fragm5ts ( jaws & tee?4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,c\nty4--,9 8 e>lie/ m5tion ( rema9s f\nd 9 ,durham ,cave1 ne> ,riegelsville1 ,leidy includ$ ! woodl& c>ib\ 7,rangif] c>ib\74 ,9 8 li/ publi%$ 9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #ah7 ?is species is n includ$1 b ! writ] does n "k :y x 0 n4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( fossils made 9 ! region ab\t ,alton by ,william ,mc,adams1 a li/ ( :i* w be giv5 on page #cci1 is a s+le upp] "r mol>1 ! fir/ or second1 :i* belongs to ?is g5us4 ,! too? has ,mc,adams's ,no4 #aa4 ,to ! base ( ! too? a mass ( v h>d matrix adh]es & a "p ( ! gr9d+-surface is cov]$ by ! same mat]ial4 ,! too? is likewise some:at %att]$4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #ai mm41 ! wid? across ! ant]ior lobe #ac4e mm4 ,f ! mat]ials at h& x is n possible to det]m9e to :at species ! too? belong$4 ,x is ref]r$ provisionally to ,rangif] muscat95sis4 ,?is too? diff]s f o!r ,rangif] tee? obs]v$ 9 hav+ ! front ( ! protocone1 at its base1 less fully r\nd$ out1 & 9 t ! meso/yle1 on ! inn] face ( ! too?1 wid5s m ext5sively z x approa*es ! base ?an 9 any o!r species obs]v$4 ,nev]!less1 ! wid? ( ! meso/yle v>ies 9 species & individuals4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,s4 ,weidman1 ( ! ,wiscons9 ,geological & ,natural ,hi/ory ,survey1 ! writ] receiv$ a "p ( an antl] ( a female or a "y individual ( "s species ( ,rangif]4 ,pr(essor ,weidman s5ds ! in=mation t ?is 0 obta9$ 9 a s& =mation j bel[ ! clays work$ at ,m5omonie = brick4 ,he reg>ds ! brick-clays z be+ ( ,sangamon int]glacial age4 ,he /ates1 too1 t a "p ( a leg-bone believ$ to belong to a ma/odon _h be5 f\nd 9 ! clays2 also bones ( a fi%1 :i* h be5 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,hussak( z ! ,mack9aw tr\t1 ,cri/ivom] namaycu% 7,j\r4 ,geology1 vol ,,xxiv1 pp4 #fhe-fhi1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,probably ! c>ib\ repres5t$ by ?is specim5 liv$ 9 t region at ! beg9n+ or at ! close ( "s "o ( ! glacial /ages1 :5 ! climate 0 yet sev]e4 ,! suppos$ ma/odon bone may h belong$ to ,elephas primig5ius4 ,x is describ$ on page #aaa4 ,at a lat] "t ,dr4 ,weidman s5t ! writ] a l>ge "p ( ! beam ( an antl] ( a c>ib\ :i* likewise _h be5 f\nd 9 ! lacu/r9e clay at ,m5omonie4 ,x 0 met ) 9 ! r$ clay1 ne> ! top ( ! lacu/r9e clay b$4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,! pres5ce ( re9de] bones at ?is place appe>s fir/ to h be5 m5tion$ by ,william ,coop] 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjg74 ,he wrote t 8antl]s1 jaws1 & o!r rema9s ( ,c]vus canad5sis1 ,c4 virg9ianus1 ,c4 alces1 & p]haps ,c4 t>&us are n v r>e40 ,%al] 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xiii1 #ahga1 p4 #afg2 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 report$ t antl]s ( ! c>ib\ _h be5 f\nd by him "h4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick w be giv5 on page #djc4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,musk-,,ox5 ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,gr9nell ,,l&4 ,dumbbell ,h>bor4--,9 #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,h4 ,w4 ,field5 pres5t$ a pap] on ! po/-,t]ti>y b$s ( ,gr9nell ,l& & nor? ,gre5l&4 ,he report$ ! discov]y ( a bone & a too? ( ,ovibos mos*atus & a bone ( ,phoca hispida 9 deposits at an elevation ( #djj feet4 ,?is 0 9 latitude #hb #cj ,n4 ,at ano!r /ation1 9 latitude #hb #be1 ,field5 procur$ fossil rema9s ( ,rangif] t>&us1 ,ovibos mos*atus1 & ,phoca b>bata4 ,a report to ! same effect 0 pres5t$ by ,field5 & ,de ,rance 9 #ahgh 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff74 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,9 #aijj 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 = #ahii1 p4 #af71 ,pr(essor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam /at$ t ,mr4 ,erne/ ,volk1 ( ,tr5ton1 _h f\nd 9 ! ,tr5ton gravels a "p ( ! scapula ( a musk-ox1 n[ at ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 ,! "p pres5t is t be>+ ! gl5oid cavity4 ,?is report is repr9t$ on pages #bdh to #bdi ( ,volk's 8,ar*ology ( ! ,delaw>e ,valley0 7,pap]s ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v74 ,on page #aaa ( ?is "w1 ,mr4 ,volk gives an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( ! bone1 & illu/rates x by plates ,,lxxxvi & ,,lxxxvii4 ,! bone 0 id5tifi$ by ,putnam1 ,mat!w1 ,all51 ,boas1 ,lambe1 ,true1 & ,lucas4 ,inasmu* z ! comp>ison mu/ h be5 made ) ! scapulas ( ,ovibos mos*atus1 ! fossil probably belong$ to ?is species4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgb 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,fauna ,we/4 ,t]rs41 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #h71 ,leidy briefly describ$ & figur$ a mol> too? :i* he ref]r$ to ,bison latifrons4 ,x _h be5 f\nd along ! bank ( ,susquehanna ,riv] at ,pitt/on1 associat$ ) ! ma/odon & a horse4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,am]4 ,bisons1 #ahgf1 p4 #ab7 express$ ! op9ion t ! too? belong$ to "s species ( ,ovibos4 ,! pres5t writ] agrees t ! too? is n t ( ,bison4 ,x seems to agree m ne>ly ) tee? ( ,symbos cavifrons2 b x diff]s f ! tee? ( t species 9 "s respects4 ,! writ] has exam9$ ?is too? at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,x is worn almo/ to ! roots & is #cd mm4 long & #cb mm4 ?ick at ! base ( ! h9d] lobe4 ,x agrees 9 =m m closely ) ! fir/ mol> ( bo? ,ovibos & ,symbos2 b x is mu* l>g] ?an ! same too? 9 ,ovibos mos*atus & some:at l>g] ?an t ( ,symbos cavifrons4 ,! inn] face ( ! ant]ior lobe is mu* m r\nd$ ?an 9 ,symbos1 & ! inn] face ( ! h9d] lobe =ms an angle ) ! h9d] face1 in/ead ( r\nd+ into x1 z x does 9 ,symbos cavifrons4 ,! tee? appe> to h be5 pack$ toge!r m closely1 on ! l+ual side1 ?an 9 ,bison1 ,symbos1 & ,ovibos4 ,! too? is probably wor?y ( be+ giv5 a new "n4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,rhoads has exam9$ ?is too? & conclud$ t x belong$ to ,bison bison4 ,to ?is view x seems suffici5t to say t 9 ,bison tee? ! out] face ( ea* ( ! lobes is v convex & column-l1 :ile ! p>a/yle & especially ! meso/yle are relatively small4 ,9 ! ,pitt/on too? ! meso/yle /&s out beyond ! out] face ( ! h9d] lobe1 & ! latt] is ne>ly flat2 ?is is also ! condition 9 ,symbos4 ,! writ] w say fur!r t ! accessory column is n always pres5t 9 tee? ( ,symbos4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,rhoads1 z cit$ above1 on pages #bdf to #bdh1 describ$ a "p ( a horn-core ( a bov9e animal to :i* he appli$ ! "n ,bison appala*icolus4 ,lat] 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahig1 p4 #dib7 he conclud$ t ! horn-core _h belong$ to an animal ( ! g5us ,ovibos2 & accord+ly x be>s ! "n ,o4 appala*icolus4 ,leidy _h 9 #ahhi call$ att5tion to a collection ( bones made 9 ,durham ,cave1 ne> ,riegelsville 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,p5nsylvania1 = #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai74 ,he record$ #bj species1 all ( :i* liv$ !re or at mo/1 n f> away1 :5 ! c\ntry 0 discov]$4 ,^! may h all ent]$ ! cave at a lat] p]iod1 b ! musk-ox may h ant$at$ ! o!rs4 ,a li/ ( ^! fossils is pres5t$ on page #caa4 ,,ohio4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,at ,urbana1 ,ohio1 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,mc,darg1 ! writ] has se5 a skull ( ,symbos cavifrons :i* _h be5 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,ed4 ,j5n+s1 :ile a dit* 0 be+ dug4 ,x 0 buri$ 9 mud at a dep? ( #aj feet4 ,?is region is cov]$ by ! ,wiscons9 drift1 & ! animal mu/ h liv$ n long aft] ! ice _h )drawn f ! neighborhood4 #b4 ,y\ng/[n1 ,mahon+ ,c\nty4--,9 ! geological collection ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity is a "p ( a skull ( ,ovibos mos*atus secur$ at ,y\ng/[n4 ,! specim5 %[s ! base ( ! skull & ! =ehead4 ,betwe5 ! bases ( ! horns is a n>r[ *annel1 *>act]i/ic ( ,ovibos4 ,! specim5 %[s ! effects ( abrasion1 ! horn-cores be+ worn d[n to _! bases4 ,! specim5 is said to h be5 f\nd 9 gravel at a dep? ( #fj feet4 ,x appe>s to h be5 pres5t$ 9 #ahij by ,h4 ,mc,ginnis4 ,x is probable t ?is skull 0 f\nd along ,mahon+ ,riv]1 b ! elevation 01 un=tunately1 n giv54 ,! probability is t ! deposits inclos+ ! fossil 7 laid d[n dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 p4 #adi71 ! old tr\gh ( ,beav] ,riv] 0 fill$ ) gravel dur+ ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age1 & ?is fill+ is n[ 9 process ( excavation4 ,! same is probably true ( its tribut>y1 ! ,mahon+4 ,if ! skull 0 buri$ 9 ?is gravel its age is !reby det]m9$4 #c4 ,trumbull ,c\nty4--,9 #ahec 7,smi?4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,leidy /at$ t he _h receiv$1 = inspection1 f ,pr(essor ,samuel ,/4 ,john1 ( ,hudson1 ,ohio1 a fragm5t ( a skull1 ) "o horn-core atta*$1 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ,trumbull ,c\nty4 ,no fur!r details 7 giv5 z to ! locality or ( ! geological conditions4 ,! skull appe>$ to be mu* wat]-worn4 ,x belongs to ,symbos cavifrons4 ,trumbull ,c\nty is :olly occupi$ by ,wiscons9 drift4 ,! animal is1 !n1 probably to be cr$it$ to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ?is skull 0 f\nd 9 an old] deposit expos$ 9 ! valley ( "s /ream4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #be47 ,up to ! pres5t "t x appe>s t rema9s ( musk-ox5 h be5 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan 9 only two localities1 ,man*e/]1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty1 & ne> ,moorl&1 9 ,muskegon ,c\nty4 ,^! rema9s belong$ to two diff]5t g5]a1 ,symbos & ,bo!rium4 #a4 ,man*e/]1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,9 ,no4 #ac ( ! ,occasional ,pap]s ( ! ,museum ( ,zoology1 pages #a-c1 plates ,i1 ,,ii1 issu$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan1 ,novemb] #ab1 #aiae1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case report$ ! f9d+ ( a f9e skull ( ,symbos cavifrons at a place ne> ,man*e/]4 ,?is 0 giv5 by ,case z be+ ab\t #c miles nor!a/ ( ,man*e/]1 b ,mr4 ,s*li*t1 own] ( ! f>m1 has s5t ! writ] a description & plat ( ! section :i* %[ t ! spot is situat$ ab\t #j4e mile nor?we/ ( ! t[n4 ,x is ne> ! c5t] ( ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( ! nor?we/ qu>t] ( section #a1 t[n%ip #d s\?1 range #c ea/4 ,a dra9 0 be+ made 9 a swampy tract & ! skull 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #d feet1 ly+ on a b$ ( clay4 ,?is 0 cov]$ by a black muck fill$ ) plant rema9s & int]rupt$ by a few ?9 lay]s ( f9e gravel4 ,! skull 0 9 f9e condition1 b lack$ ! l[] jaw4 ,! spade ( a workman /ruck ! nose & injur$ ! bones s t "s p>ts 7 lo/4 ,! tee? 7 almo/ p]fectly pres]v$4 ,! locality :i* furni%$ ?is skull is 9 ! valley ( ! ,rais9 ,riv]4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,mi*igan 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,vii71 ?is valley crosses1 at ?is po9t1 ! nor!rn end ( ! ,=t ,wayne mora9e4 ,x is n improbable t ?is musk-ox liv$ :5 ! foot ( ! ice-%eet 0 n f> remov$4 ,ev5 9 case ! skull _h gott5 into a dra9age *annel x c\ld n1 because ( its f9e /ate ( pres]vation1 h be5 mov$ f> f :]e ! animal di$4 ,! circum/ances appe> to indicate t ! skull _h be5 left on ! clayey bottom ( a %all[ pond ( a tundra & become cov]$ by ! muck ( a mild] epo*4 #b4 ,moorl&1 ,muskegon ,c\nty4--,9 #aijh 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #fhc1 plate ,,lxxix71 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley describ$1 z belong+ to a new species1 ,bo!rium s>g5ti1 a skull ( a musk-ox f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,mc,kay1 report$ to be ne> ,gr& ,rapids4 ,fur!r inquiry %[$ t ! f>m is locat$ ne> ,moorl&1 9 ! nor!a/ qu>t] ( section #af1 t[n%ip #aj nor?1 range #ad we/4 ,! skull 0 f\nd 9 a m>% at a dep? ( #b or #c feet & ly+ b5ea? ! pelvis ( a ma/odon4 ,x & ! ma/odon are n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,k5t ,sci5tific ,museum1 at ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*igan4 ,9 #aiae 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #ebe1 plate ,,xxxi71 ! writ] r$escrib$ ! specim54 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 9 #aiac 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bad1 #bae71 ref]r$ to ?is skull & conclud$ t x _h belong$ to ! female ( ,symbos cavifrons4 ,! writ] does n accept ?is op9ion4 ,he has exam9$ m ?an #be skulls ( ,s4 cavifrons1 "s ( :i* mu/ h be5 females4 ,9 none did ! r\gh surfaces = ! horns fail to meet at ! midl9e z x does fail 9 ! ,moorl& specim54 ,! ,moorl& m>% is surr\nd$ by :at ,lev]ett has call$ ! ,lake ,bord] mora9es4 ,x is probable t ?is musk-ox exi/$ !re aft]1 b n long aft]1 ! ice _h )drawn into ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,f :at is kn[n ab\t ! habits ( musk-ox5 9 g5]al1 we mu/ conclude t ! climate 0 yet cold4 ,! fact t ! ma/odon rema9s 7 s closely associat$ ) ! musk-ox skull does n prove t ! animals liv$ !re toge!r4 ,ne> ,alma1 9 ,gratiot ,c\nty1 ! late ,*>les ,a4 ,davis f\nd ma/odon bones 9 a peat-bog )9 a few in*es ( ! surface4 ,if by *ance ! pelvis ( a mod]n horse or c[ _h fall5 on t spot1 x might easily h be5 press$ d[n into contact ) ^? bones4 ,,indiana4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a portion ( a skull ( a musk-ox :i* ! writ] id5tifies z ,symbos cavifrons4 ,x is label$ z f\nd along ! ,ea/ ,=k ( ,:ite ,riv]1 9 #aijd1 ne> ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,c\nty1 ,indiana4 ,?is locality is ab\t #de miles ea/ ( s\? ( ,indianapolis4 ,! skull is report$ to h be5 wa%$ out ( a bank compos$ ( alluvium :i* ov]lies f #aj to #bj feet ( glacial gravel4 ,x is also said t out ( ! same gravel a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius _h be5 secur$4 ,x seems to be impli$ t ! musk-ox skull came f ! gravel2 b ! record is n cle>4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! museum 9 ,new ,york by ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,edw>ds1 ( ,columbus1 ,indiana4 ,he is said to h be5 int]e/$ to "s ext5t 9 collect+ palontological mat]ials4 ,x is likely t he dep5d$ on o!rs = 8 k ( ! orig9 ( ! skull4 ,! specim5 pres5ts ! bra9-case to ! re> ( ! orbits1 includ+ ! basioccipital bone & ! bases ( ! horn-cores4 ,x has be5 roll$ some:at & _m ridges & processes h be5 erod$ (f4 ,measurem5ts 7 giv5 by ! writ] 9 8 pap] on ! 8,plei/oc5e ,p]iod 9 ,indiana & its ,v]tebrata0 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #fch-fci74 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bja7 has exam9$ ?is skull & conclud$ t x is n specifically det]m9able1 b ! writ]1 aft] re-exam9+ ! specim51 sees no reason = *ang+ 8 orig9al conclusion4 ,?is skull 0 f\nd )9 ! area ( ,ill9oian drift2 b ! bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 =ms ! high gr\nd j ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,indiana 7,monogr4 ,,lii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi71 ! valley ( ! riv] is fill$ ) s&s & gravels result+ f glacial dra9age1 & ?is came mo/ly1 if n all1 f ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,mo/ probably ! animal :i* possess$ ?is skull liv$ !re at "s "t :5 ! ,wiscons9 glacial ice 0 n f> away4 #b4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 is ! bra9-case ( a skull id5tifi$ z t ( ,ovibos mos*atus4 ,?is fragm5t 0 describ$ & figur$ by ! writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fda1 plate ,,ix1 fig4 #b74 ,! skull 0 une>!d by "s workm5 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ri*mond & put into ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,d4 ,w4 ,d5nis1 :o loan$ x to ! writ]4 ,x is ref]r$ to ,ovibos mos*atus1 ! species n[ exi/+ 9 ! ,arctic region ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,possibly if we _h m complete rema9s specific diff]5ces might be f\nd4 ,?is animal probably liv$ 9 ! region ab\t ,ri*mond at a "t :5 ! ,wiscons9 mora9e 0 yet l+]+ 9 ,indiana & :5 ! climate 0 yet sev]e4 #c4 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection belong+ to ,e>lham ,college is ! re> portion ( ! skull ( a musk-ox1 id5tifi$ z belong+ to ,symbos cavifrons4 ,at :at place 9 ,r&olph ,c\nty x 0 f\nd is n kn[n4 ,x _h be5 some:at erod$ & injur$4 ,measurem5ts approximately correct 7 giv5 by ! writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fch74 ,we may suppose t ! animal liv$ 9 t region at "s "t dur+ ! la/ half ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #d4 ,beav] ,lake1 ,newton ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgj1 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbi71 report$ t ^u ! bottom ( ,beav] ,lake1 j ea/ ( ! ,/ate l9e1 s9ce ! lake _h be5 p>tially dra9$1 skeletons ( ,ma/odon & ,bo!rium _h be5 f\nd by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,keyz]1 ( ,mom5ce1 ,ill9ois1 & o!rs4 ,un=tunately1 we d n "k :at became ( ^! valuable mat]ials4 ,probably ! 8,bo!rium0 0 ! animal n[ kn[n z ,symbos cavifrons1 inasmu* z x is f> m abundant ?an any o!r species ( musk-ox4 ,if any p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ?is musk-ox 7 really f\nd ! loss is great1 inasmu* z v few bones h ev] be5 discov]$4 ,! "t :5 ! ma/odon & ! musk-ox liv$ ab\t ,beav] ,lake mu/ h be5 aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial %eet beyond t region4 ,= rem>ks on ?is locality see page #if4 ,! "n ,beav] ,lake has disappe>$ f ! maps1 b x 0 9 t[n%ip #cj nor?1 range #i we/4 #e4 ,hebron1 ,port] ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory is a ne>ly complete skull ( ! musk-ox kn[n z ,symbos cavifrons1 collect$ ab\t #f miles ea/ ( ,hebron4 ,x 0 f\nd by workm5 :ile mak+ excavations = a railroad bridge4 ,! exact location is giv5 z section #af1 t[n%ip #cc nor?1 range #f we/1 9 ! m>%y l&s j nor? ( ,kankakee ,riv]4 ,! dep? 0 ab\t #g feet & ! deposit 0 describ$ z a mixture ( s& & clay4 ,d\btless ! animal di$ ne> ! spot :]e its skull 0 f\nd1 inasmu* z ?is _h und]gone little injury4 ,?is skull 0 describ$ & figur$ by ! writ] 9 #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #fce-fch1 figs4 #di1 #ej7 & 9 #aiad 7,i[a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #bii-cjb1 figs4 #ih1 #ii72 also by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,mem4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bad1 plates ,,xvii1 ,,xviii74 ,on ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ,indiana ?is region is repres5t$ z be+ occupi$ by s& & gravel deposits result+ f glacial dra9age4 ,! musk-ox mu/ h liv$ aft] ! foot ( ! glaci] _h )drawn ne>ly to ! end ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,bondville1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 at ,*ampaign1 is ! re> portion ( ! skull ) ! horn-cores ( a specim5 ( ,symbos cavifrons4 ,x is report$ z f\nd on ! f>m ( ,john ,busey1 s\?we/ ( ,*ampaign & #d miles f ,bondville4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,a4 ,=bes in=m$ ! writ] t ! locality is 9 section #ca1 t[n%ip #ai nor?1 range #h ea/4 ,no details are kn[n reg>d+ ! conditions "u :i* ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,! region is occupi$ by ! ,*ampaign mora9e & x 0 aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ice f ?is mora9e t ! animal liv$4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 h be5 n long aft] t "t4 #b4 ,manito1 ,mason ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,john ,wi$m]1 ( ,/4 ,l\is1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ghjj7 ! re> half ( ! skull ( a specim5 ( ,symbos cavifrons f\nd ne> ,manito1 at a dep? ( #e feet1 by workm5 :o 7 cutt+ out peat4 ,a too? ( a ma/odon1 ,mammut am]icanum1 s5t ) ! skull1 is said to h be5 emb$d$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! s& :i* und]lies ! peat4 ,! skull 0 report$ z f\nd at ab\t ! same dep?1 b x 0 q c]ta9ly n 9 ! s&4 ,! exact location ( ! skull 0 9 section #bb1 t[n%ip #bc nor?1 range #f ea/1 )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift-%eet1 b ! ,wiscons9 drift is n f> away4 ,! valley ( ! ,ill9ois ,riv] 9 ?is c\nty is mapp$ by ,lev]ett z occupi$ by s&s & gravels ( ,wiscons9 age4 ,probably ! animal liv$ :5 ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 0 n f> di/ant4 ,! skull describ$ app>5tly belong$ to a r small1 p]haps n fully gr[n individual4 ,= purposes ( comp>ison ) o!r skulls1 z ! "o f\nd at ,/4 ,l\is1 ,miss\ri1 & ! "o f\nd at ,hebron1 ,indiana 7p4 #beb71 ! foll[+ measurem5ts h be5 tak5 ( ?is skull3 mm4 ,f tip to tip ( horn-cores #dcg ,height ( re> ( skull f bottom ( condyles #afh ,wid? across ! ma/oid region #ahc ,wid? betwe5 h9d] ends ( temporal foss #aag ,wid? at space betwe5 bases ( horn-cores & orbits #abg ,wid? at ! re> bord] ( orbits #bca ,l5g? ( r\gh surface ( =ehead1 at midl9e #bjj ,=e-&-aft wid? ( base ( horn-core #ih ,v]tical ?ickness ( base ( horn-core #gh ,f front ( =am5 magnum to re> ( nasal bones #bfj ,! exo/osis betwe5 ! bases ( ! horn-cores is longitud9ally deeply excavat$1 ! excavation be+ #ej mm4 wide & #bg mm4 deep4 ,! tips ( ! horn-cores come =w>d only ev5 ) ! re> bord] ( ! orbits4 ,9 "s o!r cases ! horn-cores come =w>d to ! front1 or ev5 9 advance ( ! front bord] ( ! orbits4 ,x is possible t ?is ,manito skull 0 t ( a c[4 #c4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 a collection ( fossil mammals made at ,alton by ,william ,mc,adams & n[ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a s+le too?1 a l[] left second mol>1 ref]r$ ) "s d\bt to ,symbos promptus4 ,! cr[n is #cd mm4 long & #be mm4 wide at ! base4 ,! too? has be5 describ$ briefly by ! writ] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aae74 ,a li/ ( ! species accompany+ x w be f\nd on page #cci4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,mahan1 ,brooke ,c\nty4--,9 #aijb 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #gjg-gji1 fig471 ,j4 ,b4 ,hat*] report$ ! f9d+ ( a "p ( a skull ( ,symbos cavifrons at a po9t 9 ,brooke ,c\nty1 some:at ov] a mile bel[ ,/eub5ville1 ,ohio4 ,! locality is fur!r def9$ z be+ ! s&-pit ( ! ,/eub5ville ,s& ,company1 on ! ,?omas ,mahan f>m1 on ! ea/ side ( ! ,:eel+ bran* ( ! 8,panh&le0 ,railroad4 ,! details reg>d+ ! locality 7 furni%$ by ,mr4 ,sam ,hu/on4 ,! s&-pit 0 locat$ 9 ! glacial t]race :i* rises ab\t #gj feet above l[-wat] m>k & f ab\t #ce to #dj feet above high-wat]4 ,! riv] has nev] be5 kn[n to rise z high z to ! spot :]e ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,x _h d\btless be5 br\ght d[n by ! wat]s :i* built up ! t]race4 ,^! wat]s probably came f ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,! skull is n[ 9 ! ,c>negie ,museum at ,pittsburgh4 ,! int]e/+ geology ( ?is region is describ$ on page #cee4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,nat*ez4--,! fir/ notice ( ! occurr5ce ( any species ( ! ,ovibov9 at ,nat*ez seems to be ! inclusion ( ,symbos 7,bo!rium7 cavifrons 9 ,leidy's li/ ( fossil ,mammalia f\nd 9 ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi 7,wailles's ,rep4 ,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bfi71 b ! locality is n m5tion$4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! species 9 ! ,/ate 0 n m5tion$ by ,leidy 9 #ahec 9 8 8,memoir on ,ext9ct ,species ( ,fossil ,ox0 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c74 ,leidy's li/ m5tion$ above 0 quot$ by ,hilg>d 9 #ahfj 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif74 ,9 nei!r place 0 any /atem5t made reg>d+ ! "p pres]v$4 ,9 8 8,memoir on ! ,ext9ct ,slo? ,tribe ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 publi%$ 9 #ahee 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #f71 ,leidy /at$ t ,bo!rium _h be5 f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,five ye>s lat] 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #gc7 ,leidy report$ t an isolat$ too?1 a la/ l[] mol> n yet protrud$ f ! jaw1 _h be5 receiv$ f ,nat*ez & 0 pres]v$ 9 ! museum ( ! ,philadelphia ,academy4 ,on comp>ison ) a la/ mol> 9 a jaw ( a suppos$ ,ovibos cavifrons receiv$ at ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & f\nd ne> ,woodb9e1 ,i[a1 ,leidy conclud$ t ! ,nat*ez too? belong$ to ! same species4 ,probably he _h already bas$ on ?is too? ! ann\ncem5t ( ! pres5ce ( ?is species at ,nat*ez4 ,at lea/1 ! writ] kn[s ( no o!r p>ts ( ,symbos cavifrons f\nd at ,nat*ez1 & he has se5 nei!r ! too? f ,nat*ez nor ! jaw f ,woodb9e1 ,i[a4 ,leidy /at$ t ! too? 9 "q _h a height ( #b4be in*es1 a l5g? ant]o-po/]iorly ( #b in*es4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 8 acc\nt ( ,bigbone ,lick & ! collections made !re 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-agd1 #bje-bag71 ,william ,coop] includ$ 9 8 li/ ( species bo? ,bos bombifrons 7,bo!rium bombifrons7 & ,bos pallasii 7,symbos cavifrons74 ,already 9 #ahah ,wi/> 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgi1 plate ,,xi1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 _h describ$1 )\t sy/ematic "n1 ! skull :i* lat] 0 made ! type ( ,bos bombifrons by ,h>lan 7,fauna ,am]41 p4 #bga74 ,?is skull 0 a "p ( ! collection made at ,bigbone ,lick by ,gov]nor ,william ,cl>k = ,presid5t ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,9 ! acc\nt pres5t$ by ,coop] 7p4 #agc7 he /at$ t 9 ! ,f9nell 7sometimes spell$ ,ph9nell7 collection1 made 9 #ahcj1 he _h f\nd a second head ( ! species1 b :at became ( x is n kn[n4 ,h>lan1 z cit$ 7p4 #bgb71 /at$ t 9 ! collection ( fossils made at ,bigbone ,lick by ,major ,long 7 tee? :i* probably belong$ to ! musk-ox4 ,!y diff]$ little f ^? ( ! bison1 b 7 ?ick] at ! cr[n1 m deeply groov$ at ! sides1 & altoge!r m robu/4 ,9 #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #ig71 ,dr4 ,leidy m5tion$ t 9 ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 9 ,cambridge1 he _h se5 a skull ( ,symbos cavifrons :i* ,pr(essor ,%al] _h collect$ at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,! pres5t writ] has se5 ?is skull4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ?is locality is record$ on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s81 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ,yale ,univ]sity is ! h9d] "p ( a skull ( ,symbos cavifrons1 b\ght 9 #ahgf f ,h5ry ,w>d1 ,ro*e/]1 & label$ z f\nd 9 ! ,bluelick region4 ,! locality is n m def9itely kn[n4 #c4 ,w9*e/]1 ,cl>k ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a "p ( ! re> ( ! skull ( ,symbos cavifrons label$ z f\nd at ,w9*e/]4 ,x is cr$it$ to ,j4 ,w4 ,fit*4 ,x %[s well ! condyles1 "s ( ! base ( ! skull1 & ! base ( ! "r horn-core4 ,besides ! rema9s above describ$ a "p ( a cranium ( ,symbos cavifrons f ,k5tucky is pres]v$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,leidy 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c1 p4 #af7 /at$ t x _h be5 f\nd 9 ! alluvium ( ,k5tucky ,riv]4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,ext9ct ,,bisons ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,c\nty4--,?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,pr(essor ,b4 ,a4 ,b5sley1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,toronto1 ! writ] has _h ! opportunity to exam9e a mal> bone ( a bison f\nd 9 ! ,don int]glacial b$s at ,toronto4 ,x is slightly wat]-worn & ! edges are some:at injur$4 ,! bone has be5 comp>$ ) ! correspond+ "o ( a l>ge specim5 ( ,bison bison1 ,no4 #bbcgd ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 & ) a complete skull ( ,bison all5i f ,alaska4 ,! ,toronto bone is ab\t "o-?ird l>g] ?an t ( ! ,bison bison & ab\t "o-t5? l>g] ?an t ( ,b4 all5i4 ,! project+ out] plate1 imm$iately bel[ ! orbit1 n>r[s little if any f beh9d =w>d1 :ile 9 bo? ! o!r species ref]r$ to x becomes mu* n>r[] t[>d ! front4 ,! bone q c]ta9ly belong$ to an ext9ct species1 b )\t ! horn-cores x is impossible to det]m9e to :i* "o4 ,9 #aija 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cja71 ,coleman /at$ t a l>ge atlas v]tebra ( a bison :i* he ?\ght might belong to ,b4 am]icanus _h be5 f\nd 9 int]glacial b$s 9 ,toronto4 ,x is m probable1 h[ev]1 t x belong$ to "o ( ! ext9ct species4 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! deposits belong$ to ! ,don s]ies or ! ,sc>boro4 ,! geology ( ?is region is treat$ on pages #bha to #bhc4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,c\nty4--,9 #ahgc 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,fauna ,we/4 ,t]rs41 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #h71 ,leidy describ$ & figur$ a too? z t ( ,bison latifrons4 ,?is has be5 ref]r$ "h to an undet]m9$ species ( ,symbos4 ,9 a pap] on ! di/ribution ( ! ,am]ican bison 9 ,p5nsylvania1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahie1 p4 #bde7 conclud$ t ?is too? belong$ to ! exi/+ bison4 ,he /at$ also t ! ,academy _h two o!r tee?1 l[] mol>s1 f ! same place1 :i* ,leidy _h label$ z 8,bison am]icanus0 & reg>d$ z m rec5t ?an ! figur$ too?4 ,rhoads ?\ght ! id5tification correct1 b t !y belong$ to ! same individual z did ! too? figur$ by ,leidy4 ,! writ] has n se5 ^! l[] tee? & admits !m "h only provisionally4 ,!y 7 f\nd along ,susquehanna ,riv]1 9 association ) rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum & ,equus complicatus8 78,e4 major074 ,if any ( ! bov9e tee? belong to ,bison ! species belong$ to e>ly or middle ,plei/oc5e & is n[ ext9ct4 #b4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,! pres5ce ( ,bison 9 ! fam\s cave at ?is place 0 ann\nc$ by ,:eatley 9 #ahga 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd74 ,cope1 9 8 acc\nt ( #ahii 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi71 does n m5tion ! g5us2 b ,m]c]1 on page #bhj ( ! same volume1 cr$its ,:eatley ) hav+ f\nd rema9s ( ?ree individuals ( "o undet]m9$ species4 ,he us$ ! g5]ic "n ,bos4 ,a description ( ! ,port ,k5n$y ,cave & its cont5ts & rem>ks on ! geological age ( ! fossils w be giv5 on pages #caa to #cbj4 ,,ohio4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,f9ca/le1 ,br[n ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhg 7,j\r4 ,c94 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #bj71 ,horace ,p4 ,smi?1 curator ( ! society1 describ$ a f9e pair ( horn-cores ( ,bison latifrons f\nd 9 ,br[n ,c\nty & :i* _h come into ! possession ( ! society4 ,!y 7 discov]$ at a dep? ( #ah feet1 9 mak+ excavations = ! pi]s ( a bridge across ,bru% ,creek4 ,inasmu* z ne>ly ! :ole ( ! c\rse ( ?is /ream is 9 ,adams ,c\nty1 ! locality mu/ h be5 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ,br[n ,c\nty1 ne> ,f9ca/le1 :]e ! creek has its s\rce1 & )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,smi? ?\ght t ! horn-cores 7 9 ! drift2 b1 if s1 ! ov]ly+ mat]ials mu/ h be5 wa%$ d[n ov] !m aft] _! burial4 ,x is improbable t !y 7 ev] b5ea? or 9 ! glaci]4 ,! animal probably liv$ dur+ ! ,sangamon int]glacial /age2 q c]ta9ly be=e ! ,wiscons94 #b4 ,nor? ,fairfield1 ,huron ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,norwalk ,museum1 at ,norwalk1 are "s skull-bones ( a bison f\nd at "s po9t n kn[n to ! writ]1 ab\t #g miles f ,nor? ,fairfield1 :ile se>* 0 be+ made = bones ( ! megalonyx :i* belongs p>tly to ! museum at ,norwalk1 p>tly to ! ,niv] family at ,nor? ,fairfield4 ,^! bison bones s]v$ z ! type ( ,bison sylve/ris1 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aiae 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,museum1 vol4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #eae1 plate ,,xxx74 ,?is is ! only species ( ext9ct bison kn[n t liv$ aft] ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,_m ye>s ago ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj7 describ$ a collection ( mammalian rema9s made on ! banks ( ,ohio ,riv] at ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 a %ort di/ance bel[ ,evansville4 ,among ^! mat]ials 0 a fragm5t ( a c]vical v]tebra ( a species ( ,bison1 :i* ,leidy id5tifi$ ) d\bt z ,bison am]icanus1 ! exi/+ bison1 n[ kn[n z ,bison bison4 ,x w\ld be impossible to det]m9e to :i* ( our sev]al species ( ! g5us ,bison ?is bone belong$2 b x probably did n belong to ,b4 bison4 ,?is species is n kn[n f times prec$+ ! ,wiscons9 drift & ! bone-b$ at ,pigeon ,creek is und\bt$ly old]4 ,on page #cb is a discussion ( ! probable age ( ! bone-b$4 ,x may be z old z ! ,aftonian /age1 b m probably x belong$ to ! ,sangamon4 ,! o!r species f\nd at ! locality nam$ are ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ! ,virg9ia de]1 ! ext9ct horse kn[n z ,equus complicatus1 ,tapirus haysii1 & ! ext9ct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,at ,bigbone ,lick1 midway betwe5 ,l\isville & ,c9c9nati1 on ! ,k5tucky side1 h be5 f\nd two ext9ct species ( ,bison1 ,b4 antiquus & ,b4 latifrons4 ,at ! same place has be5 f\nd ,equus complicatus4 ,! b$s !re ov]lie ! ,ill9oian drift & belong1 9 "p at lea/1 to ! ,sangamon4 ,"u ?is numb] may be includ$ m5tion ( a bone ( a species ( ,bison :i* ,cope report$ 9 #ahgh 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ahi7 f ,v&]burg ,c\nty4 ,cope /at$ t ,john ,collett1 !n ,/ate geologi/ ( ,indiana1 _h discov]$ 9 a late ,plei/oc5e deposit a numb] ( fossils4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! ulno-radius ( a ,bos 7n[ to be ref]r$ to ,bison72 ano!r 0 a "p ( ! m&ible ( ! de] ,odocoileus doli*opsis4 ,9 #ahhd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol ,,xiv1 p4 #bb71 ,cope & ,workman1 inaccurately quot+ ,cope's orig9al description ( ! de] ,odocoileus doli*opsis1 /ate t ?is de] & ! bison bones 7 f\nd 9 ,h>rison ,c\nty4 ,by consult+ ! ,patoka ,folio1 ,no4 #aje1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 x w be se5 t ! nor!rn "p ( ,v&]burg ,c\nty1 f\r t[n%ips1 ,nos4 #d & #e s\?1 ranges #aj & #aa we/1 are includ$4 ,! two nor!rn t[n%ips are l>gely occupi$ by lacu/r9e deposits :i* ! geologi/s ,full] & ,clapp reg>d$ z hav+ be5 laid d[n 9 lakes produc$ by ! damm+ ( ! dra9age by ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet4 ,f>!r s\?1 along ! /reams empty+ into ,pigeon ,creek1 are wide areas :i* are cov]$ by 8f9e silts1 ma9ly ( pre-,wiscons9 age1 b includ+ "s ( m rec5t age40 ,:e!r or n ! bison bone & ! jaw ( ,odocoileus doli*opsis 7 f\nd 9 any ( ^! deposits we are un=tunately left 9 ! d>k4 ,x is mo/ probable t ! bison & ! de] liv$ !re aft] ! ,ill9oian /age & be=e ! ,wiscons94 #b4 ,v9c5nes1 ,knox ,c\nty4--,9 ! geological collection ( ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana1 is pres]v$ ! great] "p ( ! skull ( a bison :i* belong$ to ! species kn[n z ,bison antiquus4 ,?is skull 0 fir/ describ$ & figur$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,middleton & ,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 = #ahii1 pp4 #agh-aha1 ) a plate72 aft]w>ds by ! writ] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fea1 figs4 #ej1 #ea74 ,?is f9e skull is said to h be5 f\nd 9 #ahif by a ,mr4 ,br[]1 a few miles f ,v9c5nes1 9 a dit*1 at a dep? ( #f feet4 ,beyond ?is ! writ] has n be5 able to le>n4 ,x w\ld be ( value to "k exactly :]e ?is place 01 = !n "s conclusion might be rea*$ z to ! geological age ( ! animal4 ,! great] "p ( ! c\nty is occupi$ by drift ( ,ill9oian age1 :i* appe>s 9 "s places to h on x "s loess1 & d\btless its surface has be5 mu* modifi$ s9ce ! mat]ials 7 laid d[n4 ,ev5 9 ?is area !re may be "s deposits ( lat] times1 int]glacial & glacial4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett's glacial map ( ! region1 !re are along ,waba% ,riv] s& & gravel t]races ( ,wiscons9 age2 :ile along ,:ite ,riv] !re are said to be alluvial t]races old] ?an ,wiscons94 ,at pres5t "o c arrive at a conclusion only f g5]al k4 ,! writ] kn[s ( no ext9ct bison 7except "o r peculi> species7 :i* liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,x appe>s mo/ probable t ! skull at ,e>lham ,college came f "s int]glacial deposits laid d[n ab\t ! middle ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 mo/ likely dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 ,! writ] has be5 in=m$ t ano!r skull ( a buffalo 0 = ye>s on exhibition 9 a bus9ess h\se conduct$ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,*5ey1 b x seems to h disappe>$4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,gimble1 ( ,v9c5nes1 in=ms ! writ] t x 0 f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ,waba% ,riv]1 ne> ,/4 ,francisville1 ,ill9ois1 ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,v9c5nes4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are f\r tee? ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison f\nd some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,alton4 ,!y are "p ( a collection made _m ye>s ago by ,mr4 ,william ,mc,adams1 & aft]w>ds pass$ into ! h&s ( ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c4 ,m>%1 !n v]tebrate palontologi/ ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,x n[ belongs to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,ne>ly all ( ^! fossils 7 orig9ally inclos$1 :olly or p>tially1 9 nodules ( f9e s&1 cem5t$ toge!r ) c>bonate ( calcium4 ,:]e ! tee? are expos$ to view !y are %[n 9 a beautifully :ite condition2 b ! rema9+ matrix is s h>d & adh]es s /rongly t x is practically impossible to remove x )\t greatly damag+ ! tee?4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ,alton w be giv5 on page #cci2 also a discussion ( _! geologic age4 ,! bison tee? consi/ ( f\r upp] mol>s & ! h9d] half or m ( ! left h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,!y 7 describ$ by ! writ] 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aae74 ,!y are some:at l>g] ?an any belong+ to ! exi/+ buffalo measur$4 ,!y are l>g]1 too1 ?an ^? ( ! commone/ ext9ct species1 ,b4 occid5talis4 ,x is impossible to say at pres5t to :i* ext9ct species !y belong$4 ,"o naturally ?9ks ( ,bison latifrons1 ! be>] ( ! imm5se horns1 b tee? h n yet be5 f\nd associat$ ) ! horn-cores ( t species4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,coon ,valley1 ,v]non ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a well-fossiliz$ too? ( a species ( bison :i* 0 s5t1 9 #ahii1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,moe1 ( ,coon ,valley4 ,?is too? has be5 reg>d$ z belong+ to ,bison bison1 b its fossilization seems to indicate t x ant$ates ! "t ( ?is species4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 section #bf1 t[n%ip #ad nor?1 range #f we/4 ,?is w\ld be betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,coon ,valley & ,*aseburg4 ,?is locality lies )9 ! 8driftless area10 & x w\ld probably be difficult = ! geologi/1 ev5 on ! gr\nd1 to det]m9e ! age ( ! deposit1 especially z no details 7 furni%$ reg>d+ ! dep? at :i* ! too? 0 f\nd or ! nature ( ! inclos+ mat]ials4 ,,m>yl&4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,william ,palm]1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 collect$ at ?is place1 9 #aiab1 a fragm5t ( a l[] la/ mol> :i* app>5tly belong$ to "s species ( ,bison4 ,a few o!r rema9s h lat] be5 secur$4 ,,virg9ia4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upp] second mol> ( a species ( ,bison1 f\nd at ,saltville4 ,x 0 s5t 9 #aijd by ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,m\nt1 ( ,saltville1 ) rema9s ( ,elephas primig5ius & ,mammut am]icanum4 ,x is und]/ood t all 7 f\nd 9 excavat+ = ! wat] res]voir ( ! t[n4 ,! bison too? is little worn1 ! height be+ /ill #df mm4 ,at ! summit ! cr[n is #cd mm4 long1 at ! base #bc mm4 long & #bi mm4 wide4 ,x resembles closely t ( ,bison bison1 b is slightly l>g] ?an ! same too? 9 a l>ge specim5 ( ! exi/+ species4 ,! base ( ! skull is pres5t1 ) ! occipital condyles4 ,! latt] are slightly l>g] ?an 9 ! specim5 ( ,b4 bison j m5tion$4 ,! species c n be det]m9$1 b x probably 0 n ,b4 bison4 ,a li/ ( ! associat$ species f\nd at ?is locality is pres5t$ on page #ceb4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfi 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,pr(essor ,cope /at$ t he _h f\nd mol> tee? ( a bison :i* he id5tifi$ ) d\bt z ,bison antiquus4 ,! animal may q z well h belong$ to any "o ( f\r or five o!r ext9ct species4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfj1 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aaj1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #ae1 #af7 describ$ briefly & figur$ a too? ( a bov9e animal f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,?is he suspect$ belong$ to ,bison latifrons1 b he add$ t x pres5t$ no?+ to di/+ui% x f t ( ! exi/+ bison4 ,num]\s tee? resembl+ ^? ( ! dome/ic ox & ! bison h be5 f\nd on ,a%ley ,riv] & h be5 reg>d$ z ^? ( ! dome/ic animal4 7,see lett] ( ,agassiz to ,pr(essor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes 9 ! ,introduction to ,holmes's "w cit$ above47 ,:ile ! tee? ( our cattle may h be5 pick$ up along ! %ores ( ,a%ley ,riv]1 x is highly probable t ! great majority ( simil> tee? belong$ to "s ext9ct species ( ,bison4 ,probably only ! discov]y ( horn-cores w lead to ! det]m9ation ( ! species4 ,leidy probably us$ ! "n ,bison latifrons 9 a v wide s5se4 ,9 ! collection at ,amh]/ ,college ! writ] has se5 an upp] mol> ( a bison1 app>5tly ! second mol>1 :i* is #ch mm4 long on ! out] face4 ,?is l5g? is too great = ,b4 bison & ! too? probably belongs to ,b4 latifrons4 ,x 0 probably f\nd 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum ! writ] has se5 an ant]ior cannon-bone ( ,bison :i* _h q c]ta9ly be5 f\nd some:]e ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts 7 secur$1 & correspond+ measurem5ts ( ,b4 bison are add$ = comp>ison3 ,measurem5ts ( ant]ior cannon-bones ( bisons1 9 millimet]s4 ,fossil bison4 ,b4 bison4 ,l5g? along ! out] bord] #bdb #bjf ,wid? ( upp] articul> surface #ij ,side-to-side diamet] at middle ( l5g? #fd #eb ,=e-&-aft diamet] at middle ( l5g? #ci #cc ,wid? ( l[] articul> surface #if #ia ,o!r measurem5ts may be f\nd 9 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5's "w1 8,! ,am]ican ,bisons10 page #de4 ,app>5tly ! bison :i* possess$ ! bone describ$ above _h a height ab\t "o-eigh? great] ?an ! l>ge individual ( ! exi/+ bison comp>$ ) x4 ,fossil rema9s f\nd else:]e %[ t at lea/ "o l>ge species ( ,bison =m]ly inhabit$ ?is c\ntry4 ,b4 latifrons 0 a species ) v l>ge horns1 & its body may also h be5 l>g] ?an t ( ! exi/+ bison4 ,to ?is species may h belong$ ! l>ge cannon-bone describ$ above4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,rema9s ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison 7 f\nd at ! "t ( excavat+ ! ,brunswick ,canal1 s\? ( ,d>i51 9 #ahch-ci4 ,9 a communication to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #baf-bag71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,hamilton ,c\p] gave an acc\nt ( ! geology ( ! locality & m5tion$ ! fact t rema9s ( ,mega!rium1 ,elephas primig5ius1 ,ma/odon giganteus1 ,hippopotamus1 horse1 ,bos1 & ,sus am]icana _h be5 secur$4 ,z 0 lat] det]m9$ by ,ow5 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdh1 p4 #ic71 ! suppos$ hippopotamus incisor 0 a l[] tusk ( a ma/odon4 ,sus am]icana 0 ref]r$ by ,ow5 to 8 g5us ,h>lanus2 b 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to belong to ,bison4 ,ow5 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bj1 plate ,,vi7 describ$ & furni%$ an excell5t figure ( ! jaw4 ,! jaw is n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia4 ,measurem5ts %[ t x is l>g] ?an ! jaw ( ,bison bison1 correspond+ well ) ! o!r bones ( ,bison f\nd at ! same place4 ,leidy reg>d$ x z belong+ to ,b4 latifrons2 b he us$ ?is "n 9 a v wide s5se4 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia is a "p ( ! "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw label$ 8,bison latifrons1 ,d>i5 canal1 ,ga40 ,! tee? are badly worn4 ,! jaw itself is l>g] ?an t ( ,bison bison4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts 7 tak53 ,measurem5ts ( bison jaws1 9 millimet]s4 ,b4 latifrons4 ,b4 bison4 ,height ( jaw j beh9d ?ird mol> #ia #hc ,?ickness ( jaw j beh9d ?ird mol>#cf #cb4e ,height ( jaw 9 front ( ?ird mol> #fc #eb ,?ickness ( jaw 9 front ( ?ird mol>#ca #bi ,! jaw has ! appe>ance ( be+ mu* m massive ?an t ( ,b4 bison4 ,9 8 "w on ! 8,ext9ct ,species ( ,am]ican ,ox0 7,smi?s4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #aa71 ,leidy /at$ t ,c\p] _h pres5t$ to ! ,academy 9 ,philadelphia a tibia & a "p ( a hum]us ( ,bison1 :i* bones he report$ 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ! exi/+ ,am]ican bison1 & he ref]r$ !m to ! species ,bison latifrons4 ,! tibia 0 #def mm4 long & #hg mm4 wide at ! l[] end2 9 a l>ge ,bison bison 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum ! tibia is #dab mm4 long & #gh mm4 wide bel[4 ,c\p] pres5t$ to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory an atlas & a metat>sus f ! same locality4 ,! atlas _h a wid? ( #bdg mm42 t ( ! exi/+ bison j ref]r$ to is #bbj mm4 wide4 ,! metat>sal is said to h be5 #bgb mm4 long2 t ( ! liv+ bison m5tion$ is #bee mm4 ,a front cannon-bone at ,h>v>d is #bef mm4 long4 ,9 a collection det]m9$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 "s bison rema9s1 probably a too? or tee?1 7 ref]r$ ) d\bt to ,bison bison4 ,x is f> m probable t !y belong$ to an ext9ct species1 & t ,b4 latifrons4 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah1 ,*a?am ,c\nty4--,on page #bi ( ,joseph ,hab]%am's ,memor&um1 =m+ a "p ( ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's 8,memoir on ! ,mega!rium10 publi%$ 9 #ahdf1 a portion ( ! hum]us ( a ,bos is li/$ among ! fossils f\nd at ,skidaway ,isl&4 ,?is bone is to be assign$ to an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison4 ,! wid? across ! condyles is giv5 z #d4e in*es1 :i* is n great] ?an 9 ,b4 bison2 b x is n probable t x 0 ?is species4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 ed4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdh7 includes 8a species ( ! ox-tribe0 among ! fossils f\nd at ?is locality4 ,= fur!r rem>ks on ! species ( v]tebrates f\nd at ,brunswick1 ! read] may consult page #cga1 :]e also ! geology ( ! locality is discuss$4 ,,florida4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,wade1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey is an upp] left la/ mol> ( ,bison1 f\nd 9 ! ,buttg5ba* riv] m9e1 9 ,santa ,fe ,riv]1 #f miles nor? f ,wade4 ,al?\gh ?is too? 0 f\nd 9 a phosphate m9e1 x c]ta9ly belongs to ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,! too? is b little worn & is well fossiliz$4 ,its height is #de mm41 ! l5g? on ! out] face #cj mm41 ! l5g? at ! middle ( ! wid? #bg mm41 ! wid? at ! base ( ! fir/ lobe #bd mm4 ,!re is ano!r too? 9 ! collection1 app>5tly ! second upp] mol> ( ! left side1 f ! same place & fossiliz$ 9 ! same way4 ,= a li/ ( ! species f\nd at ?is locality & ! writ]'s view reg>d+ _! geological age1 ! read] is ref]r$ to page #cgf4 #b4 ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection j m5tion$ !re are1 f ne> ,pablo ,bea*1 ?ree bones :i* app>5tly belong$ to "s ext9ct species ( ,bison4 ,no4 #dddd is ! left fibul> bone2 ,no4 #dddc ! left ?ird cunei=m ( ! h9d] foot2 & ,no4 #dddb1 a fir/ phalange ( a h9d] foot4 ,^! 7 f\nd along ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ab\t #bj miles nor? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! locality appe>s to be ab\t #e miles s\? ( ,pablo ,bea*4 ,at ! same place h be5 f\nd ,mammut am]icanum1 ,elephas columbi1 & rema9s ( a species ( ,odocoileus4 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajc7 report$ rema9s ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison f\nd 9 a fissure 9 lime/one rock ne> ,ocala4 #d4 ,dunnellon81 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajd7 pres5t$ a li/ ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates1 f\nd 9 or along ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 b ! exact localities are n giv54 ,among ^! is an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison4 ,lucas 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxi1 #ahih1 p4 #gfg7 /at$ t !re is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum an imp]fect skull ( ,bison latifrons1 obta9$ f ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]4 ,! writ] has n se5 ?is skull4 ,on page #cgf ! o!r species f\nd "h are li/$ & _! geological age discuss$4 #e4 ,tampa1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,j>man collection1 n[ 9 ,v&]bilt ,univ]sity1 & made 9 ! region ab\t ,tampa1 is a "r l[] ?ird mol> ( ,bison4 ,x is well fossiliz$1 b /ructurally does n appe> to diff] f a too? ( ! exi/+ ,am]ican bison4 ,x belong$1 h[ev]1 q c]ta9ly to an ext9ct species4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a well-worn l[] left la/ mol> ( a bison1 dr$g$ up 9 ,alafia ,riv]4 ,) x 7 a ma/odon too?1 tee? ( two or ?ree ext9ct horses1 & v>i\s ext9ct tortoises4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to page #cgi4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,erne/ ,leitzel1 ( ,palmetto1 s5t f t place to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum "s tee? = det]m9ation4 ,tee? ( ! horses are describ$ on page #cgi4 ,) ^! 0 a "p ( a l[] "r mol>1 possibly ! la/ mol>1 ( ,bison4 ,f ,palma ,sola1 on ! s\? side ( ,manatee ,riv] & ab\t #aj miles bel[ ,palmetto1 !re has be5 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,e>le1 ! di/al end ( a metac>pal bone4 ,?is has a wid? ( #ic mm4 ,x may h belong$ to ,bison latifrons4 ,) x came tee? ( ,equus complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis1 & ,e4 leidyi1 a "p ( an antl] ( a de] 7,odocoileus71 a "p ( a beak ( a platani/id porpoise1 & a too? ( ,elephas columbi4 ,probably ! porpoise & tee? ( %>ks came f ,mioc5e deposits some:]e 9 ! neighborhood4 #g4 ,grove ,city1 ,*>lotte ,c\nty4--,leidy1 9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ab71 /at$ t ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox _h f\nd1 on ,rocky ,creek1 #cj miles nor? ( ,s>asota ,bay1 "s rema9s ( ! great ext9ct ,bison latifrons4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep41 pp4 #ajc1 #aab7 le>n$ t ! locality 0 really ,/ump ,pass1 ne> ,grove ,city4 ,! horn-core 0 lo/ by accid5t1 b ,leidy speaks ( x z be+ huge4 ,) x 0 ! proximal "p ( a radius ^: upp] end measur$ transv]sely #a4d times t ( an exi/+ bison4 ,9 a lett] to ! au?or1 ,mr4 ,willcox writes t1 z ne>ly z he c recollect1 ! diamet] ( ! horn-core 0 ab\t #e or #f in*es4 #h4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep41 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aej7 /at$ t an ext9ct bison is repres5t$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey by a numb] ( tee?1 ! di/al end ( a hum]us1 & "s foot-bones4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to h be5 d]iv$ f /ratum ,no4 #b4 ,:5 9 ,v]o 9 #aiaf1 ! writ] secur$ a mu*-worn upp] left premol> #c ( ,bison f ! base ( ! muck lay] ,no4 #c4 ,x is 9 "s respects diff]5t f ! correspond+ too? ( ! exi/+ bison4 ,= li/s ( ! species f\nd at ,v]o & = a discussion ( ! geological age ! read] may consult pages #cha to #chc4 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are "s tee? ( ,bison1 obta9$ at or ne> ,arcadia1 on ,peace ,creek4 ,9 g5]al1 ^! resemble closely ! correspond+ tee? ( ,b4 bison4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bb7 m5tion$ a too? & a fir/ phalanx ( ,bison f ,peace ,creek4 ,^! are probably 9 ! collection ( ! ,wagn] ,free ,in/itute4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aihi7 is a h9d] cannon-bone f ,arcadia4 ,x resembles ! correspond+ bone 9 ,b4 bison1 b d\btless belong$ to a species n[ ext9ct4 ,lucas 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #gfg7 ref]r$ ! tee? & ! metac>pal to ,b4 latifrons4 ,9 ! same museum is a calcaneum label$ z collect$ on ,peace ,creek by ,j4 ,f4 ,le ,b>ron4 ,! read] may consult page #cha = fur!r in=mation4 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,c\nty4--,rema9s ( ,bison app>5tly h be5 f\nd at ,labelle1 or ne> !re4 ,leidy1 9 ,dall's report 7,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 ref]r$ ?is to ,b4 latifrons4 ,! bison1 ,elephas columbi1 ,equus frat]nus1 & a mylodon 7 suppos$ to h be5 buri$ 9 ,plioc5e deposits1 b ?is op9ion appe>s to be errone\s4 ,sell>ds 7#h? ,rep41 p4 #ajb7 has %[n t ! elephant & probably ! horse 7 9 ,plei/oc5e m>ls4 ,z %[n on page #chd1 ! elephant is ,elephas imp]ator4 #aa4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,c\nty4--,9 8 eigh? report1 ,sell>ds 7p4 #aje7 /at$ t a femur ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison 0 f\nd ne> ?is place1 9 ! ,palm ,bea* ,dra9age ,canal4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology1 at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 are a front cannon-bone1 lack+ ! epiphyses1 & ! proximal end ( a hum]us4 ,! size ( ^! indicates t !y belong to ,b4 latifrons4 ,! gl5oid cavity measures #hj mm4 by #fj mm4 ,! neck ( ! hum]us is #ajj mm4 wide4 ,,alabama4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,newb]n1 ,hale ,c\nty4--,9 ,augu/ #aiad1 !re 0 receiv$ at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 f ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,:ite1 ( ,newb]n1 a l[] "r la/ mol> ( a species ( bison report$ f\nd 9 a creek1 & an incisor too? ( a horse1 :i* appe> to be fossiliz$4 ,! bison too? _h j begun to we>4 ,! =e-&-aft l5g? ( ! cr[n is #cg mm4 ,! locality is some:at outside ( ! range ( ,bison bison z giv5 by ,all5 on 8 map 78,am]ican ,bisons1 ,liv+ & ,ext9ct074 ,! fossil may well belong to "s ext9ct species & h liv$ 9 t region 9 middle ,plei/oc5e times4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,9 ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson's acc\nt ( a collection ( bones & tee? made ne> ,nat*ez 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf7 he includ$ rema9s ( ! g5us ,bos4 ,to-day ^! w\ld be ref]r$ to ! g5us ,bison4 ,9 #ahed 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,v1 art4 ,,iii1 p4 #i1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #b-g71 ,leidy describ$ & figur$ bov9e tee? f ,nat*ez1 :i* he ref]r$ to ,bison latifrons4 ,two ( ^! tee? _h be5 f\nd1 z ,leidy /at$1 by ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson1 9 association ) rema9s ( ,ma/odon 7,mammut71 ,equus1 ,ursus1 ,c]vus 7,odocoileus71 ,megalonyx1 & ,mylodon4 ,?ree o!rs _h be5 pres5t$ by ,w4 ,h4 ,hunt+ton1 :o discov]$ !m 9 association ) rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum1 ,equus complicatus1 & ,felix atrox4 ,?ree ( ! tee? 7 upp] mol>s1 ! o!rs1 l[] mol>s4 ,leidy gave ! measurem5ts ( mo/ ( ^!4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts are ^? ( an upp] second & an upp] ?ird mol>3 ,measurem5ts ( bov9e tee?1 9 millimet]s4 ,too?4 ,height4,l5g?4,wid?4 ,second mol> #fg #cg4e #bg ,?ird mol> #ge #db4e #bi ,^! tee? are consid]ably l>g] ?an ^? ( ,bison bison & ,b4 occid5talis 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,i[a1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #cbj74 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,woolp] ,creek81 ,boone ,c\nty4--,! type ( ,bison latifrons is usually reg>d$ z hav+ be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick1 b ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgb7 /at$ x _h be5 f\nd a doz5 miles or m nor? ( ,bigbone ,lick1 9 ! b$ ( a creek t ent]s into ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,x seems probable t ?is creek is ! "o nam$ above4 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,x 0 at ?is place t 0 f\nd ! horn-core & atta*$ "p ( skull :i* =ms ! type ( ,bison antiquus4 ,x 0 a "p ( ! ,jeff]son collection & 0 describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 #aheb1 p4 #aag74 ,ri*>d ,lydekk] 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 #b1 p4 #bg7 wrote t !re is 9 t museum a fragm5t ( a "r m&ible1 probably belong+ to ,bison latifrons4 ,h[ev]1 ! id5tification is h>dly to be reli$ on4 ,%al] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 report$ ! f9d+ ( bones ( ,bison latifrons1 b x is d\btful 9 :at s5se he us$ ?is "n2 & he did n indicate h[ ^! bones diff]$ f ^? ( o!r bisons4 ,he probably _h 9 m9d ,b4 antiquus4 ,h5ce ! pres5ce ( ! species ) ! widely spread horns at ,bigbone ,lick is d\btful4 ,a li/ ( ! species ( mammals collect$ at ?is place w be f\nd on page #djc4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,bison ,,bison ,,9 ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,ont>io4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,nor? ,bay1 ,nipiss+ ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a horn-%ea?1 f\nd at ?is place4 ,x 0 s5t by ,dr4 ,*>les ,e4 ,cook1 ( ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 :o himself saw x ?r[n out ( a dit*1 ab\t #e feet deep1 :i* 0 be+ made f ! %ore ( ! lake4 ,! horn 0 f\nd at a di/ance ( #fjj feet f ! lake & 9 front ( ! ,hotel ,que5's4 ,x c]ta9ly belongs to ! exi/+ species1 ,bison bison4 ,:e!r ! pres5ce ( ! horn at t spot is due to ! =m] exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican buffalo !re or to its introduction by man x is impossible to say at pres5t4 ,,massa*usetts4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,orleans1 ,cape ,cod4--,9 #aibj 7,j\r4 ,mamm41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afa-afd1 figs4 #a-c71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,all5 pres5t$ an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( a maxilla conta9+ ! p5ultimate & ! h9d]mo/ milk tee? ( a calf ( ,bison bison1 at ,orleans1 ,cape ,cod4 ,?is specim5 _h be5 collect$ ab\t #bj ye>s previ\sly by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,grabau & pres5t$ by him to ! ,bo/on ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,! bone & tee? 7 f\nd 8:olly emb$d$ 9 till ab\t halfway up on a section ( a glacial mora9e1 situat$ on ,t[n ,cove & ab\t #gj or #hj feet high40 ,) ! specim5 7 associat$ _m fragm5ts ( ! %ells ( ! mollusk ,v5us4 ,dr4 ,all5 sugge/$ t ?is bison calf _h ei!r come to its end :ile w&]+ on ! mora9e or _h m likely liv$ & di$ dur+ ! prec$+ ,peoria int]glacial /age4 ,x might be que/ion$ :e!r bones :i* _h be5 buri$ & !reby become s(t5$ w\ld h endur$ ! r\gh treatm5t ( a glacial mill4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,albany1 ,albany ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,cl>ke1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,new ,york1 s5t ! writ] "s tee? ( a species ( ,bison1 probably ,b4 bison1 = :i* he gives ! assurance t !y 7 f\nd some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,albany1 & 9 ! 8,albany clays40 ,^! clays are suppos$ to belong to ! ,*ampla9 /age4 ,:ile ?is is some:at fur!r ea/ ?an ! bison has ext5d$ )9 hi/orical times1 x is entirely reasonable to suppose t at "s "t 9 ! n di/ant pa/ its range w5t to ! ,hudson4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,all5 has rec5tly %[n 7,j\r4 ,mamm41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afa-afd7 t at "s "t dur+ ! late ,plei/oc5e a bison liv$ 9 ! region ( ,cape ,cod4 ,! specim5s s5t by ,dr4 ,cl>ke mu/ h occupi$ ea/]n ,new ,york late 9 ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #b4 ,syracuse1 ,onondaga ,c\nty4--,9 #ahij 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #iec71 ,pr(essor ,luci5 ,und]wood report$ ! discov]y ( a skull ( a bison 9 ,syracuse1 :ile a sew] 0 be+ excavat$4 ,und]wood /at$ t x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #aj feet1 9 a black muck4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope id5tifi$ ! skull z t ( ,bison bison4 ,! pres5t writ]1 9 #aiad1 exam9$ ! skull at ,syracuse ,univ]sity4 ,he also talk$ ) ,mr4 ,john ,cunn+ham1 :o b\ght ! skull f ! f9d]1 a labor]1 pay+ him "o doll>4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham /at$ t he w5t to ! spot & measur$ ! dep? f ! surface1 & f\nd x to be #ag feet4 ,above ! muck t inclos$ ! skull 0 :at he reg>d$ z clay4 ,dr4 ,burnett ,smi? has exam9$ ! deposits 9 a cell> dug )9 a few rods ( ! spot :]e ! skull 0 f\nd4 ,! upp] #g or #h feet 0 a mixture ( %ells & clay1 & _h be5 us$ to make a k9d ( cem5t4 ,?is discov]y appe>s to make x c]ta9 t ! bison liv$ 9 ,new ,york %ortly aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$ f ! ,f+] ,lake region4 #c4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 volume ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 page #aff1 is an acc\nt1 by ,knight1 ( ! discov]y1 at ,jame/[n1 ( :at 7 probably two tee? ( a bison 9 a fragm5t ( ! jaw4 ,^! 7 enc\nt]$ by ,john ,hazelt9e1 9 digg+ = a f\ndation ( a build+ at ! outlet ( ,*autauqua ,lake1 & at a dep? ( #aj feet4 ,! soil 0 mo/ly gravel1 b ! jaw 0 said to h be5 ly+ 9 black muck4 ,x 0 s5t to ,yale ,college1 b 0 n recogniz$ z belong+ to ,bison4 ,reasons 7 sugge/$ :y x did n belong to a "y ma/odon4 ,! measurem5ts giv5 ( ! tee? agree well ) ! upp] mol>s ( an ,am]ican buffalo4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cga7 quot$ ,knight's acc\nt z indicat+ a buffalo4 ,! discov]y is int]e/+1 tak5 9 connection ) ! f9d+ ( ! specim5 at ,syracuse4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty4--,mr4 ,erne/ ,volk 7,pap]s ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 #aiaa1 p4 #bji1 plate ,,cxx7 report$ ! discov]y ( a "p ( a femur ( ,bison 7probably ,b4 bison7 9 ! 8yell[ drift10 at ,tr5ton1 #b4e feet f ! surface4 ,a fir/ "r upp] mol>1 id5tifi$ z t ( ,bison1 0 f\nd 9 ano!r s&-pit at a dep? ( #i feet 7op4 cit41 p4 #acf74 ,?is appe>s to h belong$ 9 ! ,tr5ton gravel1 b at t po9t ! mat]ials 7 app>5tly a mixture ( s& & loam4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to page #cjd1 :]e ! geology ( ?is locality is describ$ & a li/ ( ! species is giv54 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 ,cry/al ,hill 7,h>tman's7 ,cave1 ne> ,/r\dsburg1 0 f\nd a l[] jaw conta9+ ! la/ mol>1 z not$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania = #ahhg1 p4 #e74 ,m]c] 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahid1 p4 #ih71 m5tions a too? ( ! exi/+ bison f\nd 9 ,h>tman's ,cave4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,c\nty4--,f a cave ne> ,riegelsville1 0 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia1 m ?an #gj ye>s ago1 a collection ( bones1 report$ on by ,leidy 9 #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi7 & 9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai74 ,9 ! contribution ( #ahhj1 ,leidy includ$ ,bison among ! animals repres5t$1 b ?is is n includ$ 9 ! li/ ( #ahhg4 ,:y ?is 0 omitt$ is n kn[n4 ,if ,bison occurr$ !re1 ! probability is t x 0 repres5t$ by ! exi/+ buffalo4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,jasp] ,c\nty4--,! only record kn[n to ! writ] ( ! f9d+ ( buffalo bones wor?y to be reg>d$ z fossil is t ( ! =m] ,/ate geologi/1 ,john ,collett 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 :o makes ! /atem5t t 9 ,jasp] ,c\nty bones ( ! buffalo1 ! beav]1 & ! be> are common4 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,sullivan1 ,m\ltrie ,c\nty4--,9 #ahge 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ahf71 ! geologi/ ,george ,c4 ,broadhead report$ t he _h f\nd ! skull ( a bison on ! we/ bank ( ,kaskaskia ,riv]1 ab\t #c miles s\!a/ ( ,sullivan1 on ! l& ( ,john ,purvis4 ,! locality appe>s1 !re=e1 to h be5 some:]e ne> ! s\? half ( ! ea/]n l9e ( t[n%ip #ac nor?1 range #e ea/4 ,! summit ( ! bluff "h is describ$ z ris+ ab\t #be feet above ! /ream4 ,at ! height ( ab\t #h feet 0 a b5* approximately #aj feet wide1 & ! skull 0 f\nd on ?is b5*1 8a few feet f ! top40 ,! surr\nd+ clay 0 describ$ z be+ a ri* black loam4 ,broadhead /at$ t ! skull measur$ #ab in*es across ! =ehead above ! eyes & ! same betwe5 ! roots ( ! horns4 ,! latt] 7 %ort1 ?ick1 & slightly curv$4 ,9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 volume ,,iii1 page ,,xxiii1 practically ! same acc\nt is giv5 ( ! discov]y4 ,"h ,broadhead express$ ! idea t ! skull belong$ to ,bison latifrons1 & said t ! horns 7 %ort1 ?ick1 & curv$ upw>ds & =w>ds4 ,x is n kn[n :]e ! skull n[ is4 ,to ! writ] x appe>s mo/ probable t ! skull 0 t ( ,bison bison4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! description to indicate any ( ! o!r kn[n species4 ,z to ! age ( ! deposits1 ! presumption is reasonable t !y belong to ! ,late ,wiscons9 or ,rec5t1 = ! locality is nor? ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e4 ,x is possible t ! b5* belongs to ! ,ill9oian2 b ! nature ( ! mat]ial1 8a ri* black loam10 seems to %[ t ! b5* is an alluvial deposit laid d[n s9ce ,wiscons9 times4 #b4 ,hom]1 ,*ampaign ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection at ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 at ,*ampaign1 are ! horn-cores & ! re> ( ! skull ( ,bison bison1 report$ to h be5 ?r[n out ( a dit* ne> ,hom]4 ,! writ] is in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,r4 ,m4 ,bagg1 ( ,appleton1 ,wiscons91 t ! specim5 0 f\nd 9 excavat+ a dit*1 at a dep? ( #d feet1 accord+ to ! report made to him4 ,hom] is situat$ on a "p ( ! ,*ampaign mora9e & ! bison 9 "q mu/ be n old] ?an ,late ,wiscons94 ,if x 0 really f\nd at a dep? ( #d feet x w\ld seem to date well back 9 ! ,rec5t1 if n into ! ,plei/oc5e4 #c4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,c\nty4--,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n report$ 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 ! pres5ce ( bones ( ! buffalo 9 an old fill$-up m>% ne> ,niantic4 ,! situation is m p>ticul>ly describ$ on page #ajb4 ,) ! bison bones 7 f\nd ^? ( ! ma/odon1 ! elk1 & ! ,virg9ia de]4 ,! bones ( ^! animals are said to h be5 f\nd "u #d feet ( black muck1 p>tly emb$d$ 9 a light-gray quicks& fill$ ) %ells ( ,planorbis1 ,cyclas1 & ,physa4 ,inasmu* z ,niantic is situat$ ne> ! bord] ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e1 all ^! rema9s probably belong to ,late ,wiscons9 times4 ,x w\ld be useful to "k :e!r ! bones ( ! buffalo1 ! elk1 & ! de] 7 f\nd above ^? ( ! ma/odons or m+l$ ) !m4 #d4 ,ea/ ( ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,c\nty4--,9 t[n%ip #ce nor?1 range #h ea/1 probably 9 section #bg1 on l& own$ by ,john ,bam=d1 9 cle>+ out a well 9 a bog1 h be5 f\nd ! bones ( ma/odons & o!r species ( v]tebrates4 ,= a description ( ! locality & ! species f\nd !re see page #ccg4 ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 has report$ ! occurr5ce ( bones ( ! exi/+ bison !re & has s5t to ! writ] a maxilla :i* conta9$ f9ely pres]v$ tee?4 ,un=tunately1 no ?or\gh & sy/ematic exam9ation ( ! place has yet be5 made4 ,all ( ! species & ! deposit belong to ! ,late ,wiscons91 t "p ( x foll[+ ! )drawal ( ! ice4 ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d in=m$ ! au?or t he f\nd ! bison & de] bones mix$ up m or less ) ! ma/odon bones4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #d to #e feet ! own] ( ! place began to /rike bones ( ! bison1 :i* appe>$ v fre%1 reta9+ consid]able animal matt]4 ,f ab\t #f feet d[n to gravel1 ab\t #ac feet1 ma/odon & o!r bones 7 lit]ally pack$ toge!r4 #e4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,c\nty4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,palontology1 ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 wrote to ! au?or t he _h pick$ up "s bison bones along a dit* 9 :i* ma/odon bones _h be5 f\nd2 b ! dep? at :i* !y _h be5 met ) c\ld n be det]m9$4 ,at ! same "t bones ( ! elk 7 f\nd4 ,und\bt$ly ! ma/odon rema9s belong to ,late ,wiscons9 times2 & x is probable t ! bison & elk rema9s are to be ref]r$ to ! same4 #f4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,philadelphia is a l[] h9d]mo/ mol> collect$ 9 a lead crevice some:]e ne> ,gal5a4 ,x 0 pres5t$ to ! ,academy by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,gre51 ( ,elizabe?1 a t[n ne> ,gal5a4 ,?is1 ) a metac>pal bone ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 _h be5 f\nd at a dep? ( #acj feet f ! surface4 ,x 0 describ$ & figur$ by ,leidy 7,contributions to ,ext9ct ,v]t4 ,fauna1 etc41 #ahgc1 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #d74 ,leidy ?\ght t x might h belong$ to ,bison bison1 b n improbably to ,b4 latifrons4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,! ,am]ican ,bisons1 etc41 p4 #ac7 conclud$ t x belong$ und\bt$ly to ! exi/+ ,am]ican species4 ,! /ructure ( ! too? w app>5tly n decide ?is matt]4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! animals f\nd 9 ^? lead crevices belong to pre-,wiscons9 times2 & ! too? 9 "q may belong to an ext9ct species4 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! lead region ( ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons9 is to be f\nd on page #cdc4 #g4 ,mit*ell1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 8,records ( ,anci5t ,races 9 ! ,mississippi ,valley0 7#ahhg71 ,william ,mc,adams1 ( ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 /at$ t 9 a l>ge m\nd1 squ>e 9 %ape1 #cjj feet on ea* side & #cj feet high1 ?r\gh :i* ! railroads pass 9 ! ,am]ican bottom1 at ,mit*ell1 _h be5 f\nd1 9 contact ) a numb] ( copp] implem5ts & ornam5ts1 a numb] ( tee? ( ! buffalo4 ,^! ,mc,adams _h 9 8 possession4 ,:ile ^! tee? c n be reg>d$ at all z belong+ to ,plei/oc5e times1 ! fact is ( int]e/ 9 connection ) ,mc,adams's /atem5t t 9 all 8 explorations dur+ a p]iod ( m ?an #cj ye>s1 9 no o!r case _h he be5 able to f9d any evid5ces ( ! buffalo associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! anci5t p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,9 ?is connection may be consid]$ ,%al]'s views on ! mod]n com+ ( ! buffalo ea/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! f9d+ ( a skull ( a buffalo deep 9 lake deposits at ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,,wiscons94 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,bluem\nds1 ,dane ,c\nty4--,9 8 report1 made 9 #ahfb1 on ! geology ( ! lead region ( ,wiscons9 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wiscons91 vol4 ,i1 p4 #acf71 ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney record$ ! f9d+ ( bison bones 9 a crevice at ,bluem\nds4 ,f ! same crevice 7 obta9$ bones & tee? ( ! ma/odon & ( a pecc>y1 & bones ( a wolf4 ,x 0 suppos$ t ^! rema9s 7 f\nd at a dep? ( ab\t #dj feet & emb$d$ 9 ! r$ clay commonly f\nd 9 su* crevices4 ,^! bones 7 put into ! h&s ( ,jeffries ,wyman = id5tification1 :o1 on page #dba1 /at$ t ! bison bones 7 all ( ! size ( ! same p>ts ( ! exi/+ buffalo & closely resembl$ !m4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahgf1 p4 #dg71 9 ref]r+ probably to ! same bones1 speaks ( 8an ext9ct bison10 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ any reasons = 8 conclusion4 ,x is nev]!less possible t he 0 correct4 ,! writ] =m]ly believ$ t ! fossil v]tebrates1 collect$ 9 ! fissures 9 ! lead region1 _h liv$ aft] ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,x seems n[ m probable t !y belong to a pre-,wiscons9 "t4 #b4 ,o%ko%1 ,w9nebago ,c\nty4--,! writ] has receiv$ f ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,wiscons91 a hum]us1 f\nd 9 a m>% ne> ,o%ko%1 q evid5tly t ( ,bison bison4 ,al?