,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,and ,,its ,,vertebrated ,,animals ,,from ,,the ,,states ,,east ,,of ,,the ,,mississippi ,,river ,,and ,,from ,,the ,,canadian ,,provinces ,,east ,,of ,,longitude #ie4 ,,by ,,oliver ,p4 ,,hay ,associate of the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,carnegie ,,institution ,,of ,,washington1 ,,february1 #aibc ,,carnegie ,,institution ,,of ,,washington ,,publication ,,no4 #cbb ,,technical ,,press ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,contents ,,page ,preface ,,vii-,,viii ,conclusions regarding the divisions of the ,pleistocene #a-ae ,limits of the ,pleistocene #a ,the ,blanco ,pliocene #a ,divisions of the ,pleistocene #b ,elevation of ,continent #c ,connections of ,north ,america with ,south ,america and ,asia #c ,sources of vertebrates #d ,richness of ,pleistocene life #d ,evolution during the ,pleistocene #e ,extinction of species #f ,the earliest ,pleistocene1 the ,nebraskan #g ,the ,aftonian interglacial #aj ,the ,yarmouth interglacial #ab ,the ,illinois glacial #ab ,the ,sangamon interglacial #ab ,the ,peorian interglacial #ac ,the ,wisconsin and the ,wabash beds #ac ,coastal ,plain terraces #ac ,conspectus of ,geology and ,vertebrate ,palontology of the ,pleistocene #ad-ae ,finds of ,pleistocene cetaceans in eastern ,north ,america #ag-bj ,ontario #ag ,quebec #ah ,vermont #ai ,new ,brunswick #ai ,north ,carolina #bj ,south ,carolina #bj ,florida #bj ,finds of ,pleistocene ,pinnipedia in eastern ,north ,america #ba-cj ,grinnell ,land #ba ,nova ,scotia #ba ,new ,brunswick #ba ,quebec #ba ,ontario #bc ,maine #bc ,new ,hampshire #be ,massachusetts #be ,new ,jersey #bf ,virginia #bh ,north ,carolina #bi ,south ,carolina #bi ,finds of ,pleistocene ,xenarthra in eastern ,north ,america #ca-dd ,new ,jersey #ca ,pennsylvania #ca ,ohio #ca ,indiana #cb ,illinois #cc ,virginia #cd ,west ,virginia #cd ,south ,carolina #ce ,georgia #cf ,florida #cg ,alabama #dj ,mississippi #dj ,tennessee #da ,kentucky #dc ,finds of mastodons in eastern ,north ,america #de-abh ,ontario #de ,cape ,breton ,island #df ,massachusetts #dg ,connecticut #dg ,new ,york #dh ,new ,jersey #fc ,pennsylvania #fh ,ohio #gj ,michigan #hj ,indiana #hh ,illinois #ajj ,wisconsin #aaj ,maryland #aab ,virginia #aac ,west ,virginia #aae ,north ,carolina #aae ,south ,carolina #aah ,georgia #abj ,florida #aba ,alabama #abd ,mississippi #abd ,tennessee #abg ,kentucky #abh ,finds of ,elephas primigenius in eastern ,north ,america #acj-adf ,ontario #acj ,new ,york #aca ,new ,jersey #acb ,pennsylvania #acc ,ohio #acd ,michigan #acg ,indiana #ach ,illinois #adj ,wisconsin #adc ,maryland #add ,virginia #ade ,north ,carolina #ade ,florida #ade ,tennessee #adf ,kentucky #adf ,finds of ,elephas columbi in eastern ,north ,america #adg-afa ,ontario #adg ,vermont #adh ,new ,york #adi ,new ,jersey #adi ,pennsylvania #aej ,ohio #aej ,michigan #aea ,indiana #aea ,illinois #aeb ,maryland #aed ,north ,carolina #aee ,south ,carolina #aee ,georgia #aeg ,florida #aeg ,kentucky #afj ,finds of ,elephas imperator in eastern ,north ,america #afb-afd ,south ,carolina #afb ,florida #afb ,alabama #afd ,finds of ,elephas sp4 indet4 in eastern ,north ,america #aff-ahb ,ungava #aff ,ontario #aff ,vermont #afg ,new ,york #afg ,pennsylvania #afh ,ohio #afh ,michigan #aga ,indiana #aga ,illinois #age ,wisconsin #agh ,maryland and ,district of ,columbia #agh ,virginia #agh ,west ,virginia #agi ,north ,carolina #agi ,florida #agi ,mississippi #ahj ,tennessee #aha ,kentucky #aha ,finds of ,equid in eastern ,north ,america #ahc-bjb ,massachusetts #ahc ,new ,york #ahc ,new ,jersey #ahd ,pennsylvania #ahd ,ohio #ahe ,indiana #ahf ,illinois #ahg ,maryland and ,district of ,columbia #ahh ,virginia #ahi ,west ,virginia #aij ,north ,carolina #aij ,south ,carolina #aia ,georgia #aic ,florida #aid ,alabama #bjj ,mississippi #bjj ,tennessee #bja ,kentucky #bjb ,finds of tapirs in eastern ,north ,america #bjc-baj ,pennsylvania #bjc ,ohio #bjc ,indiana #bjc ,maryland #bjd ,virginia #bjd ,south ,carolina #bjd ,georgia #bjf ,florida #bjf ,mississippi #bjh ,tennessee #bji ,kentucky #bji ,rhinoceroses in ,florida #baa ,finds of peccaries in eastern ,north ,america #bab-bbc ,new ,york #bab ,new ,jersey #bac ,pennsylvania #bac ,ohio #bad ,michigan #bae ,indiana #baf ,illinois #bah ,wisconsin #bai ,maryland #bbj ,virginia #bba ,west ,virginia #bba ,south ,carolina #bba ,florida #bbb ,tennessee #bbb ,kentucky #bbc ,finds of camels in eastern ,north ,america #bbd-bbe ,pennsylvania #bbd ,florida #bbd ,tennessee #bbe ,finds of ,odocoileus in eastern ,north ,america #bbf-bcd ,ontario #bbf ,new ,york #bbf ,new ,jersey #bbf ,pennsylvania #bbg ,ohio #bbg ,michigan #bbg ,indiana #bbh ,illinois #bbi ,wisconsin #bcj ,maryland #bcj ,virginia #bca ,west ,virginia #bca ,north ,carolina #bca ,south ,carolina #bca ,florida #bcb ,mississippi #bcc ,tennessee #bcd ,kentucky #bcd ,finds of ,cervus canadensis in eastern ,north ,america #bce-bdc ,ontario #bce ,vermont #bce ,new ,york #bce ,new ,jersey #bcg ,pennsylvania #bcg ,michigan #bcg ,indiana #bch ,illinois #bci ,wisconsin #bdj ,maryland #bdb ,north ,carolina #bdb ,south ,carolina #bdb ,georgia #bdc ,florida #bdc ,tennessee #bdc ,kentucky #bdc ,finds of ,rangifer in the ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america #bdd-bdg ,grinnell ,land #bdd ,ontario #bdd ,vermont #bdd ,connecticut #bdd ,new ,york #bde ,new ,jersey #bde ,pennsylvania #bdf ,illinois #bdf ,wisconsin #bdg ,kentucky #bdg ,finds of musk-oxen in eastern ,north ,america #bdh-bee ,grinnell ,land #bdh ,new ,jersey #bdh ,pennsylvania #bdh ,ohio #bdi ,michigan #bej ,indiana #bea ,illinois #bec ,west ,virginia #bed ,mississippi #bed ,kentucky #bee ,finds of extinct bisons in eastern ,north ,america #bef-bfe ,ontario #bef ,pennsylvania #bef ,ohio #beg ,indiana #beg ,illinois #bei ,wisconsin #bei ,maryland #bei ,virginia #bei ,south ,carolina #bfj ,georgia #bfa ,florida #bfb ,alabama #bfd ,mississippi #bfd ,kentucky #bfe ,finds of ,bison bison in eastern ,north ,america #bff-bga ,ontario #bff ,massachusetts #bff ,new ,york #bff ,new ,jersey #bfg ,pennsylvania #bfg ,indiana #bfh ,illinois #bfh ,wisconsin #bgj ,kentucky #bgj ,finds of ,castoroides in eastern ,united ,states #bgb-bhj ,new ,york #bgb ,pennsylvania #bgb ,ohio #bgc ,michigan #bge ,indiana #bgf ,illinois #bgh ,south ,carolina #bgi ,georgia #bhj ,mississippi #bhj ,tennessee #bhj ,pleistocene ,geology of eastern ,north ,america and its fossil vertebrates #bha-djf ,ontario #bha ,quebec #bhh ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,cape ,breton ,island #bhi ,new ,england #bij ,new ,york #bid ,new ,jersey #bii ,pennsylvania #cjf ,ohio #cbd ,michigan #ccj ,indiana #cca ,illinois #ccd ,wisconsin #cdj ,maryland and ,district of ,columbia #cdd ,virginia #cea ,west ,virginia #ced ,north ,carolina #cee ,south ,carolina #cfa ,georgia #cfh ,florida #cgb ,alabama #chd ,mississippi #che ,tennessee #cic ,kentucky #djj ,,illustrations ,,plates4 ,,map #a4 ,pleistocene cetaceans in eastern ,north ,america4 #b4 ,pleistocene ,pinnipedia in eastern ,north ,america4 #c4 ,pleistocene ,xenarthra in eastern ,north ,america4 #d4 ,pleistocene ,xenarthra in ,florida4 #e4 ,pleistocene mastodons in eastern ,north ,america4 #f4 ,eastern ,new ,york1 western ,massachusetts1 and ,connecticut1 showing relation of mastodon localities to areas of sea-level in ,late ,wisconsin4 #f;,a4 ,pleistocene mastodons in ,new ,jersey4 #g4 ,pleistocene mastodons in ,ohio4 #h4 ,pleistocene mastodons in ,michigan4 #i4 ,pleistocene mastodons in ,indiana4 #aj4 ,pleistocene mastodons in ,florida4 #aa4 ,elephas primigenius in eastern ,north ,america4 #ab4 ,elephas columbi in eastern ,north ,america4 #ac4 ,elephas columbi in ,florida4 #ad4 ,elephas imperator in southeastern ,united ,states4 #ae4 ,elephas imperator in ,florida4 #af4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 in eastern ,north ,america4 #ag4 ,pleistocene horses in eastern ,north ,america4 #ah4 ,pleistocene horses in ,florida4 #ai4 ,pleistocene tapirs in eastern ,north ,america4 #bj4 ,pleistocene peccaries in eastern ,north ,america4 #ba4 ,pleistocene camels in eastern ,north ,america4 #bb4 ,pleistocene species of ,odocoileus in eastern ,north ,america4 #bc4 ,cervus canadensis in ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 #bd4 ,rangifer in ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 #be4 ,pleistocene musk-oxen in eastern ,north ,america4 #bf4 ,extinct bisons in ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 #bg4 ,bison bison in ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 #bh4 ,castoroides in eastern ,north ,america4 #bi4 ,castoroides in ,ohio4 #cj4 ,castoroides in ,indiana4 #ca4 ,areas in ,new ,york1 ,connecticut1 ,massachusetts1 and ,vermont occupied by water at sea-level in ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #cb4 ,isobases of ,late ,glacial uplift4 #cc4 ,j4 ,w4 ,spencer's view of preglacial drainage of the region of the ,great ,lakes4 #cd4 ,wisconsin glacier in ,new ,york1 lakes ,newberry and ,maumee1 and localities of mastodons4 #ce4 ,glacial map of ,ohio4 #cf4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mammals in ,ohio4 #cg4 ,glacial map of ,indiana4 #ch4 ,glacial map of ,illinois4 ,shows also localities of ,pleistocene vertebrates4 #ci4 ,coastal plain of ,north ,carolina1 with localities of ,pleistocene animals and plants4 #dj4 ,sketch map of ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,georgia4 #da4 ,bigbone ,lick and vicinity4 ,,text-,,figures4 ,,fig4 #a4 ,geological section of ,twin ,creek1 near ,beecher1 ,will ,co41 ,illinois #ajh #b4 ,section across gully at ,whitehall1 ,wisconsin #bdb #c4 ,region about ,toronto1 ,ontario #bhb #d4 ,eastern ,ontario1 showing limit of marine and fresh-water beaches #bhf #e4 ,south shore-line of the ,champlain sea #bhg #f4 ,preglacial drainage of the ,upper ,ohio #bic #g4 ,geologic section of ,fish ,house beds at ,camden1 ,new ,jersey #cjb #h4 ,vicinity of ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey1 showing distribution of the ,trenton gravels #cje #i4 ,geologic sections at ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey #cje #aj4 ,northern ,pennsylvania1 showing glaciated areas #cji #aa4 ,section of ,port ,kennedy bone cave at time of first exploration1 #ahga #cah #ab4 ,section of ,port ,kennedy bone cave at time of last exploration1 #ahif #cah #ac4 ,metatarsal of ,ovis sp4 indet41 from ,kendall ,co41 ,illinois #cch #ad4 ,relation of the driftless area to the surrounding glaciated areas #cdb #ae4 ,diagram showing the supposed terraces of the ,maryland coastal plain #cde #af4 ,section across ,potomac ,river near ,big ,pool1 ,maryland1 showing gravel-covered terraces #cdg #ag4 ,generalized section across ,allegheny ,valley at ,parkers ,landing1 ,w4 ,va4 #cdi #ah4 ,tooth of ,hydrochoerus pinckneyi #cfe #ai4 ,jaw and tooth of a wolf from ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina #cff #bj4 ,coastal plain of ,georgia #cfi #ba4 ,geologic section from north to south through the phosphate deposits of ,florida #cgg #bb4 ,geological map of ,mississippi embayment #chh #bc4 ,county map of ,tennessee1 to show where ,pleistocene fossils have been found #cie #bd4 ,vertical section of ,bigbone ,cave1 ,elroy1 ,van ,buren ,co41 ,tennessee #cih #be4 ,section on bank of ,tennessee ,river at ,nashville #djj ,,preface4 ,the writer has been engaged for several years on an investigation of the ,pleistocene geology of ,north ,america and of the ,vertebrata which have been discovered in the deposits of this epoch4 ,it had been his expectation to publish the results of all his studies at the same date4 ,however1 on consultation with ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,merriam1 it was agreed that it would be better to publish immediately that part which pertains to the region lying east of the ,mississippi ,river and1 as to the country further north1 that east of longitude #ie4 ,at the outset the writer was convinced that1 before just conclusions could be reached1 it was necessary to know what fossil materials had been collected and under what geological and geographical conditions4 ,he therefore made as thorough a search as possible of the literature for reports of discoveries of fossil vertebrates4 ,also1 when in scientific journals or in newspapers the finding of fossils was recorded1 recourse was had to correspondence1 thus securing much exact information as to locality1 kind of matrix1 depth1 and other important data4 ,often photographs have been obtained and even the materials themselves4 ,the writer has also visited many museums and colleges throughout the country and examined their collections4 ,even in the smaller institutions1 where perhaps only a few objects have been secured and preserved1 some of these have furnished important information4 ,regret may be expressed that in the larger museums and colleges1 as well as the smaller ones1 too often there have been preserved only meager or no records regarding the history of what would otherwise be valuable specimens4 ,in order to show the geographical distribution of the most important species that occur in considerable numbers1 a series of maps has been prepared1 pertaining to the following3 ,whales and porpoises4 ,seals and walruses4 ,the edentates4 ,elephas primigenius4 ,e4 columbi4 ,e4 imperator4 ,e4 species undetermined4 ,mastodons1 mostly ,mammut4 ,horses1 mostly ,equus4 ,tapirs4 ,peccaries4 ,camels4 ,odocoileus4 ,cervus4 ,rangifer4 ,musk-oxen4 ,bisons1 extinct4 ,bison bison4 ,giant beavers4 ,where the map of a ,state has become too crowded with numerals1 a special map of that ,state for that species or genus has been prepared4 ,there are maps of the edentates in ,florida2 mastodons of ,indiana1 of ,new ,york1 of ,ohio1 of ,michigan1 of ,florida2 ,elephas columbi in ,florida2 ,elephas imperator in ,florida2 horses in ,florida4 ,other maps and figures for illustration of the ,pleistocene geology will be found in their proper places4 ,the first part of the present volume is occupied by a consideration of the specimens recorded on the maps4 ,such information is noted as could be secured1 often satisfactory1 little enough sometimes2 but it has been found that one can not foresee what important information a given fossil may furnish4 ,at least1 the presence of the fossil at a locality indicates the existence there of ,pleistocene deposits of some kind4 ,in cases where other species have been associated with the one mapped and described1 these are noted4 ,when the consideration of these mapped species and genera is completed1 the ,pleistocene geology of the various ,states and provinces is taken up1 so far as it is related to the vertebrate palontology4 ,this involved an examination of much of the literature of the ,glacial period2 and here one soon finds himself in face of huge tomes and endless articles and detailed maps4 ,only somewhat less in amount is the literature of the ,states beyond the glaciated area4 ,the opportunity to misunderstand and to commit errors is unlimited1 and the writer can only hope for lenient criticism4 ,an attempt has been made in the case of all vertebrate fossils to determine their geological relations and to derive some general conclusions regarding the history of our ,pleistocene vertebrates and their relation to the divisions of the ,pleistocene epoch4 ,the conclusions reached are embodied in the immediately succeeding pages4 ,not much attention has been given to the fossil invertebrates and plants4 ,it is evident that neither the mollusks nor the plants have undergone any considerable change during ,pleistocene times and are therefore not available as indicators of geological stages1 though often useful for determining local climatic conditions4 ,their value can be better utilized by the palomalacologists and palobotanists4 ,to the officers of museums and colleges and to the private individuals who have so freely offered the use of their materials and in other ways aided the writer1 he takes pleasure in expressing his sincere thanks4 ,most of all1 however1 he is indebted to the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington for the generous support extended during the years of this investigation4 ,,june #a1 #aibb4 ,,oliver ,p4 ,,hay4 ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,and ,,its ,,vertebrated ,,animals4 ,,conclusions ,,regarding ,,the ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,i4 ,,limits ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,the ,pleistocene is regarded as being equivalent to what is known as the ,glacial period4 ,it began with the deployment of the ice-sheets which1 proceeding from their centers of accumulation in ,british ,america1 laid down in the ,east the ,jerseyan drift and in the ,west the ,nebraskan4 ,the more the ,glacial period is studied the more one becomes impressed with the significance of its physical effects on the northern hemisphere and with its influence on the vertebrate life4 ,doubtless its effects on the world in general are only beginning to be comprehended4 ,the writer knows of no other phenomena1 geological or biological1 which so well characterize the ,pleistocene period as do those comprehended under the term ,glacial4 ,they constitute the key to the determination of the subdivisions of the epoch and of their succession and to the history of the vertebrates which during this time occupied the continent4 ,,ii4 ,,the ,,blanco ,,pliocene4 ,the ,blanco is held to belong to the upper1 or to the uppermost1 ,pliocene4 ,it is at present assigned to the ,middle ,pliocene 7,osborn1 ,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #cfa1 p4 #ha2 ,matthew1 ibid41 p4 #abj74 ,until recently the oldest known ,pleistocene vertebrates appeared to be represented by the collections which long ago were made at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon1 and at ,grayson 7,hay ,springs71 ,nebraska4 ,these assemblages had formerly been referred to the ,pliocene1 and the belief that they belong there is not yet wholly without supporters4 ,it seemed1 therefore1 proper to retire the ,blanco somewhat4 ,the discovery that the ,fossil ,lake and ,grayson faunas were represented in the ,aftonian deposits of ,iowa1 and belonged probably to the first interglacial stage1 reveals the fact that the geological interval between the ,blanco and the ,aftonian is at least partly filled by the first glacial stage1 the ,nebraskan4 ,naturally1 it is to be expected that the breach between the earlier and the later faunas will be occupied1 in part at least1 by the vertebrates of the ,nebraskan4 ,what these are is not yet well determined2 but the writer believes that as the ,blanco and its equivalent and closely related formations and faunas become better known1 they will be attracted close to the ,pleistocene4 ,aside from the facts just mentioned1 the ,blanco fauna seems to the writer to be more closely related to the ,aftonian than has been supposed4 ,the genera which occur in the ,blanco are the following3 ,megalonyx4 ,mylodon4 ,glyptotherium4 ,hipparion4 ,pliohippus4 ,protohippus4 ,platygonus4 ,pliauchenia4 ,anancus4 ,gomphotherium4 ,stegomastodon4 ,felis4 ,amphicyon8 ,borophagus4 ,canimartes4 ,of these1 ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 ,hipparion1 ,platygonus1 ,anancus1 ,gomphotherium81 ,stegomastodon1 and ,felis are known from the first interglacial stage4 ,anancus includes mastodons with short1 tuskless lower jaws and trefoiled molars4 ,gomphotherium1 having long lower jaws with tusks1 upper tusks with enamel band1 and with trefoiled molars1 may be represented by some of the early ,pleistocene species4 ,the same species of ,stegomastodon appears to be present in the ,blanco as in the ,pleistocene1 ,s4 mirificus4 ,the edentate ,glyptotherium is not far removed from ,glyptodon of the early ,pleistocene4 ,the ,blanco genera of horses are so close to ,equus that ,cope regarded them as belonging to this genus4 ,the matter may be looked at from another point of view4 ,if ,mylodon1 ,megalonyx1 and ,glyptotherium are referred to the ,middle ,pliocene1 we shall probably have them recorded as living in ,texas before they existed in ,south ,america4 ,it is true that ,santiago ,roth 7,neues ,jahrb41 ,min4 ,beil41 ,bd41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 table opposite p4 #add7 states that ,glyptodon occurs in the ,lower ,pampas beds1 and these he refers to the ,upper ,miocene2 but the writer believes that ,wilckens 7,neues ,jahrb1 ,min4 ,beil41 ,bd41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aic7 is more nearly correct in placing them in the ,pliocene4 ,while the opinion may be correct that1 when no obstacles intervene1 the time required for mammals to spread over even a continent constitutes but a small part of a geological age1 yet in making their way from ,south ,america1 especially from ,argentina1 along the narrow bridge that appears to have been offered them1 probably over mountain ranges1 and across rivers and gorges1 and in the face of the competing fauna advancing from the north1 some of which were wolves and saber-tooth tigers1 the slowly plodding and inoffensive edentates would have encountered too many hindrances to be able to make the journey in a short time4 ,the writer1 therefore1 ventures to range the ,blanco immediately below the ,pleistocene4 ,on about the same level may be placed the ,tulare-,etchegoin and the ,thousand ,creek formations of ,merriam 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 pp4 #dbe1 #dbi74 ,,iii4 ,,the ,,historical ,,divisions ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,the writer accepts the divisions of the ,pleistocene which the geologists appear to have established4 ,formerly it was believed that ,north ,america had been subjected to a single glacial epoch2 now it seems to be proved that there have occurred five such glacial epochs1 or stages1 and that there have intervened four interglacial stages of mild climate4 ,the interglacial stages are italicized4 ,the ,nebraskan stage is the earliest1 the ,wisconsin the latest3 ,wisconsin1 ,peorian1 ,iowan1 ,sangamon1 ,illinoian1 ,yarmouth1 ,kansan1 ,aftonian1 ,nebraskan4 ,the characteristics of the various stages will be briefly discussed4 ,the stages are not equally well understood and at present do not seem to be of equal importance in their relation to vertebrate paleontology4 ,,iv4 ,,elevations ,,of ,,the ,,continent ,,immediately ,,preceding ,,or ,,accompanying ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,in pursuing the study of the ,pleistocene1 one soon realizes that this period was one of great geological activity4 ,ranges of mountains1 if not begun anew1 were at least raised to greater altitudes4 ,the ,cascade ,range appears to have begun to rear its head at the beginning of the epoch1 or even a little later4 ,here and there the crust of the earth was ruptured and great sheets of lava were poured out over the land4 ,ice caps repeatedly accumulated over large areas in ,north ,america and ,europe1 and in their movements southward transported vast amounts of earthy dbris and turned the courses of great streams4 ,apparently at times the rainfall was greatly increased4 ,the rivers1 quickened by greater slope and the increased volume of water1 cut their channels deeper and in the mountains excavated profound gorges4 ,through elevation of the land ,north ,america was1 late in the ,pliocene or early in the ,pleistocene1 put into easy communication with ,asia and ,south ,america1 so that vertebrated animals passed freely to and fro4 ,a part of these activities probably belonged to the latter part of the ,pliocene4 ,in the more elevated regions of the eastern ,united ,states1 through the chemical1 rupturing1 and transporting properties of water1 rocks were dissolved and their disintegrated materials produced what has been designated the ,lafayette formation2 but it is possible that this belongs to the early ,pleistocene4 ,v4 ,,connections ,,with ,,asia ,,and ,,south ,,america4 ,mention has just been made of a land connection with ,asia at some time about the beginning of the ,pleistocene4 ,the evidence for this may be called circumstantial rather than direct4 ,the geological evidence has not been developed4 ,if any deposits containing marine fossils had been laid down along the ,asiatic and ,alaskan coasts during a time of elevation1 they would now be covered by the sea4 ,our evidence for the connection is derived from the distribution of the vertebrate animals4 ,during the early ,pleistocene our country was invaded by a host of mammals whose home was originally in ,asia4 ,these included elephants1 bisons1 elk1 goats1 bears1 wolves1 and foxes1 besides many mammals of smaller size4 ,it is the presence in ,america of the smaller animals1 many genera of rodents of ,asiatic origin1 that shows that there must have been a land connection4 ,these could not have made their passage across ,bering ,strait on the ice1 as it might be imagined the larger animals did4 ,the way between the two continents had more than once before been open1 but it was during the early ,pleistocene that modern ,asiatic genera entered ,north ,america in great numbers4 ,exactly where the land bridge between the two countries was situated is not certain2 it may be that a large part of the area now occupied by ,bering ,sea was then dry land4 ,arldt 7,entwicklung der ,kontinente1 plate #ba7 represents a connection extending from the northern border of ,alaska southward to include the ,aleutian ,islands4 ,where narrowest1 this bridge1 as represented by the author named1 extended from latitude #fj to #gj1 a distance of about #gjj miles4 ,in such case the cold currents from the ,arctic ,ocean would have been prevented from entering the ,pacific1 while the ,japan ,current would have warmed up the southern side of the bridge4 ,the route was then open on the north for the boreal animals of ,asia to enter ,alaska2 while on the south the genera inhabiting the more temperate part of eastern ,asia would have had free access to the ,american shore4 ,once on the continent1 the boreal mammals might have spread along the shores of the ,arctic ,ocean and those of the temperate parts of ,asia have made their way up the ,yukon ,valley1 or possibly along the ,pacific coast1 to the warmer regions toward the south4 ,we do not need to suppose that even during the first glacial1 or ,nebraskan1 stage the climate of that part of ,north ,america was as inclement as now4 ,at the other end of our continent a train of events not wholly dissimilar was in motion4 ,even in the latter part of the ,pliocene some ,south ,american edentates1 such as ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 and ,glyptotherium1 had reached ,texas4 ,probably a little later the bridge had become widened so that other edentates and a few genera of ,south ,american hystricine rodents swarmed into our southern borders4 ,at the same time a host of carnivores1 tapirs1 horses1 camels1 peccaries1 deer1 and cricetine and sciurine rodents made their way into ,south ,america4 ,it is now certain that the land bridge over which the interchange took place did not include the ,west ,indies4 ,possibly there yet remained along the western coast of ,central ,america some of the border1 now submerged1 which ,schuchert 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xx1 plates #if to #ajj7 represents as being present during the ,tertiary4 ,,vi4 ,,the ,,sources ,,of ,,the ,,vertebrates ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,the ,pleistocene vertebrate fauna of ,north ,america has been derived from three sources4 ,one component had descended from the animals which occupied the continent during the late ,tertiary1 but even these were of mixed derivation4 ,a few appear to have filtered in from ,south ,america during the ,pliocene2 others had come from ,asia during ,tertiary invasions2 but a large element was native to the country4 ,as such may be taken the camels1 the peccaries1 the three-toed horses1 the prong-horn antelope1 the deer of the genus ,odocoileus4 ,upon a continent of vast extent and great fertility1 possessing unbounded variety of climate and habitat1 all these animals were thrown together to struggle for their existence4 ,we must depend upon the imagination to picture what the result would have been if nature had pursued a course which might have been predicted4 ,what the result in reality was1 we shall see4 ,,vii4 ,,the ,,richness ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,vertebrate ,,life4 ,it will be profitable to consider briefly the character of the ,pleistocene vertebrate fauna4 ,the writer has compiled a list of the species which have1 so far as he knows1 been collected and described up to this time4 ,there are in all #fcg species2 of these1 #chg belong to the mammals1 #aed to the birds1 #bf only to the reptiles1 #g to the amphibians1 #ef to the bony fishes1 and #g to the group of sharks and rays4 ,certainly these form only a part of the species which existed4 ,at present there are known in our existing fauna north of ,mexico #fic species of mammals1 excluding the cetaceans--somewhat more than twice the number of known ,pleistocene species4 ,it is1 however1 rather in the great variety of forms that the ,pleistocene excelled4 ,following ,gerrit ,s4 ,miller's ,land ,mammals of ,north ,america1 #aiab1 we find in our present fauna north of ,mexico #bi families2 in the ,pleistocene there are now known #cg families1 not including the cetaceans4 ,in our existing mammalian fauna there are recognized #aaa genera2 in the ,pleistocene1 with hardly half as many species recorded1 #ach genera are counted4 ,in order to realize more vividly the variety of ,pleistocene forms1 we have only to recall the animals then present1 now absent1 namely1 the great ground-sloths1 the glyptodons1 the numerous species of horses1 tapirs1 numerous peccaries1 camels1 the extinct relatives of the musk-oxen1 extinct bisons1 elephants1 mastodons of three or four genera1 the giant beaver1 and the saber-tooth tigers4 ,among the birds1 reptiles1 batrachians1 and fishes1 there were few striking forms1 and these were mostly among the birds and the tortoises4 ,the above account shows the great richness of the vertebrate life during the ,pleistocene2 furthermore1 this abundance evidently existed during the early stages of the epoch4 ,it constituted the materials on which that combination of conditions which we call environment had to work during ,pleistocene times4 ,the comparison shows that the result was an impoverishment of the vertebrate fauna4 ,genera and families1 even orders1 were wiped out of existence1 and these included some of the noblest animals that have graced the face of the earth1 the elephants1 the mastodons1 tapirs1 many species of bison1 horses1 saber-tooth cats1 huge tigers1 and gigantic wolves4 ,the following nine or ten families became either wholly extinct or continued to exist only in other more hospitable lands3 the ,megatheriid1 including several genera of ground-sloths2 the ,hoplophorid or glyptodons2 the ,caviid1 which embraced one or more species of huge capybaras2 the ,elephantid1 under which are arranged three or four species of elephants and three genera of mastodons2 the ,equid1 represented by a dozen or more species of horses2 the ,camelid1 of which there were several ,pleistocene species and probably three or four genera2 the ,hynid1 of which there appears to have been at least one genus1 with one species2 the ,tapirid1 including three or four species2 and probably the ,rhinocerotid4 ,besides these1 the subfamily of ,felid known as ,machairodontin1 embracing those wonderful carnivores the saber-tooth tigers1 was suppressed4 ,the ,dasypodid1 which included some armadillos #e or #f feet long1 are now represented by only one small species in ,texas4 ,of the ,tagassuid1 to which belonged several genera and stately species of peccaries1 there exists now in ,north ,america north of ,mexico but one species1 an animal of only moderate size4 ,,viii4 ,,on ,,evolution ,,during ,,the ,,pleistocene4 ,we have seen that the ,pleistocene fauna was very different from that which existed when white men first entered the country2 also that the difference has in large part been due to the destruction of species1 genera1 and families4 ,we may now inquire whether or not the loss has been to any considerable extent compensated by the development of new forms4 ,many of our existing genera and species have been found in the collections that represent the earliest ,pleistocene known to us4 ,the writer believes it would be unsafe to say that any living species that one might select may not hereafter be discovered in early ,pleistocene collections4 ,it is probably true1 however1 that some of those small changes by which we distinguish one species from another have been produced4 ,some small but persistent differences might1 for example1 have arisen in the teeth or in the form of the skull of a group of muskrats which would justify us in regarding it as forming a new species4 ,it is extremely doubtful that any new genus of vertebrates has been developed since the first interglacial stage4 ,matthew has concluded 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xl1 pp4 #bcb-bce7 that the evolution of the mammals during the ,pleistocene amounts to about one-tenth of that achieved during the ,pliocene4 ,the present writer regards this as a liberal estimate4 ,this failure to evolve new genera and species is not necessarily to be attributed to the shortness of the ,pleistocene period2 it may have been due rather to the unfavorable conditions4 ,in what direction could an animal make progress when1 after being subjected for some thousands of years to one set of conditions1 it was compelled for some other thousands to endure just the opposite conditions8 ,if life in front of a glacier for some centuries led to the development of a coat of hair on an elephant1 that coat would probably disappear during the succeeding interglacial stage1 and in the end1 if the elephant had not perished1 he would be where he began4 ,too much stress must not1 however1 be placed on this suggestion4 ,it may yet be possible to show that nowhere in the world was any considerable progress made by mammals during the ,pleistocene1 in the modification of their forms and structure4 ,on the other hand1 it is also possible that all over the world climatic conditions were at intervals unfavorably affected by the development of the great glaciers and that all life was retarded in its evolution4 ,the writer believes1 therefore1 that it can not be shown with certainty that new forms of living things1 especially vertebrates1 were developed in ,north ,america during the ,pleistocene4 ,it may be quite as difficult to prove that any genera or species of importance entered from other lands after the first invasion4 ,under these conditions there appears to be no means for determining successive faunas other than through recording the time of the disappearance of genera and species4 ,,ix4 ,,did ,,the ,,extinction ,,of ,,species ,,take ,,place ,,mostly ,,at ,,the ,,end ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene8 ,at the beginning of the ,pleistocene there existed1 as has been shown1 an abundant and highly varied mammalian fauna2 at the close of the epoch this fauna had become relatively impoverished4 ,did all those families and genera and species1 that in the end were missing1 perish during or after the last glacial stage1 the ,wisconsin8 ,this opinion has been expressed by some4 ,the writer believes that this view is wholly improbable4 ,a glacial sheet1 stretched across the continent or a large part of it1 was not local in its effects2 it was not a cap of ice merely concealing a part of the land and covered possibly by forests and allowing occupation by certain hardy animals1 while beyond1 up to its foot1 the country was pleasantly cool1 wooded1 and abounding with animated creatures4 ,in the ,sierra ,nevada ,mountains of ,california 7,lindgren1 ,folio #ff1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 and of ,nevada 7,knopf1 ,prof4 ,pap41 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aaj1 pp4 #ib-aje7 and in the ,san ,juan ,mountains of ,colorado 7,atwood and ,mather1 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #che71 at distances of approximately #fjj or #gjj miles from the glacial front1 there existed1 during more than one stage1 extensive local glaciers4 ,along the ,atlantic coast during at least one glacial stage the walrus was driven as far south as ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,one can hardly doubt that the whole continent was chilled during each of the glacial stages4 ,to mammals1 which for perhaps various reasons had been with difficulty enduring the stress of existence1 the glacial climates would give the final stroke2 perhaps to others the interglacial climates would have been quite as fatal4 ,we can not doubt that each glacial and each interglacial stage swept away a few of the less hardy genera and species4 ,nevertheless1 several remarkable animals passed through the vicissitudes of all the glacial and interglacial times and left their bones in the deposits overlying the last1 or ,wisconsin1 drift4 ,such are two species of elephants1 the ,american mastodon1 the giant beaver1 and one or more species of peccaries4 ,why they succumbed at last is difficult to say4 ,possibly the return of a fifth warm era proved too much for their endurance4 ,a reason for believing that the genera and species missing from the fauna found here when white men arrived1 called sometimes the ,columbian fauna1 were exterminated gradually and not at one epoch is that certain ones are found in deposits overlying the earlier glacial drift-sheets1 but are not found in deposits on later drifts4 ,camels occur in ,aftonian beds overlying the ,nebraskan drift1 but have not been collected in later interglacial deposits4 ,horses grow scarcer as the ,pleistocene advances4 ,they are known from deposits overlying the ,illinoian drift1 but do not appear after the ,wisconsin4 ,x4 ,,the ,,stratigraphical ,,and ,,time ,,limits ,,of ,,the ,,earliest ,,pleistocene4 ,it is necessary to determine1 if possible1 where the boundary line shall be drawn between the ,pliocene and the ,pleistocene4 ,room must be made for the first interglacial1 the ,nebraskan1 and its fauna4 ,how long this first glacial stage continued we do not know4 ,chamberlin and ,salisbury have indicated 7,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dbj7 that in a rough way the dates from the present of the culmination of the various glacial stages1 except the ,nebraskan1 taken in order backward1 may be represented by the geometrical series #a1 #b1 #d1 #h1 #af4 ,that is1 if the ,illinoian stage had its culmination #aej1jjj years ago1 that of the ,kansan occurred #cjj1jjj years ago2 if the ,nebraskan should fall in the same series1 it culminated #fjj1jjj years ago2 and it and the succeeding ,aftonian interglacial held sway as long as all the rest of the ,pleistocene put together4 ,it would be rash to assert that this first glacial did last so long2 but we see the possibilities4 ,in a personal communication ,professor ,frank ,leverett writes that he estimates that the ,kansan culmination took place at not less than #djj1jjj years ago and the ,nebraskan at #ejj1jjj4 ,this1 as the present writer estimates1 would leave for the ,nebraskan itself somewhere near #dj1jjj or #ej1jjj years4 ,some changes in the life of the ,pleistocene must have been wrought during those years4 ,the glacial deposits of the ,nebraskan stage are not as well known as one might wish4 ,they appear to be in general overlain by the later drifts and are observed mostly where streams have cut through both the overlying drift and the ,nebraskan4 ,the old drift found in ,new ,jersey is thin and of no great extent4 ,moreover1 we can hardly expect to find fossil vertebrates in the drift itself4 ,we must therefore depend on studies of supposed ,nebraskan fossils found mostly outside of the glaciated area and make comparison of them with earlier and later faunas4 ,if we shall discover collections of ,nebraskan vertebrate animals1 we may be sure that they will differ from those of the first interglacial1 the ,aftonian4 ,we may be pretty certain that they will include autochthonous genera of the late ,tertiary1 which may be missing from the ,aftonian1 together with at least a few genera from ,south ,america and others from ,asia4 ,now1 have any formations and included fossil vertebrates been found which may be fitted into the ,nebraskan interval8 ,in this stage the writer places the beds which ,cope designated the ,idaho formation 7,cope1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phil41 #ahhc1 p4 #ace74 ,since ,cope's time several new species have been added to his list from this formation4 ,in #aiag 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dcb71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,merriam published a list of the fossils1 except fishes1 which had been secured up to that time4 ,the list of species referred to the ,idaho formation is as follows3 ,equus idahoensis4 ,e4 excelsus8 ,protohippus8 ,rhinoceros1 probably ,aphelops 7,teleoceras7 fossiger4 ,mastodon mirificus4 ,cervus1 possibly new4 ,smaller and more slender than ,c4 canadensis4 ,procamelus1 size of ,p4 major4 ,tragocerus8 horn-core of antelope4 ,ischyrosmilus n4 sp4 ,morotherium leptonyx4 ,castor1 possibly n4 sp4 ,olor1 size of ,o4 paloregonus4 ,graculus idahoensis4 ,in this collection the presence of horses of the genus ,equus1 of ,cervus1 ,morotherium1 and ,castor1 is strongly suggestive of the ,pleistocene4 ,the type of ,mastodon mirificus was found in ,pleistocene deposits of probably ,aftonian age4 ,although rhinoceroses are supposed to have become extinct before the end of the ,pliocene1 this supposition may be an error4 ,the list of ,blanco vertebrates is a short one1 and the absence of a genus from it is not decisive4 ,one drawing of a seine in the sea-waters of ,florida would furnish inadequate materials for conclusions about the fish fauna of that coast4 ,the ,thousand ,creek fauna 7,merriam1 ,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,calif41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dbi71 which to the present writer appears of about the same age as the ,blanco1 contains a species of ,teleoceras4 ,the genera ,protohippus and ,procamelus might be supposed to have continued their existence and evolution until interrupted by an age of ice and by competitors from ,asia4 ,in #aiag 7,bull4 cit41 vol4 ,x1 pp4 #bee-bff7 ,merriam and ,buwalda published a short list of fossils which they had collected along the ,columbia ,river in ,washington ,state4 ,a horse was found which was referred to ,equus or ,pliohippus2 also two camelids1 one of which was thought to be near ,pliauchenia4 ,merriam concluded that the evidence on the whole favored the ,pleistocene4 ,the list will fit into the ,nebraskan without difficulty4 ,in #ahhi 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #bec71 ,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope published a list of fossil mammals collected in the 8,oregon desert10 apparently somewhere in the region of ,silver ,lake or ,summer ,lake4 ,the list is as follows3 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,elephas or ,mastodon4 ,holomeniscus or ,auchenia4 ,aphelops sp4 indet4 ,hippotherium relictum4 ,equus sp4 indet4 ,cope looked upon this collection as remarkable in that it showed the presence of true horses and camels associated with a rhinoceros4 ,he concluded that the fossils belonged to his ,idaho formation4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew thought that the collection was a mixture of fossils from two formations 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cba74 ,it may1 however1 have been made in ,nebraskan deposits4 ,in #aiba 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 pp4 #fag-fch71 the writer described a collection of vertebrate remains from ,anita1 ,coconino ,county1 ,arizona4 ,these remains were found in a cave in making explorations for copper ore4 ,the list follows3 ,equus occidentalis4 ,e4 giganteus8 ,mylohyus8 sp4 indet4 ,procamelus coconinensis4 ,p4 longurio4 ,antilocapra americana8 ,marmota arizon4 ,citellus tuitus4 ,neotoma cinerea4 ,lepus benjamini4 ,brachylagus browni4 ,taxidea robusta4 ,canis nubilus8 ,c4 latrans8 ,chasmaporthetes ossifragus4 ,the writer believes that this assemblage of mammals must be referred to the ,pleistocene4 ,it will be noted1 however1 that there are two species of the genus ,procamelus4 ,these resemble so much two species1 ,p4 major and ,p4 minimus1 described by ,leidy and ,lucas 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 ,i-,,xiv1 #ae-fa7 from the ,alachua clays of ,florida1 that it seemed at first necessary to identify them as such4 ,the genus ,procamelus seems1 therefore1 to be brought definitely into the early ,pleistocene1 probably the ,nebraskan4 ,the collections made in the ,alachua clays in ,florida were obtained in ,alachua and ,levy counties4 ,on pages #aie and #cge will be found an account of the geological conditions under which the fossils were found1 and lists of the species4 ,the essential features are that such supposed ,miocene or ,pliocene genera as ,gomphotherium1 ,procamelus1 ,teleoceras1 and ,aphelops were found associated with the ,pleistocene genera ,odocoileus1 ,tapirus1 ,megatherium1 and ,equus4 ,this has been explained on the theory that the clays are of ,tertiary age and that the ,pleistocene species had become mingled with those of an earlier time4 ,at a number of places in ,florida where phosphate rock has been mined there have been secured similar associations of early camels1 rhinoceroses1 horses 7,hipparion1 ,parahippus7 with genera belonging undoubtedly to the ,pleistocene4 ,this has occurred so often that the writer doubts the correctness of the explanation given4 ,he ventures1 therefore1 to include in the ,pleistocene of the ,nebraskan stage the various deposits that have received the names ,alachua clays1 the ,dunnellon formation1 and ,bone ,valley formation4 ,the latter1 called also the land-pebble phosphates1 is believed by ,sellards to be contemporaneous in age with the ,dunnellon or hard phosphates1 but to have accumulated under different conditions4 ,both the ,alachuan and the ,bone ,valley formations were referred by ,sellards to either the late ,miocene or the early ,pliocene1 with an evident preference for the latter4 ,it seems to have been the presence of the rhinoceroses that most influenced him in his assignment of the deposits2 but there were naturally other considerations4 ,he wrote3 ,the presence of rhinoceroses in the formation is believed to establish definitely the fact that the beds can not be later than the early ,pliocene1 since rhinoceroses in ,america apparently did not survive beyond that time 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #gc74 ,according to ,sellards the hard phosphate1 belonging to the ,alachua 7,dunnellon7 formation 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cg7 resulted from a disintegration of underlying ,upper ,oligocene deposits and probably the ,vicksburg limestone4 ,through chemical action these rocks were partly dissolved and the residual materials were mixed by local subsidence and by action of streams and later modified by chemical changes4 ,the land-pebble phosphate of the ,bone ,valley formation had1 ,sellards concluded 7,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ee71 resulted from underlying phosphate marls of ,upper ,oligocene age4 ,this occurred during a time of general subsidence of sufficient extent to permit marine waters to reach the area covered by the ,bone ,valley phosphates4 ,the presence of sea-water is indicated by the occurrence of bones of cetaceans4 ,with regard to the effects of streams and of the chemical action of the water on the rocks1 which contributed to the formation of the hard rock phosphate and the production of sinks and caves1 it may be remarked that we know of no time when rocks were dissolved and caves formed to the extent that they were during the ,pleistocene4 ,as shown on page #ae1 various deposits of marine marls along the ,atlantic coast are referred by the writer to the ,nebraskan4 ,among these marls are the coquina rock found at ,st4 ,augustine and the marine marl underlying the bed at ,vero1 which contained early ,pleistocene vertebrate fossils4 ,these marls are known to extend well inland1 being found at ,kissimmee1 #ej miles from the coast4 ,in some places they are met with at depths of #gj feet 7,sellards1 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aje-ajf74 ,marls of probably the same age occur on the western coast of ,florida 7,dall1 ,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aeb74 ,the writer believes that some of these marls may yet be connected with the phosphate beds of the ,bone ,valley formation4 ,a figure taken from ,sellards 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,fla41 vol4 ,,vii1 opp4 p4 #ec7 may be found on page #cgg4 ,this illustrates the relation of the ,dunnellon and ,bone ,valley formations to the underlying deposits4 ,,xi4 ,,the ,,first ,,interglacial1 ,,or ,,aftonian1 ,,stage4 ,mention has been made of collections of fossil vertebrates which long ago were secured at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon1 and of others along ,niobrara ,river1 near ,grayson1 ,nebraska4 ,lists of the species found at each locality were given by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew in #aijb 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #cag-cbj74 ,these deposits and animals were regarded by ,cope and ,marsh as belonging to the ,pliocene1 until ,g4 ,k4 ,gilbert1 in his work on ,lake ,bonneville 7,monogr4 ,i1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #cic-djb7 showed that the ,oregon fossils must belong to the ,glacial epoch1 but he referred them to a late time in this epoch1 that of the last glaciation4 ,it thus became quite impossible to determine the age of any collection of fossil vertebrates4 ,in #ahhg 7,univ4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,kansas vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bii-cjh71 ,williston wrote3 ,every fact furnished from ,kansas seems to substantiate ,cope's conclusion that the ,megalonyx fauna of the ,east and the ,equus fauna of the ,west were contemporaneous and that both occurred during the period of depression2 that is1 during late ,pleistocene time4 ,this paragraph was quoted by ,osborn in #aiaj 78,age of ,mammals10 p4 #dec71 who appears to agree in part with ,williston1 although he expressed the opinion that some of the deposits were earlier than the others4 ,osborn supported the view of the existence of two faunas1 that of the 8,equus zone0 and that of the 8,megalonyx zone40 ,the former fauna was regarded as the older1 but overlapping somewhat during the 8mid-,pleistocene0 the ,megalonyx fauna4 ,he presented a catalogue of deposits belonging to his ,equus zone 7his page #dec7 and another of those of the ,megalonyx zone 7p4 #dfg74 ,in the latter he included deposits that he would now doubtless refer to the earliest ,pleistocene1 for example1 the ,ashley ,river beds4 ,it was necessary for the geologists to come again to the rescue of the palontologists4 ,they established the fact that there had passed1 not a single glacial stage1 but a series1 and that these had been separated by corresponding interglacial stages4 ,they were able to show also that between the drift-sheets there were to be found remnants of old gravels and fossil-bearing soils4 ,in ,iowa1 through the careful researches of ,calvin and ,shimek1 numerous remains of fossil mammals were discovered in gravels lying between the earliest drift1 the ,nebraskan1 and the second drift1 the ,kansan4 ,among these mammals were identified horses1 camels1 elephants 7,e4 columbi1 ,e4 imperator71 ,mylodon1 ,megalonyx1 and a large ruminant which is certainly a species of bison4 ,this fauna1 known as the ,aftonian1 was correlated by ,calvin with that of the ,sheridan beds of ,nebraska 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ced74 ,the writer has had the opportunity to study this ,aftonian material 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii71 and1 although it is not as abundant as might be desired1 he agrees with ,calvin's correlation4 ,making due allowances for environment and the hazards attending preservation and collection1 the ,aftonian and ,sheridan fauna is practically the same as that found at ,fossil ,lake1 ,oregon4 ,furthermore1 it may be traced along the plains into ,texas and to the shores of the ,gulf4 ,here1 at or near tide-level1 or not far away1 may be found horses1 camels1 elephants 7,e4 columbi and ,e4 imperator71 ,mammut americanum1 and mastodons with teeth presenting trefoils4 ,in ,texas1 within a mile of the ,louisiana line1 ,elephas imperator has been collected4 ,the fauna reappears on the west coast of ,florida2 also on ,peace ,creek2 on the east coast at ,vero2 at ,brunswick and ,savannah1 ,georgia2 along ,ashley ,river1 near ,charleston2 probably also on the banks of ,neuse ,river1 #af miles below ,new ,bern1 ,north ,carolina2 and again probably at ,long ,branch1 ,new ,jersey1 where ,megatherium has been found2 and finally at ,port ,kennedy1 on ,schuylkill ,river1 about #be miles above ,philadelphia4 ,all along the coast1 apparently from the ,rio ,grande to ,long ,branch1 the localities which furnish ,aftonian fossils are within a few feet of sea-level4 ,,xii4 ,,the ,,yarmouth ,,interglacial ,,stage4 ,up to the present time the interglacial soils found in a few localities between the ,kansan and the ,illinoian drifts have furnished only scanty remains of vertebrate fossils--a rabbit and a skunk at the type locality in ,iowa4 ,certainly1 however1 the same animals were living then that were found at later stages4 ,,xiii4 ,,the ,,illinoian ,,glacial ,,stage4 ,to the ,illinoian glacial stage the writer refers the collection of fossil vertebrates which was described in #aijh by ,barnum ,brown 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #aeg-bjh7 and which had been obtained in the ,conard fissure near ,willcockson1 ,newton ,county1 ,arkansas4 ,it is placed here rather than in the ,sangamon stage1 because of the number of species present which suggest a rather cold climate4 ,a list of these species will be found on pages #ca-cb of volume ,,xxiii1 of the ,iowa ,geological ,survey4 ,,xiv4 ,,the ,,sangamon ,,interglacial ,,stage4 ,this was the warm stage which succeeded the glacial ,illinoian4 ,between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin there passed a long period of time4 ,it is now believed that it was interrupted by the ,iowan ice-sheet1 but this appears not to have lasted long nor to have occupied any considerable area4 ,associated with it in some way was the accumulation of much loess4 ,this was formerly supposed to have been deposited to a large extent at least during the ,sangamon2 but1 as ,leverett informs me1 it appears to have been laid down at a time nearer the ,wisconsin than the ,illinoian4 ,this ,iowan drift and the loess has been the subject of a special investigation by ,alden and ,leighton 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #di-bab74 ,few vertebrate fossils have been found in the loess4 ,their bones may have been dissolved out by the percolating rain-water1 and yet the delicate shells of land mollusks are abundant4 ,a collection which the writer regards as belonging rightfully to the ,sangamon was made at ,alton1 ,illinois1 many years ago1 by ,william ,mc,adams4 ,a list of the species and an account of the geological conditions connected with it are presented on page #cci4 ,the remains appear to have accumulated in a pond on the ,illinoian drift and to have been covered by loess4 ,the horse was yet in existence1 as well as the deer ,sangamona and the antelope ,taurotragus americanus4 ,two-thirds of the #ae species are extinct4 ,a smaller number of species have been collected near ,kimmswick1 just below ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri4 ,the remains found in a cave in ,bexar ,county1 ,texas1 are believed to belong here 7,hay1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #abi74 ,it is1 however1 in the ,alleghany ,mountains that most of the vertebrates have been collected which the writer refers to the ,sangamon stage4 ,these have been found in caves and fissures from northern ,pennsylvania to northern ,alabama4 ,unfortunately1 although mostly discovered several years ago1 some of these collections have not yet been well studied and have not been accessible to the writer4 ,they contain two or three species of horses1 two or three genera of peccaries1 tapirs1 the deer ,sangamona1 the antelope ,taurotragus1 and one or more species of saber-tooth tigers4 ,half or more of the species are extinct4 ,to the writer these assemblages seem to fit into the history nowhere so well as into the ,sangamon stage4 ,another assemblage that probably belongs here is that made at ,toronto 7p4 #bhb74 ,this indicates a warm climate1 since the pawpaw and the osage orange grew there4 ,,xv4 ,,the ,,peorian ,,interglacial ,,stage4 ,this is the interglacial interval between the ,iowan glacial and the ,wisconsin4 ,it was probably not of long continuance and is chiefly remarkable for the deposition of loess4 ,this has not furnished any important collections of vertebrate fossils4 ,the type locality for the ,peorian stage is a locality east of ,peoria1 ,illinois4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 mentions several cases in which old soils believed to belong to the ,peorian were observed in ,illinois4 ,none of these has furnished vertebrate fossils4 ,it is usually difficult to distinguish the ,sangamon from the ,peorian soils4 ,,xvi4 ,,the ,,wisconsin ,,glacial ,,stage ,,and ,,the ,,wabash ,,beds4 ,the next stage which furnishes abundant vertebrate fossils is the ,wisconsin4 ,these remains are found most abundantly in the old soils and mucks which accumulated in the swamps1 ponds1 and lakes left on the uneven surface of the ,wisconsin drift as the ice retired4 ,to such deposits the writer has given the name ,wabash beds4 ,they are often called post-glacial deposits2 but that term ought in strictness to be applied only to deposits of the present epoch4 ,they may be called ,late ,glacial1 but that expression has been used for the drift and moraines produced by the second half of the ,wisconsin glaciation4 ,it might be better to use for the divisions of the ,wisconsin the terms ,lower and ,upper4 ,in the late ,wisconsin1 or the ,wabash1 deposits there may be found remains of any of the existing animals of the region2 also often the bones and teeth of mammals now living in more northern regions4 ,besides these1 there may occur the relics of animals which were able to endure the rigors1 changes1 and competitions of the ,glacial period1 but succumbed at its end4 ,these are1 especially1 two species of elephants1 one or two species of mastodons1 four or more species of musk-oxen1 the moose ,cervalces1 one or more species of peccary1 and the giant beaver4 ,,xvii4 ,,on ,,the ,,theory ,,of ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,terraces ,,of ,,the ,,coastal ,,plain4 ,the writer will discuss briefly the widely accepted theory that along the sea-coast from ,new ,jersey to southwestern ,texas there occurs a series of terraces and corresponding escarpments1 three or more in number1 representing successive emergences of the borders of the continent from the sea4 ,the theory was first proposed by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,mc,gee 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahhh1 p4 #cfg2 #abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 #ahia1 pp4 #cec-eba74 ,he included in the initial submergence not only the area occupied by the supposed ,pleistocene terraces1 but also the borders of the coasts to an elevation corresponding to the ,lafayette 7,appomattox7 formation1 which he referred provisionally to the late ,pliocene4 ,this submergence required a depression of the eastern half of the continent amounting to #ejj feet or more4 ,the theory was accepted especially by the geologists of ,maryland in their excellent reports 7,shattuck1 ,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pliocene and ,pleistocene volume1 pp4 #fb-acg1 with maps74 ,it has likewise been applied to the geology of ,virginia 7,clark and ,miller1 ,va4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,no4 ,,iv1 pp4 #dh-ef1 #agi-ahi71 ,north ,carolina 7,stephenson1 ,n4 ,c4 ,geol4 ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 #aiab1 pp4 #bff-bij71 ,georgia 7,veatch1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ga41 ,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 #aiaa1 pp4 #ce-ej71 as ,okefenokee and ,satilla2 7,stephenson1 ibid41 pp4 #dbe-dde71 ,florida 7,matson and ,clapp1 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ii1 #aiji71 and to ,texas 7,deussen1 ,water ,supply ,pap4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #cce1 pp4 #gh-hc74 ,conspectus of the ,geology and ,vertebrate ,paleontology of the ,pleistocene4 #a #b #c #d ,drift-sheets and ,representative ,disappearance of ,characteristic other deposits4 collections4 genera and genera4 species4 ,wisconsin ,stage4 ,atlantic to ,made in swamps and ,megalonyx1 ,existing mammals1 ,pacific in old lakes on ,elephas1 plus those of ,wisconsin1 ,wisconsin drift ,mammut1 column #c ,illinois1 7,wabash beds7 from ,cervalces1 ,iowa1 ,indiana1 ,illinois to ,symbos1 ,ohio1 ,new ,massachusetts and ,botherium1 ,york1 ,new ,cape ,breton ,island4 ,mylohyus1 ,jersey 7,cape ,leda clays1 ,canada4 ,platygonus ,may1 ,trenton ,bison gravels71 occidentalis1 ,ontario1 ,castoroides ,quebec1 etc41 ,maine1 ,massachusetts4 ,peorian ,stage4 ,old soils ,fossil mammals rarely,none certainly ,few recognized4 ,in between the found4 known4 general1 those ,iowan and the of the ,wisconsin ,wisconsin4 drifts where the former is present4 ,reported by ,leverett 7,mon4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxxviii7 from localities in ,illinois4 ,usually hard to distinguish from ,sangamon4 ,abundant loess in ,mississippi ,valley4 ,iowan ,stage4 ,known certainly ,none4 ,mylodon1 ,tapirus1,none known2 but in only from ,iowa ,equus1 general those of and ,wisconsin4 ,taurotragus1 the later ,supposed to be ,sangamona1 stages4 present along ,bison ,new ,england latifrons1 ,b4 coast1 ,gay antiquus1 ,head to ,maine4 nocyon1 ,dinobastis1 ,smilodon1 ,smilodontopsis4 ,sangamon ,stage4 ,sangamon ,river1 ,alton1 ,illinois2 ,none known to ,mylodon1 a few ,illinois4 ,old ,kimmswick1 have become horses1 tapirs1 soils just ,missouri2 cave in extinct during peccaries1 above the ,bexar ,county1 this stage4 ,sangamona1 ,illinoian ,texas2 bluffs at ,taurotragus1 drift4 ,some ,natchez1 ,symbos1 ,bison loess of this ,mississippi2 salt latifrons1 ,b4 stage4 ,cave mine at ,petite antiquus1 deposits in ,anse1 ,louisiana2 ,elephas and ,texas and in ,cavetown and ,mammut4 the ,alleghany ,corriganville1 ,mountains4 ,maryland2 ,ivanhoe1 ,virginia2 ,whitesburg ,tennessee2 interglacial beds at ,toronto1 ,ontario4 ,illinoian ,stage4 ,in ,illinois1 ,conard fissure1 ,may include some ,equus1 ,mylohyus1 ,wisconsin1 ,newton ,county1 accredited to ,symbos1 ,felis1 eastern ,iowa1 ,arkansas4 ,otherwise the ,kansan4 ,smilodontopsis1 ,indiana1 ,ohio4 none recognized4 ,dinobastis4 ,supposed glacial drift from ,long ,island to ,massachusetts 7,montauk till1 etc474 ,yarmouth ,stage4 ,interglacial ,few vertebrates yet ,not known4 ,few known4 soils and recognized4 ,skunk ,doubtless those mucks between and rabbit at which became the ,kansan and ,yarmouth1 ,iowa4 extinct during ,illinoian in ,illinoian and ,iowa and ,iowan and later4 ,illinois4 ,gardner clay and ,sankaty from ,long ,island to ,boston4 ,kansan ,stage4 ,iowa1 ,missouri1 ,fossil vertebrates ,megatherium1 ,doubtless those in ,kansas1 and rarely found4 ,glyptodon1 the later stages northwestward4 ,stegomastodon1 of this column ,loess ,anancus1 and some of overlying the ,gomphotherium81 those of this drift2 ,elephas stage in column ,jerseyan imperator1 #c4 drift4 ,new ,eschatius1 ,jersey 7may be ,camelops1 ,nebraskan72 ,camelus1 ,pensauken4 ,hydrochrus ,jameco gravels ,aftonius1 on ,long ,leptochrus1 ,island1 ,new ,trucifelis4 ,york1 and ,cape ,cod1 ,massachusetts4 ,aftonian ,stage4 ,gravels and ,along ,missouri ,river ,none recognized4 ,mylodon1 soils between in ,iowa2 ,fossil ,probably some ,megalonyx1 the ,kansan and ,lake1 ,oregon2 of those cited ,megatherium1 the ,nebraskan ,grayson1 ,sheridan under the ,glyptodon1 in ,iowa1 ,county1 ,nebraska2 ,kansan4 ,chlamytherium1 ,missouri1 ,la ,brea1 ,elephas ,nebraska1 and ,california2 ,lake imperator1 ,kansas4 ,lake ,lahontan and ,walker ,anancus1 and river ,river1 ,nevada2 ,gomphotherium1 deposits in ,lavaca and ,tapirus1 ,equus1 ,nebraska and ,galveston ,bays1 ,hipparion1 ,oregon2 river ,texas2 ,peace ,creek1 ,camelops1 deposits1 ,caloosahatchee ,camelus1 ,bison ,pittbridge1 ,river1 and ,vero1 regius1 ,texas2 asphalt ,florida2 ,brunswick ,hydrochrus4 beds near ,los and ,savannah1 ,angeles1 ,georgia2 ,beaufort ,california4 and ,ashley ,river1 ,sands1 etc4 ,south ,carolina2 bearing ,neuse ,river1 ,north vertebrate ,carolina2 ,fish remains at or ,house clay near near sea-level ,camden1 ,new ,jersey2 from mouth of ,long ,branch1 ,new the ,rio ,grande ,jersey2 ,port to ,sandy ,hook1 ,kennedy1 ,new ,jersey4 ,pennsylvania4 ,nebraskan ,stage4 ,drift in ,iowa ,collections made in ,gomphotherium ,megatherium1 and ,nebraska southwestern ,idaho2 floridanum1 ,elephas beneath more 8,oregon ,desert10 ,protohippus1 imperator1 recent drifts2 ,oregon2 ,anita1 ,parahippus1 ,mammut1 ,idaho ,coconino ,county1 ,procamelus1 ,gomphotherium formation1 ,arizona2 ,ringgold1 ,teleoceras1 floridanum1 ,idaho2 ,new ,yakima ,county1 ,aphelops4 ,protohippus1 ,jerseyan8 and ,washington4 ,in ,parahippus1 ,bridgeton1 ,new clays in ,alachua ,hipparion1 ,jersey2 and ,levy counties2 ,equus1 ,tapirus1 ,mannetto ,dunnellon1 ,ocala1 ,teleoceras1 gravels1 ,new ,brewster1 and ,aphelops1 ,york4 ,long ,mulberry1 ,florida4 ,procamelus1 ,island1 and ,horse at ,martha's ,agriotherium1 ,cape ,cod1 ,vineyard84 ,canis1 ,massachusetts2 ,trucifelis 8,first floridanus1 ,glacial0 at ,chasmaporthetes4 ,martha's ,vineyard2 ,arcadia marls1 on ,peace ,creek2 ,alachuan clays and phosphates1 and ,bone ,valley phosphates2 marine marl bed at ,vero2 ,coquina at ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida2 ,quarantine ,station1 ,southport1 ,new ,hanover ,county1 ,north ,carolina2 ,dismal ,swamp1 ,north ,carolina and ,virginia4 ,,upper ,,pliocene--,,blanco1 ,,texas2 ,,thousand ,,creek1 ,,nevada2 ,,etchegoin-,,tulare1 ,,calif4 ,upper ,pliocene ,stage4 ,texas1 ,nevada1 ,lists published by ,j4,glyptotherium1 ,glyptotherium1 and ,c4 ,merriam in ,pliohippus1 ,megalonyx1 ,california4 ,bulletin of ,tephrocyon1 ,gomphotherium1 ,department ,geology1 ,hynognathus1 ,pliohippus1 ,university of ,ilingoceros4 ,hipparion1 ,california1 vol4 x1 ,teleoceras1 p4 #dbe ,platygonus1 7,etchegoin-,tulare72 ,pliauchenia1 p4 #dbe 7,thousand ,procamelus1 ,creek72 p4 #dcd ,ilingoceros1 7,blanco74 ,tephrocyon1 ,hynognathus4 ,in ,maryland and the ,district of ,columbia there have been recognized three ,pleistocene terraces 7,shattuck1 as cited above74 ,the uppermost is the ,sunderland1 the next the ,wicomico1 the lowest the ,talbot4 ,these are not correlated by ,shattuck definitely with glacial divisions of the ,pleistocene1 but the ,sunderland is the oldest1 while the ,talbot is regarded the most recent1 probably about the age of the last glacial stage1 the ,wisconsin4 ,when the writer began his study of the ,pleistocene he accepted the theory proposed by ,mc,gee and the ,maryland geologists1 and traces of this acceptance may be found in this work2 but he is now convinced of its falsity4 ,it is hardly to be believed that the coastal region could have been occupied1 even at intervals1 since the late ,pliocene1 when the depression is supposed to have been at least #ejj feet1 and #bjj feet during the ,sunderland1 down to the end of the ,wicomico and even the ,talbot1 without its having left other traces of marine occupation than the supposed terraces and escarpments4 ,there ought to appear somewhere in the long border from ,new ,jersey to ,mexico abundant and extensive deposits of stratified materials1 clays1 sands1 and gravels4 ,such deposits appear to be relatively rare4 ,a still more serious objection to the theory of submergence beneath marine waters is the absence of marine fossils4 ,in the materials forming these terraces one might with confidence expect to find at least marine mollusks1 mussels1 clams1 and beds of oysters2 probably also remains of fishes1 of porpoises1 and of whales4 ,leaving out of consideration the ,talbot terrace1 which is near sea-level 7,shattuck1 op4 cit41 p4 #aj71 the supporters of the theory under consideration admit that not in the ,lafayette1 nor the ,sunderland1 nor the ,wicomico1 have any traces of such fossils been met with4 ,on the other hand1 all over these terraces are found remains of land animals and plants4 ,mastodons1 elephants1 and horses are by no means rare4 ,conditions favorable for the preservation of teeth of proboscideans must have been quite as well adapted to preserve shells of oysters4 ,in the ,sunderland and ,wicomico a few land plants have been secured1 an abundance of them in the ,talbot4 ,map ,no4 #ci shows the distribution of ,pleistocene mammals1 mollusks1 and plants on the ,coastal ,plain of ,north ,carolina4 ,it seems evident1 therefore1 that the sea has had nothing to do with the formation of the ,lafayette1 the ,sunderland1 and the ,wicomico terraces1 and little with that of the ,talbot4 ,it was natural that the advocates of this theory of the formation of these terraces during the ,pleistocene should distribute them somewhat impartially over the time of this epoch1 assigning the ,talbot to a late interval4 ,on page #aa the writer has called attention to the fact that in many places along the coast from southeastern ,texas to ,new ,jersey1 at or near sea-level1 there are beds which contain a vertebrate fauna of the ,aftonian or first interglacial stage4 ,probably nowhere do these beds have any large amount of later materials overlying them2 it is often extremely little4 ,so far as the writer can judge1 this means that all the terraces and escarpments were produced before the time of the first interglacial2 not since that distant time has there occurred along the ,gulf or ,atlantic coasts south of ,new ,jersey any considerable elevation or depression of the ,coastal ,plain4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,cetaceans ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 7,map #a47 ,,ontario4 #a4 ,nepean ,township1 ,carleton ,county4--,in #aiad1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe1 of the ,canadian ,geological ,survey1 stated 7,summ4 ,rep4 for #aiac1 p4 #bii7 that ,walter ,billings1 of ,ottawa1 had presented to the ,survey a caudal vertebra of ,delphinapterus leucas1 found in ,pleistocene gravel on lot #ae1 concession #e1 of ,nepean township4 ,the locality is near ,jock ,river1 a stream which flows northeasterly and enters ,rideau ,river about #aa miles south of ,ottawa4 ,with it was sent the lower end of a femur1 supposed to belong to the bison4 #b4 ,ottawa ,east1 ,carleton ,county4--,in #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe reported 7,summ4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,can4 for #aiji1 p4 #bgc7 that ,mr4 ,a4 ,penfold had presented to the ,survey a caudal vertebra of ,delphinapterus leucas1 which he had found at ,ottawa ,east1 at a depth of #be feet1 while digging a well4 #c4 ,smith's ,falls1 ,lanark ,county4--,in #ahhc 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bjj7 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson announced the finding of two vertebr1 a part of another1 and a fragment of a rib of a large whale1 in a ballast pit at ,welshe's1 #c miles north of ,smith's ,falls4 ,this whale he identified as ,megaptera longimana 7,m4 bops74 ,the bones were found in gravel at a depth of #cj feet and about #ej feet from the original face of the pit4 ,the elevation of the place is given as about #ddj feet above sea-level4 ,dawson stated that this corresponds exactly with the height of one of the sea-terraces on ,royal ,mountain at ,montreal4 ,he added that this animal might have sailed past that mountain1 then only a rocky islet1 when a wide sea1 #djj feet above the lower levels of ,montreal1 covered all the plain of the lower ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,inasmuch as the highest terrace containing marine fossils at ,montreal stands at a height of about #fbe feet 7,stansfield1 ,mem4 #gc1 ,canad4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiae7 above sea-level1 the region had apparently risen about #afj feet at least above its lowest submergence when the whale was buried4 ,the discovery of this whale is mentioned by ,dawson in his 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahid1 page #bfh2 also by ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins in his ,report of the ,state ,geologist of ,vermont1 #aijg-h1 page #hc4 #d4 ,pakenham1 ,lanark ,county4--,this locality is about #db miles north-northwest from ,welshe's1 where the whale remains just discussed were found4 ,at ,pakenham1 in #aijf1 there were discovered bones1 including a nearly perfect skull1 of a white whale4 ,the discovery was reported in #aijf and #aijg by ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,whiteaves 7,summ4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,can4 for #aijh1 p4 #aga2 ,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xx1 pp4 #bad-baf74 ,the remains were found by a well-digger on a farm 7lot #ba1 #aath concession71 and were embedded in blue clay at a depth of #ad feet4 ,immediately about the bones was a mixture of clay and shells4 ,the animal has been referred to ,delphinapterus leucas4 ,as one of the ear-bones was secured1 the determination of the species would appear to be possible4 ,according to ,perkins1 the ear-bone in the type of ,d4 vermontanus differs from that of the existing white whale1 ,d4 leucas4 ,the writer is unable to say more than that the whale found at ,pakenham belongs to the ,late ,wisconsin4 #e4 ,cornwall1 ,stormont ,county4--,in #ahgj 7,canad4 ,naturalist and ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #dch-dci71 ,e4 ,billings gave an account of the discovery of remains of a white whale at ,cornwall4 ,considerable parts of the skull were secured1 including the lower jaws4 ,besides many vertebr and some other parts1 #h teeth were saved1 but the ear-bones were missing4 ,the animal had been about #ae feet long4 ,whether it belonged to ,delphinapterus leucas or ,d4 vermontanus may be regarded as doubtful4 ,extracts from ,billings's description are to be found in ,professor ,perkins's paper 7,rep4 ,state ,geologist ,vermont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #ha-hb74 #f4 ,williamstown1 ,glengarry ,county4--,this place is about #aj miles northeast of ,cornwall4 ,in ,professor ,perkins's paper just cited it is stated that ,edward ,ardley1 assistant curator at ,redpath ,museum1 ,mc,gill ,university1 ,montreal1 had found here a few bones of a white whale1 the hyoid1 a few phalanges1 and rib fragments4 ,it is impossible from such limited materials to determine whether the animal was ,delphinapterus vermontanus or ,d4 leucas4 ,from ,mr4 ,ardley1 through ,mr4 ,arthur ,willey1 curator of ,redpath ,museum1 the present writer has learned that these bones were dug up from a depth of #ad feet1 in a well sunken in the ,leda clay4 ,under the surface soil was a band of sandy clay containing shells of ,saxicava and ,mya4 ,beneath this was a stiff blue clay showing stratification and containing shells of ,leda4 ,,quebec4 #g4 ,montreal4--,in #ahfc 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #iai71 ,w4 ,e4 ,logan announced the finding of some bones of a whale at the ,mile-,end quarries1 ,montreal1 on a slight ridge1 8where are found stratified sand and gravel holding boulders and shells in the lower part40 ,in corresponding clays in a neighboring brickyard was found a pelvis of a seal1 ,phoca grndlandica4 ,in #ahie 7,canad4 ,rec4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cea71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson reported the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of another white whale at ,montreal4 ,this was found in brick clay1 near ,papineau ,road4 ,the locality is said by ,dawson to be about #ajj feet above the ,st4 ,lawrence2 the bones were in the clay at a depth of #bb feet4 ,the clay itself was probably deposited at a depth of #ej to #hj fathoms4 ,this is said by ,dawson to correspond approximately with a well-marked shore-line at ,montreal1 found at a height of about #dgj feet above the sea and with the old sea-beach at ,smith's ,falls as related on page #ag4 ,in #aiaf1 ,mr4 ,edward ,ardley1 assistant curator of ,redpath ,museum1 reported 7,canad4 ,rec4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #dij-dic7 the discovery of a large part of the skeleton of a white whale1 supposed to belong to ,delphinapterus leucas1 at ,montreal ,east4 ,the skeleton was buried in ,leda clay about #ae feet above ,st4 ,lawrence ,river4 ,it was #aj4e feet long4 ,the cranium and lower jaw were secured1 besides parts of the trunk and limbs4 #h4 ,rivire du ,loup1 ,temiscouata ,county4--,in his work1 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahid1 on page #bfh1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson reported that bones of ,beluga catodon 7,delphinapterus leucas7 had been found at the place mentioned4 ,it is not probable that parts sufficient for making a definite determination were secured1 nor did ,dawson give any details regarding the geological conditions connected with the discovery4 ,doubtless the remains were found in marine deposits of one of the terraces4 #i4 ,metis1 ,rimouski ,county4--,in the work just cited 7p4 #bfi71 ,dawson stated that in the summer of #ahia he secured a large jawbone of a whale which had been found in digging a cellar in the shelly marl of the lower terrace at ,metis4 ,he did not identify the species1 but appears to imply that it belonged to either the 8humpback0 7,megaptera bops7 or to one of the finner whales 7,balnoptera74 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #aj4 ,jaquet ,river1 ,restigouche ,county4--,in #ahgd 7,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #djj-djd71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,gilpin gave an account of the discovery of some cetacean bones in a railroad cut at the place named1 but did not identify the bones otherwise than as those of a small cetacean4 ,in the same year 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #eig71 in a short1 unsigned communication1 this discovery was mentioned and the whale was identified as ,beluga vermontana4 ,in volume ,,viii of the same journal 7#ahgd1 p4 #bai71 ,dr4 ,d4 ,honeyman described the deposit and gave a list of the shells found in it4 ,dawson 7,canad4 ,ice ,age1 p4 #bfh7 refers the bones to ,beluga catodon4 ,the locality is a cut of the ,international ,railway1 on the north side of the ,jaquet ,river1 about #j4be mile from the sea4 ,gilpin gives the elevation as #dj feet above the sea2 the writer of the unsigned communication just mentioned gives it as #be feet4 ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins 7,rep4 ,state ,geologist ,vermont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #ajb-aab7 studied the bones described by ,gilpin4 ,they consisted of #ah vertebr1 some fragments of the skull1 one of the ear-bones1 a part of the lower jaw1 some fragments of ribs1 and some arm-bones4 ,he identified the animal as belonging to the genus ,monodon and probably ,m4 monoceros1 the existing narwhal4 #aa4 ,mace's ,bay1 ,charlotte ,county4--,in #ahgi 7,geol4 ,survey of ,canada1 #ahgg-gh1 ,,ee1 p4 #bc71 ,mr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew reported the discovery of a ramus of the lower jaw of a whale1 possibly a species of ,delphinapterus1 at the mouth of the ,popologan 7or ,pocologan7 ,river4 ,it is now in the ,mechanics' ,institute at ,st4 ,john4 ,it had fallen from a bank of ,leda clay4 ,it probably belongs to the late ,pleistocene4 ,,vermont4 #ab4 ,charlotte1 ,chittenden ,county4--,at this place were discovered considerable parts of a whale1 described in #ahej 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bef-bfc7 by ,zadock ,thompson1 under the name ,beluga vermontana4 ,the animal has by many been regarded as identical with the white whale1 ,delphinapterus leucas1 now appearing sometimes as far up as ,montreal4 ,a more extended description of it was given in #ahec 7,hist4 ,vermont1 ,append41 p4 #ae1 figs4 #a-ac74 ,this was reproduced in ,edward ,hitchcock's ,report on the ,geology of ,vermont1 #ahfa1 page #afd1 and was followed by remarks on the specimen by ,edward ,hitchcock jr4 ,in the second volume of the work just cited 7p4 #ich7 ,hager furnished a figure of the skeleton as mounted4 ,in #aijh 7,rep4 ,state ,geologist ,vermont1 #aijg-h1 pp4 #gf-aab1 plates ,x-,,xix71 ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins gave an extended description of the remains and reached the conclusion that ,d4 vermontanus is distinct from ,d4 leucas4 ,since ,perkins's article gives a full history of the discovery and the literature pertaining to the specimen1 this account will be much abridged4 ,the bones were found in making a cut for the ,rutland and ,burlington ,railroad1 at the town of ,charlotte1 about a mile east of the shore of ,lake ,champlain4 ,the bones were #h or #i feet below the surface and 8were very completely bedded in fine adhesive blue clay40 ,the locality is #fj feet above the mean level of the lake and #aej feet above the sea4 ,the deposits were laid down in the marine waters which took possession of ,lake ,champlain and the ,st4 ,lawrence ,valley when the ,wisconsin glacial ice had withdrawn north of ,st4 ,lawrence ,river4 ,the geological age of the animal is therefore late ,pleistocene4 ,,north ,,carolina4 #ac4 ,below ,new ,bern4--,in #ahdb 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #adc71 ,richard ,harlan reported regarding the species of fossil vertebrates found #af miles below ,new ,bern4 ,his list1 which was long and consisted mainly of vernacular names1 included 8cetaceans40 ,,south ,,carolina4 #ad4 ,charleston4--,in #ahfj 7,holmes's ,post-,pliocene ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aag1 plate ,,xxiv1 fig4 #i71 ,leidy described a cetacean tooth which he called ,physeter antiquus4 ,later the specific name was changed to vetus4 ,at the same time he figured a tooth 7fig4 #h7 found in the ,ashley ,river deposits4 ,he further stated that teeth apparently of the same species had been taken from the ,miocene formations of ,virginia1 but found no characters by which they could be distinguished from those of the recent sperm whale4 ,,georgia4 #ae4 ,brunswick4--,in #aiaa 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf71 ,gidley reported from here1 among other vertebrates1 some teeth which he regarded as those of ,physeter vetus2 but this may not be correct and they may not belong to the ,pleistocene4 ,,florida4 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,county4--,in #aiaf 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #aje71 ,doctor ,sellards stated that he had obtained from marl-pits worked at this place for road materials a proboscidean tusk and a rib of a whale1 probably of the genus ,balnoptera4 ,at the same place had been found a tooth of ,elephas columbi4 #ag4 ,de ,land1 ,volusia ,county4--,at this place was obtained the dolphin skull which ,sellards described as ,globicephalus breckeii 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xiv74 ,it was found embedded in sand at a depth of #aj feet4 ,this sand overlies marls which are regarded as ,pliocene or ,miocene4 ,sellards believed that the sands belonged to the ,pleistocene4 ,it is not improbable that the marls pertain to the ,pleistocene of the first glacial time4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,pinnipedia ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 7,map #b47 ,,grinnell ,,land4 ,dumbbell ,harbor4--,in #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,fielden published a paper on the ,post-,tertiary beds of ,grinnell ,land and north ,greenland4 ,fielden and ,de ,rance reported on the same subject in #ahgh 7,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff74 ,in beds having an elevation of #djj feet1 in latitude #hb #cj1 there were obtained meager remains of ,phoca hispida and ,ovibos moschatus4 ,in latitude #hb #be were secured remains of ,rangifer tarandus1 ,ovibos moschatus1 and ,phoca barbata4 ,the invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that existing there to-day4 ,if the beds are of ,pleistocene age1 as the elevation appears to indicate1 they may be referred to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,,nova ,,scotia4 #a4 ,sable ,island4--,in the collection of the ,philadelphia ,academy there is a walrus skull which was sent to the ,academy from ,sable ,island about #ahga4 ,according to ,rhoads 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahih1 p4 #aig71 ,leidy regarded this skull as that of a recent individual2 but ,rhoads states that 8the specimen is of precisely the same nature in color1 texture1 and specific gravity as the larger fossil specimen which ,leidy described and figured in the ,philosophical ,transactions and which came from the beach at ,long ,branch1 ,new ,jersey40 ,he thinks that it had been derived from an ancient raised sea-beach4 ,this does not appear to be at all improbable4 ,,new ,,brunswick4 #b4 ,fairville1 ,charlotte ,county4--,in #ahgi 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 ,rep4 for #ahgg-h1 ,,ee1 p4 #bc71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew reported the discovery of a skeleton of ,phoca grnlandica near ,fairville1 at the mouth of ,st4 ,john ,river1 ,new ,brunswick4 ,the fore limbs and several vertebr were missing4 ,the skeleton was afterwards destroyed in a fire at ,st4 ,john4 ,the bones were found at a depth of about #be feet1 in the lower ,leda clay4 ,,quebec4 #c4 ,bic1 ,rimouski ,county4--,in ,le ,naturaliste ,canadien 7vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aijh1 p4 #ea71 the editor1 ,v4 ,a4 ,huard1 in commenting on a letter written to him and announcing the capture of a walrus somewhere on the northern coast of the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 recalled an article contributed in #ahfi by the former editor1 a priest named ,provancher 7,le ,naturaliste ,canad41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai74 ,this writer stated that some workmen employed in the construction of the ,international ,railway had discovered at ,bic1 ,rimouski ,county1 ,quebec1 on the southern shore of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 a complete skeleton of a walrus4 ,this skeleton had a length of #ac feet4 ,it was found at a depth of #ad feet1 in a compact clay1 and at a height of more than #ajj feet above sea-level4 ,the skeleton was deposited in the museum of the ,rimouski ,seminary1 but was destroyed in a fire in #ahha4 ,it is evident that when that animal died and was buried in the clay the land in that region stood at a level at least #ajj feet lower than at present4 ,through the late ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe1 of the ,canada ,geological ,survey1 the writer has received from ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,johnston1 who made a special study of the ,pleistocene1 information regarding the age of the clays at ,bic4 ,he says that little can be said definitely regarding the age of the clays in which the walrus skeleton was found4 ,clays belonging to the ,champlain submergence stand now at an elevation of #caa feet in that vicinity2 and marine shells occur in clays1 supposed to belong to the ,champlain1 at an altitude of #abj feet4 ,there is a possibility that some of the clays in that region are earlier than the time of the ,wisconsin4 ,mr4 ,johnston cites ,guide ,book ,no4 #a1 part ,i1 pp4 #gg-gh1 of the ,canada ,survey1 and ,dawson's ,ice ,age1 #ahic1 pp4 #ahf-aie4 ,the first article was written by ,j4 ,w4 ,goldthwait4 ,on page #iba of ,logan's ,geology of ,canada1 #ahfc1 it is stated that bones of whales and of the morse have been found partially embedded in the ,leda clay in several places between ,bic and ,matanne1 about #fj miles farther down the river4 #d4 ,montreal1 ,quebec4--,in #ahfc1 ,logan 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #ibj7 told of the discovery of a skeleton of ,phoca grndlandica near ,montreal4 ,the exact locality appears to be about #j4ge mile east of what was then known as the ,mile-end quarries4 ,these quarries were about #ajj feet above sea-level1 and the spot where the skeleton was found was about #dj feet lower down4 ,at a nearby brickyard some bones of a young seal were discovered which belonged probably to the same species4 ,one of the pelvic bones of a seal was found also at the ,mile-end quarries4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson 78,canadian ,ice ,age10 #ahdd1 p4 #bfg7 stated that the skeleton was found in the ,leda clay2 that it is in the collection of the ,geological ,survey1 at ,ottawa2 and that detached bones are in the ,peter ,redpath ,museum of ,mc,gill ,university at ,montreal4 ,the ,leda clay1 at least that of the upper portion of the ,st4 ,lawrence ,valley1 is now referred to the ,champlain epoch1 a time when the sea had invaded this valley and even ,lake ,ontario4 #e4 ,ttreauville1 ,ottawa ,county4--,in #ahig ,h4 ,m4 ,ami 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bd7 announced that he and ,ruggles ,wright had found some bones which were probably those of a young harbor seal1 ,phoca vitulina4 ,they were collected in #ahhh1 in a sandy layer about #cj feet below the surface1 on a hillside1 at ,wright's brick clay pits1 on ,aylmer ,road1 ,ttreauville1 ,quebec4 ,this place is about #e miles west of ,hull1 and within #aj miles of ,ottawa4 ,these bones are in the ,victoria ,museum at ,ottawa4 ,besides the left half of the lower jaw with teeth1 there are both ear-bones1 one exoccipital1 the greater portion of the backbone1 scapula1 part of the pelvis1 and some of the larger limb-bones4 ,this species is abundant in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 and also ascends the larger rivers to a great distance4 ,doubtless great numbers inhabited the inland sea which1 during ,champlain times1 is believed to have occupied the valley of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 ,lake ,ontario1 and the valley of the ,ottawa ,river nearly as far up as the city of ,ottawa4 ,,ontario4 #f4 ,ottawa4--,remains believed to belong to ,phoca grnlandica have been found near ,ottawa1 ,ontario4 ,in #ahef 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ij1 plate ,,iii71 ,doctor ,leidy described and figured the hinder limbs of a young aquatic animal which he regarded as a seal1 but did not more exactly identify4 ,he expressed the opinion that its descendants were yet sporting in the sea-borders of ,canada4 ,this specimen was found in ,gloucester ,township1 ,carleton ,county1 about #i miles east of ,ottawa4 ,the locality is on ,green's ,creek1 a tributary of the ,ottawa ,river1 the bank of the creek being about #cj feet high and composed of clay4 ,this is regarded as being of ,champlain age1 the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,out of this clay were washed numerous nodules of hardened clay1 many of which contained organic remains1 such as marine shells and fishes4 ,among the latter are two species1 the capelin 7,mallotus villosus7 and the lump-sucker 7,cyclopterus lumpus74 ,later1 at the same locality1 a lower jawbone of a young seal was found1 which was identified as the harp seal2 and it was even thought that it might have belonged with the hinder limbs figured by ,leidy4 ,a figure of this jaw1 with some of the teeth1 was published by ,dawson in his 8,canadian ,ice ,age40 ,,maine4 #g4 ,addison ,point1 ,washington ,county4--,from the curator of the ,portland ,society of ,natural ,history1 ,arthur ,h4 ,norton1 the information is received that some portions of the skeleton of a walrus1 several ribs1 parts of two limbs1 and a phalanx of a digit1 had been found at ,reef ,point1 near ,addison ,point1 ,maine4 ,these remains are now in the collection of the society just named4 ,they had been collected in #ahha by ,c4 ,h4 ,boyd1 who published an account of them 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bcd74 ,they had washed out of the bank on the eastern side of ,pleasant ,river1 about #c miles below ,addison4 ,they had been buried in a stiff blue clay1 about #b feet above high-water4 ,above them there was #f feet of the clay1 and above this gravel and soil4 ,mr4 ,boyd stated that he had seen a tusk1 with a part of the socket1 which had been washed out at the same place4 #h4 ,andrews ,island1 ,knox ,county4--,the ,american ,museum ,journal for #aiab 7vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #bfi-bgj7 contains an article which calls attention to a walrus skull preserved in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york4 ,it is reported as having been found by ,sidney ,norton1 in ,december #aiab1 in #ej fathoms of water1 near ,andrews ,island1 off ,owl's ,head1 ,penobscot ,bay4 ,one of the tusks is complete1 the other is gone2 also the occiput and zygomatic arches are missing4 ,the bone is said to be quite well petrified1 which shows that the skull is not a recent one4 #i4 ,gardiner1 ,kennebec ,county4--,in #ahde ,charles ,lyell visited 78,second ,visit to the ,united ,states10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd7 ,gardiner1 ,maine1 and examined a collection of fossil shells and crustacea which had been made by ,mrs4 ,frederic ,allen from the glacial deposits of that vicinity4 ,he recognized the tooth of a walrus1 which he stated was similar to the one procured by him on ,martha's ,vineyard4 ,this tooth is said by ,packard 7,mem4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 #ahfg1 p4 #bdf7 to have been a tusk2 and he was informed that it had been taken by ,lyell to ,london and had been identified by ,professor ,richard ,owen4 ,inasmuch as ,owen regarded the specimen found on ,martha's ,vineyard as a species distinct from the one now living on the ,atlantic coast1 it is to be supposed that the ,gardiner specimen also was thought to be different from the latter4 ,packard1 in another communication 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,i1 #ahfh1 p4 #bfh71 states that the tooth of the walrus and some teeth of a supposed bison were discovered in the clay-beds at ,gardiner by ,lyell1 or at least during his visit1 but it is evident that they had been collected before his arrival4 ,in his discussion of the supposed bison teeth found in clay at ,gardiner1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,the ,american ,bisons1 #ahgf1 pp4 #hi1 #ia7 gives us some information about the fate of ,mrs4 ,frederic ,allen's collection4 ,at her death it passed into the possession of her daughter1 by whom the greater part of it was presented to ,bowdoin ,college1 ,brunswick1 ,maine4 ,professor ,manton ,copeland1 of this college1 informs the writer that the walrus tusk is in their collection and bears the number ,,fm#bj4 ,it is badly shattered4 ,the length is about #ge mm4 ,the important matter concerning the remains of the walrus found at ,gardiner is to determine when the animal lived there4 ,it is to be assumed that the tusk had been buried in the ,pleistocene clay at that locality4 ,this appears to belong to the closing period of the ,wisconsin stage1 but there has been some dispute about its age4 ,packard 7,mem4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bde-bdf7 gives a list of the species which had been found in the clay at ,gardiner4 ,these are nearly all invertebrates and indicate a climate somewhat colder than that now existing there4 ,whether the time when the walrus lived at ,gardiner was before or after the culmination of the ,wisconsin ice period1 it was so long ago that those deposits of clay1 made in sea-water of considerable depth1 have since been lifted above sea-level to a height of perhaps #bjj feet4 #aj4 ,portland1 ,cumberland ,county4--,in the ,american ,naturalist1 volume ,,xii1 #ahgh1 page #fcc1 it is recorded that the larger part of the skeleton of a walrus1 including the skull1 with tusks over #e inches long1 had lately been found in the ,quaternary clays at ,portland4 ,it had been discovered by workmen excavating for the foundation of the transfer station of the ,boston and ,maine ,railroad4 ,the remains were partially embedded in a layer of blue clay a foot thick1 itself overlain by #b feet #b inches of a lighter clay4 ,the latter contained casts and shells of #aa species of mollusks4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen1 in his work already quoted1 states that the skeleton was found at a depth of #g feet4 ,it was placed in the museum of the ,portland ,society of ,natural ,history1 and is still there1 as reported by the curator1 ,arthur ,h4 ,norton4 ,mr4 ,norton has sent the writer an extract from the report of the committee which investigated this discovery4 ,the bed of blue clay in which the greater part of the skeleton was buried contained the following species of mollusks3 ,mya arenaria1 ,macoma sabulosa 7calcarea71 ,mytilus edulis1 ,cardium 7,serripes7 grndlandicum1 ,saxicava distorta1 ,nucula antiqua1 ,leda tenuisulcata1 ,l4 truncata 7,yoldia glacialis71 ,natica clausa1 ,n4 pusilla1 and ,astarte striata4 ,the lighter-colored clay above the blue clay was more sandy and adhered strongly to the bones4 ,this clay contained ,mya arenaria1 ,mytilus edulis1 ,serripes grndlandicus1 ,astarte striata1 ,macoma calcarea1 ,nucula antiqua1 ,natica1 and ,balanus4 ,above the lighter-colored clay just mentioned was a foot of a clay which contained wood and roots1 the unused portion of the brick clay that once existed there1 but which had been removed for the manufacture of bricks4 ,inasmuch as the clay overlying the bed in which the remains were found contains marine shells1 it is certain that since their deposition the land has been considerably elevated4 ,george ,n4 ,stone 7,monogr4 ,,xxxiv1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bhf-bia7 has discussed the age of the glacial deposits at ,portland4 ,professor ,m4 ,l4 ,fuller has written to the author that on the ,maine coast the chief clay is known as the ,leda and is found at ,portland and ,gardiner1 and that it probably antedates the ,wisconsin4 ,this is not to be correlated with the ,leda clay of the ,st4 ,lawrence ,valley4 ,it corresponds rather to ,clapp's 8high-level clays0 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #eje1 seq474 ,,new ,,hampshire4 #aa4 ,jeffries ,reef1 off ,portsmouth4--,the specimen from this place consists of the greater part of the left side of the skull of a large individual4 ,the occipital and the exoccipitals are missing4 ,the bone and especially the tusk have suffered some decay4 ,the fragment is labeled as having been dredged from a depth of #ej to #ge fathoms on ,eastern ,jeffries ,reef4 ,the bottom was hard4 ,jeffries ,reef lies #e or more miles off the southernmost part of the ,maine coast and extends from the ,isle of ,shoals to ,boon ,island4 ,the skull belonged to an old individual4 ,the length from the rear of the mastoid process to the front of the premaxilla is #cfj mm4 ,the exserted part of the tusk measures #bbe mm4 in length4 ,at its base the diameters are #fe mm4 and #db mm4 ,there are #d large grinding teeth4 ,there is no reason for supposing that the species represented is not ,o4 rosmarus4 ,,massachusetts4 #ab4 ,gay ,head1 ,martha's ,vineyard4--,in his 8,travels in ,north ,america10 volume ,i1 #ahde1 page #beg1 plate ,v1 figure #a1 ,lyell announced the finding of a part of a skull of a walrus at ,gay ,head4 ,this he had purchased from a fisherman who lived there and who said it had fallen out of a conglomerate found at that place and which contains bones of cetaceans4 ,the skull retained but a small portion of its animal matter4 ,richard ,owen1 to whom the skull was shown1 regarded it as belonging to a species distinct from ,o4 rosmarus4 ,the upper jaw contained the base of one tusk1 the socket for the other1 and #c molar teeth on each side4 ,the reduced number of molars furnishes no distinctive character1 for existing individuals sometimes present this number4 ,the base of the tusk has its transverse diameter greater than usual relatively to the fore-and-aft diameter4 ,according to ,lyell's illustration of the specimen1 the greater diameter was #gj mm41 the shorter #ec mm4 ,the writer has seen no tusk of ,o4 rosmarus as thick as this2 but the thickness is variable and may possibly attain to two-thirds of the greater diameter4 ,inasmuch as the ,tertiary deposits at ,gay ,head1 rising above the sea to a height of about #aej feet1 are capped by a sheet of glacial drift and clays1 it is probable that the skull in question had fallen from some of these drift deposits4 ,according to ,professor ,j4 ,b4 ,woodworth 7#agth ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #ihb71 there are at ,gay ,head deposits of drift which represent some of the older glacial stages as well as the last one1 the ,wisconsin4 ,it is possible1 therefore1 that this walrus lived there as far back as the middle of the glacial epoch or even earlier4 ,for additional information on the geology of that island consult ,woodworth's paper1 in which the literature is cited2 also the important paper by ,n4 ,s4 ,shaler 7#gth ,ann4 ,rept4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahhh1 pp4 #cjc-cfc47 ,the hooded seal1 ,cystophora cristata1 has probably been found fossil at ,gay ,head4 ,the only reason for this supposition is found in a statement made by ,charles ,lyell 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,london1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cb2 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvi1 #ahdd1 p4 #cai74 ,he says that with other remains on ,martha's ,vineyard he found a tooth having the crown fractured4 ,lyell submitted the tooth to ,richard ,owen1 who pronounced it to be that of a seal which seemed to be nearly allied to the modern ,cystophora proboscidea 7,c4 cristata74 ,it seems quite probable that this species lived there at the time when the walrus haunted the region4 ,it is of course possible that the remains reported belonged to an animal that lived in that region as far back as the ,miocene4 ,the tooth was not described or figured4 ,,new ,,jersey4 #ac4 ,long ,branch4--,portions of several walrus skulls have been found on the beach at ,long ,branch4 ,two of these were described and figured by ,leidy in #ahfg 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #hc1 plate ,,iv1 figs4 #a1 #b1 plate ,v1 fig4 #a74 ,one skull1 lacking the lower jaw1 some of the right hinder part of the cranium1 and the exserted portion of one tusk1 was discovered in #ahec4 ,the other specimen1 discovered about #ahef1 furnished the front of the skull as far back as the middle of the palate4 ,both belonged to old individuals4 ,leidy concluded that the animals which had possessed these skulls belonged to the existing species ,odobenus rosmarus4 ,he surmised that they had been floated to the ,new ,jersey coast on fields of ice or perhaps had lived there during the ,glacial period4 ,the skull which was found in #ahec is now in the collection of the ,philadelphia ,academy2 the other is in the collection of the ,new ,jersey ,geological ,survey4 ,recently1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,n4 ,rhoads has studied these skulls4 ,he had also for examination the skull from ,sable ,island1 which has been mentioned4 ,he concluded that these skulls belonged to a species distinct from ,o4 rosmarus and which might bear ,de,kay's name1 ,o4 virginianus4 ,it does not appear to the present writer that ,rhoads has successfully maintained his proposition4 ,he did not have at hand a sufficient number of skulls of the existing ,atlantic walrus to present all the variations that occur in that species4 ,of course1 the number of fossil specimens was very limited4 ,in discussing ,rhoads's conclusion1 it will be of advantage to consider a part of a skull which belongs to the ,marsh collection in ,yale ,university4 ,this specimen consists of the anterior half of the skull1 without the tusks and without the other teeth4 ,it was found at ,kitty ,hawk1 at the mouth of ,albemarle ,sound1 just north of latitude #cf4 ,it is thoroughly fossilized2 and1 having been found so far south1 it may be safely regarded as having belonged to the species which inhabited the ,new ,jersey coast during the ,pleistocene4 ,for purposes of comparison1 such measurements are here given as can be obtained from the skull2 likewise the corresponding measurements of a specimen from ,sable ,island1 ,no4 #aiiebh of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 and of another1 ,no4 #bbjad of the ,national ,museum1 brought from ,ungava ,bay4 ,unfortunately1 the basilar length of the fossil can not be determined1 nor the width of the mastoids4 ,measurements of skulls of walruses1 in millimeters4 ,kitty ,sable ,ungava ,hawk4 ,island4 ,bay4 ,from front of premaxill to rear of vomer #ahc #afg #bje ,from front of tusk to optic foramen #ahh #agg #aie ,from oral border of premaxilla to upper border of nasal opening #aaj #if #ajj ,greatest width across maxill #afj #acf #agg ,least width at front of orbits #aje #ajf #adf ,least width at temporal foss #ge #fb #gj ,width between the sockets for tusks #ge #ge #he ,length of row of teeth #hb #fj #hc ,space between incisors #dj #cf #cb ,space between last molars #fb #fj #ec ,long diameter of tusk at base #cd #bf #ch ,the nasal bones of the fossil are so thoroughly consolidated with each other and with the adjoining bones that their dimensions can not be determined4 ,there is no reason1 however1 for supposing that the length was greater than #gj mm4 ,the grinding teeth of the fossil do not show the larger size that we might expect from ,rhoads's determinations and from comparison with ,leidy's illustrations4 ,the second socket was almost exactly the diameter of the same socket in the ,sable ,island specimen measured4 ,the third socket is larger than that of the skull from ,sable ,island4 ,the sockets for the first molars are very small and shallow2 the socket for the left incisor is still smaller1 while that for the right incisor is wholly effaced4 ,the diameter of the socket for the second molar is much shorter than that of the corresponding socket in the ,ungava ,bay specimen4 ,in the latter1 the left incisor is present and large1 but the other is missing and the socket is nearly filled up4 ,it is evident that the teeth are extremely variable in both size and the number present4 ,rhoads has found that the incisive foramina of the fossil skulls in his hands are placed high above the alveolar borders4 ,in the ,north ,carolina specimen this height is #cb mm42 in the ,sable ,island specimen in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 #cj mm42 in the ,ungava ,bay specimen1 about #bb mm4 ,nor does the distance between the sockets for the incisors in the fossil from ,north ,carolina agree with that dimension in the two specimens from ,long ,branch4 ,despite the differences shown in the measurements in the table given above1 the writer must conclude that there are not as yet sufficient reasons for regarding the ,pleistocene walrus of the ,atlantic coast as specifically different from the existing form4 ,dr4 ,albert ,reid ,ledoux1 mining engineer1 of ,new ,york ,city1 when a young man bathing at low tide at ,long ,branch1 found a skull of a walrus4 ,this was given to ,professor ,john ,s4 ,newberry and is now probably at either ,columbia ,university or the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,at the same time and at the same spot was a heel-bone of ,megatherium1 now in the ,american ,museum 7p4 #ca74 ,it is very improbable that these two animals lived there at the same time4 ,according to recent publications of the ,geological ,survey of ,new ,jersey 7,salisbury1 ,report for #ahig1 p4 #ai1 pl4 ,i2 ,lewis and ,kmmel1 ,bull4 ,no4 #ad1 p4 #abj1 with ,geologic ,map of ,new ,jersey1 #aiaj-aiab71 ,long ,branch is situated on the ,cape ,may formation4 ,this is regarded by the geologists just quoted as corresponding in age1 in great part at least1 to the ,wisconsin stage4 ,when this deposit was laid down1 the ,new ,jersey coast was depressed from #ce to #ej feet below its present level4 ,it seems very probable that at that time the walrus was living there and that the skulls found have been washed out of this deposit by the waves during storms4 ,nevertheless1 the finding of ,megatherium at ,long ,branch shows that there are deposits present which belong probably to early ,pleistocene4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,kmmel1 ,state ,geologist of ,new ,jersey1 has informed the writer that a strip #j4be to #j4ge mile back from the ocean in the region about ,long ,branch probably belongs to the ,recent time4 ,he states that one would be safe in concluding that the skulls of the walrus were found in deposits not older than the ,cape ,may and that they may have occurred in more recent beds4 ,against the view that the walruses found along this coast lived there during the ,recent period is their well-fossilized condition4 #ad4 ,ocean ,grove1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #aiaj1 after a storm1 a part of a skull of a walrus was found on the beach at ,ocean ,grove1 ,new ,jersey4 ,this is still in the possession of the finder1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s4 ,hidden1 who furnished the writer with photographs of the specimen4 ,it consists of the front of the skull extending back to the bases of the zygomatic arches1 and containing portions of both tusks and most of the teeth4 ,there is no likelihood that this specimen belonged to any other species than ,odobenus rosmarus1 and it was probably washed out of the same deposits as those which furnished the specimen found at ,long ,branch4 ,,virginia4 #ae4 ,accomac ,county4--,in the ,annals of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 volume ,,ii1 #ahbh1 page #bga1 ,messrs4 ,mitchill1 ,smith1 and ,cooper made a report on a fossil walrus skull found along the ,virginia coast somewhere in ,accomac ,county4 ,only the anterior half of the skull was secured4 ,according to this report1 portions of the tusks were preserved1 but were much mutilated4 ,there were present also #d of the grinding teeth4 ,the skull was described as being remarkably hard and heavy and the tusks were almost agatized4 ,the sutures of the skull had mostly closed up2 hence the animal was evidently an old one4 ,the specimen bore the marks of having been in salt water1 and was said to have been found on the beach4 ,this is the specimen which ,de,kay1 in #ahdb 7,zool4 of ,n4 ,y41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #ef1 plate ,,xix1 fig4 #a71 made the type of his ,trichechus virginianus4 ,newberry1 in #ahgc 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,new ,york1 p4 #ga71 identified the specimen as belonging to the existing ,atlantic species4 ,cope 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahgd1 p4 #ag7 does not mention the presence of tusks4 ,he supposed that there was1 at that part of the coast1 glacial drift1 out of which the skull had been washed4 ,there are1 however1 no such deposits in that region4 ,this specimen was placed in the collection of the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history of ,new ,york1 but according to ,rhoads1 was afterward destroyed in a fire4 ,on examination of ,g4 ,b4 ,shattuck's work on the ,pleistocene of ,maryland 7,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pliocene and ,pleistocene volume1 p4 #ie1 plate ,i71 it seems that the coast of ,virginia in ,accomac ,county is occupied by the ,talbot formation4 ,this1 according to his theory1 corresponds1 at least the part nearest the coast1 with the ,cape ,may formation of ,new ,jersey4 ,hence we might conclude that the walrus skull in question had become buried1 probably during the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,the present writer regards the principal part of the ,talbot terrace as being much older4 ,messrs4 ,w4 ,b4 ,clark and ,b4 ,l4 ,miller 7,virginia ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull41 ,no4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahg7 recognize the presence of the ,talbot formation in ,accomac ,county1 where it seems to reach a thickness of #ajj feet2 but the authors add that part of this may belong to earlier ,pleistocene formations4 ,,north ,,carolina4 #af4 ,kitty ,hawk1 ,currituck ,county4--,in the ,marsh collection of fossils belonging to ,yale ,university is a part of a skull found somewhere near ,kitty ,hawk4 ,no particulars regarding the exact place of discovery accompany the specimen4 ,it has already been described on page #bg2 and1 while there are some differences between it and the recent skulls used for comparison1 it is not believed that a distinct species is indicated4 ,according to ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson's map of the ,coastal ,plain of ,north ,carolina 7,north ,carolina ,geol4 and ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 plate ,,xiii71 the coast at ,kitty ,hawk and for about #ej miles back of this is occupied by the ,pamlico formation4 ,this corresponds to the upper part of the ,talbot of ,maryland1 and it1 or part of it1 may have been deposited at the close of the ,pleistocene4 ,so far as the present writer knows1 there is nothing to show the character of the climate then prevailing4 ,as this ,pamlico nowhere rises more than #be feet above sea-level1 and as the thickness is usually only from #ae to #bj feet1 it is possible that the walrus skull found at ,kitty ,hawk had been unearthed by the waves from the ,chowan formation or some still earlier deposit4 ,,south ,,carolina4 #ag4 ,charleston4--,in #ahgf ,leidy announced 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahgf1 p4 #hj7 that a complete tusk of a walrus had been found in the ,ashley ,river1 near ,charleston4 ,this tusk ,leidy described and figured in #ahgg 7,jour4 ,phila4 ,acad41 vol4 ,,viii1 fig4 #f74 ,it had evidently been dredged from the river in collecting phosphate rock1 as have been most of the fossils of that region4 ,the tusk was #ac inches long4 ,near the base it measured #c4fb inches and transversely #a4ge inches4 ,leidy especially noticed the shortness of the tusk as compared with the diameter1 but concluded that the tusk might1 during the life of the individual1 have been broken off and worn obliquely at the end4 ,in the collection of the ,charleston ,museum are some fragments of tusks of a species of walrus1 probably ,o4 rosmarus4 ,one of these1 ,no4 #ajbh1 furnishes #ahd mm4 of the distal end4 ,the width at the fracture is #fj mm41 the thickness #bi mm4 ,the distal end is worn off somewhat obliquely1 but not so much as in the tusk figured by ,leidy2 also1 the tusk appears to have been less curved than the one which he described4 ,the original length can not be determined4 ,another fragment1 ,no4 #ajbi1 was given to the ,charleston ,museum by ,major ,e4 ,willis and was no doubt found in the region about ,charleston4 ,this gentleman has sent a fossil horse-tooth and a part of a sirenian to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum from ,wando ,river4 ,the fragment is short1 but belonged to a large tusk1 its long diameter being #ha mm41 the shorter one #ea mm4 ,it was therefore a larger tusk and one whose thickness was relatively greater than that of the imperfect specimen found at ,long ,branch and figured by ,leidy4 ,mr4 ,earle ,sloan's collection at the ,charleston ,museum has two other fragments of tusks4 ,one1 ,no4 #acdig1 is #aac mm4 long1 #fj mm4 wide1 and #be mm4 thick2 the other1 ,no4 #acbif1 is #adj mm4 long1 #fj mm4 wide1 and #ca mm4 thick4 ,considering that all of the remains of the walrus found about ,charleston have been picked out of great quantities of phosphate rock collected for commercial purposes1 and that no records of the exact locality where obtained have been kept1 it is impossible to determine their exact geological age4 ,it is to be supposed that this animal inhabited the region about ,charleston at the time it frequented the coasts of ,north ,carolina and ,new ,jersey4 ,this appears to have been during the ,wisconsin stage2 but it is possible that the walrus extended its range far southward during more than one of the glacial stages4 ,all of the specimens appear to be thoroughly fossilized4 ,,finds ,,of ,,xenarthra ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,long ,branch1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 there is a large heel-bone which was found at the place named and identified as having belonged to a species of ,megatherium1 most probably to ,m4 mirabile4 ,it was presented by ,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,ledoux1 of ,new ,york1 who wrote that he found it about #dj years ago while bathing at ,long ,branch4 ,with this bone were found a skull of a walrus and a tooth of a mastodon4 ,the heel-bone is somewhat more than #ae inches long4 ,it was incrusted with barnacles and small oyster shells4 ,while one can not at present be certain that this animal did not live up to a late stage of the ,pleistocene1 it is improbable that it did so4 ,it is also quite improbable that the megatherium and walrus lived at ,long ,branch at the same time4 ,it is more likely that the megatherium had its existence there at the time when horses lived in the same region and when the ,port ,kennedy fauna existed2 that is1 at some time during the early ,pleistocene about the ,aftonian stage4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,from the noted bone cave at ,port ,kennedy a number of species of ,megalonyx have been described4 ,the presence of this genus was first announced by ,wheatley 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd74 ,cope1 in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #baa-bai71 admitted the occurrence of #d species1 ,megalonyx wheatleyi1 ,m4 loxodon1 ,m4 tortulus1 and ,m4 scalper4 ,it must be left to future investigations to determine the status of these species4 ,m4 jeffersonii was not recognized by ,cope in the materials found in the cave4 ,of ,m4 loxodon1 only a single upper canine molar was found4 ,of ,m4 wheatleyi1 numerous specimens were secured1 including considerable parts of crushed and decayed skulls4 ,m4 tortulus was represented by a considerable number of teeth2 ,m4 scalper by only a single 8canine-molar40 ,on page #cab will be found a list of the species of vertebrates associated with these sloths4 ,of ,mylodon1 ,wheatley 7op4 cit41 p4 #chd7 had a single ungual phalanx which ,cope 7op4 cit41 p4 #baj7 thought belonged probably to ,m4 harlani4 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,remains of an undetermined species of ,megalonyx have been reported from a bone cave at this place by ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 #aijh1 p4 #bca74 ,the associated species are listed on pages #cba-cbb4 ,,ohio4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,north ,fairfield1 ,huron ,county4--,in the ,norwalk1 ,huron ,county1 ,museum there are various bones of ,megalonyx jeffersonii which were obtained about #g miles from ,north ,fairfield4 ,the writer learned of the discovery of this skeleton from ,mr4 ,roe ,niver1 a student of the ,university of ,illinois4 ,unfortunately ,mr4 ,niver died before the writer could obtain all the desired information4 ,a part of the skeleton was in his possession and is probably in the possession of his family1 but the writer has been unable to secure any information from them4 ,the bones were found at a depth of a few feet in a hackberry swamp and were considerably scattered4 ,in the search for these the bones which form the type of ,bison sylvestris ,hay were found4 ,the locality is within the area of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet and evidently the animal lived there after the ice had retired from the region4 #b4 ,millersburg1 ,holmes ,county4--,in the ,university of ,ohio there is a mounted specimen of ,megalonyx jeffersonii containing a considerable part of the skeleton2 the missing portions are replaced artificially4 ,the remains were found in the eastern part of ,holmes ,county just north of the terminal moraine of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet4 ,this moraine had led to the formation of a marsh1 and in this the animal ended his life4 ,the place was said by ,orton to be #f miles east and a mile north of ,millersburg4 ,the skeleton lay on shell marl beneath #f feet of peat4 ,the remains have been described by ,claypole 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahia1 pp4 #abb-acb1 #adi-aec7 and by ,hay 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aiac1 p4 #eeh2 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,iowa1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 #aiad1 p4 #aaj74 ,,indiana4 7,map #c47 ,the only member of the order of ,xenarthra that has yet been found in this ,state is ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 and this in only one place1 viz1 ,evansville4 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,county4--,in #ahed 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #aii-bjj71 ,leidy described a collection of vertebrate fossils secured by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,lincke from the banks of the ,ohio ,river1 near the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 a short distance below ,evansville4 ,at that time and locality bones were usually found sticking out of the bank when the water in the river was low4 ,the bones sent to ,leidy were thoroughly impregnated with oxide of iron1 which served as a cement to adhering pebbles1 sand1 and fragments of ,unios and shells of other fresh-water mollusks4 ,the remains of the megalonyx consisted of parts of two tibi of young individuals1 an atlas1 a fragment of a heel-bone1 a metacarpal and a metatarsal bone1 and a claw phalanx4 ,with these were discovered a fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of bison1 various bones of the ,virginia deer1 a vertebra of a horse1 probably ,equus complicatus1 a tooth of the tapir ,tapirus haysii1 and a part of the upper jaw of the wolf now known as nocyon dirus1 but at that time called by ,leidy ,canis primvus4 ,the principal interest in these remains is to determine at what time during the ,pleistocene the megalonyx lived4 ,some indications may be obtained from a study of its companions4 ,from a part of a cervical vertebra ,leidy could not name the bison1 but it belonged probably to one of the extinct species4 ,the deer is yet living1 but appears to have existed through most of the ,pleistocene4 ,the species of horse represented is extinct1 and there is no evidence that it lived after the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,its latest representatives probably lived during the ,sangamon stage4 ,no tapir is known to have lived after the ,wisconsin stage4 ,the wolf1 nocyon dirus1 is believed to be represented in the numerous individuals found in the asphalt beds of ,los ,angeles1 ,california1 probably equivalent in age to the ,aftonian4 ,mr4 ,arthur ,c4 ,veatch 7,jour4 ,geology1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #beg-bgb7 has given an account of changes which have occurred along the ,ohio ,river in ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana1 about #be miles above ,evansville1 since late ,pliocene times4 ,according to his investigations1 the valley of the river was deeply excavated into the ,carboniferous rocks during the ,ozarkian uplift4 ,since that time1 during the ,pleistocene epoch1 that great valley has been1 to a large extent1 filled up by alluvial deposits4 ,while the greater part of these deposits were laid down during glacial stages1 it is not improbable that some were made during the ,aftonian stage and that a part of these yet exist along the borders of the river4 ,it is still more probable that ,sangamon beds yet exist there and that the bones ,leidy described were found here4 ,many bones of the megalonyx were described by ,leidy 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 article ,v7 from a locality #e or #f miles below ,henderson1 ,kentucky1 not much more than #aj miles in a straight line from the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek4 ,the bone-bed was said by ,dr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,owen 7op4 cit41 p4 #g7 to be about #e feet above ordinary low-water4 ,in the same bed ,owen found abundant remains of the deer4 ,he seemed to regard this bone-bed as a continuation of that existing at ,pigeon ,creek4 ,megalonyx has been found at ,bigbone ,lick1 between ,cincinnati and ,louisville1 associated with ,equus complicatus1 two species of extinct bisons1 and the ,virginia deer1 in deposits overlying ,illinoian drift and hence belonging1 in part at least1 to the ,sangamon4 ,these deposits are1 however1 at a higher level1 being now submerged only at times of very high-water in the ,ohio ,river4 ,if these and the ,pigeon ,creek beds are of the same age1 we may suppose that the animals entombed at the latter place were buried low down in the deep valley along the river banks1 while those at ,bigbone became covered up around salt springs at a higher level4 ,,illinois4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,county4--,in the fall of #aiji a claw phalange of ,megalonyx jeffersonii was found near ,urbana by ,mr4 ,lindley1 of ,urbana4 ,an excavation was being made at the eastern end of ,crystal ,lake1 and the tooth1 as reported to the writer by ,professor ,c4 ,c4 ,adams1 was discovered in a blue clay4 ,the writer has seen the tooth4 ,the extreme length in a straight line had been close to #ade mm4 ,the greatest thickness was #db mm4 ,this has been figured by the writer 7,iowa4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol ,,xxiii1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #e1 #f1 text-figs4 #bh-bi74 ,inasmuch as all this region is covered by ,wisconsin drift and this tooth was found in a deposit lying on the top of this drift1 there can be no reason for denying that this species lived after1 probably long after1 the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,two occurrences of the same species in ,ohio confirm the conclusion4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum contains a fragment of a molar of apparently ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 from a collection made long ago by ,william ,mc,adams1 at ,alton1 ,illinois4 ,it has on it ,mc,adams's number #ba4 ,this collection1 which was long in the hands of ,professor ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh1 as vertebrate palontologist of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 is said to have been made in the loess at ,alton4 ,most of the teeth1 with occasional bones1 are inclosed in nodules of extremely fine sand and carbonate of calcium so hard that the teeth can not be removed without injury4 ,they have been1 however1 partly exposed by weathering4 ,the nodules which contained the fossils were found between the loess and the underlying ,illinoian drift4 ,the fragment of a megalonyx tooth has the diameters respectively #af mm4 and #bd mm4 ,it is thinner fore-and-aft than other specimens1 but this may be an individual variation4 ,it is believed that this loess belongs to the ,sangamon interglacial stage4 ,the geology of the locality and the species found there are discussed on page #cci4 ,also1 the fossils were described by the writer in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,the presence of this sloth-like beast appears to indicate that the climate was at that time mild4 #c4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,county4--,in #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ac71 ,dr4 ,leidy brought to the notice of the ,academy the fossil remains of two species of much interest4 ,these had been presented to the ,academy by ,henry ,green1 of ,elizabeth1 ,jo ,daviess ,county1 and were reported as having been found in a narrow crevice of the lead-bearing rocks in the vicinity of ,galena1 at a depth of #acj feet4 ,one fossil was a metacarpal bone of ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 the other was identified as a last lower molar of ,bison antiquus4 ,leidy mentioned three other species1 ,platygonus compressus1 ,procyon priscus1 and ,anomodon snyderi as having been found about ,galena in similar situations4 ,the geological age of the ,vertebrata found in the lead crevices about ,galena has not been well determined1 but the present writer has regarded them as being probably of late ,wisconsin time4 ,the ,bison tooth may have been that of the yet existing species4 ,however1 the possibility is that these fossils are pre-,wisconsin4 ,,virginia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson1 in #aiag 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgb1 figs4 #d1 #e71 reported the discovery of the symphyseal portion of the lower jaw of ,megalonyx at ,saltville4 ,it was referred with some doubt to ,m4 dissimilis ,leidy4 ,further mention of the specimen will be made on page #ceb4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,on a page devoted to the consideration of a considerable number of species found by ,cope near ,ivanhoe1 in ,wythe ,county1 mention will be made of ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 ,only fragments of teeth were secured by ,cope4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,green ,brier ,county4--,in a cave situated somewhere in this county were found the bones described in #agii by ,president ,thomas ,jefferson 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #bdf-bfj7 under the name ,megalonyx4 ,colonel ,john ,stewart became interested and saved some of the bones from being carried away by curious inhabitants of the region4 ,the bones1 a distal end of a femur1 a complete radius1 a complete ulna1 three claws1 and some other foot-bones were secured and presented to the ,american ,philosophical ,society of ,philadelphia1 from which they passed into the possession of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 where they are still preserved4 ,some of these were described by ,dr4 ,caspar ,wistar 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahii1 p4 #ebf1 plates ,i1 ,,ii74 ,inasmuch as this species may have existed during a large part of the ,pleistocene and certainly after the passing of the ,wisconsin epoch1 and inasmuch as no other species were found associated with the megalonyx bones1 it is impossible to say to what part of the ,pleistocene that particular animal is to be assigned4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,county4--,in the ,charleston ,museum the writer has seen a left lower canine tooth of ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 ,the fore-and-aft diameter is #cd mm41 the transverse #ah mm4 ,it is recorded as found in dredging in ,coosaw ,river4 ,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,south ,carolina1 #ahdh1 p4 #bjc7 found fragments of bones1 probably belonging to ,megatherium1 on ,eddings ,island1 about #aj miles south of ,beaufort4 #b4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahee1 ,doctor ,leidy 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ee7 stated that ,professor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 of ,charleston1 had loaned him fragments of two very small teeth of ,megatherium found on the shores of ,ashley ,river4 ,these were figured by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,holmes1 ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aaa1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #h1 #h;a74 ,in a collection belonging to ,rev4 ,robert ,wilson1 in ,charleston1 the writer has seen a tooth of ,megatherium found by the ,charleston ,mining ,company in ,ashley ,river4 ,g4 ,e4 ,manigault 7,proc4 ,elliott ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #ahhf1 p4 #ia7 reported the finding of a claw phalanx of ,megalonyx at ,cainhoy1 #ab miles from ,charleston1 on ,wando ,river4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum is a part of the right side of the upper jaw of ,megatherium1 with the second and third teeth and parts of the sockets of the first and fourth4 ,it is recorded as having been found in the ,bolton phosphate mine on or in ,stono ,river4 ,there is in the same museum a fragment of the left side of the lower jaw of the same animal4 ,this jaw contains the second and third molars and parts of the socket of the first and fourth4 ,it is recorded as having been found in the ,kiawah phosphate mine1 ,cooper ,river4 ,the ,charleston ,museum contains considerable parts of the skeleton of a megatherium of which no record has been preserved4 ,in ,holmes's 8,post-,pleiocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 page #aaa1 plate ,,xx1 figures #g to #g;b1 ,leidy mentioned briefly and figured two small fragments of lower teeth of ,mylodon harlani1 which had been obtained from the ,pleistocene beds of ,ashley ,river4 ,the tooth figured was originally described as ,eubradys antiquus4 ,figures of it are found also in the seventh volume of the ,smithsonian ,contributions to ,knowledge1 plate ,,xvi1 figures #ba;a to #ba;c4 ,the ,pleistocene geology of ,south ,carolina is discussed on pp4 #cfa to #cfh4 ,,georgia4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,in #ahdb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahi71 ,richard ,harlan gave to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences a number of bones which had been collected in the ,brunswick ,canal by ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,couper and sent to the ,academy4 ,among these was a number of bones of ,megatherium4 ,a part of a lower jaw contained #d teeth4 ,a list of the bones is presented by ,couper on page #dd of ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's memoir on ,megatherium published in #ahdf4 ,there were1 besides the part of a mandible1 parts of #b maxill without teeth1 parts of #f or #g femora1 a part of an ilium1 several dorsal vertebr1 and several teeth4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 ed4 #b1 #ahej1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdg7 stated that a part of a skeleton of a ,megatherium1 dug out in cutting the canal1 was so near the surface that it was penetrated by the roots of a pine tree4 ,most of this material was sent to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia 7,leidy1 ,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #ed74 ,the accompanying fossils will be named on page #cgj4 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,chatham ,county4--,the earliest announcement of the discovery of ,megatherium in ,north ,america was made by ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill in #ahbd 7,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eh-fa1 plate ,,vi74 ,the announcement was based on a number of teeth which had been sent to him from ,skidaway ,island4 ,in the same volume1 on pages #aad to #abd1 plate ,,viii1 ,william ,cooper described teeth and bones which had been sent to him from the same locality by ,joseph ,e4 ,habersham4 ,cooper had some reason to conclude that all the bones and teeth found up to that time had come from the same individual4 ,in #ahbh 7,annals cited1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bfg-bgj7 ,cooper described additional materials which he had received from ,skidaway ,island4 ,in #ahdf 7,hodgson's ,mem4 ,megath41 p4 #be71 ,habersham gave a list of the fossil bones and teeth found at the island mentioned4 ,lyell 7op4 cit41 p4 #cac7 gave a brief account of a visit to ,skidaway ,island and stated that ,megatherium1 ,mylodon1 ,mastodon1 ,elephas primigenius1 and a species of the ox tribe had been found there4 ,in #ahee 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #ej7 ,leidy enumerated the specimens of ,megatherium which had been found at ,skidaway ,island1 and he gave an excellent figure 7plate xv7 of a ramus of the lower jaw containing all its teeth1 which had been sent to the ,national ,institute at ,washington4 ,these bones ought to be now in the ,national ,museum1 but the writer has not been able to find them4 ,they may never have been transferred and may be lost4 ,on the other hand1 ,leidy did not mention other specimens from ,skidaway ,island1 given by ,scriven1 and now in the ,national ,museum4 ,one of these is the hinder part of a skull figured in ,hodgson's memoir4 ,also1 the same plate contains what is almost certainly the astragalus2 its greatest diameter is #i inches4 ,furthermore1 there is present the distal end of a right humerus presented by ,doctor ,scriven4 ,it is probably one of the two mentioned on page #bg of ,hodgson's memoir4 ,as in the one there measured1 the distance across the condyles is #ad inches and that across the articular surfaces is #g4ge inches4 ,the ,scriven collection also contains several teeth and fragments of others4 ,a piece of the maxilla bears the small hindermost upper molar1 no doubt the fragment mentioned by ,habersham in his memorandum1 page #bf4 ,many of the bones sent from the island show by the presence of barnacles and bryozoa that at one time they lay in salt water2 but this was probably not long before they were discovered4 ,lyell stated that among other animals which had been found at ,skidaway ,island was ,mylodon4 ,mylodon was reported by ,lyell 78,travels in ,north ,america10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afd7 as having been found at ,heyner's ,bridge4 ,this is or was situated about #g miles south of ,savannah and about #e miles northwest from the locality on ,skidaway ,island where the ,megatherium and ,mylodon remains were found4 ,the map accompanying ,hodgson's memoir is here reproduced as map #dj4 ,,florida4 7,maps #c1 #d47 #a4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,leidy mentioned 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 pp4 #aa1 #ab7 the fact that an astragalus of ,megatherium had been found at ,archer4 ,several other species of vertebrates have been found there1 among them ,teleoceras fossiger1 ,gomphotherium floridanum1 ,hipparion plicatile1 three species of ,procamelus1 and a species of ,tapirus4 ,the deposits are assigned to the ,pliocene1 but it is doubtful whether the megatherium and the tapir belonged among the others4 ,the geology of the locality is discussed on page #cge4 ,the megatherium1 as an undetermined species1 is included in the list of fossils which is recorded by ,leidy in ,bulletin #hd of the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 page #abi4 ,it may be referred provisionally to ,leidy's ,megatherium mirabile4 #b4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,county4--,in the collection of ,mr4 ,fred ,allen1 at ,st4 ,augustine1 the writer has seen a right tibia of a mylodon found in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal about #bh miles south of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the bone is complete1 except that a sliver has been split off the upper half of the outer border4 ,the total length of the bone is #bij mm42 the greatest width of the upper end #bjh mm42 width at middle of length #aje mm42 width of surface for astragalus #acj mm4 ,this appears to be a relatively stouter bone than the larger one described by ,harlan 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliv1 #ahdb1 p4 #gg74 ,it is also larger and relatively stouter than a tibia found at ,labelle1 ,lee ,county1 described on page #dj4 ,it is referred to ,mylodon harlani4 #aa4 ,williston1 ,levy ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum there are some foot-bones of a large ground-sloth1 which are labeled as having been collected in #ahhg by the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 in the county named4 ,the collector was probably ,j4 ,b4 ,hatcher4 ,the astragalus had evidently been studied by ,leidy4 ,this bone was described by the writer in #aiai 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvi1 p4 #ajd1 plate ,,xxvii7 as ,thinobadistes segnis4 ,later1 other parts of the foot were found in the museum and described 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 p4 #fch1 plate ,,cxix1 figs4 #f-aa74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,in #ahhh1 in a fissure in a limestone quarry1 probably ,phillip's quarry1 near ,ocala1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox discovered some vertebrate remains which were later described by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-ag1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #a1 #e1 #f to #i74 ,the species as determined by ,leidy were ,elephas columbi1 ,equus fraternus1 ,auchenia minima1 and ,machairodus floridanus4 ,they were regarded as belonging to the ,quaternary1 but in ,dall's paper of #ahib 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 they are referred to the age of the ,alachua clays2 that is1 to the ,pliocene4 ,sellards1 in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc71 regards the fossils as belonging to the ,pleistocene1 and he adds representatives of #d genera to the list4 ,these are undetermined species of ,bison1 ,odocoileus1 ,dasypus1 and ,sylvilagus4 ,the genus ,dasypus is the one to which attention is especially called at this time4 ,a list of the vertebrate animals found at this place is presented on page #cgh4 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in ,sellards's report just referred to1 he prints a list of the ,pleistocene vertebrates found in ,withlacoochee ,river4 ,among these is the xenarthrid animal ,chlamytherium septentrionale4 ,what parts were secured and exactly at what place the writer does not know4 ,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey is a foot-bone1 ,no4 #acjg1 which appears to be the second right metacarpal of ,megalonyx4 ,it is smaller than the one figured by ,leidy4 ,the extreme length is #fj mm41 the greatest diameter of the proximal end #bg mm41 that of the distal end #cf mm4 ,it was found in the mine of the ,dunnellon ,phosphate ,company4 ,for a list of the associated species the reader is referred to page #cgf4 #e4 ,hillsboro ,river1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,in #aiae 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xl1 p4 #aci71 ,sellards stated that the ,jarman collection at ,vanderbilt ,university1 at ,nashville1 contains several dermal plates of ,chlamytherium septentrionale1 found in ,hillsboro ,river4 #f4 ,sarasota ,bay1 ,sarasota ,county4--,in #aiae1 ,sellards 7op4 cit41 p4 #adc7 reported that the collection of ,wagner ,free ,institute at ,philadelphia contains one dermal plate of ,chlamytherium septentrionale found by ,joseph ,willcox at ,white ,beach1 on ,sarasota ,bay4 ,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 possesses a dermal plate of a xenarthrid1 collected by ,barnum ,brown #h miles southeast of ,sarasota4 ,this probably belonged to the animal mentioned above4 #g4 ,zolfo1 ,hardee ,county4--,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew has informed the writer that there are in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history some bones of a very large individual of ,megatherium1 reported as having been found near ,zolfo4 ,an astragalus1 the proximal part of a humerus1 the distal part of a radius1 and the proximal part of a femur were mentioned4 ,these bones may be referred provisionally to ,megatherium mirabile ,leidy4 #h4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,at this place there have been found remains representing #d genera of xenarthrids1 as follows3 ,megalonyx1 ,mylodon1 ,chlamytherium1 and ,dasypus4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii is represented by a part of a lower jaw1 a right upper canine tooth1 a molar tooth1 a part of a hyoid bone1 an axis1 an astragalus1 a median phalanx1 and a claw 7,sellards1 #hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adh1 plate ,,xxv1 fig4 #b2 plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #f74 ,these were all found in the stratum denominated ,no4 #b in the report just cited4 ,mylodon harlani8 is known from a single claw1 but from which stratum it was derived is not known4 ,chlamytherium is represented by a part of the right side of the lower jaw1 a part of the left side1 a foot-bone1 and numerous dermal plates 7,sellards1 op4 cit41 p4 #adh1 plate ,,xxviii1 figs4 #d to #f2 plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #g74 ,most of these remains have been taken from stratum ,no4 #b1 but some finely preserved dermal plates have been collected from ,no4 #c4 ,dasypus remains1 consisting of dermal scutes1 have been found in both ,no4 #b and ,no4 #c4 ,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,no4 #agie7 is a bone1 apparently the right parietal of an undetermined xenarthrid4 ,it was found in the canal of the ,indian ,river ,farms ,company1 east of the railway and near ,indian ,river4 ,the length of the bone at the midline is #gj mm4 and here the thickness is #bb mm4 ,there appears to have been no median crest and only a feebly indicated occipital crest4 ,there is no rough surface for the temporal muscles1 as in ,nothrotherium1 and the bone is thicker than in that genus4 ,for complete lists of the fossil vertebrates found at ,vero1 see page #chb4 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,the ,xenarthra are represented in the ,pleistocene deposits about ,arcadia by the genera ,megalonyx1 ,glyptodon1 and ,chlamytherium4 ,if these were not found at ,arcadia they were collected along ,peace ,creek1 not far from the town4 ,a list of the species found in the vicinity of ,arcadia is given on page #chj4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bg7 stated that a first phalanx of ,megalonyx jeffersonii was among the fossils collected along ,peace ,creek4 ,it was probably found on the sand-bar at ,arcadia4 ,among the fossil vertebrates described by ,leidy1 the paper just cited included some dermal plates which he referred to the genus ,glyptodon4 ,two of these plates were figured 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #i2 plate ,,vi1 fig4 #a7 as those of ,g4 petaliferus1 a species based on half of a dermal scute described by ,cope from southwestern ,texas4 ,the dermal scute shown on ,leidy's plate ,,iv appears to be indistinguishable from similar plates which have been referred by the present writer to ,cope's ,g4 petaliferus 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,li1 #aiaf1 p4 #ajg1 plates ,,iii to ,v74 ,the scute represented by ,leidy on his plate ,,vi appears to be far less extensively pitted than any of those of the specimen just referred to4 ,on ,leidy's plate ,v are two views of a scute which he thought might have belonged on the tail of a glyptodon4 ,it will be observed that this scute has a beak distinctly set off from the body of the scute4 ,among the few caudal scutes of the specimen which the writer described none presents such a beak1 but such may have existed4 ,it seems probable1 however1 that there was a single species of ,glyptodon found on ,peace ,creek and that it was different from ,g4 petaliferus4 ,leidy thought that these caudal scutes resembled those on the tail of the ,south ,american ,g4 asper2 but ,burmeister's figures do not indicate exactly such keeled scutes4 ,it is most probable that the ,florida species requires a new name4 ,it is to be called ,glyptodon rivipacis ,hay4 ,leidy referred another dermal scute to some glyptodont animal 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #c71 but its nature is doubtful2 it may even belong to one of the large species of ,testudo4 ,a conical bone 7plate ,,iii1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 belonged pretty certainly to ,testudo4 ,in the paper cited ,leidy described and figured 7p4 #bd1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #c to #f7 plates of an armadillo-like animal to which he gave the name ,glyptodon septentrionalis4 ,it is now known as ,chlamytherium septentrionale4 ,leidy had over #cj of these dermal scutes which had been found at ,arcadia4 ,they are now in the ,wagner ,free ,institute at ,philadelphia4 ,sellards 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xl1 #aiae1 p4 #adc7 states that there are #c dermal plates of this animal in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,in #aiae 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gg1 #gh1 plate on p4 #aad7 he described a lower jaw1 a tooth1 and #b dermal plates of the same animal4 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,county4--,in the ,florida ,geological ,survey is a right tibia of a mylodon1 found on the bank of ,caloosahatchee ,river1 near ,labelle1 presented by ,capt4 ,f4 ,h4 ,hendry4 ,the total length is #bff mm42 on the inner border #bcf mm4 ,the width across the articulatory surface for the femur is #afd mm4 ,the width at the middle of the length is #hd mm42 fore-and-aft diameter at the same place #ch mm4 ,the side-to-side diameter of the surface for the astragalus is #eg mm4 ,the bone is referred to ,mylodon harlani4 #aa4 ,see page #cg4 ,,alabama4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,tuscumbia1 ,colbert ,county4--,in his work on the 8,extinct ,sloth ,tribe0 in ,north ,america 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #f1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #ac71 ,leidy1 in recording the materials belonging to ,megalonyx jeffersonii at his disposal1 mentioned a supposed third upper molar1 said to have come 8from ,tuscumbia ,county1 ,alabama40 ,this was an error1 as the name of the town is ,tuscumbia4 ,the tooth had been loaned to him by ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman4 ,nothing more is known about its history4 ,mercer 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #ch7 stated that a well-preserved series of bones of ,megalonyx had been sent to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia by ,mr4 ,tuomey4 ,they had been obtained in a cave somewhere in northern ,alabama4 ,leidy does not mention this collection in his work just cited4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf7 exhibited before the ,academy a large series of fossil bones secured by him near ,natchez4 ,among these were noted especially what was described as an entire head with part of the lower jaw1 and many parts of the skeleton of ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 ,this skull is still in the collection of the ,academy4 ,the lower jaw is missing4 ,it appears that several skeletons were represented in ,dickeson's collection4 ,these1 as ,dickeson stated1 had been found in a tenacious blue clay which underlies what he called diluvial drift1 but now regarded as being at least principally loess4 ,associated with this animal were remains of ,ursus1 ,bos 7,bison71 ,cervus 7,odocoileus71 ,equus1 and some other but undetermined genera4 ,in his 8,second ,visit to the ,united ,states of ,north ,america10 edition #b1 #ahej1 volume ,,ii1 p4 #aif1 ,lyell mentions the ,megalonyx among other fossils found at ,natchez4 ,he states that the fossils found by ,doctor ,dickeson were obtained in the 8,mammoth ,ravine0 #f miles from ,natchez4 ,in ,southall's 8,recent ,origin of ,man10 #ahge1 page #eeb1 is a statement made by ,professor ,c4 ,g4 ,forshey 7as quoted from ,foster's 8,prehistoric ,races of the ,united ,states10 p4 #fa7 in which he says that he visited the locality where the human pelvis was found and that it was situated in ,bernard's ,bayou1 #b4e miles from ,natchez4 ,in his memoir of #ahec on 8,extinct ,species of ,american ,ox0 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 art4 ,,iii1 p4 #aj71 ,doctor ,leidy included ,mylodon among the genera found at ,natchez4 ,in his memoir of #ahee on the 8,extinct ,sloth ,tribe of ,north ,america0 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #dh7 he gave a list of the bones and brief descriptions of them4 ,they all belonged to one individual1 which was about half-grown4 ,in a list furnished to ,b4 ,c4 ,l4 ,wailles by ,doctor ,leidy 7,wailles1 ,agric4 ,geol41 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bhf71 #d species of ,xenarthra are included among the mammals found fossil in the ,pleistocene of ,mississippi4 ,these are ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 ,m4 dissimilis1 ,mylodon harlani1 and ,ereptodon priscus4 ,cope regarded ,m4 dissimilis as the same as ,m4 jeffersonii1 and ,leidy was disposed to consider his ,ereptodon priscus as identical with one of the species of ,megalonyx4 ,a list of the fossil vertebrates found in the vicinity of ,natchez will be given on page #cib4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,elroy1 ,van ,buren ,county4--,in #ahca 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ser4 ,i1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bfi-bhf1 plates ,,xii to ,,xiv2 #ahce1 ,med4 ,phys4 ,res41 pp4 #cai-cca1 plates ,,xii to ,,xv71 ,richard ,harlan described a number of bones of ,megalonyx jeffersonii which had been purchased for the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 and which he reported had been found in 8,white ,cave10 ,kentucky4 ,this was supposed to be situated near ,mammoth ,cave4 ,it was ascertained later that the bones had been found in ,bigbone ,cave1 ,van ,buren ,county1 ,tennessee4 ,the bones mentioned by ,harlan had belonged to a young animal and consisted of #e vertebr1 a few fore-limb bones1 a few hinder-limb bones1 a scapula1 a rib1 and a part of a molar tooth4 ,some of the articulating surfaces still retained their cartilage4 ,in the same cave were found bones of 8,bos0 7,bison71 8,cervus0 7,odocoileus871 ,ursus1 and a human metacarpal4 ,these were said to have been found on the surface1 while the megalonyx bones were buried at a depth of #b or #c feet4 ,the mandible of the bear 7,harlan1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhc7 was described as displaying appearances of antiquity equal to that of the megalonyx bones4 ,the sloth bones were made the basis of the name ,megalonyx laqueatus4 ,in #ahee 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #d71 ,leidy determined that these bones belonged to ,m4 jeffersonii4 ,he wrote that the collection consisted of one molar tooth1 four dorsal vertebr1 one lumbar1 a left humerus lacking the upper epiphysis1 the proximal two-thirds of the right ulna1 the right radius1 the left scapula1 the distal epiphysis of the right femur1 the left tibia1 and the distal epiphysis of the right tibia1 a right calcaneum1 two claws of a hinder foot1 and some fragments of ribs4 ,leidy appears to have concluded that these bones had been those of a young animal1 but that other bones in the collection had belonged to adult individuals4 ,he stated that they had come from ,bigbone ,cave1 ,white ,county4 ,this adjoins ,van ,buren on the north and possibly at that time included the latter2 or ,leidy may have been mistaken4 ,besides the bones above mentioned1 ,harlan described from this cave an ilium of ,megalonyx 7,med4 and ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #ccd74 ,in #ahib 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #aba-abc71 ,professor ,j4 ,m4 ,safford reported the discovery of some bones of a megalonyx in ,bigbone ,cave4 ,they had been met with in the bat manure at a depth of about #c feet4 ,the parts received by ,professor ,safford1 and which are all probably in ,vanderbilt ,university1 were the skull1 #ag vertebr 7including #e sacrals71 a fragment of a rib1 a right scapula1 a right humerus1 the two ilia1 a part of the right pubis1 a part of the right ischium1 and a left tibia4 ,safford concluded that these bones formed a part of the same young animal that ,harlan had described4 ,in #ahig 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #cf-gj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer gave a detailed account of his explorations in this cave4 ,it is situated about a mile from the left bank of ,caney ,fork ,river1 a mile above the mouth of a confluent called ,dry ,branch1 and at an elevation of about #a1jjj feet above sea-level4 ,it is excavated in ,carboniferous limestone and opens into what is known as 8,beech ,cove40 ,thomas ,l4 ,bailey 78,resources of ,tennessee10 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #aca-acb7 described it as being situated #c4e miles south of ,quebeck1 near the head of a hollow or cove extending south from ,mc,elroy's store4 ,the latter is probably the locality put down on the topographic sheet of the quadrangle as ,elroy4 ,it is further said to be one branch of an extensive cave whose other branch is known as ,arch ,cave4 ,bigbone ,cave is known to extend a distance of #c miles4 ,it appears that the cave had been exploited for saltpeter in the wars of #aggf1 #ahab1 and #ahfc and immense amounts of the nitrous earth had been removed4 ,mercer found no bones until he had reached a small passage at a distance of #ijj feet from the entrance4 ,here he found an epiphysis of a left humerus1 #f vertebr1 an astragalus1 and a calcaneum of a sloth1 evidently a young animal2 and he concluded that they were probably parts of the same animal that ,harlan had described many years before2 also a part of a skeleton that had been found there in #ahhd1 which is the one described by ,safford4 ,a remarkable feature of the bones of the young animal found in this cave1 as noted by ,harlan1 ,leidy1 and ,mercer1 is the presence of some of the cartilage1 some shreds of ligaments1 and a part of the horny sheath of one claw4 #b4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in #ahid 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 pp4 #cee-ceg71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer reported his work1 done in #ahic1 in a cave situated on ,lookout ,mountain1 near ,chattanooga1 ,tennessee4 ,in a brief report made ,june #d1 #ahif 7,dept4 ,amer4 and ,prehist4 ,archol4 ,univ4 ,penn471 ,mercer stated that this cave is on the left bank of ,tennessee ,river1 #j4be mile below ,chattanooga ,creek4 ,according to the report last quoted1 the cave earth1 8with its culture layer10 was removed by him to a distance of #eh feet from the entrance4 ,according to the report of #ahid1 this was effected by digging #d trenches1 #f feet #aj inches wide and with a depth of #c feet1 in two cases to rock bottom4 ,near the bottom of the deposit were found a jaw of ,tapirus haysii with teeth1 and a jaw of a small ,mylodon1 identified as such by ,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope4 ,a bone of the extinct peccary appears to have been found higher up in the layer of refuse4 ,in a letter received by the writer in #aiai1 ,doctor ,mercer stated that later ,cope expressed some doubt regarding the identity of the bone supposed to belong to ,mylodon4 ,a further reference to this cave and its contents will be found on page #cif4 #c4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,county4--,in #ahej 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhj2 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #eh71 ,jeffries ,wyman reported that a tooth and a claw of ,megalonyx jeffersonii had been found in the 8diluvium0 of ,mississippi ,river at ,memphis4 ,the tooth is a first upper molar of large size2 the claw is that of the median digit4 ,with these were found remains of mastodon1 beaver1 and ,castoroides ohioensis4 #d4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,william ,edward ,myer1 ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 the writer has received for examination a fragment of a tooth of a mylodon which was found near ,nashville1 in sand or gravel1 along ,cumberland ,river1 beneath #cj feet of gravel4 ,this tooth appears to be the left lower penultimate molar of ,mylodon harlani1 but it is in some ways different4 ,the antero-inner face has a broad1 shallow groove1 while the outer face makes a smaller angle with the inner hinder face than in the tooth figured by ,leidy4 ,the transverse section resembles that of the lower penultimate molar of ,m4 sulcidens ,cope 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 plate ,x1 fig4 #d;a71 and somewhat the tooth regarded by ,cope as the upper fourth molar of ,m4 sulcidens 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xi1 fig4 #g74 ,it is probable that ,m4 sulcidens and ,m4 renidens of ,cope are synonyms of ,m4 harlani1 as ,stock 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cca7 is inclined to believe4 ,the greatest length of a cross-section of the tooth found at ,nashville is #bg mm42 the greatest width #ad mm4 ,the tooth is the property of ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ridge1 of ,nashville4 ,at the same locality have been found remains of ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,mammut americanum1 a camel 7,camelops871 a species of deer1 and some turtle bones4 ,the deposit seems to belong to a stage not far removed from the ,aftonian4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #c47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in #ahca1 ,dr4 ,richard ,harlan 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #gg1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #a to #c7 described a left ramus of the lower jaw of a ground-sloth which had been brought to ,new ,york4 ,this jaw he referred to his ,megalonyx laqueatus 7,m4 jeffersonii72 but it was later shown by ,owen 7,zool4 ,beagle1 #ahdj1 p4 #fh7 to belong to ,mylodon1 and he named it ,m4 harlani in honor of ,dr4 ,harlan4 ,from ,cooper 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #agb7 it is learned that this bone had formed part of the ,finnell collection at ,cincinnati4 ,so far as the present writer sees1 there was nothing in ,harlan's article to show where the jaw was discovered4 ,in #ahee 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #dg1 plate ,,xiv1 figs4 #a1 #b71 ,leidy further described and illustrated the specimen and stated that it was found at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,in #aijc1 ,barnum ,brown 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #eaa7 stated that ,harlan's specimen ought to be in ,columbia ,university1 but it could not be found4 ,it is more probable that it was destroyed in a fire in the old ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,in his report on ,bigbone ,lick 7op4 cit41 p4 #aga71 ,cooper stated that he had seen in the 8,western ,museum10 ,cincinnati1 a large humerus of a megalonyx4 ,cooper further wrote that he and a companion had found at the lick a metacarpal bone which he supposed belonged to the same animal4 ,the humerus was described and figured by ,harlan 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bgg1 plate ,,xiii1 fig4 #aj74 ,cooper 7op4 cit41 p4 #agb7 mentions other bones of ,megalonyx found at ,bigbone ,lick1 but some may have belonged to ,mylodon4 ,this is the case with the fragment of lower jaw with #d teeth which