\gh /a9$ by iron on ! outside1 ! rema9d] ( ! bone is :ite & full ( animal matt]4 ,! animal may h liv$ dur+ ! ,rec5t p]iod4 ,,k5tucky4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,great numb]s ( individuals ( ,bison bison h be5 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,coop] 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bjg1 #baa7 report$ num]\s bones ( buffaloes & ev5 an entire skeleton1 b !y appe> to h be5 ne> ! surface or ev5 on x4 ,lyell 78,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 ,murray's ed41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fe7 /at$ t he _h se5 great quantities ( rema9s ( ! bison 9 a sup]ficial /ratum 9 ! riv] bank2 b he 0 left 9 d\bt :e!r or n ! animals _h be5 contemporane\s ) ! ma/odon4 ,%al] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 f\nd abundant rema9s ( ! buffalo at ?is place2 b ! bones 7 n f\nd at any great dep?1 except 9 ! bog ab\t ! spr+4 ,he reg>d$ x z prov5 t ! musk-ox & ! c>ib\ did n come into contact ) ! rec5t buffalo1 b 7 ext9ct be=e x came4 ,"s ( ! bison mat]ials collect$ by ,%al] 7 describ$ by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all51 9 #ahgf 7,mem4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 vol4 ,,iv2 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #b74 ,x may be difficult to prove t any ( ! bison bones & tee? f\nd "h are ( ,plei/oc5e age2 b !re appe>s to be no good reason :y ?is species might n h rea*$ t region at ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-/age4 ,a li/ ( ! species ( mammals f\nd "h is giv5 on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,c\nty4--,9 ! mass ( mat]ials collect$ 9 ! spr+ at ,bluelick ,spr+s by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]1 7 skulls & p>ts !re(1 tee?1 limb-bones1 & v]tebr4 ,! actual geological age ( ^! rema9s c n be e/abli%$2 b !y 7 ( probably late ,wiscons9 age4 ,,f9ds ,,( ,,ca/oroides ,,9 ,,plei/oc5e ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,clyde1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,a skull ( ! giant beav] 0 f\nd1 ab\t ! ye> #ahdf1 ne> ,clyde1 on ! f>m ( ,g54 ,w4 ,h4 ,adams4 ,! locality & ! geological conditions 7 describ$ by ,james ,hall 7,proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdf1 p4 #afg2 ,bo/on ,j\r4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #che74 ,! region is on ! divide betwe5 ! /reams fl[+ nor? into ,lake ,erie & ^? fl[+ s\?w>d into ,clyde ,riv]4 ,! actual spot 0 at ! head ( a %all[ /ream :i* fl[s into ,lake ,ont>io4 ,at ?is po9t ! ,sodus ,canal 0 cut & ran 9 a nor?-&-s\? direction4 ,! f>m 0 only p>tly swampy4 ,hall's section is z foll[s f above d[nw>d3 #a4 ,vegetable soil1 #b feet or m4 #b4 ,f9e s&1 ) "s alt]nat+ lay]s ( clay1 conta9+ twigs1 leaves1 etc41 #b to #c feet4 #c4 ,muck1 or peaty soil1 ) decay$ wood1 b>k1 leaves1 & ev5 trunks ( l>ge trees1 ab\t #d feet4 #d4 ,f9e s&1 ) fre%-wat] %ells1 #b to #c feet4 #e4 ,drift1 ) b\ld]s2 dep? unkn[n4 ,! skull 0 f\nd at ! bottom ( ,no4 #c1 at a dep? ( #h feet4 ,x is evid5t t ?is animal liv$ "h ne>1 or aft]1 ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age1 & aft] ! old ,lake ,iroquois _h )drawn f ! region4 #b4 ,cana/ota1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 #aiad1 ,dr4 ,burnett ,smi?1 ( ,syracuse ,univ]sity1 report$ 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #dfc7 ! discov]y1 at ?is place1 ( an incisor too? ( ! giant beav]4 ,! exact locality is giv5 z ab\t #bbe paces nor?we/ f ! s\!a/ l9e ( lot #aj1 t[n ( ,l5ox1 on ,c[aselon ,creek1 o!rwise kn[n z ! 8,/ate dit*40 ,! too? 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #i feet1 9 a /icky blue clay1 conta9+ a few fre%-wat] %ells4 ,j above ?is1 at a dep? ( #g feet1 is a lay] made up pr9cipally ( %ells1 ) "s vegetable matt]4 ,?is animal c\ld n h liv$ "h until aft] ! )drawal ( ,lake ,iroquois1 & !re=e n till ne> ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,,p5nsylvania4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhi1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy report$ 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg1 p4 #ad1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #g-bj7 ! discov]y ( tee? ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 9 ,h>tman's 7or ,cry/al ,hill7 ,cave1 ab\t #c miles s\?we/ ( ,/r\dsburg & #e miles f ,delaw>e ,wat] ,gap4 ,its elevation is ab\t #hjj feet above ! level ( ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,! species associat$ ) ?is giant beav] w be li/$ on page #cji4 ,! p>ts figur$ by ,leidy are a portion ( a palate1 ) ! mol>s & "s ( ! premol>s1 & bo? rami ( ! l[] jaw1 %[+ ! ?ree tempor>y mol>s & ! fir/ true mol>s1 ) "s incisors & ! p]man5t can9es4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #bh1 #bi1 #cf47 #a4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,c\nty4--,9 #ahcf 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #gi-hc71 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildre?1 9 an unsign$ article1 gave an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( rema9s ( ! type specim5 ( ! giant beav]1 9 association ) rema9s ( ma/odon & ( a suppos$ fossil %eep1 at a po9t #b miles nor? ( ,na%port4 ,a canal1 n[ ab&on$1 0 be+ con/ruct$1 :i* foll[$ two small /reams1 "o ( :i* fl[$ into ,lick+ ,riv]1 ! o!r into ,wakitomika ,creek4 ,! l& trav]s$ 0 flat & swampy4 ,! di/ance f ,na%port to ,wakitomika ,creek is ne>ly #d miles1 s t 9 say+ t ! spot 0 on ?is creek ,hildre? spoke 9 g5]al t]ms4 ,! bones ( ! ma/odon & ! "r halves ( ! l[] jaws ( two giant beav]s 7 f\nd re/+ on a b$ ( gravel at a dep? ( #ad feet4 ,fo/] 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #ahch1 p4 #hj7 /at$ t a mol> & a tusk ( an elephant _h also be5 f\nd "h4 ,hildre? conclud$ t ! jaws & tee? 7 p]haps ^? ( an animal ( ! beav] family2 8or1 f ! groov$ out] surfaces ( ! incisors1 a m>9e animal ( ! walrus or seal race1 & a bord]] ( ! anci5t ocean40 ,x 0 aft]w>ds describ$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/] 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #ahcg1 p4 #hj1 figs47 "u ! "n ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis4 ,! rema9s describ$ consi/$ ( ! front end ( "o side ( a l[] jaw ) its incisor1 an upp] incisor1 & a radius4 ,!y %[$ signs ( "s attrition2 b 9 a region l t !y c\ld n h be5 transport$ any consid]able di/ance4 ,9 ! mud 9 :i* ! canal at ?is po9t 0 cut1 !re 7 f\nd ?ree skulls ( a species ( %eep1 :i* ,hildre? ?\ght 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! dome/ic %eep & to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,ovis mamill>is4 ,!y are said to h be5 discov]$ at a dep? ( #h feet4 ,x seems q possible t !y _h be5 ly+ on or ne> ! surface & _h made _! way to ! side ( ! canal by ! fl[ ( ! mud1 :i* gave mu* tr\ble by fill+ up ! canal dur+ ! night4 ,mo/1 if n all1 ( ! diff]5ces ?\ght to sep>ate ^! skulls f ! dome/ic %eep disappe> on comp>ison4 ,! specim5s ( bo? ,ca/oroides & ( ! %eep h probably be5 lo/4 ,!y appe> n to be at ,zanesville4 ,on page #hb ( ! article above cit$1 ,hildre? /at$ t he _h receiv$1 f "s po9t on ,wills ,creek1 a portion ( a too? simil> to ! "o f\nd at ,na%port2 ! place 0 said to be ab\t #dj miles ea/1 app>5tly1 ( ,zanesville4 ,?is w\ld seem to be 9 ,noble ,c\nty4 ,! too? 0 describ$ z be+ emb$d$ 9 d>k-color$ c>bonate ( lime & z hav+ fall5 f a calc>e\s rock :i* lies ne> ! tops ( ! hills1 #aej feet above ! b$ ( ! creek4 ,x is v probable t ?is 0 n a too? ( ,ca/oroides4 ,x may h be5 ! sp9e ( a palozoic %>k4 #b4 ,wilm+ton1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty4--,f ,pr(essor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ! writ] 9 #aiac obta9$ in=mation t a f9e skull ( ,ca/oroides1 )\t ! l[] jaw1 _h be5 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,ri*>dson1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,wilm+ton4 ,no?+ m has be5 le>n$ ab\t ! discov]y4 ,! locality is nor? ( ! ,h>twell mora9e1 & ! animal mu/ h liv$ !re aft] ! )drawal ( ! ice-%eet f t region4 #c4 ,g]mant[n1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty4--,"o mile ea/ ( ,g]mant[n1 ,edw>d ,orton1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,ohio1 f\nd along ,tw9 ,creek a l>ge too? :i* 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 #ahgj1 p4 #ed7 he comp>$ ) ! tusk ( a hog4 ,x 0 lat] id5tifi$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,newb]ry 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,i1 #ahgj1 p4 #hc7 z belong+ to ,ca/oroides4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 a b$ ( peat :i* is ov]la9 by f #ej to #ajj feet ( glacial drift4 ,"o might conclude t ! animal _h liv$ !re at "s "t betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ,wiscons9 /ages4 ,h[ev]1 op9ions h diff]$4 ,! geology along ,tw9 ,creek has be5 /udi$ by ,orton1 ,wright1 & ,lev]ett4 ,! la/ nam$ publi%$ 8 views 9 #aijb 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 pp4 #cfc-cfe1 plate ,,xiv1 fig4 #a74 ,he /ates 7p4 #cfe7 t !re seem to be good reasons = believ+ t ! peat-b$ indicates ! lapse ( a consid]able int]val ( deglaciation4 ,:e!r ! int]val prec$$ or foll[$ ! =mation ( ! e>ly ,wiscons9 mora9e is yet to be det]m9$4 ,t seems to mean t ! int]val may be mid-,wiscons9 or pre-,wiscons94 ,wright ?\ght t b a few hundr$ ye>s _h elaps$ betwe5 ! deposit ( ! till bel[ ! peat & t above4 ,orton's description ( ! locality 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgj 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 p4 #ed74 #d4 ,we/ ,sonora1 ,preble ,c\nty4--,9 #ahic 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore report$ t a fragm5t ( an upp] incisor ( ,ca/oroides _h be5 f\nd at ,we/ ,sonora4 ,x 0 associat$ ) rema9s ( a ma/odon4 ,we/ ,sonora is on ! ,englewood mora9e4 #e4 ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhc 7,j\r4 ,c94 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bch71 ,f4 ,w4 ,langdon describ$ a too? ( ,ca/oroides1 f\nd at a dep? ( #d feet1 9 a swampy locality ne> ,gre5ville4 ,9 #ahic 7,am]4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,joseph ,moore /at$ t ?is too? belong$ to ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,jay1 ( ,ri*mond4 ,x may n[ possibly be 9 ! collection ( ,e>lham ,college4 ,moore said t x _h be5 f\nd associat$ ) ma/odon4 ,9 ! public libr>y at ,gre5ville is a fragm5t ( an upp] incisor ( ,ca/oroides1 f\nd 9 mak+ a dit* along ,bridge ,creek1 9 #ahhi1 by ,mr4 ,leo ,katz5b]g]1 :o writes t ! place is 9 ! nor?we/ corn] ( section #a1 t[n%ip #aa1 range #b we/1 #a4e miles s\?we/ ( ,gre5ville4 ,^! animals likewise liv$ on or ne> ! ,sidney mora9e4 #f ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,c\nty4--,9 ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson's 8,hi/ory ( ,ohio & ,auglaize ,c\nty10 #aije1 on page #cch1 ) a figure1 is an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( a skull ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 9 section #bi ( ,wa%+ton ,t[n%ip1 :i* is 9 t[n%ip #f s\?1 range #e ea/1 & ne> ,new ,knoxville4 ,! discov]y _h be5 made t b5ea? a b$ ( humus !re 0 a /ratum ( gravel ( a quality = road mak+4 ,9 remov+ ! upp] peaty lay]1 ! head ( ! giant beav] 0 discov]$1 ne> ! s\? m>g9 ( ! pond4 ,williamson /at$ t ! h\se ( ! animal 0 uncov]$4 ,x 0 betwe5 #c & #d feet high & ab\t #h feet squ>e2 ! poles ( :i* x 0 con/ruct$ 7 ab\t #c indies 9 diamet] & 7 laid aft] ! mann] ( ! h\ses ( mod]n beav]s4 ,app>5tly ! beav] di$ 9 ! h\se1 & x 0 ?\ght t aft] ! dea? ( ! beav] wolves or o!r c>nivor\s animals _h inhabit$ ! h\se1 s9ce bones ( de] & o!r animals 7 /rewn ov] ! floor4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! h\se1 if su* x 01 0 n tak5 up 9 a way t x might h be5 accurately recon/ruct$4 ,williamson's acc\nt is reproduc$ 9 ,bullet9 #af1 ,geological ,survey ( ,ohio1 #d? s]ies1 #aiab1 page #ci4 ,9 ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 ,tiff91 ,ohio1 ! writ] has se5 a v l>ge skull ( ,ca/oroides1 label$ z f\nd at ,wapakoneta1 b x is q c]ta9ly ! "o f\nd at ,new ,knoxville4 ,bo? incisors are brok5 (f close to _! ins]tion 9 ! skull4 ,williamson's figure repres5ts at lea/ ! left "o pres5t4 ,,mi*igan4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york1 is a ne>ly complete skull ) ! left ramus ( ! l[] jaw1 pur*as$ f ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,bak]4 ,! exact place 9 ! c\nty :]e x 0 f\nd is unkn[n1 & ! writ] has be5 unable to get into communication ) ,mr4 ,bak]4 ,z to ! "t 9 ! ,plei/oc5e :5 ?is individual liv$1 we may be sure t x 0 aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial ice-%eet _h ab&on$ ?is c\nty4 ,h[ long aft] ?is retirem5t x is impossible to say4 ,x is to be not$ t bo? ma/odons & mammo?s h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 9 :at appe> to be deposits ( ! same age4 #b4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a skull ( ,ca/oroides 7,cat4 ,no4 #aig71 ( :i* ! l[] jaw is miss+4 ,?is 0 receiv$ ,june #aj1 #ahhj1 f ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ko/1 !n ( ,adrian ,college1 ,mi*igan4 ,9 8 lett] ,pr(essor ,ko/ wrote z foll[s3 8,f\nd 9 fre%-wat] m>%1 #d feet "u1 9 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,co41 ,mi*igan4 ,9 same place z ! ,deck] ma/odon1 n[ 9 ,adrian ,college2 also ( l[] jaw ( small] ma/odon 7s5t 9 ?is consignm5t71 ) v>i\s bones ( elk1 de]1 etc40 ,! ma/odon jaw ref]r$ to is 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahh74 ,! pres5t writ] has n be5 able to le>n exactly :]e all ^! bones 7 obta9$4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :e!r all-ma/odons1 giant beav]1 elk1 & de]-7 f\nd 9 ! same excavation4 ,x is probable t !y 7 at lea/ 9 ne>ly ! same spot4 ,= rem>k on ! age ( ! deposits at ,adrian see page #ha4 #c4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,geology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan is a skull :i* lacks ! l[] jaw & is o!rwise slightly injur$4 ,a report ( ?is specim5 0 made 9 #aiad by ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #gei74 ,?is 0 f\nd sev]al ye>s ago 9 a peat-bog on ! f>m ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,/e]e1 #c miles s\? ( ,ann ,arbor1 at a dep? said to h be5 ab\t #c feet4 ,b5ea? ! peat & muck is a gravelly m>l4 ,accord+ to ! ,ann ,arbor ,folio 7,no4 #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 !re is1 runn+ s\? f ! city1 a /rip ( l[ gr\nd designat$ z occupi$ by peat & muck4 ,?is bord]s on ! ea/ a "p ( ! ,=t ,wayne mora9e1 & mu/ h provid$ an ideal spot = colonies ( ^! great beav]s4 ,naturally ^! specim5s mu/ be cr$it$ to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 #d4 ,attica1 ,lape] ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ,alma ,college1 ,alma1 ,mi*igan1 is a fragm5t ( an upp] incisor1 f\nd at a dep? ( #g feet1 9 digg+ ! tail-race ( a mill 9 ,attica4 ,! /atem5t 0 made t at ! same place !re 7 (t5 f\nd :at appe>$ to h be5 beav] dams made ( wood4 ,?is wood crumbl$ on com+ to ! air4 ,9 cases l ?is !re is a f9e opportunity to det]m9e :e!r or n ! wood _h be5 gnaw$ by ! broad incisors ( ,ca/oroides or by ! n>r[] ones ( ! exi/+ beav]4 ,! wood might easily be prev5t$ f crumbl+ by replac+ ! wat] ) a solution ( gum arabic or ev5 ( glue4 ,attica is situat$ "s di/ance outside ( ! bea*es ( old ,lake ,maumee1 & on l[ gr\nd betwe5 mora9ic tracts left by ! ,sag9aw lobe 9 its retreat4 ,^! gigantic beav]s mu/1 !re=e1 h liv$ ne> ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 #e4 ,owosso1 ,%iawassee ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan 7,no4 #caji7 is ! great] "p ( a l[] jaw ( a giant beav]1 f\nd some:]e ne> ,owosso1 9 a swamp deposit4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is specim5 0 giv5 9 #aiad by ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #geh74 ,x 0 receiv$ f ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,williams 9 #ahib4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's glacial map ( ,mi*igan1 ,owosso lies a few miles outside ( ! bea* ( old ,lake ,sag9aw4 ,?is is suppos$ to h come into exi/5ce ab\t ! close ( ! p]iod ( ,lake ,maumee4 ,! e>lie/ "t :5 ?is beav] might h exi/$1 leav+ out ! "q ( ! climate1 w\ld co9cide closely ) ! "t :5 ! "o f\nd at ,attica might h liv$4 ,x is mo/ probable t bo? liv$ at a "t :5 ! glaci] front 0 f>!r away4 ,,indiana4 7,maps #bh1 #cj47 #a4 ,v&]burg ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7#ad? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cg71 9 a footnote writt5 probably by ,john ,collett1 ,/ate geologi/1 x is /at$ t rema9s ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty4 ,inasmu* z ?is c\nty lies outside ( ! drift region1 & z no details z to place & dep? 7 giv51 we c arrive at no conclusion z to ! /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e 9 :i* ! possessor ( ?is too? liv$4 ,! read] may consult page #beh4 #b4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,c\nty4--,ab\t #b miles ea/ ( ,ri*mond1 :]e a f>m] 0 scoop+ out wet e>? = a fi%-pond1 !re 0 f\nd by ,joseph ,moore 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 a fragm5t ( an upp] incisor ( ?is species4 ,) x 7 s\nd & decay$ tee? ( ! ma/odon4 ,mo/ probably ?is fi%-pond 0 be+ excavat$ 9 l[ gr\nd :]e a m>% _h exi/$4 ,ri*mond is situat$ j s\? ( ! ,bloom+ton mora9e1 on an area :i* is undulat+ & m or less mora9ic4 ,! animal mu/ h liv$ at "s "t aft] ! culm9ation ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 #c4 ,gre5field1 ,hancock ,c\nty4--,9 #ahic 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,joseph ,moore m5tion$ ! fact t "s rema9s ( ,ca/oroides _h be5 f\nd ne> ,gre5field & t ^! 7 9 ! possession ( ,dr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,adams4 ,9 #aijj 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 = #ahii1 p4 #aga1 plates ,i1 ,,ii71 ,moore pres5t$ figures ( ! skull & made "s brief /atem5ts reg>d+ x4 ,at t "t ! skull _h come into ! possession ( ,e>lham ,college4 ,if re/or$ ?is skull w\ld h _h a l5g? ( #ac in*es4 ,no?+ is kn[n z to ! exact place :]e x 0 f\nd1 b x c n be d\bt$ t ! animal liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retreat$ fur!r nor?4 #d4 ,jame/[n1 ,boone ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis is a l[] jaw ( a giant beav] :i* has all ( ! mol>s1 b ^: incisors are brok5 (f at ! bord] ( ! bone4 ,?is specim5 0 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,deatley1 ( ,lizton1 ,h5dricks ,c\nty1 :o f\nd x 9 e>? ?r[n out by a dr$g+ ma*9e1 b ! exact locality 0 n /at$4 ,jame/[n is situat$ on ,eel ,riv] :]e x crosses ! ,*ampaign mora9e4 ,! geological age ( ! animal is !re=e ,late ,wiscons94 #e4 ,summitville1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,/ate ,museum at ,indianapolis is an upp] "r incisor ( ! giant beav] 9 its premaxilla1 label$ z pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,c>twright4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! specim54 ,summitville is surr\nd$ by pla9s ( ,wiscons9 drift4 ,x is ab\t #ab miles f ! place :]e 0 f\nd ! f9e m\nt$ specim5 ( ,elephas primig5ius n[ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,new ,york4 #f4 ,union ,city1 ,r&olph ,c\nty4--,"h 0 f\nd ! ne>ly complete skeleton ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis at ,e>lham ,college1 ,ri*mond1 ,indiana4 ,?is 0 secur$ by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,moore1 :o describ$ & figur$ x4 ,x 0 discov]$ on ! f>m ( ,john ,m4 ,turn]1 ab\t #h miles ne>ly ea/ ( ,w9*e/]4 ,mr4 ,turn] has in=m$ ! writ] t ! f>m is a "p ( section #ae1 t[n%ip #ag1 range #a4 ,! bones occurr$ 9 a lay] ( f9e-gra9$ m>ly silt f #b to #c feet ?ick1 ov]la9 by f #c to #d feet ( d>k loose mold ab\nd+ 9 fragm5ts ( %rubby /ems & v9es 9 v>i\s /ages ( decay4 ,"u ! silt conta9+ ! bones 7 co>s] & f9] drift gravels :i* =m$ ! bottom ( ! dit*4 ,9 ! silts 7 f\nd fre%-wat] ga/]opods & bivalve %ells4 ,along ! same dit*1 )9 a di/ance ( #cj rods1 o!r fragm5ts 7 f\nd :i* 7 suppos$ to indicate #i individuals ( ,ca/oroides4 ,z ?is region is cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift1 ! animal evid5tly liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet _h retir$ f ! ,union ,city mora9e1 possibly a long "t !reaft]4 #g4 ,fairm\nt1 ,grant ,c\nty4--,ne> ,fairm\nt 7 f\nd "s limb-bones & o!r p>ts 7b no skull7 ( ! giant beav]4 ,^! 7 obta9$ n f> f :]e ! l>ge specim5 ( ,elephas primig5ius 0 discov]$ :i* is m\nt$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york4 ,! rema9s ( ?is ,ca/oroides are 9 ! ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,no details reg>d+ ! f9d h be5 publi%$4 ,x 0 /at$ t ne> ! bones 7 p>ts ( trees1 z ?\gh a dam _h be5 built !re2 b ?is int]e/+ matt] appe>s n to h be5 inve/igat$4 ,! elephant m5tion$ above 0 f\nd on ! f>m ( ,dora ,c4 ,hitt1 9 ! s\!a/ qu>t] ( section #bc1 t[n%ip #bc nor?1 range #h ea/4 #h4 ,c>roll ,c\nty4--,9 #ahhd 7#ad? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cg7 ! ,/ate geologi/1 ,john ,collett1 wrote t ,ca/oroides _h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty2 b no?+ 0 add$ to ?is /atem5t4 ,on ! map ! numb] is plac$ arbitr>ily4 #i4 ,logansport1 ,cass ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a f9e skull ( ,ca/oroides1 )\t l[] jaw1 :i*1 accord+ to ! newspap] report accompany+ x 7dat$ ,janu>y #cj1 #ahid71 0 f\nd #b or #c miles nor? ( ,logansport1 by ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,mc,fadin1 :o sold x to ! ,national ,museum4 ,x lay at a dep? ( #g feet on a f9e s&1 above :i* 0 a foot ( solid gravel1 !n #c feet ( solid clay1 & at ! top #c feet ( alluvium4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's map ( ! region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 ?is place w\ld be on ! mora9e :i* lies nor? ( ! ,waba% ,riv]1 ! meet+-place ( ! ice-lobes com+ f ,lake ,mi*igan1 ,lake ,erie1 & ,sag9aw ,bay4 #aj4 ,macy1 ,miami ,c\nty4--,f ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,fite1 ,d5v]1 ,indiana1 ! writ] receiv$ a photograph ( a too? ( ,ca/oroides1 app>5tly ! l[] "r incisor4 ,?is 0 f\nd 9 ,all5 ,t[n%ip4 ,mr4 ,fite gives z ! exact locality section #bc1 t[n%ip #bi1 range #c ea/4 ,?is w\ld be n f> f ,macy4 ,x lies1 !re=e1 on or ne> ! nor!rn bord] ( ! great mora9e :i* ext5ds f ,delphi1 ,indiana1 to ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate4 #aa4 ,kosciusko ,c\nty4--,z 9 ! case ( ,cass ,c\nty1 we dep5d = our k ( ! discov]y ( ,ca/oroides 9 ,kosciusko ,c\nty on ! /atem5t made by ,john ,collett1 9 ! place !re cit$4 #ab4 ,grov]t[n1 ,/>ke ,c\nty4--,f ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ! in=mation has be5 receiv$ t !re is at t museum a f9e skull1 ) ! "r half pf ! m&ible1 ( a giant beav] :i* 0 f\nd #a4e miles we/ ( ,grov]t[n1 9 mak+ an excavation = ! abutm5t ( a bridge1 #f feet bel[ ! surface 9 t[n%ip #cd nor?1 range #a we/4 ,?is is )9 ! region ( ! ,plei/oc5e ,lake ,kankakee4 ,,ill9ois4 7,maps #bh1 #ch47 #a4 ,%awneet[n1 ,gallat9 ,c\nty4--,9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,philadelphia are a "p ( "o incisor1 two mol>s1 & two petr\s bones :i* 7 _m ye>s ago obta9$ by a ,dr4 ,feu*twang]1 f a well at a dep? ( #dj feet4 ,^! 7 m5tion$ by ,le ,conte 9 #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ec74 ,leidy has figur$ ! incisor 7,holmes's 8,po/-,plioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 #ahfj1 plate ,,xxii1 fig4 #e2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahhg1 plate ,,ii1 fig4 #aj74 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #fe7 /ates t at ,%awneet[n a bor+ = gas & oil p5etrat$ #aab feet ( alluvial & o!r deposits be=e rea*+ rock4 ,8 map 7plate ,,vi7 indicates t "h ! valley ( ! ,ohio is compos$ ( s& & gravel pla9s ( ,wiscons9 age4 ,"u ! conditions x seems impossible to =m any c]ta9 conclusions reg>d+ ! geological age ( ?is specim54 ,x belongs possibly to ! lat] half ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,mc,adams collection1 describ$ on page #cch1 is a "p ( a l>ge upp] incisor1 9 two pieces1 ( a specim5 ( ,ca/oroides1 ) ,mc,adams's ,nos4 #bji1 #baj1 & a small fragm5t ( ano!r incisor4 ,all ?ree specim5s are m or less envelop$ 9 nodules ( h>d mat]ials4 ,9 #ahhc 7,trans4 ,/4 ,l\is ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxx7 ,mc,adams /at$ t he _h se51 bo? 9 true & modifi$ drift1 rema9s ( rod5ts l>ge & small1 b "o1 an ext9ct beav]1 0 ( mon/r\s size4 ,= conclusions z to ! age ( ! fauna secur$ by ,mc,adams see page #cci4 #c4 ,*>le/on1 ,coles ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #ig71 ,leidy briefly describ$ a skull ( ,ca/oroides1 s5t to him = exam9ation by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,wor!n4 ,x lack$ bo? zygomatic ar*es & ! incisor tee?4 ,! l5g? ( ! skull 0 #aj4e in*es4 ,?is skull _h be5 f\nd by someone :ile he 0 pl[+ 9 a field ne> ,*>le/on4 ,! region ab\t ,*>le/on is cov]$ by ! ,%elbyville lobe ( ! e>ly ,wiscons9 drift4 ,! animal mu/ h liv$ at "s "t aft] ! deposition ( t drift4 #d4 ,nap]ville1 ,du,page ,c\nty4--,h4 ,m4 ,banni/] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ill9ois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aac7 report$ a skull & o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ,ca/oroides1 f\nd by a f>m] 9 a sl\gh n f> f ,nap]ville4 ,! skull w5t to ,colonel ,wood's ,museum 9 ,*icago1 & x 0 probably de/roy$ 9 ! great fire ( #ahga4 ,?is animal q c]ta9ly liv$ aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,c\nty4--,9 #ahfj1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,holmes's ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #aad1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #f-h7 record$ ! fact t fragm5ts ( ! tee? ( ! giant beav] _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposit ( ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 ! ,p9ckney collection is an upp] *eek-too?1 ! f\r? premol>4 ,! height ( ! too? is #cg mm41 ! l5g? is #af mm41 ! wid? #aa4e mm4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,9 ! ,scanlan collection1 ! prop]ty ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 & made 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on1 are five m or less injur$ tee?4 ,"o is a left upp] mol>1 ei!r ! second or ! ?ird4 ,! l5g? ( ! gr9d+-surface is #ab mm41 ! wid? #ac mm4 ,two fragm5ts ( upp] "r incisors are int]e/+4 ,"o ( ^!1 #adj mm4 long1 be>s ! oblique excavat$ surface worn by ! l[] incisors4 ,ea* diamet] ( ! too? is #be mm4 ,! o!r fragm5t is #abc mm4 long & comes f ! middle ( ! too?4 ,! two diamet]s ( ?is too? are1 z 9 ! o!r "o1 #be mm4 ,bo? ( ^! tee? appe> to be m /rongly curv$ ?an ! tee? ( m nor!rn specim5s4 ,also1 ! /riation on ! out] face ( ! too? is f9]1 f9ally becom+ hair-l l9es z ! re> face is approa*$4 ,m ( ! l>g] ridges 9 ! front ( ! too? are direct$ obliquely & t]m9ate along a front groove ?an 9 specim5s hi!rto obs]v$4 ,x is possible t an undescrib$ species is indicat$4 ,! two tee? pres5t "s diff]5ces betwe5 !mselves4 ,ano!r fragm5t1 #ajc mm4 long1 has a diamet] ( #bj mm4 ,at ! base is se5 a "p ( ! pulp-cavity4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,c\nty4--,9 a small collection ( v]tebrate fossils made dur+ dr$g+ op]ations at ,brunswick n _m ye>s ago1 & :i* n[ belongs to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,georgia1 ,gidley f\nd a fragm5t ( an incisor too? ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis4 ,! accompany+ species w be record$ on page #cgj4 ,gidley's li/ is f\nd on page #dcf ( ,bullet9 ,no4 #bf ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,georgia4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,c\nty4--,james ,hall1 9 #ahdf 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afh2 ,j\r4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #chj71 ann\nc$ t rema9s ( ?is animal _h be5 f\nd 9 ! neighborhood ( ,nat*ez4 ,! exact locality is unkn[n & likewise ! conditions "u :i* ! specim5s 7 discov]$4 ,?is species is n includ$ by ,leidy 9 8 li/ ( fossil mammals f\nd 9 ,plei/oc5e deposits 9 ,mississippi up to #ahed 7,wailles1 ,agri4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif74 ,a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nat*ez is pres5t$ on page #cib4 ,,t5nessee4 7,map #bh4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,c\nty4--,9 #ahej1 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman report$ 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bha7 t a "p ( a l[] jaw ( ,ca/oroides _h be5 f\nd at ,memphis4 ,) x 7 a toe-bone ( ,megalonyx1 a too? ( a "y ma/odon1 & a "p ( ! l[] jaw ( a beav]4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ^! rema9s _h be5 buri$ 9 ! deposits laid d[n by ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! locality & ! height above ! riv] 7 n m exactly specifi$4 ,! specim5 ( ,ca/oroides1 a "r ramus ( ! l[] jaw1 is n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia4 ,,on ,,! ,,plei/oc5e ,,geology ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica ,,& ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,its ,,fossil ,,v]tebrates4 ,,ont>io4 ,= a k ( ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,canada1 ! /ud5t ought fir/ to read ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson's 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 ,9 ?is w be f\nd ref]5ces to ! e>li] lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,= ! results ( m rec5t /udies ! reports ( ! ,canadian ,geological ,survey are to be consult$1 z well z pap]s publi%$ 9 ! sci5tific j\rnals4 ,= ! m important ( ^! pap]s ! read] may consult ! li/ publi%$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild 9 #aiah 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #bbi74 ,to /ate ! matt] briefly1 "o may say t almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ,ont>io are deposits ( glacial drift ( ,wiscons9 age4 ,9 a few localities h be5 discov]$ b$s :i* belong to e>li] glacial & int]glacial epo*s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ar\nd ,hudson ,bay1 ar\nd ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 along ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ,ottawa ,riv]s1 & ! ,bay ( ,fundy are m>9e deposits1 laid d[n aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice _h retir$ f ^? localities & :ile ! region :i* _h be5 occupi$ by ?is ice-%eet 0 depress$ s mu* t ! sea c\ld ent] ! bas9s nam$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ locality 9 ,canada = ! /ud5t ( v]tebrate palontology is d\btless ,toronto1 because ( ! pres5ce !re ( ,plei/oc5e deposits belong+ to m ?an "o /age1 & because ( ! discov]y ( sev]al species ( ext9ct v]tebrates & ( _m mollusks1 insects1 & plants4 ,= an und]/&+ ( ! geology ( ! region ,coleman's pap]s mu/ be /udi$1 z well z ^? ( au?ors cit$ by him4 ,on ! int]glacial deposits ?ree ( ,coleman's pap]s may be especially cit$ 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 #aija1 pp4 #bhe-caj2 #aj? ,int]nat4 ,cong4 ,geol41 #aijf1 ,mexico1 pp4 #abcg-abeh2 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiae1 pp4 #bdc-bed74 ,accord+ to ,coleman's figure #a ( ! fir/ pap] cit$1 ! kn[n int]glacial deposits 9 t region ext5d f ! m\? ( ,humb] ,riv] ea/w>d beyond ! m\? ( ,r\ge ,riv]1 a di/ance ( ab\t #bb miles1 & away f ! lake a di/ance ( ab\t #h miles4 ,deposits h be5 f\nd ev5 #ad miles nor? ( ,toronto 7,coleman1 #aiae1 p4 #bdf74 ,coleman's sket* map ( ! region1 tak5 f 8 pap] ( #aija1 is "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #c74 ,accord+ to ,coleman 7pap] ( #aiae1 p4 #bdc7 !re are kn[n at ,toronto five well-def9$ %eets ( b\ld] clay1 ) f\r %eets ( int]glacial s& & clay sep>at+ !m4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 only ! l[e/ ( ^! b$s h be5 describ$ ) any p>ticul>ity4 ,^! l[e/ b$s con/itute ! ,toronto =mation1 & x is ^! :i* h furni%$ ne>ly all ! fossil animals & plants discov]$ 9 t region4 ,?is ,toronto =mation is divisible into two portions1 & ^! h be5 designat$ z ! ,don b$s & ! ,sc>boro b$s4 ,!y are reg>d$ z hav+ be5 deposit$ 9 ! valley ( an anci5t riv] runn+ f ,georgian ,bay to ,sc>boro4 ,( ^! ! ,don b$s are ! old]4 ,sections ( ^! are f\nd 9 ,toronto & outside1 especially along ,don ,riv]4 ,!y h be5 laid d[n usually on a b\ld] clay1 #a to #i feet ?ick1 :i* itself reposes on ,hudson ,riv] %ales4 ,at "o po9t along ! ,don an int]glacial riv] _h cut ?r\gh bo? ! b\ld] clay & ! %ale to a dep? ( #af feet4 ,! ,don deposits consi/ ( v>y+ lay]s ( s&s1 gravels1 & clays4 ,at "o po9t ! section obta9$ am\nt$ to ab\t #bg feet2 b ?is1 comb9$ ) ano!r1 made up ab\t #dd feet4 ,at "o place trunks1 #ab or #ae feet long1 ( trees h be5 f\nd1 :i* 7 flatt5$ into ! surface ( ! b\ld] till2 also %ells ( unios1 :i* are emb$d$ 9 clay close to ! b\ld] till4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,region ab\t ,toronto1 ,ont>io1 %[+ location ( ,toronto & ,sc>boro ,heights ,plei/oc5e b$s4 ,f ,coleman4 ,9 #aiac 7,ont>io ,bur4 ,m9es4 ,guide ,book ,no4 #f1 pp4 #ae-ah71 ,pr(essor ,coleman pres5t$ a li/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! ,don b$s4 ,( ! plants #cb species ( trees _h be5 secur$1 among !m ! pawpaw1 ! r$ c$>1 & ! osage orange2 #da species ( fre%-wat] mollusks 7 li/$1 ( :i* #ab 7 ,unionid4 ,z be>+ on ! climate1 x may be said t !re are #ab species ( ! g5us ,unio li/$1 ( :i* #d species are n[ kn[n only f localities s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce dra9age2 :ile #c o!r species live 9 ,lake ,erie1 b n 9 ,lake ,ont>io4 ,! plants are mo/ly trees2 & sev]al species1 z ! osage orange & ! pawpaw1 are n[ f\nd only consid]ably f>!r s\?4 ,"o species ( maple no long] exi/s4 ,p5hall[ gave x z 8 op9ion t ! flora po9ts conclusively to ! exi/5ce ( climatic conditions ( a "* m ne>ly l t ( ! middle ,unit$ ,/ates to-day4 ,! unios n[ miss+ f t region give evid5ce to ! same fact4 ,= ^! reasons ! ,don deposits are spok5 ( z ! w>m-climate b$s4 ,! ,sc>boro b$s are f9ely display$ at ,sc>boro heights1 a few miles ea/ ( ,toronto4 ,! ?ickness ( ! clay "h am\nts to ab\t #id feet4 ,9 ^! deposits h be5 f\nd possibly mammo? or ma/odon & c>ib\1 b !re is "s unc]ta9ty ab\t ^!4 ,only #ad species ( plants h be5 secur$ & ^! are trees2 b app>5tly no mollusks h be5 report$4 ,z an (fset !re are great numb]s ( beetles4 ,( ^! !re h be5 describ$ #gb species1 & all are ext9ct except #b4 ,! trees1 accord+ to ,p5hall[1 indicate a climate some:at cool] ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 t region4 ,! same conclusion 0 rea*$ by ,scudd] f 8 /udy ( ! insects4 ,9 8 pap] ( #aija1 ,coleman took ! view t ! ,toronto =mation _h be5 laid d[n 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,i[an & ! ,wiscons9 glacial /ages1 t is1 dur+ :at is n[ kn[n z ! ,peorian4 ,9 ! address ( #aijf1 page #dd1 he appe>s to h be5 incl9$ to accept ,lev]ett's view t at lea/ ! ,don b$s belong$ to ! ,sangamon /age4 ,by #aiae 7pap] cit$1 p4 #beb7 he _h ab\t conclud$ t ! ,toronto b$s 7 z old z ! ,aftonian /age4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 9 #aiab 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #bje-bah71 acc\nt$ = ! deposits & fossil animals & plants f\nd at ,toronto 9 a diff]5t way4 ,at a c]ta9 "t 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ! region ab\t ,toronto 0 occupi$ by "s species ( animals & plants n[ f\nd only consid]ably fur!r s\?4 ,an ice-%eet f ! ,keewat9 c5t] ext5d$ ?i!r & laid d[n ! ,don b$s4 ,lat] ! ,labrador glaci] pu%$ into t region & deposit$ ! ,sc>boro b$s4 ,accord+ to ?is view ! :ole succession ( ev5ts w\ld be mu* %ort5$4 ,! writ] is dispos$ to accept ,lev]ett's e/imate ( ! geological position ( ! int]glacial b$s at ,toronto4 ,! pres5ce !re ( ,elephas primig5ius1 ,mammut am]icanum1 & ! probable ,ursus am]icanus h>dly c\nts 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! geological age1 = all ^! animals appe> to h cont9u$ on f at lea/ ! ,aftonian int]glacial to ! close ( ! ,wiscons94 ,!re are no specim5s t %[ t ei!r ,rangif] or ,c]valces exi/$ dur+ ! ,aftonian1 al?\gh "o c h>dly d\bt t !y did !n exi/4 ,9 ord] to %[ t ! ,toronto =mation belongs to ! ,aftonian1 x w\ld be necess>y to produce satisfactory /ratigraphical evid5ce or to f9d !re g5]a & species ( mammals :i* *>act]ize ! ,aftonian1 su* z camels1 ,elephas imp]ator1 & ^? horses :i* belong to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,if ! deposits belong to ! ,sangamon /age1 su* horses z ,equus complicatus & ,e4 leidyi ought 9 "t to be discov]$ !re4 ,coleman has discuss$ ! int]glacial b$s t occur else:]e 9 ,canada 7#aj? ,int]nat4 ,geol4 ,congr4 #aijf1 ,mexico1 pp4 #abcg-abeh2 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiae1 pp4 #bdc-bed74 ,he ref]s to ,*alm]s's acc\nt ( int]glacial deposits along ,lake ,erie2 b s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to det]m9e1 mo/ ( ! deposits ref]r$ to are ( ,late ,wiscons9 age4 ,h[ev]1 z he says1 ,sp5c] f\nd int]glacial mat]ials ne> ,niag>a ,falls4 ,o!r b$s h be5 discov]$ along ,moose ,riv]1 s\? ( ,james ,bay2 b _! geological position has n be5 def9itely det]m9$1 & ! fossils discov]$ !re1 mo/ly proboscideans1 are n ref]r$ ) c]ta9ty to ! int]glacial deposits4 ,mo/ ( ! v]tebrate fossils f\nd 9 ,ont>io1 except+ _m ( ^? f\nd at ,toronto1 belong to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age2 & 9 /udy+ _! geological relations "o mu/1 z 9 ! ,/ates ( ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 & ,mi*igan1 take into consid]ation ! hi/ory ( ! ,great ,lakes aft] ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet began to retire4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett & ,taylor's maps 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,xiv71 z e>ly z ! "t :5 ! glacial ice _h j begun to )draw f ,lakes ,mi*igan & ,erie1 a consid]able area ( l& _h become cle>$ ( ice 9 ! p59sula b\nd$ by ,georgian ,bay1 ,lakes ,huron1 ,erie1 & ,ont>io4 ,we c h>dly suppose1 h[ev]1 t any ma/odons or any elephants1 except possibly ,elephas primig5ius1 c\ld h made _! way to t area4 ,ev5 ! la/-m5tion$ species w\ld h _h to travel ov] _m miles ( glacial ice4 ,conditions 7 h>dly m favorable :5 ,lake ,:ittlesey _h come into exi/5ce 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvi74 ,at a lat] /age 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvii7 ! ice-free p>ts ( ! p59sula c\ld h be5 rea*$ only by cross+ ! lakes or ov] wide /ret*es ( glaci]4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! ma/odons & elephants t h be5 f\nd _h cross$ ov] into ,ont>io at ab\t ! /age repres5t$ by plate ,,xix ( ! "w cit$1 b x is m probable t !y liv$ !re at a lat] "t4 ,brief m5tion is "h made ( ! fossil v]tebrates f\nd 9 ,ont>io & _! localities4 ,m detail$ /atem5ts w be f\nd on ! pages cit$4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! we/1 a ma/odon has be5 f\nd at ,bly!wood1 ,essex ,c\nty 7p4 #de74 ,9 ,elg9 ,c\nty a ma/odon has be5 met ) at ,/4 ,?omas 7p4 #de71 & a ma/odon 7p4 #de7 & an undet]m9$ species ( elephant at ,highgate 7p4 #de74 ,a little f>!r back f ! lake1 at ,london1 ,middlesex ,c\nty1 has be5 f\nd a ma/odon 7p4 #de74 ,at ,m>burg1 n f> f ! %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami exhum$ a ma/odon 7p4 #de74 ,! writ] has n le>n$ h[ ?is locality is relat$ to ! anci5t bea*es4 ,at ,dunnville1 ,haldim& ,c\nty1 a ma/odon has be5 secur$ 7p4 #df74 ,x c\ld h>dly h liv$ !re be=e ! lake _h assum$ ne>ly its pres5t level4 ,! same rem>k w apply to ! "t :5 ! ma/odon 7p4 #df71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adg71 & possibly ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #aff7 liv$ at ,/4 ,ca?>9es4 ,f ,hamilton1 at ! extreme we/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io1 h be5 describ$ rema9s ( ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adg71 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aff71 elk1 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bce71 & ! beav]4 ,elephas primig5ius has be5 f\nd at ,toronto1 7p4 #acj72 also ,c]valces1 a bison 7p4 #bef71 & a re9de] 7p4 #bdd74 ,! same elephant has be5 discov]$ at ,am>an?1 9 ,duff]9 ,c\nty 7p4 #acj74 ,! elk1 ,c]vus canad5sis1 has be5 report$ f ,/ra?roy1 ,middlesex ,c\nty1 & ,k+/on1 ,front5ac ,c\nty 7p4 #bce74 ,at ,smi?'s ,falls1 ,lan>k ,c\nty1 ! humpback :ale1 ,megapt]a bops1 has be5 discov]$ 7p4 #ag74 ,:ite :ales1 ,delph9apt]us leucas & ,d4 v]montanus1 h be5 f\nd at ,pak5ham1 ,lan>k ,c\nty 7p4 #ag71 at ,cornwall1 ,/ormont ,c\nty 7p4 #ah71 ,nepean ,t[n%ip 7p4 #ag71 ,ottawa ,ea/1 ,c>leton ,c\nty1 & ,william/on1 ,gl5g>ry ,c\nty 7p4 #ah74 ,at ,ottawa has be5 discov]$ an assemblage ( species1 z li/$ on page #bhg4 ,! geology ( ! ,hamilton locality has be5 describ$ by ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #iad71 by ,sp5c] 7,canad4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,x1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bbb-bcj1 #cjf-cjh71 & by ,coleman 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xv1 #aijd1 p4 #cea74 ,! rema9s m5tion$ 7 f\nd 9 deposits =m+ :at is call$ ,burl+ton ,heights4 ,"h ,dundas ,valley op5s into ! extreme we/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,! valley is ab\t a half mile wide4 ,across ?is _h be5 =m$ a b>1 int]rupt$ only at its nor!rn end1 ) a height ( #ajh feet above ! level ( ! lake & a wid? v>y+ f a few hundr$ y>ds to less ?an a half mile4 ,its height is almo/ t ( ! ,iroquois bea* f\nd on ! s\? %ore ( ! lake & cont9u+ on ! nor!rn %ore4 ,_m ye>s ago a canal 0 cut ?r\gh ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! b>1 & x 0 9 ! con/ruction ( ?is t ! elephant 7p4 #aff71 elk 7p4 #bce71 & beav] bones 7 f\nd4 ,x is evid5t t ! bones 7 deposit$ !re :ile ! b> 0 be+ built & at a "t :5 x lack$ #ch feet ( be+ z high z x n[ is4 ,! elephant jaw is 9 good condition1 & ?is indicates t ! animal di$ ne> ! spot4 ,coleman 7op4 cit41 p4 #ceb7 /at$ t aft]w>ds a railroad cut _h be5 made across ! s\!rn end ( ! b>1 expos+ #cj feet ( co>se /ratifi$ gravel1 foll[$ bel[ by #b feet ( br[n clay 7evid5tly an old soil7 & #h feet ( blue till4 ,9 ! old soil 7 f\nd quantities ( decay$ wood1 z well z bones ( mammo? & o!r animals4 ,ab\t a mile f>!r we/1 pits 7 op5$ = clay1 s&1 & gravel4 ,coleman gives ! foll[+ geological section at ?is place4 ,! column at ! "r gives ! heights above ! lake level4 feet4 feet4 ,clay mak+ r$ brick #f #gh ,gravel #cj #gb ,:ite s& #e #db ,h>d pan #d #cg ,:ite s& ) mammo? tusks & bones #cc ,cov]$ to level ( ! bay #j ,! mammo? tusks & bones 7 n wat]-worn4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !y 7 f\nd #hc feet bel[ ! top ( ! ,iroquois bea* 7#aaf feet above ! pres5t lake71 :ile ! jaw 0 only ab\t #de feet bel[ ! bea*4 ,bo? ,coleman1 z cit$1 & ,fair*ild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #bdg7 reg>d ! =mation ( ! b> at ,hamilton z %[+ t dur+ ,iroquois times ! lake became flood$ to a height ( ab\t #hb feet4 ,besides ! int]glacial species f\nd at ,toronto1 :i* h already be5 m5tion$1 !re may be not$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acj71 a ca/ ( :i* 0 report$ by ,w9*ell4 ,:e!r ?is 0 d]iv$ f int]glacial or late ,wiscons9 b$s is n kn[n4 ,coleman1 z else:]e cit$1 report$ ! f9d+ ( rema9s ( "o ( ! elephants on ! ,iroquois bea*4 ,on ! same bea* h be5 collect$ antl]s ( re9de] 7p4 #bdd74 ,^! animals mu/ h liv$ !re n e>li] ?an ! "t :5 t bea* 0 =m+1 p]haps lat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,ea/]n ,ont>io1 %[+ limit ( fre%-wat] bea*es & m>9e fossils4 ,r$rawn f ,coleman4 ,9 a buri$ gorge ext5d+ 9 a nor?we/]n direction f ! :irlpool at ,niag>a to ! ,niag>a esc>pm5t1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c] 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #dcc7 has discov]$ :at he reg>ds z deposits equival5t to ! ,toronto =mation1 :ile old] glacial & int]glacial b$s are f\nd bel[ & m rec5t ones above4 ,no fossils 7 met ) except wood4 ,at ,am>an? h be5 secur$ consid]able p>ts ( a skeleton ( ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acj74 ,?is elephant mu/ h exi/$ r late 9 ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,ab\t ,k+/on 9 ,front5ac ,c\nty1 at two places1 h be5 secur$ rema9s ( ! elk 7p4 #bce71 b lack ( details z to places & conditions precludes c]ta9ty z to _! geological age4 ,! fact t !y 7 f\nd 9 %ell m>l is favorable to ! idea t !y belong$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,"h may be m5tion$ aga9 ! bison horn ( unc]ta9 geological age :i* 0 f\nd on ! nor? %ore ( ,nipiss+ ,lake 7p4 #bff74 ,9 ,algoma ,c\nty1 on ! banks ( ,moose ,riv]1 0 f\nd a "p ( a skull ( a ma/odon1 b !re is unc]ta9ty :e!r x _h be5 buri$ 9 int]glacial deposits or 9 m>9e ,*ampla9 b$s4 ,! region 9 ! extreme ea/]n end ( ,ont>io is int]e/+ because x furni%es a consid]able fauna belong+ to ! ,*ampla9 /age4 ,dur+ ! la/ glacial /age ! region on :i* ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 0 re/+ became depress$ to su* an ext5t t :5 ?is ice retreat$ beyond ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv]1 m>9e wat]s occupi$ ! bas9 ne>ly to ! ea/]n end ( ,lake ,ont>io & ,ottawa ,riv] z f> z ,lake ,c\longe4 ,coleman's figure ( ! region 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #abi-adf1 fig4 #a7 is "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #d7 to %[ ! we/]n limits ( ! m>9e wat]s1 s f> z kn[n1 & ! correspond+ fre%-wat] bea* along ! nor? %ore ( ,lake ,ont>io4 ,figure #e f ,coleman %[s h[ ! ,*ampla9 ,sea 0 limit$ on ! s\?4 ,m>9e fossils1 especially mollusks1 h be5 f\nd along ! upp] ,/4 ,lawr5ce z f> z ,brockville1 ,quebec1 & on ! opposite side ( ! riv]1 9 ,new ,york4 ,on ,coleman's map ! pres5t elevations ( ! old bea*es at important localities are m>k$1 t at ,ottawa hav+ an elevation ( #dej feet & at ,c\longe #cgj feet4 ,accord+ to ,john/on1 :o has describ$ ! ,plei/oc5e geology 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ottawa 7,mem4 #aja1 ,canad4 ,dept4 ,m9es1 #aiag71 !re is a po9t ab\t #h miles nor?we/ ( ! city :]e a m>9e t]race is f\nd at a height ( #fij feet above sea-level4 ,! m>9e b$s at ,ottawa are divid$ into ! ,l$a clays at ! base & ,saxicava s&s above4 ,! =m] h a maximum ?ickness ( ab\t #bjj feet1 ! ,saxicava s&s1 a ?ickness ( ab\t #dj feet4 ,! fossils occur mo/ly 9 ! ,l$a clays4 ,9 #ahig1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami 7,ottawa ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #bj-bf71 & aga9 9 #aija 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ann4 ,rep41 ,,xii1 ,g1 pp4 #ea-ef71 publi%$ li/s ( ! fossils f\nd 9 ! ,ottawa ,valley1 ne>ly all ( !m 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ottawa4 ,!re 7 li/$ #bf species ( plants1 ab\t #ac species ( m>9e mollusks1 & ! foll[+ v]tebrates3 ,mallotus villosus1 capel94 ,cyclopt]us lumpus1 lump-suck]4 ,osm]us mordax1 smelt4 ,art$iellus atlanticus 7,cottus unc9atus71 sculp94 ,ga/]o/eus aculeatus1 /ickleback4 ,phoca vitul9a1 common seal 7p4 #bb74 ,phoca grnl&ica1 ,gre5l& seal 7p4 #bc74 ,tamias /riatus1 *ipmunk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,s\? %ore-l9e ( anci5t ,*ampla9 sea4 ,r$rawn f ,coleman4 ,! aquatic =ms are all species exi/+ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & along ! nor!rn ,atlantic coa/4 ,! *ipmunk lives at ,ottawa4 ,specim5s ( fea!rs ( birds also h be5 f\nd 9 nodules1 b ! species h n be5 det]m9$4 ,! rema9s ( ! *ipmunk 7 probably wa%$ 9 by "s fre%-wat] /ream4 ,accord+ to ,john/on's pap] j cit$1 !re are deposits ( glacial drift und]ly+ ! m>9e ,*ampla9 b$s1 b !y h furni%$ no fossils4 ,! m>9e deposits ext5d up ! ,ottawa ,valley at lea/ z f> z ,c\longe ,lake1 & "h has be5 f\nd ,mallotus villosus4 ,at ,wel%e's1 #c miles nor? ( ,smi?'s ,falls1 ,lan>k ,c\nty1 h be5 f\nd "s rema9s ( ! humpback :ale1 ,megapt]a bops 7,dawson1 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahhc1 p4 #bjj74 ,x 0 met ) 7p4 #ag7 at an elevation ( #ddj feet above pres5t sea-level4 ,x appe>s to h be5 left !re dur+ ! "t :5 ! ,saxacava s&s & gravels 7 be+ laid d[n 7,coleman1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acc74 ,,quebec4 ,! ,plei/oc5e ( ,quebec 0 describ$ by ,logan 9 #ahfc 7,geol4 ,canada1 pp4 #iag-ibf7 & by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 #ahid1 9 8 8,canadian ,ice ,age40 ,dawson divid$ ! epo*1 z repres5t$ 9 ,canada1 into ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 ! mid-,plei/oc5e1 & ! lat] ,plei/oc5e4 ,he did n accept ! glacial !ory z x is n[ und]/ood1 admitt+ only great local glaci]s4 ,8 e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposits embrac$ ! great bulk ( ! b\ld] clays4 ,8 mid-,plei/oc5e repres5ts an int]glacial p]iod1 dur+ :i* 7 deposit$ ! m>9e ,l$a clays1 ,saxicava s&s1 & _! fre%-wat] equival5ts4 ,! climate 0 suppos$ to be mild] ?an at pres5t4 ,dur+ ! lat] ,plei/oc5e !re 0 to "s ext5t a recurr5ce ( local glaciation & ( deposition ( b\ld] clay4 ,?is /age 0 foll[$1 accord+ to ,dawson1 by ! ,e>ly ,mod]n1 :i* he reg>d$ z ! age ( ! mammo? & ma/odon4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,/ansfield has describ$ ) "s detail ! ,plei/oc5e & ,rec5t deposits ( ! isl& ( ,montreal 7,mem4 #gc1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 #aiae74 ,! b\ld] clay is ( v>iable ?ickness & does n appe> to be divisible into b$s ( diff]5t epo*s4 ,! ,l$a & ,saxicava deposits are pres5t4 ,:5 ! latt] 7 laid d[n ! region ab\t ,montreal 0 depress$ ab\t #fjj feet bel[ its pres5t elevation4 ,?is has be5 confirm$ by ,gold?wait 7,summ>y ,rep4 = #aiac1 p4 #baa74 ,lat] x began to rise2 & ,/ansfield ?9ks t :5 ! elevation _h rea*$ ab\t #ajj feet less ?an t ( ! pres5t ! wat] ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce at t po9t _h become fre%4 ,he f\nd "s app>5t evid5ces ( a recurr5ce ( glaciation aft] ! ,*ampla9 /age1 b1 on ! :ole1 left ! "q undecid$4 ,he publi%$ a li/ ( ab\t #he species ( m>9e inv]tebrate fossils1 collect$ f ! ,l$a clay ab\t ,montreal1 & #bb species obta9$ f ! ,saxicava s&s4 ,besides ! inv]tebrates secur$ f ! ,l$a clays at t place1 !re are two v]tebrates1 ,phoca grnl&ica 7p4 #bb7 & ,delph9apt]us leucas1 or ,d4 v]montana 7p4 #ah74 ,at ,rivire du ,l\p1 9 ,temisc\ata ,c\nty1 :ale rema9s 7 report$ 9 #ahid 7p4 #ah71 :i* 7 ?\ght to belong to ,delph9apt]us leucas4 ,at ,metis1 ,rim\ski ,c\nty1 a jawbone ( a :ale has be5 discov]$ 9 ! %elly m>l ( ! l[] t]race 7p4 #ai72 :e!r or n x belong$ to ,megapt]a bops is n c]ta94 ,! specim5 ( ! =m] species 0 describ$ by ,leidy 9 #ahef4 ,accord+ to ,logan's report ( #ahfc 7,geol4 ,canada1 p4 #ibj71 ! s+le bone 0 f\nd 9 a bricky>d4 ,at ! same place 0 f\nd "s v]tebr ( ! :ale4 ,at ,bic1 ,rim\ski ,c\nty1 has be5 f\nd a ne>ly complete skeleton ( a walrus1 at an elevation ( m ?an #ajj feet 7p4 #ba74 ,dawson 7,canadian ,record ,sci41 #ahie1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ceb7 describ$ a ne>ly complete skeleton ( ! :ale :i* _h be5 f\nd at ,montreal 9 ! ,l$a clay1 #bb feet bel[ ! surface4 ,?is ,l$a clay 0 suppos$ by ,dawson to h be5 deposit$ at a dep? ( f #ej to #hj fa?oms1 :i* dep?1 he said1 correspond$ approximately to ! m>9e %ore-l9es at ,montreal at an elevation ( ab\t #dgj feet above sea-level1 & to ! sea-bea* at ,smi?'s ,falls1 above ref]r$ to4 ,h5ce at ! "t t ! :ale 0 buri$ ! m\nta9 at ,montreal 0 only a rocky islet 9 ! sea :i* prevail$ !n ov] ! region f ! ,laur5tian hills on ! nor? to ! highl&s ( ,quebec1 s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,at ,ttreauville1 9 ,ottawa ,c\nty1 on ,ottawa ,riv]1 h be5 f\nd "s bones1 suppos$ to belong to ! h>bor seal1 ,phoca vitul9a4 ,,new ,,brunswick1 ,,nova ,,scotia1 ,,& ,,cape ,,breton ,,isl&4 ,all ?ree ( ^! regions 7 involv$ 9 ! glaciation ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,accord+ to ,gold?wait 7,summ>y ,rep4 = #aiac1 pp4 #bdd-bej71 ,new ,brunswick 0 ! c5t] f :i* ! ice fl[$ out ov] ! o!r two l&s4 ,f ?is c5t] x mov$ s\?w>d ov] ! we/]n end ( ,nova ,scotia1 m & m s\!a/w>d ov] ! re/ ( ! p59sula1 :ile ov] ,cape ,breton ,isl& ! direction 0 ea/w>d & nor!a/w>d4 ,"s indications 7 obs]v$ ( an e>li] glaciation4 ,z reg>ds po/-glacial subm]g5ce1 ,gold?wait f\nd t at ,/4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 ?is _h am\nt$ to ab\t #aij feet1 :ile on ,cape ,breton ,isl& no signs ( any subm]g5ce 7 f\nd4 ,rob]t ,*alm]s _h arriv$ at simil> conclusions2 & ^! agree well ) ! !oretical isobases drawn by ,taylor = t region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 #aiae1 p4 #ejc74 ,g4 ,f4 ,mat!w 9 #ahgi 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 ,rep4 = #ahgg-gh1 ,,ee1 pp4 #a-cf7 describ$ ! geology ( s\!rn ,new ,brunswick4 ,few fossil v]tebrates ( ,plei/oc5e age h be5 discov]$ 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,on ,cape ,breton ,isl& ma/odon rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 two places1 ,middle ,riv] & ,baddeck 7p4 #df74 ,z long ago z #ahgd rema9s suppos$ to belong to ,delph9apt]us 7 f\nd ne> ! m\? ( ! ,jaquet ,riv]1 9 ! nor!rnmo/ "p ( ,new ,brunswick2 b ,pr(essor ,g4 ,h4 ,p]k9s has %[n t ! animal 0 probably ! n>:al1 ,monodon monoc]os4 ,! discov]y is discuss$ "h on page #ai4 ,at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,new ,brunswick1 along ,mace's ,bay1 ,*>lotte ,c\nty1 a jaw suppos$ to belong to a species ( ,delph9apt]us 0 f\nd1 :i* _h be5 buri$ 9 ! ,l$a clay 7p4 #ai74 ,ne> ,fairville1 at ! m\? ( ,/4 ,john ,riv]1 !re has be5 discov]$ "s bones ( ! seal ,phoca grnl&ica 7p4 #ba74 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia is a skull ( a walrus 7p4 #ba7 f\nd app>5tly 9 ! wat] ne> ,sable ,isl& ab\t #ej ye>s ago4 ,x is n c]ta9 t x is a ,plei/oc5e fossil4 ,,new ,,engl&4 ,inasmu* z relatively few v]tebrates belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 x w n be necess>y to ent] into details reg>d+ ! geology ( ! glacial p]iod 9 ?is region4 ,nev]!less1 ! subject is "o ( great int]e/ & "o :i* has engag$ ! att5tion ( _m geologi/s4 ,= ^? :o wi% to ent] on ! /udy1 ! writ] recomm5ds fir/ a pap] writt5 9 #aijf 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #eje-eef7 by ,fr$]ick ,g4 ,clapp1 entitl$ 8,complexity ( ! ,glacial ,p]iod 9 ,nor!a/]n ,new ,engl&10 :i* gives a brief hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! idea t 9 ! region m5tion$ !re are evid5ces ( m ?an "o glacial & ( m ?an "o int]glacial /age4 ,!re are also citations ( ! pr9cipal pap]s writt5 on ! subject4 ,among ! writ]s cit$ are ,%al]1 ,woodwor?1 ,full]1 ,upham1 ,/one1 & ,t>r4 ,clapp conclud$ t ,new ,engl& _h be5 invad$ by at lea/ ?ree ice-%eets & t ^! invasions _h be5 sep>at$ by two int]glacial int]vals ( long duration4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great] ?ickness ( ! drift & because ( few] favorable exposures1 due to ! rocky nature ( ! coa/ & o!r causes1 _m difficulties are enc\nt]$ 9 /udy+ ! deposits4 ,he reg>d$ absolute correlations z n yet possible4 ,! la/ glaciation he accept$ z correspond+ closely ) ! ,wiscons91 z display$ 9 ,/ates fur!r we/4 ,:at is kn[n z ,montauk drift1 =m+ a "p ( ! ,gay ,head int]val ( ,woodwor?1 appe>$ to ,clapp to correspond possibly to ! ,ill9oian4 ,/ill old] drifts w\ld seem to h _! place ne>] ! pre-,kansan 7,nebraskan7 ?an to ! ,kansan4 ,:at h be5 call$ 8,l$a clays0 are f\nd f ,bo/on nor? into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley4 ,clapp divides !m into ! 8high-level0 & ! 8l[-level0 clays4 ,! =m] are ! old] & reg>d$ z be+ ab\t ! equival5t to ! ,i[an /age4 ,! 8l[-level clays0 are ref]r$ to ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,ano!r body ( clays nam$ by ,full] 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cge7 ! ,g>d9] clays1 f _! type locality1 ,g>d9] ,isl&1 ne> ! ea/ end ( ,long ,isl&1 lies b5ea? ! ,montauk till & has be5 ref]r$ by ,full] to ! ,y>m\? int]glacial4 ,9 8 pap] cit$ ,clapp pres5ts 7pp4 #ebj-ebc7 a li/ ( ! fossils1 mo/ly mollusks1 :i* h be5 collect$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits f ,new ,brunswick to ,new ,york4 ,along ! ,new ,engl& coa/ are evid5ces ( uplift :i* foll[$ ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,katz 7,j\r4 ,wa%+ton ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,viii1 #aiah1 p4 #daj7 report$ elevations ( #aee feet at ,/ra?am1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 & #cjj feet at ,pawnal1 ,ma9e4 ,fair*ild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #bad7 records ! elevations at v>i\s localities 9 ,ma9e4 ,a brief int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo* z record$ 9 ,massa*usetts & ,rhode ,isl& may be f\nd 9 an article by ,b4 ,k4 ,em]son 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #eig1 pp4 #acd-adi74 ,x deals 9 "p ) ! geology ( ! valley ( ! ,connecticut ,riv]4 ,gold?wait 7,appala*ia1 vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #a-bc7 & ,fo%ay 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #cde-cdh7 h f\nd evid5ces ( an e>ly ,plei/oc5e glaciation 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s ( ,new ,hamp%ire4 ,v]mont is int]e/+ especially on acc\nt ( ! ,plei/oc5e hi/ory ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,?is hi/ory has be5 rec5tly discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild 7,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/ ,v]mont1 vol4 ,x1 #aiaf1 pp4 #a-da1 ) maps & views71 :o pres5ts 7pp4 #dj-daa7 a li/1 #cg 9 numb]1 ( ! m important pap]s relat+ to ! subject4 ,:ile ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 0 re/+ ^u ,canada & ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! l& ?us occupi$1 & probably a consid]able area beyond ! ice1 became depress$4 ,! valleys ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ! ,ottawa1 ! ,hudson1 & ! ,connecticut _h be5 press$ d[n to su* an ext5t t1 z ! ice-%eet retir$ ^! valleys became fill$ ) wat] /&+ at sea-level4 ,:5 at l5g? ! glacial front _h retreat$ beyond ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 sea-wat] ent]$ ,lake ,ont>io & pass$ up ,ottawa ,riv] f> above ! city ( ,ottawa 7,lev]ett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,xxi74 ,s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 m>9e wat]s occupi$ :at is n[ ,lake ,*ampla9 & z mu* ( ! surr\nd+ l& z 0 !n at or bel[ sea-level4 ,9 8 acc\nt ,fair*ild makes use ( ! plate :i* is "h reproduc$ 7map #ca7 f 8 article ( #aiag 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bgi1 plate ,,xi74 ,?is geologi/ believes t ! ,hudson =m$ = a :ile a connection ) ,lake ,*ampla91 al?\gh ! ,hudson wat]s may n h be5 actually sal9e4 ,b 9 ,lake ,*ampla9 ! pres5ce ( fossil m>9e mollusks & at lea/ "o :ale skeleton %[s t its wat]s 7 salt4 ,! l9es cross+ ! plate obliquely are ! isobases :i* %[ ! am\nt ( elevation :i* has tak5 place along ^? l9es s9ce ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,s\? ( ,new ,york ,city ?is is z]o4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ,lake ,*ampla9 ! elevation is #hjj feet4 ,?is means t ! nor? end ( ! lake = a :ile /ood #hjj feet l[] ?an n[4 ,m>9e fossils h1 h[ev]1 be5 f\nd at an elevation ( only ab\t #cjj feet4 ,! wat]s :i* fir/ occupi$ ! lake & /ood at ! highe/ level 7 ( glacial orig9 & fre%4 ,:5 ! ice-front _h rec$$ s z to op5 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & admit sea-wat]1 ! nor!rn end ( ! lake _h be5 uplift$ ab\t #ejj feet4 ,x 0 !n t ! m>9e animals ent]$4 ,o!r important pap]s to be consult$ 9 ?is connection are z foll[s3 ,"o by ,j4 ,b4 ,woodwor? 7,bull4 #hd ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus472 "o by ,*>les ,e4 ,peet 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xii1 #aijd1 pp4 #dae-dfi2 #fag-ffj71 & two by ,pr(essor ,fair*ild 7,bulls4 #aje1 #abg1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,mus474 ,x is prop] to say t c]ta9 glacial geologi/s ma9ta9 t ! depression 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates has be5 less ?an suppos$ by ,fair*ild1 & t ! isobases curv$ ar\nd t[>d ! nor? z ! ,new ,engl& coa/ 0 approa*$1 some:at z repres5t$ by ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ejc74 ,fair*ild1 9 a lat] pap] 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol4 ,,xxix1 #aiah1 pp4 #ahg-bdd71 has rea*$ ! same conclusion & pres5t$ a map on :i* are drawn ! isobases1 or l9es pass+ ?r\gh po9ts affect$ by ! same am\nt ( po/-glacial uplift2 f ?is map #cb has be5 prep>$4 ,on 8 map ! location ( ! heavy or solid l9es is reg>d$ by ,fair*ild z be+ bas$ on cle> evid5ce4 ,:]e ! l9es become ?9 ! evid5ce is less tru/wor?y2 :]e ! l9es are brok5 _! positions are hypo!tical4 ,! num]als on ! l9es %[ ! am\nt ( uplift along ^? l9es4 ,two po9ts ( importance are br\ght out on ! map4 ,! fir/ is t ,newf\ndl& =m$ an indep5d5t c5t] ( glaciation & ( subsequ5t uplift1 a conclusion bas$ on good geological evid5ce4 ,! second po9t is t ! c5t] ( ! ,wiscons9 glaciation 0 locat$ s\!a/ ( ,james ,bay1 consid]ably f>!r s\? & we/ ?an is usually suppos$4 ,! confirmation ( ?is is left to ! future4 ,x does n seem to h be5 demon/rat$ t !re are 9 ,connecticut any ,plei/oc5e deposits old] ?an ^? laid d[n by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,9 case ,full] 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap] #hb7 is correct 9 8 det]m9ation ( b$s ( ! e>ly1 middle1 & late ,plei/oc5e on ,long ,isl&1 x is to be expect$ t b$s ( correspond+ ages w yet be recogniz$ 9 ,connecticut4 ,woodwor? 7#ag? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 #a1 p4 #igh7 m5tions deposits ( clay at ,b]l9 & at ,new ,hav5 t may be old] ?an ! ,wiscons94 ,:ile ! correlations record$ above ( ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates ) ! glacial & int]glacial /ages ( ! ,mississippi ,valley may be subject to modifications1 x is int]e/+ to le>n t ! pres5ce ( ,middle & ,e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposits 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates has receiv$ ! recognition ( s _m /ud5ts ( glacial geology4 ,! hope is awak5$ t 9 ,new ,engl& !re may yet be f\nd int]glacial deposits :i* w furni% rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates1 z ^! h come to light f ,?rog's ,neck1 ,new ,york1 to s\!rn ,florida4 ,x is possible t ! a/ragalus ( an equ9e animal 7p4 #ahc71 f\nd at ,gay ,head1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 belongs to a species ( ,equus ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e age4 ,9 ord] to illu/rate /ill fur!r ! ev5ts connect$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,plei/oc5e 9 ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes1 ?ree additional figures are introduc$4 ,"o ( ^! 7map #cc7 %[s ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]'s conception ( ! dra9age ( ! region 9 preglacial times4 ,! areas n[ occupi$ by ! lakes 7 !n trav]s$ by riv]s4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! riv]s above ,pittsburgh n[ dis*>g+ into ! ,ohio !n empti$ nor?w>d into ! ,erigan4 ,?is is %[n also by a map 7fig4 #f7 tak5 f ,lev]ett 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #hi74 ,figure #e1 on page #bhg1 %[s ! position ( ! %ore ( ?is ,*ampla9 ,sea4 ,! numb] ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates f\nd 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates is limit$1 & mo/ ( !m h be5 m5tion$4 ,some:]e on ! coa/ ( ,ma9e h be5 f\nd specim5s ( ! fi% ,mallotus villosus 7,g\ld1 ,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahdh1 p4 #fg74 ,at ,*>lotte1 ,v]mont1 a :ite :ale1 ,delph9apt]us v]montanus1 0 f\nd _m ye>s ago 7p4 #ai74 ,"s bovid tee? 7 f\nd _m ye>s ago at ,g>d9]1 ,ma9e1 & ref]r$ to ,bison bison1 b x is n[ believ$ t !y are tee? ( ! dome/ic ox4 ,h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,all5 has report$ f ,cape ,cod1 ,massa*usetts1 tee? ( a "y bison 7p4 #bff74 ,at ,woodbury1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ,v]mont1 at a dep? ( #g feet1 an antl] & a piece ( ! upp] jaw ) five mol>s ( ,rangif] c>ib\ 7p4 #bdd7 h be5 discov]$ 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,v]mont1 vol ,,vi1 p4 #g74 ,ma/odons h be5 discov]$ 9 ,massa*usetts at ,col]a9e & ,%rewsbury 7p4 #dg74 ,_m ye>s ago a too? & a tusk & "s bones ( an elephant 7 f\nd at ,m\nt ,holly1 ,v]mont 7p4 #adh72 ! writ] ref]s ! animal to ,elephas columbi4 ,an undet]m9$ elephant has be5 f\nd 9 ,v]mont at ,ri*mond 7p4 #afg74 ,walrus rema9s h be5 recov]$ at ,addison ,po9t 7p4 #bc71 ,&rews ,isl& 7p4 #bc71 ,g>d9] 7p4 #bc71 & ,portl& 7p4 #bd71 all 9 ,ma9e2 (f ,portsm\?1 ,new ,hamp%ire 7p4 #be72 & on ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 ,massa*usetts 7p4 #be74 ,at ! latt] place a too? suppos$ to belong to ! hood$ seal 7p4 #bf7 0 f\nd long ago4 ,) respect to ! specim5s f\nd at ?is place !re is "s d\bt z to _! geological age4 ,) ! exception t ! re9de] bones 7p4 #bdd7 f\nd ne> ,new ,hav5 may be ( pre-,wiscons9 age1 no ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fossils old] ?an ,late ,wiscons9 appe> to h be5 discov]$ any:]e 9 ,connecticut4 ,z %[n else:]e 7p4 #dh71 !re 7 f\nd long ago at ,%>on1 ,lit*field ,c\nty1 rema9s :i* 7 id5tifi$ z ^? ( mammo?1 b ^! h s9ce be5 reg>d$ z ^? ( ! common ma/odon4 ,only a s+le v]tebra 0 pres]v$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,probable preglacial dra9age ( ! ,upp] ,ohio4 ,f ,lev]ett4 ,ma/odons h be5 f\nd 9 f\r o!r places1 ,*e%ire1 ,new ,brita91 ,bri/ol1 & ,f>m+ton 7pp4 #dg1 #dh74 ,! animals :i* left _! bones at ^? places c]ta9ly liv$ aft] ! la/ glacial %eet _h )drawn f ! ,/ate4 ,z m5tion$ on page #bia1 ,fair*ild has f\nd reasons = believ+ t1 :ile ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 0 )draw+ f ! ,hudson & ,connecticut ,valleys1 ! :ole region 0 s depress$ t ^! valleys became occupi$ by wat] at sea-level4 ,9 ^! wat]s !re 7 laid d[n ?ick deposits :i* n[ /& at levels mu* above tide1 v>y+1 9 ,connecticut1 f ne>ly #bjj to ab\t #cjj feet4 ,map #ca1 reproduc$ f ,pr(essor ,fair*ild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,am]41 vol ,,xxviii1 #aiag1 plate ,,xi7 is int5d$ to %[ h[ wide an ext5t ( t]ritory along ! ,connecticut ,valley 0 !n subm]g$4 ,x is probable t ! em]g5ce ( ^! deposits 0 n accompli%$ until aft] ! glaci] _h retir$ beyond ! ,/ate4 ,x w be obs]v$ 7map #f7 t ! localities j m5tion$1 :]e ! ma/odons h be5 f\nd1 lie v close to or on ! areas cov]$ by ! deposits m5tion$4 ,! pond 9 :i* ! ,f>m+ton ma/odon 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #c7 0 buri$ is 9 a range ( hills :i* mu/ h /ood z an isl& 9 ! ,connecticut inlet4 ,:ile x is possible t ma/odons liv$ on ?is isl& :ile ! l& 0 depress$1 x is m likely t !y liv$ !re aft] x _h be5 m or less elevat$4 ,judg+ f ! topographical maps1 "o may conclude t ! ma/odons t h be5 f\nd at ,*e%ire 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #a7 & ,new ,brita9 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #b7 7 buri$ 9 deposits t ov]lie ^? laid d[n at sea-level4 ,_! "t ( exi/5ce mu/ h be5 ne> ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,too little is kn[n ab\t ! ma/odons report$ f ,bri/ol & ,%>on to =m any def9ite op9ion ab\t ! /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e :5 !y liv$2 b x 0 probably aft] ! )drawal ( ! la/ ice-%eet4 ,,new ,,york4 ,f ! geologi/'s po9t ( view !re is h>dly1 if at all1 ano!r ,/ate :i* pres5ts = solution m num]\s or m int]e/+ problems connect$ ) ! ,plei/oc5e ?an does ,new ,york4 ,among ^! are ! geography & topography ( ! ,/ate at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 ! numb] & id5tity ( ! glacial /ages :i* affect$ its surface2 ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! bord]+ ,great ,lakes1 ( ! num]\s int]ior lakes1 & ( ! riv] c\rses1 actual & ab&on$4 ,= a k ( ^! "o mu/ consult ! v>i\s reports issu$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,/ate2 above all1 ! num]\s & in/ructive pap]s t h be5 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/]4 ,= ! /ud5t ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate palontology1 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york is n s attractive z "s o!rs2 b x is f> f be+ devoid ( int]e/4 ,few species ( v]tebrates ( ,plei/oc5e age h be5 f\nd 9 its deposits1 & ^!1 ) "o exception1 belong to ! late/ episodes ( ! la/ glacial /age4 ,s f> z ! writ] is aw>e1 ! foll[+ li/ comprises all ( ! ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates kn[n to h be5 f\nd )9 ! bord]s ( ! ,/ate2 ^? m>k$ ) an a/]isk 7997 are n[ ext9ct3 99,equus sp4 indet 7p4 #ahc74 99,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bab7 ,bison bison 7pp4 #bff1 #bfg74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,c]vus canad5sis 7pp4 #bce1 #bcf74 ,rangif] c>ib\8 7p4 #bde74 99,mammut am]icanum 7pp4 #dh-fc74 99,elephas columbi 7p4 #adi74 99,elephas primig5ius 7pp4 #aca1 #acb74 ,ca/or canad5sis4 99,ca/oroides ohio5sis 7p4 #bgb74 ,deposits ( mat]ials belong+ to ,plei/oc5e /ages old] ?an ! ,wiscons9 are app>5tly ( r>e occurr5ce 9 ! ,/ate4 ,if exi/+ !y are usually conceal$ b5ea? ! widely spread ,wiscons9 drift4 ,on ,long ,isl&1 ,full] 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pr(4 ,pap] #hb7 has describ$ b$s ( gravels1 s&s1 & clays1 :i* he reg>ds z belong+ to ! ,nebraskan1 ,aftonian1 ,y>m\?1 & ,ill9oian4 ,none ( ^! has furni%$ any v]tebrate fossils4 ,h[ev]1 9 #ahff 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,:ittlesey report$ t he _h a too? ( a horse 7p4 #ahc7 f\nd at ,=t ,s*uyl]1 ,?rog's ,neck1 #ah feet bel[ ! surface4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ly+ b5ea? ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,inasmu* z ,full] has f\nd ! ,manhassett =mation1 reg>d$ z equival5t to ! ,ill9oian1 ar\nd ,manhassett ,bay1 )9 #d or #e miles ( ,?rog's ,neck1 x seems entirely reasonable to suppose t deposits ( simil> or e>li] age exi/ at ,?rog's ,neck4 ,) ! exception ( small areas1 ! :ole ( ! ,/ate 0 at "o "t cov]$ by ! ice-%eet ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,! glacial ice fill$ ! bas9s ( ! ,great ,lakes1 & ov]rode ev5 ! peaks ( ! ,adirondack & ,catskill ,m\nta9s4 ,only along ! s\!rn side ( ,long ,isl& & 9 ! loop =m$ 9 ,catt>augus ,c\nty by ,allegh5y ,riv] does ! ice-%eet appe> to h be5 abs5t4 ,ne>ly ev]y:]e1 ev5 on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,long ,isl& z outwa%1 x left its burd5 ( clay1 s&1 gravel & b\ld]s1 usually _m feet 9 ?ickness2 9 ! m\nta9\s regions ?is drift mat]ial is pres5t1 at lea/ 9 ! valleys4 ,at ! extreme s\!rn edge ( ! glacial %eet !re 0 laid d[n ! t]m9al mora9e1 :i*1 m or less di/9ctly det]m9able1 has be5 trac$ f ! ea/]n end ( ,long ,isl& to ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ,catt>augus ,c\nty1 & onw>d into ,p5nsylvania4 ,?is mora9e is %[n "h on maps #c & #f-;,a4 ,z ! ice-%eet )drew t[>d ! nor?1 ! surface :i* x _h occupi$ 01 = _m reasons1 v unev51 & 9 ! depressions !re 7 =m$ num]\s lakelets & lakes4 ,into ! small] lakes & ponds especially1 7 swept1 by runn+ wat] & bl[n by w9ds1 co>se mat]ials & du/1 s t !y began at once to fill4 ,wat]-lov+ plants 9 due "t took possession ( _! bord]s1 & 9 "t m>%es 7 =m$4 ,9 "s ( ^! bodies ( wat]s are n[ f\nd deposits ( %ell m>l1 :i* %[ t = a long p]iod ! lakes & ponds 7 inhabit$ by fre%-wat] mollusks4 ,sometimes bel[ ?is m>l1 b usually above x1 is f\nd a lay] ( peat1 ! product ( ! p>tial decay ( ! vegetation4 ,x is 9 su* peat-bogs1 sometimes buri$ 9 ! peat1 sometimes 9 ! m>l1 t h be5 f\nd mo/ ( ! bones & tee? ( ! fossil animals recov]$4 ,inasmu* z su* deposits lie ^u ! ,wiscons9 drift1 x is c]ta9 t ^! animals liv$1 at ! localities :]e f\nd1 aft] ! retirem5t ( ! glaci] f t locality2 h[ long aft]w>d "o usually c n be c]ta94 ,x is 9 su* ,late ,wiscons9 deposits t h be5 f\nd ! num]\s rema9s ( ma/odons on ,long ,isl&1 on ,/at5 ,isl&1 ar\nd ,new ,york ,city1 & especially 9 ,orange ,c\nty 7pp4 #dh-ed74 ,?is c\nty has furni%$ "s ( ! mo/ complete skeletons ( ma/odons ev] discov]$4 ,:e!r or n ! conditions = _! exi/5ce 7 m favorable 9 ?is region ?an 9 t betwe5 ?is c\nty & ! ,f+] ,lake region may be reg>d$ z d\btful2 b x is c]ta9 t ! conditions = ! pres]vation ( skeletons 7 extremely favorable4 ,a rem>kable case is pres5t$ at ,cohoes1 :]e a "p ( a skeleton ( a ma/odon 0 f\nd 9 "o ( ! great pot-holes exi/+ !re1 & ano!r "p ( ! same skeleton 9 a neighbor+ pot-hole4 ,! case is discuss$ bel[4 ,9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,/ate1 aft] ! foot ( ! glaci] _h retir$ beyond ! divide betwe5 ! pres5t nor?w>d & s\?w>d fl[+ /reams1 bodies ( wat] began to collect betwe5 ! divide & ! foot ( ! glaci]4 ,to ^! bodies1 reg>d$ z lakes1 *ang+ f "t to "t _! dim5sions & _! outlets1 h be5 giv5 v>i\s names4 ,at fir/1 ! wat]s t collect$ 9 ! ,f+] ,lake region f\nd _! outlet s\?w>d ?r\gh ! ,susquehanna ,riv]2 lat] ?r\gh ! ,mohawk & ,hudson2 !n we/w>d into ! ,mississippi dra9age2 aft]w>d ?r\gh a *annel lead+ ar\nd we/ & nor? ( ! ,adirondacks & into ,lake ,*ampla9 & d[n ! ,hudson2 & f9ally1 z n[1 into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] 7map #cd74 ,! wat]s ( ! ,erie bas91 = mo/ ( ! "t1 f\nd _! outlet t[>d ! we/ into ! ,mississippi2 b at a lat] "t !y escap$ = a :ile ea/w>d ?r\gh c5tral ,new ,york into ! ,mohawk4 ,= in=mation reg>d+ ^! lakes "o mu/ consult ,lev]ett & ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 & ,fair*ild 7,bulls4 #abg1 #afj1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus474 ,f a /udy ( ! geological hi/ory we may arrive at "s approximately correct ideas z to ! "t :5 ! ma/odons1 elephants1 horses1 giant beav]s1 etc41 liv$ )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ate4 ,( ^! animals1 app>5tly none ( ! specim5s discov]$ up to ?is "t belongs to any pre-,wiscons9 /age1 except ! horse ^: too? 0 f\nd at ,?rog's ,neck 7p4 #ahc74 ,! hi/ory ( our ext9ct horses & ! dep? at :i* ! specim5 0 f\nd indicate t ! animal _h liv$ ei!r dur+ ! fir/ or ! second ?ird ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,we may be c]ta9 t none ( ! ma/odons 7p4 #di7 :i* h be5 report$ f ,long ,isl& liv$ !re :ile ! nor!rn bord] 0 occupi$ by ! glaci]1 & ! rema9d] by ! ocean4 ,n until ! l& _h ris5 to ab\t its pres5t level c\ld ma/odons h become buri$ 9 ! muck-fill$ ponds :]e !y h be5 met )4 ,:]e ! glaci] front 0 :5 ma/odons got foo?old on ! isl& we c n tell c]ta9ly2 b x requir$ p]haps hundr$s or probably ?