became the type of ,mylodon harlani1 as above mentioned4 ,in ,princeton ,university there is an ungual phalanx #afg mm4 long1 #ff mm4 high1 and #dc mm4 thick at the middle of the height4 ,this is labeled as having been found at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,a list of the species discovered at this place will be found on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the collection made by ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter1 in the sulphur spring at the place mentioned1 the writer has seen two ungual phalanges which were identified as those of ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 #c4 ,henderson1 ,henderson ,county4--,a considerable part of a skeleton of ,megalonyx jeffersonii was found at different times extending through some years1 about #e or #f miles below ,henderson1 in the bank of ,ohio ,river4 ,this skeleton is now in the ,university of ,indiana and was described by ,leidy in #ahee 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #c74 ,this collection furnished a fine skull and lower jaw4 ,in the same deposits were found many horns and bones of deer4 ,the geology of the locality and the age of the bones will be discussed on page #dje4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,mastodons ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,essex ,county4--,in #ahih 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami reported that he had exhumed some mastodon remains in this county4 ,the exact locality was not given4 ,it was north of the west end of ,lake ,erie4 ,the section dug up was from #f to #h feet deep4 ,at the bottom were clay and boulders2 above this were found gravel and the bones1 and above these sand1 shell marl1 peat1 and other sands of various colors4 ,the remains were fragmentary4 #b4 ,morpeth and ,highgate1 ,elgin ,county4--,in #aheh 7,canad4 ,jour4 ,indust4 ,sci4 ,art1 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #cef71 ,e4 ,j4 ,chapman announced the discovery of a tooth of mastodon at or near this place4 ,he had seen a drawing of the tooth4 ,it appears that another man also had sent to the journal an account of the discovery1 accompanied by drawings4 ,these showed #e distinct crown-ridges4 ,in #ahia 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ejd2 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #fdth meeting1 #ahib1 p4 #fed71 ,professor ,j4 ,hoyes ,panton gave an account of the discovery of mammoth and mastodon bones at ,highgate1 only a few miles north of ,morpeth4 ,these were found in a bed of marl4 ,some measurements of the mastodon were given4 #c4 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,elgin ,county4--,in a private museum at ,niagara ,falls1 owned at the time by ,davis ,brothers1 the writer saw a quite complete lower jaw and a tusk1 labeled as having been found at this place in #ahef1 on the farm of ,isaac ,barnard4 ,the jaw had the last #c teeth on the right side and the last #b on the left side4 ,in front was a tusk about #f inches long which appeared to be in the middle of the jaw4 ,the upper tusk is curved in a semicircle4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 #ahfi1 p4 #ci7 mentions this find4 ,he stated that there were #b lower tusks4 ,if this was the case the species ,m4 progenium is indicated4 #d4 ,london1 ,middlesex ,county4--,in the article quoted above from the ,geological ,magazine of ,london1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson stated that there were in the ,provincial ,museum #c mastodon molars which had been found at ,london4 #e4 ,marburg1 ,norfolk ,county4--,in #ahih 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami reported the exhumation of remains of a mastodon at some place in this county4 ,the skull1 #be ribs1 #dj foot-bones1 #b tusks1 and many vertebr were recovered4 ,the remains were buried at a depth of from only #c to #d4e feet4 ,at the bottom was clay2 above this1 shell marl1 and sands of different colors2 and above all was peat4 ,the writer has seen this skull in ,victoria ,museum1 ,ottawa4 ,it is to a considerable extent restored4 ,it appears to have been found at or near ,marburg4 ,a small label1 somewhat injured1 has the record3 8,west half lot #ae1 ,r ,v1 ,tp4 of 8dhouse1 ,norfolk ,co41 ,ont4 ,ami1 #ahig40 ,the penultimate and ultimate molars are in place4 ,the former is #aac mm4 long2 the latter is #agd mm4 long1 and has #d crests and a talon4 ,the tusks are present and the right one is #b1bcj mm4 long4 ,the skull is a large one4 ,the width across the rear is #gfj mm4 #f4 ,dunnville1 ,haldimand ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,geol4 ,mag4 ,london1 dec4 #a1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #ch1 #ci71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson gave an account of the finding of a mastodon1 in #ahfh1 at the place named1 situated at the east end of ,lake ,erie4 ,when he reached the place a large part of the animal had disappeared1 especially the tusks4 ,he found #g teeth1 a few vertebr1 a few fragments of ribs1 and part of the right ramus of the lower jaw4 ,these remains were buried in a swamp1 partly embedded in a layer of fine sand4 ,this contained fresh-water shells of species yet living in that region4 ,the sand was #b4e feet thick and rested on boulder clay4 ,over the sand was #a4e feet of black vegetable mold4 ,he regarded it as clear that the animal lived long after the close of the ,glacial period4 #g4 ,st4 ,catharines and ,welland ,port1 ,lincoln ,county4--,at ,rochester ,university1 ,new ,york1 the writer has seen a cast of a lower jaw1 labeled as having come from the place named above4 ,on the left side the second and third molars are present1 the former slightly worn1 the hindermost not at all4 ,on the right side the hindermost molar is not to be seen4 ,the second molar is tilted up behind and lowered in front4 ,the little wear of the tooth is on the hinder end4 ,it is possible that the hindermost molar was yet in the bone and somewhat under the second one4 ,the ramus has a length of #djj mm4 #h4 ,toronto1 ,york ,county4--,it does not appear to be wholly certain that the mastodon has been found at ,toronto2 but its occurrence there is probable4 ,in some of his papers ,coleman has reported that its presence was believed to be determined4 #i4 ,junction of ,missinaibi and ,moose ,rivers1 ,algoma ,county4--,in #ahih 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #hj71 ,robert ,bell reported a mastodon tooth from the locality mentioned4 ,it had been chopped out of a skull by an ,indian4 ,later ,bell attempted to obtain the skull1 but could not1 because of high water4 ,a further account was given of this tooth by ,bell in #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #chc74 ,,cape ,,breton ,,island4 #a4 ,middle ,river1 ,victoria ,county4--,in #aiab 7,proc4 ,trans4 ,nova ,scotia ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #afc-agd71 ,mr4 ,harry ,piers1 curator of the ,provincial ,museum1 ,halifax1 presented a paper in which he detailed the history of mastodon remains found on ,cape ,breton ,island4 ,at the place above named1 in a meadow1 at a depth of only #e inches1 was found a right femur4 ,according to ,piers's account1 this was discovered about the year #ahcd1 possibly a few years earlier4 ,it came into the possession of the ,mechanics' ,institute1 at ,halifax1 and later of the ,provincial ,museum of ,halifax1 where it is now preserved4 ,it was noticed and figured by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson in the four editions of his 8,acadian ,geology40 #b4 ,baddeck1 ,victoria ,county4--,according to ,piers's account1 a molar tooth of a mastodon1 now in the ,provincial ,museum1 was found in #ahei1 at the place named4 ,this tooth is figured by ,dawson1 with the femur4 ,piers states that ,dawson was in error in crediting ,honeyman with the discovery4 ,details regarding this are wanting4 ,the molar has #c crests4 ,in the same museum is a part of a proboscidean tusk1 but it is not certain where it was found4 ,it is quite certain that all of these remains are of animals which lived there after the ,wisconsin ice had retired4 ,these localities are not indicated on the map4 ,,massachusetts4 7,maps #e1 #f47 #a4 ,coleraine1 ,franklin ,county4--,in #ahgb 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #adf71 ,dr4 ,edward ,hitchcock1 in a letter to one of the editors1 reported the discovery of a tooth of a mastodon at or near this place4 ,it had been shoveled out of a muck-bed1 on the farm of ,elias ,bardwell4 ,nothing more is known about the matter4 ,this tooth was mentioned by ,b4 ,k4 ,emerson in #aiag 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #eig1 p4 #adi74 #b4 ,shrewsbury1 ,worcester ,county4--,in #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ad1 #ae71 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton read before the ,academy an extract from the ,new ,york ,times1 copied from the ,worcester ,spy of ,october #ad1 #ahhe1 relating to the finding of a human skull near ,shrewsbury1 close to the spot where mastodon remains had been found the year before4 ,in ,science 7vol4 ,,vi1 #ahhe71 ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam gave an account of the investigations of the case made by himself and others4 ,the conditions under which the mastodon was buried were incidentally described4 ,in the same year ,franklin ,p4 ,rice1 a member of the ,worcester ,natural ,history ,society1 published a pamphlet of #h pages1 in which the discovery and exhumation of the remains were set forth2 one molar1 an upper penultimate1 was well figured4 ,a trench was being made in a meadow of a farmer1 ,w4 ,u4 ,maynard1 about #b miles from the center of ,shrewsbury1 on the road to ,northborough4 ,the teeth and some bones of the mastodon were met at a depth of #h feet4 ,putnam stated that these remains1 as well as the human skull1 were resting on blue clay beneath a bed of peat4 ,rice reported that the mastodon bones and teeth were resting on bed-rock4 ,putnam believed that both skulls had been transported thither by water before the peat was laid down4 ,from ,mrs4 ,ella ,horr1 custodian of the ,natural ,history ,museum of ,worcester1 the writer has learned that the mastodon remains are preserved there4 ,mention was made of these remains by ,b4 ,k4 ,emerson in #aiag 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #eig1 p4 #adi74 ,there is no reason to suppose that the mastodon in question lived before the ,wisconsin stage1 but at its close4 ,the ice must already have retired beyond the ,state1 and the land1 which1 according to ,dr4 ,fairchild1 was depressed at the latitude of ,shrewsbury about #cej feet1 must have been elevated enough to reduce considerably the area covered by water before conditions would have favored the presence of mastodon4 ,it is possible1 however1 that the depression was not so great4 ,,connecticut4 7,maps #e1 #f47 #a4 ,cheshire1 ,new ,haven ,county4--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahg71 a note appeared which stated that in the summer of the preceding year #c or #d large molar teeth of a 8mammoth0 had been found near ,cheshire4 ,from the description it is evident that they were teeth of a mastodon4 ,they were in fine condition but were immediately destroyed in a frolic of the workmen4 ,the teeth had been found in gravel only a few feet under ground4 ,warren 78,monogr4 on ,mastodon giganteus10 p4 #c7 stated that the mastodon teeth had been found in making a canal at ,cheshire4 ,he undoubtedly referred to the teeth mentioned above4 ,schuchert 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cba7 states that one tooth was preserved and is now in the ,yale ,university collection4 #b4 ,new ,britain1 ,hartford ,county4--,in #ahce 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #afe71 a report was published about the finding of a vertebra of a mastodon in digging a canal for a factory in ,berlin1 not far from ,new ,britain4 ,it appears to have been met with in a deposit of marl4 ,schuchert 7op4 cit41 p4 #cbb7 mentions this find and says that the locality was not in ,berlin1 but in ,new ,britain4 ,the depth is given as #c feet and the material as mud or clay4 ,schuchert1 as cited1 gave an account of the discovery1 in #aheb1 of another mastodon in ,new ,britain4 ,two or three teeth and some bones were found in a soft swampy soil4 #c4 ,farmington1 ,hartford ,county4--,in #aiad 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #cba-ccj71 ,schuchert and ,lull described the exhumation of a mastodon near the town named4 ,all of the principal bones of the skeleton were secured4 ,one tusk and most of the foot-bones were missing4 ,the account ought to be taken by collectors as a model for their reports4 ,the exact position of the skeleton is given4 ,a topographic map of the surrounding region is furnished1 as well as the details concerning the materials occurring above and below the bones4 ,these lay on boulder clay of ,wisconsin age and were covered by materials washed in from the surrounding higher grounds4 ,no mollusks were found in the excavation1 and little vegetation4 ,the bones1 as shown by ,lull's map1 were remarkably little disturbed1 not more than one might expect from the activities of wolves4 ,one of the tusks was1 however1 removed from the skull a distance of #bc feet and left on ground #b feet higher4 ,schuchert regarded this as being hard to explain4 ,the other tusk was not found at all4 #d4 ,bristol1 ,hartford ,county4--,in #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ad71 ,o4 ,p4 ,hubbard stated that the remains of a mastodon had been found at ,bristol1 but no further information was furnished4 #e4 ,sharon1 ,litchfield ,county4--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahg71 in a footnote1 it was reported that1 a good many years before that time1 some remains of mastodon had been found near ,sharon4 ,in #ahce 7ibid41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #aff7 it was stated that a mastodon bone1 found probably at ,sharon1 had been presented to the museum of ,yale ,college4 ,there seems to be no certainty that the bone was correctly identified4 ,,new ,,york4 7,maps #e1 #f1 #cd47 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,richmond ,county4--,in #aija 7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #fg71 ,dr4 ,arthur ,hollick reported the discovery of some fragments of a molar of a mastodon in a swamp deposit in the ,moravian cemetery immediately north of ,new ,dorp1 ,staten ,island4 ,the molar was found at a depth of #bc feet4 ,the swamp1 now drained1 was located immediately on the moraine of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet 7,folio #aeg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,sur474 ,it had evidently at first been a pond about #be feet deep2 later it had become filled up with sandy silt1 muck1 and vegetable dbris4 ,at a depth of about #h feet ,hollick found a stratum approximately #b feet thick1 in which were cones of white spruce 7,picea canadensis71 a tree now found not farther south than northern ,new ,england and the ,adirondacks4 ,evidently the mastodon had lived there not long after the retirement of the ice1 for the tooth appears to have been only about #b feet above the bottom of the old pond4 ,the spot is probably at an altitude above the submergence described by ,fairchild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bgi74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,kings ,county4--,in #ahhe 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ae71 ,mr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,martin stated that some #ae or #bj years before that time a mastodon skeleton had been exhumed in excavating for the ,ridgewood1 ,long ,island1 reservoirs4 ,no details were furnished4 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,queens ,county4--,in #ahei 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #abth meeting1 #aheh1 p4 #bcb71 ,j4 ,c4 ,brevoort reported the finding of #e molar teeth and fragments of bones in removing pond-muck in the valley of a small stream which flowed into ,baisley's pond1 near ,jamaica4 ,in the pond itself was a deposit of mud1 in some places #f feet deep1 which rested on gravel4 ,this deposit of mud1 mixed with vegetable matter1 is continued up the valley mentioned4 ,the bones and teeth were found about #bj yards from the channel of the stream1 resting on the gravel and covered by about #d feet of the muck4 ,according to ,folio #hc1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,jamaica and vicinity is situated on stratified drift which was laid down while the foot of the glacial ice was immediately north of the town4 ,the mastodon must have lived there after the retreat of the ice from the island2 it may have been a long time afterward4 ,according to ,fairchild1 as above cited1 this locality was submerged by the sea while the stratified materials were being laid down4 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,county4--,in #ahia 7,science1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #cdb71 ,professor ,r4 ,p4 ,whitfield noted the finding near ,inwood of a fragment of what he regarded as a mastodon tusk4 ,it was met in cutting a ditch in a peat-swamp4 ,while the probability is that the tusk was that of a mastodon1 it might have been that of one of the elephants4 #e4 ,riverhead1 ,suffolk ,county4--,in #ahdb 7,zool4 of ,new ,york1 ,mamm41 p4 #ajc71 ,de,kay stated that in the year #ahbc more than half of a lower jaw1 with the teeth1 of a mastodon had been found on the south beach1 about #d miles east of ,riverhead1 between high and low water4 ,this fossil was mentioned by ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke in #aijd 7,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 ,bull4 #fi1 p4 #ibc72 also by ,j4 ,c4 ,brevoort in #ahei 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #bcc74 ,this vicinity was evidently submerged while the foot of the glacier was in ,long ,island4 ,only after the emergence of the island did the animal probably have its existence4 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,county4--,in #ahhe1 ,dr4 ,n4 ,l4 ,britton 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #ae7 reported the discovery of a large portion of a mastodon's tusk in a cellar excavation in ,morrisania #c years previously4 ,here1 as in similar cases1 one can not be certain that the tusk was not that of an elephant4 #g4 ,new ,york ,city4--,in #ahia 7,science1 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #cdb71 ,professor ,r4 ,p4 ,whitfield recorded the finding of a supposed mastodon tusk at the upper end of ,new ,york ,island4 ,it was found at a depth of #af feet below mean low-water mark1 embedded in peat1 with the socket end downward4 ,it was met with in excavating the ,harlem ship-canal and at the mouth of ,dyckman's ,creek1 an artificial waterway4 ,the location is given as #ae feet from the north side of the canal and #aj feet west of the center of ,broadway4 ,at this particular spot there was found at the surface from #d to #f feet of meadow sod1 with roots1 etc4 ,below this was #ab feet of incipient pure peat1 lying on #ah to #bj inches of sandy clay1 which itself reposed on limestone4 ,the tusk was in the peat1 with its base in the sand4 ,it appeared to have settled from above through the peat4 #h4 ,hartsdale1 ,westchester ,county4--,in #aijh1 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke 7#fjth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 for #aijf1 p4 #fj71 reported that a tooth and some small fragments of bone of a mastodon had been found on the property of ,w4 ,h4 ,fish of ,hartsdale4 ,no other information was given4 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockland ,county4--,in #ahah 7,cuvier's ,essay ,orig4 ,earth1 p4 #cij1 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #a to #d71 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill stated that he had received a set of grinding teeth which had been found at the place named4 ,it is described as being #aa miles west of the ,hudson ,river and #cb miles from ,new ,york4 ,the teeth had been found in mud at a depth of #c feet4 ,they are mentioned in ,j4 ,d4 ,godman's 8,american ,natural ,history40 #aj4 ,arden1 ,orange ,county4--,in #aijc 7,new ,york ,state ,mus4 ,bull4 #fi1 p4 #ibf71 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke stated that a tusk and a few other bones of a mastodon had been found at this place4 ,in #aijh 7#ffth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #fa71 he gives the further information that the locality was on lands of ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,harriman4 ,only #b teeth1 some ribs1 and a few fragments were secured4 ,the soil was a peat or vegetable mold4 #aa4 ,monroe1 ,orange ,county4--,in #aijc 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibf71 ,clarke reported that about the year #ahhh mastodon bones were found on land of ,martin ,konnight4 ,clarke himself continued excavations in #aija4 ,about half of the skeleton was secured in all4 ,these bones are now in the ,new ,york ,state ,museum at ,albany4 ,they lay beneath #c feet of clayey muck1 at the bottom of a pond from #c to #aj feet deep4 #ab4 ,chester1 ,orange ,county4--,in #ahah 7,cuvier's ,essay1 etc41 p4 #cgf1 plate ,,vii1 figs4 #a to #d71 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill presented an account of the exhumation in #ahag of a part of a mastodon skeleton at ,chester4 ,this had been originally discovered in a ditch made through a wet meadow4 ,the surface soil was underlain by about #f feet of black peat1 and the bones lay in this at a depth of about #d feet2 beneath was a stratum of coarse vegetation4 ,no marl underlay this muck4 ,the upper jaw with teeth and tusks1 lower jaw with teeth1 shoulder-blade1 vertebr1 and parts of the limbs were secured4 ,an account of this discovery is to be found in ,godman's 8,american ,natural ,history40 ,j4 ,c4 ,warren1 in the second edition of his monograph on the mastodon1 has some remarks on the food of this mastodon4 ,in #aiji 7,trans4 ,n4 ,y4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #adg1 plate71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,hovey made a contribution to the history of this specimen4 ,what became of the bones is not known4 #ac4 ,salisbury ,mills1 ,orange ,county4--,in #aijc 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibf71 ,clarke gives a brief account of a part of a mastodon skeleton which1 in #ahgi1 was found at this place1 #i miles southwest of ,newburgh4 ,it now forms the larger part of a mount in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the present writer has no further information regarding this specimen4 #ad4 ,new ,windsor1 ,orange ,county4--,in the ,kansas ,city ,review of ,science and ,industry1 volume ,,iii1 #ahgi1 page #bda1 is an item concerning the finding of a mastodon at this place4 ,nearly all the bones were secured4 ,it was stated that a black vein of muck about #bj feet thick rested on a bed of blue clay4 ,the bones lay at depths varying from #b to nearly #e feet from the surface4 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,county4--,a considerable number of mastodons1 some of them well preserved1 have been discovered in the vicinity of ,newburgh4 ,the earliest one found was exhumed by ,charles ,wilson ,peale1 father of the artist ,rembrandt ,peale1 in #ahja4 ,an account of the unearthing of this specimen is given by ,rembrandt ,peale in his 8,historical ,disquisition on the ,mastodon10 ,london1 #ahjc4 ,the locality was probably south or southwest of ,newburgh1 for in another paper 7,tilloch's ,philos4 ,mag41 ,london1 vol4 ,,xiv1 #ahjb1 p4 #afc7 he states that it was in the neighborhood of ,new ,windsor4 ,peale wrote that the specimen was found on the farm of ,john ,masten4 ,peale's account is reprinted in the second volume of ,godman's 8,american ,natural ,history40 ,the whole of that part of the country is spoken of as abounding in morasses1 solid enough for cattle to walk upon1 and containing peat underlain by a shell marl4 ,the mastodon remains had been found in an effort to get at the marl4 ,it appears that the bones were met with at a depth of #f or #g feet1 and were lying on the marl4 ,although the spring of #ahja was an unusually dry one1 the digging was greatly hindered by the incoming water1 and the work was finally abandoned4 ,a considerable part of the skeleton was secured and sent to ,philadelphia4 ,what is known as the ,warren mastodon was discovered in #ahde1 on the farm of ,n4 ,brewster1 somewhere in the vicinity of ,newburgh4 ,it is an unusually complete and well-preserved skeleton1 and gave occasion to the waiting of ,dr4 ,john ,c4 ,warren's monograph entitled 8,description of a skeleton of the ,mastodon giganteus40 ,of this work there was an edition printed in #aheb1 a second in #ahee4 ,the spot where this skeleton was buried is described as being situated in a small valley #cjj or #djj feet in length1 in which was a pond of water #cj or #dj feet in diameter4 ,around this the ground was wet and swampy4 ,the summer of #ahde being unusually dry and the pond desiccated1 a search was being made for marl4 ,at a depth of about #d feet the summit of the animal's head was encountered4 ,for many years this skeleton was in ,cambridge1 but is now the property of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york4 ,according to ,warren's description 7,monograph1 #ast ed41 pp4 #e1 #baa1 vignette71 there was a deposit of about #b feet of bog-peat1 then about a foot of peat of a reddish color4 ,this was underlain by a bed of shell-marl of a thickness not given1 but probably about #b or #c feet1 while below this was mud changing downward into clay4 ,some parts of the skeleton were in this mud2 but the head1 the right fore-leg1 the spinal column1 part of the ribs1 the pelvis1 and the tail were embedded in the marl4 ,however1 ,dr4 ,charles ,a4 ,lee 7#bast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,cabinet1 ,new ,york1 p4 #ajh7 affirmed that these bones were not in the marl1 but were wholly embedded in the muck or peat4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 stated in #aijb 7,science1 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #afi7 that there is in ,vassar ,college a skeleton of a mastodon which is supposed to have been found at ,newburgh4 ,in the collection of the ,brooklyn ,institute1 ,new ,york1 is a partial skeleton which was found in #ahii on the farm of ,f4 ,w4 ,schaeffer1 #c miles west of ,newburgh4 ,according to ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ibf71 the bones were found lying on a stony pavement under muck and marl4 ,osborn 7,science1 vol4 ,x1 #ahii1 p4 #eci7 stated that the deposit is mostly dark and contains thoroughly decomposed vegetable matter mingled with a few stones and numerous remains of trees1 some of which retain marks of beavers' teeth4 ,the deposit appeared to consist of three layers1 indicating1 as supposed1 the building of three distinct beaver-dams4 ,dr4 ,john ,mickleborough 7,brooklyn ,eagle1 ,mar4 #i1 #aija7 stated that he had collected in this peat-swamp species of mollusks belonging to ,limna1 ,physa1 ,planorbis1 and ,sphrium4 ,he regarded it as certain that the swamp had been for a long time a fresh-water lake4 ,eager 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 wrote that in #ahch a mastodon tooth had been found near ,newburgh1 on a farm owned by ,samuel ,dixon4 ,no details4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ibf7 stated that in #aijb a cranium and some other parts of a mastodon had been found at ,balmville1 just north of ,newburgh4 ,the bones lay at a depth of from #b to #h feet1 some in the muck and some in the marl below4 ,under the marl was found a boulder pavement4 ,in #aijb 7,science1 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #eid1 #ajcc71 ,reginald ,gordon gave accounts of the exhumation of a mastodon skeleton #a mile north of the northern limit of ,newburgh and #j4ge mile away from the ,hudson4 ,this certainly refers to the same mastodon as that reported by ,clarke4 ,the place is a swamp of about #b acres and at a height of #ahj feet above the level of the river4 ,the bones were found #b to #h feet below the surface1 a few of them inclosed in the muck1 most of them in an underlying shell-marl4 ,the muck averages #b feet in thickness2 the marl varies from a few inches to #ab feet in thickness4 ,beneath the marl a solid bottom is formed of pebbles and boulders4 #af4 ,northeast of ,coldenham1 ,orange ,county4--,in #ahdg 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc71 ,eager wrote that in #ahjj remains of a mastodon were found about #g miles northeast from ,montgomery1 on or near a farm owned by ,dr4 ,george ,graham4 ,this statement was based on ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,graham's letter 7,med4 ,repos41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac74 ,this must have been in the vicinity of the town named4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,graham stated that a vertebra had been found here4 ,this may have been in the marshes along ,bushfield ,creek4 #ag4 ,east ,coldenham1 ,orange ,county4--,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham 7op4 cit41 p4 #bac7 states that about #g miles east of ,montgomery 7apparently about #e miles west of ,newburgh71 a grinding-tooth and some hair of a dun color had been found at a depth of #d or #e feet4 ,possibly the supposed hair was some sort of vegetable matter4 ,the place may have been on ,bushfield ,creek4 ,gordon 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #ajcc7 reported further the finding of large numbers of tree-trunks both in the muck and in the marl4 ,some mastodon bones were found resting on the trees4 ,red cedar and spruce were recognized4 ,some trees showed marks of the teeth of beavers4 #ah4 ,montgomery1 ,orange ,county4--,several more or less well-represented skeletons of mastodons have been discovered in the vicinity of ,montgomery4 ,so far as the writer knows1 the first were met with in #aghb4 ,an account of the discovery was given by ,rev4 ,robert ,annan in #agic 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #afj-afd74 ,the town was not named1 but ,mather 7,geol4 ,n4 ,y41 #ast ,dist41 pt4 #a1 #ahdc1 p4 #bjb71 on the authority of ,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham 7,med4 ,repos41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac71 stated that the place was #c miles south of ,ward's ,bridge1 an old name of ,montgomery4 ,this would be near the village of ,neelytown1 and probably in the swamps along ,beaver ,creek4 ,a ditch was being made in a deep and wet swamp1 and some large teeth were thrown out4 ,the description of these shows that they belonged to a mastodon4 ,bones were present1 but mostly so far decayed that few could be saved4 ,eager 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 stated that in #ahjc mastodon remains had been found on a farm a mile east of ,montgomery4 ,these bones were dug out by ,peale in #ahje or #ahjf1 and ,eager1 then a boy1 observed the work from day to day4 ,nothing was said about what remains were secured1 or about the geological conditions2 but ,graham wrote that #c or #d ribs were found in a swamp at a depth of #h feet4 ,r4 ,peale1 writing in #ahjc 78,disquisition on ,mammoth10 pp4 #bg-bi71 reported that his father exhumed mastodon bones on a farm belonging to ,t4 ,barber1 where #h years before #d ribs had been found in digging a pit4 ,one may suppose that only one place is in question and that ,eager was wrong in his date4 ,peale secured almost an entire set of ribs1 two rotten tusks1 #c or #d small teeth1 and some other parts4 ,at the bottom of the excavation there was a shell marl2 above this there was probably peat or muck4 ,dr4 ,graham further stated that about #c miles east of ,ward's ,bridge 7now ,montgomery7 some other bones had been discovered4 ,this was quite certainly near the village of ,berea1 where swamps are indicated on the topographical map of that quadrangle4 #ai4 ,hamptonburg1 ,orange ,county4--,eager 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 states that in #ahde mastodon remains had been found in this town on the farm of ,jesse ,c4 ,cleve1 but no further information was furnished4 #bj4 ,bullville1 ,orange ,county4--,eager 7op4 cit41 p4 #gc7 says that in #agid remains of a mastodon had been found about #e miles west of ,montgomery1 just east of the residence of ,archibald ,crawford1 and near the line of the ,cochecton turnpike4 ,it appears probable that the place was east of ,bullville on the ,dwaar ,kill4 ,what was found was not stated4 ,in #ahcj 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dgh1 plate ,,xvii71 ,j4 ,d4 ,godman described a skull of a mastodon which1 he said1 had been disinterred a short time previously by ,archibald ,crawford1 about #ab miles from ,newburgh4 ,besides the head1 some bones from the trunk and limbs were secured4 ,whether or not two discoveries had been made1 and whether1 if two1 the localities were near each other1 it is now impossible to say with confidence4 ,somewhere about ,bullville1 possibly farther north or northeast1 the elder ,peale 7,r4 ,peale1 ,hist4 ,disquis41 p4 #cj7 secured some mastodon bones4 ,in arriving at the place1 he crossed ,wallkill ,river at the falls 7,walden7 and 8ascended into a rudely cultivated country about #bj miles from the ,hudson40 ,the bones were found in a morass on the farm of ,peter ,millspaw4 ,the lower jaw found there was mentioned and figured by ,hays 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahcd1 p4 #cba74 #ba4 ,scotchtown1 ,orange ,county4--,on the page just quoted1 ,eager reported that in #ahdd some part of a mastodon had been found at the place named4 ,in his work on ,mastodon giganteus 7first edition1 pages #aaj-aag1 plates ,,xvi1 ,,xviii1 ,,xix71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,warren described a very complete skull which had been found at this place4 ,he stated that the magnificent head is remarkable for its size1 whiteness1 and the distinctness of its sutures4 ,it is known as the 8,shawangunk head40 ,warren wrote that the strata covering it were3 first1 gravel2 second1 marl2 third1 a layer of peat hard enough to be turned in a lathe4 ,eager1 in his 8,history of ,orange ,county10 on page #cdh1 stated that remains of ,mastodon maximus were1 in #ahdc1 dug up from a marl-bed on the farm of ,william ,connor1 about #j4be mile from ,scotchtown1 and were then in the cabinet of ,professor ,emmons1 of ,albany4 ,this was quite certainly the 8,shawangunk mastodon40 #bb4 ,otisville1 ,orange ,county4--,in ,yale ,university there is a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon which was described and figured by ,professor ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh in #ahib 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliv1 p4 #cej1 plate ,,viii71 but no statement was made as to its origin4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 p4 #ibe7 stated that a mastodon found in #ahgd was purchased by ,professor ,marsh4 ,professor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 #aijh1 p4 #aic7 refers to a mastodon at ,yale which came from ,otisville4 ,in #aiad 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #ccj7 he presented some notes on the anatomy4 ,a newspaper account of the discovery of this skeleton stated that the region of the stomach contained very fresh-looking1 large leaves of odd form1 and blades of strange grass of extreme length1 and from #a to #c inches in width4 ,it seems probable that a good deal of this was pure imagination4 ,the vegetation which flourished there at the time the mastodon was living was certainly not different from that of to-day4 #bc4 ,shawangunk1 near ,wallkill1 ,ulster ,county4--,dr4 ,james ,g4 ,graham1 writing in #ahja 7,med4 ,repos4 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bac71 reported that 8a skeleton of a mastodon had been discovered about #c miles east of his house1 in the town of ,shawangunk40 ,the bones lay about #aj feet from the surface and were in a very sound state4 ,some parts of the head1 much broken1 were among the parts secured4 #bd4 ,ellenville1 ,ulster ,county4--,in #ahfa 7#adth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,cabinet1 pp4 #g1 #ae7 the discovery at this place of some mastodon remains was briefly reported4 ,a large tusk and parts of the skull1 with teeth1 were secured4 ,the swamp is composed of about #b feet of peat and #c feet of marl1 resting on a base of clay4 ,the bones were lying in the marl4 ,in #ahga 7#bast ,ann4 ,rep41 etc41 p4 #abh7 further mention of these bones was made4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ibg7 mentions these remains and adds that there is also a smaller tusk in the museum4 ,in ,rutgers ,college1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey1 the writer has seen a tusk about #aj feet long1 with a considerably spiral form1 which is said to have been found at ,ellenville4 ,it may1 however1 be the tusk of an elephant4 #be4 ,poughkeepsie1 ,dutchess ,county4--,in #ahed 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xviii1 p4 #ddg71 an editorial paragraph stated that a skeleton of a mastodon had been found buried in a marsh about #b miles east of ,poughkeepsie4 ,it had then been only partly exhumed4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,state ,mus41 p4 #ibg7 quotes from a letter written by ,professor ,w4 ,b4 ,dwight1 who stated that about #dj1 perhaps #de1 years previously mastodon bones had been found in a small pond on the 8,creek ,road10 from #b to #c miles northeast of the city named4 ,probably the same skeleton was referred to by both writers4 ,clarke stated further that there is in the ,state ,museum a vertebra of a mastodon from ,poughkeepsie4 #bf4 ,between ,red ,bridge and ,wurtsboro1 ,sullivan ,county4--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ca71 ,j4 ,van ,rensselaer reported that remains of a mastodon had been found by workmen digging the ,delaware and ,hudson ,canal1 near the point named4 ,a considerable part of the skeleton had been secured4 ,mather 7,geol4 #ast ,dist41 p4 #bcc7 adds that this was found in a peat-bog4 #bg4 ,claverack1 ,columbia ,county4--,somewhere near this place1 not improbably on the opposite side of the river1 in ,greene ,county1 were found apparently the first mastodon remains discovered in this country4 ,in his 8,history of ,orange ,county1 ,new ,york10 ,eager published a letter addressed in #agjf by ,governor ,joseph ,dudley to ,cotton ,mather4 ,in this he told of having secured a tooth which was probably a penultimate molar of a mastodon4 ,dudley regarded it as the eye-tooth of a giant who had been destroyed by the flood4 ,the locality was given as about #cj miles below ,albany and was mentioned as ,claverack4 ,it appears that another tooth had been presented the year before to ,lord ,cornbury4 ,in the account of this1 found in a letter by ,lord ,cornbury1 the locality is given as #bj miles below ,albany4 ,clarke 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibh7 thinks that this was probably near the present ,new ,baltimore2 but a letter from ,abeel1 recorder of ,albany ,county1 published by ,clarke1 shows that a man was sent to ,claverack to make further search4 ,it appears as if #b teeth had been discovered at the same place near the town4 ,abeel stated that the tooth had been found near the bank of the river1 and that other bones were met with #ae feet below the surface4 ,it appears not improbable that these bones were buried in clays laid down during the ,late ,wisconsin submergence or in deposits overlying these clays4 #bh4 ,freehold1 ,greene ,county4--,clarke 7op4 cit41 p4 #ibg7 stated that there is in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 an atlas of a mastodon which was found at ,freehold4 #bi4 ,greeneville1 ,greene ,county4--,in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfg71 ,james ,hall stated that he had visited this locality1 where mastodon bones had been found embedded in a fresh-water marl4 ,lyell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahdc1 p4 #abg7 visited the locality with ,hall and stated that the mastodon bones occurred in swamps at a depth of #d or #e feet4 ,in #ahdc1 ,mather 7,geol4 #ast ,dist41 p4 #dd7 wrote that bones supposed to belong to an elephant had been found at this place4 ,it is doubtful whether the remains reported by ,mather and ,hall are those of an elephant or of a mastodon4 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,county4--,mather 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 #ahdc1 p4 #dd7 recorded the finding of mastodon remains on ,helderberg ,mountain1 on the farm of a ,mr4 ,shear1 #d or #e miles west of ,hudson ,river1 in the township of ,coeymans4 ,the remains were discovered in a bed of shell-marl1 in the bank of a marsh4 ,a tusk was taken to ,albany4 ,it was supposed that most of the skeleton was left in the ground4 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,county4--,in the collection of the ,state ,museum1 at ,albany1 there is a mounted skeleton of a mastodon discovered in #ahff4 ,it was first announced by ,robert ,safely 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlii1 #ahff1 p4 #dbf7 and soon afterward noticed by ,marsh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahff1 p4 #aae74 ,it formed the subject of an essay by ,james ,hall 7#bast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,cabinet1 #ahga1 pp4 #ih-adh1 plates ,,iii-,,vii7 and was further mentioned by ,clarke in #aijc 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ibi-icj74 ,portions of it were found in two large pot-holes on the shore of ,mohawk ,river4 ,for the facts1 and for ,hall's and ,clarke's conclusions1 the reader must consult the publications cited4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilbert 7#bast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,cabinet1 #ahga1 pp4 #abi-adh7 discussed the geological conditions at ,cohoes4 ,he concluded 7p4 #adj7 that the pot-holes were not made during a glacial period1 but were of preglacial age4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild1 who has studied the history of the ,mohawk ,valley more thoroughly than anyone else1 has expressed in a letter to the present writer the opinion that the pot-holes are post-glacial formations4 ,the matter is further discussed on page #big4 ,inasmuch as the glacial ice was not far away1 it appears to the present writer that the geological stage may better be regarded as ,late ,wisconsin4 ,professor ,fairchild's plate #af of ,bulletin ,no4 #afj of the ,state ,museum of ,new ,york gives the position of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet in ,new ,york at the time that it had just withdrawn from the region about ,cohoes4 ,his plate #ag presents a later stage1 when the upper part of the ,hudson ,valley was occupied by ,lake ,albany4 ,unfortunately1 no evidences of other animal life1 excepting the beaver1 were found with the mastodon at ,cohoes4 ,marsh1 in his notice of the discovery1 gave a list of the trees recognized in the pot-holes4 ,there were white pine1 hemlock1 black spruce1 larch1 swamp maple1 and white birch4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 there is a lower jaw of a mastodon with second and third true molars1 right and left1 which is said to have come from ,cohoes4 #cb4 ,copenhagen1 ,lewis ,county4--,in #ahhd 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #dg71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,hart ,merriam stated that there had been found in #ahgg1 in a marl bed about a mile west of ,copenhagen1 a tusk measuring #e feet #i inches in length4 ,it was purchased for the ,state ,cabinet4 ,it could not be determined whether this had belonged to an elephant or a mastodon4 #cc4 ,center ,lisle1 ,broome ,county4--,in the ,watkins ,glen-,catatonk folio ,no4 #afi of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on page #bh1 ,dr4 ,ralph ,s4 ,tarr stated that remains of a mastodon had been found a few hundred yards north of this town1 in a boggy place where a spring emerges from the base of a gravel terrace4 ,he did not tell what parts had been found4 ,he remarked that one could not be certain whether the bones had been washed out of the gravel or had come from an animal which had mired there4 ,in geological age it must be referred to the last half of the ,wisconsin stage4 #cd4 ,brookton1 ,tompkins ,county4--,in the ,american ,naturalist1 volume ,v1 #ahga1 page #cad1 ,c4 ,fred ,hartt gave an account of the discovery of mastodon bones at ,mott's ,corners1 on ,six-mile ,creek4 ,this is the former name of the present village of ,brookton4 ,only #b teeth and some fragments of bones were secured4 ,the locality is situated in a deep valley of the creek1 which had once been filled with drift1 and through this the creek had cut down to solid rock4 ,where the bones were found was a small peat-bog consisting of a layer of peat varying from a few inches to #b feet4 ,this was full of sticks1 pine knots1 bark1 etc41 more or less decayed4 ,below this peat was a layer1 a few inches thick1 composed of clay mixed with pebbles and pieces of shale4 ,in this were the teeth and decayed bones4 ,the whole was underlain by drift materials4 ,tarr1 as cited above1 stated that mastodon remains had been found in a swamp in the valley bottom at ,brookton4 ,he did not say when the discovery was made1 nor what was found4 ,it is not unlikely that the two cases are the same4 ,in #ahga 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eh71 ,dr4 ,burt ,g4 ,wilder reported that #e teeth and many fragmentary bones had been found near ,ithaca1 in a deposit of modified drift4 ,the writer has been informed by ,miss ,pearl ,sheldon1 of ,cornell ,university1 that these are the same remains as those reported by ,professor ,hartt4 ,the mastodon found at ,brookton could hardly have lived there before the stage when the waters that gathered at the southern edge of the retreating ice were reaching the sea by way of ,mohawk and ,hudson ,rivers4 #ce4 ,pony ,hollow1 ,tompkins ,county4--,in #aiae 7,science1 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #ih-ii71 ,pearl ,sheldon1 of the ,department of ,geology in ,cornell ,university1 reported that a tusk1 probably of a mastodon1 had been found at ,pony ,hollow1 #ab miles southwest of ,ithaca1 on the farm of ,bert ,drake4 ,this place1 as shown on the ,ithaca ,quadrangle topographical sheet1 is in the southwest corner of the county4 ,as the writer is informed by ,miss ,sheldon1 it is on ,cantor ,creek1 near its junction with ,west ,branch4 ,the tusk was met with in a gravel-pit at a depth of #bd feet4 ,the radius of curvature was between #b and #c feet1 the circumference from #aj to #ac inches4 ,it may have been the tusk of an elephant4 ,the pit was in the base of an extensive terrace which follows the valley-wall high above the outwash gravel-plain occupying the floor of the valley4 ,the reporter thought that the terrace was not later in origin than the end of the ice occupation of the valley1 and might be earlier4 ,miss ,sheldon informed the writer that the terrace which contained the mastodon tusk is too high in the valley to have been formed by water backed up against the retreating ice-front4 ,furthermore1 the locality is south of the divide4 ,it was suggested that during the retreat of the ice the southward-flowing water in the ,pony ,hollow basin was backed up somewhat by the ice in the ,seneca basin4 ,at any rate1 the terrace and the mastodon contained in it belong to the latter part of the ,wisconsin ice stage4 #cf4 ,elmira1 ,chemung ,county4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke 7#fjth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 p4 #ei7 referred to reports of the eighteenth century to the effect that tusks of proboscideans had been found in ,chemung ,river1 one of them just below ,elmira4 ,it is very probable that some or all of these had belonged to the mastodon4 ,apparently all that can be said about the geological age of these proboscideans is that they lived during or after the last half of the ,wisconsin drift stage4 #cg4 ,lodi1 ,seneca ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 there are second and third upper mastodon molars1 recorded as having been found at ,lodi4 ,the town is on the eastern shore of ,seneca ,lake4 ,this animal belonged to the last half of the ,wisconsin stage1 or to a later one4 ,possibly it was living there at the early period when the impounded waters of the ,finger ,lake region were discharging through ,susquehanna ,river4 #ch4 ,macedon1 ,wayne ,county4--,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke1 in #aijc 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #icj7 reported for ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild1 that there are in the ,university of ,rochester a few mastodon teeth from this place4 ,there is no information on record about the geology of the place where they were found4 ,the animal belonged to a relatively late stage of the ,pleistocene and may have lived close to the beginning of the ,recent4 ,the glacier had withdrawn near to or within the basin of ,lake ,ontario4 #ci4 ,seneca ,castle1 ,ontario ,county4--,professor ,edward ,hitchcock jr41 in #ahhe 7,science1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #dej71 announced the discovery of what was supposed to be remains of mastodon at the bottom of a peat morass1 lately drained1 at the town named4 ,this place is near ,flint ,creek4 ,no teeth and no part of the skull were found4 ,the remains were taken to ,amherst ,college4 ,with these bones was found also an antler of an elk4 ,in a letter written ,december #ba1 #aiah1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,b4 ,loomis1 of ,amherst1 states that he regards these bones as those of an elephant4 ,in ,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke's report of #aijc1 on page #ica1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,peck gave an account of this mastodon1 together with a plate representing the way in which the bones were scattered4 ,they were found at a depth of about #c feet and are shown to have been lying in a deposit of clay and marl1 above which came in succession clay and sand1 sand1 peat1 and muck4 ,beneath the bones were1 in order1 sand1 blue clay1 sandy clay1 and a thin layer of sand resting on boulder clay4 ,the stage at or after which this mastodon or elephant lived was probably that represented by ,fairchild's plate #ch4 #dj4 ,perkinsville 7,portway71 ,steuben ,county4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke1 in #aijh 7#fast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dd71 reported the discovery of a part of a skeleton of a mastodon in a large swamp #j4ge mile north of ,portway railroad station4 ,the swamp occupies a depression in a mass of morainic drift4 ,at the surface is from #f to #ab inches of black muck1 beneath which is a bed of nearly white marl from #f inches to #f feet in thickness4 ,the bones were lying #d or #e rods from the border of the swamp4 ,those found were in a fine state of preservation4 ,among them was one ramus of the lower jaw with teeth4 ,this and the following specimen lived after the ,wisconsin glacier had withdrawn about halfway from its terminal moraine to the shore of ,lake ,ontario4 #da4 ,wayland1 ,steuben ,county4--,in #ahgd 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #ia71 a report by ,dr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,hunt1 of ,philadelphia1 was presented1 which dealt with the contents of the stomach of a mastodon said to have been found at ,wayland4 ,no statement was made as to the skeleton of the animal1 or the exact place where it had been discovered4 ,no remains of trees of any kind were detected1 but stems and leaves of mosses1 confervoid filaments1 a fragment supposed to belong to a rush1 woody tissue1 and bark of herbaceous plants4 #db4 ,pittsford1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahca 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xix1 p4 #ceh71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,guernsey1 of ,pittsford1 wrote that a part of a tusk1 supposed to belong to a mastodon1 had been found on the bank of ,irondequoit ,creek1 #b4e miles east of the town4 ,the part secured was #g4e feet long1 and the whole tusk was thought to have been about #i feet long4 ,the figure accompanying the description seems to indicate a mastodon tusk rather than that of an elephant1 but one can not be certain about the matter4 ,a much decayed cervical vertebra also was found4 ,james ,hall1 in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfd71 reported that in the town of ,perinton there had been found in the bank of a small stream1 in gravel and sand1 a tusk and several teeth4 ,this place appears to be1 or to have been1 very near ,pittsford4 ,at ,perinton1 too1 was found a tooth of the elephant ,elephas primigenius1 as mentioned on another page4 ,it was near here probably that there were found parts of two skeletons of the peccary ,platygonus compressus1 as noted in its proper place4 ,inasmuch as all these animals1 as well as those found nearer ,rochester1 were buried in deposits overlying ,wisconsin drift1 they must have lived after the withdrawal of the ice beyond ,rochester1 and at a time when the region had taken the present aspect or nearly so4 #dc4 ,rochester1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahdb 7,nat4 ,hist4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mamm41 p4 #ajc71 ,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay stated that in #ahag remains of mastodon had been found in ,rochester1 #d feet below the surface1 in a hollow or water-course4 ,he did not give his authority for this statement4 ,james ,hall1 in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfd71 reported that in #ahch1 during the excavation of the ,genesee ,valley ,canal1 at its junction with ,sophia street1 various bones of a mastodon had been discovered4 ,they are said to have been intermingled with gravel and covered by clay and loam1 above which was a deposit of shell marl4 ,the bones were placed in the ,state ,museum at ,albany4 ,c4 ,d4 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #ahcg1 p4 #bja7 says that these bones were lying on and in a hard body of blue clay and about #b feet above the limestone1 which itself was polished4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 p4 #ica7 reported1 on the authority of ,h4 ,l4 ,ward1 that a few remains of mastodon had been found at ,mount ,hope cemetery4 ,in the collection of the ,university of ,rochester is a proboscidean rib #hcg mm4 long1 which is labeled as having been found ,january #bg1 #aiac1 at the corner of ,charlotte boulevard and ,miller street4 ,it lay in gravel #ab feet below the surface4 ,it seems to the writer to belong to ,mammut americanum4 #dd4 ,scottsburg1 ,livingston ,county4--,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icb7 reported that #bj bones and various fragments of bones of a mastodon had been collected here by ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley and ,h4 ,a4 ,green1 and presented to the ,yale collection by ,r4 ,s4 ,fellows4 ,no additional information was furnished4 ,these remains include a hindermost lower molar 7,cat4 ,no4 #aagad7 that had not yet come into use4 ,the animal may be supposed to have lived during or after the last half of the ,wisconsin stage4 #de4 ,fowlerville1 ,livingston ,county4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icb7 stated1 on the authority of ,mr4 ,h4 ,j4 ,peck1 that #c or #d teeth1 tusks1 and other bones1 badly broken1 had been found1 in #ahhf1 in an excavation on the bank of ,genesee ,river1 #hj feet above the water4 ,no further information has been recorded4 ,from ,dr4 ,i4 ,edward ,line1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 the writer has received a photograph of an upper right penultimate molar1 little worn1 which he reports as having been found in #ahhg1 near ,genesee ,river1 on the road from ,avon to ,fowlerville4 ,it was discovered in a marshy part of the farm of ,robert ,boyd and was exhumed by the late ,dr4 ,william ,nishet1 of ,avon4 ,other teeth1 a tusk1 and fragments of bone were found1 some of which1 ,dr4 ,line states1 were taken to ,harvard ,university by ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam4 ,quite certainly this was the same mastodon as that reported by ,mr4 ,peck4 ,the animal could not have lived here until after a stage represented by ,fairchild's plate #cg 7,bull4 #abg1 ,new ,york ,state ,mus474 #df4 ,geneseo1 ,livingston ,county4--,in #ahbg 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #chj71 ,jeremiah ,van ,rensselaer reported that1 in #ahbf1 the skull1 tusks1 lower jaws with teeth1 pelvis1 and many other bones had been found at ,geneseo4 ,later 7#ahda7 ,lyell and ,james ,hall made excavations at the same place1 but discovered only some fragments of the skull and of other bones4 ,these were at a depth of about #e feet and were mixed with marl and yet existing fresh-water shells4 ,over all was a layer of muck 7,lyell1 8,travels in ,north ,america10 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ee74 ,hall 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfc1 fig4 #agc7 published a figure of one of the teeth1 a hindermost molar4 ,the remark as to the geological age of the ,fowlerville specimen applies to this one4 #dg4 ,nunda1 ,livingston ,county4--,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 p4 #icb7 stated1 on the authority of ,charles ,e4 ,beecher1 that #aj bones and fragments of a mastodon had been secured here1 and presented to ,yale ,university collection4 ,no exact locality and no geological information were furnished4 ,the geological age is quite certainly late ,wisconsin or still later4 #dh4 ,belvidere1 ,allegany ,county4--,in the ,american ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #aijd1 page #fj1 an anonymous note states that some mastodon remains1 #c ribs and #d vertebr1 had been unearthed at this place by ,james ,johnson1 of ,bradford1 and ,alban ,stewart1 of the ,smithsonian ,institution4 ,nothing was said as to the exact locality and geological conditions4 ,the time of the animal's life could hardly have been earlier than the last half of the ,wisconsin stage4 #di4 ,pike1 ,wyoming ,county4--,in #ahgf 7,guide to ,genesee ,valley ,mus41 ,letchworth ,park1 ,castile1 ,n4 ,y41 #aijg1 pp4 #e-f71 a part of a skull1 the tusks1 a few vertebr1 and some foot-bones were found on the farm of ,charles ,dennis1 on the outskirts of the village of ,pike4 ,they were met with in making a ditch and hence were probably in a marsh4 ,their geological age is that of the last half of the ,wisconsin stage or later4 #ej4 ,attica1 ,wyoming ,county4--,in #ahhg 7#fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,geologist1 for #ahhf1 p4 #cd71 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke described briefly the finding of supposed mastodon bones at this place4 ,a tusk had been encountered while a trench for a water-main was being dug on ,genesee street4 ,in #ahhh 7#dast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,mus41 for #ahhg1 pp4 #chh-cij1 plate71 ,clarke reported the results of further digging4 ,the tusk was exhumed1 as well as two ribs and a fragment of the zygomatic arch4 ,nothing was found that distinguished the remains from those of an elephant4 ,the fragments were in a bog-hole and scattered over a space about #bj by #be feet4 ,under the made ground was first a layer of loam #e inches thick1 then came in succession #a foot #b inches of clayey muck and #a foot #e inches of unlaminated clay and an undetermined thickness of laminated clay4 ,the bones lay in the unlaminated clay1 at a depth of #b feet #f inches from the natural surface4 ,with the bones was what was thought to be an ankle-bone of an elk4 ,at a distance of #ge feet was another bog-hole1 #ge feet in diameter1 which was filled with muck lying on compact laminated clay4 ,the muck had a maximum thickness of #d feet4 ,at the deepest place was found a piece of pottery and1 beneath and around it1 about #cj fragments of thoroughly burned charcoal4 ,the proboscidean remains here described must have been buried after 7how long after one can not say7 the ,wisconsin glacier had retired about two-thirds the way from its southward limit to the shore of ,lake ,ontario4 #ea4 ,leroy1 ,genesee ,county4--,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay1 in #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #ajd71 stated that in #ahda a mastodon tooth weighing #b pounds had been found in a bed of marl #c miles south of ,leroy4 ,no other information appears to have been recorded4 ,the mastodons found here and at ,stafford and ,batavia could have lived only after the ice-sheet had retired beyond these places4 ,about this time the waters of the ,finger ,lake region found an outlet westward to the ,mississippi by way of lakes ,warren and ,chicago4 #eb4 ,stafford1 ,genesee ,county4--,james ,hall1 in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfd71 reported that some years previously a small molar tooth had been found at this place4 ,it was beneath muck and upon a deposit of clay and sand4 ,there was found also a quantity of hair-like conferv1 of a dun-brown color1 which resembled hair so closely that a close examination was necessary to determine its real nature4 #ec4 ,batavia1 ,genesee ,county4--,in #aijd 7,bull4 #fi1 ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 p4 #icb71 ,clarke reported for ,h4 ,l4 ,ward1 that in #ahig two tusks1 a part of a skull with teeth1 several vertebr1 and ribs had been found here4 ,nothing more is known about this case4 #ed4 ,holley1 ,orleans ,county4--,in #ahdc1 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfd7 reported that during the excavation of the ,erie ,canal1 a large molar tooth was found in a swamp near ,holley4 ,this1 according to ,clarke1 was about #ahbj4 ,at the earliest time assignable1 this mastodon lived after the ,wisconsin glacier had withdrawn nearly into the basin of ,lake ,ontario4 ,it may have had its existence nearly up to the ,recent epoch4 #ee4 ,medina1 ,orleans ,county4--,in the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,history is a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon1 labeled as having been found in a swamp near ,medina4 ,it contains the second and third true molars4 ,the remark about the geological age of the ,holley mastodon is applicable to this one4 #ef4 ,niagara1 ,niagara ,county4--,in #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #ajd71 ,de ,kay stated that a mastodon tooth had been found in digging a mill-race on ,goat ,island1 #ab or #ac feet below the surface4 ,lyell1 in #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 alluded to the occurrence of remains of mastodon in a fresh-water formation on the right bank of the ,niagara ,river at the ,falls4 ,the formation appears to have consisted of gravel4 ,these are possibly the same remains as those mentioned by ,de ,kay4 ,hall 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfd7 stated that the deposit was a fine gravel and loam containing fresh-water shells1 and evidently of fluviatile origin4 ,these deposits were noted by ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 pp4 #iac-iad74 ,on the ,canadian side of the gorge below the ,falls1 #af species of fresh-water mollusks were found in the sand1 evidently where they had lived4 ,at the museum of ,davis ,brothers1 at ,niagara ,falls1 ,mr4 ,b4 ,u4 ,davis told the writer that he owned #b mastodon teeth which had been found in digging for the foundations of the ,tower ,hotel1 which faces the ,falls park4 ,mastodons could have lived where ,niagara ,falls is now located only after the ,wisconsin ice-sheet had retired far enough to permit the waters of ,lake ,iroquois to fall somewhat below those of ,lake ,erie1 the shrinkage of the latter to its present basin1 and the formation of dry land or land not too swampy around the present ,niagara ,falls4 #eg4 ,hinsdale1 ,cattaraugus ,county4--,hall 7op4 cit41 p4 #cfd7 stated that at this place a tusk1 with some horns of deer1 had been found in gravel and sand1 #af feet below the surface4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icc7 mentions this case and suggests that the antlers were possibly those of the elk4 ,the tusk may quite as well have been that of an elephant4 ,lyell 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahdc1 p4 #abg7 referred to this discovery as showing mastodon bones at the highest elevation known at that time1 #a1ejj feet above the sea4 #eh4 ,conewango1 ,cattaraugus ,county4--,in #aijh 7#fjth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fj71 ,clarke reported that part of a mastodon skeleton1 consisting of from #dj to #ej bones1 mostly vertebr and foot-bones1 had been unearthed in #aijf from the bank of the ,state ditch along ,conewango ,creek1 close to the boundary between ,cattaraugus and ,chautauqua ,counties4 ,the remains lay on a shelf of hard clay4 ,they were discovered and reported by ,c4 ,n4 ,hoard and ,w4 ,h4 ,hoard4 ,the locality was probably not far from the town indicated4 ,this animal is to be referred to the last half of the ,wisconsin glacial stage2 that is1 to the ,wabash stage4 #ei4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,county4--,in #ahji 7,phila4 ,med4 and ,phys4 ,jour41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeg71 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton reported that a tooth of a mastodon had been found on ,buffalo ,creek1 near its mouth4 ,of this mastodon one can only say that it lived late in ,wisconsin times1 not earlier probably than when ,lake ,iroquois became the immediate predecessor of ,lake ,ontario4 #fj4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,county4--,in #ahgb 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #agh71 ,mr4 ,t4 ,a4 ,cheney announced the finding of parts of #b skeletons of the mastodon1 in a swamp about a mile north of ,jamestown4 ,one was a small animal1 probably a young one1 the larger one an adult4 ,of the latter1 #f teeth in the lower jaw1 the tusks1 and various other bones were secured4 ,the remains were lying in a soil composed of peat and marl1 at a depth of #d feet4 ,a great mass1 #h or #i bushels1 of broken twigs was found and taken to be the contents of the animal's stomach4 ,this mastodon belonged to the last half of the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 #fa4 ,westfield1 ,chautauqua ,county4--,dr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,clarke1 in #aijc 7,bull4 #fi1 etc41 p4 #icc71 reported the discovery of a part of a skeleton at ,westfield4 ,it was on the property of ,mrs4 ,alice ,peacock1 alongside the ,nickel ,plate ,railroad4 ,a tusk1 #f feet #b inches long and highly curved1 #ag ribs1 #h pelvic and lumbar vertebr1 a patella1 and parts of the scapula and pelvis were secured4 ,the bones lay on a pavement of heavy boulders and under several feet of black clayey muck4 ,this animal could have lived here only after the ,wisconsin ice-sheet had withdrawn within1 or nearly within1 the basin of ,lake ,erie4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,maps #e1 #f-;,a47 #a4 ,mannington ,township1 ,salem ,county4--,in ,rutgers ,college1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey1 is a mounted mastodon said to have been found on the ,hackett farm1 ,chestnut ,hill1 in ,mannington4 ,this township is northwest of the town of ,salem4 ,it is stated that about #ge per cent of the bones are present in the mounted skeleton2 the missing parts are restored in plaster or some other material4 ,rhoads 7,mamm1 ,penn4 ,n4 ,j41 #aijc1 p4 #bce7 was informed by ,professor ,valiant that this skeleton was excavated from a bed of gray marl1 at a depth of from #f to #h feet below the surface4 ,according to ,lewis and ,kmmel's geological map of ,new ,jersey1 #aiab1 this region appears to be overlain by the ,cape ,may formation 7see also ,salisbury and ,knapp1 vol4 ,,viii1 ,final ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 p4 #aid74 #b4 ,harrisonville1 ,gloucester ,county4--,in #ahfi1 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 p4 #gdj7 stated that a mastodon had been found at this place1 but no details were furnished4 ,harrisonville is on ,oldman's ,creek1 and along this are distributed1 according to the map above cited1 materials belonging to the ,pensauken formation4 ,bridgeton1 ,pensauken1 and ,cape ,may deposits are1 however1 not far away 7,salisbury and ,knapp1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ca1 #if1 #ig1 #aid1 #aih74 #c4 ,mullica ,hill1 ,gloucester ,county4--,in ,cook's 8,geology of ,new ,jersey10 ,cope reported also that mastodon remains had been found at ,mullica ,hill1 on ,raccoon ,creek1 but here again no details were given4 ,following the map cited1 and ,salisbury and ,knapp1 page #aid1 we find ,cape ,may deposits at the town1 but ,pensauken is not far away1 and it is not known exactly where the mastodon remains were met with4 #d4 ,woodbury1 ,gloucester ,county4--,mr4 ,samuel ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,penn4 ,n4 ,j41 #aijc1 p4 #bce7 recorded the discovery of a mastodon near ,woodbury4 ,it was found on ,mantua ,creek and was in the possession of ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,curry1 of ,woodbury4 ,mantua ,creek flows south of ,woodbury1 about #b4e miles distant4 ,on the map cited the region is indicated as being covered mostly by ,pensauken materials1 but there is some ,cape ,may 7,salisbury and ,knapp1 pp4 #ajj1 #aia74 ,the ,cape ,may is on a lower level along the streams4 ,from ,dr4 ,curry the writer learns that the remains of this mastodon passed into the possession of ,mr4 ,herbert ,twells1 of ,woodbury1 ,new ,jersey4 ,neither of these gentlemen is able to furnish any further information4 #e4 ,pemberton1 ,burlington ,county4--,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfi1 p4 #gdj7 stated that mastodon remains had been found at ,pemberton4 ,previously1 ,conrad 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila4 vol4 ,i1 #ahcb1 p4 #aa7 had reported that bones and teeth of this species had been found here4 ,in the collection of the ,academy at ,philadelphia are a part of a skull and some bones and teeth which were collected at ,pemberton in #ahhg by ,j4 ,c4 ,saltar and ,e4 ,mc,connell4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,penn4 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bcd7 mentioned this skeleton and said that it was exposed in the bed of a small stream4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,coleman ,saltar1 now of ,milford1 ,delaware1 has kindly replied to the present writer's inquiries4 ,he says that the skeleton was found about #a4e miles northwest of ,pemberton1 in the bank of a small stream lying partly in the water1 partly embedded in the bank4 ,the flood-plain is perhaps about #aj feet below the tilled land along the stream4 ,on the flood-plain is recent silt4 ,below this appears to be a ,pleistocene deposit which contains vegetable dbris1 including pine cones4 ,the skeleton was in this layer1 about #c feet below the surface4 ,professor ,valiant informed ,mr4 ,rhoads that another skull was found1 a good many years ago1 in a swamp near ,pemberton1 and for a long time was used as a door-step before its real nature was discovered4 ,mr4 ,saltar1 in the letter referred to above1 stated that his understanding has been that this skull was found along the same stream and was used as a stepping-stone in crossing1 until some progressive person sought to change its position4 ,in the collection of the ,academy1 at ,philadelphia1 are #b good teeth and parts of #b others which are said to have been found at ,pemberton4 ,they are credited to ,g4 ,c4 ,forsyth4 ,at ,princeton ,university is a nearly complete lower jaw1 ,no4 #hagc1 of a mastodon which was collected at ,pemberton4 ,pemberton is on ,rancocas ,river4 ,in ,salisbury and ,knapp's work of #aiag1 on page #ahd1 it is stated that sands which seem to belong to the ,cape ,may are found along the ,north branch of the ,rancocas near ,pemberton4 #f4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads1 in #aijc 7,mamm4 ,penn4 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bce7 stated that there is in ,rutgers ,college ,museum a specimen of tusk of mastodon which was reported to have been found in #ahgh associated with stone implements in the ,trenton gravels1 #ab feet below the surface4 ,cook 7,rep4 ,stat4 ,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 for #ahgh1 p4 #ae7 stated that the tusk was found at a depth of #ad feet1 with the gravel and stones partly stratified over it4 ,there may be a question whether the tusk belonged to a mastodon or to an elephant4 ,professor ,s4 ,lockwood 7,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 vol4 ,,xxli1 p4 #cdd7 wrote that he had seen a tusk1 doubtless the one mentioned above1 taken from the ,trenton gravels4 ,whether or not this tusk was found immediately at ,trenton was not stated1 but ,cook reported that it was found at ,trenton4 #g4 ,freehold1 ,monmouth ,county4--,several mastodons have been reported from this place4 ,professor ,samuel ,lockwood1 in #ahhb 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #bia2 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cda2 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 #ahhc1 p4 #cfe7 reported that he had exhumed a skeleton of a mastodon in a peat-swamp #b miles west of the town4 ,it rested on hardpan1 beneath the peat4 ,over the neck were sticks which had been cut by beavers4 ,lockwood's complete account was published in the ,popular ,science ,monthly1 as quoted4 ,the skeleton was in very bad condition4 ,the lower jaw is not mentioned4 ,according to the ,new ,jersey map cited1 the region about ,freehold is occupied by the ,pensauken formation2 according to ,salisbury and ,knapp the identity of this is not wholly certain4 ,it is impossible to say when the skeleton had fallen there4 ,some one1 probably ,g4 ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda71 stated that bones of mastodon had been found near ,freehold by ,o4 ,r4 ,willis4 ,professor ,valiant has told the writer of a milk-tooth of a mastodon found at 8,hartshorne's mills0 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gha74 #h4 ,englishtown1 ,monmouth ,county4--,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 ,penn41 ,n4 ,j41 p4 #bce7 stated that ,professor ,valiant had informed him that remains of mastodon had been found in marl at ,englishtown4 ,the relations of the remains to the marl one can not now learn4 ,according to the ,new ,jersey geologists1 the region about the place is occupied by ,pensauken2 but one can not be certain about the geological age of the mastodon4 #i4 ,marlboro1 ,monmouth ,county4--,george ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 reported that a portion of a jaw of a mastodon had been found in a mill-race at ,marlboro2 but when this happened we are not told4 ,rhoads1 as cited1 probably refers to the same specimen1 where he mentions a ramus of a young mastodon containing the milk dentition4 ,this is in ,rutgers ,college4 ,the gravels on the hills about ,marlboro are referred by the ,new ,jersey geologists to the ,pensauken4 ,it is not unlikely1 however1 that ,cape ,may deposits are to be met with at lower levels4 #aj4 ,long ,branch1 ,monmouth ,county4--,a number of mastodons have been found in the vicinity of ,long ,branch4 ,in #ahbd 7,ann4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adc-adg71 ,de ,kay1 ,van ,rensselaer1 and ,cooper gave a detailed account of the exhumation of a mastodon skeleton on a farm called 8,poplar10 #c miles southwest of ,long ,branch1 and #b miles from the sea-beach4 ,the skeleton was found near the border of a marsh and so close to the surface that it was discovered by a molar sticking out of the turf4 ,the vertebral column lay only about #h or #aj inches below the surface4 ,these bones1 including the skull1 which lay near the surface1 were more or less decayed4 ,the tusks were not found at all4 ,the bones were all buried in a stratum of black earth about #h feet thick4 ,below this was a bed of sand1 with rolled pebbles1 of unequal thickness1 but generally thicker than the bed of muck4 ,under this again was found a bed of marl of undetermined age4 ,the impression received by the investigators was that the animal had sunken into the marsh and died in a standing position4 ,in such a case1 the bog had been formed before the animal was mired in it4 ,there is an account by ,van ,rensselaer in the ,american ,journal of ,science1 volume ,,xi1 #ahbf1 page #bdf1 of the finding of this skeleton4 ,godman 7,amer4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii7 gave an account of the same discovery4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 thought that the bones had become exposed to view through subsidence of the peaty layer1 due to its having been drained4 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 ,n4 ,y41 p4 #cfe7 states that he had assisted in exhuming a mastodon at ,long ,branch which was in a natural vertical position1 his body supported by the turf soil or black earth and his feet resting upon a gravelly bottom4 ,lockwood 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 #ahhb1 p4 #bid2 ,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cdd7 reported that he had known of #b teeth of the mastodon which at distant times had been taken up at sea off ,long ,branch4 ,while it is very natural to refer to the latest ,pleistocene these mastodons which lie so near the surface1 it must not be concluded with too much assurance that they do belong to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,the discovery of horse-teeth in the ,navesink ,hills and of ,megatherium at ,long ,branch shows that the older ,pleistocene deposits are present in this region4 #aa4 ,navesink ,hills1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfa71 ,leidy reported that remains of the mastodon had been found in this region1 associated with a vertebra and some teeth of a fossil horse4 ,this was based on ,mitchill's statement 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,remains1 p4 #g7 that he had a part of a tibia of a mastodon4 #ab4 ,manasquan ,inlet1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #ahhb 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #bid71 ,lockwood stated that he had known of a tusk and some other bones of a mastodon which had been uncovered by sea-waves in a storm about #ae miles south of ,long ,branch4 ,in another place 7,pop4 ,sci4 ,monthly1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #cdd7 he spoke of a tusk which had been thus unearthed in ,monmouth ,county4 ,the place was evidently north of ,manasquan ,inlet4 ,salisbury and ,knapp 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,,viii7 describe the region along the coast from ,manasquan ,river to ,long ,branch as presenting ,cape ,may deposits at elevations below #dj or #de feet1 while modern beach deposits occupy some areas below this level4 ,it seems1 however that some of these supposed ,recent materials contain extinct vertebrates and are older than they appear to be4 #ac4 ,verona1 ,essex ,county4--,george ,h4 ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda7 stated that a very perfect tooth of a mastodon had been picked up near ,verona4 ,this town is on ,peckman ,brook1 and in the valley of this stream there is some stratified drift which is referred to the ,wisconsin4 ,too little is known about the history of the tooth to enable one to determine with confidence its geological age4 #ad4 ,rockport1 ,warren ,county 7,schooley's ,mountain74--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ahh71 ,thomas ,p4 ,stewart reported the discovery of what he called a mammoth on ,schooley's ,mountain4 ,it was met with in #ahbg1 in excavating the ,morris ,canal4 ,the locality must therefore be west of ,musconetcong ,river and probably not far from ,rockport4 ,the bones lay at a depth of about #c feet4 ,the animal was evidently a mastodon4 ,a tooth1 a lower last molar1 measured #c4e inches in width and #g inches in length4 ,the enamel was well preserved4 ,other bones were found4 #ae4 ,hackettstown1 ,warren ,county4--,in the fourth volume of the ,proceedings of the ,american ,philosophical ,society1 #ahdd1 on pages #aah to #aba1 there is an account1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,maxwell1 of the discovery of the remains of #e mastodons near ,hackettstown1 about halfway on the road to ,vienna4 ,in this vicinity is a ridge of gneiss which runs in a northeast-and-southwest direction4 ,on this ridge is a pond-like depression about #dj yards in length by #be yards in width1 which at one time was a marsh4 ,after it was drained the owner began digging in it and discovered the mastodon skeletons4 ,they are described as consisting of one animal pretty large1 three of smaller size1 and one a calf4 ,from these were obtained a skeleton which became the property of ,harvard ,university and has since been known as the ,cambridge skeleton4 ,it is described by ,warren in both editions of his 8,monograph on the ,mastodon40 ,jackson 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fj7 described these skeletons4 ,a lower jaw of a young individual had two alveoli for lower tusks1 #j4ge inch in diameter4 ,asa ,gray 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdh1 p4 #ib7 examined wood which had been taken in the place occupied by the stomach of the skeleton referred to4 ,he found no differences between it and that of the common hemlock spruce4 ,while ,gray speaks of this mastodon as being found on ,schooley's ,mountain1 he evidently meant the ones found at ,hackettstown4 ,according to ,maxwell's account there was at the surface #f inches of vegetable deposit2 below this was found about #f inches of whitish sand2 while below this came a bed of pure muck from #d to #f feet in depth4 ,in this were buried the mastodon bones4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s41 ed4 #c1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfc7 mentions the skeletons found at ,hackettstown4 ,between the ribs had been found about #g bushels of vegetable matter supposed to have been contained in the stomach4 ,he took some of it to ,london and had it examined microscopically4 ,it appeared to belong to the white cedar1 ,thuja occidentalis4 ,by consulting ,lewis and ,kmmel's geological map of ,new ,jersey1 it will be seen that the locality where these mastodons were found is on the ,wisconsin moraine4 ,plates ,,xlv and ,,xlv a of ,salisbury's report 7vol4 ,v1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey7 present the topographical and geological details of this region4 ,a 8mastodon pond0 is there mapped which is doubtless the one referred to above4 ,we may be quite certain1 therefore1 that these mastodons lived after the retirement of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,a note1 apparently by ,george ,cook 7,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 #ahfh1 p4 #gda71 stated that some years previously a mastodon tooth had been found #j4e mile east of ,vienna1 #d miles west of ,hackettstown4 #af4 ,hope1 ,warren ,county4--,a note1 probably by ,george ,h4 ,cook1 in his 8,geology of ,new ,jersey10 #ahfh1 page #gda1 stated that a part of a mastodon skeleton had been found about #b miles from ,hope1 on the road leading to ,johnsonsburg and on the farm of ,charles ,howell4 ,this would be northeast from ,hope4 ,on the ,new ,jersey map referred to there is some ,wisconsin drift indicated near this place4 ,the remains are probably of late ,wisconsin age4 #ag4 ,greendell1 ,sussex ,county4--,in ,warren's 8,monograph on the ,mastodon0 7first edition1 page #agd2 second edition1 page #bjj7 is an extract taken from the ,sussex ,register1 of ,september #bg1 #ahea1 giving an account of the finding of bones1 jaws1 and teeth of a mastodon on the farm of ,timothy ,h4 ,cook1 near ,greenville4 ,this town was later called ,cuttoff and this name has recently been changed to ,greendell4 ,in ,cook's 8,geology of ,new ,jersey10 #ahfh1 page #gda1 the farm was said to belong to ,jacob ,voss4 ,in a bog which had been drained a fire was made on a stump of a tree4 ,the fire burned the roots1 and the bones of the animal became exposed4 ,the bones of the head especially were apparently very near the surface4 ,the town is on the ,lackawanna ,railroad1 about #c miles northeast of ,johnsonsburg1 ,warren ,county4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,tunkhannock1 ,wyoming ,county4--,in #ahhc 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 ,g#g1 p4 #bj71 ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,white reported that the tusks and the teeth of a mastodon had been found at ,tunkhannock4 ,at the mouth of ,tunkhannock ,creek a large gravel deposit rises to a height of #abe feet above ,susquehanna ,river and then spreads out into a wide plain4 ,in the valley of the creek mentioned it takes the form of a sharp1 low kame-like ridge of gravel and boulders4 ,in such deposits the mastodon remains were found4 ,according to ,white1 these gravels and boulders were laid down in the waters which came from the retreating glacier and which deeply flooded all the streams4 ,in case this explanation is the correct one1 this mastodon lived there after the beginning of the retreat of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,possibly1 however1 those gravels1 at a height of #abe feet1 belong to an older glacial stage4 ,white1 on page #abc of his report quoted above1 referred to a tusk which had been dug up in one of the streets of ,tunkhannock4 ,this was probably the one mentioned in connection with the teeth4 #b4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,county4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 in #ahgc 7,ext4 ,vert4 ,fauna ,west4 ,terrs41 p4 #bch1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #i71 reported that there was in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia #c first premolars of apparently as many individuals of ,mammut americanum1 which had been found at ,pittston1 associated with ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus7 and ,symbos sp4 indet4 78,bison latifrons0 of ,leidy74 ,one of these he figured4 ,the present writer has examined these teeth4 ,two are upper antepenultimate milk molars 7pm#b71 right and left2 another is an upper penultimate milk molar1 whose length is #de mm4 and whose width is nearly as much4 ,they probably did not all belong to one individual4 ,the geological age of these mastodons will be discussed on page #cjh4 #c4 ,berwick1 ,columbia ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has a cast of a mastodon tooth sent there in #aijd by ,professor ,a4 ,u4 ,lesher4 ,the tooth was an upper right last molar and only slightly worn4 ,there were #d crests and a very strongly developed talon4 ,no details were furnished regarding the conditions under which it was discovered4 #d4 ,reading1 ,berks ,county4--,the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia contains a lower left hindermost tooth of a mastodon and some fragments of one or two other teeth1 said to have been found on ,schuylkill ,river at ,reading4 ,these remains appear not to have been accompanied by any details regarding the manner of their burial4 #e4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,many remains of the mastodon have been found in the famous cave1 or fissure1 discovered at this place4 ,the first accounts of these fossils were published in #ahga 7,cope1 ,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ae1 #ie2 ,wheatley1 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bce-bcg1 #chd-che74 ,cope 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #aic-bfg7 presented the results of a thorough exploitation of the cave4 ,for the nature of the remains of mastodon found there the papers mentioned may be consulted4 ,a list of the associated fossils and a discussion of the geological features of the case will be found in its proper place on page #cab4 #f4 ,jackson ,township1 ,york ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy at ,philadelphia there is a lower left hindermost molar of a mastodon which is labeled as having been found in the township mentioned1 but no details regarding the exact locality and kind of deposit were furnished4 ,jackson ,township is situated in the west and northwestern part of ,york ,county4 #g4 ,kishacoquillas ,station1 near ,reedsville1 ,mifflin ,county4--,in #aheh ,professor ,h4 ,d4 ,rogers 7,geol4 ,pennsylvania1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhj7 wrote that #d grinders of a mastodon and a part of the skull had been found #c miles southwest of ,brown's ,mills on ,kishacoquillas ,creek4 ,the remains rested on rounded pebbles and were covered with a few feet of alluvium4 ,professor ,mosheim ,swartzell1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 informs the present writer that ,brown's ,mills is located at the station ,reedsville1 and that the tooth must have been found near the station4 #h4 ,chambersburg1 ,franklin ,county4--,in #ahjf1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton 7,phila4 ,med4 and ,phys4 ,jour41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aeg7 recorded that a large grinder of ,elephas americanus of ,cuvier had been found in a field a few miles from ,chambersburg4 ,the tooth was evidently that of a mastodon4 #i4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland1 in #aijh 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol ,,iv1 p4 #bcc71 reported remains of young mastodons from a cave at the place named4 ,they were associated with many other species of mammals1 a list of which will be presented on pages #cba1 #cbb4 #aj4 ,bedford1 ,bedford ,county4--,according to ,cuvier 7,oss4 ,foss41 #dth ed41 #ahcd1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bgd71 ,mitchill mentioned that remains of a mastodon had been found at or near this place4 ,the present writer has not seen ,mitchill's statement4 #aa4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,county4--,in #ahgf1 ,professor ,j4 ,j4 ,stevenson 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 ,k1 p4 #bb71 reported that numerous fragments of bones and teeth had been found in the river bank at the junction of ,monongahela and ,allegheny ,rivers4 ,they were said to have been presented to a ,pittsburgh high school4 #ab4 ,hickory1 ,washington ,county4--,in #ahge1 ,professor ,j4 ,j4 ,stevenson 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 ,k1 p4 #bb7 reported that a mastodon tooth had been found in ,mount ,pleasant ,township1 in the county named4 ,it was said to have been discovered on the high divide between ,raccoon and ,chartiers ,creeks4 ,the tooth is preserved at ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 at ,washington1 in the county of the same name4 ,professor ,edwin ,linton has informed the writer that the tooth was found about #a or #a4e miles southeast of ,hickory4 ,this indicates that it was found along ,westland ,run1 probably about halfway down to the village of ,westland4 ,the geological position and possible age will be discussed on page #cbc4 #ac4 ,erie1 ,erie ,county4--,in the ,erie ,public ,museum the writer has seen a part of a lower right hindermost molar of a mastodon which is labeled as having been found long ago on what was called ,frontier farm1 about #b miles west of the ,public ,library1 below ,eighth street and toward the lake4 ,the discovery is credited to ,w4 ,f4 ,leutzer4 ,the locality would apparently be on ,chase ,creek1 at an elevation of about #fjj feet above sea-level1 unless it had possibly been buried along the creek in some pre-,wisconsin formation4 ,in lack of the information that ought to have been preserved it may be impossible to arrive at any certain conclusion4 ,mr4 ,clyde ,c4 ,hill1 civil engineer1 ,north ,east1 ,erie ,county1 has informed the writer that ,chase ,creek flows through the old ,frontier farm4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #e1 #g47 ,,in ,,unglaciated ,,region4 #a4 ,pike ,county4--,in #ahge 7,cincinnati ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart wrote that the upper jaw of a mastodon1 with a considerable part of the cranium1 had been found somewhere in this county and had been on exhibition in the ,state ,agricultural rooms4 ,it was owned by a ,mr4 ,faust1 of ,galion or ,crestline4 ,nothing more appears to be known about this specimen4 #b4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,county4--,in #ahcg 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #gi71 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildreth1 in an unsigned article1 stated that mastodon remains had been found #b miles north of this place1 during the excavation of a canal4 ,he recognized large portions of tusks and some molar teeth4 ,at the same place were found the skull which became the type of ,castoroides ohioensis1 as well as a skull which ,hildreth described and named ,ovis mamillaris1 but which probably belonged to a domestic sheep4 #dg4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,county4--,in the ,ohio ,university ,department of ,archology and ,history there are some remains of a peccary which1 as reported by ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 was found associated with remains of a mastodon4 ,the locality is said to be in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section #bd1 township #ah north1 range #c west4 ,this would be in the south edge of the town of ,lisbon and probably on the south side of the ,middle ,fork of ,little ,beaver ,river4 ,it would be just outside of the moraine of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet4 ,,in ,,illinoian ,,drift ,,area4 #c4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in the first edition of his 8,ossemens ,fossiles10 in #ahab 7vol4 ,,ii1 ,mastodons1 p4 #ab71 ,cuvier mentioned the discovery of a tooth of a mastodon on the right bank of ,ohio ,river1 between the two ,miamis4 ,in #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 ,lyell reported that teeth of the mastodon and of an elephant had been found #d miles north of ,cincinnati1 in gravel beds of the higher terrace4 ,in his 8,travels in ,north ,america10 volume ,,ii1 page #fj1 ,lyell wrote that several teeth of mastodons had been discovered on ,mill ,creek1 and on what he indicated as the upper terrace4 ,he presented a list of the genera of mollusks that had been found at the same place4 ,he added that mastodon remains had been found in the strata of the upper terrace1 both above and below ,cincinnati4 ,professor ,fenneman writes that in ,mill ,creek valley the ,illinoian is distinctly terrace-like and composed of interbedded sheets of outwash and till1 as though made during repeated advances of the ice4 ,the teeth mentioned may belong1 therefore1 to the ,illinoian or ,sangamon4 ,the most important discovery of mastodon remains is that recorded by ,seth ,hayes 7,jour4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvii1 #ahie1 p4 #bag7 and by ,e4 ,w4 ,claypole 7,amer4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xv1 #ahie1 p4 #cbe74 ,these remains form what is known as the 8,shaw mastodon40 ,they were discovered in ,hyde ,park1 in the northeastern part of ,cincinnati1 in section #bg of ,columbia ,township4 ,the spot is #a4d miles away from the river1 and just south of the upper part of ,crawfish ,creek4 ,remains of at least three mastodons were exhumed1 including #c tusks1 a lower jaw with teeth1 and many other bones4 ,there were found also a tooth and a vertebra of a horse4 ,an interesting matter regarding the lower jaw is the presence of #b mandibular tusks of considerable size 7,hayes1 as cited1 plates ,,xi1 ,,xii74 ,the diameter of each is given as #a4e inches4 ,one projected beyond the jaw #i4ge inches2 the other1 #g4d inches4 ,they were curved rather strongly downward4 ,the specimen is to be referred to ,mammut progenium ,hay4 ,the geology of the locality will be described on page #cbh4 ,under this number may be recorded the discovery of mastodon teeth in a well sunk at ,mount ,washington1 about #h miles east of the central part of ,cincinnati 7,fuller and ,clapp1 ,water-,supply ,paper #bei1 #aiab1 p4 #bg74 ,the teeth were found in coarse gravel1 which lies only #ae feet from the surface1 and is overlain by old till and loess4 ,the indications are that the age of the mastodon is early ,pleistocene4 ,,in ,,area ,,of ,,wisconsin ,,drift4 #d4 ,amanda1 ,butler ,county4--,in the collection of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,sciences the writer has seen #b teeth of a mastodon1 probably of the same individual1 which are labeled as having been found on ,dick's ,creek1 ,butler ,county4 ,this creek is in ,lemon ,township1 and flowing westward1 empties into the ,miami near ,amanda4 ,the teeth are credited to ,w4 ,s4 ,vaux4 ,no details regarding the circumstances of discovery are recorded4 ,the locality is south of the ,germantown moraine4 #e4 ,germantown1 ,montgomery ,county4--,in #ahge 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart reported that some years before that time an account had been published in the ,dayton ,journal of the finding of teeth1 tusks1 and some other parts of the skeleton of a mastodon near ,germantown4 ,it is not known whether any competent person identified these remains1 nor what has become of them4 ,in #ahgj 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 pp4 #ed-eg71 ,edward ,orton described a geological section which was exposed along ,twin ,creek1 a mile east of ,germantown4 ,here were found precipitous walls of clay and gravel from #ej to #ajj feet in thickness and extending #j4be mile in each direction from a point4 ,beneath this was a bed of peat along #dj rods of the east bank of the creek1 varying from #ab to #bj feet in thickness4 ,in the peat-bed were found mosses1 grasses1 sedges1 and wood and berries of red cedar4 ,orton reported that in #ahgj there were taken from this bed two mastodon tusks each #h feet in length2 also a tooth which afterwards was shown to belong to ,castoroides4 ,whether or not these tusks were those mentioned by ,klippart is uncertain4 ,this section is discussed by ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 p4 #cfc1 plate ,,xiv7 and by ,g4 ,f4 ,wright 78,ice age in ,north ,america10 #eth ed41 p4 #eib1 fig4 #aea74 ,the latter regards the peat-bed as having come into existence during a temporary recession of the ,wisconsin ice and as having been covered up during another advance of it4 ,leverett thinks that there is good reason to believe that the peat-bed indicates a considerable interval of deglaciation1 but that it remains to be determined whether this preceded the formation of the early ,wisconsin moraine or succeeded it4 ,considering the great thickness of the overlying ,wisconsin drift and the almost certainty that ,illinoian drift underlies the ,wisconsin1 it seems probable that this peat-bed belongs to an interglacial deposit1 probably the ,sangamon4 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgomery ,county4--,in #ahbj 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 ,i1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde71 ,caleb ,atwater wrote that teeth of the mastodon had been found at ,dayton4 ,no details were given and the case is not illuminating4 ,the weights given for some of the teeth make it doubtful whether or not he distinguished mastodon teeth from those of elephants4 ,about the first of ,april #aiba1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,e4 ,pickering1 of ,lake ,view1 ,ohio1 sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution for identification a well-preserved upper right second molar of a mastodon4 ,this had been found #d miles east of ,dayton in an excavation1 #cj feet below the surface4 ,the tooth is #acj mm4 long and #ie mm4 wide4 ,the surfaces of the cones are furnished with welt-like ridges which descend from the summit to the bases4 ,this whole region is occupied by ,wisconsin drift4 ,it is probable that the tooth was found in some river deposit1 not in the drift itself4 #g4 ,new ,paris1 ,preble ,county4--,professor ,joseph ,moore 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 for #ahhf1 p4 #bgg7 reported that many bones of a mastodon had been discovered by a farmer living #b or #c miles from ,new ,paris4 ,two grinding teeth and one tusk nearly #aa feet long were part of the remains4 ,the bones became the property of ,earlham ,college4 ,nothing was said regarding the circumstances of the discovery1 but the bones were probably found in one of the marshes so common in that region4 ,new ,paris itself appears to be situated on the ,germantown moraine4 #h4 ,west ,sonora1 ,preble ,county4--,in #ahic 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 ,professor ,joseph ,moore reported that mastodon remains had been found near ,sonora1 ,preble ,county1 in company with a fragment of a tooth of ,castoroides4 ,he probably meant ,west ,sonora1 as there is1 at present at least1 no town by the name of ,sonora in the county4 ,he furnished no details as to topography or geology4 ,west ,sonora is on the ,englewood glacial moraine4 #i4 ,new ,madison1 ,darke ,county4--,the museum connected with the public library in ,greenville1 ,darke ,county1 contains a large lower jaw of a mastodon with the second and third molars1 right and left1 found near the headwaters of ,mud ,creek1 on the farm of ,elias ,harter4 ,the place was evidently near the village of ,new ,madison4 ,the township is number #aj north1 range #a east1 and is named ,harrison4 ,in the same collection is a part1 about #d feet long1 of a tusk found on the farm of ,daniel ,ruh1 about #b miles north of ,new ,madison4 ,it was met with at a depth of #c feet in digging a ditch4 ,for the geology of the region see page #cbf4 ,new ,madison is on the ,englewood moraine4 #aj4 ,fort ,jefferson1 ,darke ,county4--,in the collection at the public library in ,greenville is a nearly complete mounted skeleton of a mastodon found about #aijh1 in ,neave ,township1 #aa north1 range #b east1 near the village named4 ,the spot is on the ,delaplaine farm and near the headwaters of ,bridge ,creek4 ,the region is very flat and was originally swampy4 #aa4 ,six miles west of ,greenville1 ,darke ,county4--,the writer has been informed by ,mr4 ,calvin ,young1 living west of ,greenville1 that1 a good many years ago1 a considerable part of a skeleton of a mastodon had been exhumed on ,kraut ,creek1 on the farm of ,absalom ,shade1 in the southeast quarter of section #cd1 township #ab north1 range #a east4 ,one tusk was broken up by the workmen in order to discover what kind of wood it was4 ,a lower jawbone1 containing large molars1 was #c feet #b inches long4 ,the remains were sold to ,john ,collett1 sent to a museum in ,terre ,haute1 and finally destroyed in a fire4 ,the remains were originally found at a depth of #e feet and scattered about in sand and overlain by vegetable mold and peat4 ,in a letter of ,march #i1 #aiae1 ,mr4 ,young wrote that another mastodon had been found #f miles west of ,greenville4 ,the remains were buried at a depth of #b4e feet and lay on a bed of sand and gravel4 ,teeth and a tusk #aj feet long were observed1 but the skeleton was not exhumed4 ,these fossils were found on or near the ,sidney moraine4 #ab4 ,greenville1 ,darke ,county4--,the collection at ,greenville contains an upper left hindermost molar of a mastodon said to have been found in ,greenville ,creek1 about #j4ge mile west of the town4 ,another tooth1 an upper left second molar1 was found nearly northeast of the town1 but how far is not stated4 ,mastodon remains were said by ,joseph ,moore 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 to have been found associated with the giant beaver1 somewhere near ,greenville4 ,these remains also must have been buried near the ,sidney moraine1 probably in swamps along its border4 #ac4 ,ansonia1 ,darke ,county4--,in the collection at ,greenville nearly complete ossa innominata1 right and left1 and some vertebr are preserved1 all found on the farm of ,hezekiah ,woods1 in section #i of township #ac north1 range #b east1 at the headwaters of ,stillwater ,creek4 ,a considerable part of the south of this section is occupied by a swamp4 ,around this runs the contour-line of #a1jjj feet above sea-level4 #ad4 ,troy1 ,miami ,county4--,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,shetrone1 of the ,ohio ,archological ,museum1 at ,columbus1 reported in #aiad that remains of a mastodon had been found in a depression about #c miles from ,troy4 ,a company engaged in draining the pond and in digging found the bones4 ,a lower jaw containing teeth was secured1 as well as an upper tooth4 ,the tusks had not been found4 ,troy is on the ,loramie ,river1 situated between the ,englewood and ,sidney moraines4 ,the remains certainly belong to the latter part of the ,wisconsin stage or later4 ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills writes that the remains were found on the farm of ,mr4 ,wheeler1 #c miles southeast of ,troy4 ,a swampy kettlehole was being drained4 #ae4 ,catawba1 ,clark ,county4--,in #ahge 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart wrote that a considerable part of a skeleton of a mastodon had been found in ,clark ,county and had been placed in ,wittenberg ,college1 at ,springfield4 ,no details were furnished4 ,from ,mr4 ,c4 ,g4 ,shatzer1 of ,wittenberg ,college1 in reply to an inquiry1 the present writer has received the information that this mastodon is now mounted and in the collection of the ,ohio ,state ,university at ,columbus4 ,it was found at the edge of a small marsh1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,n4 ,s4 ,conway1 on or close to the line between ,clark and ,champaign counties1 and about #d4e miles southwest of ,mechanicsburg4 ,this would be apparently about a mile northwest of ,catawba and in the hills east of ,buck ,creek4 ,mr4 ,shatzer stated that it is in a rather strong knob-and-kettle country4 ,this is shown1 too1 by the topographical sheet of the region4 ,the writer has examined this mastodon4 ,the tusks measure1 following the curve1 #i feet #h inches in length4 ,at the base of one of them one diameter is #afb mm42 the other1 #ahd mm4 ,the tusks are somewhat spirally curved4 ,the animal was not aged1 inasmuch as the second true molar is worn only on the first crest1 and the third molar is not at all worn4 #di4 ,brighton1 ,clark ,county4--,mr4 ,shatzer reports that in #aije or #aijf he excavated a mastodon at a point about #e miles southeast of the place where the other was found and about a mile due north of the village of ,brighton4 ,this skeleton was met in a marsh and lay at a depth of about #ah inches1 but one fore-leg went straight down into the blue clay4 ,the tusks were badly decayed1 but many of the bones were well preserved4 #af4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,county4--,in #aijh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #aic71 ,professor ,r4 ,s4 ,lull wrote that the ,yale ,university collection has a fairly complete skeleton of a young mastodon from ,urbana4 ,the present writer made a note on this specimen to the effect that it was found on a farm #e miles north of ,urbana4 ,this would seem to be not far from ,mad ,river4 #ej4 ,woodstock1 ,champaign ,county4--,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec7 reported that in #ahfi a farmer1 ,w4 ,a4 ,howard1 of ,woodstock1 while ditching in his meadow1 dug up a finely preserved femur of a mastodon4 ,for several years this was on exhibition in the ,state agricultural rooms at ,columbus4 ,unfortunately one can not be sure that the bone was not that of one of the elephants4 #cj4 ,fayette ,county1 near ,new ,holland1 ,pickaway ,county4--,in #ahge 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart reported that portions of a skeleton of a mastodon had been discovered in a bog near ,new ,holland4 ,there appears to be no certainty that the remains were not those of an elephant4 ,they had not been exhumed4 #ag4 ,south ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,county4--,in #ahcd 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bef71 in an unsigned article1 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildreth reported the discovery of mastodon teeth and ribs in an excavation for a culvert in a small stream1 a mile east of ,bloomfield1 now called ,south ,bloomfield1 where a canal was being constructed4 ,the teeth were in a fine state of preservation4 ,at the same place was found the tooth of an elephant4 ,these remains are said to have been embedded in a black boggy earth4 #ah4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,county4--,in #ahbj 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bde71 ,caleb ,atwater stated that a large thigh bone of a mastodon had a short time before been found near the town in digging a mill-race4 ,here again there must be doubt regarding the identification of the animal4 #ai4 ,pickaway ,plains1 ,pickaway ,county4--,this name is given to a level tract lying about #e miles southwest of ,circleville and east of ,scioto ,river4 ,in the article cited above1 ,caleb ,atwater stated that he had #b teeth of a mastodon1 one of which had been found in a small rivulet near the 8,pickaway ,plains40 ,this tooth is illustrated by figures #a and #b ,b1 of plate ,,ii1 of the paper cited4 ,it is evidently a tooth of ,mammut americanum4 ,the locality would be not far from the broad terminal ,wisconsin moraine4 #bj4 ,salt ,creek ,township1 ,pickaway ,county4--,the writer just quoted reported that the other mastodon tooth which he owned had been found in the bed of ,salt ,creek1 #bb feet #i inches below the surface4 ,this tooth is figured on plate ,,ii of ,atwater's paper above cited4 #ba4 ,shadeville1 ,franklin ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,ohio1 the writer has seen a tooth of a mastodon which was found at ,shadeville4 ,this place is on ,scioto ,river1 a few miles below ,columbus4 ,it is probably of ,late ,wisconsin age4 #ea4 ,granville1 ,licking ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #gi71 ,l4 ,e4 ,hicks reported that he had examined the left side of the pelvis of a mastodon found in the bank of ,raccoon ,creek1 near ,granville1 along the route of the ,atlantic and ,lake ,erie ,railway4 ,this place is on the west border of the ,grand ,river moraine4 #bb4 ,mount ,gilead1 ,morrow ,county4--,in ,ward's ,natural ,history ,establishment1 at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 the writer has seen an upper left third molar of a mastodon1 labeled as having been found at this place4 ,no details accompanied the specimen4 ,the tooth is #aeh mm4 long and #ie mm4 wide1 and has a large pulp-cavity4 ,mount ,gilead is on the moraine which forms the eastern limb of the ,scioto lobe4 ,the tooth may be with safety regarded as of ,late ,wisconsin age4 #bc4 ,harper1 ,logan ,county4--,in ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 are #b molars of a mastodon1 the lower second and the third1 which were found somewhere in the vicinity of ,harper4 #bd4 ,roundhead1 ,hardin ,county4--,in #ahge 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart reported that considerable parts of the skeleton of a mastodon had been exhumed at ,fort ,mc,arthur1 in ,hardin ,county1 having evidently drifted out to the ,scioto marsh and being widely scattered4 ,fort ,mc,arthur does not appear on recent maps2 a gazetteer of #ahce locates the place in ,logan ,county1 #bd miles north of ,urbana4 ,the locality appears to be in the neighborhood of ,roundhead and in the marshes in which ,scioto and ,miami ,rivers take their rise4 #be4 ,washington ,township1 ,auglaize ,county4--,in ,bulletin ,no4 #af of the ,geological ,survey of ,ohio1 #aiab1 page #ch1 ,mr4 ,alfred ,dachnowski1 quoting from ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson1 stated that in #ahgh ,mr4 ,s4 ,craig1 while engaged in surveying section #ai of ,washington ,township 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #e ,e47 discovered a mastodon skeleton4 ,no further search had been made in #aije 7,williamson's ,hist4 ,west4 ,ohio and ,auglaize ,county1 p4 #ccf74 ,while doubtless a proboscidean was buried there1 one can not be sure that it was not an elephant4 ,this place is not far from ,new ,knoxville4 #bf4 ,pusheta ,township1 ,auglaize ,county4--,from the same authorities it is learned that in #ahid a mastodon calf was discovered in section #bi of the township named 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #f ,e471 embedded in a layer of muck at the bottom of a circular pond4 ,the skeleton is reported as having been quite complete1 but it went to pieces as it dried4 ,the tusks were about #a foot long4 ,at this place the waters flow into ,clear ,creek1 a branch of ,auglaize ,river4 #bg4 ,wapakoneta1 ,auglaize ,county4--,the authorities quoted reported that a mastodon had been discovered in a ditch excavation in section #cc of ,duchouquet ,township 7,tp4 #e ,s41 ,r4 #f ,e471 not far from ,wapakoneta4 ,the remains crumbled on exposure and drying4 ,they may have been those of an elephant4 #bh4 ,duchouquet ,township1 ,auglaize ,county4--,the authorities on whom reliance is here put state that in #ahia a mastodon was discovered by some laborers who were deepening and widening the bed of a creek which extends through section #bb of the township mentioned4 ,this creek must have been either ,auglaize ,river or a branch of it1 so unimportant that it is not down on the topographical sheet of that quadrangle4 ,the tusks extended across the creek and were cut off by the workmen and carried away4 #bi4 ,st4 ,johns1 ,auglaize ,county4--,mastodons have been reported from two localities near the village of ,st4 ,johns and along the headwaters of ,willow ,creek4 ,the one nearest the village is mentioned in ,dachnowski's work 8,peat ,deposits of ,ohio0 7,bull4 #af1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #aiab1 p4 #ch74 ,it was found in section #d of ,clay ,township 7,tp4 #f ,s41 ,r4 #g ,e471 some time about #ahgj4 ,there is no certainty that the bone did not belong to an elephant4 ,the other mastodon was found in #ahgj and accounts of the discovery were given by ,dr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilbert 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,i1 #ahga1 p4 #bbj2 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 #ahgc1 p4 #eef72 and by ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson 7,hist4 ,west4 ,ohio and ,auglaize ,county1 #aije1 pp4 #ccd-ccf74 ,the locality is #b4e miles east of ,st4 ,johns1 in section #c1 ,clay ,township4 ,farmers were engaged in running a broad ditch through a swamp4 ,the depth of the swamp deposit at that point was #h feet1 of which the upper third was peat1 the remainder1 so far as shown1 of marl or marly clay4 ,the bones were in their natural relations and it was evident to ,gilbert that the animal had mired there4 ,the lower limb-bones were directed downward and well preserved1 but the bones nearer the surface were badly decomposed4 ,the presence of the teeth enabled ,gilbert to identify the animal as the mastodon4 ,the peat had evidently been deposited after the death of the animal1 which had occurred after the deposit of the drift4 ,klippart 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aec7 stated that a part of the remains had been placed in the ,wapakoneta ,high ,school4 ,the remains must have been buried near the ,loramie moraine4 ,in ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer examined teeth and bones of two mastodons which had been found in ,auglaize ,county1 but the exact localities were not known4 #cj4 ,see page #ge4 #ca4 ,ohio ,city1 ,van ,wert ,county4--,in #ahdh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,whittlesey stated that a mastodon tooth had been found at this place1 and further1 that it had been mentioned by ,charles ,lyell4 ,it was found in alluvium and rested on a blue marl4 ,the locality is in the vicinity of the ,lima moraine4 #cb4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,putnam ,county4--,in #aiac1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,maple1 of this town1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for identification a lower left first molar1 found in gravel #c miles north of the town1 near the border of ancient ,lake ,maumee4 #cc4 ,liberty ,township1 ,putnam ,county4--,in #ahgd1 ,professor ,n4 ,h4 ,winchell 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #cib7 told of the finding of large bones1 supposed to belong to a mastodon1 just southeast of the center of section #f1 in draining the ,medary marsh1 in the township named 7,tp4 #b ,n41 ,r4 #g ,e47 ,the bones were in a sandy loam along the north side of the ,leipsic ridge1 a part of the ,defiance moraine4 ,another was found in section #h of the same township4 ,the remains consisted of two teeth1 bones of the posterior extremities1 and a fragment of a tusk4 ,the limb-bone was removed #bc feet from the tusk4 ,these remains lay at a depth of about #c feet from the surface4 ,other large bones1 mastodon or elephant1 were found in section #g1 ,ottawa ,township 7,tp4 #a ,n41 ,r4 #g ,e474 ,this was evidently on the south side of the ridge mentioned1 but yet probably north of ,blanchard ,river4 #cd4 ,springfield ,township1 ,lucas ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #eef71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilbert wrote that ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,trembley1 of ,toledo1 had informed him that a tooth of a mastodon had been obtained from a marsh in ,springfield1 ,lucas ,county4 ,it is probable that ,gilbert meant ,springfield ,township4 ,he could not ascertain the exact locality1 but he remarked that all the marshes of that township date from the formation of the lowest and most recent of the raised beaches and that it was almost certain that the tooth is not less recent than they4 ,springfield ,township is nearly in the center of this county4 ,in #ahhf 7,proc4 ,davenport ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cji71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,sterling1 of ,cleveland1 wrote that about #ae years previously a mastodon skeleton had been found in a cranberry swamp in ,lucas ,county2 but no more exact location was given4 ,a large ditch was being made where the muck of the bog was about #h feet deep and rested on a layer of 8hard pan40 ,the skeleton was badly decayed4 ,what proof the writer had that the remains belonged to the mastodon is not stated4 #ce4 ,jackson ,township1 ,wood ,county4--,from a clipping taken from the ,toledo ,blade of ,january #ae1 #aiai1 with #b illustrations1 it is learned that ,mr4 ,john ,welsh1 of the township named1 while digging a trench on his farm1 unearthed a tooth of a mastodon4 ,the pictures show that it was a considerably worn1 lower right hindermost molar4 ,jackson ,township 7,tp4 #c ,n41 ,r4 #i ,e47 is in the southwestern corner of the county4 ,from ,mr4 ,welsh the writer learns that the locality is #c4e miles northeast of ,deshler and in section #ag4 ,the tooth was buried at a depth of #d feet4 ,the locality is well within the area covered by old ,lake ,maumee4 #cf4 ,carey1 ,wyandot ,county4--,in ,april1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,o4 ,n4 ,copley1 ,cary1 sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution a much-worn lower left first true molar1 found at ,cary1 in muck1 at a depth of #c feet4 ,with it was found also a canine tooth of a bear1 apparently ,ursus americanus4 ,these were buried near the ,defiance moraine4 #cg4 ,old ,fort1 ,seneca ,county4--,at ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer was told of a mastodon which had been found at ,old ,fort1 and was in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,gillmor1 of ,fremont1 ,ohio4 ,upon inquiry ,mr4 ,gillmor stated that the tooth1 of which he sent a sketch1 had been found in #aiji in a low and marshy piece of tiled ground which lies east of ,sandusky ,river1 opposite ,old ,fort4 ,the tooth was very superficially buried1 for it was turned up by the plow4 ,mr4 ,gillmor stated that in constructing the ,nickel ,plate ,railroad1 not far from where the tooth was found1 some large bones had been discovered4 ,the locality is north of ,defiance moraine and on the old bed of ,lake ,maumee4 #ch4 ,bucyrus1 ,crawford ,county4--,in #ahch1 as told by the geologists ,c4 ,briggs 7,second ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 pp4 #abg-abi7 and ,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #ahci1 p4 #ahi1 fig4 #a71 a nearly perfect skull and various parts of the skeleton were found near ,bucyrus1 on the land of a ,mr4 ,hahn1 during the excavation of a mill-race1 and in a bed of fresh-water shell marl about #d feet thick4 ,both tusks were1 however1 missing4 ,there were secured also #f cervical vertebr1 #f dorsals1 #a lumbar1 #e caudals1 #bh ribs1 most of the pelvis1 and several limb-bones4 ,the fine skull was sent to the ,american ,philosophical ,society in ,philadelphia1 and is now preserved in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of that city4 ,what was done with the remainder of the skeleton the present writer does not know4 ,this specimen has been referred to by several authors4 ,n4 ,h4 ,winchell 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 #ahgd1 p4 #bdg7 stated that the skeleton was embedded in the muck and marl of a swamp and that what remained of it was then in possession of the ,ohio ,agricultural and ,mechanical ,college4 ,the locality was probably near ,celina moraine4 #ci4 ,sandusky1 ,erie ,county4--,in #ahdh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,whittlesey wrote that a tusk and a few bones of mastodon or elephant had been uncovered at the deep cut of the ,mansfield ,railroad1 a few miles from ,sandusky1 in a ,recent bog of muck4 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart 7,cin4 ,jour4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahge1 p4 #aec7 referred to the tusk and said that a part of it was preserved in the ,homopathic ,college at ,sandusky4 ,it is impossible now to say whether this belonged to a mastodon or an elephant4 ,if still preserved it may be possible to determine the genus from the microscopical structure of the ivory4 #dj4 ,brownhelm ,township1 ,lorain ,county4--,in the collection of ,oberlin ,college are many bones of a mastodon1 some jaws and teeth1 and a part of the skull1 collected about #ahih1 on the farm of a ,mr4 ,french1 in the township named1 not far from the shore of ,lake ,erie4 ,professor ,lynds ,jones1 of ,oberlin ,college1 has sent the information that this mastodon was found in a county ditch in township #f ,n41 range #ai ,w41 about where the ditch crosses from lot #bi to #cj1 on what is known as the ,north ,ridge road4 ,this ridge is mentioned by ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahgd1 p4 #bjg1 map opp4 p4 #eh71 and has an elevation of from #ajj to #aah feet above ,lake ,erie4 ,it represents the beach of old ,lake ,warren4 ,according to ,professor ,lynds ,jones1 the mastodon had been buried in a morass between two branches of the ,north ,ridge or old beach4 ,this was of course well along toward the close of the ,pleistocene period4 #da4 ,pittsfield ,township1 ,lorain ,county4--,in the collection at ,oberlin ,college are some fragments of mastodon teeth1 found somewhere in ,pittsfield township 7,tp4 #d ,n41 ,r4 #ah ,w47 at a depth of about #b or #c feet1 in a ditch4 ,no further details have been secured4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 at ,new ,york1 is a lower right second molar which had been received from ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,crook4 ,it had probably been found somewhere about ,lagrange1 but this is not certain4 #db4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,county4--,the geologist ,charles ,whittlesey 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #ae7 stated that1 many years before he wrote1 a grinder of a mastodon had been found on the west side of ,cuyahoga ,river1 in the valley alluvium1 resting on drift clay near the lake level4 ,this might indicate one of three things3 ,the mastodon belonged to some pre-,wisconsin stage2 or the tooth had1 after the retirement of the lake to its present level1 been washed down from above2 or the animal had lived there after the lake had reached about its present level4 ,newberry 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 #ahgc1 p4 #ahc7 stated that his 8,delta ,sand ,deposit10 which forms the surface of the ,cleveland plateau1 had yielded numerous portions of the skeletons of elephant and mastodon4 ,these could hardly have existed before the retirement of the lake within the ,warren beach4 ,klippart 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahge1 p4 #aec7 says that a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was dug up in the immediate vicinity of ,cleveland1 but had been broken into pieces at once by the workmen4 ,the identity of this specimen is doubtful and the exact locality is unknown4 #dc4 ,medina ,county4--,in #ahge 7op4 cit41 p4 #aec71 ,klippart reported that nearly #ej years before he wrote tusks1 said to have been #ab feet long1 and some parts of the skeleton of a mastodon had been taken out of a marl pit in this county4 ,as in other cases1 there is uncertainty about the locality and the identity of the animal4 #dd4 ,green ,township1 ,summit ,county4--,professor ,william ,c4 ,mills1 of the ,state ,university of ,ohio1 has informed the writer that he had secured remains of a young mastodon in section #ac of this township 7,tp4 #b ,n41 ,r4 #i ,w474 ,the bones were found at a depth of about #cj inches and were badly decayed4 ,the region is flat and lies in a bend of the headwaters of ,tuscarawas ,river4 #de4 ,massillon1 ,stark ,county4--,s4 ,p4 ,hildreth1 in #ahcg 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ef71 reported that a year or two before he wrote some very large bones and tusks of a mastodon had been brought to light in excavating a mill-race near ,massillon through a swamp or wet prairie4 ,this city is situated on the ,tuscarawas ,river4 #df4 ,canton1 ,stark ,county4--,in the ,cincinnati ,inquirer of ,november #aa1 #aiaj1 a paragraph announced that some boys1 while digging in the east end of the city1 had found #b mastodon teeth4 ,on ,november #bf the writer received a letter from ,mr4 ,n4 ,d4 ,bush1 of ,canton1 who described the teeth1 so that it is certain that they were those of the mastodon4 ,both ,massillon and ,canton are situated on the broad ,grand ,river moraine4 #dg4 ,see page #gj4 #dh4 ,trumbull ,county4--,mr4 ,john ,t4 ,plummer1 in #ahdc 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xliv1 p4 #cjb1 footnote71 stated that he owned a grinder with #aj prominences which had been found in this county4 ,evidently the tooth was that of a mastodon1 but the locality is somewhat vague4 ,for #di and #ej see page #gd2 for #ea see page #ge4 ,,michigan4 7,maps #e1 #h47 #a4 ,church1 ,hillsdale ,county4--,in #aija there was found1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,levi ,wood1 near ,church1 the greater part of the skeleton of a small mastodon4 ,this was exhumed by an agent of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum and is exhibited there4 ,the animal is small and probably a female4 ,the bones were found in a peat-swamp1 not far from the surface4 ,those most deeply buried were only #d feet from the surface1 while others were down only about #b4e feet4 ,the whole of the township in which ,church is situated is occupied by a part of the ,mississinawa moraine1 the outermost one formed by the ,erie lobe of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,so far as the ground is concerned1 the mastodon might have lived there long before the close of the ,wisconsin stage at any time after the exposure of the moraine4 ,this mastodon was described and figured by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gilmore in #aijf 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxx1 p4 #faj1 plate ,,xxxv74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county4--,in the ,american ,journal of ,science 7vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbc71 ,dr4 ,alexander ,winchell reported the discovery of remains of a mastodon on section #g of the township of ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county4 ,the locality is said to have been about #g miles northwest of the town of ,adrian4 ,the township must therefore be that designated as #f south1 #d east4 ,winchell gave a list of the bones1 and this comprises probably about half of the skeleton1 including the skull4 ,according to ,winchell1 these remains were found at a depth of only about #b feet in a peat-bog2 beneath this peat1 which was #b4e feet thick1 was marly clay1 passing at the depth of #d feet into loose sand4 ,according to the glacial map of ,leverett and ,taylor1 the locality would lie well outside the limits of ,lake ,maumee and would be on the ,fort ,wayne moraine4 ,probably a long while after the ,wisconsin glacial sheet had retired from ,michigan1 this mastodon died there and became covered by the thin deposit of peat1 as found4 ,here may be noted likewise some remains of a mastodon which ,winchell1 in the same paper1 says had been found in ,adrian4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahh7 there is a lower jaw of a mastodon1 reported to have been found in a lacustrine marsh in this county1 in the 8same locality as the ,decker mastodon in ,adrian ,college40 ,a note states that with this were found bones of deer1 elk1 and castoroides4 7,see further1 under the account of the skull of ,castoroides found at ,adrian47 ,in the annual report of the ,michigan ,geological ,survey for #aija1 page #bec1 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane mentioned that at ,clinton1 ,lenawee ,county1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,gragg had found several teeth and bones of mastodon4 ,these seem to have been buried in the same glacial drain-way as those found in ,adrian township4 #bg4 ,clayton1 ,lenawee ,county4--,mr4 ,george ,townsend1 of ,clayton1 ,michigan1 has informed the writer that he has the lower jaw of a mastodon which he found while digging a posthole on his farm near that town4 ,the locality is described as the middle of the line between the southeast and northeast quarters of southeast quarter of section #g1 ,t4 #g4 ,s41 ,r4 #b ,e41 and near a creek4 ,the township is ,dover4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor the immediate region is covered by glacial ground moraine4 #c4 ,howell1 ,livingston ,county4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7op4 cit41 p4 #beb7 reported that a lower tooth and a part of a pelvis had been obtained in dredging the ,shiawassee ,river1 in #aijj4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,gilmore1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 tells the writer that he saw a mastodon tooth which had been found in a swamp #b miles southwest of ,howell4 ,alexander ,winchell1 in #ahfd 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bbd71 reported mastodon remains from ,green ,oak1 in ,livingston ,county4 ,no details were furnished4 ,most of this county is occupied by the ,charlotte moraine system1 formed by the ice-lobe which extended out from ,saginaw ,bay4 #d4 ,bellevue1 ,eaton ,county4--,the writer has learned from ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 that mastodon remains had been described from near ,bellevue by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,foote1 in the third volume of the ,report of the ,pioneer ,society of ,michigan1 on pages #djb-djc4 ,the animal was found on the farm of ,mr4 ,charles ,cummings4 ,it was a large one1 the femur having a length of #c feet #aj inches and one tusk was over #ab feet in length4 ,four teeth belonged to the upper jaw4 ,the remains must have been found before #ahgi4 ,bellevue is situated on the ,kalamazoo ,river1 which here traverses the ,kalamazoo moraine4 ,as in other cases in the central regions of the ,state1 mastodons may have lived at a rather early stage after the ,wisconsin ice began to withdraw2 but they may have kept farther from the glacial front4 #e4 ,olivet1 ,eaton ,county4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rept4 ,board of ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #bec7 reported the finding of mastodon bones near ,olivet4 ,a letter from ,professor ,samuel ,rittenhouse1 of ,olivet ,college1 gives the information that many of the bones of the skeleton had been secured4 ,these were exhumed from a marsh on the northwest quarter of section #aa1 township #a north1 range #e west4 ,following ,leverett and ,taylor's map1 the locality seems to be on an esker through which flows ,battle ,creek4 ,the country in this region is covered by the ,kalamazoo morainic system of the ,saginaw lobe4 ,the mastodon must have been buried after the ice receded from that moraine4 #f4 ,stanton1 ,montcalm ,county4--,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 preparator in the ,university of ,michigan1 informed the writer that ,mr4 ,l4 ,c4 ,hodges1 of ,stanton1 in #aiaa found some mastodon teeth4 ,nothing more is known about these remains4 ,stanton is situated between the ,west ,branch morainic system and the ,charlotte system4 #g4 ,buchanan1 ,berrien ,county4--,mr4 ,william ,hillis ,smith1 of ,niles1 ,michigan1 informed the writer that many remains of mastodons were found in a large ditch made to drain the ,bakerstown marsh4 ,this ditch began south and west of ,buchanan and emptied into ,lake ,michigan4 ,it was #af feet wide and #h to #aj feet deep4 ,in the course of the work bones and teeth were frequently thrown out by the steam shovel1 especially bones of mastodons4 ,one skull was badly crushed1 but was repaired by ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 of ,kalamazoo1 and sold to the ,ward ,establishment1 of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,exact statements as to localities are wanting1 but the ditch was evidently located on and within the ,valparaiso moraine4 ,it is this moraine which runs around the southern end of ,lake ,michigan and separates the ,st4 ,lawrence drainage from that of the ,mississippi2 east of the lake it extends far north into ,michigan4 ,naturally1 this moraine was formed before the withdrawal of the ,lake ,michigan lobe of the ,wisconsin glacier into that lake1 and the mastodons might have lived1 died1 and been buried there at any time after the exposure of the moraine and the development of climatal conditions that permitted their existence4 ,mr4 ,hillis ,smith stated that a tooth of an elephant had been thrown out in making the ditch above mentioned4 ,this tooth was in the possession of ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 of ,kalamazoo4 ,the species is not known4 ,the mastodons referred to above were mentioned by ,lane in his report of #aija1 page #bec4 ,he also called attention to a list of the mollusks found in the muck beneath one of the mastodons1 prepared by ,bryant ,walker 7,nautilus1 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahih1 p4 #aba71 in which #cf species were named4 #h4 ,eau ,claire1 ,berrien ,county4--,in the ,joint ,documents of the ,house of ,representatives of ,michigan1 session #ahda1 page #eei1 ,bela ,hubbard stated that remains of a mastodon had been found on ,paw ,paw ,creek1 ,berrien ,county4 ,lane 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #beb7 stated that there are in the ,agricultural ,college at ,east ,lansing1 #f teeth and half of a lower jaw1 found near ,eau ,claire1 and which may be the remains referred to by ,hubbard4 ,this appears1 however1 to be an error4 ,on these teeth are the label3 8,found at ,eau ,claire1 ,berrien ,co41 ,mich4 ,found beneath several feet of muck while digging a ditch4 ,b4 ,l4 ,comstock1 ,aug4 #ag1 #ahif40 ,the teeth are extraordinarily large2 ,m#c right is #bbb mm4 long4 ,the exact places where the remains mentioned were found have not been recorded4 ,for an account of the small glacial lakes which occupied the depressions that existed between the ,valparaiso moraine and the shore of ,lake ,michigan while the latter was yet filled with ice1 see ,leverett and ,taylor's ,monograph ,no4 ,,liii1 pages #bbe-bbg4 ,in the deposits of these lakes1 but probably long after the glacial ice had retired1 were buried the bones of the mastodon and other animals4 ,from ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 the information has been received that a part of a skull of a mastodon was found in making a public ditch about #b or #c miles south of ,barada4 #be4 ,galien1 ,berrien ,county4--,in #ahhe 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #acc71 ,i4 ,a4 ,lapham reported the discovery of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon at ,terre ,coupe4 ,this place has disappeared from the maps2 but it is said to have been situated on the railroad1 #aa miles west of ,niles1 not far east of ,galien4 ,the jaw was found by ,mr4 ,a4 ,h4 ,taylor1 at a depth of #f feet4 ,it was peculiar in having a supernumerary molar1 a seventh4 ,the jaw was again described by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,warren in #ahee 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 7#b71 vol4 ,,xix1 pp4 #cdh-cec74 #i4 ,dorr1 ,allegan ,county4--,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #bec7 stated that ,frank ,fleser and others had secured a jawbone of mastodon and several teeth4 ,the place is stated to be #d miles west of ,dorr1 probably in the valley of ,rabbit ,river1 where it cuts through the ,valparaiso moraine4 #aj4 ,cannonsburg1 ,kent ,county4--,in the ,kent ,scientific ,museum at ,grand ,rapids is a lower left last molar1 labeled as having been found at ,cannonsburg1 by ,henry ,detmer4 ,the exact locality of the place where the tooth was found is unknown to the writer4 ,the tooth is only slightly worn and is of a white color4 ,cannonsburg is on a great expansion of what ,leverett and ,taylor call the ,charlotte morainic system1 a system produced by the ,saginaw lobe of the ,wisconsin glacier4 ,being one of the more distant moraines of the ,saginaw lobe1 it was one of the earliest to be freed from ice and to offer itself to animal occupancy2 but it may not have been invaded by mastodons until the glacial wall had moved much farther away4 #aa4 ,moorland1 ,muskegon ,county4--,in the ,kent ,scientific ,museum at ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan1 is a mounted mastodon1 the bones of which1 except the limbs1 belong to a specimen found about #aije in a swamp north of ,moorland4 ,the exact locality1 as given by ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,mc,kay1 the finder1 is the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter1 section #af1 township #aj north1 range #ad west4 ,the skull and the tusks are in good condition4 ,beneath the skeleton was found the skull which was made the type of ,botherium sargenti ,gidley4 ,the ,moorland swamp forms part of a great plain about #be miles wide lying between the 8,lake border morainic system0 7,leverett and ,taylor1 p4 #bbb7 and the present eastern shore of ,lake ,michigan4 ,this plain appears to have been occupied by either ice or the waters of old glacial lakes until well near the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,the animal must have been one of the latest of his tribe to inhabit the ,state of ,michigan4 ,it may have lived long after the time of the musk-ox on whose skull the mastodon's pelvis was lying4 #ab4 ,williams ,township1 ,bay ,county4--,in the annual reports of the ,geological ,survey of ,michigan 7#aija1 p4 #bec2 #aije1 p4 #ced71 the discovery of the skeleton of a mastodon in ,bay ,county was announced4 ,it had been found in a depression called a pot-hole4 ,the locality more accurately given is in the southwest corner of section #c1 township #ad north1 range #c east4 ,there was a fragment of a tusk #h4ge feet long and but little curved1 a femur and its socket #i4e inches across1 one vertebra1 and one tooth4 ,these were found #c or #d feet from the surface4 ,the remains were sent to ,ypsilanti4 ,an examination of ,leverett and ,taylor's plate ,,xvii 7,monograph ,,liii7 indicates that the mastodon could not probably have lived there until after the time of ,lake ,warren4 ,at that time the ice-sheet occupied most of ,lake ,huron and a part of ,saginaw ,bay1 but the climate of that region was probably1 for a long time after the passing of ,lake ,warren1 too raw and cold to please the mastodon1 so that it was long afterward that this individual left his skeleton in the boggy hole4 #ac4 ,near ,saginaw1 ,saginaw ,county4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane has reported 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #beb7 that he had found in the possession of farmers in ,tittabawassee ,township1 ,saginaw ,county1 parts of a tusk1 said to have come from a ditch near the course of the ,parker drain1 about #j4be mile north of the south line of section #bj1 township #ac north1 range #c east1 according to ,mr4 ,d4 ,e4 ,williamson1 of ,saginaw4 ,dr4 ,lane also reported remains of a mastodon1 including the lower jaw1 found in digging a tile ditch on the 8,willis farm40 #ad4 ,see page #he4 #ae4 ,saginaw ,county4--,in ,october #aiaj1 ,mr4 ,ralph ,mc,quiston sent to the writer photographs of three mastodon teeth found on a farm about #h miles east of north of ,elsie1 ,clinton ,county4 ,he has since given this locality as being in the southeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section #d1 township #i north1 range #a east4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's glacial map of ,michigan1 this would be about #f miles within the old ,lake ,warren beach-line and in sandy deposits laid down in water4 ,the teeth were found at a depth of #c feet4 ,it may be that the animal died at that spot after the waters of ,lake ,warren had retired4 ,if so1 it would be interesting to determine the origin of the materials which covered the mastodon4 ,on the other hand1 the mastodon remains were possibly deposited there after the withdrawal of ,lake ,wayne and that the overlying materials were laid down by the water of ,lake ,warren1 for this lake appears to have stood at a higher level than its predecessor4 ,if the latter supposition is correct1 mastodons could live not far away from the glacial front4 ,further correspondence with ,mr4 ,mc,quiston makes it appear improbable that the overlying materials were deposited by lake waters4 ,professor ,leverett suggests that the animal had died in an old swale and had afterwards been buried under fine material washed in from the somewhat higher ground in the neighborhood4 ,in that case the mastodon may have lived at any time after the lake waters had retired from the locality4 #ad4 ,alma1 ,gratiot ,county4--,in ,alma ,college1 at ,alma1 ,gratiot ,county1 are some remains of a mastodon1 found about #f4e miles southeast of ,alma1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,albert ,smith4 ,these remains were exhumed under the direction of ,professor ,h4 ,m4 ,mac,curdy1 of ,alma ,college 7,mich4 ,acad4 ,sci41 ,rep4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aai74 ,various parts of the skull are preserved1 one part showing beautifully the air-cells2 also a fragment of a tooth1 axis1 three dorsal vertebr1 a few ribs1 and a part of the pelvis4 ,from ,mr4 ,albert ,smith it is learned that the remains were found on the southwest quarter of section #ag1 township #aa north1 range #b west4 ,this1 following ,leverett and ,taylor's map1 would be on the ,owosso moraine1 which here runs north from ,ithaca1 ,gratiot ,county4 ,a ditch was being dug through a peat-bog and the bones were met with at a depth of #d feet or less from the surface4 ,professor ,mac,curdy wrote that the bones were lying on a bed of gravelly sand and were covered by a thin layer of mixed sand and vegetation1 while over this was about #c or #d feet of well-decayed peat4 ,the locality is about #b miles from the shore-line of the glacial ,lake ,maumee1 as mapped by ,leverett and ,taylor4 ,in the collection at ,alma ,college is a left ramus of the jaw of a mastodon1 which contains the second and the third true molars and the socket for the first molar4 ,this jaw is reported to have been found on the ,william ,pitt farm1 about #g miles from ,alma and in ,seville ,township4 ,the exact locality is given the writer by ,professor ,mac,curdy as being in the south half of the northeast quarter of section #bb1 township #ab north1 range #d west4 ,professor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis contributed for the writer the information that these bones were discovered in constructing ditches from #ah inches to probably #c feet in depth4 ,in the ,alma ,college collections are some mastodon remains1 including three fine upper teeth1 which were found in the southeast part of the village of ,alma4 ,the locality is described as being in the northeast quarter of the northeast quarter of section #c1 township #aa north1 range #c west4 ,professor ,charles ,a4 ,davis1 deceased1 formerly professor at ,alma ,college1 later connected with the ,bureau of ,mines at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 as peat expert1 informed the writer that many years ago he exhumed parts of two skeletons of mastodons4 ,part of the bones lay in a small deposit of marl and were well preserved2 the others lay on the edge of the marl-bed and above it and were not so well preserved4 ,it appears that the locality had been covered permanently with water in which peat was growing4 ,associated with the bones in the marl were the fruits of the tamarack 7,larix laricina7 and of the black spruce 7,picea mariana74 ,these trees are growing there to-day1 and extend far north into ,british ,america2 hence1 when those mastodons were living in the region about ,alma the climate may have been as warm as it is to-day or much cooler4 ,professor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis informed the writer that a large number of mastodon bones were found about #ahhe by a farmer who lived half a mile west of ,riverdale4 ,this was in ,seville ,township1 ,no4 #ab north1 range #d west1 apparently in section #ca4 ,the discovery was made by the owner of the land1 who found a number of teeth of a mastodon attached to the roots of a small elm tree which he pulled out of a swale on his farm4 ,the bones were not more than #ah inches below the surface4 ,professor ,davis regarded it as remarkable that remains of the mastodon should be so near the surface in ponds and swales where peat is growing4 #af4 ,bancroft1 ,shiawassee ,county4--,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7#gth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan1 #aije1 p4 #eec7 reported that some ribs1 tusks1 teeth1 and many bones of a mastodon had been found near ,bancroft1 at a depth of #d feet1 in marl1 above which were muck1 marl1 and sand4 ,lane gives the locality as being on the line between sections #cf and #be1 township #f north1 range #e east1 but this would be about #ab miles east of ,bancroft4 ,the range is probably #c east4 ,the locality appears to be on the ,fowler moraine4 #ag4 ,venice1 ,shiawassee ,county4--,in the agricultural school at ,east ,lansing is a lower right hindermost molar1 catalog ,no4 #ccib1 which is said to have been found at ,venice by ,mr4 ,hiram ,johnson4 ,there are also parts of one or two tusks from the same place1 probably of mastodon4 ,venice is just north of the ,owosso moraine1 and the mastodon must have lived there at a rather late time in the ,wisconsin stage4 ,a letter from ,mr4 ,fayette ,johnson1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 son of ,mr4 ,hiram ,johnson1 informs the writer that he saw the bones taken up about the year #ahhd4 ,the place was about the center of section #ba1 township #g north1 range #d east4 ,this would be apparently on the ,owosso moraine4 #ah4 ,fenton1 ,genesee ,county4--,alexander ,winchell 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbd7 reported mastodon remains from this place4 ,no details were given4 ,fenton is located on the ,portland moraine1 one of those built up by the ,saginaw lobe4 #ai4 ,davison1 ,genesee ,county4--,in the museum of the ,michigan ,agricultural ,school1 at ,east ,lansing1 ,michigan1 is a large left femur1 found near ,davison1 ,genesee ,county4 ,it was presented by ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,cullen1 but no more exact information was furnished4 ,a comparison of this femur with those of the mastodon and of a specimen of ,e4 primigenius from ,siberia indicates that the bone belonged to the ,american mastodon4 ,the length is #dj4e inches4 ,davison is situated on the border of an old lake which lay along the front of the ice which built up ,st4 ,johns moraine 7,taylor1 ,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #bda74 ,at this stage the earliest of the glacial lakes1 ,lake ,maumee1 had not yet come into existence2 but it must have been long after this time that the mastodon lived in the region about ,davison4 #bj4 ,utica1 ,macomb ,county4--,in #ahfd1 ,alexander ,winchell 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #bbd7 reported mastodon remains from near this town4 ,a mention of this discovery is given in volume ,,xvii1 page #dbe1 of the 8,collections and ,researches made by the ,michigan ,pioneer and ,historical ,society10 by ,george ,h4 ,cannon4 ,it is here stated that remains had been unearthed on the farm of ,hon4 ,p4 ,k4 ,leech1 and that specimens of the jawbone and several teeth were in the cabinet of ,hon4 ,w4 ,w4 ,andrus4 ,a letter to the present writer from ,mr4 ,a4 ,f4 ,leech1 son of ,mr4 ,p4 ,k4 ,leech1 states that the remains had been found on the east half of the northeast quarter of section #ca1 township #c north1 range #ab east1 in a swale which runs across the land described4 ,these teeth and bones were destroyed in a fire many years ago4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's ,glacial ,map of the ,southern ,peninsula of ,michigan1 the locality where these remains were discovered is near the outer border of the glacial ,lake ,maumee1 at a point where there was a delta4 ,this delta is mentioned by ,leverett and ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #chc74 ,it is where ,clinton ,river entered old ,lake ,maumee4 ,it is evident that the animal did not live before the time of this lake2 it probably existed long after this time1 when the climate had much moderated4 #ba4 ,plymouth1 ,wayne ,county4--,alexander ,winchell 7,first ,bienn4 ,rep4 ,state ,geologist1 #ahfa1 p4 #acb7 stated that a ,mr4 ,shattuck had exhumed nearly an entire set of teeth of a mastodon1 with a part of a tusk #g feet in length4 ,winchell saw five of the teeth2 the other bones appear to have been destroyed4 ,the exact location of this place is not known1 but ,plymouth is within the border of the glacial ,lake ,maumee2 and the existence of the mastodon was possible only well toward the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 #bb4 ,wyandotte1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,michigan are many bones1 including jaws with teeth1 of a mastodon found in ,monguegon ,township1 about #f miles southwest of ,wyandotte and about #b miles northwest of ,sibley4 ,the locality more accurately given is the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section #ab1 township #d south1 range #aj east4 ,this was on the farm of ,mr4 ,james ,h4 ,vreeland4 ,a county ditch was being made to drain what is known as the ,big ,marsh4 ,as reported to the writer by ,mr4 ,r4 ,a4 ,smith1 ,assistant ,state ,geologist of ,michigan1 on a very coarse limestone gravel are #cj inches of blue clay and over this about #cj inches of muck4 ,the bones were mostly in the blue clay2 those lying in the muck were much decayed4 ,some teeth and an atlas are in the possession of ,mr4 ,vreeland4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's map1 this mastodon was buried within the borders of glacial ,lake ,lundy1 just outside of that of ,lake ,rouge1 a contemporary of ,lake ,algonquin4 ,on page #ddb of ,leverett and ,taylor's monograph it is stated that the altitude of the beach of ,rouge ,lake is #ehi feet4 ,on the map just referred to the #fjj-;foot contour-line runs at a considerable distance west of the locality of the mastodon find4 ,the latter appears1 then1 to have been somewhere between the altitude of #ehi and #fjj feet above sea-level1 without considering the depth the skeleton may have lain below the surface4 ,the altitude of ,lake ,erie is #egc feet4 ,it is evident that the lake had attained nearly1 if not quite1 its present level when this mastodon lived4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case1 who superintended the excavation of this specimen1 informed the writer that the bones were found #d feet from the surface4 #bc4 ,see page #hh4 #bd4 ,petersburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,alexander ,winchell 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 #ahfd1 p4 #bbd7 reported mastodon remains from this place4 ,the town is in township #g south1 range #f east4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's map1 ,petersburg is within the beach which marks the old glacial ,lake ,warren4 ,probably1 therefore1 this mastodon lived after the retirement of this lake1 unless it had lived during the time of ,lake ,wayne and been covered over by the deposits of ,lake ,warren when the waters of the latter made their advance on the land4 ,the time of the mastodon was more probably after both lakes had ceased to exist4 #bc4 ,saline1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 of the ,university of ,michigan1 informed the writer that he had seen some mastodon remains which had been found here in #ahhj4 ,no exact statements were given regarding the place4 ,saline is very close to the beach of old ,lake ,maumee1 where this beach is crossed by ,saline ,river and on the ,defiance moraine4 #be4 ,see page #hc4 #bf4 ,seven miles southeast of ,ypsilanti1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,in #aijh 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i71 ,russell and ,leverett stated that remains of a mastodon had been found a few years previously on the farm of ,albert ,darling1 about #g miles southeast of ,ypsilanti1 where laborers were digging a ditch across a swampy field4 ,the lower jaw with molar teeth in place1 the left tusk1 teeth of the upper jaw1 portions of the cranium1 some vertebr and ribs1 and some of the larger bones of the limbs were found4 ,with considerable restoration these parts were mounted and placed in the museum of ,michigan ,university4 ,the locality must be not far away from ,huron ,river and within the beach of old ,arkona ,lake1 a predecessor of the present ,lake ,erie4 #bg4 ,see page #ha4 ,,indiana4 7,maps #e1 #i47 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,in ,,the ,,unglaciated ,,region4 #a4 ,posey ,county4--,on page #cda of ,blainville's 8,ostographie des ,mammifres10 volume ,,iii1 it is stated that ,lesueur had shown ,blainville drawings of a fine vertebra and a femur1 with its epiphyses1 of a mastodon which had been found along the ,wabash ,river4 ,his language indicates that this was somewhere below ,new ,harmony4 ,he stated that these bones were in the library at ,vincennes1 ,indiana4 ,in answer to my inquiry about these bones1 ,president ,horace ,ellis1 of ,vincennes ,university1 informed me that some bones which appear to be those mentioned are in his university4 ,these remains were found in digging a well1 at a depth of #fj feet4 ,one of the curators of the library at ,vincennes1 ,mr4 ,badollet1 states that with these bones were some skin and hair4 ,we may suppose that there was some mistake about this4 ,unfortunately1 as in so many other cases1 it is now impossible to determine just where these remains were found4 ,new ,harmony is situated on the border of the ,illinoian drift1 and this continues nearly #aj miles farther south4 ,this drift is covered by loess4 ,a well sunk here would1 at a depth of #fj feet1 be in probably ,iowan loess4 ,nearer the river1 in the lowlands1 the depth given would probably be in ,wisconsin outwash4 #b4 ,dubois ,county4--,some details regarding the specimen found here are given in the author's paper on the 8,pleistocene of ,indiana0 7#cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gjb74 ,a part of a mastodon was found long ago near the mouth of ,wolf ,creek1 at the ,rock ,house ,ford of ,white ,river4 ,this appears to be in ,harrison ,township 7#a north1 range #d west74 ,the valley of ,white ,river is here occupied by alluvial terraces older than the ,wisconsin drift 7,leverett1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxvii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi74 ,there is here too1 no doubt1 much outwash from the ,wisconsin glacier itself4 ,the writer has received a photograph of a mastodon tooth which ,mr4 ,marshall ,roberts1 of ,jasper1 ,indiana1 found in #aiab in ,east ,white ,river1 in the northwest part of ,harrison ,township4 ,the tooth is #aie mm4 long and #hg mm4 wide and has four crests and a large talon4 ,in ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill's 8,observations on the ,geology of ,north ,america10 page #cfc1 it is stated that a part of a mastodon had been found1 in ,july #ahag1 8near the falls of the east branch0 of ,white ,river4 ,no exact conclusion can be drawn from the facts known4 #c4 ,hindostan1 ,martin ,county4--,mastodon remains 7#cfth ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gjg7 have been found at ,hindostan1 on the east bank of ,white ,river1 about #d4e miles directly southwest of ,shoals4 ,a mastodon tooth was found in ,white ,river at ,shoals 7op4 cit41 p4 #gji74 ,it appears to be impossible to determine the age of this material4 #d4 ,orange ,county1 west of ,orleans4--,the writer has given an account 7#cfth ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gaj7 of mastodon remains found here1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,marion ,f4 ,mathers1 apparently near the line between the townships of ranges #a and #b west and #c north1 and about #b miles south of the line between ,orange and ,lawrence ,counties4 ,the remains appear to have been found in a valley and about #d4e feet below the surface4 ,being found thus in an unglaciated region1 they might have been deposited at any time during the ,pleistocene4 #e4 ,sparksville1 ,jackson ,county4--,some years ago teeth and ribs of a mastodon were found on the bank of ,white ,river1 at ,sparksville4 ,the valley here is filled with outwash from the ,wisconsin drift1 but there is possibly some outwash from the ,illinoian4 #f4 ,jackson ,county1 #g miles west of ,tampico4--7,see #cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,geologist of ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #gjf47 ,a mastodon tooth was reported found on the bank of ,judah ,creek1 a branch of ,mill ,creek1 in section #i1 township #d north1 range #d east1 not far from ,muscatatuk ,river4 ,this is at some distance outside of the border of the ,illinoian drift4 ,along ,mill ,creek are alluvial deposits1 but nearby is ,chestnut ridge of probably ,wisconsin age 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #aib74 #g4 ,new ,albany1 ,floyd ,county4--,in the ,fifth ,annual ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,indiana1 page #agf1 ,mr4 ,william ,w4 ,borden stated that mastodon remains had been frequently found on the bank of the ,ohio ,river1 at ,new ,albany4 ,as too often1 there are lacking details as to localities and levels4 ,it is quite probable that there is some outwash at this place from the ,illinoian drift1 and there is much from the ,wisconsin4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,within ,,area ,,covered ,,by ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #h4 ,princeton1 ,gibson ,county4--,in #aiaj1 three teeth of a mastodon were found in this village1 at a depth of #f feet1 in a sewer which was being constructed in ,west ,chestnut street4 ,this region is covered by ,illinoian drift4 ,according to ,leverett's map 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 #aiad71 ,princeton is situated on ,illinoian ground moraine covered by loess4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,shaw1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 who is familiar with the region in question1 informs the writer that these teeth were almost certainly found in ,iowan loess1 deposited at some time between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin glacial stages4 #eb4 ,vincennes1 ,knox ,county4--,at the ,state ,university of ,colorado1 at ,boulder1 there is an atlas of a mastodon which was taken there by ,professor ,m4 ,m4 ,ellis1 formerly of ,vincennes1 who stated that this1 with other bones1 had been found at ,vincennes1 associated with a skull of a fossil bison4 #i4 ,knox or ,gibson ,county4--,in ,blainville's 8,ostographie des ,mammifres10 page #cdj1 it was stated that the lower jaw of a mastodon had been found at some place between ,vincennes and ,new ,harmony4 ,the locality would be in either ,knox or ,gibson ,county4 ,the valley of the ,wabash in all this region is filled with outwash from the ,wisconsin glacier1 and most probably the animal represented lived during the ,wisconsin stage2 but our lack of knowledge of the conditions in which the jaw was found forbids any assumption of certainty in our conclusion4 #aj4 ,parke ,county4--,in the ,forty-first ,annual ,report of the ,state ,museum of ,new ,york it is reported that there was received1 about #ahhh1 the tooth of a mastodon1 found in this county1 at the junction of ,raccoon and ,little ,raccoon ,creeks4 ,these creeks unite on section #bc of township #ad north1 range #h west4 ,the political name of the township is ,florida4 ,the region is covered by ,illinoian drift2 hence the tooth is quite certainly more recent than that epoch4 ,the valleys of the creeks named are occupied by outwash from ,wisconsin drift1 and probably the teeth found lodgment there during the ,wisconsin stage4 #aa4 ,brookville1 ,franklin ,county4--,the writer has given an account of the remains of mastodons found near ,brookville 7#cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 #aiab1 p4 #gjd74 ,the information is derived from a report by ,dr4 ,rufus ,haymond1 made in the ,first ,annual ,report1 #ahfi1 page #aii4 ,two of these were found #h or #i feet below the surface1 in the gravel of the upper terrace1 along ,whitewater ,river4 ,one was discovered about half a mile below ,brookville1 the other about #c4e miles below the village4 ,according to ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,taylor's account of this region 7#cdth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana71 the terrace in which the mastodon bones were buried is #ajj feet above the present bed of ,whitewater ,river4 ,as ,haymond speaks of skeletons being found at these localities1 it is probable that something more than isolated teeth or bones were buried there4 ,if so1 the bones were in their original place of interment1 and since that interment the terrace was built up higher by about #h feet4 ,according to ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #aah71 these terraces were made from the outwash of the ,wisconsin glacier while it was forming the moraines which cross ,wayne and the southern part of ,randolph ,counties4 ,if this is true1 these mastodons lived shortly after the culmination of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,this interpretation would imply that mastodons could live in very close proximity to the glacial front4 ,however1 not too much importance must be attached to this case1 for it is possible that the animals were not correctly identified4 ,according to ,haymond1 another skeleton was found about #c4e miles northeast of ,brookville1 in a piece of marshy ground which the owner was ditching4 ,this discovery must have been made either on the outer 7,hartwell7 moraine of the ,wisconsin glacier or along ,east ,honnas ,creek1 where it breaks through the moraine4 ,in either case1 the animal must have been buried there after the retirement of the ice from that moraine4 #ab4 ,dearborn ,county4--,in #ahgb 7#c;d and #dth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #djb71 ,professor ,r4 ,b4 ,warder mentioned briefly that some remains of mastodon had been met with in this county4 ,a part of a large pelvis was found at a salt spring on ,tanner's ,creek1 below ,guilford4 ,this may have belonged to either a mastodon or an elephant4 ,a mastodon's tooth is said to have been found on high ground on ,george ,randall's farm1 #e miles west of southwest of ,aurora1 lying on a stratum of blue clay #h or #i feet below the surface4 ,this region is occupied by ,illinoian drift and the mastodon probably lived there at some time after the ,illinoian stage and before the ,wisconsin4 ,however1 we can not be certain that the animal was not a mammoth1 for no description was given of the tooth and it has almost certainly been destroyed4 ,according to ,l4 ,c4 ,ward's report on the soils of ,dearborn ,county 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bcb71 this immediate region is occupied by what he calls limestone upland soil1 which has resulted from the decay of ,silurian limestones and shales4 ,nothing is said about ,illinoian drift there4 ,nevertheless1 by some means1 this proboscidean was buried there during the ,pleistocene period4 ,warder mentioned other remains of proboscideans reported from ,ohio ,county1 adjoining ,dearborn on the south1 a piece of a tusk found near ,patriot1 a tusk on ,laughery ,creek above ,hartford1 and a tooth at ,rising ,sun1 in the river bank2 but these may have belonged to elephants4 ,to an elephant may have belonged the tusks which ,warder reported as having been found in the river bottom #e miles below ,vevay1 in ,switzerland ,county4 #ed4 ,lawrenceburg1 ,dearborn ,county4--,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 of ,houston1 ,texas1 formerly of ,muncie1 ,indiana1 a careful collector of mastodon and elephant teeth1 in a letter informed the writer that in ,august #ahhg a large mastodon tooth was found near ,lawrenceburg1 but the exact locality was not given4 #bj4 ,charleston1 ,clark ,county4--,in the ,fifth ,annual ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,indiana1 #ahgd1 page #agf1 ,mr4 ,william ,w4 ,borden reported the discovery of a skeleton of a mastodon on tract #ee of the 8,illinois ,grant10 about #b miles southwest of ,charleston ,landing and about the same distance from the ,ohio ,river4 ,a part of the bones was sent to the old ,louisville ,museum2 the others were1 in #ahgd1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,coons1 one of the finders4 ,probably the bones have long been lost or destroyed4 ,according to ,borden1 they were found in a sand-bank4 ,this region is occupied by ,illinoian drift4 ,according to ,r4 ,w4 ,ellis's soil survey of this region 7#cb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bde1 map71 this area is occupied by what is called ,new ,washington clay loam4 ,this is regarded as the residual soil of the disintegrated limestone of the ,jeffersonville and ,niagara formations4 ,nothing is said about any glacial drift here1 but the sand of the sand-pit mentioned must have been deposited during the ,pleistocene4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,between ,,the ,,shelbyville ,,and ,,the ,,bloomington ,,moraines4 #ac4 ,greencastle1 ,putnam ,county4--,the ,state collection at ,indianapolis contains a last molar of a mastodon found somewhere near ,greencastle4 ,it is not known whether it was found on ,wisconsin drift or on ,illinoian1 or in ,wisconsin outwash along ,eel ,river4 #ej4 ,greensburg1 ,decatur ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew1 ,american ,museum ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york ,city1 the writer has received information1 accompanied by drawings1 that teeth and part of the jaw of a mastodon were found near ,greensburg1 by ,mr4 ,roscoe ,humphrey4 ,the drawings show two teeth1 one having a length of #ajb mm41 the other of #ace mm4 ,mr4 ,humphrey states that the jaw and the teeth were found in a branch of ,sand ,creek1 about #d4e miles southeast of ,greensburg4 ,this is evidently on the ,shelbyville moraine4 #ad4 ,danville1 ,hendricks ,county4--,the collection of the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis contains a lower second true molar labeled as having been found near ,danville4 ,the specimen is credited to ,dr4 ,vinnage4 ,as this region is covered by ,wisconsin drift1 it is probable that the animal lived after the ,wisconsin ice had retired4 #ae4 ,attica1 ,fountain ,county4--,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,walker1 of ,attica1 ,indiana1 has informed the writer that about ,october #a1 #ahie1 a mastodon jaw was found near ,newtown1 in that county4 ,mr4 ,charles ,b4 ,mc,kinney1 of ,newtown1 wrote that the jaw was discovered in the bank of ,coal ,creek1 about #d rods from where the creek crosses into ,montgomery ,county1 in the northeast quarter of section #i1 township #bj north1 range #f west4 ,the bank rose #c feet above the bed of the creek and was composed of a black loam2 higher ground is found about #bj rods away4 ,this jaw must have been buried originally where it was found or nearby and after the ice which formed the ,champaign moraine had withdrawn further north4 ,it may have been long after this withdrawal4 ,the description of the jaw and teeth leaves no doubt as to the correct identification of the animal4 ,former ,state ,geologist ,john ,collett1 in #ahhj 7#bnd ,rep4 ,bur4 ,stat4 ,geol4 ,indiana1 p4 #chf71 stated that in digging a canal a few miles north of ,covington a skeleton of a mastodon had been found embedded in wet peat4 ,collett reported that the bones yet contained their marrow4 ,the identity of the species and the details as to location and depths are not given4 ,doubtless the age of the animal was ,late ,wisconsin4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,north ,,of ,,the ,,bloomington ,,morainic ,,system ,,and ,,south ,,of ,,the ,,wabash ,,river ,,and ,,the ,,mississinawa ,,moraine4 ,the whole region is occupied by deposits from the ,wisconsin glacial sheet4 #af4 ,bowers1 ,montgomery ,county4--,professor ,donaldson ,bodine of ,wabash ,college1 has informed the writer that about #ahhe some remains of a mastodon were unearthed on the farm of ,milton ,n4 ,waugh1 near ,bowers4 ,the exact locality is said to be in section #ab1 township #bj north1 range #c west4 ,this must be close to a stream named on the map ,potato ,creek4 ,this lies north of the ,bloomington morainic system or on its northern edge4 ,the epoch of the animal is not earlier than ,wisconsin4 ,according to ,jones and ,orahood's soil survey of this county 7#cgth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #adi71 the glacial drift is almost everywhere overlain by loess1 varying in thickness from a few inches to nearly #c feet4 ,this loess was deposited after the ice had retired from that region4 #ag4 ,indianapolis1 ,marion ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis there is a lower right last molar labeled as having been found in ,indianapolis1 at ,pennsylvania and ,thirtieth streets1 by workmen who were digging a sewer4 ,this was probably in outwash materials brought down by ,fall ,creek from the northeast during the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin ice from the ,bloomington moraine to the one which passes through ,union ,city and ,muncie1 called the ,union ,city moraine4 #ah4 ,anderson1 ,madison ,county4--,in the ,indianapolis ,star of ,july #cj1 #aiaa1 is an account of the finding of jawbones1 with teeth1 of a mastodon4 ,the account was accompanied by reproductions of photographs1 which make the identification certain4 ,the remains were found on the farm of ,louis ,webb1 but the exact location was not indicated4 ,the animal certainly lived after the culmination of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 p4 #ii7 states that in parts of central ,indiana the ,wisconsin drift may be relatively thin1 as little as from #ae to #bj feet4 ,in western ,tipton and southern ,clinton ,counties a buried soil about #bj feet below the surface seems to represent the land surface previous to the ,wisconsin invasion4 ,in southern ,madison ,county a black mucky soil1 carrying pieces of wood large enough to be called logs1 underlies the till at from #ae to #dj feet4 ,such a soil would be the product of the interval between the ,illinoian glacial stage and the ,wisconsin1 probably either ,sangamon or ,peorian4 ,in such deposits there might be found vertebrate remains1 possibly even of horses4 #ai4 ,fairmount ,township1 ,grant ,county4--,in #ahhc1 ,a4 ,j4 ,phinney1 ,m4 ,d41 in describing the geology of ,grant ,county 7#acth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #adc71 reported that some years previously the tooth of a mastodon was found in one of the marshes south of the lake in ,fairmount ,township1 number #bc north1 range #h east4 ,in another part of the report it is stated that the lake was in section #ad4 ,it covered at the time of writing about #aj acres1 but had formerly covered about #cj acres4 ,the drainage is now north into the ,mississinawa ,river2 but1 before the ,wisconsin ice had withdrawn to where the ,mississinawa moraine now is1 the drainage was toward the south into ,white ,river4 ,at some time after the retirement of the ice from this region it became occupied by mastodons1 elephants1 giant beavers1 and doubtless many other species of animals4 ,for #bj see page #ia4 #ba4 ,muncie1 ,delaware ,county4--,a4 ,j4 ,phinney1 in #ahhb 7#aath ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #aca71 reported that a mastodon tooth was found #d4e miles west of ,muncie1 on the farm of ,edward ,mc,kinley4 ,no details as to depth or kind of soil were given4 ,the tooth is said to have measured #d by #e4e inches1 with a depth of #g inches4 ,unless the roots were present and large it seems not unlikely that the tooth was that of an elephant4 ,phinney did not say that he saw the tooth4 ,he reported other supposed mastodon remains which had been found in this county1 but there is no assurance that they were correctly identified4 ,whatever proboscideans they were1 they lived after the ,wisconsin ice had retreated from that region4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 of ,houston1 ,texas1 formerly of ,muncie1 ,indiana1 has been interested in making collections of fossils and curiosities4 ,he has kept a note-book of his finds and has illustrated it with sketches4 ,he has a lower right last mastodon molar which was found near ,muncie4 ,it is #h4e inches long1 and has #d crests and #e roots4 ,he reports having seen a mastodon tooth with #c crests1 which was found ,june #ahhg1 about #a4ge miles east of ,muncie1 at the mouth of ,hog ,creek4 ,two teeth1 of which ,mr4 ,mock still owns one1 were found ,august #h1 #ahid1 #b4e miles south of ,muncie1 in a ditch near ,buck ,creek1 on the farm owned by ,oliver ,mc,connell4 #ec4 ,royerton1 ,delaware ,county4--,mr4 ,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 above referred to1 showed the writer a drawing of a mastodon tooth which was found ,may #bd1 #ahij1 near ,royerton1 #f miles north of ,muncie4 ,with this were two other teeth2 one #g inches long and weighed nearly #d pounds4 ,these were discovered in excavating tile clay at a depth of about #c4e feet4 #bb4 ,henry ,county4--,in the collection of ,princeton ,university are two lower true molars1 apparently the first of each side4 ,the length of each is #ie mm4 ,they are labeled as having come from ,henry ,county1 ,indiana1 but there is nothing to indicate from what part of the county4 #bc4 ,losantville1 ,randolph ,county4--,losantville is1 according to ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 on the ,bloomington moraine of the ,wisconsin4 ,as indicated on the map1 the drift is covered with silt formed in local ice-border pools4 ,hence the mastodon in question left his bones in a depression on the top of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet1 and later they were covered by a deposit of peat4 ,in ,nautilus1 volume ,,iv1 page #aca1 ,elwood ,pleas1 of ,dunreith1 ,indiana1 gave a list of six species of mollusks found associated with the mastodon4 ,all are yet living4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,phinney 7,twelfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,ind4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aha7 stated that mastodon bones had been met in this county1 but no details were furnished4 #bd4 ,dalton1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the ,earlham ,college collection there is a lower jaw found in ,nettle ,creek1 near ,dalton4 ,it contains the last two molars4 ,the last one has five crests and a talon4 ,the front of the symphysis is rough1 but there are no alveoles for tusks4 ,dalton is in the northwestern corner of the county and on the southern border of the ,shelbyville moraine1 where this joins the ,bloomington moraine4 #be4 ,jacksonburg1 ,wayne ,county4--,dr4 ,john ,t4 ,plummer 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 ,i1 vol4 ,,xliv1 #ahdc1 p4 #cjb7 stated that he had obtained near ,jacksonburg1 #ah miles west of ,richmond1 a tooth4 ,it had four cross-ridges and was so well preserved that a dentist attempted to make artificial human teeth from it4 ,according to ,leverett's map1 the tooth was probably on the surface of ,wisconsin drift4 ,it could not1 therefore1 have lived until after the ,shelbyville moraine had been cleared of ice4 #bf4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the twelfth volume of the ,american ,geologist1 page #gc1 ,professor ,joseph ,moore1 then of ,earlham ,college1 stated that some sound teeth and decayed bones of a mastodon had been found #b miles east of ,richmond1 in scooping out a fish-pond4 ,a label on a lower last molar states that the remains were found on the ,floyd farm4 ,with them were found a fragment of an incisor of ,castoroides4 ,according to ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 the locality would be outside of the ,bloomington moraine of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,within ,,the ,,mississinawa ,,moraine4 #bg4 ,penn ,township1 ,jay ,county4--,mr4 ,david ,mc,caslin 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #afi7 stated that various remains of mastodon had been found in ,jay ,county4 ,he mentioned in particular fragments found in ,penn ,township 7township #bd north1 range #h east7 and which seemed to indicate the presence of an entire skeleton4 ,it is1 however1 possible that this skeleton was that of an elephant4 ,the ,salamonie moraine passes diagonally through this township4 #bh4 ,fort ,wayne1 ,allen ,county4--,richard ,lydekker 7,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #ag7 stated that there is in the ,british ,museum of ,natural ,history a cast of the left half of the brain of an immature specimen of mastodon which had been found at ,fort ,wayne4 ,the cast had been sent to that museum by the ,chicago ,academy of ,science4 ,professor ,c4 ,r4 ,dryer 7#afth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #abi7 reported five skeletons of mastodons found in ,allen ,county4 ,no particulars were given4 ,a note from ,professor ,dryer to the present writer states that he had been unable to obtain additional information4 ,it is not unlikely that some of these remains belonged to elephants1 but doubtless some were those of mastodons4 ,it is to be regretted that so little of value is secured from such discoveries4 #bi4 ,de,kalb ,county1 #e miles west of ,waterloo4--,in the ,carnegie ,museum at ,pittsburgh there is a quite complete skeleton of a mastodon which was found in #ahig1 in a peat-bog about #e miles west of ,waterloo4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland gave a brief account of this skeleton in #aije 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #dfd74 ,the exact location of the place has not been ascertained by the writer4 ,according to ,leverett's map 7,monograph ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey7 this mastodon was buried on the eastern border of the ,salamonie moraine1 and it could not have lived there until well along in the latter part of the ,wisconsin stage4 #ee4 ,de,kalb ,county1 #e miles northeast of ,waterloo4--,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland 7,popular ,science1 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 #ahii1 p4 #bcc7 described the finding and disinterment of three mastodons and had a figure of one skeleton4 ,one of the nearly complete skeletons was found resting on 8hardpan10 partly embedded in a thin layer of shell marl and muck under the peat1 at points not more than #c feet below the surface4 #ef4 ,noble ,county4--,under this number may be mentioned the following discovery of mastodon remains3 ,in the ,american ,naturalist1 volume ,,ii1 #ahfh1 page #ef1 was reported a communication made to the ,chicago ,academy of ,science by ,dr4 ,meyers1 of ,fort ,wayne4 ,he announced that he and ,dr4 ,stimpson1 of ,chicago1 had unearthed the skeletons of three mastodons somewhere in ,noble ,county1 in a basin-shaped depression in the middle of a corn-field1 formerly a willow swamp4 ,one of the animals was a young one4 ,some of the bones had been found by ,mr4 ,thrush1 in digging a ditch through his land4 ,the skeletons lay at a depth of #d or #e feet1 in a stratum of peat which overlay blue clay containing lacustrine shells4 ,in the peat were found fragments of boughs and branches of several kinds of wood in a good state of preservation1 and some fragments had been gnawed by beavers4 #cj4 ,ashley1 ,steuben ,county4--,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 contains the fine skull of a mastodon1 found in ,steuben ,township not far from ,ashley4 ,the finder of the skull1 ,mr4 ,walter ,f4 ,deller1 of ,ashley1 informed the writer that it was discovered in a swamp which was being drained1 about #e feet from the surface4 ,he states that the bones lay in a marl1 itself overlain by muck1 and on top of all some soil which had been washed in4 ,so far as can be determined1 the animal was buried between the ,mississinawa and the ,salamonie moraines4 ,with the skull were found other parts of the skeleton1 which shows that the remains were in their original place of burial4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,outside ,,of ,,mississinawa ,,moraine ,,and ,,between ,,wabash ,,and ,,kankakee ,,rivers4 #ca4 ,beaver ,lake1 ,newton ,county4--,in #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbi71 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley reported that in draining ,beaver ,lake1 in ,newton ,county1 mastodon remains had been found1 in company with ,botherium4 ,no details were furnished1 and it is not known what was done with the specimens4 ,it is probable that the musk-ox belonged to the species ,symbos cavifrons4 ,it occurs over the country much more abundantly than any other musk-ox4 ,beaver ,lake has disappeared from the maps1 but it is shown on the geological map of ,indiana1 published in the ,eighteenth ,annual ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,indiana4 ,the lake occupied a part of the present township of ,mc,clellan 7township #cj north1 range #i west74 ,doubtless this lake existed ever since the retirement of the ice from that region4 ,the mastodon was probably found in making the ditch from the lake in a northwesterly direction into the ,kankakee ,river4 #cb4 ,jasper ,county4--,john ,collett1 at that time ,state geologist1 reported in #ahhb 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gc7 that remains of a mastodon had been found in this county1 but no particulars were furnished4 ,he stated that remains of this species1 as well as those of the mammoth1 were buried in deposits of peat4 ,a portion of the county is occupied by the ,marseilles morainic system1 the remainder by the ,kankakee marsh1 perhaps largely a lake during the latter part of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,on the maps the number #cb is placed arbitrarily4 #cc4 ,denham1 ,pulaski ,county4--,in #aiae the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum secured a large part of the skeleton of a mastodon found about #b miles west of ,denham4 ,the locality is described to the writer by ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,pattison1 of ,winamac1 as being on the half-section line between the southeast quarter of the northwest quarter and the northeast quarter of the southwest quarter of section #i1 township #ca north1 range #c west4 ,this would be not far west from the center of the section4 ,the skeleton was thrown out by the shovel of the ditching machine1 but most of the bones1 including the skull1 were obtained in quite good condition4 ,they were found at a depth of about #i feet1 in a marly deposit1 itself overlain by sandy materials4 ,on consulting ,leverett's glacial map of ,indiana it is seen that this skeleton was found in a marshy tract1 in which ,monon ,river rises4 ,it is represented by ,leverett as a ground moraine plain1 surrounded by plains covered by sand and displaying sand dunes4 ,it forms a part of what has been called ,kankakee ,lake1 but which1 as ,leverett says1 may have been in late ,pleistocene times not greatly unlike what it has been within ,recent times4 ,it must have been well along in the afternoon of the ,wisconsin stage when this mastodon tempted the insecure footing of these swamps4 ,this skeleton has been mounted and is now on exhibition at the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #cd4 ,rich ,grove ,township1 ,pulaski ,county4--,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 of the ,national ,museum1 and ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,williams1 of ,winamac1 ,indiana1 in #aiae1 saw some mastodon bones which had been found here4 ,no details have been reported4 #di4 ,indian ,creek ,township1 ,pulaski ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 it has been learned that in ,june #aiad1 about half of the skeleton of a mastodon was found on the farm of ,mr4 ,william ,battie1 #e miles west of ,oak1 ,pulaski ,county4 ,this would be in township #bi north1 range #b west4 ,the skeleton was encountered by ditchers at a depth of #c feet1 in black loam4 ,it was not secured for the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history4 #ce4 ,royal ,center1 ,cass ,county4--,mr4 ,gidley and ,mr4 ,williams1 as mentioned under ,no4 #cd1 saw also some mastodon remains which were from about #b miles west of ,royal ,center4 #dh4 ,fulton1 ,fulton ,county4--,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 contains several mastodon bones secured by ,mr4 ,barnum ,brown in #aiae1 but which had been found by ,mr4 ,arthur ,fry1 in ,july #aiac4 ,these remains were met with in excavating for abutments for a bridge and had been thrown out of a drainage ditch4 ,the bones were disassociated and scattered over a considerable area4 ,they were all in black muck overlying compact quicksand and about #d feet below the black loam surface soil4 ,from ,mr4 ,fry it is learned that the locality is #b miles southeast of ,fulton4 ,this is in township #bi north1 range #b east1 and quite certainly in section #cf4 ,mr4 ,fry wrote that in digging up these bones logs were found that had been gnawed by beavers4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew informs the writer that on cleaning up the materials there proved to be present at least four individuals4 ,one was represented by a very complete skull with portions of the tusks4 ,there was another skull2 also two lower jaws which appeared not to belong to either of the skulls4 ,from the shortness and the diameter of the tusks it is believed that all the individuals were females4 ,besides the skulls there were many bones belonging to the trunk and the limbs4 #cf4 ,macy1 ,miami ,county4--,near this place was found the fine skeleton of a mastodon which is mounted and on exhibition in the ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin4 ,a figure of this has been published by the writer 7#cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #fei74 ,this skeleton was found1 according to ,mr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,ward1 director of the museum mentioned1 in #aijg1 in the northwest quarter of section #bi1 township #bi1 range #d east1 between ,macy and ,deedsville4 ,this locality is on the great moraine which lies north of ,eel ,river and was produced by the ice fronts of the ,michigan1 the ,saginaw1 and the ,lake ,erie lobes4 ,according to a sketch and some notes furnished to ,mr4 ,ward by ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,fite1 who secured the skeleton1 it was lying at the lower end of an #h-shaped area of low muck land surrounded by rather high sandy land4 ,the skeleton was buried at a depth of #d or #e feet1 and the surface was miry and covered with water4 ,mr4 ,fite concluded from the position of the bones that the animal had become mired4 ,he says in a letter to the present writer that the contents of the stomach had been preserved1 but on exposure to the air became powdery like ashes4 ,mr4 ,fite writes that he took up portions of another mastodon in the southwest quarter of section #bf1 township #bi north1 range #e east 7,perry ,township71 and that he has the lower jaw and teeth4 ,this animal was found in an old pond which had a growth of buttonwood4 ,the bones were in a blue clay1 itself overlain by a rich black soil4 ,still another mastodon is reported by ,mr4 ,fite from this region4 ,this was found in the fall of #aiae1 in the northwest quarter of section #ab1 township #bi north1 range #c east4 ,the remains were found at a depth of #d feet and were in a pretty fair state of preservation1 except the skull4 ,the animal had been a large one4 #cg4 ,peru1 ,miami ,county4--,in the collection of ,yale ,university is a lower left last molar1 ,no4 #aafhi1 labeled as having come from ,peru1 but there is no other information4 ,peru is on the ,wabash ,river1 a few miles south of ,denver4 #ea4 ,jackson ,township1 ,miami ,county4--,mr4 ,fite reports having found another mastodon in the southeast quarter of section #aa1 ,jackson ,township1 ,miami ,county 7,t4 #be ,n41 ,r4 #e ,e474 ,this would be not far from ,pipe ,creek1 between ,somerset and ,amboy1 and some miles outside of the ,mississinawa moraine4 ,the writer has seen these bones1 mostly vertebr1 and agrees with the identification4 #ch4 ,laketon1 ,wabash ,county4--,elrod and ,benedict state 7#agth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #bdj7 that in #ahgb a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon was found about #b miles west of this place1 in digging a ditch at the roadside4 ,the exact location is in section #h1 township #bi north1 range #f east1 near the bank of ,silver ,creek4 ,the political name of the township is ,pleasant4 ,this would be on the southern border of the great moraine already mentioned as running northeastward and southwestward1 north of ,eel ,river4 ,after some litigation the skeleton was put on exhibition at ,fort ,wayne4 ,in throwing up an embankment for a bridge across ,silver ,creek1 workmen found in the same township1 as reported by ,elrod and ,benedict1 bones of ,elephas primigenius4 ,they were under #e feet of muck4 #ci4 ,north ,manchester1 ,wabash ,county4--,elrod and ,benedict1 as cited above1 reported that a jawbone with two teeth in it had been found on the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section #a1 township #bi1 range #g east4 ,this is about #c miles east of ,north ,manchester4 ,the description given of these teeth shows that the jaw was that of a mastodon4 ,it was found beneath #b4e feet of solid blue clay4 ,according to ,leverett's map1 the locality is not far west of the outer border of the ,mississinawa moraine4 #dj4 ,lagrange1 ,lagrange ,county4--,professor ,donaldson ,bodine1 now deceased1 formerly of ,wabash ,college1 ,crawfordsville1 ,indiana1 informed the writer that there are in ,wabash ,college some teeth and other parts of a mastodon1 which were found in #aiaj in some dredging operations near ,lagrange4 ,h4 ,pohlig 7,bull4 ,soc4 ,belge ,gol41 etc41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiab1 p4 #ahg7 described a lower jaw1 found somewhere about ,lagrange1 which he referred to ,tetracaulodon ohioticum4 ,it contained a small tusk #bcj mm4 long and #dj mm4 in diameter4 ,there was present also an alveolus for the other tusk4 ,he accepts the genus ,tetracaulodon for mastodons 8a quatre dfenses permanentes sans mail reprsent par le ,mastodon ohioticum40 ,individuals without lower tusks are regarded by him as females4 ,in ,ward's ,natural ,science ,establishment1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 there is1 or was1 a lower jaw of a mastodon from ,lagrange ,county4 ,the writer has received a photograph showing the right fore-leg1 two ribs1 two tusks1 and a lower jaw of a mastodon found in #ahhd1 in a swamp1 #d miles northwest of ,lagrange4 ,the remains were embedded in a clayey marl deposit1 at a depth of from #d to #aj feet4 ,they are said to have been exhumed by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,betts4 ,the hindermost lower molar shows five crests and a heel4 ,on the right side is a small lower tusk4 ,lagrange is situated at the junction of moraines formed by the ,saginaw and the ,huron-,erie lobes of the ,wisconsin glacier4 ,from this the ,lagrange moraine runs off northwestward 7,leverett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 p4 #adc74 ,parts of the county are occupied by till plains and others by sand and gravel plains and channels of glacial drainage4 ,at the time these mastodons lived in ,steuben and ,lagrange ,counties1 the ,wisconsin ice must have retired quite beyond the limits of the ,state4 ,,mastodons ,,found ,,north ,,of ,,kankakee ,,river4 #da4 ,lowell1 ,lake ,county4--,mr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,ponto1 ,lowell1 ,indiana1 has sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a photograph of a lower right hinder molar 7apparently not yet having come into use7 of a mastodon4 ,this was found at a depth of #b feet #i inches in a trench for a tile drain4 ,the locality is in the southwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section #cf1 township #cc north1 range #i west4 ,this is on the southern border of what ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #age7 regards as possibly the westward continuation of the ,kalamazoo morainic system of the ,lake ,michigan glacial lobe4 #db to #dd4 ,porter ,county4--,in #ahih 7#bb;d ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ind471 ,professor ,w4 ,s4 ,blatchley reported mastodons from various localities in this county2 he probably did not see these remains1 and the identifications must be regarded as somewhat doubtful4 ,nevertheless it is more probable that the bones and teeth belonged to the mastodon than to any of the elephants4 ,the latter1 however1 have been found in this same county4 ,it is rather remarkable that so little definite knowledge has been preserved regarding the proboscideans found in this corner of ,indiana4 #db4 ,hebron1 ,porter ,county4--,one of the localities just mentioned is in section #be1 township #cc north1 range #g west1 about #c miles southeast of ,hebron4 ,no other information has been obtained about this specimen4 ,other remains are said to have been found in a marsh1 by the side of ,cobb's ,creek1 just east of ,hebron4 #dc4 ,kouts1 ,porter ,county4--,another find of mastodon remains1 as reported by ,professor ,blatchley1 was near ,sandyhook1 northwest of ,kouts4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,wolbrandt1 of ,kouts1 has informed the writer that a tooth1 probably that referred to by ,professor ,blatchley1 was found some years ago in a ditch being made in the ,sandyhook marsh4 ,the tooth was found in a mucky soil at a depth of about #b feet4 ,the remains which were found east of ,hebron and the tooth found near ,kouts were buried near the northern border of the ,kankakee marsh1 which probably was1 since the passing of the ,wisconsin ice1 no less a marsh than within historical times1 and perhaps during some of the time a lake4 #dd4 ,valparaiso1 ,porter ,county4--,professor ,blatchley1 as quoted above1 reported that some remains of a mastodon were found about #b miles southwest of ,valparaiso4 ,the locality is in the southwest quarter of section #bg1 township #ce north1 range #f west4 ,this would be on the ,valparaiso moraine4 #de4 ,valparaiso1 ,porter ,county4--,the writer has learned from ,mr4 ,jacob ,davis1 of ,hebron1 that in dredging at a point about #e miles southeast of ,valparaiso he met with a skeleton of a mastodon and secured a large number of bones at a depth of #h feet2 but some of them were carried off by curiosity hunters4 ,it is depressing to think that such remains should be preserved for thousands of years only to be put to such trivial uses4 ,this locality would be in the ,kankakee marshes4 #df4 ,olive ,township1 ,st4 ,joseph ,county4--,in the museum at ,notre ,dame ,university are considerable remains of a mastodon1 found about #aijb in ,olive ,township1 about #ab miles west or southwest of ,notre ,dame4 ,professor ,kirsch has sent a photograph of a tooth of ,elephas primigenius which was found in ,olive ,township4 ,apparently the mastodon and the elephant were living together late in the ,wisconsin stage4 #dg4 ,notre ,dame1 ,st4 ,joseph ,county4--,from ,rev4 ,a4 ,m4 ,kirsch the writer learns that remains of two mastodons have been found in the region about ,notre ,dame1 within a few feet of the surface4 ,all these localities are within the area of ,kankakee marsh4 ,these specimens are now in the fine collection of that university4 ,for #dh1 #di see page #ig2 for #ej see page #ib2 for #ea see page #ih2 for #eb see page #ij2 for #ec see page #id2 for #ed see page #ia2 for #ee and #ef see page #ie4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #e1 #ch47 ,,outside ,,of ,,area ,,of ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #a4 ,shawneetown1 ,gallatin ,county4--,in #ahge 7vol4 ,,vi1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 p4 #bad71 ,professor ,e4 ,t4 ,cox reported that teeth of a mastodon had been found the preceding summer close to the water's edge in front of ,shawneetown4 ,they were embedded in a shallow deposit of bluish clay which rested upon yellow clay and gravel4 ,michael ,robinson1 of ,shawneetown1 states in a letter that he has in his cabinet teeth of mastodon and mammoth1 found about that town4 ,the bluffs bordering the ,ohio ,river at ,shawneetown were regarded by ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 as of ,wisconsin age1 consisting of outwash from the ice-sheet lying farther north4 ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen 7vol4 ,,vi1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 p4 #ci7 stated that a fine tooth of a mastodon1 found in ,gallatin ,county1 had been presented to the ,state cabinet1 but no exact history of it was known4 #b4 ,chester1 ,randolph ,county4--,a note in the ,kansas ,city ,review of ,science and ,industry1 volume ,,vii1 #ahhc1 page #cea1 taken apparently from a newspaper at ,chester1 states that a mastodon's tusk and skull had been discovered in ,chester4 ,it was expected that ,professor ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen1 ,state geologist of ,illinois at that time1 would arrive and conduct the exhumation4 ,later 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 ,worthen stated that a mastodon had been found at ,chester2 but no details were added4 ,with so little knowledge as to exact locality and the surroundings the discovery is of little value4 ,,within ,,area ,,covered ,,by ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #c4 ,beaucoup1 ,washington ,county4--,in #aheg1 the geologist ,j4 ,w4 ,foster reported 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,science1 vol4 ,x1 ,nat4 ,hist41 p4 #afc7 that remains of a mastodon had been discovered by workmen in making an excavation along the ,illinois ,central ,railroad1 near the town of ,beaucoup4 ,the bones were at a depth of #ah feet in the prairie drift1 below the yellow clay and in the older or reddish clay4 ,no details were given as to what bones were found or what was done with them4 ,most of this county is covered by ,illinoian drift4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #ggj7 states that on the higher lands this has a depth of from #aj to #bj feet4 ,one might suppose that at a depth of #ah feet some pre-,illinoian interglacial deposit had been encountered4 ,it is not at all probable that the bones of the mastodon were inclosed in the drift itself4 #d4 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,st4 ,clair ,county4--,dr4 ,f4 ,v4 ,hayden 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahff1 p4 #caf7 announced the finding of a tooth of a mastodon in the bluffs opposite ,st4 ,louis4 ,this was probably in ,st4 ,clair ,county4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a lower right last molar of a mastodon1 labeled as having been found in ,st4 ,clair ,county1 but there is no other information4 ,in the collection of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science there are two teeth of a mastodon1 right and left last upper molars1 which had been brought in by a boy and presented to the ,academy4 ,he said that they had been found in ,east ,st4 ,louis and had been in the possession of the family for some time4 ,the length of the left molar is #age mm41 the width #ajb mm4 ,while the valley of the ,mississippi ,river is here filled by deposits laid down during the ,wisconsin stage 7,leverett1 op cit41 plate ,,vi7 and by later-formed alluvium1 ,illinoian drift enters into the bluffs1 and perhaps pre-,illinoian interglacial soils4 ,it is1 therefore1 of interest that there should be an exact record made of the place of discovery of every bone and tooth found1 the character of the deposit1 and the depth of burial4 ,in all the cases here recorded no such records have been kept4 #e4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cae2 #ahga1 ,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #fjg71 ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen reported that a part of a jawbone of a mastodon1 with two teeth in it1 had been found in the lower part of the loess1 #cj feet below the surface1 at some point just above ,alton4 ,the jaw was separated from the limestone by #b or #c feet of local drift4 ,the bone was of a chalky whiteness and in a fine state of preservation4 ,worthen wrote that the loess on the bluffs in this region is from #dj to #hj feet in thickness1 but appears in places to have been removed by erosion1 so that it comes down to the rock4 ,reference is made by ,worthen later 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 to the discoveries of vertebrate fossils in the drift and loess of this region4 ,he mentions that ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams found1 at ,alton and ,chester1 remains of mastodon1 mammoth1 megalonyx1 castoroides1 and 8,bos primigenius40 ,mc,adams's collection is now in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum and a list of the species is presented on page #cci4 ,these species were described by the writer in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,in it are only two fragments of molars of this species4 ,in the collection at ,yale ,university 7,no4 #aagac7 is an upper left last molar of a mastodon1 obtained from ,mr4 ,mc,adams4 ,the enamel is very white4 ,there is on the label the date 8,feb4 #ba1 #ahhh40 ,this may be one of the teeth referred to above1 and the date may refer to the date of purchase4 #f4 ,sandoval1 ,marion ,county4--,before the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 at its meeting in #ahef 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 #aheg1 p4 #afc71 the geologist ,j4 ,w4 ,foster stated that at ,sandoval1 on the ,illinois ,central ,railroad1 mastodon remains had been found at a depth of #ab feet1 under conditions similar to those existing near ,beaucoup1 in ,washington ,county4 ,here again there is a poverty of information4 ,in this county there is1 in many places1 a very compact white clay overlying the ,illinoian drift4 ,the relations of this to the drift are not well understood4 ,at a depth of #ab feet in this clay the ,illinoian drift might not be reached in some places1 while at this depth in the drift a pre-,illinoian deposit might be encountered4 #g4 ,near ,niantic1 ,macon ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh71 ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen gave an account of finding some remains of a mastodon in this county1 near the line between it and ,sangamon ,county and between ,illiopolis and ,niantic1 on a farm then owned by ,mr4 ,william ,f4 ,correll4 ,the ,american ,journal of ,science1 volume #ej1 page #dbb1 in a note regarding the discovery1 states that the place is #a4e miles southeast of ,illiopolis4 ,a well was being sunk in a low1 spongy piece of ground1 which had evidently been a pond filled up by wash from the surrounding higher ground4 ,at a depth of #d feet two tusks were found1 one measuring #g feet in length and about #h inches in circumference1 the lower jaw containing the teeth1 the teeth of the upper jaw1 and some small bones4 ,besides these remains of the mastodon1 there were found some bones of the buffalo and deer1 and two antlers of an elk4 ,the bones of these yet existing species are said to have been found at the same depth as the mastodon bones1 but were of a lighter color and less decayed4 ,the bones were partly embedded in a light-gray quicksand1 filled with small fresh-water shells4 ,above this was #d feet of black peaty soil4 ,in the eighth volume of the ,geological ,survey of ,illinois1 on page #bc1 ,worthen wrote that some of the smaller bones of the mastodon and those of the other animals1 except the antlers of the elk1 were preserved in the ,state ,museum of ,natural ,history1 at ,springfield4 ,in the museum of the ,chicago ,academy of ,science are1 as reported by the curator1 ,frank ,c4 ,baker1 to ,netta ,c4 ,anderson 7,augustana ,lib4 ,pubs4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #ad71 two rami of the lower jaw and several molars of a mastodon1 all well preserved4 ,they are labeled as having been found in ,macon ,county1 8#f miles from ,abraham ,lincoln's first home0 and as having been presented by ,c4 ,f4 ,gnther4 ,with these is an upper tooth which probably belonged with the same lot as the lower jaw4 ,there can hardly be a doubt that this jaw and these teeth are those described by ,worthen4 ,the finder had probably sold them to ,mr4 ,gnther1 of ,chicago1 who had a private collection4 ,the region about ,niantic is within the area of the ,illinoian drift1 so that the bones must have been deposited in the pond after the passing away of the ,illinoian ice-sheet4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baker 7,bull4 ,univ4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #cjj71 in speaking of this case1 says that the deposit rests on ,illinoian drift and hence it appears referable to the ,sangamon interval4 ,it seems to the present writer that these animals belong to a later time1 possibly the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,the locality is about #e miles from ,sangamon ,river4 ,one might suppose that time enough had elapsed after the ,illinoian for the drainage of the pond that must once have been there4 ,also1 ,worthen in his account states the uplands are covered by loess from #f to #bj feet in thickness4 ,one might expect that the pond would have been filled up with the loess which had blown into it and which had been washed into it from the surrounding higher land4 ,these considerations are of course not final4 ,the ,wisconsin moraine is not far away1 and it is possible that outwash from this was responsible for the pond and that the animals lived after the glacier had passed away4 #h4 ,warsaw1 ,hancock ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's 8,preliminary ,list of ,fossil ,mastodon and ,mammoth ,remains in ,illinois and ,iowa0 7,augustana ,lib4 ,pubs4 ,no4 #e7 it was reported by ,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,worthen1 of ,warsaw1 that a part of a mastodon tooth had been found sticking out of a bank of a creek #e miles below the town mentioned4 ,the writer has seen in the collection of the ,philadelphia ,academy1 from near ,warsaw1 a part of a lower second molar1 labeled as having been found at a depth of #aj feet1 #c miles east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,it was presented by ,g4 ,w4 ,hall4 #i4 ,manito1 ,mason ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a large upper right second molar1 ,no4 #ghja1 presented in #aiac by ,mr4 ,john ,wiedmer1 of ,st4 ,louis4 ,this was found by his workmen near ,manito1 in a peat deposit1 at a depth of #e feet1 embedded in the top of a layer of sand which underlies the peat4 ,at about the same depth was found a part of the skull of ,symbos cavifrons1 also presented to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,the place of discovery more exactly given is in section #bb1 township #bc1 range #f4 ,this locality is within the area of the ,illinoian drift4 ,on the east1 a few miles away1 is the foot of the great ,shelbyville moraine2 while very near1 toward the west1 there are1 according to ,leverett 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi7 widely spread deposits brought down by the ,illinois ,river from the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,the geological conditions here seem to make it probable that both animals lived near the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,there may1 however1 have been a considerable interval between the times of the two animals2 for peat1 sometimes at least1 accumulates very slowly4 ,in proof of this may be cited the case of mastodons found near the surface of peat swamps in ,michigan4 ,in the same peat-swamp at ,manito were found at depths of #c or #d feet some ,indian flint implements4 ,these are in the collection of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #aj4 ,knox ,county4--,on page #ad of ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 already mentioned1 ,professor ,albert ,hurd1 curator of the museum of ,knox ,college1 ,galesburg1 reported that there was in the collection a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon found in the bed of ,spoon ,river1 which runs across the southeastern part of the county4 ,exactly where along this stream the tooth was discovered is not on record4 #aa4 ,cambridge1 ,henry ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 on page #ab1 ,professor ,frank ,c4 ,baker1 then curator of the ,chicago ,academy of ,science1 reported that there is in the collection a part of a tusk of a mastodon1 found at ,cambridge1 in digging a well1 at a depth of #af feet4 ,in this case one can not be certain that the tusk did not belong to one of the elephants4 ,from information accompanying the specimen one can determine little about the exact geological age of the animal4 ,it is probably post-,illinoian4 #ab4 ,rural ,township1 ,rock ,island ,county4--,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden 7in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 p4 #ah7 reported that there is in the collection of ,augustana ,college1 ,rock ,island1 a well-preserved tooth of a mastodon1 found in #aijj1 in a creek in the township named1 in the southeastern corner of the county4 ,udden gives the locality as being in section #ai1 township #af north1 range #a west4 ,in the same institution 7,j4 ,a4 ,udden1 ,augustana ,coll41 ,pub4 ,no4 ,v1 p4 #ab7 is a part of a proboscidean tusk1 referred to the mastodon1 which ,dr4 ,udden states was found near ,milan1 at the base of the loess1 in the red oxidized layer of the ,illinoian boulder clay4 ,the locality is on the north side of ,rock ,river and on the east side of the ,milan road south of ,rock ,island4 ,the conditions would seem to indicate that the animal had lived about the close of the ,illinoian drift stage4 ,about ,june #ae1 #aiaf1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,daxon1 of ,omaha1 ,nebraska1 sent photographs of two mastodon teeth to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for identification4 ,these teeth were found in ,bowling ,township1 ,rock ,island ,county1 #aj or #ab miles south of ,rock ,island1 but no further information about them has been secured4 ,professor ,j4 ,a4 ,paarmann1 curator of the ,davenport1 ,iowa1 ,academy of ,sciences1 has written that he had seen a finely preserved mastodon tooth which had been picked up on the surface of the ground a mile west of ,milan4 ,the land around about is swampy4 ,the tooth was in the possession of ,edward ,herbert1 ,rock ,island1 ,illinois1 but the present writer has not been able to get any information from him4 #ac4 ,sterling1 ,whiteside ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #dbbb7 is a mastodon molar1 recorded as found near the town named4 ,it was transmitted through the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey and credited to ,t4 ,a4 ,schroder4 ,it is said to have been found with other teeth and parts of the skeleton1 so that there is little probability that the skeleton was disturbed after its original interment4 ,it is to be regretted that so little information was allowed to come with the specimen4 ,sterling is in a region of very complicated ,pleistocene geology4 ,south of it is an extensive region of swamps and deposits referred by ,leverett 7op4 cit41 plate ,,vi7 to 8sand and gravel plains of ,wisconsin age40 ,north of the town is drift mapped by ,leverett as ,iowan1 but which is now regarded as ,illinoian4 ,as to the age of the tooth in question1 no probable conclusion can be formed1 except that it is of post-,illinoian time4 #bg4 ,walnut1 ,bureau ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 in ,new ,york ,city1 there are three molars 7,no4 #ajfff71 belonging to each side of the upper jaw of a mastodon which was found somewhere near ,walnut1 in ,bureau ,county4 #ad4 ,new ,milford1 ,winnebago ,county4--,according to ,s4 ,p4 ,lathrop 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xii1 #ahea1 p4 #dci71 a large tooth of a mastodon1 in a fine state of preservation1 was found in the ,kishwaukee ,river1 being brought up in a seine4 ,the geology about ,new ,milford is not well worked out4 ,the deposits along the ,kishwaukee were probably laid down during or shortly after the ,wisconsin stage4 #ae4 ,byron1 ,ogle ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #aaj71 ,james ,shaw reported that a tooth identified as that of a mastodon had been found1 in #aheh1 in a tributary of ,stillman's ,run1 somewhere in the region about ,byron4 ,the locality is low and marshy4 ,the tooth is described as having been a ponderous grinder1 weighing #g4e pounds1 and to have been covered with a black and shining enamel4 ,a large mastodon tooth1 just out of the water1 might attain such a weight4 ,the statement regarding the enamel confirms the identification4 ,shaw reported further that a large leg-bone1 supposed to belong to a mastodon1 had been found #b or #c miles above ,byron1 along the bank of ,rock ,river1 #e feet below the surface and about #ae feet above ordinary water-level4 ,it was sent to the ,state ,museum at ,springfield4 ,this may have belonged to one of the elephants4 ,harper1 ,ogle ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 on page #ae1 is a report from ,miss ,abba ,eager1 of ,forreston1 concerning a tooth of a mastodon found on the farm of ,mr4 ,gross1 in ,forreston ,township1 about a mile south of ,harper1 in the bed of a small stream4 ,another tooth had been found there a short time before4 ,byron is on ,rock ,river1 and the tooth was probably in alluvial deposits laid down after the recession of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,harper is near the western border of the county and ,illinoian drift covers the country4 ,all that can be said in the case of the teeth found is that the possessors lived after the ,illinoian stage4 #af4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,county4--,in the collection of the ,illinois ,state ,university the writer saw a lower right last molar of a mastodon1 found ,june #a1 #aiaa1 at ,crystal ,lake park1 #a4e miles northeast of the university4 ,pesotum1 ,champaign ,county4--,in #aiji1 ,mr4 ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #di7 recorded the fact that a mastodon tooth with some bones had been found near ,pesotum1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,pfeffer1 at a depth of #c4e feet1 in digging a ditch4 ,inasmuch as this whole region is covered by ,wisconsin drift1 the animal could not have lived there before the ice which deposited the ,champaign moraine had withdrawn4 ,it probably lived there long after the ice had retreated1 possibly about the time when the megalonyx1 whose claw alone is left as a memorial of his former existence1 lived in that region4 #ag4 ,edgar ,county4--,in #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bff71 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley1 in describing the topography of ,edgar ,county1 stated that a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon had been found in one of the sloughs of the prairie region which prevails in the western part of the county4 ,it was said that after having been exhibited over that region it was sold to some museum in ,philadelphia1 but the writer has been unable to obtain further information4 ,in #aheg 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,science1 vol4 ,x1 ,nat4 ,hist41 p4 #aj71 ,j4 ,w4 ,foster reported that a jaw and three teeth of a mastodon had been found in yellow clay1 about #c feet from the surface1 at ,bloomfield1 in this county4 ,this name has disappeared from the maps and gazetteers4 ,a little of the southern border of the county is occupied by ,illinoian drift1 but the greater part is covered by drift of ,wisconsin age4 ,the mastodons reported probably lived after the retirement of the last ice of the ,glacial period4 #ah4 ,fairmount1 ,vermillion ,county4--,in #ahgj1 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bdb7 stated that in ,september #ahfh remains of a mastodon were found #b miles southeast of ,fairmount4 ,he described the locality as having a black soil1 from #a to #b feet deep1 and underlain by a light-brown tenacious clay1 filled with the shells of ,lymna1 ,physa1 ,planorbis1 ,sphrium1 etc4 ,the bones of the mastodon lay partly in this marly clay1 but the tip of one tusk rose to within #ac inches of the surface4 ,the bones were considerably decayed1 but ,bradley thought this had resulted from the previous draining of the land and the accession of air to the bones4 ,some fragments of this skeleton are in the collection of the ,chicago ,academy of ,science4 ,the locality is very close to the northern edge of the ,champaign moraine4 #ai4 ,iroquois and ,vermillion ,counties4--,under this number must be recorded #c mastodons found at as many different places4 ,hoopeston is in ,vermillion ,county1 but evidently the mastodon credited to this place was found in ,iroquois ,county4 ,six miles northwest of ,hoopeston4--,in #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,dept4 ,statist4 and ,geol4 ,indiana1 p4 #ah2 of complete report1 p4 #chf71 ,john ,collett gave an account of the discovery of a nearly complete skeleton of a mastodon about #f miles northwest of ,hoopeston4 ,the locality is evidently in the southwestern corner of township #bd north1 range #aa east4 ,each tusk formed a full quarter of a circle1 was #i feet long1 #bb inches in circumference at the base1 and weighed1 while yet wet1 #age pounds4 ,the lower jaw was well preserved1 nearly #c feet long1 and contained a magnificent set of teeth4 ,the leg-bones1 when joined at the knee1 made a length of #e4e feet4 ,what was supposed to be remains of herbs and grasses which the animal had eaten were found between the ribs4 ,the following mollusks are reported as being found in the same clay as that which contained the bones3 ,pisidium abditum81 ,valvata tricarinata1 ,valvata striata81 ,planorbis parvus4 ,it is stated that these shells live at present all over the ,states of ,illinois1 ,indiana1 and ,michigan1 and indicate that the climate of the mastodon's day was greatly like that of the present in that region4 ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke 7#efth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,new ,york ,state ,museum1 published in #aijd1 p4 #ibf7 states that the tusks of this mastodon are now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history and form a part of a mounted mastodon4 ,the lower jaw is also in that museum4 ,the writer has seen this jaw1 ,no4 #adcde1 and there are in it #b tusks of considerable size1 such as the writer has supposed characterized ,mammut progenium4 ,in case this species shall prove to be a natural one it continued from the first interglacial or even earlier to the close of the ,wisconsin4 ,this is the mastodon to which ,blatchley refers 7#bb;d ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ij74 ,east ,lynn1 ,vermillion ,county4--,the writer has a note to the effect that some mastodon remains were found near this place in #ahha1 but the authority can not be cited4 ,east ,lynn is #g miles west of ,hoopeston4 ,rossville4--,dr4 ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg1 jr4 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bulletin1 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 #aiji1 p4 #di1 plate ,,iv1 figs4 #b1 #c7 reported the finding of a mastodon's tooth near ,rossville1 on the banks of the ,north fork of ,vermillion ,river1 about #g miles south of ,hoopeston4 ,the figures indicate that the tooth is the lower right first molar1 #abg mm4 long and #he mm4 wide4 ,all three of the mastodons mentioned were evidently buried in pond and swamp deposits which lie on or near the ,bloomington moraine of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,they lived1 therefore1 after the disappearance of the last glacial ice-sheet and probably long after that disappearance4 #bj4 ,beecher1 ,will ,county4--,at ,hebron1 ,indiana1 the writer has seen various bones of mastodons which had been unearthed in the region about ,beecher by ,mr4 ,jacob ,davis1 in dredging large ditches4 ,he described these bones as amounting to 8about two wagonloads40 ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 ,illinois1 stated in a letter that it is reported that over a dozen mastodons have been found on one farm near ,beecher in the last #aj years4 ,mr4 ,langford sent also a geological section 7fig4 #a7 taken along ,trim ,creek4 ,besides the mastodon remains found there1 he obtained a large part of an antler of ,cervalces4 ,the locality is given as the northwest quarter of the southwest quarter of section #aa1 township #cc north1 range #ad east1 #c miles north of east of ,beecher4 ,this locality is on the ,valparaiso moraine1 the last formed before the ,wisconsin ice withdrew into ,lake ,michigan4 ,it was1 however1 probably long after this that the mastodons lived and died there4 ,mr4 ,langford's account seems to indicate that1 after the deposition of the ,valparaiso moraine and the withdrawal of the ice-sheet1 there was left along what is now ,trim ,creek a shallow lake1 which became gradually filled by washings from the moraine4 ,this at length became a marsh and produced peat and other vegetable muck4 ,at one stage the surface appears to have been occupied by a forest1 which later became covered by about #d feet of sandy soil4 ,over this is #b feet of black peat1 itself overlain by probably ,recent deposits4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,geological section of ,trim ,creek4 ,beecher1 ,will ,county1 ,illinois4 #a4 ,moraine4 #b4 ,wisconsin drift4 #c4 ,alluvium4 #d4 ,black peat4 #e4 ,sandy soil1 with bones4 #f4 ,peat1 sand1 vegetable matter4 #g4 ,same stained brown2 with gravel4 ,mr4 ,langford has written that all the mastodon bones were found above the gravel1 some of them #e or #f feet below the surface4 ,antlers of the elk occurred only above the mastodon bones4 #ba4 ,morris1 ,grundy ,county4--,in #ahgj1 ,frank ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aic7 stated that in #ahfh the remains of a mastodon were found at ,turner's 8strippings10 about #c miles east of ,morris4 ,these bones lay under #ah inches of black mucky soil and about #d feet of yellowish loam1 and rested on about a foot of hard blue clay1 which itself covered the coal4 ,the bones were mostly badly decayed and the greater part were broken and thrown away by the miners2 but some1 including a part of a lower jaw and #c teeth1 were sent to the ,state ,cabinet at ,springfield4 ,the locality was regarded by ,bradley as part of an old river bottom4 ,in #ahga1 ,worthen referred to the same or another mastodon which had been found in the vicinity of ,morris4 ,he stated that it had been found in undisturbed drift1 #h feet below the surface4 ,the blue clay on which lay the mastodon described by ,bradley may have been brought down from the ice which deposited the ,valparaiso moraine4 ,the loam and muck were probably deposits of considerably later date4 ,it is not probable that the ,worthen mastodon was buried in undisturbed drift4 #bb4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,county4--,at a locality in this county1 near ,whitewillow1 have been found many mastodon bones and those of various other animals4 ,the place is #e miles west by north of ,minooka and #ae miles west of ,joliet4 ,collections have been made there by ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,chicago1 and by ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet4 ,mr4 ,langford wrote that his collection was made in township #ce north1 range #h east1 and probably section #bg4 ,the farm belonged to ,john ,bamford4 ,apparently ,dr4 ,riggs's collection was made at the same place4 ,further details will be found on page #ccg4 ,dr4 ,riggs reported in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 already referred to several times1 that in #aijb at least six skulls and numerous other bones had been found in a well #aj feet in diameter4 ,above these were bones of bison1 deer1 and elk4 #bc4 ,yorkville1 ,kendall ,county4--,in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history is a composite skull of a mastodon1 part of which was found somewhere about ,yorkville2 but the writer knows nothing more definite4 ,yorkville is situated on ,fox ,river1 near the northwestern border of the ,marseilles moraine4 #bd4 ,aurora1 ,kane ,county4--,h4 ,m4 ,bannister1 in #ahgj 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aac7 wrote as follows3 8,a portion of the remains of a mastodon1 consisting of the tusks and several teeth1 was obtained in excavating the track for the ,chicago1 ,burlington1 and ,quincy ,railroad near the city of ,aurora1 and are now preserved in the museum of ,clark ,seminary at that place40 ,these same remains were described by the geologist ,c4 ,d4 ,wilbur 7,trans4 ,ill4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ei1 figs4 #a to #c74 ,he stated that both tusks and seven teeth were found1 all well preserved4 ,the tusks were #aj feet long and #aj inches in diameter at the base2 they were curved upward and considerably worn at the ends on the underside4 ,charles ,whittlesey 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af7 probably referred to these remains4 ,he stated that they were found in a swamp4 ,probably one of these teeth was sent to ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,warren1 of ,boston1 the author of 8,the ,mastodon giganteus of ,north ,america40 ,it is described in the second edition of this monograph1 on page #gf4 ,in the ,proceedings of the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history1 volume ,,iv1 page #cgf1 ,warren described a tooth1 probably the same1 which had been found #dj miles west of ,chicago1 at a depth of #h feet4 ,he said it was the largest mastodon tooth then known4 ,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 page #aj1 it is reported that in #ahge some mastodon remains were found about #h miles southwest of ,naperville1 which is in ,du ,page ,county4 ,the locality would be not far from the common meeting-point of ,kane1 ,kendall1 ,will1 and ,du ,page ,counties2 also probably within #h miles of ,aurora4 ,the remains1 whatever they were1 were donated to the museum of ,jennings ,seminary1 ,aurora4 ,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list it is stated that teeth and a tusk of a mastodon were found1 in #ahec1 by workmen extending the ,burlington ,railroad south of ,aurora4 ,they were in a swamp near ,fox ,river1 where the ,burlington shops are situated4 ,these remains1 probably the same as those above described1 were presented to ,jennings ,seminary4 #be4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,county4--,this town is in ,kane ,county1 about #i miles north of ,aurora4 ,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 on page #ac1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 reported that1 somewhere in this vicinity1 in cutting a ditch to drain a marshy lake of about #bjj acres1 some leg-bones and vertebr of mastodon were found in a sticky clay from about #e to #g feet from the surface4 ,dr4 ,riggs writes that along the same ditch he picked up a jaw of the existing species of elk and some bison bones4 ,maple ,park1 ,kane ,county4--,doctor ,rufus ,m4 ,bagg recorded in #aiji 7,bull4 ,univ4 ,ill41 vol4 ,,vi1 ,no4 #ag1 p4 #ej1 plate ,,iv7 the discovery of a large part of the skeleton of a mastodon4 ,it was found at a depth of #f feet4 ,the exact location was not given4 ,the whole of ,kane ,county lies between or is covered by the ,bloomington and ,marseilles moraines1 and the mastodons found there must have lived after the retirement of the ice which produced those moraines4 #bf4 ,glencoe1 ,cook ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 on page #i1 ,professor ,james ,g4 ,needham1 of ,lake ,forest ,university1 reported that a fragment of a mastodon's tooth had been dug up while a ditch in glacial drift was being made4 ,glencoe is situated on the eastern till ridge1 as described by ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #cha71 the one nearest the western shore of ,lake ,michigan4 ,if the tooth mentioned really occurred in undisturbed drift1 it is possible that it was redeposited from some earlier interglacial deposit4 ,in #ahia1 ,w4 ,k4 ,higley 7,bull4 ,chicago ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 ,,xv7 reported the finding of some bones of a mastodon1 about #f years previously1 on the south side of ,wicker ,park1 near ,milwaukee ,avenue1 ,evanston4 ,the bones were in a layer of fine sand in which were trunks of oak trees4 ,the depth was #ac feet4 ,the remark was made that the level marked the upper or late limit of the mastodon4 #bg4 ,see page #aje4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,dover1 ,racine ,county4--,in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a tusk1 identified as that of a mastodon1 exhumed from a peat-bog at ,dover1 in #ahgh4 ,both tusks and some fragments of a scapula1 some ribs1 and vertebr were found1 but apparently no teeth4 ,only one tusk was saved2 #d feet #h inches long and moderately curved1 the middle of the concave surface being about #f inches below a line joining the base and the tip of the tusk4 ,dover is situated near the southern border of ,racine ,county1 in the southwestern corner of township #c north1 range #bj east4 ,it is1 therefore1 within the great composite moraine which runs along the western side of ,lake ,michigan4 ,according to ,alden's map 7,prof4 ,paper #ajf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,iii7 the town is on a tract covered by ground moraine of the ,lake ,michigan glacier4 #b4 ,waukesha1 ,waukesha ,county4--,in the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum is a slightly worn upper hindermost molar of a mastodon1 ,no4 #chfg1 labeled as having been found at ,waukesha4 ,there is no other history4 ,the geological age is probably practically the same as that of the tooth found at ,dover1 ,late ,wisconsin4 #c4 ,madison1 ,dane ,county4--,the records for mastodons at ,madison are not very satisfactory4 ,professor ,eliot ,blackwelder informs the writer that there is in the collection at the ,state ,university of ,wisconsin a large vertebra1 supposed to be that of a mastodon1 brought up out of ,lake ,monona1 in #aijf4 ,professor ,c4 ,a4 ,davis informed the author that in #aijh he visited the fill in one of the city parks made by pumping mud from ,lake ,monona and found fragments of ivory and parts of proboscidean bones4 ,it is possible that these fragments belonged to an elephant4 #d4 ,bluemounds1 ,dane ,county4--,in #ahfb ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney1 in his 8,report on the ,geological ,survey of the ,upper ,mississippi ,land ,region10 page #acb1 mentions having found1 at ,bluemounds1 the first #c deciduous molars of the mastodon1 exquisitely preserved and not at all discolored4 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman1 in ,whitney's report1 on pages #dba1 #dbb1 referred to these milk molars4 ,whitney in #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb7 stated that he had found in a crevice near ,bluemounds bones and teeth of mastodon1 peccary1 buffalo1 and wolf4 #e4 ,lone ,rock1 ,richland ,county4--,professor ,eliot ,blackwelder1 of the ,wisconsin ,state ,university1 informs the writer that there is in their collection a pair of tusks1 supposed to be of a mastodon4 ,they were found somewhere about ,lone ,rock in #aija1 which is on the northern bank of the ,wisconsin ,river1 in the southeastern corner of ,richland ,county4 #f4 ,sinsinawa1 ,grant ,county4--,in his report on the geology of the lead region1 already referred to1 ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney stated1 on his page #acc1 that the greatest quantity of bones of the mastodon found in that region seems to have been near ,sinsinawa mound1 but he had no exact particulars of depth or position4 ,some were preserved at the locality for several years2 others1 to the amount of several bushels1 were carried off or destroyed4 #g4 ,wauzeka1 ,crawford ,county4--,in the collection of the ,public ,museum of ,milwaukee is an upper last molar1 found at the place named4 ,it is only slightly worn and nearly white in color4 ,nothing is known about the exact place or under what conditions it was found4 #h4 ,richland ,center1 ,richland ,county4--,professor ,george ,wagner of the ,wisconsin ,state ,university1 has informed the writer that there is in that university an almost complete skeleton of a mastodon1 found at the place named4 ,no particulars are known to the present writer regarding the history of the specimen4 #i4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,county4--,professor ,s4 ,weidman1 of the ,wisconsin ,geological and ,natural ,history ,survey1 informed the writer that in the brick clays used at ,menominee had been found a part of a leg-bone of a mastodon4 ,dr4 ,weidman was kind enough to send the bone for examination4 ,it proved to be the distal end of the right humerus1 including the epiphysial part4 ,the interior of the bone had been neatly excavated1 as if by a tool of some kind1 the marks of which remained1 which proved to be the jaws of a wolf4 ,he had evidently been after the marrow and had scraped out all of the part filled by cancellated bone4 ,the explanation appears to be that the mastodon had in some way broken an arm and had died4 ,the wolves then proceeded to devour him2 they could not have broken the limb themselves4 ,the finding of the bone shows that these clays belong to the ,pleistocene4 ,in a sand formation underlying the clays a caribou antler and bones of the ,mackinaw trout1 ,cristivomer namaycush1 have been found4 ,professor ,weidman regards the clays as being of pre-,iowan age4 ,,maryland4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,st4 ,mary's ,city1 ,st4 ,mary's ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bjj7 contains a fine upper left hindermost molar of ,mammut americanum1 labeled as presented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,varden and as found many years ago in a marl-bed at or near the town named4 ,it was probably met in digging for ,miocene marl1 but was doubtless inclosed in overlying ,pleistocene materials4 ,according to ,shattuck's ,pleistocene map of ,maryland 7,pleistocene volume1 plate ,i71 ,st4 ,mary's ,city is situated on the ,wicomico terrace2 but because of absence of exact information whether the tooth was in the body of this deposit1 or below it1 or possibly in later materials above the ,wicomico1 its exact age can not be determined4 ,teeth from the locality were mentioned by ,lucas on page #afb of the volume just cited4 ,the geology of the county is described in a special volume of the ,maryland ,survey1 #aijg4 #b4 ,st4 ,clements1 ,st4 ,mary's ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum contains a lower right hindermost molar1 found long ago1 apparently #ahcg1 and presented by ,a4 ,mc,williams4 ,it is recorded as having been discovered in digging a mill-race at or above ,st4 ,clements4 ,this race must quite certainly have been located along ,st4 ,clements ,creek4 ,the place is situated in the ,wicomico plain2 but possibly ,talbot deposits extended up the creek farther than mapped4 #c4 ,towson1 ,baltimore ,county4--,professor ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas 7,maryland ,pliocene1 ,pleistocene vol41 p4 #afc7 stated that the collection of the ,maryland ,geological ,survey contains a fine upper last molar of a mastodon found on the ,ridgeley estate1 at ,hampton1 near ,towson1 about #aj miles north of ,baltimore4 ,at present one can not determine the time during the ,pleistocene when this tooth was part of a living creature4 #d4 ,lane's ,creek81 ,washington ,county4--,the writer received1 in #aiab1 a letter from ,professor ,a4 ,f4 ,bechdolt1 of ,bellingham1 ,state of ,washington1 in which he stated that somewhat more than #cg years before1 while teaching school in ,washington ,county1 ,maryland1 he saw the remains of a skull of a mastodon which some negroes had unearthed in making a mill-race1 but they had broken it in pieces with sledgehammers4 ,professor ,bechdolt recollected plainly the 8mammillary face0 of the tooth4 ,the locality is described as being near the ,pennsylvania line1 south and somewhat west of ,mercersberg1 ,pennsylvania1 among the foot-hills of ,north ,mountain1 at a place locally known as 8,the ,corner40 ,it appears probable that the locality was somewhere along ,lane's ,creek4 #d4 ,clear ,spring1 ,washington ,county4--,in circular ,no4 #aji1 volume ,,xiii1 ,johns ,hopkins ,university1 #ahic1 pages #bf1 #bg1 is an account of the finding of a mastodon tooth in #ahfc4 ,it was discovered after a storm1 lying on a pile of driftwood1 in ,conococheague ,creek1 at a point #b4e miles south of ,clear ,spring1 and a mile north of the entry of the creek into ,potomac ,river4 ,the tooth is in the collection of ,johns ,hopkins ,university4 ,,virginia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,six miles east of ,williamsburg1 ,york ,county4--,in ,godman's ,natural ,history 7#c;d ed41 #ahfj1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gg7 mention is made of the discovery1 in #ahaa1 of remains of a mastodon along the banks of the ,york ,river1 #f miles east of ,williamsburg4 ,the account was derived from ,dr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill 7,med4 ,repos41 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #chh2 ,cuvier's 8,theory of the ,earth10 p4 #cii74 ,he had received his information from ,bishop ,james ,madison1 then president of ,college of ,william and ,mary1 at ,williamsburg4 ,the parts found consisted of the bones of the pelvis1 a thigh bone1 #b vertebr1 #b ribs1 #b tusks1 and #g molar teeth1 #d of which were yet in a part of the jaw1 probably the lower4 ,the largest tooth is reported as weighing #g4be pounds2 the smallest between #c and #d pounds4 ,it is probable that mastodon teeth in a wet condition would weigh the amount stated4 ,clark and ,miller 7,bull4 ,,iv1 ,virginia ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiab1 p4 #bj7 refer this animal to the ,pleistocene of the ,talbot formation4 ,dr4 ,lyon ,g4 ,tyler1 president of ,college of ,william and ,mary1 informs the writer that the fossils above mentioned were doubtless destroyed in a fire which consumed the main building in #ahei4 #b4 ,city ,point1 ,prince ,george ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #eci7 contains a part of the upper second true molar of ,mammut americanum1 sent there in #ahhh by ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,webb4 ,the tooth is silicified4 ,mr4 ,webb reported that the fragment had been unearthed by laborers in making a ditch through some lowland which abounded in shells and blue marl4 ,in a letter dated ,september #b1 #aiah1 ,mr4 ,webb informed the writer that his recollection is that the tooth was found about #ab miles north of ,disputanta and near ,james ,river4 #c4 ,abingdon1 ,washington ,county4--,an upper right second true molar in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #hhjg7 is recorded as having been received in ,january #ahfi from ,mr4 ,wyndham ,robinson1 but there is no information as to the exact locality1 depth1 and kind of soil inclosing it4 ,with it were found some vertebr and fragments of ribs and of tusks4 #d4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is the horizontal part of the right ramus of the lower jaw of a young mastodon1 found at the place named4 ,this1 with some remains of an undetermined species of ,bison and some teeth of ,elephas primigenius1 were presented to the museum in #aiad by ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,mount4 ,they had been found about #ahif1 in making an excavation for the water reservoir of the town4 ,it is said that within less than a century the valley at ,saltville was at times a lake4 ,the reservoir is situated at the edge of this former lake4 ,the bones were found at a depth of not more than #h feet4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 #aiag1 p4 #dgd7 records the finding of mastodon remains in the ,saltville deposit4 ,he states that fragmentary remains of mastodon have for many years been picked up in that valley4 ,a list of the species of vertebrates found at this place is given on page #cec4 ,about #ajj years ago 7,med4 and ,physic4 ,jour41 ,phila41 ,,xv1 #ahjf1 #ast ,supp41 p4 #chh7 an account of the discovery of mastodon remains in ,wythe ,county1 ,virginia1 was published by ,b4 ,s4 ,barton4 ,the details had been communicated to him by ,bishop ,james ,madison1 president of ,william and ,mary ,college1 ,williamsburg1 ,virginia4 ,according to the bishop1 not only were bones discovered but also the stomach of the animal in a state of perfect preservation1 and containing a large quantity of half-masticated food 7,godman's ,amer4 ,nat4 ,hist41 #c;d ed41 #ahfj1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gd74 ,later1 the bishop admitted that he had been misinformed4 ,it is probable that something was found there1 at least some bones4 ,bishop ,madison had made arrangements to have the bones sent to ,williamsburg2 but if they reached there they were doubtless destroyed by a fire in #ahei4 ,the supposed discovery is mentioned in ,cuvier's 8,ossemens ,fossiles10 volume ,,ii1 page #bgj1 and is discussed in ,barton's 8,archologia ,americana10 #ahad1 page #da4 ,wythe ,county at that time occupied far more territory than at present1 and possibly the bones described by ,madison had really been found in ,washington or ,smyth ,counties2 but ,saltville1 as the writer is informed by ,mr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,hutton1 surveyor1 never was in ,wythe ,county4 #e4 ,covington1 ,alleghany ,county4--,in #aija there was sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,jones1 of ,covington1 a lower last molar of a mastodon found at that place4 ,this tooth differs from the ordinary teeth of ,mammut americanum in having the crown more depressed4 ,the writer has observed similar teeth which have been found elsewhere4 ,it is possible that they belonged to a species distinct from ,m4 americanum4 ,dr4 ,jones informed the writer that the tooth was found within the city limits of ,covington1 about #cjj yards from ,jackson ,river1 at a depth of #ab feet1 in brick clay4 #f4 ,hot ,springs1 ,bath ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a part of an upper left second true molar1 recorded as having been found about a mile from the ,hot ,springs ,hotel4 ,the tooth is silicified4 ,it was presented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,mc,allister4 ,hot ,springs is at the head of ,wilson ,creek1 a tributary of ,jackson ,river4 ,in the folio of ,monterey ,quadrangle coming down nearly to ,hot ,springs1 no mention is made of any ,pleistocene2 but the presence of occasional deposits of soils along some of the streams is recorded4 ,evidently some of these deposits were laid down in ,pleistocene times4 #g4 ,edom1 ,rockingham ,county4--,the ,american ,geologist in #ahia 7vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cce71 contains an account of the finding at this place of bones of what was called a mammoth1 but which was more probably a mastodon4 ,it was said to have been discovered on the land of a ,mr4 ,frank4 ,the information was furnished by ,dr4 ,zirkle1 who stated that a nearly complete skull had been found4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is the symphysis of the lower jaw of a mastodon1 recorded only as having been found in ,virginia4 ,the specimen 7,no4 #baj7 would not be worth mentioning were it not that it presents in front two sockets for tusks of considerable size4 ,the bases of the tusks are retained at the bottom of the sockets4 ,the left socket has a diameter of about #ce mm42 the other is slightly smaller4 ,from the outside of one socket to the outside of the other is #id mm4 ,the front of the symphysis is damaged1 so that its length can not be determined4 ,its lower face is quite flat4 ,the height of the jaw at the front of the tooth which was present is about #aej mm4 ,it seems to the writer that this jaw belonged to the species ,mammut progenium4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,stewartstown1 ,monongalia ,county4--,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 in his 8,ice ,age in ,northern ,america10 fifth edition1 page #cgh1 wrote that ,dr4 ,i4 ,c4 ,white had reported 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 pp4 #cgh-cgi7 the finding of a tooth of a mastodon at this place2 but in the article quoted nothing is said about a mastodon4 ,evidently ,white published this article elsewhere4 ,the tooth is said to have been dug up on the fifth and highest terrace along ,monongahela ,river4 ,in ,white's article1 page #cgh1 it is stated that in the region of ,morgantown the high-terrace deposits are about #bge feet above low-water in the ,monongahela and #a1jfe feet above tide4 ,it is probable that the mastodon lived there during the early ,pleistocene4 #b4 ,parkersburg1 ,wood ,county4--,in #aijb the present writer received from ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,miller1 of the ,high ,school of ,williamstown1 ,west ,virginia1 a letter inclosing photographs of a mastodon tooth1 found on ,neal ,island1 #c miles above ,parkersburg4 ,the tooth appears to be the upper left second molar and is furnished with all of its roots4 ,the writer does not know under what conditions the tooth was found4 ,its perfect state of preservation shows that it could not have been carried far by the stream4 ,for a discussion of the ,pleistocene of some parts of ,west ,virginia the reader may consult the paragraphs on pages #ced-cee4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #e1 #ci47 #a4 ,new ,hanover ,county4--,under this number must be mentioned that a tooth of ,mammut americanum has been found about #aj miles below ,wilmington1 near the ,fort ,fisher road4 ,this tooth is in the possession of ,captain ,e4 ,d4 ,williams1 of ,wilmington4 #b4 ,pender ,county4--,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 of the ,state ,museum at ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina1 has informed the writer that there are in that museum some remains of mastodon from ,pender ,county2 but nothing more is known to the present writer about the nature of these remains or about the locality where they were found4 #c4 ,duplin ,county4--,from the same source it is learned that there are in the collection at ,raleigh teeth of mastodon which had been found in ,duplin ,county4 #d4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,raleigh is a left ramus of a mastodon1 collected near ,goldsboro4 ,the writer has examined this important specimen and has also received a photograph of it1 sent by ,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley4 ,this is evidently the jaw described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahga1 p4 #aac7 from photographs received from ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,kerr1 then ,state geologist of ,north ,carolina4 ,this jaw was recorded as having been obtained from gravel overlying ,miocene marl1 near ,goldsboro4 ,this specimen presents the peculiarity of having two tusks at the front of the symphysis4 ,the diameter of these is #de mm4 ,how long they were originally can not be determined4 ,the form of this jaw and presence of two large incisor tusks indicates that this specimen belongs to ,mammut progenium4 ,the front molar present1 ,m#b1 has a length of #abb mm4 and a width of #hh mm4 ,leidy regarded this jaw as having belonged to a male animal4 ,professor ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 #aheh1 p4 #aii7 mentions that a large number of bones had been found in a marl pit near ,goldsboro4 #e4 ,jacksonville1 ,onslow ,county4--,in the collection of the ,state ,museum at ,raleigh the writer has seen a part of a skeleton of a mastodon1 found near ,jacksonville and exhumed by ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4 ,adicks4 ,a considerable part of the skull1 including upper teeth1 both upper tusks1 lower jaw1 and some limb-bones1 were secured4 ,the animal was evidently a fully mature one1 as there were present in the jaws the last and the next to the last molars2 but these were not greatly worn4 ,in the lower jaw there were no tusks1 but the tip of the jaw seemed to indicate that earlier in life these might have been present4 ,the upper tusks are unusually short4 ,one is #cc inches 7#hda mm47 long1 #id mm4 in diameter at the base1 and #abj mm4 about the middle of the length4 ,at the base is a pulp-cavity whose depth is #bcj mm4 ,the distal end of this tusk is much worn1 evidently during the life of the animal4 ,on one side is a flat surface #abj mm4 long and #ge mm4 wide which is directed obliquely to the plane of the curvature of the tusk4 ,opposite this surface is another whose plane is parallel with that of the curvature of the tusk4 ,about #ej mm4 from its tip the tusk is crossed by a groove nearly #bj mm4 wide and #db mm4 deep1 which appears to have been produced by the drawing of branches or roots across the tusk4 ,about #fj mm4 further back there is another groove1 broader and shallower4 ,the other tusk is #idj mm4 long4 ,near its extremity it is crossed by three grooves1 one of which1 about #ee mm4 behind the tip1 runs two-thirds of the way around the tusk4 ,the small size of the tusks makes it pretty certain that this animal was a female4 ,the jaw does not differ especially from that of a ,late ,wisconsin mastodon1 apparently about one-sixth taller1 found near ,winamac1 ,indiana1 and now mounted in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 #f4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,county4--,from ,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 of the ,state ,museum1 at ,raleigh1 the writer has learned that tusks and teeth of ,mammut americanum had been secured for that museum at ,maysville4 ,this is situated on ,white ,oak ,river4 ,photographs show the teeth are lower hindermost molars1 right and left4 ,the writer has seen these teeth2 likewise upper second and third molars and the tusks4 ,the latter are of medium size1 having a diameter of #abj mm4 at the base4 ,the pulp-cavity is #aij mm4 deep4 ,the enamel of all the teeth is rather rough and corrugated4 #g4 ,sixteen miles southeast of ,newbern1 ,pamlico ,county4--,on the left bank of ,neuse ,river1 at a point said to be #af miles below ,newbern1 several vertebrate fossils were collected many years ago4 ,the collection appears to have been made by the botanist ,nuttall2 but the first mention found by the writer is a paper by ,h4 ,b4 ,croom1 in #ahce 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xxvii1 pp4 #afh-aga74 ,he stated that the locality was on the north bank of ,neuse ,river1 on the land of ,mr4 ,benners1 who had dug several pits in order to obtain marl4 ,in these pits1 some reaching a depth of #be feet1 many fossil shells1 sharks' teeth1 and bones of marine fishes were found4 ,these marls appear to belong to the ,pleistocene 7,stephenson1 ,north ,carolina ,geol4 and ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bhi74 ,in the same pits were found teeth and bones of various ,pleistocene mammals4 ,a few of the fossils1 as the great shark tooth1 certainly belonged to ,tertiary deposits4 ,croom states that there were fragments of the horns of a fossil elk2 also a mastodon tooth which had a breadth of #g inches and a depth of #i4e inches4 ,it is not improbable that this was a tooth of an elephant4 ,teeth1 supposed to belong to a fossil elk and which had a breadth of #c inches and a depth of #d4e inches1 were probably hindermost milk molars of ,mammut americanum4 ,harlan 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc7 indicated that he had seen in the collection made by ,nuttall remains of the mastodon2 also of a supposed ,sus1 an elephant1 elk1 deer1 horse1 seal1 cetaceans1 a tortoise1 shark1 skate1 snake1 and fish4 ,this collection apparently passed into the hands of ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad4 ,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #aff7 stated that ,conrad had many years previously obtained these animals near ,newbern4 ,besides those mentioned he included a hippopotamus4 ,this identification was probably based on milk tusks or lower tusks of the mastodon4 #h4 ,harlowe1 ,carteret ,county4--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #cdh71 ,elisha ,mitchell wrote that in digging the ,clubfoot and ,harlowe ,canal1 remains of both the elephant and the mastodon had been found4 ,under this number may be mentioned the finding of a jaw of a mastodon in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 which appears to run some miles east of the old ,clubfoot and ,harlowe ,canal4 ,this specimen is1 or was recently1 in the laboratory of the ,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,commission at ,beaufort4 #i4 ,pitt ,county4--,in #ahga 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #aac71 ,leidy reported that an isolated lower last molar tooth of ,mammut americanum1 but accompanied by the jaw1 had been obtained in ,pitt ,county4 ,no more exact locality was mentioned4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bjb7 is a lower right hindermost molar which was found in ,pitt ,county4 #aj4 ,wilson ,county4--,from ,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley the writer learned that there are in the museum at ,raleigh some remains of mastodon from ,wilson ,county4 ,the writer has seen at ,raleigh a lower second left molar1 from ,wilson ,county4 #aa4 ,tarboro1 ,edgecombe ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #bje7 is a lower right last molar of ,mammut americanum1 recorded as having been sent by ,dr4 ,pitman1 of ,tarboro4 ,it is black and very heavy4 #ab4 ,rocky ,mount1 ,nash ,county4--,professor ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 #aheb1 p4 #ef7 mentioned the finding of mastodon bones in marl-pits1 on the farm of ,mr4 ,knight1 on the bank of ,tar ,river1 #c miles west of ,rocky ,mount4 ,the ,pleistocene is here supposed to belong principally to the ,sunderland1 but partly to the ,wicomico formation4 ,emmons1 in #aheh 7,rep4 ,north ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv41 ,agric4 ,east ,cos41 p4 #aii71 figured and briefly described a molar of a mastodon which he referred to ,mastodon giganteus4 ,this was found in a ,miocene marl pit in ,halifax ,county2 but so many ,pleistocene species have been reported from such marls that it is possible that the tooth belonged to a ,pleistocene animal4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cif7 referred this tooth with doubt to his ,mastodon obscurus2 but the type of the latter1 a lower molar 7,leidy op4 cit41 plate ,,xxvii1 fig4 #ac71 presents no such double series of trefoils4 ,leidy 7op4 cit41 p4 #bdg1 plate ,,xvii1 fig4 #af7 referred some fragments of mastodon teeth found at ,tarboro to his ,mastodon obscurus2 but these seem to the writer to belong to ,gomphotherium rugosidens4 ,we do not know that ,g4 obscurum is a ,pleistocene species1 nor is it certain that it has been found in ,north ,carolina4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,county4--,in the region about ,beaufort numerous remains of mastodons have been found1 most of which are to be referred to ,mammut americanum4 ,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia the writer has seen a fine left lower last molar of this species4 ,the collection of ,rutgers ,college contains a part of a tooth from ,coosaw ,river4 ,at ,princeton ,university there is an upper second true molar from somewhere about ,beaufort4 ,field ,natural ,history ,museum has #c teeth of ,mammut1 recorded as having been found in the phosphate bed at ,beaufort4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 stated he had seen1 in the collection of ,c4 ,n4 ,shepard at ,amherst ,college1 bones1 fragments of jaws1 and teeth of mastodon from the marl at the head of ,hilton ,harbor1 on ,st4 ,helena ,island1 on which ,beaufort is situated4 ,among these were #b inferior tusks about #aj inches long and #b inches in diameter at the base4 ,if the molars which accompanied them had differed from those of ,mammut americanum1 ,leidy would have been quick to note the fact4 ,evidently the bones and teeth mentioned by ,leidy are those now in the mounted skeleton at ,amherst ,college1 described by ,professor ,f4 ,b4 ,loomis 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #dcg1 figs4 #a1 #c1 #d7 as ,mastodon americanus4 ,this was a very large animal and the two large lower tusks show that it belonged to ,mammut progenium4 ,in the ,academy's collection at ,philadelphia is a large hindermost molar1 #ahj mm4 long and #if mm4 wide1 which had been sent to the ,academy in company with the type of ,gomphotherium rugosidens4 #b4 ,ashley ,river1 above ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahfj 7,holmes's ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aji71 ,leidy stated that fragments of teeth and bones had been found in the ,post-,pliocene deposits of ,ashley ,river1 apparently referable to ,mastodon ohioticus 7,mammut americanum74 ,in a footnote to this statement1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes says that since ,leidy's statement was written several perfect teeth have been discovered1 and referred to plate ,,xix1 figures #a1 #b1 #c4 ,these figures illustrate the teeth which belonged to ,dr4 ,l4 ,f4 ,klipstein1 ,christ ,church4 ,in the preface to ,holmes's work he refers to the teeth on this plate as being those associated with teeth of a horse1 remains of a deer1 and a piece of pottery4 ,on page ,,iii of the introduction there is further explanation of the discovery4 ,exactly where the swamp which ,klipstein was draining was situated seems not to have been stated1 but the context appears to indicate that it was somewhere along ,ashley ,river4 ,in #aiah 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xlv1 p4 #dch1 fig4 #b1 not 8fig4 #c07 ,professor ,loomis described and figured #b lower tusks1 found in ,nine ,mile ,bottom1 #i miles above ,charleston1 probably along ,ashley ,river4 ,on page #dda ,loomis correctly described these1 except that what he called enamel is only a dense outer layer of dentine4 ,evidently these tusks had been used for punching against hard objects4 ,one may surmise that the animal had been accustomed to bark trees with them4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 states that he saw in the collection of ,c4 ,n4 ,shepard1 at ,amherst ,college1 remains of mastodons1 etc41 which had been found on ,ashley ,river4 ,in the collections at ,charleston1 both the private ones and that of the ,charleston ,museum1 there are teeth of ,mammut americanum1 but records of exact localities are usually wanting4 #c4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,county4--,john ,drayton1 in his 8,view of ,south ,carolina10 in #ahjb1 page #ci1 plate1 figure #d1 mentions the discovery of fossil bones in ,biggin ,swamp1 made in digging a canal between ,santee and ,cooper ,rivers4 ,it appears probable that this swamp is not far from ,monks ,corner4 ,drayton's figure shows that the tooth was one of ,mammut americanum4 ,it is said to have been buried at a depth of #h or #i feet4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton 7,archologia ,amer41 #ahad1 pp4 #bb-bc7 stated that he had examined teeth of both mastodon and elephant from this swamp4 ,george ,turner 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,iv1 #ahii1 p4 #eaa7 speaks of the discovery of bones of what is called the mammoth in the construction of the ,santee and ,cooper ,river ,canal4 ,cuvier 7,oss4 ,foss41 ed4 #d1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bge7 stated that the naturalist ,m4 ,bose had witnessed the exhumation of #e molars of mastodon during the excavation of the 8canal de ,caroline10 #ae miles from ,charleston4 ,they were found in pure sand at a depth of #c feet4 ,it is possible that there is here an error in the distance from ,charleston4 #d4 ,lee ,county4--,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,south ,carolina1 #ahdh1 p4 #agh7 states that between ,lynch's ,creek and ,black ,river1 8near ,concord church10 he found a bed of ,pliocene marl about #d feet thick1 which1 like the ,darlington deposit1 rests on black shale4 ,in an excavation made in this marl1 he found a portion of a tusk of a mastodon4 ,this might1 indeed1 have belonged to an elephant1 but more probably to ,mammut americanum4 #e4 ,darlington ,county4--,in #ahdh 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,south ,carolina1 #ahdh1 pp4 #agg-ahj71 ,tuomey reported that #b perfect molars of ,mastodon maximus 7,mammut americanum7 had been found on land of ,g4 ,w4 ,dargan1 somewhere near ,darlington4 ,they were found in a swamp and covered with #c or #d feet of mud1 but lying in a marl which he regarded as belonging to the ,pliocene4 ,one was sent to the college at ,columbia4 ,in a note to the geologist ,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,x1 #ahef1 p4 #afg71 ,tuomey stated that he had placed in the cabinet of ,south ,carolina ,college a fine tooth of mastodon1 found in ,darlington district4 ,at an earlier date ,robert ,w4 ,gibbes 7same ,proceedings1 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahej1 p4 #fg7 exhibited before the association teeth of a horse found at ,darlington1 associated with bones of ,mastodon4 ,,georgia4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,in ,richard ,harlan's list 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 vol4 ,i1 #ahda-dc1 p4 #ahi7 of fossil vertebrates which had been exhumed in making the ,brunswick ,canal were mentioned teeth of ,mastodon giganteum 7,mammut americanum74 ,about this time ,j4 ,h4 ,couper 7,proc4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cc7 read a paper in which he mentioned the occurrence of the same species in the canal referred to4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 p4 #cdh7 included the mastodon among the species discovered here4 ,richard ,owen 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ic7 reported the result of an examination of a collection submitted to him through ,lyell4 ,hippopotamus had been recognized in a supposed incisor2 but ,owen showed that it was a small tusk of a proboscidean1 probably of ,mammut americanum4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bdh7 stated that he had examined in the collection of the ,academy the hinder part of a tooth of the ,american mastodon4 ,gidley 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 recognized ,gomphotherium floridanum and ,mammut americanum in a collection which had been made some years ago at ,brunswick1 probably in dredging in the harbor4 ,inasmuch as only fragments of these teeth were present1 the identification was difficult4 ,the writer has1 through the kindness of ,professor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 had the opportunity to examine these fragments4 ,they appear all to belong to ,gomphotherium rugosidens1 a species rather common in that region4 ,this species probably does not belong to the ,pleistocene1 but to the upper ,miocene or the ,lower ,pliocene4 ,it is possible1 however1 that it belongs to the lowermost ,pleistocene1 the ,nebraskan4 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,chatham ,county4--,remains of ,mammut americanum have been found at two places in ,chatham ,county1 ,heyner's ,bridge and ,skidaway ,island4 ,lyell 7,travels in ,n4 ,a41 #ahde1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afc7 records his visit to ,heyner's ,bridge1 on ,white ,bluff ,creek1 about #g miles south of ,savannah4 ,in ,hodgson's memoir this locality is said to be on ,vernon ,creek 7map #dj74 ,lyell had learned from ,dr4 ,habersham that bones of mastodons and other extinct mammals had already been found there4 ,lyell himself secured a grinder of a mastodon4 ,it was found in a bed of clay about #f feet thick exposed only at low water4 ,the tooth referred to may be the one mentioned by ,lydekker 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #bc74 ,hodgson 78,memoir on ,megatherium10 p4 #ab7 reported the discovery of mastodon remains at this place1 specifying a section of a tusk #c4be feet long and nearly #aa inches in circumference2 also a femur1 which was sent to ,paris4 ,reference is made to the mastodon remains on page #db of the memoir mentioned4 ,for the geology of this locality and a list of the species found there the reader is referred to page #cga4 ,,florida4 7,maps #e1 #aj47 ,it has not been practicable to arrange the figures on the map of mastodons in ,florida in an orderly manner4 ,below1 the localities are described by beginning at the northern end of the ,state and ending at the southern end4 #a4 ,marianna1 ,jackson ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cbd7 is a tooth of ,mammut americanum1 recorded as having been sent to the ,national ,institute1 ,september #be1 #ahdg1 by ,walter ,yonge1 from ,marianna4 ,no additional information has been preserved4 ,it is a large upper right last molar1 with #e cross-crests1 a hinder talon1 and nearly complete roots4 ,marianna is situated on ,chipola ,river4 #ab4 ,little ,river1 ,gadsden ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiaf1 p4 #ajd7 reported that a tooth of ,mammut americanum had been obtained from ,little ,river4 #b4 ,fort ,white1 ,columbia ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards reported to the writer the discovery of a tooth of ,mammut americanum at a point #c miles northwest of ,fort ,white4 ,no details have been received4 ,the town is on ,santa ,fe ,river4 #c4 ,citra1 ,marion ,county4--,in ,ward's ,natural ,history ,establishment1 at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 the writer saw in ,january #aiad1 #b cross-crests of a probably hindermost upper molar of ,mammut americanum4 ,there had been present a large pulp-cavity4 ,nothing definite about the history of the specimen could be obtained1 except that it had been found at ,citra4 #ae4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,county4--,from this locality ,sellards 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh7 reported the discovery of a mastodon1 probably ,gomphotherium floridanum4 ,associated with this species was an undetermined species of ,hipparion4 ,at the same place has been found ,tapirus terrestris8 ,on his plates ,,iv and ,v of the same volume1 ,sellards has figured teeth belonging to two undetermined species of mastodons4 ,all of these fossils came from the phosphate deposits at ,neals4 #af4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 p4 #aa7 reported that ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall had discovered at ,archer remains of a mastodon to which ,leidy gave the name ,mastodon floridanus4 ,it is here referred to the genus ,gomphotherium4 ,it was associated in the ,alachua clays with a species of ,hipparion1 three species of ,procamelus1 and a rhinoceros2 also an astragalus of ,megatherium4 ,all of these1 except the last1 are usually referred to the ,lower ,pliocene or the ,upper ,miocene4 ,the writer believes that they belong to the lowest ,pleistocene1 the ,nebraskan4 #ag4 ,williston1 ,levy ,county4--,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhg1 p4 #cji7 reported the finding of several species of fossil vertebrates in the ,mixon bone-bed1 at or near ,williston4 ,the species were ,gomphotherium floridanum1 ,hipparion plicatile1 ,procamelus major1 and ,teleoceras proterus4 ,these were found in the ,alachua clays at depths from #b4e to #f feet4 ,in ,dall's list of #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi7 ,hipparion ingenuum is included4 #ah4 ,juliette1 ,marion ,county4--,sellards1 in #aiac 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh71 stated that ,gomphotherium floridanum had been found in hard phosphate in a mine at this place4 ,as in other such cases1 he referred the species to the ,upper ,miocene or the ,lower ,pliocene4 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey is a fragment of a molar of ,mammut americanum which was dredged up from ,withlacoochee ,river during operations by the ,schilman and ,bene ,phosphate ,company4 ,it was presented by ,john ,d4 ,robertson4 ,in the possession of ,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,robertson of ,ocala1 ,florida1 is a part of a skull of ,mammut americanum1 reported by him to have been found in the northeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section #a1 township #ag south1 range #ai east4 ,this would be about #f miles east of ,dunnellon and not far from ,withlacoochee ,river4 ,in the region about ,dunnellon the mastodon ,gomphotherium floridanum has been collected4 ,for the list of species found at ,dunnellon and in ,withlacoochee ,river the reader may consult page #cgf4 #ai4 ,near ,san ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,county4--,from station #abj1 on the ,inland ,waterway1 near ,san ,pablo ,beach1 ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajf7 reported the discovery of a tooth of ,mammut americanum in place in the bank of the canal4 ,remains of ,elephas columbi and undetermined species of ,bison and ,odocoileus had been thrown out by the dredge4 #d4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,county4--,at the residence of ,mr4 ,fred ,r4 ,allen1 #aac ,king street1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida1 the writer had the privilege of examining seven teeth of ,mammut americanum which had been found near ,mr4 ,allen's farm1 #bh miles south of ,st4 ,augustine1 in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal4 ,at the same place ,mr4 ,allen had found remains of a fossil horse1 a mylodon1 alligator1 and a part of the plastron of ,terrapene antipex4 ,the deposits are to be regarded as belonging to some part of the first half of the ,pleistocene1 probably the first interglacial4 #f4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #baej7 is an upper left last molar of ,mammut americanum1 sent in ,august #aija from ,daytona by ,e4 ,t4 ,conrad ,company4 ,it had been found at a depth of #e feet in an old oyster-bed which was being dug up for surfacing the streets4 ,the locality is within the limits of the town and about #b miles from the ,atlantic coast4 ,the senders reported a little later that they had found four other teeth1 a piece of tusk #dj inches long and #g inches in diameter1 and about a bushel of bones and fragments4 ,there appeared to be other bones in the pit1 but nothing more is on record4 ,since that mastodon died there1 the land appears to have been depressed beneath the sea1 permitting the growth of the oyster-bed1 after which there was again an elevation4 #ac4 ,fellsmere1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje7 stated that ,mammut americanum1 represented by a tooth or teeth1 had been found at ,fellsmere in connection with the construction of drainage canals4 #g4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,at this place have been found well-preserved remains of ,mammut americanum4 ,besides a part of a lower jaw1 there are some parts of tusks and fragments of other parts4 ,the right side of a palate containing the second and the third true molars1 found in what has been called stratum ,no4 #b1 has been figured by ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,xxxi74 ,the age of these will be discussed on pages #cha-chd4 #ad4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,county4--,in his report of #aiaf1 already cited1 ,dr4 ,sellards noted the fact1 on page #aje1 that several teeth of ,mammut americanum had been obtained by him1 #h miles west of the ,florida ,east ,coast ,railroad1 in the canal constructed to drain the ,everglades4 ,from the same canal had been secured ,elephas columbi1 ,equus complicatus1 and a femur of a species of ,bison4 ,sellards informs us that the vertebrate fossils here1 as at ,vero and many other localities1 are embedded in the sand and muck beds which lie above the ,pleistocene marls4 #h4 ,hillsboro ,county4--,remains of mastodon have been reported from various places in this county1 but the localities have not been very exactly defined4 ,in the ,national ,museum 7,no4 #fgbf7 is a lower left hindermost molar of ,mammut americanum which was sent by ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,spitler1 of ,tampa4 ,exactly where it was found is not recorded4 ,the tooth is white and well preserved4 ,there are five cross-crests4 ,the cones are unusually low1 and such teeth may possibly represent an undescribed species4 ,at ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer has seen a mastodon tooth1 labeled as having come from ,tampa ,bay4 ,the tooth is heavy and rock-like4 ,a part of an atlas of the mastodon is from the same place4 ,in the collection of ,oberlin ,college1 ,oberlin1 ,ohio1 is a lower right last molar of a mastodon1 labeled as having been found at ,sulphur ,springs1 ,hillsboro ,county4 ,the writer has not found where this place is situated4 ,all of the specimens mentioned belong to ,mammut americanum4 #i4 ,alafia ,river1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards 7#gth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aab1 fig4 #de7 records the finding of an upper right last molar of ,mammut americanum in this river4 ,the tooth is unworn and has four cross-crests and a large talon4 ,it was preserved in the collection of ,s4 ,a4 ,robinson4 ,with a collection of teeth of ,equus found in ,alafia ,river and preserved in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a single cross-crest of ,mammut americanum4 #bj4 ,brewster1 ,polk ,county4--,in his report of #aiae 7p4 #ajf1 fig4 #cf7 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards figured a fragment of a tusk1 found in a phosphate mine1 which he supposed might belong to ,gomphotherium floridanum4 ,he figured also a tooth 7p4 #ajd1 fig4 #cd7 which he definitely referred to this species1 but it is not clear that it was found at ,brewster4 ,a list of the species found associated with the tusk will be found on page #chj4 ,among these species is ,mammut progenium1 a species ranging from the ,aftonian to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,while all the species of the list are referred by ,sellards to the ,upper ,miocene or ,lower ,pliocene1 ,m4 progenium appears to favor a later reference4 #aj4 ,pains ,creek1 ,polk8 ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 is a tooth of ,mammut americanum recorded as having been found on ,pains ,creek1 #ej miles from ,tampa4 ,it appears to be a second milk molar2 the length is #dc mm41 the width at the second crest likewise #dc mm4 ,there is a ,big ,pains ,creek in the northwestern corner of ,polk ,county1 which empties into ,peace ,creek4 ,a little further south is ,little ,pains ,creek1 which empties into ,peace ,creek in ,de ,soto ,county1 near ,bowling ,green4 ,on which of these the tooth was found can not be determined4 #aa4 ,peace ,creek1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aiij7 is an upper right hindermost molar recorded as having been found on ,peace ,river4 ,it was a part of the exhibit of the ,plant ,system at the ,centennial ,exposition at ,atlanta1 ,georgia4 ,it is credited also to the ,peace ,river ,phosphate ,company4 ,probably the tooth was found somewhere not far from ,arcadia4 ,leidy 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 does not record the species from ,arcadia1 but his undetermined species of the genus may have been ,m4 americanum4 ,the tooth mentioned above has five cross-crests and a conical talon4 ,at the ends of the transverse valleys are large tubercles4 ,,alabama4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,county4--,the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum contains #c or #d fragments of large molars of ,mammut americanum found not far from the town named4 ,one fragment is labeled as having been found in section #aj1 township #ag north1 range #g east4 ,this would probably be #f or #g miles west of north from the town named4 ,another fragment is said to have been found in the bed of ,bogue ,chitto4 ,the teeth were sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey by ,crawford ,p4 ,lewis4 ,from this same region there have been collected remains of ,elephas imperator and ,equus leidyi4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,perthshire1 ,bolivar ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a fragment1 the rear end1 of an upper left hindermost molar of ,mammut americanum1 received from ,perthshire in ,august #aiad4 ,it is the gift of ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,knowlton and was reported as having been sucked up with gravel from the bed of ,mississippi ,river4 ,this place is in the northern part of ,bolivar ,county and immediately south of latitude #cd4 #b4 ,caseilla1 ,tallahatchie ,county4--,the writer has seen a lower left last molar of a mastodon1 found in #aiae1 near this place4 ,it was sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for identification by ,dr4 ,b4 ,franklin1 of ,caseilla4 ,he stated that the tooth had been found in ,avant ,creek1 about #c miles above its entrance into ,yalobusha ,river1 apparently in the southeastern corner of ,tallahatchie ,county1 in township #bc north1 range #g west4 ,the tooth had been buried in joint clay4 ,the banks of the creek are usually about #aj feet high1 but where the tooth was found1 on the south side of the creek1 the bluff is about #ej feet high4 #c4 ,jackson1 ,hinds ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia is a lower left last milk molar1 presented by ,dr4 ,isaac ,lea and reported to have been found near ,jackson1 ,mississippi4 ,no additional information was furnished4 ,the tooth is but slightly worn and has complete roots4 #d4 ,vicksburg1 ,warren ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cdd7 is a fragment of an upper right last molar1 said to have been found at ,vicksburg4 ,the fragment consists of the hindermost crest and the talon4 ,in ,wailles's report on the geology of ,mississippi1 #ahed1 page #bhd1 there is a statement to the effect that mastodon remains had been found in the deep cut of the railroad at ,vicksburg4 #e4 ,bovina81 ,warren ,county4--,in ,wailles's report1 just cited1 it is stated that mastodon bones had been found in the vicinity of ,big ,black ,river1 near the eastern line of ,warren ,county4 ,while the statement is rather indefinite1 the locality is probably somewhere in the region about ,bovina1 on the railway from ,vicksburg to ,jackson4 #f4 ,claiborne ,county4--,according to ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahei1 p4 #aaa71 portions of jaws with teeth of mastodons have been found in this county1 associated with a skull of a bear which he could not distinguish from that of ,ursus americanus4 #g4 ,jefferson ,county4--,in ,wailles's report of #ahed 7p4 #bhd71 already cited1 it is stated that remains of the mastodon had been found in this county1 near the former town of ,greenville4 ,the writer has not been able to learn more exactly where this town was situated4 #h4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,the region about ,natchez is a fertile one for remains of mastodons and various other fossil vertebrates4 ,the first mention of the finding of fossils here appears to be a note by ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill in #ahbf 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,remains1 p4 #aj71 who presented two teeth to the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,g4 ,troost1 in #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,penn41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adc71 stated that he had in his cabinet a tooth of a mastodon1 found near ,natchez4 ,in #ahde 7,proc4 #fth ,meet4 ,assoc4 ,amer4 ,geologists and ,naturalists1 pp4 #gg-gi71 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson read a paper on the geology of the ,natchez bluffs1 in which he mentioned the occurrence of mastodons4 ,in #ahdf 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf71 the same writer exhibited at the ,academy a large collection of fossil bones which had been made near ,natchez4 ,his account treats especially of the remains of ,megalonyx jeffersonii and a human pelvis2 but it is mentioned that the deposit abounds in bones and teeth of the mastodon4 ,dickeson stated that the stratum which contained these organic remains is a tenacious blue clay which underlies what he called the diluvial drift east of ,natchez4 ,this 8drift0 is now regarded as being mostly loess4 ,lyell1 in #ahdf 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a41 ed4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aie71 wrote that mastodon remains had been found in the loam 7loess7 which contained land-shells at different depths4 ,hilgard in #ahfj 7,geol4 ,agric4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif7 gives a list1 furnished by ,dr4 ,leidy1 of the mammalian fossils which had been found 8in a solid blue clay said to belong to this formation0 7the ,bluff formation74 ,mastodons are said to be by far the most common4 ,at ,pine ,ridge1 #f miles north of ,natchez1 in townships #g and #h north1 range #c west1 mastodons and other mammals occurred at a depth of about #bj feet from the surface1 in a ravine4 ,the list referred to was quoted from ,wailles's report of #ahed 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 pp4 #bhe1 #bhf74 ,leidy1 in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #i71 in speaking of the occurrence of human remains at ,natchez1 referred to the occurrence of the mastodon at this place4 ,mc,gee1 in #ahia 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 p4 #cii71 in discussing the geological conditions at ,natchez1 stated that several nearly perfect skulls of the mastodon and at least one of the ,american elephant had been discovered at ,natchez4 ,his idea was that some of these remains had been found in the brown loam and some in the gravelly beds well down toward the ,port ,hudson clays4 ,in his discussion of the loess at ,natchez1 ,shimek1 in #aijd 7,bull4 ,labs4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ,univ4 ,iowa1 p4 #cje71 expressed doubt about the occurrence of mastodons and other vertebrates in the loess4 ,in the collection at ,yale ,university is a large lower jaw of ,mammut americanum1 labeled as found at ,natchez4 ,both rami are represented and each has in it the second and third molars4 ,the hindermost molar is but little worn4 ,the second molar is #aae mm4 long and #hg mm4 wide1 the third molar #ahh mm4 long and #ic mm4 wide4 ,the spout at the front of the jaw is cut off square and is rough1 but there are no sockets for tusks4 ,for further consideration of the ,pleistocene geology at ,natchez and a list of the species of vertebrates found there1 the reader is referred to pages #chi to #cic4 #i4 ,pinckneyville1 ,wilkinson ,county4--,on page #bhd of ,wailles's report of #ahed he stated that mastodon bones had been obtained in ,bayou ,sara1 near ,pinckneyville4 #aj4 ,between ,zeiglerville and ,pearce1 ,yazoo ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ajbge7 is a right ramus of the lower jaw of a mastodon1 found on the farm of ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,fisher1 about #h miles northwest of ,vaughan4 ,this jaw was sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,douthat1 secretary of the ,yazoo ,commercial ,club1 of ,yazoo ,city4 ,the specimen had been washed out of its place of burial along a creek4 ,from ,mr4 ,fisher the writer has received the information that the jaw was found along ,teshacah ,creek1 in section #i1 township #ab north1 range #a east4 ,it appears to have been buried at a depth of about #ae feet4 ,the length of the jaw from the rear to the front of the penultimate molar is #fcj mm41 to the front of the beak #hjh mm4 ,a part of the front of the jaw has been broken off during exhumation1 as shown by the photographs4 ,the height at the middle of the length is #aie mm4 ,the coronoid process rises #djj mm4 above the lower border of the jaw4 ,there are present the hindermost and the penultimate molars4 ,the hindermost is #bbj mm4 long and has five crests and a low rough talon4 ,in the front of the jaw is a part of the socket for an incisor tusk which had a diameter of about #dj mm4 ,apparently the jaw is to be referred to ,mammut progenium4 #aa4 ,woodville1 ,wilkinson ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,w4 ,l4 ,ferguson1 of ,woodville1 the writer has received a letter1 with a photograph showing jawbones1 with teeth1 of one or more mastodons found near ,woodville4 ,some fragments of tusks1 a part of a skull1 and some vertebr were also found4 ,the information is sent that these remains were buried under #cj feet of deposit4 ,they were found on the bank of ,dunbar ,creek1 a tributary of ,bayou ,sara1 in township #a1 range #c1 section #bd4 ,on pages #che to #chi will be treated the geology of this region2 but at the present it would be unsafe to refer these mastodons to any particular stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #e4 ,fig4 #bc47 #a4 ,kingsport1 ,sullivan ,county4--,the writer was informed by ,mr4 ,george ,p4 ,torbett1 a newspaper man1 that ,d4 ,m4 ,lafitte1 of ,bristol1 ,tennessee1 had a tooth of a mastodon1 found near ,kingsport4 ,mr4 ,torbett had seen the tooth and recognized its similarity to a mastodon tooth shown him4 #b4 ,st4 ,clair1 ,hawkins ,county4--,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 ,state ,geologist of ,georgia1 waiting in #ahib 7,science1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ccc71 reported that a mastodon tooth had been found somewhere in that county4 ,on making inquiry of ,dr4 ,mc,callie the writer received the information that the tooth was found about #c4e miles nearly due east from ,st4 ,clair and about #g or #h miles south of ,rogersville4 ,the tooth was presented to the ,university of ,tennessee4 #c4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jefferson ,county4--,the writer has received from ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,bayless the information that a mastodon tooth had been found #c miles south of the place named4 ,the more exact locality is given as the farm of ,john ,silver1 #j4ge mile north of ,bays ,mountain4 ,the tooth was discovered under a white oak stump1 at a depth of #f feet4 ,it was #g4e inches long and had #e cross-crests4 #d4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,county4--,the geologist ,g4 ,troost1 writing in #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,pa41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adb71 stated that he had in his cabinet a tooth of a mastodon from the locality named4 #e4 ,neuberts ,springs1 #g miles ,southeast of ,knoxville4--,doctor ,mc,callie1 as cited above1 reported the discovery of four molars of a mastodon in a fair state of preservation at a point #g miles southeast of ,knoxville4 ,they were found beneath #cj inches of a yellow tenacious clay1 in which occurred water-worn stones4 ,in a communication to the writer1 ,dr4 ,mc,callie indicates that the remains had been buried at a time when ,tennessee ,river flowed at a higher level than at present4 #f4 ,eleven miles ,west of ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,nelson1 a member of the ,tennessee ,geological ,survey1 the information has been received that some mastodon remains1 including teeth1 had been found #aa miles west of ,nashville1 just west of ,mill ,creek and about #bjj yards from ,cumberland ,river4 ,the remains occurred in a very tough yellowish clay which occupied a solution channel in the ,carter ,creek limestone4 ,this was at a depth of about #ae feet from the surface4 ,under this number may be recorded the finding of a part of a lower molar of a young mastodon near ,nashville1 sent to the writer for examination by ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,myer1 of ,nashville1 in #aibj4 ,it had been found in the north bank of ,cumberland ,river1 about #cjj yards upstream from ,lock ,a1 in a bed of sand beneath nearly #cj feet of gravel4 ,with it were found a calcaneum of a camel and some fragments of a shell of a turtle4 ,in a thin bed of gravel just below this were discovered a tooth of ,equus leidyi1 a femur of a probably larger horse1 and an antler of a small probably undescribed deer4 ,apparently these fossil-bearing deposits belong somewhere near the ,aftonian interglacial stage4 ,remarks on the geology of this locality will be found on page #cii4 #g4 ,williamson ,county1 #aa miles ,southeast of ,nashville4--,the geologist ,troost 7vol4 cit41 p4 #aci7 recorded the finding of mastodon bones and teeth in the region noted4 ,the locality was said to be about #j4e mile from ,liberty meeting-house4 ,it must be in the extreme northeastern corner of ,williamson ,county4 ,in another spot not far away were found a tusk and a part of a tooth4 #h4 ,fayetteville1 ,lincoln ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,wilbur ,a4 ,nelson1 above mentioned1 the writer learned in #aiac that ,mr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,myer1 of ,carthage1 had dug up1 near ,fayetteville1 about two-thirds of the skeleton of a mastodon4 ,nothing more has been learned about this4 #i4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,county4--,in #ahej 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #eg71 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman reported that teeth of a mastodon had been found somewhere about ,memphis4 ,they were supposed to have been obtained from the diluvium of ,mississippi ,river1 and were found associated with ,castoroides1 ,castor1 and ,megalonyx4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #e47 #a4 ,ludlow1 ,kenton ,county4--,in the ,sunday ,star of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 for ,january #c1 #aiai1 there appeared a reproduction of a photograph of a tusk1 believed to belong to a mastodon1 which had been found at ,ludlow1 opposite the lower end of ,cincinnati4 ,it was unearthed by the steam shovel in the course of excavating for the ,southern ,railroad1 at a depth of #ce feet1 in a gravel bank4 ,it is reported to have a length of #f feet #aj inches and a diameter of #g inches4 ,a part of the distal end is missing4 ,according to the photograph1 the tusk forms somewhat more than half the circumference of a circle whose radius is about #bc4e inches4 ,the curvature and the thickness1 as compared with the length1 appear to indicate that it belonged to a mastodon1 but the identity is not certain4 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,at this place there have been collected an almost incredible number of teeth1 skulls1 and other bones of ,mammut americanum2 and these have been sent to many museums of this country and ,europe4 ,while skulls are said to have been found1 no complete skeletons have ever been collected4 ,in #ahje1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton 7,med4 ,phys4 ,jour4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aed-aei7 wrote of bones he had seen from this place4 ,he quoted from a letter written by ,john ,bartram to ,james ,logan4 ,some ,shawanese ,indians had brought to ,pittsburgh a tooth and a piece of tusk4 ,they described a head as having a long nose and a mouth on the underside4 ,they reported that there were at the ,lick five whole skeletons2 also a shoulder-blade which1 when stood on end1 came to the shoulders of a tall man4 ,what they regarded as the long nose may be interpreted as a tusk4 ,probably some tons of mastodon bones have been collected at this place1 but it is quite certain that nearly the whole of this important material has been lost4 ,further reference to the locality1 its geology1 and the species collected there will be made on pages #dja to #djd1 map #da4 #c4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,from an excavation made at this place by ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter1 in an attempt to restore the springs which supplied the once popular watering-place1 there were taken a large quantity of bones of various animals1 perhaps as much as two farm-wagon loads4 ,the greater number of these bones belonged to the mastodon4 ,portions of skulls were found1 but no complete skull4 ,there were in the collection perhaps #ajj mastodon teeth and many tusks1 but some of these may have belonged to elephants4 ,in some cases the tusks show at the distal end evidences of abrasion by use4 ,several tusks are planed off on opposite sides1 as if they had lain buried in the bottom of a stream1 had been worn down flat by sand and gravel1 and had then been turned over and planed on the other side4 ,in ,mr4 ,hunter's collection1 seen by the writer1 there are small tusks1 probably deciduous upper or lower ones1 which vary from #hg mm4 to #aae mm4 in length4 ,each one is slightly flattened1 and has an outer layer of hard dentine or possibly enamel1 which is smooth4 ,when this has peeled off the underlying dentine is grooved and ridged longitudinally4 ,the transverse diameters vary from #bj to about #bg mm4 ,some of these small tusks are straight1 others are slightly curved4 ,on page #dje will be given a list of the associated animals and remarks on the geology4 #d4 ,harrisonville1 ,harrison ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a lower left penultimate molar of a mastodon said to have been found somewhere near this place4 ,it was presented by ,hon4 ,m4 ,l4 ,ross1 through ,mr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,garner4 ,no details are known4 ,the village mentioned is said to be near ,cynthiana1 but it is not on the maps at hand4 #e4 ,fayette ,county4--,in ,kentucky ,university there is a lower left hindermost molar of a mastodon1 labeled as having been found somewhere in the county4 #f4 ,drennon ,springs1 ,henry ,county4--,in #ahha1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,greene1 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,statist4 and ,geol4 ,indiana1 #ahhj1 p4 #dbh7 stated that the collection of the ,state ,university of ,indiana contains a remarkably fine half of a lower jaw of a mastodon1 found at the place named4 ,nothing more is known about it4 ,in #ahca1 ,c4 ,s4 ,rafinesque 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ced7 wrote that 8,drennon's ,licks had bones and mounds10 indicating that at that early time fossil bones had been found there4 #g4 ,louisville1 ,jefferson ,county4--,in #ahce1 ,dr4 ,richard ,harlan 7,med4 and ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #bef7 referred to statements made to the effect that several mastodon skeletons had been found in digging the canal around the falls of the ,ohio1 at ,louisville4 ,they were taken from the river banks1 at a depth of several feet beneath the present soil4 ,it was added that several pairs of tusks were arranged in a circle within which were remains of a fire and ,indian tools4 ,the authority for this story is hardly what one could desire4 #h4 ,smithland81 ,livingston ,county4--,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia is a part of a lower left hindermost mastodon molar1 labeled as having been found at the mouth of ,cumberland ,river4 ,it is credited to ,dr4 ,p4 ,b4 ,goddard4 ,no details have been preserved4 ,smithland is at the mouth of ,cumberland ,river1 but how far away from this town the tooth was found is not known4 ,,finds ,,of ,,elephas ,,primigenius ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,county4--,in #ahfc 7,canad4 ,naturalist and ,geol41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cii71 ,professor ,alex4 ,winchell wrote that he had a cast of a tooth found at ,toronto1 and thought by him to belong to ,elephas primigenius4 ,the writer saw this cast at ,ann ,arbor1 ,michigan4 ,it is evidently a lower right penultimate molar of the species mentioned4 ,it is to be regretted that more information was not furnished as to the exact locality and the beds2 it would be of interest to know whether it had been found in the interglacial deposits that occur about ,toronto4 #b4 ,amaranth1 ,dufferin ,county4--,in #aijh 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #chg71 ,dr4 ,robert ,bell reported the finding of the greater part of the skeleton of an elephant in a swamp in lot #i1 range #g1 of the township of ,amaranth4 ,the tusk was said to be #ad feet long and #h inches in diameter4 ,the context indicates that the remains were found at a moderate depth in shell marl4 ,in #ahia 7,geol4 ,mag41 dec4 #c1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ejd71 ,professor ,j4 ,hoyes ,panton reported the discovery1 in #ahij1 of bones of a mammoth at this place1 impliedly in a bed of marl4 ,there were #ca ribs1 several vertebr1 a tusk #ab4ff feet long1 with a portion broken off2 also a tooth weighing #af4ge pounds4 ,from ,mr4 ,simon ,jelly1 of ,shelburne1 the writer learns that the bones reported to have been found at ,shelburne are the same as those reported from ,amaranth4 ,they had been exhumed by his brother1 ,john ,jelly1 and were taken to ,owen ,sound and from there exhibited at county fairs for several years4 ,these bones1 or a part of them1 are at present in possession of ,mr4 ,alexander ,duke1 of ,san ,diego1 ,california4 ,a photograph of the tusk shows it has quite the length given for it4 ,it is relatively slender1 the base having a diameter said to be #i4e inches4 ,it is spirally twisted in the distal half4 ,the atlas is present and stated to measure #af by #i inches4 ,there is a small but distinct photograph of a hindermost molar1 apparently an upper one4 ,the tooth is #af inches long1 #g inches high1 and #c inches wide4 ,this is the length from the front of the grinding-surface to the base behind4 ,the plates are not worn to the base in front4 ,there appear to be #bb ridge-plates present1 and #f in a #d-;inch line4 ,the base of the tooth is straight2 the ridge-plates curve forward slightly as they ascend4 ,the hyoid arch is preserved4 ,the writer regards the specimen as being a large individual of ,elephas primigenius4 ,this elephant lived after the ,wisconsin ice-sheet had begun to withdraw4 ,according to ,taylor's map 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,xix71 this region had become cleared of ice while the basin of ,lake ,ontario was still fully occupied by the glacier2 but it is doubtful that the animal could have lived there at that time4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,minoa1 ,onondaga ,county4--,dr4 ,burnett ,smith1 of ,syracuse ,university1 sent the writer photographs of a lower hindermost molar of an elephant which1 associated with a tusk1 was found at this place1 #h miles east of ,syracuse4 ,dr4 ,smith has ascertained that the tooth and the tusk were dug up during the construction of the ,west ,shore ,railroad4 ,the tooth is quite certainly that of ,elephas primigenius4 ,it is worn down to the base in front1 but retains a part of its large posterior root4 #b4 ,williamson1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the collection of ,rochester ,university is a lower left hindermost molar tooth found at this place4 ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild informed the writer that the tooth was found on the ,iroquois beach1 but whether on the northern or southern side is not known4 #c4 ,pittsford1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahdb 7,zool4 ,new ,york ,mamm41 p4 #aja1 plate ,,xxxii1 fig4 #b71 ,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay described1 under the name ,elephas americanus1 a tooth found at ,perinton1 about #aj miles east of ,rochester and near ,irondequoit ,river4 ,a description of the discovery and of the locality had been given in #ahcg 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxii1 p4 #cgg7 by an anonymous writer4 ,two teeth and a tusk had been found in a sandy bank on the stream mentioned while a race was being made for a saw-mill4 ,the tusk1 and probably the teeth also1 lay at a depth of #d feet4 ,the exact locality was described as being #b miles north of the crossing of ,erie ,canal4 ,this is in reality southeast of ,rochester and near ,pittsford4 ,on page #ei is described a tusk of a supposed mastodon found at ,pittsford in #ahcj4 ,de ,kay regarded the animal as belonging to an undescribed species1 but his name ,elephas americanus had been applied to the mastodon by ,cuvier in #agii4 ,on examining ,fairchild's plates showing the recession of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet 7,bull4 #abg1 ,state ,mus4 ,new ,york7 it will be seen that the localities where the three specimens of ,elephas primigenius have been found are close to the south shore of the ancient ,lake ,iroquois4 ,the animals could not1 therefore1 have lived before the ice had nearly or quite withdrawn into the basin of the present ,lake ,ontario4 ,they may have lived long after this1 possibly up to1 or near to1 the beginning of the ,recent4 ,it is to be noted further that the locality of the molar tooth found at ,williamson1 ,wayne ,county1 is closer to the shore of ,iroquois ,lake than is that of any of the mastodons2 so possibly this species existed somewhat longer than did the mastodon4 #d4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,county4--,from the director of the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,history1 ,dr4 ,william ,l4 ,bryant1 the writer has received photographs of a right upper hindermost molar of ,elephas primigenius dredged from near the middle of ,niagara ,river1 opposite ,buffalo4 ,the tooth is #bge mm4 long and #ajj mm4 wide on the worn surface4 ,it is worn to near the base in front1 but probably no plates are wholly lost4 ,there appear to be about #bd present4 ,it appears probable that the tooth had not been carried far after being washed from its resting-place4 ,although it probably belongs to the ,wisconsin stage1 there is a possibility that it was washed out of some older ,pleistocene deposit4 #e4 ,queensbury1 ,warren ,county4--,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,hartnagel1 assistant ,state geologist of ,new ,york1 informed the writer of the discovery1 some #fj years ago1 of a tooth of an elephant near ,queensbury1 situated near the southern end of ,lake ,george4 ,the tooth is labeled as found on the ,john ,harris farm4 ,the nature of the deposit in which it was buried is not known4 ,it was found during the excavation of a cellar1 therefore at no great depth4 ,the tooth is a lower right hindermost molar1 worn on only about #h plates and not to the base in front4 ,about #g plates are missing from the rear4 ,there are present #ag ridge-plates4 ,the length along the base is #bej mm42 originally it must have been close to #cej mm4 ,on a lateral face there are only about #g of the plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,nevertheless1 the writer regards the tooth as belonging to ,e4 primigenius4 ,it is unusually long for the species2 hence the plates are thicker1 quite as thick as some specimens of ,e4 columbi4 ,however1 the enamel1 as shown on the worn face1 is much thinner than that of ,e4 columbi and comparatively little folded4 ,the plates are only moderately concave on the hinder face4 ,the height of the tooth at the ninth plate is #adj mm4 #f4 ,lewiston1 ,niagara ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,hartnagel the writer received information of the finding of a tooth of an elephant at ,lewiston2 and later the tooth was sent for examination4 ,it proved to belong to ,e4 primigenius and to be the upper right hindermost molar4 ,inasmuch as it is worn to the base in front and as the large anterior root is missing1 some plates1 probably at least two1 are missing4 ,there are #bb present4 ,the tooth is worn back to the tenth from the rear4 ,the length1 as the tooth is preserved1 is #bge mm4 ,the height at the tenth plate from the rear is #afj mm41 not including the base of the roots4 ,the greatest thickness is #he mm4 ,on the lateral face are #i plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the base of the tooth is straight2 the hinder border of the crown1 arched4 ,mr4 ,hartnagel stated that besides the tooth some fragments of other teeth and two atlases were found at the same place4 ,evidently more than one animal was present4 ,the remains here described were discovered at least #bj feet below the gravel-bed at that place and #hj feet below the level top of the terrace at points where it was not eroded4 ,the bones and teeth appear to have been scattered through a bed of sediments at least #f feet in thickness4 ,the remains described above were mentioned by ,kindle and ,taylor on page #ac of ,folio #aij of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 but were referred to a mastodon4 ,the writers described the deposit in which the tooth was found4 ,the geological age was believed to be that of the ,iroquois episode of the ,wisconsin4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,in the collection at ,princeton ,university is an upper right last molar of this species recorded as having been found at ,trenton4 ,it was discovered in the bluff of ,delaware ,river1 just outside the fence of the ,riverview cemetery1 about #ab feet from the surface4 ,the tooth was given to ,dr4 ,marcus ,s4 ,farr by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott1 and to him by ,dr4 ,ward1 of ,trenton4 ,dr4 ,abbott was certain that it was found in the ,trenton gravels4 ,further mention will be made of this on page #cjd4 #b4 ,north ,plainfield1 ,union ,county4--,in ,rutgers ,college is a considerably weathered elephant tooth referred to this species4 ,it was found on ,greenbrook road1 #b miles east of ,north ,plainfield4 ,there are about #ab ridge-plates present in the specimen4 ,this locality is on the border of the ,wisconsin drift moraine1 and the elephant tooth was probably buried in outwash from the moraine4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aic7 is a part of an upper molar of ,elephas primigenius sent in #ahhi by ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles1 of ,brookfield4 ,it was found along the north fork of ,cowanesqua ,creek4 ,the hinder #ac plates are present4 ,mr4 ,sayles1 in a letter to the present writer1 stated that originally the tooth had #h more enamel plates4 ,this would seem to indicate that the tooth is the hindermost molar4 ,ten of the plates on the side of the tooth are crossed by a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,the animal probably belonged to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #b4 ,chadd's ,ford1 ,chester or ,delaware ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia1 is a fragment of an elephant tooth labeled as found in kaolin deposits owned by ,w4 ,w4 ,jeffries and ,g4 ,b4 ,dillingham4 ,the specimen was described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad41 #ahge1 p4 #aba74 ,in this fragment are six ridge-plates1 and a line crossing them measures #fj mm4 ,the tooth appears to have belonged to ,elephas primigenius4 ,leidy stated that it had been found lying on the kaolin bed1 #h feet below the surface4 ,in the same collection is a fragment of a tooth to be referred to ,e4 primigenius1 consisting of three plates1 apparently presented by ,i4 ,mc,clure4 ,it is said to have been found in ,chester ,county1 but no more exact locality was named4 #c4 ,harvey's1 ,greene ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,andrew ,j4 ,waychoff1 of ,waynesburg1 the writer has received for examination a lower jaw of a young individual of ,elephas primigenius found near the place named4 ,professor ,edwin ,linton sent the information that it was discovered in the bed of ,gray's ,fork of ,ten mile ,creek1 about #j4be mile west of ,graysville4 ,in the jaw are the second true molars1 right and left1 slightly worn4 ,the length of each is #afe mm41 the width #fb mm4 #d4 ,lone ,pine1 ,washington ,county4--,from ,professor ,edwin ,linton1 of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 the writer received a photograph of an elephant tooth found at ,lone ,pine4 ,this place is located on ,little ,ten mile ,creek1 #g4be miles southeast of ,washington4 ,professor ,linton writes that a #ajj-mm4 line crosses ten of the ridge-plates on the side of the tooth4 ,the photograph shows that there are #bj plates present1 of which #ab are worn more or less4 #e4 ,beaverdam1 ,erie ,county4--,in #ahbh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ca71 ,mr4 ,jeremiah ,van ,rensselaer described a tooth which must have been that of ,elephas primigenius4 ,it had been found near ,lake ,erie1 at a place called ,beaverdam1 near a small rivulet1 and at a height of #fjj feet above the lake4 ,he stated that there were #ac layers of enamel in a line #d4e inches long4 ,the tooth was sent to the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 but was probably destroyed in a fire at the old ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #aa1 #cf47 #a4 ,waverly1 ,pike ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upper molar of an elephant said to have been found in a gravel-pit of the ,norfolk and ,western ,railroad1 at ,waverly4 ,it was sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution in #aijj by ,mr4 ,e4 ,sehon1 who stated that the tooth had been picked up along the railroad mentioned1 about #cj miles south of ,kenova1 ,west ,virginia1 but that the gravel had been loaded on the cars at ,waverly4 ,the tooth is believed to be the hindermost milk molar4 ,there are #aj plates in a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,the ,pleistocene geological conditions at ,waverly may to some extent be learned by consulting ,leverett's paper forming ,monograph ,,xli of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 pages #aja-ajd4 ,there is a possibility that this tooth was buried in gravels older than the last glacial stage4 #b4 ,zanesville1 ,muskingum ,county4--,in #ahec 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #adf-adg7 is found a brief account of the discovery of elephant remains at ,zanesville4 ,one tusk and four molars were found4 ,two of the latter weighed 7probably while wet7 #bj pounds each and two others #ad pounds each4 ,they had been found on the line of what was then called the ,ohio ,central ,railroad and in the eastern part of the city4 ,at about the same time 7,proc4 ,boston ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cgg7 ,warren exhibited a tooth of an elephant1 one of three received by him from ,zanesville 7misprinted ,lanesville74 ,in the second edition of his monograph on 8,mastodon giganteus0 ,warren figured one of these teeth 7his plate ,,xxviii74 ,it was stated that he had four of the teeth1 all belonging to ,elephas primigenius4 ,these are now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the right upper hindermost molar is a fine large tooth4 ,the large front root is missing1 as are quite certainly about #c plates4 ,there are now #bh present4 ,the length along the nearly straight base is #cce mm4 ,the rear is high and arched4 ,there are #i plates in a #ajj-mm4 line and the enamel is little festooned4 ,foster1 in #aheg 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ajth meeting1 p4 #aef71 described the discovery and exhumation of these remains1 publishing a geological section illustrated by a figure4 ,the elephant bed is #cg feet above the river and over #bj feet from the surface4 ,in the collection of the ,state ,university at ,columbus 7,no4 #ebif7 is a fine upper hindermost molar of ,elephas primigenius credited to ,t4 ,w4 ,lewis and said to have been found at ,zanesville4 ,there are nine or ten plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,zanesville is situated in the unglaciated part of the ,state2 but outwash from both the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin glaciers has been deposited along the river4 ,for a knowledge of the ,pleistocene epoch in that region1 ,leverett's work may be consulted 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 p4 #aeh1 plate ,,ii74 #c4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,muskingum ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #cjh7 is a tooth1 apparently the first true molar1 of ,elephas primigenius labeled as having been found on ,salt ,creek1 in the county named4 ,salt ,creek is situated in the eastern part of the county1 flows southward1 and empties into ,muskingum ,river at ,duncan ,falls4 ,this tooth is probably the one mentioned by ,j4 ,w4 ,foster in #aheg 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ajth meeting1 #ahef1 p4 #aeh7 as having been found near the mouth of ,salt ,creek and then owned by ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,ross4 #d4 ,millport1 ,columbiana ,county4--,from ,professor ,edwin ,linton1 of ,washington and ,jefferson ,college1 ,washington1 ,pennsylvania1 the writer received a letter stating that there is in that institution a tooth of an elephant found in section #g of ,franklin ,township 7#ag north1 range #c west71 apparently about #b miles northeast of ,millport and on or near the stream ,nancy ,run4 ,the locality is outside of the glaciated area4 ,probably the animal had lived during the ,wisconsin stage1 but there is a chance that it belonged to an earlier time4 #e4 ,mount ,healthy1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in #aiad1 the writer received the photograph of a skull of ,elephas primigenius which was found some years before at ,mount ,healthy4 ,professor ,n4 ,m4 ,fenneman informed the writer that it was discovered on the farm of ,barney ,miller1 in the bank of ,whisky ,run4 ,professor ,c4 ,a4 ,hunt1 of ,mount ,healthy1 has sent the information that it was found in the bed of ,taylor ,creek1 a branch of ,west ,fork of ,mill ,creek1 in the northeast quarter of section #bh1 township #c1 range #a1 of the ,miami purchase4 ,taylor ,creek is probably another name for ,whisky ,run4 ,the skull was met with in deep alluvial sediment4 ,at the time of ,professor ,hunt's writing it was in the possession of ,mr4 ,jacob ,kismer1 ,north ,side1 ,cincinnati4 ,in #aibj it was purchased for the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ajbfa74 ,the front of the skull is preserved from the vertex to the front of the premaxilla4 ,a part of one tusk1 about #d inches in diameter1 is present4 ,an upper molar was detached and later lost or otherwise disposed of4 ,the one present has #aj ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #bhc71 in speaking of drift deposits in ,mill ,creek ,valley1 stated that the greater part of the drift is ,illinoian4 ,professor ,fenneman 7,bull4 #ai1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 p4 #aeh7 refers the deposit to the ,wisconsin stage4 #ae4 ,butler ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia is an elephant tooth which is accredited to ,w4 ,s4 ,vaux and labeled as having been found in ,butler ,county4 ,the tooth has now a length of #bcj mm41 but is worn down to the base in front and the large anterior root is missing4 ,the width is #aje mm4 ,it appears to be a large hindermost upper molar of ,e4 primigenius4 ,nothing more definite is known about the locality4 ,the whole country is covered with ,wisconsin drift4 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgomery ,county4--,in the collection of the ,society of ,archology and ,history at the ,university of ,ohio is a tooth of ,elephas primigenius which1 as reported by ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 was found near the middle of the eastern boundary of ,montgomery ,county4 ,this would not be far from ,dayton4 ,the locality is within the area covered by ,wisconsin drift and the animal lived probably not far away from the foot of the retiring glacier4 #g4 ,selma1 ,clark ,county4--,in ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 are two upper last molars1 right and left1 said to have been collected at ,selma4 ,there are nine ridge-plates in a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,nothing is known regarding the geological conditions connected with the discovery1 except that the locality is within the ,wisconsin area4 #h4 ,versailles1 ,darke ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upper hindermost molar of ,elephas primigenius 7,no4 #dgfa71 recorded as found in ,wayne ,township1 on the farm of ,foster ,compton1 in the northeast corner of the township4 ,this would be probably about #d miles north of east of ,versailles4 ,the country is level and was doubtless originally swampy4 ,this tooth is apparently the one mentioned by ,a4 ,c4 ,lindemuth in #ahgh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #eji74 ,he stated that it had been picked up in the creek bottom just north of ,versailles4 ,under this number may be recorded a tooth of ,e4 primigenius found many years ago by ,george ,h4 ,teaford1 about #b miles southeast of ,palestine1 in ,darke ,county1 and now in the collection in the public library at ,greenville4 ,it is a lower left hindermost molar4 ,there are #bj plates present and evidently a few are missing from the front4 #i4 ,jersey1 ,licking ,county4--,in the collection of the ,ohio ,state ,university1 ,columbus1 are two large teeth of ,elephas primigenius labeled as sent from this place and credited to ,d4 ,d4 ,condit4 ,the length along the base of one of the teeth is #bhf mm4 ,there are nine plates in a #ajj-mm4 line and the enamel is unusually thin4 ,this locality is on the western border of the ,wisconsin terminal moraine and the animal belongs therefore to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #aj4 ,chicago1 ,huron ,county4--,in the collection of the ,society of ,archology and ,history1 at the ,university of ,ohio1 the writer has seen a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 labeled as having been found at this place1 which is located on or close to the ,defiance moraine4 #aa4 ,kamms1 ,cuyahoga ,county4--,about ,may #a1 #aiaa1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,glenn1 of ,kamms1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a photograph of a tooth which the present writer identified as belonging to ,elephas primigenius4 ,this town is about #d miles from the shore of ,lake ,erie4 #ab4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,county4--,in the collection of ,adelbert ,college1 ,cleveland1 is a lower jaw of ,elephas primigenius which was obtained here4 ,professor ,h4 ,p4 ,cushing has furnished the writer photographs of this jaw1 which belonged to a young animal1 inasmuch as the hindermost milk molar had not wholly appeared above the bone4 ,of this tooth1 six ridge-plates were crossed by a line #ej mm4 in length4 ,this jaw was found in #aiji1 in making a sewer1 in hitherto undisturbed materials1 #bb feet from the surface4 ,in the section at that point is found #bb feet of sand resting on till1 the latter being the upper part of the glacial filling of the preglacial ,cuyahoga ,valley1 #cjj feet down to the rock4 ,the jaw was at the base of the sands4 ,professor ,cushing regarded the jaw as older than old ,lake ,warren and presumably as belonging to the time of ,lake ,whittlesey4 #ac4 ,new ,berlin1 ,stark ,county4--,at ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer has seen a well-preserved specimen of an upper second true molar of ,elephas primigenius found near ,new ,berlin4 ,there were counted #af ridge-plates1 of which #aa are in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,from ,rev4 ,j4 ,p4 ,stahl1 ,alliance1 ,ohio1 the writer has learned that this tooth was found about a mile south of ,new ,berlin1 in a small gravel hill along the ,canton and ,new ,berlin highway4 ,the gravel was being removed to make a road-bed4 ,new ,berlin is on the ,grand ,river moraine and the elephant belongs therefore to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #ad4 ,amboy1 ,ashtabula ,county4--,in the ,buffalo1 ,new ,york1 ,natural ,history ,society1 the writer examined a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 discovered at this place4 ,it is the front half of the right upper hindermost molar4 ,there are nine ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,at the same place1 and probably under the same geological conditions1 were found teeth of ,elephas columbi4 ,these conditions will be described on page #cbi4 #ae4 ,see page #ace4 ,,michigan4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,three ,oaks1 ,berrien ,county4--,mr4 ,c4 ,k4 ,warren1 of ,three ,oaks1 has in his possession the upper and lower last molars1 right and left1 of an elephant which appears to have been found somewhere in the neighborhood of ,three ,oaks4 ,these are large teeth and seem to the writer to belong to ,e4 primigenius4 ,the left upper tooth is #cjj mm4 long and #ajj mm4 wide4 ,there are #bb plates4 ,the tooth is worn back to the fourteenth plate1 #agj mm4 high4 ,there are only seven plates in a #ajj-mm4 line1 but it must be taken into account that the tooth is a large one for the species4 ,the plates are parallel with one another and the base of the tooth is straight4 ,the enamel is thin4 ,one of the lower teeth has a length of #cdb mm4 ,the height at the first unworn plate1 about the fourteenth1 is #ace mm4 ,on the outer face there are six plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,not knowing exactly where these teeth were found or at what depth1 not much can be said regarding them4 ,however1 the region about ,three ,oaks is occupied by ,wisconsin drift and the animal quite certainly lived during the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 ,as shown by the map of mastodons in ,michigan 7map #h71 at least three specimens of the ,american mastodon have been found in this county4 ,it is extremely probable that the two species lived together4 #b4 ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,county4--,in the ,michigan ,agricultural ,school1 at ,east ,lansing1 is a lower jaw 7,no4 #hbfj7 of ,elephas primigenius1 found at ,eaton ,rapids1 on the ,grand ,river4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aije1 p4 #eec7 says that it was found #b miles below the town4 ,it was found in #aijd by ,charles ,h4 ,fry4 ,the jaw contains a tooth on each side1 and in front of each is a socket for a missing tooth4 ,behind the tooth is a cavity in the jaw for a succeeding tooth4 ,the one present is taken to be the first true molar4 ,there are present #ac1 possibly #ad1 plates4 ,the length of the tooth is #abc mm41 its width #ea mm4 ,the enamel is thin and little crinkled4 ,the jaw is #ajj mm4 high at the rear of the tooth present4 ,eaton ,rapids is situated on the ,grand ,river1 where the latter breaks through the ,charlotte morainic system4 ,in this county there have been found two mastodons1 one about ,belleview1 the other in the vicinity of ,olivet4 ,,indiana4 7,map #aa47 ,,in ,,area ,,covered ,,by ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #a4 ,otter ,creek ,township1 ,vigo ,county4--,in ,ward's ,natural ,history ,establishment1 ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 the writer saw a pair of upper second molars which1 in #ahhe1 were found in ,otter ,creek ,township4 ,they were dug up on the farm of ,w4 ,h4 ,stewart1 while making a ditch in low ground4 ,from information received from ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,humphrey1 ,north ,terre ,haute1 it appears that the locality is not far from the common meeting-point of sections #h1 #i1 #af1 #ag of township #ac north1 range #h west4 ,the complete tooth1 the one of the left side1 had #bb plates and a front and a rear talon4 ,the length was #bdh mm41 the width #if mm4 ,there were #aj plates in a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,this thinness of the plates is evidence as to the specific identity of the animal4 #b4 ,madison1 ,jefferson ,county4--,the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 at ,philadelphia1 contains a large lower last molar of the right side1 presented by ,dr4 ,hallowell in #ahdj1 and labeled as coming from ,madison4 ,the length is #bde mm41 and there are #i plates in #ajj mm4 ,this tooth was mentioned by ,dr4 ,leidy in #ahfi4 ,from the information furnished one can conclude only that ,elephas primigenius once lived in southern ,indiana4 #c4 ,vevay1 ,switzerland ,county4--,professor ,e4 ,danglade1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,fish ,commission1 presented the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a