\s&s ( ye>s = ! elevation ( ! isl& to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ajj feet4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ! ma/odon liv$ on up to ne>1 possibly into1 ! ,rec5t p]iod 7see map #cd74 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate on ! "t & mann] ( entombm5t ( ! skeleton1 describ$ on page #ef1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,cohoes1 "p 9 "o pot-hole1 "p 9 ano!r n f> away4 ,hall adopt$ ! !ory t ! c>cass ( ! ma/odon _h be5 froz5 9 ! glacial ice &1 on ! ?aw+ ( ?is ice1 _h be5 dropp$ into ! pot-holes4 ,9 fact1 he ?us expla9$ ! frequ5t pres5ce ( ma/odon skeletons 9 swamps4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no evid5ce t ma/odons 7 ev] ?us froz5 up 9 ! ice ( ! glaci]2 b !re is a possibility t ?is happ5$ sometimes4 ,if a skeleton %\ld ?us h be5 engag$ 9 ! mov+ /ream ( ice x is n probable t x w\ld ev] h em]g$ 9 a recognizable condition4 ,9 ! production ( cracks & crevices 9 ! glacial ice1 ( :i* ,hall spoke1 ! bones w\ld h be5 brok5 up & scatt]$1 if n gr\nd to p[d]4 ,if a cadav] _h be5 froz5 9 ! ice = any consid]able "t x w\ld c]ta9ly h come out 9 su* a wat]logg$ condition t x w\ld h>dly h float$4 ,weight$ d[n by its heavy tusks1 x w\ld h drift$ aga9/ rocks & at lea/ ! tusks w\ld probably h be5 brok5 (f4 ,if we exclude ! idea t ! ma/odon _h fir/ be5 froz5 9 ! glaci]1 ! writ] sees no reason = d5y+ t x might ?us h be5 transport$ = "s di/ance2 b little is ga9$ by grant+ x4 ,! animal c\ld z well h liv$ ne> ,cohoes z f>!r up ! ,mohawk4 ,z /at$ on ano!r page1 ,james ,hall conclud$ t ! pot-holes belong$ to "s preglacial "t4 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild has express$ 9 a lett] to ! pres5t writ] ! foll[+ op9ion3 8,:5 ! ice-%eet melt$ f ,cohoes ! locality 0 #cee feet l[] ?an x is to-day4 ,deep e/u>y deposits p>tially fill$ ! ,hudson ,valley & buri$ ! ,cohoes di/rict4 ,! ,mohawk *annel at ,cohoes is excavat$ ?r\gh m>9e s$im5ts4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( any riv] *annel !re previ\s to ! pres5t riv] "w4 ,! pot-holes are po/-glacial1 b !y probably repres5t a m copi\s & vigor\s fl[ ?an t ( ! pres5t riv]4 ,t 0 suppli$ by ! dim9i%+ ,iromohawk1 ! late/ outfl[ ?r\gh ! ,mohawk ,valley ( ! ,iroquois wat]4 ,9 ?is view ! pot-holes 7 drill$ by ! late/ glacial wat]s40 ,x appe>s t1 :5 ! ma/odon skeleton fell into ! pot-holes1 ^! _h be5 drill$ long be=e2 = ! pr9cipal "o _h become fill$ ) gravel to a dep? ( at lea/ #aj feet4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 probably well above ! /ream-level1 except 9 times ( high-wat]4 ,h[ev] ! c>cass rea*$ ! locality1 x mu/ h arriv$ 9 a complete /ate4 ,_h x already atta9$ an advanc$ /age ( decay1 "s limbs or ! feet or ! l[] jaw1 probably ! :ole head1 weight$ d[n z x 0 by ! heavy tusks1 w\ld h dropp$ (f4 ,x may be assum$ t ! skeleton 0 ly+ on l& or 9 "s pond n f> above ! pot-holes4 ,! fle% 0 n :olly decay$1 & ! bones 7 held toge!r by ! ligam5ts4 ,:ile ! skeleton 0 9 ?is condition ! riv] rose & swept x ov] ! fir/ pot-hole1 :]e ! "r leg dropp$ (f2 & !n onw>d ov] ! second1 :]e m ( x 0 deposit$4 ,"s unimportant p>ts may h be5 c>ri$ f>!r1 & "s ( ! miss+ bones may h decay$ 9 ! pot-holes4 ,aft] ! bones 7 deposit$ !re ! pot-holes became sl[ly fill$ up1 probably mo/ly dur+ times ( high-wat]1 ) muck & bran*es & trunks ( trees ( sev]al species 7,hay1 ,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xlix1 #aiai1 p4 #cgh74 ,! retreat ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet f> beyond ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! rise ( ! l& to its pres5t elevation1 #cej feet above ! sea at ,cohoes1 belong to ! clos+ *apt] ( ,plei/oc5e hi/ory4 ,:5 ! ,cohoes ma/odon 0 buri$ ! ice-%eet 0 probably already nor? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce &1 z ,pr(essor ,fair*ild writes1 #aej feet ( ! rise ( ! l& _h already occurr$4 ,! "t c\ld1 !re=e1 n h be5 long be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,rec5t epo*4 ,if ^! animals liv$ at su* a late "t at ,cohoes !y d\btless exi/$ at ! same "t 9 all p>ts ( ! ea/]n region :]e _! rema9s h be5 discov]$4 ,!y may h be5 able to occupy ,long ,isl& a little e>li] ?an places fur!r nor?1 b ! int]val w\ld be geologically inconsid]able4 ,! writ] has le>n$ ( no discov]ies ( ma/odon bones 9 mat]ials laid d[n by ! m>9e wat]s t occupi$ ,lake ,*ampla91 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley1 & t ( ,ottawa ,riv]1 or 9 deposits ov]ly+ ^! m>9e b$s4 ,on ! basis ( "o ( ,pr(essor ,h4 ,l4 ,fair*ild's plates 7,bull4 #abg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,/ate ,mus41 plate ,,xxxv7 ! writ] has prep>$ map #cd1 :i* is int5d$ to %[ ! position ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 9 ,new ,york aft] x _h retir$ some:at nor? ( ! divide4 ,?is divide is m>k$ by a l9e ( dots4 ,! area !n occupi$ by ! ice is /ippl$4 ,lake ,erie 0 already ne>ly free f ice & 0 dis*>g+ its wat] by way ( ! ,mississippi4 ,imp\nd$ wat]s f ! melt+ glacial ice 7 collect+ 9 ! region ( ! ,f+] ,lakes1 =m+ ,newb]ry ,lake1 & escap+ d[n ! ,susquehanna4 ,! ,mohawk af=d$ outlet = ! wat] f ! s\!a/]n lobe ( ice4 ,fair*ild's plates #cf to #db %[ ! successive positions occupi$ by ! ice-front z x retir$ nor?w>d & ! v>i\s lakes t 7 =m$4 ,al?\gh n _m species ( v]tebrate animals h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e deposits ( ,new ,york1 a l>ge numb] ( localities h furni%$ rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 ,mammut am]icanum4 ,^! localities are record$ & brief descriptions ( ! rema9s & _! geological environm5t h be5 pres5t$ on pages #dh-fc4 ,! localities are indicat$ on map #cd4 ,x w be se5 t sev]al specim5s h be5 f\nd on ,long ,isl& & _m 9 ,orange ,c\nty1 9 ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate4 ,9 ! we/]n half ( ! ,/ate mo/ ( ! f9ds occur )9 ! area once occupi$ by ! successive lakes4 ,! animals c\ld h liv$ !re only aft] ! ice-%eet & ! lake wat]s _h disappe>$4 ,x w be se5 t a few f9ds h be5 made close to ! %ores ( ! pres5t lakes4 ,! animals mu/ h liv$ !re at ! v end ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 if n )9 ! ,rec5t epo*4 ,! f9ds ( o!r v]tebrates are record$ on ! foll[+ pages3 ,equus sp4 indet4 on page #ahc2 ,platygonus compressus on page #bab2 ,bison bison on page #bff2 ,odocoileus virg9ianus on page #bbf2 ,c]vus canad5sis on page #bce2 ,rangif] c>ib\ on page #bde2 ,elephas columbi on page #adi2 ,elephas primig5ius on page #aca2 ,ca/or canad5sis on page #bgb2 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis on page #bgb4 ,9 #ahej 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bee-bef71 ,w4 ,c4 ,r$field report$ t he _h receiv$ rema9s ( a fox ( ! g5us ,vulpes f ,gulf ,summit1 ,broome ,c\nty4 ,! l[] jaw & o!r bones _h be5 discov]$ 9 a cutt+ ( ! ,new ,york & ,erie ,railroad1 #dj feet bel[ ! natural surface4 ,! deposit above ^! bones 0 evid5tly ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,! f9e clay inclos+ ! bones may h belong$ to ! ,sangamon1 or ev5 "s old] int]glacial deposit4 ,x is impossible to say :e!r ?is fox 0 ,vulpes fulvus or ,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus4 ,,new ,,j]sey4 7,map #f-;,a47 ,9 ! consid]ation ( ! problems ( ,plei/oc5e geology & palontology1 ,new ,j]sey is "o ( ! mo/ important ,/ates4 ,its nor!rn "p is occupi$ by glacial drift deposits1 :ile ! s\!rn two-?irds is cov]$ m or less completely by mat]ials laid d[n beyond ! limits ( ! glaci]s4 ,! glacial mat]ials appe> to belong to two widely sep>ate epo*s4 ,! geologi/s :o h be5 connect$ ) ! geological survey ( ,new ,j]sey recognize 9 ! mat]ials compos+ ! ,plei/oc5e deposits s\? ( ! glacial region ?ree =mations1 ! ,bridgeton1 olde/2 succe$$ by ! ,p5sauk52 & ! ,cape ,may1 ! y\nge/4 ,! geologi/s ( ,m>yl& recognize 9 ,new ,j]sey ?ree =mations :i* correspond to ! ?ree ( ,m>yl&1 ! ,sund]l&1 ! ,wicomico1 & ! ,talbot4 ,h[ev]1 ! au?or ( ! ,m>yl& ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e volume1 ,pr(essor ,%attuck1 insi/s t p>ts ( ,salisbury's ,bridgeton1 ,p5sauk51 & ,cape ,may all ent] into ! ,sund]l&2 p>ts ( ! ,cape ,may1 ,p5sauk51 & possibly ( ! ,bridgeton1 into ! ,wicomico2 & p>ts ( ! ,p5sauk5 & ,cape ,may into ! ,talbot4 ,!re are wide div]g5ces 9 ! views ( ! two gr\ps ( geologi/s reg>d+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! mat]ials h be5 laid d[n4 ,! ,m>yl& geologi/s hold t _! ?ree t]races repres5t ?ree epo*s ( subm]g5ce1 & t ! gravels1 s&s1 & clays 7 deposit$ 9 ! salt wat]s ( ! ocean or ( e/u>ies4 ,salisbury & ,knapp 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,,viii1 #aiag1 p4 #c7 adopt ! view t ! =mations are p>tly ( suba]ial & p>tly ( m>9e & e/u>9e orig91 ) emphasis on ! suba]ial mode4 ,( ! ,bridgeton1 ! au?ors ref]r$ to say 7_! p4 #ah 7 t ! accessible p>ts are prim>ily ( t]re/rial orig94 ,a "p ( :at rema9s may be m>9e or e/u>9e1 & "p ( :at has be5 remov$ may h be5 s4 ,no palontological evid5ces ( m>9e deposits ( ?is epo* are f\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! writ] records 8 diss5t f ! !ory t ! t]races & ! deposits call$ ! ,sund]l&1 ,wicomico1 & ,talbot h be5 ! product ( m>9e subm]g5ce4 ,a "p only ( ! ,talbot c be ref]r$ to deposition 9 ! sea4 ,( ! ,p5sauk51 ,salisbury & ,knapp say 7p4 #hg73 8,!re is no?+ 9 its con/itution to negative ! hypo!sis ( ! :ole =mation be+ riv] "w2 nor is !re any?+1 z n[ und]/ood1 to prove x40 ,z to ! deposits :i* !y ref] to ! ,cape ,may1 ! au?ors quot$ say 7p4 #afb7 t ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate seems to h /ood a few feet 7#cj to #ej7 l[] ?an at pres5t2 b t x c\ld n h /ood long at ?is height1 = sea-cliffs are ess5tially want+4 ,at "o po9t1 ne> ,millville1 ,cumb]l& ,c\nty1 m>9e fossils are met ) at an elevation ( ab\t #aj feet above tide4 ,! ,cape ,may 01 accord+ to ,salisbury & ,knapp1 laid d[n dur+ ! la/ glacial epo*1 ! ,wiscons9 7p4 #afb74 ,?is det]m9ation ( age w\ld d\btless ga9 ! acceptance ( ! ,m>yl& geologi/s & _! adh]5ts1 al?\gh ! latt] w\ld include "u ?is "n _m local deposits :i* ,salisbury puts 9 ! ,p5sauk54 ,x is rem>kable t1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 no rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates h ev] be5 discov]$ 9 t portion ( ,new ,j]sey :i* is mapp$ z occupi$ by ! ,cohansey s&s1 an area includ+ ne>ly half ! ,/ate4 ,x lies s\!a/ ( a /raight l9e :i* w\ld run f ,naves9k ,riv] to ,salem4 ,! reason = ?is lack ( fossil v]tebrates does n occur to ! writ]4 ,a l>ge portion ( ?is region is mapp$ z be+ cov]$ ) deposits ( all ?ree ( ! ,plei/oc5e =mations1 ,bridgeton1 ,p5sauk51 & ,cape ,may4 ,on or ne> to ! l9e ( outcrop ( ! ,cretace\s deposits f ,salem to ,r>itan ,bay1 n few] ?an t5 localities are kn[n :]e ma/odon rema9s h be5 discov]$1 besides two localities :i* h furni%$ horses & two :i* h furni%$ elephants4 ,s9ce ! s\!a/]n "p ( ! ,/ate has yield$ no v]tebrate fossils & little else to ?r[ light on ! age ( its deposits1 we %all dismiss x f consid]ation4 ,! glacial geology ( ! ,/ate has be5 /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,roll9 ,d4 ,salisbury1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 & 8 assi/ants1 ,h5ry ,b4 ,kmmel1 ,*>les ,e4 ,peet1 & ,george ,n4 ,knapp4 ,! results ( _! /udies on ! glacial-drift deposits h be5 publi%$ 9 volume v ( ! f9al report ( ! ,/ate geologi/1 #aijb4 ,! ,quat]n>y =mations ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate are describ$ 9 volume ,,viii ( ! f9al report4 ,a m succ9ct description ( ! ev5ts ( ! ,quat]n>y p]iod is f\nd 9 ,bullet9 #ad 7#aiae7 ( ! ,new ,j]sey ,survey4 ,! au?ors are ,j4 ,volney ,lewis & ,h5ry ,b4 ,kmmel4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,p]? ,amboy is a heavy glacial mora9e :i* may be trac$ ea/w>d ?r\gh ,/at5 & ,long ,isl&s4 ,we/ ( ,p]? ,amboy x turns nor?w>d1 & sw++ ar\nd x rea*es ,spr+field4 ,!nce x runs nor?we/w>d to ,rockaway1 & cont9ues we/ by s\? to ,delaw>e ,riv]1 at ,belvid]e4 ,?is mora9e m>ks1 9 ,new ,j]sey1 ! s\?w>d limit ( ! la/ ice-%eet1 ! ,wiscons94 ,all ! drift deposits ( ! ,/ate nor? ( ?is mora9e are reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ?is is1 at lea/ to "s ext5t1 und]la9 by old] drift deposits4 ,s\? ( ! mora9e j describ$ are scatt]$ deposits ( glacial drift & o!r evid5ce ( glacial action :i* are ref]r$ to a mu* old] ice-%eet1 "o suppos$ to correspond to ! ,kansan drift ( ! ,mississippi ,valley 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #gha74 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is sometimes ref]r$ 7,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 ,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chc1 #chd7 to ! fir/ glacial 7sub-,aftonian74 ,z has be5 said1 ?ree =mations are recogniz$ :i* 7 laid d[n o!rwise ?an by glacial ice-%eets1 ! ,bridgeton1 ! ,p5sauk51 & ! ,cape ,may4 ,! deposition ( ! ,cape ,may is reg>d$ z be+ contemporane\s ) ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 7,salisbury & ,knapp1 ,new ,j]sey ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #afb2 ,lewis & ,kmmel1 ,bull4 #ad1 p4 #abj74 ,! ,p5sauk5 =mation is believ$ to be mu* old] ?an ! ,cape ,may2 x may 7,salisbury & ,knapp1 op4 cit41 p4 #gh7 be old] ?an ! extra-mora9ic drift1 m5tion$ above z be+ ( ab\t ,kansan times2 b x may h co9cid$ 9 "p only ) ! ,kansan4 ,accord+ to ,lewis & ,kmmel 7op4 cit41 p4 #aaa7 ! old1 extra-mora9ic1 ,j]seyan drift 0 co9cid5t ) at lea/ ! lat] /ages ( ! ,p5sauk54 ,h5ce1 we may believe t ! ,p5sauk5 corresponds some:at to ! ,aftonian /age ( ,i[a4 ,! ,bridgeton =mation is /ill old] ?an ! ,p5sauk5 &1 be+ ,quat]n>y1 mu/ be ref]r$ ei!r to ! e>ly "p ( ! fir/ int]glacial or to ! fir/ glacial2 b ! ,new ,j]sey geologi/s are n specific on ?is po9t4 ,x is un=tunate t n[h]e 9 ,new ,j]sey has any consid]able numb] ( species ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates be5 f\nd buri$ toge!r4 ,we are ?us depriv$ ( "o means ( e/imat+ ! age ( ! species & ( ! b$s4 ,mo/ ( ! specim5s f\nd1 z ! ma/odon & ! two elephants1 belong to species :i* liv$ dur+ ! :ole or a l>ge "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e & h5ce d n te/ify def9itely to ! age ( ! deposits 9 :i* !y occur4 ,too (t5 ! in=mation we h reg>d+ ! place & conditions ( burial is extremely meag]4 ,9 ,salem ,c\nty a ma/odon has be5 f\nd 9 ,mann+ton ,t[n%ip1 at ,*e/nut ,hill 7p4 #fc72 & a de]1 probably ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 at ,wood/[n 7p4 #bbf74 ,al?\gh ! geological map %[s t 9 ,mann+ton ,t[n%ip ,cape ,may ,plei/oc5e prevails1 :ile ab\t ,wood/[n !re is ,p5sauk51 "o c n well conclude t ! animals are ( correspond+ age4 ,9 ,gl\ce/] ,c\nty ,mammut am]icanum has be5 f\nd at ,h>risonville 7p4 #fc71 ,mullica ,hill 7p4 #fd71 & ,woodbury 7p4 #fd72 ,equus at ,sw$esboro 7p4 #ahd74 ,z to ! =m] species1 we c n be c]ta9 ( ! age1 ei!r f our k ( ! age ( ! deposits inclos+ ! rema9s or f ! hi/ory ( ! species4 ,z to ! horse f\nd at ,sw$esboro1 "o may1 f ! hi/ory ( ! g5us 9 ?is c\ntry1 arrive at "s conclusion2 b ?is w be def]r$ to page #cjc4 ,9 ,camd5 ,c\nty1 s f> z ! writ] has k1 no v]tebrate rema9s h be5 f\nd except 9 ! ,fi% ,h\se b$s1 along ,delaw>e ,riv]1 j above ,camd52 b ! horse rema9s 7p4 #ahd7 are ( great importance4 ,^! b$s 7 orig9ally suppos$ to be ( ,cretace\s age1 b 9 #ahfi 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bej71 ,cope express$ ! conviction t !y belong$ to ! ,plioc5e p]iod4 ,he pres5t$ a geological section 7fig4 #g7 ( ! b$s :i* %[s a ?9 /ratum ( soil above1 !n f #h to #ae feet ( light-br[n s&1 foll[$ bel[ by a blacki% clay ab\t #be feet 9 ?ickness4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! latt] 0 f\nd a lay] conta9+ %ells ( sev]al species ( ,unio & ,anodonta4 ,j above ?is b$ ( unios !re 0 discov]$ a l>ge "p ( a skull ( an ext9ct horse :i* ,cope ref]r$ to ,equus frat]nus4 ,?is 0 deposit$ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy at ,philadelphia1 b lat] disappe>$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,geologic section ( ,fi% ,h\se b$s1 ,camd51 ,new ,j]sey4 ,r$rawn f ,cope4 ,9 #ahig 7,rep4 ,/ate ,geologi/1 ,new ,j]sey1 = #ahif1 pp4 #bja-bdg1 plates ,x-,,xiv7 ,woolman publi%$ a pap] on ! /ratigraphy ( ! ,fi% ,h\se b$s & describ$ & illu/rat$ o!r horse-tee? :i* he ref]r$ to ,equus complicatus4 ,^! tee? 7 f\nd at a dep? ( #ab feet bel[ ! top ( ! black clay2 #f feet ( surface gravels _h be5 remov$ f ! clay4 ,! tee? are n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy1 at ,philadelphia4 ,woolman /at$ t 9 ! same collection are a patella & a fragm5t ( a long bone ( a horse f\nd 9 ! black clay1 9 #ahib4 ,woolman reg>d$ ! clay 9 "q z belong+ to ,p5sauk5 times4 ,salisbury & ,knapp 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajd1 fig4 #di7 /ate t !re is "h #bj feet ( black clay ov]ly+ ,p5sauk5 s& & t ! clay is ov]la9 by ,p5sauk5 gravel4 ,if ?is judgm5t ( ! geological age ( ! clay is correct1 ! horses probably liv$ dur+ ! fir/ int]glacial 7,aftonian7 or ! beg9n+ ( ! second glacial /age 7,kansan74 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 ^? :o insi/ t ^! ,fi% ,h\se clays belong really to ! ,cape ,may =mation4 ,?is w\ld make ! geological age ( ! horse ab\t t ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,besides ! horse rema9s1 only "s bones ( a wolf h be5 f\nd 9 ! clays m5tion$1 & ^! too h disappe>$4 ,!y probably w\ld h ?r[n little light on ! age ( ! b$s4 ,we mu/ rea* conclusions f o!r data4 ,?is fact seems to be pretty c]ta93 ,_h horses liv$ at ,fi% ,h\se dur+ ! deposition ( ! ,cape ,may !y w\ld 7z did ! ma/odon1 ,elephas primig5ius1 & ,e4 columbi7 q c]ta9ly h spread out ov] nor!rn ,new ,j]sey & ov] ! grassy pla9s ( ,new ,york & ,ohio2 & _! rema9s w\ld some:]e h be5 f\nd1 z are ^? ( ! o!r species j m5tion$1 9 old swamp & lake deposits ov]ly+ ! ,wiscons9 drift2 b no horse rema9s h ev] be5 report$ f su* deposits4 ,fur!rmore1 9 all ! digg+ t has be5 done at ,tr5ton1 9 deposits ackn[l$g$ by all to belong to ,wiscons9 times1 no trace has be5 f\nd ( horse rema9s4 ,ne> ! bottom ( ! ,fi% ,h\se clay b$1 j bel[ ! level ( ! horse rema9s1 !re is f\nd a lay] :i* conta9s riv] clams repres5t$ by ! g5]a ,unio & ,anodonta4 ,t5 species ( ,unio h be5 recogniz$ & two ( ,anodonta4 ,:5 ^! 7 fir/ /udi$ ! b$s 7 believ$ to belong to ! ,cretace\s4 ,nev]!less1 ! close resemblance ( ! %ells to /ill liv+ species 0 recogniz$2 & to !m 7 giv5 names diff]+ f ^? ( ! relat$ exi/+ =ms by ! end+ oides4 ,! species 7 describ$ by ,lea & ,:itfield & h be5 re/udi$ by ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,pilsbry1 ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,! species are probably id5tical ) =ms yet liv+2 b half ( !m no long] exi/ 9 ! region ( ,delaw>e ,riv]4 ,pilsbry 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahif1 pp4 #efg-egj7 /at$ t five ( !m h no long] any repres5tatives 9 ! ,atlantic dra9age s\? ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,riv] sy/em4 ,x is probable t ^! species _h1 :5 !y liv$ at ,fi% ,h\se1 spread into o!r riv]s s\? ( ! ,delaw>e & ?us 7 n trapp$ 9 ?is riv] by ! ,wiscons9 ice4 ,x seems c]ta91 !re=e1 t a long] p]iod ( "t & a long] s]ies ( vicissitudes mu/ h int]v5$ to produce su* *anges 9 geographical di/ribution4 ,accord+ to ,c4 ,t4 ,simpson's "w1 8,descriptive ,catalogue ( ! ,naiades10 #aiad1 ,unio 7,quadrula7 subrotundus n[ inhabits ! ,ohio1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,t5nessee ,riv]s2 ,u4 7,lampsilis7 anodontoides occupies ! ,mississippi ,riv] & ,gulf dra9age regions2 :ile ,anodonta corpul5ta is f\nd 9 ! ,upp] ,miss\ri region4 ,! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet & ! %ort p]iod ( "t s9ce its disappe>ance are h>dly suffici5t to expla9 ?is wide disp]sion ( species1 :ile o!rs h be5 able to reta9 _! place 9 ! ,delaw>e4 ,oppos$ to ?is view reg>d+ ! id5tity ( ! unios ( ! ,fi% ,h\se b$s1 see ,ortmann 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol ,,lii1 p4 #bhj1 #aiac7 & ,bak] 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull41 ,,xvii1 p4 #bje1 #aibj74 ,^! writ]s cont5d t ! species h no especial relation%ip to we/]n =ms4 ,accord+ to ,bak] ! deposits are old] ?an ! e>lie/ glacial /age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,b]ry 7quot$ by ,bak]71 :o has /udi$ ! plants1 ! b$s belong to ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,we h1 !n1 ^! reasons = hold+ t ! ,fi% ,h\se clays are ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e age3 7#a7 ,compet5t geologi/s h det]m9$ !m z belong+ to ! ,p5sauk5 =mation1 laid d[n at or be=e ! "t ( ! ,kansan /age2 7#b7 ! pres5ce ( rema9s ( horses1 evid5ces ( ^: exi/5ce dur+ or aft] ! ,wiscons9 h n be5 produc$2 7#c7 ! pres5ce ( _m species ( naiades1 "s ( :i* yet live 9 t region1 b ! majority ( :i* n[ live only 9 f>-di/ant regions4 ,we may confid5tly conclude t ! horse rema9s :i* 7 f\nd at ,sw$esboro belong$ likewise to ! ,p5sauk54 ,9 ,burl+ton ,c\nty ma/odons h be5 f\nd at ,pemb]ton 7 p4 #fd71 b "o c n be c]ta9 ( _! geological age4 ,a re9de] has be5 une>!d at ,v9c5t[n 7p4 #fd74 ,x seems highly probable t x liv$ !re :ile ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet occupi$ ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate2 b !re is a possibility t x is old]4 ,9 ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces at ,philadelphia are "s rema9s ( ,odocoileus f\nd at ,v9c5t[n 7p4 #bbg74 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,c\nty1 scant rema9s ( six species ( ,plei/oc5e mammals h be5 report$4 ,^! are ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #fd71 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acb71 ,bison bison 7p4 #bhg71 ,ovibos mos*atus 7p4 #bdh71 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bcg71 & ,rangif] c>ib\8 7p4 #bdh74 ,all are kn[n to h exi/$ else:]e dur+ late ,plei/oc5e times1 & ?ree indicate a cold climate4 ,! pres5ce ( fossil v]tebrates "h is ( special int]e/ because _m evid5ces h be5 f\nd ( man's occupation ( ! region 9 app>5tly late ,plei/oc5e times4 ,at & 9 ! vic9ity ( ,tr5ton are f\nd bo? ,p5sauk5 & ,cape ,may deposits1 ! latt] ov]ly+ ! =m] 7,salisbury & ,knapp1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abj1 #afe74 ,! ,cape ,may rises ab\t #fj feet above sea-level4 ,at v>i\s places ! ,p5sauk5 protrudes ?r\gh ! mantle ( ,cape ,may & rises to a height ( z mu* z #acj feet above sea-level4 ,its base is ab\t #bj feet above sea-level4 ,! mat]ials consi/ ( s&1 gravel1 & cobble/ones4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 no fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,p5sauk5 ab\t ,tr5ton4 ,! ,cape ,may at ,tr5ton is held to h be5 laid d[n pr9cipally dur+ ! pres5ce ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,/ate2 & naturally x consi/s mo/ly ( s&s1 gravels1 co>se & f9e1 & "s b\ld]s4 ,9 ! localities :]e excavations h be5 made = s& & gravel = build+ purposes1 = sew]s1 & = railroads1 & 9 se>* = relics ( man1 two pr9cipal divisions are recogniz$4 ,bel[ are /rata ( clays1 s&s1 gravels1 & b\ld]s :i* are believ$ to h be5 deposit$ by ! floods ( v>y+ int5sity :i* issu$ f ! glacial mora9e !n ab\t #fj miles above ,tr5ton 7figs4 #h1 #i74 ,ov] ?is lies a b$ ( :at is call$ yell[ drift1 :i* rea*es a ?ickness ( ab\t #c feet4 ,x consi/s mo/ly ( f9e s&1 b !re are _m pebbles & occasionally "s l>ge b\ld]s4 ,x is ev]y:]e *>act]iz$ by wavy r$ b&s4 ,:ile "s geologi/s h held ! op9ion t ?is deposit _h be5 produc$ by w9ds1 x appe>s to be def9itely det]m9$ t x 0 wat]la9 7,wissl]1 ,sci5t4 ,mon?ly1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bcg74 ,?is 8yell[ drift0 is ov]la9 by ab\t a foot ( black soil :i* belongs to ! ,rec5t epo* & is ! result ( cultivation by :ites4 ,= details reg>d+ ! ,tr5ton gravels & ! yell[ s&s above x ! read] %\ld consult ,erne/ ,volk's "w1 8,ar*ology ( ! ,delaw>e ,valley0 7,pap]s ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 #aiaa74 ,all ! species m5tion$ above h be5 report$ f ! b$s kn[n z ! ,tr5ton gravels4 ,a femur ( a bison 0 f\nd also 9 ! yell[ drift 7see p4 #bhg74 ,monm\? ,c\nty has furni%$ m fossil v]tebrates ( ! ,plei/oc5e ?an any o!r c\nty4 ,ma/odons h be5 discov]$ at ,engli%t[n1 ,freehold1 ,m>lboro1 ,long ,bran*1 ,manasquan1 & 9 ! ,naves9k ,hills 7pp4 #fe1 #ff74 ,_m specim5s1 z ^? ab\t ,freehold & ,long ,bran* & ,manasquan1 are 9 su* sup]ficial positions 9 peat t !y d n seem to be v old1 probably ( ,cape ,may age2 & yet ( ?is "o c n be :olly c]ta94 ,! discov]y ( a heel-bone ( a mega!rium 7p4 #ca7 at ,long ,bran* appe>s to indicate ! pres5ce !re ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,at ,engli%t[n ! rema9s _h app>5tly become mix$ ) m>l1 & !y may belong to an old] /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,9 ! ,naves9k ,hills1 accord+ to ,leidy1 ! ma/odon rema9s 7 associat$ ) ^? ( an ext9ct horse 7p4 #ahd74 ,if s1 bo? species probably 7 buri$ 9 ,p5sauk5 deposits4 ,9 ?is same region !re 0 f\nd long ago a too? ( ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adi72 b x is useless to speculate on its geological age4 ,at ,long ,bran* 7p4 #bf71 damag$ skulls ( walruses1 probably ( ! exi/+ species1 h be5 met )4 ,x seems natural to associate ?is s\?w>d migration1 :i* ext5ds to ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ) ! ,wiscons9 epo*2 b x is possible t x 0 e>li]4 ,at ,deal 7p4 #bbg7 h be5 f\nd rema9s ( a de]1 probably ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,sket* ( vic9ity ( ,tr5ton1 %[+ di/ribution ( ,tr5ton gravels4 ,r$rawn f ,salisbury & ,knapp4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,sections tak5 at ,tr5ton1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,upp] figure tak5 along ! l9e #c ( ,fig4 #h4 ,l[] figure tak5 along ! l9e #b ( ,fig4 #h4 ,! black repres5ts ! glacial gravel4 ,a1 ! cry/all9e rock ( ! region2 ,t1 ,trias2 ,k1 ,cretace\s2 ,pp1 ,p5sauk52 ,o1 sea-level4 ,some:]e ab\t ,%>k ,riv]1 a too? ( a pecc>y 7p4 #bac7 0 f\nd1 z 0 suppos$1 9 ,mioc5e m>l4 ,leidy c\ld n di/+ui% ?is too? f t ( ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,s f> z our evid5ce goes1 ?is species belongs to ! e>ly & middle ,plei/oc5e4 ,ne> ,nor? ,pla9field a too? 0 f\nd :i* is ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acc74 ,! locality is v close to ! mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet1 & ! animal probably liv$ !re :5 ! ,pla9field outwa% pla9 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,v1 #aijb1 p4 #gch7 0 be+ laid d[n4 ,ne> ,s*ooley's ,m\nta91 b we/ ( ,musconetcong ,riv] & 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 rema9s ( a ma/odon 7p4 #fg7 7 enc\nt]$ 9 excavat+ ! ,morris ,canal4 ,x is probable t ^! 7 buri$ 9 a swamp left ov] f ! ,wiscons9 times2 b ,lewis & ,kmmel's map ( #aiaj-aiab indicate 9 ?is region only drift old] ?an ! ,wiscons94 ,! ma/odons f\nd at ,hackett/[n & ,hope1 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 are probably ( ,late ,wiscons9 orig9 7pp4 #fg1 #fh74 ,ne> ,m\nt ,h]mon1 ab\t #e miles nor!a/ f ,delaw>e1 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 & ab\t #b miles nor?we/ ( ,hope1 0 f\nd ! spl5did skeleton ( ! moose ,c]valces scotti1 :i* =ms "o ( ! treasures ( ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity 7,scott1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhe1 p4 #agd74 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 a bog4 ,all ?is region is 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,j]sey1 vol4 ,,viii1 plate ,,xxviii7 occupi$ by ,wiscons9 drift & ! bog d\btless re/$ on ?is drift4 ,x seems c]ta91 !re=e1 t ?is /ately relative ( our exi/+ moose liv$ aft] ! disappe>ance ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,a ma/odon 7p4 #fh7 :i* 0 f\nd at ,gre5dell 9 ,sussex ,c\nty q c]ta9ly liv$ !re aft] ! la/ glacial /age4 ,b]ry 7,torreya1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #bfa7 has /udi$ a collection ( n9e species ( plants :i* _h be5 obta9$ 9 peat f ne> ,long ,bran*4 ,only ?ree ( ^! n[ range nor? ( ,long ,bran*4 ,he conclud$ t ! la/ glacial /age _h be5 foll[$ by a p]iod ( climate w>m] ?an ! pres5t climate4 ,?is is 9 accord ) views :i* ! pres5t writ] has held4 ,x ought n1 h[ev]1 to be assum$ ) too mu* confid5ce t ! peat-b$ is ( ,late ,wiscons9 orig94 ,,p5nsylvania4 ,ab\t half ( ! area ( ,p5nsylvania lies outside ( ! region :i* 0 glaciat$4 ,figure #aj is a map tak5 f ,folio #agb ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 publi%$ 9 #aiaj & compil$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,ald5 9 #aija4 ,a broad /rip along ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate1 be+ non-glaciat$1 is n repres5t$4 ,! areas %ad$ by p>allel rul+ & /ippl+ are ^? :i* pres5t evid5ces ( glacial action4 ,! glaciat$ area consi/s ( two pr9cipal portions4 ,"o ( ^!1 t subject$ to ! action ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet1 is repres5t$ on ! map by means ( oblique p>allel l9es com+ d[n to an int]rupt$ heavy l9e4 ,?is l9e1 repres5t+ ! ,wiscons9 t]m9al mora9e1 />ts on ,delaw>e ,riv] nor? ( ,ea/on1 runs nor?we/w>d to ,pott] ,c\nty1 !nce into ,new ,york1 !nce back into ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,w>r5 ,c\nty1 & !n ent]s ,ohio nor? ( ! ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! c\rse ( ?is mora9e 0 work$ out especially by ,h4 ,c4 ,lewis & ,g4 ,f4 ,wright & 0 describ$ 9 report ,l ( ! ,p5nsylvania ,geological ,survey1 9 #ahha4 ,! mora9e crosses ! ,delaw>e at ,belvid]e1 ,new ,j]sey1 & passes ?r\gh ! foll[+ c\nties3 ,nor?ampton1 ,monroe1 ,c>bon1 ,luz]ne1 ,columbia1 ,sullivan1 ,lycom+1 ,tioga1 ,pott]1 ,w>r51 ,craw=d1 ,v5ango1 ,butl]1 ,lawr5ce1 & ,beav]4 ,s\? ( ?is mora9e are two areas :i*1 on ?is map1 are repres5t$ by /ippl+4 ,^! are occupi$ by drift mat]ials1 usually =m+ a consid]ably ?9n] cov]+1 :i* are believ$ by mo/ glaciologi/s to belong to an old] ,plei/oc5e /age1 probably ab\t z old z ! ,kansan4 ,especially 9 ! valleys ^! old] drift deposits may rea* ?icknesses ( #bjj or #cjj feet4 ,^! old glacial deposits are repres5t$ also by t]races along ! m>g9s ( ! valleys4 ,"s ( ^! 9 ! vic9ity ( ,w>r5 /& at a height ( ab\t #a1djj feet above ! sea4 ,figure #ag is tak5 f ,%aw & ,munn 7,folio #agh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ab74 ,! upp]mo/ gravels are suppos$ to repres5t ! ,kansan /age4 ,a few small pat*es ly+ 9 ! angle ( ! unglaciat$ area are ( d\btful age1 z indicat$ on ! map4 ,x mu/ be /at$1 h[ev]1 t !re is "s diss5t f ?is conclusion z to ! age ( ?is out] drift4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,h4 ,williams has publi%$ a numb] ( pap]s 9 :i* he takes ! position t ?is drift is a deposit laid d[n by ! same ice-%eet t lat] on built up ! ,wiscons9 mora9e 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 #ahid1 pp4 #cb-cf2 ,sci5ce 7n4 s471 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #ddg-dej2 ,p5nsylvanian ,glaciation1 fir/ phase1 #aiag1 pp4 #a-aja74 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,wright appe>s to take ! same view4 ,! writ] sees no suffici5t reason = di/ru/+ ! op9ions ( ,dr4 ,ald5 & 8 colleagues4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ t an animal ^: rema9s h be5 f\nd )9 ! area occupi$ by ! ,wiscons9 drift liv$ dur+ or aft] t /age4 ,ev5 )9 ?is area !re may occur fossil-be>+ deposits ( an old] ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,^! old] deposits may und]lie ! ,wiscons9 drift or !y may occur z old t]races high up on ! sides ( ! valleys ( riv]s4 ,cases ( ! latt] k9d are f\nd along ,allegh5y ,riv] 7,lev]ett4 ,monogr4 ,,xli1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bbi-beb2 ,%aw ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xix1 #aiaa1 pp4 #adj-aef2 folio #agh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h74 ,on ! o!r h&1 an animal ( v late ,plei/oc5e age1 or ev5 ( ! ,rec5t1 may be buri$ 9 deposits :i* ov]lie an old ,plei/oc5e deposit4 ,x is necess>y1 if x c be done1 to det]m9e ! actual age ( ! deposit conta9+ ! rema9s2 o!rwise "o mu/ dep5d on ! geological age ( ! species involv$1 or be cont5t to wait = fur!r in=mation4 ,un=tunately1 b few ( ! quadrangles 9 ! glaciat$ area h _h _! geological /ructure /udi$ & report$ on4 ,at pres5t ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey has publi%$ only ,folios #ib 7,ga9es7 & #ic 7,elkl& & ,tioga71 ly+ mo/ly 9 ,tioga ,c\nty1 p>tly 9 ,pott]2 also ,folio #agb 7,w>r571 occupy+ a "p ( ,w>r5 ,c\nty4 ,in=mation may sometimes be secur$ f ! num]\s volumes :i* h be5 publi%$ by ! ,geological ,survey ( ,p5nsylvania & f articles 9 ! sci5tific j\rnals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,glaciat$ areas ( nor!rn ,p5nsylvania4 ,f ,w4 ,c4 ,ald54 ,! ,plei/oc5e deposits :i* lie outside ( ! glaciat$ areas h be5 mo/ly laid d[n along riv]s4 ,"s ( ! mat]ials 7 transport$ by ! /reams :i* c>ri$ away ! dra9age f ! glaci]s2 9 o!r cases ! mat]ials 7 br\ght d[n f ! high] l&s & laid d[n along ! l[] & less slop+ p>ts ( ! /reams4 ,9 ! unglaciat$ area _m ( ! quadrangles h be5 survey$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey & ! folios aid 9 det]m9+ ! age ( deposits :i* conta9 fossil v]tebrates4 ,important collections h be5 made 9 a few localities1 & ^! w n[ be consid]$3 ,at ,pitt/on1 9 ,luz]ne ,c\nty1 on ,susquehanna ,riv]1 h be5 f\nd tee? ( ! horse ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahd71 rema9s ( ma/odon 7p4 #fh71 & ( a musk-ox 7p4 #bdh74 ,! pres5ce ( ! horse makes x evid5t t ! deposit conta9+ ! fossils belongs to a /age old] ?an ! ,wiscons91 al?\gh ! locality is )9 ! area ( ! ,wiscons94 ,we consid] n[ ! cont5ts ( a cave f\nd ne> ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,c\nty4 ,! ,h>tman 7or ,cry/al ,hill7 ,cave 0 discov]$ 9 #ahhj & explor$ fir/ by ,mr4 ,t4 ,dunk9 ,p>et1 ( ,/r\dsburg4 ,x 0 soon aft]w>d exam9$ by ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 ( ,philadelphia1 & ,dr4 ,?omas ,c4 ,port]1 ( ,ea/on4 ,leidy publi%$ ! fir/ description ( x 9 #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #cdf-cdh7 & pres5t$ a li/ ( ! species ( animals :i* _h be5 secur$ by ,mr4 ,p>et4 ,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 = #ahhg1 pp4 #a-ah1 plates ,i1 ,,ii71 a m detail$ report 0 made by ,leidy1 includ+ descriptions & illu/rations ( "s ( ! v]tebrates & ( c]ta9 artifacts :i* _h be5 discov]$4 ,9 #ahid1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c] made a re-exploration ( ! cave & gave a m ext5d$ description ( x 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #if-ajd74 ,comb9+ ! /atem5ts ( ,leidy & ,m]c] ) data obta9$ f ! ,delaw>e ,wat] ,gap topographical %eet issu$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 "o f9ds t ! cave is situat$ on ,cry/al ,hill1 ab\t #c4e miles 9 a /raight l9e s\?we/ ( ,/r\dsburg & close to ! village ( ,/ormville4 ,cry/al ,hill is a "p ( an anticl9al fold1 ,godfrey ,ridge1 ( ! ,held]b]g lime/one4 ,s\? ( ! fold runs ,*]ry ,creek2 nor? ( x1 ,mt4 ,mi*aels ,creek4 ,on ! nor!a/ ! hill is cut (f f ! re/ ( ! ridge by a valley ab\t #cjj feet deep4 ,m]c]'s acc\nt /ates t ! cave is on ! top ( ! hill1 ab\t #j4be mile f ,*]ry ,creek1 b ! topographical map locates ! top ( ! hill ab\t #j4ge mile away f ?is /ream4 ,m]c] also wrote t ! cave 0 #hjj feet above ,delaw>e ,riv]1 #e miles away4 ,h[ev]1 ! hill has an elevation ( some:at less ?an #hdj feet above sea-level1 :ile ! riv] at ! ne>e/ po9t is some:at m ?an #bhj feet above sea-level4 ,inasmu* z ! cave is probably some:]e on ! s\!rn slope ( ! hill1 x is ab\t #ejj feet above ! ,delaw>e & ab\t #cjj feet above ! b$ ( ,*]ry ,creek4 ,! op5+ ( ! cave 9 ! rock 0 wide 7,m]c]1 p4 #if1 fig4 #a71 b _h become almo/ :olly *ok$ by dbris4 ,nev]!less1 a hole l>ge en\gh = adv5tur\s boys to ent] rema9$ 7,leidy1 op4 cit41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdf74 ,aft] a few feet desc5t ! cave ext5d$ ne>ly horizontally m ?an #ajj feet4 ,x _h become fill$ ne>ly to ! ro( by v>i\s deposits4 ,excavations %[$ t on top 0 a lay]1 ab\t a foot1 ( 8black friable e>? m+l$ ) animal & vegetal rema9s0 7,leidy74 ,m]c] describes x z a 8top lay] ( lime/one ro(-spl9t]s & d[n-slidd5 out] talus ?9n+ inw>d into less /ony cave e>?40 ,b5ea? ?is lay] 0 a ?9 /ratum ( /alagmite4 ,fur!r digg+ %[$ t bel[ ?is /alagmite floor+ ! cave 0 fill$ to a ?ickness ( z mu* z #ad feet 9 "o place4 ,?is deposit is describ$ by ,m]c] z be+ a cont9u\s homog5e\s b$ ( exquisitely f9e clay deposit$ 9 ?9 lam9 r>ely spr9kl$ ) s& pockets & und]la9 ) a ?9 film ( s&4 ,nei!r 9 ?is deposit nor 9 ! /alagmite 0 !re f\nd a trace ( any =m]ly liv+ ?+4 ,all ! rema9s ( animals & all ! artifacts 7 discov]$ 9 ! upp]mo/ lay]4 ,x %\ld be not$ at ?is po9t t ?is cave is situat$ ab\t #e or #f miles nor? ( ! ,wiscons9 mora9e4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates id5tifi$ by ,leidy4 ,:5 8 names diff] f ^? n[ 9 use !y are inclos$ 9 p>5!sis4 ,li/ ( species ( v]tebrates4 ,*elydra s]p5t9a4 ,t]rap5e c>ol9a 7,ci/udo clausa74 ,meleagris gallopavo sylve/ris 7,m4 gallopavo74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus 7,dicotyles7 7p4 #bac74 ,rangif] c>ib\ 7p4 #bdf74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7,c]vus7 7p4 #bcg74 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bcg74 ,bison bison8 7,b4 am]icanus7 7p4 #bfg74 ,m>mota monax 7,arctomys74 ,tamias /riatus4 ,sciurus c>ol95sis4 ,ca/or canad5sis 7,c4 fib]74 ,p]omyscus leucopus 7,hesp]omys74 ,neotoma magi/] 7,n4 floridana74 ,microtus p5nsylvanicus 7,arvicola rip>ius74 ,ere?izon dorsatum4 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 7p4 #bgb74 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus7 ,myotis subulatus 7,vesp]tilio74 ,eptesicus fuscus 7,vesp]tilio74 ,scalopus aquaticus 7,scalops74 ,procyon lotor4 ,mu/ela noveborac5sis 7,putorius erm9eus74 ,mephitis putida 7,m4 mephitica74 ,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus 7,canis virg9ianus74 ,canis lycaon8 7,c4 lupus74 ,lynx canad5sis 7,felis74 ,besides ^! v]tebrates1 !re 7 report$ by ,leidy ! l& snails ,helix albolabris1 ,h4 alt]nata1 & ,h4 trid5tata2 also a pair ( valves ( ! riv] mussel ,m>g>at9a m>g>itif]a & a fragm5t ( ano!r valve4 ,leidy reg>d$ ^! z %[+ t ?is mussel =m]ly liv$ 9 ,delaw>e ,riv]2 :]eas 9 8 view x no long] exi/$ !re2 b specim5s ( x f ,philadelphia are 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,an exam9ation ( ! li/ %[s t ne>ly all ( ! species ( v]tebrates are yet 9 exi/5ce & mo/ ( ^! /ill liv+ 9 t g5]al region4 ,rangif] c>ib\ lives n[ f> to ! nor? & ,lynx canad5sis has its range some:at fur!r nor?4 ,! two indicate a cold] climate1 especially ! re9de]4 ,bo? got into ! cave probably aft] ! glacial front _h )drawn f t vic9ity4 ,! rema9s ( ,ca/oroides may h be5 c>ri$ 9 !re at ab\t ! same "t4 ,! type specim5 ( ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus 0 f\nd 9 ?is cave4 ,cope ref]r$ specim5s ( a pecc>y f\nd 9 ,port ,k5n$y ,cave to ! same species ) d\bt4 ,undet]m9$ species ( ! g5us 7 recogniz$ by ,b>num ,br[n 9 8 collection made 9 ! ,con>d fissure 9 nor?we/]n ,arkansas4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& report$ ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus f ! cave at ,frank/[n1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! type ( ! g5us1 ,m4 nasutus1 0 f\nd 9 ,indiana4 ,beyond ! te/imony furni%$ by ! ,cry/al ,hill ,cave1 we h no evid5ce t ! g5us ,mylohyus exi/$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 /age2 ! possibility exi/s t ?is species got into ! cave be=e ?is /age4 ,! specim5 ( ,equus is /ill m d\btful4 ,x consi/$ ( two isolat$ fir/ & second milk mol>s ( a v "y colt4 ,leidy 0 9 d\bt :e!r ! colt belong$ to ! dome/ic horse or to an indig5\s species4 ,! specim5 _h be5 collect$ ) no record z to ! "p ( ! cave or ( ! dep? 9 ! upp] lay] ( soil :]e x 0 buri$4 ,a fragm5t ( a jaw ( a colt might easily h be5 c>ri$ into ! cave by "s c>nivor\s animal s9ce ! com+ ( ! :ites4 ,a fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw ( a bison also 0 f\nd :i* _h 9 x ! la/ mol>2 & ?is 0 ref]r$ by ,leidy to ! exi/+ buffalo4 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ?is cave 0 holl[$ out be=e ! ,wiscons9 ice p]iod4 ,x may h be5 =m$ dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,! fact t x 0 fill$ to a dep? ( #ad feet1 9 "s places1 ) a f9e lam9at$ clay devoid ( all traces ( organic be+s seems to indicate t = ages x _h be5 %ut (f f ! out] _w1 & t /reams *>g$ ) f9e s$im5t 7 p]mitt$ to pass ?r\gh x4 ,dur+ possibly "s glacial /age prec$+ ! ,wiscons91 erosion may h op5$ ! cave s t ! horse rema9s1 ^? ( a bison1 & ( ,ca/oroides 7 dragg$ into x4 ,! evid5ce = ^! suppositions is sl5d]1 b s too is t = a late ,wiscons9 indig5\s species ( horse 9 ,p5nsylvania4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! species f\nd 9 ! cave belong to ! late ,plei/oc5e or ev5 to ! ,rec5t4 ,fossil v]tebrates f\nd 9 a cave 9 ,bucks ,c\nty require our att5tion4 ,9 #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi71 ,leidy pres5t$ a li/ ( v]tebrate rema9s :i* _h be5 ly+ un/udi$ = #dj ye>s 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy4 ,^! _h be5 f\nd 9 ,durham ,cave1 some:]e ne> ,riegelsville1 9 ,bucks ,c\nty4 ,x is n improbable t ! cave took its "n f ! village ( ,durham1 ab\t #b miles s\?we/ ( ,riegelsville4 ,leidy /at$ t ! cave appe>$ to h be5 oblit]at$ 9 ! qu>ry+ ( lime/one4 ,9 #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 = #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai7 ,leidy publi%$ a li/ ( ! species :i* he _h id5tifi$4 ,li/ ( fossil v]tebrates f ,durham ,cave4 ,acip5s] /urio4 ,ameiurus nebulosus 7,amiurus atr>ius74 ,?amnophis sirtalis 7,eutnia74 ,*elydra s]p5t9a4 ,t]rap5e c>ol9a 7,ci/udo clausa74 ,meleagris gallopavo sylve/ris 7,m4 gallopavo74 ,rangif] c>ib\ 7p4 #bdf74 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bcg74 ,alces am]icanus 7,alce74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7,c]vus7 7p4 #bbg74 ,ere?izon dorsatum4 ,m>mota monax 7,arctomys74 ,sciurus c>ol95sis4 ,ca/or canad5sis 7,c4 fib]74 ,neotoma p5nsylvanica 7,n4 floridana74 ,ondatra zibe?ica 7,fib]74 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,procyon lotor4 ,mephitis putida 7,m4 mephitica74 ,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus 7,vulpes virg9ianus74 ,?is li/ diff]s 9 its species f ,leidy's li/ ( #ahhj only 9 ! exclusion ( ! bison & ! inclusion ( ! elk1 ,c]vus canad5sis4 ,all ! species are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 mo/ ( !m 9 t region4 ,! pres5ce ( ! re9de]1 ! moose1 & ! porcup9e sugge/s a cool] climate ?an n[ prevails !re4 ,^! animals may all h become buri$ 9 t cave dur+ ! late/ times ( ! ,wiscons9 /age or ev5 dur+ ! ,rec5t4 ,we are n[ to /udy a case :i* furni%es u ) a /ore ( k reg>d+ ! life ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,9 #ahga !re 0 f\nd at ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,c\nty1 a cave :i* 0 work$ = its fossils by ,*>les ,:eatley & lat] by ,dixon1 ,m]c]1 & ,cope1 ! latt] hav+ devot$ himself to ! description ( ! v]tebrates4 ,fir/ ( all w be giv5 a li/ ( ! species ( v]tebrates1 mo/ly mammals :i* h be5 recogniz$ 9 ! mat]ials f\nd 9 ! cave4 ,:5 ,cope's names diff] f ^? employ$ "h !y are put 9 p>5!sis4 ,li/ ( species ( v]tebrates f\nd 9 ,port ,k5n$y ,cave4 ,ranid3 ,rana sp4 indet4 ,emydid3 ,clemmys insculpta4 ,c4 p]crassa4 ,t]rap5e eurypygia 7,toxaspis anguillulatus74 ,colubrid3 ,colub] acum9atus 7,zam5is74 ,meleagrid3 ,meleagris sup]bus 7,m4 altus74 ,mega!riid3 ,megalonyx 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 scalp] 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 tortulus 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 :eatleyi 7p4 #ca74 ,mylodon h>lani8 7p4 #ca74 ,equid3 ,equus complicatus 7,e4 frat]nus7 7p4 #ahe74 ,e4 pect9atus 7,e4 f4 pect9atus7 7p4 #ahe74 ,tapirid3 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 ,tagassuid3 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bac74 ,m4 p5nsylvanicus8 7p4 #bac74 ,tagassu tetragonus 7,mylohyus7 7p4 #bac74 ,camelid83 ,teleopt]nus ori5talis 7p4 #bbd74 ,c]vid3 ,odocoileus lvicornis4 ,o4 virg9ianus8 ,bovid3 ,bison sp4 indet4 7,bos7 7p4 #bef74 ,elephantid3 ,mammut am]icanum 7,ma/odon7 7p4 #fi74 ,sciurid3 ,sciurus calyc9us4 ,ca/orid3 ,ca/or canad5sis 7,c4 fib]74 ,cricetid3 ,p]omyscus leucopus8 7,hesp]omys74 ,anaptogonia hiatid5s4 ,sycium cloac9um4 ,microtus dideltus4 ,m4 diluvianus4 ,m4 involutus4 ,m4 speo!n4 ,zapodid3 ,zapus hudsonius8 ,ere?izontid3 ,ere?izon dorsatum8 ,o*otonid3 ,o*otona palat9a 7,lagomys74 ,leporid3 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,talpid3 ,scalopus sp4 indet4 7,scalops74 ,soricid3 ,bl>9a simplicid5s4 ,vesp]tilionid3 ,myotis8 sp4 indet4 7,vesp]tilio74 ,ursid3 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,arcto!rium haplodon4 ,mu/elid3 ,taxidea taxus 7,t4 am]icana74 ,mephitis fossid5s4 ,m4 leptops4 ,m4 obtusata4 ,m4 or?o/ica4 ,m4 putida4 ,osmo!rium spelum4 ,pelycictis lobulatus4 ,mu/ela diluviana4 ,gulo luscus4 ,lutra rhoadsii4 ,canid3 ,canis priscolatrans4 ,c4 dirus8 7,c4 indian5sis74 ,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus4 ,u4 latid5tatus4 ,felid3 ,ma*airodus gracilis4 ,smilodontopsis m]c]ii 7,smilodon74 ,felis eyra4 ,f4 inexpectata 7,uncia74 ,lynx calc>atus4 ,into ?is li/ !re are admitt$ #fj species1 ( :i* #ed are mammals4 ,( ^!1 #da are ext9ct1 n c\nt+ ! d\btful species unless !re is good reason = x4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 #fh p] c5t ( ! species ext9ct4 ,no rema9s ( ,rana 7 m5tion$ by ,cope 9 8 li/ ( #ahii4 ,"o species unnam$ 0 record$ by ,:eatley 9 8 li/s ( #ahga & by ,m]c] 9 8 pap] ( #ahii4 ,! turkey 7,meleagris sup]bus7 0 n includ$ by ,cope 9 #ahii1 b x 0 includ$ by ,:eatley & ,m]c] & ,cope 9 _! pap]s ( #ahga & 9 t ( ,cope 9 #ahif 7p4 #cgh74 ,m]c] 7#ahii1 p4 #bhj7 m5tions a leg-bone ( a turkey1 ) spur1 f\nd by ,:eatley4 ,rema9s ( ,megalonyx 7 abundant1 b ( ,m4 loxodon only a s+le too? 0 met )4 ,mylodon1 believ$ to be ,m4 h>lani1 0 f\nd only by ,:eatley & 0 repres5t$1 z /at$ by ,cope1 by only a claw phalanx4 ,! horse rema9s 7 orig9ally 7,cope1 #ahie1 p4 #ddg7 ref]r$ to ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus74 ,m]c]1 9 #ahii1 9 8 figure #i1 foll[+ ,cope's nom5clature1 uses ! "n ,e4 complicatus4 ,9 #ahii1 ,cope conclud$ t ! equ9e rema9s repres5t$ two races ( ,equus frat]nus1 ,e4 f4 frat]nus & ,e4 f4 pect9atus4 ,! pres5t writ] believes t ! tee? ref]r$ to ! subspecies frat]nus are too l>ge to belong to ! species :i* 0 call$ ,e4 frat]nus1 b :i* is n[ call$ ,e4 leidyi4 ,only a s+le species ( tapir1 ,tapirus haysii1 0 recogniz$4 ,cope 7#ahie1 p4 #ddg7 /at$ t x 0 ! mo/ abundant ( ! l>g] mammals4 ,cope 7#ahii1 p4 #beg7 report$ t #ah individual pecc>ies 7 repres5t$ by tee?1 :ile bones 7 num]\s4 ,he recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( ?ree species4 ,! id5tifications ( ,mylohyus nasutus & ,m4 p5nsylvanicus 7 unc]ta94 ,a new species1 ,m4 tetragonus1 0 bas$ on a ramus ( a l[] jaw4 ,milk mol>s 7 yet pres5t & ! ?ird mol> _h n appe>$4 ,cope spoke ( ! long dia/ema2 b1 to judge f 8 figure1 ! dia/ema equals only ab\t ! l5g? ( ! milk mol>s & ! fir/ mol>4 ,cope1 9 #ahii1 describ$ ,teleopt]nus ori5talis1 bas+ x on a few tee? :i* belong$ to ?ree individuals4 ,he 0 d\btful ab\t ! family position ( ! animal1 b put x provisionally 9 ! ,camelid4 ,9 _m respects ! tee? resembl$ ^? ( ! ,c]vid4 ,mat!w 7,osborn1 ,age ( ,mammals1 p4 #dfi7 has sugge/$ its aff9ity to ,ovibos4 ,two species ( de] 7 f\nd 9 ! cave1 ( :i* "o 0 n di/+ui%able f ,odocoileus virg9ianus4 ,9 ,:eatley's second li/ ( #ahga & t ( ,cope ( ! same ye> !re 0 record$ an undet]m9$ species ( ,bos 7,bison74 ,m]c] 7#ahii1 p4 #bhj7 record$ f ! ,:eatley collection rema9s ( ?ree individuals ( "o species ( ! same g5us4 ,9 ,cope's pap] on ! rema9s ( ?is cave no?+ is said ab\t ! g5us2 b 9 #ahgb 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 p4 #if7 he /at$ t ,bos 0 repres5t$ by a "p ( a femur & "s o!r bones4 ,h5ce 9 ! li/ giv5 above an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison is includ$4 ,abundant rema9s ( ! ma/odon occurr$ 9 ! cave1 b none ( any ( ! elephants4 ,"o ne$ n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt conclude t elephants 7 n liv+ 9 t region at t "t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t a consid]able numb] ( rod5ts is includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,"o species ( porcup9e is recogniz$4 ,?is 0 at fir/ reg>d$ by ,cope z an ext9ct =m & call$ ,ere?izon cloac9um2 b 9 #ahii he ref]r$ all ! rema9s1 ) "s d\bt1 to ! exi/+ species1 ,e4 dorsatum4 ,cope f\nd rema9s ( ab\t #ej individuals ( a species ( rabbit :i* he det]m9$ z ,lepus sylvaticus1 b ?is is n[ call$ ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,9 ! ,:eatley collection a species ( bat 0 recogniz$ & put 9 ,vesp]tilio4 ,probably x belong$ to ,myotis4 ,be>s 7 abundantly pres5t 9 ! cave4 ,"o species1 ,arcto!rium haplodon1 0 l>g] ?an ! grizzly be> & repres5t$ by p>ts ( ab\t #be individuals4 ,a small] be>1 indicat$ by #h individuals1 appe>$ to be 9 no way diff]5t f ! exi/+ black be>1 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,( skunks !re are li/$ #g species1 belong+ to #c g5]a1 all ! species be+ ext9ct except a suppos$ ,mephitis putida4 ,besides ^! mu/elids1 !re h be5 id5tifi$ rema9s ( ! exi/+ badg]1 ! exi/+ glutton1 an ext9ct weasel1 ,mu/ela diluviana1 & an ext9ct ott]1 ,lutra rhoadsii4 ,rema9s ( true dogs 7 n abundant 9 ! collection4 ,cope recogniz$1 h[ev]1 #b species ( ! g5us ,canis1 "o ( ab\t ! size ( ! m common =m ( ! exi/+ wolf2 ! o!r exce$+ 9 size ! l>ge/ wolf kn[n to him4 ,?is he ?\ght might belong to ,leidy's ,canis indian5sis 7,c4 dirus ,leidy74 ,!re 7 pres5t #b foxes1 ! exi/+ gray fox 7,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus7 & an ext9ct species1 ,u4 latid5tatus4 ,( ! cat family a species1 ?\ght at fir/ to be a hyna 7,crocuta71 receiv$ ! "n ,felis inexpectata4 ,x _h ! size ( ! jagu>1 & 0 repres5t$ by tee? & v>i\s bones4 ,an ext9ct lynx1 mu* l ,lynx ruffus1 0 pres5t4 ,ano!r cat 0 id5tifi$ z ,felis eyra4 ,( ?is species ,g4 ,s4 ,mill] 7,bull4 #gi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 p4 #aaf7 rem>ks t its type locality is ,p>aguay & t x is suppos$ to range nor? to ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x appe>s some:at d\btful1 !re=e1 t ! fossil rema9s belong to ?is species4 ,nev]!less1 ! prog5itors ( ! species1 9 _! w&]+ f ,asia or ,alaska to ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,p>aguay1 might h s5t a colony into ,p5nsylvania1 lat] to become ext9ct4 ,cope /at$ 7#ahii1 p4 #bej7 t !re 0 an isolat$ calcaneum 9 ! collection :i* 0 ( ! prop] size = ,felis eyra1 b :i* diff]$ f t ( ?is species4 ,two species ( sab]-too? cats 7 f\nd1 ,smilodontopsis gracilis & ,s4 m]c]ii4 ,! =m] is repres5t$ by v>i\s bones & tee?1 especially by a damag$ skull :i* pres5ts ! d5tition4 ,! cr[n ( ! great can9e is #aac mm4 long4 ,besides ! species includ$ 9 ! li/ giv5 above1 !re are a few ^: pres5ce = "o reason or ano!r is d\btful4 ,9 bo? ( 8 li/s ( #ahga ,:eatley report$ ! pres5ce ( ,crotalus1 ,colub]1 & ,tropidonotus 7,natrix74 ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 said t ! reptiles includ$ ?ree or f\r s]p5ts1 b 9 #ahie 7p4 #ddg7 he wrote t two species ( ,ophidia 7 recogniz$4 ,9 8 f9al pap] he m5tion$ only 8 ,zam5is acum9atus1 "h ref]r$ to ,colub]4 ,:eatley 7#ahga1 p4 #bee7 record$ an unid5tifi$ snipe z belong+ to ,scolopax4 ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 wrote t a snipe 0 "o ( two species ( birds pres5t4 ,m]c] 7#ahhi1 p4 #bhj7 recogniz$ ! same rema9s z belong+ to a species ( ,gall9ago4 ,:eatley 9 8 la/ li/ 7#ahga1 p4 #chd7 & ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 report$ ,scalopus 7,scalopus7 z be+ repres5t$ by an undet]m9$ species4 ,x is catalogu$ by ,m]c] 9 ! same way4 ,cope 7#ahie1 p4 #ddg7 /at$ t ! raccoon 0 v r>e2 b x 0 n m5tion$ 9 any ( 8 lat] pap]s4 ,on ! same page he wrote t !re 7 fragm5ts ( tee? closely simil> to ^? ( ,bass>iscus a/utus2 b ! species 0 n m5tion$ aft]w>d4 ,z already said1 !re are admitt$ into ! li/ giv5 above1 z id5tifi$ 9 a reasonably good mann]1 #fj species1 ( :i* #ed belong to ! ,mammalia4 ,x is a matt] ( int]e/ to comp>e ^! ) ! species ( mammals :i* 7 liv+ 9 t g5]al region be=e ! fauna 0 di/urb$ by ! arrival ( ! :ites4 ,! numb] ( species ( ! exi/+ mammals1 z %[n 9 ! second column1 is obta9$ f ,rhoads's 8,mammals ( ,p5nsylvania & ,new ,j]sey40 ,! subspecies are n includ$4 ,families ( l& mammals repres5t$ 9 ,port ,k5n$y ,cave & ^? t h liv$ 9 t region )9 ,rec5t times1 toge!r ) ! numb] ( kn[n species 9 ea* family at ea* ( ! two epo*s4 ,families4 ,no4 ( species1 ,port ,k5n$y4 ,no4 ( rec5t species4 ,mega!riid #e ,didelphid #a ,equid #b ,tapirid #a ,tagassuid #c ,camelid8 #a ,c]vid #b #b ,bovid #a #a ,elephantid #a ,sciurid #a #f ,ca/orid #a #a ,cricetid #g #i ,zapodid #a #b ,ere?izontid #a #a ,o*otonid #a ,leporid #a #b ,soricid #a #e ,talpid #a #c ,vesp]tilionid #a #h ,procyonid 8 #a ,ursid #b #a ,mu/elid #aa #i ,canid #d #c ,felid #e #c ,9 ! column ( fossils !re are #ed species2 9 t ( ! ,rec5t !re are #eh species4 ,( two families repres5t$ at pres5t 9 ! region1 b n includ$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e column1 ,didelphid & ,procyonid1 ! latt] nam$ has _h rema9s ref]r$ to x ) d\bt4 ,)\t d\bt memb]s ( bo? families exi/$ !re at t "t4 ,( ! families ( ! ,plei/oc5e column two no long] live any:]e ne> ! region2 f\r n[h]e on ! cont95t2 "o n[h]e on ! e>?4 ,ev5 ( su* families z ! ,ursid & ! ,felid important elem5ts1 z ,arcto!rium & ! sab]-too?s1 are ext9ct4 ,( ! #ed species admitt$ 9 ! ,plei/oc5e column #dj are ext9ct2 t is1 #gd p] c5t4 ,if we consid] ! sizes ( ! animals 9 "q we ga9 ?is result3 ,only #ae ( ! exi/+ species are ( any consid]able size1 rang+ f t ( a raccoon to t ( a bison1 ab\t #bf p] c5t4 ,( ! #ed fossil species ( mammals1 ab\t #cj v>y 9 size z indicat$1 ab\t #eg p] c5t4 ,x is h>dly to be d\bt$ t ?is prepond]ance is due to ! poor] *ances :i* ! small] skeletons _h ( pres]vation & ( rescue f ! matrix4 ,_h ! small] fossil species be5 pres]v$ & collect$ 9 ! same proportion t ! small] exi/+ ones h to ! l>g]1 ! cave ought to h furni%$ twice z _m species ( mammals z x did4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t ! l>g] species are m liable ?an ! small] ones to become ext9ct z "t passes on4 ,we c h>dly d\bt1 9 any case1 t :5 ! ,port ,k5n$y animals 7 be+ buri$ 9 t cave !re liv$ 9 t region a consid]ably l>g] numb] ( species ?an )9 ,rec5t times4 ,!re mu/ h exi/$ 9 t region m moles1 m rabbits1 m cricetids1 m squirrels1 & _m m bats4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no adequate record ( ! numb] ( birds1 snakes1 turtles1 & amphibians t mu/ h exi/$ ab\t ,port ,k5n$y & h p]i%$ 9 t cave4 ,f ! collection t has be5 made 9 ! cave at ,port ,k5n$y "s def9ite conclusions ought to be rea*$ reg>d+ _! "t ( exi/5ce4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ! cave & ( ! exhumation ( ! animal & vegetable rema9s1 ,m]c] 7#ahii1 pp4 #bfi-bhf7 has %[n :at extreme c>e 0 tak5 9 record+ ! position :i* ea* specim5 occupi$ 9 ! deposits4 ,9 8 figure #i he has not$ ! levels :i* ! v>i\s species occupi$4 ,:ile ! exi/5ce ( f\r b$s ( mat]ials makes x evid5t t ! deposition w5t on = "s "t1 x is not$ t few or no diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! "* ( ! species includ$4 ,possibly ,m]c]'s subdivision #a is to be except$ 9 ?is /atem5t4 ,c]ta9ly no great *anges w5t on 9 ! fauna :ile ! cave 0 be+ fill$2 no su* *anges z occurr$ 9 ! glaciat$ region f ! ,aftonian int]glacial /age up to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,x appe>s m probable t ! deposits 9 ! cave & ! animals entomb$ !re app]ta9 to ab\t a s+le ,plei/oc5e /age4 ,is1 !n1 ! /age ! ,late ,wiscons98 ,?is cave is situat$ only ab\t #ee miles s\? ( ! ,wiscons9 mora9e4 ,at ! "t ! species f\nd 9 ! cave exi/$ !y mu/ ea* h occupi$ a wide ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,x is n to be d\bt$ t ! range ( ne>ly e species ext5d$ nor?w>d f> beyond ! mora9e m5tion$4 ,:y1 !n1 9 deposits ov]ly+ ! ,wiscons9 drift h !re nev] be5 f\nd any rema9s ( ! f\r ,port ,k5n$y species ( ,megalonyx1 ( ,mylodon1 ( ! two species ( horses1 ( ! tapir1 ( ! ?ree species ( pecc>ies1 ( ! de] ,odocoileus lvicornis1 ( ! five ext9ct species ( cricetids1 ( ,o*otona1 ( ! ext9ct species ( ,bl>9a1 ( ! great be> ,arcto!rium1 ( ! six ext9ct species ( skunks1 ( ! ext9ct ott]1 ( ! ext9ct dog1 ( ! ext9ct fox1 ( any species ( sab]-too? tig]1 or ( ! ext9ct cats ,felis inexpectata & ,lynx calc>atus8 ,! abs5ce ( s _m species ( animals1 mo/ ( !m ( l>ge size1 f deposits s well adapt$ to pres]ve bones & tee?1 r5d] x v c]ta9 t ! animals no long] exi/$ !re4 ,did ! ext9ct species :i* are ref]r$ to above exi/ 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania at "s "t dur+ ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age & p]i% be=e ! close8 ,a few ( ! species f\nd 9 ! cave & /ill exi/+ are at pres5t inhabitants ( regions some:at m nor!rly ?an ,port ,k5n$y4 ,su* are ,ere?izon dorsatum & ,gulo luscus2 b ! great majority1 liv+ & ext9ct1 indicate a climate at lea/ z w>m z t ( ! pres5t2 _m ( !m sugge/+ a /ill mild] condition4 ,)9 hi/orical times bo? ( ! species j nam$ h inhabit$ ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s at lea/ z f> s\? z ,port ,k5n$y4 ,cope1 9 #ahga 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ii71 conclud$ t he _h !n id5tifi$ 9 ! cave rema9s ( #aa neotropical species4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 :olly improbable t ?is assemblage ( animals liv$ 9 t region1 s close to ! foot ( ! glaci]1 dur+ ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,^! animals mu/ h _h _! "t ( exi/5ce previ\s to ?is inhospitable epo*4 ,x seems to ! writ] t ! proportion ( ext9ct species1 ?ree-f\r?s1 & ! hi/ory ( _m ( ! g5]a & species1 indicate a "t ab\t equival5t to ! ,aftonian4 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,heilpr9 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahie1 p4 #dea7 express$ himself z be+ incl9$ to ref] ?is cave fauna to ! ,plioc5e4 ,an exam9ation ( ?is op9ion w\ld %[ t x is no m t5able ?an ! op9ion t ! fauna is ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,x w n be discuss$ "h beyond say+ t deposits conta9+ a simil> fauna are f\nd along ! ,atlantic coa/ f ,new ,j]sey to ! ,gulf1 & t at "o place at lea/1 ,v]o1 ,florida1 ^! are und]la9 by abundant ,plei/oc5e sea-%ells4 ,besides ! v]tebrates :i* h be5 li/$1 a numb] ( beetles 7 f\nd & ab\t #aj specifically det]m9$ plants4 ,:eatley 7#ahga1 p4 #che7 pres5ts a li/ ( ! beetles z det]m9$ by ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,horn1 b ! names 7 n accompani$ by descriptions4 ,:5 lat] 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,entom4 ,soc41 vol4 ,v1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bda-bde7 ,horn came to describe !m he r$uc$ ! numb] ( species &1 9 "s cases1 gave !m o!r names4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ z giv5 9 ,horn's pap] j cit$3 ,cy*rus :eatleyi1 ,c4 7m9or71 ,pt]o/i*us 7spp4 indet47 ,cym9dis aurora1 ,*lnius punctulatus1 ,diclus alutaceus1 ,*o]idium8 eb59um1 ,phanu antiquus1 ,aphodeus precursor4 ,all ( ^!1 z ! writ] is in=m$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,s*w>z1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 are reg>d$ z ext9ct1 b z closely alli$ to species n[ liv+ 9 t g5]al region4 ,! plants1 z report$ by ,m]c]1 are ,qu]cus palu/ris1 ,q4 alba1 ,q4 macroc>pa1 ,fagus f]rug9ea1 ,corylus am]icana1 ,p9us rigida1 ,c>ya porc9a1 ,c4 alba1 ,ampelopsis qu9quefolia1 ,cratgus crus-galli81 & all /ill fl\ri% 9 ea/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,section ( ,port ,k5n$y bone cave at "t ( fir/ exploration1 #ahga4 ,r$rawn f ,m]c]4 ,m1 ,m1 ,triassic %ale2 ,,al1 ,triassic %ale2 ,b1 black clay1 ) leaves1 etc4 ,m]c] 7#ahii1 p4 #bfi7 has giv5 a description ( ! cave f\nd 9 qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,x 0 locat$ on ! "r bank ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv]1 at ! village ( ,port ,k5n$y & ab\t #b miles bel[ ,valley ,=ge4 ,:eatley 7#ahga1 p4 #bcf7 gave a map :i* %[$ ! position ( ! qu>ries4 ,a comp>ison ( ?is ) ! topographical map ( ,folio #afb ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey %[s t !y 7 situat$ ab\t #hjj feet away f ! riv] & fac+ ! valley ( an unnam$ /reamlet4 ,none ( ! descriptions give ! elevation ( ! cave above ! riv] or above ! sea4 ,! riv] at t place is app>5tly ab\t #gj feet above sea-level4 ,! #ajj-;foot cont\r-l9e runs along ne> ! location ( ! qu>ries1 b ^! may h ext5d$ back to a high] level4 ,putt+ all ( ! /atem5ts toge!r1 x appe>s probable t ! m\? ( ! cave 01 9 ,:eatley's "t1 ab\t #ej feet above ! level ( ! riv]4 ,orig9ally ! surface elevation may h be5 /ill great]1 b may h be5 r$uc$ by erosion ( ! hill4 ,! surface rock "h is r$ %ale ( ! ,/ockton =mation1 belong+ to ! ,triassic1 & is und]la9 by ! ,%5&oah lime/one1 a memb] ( ! ,cambro-,ordovician s]ies4 ,?is lime/one 0 be+ qu>ri$ 9 #ahga1 :5 a cave 0 brok5 into1 fill$ ) incoh]5t mat]ials & expos+ fossil bones 9 abundance4 ,x 0 visit$ by ,*>les ,:eatley1 :o proce$$ to make excavations & collect ! fossils4 ,9 /udy+ ! fossils he work$ ) ,pr(essor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope & ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,horn4 ,! results 7 publi%$ 9 ,:eatley's two pap]s ( #ahga & 9 two pap]s by ,cope 9 ! same ye> 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ae1 #gc-ajb74 ,accord+ to ,:eatley's description & 8 figures1 ! "p ( ! cave se5 0 ab\t #bj feet wide at ! top1 exp&$ bel[ to ab\t #cj feet1 & !n n>r[$ at ! bottom1 z !n recogniz$1 to ab\t #aj feet4 ,! dep? 0 giv5 z #dj feet1 b ,m]c] ?9ks t ?is 0 improbable & t ,:eatley's measurem5ts 7 to "s ext5t guesses4 ,m]c] 7#ahii1 p4 #bga7 /at$ t ?is cave might be comp>$ to a bottle ( unkn[n size4 ,x _h op5$ to ! surface2 & on 8 page #bhc ,m]c] spoke ( x z =m+ a well-l hole t might h be5 z mu* z #gj feet deep4 ,evid5tly ,m]c] "h includ$ t "p ( x :i* he himself excavat$4 ,! mat]ials fill+ x 71 accord+ to ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #gc71 ! dbris ( ! neighbor+ ,triassic /rata4 ,figure #aa is tak5 f ,m]c]'s pap] & is a reproduction ( a sket* made by ,:eatley 9 #ahga4 ,aft] ,:eatley _h made 8 collection ! cave 0 cov]$ ov] by dbris f ! qu>ry & =gott54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,section ( ,port ,k5n$y bone cave at "t ( la/ exploration1 #ahid4 ,r$rawn f ,m]c]4 ,9 ! c\rse ( fur!r qu>ry+ op]ations ! same cave 0 brok5 into aga9 9 #ahic4 ,excavations 9 ! mat]ials t fill$ ! cave 7 made 9 #ahid by ,dr4 ,samuel ,dixon1 ,h4 ,c4 ,m]c]1 & o!rs1 result+ 9 ! secur+ ( ! collection :i* =m$ ! subject ( ,cope's pap] ( #ahid & 8 f9al report ( #ahii4 ,at ?is "t1 accord+ to ,m]c]1 ! qu>ry+ op]ations c>ri$ on f #ahee _h trans=m$ a g5tly slop+ hillside into an amphi!at] sev]al acres 9 ext5t1 wall$ ) p]p5dicul> esc>pm5ts ( rock1 sometimes a hundr$ feet high4 ,at ?is "t ! floor ( ! qu>ry _h be5 l[]$ & ! cave 0 brok5 into at a level bel[ t rea*$ by ,:eatley4 ,figure #ab1 reproduc$ f ,m]c]'s figure #e1 %[s ! relation ( ! lat] excavations to ^? ( #ahga4 ,z already /at$1 ,m]c] conclud$ t ,:eatley's dim5sions 7 probably results ( guesses1 inasmu* z ! top ( ,m]c]'s exposure 0 n m ?an #cj or #cc feet bel[ ! orig9al level ( ! hilltop4 ,accord+ to ,m]c]'s figure #e1 8 own excavation probably ext5d$ d[n ab\t #af feet bel[ ! level rea*$ by ,:eatley2 b o!r /atem5ts appe> to make ?is some:at great]4 ,m]c] wrote t ! mat]ials fill+ ! cave _h be5 /ratifi$ by ! action ( wat]4 ,he recogniz$ f\r subdivisions1 mo/ ( :i* /ood high] ar\nd ! walls ?an at ! c5t] ( ! cave4 ,( ^! subdivisions1 ! fir/ & upp]mo/ 0 suppos$ to m>k ! l[e/ level atta9$ by ,:eatley4 ,x consi/$ ( f9e clay & loam ( black color1 int]m+l$ ) f9e & co>se muck1 9 :i* 7 f\nd "s rema9s ( small mammals1 j :at species 0 n /at$4 ,on 8 *>t1 8 figure #i1 a tapir is indicat$ z occurr+ 9 x4 ,subdivision #b 0 compos$ ( f #d to #aa feet ( s&y clay1 ) fragm5ts ( s&/one & lime/one1 f small ones up to ab\t #b feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is matrix !re 7 num]\s bones & tee? ( l>ge animals1 b x lack$ small ones & vegetal matt]4 ,subdivision #c 0 a s&y clay1 black5$ by vegetable matt] & conta9+ num]\s bones ( v]tebrates1 l>ge & small4 ,! l[e/ subdivision1 #d1 0 a zone :i* 0 foll[$ d[n ab\t #aj feet & :i* consi/$ ( s&1 clay1 & /ones1 all ( a yell[ color4 ,9 ?is 7 f\nd rema9s ( ! l>g] mammals1 bett] pres]v$ ?an 9 ! upp] subdivisions4 ,at ! l[e/ dep? rea*$ ! excavation appe>s to h ext5d$ bel[ ! level ( ! ,s*uylkill ,riv] & ! wat] came 9 s rapidly t fur!r desc5t 0 n practicable4 ,m]c]'s !ory ( ! fill+ ( ! cave is express$ 9 ^! words1 on 8 page #bgg3 8,en\gh _h be5 se5 to conv9ce u t a fre%-wat] flood1 ris+ to a level ( f #ae to #bj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! hilltop1 h5ce a g5]al inundation ( ! :ole surr\nd+ c\ntry1 be>+ 9 its curr5t ! clay1 /ones1 & e>? ( neighbor+ levels1 _h tumbl$ into ! fissure1 c>ry+ ) x ! bones ( creatures previ\sly d5ud$ ( fle% & s(t5$ by decomposition40 ,& fur!r1 on page #bhd3 8,n unreasonably1 !re=e1 we may suppose1 n only t ! creatures _h p]i%$ toge!r1 b also t !y _h p]i%$ on ! spot or at ! *asm--n meet+ ?is fate dur+ a long int]val ( "t1 & ?r\gh a long s]ies ( *ance tumbles1 b sudd5ly & by =ce ( a common ev5t40 ,are we to suppose t dur+ "s summ] fre%et animals 9 su* numb]s 7 swept away t ^? t 7 f\nd 9 ! cave1 & d\btless _m m :i* decay$ utt]ly1 7 only ! relatively few t happ5$ to pass ov] t #bj-;foot hole8 ,:]e1 !n1 7 pick$ up all ! o!r animals t mu/ h burd5$ ! swoll5 ,s*uylkill8 ,or did x possibly happ5 t all ! animals t 7 swept away 7 9 "s unacc\ntable mann] direct$ into t hole8 ,if ! curr5t 0 /rong en\gh to sweep along /ones up to #b feet 9 diamet]1 h[ did x happ5 to deposit !re f9e s& & clay1 leaves1 cones1 se$s1 & /icks8 ,x is difficult to accept ! !ory t ! fill+ ( ! cave 0 due to a cataclysm su* z has be5 invok$4 ,x seems f> m probable t ! m\? ( ! cave 0 op5 = _m hundr$s ( ye>s1 possibly ?\s&s ( !m1 s t animals1 plants1 /ones1 & f9e & co>se e>? c\ld 9 v>i\s ways get into x4 ,animals w&]+ ab\t might inadv]t5tly fall 9 or be pu%$ 9 by ! h]d4 ,d\btless at "s =m] "t ! ,s*uylkill fl[$ at a high] level ?an n[1 & dur+ times ( unusually high-wat] might h ris5 to ! level ( ! m\? ( ! cave & c>ri$ into x at ea* rise "s mud1 "s vegetation1 & "s animals4 ,! fill+ 0 q c]ta9ly a sl[ process4 ,to ! writ] ! "p ( ! cav]n :i* 0 work$ & pictur$ by ,:eatley has all ! m>ks ( an enorm\s pot-hole1 su* z ^? :i* h be5 discov]$ at ,cohoes1 ,new ,york4 ,:ile ! latt] appe> to h be5 drill$ out 9 late ,plei/oc5e times1 ! ,port ,k5n$y hole mu/ h be5 fa%ion$ dur+ ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e or ev5 9 ! ,plioc5e4 ,"o may suppose t1 aft] ! pot-hole _h rea*$ ! dep? :]e ! con/riction 0 f\nd1 ! wat] began to f9d its way out at ! bottom ?r\gh fissures or passages 9 ! lime/one4 ,:5 ?is happ5$1 ! passages may h be5 enl>g$ me*anically or by means ( solution1 result+ 9 ! =mation ( ! v>i\s l[] cav]ns4 ,:5 ! riv] _h be5 l[]$ en\gh to rea* only occasionally ! m\? ( ! pot-hole1 ! latt] became *ok$ fir/ by ! co>se mat]ials n[ f\nd 9 subdivision #d1 & aft]w>ds by f9] s& & mud4 ,"s v]tebrates ( ! late ,plei/oc5e or e>ly ,rec5t obs]v$ at ,c>lisle des]ve consid]ation4 ,9 #ahej 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdi1 pp4 #ceb-cee7 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,baird gave an acc\nt ( 8 explorations 9 ! caves 9 ! region ab\t ,c>lisle1 ,cumb]l& ,c\nty4 ,"o ( ^! caves 0 ne> ,c>lisle1 & 9 x ,baird f\nd a l>ge numb] ( animal rema9s4 ,a second cave1 ! situation ( :i* 0 n giv51 0 on ! top ( a hill & 0 a v]tical %aft #cj feet deep1 :i* op5$ into a l>ge gall]y4 ,x furni%$ a skeleton ( a be>1 b ?is appe>$ to h only rec5tly fall5 into ! cave4 ,ano!r cave 0 on ! bank ( ! ,susquehanna1 #j4e mile bel[ a railroad bridge4 ,x 01 !re=e1 probably ne> ,h>risburg4 ,! entrance 0 9 lime/one rock1 ne>ly v]tical1 & #bj feet deep4 ,"h ,baird f\nd _m bones1 emb$d$ 9 mud1 b ( ^! he obta9$ only a few4 ,ano!r cave1 app>5tly ne>by1 :i* ,baird spoke ( z 8! ma9 cave10 furni%$ "s ( 8 specim5s4 ,/ill ano!r cave1 probably 9 ! same neighborhood1 0 ! s\rce ( 8 mo/ p]fect specim5s4 ,?is pres5t$ a s]ies ( gall]ies ne> ! ro( & ^! 7 rea*$ by ladd]s4 ,^! gall]ies 7 fill$ ) mud1 & 9 ?is mud ! bones 7 buri$4 ,! numb] ( species :i* he obta9$1 he report$1 0 ne>ly twice ! numb] liv+ !re at ! pres5t "t4 ,( ^! fossil species he e/imat$ t ab\t #e p] c5t 7 ext9ct4 ,baird appe>s nev] to h complet$ 8 /udy ( 8 collection4 ,8 li/ designates ! animals only by _! v]nacul> names4 ,! mammals consi/$ ( pan!rs1 lynxes1 wolves1 foxes1 ott]s1 be>s1 muskrats1 de]1 beav]s1 & rabbits4 ,!re 7 bird rema9s 9 great quantities1 & ^! includ$ wild turkeys1 "s ( great size1 swans1 wild ducks1 & pelicans4 ,!re appe>$ to be #h or #aj species ( tortoises4 ,bones ( snakes 7 q common2 also scales & v]tebr ( fi%es1 & a l[] jaw ( a salam&]4 ,9 ! upp]mo/ #b or #c in*es ( mud 7 _m relics ( ,indians4 ,baird suppos$ t ^! bones _h 9 mo/ cases be5 wa%$ 9 f above ?r\gh s9k holes4 ,?is collection1 or "s ( x1 0 br\ght by ,baird to ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution2 & !y1 or "s ( !m1 are 9 ! collection ( mammals2 b ! bulk ( ! collection has app>5tly be5 lo/4 ,all ( ^! animals belong evid5tly to ei!r ! v late ,plei/oc5e or to ! ,rec5t p]iod4 ,a cave at ,frank/[n has furni%$ fossils ( ab\t ,middle ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,9 #aijh 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 iv1 pp4 #bbh-bcc7 & aga9 9 #aiab 7,proc4 ,int]nat4 ,zool4 ,congr41 ,bo/on1 #aijg1 pp4 #gdh-geb71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holl& gave an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( v]tebrate fossils 9 a fissure 9 lime/one rock at ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,c\nty4 ,?is village is situat$ on ! ,frank/[n ,bran* ( ,juniata ,riv]1 a little m ?an #b miles nor? ( ea/ ( ,hollidaysburg4 ,! fissure 0 excavat$ 9 a ,devonian rock kn[n z ! ,lewi/[n lime/one4 ,! qu>ries are report$ to be 9 ! village & on ! top ( a hill t rises ab\t #djj feet above ! banks ( ! ,juniata4 ,accord+ to ! ,hollidaysburg topographical %eet1 ! #ibj-;foot l9e crosses ! riv] j above ! village4 ,! highe/ hill1 #a1bfj feet above sea-level1 is #j4c mile away t[>d ! nor?we/4 ,9 ?is hill1 z ,dr4 ,holl& /at$1 !re are sev]al small caves4 ,! "o :i* furni%$ ! fossils appe>$ to be ab\t #dj feet 9 l5g?1 av]ag+ f #f to #h feet 9 wid?1 & at ! mo/ 0 n m ?an #aj or #ab feet high4 ,! floor 0 ab\t #cj feet bel[ ! top ( ! hill4 ,! fissure appe>$ to h once cont9u$ up to ! surface1 b ! op5+ _h be5 fill$ ) fall5 blocks ( lime/one4 ,! floor ( ! cave is describ$ z be+ occupi$ by ab\t #b feet ( r$ soil1 ev]y:]e trav]s$ by b&s & lay]s ( d>k mat]ials *>g$ ) organic matt]4 ,) ! f9] deposits 7 m+l$ fragm5ts ( rock1 "s be+ l>ge blocks4 ,! fossil rema9s appe> to h be5 c>efully collect$1 b 7 mo/ly fragm5t>y4 ,!y 7 only cursorily /udi$ at ! "t ( ,holl&'s writ+ & no?