tooth 7,no4 #giac71 apparently a second true molar1 possibly the first1 of ,e4 primigenius4 ,there are #aj plates present4 ,the tooth was found on the shore of ,ohio ,river about #a4e miles below ,vevay1 having been washed out of a gravel bank1 and is much weathered4 ,no exact conclusions about the age of the tooth can be drawn from the known facts4 ,,in ,,area ,,between ,,the ,,shelbyville ,,and ,,the ,,bloomington ,,moraines4 #aj4 ,webster1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the collection of ,earlham ,college are #b elephant teeth1 credited to ,jehiel ,bond and found on ,nolands ,fork1 near ,webster1 ,wayne ,county4 ,one is the second molar of the right side of the upper jaw and is much worn2 the other is the third upper molar of apparently the same side and is but little worn4 ,these teeth were mentioned by the author in his report on the 8,pleistocene ,vertebrata of ,indiana0 7#cc;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gej71 but he had not then determined to what species they belonged4 ,a renewed study shows that they certainly belong to ,elephas primigenius4 ,with these teeth is a tusk which measures #a1hjj mm4 along the convex curve4 ,webster is situated south of the ,bloomington moraine1 in a tract of country indicated by ,leverett as covered by undulating drift1 in part morainic4 ,the greater part of this political township1 made up apparently of parts of townships numbered #ac north and ranges #h and #i west1 is occupied by outwash deposits laid down by the ,wabash ,river and brought from further north during the ,wisconsin stage2 but at present1 at least1 it is impossible to assign the animal to any particular division of that stage4 ,,in ,,area ,,north ,,of ,,bloomington ,,moraine ,,and ,,south ,,of ,,the ,,mississinawa ,,moraine ,,and ,,the ,,wabash ,,river4 #d4 ,windsor1 ,randolph ,county4--,in the collection at ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 is a part of a tooth referred to this species4 ,it is either the last milk molar or the first true molar of the right side of the lower jaw4 ,there are present eleven plates and one or more is missing from the rear4 ,the length along the base is #ajj mm41 the width is #ee mm4 ,there are six plates in a line #ej mm4 long4 ,this tooth was found ,august #bj1 #ahic1 in the bed of ,stony ,creek1 near ,windsor4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of ,indiana1 this is just south of the ,union ,city moraine near its junction with the ,bloomington moraine4 ,by what is known of the habits of this species it may have lived even when the glacial sheet was forming the ,union ,city moraine4 #e4 ,winchester1 ,randolph ,county4--,in the collection of ,earlham ,college is a lower molar of the right side1 apparently the first1 labeled as found at ,winchester4 ,no details are furnished4 ,winchester lies on the border of the ,union ,city moraine and all the country about is occupied by ,wisconsin drift4 ,it is quite certain1 therefore1 that this mammoth lived at some time between the formation of the moraine mentioned and the end of the ,pleistocene epoch4 #f4 ,fairmount1 ,grant ,county4--,here was found1 in #aijd1 the nearly complete skeleton of the mammoth mounted in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york ,city4 ,it has been described and figured by the writer 7#cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gah1 figs4 #fc1 #fd2 ,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #cif1 fig4 #acc74 ,it was found on the farm of ,mrs4 ,dora ,c4 ,gift1 about #d miles east of ,fairmount4 ,the location is in the southeast quarter of section #bc1 township #bc north1 range #h east4 ,this information has been furnished by ,mr4 ,george ,swisher1 surveyor of ,grant ,county4 ,this whole region is mapped by ,leverett as being occupied by ground moraine of till plains1 and the animal must have lived after the ,wisconsin ice cleared away4 ,a tract more or less morainic1 an extension of the ,union ,city moraine1 is indicated by ,leverett on his latest map as passing further south than ,fairmount4 ,at the earliest it must have been after the withdrawal of the ice from the ,union ,city moraine that the animal lived4 ,considering the character of the surrounding country1 the nature of the deposit inclosing the skeleton1 and the depth at which it was buried1 it might be supposed that it was not long after the formation of the ,union ,city moraine that this elephant existed4 #i4 ,north ,liberty1 ,st4 ,joseph ,county4--,from ,professor ,a4 ,m4 ,kirsch1 of ,notre ,dame ,university1 the writer received a photograph of an upper molar of ,elephas primigenius found at ,new ,liberty about #aije4 ,this tooth is worn to the base in front and to the fourth plate from the rear4 ,evidently several plates are gone from the front4 ,apparently #ah remain4 ,the extreme length is #bae mm4 ,the edges of the plates1 as seen on the side of the tooth present a sigmoid curve4 ,the enamel was evidently thin4 ,,in ,,area ,,north ,,of ,,kankakee ,,river4 #h4 ,crown ,point1 ,lake ,county4--,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,stose1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 informed the writer that about #ahhh he helped in exhuming some bones of an elephant near ,crown ,point1 discovered in the construction of a large ditch in township #cd north1 range #h west4 ,the bones lay in a swamp clay at a depth of #h to #aj feet4 ,a part of a tusk1 one tooth1 and one large bone were put in ,guenther's ,museum1 ,chicago4 ,another tooth 7,m#c7 owned by ,mr4 ,stose 7,no4 #hjfg7 was presented to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum in #aiad4 ,it is worn to the base in front2 #bb plates remain4 ,the length of the tooth is #bhe mm41 and the width #ajj mm4 ,there are #h plates in a #ajj mm4 line4 ,the enamel is thin and little folded4 ,,in ,,area ,,between ,,the ,,wabash ,,and ,,kankakee ,,rivers4 #g4 ,near ,francisville1 ,pulaski ,county4--,the writer has received from ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,pattison1 of ,winamac1 ,indiana1 two photographs of a tooth of an elephant which quite certainly belonged to ,elephas primigenius4 ,the locality is in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section #bj1 township #cj north1 range #d west4 ,according to ,leverett's map1 this is in a tract covered by ,wisconsin ground moraine and but little above the level of the ,kankakee marshes1 the #gjj-;foot contour-line being not far away4 ,just west of the place is a part of the ,marseilles moraine4 ,the spot must be very near ,metamonong ,creek4 #aa4 ,rochester1 ,fulton ,county4--,the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 has a well-preserved skull of ,elephas primigenius which had been exhumed in the vicinity of ,rochester4 ,the exact locality is not known to the writer4 ,the specimen is supposed to have been a female4 ,the tusks are slender and only #gjj mm4 long4 ,the hindermost upper molar is present4 ,it is #bde mm4 long and #ge mm4 wide4 ,there are #aj plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,there appear to be #be or #bf plates present4 ,the second molar was still in use and about #acj mm4 long4 ,this was a large elephant1 the measurements falling only slightly below the specimen in that museum which was obtained near ,fairmount1 ,grant ,county4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #aa1 #ch47 #a4 ,cairo1 ,alexander ,county4--,the collection of the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,history contains a tooth of an elephant1 an upper left second true molar1 apparently belonging to ,elephas primigenius4 ,it is reported to have been found at ,cairo1 at a depth of #ie feet below the bed of ,ohio ,river4 ,it was probably discovered in preparing the foundations of a railroad bridge4 ,it has #ae ridge-plates1 besides the front and rear talons4 ,the length of the base1 in a straight line1 is #aef mm4 ,there are #aj plates in a line #ajj mm4 long1 a number too great for ,e4 columbi4 ,the tooth is unworn4 ,it has suffered no injury1 as from being rolled along the river bed2 hence the animal probably died near where the tooth was found4 ,it is impossible to assign the tooth with certainty to any particular stage of ,pleistocene times4 ,it seems most probable that the animal lived at the time the ,illinoian ice-sheet was only a few miles away2 the depth at which it was buried in the filling of the river channel appears to lend confirmation to this view4 #b4 ,ashland1 ,cass ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #baie7 are some remains of an elephant1 referred to ,elephas primigenius1 found at ,ashland in the spring of #aija4 ,the remains consist of pieces of one tusk1 the symphysis of the lower jaw1 the right and left upper hindermost molars1 the right lower last molar1 a fragment of the rear of a much-worn upper second molar1 and another of a correspondingly worn lower second molar4 ,they were found in tilling a farm near ,ashland by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,arnold1 of ,jacksonville1 ,illinois4 ,the upper teeth resemble greatly those figured by the writer in his report on the ,pleistocene ,mammalia of ,iowa 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,lix72 but the teeth from ,ashland are more worn than those found in ,milwaukee4 ,the last molars from ,ashland are worn back to about the eleventh ridge-plate1 and the second molar is worn so that only its rear portion remained4 ,the length of the upper molars is about #bge mm4 ,the height of the eleventh plate is #ahe mm42 the breadth of the grinding-surface is #ij mm4 ,one or two of the hinder plates are missing1 but evidently there were at least #bd4 ,there are #i or #aj ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line on the worn surface2 farther towards the base #h plates in the same space4 ,the ridge-plates are little bent2 the enamel is thin and little sinuous in its way across the worn surface of the tooth4 ,the lower last molar is #cae mm4 long1 #aeb mm4 high1 and #he mm4 wide4 ,it is thus longer than the upper molars1 slightly narrower1 and not so high4 ,a fragment of the hinder end of what appears to be the lower left second molar shows #g ridge-plates remaining4 ,these form two series1 an inner and an outer1 entirely separate from each other4 ,this condition is sometimes seen in little-worn teeth4 ,the geology of this region may be studied on the ,tallula-,springfield ,folio1 ,no4 #ahh of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,the ,tallula ,quadrangle includes a narrow strip of the eastern border of ,cass ,county4 ,here the surface forms a nearly level prairie4 ,according to the geologists ,shaw and ,savage1 the surface in the region next to ,cass ,county and much of the rest of the quadrangle is covered by a blanket of loess4 ,its thickness varies from #d to #bj feet2 under this1 sometimes1 in wells1 is to be found a dark-colored ill-smelling deposit1 of no great thickness1 which is believed to represent the ,sangamon stage4 ,underlying the loess everywhere is the ,illinoian drift4 ,as regards the geological age of the elephant described above1 it is quite certain that it lived after the ,illinoian stage4 ,it is quite probable1 too1 that its teeth and bones were found in the loess which overlies the ,sangamon soil in some places in the quadrangle4 ,this loess may have accumulated during the ,iowan glacial stage or during the succeeding ,peorian interglacial4 ,considering what we know about the habits of ,elephas primigenius1 it appears most probable that the animal in question passed its life during some part of the ,iowan4 #c4 ,kewanee1 ,henry ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,illinois1 at ,champaign1 is a fragment of an upper molar of ,elephas primigenius1 found at ,kewanee4 ,it was discovered in #aiaj1 in making an excavation for the ,national ,tube ,company1 and was presented to the university by ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,kemp1 at that time engineer in charge of the work of excavation4 ,this gentleman has furnished very exact information regarding the discovery of the tooth and the nature of the deposits passed through4 ,mr4 ,kemp himself saw the tooth taken out and states that it was found at a depth of about #ab feet4 ,as to the materials passed through1 ,mr4 ,kemp writes3 8,after the first #b feet of soil carrying organic matter we have #e feet of yellow clay above the ground-water level1 and below this approximately #c feet of yellow clay which becomes very soft unless carefully drained before working4 ,this yellow clay then merges into bluish clay1 hard and better packed1 going to a depth of approximately #bj to #ba feet4 ,at this level we meet with that black soil which is known locally as #8the chip yard' and which contains vegetation and pieces of wood1 as you describe4 ,this #8chip yard' is a softer stratum than the overlying blue clay and caused difficulty in the excavation of a hole approximately #bj feet by #cj feet and #bj feet deep1 as the vibration of the reciprocating engines in the building caused the bottom to rise in little hillocks over night1 and the last #b feet of excavation had to be dug out and #bd inches of concrete placed in the bottom1 in order to preserve the excavation40 ,at ,galva1 #aj miles southwest of ,kewanee1 in cuttings along the railroad1 is found a section which illustrates the geological situation at ,kewanee 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abf1 plate ,x74 ,there is at the top #d feet of loess1 #a foot of ,sangamon soil1 #d feet of ,illinoian drift2 in another section nearby there are #ab feet of loess1 #b feet of ,sangamon soil1 and #dj feet of ,illinoian drift4 ,another section at ,galva is described by ,leverett 7op4 cit41 p4 #acj74 ,the loess is #ae feet thick1 beneath which is a mucky soil about #a foot in depth1 which caps the ,illinoian till sheet4 ,in this soil a log about a foot in diameter and several feet long was found embedded4 ,alden and ,leighton 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 p4 #agj7 mention this occurrence4 ,from these examples it becomes evident that the 8chip bed0 at ,kewanee is a ,sangamon soil overlain by loess4 ,the elephant tooth at a depth of #ab feet must have been buried in the blue clay4 ,this1 however1 is probably the unweathered part of the loess4 ,if so1 the mammoth tooth found at ,kewanee is to be referred to the early ,peorian stage4 #d4 ,penny's ,slough1 ,henry ,county4--,in the collection of the ,davenport ,academy of ,science is a large upper left hindermost molar tooth1 labeled as having been found in ,penny's ,slough4 ,it is very large1 the length along the base being #ceg mm4 7about #ad inches71 and the height of the eighteenth plate is #age mm4 ,there is an unusual number of the plates1 apparently #bg4 ,there are #g plates in a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,the tooth is moderately worn4 ,there are #b large roots in front and #b rows of smaller ones behind these4 ,the base is straight and the plates little warped4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,martin1 of ,geneseo1 ,illinois1 county surveyor of ,henry ,county1 has informed the writer that ,penny's ,slough is located in sections #ag1 #ah1 #ai1 and #bj of township #ah north1 range #c east1 in the northern part of the county and on ,rock ,river4 ,on ,leverett's glacial map of this region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 the area is indicated as being occupied by sand and gravel plains and terraces of ,wisconsin age4 ,it seems most probable that this elephant lived when the ,wisconsin glacier was not far away4 ,however1 there is a variety of ,pleistocene formations in that region and the elephant in question may belong to the ,iowan or to the ,illinoian glacial stage4 #e4 ,kendall ,county4--,in the collection of the ,national ,museum is a plaster cast made from a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 found somewhere in ,kendall ,county1 but the present location of the original tooth is not known4 ,it had a length of #bhj mm4 along the base4 ,there appears to have been #bj plates1 #h in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the tooth seems to have resembled greatly one of ,e4 primigenius which was brought from ,alaska4 ,kendall ,county is mostly occupied by moraines formed during the ,wisconsin stage of the ,pleistocene1 especially moraines which were built up just before the retirement of the ice into the basin of ,lake ,michigan4 ,probably the elephant which possessed the tooth lived during the latter part of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,milwaukee4--,in the ,public ,museum of ,milwaukee are considerable parts of a mammoth skeleton 7,no4 #ecea7 found within the limits of the city4 ,these were secured in ,may #ahih1 in excavating for a sewer along ,cold ,spring avenue and between ,twenty-ninth and ,thirtieth streets4 ,on learning of the discovery1 ,mr4 ,george ,b4 ,turner1 then taxidermist of the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 afterwards chief taxidermist in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 took charge of the excavations for the skeleton4 ,he furnished the writer with an account of his work1 giving a list of the bones1 a plan of the area excavated1 and a section of the deposits passed through4 ,a description of the remains is given below3 ,feet4 ,inches4 ,filled-in materials #d #j ,clay and peat1 mixed #a #j ,peat #a #c ,peat and clay1 mixed #a #j ,peat1 clay1 and shells #a #j ,clear blue clay with the elephant bones at the bottom #d #f ,gravel and cobblestones undetermined4 ,as indicated in ,turner's sketch1 the surface of the gravel and stones sloped downward toward the north4 ,it will be seen that the bones were buried about #i or #aj feet below the natural surface of the ground4 ,the head of the elephant was directed toward the east1 the hinder end toward the west4 ,the parts found were within a distance of #aj feet from east to west4 ,later the excavations on each side of the sewer were extended eastward1 as shown on the plan1 in an effort to find the skull1 but without success1 and iron rods #aj feet long1 in two sections1 were driven their full length horizontally everywhere around the excavation in the hope of recovering the skull4 ,for some time after the finding of these bones the theory prevailed that they had belonged to an elephant of one of the circuses which had made use of the ground near there4 ,the fact that the lower jaw was found1 but not the upper jaw and the brain-case1 and only a part of the vertebr and a part of the foot-bones1 is sufficient to dispose of this theory4 ,also1 some of the bones lack the epiphyses4 ,besides this1 the elephant was neither the ,african nor the ,asiatic species4 ,it is evident that the animal after dying had lain on the surface for some time1 so that the bones were somewhat scattered1 perhaps by wolves or waves1 and some were injured by exposure to the weather4 ,the following is a list of the bones found3 ,lower jaw1 #e cervicals1 #i presacrals1 #ca ribs1 both scapul1 both humeri1 both uln1 both radii1 #i wristbones1 #ad metacarpals and phalanges1 #a femur and a fragment of the other1 #b tibi1 #b fibul1 #ag metatarsals and phalanges4 ,it is evident that this elephant lived and died after the ,lake ,michigan ice-lobe had withdrawn from that vicinity4 ,it may1 however1 not have been long after that withdrawal2 for it is probable that the muddy waters from the foot of that glacial lobe furnished the blue clay which enveloped the bones4 ,later peat and muck and mixtures of these with clay accumulated over the blue clay4 ,the place is within the area of what ,alden has mapped as ground moraine of ,lake ,michigan glacier4 ,the occurrence of peat and shells seems to show that there was a pond in which the elephant had been buried and afterwards covered with clay and peat4 ,under this number must be included the fine palate and teeth found in excavating for a sewer on the ,south ,side1 at ,milwaukee4 ,the record as to exact location1 depth1 and kind of materials overlying it is missing4 ,a description of it1 with illustrations1 was published by the present writer in #aiab 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #dji1 plate ,,lix74 ,this individual probably had a history not greatly different from that of the ,cold ,spring ,avenue elephant4 ,,maryland4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,county4--,in #ahfi1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh7 stated he had seen in the collection of the ,baltimore ,academy of ,natural ,sciences two molars1 the tusk1 maxillary and premaxillary bones1 and parts of frontals1 with fragments of other bones1 which he referred to ,elephas americanus ,leidy4 ,these1 it is supposed1 were remains of ,e4 primigenius4 ,lucas 7,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pliocene and ,pleistocene1 #aijf1 p4 #afd7 refers to these remains and identifies them as certainly those of ,e4 primigenius4 ,he found a smaller tooth of this species which had come from ,oxford ,neck4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #bee7 speaks of the teeth1 tusks1 and the other parts mentioned above4 ,,virginia4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,in #aiad1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,mount1 of the ,mathieson ,alkali ,works1 of ,saltville1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum some remains of an elephant1 identified as ,elephas primigenius4 ,these were found about #ahif in making an excavation for the water reservoir4 ,the most important parts sent are teeth1 whole or fragmentary1 and appear to represent three or four individuals4 ,among the teeth is a complete but considerably worn upper left hindermost molar and an unworn upper second true molar4 ,the former indicates the presence of #bc ridge-plates2 the latter #af of them4 ,remarks on this discovery and a list of all the species secured will be found on page #ceb4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #aa1 #ci47 #a4 ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 ,carteret ,county4--,in the collection of the ,state ,museum1 at ,raleigh1 the writer has seen an upper hindermost molar 7,a4 ,n4 #acbf7 which certainly belongs to this species and which is said to have been dredged up in ,core ,creek4 ,the creek forms a part of the ,inland ,waterway which joins ,neuse ,river with the harbor at ,beaufort4 ,the molar was presented to the ,state collection by ,mr4 ,h4 ,t4 ,paterson1 ,u4 ,s4 assistant engineer1 now of ,newbern1 ,north ,carolina4 ,from the director of the museum1 ,professor ,h4 ,h4 ,brimley1 the writer has received photographs of this fine tooth4 ,in the same canal was found a jaw of a mastodon which is mentioned on page #aag4 ,from ,mr4 ,paterson the writer has received the important information that the tooth was found in ,core ,creek about #h4e miles from ,beaufort1 in #aiji1 while dredging a sedimentary deposit varying from #f to #h feet in depth1 containing numerous cypress stumps and roots and underlain by a deposit of sand mixed with shells and other fossils4 ,into this the dredge went from #f to #h feet4 ,the tooth is worn to the base in front and a very few plates are probably missing4 ,nevertheless1 there are still #bb or #bc remaining4 ,the base of the tooth is nearly straight and the ridge-plates are but little curved4 ,the length of the base is #bcb mm4 ,measured along the side of the tooth are #aa ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the enamel is unusually thin1 being about #a4c mm4 in thickness1 and but little undulating across the grinding-surface4 ,it is believed that the deposit containing this elephant tooth and the cypress stumps belongs to the first interglacial1 while the underlying sands containing marine fossils belong to the ,nebraskan glacial stage4 ,,florida4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,county4--,mr4 ,charles ,t4 ,earle1 an enthusiastic collector living at this place1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum in #aiba various lots of vertebrate fossils which had been washed up on the beach at ,palma ,sola4 ,among the fossils belonging to the ,pleistocene is a tooth1 a right lower second milk molar1 which must apparently be referred to ,elephas primigenius4 ,it is much worn1 the plates present rising above the base only about #aj mm4 ,the anterior root and the posterior had been considerably absorbed4 ,only #d ridge-plates remain2 evidently at least #a had wholly disappeared from the front1 and #b1 possibly #c1 from the rear4 ,the original length of the tooth can not be determined4 ,the width is #cj mm4 ,the #d enamel plates present1 together with the portion of cement belonging to each1 occupy a length of #cj mm4 ,the enamel is thin4 ,it would be more surprising to find this species in ,florida had it not already been discovered in ,north ,carolina and at two places in ,texas1 ,temple and near ,san ,antonio4 ,one can not state with certainty the stage of the ,pleistocene during which this individual lived1 but the writer believes that it was during an early stage1 perhaps the first interglacial4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #aa4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in a collection of fossil vertebrates sent many years ago to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum and described by the writer in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #he7 is a fragment consisting of two plates from the rear of a penultimate milk molar1 probably of the lower jaw4 ,this is referred to ,elephas primigenius4 ,of page #cie will be found a list of the accompanying species4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #aa47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia is a fine upper left hindermost molar1 sent from the place named4 ,there are present #bc or #bd plates4 ,it is worn back to the apex of the eighteenth plate4 ,the length along the base in a straight line is #bec mm42 there are therefore about #i plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,some other teeth from the same place1 now in the collection1 were regarded as belonging to the same species4 ,in ,william ,cooper's account of collections made at ,bigbone ,lick 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afh-aga7 he showed that great numbers of teeth as well as bones of elephants had been collected at various times at this locality4 ,he refers all to ,elephas primigenius1 but certainly many of them must have belonged to the species now known as ,e4 columbi4 ,cooper mentions the discovery of a fine and nearly entire skull of an elephant1 #d feet long1 having all of the teeth and one tusk in it4 ,in the nearly #ajj years that have elapsed this specimen has probably suffered destruction4 ,,finds ,,of ,,elephas ,,columbi ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,st4 ,catharines1 ,lincoln ,county4--,in #ahih 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acg71 ,mr4 ,l4 ,m4 ,lambe stated that there was in the collection of the ,geological ,survey of ,canada from this place a molar of a mammoth1 purchased in #ahhg by ,mr4 ,whiteaves4 ,it had been found while excavating under the opera house for a sewer1 on ,queen ,street4 ,in the collection of the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,history the writer has seen a cast of a lower right hindermost molar1 the original of which is said to have been found at ,st4 ,catharines4 ,it was probably made from the tooth now in the collection at ,ottawa4 ,there are #bb plates2 probably one or two may be missing from the front1 and the wear extends over only #f plates4 ,of these there are #g in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the plates of the hinder half are considerably curved1 and the hindermost ones lean strongly forward4 ,the writer regards the tooth as that of ,elephas columbi4 ,as shown by ,fairchild's plate #ag 7,bull4 #afj1 ,new ,york ,geol4 ,surv47 and ,coleman's plate #bb 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 ,,xv1 p4 #cdg7 this town is situated within the ,iroquois beach4 ,the elephant could1 therefore1 hardly have lived at or before the time of the formation of the beach2 in reality it probably lived long after the lake had retired to its present limits4 ,in his 8,catalogue of ,casts of ,fossils10 #ahff1 page #cg1 ,henry ,a4 ,ward gave a figure of a cast of an elephant tooth1 ,no4 #adc1 the original of which was said to have been found at ,st4 ,catharines4 ,this tooth may be the one now at ,ottawa1 but if so the figure is incorrect4 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,county4--,in #ahfc 7,canad4 ,nat4 and ,geol41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ace71 a lower jaw of an elephant was described under the name ,euelephas jacksoni ,briggs and ,foster4 ,this had been found near ,hamilton1 at the extreme western end of ,lake ,ontario4 ,it was mentioned and figured as ,euelephas jacksoni in the same year by ,w4 ,e4 ,logan 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 p4 #iad1 figs4 #die1 #dig74 ,the specific name1 however1 is not to be credited to ,briggs and ,foster1 for it was proposed by ,w4 ,w4 ,mather in #ahch 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #cfb1 figures7 for a lower jaw of an elephant found in ,jackson ,county1 ,ohio4 ,this jaw is1 however1 from the description and the figure1 wholly indeterminable4 ,lambe 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acf7 presents a short history of the specimen found at ,hamilton4 ,it was reported first by ,t4 ,cottle in #aheb 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cie2 reprint in ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xv1 #ahec1 p4 #bhb74 ,besides the jaw1 lacking most of the left ramus1 there was found a much-curved tusk nearly #g feet long4 ,the writer has had the opportunity to examine this jaw1 now in the ,victoria ,museum at ,ottawa4 ,it is believed to belong to ,elephas columbi4 ,the finely preserved last molar has been worn on about #i of the ridge-plates1 and this worn surface is about #aaj mm4 long4 ,there are #bd plates present1 and #h of these occupy a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the hinder plates lean forward and the base of the tooth is very convex4 ,cottle reported that the remains were discovered at a depth of #dj feet from the surface and at an elevation of #fj feet above the level of the lake4 ,it is stated on the label that the elevation above the lake was #gj feet1 and this is the height given by ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #iad74 ,the author stated also that at an elevation of #g feet more were found antlers of ,cervus canadensis and the jaw of a beaver4 ,,vermont4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,mount ,holly1 ,rutland ,county4--,in #ahdi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajj71 ,professor ,louis ,agassiz exhibited before the members of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science a tooth and a tusk of an elephant1 discovered in making excavations for the ,rutland and ,burlington ,railroad1 somewhere on the slope of ,mount ,holly1 ,rutland ,county4 ,it was said to have been found lying under an erratic boulder4 ,agassiz was doubtful as to the specific identity of the animal4 ,in #ahej 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bef71 ,zadock ,thompson gave a brief account of this discovery4 ,the remains were found1 he said1 in ,mount ,holly ,township1 at an elevation of #a1cfj feet above sea-level1 in a deposit of muck1 at a depth of about #i feet4 ,this muck-bed is located on the divide between the streams which flow into ,connecticut ,river and those which empty into ,lake ,champlain4 ,in #ahec 78,history of ,vermont10 ,app41 p4 #ad7 ,thompson presented a more extended report on the discovery4 ,this is reprinted in ,edward ,hitchcock's 8,report on the ,geology of ,vermont10 #ahfa1 page #agf4 ,the elevation is given here as #a1dae feet2 the location is said to be east of the summit station4 ,on the ,wallingford topographic sheet of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey the station named ,summit is shown to have an elevation of #a1ejj feet4 ,first1 there was found a tooth lying on gravel beneath #aa feet of peat2 soon afterward a tusk was discovered at a distance of #hj feet1 and later the other tusk and some bones were met with not far away4 ,the grinder was in an excellent state of preservation4 ,the length of one tusk along the convexity of the curve is given as #hj inches1 while the distance direct from the base to the tip was #fj inches4 ,a figure of the tusk was given by ,hager in the second volume of the #ahfa report just referred to1 on page #icd4 ,according to ,agassiz's statement1 the tooth and tusk were taken to the ,lawrence ,scientific ,school1 ,cambridge4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,warren 78,monogr4 on ,mastodon giganteus10 ed4 #b1 #ahee1 p4 #afb1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 ,b7 figured and described the tooth4 ,the length was given as #aa inches at the base1 and the number of ridge-plates as #bb4 ,this would give an average of #h plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,this number and the general appearance of the tooth indicate that the animal was ,elephas columbi1 instead of ,e4 primigenius4 ,the difference between this tooth and that of ,e4 primigenius is well shown by the figure of a tooth of ,e4 primigenius from ,zanesville1 ,ohio1 figured on the same plate with the ,vermont tooth4 ,this tooth is now in the ,american ,museum at ,new ,york4 ,thompson reported the presence of many billets of wood1 about #ah inches long1 in the bottom of the muck1 the work of beavers4 ,at the ,davenport 7,iowa7 ,academy of ,natural ,science the writer examined a tooth of an elephant labeled as having been found on ,mount ,holly in excavating for the ,vermont ,central ,railroad4 ,the length along the base is #cjj mm41 the height of the ninth plate is #afj mm41 the length of the grinding-surface #afj mm4 ,there are in all #bd plates1 the #aj anterior ones of which are worn4 ,there are #g ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line1 measured on one side of the tooth4 ,this tooth is regarded as belonging to ,elephas columbi2 it certainly belonged to another individual than the one that ,warren figured4 ,it is almost certain that the animals represented by the teeth and skeletal remains found on ,mount ,holly lived after the retreat of the ice from those mountains2 and one may suppose that local glaciers lingered long after the main ice-front had abandoned the region4 ,the animals lived certainly as late as near the close of the ,pleistocene1 if not at the beginning of the ,recent2 they may have been living on those mountains while the basin of ,lake ,champlain was an arm of the sea4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,homer1 ,cortland ,county4--,in #ahdg 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,agric4 and ,sci41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ca1 fig471 ,samuel ,woolworth reported that an elephant tooth had been found on the bank of a small stream1 about #b miles northwest of ,homer4 ,emmons1 in #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 ,east4 ,cos41 p4 #bjj71 figured the same tooth4 ,in his ,manual of ,geology 7ed4 #b1 #ahfj1 p4 #bdb1 fig4 #bjg7 he stated that this tooth was found in ,cortland ,county4 ,henry ,a4 ,ward1 of ,rochester1 advertised and sold casts of this elephant tooth1 as the writer is informed by ,mr4 ,frank ,h4 ,ward1 of ,ward's ,natural ,science ,establishment4 ,it is almost certain that this elephant lived in the neighborhood of ,homer after the ,wisconsin glacial ice had begun its retreat to the far north4 #b4 ,elmira1 ,chemung ,county4--,in the collection of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york is a part of an elephant tooth 7,cat4 ,no4 #ajdhh7 which the writer identifies as belonging to ,elephas columbi1 and which is recorded as having been found at ,elmira4 ,there are only #c ridge-plates in the fragment4 ,as to the time during the ,pleistocene when this species lived in ,new ,york1 all that can be said is that it was during the last half of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,no specimens have been found as close to the glacial lakes preceding ,lake ,ontario as in the cases of ,elephas primigenius1 but this may be due to accidents of preservation or to failures of discovery4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,middletown1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #ahah 7,cuvier's 8,theory of the ,earth10 p4 #chd1 plate ,i1 figs4 #b1 #e71 ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill referred to a tooth of an elephant found somewhere about ,middletown4 ,in his 8,catalogue of ,organic ,remains10 #ahbf1 page #aj1 ,mitchill mentioned a singular boat-shaped tooth of an elephant1 found on ,bennett's farm1 ,middletown1 ,new ,jersey4 ,both references are to the same tooth2 the shape was due to the wear the tooth had suffered4 ,it was said to come from the region where the horse remains were obtained4 ,this tooth was a lower right hindermost molar1 much worn4 ,it evidently belonged to ,elephas columbi4 ,we have no other information about the specimen4 ,it appears probable that the deposits which yielded remains of horses and of elephants are to be referred to an interglacial stage1 at least as old as the ,sangamon4 ,the finding of a bone of ,megatherium along the ,new ,jersey coast suggests that the ,aftonian may be represented there4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,greene ,county4--,the writer has received from ,mr4 ,andrew ,waychoff1 of ,waynesburg1 a small photograph of a lower hindermost molar1 found #c miles south of ,rogersville1 in the bed of ,hargus ,creek4 ,the tooth was found about #aiji or #aiaj and passed into the possession of ,mr4 ,waychoff2 but it had been broken by the finder1 who wished to see what was in it4 ,the tooth has #h ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line and the form and arrangement of the plates indicate that it belonged to ,elephas columbi4 ,it is impossible to determine1 with the knowledge at command1 the stage of the ,pleistocene to which this animal is to be assigned4 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,county4--,in #aiaj 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxi1 p4 #ca71 an anonymous note stated that there was in ,carnegie ,museum of ,natural ,history an enormous tusk1 supposed to be of this species1 found in the banks of the ,allegheny ,river1 in a suburb of ,pittsburgh4 ,there is1 however1 no certainty that the tusk was not that of ,e4 primigenius or of ,mammut americanum4 ,in either case it would be difficult to refer the animal to any definite ,pleistocene stage4 #c4 ,tryonville1 ,crawford ,county4--,in #ahib1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,roberts sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution considerable parts of a skeleton of ,elephas columbi1 including the hinder part of a lower molar1 probably the penultimate4 ,these remains had been found in digging a cellar in ,tryonville1 at a depth of #g feet4 ,tryonville is on ,oil ,creek and in the eastern part of the county4 ,from ,mrs4 ,a4 ,a4 ,o',dell1 ,niagara ,falls1 ,new ,york1 daughter of ,mr4 ,roberts1 the writer learns that the cellar was at a height of #hj feet above the level of ,oil ,creek4 ,since that time the creek has abandoned its channel at that point4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ab1 #cf47 #a4 ,stark ,county4--,in ,princeton ,university is a large lower left hindermost molar catalogued as having been found in ,stark ,county4 ,the tooth has #bd ridge-plates and is worn back to the fourteenth from the front4 ,the length from the front of the tooth to the base of the last plate is #cae mm4 ,there is no exact record of the locality4 ,the ,grand ,river moraine of the ,wisconsin ice covers most of this county1 so that the animal probably lived after the ice had disappeared from that vicinity4 #b4 ,amboy1 ,ashtabula ,county4--,in the collection of the ,buffalo 7,new ,york7 ,natural ,history ,society is a small elephant tooth1 evidently a second milk molar1 found at ,amboy4 ,it is regarded by the writer as belonging to ,elephas columbi4 ,there are present #g ridge-plates and all have suffered wear4 ,the length from front to rear is #aad mm4 ,in the ,case ,school of ,applied ,science1 ,cleveland1 is a large lower right hindermost molar of an elephant found at ,amboy1 in the extreme northeastern corner of the ,state4 ,there is a description and figure of this tooth in the ,scientific ,american for ,january #bc1 #aijd1 on page #fj4 ,it is there called ,elephas primigenius4 ,it presents #bc plates and front and rear talons2 the length from the base in front to the rear of the hinder talon is #bie mm4 ,there are from #f to #h plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the tooth was found between #ahij and #aijj in a gravel-pit near ,amboy1 worked by the ,lake ,shore ,railroad4 ,in the same pit was discovered a tusk which may have belonged to the same animal4 ,a tooth of ,elephas primigenius at the ,buffalo ,society of ,natural ,history was probably found at the same place4 ,the writer is informed by ,professor ,frank ,r4 ,van ,horn1 of the ,case ,school of ,applied ,science1 that the deposit consists of interstratified sands and gravels and is supposed to be the delta formation of the old ,conneaut ,river4 ,its thickness was from #ej to #ge feet4 ,in this deposit was driftwood1 arranged in such regular order that it suggested the idea that it had formed part of a corduroy road4 ,,michigan4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,jackson ,county4--,in #ahfc 7,canad4 ,naturalist and ,geologist1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #cii71 ,alexander ,winchell described an elephant tooth 7,no4 #cafc71 found in this county4 ,this is now in the collection at the ,university of ,michigan1 labeled ,elephas jacksoni4 ,the writer regards it as belonging to ,e4 columbi4 ,it is the much-worn hindermost tooth of the left side of the lower jaw4 ,there are present #ag plates1 and about #g are missing from the front end4 ,above the bases of the rear plates are only #e in a #ajj-mm4 line2 on the worn face are #g plates in this distance4 ,the anterior plates lean backward with respect to the base1 while the hinder ones lean forward4 ,the plates are more or less bent between base and apex4 ,the ,kalamazoo morainic system crosses the middle of ,jackson ,county1 running east and west4 ,in #ahfa 7#ast ,bien4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan1 p4 #acb71 ,professor ,winchell mentioned this tooth and stated that it had been found in the northern part of the county while a ditch was being made4 ,the locality is1 therefore1 north of the moraine referred to above4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,terre ,haute1 ,vigo ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis is a fine lower left molar of ,e4 columbi1 labeled as found1 in #ahif1 near ,terre ,haute1 on the farm of ,aaron ,conover1 and presented by ,earl ,conover4 ,mr4 ,herbert ,c4 ,anderson1 county surveyor of ,vigo ,county1 informed the writer that the farm is located in the southwest quarter of section #i1 township #ab north1 range #i west4 ,this is #c4e miles north of ,terre ,haute4 ,the place is near ,wabash ,river and the deposit is probably outwash from one of the ice-sheets4 ,the depth at which the tooth was found is given as #ah feet4 ,the length from the top of the anterior plate to the base of the hindermost is #chj mm42 width of worn face #ajj mm4 ,the hinder plates lean strongly toward the front and there are #f plates in #ajj mm4 #b4 ,monrovia1 ,morgan ,county4--,the collection of the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis contains the hinder half of what appears to be the lower right last molar4 ,this was presented ,january #aj1 #aiaa1 by ,david ,hobson1 of ,monrovia1 ,indiana1 and is labeled as found #a4e miles southeast of ,monrovia1 in a gravel bar in ,sycamore ,creek4 ,there are present #ac plates1 considerably flexed as they rise from base to summit4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of ,indiana1 ,monrovia is situated on the northern edge of the ,shelbyville moraine4 ,the tooth seems to have been found in ,sycamore ,creek1 on the moraine or near its southern border1 not far from the northern border of the ,illinoian drift area4 ,while the possessor of this tooth probably lived during some period of the ,wisconsin stage1 it is possible that the tooth had been washed out of some deposit of the ,illinoian or of some interglacial deposit laid down between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin stages4 #c4 ,windfall1 ,tipton ,county4--,in the ,morrill collection1 in the ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln1 there are two teeth1 an upper and a lower last molar1 secured at ,windfall by ,professor ,erwin ,h4 ,barbour4 ,these teeth have been described and illustrated by the writer 7#cfth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #gdb1 plates ,,xxv1 ,,xxvi74 ,windfall is situated on ,wisconsin drift1 some miles west of the more or less morainic belt which marks the northwestward continuation of the ,union ,city moraine4 #d4 ,bringhurst1 ,carroll ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis is a last molar found some years ago near ,bringhurst and presented by ,mr4 ,john ,flora4 ,there are #bg plates present1 an unusual number4 ,the length of the tooth is #cbj mm4 from the summit of the first to the base of the twenty-sixth4 ,no information was furnished as to the exact place where the tooth was found1 nor as to the depth and kind of materials4 ,bringhurst is situated on ,wisconsin drift1 and the animal must have lived at some time after the ice retired from the ,fowler-,lafayette moraine4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #ab1 #ch47 #a4 ,staley1 ,champaign ,county4--,in the collection at the ,university of ,illinois the writer has seen a lower last molar recorded as having been found by ,john ,early at a point #e4e miles west and #a4e miles south of ,champaign1 apparently not far from ,staley4 ,it is said to have been picked up by a dredge2 hence probably in some ditching operations4 ,the writer regarded the tooth as belonging to ,elephas columbi4 ,apparently this tooth was found very near the outer border of the ,champaign moraine2 hence the animal might have lived at any time after the deposition of this moraine4 ,it is more probable1 however1 that this species did not affect such a cold environment1 and haunted those regions when the climate had greatly ameliorated4 #b4 ,stronghurst1 ,henderson ,county4--,in the summer of #aiad1 ,mr4 ,john ,shick discovered near ,stronghurst1 in a well1 at a depth of #bj feet1 four elephant teeth4 ,a letter1 with photographs of these teeth1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 was shown the writer1 who identified the teeth as belonging to ,elephas columbi1 apparently the second and third upper deciduous molars1 right and left4 ,they were reported to have been found in a dark soil4 ,all the region about ,stronghurst is occupied by ,illinoian drift4 ,since at a depth of #bj feet an old soil was reached it becomes quite certain that this represents a pre-,illinoian interglacial deposit1 probably the ,yarmouth stage2 and to that must be assigned the time of the elephant in question4 #c4 ,chillicothe1 ,peoria ,county4--,in the palontological collection of the ,university of ,iowa is a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 recorded as collected at ,chillicothe by ,fred ,wachs4 ,it was found in gravel1 at a depth of #dj feet1 but the exact locality is not known4 ,the tooth is the first lower true molar4 ,it is impossible to determine the geological age of this tooth4 ,chillicothe is situated on ,illinois ,river and within the area of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,the valley is filled with deposits brought down from the ,wisconsin ice-sheet and by late alluvium2 but at a depth of #dj feet there might possibly be some earlier gravels4 #d4 ,chicago ,heights1 ,cook ,county4--,from ,j4 ,h4 ,knapp1 ,chicago ,heights1 the writer has received photographs of a lower hindermost molar of ,elephas columbi1 found in ,second ,creek1 #b4e miles east of ,chicago ,heights4 ,this locality is situated on the ,valparaiso moraine and we must refer the time of the existence of the elephant to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #e4 ,pawpaw1 ,lee ,county4--,in the collection of the palontological department of the ,university of ,nebraska the writer saw a lower molar of ,elephas columbi 7apparently the left second71 found at ,pawpaw4 ,it was presented by ,dr4 ,m4 ,h4 ,everett1 of ,lincoln1 ,nebraska4 ,there are present #ai ridge-plates1 and there are #g plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,on inquiry by the writer ,mr4 ,frank ,wheeler1 of ,pawpaw1 furnished detailed information4 ,in constructing an ice-pond there was found at a depth of #d feet parts of both hip-bones1 a femur #d feet #d inches long1 some much decayed foot-bones1 some vertebr and ribs1 and the head and lower jaw4 ,the head is said to have been nearly #c feet long and the lower jaw #bf inches long4 ,in the latter were two huge teeth4 ,it appears that the forelegs were present1 but much decayed4 ,no tusks were found1 nor any upper teeth4 ,it was concluded that the animal was #bb feet #f inches long and between #ae and #af feet high2 but the dimensions were undoubtedly exaggerated4 ,certain 8streaks and mossy fibers0 led to the conclusion that the animal had been covered with a coat of hair4 ,it is probable that all of these remains except the tooth in ,lincoln have been lost4 ,undoubtedly1 had an expert in exhuming such skeletal remains been called in there might have been rescued a large part of the skeleton4 ,up to this time no good skeleton has been secured of ,e4 columbi4 ,the place where the skeleton was found is in the southwest quarter of the southeast quarter of section #aj1 township #cg north1 range #b east4 ,this is situated on a member of the ,bloomington morainic system1 a moraine left by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that the skeleton of the elephant had1 during some ,late ,wisconsin time1 fallen in a pond and become slowly covered up4 ,there is an account of this discovery in ,f4 ,e4 ,stevens's 8,history of ,lee ,county1 ,illinois10 #aiad1 page #ebg4 #f4 ,woodhull1 ,henry ,county4--,in the ,galesburg1 ,illinois1 ,register of ,may #ad1 #aiaa1 appeared an account of the finding of three large molars and some bones of a supposed mastodon in a clay of a brick and tile factory at ,woodhull4 ,professor ,page ,l4 ,baker1 superintendent of schools in ,woodhull1 states that first a part1 #f feet #aj inches long1 of a tusk was found1 #i inches in circumference at the base1 #f inches at the other end4 ,some scattered bony plates supposed to belong to the skull were observed1 but no limb-bones were found4 ,five teeth were secured1 varying in weight from #f to #af pounds2 one had #bj enamel plates1 and there were #f of these plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,it can hardly be doubted that the species represented was ,elephas columbi4 ,professor ,baker stated that the pit was about #ad feet deep1 the upper #b feet consisting of prairie soil1 possibly loess4 ,below this is #aj feet of red clay1 and then about #b feet of white clay1 resting on a layer of muck4 ,the bones were in the white clay1 but resting on the muck4 ,the teeth were wholly in the white clay4 ,the tusk was removed about #ae feet from the teeth4 ,this region is covered by ,illinois drift1 overlain by loess1 sometimes of considerable thickness4 ,it does not appear from the depth and character of the deposits that the ,illinoian drift had been penetrated4 ,the muck-bed belongs probably to the ,sangamon stage1 possibly to the ,iowan4 ,the reader is referred to the geological sections found at ,galva1 about #ah miles further east 7see p4 #adb74 ,,maryland4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope wrote that there had been found on the farm of ,lambert ,kirby1 in ,oxford ,neck1 a molar tooth resembling that of a half-grown ,elephas primigenius or ,e4 columbi4 ,besides this tooth were remains of what ,cope called ,elephas americanus ,leidy4 ,these1 it is supposed1 belonged to ,elephas primigenius4 ,the collection referred to had been placed in the cabinet of the ,baltimore ,academy of ,sciences2 but the writer has not seen it4 ,lucas 7,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pliocene and ,pleistocene1 #aijf1 p4 #afg7 describes the teeth from this locality4 ,he identified one small tooth as belonging certainly to ,e4 columbi1 and a large one as probably belonging to the same species4 #b4 ,queen ,anne ,county4--,in #ahbj1 ,horace ,h4 ,hayden 7,geolog4 ,essays1 p4 #aba7 wrote that he had an enormous grinder of the ,asiatic elephant1 dug up in the county named1 on the plantation of ,mr4 ,carmichael4 ,it was said to have been enveloped in a stiff blue clay4 ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill 7,cuvier's 8,theory of the ,earth10 #ahah1 p4 #cid1 plate ,i1 figs4 #c1 #e7 mentions and figures the tooth1 apparently that of ,elephas columbi4 ,it is said to have been dug out of the ground by the side of a marsh4 ,it was the last upper molar of probably the right side4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,wirt ,county4--,from ,professor ,john ,l4 ,tilton1 of the ,university of ,west ,virginia1 the writer has received for examination a fragment of a tooth of ,elephas columbi reported to have been found many years ago1 somewhere in ,wirt ,county along ,little ,kanawha ,river4 ,no details have been preserved4 ,the thick ridge-plates and the heavy crimped enamel betray the species4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #ab1 #ci47 #a4 ,new ,hanover ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,raleigh1 the writer has seen a part of a molar tooth of this species consisting of #i ridge-plates4 ,it is said to have been found in the quarry of ,ross and ,larry4 ,there are #h ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line and the enamel is rather thick4 ,captain ,e4 ,d4 ,williams1 of ,wilmington1 has informed the writer that this quarry is situated about #i miles below ,wilmington1 near the ,fort ,fisher road4 ,from a point a little below this ,captain ,williams secured a tooth of ,mammut americanum4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,county4--,in #ahgg1 ,dr4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #bac7 stated that there was in the exhibit of the ,smithsonian ,institution at the exposition at ,philadelphia1 in #ahgf1 a last lower molar of this species1 found at ,beaufort4 ,the present writer has not recognized the tooth in the collection of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,in ,rutgers ,college are six or more teeth or parts of teeth of ,e4 columbi1 recorded as coming from ,coosaw ,river4 ,in the collection of ,amherst ,college the writer has seen two lower hindermost molars1 labeled as collected in ,coosaw ,river4 #b4 ,edisto ,river4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia there is a fragment of a molar of ,elephas columbi1 comprising only #b ridge-plates1 recorded as having been found in or on ,edisto ,river4 ,the specimen is credited to ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,chapman4 ,while the locality is indefinite1 it probably was somewhere around ,edisto ,island4 #c4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,numerous teeth of ,elephas columbi have been found in the region surrounding ,charleston4 ,godman 7,amer4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #beg7 referred to a statement made by ,catesby to the effect that negroes had found teeth along ,stono ,river which they recognized as those of an elephant4 ,this had previously been mentioned by ,barton in his 8,archologia ,americana10 #ahad4 ,in ,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 page #ajh1 ,leidy stated that small fragments of teeth and bones1 usually much water-worn1 of the extinct elephant are not infrequently found in the ,post-,pliocene deposits in the vicinity of ,ashley ,river4 ,in a footnote to this remark1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes stated that later a perfect tooth had been discovered and was figured on plate ,,xvii2 but the tooth there figured came from ,texas4 ,in #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih71 ,leidy reported that he had seen in the collection of ,c4 ,n4 ,shepard1 at ,amherst ,college1 remains of elephant from ,ashley ,river4 ,it is certain that at least a part of these remains belonged to ,elephas columbi4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are teeth1 recorded as having been secured from the phosphate beds about ,charleston4 ,as an example may be mentioned ,no4 #baje1 a large upper right molar1 with #bj ridge-plates4 ,another has the number #afad 7,hay1 ,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #dac1 plate ,,lxi1 fig4 #d74 ,in the ,charleston ,museum the writer has seen a lower second milk molar 7,no4 #acejd7 of this species4 ,there are #i ridge-plates and front and rear talons4 ,the length is #abc mm41 the width #eb mm41 with #h plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,in the same museum is an upper left second milk molar 7,no4 #aaji7 with #h plates present4 ,the length along the base is #ie mm42 from the base in front to the rear of the crown #aag mm42 width #ee mm4 ,this tooth appears to have been found somewhere about ,charleston4 ,in the same museum are other teeth of this species1 mostly parts of the hindermost molars4 ,other teeth are found in the private collections of ,charleston4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 there are some teeth 7,nos4 #acgjg1 #acgjh7 from the vicinity of ,charleston which are referred to ,elephas columbi4 ,one is an upper hindermost molar1 worn to the base in front and having left #ah plates4 ,there are #f plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the enamel is thick4 ,the length of the tooth is #bib mm42 the width1 #ij mm4 ,another is a worn lower tooth with #af plates4 ,another tooth1 either a last milk molar or a first true molar1 is not worn to the base and retains the front root4 ,there are #ab plates and a large talon and a #ajj-mm4 line crosses #h plates4 ,the enamel is thick and considerably festooned4 ,the greatest length of the tooth is #agc mm4 ,there is another lower right tooth1 probably the last milk molar1 which presents #aa plates and front and rear talons4 ,there are nearly #h plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,another right lower tooth1 apparently the first true molar1 #afe mm4 long on the grinding-face1 has likewise #h plates in #ajj mm4 ,a part of an upper hindermost molar preserves #aa plates4 ,there are #f plates in #ajj mm4 and the enamel is thick and folded4 ,for a list of the vertebrate fossils found in the region about ,charleston1 and their geological age1 the reader is referred to page #cfc4 #d4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,county4--,in #ahjb1 ,john ,drayton 78,a ,view of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #dj1 plate1 fig4 #e7 wrote that elephant bones had been discovered in the excavation of a canal joining ,santee and ,cooper ,rivers4 ,drayton's illustration shows that this tooth must have belonged to ,elephas columbi4 ,the locality was in ,biggin ,swamp1 apparently not far from ,monks ,corner4 ,at the same time and place were found remains of ,mammut americanum4 ,the materials are said to have been deposited in the ,charleston ,library4 ,barton 7,archologia ,amer41 p4 #bb7 stated he had examined teeth of both the mastodon and the elephant from this place4 ,richard ,harlan 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ff1 plate ,v1 fig4 #c2 ,med4 ,phys4 ,res4 p4 #cei1 plate1 fig4 #c7 stated that a tooth of an elephant from the ,santee ,canal had been sent to the ,academy at ,philadelphia4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,this is the type locality of ,elephas columbi4 ,this species was based by ,falconer 7,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 ,,xiii1 #aheg1 table opposite p4 #bai7 on a part of a tooth received from the geologist ,charles ,lyell and which had been found in the ,brunswick ,canal4 ,the specimen consisted of #aj median plates of a lower second or third molar4 ,falconer figured it in #ahfh 7,palont4 ,mem41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bad1 #bba1 plate ,x74 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc4 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdh7 noted that an elephant had been found in excavating the canal4 ,richard ,harlan1 in #ahdb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ahi71 stated that a large collection of bones of various animals had been presented to the ,academy by ,j4 ,hamilton ,couper1 of ,darien1 ,georgia4 ,among these were teeth of ,e4 primigenius4 ,couper1 in #ahdh 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 etc41 p4 #de71 stated that two lower jawbones with teeth1 several loose teeth1 two tusks1 and several vertebr of ,elephas primigenius had been collected in the canal during #ahch and #ahci4 ,these remains quite certainly belonged to ,elephas columbi unless possibly some belonged to ,e4 imperator4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #bed7 records the presence in the collection of the ,academy of a lower molar of ,e4 columbi4 ,the present writer has seen in this collection parts of four teeth of this species which had been sent from the ,brunswick ,canal1 doubtless parts of the ,couper collection4 ,the species are listed on page #cfi4 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,chatham ,county4--,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cad7 reported that ,elephas primigenius had been found at this place1 with ,megatherium1 ,mylodon1 ,mastodon1 and what was doubtless a species of ,bison4 ,habersham1 in #ahdf 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 etc41 p4 #bi71 mentioned two teeth which he identified likewise as ,e4 primigenius4 ,these elephant teeth are all to be referred with much certainty to ,e4 columbi4 ,for the examination of the geology about ,savannah the reader is referred to page #cga1 map #dj4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ab1 #ac47 #a4 ,st4 ,marks ,river1 ,wakulla ,county4--,in #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih71 ,leidy stated that from this place there was in the collection of the ,natural ,history ,society of ,boston a molar of the thick-plated variety of elephant4 ,the grinding-surface1 irregular and worn so as to present a terraced appearance1 has a length of #h4e inches and included #aa ridge-plates4 ,the species is quite certainly ,elephas columbi4 ,it may be mentioned that ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc7 reported that part of a skeleton of a mastodon or of an elephant had been obtained from ,wakulla ,spring by ,mr4 ,john ,l4 ,thomas4 ,this is near ,crawfordville4 #b4 ,station #abj1 ,duval ,county4--,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,florida1 p4 #ajf7 reported that ,elephas columbi had been discovered at ,station #abj1 on the ,inland ,waterway ,canal4 ,at the same place had been found ,mammut americanum1 an undetermined species of ,bison1 and an undetermined species of ,odocoileus4 ,the locality is probably #e miles south of ,pablo ,beach4 #c4 ,citra1 ,marion ,county4--,in ,january #aiad1 the writer saw at ,ward's ,establishment1 at ,rochester1 ,new ,york1 the hinder half of a lower left hindermost molar of ,elephas columbi1 labeled as found at ,citra4 ,no details were preserved respecting the history of the tooth4 ,there were #f ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 #d4 ,near ,mantanzas1 ,st4 ,john ,county4--,at the residence of ,fred ,r4 ,allen1 ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida1 the writer has seen part of four hindermost molars1 three upper and one lower1 of ,elephas columbi1 found in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 near his farm1 #bh miles south of ,st4 ,augustine1 apparently not far from ,mantanzas4 ,at the same place have been found ,mammut americanum1 ,equus sp41 ,mylodon harlani1 and ,terrapene antipex4 ,sellards 7#hth ,rep4 p4 #ajf7 adds to this list an undetermined species of ,bison and one of ,odocoileus4 #e4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,from this place ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ag1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #f-i7 has described and figured a first and a second milk molar4 ,the figures have been reproduced by the writer 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,lxi1 figs4 #b1 #c1 #e1 #f74 ,these teeth certainly belong to ,elephas columbi4 ,they were found in a fissure in a limestone rock1 near ,ocala1 in the property of ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,phillips4 ,with them were a part of a skull of ,smilodon floridanus1 teeth of a horse which ,leidy referred to his ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi71 and teeth supposed to belong to the little camel ,procamelus 7,auchenia7 minimus4 ,these fossils were referred to the ,pliocene1 but apparently there is not sufficient reason for doing so4 ,the geology of the locality is treated on page #cgh4 #f4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 ,no4 #bbcb1 is a part of the rear of what is regarded as a hindermost upper molar1 found in a phosphate mine near ,dunnellon4 ,there are #g ridge-plates1 but some are missing from the front and some from the rear4 ,the height of the front plate present is #baj mm42 the width is #hb mm4 ,there are #f plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,this tooth is remarkable because of its thinness4 ,it is possibly a more anterior tooth1 but is rather high to be such4 ,the geology of the neighborhood of ,dunnellon and a list of the species collected there are to be found on page #cgf4 #g4 ,holder1 ,citrus ,county4--,in the collection of ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bystra1 chemist of the ,buttgenbach river mine1 is a fragment of a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 found in the mine1 on ,withlacoochee ,river1 a few miles north of ,holder1 in section #bi1 township #ag south1 range #ai east4 ,in the same collection are a fragment of an upper and one of a lower molar1 found in the same place in dredging for phosphate rock4 #ba4 ,sumterville1 ,sumter ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,no4 #bdj7 is a single plate of a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 found by ,dr4 ,sellards #c miles east of ,holder4 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,county4--,in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sellards stated that ,mr4 ,morris1 of ,daytona1 had found in a marl pit a tooth of ,elephas columbi4 ,as stated on page #abb1 remains of ,mammut americanum have been found in similar pits4 ,in these pits were collected a piece of a tusk of a proboscidean and a rib of a whale1 thought to belong to the genus ,balnoptera4 ,in the ,fifth ,annual ,report of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 on pages #bbb to #bbe1 are presented the logs of artesian wells put down at ,daytona4 ,in one well was found a bed of white marl at a depth of #f feet1 having a thickness of #i feet4 ,it is possible that this corresponds to the marl-bed which furnished the elephant and whale1 and it may belong to the first glacial stage4 #h4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,in the collection of ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer has seen a fragment consisting of two plates of an upper molar of ,elephas columbi1 labeled as having been found at ,tampa4 #i4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,pinellas ,county4--,in the museum of the ,state ,university at ,gainesville1 ,florida1 is an upper left second molar of ,elephas columbi recorded as having been found at ,indian ,rock1 a village near ,st4 ,petersburg1 in the peninsula west of ,tampa ,bay4 ,the tooth is covered with barnacles and had evidently been in salt water4 ,no other information was secured respecting the tooth4 #aj4 ,kingsford1 ,polk ,county4--,in the collection of ,yale ,university is a fragment of a lower molar of ,elephas columbi1 recorded as having been found at ,kingsford4 ,it was obtained under #ai feet of phosphate rock and sand4 ,the collector was ,juan ,c4 ,edmundoz4 ,there are present #e coarse plates4 ,the tooth belongs possibly to ,e4 imperator4 ,as recorded on another page1 teeth of horses have been found in the same situation4 ,if correctly reported1 they belong1 with the phosphate1 to the ,nebraskan stage of the ,pleistocene4 #bj4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,county4--,there has been sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 with other fossils1 a fragment of a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 washed up on the beach at ,palma ,sola1 and found by ,mr4 ,chas4 ,t4 ,earle4 ,besides the elephant tooth were fragments of deer antlers1 several teeth of ,equus complicatus1 a few of ,e4 leidyi1 one of ,e4 littoralis1 and an astragalus and a metapodial of ,bison latifrons84 ,these all belong apparently to early ,pleistocene4 ,with them came teeth of sharks1 a beak of a porpoise1 and the distal end of a metapodial of a camel1 all probably washed out of ,miocene or ,pliocene deposits in the neighborhood4 #aa4 ,sarasota1 ,sarasota ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history are two fragments of teeth of ,elephas columbi collected about #h miles southeast of ,sarasota by ,mr4 ,barnum ,brown1 in #aiaa2 one consists of three1 the other of two plates4 ,with them were found fragments of extinct turtles and a dermal plate of an edentate1 possibly of ,chlamytherium2 also several teeth of horses4 #ah4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brevard ,county4--,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje7 announced that teeth of ,elephas columbi and of ,equus complicatus had been found in the ,hopkins ,drainage ,canal4 #ag4 ,fellsmere1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,sellards 7op4 cit41 p4 #aje7 reported a tooth or teeth of ,elephas columbi found in a drainage canal at this place4 #ab4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,numerous fragments of teeth of ,elephas columbi have been found at ,vero4 ,the geology will be discussed on pages #cha to #chc1 and a list of the fossil vertebrates that have been found at ,vero will be presented4 #ac4 ,zolfo1 ,hardee ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history 7,no4 #aeedf7 is the right ramus with the symphysis and one tooth of ,elephas columbi4 ,the tooth is quite certainly the hindermost one4 ,thirteen plates are present and a number must have worn out and disappeared from the front4 ,zolfo is on ,peace ,creek4 #ad4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,numerous remains of ,elephas columbi have been found at ,arcadia and vicinity1 mostly in the course of dredging for phosphate4 ,the geology of the region is discussed on pages #chj-cha and a list presented of fossil vertebrates found there4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bb1 plate ,,vii7 figured a very large tooth found at ,arcadia4 ,it has #bg plates and is #djj mm4 long4 ,there are #f plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,this tooth is in the collection of the ,wagner ,institute in ,philadelphia4 ,leidy recorded also a part of a last molar1 now in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,in the collection of the ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee1 ,wisconsin1 is an upper1 left1 hindermost molar labeled as found in the phosphate beds of ,peace ,creek1 probably at ,arcadia4 ,it was presented by ,mr4 ,ad4 ,meinecke4 ,there are #f plates and a little more in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,teeth1 ,nos4 #cai and #aiia1 from ,arcadia1 are in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,no4 #aega of the ,florida ,geological ,survey was found #f miles north of ,arcadia4 #ae4 ,tourner's1 ,glades ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #hjhh7 is a part of a tooth of ,elephas columbi sent by ,j4 ,m4 ,purvis1 ,tourner's1 ,florida4 ,it was reported as having been collected on the ,caloosahatchee ,river at the place named4 ,this place 7spelled also ,turner's7 appears to be near ,thompson's and probably in township #dc south1 range #bi east4 ,this tooth appears to be the penultimate milk molar2 there are #i ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the enamel is thin and much folded4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bc7 recorded the discovery of a last molar tooth of ,e4 columbi at some point on the river mentioned4 ,the tooth is in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia4 ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 on the authority of ,leidy stated that ,bison latifrons and ,equus fraternus had been found in the ,pliocene beds along this river4 ,it is probable that he used ,b4 latifrons in a wide sense4 ,sellards 7#hth ,rep41 p4 #ajb7 shows that at least the elephant and the horse were from the ,pleistocene4 #ai4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,county4--,sellards1 in his ,eighth ,annual ,report1 page #aje1 stated that there had been secured from the ,palm ,beach ,canal for the drainage of the ,everglades1 teeth of ,elephas columbi1 as well as those of ,equus complicatus and ,mammut americanum1 and a femur of a species of ,bison4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #ab47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia the writer has seen a number of teeth which belong to ,elephas columbi1 found at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,whether or not these are part of the collection given by ,president ,thomas ,jefferson the writer has not learned4 ,one of these teeth has been described and figured by the writer 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #gcg1 plate ,,xxii1 fig4 #a74 ,it is identified as the upper hindermost milk molar1 is wholly unworn1 and shows well the form of the crown before it came into action4 ,in that stage the roots are almost wholly undeveloped4 ,the length taken at right angles with the plates is #ade mm4 ,for remarks on the geology of this locality and a list of the species of vertebrates the reader is referred to pages #dja to #djd4 #b4 ,mouth of ,big ,twin ,creek1 ,owen ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history are two fine teeth and a lower jaw1 with the ascending rami missing1 found where the creek opens into ,kentucky ,river4 ,from the finders1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,ogden and his son1 the writer learned that the jaw was about on a level with the water4 ,they had fastened their boat to it1 thinking it was a stump4 ,the top of the bluff was about #ce feet above the water4 ,some other bones were secured1 among them a humerus4 ,the bones were in a mixture of what ,mr4 ,ogden called hardpan and sand4 ,no certain statements can be made about the geological age of this specimen4 ,it might well be pre-,wisconsin4 ,,finds ,,of ,,elephas ,,imperator ,,in ,,southeastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #ad47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,a number of teeth of ,elephas imperator have been seen by the writer in the collections made in the vicinity of ,charleston4 ,no4 #aceeg of the ,charleston ,museum is a right ramus of the lower jaw containing the hindermost molar4 ,sixteen plates are counted1 but it is probable that about two are missing from the front4 ,there is no indication that there was another tooth behind it4 ,the exact locality of discovery is not known4 ,in the ,frost collection is a part 7#h plates7 of a lower right last molar1 which must be referred to this species4 ,seen on the inner face are only four ridge-plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,in the collection of ,rev4 ,robert ,wilson is a fragment of a molar of ,e4 imperator4 ,the four plates present occupy #ajj mm4 of the length of the tooth4 #b4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,county4--,richard ,harlan 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahbc1 p4 #ff1 plate ,v1 fig4 #b2 ,med4 ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #cei1 plate1 fig4 #b7 described briefly and figured an elephant tooth found in constructing the ,santee ,canal1 probably in ,biggin ,swamp1 where the remains of ,mammut americanum and ,elephas columbi were discovered4 ,the tooth was a large one1 the greatest diagonal length being #ad4e inches 7#cfh mm474 ,it had been worn back quite to the rear1 the trituration having affected #ae ridge-plates4 ,this worn face measured #i inches 7#bbh mm474 ,harlan stated that on this grinding-face #e inches was occupied by #f enamel plates and #g plates of cement4 ,an estimate shows that a #ajj-mm4 line would cross #e of the ridge-plates4 ,had this tooth possessed the number 7#bd7 of ridge-plates usually found in ,e4 columbi1 its length would have been #bj inches or more4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ad1 #ae47 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey 7,nos4 #bbcc1 #bbcd7 are two fragments of teeth of an elephant dredged from ,withlacoochee ,river at ,dunnellon1 presented by ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,titcomb4 ,the teeth are regarded by the writer as being lower last molars1 although the plates run nearly directly across the grinding-surfaces4 ,they may belong to one individual4 ,no4 #bbcc presents six plates2 five of these occupy a line #ajj mm4 in length4 ,they are much bent as they ascend1 so that their hinder faces are very concave4 ,the enamel is moderately thick4 ,the tooth 7,no4 #bbcd7 has been figured by ,dr4 ,sellards of the natural size 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #he1 fig4 #ab74 ,as shown by that figure1 the ridge-plates of the rear portion have a thickness of #be mm4 or even more4 ,taken all together there are hardly #e in #ajj mm4 ,if that tooth had belonged to ,elephas columbi and had had #bd plates1 the length would have been about #be inches1 which is hardly to be supposed4 #b4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,in the eighth ,annual ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,florida1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards described and figured 7p4 #aej1 plate ,,xxv1 fig4 #a7 a lower jaw of an elephant which had been found near ,vero4 ,he referred it to ,elephas columbi1 but noted the coarseness of the plates and its resemblance to ,e4 imperator4 ,the specimen was found #c miles west of ,vero1 along the bank of the drainage canal4 ,it was embedded in a matrix of brown sand1 a stratum of which rests on the marine shell-marl which underlies that region4 ,it is evident that a number of plates are missing from the front and that the tooth is the hindermost one4 ,if the jaw had belonged to ,e4 columbi with #bd plates1 the length of the teeth would have been about #ddj mm4 ,in case the tooth is that of ,e4 imperator1 there were probably about six more plates in front originally and the tooth had a length of about #ccj mm4 ,the width appears to be about #ij mm4 ,in the collection at ,amherst ,college is a fragment of a lower right molar1 probably the hindermost1 of this species4 ,six plates are represented4 ,it is well worn down1 with a very concave grinding-surface4 ,the plates are close to #be mm4 thick4 ,the exact place where the tooth was found is not mentioned on the label1 but it was somewhere about ,vero4 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,county4--,in the report just cited 7p4 #aab1 fig4 #df71 ,sellards described briefly and illustrated a tooth he secured in ,caloosahatchee ,river in #aiad4 ,notes taken by the writer are to the effect that it was found on the north bank of the river1 at the first bend above ,labelle1 probably in ,lee ,county and in township #dc south1 range #bi east4 ,the length of this tooth1 as preserved1 is #caj mm4 from the base in front to the rear of the talon4 ,there are #ab ridge-plates present1 but evidently some are gone from the front4 ,there are #e of these plates in a #ajj-mm4 line1 taken at the middle of their height4 ,sellards's statement that his figure is one-fifth the natural size is evidently an error for one-third4 ,if this tooth belonged to ,e4 columbi and had the usual number of plates1 #bd1 the length would have been near #fjj mm41 a size not probable4 ,if it belonged to ,e4 imperator1 as the writer thinks it did1 the original length was somewhere near #dej mm41 a more reasonable1 but at the same time1 an unusual dimension4 #d4 ,everglades4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york 7,no4 #hjfh71 is a part of a tooth once supposed to belong to the ,indian elephant and said to have been mentioned somewhere by the geologist ,j4 ,d4 ,dana as having been found in the ,everglades4 ,it appears to be well fossilized4 ,it is apparently the second true molar of the right side4 ,there are #ab plates1 of which #e occupy a line #ajj mm4 long4 ,some plates are evidently missing from the front4 ,the writer believes that this tooth belongs to ,elephas imperator4 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahi7 is a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of an elephant recorded as having been found on ,peace ,creek4 ,this jaw was collected by ,j4 ,fras ,le ,baron1 and in a report made to ,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,baird in #ahha1 he indicated that this fossil1 with many others which he had sent to the ,smithsonian ,institution1 had been found somewhere along ,peace ,creek between the mouth of ,little ,charlie ,apopka ,creek and tide-water1 but the place is no more exactly designated2 in any case not many miles away from ,arcadia4 ,it1 with other ,pleistocene fossils1 was found in gravel overlying a soft yellow limestone about #d4e feet thick4 ,the jaw has been described and figured by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bc1 plate ,,viii1 fig4 #b7 as ,elephas columbi4 ,he stated that eight of the ridges occupy a space of #f4d inches4 ,his estimate was1 however1 made near the grinding-surface of the tooth1 where the plates converge4 ,the writer has removed the bone and some of the cement from the inner face of the tooth1 so as better to expose the edges of the plates4 ,it is found that four of the enamel plates1 with the corresponding cement plates1 occupy #ajj mm4 ,the plates are too coarse for the tooth to be that of ,elephas columbi4 ,the length of the tooth1 in a straight line along the base1 is #bfj mm4 ,had the tooth originally had #bb plates1 a moderate number for ,e4 columbi1 the total length would have been #ejj mm4 or more4 ,meanwhile1 the width is only #he mm4 ,there are now #ab plates left1 and there were at first probably #ah4 ,the original length was probably about #djj mm4 or less4 ,leidy thought that the #ab plates present represented the complete number entering into the constitution of the tooth1 but the exposure of the base of the tooth in front shows that a number of plates had been worn out and lost4 ,the species of vertebrates found along ,peace ,river in the vicinity of ,arcadia and their geological age are discussed on pages #chj-cha4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,hennessy1 of ,palmetto1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has received a part of a lower left hindermost molar of ,elephas imperator1 found by him on ,january #aj1 #aiag1 on the north shore of ,manatee ,river1 within the corporate limits of ,palmetto4 ,the specimen presents seven ridge-plates and part of an eighth4 ,portions of the tooth are missing from both ends4 ,the distance across five plates is #ajf mm4 ,the width across the worn face is #ajj mm41 the height of the hindermost plate present #aej mm4 ,the enamel is strongly plicated4 ,the tooth certainly belongs to ,elephas imperator4 ,the whole length of the tooth in its complete state was about #cfj mm4 ,had it belonged to ,e4 columbi1 with #bd plates1 the length would have been about #dhj mm4 7#ai inches74 ,,alabama4 7,map #ad47 #a4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a lower left molar which belongs to this species4 ,it was collected by ,lawrence ,johnson1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,it is worn down to the base in front and some plates have thus disappeared4 ,parts of seven plates and the hinder talon remain4 ,the width of the grinding-face is #ij mm4 ,at the third plate from the rear the height of the crown is #ig mm4 ,the hinder border of the tooth is obtusely keeled and there are no indications that there was another tooth behind it4 ,it seems necessary1 therefore1 to regard it as the hindermost molar4 ,the large hinder root was developed1 but hollow to contain the pulp4 ,the anterior root is entirely missing4 ,the plates of the crown turn backward strongly4 ,of these plates there are on the inner face of the tooth hardly four in a #ajj-mm4 line2 on the outer face1 only four4 ,the enamel is rather strongly folded and of moderate thickness4 ,with this tooth there came from the same place a molar of ,equus leidyi and some fragments of teeth of ,mammut americanum4 ,the writer believes that these species show the presence1 along ,bogue ,chitto1 of ,pleistocene deposits of about ,aftonian age4 #b4 8,near ,gulf of ,mexico40--,j4 ,c4 ,warren1 in the second edition of his work1 8,the ,mastodon giganteus of ,north ,america10 #ahee1 page #afb1 plate ,,xxviii1 figure ,a1 described and figured a part of a large upper molar1 probably the hindermost1 of an elephant which1 as the writer believes1 belongs to ,elephas imperator4 ,warren stated merely that this tooth had been found in ,alabama1 near the ,gulf of ,mexico4 ,he regarded the tooth as belonging to ,elephas primigenius and representing a form with extremely thick plates4 ,falconer 7,palont4 ,mem41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbg7 described the tooth with somewhat more accuracy than did ,warren1 although he had only a cast of the tooth4 ,he stated that the specimen presented the middle portion of an enormous last upper molar of the right side4 ,this tooth had lost part of the front by wear and the rear by fracture4 ,there were preserved eight complete ridges and a half of another in front4 ,falconer said that it bore a close resemblance to the ,bollaert tooth found at ,san ,filipe1 in ,texas1 a tooth described in ,the ,geologist1 of ,london1 in #ahfa1 #ahfb1 volumes ,,iv and ,v4 ,he gave the length of the fragment1 measured at the base1 as #g inches2 the length of the eight hinder ridges1 at the base1 #f4f inches2 the width of the crown at the third ridge1 #d4f inches2 the greatest width behind1 #d4i inches2 the height of the last ridge1 #h inches4 ,the average thickness of the plates1 including the cement1 was #j4h inch4 ,warren's figure shows that the enamel is well crimped4 ,falconer referred the tooth1 with some doubt1 to ,elephas columbi1 but he was not well acquainted with ,e4 imperator4 ,the present writer believes that the tooth belongs to the last species named4 ,it is now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the width of the grinding-surface is #aaj mm4 ,there are #e plates in a #ajj-mm4 line4 ,the plates are not curved4 ,the enamel is thick and festooned4 ,,finds ,,of ,,elephants ,,of ,,undetermined ,,species ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,the rather numerous specimens of elephants here described are those whose specific identity can not at present be determined4 ,often the discovery of elephant remains1 especially of teeth1 has been reported without any attempt at description or identification2 or they may have been referred to ,elephas primigenius at a time when no specific distinctions were recognized among our elephants4 ,in probably most cases the specimens reported have been lost4 ,the great majority of them belonged either to ,elephas primigenius or to ,e4 columbi4 ,it has seemed worth while to keep record of these unidentified specimens2 for equally with the others they show the presence of ,pleistocene deposits4 ,,ungava4 #a4 ,long ,island1 ,james ,bay4--,in #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cga1 fig4 #a71 ,robert ,bell reported the discovery of an elephant tooth on ,long ,island1 identified by ,boyd ,dawkins as that of ,elephas columbi2 by ,cope as probably a variety intermediate between ,e4 columbi and ,e4 primigenius4 ,no measurements were given by ,bell1 and the tooth was figured obliquely1 so its proportions can hardly be determined4 ,cope regarded it as a hindermost molar1 but it appears to be a last milk molar or a first true molar4 ,it is remarkable for the great thickness of the cement between the enamel plates4 ,the tooth was reported found on the naked rock of an island nearly bare of soil4 ,it might be supposed that a tooth thus exposed would soon have been destroyed by weathering4 ,lucas 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,maryland1 ,pleistocene vol41 p4 #aea7 expressed the opinion that it had been carried there by water or ice4 ,one might suppose it had been brought to the island by human agency4 ,of its geological age nothing can be said1 except that it is ,pleistocene4 ,this locality is not marked on the map of elephants of undetermined species1 as it lies somewhat too far north4 ,,ontario4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,st4 ,catharines1 ,lincoln ,county4--,in #ahff 7,cat4 ,casts ,foss41 p4 #cg1 fig471 ,henry ,a4 ,ward represented a cast of an elephant tooth which appears to be the lower right hindermost molar4 ,the original is stated to have been found at ,st4 ,catharines and to be in a museum at ,niagara4 ,it is possible that this is the tooth described on another page as ,elephas columbi and now in the ,victoria ,museum at ,toronto2 but1 while ,ward's figure represents the greater length of the tooth as worn1 in the other tooth only #f plates are worn4 ,it is possible that the figure is incorrectly drawn4 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,county4--,in #aijd 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #ceb71 ,coleman mentioned the finding of mammoth remains in a tunnel excavated through ,burlington ,heights1 near ,hamilton1 and in a gravel-pit about a mile farther westward4 ,a tusk and some bones were secured1 but nothing by means of which the species may be identified4 ,on page #adg is described the jaw of ,e4 columbi1 discovered at ,burlington ,heights4 ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 pp4 #iff1 #ifg7 illustrated the jaw just mentioned by two figures1 #dif1 #dih1 of the symphysis of an elephant1 found at ,hamilton4 ,possibly this bone belonged to ,e4 primigenius4 #c4 ,toronto1 ,york ,county4--,in #ahie 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fda71 ,coleman reported that in #ahid a tooth of a mammoth had been found on ,don ,river1 north of ,toronto1 at a point where the stream flows over the middle till of the region and cuts away banks showing stratified sand and in some cases the upper till4 ,the tooth may1 therefore1 belong to the interglacial beds1 but possibly to the late glacial4 ,in #aija 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #bia71 the same author indicated the possible occurrence of mammoth or mastodon in the ,don ,valley beds4 ,this was recorded in #aijj 7,rep4 ,brit4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 p4 #ccj74 ,on page #cjj 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix7 it is stated that an ulna of a mammoth or mastodon had been found in interglacial beds in ,toronto1 possibly in deposits representing the cold-climate ,scarboro beds2 but as it showed glacial scratches it may have been lying on the surface at the time of the ,wisconsin ice advance4 ,even in the latter case the bone can1 it would seem1 be referred to an interglacial stage4 ,in #ahii 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aid71 ,coleman stated that teeth of mammoths had been discovered in a bar1 a part of the ,iroquois beach at ,york1 east of ,toronto4 ,,vermont4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,richmond1 ,chittenden ,county4--,edward ,hitchcock 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,vermont1 #ahfa1 p4 #agf7 stated that in #aheh remains of an elephant had been found in ,richmond1 but no details were furnished4 ,one of the teeth is still preserved in the ,university of ,vermont4 ,the writer regards the species as indeterminable4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,seneca ,lake4--,in #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 ,east4 ,counties1 p4 #bjj71 ,emmons stated that a tooth belonging to the elephant had been taken from the beach of ,seneca ,lake4 ,when this happened1 exactly where1 and what was done with the tooth1 the present writer does not know4 #b4 ,wellsburg1 ,chemung ,county4--,in #agic 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #afd71 ,timothy ,edwards reported a horn or bone of some animal had been found in ,chemung1 or ,tyoga1 ,river1 about #ab miles from ,tyoga ,point4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,ashley1 of the ,library of ,congress1 informed the writer that ,tyoga ,point was a former name of the present town of ,athens1 ,pennsylvania4 ,whether the tusk was really found in ,pennsylvania or in ,new ,york is uncertain1 nor is it any more certain that the tusk was that of an elephant and not of a mastodon4 ,the fragment was #f feet #i inches long1 with a circumference of #ba inches at the base and #ae inches at the other extremity4 ,it was estimated to have formed an arc #aj or #ab feet long of a semicircle4 ,mather1 in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 pp4 #bcc1 #fcf71 stated that bones of both the mastodon and the elephant had been found in ,orange ,county4 ,on page #dd of the same volume he stated that bones supposed to belong to an elephant had been found #b miles west of ,greenville1 in ,greene ,county4 ,hall regarded them as belonging to a mastodon4 ,the case is doubtful4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,chambersburg1 ,franklin ,county4--,in #ahjf 7,phila4 ,med4 and ,phys4 ,jour41 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #aeg71 ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton reported remains of a mammoth found at ,chambersburg4 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,county4--,in #ahge 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,natural ,sci41 ,phila41 p4 #aba71 ,leidy exhibited drawings of an elephant tooth1 dredged up at the confluence of the ,allegheny and ,monongahela ,rivers at ,pittsburgh4 ,the tooth was nearly entire and weighed slightly less than #af pounds4 ,leidy referred the tooth to ,elephas americanus1 but whether it was ,e4 primigenius or ,e4 columbi can not be determined4 #c4 ,meadville1 ,crawford ,county4--,in the ,geologist1 of ,london1 volume ,v1 #ahfb1 on page #dca1 it was stated that ,mr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,ruhmond1 of ,meadville1 had reported to the ,scientific ,american the discovery of mammoth remains in the excavation of the ,atlantic and ,great ,western ,railroad at ,french ,creek4 ,no further information was furnished4 ,in this case the remains might have been those of a mastodon4 #d4 ,girard1 ,erie ,county4--,in the ,erie ,public ,museum are three tusks1 said to have been found near ,girard2 one is about #d feet long2 another somewhat longer4 ,they are slender and probably belonged to ,elephas primigenius1 but there is no certainty about this4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #af1 #cf47 #a4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,jackson ,county4--,somewhere along this creek was discovered the lower jaw and its teeth1 to which was first given the name ,elephas jacksoni4 ,the creek1 with its branches1 gathers up the waters of the central part of the county and leaves the county at its northwest corner4 ,the first notice of this jaw appears to have been given in #ahch 7,first ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 pp4 #if1 #ig7 by ,c4 ,briggs1 assistant geologist of the survey4 ,he stated that with some other bones it had been found1 by unnamed persons1 about #ahce1 in the bank of a branch of ,salt ,creek1 in the northwest part of the county4 ,a second search1 made by ,briggs and ,foster1 brought to light fragments of the skull1 two teeth1 and some other parts of the skeleton4 ,parts of the tusk in a frail condition were secured4 ,it is interesting to learn that the tusk measured on the outer curve #aj feet #i inches4 ,the writer has been unable to learn what has become of these bones2 none is in the collection of the ,state ,university at ,columbus4 ,the report made by ,briggs on this specimen was reprinted in the ,american ,journal of ,science1 volume ,,xxxiv1 #ahch1 page #ceh1 in a review of ,mathers' ,first ,annual ,report4 ,the author of the review was almost certainly ,j4 ,w4 ,foster4 ,an unsigned letter1 apparently also by ,foster1 follows1 in which are poor figures of the jaw and one of the teeth4 ,in this letter the name ,elephas jacksoni is applied to the remains4 ,in #ahci 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #aij71 ,foster contributed a figure of one of the teeth1 probably a hindermost molar1 but it is uncertain whether it represents the whole tooth or the remaining part of a worn one2 nor is the amount of reduction indicated4 ,the present writer finds it impossible to decide whether the tooth belongs to ,elephas primigenius or ,e4 columbi4 #b4 ,beverly1 ,washington ,county4--,in #ahgd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #dga71 ,mr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,andrews reported that1 several years before he wrote1 parts of the skeleton of a huge mammoth had been dug up in ,beverly4 ,among other parts were several large teeth in good preservation1 one of which was deposited in the cabinet of ,marietta ,college2 but the writer has not been able to learn anything about it4 ,a ,dr4 ,bowen1 of ,waterford ,township1 was said to have found1 somewhere farther up ,muskingum ,river1 a shoulder-blade of a mammoth2 but this locality must have been in ,morgan ,county4 ,the identification of the species is also questionable4 #c4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,county4--,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahch1 p4 #hj7 reported a molar and a tusk of an elephant had been dug up at ,nashport1 in excavating a canal4 ,with these had been found remains of a mastodon1 of ,castoroides1 and of a supposed sheep4 ,more probably the latter was an intrusion of a domestic sheep4 ,these remains had been preserved in the ,zanesville ,athenum1 but the writer can get no trace of them4 #d4 ,ross ,county4--,in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #ae71 ,charles ,whittlesey reported he had seen remains of elephant in alluvial muck in ,ross ,county1 at an elevation of about #ej feet above the bottom land of the ,scioto ,valley4 ,the locality was no more exactly defined and one can not determine whether it is within the ,wisconsin area1 that of the ,illinoian1 or that not glaciated4 ,according to ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,xli1 p4 #bei71 what appears to be an ,illinoian terrace along ,scioto ,river opposite ,chillicothe stands #abj feet above the river1 while the ,wisconsin terrace is #fj feet lower4 ,the elephant remains were probably on the ,wisconsin terrace4 #e4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in #ahdc 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #abg71 ,lyell wrote that both elephant and mastodon teeth had been found in the gravelly beds of the higher terraces on the right bank of the river at ,cincinnati4 ,in his 8,travels in ,north ,america0 7vol4 ,,ii1 #ahde1 p4 #ei71 ,lyell was more definite in his statement4 ,he stated that near the edge of the higher terrace1 in digging a gravel-pit1 which he saw open at the end of ,sixth street1 a tooth of ,elephas primigenius had been discovered not long before4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,o4 ,ulrich informs the writer that this was probably at the eastern end of the street4 ,inasmuch as all the elephant remains of our country were at that time referred to ,e4 primigenius1 it is doubtful whether the specimen belonged to this species or to ,e4 columbi4 ,professor ,n4 ,m4 ,fenneman writes that the 8higher terrace0 here mentioned can be nothing more than the terrace on which the lower city stands1 namely1 the ,wisconsin outwash4 ,he knows of no fragments of ,illinoian terrace there4 #f4 ,fort ,jefferson1 ,darke ,county4--,in #ahgh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,,iii1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ejh71 ,mr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lindemuth wrote that ,dr4 ,g4 ,miesse had in his collection an almost perfect skeleton of a mammoth1 as well as portions of a mastodon1 both of which were found in the peat deposits of ,mud ,creek 8prairie40 ,this mastodon is doubtless the one described on page #gc and preserved in the ,greenville ,public ,library4 ,where the elephant remains are the writer does not know4 ,the locality appears to be in ,neave ,township 7township #aa north1 range #b east74 #g4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,county4--,in #ahcd 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 p4 #bef71 in an unsigned article1 the geologist ,s4 ,p4 ,hildreth told of having a tooth of an elephant which had been found in gravelly diluvium back of ,circleville4 ,this meant probably somewhere east of the town4 #h4 ,south ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,county4--,in the article just cited1 ,hildreth told of securing1 near ,south ,bloomfield1 teeth of the 8,american elephant10 in association with those of the mastodon4 ,they were found in excavating for a culvert over a small branch near the town4 ,hildreth described the teeth1 so that it is certain that they belonged to an elephant2 but the species can not be determined4 ,a tooth is described as being #g inches broad1 #f inches long1 and #c inches thick4 #i4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,county4--,in #ahhf 7,proc4 ,davenport ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #cjh71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,sterling reported the finding of an elephant in a small swamp #c miles from ,cleveland and #b miles from the lake4 ,the swamp had originally occupied about #b acres of surface4 ,a well-preserved tusk1 two vertebr1 three ribs1 part of the sacrum1 and a molar were secured4 ,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ahc71 ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry stated that the delta sand deposits1 the gravel and sand1 which form the surface of the ,cleveland plateau1 had yielded numerous parts of the skeletons of mastodon and elephant4 #aj4 ,montville1 ,geauga ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #a1 p4 #ebf71 ,m4 ,c4 ,read recorded the discovery of remains of an elephant at this place4 ,two tusks were secured1 also all the bones of the pelvis1 seven or eight vertebr1 some ribs1 fragments of the skull1 and a part of one tooth2 the latter was not described4 ,the remains were found in a small marsh2 at the surface was a deposit which had resulted from the growth of swamp vegetation2 at the bottom was clay2 and in this clay the bones were buried4 ,they were supposed to have belonged to a young animal4 #aa4 ,canton1 ,stark ,county4--,in ,mount ,union-,scio ,college the writer has examined a right tibia of a proboscidean reported to have been found #c miles northeast of ,canton4 ,it is believed to have belonged to one of the elephants and not to a mastodon4 ,the following measurements were taken4 mm4 ,total length #fge ,side-to-side diameter of lower end across the articular surface #bjj ,fore-and-aft diameter of lower end across the articular surface #afj ,circumference at middle of length #cde ,side-to-side diameter at middle of length #aaj ,fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length #ajd ,side-to-side diameter at extreme upper end #bde ,,michigan4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,east ,saginaw1 ,saginaw ,county4--,in #aijb 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #beb71 ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane reported the tooth of a mammoth found in ditching close to the ,pre ,marquette shaft ,no4 #b1 in ,east ,saginaw1 and that this had been identified by the taxidermist ,william ,richter4 ,the size given1 #aa by #e inches1 indicates that it belonged to one of the elephants4 ,it was found at a depth of #c feet or less1 and at an elevation of about #be feet above the lake4 ,the writer has been unable to get any additional information about this tooth4 ,the locality is within the beach-line of the glacial ,lake ,algonquin1 which appears1 according to ,leverett and ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #cig71 to have stood at a lower level than our present ,lake ,erie4 #b4 ,macomb ,county4--,alexander ,winchell 7#ast ,bienn4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan1 #ahfa1 p4 #acb71 in speaking of an elephant molar found in the northern part of ,jackson ,county1 added that other remains had been found in ,macomb ,county4 ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #beb1 footnote7 takes this to refer to the remains of the mammoth4 ,here again a discovery is made of little value1 through the neglect to collect accurate information and to preserve the specimen4 ,macomb ,county1 situated on ,lake ,st4 ,clair1 is nearly wholly occupied by deposits laid down by the falling glacial lakes from ,lake ,maumee to ,lake ,erie4 #c4 ,grand ,ledge1 ,eaton ,county4--,former ,state ,geologist ,a4 ,c4 ,lane 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,michigan for #aija1 p4 #beb7 made the following statement3 8,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,grinold1 of ,grand ,ledge1 noticed in ditching north of that town that they had cut through a tusk2 and through ,mr4 ,c4 ,v4 ,fuller my attention was called4 ,i went there and found the remains barely a foot from the surface1 in a little low swale which ,mr4 ,frank ,tabor1 the owner1 said was a duck pond #dj years ago2 in other words1 a good place for a large1 heavy animal to get mired4 ,we exposed three teeth which were plainly those of a mammoth1 and were lying just exposed4 ,the teeth were1 two of them1 #h inches long1 the third #f4 ,the tusk had flattened into an ellipse about #i by #e inches near the butt1 and #f or #g feet long40 ,grand ,ledge is on the south bank of ,grand ,river1 in the northern edge of the county2 likewise on the ,lansing moraine1 one of the concentric moraines laid down by the retreating ,saginaw lobe of the ,wisconsin ice4 #d4 ,buchanan1 ,berrien ,county4--,mr4 ,w4 ,hillis ,smith1 of ,niles1 ,michigan1 informed the writer that in #ahii a drainage ditch was being made through the ,bakerstown marsh1 south and west from ,buchanan1 and in the course of the work many mastodon bones were thrown out2 also that one tooth of a mammoth was found4 ,this came into the possession of ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,crane1 of ,kalamazoo4 ,,indiana4 7,map #af47 ,,in ,,driftless ,,area4 #a4 ,vanderburg ,county4--,john ,collett 7#gth ,ann4 ,report ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bde1 #bdf7 stated that mammoth remains had been found in ,vanderburg ,county4 ,nothing more is known about these4 #b4 ,shoals1 ,martin ,county4--,mr4 ,m4 ,f4 ,mathers1 of ,orleans1 ,indiana1 informed the writer that in #ahhj1 while at ,shoals fishing1 a part of the upper jaw of an elephant1 with two large teeth in it1 was found1 in ,white ,river below the shoals4 ,mr4 ,mathers assures the writer that the teeth were of a kind very different from those of a mastodon found on his place4 ,he did not know what became of the specimen4 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 #ahga1 p4 #ajc7 stated that remains of the mammoth and of the mastodon had been found in ,martin ,county embedded in marsh clay resting on the drift4 ,the only drift in the county is the ,illinoian4 ,these animals must have lived after the ,illinoian stage2 but not necessarily immediately after4 ,,on ,,area ,,covered ,,by ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #c4 ,vigo ,county4--,john ,collett1 in #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,statist4 and ,geol41 #ahhj1 p4 #che71 stated that elephant remains had been found in ,vigo ,county4 #d4 ,gosport1 ,owen ,county4--,in #ahei1 ,professor ,t4 ,a4 ,wylie 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bhc7 gave an account of the discovery of parts of the skeleton of an elephant in the bank of ,white ,river1 about a mile southeast of ,gosport4 ,two tusks1 four teeth1 and some fragmentary parts of the skeleton were exhumed1 from a bed of sand1 overlain by #h feet of stiff bluish clay4 ,the sand appeared to rest on bed-rock4 ,one tusk had a length of about #i feet and a diameter of #h inches1 and this diameter was maintained to near the tip4 ,the teeth were evidently the second and third molars1 probably of the upper jaw4 ,the largest molar measured #aa inches on the longest diagonal and had #bj plates4 8,the distance between the plates and the interval between the pairs is about one-fourth inch40 ,this specimen was probably taken to the ,university of ,indiana and destroyed in a fire4 ,it seems most likely that the remains belonged to ,e4 primigenius4 ,they were apparently buried in outwash materials from the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 #ag4 ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,county4--,in #aijb 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci41 #aija1 p4 #bdg71 ,j4 ,j4 ,edwards1 a physician1 reported a tooth of ,elephas primigenius found in a gravel-pit #j4e mile south of ,wailesboro at a depth of #g feet4 ,the tooth weighed #i pounds4 ,it was afterwards destroyed in a fire4 ,although this was quite certainly the tooth of an elephant1 the identification of the species may be doubted4 #e4 ,brookville1 ,franklin ,county4--,dr4 ,r4 ,haymond 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xlvi1 p4 #bid71 under the name ,megatherium1 described a tooth1 evidently of an elephant4 ,in #ahfi 7#ast ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #bjj7 ,haymond stated that he had the tooth in his possession2 but the family does not now 7#aiaj7 know what became of it4 ,it measured #ac inches in length1 #f inches in height1 and #d inches in thickness4 ,it probably belonged to ,e4 columbi4 ,no statement was made as to the exact place of discovery4 ,john ,t4 ,plummer1 in #ahdc 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #cjb71 described a tusk found in digging a ditch near ,brookville1 #ae feet from the surface4 ,it was nearly #f feet long1 had a diameter of #d inches1 and was strongly curved4 ,this might have belonged to a mastodon4 ,,on ,,area ,,between ,,the ,,shelbyville ,,and ,,the ,,bloomington ,,moraines4 #f4 ,parke1 ,vermillion1 and ,putnam ,counties4--,john ,collett1 ,state geologist in #ahha 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,bur4 ,statist4 and ,geol41 p4 #che7 made the bare statement that mammoth remains had been found in these counties4 ,the southern portions of ,parke and ,putnam ,counties are occupied by ,illinoian drift2 the northern portion of each by ,wisconsin4 ,collett's statement is not of great value for us4 ,some remains might have been buried on the area covered by the ,illinoian drift4 ,,in ,,area ,,north ,,of ,,the ,,bloomington ,,moraine ,,and ,,south ,,of ,,the ,,wabash ,,river ,,and ,,the ,,mississinawa ,,moraine4 #g4 ,montgomery ,county4--,w4 ,h4 ,thompson1 in #ahhf 7#aeth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aei71 reported the lower jaw of a mammoth found in the bed of ,black ,creek1 on the land of ,milton ,n4 ,waugh1 who was not willing to part with it4 ,thompson thought that a lake had formerly occupied parts of ,sugar ,creek and ,madison ,townships4 ,the jaw contained two teeth2 besides this jaw1 there were two tusks nearly #aa feet long4 ,the writer was informed by the late ,professor ,donaldson ,bodine that the locality was on section #ab1 township #bj north1 range #c west4 ,the teeth and bones were unearthed by a ,mr4 ,parish and afterwards sold by him2 but it has been found impossible to trace their history4 ,the locality is on or very near a portion of the ,bloomington morainic system1 so that it is evident that the animal lived during the latter portion of the ,wisconsin stage4 #af4 ,connersville1 ,fayette ,county4--,m4 ,g4 ,mock has shown the writer a sketch of an elephant tooth found some years ago #c miles southwest of ,connersville4 ,the tooth was #i inches long1 #g inches high1 and weighed #h pounds4 ,whether it belonged to ,e4 primigenius or to ,e4 columbi is not known4 #h4 ,wayne ,county4--,john ,collett1 as mentioned under ,no4 #f1 stated that mammoth remains had been found in this county1 but he did not enter into details4 #i4 ,noblesville1 ,hamilton ,county4--,john ,collett1 in the report cited in the last paragraph1 on page #che1 gave a detailed account of the finding of some remains of a mammoth #d miles southeast of ,noblesville1 on the farm of ,john ,h4 ,caylor4 ,the locality is given as on the east half of the northeast quarter of section #af1 township #ah1 range #i west2 but evidently the range is #e east4 ,in the summer of #ahhj a large ditch was being made for the drainage of a swamp1 situated1 according to ,collett1 in a valley #bj rods wide and extending several miles from southeast to nearly northwest4 ,the higher land on each side is glacial drift and contains gravel and large boulders4 ,the ditch was #d feet deep1 #c feet of which was in recent peat or bog1 and the bottom extended down #a foot into fine blue clay4 ,in this clay were found two well-preserved teeth of a mammoth1 a hip bone1 a thigh bone1 and the tips of two vertebr4 ,these bones and teeth were scattered along the line of the ditch a distance of #hj feet and in a width of less than #b feet4 ,what became of these bones we are not informed4 ,according to ,leverett's map1 this region is covered by ,wisconsin ground moraine4 ,i am informed by ,professor ,leverett that the valley mentioned by ,collett was probably originally a subglacial drainage channel4 #ae4 ,muncie1 ,delaware ,county4--,m4 ,g4 ,mock1 of ,houston1 ,texas1 formerly of ,muncie1 ,indiana1 showed the writer a sketch of an elephant tooth1 a lower hindermost molar1 with considerable parts of the skeleton1 found on the farm of ,s4 ,n4 ,priddy1 ,july #a1 #ahie4 ,the tooth was #ab inches long and #e inches across4 ,this belonged probably to ,elephas columbi1 but of this there is no certainty4 #aj4 ,dora1 ,wabash ,county4--,elrod and ,benedict1 in #ahib 7#agth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #bda71 reported two large teeth of a mammoth found on the farm of ,john ,h4 ,peffley1 in the east half of the southwest quarter of section #ah1 township #bg1 range #h east4 ,the writers of the report saw one of the teeth and identified it as ,elephas primigenius2 but probably they did not consider the differences between this species and ,e4 columbi4 ,,in ,,area ,,north ,,of ,,wabash ,,river4 #aa4 ,jasper ,county4--,john ,collett 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #gc7 reported that mammoth remains had been found in ,jasper ,county4 ,nothing was added4 #ab4 ,pleasant ,township1 ,wabash ,county4--,elrod and ,benedict1 as noted above1 state on their page #bdj that some years previously mammoth bones had been discovered while throwing up an embankment for a bridge across ,silver ,creek4 ,the bones were found under #e feet of muck4 ,we have no assurance that these bones were not those of a mastodon4 ,it was reported to ,elrod and ,benedict that some were in ,wabash ,college1 at ,crawfordsville4 ,on this same creek1 near ,laketon1 were found some mastodon remains1 for which see page #ih4 ,this township1 in the northwestern corner of ,wabash ,county1 lies on the great moraine which runs along the north side of ,eel ,river4 #ac4 ,st4 ,john's1 ,lake ,county4--,professor ,w4 ,s4 ,blatchley1 in #ahih 7#bb;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #ij71 stated that an almost complete skeleton of a mammoth had been found in a marsh at the headwaters of ,deep ,river1 in the north half of section #ce1 township #ce north1 range #i west4 ,this would be very close to ,st4 ,john's and on the ,valparaiso moraine4 ,it is not probable that ,professor ,blatchley saw this skeleton1 and we can not1 therefore1 be certain that it was not that of a mastodon4 ,if it did belong to one of the elephants it is to be regretted that such rare materials have not been preserved4 #ad4 ,allen ,county4--,professor ,c4 ,r4 ,dryer 7#afth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,indiana ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 recorded the finding of a single mammoth tooth in ,allen ,county4 ,nothing more is known about this4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #af1 #ch47 ,,within ,,the ,,area ,,of ,,the ,,illinoian ,,drift4 #a4 ,equality1 ,gallatin ,county4--,in #ahge1 ,e4 ,t4 ,cox 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bac-bad71 in his report on ,gallatin ,county1 ,illinois1 stated he had picked up numerous plates of elephant teeth at what was called 8,half-moon10 located near ,equality1 in section #ai1 township #i1 range #h east4 ,it is an excavation made many years ago to obtain salt-brine1 near the ,saline ,river1 as the region thereabout furnishes salt springs4 ,it is implied in ,cox's account that other remains of elephants had been found there1 but usually in a bad condition4 ,it is impossible to determine to which species of elephant the fragments belonged4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of the region 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi71 the locality is occupied by alluvial terraces older than the ,wisconsin drift4 ,not far away is the border of the ,illinoian drift4 ,most probably the elephants there represented lived after the ,illinoian stage1 but they may have lived at any time thereafter up to the ,late ,wisconsin4 #b4 ,chester1 ,randolph ,county4--,professor ,a4 ,w4 ,worthen1 former ,state geologist of ,illinois1 made 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #h7 the statement that ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams had found at ,chester and ,alton remains of mammoth1 ,megalonyx1 ,bos 7,bison71 ,castoroides ohioensis1 and other extinct animals4 ,he did not1 however1 say what species had been found at each place4 ,a newspaper statement was published in #aiaa to the effect that ,william ,rade1 of ,belleville1 had a large tooth1 found in the lowlands along ,mississippi ,river south of ,chester4 ,it was described as a molar a foot in length1 #f inches in diameter 7in height probably71 weighing over #e pounds1 and having several parallel ridges across the face4 ,it was doubtless the tooth of a species of elephant4 ,a letter addressed to ,william ,rade brought no response4 ,it is probable that the tooth had been washed down from higher ground at some time4 ,its geological age is indeterminable4 #c4 ,calhoun ,county4--,william ,mc,adams reported in #ahhc 7,trans4 ,st4 ,louis ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxix7 that he had recovered from the clay in a ravine in ,calhoun ,county1 ,illinois1 8the jaw of an elephant beside which ,jumbo would seem small40 ,one of the teeth from this fossil jaw1 and which ,mc,adams presented before the ,academy for inspection1 weighed nearly #ah pounds4 ,it is not known what became of this jaw and the teeth2 nor can we determine the geological age of the animal4 ,such discoveries lose most of their value through lack of exact statements regarding the origin of the objects4 #ae4 ,christian ,county4--,in #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #ci71 ,worthen stated that a tooth of a mammoth had been found by ,david ,miller in a sand drift near the ,south ,fork of ,sangamon ,river1 in ,christian ,county4 ,it was presented to the ,state cabinet4 ,the tooth is said to have been of a chalky whiteness4 ,the drift which covers this county belongs to the ,illinoian4 ,it is not probable that the animal in question lived before the ,illinoian stage4 #d4 ,sangamon ,county4--,in #ahgc1 ,worthen 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 stated that the tooth of a mammoth had been found some years before in the bluffs of the ,sangamon ,river and near the surface4 ,he concluded that it had not come from beds older than the loess4 ,while the probability is that the tooth was found in the ,sangamon loess1 there can be no certainty about it4 ,the animal might have lived there while the ,wisconsin ice was nearby4 #e4 ,fulton ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list of #aije 7,augustana ,library ,pubs4 ,no4 #e1 p4 #aj71 ,professor ,albert ,hurd1 of ,knox ,college1 reported that there was in the museum of that college a poorly preserved tooth of some species of elephant1 found in ,fulton ,county4 ,all that can be said about the geological age of this find is that the county is covered by ,illinoian drift and that the tooth is probably not older4 ,nevertheless1 it might have been found in some excavation or along some ravine which had reached the ,yarmouth4 #f4 ,galesburg1 ,knox ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list referred to1 page #ad1 ,professor ,albert ,hurd reported there was in the cabinet of ,knox ,college a much decayed elephant tooth1 found near ,galesburg in the making of a ditch4 ,the presumption is that the ditch had not passed through the ,illinoian drift and that the animal had lived after the ,illinoian stage2 it may be during the ,sangamon stage4 #ad4 ,pekin1 ,tazewell ,county4--,in #aiji 7,bull4 #ejf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #fa71 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,udden reported remains of a proboscidean found in ,adam ,saal's gravel-pit1 between ,illinois ,river and ,dead ,lake1 a mile south of ,pekin1 at a depth of #ah feet4 ,there were two tusks1 two teeth1 a part of a jaw1 and a few other bones4 ,one tooth is reported to have weighed #ah pounds1 the other #h pounds4 ,these were doubtless weighed while wet4 ,only the teeth of an elephant would weigh so much4 ,it is impossible to determine the species4 ,udden stated that the gravel probably belongs to the latest ,wisconsin terrace4 ,the locality is on the border of the ,shelbyville moraine4 #i4 ,peoria1 ,peoria ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bcg71 ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen reported two molar teeth1 with a portion of the jaw1 found in a gravel-bed in the bluff in the city of ,peoria4 ,a part of one of these teeth was then in the ,state ,cabinet at ,springfield4 ,according to ,worthen1 these remains were found at a depth between #ab and #dh feet4 ,according to ,udden's map 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ejf1 plate ,i7 the locality would probably be on the early ,wisconsin terrace4 ,the animal must have lived during the formation of this terrace4 ,it would seem that this must have been after the ,wisconsin ice had begun to retire and while the region was yet much depressed4 ,baker 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bii7 stated that this animal was a mastodon4 #g4 ,rock ,island1 ,rock ,island ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list of mastodons and elephants it is stated that in laying the overflow pipe from the basins of the ,rock ,island waterworks on the bluff south of the city1 a cut was made in the loess to a depth of about #bb feet near the edge of the bluff4 ,in the lower part of this cut were found a part of a tooth of an elephant and a piece of a leg-bone4 ,these were given to the museum of ,augustana ,college4 ,the loess at this point is said to be about #ce feet thick and the lower part is somewhat peaty in cuts in the streets further west4 ,probably this loess belongs to the ,iowan stage and that beneath it was an old soil deposited in peat-swamps4 ,the fossil seems to belong to the ,iowan glacial stage1 possibly to the ,peorian interglacial4 ,,elephants ,,found ,,within ,,the ,,area ,,of ,,the ,,wisconsin ,,drift4 #h4 ,atwood1 ,piatt ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 page #ag1 it is stated that in the museum of ,northwestern ,university there is a tooth of a mammoth found near ,atwood in #ahgi4 ,it was dug up from about #f feet from the surface4 ,atwood is in the extreme southeastern corner of ,piatt ,county2 the region round about is occupied by what ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 calls the ,shelbyville till sheet1 belonging to the early ,wisconsin stage4 ,the animal may have lived at any time since that till was deposited up to ,late ,wisconsin4 ,the tooth was probably buried in some old peat-swamp and unearthed during tilling operations4 #ac4 ,wheaton1 ,du ,page ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 page #aj1 it was reported on the authority of ,charles ,a4 ,blanchard1 president of ,wheaton ,college1 that about #ahij the remains of a mammoth were found in ditches on the ,jewell farm1 near ,wheaton4 ,the remains consisted of about a dozen ribs1 as many vertebr1 a femur1 and other parts of legs4 ,it appears to the writer that the remains may have belonged to a mastodon4 ,wheaton is situated on that part of the ,valparaiso moraine which runs parallel with the western shore of ,lake ,michigan4 ,whatever the animal was it must be regarded as belonging to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #ac4 ,oak ,park1 ,cook ,county4--,under this number #ac must be recorded a mammoth tooth found in a gravel-pit at ,oak ,park1 at a depth of several feet4 ,only parts of it were secured and the species is unknown4 ,the pit was in the ,glenville beach1 laid down during the waning of the ,wisconsin glacial sheet 7,baker1 ,f4 ,c41 ,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 p4 #gj74 #aj4 ,evanston1 ,cook ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 page #i1 ,professor ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 of ,northwestern ,university1 reported that the museum contains the tooth of a mammoth1 taken from a gravel-pit near ,evanston4 ,the animal must have lived after the ,wisconsin glacier had withdrawn into the basin of ,lake ,michigan4 #aa4 ,rochelle1 ,ogle ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 pages #ae1 #af1 ,professor ,frank ,leverett reported that in ,july #ahhf he had seen a collection of mammoth fossils at the house of ,f4 ,g4 ,rossman1 a farmer living near ,rochelle1 which he had obtained in a bog in the northwestern part of section #cc1 ,lynnville ,township4 ,the materials consisted of a tusk1 two teeth1 a piece of the jawbone1 a few ribs1 and some fragments of bones4 ,the fragment of tusk was about #e feet long1 #bj inches in circumference at one end1 about #ah inches at the other4 ,the tooth was from #ab to #ac inches long and #d inches wide4 ,rochelle is on the border between the ,wisconsin drift-sheet and the earlier one lying west of it4 ,on ,leverett's map this is put down as being ,iowan2 but no ,iowan is now recognized in ,illinois4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,n4 ,rice1 county surveyor1 reported that ,lynnville ,township is number #da north1 range #b west4 ,,in ,,the ,,unglaciated ,,region ,,in ,,the ,,northwest ,,corner ,,of ,,the ,,state4 #ab4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,county4--,the geologist ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney reported in #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb7 that a few teeth of the elephant had been found near ,galena1 on the surface4 ,these are said to be preserved in a collection in ,galena4 ,whitney stated that these were all that he had met with in the lead region4 ,in his ,geology of the ,lead ,region 7,wisconsin ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #abi-acc7 the same author said that1 so far as he knew1 elephant remains never were found in the lead crevices4 ,the teeth mentioned above had been found within the limits of the city of ,galena4 ,galena is situated in the driftless region and no conclusion is reached about the geological age of those teeth4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,stockholm1 ,pepin ,county4--,all that is known regarding the occurrence of an elephant at this place was published by ,professor ,n4 ,h4 ,winchell in #aiaj 7,bull4 ,minn4 ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #dag71 as follows3 8,capt4 ,jos4 ,buisson stated that a mammoth tooth was found opposite ,lake ,city1 near ,stockholm1 on the shore of ,lake ,pepin40 ,the tooth may have been that of a mastodon4 ,,maryland ,,and ,,district ,,of ,,columbia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,upper ,marlboro1 ,prince ,george's ,county4--,in ,b4 ,l4 ,miller's geological report on this county 7,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiaa1 pp4 #abe1 #abf7 it is stated that a right humerus of a mammoth1 as determined by ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 had been found at the road crossing of ,cabin ,branch1 near the western branch of ,patuxent ,river4 ,the bone was sent to ,georgetown ,university1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #b4 ,washington4--,in the ,prince ,george's ,county volume of the ,maryland ,geological ,survey1 #aiaa1 page #abc1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,l4 ,miller stated that a tooth of ,elephas americanus 7,e4 primigenius probably7 had been found in ,wicomico materials in the pits of a ,washington brick company1 at a depth of #ce feet4 ,the brickyard was bounded by ,florida and ,trinidad avenues and the ,bladensburg turnpike4 ,what has become of this tooth is not known1 nor can one be certain that the tooth was not that of ,e4 columbi4 ,it may with safety be referred to an early stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,,virginia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,warrenton1 ,fauquier ,county4--,in #ahca1 ,richard ,harlan 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #eh-fg71 in a letter to the editor1 stated that a 8,dr4 ,w40 of the village presented him with a fossil molar tooth of an elephant found in that vicinity4 ,nothing more is known of this specimen4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,wheeling1 ,ohio ,county4--,the geologist ,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 #ajth meeting1 p4 #afj7 reported that ,alfred ,sears had deposited in the ,smithsonian ,institution some elephant remains obtained #d4e miles below ,wheeling ,creek4 ,they were found on the second bottom or terrace and at a depth of #ag feet from the surface4 ,within a few feet of this place was an ,indian mound4 ,when the mound was built1 #ag feet of sediment had accumulated over the elephant remains4 ,one can1 however1 hardly refer the bones to a time farther back than the ,wisconsin4 ,a record in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum shows that ,mr4 ,sears1 in #aheb1 sent a tusk and a tooth of an elephant to ,washington4 ,these were doubtless placed in the collection of the ,old ,national ,institute4 ,if they were transferred to the ,smithsonian ,institution the record has apparently been lost4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #af1 #ci47 #a4 #af miles below ,newbern1 on ,neuse ,river1 in ,pamlico ,county4--,harlan1 in #ahdb 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 p4 #adc71 stated that he had seen1 in the collection made by ,nuttall on ,neuse ,river1 remains of an elephant4 ,elisha ,mitchell1 in the same year 7,elements of ,geol41 p4 #abh71 stated that there was in the cabinet of the ,university of ,north ,carolina a tooth of an elephant from the locality mentioned4 ,possibly the tooth referred by ,croom 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 p4 #agj7 to the mastodon and which was #g inches wide and #i4e inches deep1 was really that of an elephant4 ,were it not for the fact that ,elephas primigenius has been found in this region of ,north ,carolina1 one might1 with confidence1 refer the tooth found below ,newbern to ,e4 columbi4 ,for other species found at this place the reader may consult pages #ceh to #cei4 #b4 ,harlowe1 ,carteret ,county4--,elisha ,mitchell 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xiii1 #ahbg1 p4 #cdg7 stated that in digging the ,clubfoot and ,harlowe ,canal remains of both the mastodon and the elephant had been found4 ,nothing more definite was communicated4 ,the probability is that the animal was ,elephas columbi4 #c4 ,duplin ,county4--,at the meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science in ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 in #ahej1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes reported that he had obtained a part of a molar of an elephant found somewhere in ,duplin ,county4 ,he spoke of its resemblance in narrowness and in thinness of plates to a tooth found in ,vermont and exhibited by ,agassiz4 ,possibly it belonged to ,elephas primigenius4 ,,florida4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,wakulla ,springs1 ,wakulla ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey is a right tibia of an elephant reported found at the place named4 ,the measurements shown in the accompanying table were secured4 ,for comparison the dimensions of the tibia of the great ,elephas primigenius in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history at ,new ,york are presented4 ,measurement of tibias1 in millimeters4 ,wakulla ,springs elephant4 ,e4 primigenius4 ,total length #hac #gce ,greatest width across upper end #bff #bde ,fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length #ajf #ajj ,side-to-side diameter at middle of length #acb #ajf ,greatest width across lower end #bae #bje ,with the tibia from ,wakulla ,springs is the distal half of an immense femur of the left side4 ,the distance across the articular surface of the distal end was at least #bda mm41 but the bone has suffered some abrasion4 ,the outer articular surface measures #aae mm42 the inner #a1bjb mm4 ,when the bone is placed on a table with the hinder face downward the inner ridge which bounds the patellar groove rises #bhj mm4 above the table4 ,whether these bones belong to ,elephas imperator or to ,e4 columbi is uncertain4 #b4 ,stokes ,ferry1 ,st4 ,mary's ,river1 ,nassau ,county4--,in #aiji1 ,sellards 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adg7 stated that ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 had found at this place1 in a phosphate deposit1 a fragment of an elephant tooth together with #c teeth of a fossil horse and some ear-bones of a whale4 ,the elephant belonged probably to ,e4 columbi1 but possibly to ,e4 imperator4 #c4 ,bartow1 ,polk ,county4--,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahia1 p4 #abj7 has recorded the discovery at this place of tusks supposed to be those of ,elephas columbi4 ,possibly the tusks were those of ,e4 imperator or even those of ,mammut americanum4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,in his report on the ,geology and ,agriculture of ,mississippi1 #ahed1 page #bhd1 ,wailles wrote that fossil remains of the elephant were not then known to have been found in the ,state4 ,however1 on page #bhf1 ,elephas primigenius is included in the list of fossil ,mammalia furnished by ,leidy4 ,the latter does not say where in ,mississippi elephant remains had been discovered1 but it was probably at ,natchez4 ,in his work on the ,lafayette formation 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 part #a1 p4 #djj71 ,mc,gee stated that at least one skull of the ,american elephant had been found at ,natchez in gravel1 well down toward the ,port ,hudson clays1 and that to this adhered some of the coarse gravel of the matrix4 ,probably the species was ,elephas columbi4 ,it is likely that the skulls referred to by ,mc,gee were not as complete as he supposed4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #af4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,gallatin1 ,sumner ,county4--,in #ahce1 ,professor ,g4 ,troost 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,penn41 vol4 ,i1 #ahce1 p4 #add7 reported that a ,mrs4 ,ephraim ,foster possessed a tooth of ,elephas primigenius found in a well at a depth of #dj feet4 ,the identification followed the opinion of that time that only one species of elephant had existed in the country4 ,it more probably belonged to ,e4 columbi4 #b4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,county4--,in the publication just referred to the geologist ,g4 ,troost stated that he owned a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 found a few miles below ,columbia1 probably near ,duck ,river1 but no details as to the exact locality and kinds of deposits were furnished4 ,hayes and ,ulrich 7,folio #ie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 appear not to have recognized any ,pleistocene in this quadrangle4 ,on page #f they stated that narrow strips of bottom lands occur along the larger streams1 particularly along ,duck ,river4 ,the tooth was probably that of ,e4 columbi4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #af47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,remains belonging certainly to both ,elephas primigenius and ,e4 columbi have been found here1 and there is no reason for supposing that any other species has ever been collected4 ,many specimens have1 however1 been mentioned in the literature of the subject which one may have difficulty in referring to either of these species4 ,the difficulty arises from the insufficiency of the descriptions and of the illustrations when there are any4 ,two elephant molars from ,america were figured by ,cuvier 7,oss4 ,foss41 ed4 #d1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #i1 #aa71 without any exact locality being given1 so far as the present writer can discover4 ,adams 7,palontograph4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #abb7 says of these that one was from ,mississippi1 the other from ,bigbone ,lick1 but which is from the latter place is not indicated4 ,caspar ,wistar 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 n4 s41 vol4 ,i1 #ahah1 p4 #cgf7 reported that in the ,jefferson collection there were teeth which he referred to the ,siberian elephant4 ,among these were some which belonged to a young animal4 ,william ,cooper 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 #ahca1 pp4 #afh-aga7 recalled the quantity of elephant remains found at ,bigbone ,lick before his visit4 ,in the ,finnell collection was a tusk with part of the base missing1 which was still #aa feet #aj4e inches long and #bb inches in circumference4 ,it was much curved1 a fact which induced him to refer it to an elephant4 ,in the same collection were numerous other parts of elephants1 including #bj or more teeth4 ,a ,mr4 ,bullock secured a skull nearly entire4 ,it is pretty certain that the greater part of all this fine material has been lost4 ,many of the bones and teeth collected in early times went to the museums of ,europe2 some are mentioned by ,leith ,adams 7,palontograph4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #ge1 #abb7 and ,lydekker 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 ,,iv1 p4 #aia74 #b4 ,newport1 ,campbell ,county4--,in #ahga ,professor ,shaler 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #afj7 stated that he had a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 which had been found in the uppermost terrace of the alluvial plane opposite ,cincinnati1 at a depth of over #fj feet from the surface4 ,in #ahgg 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #gi71 the same writer stated that a molar tooth of ,elephas primigenius had been found in the city of ,newport1 about #be feet above high-water mark and at a depth of #dj feet4 ,it is not improbable that the two accounts refer to the same specimen4 #c4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the collection of ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter1 made at this place1 were several much water-worn teeth of elephants1 the species not determined4 #d4 ,eminence1 ,henry ,county4--,the geologist ,david ,d4 ,owen1 in #aheg 7#c;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 p4 #ajc71 reported that bones and teeth of the mammoth had1 at times1 been found here4 ,they do not appear to have been preserved4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,equid ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,massachusetts4 7,map #ag47 ,gay ,head1 ,martha's ,vineyard4--,in #aijj 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dei1 plate ,,xlii1 fig4 #b71 ,j4 ,b4 ,woodworth reported finding an astragalus of a horse in an osseous conglomerate1 regarded as belonging to the ,miocene4 ,it was identified by ,professor ,h4 ,f4 ,osborn1 who remarked that it resembled closely the same bone of some ,pleistocene horses4 ,from this conglomerate have been obtained bones of whales1 supposedly also a skull of a walrus4 ,while the size of the astragalus suggests more that of a ,pleistocene horse1 it is possible that there was some large ,miocene equid that lived there4 ,the present writer is inclined to believe it will be found that the astragalus came from one of the older ,pleistocene deposits recognized as present at ,gay ,head4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,throg's ,neck1 ,new ,york ,county4--,in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,charles ,whittlesey stated he had a tooth of a horse1 taken from the compact marine drift at ,throg's ,neck4 ,it was obtained by ,j4 ,a4 ,bailey from excavations at ,fort ,schuyler1 #ah feet below the surface4 ,according to ,folio ,no4 #hc of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,harlem ,quadrangle1 ,throg's ,neck is occupied by till which usually thinly covers1 or leaves exposed1 the underlying ,hudson schist2 ,salisbury gives an account of the drift on page #ad of the folio cited4 ,at the depth indicated the tooth was probably lying in pre-,wisconsin deposits2 and taking into consideration the geological age of other horse remains1 one may reasonably conclude that the tooth at ,throg's ,neck was of a horse that lived during the middle or early ,pleistocene4 ,that there may be materials of a pre-,wisconsin stage underlying the surface drift at ,throg's ,neck is indicated by ,woodworth's discovery 7,bull4 #dh1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #fbf1 plate ,i7 of deposits older than the ,wisconsin along ,hempstead ,bay1 ,long ,island4 ,,note4--,in #aheh 7,proc4 ,boston ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #cjc71 ,dr4 ,skilton1 of ,troy1 wrote that a farmer had dug up1 in what had been marshy ground1 #ag teeth of a horse4 ,these1 ,skilton stated1 belonged to ,equus major4 ,the teeth were greatly decayed4 ,the writer of the report said that the enamel of the first upper molar1 meaning the anterior of the six grinding teeth1 measured #a4i inches 7#dg4e mm472 that of the corresponding lower teeth #b4cc inches 7#eh mm474 ,if these measurements were taken correctly1 they indicate a horse much larger than any yet known1 unless it be ,equus giganteus of ,texas4 ,there is no evidence that ,dr4 ,skilton had made any serious study of the dentition of horses and the teeth were probably those of a domestic horse1 or even of some other animal4 ,in #ahhd 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dg71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,hart ,merriam1 in his paper 8,the ,vertebrates of the ,adirondack ,region10 stated he had examined several fossil molar teeth of ,equus major exhumed at ,keenes ,station1 near the ,oswegatchie ,ox ,bow1 in ,jefferson ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,he compared them with the corresponding teeth of an immense dray horse and found them much larger4 ,professor ,g4 ,c4 ,manse1 of ,st4 ,lawrence ,university1 ,canton1 ,new ,york1 sent me for examination #d upper teeth of a horse which must be those examined by ,dr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,merriam4 ,they are labeled as having been collected at ,gouverneur1 a town not far from ,keenes ,station4 ,after a careful study of these teeth and comparison with those of the domestic horse1 the writer concludes that they belonged to the latter4 ,domestic horses are known to have larger teeth4 ,professor ,manse has unfortunately been unable to trace the history of the teeth back to ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,benton1 of ,ogdensburg1 who showed them to ,dr4 ,merriam4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,swedesboro1 ,gloucester ,county4--,in #ahfh 7,cook's ,geol4 ,new ,jersey1 p4 #gda71 ,cope stated that ,equus complicatus was represented in ,new ,jersey by a series of teeth obtained while a mill-dam at ,swedesboro was being cleared4 ,no further information has been secured4 ,at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 the writer has seen a horse-tooth labeled as coming from the town named2 but whether or not it is one of those referred to by ,cope it is impossible to say4 #b4 ,fish ,house1 ,camden1 ,camden ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bej1 fig4 #ee71 ,cope wrote that a partial skull of ,equus fraternus had been found at ,fish ,house in a blackish clay at a depth of #bj feet from the top of the clay4 ,over the clay was imposed a bed of sand from #h to #ae feet thick4 ,this important skull appears to have been lost 7fig4 #g74 ,in #ahig 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey for #ahif1 p4 #bjh1 plate ,x71 ,lewis ,woolman described other remains of horses supposed to belong to ,equus complicatus1 secured in the same ,fish ,house clays4 ,the writer has seen these and regards them as belonging to the species just named4 ,these remains of horses will be mentioned on pages #cjb-cjc4 #c4 ,navesink ,hills1 ,monmouth ,county4--,somewhere in the northeastern part of ,monmouth ,county1 in the region of the ,navesink 7or ,neversink7 ,hills1 have been found remains of a fossil horse4 ,they were first mentioned by ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,remains1 #ahbf1 pp4 #g1 #h74 ,he mentioned a cervical vertebra and teeth in sound condition4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfa7 wrote that a vertebra and teeth were associated with remains of a mastodon4 ,mitchill mentions only a part of a tibia of a mastodon4 ,these objects were all presented by ,mitchill to the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york4 ,the writer believes these teeth had been buried in an early ,pleistocene deposit4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia are #b horse-teeth found at or near ,pittston4 ,they were described and figured by ,leidy in #ahgc 7,monograph ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,i1 pp4 #bde-bdf1 plate ,,xxxiii1 figs4 #af1 #ag7 as ,e4 major 7,e4 complicatus74 ,he stated they were found on the banks of the ,susquehanna ,river1 associated with remains of mastodons and ,bison latifrons4 ,the last was1 however1 a species of ,symbos4 ,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfb71 ,leidy stated that it was reported these remains had come from a stratum 8full of bones40 ,this stratum belonged probably to an early or middle ,pleistocene interglacial stage4 #b4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,leidy reported the finding of 8a pair of teeth of a horse1 which were yet incompletely developed10 in ,hartman's ,cave1 near the town mentioned4 ,he thought they belonged to an indigenous species4 ,the position of the cave1 its fossils1 and their age will be considered in discussing the ,pleistocene geology of the ,state on pages #cjh to #caa4 #c4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,as long ago as #ahga 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bce1 #chd71 ,wheatley announced the discovery of #b unidentified species of horses in the great bone cave at the place named4 ,they were associated with the remains of #dj other species of vertebrates1 besides many insects4 ,in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aic-bfg1 plates ,,xviii-,,xxi71 ,cope described the materials collected up to that time from the same cave4 ,of horses he recorded #b forms1 which he named ,equus fraternus fraternus and ,e4 fraternus pectinatus4 ,he was inclined to believe the latter would prove to be a distinct species4 ,it is not certain whether this conclusion was correct2 but if not a species1 it is probably a subspecies of ,equus complicatus4 ,the teeth referred to ,e4 fraternus fraternus are pretty certainly those of ,e4 complicatus4 ,of this species ,cope had a decayed skull of a young animal with teeth1 besides a considerable number of other teeth and some bones of the skeleton4 ,the geological relations of these remains and those of the other species will be discussed on pages #caa to #cbj4 #d4 ,rutherford1 ,dauphin ,county4--,in #ahfh 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahfh1 p4 #aie71 ,leidy described a horse-tooth1 loaned him by ,mr4 ,w4 ,lorenz and found somewhere between ,rutherford and ,highspire4 ,it was met in a depression #f feet deep and #bj feet across1 filled with diluvium4 ,leidy thought the tooth might have belonged to a contemporary of the mastodon1 but this was equally improbable4 ,all the cement was dissolved from the tooth1 and the latter was stained by iron1 but not petrified4 ,it was an upper second true molar4 ,it has probably suffered the fate of such specimens as are retained in private hands4 #e4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson1 of the ,carnegie ,museum1 ,pittsburgh1 the writer learns that some part of an unidentified species of horse has been found in the collection made some years ago at ,frankstown4 ,for a list of the species page #cba may be consulted4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ag1 #cf47 #a4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in #ahie 7,jour4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bag71 ,mr4 ,seth ,hayes recorded the discovery of a molar tooth and a vertebra of a horse1 identified as ,equus fraternus4 ,it was met with in exhuming the remains of the 8,shaw mastodon0 in ,hyde ,park1 in the northeastern part of ,cincinnati4 ,the details of the exhumation are given in the description of the mastodon4 ,the geological age of these animals dates probably from about the ,sangamon stage4 ,the writer has not been able to examine the horse remains referred to4 ,it is probable that the tooth belonged to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,columbus1 ,franklin ,county4--,in #ahdh 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #a1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #bae71 ,charles ,whittlesey stated that bones and teeth of a horse had been found in fissures or 8clay seams0 of the ,cliff limestone at ,columbus4 ,in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 the same geologist reported that ,joseph ,sullivant1 of ,columbus1 had1 many years before1 obtained from the crevices of the ,cliff lime rock1 on the west side of ,scioto ,river1 a number of bones embedded in red clay4 ,among these was the tooth of a horse4 ,the crevice had not been open since the date of the white settlement of the country and it was wholly filled by the red clay which results from the decomposition of the limestone4 ,probably all the remains mentioned by ,whittlesey have been lost4 ,in #ahge 7,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #aed71 ,klippart wrote that1 in excavating the exterior wall at the ,ohio penitentiary1 the warden1 ,mr4 ,burr1 found the fossil jaw of a horse with the molars in good condition4 ,he stated the horse must have been one-third larger than the ordinary horse of to-day4 ,from ,professor ,clinton ,r4 ,stauffer1 of ,adelbert ,college1 ,cleveland1 the writer received for examination a horse-tooth1 labeled3 8,catalogue ,no4 #cef4 ,horse-tooth4 ,given by ,robert ,cartwright4 ,found at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 in excavating in a peat-bed for a gas holder in the penitentiary grounds1 ,october #cj1 #ahgc40 ,it is possible that this is the same tooth mentioned by ,klippart1 but probably it is another4 ,the present writer identifies the tooth as that of ,equus complicatus4 ,the geological age is probably approximately that of the ,sangamon stage4 #c4 ,salt ,creek1 ,columbiana ,county4--,in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 art4 #c1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #af71 ,charles ,whittlesey reported a tooth of a horse found1 about #bj years before1 in making the ,sandy and ,beaver ,canal1 along ,sandy ,creek1 in ,columbiana ,county1 at a depth not exceeding #ab or #ae feet4 ,probably the locality was in the southwestern corner of the county4 ,the sources of ,salt ,creek are in ,hanover ,township1 not far from the sources of ,little ,beaver ,creek4 ,from this vicinity ,salt ,creek flows westward4 ,this county lies within the ,illinoian drift region and the horse probably lived during the ,sangamon stage or earlier4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,county4--,so far as the writer knows1 remains of extinct horses have been found in ,indiana only at the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 a short distance below ,evansville4 ,only a single vertebra1 a last cervical1 was secured4 ,this formed part of a collection made at the place named by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,lincke4 ,the collection was described by ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii74 ,the bone was referred to ,equus americanus1 a name employed at that time for the horse now known as ,equus complicatus4 ,although it would usually be impossible to identify a species of horse on such materials1 it is probable that ,leidy was correct4 ,the geological age of the bone-bed is discussed on page #cb4 ,it is concluded that the age is most probably the ,sangamon1 but possibly ,aftonian4 ,the same species has been found at ,bigbone ,lick1 above ,louisville1 on the ,kentucky side4 ,the deposits there overlie the ,illinoian drift and are1 in part at least1 ,sangamon4 ,associated with the horse bone at ,pigeon ,creek were megalonyx1 a probably extinct bison1 the ,virginia deer1 a tapir1 and the extinct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,,illinois4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,on the line between ,bond and ,fayette ,counties4--,in #ahii1 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ci1 figure7 described under the name of ,equus major an equine maxilla1 containing #d premolars1 sent him by ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen1 ,state geologist of ,illinois4 ,this maxilla had been found in a bog between ,bond and ,fayette counties4 ,it was referred by ,gidley 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #ace1 fig4 #bd7 to ,equus pectinatus ,cope4 ,the specimen is in the collection of the ,state museum at ,springfield and has been studied by the writer1 who regards it as belonging to ,equus complicatus4 ,a fossil horse-tooth found at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,kentucky1 greatly resembles one of the premolars of this jaw4 ,the region where this jaw was found lies within the area of the ,illinoian drift2 and1 inasmuch as the specimen was found on a bog lying on this drift1 the animal must have lived after the withdrawal of the ,illinoian ice-sheet4 ,the bog deposit belonged probably to the ,sangamon stage4 ,the writer has endeavored earnestly1 but in vain1 to obtain more exact details regarding the locality where the jaw was found and the depth of interment4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,at a meeting of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science1 ,december #d1 #ahhb 7,trans4 ,st4 ,louis ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxx71 ,william ,mc,adams reported he had seen the fossil tooth of a horse from near ,alton4 ,no details were added1 except that all the horses he had seen from the drift were large animals1 while those from the bad lands of ,dakota were mostly quite small4 ,in the ,mc,adams collection1 an account of which will be given on page #cci1 is a fragment of an incisor of a horse4 ,it has on it ,mc,adams's ,no4 #be4 ,it is doubtful that this tooth was found in the loess4 ,all the fossils of that collection purporting to have been found in the loess are very white1 while this is of a brownish color1 and there is a coat of iron oxide adhering to some parts of it4 ,this may or may not be the tooth mentioned by ,mc,adams as above reported4 #c4 ,greene ,county4--,at the meeting of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science just referred to1 ,mr4 ,mc,adams stated that teeth of an extinct horse had been brought up from the bottom of a well being dug in ,greene ,county4 ,more exact situation and the depth of the well were not mentioned4 ,both ,greene and ,madison counties are occupied by the ,illinoian drift-sheet4 ,the horse-teeth found in these counties might have come from ,sangamon deposits2 or possibly the ,illinoian drift had been passed through and ,yarmouth interglacial had been entered4 ,the geologists ,j4 ,a4 ,udden and ,e4 ,w4 ,shaw 7,belleville-,breese ,folio1 ,no4 #aie1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #g7 have noted in those quadrangles deposits which may consist of pre-,illinoian till2 also old black soils which may belong to the ,yarmouth4 ,the quadrangles mentioned lie along the southern border of ,madison ,county4 ,the old soils were found at depths varying from #cj to #ge feet4 ,in this region1 too1 the ,illinoian drift is overlain by a blanket of loess4 ,to arrive at any valuable conclusion1 one ought to know just where specimens are found and at what depths and in what kind of deposits4 ,on the other hand1 the information is of the most meager kind4 ,the specimens mentioned are not in a collection made by ,mc,adams and now in the ,national ,museum4 ,,maryland ,,and ,,district ,,of ,,columbia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,marshall ,hall1 ,charles ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upper right molar1 first or second1 of a horse labeled as found at this place4 ,it is credited to ,mr4 ,o4 ,n4 ,bryan1 who1 some years ago1 contributed many articles to the museum4 ,the conditions of discovery are not known4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #bh mm41 the width #bg mm4 ,it probably belongs to ,equus leidyi4 ,according to ,shattuck's map of the ,pliocene and ,pleistocene of ,maryland 7,maryland ,geol4 ,surv41 #aijf1 plate ,i7 this locality is occupied by ,talbot deposits4 ,shattuck regards the ,talbot as belonging to late ,pleistocene times4 ,the present writer does not accept this view4 #b4 ,georgetown1 ,district of ,columbia4--,in #ahce 7,med4 and ,phys4 ,researches1 p4 #bfg71 ,dr4 ,richard ,harlan acknowledged the receipt1 at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 of remains of a fossil horse found at ,georgetown in constructing the canal along the ,potomac4 ,these were probably teeth and had been sent by ,colonel ,i4 ,j4 ,abert1 of ,washington4 ,they ought now to be in the ,academy mentioned4 ,in #ahej1 ,r4 ,w4 ,gibbes 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg7 presented before the ,american ,association of ,sciences a specimen 7a tooth87 which he said came from the bank of the ,potomac and was associated with a tooth of ,bos 7,bison74 ,how he came to have this was not related1 nor is it certain that it was found near ,washington4 #c4 ,mitchellville1 ,prince ,george's ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #b upper teeth1 molars or premolars 7,no4 #hhac71 of a horse found on his estate northwest from the town named1 by ,mr4 ,edward ,s4 ,walker4 ,they were presented to the ,national ,museum by ,dr4 ,edward ,w4 ,berry1 of ,john ,hopkins ,university4 ,these teeth1 apparently first and second molars1 seem to belong to an undescribed species4 ,the table gives the height of the teeth and dimensions of the grinding-surface in millimeters4 ,tooth4 ,height4 ,length4 ,width4 ,protocone4 ,m#a #gj #bi4e #be #ab ,m#b #gc #cj #bc #ad4e ,the teeth present the appearance of having been little worn4 ,measurements of the crown taken about one-third the distance to the base are as follows3 ,tooth4 ,length4 ,width4 ,protocone4 ,m#a #be #be #aa ,m#b #bf #be4b #ac ,the teeth are moderately curved1 so that the outer face is convex1 the inner concave4 ,some of the cement is retained and is colored blue with vivianite4 ,the enamel presents less complication than is usually found in either ,equus complicatus or ,e4 leidyi4 ,the dimensions of the teeth and the narrowness1 especially of the second molar1 seem to exclude reference to either of the species mentioned4 #d4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,county4--,mr4 ,william ,palmer1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 had for many years been making collections1 mostly of ,miocene vertebrates1 along the cliffs at ,chesapeake ,beach4 ,among other fossils found there are some remains of horses1 among them one much worn upper tooth1 probably a premolar4 ,the height is only #ba mm41 the length of the grinding-surface #bb4d mm41 the width #bd mm4 ,it may be referred provisionally to ,e4 leidyi4 ,mr4 ,palmer had also an ungual phalanx and a cervical vertebra and various other bones and teeth of horses4 ,the geological situation at the place and the other ,pleistocene species found there will be discussed on pages #cdg-cdh4 #e4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,county4--,in his work on the exploration of ,bushy ,cavern1 near ,cavetown1 ,mr4 ,charles ,peabody 7,bull4 ,,iv1 ,dept4 ,archol41 ,phillips ,acad41 p4 #ab7 stated that in a limestone quarry1 south of the cave1 in the red earth1 was found a tooth which ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley identified as probably ,equus complicatus4 ,in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #if-aji71 the writer described a collection made at ,cavetown4 ,in this were other remains referred to ,equus complicatus4 ,some fragments of a large tooth were referred with doubt to ,equus giganteus4 #f4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,county4--,in a crevice in a limestone rock1 at a point about #c miles west of north of ,cumberland1 taken in a straight line1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley1 in the fall of #aiab1 made a large collection of fossil vertebrates4 ,in this collection is a first phalanx of an extinct horse4 ,the species has not been determined4 ,a list of the accompanying species1 so far as determined1 will be presented on pages #cdi-cej4 ,,virginia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,abingdon1 ,washington ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is the outer half of an upper hindermost molar of a