+ has s9ce be5 publi%$ on !m4 ,! numb] ( species obta9$ 0 e/imat$ to be f #cj to #dj4 ,! foll[+ g5]a & species are m5tion$3 ,meleagris sp4 indet4 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ca74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjc74 ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus 7p4 #bad74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,c]valces8 sp4 indet4 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #fi74 ,sciurus sp4 indet4 ,ondatra sp4 indet4 ,ere?izon sp4 indet4 ,lepus sp4 indet4 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,arcto!rium haplodon4 ,mephitis sp4 indet4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,felis8 sp4 indet4 ,aft] ! =ego+ _h be5 put 9 type ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son1 ( ! ,c>negie ,museum1 s5t ! writ] a revis$ li/ 9 :i* additions are made4 ,! foll[+ are ! mo/ important3 ,cryptobran*us sp4 indet4 ,rana catesbiana8 ,clemmys insculpta4 ,bl>9a sp4 indet4 nocyon dirus4 ,canis priscolatrans8 ,spilogale putorius4 ,bra*yprotoma putorius4 ,bo!rium bombifrons4 ,equus sp4 indet4 ,besides ^! =ms1 rema9s belong+ to bats1 v>i\s birds1 snakes1 & batra*ians h be5 recogniz$4 ,( ! fossils id5tifi$ g5]ically or specifically ^? belong+ to ,megalonyx1 ,tapirus1 ,mylohyus1 ,c]valces1 ,mammut1 & ,arcto!rium are c]ta9ly ext9ct4 ,probably1 too1 ! bison & ! species ( ,felis are ext9ct4 ,!re are1 !re=e1 pretty c]ta9ly close to #ej p] c5t ( ! species :i* are no long] liv+4 ,?is p]c5tage & ! hi/ory ( "s ( ! g5]a make x improbable t ! assemblage belongs to ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age4 ,"s ( !m c\ld h>dly h be5 liv+ dur+ ! ,wiscons91 :5 ! foot ( ! glaci] 0 )9 #ajj miles t[>d ! nor!a/ & nor?we/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are no species or g5]a pres5t :i* make x necess>y to ref] ! collection to ! fir/ int]glacial4 ,! assemblage probably belongs to ! middle ,plei/oc5e4 ,com+ n[ to ! v s\?we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 we f9d t4 ,elephas columbi has be5 met ) 9 ! b$ ( ,h>gus ,creek1 #c miles above ,rog]sville1 9 ,gre5e ,c\nty 7p4 #aej71 & ,e4 primig5ius on ,gray's ,=k ( ,t5 ,mile ,creek1 ne> ,graysville 7p4 #acc74 ,9 ! ,rog]sville ,folio 7,no4 #adf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,clapp describ$ ! geology ( ?is quadrangle4 ,on 8 page #aj he briefly discuss$ ! meag] ,quat]n>y deposits ( ! area4 ,^! he ref]r$ to ! ,c>mi*aels =mation1 & indicat$ 8 op9ion t x belong$ to v e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,on ! geological map x is repres5t$ z occurr+ along ,t5 ,mile ,creek at & j bel[ ,rog]sville4 ,! occurr5ce ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi j above ?is t[n & ( ,e4 primig5ius j above ,h>veys 7p4 #acc7 r5d]s x probable t o!r pat*es ( ! =mation exi/ fur!r up ! /ream & along "s ( its bran*es1 & t ! fossils 7 d]iv$ f t =mation4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t small pat*es ( a lat] deposit exi/ !re4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made to ! ,c>mi*aels =mation4 ,! type locality is f\nd at ,c>mi*aels1 on ,muddy ,creek 9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty4 ,! geological description ( ! locality has be5 pres5t$ by ,m>ius ,r4 ,campbell 9 ! ,masont[n-,uniont[n ,folio 7,no4 #hb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey74 ,! =mation occurs ext5sively along ,monongahela ,riv] & o!r /reams ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania4 ,= in=mation ! read] %\ld consult ! ,geological ,survey ,folios ,nos4 #add1 #adf1 #aba1 #hb1 & #agg4 ,! deposits occur at levels consid]ably above ! pres5t /reams & are reg>d$ z hav+ be5 laid d[n 9 old & n[ ab&on$ riv] *annels & 9 tribut>ies ( ^!4 ,! "t :5 ?is occurr$ is believ$ by _m1 if n mo/ geologi/s to belong to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 ! ,kansas /age1 or possibly ! ,nebraskan4 ,9 ! op9ion ( "s geologi/s ! glacial ice damm$ ! /reams & caus$ _! valleys to be fill$ ) detritus4 ,m rec5t ,plei/oc5e deposits1 possibly ( ,wiscons9 age1 occur at l[] levels 9 "s places s\? ( ! ,wiscons9 mora9e2 & p]haps ! age ( "s ( !m has n yet be5 recogniz$4 ,:5 rema9s ( v]tebrate animals are discov]$1 x is ( great importance to det]m9e1 if possible1 ! exact levels ( _! orig94 ,on ano!r page m5tion is made ( ! f9d+ ( a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius at ,lone ,p9e 7p4 #acc71 #g4be miles s\? ( s\!a/ ( ,wa%+ton4 ,?is village is on ,little ,t5 ,mile ,creek4 ,no details ( ! discov]y h be5 receiv$4 ,f ,folio #add ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey x is le>n$ t pat*es ( ! ,c>mi*aels =mation are f\nd = sev]al miles along ,t5 ,mile ,creek1 ne> ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! quadrangle4 ,x seems probable t !re may be pat*es ( ! same deposit along ,little ,t5 ,mile ,creek1 9 ! neighborhood ( ,lone ,p9e4 ,z detail$ on page #gj1 a ma/odon too? 0 f\nd _m ye>s ago ab\t #a4e miles s\? ( ! village ( ,hickory1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ab\t tw5ty miles s\?we/ ( ,pittsburgh4 ,we/l& ,run empties into ,*>ti]s ,creek1 & ?is into ! ,ohio at ,pittsburgh4 ,! geology ( ,burgett/[n & ,c>negie ,quadrangles has be5 describ$ by ,e4 ,w4 ,%aw & ,m4 ,j4 ,munn 7,folio #agg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #aiaa74 ,no ,plei/oc5e deposits are mapp$ on ! /ream m5tion$2 b j a little l[] d[n1 on ,*>ti]s ,creek1 is a pat* ( ! ,c>mi*aels =mation4 ,bel[ ,hickory some:]e !re mu/ be a ,plei/oc5e deposit ( "s k9d1 & x is m probably e>ly ?an late ,plei/oc5e4 ,f ! vic9ity ( ,pittsburgh !re h be5 report$ rema9s ( ! ma/odon 7p4 #fi71 ( ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aej71 & ( an undet]m9$ species ( elephant 7p4 #afh74 ,nei!r ( ! elephants is c]ta9ly det]m9able4 ,! ma/odon1 repres5t$ by fragm5ts ( bones & tee?1 is said to h be5 f\nd 9 ! riv] bank1 at ! junction ( ,monongahela & ,allegh5y ,riv]s4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! ,plei/oc5e /age to :i* any ( ^! proboscidean rema9s belong4 ,z %[n on ! geological map ( ! ,c>negie ,quadrangle 7,folio #agg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 !re are indicat$ "h ,plei/oc5e deposits ( e>ly1 int]m$iate1 & late /ages4 ,little in=mation is furni%$ by a ma/odon report$ f\nd on ,dicks ,creek 9 ,butl] ,c\nty4 ,! /atem5ts reg>d+ ! f9d+ ( elephant rema9s on ,fr5* ,creek ne> ,meadville are vague & valueless 7p4 #afh74 ,"s rema9s ( ,elephas columbi h be5 f\nd at ,tryonville1 at a dep? ( #g feet 7p4 #aej74 ,! t[n is on ! ,wiscons9 mora9e & ! elephant probably belongs to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius 0 report$ f a place 9 ,erie ,c\nty1 call$ ,beav]dam 7p4 #acc74 ,f ,mr4 ,clyde ,c4 ,hill1 civil eng9e]1 ,nor!a/1 ,erie ,c\nty1 ! in=mation is receiv$ t ,beav]dam is a cross-roads hamlet ab\t #bc miles s\? ( ! lake1 ne> ! prolongation ( ! we/]n ,new ,york b\nd>y l9e4 ,?is is )9 ! area cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift1 & x is pretty c]ta9 t ! animal liv$ !re aft] or ne> ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,j we/ ( ,erie a ma/odon too? has be5 f\nd along ,*ase ,creek 7p4 #gj74 ,unless !re are "s unrecogniz$ pre-,wiscons9 deposits along ?is creek1 ! animal mu/ h liv$ !re at a "t aft] ! lake _h retir$ to ab\t its pres5t limits4 ,?is w\ld be ne> ! v close ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo*4 ,! same conclusion mu/ be arriv$ at f a /udy ( ! proboscidean rema9s 7suppos$ to be ^? ( an elephant7 f\nd at ,gir>d4 ,brief m5tion is made "h ( f9ds ( fossil v]tebrates 9 ,p5nsylvania :i* h n yet be5 m5tion$2 also1 ! localities are giv5 :]e !y are f\nd1 & citations ( ! pages :]e full] descriptions are furni%$3 ,a horse has be5 report$ f ,ru!r=d1 ,dauph9 ,c\nty 7p4 #ahe71 & a pecc>y1 ,platygonus vetus 7p4 #bac71 f ,milroy1 ,miffl9 ,c\nty4 ,ma/odons h be5 report$ f ,tunkhannock1 ,wyom+ ,c\nty2 ,b]wick1 ,columbia ,c\nty2 ,read+1 ,b]ks ,c\nty2 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,york ,c\nty2 ne> ,re$sville1 ,miffl9 ,c\nty2 ,*amb]sburg1 ,frankl9 ,c\nty1 & ,b$=d1 ,b$=d ,c\nty 7see pp4 #fh1 #fi74 ,elephas primig5ius has be5 met ) at ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,c\nty 7p4 #acc72 & some:]e ab\t ,*add's ,=d1 9 ,*e/] or ,delaw>e ,c\nty 7p4 #acc74 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ce1 #cf47 ,! ,/ate ( ,ohio is p>tly glaciat$1 p>tly n4 ,! unglaciat$ portion =ms ! s\!a/]n bord] & con/itutes close to #bh p] c5t ( ! :ole surface4 ,! glaciat$ area is mo/ly cov]$ by ! ,wiscons9 drift1 :i* makes up #fj p] c5t ( ! :ole surface4 ,! rema9d] is cov]$ by t "p ( ! ,ill9oian drift-%eet :i* projects beyond ! edge ( ! ,wiscons94 ,?is occupies ab\t #ab p] c5t ( ! surface ( ! ,/ate4 ,! unglaciat$ area conta9s ,plei/oc5e deposits along ! /reams1 especially along ,ohio1 ,musk+um1 ,hock+1 & ,scioto ,riv]s4 ,probably ! great] "p ( ! mat]ials =m+ ^! deposits 7 br\ght d[n ! riv]s :i* head$ at ! foot ( ! ,ill9oian & ,wiscons9 glacial ice-%eets4 ,h[ev]1 all t "p ( ! c\ntry :i* 0 n cov]$ by glacial ice 0 act$ on by atmosph]ic ag5cies & suff]$ erosion4 ,h5ce abundant mat]ials ( non-glacial orig9 7 swept d[n ^? tribut>ies ( ! ,ohio :i* _h _! s\rces 9 ! ,alleghany region & d[n ^? :i* fl[$ ?r\gh ! unglaciat$ "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,mu* ( ^! mat]ials 0 deposit$ along ! banks ( ^! /reams & m+l$ ) ! dbris f ! glacial ice-%eet4 ,d\btless su* deposits 7 be+ made dur+ ! :ole ,plei/oc5e epo* & 7 mo/ly swept away2 or !y may h be5 cov]$ up by subsequ5t deposits2 or ! deposits ( "o /age may 9 _m cases n be di/+ui%able f ^? ( o!r /ages4 ,a p]usal ( *apt] ,v ( ,lev]ett's monograph ( #aijb 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 #aijb1 pp4 #bbh-beb7 & ( ! pap]s !re cit$1 also ( o!rs publi%$ s9ce t "t1 w impress ! read] ) ! fact t an old drift1 probably ( ,kansan or pre-,kansan age1 has left traces ( itself 9 ,ohio j outside ( ! t]m9al mora9e ( ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,?is is f\nd especially 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty2 b1 accord+ to ,wright 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,z1 p4 #bjg7 x ext5ds z f> we/w>d z ,canton1 ,/>k ,c\nty4 ,x is %[n 9 ,lev]ett's pap] t ! /reams1 especially ! l>g] ones1 ( s\?we/]n ,new ,york1 we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & ea/]n ,ohio _h1 at "s "t prec$+ t ( ?is old drift1 be5 deeply excavat$ into ! und]ly+ rocks1 & t ^! anci5t *annels _h become fill$ by ! outwa% f ! old] drift4 ,fur!rmore1 t]races compos$ ( ?is drift are n[ f\nd along riv]s ( ! region m5tion$1 at heights v>y+ f #aej to z mu* z #ejj feet above ! pres5t /reams4 ,^? old1 deeply excavat$ valleys may !re=e h once be5 fill$ to ! highe/ t]races & s9ce t "t h be5 re-excavat$ to ! level ( ! pres5t /reams4 ,! anci5t rocky floors 9 _m cases lie n[ f a few to "s hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! b$s ( ! exi/+ riv]s4 ,x is easily possible t ! bones & tee? ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e animals may h be5 buri$ 9 su* valley fill+s & su* t]race deposits4 ,aga91 rema9s ( su* v]tebrates may h be5 buri$ b5ea? ! glacial 8fr+e0 t has be5 m5tion$4 ,9 su* cases x may be impossible = "o :o is n a glaciologi/1 p]haps n ev5 = him1 to det]m9e ! real age ( ! fossils4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ( ! utmo/ importance t a record be kept ( ! exact spot :]e ! fossil 0 f\nd1 s t at "s future "t ! geology ( ! locality may be /udi$ by a compet5t p]son4 ,naturally1 o!r in=mation1 z t relat+ to ! k9d ( deposit1 dep? ( burial1 elevation ( place ( burial1 & ! l1 is valuable4 ,a discussion ( ! ,ill9oian drift-%eet1 includ+ t "p f\nd 9 ,ohio1 =ms *apt] ,,vi ( ,lev]ett's "w ( #aijb 7,monogr4 cit41 pp4 #bec-bia74 ,z %[n by 8 plate ,,ii1 ,ill9oian drift cov]s a small area 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 along ,ohio ,riv]2 !n leav+ ! riv] & runn+ fir/ 9 a nor!a/]ly direction1 !n directly nor?1 x =ms a n>r[ /rip outside ! bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 z f> nor? z ,ri*l& & ,holmes ,c\nties4 ,if x ext5ds fur!r ea/ ?an ?is1 x is conceal$ b5ea? ! ,wiscons94 ,x is to be expect$ t ,ill9oian drift w be discov]$ "h & !re 9 ! great] "p ( ! ,/ate b5ea? ! ,wiscons9 :]e ! latt] %all h be5 p5etrat$ 9 digg+ wells1 9 bor+s1 & :]e /reams h cut d[n ?r\gh ! lat] drift-%eet4 ,9 su* places x w be possible to f9d rema9s ( animals & plants buri$ 9 int]glacial deposits laid d[n be=e ! ,wiscons9 /age2 t is1 9 ei!r ,sangamon or ,peorian or ev5 m remote times4 ,on page #bfi ( ! "w j quot$1 ,lev]ett m5tions a case ne> ,lanca/]1 ,fairfield ,c\nty1 :]e a black mucky soil 0 f\nd betwe5 ! ,wiscons9 & ! ,ill9oian drifts4 ,on page #bgc ( ! same "w is m5tion$ ! occurr5ce ( logs & pieces ( wood at ,be!l1 ,cl]mont ,c\nty1 9 a gravel-b$ b5ea? ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,?is might be int]pret$ z indicat+ a deposit belong+ to ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,ill9oian or to ! ,y>m\?4 ,! g5]al aspects ( ! ,ill9oian drift are describ$ by ,lev]ett on 8 pages #bgj to #bhe4 ,deposits ( ,ill9oian age may occur beyond ! bord] ( ! ice-laid ,ill9oian drift & ev5 beyond ! ,wiscons9 z ! result ( outwa%4 ,lev]ett 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhe7 m5tions ! occurr5ce ( :at appe>s to be an ,ill9oian t]race along ,s&y ,creek1 ne> ,waynesburg1 ,/>k ,c\nty1 at #gj feet above ! /ream1 :ile ! ,wiscons9 t]race is h>dly #dj feet above ! creek4 ,high-level t]races are f\nd along ,lick+ & ,musk+um ,riv]s f ,hanov]1 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 to ,mc,connellsville 9 ,morgan ,c\nty1 & are ?\ght to be possibly ( ,ill9oian age1 :ile l[] ones belong to ! ,wiscons94 ,ill9oian gravels & cobble are likewise met ) along ,hock+ ,riv] 7,lev]ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhh72 also along ! ,scioto f ,*illico! ne>ly to its m\?4 ,on l[]-level t]races o!r deposits ( ,wiscons9 age are to be look$ =4 ,aga9 x is se5 h[ important x is t accurate in=mation %\ld be s\ght reg>d+ ! exact spot ( int]m5t ( any v]tebrate rema9s1 z well z ! elevation1 ! dep?1 & k9d ( mat]ials pass$ ?r\gh4 ,map #ce has be5 prep>$ to %[ ! di/ribution ( ! ,wiscons9 & ,ill9oian drift-%eets 9 ,ohio4 ,! driftless area1 %[n )\t %ad+ ( any k9d1 occupies ! s\!a/]n side ( ! ,/ate & =ms a broad tract some:at p>allel ) ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! ,ill9oian belt lies betwe5 ?is driftless area & ! ,wiscons94 ,naturally x passes b5ea? ! ,wiscons9 drift & probably und]lies mo/ ( x4 ,a "p ( ! map is %ad$ by horizontal l9es 9 ord] to %[ ! position & ext5t ( =m] ,lake ,maumee4 ,?is lake 0 an e>ly pr$ecessor ( ,lake ,erie & empti$ into ,waba% ,riv]4 ,! mora9es laid d[n by ! ,wiscons9 ice on its gradual )drawal f ! ,/ate are indicat$ by ! /ippl$ areas & by ! lett]s at ! sides ( ! map4 ,mo/ ( ! names appli$ to ^! mora9es 9 ,ohio diff] f ! p>ts ( ! same mora9es 9 ,indiana4 ,! ,g]mant[n1 ,eaton1 & ,englewood correspond to ! ,bloom+ton ( ,indiana2 ! ,sidney to ! ,union ,city2 ! ,loramie to ! ,salamanie2 ! ,cel9a to ! ,waba%2 & ! ,lima to ! ,=t ,wayne4 ,map #cf %[s ! localities :]e ,plei/oc5e mammals h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,/ate & ! relation ( ^! localities to ! drift-%eets & ! mora9es4 ,x is to be suppos$ t any animal ^: rema9s are f\nd 9 deposits ov]ly+ ! ,wiscons9 drift liv$ !re aft] ! retreat ( ! ice-%eet f t locality4 ,any ma/odon 7maps #e1 #g7 t has be5 discov]$ )9 ! area cov]$ by ! old ,lake ,maumee probably liv$ !re aft] t lake _h subsid$4 ,h[ev]1 x might be possible to f9d along riv]s1 or deep cuts along railroads1 animals t _h liv$ !re dur+ ,sangamon times2 b ?is may be suppos$ to occur r>ely4 ,ma/odons1 ,nos4 #cd1 #cg1 & #ci ( map #g1 probably liv$ & di$ aft] lat] ,lake ,w>r5 _h %runk5 into ,lake ,erie4 ,mo/ ( ! fossil v]tebrates t h be5 f\nd 9 ,ohio belong to ! ,late ,wiscons92 t is1 !y liv$ 9 _! respective localities aft] ! glacial ice _h retir$ f ^? localities4 ,a few fossils may be cr$it$ to an int]glacial /age1 ,sangamon or ,peorian1 :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons94 ,inasmu* z 9 ! area occupi$ by ! ,ill9oian drift ?is deposit may be cut ?r\gh by riv]s or railroads1 x is possible t pre-,ill9oian fossils might be discov]$4 ,a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius has be5 f\nd at ,wav]ly1 ,pike ,c\nty1 on ,scioto ,riv]1 z record$ on page #acd4 ,along t riv] !re are deposits ( gravel & s& :i* 7 d]iv$ app>5tly f ,ill9oian drift1 :ile bel[ ^! ,ill9oian deposits is a ,wiscons9 t]race4 ,! too? above m5tion$ appe>s to h be5 f\nd 9 a gravel-pit ( ! ,norfolk & ,we/]n ,railroad ab\t ! ye> #aijj4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to secure any in=mation z to ! elevation ( ! pit4 ,! elephant rema9s obs]v$ by ,:ittlesey along ,scioto ,riv]1 z m5tion$ on page #afi1 7 probably buri$ 9 ! ,wiscons9 t]race4 ,a ma/odon has be5 f\nd 9 ,pike ,c\nty 7p4 #gj71 b ! m exact locality is n record$4 ,an important b app>5tly n[ lo/ & !re=e indet]m9able specim5 ( elephant is t to :i* 0 giv5 ! "n ,elephas jacksoni1 describ$ on page #afh4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! nor?we/]n corn] ( ,jackson ,c\nty1 on ,little ,salt ,creek1 probably a %ort "t be=e #ahch4 ,! probability is t x 0 f\nd 9 ,wiscons9 deposits1 b its age is possibly great]4 ,accord+ to ,lev]ett 7op4 cit41 pp4 #abj1 #aba1 #bhi71 !re are 9 ?is valley deposits :i* 7 probably laid d[n dur+ ! ,ill9oian /age4 ,an elephant skeleton is report$ to h be5 dug up _m ye>s ago 9 ! village ( ,bev]ly1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty 7p4 #afi71 on ,musk+um ,riv]4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #aeg7 /ates t glacial deposits belong+ probably to ! ,wiscons9 /age are f\nd "h at a height ( #aai feet above ! riv]4 ,inasmu* z ! great] "p ( ! village is bel[ ?is level1 ! elephant probably belongs to ,wiscons9 "t4 ,fur!r up ! ,musk+um1 at or ne> ,duncan ,falls1 !re 0 f\nd ab\t #aheg a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ace74 ,! animal probably liv$ & di$ !re at a "t :5 ! ,wiscons9 glaci] 0 n f> away4 ,o!r rema9s ( ! same species h be5 describ$ f ,zanesville4 ,! b$ :i* conta9$ ^! is said to be at a height ( #cg feet above ! riv] & #bj feet f ! natural surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,inasmu* z drift outwa%1 believ$ to be ( ,wiscons9 age1 is built up "h to a height ( #ajj feet above ! riv] 7,lev]ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #aeg71 x is :olly probable t ! elephant1 l ! "o j describ$1 liv$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-front4 ,at ,na%port h be5 discov]$ 9 swampy gr\nd rema9s ( ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgc7 & ( ,mammut 7p4 #gj74 ,al?\gh !re is at ,hanov]1 ,lick+ ,c\nty1 across ,lick+ ,riv]1 a great dam ( suppos$ ,ill9oian age & probably m or less hidd5 deposits ( ! same age along ! riv]1 ! giant beav] & ! ma/odon j m5tion$ may n be old] ?an ! ,wiscons94 ,nev]!less1 z !y 7 f\nd ly+ on gravel at a dep? ( #ad feet1 !y may h be5 buri$ !re dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 ,along ! ea/]n bord] ( ! ,/ate1 9 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 on ,salt ,creek1 9 ! s\?we/]n "p ( ! c\nty1 !re 0 f\nd1 ab\t #ahde1 a too? ( a horse 7p4 #ahf74 ,x 0 discov]$ :ile a canal 0 be+ excavat$ & at a dep? n to exce$ #ab or #ae feet4 ,! locality is app>5tly "s miles s\? ( ! ,wiscons9 mora9e4 ,! animal liv$ !re evid5tly at "s "t prec$+ ! ,wiscons9 drift /age1 possibly aft] ! ,ill9oian1 b q z likely be=e ! ,ill9oian4 ,n f> away f :]e ! horse 0 discov]$1 app>5tly on ,little ,yell[ ,creek1 & probably n f> f ,new ,salisbury1 !re 0 f\nd1 ab\t #ahej1 a fragm5t ( ! l[] jaw ( a tapir 7p4 #bjc74 ,x probably liv$ at ab\t ! same "t t ! horse did4 ,ne> ,millport a too?1 ref]r$ to ,elephas primig5ius1 has be5 f\nd 7p4 #ace74 ,! locality is beyond ! ,wiscons9 mora9e1 b x is impossible to det]m9e :e!r ! bea/ liv$ !re e>ly or late 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,at ?is po9t may be m5tion$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( a pecc>y1 suppos$ to be ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bae71 & ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #gj7 9 ! s\!rn edge ( ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,c\nty1 app>5tly along ,middle ,=k ( ,little ,beav] ,riv]4 ,?is locality is on ! bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet1 & ! pecc>y & ! ma/odon might well h liv$ !re ) ! horse & ! tapir m5tion$ above4 ,n _m localities )9 ! area ( ! ,ill9oian drift 9 ,ohio h furni%$ v]tebrate fossils4 ,lyell 9 #ahdc1 z /at$ on page #ga1 report$ t tee? ( ma/odons & ( elephants _h be5 f\nd on ! ,c9c9nati side ( ! riv]1 on ! high t]races4 ,f ,pr(essor ,n4 ,m4 ,f5neman ! writ] le>ns t ,lyell's ref]5ce c\ld h>dly apply to any o!r locality ?an ,t]race ,p>k or ,mil=d4 ,"h are f\nd "s fragm5ts ( an ,ill9oian t]race t w\ld h>dly be spok5 ( casually z su*1 :ile ! ,wiscons9 deposit is pres5t z an upp] & a l[] t]race4 ,9 ,hyde ,p>k1 z detail$ on page #ga1 consid]able p>ts ( a ma/odon & "s rema9s ( a horse 7p4 #ahe71 probably ,equus complicatus1 h be5 discov]$4 ,! age ( ^! rema9s c]ta9ly ant$ates t ( ! ,wiscons92 & x is n improbable t ! excavation 0 c>ri$ ?r\gh ! ,ill9oian drift into an old] & probably int]glacial deposit4 ,pr(essor ,f5neman writes t ?is area is only ?9ly cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift & is also f> beyond ! limits ( ! ,wiscons9 outwa%4 ,! occurr5ce ( ,bison latifrons ne> ,f9ca/le1 9 ,br[n ,c\nty 7p4 #beg71 mu/ be not$4 ,! f9e pair ( horn-cores n[ 9 ! ,c9c9nati ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory may h be5 buri$ 9 deposits ( ,sangamon age4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 impossible t !y 7 9 an int]glacial b$ bel[ ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,on page #ace !re has be5 giv5 an acc\nt ( ! f9d+ ( a skull ( ,elephas primig5ius1 some:at m ?an a mile ea/ ( ,new ,burl+ton4 ,! locality is treat$ 9 prop] detail 9 ,n4 ,m4 ,f5neman's pap] entitl$ 8,geology ( ,c9c9nati & ,vic9ity0 7,bull4 #ai1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 p4 #aeh74 ,accord+ to ?is acc\nt ! skull 0 buri$ 9 a lacu/r9e silt laid d[n probably :5 ! ,wiscons9 glaci] 0 n f> away f t region4 ,! surr\nd+ c\ntry is cov]$ ) ,ill9oian drift4 ,?is skull is n[ ! prop]ty ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,ohio ,/ate ,ar*ological & ,hi/orical ,society at ,columbus !re are rema9s ( ,platygonus compressus1 jaws & good tee?1 :i* 7 f\nd ab\t a mile nor? ( ,*alfants1 9 ,p]ry ,c\nty1 & along ,jona?an ,creek4 ,?is place is )9 ! area cov]$ by ,ill9oian drift4 ,x is possible t ! rema9s are z old z ! ,sangamon1 b x is also possible t !y belong to ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age 7p4 #bae74 ,! writ] kn[s ( no o!r fossil v]tebrates t h c]ta9ly be5 f\nd )9 ! area occupi$ by ! ,ill9oian till z a surface deposit4 ,z %[n by map #cf1 by f> ! l>g] numb] ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates :i* h be5 discov]$ 9 ,ohio h be5 met ) )9 ! region occupi$ by ! ,wiscons9 drift-%eet4 ,"o reason = ?is prepond]ance is ! great] area includ$4 ,ano!r reason may be f\nd 9 ! fact t ! conditions 7 m favorable = ! pres]vation ( tee? & bones4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry 0 flat & swampy & ! bones buri$ 9 clay & muck h always be5 soak$ ) wat]4 ,also !re has be5 less erosion go+ on4 ,erosion leads to exposure & !re=e to de/ruction ( skeletons4 ,on ! map ref]r$ to are %[n ! v>i\s mora9es t 7 left by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet 9 its retreat t[>d ! nor?4 ,inasmu* z mo/ ( ! burials 7 9 swamps re/+ on ! drift1 ! animals mu/ h liv$ & di$ !re aft] ! ice _h left t vic9ity2 h[ long aft] "o may n be able to det]m9e4 ,! ma/odons & elephants :i* h be5 f\nd close to ! %ore ( ,lake ,erie1 especially if buri$ ne> ! surface1 mu/ h liv$ !re at or aft] ! "t :5 ! wat]s _h %runk5 into ,lake ,w>r54 ,su* cases are furni%$ by ! ma/odons & elephants f\nd at ,amboy 7ea/ ( ,a%tabula7 7pp4 #acg1 #aej71 at ,clevel& 7p4 #gi71 & 9 ,br[nhelm ,t[n%ip1 9 ,lora9 ,c\nty 7p4 #gi74 ,! t[n ( ,amboy is ab\t #acj feet above lake level & ! gravel-pit :i* !re furni%$ ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 columbi 0 probably at ab\t ! same level4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to confirm any case 9 :i* rema9s ( proboscideans h be5 met ) on ! s\? %ore ( ! lake at a level l[] ?an ! ,w>r5 bea*4 ,ma/odons may be trac$ to a l[] level at ! we/]n end ( ! lake4 ,! "o f\nd 9 ,spr+field ,t[n%ip1 ,lucas ,c\nty 7p4 #gg71 0 buri$ 9 deposits only ab\t #de feet above ,lake ,erie4 ,z %[n by ! topographical maps1 ! desc5t f ?is place & f ,b[l+ ,gre51 ,wood ,c\nty1 to ! lake is a gradual "o4 ,x may become possible to foll[ ! pres5ce ( ! ma/odons1 ! elephants1 & ! giant beav] 9 ,ohio up to ! "t :5 ! lake assum$ its pres5t level4 ,= in=mation reg>d+ ! sev]al int]e/+ discov]ies ( ! giant beav] 7,ca/oroides ohio5sis7 pages #bgc to #bge may be consult$4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to take up "o by "o all ! cases ( v]tebrates t h be5 met ) )9 ! area cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift4 ,) ! few exceptions not$ bel[1 _! geological age is usually to be reg>d$ z ,late ,wiscons94 ,along ! s\!rn bord] ( ?is drift1 :]e ! rema9s are deeply buri$1 x is n unlikely t !y lie 9 a pre-,wiscons9 int]glacial deposit4 ,along ,great ,miami & ,musk+um ,riv]s !re is always a possibility t ! fossils may occur 9 a t]race or 9 a deep valley deposit ( ,ill9oian age4 ,ab\t a mile ea/ ( ,ov]peck1 ,butl] ,c\nty1 !re has be5 f\nd ! skull ( an ext9ct be>1 ,ursus proc]us ,mill] 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aiab1 pp4 #ggb-ggf1 figs4 #ga-gc74 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #bh feet & ab\t #c or #d feet above ! lime/one rock ( t region4 ,to ! writ] x seems q c]ta9 t ! ,wiscons9 drift _h be5 p5etrat$ & t ! skull 0 9 ei!r a ,sangamon int]glacial deposit or some?+ /ill old]4 ,columbus furni%es "o ( ! r>e cases 9 :i* horse rema9s h be5 f\nd )9 ! ,wiscons9 glaciat$ area 7p4 #ahf74 ,we are !n requir$ to det]m9e :e!r or n ! horse1 ,equus complicatus1 did n live !re aft] ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,z said on ! page cit$1 ! fir/ rema9s ( horses discov]$ at ,columbus 7 report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 crevices ( ! lime/one & 9 ! r$ clay fill+ su* fissures4 ,an exam9ation ( ! ,columbus ,folio 7#aig1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h7 w %[ t 9 su* crevices1 s\? ( ,scioto ,riv]1 a r$ clay is f\nd :i* ant$ates ! ,ill9oian drift1 s t "o might fairly ref] ! horse rema9s report$ by ,:ittlesey to a pre-,ill9oian int]glacial /age1 possibly ! ,aftonian4 ,! horse-tee? f\nd 9 ! excavations at ! p5it5ti>y close to ,scioto ,riv] may be z old z ^? f\nd 9 ! rock fissures1 or !y may h be5 buri$ 9 a po/-,ill9oian int]glacial deposit4 ,su* deposits h be5 f\nd at v>i\s places 9 ! quadrangle 7fol4 cit41 p4 #i74 ,z to ! pecc>ies discov]$ at ,columbus 7p4 #bad71 ! writ] sees no reason :y !y %\ld n be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,,mi*igan4 ,to und]/& ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan1 x is indisp5sable to /udy ,monograph ,,liii ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 by ,frank ,lev]ett & ,f4 ,b4 ,taylor4 ,! :ole p59sula is ov]la9 by glacial deposits laid d[n by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,a glance at _! glacial map 7plate ,,vii7 w indicate to ! /ud5t ! complexity ( glacial problems 9 ?is region4 ,! ice invad$ ! ,/ate f ?ree sides3 on ! we/ f ,lake ,mi*igan1 on ! ea/ f ,lake ,huron1 & on ! s\!a/ f ,lake ,erie4 ,on ! we/1 close to ,lake ,mi*igan1 is a sy/em ( ,lake-bord] mora9es4 ,?is sy/em has be5 trac$ m or less satisfactorily ar\nd to ,sag9aw ,bay1 ,lake ,huron4 ,a little f>!r out1 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 is ,valp>aiso mora9e4 ,?is ext5ds ne>ly to ! nor!rn end ( ! p59sula1 :]e x connects ) ,*>lotte mora9e sy/em4 ,f>!r 9 ?an ! ,valp>aiso sy/em is ! ,kalamazoo4 ,?is ext5ds nor!a/w>dly f ! ,indiana l9e to ,b>ry ,c\nty1 :]e x turns ea/ & at ,jackson jo9s ! ,mississ9awa sy/em rea*+ nor!a/ f ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ,indiana4 ,! ,valp>aiso & ,kalamazoo mora9es are 9 places closely associat$4 ,! attack on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,/ate came pr9cipally f a lobe :i* fl[$ ?r\gh ,sag9aw ,bay4 ,ne>e/ ,lake ,huron1 foll[+ x ar\nd f ,port ,huron to ! nor!rn end ( ! p59sula & !n turn+ we/1 ! ,port ,huron mora9e connect$ ) ! mora9e along ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,f>!r inl& is ! ,*>lotte sy/em4 ,on ! nor?1 j above latitude #dd1 ?is jo9s ! ,valp>aiso mora9e1 runs s\?w>d we/ ( ,lans+1 !n turns ea/w>d1 !n nor!a/w>d1 & connects ) ! ,defiance mora9e1 :i* passes ar\nd ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,erie4 ,rea*+ f> out f ! head ( ,sag9aw ,bay1 & conc5tric ) x1 to ,ha/+s1 #ajj miles away1 are _m m9or mora9es4 ,besides ! ,wiscons9 drift :i* =ms ! surface deposit 9 ,mi*igan1 !re are1 accord+ to pres5t indications1 "o or m pre-,wiscons9 drifts4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #gb7 m5tions sev]al localities :]e :at appe>s to be m indurat$ till is enc\nt]$1 sometimes at a dep? ( #ajj feet4 ,taylor 7op4 cit41 pp4 #bhi-bij7 /ates t 8a till old] ?an t deposit$ by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet seems to und]lie m or less cont9u\sly all ( ! lat]1 or ,wiscons91 drift 9 ,indiana & ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan40 ,along ! we/]n %ore ( ,lake ,huron1 nor? ( ,port ,huron & along ! /reams1 z report$ by ,taylor 7p4 #bij71 !re are sev]al exposures ( ,ill9oian till1 9 "s cases z mu* z #cj to #ej feet ?ick4 ,9 "o case !re is an old soil at ! top ( ?is till4 ,9 su* old soils x may be possible to f9d fossil v]tebrates ( ,sangamon or ,peorian times1 horses = example4 ,! fossil v]tebrates f\nd up to ! pres5t "t 9 ,mi*igan are n num]\s 9 species or individuals2 all appe> to belong to ! middle or late ,wiscons9 times4 ,a pecc>y1 ,platygonus compressus1 has be5 f\nd at ,beld+1 ,ionia ,c\nty 7p4 #bae74 ,two musk-ox5 h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,/ate4 ,at ,man*e/]1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty1 has be5 f\nd a f9e skull ( ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bej74 ,at ,moorl&1 ,muskegon ,c\nty1 0 obta9$ a skull :i* has be5 call$ ,bo!rium s>g5ti4 ,details reg>d+ ! ma/odons :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,mi*igan are giv5 on pages #hj to #hh4 ,only two localities 9 ! ,/ate h furni%$ rema9s ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,^! are ,?ree ,oaks1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty 7p4 #acg71 & ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,c\nty 7p4 #acg74 ,elephas columbi has be5 enc\nt]$ only once 9 ! ,/ate1 z f> z is kn[n2 ?is 0 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ,jackson ,c\nty 7p4 #aea74 ,elephants belong+ q c]ta9ly to ei!r ,e4 primig5ius or ,e4 columbi1 b = "o reason or ano!r n det]m9$1 h be5 f\nd 9 f\r localities4 ,^! are ,ea/ ,sag9aw1 ,sag9aw ,c\nty2 ,macomb ,c\nty2 ,gr& ,l$ge1 ,eaton ,c\nty2 & ,bu*anan1 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty4 7,see page #aga47 ,! giant beav]1 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 f\nd a cong5ial home 9 ! swamps ( s\!rn ,mi*igan 9 ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,x has be5 met ) some:]e 9 ,b]ri5 ,c\nty2 at ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,c\nty2 at ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,c\nty2 at ,attica1 ,lape] ,c\nty2 & at ,owosso1 ,lape] ,c\nty 7pp4 #bge-bgf74 ,,indiana4 7,map #cg47 ,:oev] wi%es to ga9 a k ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,indiana1 z x is und]/ood to-day1 mu/ /udy ,lev]ett's two great treatises1 =m+ ,monographs ,,xxxvii & ,,liii ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,! fir/ is entitl$ 8,! ,ill9ois ,glacial ,lobe10 & 0 publi%$ 9 #ahii2 ! second has ! title 8,! ,plei/oc5e ( ,indiana & ,mi*igan & ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,great ,lakes40 ,! portion ( ! latt] monograph :i* deals ) ,mi*igan 0 writt5 by ,f4 ,b4 ,taylor4 ,on pages #cc to #ed is a v full bibliography ( ! subject1 consi/+ ( ab\t #djj titles4 ,f ! glacial map ( ,monograph ,,xxxviii1 plates ,v & ,,vi1 ! writ] has prep>$ map #cg4 ,?is %[s :i* "p ( ! ,/ate has escap$ glaciation1 :i* has be5 subject$ to ! action ( ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet1 & :i* has be5 cov]$ by ! la/1 or ,wiscons91 glacial ice4 ,x w be se5 t ab\t "o-six? ( ! ,/ate1 t =m+ an irregul> triangle ^: apex is 9 ,br[n ,c\nty & ^: base is =m$ by ! ,ohio ,riv]1 has nev] be5 cov]$ by glacial ice4 ,nor? ( ?is is a bilob$ area :i* is cov]$ by till ( ,ill9oian age4 ,! re/ ( ! ,/ate 7some:at less ?an two-?irds ( x7 is ov]la9 by ! dbris left by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet & subsequ5t deposits4 ,?is nor!rn area is to a great ext5t occupi$ by belts call$ mora9es1 along :i* ! mat]ials are usually co>se1 (t5 full ( b\ld]s1 & frequ5tly /&+ at a high] level ?an ! surface on ea* side ( !m4 ,^! mora9es %[ :]e = long p]iods dur+ its retreat1 or p]haps sometimes its advances1 ! ice-%eet paus$ & pil$ up a "p ( its load ( rocks1 gravel1 & s&4 ,x w be notic$ t ^! mora9es are some:at conc5tric4 ,on ! "r ( ! map are se5 ^? mora9es :i* 7 left by ! ice-lobe :i* came d[n ,lake ,erie & lat] retir$ 9 t direction4 ,ar\nd ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan are ! mora9es laid d[n by ! ice ( ! ,mi*igan lobe4 ,! latt] w be bett] se5 on a glacial map ( ,ill9ois 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi74 ,9 _! advance ! two lobes met & coalesc$ & produc$ m or less irregul> & ana/omos+ mora9es4 ,on ! "r h& ! mora9es ( ! ,erie lobe pass on into ,ohio1 :]e1 h[ev]1 !y h (t5 be5 giv5 o!r names4 ,on ! left ! mora9es ( ! ,lake ,mi*igan lobe cont9ue into ,ill9ois & reta9 ! same names4 ,bo? gr\ps ( mora9es are prolong$ into ! s\!rn p59sula ( ,mi*igan4 ,on acc\nt ( ! comp>atively rec5t recession ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet1 ! surface has n become erod$ suffici5tly to dra9 away ! wat] :i* 0 left 9 depressions ( ! surface4 ,a l>ge "p ( ,indiana is1 or has be5 until rec5tly1 cov]$ by swamps1 lakes1 & ponds1 & 9 su* localities ! bones & tee? ( v]tebrate animals are be/ pres]v$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( fossilization4 ,= ?is reason great numb]s ( tee? & bones1 sometimes ne>ly :ole skeletons1 are met ) 9 dra9+ ^! swamps4 ,! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,ill9oian drift1 beg9n+ at ,c9c9nati1 foll[s ,ohio ,riv] on ! ,k5tucky side to ,jeff]sonville1 !n passes we/ ( nor? into ,br[n ,c\nty1 :5ce1 turn+ s\?we/1 x /rikes ! ,ea/ ,=k ( ,:ite ,riv] 9 ,du ,bois ,c\nty2 !nce1 foll[+ ,:ite ,riv] a %ort di/ance1 x crosses ! ,waba% 9 ,posey ,c\nty4 ,nor?w>d1 along ?is t]m9al mora9e 7map #cg1 figs4 #a1 #b7 ( ! ,wiscons9 drift1 ! ,ill9oian1 pass+ b5ea? ?is1 disappe>s f ! surface4 ,! surface ( ! ,ill9oian area is bett] dra9$ ?an ! ,wiscons9 area4 ,few] fossils are f\nd1 & on v>i\s acc\nts !y are ( less value4 ,usually ! exact locality & k9d ( deposit is n record$4 ,!y may be f\nd wa%$ out ( riv] & creek banks & may h 9 reality be5 buri$ 9 s$im5ts t 7 laid d[n 9 ,wiscons9 times by ! /reams t c>ri$ away ! mud1 s&1 & gravel f ! glaci]4 ,! driftless area has be5 expos$ = _m geological ages to ! influ5ce ( physical & *emical ag5cies4 ,its surface is1 !re=e1 m div]sifi$ by hills & valleys & /reams4 ,9 ! lime/ones ( ?is region caves are likely to be f\nd1 & ^! n[ & !n furni% fossil bones & tee?4 ,dur+ m ?an "o ( ! glacial /ages1 p]haps dur+ ! e>lie/1 ! ,ohio has s]v$ z ! dra9age-way = ! wat]s t escap$ f ! glacial front4 ,?is subject is discuss$ by ,lev]ett 9 ,monograph ,,xli ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,z a result ( ?is conveyance ( glacial wat]s1 ! great tr\gh ( ?is /ream may conta9 "h & !re deposits ( ! ,ill9oian /age or ev5 ( old] deposits4 ,rema9s ( ,megalonyx 7p4 #cb7 & ( a horse 7p4 #ahf7 h be5 f\nd 9 ! "r bank ( ! ,ohio1 at ,evansville1 ,indiana4 ,at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,k5tucky1 close to ! ,ohio1 horses h be5 discov]$1 ,mylodon & ,megalonyx4 ,^! seem to occur 9 ,sangamon int]glacial b$s ov]ly+ ! ,ill9oian4 ,! ,ill9oian drift1 probably ev]y:]e 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,indiana1 und]lies ! ,wiscons94 ,= "s miles back f its t]m9al mora9e ! ,wiscons9 drift is ?92 & possibly ! ,ill9oian may4 be f\nd expos$ 9 creek or riv] banks1 or 9 railroad cuts4 ,fur!rmore1 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #gb7 writes3 8,probably a consid]able numb] ( ! heavy deposits ( drift 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,indiana are ( pre-,wiscons9 age1 b z !y are l>gely s& & gravel1 or loose-textur$ mat]ial1 !y c n easily be discrim9at$ f ! ,wiscons940 ,su* deposits are likely to be cov]$ by only a ?9 lay] ( ,wiscons9 till4 ,9 _m places 9 ,indiana !re h be5 f\nd1 deep d[n 9 ! drift1 old soils1 muck b$s1 & vegetation 9 v>i\s =ms4 ,^! b$s appe> to indicate int]glacial deposits1 mo/ probably ! ,sangamon4 ,n[1 v>i\s g5]a ( v]tebrates1 among !m horses1 tapirs1 & mylodons1 are n kn[n to h exi/$ aft] ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,if1 h[ev]1 rema9s ( su* animals %\ld be collect$ 9 c5tral or nor!rn ,indiana1 or ,ohio1 or 9 s\!rn ,mi*igan1 !y might be report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd 9 late ,wiscons9 b$s1 :5 really !y _h be5 d]iv$ f pre-,wiscons9 int]glacial soils4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t :5 ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet began to )draw lakes began to =m along its bord]s4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,lake ,*icago1 appe>$ at ! s\? end ( ! pres5t ,lake ,mi*igan & = a long "t dis*>g$ its wat]s d[n ,ill9ois ,riv]4 ,ano!r1 ,lake ,maumee1 occupi$ ! bas9 ( ,maumee ,riv] z f> we/ z ,=t ,wayne1 & empti$ d[n ! ,waba%4 ,= details connect$ ) ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e 9 ! region ( ,lake ,mi*igan ! read] %\ld consult ,frank ,c4 ,bak]'s 8,! ,life ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 or ,glacial ,p]iod0 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 #aibj74 ,a brief m5tion w be made "h ( ! pr9cipal ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates t h be5 f\nd 9 ,indiana2 also ! localities :]e f\nd1 toge!r ) citations ( ! pages :]e full] in=mation is furni%$4 ,! gr\nd-slo? ,megalonyx has be5 collect$ ne> ,evansville 7p4 #cb74 ,) x 7 secur$ rema9s ( an undet]m9$ bison 7p4 #beg71 a ,virg9ia de] 7p4 #bbh71 a horse 7p4 #ahf71 a tapir 7p4 #bjc71 & ! dog nocyon dirus 7p4 #cb74 ,pecc>ies h be5 f\nd 9 ,gibson ,c\nty 7p4 #baf71 9 ,waba% ,c\nty 7p4 #bah71 & two species at ,williams1 ,lawr5ce ,c\nty 7p4 #bag74 ,at ! same place 0 discov]$ ! %ell ( a box-tortoise4 ,rema9s ( de] h be5 discov]$ some:]e 9 ,v&]burg ,c\nty1 includ+ ! exi/+ de] & an ext9ct species1 ,odocoileus doli*opsis2 at ,h>risville1 ,r&olph ,c\nty2 & at ,roann1 ,waba% ,c\nty4 ,bisons ( an ext9ct species h be5 secur$ at ,v9c5nes 7p4 #beh74 ,! exi/+ bison appe>s to h be5 f\nd 9 ,jasp] ,c\nty 7p4 #bfh74 ,( musk-ox51 ,symbos cavifrons has be5 collect$ at ,hebron1 ,port] ,c\nty 7p4 #beb72 at ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,c\nty 7p4 #bea72 some:]e 9 ,r&olph ,c\nty 7p4 #beb72 & probably 9 ,beav] ,lake1 ,newton ,c\nty 7p4 #beb74 ,! exi/+ musk-ox1 ,ovibos mos*atus1 has be5 discov]$ ne> ,ri*mond 7p4 #beb74 ,ma/odon rema9s are n uncommon1 especially 9 ! nor!rn half ( ! ,/ate4 ,x is h>dly to be suppos$ t ^! animals 7 m abundant !re dur+ ! late ,plei/oc5e ?an 9 _m o!r places 9 ! region ea/ ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! conditions = _! pres]vation 7 evid5tly m favorable !re ?an any:]e else1 unless 9 ,orange ,c\nty1 ,new ,york4 ,burial 9 swamp mud kept ! bones f decay2 & ! imp]fect dra9age protect$ !m f de/ruction by erosion4 ,! v>i\s f9ds are describ$ on pages #hh to #ajj4 ,elephants are less well repres5t$ 9 ,indiana ?an are ! ma/odons1 b are n r>e 7pp4 #ach1 #aea1 #aga74 ,two species 7 pres5t 9 ! ,/ate1 ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 columbi4 ,beav]s 7 d\btless abundant1 b !re appe>s to be no def9ite record ( any f9d4 ,h[ev]1 ! giant beav] has be5 record$ f sev]al localities 7pp4 #bgf to #bgh74 ,! great ext9ct dog nocyon dirus 0 fir/ f\nd ne> ,evansville 7p4 #cb71 & ! coyote1 ,canis latrans1 has be5 report$ f ,boone ,c\nty4 ,! latt] is said to h be5 f\nd 9 association ) ! mammo? 7,cope & ,wortman1 #ad? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #g74 ,,ill9ois4 7,map #ch47 ,z a f\ndation = a k ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,ill9ois1 ! /ud5t mu/ take ,lev]ett's "w entitl$ 8,! ,ill9ois ,glacial ,lobe40 ,?is is ,monograph ,,xlviii ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 a volume ( #hag pages1 ) maps & figures4 ,= a k ( ! *anges :i* occurr$ ar\nd ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan on ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci]1 see ,dr4 ,frank ,c4 ,bak]'s "w1 8,! ,life ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 or ,glacial1 ,p]iod0 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 #aibj74 ,ill9ois is em95tly a glaciat$ ,/ate1 z is to be recogniz$ on ,lev]ett's plate ,,vi4 ,a little triangle 9 ! nor?we/]n corn]1 compris+ ab\t #fjj squ>e miles1 & an irregul> tract ( p]haps #c1jjj squ>e miles at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,/ate con/itute ! :ole ( ! unglaciat$ area out ( #ef1fej squ>e miles4 ,two glacial /ages are prom95t1 ! ,wiscons9 & ! ,ill9oian4 ,! fir/ 0 laid d[n by ! ,lake ,mi*igan lobe1 :i* s5t its icy mass s\?we/w>d z f> z ,%elbyville4 ,we/w>d ! bord] mora9e ext5ds to ,peoria1 !n nor? to we/ ( ,pr9ceton1 !n nor!a/ to ent] ,wiscons9 #ee miles we/ ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,ea/w>d1 ( c\rse1 ! deposits ( till & ! mora9es ext5d into ,indiana4 ,nor? ( ! ,%elbyville mora9e is ! ,*ampaign4 ,a m p[]ful mora9e is ! ,bloom+ton1 :i* =ms a loop ?r\gh ! ,/ate1 ext5d+ f ,danville1 ,ill9ois1 ?r\gh ,bloom+ton to ,peoria1 :]e x appe>s to h ov]ridd5 ! ,%elbyville & !nce nor?w>d1 =m+ ! out] bord] ( ! ,wiscons9 drift area4 ,nor? ( ?is mora9e is locat$ t call$ ! ,m>seilles1 :ile sweep+ ar\nd ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan into ,indiana & ,mi*igan is ! ,valp>aiso sy/em4 ,s\? & we/ ( ! area ( ! ,wiscons9 drift is ! ,ill9oian4 ,at ,m\nt ,v]non ! bord] crosses ! ,waba% & trav]ses ,ill9ois1 /rik+ ! ,mississippi ,riv] at ,c>bondale4 ,x !n foll[s ! ,mississippi nor? to a po9t above ,keokuk1 :]e x ent]s ,i[a4 ,x re5t]s ,ill9ois betwe5 ,rock ,isl& & ,cl9ton & ext5ds into ,wiscons94 ,on ,lev]ett's map 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 !re is indicat$ 9 nor!rn ,ill9ois1 betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons91 a tract suppos$ to belong to ! ,i[an2 b ,ald5 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pr(4 ,pap4 #ajf1 #aiah1 p4 #agc7 holds t !re is no good evid5ce t ! ,i[an ext5ds into s\!rn ,wiscons9 & ,ill9ois4 ,! suppos$ ,i[an 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iii7 is mapp$ z ,ill9oian4 ,! glacial /age :i* prec$$ ! ,ill9oian is ! ,kansan4 ,?is 9 ,i[a ext5ds ea/w>d to ! ,mississippi1 & "o might naturally expect t x w\ld be f\nd und]ly+ ! ,ill9oian ea/ ( ! riv]4 ,lev]ett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #aje7 pres5ts evid5ces ( its pres5ce 9 we/]n ,ill9ois4 ,among ^! evid5ces is ! pres5ce 9 ,hancock & ,adams ,c\nties ( ano!r till %eet bel[ ! ,ill9oian & sep>at$ f x by a black soil4 ,?is ,kansan or "s o!r pre-,ill9oian till %eet has be5 f\nd 9 _m places 9 ,ill9ois 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ajg-aah74 ,animal rema9s are n likely to be inclos$ 9 ! mat]ials ( ! mora9es or ( ! int]mora9al till2 b ?is is possible4 ,a musk-ox or a hairy mammo? might h di$ n f> away f ! foot ( a /ation>y or advanc+ glaci] & its bones might h become incorporat$ 9 ! mora9e4 ,fur!rmore1 inasmu* z any glacial /age began :ile ! glaci] 0 yet 9 ! f> nor? & end$ only :5 x got back !re1 _m non-glacial deposits belong+ to t glacial /age 7 probably laid d[n s\? ( x2 & x w\ld be difficult or impossible to di/+ui% ^! f int]glacial deposits4 ,h[ev]1 x 0 ^! deposits :i* 7 laid d[n aft] ! glacial ice _h )drawn1 :e!r glacial or int]glacial1 :i* are ( m int]e/ to ! palontologi/1 because 9 !m are to be f\nd ! fossil rema9s ( animals & plants4 ,! la/ ( ! int]glacial /ages1 t :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! ,wiscons9 & foll[$ ! ,i[an1 is kn[n z ! ,peorian4 ,?is takes its "n f a locality a few miles ea/ ( ,peoria 7,lev]ett1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #ahg74 ,"h ! ,%elbyville till %eet is und]la9 by a b$ ( fossilif]\s loess f #h to #ab feet 9 ?ickness4 ,b5ea? ! loess is fully #ajj feet ( ,ill9oian drift4 ,?is loess seem$ to ! geologi/s :o exam9$ x to be a deposit ( m rec5t date ?an ! ,sangamon4 ,! ,peorian int]glacial /age & ! prec$+ ,i[an glacial /age h receiv$ mu* att5tion )9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 #aiag 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,i[a1 vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #di-bab71 ,ald5 & ,leighton pres5t$ ! results ( _! /udies on ! ,i[an drift & ! loess associat$ ) x4 ,9 #aiah 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pr(4 ,pap4 #ajf1 pp4 #a-cef71 ,ald5 dealt ) ! ,quat]n>y geology ( s\!a/]n ,wiscons94 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations h be5 to e/abli% ! fact t a %eet ( till int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 _h be5 laid d[n1 t :i* _h already be5 designat$ z ! ,i[an2 fur!rmore1 t imm$iately foll[+ ?is !re 0 deposit$ a cov]+ ( loess4 ,x 0 fur!r conclud$ t ?is is ! ma9 loess deposit1 mu* ( :at has be5 reg>d$ z ,sangamon loess be+ really loess ( a lat] /age1 ! ,peorian4 ,z no ,i[an drift is kn[n to be pres5t 9 ,ill9ois to sep>ate ! loess ( ! ,sangamon f ! ,peorian1 x mu/ be difficult1 (t5 impossible 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,! ,sangamon loess 0 laid d[n probably long aft] ! ,ill9oian ice disappe>$1 s t !re 0 "t = ! ,ill9oian drift to become lea*$ & o!rwise modifi$ & = ! accumulation ( old soils & peat-b$s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! old soils ( ! ,peorian /age are likely to ov]lie ! loess4 ,un=tunately1 ! desir$ indications ( geological age are n always pres5t :]e bones & tee? are f\nd2 or1 if pres5t1 are n always obs]v$4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 make our assignm5ts ( fossils to "o /age or ! o!r ) great circumspection or leave ! decision 9 abeyance4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! pres5ce ( ,kansan drift 9 we/]n ,ill9ois & ( black soils int]v5+ betwe5 x & ! ,ill9oian4 ,su* soils mu/ be ref]r$ to ! ,y>m\? int]glacial /age4 ,:e!r or n /ill old] glacial or int]glacial deposits occur 9 ,ill9ois is problematic4 ,9 ,ill9ois any consid]able numb] ( species ( fossil v]tebrates are r>ely f\nd toge!r4 ,! localities are widely scatt]$ & a s+le species or two 9 ea* is ! rule 7map #ch74 ,9 lat] glacial deposits ar\nd ! s\? end ( ,lake ,mi*igan h be5 discov]$ ! dogfi% ,amiatus calvus & a sun-fi% belong+ to ! g5us ,lepomis4 ,bak] 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xviii1 p4 #he7 report$ ! hum]us ( ! m]gans]1 ,m]gus s]rator1 f ! same region4 ,! gr\nd-slo? ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7pp4 #cc-cd7 has be5 f\nd at ,urbana1 ,gal5a1 & ,alton4 ,! few horses are describ$ on page #ahg4 ,pecc>ies h be5 f\nd at ?ree localities 7p4 #bah74 ,= ! specim5s ( de] t h come to light1 see page #bbi4 ,a species ( ,c]valces & ! moose ,alces am]icanus h be5 met ) 9 ,w ,c\nty 7p4 #ajg74 ,! re9de] has be5 recogniz$ f poor mat]ials f\nd at ,alton4 ,! prong-horn ,antilocapra appe>s to h liv$ 9 ! region ( ,gal5a1 z %[n by ,wiscons9 specim5s4 ,! rem>kable antelope ,taurotragus am]icanus has be5 f\nd at ,alton 7p4 #cci74 ,z to ! musk-ox5 & ! bisons1 ! read] may ref] to pages #bea1 #bei1 #bfh2 = ! ma/odons & elephants1 to pages #ajj1 #adj1 #aeb1 & #agf4 ,( ! rod5ts1 ! muskrat has be5 f\nd ab\t ,*icago2 ! pocket goph] at ,alton & ,gal5a2 ! gr\nd hog at ! same places 7p4 #cdc74 ,! beav] 7p4 #cci7 likewise occurs at ,alton4 ,! giant beav]1 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 has be5 collect$ at f\r widely remov$ places 7p4 #bgi74 ,! rabbit1 ,sylvilagus floridanus1 0 includ$ among ! animals f\nd 9 ! lead crevices ( ! region ab\t ,gal5a1 :]e also h be5 f\nd an ext9ct species ( raccoon1 ,procyon priscus1 :at appe>s to be a l>ge dog ,canis 7or nocyon7 mississippi5sis1 ! coyote1 ,canis latrans1 & ! fox ,urocyon c9]eo>g5teus4 ,! be>1 ,ursus am]icanus1 & ! common gray wolf1 ,canis nubilus1 appe> to h exi/$ 9 ! middle ,plei/oc5e at ,alton4 ,a skull ( ,felis c\gu>1 ! yet exi/+ pan!r or m\nta9 lion1 has be5 f\nd 9 ,r&olph ,c\nty1 9 ! b$ ( ,kaskaskia ,riv]4 ,x probably belongs to ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,a consid]able fauna has be5 secur$ 9 ! lead region ab\t ,gal5a1 9 ,ill9ois1 ,i[a1 & ,wiscons94 ,! collectors & describ]s ( ?is 7 n c>eful to designate ! localities1 & 9 "s cases ^! c n at pres5t be det]m9$4 ,^! collections are discuss$ on page #cdc1 9 ! acc\nt ( ! geology ( ,wiscons94 ,an int]e/+ li/ ( ,late ,wiscons9 mammals has be5 secur$ ne> ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,c\nty4 ,f ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 ( ,field ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & f ,netta ,c4 ,&]son's li/1 ! writ] le>ns t at lea/ six skulls ( ! common ma/odon1 toge!r ) _m o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton1 has be5 tak5 f a well #aj feet 9 diamet] 7p4 #aji74 ,above1 !re 7 bones ( bison 7p4 #bfi71 de] 7p4 #bbi71 & elk 7p4 #bdj74 ,x is /at$ t a lay] ( ^! ab\t #b feet ?ick 0 enc\nt]$ at a dep? ( ab\t #e feet4 ,mr4 ,george ,lang=d1 ( ,joliet1 /ates t he made a collection ( bones #ae miles we/ ( ,joliet & #e miles we/ by nor? ( ,m9ooka4 ,! m exact locality he gave z t[n%ip #ce nor?1 range #h ea/1 & probably section #bg1 on ! f>m ( ,john ,bam=d4 ,app>5tly bo? ,riggs & ,lang=d obta9$ _! mat]ials at ! same spot4 ,! latt] has s5t ! writ] "s bones f ?is place1 includ+ ^? ( ,c]valces1 ,alces am]icanus1 & a leg-bone ( "s undescrib$ species ( %eep or goat4 ,he also report$ ! f9d+ ( ! elk4 ,= o!r rem>ks see page #bfi4 ,?is locality is 9 ! region mapp$ by ,lev]ett z hav+ be5 occupi$1 aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial ice1 by tempor>y lakes4 ,! pres5ce ( ! moose "h seems to indicate a climate some:at sev]] ?an t n[ prevail+ 9 t region4 ,s9ce ! occupancy ( ! c\ntry by ! ,european race ! moose has n be5 kn[n to come fur!r s\? ?an nor!rn ,wiscons94 ,! li/ ( species obta9$ is z foll[s3 ,mammut am]icanum1 ,ovis sp4 indet41 ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 ,c]vus canad5sis1 ,alces am]icanus1 ,c]valces roosevelti84 ,a brief description ( ! bone ref]r$ to ,ovis is pres5t$4 ,! l[] epiphysis is miss+1 b an all[ance is made = ?is 7fig4 #ac74 ,comp>isons ( ! metat>sals ( a %eep1 ( a goat1 ( ,nmorh$us1 & ( ,orvis sp4 f ,:itewill[1 9 millimet]s1 toge!r ) indices 9 "o-hundr$?s ( ! l5g?4 ,measurem5ts ,capra ,:ite- tak54 ,nmo- ,indi-hircus ,indi- ,indi-will[ ,indi- rh$us4ces4 #aeefbc4;ces4 ,%eep4ces4 animal4ces4 ,l5g? on out] bord] ( bone #agj #ajj #abj #ajj #aeb #ajj #ahe #ajj ,side-to-side wid? ( upp] articul> surface #cf #ba4b #bc #ai4b #bc #ae4a #cg4e #bj4c ,=e-&-aft wid? ( upp] articul> surface #cj4e #ag4d #bj #af4g #ba #ac4h #cg4e #bj4c ,side-to-side wid?1 at middle ( l5g? #bc #ac4e #ae #ab4e #ad #i4b #ai4j #aj4c ,=e-&-aft wid? at middle ( l5g? #ag4e #aj4c #aa4e #i4a #ac #h4f #bj4j #aj4h ,side-to-side wid? at l[] end j above epiphysis #ch #bb4d #bg #bb4e #bg #ag4h #ce4j #ai4e ,side-to-side wid? across l[] articul> surface #da #bd4a #bg4b #bb4e #be #af4d ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,metat>sal ( undet]m9$ species ( ,ovis8 ,f ,k5dall ,c\nty1 ,ill9ois4 ,f ,alton1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has come into possession ( a collection :i* furni%es #ae species ( fossil mammals4 ,?is 0 made "s "t be=e #ahhc by ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams1 ( ,alton4 ,x 0 briefly m5tion$ by him at ! ,m9neapolis meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce 9 #ahhc 7,proce$+s1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bfh74 ,app>5tly ! collection 0 secur$ = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey by ,pr(essor ,o4 ,c4 ,m>% & rema9$ at ,yale ,univ]sity until aft] 8 dea?4 ,! species 7 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,?is collection seem$ especially valuable because ! species 7 f\nd inclos$ 9 suppos$ nodules ( loess4 ,9 our c\ntry ! loess has furni%$ few su* rema9s4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( ! species z det]m9$4 ,^? m>k$ by a dagg] are ext9ct4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cc74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis8 7p4 #bai74 ,sangamona fugitiva4 ,c]valces roosevelti84 ,rangif] muscat95sis8 7p4 #bdf74 ,taurotragus am]icanus4 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #ajb74 ,ca/or canad5sis4 ,m>mota monax4 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 7p4 #bgi74 ,geomys burs>ius4 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,( ^! #ae species at lea/ two-?irds are n[ ext9ct4 ,?is l>ge numb] might appe> to indicate t ! "t ( _! exi/5ce 0 r e>ly 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,h[ev]1 x is q c]ta9 t ! loess belongs some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! ,plei/oc5e2 & !re are no species t require an e>li] date4 ,aft] ! writ]'s descriptions ( ! fossils _h be5 publi%$1 an important pap] on ! geology ( ! locality 0 issu$ 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xxix1 #aiba1 pp4 #eje-ead7 by ,pr(essor ,morris ,m4 ,leighton1 :o _h be5 commission$ by ! ,ill9ois ,geological ,survey to visit & /udy ! deposits involv$4 ,) ! aid ( ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,adams1 son ( ! collector ( ! mammalian fossils1 ,pr(essor ,leighton succe$$ 9 f9d+ ! qu>ry 9 :i* mo/ ( ! fossils _h be5 collect$4 ,at "o qu>ry 9 ,alton ,pr(essor ,leighton obta9$ ! foll[+ geological section1 ! description ( :i* is "h some:at abridg$3 ,feet4 ,soil loessial1 d>k br[n1 lea*$ #a ,loess1 br[n above1 grad+ bel[ into buff1 lea*$ #d to #e feet1 maximum ?ickness #bj ,loess di/9ctly m r$di% ?an t above2 _m fossil snails1 ?ickness ab\t #cj ,glacial till1 r$di%1 ) pebbles ( ,canadian rocks2 m oxidiz$ ?an ov]ly+ loess2 ?ickness #a-c ,mississippian lime/one1 ab\t #ajj ,! concretions :i* hold ! mammalian fossils 7 f\nd to lie betwe5 ! upp] surface ( ! till & ! ov]ly+ loess2 occasionally a concretion be>s a drift pebble4 ,! concretions h result$ f ! lime :i* 9 solution 0 br\ght d[n f ! loess & aga9 precipitat$ s z to cem5t ! loess mat]ials ar\nd ! fossils4 ,pr(essor ,leighton 0 n able to det]m9e def9itely ! ages ( ! till & ( ! two deposits ( loess4 ,z to ! till1 its geographic location sugge/$ t x belong$ to ! ,ill9oian1 b x _h _m ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ,kansan4 ,! latt] is believ$ to be pres5t at ,/4 ,l\is & o!r localities n f> away4 ,be=e ! ov]ly+ r$di% loess _h be5 deposit$ ! till _h suff]$ wea!r+ & erosion1 indicat+ a consid]able lapse ( "t _h int]v5$4 ,! l[] r$di% loess pres5t$ _m evid5ces t x is a deposit di/9ct f ! upp] buff loess2 & !re seem$ to be "s indications ( at lea/ a %ort int]val betwe5 !m4 ,leighton's conclusion 0 z foll[s3 ,if ! drift is ,kansan 9 age1 ! r$di% loess may be ,sangamon2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! drift be ,ill9oian1 ! r$di% loess probably is ,peorian4 ,x is unlike any ,peorian loess ( :i* ! writ] kn[s1 b ! color does n necess>ily preclude t possibility4 ,z to ! upp] loess1 ,leighton ?\ght x might be ( e>ly ,peorian age1 b possibly ( e>ly ,wiscons94 ,h[ev]1 8 f9al conclusion 0 ?us express$3 8,if ! till proves to be ,kansan 9 age1 ! wea!r+ ( ! drift may be cr$it$ to ! ,y>m\? int]glacial epo*1 ! mammalian fauna to late ,ill9oian or e>ly ,sangamon times1 ! r$di% loess probably to ! ,sangamon1 & ! buff loess to ! ,i[an4444 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! ,ill9oian & ,sangamon epo*s are po/-mid-,plei/oc5e f ! /&po9t ( duration ( ! ,plei/oc5e & ! fauna repres5t$ by ! ,mc,adams collection may be reg>d$ z po/-mid-,plei/oc5e40 ,,wiscons94 ,! great] "p ( ?is ,/ate is cov]$ by ! drift-%eet :i* has d]iv$ its "n f ! ,/ate1 b 9 ! s\?we/]n corn] is a consid]able tract :i* has nev] be5 subject$ to glacial action4 ,a small "p ( ?is area ext5ds s\?w>d into ,ill9ois & ano!r "p into nor!a/]n ,i[a4 ,9 ,wiscons9 x rea*es ea/w>d to ,b>aboo4 ,ea/ ( ?is driftless area is a tract ly+ along ! s\!rn bord] ( ! ,/ate & rea*+ ea/w>d ab\t to #hh #dj longitude1 :i* is cov]$ by ! ,ill9oian drift4 ,! mo/ detail$ geological survey ( any "p ( ,wiscons91 s f> z reg>ds ! ,plei/oc5e1 is t made by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,ald51 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ( ! area compris$ betwe5 ! b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate on ! s\? & #dd degrees ( latitude on ! nor? & betwe5 ,lake ,mi*igan on ! ea/ & #ij degrees ( longitude on ! we/4 ,on ! we/]n side x jo9s ! ,m9]al ,po9t ,quadrangle1 to be m5tion$ fur!r along4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a wide /rip survey$ across ! :ole ,/ate4 ,! area treat$ by ,ald5 is1 ( c\rse1 ne>ly entirely cov]$ by ,wiscons9 drift4 ,9 ! s\?we/]n corn] a consid]able "p ( ! driftless region is includ$4 ,ea/ ( ?is1 z already /at$1 is a tract :i* ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet did n rea* & :i* %[s ,ill9oian gr\nd mora9e & "s t]m9al mora9es ( ,ill9oian drift4 ,?is n>r[s z x approa*es its ea/w>d limit4 ,ald5 7p4 #aff7 in=ms u t at no place 9 ! area subject$ to vigor\s glaciation by ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet _h soils or vegetal deposits be5 f\nd betwe5 ! ,wiscons9 drift & ! e>li] drifts4 ,at sev]al places1 h[ev]1 deposits h be5 discov]$ :i* probably belong to e>li] glacial /ages4 ,j outside ! area mapp$ by ,ald51 9 ,calumet & ,outagamie ,c\nties1 ,lawson 7,bull4 ,wis4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #agj-agc7 has record$ ! discov]y ( mu* wood & o!r vegetable matt]4 ,bak] 78,life ( ! ,plei/oc5e10 p4 #cag7 has ref]r$ ! deposits to ! ,sangamon4 ,^! int]glacial deposits ( unc]ta9 age ne$ n be "h not$ fur!r4 ,9 ?is ,wiscons9 area "s rema9s ( ma/odons & elephants h be5 met )1 b all are relics ( a "t aft] ! p>tial or complete recession ( ! ,wiscons9 glaci]4 ,rema9s ( two individuals ( ,elephas primig5ius h be5 f\nd 9 ,milwaukee 7p4 #adc74 ,x is evid5t t !y liv$ !re aft] ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,"o ( ^! 0 buri$ b5ea? peat & clay at a dep? ( #aj feet or m & at a level ( ab\t #ajj feet above ! pres5t level ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,at ,dov]1 9 ,rac9e ,c\nty1 9 #ahgh1 a proboscidean tusk & "s bones 7 f\nd 9 a peat-bog4 ,!y h be5 id5tifi$ z ^? ( a ma/odon1 b ( ?is "o c n be c]ta94 ,! age ( ! deposits is t ( ! ,late ,wiscons9 /age1 aft] ! )drawal f t vic9ity ( ! ice1 b h[ long aft] "o c n say4 ,! ,milwaukee ,public ,museum has a too? ( a ma/odon 7p4 #aaa71 label$ z f\nd at ,wauke%a4 ,its geological age is t ( ! o!r rema9s "h ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! collection ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons9 is a l>ge v]tebra ( a proboscidean :i* 0 f\nd 9 ,lake ,monona4 ,its "t ( burial mu/ h be5 late ,wiscons94 ,inasmu* z no rema9s ( v]tebrate animals h yet be5 f\nd 9 ,wiscons91 9 ! area cov]$ by ! ,ill9oian drift1 x is n necess>y to dwell on ?is region4 ,x is n c]ta9 t !re is b5ea? x a /ill old] drift2 b !re are1 accord+ to ,ald51 "s indications ( su* deposits4 ,= a k ( ! driftless area1 fir/ ( all1 may be consult$ ! report made by ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury 9 #ahhe 7#f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #aii-cbb1 ) plates74 ,ald5's "w above ref]r$ to maps a "p ( ! region4 ,grant & ,bur*>d h /udi$ ! geology ( ! ,lanca/] & ,m9]al ,po9t ,quadrangles 7,folio ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #ade74 ,_! text-figure #a is "h reproduc$1 inasmu* z x %[s ! relation ( ! region to ! surr\nd+ glaciat$ areas 7fig4 #ad74 ,! topographical map ( ,folio #ade & t ( ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury w %[ ! unev5 "* ( ! surface4 ,?is has result$ f ! erosion und]gone dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,mu* ( ! area is cov]$ ) a coat+ ( loess4 ,along ,mississippi ,riv] ?is may be z mu* z #aj feet ?ick1 b at a di/ance ( f #cj to #dj miles x becomes r$uc$ to a few in*es4 ,consid]+ ?is erosion1 "o might conclude t few v]tebrate rema9s w\ld be pres]v$2 nev]!less !y are n :olly miss+4 ,9 #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wiscons91 vol4 ,i1 p4 #acf71 ,j4 ,d4 ,:itney /at$ t he _h f\nd 9 a crevice at ,blue ,m\nds1 ,wiscons91 rema9s ( ! ma/odon 7p4 #aaa71 a pecc>y 7p4 #bai71 bones & tee? ( a buffalo 7p4 #bgj71 & a wolf :i* he ref]r$ ) d\bt to ,canis latrans4 ,! dep? 0 unc]ta91 b x may h be5 z mu* z #dj feet4 ,! fossils 7 emb$d$ 9 r$di% clayey loam1 ! usual crevice e>?4 ,on page #dbb ( ! same volume1 ,jeffries ,wyman ref]r$ ! wolf rema9s to two di/9ct species1 ,canis occid5talis & ,c4 latrans4 ,9 #ahgf1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,all5 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #c1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #dg-di7 describ$ f ! same lot ( bones ! species ,c4 mississippi5sis4 ,?is app>5tly did n include jaws & tee? t ,wyman _h ref]r$ to ,c4 occid5talis4 ,9 ,wyman's pap]1 on page #dbb1 he assign$ ?ree tee? to ,dicotyles torquatus1 an exi/+ pecc>y1 )\t /at+ t x _h be5 f\nd at ,blue ,m\nds4 ,9 #ahfi 7,j\r4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd71 ,leidy ref]r$ ?is pecc>y to 8 ,dicotyles l5is1 an ext9ct species4 ,inasmu* z ! pecc>ies f\nd at ,gal5a 7 id5tifi$ by ,leidy 7,:itney1 vol4 cit41 p4 #dbd7 z ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah71 x appe>s pretty c]ta9 ! ,dicotyles l5is 7,tagassu l5is7 0 among ! fossils collect$ at ,blue ,m\nds 7p4 #bai74 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be kept 9 m9d t ,:itney1 on page #ce1 /at$ t he _h collect$ bones & tee? ( ! same animal ne> ,dubuque1 ,i[a4 ,all5 reg>d$ ! buffalo z belong+ to an ext9ct species2 b x is really undet]m9able4 ,accord+ly !re may be cr$it$ to ?is locality ! foll[+ species3 ,tagassu l5is1 ,bison sp4 indet41 ,mammut am]icanum1 ,canis nubilus 7,c4 occid5talis71 ,c4 mississippi5sis1 ,c4 latrans4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,relation ( driftless region ( ,wiscons91 ,i[a1 & ,ill9ois to glaciat$ areas4 ,f ,grant & ,bur*>d4 ,un%ad$ area repres5ts driftless region4 ,9 ,:itney's report1 on page #acc1 he ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( a l>ge quantity ( bones ( ma/odons at ,s9s9awa ,m\nd 7p4 #aaa71 b he did n "k at :at dep? !y occurr$4 ,x seems probable t !y _h be5 met ) 9 "o or m crevices4 ,x seems probable t ! animals f\nd 9 crevices 9 ! lead region ( ,wiscons91 ,ill9ois1 & ,i[a belong approximately to "o geological /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! foll[+ appe>s to include all kn[n to h occurr$ 9 su* situations3 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii84 ,platygonus compressus4 ,tagassu l5is4 ,odocoileus virg9ianus84 ,c]vus canad5sis4 ,c4 :itneyi4 ,antilocapra am]icana4 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,mammut am]icanum4 ,m>mota monax4 ,microtus sp4 indet4 ,geomys burs>ius4 ,sylvilagus floridanus8 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,anomodon snyd]i4 ,procyon priscus4 ,canis nubilus 7,c4 occid5talis74 ,c4 mississippi5sis4 ,c4 latrans4 ,! writ] 0 at "o "t incl9$ to believe t ^! animals belong$ to ! "t succe$+ ! )drawal ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 ,bak] 78,life ( ! ,plei/oc5e10 p4 #cec7 ?9ks t !y belong probably to ! ,peorian1 inasmu* z ! region is cov]$ by ,i[an loess1 b5ea? :i* _m ( ! bones h be5 f\nd4 ,x is q probable t ^? crevices 7 op5 dur+ at lea/ "s "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e & t animal rema9s collect$ 9 !m4 ,! fossils are report$ z be+ sometimes inclos$ 9 a matrix ( cave or fissure mat]ials :i* are cem5t$ toge!r by iron4 ,! consid]able numb] ( ext9ct species1 c]ta9ly #g out ( ab\t #ah1 makes x probable t ! fauna is n s rec5t z ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,x appe>s to be det]m9$ t ! ,i[an loess 0 =m$ imm$iately aft] ! retirem5t ( ! ,i[an ice-%eet4 ,x might1 !re=e1 be a "q :e!r all ( ^! animals might h got into ^? crevices 9 "t to be cov]$ 9 by ! loess4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ill9oian drift 01 = a long "t1 expos$ to wea!r+ & erosion be=e ! ,i[an drift & loess 7 laid d[n4 ,also1 ! ,sangamon int]val 0 probably mu* long] ?an ! ,peorian1 s t ! *ances = ! accumulation ( ! fossils 7 great]4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t we c only say t ! fossils are po/-,ill9oian & probably pre-,wiscons94 ,besides ! v]tebrate fossils ref]r$ to above1 a few o!rs1 especially ma/odons 7pp4 #aaj1 #aaa71 h be5 f\nd at o!r places1 b s little is kn[n ( ! conditions ( _! int]m5t t !y furni% little geological in=mation4 ,a v int]e/+ region is f\nd 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate1 9 ,dunn & ,pep9 ,c\nties4 ,?is has be5 exam9$ ) great c>e by ,dr4 ,samuel ,weidman1 ,/ate geologi/ ( ,wiscons94 ,ab\t ,m5omonie !re are sev]al bricky>ds1 ^: excavations furni% opportunities = /udy+ ! =mations at t po9t4 ,sections ( "o ( ^! bricky>ds are describ$ & illu/rat$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,buckley1 9 ,bullet9 ,,vii1 "p #a 7#aija71 page #aid1 plate ,,xxxvii4 ,a section & brief description is f\nd also 9 a pap] by ,dr4 ,hussak( 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #fhh74 ,9 t region are f\nd outwa% gravels :i* h be5 def9itely correlat$ by ,weidman ) ,i[an drift4 ,9 "s places ?is is ov]la9 by loess4 ,^! gravels v>y f #aj to #bj feet 9 ?ickness at ,m5omonie4 ,b5ea? ! gravels are f\nd lacu/r9e clays v>y+ 9 ?ickness f #bj to #dj & ev5 #fj feet4 ,^! are /ratifi$ & consi/ ( lay]s f #a to #ab in*es 9 ?ickness1 ) int]v5+ ?9 lay]s ( s&4 ,t[>d ! bottom ! s& increases 9 am\nt4 ,b5ea? ! clay-be>+ =mation is a b$ ( s& atta9+ a maximum ?ickness ( ab\t #aej feet4 ,?is is und]la9 by co>se s& & gravel4 ,! lacu/r9e clays & ! und]ly+ s&s & gravels are includ$ by ,weidman 9 8 ,m5omonie =mation1 & ?is is believ$ by him to be ( ,sangamon int]glacial age4 ,9 nor?we/]n ,wiscons9 are f\nd o!r glacial deposits believ$ to belong to ! ,ill9oian drift epo*4 ,9 ! lacu/r9e clay at ,m5omonie h be5 f\nd rema9s ( ! great lake tr\t1 ,cri/ivom] namaycu% 7,hussak(1 z cit$ above71 ( a de] 7p4 #bcj71 a c>ib\ 7p4 #bdg71 & probably a ma/odon4 ,! de] is repres5t$ by a s+le v]tebra1 id5tifi$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w4 ,! suppos$ ma/odon is indicat$ by ! di/al end ( ! "r femur1 ! c>ib\ by an antl] ( a "y & probably female individual & by ! %aft ( a l>ge individual4 ,at ,woodville1 9 ,/4 ,croix ,c\nty1 ab\t #bj miles we/ ( ,m5omonie1 has be5 f\nd a =e/ b$ reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,aftonian4 ,?is 0 describ$ by ,ar?ur ,koehl] 7,am]4 ,=e/ry1 vol4 ,,xxvi1 ,feb4 #aiaf1 p4 #ib1 #c figs474 ,wood 0 f\nd t 0 id5tifi$ z t ( spruce4 ,9 #aiac 7,sci5ce1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #deg71 9 a brief ab/ract1 ,weidman report$ t 9 ,wiscons9 he recogniz$ drift deposits ( ,wiscons91 ,i[an1 & ,kansan ages & ano!r /ill old]4 ,no localities 7 m5tion$1 b 8 /atem5ts 7 d\btless bas$ mo/ly on 8 "w 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,! loess 0 f\nd to be laid d[n aft] ! ,i[an & be=e ! ,wiscons94 ,int]glacial deposits 7 f\nd betwe5 ! ,kansan & ! ,i[an4 ,9 #aije 7,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bch-bef7 & 9 #aiaj 7,j\r4 ,geol4 vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #edb-edh71 ,dr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,*amb]la9 pres5t$ ! results ( 8 inve/igations on ! 8,plei/oc5e ,geology ( ! ,/4 ,croix ,region 9 ,we/]n ,wiscons940 ,8 conclusion 7p4 #edh7 0 t 9 t "p ( ! ,/ate !re 7 pres5t 7#a7 a surface mantle ( gray ,wiscons9 drift deposit$ by a glaci] f ! ,keewat9 c5t]2 7#b7 r$ ,wiscons9 drift deposit$ by a glaci] com+ f ! ,labrador c5t]2 7#c7 a r$ drift left by an ice invasion f ! ,labrador c5t]1 its age consi/5t ) ,ill9oian2 7#d7 a grayi%-black till t _h come f ! ,keewat9 c5t] & ^: age 0 probably ,kansan4 ,,m>yl& ,,& ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia4 ,= obvi\s reasons ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia is consid]$ 9 connection ) t ( ,m>yl&4 ,?is region is ( especial int]e/1 because ( ! long "t & ! c>e :i* has be5 be/[$ on x by geologi/s & because ! conclusions rea*$ h be5 appli$ to ! geological /udy ( ,/ates bo? t[>d ! nor? & t[>d ! s\?4 ,! mo/ complete exposition ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! region is to be f\nd 9 ! volume ( ! ,m>yl& ,geological ,survey entitl$ 8,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e10 publi%$ 9 #aijf4 ,! geological treatise itself 0 writt5 by ,george ,burbank ,%attuck & is illu/rat$ by _m maps & text-figures4 ,includ$ 9 ?is is a bibliography ( ! subject :i* occupies #ag pages4 ,!re is a *apt] by ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>k1 ,ar?ur ,hollick1 & ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 on ! int]pretation ( ! palontological crit]ia2 ano!r by ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas on ! ma/odons & ! elephants4 ,! ,plei/oc5e mollusks f\nd 9 ! ,/ate1 #dj species1 7 describ$ & figur$ by ,w4 ,b4 ,cl>k2 :ile ! plants1 also ne>ly #dj 9 numb]1 7 describ$ & figur$ by ,ar?ur ,hollick4 ,! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( our pres5t k ( ! geology ( ,m>yl& & ! classification ( its =mations up to #aijf is giv5 by ,%attuck 9 ! volume j cit$ 7pp4 #be-dj74 ,?is geologi/ recogniz$ 9 ! sup]ficial deposits ( ! ,/ate five =mations 7fig4 #ae74 ,^! are1 beg9n+ ) ! olde/1 ,lafayette1 ,sund]l&1 ,wicomico1 ,talbot1 & ,rec5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,diagram %[+ ! ideal arrangem5t ( ! suppos$ t]races 9 ! ,m>yl& ,coa/al ,pla94 ,f ,%attuck4 ,! ,lafayette is reg>d$ z hav+ be5 laid d[n dur+ ! ,plioc5e4 ,! ,sund]l&1 ,wicomico1 & ,talbot =m ?ree t]races1 ( :i* ! ,sund]l& is ! olde/1 mo/ elevat$1 & f>!/ away f ! l>g] bodies ( wat]4 ,x is compos$ ( clay1 peat1 gravel1 & b\ld]s suppos$ to h be5 br\ght 9 by ! ice4 ,! co>s] mat]ials appe> to occupy usually ! l[] p>ts ( ! =mation4 ,! elevation ne> ,wa%+ton is ab\t #bjj feet1 b s\?w>d x desc5ds g5tly1 until 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,c\nty x is only ab\t #fj feet4 ,! ?ickness v>ies f ab\t #hj feet to no?+4 ,accord+ to ,%attuck1 at ! "t ( deposition ( ! ,sund]l& ! coa/ 0 depress$ to an ext5t ( ab\t #bjj feet1 s t its mat]ials 7 laid d[n ei!r 9 salt wat] or 9 t ( wide e/u>ies4 ,no deposits belong+ to x h be5 f\nd 9 ! ea/]n p59sula4 ,9 ! we/]n p59sula consid]able areas are recogniz$ along ! ,potomac up to ,wa%+ton & along ! ,patux5t & ,*esapeake ,bay to ,baltimore & ,elkton4 ,except 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ?is p59sula1 ! ,sund]l& is f\nd only 9 widely sep>at$ pat*es4 ,no m>9e organisms are kn[n to h left _! rema9s 9 ! ,sund]l&1 b =e/ trees ( a numb] ( exi/+ g5]a & sev]al ext9ct species h be5 describ$ by ,hollick 9 ! volume cit$4 ,! ,wicomico =mation is describ$ z occupy+ a l>ge portion ( ! c5tral & high] p>ts ( ! ea/]n p59sula2 9 ! we/]n x =ms a n>r[ & (t5 int]rupt$ fr+e ar\nd ! ,sund]l&4 ,nor? ( ,wa%+ton & ,annapolis x occurs only 9 pat*es4 ,its mat]ials are v simil> to ^? ( ! ,sund]l&4 ,its greate/ elevation is ab\t #ajj feet above sea-level1 & ?is1 accord+ to ,%attuck's view1 m>ks ! am\nt ( depression ( ! l& at t "t4 ,! ?ickness may be z mu* z #gj feet1 b is usually mu* less4 ,no m>9e fossils prop] to ! p]iod h be5 discov]$ 9 ! deposits1 b at a po9t 9 ,pr9ce ,george's ,c\nty plant rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 a deposit ab\t #bj feet ?ick4 ,! ,talbot =mation =ms a fr+e1 sometimes ( great wid?1 sometimes n>r[ or int]rupt$1 along all ! l>ge bodies ( wat] 9 ?is ,/ate & 9 ,delaw>e4 ,x is ! l[e/ ( ! t]races4 ,! greate/ elevation is ab\t #de feet2 ! ?ickness does n exce$ #dj feet4 ,! mat]ials not$ are ^? ( ! o!r two =mations--clay1 peat1 s&1 gravel1 & ice-borne b\ld]s4 ,at sev]al po9ts along ,*esapeake ,bay & on ! l[] "p ( ,patux5t & ,potomac riv]s1 deposits conta9+ plant rema9s h be5 discov]$1 includ+ p9es1 cypress1 hickory1 bee*1 elm1 & black locu/4 ,9 contra/ ) ! o!r =mations1 ! ,talbot has furni%$ _m m>9e fossils1 mo/ly mollusks2 b 9 all cases ! localities are close to ! pres5t coa/4 ,! writ] does n accept ! !ory t ! mat]ials =m+ :at h be5 call$ ! ,sund]l&1 ,wicomico1 & ,talbot t]races h be5 to any great ext5t laid d[n 9 ! sea4 ,"s "p ( ! ,talbot1 t ly+ ne> ! pres5t coa/1 has und\bt$ly _h su* an orig94 ,nor has ! ,coa/al ,pla9 suff]$1 s f> z is det]m9able1 any su* am\nt ( depression z ! !ory m5tion$ requires4 ,! mat]ials ( ! ,sund]l& & ,wicomico h1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 be5 br\ght d[n by riv]s ^: b$s lay at levels ne>ly z high z ^? ( ! real or suppos$ t]races4 ,:5 ! ,talbot mat]ials 7 laid d[n1 ! riv]s & e/u>ies ( ! coa/ _h be5 cut d[n ne>ly to _! pres5t levels1 & ?is 0 n long aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! au?ors ( ! subm]g5ce !ory admit t no satisfactory evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( m>9e organisms1 v]tebrate or inv]tebrate1 are to be f\nd 9 ! body ( ! assum$ t]races1 except aga9 9 p>ts ( ! ,talbot :i* imm$iately bord] ! ocean or ! great e/u>ies4 ,x is almo/ inconceivable t ! ocean c\ld occupy ! ,coa/al ,pla9 f ,new ,j]sey to ,mexico = ?\s&s ( ye>s & lay d[n great ?icknesses ( clay1 s&1 & gravel )\t hav+ left some:]e b$s ( molluscan %ells 9 su* situations t !y w\ld h be5 discov]$4 ,:ile ^! m>9e fossils are lack+1 !re are f\nd on all ^! t]races f ,m>yl& to ,florida & to ! ,rio ,gr&e an abundance ( l& v]tebrates su* z elephants1 ma/odons1 horses1 camels1 pecc>ies1 & _m o!r =ms4 ,nor d our palobotani/s h difficulty 9 f9d+ oaks1 walnuts1 hickories1 popl>s1 etc4 ,on ! !ory ( subm]g5ce !re are miss+ all ! ?+s t ought to be f\nd & !re are met ) j ! ?+s t w\ld n be expect$4 ,a figure is "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #ae7 f ! ,m>yl& ,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e volume1 page #ff1 ) ! explanation !re accompany+ x4 ,! read] may judge = himself :e!r ! sea c\ld occupy ! ,atlantic coa/ s9ce ,plioc5e times )\t leav+ any traces ( m>9e fossils1 :ile at ! same "t !re 7 pres]v$ 9 ^? t]races rema9s ( l& animals & l& vegetation4 ,ano!r section 7fig4 #af7 is reproduc$ f ,folio #agi ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ! au?ors ( :i* are ,g4 ,w4 ,/ose & ,c4 ,k4 ,sw>tz4 ,! upp]mo/ t]races are by ^! au?ors suppos$ to belong to ! late ,plioc5e1 ! =mation =m]ly kn[n z ! ,lafayette4 ,^! figures sugge/ t ! "o set ( t]races h "s connections ) ! o!r set4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,section across ,potomac ,riv] ne> ,big ,pool1 ,m>yl&4 ,%[s gravel-cov]$ t]races4 ,folio #agi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey4 ,beg9n+ at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,m>yl&1 we notice ! occurr5ce ( rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum at or ne> ,/4 ,m>y's ,city4 ,o!r rema9s ( ! same animal h be5 secur$ ne> ,/4 ,clem5ts 9 ,/4 ,m>y's ,c\nty 7p4 #aab74 ,bo? ( ! localities are situat$ on t]ritory mapp$ by ,%attuck z ,wicomico2 b z rem>k$ on page #aab1 our k ( ! conditions "u :i* ! fossils 7 f\nd is n suffici5t to all[ u to say m ?an t !y belong to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! species exi/$ f e>ly to late ,plei/oc5e & c n be us$ to det]m9e ! age ( ! deposits4 ,along ,patux5t ,riv]1 9 ,*>les ,c\nty1 n f> f ,b5$ict1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 recogniz$ jaws & tee? ( ,grison macrodon & ( ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbj74 ,bo? are ext9ct species4 ,accord+ to ,%attuck's map ( #aijf1 ?is region is cov]$ by ! ,talbot =mation2 b inasmu* z ! species nam$ 7 obta9$ f pits furni%+ ,mioc5e m>l1 "o c n be sure t !y are n old] ?an ! suppos$ ,talbot4 ,x w\ld probably require a se>* 9 ! l& records 9 ord] to det]m9e exactly :]e ! objects 7 f\nd4 ,! pres5ce ( ,elephas primig5ius sugge/s t ?is animal _h be5 pu%$ d[n "h dur+ "o ( ! glacial /ages4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s ago an elephant too? 7p4 #aed7 0 f\nd some:]e 9 ,que5 ,anne ,c\nty1 b x w\ld probably be n[ impossible to det]m9e ! locality4 ,9 case ! elephant too? 0 f\nd ne> ,*esapeake ,bay1 z is v probable1 !re is no record ( any ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ! c5tral & ea/]n p>ts ( ! ea/]n p59sula4 ,9 ! ea/]n p59sula rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates h be5 record$ f only two localities1 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,c\nty1 & an undet]m9$ locality 9 ,que5 ,anne ,c\nty4 ,f ,ox=d ,neck1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahfi1 p4 #agh7 report$ ,elephas primig5ius1 ,e4 columbi1 ,c]vus canad5sis1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 ,*elydra s]p5t9a1 & ,t]rap5e eurypygia4 ,at ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,william ,palm]1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 discov]$ a few rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates4 ,"o ( ^! is a too? ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison1 probably n ! exi/+ "o4 ,ano!r species is probably ,equus leidyi 7p4 #ahi74 ,?ree tee? appe> to repres5t ! pecc>y ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbj74 ,9 #aiba1 ,dr4 ,adolph ,h4 ,s*ultz1 ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,m$ical ,s*ool1 pres5t$ to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum ano!r specim5 ( ,t4 l5is :i* he _h f\nd at ,*esapeake ,bea*4 ,inasmu* z ! fossils 7 pick$ up aft] hav+ fall5 f _! re/+-place1 x is impossible to say to :i* =mation !y belong$4 ,9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 none ( ! ?ree species indicates a late ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! we/]n p59sula1 at ,m>%all ,hall1 ,*>les ,c\nty1 !re 0 f\nd long ago a too? :i* ! writ] ref]s to ,equus leidyi4 ,com+ nor? into ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 we f9d record$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( horses & possibly at two diff]5t times4 ,accord+ to ,d>ton's "w 7,folio #gj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 !re is "s lat] ,columbia laid d[n along ! r\te ( ! ,*esapeake & ,potomac ,canal above ,georget[n4 ,?is w\ld n[ d\btless be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,talbot4 ,x seems to foll[ t ei!r ! ,talbot is mu* old] ?an has be5 suppos$ or t "s ( ! ext9ct horses cont9u$ on until a comp>atively late "t 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,)9 ! limits ( ! city ( ,wa%+ton !re has be5 f\nd a too? ( probably ,elephas primig5ius at a dep? ( #ce feet1 9 ! ,wicomico =mation 7see p4 #agh74 ,on any !ory ( ! orig9 ( ! t]races1 ! pres5ce ( ! too? at t dep? 9 ! gr\nd & at t elevation appe>s to indicate a consid]able geological age = ! animal4 ,to :at ext5t mat]ials may h be5 wa%$ d[n f ! surr\nd+ high] l& may be difficult to det]m9e4 ,9 ,pr9ce ,george ,c\nty1 ne> ,mit*ellville1 h be5 f\nd two tee? ( an ext9ct horse 7p4 #ahh74 ,^! are z yet unid5tifi$4 ,!y are 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #hhac4 ,ne> ,t[son1 9 ,baltimore ,c\nty1 a ma/odon too? has be5 f\nd 7p4 #aab72 b beyond prov+ t !re is at t locality "s ,plei/oc5e deposit1 x gives u little in=mation4 ,9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #if-aji71 ! writ] describ$ a collection ( v]tebrate fossils1 collect$ 9 a cave or fissure 9 lime/one at ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 by an?ropologi/s f ,phillips ,academy1 ,&ov]1 ,massa*usetts4 ,! foll[+ is ! li/ ( species t 7 f\nd 9 ! collection3 ,crotalus horridus4 99,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 99,equus giganteus8 7p4 #ahi74 99,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bbj74 99,m4 exortivus 7p4 #bbj74 99,m4 obtusid5s1 n4 sp4 7p4 #bbj74 99,platygonus tetragonus8 7p4 #bbj74 99,p4 vetus8 7p4 #bbj74 99,p4 cumb]l&5sis 7p4 #bbj74 99,sangamona fugitiva4 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bca74 99,elephas columbi8 99,sciurus t5uid5s1 n4 sp4 ,s4 hudsonicus4 ,s4 c>ol95sis4 ,m>mota monax4 ,ca/or canad5sis4 ,ondatra zibe?ica4 ,neotoma magi/]4 ,microtus p5nsylvanicus4 ,ere?izon dorsatum4 ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,ursus am]icanus4 99,smilodontopsis mooreheadi4 ,felis c\gu>4 ,( ! #bb species "h recogniz$ #ab are ext9ct4 ,?is l>ge numb] ( itself indicates t _! "t ( exi/5ce 0 n rec5t4 ,simil>ly1 ! pres5ce ( #b species ( horses1 sev]al species ( pecc>ies1 & ( a sab]-too? tig] po9ts to a r anci5t p]iod4 ,! writ] believes t ! assemblage belongs to ! ,sangamon /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,g5]aliz$ section across ! ,allegh5y ,valley at ,p>k]s ,l&+1 ,we/ ,virg9ia1 %[+ v>i\s /ages ( erosion & valley fill4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,folio #agh4 ,9 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 probably along ,lane's ,creek1 0 f\nd1 9 digg+ a mill-race1 ! skull ( a ma/odon 7p4 #aab74 ,fur!r ea/1 ne> ,cle> ,spr+1 & ab\t a mile above ! entrance ( ,conoco*eague ,creek into ! ,potomac1 0 discov]$ a too? ( a ma/odon 7p4 #aac74 ,?is _h be5 wa%$ out ( "s deposit along ?is creek1 probably n f> away f :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,z ,/ose has %[n 7,hancock ,folio1 ,no4 #agi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 along ! ,potomac & its tribut>y /reams !re are ext5sive ,plei/oc5e deposits ( s& & gravel1 laid d[n :5 ! riv] 0 z mu* z #bjj feet above its pres5t level4 ,x is probable t su* deposits date f ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e 7fig4 #ag74 ,a m important locality = ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates is t ne> ,corriganville1 ab\t #c miles we/ ( nor? ( ,cumb]l&1 ,m>yl&4 ,! cave is 9 ,allegany ,c\nty1 we/ ( ,wills ,creek & s\? ( ,j5n+s ,run1 ab\t #j4e mile s\? ( ! village ( ,corriganville4 ,an acc\nt ( ?is locality1 ) a li/ ( ! species det]m9$ up to t "t1 has be5 publi%$ by ,gidley 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xlvi1 #aiac1 pp4 #ic-ajb74 ,9 cutt+ ?r\gh a spur ( lime/one 9 mak+ a railroad1 at a dep? ( ab\t #ajj feet !re 0 expos$ a cave or fissure :i* conta9$ _m bones & tee?4 ,gidley secur$ "s hundr$s ( specim5s belong+ to ab\t #ce species4 ,un=tunately no?+ has be5 publi%$ :i* %[s ! relation ( ?is cave to ! t]races :i* are f\nd along ,potomac ,riv] & its tribut>ies4 ,?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,r[e1 welf>e ag5t ( ! ,we/]n ,m>yl& ,railway1 ! writ] has receiv$ f ! division eng9e]1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,ca91 ( ,cumb]l&1 a topographic map ( ,allegany ,c\nty & a pr(ile ( ! road ext5d+ ?r\gh ! rock cut4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! level ( ! track1 at ! fissure1 is #hcg feet above sea-level4 ,?is seems1 !re=e1 to be consid]ably above ! highe/ t]race along ! ,potomac 9 t region4 ,x is to be suppos$ t ! fissure 0 =m$ long be=e ! animal rema9s accumulat$ 9 x4 ,9 a pap] publi%$ 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #fea-fgh1 plates ,,liv1 ,,lv1 text-figs4 #a-aj7 ,gidley add$ to 8 =m] li/ f\r species ( pecc>ies1 z foll[s3 ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis1 ,p4 int]m$ius1 ,mylohyus exortivus 7all new71 & ,m4 p5nsylvanicus4 ,9 ano!r communication he report$ also a de]1 a wolv]9e1 a beav]1 a lynx1 a badg]1 a m>t51 an el&1 & a crocodile or an alligator 7,rep4 ,smi?son4 ,in/4 = #aiah1 pp4 #bha-bhg74 ,_m ( ! id5tifications are m]ely provisional4 ,provisional li/ ( fossils f\nd ne> ,corriganville4 #a4 ,alligator or ,crocodylus sp4 indet4 #b4 ,bl>9a brevicauda84 #c4 ,vesp]tilio gr&is4 #d4 ,vesp]tilio sp4 indet4 #e4 ,myotis sp4 indet4 #f4 ,ursus vitabilis4 #g4 ,ursus am]icanus84 #h4 ,canis armbru/]i4 #i4 ,canis sp4 indet4 #aj4 ,vulpes8 sp4 indet4 #aa4 ,mu/ela vison84 #ab4 ,gulo luscus84 #ac4 ,taxidea sp4 indet4 #ad4 ,lynx sp4 indet4 #ae4 ,mammut am]icanum4 #af4 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahi74 #ag4 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjd74 #ah4 ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis 7p4 #bbj7 #ai4 ,p4 int]m$ius 7p4 #bbj74 #bj4 ,p4 vetus8 7p4 #bbj74 #ba4 ,mylohyus exortivus 7p4 #bbj74 #bb4 ,m4 p5nsylvanicus 7p4 #bbj74 #bc4 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 #bd4 ,taurotragus am]icanus4 #be4 ,o*otona pr9ceps84 #bf4 ,lepus am]icanus84 #bg4 ,lepus sp4 indet4 #bh4 ,sciurus hudsonicus4 #bi4 ,sciuropt]us alp9us84 #cj4 ,m>mota monax84 #ca4 ,ca/or sp4 indet4 #cb4 ,neotoma sp4 indet4 #cc4 ,microtus *rotorrh9us84 #cd4 ,synaptomys borealis84 #ce4 ,synaptomys sp4 indet4 #cf4 ,p]omyscus leucopus84 #cg4 ,napozapus sp4 indet4 #ch4 ,ere?izon sp4 nov4 ,on acc\nt ( ! pres5t un/udi$ condition ( ! collection1 x is difficult to rea* conclusions t are satisfactory4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 t !re are at lea/ #f hi!rto undescrib$ species1 "o-fif? ( ! :ole numb]4 ,ano!r #f1 if at all correctly det]m9$1 indicate a wide removal f _! ranges ( ! pres5t day4 ,lepus am]icanus n[ lives well t[>d ! nor?1 com+ d[n to ,sag9aw1 ,mi*igan4 ,o*otona pr9ceps lives 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,briti% ,am]ica4 ,synaptomys borealis is kn[n only f ! region ab\t ,great ,be> ,lake1 ,mack5zie1 ,canada4 ,microtus *rotorrh9us has its habitat 9 ,quebec & ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! species ( ,napozapus are ,canadian 9 _! range1 b desc5d to s\!a/]n ,m>yl& & to ,nor? ,c>ol9a 9 ! m\nta9s4 ,sciuropt]us alp9us is f\nd f ,alaska to ,hudson ,bay1 b desc5ds on ! ,pacific coa/ to s\!rn ,cali=nia4 ,?is nor!rn habitat ( s _m suppos$ species sugge/s t ! fissure receiv$ its cont5ts dur+ "o ( ! glacial /ages1 & ?is may be ! case4 ,h[ev]1 x is n unlikely t ^! species & "s o!rs are really undescrib$ ones4 ,"o may reasonably expect to f9d 9 a fauna conta9+ ,equus & ,tapirus a mu* high] p]c5tage ( ext9ct species ?an ,gidley has record$4 ,! mo/ rem>kable memb] ( ! fauna is ,taurotragus am]icanus1 a species closely relat$ to ! el& ( s\!rn ,africa 7,gidley1 ,smi?s4 ,misc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #bg74 ,its pres5ce 9 we/]n ,m>yl& gives a vivid impression ( ! widely ext5d$ j\rney t "s animals h made f "o cont95t to o!rs4 ,! same species has s9ce be5 f\nd 9 collections made at ,alton1 ,ill9ois 7p4 #cci71 & at ,kimmswick1 ,miss\ri 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aac74 ,accord+ to ! au?or's views1 ! fauna f\nd at ,cumb]l&1 l t ( localities 9 we/]n ,virg9ia1 belongs to a "t some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,mo/ ( ! species may be suppos$ to h liv$ !re dur+ ! w>m ,sangamon /age2 o!rs1 z ! wolv]9e1 at a some:at e>li] or lat] "t :5 ! climate 0 cool]4 ,,virg9ia4 ,= ! /ud5t ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate palontology1 z = ! geologi/1 ,virg9ia may be divid$ into ?ree physiographic regions1 ! ,coa/al ,pla91 ! ,pi$mont ,plateau1 & ! ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s4 ,! l9e :i* divides ! ,coa/al ,pla9 f ! ,pi$mont ,plateau beg9s at ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate1 at ab\t #gg #ca longitude4 ,! t[ns on or n f> f ?is ne>ly nor?-&-s\? l9e are ,emporia1 ,pet]sburg1 ,ri*mond1 ,hanov]1 & ,fr$]icksburg4 ,ne> ! latt] ! l9e incl9es slightly ea/w>d & passes a few miles we/ ( ,alex&ria & ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,coa/al ,pla9 is mu* less elevat$ ?an ! region we/ ( x & consi/s ( deposits ( ,mesozoic or ,c5ozoic age1 & mu* ( x is cov]$ by ,plei/oc5e mat]ials4 ,! ,plateau region is elevat$ & consi/s mo/ly ( ,palozoic rocks1 mo/ly metamorphos$ into a cry/all9e condition4 ,! ,appala*ian region pres5ts ne>ly p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s & int]v5+ valleys4 ,= a k ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ! read] %\ld consult ,bullet9 iv1 #aiab1 ( ! ,virg9ia ,geological ,survey4 ,! au?ors :o discuss ! physiography & geology ( ?is region are ,william ,b4 ,cl>k & ,b5jam9 ,l4 ,mill]4 ,on pages #ai to #de !y pres5t a v full bibliography ( ! geological lit]ature p]ta9+ to ?is region4 ,additional valuable assi/ance may be obta9$ f ! v>i\s folios issu$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 b un=tunately n _m species ( v]tebrate animals h be5 f\nd on ?is ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,virg9ia4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,,iv1 already m5tion$1 ,cl>k & ,mill] recognize ! pres5ce ( ?ree t]races belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,to ^! are giv5 ! names appli$ 9 ,m>yl& & ,nor? ,c>ol9a to :at are reg>d$ z equival5t t]races4 ,! olde/ ( ^!1 mo/ elevat$ & f>!/ f ! coa/1 is ! ,sund]l&2 ea/w>d ( ?is lies ! ,wicomico2 ! ,talbot is ! y\nge/ & l[e/ & bord]s ! coa/4 ,un=tunately1 ! geologi/s ref]r$ to did n map ! areas occupi$ individually or collectively by ^! t]races4 ,!y accept ! !ory t ^! t]races 7 laid d[n 9 ! sea4 ,x is admitt$1 nev]!less1 t no m>9e fossils are f\nd 9 deposits ( ! ,sund]l& & ,wicomico4 ,9 ! ,talbot1 #bf species ( m>9e mollusks h be5 report$ f ,talbot deposits ( ! ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 all reg>d$ z belong+ to liv+ species4 ,x w be recollect$ t ,woolman 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahih1 p4 #dad71 9 a /udy ( mollusks collect$ 9 ! ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 f\nd #g ext9ct species 9 a collection ( #di species1 equal to ab\t #af p] c5t4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n unlikely t ! collections _h be5 dr$g$ up f deep] deposits4 ,9 ,bullet9 ,v ( ! ,virg9ia ,geological ,survey1 on page #be1 ,san=d /at$ t ! ,talbot _h a wid? ( #cj miles at ! s\?4 ,on consult+ ,/eph5son's map ( ! sup]ficial =mations ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 plate ,,xiii7 x w be se5 t ?is corresponds q exactly ) ! wid? ( ! ,pamlico =mation at t l9e4 ,= ! writ]'s views on ! t]races nam$ ! read] may consult page #cdf on ! geology ( ,m>yl&4 ,on page #aac is record$ ! discov]y ( a too? ( a ma/odon 9 a m>% ne> ,disputanta1 9 ,pr9ce ,george's ,c\nty4 ,n en\gh is kn[n ab\t ! geology ( ! region to say m ?an t ! deposit belongs to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,ab\t #f miles ea/ ( ,williamsburg1 a little m ?an #ajj ye>s ago1 rema9s :i* pretty c]ta9ly belong$ to ! g5us ,mammut & probably to ! species ,m4 am]icanum 7p4 #aac7 7 discov]$1 said to h be5 f\nd on ! banks ( ,york ,riv]2 b by ?is 0 probably meant ! banks ( ! flood-pla94 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 m>% mud & 7 surr\nd$ by roots ( cypress trees4 ,! adjac5t bank 0 #bj feet high] ?an ?is level4 ,! topographical map ( ! ,williamsburg ,quadrangle %[s t an abrupt rise ( ?is am\nt is to be f\nd only ab\t #aj miles away f ! riv]4 ,:e!r ! cypress roots 7 ^? ( trees t _h gr[n )9 rec5t ye>s or :e!r !y 7 rema9s ( a ,plei/oc5e =e/1 su* z 0 expos$ at ,tappahannock1 ,essex ,c\nty 7,bull4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahf71 ! writ] does n "k4 ,! in=mation at h& ab\t ?is case does n make x possible to pron\nce on ! geological age ( ! ma/odon4 ,on page #bh an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! discov]y ( a skull ( a walrus on ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,virg9ia1 at ,accomac4 ,x _h d\btless be5 wa%$ up by ! sea f a ,plei/oc5e deposit4 ,x is easie/ to suppose t ! walrus _h be5 driv5 s\?w>d along ! coa/ dur+ ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age2 b possibly ?is happ5$ dur+ an e>li] glacial "t4 ,no v]tebrate fossils ( ,plei/oc5e age appe> to h come to light any:]e on ! ,pi$mont ,plateau1 & little or no?+ is kn[n ab\t its ,plei/oc5e geology4 ,f ! geological surveys we get little in=mation ab\t ! ,plei/oc5e =mations ( ! ,appala*ian region4 ,at mo/1 m5tion is made ( soils ( undet]m9$ age along ! /reams2 & yet f ?is region h be5 obta9$ a v consid]able numb] ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates4 ,f ,mr4 ,wyndham ,rob9son1 ( ,ab+don1 ,wa%+ton ,c\nty1 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum receiv$ 9 #ahfi a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aac7 & "o ( ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 ,no?+ has be5 le>n$ reg>d+ ! conditions "u :i* !y 7 une>!d4 ,! horse-too? po9ts to an age prec$+ ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,f ,saltville1 9 ,smy? ,c\nty1 ! foll[+ =ms h be5 obta9$3 ,crocodylus sp4 indet4 ,megalonyx dissimilis 7p4 #cd74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 ,odocoileus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bca74 ,c]valces sp4 indet4 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aac74 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ade74 ,t a crocodile %\ld h liv$ 9 ?is region dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e is rem>kable4 ,megalonyx dissimilis is o!rwise kn[n only f ,nat*ez1 ,mississippi1 f deposits :i* appe> to be ( ab\t ,ill9oian or ,sangamon age4 ,! horse-too? po9ts to ab\t ?is "t or e>li]1 :ile ! o!r species d n contradict ?is conclusion4 ,! a/ragalus ref]r$ to ,odocoileus probably belongs to "s o!r g5us4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,d4 ,m\nt s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum rema9s ( ,bison 7p4 #bei71 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aac71 & ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ade74 ,^!1 he report$1 _h be5 f\nd at a dep? n great] ?an #h feet 9 excavat+ = ! city res]voir4 ,he has writt5 t ! valley ( ,hol/on ,riv] at ,saltville1 )9 ab\t #hj ye>s1 _h be5 a lake1 at lea/ at c]ta9 times ( ! ye>1 & t ! res]voir 0 excavat$ at ! m>g9 ( ?is l[ area4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,pet]son 7,ann4 ,c>negie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 #aiag1 pp4 #dfi-dgd7 report$ f ?is place ! crocodile1 ! megalonyx1 c]valces1 ! suppos$ de]1 ! horse-too?1 & rema9s ( ma/odons4 ,! bones 7 f\nd 9 a s9k-hole1 9 a lay] ( co>se gravel1 pebbles & cobble/ones1 a fact indicat+ t a /ream ( "s size _h occupi$ ! place4 ,ov]ly+ ?is lay] 0 "o 9 :i* !re 7 fragm5ts ( l>ge riv] %ells4 ,! bone lay] appe>s to h be5 only ab\t #d feet f ! surface4 ,pet]son conclud$ t at ! close ( ! ,plei/oc5e or lat] ! rema9s _h be5 mov$ & r$eposit$ f "s place n f> away1 b ?is w\ld n affect ! geological age ( ! fossils & x is evid5t t rema9s ( v]tebrates are widely disp]s$ 9 t valley4 ,all ! species report$ are ext9ct1 b only l>ge =ms 7 secur$4 ,pr(essor ,cope1 probably 9 #ahfh1 f\nd ! foll[+ #bd species4 ,he did n /ate ! localities exactly1 except t !y 7 along ,new ,riv]1 9 ,wy! ,c\nty4 ,two 7 on ! l& ( ,abraham ,pa9t]4 ,! writ] appli$ to ! surveyor ( ! c\nty nam$ & has be5 in=m$ t ! f>m :i* belong$ to ,abraham ,pa9t] is on ,new ,riv]1 ne> ! t[n ( ,ivanhoe4 ,! nom5clature ( ! species has be5 revis$4 ,! species prec$$ by a dagg] are ext9ct4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cd74 ,ca/or fib]4 ,neotoma floridana8 ,m>mota monax4 ,p]omyscus leucopus4 ,tamias lvid5s4 ,sciurus panolius4 ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,bl>9a sp4 indet4 ,vesp]tilio sp4 indet4 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjd74 ,equus complicatus8 7p4 #aij74 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bba74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bca74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfj74 ,ursus amplid5s4 ,procyon lotor4 ,spilogale putorius4 ,myxophagus spelu4 ,crotalus sp4 indet4 ,amyda sp4 indet4 ,t]rap5e sp4 indet4 ,cryptobran*us sp4 indet4 ,at lea/ #i ( ! #bd species are ext9ct4 ,none ( ! record$ species requires u to ref] ! deposit to e>ly ,plei/oc5e times4 ,ursus amplid5s 0 describ$ f ! deposits at ,nat*ez4 ,?is & ,tapirus haysii1 ,equus complicatus1 & ,mylohyus nasutus po9t to middle ,plei/oc5e1 app>5tly ab\t to ,ill9oian or ,sangamon times4 ,cope report$ t ! tee? & bones 7 f\nd 9 a cave breccia4 ,?is consi/$ ( a numb] ( irregul> masses :i* occupi$ 8depressions & %ort gall]ies0 9 ! s\!a/ side ( a l9e ( hills4 ,:5 ^? masses 7 excavat$ f _! b$s ! floor & ro( ( a portion ( a cave 7 expos$1 ) ! /alactites1 /alagmites1 & usual incru/ations4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t at "s "t 9 ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e or 9 ! late ,plioc5e ! caves _h be5 =m$ ?r\gh ! effect ( /reams ( c>bonat$ wat]s on ! lime/one2 t 9 "s way ! bones & tee? ( ! animals li/$ above _h got into ! cave2 t by a *ange 9 ! am\nt or "* ( ! wat] ! caves _h gradually fill$ up2 & t aft]w>ds ! lime/one :i* conta9$ ^! caves _h und]gone great erosion4 ,fur!r nor?1 9 ! valley ( ,jackson ,riv] at ,cov+ton1 !re is evid5tly a deposit ( ,plei/oc5e clay1 = 9 x at a dep? ( #ab feet 0 f\nd a too? ( a ma/odon 7p4 #aad74 ,ano!r ma/odon too? 0 f\nd ne> ,hot ,spr+s1 at ! head ( ,wilson ,creek1 9 ,ba? ,c\nty1 possibly 9 simil> deposits 7p4 #aad74 ,9 ,augu/a ,c\nty an unid5tifi$ species ( horse 7p4 #aij7 & ! pecc>y ,platygonus 7p4 #bba7 h be5 discov]$4 ,,we/ ,,virg9ia4 ,s f> z ! writ] has le>n$1 v]tebrate rema9s belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e h be5 f\nd 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia 9 only eight places & only sev5 species are repres5t$3 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aae71 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agi71 ,equus niobr>5sis8 7p4 #aij71 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed71 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cd71 ,odocoileus virg9ianus8 7p4 #bca71 & a pecc>y 7p4 #bba74 ,! horse appe>s to indicate an e>ly ,plei/oc5e "t1 possibly pre-,kansan1 b all ! o!r species cont9u$ f at lea/ ! ,aftonian /age ?r\gh to ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,! specim5s1 !re=e1 d n help u to det]m9e ! age ( ! deposits 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,no "p ( ! ,/ate lies )9 ! glaciat$ area2 h5ce1 dur+ ! :ole ( ! ,plei/oc5e epo* its surface 0 subject$ to wea!r+ & to ! erosion ( runn+ wat]4 ,at times ! /reams built up deposits on _! b$s4 ,lat] !y deep5$ _! *annels & left a "p ( _! =m] deposits z t]races4 ,at a /ill lat] "t ! deposition & deep5+ may h be5 repeat$1 & z a result !re is sometimes a s]ies ( t]races "o above ano!r4 ,! age ( ^! t]races & _! orig9 h be5 ! subjects ( a good deal ( controv]sy4 ,9 ! ,masont[n-,uniont[n ,folio 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hb71 ,m4 ,r4 ,campbell has discuss$ ! t]races along ! ,monongahela ,riv]1 :i* occur at an altitude ( ab\t #a1jjj feet above sea-level & p]haps #aej feet above ! pres5t riv]4 ,also m ?an #ajj feet above ! pres5t riv] are old ab&on$ riv] *annels :i* are n[ p>tially fill$ up4 ,9 #aiaa 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,folio #agh1 pp4 #aa-ac71 ,e4 ,w4 ,%aw & ,m4 ,j4 ,munn describ$ ! ,quat]n>y ( ! ,foxburg & ,cl>ion quadrangles 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ! same ,plei/oc5e problems are involv$4 ,!y pres5t an acc\nt ( ! diff]5t views reg>d+ ! high-level t]races & ! ab&on$ *annels4 ,!y conclud$1 z did ,campbell1 t ^! t]races & *annels dat$ back to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e & probably to ! ,kansan /age4 ,figure #ag is a reproduction ( ,%aw & ,munn's figure #aj1 on _! page #ab4 ,x repres5ts a section across ,allegh5y ,riv] at ,p>k]'s ,l&+1 ,arm/rong ,c\nty1 ,p5nsylvania4 ,! upp]mo/ gravels 9 ! figure w\ld be ^? ( suppos$ ,kansan age2 :ile ! l[]mo/ are ^? laid d[n dur+ ! la/ glacial /age1 ! ,wiscons94 ,9 ! mat]ials ( ! high t]races "o may expect to f9d fossil v]tebrates ( ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 z 9 ! case ( ! ma/odon report$ f ,/ew>t/[n1 ,we/ ,virg9ia 7p4 #aaf74 ,! conditions ( burial %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>efully /udi$ & record$2 = x w\ld be possible = rema9s to be left at a lat] "t on su* a t]race & to be cov]$ up by e>? wa%$ d[n f above4 ,on page #bed an acc\nt is giv5 ( f9d+ a musk-ox skull ne> ,/eub5ville1 ,ohio1 on a t]race ab\t #ge feet above ! l[-wat] m>k4 ,! region ( ! we/]n "p ( ,we/ ,virg9ia1 we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 & nor!a/]n ,ohio is int]e/+ because ( its hi/ory dur+ ! late ,plei/oc5e4 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,lev]ett's monograph1 8,! ,glacial ,=mations & ,dra9age ,features ( ! ,erie & ,ohio ,bas9s0 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 #aijb1 pp4 #hh-aeh1 ) figs474 ,lev]ett essays to %[ t ! upp] "p ( ! ,ohio ,riv]1 ! ,allegh5y1 & ! ,monongahela ) its bran*es at "o "t empti$ into ,lake ,erie4 ,! connection 0 made ?r\gh ,beav] ,riv]1 :i* n[ fl[s into ! ,ohio1 & ,gr& ,riv]1 9 ea/]n ,ohio1 n[ empty+ into ,lake ,erie4 ,:5 ! ,wiscons9 ice fill$ ,lake ,erie & occupi$ its s\!rn %ore ! m\? ( ,gr& ,riv] 0 damm$ & ! wat] c\ld escape only to ! s\?4 ,! fl[ 0 rev]s$1 & aft] x _h rea*$ ! top ( ! divide x ent]$ ! /ream t !n repres5t$ ! head ( ! ,ohio4 ,:5 at l5g? ! m\? ( ,gr& ,riv] 0 reop5$1 ! new *annel _h be5 cut s deep t mo/ ( ! /reams ( we/]n ,p5nsylvania & ,we/ ,virg9ia cont9u$ to fl[ d[n ! ,ohio4 ,lev]ett's figure repres5t+ ! preglacial dra9age ( ! upp] ,ohio region is "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #aj74 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 7,map #ci47 ,our k ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a is at pres5t conf9$ almo/ :olly to ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ! ,/ate4 ,! mo/ rec5t g5]al discussions ( ! geology ( ?is region are f\nd 9 volume ,,iii ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,geological & ,economic ,survey1 #aiab4 ,! au?ors :o contribut$ to ?is volume are ,william ,bullock ,cl>k1 ,b5jam9 ,l4 ,mill]1 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son1 ,b4 ,l4 ,johnson1 & ,horatio ,n4 ,p>k]4 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son has furni%$ an article on ! ,cretace\s deposits1 & 9 8 num]\s geological sections he has ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e mat]ials !re f\nd4 ,b5jam9 ,l4 ,mill] wrote on ! ,t]ti>y =mations & likewise not$ ! ,plei/oc5e mat]ials f\nd 9 8 sections4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! volume = ! /ud5t ( ! ,plei/oc5e is ,/eph5son's article on 8,! ,quat]n>y ,=mations10 :i* occupies pages #bff to #bij4 ,cl>k1 ,mill]1 & ,/eph5son unit$ 9 a *apt] on ! 8,geological ,hi/ory ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a40 ,cl>k1 besides1 deals ) ! 8,correlation ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ,=mations40 ,9 addition to num]\s plates & text-figures1 a color$ map %[s ! area cov]$ by ! surficial =mations ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 & ano!r ! di/ribution ( ! =mations exclusive ( ! surficial4 ,f9ally1 ,mill] & ,/eph5son pres5t$ a bibliography :i* includes #aej titles1 occupy+ pages #dd to #gc4 ,accord+ to ,cl>k & ,/eph5son1 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a comprises five =mations2 ! olde/ is ! ,coh>ie1 f>!/ remov$ f ! coa/ & ly+ back aga9/ ! s-call$ ,lafayette1 itself suppos$1 ) "s d\bt1 to belong to ! ,plioc5e4 ,t[>d ! coa/ !re come 91 9 succession ( position & "t1 ! ,sund]l&1 ! ,wicomico1 ! ,*[an1 & ! ,pamlico4 ,^! =mations are describ$ z =m+ m or less well-def9$ t]races hav+ high] & high] elevations z !y are foll[$ back f ! coa/4 ,! ,pamlico n[h]e exce$s #be feet above sea-level4 ,! ,*[an v>ies 9 elevation f ab\t #be feet to ab\t #ej feet4 ,! ,wicomico =mation slopes f ab\t #ej feet up to ab\t #ij or #ajj feet4 ,! ,wicomico may atta9 elevations ( f #adj to #aej feet at ! we/]n bord]4 ,! ,coh>ie v>ies f ab\t #afj feet along its ea/]n bord] to z mu* z #bce feet along its we/]n bord]4 ,f its we/]n bord] ea* =mation s5ds up ! riv]s prolongations into or across ! next =mation t[>d ! we/4 ,ea* t]race may pres5t along its coa/w>d bord] an esc>pm5t ( v>y+ elevation & obvi\sness4 ,! ,coh>ie & ,sund]l& =mations are reg>d$ by ! au?ors nam$ z be+ correlat$ ) ! ,sund]l& ( ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 al?\gh ! ,coh>ie may be really ,plioc5e4 ,! ,wicomico is equival5t to t call$ by ! same "n 9 ! ,/ates f>!r nor?1 :ile ! ,*[an & ! ,pamlico toge!r are correlat$ ) ! ,talbot ( ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&4 ,! area occupi$ by ! ,pamlico is extremely n>r[ or abs5t along ! s\!rnmo/ ?ird ( ! coa/ ( ! ,/ate4 ,at longitude #gg ! b\nd>y betwe5 x & ! ,*[an turns & runs nor?1 v slightly to ! ea/1 /rik+ ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,/ate at ab\t #gf #ae4 ,j s\? ( ,albem>le ,s\nd its wid? ea/ & we/ is ne>ly equal to t ( all ! o!r ,plei/oc5e =mations at t latitude1 tak5 toge!r4 ,cl>k1 ,mill]1 & ,/eph5son 7op4 cit41 p4 #cjj7 accept ! !ory ( ,mc,gee t dur+ ,lafayette times1 probably 9 ! late ,plioc5e1 ! ,coa/al ,pla9 0 depress$ "s #ejj feet bel[ its pres5t level & cov]$ by ! sea4 ,into ?is sea 7 p\r$1 by ! riv]s com+ d[n f ! high] l&s to ! we/1 ! clay1 s&1 & gravel1 sometimes b\ld]s1 :i* make up ! s-call$ ,lafayette4 ,some:at lat] ! region 0 uplift$ en\gh to expose ! ,lafayette deposits & !y suff]$ erosion4 ,:5 ! ,coh>ie =mation began to be laid d[n ! sea-level mu/ h be5 ab\t #afj feet high] ?an at pres5t2 x cont9u$ to rise until x rea*$ an elevation ( ab\t #bjj feet4 ,a subsid5ce & a succe$+ elevation occurr$1 dur+ :i* ! ,sund]l& t]race 0 produc$4 ,9 l mann] ! succe$+ deposits & t]races are suppos$1 by ! geologi/s nam$1 to h be5 =m$--! ,wicomico1 ! ,*[an1 & ! ,pamlico4 ,"o objection already (f]$ 7p4 #cdf7 to ?is !ory to acc\nt = ! deposits belong+ to ! ,lafayette & ! =mations ( ! ,plei/oc5e is t1 in/ead ( b$s ( sea-%ells1 rema9s ( m>9e fi%es1 porpoises1 & :ales1 !re are f\nd scatt]$ "h & !re ov] ?is region ! bones & tee? ( elephants1 ma/odons1 horses1 & o!r l& animals4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is objection x is n necess>y to assume t ! l[] p>ts ( ! ,plei/oc5e area h nev] be5 subm]g$4 ,! writ] has caus$ to be prep>$ a map %[+ ! geographical di/ribution ( ! five =mations ref]r$ 79 ! "w cit$7 to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is bas$ on ! maps f\nd 9 t volume4 ,x %[s also ! localities :]e fossil v]tebrates h be5 discov]$1 & :]e m>9e fossils & l& plants h be5 secur$ 7map #ci74 ,"o difficulty met ) 9 our /udy ( ! di/ribution ( ! f9ds ( ext9ct v]tebrates 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 z else:]e1 arises f c>elessness 9 record+ & pres]v+ prop] data4 ,9 sev]al cases "h to be consid]$1 no m is kn[n ?an t a fossil has be5 f\nd 9 a c]ta9 c\nty4 ,happily1 m is kn[n 9 _m o!r cases4 ,exam9ation %[s t no fossil v]tebrates are kn[n to h be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a )9 ! area ( ! ,coh>ie =mation1 b t ma/odons h be5 met ) 9 ! areas ( all f\r ( ! o!r =mations z laid d[n 9 ,/eph5son's map1 plate ,,xiii ( ! "w cit$ above4 ,horse rema9s1 too1 seem to h occurr$ )9 all ! areas la/ not$4 ,?is does n mean necess>ily t ^! rema9s 7 buri$ 9 ! correspond+ =mations4 ,a ma/odon may h liv$ long aft] ! ,sund]l& 0 laid d[n & 8 rema9s h become buri$ 9 "s isolat$ deposit1 say ( ,pamlico times2 or1 ! rema9s may be f\nd )9 ! area ( ,pamlico1 b really buri$ 9 und]ly+ ,*[an4 ,ea* case mu/ be decid$ on ! evid5ce be>+ on x4 ,m5tion is made on page #aee ( ! f9d+ ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi ab\t #i miles bel[ ,wilm+ton4 ,:e!r ?is 0 buri$ 9 ,pamlico deposits close along ,cape ,fe> ,riv]1 9 ,*[an deposits :i* prevail !re1 or b5ea? ^!1 9 ,wicomico1 x is impossible to say4 ,a %ort di/ance bel[ ?is place 0 f\nd a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum4 ,on page #aij is giv5 an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( a too? ( ,equus leidyi 9 :at 0 suppos$ to be ,mioc5e m>l 9 ! vic9ity ( ,elizabe?t[n1 on ,cape ,fe> ,riv]1 9 ,blad5 ,c\nty4 ,mill] 7op4 cit41 p4 #bdh7 /ates t ! ,plei/oc5e ab\t ,elizabe?t[n re/s usually directly on ! ,cretace\s1 b t s\? ( ! t[n are f\nd "s pat*es ( ,mioc5e m>ls4 ,! region ab\t ?is t[n is mo/ly occupi$ by ! ,sund]l& =mation1 b ! ,wicomico ext5ds up ! riv] f> above ! place4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mapp$ z ly+ mo/ly on ! nor? side ( ! riv]4 ,x seems pretty c]ta9 t ! horse-too? occurr$ 9 ! ,sund]l&1 probably at its base4 ,ma/odon rema9s1 z /at$ on page #aae1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,p5d] ,c\nty1 b :]e is n kn[n4 ,along ! coa/ is a n>r[ /rip ( ,pamlico4 ,! s\!a/]n half ( ! c\nty is occupi$ by ! ,*[an1 ! nor?we/]n by ! ,wicomico4 ,ma/odon tee? h be5 f\nd 9 ,dupl9 ,c\nty1 b !re is no record z to exact locality1 dep?1 or matrix4 ,! s\!a/]n two-?irds ( ! c\nty is cov]$ by deposits ( ! ,wicomico1 ! nor?we/]n ?ird by ,sund]l&4 ,! ma/odon probably belongs to "o or ! o!r ( ^!4 ,! ,plei/oc5e deposits are1 h[ev]1 und]la9 by ,t]ti>y rocks1 & possibly ! ma/odon came f ^! & belongs to a diff]5t g5us4 ,on page #aaf w be f\nd an acc\nt ( rema9s ( a ma/odon1 probably ,mammut am]icanum1 :i* 0 f\nd ne> ,jacksonville1 9 ,onsl[ ,c\nty4 ,?ree ( ! suppos$ ,plei/oc5e =mations are f\nd ne> ,jacksonville4 ,! ,pamlico comes up ! ,new ,riv] q to ! t[n4 ,imm$iately at ! t[n is 7foll[+ ,/eph5son's map7 ! ,*[an4 ,! s\!a/]n bord] ( ! ,wicomico comes d[n ne>ly to ! t[n4 ,9 :i* ( ! ?ree areas ! tee? 7 discov]$ we d n "k4 ,a case is "h furni%$ :i* illu/rates ! ne$ ( mo/ accurate obs]vation & record ( locality1 dep?1 & "* ( mat]ials4 ,z /at$ on page #aaf1 tee? & tusks ( ,mammut am]icanum h be5 obta9$ at ,maysville1 ,jones ,c\nty4 ,! writ] does n "k exactly ! place :]e ! rema9s 7 discov]$4 ,! region ab\t ,maysville is occupi$ by ! ,*[an =mation1 b ! ,pamlico s5ds an ext5sion up ,:ite ,oak ,riv] z f> z ,maysville4 ,rema9s ( bo? ,mammut & ,elephas h be5 report$ f ,c>t]et ,c\nty4 ,9 #ahbh 7see p4 #aag7 ,eli%a ,mit*ell /at$ t rema9s ( ! elephant & ma/odon _h be5 met ) 9 digg+ ! ,clubfoot & ,h>l[ ,canal4 ,?is canal pass$ f ,neuse ,riv] to ,newport ,riv]4 ,9 #ahgf 7,s5ate ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #ce1 #dd? ,congr41 p4 #ag7 ,s4 ,t4 ,ab]t transcrib$1 f an e>li] report made by ,pr(essor ,olm/ead1 a geological section tak5 9 ?is canal4 ,! excavation w5t to a dep? ( #af feet4 ,! upp]mo/ ( ! f\r lay]s consi/$ ( ! peaty mold usually f\nd 9 ! swamp4 ,! next lay] 0 made up ( a yell[i%-br[n pott]'s clay4 ,! ?ird lay] consi/$ ( s& & 0 full ( sea-%ells & fossil rema9s ( 8mammo?s0 7ma/odons7 & elephants4 ,! %ells belong$ to species n[ f\nd ne> ,cape ,look\t1 pr9cipally con*1 scallop1 & clam4 ,! lay] bel[ ?is 0 blue clay4 ,9 ! case "h pres5t$ !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! /ratum conta9+ ! %ells & ! bones belong$ to a ,plei/oc5e =mation old] ?an t assign$ to ! ,pamlico4 ,on page #ade is describ$ a too? ( ,elephas primig5ius1 dr$g$ up 9 ,core ,creek1 =m+ "p ( ! ,inl& ,wat]way 9 ,c>t]et ,c\nty4 ,! conclusion seems unavoidable t ?is boreal animal _h be5 driv5 to ?is s\!rn latitude dur+ "o ( ! glacial /ages1 & "o naturally ?9ks ( ! late/ "o1 ! ,wiscons92 b x may h be5 at a mu* e>li] "t4 ,a ma/odon jaw has be5 secur$ 9 ! same canal4 ,d\btless ! locality 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ! mo/ important to ! /ud5t ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate palontology1 is t report$ long ago on ! nor!rn %ore ( ,neuse ,riv]1 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n4 ,z /at$ on page #aag1 9 a m5tion ( ! ma/odon bones discov]$1 ,h4 ,b4 ,croom seems fir/ to publi% a /atem5t conc]n+ ! animal rema9s f\nd !re4 ,"s ( 8 id5tifications 7 c]ta9ly wrong4 ,accord+ to ,h>lan 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc71 !re 7 secur$ rema9s ( elephant1 ma/odon1 hog1 elk1 de]1 horse1 seal1 cetaceans1 a tortoise1 snake1 fi%1 %>k1 & skate4 ,z 9 ano!r case1 ,h>lan may h mi/ak5 worn tee? ( ,bison = tee? ( ! hog 7,sus74 ,= our purpose ! mo/ important animals ( ! li/ are ! elephant1 ! ma/odon1 & ! horse4 ,accord+ to ,croom1 ! animal rema9s 7 f\nd 9 a m>l pit4 ,he 0 in=m$ by ! own] t 9 an upp] lay] !re 7 f\nd tee? ( %>ks & fragm5ts ( bones ( m>9e fi%es1 m+l$ ) sea-%ells4 ,9 a deep] lay]1 #bj to #be feet bel[ ! surface1 !re occurr$ ! rema9s ( l& animals1 toge!r ) sea-%ells ( great v>iety4 ,croom ?\ght t "s tee? belong to ! hy5a1 & ,fo/] report$ ! hippopotamus2 b 9 bo? cases ! id5tifications 7 wrong4 ,conrad 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 #ahce1 pp4 #ajg-aaj2 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,in/4 ,prom4 ,sci41 vol ,i1 pp4 #aia-aib7 report$ t ! bones ( animals f\nd "h 7 wat]-worn1 black1 & silicifi$4 ,he conclud$ t !y _h be5 br\ght d[n ! ,neuse ,riv] & m+l$ ) sea-%ells4 ,! fossilif]\s /ratum did n rise any:]e m ?an #aj feet above ! riv]4 ,9 ! fir/ publication quot$1 ,conrad publi%$ a li/ ( #ff mollusks 9 ?is /ratum1 ( :i* #g 7 n yet kn[n z liv+ species & #b o!rs are not$ z new4 ,accord+ to ?is li/1 less ?an #ij p] c5t are rec5t4 ,he ref]r$ ! deposits to 8 new] ,plioc5e4 ,9 ! second publication cit$ he conclud$ t ! /ratum belong$ to ! po/-,plioc5e4 ,/eph5son 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhi7 ref]s to ! inve/igations made at ?is locality4 ,x is n improbable t ! deposit :i* furni%$ ^! fossils belongs to ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e /age1 ! ,nebraskan4 ,! same may be said ab\t ! coqu9a rock m5tion$ by ,/eph5son :i* occurs at ,old ,=t ,fi%]1 9 ,new ,hanov] ,c\nty 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhi1 plate ,,xxviii74 ,on page #aae ! writ] ref]s to a l[] jaw ( a ma/odon f\nd by ! geologi/ ,w4 ,c4 ,k]r1 ne> ,goldsboro1 & describ$ by ,joseph ,leidy4 ,! jaw 0 report$ to h be5 f\nd 9 gravel ov]ly+ ,mioc5e m>l4 ,! writ] believes t ! ma/odon belong$ to ! species ,mammut prog5ium4 ,goldsboro1 on ,neuse ,riv]1 is ne> ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,sund]l& =mation1 b ! ,wicomico is prolong$ up ! riv] f> above ,goldsboro4 ,accord+ to ,/eph5son & ,johnson 7op4 cit41 p4 #dge71 ,mioc5e s&s & clays are f\nd ov] a portion ( ! nor!rn "p ( ! c\nty 7,wayne74 ,! geological age ( ?is ma/odon dep5ds m on ! age ( ! gravels 9 :i* x 0 f\nd ?an on ! age ( ! t]race1 al?\gh ! writ] is will+ to conc$e an e>ly ,plei/oc5e /age = ! t]race4 ,a ma/odon too? has be5 f\nd 7see p4 #aag7 some:]e 9 ,wilson ,c\nty4 ,! c\nty is cov]$ mo/ly by ,plei/oc5e ( ,sund]l& age1 b a small "p ( ! we/]n end is occupi$ by ! ,coh>ie2 :ile1 accord+ to ,/eph5son's map1 bo? ! ,*[an & ! ,wicomico foll[ up ,cont5tnea ,creek into ,wilson ,c\nty4 ,! geological age ( ! ma/odon is d\btful4 ,at ,gre5ville1 ,pitt ,c\nty1 h be5 f\nd rema9s ( ,equus complicatus1 p]haps also ( ano!r species ( horse 7see p4 #aia74 ,:ile suppos$ to h be5 f\nd 9 ,mioc5e m>ls1 ! too? belong$ )\t d\bt to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,pitt ,c\nty is occupi$ by f\r ,plei/oc5e =mations1 ,pamlico1 ,*[an1 ,wicomico1 & ,sund]l&4 ,! probability is t ! horse-tee? 7 f\nd 9 an e>ly ,plei/oc5e deposit4 ,z indicat$ on page #aag1 rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum h be5 f\nd 9 ,pitt ,c\nty1 possibly at ,gre5ville4 ,z not$ on page #aag1 a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum has be5 f\nd at or ne> ,t>boro4 ,no?+ m is kn[n ab\t its orig94 ,at ?is place are f\nd deposits belong+ to ! ,*[an1 ,wicomico1 & ,sund]l& =mations2 x is impossible to say f :i* ! too? 0 d]iv$4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 #aheb1 p4 #ef7 report$ f9d+ ma/odon bones 9 m>l-pits on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,knight1 on ! banks ( ,t> ,riv]1 9 ,na% ,c\nty1 #c miles we/ ( ,rocky ,m\nt4 ,! same ,plei/oc5e deposits occur "h z at ,t>boro4 ,! bones 7 suppos$ to h be5 buri$ 9 ,mioc5e m>l1 & ?is may h be5 true4 ,if s1 !y belong$ to "s o!r species ( ma/odon ?an ,mammut am]icanum4 ,on page #aia is giv5 an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( tee? ( ,equus leidyi :i* 7 wa%$ up on ! bea* at ,plym\?4 ,?is t[n is on ,roanoke ,riv]1 sev]al miles f ,albem>le ,s\nd1 & on ! bord] betwe5 ! ,pamlico & ! ,*[an =mations4 ,our det]m9ation ( ! geological age ( ! tee? mu/ be bas$ on o!r evid5ce ?an t furni%$ by ! discov]]s4 ,else:]e 9 ?is "w is giv5 an acc\nt ( f9d+ a "p ( a skull ( a walrus at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,x 0 probably dur+ ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age t ?is animal liv$ along ! coa/ z f> s\? z ,*>le/on4 ,z to ! geological age ( ! ,pamlico =mation1 ! geologi/s :o h contribut$ to ! report ( #aiab1 ! volume cit$1 hold t x belongs to late ,plei/oc5e4 ,! writ] believes t ! =mation 0 laid d[n at a mu* e>li] "t4 ,! ma/odon jaw & ! too? ( ,elephas primig5ius f\nd 9 ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal may h be5 buri$ !re dur+ ! preval5ce ( ! ,wiscons9 ice epo*2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ?is may h happ5$ dur+ an old] ,plei/oc5e /age4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ,pamlico becomes v n>r[ along ! s\!rn ?ird ( ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a x may be repres5t$ by "o ( ! old] ,plei/oc5e deposits record$ by ,sloan2 9 "p possibly by ! ,w&o clays or ! ,sea isl& s&s4 ,9 ! au?or's view1 x is pretty c]ta9 t ! ,plei/oc5e molluscan fauna :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,clubfoot & ,h>l[ ,canal & at ! locality bel[ ,newb]n corresponds to ! ,wadmalaw 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,x seems to appe> at ! s\!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 at ,s\?port1 & aga9 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] 9 ,dismal ,swamp4 ,accord+ to ,%al] 7#aj? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 #ahij1 p4 #cae71 a collection ( mollusks made ne> ! nor!rn bord] ( ! swamp 0 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall4 ,!re 7 #bi =ms1 ( :i* #bd are yet exi/+1 #e ext9ct4 ,!re 71 !re=e1 #ag p] c5t ( ext9ct =ms4 ,dall reg>d$ ! deposits z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e2 ! writ] believes t !y may be ref]r$ to ! ,nebraskan /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,f a /udy ( mollusks collect$ lat] 9 ! ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 ,woolman 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahih1 pp4 #dad-dbh7 conclud$ t !y belong$ to a "t n e>li] ?an late ,plioc5e & possibly z late z ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,d>ton 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,folio #hj7 ref]r$ ! deposits to ! ,plioc5e4 ,/eph5son 7op4 cit41 p4 #bij7 /ates t rec5t inve/igations h l$ to ! conclusion t ! b$s %\ld be ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,! p>ties 9 su* a dispute may compromise by ref]r+ ! b$s to ! ,nebraskan /age4 ,x seems probable t ! ,*[an =mation belongs to a /age a little lat] ?an ^! mollusk-be>+ b$s & repres5ts a /rip ( old coa/ m>%1 inhabit$ by elephants1 ma/odons1 horses1 & v>i\s o!r animals4 ,9 discuss+ ! causes :i* l$ to ! production ( ,cape ,hatt]as1 ,pr(essor ,%al] 7,proc4 ,bo/4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol ,,xiv1 #ahgb1 p4 #aag7 rem>k$ t ! h>d %elly lime/one :i* comes to ! surface j above high-tide level along ! %ore ( ! ma9l& f ,newb]n to ! m\? ( ! ,roanoke ,riv] looks mu* l ! %ell-b$ f\nd ne> ,*>le/on1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a4 ,to ! read] :o wi%es to "k :at "w has be5 done on ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 two pap]s may be recomm5d$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 hi/orical 9 nature1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahij by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,a4 ,holmes 7,j\r4 ,eli%a ,mit*ell ,sci4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #hi-aag71 ! second 9 #aije by ,dr4 ,griffi? ,t4 ,pugh 7,!sis1 ,v&]bilt ,univ41 pp4 #a-gd74 ,^? :o h contribut$ mo/ to a k ( ! palontology ( ?is =mation are ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,leidy1 ,dall1 ,dall & ,h>ris1 ,e>le ,sloan1 & ,g4 ,t4 ,pugh4 ,j4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 & ,dall h made important contributions to ! k ( ! inv]tebrate animals4 ,= our k ( ! v]tebrates we are indebt$ pr9cipally to ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes & ,joseph ,leidy4 ,! au?or :o has dealt mo/ rec5tly & 9 consid]able detail ) ! /ratigraphy ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits is ,e>le ,sloan1 ,/ate geologi/ 7,bull4 ,no4 #b1 s]4 ,,iv1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv41 #aijh1 #dgi pages74 ,f ^! au?orities we le>n t1 :ile ! l>g] "p ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 may be to a great] or less ext5t ov]la9 by deposits ref]able to ,mc,gee's ,columbian1 ! deposits :i* be> fossils are conf9$ almo/ :olly to a n>r[ /rip along ! coa/4 ,9 ?is /rip h be5 f\nd ! num]\s mollusks li/$ & describ$ by ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 & ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 z well z mo/ ( ! species ( v]tebrate fossils4 ,! fossilif]\s deposits d n usually ext5d back f ! coa/ m ?an ab\t #aj miles4 ,und\bt$ly fossil-be>+ ,plei/oc5e deposits are to be f\nd "h & !re along all ! riv]s1 p]haps to ! we/]n bord] ( ! ,coa/al ,pla94 ,?is is indicat$ by ! discov]y ( rema9s ( horses & ma/odons 9 ,d>l+ton & ,ri*l& c\nties4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,plei/oc5e deposits along ! coa/ is said to am\nt to z mu* z #fj feet1 b x is usually mu* less4 ,only a "p ( ?is is fossilif]\s1 a b$ t appe>s to v>y 9 ?ickness f ab\t #c to #h feet4 ,?is is f\nd z mu* z #h feet above mean-tide level1 sometimes bel[ x4 ,! mat]ials ( ?is fossilif]\s b$ v>y greatly4 ,sometimes !y consi/ almo/ entirely ( %ells ( mollusks1 9 o!r cases ( a blue mud or s&1 & ) ^! may be m+l$ peaty mat]ials1 gravel1 & aga9 roll$ masses d]iv$ f ! und]ly+ deposits4 ,! fossils conta9$ 9 ! b$ m5tion$ consi/ ( mollusks1 & 9 "s places bones & tee? ( v]tebrates occur 9 m or less abundance4 ,! b$ is und]la9 (t5 by deposits ( ,t]ti>y age4 ,bones & tee? ( ! v]tebrates1 z fi%es & cetaceans1 t liv$ :5 ^? ,t]ti>y rocks 7 be+ deposit$ may occasionally h be5 wa%$ into ! ,plei/oc5e b$4 ,aga91 :]e ! old] & ! new] b$s are expos$ along ! %ores1 fossils may be wa%$ out ( bo? & comm+l$ on ! bea*2 !n aga91 a great "p ( ! fossils collect$ along ?is coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a h be5 rescu$ f ! phosphate rock ga!r$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,?is has be5 to a great ext5t dr$g$ f ! riv]s2 & ?us rema9s ( ,plei/oc5e & ( ,t]ti>y animals h be5 mix$ indiscrim9ately toge!r4 ,x is (t5 impossible to det]m9e to :at =mation a fossil may belong4 ,to add to ! difficulty ( ! palontologi/1 ! v]tebrate rema9s are sometimes f\nd wa%$ out & m+l$ ) bones or tee? ( :at appe> to h be5 dome/ic animals4 ,beg9n+ at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a coa/-l9e1 ! fir/ locality furni%+ ,plei/oc5e fossils is1 or r 0 7,pugh1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc71 ,:ite 7or ,price's7 ,creek1 9 ,horry ,c\nty4 ,"h at a height ( ab\t #e feet above tide 0 f\nd a b$ approximately #f feet ?ick app>5tly ?r[n up on ! %ore by /orms 7,tuomey1 ,geol4 ,rep41 #ahdh1 p4 #ahg74 ,no v]tebrates h be5 report$ f ! locality4 ,at ,laurel ,hill1 9 ! extreme nor!a/]n corn] ( ,georget[n ,c\nty1 ,tuomey 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh7 f\nd a p]p5dicul> bluff #cj feet high1 at ! base ( :i* 0 a b$ #h feet ?ick made up ( s& & brok5 %ells4 ,! top ( ! b$ 0 #h feet above tide1 ! highe/ elevation rea*$ by ! b$ along ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a coa/4 ,tuomey m5tions o!r localities ar\nd ,georget[n :]e ! fossilif]\s b$ 0 discov]$4 ,"o 0 on ,santee ,riv]4 ,no v]tebrates appe> to h be5 met ) 9 ?is region4 ,9 ,*ri/ ,*ur* p>i%1 9 ,*>le/on ,c\nty1 ,tuomey discov]$ sev]al exposures ( ! b$ 9 "q1 & ?is 0 sometimes s sup]ficial z to be )9 rea* ( ! pl[4 ,pugh 7,plei/oc5e ,deposits1 etc41 p4 #cd7 quotes f ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes a section :i* 0 f\nd at ,goose ,creek1 nor? ( ,*>le/on1 z foll[s3 ,yell[ s& #ab feet ,blue mud #bi feet ,f]rug9\s s&1 conta9+ bones1 etc4 #c in*es ,yell[ s& #c feet ,plioc5e m>l re/+ on ,eoc5e :ite m>l #ab feet ,! bones occurr$ likewise 9 ! blue mud1 & su* 7 especially well pres]v$4 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,po/-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s4 ,c41 p4 #ajb7 rec\nts 8 obs]vations at ?is locality2 nev]!less1 ! only v]tebrate fossil t ! writ] f9ds cr$it$ by ,leidy to ?is locality is a too? ( ,equus frat]nus 7,e4 leidyi71 :i* he figur$ 7plate ,,xv1 fig4 #h74 ,dr$g+ = phosphate rock has be5 c>ri$ on ext5sively 9 ,coop] ,riv]2 b ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fossils secur$ "h ! writ] has record ( only ,mega!rium1 mirabile4 ,?is is repres5t$ 9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum by a portion ( a l[] jaw4 ,w&o ,riv] is situat$ nor!a/ ( ,*>le/on1 runs p>allel ) ! coa/1 & empties into ,coop] ,riv]4 ,f ?is h 7accord+ to ! writ]'s k7 be5 secur$ only ,equus complicatus & a "p ( a tusk ( ,odob5us4 ,! latt] is 9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum4 ,9 mo/ cases no record has be5 kept ( ! orig9 ( ! specim5s 9 collections4 ,! ,plei/oc5e b$ along ,a%ley ,riv] is fam\s = ! numb] ( fossil v]tebrates :i* x has furni%$4 ,x has be5 describ$ by ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes 9 v>i\s publications1 especially 9 ! ,introduction to 8 ,po/-,pleioc5e ,fossils ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ahfj1 pages ,i-,,xii4 ,9 ! same "w1 on pages #ii-ajj1 ,dr4 ,leidy briefly describ$ ! geological "* ( ! b$s2 & on subsequ5t pages he describ$ ! v]tebrate species f\nd !re4 ,! pr9cipal b$s 7 locat$ on ,a%ley ,riv]1 ab\t #aj miles above ,*>le/on4 ,accord+ to ,pugh 78,plei/oc5e ,deposits ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a10 p4 #cd71 ! fossilif]\s deposits re/ on ,mioc5e m>ls4 ,at ! top are #d feet ( yell[ s&s ) b&s ( clay2 bel[1 is a foot or m ( blue mud ly+ on ! ,mioc5e4 ,! bones are m num]\s & be/ pres]v$ 9 ! blue mud4 ,! ,plei/oc5e b$ is elevat$ only a few feet above tide-level4 ,inasmu* z ne>ly all ! species ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates :i* h be5 f\nd along ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a coa/ h be5 secur$ along ! ,a%ley ,riv]1 ! few f\nd else:]e w be includ$ 9 ! foll[+ li/4 ,"s ( ^? m>k$ f\nd some:]e ab\t ,*>le/on may h be5 collect$ 9 or along ,a%ley ,riv]4 ,9 ?is li/ ! contractions foll[+ ! names signify z foll[s3 ,a1 ,a%ley ,riv]2 ,b1 ! region ab\t ,beau=t2 ,c1 some:]e ar\nd ,*>le/on2 ,c4 r41 ,coop] ,riv]2 ,e1 ,edi/o ,riv]2 ,g4 c41 ,goose ,creek2 ,j4 i41 ,john's ,isl&2 ,s4 r41 ,/one ,riv]2 ,w4 r41 ,w&o ,riv]2 ,y41 ,yonge's or ,"y ,isl&4 ,! species prec$$ by ! dagg] are ext9ct4 ,odob5us rosm>us ,a41 ,w4 r4 7p4 #bi74 ,lynx ruff u ,c4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,c4 ,procyon lotor ,a4 ,arctodus pri/9us ,a4 ,ursus am]icanus ,c4 ,sylvilagus floridanus8 ,a4 ,hydro*rus sopi ,a4 ,hydro*rus p9ckneyi ,c4 7p4 #cfe74 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis ,a4 7p4 #bgi74 ,ca/or canad5sis ,a4 ,ondatra zibe?ica ,a4 ,elephas imp]ator ,c4 7p4 #afb74 ,elephas columbi ,a41 ,b4 7p4 #aee74 ,mammut am]icanum ,a41 ,b4 7p4 #aah74 ,mammut prog5ium 7p4 #aah74 ,bison latifrons8 ,a4 7p4 #bfj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,a4 7p4 #bfj74 ,alces runnym$5sis ,c4 7p4 #cfd74 ,c]vus canad5sis ,a4 7p4 #bdb74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus8 ,a4 7p4 #bca74 ,camelops sp4 indet4 ,tagassu l5is ,a4 7p4 #bbb74 ,tagassu sp4 indet48 ,a4 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii ,a4 7p4 #bjd74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 ,a4 7p4 #bje74 ,equus complicatus ,a41 ,w4 r41 ,b4 7p4 #aib74 ,equus leidyi ,a41 ,j4 i41 ,g4 c41 ,s4 r41 ,b4 7p4 #aib74 ,equus littoralis ,c4 7p4 #aic74 ,hipp>ion v5u/um ,a4 ,physet] vetus ,a4 ,tri*e*us antiquus ,a4 ,mega!rium mirabile ,a41 ,c4 r41 ,s4 r4 7p4 #ce74 ,mylodon h>lani ,a4 7p4 #ce74 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii ,b4 7p4 #ce74 ,didelphis virg9iana ,j4 i4 ,alligator mississippi5sis ,a4 ,pseudemys sp4 indet4 ,a4 ,te/udo crassiscutata8 ,a4 ,tri*iurus lepturus ,y4 ,i/iophorus robu/us ,y4 ,is*yrhiza mira8 ,a4 ,lepiso/eus osseus ,a4 ,dasyatis ha/ata8 ,y4 ,besides ! species enum]at$1 ! e>ly collectors f\nd rema9s :i* 7 id5tifi$ z belong+ to su* dome/ic animals z ! dog1 ox1 %eep1 & hog4 ,leidy reject$ ^! z ,plei/oc5e species1 :ile ,holmes & ,agassiz accept$ !m z su*4 ,possibly ! suppos$ dog 0 9 reality a wolf & ! suppos$ ox a bison4 ,small tee? l ^? ( c[s are fossiliz$ z are ! tee? ( ext9ct animals4 ,at ,bee's ,f]ry on ,a%ley ,riv] ! fossilif]\s b$ has a ?ickness ( #c4e feet & is at ab\t high-wat] m>k4 ,x is ov]la9 by f #ae to #bj feet ( loose s&s4 ,by f> ! mo/ ( ! species h be5 ent]$ 9 ! li/ on ! au?ority ( ,joseph ,leidy4 ,only ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes report$ ! elk 7,c]vus canad5sis71 & ! writ] has se5 two tee? ( ! species at ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces 9 ,philadelphia cr$it$ to ,*>le/on4 ,holmes also report$ ,glyptodon1 b t is n includ$ 9 ! li/4 ,lynx ruffus1 ,ursus am]icanus1 ,hydro*rus p9ckneyi1 ,elephas imp]ator1 ,bison latifrons1 ,alces runnym$5sis1 ,camelops sp41 & ,equus littoralis are includ$ on ! evid5ce ( specim5s se5 by ! writ] 9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum or 9 "s ( ! o!r collections made on ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,loomis has rec5tly 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlv1 #aiah1 p4 #dch7 describ$ a specim5 ( ,mammut prog5ium 7z ,ma/odon am]icanus7 f ne> ,*>le/on & ano!r f ne> ,beau=t4 ,alces runnym$5sis 0 fir/ briefly ref]r$ to 9 ,ye> ,book ,no4 #ad ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itution ( ,wa%+ton1 #aiae 7#aiaf71 page #chg4 ,! "n is bas$ on an upp] "r h9d]mo/ milk mol> 9 ! ,*>le/on ,museum 7,no4 #acecd74 ,x is ! prop]ty ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney4 ,:]e ! too? 0 f\nd is n kn[n1 b x 0 some:]e ne> ,*>le/on1 9 ! phosphate-be>+ area4 ,! specific "n is t ( ! e/ate ( ! own]4 ,! too? closely resembles ! correspond+ "o ( ,alces am]icanus1 b is l>g] & has a flatt] cr[n4 ,only ! cr[n ( ! too? is pres]v$1 & ( ?is a "p ( ! enamel ( ! inn] ant]ior cone is brok5 (f2 o!rwise x is 9 f9e condition4 ,! color is v black4 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts are giv5 ( ?is too? & ( ! correspond+ "o ( ,alces am]icanus1 ,no4 #aagjee ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey4 ,! two tee? are only slightly worn4 ,measurem5ts ( milk mol>s ( ,alces1 9 millimet]s4 ,dim5sions tak54 ,a4 am]icanum4,a4 runnym$5sis4 ,l5g? ( too? ne> out] bord] #bd4j #be4e ,l5g? ( too? at middle wid? #ba4e #bc4j ,wid? ( too? along front bord] #bc4j #bc4j ,wid? ( too? f m$ian /yle to base ( inn] h9d] cone #ba4j #bd4j ,! angle betwe5 ! out] & inn] faces ( ! h9d] half ( ! too? is #ed 9 ! too? ( ! exi/+ species1 #fd 9 ! fossil too?4 ,on ! gr9d+-surface ! fossettes are wid] ?an 9 ! too? ( ! exi/+ moose4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d ?is moose 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,we mu/ suppose t x liv$ !re dur+ "o ( ! glacial /ages1 probably :5 ! walrus occupi$ t "p ( ! coa/4 ,9 ! ,p9ckney collection is a too? ( a capyb>a t des]ves att5tion4 ,a figure ( x is "h pres5t$ 7fig4 #ah71 a side view4 ,exactly :]e ! too? 0 f\nd is n kn[n1 b x 0 some:]e 9 ! vic9ity ( ,*>le/on4 ,! too? is ! upp] left h9d]mo/ mol>4 ,9 ! figure ! front end is direct$ t[>d ! left h&4 ,!re are pres5t #ag plates4 ,none ( ! plates ei!r 9 front or beh9d are miss+4 ,! free edges ( ! plates are n turn$ backw>d4 ,! l5g? ( ! too? is #fb mm41 ! wid? is #ag4e1 ! height ( ! plates on ! inn] face #cg mm41 b probably ! less calcifi$ bases ( ! plates h be5 de/roy$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,side view ( upp] la/ mol> ( ,hydro*rus p9ckneyi f ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,type4 ,on ! gr9d+-surface ! plates run obliquely f ! inside outw>d & backw>d4 ,z se5 on ! inn] face1 ! plates1 z !y pass to ! gr9d+-surface1 lean backw>d4 ,! correspond+ too? ( a capyb>a f ,sur9am has a l5g? ( #cg mm4 ,! l5g? ( its skull f =am5 magnum to ! front ( ! sn\t is #bae mm4 ,9 case ! skull ( ! fossil 0 long 9 proportion to ! l5g? ( ! too?1 ! l5g? z giv5 above w\ld be #cfj mm41 ab\t #ae in*es4 ,to ?is f9e l>ge species ,i give ! "n ,hydro*rus p9ckneyi1 9 honor ( ,mr4 ,*>les ,c4 ,p9ckney1 ! own] ( a collection ( fossils f ! region ab\t ,*>le/on & ! proprietor ( ! e/ate ( ,runnym$e1 ne> ,lambs1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 ! same collection is a "p ( ! l[] jaw1 "r side1 ( a r l>ge wolf4 ,9 ?is jaw !re rema9 ! complete f\r? premol>1 ! roots ( ! ?ird premol>1 & "o root ( ! second 7fig4 #ai74 ,! foll[+ measurem5ts are tak5 f ! fragm5t m5tion$2 f ! correspond+ "p ( a jaw ( nocyon dirus1 ,no4 #hcjg1 f ,la ,brea1 ,cali=nia2 f ! gray wolf1 ,canis occid5talis1 f ,=t ,simpson1 ,briti% ,am]ica1 ,no4 #ijja1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum2 & f ! type ( ,c4 floridanus1 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,measurem5ts ( jaws & tee? ( wolves1 9 millimet]s4 ,p>ts measur$4 ,c4 ,c4 ,*>le/on ,la ,brea occid5talisfloridanus jaw4 jaw4 jaw4 type4 ,height ( jaw 9 front ( pm#d #bh #cb #cc #ba4e ,?ickness at front ( pm#d #ad #af #ad4b #aj4b ,l5g? ( pm#d #ah4e #bj4b #ah4e #ad4e ,?ickness ( h9d] lobe ( pm#d #i4e #aa #i4e #g ,?ickness ( front lobe #h4e #i4h #h4e #f4d ,! measurem5ts %[ t ! fossil is mu* too l>ge to belong to ! wolf n[ inhabit+ ,florida4 ,x appe>s also to be too small to belong to ! wolf nocyon dirus1 & ,a4 ay]si 0 b little if any small]4 ,! l[] tee? ( ! latt] species are n kn[n4 ,! accordance 9 measurem5ts ) ^? ( ,c4 occid5talis makes x probable t ! fossil jaw f\nd at ,*>le/on belong$ to a wolf n greatly diff]5t4 ,) ! mat]ials at h& x is impossible to ref] ! jaw specifically4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4-,"p ( ! "r side ( ! l[] jaw ( an undet]m9$ species ( wolf1 %[+ premol>4 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,)9 ! city ( ,*>le/on ! b$ be>+ v]tebrate fossils is said to be sev]al feet bel[ tide-level4 ,at ,"y ,isl&1 ,wadmalaw ,s\nd1 ne>ly #bj miles s\?we/ ( ,*>le/on1 ! top ( ! fossil-be>+ /ratum is at tide-level4 ,?is locality is o!rwise kn[n 9 ! lit]ature z ,simmons's4 ,! only ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate fossils t ! writ] f9ds report$ f ! place are ! fi%es ,lepiso/eus osseus & ,tri*iurus lepturus4 ,9 ! region ab\t ,beau=t1 ! same fossil-be>+ /ratum1 hav+ ab\t ! same composition & ! same elevation1 is met ) 9 _m places4 ,a few species ( fossil v]tebrates & _m inv]tebrates h be5 secur$4 ,"h h be5 f\nd ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aah71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aee71 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aia71 & ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #ce74 ,a brief notice w be tak5 ( ! few kn[n localities :]e1 away f ! imm$iate coa/1 v]tebrate fossils h come to light4 ,tuomey1 9 #ahdh 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 p4 #agg71 9 describ+ m>ls f\nd ne> ,d>l+ton1 on ! f>m ( ,g4 ,w4 ,d>gan1 & :i* he reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e1 report$ ! discov]y ( two p]fect mol>s ( a ma/odon 7p4 #aah74 ,! locality 0 9 a swamp1 & ! b$ ( m>l 0 cov]$ ) #c or #d feet ( black mud4 ,! tee? 7 imm$iately bel[ ! mud & envelop$ 9 ! m>l4 ,^! tee? belong$ to ,mammut am]icanum & _h be5 deposit$ at "s "t dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,at ano!r place fragm5ts ( ! antl]s ( a de] 7 f\nd 9 ! m>l4 ,9 su* cases ! m>ls =m$ at "o "t ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 or m probably ! bottom ( a swamp2 & ! ,plei/oc5e bones & tee? might h be5 trampl$ d[n into ! m>l by liv+ animals4 ,on page #aai is giv5 an acc\nt ( ano!r ma/odon too? discov]$ 9 ! same c\nty2 & ! tee? ( a horse h be5 report$ z hav+ be5 f\nd1 associat$ ) ^? ( ! ma/odon 7see p4 #aic74 ,9 ,lee ,c\nty1 adjo9+ ,d>l+ton ,c\nty on ! s\?we/1 at a locality 8ne> ,concord *ur*10 betwe5 ,lyn*'s ,creek & ,black ,riv]1 ,tuomey 7op4 cit41 p4 #agh7 f\nd a b$ ( ,plioc5e m>l ab\t #d feet ?ick4 ,f an excavation 9 ?is m>l _h be5 tak5 a tusk :i* ,tuomey reg>d$ z t ( a ma/odon1 b ?is may h belong$ to an elephant4 ,9 ,b]keley ,c\nty1 at ! head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 !re is1 or 01 a morass kn[n z ,bigg9 ,swamp4 ,?is 0 pass$ ?r\gh 9 con/ruct+ ! ,santee ,canal4 ,on page #aef is an acc\nt ( ! discov]y ( rema9s ( ,elephas columbi & ( ,mammut am]icanum2 on page #afb1 ! f9d+ ( a too? ( ,elephas imp]ator4 ,! discov]y ( ! latt] m>ks ! age ( ! deposits z be+ ab\t t ( ! ,aftonian int]glacial4 ,x has be5 se5 t at _m po9ts along ! coa/ !re is a fossilif]\s /ratum v>y+ f #b to #h feet4 ,at mo/ localities ! fossils consi/ pr9cipally ( m>9e animals1 especially mollusks1 & ! deposits h evid5tly be5 laid d[n 9 salt wat]4 ,along ,a%ley ,riv] & at "s localities 9 ! region ab\t ,beau=t x seems evid5t t ! surface 0 above1 b n f> above1 sea-level1 & t x =m$ a swamp on :i* a great v>iety ( l& animals c\ld move ab\t & fe$4 ,aft] dea? _! bones w\ld suff] ! fate :i* befalls !m 9 su* cases4 ,mo/ ( !m w\ld und]go decay4 ,p>ts w\ld be trampl$ into ! muck1 brok5 into fragm5ts1 & und]go /ill fur!r decay4 ,only ! mo/ durable p>ts1 z ! tee?1 antl]s1 & ! m solid bones w\ld usually /& a *ance = pres]vation4 ,app>5tly1 on ?is coa/1 no consid]able p>ts ( "o skeleton h ev] be5 f\nd1 or at lea/ report$4 ,9 ,*>le/on ,museum are _m bones ( a skeleton ( ,mega!rium1 b x is unc]ta9 :]e x 0 f\nd4 ,! li/ ( v]tebrates ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a coa/ conta9s #cc species ( mammals1 ( :i* #bd appe> to be ext9ct4 ,?is high proportion ( ext9ct species seems to confirm our ref]5ce ( ! fauna to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,besides ! ext9ct =ms1 x is to be not$ t )9 hi/orical times ! muskrat1 beav]1 & elk h n liv$ 9 ! region ab\t ,*>le/on4 ,pugh 7,plei/4 ,deposits ,s4 ,c41 p4 #ff71 f a /udy ( ! ,plei/oc5e m>9e mollusca ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 has conclud$ t1 if ! ,plei/oc5e sea-temp]ature diff]$ at all f t ( ! pres5t1 x 0 slightly high] r ?an slightly l[]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t ! ,plei/oc5e repres5t$ a v long p]iod ( "t & t1 f>!r nor?1 ! climate und]w5t great fluctuations4 ,t ^! fluctuations w\ld n h affect$ ! temp]ature ( ! sea along ! coa/ ( ! ,c>ol9as is n probable4 ,x is h>dly supposable t capyb>as & manatees liv$ ab\t ,*>le/on at ! same "t t ! moose & ! walrus 7 !re4 ,! latt] _h be5 =c$ d[n !re dur+ "s glacial /age1 possibly ! ,wiscons92 :ile ! horses1 tapirs1 elephants1 manatees1 ! mylodon1 & ! mega!rium _h _! exi/5ce1 we may suppose1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,aftonian4 ,dur+ ?is /age1 too1 liv$ ! species ( mollusks :i* ,pugh has elaborat$4 ,x w\ld seem t aft] t "t "s *ange took place 9 conditions1 probably a slight elevation1 s t little m ?an b$s ( unfossilif]\s s& & m>ls 7 deposit$4 ,pr(essor ,e>le ,sloan1 9 8 8,m9]al ,localities ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a0 7,bull4 ,no4 #b1 s]4 ,,iv41 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,geol4 ,surv471 has recogniz$ ! foll[+ divisions 9 ! m>9e ,plei/oc5e ( ! ,/ate3 #f4 ,sea ,isl& loams4 #e4 ,w&o clays & s&s4 #d4 ,accabee gravels4 #c4 ,bohicket m>l-s&s4 #b4 ,wadmalaw m>l4 #a4 ,t5-,mile s&s4 ,( ^!1 ! fossilif]\s deposits ref]r$ to above appe> to belong to ! ,wadmalaw m>l4 ,x may be confid5tly expect$ t some:]e along ! ,s\? ,c>ol9a coa/1 b5ea? ! b$s be>+ ! v]tebrate fossils1 !re w yet be discov]$ o!r ,plei/oc5e deposits1 probably %ell m>ls1 :i* belong to ! ,nebraska /age4 ,,georgia4 ,! only "p ( ,georgia at pres5t ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( v]tebrate palontology is t :i* lies imm$iately along ! ,atlantic coa/ & along a few ( ! l>g] riv]s4 ,! nor?we/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate is m\nta9\s & probably conta9s little or no ,plei/oc5e4 ,! ,coa/al ,pla9 ext5ds l&w>d to a l9e :i* />ts at ,augu/a1 on ,savannah ,riv]1 passes ?r\gh ,mill$geville & ,macon1 & ends at ,columbus1 on ! ,*attahoo*ee4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is region is mantl$ by a deposit result+ f ! decay ( ! und]ly+ rocks4 ,^! deposits are ( unc]ta9 age1 a "p belong+ probably to ! ,plei/oc5e1 b ! l>ge "p to ! ,plioc5e or to /ill old] ,t]ti>y4 ,! ,plei/oc5e has n yet be5 diff]5tiat$ f ! rema9d]1 &1 9 any case1 has furni%$ no v]tebrate fossils4 ,= in=mation on ! subject ! read] may consult ,mc,gee 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol41 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 pp4 #dgh-dhd71 ,sp5c] 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 #ahij-ia1 pp4 #fa-ha71 & ,veat* & ,/eph5son 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,georgia1 pp4 #djj-def74 ,! deposits 9 ,georgia :i* c ) c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e =m a broad belt ly+ along ! coa/ & ext5d+ l&w>d a di/ance ( ab\t #cj miles along ,savannah ,riv] & ab\t #fj miles at ! ,florida b\nd>y l9e4 ,= a description ( ^! deposits ! read] is ref]r$ to ,veat* & ,/eph5son's article 9 ,bullet9 #bf j m5tion$1 pages #dbd-def4 ,^! deposits are dispos$ 9 two t]races1 a high] & old] & a l[] & y\ng]4 ,! old] is nam$ ! ,okef5okee =mation1 ! y\ng] ! ,satilla =mation4 ,! positions ( ^! may be obs]v$ 9 ! figure "h pres5t$1 tak5 f ,bullet9 #bf above ref]r$ to 7fig4 #bj74 ,! ,okef5okee t]race has a bread? ( #bj to #dj miles & an elevation ( #fj to ab\t #abe feet above sea-level4 ,x =ms a pla9 :i* ,veat* & ,/eph5son describe z 9 g5]al flat & almo/ featureless4 ,x is dott$ ) cypress ponds & swamps1 ) "h & !re l[ ridges & hills ( s&4 ,along ! l>g] /reams :i* cross ! pla9 are f\nd t]races suppos$ to h be5 laid d[n :ile ! ,okef5okee t]race 0 =m+2 !y ext5d f> back into ! ,/ate4 ,9 nei!r ! ma9 t]race nor ! fluviatile t]races h any fossils be5 f\nd1 except a little silicifi$ wood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,georgia4 ,adapt$ f ,veat*4 ,! ,satilla ,pla9 ext5ds backw>d f ! coa/ #bj to #cj miles & v>ies 9 elevation f #ae to #dj feet4 ,on ! l&w>d side x ends 9 an esc>pm5t :i* is tak51 by ! au?ors quot$1 to be an old sea-bea*4 ,along ! l>ge riv]s x is cont9u$ z a s]ies ( t]races occupy+ a l[] position ?an ^? ( ,okef5okee "t4 ,accord+ to ,veat* & ,/eph5son1 ?is =mation consi/s ( unconsolidat$ clays1 s&s1 & ?9 lay]s ( gravel4 ,! ?ickness av]ages ab\t #ae feet1 b may become z mu* z #de or #ej feet4 ,! ,satilla deposits are fossilif]\s4 ,at v>i\s places1 at "s di/ance f ! coa/1 sea-%ells occur1 especially %ells ( oy/]s4 ,?is %[s t at times ! pla91 or at lea/ "s p>ts ( x1 has be5 "u sea-wat]4 ,bones & tee? ( v]tebrate animals h be5 discov]$ at sev]al localities1 b at only two places h id5tifiable mat]ials be5 secur$4 ,! region ab\t ,brunswick & t j s\? ( ,savannah h furni%$ important collections ( v]tebrate animals4 ,dur+ ! ye>s #ahch & #ahci an attempt 0 made to con/ruct a canal to connect ,altamaha ,riv] ) ,turtle ,riv] at ,brunswick4 ,"s bones ( l>ge mammals 7 met ) & came to ! notice ( ,hamilton ,c\p]1 & ?r\gh him became kn[n to ! sci5tific _w4 ,! mo/ /rik+ 0 ! great gr\nd-slo?1 ( ! g5us ,mega!rium1 & :i* ,leidy aft]w>ds call$ ,mega!rium mirabile4 ,at a m rec5t "t1 dur+ dr$g+ op]ations1 probably 9 ! h>bor1 o!r rema9s 7 f\nd & turn$ ov] to ! ,geological ,survey ( ,georgia4 ,! fragm5t>y bones & tee? 7 id5tifi$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf74 ,! fragm5ts ( tee? reg>d$ by ,gidley z belong+ to ,mammut floridanum appe> to ! writ] to repres5t ,gompho!rium rugosid5s1 a species r common 9 t region & belong+ to ! upp] ,mioc5e or ,l[] ,plioc5e4 ,f\r tee? id5tifi$ z ^? ( ,physet] vetus or ,physet]ula neolassicus appe> to be id5tical ) ,leidy's ,oryct]ocetus quadratid5s2 b ?is may be possibly ! same z ,physet]ula neolassicus 7,p4 dubusi74 ,x1 too1 is old] ?an ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,f ! two collections h be5 det]m9$ ! foll[+ li/3 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 7p4 #bhj74 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfa74 ,c]vus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdc74 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjf74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aic74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aic74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aic74 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #cf74 ,*elonia 7887 c\p]i4 ,crocodylus 787 sp4 indet4 ,lamna sp4 indet4 ,galeoc]do sp4 indet4 ,c>*>odon sp4 indet4 ,dasyatis sp4 indet4 ,) ! bones f\nd 9 ! canal 0 a femur #ac in*es long1 :i* ,h>lan describ$ z ,*elonia c\p]i1 b :i* resembles m closely t ( "s ed5tate mammal4 ,gidley /at$ t ! %>k-tee? probably repres5t ,eoc5e & ,mioc5e species4 ,?is may be true1 b ! supposition is n necess>y1 inasmu* z species ( all ?ree g5]a are yet liv+ on our ,atlantic coa/4 ,j4 ,hamilton ,c\p] 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 pp4 #cg-dj7 has giv5 an acc\nt ( ! topography & geology ( ! region ?r\gh :i* ! ,brunswick ,canal 0 be+ con/ruct$ 7map #dj74 ,on "o ( ! plates ( ! "w is a section f ! ocean we/w>d #ba miles4 ,ab\t #aj miles we/ ( ,/4 ,simon's ,isl& ! canal pass$ ?r\gh ,six-mile ,swamp4 ,?is is connect$ at its nor!rn end ) ,altamaha ,riv]1 at ! s\!rn ) ,turtle ,riv]4 ,! swamp has ?us ! appe>ance ( a lake :i* has become fill$ ) alluvial deposits4 ,^! consi/ ( a compact clay1 usually yell[ & impregnat$ ) iron4 ,!re are ?9 /rata ( s(t1 *alky m>l & _m fragm5ts ( petrifi$ wood4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is deposit 7 f\nd ! bones ( ,mega!rium1 ,elephas1 ,mammut1 ,equus1 & ,bison4 ,b5ea? ! clay /ratum 0 s& ) m>9e %ells4 ,ov]ly+ ! clay 0 a ?9 /ratum ( vegetable & s&y loam4 ,! bones occurr$ at a dep? ( f #d to #f feet4 ,9 no in/ance1 except :5 !y _h be5 wa%$ out into ! salt-wat] creek1 0 !re any abrasion ( ! surface or incru/ation ( m>9e %ells4 ,! geologi/ ,*>les ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdg7 /at$ t "p ( a skeleton ( a mega!rium1 dug out 9 cutt+ ! canal1 0 s ne> ! surface t x 0 p5etrat$ by ! roots ( a p9e tree4 ,z a consid]able numb] ( ! bones ( "o skeleton 7 f\nd toge!r1 ,lyell suppos$ t a :ole c>cass _h be5 float$ d[n ! riv] to ! spot4 ,ev5 be=e rema9s ( fossil v]tebrates _h be5 f\nd at ,brunswick1 bones _h be5 discov]$ at ,skidaway ,isl&1 ne> ,savannah4 ,z e>ly z #ahbc1 ,s4 ,l4 ,mit*ill 7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #eh7 ann\nc$ ! f9d+ ( tee? ( ,mega!rium at ?is place4 ,m ?an #bj bones ( ! same animal 7 report$ f ! same locality 9 #ahbd by ,william ,c\p]4 ,9 #ahdf 7,hodgson's 8,memoir on ,mega!rium10 pp4 #be-cj71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,hab]%am publi%$ a li/ ( ! species discov]$ up to t "t4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cac7 gave an acc\nt ( 8 visit to ! locality & not$ ! species obta9$4 ,! foll[+ li/ appe>s to conta9 all f\nd !re3 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 ,equus leidyi8 7p4 #aid74 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #cg74 ,t]rap5e canaliculata4 ,! box-tortoise ,t]rap5e canaliculata 0 describ$ by ! writ] 9 #aijg 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #hej1 figs4 #e-g7 on fragm5t>y mat]ials f\nd 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,^! _h be5 s5t !re by ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,scriv51 :o _h be5 active 9 collect+ ! fossil v]tebrates ab\t ,savannah4 ,:e!r ! rema9s ( ?is box-tortoise 7 f\nd on ,skidaway ,isl& or 9 ,:item>% ,isl& is unc]ta94 ,besides ^! species1 f\nd on ,skidaway isl&1 two species1 ,mammut am]icanum & ,mylodon h>lani1 h be5 f\nd at ,heyn]'s 7or ,ha9]'s7 ,bridge4 ,?is is ab\t #g miles s\? ( ,savannah1 :]e ! road crosses ,v]non ,creek 7,lyell1 8,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 vol ,i1 pp4 #afc-afd74 ,"h ! /ream is call$ ,:ite ,bluff ,creek4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may get a cle> und]/&+ ( ! conditions at ?is important locality1 a map f\nd 9 ,hodgson's ,memoir is reproduc$ 7map #dj74 ,! :ole region s\? ( ,savannah1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( ,savannah & ,ogee*ee ,riv]s1 is l[ & mu* divid$ into isl&s by /reams connect$ ) ! riv]s m5tion$4 ,a consid]able "p ( ^! isl&s consi/s ( m>%es1 :i* are usually ov]fl[$ by ! tides4 ,mo/ ( ! fossil bones 7 f\nd along ! s\!rn bank ( ,skidaway ,riv]1 9 two places1 app>5tly ab\t #j4e mile ap>t & ne> ! we/]n end ( ! isl&4 ,on ! map ,hodgson has nam$ ! locality ,fossilossa4 ,"h ,skidaway ,riv] made a b5d :i* caus$ ! bank to be erod$ away1 ?us expos+ ! bones4 ,accord+ to ,c\p] 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 p4 #dj71 ! bones 7 emb$d$ 9 ! m>% =mation at ab\t ! level ( v l[-wat]4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cad7 /at$ t ! bones occurr$ 9 a d>k peaty soil1 or m>% mud1 above :i* 0 a /ratum ( s& #c or #d feet ?ick2 :ile bel[ ! peaty soil & bel[ sea-level 0 s& conta9+ _m m>9e fossil %ells1 all belong+ to species yet liv+ on ! neighbor+ coa/4 ,! au?ors quot$ /ate t at v>i\s places along ! ,georgia coa/ are f\nd /umps ( trees1 cypress1 c$>1 & p9e1 9 ! deposits ( ! salt m>%es & at a dep? ( f #b to #d feet bel[ high-wat]4 ,?is is tak5 z evid5ce ( subsid5ce 9 t region4 ,x is a matt] ( importance to "k h[ ^? animal rema9s rea*$ _! place ( burial4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t :ole c>casses _h be5 float$ d[n ! /reams & sunk5 :]e ! bones are f\nd4 ,?is is possible1 b n probable4 ,! peaty nature ( ! deposit inclos+ ! bones appe>s to be oppos$ to ?is view2 nor c\ld dis>ticulat$ bones h be5 wa%$ d[n f> f above1 = !y %[ no signs ( attrition4 ,! mo/ probable explanation is t ^! animals liv$ & di$ ab\t :]e _! bones 7 discov]$4 ,at "s pa/ "t ! surface /ood at a high] level ?an at pres5t1 al?