horse sent1 in #ahfi1 by ,mr4 ,wyndham ,robinson4 ,with it were remains of ,mammut americanum4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #cj mm4 ,it belongs pretty certainly to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgd7 reported the occurrence of an upper left molar of a horse at ,saltville4 ,the species has not been determined4 ,the matter will be referred to again on pages #ceb-cec4 #c4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #aga-ahb71 ,cope gave an account of the discovery of remains of numerous fossil vertebrates somewhere along ,new ,river1 in the county named4 ,among these animals were upper and lower milk and permanent molars of a horse4 ,cope identified these as belonging doubtfully to ,equus complicatus4 ,on page #cec1 the ,pleistocene geology of the region and a list of the accompanying vertebrates will be presented4 #d4 ,staunton1 ,augusta ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,w4 ,f4 ,deekens1 surgeon dentist of ,staunton1 a tooth of a horse found somewhere in that vicinity1 was sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,it had been found in a limestone quarry1 #gj feet below the surface1 in a narrow stratum of clay4 ,probably the tooth had been carried down into a crevice in the limestone by a current of water4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #ca mm4 ,the arrangement of the enamel folds is simple1 but the tooth had only just begun to be worn4 ,the narrowness of the tooth is remarkable and it may belong to an unrecognized species4 #e4 ,denniston1 ,halifax ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,joyner1 living near this place1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum in #aibj received a left lower grinding-tooth of a horse1 found by the donor in a little stream on his farm4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,point ,pleasant1 ,mason ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,l4 ,v4 ,guthrie1 superintendent of the ,west ,virginia ,asylum1 at ,huntington1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum received for examination a horse-tooth dredged up with gravel from ,ohio ,river at ,point ,pleasant4 ,the writer has not been able to distinguish this tooth 7either the last or the next to the last premolar7 from that of ,equus niobrarensis4 ,if further discoveries confirm this provisional determination1 the known range of the species will be greatly extended4 ,the tooth has been deposited in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by the owner1 ,captain ,h4 ,s4 ,wert1 of ,point ,pleasant4 ,the presence of this tooth proves that there are1 somewhere not far away1 some early ,pleistocene deposits1 probably in some high terrace along the ,ohio1 such as are found in abundance along the upper part of the river and its affluents4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #ag1 #ci47 #a ,elizabethtown1 ,bladen ,county4--,the geologist ,e4 ,emmons 7,north ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv41 #aheh1 p4 #aig1 fig4 #ah7 described and figured an upper left second or third molar tooth of a horse which he called ,equus caballus1 the domestic animal4 ,it1 with a tooth from the lower jaw1 had been found in a bed of ,miocene age at ,elizabethtown4 ,whatever may have been the age of the marl-bed1 the horse lived during the ,pleistocene4 ,conrad1 however 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cei71 insisted on the ,miocene age of the animal4 ,the same tooth was1 in #ahfj 7,holmes's ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 plate ,,xv1 fig4 #af71 figured by ,leidy and referred to ,e4 fraternus4 ,it is now known as ,e4 leidyi4 ,miller 7,north ,carolina ,geol4 and ,econom4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdh7 points out that patches of ,miocene marl do occur in the vicinity of ,elizabethtown4 #b4 ,sixteen miles ,southeast of ,newbern1 on the ,neuse ,river1 in ,pamlico ,county4--,in a locality on the left bank of ,neuse ,river1 about #af miles below ,newbern1 bones of ,equus and various other animals were first found long ago1 apparently by ,nuttall4 ,t4 ,a4 ,conrad1 in #ahch 7,fossils ,medial ,tert4 ,u4 ,s41 p4 ,x71 spoke of great numbers of bones of horse1 mastodon1 etc4 ,harlan 7,med4 ,phys4 ,res41 p4 #bfg7 says that ,conrad possessed specimens from the locality4 ,lydekker 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus4 part #c1 p4 #hi7 states that there is in that museum an upper cheek-tooth from ,newbern4 ,so far as the writer knows1 none of the teeth found here has been figured or accurately described4 ,on pages #ceh-cei will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils collected at ,newbern and a consideration of the geology4 #c4 ,greenville1 ,pitt ,county4--,in #aheb1 ,e4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 p4 #ajf7 said he had procured a grinder of a horse at ,greenville1 in the sandy stratum just above the ,miocene marl4 ,in #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina ,agric41 ,eastern ,counties1 p4 #aig1 fig4 #ba71 the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the ,miocene of ,pitt ,county4 ,conrad 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci4 #ahga1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #dfh7 spoke of the finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse1 which he regarded as ,e4 fraternus1 in ,miocene marl4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahga1 p4 #aac7 reported on the upper molar tooth which ,conrad had found4 ,he regarded it as occurring accidentally in the ,miocene and as belonging to ,e4 complicatus2 but as the tooth was injured1 ,leidy thought it might belong to ,hipparion4 ,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same tooth4 ,it appears to be an upper premolar1 the third or the fourth4 ,it has a height of about #ej mm4 and a length of #cj mm4 ,the inner half has been split off4 ,it is that of ,e4 complicatus4 #d4 ,plymouth1 ,washington ,county4--,e4 ,emmons1 in #aheh 7,north ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv4 ,agric41 ,eastern ,counties1 p4 #aig1 figs4 #ai1 #bj71 figured #b teeth1 an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar1 which had been washed up on the beach at ,plymouth4 ,this place is on the south bank of ,roanoke ,river4 ,judging from ,emmons's figures1 one must conclude that these teeth belong to ,equus leidyi4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,county4--,in the museum of ,rutgers ,college1 at ,new ,brunswick1 ,new ,jersey1 the writer has seen #f teeth of ,equus1 presented by ,mr4 ,g4 ,u4 ,shepard jr41 and obtained on ,coosaw ,river2 but no more detailed information has been furnished4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum is a tooth of ,equus complicatus which was found by ,mr4 ,earle ,sloan1 in ,coosaw ,river4 #b4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,the remains of horses1 especially teeth1 are among the most abundant ,pleistocene fossils in the region around ,charleston4 ,most of the specimens have been discovered in dredging for phosphate rock1 and usually nothing is recorded about the exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial4 ,a considerable number of well-preserved teeth have1 however1 been discovered in known localities and under defined conditions4 ,the earliest collection of fossils described from about ,charleston was made by ,professor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 of ,charleston1 and ,captain ,a4 ,h4 ,bowman1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 ,these fossils were sent to ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy and described by him as early as #aheh1 but more fully in #ahfj1 in ,holmes's 8,post-,pleiocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina40 ,most of these fossils were obtained on the shores of ,ashley ,river1 about #aj miles above ,charleston4 ,from this locality were described #e upper teeth of ,equus complicatus 7,leidy1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajb1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #b-e1 #g7 and #b lower ones 7plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #ai1 #ba74 ,of ,equus leidyi 7,e4 fraternus ,leidy7 the author quoted described from ,ashley ,river #b lower teeth 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #bj1 #bb74 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #ih7 reported that there were in the collection of ,c4 ,n4 ,shepard1 at ,amherst ,college1 teeth of ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus7 and ,e4 fraternus 7,e4 leidyi7 secured in the ,ashley ,river deposit4 ,leidy1 in #ahgc 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,vert4 ,fauna ,west4 ,terrs41 p4 #bde1 plate ,,xxxiii1 figs4 #ad1 #ae7 reported an upper molar and a lower one of ,e4 complicatus1 found in the 8phosphate beds0 of ,ashley ,river4 ,from ,doctor ,swamp1 ,johns ,island1 southwest of ,charleston1 ,leidy 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajc1 plate ,,xv1 fig4 #f7 described an upper tooth as that of his ,equus fraternus4 ,this was afterwards made by ,cope the type of this species2 but ,gidley 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aaa7 determined that this type belongs itself to ,e4 complicatus4 ,it was this determination which made it necessary to give a new name1 ,e4 leidyi1 to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of ,e4 fraternus4 ,in the ,national ,museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth premolar of what appears to be ,equus complicatus which is recorded having been found in ,wando ,river1 northwest from ,charleston4 ,the tooth is #ge mm4 high1 #ca mm4 long on the grinding-face1 and #bg mm4 wide4 ,the enamel is much complicated4 ,in ,holmes's 8,post-,pleiocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 on pages #ajb and #ajd1 ,leidy mentions an upper second premolar of ,equus fraternus found on ,goose ,creek1 about #ab miles from ,charleston4 ,he added a paragraph on the geology4 ,further reference to this will be found on page #cfc4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum and in the private collections about ,charleston the writer has seen many teeth of horses found in that region1 most of them without statements about exact localities1 though some were found in ,stono ,river4 ,the teeth of ,e4 leidyi appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of ,e4 complicatus4 ,many teeth of both species are contained in the ,scanlan collection1 made in the region about ,charleston and now owned by ,yale ,university4 ,in this collection are found also two lower molars which the writer refers to ,equus littoralis4 ,the reader is referred to pages #cfb to #cff4 #c4 ,richland ,county4--,on the occasion referred to in the next paragraph1 ,robert ,w4 ,gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in ,richland district at a depth of #ag feet1 in a slough1 supposed to have been a former bed of ,congaree ,river4 #d4 ,darlington1 ,darlington ,county4--,in #ahej 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg71 ,gibbes showed before the ,association several specimens of horse-teeth1 referred to ,equus americanus 7,e4 complicatus71 found in supposed ,pliocene at ,darlington4 ,they were reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon1 presumably of ,mammut americanum4 ,no additional information was furnished4 ,darlington is situated on a branch of ,black ,creek1 an affluent of ,great ,pedee ,river4 ,the teeth were probably found in a ,pleistocene terrace deposit4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ag47 ,apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in ,georgia in only two places1 as follows3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,during the construction 7in #ahch-ci7 of a canal which connected ,altamaha and ,turtle ,rivers1 remains of various fossil vertebrates were discovered4 ,a list of these will be given on page #cgj4 ,among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first molar of an extinct horse1 described by ,leidy in #ahdg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdg1 p4 #bff7 and again in #ahfj 7,holmes's ,post-,pleiocene ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #ajd1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #bc74 ,in the first publication he referred the tooth to his species ,equus americanus 7,e4 complicatus72 but in #ahfj he referred it to his ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,the size of the tooth appears to justify his later conclusion4 ,lyell1 in his 8,second ,visit to the ,united ,states10 made in #ahde 7ed4 #b1 vol4 #a1 p4 #cdh71 stated that remains of ,equus had been found in the ,brunswick ,canal4 ,he referred it to ,equus curvidens1 and stated that this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse4 ,on page #dcf of ,bulletin ,no4 #bf of the ,geological ,survey of ,georgia1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near ,brunswick4 ,among the species are #c horses1 ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi71 ,e4 complicatus1 and ,e4 tau 7probably ,e4 littoralis74 ,through the liberality of ,professor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie1 ,state ,geologist of ,georgia1 the writer has been permitted to study these teeth4 ,there is one damaged upper molar which belongs to ,e4 complicatus2 #d upper and #a lower grinders belong to ,e4 leidyi2 #b upper left molars are certainly those of ,e4 littoralis2 one having a height of #gb mm41 a crown-length of #bc mm41 and a width of #bb mm4 ,the length is slightly greater than that of the type of the species4 ,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia the writer has examined an equine tibia presented by ,j4 ,h4 ,couper1 probably found in the ,brunswick ,canal with the other remains presented by ,mr4 ,couper4 ,it is compared in size with a tibia of the horse ,edwin ,forrest1 with that of a draft horse in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 and with that of ,e4 scotti1 ,no4 #ajfbh1 in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,measurements of tibi of horses1 in millimeters4 ,brunswick ,edwin ,draft ,e4 horse4 ,forrest4 horse4 scotti4 ,total length of tibia #dee #cfe #dbj #cgj ,side-to-side diameter at #fe #db #ej #di middle of length ,the ,brunswick horse was evidently a very large one1 but it may have been an unusually large specimen of ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,chatham ,county4--,on page #bg of ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's 8,memoir on the ,megatherium10 in ,joseph ,habersham's memorandum1 is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a well-preserved tooth of a horse4 ,the height of the tooth is given as being #b4ge inches1 greatest diameter #a4b inches1 the least #a inch4 ,the tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar4 ,it belonged probably either to ,equus complicatus or ,e4 leidyi1 but to which is uncertain4 ,in #ahej 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fg71 ,robert ,w4 ,gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains1 probably a tooth1 in the alluvium of ,skidaway ,island1 a few miles southeast of ,savannah4 ,no further information was furnished4 ,the geological conditions at this island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages #cgj to #cgb4 ,,florida4 7,maps #ag1 #ah47 #a4 ,stokes ,ferry1 ,st4 ,mary's ,river1 ,nassau ,county4--,in #aiji 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #adg71 ,sellards stated1 on authority of notes received from ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson1 that #c teeth of a fossil horse had been found at the place named4 ,at the same place was discovered a fragment of a tooth of an elephant1 most probably ,elephas columbi1 and some ear-bones of a whale4 ,the writer has not seen these and does not know to what species they belonged4 ,measurements of tibi of horses4 ,dimensions taken4 ,equus sp4 ,e4 ,e4 ,florida4 scotti4 caballus4 ,total length of bone #cif #cgj #cib ,length on outer border #cfj ,length on inner border #cgh ,width across upper end #abe #ajg #ajh ,fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length #de #dj #cg ,side-to-side diameter at middle of length #ef #di #dc ,greatest width at lower end #id #ic #hf #b4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,county4--,in the collection of ,mr4 ,fred ,r4 ,allen1 of ,st4 ,augustine1 ,florida1 the writer has examined a left tibia of an extinct horse1 found in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 about #bh miles south of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the species has not been determined1 but it may be well to put on record the measurements4 ,it apparently belonged to a rather large horse4 ,for comparison1 other corresponding measurements are given1 taken from ,equus scotti1 ,no4 #ajfbh of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 and from ,equus caballus1 ,no4 #gd of ,mr4 ,chubb's collection at the museum mentioned1 a trotting stallion4 ,it will be seen that the tibia found below ,st4 ,augustine is a relatively stouter bone than those it is compared with4 ,the large horse1 known to have existed in ,florida1 is ,equus complicatus4 #c4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,county4--,this place is near ,newberry4 ,here have been collected ,gomphotherium floridanum1 ,tapirus terrestris81 and ,hipparion sp4 indet4 #d4 ,wade1 ,alachua ,county4--,the writer has seen at ,tallahassee1 #d fossil ,equus teeth1 found at this place4 ,one is ,no4 #adgj of the ,florida ,geological ,survey and labeled as found in the ,buttgenbach 8cummer0 mine4 ,it is a lower left second premolar1 #dj mm4 high1 #ca mm4 long1 and #ad4e mm4 wide1 not including the cement present4 ,another tooth1 ,no4 #adfb1 from ,buttgenbach's river mine1 near ,wade1 is the hindermost left molar of the lower jaw1 #cb mm4 long1 and #ac mm4 wide in front4 ,it is thought these teeth belonged to ,equus leidyi4 #e4 ,newberry1 ,alachua ,county4--,this is the locality mentioned by ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey1 p4 #abh7 under the name of ,hallowells2 but he mentioned no fossils from this place4 ,in the ,report of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 volume v1 page #eh1 ,sellards stated that a species of ,hipparion had been discovered in the hard phosphate4 ,in the eighth report of the same survey1 on page #db1 the present writer described a specifically undetermined species of ,parahippus1 also from the phosphate deposits4 ,on page #id ,dr4 ,sellards reported ,equus littoralis and ,odocoileus from ,newberry4 ,the writer has identified as ,equus littoralis1 a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar1 found at ,newberry4 #f4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 in #ahhe 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #cb1 #cc71 described from this place a rhinoceros1 ,rhinoceros proterus1 and ,hippotherium ingenuum4 ,in #ahhf 7ibid41 pp4 #aa1 #ab7 he again mentioned these species and described in addition to them ,mastodon floridanus and #c species of camels which he referred to the genus ,auchenia4 ,in a list furnished by ,leidy to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 there are listed1 besides the species mentioned1 ,megatherium and ,cervus virginianus81 all found in the ,alachua clays and usually referred to the ,lower ,miocene or ,upper ,pliocene4 ,in the list presented on page #cge1 under the geology of ,florida1 a species of tapir is added4 ,at present the writer assigns the deposits known as the ,alachua clays to lowermost ,pleistocene4 #g4 ,williston1 ,levy ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is an upper last molar of ,equus1 found at the place named and presented by ,e4 ,mixon4 ,the enamel is not much plicated4 ,the size of the tooth indicated that it belonged to ,e4 leidyi4 ,in the list of vertebrates unearthed at ,mixon's 7near ,williston71 furnished by ,leidy to ,dall1 were included two species of ,hippotherium1 ,h4 ingenuum and ,h4 plicatile4 ,these species are now referred to the genus ,hipparion4 ,h4 plicatile was described by ,leidy in #ahhg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #cji74 ,a list of the species at present known to have been obtained here is to be found on page #cge under the geology of ,florida4 ,they have all been found in the ,alachua clays and are usually regarded as belonging to the late ,tertiary4 #h4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ac71 ,leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a fissure in a limestone rock near ,ocala4 ,some equine teeth he referred to ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,the other species were identified as ,smilodon floridanus1 ,elephas columbi1 and 7with some doubt7 ,procamelus minimus4 ,for conclusions regarding the geology of the locality see page #cgh4 #i4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,the writer has examined #b fossil horse-teeth found near ,dunnellon1 now the property of the ,florida ,geological ,survey4 ,no4 #acff is from the ,camp ,phosphate ,company's ,blue ,run mine4 ,it is a first or second upper molar1 worn down to a height of only an inch and having a grinding-surface #bf mm4 long and #be mm4 wide and with a protocone #ab mm4 long fore-and-aft4 ,no4 #addd1 also a first or second upper molar1 has a height of #dg mm41 a length of #bd mm41 a width of #bc mm41 and a protocone of #aa4e mm4 ,the enamel of the lakes is much plicated4 ,the teeth are identified as those of ,equus leidyi4 ,no4 #addd has been figured by ,sellards 7#gth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aaa1 fig4 #dj7 and described as dredged from the ,schilmann and ,bene river mine1 on ,withlacoochee ,river4 ,on page #cgf1 under the geology of ,florida1 will be found a list of the species obtained at ,dunnellon and the surrounding region4 ,in this list is included ,parahippus sp4 indet4 and ,hipparion plicatile4 ,dr4 ,sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the ,pleistocene4 ,the horse-like species1 the rhinoceros1 and the camel are held by him as being older than the ,pleistocene4 #aj4 ,hernando1 ,citrus ,county4--,at this place have been secured ,gomphotherium floridanum1 ,hipparion sp4 indet41 and ,procamelus sp4 indet41 all from the phosphate deposits and referred by ,sellards to the ,upper ,miocene or the ,lower ,pliocene4 #aa4 ,holder1 ,citrus ,county4--,in the collection of ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,bystra1 of ,holden1 is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from ,withlacoochee ,river1 in section #bi1 township #ag south1 range #ai east4 ,the species to which the tooth belonged has not been determined4 #ab4 ,orange ,county4--,the writer has seen1 in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 an upper right last molar of ,equus1 labeled as found in the county named4 ,nothing more is known by the writer about the tooth4 #ac4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brevard ,county4--,in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sellards stated that at this place1 in the ,hopkins drainage canal1 had been collected teeth of ,elephas columbi and ,equus complicatus4 #ad4 ,kingsford1 ,polk ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #c horse-teeth collected in #aijc by ,mr4 ,juan ,c4 ,edmundoz1 from some of the phosphate mines in the region about ,kingsford4 ,although most of the fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late ,miocene or early ,pliocene1 these horse-teeth are certainly of ,pleistocene age4 ,one tooth1 ,no4 #hfbj1 is an upper right true molar1 either the first or the second4 ,it is worn down to about half its original length4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #be mm42 its width is #bf mm4 ,the enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated4 ,another tooth1 ,no4 #hfai1 is a right hindermost molar with the protocone missing4 ,a third tooth1 ,no4 #hfah1 is a little-worn lower molar1 probably the second4 ,the height is #hc mm41 the length #be mm41 width #ad mm4 ,the teeth are to be referred to ,equus leidyi4 #ae4 ,brewster1 ,polk ,county4--,in volume ,,viii of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 pages #ie1 #if1 ,dr4 ,sellards states that from the phosphate mines at ,brewster have been obtained teeth of ,hipparion minor4 ,a list of the associated species is to be found in the discussion of the ,pleistocene geology of ,florida on page #chj4 #af4 ,alafia ,river1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a collection of #aj teeth of ,equus1 said to have been dredged in ,alafia ,river4 ,some belong to ,e4 leidyi4 ,one1 a right third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of #dj mm41 has still a length of #cj mm4 and a width of #bg mm42 apparently it belongs to ,e4 complicatus4 ,the writer has described an extinct species of box-tortoise1 ,terrapene putnami 7,fossil ,turtles1 ,n4 ,a41 p4 #cfj7 dredged by ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam in ,alafia ,river about a mile above its entrance into ,tampa ,bay4 ,with the bone1 which forms the type of the species1 were dredged a peripheral bone of a ,testudo1 possibly ,t4 crassiscutata1 and remains of horses and tapirs4 ,it is pretty certain that the #aj teeth above mentioned were secured by ,professor ,putnam4 ,in ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 is a part of a lower right premolar of ,equus1 apparently ,e4 leidyi1 said to have been found near ,tampa ,bay4 #ag4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,county4--,at several places about the mouth of ,manatee ,river have been found relics of fossil horses4 ,mr4 ,ernest ,leitzel1 of ,palmetto1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for identification some teeth found in ,manatee ,river1 others in ,terra ,ceia ,bay4 ,the teeth are all well fossilized2 some are upper teeth1 others belong below4 ,the writer regards them as belonging to ,equus leidyi4 ,in the same museum are #b lower right true molars1 a second and a third1 sent from ,manatee by ,mr4 ,n4 ,b4 ,moore4 ,the teeth are moderately worn4 ,the length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only #bc mm41 the width #ab mm4 ,they must have belonged to a small horse and are referred to ,equus littoralis4 ,from ,mr4 ,charles ,t4 ,earle the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum received in ,february #aiba1 several teeth of ,equus leidyi1 #b of ,e4 complicatus1 and #a of ,e4 littoralis1 which had been washed up on the beach at ,palma ,sola1 about #aj miles below ,palmetto4 ,with these teeth came parts of antlers of a deer1 a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of ,bison latifrons81 a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise1 a part of a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 a fragment or two of a terrapin 7,trachemys sp4 indet471 a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle1 and teeth of sharks4 ,the porpoise and the sharks1 also a part of a metapodial of a camel1 may belong to ,miocene or ,pliocene deposits near the locality4 #ah4 ,sarasota ,bay1 ,sarasota ,county4--,the region a little further south than ,manatee ,river has furnished remains of extinct horses4 ,sellards 7#gth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aab1 fig4 #dg7 has figured a lower tooth of a large horse1 found by ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox1 at ,white ,beach1 on ,sarasota ,bay4 ,inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is #cj mm41 it very probably belonged to ,equus complicatus4 ,mr4 ,willcox has submitted to the writer #b large lower teeth1 regarded as belonging to the species just mentioned4 ,another lower tooth1 apparently a third or fourth lower premolar1 found on the same beach1 has the fore-and-aft dimension only #bf mm41 the width #ae mm4 ,this is referred to ,equus leidyi4 ,at ,blackburn's place1 #ab miles south of ,white ,beach1 ,mr4 ,willcox secured a tooth of ,equus apparently little worn4 ,the height is #hc mm41 the length at the summit #bh mm41 but a little further down only #bf mm42 the width #ab mm4 ,this tooth is to be referred to ,equus leidyi4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 are #g teeth of ,equus1 collected in #aiaa by ,mr4 ,barnum ,brown at a place #h miles southeast of ,sarasota4 ,they appear to belong to the ,florida horse of medium size1 ,equus leidyi4 #ai4 ,calvenia1 ,hardee ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #dhch7 is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth of ,charlie ,apopka ,creek and as having been presented by ,captain ,le ,baron through ,l4 ,c4 ,johnson4 ,the tooth belongs to ,equus leidyi4 ,another tooth found at the same place1 at the same time 7,december #af1 #ahhc71 and presented in the same way1 is a lower grinder4 ,the height is #ge mm41 the length1 #bg mm41 the thickness #ab4c mm4 ,it is to be referred to ,e4 leidyi4 #bj4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,many remains of horses1 especially teeth1 have been collected at and near this place1 by ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox1 on a sand-bar at ,arcadia being explored for phosphate4 ,the first published description of these remains appears to be that of ,leidy in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 ,,ii1 p4 #ai74 ,leidy had at hand #ag upper molars1 #b lower molars1 and #b incisors4 ,he was1 at that time1 uncertain whether these teeth pertained to an indigenous species of ,equus or to the domestic horse4 ,the manager of the ,arcadia ,phosphate ,company1 ,mr4 ,t4 ,s4 ,moorhead1 informed ,mr4 ,willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar extended for miles along the shores of ,peace ,creek and was about #h feet thick4 ,among the materials examined by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahij1 p4 #ahb7 was a tooth which he regarded as belonging to ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus71 but1 on the suggestion of ,professor ,cope1 he described and figured as ,hippotherium princeps4 ,later1 ,lucas 7,trans4 cit41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #di1 plate ,,xix1 figs4 #ab1 #ac7 concluded that ,leidy's first opinion was correct4 ,the tooth is abnormal in having the column of the protocone free from the other cusps of the tooth for a short distance from the grinding-surface4 ,in ,bulletin ,no4 #hd 7p4 #abi7 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,leidy referred the ,peace ,creek horses to his ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi71 and it is found that in size and other respects the type of ,hippotherium princeps agrees with this species4 ,it is retained1 however1 as ,equus princeps4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #f teeth collected on ,peace ,creek1 probably not far from ,arcadia1 which all apparently belong to ,e4 leidyi4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xiv1 #aija1 p4 #aba7 stated that there is in the ,american ,museum a tooth from ,peace ,creek1 much too small to be referred to any species at that time reported from the ,united ,states1 but resembling closely ,equus tau1 from ,mexico4 ,this tooth probably belongs to ,equus littoralis4 ,besides the horses of the genus ,equus1 there have been found at or near ,arcadia the #c-toed horse ,hipparion ingenuum4 ,whether this is to be referred with the great majority of the fossils found in this region to the ,aftonian fauna of the first interglacial or to the ,nebraskan stage it is impossible to say4 #ba4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,numerous remains of extinct horses have been found here1 but they always consist of single bones or teeth1 sometimes in fine condition1 sometimes somewhat water-worn4 ,the remains occur in both deposits1 designated as ,no4 #b and ,no4 #c1 but in the latter the materials are more fragmentary and not specifically identifiable4 ,sellards has figured some of the teeth in his seventh ,annual ,report 7#aiae1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 figs4 #dj-dc74 ,in his eighth report1 on page #adi1 he has recognized the occurrence here of #c species1 ,equus complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 and ,e4 littoralis4 ,the writer has examined a large canine tooth found in the stratum of sand1 ,no4 #b4 ,from its size it is referred to ,equus complicatus4 ,its fore-and-aft diameter is #ad mm4 ,another tooth from the stratum1 an upper right third true molar1 finely preserved and retaining some of the cement1 is regarded as belonging to ,e4 leidyi4 ,two lower teeth from ,no4 #b are water-worn1 but retain their structure4 ,the fore-and-aft diameter of each is #ba mm4 ,they must have belonged to the little horse called ,e4 littoralis4 ,a fragment of an upper tooth is referred to this species4 ,it is not water-worn1 but has been split from the crown to the root4 ,a hinder first phalangeal bone found in the canal 7,no4 #ahjb of the ,florida ,geological ,survey7 is #if mm4 long4 ,this indicates a horse as large as our ordinary domestic horses and it probably belonged to ,equus complicatus4 #bb4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ag71 ,leidy stated that ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox had obtained1 from a ,pliocene shell-bed on ,caloosahatchee ,river1 some remains of a fossil horse1 consisting of two cervical vertebr and a part of a lower jaw1 which contained the first and second molar teeth4 ,these teeth are probably what would be called premolars #b and #c4 ,leidy referred the remains to his ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi74 ,dall 7,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 stated that ,equus fraternus1 ,bison latifrons1 and ,elephas columbi were found in ,pliocene beds on the ,caloosahatchee1 but ,sellards 7#hth ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajb7 corrects this error as to the age4 ,the writer has received a letter from ,mr4 ,willcox in which he states that the fragment of lower jaw was found about #b or #c miles below ,labelle4 #bc4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,county4--,in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aje71 ,sellards wrote that ,mr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,hayes had secured for the ,florida ,state ,geological ,survey1 from the ,palm ,beach ,canal1 teeth of ,elephas columbi and ,equus complicatus and a femur of a species of ,bison4 ,,alabama4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,newbern1 ,hale ,county4--,in ,august #aiad1 there was received at the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 from ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,white1 of ,newbern1 a lower left first incisor of a horse4 ,this1 with a lower molar of a species of ,bison1 had been found in a creek4 ,the incisor is somewhat worn1 but still retained a part of the cup4 ,the grinding-face is #ad mm4 from side to side4 ,the species can not be determined4 #b4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upper right true molar1 first or second1 of a horse1 found at this place in #ahhc1 by ,l4 ,c4 ,johnson1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,the tooth is identified as that of ,equus leidyi4 ,the enamel is much crenated4 ,at the same place was found a tooth 7a lower molar7 of ,elephas imperator1 and teeth of ,mammut americanum4 ,it seems to the writer that the presence of these species indicates that the deposits along ,bogue ,chitto belong to the early part of the ,pleistocene1 about equivalent to the ,aftonian4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,orizaba1 ,tippah ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aijg7 is a fossil tooth of a horse1 a third or fourth right premolar1 found apparently not far from this little town4 ,it is labeled as having been picked up at ,lander's mill1 #i miles south of ,ripley1 on ,cane ,creek1 out of dbris of ,cretaceous marl1 and given to ,dr4 ,t4 ,e4 ,stanton4 ,how it came to be mingled with the marl is not known4 ,the tooth is only moderately worn1 the height being #ge mm4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #bh mm41 the width #bg mm4 ,it has the enamel unusually strongly folded4 ,the tooth is referred provisionally to ,equus leidyi4 #b4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,elsewhere will be found an account of the discovery of fossil vertebrates near ,natchez by ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickerson 7p4 #cij71 among which were found horse-teeth1 referred to two species4 ,one of these horses1 represented1 as supposed1 by #ab teeth1 was at first called by ,leidy ,equus americanus 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdg1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfe1 plate ,,ii72 but later ,equus complicatus 7,proc4 cit41 #aheh1 p4 #aa74 ,in #aija 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aji1 fig4 #g71 ,gidley selected one of the teeth1 that of ,leidy's plate ,,ii1 figs4 #a1 #f1 referred to above1 as the special type of the species ,equus complicatus4 ,these ,natchez teeth are now in the collection of the ,philadelphia ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,some of the teeth from ,natchez were described by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,holmes's ,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina1 pp4 #ajj-aje1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #aa-ae1 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #bd-bf1 #cj1 #ca7 as ,equus complicatus4 ,others 7pp4 #ajjaje1 plate ,,xv1 figs4 #ag1 #ah1 plate ,,xvi1 fig4 #bg7 were referred to a hitherto unrecognized species ,equus fraternus4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #ag4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,hawkins ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ebj7 is a single horse-tooth found many years ago in a crevice in a marble quarry at this place4 ,it is referred by the writer to ,equus leidyi 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hd74 ,with it were sent a canine tooth and a few bones of a peccary1 described as ,mylohyus setiger 7p4 #cid74 #b4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in #ahhe ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles collected at this place a lot of bones and teeth of vertebrates1 described by the present writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hg74 ,among them is an upper right second premolar of a horse1 identified as ,equus leidyi4 ,a list of the species will be found on page #cie4 ,e4 littoralis also is present4 #c4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is an upper second molar tooth brought from ,lookout ,mountain 7,gidley1 ,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #aba74 ,under what conditions this tooth was found have not been recorded4 ,it belongs probably to the species ,equus littoralis4 #d4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4--,from ,william ,edward ,myer1 of ,nashville1 ,tennessee1 the writer received1 ,june #bf1 #aibj1 some fossils collected near ,nashville1 about #cjj yards upstream from ,lock ,a1 in ,cumberland ,river1 at a depth of nearly #cj feet beneath a bank of gravel4 ,below this gravel is a bed of sand apparently #b or #c feet thick and this is underlain by another bed of gravel apparently about #b feet thick4 ,this itself lies on bed-rock at about the level of low water in the river4 ,in the lower gravel were found a lower molar of ,equus leidyi1 a part of a left femur of a large horse1 and an antler of a small undetermined and probably undescribed deer4 ,in the layer of sand were discovered a heel bone of a camel1 a part of a tooth of a young mastodon1 and some fragments of turtle bones4 ,the equine tooth belongs to the right side4 ,it has a height of about #hj mm41 a length of #bh mm4 on the grinding-surface1 and a width of #af mm4 ,it is black1 and like the others thoroughly fossilized4 ,the fragment of femur appears to have belonged to a horse perhaps larger than ,equus leidyi4 ,it begins at the lower border of the third trochanter and descends to the lower part of the deep fossa for the plantaris muscle4 ,immediately above the fossa the side-to-side diameter of the bone is #ej mm41 the fore-and-aft #fj mm4 ,in a horse of medium size these diameters are respectively #de mm4 and #ec mm4 ,later there was discovered at the same locality the upper two-thirds of the right metatarsal4 ,the fragment is #bcj mm4 long4 ,the upper articular end is somewhat injured2 #ge mm4 below the upper end the fore-and-aft diameter is #de mm41 the side-to-side diameter #ch mm4 ,the latter diameter was somewhat greater1 as the bone appears to be slightly crushed4 ,the specimen is referred to ,equus complicatus4 ,probably the femur mentioned above belonged to this species4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #ag47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in their report published in #ahca 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #cga71 ,cooper1 ,smith1 and ,dekay reported they found in the collection from this place large teeth and bones of a horse4 ,they regarded these as being of equal antiquity with the extinct animals associated with them4 ,in #ahdg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bfc1 #bfd7 ,leidy stated that there were in the ,academy #aj permanent molars of a horse from ,bigbone ,lick4 ,these he referred to ,equus curvidens4 ,in #ahec 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bfc7 he wrote that several teeth supposed to have come from this locality had possibly been obtained elsewhere4 ,in #ahea 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 p4 #adj71 he spoke of foot-bones of the horse1 a calcaneum and first phalanx1 from the same place4 ,in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajd71 ,leidy mentioned several horse-bones from ,bigbone ,lick presented to the ,american ,philosophical ,society by ,president ,jefferson4 ,in ,rochester ,university are #b hoof phalanges labeled from ,bigbone ,lick4 ,osborn 78,age of ,mammals10 p4 #dgh7 puts down ,equus from ,bigbone ,lick as being doubtful4 ,there appears to be no good reason for this4 ,the remains of horses from this locality appear all to belong to ,equus complicatus4 #b4 ,monday's ,landing1 ,mercer ,county4--,from ,professor ,arthur ,m4 ,miller1 of the ,university of ,kentucky1 the writer has received for examination a much-worn upper left molar or premolar of a horse found at the place named4 ,it was met with in a fissure filled with crystallized calcite1 near the bank of ,kentucky ,river4 ,the vein of calcite was about #f feet wide4 ,similar veins at this locality have been worked down to a depth of #bjj or #cjj feet4 ,a part of a lower jaw of a deer-like animal was found in one of these veins4 ,the horse-tooth is badly worn1 but it appears to have belonged to a small species1 the fore-and-aft length of the crown being only #ai mm4 ,the enamel of the anterior lake is considerably complicated4 ,it is impossible1 from the lack of other fossil remains1 to determine the geological age of this horse4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,tapirid ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,in #ahga1 ,wheatley announced 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd7 that he had discovered in the ,port ,kennedy bone cave #b species of tapirs 7,tapirus americanus and ,t4 haysii74 ,in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bec71 ,cope stated that remains of #ce or more tapirs had been discovered in this cave4 ,he referred all to ,t4 haysii4 ,these tapirs will be mentioned again on page #cab1 where the geological relations of the cave and its contents are considered4 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,in #aijh1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland reported 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca7 found in a bone cave at ,frankstown the third and fourth lower premolars of a tapir about the size of ,tapir americanus1 which name is a synonym of ,t4 terrestris4 ,this will be mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the region on page #cba4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ai1 #cf47 #a4 ,new ,salisbury81 ,columbiana ,county4--,somewhere in the region probably of the town named was found1 about #ahej1 a jaw of a tapir1 apparently mentioned first by ,louis ,agassiz 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 #ahea1 p4 #agi71 who referred to it as a jaw of a pachyderm4 ,leidy1 in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajg71 reported that he had studied a much-mutilated fragment of the lower jaw of the smaller variety of the extinct tapir1 which had belonged to ,professor ,j4 ,brainerd1 of ,cleveland4 ,it had been found in the valley of ,yellow ,creek1 in ,columbiana ,county1 in an erosion of the coal series4 ,it was covered with #cj feet of clay1 at a height of #ahf feet above low-water in ,ohio ,river4 ,charles ,whittlesey1 in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 stated that this specimen was taken from 8valley drift10 of ,yellow ,creek1 in ,columbiana ,county1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,white1 ,c4 ,e41 in a cut of the ,pennsylvania ,railroad4 ,inasmuch as ,yellow ,creek itself does not enter the county named1 reference must be to what is called1 on the topographical sheet of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,north ,fork of ,yellow ,creek4 ,the railroad follows this creek for many miles in the county4 ,the town of ,new ,salisbury is taken as being probably not far from the locality4 ,it is not known what became of this specimen1 nor is it possible to say to which species it belonged4 ,it is to be referred probably to the ,sangamon stage4 ,,indiana4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,county4--,tapir remains have been found at only one place in ,indiana1 viz1 in the banks of the ,ohio ,river at the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 a short distance below ,evansville4 ,a single lower hinder molar formed part of a collection made by ,mr4 ,francis ,a4 ,lincke and described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii74 ,this tooth was figured by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #i1 #aj7 under the name ,tapirus haysii4 ,associated with the tooth were remains of ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 a bison of probably an extinct species1 the ,virginia deer1 the horse known as ,equus complicatus1 and the large extinct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,on page #cb is discussed the probable age of the bone-bed which contained the animals named above4 ,it is concluded that the age is possibly the ,aftonian1 but more probably the ,sangamon4 ,this species of tapir has been found at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,kentucky1 between ,louisville and ,cincinnati1 in deposits containing ,equus complicatus1 #b extinct species of ,bison1 deer1 etc4 ,the deposits lie on ,illinoian drift and are in part1 at least1 of ,sangamon age4 ,,maryland4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,county4--,in a crevice in limestone rock1 at a point about #c miles west of north of ,cumberland1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley found a tooth of a tapir4 ,the tooth has never been specifically identified4 ,a list of the associated species1 as far as determined1 will be given on page #cej4 ,,virginia4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,cope announced the discovery of several lower molars of a tapir in what he regarded as cave breccia1 along ,new ,river4 ,these teeth he found to be somewhat larger than those of ,t4 terrestris1 the ,central and ,south ,american species1 and he referred them to ,tapirus haysii4 ,a list of the species found here is given on page #cec4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajf1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #b1 #c71 ,leidy described briefly and figured #b injured upper cheek-teeth of a tapir found in the ,pleistocene of ,ashley ,river1 and referred by him to ,tapirus americanus fossilis1 on the supposition that they were not different from those of the existing ,south ,american tapir1 but larger4 ,the larger of the two teeth 7fig4 #b7 appears to have had a fore-and-aft diameter of about #bi mm4 ,it seems1 therefore1 to belong to ,leidy's species ,tapirus haysii4 ,under the same name1 ,t4 americanus fossilis1 ,leidy illustrated 7figs4 #aa1 #ab7 a lower molar found on ,ashley ,river4 ,this appears to be too small to have belonged to ,t4 haysii4 ,instead1 however1 of referring it to ,t4 americanus 7,t4 terrestris7 it may possibly be found to belong to ,t4 veroensis ,sellards1 the lower molars of which are not certainly known4 ,the length of the tooth figured by ,leidy is that of a second molar of ,t4 terrestris1 but the width is greater than in the latter4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum is a part of a left ramus of the lower jaw of a tapir likewise referred to ,t4 veroensis ,sellards4 ,this fragment contains all #c of the true molars4 ,the following measurements were secured3 ,measurements1 in millimeters1 of lower molars of tapirs in the ,charleston ,museum4 ,tapirus veroensis8 ,tapirus haysii4 ,length4,width4 ,length4,width4 ,length of all #c molars combined#ff #gi ,first molar #bj #ag #be #bh ,second molar #bc #ah4e #bf #ca4e ,third molar #bd #ah #bh #cb ,in the collection of ,charles ,c4 ,pinckney1 at ,lambs1 ,south ,carolina1 are #b tapir teeth1 one of which is an upper molar1 not yet come into use1 apparently the last tooth of the right side4 ,the length of the crown is #be4e mm41 the width in front #bg4e mm41 behind about #bc mm4 ,in front is a pretty strong cingulum1 but there is none behind4 ,this tooth is referred to ,tapirus haysii4 ,in the ,scanlan collection from ,charleston1 now the property of ,yale ,university1 are various specimens of tapirs4 ,an upper left second molar is slightly worn4 ,the length is #bd mm41 the width #cj mm4 ,the outer border of the crown makes a right angle with the anterior border2 in ,t4 terrestris the outer anterior corner is considerably less than a right angle4 ,in the latter the hinder faces of the protocone and of the hypocone are concave2 in the tooth here described both hinder faces are swollen1 and the crests appear more depressed than in ,t4 terrestris4 ,it is regarded as belonging to ,t4 haysii4 ,in the ,scanlan collection are #c lower molars which the writer refers to ,t4 haysii4 ,the following are the measurements3 ,measurements1 in millimeters1 of lower molars of tapirs in the ,scanlan collection4 ,length4,width4 ,left third8 molar1 with the rear cingulum broken off#bh #bb4e ,left second molar #be4e #ba ,right second molar #bg #ba ,in the ,scanlan collection is a fragment of the left maxilla with #d teeth1 the last premolar and the #c molars4 ,the specimen resembles figure #a of ,leidy's plate ,,xvii of ,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina40 ,the teeth of the ,scanlan specimens are1 however1 less worn4 ,the hinder molar had not yet come through the gum4 ,the specimen is referred to ,t4 terrestris4 ,the following are the measurements3 ,measurements1 in millimeters1 of upper teeth of ,tapirus terrestris4 ,tooth4 ,tapir from ,charleston4 ,t4 terrestris1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus4 ,no4 #bchaaj ,length4 ,width4 ,length4 ,width4 ,pm#a #ai #bd4e #ai #be ,m#a #bj #be4e #ba #bc ,m#b #bb4e #bh #bc4e #bg ,m#c #bd4e #bg4e #be4e #bf ,the molar teeth have an acute angle between the anterior and the outer borders1 and the front and the hinder faces of the protocone and the hypocone are not so swollen as in the tooth referred to ,t4 haysii4 ,in apparently every respect the teeth of the fossil agree with the teeth of ,tapirus terrestris from ,brazil4 ,it is to be hoped that before long a good skull of the ,pleistocene tapir whose teeth so closely resemble those of ,t4 terrestris will be discovered4 ,if the two prove to be the same species it will seem that only the descendants of those which migrated to ,north ,america perished during the ,glacial period4 ,there is another tooth1 an upper left second molar1 of ,t4 terrestris in the ,scanlan collection2 also the rear half of an upper molar labeled as coming from ,bull ,river4 ,other fragments of teeth are recorded as coming from ,ashley ,river4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum 7,no4 #acdie7 is a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw with the #c molars4 ,on measurement it is found that the teeth and jaw agree closely with those of ,t4 terrestris4 ,,georgia4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,in ,bulletin ,no4 #bf of the ,geological ,survey of ,georgia1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley published a list of species of vertebrate fossils which belong to the ,state collection at ,atlanta1 secured during some dredging operations at ,brunswick4 ,this list1 with modifications1 is incorporated in that presented on page #cgj4 ,among the fossils examined by ,gidley1 a tooth was recognized as that of ,tapirus haysii4 ,,florida4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,county4--,through the kindness of ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards1 ,state geologist of ,florida1 the writer has been permitted to examine various teeth 7,no4 #aahf1 ,florida ,geological ,survey7 taken from the ,t4 ,a4 ,thompson phosphate mines at ,neals4 ,among these is a lower left milk molar of a tapir4 ,the length of the crown is #ba mm41 the width at the front lobe #ad mm41 at the hinder lobe #ab4e mm4 ,the buttresses are well developed4 ,the tooth may be provisionally referred to ,tapirus terrestris1 yet living in ,brazil4 ,although this tooth was found in phosphate materials1 it seemed to ,dr4 ,sellards more probable that it was an intrusion from ,pleistocene deposits4 ,the present writer refers the ,alachua clays to the ,nebraskan stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,sellards has referred to this tooth in his ,eighth ,annual ,report1 #aiaf1 p4 #id4 #b4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,in #ahhd 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhd1 p4 #aai71 ,leidy briefly described a tooth of a tapir found by ,dr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,neal1 of ,archer1 ,florida4 ,this is now in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #ccbi4 ,the tooth is the third premolar of the left side1 implanted in a fragment of maxilla4 ,the crown is #bc mm4 long and #bg mm4 wide4 ,leidy stated that it differed neither in form nor size from the corresponding tooth of the living ,tapirus americanus 7,t4 terrestris72 but in a specimen of this the corresponding tooth is only #ah4e mm4 long and #be mm4 wide4 ,the fossil agrees in size with the same tooth of ,t4 haysii from the ,port ,kennedy ,cave in ,pennsylvania 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #eic74 ,with this tooth had been found teeth of a young mastodon1 remains of several individuals of a species of rhinoceros1 some foot-bones of a llama1 a calcaneum which ,leidy thought possibly belonged to the extinct ,cervus americanus 7,cervalces scotti71 and vertebral centra of a small crocodile4 ,the cervalces was afterwards dropped from the lists4 ,these remains had been found in a bed of clay1 occupying a ridge in a pine forest4 ,the deposits are now known as the ,alachua clays1 and they1 as well as the contained fossils1 will be discussed on page #cge4 ,the tapir remains are not included in ,leidy's list given in ,bulletin #hd of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,the writer has examined a number of tapir teeth found in phosphate beds in ,withlacoochee ,river1 at ,dunnellon4 ,from the ,florida geological survey an upper left second premolar 7,no4 #addj7 has been received which is considerably larger than the corresponding tooth of ,tapirus terrestris and presents other peculiarities4 ,it may have belonged to ,t4 haysii4 ,an upper second true molar 7,no4 #addj7 has the crown #bc mm4 long1 #bg mm4 wide across the front lobe1 and #bc mm4 across the hinder lobe4 ,the corresponding dimensions of a specimen of ,t4 terrestris from ,surinam are #bd mm41 #be4e mm41 and #ba4e mm4 ,a tooth 7,no4 #acgh7 which appears to be the lower left second molar is #bb4e mm4 long1 #ai mm4 wide in front1 and #bj mm4 wide behind4 ,the corresponding measurements of ,t4 terrestris are #bb4e mm41 #ah4e mm41 and #ag4e mm4 ,the buttresses which descend from the outer ends of the crests of the fossil tooth are not so strongly developed as in ,t4 terrestris4 ,probably these teeth belong to an undescribed species4 ,an upper molar having a length of #bc mm4 has been shown the writer by ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson2 it was found in phosphate deposits at ,dunnellon and sent to him by ,sister ,m4 ,catherine1 of ,st4 ,joseph's ,academy1 at ,st4 ,augustine4 #d4 ,near ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,mr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,robertson1 of ,ocala1 presented to the ,national ,museum a tooth of a tapir1 found in phosphate deposits a few miles from ,ocala1 section #e1 township #ae south1 range #bc east4 #e4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,in the collection of fossils1 at ,vanderbilt ,university1 made from the phosphate-producing beds in ,hillsboro ,county1 is part of the left ramus of a lower jaw of a tapir containing the first and second true molars4 ,the first molar has a length of #bd mm4 and a width of #bj mm4 in front4 ,this is smaller than the corresponding tooth of ,t4 terrestris and near that supposed to belong to ,t4 veroensis4 ,the second molar has lost its hinder crest4 ,under the first molar the jaw is #ed mm4 deep and #cg mm4 thick4 ,the writer 7,fossil ,turtles of ,north ,america1 p4 #cfa7 reported the finding of tapir teeth in ,alafia ,river1 in this county4 #f4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,at this important locality remains of tapirs have been found in the bed of sands known as ,no4 #b1 and likewise in the bed of muck mentioned in discussions of the locality as ,no4 #c4 ,from the latter have been secured parts of #b lower jaws and a number of detached teeth 7,sellards1 #hth ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #adi74 ,one at least of these 7,no4 #fidc7 appears to belong to ,tapirus haysii4 ,from ,no4 #b ,dr4 ,sellards has obtained a nearly complete skull of a tapir1 described 7#ajth and #aath ,ann4 ,rep4 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eg1 plates ,i-,,iv7 as ,tapirus veroensis4 ,from the same stratum he 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #aci7 secured a part of a tooth which he referred with some doubt to ,t4 haysii4 #g4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai7 stated he had examined #c crowns of upper molars and fragments of others4 ,in no way did he find them differing from those of the ,south ,american tapir1 ,t4 americanus 7,t4 terrestris74 ,on page #chj will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils found in this vicinity4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,in #ahdi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahb71 ,dr4 ,leidy wrote that there was in the collection of the ,academy a tooth of a tapir discovered by ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson near ,natchez4 ,it had been found in association with remains of the mastodon and the horse ,equus americanus 7,e4 complicatus74 ,the tooth was pronounced a lower molar of the left side1 apparently the third milk molar1 and was referred to ,tapirus americanus fossilis2 that is1 it was looked upon as a fossil tooth of the existing ,south ,american tapir4 ,the molar was mentioned by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajf74 ,the writer has seen this tooth in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,in #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #adh71 ,leidy called the attention of the ,academy to a fragment of a left lower jaw with #b teeth of a tapir found in the ,pleistocene near ,natchez and sent to ,leidy by the geologist ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles4 ,it was referred to ,tapirus haysii4 ,this specimen was figured and described by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #d1 #e74 ,wailles mentioned this jaw in his work 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bhe71 and stated that it was found in a ravine on ,pine ,ridge1 which runs through townships #g and #h1 range #c west1 about #f miles north of ,natchez4 ,in a list 7furnished by ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy7 of fossil mammals found in the ,pleistocene of ,mississippi1 #b species of tapirs are included1 viz1 ,tapirus americanus 7,t4 terrestris7 and ,t4 haysii 7,wailles1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhf2 ,hilgard1 ,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahfj1 p4 #aif74 ,the associated species will be listed on page #cia4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #ai4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a collection of bones and teeth of several species of vertebrates1 made in what may once have been the floor of a cave1 near the village mentioned4 ,on page #cie will be found a list of the species4 ,among the remains are #aj teeth1 in fine preservation1 of a young tapir1 described by the writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hh1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #d to #aa71 and made the type of a new species1 ,tapirus tennesse4 #b4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,county4--,on the left bank of ,dumplin 7or ,dumpling7 ,creek1 about #e miles above its entrance into ,french ,broad ,river1 and apparently about as many miles northwest from ,dandridge1 is a cavern known as ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer briefly described 7,dept4 ,amer4 and ,prehist4 ,archology1 ,univ4 ,penn41 #ahif7 his investigation of the cave4 ,he reported the finding of remains of tapir1 peccary1 bear1 and small rodents2 but these were not specifically determined4 #c4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,county4--,in #ahid 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #cef71 ,mercer reported that he had found teeth of a tapir in a cave on ,lookout ,mountain4 ,cope1 on page #eig of the same volume1 identified these teeth as those of ,t4 haysii4 ,with them was found a bone1 thought to belong to a mylodon4 ,according to a letter received by the writer from ,dr4 ,mercer1 the tapir specimen consisted of a lower right ramus1 #a left incisor1 and #e molars4 ,the teeth appear all to have been loose and the jawbone was broken into about #h fragments4 ,the cave and its contents will be discussed on page #cih4 #d4 ,bristol1 ,sullivan ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are #b tapir teeth in a fragment of the left maxilla4 ,these are the fourth premolar and the first molar1 both considerably worn4 ,the size of these teeth indicates that they belong to ,tapirus haysii4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #ai47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,the evidences for the occurrence of a species of tapir at this place are not as convincing as might be desired4 ,in #aheb1 ,dr4 ,i4 ,hays 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ec7 presented to the ,academy a tooth of a tapir which he had had in his possession two years and which was said by him to have come from the bed of a canal in ,north ,carolina4 ,this tooth was named by ,leidy ,tapirus haysii on page #ajf of the volume cited and again on page #adh1 but without description4 ,it was again mentioned by him in #ahec 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #bja7 and again without description4 ,in #ahfj1 ,leidy 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajf1 plate ,,xvi1 figs4 #g1 #h7 described and figured the tooth and stated that it was supposed to have come from ,bigbone ,lick4 ,which of the statements was correct the writer does not know4 #b4 ,stamping ,ground1 ,scott ,county4--,in #aiaj the writer received for examination from ,professor ,arthur ,m4 ,miller1 professor of geology in the ,state ,university at ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 a part of a lower jaw of ,tapirus haysii1 found between the town named and ,georgetown1 in the bottom of a filled-up sink-hole encountered in lead-mining operations1 on ,mc,connell's ,run4 ,in this specimen all the molars are complete and the roots of the #c hinder premolars are present4 #c4 ,yarnallton1 ,fayette ,county4--,from ,professor ,miller there was received with the specimen above described pieces of the jaws of ,tapirus haysii1 discovered in an old stream-deposit at the place named4 ,a fragment of a lower jaw was sent2 also a piece of a right maxilla1 with the anterior true molar complete and parts of the second molar and of the hindermost premolar4 ,some other parts of the skeleton were found1 but they seem not to have been cared for4 ,,finds ,,of ,,rhinoceroses ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,florida4 #a4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,two species of rhinoceros have been described from this locality4 ,in #ahhd 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #aah71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy reported the discovery1 with other fossils1 of remains of a species of the genus ,rhinoceros in ,alachua clays1 but he gave it no name4 ,this was1 however1 done in #ahhe 7same ,proceedings1 #ahhe1 p4 #cb74 ,in #ahif1 after the death of ,leidy1 his unfinished paper1 completed and edited by ,professor ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 was published 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #da seq41 with numerous figures74 ,this species is now referred to ,teleoceras1 as ,teleoceras proterus4 ,in #ahij 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahij1 p4 #id71 ,leidy described another species which he called ,rhinoceros longipes1 from the same place and deposit4 ,this species is now called ,aphelops longipes4 ,these species are usually credited to the ,upper ,miocene or ,lower ,pliocene4 ,the reader is referred to page #cgf1 where the geological position of these beds is discussed4 #b4 ,williston1 ,levy ,county4--,in his list of #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 furnished by ,leidy1 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall included ,rhinoceros proterus among the fossils found at ,mixon's1 near the village of ,williston4 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in #aiac 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh71 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards stated that some remains of a rhinoceros had been found in the mines worked along ,withlacoochee ,river1 in the region about ,dunnellon4 ,in volume ,,viii of the ,florida ,survey1 page #id1 ,aphelops malacorhinus 7,a4 longipes7 is included among the fossils found in the ,dunnellon formation4 ,it is not included in his list of ,pleistocene species found in the ,withlacoochee ,river 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ajd74 ,this was doubtless because he regarded it as belonging to an earlier formation4 #d4 ,mulberry1 ,polk ,county4--,in #aiae 7#gth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #gb71 ,sellards stated that a tooth of ,teleoceras fossiger 7in the present work recognized as ,t4 proterus7 had been discovered in the ,bone ,valley phosphate formation1 at the place named4 ,as in other cases1 the ,bone ,valley formation was referred to the ,late ,tertiary4 #e4 ,brewster1 ,polk ,county4--,in the volume last referred to1 on page #gb1 ,sellards mentions parts of jaws and teeth found in a phosphate mine at ,brewster which are different from those of ,teleoceras proterus4 ,some of these are figured by ,sellards on his pages #ajg and #ajh4 ,they have not been specifically or generically determined4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,peccaries ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,rochester1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #cc-dj71 ,leidy described and figured a skull of ,platygonus compressus1 purchased of ,ward's ,natural ,science ,establishment1 at ,rochester1 and said to have been found in a gravel bank in a railroad excavation1 a few miles from ,rochester4 ,this skull was a part of #b incomplete skeletons found lying together4 ,the writer received word from ,professor ,henry ,l4 ,ward1 director of the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum1 that he recollects that1 when a small boy1 about #ahgc or #ahgd1 he went with his father1 ,henry ,a4 ,ward1 to some point on the ,new ,york ,central ,railroad1 where peccary remains had been found4 ,he thinks the place was at or near ,pittsford4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 director of the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 then in the employ of the elder ,ward1 writes that the place was at ,pittsford1 and in a gravel bank being worked by the railroad company to obtain materials for a fill4 ,the exact depth at which the bones were found is not recalled1 but it was not great4 ,the locality1 according to ,fairchild's plate #db 7,bull4 #abg1 ,state ,mus41 ,new ,york71 is on the predecessor of ,irondequoit ,bay1 extending out from ,lake ,iroquois4 ,the peccaries possibly lived rather early in the late ,wisconsin stage2 but more probably their time of existence was considerably later1 when the climate had become milder4 #b4 ,gainesville1 ,wyoming ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,hartnagel1 assistant ,state geologist of ,new ,york1 the writer received notice of the discovery1 in #aiad1 of the remains of #b peccaries at a point about one-third of a mile northwest of ,gainesville4 ,the remains consist of #b nearly complete skulls1 parts of #e ribs1 #b scapul1 #b metacarpals1 #a innominate bone1 #a ilium1 #a radius1 #a ulna1 and #b tibi4 ,these have been identified by ,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke as belonging to ,platygonus compressus4 ,the manner of burial of these peccaries is puzzling and interesting4 ,they were found in a hill1 or drumlin1 which stands out on a plain of considerable extent and whose long axis runs north and south4 ,the elevation is #a1fbe feet above sea-level4 ,the drumlin is about #fjj feet long1 about #cjj feet wide1 and #dj feet high4 ,it is composed of sand1 gravel1 and stones up to a foot in diameter4 ,the bones are said to have been discovered by a contractor who was removing sand and gravel4 ,the bones were at the south end of the drumlin and buried in a considerable pocket of sand4 ,those reporting the position of the bones place them at least #aj feet from the surface1 and perhaps as much as #cj feet4 ,mr4 ,hartnagel thinks it is almost necessary to suppose that the skeletons were there when the drumlin was built4 ,to the writer it would appear still more difficult to explain how they happened to be there at that time4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,shark ,river1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chg71 ,leidy described a tooth of a peccary shown to him by ,timothy ,conrad1 but found by ,dr4 ,p4 ,knieskern1 supposedly in a ,miocene formation of ,shark ,river4 ,leidy expressed the conclusion that the tooth resembled very closely a premolar of ,dicotyles nasutus1 now called ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,it is very probable that the tooth had gotten into ,miocene materials by accident or that there was some error in the history1 and that it really belonged to a ,pleistocene peccary4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg7 reported ,dicotyles nasutus from the ,crystal ,hill 7,hartman's7 cave near ,stroudsburg2 but later 7,ann4 ,rep4 for #ahhg1 ,pennsylvania ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #c-f7 he described the teeth and parts of the jaws as ,dicotyles pennsylvanicus4 ,this species will be found on page #caj under the name ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus1 in the list of fossils found in this cave4 ,there too will be found a discussion of the location of the cave and the probable age of the remains4 #b4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,in the bone cave at this place have been found #c species of peccaries4 ,cope1 in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bei-bfc7 described these under the names ,mylohyus tetragonus1 ,m4 pennsylvanicus1 and ,m4 nasutus4 ,the first was a new species1 based on a damaged lower jaw with some of the teeth 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xxi1 figs4 #c-c;b74 ,for the present the writer refers it to the genus ,tagassu1 inasmuch as the interval between the canine and the first premolar 7pm#b7 is only half the length of the whole tooth row1 and the molars have the structure found in ,tagassu4 ,some teeth belonging to an upper jaw were referred with doubt to this species4 ,they may have belonged to ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus4 ,of the species last named1 ,cope had fragments of #b lower jaw's with some teeth in them and some teeth free from the jaws4 ,of ,mylohyus nasutus1 ,cope had from the cave only an upper canine and its reference to this species is uncertain4 ,on page #cab will be found a list of the species of vertebrates found in the ,port ,kennedy ,cave2 also remarks on their geological age4 #c4 ,milroy1 ,mifflin ,county4--,in #ahhb1 ,leidy described 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhb1 p4 #cjb7 a species of peccary found in a limestone cave in the county named1 but he gave no more exact information2 nor did he do so in his two subsequent references to it in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #di2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #ab1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,the specimen is in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,in the ,pennsylvania survey1 as quoted1 the giver is called ,john ,schwarzer4 ,the name of the species is ,platygonus vetus4 ,the writer has been informed by ,j4 ,c4 ,swigart1 county surveyor of ,mifflin ,county1 that the proper name of the donor of the specimen was ,john ,swartzell1 a former surveyor who lived near ,milroy and who was much interested in geology4 ,from ,professor ,mosheim ,swartzell1 of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 son of ,john ,swartzell1 the writer has received a letter in which are given this son's recollections regarding the finding of the specimen in question4 ,he states that it was discovered in ,naginey's limestone quarry1 #a4e miles south of ,milroy4 ,it came from a considerable1 but now unknown1 distance from the surface and was first noticed in the dbris of the quarry4 ,while ,mr4 ,john ,swartzell was observing it1 an ignorant workman struck it with a tool and damaged it1 exclaiming that it was only the jaw of a hog4 ,it was later sent to ,philadelphia4 ,professor ,swartzell writes that there was a cave not far away1 but that the jaw was not found in it2 it probably had fallen down into a crevice of the limestone4 #d4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,in #aijh 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland reported remains of a number of peccaries found in a bone cave at the place named4 ,he mentioned especially ,dicotyles pennsylvanicus1 but thought it belonged properly in ,platygonus4 ,it is probably to be referred to ,mylohyus as ,m4 pennsylvanicus4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #bj1 #cf47 #a4 ,wilmington1 ,clinton ,county4--,in the collection of the ,archological and ,historical ,museum of the ,university of ,ohio1 at ,columbus1 are considerable parts of the jaws1 teeth1 and other parts of the skeleton of a specimen of ,platygonus compressus exhumed at a point about #d4e miles north of west of ,wilmington4 ,the locality is given as being in the northeast corner of ,adams ,township1 south of the road running northeast and southwest between ,todd and ,dutch ,creeks2 also about #j4f mile south of the north line of ,adams ,township and about #j4ge mile from the east line4 ,it would therefore be near the second northwesterly directed loop of ,todd ,creek in that neighborhood4 #b4 ,columbus1 ,franklin ,county4--,in #ahge 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,hartford1 pp4 #a-f2 also in ,cin4 ,quart4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #a-f71 ,j4 ,h4 ,klippart gave an account of the finding of about a dozen skeletons of ,platygonus compressus4 ,these were buried in #b 8nests0 not far from each other4 ,the bones were rather brittle and were damaged somewhat in exhuming them4 ,the place of burial was in the bank 7apparently the right7 of ,olentangy ,river1 at the crossing of ,olentangy and ,montgomery streets4 ,the remains were here buried in a sand-bank4 ,one lot of #f of the smallest animals was found in penetrating the sand bank about #bj feet from the entrance and at a depth of #h feet from the surface4 ,they were embedded in calcareous clay and sand4 ,the other #f and largest animals were found about #f feet farther in and about #d feet deeper4 ,it appears that all the animals were lying with their snouts directed toward the southeast4 ,klippart thought that they had been destroyed suddenly and violently4 ,it is1 however1 probable that they had been frozen in their beds during a winter storm4 ,of these skeletons it appears that half went to ,professor ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh1 of ,yale ,university1 and the present writer has had the privilege of studying them4 ,the geological age of the animals will be considered on page #ccj4 #c4 ,chalfants1 ,perry ,county4--,in the collection of the ,archological and ,historical ,museum at the ,university of ,ohio are considerable parts of a specimen of ,platygonus compressus found not far from ,jonathan ,creek1 about a mile northeast of ,chalfants4 ,the locality1 as given the writer by ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 is as follows3 center of southwest quarter of section #ad1 township #ag north1 range #af west4 ,the name of the political township is ,hopewell4 ,the locality appears to be on the area covered by ,illinoian drift4 ,this fact makes it possible that the animals lived during the ,sangamon stage4 #d4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,county4--,in the collection just mentioned is the left ramus of a lower jaw of a peccary which the writer referred with doubt to ,mylohyus nasutus ,leidy4 ,it lacks so much of the front end that only #ah mm4 of the symphysis is present2 also1 the ascending ramus is broken off4 ,there are present the #c milk molars and the first molar1 but this is yet in its cavity in the bone4 ,a comparison with ,leidy's ,m4 pennsylvanicus seems to show that the jaw did not belong to that species4 ,of ,m4 nasutus no lower jaw is known4 ,table of measurements1 in millimeters4 ,specimen4 ,lisbon jaw4 ,m4 penn4 ,length4 ,width4 ,length4 ,width4 ,dm#b #i #e #g #d4e ,dm#c #ab #h #aa #g ,dm#d #ai4e #aa #ah #aj4e ,m#a #af4e #ab #af #ac ,this specimen was found near the southern edge of ,lisbon1 on ,middle ,fork of ,little ,beaver ,creek1 in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section #bd1 township #ah north1 range #c west4 ,the locality is apparently outside of the glaciated area2 and it is at present impossible to determine the geological age of the animal beyond that it undoubtedly belongs to the ,pleistocene4 ,the writer believes that ,mylohyus nasutus did not survive the ,wisconsin ice-stage4 ,the specimen was described and figured by the writer in #aiad 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #bbf1 plate ,,xxv1 figs4 #d-f74 ,,michigan4 7,map #cf47 #a4 ,belding1 ,ionia ,county4--,so far as the writer knows1 no species of peccary has been found in the ,state of ,michigan1 except at ,belding4 ,the remains are in the palontological collection of the ,university of ,michigan1 at ,ann ,arbor1 and belong to the species ,platygonus compressus ,le ,conte4 ,the remains are said to consist of bones of #e individuals2 and ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood1 preparator at the university1 informed the writer there are #bid bones4 ,the skull of one of the #e individuals was missing when the collection was made4 ,the skeletons were found in a peat-swamp1 in #ahgg1 and were sent to ,professor ,alexander ,winchell by ,mr4 ,a4 ,tuttle4 ,a skull belonging to this collection was described in #aijc 7,jour4 ,geology1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ggg1 figs4 #a-d7 by ,mr4 ,george ,wagner4 ,it seems probable that there1 as in two or three other known cases1 a herd of these animals1 asleep together1 had succumbed to rigorous weather1 probably to a winter blizzard4 ,belding is situated on ,flat ,river1 a tributary of ,grand ,river4 ,it lies close to a part of the ,charlotte moraine system1 thought to be correlated with the ,valparaiso system4 ,these peccaries could not have lived in that region until after the ,wisconsin ice had retired into ,lake ,michigan1 or nearly so4 ,it is more probable that they lived there long after this retirement1 at a time when the climate had become much warmer4 ,,indiana4 7,map #cf47 #a4 ,gibson ,county4--,the type specimen of ,mylohyus nasutus was found somewhere in this county4 ,the specimen was first mentioned by ,leidy in #ahfj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #daf71 but without other designation than peccary4 ,leidy wrote that it had been sent to him by ,dr4 ,david ,d4 ,owen1 who informed him that it had been discovered in ,gibson ,county1 in digging a well1 at a depth of between #cj and #dj feet4 ,no more exact locality has ever been determined4 ,the specimen consisted of the front of the skull only4 ,it was later described by ,leidy 7,proc4 same ,academy1 #ahfh1 p4 #bcj71 under the name ,dicotyles nasutus2 and in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #che1 plate ,,xxviii1 figs4 #a1 #b7 was further described and illustrated4 ,the figures referred to have been reproduced by the present writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 p4 #fjg1 text-figs4 #db1 #dc71 and again in #aiad 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 plate ,,xxvi1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,it is unfortunate that ,owen and ,leidy did not more accurately establish the locality where this jaw was found4 ,in ,gibson ,county there is a considerable variety of geological deposits1 even considering only those belonging to the ,pleistocene and ,recent4 ,the eastern and the southeastern portion lies outside the drift-covered region4 ,a strip along the ,wabash is occupied by alluvial deposits belonging to the ,recent epoch4 ,outside of this is another strip covered mostly by ,illinoian drift4 ,the ,patoka ,quadrangle1 described in ,folio ,no4 #aje of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 published in #aijd1 covers nearly the whole of ,gibson ,county4 ,an examination of this folio shows how complicated are the later geological features of the region4 ,it is fair to suppose that a well from #cj to #dj feet in depth was dug1 especially at that time1 in the higher parts of the county1 where the elevation is somewhere near #ejj feet above sea-level4 ,here such a well would probably go through the rather scattering ,wisconsin deposits of various kinds or through the loess referred to the ,iowan stage1 reaching perhaps the ,sangamon2 or through later ,illinoian or early ,sangamon lake deposits and ,illinoian glacial accumulations into pre-,illinoian deposits4 ,the folio cited notes 7p4 #c7 the presence of deposits supposed to belong to the beginning of the ,illinoian stage4 ,these contained zones of black muck and other organic materials2 and in places were found logs and what were thought by the well-diggers to be 8black-oak0 leaves4 ,all these might have been of ,aftonian age2 and in deposits of that time might have been found the jaw of ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,this species has been reported from a number of other localities2 but the remains have been of so imperfect character that the identifications may have been erroneous4 ,professor ,cope reported in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf7 that he had found several molars and canine teeth of this animal in cave breccia in ,wythe ,county1 ,virginia4 ,the breccia appeared to be very old1 and in them were found a species of ,megalonyx1 ,equus complicatus81 ,tapirus haysii1 ,ursus amplidens1 and many other extinct species4 ,cope in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bfc7 announced this species from the ,port ,kennedy cave in southeastern ,pennsylvania4 ,in this case there were found only a canine and #d molars2 hence not too much reliance must be placed on the identification4 ,a large majority of the numerous species found in the ,port ,kennedy cave are extinct4 ,among these are species of ,megalonyx1 a mylodon1 a bear1 #b species of saber-tooth tigers1 a tapir1 #a or #b species of horse1 and #c species of peccaries4 ,one can hardly doubt that the animals belonged to the early part of the ,pleistocene4 ,the indications are that the known examples of ,mylohyus nasutus belonged to the first half of the ,pleistocene2 that is1 to the ,sangamon stage or to the ,aftonian4 #b4 ,near ,williams1 ,lawrence ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,indiana are some peccary remains found in ,rock ,cliff quarry1 not far northwest from ,williams4 ,these were described by the writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxiii1 pp4 #eif1 #fje74 ,the remains were secured by ,professor ,j4 ,w4 ,beede4 ,a part of a lower jaw which contained a first true molar and impressions of the second and third molars was referred to ,leidy's species ,tagassu lenis4 ,a large last upper molar 7op4 cit41 p4 #fje1 plate ,,iv1 fig4 #b7 was referred with some doubt to ,platygonus vetus4 ,these remains1 together with some bones of one or the other of these species and a carapace of the box-tortoise still living in that region1 were inclosed in masses of stalagmite which appear to have pretty completely filled an old cave in the limestone1 encountered in quarrying operations4 ,according to ,professor ,beede1 the cave had1 when he saw it1 been all quarried away except one corner4 ,this was from #bj to #cj feet below the general surface at that place4 ,it was about #ajj feet above the present level of ,white ,river1 about on a level with the highest terrace along that stream4 ,the probabilities are that the peccaries and the box-tortoise belong to one of the earlier ,pleistocene interglacial stages4 ,professor ,beede is inclined to believe that the cave was filled during the ,illinoian glacial stage by streams carrying in mud and sand and gravel4 ,if this view is correct the inclosed remains would be at least as old as the ,yarmouth4 ,the species ,tagassu lenis is closely related to the peccary which now lives in southwestern ,texas and ,mexico1 and it has been regarded as identical with it2 but there appear to be reasons why it should be retained under its own name4 ,it was first described from teeth found among materials coming from the phosphate deposits about ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,certainly many of the species found there lived during the early part of the ,pleistocene4 ,it is possible that certain teeth referred by ,cope 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 to the existing peccary belonged to ,t4 lenis2 but there is nothing known regarding their exact geological age4 ,other teeth found in the lead region of ,illinois were identified by ,wyman as those of the existing peccary4 ,they too may have been those of ,t4 lenis4 ,the writer regards the animals found in the lead crevices as belonging to rather late ,pleistocene1 possibly to ,peorian or ,sangamon times4 ,as to the remains found in the cave in ,lawrence ,county it is probable that they date back to the ,sangamon stage4 #c4 ,laketon1 ,wabash ,county4--,in the ,fourteenth ,annual ,report of the ,geological ,survey of ,indiana1 page #bj1 ,cope and ,wortman stated there was in the ,survey's collection the symphyseal portion of the lower jaw and a large part of the left ramus with all the premolar teeth1 except the last4 ,this had been found at ,laketon1 in ,wabash ,county4 ,there were given no further details1 and the writer failed to find the specimen in the collection4 ,in the collection of ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 are photographs of probably this specimen and of a part of the upper jaw4 ,the latter bone shows #c premolars and the first molar2 the lower jaw presents the symphysis1 the right canine1 and the #b anterior premolars4 ,the photographs are labeled as those of ,platygonus compressus1 determined by ,cope1 and as made from the ,wabash ,county specimen4 ,all the region about ,laketon is covered with ,wisconsin drift or materials derived from it4 ,the peccary found must have lived after the retirement of the border of the glacier beyond the ,wabash ,river4 ,it was probably long after this and when the climate was perhaps warmer than it is now4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #bj1 #ch47 #a4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,county4--,in #ahdh1 ,dr4 ,john ,l4 ,le ,conte 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,v1 pp4 #ajb-ajf7 described what he regarded as #e new species of fossil mammals from the lead region of ,illinois4 ,these had been secured by ,mr4 ,wm4 ,snyder1 of ,galena1 in a lead crevice #ej feet below the surface1 filled with a mixture of clay and sand cemented by oxide of iron into a hard mass from which the specimens could not be removed without great injury4 ,the species described were called ,platygonus compressus1 ,hyops depressifrons1 ,protochrus prismaticus1 ,procyon priscus1 and ,anomodon snyderi4 ,the last was regarded as related to the moles4 ,procyon priscus resembled closely the existing ,p4 lotor4 ,the #c species first mentioned are now regarded as belonging to a single species1 which takes the name ,platygonus compressus4 ,it may be remarked that the original spelling of the generic name was due perhaps to a lapsus calami or to a printer's error4 ,in the complete paper published shortly afterward the name was spelled ,platygonus4 ,it is to be added that the teeth which served as the type of the so-called species ,protochrus prismaticus were found at a locality #ae miles from the place where the other remains were obtained2 but as to where this place was nothing is said4 ,in #ahdh 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,acad4 ,arts1 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #beg-bgd1 plates ,i to ,,iv7 ,platygonus compressus was more completely described4 ,various teeth and parts of the skull and some limb-bones were figured4 ,in this article it is stated that the remains described had been found in a lead crevice a few miles from ,galena4 ,a portion of the bones had been preserved by the miners and had at length found their way into the hands of ,mr4 ,snyder1 a merchant in ,galena4 ,in #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #c-e7 ,hyops depressifrons and ,protochrus prismaticus were further described1 the first being placed in the genus ,dicotyles4 ,both of these are now regarded as belonging to ,platygonus compressus4 ,the writer has considered it as probable that the peccary remains1 as well as ,procyon priscus and ,anomodon snyderi1 are of ,late ,wisconsin age2 but it is possible that they are somewhat older4 ,the reader is referred to page #cdc1 where the ,pleistocene of the lead region is discussed4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in the ,mc,adams collection1 of which a general account has been given on page #cci1 is a part of a lower canine tooth which apparently differs in no way from the corresponding canine of ,platygonus cumberlandensis1 found by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley in a limestone fissure near ,cumberland1 ,maryland4 ,on page #cej will be found a list of the species found in this fissure and their geological age4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,bluemounds1 ,dane ,county4--,in #ahfb1 ,professor ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney reported 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wisconsin1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #ace1 #acf7 that he had discovered in a crevice at ,bluemounds1 accompanied by bones and some teeth of the mastodon1 a buffalo1 and a wolf1 several fragments of jaws and some teeth and other bones of a peccary1 in an excellent state of preservation4 ,at the top of his page #acd ,whitney indicates that these remains belonged to the species now called ,platygonus compressus4 ,on page #dbb of the same volume ,jeffries ,wyman1 in reporting on the vertebrate remains collected in the lead region1 mentions only #c teeth2 and these1 he said1 differed much from either of the fossil species and agreed with the existing peccary4 ,from ,whitney's note at the bottom of his page #ace we may suppose that these #c teeth were found in ,iowa1 near ,dubuque4 ,it is probable that the teeth found at ,bluemounds belonged to ,tagassu lenis4 ,in #ahff 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #afb71 ,whitney stated that from a crevice near ,bluemounds he got peccary bones and teeth which were supposed to be identical with the animals now living4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd7 stated that he believed that teeth found in ,wisconsin belonged to ,dicotyles lenis4 ,one can not be certain regarding the age of these animals found in this lead region4 ,they are probably pre-,wisconsin4 ,the age will be discussed on page #cdc4 ,,maryland4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,benedict1 ,charles ,county4--,more than #ej years ago ,cope 7,proc4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 reported the finding of peccary jaws mingled with remains of ,miocene vertebrates collected by ,james ,t4 ,thomas1 near his residence in ,charles ,county1 not far from ,patuxent ,river1 near ,benedict4 ,cope recognized that the peccary and a part of a jaw of ,grison macrodon 7referred by ,cope to ,galera7 belonged to the ,pleistocene4 ,the peccary was referred to the existing species ,dicotyles 7,tagassu7 torquatus2 likewise their similarity to the remains described by ,leidy from ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 was noted4 ,they are assigned here to ,tagassu lenis4 ,the jaws from the ,patuxent locality are now in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 #b4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,county4--,mr4 ,william ,palmer1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 has shown the writer #c teeth of a peccary secured at the place named4 ,these will be mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the locality4 ,a left third premolar is #aj4c mm4 long and #f4b mm4 wide4 ,a left second molar is #ab mm4 long and #aj mm4 wide4 ,these apparently belonged to ,tagassu lenis4 ,in ,march #aiba1 ,dr4 ,adolph ,h4 ,schultz1 of the ,johns ,hopkins ,medical ,school1 presented to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a peccary found at ,chesapeake ,beach4 ,this fragment contains the first and second molars and the sockets of the fourth premolar and the third molar4 ,this jaw and the teeth have been compared with the corresponding parts of a specimen of ,tagassu angulatus 7,no4 #cehae1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus471 secured along the boundary between the ,united ,states and ,mexico4 ,in size the fossil teeth differ little from those of ,t4 angulatus2 the first molar is1 however1 somewhat wider2 the conule between the two hindermost cones1 the hypoconulid1 is much smaller than in the existing peccary used for comparison4 ,the inner face of each tooth is not so flat in the fossil as in the other species4 ,in the fossil the height of the jaw at the second molar is #bh mm42 in ,t4 angulatus #ce mm4 ,the specimen is referred to ,tagassu lenis4 #c4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,county4--,in a rock crevice #c miles west of north of ,cumberland1 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley found abundant remains of peccaries4 ,these were described by him in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #fea-fgh1 plates ,,liv1 ,,lv1 #ac text-figs474 ,he recognized #d species1 #b belonging to ,platygonus and #b to ,mylohyus4 ,the new species1 ,platygonus cumberlandensis and ,p4 intermedius and ,mylohyus exortivus1 are based on materials found in the fissure4 ,with the other materials he recognized a part of a lower jaw1 which he referred to ,m4 pennsylvanicus4 #d4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,county4--,in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #if-aji71 the writer described a collection of fossil vertebrates made at ,cavetown by the officers of ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,massachusetts4 ,among the species are #f which belong to the group of peccaries1 as follows3 ,mylohyus nasutus 7,leidy71 ,m4 exortivus ,gidley1 ,m4 obtusidens ,hay1 ,tagassu8 tetragonus8 7,cope71 ,platygonus vetus ,leidy1 ,p4 cumberlandensis ,gidley4 ,these and the associated species apparently lived here during approximately the ,middle ,pleistocene1 probably the ,sangamon stage4 ,a list of the species found in the fissure and their geological relations are presented on page #cdh4 ,the specimen above referred provisionally to ,tagassu tetragonus was called1 in the paper cited above1 ,platygonus tetragonus4 ,it appears1 however1 to be nearer ,tagassu4 ,it may even belong to an unnamed genus4 ,,virginia4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,cope reported he had found several molar and canine teeth of ,dicotyles nasutus1 in cave breccia on ,new ,river1 with remains of many other species of vertebrates4 ,this now bears the name ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,a list of the species is given on page #cec1 where the ,pleistocene geology of ,virginia is discussed4 #b4 ,augusta ,county4--,in #aheg 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #ajd71 ,leidy stated he had examined a fragment of a lower jaw of a young individual of ,platygonus compressus1 found in the county named4 ,the jaw contained the last milk molar1 unworn4 ,the first true molar had not yet begun to protrude4 ,the writer has seen this specimen in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,no other information regarding its place of origin has been secured4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,renicks1 ,greenbrier ,county4--,in #aibj 7,rep4 ,smithson4 ,inst1 for #aiah1 p4 #bhh1 plates ,i-,,vi71 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley reported on a visit he had made to a cave situated on ,greenbrier ,river1 near ,renicks4 ,the cave was discovered during quarrying operations in limestone4 ,the greater part of the bones had been destroyed before the workers appreciated their value4 ,only a part of a skull of a peccary was secured1 probably of the species ,platygonus intermedius 7,gidley1 ,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 p4 #ffi74 ,it has the catalogue ,no4 #hjjc of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,this animal is to be referred to the ,middle ,pleistocene4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahfj 78,holmes's ,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #ajh1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #ac1 #ad71 ,leidy reported the finding of teeth of a peccary in the ,ashley ,river deposits4 ,these teeth1 a lower third molar and probably a lower second molar1 were described under the name ,dicotyles fossilis and were said to have the size and form of the corresponding teeth of the collared peccary1 ,dicotyles torquatus 7,tagassu tajacu74 ,fragments of some upper teeth were said to have the size of those of ,d4 labiatus4 ,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd71 the fossil teeth just mentioned were referred1 with some others1 to the new species ,dicotyles lenis4 ,the principal character distinguishing the teeth of this species from those of the existing peccaries mentioned is the absence of accessory tubercles4 ,this is shown also in an upper hindermost molar of the same species1 described by the writer 7#ith ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,sur41 #aiag1 p4 #dh1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b7 under the name ,tayassu lenis4 ,the name should have been ,tagassu lenis4 ,in the ,pinckney collection1 at the ,pinckney residence1 ,lambs1 ,south ,carolina1 near ,charleston1 the writer examined a tooth of a peccary1 which apparently belongs to another species4 ,it is taken to be a lower hindermost molar4 ,a part of the anterior crest and a part of one side are broken off4 ,the heel is relatively large1 consisting of a hinder and #b anterior tubercles2 between the anterior tubercles is another minute one4 ,in the middle of each cross-valley is a tubercle4 ,the length of the fragment is #bj4b mm41 the width #i4e mm4 ,this was evidently a larger animal than ,tagassu lenis4 ,,florida4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,apparently #b species of peccaries have been found in the deposits along the drainage canal1 near ,vero1 in the uppermost stratum 7,no4 #c74 ,one1 represented by a canine tooth1 has not been determined 7,hay1 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #ej74 ,it appeared to be too large to belong to ,tagassu lenis4 ,the other remains belonged to a small peccary and have been referred to ,tagassu lenis4 ,in #aiaf 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #adi71 ,sellards reported the finding of #b cheek-teeth and a tibia4 ,one of the teeth was taken from the stratum called ,no4 #b2 the other teeth and the tibia had washed out of the bank and it was uncertain from which stratum they had come4 ,in #aiag 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #de1 #dh1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #b71 the writer reported the finding of a hindermost molar of a small peccary1 believed to be ,t4 lenis1 in stratum ,no4 #b2 also the discovery by ,isaac ,m4 ,weills of a small canine of ,t4 lenis in stratum ,no4 #c 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #c74 ,on page #ej of the same paper the writer referred provisionally to ,t4 lenis the tibia above mentioned4 #b4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,county4--,from this place have been sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum many specimens of fossil vertebrates1 a list of which will be found in the discussion of the ,pleistocene geology of ,florida 7p4 #cgi74 ,some of these belong to the ,pleistocene1 others apparently to the ,miocene4 ,among the specimens is a right astragalus of a peccary4 ,while it is possible that the original possessor of this astragalus lived during the ,miocene1 it does not seem probable4 ,it may have belonged to ,tagassu lenis4 ,the length of the bone is #cb mm41 the width across the lower end #ai mm4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #bj4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,hawkins ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a part of a lower left canine tooth of a peccary found near the place mentioned4 ,with it came an upper molar of ,equus leidyi4 ,the tooth lacks most of the crown4 ,it has been described by the writer under the name ,mylohyus setiger 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #hd1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #ba-bc74 ,the root of the tooth is #ic mm4 long1 measured along the convexity of the curve4 ,a little of the tip of the root is missing4 ,the size of the tooth indicates a very large animal4 #b4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a considerable collection of bones and teeth made in #ahhe near ,whitesburg4 ,this locality and the accompanying species will be discussed on another page4 ,among the remains are #c upper canine teeth1 referred by the writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ij1 plate ,,iii1 figs4 #ab-ac7 to ,mylohyus nasutus ,leidy4 ,a list of the associated species will be found on page #cie4 #c4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,county4--,in #ahif 7,dept4 ,amer4 and ,prehist4 ,archol4 ,univ4 ,penn471 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer reported he had found remains of the tapir1 peccary1 bear1 and small rodents in ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,the cave is situated on the left bank of ,dumplin ,creek1 about #e miles above its entrance into ,french ,broad ,river4 ,the species to which the peccary remains belonged was not determined4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bj47 #a4 ,rockcastle ,county4--,in #ahec1 ,dr4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cca1 plates ,,xxxv1 ,,xxxvi1 ,,xxxvii1 figs4 #e-h1 #ag1 #ai7 described under the name ,euchrus macrops1 a fine skull of a peccary which had been lying for #dg years in the collection of the society4 ,it had been sent there by ,dr4 ,samuel ,brown1 of ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 and was said to have been found in one of the nitrous caves of that ,state4 ,the writer is informed by ,dr4 ,arthur ,m4 ,miller1 ,professor of ,geology in the ,university of ,kentucky1 that it is unlikely that the skull came from any of the caves in the region about ,lexington1 as he had never heard any of them had been worked for saltpeter4 ,in the ,transactions of the ,american ,philosophical ,society for #ahjd 7vol4 ,,vi1 pp4 #bce-bdg7 is a paper by ,samuel ,brown1 in which he describes a cave in what is now ,rockcastle ,county4 ,in this and some other neighboring caves were found immense quantities of saltpeter4 ,probably the skull which ,leidy afterward described from this region was brought to light4 ,it appears to have been mentioned by ,dr4 ,b4 ,s4 ,barton as early as #ahjf 7,phila4 ,med4 and ,phys4 ,jour41 vol4 ,,ii1 plate ,i1 p4 #aeh74 ,it is now in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,it was recognized by ,leidy as belonging to ,platygonus compressus4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,camelid ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #ba47 #a4 ,it is not certain that any fossil camel remains have ever been found in ,pennsylvania4 ,in #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #bfd1 plate ,,xxi1 figs4 #d1 #d;a7 ,cope described ,teleopternus orientalis and referred it to the ,camelid4 ,this was found in the ,port ,kennedy cave1 and whatever its relationships it belongs to the early ,pleistocene4 ,matthew 7,osborn1 ,age of ,mamm41 p4 #dfi7 suggested that its affinities might be with the musk-oxen4 ,,florida4 7,map #ba47 #a4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,in #ahhf 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhf1 p4 #ab71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy briefly described three species of the genus ,procamelus from materials collected near ,archer by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall4 ,the teeth and bones had been found in what has been called the ,alachua clays1 and were associated with a considerable number of species of vertebrates4 ,the list will be found on page #cge1 where the ,pleistocene geology is considered4 ,the three species of camels were called ,auchenia major1 ,a4 minor1 and ,a4 minimus4 ,they are now referred to the genus ,procamelus4 ,in #ahif they were 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 ,,vii-,,xiv1 #ae-fa1 with plates7 described in more detail and illustrated by ,leidy and ,lucas4 ,the error of calling ,p4 minor by the name ,p4 medius1 first introduced by ,cope1 was followed in the paper just mentioned2 and some authors have continued this practice4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall included these camels in his list 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi74 ,authors have in general referred to the ,tertiary the deposit which furnished these camels2 the present writer believes that the ,alachua beds belong to the first glacial stage4 ,the matter is further discussed on pages #cgf to #cgh4 #b4 ,williston1 ,levy ,county4--,in #ahib 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall published a list1 furnished by ,joseph ,leidy1 of the vertebrate fossils found at what was then known as ,mixon's bone-bed4 ,the species1 with some additions1 are listed on page #cge4 ,among others is ,procamelus major4 ,the species were found in the ,alachua clays1 and these clays are referred by ,sellards to the ,upper ,miocene or ,lower ,pliocene4 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhi1 p4 #ca2 ,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ac-ag71 ,leidy mentioned the discovery of a tooth of a camel1 regarded by him as belonging to ,procamelus1 in a limestone quarry at ,ocala4 ,with it were described the saber-tooth tiger ,machairodus floridanus4 ,teeth were found also of a horse which is referred to ,equus leidyi4 ,a list of the species found at this locality is on page #cgh4 ,in the ,philadelphia ,academy paper ,leidy called the camel ,auchenia minor4 ,in the next paper cited he regarded it as ,a4 minimus4 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #id1 #ajd71 ,dr4 ,sellards presented a list of the species of vertebrates discovered in the ,dunnellon formation at ,dunnellon and vicinity4 ,among the species is the camel ,procamelus minor4 ,this1 however1 he did not include among the ,pleistocene animals4 ,undetermined teeth of a camel are mentioned by ,sellards as found in the phosphate mines at ,dunnellon 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,fla4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh74 #e4 ,hernando1 ,citrus ,county4--,sellards 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh7 reported a discovery of teeth of an undetermined species of camel in a phosphate mine at ,hernando4 ,these probably are of the genus ,procamelus4 #f4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,some remains of a camel have been found in the stratum at ,vero known as ,no4 #b1 the one immediately overlying the bed of marine marl4 ,sellards 7#hth ,rep41 p4 #adi7 states there had been secured up to that time two upper cheek-teeth1 a distal end of a cannon-bone1 and a phalanx4 ,the latter1 a hinder first phalanx1 is figured 7plate ,,xxx1 fig4 #e74 ,it resembles considerably the bone figured by ,leidy and ,lucas 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,iv1 plate ,,xviii1 fig4 #h71 but it presents important differences4 ,the anterior phalange figured by ,leidy and ,lucas is #he mm4 long2 a hinder phalange of the same animal would have been shorter4 ,the hinder phalange found at ,vero is #ajd mm4 long4 ,the probability is that its owner was an animal considerably larger than ,leidy's ,procamelus minimus4 ,the phalanx referred by ,leidy and ,lucas to ,procamelus medius 7,p4 minor7 has exactly the length of that of ,p4 minimus1 but is a much stouter bone1 the side-to-side diameter at the middle of the length being one-half greater4 ,the ,vero camel appears1 therefore1 to be distinct from any of the ,pliocene camels of ,florida4 ,it probably belongs to the genus ,camelops4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #ba4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,w4 ,e4 ,myer1 of ,nashville1 the writer has received for examination a right calcaneum of an undetermined species of camel1 belonging probably to the genus ,camelops4 ,this was found near ,nashville1 in the bank of ,cumberland ,river4 ,at the same locality were found part of a tooth of a young mastodon1 a tooth of ,equus leidyi1 a fragment of a femur of a probably larger horse1 an antler of a young deer1 a tooth of ,mylodon1 and some fragments of turtle bones4 ,however1 the horse remains and the antler are said to have been lying in a layer of gravel1 while the camel and mastodon were in a bed of sand just above the gravel4 ,over these beds are nearly #cj feet of gravel4 ,the total length of the calcaneum is #ach mm41 the greatest height #fg mm41 and the thickness at the rear of the articular surface for the astragalus1 #de mm4 ,from the rear end to the surface for the astragalus is #he mm4 ,the surface for union with the cuboid is #ai mm4 wide1 considerably narrower than in the dromedary and in an astragalus from ,denver1 ,colorado1 which apparently belongs to ,camelops huerfanensis4 ,the outer face of the bone is considerably less concave than in either of the two species referred to4 ,the tuberosity is relatively thicker at the middle of its length than is either of the species mentioned2 its height at its middle is relatively less than in the ,denver specimen4 ,it is believed that the age of the beds containing these fossils is about that of the ,aftonian interglacial4 ,,finds ,,of ,,pleistocene ,,deer ,,of ,,the ,,genus ,,odocoileus ,,in ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,toronto4--,in the ,guide ,book ,no4 #f1 issued by the ,ontario ,bureau of ,mines in #aiac1 and prepared by ,professor ,a4 ,p4 ,coleman1 it is recorded on page #ah that in the ,don beds at ,toronto1 supposed to belong to the ,sangamon stage1 had been found bones of a deer resembling those of the ,virginia deer4 ,on page #bi deer bones are reported as found in other beds situated in the western part of ,toronto4 ,the age of these is uncertain2 they may be older than the ,don beds or younger than the ,scarboro beds4 ,in these same beds have been found also a lower jaw of a bear1 possibly ,ursus americanus2 an atlas of a bison1 a part of an antler of ,cervalces borealis1 and some parts of either a mastodon or a mammoth4 ,the geology of the ,pleistocene in the region about ,toronto is treated on pages #bha to #bhc1 figure #c4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,orange ,county4--,emmons1 in #aheh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 ,east4 ,counties1 p4 #bja71 stated he had found1 in a fresh-water marl-bed in ,orange ,county1 a horn of an extinct deer1 associated with remains of mastodon4 ,the exact locality is unknown4 #b4 ,greenville1 ,greene ,county4--,in #ahdf 7,boston ,jour4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cij71 ,james ,hall mentioned the finding of a jawbone1 with teeth1 of a deer in ,greene ,county4 ,it was associated with remains of a mastodon4 #c4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,county4--,in #ahdc 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfg71 ,hall reported that an engineer of the ,genesee ,valley ,canal informed him that near ,new ,hudson1 #d miles from ,cuba1 several antlers of deer and one of an elk had been found #ab feet below the surface1 in a muck deposit4 ,new ,hudson appears to be about #aj miles north of ,cuba1 and not on the canal4 ,the locality is said to be at the summit of the canal4 #d4 ,hinsdale1 ,cattaraugus ,county4--,james ,hall 7op4 cit41 pp4 #cfd1 #cff7 stated that a tusk1 supposed to belong to a mastodon1 with some horns of deer1 had been found at ,hinsdale in sand and gravel1 #af feet below the surface4 ,clarke 7,bull4 #fi1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 p4 #icc7 suggested that these may have been antlers of the elk4 ,there appear to be no good reasons for suspecting that any of the deer remains found in ,new ,york are older than ,late ,wisconsin4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,woodstown1 ,salem ,county4--,in the palontological collection at ,yale ,university is a fragment of an antler of a deer1 most probably of ,odocoileus virginianus1 discovered in ,salem ,county4 ,it is not accompanied by any information as to the exact locality where found or as to the conditions of burial4 ,the fragment of the shaft is #ace mm4 long1 and from it springs a tine1 the partial length of which is about #de mm4 #b4 ,vincentown1 ,burlington ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,science at ,philadelphia are some fragments of antlers labeled as having been found at ,vincentown4 ,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgf71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy stated that remains of the deer had been found in ,burlington and ,monmouth ,counties1 but no exact localities were mentioned4 ,many of the specimens seem to have been found1 as accidental occupants1 in marl-beds of ,cretaceous age4 ,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia there are specimens from ,pemberton4 #c4 ,deal1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in the ,academy's collection1 at ,philadelphia1 there is a specimen labeled as having been found at this place4 ,no details are recorded4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy reported on a collection which many years before had been found in ,hartman's ,cave1 near ,stroudsburg4 ,nearly all the species still exist1 but in the collection was included ,castoroides and ,rangifer4 ,among the fossils were jawbones1 with teeth1 and broken bones of the ,virginia deer4 ,it seems possible that the remains had collected there at the close of the ,pleistocene2 but some may belong to the ,recent4 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4--,in #aijh 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bca71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland reported the discovery of remains of a deer1 possibly ,odocoileus virginianus1 in a cave at ,frankstown4 ,with this deer were many other species of mammals4 ,a list is presented on page #cba4 ,,ohio4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,county4--,in his 8,history of ,ohio and of ,auglaize ,county10 #aije1 on page #cch1 ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson1 in describing the finding of a skull of ,castoroides near ,new ,knoxville1 stated that some bones of the deer had been found in what was believed to have been the house of the giant beaver4 ,they were supposed to have been brought there by carnivorous animals2 but the deer may have died there before the house was covered up4 ,,michigan4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county4--,in #ahhj the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum received from ,professor ,kost1 then of ,adrian ,college1 a skull of ,castoroides ohioensis discovered at the place named above4 ,in his communication he wrote that at the same place there had been found previously a mastodon and bones of an elk and of a deer4 ,the place was in a marsh1 in ,adrian1 and the fossils were at a depth of #d feet4 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,in #aijh1 ,russell and ,leverett 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i7 reported the discovery of bones of deer and elk in a peat-swamp1 #c miles south of ,ann ,arbor4 ,in the same swamp had been found1 at a depth of #e feet1 a skull of ,castoroides ohioensis4 ,the bones of the deer and elk were at a somewhat higher level1 so that it is not wholly certain they belong to the ,pleistocene4 ,the specimens found both at ,adrian and ,ann ,arbor lived there after the retreat of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,county4--,in a collection of bones and teeth made at the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 a short distance below ,evansville1 and described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj7 were included remains of the ,virginia deer4 ,with these bones were parts of the skeleton of ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 a bison of probably an extinct species1 a cervical vertebra of the horse known as ,equus complicatus1 a tooth of a tapir1 and the type upper jaw of the extinct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,on page #cb is discussed the age of the bone-bed4 ,it is concluded that it belonged possibly to the ,aftonian stage1 but more probably to the ,sangamon4 ,although this species of deer yet exists1 abundant remains of a species not yet distinguishable from it are found in early ,pleistocene deposits in ,florida and elsewhere4 ,according to ,d4 ,d4 ,owen 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 ,v1 p4 #g71 this deer was found associated with megalonyx bones a few miles below ,henderson1 ,kentucky4 ,also1 these two species1 together with ,equus complicatus and an extinct species of ,bison and other extinct species of mammals1 have been exhumed at ,bigbone ,lick1 halfway between ,louisville and ,cincinnati1 on the ,kentucky side4 ,under this number may be considered the deer ,odocoileus dolichopsis1 which ,cope described in #ahgh 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ahi74 ,this was represented by a left ramus of the mandible1 found1 as reported by the ,state geologist1 ,john ,collett1 in a late lacustrine deposit in ,vanderburg ,county4 ,in the same deposits was found an ulno-radius of a species of ,bison4 ,the deer jaw was further described and figured by ,cope and ,wortman in #ahhd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bb1 plate ii74 ,here1 in quoting ,cope's description found in volume ,,iv of ,bulletins ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 page #cgi1 the authors substituted ,harrison ,county for ,vanderburg ,county4 ,in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fae71 the present writer accepted ,cope and ,wortman's statement as to the county2 but it appears that the locality was really in ,vanderburg ,county4 ,cope and ,wortman's plate was reproduced by the writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fae1 plate ,,vi1 figs4 #b1 #b;b74 ,figure #a of the plate represents a part of an upper jaw which may or may not belong to the same species4 ,it was supposed to have been found in the same deposits4 #b4 ,harrisville1 ,randolph ,county4--,in the collection at ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 the writer has examined some bones which apparently belonged to the ,virginia deer1 ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,the distal end of the radius1 a right calcaneum1 and a sacrum have been identified4 ,these were found in a swamp known as 8,the ,dismal10 situated about #f miles nearly east of ,winchester4 ,this would not be far from the village of ,harrisville4 ,in this swamp were collected the fine specimen of the giant beaver1 preserved at ,earlham ,college1 and the bones of an elk4 ,the swamp is located near the ,union ,city moraine1 and the animals buried there must have lived at some time after the retirement of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet2 probably the time was long enough after that retirement for the climate to become relatively mild4 #c4 ,roann1 ,wabash ,county4--,in #ahib 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bda71 ,elrod and ,benedict reported that in #ahhb a ,mr4 ,rantz1 while digging a ditch on the farm of ,william ,runkle1 #c miles north of ,roann1 unearthed1 at a depth of #i feet1 the antlers and part of the skeleton of the deer ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,the locality is evidently north of ,eel ,river and near the southern border of the great moraine which runs parallel with this stream and north of it4 ,undoubtedly this deer lived after the ,wisconsin ice had withdrawn from the vicinity4 ,in similar situations in that region have been found several mastodons4 ,it is probable1 therefore1 that the deer belonged to the late ,pleistocene4 ,from ,mr4 ,b4 ,e4 ,galtry1 of ,roann1 the writer learns that ,mr4 ,runkle informed him that none of the bones found has been preserved4 ,there were many found1 shin-bones1 ribs1 and antlers1 from #c to #d feet below the surface4 ,large numbers of poles were found1 and the ditch diggers got the notion that these poles had formed a bridge4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #bb1 #ch47 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,county4--,in #ahgc1 ,worthen1 ,state geologist of ,illinois1 reported 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 that he had found some deer bones in a bog near ,niantic2 with them were remains of the mastodon1 buffalo1 and elk4 ,what is known regarding the locality and the geology is here recorded on page #ajb4 ,all these remains were probably buried near the close of the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 #b4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,county4--,in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 page #aa4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 assistant curator of palontology in ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 reported that in #aijb ,mr4 ,john ,bamford1 in enlarging a spring in a bog1 encountered a layer of about #b feet of bison1 deer1 and elk bones at a depth of about #e feet4 ,with these were found skulls of at least #f mastodons4 ,from ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 the writer has received a base of a large antler and a nearly complete small antler of the right side4 ,these are not to be distinguished from those of ,o4 virginianus4 ,mr4 ,langford wrote that the mastodon bones were mingled with the other bones to the bottom of the pit dug4 ,in the same excavation were found remains of mastodon1 ,cervalces1 the existing moose1 the elk1 the buffalo1 and the cannon-bone of a large sheep-like animal4 ,the exact levels in which these bones occurred is not known4 ,the reader may consult page #aji4 #c4 ,ottawa1 ,la ,salle ,county4--,j4 ,d4 ,caton 78,antelopes and ,deer of ,north ,america10 p4 #bbg7 tells of having found a nearly complete skeleton and three antlers of the ,virginia deer in the valley of ,fox ,river1 near ,ottawa4 ,these remains were in a stratum of gravel at a depth of more than #af feet4 ,over this was the surface loam1 then sand1 sand and clay1 then more sand4 ,it seems probable that these deposits belonged to the ,late ,wisconsin4 #d4 ,evanston1 ,cook ,county4--,dr4 ,frank ,c4 ,baker 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull1 ,,xvii1 pp4 #d1 #hf7 presented a geological section taken in the ,toleston beach at ,evanston4 ,this beach was laid down after the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,at the depth of about #i feet was found a bone of a deer4 ,in #ahia1 ,w4 ,k4 ,higley 7,bull4 ,chicago ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 ,no4 #a1 p4 ,,xiv7 reported that a pelvis1 referred to a deer1 had been found in ,late ,wisconsin deposits at ,evanston4 ,he had in mind the bone found in ,toleston beach4 ,at the same place was found a femur of a deer at a depth of #i feet 7,leverett1 ,bull4 ,chicago ,acad4 ,sci4 ,geol4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,surv41 ,,ii1 #ahig1 pp4 #gf1 #gg74 ,apparently the femur and the pelvis had been discovered by ,dr4 ,oliver ,marcy in #ahfd1 from whom both ,leverett and ,baker quote the geological section4 #e4 ,lemont1 ,cook ,county4--,dr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,baker 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ef1 #hi7 reported the finding of a portion of a skull of ,odocoileus virginianus and a skull of the muskrat in the ,des ,plaines ,valley1 at ,lemont1 in a bed of peat4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,lead region4--,in #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wisconsin1 p4 #dba71 ,jeffries ,wyman1 in his report on the vertebrate animals found by ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney1 stated that there was a series of several molar teeth which1 in form and size1 corresponds exactly with those of the red deer 7,cervus virginianus74 ,he mentioned also various bones which seemed to belong to the same species1 but some were larger than those of the ,virginia deer4 ,in #ahgf 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #di71 ,allen described as a new species ,cervus whitneyi1 basing the name on a left humerus1 a left radius1 and a right metatarsal found in the ,whitney collection4 ,it appears probable that these bones are those mentioned by ,wyman as being larger than the existing ,virginia deer and the mule deer4 ,allen does not1 however1 mention what ,wyman wrote4 ,allen's species is now referred to the genus ,odocoileus4 ,it is not stated by either ,wyman or ,allen even from what ,state the remains were secured4 ,it is most probable that it was ,wisconsin4 ,from the ,pleistocene of that region two species of ,odocoileus are therefore known1 ,o4 virginianus and ,o4 whitneyi4 #b4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,county4--,in a letter to the author dated ,january #ba1 #aiag1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,state geologist of ,wisconsin1 noted that a vertebra of a deer had been found in brick clay at ,menomonie4 ,it was sent to the ,american ,museum of ,new ,york and identified by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew4 ,this clay is at present regarded by ,dr4 ,weidman as probably belonging to the ,sangamon interglacial4 ,,maryland4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope reported that fragments of antlers not distinguishable from those of the ,virginia deer1 ,odocoileus virginianus1 had been found on the farm of ,lambert ,kirby1 in ,oxford ,neck4 ,these1 with remains of other vertebrates1 were placed in the ,baltimore ,academy of ,sciences4 #b4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,county4--,in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ajd71 the writer described the distal end of two radii found at ,cavetown in a fissure in a limestone quarry4 ,these were associated with remains of #bd other species of vertebrates1 mostly mammals4 ,the radii appeared to be those of ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,another deer1 ,sangamona fugitiva1 was found in the same fissure4 ,a list of the accompanying species is given on page #cdh4 ,,virginia4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dgd1 fig4 #g7 reported the finding of an astragalus of some deer-like animal at ,saltville4 ,he states that the bone agrees with that of ,odocoileus virginianus1 but is larger4 ,to the present writer the bone is not only too large to be that of the ,virginia deer1 but is relatively too narrow1 it being assumed that ,peterson's figure is correct4 ,in both the ,virginia deer and the elk the width of the bone is about #gj per cent of the greatest length1 while the figure given is only #fj per cent as wide as long4 ,it is not improbable that the animal belonged to another genus4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf7 ,cope stated that molars and other fragments of ,cariacus 7,odocoileus7 virginianus were abundant in the cave breccia which he examined4 ,a list of the accompanying species will be found on page #cec4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,wood ,county4--,in #ahce 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #adg71 ,hildreth stated that bones of a deer had been found in this county1 then a part of ,virginia1 involved in the travertine on the floor of the cave4 ,no facts are known that give any clue to the geological age of these bones4 ,they probably belong to some early or middle stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #bb1 #ci47 #a4 ,on ,neuse ,river1 ,pamlico ,county1 #af ,miles below ,newbern4--,according to both ,croom 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 p4 #afh7 and ,harlan 7op4 cit41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc71 remains of deer had been found at this locality4 ,for want of more exact information we may refer them to ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,on page #cei will be found a list of the species collected here4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,numerous fragmentary remains of ,odocoileus have been found in the region about ,charleston4 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 as early as #ahei 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahei1 p4 #agg71 announced the discovery of remains of deer in the vicinity of ,charleston4 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,post-,pliocene ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aji1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #a-d7 stated that the collections of ,professor ,holmes and ,captain ,bowman contained fragments of antlers1 portions of jaws1 and teeth which had been found in the ,post-,pliocene beds of ,ashley ,river4 ,leidy concluded these remains did not differ from the corresponding parts of the existing white-tailed deer 7,o4 virginianus74 ,many fragments of antlers belong in the ,scanlan collection at ,yale ,university4 ,they are thoroughly fossilized and are hard and heavy4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum 7,no4 #ajdg7 is an anterior cannon-bone of a deer1 but no definite locality is recorded4 ,it is black and apparently phosphatized1 as are the numerous fragments of antlers found in the private collections at ,charleston4 ,the cannon-bone mentioned is #ahh mm4 long4 ,while the materials so far discovered do not enable us to distinguish the deer remains found about ,charleston from ,odocoileus virginianus1 it is not improbable that they belonged in reality to another species1 some perhaps to the ,floridan ,pleistocene species ,o4 sellardsi4 ,antlers of the white-tailed or ,virginia deer are common in the collections about ,charleston4 ,in the ,scanlan collection are bases of antlers of adult bucks and two simple spikes of young deer4 ,one base is different from the others in being much flattened in one border1 probably the one on which the first tine arose4 ,it is possible that it represents a distinct species4 #b4 ,darlington1 ,darlington ,county4--,in #ahdh1 ,tuomey 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,south ,carolina1 pp4 #agg-ahj7 stated that on the land of a ,rev4 ,mr4 ,campbell1 somewhere in the vicinity of ,darlington1 he had found fragments of the horns of a deer4 ,he regarded the beds as belonging to the ,pliocene4 ,in the neighborhood1 in a similar deposit1 had been found molars of ,mastodon maximus 7,mammut americanum74 ,both species may belong to the early ,pleistocene4 ,,florida4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,county4--,dr4 ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajf7 reported remains of ,odocoileus found at station #abj of the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 about #e miles south of ,pablo ,beach4 ,further mention is made of this on page #cgd4 #b4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,county4--,in his eighth report 7page #id7 ,sellards stated that at ,neals1 near ,newberry1 teeth had been collected which probably belonged to a species of ,odocoileus4 ,these were found while phosphate rock was being mined2 but they1 with a tooth of a tapir and one of ,equus littoralis1 doubtless belong to the early ,pleistocene4 #c4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,county4--,in #ahif ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,instit41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,x71 in a note on the species of vertebrates found in the ,alachua clays1 included among these a tapir1 a mastodon1 and a megatherium4 ,in his list furnished for ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall's report 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 is included ,cervus virginianus84 ,the tapir1 the deer1 and the megatherium have been regarded as ,pleistocene fossils which became mixed with those of the ,pliocene4 ,for that reason ,odocoileus is here credited to ,archer4 ,see also ,sellards's conclusion 7#fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #afb74 ,it is not certain exactly where the species above named were found4 ,one locality mentioned by ,leidy is #aj miles south of ,archer1 now ,williston2 another is #aj miles north of the same town1 now ,newberry4 ,for the geological age of the species found at ,archer1 consult page #cge4 #d4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,from a fissure in a limestone rock at ,ocala1 ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #ajc7 secured some remains of ,odocoileus1 but it was not determined to what species they belonged4 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,county4--,the writer 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #dc1 plate ,,viii1 figs4 #c-e7 described some teeth of a deer found near ,dunnellon1 in the 8,cullens river mine40 ,these were referred provisionally to the species or subspecies now living in that region1 ,odocoileus osceola4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,county4--,in a small collection of fossil vertebrates sent from this place by ,mr4 ,ernest ,leitzel to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum for identification were some fragments of antlers of ,odocoileus4 #g4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,charles ,t4 ,earle the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum received1 in #aiba1 many fragments of antlers found on the beach at ,palma ,sola1 about #aj miles below ,palmetto and on the south side of ,manatee ,river4 ,with these came teeth of ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis1 teeth and bone of ,bison latifrons81 a tooth of ,elephas columbi1 and a fragment of the beak of a ziphoid porpoise4 ,the last and various sharks' teeth probably originated in ,miocene deposits not far away4 ,a list of the species found at this place and believed to belong to the ,pleistocene is presented on page #cgi4 #h4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,in #ahhi 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhi1 p4 #if2 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 p4 #abi71 ,leidy reported the discovery of antlers of deer1 ,odocoileus 7,cervus7 virginianus1 at ,arcadia4 ,these may have belonged to ,o4 osceola or ,o4 sellardsi4 ,in #ahhd 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #dbh71 ,mr4 ,s4 ,t4 ,walker reported the finding of fossils1 among them fragments of deer antlers1 on sand-bars in ,peace ,river1 from a point about where the town of ,hull now is to a point #h miles by land above ,fort ,ogden1 apparently not far from the present town of ,owens4 ,on this matter see ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aji74 ,this locality and its fossils are further described on page #cha4 #i4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,numerous remains belonging to one or two species of ,odocoileus have been found at ,vero4 ,fragments of various parts of the skeleton and some teeth have been found in the two upper strata1 ,no4 #b and ,no4 #c1 which lie above the marine marl4 ,the writer 7#ith ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 #aiag1 pp4 #ej-eg1 plate ,,iii1 fig4 #c7 referred some of these bones to the new species1 ,o4 sellardsi4 ,possibly only this species is represented at that locality1 but probably some of the bones belong to ,o4 osceola4 ,lists of the species found in the two deposits bearing fossil vertebrates will be found on pages #cha to #chc4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,dr4 ,leidy wrote 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahed1 p4 #aii7 as follows3 8,fossil bones of a deer not larger than the ,cervus virginianus have been found in association with bones of the ,megalonyx1 ,mastodon1 etc41 in the vicinity of ,natchez1 ,mississippi4 ,in the cabinet of the ,academy mentioned there are several specimens from the locality1 consisting of a portion of a lower jaw1 a fragment of an antler1 and the posterior and inferior portions of two crania40 ,the geology of this important locality is discussed on pages #chi to #cic4 #b4 ,aberdeen1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgf71 ,leidy stated that remains of a deer had been found at this place in a railroad cutting4 ,no details were given4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #bb4 ,figure #bc47 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,museum1 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #he-ie71 the writer described bones and teeth of ,pleistocene animals which had been found at ,whitesburg4 ,a list of the species is given on page #cie4 ,in the collection are #ba teeth which were referred to ,odocoileus virginianus1 but their small size suggests that they may belong to another species of deer4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4--,on page #bja is presented an account of a collection made at ,nashville4 ,among the fossils was an antler of a deer which is referred by the writer to an undetermined species of ,odocoileus 7p4 #cii74 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bb47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,the bones and teeth of the ,virginian deer have been reported with some doubt from ,bigbone ,lick2 even if found it is not certain that they belonged to ,pleistocene deposits4 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the collection made in cleaning out ,bluelick ,springs1 in ,nicholas ,county1 remains of a deer were secured4 ,the geological age of these can not be determined with certainty1 but they were probably of ,late ,wisconsin time4 ,for a list of the associated species see page #dje4 #c4 ,henderson1 ,henderson ,county4--,in a letter to ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 published by the latter 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #g71 ,dr4 ,d4 ,d4 ,owen stated that many antlers and bones of deer had been found about #f miles below ,henderson1 associated with bones of ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 ,,finds ,,of ,,cervus ,,canadensis ,,in ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,county4--,on ,burlington ,heights1 near ,hamilton1 many years ago antlers of the elk were found associated with a jaw of a beaver4 ,they were discovered #cj feet from the surface and at a level #g feet higher than the jaw of ,elephas columbi described on page #adg4 ,the age of all these bones is late ,pleistocene4 ,the elk had1 therefore1 spread over the northern part of our country before the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,the geology of this locality and the species found there are considered on pages #bhd-bhe4 #b4 ,near ,strathroy1 ,middlesex ,county4--,in #aija 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xv1 pp4 #ie-ig1 fig47 ,l4 ,h4 ,smith wrote on the occurrence of the elk in ,ontario4 ,none had been known to exist there since the settlement by white men4 ,the writer of the article had a number of specimens of antlers collected in the neighborhood of ,strathroy and the neighboring county1 ,lambton4 ,a fine pair of antlers and a part of a skeleton of an elk had been discovered in a boggy spring in lot #ae1 #abth concession1 township of ,lobo4 ,it was evidently not deeply buried4 ,this and the others1 notwithstanding shallowness of burial1 may have been buried in ,late ,pleistocene times2 but there is no assurance that they did not live during the early ,recent4 #c4 ,kingston1 ,frontenac ,county4--,in #ahih 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cgg71 ,robert ,bell stated that remains of the elk had been found in shell marl in at least two places near ,kingston4 ,,vermont4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,grand ,isle1 ,champlain ,lake4--,in #ahdj 7,rep4 on ,quadrupeds1 ,massachusetts1 p4 #hb71 ,emmons reported the finding of an antler on this island1 which he concluded belonged possibly to a young elk4 ,it had been thrown out by the plow from an elevated piece of ground1 near a spring of water4 ,he concluded that it was the antler of the second year1 and stated that it had no branches4 ,it was somewhat curved and had a total length of #hdi mm4 ,the diameter just above the burr was given as #ahc mm42 but this is much greater than that in any specimens of young elks at hand4 ,possibly some other species is represented and it may not have belonged to ,pleistocene4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,racket ,river1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,county4--,j4 ,e4 ,de ,kay1 in #ahdb 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #abj1 plate ,,xxix1 fig4 #a71 described a part of a skull1 to which were attached the damaged antlers of an elk1 which had been dug up near the mouth of ,raquette ,river4 ,this must have been not far from the town of ,racket ,river4 ,nothing appears to be known regarding the conditions under which the skull was found4 ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cgg7 refers to the specimen4 ,it was at one time in the ,lyceum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 but is probably no longer in existence4 #b4 ,seneca ,castle1 ,ontario ,county4--,mr4 ,e4 ,hitchcock 7,science1 vol4 ,,vi1 #ahhe1 p4 #dej7 reported the finding of an antler of an elk at this place4 ,it was associated with supposed remains of a mastodon1 in a peat morass1 near ,flint ,creek4 ,it is to be credited to the ,late ,wisconsin4 #c4 ,farmington1 ,ontario ,county4--,james ,hall1 in #ahhg 7#fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,state ,geologist1 ,new ,york1 p4 #cia71 reported the discovery of about two-thirds of the skeleton of an elk at the place named1 in a cedar swamp1 buried in peat at depths of from #f to #ah inches4 ,the antlers had projected above the surface and had been gnawed by rodents4 ,hall remarked that the elk had not been known to live in that region since the coming of the white race4 ,the skeleton may or may not have been deposited there during the late ,pleistocene4 #d4 ,livingston ,county4--,in the collection at ,princeton ,university is a calvarium of an elk labeled as found in ,livingston ,county4 ,the finder had1 with a tool1 chopped off the antlers and otherwise hacked the skull4 ,one can not be certain as to the geological age of the specimen4 #e4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,county4--,in #ahdc1 ,james ,hall 7,geol4 #dth ,dist41 p4 #cfg7 reported that several horns of deer and one of an elk had been found at the summit of the ,genesee ,valley ,canal4 ,the place given was ,new ,hudson1 #d miles from ,cuba2 but this town is about #aj miles from ,cuba and apparently not on the canal4 ,the antlers were found at a depth of #ab feet1 in muck4 #f4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,county4--,hall 7op4 cit41 p4 #cfe7 stated that ,dr4 ,emmons had in his possession a tooth which he regarded as belonging to this species4 ,de ,kay 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y41 ,mamm41 p4 #abj1 plate ,,xxix1 fig4 #d7 describes and figures this tooth4 ,emmons1 in #ahdj 7,rep4 ,quadrupeds of ,massachusetts1 p4 #hb71 first mentioned the tooth and said it had been found in a clay bed with several others4 ,the tooth may belong to the ,pleistocene1 but this can not be proved4 ,it is of value1 as are the other cases1 as showing the former distribution of the species4 #g4 ,boonville1 ,oneida ,county4--,in #ahhd 7,trans4 ,linn4 ,soc4 ,n4 ,y41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #df71 ,dr4 ,c4 ,hart ,merriam reported that ,mr4 ,calvin ,v4 ,graves1 of ,boonville1 had parts of elk horns1 plowed up in an old beaver meadow4 ,these may have belonged to very late ,pleistocene time or to any part of the ,recent4 #h4 ,third ,lake of ,fulton ,chain1 ,herkimer ,county4--,in the publication just referred to and on page #de1 ,merriam stated he had seen a number of elk antlers1 found in a bog near the place mentioned4 ,their geological age can not be determined any more closely than in the preceding case4 #i4 ,steele's ,corners1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,county4--,on page #df of the paper just cited1 ,merriam reported that ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,benton1 of ,ogdensburg1 had parts of antlers discovered at the place named4 ,no details as to mode of occurrence were given4 ,the antlers were discarded by their owners some time after the clearing away of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,deal1 ,monmouth ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg71 ,leidy stated that there were in the museum of the ,philadelphia ,academy portions of two antlers of the elk obtained in the earth just above the ,cretaceous greensand near ,deal4 ,no further information was furnished4 ,deal is about #e miles south of ,long ,branch4 ,the antlers may have belonged to the ,pleistocene or to the ,recent4 #b4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,in #aiaa 7,papers ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #abc71 ,mr4 ,ernest ,volk detailed the finding of a fragment of an antler of an elk in the glacial gravels at ,trenton1 at a depth of #e4e feet4 ,for the geology of this locality see page #cjd4 ,cope 7,cook's ,geol4 ,n4 ,j41 #ahfh1 p4 #gdb7 wrote that this species has left antlers and bones in various parts of the ,state in the gravel drift1 but he mentions no localities4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahii 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pennsylvania1 for #ahhg1 p4 #f71 ,leidy reported the discovery of various fragmentary remains of this species in the ,crystal ,hill 7,hartman's7 ,cave1 near ,stroudsburg4 ,this cave and its contents will be considered on page #caj4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,county4--,from ,durham ,cave1 situated near ,riegelsville1 there was sent to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 about #gj years ago1 a collection of bones4 ,they were examined by ,leidy1 who reported on them 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi74 ,in this list the elk was not mentioned4 ,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ah1 #ai71 further attention was given to the collection1 and the elk was included4 ,the bison1 which was mentioned in the first list1 was omitted in the second4 ,,michigan4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county4--,in #ahhj1 ,professor ,j4 ,kost1 of ,adrian ,college1 sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a skull of ,castoroides ohioensis and a jaw of a mastodon found in a marsh in the town of ,adrian1 at a depth of #d feet4 ,at the same place another mastodon1 together with bones of a deer and of an elk1 had previously been secured4 ,these belong to a late period in the ,wisconsin4 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,in #aijh 7,folio #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #i71 ,russell and ,leverett told of the finding of bones of elk and deer in a peat-swamp1 #c miles south of ,ann ,arbor4 ,in the same swamp1 at a depth of #e feet1 a skull of ,castoroides ohioensis had been discovered4 ,the bones of the elk and deer were at a somewhat higher level4 ,while they are probably of late ,pleistocene age1 one can not be wholly sure of it4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,cambridge ,city1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the collection of ,earlham ,college1 at ,richmond1 ,indiana1 is a part of the skull of an elk 7,no4 #ejgj7 labeled as found a mile northwest of ,cambridge ,city1 and as presented by ,lee ,ault1 superintendent of schools84 ,it is recorded on the specimen that it was found in ,little ,simond's ,creek and lay partly exposed in a bed of gravel #d rods below the mill-dam1 and #j4be mile from where the creek empties into the ,west ,fork of ,whitewater ,river4 ,the specimen is pretty thoroughly mineralized and stained with iron oxide4 ,the geological age of the skull is uncertain1 but it has the appearance of being old4 ,found in that region1 it must1 however1 be younger than the ,shelbyville and ,bloomington moraines1 which are nearby4 #b4 ,fountain ,city1 ,wayne ,county4--,in ,earlham ,college is the rear of the skull of an elk recorded as found on ,nolan's ,fork1 near the border of the ,bloomington moraine4 ,it has the ,no4 #ejfi and is credited to ,mr4 ,isaac ,thomas4 ,the remark made in the preceding paragraph about the age of the specimen from ,cambridge ,city may be repeated here4 #c4 ,harrisville1 ,randolph ,county4--,in the collection at ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 are some bones which belong to ,cervus canadensis and reported found in ,may #ahic1 by ,messrs4 ,shoemaker1 ,graves1 and ,moore1 in a ditch or canal being put through the swamp known then by the name of 8,the ,dismal10 apparently about #f miles east of ,winchester1 near the town of ,harrisville4 ,it was here that was found the fine specimen of ,castoroides ohioensis which is at ,earlham4 ,just at what depth the elk bones were found is not known4 ,with them came some bones of the white-tailed deer1 ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,of the elk there are a dorsal and two lumbar vertebr1 most of the sacrum1 some pieces of ribs1 the articular end of the scapula1 a complete humerus1 most of the right side of the pelvis1 most of the left pubis1 the left cubo-navicular bone1 the distal end of the left cannon-bone1 and three phalanges4 ,we can not be certain that the animal lived at that place during ,pleistocene times4 ,at most1 it lived after the ,wisconsin ice had withdrawn from that vicinity4 ,dr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,phinney 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #aha7 stated that in draining swamps in this county elks' antlers had been found1 but no details were given4 ,at any rate1 in that region all such remains would belong to a time following the middle of the ,wisconsin stage4 #d4 ,pennville1 ,jay ,county4--,mc,caslin1 in his report on the geology of ,jay ,county 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #afi71 stated that the bones of the mastodon and post-glacial deer1 or elk1 had been frequently met with4 8,the gigantic antlers of the latter have been found in size indicating an animal #h or #i feet high and #aj or #aa in length4 ,these have been picked up in a bog north of ,camden40 ,making proper allowances for miscalculations1 we must conclude that these antlers belonged to the elk 7,cervus canadensis74 ,the antlers had probably been laid out so as to give their maximum extent4 ,this township 7#bd north1 range #ab east7 is in the northwest corner of the county4 ,the name ,camden no longer appears on the maps1 being apparently a former name for ,pennville4 ,the bog referred to was evidently north of the ,salamonie ,river and close to or on the moraine bearing the same name4 ,the elk must have lived there after1 probably a long time after1 this moraine was laid down4 #e4 ,wabash ,county4--,elrod and ,benedict reported in #ahib 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xvii1 p4 #bdj7 that a ,mr4 ,longnecer had unearthed the head and antlers of an elk in a swamp on his farm 8near the west county line40 ,the antlers measured #h feet from tip to tip4 ,in this case they probably were given their greatest possible span4 ,it is to be regretted that no more definite locality was given4 ,for those in that region who might be interested1 it would be possible to learn the location more accurately by searching the office of the county surveyor or of the county clerk4 ,at any rate1 the animal lived there in ,late ,wisconsin time4 #f4 ,foresman1 ,newton ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis is the left antler of an elk said to have been found in #ahhd1 at ,foresman4 ,it is credited to ,d4 ,e4 ,howe1 and the writer has not been able to get any additional information4 ,foresman is on ,iroquois ,river2 and1 according to ,leverett's map 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 the region about there is occupied by clay of a glacial lake bottom4 ,the antler may be of the ,recent period1 but more probably of ,late ,wisconsin times4 #g4 ,rensselaer1 ,jasper ,county4--,in the ,state collection at ,indianapolis just mentioned is a part1 about #af inches long1 of the antler of an elk1 presented by ,dr4 ,loughridge1 of ,rensselaer1 but no additional information is furnished4 ,the animal may have lived at any time during or since the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #h4 ,lake ,county4--,in the ,twenty-second ,annual ,report of the ,state ,geologist of ,indiana1 page #ij1 ,blatchley stated that antlers of the elk had been found in this county1 but no details were given4 #i4 ,kouts1 ,porter ,county4--,in the report just cited1 on page #ij1 ,blatchley1 ,state geologist1 reported antlers of a large elk found close to teeth of a mastodon4 ,this was somewhere near ,kouts4 ,the reports of fossil remains of ,cervus canadensis in ,indiana are not very satisfactory4 ,in few cases has any effort been made to record anything like exact information as to the locality and the depth of burial and the nature of the deposit and to preserve the specimens4 ,nevertheless1 in most instances at least1 it is quite certain that the remains referred to this species were really such4 ,while1 again1 some of the remains have possibly belonged to the ,recent period1 probably most of them date back to late ,pleistocene2 that is1 ,late ,wisconsin times4 ,in many cases the remains have been found at a depth of several feet in swamps that were being drained4 ,it is certain that these swamp deposits accumulated with exceeding slowness4 ,not infrequently fossil mastodon bones and teeth have been found within a few inches of the surface4 ,in the case of none of the finds of elk materials is there any indication of an age beyond that of the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #bc1 #ch47 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,county4--in #ahgc 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh71 ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen reported the discovery of remains of mastodon1 elk1 buffalo1 and deer in a bog near ,niantic4 ,the exact locality and the conditions are described on page #ajb4 ,in that account it is concluded that the mastodon remains went to the museum of ,c4 ,f4 ,gnther1 of ,chicago1 and from there to the collection of the ,chicago ,academy of ,sciences4 ,what became of the bones of the elk1 the buffalo1 and the deer is not known4 ,as no record appears to have been kept of the depths at which each of the species was found1 we do not know whether or not the others were as old as the mastodon4 ,however1 it is certain that these old ponds and marshes left on the surface of the ,wisconsin drift filled up very slowly4 #b4 ,near ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,county1 #e miles west by north of ,minooka4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 informed the writer that he had found here bones of the elk4 ,these were also reported by him in ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list 7,augustana ,coll4 ,publ41 ,no4 #e1 page #aa74 ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 has likewise found elk antlers here and remains of ,cervalces and ,alces americanus4 ,for the location of this place and its geological situation page #ccg may be consulted4 ,all the species found are without doubt of ,late ,wisconsin age4 ,riggs's statement referred to appears to indicate that the elk1 buffalo1 and deer bones found are of more recent age than those of the mastodons1 but ,mr4 ,langford writes that the antlers were mixed up with the mastodon bones4 #c4 ,palos ,park1 ,cook ,county4--,this place is on the ,wabash ,railway1 about #bj miles southwest of ,chicago4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs wrote the author that in ,october #aiae1 the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history had received a fine head and antlers of the elk from the ,sag ,drainage ,canal near ,palos ,park4 ,it was found in peat at a depth of #ac feet4 ,one can hardly doubt that the animal lived there during the latter part of the ,wisconsin stage4 #d4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 writing ,april #c1 #aiaf1 informed the author that he had picked up the jaw of an elk along a ditch1 somewhere about ,batavia1 in which mastodon bones had been found4 ,at what depth the bones had been buried could not be determined4 ,in this case all that can be said is that the animal lived there after the ,wisconsin ice had retired from that place4 #e4 ,union ,grove1 ,whiteside ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #gcce1 is a right astragalus of an elk found near ,union ,grove1 #c feet below the surface of a bed of peat1 in an old channel of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,this astragalus was presented by ,mr4 ,leo ,b4 ,lincoln1 of ,chicago1 through the peat expert of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 ,professor ,charles ,a4 ,davis4 ,the locality is said to be in the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section #g1 ,union ,grove ,township1 apparently township #ba north1 range #d west4 ,this section appears to be about #e miles away from the present bed of the river4 ,although the area is outside of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet1 it is not probable that the elk antedates the ,wisconsin stage4 ,its age is more probably ,late ,wisconsin4 #f4 ,lead ,region of ,illinois4--,in #ahgf1 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #dh7 stated he found in a collection made in this region by ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney an imperfect radius that seemed not to differ at all from that of a young male ,cervus canadensis4 ,this collection is that reported on by ,jeffries ,wyman in #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wisconsin1 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #dba-dbc74 ,it is impossible to say whether the specimen was found in ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 or ,illinois4 ,as elsewhere stated1 the writer formerly regarded the vertebrate fossils found in that region as belonging mostly to the ,late ,wisconsin2 but it now appears possible they lived during a pre-,wisconsin time4 #g4 ,beecher1 ,will ,county4--,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 ,illinois1 an intelligent collector of the fossils of that region1 informed the author that he obtained an antler of the ,cervus canadensis at a place along ,trim ,creek1 about #c miles north of east of ,beecher4 ,the fragment included the base and two tines4 ,the exact locality and the geological conditions are discussed on page #ajg4 ,mr4 ,langford reported that the antlers were above the mastodon bones4 ,at the same place was found a fragment of an antler of ,cervalces4 ,all these species belonged probably to very late ,pleistocene time4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,wauwatosa1 ,milwaukee ,county4--,in the ,public ,museum of ,milwaukee are parts of both antlers of an elk found at ,miller's brewery1 in ,wauwatosa1 at a depth of #d feet4 ,wauwatosa is a suburb west of ,milwaukee1 on the ,menomonie ,river1 situated principally on one of the moraines laid down just before the ,wisconsin ice-sheet retired into ,lake ,michigan4 ,the elk must have lived there since that withdrawal of the ice4 ,it is possible that the antlers were found in marsh deposits of ,recent age along the ,menomonie ,river4 #b4 ,pewaukee1 ,waukesha ,county4--,this town is situated about #bj miles north of west of ,milwaukee4 ,in the ,public ,museum at ,milwaukee is an antler which was plowed up somewhere about ,pewaukee by ,stanley ,g4 ,haskins and presented by him to the museum4 ,probably the antler belongs to the ,recent epoch4 #c4 ,whitehall1 ,trempealeau ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,state geologist of ,wisconsin1 the writer received a tibia found near ,whitehall and which he identifies as belonging to ,cervus canadensis4 ,the following account of the discovery has been furnished by ,dr4 ,weidman3 8,the gully 7fig4 #b7 in which the tibia was found is eroded out of stratified sand1 containing fragments of local sandstone and cherts4 ,the stratified sand1 with local small fragments of sandstone1 is1 of course1 pre-loessial in origin1 but the erosion of the lower terrace is post-loessial1 and the gully is very recent4 ,the tibia was taken #b feet below the lower terrace1 along the side of the gully about #e or #f feet deep at the lower end and #c or #d feet deep at the upper end2 length of gully #cjj or #djj feet4 ,the bone may possibly have been inserted after the development of the lower terrace1 but ,i could see no indication of disturbance or change in the upper #b feet of the lower terrace further exposed by the gully at this point1 the upper #b feet being essentially the same at this point as elsewhere along the side of the gully4 ,if the bone was deposited along with the small fragments of sandstone in the stratified formation1 the fragments being usually flat1 about #j4e inch thick by #a to #b inches wide1 then the bone is evidently pre-loessial in age4 ,i am inclined to think the bone was deposited with the sandstone fragments during the process of the filling up of the valley with the stratified surface1 long before the loess was deposited in the region1 rather than after the loess and the lower terrace was formed40 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,diagrammatic section of gully near ,whitehall1 ,wisconsin1 showing place of burial of elk bone4 ,according to this account the specimen belonged to the ,peorian stage or an earlier one4 ,,maryland4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agh71 ,cope stated that a collection of vertebrate fossils had been found on the farm of ,lambert ,kirby1 in ,oxford ,neck1 including parts of antlers4 ,these were not distinguishable from those of the elk and the ,virginia deer4 ,they were placed in the ,baltimore ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,maps #bc1 #ci47 #a4 ,on ,neuse ,river1 ,pamlico ,county1 #af miles below ,newbern4--,on page #aag1 in discussing the occurrence of mastodons at this place1 it is stated that ,h4 ,b4 ,croom had reported also the presence of elk remains4 ,a more competent witness was ,richard ,harlan1 who included the elk in his list of species 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc74 ,the reader is referred to page #ceh1 where the locality and the species are further considered4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy does not seem to mention the occurrence of the wapiti at ,charleston4 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 in the introduction to his work on ,post-,pliocene fossils of ,south ,carolina1 page #g1 mentions the elk among the animals found in the ,pleistocene beds which still have living representatives4 ,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 at ,philadelphia1 are two teeth1 labeled as from ,ashley ,river and credited to ,captain ,a4 ,h4 ,bowman4 ,it is possible that ,leidy did not mention them because he regarded them as teeth of elk that lived within ,recent times4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,in a list of fossil vertebrates dredged1 probably1 from the harbor at ,brunswick1 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 announced the finding of some part1 supposedly a tooth1 of a cervuline1 8probably belonging to the genus ,cervus40 ,that ,c4 canadensis might have lived in that region during some part of the ,pleistocene is not at all improbable2 that it lived there during the time that ,megatherium existed we have not at present sufficient evidence4 ,,florida4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,alafia ,river1 ,hillsboro ,county4--,from the late ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam the writer learned that he had obtained from ,alafia ,river some part of the elk4 ,the present writer has not seen the specimen4 ,,tennessee4 7,figure #bc47 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4--,in a collection of fossil vertebrates secured at ,whitesburg and described by the writer in #aibj are some fragments of teeth which were referred to ,cervus canadensis 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #ib74 ,a list of the species is presented on page #cie4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bc47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in his report of #ahca on ,bigbone ,lick1 ,william ,cooper 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjg7 stated that he had found remains of ,cervus canadensis2 but he did not appear to be wholly certain of this4 ,shaler was likewise in doubt regarding the presence of the elk 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 vol4 ,,iii1 n4 s41 p4 #aig74 ,other authors have mentioned the elk as occurring here1 but not in a convincing way4 ,nevertheless1 it is not at all improbable that this species was represented here4 ,the geology of this locality is considered on pages #dja to #djd and a list of the species is presented4 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the collection of fossil vertebrates secured by ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter1 living near ,bluelick ,springs1 were teeth1 some bones1 and fragments of antlers4 ,this collection had been secured in an attempt to clean out and restore the failing springs4 ,whether or not these remains date back to the ,pleistocene is uncertain4 ,they are reported to have been found above the bones of the mastodon4 ,,finds ,,of ,,rangifer ,,in ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,grinnell ,,land4 ,dumbbell ,harbor4--,in #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,fielden published a paper on the post-,tertiary beds of ,grinnell ,land and north ,greenland4 ,in #ahgh 7,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff71 ,fielden and ,de ,rance presented a report on the same subject4 ,at a station in latitude #hb #cj ,n41 in beds at an elevation of #djj feet1 there were secured meager remains of ,ovibos moschatus and ,phoca hispida4 ,at another station1 in latitude #hb #be1 there were obtained remains of ,rangifer tarandus1 ,ovibos moschatus1 and ,phoca barbata4 ,the invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that now existing there4 ,in case the beds are ,pleistocene they are probably those of a late stage4 ,,ontario4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,county4--,in #ahii 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #aie71 ,coleman stated that horns of the caribou were common in the ,carleton ,bar1 just west of ,toronto4 ,this bar belonged to the ,iroquois beach4 ,in the same bar near ,york1 east of ,toronto1 mammoth teeth had been found4 ,in #aijd 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xv1 p4 #cff71 the same writer states that antlers are very common at ,toronto ,junction4 ,this is probably the same locality as that spoken of as ,carleton ,bar4 ,in #aija 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #bij1 #bih71 ,coleman wrote that a shed horn of a caribou had been found at ,taylor's brickyard4 ,this is nearly a mile north of the ,gerard street bridge in ,toronto 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xiii1 p4 #hg74 ,it was in a blue peaty clay1 in which were found also unios and wood4 ,this clay is about #d feet #f inches thick and near the top of the warm-climate beds4 ,notwithstanding the presence of the antler of a caribou1 the stratum is assigned by ,coleman to the warm-climate beds1 because of the character of the vegetation4 ,at present the caribou is not known to come nearer than #aej or #bjj miles to ,toronto4 ,,vermont4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,woodbury1 ,washington ,county4--,in #aiaj 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vermont1 p4 #g71 ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins stated that there are in the ,state ,cabinet at ,burlington a fully developed antler and a part of the upper jaw1 with five molars1 of ,rangifer caribou found at ,woodbury in a peat-bog at a depth of #g feet4 ,probably the animal lived at about the close of the ,pleistocene epoch4 ,the species has not been known in the ,state since historical times4 ,,connecticut4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,new ,haven1 ,new ,haven ,county4--,in #ahge 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,x71 ,professor ,j4 ,d4 ,dana gave an account of the finding of a humerus and a tibia of a reindeer in the ,quinnipiac ,valley1 near ,new ,haven4 ,the humerus was discovered in a bed of clay at a depth of #aa feet2 the tibia at a depth of #g feet4 ,the two bones belonged to different individuals4 ,marsh1 as quoted by ,dana1 thought that the tibia resembled more closely that of ,rangifer tarandus of ,europe than it did that of ,r4 caribou1 but that the humerus was more similar to that of the caribou4 ,dana concluded that the clays had been laid down after the glacier had retreated from the valley1 but while it was yet near enough to send down ice-floes4 ,woodworth 7#agth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 #a1 p4 #igh7 was inclined to refer the clays to some pre-,wisconsin time4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,ossining1 ,westchester ,county4--,in #ahei1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aid7 read a letter from ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,fisher1 of ,ossining 7then ,sing ,sing71 in which was reported the finding of an antler of a reindeer in that vicinity1 in excavating a peat-bed1 #f feet from the surface4 ,the peat-bed had an area of about an acre1 was surrounded by high ground1 and looked as if it had been the site of an ancient lake4 ,it is to be regretted that the situation of the place was not more accurately given4 ,woodworth 7,bull4 #hd1 ,new ,york ,state ,mus41 #aije1 p4 #ahg7 remarked that he did not know the circumstances under which the reindeer remains had been found2 but its occurrence there was consonant with his views of the non-submergence of the lower ,hudson valley4 ,on the other hand1 there appears to be no good reason why the caribou might not have occupied that region step by step as the glacier retired1 and have remained there long enough for its bones to become buried in mucks overlying the deposits laid down in the ,hudson while it was at sea-level4 #b4 ,racket ,river1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg71 ,leidy mentioned the occurrence of caribou 78,cervus tarandus07 remains at ,racket ,river1 basing his statement on a remark of ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill 7,cat4 ,organ4 ,remains1 #ahbf1 p4 #bf74 ,on the same page ,leidy referred to ,mitchill's skull of the elk found at ,racket ,river1 and to ,de ,kay's figure of it4 ,in ,de ,kay's description 7,zool4 ,n4 ,y4 ,mamm41 p4 #abj7 of the skull he stated that it bore a label in ,mitchill's handwriting purporting that the skull belonged to the reindeer4 ,it looks1 therefore1 very much as if the crediting of the caribou to this locality is due to an error of identification on the part of ,mitchill2 on the other hand1 it is barely possible that ,mitchill had remains of both animals from the locality4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,vincentown1 ,burlington ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgg1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #i71 ,leidy described and figured a part of an antler of a reindeer found at ,vincentown4 ,it was discovered #d feet from the surface in soil overlying greensand4 ,according to ,lewis and ,kmmel's geological map1 the region about ,vincentown is occupied by ,cape ,may deposits resting on ,manasquan marl1 of ,cretaceous age4 ,it may be supposed1 therefore1 that this reindeer was in that region during the prevalence of the ,wisconsin glacial stage 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #ahc74 ,this antler is peculiar in having no brow-tine1 in having the bez-tine placed at an unusual height1 #f inches above the base1 and in having no tine arise from the rear of the shaft up to a height of about #b feet from the base4 ,where the last-mentioned tine might be expected is simply a sharp ridge4 ,leidy thought that the antler resembled more closely that of the barren-ground reindeer than that of the woodland reindeer4 ,it may1 however1 belong to a distinct but as yet unnamed species4 #b4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,in #ahhd 7#agth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,peabody ,mus41 ,harvard ,univ41 for #ahhc1 p4 #cgb71 ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam reported as follows on a fragment of antler of ,rangifer found at ,trenton by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott3 8,a piece of worked antler1 probably a handle to a stone knife1 from the gravel in the railroad cut where the human tooth 7,no4 #bggih7 was found4 ,collected and presented by ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott40 ,this specimen is mentioned by ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,mamm4 of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey1 #aijc1 p4 #bda7 as belonging to ,rangifer grnlandicus4 ,from ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,willoughby1 director of ,peabody ,museum1 the writer learns that this part of an antler is yet in that museum4 ,he writes that it has been a handle for apparently a steel knife and that he sees nothing whatever about the specimen to indicate a prehistoric origin4 ,it may1 he thinks1 have been washed out of some recent ,indian grave4 ,in a personal letter to ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads1 ,professor ,putnam wrote that the fragment had been identified by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen as belonging to ,rangifer4 ,in #ahhc 7,jour4 ,franklin ,inst41 vol4 ,,cxv1 pp4 #cff1 #cgd71 ,h4 ,c4 ,lewis stated on the authority of ,dr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,abbott that remains of ,rangifer had been discovered in the ,trenton gravels4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in ,crystal ,hill 7,hartman's7 ,cave1 near ,stroudsburg1 there was found1 many years ago1 bones and teeth of what ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg7 called ,rangifer caribou4 ,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #e7 the remains are spoken of as fragments of jaws and teeth4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,county4--,in his earliest mention of remains found in ,durham ,cave1 near ,riegelsville1 ,leidy included the woodland caribou 7,rangifer caribou74 ,in his list published in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #ah7 this species is not included1 but the writer does not know why it was not4 ,,illinois4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in the collection of fossils made in the region about ,alton by ,william ,mc,adams1 a list of which will be given on page #cci1 is a single upper right molar1 the first or second1 which belongs to this genus4 ,the tooth has ,mc,adams's ,no4 #aa4 ,to the base of the tooth a mass of very hard matrix adheres and a part of the grinding-surface is covered by the same material4 ,the tooth is likewise somewhat shattered4 ,the length of the tooth is #ai mm41 the width across the anterior lobe #ac4e mm4 ,from the materials at hand it is not possible to determine to what species the tooth belonged4 ,it is referred provisionally to ,rangifer muscatinensis4 ,this tooth differs from other ,rangifer teeth observed in having the front of the protocone1 at its base1 less fully rounded out1 and in that the mesostyle1 on the inner face of the tooth1 widens more extensively as it approaches the base than in any other species observed4 ,nevertheless1 the width of the mesostyle varies in species and individuals4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,county4--,from ,professor ,s4 ,weidman1 of the ,wisconsin ,geological and ,natural ,history ,survey1 the writer received a part of an antler of a female or a young individual of some species of ,rangifer4 ,professor ,weidman sends the information that this was obtained in a sand formation just below the clays worked at ,menomonie for brick4 ,he regards the brick-clays as being of ,sangamon interglacial age4 ,he states1 too1 that a part of a leg-bone believed to belong to a mastodon had been found in the clays2 also bones of a fish1 which have been identified by ,dr4 ,hussakof as the ,mackinaw trout1 ,cristivomer namaycush 7,jour4 ,geology1 vol ,,xxiv1 pp4 #fhe-fhi1 figs4 #a1 #b74 ,probably the caribou represented by this specimen lived in that region at the beginning or at the close of some one of the glacial stages1 when the climate was yet severe4 ,the supposed mastodon bone may have belonged to ,elephas primigenius4 ,it is described on page #aaa4 ,at a later time ,dr4 ,weidman sent the writer a large part of the beam of an antler of a caribou which likewise had been found in the lacustrine clay at ,menomonie4 ,it was met with in the red clay1 near the top of the lacustrine clay bed4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bd47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,the presence of reindeer bones at this place appears first to have been mentioned by ,william ,cooper 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjg74 ,he wrote that 8antlers1 jaws1 and other remains of ,cervus canadensis1 ,c4 virginianus1 ,c4 alces1 and perhaps ,c4 tarandus are not very rare40 ,shaler 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xiii1 #ahga1 p4 #afg2 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 reported that antlers of the caribou had been found by him here4 ,a list of the species found at ,bigbone ,lick will be given on page #djc4 ,,finds ,,of ,,musk-,,oxen ,,in ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,grinnell ,,land4 ,dumbbell ,harbor4--,in #ahgg 7,ann4 ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hist41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #dhh71 ,h4 ,w4 ,fielden presented a paper on the post-,tertiary beds of ,grinnell ,land and north ,greenland4 ,he reported the discovery of a bone and a tooth of ,ovibos moschatus and a bone of ,phoca hispida in deposits at an elevation of #djj feet4 ,this was in latitude #hb #cj ,n4 ,at another station1 in latitude #hb #be1 ,fielden procured fossil remains of ,rangifer tarandus1 ,ovibos moschatus1 and ,phoca barbata4 ,a report to the same effect was presented by ,fielden and ,de ,rance in #ahgh 7,quart4 ,jour4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #eff74 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,in #aijj 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist4 for #ahii1 p4 #af71 ,professor ,f4 ,w4 ,putnam stated that ,mr4 ,ernest ,volk1 of ,trenton1 had found in the ,trenton gravels a part of the scapula of a musk-ox1 now at the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 ,the part present is that bearing the glenoid cavity4 ,this report is reprinted on pages #bdh to #bdi of ,volk's 8,archology of the ,delaware ,valley0 7,papers ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v74 ,on page #aaa of this work1 ,mr4 ,volk gives an account of the discovery of the bone1 and illustrates it by plates ,,lxxxvi and ,,lxxxvii4 ,the bone was identified by ,putnam1 ,matthew1 ,allen1 ,boas1 ,lambe1 ,true1 and ,lucas4 ,inasmuch as the comparison must have been made with the scapulas of ,ovibos moschatus1 the fossil probably belonged to this species4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,county4--,in #ahgb 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,fauna ,west4 ,terrs41 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #h71 ,leidy briefly described and figured a molar tooth which he referred to ,bison latifrons4 ,it had been found along the bank of ,susquehanna ,river at ,pittston1 associated with the mastodon and a horse4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,amer4 ,bisons1 #ahgf1 p4 #ab7 expressed the opinion that the tooth belonged to some species of ,ovibos4 ,the present writer agrees that the tooth is not that of ,bison4 ,it seems to agree more nearly with teeth of ,symbos cavifrons2 but it differs from the teeth of that species in some respects4 ,the writer has examined this tooth at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,it is worn almost to the roots and is #cd mm4 long and #cb mm4 thick at the base of the hinder lobe4 ,it agrees in form more closely with the first molar of both ,ovibos and ,symbos2 but it is much larger than the same tooth in ,ovibos moschatus and somewhat larger than that of ,symbos cavifrons4 ,the inner face of the anterior lobe is much more rounded than in ,symbos1 and the inner face of the hinder lobe forms an angle with the hinder face1 instead of rounding into it1 as it does in ,symbos cavifrons4 ,the teeth appear to have been packed together more closely1 on the lingual side1 than in ,bison1 ,symbos1 and ,ovibos4 ,the tooth is probably worthy of being given a new name4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,rhoads has examined this tooth and concluded that it belonged to ,bison bison4 ,to this view it seems sufficient to say that in ,bison teeth the outer face of each of the lobes is very convex and column-like1 while the parastyle and especially the mesostyle are relatively small4 ,in the ,pittston tooth the mesostyle stands out beyond the outer face of the hinder lobe1 and the latter is nearly flat2 this is also the condition in ,symbos4 ,the writer will say further that the accessory column is not always present in teeth of ,symbos4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,county4--,mr4 ,rhoads1 as cited above1 on pages #bdf to #bdh1 described a part of a horn-core of a bovine animal to which he applied the name ,bison appalachicolus4 ,later 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahig1 p4 #dib7 he concluded that the horn-core had belonged to an animal of the genus ,ovibos2 and accordingly it bears the name ,o4 appalachicolus4 ,leidy had in #ahhi called attention to a collection of bones made in ,durham ,cave1 near ,riegelsville 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pennsylvania1 for #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai74 ,he recorded #bj species1 all of which lived there or at most1 not far away1 when the country was discovered4 ,these may have all entered the cave at a later period1 but the musk-ox may have antedated the others4 ,a list of these fossils is presented on page #caa4 ,,ohio4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,county4--,at ,urbana1 ,ohio1 in the possession of ,mr4 ,charles ,mc,darg1 the writer has seen a skull of ,symbos cavifrons which had been found on the farm of ,ed4 ,jennings1 while a ditch was being dug4 ,it was buried in mud at a depth of #aj feet4 ,this region is covered by the ,wisconsin drift1 and the animal must have lived not long after the ice had withdrawn from the neighborhood4 #b4 ,youngstown1 ,mahoning ,county4--,in the geological collection of the ,ohio ,state ,university is a part of a skull of ,ovibos moschatus secured at ,youngstown4 ,the specimen shows the base of the skull and the forehead4 ,between the bases of the horns is a narrow channel1 characteristic of ,ovibos4 ,the specimen shows the effects of abrasion1 the horn-cores being worn down to their bases4 ,the specimen is said to have been found in gravel at a depth of #fj feet4 ,it appears to have been presented in #ahij by ,h4 ,mc,ginnis4 ,it is probable that this skull was found along ,mahoning ,river1 but the elevation was1 unfortunately1 not given4 ,the probability is that the deposits inclosing the fossil were laid down during the ,wisconsin stage4 ,according to ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 p4 #adi71 the old trough of ,beaver ,river was filled with gravel during the ,wisconsin glacial stage1 and this filling is now in process of excavation4 ,the same is probably true of its tributary1 the ,mahoning4 ,if the skull was buried in this gravel its age is thereby determined4 #c4 ,trumbull ,county4--,in #ahec 7,smith4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,leidy stated that he had received1 for inspection1 from ,professor ,samuel ,st4 ,john1 of ,hudson1 ,ohio1 a fragment of a skull1 with one horn-core attached1 which had been found in ,trumbull ,county4 ,no further details were given as to the locality or of the geological conditions4 ,the skull appeared to be much water-worn4 ,it belongs to ,symbos cavifrons4 ,trumbull ,county is wholly occupied by ,wisconsin drift4 ,the animal is1 then1 probably to be credited to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,it is possible1 however1 that this skull was found in an older deposit exposed in the valley of some stream4 ,,michigan4 7,map #be47 ,up to the present time it appears that remains of musk-oxen have been found in ,michigan in only two localities1 ,manchester1 ,washtenaw ,county1 and near ,moorland1 in ,muskegon ,county4 ,these remains belonged to two different genera1 ,symbos and ,botherium4 #a4 ,manchester1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,in ,no4 #ac of the ,occasional ,papers of the ,museum of ,zoology1 pages #a-c1 plates ,i1 ,,ii1 issued by the ,university of ,michigan1 ,november #ab1 #aiae1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,c4 ,case reported the finding of a fine skull of ,symbos cavifrons at a place near ,manchester4 ,this was given by ,case as being about #c miles northeast of ,manchester1 but ,mr4 ,schlicht1 owner of the farm1 has sent the writer a description and plat of the section which show that the spot is situated about #j4e mile northwest of the town4 ,it is near the center of the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section #a1 township #d south1 range #c east4 ,a drain was being made in a swampy tract and the skull was found at a depth of #d feet1 lying on a bed of clay4 ,this was covered by a black muck filled with plant remains and interrupted by a few thin layers of fine gravel4 ,the skull was in fine condition1 but lacked the lower jaw4 ,the spade of a workman struck the nose and injured the bones so that some parts were lost4 ,the teeth were almost perfectly preserved4 ,the locality which furnished this skull is in the valley of the ,raisin ,river4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of ,michigan 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,vii71 this valley crosses1 at this point1 the northern end of the ,fort ,wayne moraine4 ,it is not improbable that this musk-ox lived when the foot of the ice-sheet was not far removed4 ,even in case the skull had gotten into a drainage channel it could not1 because of its fine state of preservation1 have been moved far from where the animal died4 ,the circumstances appear to indicate that the skull had been left on the clayey bottom of a shallow pond of a tundra and become covered by the muck of a milder epoch4 #b4 ,moorland1 ,muskegon ,county4--,in #aijh 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxxiv1 p4 #fhc1 plate ,,lxxix71 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley described1 as belonging to a new species1 ,botherium sargenti1 a skull of a musk-ox found on the farm of ,mr4 ,charles ,mc,kay1 reported to be near ,grand ,rapids4 ,further inquiry showed that the farm is located near ,moorland1 in the northeast quarter of section #af1 township #aj north1 range #ad west4 ,the skull was found in a marsh at a depth of #b or #c feet and lying beneath the pelvis of a mastodon4 ,it and the mastodon are now preserved in the ,kent ,scientific ,museum1 at ,grand ,rapids1 ,michigan4 ,in #aiae 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #ebe1 plate ,,xxxi71 the writer redescribed the specimen4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen1 in #aiac 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bad1 #bae71 referred to this skull and concluded that it had belonged to the female of ,symbos cavifrons4 ,the writer does not accept this opinion4 ,he has examined more than #be skulls of ,s4 cavifrons1 some of which must have been females4 ,in none did the rough surfaces for the horns fail to meet at the midline as it does fail in the ,moorland specimen4 ,the ,moorland marsh is surrounded by what ,leverett has called the ,lake ,border moraines4 ,it is probable that this musk-ox existed there after1 but not long after1 the ice had withdrawn into ,lake ,michigan4 ,from what is known about the habits of musk-oxen in general1 we must conclude that the climate was yet cold4 ,the fact that the mastodon remains were so closely associated with the musk-ox skull does not prove that the animals lived there together4 ,near ,alma1 in ,gratiot ,county1 the late ,charles ,a4 ,davis found mastodon bones in a peat-bog within a few inches of the surface4 ,if by chance the pelvis of a modern horse or cow had fallen on that spot1 it might easily have been pressed down into contact with those bones4 ,,indiana4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a portion of a skull of a musk-ox which the writer identifies as ,symbos cavifrons4 ,it is labeled as found along the ,east ,fork of ,white ,river1 in #aijd1 near ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,county1 ,indiana4 ,this locality is about #de miles east of south of ,indianapolis4 ,the skull is reported to have been washed out of a bank composed of alluvium which overlies from #aj to #bj feet of glacial gravel4 ,it is also said that out of the same gravel a tooth of ,elephas primigenius had been secured4 ,it seems to be implied that the musk-ox skull came from the gravel2 but the record is not clear4 ,it was presented to the museum in ,new ,york by ,dr4 ,j4 ,j4 ,edwards1 of ,columbus1 ,indiana4 ,he is said to have been interested to some extent in collecting palontological materials4 ,it is likely that he depended on others for his knowledge of the origin of the skull4 ,the specimen presents the brain-case to the rear of the orbits1 including the basioccipital bone and the bases of the horn-cores4 ,it has been rolled somewhat and many ridges and processes have been eroded off4 ,measurements were given by the writer in his paper on the 8,pleistocene ,period in ,indiana and its ,vertebrata0 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #fch-fci74 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bja7 has examined this skull and concluded that it is not specifically determinable1 but the writer1 after re-examining the specimen1 sees no reason for changing his original conclusion4 ,this skull was found within the area of ,illinoian drift2 but the border of the ,wisconsin forms the high ground just east of the river4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of ,indiana 7,monogr4 ,,lii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,vi71 the valley of the river is filled with sands and gravels resulting from glacial drainage1 and this came mostly1 if not all1 from the ,wisconsin ice4 ,most probably the animal which possessed this skull lived there at some time when the ,wisconsin glacial ice was not far away4 #b4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,county4--,in the collection at ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 is the brain-case of a skull identified as that of ,ovibos moschatus4 ,this fragment was described and figured by the writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fda1 plate ,,ix1 fig4 #b74 ,the skull was unearthed by some workmen in the vicinity of ,richmond and put into the hands of ,professor ,d4 ,w4 ,dennis1 who loaned it to the writer4 ,it is referred to ,ovibos moschatus1 the species now existing in the ,arctic region of ,north ,america4 ,possibly if we had more complete remains specific differences might be found4 ,this animal probably lived in the region about ,richmond at a time when the ,wisconsin moraine was yet lingering in ,indiana and when the climate was yet severe4 #c4 ,randolph ,county4--,in the collection belonging to ,earlham ,college is the rear portion of the skull of a musk-ox1 identified as belonging to ,symbos cavifrons4 ,at what place in ,randolph ,county it was found is not known4 ,it had been somewhat eroded and injured4 ,measurements approximately correct were given by the writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fch74 ,we may suppose that the animal lived in that region at some time during the last half of the ,wisconsin stage4 #d4 ,beaver ,lake1 ,newton ,county4--,in #ahgj1 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bbi71 reported that upon the bottom of ,beaver ,lake1 just east of the ,state line1 since the lake had been partially drained1 skeletons of ,mastodon and ,botherium had been found by ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,keyzer1 of ,momence1 ,illinois1 and others4 ,unfortunately1 we do not know what became of these valuable materials4 ,probably the 8,botherium0 was the animal now known as ,symbos cavifrons1 inasmuch as it is far more abundant than any other species of musk-ox4 ,if any parts of the skeleton of this musk-ox were really found the loss is great1 inasmuch as very few bones have ever been discovered4 ,the time when the mastodon and the musk-ox lived about ,beaver ,lake must have been after the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin glacial sheet beyond that region4 ,for remarks on this locality see page #if4 ,the name ,beaver ,lake has disappeared from the maps1 but it was in township #cj north1 range #i west4 #e4 ,hebron1 ,porter ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history is a nearly complete skull of the musk-ox known as ,symbos cavifrons1 collected about #f miles east of ,hebron4 ,it was found by workmen while making excavations for a railroad bridge4 ,the exact location is given as section #af1 township #cc north1 range #f west1 in the marshy lands just north of ,kankakee ,river4 ,the depth was about #g feet and the deposit was described as a mixture of sand and clay4 ,doubtless the animal died near the spot where its skull was found1 inasmuch as this had undergone little injury4 ,this skull was described and figured by the writer in #aiab 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #fce-fch1 figs4 #di1 #ej7 and in #aiad 7,iowa ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 pp4 #bii-cjb1 figs4 #ih1 #ii72 also by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,mem4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bad1 plates ,,xvii1 ,,xviii74 ,on ,leverett's glacial map of ,indiana this region is represented as being occupied by sand and gravel deposits resulting from glacial drainage4 ,the musk-ox must have lived after the foot of the glacier had withdrawn nearly to the end of ,lake ,michigan4 ,,illinois4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,bondville1 ,champaign ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,illinois1 at ,champaign1 is the rear portion of the skull with the horn-cores of a specimen of ,symbos cavifrons4 ,it is reported as found on the farm of ,john ,busey1 southwest of ,champaign and #d miles from ,bondville4 ,professor ,s4 ,a4 ,forbes informed the writer that the locality is in section #ca1 township #ai north1 range #h east4 ,no details are known regarding the conditions under which the skull was found4 ,the region is occupied by the ,champaign moraine and it was after the retirement of the ice from this moraine that the animal lived4 ,it may1 however1 have been not long after that time4 #b4 ,manito1 ,mason ,county4--,mr4 ,john ,wiedmer1 of ,st4 ,louis1 presented to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ghjj7 the rear half of the skull of a specimen of ,symbos cavifrons found near ,manito1 at a depth of #e feet1 by workmen who were cutting out peat4 ,a tooth of a mastodon1 ,mammut americanum1 sent with the skull1 is said to have been embedded in the upper part of the sand which underlies the peat4 ,the skull was reported as found at about the same depth1 but it was quite certainly not in the sand4 ,the exact location of the skull was in section #bb1 township #bc north1 range #f east1 within the area of the ,illinoian drift-sheet1 but the ,wisconsin drift is not far away4 ,the valley of the ,illinois ,river in this county is mapped by ,leverett as occupied by sands and gravels of ,wisconsin age4 ,probably the animal lived when the ,wisconsin ice-sheet was not far distant4 ,the skull described apparently belonged to a rather small1 perhaps not fully grown individual4 ,for purposes of comparison with other skulls1 as the one found at ,st4 ,louis1 ,missouri1 and the one found at ,hebron1 ,indiana 7p4 #beb71 the following measurements have been taken of this skull3 mm4 ,from tip to tip of horn-cores #dcg ,height of rear of skull from bottom of condyles #afh ,width across the mastoid region #ahc ,width between hinder ends of temporal foss #aag ,width at space between bases of horn-cores and orbits #abg ,width at the rear border of orbits #bca ,length of rough surface of forehead1 at midline #bjj ,fore-and-aft width of base of horn-core #ih ,vertical thickness of base of horn-core #gh ,from front of foramen magnum to rear of nasal bones #bfj ,the exostosis between the bases of the horn-cores is longitudinally deeply excavated1 the excavation being #ej mm4 wide and #bg mm4 deep4 ,the tips of the horn-cores come forward only even with the rear border of the orbits4 ,in some other cases the horn-cores come forward to the front1 or even in advance of the front border of the orbits4 ,it is possible that this ,manito skull was that of a cow4 #c4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in a collection of fossil mammals made at ,alton by ,william ,mc,adams and now in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a single tooth1 a lower left second molar1 referred with some doubt to ,symbos promptus4 ,the crown is #cd mm4 long and #be mm4 wide at the base4 ,the tooth has been described briefly by the writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aae74 ,a list of the species accompanying it will be found on page #cci4 ,,west ,,virginia4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,mahan1 ,brooke ,county4--,in #aijb 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xvi1 pp4 #gjg-gji1 fig471 ,j4 ,b4 ,hatcher reported the finding of a part of a skull of ,symbos cavifrons at a point in ,brooke ,county1 somewhat over a mile below ,steubenville1 ,ohio4 ,the locality is further defined as being the sand-pit of the ,steubenville ,sand ,company1 on the ,thomas ,mahan farm1 on the east side of the ,wheeling branch of the 8,panhandle0 ,railroad4 ,the details regarding the locality were furnished by ,mr4 ,sam ,huston4 ,the sand-pit was located in the glacial terrace which rises about #gj feet above low-water mark and from about #ce to #dj feet above high-water4 ,the river has never been known to rise as high as to the spot where the skull was found4 ,it had doubtless been brought down by the waters which built up the terrace4 ,these waters probably came from the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,the skull is now in the ,carnegie ,museum at ,pittsburgh4 ,the interesting geology of this region is described on page #cee4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,natchez4--,the first notice of the occurrence of any species of the ,ovibovin at ,natchez seems to be the inclusion of ,symbos 7,botherium7 cavifrons in ,leidy's list of fossil ,mammalia found in the ,state of ,mississippi 7,wailles's ,rep4 ,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 #ahed1 p4 #bfi71 but the locality is not mentioned4 ,the occurrence of the species in the ,state was not mentioned by ,leidy in #ahec in his 8,memoir on ,extinct ,species of ,fossil ,ox0 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c74 ,leidy's list mentioned above was quoted by ,hilgard in #ahfj 7,agric4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif74 ,in neither place was any statement made regarding the part preserved4 ,in his 8,memoir on the ,extinct ,sloth ,tribe of ,north ,america10 published in #ahee 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #f71 ,leidy stated that ,botherium had been found at ,natchez4 ,five years later 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahgj1 p4 #gc7 ,leidy reported that an isolated tooth1 a last lower molar not yet protruded from the jaw1 had been received from ,natchez and was preserved in the museum of the ,philadelphia ,academy4 ,on comparison with a last molar in a jaw of a supposed ,ovibos cavifrons received at the ,smithsonian ,institution and found near ,woodbine1 ,iowa1 ,leidy concluded that the ,natchez tooth belonged to the same species4 ,probably he had already based on this tooth the announcement of the presence of this species at ,natchez4 ,at least1 the writer knows of no other parts of ,symbos cavifrons found at ,natchez1 and he has seen neither the tooth from ,natchez nor the jaw from ,woodbine1 ,iowa4 ,leidy stated that the tooth in question had a height of #b4be inches1 a length antero-posteriorly of #b inches4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #be47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,in his account of ,bigbone ,lick and the collections made there 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-agd1 #bje-bag71 ,william ,cooper included in his list of species both ,bos bombifrons 7,botherium bombifrons7 and ,bos pallasii 7,symbos cavifrons74 ,already in #ahah ,wistar 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgi1 plate ,,xi1 figs4 #aj1 #aa7 had described1 without systematic name1 the skull which later was made the type of ,bos bombifrons by ,harlan 7,fauna ,amer41 p4 #bga74 ,this skull was a part of the collection made at ,bigbone ,lick by ,governor ,william ,clark for ,president ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,in the account presented by ,cooper 7p4 #agc7 he stated that in the ,finnell 7sometimes spelled ,phinnell7 collection1 made in #ahcj1 he had found a second head of the species1 but what became of it is not known4 ,harlan1 as cited 7p4 #bgb71 stated that in the collection of fossils made at ,bigbone ,lick by ,major ,long were teeth which probably belonged to the musk-ox4 ,they differed little from those of the bison1 but were thicker at the crown1 more deeply grooved at the sides1 and altogether more robust4 ,in #ahgj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #ig71 ,dr4 ,leidy mentioned that in the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology1 in ,cambridge1 he had seen a skull of ,symbos cavifrons which ,professor ,shaler had collected at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,the present writer has seen this skull4 ,a list of the species found at this locality is recorded on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs81 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the collection at ,yale ,university is the hinder part of a skull of ,symbos cavifrons1 bought in #ahgf from ,henry ,ward1 ,rochester1 and labeled as found in the ,bluelick region4 ,the locality is not more definitely known4 #c4 ,winchester1 ,clark ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a part of the rear of the skull of ,symbos cavifrons labeled as found at ,winchester4 ,it is credited to ,j4 ,w4 ,fitch4 ,it shows well the condyles1 some of the base of the skull1 and the base of the right horn-core4 ,besides the remains above described a part of a cranium of ,symbos cavifrons from ,kentucky is preserved in the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history4 ,leidy 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 art4 #c1 p4 #af7 stated that it had been found in the alluvium of ,kentucky ,river4 ,,finds ,,of ,,extinct ,,bisons ,,in ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,county4--,through the kindness of ,professor ,b4 ,a4 ,bensley1 of the ,university of ,toronto1 the writer has had the opportunity to examine a malar bone of a bison found in the ,don interglacial beds at ,toronto4 ,it is slightly water-worn and the edges are somewhat injured4 ,the bone has been compared with the corresponding one of a large specimen of ,bison bison1 ,no4 #bbcgd of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 and with a complete skull of ,bison alleni from ,alaska4 ,the ,toronto bone is about one-third larger than that of the ,bison bison and about one-tenth larger than that of ,b4 alleni4 ,the projecting outer plate1 immediately below the orbit1 narrows little if any from behind forward1 while in both the other species referred to it becomes much narrower toward the front4 ,the bone quite certainly belonged to an extinct species1 but without the horn-cores it is impossible to determine to which one4 ,in #aija 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 p4 #cja71 ,coleman stated that a large atlas vertebra of a bison which he thought might belong to ,b4 americanus had been found in interglacial beds in ,toronto4 ,it is more probable1 however1 that it belonged to one of the extinct species4 ,it is uncertain whether the deposits belonged to the ,don series or the ,scarboro4 ,the geology of this region is treated on pages #bha to #bhc4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,county4--,in #ahgc 7,contrib4 ,ext4 ,fauna ,west4 ,terrs41 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxviii1 fig4 #h71 ,leidy described and figured a tooth as that of ,bison latifrons4 ,this has been referred here to an undetermined species of ,symbos4 ,in a paper on the distribution of the ,american bison in ,pennsylvania1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,rhoads 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahie1 p4 #bde7 concluded that this tooth belonged to the existing bison4 ,he stated also that the ,academy had two other teeth1 lower molars1 from the same place1 which ,leidy had labeled as 8,bison americanus0 and regarded as more recent than the figured tooth4 ,rhoads thought the identification correct1 but that they belonged to the same individual as did the tooth figured by ,leidy4 ,the writer has not seen these lower teeth and admits them here only provisionally4 ,they were found along ,susquehanna ,river1 in association with remains of ,mammut americanum and ,equus complicatus8 78,e4 major074 ,if any of the bovine teeth belong to ,bison the species belonged to early or middle ,pleistocene and is now extinct4 #b4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county4--,the presence of ,bison in the famous cave at this place was announced by ,wheatley in #ahga 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #chd74 ,cope1 in his account of #ahii 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,xi71 does not mention the genus2 but ,mercer1 on page #bhj of the same volume1 credits ,wheatley with having found remains of three individuals of one undetermined species4 ,he used the generic name ,bos4 ,a description of the ,port ,kennedy ,cave and its contents and remarks on the geological age of the fossils will be given on pages #caa to #cbj4 ,,ohio4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,fincastle1 ,brown ,county4--,in #ahhg 7,jour4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #bj71 ,horace ,p4 ,smith1 curator of the society1 described a fine pair of horn-cores of ,bison latifrons found in ,brown ,county and which had come into the possession of the society4 ,they were discovered at a depth of #ah feet1 in making excavations for the piers of a bridge across ,brush ,creek4 ,inasmuch as nearly the whole of the course of this stream is in ,adams ,county1 the locality must have been in the northeastern corner of ,brown ,county1 near ,fincastle1 where the creek has its source1 and within the area of the ,illinoian drift4 ,smith thought that the horn-cores were in the drift2 but1 if so1 the overlying materials must have been washed down over them after their burial4 ,it is improbable that they were ever beneath or in the glacier4 ,the animal probably lived during the ,sangamon interglacial stage2 quite certainly before the ,wisconsin4 #b4 ,north ,fairfield1 ,huron ,county4--,in the ,norwalk ,museum1 at ,norwalk1 are some skull-bones of a bison found at some point not known to the writer1 about #g miles from ,north ,fairfield1 while search was being made for bones of the megalonyx which belongs partly to the museum at ,norwalk1 partly to the ,niver family at ,north ,fairfield4 ,these bison bones served as the type of ,bison sylvestris1 described by the writer in #aiae 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,museum1 vol4 ,,xlviii1 p4 #eae1 plate ,,xxx74 ,this is the only species of extinct bison known that lived after the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,county4--,many years ago ,dr4 ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj7 described a collection of mammalian remains made on the banks of ,ohio ,river at the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 a short distance below ,evansville4 ,among these materials was a fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of ,bison1 which ,leidy identified with doubt as ,bison americanus1 the existing bison1 now known as ,bison bison4 ,it would be impossible to determine to which of our several species of the genus ,bison this bone belonged2 but it probably did not belong to ,b4 bison4 ,this species is not known from times preceding the ,wisconsin drift and the bone-bed at ,pigeon ,creek is undoubtedly older4 ,on page #cb is a discussion of the probable age of the bone-bed4 ,it may be as old as the ,aftonian stage1 but more probably it belonged to the ,sangamon4 ,the other species found at the locality named are ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 the ,virginia deer1 the extinct horse known as ,equus complicatus1 ,tapirus haysii1 and the extinct wolf nocyon dirus4 ,at ,bigbone ,lick1 midway between ,louisville and ,cincinnati1 on the ,kentucky side1 have been found two extinct species of ,bison1 ,b4 antiquus and ,b4 latifrons4 ,at the same place has been found ,equus complicatus4 ,the beds there overlie the ,illinoian drift and belong1 in part at least1 to the ,sangamon4 ,under this number may be included mention of a bone of a species of ,bison which ,cope reported in #ahgh 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ahi7 from ,vanderburg ,county4 ,cope stated that ,john ,collett1 then ,state geologist of ,indiana1 had discovered in a late ,pleistocene deposit a number of fossils4 ,one of these was the ulno-radius of a ,bos 7now to be referred to ,bison72 another was a part of the mandible of the deer ,odocoileus dolichopsis4 ,in #ahhd 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol ,,xiv1 p4 #bb71 ,cope and ,workman1 inaccurately quoting ,cope's original description of the deer ,odocoileus dolichopsis1 state that this deer and the bison bones were found in ,harrison ,county4 ,by consulting the ,patoka ,folio1 ,no4 #aje1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 it will be seen that the northern part of ,vanderburg ,county1 four townships1 ,nos4 #d and #e south1 ranges #aj and #aa west1 are included4 ,the two northern townships are largely occupied by lacustrine deposits which the geologists ,fuller and ,clapp regarded as having been laid down in lakes produced by the damming of the drainage by the ,illinoian ice-sheet4 ,farther south1 along the streams emptying into ,pigeon ,creek1 are wide areas which are covered by 8fine silts1 mainly of pre-,wisconsin age1 but including some of more recent age40 ,whether or not the bison bone and the jaw of ,odocoileus dolichopsis were found in any of these deposits we are unfortunately left in the dark4 ,it is most probable that the bison and the deer lived there after the ,illinoian stage and before the ,wisconsin4 #b4 ,vincennes1 ,knox ,county4--,in the geological collection of ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana1 is preserved the greater part of the skull of a bison which belonged to the species known as ,bison antiquus4 ,this skull was first described and figured by ,mr4 ,w4 ,g4 ,middleton and ,professor ,joseph ,moore 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 for #ahii1 pp4 #agh-aha1 with a plate72 afterwards by the writer 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 p4 #fea1 figs4 #ej1 #ea74 ,this fine skull is said to have been found in #ahif by a ,mr4 ,brower1 a few miles from ,vincennes1 in a ditch1 at a depth of #f feet4 ,beyond this the writer has not been able to learn4 ,it would be of value to know exactly where this place was1 for then some conclusion might be reached as to the geological age of the animal4 ,the greater part of the county is occupied by drift of ,illinoian age1 which appears in some places to have on it some loess1 and doubtless its surface has been much modified since the materials were laid down4 ,even in this area there may be some deposits of later times1 interglacial and glacial4 ,according to ,leverett's glacial map of the region1 there are along ,wabash ,river sand and gravel terraces of ,wisconsin age2 while along ,white ,river there are said to be alluvial terraces older than ,wisconsin4 ,at present one can arrive at a conclusion only from general knowledge4 ,the writer knows of no extinct bison 7except one rather peculiar species7 which lived after the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,it appears most probable that the skull at ,earlham ,college came from some interglacial deposits laid down about the middle of the ,pleistocene1 most likely during the ,sangamon stage4 ,the writer has been informed that another skull of a buffalo was for years on exhibition in a business house conducted by ,mr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,cheney1 but it seems to have disappeared4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,gimble1 of ,vincennes1 informs the writer that it was found in the bed of ,wabash ,river1 near ,st4 ,francisville1 ,illinois1 about #aj miles below ,vincennes4 ,,illinois4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are four teeth of an undetermined species of ,bison found somewhere in the vicinity of ,alton4 ,they are part of a collection made many years ago by ,mr4 ,william ,mc,adams1 and afterwards passed into the hands of ,professor ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh1 then vertebrate palontologist of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,it now belongs to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,nearly all of these fossils were originally inclosed1 wholly or partially1 in nodules of fine sand1 cemented together with carbonate of calcium4 ,where the teeth are exposed to view they are shown in a beautifully white condition2 but the remaining matrix is so hard and adheres so strongly that it is practically impossible to remove it without greatly damaging the teeth4 ,a list of the species found at ,alton will be given on page #cci2 also a discussion of their geologic age4 ,the bison teeth consist of four upper molars and the hinder half or more of the left hindermost molar4 ,they were described by the writer 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aae74 ,they are somewhat larger than any belonging to the existing buffalo measured4 ,they are larger1 too1 than those of the commonest extinct species1 ,b4 occidentalis4 ,it is impossible to say at present to which extinct species they belonged4 ,one naturally thinks of ,bison latifrons1 the bearer of the immense horns1 but teeth have not yet been found associated with the horn-cores of that species4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,coon ,valley1 ,vernon ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a well-fossilized tooth of a species of bison which was sent1 in #ahii1 by ,rev4 ,p4 ,moe1 of ,coon ,valley4 ,this tooth has been regarded as belonging to ,bison bison1 but its fossilization seems to indicate that it antedates the time of this species4 ,it was found in section #bf1 township #ad north1 range #f west4 ,this would be between the towns of ,coon ,valley and ,chaseburg4 ,this locality lies within the 8driftless area10 and it would probably be difficult for the geologist1 even on the ground1 to determine the age of the deposit1 especially as no details were furnished regarding the depth at which the tooth was found or the nature of the inclosing materials4 ,,maryland4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,county4--,mr4 ,william ,palmer1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 collected at this place1 in #aiab1 a fragment of a lower last molar which apparently belonged to some species of ,bison4 ,a few other remains have later been secured4 ,,virginia4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is an upper second molar of a species of ,bison1 found at ,saltville4 ,it was sent in #aijd by ,mr4 ,h4 ,d4 ,mount1 of ,saltville1 with remains of ,elephas primigenius and ,mammut americanum4 ,it is understood that all were found in excavating for the water reservoir of the town4 ,the bison tooth is little worn1 the height being still #df mm4 ,at the summit the crown is #cd mm4 long1 at the base #bc mm4 long and #bi mm4 wide4 ,it resembles closely that of ,bison bison1 but is slightly larger than the same tooth in a large specimen of the existing species4 ,the base of the skull is present1 with the occipital condyles4 ,the latter are slightly larger than in the specimen of ,b4 bison just mentioned4 ,the species can not be determined1 but it probably was not ,b4 bison4 ,a list of the associated species found at this locality is presented on page #ceb4 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,county4--,in #ahfi 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #agf71 ,professor ,cope stated that he had found molar teeth of a bison which he identified with doubt as ,bison antiquus4 ,the animal may quite as well have belonged to any one of four or five other extinct species4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahfj1 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aaj1 plate ,,xvii1 figs4 #ae1 #af7 described briefly and figured a tooth of a bovine animal found in the ,pleistocene of ,ashley ,river4 ,this he suspected belonged to ,bison latifrons1 but he added that it presented nothing to distinguish it from that of the existing bison4 ,numerous teeth resembling those of the domestic ox and the bison have been found on ,ashley ,river and have been regarded as those of the domestic animal4 7,see letter of ,agassiz to ,professor ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes in the ,introduction to ,holmes's work cited above47 ,while the teeth of our cattle may have been picked up along the shores of ,ashley ,river1 it is highly probable that the great majority of similar teeth belonged to some extinct species of ,bison4 ,probably only the discovery of horn-cores will lead to the determination of the species4 ,leidy probably used the name ,bison latifrons in a very wide sense4 ,in the collection at ,amherst ,college the writer has seen an upper molar of a bison1 apparently the second molar1 which is #ch mm4 long on the outer face4 ,this length is too great for ,b4 bison and the tooth probably belongs to ,b4 latifrons4 ,it was probably found in the region about ,charleston4 ,in the ,charleston ,museum the writer has seen an anterior cannon-bone of ,bison which had quite certainly been found somewhere about ,charleston4 ,the following measurements were secured1 and corresponding measurements of ,b4 bison are added for comparison3 ,measurements of anterior cannon-bones of bisons1 in millimeters4 ,fossil bison4 ,b4 bison4 ,length along the outer border #bdb #bjf ,width of upper articular surface #ij ,side-to-side diameter at middle of length #fd #eb ,fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length #ci #cc ,width of lower articular surface #if #ia ,other measurements may be found in ,j4 ,a4 ,allen's work1 8,the ,american ,bisons10 page #de4 ,apparently the bison which possessed the bone described above had a height about one-eighth greater than the large individual of the existing bison compared with it4 ,fossil remains found elsewhere show that at least one large species of ,bison formerly inhabited this country4 ,b4 latifrons was a species with very large horns1 and its body may also have been larger than that of the existing bison4 ,to this species may have belonged the large cannon-bone described above4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,remains of an undetermined species of ,bison were found at the time of excavating the ,brunswick ,canal1 south of ,darien1 in #ahch-ci4 ,in a communication to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #baf-bag71 ,mr4 ,j4 ,hamilton ,couper gave an account of the geology of the locality and mentioned the fact that remains of ,megatherium1 ,elephas primigenius1 ,mastodon giganteus1 ,hippopotamus1 horse1 ,bos1 and ,sus americana had been secured4 ,as was later determined by ,owen 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdh1 p4 #ic71 the supposed hippopotamus incisor was a lower tusk of a mastodon4 ,sus americana was referred by ,owen to his genus ,harlanus2 but was afterwards found to belong to ,bison4 ,owen 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #bj1 plate ,,vi7 described and furnished an excellent figure of the jaw4 ,the jaw is now in the collection of the ,academy of ,sciences at ,philadelphia4 ,measurements show that it is larger than the jaw of ,bison bison1 corresponding well with the other bones of ,bison found at the same place4 ,leidy regarded it as belonging to ,b4 latifrons2 but he used this name in a very wide sense4 ,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia is a part of the right ramus of the lower jaw labeled 8,bison latifrons1 ,darien canal1 ,ga40 ,the teeth are badly worn4 ,the jaw itself is larger than that of ,bison bison4 ,the following measurements were taken3 ,measurements of bison jaws1 in millimeters4 ,b4 latifrons4 ,b4 bison4 ,height of jaw just behind third molar #ia #hc ,thickness of jaw just behind third molar#cf #cb4e ,height of jaw in front of third molar #fc #eb ,thickness of jaw in front of third molar#ca #bi ,the jaw has the appearance of being much more massive than that of ,b4 bison4 ,in his work on the 8,extinct ,species of ,american ,ox0 7,smiths4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #aa71 ,leidy stated that ,couper had presented to the ,academy in ,philadelphia a tibia and a part of a humerus of ,bison1 which bones he reported were larger than those of the existing ,american bison1 and he referred them to the species ,bison latifrons4 ,the tibia was #def mm4 long and #hg mm4 wide at the lower end2 in a large ,bison bison in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum the tibia is #dab mm4 long and #gh mm4 wide below4 ,couper presented to the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history an atlas and a metatarsus from the same locality4 ,the atlas had a width of #bdg mm42 that of the existing bison just referred to is #bbj mm4 wide4 ,the metatarsal is said to have been #bgb mm4 long2 that of the living bison mentioned is #bee mm4 ,a front cannon-bone at ,harvard is #bef mm4 long4 ,in a collection determined by ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf7 some bison remains1 probably a tooth or teeth1 were referred with doubt to ,bison bison4 ,it is far more probable that they belonged to an extinct species1 and that ,b4 latifrons4 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah1 ,chatham ,county4--,on page #bi of ,joseph ,habersham's ,memorandum1 forming a part of ,william ,b4 ,hodgson's 8,memoir on the ,megatherium10 published in #ahdf1 a portion of the humerus of a ,bos is listed among the fossils found at ,skidaway ,island4 ,this bone is to be assigned to an undetermined species of ,bison4 ,the width across the condyles is given as #d4e inches1 which is not greater than in ,b4 bison2 but it is not probable that it was this species4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 ed4 #c1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdh7 includes 8a species of the ox-tribe0 among the fossils found at this locality4 ,for further remarks on the species of vertebrates found at ,brunswick1 the reader may consult page #cga1 where also the geology of the locality is discussed4 ,,florida4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,wade1 ,alachua ,county4--,in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey is an upper left last molar of ,bison1 found in the ,buttgenbach river mine1 in ,santa ,fe ,river1 #f miles north from ,wade4 ,although this tooth was found in a phosphate mine1 it certainly belongs to ,pleistocene time4 ,the tooth is but little worn and is well fossilized4 ,its height is #de mm41 the length on the outer face #cj mm41 the length at the middle of the width #bg mm41 the width at the base of the first lobe #bd mm4 ,there is another tooth in the collection1 apparently the second upper molar of the left side1 from the same place and fossilized in the same way4 ,for a list of the species found at this locality and the writer's view regarding their geological age1 the reader is referred to page #cgf4 #b4 ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,county4--,in the collection just mentioned there are1 from near ,pablo ,beach1 three bones which apparently belonged to some extinct species of ,bison4 ,no4 #dddd is the left fibular bone2 ,no4 #dddc the left third cuneiform of the hinder foot2 and ,no4 #dddb1 a first phalange of a hinder foot4 ,these were found along the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 about #bj miles north of ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the locality appears to be about #e miles south of ,pablo ,beach4 ,at the same place have been found ,mammut americanum1 ,elephas columbi1 and remains of a species of ,odocoileus4 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,county4--,sellards 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajc7 reported remains of an undetermined species of ,bison found in a fissure in limestone rock near ,ocala4 #d4 ,dunnellon81 ,marion ,county4--,sellards 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajd7 presented a list of ,pleistocene vertebrates1 found in or along ,withlacoochee ,river1 but the exact localities are not given4 ,among these is an undetermined species of ,bison4 ,lucas 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxi1 #ahih1 p4 #gfg7 stated that there is in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum an imperfect skull of ,bison latifrons1 obtained from ,withlacoochee ,river4 ,the writer has not seen this skull4 ,on page #cgf the other species found here are listed and their geological age discussed4 #e4 ,tampa1 ,manatee ,county4--,in the ,jarman collection1 now in ,vanderbilt ,university1 and made in the region about ,tampa1 is a right lower third molar of ,bison4 ,it is well fossilized1 but structurally does not appear to differ from a tooth of the existing ,american bison4 ,it belonged1 however1 quite certainly to an extinct species4 ,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a well-worn lower left last molar of a bison1 dredged up in ,alafia ,river4 ,with it were a mastodon tooth1 teeth of two or three extinct horses1 and various extinct tortoises4 ,the reader is referred to page #cgi4 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,county4--,mr4 ,ernest ,leitzel1 of ,palmetto1 sent from that place to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum some teeth for determination4 ,teeth of the horses are described on page #cgi4 ,with these was a part of a lower right molar1 possibly the last molar1 of ,bison4 ,from ,palma ,sola1 on the south side of ,manatee ,river and about #aj miles below ,palmetto1 there has been sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 by ,mr4 ,charles ,t4 ,earle1 the distal end of a metacarpal bone4 ,this has a width of #ic mm4 ,it may have belonged to ,bison latifrons4 ,with it came teeth of ,equus complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis1 and ,e4 leidyi1 a part of an antler of a deer 7,odocoileus71 a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise1 and a tooth of ,elephas columbi4 ,probably the porpoise and teeth of sharks came from ,miocene deposits somewhere in the neighborhood4 #g4 ,grove ,city1 ,charlotte ,county4--,leidy1 in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ab71 stated that ,mr4 ,joseph ,willcox had found1 on ,rocky ,creek1 #cj miles north of ,sarasota ,bay1 some remains of the great extinct ,bison latifrons4 ,sellards 7#hth ,rep41 pp4 #ajc1 #aab7 learned that the locality was really ,stump ,pass1 near ,grove ,city4 ,the horn-core was lost by accident1 but ,leidy speaks of it as being huge4 ,with it was the proximal part of a radius whose upper end measured transversely #a4d times that of an existing bison4 ,in a letter to the author1 ,mr4 ,willcox writes that1 as nearly as he can recollect1 the diameter of the horn-core was about #e or #f inches4 #h4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,sellards 7#hth ,rep41 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #aej7 stated that an extinct bison is represented in the collection of the ,florida ,geological ,survey by a number of teeth1 the distal end of a humerus1 and some foot-bones4 ,they were supposed to have been derived from stratum ,no4 #b4 ,when in ,vero in #aiaf1 the writer secured a much-worn upper left premolar #c of ,bison from the base of the muck layer ,no4 #c4 ,it is in some respects different from the corresponding tooth of the existing bison4 ,for lists of the species found at ,vero and for a discussion of the geological age the reader may consult pages #cha to #chc4 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are some teeth of ,bison1 obtained at or near ,arcadia1 on ,peace ,creek4 ,in general1 these resemble closely the corresponding teeth of ,b4 bison4 ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bb7 mentioned a tooth and a first phalanx of ,bison from ,peace ,creek4 ,these are probably in the collection of the ,wagner ,free ,institute4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #aihi7 is a hinder cannon-bone from ,arcadia4 ,it resembles the corresponding bone in ,b4 bison1 but doubtless belonged to a species now extinct4 ,lucas 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #gfg7 referred the teeth and the metacarpal to ,b4 latifrons4 ,in the same museum is a calcaneum labeled as collected on ,peace ,creek by ,j4 ,f4 ,le ,barron4 ,the reader may consult page #cha for further information4 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,county4--,remains of ,bison apparently have been found at ,labelle1 or near there4 ,leidy1 in ,dall's report 7,bull4 ,no4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abi7 referred this to ,b4 latifrons4 ,the bison1 ,elephas columbi1 ,equus fraternus1 and a mylodon were supposed to have been buried in ,pliocene deposits1 but this opinion appears to be erroneous4 ,sellards 7#hth ,rep41 p4 #ajb7 has shown that the elephant and probably the horse were in ,pleistocene marls4 ,as shown on page #chd1 the elephant is ,elephas imperator4 #aa4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,county4--,in his eighth report1 ,sellards 7p4 #aje7 stated that a femur of an undetermined species of ,bison was found near this place1 in the ,palm ,beach ,drainage ,canal4 ,in the collection of the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology1 at ,harvard ,university1 are a front cannon-bone1 lacking the epiphyses1 and the proximal end of a humerus4 ,the size of these indicates that they belong to ,b4 latifrons4 ,the glenoid cavity measures #hj mm4 by #fj mm4 ,the neck of the humerus is #ajj mm4 wide4 ,,alabama4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,newbern1 ,hale ,county4--,in ,august #aiad1 there was received at the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 from ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,white1 of ,newbern1 a lower right last molar of a species of bison reported found in a creek1 and an incisor tooth of a horse1 which appear to be fossilized4 ,the bison tooth had just begun to wear4 ,the fore-and-aft length of the crown is #cg mm4 ,the locality is somewhat outside of the range of ,bison bison as given by ,allen on his map 78,american ,bisons1 ,living and ,extinct074 ,the fossil may well belong to some extinct species and have lived in that region in middle ,pleistocene times4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,in ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson's account of a collection of bones and teeth made near ,natchez 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahdf1 p4 #ajf7 he included remains of the genus ,bos4 ,to-day these would be referred to the genus ,bison4 ,in #ahed 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,v1 art4 ,,iii1 p4 #i1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #b-g71 ,leidy described and figured bovine teeth from ,natchez1 which he referred to ,bison latifrons4 ,two of these teeth had been found1 as ,leidy stated1 by ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson1 in association with remains of ,mastodon 7,mammut71 ,equus1 ,ursus1 ,cervus 7,odocoileus71 ,megalonyx1 and ,mylodon4 ,three others had been presented by ,w4 ,h4 ,huntington1 who discovered them in association with remains of ,mammut americanum1 ,equus complicatus1 and ,felix atrox4 ,three of the teeth were upper molars1 the others1 lower molars4 ,leidy gave the measurements of most of these4 ,the following measurements are those of an upper second and an upper third molar3 ,measurements of bovine teeth1 in millimeters4 ,tooth4 ,height4,length4,width4 ,second molar #fg #cg4e #bg ,third molar #ge #db4e #bi ,these teeth are considerably larger than those of ,bison bison and ,b4 occidentalis 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,iowa1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #cbj74 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bf47 #a4 ,woolper ,creek81 ,boone ,county4--,the type of ,bison latifrons is usually regarded as having been found at ,bigbone ,lick1 but ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #cgb7 stated it had been found a dozen miles or more north of ,bigbone ,lick1 in the bed of a creek that enters into the ,ohio ,river4 ,it seems probable that this creek is the one named above4 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,it was at this place that was found the horn-core and attached part of skull which forms the type of ,bison antiquus4 ,it was a part of the ,jefferson collection and was described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 #aheb1 p4 #aag74 ,richard ,lydekker 7,cat4 ,foss4 ,mamm4 ,brit4 ,mus41 pt4 #b1 p4 #bg7 wrote that there is in that museum a fragment of a right mandible1 probably belonging to ,bison latifrons4 ,however1 the identification is hardly to be relied on4 ,shaler 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 reported the finding of bones of ,bison latifrons1 but it is doubtful in what sense he used this name2 and he did not indicate how these bones differed from those of other bisons4 ,he probably had in mind ,b4 antiquus4 ,hence the presence of the species with the widely spread horns at ,bigbone ,lick is doubtful4 ,a list of the species of mammals collected at this place will be found on page #djc4 ,,finds ,,of ,,bison ,,bison ,,in ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,ontario4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,north ,bay1 ,nipissing ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a horn-sheath1 found at this place4 ,it was sent by ,dr4 ,charles ,e4 ,cook1 of ,lockport1 ,new ,york1 who himself saw it thrown out of a ditch1 about #e feet deep1 which was being made from the shore of the lake4 ,the horn was found at a distance of #fjj feet from the lake and in front of the ,hotel ,queen's4 ,it certainly belongs to the existing species1 ,bison bison4 ,whether the presence of the horn at that spot is due to the former existence of the ,american buffalo there or to its introduction by man it is impossible to say at present4 ,,massachusetts4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,orleans1 ,cape ,cod4--,in #aibj 7,jour4 ,mamm41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afa-afd1 figs4 #a-c71 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,allen presented an account of the discovery of a maxilla containing the penultimate and the hindermost milk teeth of a calf of ,bison bison1 at ,orleans1 ,cape ,cod4 ,this specimen had been collected about #bj years previously by ,dr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,grabau and presented by him to the ,boston ,society of ,natural ,history4 ,the bone and teeth were found 8wholly embedded in till about halfway up on a section of a glacial moraine1 situated on ,town ,cove and about #gj or #hj feet high40 ,with the specimen were associated many fragments of the shells of the mollusk ,venus4 ,dr4 ,allen suggested that this bison calf had either come to its end while wandering on the moraine or had more likely lived and died during the preceding ,peoria interglacial stage4 ,it might be questioned whether bones which had been buried and thereby become softened would have endured the rough treatment of a glacial mill4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,albany1 ,albany ,county4--,dr4 ,john ,m4 ,clarke1 ,state geologist of ,new ,york1 sent the writer some teeth of a species of ,bison1 probably ,b4 bison1 for which he gives the assurance that they were found somewhere in the vicinity of ,albany1 and in the 8,albany clays40 ,these clays are supposed to belong to the ,champlain stage4 ,while this is somewhat further east than the bison has extended within historical times1 it is entirely reasonable to suppose that at some time in the not distant past its range went to the ,hudson4 ,indeed1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,allen has recently shown 7,jour4 ,mamm41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #afa-afd7 that at some time during the late ,pleistocene a bison lived in the region of ,cape ,cod4 ,the specimens sent by ,dr4 ,clarke must have occupied eastern ,new ,york late in the ,wisconsin stage4 #b4 ,syracuse1 ,onondaga ,county4--,in #ahij 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #iec71 ,professor ,lucien ,underwood reported the discovery of a skull of a bison in ,syracuse1 while a sewer was being excavated4 ,underwood stated that it was found at a depth of #aj feet1 in a black muck4 ,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope identified the skull as that of ,bison bison4 ,the present writer1 in #aiad1 examined the skull at ,syracuse ,university4 ,he also talked with ,mr4 ,john ,cunningham1 who bought the skull from the finder1 a laborer1 paying him one dollar4 ,mr4 ,cunningham stated that he went to the spot and measured the depth from the surface1 and found it to be #ag feet4 ,above the muck that inclosed the skull was what he regarded as clay4 ,dr4 ,burnett ,smith has examined the deposits in a cellar dug within a few rods of the spot where the skull was found4 ,the upper #g or #h feet was a mixture of shells and clay1 and had been used to make a kind of cement4 ,this discovery appears to make it certain that the bison lived in ,new ,york shortly after the ,wisconsin ice had retired from the ,finger ,lake region4 #c4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,county4--,in the ,american ,journal of ,science1 volume ,,xxvii1 #ahce1 page #aff1 is an account1 by ,knight1 of the discovery1 at ,jamestown1 of what were probably two teeth of a bison in a fragment of the jaw4 ,these were encountered by ,john ,hazeltine1 in digging for a foundation of a building at the outlet of ,chautauqua ,lake1 and at a depth of #aj feet4 ,the soil was mostly gravel1 but the jaw was said to have been lying in black muck4 ,it was sent to ,yale ,college1 but was not recognized as belonging to ,bison4 ,reasons were suggested why it did not belong to a young mastodon4 ,the measurements given of the teeth agree well with the upper molars of an ,american buffalo4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahfi1 p4 #cga7 quoted ,knight's account as indicating a buffalo4 ,the discovery is interesting1 taken in connection with the finding of the specimen at ,syracuse4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county4--,mr4 ,ernest ,volk 7,papers ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 #aiaa1 p4 #bji1 plate ,,cxx7 reported the discovery of a part of a femur of ,bison 7probably ,b4 bison7 in the 8yellow drift10 at ,trenton1 #b4e feet from the surface4 ,a first right upper molar1 identified as that of ,bison1 was found in another sand-pit at a depth of #i feet 7op4 cit41 p4 #acf74 ,this appears to have belonged in the ,trenton gravel1 but at that point the materials were apparently a mixture of sand and loam4 ,the reader is referred to page #cjd1 where the geology of this locality is described and a list of the species is given4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in ,crystal ,hill 7,hartman's7 ,cave1 near ,stroudsburg1 was found a lower jaw containing the last molar1 as noted by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdg2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania for #ahhg1 p4 #e74 ,mercer 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahid1 p4 #ih71 mentions a tooth of the existing bison found in ,hartman's ,cave4 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,county4--,from a cave near ,riegelsville1 was sent to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia1 more than #gj years ago1 a collection of bones1 reported on by ,leidy in #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi7 and in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai74 ,in the contribution of #ahhj1 ,leidy included ,bison among the animals represented1 but this is not included in the list of #ahhg4 ,why this was omitted is not known4 ,if ,bison occurred there1 the probability is that it was represented by the existing buffalo4 ,,indiana4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,jasper ,county4--,the only record known to the writer of the finding of buffalo bones worthy to be regarded as fossil is that of the former ,state geologist1 ,john ,collett 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 who makes the statement that in ,jasper ,county bones of the buffalo1 the beaver1 and the bear are common4 ,,illinois4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,sullivan1 ,moultrie ,county4--,in #ahge 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ahf71 the geologist ,george ,c4 ,broadhead reported that he had found the skull of a bison on the west bank of ,kaskaskia ,river1 about #c miles southeast of ,sullivan1 on the land of ,john ,purvis4 ,the locality appears1 therefore1 to have been somewhere near the south half of the eastern line of township #ac north1 range #e east4 ,the summit of the bluff here is described as rising about #be feet above the stream4 ,at the height of about #h feet was a bench approximately #aj feet wide1 and the skull was found on this bench1 8a few feet from the top40 ,the surrounding clay was described as being a rich black loam4 ,broadhead stated that the skull measured #ab inches across the forehead above the eyes and the same between the roots of the horns4 ,the latter were short1 thick1 and slightly curved4 ,in the ,transactions of the ,st4 ,louis ,academy of ,science1 volume ,,iii1 page ,,xxiii1 practically the same account is given of the discovery4 ,here ,broadhead expressed the idea that the skull belonged to ,bison latifrons1 and said that the horns were short1 thick1 and curved upwards and forwards4 ,it is not known where the skull now is4 ,to the writer it appears most probable that the skull was that of ,bison bison4 ,there is nothing in the description to indicate any of the other known species4 ,as to the age of the deposits1 the presumption is reasonable that they belong to the ,late ,wisconsin or ,recent1 for the locality is north of the ,shelbyville moraine4 ,it is possible that the bench belongs to the ,illinoian2 but the nature of the material1 8a rich black loam10 seems to show that the bench is an alluvial deposit laid down since ,wisconsin times4 #b4 ,homer1 ,champaign ,county4--,in the collection at the ,state ,university of ,illinois1 at ,champaign1 are the horn-cores and the rear of the skull of ,bison bison1 reported to have been thrown out of a ditch near ,homer4 ,the writer is informed by ,professor ,r4 ,m4 ,bagg1 of ,appleton1 ,wisconsin1 that the specimen was found in excavating a ditch1 at a depth of #d feet1 according to the report made to him4 ,homer is situated on a part of the ,champaign moraine and the bison in question must be not older than ,late ,wisconsin4 ,if it was really found at a depth of #d feet it would seem to date well back in the ,recent1 if not into the ,pleistocene4 #c4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,county4--,professor ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen reported 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #cjh7 the presence of bones of the buffalo in an old filled-up marsh near ,niantic4 ,the situation is more particularly described on page #ajb4 ,with the bison bones were found those of the mastodon1 the elk1 and the ,virginia deer4 ,the bones of these animals are said to have been found under #d feet of black muck1 partly embedded in a light-gray quicksand filled with shells of ,planorbis1 ,cyclas1 and ,physa4 ,inasmuch as ,niantic is situated near the border of the ,shelbyville moraine1 all these remains probably belong to ,late ,wisconsin times4 ,it would be useful to know whether the bones of the buffalo1 the elk1 and the deer were found above those of the mastodons or mingled with them4 #d4 ,east of ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,county4--,in township #ce north1 range #h east1 probably in section #bg1 on land owned by ,john ,bamford1 in clearing out a well in a bog1 have been found the bones of mastodons and other species of vertebrates4 ,for a description of the locality and the species found there see page #ccg4 ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 has reported the occurrence of bones of the existing bison there and has sent to the writer a maxilla which contained finely preserved teeth4 ,unfortunately1 no thorough and systematic examination of the place has yet been made4 ,all of the species and the deposit belong to the ,late ,wisconsin1 that part of it following the withdrawal of the ice4 ,mr4 ,george ,langford informed the author that he found the bison and deer bones mixed up more or less with the mastodon bones4 ,at a depth of about #d to #e feet the owner of the place began to strike bones of the bison1 which appeared very fresh1 retaining considerable animal matter4 ,from about #f feet down to gravel1 about #ac feet1 mastodon and other bones were literally packed together4 #e4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,county4--,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of the ,department of ,palontology1 ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 wrote to the author that he had picked up some bison bones along a ditch in which mastodon bones had been found2 but the depth at which they had been met with could not be determined4 ,at the same time bones of the elk were found4 ,undoubtedly the mastodon remains belong to ,late ,wisconsin times2 and it is probable that the bison and elk remains are to be referred to the same4 #f4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,science of ,philadelphia is a lower hindermost molar collected in a lead crevice somewhere near ,galena4 ,it was presented to the ,academy by ,mr4 ,henry ,green1 of ,elizabeth1 a town near ,galena4 ,this1 with a metacarpal bone of ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 had been found at a depth of #acj feet from the surface4 ,it was described and figured by ,leidy 7,contributions to ,extinct ,vert4 ,fauna1 etc41 #ahgc1 p4 #bee1 plate ,,xxxvii1 fig4 #d74 ,leidy thought that it might have belonged to ,bison bison1 but not improbably to ,b4 latifrons4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,the ,american ,bisons1 etc41 p4 #ac7 concluded that it belonged undoubtedly to the existing ,american species4 ,the structure of the tooth will apparently not decide this matter4 ,it is probable that most of the animals found in those lead crevices belong to pre-,wisconsin times2 and the tooth in question may belong to an extinct species4 ,a list of the species found in the lead region of ,illinois1 ,iowa1 and ,wisconsin is to be found on page #cdc4 #g4 ,mitchell1 ,madison ,county4--,in 8,records of ,ancient ,races in the ,mississippi ,valley0 7#ahhg71 ,william ,mc,adams1 of ,alton1 ,illinois1 stated that in a large mound1 square in shape1 #cjj feet on each side and #cj feet high1 through which the railroads pass in the ,american bottom1 at ,mitchell1 had been found1 in contact with a number of copper implements and ornaments1 a number of teeth of the buffalo4 ,these ,mc,adams had in his possession4 ,while these teeth can not be regarded at all as belonging to ,pleistocene times1 the fact is of interest in connection with ,mc,adams's statement that in all his explorations during a period of more than #cj years1 in no other case had he been able to find any evidences of the buffalo associated with the remains of the ancient people of this country4 ,in this connection may be considered ,shaler's views on the modern coming of the buffalo east of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,on the other hand1 account must be taken of the finding of a skull of a buffalo deep in lake deposits at ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,,wisconsin4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,bluemounds1 ,dane ,county4--,in his report1 made in #ahfb1 on the geology of the lead region of ,wisconsin 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wisconsin1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #acf71 ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney recorded the finding of bison bones in a crevice at ,bluemounds4 ,from the same crevice were obtained bones and teeth of the mastodon and of a peccary1 and bones of a wolf4 ,it was supposed that these remains were found at a depth of about #dj feet and embedded in the red clay commonly found in such crevices4 ,these bones were put into the hands of ,jeffries ,wyman for identification1 who1 on page #dba1 stated that the bison bones were all of the size of the same parts of the existing buffalo and closely resembled them4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahgf1 p4 #dg71 in referring probably to the same bones1 speaks of 8an extinct bison10 without1 however1 giving any reasons for his conclusion4 ,it is nevertheless possible that he was correct4 ,the writer formerly believed that the fossil vertebrates1 collected in the fissures in the lead region1 had lived after the close of the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,it seems now more probable that they belong to a pre-,wisconsin time4 #b4 ,oshkosh1 ,winnebago ,county4--,the writer has received from ,dr4 ,s4 ,weidman1 ,state geologist of ,wisconsin1 a humerus1 found in a marsh near ,oshkosh1 quite evidently that of ,bison bison4 ,although stained by iron on the outside1 the remainder of the bone is white and full of animal matter4 ,the animal may have lived during the ,recent period4 ,,kentucky4 7,map #bg47 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,county4--,great numbers of individuals of ,bison bison have been found at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,cooper 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bjg1 #baa7 reported numerous bones of buffaloes and even an entire skeleton1 but they appear to have been near the surface or even on it4 ,lyell 78,travels in ,north ,america10 ,murray's ed41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fe7 stated that he had seen great quantities of remains of the bison in a superficial stratum in the river bank2 but he was left in doubt whether or not the animals had been contemporaneous with the mastodon4 ,shaler 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #aig7 found abundant remains of the buffalo at this place2 but the bones were not found at any great depth1 except in the bog about the spring4 ,he regarded it as proven that the musk-ox and the caribou did not come into contact with the recent buffalo1 but were extinct before it came4 ,some of the bison materials collected by ,shaler were described by ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen1 in #ahgf 7,mem4 ,mus4 ,comp4 ,zool41 vol4 ,,iv2 ,mem4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 #b74 ,it may be difficult to prove that any of the bison bones and teeth found here are of ,pleistocene age2 but there appears to be no good reason why this species might not have reached that region at the close of the ,wisconsin ice-stage4 ,a list of the species of mammals found here is given on page #djc4 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,county4--,in the mass of materials collected in the spring at ,bluelick ,springs by ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter1 were skulls and parts thereof1 teeth1 limb-bones1 and vertebr4 ,the actual geological age of these remains can not be established2 but they were of probably late ,wisconsin age4 ,,finds ,,of ,,castoroides ,,in ,,pleistocene ,,of ,,eastern ,,north ,,america4 ,,new ,,york4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,clyde1 ,wayne ,county4--,a skull of the giant beaver was found1 about the year #ahdf1 near ,clyde1 on the farm of ,gen4 ,w4 ,h4 ,adams4 ,the locality and the geological conditions were described by ,james ,hall 7,proc4 ,boston ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdf1 p4 #afg2 ,boston ,jour4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #che74 ,the region is on the divide between the streams flowing north into ,lake ,erie and those flowing southward into ,clyde ,river4 ,the actual spot was at the head of a shallow stream which flows into ,lake ,ontario4 ,at this point the ,sodus ,canal was cut and ran in a north-and-south direction4 ,the farm was only partly swampy4 ,hall's section is as follows from above downward3 #a4 ,vegetable soil1 #b feet or more4 #b4 ,fine sand1 with some alternating layers of clay1 containing twigs1 leaves1 etc41 #b to #c feet4 #c4 ,muck1 or peaty soil1 with decayed wood1 bark1 leaves1 and even trunks of large trees1 about #d feet4 #d4 ,fine sand1 with fresh-water shells1 #b to #c feet4 #e4 ,drift1 with boulders2 depth unknown4 ,the skull was found at the bottom of ,no4 #c1 at a depth of #h feet4 ,it is evident that this animal lived here near1 or after1 the close of the ,wisconsin stage1 and after the old ,lake ,iroquois had withdrawn from the region4 #b4 ,canastota1 ,madison ,county4--,in #aiad1 ,dr4 ,burnett ,smith1 of ,syracuse ,university1 reported 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #dfc7 the discovery1 at this place1 of an incisor tooth of the giant beaver4 ,the exact locality is given as about #bbe paces northwest from the southeast line of lot #aj1 town of ,lenox1 on ,cowaselon ,creek1 otherwise known as the 8,state ditch40 ,the tooth was found at a depth of #i feet1 in a sticky blue clay1 containing a few fresh-water shells4 ,just above this1 at a depth of #g feet1 is a layer made up principally of shells1 with some vegetable matter4 ,this animal could not have lived here until after the withdrawal of ,lake ,iroquois1 and therefore not till near the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,,pennsylvania4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4--,in #ahhi1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy reported 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg1 p4 #ad1 plate ,,ii1 figs4 #g-bj7 the discovery of teeth of ,castoroides ohioensis in ,hartman's 7or ,crystal ,hill7 ,cave1 about #c miles southwest of ,stroudsburg and #e miles from ,delaware ,water ,gap4 ,its elevation is about #hjj feet above the level of ,delaware ,river4 ,the species associated with this giant beaver will be listed on page #cji4 ,the parts figured by ,leidy are a portion of a palate1 with the molars and some of the premolars1 and both rami of the lower jaw1 showing the three temporary molars and the first true molars1 with some incisors and the permanent canines4 ,,ohio4 7,maps #bh1 #bi1 #cf47 #a4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,county4--,in #ahcf 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xxxi1 pp4 #gi-hc71 ,s4 ,p4 ,hildreth1 in an unsigned article1 gave an account of the finding of remains of the type specimen of the giant beaver1 in association with remains of mastodon and of a supposed fossil sheep1 at a point #b miles north of ,nashport4 ,a canal1 now abandoned1 was being constructed1 which followed two small streams1 one of which flowed into ,licking ,river1 the other into ,wakitomika ,creek4 ,the land traversed was flat and swampy4 ,the distance from ,nashport to ,wakitomika ,creek is nearly #d miles1 so that in saying that the spot was on this creek ,hildreth spoke in general terms4 ,the bones of the mastodon and the right halves of the lower jaws of two giant beavers were found resting on a bed of gravel at a depth of #ad feet4 ,foster 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #ahch1 p4 #hj7 stated that a molar and a tusk of an elephant had also been found here4 ,hildreth concluded that the jaws and teeth were perhaps those of an animal of the beaver family2 8or1 from the grooved outer surfaces of the incisors1 a marine animal of the walrus or seal race1 and a borderer of the ancient ocean40 ,it was afterwards described by ,j4 ,w4 ,foster 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 #ahcg1 p4 #hj1 figs47 under the name of ,castoroides ohioensis4 ,the remains described consisted of the front end of one side of a lower jaw with its incisor1 an upper incisor1 and a radius4 ,they showed signs of some attrition2 but in a region like that they could not have been transported any considerable distance4 ,in the mud in which the canal at this point was cut1 there were found three skulls of a species of sheep1 which ,hildreth thought were different from those of the domestic sheep and to which he gave the name of ,ovis mamillaris4 ,they are said to have been discovered at a depth of #h feet4 ,it seems quite possible that they had been lying on or near the surface and had made their way to the side of the canal by the flow of the mud1 which gave much trouble by filling up the canal during the night4 ,most1 if not all1 of the differences thought to separate these skulls from the domestic sheep disappear on comparison4 ,the specimens of both ,castoroides and of the sheep have probably been lost4 ,they appear not to be at ,zanesville4 ,on page #hb of the article above cited1 ,hildreth stated that he had received1 from some point on ,wills ,creek1 a portion of a tooth similar to the one found at ,nashport2 the place was said to be about #dj miles east1 apparently1 of ,zanesville4 ,this would seem to be in ,noble ,county4 ,the tooth was described as being embedded in dark-colored carbonate of lime and as having fallen from a calcareous rock which lies near the tops of the hills1 #aej feet above the bed of the creek4 ,it is very probable that this was not a tooth of ,castoroides4 ,it may have been the spine of a palozoic shark4 #b4 ,wilmington1 ,clinton ,county4--,from ,professor ,w4 ,c4 ,mills1 of the ,ohio ,state ,university1 the writer in #aiac obtained information that a fine skull of ,castoroides1 without the lower jaw1 had been found on the farm of ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,richardson1 on the western border of ,wilmington4 ,nothing more has been learned about the discovery4 ,the locality is north of the ,hartwell moraine1 and the animal must have lived there after the withdrawal of the ice-sheet from that region4 #c4 ,germantown1 ,montgomery ,county4--,one mile east of ,germantown1 ,edward ,orton1 ,state geologist of ,ohio1 found along ,twin ,creek a large tooth which 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 #ahgj1 p4 #ed7 he compared with the tusk of a hog4 ,it was later identified by ,j4 ,s4 ,newberry 7,proc4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,new ,york1 vol4 ,i1 #ahgj1 p4 #hc7 as belonging to ,castoroides4 ,it was found in a bed of peat which is overlain by from #ej to #ajj feet of glacial drift4 ,one might conclude that the animal had lived there at some time between the ,illinoian and ,wisconsin stages4 ,however1 opinions have differed4 ,the geology along ,twin ,creek has been studied by ,orton1 ,wright1 and ,leverett4 ,the last named published his views in #aijb 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,xli1 pp4 #cfc-cfe1 plate ,,xiv1 fig4 #a74 ,he states 7p4 #cfe7 that there seem to be good reasons for believing that the peat-bed indicates the lapse of a considerable interval of deglaciation4 ,whether the interval preceded or followed the formation of the early ,wisconsin moraine is yet to be determined4 ,that seems to mean that the interval may be mid-,wisconsin or pre-,wisconsin4 ,wright thought that but a few hundred years had elapsed between the deposit of the till below the peat and that above4 ,orton's description of the locality was published in #ahgj 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,l1 p4 #ed74 #d4 ,west ,sonora1 ,preble ,county4--,in #ahic 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,professor ,joseph ,moore reported that a fragment of an upper incisor of ,castoroides had been found at ,west ,sonora4 ,it was associated with remains of a mastodon4 ,west ,sonora is on the ,englewood moraine4 #e4 ,greenville1 ,darke ,county4--,in #ahhc 7,jour4 ,cin4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #bch71 ,f4 ,w4 ,langdon described a tooth of ,castoroides1 found at a depth of #d feet1 in a swampy locality near ,greenville4 ,in #ahic 7,amer4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,joseph ,moore stated that this tooth belonged to ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,jay1 of ,richmond4 ,it may now possibly be in the collection of ,earlham ,college4 ,moore said that it had been found associated with mastodon4 ,in the public library at ,greenville is a fragment of an upper incisor of ,castoroides1 found in making a ditch along ,bridge ,creek1 in #ahhi1 by ,mr4 ,leo ,katzenberger1 who writes that the place is in the northwest corner of section #a1 township #aa1 range #b west1 #a4e miles southwest of ,greenville4 ,these animals likewise lived on or near the ,sidney moraine4 #f ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,county4--,in ,c4 ,w4 ,williamson's 8,history of ,ohio and ,auglaize ,county10 #aije1 on page #cch1 with a figure1 is an account of the finding of a skull of ,castoroides ohioensis in section #bi of ,washington ,township1 which is in township #f south1 range #e east1 and near ,new ,knoxville4 ,the discovery had been made that beneath a bed of humus there was a stratum of gravel of a quality for road making4 ,in removing the upper peaty layer1 the head of the giant beaver was discovered1 near the south margin of the pond4 ,williamson stated that the house of the animal was uncovered4 ,it was between #c and #d feet high and about #h feet square2 the poles of which it was constructed were about #c indies in diameter and were laid after the manner of the houses of modern beavers4 ,apparently the beaver died in the house1 and it was thought that after the death of the beaver wolves or other carnivorous animals had inhabited the house1 since bones of deer and other animals were strewn over the floor4 ,it is to be regretted that the house1 if such it was1 was not taken up in a way that it might have been accurately reconstructed4 ,williamson's account is reproduced in ,bulletin #af1 ,geological ,survey of ,ohio1 #dth series1 #aiab1 page #ci4 ,in ,heidelberg ,university1 ,tiffin1 ,ohio1 the writer has seen a very large skull of ,castoroides1 labeled as found at ,wapakoneta1 but it is quite certainly the one found at ,new ,knoxville4 ,both incisors are broken off close to their insertion in the skull4 ,williamson's figure represents at least the left one present4 ,,michigan4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,berrien ,county4--,in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york1 is a nearly complete skull with the left ramus of the lower jaw1 purchased from ,mr4 ,george ,a4 ,baker4 ,the exact place in the county where it was found is unknown1 and the writer has been unable to get into communication with ,mr4 ,baker4 ,as to the time in the ,pleistocene when this individual lived1 we may be sure that it was after the ,wisconsin glacial ice-sheet had abandoned this county4 ,how long after this retirement it is impossible to say4 ,it is to be noted that both mastodons and mammoths have been found in this county1 in what appear to be deposits of the same age4 #b4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a skull of ,castoroides 7,cat4 ,no4 #aig71 of which the lower jaw is missing4 ,this was received ,june #aj1 #ahhj1 from ,professor ,j4 ,kost1 then of ,adrian ,college1 ,michigan4 ,in his letter ,professor ,kost wrote as follows3 8,found in fresh-water marsh1 #d feet under1 in ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,co41 ,michigan4 ,in same place as the ,decker mastodon1 now in ,adrian ,college2 also of lower jaw of smaller mastodon 7sent in this consignment71 with various bones of elk1 deer1 etc40 ,the mastodon jaw referred to is in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum 7,no4 #ahh74 ,the present writer has not been able to learn exactly where all these bones were obtained4 ,it would be interesting to know whether all-mastodons1 giant beaver1 elk1 and deer-were found in the same excavation4 ,it is probable that they were at least in nearly the same spot4 ,for remark on the age of the deposits at ,adrian see page #ha4 #c4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,county4--,in the collection of the ,department of ,geology in the ,university of ,michigan is a skull which lacks the lower jaw and is otherwise slightly injured4 ,a report of this specimen was made in #aiad by ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #gei74 ,this was found several years ago in a peat-bog on the farm of ,professor ,j4 ,b4 ,steere1 #c miles south of ,ann ,arbor1 at a depth said to have been about #c feet4 ,beneath the peat and muck is a gravelly marl4 ,according to the ,ann ,arbor ,folio 7,no4 #aee1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 there is1 running south from the city1 a strip of low ground designated as occupied by peat and muck4 ,this borders on the east a part of the ,fort ,wayne moraine1 and must have provided an ideal spot for colonies of these great beavers4 ,naturally these specimens must be credited to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 #d4 ,attica1 ,lapeer ,county4--,in the collection of ,alma ,college1 ,alma1 ,michigan1 is a fragment of an upper incisor1 found at a depth of #g feet1 in digging the tail-race of a mill in ,attica4 ,the statement was made that at the same place there were often found what appeared to have been beaver dams made of wood4 ,this wood crumbled on coming to the air4 ,in cases like this there is a fine opportunity to determine whether or not the wood had been gnawed by the broad incisors of ,castoroides or by the narrower ones of the existing beaver4 ,the wood might easily be prevented from crumbling by replacing the water with a solution of gum arabic or even of glue4 ,attica is situated some distance outside of the beaches of old ,lake ,maumee1 and on low ground between morainic tracts left by the ,saginaw lobe in its retreat4 ,these gigantic beavers must1 therefore1 have lived near the close of the ,pleistocene4 #e4 ,owosso1 ,shiawassee ,county4--,in the collection of the ,university of ,michigan 7,no4 #caji7 is the greater part of a lower jaw of a giant beaver1 found somewhere near ,owosso1 in a swamp deposit4 ,an account of this specimen was given in #aiad by ,mr4 ,n4 ,a4 ,wood 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxix1 p4 #geh74 ,it was received from ,mr4 ,a4 ,g4 ,williams in #ahib4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's glacial map of ,michigan1 ,owosso lies a few miles outside of the beach of old ,lake ,saginaw4 ,this is supposed to have come into existence about the close of the period of ,lake ,maumee4 ,the earliest time when this beaver might have existed1 leaving out the question of the climate1 would coincide closely with the time when the one found at ,attica might have lived4 ,it is most probable that both lived at a time when the glacier front was farther away4 ,,indiana4 7,maps #bh1 #cj47 #a4 ,vanderburg ,county4--,in #ahhd 7#adth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cg71 in a footnote written probably by ,john ,collett1 ,state geologist1 it is stated that remains of ,castoroides ohioensis had been found in this county4 ,inasmuch as this county lies outside of the drift region1 and as no details as to place and depth were given1 we can arrive at no conclusion as to the stage of the ,pleistocene in which the possessor of this tooth lived4 ,the reader may consult page #beh4 #b4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,county4--,about #b miles east of ,richmond1 where a farmer was scooping out wet earth for a fish-pond1 there was found by ,joseph ,moore 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc7 a fragment of an upper incisor of this species4 ,with it were sound and decayed teeth of the mastodon4 ,most probably this fish-pond was being excavated in low ground where a marsh had existed4 ,richmond is situated just south of the ,bloomington moraine1 on an area which is undulating and more or less morainic4 ,the animal must have lived at some time after the culmination of the ,wisconsin stage4 #c4 ,greenfield1 ,hancock ,county4--,in #ahic 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #gc71 ,joseph ,moore mentioned the fact that some remains of ,castoroides had been found near ,greenfield and that these were in the possession of ,dr4 ,m4 ,m4 ,adams4 ,in #aijj 7,proc4 ,ind4 ,acad4 ,sci4 for #ahii1 p4 #aga1 plates ,i1 ,,ii71 ,moore presented figures of the skull and made some brief statements regarding it4 ,at that time the skull had come into the possession of ,earlham ,college4 ,if restored this skull would have had a length of #ac inches4 ,nothing is known as to the exact place where it was found1 but it can not be doubted that the animal lived after the ,wisconsin ice had retreated further north4 #d4 ,jamestown1 ,boone ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis is a lower jaw of a giant beaver which has all of the molars1 but whose incisors are broken off at the border of the bone4 ,this specimen was presented by ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,deatley1 of ,lizton1 ,hendricks ,county1 who found it in earth thrown out by a dredging machine1 but the exact locality was not stated4 ,jamestown is situated on ,eel ,river where it crosses the ,champaign moraine4 ,the geological age of the animal is therefore ,late ,wisconsin4 #e4 ,summitville1 ,madison ,county4--,in the ,state ,museum at ,indianapolis is an upper right incisor of the giant beaver in its premaxilla1 labeled as presented by ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,cartwright4 ,nothing more is known of the history of the specimen4 ,summitville is surrounded by plains of ,wisconsin drift4 ,it is about #ab miles from the place where was found the fine mounted specimen of ,elephas primigenius now in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 ,new ,york4 #f4 ,union ,city1 ,randolph ,county4--,here was found the nearly complete skeleton of ,castoroides ohioensis at ,earlham ,college1 ,richmond1 ,indiana4 ,this was secured by ,professor ,joseph ,moore1 who described and figured it4 ,it was discovered on the farm of ,john ,m4 ,turner1 about #h miles nearly east of ,winchester4 ,mr4 ,turner has informed the writer that the farm is a part of section #ae1 township #ag1 range #a4 ,the bones occurred in a layer of fine-grained marly silt from #b to #c feet thick1 overlain by from #c to #d feet of dark loose mold abounding in fragments of shrubby stems and vines in various stages of decay4 ,under the silt containing the bones were coarser and finer drift gravels which formed the bottom of the ditch4 ,in the silts were found fresh-water gasteropods and bivalve shells4 ,along the same ditch1 within a distance of #cj rods1 other fragments were found which were supposed to indicate #i individuals of ,castoroides4 ,as this region is covered by ,wisconsin drift1 the animal evidently lived after the ,wisconsin ice-sheet had retired from the ,union ,city moraine1 possibly a long time thereafter4 #g4 ,fairmount1 ,grant ,county4--,near ,fairmount were found some limb-bones and other parts 7but no skull7 of the giant beaver4 ,these were obtained not far from where the large specimen of ,elephas primigenius was discovered which is mounted in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history in ,new ,york4 ,the remains of this ,castoroides are in the ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history4 ,no details regarding the find have been published4 ,it was stated that near the bones were parts of trees1 as though a dam had been built there2 but this interesting matter appears not to have been investigated4 ,the elephant mentioned above was found on the farm of ,dora ,c4 ,hitt1 in the southeast quarter of section #bc1 township #bc north1 range #h east4 #h4 ,carroll ,county4--,in #ahhd 7#adth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 pt4 #b1 p4 #cg7 the ,state geologist1 ,john ,collett1 wrote that ,castoroides had been found in this county2 but nothing was added to this statement4 ,on the map the number is placed arbitrarily4 #i4 ,logansport1 ,cass ,county4--,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a fine skull of ,castoroides1 without lower jaw1 which1 according to the newspaper report accompanying it 7dated ,january #cj1 #ahid71 was found #b or #c miles north of ,logansport1 by ,mr4 ,s4 ,l4 ,mc,fadin1 who sold it to the ,national ,museum4 ,it lay at a depth of #g feet on a fine sand1 above which was a foot of solid gravel1 then #c feet of solid clay1 and at the top #c feet of alluvium4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's map of the region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,liii1 plate ,,vi71 this place would be on the moraine which lies north of the ,wabash ,river1 the meeting-place of the ice-lobes coming from ,lake ,michigan1 ,lake ,erie1 and ,saginaw ,bay4 #aj4 ,macy1 ,miami ,county4--,from ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,fite1 ,denver1 ,indiana1 the writer received a photograph of a tooth of ,castoroides1 apparently the lower right incisor4 ,this was found in ,allen ,township4 ,mr4 ,fite gives as the exact locality section #bc1 township #bi1 range #c east4 ,this would be not far from ,macy4 ,it lies1 therefore1 on or near the northern border of the great moraine which extends from ,delphi1 ,indiana1 to the northeastern corner of the ,state4 #aa4 ,kosciusko ,county4--,as in the case of ,cass ,county1 we depend for our knowledge of the discovery of ,castoroides in ,kosciusko ,county on the statement made by ,john ,collett1 in the place there cited4 #ab4 ,grovertown1 ,starke ,county4--,from ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 the information has been received that there is at that museum a fine skull1 with the right half pf the mandible1 of a giant beaver which was found #a4e miles west of ,grovertown1 in making an excavation for the abutment of a bridge1 #f feet below the surface in township #cd north1 range #a west4 ,this is within the region of the ,pleistocene ,lake ,kankakee4 ,,illinois4 7,maps #bh1 #ch47 #a4 ,shawneetown1 ,gallatin ,county4--,in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,science of ,philadelphia are a part of one incisor1 two molars1 and two petrous bones which were many years ago obtained by a ,dr4 ,feuchtwanger1 from a well at a depth of #dj feet4 ,these were mentioned by ,le ,conte in #aheb 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ec74 ,leidy has figured the incisor 7,holmes's 8,post-,pliocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina10 #ahfj1 plate ,,xxii1 fig4 #e2 ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 #ahhg1 plate ,,ii1 fig4 #aj74 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #fe7 states that at ,shawneetown a boring for gas and oil penetrated #aab feet of alluvial and other deposits before reaching rock4 ,his map 7plate ,,vi7 indicates that here the valley of the ,ohio is composed of sand and gravel plains of ,wisconsin age4 ,under the conditions it seems impossible to form any certain conclusions regarding the geological age of this specimen4 ,it belongs possibly to the later half of the ,pleistocene4 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,county4--,in the ,mc,adams collection1 described on page #cch1 is a part of a large upper incisor1 in two pieces1 of a specimen of ,castoroides1 with ,mc,adams's ,nos4 #bji1 #baj1 and a small fragment of another incisor4 ,all three specimens are more or less enveloped in nodules of hard materials4 ,in #ahhc 7,trans4 ,st4 ,louis ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 ,,lxxx7 ,mc,adams stated that he had seen1 both in true and modified drift1 remains of rodents large and small1 but one1 an extinct beaver1 was of monstrous size4 ,for conclusions as to the age of the fauna secured by ,mc,adams see page #cci4 #c4 ,charleston1 ,coles ,county4--,in #ahfg 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 p4 #ig71 ,leidy briefly described a skull of ,castoroides1 sent to him for examination by ,professor ,a4 ,h4 ,worthen4 ,it lacked both zygomatic arches and the incisor teeth4 ,the length of the skull was #aj4e inches4 ,this skull had been found by someone while he was plowing in a field near ,charleston4 ,the region about ,charleston is covered by the ,shelbyville lobe of the early ,wisconsin drift4 ,the animal must have lived at some time after the deposition of that drift4 #d4 ,naperville1 ,du,page ,county4--,h4 ,m4 ,bannister 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,illinois1 vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #aac7 reported a skull and other parts of the skeleton of ,castoroides1 found by a farmer in a slough not far from ,naperville4 ,the skull went to ,colonel ,wood's ,museum in ,chicago1 and it was probably destroyed in the great fire of #ahga4 ,this animal quite certainly lived after the retirement of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,,south ,,carolina4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,county4--,in #ahfj1 ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy 7,holmes's ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #aad1 plate ,,xx1 figs4 #f-h7 recorded the fact that fragments of the teeth of the giant beaver had been found in the ,pleistocene deposit of ,ashley ,river4 ,in the ,pinckney collection is an upper cheek-tooth1 the fourth premolar4 ,the height of the tooth is #cg mm41 the length is #af mm41 the width #aa4e mm4 ,it was found in the vicinity of ,charleston4 ,in the ,scanlan collection1 the property of ,yale ,university1 and made in the vicinity of ,charleston1 are five more or less injured teeth4 ,one is a left upper molar1 either the second or the third4 ,the length of the grinding-surface is #ab mm41 the width #ac mm4 ,two fragments of upper right incisors are interesting4 ,one of these1 #adj mm4 long1 bears the oblique excavated surface worn by the lower incisors4 ,each diameter of the tooth is #be mm4 ,the other fragment is #abc mm4 long and comes from the middle of the tooth4 ,the two diameters of this tooth are1 as in the other one1 #be mm4 ,both of these teeth appear to be more strongly curved than the teeth of more northern specimens4 ,also1 the striation on the outer face of the tooth is finer1 finally becoming hair-like lines as the rear face is approached4 ,more of the larger ridges in the front of the tooth are directed obliquely and terminate along a front groove than in specimens hitherto observed4 ,it is possible that an undescribed species is indicated4 ,the two teeth present some differences between themselves4 ,another fragment1 #ajc mm4 long1 has a diameter of #bj mm4 ,at the base is seen a part of the pulp-cavity4 ,,georgia4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,county4--,in a small collection of vertebrate fossils made during dredging operations at ,brunswick not many years ago1 and which now belongs to the ,geological ,survey of ,georgia1 ,gidley found a fragment of an incisor tooth of ,castoroides ohioensis4 ,the accompanying species will be recorded on page #cgj4 ,gidley's list is found on page #dcf of ,bulletin ,no4 #bf of the ,geological ,survey of ,georgia4 ,,mississippi4 7,map #bh47 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,county4--,james ,hall1 in #ahdf 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #afh2 ,jour4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #chj71 announced that remains of this animal had been found in the neighborhood of ,natchez4 ,the exact locality is unknown and likewise the conditions under which the specimens were discovered4 ,this species is not included by ,leidy in his list of fossil mammals found in ,pleistocene deposits in ,mississippi up to #ahed 7,wailles1 ,agri4 ,geol4 ,mississippi1 p4 #aif74 ,a list of the species found in the vicinity of ,natchez is presented on page #cib4 ,,tennessee4 7,map #bh4 ,figure #bc47 #a4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,county4--,in #ahej1 ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman reported 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bha7 that a part of a lower jaw of ,castoroides had been found at ,memphis4 ,with it were a toe-bone of ,megalonyx1 a tooth of a young mastodon1 and a part of the lower jaw of a beaver4 ,it was thought that these remains had been buried in the deposits laid down by ,mississippi ,river4 ,it is to be regretted that the locality and the height above the river were not more exactly specified4 ,the specimen of ,castoroides1 a right ramus of the lower jaw1 is now in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia4 ,,on ,,the ,,pleistocene ,,geology ,,of ,,north ,,america ,,and ,,its ,,relation ,,to ,,its ,,fossil ,,vertebrates4 ,,ontario4 ,for a knowledge of the ,pleistocene of ,canada1 the student ought first to read ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson's 8,canadian ,ice ,age10 published in #ahid4 ,in this will be found references to the earlier literature of the subject4 ,for the results of more recent studies the reports of the ,canadian ,geological ,survey are to be consulted1 as well as papers published in the scientific journals4 ,for the more important of these papers the reader may consult the list published by ,dr4 ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild in #aiah 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #bbi74 ,to state the matter briefly1 one may say that almost everywhere in ,ontario are deposits of glacial drift of ,wisconsin age4 ,in a few localities have been discovered beds which belong to earlier glacial and interglacial epochs4 ,on the other hand1 around ,hudson ,bay1 around the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence1 along ,st4 ,lawrence and ,ottawa ,rivers1 and the ,bay of ,fundy are marine deposits1 laid down after the ,wisconsin ice had retired from those localities and while the region which had been occupied by this ice-sheet was depressed so much that the sea could enter the basins named4 ,the most interesting locality in ,canada for the student of vertebrate palontology is doubtless ,toronto1 because of the presence there of ,pleistocene deposits belonging to more than one stage1 and because of the discovery of several species of extinct vertebrates and of many mollusks1 insects1 and plants4 ,for an understanding of the geology of the region ,coleman's papers must be studied1 as well as those of authors cited by him4 ,on the interglacial deposits three of ,coleman's papers may be especially cited 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,ix1 #aija1 pp4 #bhe-caj2 #ajth ,internat4 ,cong4 ,geol41 #aijf1 ,mexico1 pp4 #abcg-abeh2 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiae1 pp4 #bdc-bed74 ,according to ,coleman's figure #a of the first paper cited1 the known interglacial deposits in that region extend from the mouth of ,humber ,river eastward beyond the mouth of ,rouge ,river1 a distance of about #bb miles1 and away from the lake a distance of about #h miles4 ,deposits have been found even #ad miles north of ,toronto 7,coleman1 #aiae1 p4 #bdf74 ,coleman's sketch map of the region1 taken from his paper of #aija1 is here reproduced 7fig4 #c74 ,according to ,coleman 7paper of #aiae1 p4 #bdc7 there are known at ,toronto five well-defined sheets of boulder clay1 with four sheets of interglacial sand and clay separating them4 ,so far as the writer knows1 only the lowest of these beds have been described with any particularity4 ,these lowest beds constitute the ,toronto formation1 and it is these which have furnished nearly all the fossil animals and plants discovered in that region4 ,this ,toronto formation is divisible into two portions1 and these have been designated as the ,don beds and the ,scarboro beds4 ,they are regarded as having been deposited in the valley of an ancient river running from ,georgian ,bay to ,scarboro4 ,of these the ,don beds are the older4 ,sections of these are found in ,toronto and outside1 especially along ,don ,river4 ,they have been laid down usually on a boulder clay1 #a to #i feet thick1 which itself reposes on ,hudson ,river shales4 ,at one point along the ,don an interglacial river had cut through both the boulder clay and the shale to a depth of #af feet4 ,the ,don deposits consist of varying layers of sands1 gravels1 and clays4 ,at one point the section obtained amounted to about #bg feet2 but this1 combined with another1 made up about #dd feet4 ,at one place trunks1 #ab or #ae feet long1 of trees have been found1 which were flattened into the surface of the boulder till2 also shells of unios1 which are embedded in clay close to the boulder till4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,region about ,toronto1 ,ontario1 showing location of ,toronto and ,scarboro ,heights ,pleistocene beds4 ,from ,coleman4 ,in #aiac 7,ontario ,bur4 ,mines4 ,guide ,book ,no4 #f1 pp4 #ae-ah71 ,professor ,coleman presented a list of the species found in the ,don beds4 ,of the plants #cb species of trees had been secured1 among them the pawpaw1 the red cedar1 and the osage orange2 #da species of fresh-water mollusks were listed1 of which #ab were ,unionid4 ,as bearing on the climate1 it may be said that there are #ab species of the genus ,unio listed1 of which #d species are now known only from localities south of the ,st4 ,lawrence drainage2 while #c other species live in ,lake ,erie1 but not in ,lake ,ontario4 ,the plants are mostly trees2 and several species1 as the osage orange and the pawpaw1 are now found only considerably farther south4 ,one species of maple no longer exists4 ,penhallow gave it as his opinion that the flora points conclusively to the existence of climatic conditions of a character more nearly like that of the middle ,united ,states to-day4 ,the unios now missing from that region give evidence to the same fact4 ,for these reasons the ,don deposits are spoken of as the warm-climate beds4 ,the ,scarboro beds are finely displayed at ,scarboro heights1 a few miles east of ,toronto4 ,the thickness of the clay here amounts to about #id feet4 ,in these deposits have been found possibly mammoth or mastodon and caribou1 but there is some uncertainty about these4 ,only #ad species of plants have been secured and these are trees2 but apparently no mollusks have been reported4 ,as an offset there are great numbers of beetles4 ,of these there have been described #gb species1 and all are extinct except #b4 ,the trees1 according to ,penhallow1 indicate a climate somewhat cooler than that now prevailing in that region4 ,the same conclusion was reached by ,scudder from his study of the insects4 ,in his paper of #aija1 ,coleman took the view that the ,toronto formation had been laid down in the interval between the ,iowan and the ,wisconsin glacial stages1 that is1 during what is now known as the ,peorian4 ,in the address of #aijf1 page #dd1 he appears to have been inclined to accept ,leverett's view that at least the ,don beds belonged to the ,sangamon stage4 ,by #aiae 7paper cited1 p4 #beb7 he had about concluded that the ,toronto beds were as old as the ,aftonian stage4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright1 in #aiab 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxv1 pp4 #bje-bah71 accounted for the deposits and fossil animals and plants found at ,toronto in a different way4 ,at a certain time in the ,pleistocene the region about ,toronto was occupied by some species of animals and plants now found only considerably further south4 ,an ice-sheet from the ,keewatin center extended thither and laid down the ,don beds4 ,later the ,labrador glacier pushed into that region and deposited the ,scarboro beds4 ,according to this view the whole succession of events would be much shortened4 ,the writer is disposed to accept ,leverett's estimate of the geological position of the interglacial beds at ,toronto4 ,the presence there of ,elephas primigenius1 ,mammut americanum1 and the probable ,ursus americanus hardly counts in the determination of the geological age1 for all these animals appear to have continued on from at least the ,aftonian interglacial to the close of the ,wisconsin4 ,there are no specimens that show that either ,rangifer or ,cervalces existed during the ,aftonian1 although one can hardly doubt that they did then exist4 ,in order to show that the ,toronto formation belongs to the ,aftonian1 it would be necessary to produce satisfactory stratigraphical evidence or to find there genera and species of mammals which characterize the ,aftonian1 such as camels1 ,elephas imperator1 and those horses which belong to the early ,pleistocene4 ,if the deposits belong to the ,sangamon stage1 such horses as ,equus complicatus and ,e4 leidyi ought in time to be discovered there4 ,coleman has discussed the interglacial beds that occur elsewhere in ,canada 7#ajth ,internat4 ,geol4 ,congr4 #aijf1 ,mexico1 pp4 #abcg-abeh2 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxvi1 #aiae1 pp4 #bdc-bed74 ,he refers to ,chalmers's account of interglacial deposits along ,lake ,erie2 but so far as the writer has been able to determine1 most of the deposits referred to are of ,late ,wisconsin age4 ,however1 as he says1 ,spencer found interglacial materials near ,niagara ,falls4 ,other beds have been discovered along ,moose ,river1 south of ,james ,bay2 but their geological position has not been definitely determined1 and the fossils discovered there1 mostly proboscideans1 are not referred with certainty to the interglacial deposits4 ,most of the vertebrate fossils found in ,ontario1 excepting many of those found at ,toronto1 belong to the ,late ,wisconsin stage2 and in studying their geological relations one must1 as in the ,states of ,new ,york1 ,ohio1 ,indiana1 and ,michigan1 take into consideration the history of the ,great ,lakes after the ,wisconsin ice-sheet began to retire4 ,according to ,leverett and ,taylor's maps 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,,xiv71 as early as the time when the glacial ice had just begun to withdraw from ,lakes ,michigan and ,erie1 a considerable area of land had become cleared of ice in the peninsula bounded by ,georgian ,bay1 ,lakes ,huron1 ,erie1 and ,ontario4 ,we can hardly suppose1 however1 that any mastodons or any elephants1 except possibly ,elephas primigenius1 could have made their way to that area4 ,even the last-mentioned species would have had to travel over many miles of glacial ice4 ,conditions were hardly more favorable when ,lake ,whittlesey had come into existence 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvi74 ,at a later stage 7op4 cit41 plate ,,xvii7 the ice-free parts of the peninsula could have been reached only by crossing the lakes or over wide stretches of glacier4 ,it is possible that some of the mastodons and elephants that have been found had crossed over into ,ontario at about the stage represented by plate ,,xix of the work cited1 but it is more probable that they lived there at a later time4 ,brief mention is here made of the fossil vertebrates found in ,ontario and their localities4 ,more detailed statements will be found on the pages cited4 ,beginning in the west1 a mastodon has been found at ,blythewood1 ,essex ,county 7p4 #de74 ,in ,elgin ,county a mastodon has been met with at ,st4 ,thomas 7p4 #de71 and a mastodon 7p4 #de7 and an undetermined species of elephant at ,highgate 7p4 #de74 ,a little farther back from the lake1 at ,london1 ,middlesex ,county1 has been found a mastodon 7p4 #de74 ,at ,marburg1 not far from the shore of ,lake ,erie1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami exhumed a mastodon 7p4 #de74 ,the writer has not learned how this locality is related to the ancient beaches4 ,at ,dunnville1 ,haldimand ,county1 a mastodon has been secured 7p4 #df74 ,it could hardly have lived there before the lake had assumed nearly its present level4 ,the same remark will apply to the time when the mastodon 7p4 #df71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adg71 and possibly ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #aff7 lived at ,st4 ,catharines4 ,from ,hamilton1 at the extreme western end of ,lake ,ontario1 have been described remains of ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adg71 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aff71 elk1 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bce71 and the beaver4 ,elephas primigenius has been found at ,toronto1 7p4 #acj72 also ,cervalces1 a bison 7p4 #bef71 and a reindeer 7p4 #bdd74 ,the same elephant has been discovered at ,amaranth1 in ,dufferin ,county 7p4 #acj74 ,the elk1 ,cervus canadensis1 has been reported from ,strathroy1 ,middlesex ,county1 and ,kingston1 ,frontenac ,county 7p4 #bce74 ,at ,smith's ,falls1 ,lanark ,county1 the humpback whale1 ,megaptera bops1 has been discovered 7p4 #ag74 ,white whales1 ,delphinapterus leucas and ,d4 vermontanus1 have been found at ,pakenham1 ,lanark ,county 7p4 #ag71 at ,cornwall1 ,stormont ,county 7p4 #ah71 ,nepean ,township 7p4 #ag71 ,ottawa ,east1 ,carleton ,county1 and ,williamston1 ,glengarry ,county 7p4 #ah74 ,at ,ottawa has been discovered an assemblage of species1 as listed on page #bhg4 ,the geology of the ,hamilton locality has been described by ,logan 7,geol4 ,canada1 #ahfc1 p4 #iad71 by ,spencer 7,canad4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,x1 #ahhc1 pp4 #bbb-bcj1 #cjf-cjh71 and by ,coleman 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xv1 #aijd1 p4 #cea74 ,the remains mentioned were found in deposits forming what is called ,burlington ,heights4 ,here ,dundas ,valley opens into the extreme western end of ,lake ,ontario4 ,the valley is about a half mile wide4 ,across this had been formed a bar1 interrupted only at its northern end1 with a height of #ajh feet above the level of the lake and a width varying from a few hundred yards to less than a half mile4 ,its height is almost that of the ,iroquois beach found on the south shore of the lake and continuing on the northern shore4 ,many years ago a canal was cut through the narrowest part of the bar1 and it was in the construction of this that the elephant 7p4 #aff71 elk 7p4 #bce71 and beaver bones were found4 ,it is evident that the bones were deposited there while the bar was being built and at a time when it lacked #ch feet of being as high as it now is4 ,the elephant jaw is in good condition1 and this indicates that the animal died near the spot4 ,coleman 7op4 cit41 p4 #ceb7 stated that afterwards a railroad cut had been made across the southern end of the bar1 exposing #cj feet of coarse stratified gravel1 followed below by #b feet of brown clay 7evidently an old soil7 and #h feet of blue till4 ,in the old soil were found quantities of decayed wood1 as well as bones of mammoth and other animals4 ,about a mile farther west1 pits were opened for clay1 sand1 and gravel4 ,coleman gives the following geological section at this place4 ,the column at the right gives the heights above the lake level4 feet4 feet4 ,clay making red brick #f #gh ,gravel #cj #gb ,white sand #e #db ,hard pan #d #cg ,white sand with mammoth tusks and bones #cc ,covered to level of the bay #j ,the mammoth tusks and bones were not water-worn4 ,it will be observed that they were found #hc feet below the top of the ,iroquois beach 7#aaf feet above the present lake71 while the jaw was only about #de feet below the beach4 ,both ,coleman1 as cited1 and ,fairchild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxvii1 p4 #bdg7 regard the formation of the bar at ,hamilton as showing that during ,iroquois times the lake became flooded to a height of about #hb feet4 ,besides the interglacial species found at ,toronto1 which have already been mentioned1 there may be noted a tooth of ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acj71 a cast of which was reported by ,winchell4 ,whether this was derived from interglacial or late ,wisconsin beds is not known4 ,coleman1 as elsewhere cited1 reported the finding of remains of one of the elephants on the ,iroquois beach4 ,on the same beach have been collected antlers of reindeer 7p4 #bdd74 ,these animals must have lived there not earlier than the time when that beach was forming1 perhaps later4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,eastern ,ontario1 showing limit of fresh-water beaches and marine fossils4 ,redrawn from ,coleman4 ,in a buried gorge extending in a northwestern direction from the whirlpool at ,niagara to the ,niagara escarpment1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,spencer 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxi1 p4 #dcc7 has discovered what he regards as deposits equivalent to the ,toronto formation1 while older glacial and interglacial beds are found below and more recent ones above4 ,no fossils were met with except wood4 ,at ,amaranth have been secured considerable parts of a skeleton of ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acj74 ,this elephant must have existed rather late in the ,wisconsin stage4 ,about ,kingston in ,frontenac ,county1 at two places1 have been secured remains of the elk 7p4 #bce71 but lack of details as to places and conditions precludes certainty as to their geological age4 ,the fact that they were found in shell marl is favorable to the idea that they belonged to the ,pleistocene4 ,here may be mentioned again the bison horn of uncertain geological age which was found on the north shore of ,nipissing ,lake 7p4 #bff74 ,in ,algoma ,county1 on the banks of ,moose ,river1 was found a part of a skull of a mastodon1 but there is uncertainty whether it had been buried in interglacial deposits or in marine ,champlain beds4 ,the region in the extreme eastern end of ,ontario is interesting because it furnishes a considerable fauna belonging to the ,champlain stage4 ,during the last glacial stage the region on which the ,wisconsin ice-sheet was resting became depressed to such an extent that when this ice retreated beyond the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river1 marine waters occupied the basin nearly to the eastern end of ,lake ,ontario and ,ottawa ,river as far as ,lake ,coulonge4 ,coleman's figure of the region 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #abi-adf1 fig4 #a7 is here reproduced 7fig4 #d7 to show the western limits of the marine waters1 so far as known1 and the corresponding fresh-water beach along the north shore of ,lake ,ontario4 ,figure #e from ,coleman shows how the ,champlain ,sea was limited on the south4 ,marine fossils1 especially mollusks1 have been found along the upper ,st4 ,lawrence as far as ,brockville1 ,quebec1 and on the opposite side of the river1 in ,new ,york4 ,on ,coleman's map the present elevations of the old beaches at important localities are marked1 that at ,ottawa having an elevation of #dej feet and at ,coulonge #cgj feet4 ,according to ,johnston1 who has described the ,pleistocene geology in the vicinity of ,ottawa 7,mem4 #aja1 ,canad4 ,dept4 ,mines1 #aiag71 there is a point about #h miles northwest of the city where a marine terrace is found at a height of #fij feet above sea-level4 ,the marine beds at ,ottawa are divided into the ,leda clays at the base and ,saxicava sands above4 ,the former have a maximum thickness of about #bjj feet1 the ,saxicava sands1 a thickness of about #dj feet4 ,the fossils occur mostly in the ,leda clays4 ,in #ahig1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,ami 7,ottawa ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #bj-bf71 and again in #aija 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,ann4 ,rep41 ,,xii1 ,g1 pp4 #ea-ef71 published lists of the fossils found in the ,ottawa ,valley1 nearly all of them in the vicinity of ,ottawa4 ,there were listed #bf species of plants1 about #ac species of marine mollusks1 and the following vertebrates3 ,mallotus villosus1 capelin4 ,cyclopterus lumpus1 lump-sucker4 ,osmerus mordax1 smelt4 ,artediellus atlanticus 7,cottus uncinatus71 sculpin4 ,gasterosteus aculeatus1 stickleback4 ,phoca vitulina1 common seal 7p4 #bb74 ,phoca grnlandica1 ,greenland seal 7p4 #bc74 ,tamias striatus1 chipmunk4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,south shore-line of ancient ,champlain sea4 ,redrawn from ,coleman4 ,the aquatic forms are all species existing in the ,gulf of ,st4 ,lawrence and along the northern ,atlantic coast4 ,the chipmunk lives at ,ottawa4 ,specimens of feathers of birds also have been found in nodules1 but the species have not been determined4 ,the remains of the chipmunk were probably washed in by some fresh-water stream4 ,according to ,johnston's paper just cited1 there are deposits of glacial drift underlying the marine ,champlain beds1 but they have furnished no fossils4 ,the marine deposits extend up the ,ottawa ,valley at least as far as ,coulonge ,lake1 and here has been found ,mallotus villosus4 ,at ,welshe's1 #c miles north of ,smith's ,falls1 ,lanark ,county1 have been found some remains of the humpback whale1 ,megaptera bops 7,dawson1 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxv1 #ahhc1 p4 #bjj74 ,it was met with 7p4 #ag7 at an elevation of #ddj feet above present sea-level4 ,it appears to have been left there during the time when the ,saxacava sands and gravels were being laid down 7,coleman1 ,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #acc74 ,,quebec4 ,the ,pleistocene of ,quebec was described by ,logan in #ahfc 7,geol4 ,canada1 pp4 #iag-ibf7 and by ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 #ahid1 in his 8,canadian ,ice ,age40 ,dawson divided the epoch1 as represented in ,canada1 into the early ,pleistocene1 the mid-,pleistocene1 and the later ,pleistocene4 ,he did not accept the glacial theory as it is now understood1 admitting only great local glaciers4 ,his early ,pleistocene deposits embraced the great bulk of the boulder clays4 ,his mid-,pleistocene represents an interglacial period1 during which were deposited the marine ,leda clays1 ,saxicava sands1 and their fresh-water equivalents4 ,the climate was supposed to be milder than at present4 ,during the later ,pleistocene there was to some extent a recurrence of local glaciation and of deposition of boulder clay4 ,this stage was followed1 according to ,dawson1 by the ,early ,modern1 which he regarded as the age of the mammoth and mastodon4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,stansfield has described with some detail the ,pleistocene and ,recent deposits of the island of ,montreal 7,mem4 #gc1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 #aiae74 ,the boulder clay is of variable thickness and does not appear to be divisible into beds of different epochs4 ,the ,leda and ,saxicava deposits are present4 ,when the latter were laid down the region about ,montreal was depressed about #fjj feet below its present elevation4 ,this has been confirmed by ,goldthwait 7,summary ,rep4 for #aiac1 p4 #baa74 ,later it began to rise2 and ,stansfield thinks that when the elevation had reached about #ajj feet less than that of the present the water of the ,st4 ,lawrence at that point had become fresh4 ,he found some apparent evidences of a recurrence of glaciation after the ,champlain stage1 but1 on the whole1 left the question undecided4 ,he published a list of about #he species of marine invertebrate fossils1 collected from the ,leda clay about ,montreal1 and #bb species obtained from the ,saxicava sands4 ,besides the invertebrates secured from the ,leda clays at that place1 there are two vertebrates1 ,phoca grnlandica 7p4 #bb7 and ,delphinapterus leucas1 or ,d4 vermontana 7p4 #ah74 ,at ,rivire du ,loup1 in ,temiscouata ,county1 whale remains were reported in #ahid 7p4 #ah71 which were thought to belong to ,delphinapterus leucas4 ,at ,metis1 ,rimouski ,county1 a jawbone of a whale has been discovered in the shelly marl of the lower terrace 7p4 #ai72 whether or not it belonged to ,megaptera bops is not certain4 ,the specimen of the former species was described by ,leidy in #ahef4 ,according to ,logan's report of #ahfc 7,geol4 ,canada1 p4 #ibj71 the single bone was found in a brickyard4 ,at the same place was found some vertebr of the whale4 ,at ,bic1 ,rimouski ,county1 has been found a nearly complete skeleton of a walrus1 at an elevation of more than #ajj feet 7p4 #ba74 ,dawson 7,canadian ,record ,sci41 #ahie1 vol4 ,,vi1 p4 #ceb7 described a nearly complete skeleton of the whale which had been found at ,montreal in the ,leda clay1 #bb feet below the surface4 ,this ,leda clay was supposed by ,dawson to have been deposited at a depth of from #ej to #hj fathoms1 which depth1 he said1 corresponded approximately to the marine shore-lines at ,montreal at an elevation of about #dgj feet above sea-level1 and to the sea-beach at ,smith's ,falls1 above referred to4 ,hence at the time that the whale was buried the mountain at ,montreal was only a rocky islet in the sea which prevailed then over the region from the ,laurentian hills on the north to the highlands of ,quebec1 south of the ,st4 ,lawrence4 ,at ,ttreauville1 in ,ottawa ,county1 on ,ottawa ,river1 have been found some bones1 supposed to belong to the harbor seal1 ,phoca vitulina4 ,,new ,,brunswick1 ,,nova ,,scotia1 ,,and ,,cape ,,breton ,,island4 ,all three of these regions were involved in the glaciation of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,according to ,goldthwait 7,summary ,rep4 for #aiac1 pp4 #bdd-bej71 ,new ,brunswick was the center from which the ice flowed out over the other two lands4 ,from this center it moved southward over the western end of ,nova ,scotia1 more and more southeastward over the rest of the peninsula1 while over ,cape ,breton ,island the direction was eastward and northeastward4 ,some indications were observed of an earlier glaciation4 ,as regards post-glacial submergence1 ,goldthwait found that at ,st4 ,john1 ,new ,brunswick1 this had amounted to about #aij feet1 while on ,cape ,breton ,island no signs of any submergence were found4 ,robert ,chalmers had arrived at similar conclusions2 and these agree well with the theoretical isobases drawn by ,taylor for that region 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,liii1 #aiae1 p4 #ejc74 ,g4 ,f4 ,matthew in #ahgi 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,canada1 ,rep4 for #ahgg-gh1 ,,ee1 pp4 #a-cf7 described the geology of southern ,new ,brunswick4 ,few fossil vertebrates of ,pleistocene age have been discovered in these countries4 ,on ,cape ,breton ,island mastodon remains have been found in two places1 ,middle ,river and ,baddeck 7p4 #df74 ,as long ago as #ahgd remains supposed to belong to ,delphinapterus were found near the mouth of the ,jaquet ,river1 in the northernmost part of ,new ,brunswick2 but ,professor ,g4 ,h4 ,perkins has shown that the animal was probably the narwhal1 ,monodon monoceros4 ,the discovery is discussed here on page #ai4 ,at the southern extremity of ,new ,brunswick1 along ,mace's ,bay1 ,charlotte ,county1 a jaw supposed to belong to a species of ,delphinapterus was found1 which had been buried in the ,leda clay 7p4 #ai74 ,near ,fairville1 at the mouth of ,st4 ,john ,river1 there has been discovered some bones of the seal ,phoca grnlandica 7p4 #ba74 ,in the ,academy of ,sciences at ,philadelphia is a skull of a walrus 7p4 #ba7 found apparently in the water near ,sable ,island about #ej years ago4 ,it is not certain that it is a ,pleistocene fossil4 ,,new ,,england4 ,inasmuch as relatively few vertebrates belonging to the ,pleistocene have been discovered in the ,new ,england ,states1 it will not be necessary to enter into details regarding the geology of the glacial period in this region4 ,nevertheless1 the subject is one of great interest and one which has engaged the attention of many geologists4 ,for those who wish to enter on the study1 the writer recommends first a paper written in #aijf 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #eje-eef7 by ,frederick ,g4 ,clapp1 entitled 8,complexity of the ,glacial ,period in ,northeastern ,new ,england10 which gives a brief history of the development of the idea that in the region mentioned there are evidences of more than one glacial and of more than one interglacial stage4 ,there are also citations of the principal papers written on the subject4 ,among the writers cited are ,shaler1 ,woodworth1 ,fuller1 ,upham1 ,stone1 and ,tarr4 ,clapp concluded that ,new ,england had been invaded by at least three ice-sheets and that these invasions had been separated by two interglacial intervals of long duration4 ,on account of the greater thickness of the drift and because of fewer favorable exposures1 due to the rocky nature of the coast and other causes1 many difficulties are encountered in studying the deposits4 ,he regarded absolute correlations as not yet possible4 ,the last glaciation he accepted as corresponding closely with the ,wisconsin1 as displayed in ,states further west4 ,what is known as ,montauk drift1 forming a part of the ,gay ,head interval of ,woodworth1 appeared to ,clapp to correspond possibly to the ,illinoian4 ,still older drifts would seem to have their place nearer the pre-,kansan 7,nebraskan7 than to the ,kansan4 ,what have been called 8,leda clays0 are found from ,boston north into the ,st4 ,lawrence ,valley4 ,clapp divides them into the 8high-level0 and the 8low-level0 clays4 ,the former are the older and regarded as being about the equivalent to the ,iowan stage4 ,the 8low-level clays0 are referred to the ,wisconsin stage4 ,another body of clays named by ,fuller 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cge7 the ,gardiner clays1 from their type locality1 ,gardiner ,island1 near the east end of ,long ,island1 lies beneath the ,montauk till and has been referred by ,fuller to the ,yarmouth interglacial4 ,in his paper cited ,clapp presents 7pp4 #ebj-ebc7 a list of the fossils1 mostly mollusks1 which have been collected in the ,pleistocene deposits from ,new ,brunswick to ,new ,york4 ,along the ,new ,england coast are evidences of uplift which followed the retirement of the ,wisconsin ice4 ,katz 7,jour4 ,washington ,acad4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,viii1 #aiah1 p4 #daj7 reported elevations of #aee feet at ,stratham1 ,new ,hampshire1 and #cjj feet at ,pawnal1 ,maine4 ,fairchild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxix1 p4 #bad7 records the elevations at various localities in ,maine4 ,a brief interesting account of the ,pleistocene epoch as recorded in ,massachusetts and ,rhode ,island may be found in an article by ,b4 ,k4 ,emerson 7,bull4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,no4 #eig1 pp4 #acd-adi74 ,it deals in part with the geology of the valley of the ,connecticut ,river4 ,goldthwait 7,appalachia1 vol4 ,,xiii1 pp4 #a-bc7 and ,foshay 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxxviii1 pp4 #cde-cdh7 have found evidences of an early ,pleistocene glaciation in the ,white ,mountains of ,new ,hampshire4 ,vermont is interesting especially on account of the ,pleistocene history of ,lake ,champlain4 ,this history has been recently discussed by ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild 7,rep4 ,state ,geologist ,vermont1 vol4 ,x1 #aiaf1 pp4 #a-da1 with maps and views71 who presents 7pp4 #dj-daa7 a list1 #cg in number1 of the more important papers relating to the subject4 ,while the ,wisconsin ice-sheet was resting upon ,canada and the northern part of the ,united ,states1 the land thus occupied1 and probably a considerable area beyond the ice1 became depressed4 ,the valleys of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 the ,ottawa1 the ,hudson1 and the ,connecticut had been pressed down to such an extent that1 as the ice-sheet retired these valleys became filled with water standing at sea-level4 ,when at length the glacial front had retreated beyond the ,st4 ,lawrence1 sea-water entered ,lake ,ontario and passed up ,ottawa ,river far above the city of ,ottawa 7,leverett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,,liii1 plate ,,xxi74 ,south of the ,st4 ,lawrence1 marine waters occupied what is now ,lake ,champlain and as much of the surrounding land as was then at or below sea-level4 ,in his account ,fairchild makes use of the plate which is here reproduced 7map #ca7 from his article of #aiag 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #bgi1 plate ,,xi74 ,this geologist believes that the ,hudson formed for a while a connection with ,lake ,champlain1 although the ,hudson waters may not have been actually saline4 ,but in ,lake ,champlain the presence of fossil marine mollusks and at least one whale skeleton shows that its waters were salt4 ,the lines crossing the plate obliquely are the isobases which show the amount of elevation which has taken place along those lines since the end of the ,pleistocene4 ,south of ,new ,york ,city this is zero4 ,at the northern end of ,lake ,champlain the elevation is #hjj feet4 ,this means that the north end of the lake for a while stood #hjj feet lower than now4 ,marine fossils have1 however1 been found at an elevation of only about #cjj feet4 ,the waters which first occupied the lake and stood at the highest level were of glacial origin and fresh4 ,when the ice-front had receded so as to open the ,st4 ,lawrence and admit sea-water1 the northern end of the lake had been uplifted about #ejj feet4 ,it was then that the marine animals entered4 ,other important papers to be consulted in this connection are as follows3 ,one by ,j4 ,b4 ,woodworth 7,bull4 #hd ,new ,york ,state ,mus472 one by ,charles ,e4 ,peet 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xii1 #aijd1 pp4 #dae-dfi2 #fag-ffj71 and two by ,professor ,fairchild 7,bulls4 #aje1 #abg1 ,new ,york ,state ,mus474 ,it is proper to say that certain glacial geologists maintain that the depression in the ,new ,england ,states has been less than supposed by ,fairchild1 and that the isobases curved around toward the north as the ,new ,england coast was approached1 somewhat as represented by ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ejc74 ,fairchild1 in a later paper 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol4 ,,xxix1 #aiah1 pp4 #ahg-bdd71 has reached the same conclusion and presented a map on which are drawn the isobases1 or lines passing through points affected by the same amount of post-glacial uplift2 from this map #cb has been prepared4 ,on his map the location of the heavy or solid lines is regarded by ,fairchild as being based on clear evidence4 ,where the lines become thin the evidence is less trustworthy2 where the lines are broken their positions are hypothetical4 ,the numerals on the lines show the amount of uplift along those lines4 ,two points of importance are brought out on the map4 ,the first is that ,newfoundland formed an independent center of glaciation and of subsequent uplift1 a conclusion based on good geological evidence4 ,the second point is that the center of the ,wisconsin glaciation was located southeast of ,james ,bay1 considerably farther south and west than is usually supposed4 ,the confirmation of this is left to the future4 ,it does not seem to have been demonstrated that there are in ,connecticut any ,pleistocene deposits older than those laid down by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,in case ,fuller 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,prof4 ,paper #hb7 is correct in his determination of beds of the early1 middle1 and late ,pleistocene on ,long ,island1 it is to be expected that beds of corresponding ages will yet be recognized in ,connecticut4 ,woodworth 7#agth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 #a1 p4 #igh7 mentions deposits of clay at ,berlin and at ,new ,haven that may be older than the ,wisconsin4 ,while the correlations recorded above of the ,pleistocene of the ,new ,england ,states with the glacial and interglacial stages of the ,mississippi ,valley may be subject to modifications1 it is interesting to learn that the presence of ,middle and ,early ,pleistocene deposits in the ,eastern ,states has received the recognition of so many students of glacial geology4 ,the hope is awakened that in ,new ,england there may yet be found interglacial deposits which will furnish remains of ,pleistocene vertebrates1 as these have come to light from ,throg's ,neck1 ,new ,york1 to southern ,florida4 ,it is possible that the astragalus of an equine animal 7p4 #ahc71 found at ,gay ,head1 ,martha's ,vineyard1 belongs to a species of ,equus of early ,pleistocene age4 ,in order to illustrate still further the events connected with the history of the ,pleistocene in the region of the ,great ,lakes1 three additional figures are introduced4 ,one of these 7map #cc7 shows ,j4 ,w4 ,spencer's conception of the drainage of the region in preglacial times4 ,the areas now occupied by the lakes were then traversed by rivers4 ,it will be observed that the rivers above ,pittsburgh now discharging into the ,ohio then emptied northward into the ,erigan4 ,this is shown also by a map 7fig4 #f7 taken from ,leverett 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #hi74 ,figure #e1 on page #bhg1 shows the position of the shore of this ,champlain ,sea4 ,the number of ,pleistocene vertebrates found in the ,new ,england ,states is limited1 and most of them have been mentioned4 ,somewhere on the coast of ,maine have been found specimens of the fish ,mallotus villosus 7,gould1 ,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahdh1 p4 #fg74 ,at ,charlotte1 ,vermont1 a white whale1 ,delphinapterus vermontanus1 was found many years ago 7p4 #ai74 ,some bovid teeth were found many years ago at ,gardiner1 ,maine1 and referred to ,bison bison1 but it is now believed that they are teeth of the domestic ox4 ,however1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,m4 ,allen has reported from ,cape ,cod1 ,massachusetts1 teeth of a young bison 7p4 #bff74 ,at ,woodbury1 ,washington ,county1 ,vermont1 at a depth of #g feet1 an antler and a piece of the upper jaw with five molars of ,rangifer caribou 7p4 #bdd7 have been discovered 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,vermont1 vol ,,vi1 p4 #g74 ,mastodons have been discovered in ,massachusetts at ,coleraine and ,shrewsbury 7p4 #dg74 ,many years ago a tooth and a tusk and some bones of an elephant were found at ,mount ,holly1 ,vermont 7p4 #adh72 the writer refers the animal to ,elephas columbi4 ,an undetermined elephant has been found in ,vermont at ,richmond 7p4 #afg74 ,walrus remains have been recovered at ,addison ,point 7p4 #bc71 ,andrews ,island 7p4 #bc71 ,gardiner 7p4 #bc71 and ,portland 7p4 #bd71 all in ,maine2 off ,portsmouth1 ,new ,hampshire 7p4 #be72 and on ,martha's ,vineyard1 ,massachusetts 7p4 #be74 ,at the latter place a tooth supposed to belong to the hooded seal 7p4 #bf7 was found long ago4 ,with respect to the specimens found at this place there is some doubt as to their geological age4 ,with the exception that the reindeer bones 7p4 #bdd7 found near ,new ,haven may be of pre-,wisconsin age1 no ,pleistocene vertebrate fossils older than ,late ,wisconsin appear to have been discovered anywhere in ,connecticut4 ,as shown elsewhere 7p4 #dh71 there were found long ago at ,sharon1 ,litchfield ,county1 remains which were identified as those of mammoth1 but these have since been regarded as those of the common mastodon4 ,only a single vertebra was preserved4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,probable preglacial drainage of the ,upper ,ohio4 ,from ,leverett4 ,mastodons have been found in four other places1 ,cheshire1 ,new ,britain1 ,bristol1 and ,farmington 7pp4 #dg1 #dh74 ,the animals which left their bones at those places certainly lived after the last glacial sheet had withdrawn from the ,state4 ,as mentioned on page #bia1 ,fairchild has found reasons for believing that1 while the ,wisconsin ice-sheet was withdrawing from the ,hudson and ,connecticut ,valleys1 the whole region was so depressed that these valleys became occupied by water at sea-level4 ,in these waters there were laid down thick deposits which now stand at levels much above tide1 varying1 in ,connecticut1 from nearly #bjj to about #cjj feet4 ,map #ca1 reproduced from ,professor ,fairchild 7,bull4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,amer41 vol ,,xxviii1 #aiag1 plate ,,xi7 is intended to show how wide an extent of territory along the ,connecticut ,valley was then submerged4 ,it is probable that the emergence of these deposits was not accomplished until after the glacier had retired beyond the ,state4 ,it will be observed 7map #f7 that the localities just mentioned1 where the mastodons have been found1 lie very close to or on the areas covered by the deposits mentioned4 ,the pond in which the ,farmington mastodon 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #c7 was buried is in a range of hills which must have stood as an island in the ,connecticut inlet4 ,while it is possible that mastodons lived on this island while the land was depressed1 it is more likely that they lived there after it had been more or less elevated4 ,judging from the topographical maps1 one may conclude that the mastodons that have been found at ,cheshire 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #a7 and ,new ,britain 7fig4 #f1 ,no4 #b7 were buried in deposits that overlie those laid down at sea-level4 ,their time of existence must have been near the end of the ,pleistocene4 ,too little is known about the mastodons reported from ,bristol and ,sharon to form