\gh l[ en\gh to be m or less m>%y4 ,x probably support$ a d5se =e/ gr[?1 & hi!r ! species li/$ above resort$1 ) _m o!rs n yet discov]$4 ,! animals inhabit+ ! region repres5t ! same fauna f\nd at s _m places 9 ,florida & ,texas4 ,! writ] believes t !y exi/$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 approximately dur+ ! ,aftonian int]glacial2 & t "s ( ! species1 z ,mega!rium1 ,mylodon1 ,equus1 & ,tapirus haysii became ext9ct be=e ! adv5t ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age1 probably a long "t be=e ?is4 ,,florida4 7,maps #g1 #h1 #ae47 ,= ! mo/ rec5t descriptions ( ! geology ( ,florida "o mu/ consult ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 issu$ by ! ,/ate geologi/1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds1 & ,wat] supply ,pap] #cai ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 prep>$ by ,george ,c4 ,matson & ,samuel ,san=d & publi%$ 9 #aiac4 ,9 ! latt] "w are two l>ge maps1 "o repres5t+ ! topography ( ! ,/ate & ! di/ribution ( ! v>i\s geologic =mations2 ! o!r pres5ts a g5]aliz$ view ( ! di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e t]races1 z recogniz$ by ,matson & ,san=d4 ,! ,second ,annual ,report ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey conta9s a map simil> to ! fir/ m5tion$4 ,f ^! maps x w be se5 t ! surface ( ,florida is l>gely occupi$ by ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,accord+ to ,matson & ,san=d1 ^! deposits pres5t !mselves z dispos$ mo/ly 9 ?ree pr9cipal t]races2 & ^! are believ$ to indicate t ! ,/ate 0 at "o "t l>gely subm]g$ b5ea? ! sea & t its pres5t condition 0 atta9$ aft] ?ree pr9cipal upw>d movem5ts4 ,z %[n on plate ,v ( ! geologi/s j nam$1 ! nor!rn half ( ! p59sula at ! "t ( greate/ depression 0 repres5t$ by a numb] ( isl&s1 two ( consid]able size4 ,"o ( ^! 0 situat$ at ! nor!rn end ( ! p59sula1 ! o!r ne> its c5t]4 ,! mat]ials laid d[n ar\nd ^! isl&s & bord]+ ! dry l& along ! nor!rn bord] ( ! we/]n half ( ! ,/ate =m :at is call$ ! ,newb]ry t]race4 ,its surface /&s n[ at a height v>y+ f #gj to some:at m ?an #ajj feet above sea-level4 ,a second elevation expos$ ! deposits :i*1 at lea/ 9 "p1 con/itute ! next t]race1 ! ,tsala ,apopka4 ,its surface is a pla9 hav+ an elevation ( #dj to #fj feet above sea-level4 ,at ?is /age ! isl&s ( ! p59sula _h coalesc$1 & ! dry l& ext5d$ s\?w>d ne>ly to ! pres5t ,lake ,okee*obee4 ,a broad belt along ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s1 n[ dry l&1 0 /ill occupi$ by salt wat]4 ,a ?ird elevation ( ! l& left expos$ ! l[e/ t]race1 ! ,p5sacola1 t bord]+ ! ,atlantic & ,gulf coa/s & includ+ ! s\!rn end ( ! p59sula some:at f>!r nor? ?an ,lake ,okee*obee4 ,! elevation ( ?is t]race v>ies f t ( sea-level up to ab\t #dj feet4 ,! mat]ials compos+ ! t]races 9 ,florida are pr9cipally s& ) local deposits ( clays4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate important b$s ( lime/one are f\nd 9 ! ,p5sacola t]race4 ,^! b$s are %[n on ,matson & ,/an=d's geological map4 ,at ,/4 ,augu/9e & along ! coa/ s\?w>d are b$s ( sea-%ells cem5t$ into coqu9a4 ,:]e cem5tation has n occurr$ !re are b$s ( loose %ells & ( m>l & s&4 ,! writ] has already 7p4 #cdf7 express$ 8 op9ion reg>d+ ! ,coa/al ,pla9 t]races f\nd 9 ! ,/ates f>!r nor?4 ,he f9ds 9 ,florida no?+ to contradict1 b mu* to confirm1 t op9ion4 ,:atev] may be ! orig9 ( ,newb]ry & ,tsala ,apopka t]races1 !y 7 n laid d[n 9 salt wat]4 ,f ! descriptions ( ! deposits !re ! /ratification & ! alt]nation ( ! mat]ials d n exi/ t "o might expect2 b1 above all1 !re seem to be no m>9e fossils to atte/ to ! pres5ce ( ! sea4 ,9 ,florida1 too1 "h & !re ov] ^! high] l&s !re are f\nd1 9 place ( m>9e fossils1 ! rema9s ( _m ext9ct l& animals1 z ma/odons1 elephants1 horses1 gr\nd-slo?s1 & ! l4 ,z reg>ds ! ,p5sacola t]race1 !re are f\nd at its base1 )9 a few feet above or bel[ sea-level1 deposits conta9+ rema9s ( su* animals z h j be5 m5tion$1 besides _m o!rs4 ,(t5 ! /ate ( pres]vation ( ^! rema9s & ! condition ( _! burial are su* t we mu/ conclude t ! animals liv$ & di$ on ! spot4 ,fur!rmore1 ^! animals con/itute an assemblage correspond+ to t f\nd 9 we/]n ,i[a1 9 ,nebraska1 & 9 ,oregon1 :i* are believ$ to h exi/$ dur+ ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,x corresponds also to t met ) "u simil> conditions & at ! same level at ,savannah1 at ,*>le/on1 at ,brunswick1 & at ,long ,bran*4 ,9 mo/ cases1 too1 ?is fossilif]\s /ratum is ov]la9 ) v scant deposits4 ,by "s geologi/s & palontologi/s ! animals are reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e4 ,if ! ref]5ce ( ! fossil v]tebrates m5tion$ is n :olly wrong1 x foll[s t ! l[e/ t]race or pla9 along ! coa/ 0 n laid d[n late 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 b at an e>ly /age1 & ! high] pla9s mu/ h be5 =m$ at /ill e>li] times4 ,at ,v]o1 z w be %[n on page #chb1 a l>ge assemblage ( fossil v]tebrates has be5 secur$4 ,! b$ furni%+ ! olde/ fossils1 ^? ( ! b$ kn[n z ,no4 #b & believ$ to be ( ab\t fir/ int]glacial age1 is und]la9 by a b$ ( m>9e %ells1 also ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,?is b$ is reg>d$ by ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sell>ds z be+ equival5t to ! coqu9a :i* is s well kn[n at ,/4 ,augu/9e2 & ! same =mation is f\nd "h & !re along bo? coa/s ( ! p59sula 7,matson & ,san=d1 op4 cit41 p4 #aib74 ,probably n all deposits t are call$ coqu9a are ( ! same age1 b ! deposits 9 "q pass1 on ! l&w>d side1 b5ea? ! deposits :i* be> v]tebrate fossils4 ,! b$ at ,v]o1 ,no4 #b1 mu/ h be5 laid d[n aft] an uplift _h br\ght above sea-level ! b$ ( %ells ,no4 #a1 on :i* ,no4 #b reposes2 t is1 betwe5 ! "t ( deposition ( ,no4 #a & ,no4 #b !re mu/ h elaps$ a consid]able int]val ( "t4 ,! %ell deposit1 !re=e1 probably belongs to ! fir/ glacial epo*1 ! ,nebraskan4 ,inasmu* z a simil> v]tebrate fauna is f\nd on bo? ! ea/]n & ! we/]n coa/s ( ! p59sula1 x foll[s t any ,plei/oc5e deposits und]ly+ ^! v]tebrate-be>+ b$s belongs to ! ,nebraskan /age2 9 places ^! h great ?ickness4 ,matson & ,san=d 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aid-aie7 conclud$ t ! maximum ?ickness ( ! ,plei/oc5e 9 s\!rn ,florida1 disreg>d+ ! s&hills1 is probably ab\t #abe feet4 ,ev5 if x 7 a matt] ( importance to det]m9e 9 or on :i* t]races ! v]tebrate fossils are f\nd1 x w\ld n always be easy to d s4 ,! majority ( specim5s h be5 discov]$ ar\nd ! coa/s ( ! ,/ate1 & !re=e 9 deposits ref]r$ to ! y\nge/ t]race4 ,9 o!r cases x is difficult to det]m9e ! t]race 9 :i* fossils are buri$1 p>tly because ( imp]fect records z reg>ds locality1 k9d ( deposits1 & dep? ( burial1 p>tly because ea* t]race ext5ds up ! riv] valleys beyond its g5]al bord]4 ,! v>i\s fossil-be>+ localities w !re=e be tak5 up by c\nties1 beg9n+ at ! we/]n end ( ! ,/ate & end+ at ! s\!rn end4 ,jackson ,c\nty4--,z already record$ on page #aba1 a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum has be5 f\nd at ,m>ianna4 ,no details h be5 record$4 ,! ,newb]ry t]race ext5ds ne>ly or q to ?is t[n4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t ?is too? _h be5 buri$ 9 t t]race :5 x 0 =m$1 x w\ld probably h to be ref]r$ to ! "t ( ! fir/ glacial /age4 ,gadsd5 ,c\nty4--,x appe>s t no v]tebrate rema9s belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e h be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty1 except a too? ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #aeg7 :i* 0 discov]$ some:]e 9 ,little ,riv]4 ,wakulla ,c\nty4--,on page #aeg ! f9d+ ( a too? ( ,elephas columbi some:]e along ,/4 ,m>ks ,riv] has be5 m5tion$2 also ! discov]y ( a "p ( a skeleton ( ei!r a ma/odon or an elephant some:]e ab\t ,wakulla ,spr+s4 ,columbia ,c\nty4--,a ma/odon too? has be5 f\nd 9 ?is c\nty #c miles nor?we/ ( ,=t ,:ite 7p4 #aba74 ,to :i* t]race x belong$ or :at is its place 9 ,plei/oc5e "t x is impossible to say4 ,nassau ,c\nty4--,at ,/okes ,f]ry h be5 f\nd "s tee? ( an ext9ct horse 7p4 #aid71 a fragm5t ( a too? ( an elephant 7p4 #ahj7 & "s e>-bones ( a :ale4 ,veat* & ,/eph5son 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #cid7 report t ^! appe>$ to come f ei!r ! ,*>lton =mation or ! ,satilla4 ,if ! ,*>lton really belongs to ! ,plioc5e x is n probable t ! fossils 7 d]iv$ f x2 if !y 7 d]iv$ f ! ,satilla1 !y d n belong to late ,plei/oc5e4 ,duval ,c\nty4--,on page #ajf ( ! ,eigh? ,annual ,report ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey1 ,sell>ds report$ ! f9d+ ( rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg71 an undet]m9$ species ( ,bison 7p4 #bfb71 & an undet]m9$ species ( ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcb71 ne> ,pablo ,bea*1 at /ation #abj on ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal4 ,"h1 too1 has be5 discov]$ a bone ( ,tra*emys8 nu*oc>9ata4 ,sell>ds /at$ t ! position ( ! b$s "h is ! same z t ( ! o!r localities along ! ,atlantic coa/1 ! fossils be+ f\nd 9 s& & muck :i* re/ ^u ,plei/oc5e %ell-m>l4 ,! locality is1 ( c\rse1 on ! y\nge/ t]race2 b t1 9 ! op9ion ( ! writ]1 belongs to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,/4 ,john's ,c\nty4--,at a place #bh miles s\? ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 along ! ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ,mr4 ,fr$ ,p4 ,all51 ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 collect$ on ! ,alm]o f>m rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeh71 ,mylodon h>lani8 7p4 #cg71 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aid71 ! box-tortoise ,t]rap5e antipex1 & a d]mal plate ( p]haps ,alligator mississippi5sis4 ,^! 7 f\nd 9 ! banks ( ! canal4 ,"h1 at lea/1 ! horse & ! mylodon1 tak+ into consid]ation ! geological circum/ances1 indicate e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 equival5t to ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,levy & ,ala*ua ,c\nties4--,geologically ^! c\nties furni% important localities because ( ! pres5ce ( ! ,ala*ua clays 7usually ref]r$ to ! l[] ,plioc5e or ev5 ! ,upp] ,mioc5e7 & deposits belong+ to all ?ree ( ! ,plei/oc5e t]races1 ,newb]ry1 ,tsala ,apopka1 & ,p5sacola4 ,! ,ala*ua clays fir/ require consid]ation1 = 9 !m h be5 f\nd a consid]able numb] ( species ( v]tebrates :i* usually indicate ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,! localities :]e ,ala*ua clays h furni%$ v]tebrate fossils1 z indicat$ on ,matson & ,san=d's map 7,wat] ,supply ,pap] #cai1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,i71 are situat$1 "o ar\nd ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty 7! type locality71 second1 ab\t #e miles we/ ( ,willi/on1 9 ,levy ,c\nty1 & a ?ird ab\t #e miles ea/ ( ,newb]ry1 9 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4 ,! clays ref]r$ to =m accumulations 9 depressions on ! surface ( ! ,ocala lime/one1 itself belong+ to ! ,eoc5e4 ,! deposits are said to av]age 9 dep? ab\t #aj feet1 b are (t5 ?9n] & occasionally mu* ?ick]4 ,!y h furni%$ a consid]able numb] ( species ( v]tebrates4 ,a li/1 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,leidy1 ( ^? f\nd at ,ar*] 0 publi%$ 9 #ahib1 9 ,bullet9 #hd ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on page #abi4 ,besides ^!1 ,leidy _h previ\sly report$ a tapir1 a small crocodile or alligator1 & a bone ?\ght to belong to ! ext9ct ,c]vus am]icanus 7,c]valces scotti871 b :i* 0 n aft]w>d m5tion$4 ,! rh9oc]oses & ! camels 7 describ$ by ,leidy & ,lucas 9 #ahif 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-fa ) plates74 ,h]e) is pres5t$ a li/ ( su* v]tebrates z h be5 f\nd at ,ar*]4 ,x appe>s necess>y to reta9 = ! rh9oc]oses ! specific names giv5 !m by ,leidy4 ,gompho!rium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcb74 ,procamelus major 7p4 #bbd74 ,p4 m9or 7p4 #bbd74 ,p4 m9imus 7p4 #bbd74 ,teleoc]as prot]us 7p4 #baa74 ,aphelops longipes 7p4 #baa74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjg74 ,hipp>ion +5uum 7p4 #aie74 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #cg74 ,alligator 7or ,crocodylus7 sp4 indet4 ,! foll[+ v]tebrates h be5 collect$ ea/ ( ,willi/on1 9 ! place m5tion$ 9 ,dall's report ( #ahib1 on page #abi1 z ,mixon's3 ,gompho!rium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 ,procamelus major 7p4 #bbd74 ,teleoc]as prot]us 7p4 #baa74 ,hipp>ion +5uum 7p4 #aif74 ,hipp>ion plicatile 7p4 #aif74 ,?9obadi/es segnis 7p4 #cg74 ,manatus antiquus84 ,pseudemys clata4 ,atracto/eus lapidosus4 ,! li/ f ! locality ea/ ( ,newb]ry 7,hall[ell's place ( ,dall's report7 is r %ort4 ,equus littoralis1 ,odocoileus osceola81 ,hipp>ion sp4 indet41 & ,p>ahippus sp4 indet4 h be5 report$ 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #eh2 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #db1 #id74 ,at ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,c\nty4 ,tapirus t]re/ris81 ,gompho!rium floridanum1 & ,hipp>ion sp4 indet4 h be5 collect$ 7,sell>ds z cit$74 ,at ,juliette1 same c\nty1 ,gompho!rium floridanum has be5 secur$1 & at ,h]n&o ! same species2 also ,hipp>ion sp4 indet4 & ,procamelus sp4 indet4 7,sell>ds ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #eh74 ,along ,santa ,fe ,riv]1 9 ! ,buttg5ba* m9es1 #f miles nor? ( ,wade1 h be5 f\nd tee? ( ,equus & a too? ( ,bison4 ,at ,dunnellon1 ab\t #be miles s\? ( ,willi/on1 f ! phosphate m9es along ! ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]1 h be5 obta9$ fossil v]tebrates s simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,ala*ua clays t ,sell>ds conclud$ to unite 8 ,dunnellon =mation & ! ,ala*ua clays into "o to be call$ ! ,ala*ua =mation 7#f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #afa74 ,! li/ ( v]tebrates f\nd at & ab\t ,dunnellon is z foll[s1 includ+ ! species dr$g$ 9 ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]3 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ach74 ,ursus sp4 indet4 ,felis sp4 indet4 99,gompho!rium floridanum 7p4 #abb74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb74 ,elephas imp]ator 7p4 #afb74 ,tri*e*us manatus4 99,p>ahippus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 99,hipp>ion plicatile 7p4 #aif74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 99,aphelops longipes 7p4 #baa74 99,procamelus m9or 7p4 #bbe74 ,odocoileus osceola 7p4 #bcc74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,! species m>k$ by an a/]isk are reg>d$ by ,doctor ,sell>ds & o!rs z belong+ to ! ,mioc5e or ,plioc5e 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #id74 ,see also ,sell>ds1 #aiac 7#e? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh2 #h? ,rep41 p4 #ajd74 ,on ! basis ( ! fossil v]tebrates x c h>dly be d5i$ t ! ,ala*ua clays & ! phosphate m9es at ,dunnellon are ( ! same geological age4 ,accord+ to ,sell>ds1 ! =mation belongs to ! upp] ,mioc5e or to ! l[] ,plioc5e4 ,m]riam 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,cal41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dci7 ref]s x to ! ,plioc5e4 ,al?\gh !re is pres5t a /rong palontological elem5t :i* repres5ts ! ,plei/oc5e1 ! ref]5ce ( ! =mation to ! late ,mioc5e or e>ly ,plioc5e has seem$ to be requir$ by ! pres5ce ( ,gompho!rium1 ,procamelus1 ,teleoc]as1 & ,hipp>ion4 ,! ,plei/oc5e species are usually acc\nt$ = on ! supposition t !y are intrusions f m rec5t deposits4 ,a figure f ,sell>ds 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,florida1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ec71 only slightly modifi$ is int5d$ to %[ ! relation ( ! phosphate-be>+ =mations to ^? und]ly+ !m 7fig4 #ba74 ,x is wor? our :ile to consid] :e!r or n ! ref]5ce ( ! ,ala*ua =mation to ! ,mioc5e or e>ly ,plioc5e is requir$ by palontological evid5ce4 ,gompho!rium is *>act]iz$ by hav+ mol> tee? :i* on abrasion at "o or bo? ends ( ea* cre/1 pres5t a trefoil patt]n ( ! enamel2 also by hav+ a b& ( enamel on ea* ( ! upp] tusks4 ,n[1 tee? hav+ ! same /ructure are n uncommon 9 deposits ( und\bt$ ,plei/oc5e age 9 ,kansas & ,texas4 ,t ! animals possess+ ^! tee? _h tusks ) enamel b&s is n kn[n1 b x is q possible t su* enamel b&s 7 pres5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,diagrammatic sket* ( geologic /ructure ( ,florida f nor? to s\? pass+ ?r\gh ! h>d rock & pebble phosphate fields1 %[+ relation ( ! phosphate deposits to ! und]ly+ =mations4 ,aft] ,sell>ds4 #a4 ,georgia-,florida ,/ate l9e4 #b4 ,suwannee ,riv]4 #c4 ,lake ,city4 #d4 ,santa ,fe ,riv]4 #e4 ,)lacoo*ee ,riv]4 #f4 ,lakel&4 #g4 ,arcadia4 #h4 ,caloosahat*ee ,riv]4 #i4 ,gulf ,coa/4 a ,upp] ,oligoc5e phosphatic m>ls4 b ,ocala lime/one4 c ,h>d rock phosphate4 d ,bone ,valley =mation4 e ,plei/oc5e deposits 7,plioc5e & ,plei/oc5e ( ,sell>ds74 ,! g5us ,hipp>ion is n conf9$ to ! ,t]ti>y4 ,tee? h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,aftonian ( ,i[a 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,i[a1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #aej7 & 9 ,miss\ri 7op4 cit41 p4 #adi74 ,! writ] has describ$ a species ( ! g5us1 ,hipp>ion crag9i1 collect$ by ,pr(essor ,crag9 9 ! ,%]idan b$s 9 ,kansas 7,kansas ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #db74 ,"o may be ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ t ,procamelus liv$ on into ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,n only has x be5 f\nd associat$ ) ,plei/oc5e fossils 9 five places 9 ,florida--,ar*]1 ,willi/on1 ,dunnellon1 ,h]n&o1 & ,ocala--b x has be5 met ) 9 possible ,plei/oc5e deposits 7! ,idaho =mation7 9 ,idaho1 :i* furni%es ,equus1 ,c]vus1 ,ca/or1 & ,/egoma/odon mirificus 7! type ( :i* belongs 9 ! ,%]idan b$s74 ,fur!rmore1 ! writ] has _h occasion to describe a collection ( fossils1 believ$ to belong to ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e1 :i* 0 obta9$ at ,anita1 ,cocon9o ,c\nty1 ,arizona4 ,among ^! fossils are two species ( ,procamelus mu* l ^? describ$ by ,leidy f ! ,ala*ua =mation 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 pp4 #fbb-fbf74 ,! writ] believes t ! g5us ,procamelus p]si/$ into ! e>ly ,plei/oc5e4 ,two species ( rh9oc]os h be5 collect$ 9 ! ,ala*uan =mation1 ,teleoc]as prot]us ,leidy & ,aphelops longipes ,leidy4 ,bo? occurr$ at ,ar*]1 :ile ,t4 prot]us 0 f\nd ne> ,willi/on & ,a4 longipes at ,dunnellon4 ,a rh9oc]os has be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,idaho =mation1 ) ! ,plei/oc5e species nam$ above 9 connection ) ,procamelus ( ^! b$s4 ,9 ,oregon ,cope made a collection :i* has be5 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,mat!w 7,bull4 ,am]4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hi/41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cba74 ,"h aga9 ,teleoc]as 0 suppos$ to h be5 f\nd ) ,hipp>ion1 camels belong+ to ,camelops 7or ,procamelus71 ,elephas1 & ,equus4 ,mat!w ?\ght t !re _h happ5$1 ei!r be=e ! fossils 7 collect$ or aft]w>ds1 a m+l+ ( elem5ts ( two di/9ct faunas4 ,to ! writ] x seems improbable t ! comm+l+ ( ,procamelus & ! rh9oc]oses ) ,plei/oc5e =ms %\ld occur ?us accid5tally s (t5 & at su* widely remov$ localities4 ,x appe>s m probable t ^! ,t]ti>y g5]a did n become ext9ct s e>ly z has be5 suppos$ & t ! association 0 n a second>y "o4 ,! association is :at might be expect$ 9 collections made 9 deposits ( ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 9 ^! discussions t ! ,plei/oc5e g5]a & species ) :i* ! collections 9 "q are be+ comp>$ are ^? ( ! s-call$ ,equus b$s1 :i* appe> to repres5t ! fauna ( ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 prec$$ by ! ,nebraskan1 ! fir/ glacial1 :i* probably occupi$ a long p]iod ( "t2 possibly x 0 half z long z all ! re/ ( ! ,plei/oc5e 7,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 ,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #chc74 ,ab\t ! v]tebrate life ( ?is long /age we "k z yet v little4 ,! writ] is q conv9c$ t ! ,idaho =mation & ! ,ala*ua1 or ,bone ,valley1 belong to ! e>lie/ ,plei/oc5e4 ,m>ion ,c\nty4--,9 a fissure 9 ! lime/one-rock qu>ry at ,ocala !re has be5 f\nd an important collection ( v]tebrates4 ,! foll[+ li/ is ?\ght to include all t h be5 report$3 ,trucifelis floridana4 ,sylvilagus sp4 indet4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeh74 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 ,procamelus m9imus 7p4 #bbd74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,t]rap5e =mosa4 ,te/udo di/ans4 ,t4 incisa4 ,t4 ocalana4 ,a "p ( ?is li/ 0 publi%$ by ,sell>ds 9 #aiaf 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc74 ,! tortoises 7 describ$ 9 ! same volume4 ,inasmu* z ,trucifelis floridana has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e at ,v]o1 ,florida1 "o may safely reg>d ! specim5 f\nd at ,ocala z also ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,all ( ! o!r mammals are admitt$ to be ( ,plei/oc5e age except ,procamelus m9imus4 ,! fissure may h be5 op5 dur+ "s "p ( ! ,nebraskan /age4 ,volusia ,c\nty4--,at ,daytona1 situat$ on ! ea/ coa/1 !re=e on ! y\nge/ t]race1 rema9s ( ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb7 h be5 f\nd4 ,at ,de,land !re has be5 recov]$ ! skull ( a dolph9 :i* ,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xiv7 has describ$ z ,globicephalus breckii 7p4 #bj74 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( #aj feet1 9 s&s :i* ov]lie ,plioc5e %ell m>ls4 ,! s&s are reg>d$ z belong+ probably to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,de,land is on ! ,tsala ,apopka t]race4 ,at a dep? ( #aj feet !re 0 rea*$ ! suppos$ m>9e base ( ?is t]race4 ,orange ,c\nty4--,z /at$ on page #aif1 a too? ( an ext9ct horse 0 f\nd some:]e 9 ! c\nty4 ,p9ellas ,c\nty4--,on ! we/]n %ore ( ,tampa ,bay 7p4 #aei71 ne> ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 at ,indian ,rock1 a too? ( ,elephas columbi 0 f\nd4 ,hillsboro & ,manatee ,c\nties4--,! region ar\nd ,tampa ,bay is important because ( ! weal? ( v]tebrate fossils dr$g$ up by ! collectors ( phosphate rock f ! b$s ( ,hillsboro1 ,alafia1 & ,manatee ,riv]s4 ,un=tunately1 few accurate records h be5 kept ( localities & conditions ( occurr5ce ( ! fossils1 & we usually "k only t a collection 0 made 9 a c]ta9 riv]1 p]haps n s mu* z t4 ,= t reason x is conclud$ to gr\p toge!r all ! fossils reg>d$ z ,plei/oc5e & kn[n to h be5 f\nd 9 ,hillsboro1 ,manatee1 & ,s>asota ,c\nties4 ,9 ord] to indicate z f> z possible ! localities1 ! names ( ! species are foll[$ by contractions :i* apply z foll[s4 ,a1 ,alafia ,riv]4 ,e1 ,ell5ton1 on ,manatee ,riv]4 ,hc1 ,hillsboro ,c\nty4 ,hr1 ,hillsboro ,riv]4 ,ls1 ,little ,s>asota ,bay4 ,ps1 ,palma ,sola4 ,m1 t[n ( ,manatee4 ,p1 ,palmetto4 ,s1 #h miles s\!a/ ( ,s>asota4 ,t1 ar\nd ,tampa ,bay4 ,wb1 ,:ite ,bea*1 on ,s>asota ,bay4 ,li/ ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates f\nd 9 ,hillsboro1 ,manatee1 & ,s>asota ,c\nties4 ,homo sapi5s1 ,ps4 ,elephas imp]ator1 ,p 7p4 #afd74 ,e4 columbi1 ,t1 ,s1 ,ps 7p4 #aei74 ,e4 primig5ius1 ,ps 7p4 #ade74 ,mammut am]icanum1 ,t1 ,he1 ,a 7p4 #abc74 ,bison latifrons1 ,ps 7p4 #bfc74 ,b4 sp4 indet41 ,t1 ,a1 ,p1 ,ps 7p4 #bfc74 ,odocoileus sp4 indet41 ,p1 ,ps 7p4 #bcc74 ,tapirus sp4 indet41 ,t1 ,a 7p4 #bjh74 ,tagassu l5is81 ,ps 7p4 #bbb74 ,equus complicatus1 ,a1 ,wb1 ,ps 7pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,e4 leidyi1 ,a4 ,p1 ,wb1 ,ps1 ,s 7pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,e4 littoralis1 ,m1 ,ps 7p4 #aig74 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale1 ,hr1 ,wb1 ,s 7p4 #ch74 ,te/udo crassiscutata81 ,a4 ,t4 ocalana1 ,he4 ,t]rap5e putnami1 ,a4 ,deiro*elys floridana1 ,he4 ,tra*emys euglypha1 ,e4 ,t4 j>mani1 ,hc4 ,t4 sculpta1 ,hc4 ,pseudemys ext9cta1 ,hc4 ,p4 clata1 ,ps4 ,platypeltis f]ox1 ,hc4 ,! bones ( man belong$ to ! skull & are z completely fossiliz$ z ! bones ( a horse & are :olly free f organic matt]4 ,among ! mammals ( ?is li/ !re are no g5]a & few species t h n be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e at _m places 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pres5ce ( ,elephas imp]ator & ?ree species ( ,equus & ,*lamy!rium app>5tly indicate ,plei/oc5e ( ab\t ,aftonian times4 ,f ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,c\nty1 !re h be5 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,*>les ,t4 ,e>le _m specim5s ( fossil v]tebrates1 f\nd at v>i\s times wa%$ up on ! bea*4 ,"s belong$ evid5tly to deposits old] ?an ! ,plei/oc5e1 probably to ,mioc5e1 & includ$ tee? ( %>ks1 a beak ( a platani/id porpoise1 & a l[] too? ( a sir5ian1 ,metaxy!rium floridanum4 ,o!r specim5s1 z bones ( a camel1 p>ts ( ! %ells ( tortoises1 alligator or crocodile tee? & bones are ( unc]ta9 age4 ,t5 species ( ! li/ are ref]r$ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,all ( ! tee? are isolat$1 b _m are well pres]v$ & little wat]-worn4 ,! bones are mo/ly fragm5t>y1 "s worn1 "s n4 ,polk ,c\nty4--,on page #aei is an acc\nt ( a too? ( an elephant4 ,elephas columbi1 report$ z be+ f\nd at ,k+s=d1 ,polk ,c\nty1 "u #ai feet ( phosphate rock & s&4 ,x may belong to ,e4 imp]ator4 ,on page #aif is detail$ ! f9d+ ( sev]al tee? ( ,equus 9 ! phosphate m9es ( ,k+s=d4 ,! species ,e4 leidyi & ,e4 littoralis are recogniz$4 ,unless ^! elephant & horse-tee? _h be5 incorrectly report$ or _h be5 second>ily introduc$ into ! phosphate b$s1 !y are1 9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 to be ref]r$ to ! fir/ glacial /age1 ! ,nebraskan4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall has some:]e report$ ! f9d+ ( tusks at ,b>t[2 ^! 7 suppos$ to h belong$ to ,elephas columbi 7p4 #ahj74 ,at ,ni*ols ! l>ge l&-tortoise ,te/udo hayi ,sell>ds has be5 recov]$ f a phosphate m9e4 ,f phosphate m9es at ,brew/] has be5 secur$ ! foll[+ li/ ( v]tebrates1 obta9$ f ,dr4 ,sell>ds's reports 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajh2 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj74 ,gompho!rium floridanum8 7p4 #abc74 ,mammut prog5ium 7p4 #abc74 ,hipp>ion m9or 7p4 #aig74 ,procamelus m9or8 ,teleoc]as or ,aphelops sp4 indet4 7p4 #baa74 ,agrio!rium s*neid]i4 ,tomi/oma am]icanum4 ,all ( ?is li/ are ref]r$ by ,sell>ds to ! upp] ,mioc5e or l[] ,plioc5e4 ,! writ] reg>ds !m z belong+ to ! fir/ /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,f a phosphate pit at ,*ri/9a1 ,sell>ds 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ajf1 fig4 #ce7 has report$ a too? ( an undet]m9$ species ( ,gompho!rium4 ,sell>ds 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gb1 #aaj7 has report$ ! collection ( rema9s ( ,hipp>ion sp4 indet4 & ( ,teleoc]as prot]us 7p4 #baa7 f phosphate m9es at ,mulb]ry4 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are undet]m9$ rema9s ( ,gompho!rium f ! same place1 s5t 9 by ,matson4 ,brev>d ,c\nty4--,9 ! ,hopk9s dra9age canal at ,eau ,gallie h be5 f\nd rema9s ( ,equus complicates 7p4 #aif7 & ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,zolfo1 ,h>dee ,c\nty4--,at ,zolfo1 ne> ! bord] ( ! ,bone ,valley area1 h be5 f\nd ,mega!rium 7p4 #ch7 & ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,de ,soto ,c\nty4--,) "o exception1 app>5tly1 fossil v]tebrates h be5 discov]$ 9 ,de ,soto ,c\nty only 9 deposits along ,peace ,creek4 ,! exception is a place call$ ,t\rn]'s or ,turn]'s1 on ,caloosahat*ee ,riv]4 ,! elephant f\nd !re w be consid]$ among ! fossils f\nd 9 ,lee ,c\nty4 ,at ,calv5ia1 at ! entrance ( ,*>lie ,apopkee ,creek into ,peace ,creek1 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aih7 has be5 secur$4 ,mo/ ( ! fossils f\nd bel[ ,calv5ia are accr$it$ to ,arcadia4 ,accord+ to ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai71 ^? ( 8 li/ 7 f\nd on a s&-b> at ,arcadia2 b c]ta9ly o!rs h be5 tak5 f phosphate rock dr$g$ bo? above & bel[ ! t[n4 ,z complete & z accurate a li/ z ! writ] has be5 able to prep>e is "h pres5t$4 ,peace ,creek1 or ,peace ,riv]1 has be5 ! s\rce ( _m fossil v]tebrates1 ! great] "p ( !m obta9$ at or ne> ,arcadia4 ,mo/ ( ! species 7 describ$ by ,joseph ,leidy 9 #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,free ,in/41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ai-ca74 ,! region 0 exam9$ by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 ^: report 0 publi%$ 9 #ahib 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #abh-acc74 ,he ref]r$ ! b$ be>+ v]tebrate fossils to ! ,plioc5e4 ,cope 79 ,dall's report1 p4 #acj7 reg>d$ !m z equival5t to ! ,equus b$s ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 or betwe5 ^! & ! ,l\p ,=k4 ,sell>ds 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gh-hc7 places ! =mation 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,li/ ( fossil v]tebrates f\nd 9 ,peace ,creek at or ne> ,arcadia4 ,elephas imp]ator 7p4 #afd74 ,e4 columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abd74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,tapirus t]re/ris 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 ,hipp>ion +5uum 7p4 #aii74 ,delph9id sp4 indet4 ,tri*e*us antiquus4 ,glyptodon petalif]us 7p4 #ci74 ,glyptodon rivipacis 7p4 #dj74 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #dj74 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #ci74 ,alligator mississippi5sis84 ,te/udo crassiscutata4 ,t4 obtusa4 ,tra*emys euglypha4 ,macro*elys floridana4 ,*todipt]us fab]4 ,diodon sp4 indet4 ,myliobatis sp4 indet4 ,galeoc]do sp4 indet4 ,isurus sp4 indet4 ,( all ! g5]a & species ( mammals & reptiles appe>+ 9 ! li/1 !re is none t x is necess>y to suppose 0 d]iv$ f ,plioc5e deposits1 or ev5 f ^? ( a ,plei/oc5e /age e>li] ?an ! fir/ int]glacial4 ,! m>9e fi%es & %>ks h be5 d]iv$ possibly f ! ,arcadia m>ls4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pres5ce ( ,elephas imp]ator1 ! species ( ,equus1 ,hipp>ion1 ,glyptodon1 ,*lamy!rium1 & ! gigantic tortoise ,te/udo crassiscutata furni%es evid5ce t ! age 0 ab\t t ( ! ,equus1 or ,aftonian1 b$s ( ! ,great ,pla9s4 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty4--,at ,fellsm]e1 a place ne> ! nor!rn bord] ( ! c\nty & ab\t #aj miles we/ ( ,indian ,riv]1 tee? ( bo? ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei7 & ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb7 h be5 f\nd1 9 ! con/ruction ( dra9age canals4 ,! mo/ important locality = ,plei/oc5e fossils 9 ,/4 ,lucie ,c\nty1 "o may say 9 ! :ole ,/ate1 is ,v]o4 ,! topographical1 geological1 & palontological conditions f\nd "h are describ$ 9 ! ,eigh? & ,n9? ,annual ,reports ( ! ,florida ,geological ,survey4 ,pap]s on ! subject may be f\nd also 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,geology = ,janu>y #aiag & = ,octob] #aiag2 also 9 ! ,am]ican ,an?ropologi/ = ! fir/ & second qu>t]s ( #aiah4 ,besides ! l>ge numb] ( species ( v]tebrates f\nd "h1 ! int]e/ is height5$ by ! fact t1 associat$ ) ^!1 are human bones & objects ( human manufacture4 ,?r\gh ! valley ( an insignificant /ream 0 dug a l>ge dra9age canal1 ! con/ruction ( :i* br\ght to light v]tebrate bones & tee?4 ,?ree b$s ( ,plei/oc5e mat]ials 7 expos$4 ,at ! bottom is f\nd a b$ ( m>l fill$ ) m>9e mollusks & :i* is ! geological equival5t ( ! coqu9a rock at ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,! same deposit is f\nd 9 v>i\s places along ! coa/ & has receiv$ f ,dr4 ,sell>ds ! "n ,ana/asia =mation4 ,above ?is lies a /ratum compos$ mo/ly ( s&1 b conta9+ also "s muck4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! locality ?is b$ is designat$ z ,no4 #b1 ! m>l be+ ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b has a ?ickness ( ab\t #b feet4 ,x 9 turn is ov]la9 by ,no4 #c1 :i* consi/s mo/ly ( vegetable matt] & s&4 ,x is call$ also ! muck-b$4 ,9 places ! muck is replac$ by a b$ ( m>l1 :i* "h & !re may become pretty firmly consolidat$4 ,! ?ickness ( ,no4 #c is ab\t #b or #c feet4 ,v]tebrate fossils are f\nd 9 bo? ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,x is ! purpose ( ! au?or fir/ to pres5t li/s ( ! fossils :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ea* ( ! upp] b$s1 beg9n+ ) ! /ream ( s&1 ,no4 #b4 ,li/ ( fossil v]tebrates f\nd at ,v]o 9 /ratum ,no4 #b4 ,trucifelis floridanus4 ,felis v]onis4 nocyon ay]si4 ,vulpes palm>ia4 ,lutra canad5sis4 ,procyon lotor4 ,cryptotis floridana4 ,bl>9a brevicauda p59sul4 ,sylvilagus sp4 indet4 ,ne(ib] all5i4 ,hydro*rus robu/us4 ,sigmodon sp4 indet4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bce74 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjh74 ,t4 v]o5sis 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ch74 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #ch74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #ci74 ,didelphis virg9iana4 ,jabiru weillsi4 ,ca?>tes aura4 ,qu]qu$ula floridana4 ,h]odias egretta4 ,alligator mississippi5sis4 ,te/udo sell>dsi4 ,t]rap5e innoxia4 ,*elydra latic>9ata4 ,li/ ( fossil v]tebrates f\nd at ,v]o1 9 /ratum ,no4 #c4 ,lynx ruffus floridanus4 ,canis riviv]onis4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,vulpes palm>ia4 ,lutra canad5sis4 ,ursus floridanus4 ,procyon lotor4 ,scalopus aquaticus au/ralis4 ,sylvilagus palu/ris4 ,ne(ib] all5i4 ,neotoma floridana4 ,sigmodon hispidus4 ,oryzomys palu/ris4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abb74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,o4 sell>dsi 7p4 #bcc74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus littoralis8 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #aii74 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ch74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,didelphis virg9iana4 ,ardea sell>dsi4 ,a4 h]odias4 ,ardea8 sp4 indet4 ,h]odias egretta8 ,aluco prat9cola4 ,ca?>tes aura sept5trionalis4 ,l>us v]o4 ,l>us8 sp4 indet4 ,myct]ia am]icana8 ,alligator mississippi5sis4 ,crotalus adamanteus4 ,f>ancia abacura4 ,drym>*on corais c\p]i4 ,goph]us polyphemus4 ,t]rap5e antipex4 ,t4 innoxia4 ,pseudemys floridanus p]similis4 ,tra*emys8 nu*oc>9atus4 ,*elydra sculpta4 ,*elonia mydas4 ,c>etta c>etta4 ,sir5 lac]t9a4 ,amphiuma means4 ,c>anx hippos4 ,c>anx sp4 indet4 ,amiatus calvus4 ,lepiso/eus platy/omus4 ,atobatis n>9>i4 ,besides ^? rema9s :i* are to be assign$ ) c]ta9ty to "o or ! o!r or bo? ( ! /rata1 !re are a few o!rs ab\t ^: place 9 ! deposit !re is unc]ta9ty3 ,te/udo luci4 ,goph]us prc$5s4 ,tra*emys bisornata4 ,t4 sculpta4 ,at a po9t ab\t #c miles we/ ( ,v]o1 a l[] jaw ( ,elephas imp]ator 7p4 #afc7 0 f\nd 9 ! bank ( ! dra9age canal4 ,x 0 emb$d$ 9 a matrix ( br[n s& :i* re/s ^u ! /ratum ( m>9e %ell m>l4 ,! li/ ( mammals f\nd 9 /ratum ,no4 #b %[s t !re are #bi species & t #ba ( ^! are ext9ct4 ,?is high proportion ( species no long] exi/+ is ( itself en\gh to %[ t ! deposit is an old "o4 ,aga91 su* species z ,elephas imp]ator & camels occur 9 ! glaciat$ region only 9 ,aftonian b$s1 & outside ( ! glaciat$ region only 9 ^? :i* are q c]ta9ly ( approximately ! same age4 ,9 ! li/ ( species f\nd 9 /ratum ,no4 #c !re are #be mammals1 ( :i* #ab species are ext9ct4 ,^! =m1 !re=e1 #dh p] c5t ( ! :ole1 indicat+ app>5tly a m rec5t geological "t1 p]haps ab\t ! ,sangamon /age4 ,x is true t ! geologi/s hold t !re has be5 cont9u\s deposition & t no int]val elaps$ betwe5 ! lay+ d[n ( ,no4 #b & ,no4 #c4 ,9 a region s ne> to ! level ( ! sea1 :]e ! /reams are small & %ort & h little fall1 deposition mu/ h gone on ) extreme sl[ness2 h5ce !re may h be5 no p]iod :5 deposition ceas$4 ,app>5tly1 too1 !re 0 a "t :5 ! region 0 some:at l[] ?an at pres5t & salt wat] came up ! /ream z f> z ! locality :]e ! fossils are f\nd4 ,! pres5ce ( ,*elonia mydas1 ,c>etta c>etta1 ! two species ( ,c>anx & ,atobatis n>9>i may ?us be expla9$4 ,! fre%-wat] & t]re/rial mollusks ( /ratum ,no4 #b 7 submitt$ to ,dr4 ,paul ,b>ts*1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 :o has report$ on !m 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #add74 ,he li/s #bi species1 all liv+4 ,! m>9e mollusks f\nd 9 ! /ratum call$ ,no4 #a1 & :i* ! writ] ref]s to ! fir/ glacial /age1 h be5 /udi$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mansfield1 ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #gh-hj74 ,sev5ty-f\r species are specifically det]m9$1 & ( ^! #fa are id5tical ) liv+ =ms4 ,?ree or f\r species are possibly ext9ct4 ,!re is no "q t ! deposit belongs to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,ne>ly all ( ! plants 7 f\nd 9 ! b$ designat$ z ,no4 #c1 ! upp] or muck-b$4 ,^! 7 /udi$ by ,dr4 ,edw>d ,w4 ,b]ry1 ( ! ,m>yl& ,geological ,survey4 ,8 report1 publi%$ 9 #aiag 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ai-cc71 /ates 8 conclusion t ! plants belong to ! late ,plei/oc5e1 ei!r ! ,peorian or ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,x may be /at$ t ,dr4 ,b]ry adopts ! !ory t ! t]races suppos$ to be f\nd along ! ,atlantic ,coa/ 7 =m$ dur+ /ages ( subm]g5ce b5ea? ! sea1 ! l[e/ "o late 9 ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,lee ,c\nty4--,! :ole ( ,lee ,c\nty is occupi$ by ,plei/oc5e deposits :i* =m a "p ( ! ,p5sacola t]race4 ,naturally ! ,plei/oc5e is ov]la91 g5]ally1 at lea/1 by accumulations ( ,rec5t mat]ials1 & x may n always be easy to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 all ! v]tebrate fossils discov]$ 9 ?is c\nty h be5 collect$ along ,caloosahat*ee ,riv] above ,=t ,my]s4 ,! geology ( ?is riv] has be5 describ$ by ,heilpr9 7,trans4 ,wagn] ,in/41 vol4 ,i71 ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #adb-ade71 ,matson & ,san=d 7,wat] ,supply ,pap] #cai1 pp4 #acd-ach71 ,sell>ds 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abc1 #f? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #da-df74 ,! ,plei/oc5e is und]la9 by ,plioc5e m>ls & h>d & s(t lime/ones & consi/s ( b$s ( muck1 m>l1 & s& ( little ?ickness4 ,at ,labelle x is said 7,sell>ds1 #b;d ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #abf7 t !re is a fossilif]\s ,plei/oc5e m>l cov]$ by #c feet ( s&y loam4 ,! foll[+ seem to be ! species :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,plei/oc5e 9 ?is region3 ,elephas imp]ator 7p4 #afc74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aii74 ,bison latifrons 7p4 #bfd74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #dj74 ,te/udo obtusa84 ,tra*emys bisornata4 ,t4 sculpta4 ,! pres5ce ( ,elephas imp]ator is an indication t ! deposits belong to ! e>ly "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,none ( ! species appe> to indicate an old] /age ?an ! ,aftonian4 ,dade ,c\nty4--,sell>ds 7#h? ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #ajf7 records t "s fragm5t>y rema9s ( a proboscidean _h be5 f\nd 9 ,miami ,riv]1 ,dade ,c\nty4 ,palm ,bea* ,c\nty4--,on page #aje ( ! report j cit$1 ,sell>ds /at$ t ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj71 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abc71 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjj71 & ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd7 _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,palm ,bea* ,canal1 con/ruct$ to dra9 ! ,ev]glades4 ,at "s unkn[n po9t 9 ! ,ev]glades1 possibly 9 ,lee ,c\nty1 !re 0 f\nd _m ye>s ago a too? ( an elephant :i* ! writ] believes belong$ to ,elephas imp]ator1 already m5tion$ on page #afc4 ,x 0 =m]ly report$ z ,e4 columbi4 ,,alabama4 ,an acc\nt ( ! ,quat]n>y =mations ( ,alabama may be f\nd 9 ,eug5e ,a4 ,smi?'s 8,report on ! ,geology ( ! ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,alabama40 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 #ahid1 & ! "p p]ta9+ to ! ,plei/oc5e is f\nd on pages #bh to #fe4 ,along ! coa/ ,smi? recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( a =mation :i* he call$ ! ,biloxi4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is 0 reg>d$ z belong+ to ! ,rec5t1 :ile ! l[] portion 0 ?\ght to be ! equival5t ( ,hilg>d's ,port ,hudson1 ^? deposits numb]$ #a to #d 9 ! section %[n on page #chg1 "u ,geology ( ,mississippi4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ,port ,hudson is giv5 z ab\t #ajj feet4 ,bor+s reveal$ ! pres5ce ( %ells & lignitiz$ wood4 ,along ! riv]s :i* trav]se ! ,coa/al ,pla9 are f\nd ?ree t]races4 ,! fir/ or l[e/ is t :i* is subject to annual ov]fl[4 ,! second t]race1 8! second bottom10 occurs along mo/ ( ev5 ! small] /reams ( ! ,coa/al ,pla94 ,x may be z mu* z a mile wide4 ,! height above l[ wat] may v>y f #aj to #ae feet 9 ! l[] c\rses ( ! riv]s to #fj feet f>!r up /ream4 ,ne> wat]-level a blue clay is frequ5tly f\nd :i* conta9s /umps1 roots1 & o!r rema9s ( vegetation1 (t5 well pres]v$4 ,smi? conclud$ t ?is second t]race 0 ! sub/antial equival5ce 9 "t to ! ,port ,hudson4 ,smi? pres5ts a geological section tak5 along ,black ,w>rior ,riv]1 9 ,hale ,c\nty1 #aej miles above ,mobile4 ,! section includ$ ab\t #ej feet4 ,z cav+ w5t on1 /umps & logs 7 frequ5tly br\ght into view4 ,simil> sections 7 f\nd on ,coosa ,riv]1 above ,montgom]y1 & on ,alabama ,riv]1 #ej miles above ,mobile4 ,! ?ird t]race is f\nd at elevations ( f #ej to #ajj feet above ! second4 ,x is sometimes #c miles or m 9 wid?4 ,9 8 pap] on ! ,citronelle =mation 7,pr(4 ,pap] ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ih1 pp4 #afg-bjh71 ,matson discusses briefly 7pp4 #ahi-aij7 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ! area /udi$ by him4 ,?is ext5ds f ! we/]n end ( ,florida to ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,"h he recogniz$ f\r t]races1 f ! y\nge/ to ! olde/1 ! ,p5sacola1 ! ,hammond1 ! ,port ,hickey1 & ! ,/4 ,elmo4 ,! ,/4 ,elmo m]ges into ! ,nat*ez =mation1 :i* ,matson1 quot+ ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 reg>d$ z sub-,aftonian4 ,! ,port ,hickey t]race is /at$ to take its "n f a locality on ! ,mississippi ,riv] :]e ! typical mat]ials ( ! ,port ,hudson =mation are expos$4 ,! ,port ,hickey t]race may1 z sugge/$ by ,matson1 be ( po/-,i[an age4 ,naturally1 ^! correlations require confirmation4 ,b]ry has describ$ fossil plants 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #fhi-fig2 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 s]4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #chg-cih7 :i* 7 f\nd along ,*attahoo*ee ,riv]1 n f> bel[ ,columbus1 ,georgia2 on ,w>rior ,riv]1 up to #cef miles above ,mobile4 ,plei/oc5e deposits mu/ occur along all ! l>g] /reams /ill f>!r nor?1 & ^! deposits w yield 9 "t bones & tee? ( v]tebrat$ animals4 ,not)/&+ ! consid]able area ( ,plei/oc5e deposits discov]$ 9 ,alabama1 ! numb] ( species ( v]tebrates met ) is rem>kably small4 ,on page #dj is record$ ! f9d+ ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii some:]e ab\t ,tuscumbia4 ,at ,newb]n1 ,hale ,c\nty1 h be5 f\nd an incisor too? ( a horse 7p4 #bjj7 & a mol> ( a bison 7p4 #bfd74 ,at ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,c\nty1 h be5 collect$ ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bjj71 ,mammut am]icanum1 & ,elephas imp]ator4 ,! la/ species indicates t ! deposits probably belong 9 ! ,aftonian4 ,! writ] kn[s ( no o!r localities 9 ! ,/ate :]e v]tebrate fossils ( ! ,plei/oc5e h be5 obta9$4 ,,mississippi4 7,text-figure #bb47 ,! geological hi/ory ( ! l[] "p ( ! ,mississippi ,valley dur+ ,quat]n>y times appe>s to be p>ticul>ly difficult to und]/& & at pres5t is f> f be+ unravel$4 ,x is easy to see t su* a region w (f] great difficulties4 ,"h deb\*es into ! ocean a maje/ic riv] :i* dra9s n only ! glaciat$ portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates f we/]n ,new ,york to nor?we/]n ,montana1 b ! l>g] "p ( ! region s\? ( ?is f ! ,blue ,ridge to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & br+s d[n e ye> enorm\s quantities ( s& & silt1 :i* are dropp$ p>tly on its flood-pla91 b mo/ly ne> its m\?4 ,?r\gh ! ages dur+ :i* ?is has be5 proce$+1 ?is riv] has be5 ev] *ang+ its b$1 sometimes erod+ away "o bank1 sometimes ! opposite "o2 s t its flood-pla9 is1 9 mo/ places bel[ ! m\? ( ! ,ohio1 _m miles wide1 v>y+1 accord+ to ,russell 78,riv]s ( ,nor? ,am]ica10 #ahih1 p4 #bfg7 f #e miles to #hj miles 9 wid?4 ,dur+ ! ,quat]n>y !re h be5 also elevations & subsid5ces ( ! b$ at lea/ f ,cairo nor?w>d1 z a result ( :i* at "o epo* ! curr5t 0 ha/5$ & ! valley cut out deep]2 at ano!r ! curr5t 0 *eck$1 ! *annel clogg$ up1 & ! riv] =c$ to seek a new *annel or ev5 new tempor>y or p]man5t outlets to ! ,gulf 7,e4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,alabama1 #ahid1 pp4 #cj-cd74 ,to get a correct idea ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! l[] ,mississippi region1 "o mu/ und]/& ! situation at ! beg9n+ ( ?is epo*4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 on page #bfg ( 8 "w j quot$1 calls att5tion to ! diff]5ces display$ by ! valley ( ! riv] )9 ! glaciat$ region & t s\? ( x4 ,s\? ( ! m\? ( ,ohio ,riv] ! wide flood-pla9 ( ! ,mississippi lies f #cjj to #ejj feet bel[ ! g5]al level ( ! bord]+ upl&s4 ,he /ates fur!r t ! h>d rock bottom ( ! valley is only imp]fectly kn[n1 b t ! records ( wells & bor+s %[ t an anci5t valley has be5 fill$ ) alluvium to a dep? ( at lea/ #ajj or #bjj feet 9 its nor!rn "p & to an increas+ dep? s\?w>d4 ,if to ?is ?ickness1 giv5 by ,russell1 we add ! dep?1 #cjj to #ejj feet1 :i* ! flood-pla9 occupies bel[ ! bord]+ upl&s1 we get a measure ( ! dep? ( ! great tr5* :i* once exi/$ :]e n[ lies ! flood-pla9 ( ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,9 8 pap] on ! und]gr\nd wat]s ( s\!rn ,l\isiana 7,bull4 #a1 ,l\isiana ,geol4 ,surv41 #aije1 p4 #db1 plate ,,ii7 ,h>ris pres5ts ! record ( ! ,faba*] well1 :i* 0 bor$ at ,new ,orleans4 ,at a dep? ( ab\t #a1bjj feet fossil rema9s 7 br\ght up :i* appe>$ to be ( ,plei/oc5e age4 ,x is evid5t f ^! facts1 z 9 ! case ( ^? obta9$ f ! riv]s ( ,texas1 t at ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 or m probably dur+ ! "t ( ! s-call$ ,lafayette1 at ! close ( ! ,plioc5e1 ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 at lea/1 /ood = a long "t at a mu* high] level ?an at pres5t & t1 z a result ( ?is elevation1 !re 0 an enorm\s g5]al erosion ( ! face ( ! c\ntry & a great wid5+ & deep5+ ( ! riv] valleys4 ,?is "t ( elevation 0 q c]ta9ly foll[$ by a prolong$ p]iod ( depression1 dur+ :i* ^! canyon-l tr5*es & _! tribut>ies1 up to _! la/ ramifications1 7 ne>ly completely refill$4 ,?is refill+ mu/ h occurr$ dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 = 9 ! mat]ials are buri$ ! bones ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e animals4 ,z quot$ bel[1 9 consid]+ ! geology at ,nat*ez1 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury /ate t s9ce ! ,nat*ez =mation1 #bjj feet ?ick1 0 laid d[n1 ! tr5* ( ! ,mississippi1 #fj miles wide1 has be5 excavat$4 ,"o might *ange ?is expression & say t x _h be5 re-excavat$1 b n to its orig9al dep?4 ,:5 we reflect t ! great] "p ( ! s$im5ts :i*1 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e epo*1 7 deposit$ at ! m\? ( ,mississippi ,riv] & on its flood-pla9 f ,k5tucky s\?w>d1 7 c]ta9ly d]iv$ f ! glaciat$ portions ( its great valley1 & t ^? regions 7 alt]nately affect$ by ! ev5ts ( five glacial & f\r int]glacial epo*s1 we mu/ conclude t correspond+ deposits or ph5om5a ( "s k9d exi/ ?r\gh\t ! valley4 ,! matt] is1 h[ev]1 s complicat$ t _m ye>s mu/ elapse be=e a satisfactory solution w h be5 rea*$4 ,9 8 ,report on ! ,geology & ,agriculture ( ! ,/ate ( ,mississippi1 #ahfj 7#ahfc-fe71 ! geologi/ ,e4 ,w4 ,hilg>d1 on pages #e to #df1 describ$ "u ! "n ( ,orange s& a deposit :i* *>act]izes ! great] "p ( ! surface ( t ,/ate4 ,he ref]r$ ?is to ! ,quat]n>y & reg>d$ x z be+ ! s\!rn equival5t ( ! nor!rn drift4 ,?is =mation is n[ believ$ to belong mo/ly at lea/ to ! ,plioc5e4 ,besides ! ,orange s&1 ,hilg>d 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aid-bja7 ref]r$ o!r =mations to ! ,quat]n>y4 ,^! 9 ord] w\ld be z foll[s1 ! late/ above3 #e4 ,mod]n alluvium4 #d4 ,second bottom1 or ,hommock deposits4 #c4 ,yell[ loam deposits4 #b4 ,! ,bluff =mation4 #a4 ,orange s&4 ,! ,bluff =mations 7 describ$ z occupy+ a n>r[ belt along ! bord]s ( ! ,mississippi bottom 9 nor!rn ,mississippi & along ! riv] itself 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate4 ,he /at$ t ! fossils belong$ to t]re/rial species1 & quot$ ,leidy's li/ ( v]tebrates1 already m5tion$1 rem>k+ t ! blue clay :i* furni%$ !m 0 said to belong to ! ,bluff =mation4 ,he report$ t ! snails f\nd 9 ! ,bluff =mation seem$ all to belong to liv+ species4 ,! yell[ loams occupi$ a l>ge "p ( ! surface ( ! ,/ate1 ov]ly+ ! ,orange s& & =m+ a great "p ( ! soils ( ! ,/ate4 ,! succe$+ =mations 7 f\nd along _m ( ! riv]s4 ,9 #ahfi 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #cca-cdf71 ,hilg>d report$ ! results ( a geological reconnaissance ( ,l\isiana4 ,9 ?is he propos$ ! "n ,port ,hudson gr\p = ext5sive deposits ( clays :i* 7 especially well display$ at ,port ,hudson4 ,?is =mation 0 fur!r describ$ by ,hilg>d 9 #ahgb 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #bdh1 p4 #e74 ,two geological sections tak5 ne> ,port ,hudson 7 pres5t$1 "o ( :i* is "h reproduc$4 ,section midway betwe5 ,port ,hudson & ,fontana4 #f4 ,yell[ loam1 s&y bel[ #h-aj #e4 ,:ite & yell[ h>dpan #ah ,orange & yell[ s&1 sometimes f]rug9\s s&/one1 irregul>ly /ratifi$ #h-ae #d4 ,heavy gre5i% or blui% clay #g #c4 ,:ite indurate silt1 or h>dpan #ah #b4 ,heavy gre5 clay ) por\s calc>e\s concretions above1 f]rug9\s bel[2 "s /icks & impressions ( leaves #cj #a4 ,br[n muck ) cypress /umps #c-d ,:ite or blue clay ) cypress /umps ,! cypress /umps ( ,no4 #a 7 num]\s & well pres]v$4 ,! writ] reproduces ,hilg>d's geological map ( ! l[] ,mississippi region1 9 :i* is repres5t$ ! di/ribution ( ! ,port ,hudson accord+ to t writ]'s views 7fig4 #bb74 ,x w be se5 t x 0 suppos$ to pass ea/w>d into ! coa/ region ( ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 & ,florida4 ,we/w>d f ,at*afalaya ,riv] x 0 believ$ to occupy a l>ge "p ( s\!rn ,l\isiana & to pass into ,texas & ar\nd ! ,gulf coa/ to ne> ! ,rio ,gr&e4 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ! latt] ,/ate x corresponds 9 a g5]al way to :at has be5 call$ by ,deuss5 ! ,lissie =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,! ,mississippi embaym5t4 ,r$rawn f ,hilg>d4 ,us$ to %[ ! di/ribution ( ! ,port ,hudson gr\p4 ,al?\gh ,hilg>d repres5ts on 8 map an alluvial deposit z cov]+ ! region ( ! delta1 a belt along ! we/]n side ( ! great riv] z f> up z ,cairo1 & ! wide tract betwe5 ,mississippi & ,yazoo ,riv]s1 a /udy ( 8 pap] %[s t he believ$ t mu* ( ^! regions 0 und]la9 by 8 ,port ,hudson4 ,he recogniz$ x at ,gre5wood on ! ,yazoo1 #fj miles ea/ ( ! ,mississippi2 at ,vicksburg1 & at v>i\s places 9 ! delta4 ,usually its upp] surface occurs at ab\t l[-wat] level along riv]s1 & else:]e is met ) 9 digg+ wells4 ,at ,vicksburg x 0 enc\nt]$ by ,grant's ,army 9 digg+ 8 fam\s canal4 ,x 0 believ$ by ,hilg>d t ! same deposit 0 pres5t at ,petite ,anse1 ov]ly+ ! ,orange s& & ov]la9 by m rec5t deposits4 ,inasmu* z ,hilg>d believ$ t ! ,orange s& 0 laid d[n at ! "t :5 ! nor!rn drift 0 be+ deposit$1 he _h to ref] 8 ,port ,hudson to a lat] "t1 & ?is "t he seem$ to reg>d z be+ ! epo* call$ by ,dana ! ,*ampla94 ,mc,gee ref]r$ ! deposits ( ! l[] ,mississippi ,valley 7sometimes call$ ! ,mississippi embaym5t7 to 8 ,columbia =mation 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,i1 p4 #cib74 ,?is =mation1 9 8 view1 _h be5 laid d[n dur+ a great subsid5ce ( ! bord]s ( ! cont95t & :5 ! wat]s ( ! ,gulf rea*$ z f> nor? z ! m\? ( ,ohio ,riv] or beyond4 ,he relegat$ ,hilg>d's ,orange s& to ! ,plioc5e & recogniz$ f\r phases z belong+ to ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,^! 71 beg9n+ bel[3 7#a7 ,port ,hudson2 7#b7 ,orange s& 7( ,saf=d1 n t ( ,hilg>d72 7#c7 loess2 7#d7 br[n 7or yell[7 loam4 ,( ^! divisions !re 7 really only ?ree1 = he reg>d$ ! loess z only a phase ( ! loam & z ly+ sometimes above1 sometimes bel[ ! latt]4 ,he recogniz$ ! ,port ,hudson clays z floor+ ! entire flood-pla9 ( ! ,mississippi f ! m\? ( ! ,ohio well t[>d ! gulf %ore4 ,! =mation 0 believ$ to be usually a l[-ly+ "o2 b at ,nat*ez 7z se5 by 8 section giv5 on page #cia7 x is elevat$ high above ! pres5t flood-pla94 ,gilb]t ,d4 ,h>ris1 geologi/ 9 *>ge ( ! geological survey ( ,l\isiana1 & ,ar?ur ,c4 ,veat*1 assi/ant geologi/1 h contribut$ mu* to our k ( ! ,plei/oc5e geology ( ! ,/ate4 ,ref]5ce to _! works w be f\nd 9 ! descriptions ( sev]al fossil-be>+ localities1 especially 9 ! description ( ,petite ,anse4 ,h>ris1 9 #aije 7,bull4 #a1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,l\isiana1 p4 #ac71 express$ ! conclusion t ! long] ! geology ( s\!rn ,l\isiana is /udi$ ! m futile appe>s ! attempt to make satisfactory subdivisions 9 ! ,quat]n>y deposits--subdivisions t h any def9ite "t or /ructural limits4 ,he reg>d$ x z a mi/ake to assign to ! ,port ,hudson a special place 9 geologic "t4 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury 9 #aijf1 z quot$ bel[1 made no m5tion ( ! ,port ,hudson =mation2 b t "p ( x suppos$ to be f\nd at ,nat*ez 0 evid5tly includ$ 9 _! ,nat*ez =mation4 ,inasmu* z ,petite ,anse & ,nat*ez h furni%$ m species ( fossil v]tebrates ?an any o!r localities 9 _! ,/ates1 & likewise human relics suppos$ to be ( equal age ) ! ext9ct mammals1 ^! places w receive especial att5tion4 ,nat*ez is ! mo/ important locality 9 ,mississippi z reg>ds ,plei/oc5e v]tebrate palontology4 ,s f> z ! writ] kn[s ! fir/ m5tion ( ! occurr5ce ( v]tebrate fossils "h 0 a note by ,dr4 ,g4 ,troo/ 9 #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,p5n41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adc71 :o /at$ t he _h 9 8 possession a too? ( a ma/odon f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,9 #ahde 7,proc4 #f? ,meet4 ,assoc4 ,am]4 ,geologi/s & ,naturali/s1 pp4 #gg-gi71 ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson1 ( ,nat*ez1 read a pap] entitl$ 8,on ! ,geology ( ! ,nat*ez ,bluffs10 9 :i* he di/+ui%$ #bb sev]al b$s4 ,^! 7 said to be ( v>y+ ?ickness & di/9ctly m>k$1 b all compos$ ( v>i\s color$ clays & s&s1 & conta9+ num]\s organic rema9s1 emb$d$ wood1 & detrital matt]4 ,probably by f> ! great] "p ( ^! b$s 7 ( subord9ate importance & d n appe> to h be5 not$ s9ce t "t4 ,b5ea? ! surface soil ,dickeson recogniz$ a mass ( yell[ loam #bj to #cj feet 9 ?ickness1 exce$+ly f9e & free f gravel4 ,9 ?is _h be5 f\nd %ells ( ,helix & scatt]$ bones ( ma/odons4 ,bel[ ?is came a b$ ( f]rug9\s s&s & gravels #d feet ?ick4 ,?is 0 succe$$ bel[ by :at he call$ ! ma/odon b$1 9 :i* ,dickeson _h detect$ rema9s ( m ?an #cj individual ma/odons4 ,! ?ickness ( ?is 0 n giv54 ,! next /ratum1 8 ,no4 #f1 0 a f9e clay ( blue color1 f #ab to #ae feet ?ick4 ,9 ?is & 8 ,no4 #bb1 an a%-color$ clay1 at l[-wat] m>k1 he discov]$ rema9s ( :at has s9ce prov$ to be ,megalonyx jeff]sonii4 ,! localities :]e 8 fossils 7 f\nd 7 n giv5 ) exactness4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,octob] #f1 #ahdf 7,proc41 etc41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajg71 ,dickeson exhibit$ a l>ge collection ( fossil bones obta9$ by him 9 ! vic9ity ( ,nat*ez4 ,among ^! 7 ! head & l[] jaw ( ! ,megalonyx already m5tion$4 ,he /at$ t ! /ratum t conta9s ^! organic rema9s is a t5aci\s blue clay t und]lies ! diluvial drift ea/ ( ,nat*ez & :i* diluvial deposit ab\nds 9 bones & tee? ( ! ,ma/odon giganteus4 ,associat$ ) ! megalonyx 7 rema9s ( be>1 bison1 de]1 & horse4 ,! collection 0 m notable because ( ! pres5ce ( a "p ( a human innom9ate bone4 ,dickeson affirm$ t ?is _h be5 tak5 out ( ! blue clay ab\t #b feet bel[ ?ree associat$ skeletons ( ! megalonyx2 & x is fur!r /at$ to h accord$ 9 respect ( color1 d5sity1 etc41 ) ^? ( ! megalonyx & o!r associat$ bones4 ,?is bone is n[ 9 ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces1 ,philadelphia4 ,9 #ahdf ! ,engli% geologi/1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 /udi$ ! geology ( ! region at ,nat*ez 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a41 ed4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aid-bja74 ,) him 7 ,dr4 ,dickeson & ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles1 aft]w>ds ,/ate geologi/ ( ,mississippi 7,wailles1 ,agric41 ,geol4 ,miss41 #ahed1 p4 #bac74 ,9 ! yell[ loam ( ! bluffs ,lyell recogniz$ loess deposits1 f _! resemblance to ^? ( ! ,rh9e4 ,^! he e/imat$ to occupy ! upp] #fj feet ( ! bluff1 & 9 !m 7 f\nd #bj species ( l&-snails1 all yet liv+4 ,he report$ t ?is loess sometimes pass$ into a lacu/r9e deposit :i* conta9$ %ells ( ,lymna1 ,planorbis1 ,palud9a1 ,physa1 & ,cyclas1 & t ) ! l&-snails _h be5 f\nd1 at diff]5t dep?s1 rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 :ile 9 clay "u ! loam 7mean+ evid5tly ! loess7 & above ! s& & gravel1 entire skeletons ( ! megalonyx _h be5 met )1 associat$ ) bones ( ! horse1 be>1 /ag1 ox 7,bison74 ,lyell not$ especially ! rec5t developm5t ( deep rav9es4 ,"o ( ^!1 call$ ! ,mammo? ,rav9e1 _h be5 =m$1 he 0 assur$1 )9 ! prec$+ #ce ye>s4 ,its l5g? 0 #g miles & its dep? #fj feet4 ,9 ?is rav9e 0 f\nd ! human innom9ate bone ref]r$ to above4 ,he 0 %[n ?is bone1 & /ates t ,dr4 ,dickeson 0 p]suad$ t ! bone _h be5 tak5 out ( ! clay und]ly+ ! loam 7loess74 ,?is indicates t ,dickeson himself did n take out ! human bone4 ,lyell ?\ght t1 l mo/ ( ! o!r fossils1 x _h be5 pick$ up 9 ! b$ ( ! /ream1 :i* w\ld simply imply t x _h be5 wa%$ out ( ! cliffs1 & t x may h be5 dislodg$ f "s ,indian grave ne> ! top4 ,he 7p4 #aig7 /at$ t ! place :]e ! bone 0 f\nd 0 #f miles f ,nat*ez4 ,! read] may consult fur!r ,lyell's acc\nt ( 8 obs]vations at ,nat*ez 9 volume ,,iii ( ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahdg1 page #bff4 ,9 #ahed ,wailles 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhf7 publi%$ a li/ ( ! v]tebrate fossils :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,/ate4 ,?is li/ _h be5 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,leidy4 ,:ile no localities are m5tion$ 9 ei!r publication1 x is q c]ta9 t mo/1 if n all1 ( ! species _h be5 f\nd at ,nat*ez4 ,wailles 7p4 #bhe7 /at$ t ! mo/ prolific locality 0 on ,p9e ,ridge1 9 t[n%ips #g & #h nor?1 range #c we/1 #f miles nor? ( ,nat*ez4 ,:ile ! "n is n us$1 x is suppos$ t ref]5ce is "h _h to ! ,mammo? ,rav9e m5tion$ by ,lyell4 ,leidy's li/ 0 z foll[s3 ,felis atrox ,leidy4 ,ursus am]icanus fossilis4 ,u4 amplid5s ,leidy4 ,equus am]icanus ,leidy4 ,c]vus virg9ianus fossilis4 ,bison latifrons ,leidy4 ,bo!rium cavifrons ,leidy4 ,elephas primig5ius4 ,tapirus am]icanus fossilis4 ,t4 haysii ,leidy4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii ,h>lan4 ,m4 dissimilis ,leidy4 ,mylodon h>lani ,ow54 ,ereptodon priscus ,leidy4 ,ma/odon giganteus4 ,hilg>d 7,agric4 ,geol41 ,mississippi1 #ahfj1 p4 #aif1 a "w n issu$ until ! e>ly "p ( #ahfc71 republi%$ ,leidy's catalogue ( species j m5tion$ & /at$ t ^! _h be5 f\nd 9 a solid blue clay4 ,9 ,j4 ,w4 ,fo/]'s 8,prehi/oric ,races ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 publi%$ 9 #ahgc1 p4 #fa1 is a /atem5t made by ,pr(essor ,c4 ,g4 ,=%ey1 9 :i* he says t he visit$ ! locality :]e ! human innom9ate bone 0 f\nd & t x 0 9 ,b]n>d's ,bay\1 #b4e miles nor? f ,nat*ez4 ,?is does n accord ) ! /atem5t ( ,wailles1 :o liv$ ne> ,nat*ez & :o visit$ ! locality 9 company ) ,lyell & ,dickeson4 ,=%ey pres5t$ reasons = conclud+ t ! bone 0 n d]iv$ f ! ,bluff =mation4 ,he /at$ t ! ma/odon bones & all o!rs1 ( :i* !re 7 _m1 7 rott51 & t x 0 only ) difficulty t any ( !m c\ld be pres]v$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,leidy1 9 speak+ ( ! bones ( ! megalonyx f\nd 9 ! ,mammo? ,rav9e 7,smi?son4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #f71 & ( ^? ( ! ,mylodon 7op4 cit41 p4 #dh71 says t !y 7 9 a good /ate ( pres]vation4 ,9 8 "w on ! ,lafayette =mation publi%$ 9 #ahia 7#ab? ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #cdg-eba71 ,mc,gee discuss$ ! geology ab\t ,nat*ez4 ,on page #cig he pres5t$ a composite section obta9$ along ab\t #c miles ( ! bluff4 ,?is 9 a modifi$ =m is "h giv54 ,section at ,nat*ez4 feet4 #g4 ,loess #aj to #ej #f4 ,br[n loam #aj to #dj #e4 ,/ratifi$ loamy s& #e to #ae #d4 ,t5aci\s blue clay 7,port ,hudson7 #aj to #ae #c4 ,cross-/ratifi$ s&1 ) pebbles #cj to #ej #b4 ,/ratifi$ gravel #e to #ae #a4 ,gre5i% & blue clay1 to above l[ wat] 7,gr& ,gulf1 ,t]ti>y7 #e to #aj ,mc,gee not$ t ^! divisions 7except ! ,port ,hudson & ,gr& ,gulf7 are purely arbitr>y1 inasmu* z ! "* & ?ickness ( ! b$s *ange m or less )9 no great di/ances4 ,he not$ ! fact t ! loess ab\nd$ 9 mollusks mo/ly ( l& & swamp species2 also t "s ( ! gravelly b$s well d[n t[>ds ! ,port ,hudson clays _h yield$ bones & tee? ( elephants & ma/odons4 ,9 #ahih1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,%imek visit$ ,nat*ez & /udi$ especially ! loess 7,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #bgi-bih1 ) plates ,x-,,xvi74 ,he e/imat$ ! ?ickness ( ! loess z n exce$+ #cj feet4 ,he collect$ f ?is loess m ?an #d1fjj %ells ( mollusks2 & ^! prov$ to belong to #ci species or well-recogniz$ subspecies4 ,^! species are all t]re/rial 9 habit & all are n[ f\nd liv+ ei!r on ! hills 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity or 9 simil> situations 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,s\?4 ,%imek came to ! conclusion t ! loess ( t region _h be5 deposit$ by ! action ( ! w9ds4 ,he 0 unable to f9d any 8br[n loam0 above ! loess1 ! pres5ce ( :i* o!r au?ors _h affirm$4 ,%imek f\nd no traces ( mammalian bones 9 ! loess & 0 incl9$ to d\bt t !y occur !re4 ,he does n appe> to h visit$ ! locality f :i* mo/ ( ! bones 7 report$4 ,*amb]l9 & ,salisbury1 9 #aijf 7,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #chf1 fig4 #eac71 discuss$ briefly ! geological situation at ,nat*ez4 ,! ,nat*ez =mation 7evid5tly includ+ ! ,port ,hudson7 has a ?ickness ( ab\t #bjj feet & is made up ( mat]ials d]iv$ mo/ly f ! s-call$ ,lafayette1 on :i* x !re re/s uncon=mably4 ,9 ?is ,nat*ez =mation are also cry/all9e pebbles & calc>e\s clays assignable to wa% f ! glacial regions4 ,betwe5 ?is ,nat*ez =mation & ! ov]ly+ loess a m>k$ int]val is indicat$4 ,! au?ors are incl9$ to assign ! ,nat*ez deposits to ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,plei/oc5e1 viz1 to ! ,aftonian & ! drift epo* prec$+ ! ,aftonian4 ,s9ce ! "t :5 ! ,nat*ez =mation 0 deposit$ ! great tr5* ( ! ,mississippi ,valley1 ab\t #fj miles wide1 has be5 excavat$4 ,already on page #cia has be5 giv5 ! li/ ( fossil mammals :i* ,leidy made out = ! ,/ate geologi/ ( ,mississippi1 ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles4 ,a revision ( ?is is "h pres5t$1 ) ! addition ( ,ca/oroides ohio5sis4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dj74 ,m4 dissimilis 7p4 #da74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #da74 ,ereptodon priscus 7p4 #da74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjh74 ,t4 t]re/ris 7p4 #bjh74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bcc74 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,bison latifrons8 7p4 #bfe74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abe74 ,elephas columbi8 7p4 #ahj74 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis 7p4 #bhj74 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,u4 amplid5s4 ,felis atrox4 ,accord+ to ,lyell 7,am]4 ,j\r4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahdg1 p4 #bfh71 ,mega!rium & ,ca/oroides _h be5 f\nd 9 ! bluffs at ,nat*ez4 ,f ?is li/ ( mammals x is possible p]haps to rea* "s conclusion reg>d+ ! geological age ( ! deposits conta9+ !m4 ,9 case we accept )\t res]ve ! species1 #af 9 numb]1 z det]m9$1 only #c1 ,tapirus t]re/ris1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 & ,ursus am]icanus1 are yet liv+1 leav+ ab\t #ha p] c5t ( ! :ole z be+ ext9ct1 & :at 0 call$ ,tapirus t]re/ris 0 probably an ext9ct =m4 ,?is alone makes x probable t ! "t ( _! exi/5ce 0 e>ly 9 ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,all ?ree ( ! suppos$ exi/+ species may1 h[ev]1 prove to belong to ext9ct species closely relat$ to ^? ^: names !y yet be>4 ,c]ta9 species may be left out ( consid]ation because ( paucity ( specim5s & our consequ5t lack ( k ( !m4 ,^! are ,megalonyx dissimilis1 ,ereptodon priscus1 & ,ursus amplid5s4 ,9 case ! high p]c5tage ( ext9ct species is n recogniz$ z be+ decisive1 we may consid] ! assemblage f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,c]ta9 species ( ! li/ appe> to h exi/$ ?r\gh\t ! ,plei/oc5e1 at lea/ f ! "t ( ! fir/ int]glacial /age4 ,^! are ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ,mammut am]icanum1 ,elephas columbi1 & ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 & _! pres5ce indicates only a ,plei/oc5e "t4 ,o!rs ( ! li/ are n kn[n to h exi/$ aft] ! "t ( ! la/ ,wiscons9 drift-%eet1 & may be suppos$ to h become ext9ct be=e t "t4 ,^! are ,mylodon h>lani1 ,equus complicatus1 ,equus leidyi1 ,tapirus haysii1 & ,bison latifrons4 ,all ( ^! q c]ta9ly exi/$ until aft] ! ,ill9oian drift p]iod1 probably into ! ,sangamon int]glacial1 except app>5tly ,equus leidyi4 ,! li/ conta9s no species ( primitive ma/odons belong+ to ! g5us ,gompho!rium1 no species ( ,hipp>ion1 no camels2 & ,elephas imp]ator appe>s to be miss+4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no necessity = believ+ t ! mammal-be>+ deposits at ,nat*ez are z old z ! ,%]idan1 or ,aftonian /age1 b ! anci5t =ms m5tion$ may at any "t turn up !re or else:]e 9 ! imm$iate region4 ,! pres5ce ( ,symbos cavifrons might be suppos$ to po9t to a r late date 9 ! ,plei/oc5e2 b evid5ce has accumulat$ :i* indicates t x rea*es back f>!r 9 "t ?an we h suppos$4 ,tak+ all into consid]ation1 ! writ] concludes t ! fossil v]tebrates f\nd at ,nat*ez date back at lea/ z f> z ! "t ( ! ,ill9oian drift /age4 ,!re is no?