any definite opinion about the stage of the ,pleistocene when they lived2 but it was probably after the withdrawal of the last ice-sheet4 ,,new ,,york4 ,from the geologist's point of view there is hardly1 if at all1 another ,state which presents for solution more numerous or more interesting problems connected with the ,pleistocene than does ,new ,york4 ,among these are the geography and topography of the ,state at the beginning of the ,pleistocene2 the number and identity of the glacial stages which affected its surface2 the origin and development of the bordering ,great ,lakes1 of the numerous interior lakes1 and of the river courses1 actual and abandoned4 ,for a knowledge of these one must consult the various reports issued by the ,geological ,survey of the ,state2 above all1 the numerous and instructive papers that have been published by ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild1 of the ,university of ,rochester4 ,for the student of ,pleistocene vertebrate palontology1 the ,state of ,new ,york is not so attractive as some others2 but it is far from being devoid of interest4 ,few species of vertebrates of ,pleistocene age have been found in its deposits1 and these1 with one exception1 belong to the latest episodes of the last glacial stage4 ,so far as the writer is aware1 the following list comprises all of the ,pleistocene vertebrates known to have been found within the borders of the ,state2 those marked with an asterisk 7997 are now extinct3 99,equus sp4 indet 7p4 #ahc74 99,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bab7 ,bison bison 7pp4 #bff1 #bfg74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,cervus canadensis 7pp4 #bce1 #bcf74 ,rangifer caribou8 7p4 #bde74 99,mammut americanum 7pp4 #dh-fc74 99,elephas columbi 7p4 #adi74 99,elephas primigenius 7pp4 #aca1 #acb74 ,castor canadensis4 99,castoroides ohioensis 7p4 #bgb74 ,deposits of materials belonging to ,pleistocene stages older than the ,wisconsin are apparently of rare occurrence in the ,state4 ,if existing they are usually concealed beneath the widely spread ,wisconsin drift4 ,on ,long ,island1 ,fuller 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,prof4 ,paper #hb7 has described beds of gravels1 sands1 and clays1 which he regards as belonging to the ,nebraskan1 ,aftonian1 ,yarmouth1 and ,illinoian4 ,none of these has furnished any vertebrate fossils4 ,however1 in #ahff 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xv1 art4 #c1 p4 #af71 ,whittlesey reported that he had a tooth of a horse 7p4 #ahc7 found at ,fort ,schuyler1 ,throg's ,neck1 #ah feet below the surface4 ,this must have been lying beneath the ,wisconsin drift4 ,inasmuch as ,fuller has found the ,manhassett formation1 regarded as equivalent to the ,illinoian1 around ,manhassett ,bay1 within #d or #e miles of ,throg's ,neck1 it seems entirely reasonable to suppose that deposits of similar or earlier age exist at ,throg's ,neck4 ,with the exception of small areas1 the whole of the ,state was at one time covered by the ice-sheet of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,the glacial ice filled the basins of the ,great ,lakes1 and overrode even the peaks of the ,adirondack and ,catskill ,mountains4 ,only along the southern side of ,long ,island and in the loop formed in ,cattaraugus ,county by ,allegheny ,river does the ice-sheet appear to have been absent4 ,nearly everywhere1 even on the southern coast of ,long ,island as outwash1 it left its burden of clay1 sand1 gravel and boulders1 usually many feet in thickness2 in the mountainous regions this drift material is present1 at least in the valleys4 ,at the extreme southern edge of the glacial sheet there was laid down the terminal moraine1 which1 more or less distinctly determinable1 has been traced from the eastern end of ,long ,island to the southwestern corner of ,cattaraugus ,county1 and onward into ,pennsylvania4 ,this moraine is shown here on maps #c and #f-;,a4 ,as the ice-sheet withdrew toward the north1 the surface which it had occupied was1 for many reasons1 very uneven1 and in the depressions there were formed numerous lakelets and lakes4 ,into the smaller lakes and ponds especially1 were swept1 by running water and blown by winds1 coarse materials and dust1 so that they began at once to fill4 ,water-loving plants in due time took possession of their borders1 and in time marshes were formed4 ,in some of these bodies of waters are now found deposits of shell marl1 which show that for a long period the lakes and ponds were inhabited by fresh-water mollusks4 ,sometimes below this marl1 but usually above it1 is found a layer of peat1 the product of the partial decay of the vegetation4 ,it is in such peat-bogs1 sometimes buried in the peat1 sometimes in the marl1 that have been found most of the bones and teeth of the fossil animals recovered4 ,inasmuch as such deposits lie upon the ,wisconsin drift1 it is certain that these animals lived1 at the localities where found1 after the retirement of the glacier from that locality2 how long afterward one usually can not be certain4 ,it is in such ,late ,wisconsin deposits that have been found the numerous remains of mastodons on ,long ,island1 on ,staten ,island1 around ,new ,york ,city1 and especially in ,orange ,county 7pp4 #dh-ed74 ,this county has furnished some of the most complete skeletons of mastodons ever discovered4 ,whether or not the conditions for their existence were more favorable in this region than in that between this county and the ,finger ,lake region may be regarded as doubtful2 but it is certain that the conditions for the preservation of skeletons were extremely favorable4 ,a remarkable case is presented at ,cohoes1 where a part of a skeleton of a mastodon was found in one of the great pot-holes existing there1 and another part of the same skeleton in a neighboring pot-hole4 ,the case is discussed below4 ,in the western half of the ,state1 after the foot of the glacier had retired beyond the divide between the present northward and southward flowing streams1 bodies of water began to collect between the divide and the foot of the glacier4 ,to these bodies1 regarded as lakes1 changing from time to time their dimensions and their outlets1 have been given various names4 ,at first1 the waters that collected in the ,finger ,lake region found their outlet southward through the ,susquehanna ,river2 later through the ,mohawk and ,hudson2 then westward into the ,mississippi drainage2 afterward through a channel leading around west and north of the ,adirondacks and into ,lake ,champlain and down the ,hudson2 and finally1 as now1 into the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river 7map #cd74 ,the waters of the ,erie basin1 for most of the time1 found their outlet toward the west into the ,mississippi2 but at a later time they escaped for a while eastward through central ,new ,york into the ,mohawk4 ,for information regarding these lakes one must consult ,leverett and ,taylor 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 and ,fairchild 7,bulls4 #abg1 #afj1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus474 ,from a study of the geological history we may arrive at some approximately correct ideas as to the time when the mastodons1 elephants1 horses1 giant beavers1 etc41 lived within the limits of the ,state4 ,of these animals1 apparently none of the specimens discovered up to this time belongs to any pre-,wisconsin stage1 except the horse whose tooth was found at ,throg's ,neck 7p4 #ahc74 ,the history of our extinct horses and the depth at which the specimen was found indicate that the animal had lived either during the first or the second third of the ,pleistocene4 ,we may be certain that none of the mastodons 7p4 #di7 which have been reported from ,long ,island lived there while the northern border was occupied by the glacier1 and the remainder by the ocean4 ,not until the land had risen to about its present level could mastodons have become buried in the muck-filled ponds where they have been met with4 ,where the glacier front was when mastodons got foothold on the island we can not tell certainly2 but it required perhaps hundreds or probably thousands of years for the elevation of the island to the extent of about #ajj feet4 ,we can hardly doubt that the mastodon lived on up to near1 possibly into1 the ,recent period 7see map #cd74 ,it is interesting to speculate on the time and manner of entombment of the skeleton1 described on page #ef1 which was found at ,cohoes1 part in one pot-hole1 part in another not far away4 ,hall adopted the theory that the carcass of the mastodon had been frozen in the glacial ice and1 on the thawing of this ice1 had been dropped into the pot-holes4 ,in fact1 he thus explained the frequent presence of mastodon skeletons in swamps4 ,we have1 however1 no evidence that mastodons were ever thus frozen up in the ice of the glacier2 but there is a possibility that this happened sometimes4 ,if a skeleton should thus have been engaged in the moving stream of ice it is not probable that it would ever have emerged in a recognizable condition4 ,in the production of cracks and crevices in the glacial ice1 of which ,hall spoke1 the bones would have been broken up and scattered1 if not ground to powder4 ,if a cadaver had been frozen in the ice for any considerable time it would certainly have come out in such a waterlogged condition that it would hardly have floated4 ,weighted down by its heavy tusks1 it would have drifted against rocks and at least the tusks would probably have been broken off4 ,if we exclude the idea that the mastodon had first been frozen in the glacier1 the writer sees no reason for denying that it might thus have been transported for some distance2 but little is gained by granting it4 ,the animal could as well have lived near ,cohoes as farther up the ,mohawk4 ,as stated on another page1 ,james ,hall concluded that the pot-holes belonged to some preglacial time4 ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild has expressed in a letter to the present writer the following opinion3 8,when the ice-sheet melted from ,cohoes the locality was #cee feet lower than it is to-day4 ,deep estuary deposits partially filled the ,hudson ,valley and buried the ,cohoes district4 ,the ,mohawk channel at ,cohoes is excavated through marine sediments4 ,there is no suggestion of any river channel there previous to the present river work4 ,the pot-holes are post-glacial1 but they probably represent a more copious and vigorous flow than that of the present river4 ,that was supplied by the diminishing ,iromohawk1 the latest outflow through the ,mohawk ,valley of the ,iroquois water4 ,in this view the pot-holes were drilled by the latest glacial waters40 ,it appears that1 when the mastodon skeleton fell into the pot-holes1 these had been drilled long before2 for the principal one had become filled with gravel to a depth of at least #aj feet4 ,they were1 therefore1 probably well above the stream-level1 except in times of high-water4 ,however the carcass reached the locality1 it must have arrived in a complete state4 ,had it already attained an advanced stage of decay1 some limbs or the feet or the lower jaw1 probably the whole head1 weighted down as it was by the heavy tusks1 would have dropped off4 ,it may be assumed that the skeleton was lying on land or in some pond not far above the pot-holes4 ,the flesh was not wholly decayed1 and the bones were held together by the ligaments4 ,while the skeleton was in this condition the river rose and swept it over the first pot-hole1 where the right leg dropped off2 and then onward over the second1 where more of it was deposited4 ,some unimportant parts may have been carried farther1 and some of the missing bones may have decayed in the pot-holes4 ,after the bones were deposited there the pot-holes became slowly filled up1 probably mostly during times of high-water1 with muck and branches and trunks of trees of several species 7,hay1 ,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xlix1 #aiai1 p4 #cgh74 ,the retreat of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet far beyond the ,st4 ,lawrence and the rise of the land to its present elevation1 #cej feet above the sea at ,cohoes1 belong to the closing chapter of ,pleistocene history4 ,when the ,cohoes mastodon was buried the ice-sheet was probably already north of the ,st4 ,lawrence and1 as ,professor ,fairchild writes1 #aej feet of the rise of the land had already occurred4 ,the time could1 therefore1 not have been long before the beginning of the ,recent epoch4 ,if these animals lived at such a late time at ,cohoes they doubtless existed at the same time in all parts of the eastern region where their remains have been discovered4 ,they may have been able to occupy ,long ,island a little earlier than places further north1 but the interval would be geologically inconsiderable4 ,the writer has learned of no discoveries of mastodon bones in materials laid down by the marine waters that occupied ,lake ,champlain1 the ,st4 ,lawrence ,valley1 and that of ,ottawa ,river1 or in deposits overlying these marine beds4 ,on the basis of one of ,professor ,h4 ,l4 ,fairchild's plates 7,bull4 #abg1 ,n4 ,y4 ,state ,mus41 plate ,,xxxv7 the writer has prepared map #cd1 which is intended to show the position of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet in ,new ,york after it had retired somewhat north of the divide4 ,this divide is marked by a line of dots4 ,the area then occupied by the ice is stippled4 ,lake ,erie was already nearly free from ice and was discharging its water by way of the ,mississippi4 ,impounded waters from the melting glacial ice were collecting in the region of the ,finger ,lakes1 forming ,newberry ,lake1 and escaping down the ,susquehanna4 ,the ,mohawk afforded outlet for the water from the southeastern lobe of ice4 ,fairchild's plates #cf to #db show the successive positions occupied by the ice-front as it retired northward and the various lakes that were formed4 ,although not many species of vertebrate animals have been found in the ,pleistocene deposits of ,new ,york1 a large number of localities have furnished remains of the mastodon1 ,mammut americanum4 ,these localities are recorded and brief descriptions of the remains and their geological environment have been presented on pages #dh-fc4 ,the localities are indicated on map #cd4 ,it will be seen that several specimens have been found on ,long ,island and many in ,orange ,county1 in the southeastern corner of the ,state4 ,in the western half of the ,state most of the finds occur within the area once occupied by the successive lakes4 ,the animals could have lived there only after the ice-sheet and the lake waters had disappeared4 ,it will be seen that a few finds have been made close to the shores of the present lakes4 ,the animals must have lived there at the very end of the ,pleistocene1 if not within the ,recent epoch4 ,the finds of other vertebrates are recorded on the following pages3 ,equus sp4 indet4 on page #ahc2 ,platygonus compressus on page #bab2 ,bison bison on page #bff2 ,odocoileus virginianus on page #bbf2 ,cervus canadensis on page #bce2 ,rangifer caribou on page #bde2 ,elephas columbi on page #adi2 ,elephas primigenius on page #aca2 ,castor canadensis on page #bgb2 ,castoroides ohioensis on page #bgb4 ,in #ahej 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #bee-bef71 ,w4 ,c4 ,redfield reported that he had received remains of a fox of the genus ,vulpes from ,gulf ,summit1 ,broome ,county4 ,the lower jaw and other bones had been discovered in a cutting of the ,new ,york and ,erie ,railroad1 #dj feet below the natural surface4 ,the deposit above these bones was evidently the ,wisconsin drift4 ,the fine clay inclosing the bones may have belonged to the ,sangamon1 or even some older interglacial deposit4 ,it is impossible to say whether this fox was ,vulpes fulvus or ,urocyon cinereoargenteus4 ,,new ,,jersey4 7,map #f-;,a47 ,in the consideration of the problems of ,pleistocene geology and palontology1 ,new ,jersey is one of the most important ,states4 ,its northern part is occupied by glacial drift deposits1 while the southern two-thirds is covered more or less completely by materials laid down beyond the limits of the glaciers4 ,the glacial materials appear to belong to two widely separate epochs4 ,the geologists who have been connected with the geological survey of ,new ,jersey recognize in the materials composing the ,pleistocene deposits south of the glacial region three formations1 the ,bridgeton1 oldest2 succeeded by the ,pensauken2 and the ,cape ,may1 the youngest4 ,the geologists of ,maryland recognize in ,new ,jersey three formations which correspond to the three of ,maryland1 the ,sunderland1 the ,wicomico1 and the ,talbot4 ,however1 the author of the ,maryland ,pliocene and ,pleistocene volume1 ,professor ,shattuck1 insists that parts of ,salisbury's ,bridgeton1 ,pensauken1 and ,cape ,may all enter into the ,sunderland2 parts of the ,cape ,may1 ,pensauken1 and possibly of the ,bridgeton1 into the ,wicomico2 and parts of the ,pensauken and ,cape ,may into the ,talbot4 ,there are wide divergences in the views of the two groups of geologists regarding the manner in which the materials have been laid down4 ,the ,maryland geologists hold that their three terraces represent three epochs of submergence1 and that the gravels1 sands1 and clays were deposited in the salt waters of the ocean or of estuaries4 ,salisbury and ,knapp 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,,viii1 #aiag1 p4 #c7 adopt the view that the formations are partly of subaerial and partly of marine and estuarine origin1 with emphasis on the subaerial mode4 ,of the ,bridgeton1 the authors referred to say 7their p4 #ah 7 that the accessible parts are primarily of terrestrial origin4 ,a part of what remains may be marine or estuarine1 and part of what has been removed may have been so4 ,no palontological evidences of marine deposits of this epoch are found in the ,state4 ,the writer records his dissent from the theory that the terraces and the deposits called the ,sunderland1 ,wicomico1 and ,talbot have been the product of marine submergence4 ,a part only of the ,talbot can be referred to deposition in the sea4 ,of the ,pensauken1 ,salisbury and ,knapp say 7p4 #hg73 8,there is nothing in its constitution to negative the hypothesis of the whole formation being river work2 nor is there anything1 as now understood1 to prove it40 ,as to the deposits which they refer to the ,cape ,may1 the authors quoted say 7p4 #afb7 that the southern part of the ,state seems to have stood a few feet 7#cj to #ej7 lower than at present2 but that it could not have stood long at this height1 for sea-cliffs are essentially wanting4 ,at one point1 near ,millville1 ,cumberland ,county1 marine fossils are met with at an elevation of about #aj feet above tide4 ,the ,cape ,may was1 according to ,salisbury and ,knapp1 laid down during the last glacial epoch1 the ,wisconsin 7p4 #afb74 ,this determination of age would doubtless gain the acceptance of the ,maryland geologists and their adherents1 although the latter would include under this name many local deposits which ,salisbury puts in the ,pensauken4 ,it is remarkable that1 so far as the writer knows1 no remains of ,pleistocene vertebrates have ever been discovered in that portion of ,new ,jersey which is mapped as occupied by the ,cohansey sands1 an area including nearly half the ,state4 ,it lies southeast of a straight line which would run from ,navesink ,river to ,salem4 ,the reason for this lack of fossil vertebrates does not occur to the writer4 ,a large portion of this region is mapped as being covered with deposits of all three of the ,pleistocene formations1 ,bridgeton1 ,pensauken1 and ,cape ,may4 ,on or near to the line of outcrop of the ,cretaceous deposits from ,salem to ,raritan ,bay1 not fewer than ten localities are known where mastodon remains have been discovered1 besides two localities which have furnished horses and two which have furnished elephants4 ,since the southeastern part of the ,state has yielded no vertebrate fossils and little else to throw light on the age of its deposits1 we shall dismiss it from consideration4 ,the glacial geology of the ,state has been studied by ,professor ,rollin ,d4 ,salisbury1 of the ,university of ,chicago1 and his assistants1 ,henry ,b4 ,kmmel1 ,charles ,e4 ,peet1 and ,george ,n4 ,knapp4 ,the results of their studies on the glacial-drift deposits have been published in volume v of the final report of the ,state geologist1 #aijb4 ,the ,quaternary formations of the southern part of the ,state are described in volume ,,viii of the final report4 ,a more succinct description of the events of the ,quaternary period is found in ,bulletin #ad 7#aiae7 of the ,new ,jersey ,survey4 ,the authors are ,j4 ,volney ,lewis and ,henry ,b4 ,kmmel4 ,in the vicinity of ,perth ,amboy is a heavy glacial moraine which may be traced eastward through ,staten and ,long ,islands4 ,west of ,perth ,amboy it turns northward1 and swinging around it reaches ,springfield4 ,thence it runs northwestward to ,rockaway1 and continues west by south to ,delaware ,river1 at ,belvidere4 ,this moraine marks1 in ,new ,jersey1 the southward limit of the last ice-sheet1 the ,wisconsin4 ,all the drift deposits of the ,state north of this moraine are regarded as belonging to the ,wisconsin stage4 ,it is to be supposed that this is1 at least to some extent1 underlain by older drift deposits4 ,south of the moraine just described are scattered deposits of glacial drift and other evidence of glacial action which are referred to a much older ice-sheet1 one supposed to correspond to the ,kansan drift of the ,mississippi ,valley 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,v1 p4 #gha74 ,on the other hand1 it is sometimes referred 7,chamberlin and ,salisbury1 ,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 pp4 #chc1 #chd7 to the first glacial 7sub-,aftonian74 ,as has been said1 three formations are recognized which were laid down otherwise than by glacial ice-sheets1 the ,bridgeton1 the ,pensauken1 and the ,cape ,may4 ,the deposition of the ,cape ,may is regarded as being contemporaneous with the ,wisconsin ice-sheet 7,salisbury and ,knapp1 ,new ,jersey ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #afb2 ,lewis and ,kmmel1 ,bull4 #ad1 p4 #abj74 ,the ,pensauken formation is believed to be much older than the ,cape ,may2 it may 7,salisbury and ,knapp1 op4 cit41 p4 #gh7 be older than the extra-morainic drift1 mentioned above as being of about ,kansan times2 but it may have coincided in part only with the ,kansan4 ,according to ,lewis and ,kmmel 7op4 cit41 p4 #aaa7 the old1 extra-morainic1 ,jerseyan drift was coincident with at least the later stages of the ,pensauken4 ,hence1 we may believe that the ,pensauken corresponds somewhat to the ,aftonian stage of ,iowa4 ,the ,bridgeton formation is still older than the ,pensauken and1 being ,quaternary1 must be referred either to the early part of the first interglacial or to the first glacial2 but the ,new ,jersey geologists are not specific on this point4 ,it is unfortunate that nowhere in ,new ,jersey has any considerable number of species of ,pleistocene vertebrates been found buried together4 ,we are thus deprived of one means of estimating the age of the species and of the beds4 ,most of the specimens found1 as the mastodon and the two elephants1 belong to species which lived during the whole or a large part of the ,pleistocene and hence do not testify definitely to the age of the deposits in which they occur4 ,too often the information we have regarding the place and conditions of burial is extremely meager4 ,in ,salem ,county a mastodon has been found in ,mannington ,township1 at ,chestnut ,hill 7p4 #fc72 and a deer1 probably ,odocoileus virginianus1 at ,woodstown 7p4 #bbf74 ,although the geological map shows that in ,mannington ,township ,cape ,may ,pleistocene prevails1 while about ,woodstown there is ,pensauken1 one can not well conclude that the animals are of corresponding age4 ,in ,gloucester ,county ,mammut americanum has been found at ,harrisonville 7p4 #fc71 ,mullica ,hill 7p4 #fd71 and ,woodbury 7p4 #fd72 ,equus at ,swedesboro 7p4 #ahd74 ,as to the former species1 we can not be certain of the age1 either from our knowledge of the age of the deposits inclosing the remains or from the history of the species4 ,as to the horse found at ,swedesboro1 one may1 from the history of the genus in this country1 arrive at some conclusion2 but this will be deferred to page #cjc4 ,in ,camden ,county1 so far as the writer has knowledge1 no vertebrate remains have been found except in the ,fish ,house beds1 along ,delaware ,river1 just above ,camden2 but the horse remains 7p4 #ahd7 are of great importance4 ,these beds were originally supposed to be of ,cretaceous age1 but in #ahfi 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xiv1 p4 #bej71 ,cope expressed the conviction that they belonged to the ,pliocene period4 ,he presented a geological section 7fig4 #g7 of the beds which shows a thin stratum of soil above1 then from #h to #ae feet of light-brown sand1 followed below by a blackish clay about #be feet in thickness4 ,near the bottom of the latter was found a layer containing shells of several species of ,unio and ,anodonta4 ,just above this bed of unios there was discovered a large part of a skull of an extinct horse which ,cope referred to ,equus fraternus4 ,this was deposited in the collection of the ,academy at ,philadelphia1 but later disappeared4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,geologic section of ,fish ,house beds1 ,camden1 ,new ,jersey4 ,redrawn from ,cope4 ,in #ahig 7,rep4 ,state ,geologist1 ,new ,jersey1 for #ahif1 pp4 #bja-bdg1 plates ,x-,,xiv7 ,woolman published a paper on the stratigraphy of the ,fish ,house beds and described and illustrated other horse-teeth which he referred to ,equus complicatus4 ,these teeth were found at a depth of #ab feet below the top of the black clay2 #f feet of surface gravels had been removed from the clay4 ,the teeth are now in the collection of the ,academy1 at ,philadelphia4 ,woolman stated that in the same collection are a patella and a fragment of a long bone of a horse found in the black clay1 in #ahib4 ,woolman regarded the clay in question as belonging to ,pensauken times4 ,salisbury and ,knapp 7op4 cit41 p4 #ajd1 fig4 #di7 state that there is here #bj feet of black clay overlying ,pensauken sand and that the clay is overlain by ,pensauken gravel4 ,if this judgment of the geological age of the clay is correct1 the horses probably lived during the first interglacial 7,aftonian7 or the beginning of the second glacial stage 7,kansan74 ,there are1 however1 those who insist that these ,fish ,house clays belong really to the ,cape ,may formation4 ,this would make the geological age of the horse about that of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,besides the horse remains1 only some bones of a wolf have been found in the clays mentioned1 and these too have disappeared4 ,they probably would have thrown little light on the age of the beds4 ,we must reach conclusions from other data4 ,this fact seems to be pretty certain3 ,had horses lived at ,fish ,house during the deposition of the ,cape ,may they would 7as did the mastodon1 ,elephas primigenius1 and ,e4 columbi7 quite certainly have spread out over northern ,new ,jersey and over the grassy plains of ,new ,york and ,ohio2 and their remains would somewhere have been found1 as are those of the other species just mentioned1 in old swamp and lake deposits overlying the ,wisconsin drift2 but no horse remains have ever been reported from such deposits4 ,furthermore1 in all the digging that has been done at ,trenton1 in deposits acknowledged by all to belong to ,wisconsin times1 no trace has been found of horse remains4 ,near the bottom of the ,fish ,house clay bed1 just below the level of the horse remains1 there is found a layer which contains river clams represented by the genera ,unio and ,anodonta4 ,ten species of ,unio have been recognized and two of ,anodonta4 ,when these were first studied the beds were believed to belong to the ,cretaceous4 ,nevertheless1 the close resemblance of the shells to still living species was recognized2 and to them were given names differing from those of the related existing forms by the ending oides4 ,the species were described by ,lea and ,whitfield and have been restudied by ,dr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,pilsbry1 of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia4 ,the species are probably identical with forms yet living2 but half of them no longer exist in the region of ,delaware ,river4 ,pilsbry 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahif1 pp4 #efg-egj7 stated that five of them have no longer any representatives in the ,atlantic drainage south of the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river system4 ,it is probable that these species had1 when they lived at ,fish ,house1 spread into other rivers south of the ,delaware and thus were not trapped in this river by the ,wisconsin ice4 ,it seems certain1 therefore1 that a longer period of time and a longer series of vicissitudes must have intervened to produce such changes in geographical distribution4 ,according to ,c4 ,t4 ,simpson's work1 8,descriptive ,catalogue of the ,naiades10 #aiad1 ,unio 7,quadrula7 subrotundus now inhabits the ,ohio1 ,cumberland1 and ,tennessee ,rivers2 ,u4 7,lampsilis7 anodontoides occupies the ,mississippi ,river and ,gulf drainage regions2 while ,anodonta corpulenta is found in the ,upper ,missouri region4 ,the ,wisconsin ice-sheet and the short period of time since its disappearance are hardly sufficient to explain this wide dispersion of species1 while others have been able to retain their place in the ,delaware4 ,opposed to this view regarding the identity of the unios of the ,fish ,house beds1 see ,ortmann 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol ,,lii1 p4 #bhj1 #aiac7 and ,baker 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull41 ,,xvii1 p4 #bje1 #aibj74 ,these writers contend that the species have no especial relationship to western forms4 ,according to ,baker the deposits are older than the earliest glacial stage4 ,on the other hand1 according to ,dr4 ,e4 ,w4 ,berry 7quoted by ,baker71 who has studied the plants1 the beds belong to the late ,pleistocene4 ,we have1 then1 these reasons for holding that the ,fish ,house clays are of early ,pleistocene age3 7#a7 ,competent geologists have determined them as belonging to the ,pensauken formation1 laid down at or before the time of the ,kansan stage2 7#b7 the presence of remains of horses1 evidences of whose existence during or after the ,wisconsin have not been produced2 7#c7 the presence of many species of naiades1 some of which yet live in that region1 but the majority of which now live only in far-distant regions4 ,we may confidently conclude that the horse remains which were found at ,swedesboro belonged likewise to the ,pensauken4 ,in ,burlington ,county mastodons have been found at ,pemberton 7 p4 #fd71 but one can not be certain of their geological age4 ,a reindeer has been unearthed at ,vincentown 7p4 #fd74 ,it seems highly probable that it lived there while the ,wisconsin ice-sheet occupied the northern part of the ,state2 but there is a possibility that it is older4 ,in the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences at ,philadelphia are some remains of ,odocoileus found at ,vincentown 7p4 #bbg74 ,in the vicinity of ,trenton1 ,mercer ,county1 scant remains of six species of ,pleistocene mammals have been reported4 ,these are ,mammut americanum 7p4 #fd71 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acb71 ,bison bison 7p4 #bhg71 ,ovibos moschatus 7p4 #bdh71 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bcg71 and ,rangifer caribou8 7p4 #bdh74 ,all are known to have existed elsewhere during late ,pleistocene times1 and three indicate a cold climate4 ,the presence of fossil vertebrates here is of special interest because many evidences have been found of man's occupation of the region in apparently late ,pleistocene times4 ,at and in the vicinity of ,trenton are found both ,pensauken and ,cape ,may deposits1 the latter overlying the former 7,salisbury and ,knapp1 op4 cit41 pp4 #abj1 #afe74 ,the ,cape ,may rises about #fj feet above sea-level4 ,at various places the ,pensauken protrudes through the mantle of ,cape ,may and rises to a height of as much as #acj feet above sea-level4 ,its base is about #bj feet above sea-level4 ,the materials consist of sand1 gravel1 and cobblestones4 ,so far as the writer knows1 no fossils have been found in the ,pensauken about ,trenton4 ,the ,cape ,may at ,trenton is held to have been laid down principally during the presence of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet in the northern part of the ,state2 and naturally it consists mostly of sands1 gravels1 coarse and fine1 and some boulders4 ,in the localities where excavations have been made for sand and gravel for building purposes1 for sewers1 and for railroads1 and in search for relics of man1 two principal divisions are recognized4 ,below are strata of clays1 sands1 gravels1 and boulders which are believed to have been deposited by the floods of varying intensity which issued from the glacial moraine then about #fj miles above ,trenton 7figs4 #h1 #i74 ,over this lies a bed of what is called yellow drift1 which reaches a thickness of about #c feet4 ,it consists mostly of fine sand1 but there are many pebbles and occasionally some large boulders4 ,it is everywhere characterized by wavy red bands4 ,while some geologists have held the opinion that this deposit had been produced by winds1 it appears to be definitely determined that it was waterlain 7,wissler1 ,scient4 ,monthly1 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #bcg74 ,this 8yellow drift0 is overlain by about a foot of black soil which belongs to the ,recent epoch and is the result of cultivation by whites4 ,for details regarding the ,trenton gravels and the yellow sands above it the reader should consult ,ernest ,volk's work1 8,archology of the ,delaware ,valley0 7,papers ,peabody ,mus41 vol4 ,v1 #aiaa74 ,all the species mentioned above have been reported from the beds known as the ,trenton gravels4 ,a femur of a bison was found also in the yellow drift 7see p4 #bhg74 ,monmouth ,county has furnished more fossil vertebrates of the ,pleistocene than any other county4 ,mastodons have been discovered at ,englishtown1 ,freehold1 ,marlboro1 ,long ,branch1 ,manasquan1 and in the ,navesink ,hills 7pp4 #fe1 #ff74 ,many specimens1 as those about ,freehold and ,long ,branch and ,manasquan1 are in such superficial positions in peat that they do not seem to be very old1 probably of ,cape ,may age2 and yet of this one can not be wholly certain4 ,the discovery of a heel-bone of a megatherium 7p4 #ca7 at ,long ,branch appears to indicate the presence there of early ,pleistocene deposits4 ,at ,englishtown the remains had apparently become mixed with marl1 and they may belong to an older stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,in the ,navesink ,hills1 according to ,leidy1 the mastodon remains were associated with those of an extinct horse 7p4 #ahd74 ,if so1 both species probably were buried in ,pensauken deposits4 ,in this same region there was found long ago a tooth of ,elephas columbi 7p4 #adi72 but it is useless to speculate on its geological age4 ,at ,long ,branch 7p4 #bf71 damaged skulls of walruses1 probably of the existing species1 have been met with4 ,it seems natural to associate this southward migration1 which extends to ,south ,carolina1 with the ,wisconsin epoch2 but it is possible that it was earlier4 ,at ,deal 7p4 #bbg7 have been found remains of a deer1 probably ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,sketch of vicinity of ,trenton1 showing distribution of ,trenton gravels4 ,redrawn from ,salisbury and ,knapp4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,sections taken at ,trenton1 ,new ,jersey4 ,upper figure taken along the line #c of ,fig4 #h4 ,lower figure taken along the line #b of ,fig4 #h4 ,the black represents the glacial gravel4 ,a1 the crystalline rock of the region2 ,t1 ,trias2 ,k1 ,cretaceous2 ,pp1 ,pensauken2 ,o1 sea-level4 ,somewhere about ,shark ,river1 a tooth of a peccary 7p4 #bac7 was found1 as was supposed1 in ,miocene marl4 ,leidy could not distinguish this tooth from that of ,mylohyus nasutus4 ,so far as our evidence goes1 this species belongs to the early and middle ,pleistocene4 ,near ,north ,plainfield a tooth was found which is referred to ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acc74 ,the locality is very close to the moraine of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet1 and the animal probably lived there when the ,plainfield outwash plain 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,v1 #aijb1 p4 #gch7 was being laid down4 ,near ,schooley's ,mountain1 but west of ,musconetcong ,river and in ,warren ,county1 remains of a mastodon 7p4 #fg7 were encountered in excavating the ,morris ,canal4 ,it is probable that these were buried in a swamp left over from the ,wisconsin times2 but ,lewis and ,kmmel's map of #aiaj-aiab indicate in this region only drift older than the ,wisconsin4 ,the mastodons found at ,hackettstown and ,hope1 in ,warren ,county1 are probably of ,late ,wisconsin origin 7pp4 #fg1 #fh74 ,near ,mount ,hermon1 about #e miles northeast from ,delaware1 in ,warren ,county1 and about #b miles northwest of ,hope1 was found the splendid skeleton of the moose ,cervalces scotti1 which forms one of the treasures of ,princeton ,university 7,scott1 ,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhe1 p4 #agd74 ,it was discovered in a bog4 ,all this region is 7,salisbury1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,new ,jersey1 vol4 ,,viii1 plate ,,xxviii7 occupied by ,wisconsin drift and the bog doubtless rested on this drift4 ,it seems certain1 therefore1 that this stately relative of our existing moose lived after the disappearance of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,a mastodon 7p4 #fh7 which was found at ,greendell in ,sussex ,county quite certainly lived there after the last glacial stage4 ,berry 7,torreya1 vol4 ,x1 p4 #bfa7 has studied a collection of nine species of plants which had been obtained in peat from near ,long ,branch4 ,only three of these now range north of ,long ,branch4 ,he concluded that the last glacial stage had been followed by a period of climate warmer than the present climate4 ,this is in accord with views which the present writer has held4 ,it ought not1 however1 to be assumed with too much confidence that the peat-bed is of ,late ,wisconsin origin4 ,,pennsylvania4 ,about half of the area of ,pennsylvania lies outside of the region which was glaciated4 ,figure #aj is a map taken from ,folio #agb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 published in #aiaj and compiled by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,alden in #aija4 ,a broad strip along the southern part of the ,state1 being non-glaciated1 is not represented4 ,the areas shaded by parallel ruling and stippling are those which present evidences of glacial action4 ,the glaciated area consists of two principal portions4 ,one of these1 that subjected to the action of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet1 is represented on the map by means of oblique parallel lines coming down to an interrupted heavy line4 ,this line1 representing the ,wisconsin terminal moraine1 starts on ,delaware ,river north of ,easton1 runs northwestward to ,potter ,county1 thence into ,new ,york1 thence back into ,pennsylvania1 in ,warren ,county1 and then enters ,ohio north of the ,ohio ,river4 ,the course of this moraine was worked out especially by ,h4 ,c4 ,lewis and ,g4 ,f4 ,wright and was described in report ,l of the ,pennsylvania ,geological ,survey1 in #ahha4 ,the moraine crosses the ,delaware at ,belvidere1 ,new ,jersey1 and passes through the following counties3 ,northampton1 ,monroe1 ,carbon1 ,luzerne1 ,columbia1 ,sullivan1 ,lycoming1 ,tioga1 ,potter1 ,warren1 ,crawford1 ,venango1 ,butler1 ,lawrence1 and ,beaver4 ,south of this moraine are two areas which1 on this map1 are represented by stippling4 ,these are occupied by drift materials1 usually forming a considerably thinner covering1 which are believed by most glaciologists to belong to an older ,pleistocene stage1 probably about as old as the ,kansan4 ,especially in the valleys these older drift deposits may reach thicknesses of #bjj or #cjj feet4 ,these old glacial deposits are represented also by terraces along the margins of the valleys4 ,some of these in the vicinity of ,warren stand at a height of about #a1djj feet above the sea4 ,figure #ag is taken from ,shaw and ,munn 7,folio #agh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ab74 ,the uppermost gravels are supposed to represent the ,kansan stage4 ,a few small patches lying in the angle of the unglaciated area are of doubtful age1 as indicated on the map4 ,it must be stated1 however1 that there is some dissent from this conclusion as to the age of this outer drift4 ,professor ,e4 ,h4 ,williams has published a number of papers in which he takes the position that this drift is a deposit laid down by the same ice-sheet that later on built up the ,wisconsin moraine 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 #ahid1 pp4 #cb-cf2 ,science 7n4 s471 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 pp4 #ddg-dej2 ,pennsylvanian ,glaciation1 first phase1 #aiag1 pp4 #a-aja74 ,professor ,g4 ,f4 ,wright appears to take the same view4 ,the writer sees no sufficient reason for distrusting the opinions of ,dr4 ,alden and his colleagues4 ,it must not be assumed that an animal whose remains have been found within the area occupied by the ,wisconsin drift lived during or after that stage4 ,even within this area there may occur fossil-bearing deposits of an older ,pleistocene time4 ,these older deposits may underlie the ,wisconsin drift or they may occur as old terraces high up on the sides of the valleys of rivers4 ,cases of the latter kind are found along ,allegheny ,river 7,leverett4 ,monogr4 ,,xli1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #bbi-beb2 ,shaw ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xix1 #aiaa1 pp4 #adj-aef2 folio #agh1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h74 ,on the other hand1 an animal of very late ,pleistocene age1 or even of the ,recent1 may be buried in deposits which overlie an old ,pleistocene deposit4 ,it is necessary1 if it can be done1 to determine the actual age of the deposit containing the remains2 otherwise one must depend on the geological age of the species involved1 or be content to wait for further information4 ,unfortunately1 but few of the quadrangles in the glaciated area have had their geological structure studied and reported on4 ,at present the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey has published only ,folios #ib 7,gaines7 and #ic 7,elkland and ,tioga71 lying mostly in ,tioga ,county1 partly in ,potter2 also ,folio #agb 7,warren71 occupying a part of ,warren ,county4 ,information may sometimes be secured from the numerous volumes which have been published by the ,geological ,survey of ,pennsylvania and from articles in the scientific journals4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,glaciated areas of northern ,pennsylvania4 ,from ,w4 ,c4 ,alden4 ,the ,pleistocene deposits which lie outside of the glaciated areas have been mostly laid down along rivers4 ,some of the materials were transported by the streams which carried away the drainage from the glaciers2 in other cases the materials were brought down from the higher lands and laid down along the lower and less sloping parts of the streams4 ,in the unglaciated area many of the quadrangles have been surveyed by the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey and the folios aid in determining the age of deposits which contain fossil vertebrates4 ,important collections have been made in a few localities1 and these will now be considered3 ,at ,pittston1 in ,luzerne ,county1 on ,susquehanna ,river1 have been found teeth of the horse ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahd71 remains of mastodon 7p4 #fh71 and of a musk-ox 7p4 #bdh74 ,the presence of the horse makes it evident that the deposit containing the fossils belongs to a stage older than the ,wisconsin1 although the locality is within the area of the ,wisconsin4 ,we consider now the contents of a cave found near ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,county4 ,the ,hartman 7or ,crystal ,hill7 ,cave was discovered in #ahhj and explored first by ,mr4 ,t4 ,dunkin ,paret1 of ,stroudsburg4 ,it was soon afterward examined by ,dr4 ,joseph ,leidy1 of ,philadelphia1 and ,dr4 ,thomas ,c4 ,porter1 of ,easton4 ,leidy published the first description of it in #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #cdf-cdh7 and presented a list of the species of animals which had been secured by ,mr4 ,paret4 ,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 for #ahhg1 pp4 #a-ah1 plates ,i1 ,,ii71 a more detailed report was made by ,leidy1 including descriptions and illustrations of some of the vertebrates and of certain artifacts which had been discovered4 ,in #ahid1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer made a re-exploration of the cave and gave a more extended description of it 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 pp4 #if-ajd74 ,combining the statements of ,leidy and ,mercer with data obtained from the ,delaware ,water ,gap topographical sheet issued by the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 one finds that the cave is situated on ,crystal ,hill1 about #c4e miles in a straight line southwest of ,stroudsburg and close to the village of ,stormville4 ,crystal ,hill is a part of an anticlinal fold1 ,godfrey ,ridge1 of the ,helderberg limestone4 ,south of the fold runs ,cherry ,creek2 north of it1 ,mt4 ,michaels ,creek4 ,on the northeast the hill is cut off from the rest of the ridge by a valley about #cjj feet deep4 ,mercer's account states that the cave is on the top of the hill1 about #j4be mile from ,cherry ,creek1 but the topographical map locates the top of the hill about #j4ge mile away from this stream4 ,mercer also wrote that the cave was #hjj feet above ,delaware ,river1 #e miles away4 ,however1 the hill has an elevation of somewhat less than #hdj feet above sea-level1 while the river at the nearest point is somewhat more than #bhj feet above sea-level4 ,inasmuch as the cave is probably somewhere on the southern slope of the hill1 it is about #ejj feet above the ,delaware and about #cjj feet above the bed of ,cherry ,creek4 ,the opening of the cave in the rock was wide 7,mercer1 p4 #if1 fig4 #a71 but had become almost wholly choked by dbris4 ,nevertheless1 a hole large enough for adventurous boys to enter remained 7,leidy1 op4 cit41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdf74 ,after a few feet descent the cave extended nearly horizontally more than #ajj feet4 ,it had become filled nearly to the roof by various deposits4 ,excavations showed that on top was a layer1 about a foot1 of 8black friable earth mingled with animal and vegetal remains0 7,leidy74 ,mercer describes it as a 8top layer of limestone roof-splinters and down-slidden outer talus thinning inward into less stony cave earth40 ,beneath this layer was a thin stratum of stalagmite4 ,further digging showed that below this stalagmite flooring the cave was filled to a thickness of as much as #ad feet in one place4 ,this deposit is described by ,mercer as being a continuous homogeneous bed of exquisitely fine clay deposited in thin lamin rarely sprinkled with sand pockets and underlain with a thin film of sand4 ,neither in this deposit nor in the stalagmite was there found a trace of any formerly living thing4 ,all the remains of animals and all the artifacts were discovered in the uppermost layer4 ,it should be noted at this point that this cave is situated about #e or #f miles north of the ,wisconsin moraine4 ,the following is a list of the species of vertebrates identified by ,leidy4 ,when his names differ from those now in use they are inclosed in parenthesis4 ,list of species of vertebrates4 ,chelydra serpentina4 ,terrapene carolina 7,cistudo clausa74 ,meleagris gallopavo sylvestris 7,m4 gallopavo74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus 7,dicotyles7 7p4 #bac74 ,rangifer caribou 7p4 #bdf74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7,cervus7 7p4 #bcg74 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bcg74 ,bison bison8 7,b4 americanus7 7p4 #bfg74 ,marmota monax 7,arctomys74 ,tamias striatus4 ,sciurus carolinensis4 ,castor canadensis 7,c4 fiber74 ,peromyscus leucopus 7,hesperomys74 ,neotoma magister 7,n4 floridana74 ,microtus pennsylvanicus 7,arvicola riparius74 ,erethizon dorsatum4 ,castoroides ohioensis 7p4 #bgb74 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus7 ,myotis subulatus 7,vespertilio74 ,eptesicus fuscus 7,vespertilio74 ,scalopus aquaticus 7,scalops74 ,procyon lotor4 ,mustela noveboracensis 7,putorius ermineus74 ,mephitis putida 7,m4 mephitica74 ,urocyon cinereoargenteus 7,canis virginianus74 ,canis lycaon8 7,c4 lupus74 ,lynx canadensis 7,felis74 ,besides these vertebrates1 there were reported by ,leidy the land snails ,helix albolabris1 ,h4 alternata1 and ,h4 tridentata2 also a pair of valves of the river mussel ,margaratina margaritifera and a fragment of another valve4 ,leidy regarded these as showing that this mussel formerly lived in ,delaware ,river2 whereas in his view it no longer existed there2 but specimens of it from ,philadelphia are in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,an examination of the list shows that nearly all of the species of vertebrates are yet in existence and most of these still living in that general region4 ,rangifer caribou lives now far to the north and ,lynx canadensis has its range somewhat further north4 ,the two indicate a colder climate1 especially the reindeer4 ,both got into the cave probably after the glacial front had withdrawn from that vicinity4 ,the remains of ,castoroides may have been carried in there at about the same time4 ,the type specimen of ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus was found in this cave4 ,cope referred specimens of a peccary found in ,port ,kennedy ,cave to the same species with doubt4 ,undetermined species of the genus were recognized by ,barnum ,brown in his collection made in the ,conard fissure in northwestern ,arkansas4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland reported ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus from the cave at ,frankstown1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the type of the genus1 ,m4 nasutus1 was found in ,indiana4 ,beyond the testimony furnished by the ,crystal ,hill ,cave1 we have no evidence that the genus ,mylohyus existed after the ,wisconsin stage2 the possibility exists that this species got into the cave before this stage4 ,the specimen of ,equus is still more doubtful4 ,it consisted of two isolated first and second milk molars of a very young colt4 ,leidy was in doubt whether the colt belonged to the domestic horse or to an indigenous species4 ,the specimen had been collected with no record as to the part of the cave or of the depth in the upper layer of soil where it was buried4 ,a fragment of a jaw of a colt might easily have been carried into the cave by some carnivorous animal since the coming of the whites4 ,a fragment of the lower jaw of a bison also was found which had in it the last molar2 and this was referred by ,leidy to the existing buffalo4 ,it can hardly be doubted that this cave was hollowed out before the ,wisconsin ice period4 ,it may have been formed during the early ,pleistocene4 ,the fact that it was filled to a depth of #ad feet1 in some places1 with a fine laminated clay devoid of all traces of organic beings seems to indicate that for ages it had been shut off from the outer world1 and that streams charged with fine sediment were permitted to pass through it4 ,during possibly some glacial stage preceding the ,wisconsin1 erosion may have opened the cave so that the horse remains1 those of a bison1 and of ,castoroides were dragged into it4 ,the evidence for these suppositions is slender1 but so too is that for a late ,wisconsin indigenous species of horse in ,pennsylvania4 ,it is probable that most of the species found in the cave belong to the late ,pleistocene or even to the ,recent4 ,fossil vertebrates found in a cave in ,bucks ,county require our attention4 ,in #ahhj 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahhj1 p4 #cdi71 ,leidy presented a list of vertebrate remains which had been lying unstudied for #dj years in the collection of the ,academy4 ,these had been found in ,durham ,cave1 somewhere near ,riegelsville1 in ,bucks ,county4 ,it is not improbable that the cave took its name from the village of ,durham1 about #b miles southwest of ,riegelsville4 ,leidy stated that the cave appeared to have been obliterated in the quarrying of limestone4 ,in #ahhi 7,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 for #ahhg1 pp4 #ah-ai7 ,leidy published a list of the species which he had identified4 ,list of fossil vertebrates from ,durham ,cave4 ,acipenser sturio4 ,ameiurus nebulosus 7,amiurus atrarius74 ,thamnophis sirtalis 7,eutnia74 ,chelydra serpentina4 ,terrapene carolina 7,cistudo clausa74 ,meleagris gallopavo sylvestris 7,m4 gallopavo74 ,rangifer caribou 7p4 #bdf74 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bcg74 ,alces americanus 7,alce74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7,cervus7 7p4 #bbg74 ,erethizon dorsatum4 ,marmota monax 7,arctomys74 ,sciurus carolinensis4 ,castor canadensis 7,c4 fiber74 ,neotoma pennsylvanica 7,n4 floridana74 ,ondatra zibethica 7,fiber74 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,ursus americanus4 ,procyon lotor4 ,mephitis putida 7,m4 mephitica74 ,urocyon cinereoargenteus 7,vulpes virginianus74 ,this list differs in its species from ,leidy's list of #ahhj only in the exclusion of the bison and the inclusion of the elk1 ,cervus canadensis4 ,all the species are still in existence1 most of them in that region4 ,the presence of the reindeer1 the moose1 and the porcupine suggests a cooler climate than now prevails there4 ,these animals may all have become buried in that cave during the latest times of the ,wisconsin stage or even during the ,recent4 ,we are now to study a case which furnishes us with a store of knowledge regarding the life of the ,pleistocene4 ,in #ahga there was found at ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,county1 a cave which was worked for its fossils by ,charles ,wheatley and later by ,dixon1 ,mercer1 and ,cope1 the latter having devoted himself to the description of the vertebrates4 ,first of all will be given a list of the species of vertebrates1 mostly mammals which have been recognized in the materials found in the cave4 ,when ,cope's names differ from those employed here they are put in parenthesis4 ,list of species of vertebrates found in ,port ,kennedy ,cave4 ,ranid3 ,rana sp4 indet4 ,emydid3 ,clemmys insculpta4 ,c4 percrassa4 ,terrapene eurypygia 7,toxaspis anguillulatus74 ,colubrid3 ,coluber acuminatus 7,zamenis74 ,meleagrid3 ,meleagris superbus 7,m4 altus74 ,megatheriid3 ,megalonyx 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 scalper 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 tortulus 7p4 #ca74 ,m4 wheatleyi 7p4 #ca74 ,mylodon harlani8 7p4 #ca74 ,equid3 ,equus complicatus 7,e4 fraternus7 7p4 #ahe74 ,e4 pectinatus 7,e4 f4 pectinatus7 7p4 #ahe74 ,tapirid3 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 ,tagassuid3 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bac74 ,m4 pennsylvanicus8 7p4 #bac74 ,tagassu tetragonus 7,mylohyus7 7p4 #bac74 ,camelid83 ,teleopternus orientalis 7p4 #bbd74 ,cervid3 ,odocoileus lvicornis4 ,o4 virginianus8 ,bovid3 ,bison sp4 indet4 7,bos7 7p4 #bef74 ,elephantid3 ,mammut americanum 7,mastodon7 7p4 #fi74 ,sciurid3 ,sciurus calycinus4 ,castorid3 ,castor canadensis 7,c4 fiber74 ,cricetid3 ,peromyscus leucopus8 7,hesperomys74 ,anaptogonia hiatidens4 ,sycium cloacinum4 ,microtus dideltus4 ,m4 diluvianus4 ,m4 involutus4 ,m4 speothen4 ,zapodid3 ,zapus hudsonius8 ,erethizontid3 ,erethizon dorsatum8 ,ochotonid3 ,ochotona palatina 7,lagomys74 ,leporid3 ,sylvilagus floridanus 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,talpid3 ,scalopus sp4 indet4 7,scalops74 ,soricid3 ,blarina simplicidens4 ,vespertilionid3 ,myotis8 sp4 indet4 7,vespertilio74 ,ursid3 ,ursus americanus4 ,arctotherium haplodon4 ,mustelid3 ,taxidea taxus 7,t4 americana74 ,mephitis fossidens4 ,m4 leptops4 ,m4 obtusata4 ,m4 orthostica4 ,m4 putida4 ,osmotherium spelum4 ,pelycictis lobulatus4 ,mustela diluviana4 ,gulo luscus4 ,lutra rhoadsii4 ,canid3 ,canis priscolatrans4 ,c4 dirus8 7,c4 indianensis74 ,urocyon cinereoargenteus4 ,u4 latidentatus4 ,felid3 ,machairodus gracilis4 ,smilodontopsis mercerii 7,smilodon74 ,felis eyra4 ,f4 inexpectata 7,uncia74 ,lynx calcaratus4 ,into this list there are admitted #fj species1 of which #ed are mammals4 ,of these1 #da are extinct1 not counting the doubtful species unless there is good reason for it4 ,there are1 therefore1 #fh per cent of the species extinct4 ,no remains of ,rana were mentioned by ,cope in his list of #ahii4 ,one species unnamed was recorded by ,wheatley in his lists of #ahga and by ,mercer in his paper of #ahii4 ,the turkey 7,meleagris superbus7 was not included by ,cope in #ahii1 but it was included by ,wheatley and ,mercer and ,cope in their papers of #ahga and in that of ,cope in #ahif 7p4 #cgh74 ,mercer 7#ahii1 p4 #bhj7 mentions a leg-bone of a turkey1 with spur1 found by ,wheatley4 ,remains of ,megalonyx were abundant1 but of ,m4 loxodon only a single tooth was met with4 ,mylodon1 believed to be ,m4 harlani1 was found only by ,wheatley and was represented1 as stated by ,cope1 by only a claw phalanx4 ,the horse remains were originally 7,cope1 #ahie1 p4 #ddg7 referred to ,equus major 7,e4 complicatus74 ,mercer1 in #ahii1 in his figure #i1 following ,cope's nomenclature1 uses the name ,e4 complicatus4 ,in #ahii1 ,cope concluded that the equine remains represented two races of ,equus fraternus1 ,e4 f4 fraternus and ,e4 f4 pectinatus4 ,the present writer believes that the teeth referred to the subspecies fraternus are too large to belong to the species which was called ,e4 fraternus1 but which is now called ,e4 leidyi4 ,only a single species of tapir1 ,tapirus haysii1 was recognized4 ,cope 7#ahie1 p4 #ddg7 stated that it was the most abundant of the larger mammals4 ,cope 7#ahii1 p4 #beg7 reported that #ah individual peccaries were represented by teeth1 while bones were numerous4 ,he recognized the presence of three species4 ,the identifications of ,mylohyus nasutus and ,m4 pennsylvanicus were uncertain4 ,a new species1 ,m4 tetragonus1 was based on a ramus of a lower jaw4 ,milk molars were yet present and the third molar had not appeared4 ,cope spoke of the long diastema2 but1 to judge from his figure1 the diastema equals only about the length of the milk molars and the first molar4 ,cope1 in #ahii1 described ,teleopternus orientalis1 basing it on a few teeth which belonged to three individuals4 ,he was doubtful about the family position of the animal1 but put it provisionally in the ,camelid4 ,in many respects the teeth resembled those of the ,cervid4 ,matthew 7,osborn1 ,age of ,mammals1 p4 #dfi7 has suggested its affinity to ,ovibos4 ,two species of deer were found in the cave1 of which one was not distinguishable from ,odocoileus virginianus4 ,in ,wheatley's second list of #ahga and that of ,cope of the same year there was recorded an undetermined species of ,bos 7,bison74 ,mercer 7#ahii1 p4 #bhj7 recorded from the ,wheatley collection remains of three individuals of one species of the same genus4 ,in ,cope's paper on the remains of this cave nothing is said about the genus2 but in #ahgb 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 ,,xii1 p4 #if7 he stated that ,bos was represented by a part of a femur and some other bones4 ,hence in the list given above an undetermined species of ,bison is included4 ,abundant remains of the mastodon occurred in the cave1 but none of any of the elephants4 ,one need not1 however1 on that account conclude that elephants were not living in that region at that time4 ,it will be observed that a considerable number of rodents is included in the list4 ,one species of porcupine is recognized4 ,this was at first regarded by ,cope as an extinct form and called ,erethizon cloacinum2 but in #ahii he referred all the remains1 with some doubt1 to the existing species1 ,e4 dorsatum4 ,cope found remains of about #ej individuals of a species of rabbit which he determined as ,lepus sylvaticus1 but this is now called ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,in the ,wheatley collection a species of bat was recognized and put in ,vespertilio4 ,probably it belonged to ,myotis4 ,bears were abundantly present in the cave4 ,one species1 ,arctotherium haplodon1 was larger than the grizzly bear and represented by parts of about #be individuals4 ,a smaller bear1 indicated by #h individuals1 appeared to be in no way different from the existing black bear1 ,ursus americanus4 ,of skunks there are listed #g species1 belonging to #c genera1 all the species being extinct except a supposed ,mephitis putida4 ,besides these mustelids1 there have been identified remains of the existing badger1 the existing glutton1 an extinct weasel1 ,mustela diluviana1 and an extinct otter1 ,lutra rhoadsii4 ,remains of true dogs were not abundant in the collection4 ,cope recognized1 however1 #b species of the genus ,canis1 one of about the size of the more common form of the existing wolf2 the other exceeding in size the largest wolf known to him4 ,this he thought might belong to ,leidy's ,canis indianensis 7,c4 dirus ,leidy74 ,there were present #b foxes1 the existing gray fox 7,urocyon cinereoargenteus7 and an extinct species1 ,u4 latidentatus4 ,of the cat family a species1 thought at first to be a hyna 7,crocuta71 received the name ,felis inexpectata4 ,it had the size of the jaguar1 and was represented by teeth and various bones4 ,an extinct lynx1 much like ,lynx ruffus1 was present4 ,another cat was identified as ,felis eyra4 ,of this species ,g4 ,s4 ,miller 7,bull4 #gi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 p4 #aaf7 remarks that its type locality is ,paraguay and that it is supposed to range north to ,central ,america4 ,it appears somewhat doubtful1 therefore1 that the fossil remains belong to this species4 ,nevertheless1 the progenitors of the species1 in their wandering from ,asia or ,alaska to ,central ,america and ,paraguay1 might have sent a colony into ,pennsylvania1 later to become extinct4 ,cope stated 7#ahii1 p4 #bej7 that there was an isolated calcaneum in the collection which was of the proper size for ,felis eyra1 but which differed from that of this species4 ,two species of saber-tooth cats were found1 ,smilodontopsis gracilis and ,s4 mercerii4 ,the former is represented by various bones and teeth1 especially by a damaged skull which presents the dentition4 ,the crown of the great canine is #aac mm4 long4 ,besides the species included in the list given above1 there are a few whose presence for one reason or another is doubtful4 ,in both of his lists of #ahga ,wheatley reported the presence of ,crotalus1 ,coluber1 and ,tropidonotus 7,natrix74 ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 said that the reptiles included three or four serpents1 but in #ahie 7p4 #ddg7 he wrote that two species of ,ophidia were recognized4 ,in his final paper he mentioned only his ,zamenis acuminatus1 here referred to ,coluber4 ,wheatley 7#ahga1 p4 #bee7 recorded an unidentified snipe as belonging to ,scolopax4 ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 wrote that a snipe was one of two species of birds present4 ,mercer 7#ahhi1 p4 #bhj7 recognized the same remains as belonging to a species of ,gallinago4 ,wheatley in his last list 7#ahga1 p4 #chd7 and ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #ih7 reported ,scalopus 7,scalopus7 as being represented by an undetermined species4 ,it is catalogued by ,mercer in the same way4 ,cope 7#ahie1 p4 #ddg7 stated that the raccoon was very rare2 but it was not mentioned in any of his later papers4 ,on the same page he wrote that there were fragments of teeth closely similar to those of ,bassariscus astutus2 but the species was not mentioned afterward4 ,as already said1 there are admitted into the list given above1 as identified in a reasonably good manner1 #fj species1 of which #ed belong to the ,mammalia4 ,it is a matter of interest to compare these with the species of mammals which were living in that general region before the fauna was disturbed by the arrival of the whites4 ,the number of species of the existing mammals1 as shown in the second column1 is obtained from ,rhoads's 8,mammals of ,pennsylvania and ,new ,jersey40 ,the subspecies are not included4 ,families of land mammals represented in ,port ,kennedy ,cave and those that have lived in that region within ,recent times1 together with the number of known species in each family at each of the two epochs4 ,families4 ,no4 of species1 ,port ,kennedy4 ,no4 of recent species4 ,megatheriid #e ,didelphid #a ,equid #b ,tapirid #a ,tagassuid #c ,camelid8 #a ,cervid #b #b ,bovid #a #a ,elephantid #a ,sciurid #a #f ,castorid #a #a ,cricetid #g #i ,zapodid #a #b ,erethizontid #a #a ,ochotonid #a ,leporid #a #b ,soricid #a #e ,talpid #a #c ,vespertilionid #a #h ,procyonid 8 #a ,ursid #b #a ,mustelid #aa #i ,canid #d #c ,felid #e #c ,in the column of fossils there are #ed species2 in that of the ,recent there are #eh species4 ,of two families represented at present in the region1 but not included in the ,pleistocene column1 ,didelphid and ,procyonid1 the latter named has had remains referred to it with doubt4 ,without doubt members of both families existed there at that time4 ,of the families of the ,pleistocene column two no longer live anywhere near the region2 four nowhere on the continent2 one nowhere on the earth4 ,even of such families as the ,ursid and the ,felid important elements1 as ,arctotherium and the saber-tooths1 are extinct4 ,of the #ed species admitted in the ,pleistocene column #dj are extinct2 that is1 #gd per cent4 ,if we consider the sizes of the animals in question we gain this result3 ,only #ae of the existing species are of any considerable size1 ranging from that of a raccoon to that of a bison1 about #bf per cent4 ,of the #ed fossil species of mammals1 about #cj vary in size as indicated1 about #eg per cent4 ,it is hardly to be doubted that this preponderance is due to the poorer chances which the smaller skeletons had of preservation and of rescue from the matrix4 ,had the smaller fossil species been preserved and collected in the same proportion that the smaller existing ones have to the larger1 the cave ought to have furnished twice as many species of mammals as it did4 ,it is1 of course1 possible that the larger species are more liable than the smaller ones to become extinct as time passes on4 ,we can hardly doubt1 in any case1 that when the ,port ,kennedy animals were being buried in that cave there lived in that region a considerably larger number of species than within ,recent times4 ,there must have existed in that region more moles1 more rabbits1 more cricetids1 more squirrels1 and many more bats4 ,certainly there is no adequate record of the number of birds1 snakes1 turtles1 and amphibians that must have existed about ,port ,kennedy and have perished in that cave4 ,from the collection that has been made in the cave at ,port ,kennedy some definite conclusions ought to be reached regarding their time of existence4 ,in his account of the cave and of the exhumation of the animal and vegetable remains1 ,mercer 7#ahii1 pp4 #bfi-bhf7 has shown what extreme care was taken in recording the position which each specimen occupied in the deposits4 ,in his figure #i he has noted the levels which the various species occupied4 ,while the existence of four beds of materials makes it evident that the deposition went on for some time1 it is noted that few or no differences exist in the character of the species included4 ,possibly ,mercer's subdivision #a is to be excepted in this statement4 ,certainly no great changes went on in the fauna while the cave was being filled2 no such changes as occurred in the glaciated region from the ,aftonian interglacial stage up to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,it appears more probable that the deposits in the cave and the animals entombed there appertain to about a single ,pleistocene stage4 ,is1 then1 the stage the ,late ,wisconsin8 ,this cave is situated only about #ee miles south of the ,wisconsin moraine4 ,at the time the species found in the cave existed they must each have occupied a wide extent of territory4 ,it is not to be doubted that the range of nearly every species extended northward far beyond the moraine mentioned4 ,why1 then1 in deposits overlying the ,wisconsin drift have there never been found any remains of the four ,port ,kennedy species of ,megalonyx1 of ,mylodon1 of the two species of horses1 of the tapir1 of the three species of peccaries1 of the deer ,odocoileus lvicornis1 of the five extinct species of cricetids1 of ,ochotona1 of the extinct species of ,blarina1 of the great bear ,arctotherium1 of the six extinct species of skunks1 of the extinct otter1 of the extinct dog1 of the extinct fox1 of any species of saber-tooth tiger1 or of the extinct cats ,felis inexpectata and ,lynx calcaratus8 ,the absence of so many species of animals1 most of them of large size1 from deposits so well adapted to preserve bones and teeth1 render it very certain that the animals no longer existed there4 ,did the extinct species which are referred to above exist in eastern ,pennsylvania at some time during the ,wisconsin glacial stage and perish before the close8 ,a few of the species found in the cave and still existing are at present inhabitants of regions somewhat more northerly than ,port ,kennedy4 ,such are ,erethizon dorsatum and ,gulo luscus2 but the great majority1 living and extinct1 indicate a climate at least as warm as that of the present2 many of them suggesting a still milder condition4 ,within historical times both of the species just named have inhabited the ,alleghany ,mountains at least as far south as ,port ,kennedy4 ,cope1 in #ahga 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 p4 #ii71 concluded that he had then identified in the cave remains of #aa neotropical species4 ,it appears1 therefore1 wholly improbable that this assemblage of animals lived in that region1 so close to the foot of the glacier1 during the ,wisconsin stage4 ,these animals must have had their time of existence previous to this inhospitable epoch4 ,it seems to the writer that the proportion of extinct species1 three-fourths1 and the history of many of the genera and species1 indicate a time about equivalent to the ,aftonian4 ,professor ,a4 ,heilprin 7,proc4 ,phila4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 #ahie1 p4 #dea7 expressed himself as being inclined to refer this cave fauna to the ,pliocene4 ,an examination of this opinion would show that it is no more tenable than the opinion that the fauna is of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,it will not be discussed here beyond saying that deposits containing a similar fauna are found along the ,atlantic coast from ,new ,jersey to the ,gulf1 and that at one place at least1 ,vero1 ,florida1 these are underlain by abundant ,pleistocene sea-shells4 ,besides the vertebrates which have been listed1 a number of beetles were found and about #aj specifically determined plants4 ,wheatley 7#ahga1 p4 #che7 presents a list of the beetles as determined by ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,horn1 but the names were not accompanied by descriptions4 ,when later 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,entom4 ,soc41 vol4 ,v1 #ahgf1 pp4 #bda-bde7 ,horn came to describe them he reduced the number of species and1 in some cases1 gave them other names4 ,the following is a list as given in ,horn's paper just cited3 ,cychrus wheatleyi1 ,c4 7minor71 ,pterostichus 7spp4 indet47 ,cymindis aurora1 ,chlnius punctulatus1 ,diclus alutaceus1 ,choeridium8 ebeninum1 ,phanus antiquus1 ,aphodeus precursor4 ,all of these1 as the writer is informed by ,dr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,schwarz1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture1 are regarded as extinct1 but as closely allied to species now living in that general region4 ,the plants1 as reported by ,mercer1 are ,quercus palustris1 ,q4 alba1 ,q4 macrocarpa1 ,fagus ferruginea1 ,corylus americana1 ,pinus rigida1 ,carya porcina1 ,c4 alba1 ,ampelopsis quinquefolia1 ,cratgus crus-galli81 and all still flourish in eastern ,pennsylvania4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,section of ,port ,kennedy bone cave at time of first exploration1 #ahga4 ,redrawn from ,mercer4 ,m1 ,m1 ,triassic shale2 ,,al1 ,triassic shale2 ,b1 black clay1 with leaves1 etc4 ,mercer 7#ahii1 p4 #bfi7 has given a description of the cave found in quarrying operations4 ,it was located on the right bank of the ,schuylkill ,river1 at the village of ,port ,kennedy and about #b miles below ,valley ,forge4 ,wheatley 7#ahga1 p4 #bcf7 gave a map which showed the position of the quarries4 ,a comparison of this with the topographical map of ,folio #afb of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey shows that they were situated about #hjj feet away from the river and facing the valley of an unnamed streamlet4 ,none of the descriptions give the elevation of the cave above the river or above the sea4 ,the river at that place is apparently about #gj feet above sea-level4 ,the #ajj-;foot contour-line runs along near the location of the quarries1 but these may have extended back to a higher level4 ,putting all of the statements together1 it appears probable that the mouth of the cave was1 in ,wheatley's time1 about #ej feet above the level of the river4 ,originally the surface elevation may have been still greater1 but may have been reduced by erosion of the hill4 ,the surface rock here is red shale of the ,stockton formation1 belonging to the ,triassic1 and is underlain by the ,shenandoah limestone1 a member of the ,cambro-,ordovician series4 ,this limestone was being quarried in #ahga1 when a cave was broken into1 filled with incoherent materials and exposing fossil bones in abundance4 ,it was visited by ,charles ,wheatley1 who proceeded to make excavations and collect the fossils4 ,in studying the fossils he worked with ,professor ,e4 ,d4 ,cope and ,dr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,horn4 ,the results were published in ,wheatley's two papers of #ahga and in two papers by ,cope in the same year 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xii1 pp4 #ae1 #gc-ajb74 ,according to ,wheatley's description and his figures1 the part of the cave seen was about #bj feet wide at the top1 expanded below to about #cj feet1 and then narrowed at the bottom1 as then recognized1 to about #aj feet4 ,the depth was given as #dj feet1 but ,mercer thinks that this was improbable and that ,wheatley's measurements were to some extent guesses4 ,mercer 7#ahii1 p4 #bga7 stated that this cave might be compared to a bottle of unknown size4 ,it had opened to the surface2 and on his page #bhc ,mercer spoke of it as forming a well-like hole that might have been as much as #gj feet deep4 ,evidently ,mercer here included that part of it which he himself excavated4 ,the materials filling it were1 according to ,cope 7#ahga1 p4 #gc71 the dbris of the neighboring ,triassic strata4 ,figure #aa is taken from ,mercer's paper and is a reproduction of a sketch made by ,wheatley in #ahga4 ,after ,wheatley had made his collection the cave was covered over by dbris from the quarry and forgotten4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,section of ,port ,kennedy bone cave at time of last exploration1 #ahid4 ,redrawn from ,mercer4 ,in the course of further quarrying operations the same cave was broken into again in #ahic4 ,excavations in the materials that filled the cave were made in #ahid by ,dr4 ,samuel ,dixon1 ,h4 ,c4 ,mercer1 and others1 resulting in the securing of the collection which formed the subject of ,cope's paper of #ahid and his final report of #ahii4 ,at this time1 according to ,mercer1 the quarrying operations carried on from #ahee had transformed a gently sloping hillside into an amphitheater several acres in extent1 walled with perpendicular escarpments of rock1 sometimes a hundred feet high4 ,at this time the floor of the quarry had been lowered and the cave was broken into at a level below that reached by ,wheatley4 ,figure #ab1 reproduced from ,mercer's figure #e1 shows the relation of the later excavations to those of #ahga4 ,as already stated1 ,mercer concluded that ,wheatley's dimensions were probably results of guesses1 inasmuch as the top of ,mercer's exposure was not more than #cj or #cc feet below the original level of the hilltop4 ,according to ,mercer's figure #e1 his own excavation probably extended down about #af feet below the level reached by ,wheatley2 but other statements appear to make this somewhat greater4 ,mercer wrote that the materials filling the cave had been stratified by the action of water4 ,he recognized four subdivisions1 most of which stood higher around the walls than at the center of the cave4 ,of these subdivisions1 the first and uppermost was supposed to mark the lowest level attained by ,wheatley4 ,it consisted of fine clay and loam of black color1 intermingled with fine and coarse muck1 in which were found some remains of small mammals1 just what species was not stated4 ,on his chart1 his figure #i1 a tapir is indicated as occurring in it4 ,subdivision #b was composed of from #d to #aa feet of sandy clay1 with fragments of sandstone and limestone1 from small ones up to about #b feet in diameter4 ,in this matrix there were numerous bones and teeth of large animals1 but it lacked small ones and vegetal matter4 ,subdivision #c was a sandy clay1 blackened by vegetable matter and containing numerous bones of vertebrates1 large and small4 ,the lowest subdivision1 #d1 was a zone which was followed down about #aj feet and which consisted of sand1 clay1 and stones1 all of a yellow color4 ,in this were found remains of the larger mammals1 better preserved than in the upper subdivisions4 ,at the lowest depth reached the excavation appears to have extended below the level of the ,schuylkill ,river and the water came in so rapidly that further descent was not practicable4 ,mercer's theory of the filling of the cave is expressed in these words1 on his page #bgg3 8,enough had been seen to convince us that a fresh-water flood1 rising to a level of from #ae to #bj feet above the present level of the hilltop1 hence a general inundation of the whole surrounding country1 bearing in its current the clay1 stones1 and earth of neighboring levels1 had tumbled into the fissure1 carrying with it the bones of creatures previously denuded of flesh and softened by decomposition40 ,and further1 on page #bhd3 8,not unreasonably1 therefore1 we may suppose1 not only that the creatures had perished together1 but also that they had perished on the spot or at the chasm--not meeting this fate during a long interval of time1 and through a long series of chance tumbles1 but suddenly and by force of a common event40 ,are we to suppose that during some summer freshet animals in such numbers were swept away that those that were found in the cave1 and doubtless many more which decayed utterly1 were only the relatively few that happened to pass over that #bj-;foot hole8 ,where1 then1 were picked up all the other animals that must have burdened the swollen ,schuylkill8 ,or did it possibly happen that all the animals that were swept away were in some unaccountable manner directed into that hole8 ,if the current was strong enough to sweep along stones up to #b feet in diameter1 how did it happen to deposit there fine sand and clay1 leaves1 cones1 seeds1 and sticks8 ,it is difficult to accept the theory that the filling of the cave was due to a cataclysm such as has been invoked4 ,it seems far more probable that the mouth of the cave was open for many hundreds of years1 possibly thousands of them1 so that animals1 plants1 stones1 and fine and coarse earth could in various ways get into it4 ,animals wandering about might inadvertently fall in or be pushed in by the herd4 ,doubtless at some former time the ,schuylkill flowed at a higher level than now1 and during times of unusually high-water might have risen to the level of the mouth of the cave and carried into it at each rise some mud1 some vegetation1 and some animals4 ,the filling was quite certainly a slow process4 ,to the writer the part of the cavern which was worked and pictured by ,wheatley has all the marks of an enormous pot-hole1 such as those which have been discovered at ,cohoes1 ,new ,york4 ,while the latter appear to have been drilled out in late ,pleistocene times1 the ,port ,kennedy hole must have been fashioned during the early ,pleistocene or even in the ,pliocene4 ,one may suppose that1 after the pot-hole had reached the depth where the constriction was found1 the water began to find its way out at the bottom through fissures or passages in the limestone4 ,when this happened1 the passages may have been enlarged mechanically or by means of solution1 resulting in the formation of the various lower caverns4 ,when the river had been lowered enough to reach only occasionally the mouth of the pot-hole1 the latter became choked first by the coarse materials now found in subdivision #d1 and afterwards by finer sand and mud4 ,some vertebrates of the late ,pleistocene or early ,recent observed at ,carlisle deserve consideration4 ,in #ahej 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,assoc4 ,adv4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,ii1 #ahdi1 pp4 #ceb-cee7 ,professor ,s4 ,f4 ,baird gave an account of his explorations in the caves in the region about ,carlisle1 ,cumberland ,county4 ,one of these caves was near ,carlisle1 and in it ,baird found a large number of animal remains4 ,a second cave1 the situation of which was not given1 was on the top of a hill and was a vertical shaft #cj feet deep1 which opened into a large gallery4 ,it furnished a skeleton of a bear1 but this appeared to have only recently fallen into the cave4 ,another cave was on the bank of the ,susquehanna1 #j4e mile below a railroad bridge4 ,it was1 therefore1 probably near ,harrisburg4 ,the entrance was in limestone rock1 nearly vertical1 and #bj feet deep4 ,here ,baird found many bones1 embedded in mud1 but of these he obtained only a few4 ,another cave1 apparently nearby1 which ,baird spoke of as 8the main cave10 furnished some of his specimens4 ,still another cave1 probably in the same neighborhood1 was the source of his most perfect specimens4 ,this presented a series of galleries near the roof and these were reached by ladders4 ,these galleries were filled with mud1 and in this mud the bones were buried4 ,the number of species which he obtained1 he reported1 was nearly twice the number living there at the present time4 ,of these fossil species he estimated that about #e per cent were extinct4 ,baird appears never to have completed his study of his collection4 ,his list designates the animals only by their vernacular names4 ,the mammals consisted of panthers1 lynxes1 wolves1 foxes1 otters1 bears1 muskrats1 deer1 beavers1 and rabbits4 ,there were bird remains in great quantities1 and these included wild turkeys1 some of great size1 swans1 wild ducks1 and pelicans4 ,there appeared to be #h or #aj species of tortoises4 ,bones of snakes were quite common2 also scales and vertebr of fishes1 and a lower jaw of a salamander4 ,in the uppermost #b or #c inches of mud were many relics of ,indians4 ,baird supposed that these bones had in most cases been washed in from above through sink holes4 ,this collection1 or some of it1 was brought by ,baird to the ,smithsonian ,institution2 and they1 or some of them1 are in the collection of mammals2 but the bulk of the collection has apparently been lost4 ,all of these animals belong evidently to either the very late ,pleistocene or to the ,recent period4 ,a cave at ,frankstown has furnished fossils of about ,middle ,pleistocene time4 ,in #aijh 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 iv1 pp4 #bbh-bcc7 and again in #aiab 7,proc4 ,internat4 ,zool4 ,congr41 ,boston1 #aijg1 pp4 #gdh-geb71 ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,holland gave an account of the discovery of vertebrate fossils in a fissure in limestone rock at ,frankstown1 ,blair ,county4 ,this village is situated on the ,frankstown ,branch of ,juniata ,river1 a little more than #b miles north of east of ,hollidaysburg4 ,the fissure was excavated in a ,devonian rock known as the ,lewistown limestone4 ,the quarries are reported to be in the village and on the top of a hill that rises about #djj feet above the banks of the ,juniata4 ,according to the ,hollidaysburg topographical sheet1 the #ibj-;foot line crosses the river just above the village4 ,the highest hill1 #a1bfj feet above sea-level1 is #j4c mile away toward the northwest4 ,in this hill1 as ,dr4 ,holland stated1 there are several small caves4 ,the one which furnished the fossils appeared to be about #dj feet in length1 averaging from #f to #h feet in width1 and at the most was not more than #aj or #ab feet high4 ,the floor was about #cj feet below the top of the hill4 ,the fissure appeared to have once continued up to the surface1 but the opening had been filled with fallen blocks of limestone4 ,the floor of the cave is described as being occupied by about #b feet of red soil1 everywhere traversed by bands and layers of dark materials charged with organic matter4 ,with the finer deposits were mingled fragments of rock1 some being large blocks4 ,the fossil remains appear to have been carefully collected1 but were mostly fragmentary4 ,they were only cursorily studied at the time of ,holland's writing and nothing has since been published on them4 ,the number of species obtained was estimated to be from #cj to #dj4 ,the following genera and species are mentioned3 ,meleagris sp4 indet4 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ca74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjc74 ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus 7p4 #bad74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,cervalces8 sp4 indet4 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #fi74 ,sciurus sp4 indet4 ,ondatra sp4 indet4 ,erethizon sp4 indet4 ,lepus sp4 indet4 ,ursus americanus4 ,arctotherium haplodon4 ,mephitis sp4 indet4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,felis8 sp4 indet4 ,after the foregoing had been put in type ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson1 of the ,carnegie ,museum1 sent the writer a revised list in which additions are made4 ,the following are the most important3 ,cryptobranchus sp4 indet4 ,rana catesbiana8 ,clemmys insculpta4 ,blarina sp4 indet4 nocyon dirus4 ,canis priscolatrans8 ,spilogale putorius4 ,brachyprotoma putorius4 ,botherium bombifrons4 ,equus sp4 indet4 ,besides these forms1 remains belonging to bats1 various birds1 snakes1 and batrachians have been recognized4 ,of the fossils identified generically or specifically those belonging to ,megalonyx1 ,tapirus1 ,mylohyus1 ,cervalces1 ,mammut1 and ,arctotherium are certainly extinct4 ,probably1 too1 the bison and the species of ,felis are extinct4 ,there are1 therefore1 pretty certainly close to #ej per cent of the species which are no longer living4 ,this percentage and the history of some of the genera make it improbable that the assemblage belongs to the ,late ,wisconsin stage4 ,some of them could hardly have been living during the ,wisconsin1 when the foot of the glacier was within #ajj miles toward the northeast and northwest4 ,on the other hand1 there are no species or genera present which make it necessary to refer the collection to the first interglacial4 ,the assemblage probably belongs to the middle ,pleistocene4 ,coming now to the very southwestern corner of the ,state1 we find that4 ,elephas columbi has been met with in the bed of ,hargus ,creek1 #c miles above ,rogersville1 in ,greene ,county 7p4 #aej71 and ,e4 primigenius on ,gray's ,fork of ,ten ,mile ,creek1 near ,graysville 7p4 #acc74 ,in the ,rogersville ,folio 7,no4 #adf1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 ,dr4 ,f4 ,g4 ,clapp described the geology of this quadrangle4 ,on his page #aj he briefly discussed the meager ,quaternary deposits of the area4 ,these he referred to the ,carmichaels formation1 and indicated his opinion that it belonged to very early ,pleistocene4 ,on the geological map it is represented as occurring along ,ten ,mile ,creek at and just below ,rogersville4 ,the occurrence of a tooth of ,elephas columbi just above this town and of ,e4 primigenius just above ,harveys 7p4 #acc7 renders it probable that other patches of the formation exist further up the stream and along some of its branches1 and that the fossils were derived from that formation4 ,it is1 of course1 possible that small patches of a later deposit exist there4 ,reference has been made to the ,carmichaels formation4 ,the type locality is found at ,carmichaels1 on ,muddy ,creek in ,washington ,county4 ,the geological description of the locality has been presented by ,marius ,r4 ,campbell in the ,masontown-,uniontown ,folio 7,no4 #hb1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey74 ,the formation occurs extensively along ,monongahela ,river and other streams of western ,pennsylvania4 ,for information the reader should consult the ,geological ,survey ,folios ,nos4 #add1 #adf1 #aba1 #hb1 and #agg4 ,the deposits occur at levels considerably above the present streams and are regarded as having been laid down in old and now abandoned river channels and in tributaries of these4 ,the time when this occurred is believed by many1 if not most geologists to belong to the early ,pleistocene1 the ,kansas stage1 or possibly the ,nebraskan4 ,in the opinion of some geologists the glacial ice dammed the streams and caused their valleys to be filled with detritus4 ,more recent ,pleistocene deposits1 possibly of ,wisconsin age1 occur at lower levels in some places south of the ,wisconsin moraine2 and perhaps the age of some of them has not yet been recognized4 ,when remains of vertebrate animals are discovered1 it is of great importance to determine1 if possible1 the exact levels of their origin4 ,on another page mention is made of the finding of a tooth of ,elephas primigenius at ,lone ,pine 7p4 #acc71 #g4be miles south of southeast of ,washington4 ,this village is on ,little ,ten ,mile ,creek4 ,no details of the discovery have been received4 ,from ,folio #add of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey it is learned that patches of the ,carmichaels formation are found for several miles along ,ten ,mile ,creek1 near the southern boundary of the quadrangle4 ,it seems probable that there may be patches of the same deposit along ,little ,ten ,mile ,creek1 in the neighborhood of ,lone ,pine4 ,as detailed on page #gj1 a mastodon tooth was found many years ago about #a4e miles south of the village of ,hickory1 ,washington ,county1 about twenty miles southwest of ,pittsburgh4 ,westland ,run empties into ,chartiers ,creek1 and this into the ,ohio at ,pittsburgh4 ,the geology of ,burgettstown and ,carnegie ,quadrangles has been described by ,e4 ,w4 ,shaw and ,m4 ,j4 ,munn 7,folio #agg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #aiaa74 ,no ,pleistocene deposits are mapped on the stream mentioned2 but just a little lower down1 on ,chartiers ,creek1 is a patch of the ,carmichaels formation4 ,below ,hickory somewhere there must be a ,pleistocene deposit of some kind1 and it is more probably early than late ,pleistocene4 ,from the vicinity of ,pittsburgh there have been reported remains of the mastodon 7p4 #fi71 of ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aej71 and of an undetermined species of elephant 7p4 #afh74 ,neither of the elephants is certainly determinable4 ,the mastodon1 represented by fragments of bones and teeth1 is said to have been found in the river bank1 at the junction of ,monongahela and ,allegheny ,rivers4 ,it is impossible to determine the ,pleistocene stage to which any of these proboscidean remains belong4 ,as shown on the geological map of the ,carnegie ,quadrangle 7,folio #agg1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv47 there are indicated here ,pleistocene deposits of early1 intermediate1 and late stages4 ,little information is furnished by a mastodon reported found on ,dicks ,creek in ,butler ,county4 ,the statements regarding the finding of elephant remains on ,french ,creek near ,meadville are vague and valueless 7p4 #afh74 ,some remains of ,elephas columbi have been found at ,tryonville1 at a depth of #g feet 7p4 #aej74 ,the town is on the ,wisconsin moraine and the elephant probably belongs to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,nearly a hundred years ago a tooth of ,elephas primigenius was reported from a place in ,erie ,county1 called ,beaverdam 7p4 #acc74 ,from ,mr4 ,clyde ,c4 ,hill1 civil engineer1 ,northeast1 ,erie ,county1 the information is received that ,beaverdam is a cross-roads hamlet about #bc miles south of the lake1 near the prolongation of the western ,new ,york boundary line4 ,this is within the area covered by ,wisconsin drift1 and it is pretty certain that the animal lived there after or near the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,just west of ,erie a mastodon tooth has been found along ,chase ,creek 7p4 #gj74 ,unless there are some unrecognized pre-,wisconsin deposits along this creek1 the animal must have lived there at a time after the lake had retired to about its present limits4 ,this would be near the very close of the ,pleistocene epoch4 ,the same conclusion must be arrived at from a study of the proboscidean remains 7supposed to be those of an elephant7 found at ,girard4 ,brief mention is made here of finds of fossil vertebrates in ,pennsylvania which have not yet been mentioned2 also1 the localities are given where they are found1 and citations of the pages where fuller descriptions are furnished3 ,a horse has been reported from ,rutherford1 ,dauphin ,county 7p4 #ahe71 and a peccary1 ,platygonus vetus 7p4 #bac71 from ,milroy1 ,mifflin ,county4 ,mastodons have been reported from ,tunkhannock1 ,wyoming ,county2 ,berwick1 ,columbia ,county2 ,reading1 ,berks ,county2 ,jackson ,township1 ,york ,county2 near ,reedsville1 ,mifflin ,county2 ,chambersburg1 ,franklin ,county1 and ,bedford1 ,bedford ,county 7see pp4 #fh1 #fi74 ,elephas primigenius has been met with at ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,county 7p4 #acc72 and somewhere about ,chadd's ,ford1 in ,chester or ,delaware ,county 7p4 #acc74 ,,ohio4 7,maps #ce1 #cf47 ,the ,state of ,ohio is partly glaciated1 partly not4 ,the unglaciated portion forms the southeastern border and constitutes close to #bh per cent of the whole surface4 ,the glaciated area is mostly covered by the ,wisconsin drift1 which makes up #fj per cent of the whole surface4 ,the remainder is covered by that part of the ,illinoian drift-sheet which projects beyond the edge of the ,wisconsin4 ,this occupies about #ab per cent of the surface of the ,state4 ,the unglaciated area contains ,pleistocene deposits along the streams1 especially along ,ohio1 ,muskingum1 ,hocking1 and ,scioto ,rivers4 ,probably the greater part of the materials forming these deposits were brought down the rivers which headed at the foot of the ,illinoian and ,wisconsin glacial ice-sheets4 ,however1 all that part of the country which was not covered by glacial ice was acted on by atmospheric agencies and suffered erosion4 ,hence abundant materials of non-glacial origin were swept down those tributaries of the ,ohio which had their sources in the ,alleghany region and down those which flowed through the unglaciated part of the ,state4 ,much of these materials was deposited along the banks of these streams and mingled with the dbris from the glacial ice-sheet4 ,doubtless such deposits were being made during the whole ,pleistocene epoch and were mostly swept away2 or they may have been covered up by subsequent deposits2 or the deposits of one stage may in many cases not be distinguishable from those of other stages4 ,a perusal of chapter ,v of ,leverett's monograph of #aijb 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 #aijb1 pp4 #bbh-beb7 and of the papers there cited1 also of others published since that time1 will impress the reader with the fact that an old drift1 probably of ,kansan or pre-,kansan age1 has left traces of itself in ,ohio just outside of the terminal moraine of the ,wisconsin drift4 ,this is found especially in ,columbiana ,county2 but1 according to ,wright 7#b;d ,geol4 ,surv4 ,pennsylvania1 ,z1 p4 #bjg7 it extends as far westward as ,canton1 ,stark ,county4 ,it is shown in ,leverett's paper that the streams1 especially the larger ones1 of southwestern ,new ,york1 western ,pennsylvania1 and eastern ,ohio had1 at some time preceding that of this old drift1 been deeply excavated into the underlying rocks1 and that these ancient channels had become filled by the outwash from the older drift4 ,furthermore1 terraces composed of this drift are now found along rivers of the region mentioned1 at heights varying from #aej to as much as #ejj feet above the present streams4 ,those old1 deeply excavated valleys may therefore have once been filled to the highest terraces and since that time have been re-excavated to the level of the present streams4 ,the ancient rocky floors in many cases lie now from a few to some hundreds of feet below the beds of the existing rivers4 ,it is easily possible that the bones and teeth of early ,pleistocene animals may have been buried in such valley fillings and such terrace deposits4 ,again1 remains of such vertebrates may have been buried beneath the glacial 8fringe0 that has been mentioned4 ,in such cases it may be impossible for one who is not a glaciologist1 perhaps not even for him1 to determine the real age of the fossils4 ,it is1 therefore1 of the utmost importance that a record be kept of the exact spot where the fossil was found1 so that at some future time the geology of the locality may be studied by a competent person4 ,naturally1 other information1 as that relating to the kind of deposit1 depth of burial1 elevation of place of burial1 and the like1 is valuable4 ,a discussion of the ,illinoian drift-sheet1 including that part found in ,ohio1 forms chapter ,,vi of ,leverett's work of #aijb 7,monogr4 cit41 pp4 #bec-bia74 ,as shown by his plate ,,ii1 ,illinoian drift covers a small area in the southwestern corner of the ,state1 along ,ohio ,river2 then leaving the river and running first in a northeasterly direction1 then directly north1 it forms a narrow strip outside the border of the ,wisconsin as far north as ,richland and ,holmes ,counties4 ,if it extends further east than this1 it is concealed beneath the ,wisconsin4 ,it is to be expected that ,illinoian drift will be discovered here and there in the greater part of the ,state beneath the ,wisconsin where the latter shall have been penetrated in digging wells1 in borings1 and where streams have cut down through the later drift-sheet4 ,in such places it will be possible to find remains of animals and plants buried in interglacial deposits laid down before the ,wisconsin stage2 that is1 in either ,sangamon or ,peorian or even more remote times4 ,on page #bfi of the work just quoted1 ,leverett mentions a case near ,lancaster1 ,fairfield ,county1 where a black mucky soil was found between the ,wisconsin and the ,illinoian drifts4 ,on page #bgc of the same work is mentioned the occurrence of logs and pieces of wood at ,bethel1 ,clermont ,county1 in a gravel-bed beneath the ,illinoian drift4 ,this might be interpreted as indicating a deposit belonging to the earliest part of the ,illinoian or to the ,yarmouth4 ,the general aspects of the ,illinoian drift are described by ,leverett on his pages #bgj to #bhe4 ,deposits of ,illinoian age may occur beyond the border of the ice-laid ,illinoian drift and even beyond the ,wisconsin as the result of outwash4 ,leverett 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhe7 mentions the occurrence of what appears to be an ,illinoian terrace along ,sandy ,creek1 near ,waynesburg1 ,stark ,county1 at #gj feet above the stream1 while the ,wisconsin terrace is hardly #dj feet above the creek4 ,high-level terraces are found along ,licking and ,muskingum ,rivers from ,hanover1 ,licking ,county1 to ,mc,connellsville in ,morgan ,county1 and are thought to be possibly of ,illinoian age1 while lower ones belong to the ,wisconsin4 ,illinoian gravels and cobble are likewise met with along ,hocking ,river 7,leverett1 op4 cit41 p4 #bhh72 also along the ,scioto from ,chillicothe nearly to its mouth4 ,on lower-level terraces other deposits of ,wisconsin age are to be looked for4 ,again it is seen how important it is that accurate information should be sought regarding the exact spot of interment of any vertebrate remains1 as well as the elevation1 the depth1 and kind of materials passed through4 ,map #ce has been prepared to show the distribution of the ,wisconsin and ,illinoian drift-sheets in ,ohio4 ,the driftless area1 shown without shading of any kind1 occupies the southeastern side of the ,state and forms a broad tract somewhat parallel with ,ohio ,river4 ,the ,illinoian belt lies between this driftless area and the ,wisconsin4 ,naturally it passes beneath the ,wisconsin drift and probably underlies most of it4 ,a part of the map is shaded by horizontal lines in order to show the position and extent of former ,lake ,maumee4 ,this lake was an early predecessor of ,lake ,erie and emptied into ,wabash ,river4 ,the moraines laid down by the ,wisconsin ice on its gradual withdrawal from the ,state are indicated by the stippled areas and by the letters at the sides of the map4 ,most of the names applied to these moraines in ,ohio differ from the parts of the same moraines in ,indiana4 ,the ,germantown1 ,eaton1 and ,englewood correspond to the ,bloomington of ,indiana2 the ,sidney to the ,union ,city2 the ,loramie to the ,salamanie2 the ,celina to the ,wabash2 and the ,lima to the ,fort ,wayne4 ,map #cf shows the localities where ,pleistocene mammals have been discovered in the ,state and the relation of these localities to the drift-sheets and the moraines4 ,it is to be supposed that any animal whose remains are found in deposits overlying the ,wisconsin drift lived there after the retreat of the ice-sheet from that locality4 ,any mastodon 7maps #e1 #g7 that has been discovered within the area covered by the old ,lake ,maumee probably lived there after that lake had subsided4 ,however1 it might be possible to find along rivers1 or deep cuts along railroads1 animals that had lived there during ,sangamon times2 but this may be supposed to occur rarely4 ,mastodons1 ,nos4 #cd1 #cg1 and #ci of map #g1 probably lived and died after later ,lake ,warren had shrunken into ,lake ,erie4 ,most of the fossil vertebrates that have been found in ,ohio belong to the ,late ,wisconsin2 that is1 they lived in their respective localities after the glacial ice had retired from those localities4 ,a few fossils may be credited to an interglacial stage1 ,sangamon or ,peorian1 which intervened between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin4 ,inasmuch as in the area occupied by the ,illinoian drift this deposit may be cut through by rivers or railroads1 it is possible that pre-,illinoian fossils might be discovered4 ,a tooth of ,elephas primigenius has been found at ,waverly1 ,pike ,county1 on ,scioto ,river1 as recorded on page #acd4 ,along that river there are deposits of gravel and sand which were derived apparently from ,illinoian drift1 while below these ,illinoian deposits is a ,wisconsin terrace4 ,the tooth above mentioned appears to have been found in a gravel-pit of the ,norfolk and ,western ,railroad about the year #aijj4 ,the writer has not been able to secure any information as to the elevation of the pit4 ,the elephant remains observed by ,whittlesey along ,scioto ,river1 as mentioned on page #afi1 were probably buried in the ,wisconsin terrace4 ,a mastodon has been found in ,pike ,county 7p4 #gj71 but the more exact locality is not recorded4 ,an important but apparently now lost and therefore indeterminable specimen of elephant is that to which was given the name ,elephas jacksoni1 described on page #afh4 ,it was found in the northwestern corner of ,jackson ,county1 on ,little ,salt ,creek1 probably a short time before #ahch4 ,the probability is that it was found in ,wisconsin deposits1 but its age is possibly greater4 ,according to ,leverett 7op4 cit41 pp4 #abj1 #aba1 #bhi71 there are in this valley deposits which were probably laid down during the ,illinoian stage4 ,an elephant skeleton is reported to have been dug up many years ago in the village of ,beverly1 ,washington ,county 7p4 #afi71 on ,muskingum ,river4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,xli1 p4 #aeg7 states that glacial deposits belonging probably to the ,wisconsin stage are found here at a height of #aai feet above the river4 ,inasmuch as the greater part of the village is below this level1 the elephant probably belongs to ,wisconsin time4 ,further up the ,muskingum1 at or near ,duncan ,falls1 there was found about #aheg a tooth of ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ace74 ,the animal probably lived and died there at a time when the ,wisconsin glacier was not far away4 ,other remains of the same species have been described from ,zanesville4 ,the bed which contained these is said to be at a height of #cg feet above the river and #bj feet from the natural surface of the ground4 ,inasmuch as drift outwash1 believed to be of ,wisconsin age1 is built up here to a height of #ajj feet above the river 7,leverett1 op4 cit41 p4 #aeg71 it is wholly probable that the elephant1 like the one just described1 lived in the vicinity of the ,wisconsin ice-front4 ,at ,nashport have been discovered in swampy ground remains of ,castoroides 7p4 #bgc7 and of ,mammut 7p4 #gj74 ,although there is at ,hanover1 ,licking ,county1 across ,licking ,river1 a great dam of supposed ,illinoian age and probably more or less hidden deposits of the same age along the river1 the giant beaver and the mastodon just mentioned may not be older than the ,wisconsin4 ,nevertheless1 as they were found lying on gravel at a depth of #ad feet1 they may have been buried there during the ,sangamon stage4 ,along the eastern border of the ,state1 in ,columbiana ,county1 on ,salt ,creek1 in the southwestern part of the county1 there was found1 about #ahde1 a tooth of a horse 7p4 #ahf74 ,it was discovered while a canal was being excavated and at a depth not to exceed #ab or #ae feet4 ,the locality is apparently some miles south of the ,wisconsin moraine4 ,the animal lived there evidently at some time preceding the ,wisconsin drift stage1 possibly after the ,illinoian1 but quite as likely before the ,illinoian4 ,not far away from where the horse was discovered1 apparently on ,little ,yellow ,creek1 and probably not far from ,new ,salisbury1 there was found1 about #ahej1 a fragment of the lower jaw of a tapir 7p4 #bjc74 ,it probably lived at about the same time that the horse did4 ,near ,millport a tooth1 referred to ,elephas primigenius1 has been found 7p4 #ace74 ,the locality is beyond the ,wisconsin moraine1 but it is impossible to determine whether the beast lived there early or late in the ,pleistocene4 ,at this point may be mentioned the discovery of remains of a peccary1 supposed to be ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bae71 and of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #gj7 in the southern edge of ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,county1 apparently along ,middle ,fork of ,little ,beaver ,river4 ,this locality is on the border of the ,wisconsin drift-sheet1 and the peccary and the mastodon might well have lived there with the horse and the tapir mentioned above4 ,not many localities within the area of the ,illinoian drift in ,ohio have furnished vertebrate fossils4 ,lyell in #ahdc1 as stated on page #ga1 reported that teeth of mastodons and of elephants had been found on the ,cincinnati side of the river1 on the high terraces4 ,from ,professor ,n4 ,m4 ,fenneman the writer learns that ,lyell's reference could hardly apply to any other locality than ,terrace ,park or ,milford4 ,here are found some fragments of an ,illinoian terrace that would hardly be spoken of casually as such1 while the ,wisconsin deposit is present as an upper and a lower terrace4 ,in ,hyde ,park1 as detailed on page #ga1 considerable parts of a mastodon and some remains of a horse 7p4 #ahe71 probably ,equus complicatus1 have been discovered4 ,the age of these remains certainly antedates that of the ,wisconsin2 and it is not improbable that the excavation was carried through the ,illinoian drift into an older and probably interglacial deposit4 ,professor ,fenneman writes that this area is only thinly covered by ,illinoian drift and is also far beyond the limits of the ,wisconsin outwash4 ,the occurrence of ,bison latifrons near ,fincastle1 in ,brown ,county 7p4 #beg71 must be noted4 ,the fine pair of horn-cores now in the ,cincinnati ,society of ,natural ,history may have been buried in deposits of ,sangamon age4 ,it is not1 however1 impossible that they were in an interglacial bed below the ,illinoian drift4 ,on page #ace there has been given an account of the finding of a skull of ,elephas primigenius1 somewhat more than a mile east of ,new ,burlington4 ,the locality is treated in proper detail in ,n4 ,m4 ,fenneman's paper entitled 8,geology of ,cincinnati and ,vicinity0 7,bull4 #ai1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,ohio1 p4 #aeh74 ,according to this account the skull was buried in a lacustrine silt laid down probably when the ,wisconsin glacier was not far away from that region4 ,the surrounding country is covered with ,illinoian drift4 ,this skull is now the property of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,in the collection of the ,ohio ,state ,archological and ,historical ,society at ,columbus there are remains of ,platygonus compressus1 jaws and good teeth1 which were found about a mile north of ,chalfants1 in ,perry ,county1 and along ,jonathan ,creek4 ,this place is within the area covered by ,illinoian drift4 ,it is possible that the remains are as old as the ,sangamon1 but it is also possible that they belong to the close of the ,wisconsin stage 7p4 #bae74 ,the writer knows of no other fossil vertebrates that have certainly been found within the area occupied by the ,illinoian till as a surface deposit4 ,as shown by map #cf1 by far the larger number of ,pleistocene vertebrates which have been discovered in ,ohio have been met with within the region occupied by the ,wisconsin drift-sheet4 ,one reason for this preponderance is the greater area included4 ,another reason may be found in the fact that the conditions were more favorable for the preservation of teeth and bones4 ,much of the country was flat and swampy and the bones buried in clay and muck have always been soaked with water4 ,also there has been less erosion going on4 ,erosion leads to exposure and therefore to destruction of skeletons4 ,on the map referred to are shown the various moraines that were left by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet in its retreat toward the north4 ,inasmuch as most of the burials were in swamps resting on the drift1 the animals must have lived and died there after the ice had left that vicinity2 how long after one may not be able to determine4 ,the mastodons and elephants which have been found close to the shore of ,lake ,erie1 especially if buried near the surface1 must have lived there at or after the time when the waters had shrunken into ,lake ,warren4 ,such cases are furnished by the mastodons and elephants found at ,amboy 7east of ,ashtabula7 7pp4 #acg1 #aej71 at ,cleveland 7p4 #gi71 and in ,brownhelm ,township1 in ,lorain ,county 7p4 #gi74 ,the town of ,amboy is about #acj feet above lake level and the gravel-pit which there furnished ,elephas primigenius and ,e4 columbi was probably at about the same level4 ,the writer has not been able to confirm any case in which remains of proboscideans have been met with on the south shore of the lake at a level lower than the ,warren beach4 ,mastodons may be traced to a lower level at the western end of the lake4 ,the one found in ,springfield ,township1 ,lucas ,county 7p4 #gg71 was buried in deposits only about #de feet above ,lake ,erie4 ,as shown by the topographical maps1 the descent from this place and from ,bowling ,green1 ,wood ,county1 to the lake is a gradual one4 ,it may become possible to follow the presence of the mastodons1 the elephants1 and the giant beaver in ,ohio up to the time when the lake assumed its present level4 ,for information regarding the several interesting discoveries of the giant beaver 7,castoroides ohioensis7 pages #bgc to #bge may be consulted4 ,it is hardly necessary to take up one by one all the cases of vertebrates that have been met with within the area covered by ,wisconsin drift4 ,with the few exceptions noted below1 their geological age is usually to be regarded as ,late ,wisconsin4 ,along the southern border of this drift1 where the remains are deeply buried1 it is not unlikely that they lie in a pre-,wisconsin interglacial deposit4 ,along ,great ,miami and ,muskingum ,rivers there is always a possibility that the fossils may occur in a terrace or in a deep valley deposit of ,illinoian age4 ,about a mile east of ,overpeck1 ,butler ,county1 there has been found the skull of an extinct bear1 ,ursus procerus ,miller 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 #aiab1 pp4 #ggb-ggf1 figs4 #ga-gc74 ,it was found at a depth of #bh feet and about #c or #d feet above the limestone rock of that region4 ,to the writer it seems quite certain that the ,wisconsin drift had been penetrated and that the skull was in either a ,sangamon interglacial deposit or something still older4 ,columbus furnishes one of the rare cases in which horse remains have been found within the ,wisconsin glaciated area 7p4 #ahf74 ,we are then required to determine whether or not the horse1 ,equus complicatus1 did not live there after the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,as said on the page cited1 the first remains of horses discovered at ,columbus were reported as having been found in crevices of the limestone and in the red clay filling such fissures4 ,an examination of the ,columbus ,folio 7#aig1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #h7 will show that in such crevices1 south of ,scioto ,river1 a red clay is found which antedates the ,illinoian drift1 so that one might fairly refer the horse remains reported by ,whittlesey to a pre-,illinoian interglacial stage1 possibly the ,aftonian4 ,the horse-teeth found in the excavations at the penitentiary close to ,scioto ,river may be as old as those found in the rock fissures1 or they may have been buried in a post-,illinoian interglacial deposit4 ,such deposits have been found at various places in the quadrangle 7fol4 cit41 p4 #i74 ,as to the peccaries discovered at ,columbus 7p4 #bad71 the writer sees no reason why they should not be regarded as belonging to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,,michigan4 ,to understand the ,pleistocene geology of the southern peninsula of ,michigan1 it is indispensable to study ,monograph ,,liii of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 by ,frank ,leverett and ,f4 ,b4 ,taylor4 ,the whole peninsula is overlain by glacial deposits laid down by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,a glance at their glacial map 7plate ,,vii7 will indicate to the student the complexity of glacial problems in this region4 ,the ice invaded the ,state from three sides3 on the west from ,lake ,michigan1 on the east from ,lake ,huron1 and on the southeast from ,lake ,erie4 ,on the west1 close to ,lake ,michigan1 is a system of ,lake-border moraines4 ,this system has been traced more or less satisfactorily around to ,saginaw ,bay1 ,lake ,huron4 ,a little farther out1 in the southwestern corner of the ,state1 is ,valparaiso moraine4 ,this extends nearly to the northern end of the peninsula1 where it connects with ,charlotte moraine system4 ,farther in than the ,valparaiso system is the ,kalamazoo4 ,this extends northeastwardly from the ,indiana line to ,barry ,county1 where it turns east and at ,jackson joins the ,mississinawa system reaching northeast from the northeastern corner of ,indiana4 ,the ,valparaiso and ,kalamazoo moraines are in places closely associated4 ,the attack on the eastern side of the ,state came principally from a lobe which flowed through ,saginaw ,bay4 ,nearest ,lake ,huron1 following it around from ,port ,huron to the northern end of the peninsula and then turning west1 the ,port ,huron moraine connected with the moraine along ,lake ,michigan4 ,farther inland is the ,charlotte system4 ,on the north1 just above latitude #dd1 this joins the ,valparaiso moraine1 runs southward west of ,lansing1 then turns eastward1 then northeastward1 and connects with the ,defiance moraine1 which passes around the western end of ,lake ,erie4 ,reaching far out from the head of ,saginaw ,bay1 and concentric with it1 to ,hastings1 #ajj miles away1 are many minor moraines4 ,besides the ,wisconsin drift which forms the surface deposit in ,michigan1 there are1 according to present indications1 one or more pre-,wisconsin drifts4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #gb7 mentions several localities where what appears to be more indurated till is encountered1 sometimes at a depth of #ajj feet4 ,taylor 7op4 cit41 pp4 #bhi-bij7 states that 8a till older than that deposited by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet seems to underlie more or less continuously all of the later1 or ,wisconsin1 drift in ,indiana and the southern peninsula of ,michigan40 ,along the western shore of ,lake ,huron1 north of ,port ,huron and along the streams1 as reported by ,taylor 7p4 #bij71 there are several exposures of ,illinoian till1 in some cases as much as #cj to #ej feet thick4 ,in one case there is an old soil at the top of this till4 ,in such old soils it may be possible to find fossil vertebrates of ,sangamon or ,peorian times1 horses for example4 ,the fossil vertebrates found up to the present time in ,michigan are not numerous in species or individuals2 all appear to belong to the middle or late ,wisconsin times4 ,a peccary1 ,platygonus compressus1 has been found at ,belding1 ,ionia ,county 7p4 #bae74 ,two musk-oxen have been discovered in the ,state4 ,at ,manchester1 ,washtenaw ,county1 has been found a fine skull of ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bej74 ,at ,moorland1 ,muskegon ,county1 was obtained a skull which has been called ,botherium sargenti4 ,details regarding the mastodons which have been found in ,michigan are given on pages #hj to #hh4 ,only two localities in the ,state have furnished remains of ,elephas primigenius4 ,these are ,three ,oaks1 ,berrien ,county 7p4 #acg71 and ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,county 7p4 #acg74 ,elephas columbi has been encountered only once in the ,state1 as far as is known2 this was in the northern part of ,jackson ,county 7p4 #aea74 ,elephants belonging quite certainly to either ,e4 primigenius or ,e4 columbi1 but for one reason or another not determined1 have been found in four localities4 ,these are ,east ,saginaw1 ,saginaw ,county2 ,macomb ,county2 ,grand ,ledge1 ,eaton ,county2 and ,buchanan1 ,berrien ,county4 7,see page #aga47 ,the giant beaver1 ,castoroides ohioensis1 found a congenial home in the swamps of southern ,michigan in the late ,pleistocene4 ,it has been met with somewhere in ,berrien ,county2 at ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,county2 at ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,county2 at ,attica1 ,lapeer ,county2 and at ,owosso1 ,lapeer ,county 7pp4 #bge-bgf74 ,,indiana4 7,map #cg47 ,whoever wishes to gain a knowledge of the ,pleistocene geology of ,indiana1 as it is understood to-day1 must study ,leverett's two great treatises1 forming ,monographs ,,xxxvii and ,,liii of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,the first is entitled 8,the ,illinois ,glacial ,lobe10 and was published in #ahii2 the second has the title 8,the ,pleistocene of ,indiana and ,michigan and the ,history of the ,great ,lakes40 ,the portion of the latter monograph which deals with ,michigan was written by ,f4 ,b4 ,taylor4 ,on pages #cc to #ed is a very full bibliography of the subject1 consisting of about #djj titles4 ,from the glacial map of ,monograph ,,xxxviii1 plates ,v and ,,vi1 the writer has prepared map #cg4 ,this shows which part of the ,state has escaped glaciation1 which has been subjected to the action of the ,illinoian ice-sheet1 and which has been covered by the last1 or ,wisconsin1 glacial ice4 ,it will be seen that about one-sixth of the ,state1 that forming an irregular triangle whose apex is in ,brown ,county and whose base is formed by the ,ohio ,river1 has never been covered by glacial ice4 ,north of this is a bilobed area which is covered by till of ,illinoian age4 ,the rest of the ,state 7somewhat less than two-thirds of it7 is overlain by the dbris left by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet and subsequent deposits4 ,this northern area is to a great extent occupied by belts called moraines1 along which the materials are usually coarse1 often full of boulders1 and frequently standing at a higher level than the surface on each side of them4 ,these moraines show where for long periods during its retreat1 or perhaps sometimes its advances1 the ice-sheet paused and piled up a part of its load of rocks1 gravel1 and sand4 ,it will be noticed that these moraines are somewhat concentric4 ,on the right of the map are seen those moraines which were left by the ice-lobe which came down ,lake ,erie and later retired in that direction4 ,around the southern end of ,lake ,michigan are the moraines laid down by the ice of the ,michigan lobe4 ,the latter will be better seen on a glacial map of ,illinois 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi74 ,in their advance the two lobes met and coalesced and produced more or less irregular and anastomosing moraines4 ,on the right hand the moraines of the ,erie lobe pass on into ,ohio1 where1 however1 they have often been given other names4 ,on the left the moraines of the ,lake ,michigan lobe continue into ,illinois and retain the same names4 ,both groups of moraines are prolonged into the southern peninsula of ,michigan4 ,on account of the comparatively recent recession of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet1 the surface has not become eroded sufficiently to drain away the water which was left in depressions of the surface4 ,a large part of ,indiana is1 or has been until recently1 covered by swamps1 lakes1 and ponds1 and in such localities the bones and teeth of vertebrate animals are best preserved during the early stages of fossilization4 ,for this reason great numbers of teeth and bones1 sometimes nearly whole skeletons1 are met with in draining these swamps4 ,the southern border of the ,illinoian drift1 beginning at ,cincinnati1 follows ,ohio ,river on the ,kentucky side to ,jeffersonville1 then passes west of north into ,brown ,county1 whence1 turning southwest1 it strikes the ,east ,fork of ,white ,river in ,du ,bois ,county2 thence1 following ,white ,river a short distance1 it crosses the ,wabash in ,posey ,county4 ,northward1 along this terminal moraine 7map #cg1 figs4 #a1 #b7 of the ,wisconsin drift1 the ,illinoian1 passing beneath this1 disappears from the surface4 ,the surface of the ,illinoian area is better drained than the ,wisconsin area4 ,fewer fossils are found1 and on various accounts they are of less value4 ,usually the exact locality and kind of deposit is not recorded4 ,they may be found washed out of river and creek banks and may have in reality been buried in sediments that were laid down in ,wisconsin times by the streams that carried away the mud1 sand1 and gravel from the glacier4 ,the driftless area has been exposed for many geological ages to the influence of physical and chemical agencies4 ,its surface is1 therefore1 more diversified by hills and valleys and streams4 ,in the limestones of this region caves are likely to be found1 and these now and then furnish fossil bones and teeth4 ,during more than one of the glacial stages1 perhaps during the earliest1 the ,ohio has served as the drainage-way for the waters that escaped from the glacial front4 ,this subject is discussed by ,leverett in ,monograph ,,xli of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,as a result of this conveyance of glacial waters1 the great trough of this stream may contain here and there deposits of the ,illinoian stage or even of older deposits4 ,remains of ,megalonyx 7p4 #cb7 and of a horse 7p4 #ahf7 have been found in the right bank of the ,ohio1 at ,evansville1 ,indiana4 ,at ,bigbone ,lick1 ,kentucky1 close to the ,ohio1 horses have been discovered1 ,mylodon and ,megalonyx4 ,these seem to occur in ,sangamon interglacial beds overlying the ,illinoian4 ,the ,illinoian drift1 probably everywhere in central and northern ,indiana1 underlies the ,wisconsin4 ,for some miles back from its terminal moraine the ,wisconsin drift is thin2 and possibly the ,illinoian may4 be found exposed in creek or river banks1 or in railroad cuts4 ,furthermore1 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,liii1 p4 #gb7 writes3 8,probably a considerable number of the heavy deposits of drift in central and northern ,indiana are of pre-,wisconsin age1 but as they are largely sand and gravel1 or loose-textured material1 they can not easily be discriminated from the ,wisconsin40 ,such deposits are likely to be covered by only a thin layer of ,wisconsin till4 ,in many places in ,indiana there have been found1 deep down in the drift1 old soils1 muck beds1 and vegetation in various forms4 ,these beds appear to indicate interglacial deposits1 most probably the ,sangamon4 ,now1 various genera of vertebrates1 among them horses1 tapirs1 and mylodons1 are not known to have existed after the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,if1 however1 remains of such animals should be collected in central or northern ,indiana1 or ,ohio1 or in southern ,michigan1 they might be reported as having been found in late ,wisconsin beds1 when really they had been derived from pre-,wisconsin interglacial soils4 ,it is interesting to observe that when the ,wisconsin ice-sheet began to withdraw lakes began to form along its borders4 ,one of these1 ,lake ,chicago1 appeared at the south end of the present ,lake ,michigan and for a long time discharged its waters down ,illinois ,river4 ,another1 ,lake ,maumee1 occupied the basin of ,maumee ,river as far west as ,fort ,wayne1 and emptied down the ,wabash4 ,for details connected with the close of the ,pleistocene in the region of ,lake ,michigan the reader should consult ,frank ,c4 ,baker's 8,the ,life of the ,pleistocene1 or ,glacial ,period0 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 #aibj74 ,a brief mention will be made here of the principal ,pleistocene vertebrates that have been found in ,indiana2 also the localities where found1 together with citations of the pages where fuller information is furnished4 ,the ground-sloth ,megalonyx has been collected near ,evansville 7p4 #cb74 ,with it were secured remains of an undetermined bison 7p4 #beg71 a ,virginia deer 7p4 #bbh71 a horse 7p4 #ahf71 a tapir 7p4 #bjc71 and the dog nocyon dirus 7p4 #cb74 ,peccaries have been found in ,gibson ,county 7p4 #baf71 in ,wabash ,county 7p4 #bah71 and two species at ,williams1 ,lawrence ,county 7p4 #bag74 ,at the same place was discovered the shell of a box-tortoise4 ,remains of deer have been discovered somewhere in ,vanderburg ,county1 including the existing deer and an extinct species1 ,odocoileus dolichopsis2 at ,harrisville1 ,randolph ,county2 and at ,roann1 ,wabash ,county4 ,bisons of an extinct species have been secured at ,vincennes 7p4 #beh74 ,the existing bison appears to have been found in ,jasper ,county 7p4 #bfh74 ,of musk-oxen1 ,symbos cavifrons has been collected at ,hebron1 ,porter ,county 7p4 #beb72 at ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,county 7p4 #bea72 somewhere in ,randolph ,county 7p4 #beb72 and probably in ,beaver ,lake1 ,newton ,county 7p4 #beb74 ,the existing musk-ox1 ,ovibos moschatus1 has been discovered near ,richmond 7p4 #beb74 ,mastodon remains are not uncommon1 especially in the northern half of the ,state4 ,it is hardly to be supposed that these animals were more abundant there during the late ,pleistocene than in many other places in the region east of the ,mississippi4 ,the conditions for their preservation were evidently more favorable there than anywhere else1 unless in ,orange ,county1 ,new ,york4 ,burial in swamp mud kept the bones from decay2 and the imperfect drainage protected them from destruction by erosion4 ,the various finds are described on pages #hh to #ajj4 ,elephants are less well represented in ,indiana than are the mastodons1 but are not rare 7pp4 #ach1 #aea1 #aga74 ,two species were present in the ,state1 ,elephas primigenius and ,e4 columbi4 ,beavers were doubtless abundant1 but there appears to be no definite record of any find4 ,however1 the giant beaver has been recorded from several localities 7pp4 #bgf to #bgh74 ,the great extinct dog nocyon dirus was first found near ,evansville 7p4 #cb71 and the coyote1 ,canis latrans1 has been reported from ,boone ,county4 ,the latter is said to have been found in association with the mammoth 7,cope and ,wortman1 #adth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,indiana1 p4 #g74 ,,illinois4 7,map #ch47 ,as a foundation for a knowledge of the ,pleistocene geology of ,illinois1 the student must take ,leverett's work entitled 8,the ,illinois ,glacial ,lobe40 ,this is ,monograph ,,xlviii of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 a volume of #hag pages1 with maps and figures4 ,for a knowledge of the changes which occurred around the south end of ,lake ,michigan on the retirement of the ,wisconsin glacier1 see ,dr4 ,frank ,c4 ,baker's work1 8,the ,life of the ,pleistocene1 or ,glacial1 ,period0 7,univ4 ,ills4 ,bull4 ,,xvii1 #aibj74 ,illinois is eminently a glaciated ,state1 as is to be recognized on ,leverett's plate ,,vi4 ,a little triangle in the northwestern corner1 comprising about #fjj square miles1 and an irregular tract of perhaps #c1jjj square miles at the southern end of the ,state constitute the whole of the unglaciated area out of #ef1fej square miles4 ,two glacial stages are prominent1 the ,wisconsin and the ,illinoian4 ,the first was laid down by the ,lake ,michigan lobe1 which sent its icy mass southwestward as far as ,shelbyville4 ,westward the border moraine extends to ,peoria1 then north to west of ,princeton1 then northeast to enter ,wisconsin #ee miles west of ,lake ,michigan4 ,eastward1 of course1 the deposits of till and the moraines extend into ,indiana4 ,north of the ,shelbyville moraine is the ,champaign4 ,a more powerful moraine is the ,bloomington1 which forms a loop through the ,state1 extending from ,danville1 ,illinois1 through ,bloomington to ,peoria1 where it appears to have overridden the ,shelbyville and thence northward1 forming the outer border of the ,wisconsin drift area4 ,north of this moraine is located that called the ,marseilles1 while sweeping around the south end of ,lake ,michigan into ,indiana and ,michigan is the ,valparaiso system4 ,south and west of the area of the ,wisconsin drift is the ,illinoian4 ,at ,mount ,vernon the border crosses the ,wabash and traverses ,illinois1 striking the ,mississippi ,river at ,carbondale4 ,it then follows the ,mississippi north to a point above ,keokuk1 where it enters ,iowa4 ,it reenters ,illinois between ,rock ,island and ,clinton and extends into ,wisconsin4 ,on ,leverett's map 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 plate ,,vi7 there is indicated in northern ,illinois1 between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin1 a tract supposed to belong to the ,iowan2 but ,alden 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,prof4 ,pap4 #ajf1 #aiah1 p4 #agc7 holds that there is no good evidence that the ,iowan extends into southern ,wisconsin and ,illinois4 ,the supposed ,iowan 7op4 cit41 plate ,,iii7 is mapped as ,illinoian4 ,the glacial stage which preceded the ,illinoian is the ,kansan4 ,this in ,iowa extends eastward to the ,mississippi1 and one might naturally expect that it would be found underlying the ,illinoian east of the river4 ,leverett 7,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #aje7 presents evidences of its presence in western ,illinois4 ,among these evidences is the presence in ,hancock and ,adams ,counties of another till sheet below the ,illinoian and separated from it by a black soil4 ,this ,kansan or some other pre-,illinoian till sheet has been found in many places in ,illinois 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ajg-aah74 ,animal remains are not likely to be inclosed in the materials of the moraines or of the intermorainal till2 but this is possible4 ,a musk-ox or a hairy mammoth might have died not far away from the foot of a stationary or advancing glacier and its bones might have become incorporated in the moraine4 ,furthermore1 inasmuch as any glacial stage began while the glacier was yet in the far north and ended only when it got back there1 many non-glacial deposits belonging to that glacial stage were probably laid down south of it2 and it would be difficult or impossible to distinguish these from interglacial deposits4 ,however1 it was these deposits which were laid down after the glacial ice had withdrawn1 whether glacial or interglacial1 which are of more interest to the palontologist1 because in them are to be found the fossil remains of animals and plants4 ,the last of the interglacial stages1 that which immediately preceded the ,wisconsin and followed the ,iowan1 is known as the ,peorian4 ,this takes its name from a locality a few miles east of ,peoria 7,leverett1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 p4 #ahg74 ,here the ,shelbyville till sheet is underlain by a bed of fossiliferous loess from #h to #ab feet in thickness4 ,beneath the loess is fully #ajj feet of ,illinoian drift4 ,this loess seemed to the geologists who examined it to be a deposit of more recent date than the ,sangamon4 ,the ,peorian interglacial stage and the preceding ,iowan glacial stage have received much attention within recent years4 ,in #aiag 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,iowa1 vol4 ,,xxvi1 pp4 #di-bab71 ,alden and ,leighton presented the results of their studies on the ,iowan drift and the loess associated with it4 ,in #aiah 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,prof4 ,pap4 #ajf1 pp4 #a-cef71 ,alden dealt with the ,quaternary geology of southeastern ,wisconsin4 ,the results of these investigations have been to establish the fact that a sheet of till intermediate between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin had been laid down1 that which had already been designated as the ,iowan2 furthermore1 that immediately following this there was deposited a covering of loess4 ,it was further concluded that this is the main loess deposit1 much of what has been regarded as ,sangamon loess being really loess of a later stage1 the ,peorian4 ,as no ,iowan drift is known to be present in ,illinois to separate the loess of the ,sangamon from the ,peorian1 it must be difficult1 often impossible in our present state of knowledge1 to distinguish the one from the other4 ,the ,sangamon loess was laid down probably long after the ,illinoian ice disappeared1 so that there was time for the ,illinoian drift to become leached and otherwise modified and for the accumulation of old soils and peat-beds4 ,on the other hand1 the old soils of the ,peorian stage are likely to overlie the loess4 ,unfortunately1 the desired indications of geological age are not always present where bones and teeth are found2 or1 if present1 are not always observed4 ,we must1 therefore1 make our assignments of fossils to one stage or the other with great circumspection or leave the decision in abeyance4 ,reference has already been made to the presence of ,kansan drift in western ,illinois and of black soils intervening between it and the ,illinoian4 ,such soils must be referred to the ,yarmouth interglacial stage4 ,whether or not still older glacial or interglacial deposits occur in ,illinois is problematic4 ,in ,illinois any considerable number of species of fossil vertebrates are rarely found together4 ,the localities are widely scattered and a single species or two in each is the rule 7map #ch74 ,in later glacial deposits around the south end of ,lake ,michigan have been discovered the dogfish ,amiatus calvus and a sun-fish belonging to the genus ,lepomis4 ,baker 7,univ4 ,ill4 ,bull4 ,,xviii1 p4 #he7 reported the humerus of the merganser1 ,mergus serrator1 from the same region4 ,the ground-sloth ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7pp4 #cc-cd7 has been found at ,urbana1 ,galena1 and ,alton4 ,the few horses are described on page #ahg4 ,peccaries have been found at three localities 7p4 #bah74 ,for the specimens of deer that have come to light1 see page #bbi4 ,a species of ,cervalces and the moose ,alces americanus have been met with in ,will ,county 7p4 #ajg74 ,the reindeer has been recognized from poor materials found at ,alton4 ,the prong-horn ,antilocapra appears to have lived in the region of ,galena1 as shown by ,wisconsin specimens4 ,the remarkable antelope ,taurotragus americanus has been found at ,alton 7p4 #cci74 ,as to the musk-oxen and the bisons1 the reader may refer to pages #bea1 #bei1 #bfh2 for the mastodons and elephants1 to pages #ajj1 #adj1 #aeb1 and #agf4 ,of the rodents1 the muskrat has been found about ,chicago2 the pocket gopher at ,alton and ,galena2 the ground hog at the same places 7p4 #cdc74 ,the beaver 7p4 #cci7 likewise occurs at ,alton4 ,the giant beaver1 ,castoroides ohioensis1 has been collected at four widely removed places 7p4 #bgi74 ,the rabbit1 ,sylvilagus floridanus1 was included among the animals found in the lead crevices of the region about ,galena1 where also have been found an extinct species of raccoon1 ,procyon priscus1 what appears to be a large dog ,canis 7or nocyon7 mississippiensis1 the coyote1 ,canis latrans1 and the fox ,urocyon cinereoargenteus4 ,the bear1 ,ursus americanus1 and the common gray wolf1 ,canis nubilus1 appear to have existed in the middle ,pleistocene at ,alton4 ,a skull of ,felis couguar1 the yet existing panther or mountain lion1 has been found in ,randolph ,county1 in the bed of ,kaskaskia ,river4 ,it probably belongs to the late ,pleistocene4 ,a considerable fauna has been secured in the lead region about ,galena1 in ,illinois1 ,iowa1 and ,wisconsin4 ,the collectors and describers of this were not careful to designate the localities1 and in some cases these can not at present be determined4 ,these collections are discussed on page #cdc1 in the account of the geology of ,wisconsin4 ,an interesting list of ,late ,wisconsin mammals has been secured near ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,county4 ,from ,dr4 ,e4 ,s4 ,riggs1 of ,field ,museum of ,natural ,history1 and from ,netta ,c4 ,anderson's list1 the writer learns that at least six skulls of the common mastodon1 together with many other parts of the skeleton1 has been taken from a well #aj feet in diameter 7p4 #aji74 ,above1 there were bones of bison 7p4 #bfi71 deer 7p4 #bbi71 and elk 7p4 #bdj74 ,it is stated that a layer of these about #b feet thick was encountered at a depth of about #e feet4 ,mr4 ,george ,langford1 of ,joliet1 states that he made a collection of bones #ae miles west of ,joliet and #e miles west by north of ,minooka4 ,the more exact locality he gave as township #ce north1 range #h east1 and probably section #bg1 on the farm of ,john ,bamford4 ,apparently both ,riggs and ,langford obtained their materials at the same spot4 ,the latter has sent the writer some bones from this place1 including those of ,cervalces1 ,alces americanus1 and a leg-bone of some undescribed species of sheep or goat4 ,he also reported the finding of the elk4 ,for other remarks see page #bfi4 ,this locality is in the region mapped by ,leverett as having been occupied1 after the retirement of the ,wisconsin glacial ice1 by temporary lakes4 ,the presence of the moose here seems to indicate a climate somewhat severer than that now prevailing in that region4 ,since the occupancy of the country by the ,european race the moose has not been known to come further south than northern ,wisconsin4 ,the list of species obtained is as follows3 ,mammut americanum1 ,ovis sp4 indet41 ,odocoileus virginianus1 ,cervus canadensis1 ,alces americanus1 ,cervalces roosevelti84 ,a brief description of the bone referred to ,ovis is presented4 ,the lower epiphysis is missing1 but an allowance is made for this 7fig4 #ac74 ,comparisons of the metatarsals of a sheep1 of a goat1 of ,nmorhedus1 and of ,orvis sp4 from ,whitewillow1 in millimeters1 together with indices in one-hundredths of the length4 ,measurements ,capra ,white- taken4 ,nmo- ,indi-hircus ,indi- ,indi-willow ,indi- rhedus4ces4 #aeefbc4;ces4 ,sheep4ces4 animal4ces4 ,length on outer border of bone #agj #ajj #abj #ajj #aeb #ajj #ahe #ajj ,side-to-side width of upper articular surface #cf #ba4b #bc #ai4b #bc #ae4a #cg4e #bj4c ,fore-and-aft width of upper articular surface #cj4e #ag4d #bj #af4g #ba #ac4h #cg4e #bj4c ,side-to-side width1 at middle of length #bc #ac4e #ae #ab4e #ad #i4b #ai4j #aj4c ,fore-and-aft width at middle of length #ag4e #aj4c #aa4e #i4a #ac #h4f #bj4j #aj4h ,side-to-side width at lower end just above epiphysis #ch #bb4d #bg #bb4e #bg #ag4h #ce4j #ai4e ,side-to-side width across lower articular surface #da #bd4a #bg4b #bb4e #be #af4d ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,metatarsal of undetermined species of ,ovis8 ,from ,kendall ,county1 ,illinois4 ,from ,alton1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum has come into possession of a collection which furnishes #ae species of fossil mammals4 ,this was made some time before #ahhc by ,hon4 ,william ,mc,adams1 of ,alton4 ,it was briefly mentioned by him at the ,minneapolis meeting of the ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science in #ahhc 7,proceedings1 vol4 ,,xxii1 p4 #bfh74 ,apparently the collection was secured for the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey by ,professor ,o4 ,c4 ,marsh and remained at ,yale ,university until after his death4 ,the species were described by the writer in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #aji-aag74 ,this collection seemed especially valuable because the species were found inclosed in supposed nodules of loess4 ,in our country the loess has furnished few such remains4 ,the following is the list of the species as determined4 ,those marked by a dagger are extinct4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cc74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 ,platygonus cumberlandensis8 7p4 #bai74 ,sangamona fugitiva4 ,cervalces roosevelti84 ,rangifer muscatinensis8 7p4 #bdf74 ,taurotragus americanus4 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #ajb74 ,castor canadensis4 ,marmota monax4 ,castoroides ohioensis 7p4 #bgi74 ,geomys bursarius4 ,ursus americanus4 ,of these #ae species at least two-thirds are now extinct4 ,this large number might appear to indicate that the time of their existence was rather early in the ,pleistocene4 ,however1 it is quite certain that the loess belongs somewhere about the middle of the ,pleistocene2 and there are no species that require an earlier date4 ,after the writer's descriptions of the fossils had been published1 an important paper on the geology of the locality was issued 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xxix1 #aiba1 pp4 #eje-ead7 by ,professor ,morris ,m4 ,leighton1 who had been commissioned by the ,illinois ,geological ,survey to visit and study the deposits involved4 ,with the aid of ,mr4 ,john ,d4 ,adams1 son of the collector of the mammalian fossils1 ,professor ,leighton succeeded in finding the quarry in which most of the fossils had been collected4 ,at one quarry in ,alton ,professor ,leighton obtained the following geological section1 the description of which is here somewhat abridged3 ,feet4 ,soil loessial1 dark brown1 leached #a ,loess1 brown above1 grading below into buff1 leached #d to #e feet1 maximum thickness #bj ,loess distinctly more reddish than that above2 many fossil snails1 thickness about #cj ,glacial till1 reddish1 with pebbles of ,canadian rocks2 more oxidized than overlying loess2 thickness #a-c ,mississippian limestone1 about #ajj ,the concretions which hold the mammalian fossils were found to lie between the upper surface of the till and the overlying loess2 occasionally a concretion bears a drift pebble4 ,the concretions have resulted from the lime which in solution was brought down from the loess and again precipitated so as to cement the loess materials around the fossils4 ,professor ,leighton was not able to determine definitely the ages of the till and of the two deposits of loess4 ,as to the till1 its geographic location suggested that it belonged to the ,illinoian1 but it had many of the characteristics of the ,kansan4 ,the latter is believed to be present at ,st4 ,louis and other localities not far away4 ,before the overlying reddish loess had been deposited the till had suffered weathering and erosion1 indicating a considerable lapse of time had intervened4 ,the lower reddish loess presented many evidences that it is a deposit distinct from the upper buff loess2 and there seemed to be some indications of at least a short interval between them4 ,leighton's conclusion was as follows3 ,if the drift is ,kansan in age1 the reddish loess may be ,sangamon2 if1 on the other hand1 the drift be ,illinoian1 the reddish loess probably is ,peorian4 ,it is unlike any ,peorian loess of which the writer knows1 but the color does not necessarily preclude that possibility4 ,as to the upper loess1 ,leighton thought it might be of early ,peorian age1 but possibly of early ,wisconsin4 ,however1 his final conclusion was thus expressed3 8,if the till proves to be ,kansan in age1 the weathering of the drift may be credited to the ,yarmouth interglacial epoch1 the mammalian fauna to late ,illinoian or early ,sangamon times1 the reddish loess probably to the ,sangamon1 and the buff loess to the ,iowan4444 ,however this may be1 the ,illinoian and ,sangamon epochs are post-mid-,pleistocene from the standpoint of duration of the ,pleistocene and the fauna represented by the ,mc,adams collection may be regarded as post-mid-,pleistocene40 ,,wisconsin4 ,the greater part of this ,state is covered by the drift-sheet which has derived its name from the ,state1 but in the southwestern corner is a considerable tract which has never been subjected to glacial action4 ,a small part of this area extends southward into ,illinois and another part into northeastern ,iowa4 ,in ,wisconsin it reaches eastward to ,baraboo4 ,east of this driftless area is a tract lying along the southern border of the ,state and reaching eastward about to #hh #dj longitude1 which is covered by the ,illinoian drift4 ,the most detailed geological survey of any part of ,wisconsin1 so far as regards the ,pleistocene1 is that made by ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,alden1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 of the area comprised between the boundary of the ,state on the south and #dd degrees of latitude on the north and between ,lake ,michigan on the east and #ij degrees of longitude on the west4 ,on the western side it joins the ,mineral ,point ,quadrangle1 to be mentioned further along4 ,there is1 therefore1 a wide strip surveyed across the whole ,state4 ,the area treated by ,alden is1 of course1 nearly entirely covered by ,wisconsin drift4 ,in the southwestern corner a considerable part of the driftless region is included4 ,east of this1 as already stated1 is a tract which the ,wisconsin ice-sheet did not reach and which shows ,illinoian ground moraine and some terminal moraines of ,illinoian drift4 ,this narrows as it approaches its eastward limit4 ,alden 7p4 #aff7 informs us that at no place in the area subjected to vigorous glaciation by the ,wisconsin ice-sheet had soils or vegetal deposits been found between the ,wisconsin drift and the earlier drifts4 ,at several places1 however1 deposits have been discovered which probably belong to earlier glacial stages4 ,just outside the area mapped by ,alden1 in ,calumet and ,outagamie ,counties1 ,lawson 7,bull4 ,wis4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #agj-agc7 has recorded the discovery of much wood and other vegetable matter4 ,baker 78,life of the ,pleistocene10 p4 #cag7 has referred the deposits to the ,sangamon4 ,these interglacial deposits of uncertain age need not be here noted further4 ,in this ,wisconsin area some remains of mastodons and elephants have been met with1 but all are relics of a time after the partial or complete recession of the ,wisconsin glacier4 ,remains of two individuals of ,elephas primigenius have been found in ,milwaukee 7p4 #adc74 ,it is evident that they lived there after the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,one of these was buried beneath peat and clay at a depth of #aj feet or more and at a level of about #ajj feet above the present level of ,lake ,michigan4 ,at ,dover1 in ,racine ,county1 in #ahgh1 a proboscidean tusk and some bones were found in a peat-bog4 ,they have been identified as those of a mastodon1 but of this one can not be certain4 ,the age of the deposits is that of the ,late ,wisconsin stage1 after the withdrawal from that vicinity of the ice1 but how long after one can not say4 ,the ,milwaukee ,public ,museum has a tooth of a mastodon 7p4 #aaa71 labeled as found at ,waukesha4 ,its geological age is that of the other remains here referred to4 ,in the collection of the ,university of ,wisconsin is a large vertebra of a proboscidean which was found in ,lake ,monona4 ,its time of burial must have been late ,wisconsin4 ,inasmuch as no remains of vertebrate animals have yet been found in ,wisconsin1 in the area covered by the ,illinoian drift1 it is not necessary to dwell on this region4 ,it is not certain that there is beneath it a still older drift2 but there are1 according to ,alden1 some indications of such deposits4 ,for a knowledge of the driftless area1 first of all1 may be consulted the report made by ,chamberlin and ,salisbury in #ahhe 7#fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #aii-cbb1 with plates74 ,alden's work above referred to maps a part of the region4 ,grant and ,burchard have studied the geology of the ,lancaster and ,mineral ,point ,quadrangles 7,folio ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 #ade74 ,their text-figure #a is here reproduced1 inasmuch as it shows the relation of the region to the surrounding glaciated areas 7fig4 #ad74 ,the topographical map of ,folio #ade and that of ,chamberlin and ,salisbury will show the uneven character of the surface4 ,this has resulted from the erosion undergone during the whole of the ,pleistocene4 ,much of the area is covered with a coating of loess4 ,along ,mississippi ,river this may be as much as #aj feet thick1 but at a distance of from #cj to #dj miles it becomes reduced to a few inches4 ,considering this erosion1 one might conclude that few vertebrate remains would be preserved2 nevertheless they are not wholly missing4 ,in #ahfb 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,wisconsin1 vol4 ,i1 p4 #acf71 ,j4 ,d4 ,whitney stated that he had found in a crevice at ,blue ,mounds1 ,wisconsin1 remains of the mastodon 7p4 #aaa71 a peccary 7p4 #bai71 bones and teeth of a buffalo 7p4 #bgj71 and a wolf which he referred with doubt to ,canis latrans4 ,the depth was uncertain1 but it may have been as much as #dj feet4 ,the fossils were embedded in reddish clayey loam1 the usual crevice earth4 ,on page #dbb of the same volume1 ,jeffries ,wyman referred the wolf remains to two distinct species1 ,canis occidentalis and ,c4 latrans4 ,in #ahgf1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,a4 ,allen 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #c1 vol4 ,,xi1 pp4 #dg-di7 described from the same lot of bones the species ,c4 mississippiensis4 ,this apparently did not include jaws and teeth that ,wyman had referred to ,c4 occidentalis4 ,in ,wyman's paper1 on page #dbb1 he assigned three teeth to ,dicotyles torquatus1 an existing peccary1 without stating that it had been found at ,blue ,mounds4 ,in #ahfi 7,jour4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #chd71 ,leidy referred this peccary to his ,dicotyles lenis1 an extinct species4 ,inasmuch as the peccaries found at ,galena were identified by ,leidy 7,whitney1 vol4 cit41 p4 #dbd7 as ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah71 it appears pretty certain the ,dicotyles lenis 7,tagassu lenis7 was among the fossils collected at ,blue ,mounds 7p4 #bai74 ,it must1 however1 be kept in mind that ,whitney1 on page #ce1 stated that he had collected bones and teeth of the same animal near ,dubuque1 ,iowa4 ,allen regarded the buffalo as belonging to an extinct species2 but it is really undeterminable4 ,accordingly there may be credited to this locality the following species3 ,tagassu lenis1 ,bison sp4 indet41 ,mammut americanum1 ,canis nubilus 7,c4 occidentalis71 ,c4 mississippiensis1 ,c4 latrans4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,relation of driftless region of ,wisconsin1 ,iowa1 and ,illinois to glaciated areas4 ,from ,grant and ,burchard4 ,unshaded area represents driftless region4 ,in ,whitney's report1 on page #acc1 he announced the finding of a large quantity of bones of mastodons at ,sinsinawa ,mound 7p4 #aaa71 but he did not know at what depth they occurred4 ,it seems probable that they had been met with in one or more crevices4 ,it seems probable that the animals found in crevices in the lead region of ,wisconsin1 ,illinois1 and ,iowa belong approximately to one geological stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,the following appears to include all known to have occurred in such situations3 ,megalonyx jeffersonii84 ,platygonus compressus4 ,tagassu lenis4 ,odocoileus virginianus84 ,cervus canadensis4 ,c4 whitneyi4 ,antilocapra americana4 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,mammut americanum4 ,marmota monax4 ,microtus sp4 indet4 ,geomys bursarius4 ,sylvilagus floridanus8 7,lepus sylvaticus74 ,anomodon snyderi4 ,procyon priscus4 ,canis nubilus 7,c4 occidentalis74 ,c4 mississippiensis4 ,c4 latrans4 ,the writer was at one time inclined to believe that these animals belonged to the time succeeding the withdrawal of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 ,baker 78,life of the ,pleistocene10 p4 #cec7 thinks that they belong probably to the ,peorian1 inasmuch as the region is covered by ,iowan loess1 beneath which many of the bones have been found4 ,it is quite probable that those crevices were open during at least some part of the ,pleistocene and that animal remains collected in them4 ,the fossils are reported as being sometimes inclosed in a matrix of cave or fissure materials which are cemented together by iron4 ,the considerable number of extinct species1 certainly #g out of about #ah1 makes it probable that the fauna is not so recent as the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,it appears to be determined that the ,iowan loess was formed immediately after the retirement of the ,iowan ice-sheet4 ,it might1 therefore1 be a question whether all of these animals might have got into those crevices in time to be covered in by the loess4 ,on the other hand1 the ,illinoian drift was1 for a long time1 exposed to weathering and erosion before the ,iowan drift and loess were laid down4 ,also1 the ,sangamon interval was probably much longer than the ,peorian1 so that the chances for the accumulation of the fossils were greater4 ,it seems1 however1 that we can only say that the fossils are post-,illinoian and probably pre-,wisconsin4 ,besides the vertebrate fossils referred to above1 a few others1 especially mastodons 7pp4 #aaj1 #aaa71 have been found at other places1 but so little is known of the conditions of their interment that they furnish little geological information4 ,a very interesting region is found in the western part of the ,state1 in ,dunn and ,pepin ,counties4 ,this has been examined with great care by ,dr4 ,samuel ,weidman1 ,state geologist of ,wisconsin4 ,about ,menomonie there are several brickyards1 whose excavations furnish opportunities for studying the formations at that point4 ,sections of one of these brickyards are described and illustrated by ,dr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,buckley1 in ,bulletin ,,vii1 part #a 7#aija71 page #aid1 plate ,,xxxvii4 ,a section and brief description is found also in a paper by ,dr4 ,hussakof 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #fhh74 ,in that region are found outwash gravels which have been definitely correlated by ,weidman with ,iowan drift4 ,in some places this is overlain by loess4 ,these gravels vary from #aj to #bj feet in thickness at ,menomonie4 ,beneath the gravels are found lacustrine clays varying in thickness from #bj to #dj and even #fj feet4 ,these are stratified and consist of layers from #a to #ab inches in thickness1 with intervening thin layers of sand4 ,toward the bottom the sand increases in amount4 ,beneath the clay-bearing formation is a bed of sand attaining a maximum thickness of about #aej feet4 ,this is underlain by coarse sand and gravel4 ,the lacustrine clays and the underlying sands and gravels are included by ,weidman in his ,menomonie formation1 and this is believed by him to be of ,sangamon interglacial age4 ,in northwestern ,wisconsin are found other glacial deposits believed to belong to the ,illinoian drift epoch4 ,in the lacustrine clay at ,menomonie have been found remains of the great lake trout1 ,cristivomer namaycush 7,hussakof1 as cited above71 of a deer 7p4 #bcj71 a caribou 7p4 #bdg71 and probably a mastodon4 ,the deer is represented by a single vertebra1 identified by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew4 ,the supposed mastodon is indicated by the distal end of the right femur1 the caribou by an antler of a young and probably female individual and by the shaft of a large individual4 ,at ,woodville1 in ,st4 ,croix ,county1 about #bj miles west of ,menomonie1 has been found a forest bed regarded as belonging to the ,aftonian4 ,this was described by ,arthur ,koehler 7,amer4 ,forestry1 vol4 ,,xxvi1 ,feb4 #aiaf1 p4 #ib1 #c figs474 ,wood was found that was identified as that of spruce4 ,in #aiac 7,science1 n4 s41 vol4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #deg71 in a brief abstract1 ,weidman reported that in ,wisconsin he recognized drift deposits of ,wisconsin1 ,iowan1 and ,kansan ages and another still older4 ,no localities were mentioned1 but his statements were doubtless based mostly on his work in the western part of the ,state4 ,the loess was found to be laid down after the ,iowan and before the ,wisconsin4 ,interglacial deposits were found between the ,kansan and the ,iowan4 ,in #aije 7,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #bch-bef7 and in #aiaj 7,jour4 ,geol4 vol4 ,,xviii1 pp4 #edb-edh71 ,dr4 ,r4 ,l4 ,chamberlain presented the results of his investigations on the 8,pleistocene ,geology of the ,st4 ,croix ,region in ,western ,wisconsin40 ,his conclusion 7p4 #edh7 was that in that part of the ,state there were present 7#a7 a surface mantle of gray ,wisconsin drift deposited by a glacier from the ,keewatin center2 7#b7 red ,wisconsin drift deposited by a glacier coming from the ,labrador center2 7#c7 a red drift left by an ice invasion from the ,labrador center1 its age consistent with ,illinoian2 7#d7 a grayish-black till that had come from the ,keewatin center and whose age was probably ,kansan4 ,,maryland ,,and ,,district ,,of ,,columbia4 ,for obvious reasons the ,pleistocene geology of the ,district of ,columbia is considered in connection with that of ,maryland4 ,this region is of especial interest1 because of the long time and the care which has been bestowed on it by geologists and because the conclusions reached have been applied to the geological study of ,states both toward the north and toward the south4 ,the most complete exposition of the ,pleistocene geology of the region is to be found in the volume of the ,maryland ,geological ,survey entitled 8,pliocene and ,pleistocene10 published in #aijf4 ,the geological treatise itself was written by ,george ,burbank ,shattuck and is illustrated by many maps and text-figures4 ,included in this is a bibliography of the subject which occupies #ag pages4 ,there is a chapter by ,w4 ,b4 ,clark1 ,arthur ,hollick1 and ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas1 on the interpretation of the palontological criteria2 another by ,f4 ,a4 ,lucas on the mastodons and the elephants4 ,the ,pleistocene mollusks found in the ,state1 #dj species1 were described and figured by ,w4 ,b4 ,clark2 while the plants1 also nearly #dj in number1 were described and figured by ,arthur ,hollick4 ,the history of the development of our present knowledge of the geology of ,maryland and the classification of its formations up to #aijf is given by ,shattuck in the volume just cited 7pp4 #be-dj74 ,this geologist recognized in the superficial deposits of the ,state five formations 7fig4 #ae74 ,these are1 beginning with the oldest1 ,lafayette1 ,sunderland1 ,wicomico1 ,talbot1 and ,recent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,diagram showing the ideal arrangement of the supposed terraces in the ,maryland ,coastal ,plain4 ,from ,shattuck4 ,the ,lafayette is regarded as having been laid down during the ,pliocene4 ,the ,sunderland1 ,wicomico1 and ,talbot form three terraces1 of which the ,sunderland is the oldest1 most elevated1 and farthest away from the larger bodies of water4 ,it is composed of clay1 peat1 gravel1 and boulders supposed to have been brought in by the ice4 ,the coarser materials appear to occupy usually the lower parts of the formation4 ,the elevation near ,washington is about #bjj feet1 but southward