+ to prove t !y are n z old z ! ,aftonian /age1 except ! app>5t abs5ce ( camels1 ,elephas imp]ator1 ma/odons belong+ to ,gompho!rium1 & a multiplicity ( species ( ,equus4 ,un=tunately1 v]tebrate fossils1 especially ^? kn[n to belong to def9ite horizons 9 ! ,plei/oc5e1 are1 aside f ,nat*ez1 r>ely f\nd2 b ne> ,orizaba1 9 ,tippah ,c\nty1 a too? ( a horse has be5 discov]$ :i* appe>s to h be5 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,rema9s ( a de] 7p4 #bcd7 h be5 f\nd 9 a railroad cutt+ at ,ab]de51 ,monroe ,c\nty4 ,ma/odons are n uncommon1 z may be se5 on consult+ ! pages :]e ^! animals 9 ,mississippi are discuss$ 7pp4 #abd to #abf74 ,,t5nessee4 7,figure #bc47 ,!re are n _m ,/ates :i* furni% few] ,plei/oc5e deposits ( any consid]able area ?an does ,t5nessee4 ,ly+1 z x does1 away f ! sea1 !re are no m>9e ,plei/oc5e b$s2 situat$ beyond ! glacial area1 !re are no glacial-drift deposits2 & almo/ half ( ! ,/ate1 ! ea/]n1 be+ m\nta9\s1 ) riv]s runn+ 9 n>r[ valleys1 !re has be5 little opportunity = accumulation ( loose ,plei/oc5e mat]ials4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey has publi%$ ab\t #be folios describ+ ! geology ( ?is m\nta9\s "p ( ,t5nessee4 ,"o w se>* ^! folios1 p]haps 9 va91 = any m5tion ( ,plei/oc5e deposits & = traces ( ^! on ! maps4 ,n[ & !n m5tion is made ( n>r[ /rips ( alluvium along "s ( ! l>g] riv]s2 nev]!less !re are evid5ces t 9 "s ( ^! /rips !re are ,plei/oc5e deposits4 ,f ! m\nta9\s region we/w>d to ne> ,mississippi ,riv] !re h d\btless be51 dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e1 bett] opportunities = deposition ( alluvium along ! riv] c\rses1 b su* deposits h be5 little /udi$4 ,along ! great riv] =m+ ! we/]n b\nd>y !re is a b&1 #aj to p]haps #be miles 9 wid?1 ov]la9 by loess4 ,?is may atta9 a dep? along ! riv] v>y+ f #bj to #gj feet1 b away f ! riv] x ?9s out to a fea!r-edge 7,gl5n1 ,wat] ,supply ,pap] #aad1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv474 ,up to ?is "t1 h[ev]1 x has furni%$ few1 if any1 ,plei/oc5e fossils4 ,not)/&+ ! paucity ( ,plei/oc5e areas 9 ! m\nta9\s portion ( ,t5nessee1 ?is region has furni%$ a consid]able numb] ( species ( ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates1 & bids fair to furni% its due proportion 7fig4 #bc74 ,^! species occur1 n 9 wat]-laid or w9d-laid deposits1 b 9 caves :i* ab\nd 9 ! lime/ones ( t region4 ,9 #aiah 7,res\rces ( ,t5n41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #he-adb71 ,mr4 ,?omas ,l4 ,bailey locat$ & describ$ m ?an #ajj caves ( consid]able size4 ,_m _h be5 work$ to obta9 saltpet]4 ,bones h be5 report$ f a few ( !m2 probably bones _h be5 met ) 9 o!rs1 b 7 n reg>d$ z important4 ,9 ^! caves 7& 9 o!rs yet to be discov]$7 may h]eaft] be f\nd num]\s rema9s ( animals4 ,o!r s\rces = su* fossils are ! crevices t are sometimes op5$ up 9 qu>ry+ op]ations4 ,caves & crevices ( ?is k9d are f\nd 9 ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9 region f nor!rn ,p5nsylvania to ,look\t ,m\nta9 9 ,t5nessee1 & f !m !re is already kn[n an ext5sive ,plei/oc5e fauna4 ,beg9n+ 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 a brief survey w be made ( ! localities & fossils :i* conc]n u4 ,at ,k+sport1 9 ,sullivan ,c\nty 7fig4 #bc1 #a7 ! writ] has le>n$ ( ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon too? 7p4 #abg71 b beyond ! fact t x 0 own$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,lafitte1 ! writ] has be5 able to le>n no?+4 ,f ,bri/ol1 ,sullivan ,c\nty 7fig4 #bc1 #b71 9 ! nor!a/]n corn] ( ! ,/ate1 !re has be5 s5t to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a fragm5t ( a maxilla conta9+ two tee? ( a tapir4 ,?is is ref]r$ to ,tapirus haysii4 ,no details reg>d+ ! place ( discov]y or ( ! geological conditions are kn[n 7p4 #bji74 ,f ,hawk9s ,c\nty1 at a locality n specifi$ 7fig4 #bc1 #c7 ano!r ma/odon too? has be5 report$ by ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie 7,sci5ce1 s]4 #b1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ccc7 7p4 #abg74 ,^! ann\ncem5ts %[ at lea/ t ^! animals c\ld exi/ 9 ^? r\gh & elevat$ regions4 ,f crevices 9 a m>ble qu>ry ne> ,rog]sville 7fig4 #bc1 #d71 ,hawk9s ,c\nty1 !re 7 s5t _m ye>s ago to ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a too? ( ! horse ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja72 & a can9e too? ( a v l>ge pecc>y1 ,mylohyus setig] 7p4 #bbb74 ,! same pecc>y has be5 secur$ f ,cavet[n1 ,m>yl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,localities :]e fossil v]tebrates h be5 f\nd 9 ,t5nessee4 #a4 ,k+sport1 ,sullivan ,c\nty4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #b4 ,bri/ol1 ,sullivan ,c\nty4 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji74 #c4 ---- ,hawk9s ,c\nty4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #d4 ,rog]sville1 ,hawk9s ,c\nty4 ,equus leidyi1 ,mylohyus setig] 7p4 #cid74 #e4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty4 #ai species 7p4 #cie74 #f4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #g4 ,zirkel's ,cave1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4 ,tapir1 pecc>y1 be>1 etc41 7p4 #cif74 #h4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,c\nty4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #i4 ,ne> ,knoxville1 ,knox ,c\nty4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #aj4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,c\nty4 ,equus littoralis1 ,mylodon8 sp4 indet41 ,tapirus sp4 indet41 etc41 7p4 #cif74 #aa4 ,elroy1 ,van,buren ,c\nty4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 etc4 7p4 #cig74 #ab4 #aa miles we/ ( ,na%ville4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #ac4 #aa miles s\!a/ ( ,na%ville4 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abg74 #ad4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,c\nty4 ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus81 ,camelops8 sp4 indet41 ,mylodon h>lani1 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 7p4 #cii74 #ae4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,c\nty4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #aha47 #ag4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,c\nty4 ,megalonyx sp4 indet41 ,ca/oroides ohio5sis1 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #djj47 ,9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a collection ( rema9s ( v]tebrate animals made ab\t #ahhe by ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles1 a collector = ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 f a po9t ab\t a mile nor? ( ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,c\nty 7fig4 #bc1 #e74 ,"s masses ( ! matrix :i* conta9$ ! bones accompany ! collection4 ,?is matrix is a r$ e>? su* z is (t5 f\nd 9 ! floor ( caves & 9 fissures 9 lime/one1 ! result ( ! decomposition ( ! calc>e\s rock4 ,"s fragm5ts are to a great ext5t made up ( brok5 bones4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re is n[ no cave at t place4 ,sayles sugge/$ t ! bones 7 8kit*5-midd5s0 & t !re _h be5 an old =tification !re4 ,possibly a cave or a fissure once exi/$ !re & ! rock inclos+ x may h dissolv$ away1 leav+ ! floor4 ,9 ?is collection ! writ] has f\nd ! foll[+ species2 ^! 7 describ$ 9 #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #he-ie1 plates ,,iii1 ,,iv2 text-figs4 #a-c74 ,^? prec$$ by an a/]isk are ext9ct4 ,li/ ( species4 99,te/udo munda4 99,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja74 99,e4 littoralis 7p4 #bja74 99,tapirus t5nesse 7p4 #bji74 99,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bbc74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 99,sangamona fugitiva4 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bdc74 99,elephas primig5ius4 ,sciurus c>ol95sis4 ,tamias /riatus4 ,m>mota monax4 ,ca/or canad5sis4 ,neotoma p5nsylvanica84 ,microtus p5nsylvanicus4 ,lepus am]icanus4 ,ursus floridanus4 ,procyon lotor4 99nocyon ay]si84 ,9 ?is li/ !re are #ai species1 ( :i* #h are ext9ct4 ,! latt] =m1 !re=e1 #db p] c5t ( ! :ole li/4 ,?is ratio appe>s to indicate a "t ab\t ! middle ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,!re are no =ms t require an e>li] date & !re is good reason = believ+ t ! horses & ! tapir did n exi/ aft] ! la/ glacial /age1 p]haps n aft] ! ,sangamon int]glacial4 ,x is int]e/+ to f9d 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee ! rema9s ( ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! discov]y ( tee? ( ?is animal at ,beau=t1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 9 ea/]n ,t5nessee1 & especially 9 ,texas1 proves t ! range ( t species ext5d$ ev5 f>!r s\? 9 ! ,new ,_w ?an x did 9 ! old4 ,x is n improbable t ! animal )drew to ! s\? dur+ "o or m ( ! glacial /ages4 ,h[ev]1 none ( ! o!r species f\nd at ,:itesburg sugge/s a cool] climate ?an n[ prevails !re4 ,x is possible t "s ( ! =ms ref]r$ to exi/+ species are really ext9ct4 ,! tee? id5tifi$ z ^? ( ,odocoileus virg9ianus are small] ?an ^? usually f\nd 9 rec5t individuals4 ,! de] ,sangamona fugitiva appe>s 9 a collection made at ,cavet[n1 ,m>yl&1 & 9 ano!r made at ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 9 or b5ea? deposits ( loess t are believ$ to h be5 laid d[n ab\t ! "t ( ! ,sangamon /age4 ,9 ,jeff]son ,c\nty ma/odon rema9s h be5 f\nd at two places1 ,d&ridge 7fig4 #bc1 #h7 & ,mossy ,creek4 ,no details are kn[n ab\t ! fir/ case2 9 ! case ( ! too? f\nd #c miles s\? ( ,mossy ,creek 7fig4 #bc1 #f7 x is /at$ t x 0 discov]$ at a dep? ( #f feet & b5ea? a :ite oak /ump4 ,betwe5 ! two villages1 on ! left bank ( ,dumpl9 ,creek1 #e miles above its m\?1 is ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,f ?is cave 7fig4 #bc1 #g7 ,m]c] 7,dept4 ,am]4 ,ar*ol4 ,univ4 ,p5n41 #ahif7 report$ ! discov]y ( rema9s ( tapir 7p4 #cie71 pecc>y 7p4 #bbc71 be>1 & small rod5ts2 b to :at species !y belong$ is n kn[n4 ,! tapir & ! pecc>y indicate ,plei/oc5e times4 ,! be> probably belong$ to ! same epo*4 ,at a po9t #g miles s\!a/ ( ,knoxville 7fig4 #bc1 #i7 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie report$ ! f9d+ ( a ma/odon too? b5ea? #cj in*es ( clay4 ,at ,look\t ,m\nta9 7p4 #cie1 fig4 #bc1 #aj7 h be5 secur$ a too? ( a horse1 probably ,equus littoralis 7p4 #bja71 rema9s ( tapir & probably ( ,mylodon 7p4 #dc74 ,j :]e ! horse-too? 0 f\nd is n kn[n4 ,! tapir 0 f\nd 9 a cave on ! left bank ( ,t5nessee ,riv]1 #j4be mile bel[ ! m\? ( ,*attanooga ,creek 7,m]c]1 z cit$ above2 also 9 ,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #cee74 ,m]c]'s acc\nts are brief & 7 int5d$ only z prelim9>y reports4 ,f him1 ?r\gh ,miss ,h>riet ,newell ,w>dle1 ( ,philadelphia1 ! writ] has receiv$ a lett] 9 :i* are giv5 "s details ab\t ! inve/igation ( ?is cave 9 #ahic & #ahif4 ,dr4 ,m]c] ext5d$ 8 tr5* inw>d f ! entrance a di/ance ( ab\t #ej feet & d[nw>d to ! rocky bottom ( ! cave4 ,he recogniz$ ! pres5ce ( ?ree lay]s1 z foll[s3 7#a7 top lay]1 f #f to #h in*es deep1 conta9+ relics ( bo? :ite man & ,indian2 7#b7 middle lay]1 ab\t #b feet ?ick1 conta9+ evid5ce ( ,indian only2 7#c7 r$ cave e>?1 v>y+ f "o to sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 accord+ to ! unev5 conditions ( ! cave floor4 ,?is latt] lay] 0 subdivid$ into an upp] zone 7a7 ab\t a foot deep1 :i* %[$ evid5ces ( intrusion ( bones & refuse f ! ov]ly+ lay]1 & 7b7 ! undi/urb$ r$ e>? :i* conta9$ bones ( bats & p]haps ( "s o!r animals4 ,9 ! upp] zone 7a7 ( ! r$-e>? lay] ,m]c] f\nd a jawbone & loose tee? ( ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji7 & a jawbone ( ,mylodon 7p4 #dc7 )\t tee?1 bo? z id5tifi$ by ,pr(essor ,cope4 ,lat]1 ,cope became d\btful z to ! ,mylodon bone4 ,9 ?is upp] zone ( r$ e>?1 8)9 a few v>y+ in*es ( ! dep? ( ! tapir specim5 above or bel[ x10 ,m]c] f\nd bones ( cave rats 7,neotoma71 m>mot 7,m>mota71 squirrel1 de]1 opossum1 tee? & fragm5ts ( ! skull ( a l>ge unid5tifi$ mammal1 a small & a l>ge bird1 wild turkey1 two species ( turtles1 frogs1 & drum-fi%4 ,! skull & o!r bones ( ! l>ge unid5tifi$ mammal _h pla9ly be5 crack$ to secure ! m>r[1 & 7 o!rwise cru%$ & spl9t]$4 ,also1 z _m z #dic horn/one *ips 7 f\nd1 besides bones rubb$ to a po9t1 & #aj pot%]ds4 ,x becomes a "q h[ ! tapir bone & tee? & p]haps ! bone ( ! mylodon & ! evid5ces ( ! ,indian's pres5ce got into ?is upp] lay] ( r$ e>?4 ,m]c] 8?\ght x reasonable to conclude t ! tapir _h be5 intrud$ into ! r$ e>? f ! upp] lay] & _h be5 9 contact ) ! ,indians40 ,?is appe>s to indicate ! idea t ! tapir _h exi/$ !re at a late p]iod1 probably aft] ! ,plei/oc5e2 b ! evid5ces appe> to %[ t ?is animal liv$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n lat] ?an ab\t ! ,sangamon /age ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,x is m probable t ! tapir rema9s _h n be5 di/urb$ & t ! relics ( man _h1 by "s means1 made _! way d[n into ! r$ e>?4 ,!re rema9s also ! possibility t ,indians & tapirs & mylodons _h liv$ toge!r 9 t region dur+ ! middle ( ! ,plei/oc5e & :ile ! upp] foot ( r$ clay 0 be+ deposit$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! o!r animals m5tion$ by ,m]c] does n disprove ?is possibility1 = all ( !m pretty c]ta9ly exi/$ !re dur+ ! middle ,plei/oc5e4 ,n f> f ,elroy1 ,van ,bur5 ,c\nty 7fig4 #bc1 #aa7 !re is an int]e/+ cav]n kn[n z ,bigbone ,cave4 ,?is & ! bones :i* x has furni%$ are n[ to be describ$4 ,m]c] 7,proc4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #cf-gj7 f\nd t 9 ! great] "p ( ?is cave ! nitr\s e>? t _h =m$ ! floor _h be5 remov$ to su* an ext5t t on ! walls its /a9s rema9$ at a height ( "o's wai/4 ,:]ev] any ( ?is deposit rema9$ x 0 exce$+ly dry & any di/urbance ( x produc$ a cl\d ( du/4 ,x appe>s to h consi/$ mo/ly ( ! dung & excretions ( animals1 su* z bats & cave rats4 ,! pres]vation ( ! c>tilage & horny %ea?s ( ! claw 0 due to ?is dryness ( ! atmosph]e4 ,:]e ,m]c] f\nd ! bones he recogniz$ f\r lay]s1 to repres5t :i* he publi%$ a figure 7op4 cit41 p4 #dg1 fig4 #d74 ,?is is "h reproduc$ ) unimportant *anges 7fig4 #bd74 ,on top !re 0 a lay] f #b to #c in*es ?ick :i* _h result$ f ! di/urbance produc$ by ! pass+ ( :ite m5 & possibly to "s ext5t ( ,indians4 ,) ! du/ 7 m+l$ rema9s ( *>r$ vegetable sub/ances t _h be5 us$ z tor*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,diagram %[+ a v]tical section ( ! gall]y 9 ,bigbone ,cave ne> ,elroy1 ,van ,bur5 ,c\nty1 ,t5n4 ,adapt$ f ,m]c]4 ,! second lay] 0 #b to #e feet deep & consi/$ almo/ entirely ( well-pres]v$ dri$ excrem5ts ( cave rats 7,neotoma7 & ( porcup9es 7,ere?izon74 ,9 x 7 obs]v$ nuts1 /icks1 fur1 & moss4 ,! only animal rema9s f\nd 9 ?is lay] 7 ! bones ( ,megalonyx 7p4 #db71 quills & coprolites ( ,ere?izon dorsatum1 coprolites & a jaw ( a cave rat ref]r$ to ,neotoma magi/]1 & jaws ( two bats1 ,adelonyct]is fuscus & ,myotis subulatus 7,vesp]tilio gryphus ( ,m]c]74 ,"s traces 7 f\nd ( an undet]m9$ h]bivor\s mammal ab\t z l>ge z a be>4 ,) ! lot ( ,megalonyx bones f ?is cave :i* 7 describ$ by ,h>lan !re 7 rema9s ref]r$ to ,bos 7,bison71 ,ursus1 ,c]vus 7,odocoileus871 & a human metat>sal2 b ^! 7 report$ z hav+ be5 pick$ up on ! surface & may !re=e h belong$ to q rec5t skeletons4 ,besides ! animal rema9s f\nd by ,m]c] 9 8 second lay]1 !re 7 pres5t quantities ( vegetable matt] belong+ to sev]al species4 ,all1 h[ev]1 7 =ms yet liv+ 9 t region4 ,m]c]'s ?ird lay] appe>s to h consi/$ ( dry excrem5ts :i* _h become some:at h>d5$4 ,its ?ickness 0 a foot4 ,9 x 7 f\nd vegetable matt]1 "s bat jaws & fur1 & ! c>cass ( a 8w9d[ fly40 ,! f\r? lay] consi/$ ( a f9e wat]-laid clay :i* on dry+ _h contract$ & brok5 up into small angul> masses4 ,! int]/ices appe> to h be5 fill$ by mat]ials soak+ d[n f ! upp] lay]s ( excrem5t4 ,no organisms 7 f\nd 9 x4 ,m]c] conclud$ t ! slo? rema9s 7 geologically rec5t1 & ?is may be true4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii has be5 f\nd 9 ! nor!rn ,/ates 9 deposits ov]ly+ ! ,wiscons9 drift1 & x is q reasonable to suppose t ! animal exi/$ 9 ,t5nessee up to z late a "t z x did 9 ,ohio & ,ill9ois4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! c>tilages ( ! slo?1 & ! framework ( ! w9d[ fly :i* lay bel[ ! slo? bones1 naturally sugge/s a comp>atively %ort "t2 b if1 ?r\gh ! dryness ( ! cave1 !y c\ld endure a ?\s& ye>s1 !y might possibly endure sev]al ?\s&4 ,"o mu/ consid] also ! l5g? ( "t requir$ = #a4e or #b feet ( cave floor to be built up f ! excrem5ts ( bats1 porcup9es1 & cave rats1 b !re is no reason to ref] ! "t back fur!r ?an ab\t ! close ( ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,on ano!r page 7p4 #abg7 is pres5t$ ! little t is kn[n ab\t ! rema9s ( two ma/odons :i* h be5 report$ f ! region ab\t ,na%ville4 ,"o too? 0 f\nd #aa miles we/ ( ! city 7fig4 #bc1 #ab72 a "p ( a skeleton at a po9t #aa miles s\!a/ ( x 7fig4 #bc1 #ac74 ,a too? ( an undet]m9$ species ( elephant 0 f\nd long ago ne> ,columbia1 ,maury ,c\nty 7p4 #cie1 fig4 #bc1 #ae74 ,accord+ to ,folio #ie ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 !re are "s n>r[ /rips ( alluvium along ,duck ,riv]1 at ,columbia4 ,! too? may or may n h be5 f\nd 9 ?is alluvium4 ,app>5tly 9 ! neighborhood ( ,gallat91 ,sumn] ,c\nty 7fig4 #bc1 #af71 0 f\nd be=e #ahce1 at a dep? ( #dj feet1 a too? ( an elephant 7p4 #aha74 ,! in=mation furni%$ by ! too?1 z report$1 is n wor? mu*4 ,9 ,june #aibj1 ! writ] receiv$ f ,mr4 ,william ,edw>d ,my]1 ( ,na%ville1 a small box ( fossils1 collect$ ne> ,na%ville 7fig4 #bc1 #ad74 ,! exact locality is giv5 z be+ ab\t #cjj y>ds up/ream f ,lock ,a1 9 ,cumb]l& ,riv]4 ,accord+ to a sket* s5t by ,mr4 ,my] & "h reproduc$ 7fig4 #be71 !re are loose deposits ab\t #cj feet 9 ?ickness ly+ ^u b$-rock4 ,?is b$-rock is f\nd at ab\t ! level ( l[-wat] 9 ! riv]4 ,on ?is rock !re is f\nd fir/ a b$ ( gravel1 :i*1 to judge f ,my]'s sket*1 is #b or #c feet 9 ?ickness4 ,above ?is comes a b$ ( s& ( ab\t ! same ?ickness4 ,! re/ ( ! #cj feet is compos$ ( gravel2 & ?is rises to ! level ( ! flood-pla94 ,9 ! l[]mo/ /ratum1 ! b$ ( gravel1 7 f\nd a too? ( ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja71 a "p ( a femur ( a horse ( l>ge size 7p4 #bja71 & an antl] ( a small & probably unnam$ de] 7p4 #bcd74 ,?is antl] resembles ^? ( "s ( ! ,c5tral ,am]ican species ( ,odocoileus4 ,9 ! next /ratum above 7 f\nd "s indet]m9able fragm5ts ( turtle bones1 a too? ( a "y ma/odon 7p4 #abg71 & a calcaneum ( a l>ge camel 7p4 #bbe71 belong+ probably to ! g5us ,camelops4 ,9 ,octob] #aibj1 ,mr4 ,my] s5t f ! same locality a "p ( a mol> ( ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #dc74 ,^! rema9s appe> to ! writ] to indicate t ! deposits are ( e>ly ,plei/oc5e age1 ab\t t ( ! fir/ int]glacial4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,section on ,bank ( ,t5nessee ,riv] at ,na%ville4 ,some:]e ab\t ,memphis 7fig4 #bc1 #ag71 7 f\nd1 ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 "s scanty rema9s ( a "y ma/odon1 a bone ( ,megalonyx 7p4 #dc71 & a "p ( a l[] jaw ( ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bhj74 ,jeffries ,wyman ?\ght t ^! rema9s _h be5 f\nd 9 diluvium ( ! ,mississippi ,riv]4 ,x appe>s probable t !y 7 f\nd 9 ! loess1 :i* is well develop$ at t locality4 ,"s exactness 9 report+ ! locality w\ld h l$ to ! solution ( ?is "q4 ,,k5tucky4 ,! ,/ate ( ,k5tucky lies almo/ :olly s\? ( ! area ( glaciation4 ,only along ,ohio ,riv]1 f ab\t #ej miles above ,c9c9nati to ab\t z _m miles bel[1 d any ice-laid drift mat]ials appe>1 & ^! belong to ! ,ill9oian glacial /age4 ,= in=mation on ?is drift ! read] may consult ,lev]ett's acc\nt 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #bef-beh1 plate ,,ii74 ,ne> ,c>rolton1 betwe5 ,ohio & ,k5tucky ,riv]s1 is a ridge ( ,ill9oian drift :i* rises z mu* z #bjj feet above l[ wat]4 ,lat]-=m$ t]races ( ^! riv]s are f\nd up to #ij feet4 ,n f> away f ?is locality drift mat]ials are f\nd on ! highl&s to a height ( #cjj feet above ! ,ohio4 ,bel[ ,ris+ ,sun1 ,indiana1 on ! ,k5tucky side1 are knolls ( drift deposits ris+ ab\t #aej feet above ! riv]4 ,?is ,ill9oian drift occupies ne>ly ! :ole ( ,boone ,c\nty2 else:]e x =ms a n>r[ /rip along ! ,ohio4 ,naturally !re 7 laid d[n1 at v>i\s times dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e1 deposits beyond ! glacial front4 ,riv]s com+ d[n f ! glaci]s br\ght into ! ,ohio valley enorm\s quantities ( gravel1 s&s1 & clay1 mu* ( :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$ along ! banks or at ! bottom4 ,su* mat]ials may h be5 laid d[n !re dur+ all or "s ( ! e>li] glacial /ages1 "s p]haps dur+ int]glacial times4 ,probably at lat] times ! mo/ ( ^! e>ly deposits 7 swept away1 b "s may h p]si/$4 ,! rock floor ( ! ,ohio 7,lev]ett1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc7 is bel[ ! level ( ! pres5t /ream1 g5]ally betwe5 #cj & #fj feet1 &1 at "s po9ts 9 its l[] c\rse1 #ge feet4 ,!re might1 !re=e1 n[ exi/ ,ill9oian drift mat]ials any:]e above ?is rocky floor1 z well z high up on ! bluffs4 ,x may be difficult1 sometimes impossible1 to det]m9e ! actual age ( su* deposits4 ,dur+ ! :ole ,plei/oc5e1 ! riv]s :i* ent] ! ,ohio f ! s\? 7 be>]s ( f9e & co>se mat]ials f ! high] l&s :]e !y took orig94 ,sometimes1 & 9 "s p>ts ( _! c\rses1 !y may h occupi$ *annels o!r ?an ^? n[ hold+ ! wat]s4 ,dur+ times ( depression ( ! c\ntry ! s$im5ts 7 dropp$ along ! *annels until ! latt] may h be5 ne>ly fill$4 ,!n ! c\ntry may lat] h become elevat$1 s t ! /reams aga9 cut d[n & left "s ( ! old deposits z t]races4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! ,/ate1 z 9 ! region ( ,mammo? ,cave1 wat] circulat+ 9 ! lime/one rocks has dissolv$ ^! s z to produce cav]ns & fissures ( v>i\s sizes4 ,9 su* caves1 :5 !y became op5$ to ! surface1 animals w\ld seek hid+-places & w\ld p]haps br+ 9 o!rs z _! prey4 ,dy+ !re1 _! bones might be pres]v$4 ,f su* a cave has be5 secur$ a f9e specim5 ( ! skull ( a pecc>y 7p4 #bbc74 ,su* caves %\ld be exam9$ ) great c>e4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s localities = fossil v]tebrates 9 ?is c\ntry is t kn[n z ,bigbone ,lick1 9 ,boone ,c\nty1 ab\t #bb miles 9 a /raight l9e s\?we/ ( ,c9c9nati4 ,fossil bones 7 collect$ !re z long ago z #agci4 ,a cond5s$ hi/ory ( ! explorations made !re = fossils 0 giv5 by ,william ,coop] 9 #ahca 7,mon?ly ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-agd1 #bje-baf74 ,an acc\nt ( ! locality1 its geology1 & some?+ ab\t ! fossil v]tebrates & fre%-wat] mollusks f\nd !re 0 giv5 by ! geologi/ ,*>les ,lyell 9 #ahde 78,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica10 ,murray ed41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fb-ff74 ,enorm\s quantities ( bones & tee?1 especially ^? ( ,mammut am]icanum1 h be5 collect$ at ?is place4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ discov]$1 bones ( ?is animal1 ( ! elephants1 & "s o!rs1 mu/ h be5 ly+ expos$ on ! surface1 ! result probably ( erosion by ! creek pass+ !re ?r\gh :at 0 !n a m>%4 ,g5]al ,william ,h5ry ,h>rison1 9 #agie1 %ipp$ f !re #ac hog%eads ( bones1 b ^! 7 lo/ on _! way to ,pittsburgh4 ,dr4 ,g(or? is report$ to h got z _m ma/odon tee? z a wagon & f\r horses c\ld draw4 ,^! tee? are said to h weigh$ f #ab to #bj p\nds ea*4 ,if ?is /atem5t ( weights is true1 "s or all ( ! tee? 7 ^? ( elephants4 ,9 #ahjg1 ,g5]al ,william ,cl>k made a collection at ,bigbone ,lick1 at ! in/ances ( ,presid5t ,?omas ,jeff]son4 ,brief notices ( ^! 7 publi%$ by ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mit*ill & by ,dr4 ,casp> ,wi/>4 ,"s ( ^! bones 7 s5t to ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society at ,philadelphia & 7 aft]w>ds put into ! collection ( ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces4 ,ano!r "p 0 s5t to ,p>is4 ,rema9s ( v>i\s species1 mo/ly ! ma/odon1 h gone into _m museums ( ?is c\ntry & ( ,europe2 b x is evid5t t ! great] "p ( ! ?+s collect$ !re1 & especially ( ! f9e/ ?+s1 has be5 lo/ to sci5ce4 ,not)/&+ ! am\nt ( "w done at ,bigbone ,lick1 ! geology ( ! locality1 & especially ( ! bone-be>+ levels1 is n well kn[n4 ,mo/ p]sons :o h labor$ !re 7 int]e/$ almo/ :olly 9 gett+ z _m bones z possible & !n 9 gett+ away4 ,coop]1 z cit$1 publi%$ a map ( ! region & indicat$ :]e ! excavations _h be5 made up to t "t4 ,?is map is "h pres5t$1 r$rawn 7map #da74 ,f ,coop]'s acc\nt x appe>s t all ( ! bones _h be5 f\nd )9 a v circumscrib$ area1 ne> a numb] ( salt spr+s4 ,! bones occurr$ on ! surface & z deep z #be feet4 ,coop] attribut$ ?is v>iation ( dep? to ! unev5ness ( ! surface1 8 idea be+ t ! bone-be>+ /ratum occupi$ a c]ta9 level4 ,he conclud$ t ! valley _h be5 fill$ up to a dep? ( n less ?an #cj feet by unconsolidat$ b$s ( v>i\s k9ds1 ( :i* ! upp]mo/ 0 a light-yell[ clay4 ,?is appe>$ to h be5 br\ght d[n f ! high] gr\nds by fl[+ wat]4 ,9 x 7 f\nd bones ( buffaloes & o!r mod]n animals4 ,bel[ ?is came a ?9n] lay] ( d>k] color1 s(t] & m gravelly1 :i* conta9$ rema9s ( re$y plants & fre%-wat] mollusks4 ,x is describ$ z be+ sometimes v ?9 or ev5 want+4 ,x 0 9 ?is lay] t ! bones1 or mo/ ( !m1 7 buri$4 ,x 0 itself und]la9 by a b$ ( blue clay ( a v compact & t5aci\s k9d4 ,coop] add$ t ?is bone-be>+ lay] appe>$ sometimes to be emb$d$ 9 ! blue clay4 ,! next important inve/igations made at ?is place1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 are ^? in/itut$ by ,pr(essor ,n4 ,s4 ,%al] 9 #ahfh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,k5tucky1 #b;d s]41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahgg1 pp4 #aif-aih2 ,all5's 8,! ,am]ican ,bison10 #ahgf1 pp4 #bcb-bcf74 ,he report$ t he _h s5t to ! ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,zoology at ,h>v>d at lea/ a ton ( bones4 ,imm$iately at ! salt spr+s ,%al] appe>s n to h be5 able to discov] any ord] 9 ! disposition ( ! bones4 8,x is only at po9ts remote f ! spr+s1 :]e ! b$s seem to h be5 =m$ by a mixture ( ! creek mud & ! wa/e f ! spr+s1 t we f9d ! rema9s 9 ! ord] :i* w enable u to =m "s op9ion z to ! succession ( occurr5ce ( ^! animals at ?is po9t40 ,at "o place he ?\ght he _h succe$$ 9 f9d+ a di/9ct ord] ( succession4 ,j :]e ?is place 0 he did n indicate1 nor :at k9ds ( deposits 7 pass$ ?r\gh4 ,! dep? rea*$ appe>s to h be5 only #h feet4 ,un=tunately1 ! great collection made by ,%al] has rema9$ un/udi$1 except ! rema9s ( ! buffalo 7,j4 ,a4 ,all51 8,! ,am]ican ,bison10 #ahgf1 ) plates74 ,%al] ?\ght t ! b$s ( glacial drift did n ext5d s\? ( ,ohio ,riv]4 ,! discov]y t ! ,ill9oian drift-%eet cov]s mo/ ( ,boone ,c\nty 7,lev]ett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #beg-beh7 ?r[s mu* light on ! hi/ory ( ! locality4 ,x appe>s r /range t ,%al] did n f9d rocks ( f> nor!rn orig9 at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,! geologic hi/ory appe>s to be some?+ l ?is4 ,:5 ! ,ill9oian ice-%eet cross$ ! ,ohio !re 0 pres5t ! pr$ecessor ( ,bigbone ,creek4 ,inasmu* z ! glacial %eet did n rema9 !re long1 a r ?9 deposit 0 laid d[n 9 ! creek4 ,?is is probably repres5t$ by ! b$ ( blue mud m5tion$ by ,coop]4 ,:5 ! glaci] retir$1 ! locality became a swamp cov]$ probably by vegetation & receiv+ mud & gravel br\ght !re by ! /ream & wa%$ d[n f ! surr\nd+ hills4 ,d\btless ! salt spr+s exi/$ !n z n[ & attract$ ?i!r elephants1 ma/odons1 & o!r species4 ,:at 7 all ! *anges und]gone !re betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ,wiscons9 drift /ages c n be guess$2 b dur+ ! latt] "t1 :5 ! ,ohio 0 c>ry+ d[n va/ quantities ( detritus1 "s f ! glaciat$ regions1 "s f ! non-glaciat$1 its muddy wat]s 7 (t5 back$ up into ,bigbone ,creek1 z !y are sometimes n[1 & !y left !re ! upp] yell[ clay describ$ by ,coop]1 or at lea/ mo/ ( x4 ,:5 ! ,wiscons9 /age _h pass$ & ,bigbone ,creek 0 free to "w 9 t valley1 erosion began4 ,z ! creek 0 cutt+ d[n its b$ to ! pres5t level x d\btless (t5 *ang$ its position1 & 9 ?is way produc$ ! irregul>ity ( surface :i* bo? ,coop] & ,%al] m5tion4 ,not)/&+ its widely ext5d$ reputation1 ,bigbone ,lick has furni%$ relatively few species ( v]tebrates1 & !re is "q reg>d+ ! antiquity ( "s ( ^!4 ,ab\t ! pres5ce ( ,mammut am]icanum !re is no d\bt4 ,ab\t ! pres5ce ( elephants also !re c be no "q2 & ! writ] is q c]ta9 t bo? ,elephas primig5ius & ,e4 columbi occurr$ !re4 ,und\bt$ly ,equus complicatus has be5 collect$ !re2 also ,bo!rium bombifrons1 ,symbos cavifrons1 ,bison antiquus1 & ,b4 bison2 b x is n c]ta9 t ! rema9s ( ! la/-nam$ species are n ( ,rec5t times4 ,%al] m5tions ! pres5ce ( ,bison latifrons1 b he probably _h 9 m9d ,b4 antiquus4 ,! type ( ,b4 latifrons 0 f\nd 9 ano!r creek valley4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! ,c]vus canad5sis1 ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 & ,alces am]icanus is m5tion$ by ,coop]1 :o /at$ t he ?\ght he _h se5 traces ( all ( !m4 ,%al] 0 d\btful z to ! elk4 ,9 ,all5's monograph on ,am]ican bison1 on page #bcd1 ,%al] admits ! moose4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( ! species :i* h be5 report$ f ,bigbone ,lick4 ,ref]5ces are made to pages :]e fur!r in=mation is giv5 on ! species4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dd74 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #dd74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjb74 8,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji74 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 ,c]vus canad5sis 7p4 #bdc74 ,c]valces scotti4 ,alces am]icanus4 ,rangif] c>ib\ 7p4 #bdg74 ,bo!rium bombifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,bison antiquus 7p4 #bfe74 ,bison bison 7p4 #bgj74 ,mammut am]icanum 7p4 #abh74 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #adf74 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,ursus am]icanus4 ,x is prop] n[ to det]m9e1 if possible1 dur+ :i* ( ! ,plei/oc5e /ages ea* ( ^! species liv$4 ,x is q probable t none ( ! individual animals t h be5 dug up at ,bigbone ,lick liv$ !re be=e ! ,ill9oian glacial /age4 ,to f9d su*1 if !y h be5 pres]v$ !re1 ! excavations w\ld h to be c>ri$ mu* deep]4 ,! writ] assumes t any ( ! animals t liv$ !re 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,ill9oian & ! ,wiscons9 /ages liv$1 di$1 & 7 buri$ dur+ ! ,sangamon /age4 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii may belong to ! ,sangamon or to ! ,late ,wiscons91 = we "k no?+ ab\t ! dep? at :i* ! bones & tee? 7 secur$4 ,mylodon h>lani is n kn[n to h exi/$ any:]e aft] ! ,wiscons91 & h5ce we may ref] x to ! ,sangamon4 ,equus complicatus also may ) c]ta9ty be ref]r$ to ! ,sangamon2 likewise ,tapirus haysii1 9 case ! type 0 n f\nd 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,z to ! c]vids ,odocoileus virg9ianus1 ,c]vus canad5sis1 ,alces am]icanus1 _! /atus is d\btful4 ,!y might g back to ! ,sangamon or h liv$ !re at any "t up to & dur+ ! ,rec5t4 ,! re9de] is mo/ likely to h exi/$ !re dur+ ! ,wiscons9 ice-/age4 ,! f9e specim5 ( ,c]valces scotti at ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity 0 f\nd 9 ,new ,j]sey 9 deposits ov]ly+ ,wiscons9 drift1 b x may be tak5 z c]ta9 t ! species _h exi/$ be=e ! "t ( ! ,wiscons94 ,!re is no record ( dep?1 matrix1 or associat$ fossils 9 ! case ( ! type ( ?is species1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,x is natural to ref] ! two species ( musk-ox5 to ! ,wiscons9 /age2 b !re are indications t at lea/ ,symbos cavifrons has be5 f\nd at o!r localities 9 pre-,wiscons9 deposits4 ,%al] record$ x z be+ f\nd ne> ! bottom ( 8 excavation ) ! horse & ) ! bison :i* he call$ ,bison latifrons1 b :i* is ,bison antiquus4 ,x & ,symbos cavifrons probably belong to ! ,sangamon4 ,f ! fact t bones ( ! ma/odon & ! two species ( elephants 7 f\nd by ,%al] 9 ! deep] deposits1 x is probable t ! individuals repres5t$ belong$ to ! ,sangamon or "s o!r pre-,wiscons9 deposit2 b1 inasmu* z all ?ree species liv$ aft] ! ,wiscons91 !re seems to be no kn[n reason :y "s ( _! bones may n h be5 buri$ 9 ! late & sup]ficial deposits at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,z to ! bones ( ! be> f\nd at ?is place little c be said4 ,! num]\s rema9s ( ,bison bison appe> by all acc\nts to h be5 f\nd only 9 ! upp]mo/ p>ts ( ! deposits4 ,%al] 0 ( ! op9ion t ! buffalo 7,all5's 8,! ,am]ican ,bison10 p4 #bcd7 _h come to ! region ea/ ( ,mississippi ,riv] at a v late p]iod1 aft] ! disappe>ance f ,bigbone ,lick ( ! elephants1 ! ma/odon1 & ,symbos4 ,x seems to ! pres5t writ] t ! pres5ce ( ! exi/+ buffalo ea/ ( ! ,mississippi only aft] ! pass+ ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet is q c]ta92 b t x came only aft] ! ext9ction ( ! great proboscideans is h>dly to be su/a9$4 ,9 _m localities ov] ! c\ntry rema9s ( all ?ree species h be5 f\nd 9 swamps ov]ly+ ! ,wiscons9 drift4 ,9 #ahij 7,am]4 ,naturali/1 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #iec71 ,pr(essor ,luci5 ,und]wood describ$ a f9e skull ( ! ,am]ican buffalo :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 mak+ a sew] at ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,und]wood /at$ t x _h be5 f\nd 9 black muck1 at a dep? ( #aj feet2 b ,mr4 ,john ,cunn+ham1 sup]9t5d5t ( gr\nds at ! univ]sity1 :o saw ! place & secur$ ! skull f ! labor] :o enc\nt]$ x1 told ! pres5t writ] t ! dep? 0 #ag feet4 ,x w\ld seem t t bison _h liv$ on ! %ores ( ,onondaga ,lake n long aft] ! ,wiscons9 glaci] _h )drawn f ! place4 ,we d n "k "u :at geological conditions ! type ( ,bison latifrons 0 f\nd2 b x pretty c]ta9ly came f po/-,ill9oian deposits1 probably ,sangamon1 along possibly ,woolp]'s ,creek 9 ,boone ,c\nty4 ,proboscidean rema9s h be5 report$ f ! ,k5tucky side ( ! ,ohio 9 ! region ( ,c9c9nati1 b x w\ld be haz>d\s at pres5t to assign !m a geological age4 ,! same may be said ab\t ! ma/odon rema9s f\nd 9 digg+ ! canal ar\nd ! falls1 al?\gh ! l[ level along ! riv] seems to indicate ! ,late ,wiscons94 ,a collection1 =m+ probably two f>m-wagon loads1 0 made sev]al ye>s ago at ,bluelick ,spr+s1 by ,mr4 ,?omas ,w4 ,hunt]4 ,! spr+s hav+ fail$1 ,mr4 ,hunt] und]took to dig d[n & re/ore ! fl[4 ,9 ?is he fail$1 b he did f9d great quantities ( bones1 mo/ly ^? ( ! ma/odon1 b also ( elephants1 buffaloes1 & a few o!rs 7p4 #abi74 ,!re 7 ab\t #ajj ma/odon tee?1 _m tusks1 & l>ge pieces ( ^!2 & ( ^! pieces ab\t #bj _h be5 plan$ (f s z to be flat on "o or on two sides1 z if !y _h la9 9 ! bottom ( a /ream & ! wat] & s& _h worn !m d[n on "o side & !n ! tusks _h be5 turn$ ov] & und]gone a plan+ ( ! opposite side4 ,among ! bones 7 two ungual phalanges ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dd71 & rema9s ( ! elk 7p4 #bdc71 & de] 7p4 #bcd74 ,to none ( ! species f\nd !re ne$ "o assign a high] antiquity ?an late ,plei/oc5e2 b "s might h be5 old]4 ,9 ,scott ,c\nty1 betwe5 ,/amp+ ,gr\nd & ,georget[n1 !re has be5 f\nd1 9 ! bottom ( an old s9k-hole1 a "p ( a l[] jaw ) tee? ( ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #baj74 ,! "t ( exi/5ce ( ?is animal is to be reg>d$ z ly+ some:]e back ( ! ,wiscons9 glacial /age4 ,) ?is jaw1 ,pr(essor ,ar?ur ,m4 ,mill] s5t to ! writ] "s pieces ( jaws ( ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #baj7 :i* _h be5 f\nd 9 an old /ream-deposit at ,y>nallton1 ,fayette ,c\nty4 ,f a fissure fill$ ) calcite1 at ,monday's ,l&+1 ,m]c] ,c\nty1 !re has be5 s5t to ! writ]1 by ,pr(essor ,mill]1 a mol> too? ( a horse 7p4 #bjb74 ,no?+ m c be said ( ?is horse ?an t x is old] ?an ! ,wiscons9 /age4 ,x may be z old z ! fir/ int]glacial4 ,ab\t #e or #f miles bel[ ,h5d]son1 on ,ohio ,riv]1 _m ye>s ago1 consid]able p>ts ( ! skeleton ( ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7 f\nd 7p4 #dd74 ,) !m 7 report$ to h be5 discov]$ antl]s & bones ( ! de] 7p4 #bcd74 ,a description ( ! locality 0 s5t to ,joseph ,leidy & publi%$ by him 9 8 "w on gr\nd-slo?s 7,smi?s4 ,contrib4 ,kn[l41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #g74 ,! bone-b$ lay at an elevation ( only #e or #f feet above an ord9>y /age ( l[ wat]4 ,x 0 compos$ ( a f]rug9\s s& & conta9$ v>i\s species ( fre%-wat] mollusks & /ems & limbs ( trees4 ,?is 0 und]la9 by a blui% clay1 :ile above x1 ris+ #dj or #ej feet1 7 b$s ( silice\s e>? & widely spread m>ls4 ,nei!r ! geology ( ! place1 s f> z ! writ] kn[s1 nor ! hi/ory ( ! animal requires u to believe t ! geological age is beyond t ( ! ,late ,wiscons9 or ,wiscons94 ,h[ev]1 a %ort "t be=e1 ne> ,evansville1 ,indiana1 at ! m\? ( ,pigeon ,creek1 & app>5tly only ab\t #aj miles away f :]e ,ow5 f\nd megalonyx bones1 !re _h be5 discov]$ by ,frances ,a4 ,l9cke1 & describ$ by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj71 a collection ( v]tebrate fossils4 ,?is includ$ rema9s ( megalonyx 7p4 #cb71 a c]vical v]tebra ( a bison 7p4 #beg71 a v]tebra ( a horse 7p4 #ahf71 a too? ( ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc71 & a "p ( ! upp] jaw ( ! wolf kn[n z nocyon dirus 7p4 #bjd74 ,! horse 0 mo/ probably ,equus complicatus1 :ile ! bison 0 probably "o ( ! ext9ct species4 ,! wolf is reg>d$ z be+ ! same z t s abundantly f\nd 9 ! collections made at ,ran*o ,la ,brea1 ne> ,los ,angeles4 ,! writ] reg>ds ! fauna z belong+ to ! ,sangamon1 unless x is /ill old]4 ,! specim5s 7 f\nd /ick+ out ( ! riv] at l[ wat]1 & x becomes q probable t ! ,h5d]son b$s & bones are ( ! same age z ^? at ,evansville4 ,z m5tion$ on ano!r page 7p4 #bbc7 x is probable t ! f9e skull ( ,platygonus compressus t 0 s5t _m ye>s ago to ! ,academy ( ,natural ,sci5ces ( ,philadelphia by ,dr4 ,samuel ,br[n1 ( ,lex+ton1 ,k5tucky1 & describ$ by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,am]4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cca1 plates ,,xxxv-,,xxxvii7 _h be5 f\nd some:]e 9 ,rock ,ca/le ,c\nty4 ,x c\nts z ano!r product ( ! caves :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,alleghany range ( m\nta9s4 ,,maps ,,& ,,_! ,,explanations ,illu/ration3 ,,map #a4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e cetaceans 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #djh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #a4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,nepean ,t[n%ip1 ,c>leton ,co41 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ag74 #b4 ,ottawa ,ea/1 ,c>leton ,co41 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ag74 #c4 ,smi?'s ,falls1 ,lan>k ,co41 ,megapt]a bops 7p4 #ag74 #d4 ,pak5ham1 ,lan>k ,co41 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ag74 #e4 ,cornwall1 ,/ormont ,co41 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ah74 #f4 ,william/[n1 ,gl5g>ry ,co41 ,delph9apt]us v]montanus8 7p4 #ah74 #g4 ,quebec1 ,montreal1 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ah74 #h4 ,rivire du ,l\p1 ,temisc\ata ,co41 ,delph9apt]us leucas 7p4 #ah74 #i4 ,metis1 ,rim\ski ,co41 ,megapt]a bops8 7p4 #ai74 #aj4 ,jaquet ,riv]1 ,re/ig\*e ,co41 ,monodon monoc]os 7p4 #ai74 #aa4 ,mace's ,bay1 ,*>lotte ,co41 ,delph9apt]us8 sp48 7p4 #ai74 ,v]mont3 #ab4 ,*>lotte1 ,*itt5d5 ,co41 ,delph9apt]us v]montanus 7p4 #ai74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #ac4 ,bel[ ,newb]n1 ,crav5 ,co41 8cetaceans0 7p4 #bj74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #ad4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,physet] vetus 7p4 #bj74 ,georgia3 #ae4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,physet] vetus8 7p4 #bj74 ,florida3 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co41 ,balnopt]a8 sp48 7p4 #bj74 #ag4 ,de ,l&1 ,volusia ,co41 ,globicephala breckeii 7p4 #bj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #b4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ,p9nip$ia on ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #djh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #b4 ,gr9nell ,l&1 ,dumbbell ,h>bor 7locality n on ! map74 ,phoca b>bata ,p4 hispida 7p4 #ba74 ,nova ,scotia3 #a4 ,sable ,isl&1 ,odob5us rosm>us 7p4 #ba74 ,new ,brunswick3 #b4 ,fairville1 ,*>lotte ,co41 ,phoca grnl&ica 7p4 #ba74 ,quebec3 #c4 ,bic1 ,rim\ski ,co41 ,odob5us rosm>us 7p4 #ba74 #d4 ,montreal1 ,phoca grnl&ica 7p4 #bb74 #e4 ,ttreauville1 ,ottawa ,co41 ,phoca vitul9a 7p4 #bb74 ,ont>io3 #f4 ,ottawa1 ,phoca8 sp48 7p4 #bc74 ,ma9e3 #g4 ,addison ,po9t1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,odob5us rosm>us 7p4 #bc74 #h4 ,&rews ,isl&1 ,knox ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bc74 #i4 ,g>d9]1 ,k5nebec ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bc74 #aj4 ,portl&1 ,cumb]l& ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bd74 ,new ,hamp%ire3 #aa4 ,jeffries ,reef1 (f ,portsm\?1 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #be74 ,massa*usetts3 #ab4 ,gay ,head1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #be74 ,new ,j]sey3 #ac4 ,long ,bran*1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bf74 #ad4 ,ocean ,grove1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bh74 ,virg9ia3 #ae4 ,accomac ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bh74 #af4 ,kitty ,hawk1 ,currituck ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bi74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #ag4 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,o4 rosm>us 7p4 #bi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #c4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ,x5>?ra 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #daj4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #c4 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,long ,bran*1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #ca74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,megalonyx :eatleyi1 ,m4 loxodon1 ,m4 tortulus1 ,m4 scalp]1 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #ca74 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ca74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,nor? ,fairfield1 ,huron ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #ca74 #b4 ,mill]sburg1 ,holmes ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cb74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cb74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cc74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cc74 #c4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cd74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co41 ,megalonyx dissimilis8 7p4 #cd74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #cd74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ---- ,gre5bri] ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #cd74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #ce74 #b4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile1 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #ce74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ,*a?am ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile1 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #bf74 ,florida 7,see ,map #d74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,tuscumbia1 ,colb]t ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #dj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ,m4 dissimilis1 ,mylodon h>lani1 ,ereptodon priscus 7p4 #dj74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,elroy1 ,van ,bur5 ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #da74 #b4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,co41 ,mylodon8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #dc74 #c4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dc74 #d4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #dc74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,mylodon h>lani1 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dc74 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dd74 #c4 ,h5d]son1 ,h5d]son ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii 7p4 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #d4 ,f9ds ( ,plei/oc5e ,x5>?ra 9 ,florida4 ,= explanation see page #dab4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #d4 ,florida3 #a4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #cg74 #b4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,co41 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #cg74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale1 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #e4 ,hillsboro ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ch74 #f4 ,s>asota ,bay1 ,s>asota ,co41 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ch74 #g4 ,zolfo1 ,h>dee ,co41 ,mega!rium mirabile 7p4 #ch74 #h4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ,mylodon h>lani81 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale1 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,megalonyx jeff]sonii1 ,glyptodon rivipacis1 ,*lamy!rium sept5trionale 7p4 #ci74 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,mylodon h>lani 7p4 #dj74 #aa4 ,willi/on ,levy ,co41 ,?9obadi/es segnis 7p4 #cg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #e4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see pages #dad1 #daf4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #e4 ,unless ano!r "n is us$ aft] ! localities1 ,mammut am]icanum is to be und]/ood4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ---- ,essex ,co4 7p4 #de74 #b4 ,morpe? & ,highgate1 ,elg9 ,co4 7p4 #de74 #c4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ,elg9 ,co41 ,m4 prog5ium8 7p4 #de74 #d4 ,london1 ,middlesex ,co4 7p4 #de74 #e4 ,m>burg1 ,norfolk ,co4 7p4 #de74 #f4 ,dunnville1 ,haldim& ,co4 7p4 #df74 #g4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es & ,well& ,port1 ,l9coln ,co4 7p4 #df74 #h4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #df74 #i4 ,junction ( ,miss9aibi & ,moose ,riv]s1 ,algoma ,co4 7p4 #df74 ,massa*usetts3 #a4 ,col]a9e1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,%rewsbury1 ,worce/] ,co4 7p4 #dg74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,*e%ire1 ,new ,hav5 ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,new ,brita91 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #c4 ,f>m+ton1 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #d4 ,bri/ol1 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #e4 ,%>on1 ,lit*field ,co4 7p4 #dh74 ,new ,york 7,see ,maps #f & #cd74 ,new ,j]sey 7,see ,map #f ,a74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,tunkhannock1 ,wyom+ ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #b4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #c4 ,b]wick1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #d4 ,read+1 ,b]ks ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #e4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #f4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #g4 ,ki%acoquillas ,/ation1 ,miffl9 ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #h4 ,*amb]sburg1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #i4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #aj4 ,b$=d1 ,b$=d ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #aa4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #ab4 ,hickory1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #ac4 ,erie1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #gj74 ,ohio 7,see ,map #g74 ,mi*igan 7,see ,map #h74 ,indiana 7,see ,map #i74 ,ill9ois 7,see also ,map #ch73 #a4 ,%awneet[n1 ,gallat9 ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #b4 ,*e/]1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #c4 ,beauc\p1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #d4 ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,/4 ,clair ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #e4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #f4 ,s&oval1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #g4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #h4 ,w>saw1 ,hancock ,co4 7p4 #ajc74 #i4 ,manito1 ,mason ,co4 7p4 #ajc74 #aj4 ---- ,knox ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #aa4 ,cambridge1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #ab4 ,rural ,t[n%ip1 ,rock ,isl& ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #ac4 ,/]l+1 ,:iteside ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #ad4 ,new ,mil=d1 ,w9nebago ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #ae4 ,byron & ,h>p]1 ,ogle ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #af4 ,urbana & ,pesotum1 ,*ampaign ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ag4 ---- ,edg> ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ah4 ,fairm\nt1 ,v]million ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ai4 ---- ,iroquois ,co41 #f miles nor?we/ ( ,hoope/on1 ,m4 prog5ium 7p4 #ajf74 ,ea/ ,lynn & ,rossville1 ,v]million ,co4 7p4 #ajg74 #bj4 ,bee*]1 ,w ,co4 7p4 #ajg74 #ba4 ,morris1 ,grundy ,co4 7p4 #ajh74 #bb4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #bc4 ,yorkville1 ,k5dall ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #bd4 ,aurora1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #be4 ,batavia & ,maple1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #bf4 ,gl5coe1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #bg4 ,walnut1 ,bureau ,co4 7p4 #aje74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,dov]1 ,rac9e ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #b4 ,wauke%a1 ,wauke%a ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #c4 ,madison1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #d4 ,bluem\nds1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #e4 ,lone ,rock1 ,ri*l& ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #f4 ,s9s9awa1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #g4 ,wauseka1 ,craw=d ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #h4 ,ri*l& ,c5t]1 ,ri*l& ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #i4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,/4 ,m>ys ,city1 ,/ ,m>ys ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #b4 ,/4 ,clem5ts1 ,/4 ,m>ys ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #c4 ,t[son1 ,baltimore ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #d4 ,lane's ,creek & ,cle> ,spr+1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7pp4 #aab1 #aac74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 #f miles ea/ ( ,williamsburg1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #b4 ,city ,po9t1 ,pr9ce ,george ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #c4 ,ab+don1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #d4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #e4 ,cov+ton1 ,alleghany ,co4 7p4 #aad74 #f4 ,hot ,spr+s1 ,ba? ,co4 7p4 #aad74 #g4 ,edom1 ,rock+ham ,co4 7p4 #aad74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,/ew>t/[n1 ,monongalia ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #b4 ,p>k]sburg1 ,wood ,co4 7p4 #aae74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a 7,see also ,map #ci73 #a4 ---- ,new ,hanov] ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #b4 ---- ,p5d] ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #c4 ---- ,dupl9 ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #d4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,co41 ,m4 prog5ium 7p4 #aae74 #e4 ,jacksonville1 ,onsl[ ,co4 7p4 #aaf74 #f4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,co4 7p4 #aaf74 #g4 ---- ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n 7p4 #aaf74 #h4 ,h>l[e1 ,c>t]et ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #i4 ---- ,pitt ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #aj4 ---- ,wilson ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #aa4 ,t>boro1 ,edgecombe ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #ab4 ,rocky ,m\nt1 ,na% ,co4 7p4 #aag74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,co4 7p4 #aah74 #b4 ,a%ley ,riv]1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #aah74 #c4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,co4 7p4 #aai74 #d4 ---- ,lee ,co4 7p4 #aai74 #e4 ,d>l+ton1 ,d>l+ton ,co4 7p4 #aai74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #abj74 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ,*a?am ,co4 7p4 #abj74 ,florida 7,see ,map #aj74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,co4 7p4 #abd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,p]?%ire1 ,boliv> ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #b4 ,caseilla1 ,tallahat*ie ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #c4 ,jackson1 ,h9ds ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #d4 ,vicksburg1 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #e4 ,bov9a81 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #f4 ---- ,claiborne ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #g4 ---- ,jeff]son ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #h4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #i4 ,p9ckneyville1 ,wilk9son ,co4 7p4 #abf74 #aj4 ,betwe5 ,zeigl]ville & ,pe>ce1 ,yazoo ,co41 ,m4 prog5ium 7p4 #abf74 #aa4 ,woodville1 ,wilk9son ,co4 7p4 #abf74 ,t5nessee 7,see also figure #bc1 p4 #cie73 #a4 ,k+sport1 ,sullivan ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #b4 ,/4 ,clair1 ,hawk9s ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #c4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jeff]son ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #d4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #e4 ,neub]ts ,spr+s1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #f4 #aa miles we/ ( ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #g4 #aa miles s\!a/ ( ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #h4 ,fayetteville1 ,l9coln ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #i4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,co4 7p4 #abh74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,ludl[1 ,k5ton ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #c4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #d4 ,h>risonville1 ,h>rison ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #e4 ---- ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #f4 ,dr5non ,spr+s1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #g4 ,l\isville1 ,jeff]son ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #h4 ,smi?l&81 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #abi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #f4 ,ea/]n ,new ,york1 we/]n ,massa*usetts & ,connecticut4 ,relation ( ma/odon localities to sea-level areas ne> end ( ,wiscons9 /age4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #f4 ,massa*usetts3 #a4 ,col]a9e1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,%rewsbury1 ,worce/] ,co4 7p4 #dg74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,*e%ire1 ,new ,hav5 ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,new ,brita91 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #c4 ,f>m+ton1 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #d4 ,bri/ol1 ,h>t=d ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #e4 ,%>on1 ,lit*field ,co4 7p4 #dh74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,ri*mond ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,k+s ,co4 7p4 #di74 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,que5s ,co4 7p4 #di74 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #di74 #e4 ,riv]head1 ,suffolk ,co4 7p4 #di74 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,co4 7p4 #di74 #g4 ,new ,york ,city 7p4 #ej74 #h4 ,h>tsdale1 ,we/*e/] ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockl& ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aj4 ,ard51 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ad4 ,new ,w9dsor1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #be4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,dut*ess ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bg4 ,clav]ack1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #f ,a ,di/ribution ( ma/odon localities 9 ,new ,j]sey4 ,= explanation see page #dah4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #f ,a4 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,mann+ton ,t[n%ip1 ,salem ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #b4 ,h>risonville1 ,gl\ce/] ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #c4 ,mullica ,hill1 ,gl\ce/] ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #d4 ,woodbury1 ,gl\ce/] ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #e4 ,pemb]ton1 ,burl+ton ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #f4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #g4 ,freehold1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #h4 ,engli%t[n1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #i4 ,m>lboro1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #aj4 ,long ,bran*1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #aa4 ,naves9k ,hills1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ab4 ,manasquan ,inlet1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ac4 ,v]ona1 ,essex ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ad4 ,rockport1 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #fg74 #ae4 ,hackett/[n1 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #fg74 #af4 ,hope1 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #ag4 ,gre5dell1 ,sussex ,co4 7p4 #fh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #g4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,ohio4 ,= explanation see pages #dbj & #dbb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #g4 ,ohio3 #a4 ---- ,pike ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #b4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #c4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #d4 ,am&a1 ,butl] ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #e4 ,g]mant[n1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #gb74 #g4 ,new ,p>is1 ,preble ,co4 7p4 #gb74 #h4 ,we/ ,sonora1 ,preble ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #i4 ,new ,madison1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #aj4 ,=t ,jeff]son1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #aa4 #f miles we/ ( ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #ab4 ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #ac4 ,ansonia1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ad4 ,troy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ae4 ,catawba1 ,cl>k ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #af4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ag4 ,s\? ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ah4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ai4 ,pickaway ,pla9s1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bj4 ,salt ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ba4 ,%adeville1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bb4 ,m\nt ,gilead1 ,morr[ ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bc4 ,h>p]1 ,logan ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bd4 ,r\ndhead1 ,h>d9 ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #be4 ,wa%+ton ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bf4 ,pu%eta ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bg4 ,wapakoneta1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bh4 ,du*\quet ,t[n%ip1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bi4 ,/4 ,johns1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #cj4 ---- ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ca4 ,ohio ,city1 ,van ,w]t ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cb4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cc4 ,lib]ty ,t[n%ip1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cd4 ,spr+field ,t[n%ip1 ,lucas ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #ce4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,wood ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #cf4 ,c>ey1 ,wy&ot ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #cg4 ,old ,=t1 ,s5eca ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #ch4 ,bucyrus1 ,craw=d ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #ci4 ,s&usky1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #dj4 ,br[nhelm ,t[n%ip1 ,lora9 ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #da4 ,pittsfield ,t[n%ip1 ,lora9 ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #db4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #dc4 ---- ,m$9a ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #dd4 ,gre5 ,t[n%ip1 ,summit ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #de4 ,massillon1 ,/>k ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #df4 ,canton1 ,/>k ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #dg4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #dh4 ---- ,trumbull ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #di4 ,brighton1 ,cl>k ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ej4 ,wood/ock1 ,*ampaign ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ea4 ,granville1 ,lick+ ,co4 7p4 #ge74 ,,key ,,to ,,names ,,( ,,c\nties ,,9 ,,ohio4 #a4 ,williams #b4 ,fulton #c4 ,lucas #d4 ,ottawa #e4 ,lake #f4 ,a%tabula #g4 ,trumbull #h4 ,geauga #i4 ,cuyahoga #aj4 ,lora9 #aa4 ,erie #ab4 ,s&usky #ac4 ,wood #ad4 ,h5ry #ae4 ,defiance #af4 ,pauld+ #ag4 ,putnam #ah4 ,hancock #ai4 ,s5eca #bj4 ,huron #ba4 ,m$9a #bb4 ,summit #bc4 ,portage #bd4 ,mahon+ #be4 ,columbiana #bf4 ,/>k #bg4 ,wayne #bh4 ,a%l& #bi4 ,ri*l& #cj4 ,craw=d #ca4 ,wy&ot #cb4 ,all5 #cc4 ,van ,w]t #cd4 ,m]c] #ce4 ,auglaize #cf4 ,h>d9 #cg4 ,m>ion #ch4 ,morr[ #ci4 ,knox #dj4 ,holmes #da4 ,co%octon #db4 ,tusc>awas #dc4 ,c>roll #dd4 ,h>rison #de4 ,jeff]son #df4 ,belmont #dg4 ,gu]nsey #dh4 ,musk+um #di4 ,lick+ #ej4 ,delaw>e #ea4 ,union #eb4 ,logan #ec4 ,%elby #ed4 ,d>ke #ee4 ,miami #ef4 ,*ampaign #eg4 ,cl>k #eh4 ,madison #ei4 ,frankl9 #fj4 ,pickaway #fa4 ,fairfield #fb4 ,p]ry #fc4 ,morgan #fd4 ,noble #fe4 ,monroe #ff4 ,wa%+ton #fg4 ,a!ns #fh4 ,hock+ #fi4 ,v9ton #gj4 ,ross #ga4 ,fayette #gb4 ,gre5 #gc4 ,montgom]y #gd4 ,preble #ge4 ,butl] #gf4 ,w>r5 #gg4 ,cl9ton #gh4 ,highl& #gi4 ,pike #hj4 ,jackson #ha4 ,meigs #hb4 ,gallia #hc4 ,lawr5ce #hd4 ,scioto #he4 ,adams #hf4 ,br[n #hg4 ,cl]mont #hh4 ,hamilton ,illu/ration3 ,,map #h4 ,f9ds ( ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,mi*igan4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #h4 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,*ur*1 ,hillsdale ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #c4 ,h[ell1 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #ha74 #d4 ,bellevue1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #ha74 #e4 ,olivet1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #f4 ,/anton1 ,montcalm ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #g4 ,bu*anan1 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #h4 ,eau ,claire1 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #i4 ,dorr1 ,allegan ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #aj4 ,cannonsburg1 ,k5t ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #aa4 ,moorl&1 ,muskegon ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #ab4 ,williams ,t[n%ip1 ,bay ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #ac4 ,ne> ,sag9aw1 ,sag9aw ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #ad4 ,alma1 ,gratiot ,co4 7p4 #he74 #ae4 ---- ,sag9aw ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #af4 ,bancr(t1 ,%iawassee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ag4 ,v5ice1 ,%iawassee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ah4 ,f5ton1 ,g5esee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ai4 ,davison1 ,g5esee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #bj4 ,utica1 ,macomb ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ba4 ,plym\?1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #bb4 ,wy&otte1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #bc4 ,sal9e1 ,wa%t5aw ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #bd4 ,pet]sburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #be4 ,gali51 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #bf4 #g miles s\?we/ ( ,ypsilanti 7p4 #hh74 #bg4 ,clayton1 ,l5awee ,co4 7p4 #ha74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #i4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,indiana4 ,= explanation see page #dbd4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #i4 ,! names ( ! glacial mora9es are giv5 on ,map #cg4 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,posey ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #b4 ---- ,dubois ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #c4 ,h9do/an1 ,m>t9 ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #d4 ,we/ ( ,orleans1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #e4 ,sp>ksville1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #f4 ,we/ ( ,tampico1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #g4 ,new ,albany1 ,floyd ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #h4 ,pr9ceton1 ,gibson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #i4 ---- ,knox or ,gibson ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #aj4 ---- ,p>ke ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #aa4 ,brookville1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #ab4 ---- ,de>born ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ac4 ,gre5ca/le1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ad4 ,danville1 ,h5dricks ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ae4 ,attica1 ,f\nta9 ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #af4 ,b[]s1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ag4 ,indianapolis1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ah4 ,&]son1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #ai4 ,fairm\nt ,t[n%ip1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #bj4 ,*>le/on1 ,cl>ke ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ba4 ,muncie1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #bb4 ---- ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bc4 ,losantville1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bd4 ,dalton1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #be4 ,jacksonburg1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bf4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bg4 ,p5n ,t[n%ip1 ,jay ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #bh4 ,=t ,wayne1 ,all5 ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #bi4 ,we/ ( ,wat]loo1 ,de,kalb ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #cj4 ,a%ley1 ,/eub5 ,co4 7p4 #if74 #ca4 ,beav] ,lake1 ,newton ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cb4 ---- ,jasp] ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cc4 ,d5ham1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cd4 ,ri* ,grove ,t[n%ip1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #ce4 ,royal ,c5t]1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #cf4 ,macy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #cg4 ,p]u1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #ch4 ,laketon1 ,waba% ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #ci4 ,nor? ,man*e/]1 ,waba% ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #dj4 ,lagrange1 ,lagrange ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #da4 ,l[ell1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #db4 ,hebron1 ,port] ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #dc4 ,k\ts1 ,port] ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dd4 ,valp>aiso1 ,port] ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #de4 ,s\!a/ ( ,valp>aiso1 ,port] ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #df4 ,olive ,t[n%ip1 ,/4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dg4 ,notre ,dame1 ,/4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dh4 ,fulton1 ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #di4 ,indian ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #ej4 ,gre5sburg1 ,decatur ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ea4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #eb4 ,v9c5nes1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #ec4 ,roy]ton1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7p4 #id74 #ed4 ,lawr5ceburg1 ,de>born ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ee4 ,nor?we/ ( ,wat]loo1 ,de,kalb ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #ef4 ---- ,noble ,co4 7p4 #ie74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #aj4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e ma/odons 9 ,florida4 ,= explanation see page #dbf4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #aj4 ,if no "n is giv51 ,mammut am]icanum is und]/ood4 ,florida3 #a4 ,m>ianna1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #b4 ,=t ,:ite1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #c4 ,citra1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #d4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #f4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #g4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #h4 ---- ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #i4 ,alafia ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #aj4 ,pa9s ,creek1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #aa4 ,peace ,creek1 ,de ,soto ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #ab4 ,little ,riv]1 ,gadsd5 ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #ac4 ,fellsm]e1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #ad4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #ae4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,gompho!rium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #af4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ag4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ah4 ,juliette1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ai4 ,san ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #bj4 ,brew/]1 ,polk ,co41 ,gompho!rium floridanum & ,mammut prog5ium8 7p4 #abc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #aa4 ,di/ribution ( ,elephas primig5ius 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dbh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #aa4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #acj74 #b4 ,am>an?1 ,duff]9 ,co4 7p4 #acj74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,m9oa1 ,onondaga ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #b4 ,williamson1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #c4 ,pitts=d1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #d4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #e4 ,que5sbury1 ,w>r5 ,co4 7p4 #acb74 #f4 ,lewi/on1 ,niag>a ,co4 7p4 #acb74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co4 7p4 #acb74 #b4 ,nor? ,pla9field1 ,union ,co4 7p4 #acc74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #b4 ,*add's ,=d1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #c4 ,h>vey's1 ,gre5e ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #d4 ,lone ,p9e1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #e4 ,beav] ,dam1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #acc74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,wav]ly1 ,pike ,co4 7p4 #acd74 #b4 ,zanesville1 ,musk+um ,co4 7p4 #acd74 #c4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,musk+um ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #d4 ,millport1 ,columbiana ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #e4 ,m\nt ,heal?y1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #g4 ,selma1 ,cl>k ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #h4 ,v]sailles1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #i4 ,j]sey1 ,lick+ ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #aj4 ,*icago1 ,huron ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #aa4 ,kamms1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ab4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ac4 ,new ,b]l91 ,/>k ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ad4 ,amboy1 ,a%tabula ,co4 7p4 #acg74 #ae4 ---- ,butl] ,co4 7p4 #ace74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,?ree ,oaks1 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #acg74 #b4 ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #acg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,ott] ,creek ,t[n%ip1 ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #b4 ,madison1 ,jeff]son ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #c4 ,vevay1 ,switz]l& ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #d4 ,w9dsor1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #e4 ,w9*e/]1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #f4 ,fairm\nt1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #g4 ,francisville1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #h4 ,cr[n ,po9t1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #i4 ,nor? ,lib]ty1 ,/4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #aj4 ,web/]1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #aa4 ,ro*e/]1 ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #adj74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,cairo1 ,alex&] ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #b4 ,a%l&1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #ada74 #c4 ,kewanee1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #adb74 #d4 ,p5ny's ,sl\gh1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #adb74 #e4 ---- ,k5dall ,co4 7p4 #adc74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,milwaukee1 ,milwaukee ,co4 7p4 #adc74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #add74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,inl& ,wat]way ,canal1 ,c>t]et ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,florida3 #a4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co4 7p4 #adf74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #adf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ab4 ,di/ribution ( ,elephas columbi 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dcj4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ab4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es1 ,l9coln ,co4 7p4 #adg74 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,co4 7p4 #adg74 ,v]mont3 #a4 ,m\nt ,holly1 ,rutl& ,co4 7p4 #adh74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,hom]1 ,cortl& ,co4 7p4 #adi74 #b4 ,elmira1 ,*emung ,co4 7p4 #adi74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,middlet[n1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #adi74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,gre5e ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #c4 ,tryonville1 ,craw=d ,co4 7p4 #aej74 ,ohio3 #a4 ---- ,/>k ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #b4 ,amboy1 ,a%l& ,co4 7p4 #aej74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ---- ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #aea74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,t]re ,haute1 ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #aea74 #b4 ,monrovia1 ,morgan ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #c4 ,w9dfall1 ,tipton ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #d4 ,br+hur/1 ,c>roll ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,/aley1 ,*ampaign ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #b4 ,/ronghur/1 ,h5d]son ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #c4 ,*illico!1 ,peoria ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #d4 ,*icago ,heights1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #e4 ,pawpaw1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #f4 ,woodhull1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #aed74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #aed74 #b4 ---- ,que5 ,anne ,co4 7p4 #aed74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,little ,kana:a ,riv]1 ,wirt ,co4 7p4 #aee74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 #i miles s\? ( ,wilm+ton1 ,new ,hanov] ,co4 7p4 #aee74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #b4 ,edi/o ,riv]1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #c4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #d4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,co4 7p4 #aef74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick ,canal1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ,*a?am ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 ,florida 7,see ,map #ac74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #b4 ,m\? ( ,big ,tw9 ,creek1 ,ow5 ,co4 7p4 #afa74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ac4 ,di/ribution ( ,elephas columbi 9 ,florida4 ,= explanation see page #dcb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ac4 #a4 ,/4 ,m>ks ,riv]1 ,wakulla ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #b4 ,/ation #abj1 ,duval ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #c4 ,citra1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #d4 ,mantanzas1 ,/4 ,john ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #e4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #f4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #g4 ,hold]1 ,citrus ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #h4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #i4 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 ,p9ellas ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #aj4 ,k+s=d1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #aa4 ,s>asota1 ,s>asota ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ab4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ac4 ,zolfo1 ,h>dee ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #ad4 ,arcadia1 ,de,soto ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #ae4 ,t\rn]'s1 ,glades ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #ag4 ,fellsm]e1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ah4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brev>d ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ai4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #bj4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ba4 ,sumt]ville1 ,sumt] ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ad4 ,di/ribution ( ,elephas imp]ator 9 s\!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= explanation see page #dcd4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ad4 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,head ( ,coop] ,riv]1 ,b]keley ,co4 7p4 #afb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #d4 ,ev]glades1 ,palm ,bea* ,co48 7p4 #afc74 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de,soto ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #afd74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,co4 7p4 #afd74 #b4 8,ne> ,gulf ( ,mexico0 7p4 #afe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ae4 ,elephas imp]ator 9 ,florida4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ae4 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #d4 ,ev]glades1 ,palm ,bea* ,co48 7p4 #afc74 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #afd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #af4 ,di/ribution ( elephants ( undet]m9$ species 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dch4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #af4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,/4 ,ca?>9es1 ,l9coln ,co4 7p4 #aff74 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,co4 7p4 #aff74 #c4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,v]mont3 #a4 ,ri*mond1 ,*itt5d5 ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,s5eca ,lake 7p4 #afg74 #b4 ,wellsburg1 ,*emung ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,*amb]sburg1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegh5y ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #c4 ,meadville1 ,craw=d ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #d4 ,gir>d1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #afh74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #b4 ,bev]ly1 ,wa%+ton ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #c4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #d4 ---- ,ross ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #e4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #f4 ,=t ,jeff]son1 ,d>ke ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #g4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #h4 ,s\? ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #i4 ,clevel&1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #aj4 ,montville1 ,geauga ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #aa4 ,canton1 ,/>k ,co4 7p4 #agj74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,ea/ ,sag9aw1 ,sag9aw ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #b4 ---- ,macomb ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #c4 ,gr& ,l$ge1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #d4 ,bu*anan1 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #aga74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,v&]burg ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #b4 ,%oals1 ,m>t9 ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #c4 ---- ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #d4 ,gosport1 ,ow5 ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #e4 ,brookville1 ,frankl9 ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #f4 ,p>ke1 ,v]milion1 & ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #g4 ,nor!a/ ( ,b[]s1 ,montgom]y ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #h4 ---- ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #i4 ,noblesville1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #aj4 ,dora1 ,waba% ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #aa4 ---- ,jasp] ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ab4 ,pleasant ,t[n%ip1 ,waba% ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ac4 ,/4 ,john's1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ad4 ---- ,all5 ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ae4 ,muncie1 ,delaw>e ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #af4 ,conn]sville1 ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #ag4 ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,co4 7p4 #agb74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,equality1 ,gallat9 ,co4 7p4 #age74 #b4 ,*e/]1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #age74 #c4 ---- ,calh\n ,co4 7p4 #age74 #d4 ,sangamon ,riv]1 ,sangamon ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #e4 ---- ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #f4 ,galesburg1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #g4 ,rock ,isl&1 ,rock ,isl& ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #h4 ,atwood1 ,piatt ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #i4 ,peoria1 ,peoria ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #aj4 ,evan/on1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #aa4 ,ro*elle1 ,ogle ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #ab4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 7p4 #agh74 #ac4 ,:eaton1 ,dupage ,c\nty1 & ,oak ,p>k1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #ad4 ,pek91 ,tazewell ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #ae4 ,s\? ,=k ( ,sangamon ,riv]1 ,*ri/ian ,co4 7p4 #age74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,/ockholm1 ,pep9 ,co4 7p4 #agh74 ,m>yl& & ,di/rict ( ,columbia3 #a4 ,upp] ,m>lboro1 ,pr9ce ,george ,co4 7p4 #agh74 #b4 ,wa%+ton1 ,di/rict ( ,columbia 7p4 #agh74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,w>r5ton1 ,fauqui] ,co4 7p4 #agh74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,:eel+1 ,ohio ,co4 7p4 #agi74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n 7p4 #agh74 #b4 ,h>l[e1 ,c>t]et ,co4 7p4 #agi74 ,florida3 #a4 ,wakulla ,spr+s1 ,wakulla ,co4 7p4 #agi74 #b4 ,/okes ,f]ry1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 #c4 ,b>t[1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,gallat91 ,sumn] ,co4 7p4 #aha74 #b4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,co4 7p4 #aha74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #aha74 #b4 ,newport1 ,campbell ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 #c4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 #d4 ,em95ce1 ,h5ry ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ag4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e horses1 mo/ly ,equus1 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #ddj4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ag4 ,massa*usetts3 #a4 ,gay ,head1 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 ,equus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahc74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,?rog's ,neck1 ,new ,york ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahc74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,sw$esboro1 ,gl\ce/] ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahd74 #b4 ,fi% ,h\se1 ,camd5 ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahd74 #c4 ,naves9k ,hills1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahd74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahd74 #b4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 #c4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 pect9atus 7p4 #ahe74 #d4 ,ru!r=d1 ,dauph9 ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 #e4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,c9c9nati1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahe74 #b4 ,columbus1 ,frankl9 ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahf74 #c4 ,salt ,creek1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahf74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahf74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,bond or ,fayette ,co41 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahg74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 #c4 ,gre5e ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 ,m>yl& & ,di/rict ( ,columbia3 #a4 ,m>%all ,hall1 ,*>les ,co41 ,equus leidyi8 7p4 #ahh74 #b4 ,georget[n1 ,d4 ,c41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahh74 #c4 ,mit*ellville1 ,pr9ce ,george ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahh74 #d4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #ahi74 #e4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 #f4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahi74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,ab+don1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 #b4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 #c4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aij74 #d4 ,/aunton1 ,augu/a ,co41 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 #e4 ,d5ni/on1 ,halifax ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,po9t ,pleasant1 ,mason ,co41 ,e4 niobr>5sis8 7p4 #aij74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,elizabe?t[n1 ,blad5 ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aij74 #b4 ,bel[ ,newb]n1 9 ,pamlico ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aia74 #c4 ,gre5ville1 ,pitt ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aia74 #d4 ,plym\? ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aia74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,beau=t1 ,beau=t ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aia74 #b4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aib74 #c4 ,ri*l& ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aic74 #d4 ,d>l+ton1 ,d>l+ton ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aic74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aic74 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ,*a?am ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aid74 ,florida 7,see ,map #ah74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,newb]n1 ,hale ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjj74 #b4 ,bogue ,*itto1 ,dallas ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,orizaba1 ,tippah ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #bjj74 #b4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,hawk9s ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bja74 #b4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bja74 #c4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,co41 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #bja74 #d4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bja74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjb74 #b4 ,monday's ,l&+1 ,m]c] ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ah4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e horses1 mo/ly ,equus1 9 ,florida4 ,= explanation see page #ddb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ah4 #a4 ,/okes ,f]ry1 ,nassau ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aid74 #b4 ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,/4 ,john ,co41 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aid74 #c4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,hipp>ion1 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aie74 #d4 ,wade1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #aie74 #e4 ,newb]ry1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,hipp>ion sp4 indet41 ,p>ahippus sp4 indet41 ,equus littoralis 7p4 #aie74 #f4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,hipp>ion +5uum 7p4 #aie74 #g4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,co41 ,equus leidyi1 ,hipp>ion +5uum1 ,h4 plicatile 7p4 #aie74 #h4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #i4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #aj4 ,h]n&o1 ,citrus ,co41 ,hipp>ion sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #aa4 ,hold]1 ,citrus ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #ab4 ---- ,orange ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #ac4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brev>d ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aif74 #ad4 ,k+s=d1 ,polk ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #ae4 ,brew/]1 ,polk ,co41 ,hipp>ion m9us 7p4 #aig74 #af4 ,alafia ,riv]1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aig74 #ag4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aig74 #ah4 ,s>asota ,bay1 ,s>asota ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aih74 #ai4 ,calv5ia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aih74 #bj4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 pr9ceps1 ,e4 littoralis1 ,hipp>ion +5uum 7p4 #aih74 #ba4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 #bb4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aii74 #bc4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ai4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e tapirs 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #ddd4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ai4 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co41 ,tapirus t]re/ris8 7p4 #bjc74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,new ,salisbury1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjc74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,co41 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjd74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjd74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,t4 haysii1 ,t4 v]o5sis81 ,t4 t]re/ris8 7p4 #bjd74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjf74 ,florida3 #a4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,t4 t]re/ris8 7p4 #bjf74 #b4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,t4 haysii8 7p4 #bjg74 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,t4 haysii81 ,t4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 #d4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,t4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 #e4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,t4 v]o5sis8 7p4 #bjh74 #f4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,t4 v]o5sis1 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjh74 #g4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,t4 t]re/ris8 7p4 #bjh74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,t4 haysii1 ,t4 t]re/ris8 7p4 #bjh74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co41 ,t4 t5nesse 7p4 #bji74 #b4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bji74 #c4 ,look\t ,m\nta91 ,hamilton ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 #d4 ,bri/ol1 ,sullivan ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 #b4 ,/amp+ ,gr\nd1 ,scott ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #baj74 #c4 ,y>nallton1 ,fayette ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #baj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bj4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e pecc>ies 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #ddf4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bj4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,ro*e/]1 ,monroe ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bab74 #b4 ,ga9esville1 ,wyom+ ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bab74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,%>k ,riv]1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus8 7p4 #bac74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,m4 p5nsylvanicus 7p4 #bac74 #b4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,m4 p5nsylvanicus1 ,m4 nasutus1 ,tagassu8 tetragonus8 7p4 #bac74 #c4 ,milroy1 ,miffl9 ,co41 ,platygonus vetus 7p4 #bac74 #d4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co41 ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus8 7p4 #bad74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,wilm+ton1 ,cl9ton ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bad74 #b4 ,columbus1 ,frankl9 ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bad74 #c4 ,*alfants1 ,p]ry ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bae74 #d4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus8 7p4 #bae74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,beld+1 ,ionia ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bae74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,gibson ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #baf74 #b4 ,williams1 ,lawr5ce ,co41 ,platygonus vetus81 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bag74 #c4 ,laketon1 ,waba% ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,p4 cumb]l&5sis8 7p4 #bai74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,blue ,m\nds1 ,dane ,co41 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bai74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,b5$ict1 ,*>les ,co41 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbj74 #b4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,co41 ,t4 l5is 7p4 #bbj74 #c4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,mylohyus p5nsylvanicus1 ,m4 exortivus1 ,platygonus cumb]l&5sis1 ,p4 int]m$ius 7p4 #bbj74 #d4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus1 ,m4 exortivus1 ,m4 obtusid5s1 ,platygonus vetus1 ,p4 cumb]l&5sis1 ,tagassu tetragonus 7p4 #bbj74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bba74 #b4 ---- ,augu/a ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bba74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,r5icks1 ,gre5bri] ,co41 ,p4 int]m$ius 7p4 #bba74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bba74 ,florida3 #a4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,tagassu l5is 7p4 #bbb74 #b4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,t4 l5is 7p4 #bbb74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,rog]sville1 ,hawk9s ,co41 ,mylohyus setig] 7p4 #bbb74 #b4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co41 ,m4 nasutus 7p4 #bbc74 #c4 ,d&ridge1 ,jeff]son ,co4 8,pecc>y0 7p4 #bbc74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,rock ,ca/le ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bbc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ba4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e camels 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #ddh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ba4 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,teleopt]nus ori5talis 7p4 #bbd74 ,florida3 #a4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,procamelus major1 ,p4 m9or1 ,p4 m9imus 7p4 #bbd74 #b4 ,willi/on1 ,levy ,co41 ,p4 major 7p4 #bbd74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,p4 m9imus8 7p4 #bbd74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,p4 m9or 7p4 #bbe74 #e4 ,h]n&o1 ,citrus ,co41 ,procamelus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 #f4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bb4 ,di/ribution ( ! de] ( ! g5us ,odocoileus 9 ! ,plei/oc5e 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dej4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bb4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,odocoileus virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ---- ,orange ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 #b4 ,gre5ville1 ,gre5e ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 #c4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 #d4 ,h9sdale1 ,catt>augus ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,wood/[n1 ,salem ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbf74 #b4 ,v9c5t[n1 ,burl+ton ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 #c4 ,deal1 ,monm\? ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 #b4 ,frank/[n1 ,blair ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bbg74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbg74 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbh74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus81 ,o4 doli*opsis 7p4 #bbh74 #b4 ,h>risville1 ,r&olph ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbh74 #c4 ,roann1 ,waba% ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbi74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbi74 #b4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbi74 #c4 ,ottawa1 ,la,salle ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bbi74 #d4 ,evan/on1 ,cook ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcj74 #e4 ,lemont1 ,cook ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcj74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,lead region1 ,o4 virg9ianus1 ,o4 :itneyi 7p4 #bcj74 #b4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcj74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcj74 #b4 ,cavet[n1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bca74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co41 ,o48 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bca74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bca74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ---- ,wood ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bca74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n4 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bca74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bca74 #b4 ,d>l+ton1 ,d>l+ton ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcb74 #b4 ,neals1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcb74 #c4 ,ar*]1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcb74 #d4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,o4 osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 #g4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcc74 #h4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcd74 #i4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,o4 sell>dsi1 ,o4 osceola8 7p4 #bcd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcc74 #b4 ,ab]de51 ,monroe ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus8 7p4 #bcd74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 #b4 ,na%ville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcd74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 #c4 ,h5d]son1 ,h5d]son ,co41 ,o4 virg9ianus 7p4 #bcd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bc4 ,di/ribution ( ,c]vus canad5sis 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #deb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bc4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,hamilton1 ,w5twor? ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #b4 ,ne> ,/ra?roy1 ,middlesex ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #c4 ,k+/on1 ,front5ac ,co4 7p4 #bce74 ,v]mont3 #a4 ,gr& ,isle1 ,*ampla9 ,lake 7p4 #bce74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,racket ,riv]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #b4 ,s5eca ,ca/le1 ,ont>io ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #c4 ,f>m+ton1 ,ont>io ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #d4 ---- ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #e4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #f4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #g4 ,boonville1 ,oneida ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #h4 ,?ird ,lake1 ,h]kim] ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #i4 ,/eele's ,corn]s1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,deal1 ,monm\? ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,cambridge ,city1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #b4 ,f\nta9 ,city1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #c4 ,h>risville1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #d4 ,p5nville1 ,jay ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #e4 ---- ,waba% ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #f4 ,=esman1 ,newton ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #g4 ,r5ssela]1 ,jasp] ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #h4 ---- ,lake ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #i4 ,k\ts1 ,port] ,co4 7p4 #bci74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #b4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #c4 ,palos ,p>k1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #d4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #e4 ,union ,grove1 ,:iteside ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #f4 ,lead ,region1 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #g4 ,bee*]1 ,w ,co4 7p4 #bda74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,wauwatosa1 ,milwaukee ,co4 7p4 #bda74 #b4 ,pewaukee1 ,wauke%a ,co4 7p4 #bda74 #c4 ,:itehall1 ,trempealeau ,co4 7p4 #bda74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,ox=d ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #bdb74 ,nor? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n 7p4 #bdb74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #bdb74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,florida3 #a4 ,alafia ,riv] 7p4 #bdc74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,:itesburg1 ,hambl5 ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bd4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e species ( ,rangif] 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #ded4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bd4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,rangif] sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 ,v]mont3 #a4 ,woodbury1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,r4 c>ib\8 7p4 #bdd74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,new ,hav51 ,new ,hav5 ,co41 ,r4 c>ib\8 7p4 #bdd74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,oss9+1 ,we/*e/] ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 #b4 ,racket ,riv]1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,co41 ,r48 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,v9c5t[n1 ,burl+ton ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 #b4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bde74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,r4 c>ib\ 7p4 #bdf74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co41 ,r4 c>ib\ 7p4 #bdf74 ,ill9ois3 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,r4 muscat95sis8 7p4 #bdf74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,m5omonie1 ,dunn ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdg74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #be4 ,di/ribution ( musk-ox5 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,= explanation see page #def4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #be4 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co41 ,ovibos mos*atus 7p4 #bdh74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons8 7p4 #bdh74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co41 ,ovibos appala*icolus 7p4 #bdi74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,urbana1 ,*ampaign ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bdi74 #b4 ,y\ng/[n1 ,mahon+ ,co41 ,ovibos mos*atus 7p4 #bdi74 #c4 ---- ,trumbull ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bdi74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,man*e/]1 ,wa%t5aw ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bej74 #b4 ,moorl&1 ,muskegon ,co41 ,bo!rium s>g5ti 7p4 #bej74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,wailesboro1 ,b>?olomew ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bea74 #b4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,co41 ,ovibos mos*atus 7p4 #beb74 #c4 ---- ,r&olph ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #beb74 #d4 ,beav] ,lake1 ,newton ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons8 7p4 #beb74 #e4 ,hebron1 ,port] ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #beb74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,bondville1 ,*ampaign ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bec74 #b4 ,manito1 ,mason ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bec74 #c4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,symbos promptus8 7p4 #bed74 ,we/ ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,mahan1 ,brooke ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,bo!rium bombifrons1 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 #c4 ,w9*e/]1 ,cl>k ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bf4 ,di/ribution ( ext9ct bisons 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,= explanation see page #deh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bf4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet1 7p4 #bef74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,pitt/on1 ,luz]ne ,co41 ,bison8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bef74 #b4 ,port ,k5n$y1 ,montgom]y ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bef74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,f9ca/le1 ,br[n ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #beg74 #b4 ,nor? ,fairfield1 ,huron ,co41 ,b4 sylve/ris 7p4 #beg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,v&]burg ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #beg74 #b4 ,v9c5nes1 ,knox ,co41 ,b4 antiquus 7p4 #beh74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,coon ,valley1 ,v]non ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,m>yl&3 #a4 ,*esapeake ,bea*1 ,calv]t ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,virg9ia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smy? ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wy! ,co41 ,b4 antiquus8 7p4 #bfj74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfj74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bfa74 #b4 ,skidaway ,isl&1 ,*a?am ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,wade1 ,ala*ua ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 #b4 ,pablo ,bea*1 ,duval ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfb74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,m>ion ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #e4 ,tampa1 ,manatee ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #f4 ,palmetto & ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #g4 ,grove ,city1 ,*>lotte ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfc74 #h4 ,v]o1 ,/4 ,lucie ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 #aa4 ,palm ,bea*1 ,palm ,bea* ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,newb]n1 ,hale ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,woolp] ,creek1 ,boone ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfd74 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,b4 antiquus 7p4 #bfd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bg4 ,f9ds ( ! exi/+ bison 7,bison bison7 9 ! ,plei/oc5e ( ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dfj4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bg4 ,ont>io3 #a4 ,nor? ,bay1 ,nipiss+ ,co4 7p4 #bff74 ,massa*usetts3 #a4 ,orleans1 ,b>n/able ,co4 7p4 #bff74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,albany1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #bff74 #b4 ,syracuse1 ,onondaga ,co4 7p4 #bff74 #c4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,new ,j]sey3 #a4 ,tr5ton1 ,m]c] ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,jasp] ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,sullivan1 ,m\ltrie ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 #b4 ,hom]1 ,*ampaign ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 #c4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #d4 ,:itewill[1 ,k5dall ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #e4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #f4 ,gal5a1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 ?is species8 7p4 #bfi74 ,wiscons93 #a4 ,bluem\nds1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 #b4 ,o%ko%1 ,w9nebago ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 ,k5tucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 #b4 ,bluelick ,spr+s1 ,ni*olas ,co4 7p4 #bga74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bh4 ,di/ribution ( giant beav]s1 ,ca/oroides1 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,= explanation see page #dfb4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bh4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,clyde1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 #b4 ,cana/ota1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 ,p5nsylvania3 #a4 ,/r\dsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 ,ohio 7,see ,map #bi74 ,mi*igan3 #a4 ,b]ri5 ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,l5awee ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #c4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,wa%t5aw ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #d4 ,attica1 ,lape] ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #e4 ,owosso1 ,%iawassee ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 ,indiana 7,see ,map #cj74 ,ill9ois3 #a4 ,%awneet[n1 ,gallat9 ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 #c4 ,*>le/on1 ,coles ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 #d4 ,nap]ville1 ,dupage ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 ,s\? ,c>ol9a3 #a4 ,*>le/on1 ,*>le/on ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,nat*ez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,t5nessee3 #a4 ,memphis1 ,%elby ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #bi4 ,di/ribution ( ! giant beav] ,ca/oroides 9 ,ohio4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #bi4 ,ohio3 #a4 ,na%port1 ,musk+um ,co4#a 7#dh7 7p4 #bgc74 #b4 ,wilm+ton1 ,cl9ton ,co4#a 7#b7 7p4 #bgc74 #c4 ,g]mant[n1 ,montgom]y ,co4#a 7#gc7 7p4 #bgd74 #d4 ,we/ ,sonora1 ,preble ,co4#a 7#gd7 7p4 #bgd74 #e4 ,gre5ville1 ,d>ke ,co4#a 7#ed7 7p4 #bgd74 #f4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,co4#a 7#ce7 7p4 #bgd74 ,footnote #a3 ,^! are ! numb]s :i* on ! map are giv5 to ! c\nties4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cj4 ,di/ribution ( ! giant beav] ,ca/oroides 9 ,indiana4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #cj4 #a4 ,v&]burg ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #b4 ,ri*mond1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #c4 ,gre5field1 ,hancock ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #d4 ,jame/[n1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #e4 ,summitville1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #f4 ,union ,city1 ,r&olph ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #g4 ,fairm\nt1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #h4 ---- ,c>roll ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #i4 ,logansport1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #aj4 ,macy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #aa4 ---- ,kosciusko ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #ab4 ,grov]t[n1 ,/>ke ,co4 7p4 #bgh7 ,= explanation ( ! num]als on ! m>g9s see map #cg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ca4--,%[s areas on ,long ,isl& & along ,connecticut & ,hudson ,riv]s at sea-level ne> ! end ( ! ,plei/oc5e4 ,rul$ areas subm]g$4 ,am\nt ( subsequ5t elevation indicat$ 9 feet at ! end ( ! isobases4 ,r$rawn f ,fair*ild4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cb4 ,isobases ( ,late ,glacial uplift 9 ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,aft] ,fair*ild4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cc4 ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]'s view ( preglacial dra9age ( ! region ( ! ,great ,lakes4 ,r$rawn f ,sp5c] & ,fo%ay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cd4 ,map ( ,york %[+ ! location ( ! ,wiscons9 ice n long aft] x began to retire2 also ,lakes ,newb]ry & ,maumee2 also location ( f9ds ( ma/odons4 ,geology aft] ,fair*ild4 ,= explanation see page #dfh4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #cd4 ,ma/odon ,localities4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,ri*mond ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,k+s ,co4 7p4 #di74 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,que5s ,co4 7p4 #di74 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #di74 #e4 ,riv]head1 ,suffolk ,co4 7p4 #di74 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,co4 7p4 #di74 #g4 ,new ,york ,city 7p4 #ej74 #h4 ,h>tsdale1 ,we/*e/] ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockl& ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aj4 ,ard51 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aa4 ,monroe1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ab4 ,*e/]1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ac4 ,salisbury ,mills1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ad4 ,new ,w9dsor1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #af4 ,ne> ,cold5ham1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #eb74 #ag4 ,ea/ ,cold5ham1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ah4 ,montgom]y1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ai4 ,hamptonburg1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #bj4 ,bullville1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ba4 ,scot*t[n1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bb4 ,otisville1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bc4 ,%awangunk1 ,ul/] ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bd4 ,ell5ville1 ,ul/] ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #be4 ,p\ghkeepsie1 ,dut*ess ,co4 7p4 #ee7 #bf4 ,betwe5 ,r$ ,bridge & ,wurtsboro1 ,sullivan ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bg4 ,clav]ack1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bh4 ,freehold1 ,gre5e ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bi4 ,gre5ville1 ,gre5e ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cb4 ,cop5hag51 ,lewis ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cc4 ,c5t] ,lisle1 ,broome ,co4 7p4 #eg74 #cd4 ,brookton1 ,tompk9s ,co4 7p4 #eg74 #ce4 ,pony ,holl[1 ,tompk9s ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #cf4 ,elmira1 ,*emung ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #cg4 ,lodi1 ,s5eca ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #ch4 ,mac$on1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #ci4 ,s5eca ,ca/le1 ,ont>io ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #dj4 ,p]k9sville1 ,/eub5 ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #da4 ,wayl&1 ,/eub5 ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #db4 ,pitts=d1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #dc4 ,ro*e/]1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #dd4 ,scottsburg1 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #de4 ,f[l]ville1 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #df4 ,g5eseo1 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #dg4 ,nunda1 ,liv+/on ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #dh4 ,belvid]e1 ,allegany ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #di4 ,pike1 ,wyom+ ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ej4 ,attica1 ,wyom+ ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ea4 ,l]oy1 ,g5esee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #eb4 ,/af=d1 ,g5esee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ec4 ,batavia1 ,g5esee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ed4 ,holley1 ,orleans ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ee4 ,m$9a1 ,orleans ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ef4 ,niag>a1 ,niag>a ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #eg4 ,h9sdale1 ,catt>augus ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #eh4 ,conewango1 ,catt>augus ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ei4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #fj4 ,jame/[n1 ,*autauqua ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #fa4 ,we/field1 ,*autauqua ,co4 7p4 #fc74 ,,c\nties #a4 ,albany #b4 ,allegany #c4 ,broome #d4 ,catt>augus #e4 ,cayuga #f4 ,*autauqua #g4 ,*emung #h4 ,*5ango #i4 ,cl9ton #aj4 ,columbia #aa4 ,cortl& #ab4 ,delaw>e #ac4 ,dut*ess #ad4 ,erie #ae4 ,essex #af4 ,frankl9 #ag4 ,fulton #ah4 ,g5esee #ai4 ,gre5e #bj4 ,hamilton #ba4 ,h]kim] #bb4 ,jeff]son #bc4 ,k+s #bd4 ,lewis #be4 ,liv+/on #bf4 ,madison #bg4 ,monroe #bh4 ,montgom]y #bi4 ,nassau #cj4 ,new ,york #ca4 ,niag>a #cb4 ,oneida #cc4 ,onondaga #cd4 ,ont>io #ce4 ,orange #cf4 ,orleans #cg4 ,oswego #ch4 ,otsego #ci4 ,putnam #dj4 ,que5s #da4 ,r5ssela] #db4 ,ri*mond #dc4 ,ro,ckland #dd4 ,s>atoga #de4 ,s*5ectady #df4 ,s*oh>ie #dg4 ,s*uyl] #dh4 ,s5eca #di4 ,/eub5 #ej4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce #ea4 ,suffolk #eb4 ,sullivan #ec4 ,tioga #ed4 ,tompk9s #ee4 ,ul/] #ef4 ,w>r5 #eg4 ,wa%+ton #eh4 ,wayne #ei4 ,we/*e/] #fj4 ,wyom+ #fa4 ,yates ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ce4 ,glacial map ( ,ohio %[+ ! areas occupi$ by ! ,wiscons9 & ,ill9ois drifts2 also ! unglaciat$ area2 also ! di/ribution ( ! ,wiscons9 mora9es4 ,= names ( c\nties see page #dgj4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ce4 ,,c\nties ,,( ,,ohio4 #a4 ,williams4 #b4 ,fulton4 #c4 ,lucas4 #d4 ,ottawa4 #e4 ,lake4 #f4 ,a%tabula4 #g4 ,trumbull4 #h4 ,geauga4 #i4 ,cuyahoga4 #aj4 ,lora94 #aa4 ,erie4 #ab4 ,s&usky4 #ac4 ,wood4 #ad4 ,h5ry4 #ae4 ,defiance4 #af4 ,pauld+4 #ag4 ,putnam4 #ah4 ,hancock4 #ai4 ,s5eca4 #bj4 ,huron4 #ba4 ,m$9a4 #bb4 ,summit4 #bc4 ,portage4 #bd4 ,mahon+4 #be4 ,columbiana4 #bf4 ,/>k4 #bg4 ,wayne4 #bh4 ,a%l&4 #bi4 ,ri*l&4 #cj4 ,craw=d4 #ca4 ,wy&ot4 #cb4 ,all54 #cc4 ,van ,w]t4 #cd4 ,m]c]4 #ce4 ,auglaize4 #cf4 ,h>d94 #cg4 ,m>ion4 #ch4 ,morr[4 #ci4 ,knox4 #dj4 ,holmes4 #da4 ,co%octon4 #db4 ,tusc>awas4 #dc4 ,c>roll4 #dd4 ,h>rison4 #de4 ,jeff]son4 #df4 ,belmont4 #dg4 ,gu]nsey4 #dh4 ,musk+um4 #di4 ,lick+4 #ej4 ,delaw>e4 #ea4 ,union4 #eb4 ,logan4 #ec4 ,%elby4 #ed4 ,d>ke4 #ee4 ,miami4 #ef4 ,*ampaign4 #eg4 ,cl>k4 #eh4 ,madison4 #ei4 ,frankl94 #fj4 ,pickaway4 #fa4 ,fairfield4 #fb4 ,p]ry4 #fc4 ,morgan4 #fd4 ,noble4 #fe4 ,monroe4 #ff4 ,wa%+ton4 #fg4 ,a!ns4 #fh4 ,hock+4 #fi4 ,v9ton4 #gj4 ,ross4 #ga4 ,fayette4 #gb4 ,gre5e4 #gc4 ,montgom]y4 #gd4 ,preble4 #ge4 ,butl]4 #gf4 ,w>r54 #gg4 ,cl9ton4 #gh4 ,highl&4 #gi4 ,pike4 #hj4 ,jackson4 #ha4 ,meigs4 #hb4 ,gallia4 #hc4 ,lawr5ce4 #hd4 ,scioto4 #he4 ,adams4 #hf4 ,br[n4 #hg4 ,cl]mont4 #hh4 ,hamilton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cf4 ,di/ribution ( ,plei/oc5e mammals 9 ,ohio4 ,glacial map ( ,ohio4 ,m>ks localities :]e ,plei/oc5e mammals h be5 discov]$4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #cf4 ,! num]als 9 ! column at ! left are ^? giv5 to ! c\nties on ! map4 ,! num]als 9 ! second column are ^? f\nd on ! black circles4 #c4 ,lucas ,co4 #a4 ,spr+field ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #f4 ,a%tabula ,co4 ,amboy1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acg72 ,e4 columbi #b4 7p4 #aej74 #g4 ,trumbull ,co4 #c4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #hj72 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #h4 ,geauga ,co4 #d4 ,montville1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #i4 ,cuyahoga ,co4 #e4 ,kamms1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 ,clevel&1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi72 ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #f4 #acf72 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #aj4 ,lora9 ,co4 #g4 ,br[nhelm1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi74 #h4 ,pittsfield1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi7 #aa4 ,erie ,co4 #i4 ,s&usky1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh7 #ac4 ,wood ,co4 #aj4 ,jackson ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ag4 ,putnam ,co4 #aa4 ,lib]ty ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #ab4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ai4 ,s5eca ,co4 #ac4 ,old ,=t1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #bj4 ,huron ,co4 #ad4 ,*icago1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 #ae4 ,nor? ,fairfield1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #ca74 #ba4 ,m$9a ,co4 #af4 ---- ,mammut8 7p4 #gi74 #bb4 ,summit ,co4 #ag4 ,gre5 ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj74 #bd4 ,mahon+ ,co4 #ah4 ,y\ng/[n1 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #be4 ,columbiana ,co4 ,millport1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ace72 ,equus #ai4 7p4 #ahf74 #bj4 ,lisbon1 ,mylohyus 7p4 #bae74 #ba4 ,new ,salisbury1 ,tapirus 7p4 #bjc74 #bf4 ,/>k ,co4 #bb4 ,massillon1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj74 #bc4 ,new ,b]l91 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 ,canton1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #bd4 #agj74 #be4 ---- ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aej74 #cj4 ,craw=d ,co4 #bf4 ,bucyrus1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ca4 ,wy&ot ,co4 #bg4 ,c>ey1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh72 ,ursus 7p4 #gh74 #cc4 ,van ,w]t ,co4 #bh4 ,ohio ,city1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #ce4 ,auglaize ,co4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bi4 #bbg72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgd74 #cj4 ,pu%eta ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ca4 ,wapakoneta1 ,mammut8 7p4 #gf74 #cb4 ,du*\quet ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #cc4 ,/4 ,johns1 ,mammut8 7p4 #gf74 #cf4 ,h>d9 ,co4 #cd4 ,r\ndhead1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ch4 ,morr[ ,co4 #ce4 ,mt4 ,gilead1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #dj4 ,holmes ,co4 #cf4 ,mill]sburg1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cb74 #dh4 ,musk+um ,co4 ,na%port1 ,mammut 7p4 #gj72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgc72 #cg4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #ch4 ,zanesville1 ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #acd74 #ci4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #ace74 #di4 ,lick+ ,co4 #dj4 ,j]sey1 ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 #da4 ,granville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #eb4 ,logan ,co4 #db4 ,h>p]1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ed4 ,d>ke ,co4 #dc4 ,ansonia1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #dd4 ,v]sailles1 ,e4 primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 #de4 #f miles we/ ( ,gre5ville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc74 ,gre5ville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #df4 #bgd74 ,=t ,jeff]son1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,elephas sp4 #dg4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #dh4 ,new ,madison1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc74 #ef4 ,*ampaign ,co4 #di4 ,urbana1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd72 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #ej4 ,wood/ock1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #eg4 ,cl>k ,co4 #ea4 ,catawba1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #eb4 ,brighton1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #ec4 ,selma1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acf74 #ei4 ,frankl9 ,co4 #ed4 ,columbus1 ,equus 7p4 #ahf72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bad74 #ee4 ,%adeville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #fj4 ,pickaway ,co4 ,s\? ,bloomfield1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge72 ,elephas sp4 #ef4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 ,circleville1 ,mammut8 7p4 #ge72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 #eg4 7p4 #agj74 #eh4 ,pickaway ,pla9s1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #ei4 ,salt ,creek1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #fb4 ,p]ry ,co4 #fj4 ,*alfants1 ,platygonus 7p4 #bae74 #ff4 ,wa%+ton ,co4 #fa4 ,bev]ly1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #gj4 ,ross ,co4 #fb4 ---- ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #ga4 ,fayette ,co4 #fc4 ,new ,holl&1 ,mammut8 7p4 #ge74 #gc4 ,montgom]y ,co4 ,dayton1 ,mammut 7p4 #gb72 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #fd4 #ace74 ,g]mant[n1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #fe4 #bgd74 #gd4 ,preble ,co4 #ff4 ,new ,p>is1 ,mammut 7p4 #gb74 ,we/ ,sonora1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #fg4 #bgd74 #ge4 ,butl] ,co4 #fh4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ace74 #fi4 ,ov]peck1 ,ursus proc]us 7p4 #cbi74 #gg4 ,cl9ton ,co4 ,wilm+ton1 ,platygonus 7p4 #bad72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #gj4 #bgc74 #gi4 ,pike ,co4 #ga4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #gj74 #gb4 ,wav]ly1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #acd7 #hj4 ,jackson ,co4 #gc4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afh74 #hf4 ,br[n ,co4 #gd4 ,f9ca/le1 ,bison latifrons 7p4 #beg74 #hh4 ,hamilton ,co4 ,c9c9nati1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 #ge4 7p4 #afi72 ,equus 7p4 #ahe74 #gf4 ,m\nt ,heal?y1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ace74 #gg4 ,mt4 ,wa%+ton1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #cg4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #cg4 ,,glacial ,,geology ,,( ,,indiana4 ,! s\!rn limit ( ! ,ill9oian drift1 f ,c9c9nati to ,jeff]sonville1 !nce nor? to ,br[n ,c\nty1 !nce s\!a/ to ,posey ,c\nty1 is %[n by a wavy l9e limit+ a /ippl$ bord]4 ,! s\!rn limit ( ! ,wiscons9 drift is repres5t$ by a smoo? l9e & a co>s] /ippl+4 ,nor? ( ?is t]m9al mora9e are repres5t$ important mora9es develop$ dur+ ! recession ( ! ,wiscons9 ice-%eet4 #a4b4b4 ,%elbyville mora9e #c4c4d4d4d4 ,*ampaign mora9e #e4e4e4 ,bloom+ton mora9e #f4g4g4 ,valp>aiso mora9e #i4aj4aj4 ,mississ9awa mora9e #aa4 ,salamonie mora9e #ab4 ,waba% mora9e #ac4 ,=t ,wayne mora9e4 ,bas$ on ,lev]ett's ,glacial ,map ( ,indiana1 ,plate ,,vi1 ,monograph ,,liii ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ch4 ,glacial map ( ,ill9ois4 ,m>ks also ! localities :]e ,plei/oc5e v]tebrates h be5 discov]$4 ,bas$ on ,lev]ett's map1 ,plate ,,vi1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey4 ,= explanation see pages #dgd & #dgf4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ch4 ,,glacial ,,map ,,( ,,ill9ois4 ,,mora9es4 #a4 ,%elbyville mora9e4 ,f ,indiana l9e 9 s\!rn ,edg> ,c\nty runs we/w>d1 !n nor?we/w>d to ,peoria4 ,"h x m]ges ) ! ,bloom+ton mora9e4 #b4 ,*ampaign mora9e4 ,radiates nor?we/w>d1 s\?we/w>d1 & ea/w>d f ,*ampaign4 #c4 ,bloom+ton mora9e4 ,f ,indiana l9e 9 ,v]million ,c\nty passes we/w>d ?r\gh ,mc,lean ,c\nty to ,peoria1 :]e x jo9s ! ,%elbyville mora9e4 ,!nce runs nor? to ,lee ,c\nty1 nor!a/w>d to ,kane ,c\nty & nor? into ,wiscons94 #d4 ,m>seilles mora9e4 ,ent]s f ,indiana 9 nor!rn ,iroquois ,c\nty1 passes across nor!a/]n ,liv+/on1 ea/]n ,la ,salle1 to ea/]n ,kane ,c\nty & nor?w>d4 #e4 ,valp>aiso mora9e4 ,embraces ! s\!rn end ( ,lake ,mi*igan4 ,,v]tebrate ,,fossils4 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 #a4 ,gal5a1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cd72 ,anomodon 7p4 #bah72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agh72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bah72 ,bison 7p4 #bfi74 ,w9nebago ,co4 #b4 ,new ,mil=d1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,ogle ,co4 #c4 ,h>p]1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 #d4 ,byron1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 #e4 ,ro*elle1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 ,kane ,co4 #f4 ,batavia1 ,mammut 7p4 #aaj72 ,c]vus 7p4 #bdj72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi74 #g4 ,aurora1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji74 ,dupage ,co4 #h4 ,:eaton1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 #i4 ,nap]ville1 ,mammut1 7p4 #aji72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgi74 ,cook ,co4 #aj4 ,gl5coe1 ,mammut 7p4 #aaj74 #aa4 ,evan/on1 ,mammut 7p4 #agg72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcj72 ,amiatus 7p4 #ccf72 ,lepomis 7#ccf72 ,m]gans] 7p4 #ccf74 #ab4 ,oak ,p>k1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 #ac4 ,lemont1 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcj72 ,ondatra 7p4 #bcj74 #ad4 ,palos ,p>k1 ,c]vus 7p4 #bdj74 #ae4 ,*icago ,heights1 ,e4 columbi 7p4 #aec74 ,:iteside ,co4 #af4 ,union ,grove1 ,c]vus 7p4 #bdj74 #ag4 ,/]l+1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,lee ,co4 #ah4 ,pawpaw1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aec74 ,k5dall ,co4 #ai4 ,yorkville1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji74 #bj4 ,:itewill[1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi72 ,c]vus 7p4 #bdj72 ,alces 7p4 #bdj72 ,c]valces 7p4 #bbi72 ,ovis8 7p4 #cch72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi74 ,w ,co4 #ba4 ,bee*]1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg72 ,c]valces 7p4 #ajg72 ,c]vus 7p4 #bda74 ,rock ,isl& ,co4 #bb4 ,rock ,isl&1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 #bc4 ,b[l+ ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 #bd4 ,milan1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 #be4 ,rural1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 ,h5ry ,co4 #bf4 ,p5ny's ,sl\gh1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #adb74 #bg4 ,woodhull1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aed74 #bh4 ,kewanee1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #adb74 ,bureau ,co4 #bi4 ,walnut ,t[n%ip1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,la ,salle ,co4 #cj4 ,ottawa1 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi74 ,grundy ,co4 #ca4 ,morris1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajh74 ,h5d]son ,co4 #cb4 ,/ronghur/1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #aeb74 ,knox ,co4 #cc4 ,galesburg1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 #cd4 ,on ,spoon ,riv]1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 ,peoria ,co4 #ce4 ,*illico!1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aec74 #cf4 ,peoria1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,hancock ,co4 #cg4 ,w>saw1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajc74 ,fulton ,co4 #ch4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,tazewell ,co4 #ci4 ,pek91 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,mason ,co4 #dj4 ,manito1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajc72 ,symbos 7p4 #bec74 ,iroquois ,co4 #da4 ,ne> ,hoope/on1 ,v]million ,co41 ,mammut prog5ium 7p4 #ajf74 ,*ampaign ,co4 #db4 ,bondville1 ,symbos 7p4 #bec74 #dc4 ,/aley1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeb74 #dd4 ,urbana1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf72 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cc74 #de4 ,pesotum1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 #df4 ,hom]1 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfh74 ,v]milion ,co4 #dg4 ,ea/ ,lynn1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg74 #dh4 ,rossville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg74 #di4 ,fairm\nt1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 ,cass ,co4 #ej4 ,a%l&1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #ada74 ,sangamon ,co4 #ea4 ,on ,sangamon ,riv]1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf7 ,*ri/ian ,co4 #eb4 ,s4 ,=k ,sangamon ,riv]1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,macon ,co4 #ec4 ,niantic1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi72 ,c]vus 7p4 #bci72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi74 ,piatt ,co4 #ed4 ,atwood1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 ,m\ltrie ,co4 #ee4 ,sullivan1 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfh74 ,coles ,co4 #ef4 ,*>le/on1 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgi74 ,edg> ,co4 #eg4 8,bloomfield10 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 ,calh\n ,co4 #eh4 ---- ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,gre5e ,co4 #ei4 ---- ,equus 7p4 #ahg74 ,fayette ,co4 #fj4 ,l9e ( ,bond ,co41 ,equus 7p4 #ahg74 ,madison ,co4 #fa4 ,alton1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cc72 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb72 ,equus 7p4 #ahg72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bai72 ,rangif] 7p4 #bdf72 ,symbos 7p4 #bed72 ,bison 7p4 #bei72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgi72 ,geomys1 etc4 7p4 #cci74 ,m>ion ,co4 #fb4 ,s&oval1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb74 ,/4 ,clair ,co4 #fc4 ,ea/ ,/4 ,l\is1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja74 ,wa%+ton ,co4 #fd4 ,beauc\p1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja74 ,r&olph ,co4 #fe4 ,*e/]1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,gallat9 ,co4 #ff4 ,equality1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 #fg4 ,%awneet[n1 ,ma/odon 7p4 #ajj72 ,ca/oroides 7p4 #bgh74 ,alex&] ,co4 #fh4 ,cairo1 ,elephas primig5ius 7p4 #adj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #ci4 ,,explanation ,,( ,,map #ci4 ,map ( ,coa/al ,pla9 ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 %[+ ! localities :]e fossil organisms h be5 f\nd1 :at !y are1 & _! relation to ! t]races4 ,! fossils consi/ ( plants1 mollusks1 & mammals4 ,ea* gr\p is indicat$ by a diff]5tly %ap$ black spot4 ,! in=mation reg>d+ ! plants & mollusks has be5 obta9$ f ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,/eph5son's report on ! geology ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 volume ,,iii1 #aiab1 pages #bff-cjc4 ,,plants4 #a4 ,weldon1 ,nor?ampton ,co41 ,wicomico4 #b4 ,dupree ,l&+1 ,edgecombe ,co41 ,*[an4 #c4 ,sev5 ,spr+s1 ,wayne ,co41 ,*[an84 #d4 ,f\r ,oaks1 ,johnson ,co41 ,coh>ie4 #e4 ,fayetteville1 ,cumb]l& ,co41 ,coh>ie4 #f4 ,wade1 ,cumb]l& ,co41 ,sund]l&84 #g4 ,william/on1 ,b]tie ,co41 ,pamlico4 #h4 #aj miles bel[ ,newb]n1 ,crav5 ,co41 ,pamlico4 #i4 ,s\?port1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,,mollusks4 #a4 ,dismal ,swamp1 ,gates ,co41 ,pamlico84 #b4 ,belhav51 ,beau=t ,co41 ,pamlico84 #c4 ,newb]n1 ,crav5 ,co41 ,pamlico84 #d4 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n1 ,crav5 ,co41 ,pamlico84 #e4 ,=t ,fi%]1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,pamlico84 #f4 ,c>ol9a ,bea*1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,pamlico84 #g4 ,ne> ,s\?port1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,pamlico84 #h4 ,ft4 ,caswell1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,pamlico84 #i4 ,swanqu>t]1 ,hyde ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,,mammals4 #a4 ,rocky ,m\nd1 ,na% ,co41 ,sund]l&4 ,ma/odon4 #b4 ,t>boro1 ,edgecombe ,co41 ,wicomico4 ,ma/odon4 #c4 ,plym\?1 ,wa%+ton ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,horse4 #d4 ---- ,wilson ,co41 ----8 ,ma/odon4 #e4 ---- ,pitt ,co41 ,wicomico8 ,ma/odon1 horse4 #f4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,co41 ,sund]l& or ,wicomico4 ,ma/odon4 #g4 #af miles bel[ ,newb]n1 ,crav5 ,co41 ,pamlico4 ,horse ma/odon1 etc4 #h4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,co41 ,pamlico4 ,ma/odon4 #i4 ,dupl9 ,co41 ,wicomico or ,sund]l&4 ,ma/odon4 #aj4 ,jacksonville1 ,onsl[ ,co41 ,*[an8 ,ma/odon4 #aa4 ,h>l[e1 ,c>t]et ,co41 ,pamlico ,co4 ,ma/odon1 elephant4 #ab4 ,elizabe?t[n1 ,blad5 ,co41 ,sund]l& or ,wicomico4 ,horse4 #ac4 ---- ,p5d] ,co41 ,*[an or ,wicomico4 ,ma/odon4 #ad4 #aj miles bel[ ,wilm+ton1 ,new ,hanov] ,co41 ,*[an8 ,ma/odon1 elephant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #dj4 ,region ab\t ,savannah1 ,georgia1 & ,skidaway ,isl&4 ,r$rawn f ,hodgson's ,memoir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,map #da4 ,bigbone ,lick & vic9ity1 ,k5tucky4 ,aft] ,coop]4 ,,index ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c41 #acb1 #bdf ,ab]de51 ,mississippi1 #bcd ,ab+don1 ,virg9ia1 #aac1 #ahi ,academy ,natural ,sci5ces ,phila41 #fd1 #bdb ,accomac ,co41 ,virg9ia1 #bh1 #bi1 #ceb ,acip5s] /urio1 #caa ,adams1 ,a4 ,l41 #aha ,adams1 ,c4 ,c41 #cc ,adams1 ,j4 ,d41 #cci ,adams ,co41 ,ill9ois1 #cce2 ,mississippi1 #dj1 #abe1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bcc1 #bfd1 #bhj ,addison ,po9t1 ,ma9e1 #bc ,adelonyct]is fuscus1 #cih ,adrian1 ,mi*igan1 #hj1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bge1 #cca nocyon1 #ad2 ,a4 ay]si1 #cff1 #chb1 #cie2 ,a4 dirus1 #cb1 #ahg1 #bbh1 #beg1 #cbb1 #ccd1 #cfe1 #djd2 ,a4 mississippi5sis1 #ccg ,atobatis n>9>i1 #chb1 #chc ,aftonian horizon1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa2 9 ,alabama1 #che2 9 ,florida1 #cgc1 #cha1 #chc2 9 ,indiana1 #cc2 9 ,long ,isl&1 #bie2 9 ,new ,j]sey1 #cja1 #cjb2 9 ,ohio1 #ccj2 9 ,p5nsylvania1 #cag2 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #cfg2 9 ,t5nessee1 #djj2 9 ,wiscons91 #cdd ,aftonian /age1 #ae1 #cc1 #bhc1 #cjb1 #cfg1 #cgb1 #cgi1 #chd ,aftonius1 #ad ,agassiz1 ,l41 #adh ,agrio!rium1 #ae2 ,a4 s*neid]i1 #chj ,alabama1 #dj2 ,elephas imp]ator 91 #afd2 ,equid 91 #bjj2 ext9ct bisons 91 #bfd2 geology (1 #chd2 ma/odons 91 #abd2 ,x5>?ra 91 #dj ,alabama ,riv]1 #che ,ala*ua clays1 #ae1 #aba1 #bbd1 #bcb ,ala*ua ,co41 ,florida1 #cg1 #aba1 #aie1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bfb1 #cge ,ala*ua =mation1 #aj1 #cge1 #cgh ,ala*ua phosphates1 #ae ,alafia ,riv]1 ,florida1 #abc1 #aig1 #cgi ,albany1 ,new ,york1 #bff ,albany ,co41 ,new ,york1 #ef ,alce am]icanus1 #caa ,alces am]icanus1 #caa1 #ccf1 #ccg1 #cch1 #cfd1 #djc1 #djd2 ,a4 runnym$5sis1 #cfc1 #cfd ,ald51 ,w4 ,c41 #aaj1 #cjf1 #cdj ,ald5 & ,leighton1 #ab1 #adb ,alex&] ,co41 ,ill9ois1 #adj ,allegan ,co41 ,mi*igan1 #hc ,allegany ,co41 ,m>yl&1 #ahi1 #bjd1 #bbj2 ,new ,york1 #fj1 #bbf1 #bcf ,alleghany ,co41 ,virg9ia1 #aad ,allegh5y ,co41 ,p5nsylvania1 #fi1 #aej1 #afh ,all51 ,f4 ,r41 #cg1 #abb1 #aid ,all51 ,g4 ,m41 #bff1 #bib ,all51 ,j4 ,a41 #bd1 #bcj1 #bdj1 #bdf1 #bdh1 #bea1 #bfa1 #bfd1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bga1 #djb ,all5 ,co41 ,indiana1 #ie1 #agd ,alligator1 #abb2 ,a4 mississippi5sis1 #cfc1 #cge1 #cha1 #chb2 ,a4 sp4 indet41 #cej ,alma1 ,mi*igan1 #he ,alm]o ,f>m1 ,florida1 #cg1 #abb1 #aid1 #cge ,alton1 ,ill9ois1 #ab1 #ad1 #cc1 #ajb1 #ahg1 #bai1 #bed1 #bei1 #bgi1 #ccf1 #ccg ,aluco prat9cola1 #chb ,am&a1 ,ohio1 #ga ,am>an?1 ,ont>io1 #acj ,amboy1 ,ohio1 #acg1 #aej1 #cbi ,ameiurus nebulosus1 #caa ,am]ican ,museum ,natural ,hi/ory1 #ea1 #ef1 #eh1 #gi1 #ig1 #aja1 #ajg1 #aci1 #adj1 #afj1 #afc1 #aig1 #aih1 #bja1 #bfc ,amh]/ ,college1 #eh ,ami1 ,h4 ,m41 #bb1 #de1 #bhg ,amiatus calvus1 #ccf1 #chb ,amiurus atr>ius1 #caa ,amphicyon1 #b ,amphiuma means1 #chb ,amyda sp4 indet41 #cec ,anancus1 #b1 #ad1 #ae ,anaptogonia hiatid5s1 #cab ,&]son1 ,indiana1 #ic ,&]son1 ,netta ,c41 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aje1 #aji1 #aaj1 #agf1 #agg1 #bdj1 #ccg ,&rews1 ,e4 ,b41 #afi ,&rews ,isl&1 ,ma9e1 #bc ,anita1 ,arizona1 #ae ,annan1 ,r41 #ec ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*igan1 #bbh1 #bcg1 #bge1 #cca ,anodonta1 species1 #cjc ,anomodon snyd]i1 #cd1 #bah1 #bai1 #cdc ,ansonia1 ,ohio1 #gd ,antilocapra1 #ccg2 ,a4 am]icana1 #i1 #cdc4 ,aphelops1 #i1 #ae2 ,a4 longipes1 #baa1 #cge1 #cgf1 #cgg2 ,a4 malacorh9us1 #baa2 ,a4 sp4 indet41 #h1 #i1 #chj ,appala*ian ,m\nta9s1 #cea ,appomattox =mation1 #ad ,arcadia1 ,florida1 #ci1 #abd1 #afj1 #afc1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bcc1 #bfd1 #chj1 #cha ,arcadia m>ls1 ,florida1 #ae ,ar*]1 ,florida1 #cg1 #aie1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #cge ,arctodus pri/9us1 #cfc ,arctomys monax1 #caj1 #caa ,arcto!rium1 #cae2 ,a4 haplodon1 #cab1 #cac1 #cba ,ardea h]odias1 #chb2 ,a4 sell>dsi1 #chb2 ,a4 sp4 indet41 #chb ,ard51 ,new ,york1 #ej ,ardley1 ,e41 #ah ,arkona ,lake1 #hh ,armadillos1 #e ,art$iellus atlanticus1 #bhg ,arvicola rip>ius1 #caj ,a%l&1 ,ill9ois1 #ada ,a%ley1 ,f4 ,w41 #afg ,a%ley1 ,indiana1 #ie ,a%ley ,riv]1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #aa1 #ae1 #ce1 #aah1 #aib1 #bdb1 #cfc ,asia1 connection )1 #c ,asphalt b$s1 ,cali=nia1 #ae1 #cc ,a%tabula ,co41 ,ohio1 #acg1 #aej ,atracto/eus lapidosus1 #cge ,attica1 ,indiana1 #ib2 ,mi*igan1 #bgf1 #cca2 ,new ,york1 #fa ,atwat]1 ,c41 #gb1 #ge ,atwood1 ,ill9ois1 #agg ,atwood1 ,w4 ,w41 #g ,au*5ia1 #i1 #aie2 ,a4 major1 #bbd2 ,a4 m9ima1 #ch1 #aeh1 #bbd2 ,a4 m9or1 #bbd ,auglaize ,co41 ,ohio1 #bbg ,augu/a ,co41 ,virg9ia1 #aij1 #bba ,aurora1 ,ill9ois1 #aji2 ,indiana1 #ia ,baddeck1 ,cape ,breton ,isl&1 #df ,bagg1 ,r4 ,m41 #ajf1 #ajg1 #aaj1 #bfh ,bailey1 ,t4 ,l41 #db1 #cid ,baird1 ,s4 ,f41 #cbj1 #cba ,bak]1 ,f4 ,c41 #ajc1 #ajd1 #agf1 #bcj1 #cjc1 #ccc1 #ccd ,bak]1 ,p4 ,l41 #aed ,balnopt]a1 sp4 indet41 #ai1 #aei ,balmville1 ,new ,york1 #eb ,baltimore ,co41 ,m>yl&1 #aab ,bancr(t1 ,mi*igan1 #hf ,banni/]1 ,h4 ,m41 #aji1 #bgi ,b>ada1 ,mi*igan1 #hc ,b>b\r1 ,e4 ,h41 #aeb ,b>?olomew ,co41 ,indiana1 #agb1 #bea ,b>ton1 ,b4 ,s41 #fc1 #fi1 #aad1 #aai1 #abh1 #aee1 #afh1 #bbc ,b>t[1 ,florida1 #ahj ,b]tram1 ,j41 #abh ,b>ts*1 ,p41 #chc ,bass>iscus a/utus1 #cad ,batavia1 ,ill9ois1 #aaj1 #bdj1 #bfi2 ,new ,york1 #fa ,ba? ,co41 ,virg9ia1 #aad ,bay ,co41 ,mi*igan1 #hd ,be>1 #bji1 #bfh1 #cie ,beauc\p1 ,ill9ois1 #aja ,beau=t1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ae1 #ce1 #aah1 #aee1 #aia1 #cfc1 #cff ,beau=t ,co41 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #ce1 #aah1 #aee1 #aia ,beav]1 #dc1 #ef1 #bfh1 #bhj1 #bhe1 #ccd1 #ccg ,beav]dam1 ,p5nsylvania1 #acc1 #cbc ,beav] ,lake1 ,indiana1 #if1 #beb1 #ccd ,beav] ,riv]1 ,p5nsylvania1 #cee ,be*dolt1 ,a4 ,f41 #aab ,b$=d1 ,p5nsylvania1 #fi ,b$=d ,co41 ,p5nsylvania1 #fi ,bee*]1 ,c4 ,e41 #fj ,bee*]1 ,ill9ois1 #ajg1 #bda ,be$e1 ,j4 ,w41 #bag ,beetles 9 ,port ,k5n$y 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