it descends gently1 until in ,st4 ,mary's ,county it is only about #fj feet4 ,the thickness varies from about #hj feet to nothing4 ,according to ,shattuck1 at the time of deposition of the ,sunderland the coast was depressed to an extent of about #bjj feet1 so that its materials were laid down either in salt water or in that of wide estuaries4 ,no deposits belonging to it have been found in the eastern peninsula4 ,in the western peninsula considerable areas are recognized along the ,potomac up to ,washington and along the ,patuxent and ,chesapeake ,bay to ,baltimore and ,elkton4 ,except in the southern part of this peninsula1 the ,sunderland is found only in widely separated patches4 ,no marine organisms are known to have left their remains in the ,sunderland1 but forest trees of a number of existing genera and several extinct species have been described by ,hollick in the volume cited4 ,the ,wicomico formation is described as occupying a large portion of the central and higher parts of the eastern peninsula2 in the western it forms a narrow and often interrupted fringe around the ,sunderland4 ,north of ,washington and ,annapolis it occurs only in patches4 ,its materials are very similar to those of the ,sunderland4 ,its greatest elevation is about #ajj feet above sea-level1 and this1 according to ,shattuck's view1 marks the amount of depression of the land at that time4 ,the thickness may be as much as #gj feet1 but is usually much less4 ,no marine fossils proper to the period have been discovered in the deposits1 but at a point in ,prince ,george's ,county plant remains have been found in a deposit about #bj feet thick4 ,the ,talbot formation forms a fringe1 sometimes of great width1 sometimes narrow or interrupted1 along all the large bodies of water in this ,state and in ,delaware4 ,it is the lowest of the terraces4 ,the greatest elevation is about #de feet2 the thickness does not exceed #dj feet4 ,the materials noted are those of the other two formations--clay1 peat1 sand1 gravel1 and ice-borne boulders4 ,at several points along ,chesapeake ,bay and on the lower part of ,patuxent and ,potomac rivers1 deposits containing plant remains have been discovered1 including pines1 cypress1 hickory1 beech1 elm1 and black locust4 ,in contrast with the other formations1 the ,talbot has furnished many marine fossils1 mostly mollusks2 but in all cases the localities are close to the present coast4 ,the writer does not accept the theory that the materials forming what have been called the ,sunderland1 ,wicomico1 and ,talbot terraces have been to any great extent laid down in the sea4 ,some part of the ,talbot1 that lying near the present coast1 has undoubtedly had such an origin4 ,nor has the ,coastal ,plain suffered1 so far as is determinable1 any such amount of depression as the theory mentioned requires4 ,the materials of the ,sunderland and ,wicomico have1 in the writer's opinion1 been brought down by rivers whose beds lay at levels nearly as high as those of the real or supposed terraces4 ,when the ,talbot materials were laid down1 the rivers and estuaries of the coast had been cut down nearly to their present levels1 and this was not long after the beginning of the ,pleistocene4 ,the authors of the submergence theory admit that no satisfactory evidence of the presence of marine organisms1 vertebrate or invertebrate1 are to be found in the body of the assumed terraces1 except again in parts of the ,talbot which immediately border the ocean or the great estuaries4 ,it is almost inconceivable that the ocean could occupy the ,coastal ,plain from ,new ,jersey to ,mexico for thousands of years and lay down great thicknesses of clay1 sand1 and gravel without having left somewhere beds of molluscan shells in such situations that they would have been discovered4 ,while these marine fossils are lacking1 there are found on all these terraces from ,maryland to ,florida and to the ,rio ,grande an abundance of land vertebrates such as elephants1 mastodons1 horses1 camels1 peccaries1 and many other forms4 ,nor do our palobotanists have difficulty in finding oaks1 walnuts1 hickories1 poplars1 etc4 ,on the theory of submergence there are missing all the things that ought to be found and there are met with just the things that would not be expected4 ,a figure is here reproduced 7fig4 #ae7 from the ,maryland ,pliocene and ,pleistocene volume1 page #ff1 with the explanation there accompanying it4 ,the reader may judge for himself whether the sea could occupy the ,atlantic coast since ,pliocene times without leaving any traces of marine fossils1 while at the same time there were preserved in those terraces remains of land animals and land vegetation4 ,another section 7fig4 #af7 is reproduced from ,folio #agi of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 the authors of which are ,g4 ,w4 ,stose and ,c4 ,k4 ,swartz4 ,the uppermost terraces are by these authors supposed to belong to the late ,pliocene1 the formation formerly known as the ,lafayette4 ,these figures suggest that the one set of terraces have some connections with the other set4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,section across ,potomac ,river near ,big ,pool1 ,maryland4 ,shows gravel-covered terraces4 ,folio #agi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey4 ,beginning at the southern extremity of ,maryland1 we notice the occurrence of remains of ,mammut americanum at or near ,st4 ,mary's ,city4 ,other remains of the same animal have been secured near ,st4 ,clements in ,st4 ,mary's ,county 7p4 #aab74 ,both of the localities are situated on territory mapped by ,shattuck as ,wicomico2 but as remarked on page #aab1 our knowledge of the conditions under which the fossils were found is not sufficient to allow us to say more than that they belong to the ,pleistocene4 ,the species existed from early to late ,pleistocene and can not be used to determine the age of the deposits4 ,along ,patuxent ,river1 in ,charles ,county1 not far from ,benedict1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahfg1 p4 #aee7 recognized jaws and teeth of ,grison macrodon and of ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbj74 ,both are extinct species4 ,according to ,shattuck's map of #aijf1 this region is covered by the ,talbot formation2 but inasmuch as the species named were obtained from pits furnishing ,miocene marl1 one can not be sure that they are not older than the supposed ,talbot4 ,it would probably require a search in the land records in order to determine exactly where the objects were found4 ,the presence of ,elephas primigenius suggests that this animal had been pushed down here during one of the glacial stages4 ,nearly a hundred years ago an elephant tooth 7p4 #aed7 was found somewhere in ,queen ,anne ,county1 but it would probably be now impossible to determine the locality4 ,in case the elephant tooth was found near ,chesapeake ,bay1 as is very probable1 there is no record of any ,pleistocene vertebrate having been found in the central and eastern parts of the eastern peninsula4 ,in the eastern peninsula remains of ,pleistocene vertebrates have been recorded from only two localities1 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,county1 and an undetermined locality in ,queen ,anne ,county4 ,from ,oxford ,neck1 ,cope 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xi1 #ahfi1 p4 #agh7 reported ,elephas primigenius1 ,e4 columbi1 ,cervus canadensis1 ,odocoileus virginianus1 ,chelydra serpentina1 and ,terrapene eurypygia4 ,at ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,william ,palmer1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 discovered a few remains of ,pleistocene vertebrates4 ,one of these is a tooth of an undetermined species of ,bison1 probably not the existing one4 ,another species is probably ,equus leidyi 7p4 #ahi74 ,three teeth appear to represent the peccary ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbj74 ,in #aiba1 ,dr4 ,adolph ,h4 ,schultz1 of the ,johns ,hopkins ,medical ,school1 presented to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum another specimen of ,t4 lenis which he had found at ,chesapeake ,beach4 ,inasmuch as the fossils were picked up after having fallen from their resting-place1 it is impossible to say to which formation they belonged4 ,in the opinion of the writer1 none of the three species indicates a late ,pleistocene time4 ,on the opposite side of the western peninsula1 at ,marshall ,hall1 ,charles ,county1 there was found long ago a tooth which the writer refers to ,equus leidyi4 ,coming north into the ,district of ,columbia1 we find recorded the discovery of remains of horses and possibly at two different times4 ,according to ,darton's work 7,folio #gj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 there is some later ,columbia laid down along the route of the ,chesapeake and ,potomac ,canal above ,georgetown4 ,this would now doubtless be regarded as belonging to the ,talbot4 ,it seems to follow that either the ,talbot is much older than has been supposed or that some of the extinct horses continued on until a comparatively late time in the ,pleistocene4 ,within the limits of the city of ,washington there has been found a tooth of probably ,elephas primigenius at a depth of #ce feet1 in the ,wicomico formation 7see p4 #agh74 ,on any theory of the origin of the terraces1 the presence of the tooth at that depth in the ground and at that elevation appears to indicate a considerable geological age for the animal4 ,to what extent materials may have been washed down from the surrounding higher land may be difficult to determine4 ,in ,prince ,george ,county1 near ,mitchellville1 have been found two teeth of an extinct horse 7p4 #ahh74 ,these are as yet unidentified4 ,they are in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 ,no4 #hhac4 ,near ,towson1 in ,baltimore ,county1 a mastodon tooth has been found 7p4 #aab72 but beyond proving that there is at that locality some ,pleistocene deposit1 it gives us little information4 ,in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #if-aji71 the writer described a collection of vertebrate fossils1 collected in a cave or fissure in limestone at ,cavetown1 ,washington ,county1 by anthropologists from ,phillips ,academy1 ,andover1 ,massachusetts4 ,the following is the list of species that were found in the collection3 ,crotalus horridus4 99,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 99,equus giganteus8 7p4 #ahi74 99,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bbj74 99,m4 exortivus 7p4 #bbj74 99,m4 obtusidens1 n4 sp4 7p4 #bbj74 99,platygonus tetragonus8 7p4 #bbj74 99,p4 vetus8 7p4 #bbj74 99,p4 cumberlandensis 7p4 #bbj74 99,sangamona fugitiva4 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bca74 99,elephas columbi8 99,sciurus tenuidens1 n4 sp4 ,s4 hudsonicus4 ,s4 carolinensis4 ,marmota monax4 ,castor canadensis4 ,ondatra zibethica4 ,neotoma magister4 ,microtus pennsylvanicus4 ,erethizon dorsatum4 ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,ursus americanus4 99,smilodontopsis mooreheadi4 ,felis couguar4 ,of the #bb species here recognized #ab are extinct4 ,this large number of itself indicates that their time of existence was not recent4 ,similarly1 the presence of #b species of horses1 several species of peccaries1 and of a saber-tooth tiger points to a rather ancient period4 ,the writer believes that the assemblage belongs to the ,sangamon stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--;,generalized section across the ,allegheny ,valley at ,parkers ,landing1 ,west ,virginia1 showing various stages of erosion and valley fill4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,folio #agh4 ,in ,washington ,county1 probably along ,lane's ,creek1 was found1 in digging a mill-race1 the skull of a mastodon 7p4 #aab74 ,further east1 near ,clear ,spring1 and about a mile above the entrance of ,conococheague ,creek into the ,potomac1 was discovered a tooth of a mastodon 7p4 #aac74 ,this had been washed out of some deposit along this creek1 probably not far away from where it was found4 ,as ,stose has shown 7,hancock ,folio1 ,no4 #agi1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv471 along the ,potomac and its tributary streams there are extensive ,pleistocene deposits of sand and gravel1 laid down when the river was as much as #bjj feet above its present level4 ,it is probable that such deposits date from the early ,pleistocene 7fig4 #ag74 ,a more important locality for ,pleistocene vertebrates is that near ,corriganville1 about #c miles west of north of ,cumberland1 ,maryland4 ,the cave is in ,allegany ,county1 west of ,wills ,creek and south of ,jennings ,run1 about #j4e mile south of the village of ,corriganville4 ,an account of this locality1 with a list of the species determined up to that time1 has been published by ,gidley 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,xlvi1 #aiac1 pp4 #ic-ajb74 ,in cutting through a spur of limestone in making a railroad1 at a depth of about #ajj feet there was exposed a cave or fissure which contained many bones and teeth4 ,gidley secured some hundreds of specimens belonging to about #ce species4 ,unfortunately nothing has been published which shows the relation of this cave to the terraces which are found along ,potomac ,river and its tributaries4 ,through the kind offices of ,mr4 ,f4 ,s4 ,rowe1 welfare agent of the ,western ,maryland ,railway1 the writer has received from the division engineer1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,cain1 of ,cumberland1 a topographic map of ,allegany ,county and a profile of the road extending through the rock cut4 ,from these it appears that the level of the track1 at the fissure1 is #hcg feet above sea-level4 ,this seems1 therefore1 to be considerably above the highest terrace along the ,potomac in that region4 ,it is to be supposed that the fissure was formed long before the animal remains accumulated in it4 ,in a paper published in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lvii1 pp4 #fea-fgh1 plates ,,liv1 ,,lv1 text-figs4 #a-aj7 ,gidley added to his former list four species of peccaries1 as follows3 ,platygonus cumberlandensis1 ,p4 intermedius1 ,mylohyus exortivus 7all new71 and ,m4 pennsylvanicus4 ,in another communication he reported also a deer1 a wolverine1 a beaver1 a lynx1 a badger1 a marten1 an eland1 and a crocodile or an alligator 7,rep4 ,smithson4 ,inst4 for #aiah1 pp4 #bha-bhg74 ,many of the identifications are merely provisional4 ,provisional list of fossils found near ,corriganville4 #a4 ,alligator or ,crocodylus sp4 indet4 #b4 ,blarina brevicauda84 #c4 ,vespertilio grandis4 #d4 ,vespertilio sp4 indet4 #e4 ,myotis sp4 indet4 #f4 ,ursus vitabilis4 #g4 ,ursus americanus84 #h4 ,canis armbrusteri4 #i4 ,canis sp4 indet4 #aj4 ,vulpes8 sp4 indet4 #aa4 ,mustela vison84 #ab4 ,gulo luscus84 #ac4 ,taxidea sp4 indet4 #ad4 ,lynx sp4 indet4 #ae4 ,mammut americanum4 #af4 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahi74 #ag4 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjd74 #ah4 ,platygonus cumberlandensis 7p4 #bbj7 #ai4 ,p4 intermedius 7p4 #bbj74 #bj4 ,p4 vetus8 7p4 #bbj74 #ba4 ,mylohyus exortivus 7p4 #bbj74 #bb4 ,m4 pennsylvanicus 7p4 #bbj74 #bc4 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 #bd4 ,taurotragus americanus4 #be4 ,ochotona princeps84 #bf4 ,lepus americanus84 #bg4 ,lepus sp4 indet4 #bh4 ,sciurus hudsonicus4 #bi4 ,sciuropterus alpinus84 #cj4 ,marmota monax84 #ca4 ,castor sp4 indet4 #cb4 ,neotoma sp4 indet4 #cc4 ,microtus chrotorrhinus84 #cd4 ,synaptomys borealis84 #ce4 ,synaptomys sp4 indet4 #cf4 ,peromyscus leucopus84 #cg4 ,napozapus sp4 indet4 #ch4 ,erethizon sp4 nov4 ,on account of the present unstudied condition of the collection1 it is difficult to reach conclusions that are satisfactory4 ,it appears1 however1 that there are at least #f hitherto undescribed species1 one-fifth of the whole number4 ,another #f1 if at all correctly determined1 indicate a wide removal from their ranges of the present day4 ,lepus americanus now lives well toward the north1 coming down to ,saginaw1 ,michigan4 ,ochotona princeps lives in the ,rocky ,mountains of ,british ,america4 ,synaptomys borealis is known only from the region about ,great ,bear ,lake1 ,mackenzie1 ,canada4 ,microtus chrotorrhinus has its habitat in ,quebec and the northeastern ,united ,states4 ,the species of ,napozapus are ,canadian in their range1 but descend to southeastern ,maryland and to ,north ,carolina in the mountains4 ,sciuropterus alpinus is found from ,alaska to ,hudson ,bay1 but descends on the ,pacific coast to southern ,california4 ,this northern habitat of so many supposed species suggests that the fissure received its contents during one of the glacial stages1 and this may be the case4 ,however1 it is not unlikely that these species and some others are really undescribed ones4 ,one may reasonably expect to find in a fauna containing ,equus and ,tapirus a much higher percentage of extinct species than ,gidley has recorded4 ,the most remarkable member of the fauna is ,taurotragus americanus1 a species closely related to the eland of southern ,africa 7,gidley1 ,smiths4 ,misc4 ,coll41 vol4 ,,lx1 ,no4 #bg74 ,its presence in western ,maryland gives a vivid impression of the widely extended journey that some animals have made from one continent to others4 ,the same species has since been found in collections made at ,alton1 ,illinois 7p4 #cci71 and at ,kimmswick1 ,missouri 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 p4 #aac74 ,according to the author's views1 the fauna found at ,cumberland1 like that of localities in western ,virginia1 belongs to a time somewhere about the middle of the ,pleistocene4 ,most of the species may be supposed to have lived there during the warm ,sangamon stage2 others1 as the wolverine1 at a somewhat earlier or later time when the climate was cooler4 ,,virginia4 ,for the student of ,pleistocene vertebrate palontology1 as for the geologist1 ,virginia may be divided into three physiographic regions1 the ,coastal ,plain1 the ,piedmont ,plateau1 and the ,appalachian ,mountains4 ,the line which divides the ,coastal ,plain from the ,piedmont ,plateau begins at the southern boundary of the ,state1 at about #gg #ca longitude4 ,the towns on or not far from this nearly north-and-south line are ,emporia1 ,petersburg1 ,richmond1 ,hanover1 and ,fredericksburg4 ,near the latter the line inclines slightly eastward and passes a few miles west of ,alexandria and ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,coastal ,plain is much less elevated than the region west of it and consists of deposits of ,mesozoic or ,cenozoic age1 and much of it is covered by ,pleistocene materials4 ,the ,plateau region is elevated and consists mostly of ,palozoic rocks1 mostly metamorphosed into a crystalline condition4 ,the ,appalachian region presents nearly parallel ranges of mountains and intervening valleys4 ,for a knowledge of the ,pleistocene geology of the ,coastal ,plain the reader should consult ,bulletin iv1 #aiab1 of the ,virginia ,geological ,survey4 ,the authors who discuss the physiography and geology of this region are ,william ,b4 ,clark and ,benjamin ,l4 ,miller4 ,on pages #ai to #de they present a very full bibliography of the geological literature pertaining to this region4 ,additional valuable assistance may be obtained from the various folios issued by the ,united ,states ,geological ,survey1 but unfortunately not many species of vertebrate animals have been found on this ,coastal ,plain of ,virginia4 ,in ,bulletin ,,iv1 already mentioned1 ,clark and ,miller recognize the presence of three terraces belonging to the ,pleistocene4 ,to these are given the names applied in ,maryland and ,north ,carolina to what are regarded as equivalent terraces4 ,the oldest of these1 most elevated and farthest from the coast1 is the ,sunderland2 eastward of this lies the ,wicomico2 the ,talbot is the youngest and lowest and borders the coast4 ,unfortunately1 the geologists referred to did not map the areas occupied individually or collectively by these terraces4 ,they accept the theory that these terraces were laid down in the sea4 ,it is admitted1 nevertheless1 that no marine fossils are found in deposits of the ,sunderland and ,wicomico4 ,in the ,talbot1 #bf species of marine mollusks have been reported from ,talbot deposits of the ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 all regarded as belonging to living species4 ,it will be recollected that ,woolman 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahih1 p4 #dad71 in a study of mollusks collected in the ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 found #g extinct species in a collection of #di species1 equal to about #af per cent4 ,it is1 however1 not unlikely that the collections had been dredged up from deeper deposits4 ,in ,bulletin ,v of the ,virginia ,geological ,survey1 on page #be1 ,sanford stated that the ,talbot had a width of #cj miles at the south4 ,on consulting ,stephenson's map of the superficial formations of the ,coastal ,plain in ,north ,carolina 7,north ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,iii1 plate ,,xiii7 it will be seen that this corresponds quite exactly with the width of the ,pamlico formation at that line4 ,for the writer's views on the terraces named the reader may consult page #cdf on the geology of ,maryland4 ,on page #aac is recorded the discovery of a tooth of a mastodon in a marsh near ,disputanta1 in ,prince ,george's ,county4 ,not enough is known about the geology of the region to say more than that the deposit belongs to the ,pleistocene4 ,about #f miles east of ,williamsburg1 a little more than #ajj years ago1 remains which pretty certainly belonged to the genus ,mammut and probably to the species ,m4 americanum 7p4 #aac7 were discovered1 said to have been found on the banks of ,york ,river2 but by this was probably meant the banks of the flood-plain4 ,the bones were found in marsh mud and were surrounded by roots of cypress trees4 ,the adjacent bank was #bj feet higher than this level4 ,the topographical map of the ,williamsburg ,quadrangle shows that an abrupt rise of this amount is to be found only about #aj miles away from the river4 ,whether the cypress roots were those of trees that had grown within recent years or whether they were remains of a ,pleistocene forest1 such as was exposed at ,tappahannock1 ,essex ,county 7,bull4 ,,iv1 p4 #ahf71 the writer does not know4 ,the information at hand about this case does not make it possible to pronounce on the geological age of the mastodon4 ,on page #bh an account is given of the discovery of a skull of a walrus on the ,atlantic coast of ,virginia1 at ,accomac4 ,it had doubtless been washed up by the sea from a ,pleistocene deposit4 ,it is easiest to suppose that the walrus had been driven southward along the coast during the ,wisconsin glacial stage2 but possibly this happened during an earlier glacial time4 ,no vertebrate fossils of ,pleistocene age appear to have come to light anywhere on the ,piedmont ,plateau1 and little or nothing is known about its ,pleistocene geology4 ,from the geological surveys we get little information about the ,pleistocene formations of the ,appalachian region4 ,at most1 mention is made of soils of undetermined age along the streams2 and yet from this region have been obtained a very considerable number of ,pleistocene vertebrates4 ,from ,mr4 ,wyndham ,robinson1 of ,abingdon1 ,washington ,county1 the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum received in #ahfi a tooth of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aac7 and one of ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 ,nothing has been learned regarding the conditions under which they were unearthed4 ,the horse-tooth points to an age preceding the ,wisconsin drift4 ,from ,saltville1 in ,smyth ,county1 the following forms have been obtained3 ,crocodylus sp4 indet4 ,megalonyx dissimilis 7p4 #cd74 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 ,odocoileus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bca74 ,cervalces sp4 indet4 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aac74 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ade74 ,that a crocodile should have lived in this region during the ,pleistocene is remarkable4 ,megalonyx dissimilis is otherwise known only from ,natchez1 ,mississippi1 from deposits which appear to be of about ,illinoian or ,sangamon age4 ,the horse-tooth points to about this time or earlier1 while the other species do not contradict this conclusion4 ,the astragalus referred to ,odocoileus probably belongs to some other genus4 ,mr4 ,m4 ,d4 ,mount sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum remains of ,bison 7p4 #bei71 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aac71 and ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ade74 ,these1 he reported1 had been found at a depth not greater than #h feet in excavating for the city reservoir4 ,he has written that the valley of ,holston ,river at ,saltville1 within about #hj years1 had been a lake1 at least at certain times of the year1 and that the reservoir was excavated at the margin of this low area4 ,mr4 ,o4 ,a4 ,peterson 7,ann4 ,carnegie ,mus41 vol4 ,,xi1 #aiag1 pp4 #dfi-dgd7 reported from this place the crocodile1 the megalonyx1 cervalces1 the supposed deer1 the horse-tooth1 and remains of mastodons4 ,the bones were found in a sink-hole1 in a layer of coarse gravel1 pebbles and cobblestones1 a fact indicating that a stream of some size had occupied the place4 ,overlying this layer was one in which there were fragments of large river shells4 ,the bone layer appears to have been only about #d feet from the surface4 ,peterson concluded that at the close of the ,pleistocene or later the remains had been moved and redeposited from some place not far away1 but this would not affect the geological age of the fossils and it is evident that remains of vertebrates are widely dispersed in that valley4 ,all the species reported are extinct1 but only large forms were secured4 ,professor ,cope1 probably in #ahfh1 found the following #bd species4 ,he did not state the localities exactly1 except that they were along ,new ,river1 in ,wythe ,county4 ,two were on the land of ,abraham ,painter4 ,the writer applied to the surveyor of the county named and has been informed that the farm which belonged to ,abraham ,painter is on ,new ,river1 near the town of ,ivanhoe4 ,the nomenclature of the species has been revised4 ,the species preceded by a dagger are extinct4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cd74 ,castor fiber4 ,neotoma floridana8 ,marmota monax4 ,peromyscus leucopus4 ,tamias lvidens4 ,sciurus panolius4 ,sylvilagus floridanus4 ,blarina sp4 indet4 ,vespertilio sp4 indet4 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjd74 ,equus complicatus8 7p4 #aij74 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bba74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bca74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfj74 ,ursus amplidens4 ,procyon lotor4 ,spilogale putorius4 ,myxophagus spelus4 ,crotalus sp4 indet4 ,amyda sp4 indet4 ,terrapene sp4 indet4 ,cryptobranchus sp4 indet4 ,at least #i of the #bd species are extinct4 ,none of the recorded species requires us to refer the deposit to early ,pleistocene times4 ,ursus amplidens was described from the deposits at ,natchez4 ,this and ,tapirus haysii1 ,equus complicatus1 and ,mylohyus nasutus point to middle ,pleistocene1 apparently about to ,illinoian or ,sangamon times4 ,cope reported that the teeth and bones were found in a cave breccia4 ,this consisted of a number of irregular masses which occupied 8depressions and short galleries0 in the southeast side of a line of hills4 ,when those masses were excavated from their beds the floor and roof of a portion of a cave were exposed1 with the stalactites1 stalagmites1 and usual incrustations4 ,it would appear1 therefore1 that at some time in the early ,pleistocene or in the late ,pliocene the caves had been formed through the effect of streams of carbonated waters on the limestone2 that in some way the bones and teeth of the animals listed above had got into the cave2 that by a change in the amount or character of the water the caves had gradually filled up2 and that afterwards the limestone which contained these caves had undergone great erosion4 ,further north1 in the valley of ,jackson ,river at ,covington1 there is evidently a deposit of ,pleistocene clay1 for in it at a depth of #ab feet was found a tooth of a mastodon 7p4 #aad74 ,another mastodon tooth was found near ,hot ,springs1 at the head of ,wilson ,creek1 in ,bath ,county1 possibly in similar deposits 7p4 #aad74 ,in ,augusta ,county an unidentified species of horse 7p4 #aij7 and the peccary ,platygonus 7p4 #bba7 have been discovered4 ,,west ,,virginia4 ,so far as the writer has learned1 vertebrate remains belonging to the ,pleistocene have been found in ,west ,virginia in only eight places and only seven species are represented3 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aae71 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agi71 ,equus niobrarensis8 7p4 #aij71 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed71 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cd71 ,odocoileus virginianus8 7p4 #bca71 and a peccary 7p4 #bba74 ,the horse appears to indicate an early ,pleistocene time1 possibly pre-,kansan1 but all the other species continued from at least the ,aftonian stage through to the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,the specimens1 therefore1 do not help us to determine the age of the deposits in which they are found4 ,no part of the ,state lies within the glaciated area2 hence1 during the whole of the ,pleistocene epoch its surface was subjected to weathering and to the erosion of running water4 ,at times the streams built up deposits on their beds4 ,later they deepened their channels and left a part of their former deposits as terraces4 ,at a still later time the deposition and deepening may have been repeated1 and as a result there is sometimes a series of terraces one above another4 ,the age of these terraces and their origin have been the subjects of a good deal of controversy4 ,in the ,masontown-,uniontown ,folio 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,no4 #hb71 ,m4 ,r4 ,campbell has discussed the terraces along the ,monongahela ,river1 which occur at an altitude of about #a1jjj feet above sea-level and perhaps #aej feet above the present river4 ,also more than #ajj feet above the present river are old abandoned river channels which are now partially filled up4 ,in #aiaa 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,folio #agh1 pp4 #aa-ac71 ,e4 ,w4 ,shaw and ,m4 ,j4 ,munn described the ,quaternary of the ,foxburg and ,clarion quadrangles in ,pennsylvania1 where the same ,pleistocene problems are involved4 ,they present an account of the different views regarding the high-level terraces and the abandoned channels4 ,they concluded1 as did ,campbell1 that these terraces and channels dated back to the early ,pleistocene and probably to the ,kansan stage4 ,figure #ag is a reproduction of ,shaw and ,munn's figure #aj1 on their page #ab4 ,it represents a section across ,allegheny ,river at ,parker's ,landing1 ,armstrong ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the uppermost gravels in the figure would be those of supposed ,kansan age2 while the lowermost are those laid down during the last glacial stage1 the ,wisconsin4 ,in the materials of the high terraces one may expect to find fossil vertebrates of the early ,pleistocene1 as in the case of the mastodon reported from ,stewartstown1 ,west ,virginia 7p4 #aaf74 ,the conditions of burial should1 however1 be carefully studied and recorded2 for it would be possible for remains to be left at a later time on such a terrace and to be covered up by earth washed down from above4 ,on page #bed an account is given of finding a musk-ox skull near ,steubenville1 ,ohio1 on a terrace about #ge feet above the low-water mark4 ,the region of the western part of ,west ,virginia1 western ,pennsylvania1 and northeastern ,ohio is interesting because of its history during the late ,pleistocene4 ,the reader is referred to ,leverett's monograph1 8,the ,glacial ,formations and ,drainage ,features of the ,erie and ,ohio ,basins0 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 #aijb1 pp4 #hh-aeh1 with figs474 ,leverett essays to show that the upper part of the ,ohio ,river1 the ,allegheny1 and the ,monongahela with its branches at one time emptied into ,lake ,erie4 ,the connection was made through ,beaver ,river1 which now flows into the ,ohio1 and ,grand ,river1 in eastern ,ohio1 now emptying into ,lake ,erie4 ,when the ,wisconsin ice filled ,lake ,erie and occupied its southern shore the mouth of ,grand ,river was dammed and the water could escape only to the south4 ,the flow was reversed1 and after it had reached the top of the divide it entered the stream that then represented the head of the ,ohio4 ,when at length the mouth of ,grand ,river was reopened1 the new channel had been cut so deep that most of the streams of western ,pennsylvania and ,west ,virginia continued to flow down the ,ohio4 ,leverett's figure representing the preglacial drainage of the upper ,ohio region is here reproduced 7fig4 #aj74 ,,north ,,carolina4 7,map #ci47 ,our knowledge of the ,pleistocene geology of ,north ,carolina is at present confined almost wholly to the ,coastal ,plain of the ,state4 ,the most recent general discussions of the geology of this region are found in volume ,,iii of the ,north ,carolina ,geological and ,economic ,survey1 #aiab4 ,the authors who contributed to this volume are ,william ,bullock ,clark1 ,benjamin ,l4 ,miller1 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson1 ,b4 ,l4 ,johnson1 and ,horatio ,n4 ,parker4 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson has furnished an article on the ,cretaceous deposits1 and in his numerous geological sections he has referred to the ,pleistocene materials there found4 ,benjamin ,l4 ,miller wrote on the ,tertiary formations and likewise noted the ,pleistocene materials found in his sections4 ,the most important part of the volume for the student of the ,pleistocene is ,stephenson's article on 8,the ,quaternary ,formations10 which occupies pages #bff to #bij4 ,clark1 ,miller1 and ,stephenson united in a chapter on the 8,geological ,history of the ,coastal ,plain of ,north ,carolina40 ,clark1 besides1 deals with the 8,correlation of the ,coastal ,plain ,formations40 ,in addition to numerous plates and text-figures1 a colored map shows the area covered by the surficial formations of the ,coastal ,plain and another the distribution of the formations exclusive of the surficial4 ,finally1 ,miller and ,stephenson presented a bibliography which includes #aej titles1 occupying pages #dd to #gc4 ,according to ,clark and ,stephenson1 the ,pleistocene of ,north ,carolina comprises five formations2 the oldest is the ,coharie1 farthest removed from the coast and lying back against the so-called ,lafayette1 itself supposed1 with some doubt1 to belong to the ,pliocene4 ,toward the coast there come in1 in succession of position and time1 the ,sunderland1 the ,wicomico1 the ,chowan1 and the ,pamlico4 ,these formations are described as forming more or less well-defined terraces having higher and higher elevations as they are followed back from the coast4 ,the ,pamlico nowhere exceeds #be feet above sea-level4 ,the ,chowan varies in elevation from about #be feet to about #ej feet4 ,the ,wicomico formation slopes from about #ej feet up to about #ij or #ajj feet4 ,the ,wicomico may attain elevations of from #adj to #aej feet at the western border4 ,the ,coharie varies from about #afj feet along its eastern border to as much as #bce feet along its western border4 ,from its western border each formation sends up the rivers prolongations into or across the next formation toward the west4 ,each terrace may present along its coastward border an escarpment of varying elevation and obviousness4 ,the ,coharie and ,sunderland formations are regarded by the authors named as being correlated with the ,sunderland of ,virginia and ,maryland1 although the ,coharie may be really ,pliocene4 ,the ,wicomico is equivalent to that called by the same name in the ,states farther north1 while the ,chowan and the ,pamlico together are correlated with the ,talbot of ,virginia and ,maryland4 ,the area occupied by the ,pamlico is extremely narrow or absent along the southernmost third of the coast of the ,state4 ,at longitude #gg the boundary between it and the ,chowan turns and runs north1 very slightly to the east1 striking the northern boundary of the ,state at about #gf #ae4 ,just south of ,albemarle ,sound its width east and west is nearly equal to that of all the other ,pleistocene formations at that latitude1 taken together4 ,clark1 ,miller1 and ,stephenson 7op4 cit41 p4 #cjj7 accept the theory of ,mc,gee that during ,lafayette times1 probably in the late ,pliocene1 the ,coastal ,plain was depressed some #ejj feet below its present level and covered by the sea4 ,into this sea were poured1 by the rivers coming down from the higher lands to the west1 the clay1 sand1 and gravel1 sometimes boulders1 which make up the so-called ,lafayette4 ,somewhat later the region was uplifted enough to expose the ,lafayette deposits and they suffered erosion4 ,when the ,coharie formation began to be laid down the sea-level must have been about #afj feet higher than at present2 it continued to rise until it reached an elevation of about #bjj feet4 ,a subsidence and a succeeding elevation occurred1 during which the ,sunderland terrace was produced4 ,in like manner the succeeding deposits and terraces are supposed1 by the geologists named1 to have been formed--the ,wicomico1 the ,chowan1 and the ,pamlico4 ,one objection already offered 7p4 #cdf7 to this theory to account for the deposits belonging to the ,lafayette and the formations of the ,pleistocene is that1 instead of beds of sea-shells1 remains of marine fishes1 porpoises1 and whales1 there are found scattered here and there over this region the bones and teeth of elephants1 mastodons1 horses1 and other land animals4 ,in maintaining this objection it is not necessary to assume that the lower parts of the ,pleistocene area have never been submerged4 ,the writer has caused to be prepared a map showing the geographical distribution of the five formations referred 7in the work cited7 to the ,pleistocene4 ,it is based on the maps found in that volume4 ,it shows also the localities where fossil vertebrates have been discovered1 and where marine fossils and land plants have been secured 7map #ci74 ,one difficulty met with in our study of the distribution of the finds of extinct vertebrates in ,north ,carolina1 as elsewhere1 arises from carelessness in recording and preserving proper data4 ,in several cases here to be considered1 no more is known than that a fossil has been found in a certain county4 ,happily1 more is known in many other cases4 ,examination shows that no fossil vertebrates are known to have been found in ,north ,carolina within the area of the ,coharie formation1 but that mastodons have been met with in the areas of all four of the other formations as laid down in ,stephenson's map1 plate ,,xiii of the work cited above4 ,horse remains1 too1 seem to have occurred within all the areas last noted4 ,this does not mean necessarily that these remains were buried in the corresponding formations4 ,a mastodon may have lived long after the ,sunderland was laid down and his remains have become buried in some isolated deposit1 say of ,pamlico times2 or1 the remains may be found within the area of ,pamlico1 but really buried in underlying ,chowan4 ,each case must be decided on the evidence bearing on it4 ,mention is made on page #aee of the finding of a tooth of ,elephas columbi about #i miles below ,wilmington4 ,whether this was buried in ,pamlico deposits close along ,cape ,fear ,river1 in ,chowan deposits which prevail there1 or beneath these1 in ,wicomico1 it is impossible to say4 ,a short distance below this place was found a tooth of ,mammut americanum4 ,on page #aij is given an account of the discovery of a tooth of ,equus leidyi in what was supposed to be ,miocene marl in the vicinity of ,elizabethtown1 on ,cape ,fear ,river1 in ,bladen ,county4 ,miller 7op4 cit41 p4 #bdh7 states that the ,pleistocene about ,elizabethtown rests usually directly on the ,cretaceous1 but that south of the town are found some patches of ,miocene marls4 ,the region about this town is mostly occupied by the ,sunderland formation1 but the ,wicomico extends up the river far above the place4 ,it is1 however1 mapped as lying mostly on the north side of the river4 ,it seems pretty certain that the horse-tooth occurred in the ,sunderland1 probably at its base4 ,mastodon remains1 as stated on page #aae1 have been found in ,pender ,county1 but where is not known4 ,along the coast is a narrow strip of ,pamlico4 ,the southeastern half of the county is occupied by the ,chowan1 the northwestern by the ,wicomico4 ,mastodon teeth have been found in ,duplin ,county1 but there is no record as to exact locality1 depth1 or matrix4 ,the southeastern two-thirds of the county is covered by deposits of the ,wicomico1 the northwestern third by ,sunderland4 ,the mastodon probably belongs to one or the other of these4 ,the ,pleistocene deposits are1 however1 underlain by ,tertiary rocks1 and possibly the mastodon came from these and belongs to a different genus4 ,on page #aaf will be found an account of remains of a mastodon1 probably ,mammut americanum1 which was found near ,jacksonville1 in ,onslow ,county4 ,three of the supposed ,pleistocene formations are found near ,jacksonville4 ,the ,pamlico comes up the ,new ,river quite to the town4 ,immediately at the town is 7following ,stephenson's map7 the ,chowan4 ,the southeastern border of the ,wicomico comes down nearly to the town4 ,in which of the three areas the teeth were discovered we do not know4 ,a case is here furnished which illustrates the need of most accurate observation and record of locality1 depth1 and character of materials4 ,as stated on page #aaf1 teeth and tusks of ,mammut americanum have been obtained at ,maysville1 ,jones ,county4 ,the writer does not know exactly the place where the remains were discovered4 ,the region about ,maysville is occupied by the ,chowan formation1 but the ,pamlico sends an extension up ,white ,oak ,river as far as ,maysville4 ,remains of both ,mammut and ,elephas have been reported from ,carteret ,county4 ,in #ahbh 7see p4 #aag7 ,elisha ,mitchell stated that remains of the elephant and mastodon had been met with in digging the ,clubfoot and ,harlow ,canal4 ,this canal passed from ,neuse ,river to ,newport ,river4 ,in #ahgf 7,senate ,ex4 ,doc4 ,no4 #ce1 #ddth ,congr41 p4 #ag7 ,s4 ,t4 ,abert transcribed1 from an earlier report made by ,professor ,olmstead1 a geological section taken in this canal4 ,the excavation went to a depth of #af feet4 ,the uppermost of the four layers consisted of the peaty mold usually found in the swamp4 ,the next layer was made up of a yellowish-brown potter's clay4 ,the third layer consisted of sand and was full of sea-shells and fossil remains of 8mammoths0 7mastodons7 and elephants4 ,the shells belonged to species now found near ,cape ,lookout1 principally conch1 scallop1 and clam4 ,the layer below this was blue clay4 ,in the case here presented there can hardly be a doubt that the stratum containing the shells and the bones belonged to a ,pleistocene formation older than that assigned to the ,pamlico4 ,on page #ade is described a tooth of ,elephas primigenius1 dredged up in ,core ,creek1 forming part of the ,inland ,waterway in ,carteret ,county4 ,the conclusion seems unavoidable that this boreal animal had been driven to this southern latitude during one of the glacial stages1 and one naturally thinks of the latest one1 the ,wisconsin2 but it may have been at a much earlier time4 ,a mastodon jaw has been secured in the same canal4 ,doubtless the locality in ,north ,carolina1 the most important to the student of ,pleistocene vertebrate palontology1 is that reported long ago on the northern shore of ,neuse ,river1 #af miles below ,newbern4 ,as stated on page #aag1 in a mention of the mastodon bones discovered1 ,h4 ,b4 ,croom seems first to publish a statement concerning the animal remains found there4 ,some of his identifications were certainly wrong4 ,according to ,harlan 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xliii1 #ahdb1 p4 #adc71 there were secured remains of elephant1 mastodon1 hog1 elk1 deer1 horse1 seal1 cetaceans1 a tortoise1 snake1 fish1 shark1 and skate4 ,as in another case1 ,harlan may have mistaken worn teeth of ,bison for teeth of the hog 7,sus74 ,for our purpose the most important animals of the list are the elephant1 the mastodon1 and the horse4 ,according to ,croom1 the animal remains were found in a marl pit4 ,he was informed by the owner that in an upper layer there were found teeth of sharks and fragments of bones of marine fishes1 mingled with sea-shells4 ,in a deeper layer1 #bj to #be feet below the surface1 there occurred the remains of land animals1 together with sea-shells of great variety4 ,croom thought that some teeth belong to the hyena1 and ,foster reported the hippopotamus2 but in both cases the identifications were wrong4 ,conrad 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xxviii1 #ahce1 pp4 #ajg-aaj2 ,proc4 ,nat4 ,inst4 ,prom4 ,sci41 vol ,i1 pp4 #aia-aib7 reported that the bones of animals found here were water-worn1 black1 and silicified4 ,he concluded that they had been brought down the ,neuse ,river and mingled with sea-shells4 ,the fossiliferous stratum did not rise anywhere more than #aj feet above the river4 ,in the first publication quoted1 ,conrad published a list of #ff mollusks in this stratum1 of which #g were not yet known as living species and #b others are noted as new4 ,according to this list1 less than #ij per cent are recent4 ,he referred the deposits to his newer ,pliocene4 ,in the second publication cited he concluded that the stratum belonged to the post-,pliocene4 ,stephenson 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhi7 refers to the investigations made at this locality4 ,it is not improbable that the deposit which furnished these fossils belongs to the earliest ,pleistocene stage1 the ,nebraskan4 ,the same may be said about the coquina rock mentioned by ,stephenson which occurs at ,old ,fort ,fisher1 in ,new ,hanover ,county 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhi1 plate ,,xxviii74 ,on page #aae the writer refers to a lower jaw of a mastodon found by the geologist ,w4 ,c4 ,kerr1 near ,goldsboro1 and described by ,joseph ,leidy4 ,the jaw was reported to have been found in gravel overlying ,miocene marl4 ,the writer believes that the mastodon belonged to the species ,mammut progenium4 ,goldsboro1 on ,neuse ,river1 is near the western border of the ,sunderland formation1 but the ,wicomico is prolonged up the river far above ,goldsboro4 ,according to ,stephenson and ,johnson 7op4 cit41 p4 #dge71 ,miocene sands and clays are found over a portion of the northern part of the county 7,wayne74 ,the geological age of this mastodon depends more on the age of the gravels in which it was found than on the age of the terrace1 although the writer is willing to concede an early ,pleistocene stage for the terrace4 ,a mastodon tooth has been found 7see p4 #aag7 somewhere in ,wilson ,county4 ,the county is covered mostly by ,pleistocene of ,sunderland age1 but a small part of the western end is occupied by the ,coharie2 while1 according to ,stephenson's map1 both the ,chowan and the ,wicomico follow up ,contentnea ,creek into ,wilson ,county4 ,the geological age of the mastodon is doubtful4 ,at ,greenville1 ,pitt ,county1 have been found remains of ,equus complicatus1 perhaps also of another species of horse 7see p4 #aia74 ,while supposed to have been found in ,miocene marls1 the tooth belonged without doubt to the ,pleistocene4 ,pitt ,county is occupied by four ,pleistocene formations1 ,pamlico1 ,chowan1 ,wicomico1 and ,sunderland4 ,the probability is that the horse-teeth were found in an early ,pleistocene deposit4 ,as indicated on page #aag1 remains of ,mammut americanum have been found in ,pitt ,county1 possibly at ,greenville4 ,as noted on page #aag1 a tooth of ,mammut americanum has been found at or near ,tarboro4 ,nothing more is known about its origin4 ,at this place are found deposits belonging to the ,chowan1 ,wicomico1 and ,sunderland formations2 it is impossible to say from which the tooth was derived4 ,emmons 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,north ,carolina1 #aheb1 p4 #ef7 reported finding mastodon bones in marl-pits on the farm of ,mr4 ,knight1 on the banks of ,tar ,river1 in ,nash ,county1 #c miles west of ,rocky ,mount4 ,the same ,pleistocene deposits occur here as at ,tarboro4 ,the bones were supposed to have been buried in ,miocene marl1 and this may have been true4 ,if so1 they belonged to some other species of mastodon than ,mammut americanum4 ,on page #aia is given an account of the discovery of teeth of ,equus leidyi which were washed up on the beach at ,plymouth4 ,this town is on ,roanoke ,river1 several miles from ,albemarle ,sound1 and on the border between the ,pamlico and the ,chowan formations4 ,our determination of the geological age of the teeth must be based on other evidence than that furnished by the discoverers4 ,elsewhere in this work is given an account of finding a part of a skull of a walrus at ,kitty ,hawk4 ,it was probably during the ,wisconsin glacial stage that this animal lived along the coast as far south as ,charleston4 ,as to the geological age of the ,pamlico formation1 the geologists who have contributed to the report of #aiab1 the volume cited1 hold that it belongs to late ,pleistocene4 ,the writer believes that the formation was laid down at a much earlier time4 ,the mastodon jaw and the tooth of ,elephas primigenius found in the ,inland ,waterway ,canal may have been buried there during the prevalence of the ,wisconsin ice epoch2 but1 on the other hand1 this may have happened during an older ,pleistocene stage4 ,it will be observed that the ,pamlico becomes very narrow along the southern third of the coast of ,north ,carolina4 ,in ,south ,carolina it may be represented by one of the older ,pleistocene deposits recorded by ,sloan2 in part possibly by the ,wando clays or the ,sea island sands4 ,in the author's view1 it is pretty certain that the ,pleistocene molluscan fauna which had been found in the ,clubfoot and ,harlow ,canal and at the locality below ,newbern corresponds to the ,wadmalaw in the vicinity of ,charleston4 ,it seems to appear at the southeastern corner of the ,state1 at ,southport1 and again in the northeastern corner in ,dismal ,swamp4 ,according to ,shaler 7#ajth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 #ahij1 p4 #cae71 a collection of mollusks made near the northern border of the swamp was submitted to ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall4 ,there were #bi forms1 of which #bd are yet existing1 #e extinct4 ,there were1 therefore1 #ag per cent of extinct forms4 ,dall regarded the deposits as belonging to the ,pliocene2 the writer believes that they may be referred to the ,nebraskan stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,from a study of mollusks collected later in the ,dismal ,swamp ,canal1 ,woolman 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci4 ,phila41 #ahih1 pp4 #dad-dbh7 concluded that they belonged to a time not earlier than late ,pliocene and possibly as late as the ,pleistocene4 ,darton 7,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,folio #hj7 referred the deposits to the ,pliocene4 ,stephenson 7op4 cit41 p4 #bij7 states that recent investigations have led to the conclusion that the beds should be referred to the ,pleistocene4 ,the parties in such a dispute may compromise by referring the beds to the ,nebraskan stage4 ,it seems probable that the ,chowan formation belongs to a stage a little later than these mollusk-bearing beds and represents a strip of old coast marsh1 inhabited by elephants1 mastodons1 horses1 and various other animals4 ,in discussing the causes which led to the production of ,cape ,hatteras1 ,professor ,shaler 7,proc4 ,bost4 ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol ,,xiv1 #ahgb1 p4 #aag7 remarked that the hard shelly limestone which comes to the surface just above high-tide level along the shore of the mainland from ,newbern to the mouth of the ,roanoke ,river looks much like the shell-bed found near ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina4 ,,south ,,carolina4 ,to the reader who wishes to know what work has been done on the ,pleistocene geology of ,south ,carolina1 two papers may be recommended4 ,the first of these1 historical in nature1 was published in #ahij by ,professor ,joseph ,a4 ,holmes 7,jour4 ,elisha ,mitchell ,sci4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #hi-aag71 the second in #aije by ,dr4 ,griffith ,t4 ,pugh 7,thesis1 ,vanderbilt ,univ41 pp4 #a-gd74 ,those who have contributed most to a knowledge of the palontology of this formation are ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,leidy1 ,dall1 ,dall and ,harris1 ,earle ,sloan1 and ,g4 ,t4 ,pugh4 ,j4 ,a4 ,holmes1 ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 and ,dall have made important contributions to the knowledge of the invertebrate animals4 ,for our knowledge of the vertebrates we are indebted principally to ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes and ,joseph ,leidy4 ,the author who has dealt most recently and in considerable detail with the stratigraphy of the ,pleistocene deposits is ,earle ,sloan1 ,state geologist 7,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ser4 ,,iv1 ,south ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv41 #aijh1 #dgi pages74 ,from these authorities we learn that1 while the larger part of the ,coastal ,plain may be to a greater or less extent overlain by deposits referable to ,mc,gee's ,columbian1 the deposits which bear fossils are confined almost wholly to a narrow strip along the coast4 ,in this strip have been found the numerous mollusks listed and described by ,tuomey1 ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 and ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 as well as most of the species of vertebrate fossils4 ,the fossiliferous deposits do not usually extend back from the coast more than about #aj miles4 ,undoubtedly fossil-bearing ,pleistocene deposits are to be found here and there along all the rivers1 perhaps to the western border of the ,coastal ,plain4 ,this is indicated by the discovery of remains of horses and mastodons in ,darlington and ,richland counties4 ,the thickness of the ,pleistocene deposits along the coast is said to amount to as much as #fj feet1 but it is usually much less4 ,only a part of this is fossiliferous1 a bed that appears to vary in thickness from about #c to #h feet4 ,this is found as much as #h feet above mean-tide level1 sometimes below it4 ,the materials of this fossiliferous bed vary greatly4 ,sometimes they consist almost entirely of shells of mollusks1 in other cases of a blue mud or sand1 and with these may be mingled peaty materials1 gravel1 and again rolled masses derived from the underlying deposits4 ,the fossils contained in the bed mentioned consist of mollusks1 and in some places bones and teeth of vertebrates occur in more or less abundance4 ,the bed is underlain often by deposits of ,tertiary age4 ,bones and teeth of the vertebrates1 as fishes and cetaceans1 that lived when those ,tertiary rocks were being deposited may occasionally have been washed into the ,pleistocene bed4 ,again1 where the older and the newer beds are exposed along the shores1 fossils may be washed out of both and commingled on the beach2 then again1 a great part of the fossils collected along this coast of ,south ,carolina have been rescued from the phosphate rock gathered for commercial purposes4 ,this has been to a great extent dredged from the rivers2 and thus remains of ,pleistocene and of ,tertiary animals have been mixed indiscriminately together4 ,it is often impossible to determine to what formation a fossil may belong4 ,to add to the difficulty of the palontologist1 the vertebrate remains are sometimes found washed out and mingled with bones or teeth of what appear to have been domestic animals4 ,beginning at the northern end of the ,south ,carolina coast-line1 the first locality furnishing ,pleistocene fossils is1 or rather was 7,pugh1 op4 cit4 p4 #cc71 ,white 7or ,price's7 ,creek1 in ,horry ,county4 ,here at a height of about #e feet above tide was found a bed approximately #f feet thick apparently thrown up on the shore by storms 7,tuomey1 ,geol4 ,rep41 #ahdh1 p4 #ahg74 ,no vertebrates have been reported from the locality4 ,at ,laurel ,hill1 in the extreme northeastern corner of ,georgetown ,county1 ,tuomey 7op4 cit41 pp4 #ahg1 #ahh7 found a perpendicular bluff #cj feet high1 at the base of which was a bed #h feet thick made up of sand and broken shells4 ,the top of the bed was #h feet above tide1 the highest elevation reached by the bed along the ,south ,carolina coast4 ,tuomey mentions other localities around ,georgetown where the fossiliferous bed was discovered4 ,one was on ,santee ,river4 ,no vertebrates appear to have been met with in this region4 ,in ,christ ,church parish1 in ,charleston ,county1 ,tuomey discovered several exposures of the bed in question1 and this was sometimes so superficial as to be within reach of the plow4 ,pugh 7,pleistocene ,deposits1 etc41 p4 #cd7 quotes from ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes a section which was found at ,goose ,creek1 north of ,charleston1 as follows3 ,yellow sand #ab feet ,blue mud #bi feet ,ferruginous sand1 containing bones1 etc4 #c inches ,yellow sand #c feet ,pliocene marl resting on ,eocene white marl #ab feet ,the bones occurred likewise in the blue mud1 and such were especially well preserved4 ,leidy 7,holmes's ,post-,pl4 ,foss4 ,s4 ,c41 p4 #ajb7 recounts his observations at this locality2 nevertheless1 the only vertebrate fossil that the writer finds credited by ,leidy to this locality is a tooth of ,equus fraternus 7,e4 leidyi71 which he figured 7plate ,,xv1 fig4 #h74 ,dredging for phosphate rock has been carried on extensively in ,cooper ,river2 but of ,pleistocene vertebrate fossils secured here the writer has record of only ,megatherium1 mirabile4 ,this is represented in the ,charleston ,museum by a portion of a lower jaw4 ,wando ,river is situated northeast of ,charleston1 runs parallel with the coast1 and empties into ,cooper ,river4 ,from this have 7according to the writer's knowledge7 been secured only ,equus complicatus and a part of a tusk of ,odobenus4 ,the latter is in the ,charleston ,museum4 ,in most cases no record has been kept of the origin of the specimens in collections4 ,the ,pleistocene bed along ,ashley ,river is famous for the number of fossil vertebrates which it has furnished4 ,it has been described by ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes in various publications1 especially in the ,introduction to his ,post-,pleiocene ,fossils of ,south ,carolina1 #ahfj1 pages ,i-,,xii4 ,in the same work1 on pages #ii-ajj1 ,dr4 ,leidy briefly described the geological character of the beds2 and on subsequent pages he described the vertebrate species found there4 ,the principal beds were located on ,ashley ,river1 about #aj miles above ,charleston4 ,according to ,pugh 78,pleistocene ,deposits of ,south ,carolina10 p4 #cd71 the fossiliferous deposits rest on ,miocene marls4 ,at the top are #d feet of yellow sands with bands of clay2 below1 is a foot or more of blue mud lying on the ,miocene4 ,the bones are more numerous and best preserved in the blue mud4 ,the ,pleistocene bed is elevated only a few feet above tide-level4 ,inasmuch as nearly all the species of ,pleistocene vertebrates which have been found along the ,south ,carolina coast have been secured along the ,ashley ,river1 the few found elsewhere will be included in the following list4 ,some of those marked found somewhere about ,charleston may have been collected in or along ,ashley ,river4 ,in this list the contractions following the names signify as follows3 ,a1 ,ashley ,river2 ,b1 the region about ,beaufort2 ,c1 somewhere around ,charleston2 ,c4 r41 ,cooper ,river2 ,e1 ,edisto ,river2 ,g4 c41 ,goose ,creek2 ,j4 i41 ,john's ,island2 ,s4 r41 ,stone ,river2 ,w4 r41 ,wando ,river2 ,y41 ,yonge's or ,young ,island4 ,the species preceded by the dagger are extinct4 ,odobenus rosmarus ,a41 ,w4 r4 7p4 #bi74 ,lynx ruff us ,c4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,c4 ,procyon lotor ,a4 ,arctodus pristinus ,a4 ,ursus americanus ,c4 ,sylvilagus floridanus8 ,a4 ,hydrochrus sopi ,a4 ,hydrochrus pinckneyi ,c4 7p4 #cfe74 ,castoroides ohioensis ,a4 7p4 #bgi74 ,castor canadensis ,a4 ,ondatra zibethica ,a4 ,elephas imperator ,c4 7p4 #afb74 ,elephas columbi ,a41 ,b4 7p4 #aee74 ,mammut americanum ,a41 ,b4 7p4 #aah74 ,mammut progenium 7p4 #aah74 ,bison latifrons8 ,a4 7p4 #bfj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,a4 7p4 #bfj74 ,alces runnymedensis ,c4 7p4 #cfd74 ,cervus canadensis ,a4 7p4 #bdb74 ,odocoileus virginianus8 ,a4 7p4 #bca74 ,camelops sp4 indet4 ,tagassu lenis ,a4 7p4 #bbb74 ,tagassu sp4 indet48 ,a4 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii ,a4 7p4 #bjd74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 ,a4 7p4 #bje74 ,equus complicatus ,a41 ,w4 r41 ,b4 7p4 #aib74 ,equus leidyi ,a41 ,j4 i41 ,g4 c41 ,s4 r41 ,b4 7p4 #aib74 ,equus littoralis ,c4 7p4 #aic74 ,hipparion venustum ,a4 ,physeter vetus ,a4 ,trichechus antiquus ,a4 ,megatherium mirabile ,a41 ,c4 r41 ,s4 r4 7p4 #ce74 ,mylodon harlani ,a4 7p4 #ce74 ,megalonyx jeffersonii ,b4 7p4 #ce74 ,didelphis virginiana ,j4 i4 ,alligator mississippiensis ,a4 ,pseudemys sp4 indet4 ,a4 ,testudo crassiscutata8 ,a4 ,trichiurus lepturus ,y4 ,istiophorus robustus ,y4 ,ischyrhiza mira8 ,a4 ,lepisosteus osseus ,a4 ,dasyatis hastata8 ,y4 ,besides the species enumerated1 the early collectors found remains which were identified as belonging to such domestic animals as the dog1 ox1 sheep1 and hog4 ,leidy rejected these as ,pleistocene species1 while ,holmes and ,agassiz accepted them as such4 ,possibly the supposed dog was in reality a wolf and the supposed ox a bison4 ,small teeth like those of cows are fossilized as are the teeth of extinct animals4 ,at ,bee's ,ferry on ,ashley ,river the fossiliferous bed has a thickness of #c4e feet and is at about high-water mark4 ,it is overlain by from #ae to #bj feet of loose sands4 ,by far the most of the species have been entered in the list on the authority of ,joseph ,leidy4 ,only ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes reported the elk 7,cervus canadensis71 and the writer has seen two teeth of the species at the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences in ,philadelphia credited to ,charleston4 ,holmes also reported ,glyptodon1 but that is not included in the list4 ,lynx ruffus1 ,ursus americanus1 ,hydrochrus pinckneyi1 ,elephas imperator1 ,bison latifrons1 ,alces runnymedensis1 ,camelops sp41 and ,equus littoralis are included on the evidence of specimens seen by the writer in the ,charleston ,museum or in some of the other collections made on the coast of ,south ,carolina4 ,loomis has recently 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlv1 #aiah1 p4 #dch7 described a specimen of ,mammut progenium 7as ,mastodon americanus7 from near ,charleston and another from near ,beaufort4 ,alces runnymedensis was first briefly referred to in ,year ,book ,no4 #ad of the ,carnegie ,institution of ,washington1 #aiae 7#aiaf71 page #chg4 ,the name is based on an upper right hindermost milk molar in the ,charleston ,museum 7,no4 #acecd74 ,it is the property of ,mr4 ,charles ,c4 ,pinckney4 ,where the tooth was found is not known1 but it was somewhere near ,charleston1 in the phosphate-bearing area4 ,the specific name is that of the estate of the owner4 ,the tooth closely resembles the corresponding one of ,alces americanus1 but is larger and has a flatter crown4 ,only the crown of the tooth is preserved1 and of this a part of the enamel of the inner anterior cone is broken off2 otherwise it is in fine condition4 ,the color is very black4 ,the following measurements are given of this tooth and of the corresponding one of ,alces americanus1 ,no4 #aagjee of the ,u4 ,s4 ,biological ,survey4 ,the two teeth are only slightly worn4 ,measurements of milk molars of ,alces1 in millimeters4 ,dimensions taken4 ,a4 americanum4,a4 runnymedensis4 ,length of tooth near outer border #bd4j #be4e ,length of tooth at middle width #ba4e #bc4j ,width of tooth along front border #bc4j #bc4j ,width of tooth from median style to base of inner hinder cone #ba4j #bd4j ,the angle between the outer and inner faces of the hinder half of the tooth is #ed in the tooth of the existing species1 #fd in the fossil tooth4 ,on the grinding-surface the fossettes are wider than in the tooth of the existing moose4 ,it is interesting to find this moose in the region about ,charleston4 ,we must suppose that it lived there during one of the glacial stages1 probably when the walrus occupied that part of the coast4 ,in the ,pinckney collection is a tooth of a capybara that deserves attention4 ,a figure of it is here presented 7fig4 #ah71 a side view4 ,exactly where the tooth was found is not known1 but it was somewhere in the vicinity of ,charleston4 ,the tooth is the upper left hindermost molar4 ,in the figure the front end is directed toward the left hand4 ,there are present #ag plates4 ,none of the plates either in front or behind are missing4 ,the free edges of the plates are not turned backward4 ,the length of the tooth is #fb mm41 the width is #ag4e1 the height of the plates on the inner face #cg mm41 but probably the less calcified bases of the plates have been destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,side view of upper last molar of ,hydrochrus pinckneyi from ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,type4 ,on the grinding-surface the plates run obliquely from the inside outward and backward4 ,as seen on the inner face1 the plates1 as they pass to the grinding-surface1 lean backward4 ,the corresponding tooth of a capybara from ,surinam has a length of #cg mm4 ,the length of its skull from foramen magnum to the front of the snout is #bae mm4 ,in case the skull of the fossil was long in proportion to the length of the tooth1 the length as given above would be #cfj mm41 about #ae inches4 ,to this fine large species ,i give the name ,hydrochrus pinckneyi1 in honor of ,mr4 ,charles ,c4 ,pinckney1 the owner of a collection of fossils from the region about ,charleston and the proprietor of the estate of ,runnymede1 near ,lambs1 ,south ,carolina4 ,in the same collection is a part of the lower jaw1 right side1 of a rather large wolf4 ,in this jaw there remain the complete fourth premolar1 the roots of the third premolar1 and one root of the second 7fig4 #ai74 ,the following measurements are taken from the fragment mentioned2 from the corresponding part of a jaw of nocyon dirus1 ,no4 #hcjg1 from ,la ,brea1 ,california2 from the gray wolf1 ,canis occidentalis1 from ,fort ,simpson1 ,british ,america1 ,no4 #ijja1 ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum2 and from the type of ,c4 floridanus1 in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,measurements of jaws and teeth of wolves1 in millimeters4 ,parts measured4 ,c4 ,c4 ,charleston ,la ,brea occidentalisfloridanus jaw4 jaw4 jaw4 type4 ,height of jaw in front of pm#d #bh #cb #cc #ba4e ,thickness at front of pm#d #ad #af #ad4b #aj4b ,length of pm#d #ah4e #bj4b #ah4e #ad4e ,thickness of hinder lobe of pm#d #i4e #aa #i4e #g ,thickness of front lobe #h4e #i4h #h4e #f4d ,the measurements show that the fossil is much too large to belong to the wolf now inhabiting ,florida4 ,it appears also to be too small to belong to the wolf nocyon dirus1 and ,a4 ayersi was but little if any smaller4 ,the lower teeth of the latter species are not known4 ,the accordance in measurements with those of ,c4 occidentalis makes it probable that the fossil jaw found at ,charleston belonged to a wolf not greatly different4 ,with the materials at hand it is impossible to refer the jaw specifically4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4-,part of the right side of the lower jaw of an undetermined species of wolf1 showing premolar4 ,charleston1 ,s4 ,c4 #a4 ,within the city of ,charleston the bed bearing vertebrate fossils is said to be several feet below tide-level4 ,at ,young ,island1 ,wadmalaw ,sound1 nearly #bj miles southwest of ,charleston1 the top of the fossil-bearing stratum is at tide-level4 ,this locality is otherwise known in the literature as ,simmons's4 ,the only ,pleistocene vertebrate fossils that the writer finds reported from the place are the fishes ,lepisosteus osseus and ,trichiurus lepturus4 ,in the region about ,beaufort1 the same fossil-bearing stratum1 having about the same composition and the same elevation1 is met with in many places4 ,a few species of fossil vertebrates and many invertebrates have been secured4 ,here have been found ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aah71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aee71 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aia71 and ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #ce74 ,a brief notice will be taken of the few known localities where1 away from the immediate coast1 vertebrate fossils have come to light4 ,tuomey1 in #ahdh 7,rep4 ,geol4 ,south ,carolina1 p4 #agg71 in describing marls found near ,darlington1 on the farm of ,g4 ,w4 ,dargan1 and which he regarded as belonging to the ,pliocene1 reported the discovery of two perfect molars of a mastodon 7p4 #aah74 ,the locality was in a swamp1 and the bed of marl was covered with #c or #d feet of black mud4 ,the teeth were immediately below the mud and enveloped in the marl4 ,these teeth belonged to ,mammut americanum and had been deposited at some time during the ,pleistocene4 ,at another place fragments of the antlers of a deer were found in the marl4 ,in such cases the marls formed at one time the surface of the ground1 or more probably the bottom of a swamp2 and the ,pleistocene bones and teeth might have been trampled down into the marl by living animals4 ,on page #aai is given an account of another mastodon tooth discovered in the same county2 and the teeth of a horse have been reported as having been found1 associated with those of the mastodon 7see p4 #aic74 ,in ,lee ,county1 adjoining ,darlington ,county on the southwest1 at a locality 8near ,concord church10 between ,lynch's ,creek and ,black ,river1 ,tuomey 7op4 cit41 p4 #agh7 found a bed of ,pliocene marl about #d feet thick4 ,from an excavation in this marl had been taken a tusk which ,tuomey regarded as that of a mastodon1 but this may have belonged to an elephant4 ,in ,berkeley ,county1 at the head of ,cooper ,river1 there is1 or was1 a morass known as ,biggin ,swamp4 ,this was passed through in constructing the ,santee ,canal4 ,on page #aef is an account of the discovery of remains of ,elephas columbi and of ,mammut americanum2 on page #afb1 the finding of a tooth of ,elephas imperator4 ,the discovery of the latter marks the age of the deposits as being about that of the ,aftonian interglacial4 ,it has been seen that at many points along the coast there is a fossiliferous stratum varying from #b to #h feet4 ,at most localities the fossils consist principally of marine animals1 especially mollusks1 and the deposits have evidently been laid down in salt water4 ,along ,ashley ,river and at some localities in the region about ,beaufort it seems evident that the surface was above1 but not far above1 sea-level1 and that it formed a swamp on which a great variety of land animals could move about and feed4 ,after death their bones would suffer the fate which befalls them in such cases4 ,most of them would undergo decay4 ,parts would be trampled into the muck1 broken into fragments1 and undergo still further decay4 ,only the most durable parts1 as the teeth1 antlers1 and the more solid bones would usually stand a chance for preservation4 ,apparently1 on this coast1 no considerable parts of one skeleton have ever been found1 or at least reported4 ,in ,charleston ,museum are many bones of a skeleton of ,megatherium1 but it is uncertain where it was found4 ,the list of vertebrates referred to the ,pleistocene of the ,south ,carolina coast contains #cc species of mammals1 of which #bd appear to be extinct4 ,this high proportion of extinct species seems to confirm our reference of the fauna to the early ,pleistocene4 ,besides the extinct forms1 it is to be noted that within historical times the muskrat1 beaver1 and elk have not lived in the region about ,charleston4 ,pugh 7,pleist4 ,deposits ,s4 ,c41 p4 #ff71 from a study of the ,pleistocene marine mollusca of ,south ,carolina1 has concluded that1 if the ,pleistocene sea-temperature differed at all from that of the present1 it was slightly higher rather than slightly lower4 ,it must be remembered1 however1 that the ,pleistocene represented a very long period of time and that1 farther north1 the climate underwent great fluctuations4 ,that these fluctuations would not have affected the temperature of the sea along the coast of the ,carolinas is not probable4 ,it is hardly supposable that capybaras and manatees lived about ,charleston at the same time that the moose and the walrus were there4 ,the latter had been forced down there during some glacial stage1 possibly the ,wisconsin2 while the horses1 tapirs1 elephants1 manatees1 the mylodon1 and the megatherium had their existence1 we may suppose1 about the time of the ,aftonian4 ,during this stage1 too1 lived the species of mollusks which ,pugh has elaborated4 ,it would seem that after that time some change took place in conditions1 probably a slight elevation1 so that little more than beds of unfossiliferous sand and marls were deposited4 ,professor ,earle ,sloan1 in his 8,mineral ,localities of ,south ,carolina0 7,bull4 ,no4 #b1 ser4 ,,iv41 ,south ,carolina ,geol4 ,surv471 has recognized the following divisions in the marine ,pleistocene of the ,state3 #f4 ,sea ,island loams4 #e4 ,wando clays and sands4 #d4 ,accabee gravels4 #c4 ,bohicket marl-sands4 #b4 ,wadmalaw marl4 #a4 ,ten-,mile sands4 ,of these1 the fossiliferous deposits referred to above appear to belong to the ,wadmalaw marl4 ,it may be confidently expected that somewhere along the ,south ,carolina coast1 beneath the beds bearing the vertebrate fossils1 there will yet be discovered other ,pleistocene deposits1 probably shell marls1 which belong to the ,nebraska stage4 ,,georgia4 ,the only part of ,georgia at present of interest to the student of vertebrate palontology is that which lies immediately along the ,atlantic coast and along a few of the larger rivers4 ,the northwestern corner of the ,state is mountainous and probably contains little or no ,pleistocene4 ,the ,coastal ,plain extends landward to a line which starts at ,augusta1 on ,savannah ,river1 passes through ,milledgeville and ,macon1 and ends at ,columbus1 on the ,chattahoochee4 ,a large part of this region is mantled by a deposit resulting from the decay of the underlying rocks4 ,these deposits are of uncertain age1 a part belonging probably to the ,pleistocene1 but the large part to the ,pliocene or to still older ,tertiary4 ,the ,pleistocene has not yet been differentiated from the remainder1 and1 in any case1 has furnished no vertebrate fossils4 ,for information on the subject the reader may consult ,mc,gee 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol41 ,surv41 pt4 ,i1 pp4 #dgh-dhd71 ,spencer 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 #ahij-ia1 pp4 #fa-ha71 and ,veatch and ,stephenson 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv41 ,georgia1 pp4 #djj-def74 ,the deposits in ,georgia which can with certainty be referred to the ,pleistocene form a broad belt lying along the coast and extending landward a distance of about #cj miles along ,savannah ,river and about #fj miles at the ,florida boundary line4 ,for a description of these deposits the reader is referred to ,veatch and ,stephenson's article in ,bulletin #bf just mentioned1 pages #dbd-def4 ,these deposits are disposed in two terraces1 a higher and older and a lower and younger4 ,the older is named the ,okefenokee formation1 the younger the ,satilla formation4 ,the positions of these may be observed in the figure here presented1 taken from ,bulletin #bf above referred to 7fig4 #bj74 ,the ,okefenokee terrace has a breadth of #bj to #dj miles and an elevation of #fj to about #abe feet above sea-level4 ,it forms a plain which ,veatch and ,stephenson describe as in general flat and almost featureless4 ,it is dotted with cypress ponds and swamps1 with here and there low ridges and hills of sand4 ,along the larger streams which cross the plain are found terraces supposed to have been laid down while the ,okefenokee terrace was forming2 they extend far back into the ,state4 ,in neither the main terrace nor the fluviatile terraces have any fossils been found1 except a little silicified wood4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,the ,coastal ,plain of ,georgia4 ,adapted from ,veatch4 ,the ,satilla ,plain extends backward from the coast #bj to #cj miles and varies in elevation from #ae to #dj feet4 ,on the landward side it ends in an escarpment which is taken1 by the authors quoted1 to be an old sea-beach4 ,along the large rivers it is continued as a series of terraces occupying a lower position than those of ,okefenokee time4 ,according to ,veatch and ,stephenson1 this formation consists of unconsolidated clays1 sands1 and thin layers of gravel4 ,the thickness averages about #ae feet1 but may become as much as #de or #ej feet4 ,the ,satilla deposits are fossiliferous4 ,at various places1 at some distance from the coast1 sea-shells occur1 especially shells of oysters4 ,this shows that at times the plain1 or at least some parts of it1 has been under sea-water4 ,bones and teeth of vertebrate animals have been discovered at several localities1 but at only two places have identifiable materials been secured4 ,the region about ,brunswick and that just south of ,savannah have furnished important collections of vertebrate animals4 ,during the years #ahch and #ahci an attempt was made to construct a canal to connect ,altamaha ,river with ,turtle ,river at ,brunswick4 ,some bones of large mammals were met with and came to the notice of ,hamilton ,couper1 and through him became known to the scientific world4 ,the most striking was the great ground-sloth1 of the genus ,megatherium1 and which ,leidy afterwards called ,megatherium mirabile4 ,at a more recent time1 during dredging operations1 probably in the harbor1 other remains were found and turned over to the ,geological ,survey of ,georgia4 ,the fragmentary bones and teeth were identified by ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,gidley 7,bull4 ,no4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #dcf74 ,the fragments of teeth regarded by ,gidley as belonging to ,mammut floridanum appear to the writer to represent ,gomphotherium rugosidens1 a species rather common in that region and belonging to the upper ,miocene or ,lower ,pliocene4 ,four teeth identified as those of ,physeter vetus or ,physeterula neolassicus appear to be identical with ,leidy's ,orycterocetus quadratidens2 but this may be possibly the same as ,physeterula neolassicus 7,p4 dubusi74 ,it1 too1 is older than the ,pleistocene4 ,from the two collections have been determined the following list3 ,castoroides ohioensis 7p4 #bhj74 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfa74 ,cervus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdc74 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjf74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aic74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aic74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aic74 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #cf74 ,chelonia 7887 couperi4 ,crocodylus 787 sp4 indet4 ,lamna sp4 indet4 ,galeocerdo sp4 indet4 ,carcharodon sp4 indet4 ,dasyatis sp4 indet4 ,with the bones found in the canal was a femur #ac inches long1 which ,harlan described as ,chelonia couperi1 but which resembles more closely that of some edentate mammal4 ,gidley stated that the shark-teeth probably represent ,eocene and ,miocene species4 ,this may be true1 but the supposition is not necessary1 inasmuch as species of all three genera are yet living on our ,atlantic coast4 ,j4 ,hamilton ,couper 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 pp4 #cg-dj7 has given an account of the topography and geology of the region through which the ,brunswick ,canal was being constructed 7map #dj74 ,on one of the plates of the work is a section from the ocean westward #ba miles4 ,about #aj miles west of ,st4 ,simon's ,island the canal passed through ,six-mile ,swamp4 ,this is connected at its northern end with ,altamaha ,river1 at the southern with ,turtle ,river4 ,the swamp has thus the appearance of a lake which has become filled with alluvial deposits4 ,these consist of a compact clay1 usually yellow and impregnated with iron4 ,there are thin strata of soft1 chalky marl and many fragments of petrified wood4 ,at the bottom of this deposit were found the bones of ,megatherium1 ,elephas1 ,mammut1 ,equus1 and ,bison4 ,beneath the clay stratum was sand with marine shells4 ,overlying the clay was a thin stratum of vegetable and sandy loam4 ,the bones occurred at a depth of from #d to #f feet4 ,in no instance1 except when they had been washed out into the salt-water creek1 was there any abrasion of the surface or incrustation of marine shells4 ,the geologist ,charles ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cdg7 stated that part of a skeleton of a megatherium1 dug out in cutting the canal1 was so near the surface that it was penetrated by the roots of a pine tree4 ,as a considerable number of the bones of one skeleton were found together1 ,lyell supposed that a whole carcass had been floated down the river to the spot4 ,even before remains of fossil vertebrates had been found at ,brunswick1 bones had been discovered at ,skidaway ,island1 near ,savannah4 ,as early as #ahbc1 ,s4 ,l4 ,mitchill 7,ann4 ,n4 ,y4 ,lyc4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #eh7 announced the finding of teeth of ,megatherium at this place4 ,more than #bj bones of the same animal were reported from the same locality in #ahbd by ,william ,couper4 ,in #ahdf 7,hodgson's 8,memoir on ,megatherium10 pp4 #be-cj71 ,dr4 ,joseph ,habersham published a list of the species discovered up to that time4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cac7 gave an account of his visit to the locality and noted the species obtained4 ,the following list appears to contain all found there3 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abj74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 ,equus leidyi8 7p4 #aid74 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #cg74 ,terrapene canaliculata4 ,the box-tortoise ,terrapene canaliculata was described by the writer in #aijg 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #hej1 figs4 #e-g7 on fragmentary materials found in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum4 ,these had been sent there by ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,scriven1 who had been active in collecting the fossil vertebrates about ,savannah4 ,whether the remains of this box-tortoise were found on ,skidaway ,island or in ,whitemarsh ,island is uncertain4 ,besides these species1 found on ,skidaway island1 two species1 ,mammut americanum and ,mylodon harlani1 have been found at ,heyner's 7or ,hainer's7 ,bridge4 ,this is about #g miles south of ,savannah1 where the road crosses ,vernon ,creek 7,lyell1 8,travels in ,north ,america10 vol ,i1 pp4 #afc-afd74 ,here the stream is called ,white ,bluff ,creek4 ,in order that the reader may get a clear understanding of the conditions at this important locality1 a map found in ,hodgson's ,memoir is reproduced 7map #dj74 ,the whole region south of ,savannah1 between the mouths of ,savannah and ,ogeechee ,rivers1 is low and much divided into islands by streams connected with the rivers mentioned4 ,a considerable part of these islands consists of marshes1 which are usually overflowed by the tides4 ,most of the fossil bones were found along the southern bank of ,skidaway ,river1 in two places1 apparently about #j4e mile apart and near the western end of the island4 ,on the map ,hodgson has named the locality ,fossilossa4 ,here ,skidaway ,river made a bend which caused the bank to be eroded away1 thus exposing the bones4 ,according to ,couper 7,hodgson's ,memoir1 p4 #dj71 the bones were embedded in the marsh formation at about the level of very low-water4 ,lyell 7,second ,visit1 etc41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #cad7 stated that the bones occurred in a dark peaty soil1 or marsh mud1 above which was a stratum of sand #c or #d feet thick2 while below the peaty soil and below sea-level was sand containing many marine fossil shells1 all belonging to species yet living on the neighboring coast4 ,the authors quoted state that at various places along the ,georgia coast are found stumps of trees1 cypress1 cedar1 and pine1 in the deposits of the salt marshes and at a depth of from #b to #d feet below high-water4 ,this is taken as evidence of subsidence in that region4 ,it is a matter of importance to know how those animal remains reached their place of burial4 ,it has been suggested that whole carcasses had been floated down the streams and sunken where the bones are found4 ,this is possible1 but not probable4 ,the peaty nature of the deposit inclosing the bones appears to be opposed to this view2 nor could disarticulated bones have been washed down far from above1 for they show no signs of attrition4 ,the most probable explanation is that these animals lived and died about where their bones were discovered4 ,at some past time the surface stood at a higher level than at present1 although low enough to be more or less marshy4 ,it probably supported a dense forest growth1 and hither the species listed above resorted1 with many others not yet discovered4 ,the animals inhabiting the region represent the same fauna found at so many places in ,florida and ,texas4 ,the writer believes that they existed during the early part of the ,pleistocene1 approximately during the ,aftonian interglacial2 and that some of the species1 as ,megatherium1 ,mylodon1 ,equus1 and ,tapirus haysii became extinct before the advent of the ,wisconsin glacial stage1 probably a long time before this4 ,,florida4 7,maps #g1 #h1 #ae47 ,for the most recent descriptions of the geology of ,florida one must consult the ,annual ,reports of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 issued by the ,state geologist1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards1 and ,water supply ,paper #cai of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 prepared by ,george ,c4 ,matson and ,samuel ,sanford and published in #aiac4 ,in the latter work are two large maps1 one representing the topography of the ,state and the distribution of the various geologic formations2 the other presents a generalized view of the distribution of ,pleistocene terraces1 as recognized by ,matson and ,sanford4 ,the ,second ,annual ,report of the ,florida ,geological ,survey contains a map similar to the first mentioned4 ,from these maps it will be seen that the surface of ,florida is largely occupied by ,pleistocene deposits4 ,according to ,matson and ,sanford1 these deposits present themselves as disposed mostly in three principal terraces2 and these are believed to indicate that the ,state was at one time largely submerged beneath the sea and that its present condition was attained after three principal upward movements4 ,as shown on plate ,v of the geologists just named1 the northern half of the peninsula at the time of greatest depression was represented by a number of islands1 two of considerable size4 ,one of these was situated at the northern end of the peninsula1 the other near its center4 ,the materials laid down around these islands and bordering the dry land along the northern border of the western half of the ,state form what is called the ,newberry terrace4 ,its surface stands now at a height varying from #gj to somewhat more than #ajj feet above sea-level4 ,a second elevation exposed the deposits which1 at least in part1 constitute the next terrace1 the ,tsala ,apopka4 ,its surface is a plain having an elevation of #dj to #fj feet above sea-level4 ,at this stage the islands of the peninsula had coalesced1 and the dry land extended southward nearly to the present ,lake ,okeechobee4 ,a broad belt along the ,atlantic and ,gulf coasts1 now dry land1 was still occupied by salt water4 ,a third elevation of the land left exposed the lowest terrace1 the ,pensacola1 that bordering the ,atlantic and ,gulf coasts and including the southern end of the peninsula somewhat farther north than ,lake ,okeechobee4 ,the elevation of this terrace varies from that of sea-level up to about #dj feet4 ,the materials composing the terraces in ,florida are principally sand with local deposits of clays4 ,in the southern part of the ,state important beds of limestone are found in the ,pensacola terrace4 ,these beds are shown on ,matson and ,stanford's geological map4 ,at ,st4 ,augustine and along the coast southward are beds of sea-shells cemented into coquina4 ,where cementation has not occurred there are beds of loose shells and of marl and sand4 ,the writer has already 7p4 #cdf7 expressed his opinion regarding the ,coastal ,plain terraces found in the ,states farther north4 ,he finds in ,florida nothing to contradict1 but much to confirm1 that opinion4 ,whatever may be the origin of ,newberry and ,tsala ,apopka terraces1 they were not laid down in salt water4 ,from the descriptions of the deposits there the stratification and the alternation of the materials do not exist that one might expect2 but1 above all1 there seem to be no marine fossils to attest to the presence of the sea4 ,in ,florida1 too1 here and there over these higher lands there are found1 in place of marine fossils1 the remains of many extinct land animals1 as mastodons1 elephants1 horses1 ground-sloths1 and the like4 ,as regards the ,pensacola terrace1 there are found at its base1 within a few feet above or below sea-level1 deposits containing remains of such animals as have just been mentioned1 besides many others4 ,often the state of preservation of these remains and the condition of their burial are such that we must conclude that the animals lived and died on the spot4 ,furthermore1 these animals constitute an assemblage corresponding to that found in western ,iowa1 in ,nebraska1 and in ,oregon1 which are believed to have existed during the first interglacial stage4 ,it corresponds also to that met with under similar conditions and at the same level at ,savannah1 at ,charleston1 at ,brunswick1 and at ,long ,branch4 ,in most cases1 too1 this fossiliferous stratum is overlain with very scant deposits4 ,by some geologists and palontologists the animals are regarded as belonging to the ,pliocene4 ,if the reference of the fossil vertebrates mentioned is not wholly wrong1 it follows that the lowest terrace or plain along the coast was not laid down late in the ,pleistocene1 but at an early stage1 and the higher plains must have been formed at still earlier times4 ,at ,vero1 as will be shown on page #chb1 a large assemblage of fossil vertebrates has been secured4 ,the bed furnishing the oldest fossils1 those of the bed known as ,no4 #b and believed to be of about first interglacial age1 is underlain by a bed of marine shells1 also of ,pleistocene age4 ,this bed is regarded by ,dr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,sellards as being equivalent to the coquina which is so well known at ,st4 ,augustine2 and the same formation is found here and there along both coasts of the peninsula 7,matson and ,sanford1 op4 cit41 p4 #aib74 ,probably not all deposits that are called coquina are of the same age1 but the deposits in question pass1 on the landward side1 beneath the deposits which bear vertebrate fossils4 ,the bed at ,vero1 ,no4 #b1 must have been laid down after an uplift had brought above sea-level the bed of shells ,no4 #a1 on which ,no4 #b reposes2 that is1 between the time of deposition of ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b there must have elapsed a considerable interval of time4 ,the shell deposit1 therefore1 probably belongs to the first glacial epoch1 the ,nebraskan4 ,inasmuch as a similar vertebrate fauna is found on both the eastern and the western coasts of the peninsula1 it follows that any ,pleistocene deposits underlying these vertebrate-bearing beds belongs to the ,nebraskan stage2 in places these have great thickness4 ,matson and ,sanford 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aid-aie7 concluded that the maximum thickness of the ,pleistocene in southern ,florida1 disregarding the sandhills1 is probably about #abe feet4 ,even if it were a matter of importance to determine in or on which terraces the vertebrate fossils are found1 it would not always be easy to do so4 ,the majority of specimens have been discovered around the coasts of the ,state1 and therefore in deposits referred to the youngest terrace4 ,in other cases it is difficult to determine the terrace in which fossils are buried1 partly because of imperfect records as regards locality1 kind of deposits1 and depth of burial1 partly because each terrace extends up the river valleys beyond its general border4 ,the various fossil-bearing localities will therefore be taken up by counties1 beginning at the western end of the ,state and ending at the southern end4 ,jackson ,county4--,as already recorded on page #aba1 a tooth of ,mammut americanum has been found at ,marianna4 ,no details have been recorded4 ,the ,newberry terrace extends nearly or quite to this town4 ,if it could be shown that this tooth had been buried in that terrace when it was formed1 it would probably have to be referred to the time of the first glacial stage4 ,gadsden ,county4--,it appears that no vertebrate remains belonging to the ,pleistocene have been found in this county1 except a tooth of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #aeg7 which was discovered somewhere in ,little ,river4 ,wakulla ,county4--,on page #aeg the finding of a tooth of ,elephas columbi somewhere along ,st4 ,marks ,river has been mentioned2 also the discovery of a part of a skeleton of either a mastodon or an elephant somewhere about ,wakulla ,springs4 ,columbia ,county4--,a mastodon tooth has been found in this county #c miles northwest of ,fort ,white 7p4 #aba74 ,to which terrace it belonged or what is its place in ,pleistocene time it is impossible to say4 ,nassau ,county4--,at ,stokes ,ferry have been found some teeth of an extinct horse 7p4 #aid71 a fragment of a tooth of an elephant 7p4 #ahj7 and some ear-bones of a whale4 ,veatch and ,stephenson 7,bull4 #bf1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,georgia1 p4 #cid7 report that these appeared to come from either the ,charlton formation or the ,satilla4 ,if the ,charlton really belongs to the ,pliocene it is not probable that the fossils were derived from it2 if they were derived from the ,satilla1 they do not belong to late ,pleistocene4 ,duval ,county4--,on page #ajf of the ,eighth ,annual ,report of the ,florida ,geological ,survey1 ,sellards reported the finding of remains of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeg71 an undetermined species of ,bison 7p4 #bfb71 and an undetermined species of ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcb71 near ,pablo ,beach1 at station #abj on the ,inland ,waterway ,canal4 ,here1 too1 has been discovered a bone of ,trachemys8 nuchocarinata4 ,sellards stated that the position of the beds here is the same as that of the other localities along the ,atlantic coast1 the fossils being found in sand and muck which rest upon ,pleistocene shell-marl4 ,the locality is1 of course1 on the youngest terrace2 but that1 in the opinion of the writer1 belongs to the early ,pleistocene4 ,st4 ,john's ,county4--,at a place #bh miles south of ,st4 ,augustine1 along the ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 ,mr4 ,fred ,p4 ,allen1 of ,st4 ,augustine1 collected on the ,almero farm remains of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb71 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeh71 ,mylodon harlani8 7p4 #cg71 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aid71 the box-tortoise ,terrapene antipex1 and a dermal plate of perhaps ,alligator mississippiensis4 ,these were found in the banks of the canal4 ,here1 at least1 the horse and the mylodon1 taking into consideration the geological circumstances1 indicate early ,pleistocene1 equivalent to the first interglacial stage4 ,levy and ,alachua ,counties4--,geologically these counties furnish important localities because of the presence of the ,alachua clays 7usually referred to the lower ,pliocene or even the ,upper ,miocene7 and deposits belonging to all three of the ,pleistocene terraces1 ,newberry1 ,tsala ,apopka1 and ,pensacola4 ,the ,alachua clays first require consideration1 for in them have been found a considerable number of species of vertebrates which usually indicate ,pleistocene deposits4 ,the localities where ,alachua clays have furnished vertebrate fossils1 as indicated on ,matson and ,sanford's map 7,water ,supply ,paper #cai1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,i71 are situated1 one around ,archer1 ,alachua ,county 7the type locality71 second1 about #e miles west of ,williston1 in ,levy ,county1 and a third about #e miles east of ,newberry1 in ,alachua ,county4 ,the clays referred to form accumulations in depressions on the surface of the ,ocala limestone1 itself belonging to the ,eocene4 ,the deposits are said to average in depth about #aj feet1 but are often thinner and occasionally much thicker4 ,they have furnished a considerable number of species of vertebrates4 ,a list1 prepared by ,dr4 ,leidy1 of those found at ,archer was published in #ahib1 in ,bulletin #hd of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 on page #abi4 ,besides these1 ,leidy had previously reported a tapir1 a small crocodile or alligator1 and a bone thought to belong to the extinct ,cervus americanus 7,cervalces scotti871 but which was not afterward mentioned4 ,the rhinoceroses and the camels were described by ,leidy and ,lucas in #ahif 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,iv1 pp4 #a-fa with plates74 ,herewith is presented a list of such vertebrates as have been found at ,archer4 ,it appears necessary to retain for the rhinoceroses the specific names given them by ,leidy4 ,gomphotherium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcb74 ,procamelus major 7p4 #bbd74 ,p4 minor 7p4 #bbd74 ,p4 minimus 7p4 #bbd74 ,teleoceras proterus 7p4 #baa74 ,aphelops longipes 7p4 #baa74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjg74 ,hipparion ingenuum 7p4 #aie74 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #cg74 ,alligator 7or ,crocodylus7 sp4 indet4 ,the following vertebrates have been collected east of ,williston1 in the place mentioned in ,dall's report of #ahib1 on page #abi1 as ,mixon's3 ,gomphotherium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 ,procamelus major 7p4 #bbd74 ,teleoceras proterus 7p4 #baa74 ,hipparion ingenuum 7p4 #aif74 ,hipparion plicatile 7p4 #aif74 ,thinobadistes segnis 7p4 #cg74 ,manatus antiquus84 ,pseudemys clata4 ,atractosteus lapidosus4 ,the list from the locality east of ,newberry 7,hallowell's place of ,dall's report7 is rather short4 ,equus littoralis1 ,odocoileus osceola81 ,hipparion sp4 indet41 and ,parahippus sp4 indet4 have been reported 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #eh2 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #db1 #id74 ,at ,neals1 ,alachua ,county4 ,tapirus terrestris81 ,gomphotherium floridanum1 and ,hipparion sp4 indet4 have been collected 7,sellards as cited74 ,at ,juliette1 same county1 ,gomphotherium floridanum has been secured1 and at ,hernando the same species2 also ,hipparion sp4 indet4 and ,procamelus sp4 indet4 7,sellards ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,v1 p4 #eh74 ,along ,santa ,fe ,river1 in the ,buttgenbach mines1 #f miles north of ,wade1 have been found teeth of ,equus and a tooth of ,bison4 ,at ,dunnellon1 about #be miles south of ,williston1 from the phosphate mines along the ,withlacoochee ,river1 have been obtained fossil vertebrates so similar to those found in the ,alachua clays that ,sellards concluded to unite his ,dunnellon formation and the ,alachua clays into one to be called the ,alachua formation 7#fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #afa74 ,the list of vertebrates found at and about ,dunnellon is as follows1 including the species dredged in ,withlacoochee ,river3 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ach74 ,ursus sp4 indet4 ,felis sp4 indet4 99,gomphotherium floridanum 7p4 #abb74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb74 ,elephas imperator 7p4 #afb74 ,trichechus manatus4 99,parahippus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 99,hipparion plicatile 7p4 #aif74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 99,aphelops longipes 7p4 #baa74 99,procamelus minor 7p4 #bbe74 ,odocoileus osceola 7p4 #bcc74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,the species marked by an asterisk are regarded by ,doctor ,sellards and others as belonging to the ,miocene or ,pliocene 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #id74 ,see also ,sellards1 #aiac 7#eth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #eh2 #hth ,rep41 p4 #ajd74 ,on the basis of the fossil vertebrates it can hardly be denied that the ,alachua clays and the phosphate mines at ,dunnellon are of the same geological age4 ,according to ,sellards1 the formation belongs to the upper ,miocene or to the lower ,pliocene4 ,merriam 7,bull4 ,dept4 ,geol4 ,univ4 ,cal41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #dci7 refers it to the ,pliocene4 ,although there is present a strong palontological element which represents the ,pleistocene1 the reference of the formation to the late ,miocene or early ,pliocene has seemed to be required by the presence of ,gomphotherium1 ,procamelus1 ,teleoceras1 and ,hipparion4 ,the ,pleistocene species are usually accounted for on the supposition that they are intrusions from more recent deposits4 ,a figure from ,sellards 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,florida1 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ec71 only slightly modified is intended to show the relation of the phosphate-bearing formations to those underlying them 7fig4 #ba74 ,it is worth our while to consider whether or not the reference of the ,alachua formation to the ,miocene or early ,pliocene is required by palontological evidence4 ,gomphotherium is characterized by having molar teeth which on abrasion at one or both ends of each crest1 present a trefoil pattern of the enamel2 also by having a band of enamel on each of the upper tusks4 ,now1 teeth having the same structure are not uncommon in deposits of undoubted ,pleistocene age in ,kansas and ,texas4 ,that the animals possessing these teeth had tusks with enamel bands is not known1 but it is quite possible that such enamel bands were present4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,diagrammatic sketch of geologic structure of ,florida from north to south passing through the hard rock and pebble phosphate fields1 showing relation of the phosphate deposits to the underlying formations4 ,after ,sellards4 #a4 ,georgia-,florida ,state line4 #b4 ,suwannee ,river4 #c4 ,lake ,city4 #d4 ,santa ,fe ,river4 #e4 ,withlacoochee ,river4 #f4 ,lakeland4 #g4 ,arcadia4 #h4 ,caloosahatchee ,river4 #i4 ,gulf ,coast4 a ,upper ,oligocene phosphatic marls4 b ,ocala limestone4 c ,hard rock phosphate4 d ,bone ,valley formation4 e ,pleistocene deposits 7,pliocene and ,pleistocene of ,sellards74 ,the genus ,hipparion is not confined to the ,tertiary4 ,teeth have been discovered in the ,aftonian of ,iowa 7,hay1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,iowa1 vol4 ,,xxiii1 p4 #aej7 and in ,missouri 7op4 cit41 p4 #adi74 ,the writer has described a species of the genus1 ,hipparion cragini1 collected by ,professor ,cragin in the ,sheridan beds in ,kansas 7,kansas ,univ4 ,sci4 ,bull41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #db74 ,one may be justified in suspecting that ,procamelus lived on into the ,pleistocene4 ,not only has it been found associated with ,pleistocene fossils in five places in ,florida--,archer1 ,williston1 ,dunnellon1 ,hernando1 and ,ocala--but it has been met with in possible ,pleistocene deposits 7the ,idaho formation7 in ,idaho1 which furnishes ,equus1 ,cervus1 ,castor1 and ,stegomastodon mirificus 7the type of which belongs in the ,sheridan beds74 ,furthermore1 the writer has had occasion to describe a collection of fossils1 believed to belong to the early ,pleistocene1 which was obtained at ,anita1 ,coconino ,county1 ,arizona4 ,among these fossils are two species of ,procamelus much like those described by ,leidy from the ,alachua formation 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lix1 pp4 #fbb-fbf74 ,the writer believes that the genus ,procamelus persisted into the early ,pleistocene4 ,two species of rhinoceros have been collected in the ,alachuan formation1 ,teleoceras proterus ,leidy and ,aphelops longipes ,leidy4 ,both occurred at ,archer1 while ,t4 proterus was found near ,williston and ,a4 longipes at ,dunnellon4 ,a rhinoceros has been discovered in the ,idaho formation1 with the ,pleistocene species named above in connection with ,procamelus of these beds4 ,in ,oregon ,cope made a collection which has been examined by ,dr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,matthew 7,bull4 ,amer4 ,mus4 ,nat4 ,hist41 vol4 ,,xvi1 p4 #cba74 ,here again ,teleoceras was supposed to have been found with ,hipparion1 camels belonging to ,camelops 7or ,procamelus71 ,elephas1 and ,equus4 ,matthew thought that there had happened1 either before the fossils were collected or afterwards1 a mingling of elements of two distinct faunas4 ,to the writer it seems improbable that the commingling of ,procamelus and the rhinoceroses with ,pleistocene forms should occur thus accidentally so often and at such widely removed localities4 ,it appears more probable that these ,tertiary genera did not become extinct so early as has been supposed and that the association was not a secondary one4 ,the association is what might be expected in collections made in deposits of the earliest ,pleistocene4 ,it must not be forgotten in these discussions that the ,pleistocene genera and species with which the collections in question are being compared are those of the so-called ,equus beds1 which appear to represent the fauna of the first interglacial stage4 ,this1 however1 was preceded by the ,nebraskan1 the first glacial1 which probably occupied a long period of time2 possibly it was half as long as all the rest of the ,pleistocene 7,chamberlin and ,salisbury1 ,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #chc74 ,about the vertebrate life of this long stage we know as yet very little4 ,the writer is quite convinced that the ,idaho formation and the ,alachua1 or ,bone ,valley1 belong to the earliest ,pleistocene4 ,marion ,county4--,in a fissure in the limestone-rock quarry at ,ocala there has been found an important collection of vertebrates4 ,the following list is thought to include all that have been reported3 ,trucifelis floridana4 ,sylvilagus sp4 indet4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeh74 ,bison sp4 indet4 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 ,procamelus minimus 7p4 #bbd74 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,terrapene formosa4 ,testudo distans4 ,t4 incisa4 ,t4 ocalana4 ,a part of this list was published by ,sellards in #aiaf 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajc74 ,the tortoises were described in the same volume4 ,inasmuch as ,trucifelis floridana has been found in the ,pleistocene at ,vero1 ,florida1 one may safely regard the specimen found at ,ocala as also of ,pleistocene age4 ,all of the other mammals are admitted to be of ,pleistocene age except ,procamelus minimus4 ,the fissure may have been open during some part of the ,nebraskan stage4 ,volusia ,county4--,at ,daytona1 situated on the east coast1 therefore on the youngest terrace1 remains of ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb7 have been found4 ,at ,de,land there has been recovered the skull of a dolphin which ,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #ajg1 plate ,,xiv7 has described as ,globicephalus breckii 7p4 #bj74 ,it was found at a depth of #aj feet1 in sands which overlie ,pliocene shell marls4 ,the sands are regarded as belonging probably to the ,pleistocene4 ,de,land is on the ,tsala ,apopka terrace4 ,at a depth of #aj feet there was reached the supposed marine base of this terrace4 ,orange ,county4--,as stated on page #aif1 a tooth of an extinct horse was found somewhere in the county4 ,pinellas ,county4--,on the western shore of ,tampa ,bay 7p4 #aei71 near ,st4 ,petersburg1 at ,indian ,rock1 a tooth of ,elephas columbi was found4 ,hillsboro and ,manatee ,counties4--,the region around ,tampa ,bay is important because of the wealth of vertebrate fossils dredged up by the collectors of phosphate rock from the beds of ,hillsboro1 ,alafia1 and ,manatee ,rivers4 ,unfortunately1 few accurate records have been kept of localities and conditions of occurrence of the fossils1 and we usually know only that a collection was made in a certain river1 perhaps not so much as that4 ,for that reason it is concluded to group together all the fossils regarded as ,pleistocene and known to have been found in ,hillsboro1 ,manatee1 and ,sarasota ,counties4 ,in order to indicate as far as possible the localities1 the names of the species are followed by contractions which apply as follows4 ,a1 ,alafia ,river4 ,e1 ,ellenton1 on ,manatee ,river4 ,hc1 ,hillsboro ,county4 ,hr1 ,hillsboro ,river4 ,ls1 ,little ,sarasota ,bay4 ,ps1 ,palma ,sola4 ,m1 town of ,manatee4 ,p1 ,palmetto4 ,s1 #h miles southeast of ,sarasota4 ,t1 around ,tampa ,bay4 ,wb1 ,white ,beach1 on ,sarasota ,bay4 ,list of ,pleistocene vertebrates found in ,hillsboro1 ,manatee1 and ,sarasota ,counties4 ,homo sapiens1 ,ps4 ,elephas imperator1 ,p 7p4 #afd74 ,e4 columbi1 ,t1 ,s1 ,ps 7p4 #aei74 ,e4 primigenius1 ,ps 7p4 #ade74 ,mammut americanum1 ,t1 ,he1 ,a 7p4 #abc74 ,bison latifrons1 ,ps 7p4 #bfc74 ,b4 sp4 indet41 ,t1 ,a1 ,p1 ,ps 7p4 #bfc74 ,odocoileus sp4 indet41 ,p1 ,ps 7p4 #bcc74 ,tapirus sp4 indet41 ,t1 ,a 7p4 #bjh74 ,tagassu lenis81 ,ps 7p4 #bbb74 ,equus complicatus1 ,a1 ,wb1 ,ps 7pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,e4 leidyi1 ,a4 ,p1 ,wb1 ,ps1 ,s 7pp4 #aif1 #aig74 ,e4 littoralis1 ,m1 ,ps 7p4 #aig74 ,chlamytherium septentrionale1 ,hr1 ,wb1 ,s 7p4 #ch74 ,testudo crassiscutata81 ,a4 ,t4 ocalana1 ,he4 ,terrapene putnami1 ,a4 ,deirochelys floridana1 ,he4 ,trachemys euglypha1 ,e4 ,t4 jarmani1 ,hc4 ,t4 sculpta1 ,hc4 ,pseudemys extincta1 ,hc4 ,p4 clata1 ,ps4 ,platypeltis ferox1 ,hc4 ,the bones of man belonged to the skull and are as completely fossilized as the bones of a horse and are wholly free from organic matter4 ,among the mammals of this list there are no genera and few species that have not been found in the ,pleistocene at many places in the ,united ,states4 ,the presence of ,elephas imperator and three species of ,equus and ,chlamytherium apparently indicate ,pleistocene of about ,aftonian times4 ,from ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,county1 there have been sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum by ,mr4 ,charles ,t4 ,earle many specimens of fossil vertebrates1 found at various times washed up on the beach4 ,some belonged evidently to deposits older than the ,pleistocene1 probably to ,miocene1 and included teeth of sharks1 a beak of a platanistid porpoise1 and a lower tooth of a sirenian1 ,metaxytherium floridanum4 ,other specimens1 as bones of a camel1 parts of the shells of tortoises1 alligator or crocodile teeth and bones are of uncertain age4 ,ten species of the list are referred to the ,pleistocene4 ,all of the teeth are isolated1 but many are well preserved and little water-worn4 ,the bones are mostly fragmentary1 some worn1 some not4 ,polk ,county4--,on page #aei is an account of a tooth of an elephant4 ,elephas columbi1 reported as being found at ,kingsford1 ,polk ,county1 under #ai feet of phosphate rock and sand4 ,it may belong to ,e4 imperator4 ,on page #aif is detailed the finding of several teeth of ,equus in the phosphate mines of ,kingsford4 ,the species ,e4 leidyi and ,e4 littoralis are recognized4 ,unless these elephant and horse-teeth had been incorrectly reported or had been secondarily introduced into the phosphate beds1 they are1 in the writer's opinion1 to be referred to the first glacial stage1 the ,nebraskan4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall has somewhere reported the finding of tusks at ,bartow2 these were supposed to have belonged to ,elephas columbi 7p4 #ahj74 ,at ,nichols the large land-tortoise ,testudo hayi ,sellards has been recovered from a phosphate mine4 ,from phosphate mines at ,brewster has been secured the following list of vertebrates1 obtained from ,dr4 ,sellards's reports 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #ajj1 #ajf1 #ajh2 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #ie1 #if1 #ih1 #ajj74 ,gomphotherium floridanum8 7p4 #abc74 ,mammut progenium 7p4 #abc74 ,hipparion minor 7p4 #aig74 ,procamelus minor8 ,teleoceras or ,aphelops sp4 indet4 7p4 #baa74 ,agriotherium schneideri4 ,tomistoma americanum4 ,all of this list are referred by ,sellards to the upper ,miocene or lower ,pliocene4 ,the writer regards them as belonging to the first stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,from a phosphate pit at ,christina1 ,sellards 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 p4 #ajf1 fig4 #ce7 has reported a tooth of an undetermined species of ,gomphotherium4 ,sellards 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gb1 #aaj7 has reported the collection of remains of ,hipparion sp4 indet4 and of ,teleoceras proterus 7p4 #baa7 from phosphate mines at ,mulberry4 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum are undetermined remains of ,gomphotherium from the same place1 sent in by ,matson4 ,brevard ,county4--,in the ,hopkins drainage canal at ,eau ,gallie have been found remains of ,equus complicates 7p4 #aif7 and ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,zolfo1 ,hardee ,county4--,at ,zolfo1 near the border of the ,bone ,valley area1 have been found ,megatherium 7p4 #ch7 and ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,de ,soto ,county4--,with one exception1 apparently1 fossil vertebrates have been discovered in ,de ,soto ,county only in deposits along ,peace ,creek4 ,the exception is a place called ,tourner's or ,turner's1 on ,caloosahatchee ,river4 ,the elephant found there will be considered among the fossils found in ,lee ,county4 ,at ,calvenia1 at the entrance of ,charlie ,apopkee ,creek into ,peace ,creek1 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aih7 has been secured4 ,most of the fossils found below ,calvenia are accredited to ,arcadia4 ,according to ,leidy 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ai71 those of his list were found on a sand-bar at ,arcadia2 but certainly others have been taken from phosphate rock dredged both above and below the town4 ,as complete and as accurate a list as the writer has been able to prepare is here presented4 ,peace ,creek1 or ,peace ,river1 has been the source of many fossil vertebrates1 the greater part of them obtained at or near ,arcadia4 ,most of the species were described by ,joseph ,leidy in #ahhi 7,trans4 ,wagner ,free ,inst41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #ai-ca74 ,the region was examined by ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dall1 whose report was published in #ahib 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #abh-acc74 ,he referred the bed bearing vertebrate fossils to the ,pliocene4 ,cope 7in ,dall's report1 p4 #acj7 regarded them as equivalent to the ,equus beds of the ,great ,plains1 or between these and the ,loup ,fork4 ,sellards 7,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,vii1 pp4 #gh-hc7 places the formation in the ,pleistocene4 ,list of fossil vertebrates found in ,peace ,creek at or near ,arcadia4 ,elephas imperator 7p4 #afd74 ,e4 columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abd74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,tapirus terrestris 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 ,hipparion ingenuum 7p4 #aii74 ,delphinid sp4 indet4 ,trichechus antiquus4 ,glyptodon petaliferus 7p4 #ci74 ,glyptodon rivipacis 7p4 #dj74 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #dj74 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #ci74 ,alligator mississippiensis84 ,testudo crassiscutata4 ,t4 obtusa4 ,trachemys euglypha4 ,macrochelys floridana4 ,chtodipterus faber4 ,diodon sp4 indet4 ,myliobatis sp4 indet4 ,galeocerdo sp4 indet4 ,isurus sp4 indet4 ,of all the genera and species of mammals and reptiles appearing in the list1 there is none that it is necessary to suppose was derived from ,pliocene deposits1 or even from those of a ,pleistocene stage earlier than the first interglacial4 ,the marine fishes and sharks have been derived possibly from the ,arcadia marls4 ,on the other hand1 the presence of ,elephas imperator1 the species of ,equus1 ,hipparion1 ,glyptodon1 ,chlamytherium1 and the gigantic tortoise ,testudo crassiscutata furnishes evidence that the age was about that of the ,equus1 or ,aftonian1 beds of the ,great ,plains4 ,st4 ,lucie ,county4--,at ,fellsmere1 a place near the northern border of the county and about #aj miles west of ,indian ,river1 teeth of both ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei7 and ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb7 have been found1 in the construction of drainage canals4 ,the most important locality for ,pleistocene fossils in ,st4 ,lucie ,county1 one may say in the whole ,state1 is ,vero4 ,the topographical1 geological1 and palontological conditions found here are described in the ,eighth and ,ninth ,annual ,reports of the ,florida ,geological ,survey4 ,papers on the subject may be found also in the ,journal of ,geology for ,january #aiag and for ,october #aiag2 also in the ,american ,anthropologist for the first and second quarters of #aiah4 ,besides the large number of species of vertebrates found here1 the interest is heightened by the fact that1 associated with these1 are human bones and objects of human manufacture4 ,through the valley of an insignificant stream was dug a large drainage canal1 the construction of which brought to light vertebrate bones and teeth4 ,three beds of ,pleistocene materials were exposed4 ,at the bottom is found a bed of marl filled with marine mollusks and which is the geological equivalent of the coquina rock at ,st4 ,augustine4 ,the same deposit is found in various places along the coast and has received from ,dr4 ,sellards the name ,anastasia formation4 ,above this lies a stratum composed mostly of sand1 but containing also some muck4 ,in the discussion of the locality this bed is designated as ,no4 #b1 the marl being ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b has a thickness of about #b feet4 ,it in turn is overlain by ,no4 #c1 which consists mostly of vegetable matter and sand4 ,it is called also the muck-bed4 ,in places the muck is replaced by a bed of marl1 which here and there may become pretty firmly consolidated4 ,the thickness of ,no4 #c is about #b or #c feet4 ,vertebrate fossils are found in both ,no4 #b and ,no4 #c4 ,it is the purpose of the author first to present lists of the fossils which have been found in each of the upper beds1 beginning with the stream of sand1 ,no4 #b4 ,list of fossil vertebrates found at ,vero in stratum ,no4 #b4 ,trucifelis floridanus4 ,felis veronis4 nocyon ayersi4 ,vulpes palmaria4 ,lutra canadensis4 ,procyon lotor4 ,cryptotis floridana4 ,blarina brevicauda peninsul4 ,sylvilagus sp4 indet4 ,neofiber alleni4 ,hydrochrus robustus4 ,sigmodon sp4 indet4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bce74 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjh74 ,t4 veroensis 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ch74 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #ch74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #ci74 ,didelphis virginiana4 ,jabiru weillsi4 ,cathartes aura4 ,querquedula floridana4 ,herodias egretta4 ,alligator mississippiensis4 ,testudo sellardsi4 ,terrapene innoxia4 ,chelydra laticarinata4 ,list of fossil vertebrates found at ,vero1 in stratum ,no4 #c4 ,lynx ruffus floridanus4 ,canis riviveronis4 ,canis sp4 indet4 ,vulpes palmaria4 ,lutra canadensis4 ,ursus floridanus4 ,procyon lotor4 ,scalopus aquaticus australis4 ,sylvilagus palustris4 ,neofiber alleni4 ,neotoma floridana4 ,sigmodon hispidus4 ,oryzomys palustris4 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aei74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abb74 ,odocoileus osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 ,o4 sellardsi 7p4 #bcc74 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbb74 ,tapirus haysii8 7p4 #bjh74 ,equus littoralis8 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #aii74 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ch74 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 ,didelphis virginiana4 ,ardea sellardsi4 ,a4 herodias4 ,ardea8 sp4 indet4 ,herodias egretta8 ,aluco pratincola4 ,cathartes aura septentrionalis4 ,larus vero4 ,larus8 sp4 indet4 ,mycteria americana8 ,alligator mississippiensis4 ,crotalus adamanteus4 ,farancia abacura4 ,drymarchon corais couperi4 ,gopherus polyphemus4 ,terrapene antipex4 ,t4 innoxia4 ,pseudemys floridanus persimilis4 ,trachemys8 nuchocarinatus4 ,chelydra sculpta4 ,chelonia mydas4 ,caretta caretta4 ,siren lacertina4 ,amphiuma means4 ,caranx hippos4 ,caranx sp4 indet4 ,amiatus calvus4 ,lepisosteus platystomus4 ,atobatis narinari4 ,besides those remains which are to be assigned with certainty to one or the other or both of the strata1 there are a few others about whose place in the deposit there is uncertainty3 ,testudo luci4 ,gopherus prcedens4 ,trachemys bisornata4 ,t4 sculpta4 ,at a point about #c miles west of ,vero1 a lower jaw of ,elephas imperator 7p4 #afc7 was found in the bank of the drainage canal4 ,it was embedded in a matrix of brown sand which rests upon the stratum of marine shell marl4 ,the list of mammals found in stratum ,no4 #b shows that there are #bi species and that #ba of these are extinct4 ,this high proportion of species no longer existing is of itself enough to show that the deposit is an old one4 ,again1 such species as ,elephas imperator and camels occur in the glaciated region only in ,aftonian beds1 and outside of the glaciated region only in those which are quite certainly of approximately the same age4 ,in the list of species found in stratum ,no4 #c there are #be mammals1 of which #ab species are extinct4 ,these form1 therefore1 #dh per cent of the whole1 indicating apparently a more recent geological time1 perhaps about the ,sangamon stage4 ,it is true that the geologists hold that there has been continuous deposition and that no interval elapsed between the laying down of ,no4 #b and ,no4 #c4 ,in a region so near to the level of the sea1 where the streams are small and short and have little fall1 deposition must have gone on with extreme slowness2 hence there may have been no period when deposition ceased4 ,apparently1 too1 there was a time when the region was somewhat lower than at present and salt water came up the stream as far as the locality where the fossils are found4 ,the presence of ,chelonia mydas1 ,caretta caretta1 the two species of ,caranx and ,atobatis narinari may thus be explained4 ,the fresh-water and terrestrial mollusks of stratum ,no4 #b were submitted to ,dr4 ,paul ,bartsch1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum1 who has reported on them 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,viii1 p4 #add74 ,he lists #bi species1 all living4 ,the marine mollusks found in the stratum called ,no4 #a1 and which the writer refers to the first glacial stage1 have been studied by ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,mansfield1 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #gh-hj74 ,seventy-four species are specifically determined1 and of these #fa are identical with living forms4 ,three or four species are possibly extinct4 ,there is no question that the deposit belongs to the ,pleistocene4 ,nearly all of the plants were found in the bed designated as ,no4 #c1 the upper or muck-bed4 ,these were studied by ,dr4 ,edward ,w4 ,berry1 of the ,maryland ,geological ,survey4 ,his report1 published in #aiag 7,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,ix1 pp4 #ai-cc71 states his conclusion that the plants belong to the late ,pleistocene1 either the ,peorian or the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,it may be stated that ,dr4 ,berry adopts the theory that the terraces supposed to be found along the ,atlantic ,coast were formed during stages of submergence beneath the sea1 the lowest one late in ,pleistocene time4 ,lee ,county4--,the whole of ,lee ,county is occupied by ,pleistocene deposits which form a part of the ,pensacola terrace4 ,naturally the ,pleistocene is overlain1 generally1 at least1 by accumulations of ,recent materials1 and it may not always be easy to distinguish the one from the other4 ,so far as the writer knows1 all the vertebrate fossils discovered in this county have been collected along ,caloosahatchee ,river above ,fort ,myers4 ,the geology of this river has been described by ,heilprin 7,trans4 ,wagner ,inst41 vol4 ,i71 ,dall 7,bull4 #hd1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #adb-ade71 ,matson and ,sanford 7,water ,supply ,paper #cai1 pp4 #acd-ach71 ,sellards 7#b;d ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 p4 #abc1 #fth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,florida ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #da-df74 ,the ,pleistocene is underlain by ,pliocene marls and hard and soft limestones and consists of beds of muck1 marl1 and sand of little thickness4 ,at ,labelle it is said 7,sellards1 #b;d ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #abf7 that there is a fossiliferous ,pleistocene marl covered by #c feet of sandy loam4 ,the following seem to be the species which have been found in the ,pleistocene in this region3 ,elephas imperator 7p4 #afc74 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aii74 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aii74 ,bison latifrons 7p4 #bfd74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #dj74 ,testudo obtusa84 ,trachemys bisornata4 ,t4 sculpta4 ,the presence of ,elephas imperator is an indication that the deposits belong to the early part of the ,pleistocene4 ,none of the species appear to indicate an older stage than the ,aftonian4 ,dade ,county4--,sellards 7#hth ,ann4 ,rep41 p4 #ajf7 records that some fragmentary remains of a proboscidean had been found in ,miami ,river1 ,dade ,county4 ,palm ,beach ,county4--,on page #aje of the report just cited1 ,sellards stated that ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj71 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abc71 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjj71 and ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd7 had been found in the ,palm ,beach ,canal1 constructed to drain the ,everglades4 ,at some unknown point in the ,everglades1 possibly in ,lee ,county1 there was found many years ago a tooth of an elephant which the writer believes belonged to ,elephas imperator1 already mentioned on page #afc4 ,it was formerly reported as ,e4 columbi4 ,,alabama4 ,an account of the ,quaternary formations of ,alabama may be found in ,eugene ,a4 ,smith's 8,report on the ,geology of the ,coastal ,plain of ,alabama40 ,this was published in #ahid1 and the part pertaining to the ,pleistocene is found on pages #bh to #fe4 ,along the coast ,smith recognized the presence of a formation which he called the ,biloxi4 ,the upper part of this was regarded as belonging to the ,recent1 while the lower portion was thought to be the equivalent of ,hilgard's ,port ,hudson1 those deposits numbered #a to #d in the section shown on page #chg1 under ,geology of ,mississippi4 ,the thickness of the ,port ,hudson is given as about #ajj feet4 ,borings revealed the presence of shells and lignitized wood4 ,along the rivers which traverse the ,coastal ,plain are found three terraces4 ,the first or lowest is that which is subject to annual overflow4 ,the second terrace1 8the second bottom10 occurs along most of even the smaller streams of the ,coastal ,plain4 ,it may be as much as a mile wide4 ,the height above low water may vary from #aj to #ae feet in the lower courses of the rivers to #fj feet farther up stream4 ,near water-level a blue clay is frequently found which contains stumps1 roots1 and other remains of vegetation1 often well preserved4 ,smith concluded that this second terrace was the substantial equivalence in time to the ,port ,hudson4 ,smith presents a geological section taken along ,black ,warrior ,river1 in ,hale ,county1 #aej miles above ,mobile4 ,the section included about #ej feet4 ,as caving went on1 stumps and logs were frequently brought into view4 ,similar sections were found on ,coosa ,river1 above ,montgomery1 and on ,alabama ,river1 #ej miles above ,mobile4 ,the third terrace is found at elevations of from #ej to #ajj feet above the second4 ,it is sometimes #c miles or more in width4 ,in his paper on the ,citronelle formation 7,prof4 ,paper ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 #ih1 pp4 #afg-bjh71 ,matson discusses briefly 7pp4 #ahi-aij7 the ,pleistocene of the area studied by him4 ,this extends from the western end of ,florida to ,mississippi ,river4 ,here he recognized four terraces1 from the youngest to the oldest1 the ,pensacola1 the ,hammond1 the ,port ,hickey1 and the ,st4 ,elmo4 ,the ,st4 ,elmo merges into the ,natchez formation1 which ,matson1 quoting ,chamberlin and ,salisbury1 regarded as sub-,aftonian4 ,the ,port ,hickey terrace is stated to take its name from a locality on the ,mississippi ,river where the typical materials of the ,port ,hudson formation are exposed4 ,the ,port ,hickey terrace may1 as suggested by ,matson1 be of post-,iowan age4 ,naturally1 these correlations require confirmation4 ,berry has described fossil plants 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #fhi-fig2 ,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 ser4 #d1 vol4 ,,xxix1 pp4 #chg-cih7 which were found along ,chattahoochee ,river1 not far below ,columbus1 ,georgia2 on ,warrior ,river1 up to #cef miles above ,mobile4 ,pleistocene deposits must occur along all the larger streams still farther north1 and these deposits will yield in time bones and teeth of vertebrated animals4 ,notwithstanding the considerable area of ,pleistocene deposits discovered in ,alabama1 the number of species of vertebrates met with is remarkably small4 ,on page #dj is recorded the finding of ,megalonyx jeffersonii somewhere about ,tuscumbia4 ,at ,newbern1 ,hale ,county1 have been found an incisor tooth of a horse 7p4 #bjj7 and a molar of a bison 7p4 #bfd74 ,at ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,county1 have been collected ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bjj71 ,mammut americanum1 and ,elephas imperator4 ,the last species indicates that the deposits probably belong in the ,aftonian4 ,the writer knows of no other localities in the ,state where vertebrate fossils of the ,pleistocene have been obtained4 ,,mississippi4 7,text-figure #bb47 ,the geological history of the lower part of the ,mississippi ,valley during ,quaternary times appears to be particularly difficult to understand and at present is far from being unraveled4 ,it is easy to see that such a region will offer great difficulties4 ,here debouches into the ocean a majestic river which drains not only the glaciated portions of the ,united ,states from western ,new ,york to northwestern ,montana1 but the larger part of the region south of this from the ,blue ,ridge to the ,rocky ,mountains1 and brings down every year enormous quantities of sand and silt1 which are dropped partly on its flood-plain1 but mostly near its mouth4 ,through the ages during which this has been proceeding1 this river has been ever changing its bed1 sometimes eroding away one bank1 sometimes the opposite one2 so that its flood-plain is1 in most places below the mouth of the ,ohio1 many miles wide1 varying1 according to ,russell 78,rivers of ,north ,america10 #ahih1 p4 #bfg7 from #e miles to #hj miles in width4 ,during the ,quaternary there have been also elevations and subsidences of the bed at least from ,cairo northward1 as a result of which at one epoch the current was hastened and the valley cut out deeper2 at another the current was checked1 the channel clogged up1 and the river forced to seek a new channel or even new temporary or permanent outlets to the ,gulf 7,e4 ,a4 ,smith1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,alabama1 #ahid1 pp4 #cj-cd74 ,to get a correct idea of the ,pleistocene geology of the lower ,mississippi region1 one must understand the situation at the beginning of this epoch4 ,i4 ,c4 ,russell1 on page #bfg of his work just quoted1 calls attention to the differences displayed by the valley of the river within the glaciated region and that south of it4 ,south of the mouth of ,ohio ,river the wide flood-plain of the ,mississippi lies from #cjj to #ejj feet below the general level of the bordering uplands4 ,he states further that the hard rock bottom of the valley is only imperfectly known1 but that the records of wells and borings show that an ancient valley has been filled with alluvium to a depth of at least #ajj or #bjj feet in its northern part and to an increasing depth southward4 ,if to this thickness1 given by ,russell1 we add the depth1 #cjj to #ejj feet1 which the flood-plain occupies below the bordering uplands1 we get a measure of the depth of the great trench which once existed where now lies the flood-plain of ,mississippi ,river4 ,in his paper on the underground waters of southern ,louisiana 7,bull4 #a1 ,louisiana ,geol4 ,surv41 #aije1 p4 #db1 plate ,,ii7 ,harris presents the record of the ,fabacher well1 which was bored at ,new ,orleans4 ,at a depth of about #a1bjj feet fossil remains were brought up which appeared to be of ,pleistocene age4 ,it is evident from these facts1 as in the case of those obtained from the rivers of ,texas1 that at about the beginning of the ,pleistocene1 or more probably during the time of the so-called ,lafayette1 at the close of the ,pliocene1 the country east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 at least1 stood for a long time at a much higher level than at present and that1 as a result of this elevation1 there was an enormous general erosion of the face of the country and a great widening and deepening of the river valleys4 ,this time of elevation was quite certainly followed by a prolonged period of depression1 during which these canyon-like trenches and their tributaries1 up to their last ramifications1 were nearly completely refilled4 ,this refilling must have occurred during the early stages of the ,pleistocene1 for in the materials are buried the bones of early ,pleistocene animals4 ,as quoted below1 in considering the geology at ,natchez1 ,chamberlin and ,salisbury state that since the ,natchez formation1 #bjj feet thick1 was laid down1 the trench of the ,mississippi1 #fj miles wide1 has been excavated4 ,one might change this expression and say that it had been re-excavated1 but not to its original depth4 ,when we reflect that the greater part of the sediments which1 during the ,pleistocene epoch1 were deposited at the mouth of ,mississippi ,river and on its flood-plain from ,kentucky southward1 were certainly derived from the glaciated portions of its great valley1 and that those regions were alternately affected by the events of five glacial and four interglacial epochs1 we must conclude that corresponding deposits or phenomena of some kind exist throughout the valley4 ,the matter is1 however1 so complicated that many years must elapse before a satisfactory solution will have been reached4 ,in his ,report on the ,geology and ,agriculture of the ,state of ,mississippi1 #ahfj 7#ahfc-fe71 the geologist ,e4 ,w4 ,hilgard1 on pages #e to #df1 described under the name of ,orange sand a deposit which characterizes the greater part of the surface of that ,state4 ,he referred this to the ,quaternary and regarded it as being the southern equivalent of the northern drift4 ,this formation is now believed to belong mostly at least to the ,pliocene4 ,besides the ,orange sand1 ,hilgard 7op4 cit41 pp4 #aid-bja7 referred other formations to the ,quaternary4 ,these in order would be as follows1 the latest above3 #e4 ,modern alluvium4 #d4 ,second bottom1 or ,hommock deposits4 #c4 ,yellow loam deposits4 #b4 ,the ,bluff formation4 #a4 ,orange sand4 ,the ,bluff formations were described as occupying a narrow belt along the borders of the ,mississippi bottom in northern ,mississippi and along the river itself in the southern part of the ,state4 ,he stated that the fossils belonged to terrestrial species1 and quoted ,leidy's list of vertebrates1 already mentioned1 remarking that the blue clay which furnished them was said to belong to the ,bluff formation4 ,he reported that the snails found in the ,bluff formation seemed all to belong to living species4 ,the yellow loams occupied a large part of the surface of the ,state1 overlying the ,orange sand and forming a great part of the soils of the ,state4 ,the succeeding formations were found along many of the rivers4 ,in #ahfi 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,xlvii1 pp4 #cca-cdf71 ,hilgard reported the results of a geological reconnaissance of ,louisiana4 ,in this he proposed the name ,port ,hudson group for extensive deposits of clays which were especially well displayed at ,port ,hudson4 ,this formation was further described by ,hilgard in #ahgb 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,xxiii1 ,no4 #bdh1 p4 #e74 ,two geological sections taken near ,port ,hudson were presented1 one of which is here reproduced4 ,section midway between ,port ,hudson and ,fontana4 #f4 ,yellow loam1 sandy below #h-aj #e4 ,white and yellow hardpan #ah ,orange and yellow sand1 sometimes ferruginous sandstone1 irregularly stratified #h-ae #d4 ,heavy greenish or bluish clay #g #c4 ,white indurate silt1 or hardpan #ah #b4 ,heavy green clay with porous calcareous concretions above1 ferruginous below2 some sticks and impressions of leaves #cj #a4 ,brown muck with cypress stumps #c-d ,white or blue clay with cypress stumps ,the cypress stumps of ,no4 #a were numerous and well preserved4 ,the writer reproduces ,hilgard's geological map of the lower ,mississippi region1 in which is represented the distribution of the ,port ,hudson according to that writer's views 7fig4 #bb74 ,it will be seen that it was supposed to pass eastward into the coast region of ,mississippi1 ,alabama1 and ,florida4 ,westward from ,atchafalaya ,river it was believed to occupy a large part of southern ,louisiana and to pass into ,texas and around the ,gulf coast to near the ,rio ,grande4 ,it will be observed that in the latter ,state it corresponds in a general way to what has been called by ,deussen the ,lissie formation4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,the ,mississippi embayment4 ,redrawn from ,hilgard4 ,used to show the distribution of the ,port ,hudson group4 ,although ,hilgard represents on his map an alluvial deposit as covering the region of the delta1 a belt along the western side of the great river as far up as ,cairo1 and the wide tract between ,mississippi and ,yazoo ,rivers1 a study of his paper shows that he believed that much of these regions was underlain by his ,port ,hudson4 ,he recognized it at ,greenwood on the ,yazoo1 #fj miles east of the ,mississippi2 at ,vicksburg1 and at various places in the delta4 ,usually its upper surface occurs at about low-water level along rivers1 and elsewhere is met with in digging wells4 ,at ,vicksburg it was encountered by ,grant's ,army in digging his famous canal4 ,it was believed by ,hilgard that the same deposit was present at ,petite ,anse1 overlying the ,orange sand and overlain by more recent deposits4 ,inasmuch as ,hilgard believed that the ,orange sand was laid down at the time when the northern drift was being deposited1 he had to refer his ,port ,hudson to a later time1 and this time he seemed to regard as being the epoch called by ,dana the ,champlain4 ,mc,gee referred the deposits of the lower ,mississippi ,valley 7sometimes called the ,mississippi embayment7 to his ,columbia formation 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 plate ,i1 p4 #cib74 ,this formation1 in his view1 had been laid down during a great subsidence of the borders of the continent and when the waters of the ,gulf reached as far north as the mouth of ,ohio ,river or beyond4 ,he relegated ,hilgard's ,orange sand to the ,pliocene and recognized four phases as belonging to the ,pleistocene4 ,these were1 beginning below3 7#a7 ,port ,hudson2 7#b7 ,orange sand 7of ,safford1 not that of ,hilgard72 7#c7 loess2 7#d7 brown 7or yellow7 loam4 ,of these divisions there were really only three1 for he regarded the loess as only a phase of the loam and as lying sometimes above1 sometimes below the latter4 ,he recognized the ,port ,hudson clays as flooring the entire flood-plain of the ,mississippi from the mouth of the ,ohio well toward the gulf shore4 ,the formation was believed to be usually a low-lying one2 but at ,natchez 7as seen by his section given on page #cia7 it is elevated high above the present flood-plain4 ,gilbert ,d4 ,harris1 geologist in charge of the geological survey of ,louisiana1 and ,arthur ,c4 ,veatch1 assistant geologist1 have contributed much to our knowledge of the ,pleistocene geology of the ,state4 ,reference to their works will be found in the descriptions of several fossil-bearing localities1 especially in the description of ,petite ,anse4 ,harris1 in #aije 7,bull4 #a1 ,geol4 ,surv4 ,louisiana1 p4 #ac71 expressed the conclusion that the longer the geology of southern ,louisiana is studied the more futile appears the attempt to make satisfactory subdivisions in the ,quaternary deposits--subdivisions that have any definite time or structural limits4 ,he regarded it as a mistake to assign to the ,port ,hudson a special place in geologic time4 ,chamberlin and ,salisbury in #aijf1 as quoted below1 made no mention of the ,port ,hudson formation2 but that part of it supposed to be found at ,natchez was evidently included in their ,natchez formation4 ,inasmuch as ,petite ,anse and ,natchez have furnished more species of fossil vertebrates than any other localities in their ,states1 and likewise human relics supposed to be of equal age with the extinct mammals1 these places will receive especial attention4 ,natchez is the most important locality in ,mississippi as regards ,pleistocene vertebrate palontology4 ,so far as the writer knows the first mention of the occurrence of vertebrate fossils here was a note by ,dr4 ,g4 ,troost in #ahce 7,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,penn41 vol4 ,i1 p4 #adc71 who stated that he had in his possession a tooth of a mastodon found at ,natchez4 ,in #ahde 7,proc4 #fth ,meet4 ,assoc4 ,amer4 ,geologists and ,naturalists1 pp4 #gg-gi71 ,dr4 ,m4 ,w4 ,dickeson1 of ,natchez1 read a paper entitled 8,on the ,geology of the ,natchez ,bluffs10 in which he distinguished #bb several beds4 ,these were said to be of varying thickness and distinctly marked1 but all composed of various colored clays and sands1 and containing numerous organic remains1 embedded wood1 and detrital matter4 ,probably by far the greater part of these beds were of subordinate importance and do not appear to have been noted since that time4 ,beneath the surface soil ,dickeson recognized a mass of yellow loam #bj to #cj feet in thickness1 exceedingly fine and free from gravel4 ,in this had been found shells of ,helix and scattered bones of mastodons4 ,below this came a bed of ferruginous sands and gravels #d feet thick4 ,this was succeeded below by what he called the mastodon bed1 in which ,dickeson had detected remains of more than #cj individual mastodons4 ,the thickness of this was not given4 ,the next stratum1 his ,no4 #f1 was a fine clay of blue color1 from #ab to #ae feet thick4 ,in this and his ,no4 #bb1 an ash-colored clay1 at low-water mark1 he discovered remains of what has since proved to be ,megalonyx jeffersonii4 ,the localities where his fossils were found were not given with exactness4 ,at a meeting of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,october #f1 #ahdf 7,proc41 etc41 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ajg71 ,dickeson exhibited a large collection of fossil bones obtained by him in the vicinity of ,natchez4 ,among these were the head and lower jaw of the ,megalonyx already mentioned4 ,he stated that the stratum that contains these organic remains is a tenacious blue clay that underlies the diluvial drift east of ,natchez and which diluvial deposit abounds in bones and teeth of the ,mastodon giganteus4 ,associated with the megalonyx were remains of bear1 bison1 deer1 and horse4 ,the collection was more notable because of the presence of a part of a human innominate bone4 ,dickeson affirmed that this had been taken out of the blue clay about #b feet below three associated skeletons of the megalonyx2 and it is further stated to have accorded in respect of color1 density1 etc41 with those of the megalonyx and other associated bones4 ,this bone is now in the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences1 ,philadelphia4 ,in #ahdf the ,english geologist1 ,sir ,charles ,lyell1 studied the geology of the region at ,natchez 7,second ,visit to ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 ,a41 ed4 #b1 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #aid-bja74 ,with him were ,dr4 ,dickeson and ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles1 afterwards ,state geologist of ,mississippi 7,wailles1 ,agric41 ,geol4 ,miss41 #ahed1 p4 #bac74 ,in the yellow loam of the bluffs ,lyell recognized loess deposits1 from their resemblance to those of the ,rhine4 ,these he estimated to occupy the upper #fj feet of the bluff1 and in them were found #bj species of land-snails1 all yet living4 ,he reported that this loess sometimes passed into a lacustrine deposit which contained shells of ,lymna1 ,planorbis1 ,paludina1 ,physa1 and ,cyclas1 and that with the land-snails had been found1 at different depths1 remains of the mastodon1 while in clay under the loam 7meaning evidently the loess7 and above the sand and gravel1 entire skeletons of the megalonyx had been met with1 associated with bones of the horse1 bear1 stag1 ox 7,bison74 ,lyell noted especially the recent development of deep ravines4 ,one of these1 called the ,mammoth ,ravine1 had been formed1 he was assured1 within the preceding #ce years4 ,its length was #g miles and its depth #fj feet4 ,in this ravine was found the human innominate bone referred to above4 ,he was shown this bone1 and states that ,dr4 ,dickeson was persuaded that the bone had been taken out of the clay underlying the loam 7loess74 ,this indicates that ,dickeson himself did not take out the human bone4 ,lyell thought that1 like most of the other fossils1 it had been picked up in the bed of the stream1 which would simply imply that it had been washed out of the cliffs1 and that it may have been dislodged from some ,indian grave near the top4 ,he 7p4 #aig7 stated that the place where the bone was found was #f miles from ,natchez4 ,the reader may consult further ,lyell's account of his observations at ,natchez in volume ,,iii of the ,american ,journal of ,science1 #ahdg1 page #bff4 ,in #ahed ,wailles 7op4 cit41 p4 #bhf7 published a list of the vertebrate fossils which had been found in the ,state4 ,this list had been prepared by ,dr4 ,leidy4 ,while no localities are mentioned in either publication1 it is quite certain that most1 if not all1 of the species had been found at ,natchez4 ,wailles 7p4 #bhe7 stated that the most prolific locality was on ,pine ,ridge1 in townships #g and #h north1 range #c west1 #f miles north of ,natchez4 ,while the name is not used1 it is supposed that reference is here had to the ,mammoth ,ravine mentioned by ,lyell4 ,leidy's list was as follows3 ,felis atrox ,leidy4 ,ursus americanus fossilis4 ,u4 amplidens ,leidy4 ,equus americanus ,leidy4 ,cervus virginianus fossilis4 ,bison latifrons ,leidy4 ,botherium cavifrons ,leidy4 ,elephas primigenius4 ,tapirus americanus fossilis4 ,t4 haysii ,leidy4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii ,harlan4 ,m4 dissimilis ,leidy4 ,mylodon harlani ,owen4 ,ereptodon priscus ,leidy4 ,mastodon giganteus4 ,hilgard 7,agric4 ,geol41 ,mississippi1 #ahfj1 p4 #aif1 a work not issued until the early part of #ahfc71 republished ,leidy's catalogue of species just mentioned and stated that these had been found in a solid blue clay4 ,in ,j4 ,w4 ,foster's 8,prehistoric ,races of the ,united ,states10 published in #ahgc1 p4 #fa1 is a statement made by ,professor ,c4 ,g4 ,forshey1 in which he says that he visited the locality where the human innominate bone was found and that it was in ,bernard's ,bayou1 #b4e miles north from ,natchez4 ,this does not accord with the statement of ,wailles1 who lived near ,natchez and who visited the locality in company with ,lyell and ,dickeson4 ,forshey presented reasons for concluding that the bone was not derived from the ,bluff formation4 ,he stated that the mastodon bones and all others1 of which there were many1 were rotten1 and that it was only with difficulty that any of them could be preserved4 ,on the other hand1 ,leidy1 in speaking of the bones of the megalonyx found in the ,mammoth ,ravine 7,smithson4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #f71 and of those of the ,mylodon 7op4 cit41 p4 #dh71 says that they were in a good state of preservation4 ,in his work on the ,lafayette formation published in #ahia 7#abth ,ann4 ,rep4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 pp4 #cdg-eba71 ,mc,gee discussed the geology about ,natchez4 ,on page #cig he presented a composite section obtained along about #c miles of the bluff4 ,this in a modified form is here given4 ,section at ,natchez4 feet4 #g4 ,loess #aj to #ej #f4 ,brown loam #aj to #dj #e4 ,stratified loamy sand #e to #ae #d4 ,tenacious blue clay 7,port ,hudson7 #aj to #ae #c4 ,cross-stratified sand1 with pebbles #cj to #ej #b4 ,stratified gravel #e to #ae #a4 ,greenish and blue clay1 to above low water 7,grand ,gulf1 ,tertiary7 #e to #aj ,mc,gee noted that these divisions 7except the ,port ,hudson and ,grand ,gulf7 are purely arbitrary1 inasmuch as the character and thickness of the beds change more or less within no great distances4 ,he noted the fact that the loess abounded in mollusks mostly of land and swamp species2 also that some of the gravelly beds well down towards the ,port ,hudson clays had yielded bones and teeth of elephants and mastodons4 ,in #ahih1 ,dr4 ,b4 ,shimek visited ,natchez and studied especially the loess 7,amer4 ,geologist1 vol4 ,,xxx1 pp4 #bgi-bih1 with plates ,x-,,xvi74 ,he estimated the thickness of the loess as not exceeding #cj feet4 ,he collected from this loess more than #d1fjj shells of mollusks2 and these proved to belong to #ci species or well-recognized subspecies4 ,these species are all terrestrial in habit and all are now found living either on the hills in the immediate vicinity or in similar situations in other parts of the ,south4 ,shimek came to the conclusion that the loess of that region had been deposited by the action of the winds4 ,he was unable to find any 8brown loam0 above the loess1 the presence of which other authors had affirmed4 ,shimek found no traces of mammalian bones in the loess and was inclined to doubt that they occur there4 ,he does not appear to have visited the locality from which most of the bones were reported4 ,chamberlin and ,salisbury1 in #aijf 7,geology1 vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #chf1 fig4 #eac71 discussed briefly the geological situation at ,natchez4 ,the ,natchez formation 7evidently including the ,port ,hudson7 has a thickness of about #bjj feet and is made up of materials derived mostly from the so-called ,lafayette1 on which it there rests unconformably4 ,in this ,natchez formation are also crystalline pebbles and calcareous clays assignable to wash from the glacial regions4 ,between this ,natchez formation and the overlying loess a marked interval is indicated4 ,the authors are inclined to assign the ,natchez deposits to the earliest part of the ,pleistocene1 viz1 to the ,aftonian and the drift epoch preceding the ,aftonian4 ,since the time when the ,natchez formation was deposited the great trench of the ,mississippi ,valley1 about #fj miles wide1 has been excavated4 ,already on page #cia has been given the list of fossil mammals which ,leidy made out for the ,state geologist of ,mississippi1 ,b4 ,l4 ,c4 ,wailles4 ,a revision of this is here presented1 with the addition of ,castoroides ohioensis4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dj74 ,m4 dissimilis 7p4 #da74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #da74 ,ereptodon priscus 7p4 #da74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjh74 ,t4 terrestris 7p4 #bjh74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bcc74 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,bison latifrons8 7p4 #bfe74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abe74 ,elephas columbi8 7p4 #ahj74 ,castoroides ohioensis 7p4 #bhj74 ,ursus americanus4 ,u4 amplidens4 ,felis atrox4 ,according to ,lyell 7,amer4 ,jour4 ,sci41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahdg1 p4 #bfh71 ,megatherium and ,castoroides had been found in the bluffs at ,natchez4 ,from this list of mammals it is possible perhaps to reach some conclusion regarding the geological age of the deposits containing them4 ,in case we accept without reserve the species1 #af in number1 as determined1 only #c1 ,tapirus terrestris1 ,odocoileus virginianus1 and ,ursus americanus1 are yet living1 leaving about #ha per cent of the whole as being extinct1 and what was called ,tapirus terrestris was probably an extinct form4 ,this alone makes it probable that the time of their existence was early in the ,pleistocene4 ,all three of the supposed existing species may1 however1 prove to belong to extinct species closely related to those whose names they yet bear4 ,certain species may be left out of consideration because of paucity of specimens and our consequent lack of knowledge of them4 ,these are ,megalonyx dissimilis1 ,ereptodon priscus1 and ,ursus amplidens4 ,in case the high percentage of extinct species is not recognized as being decisive1 we may consider the assemblage from another point of view4 ,certain species of the list appear to have existed throughout the ,pleistocene1 at least from the time of the first interglacial stage4 ,these are ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 ,mammut americanum1 ,elephas columbi1 and ,castoroides ohioensis1 and their presence indicates only a ,pleistocene time4 ,others of the list are not known to have existed after the time of the last ,wisconsin drift-sheet1 and may be supposed to have become extinct before that time4 ,these are ,mylodon harlani1 ,equus complicatus1 ,equus leidyi1 ,tapirus haysii1 and ,bison latifrons4 ,all of these quite certainly existed until after the ,illinoian drift period1 probably into the ,sangamon interglacial1 except apparently ,equus leidyi4 ,the list contains no species of primitive mastodons belonging to the genus ,gomphotherium1 no species of ,hipparion1 no camels2 and ,elephas imperator appears to be missing4 ,there is1 therefore1 no necessity for believing that the mammal-bearing deposits at ,natchez are as old as the ,sheridan1 or ,aftonian stage1 but the ancient forms mentioned may at any time turn up there or elsewhere in the immediate region4 ,the presence of ,symbos cavifrons might be supposed to point to a rather late date in the ,pleistocene2 but evidence has accumulated which indicates that it reaches back farther in time than we have supposed4 ,taking all into consideration1 the writer concludes that the fossil vertebrates found at ,natchez date back at least as far as the time of the ,illinoian drift stage4 ,there is nothing to prove that they are not as old as the ,aftonian stage1 except the apparent absence of camels1 ,elephas imperator1 mastodons belonging to ,gomphotherium1 and a multiplicity of species of ,equus4 ,unfortunately1 vertebrate fossils1 especially those known to belong to definite horizons in the ,pleistocene1 are1 aside from ,natchez1 rarely found2 but near ,orizaba1 in ,tippah ,county1 a tooth of a horse has been discovered which appears to have been ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,remains of a deer 7p4 #bcd7 have been found in a railroad cutting at ,aberdeen1 ,monroe ,county4 ,mastodons are not uncommon1 as may be seen on consulting the pages where these animals in ,mississippi are discussed 7pp4 #abd to #abf74 ,,tennessee4 7,figure #bc47 ,there are not many ,states which furnish fewer ,pleistocene deposits of any considerable area than does ,tennessee4 ,lying1 as it does1 away from the sea1 there are no marine ,pleistocene beds2 situated beyond the glacial area1 there are no glacial-drift deposits2 and almost half of the ,state1 the eastern1 being mountainous1 with rivers running in narrow valleys1 there has been little opportunity for accumulation of loose ,pleistocene materials4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey has published about #be folios describing the geology of this mountainous part of ,tennessee4 ,one will search these folios1 perhaps in vain1 for any mention of ,pleistocene deposits and for traces of these on the maps4 ,now and then mention is made of narrow strips of alluvium along some of the larger rivers2 nevertheless there are evidences that in some of these strips there are ,pleistocene deposits4 ,from the mountainous region westward to near ,mississippi ,river there have doubtless been1 during the ,pleistocene1 better opportunities for deposition of alluvium along the river courses1 but such deposits have been little studied4 ,along the great river forming the western boundary there is a band1 #aj to perhaps #be miles in width1 overlain by loess4 ,this may attain a depth along the river varying from #bj to #gj feet1 but away from the river it thins out to a feather-edge 7,glenn1 ,water ,supply ,paper #aad1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv474 ,up to this time1 however1 it has furnished few1 if any1 ,pleistocene fossils4 ,notwithstanding the paucity of ,pleistocene areas in the mountainous portion of ,tennessee1 this region has furnished a considerable number of species of ,pleistocene vertebrates1 and bids fair to furnish its due proportion 7fig4 #bc74 ,these species occur1 not in water-laid or wind-laid deposits1 but in caves which abound in the limestones of that region4 ,in #aiah 7,resources of ,tenn41 vol4 ,,viii1 pp4 #he-adb71 ,mr4 ,thomas ,l4 ,bailey located and described more than #ajj caves of considerable size4 ,many had been worked to obtain saltpeter4 ,bones have been reported from a few of them2 probably bones had been met with in others1 but were not regarded as important4 ,in these caves 7and in others yet to be discovered7 may hereafter be found numerous remains of animals4 ,other sources for such fossils are the crevices that are sometimes opened up in quarrying operations4 ,caves and crevices of this kind are found in the ,alleghany ,mountain region from northern ,pennsylvania to ,lookout ,mountain in ,tennessee1 and from them there is already known an extensive ,pleistocene fauna4 ,beginning in the northeastern corner of the ,state1 a brief survey will be made of the localities and fossils which concern us4 ,at ,kingsport1 in ,sullivan ,county 7fig4 #bc1 #a7 the writer has learned of the finding of a mastodon tooth 7p4 #abg71 but beyond the fact that it was owned by ,mr4 ,d4 ,m4 ,lafitte1 the writer has been able to learn nothing4 ,from ,bristol1 ,sullivan ,county 7fig4 #bc1 #b71 in the northeastern corner of the ,state1 there has been sent to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a fragment of a maxilla containing two teeth of a tapir4 ,this is referred to ,tapirus haysii4 ,no details regarding the place of discovery or of the geological conditions are known 7p4 #bji74 ,from ,hawkins ,county1 at a locality not specified 7fig4 #bc1 #c7 another mastodon tooth has been reported by ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie 7,science1 ser4 #b1 vol4 ,,xx1 p4 #ccc7 7p4 #abg74 ,these announcements show at least that these animals could exist in those rough and elevated regions4 ,from crevices in a marble quarry near ,rogersville 7fig4 #bc1 #d71 ,hawkins ,county1 there were sent many years ago to the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum a tooth of the horse ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja72 and a canine tooth of a very large peccary1 ,mylohyus setiger 7p4 #bbb74 ,the same peccary has been secured from ,cavetown1 ,maryland4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,localities where fossil vertebrates have been found in ,tennessee4 #a4 ,kingsport1 ,sullivan ,county4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #b4 ,bristol1 ,sullivan ,county4 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji74 #c4 ---- ,hawkins ,county4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #d4 ,rogersville1 ,hawkins ,county4 ,equus leidyi1 ,mylohyus setiger 7p4 #cid74 #e4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county4 #ai species 7p4 #cie74 #f4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jefferson ,county4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #g4 ,zirkel's ,cave1 ,jefferson ,county4 ,tapir1 peccary1 bear1 etc41 7p4 #cif74 #h4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,county4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #i4 ,near ,knoxville1 ,knox ,county4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #aj4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,county4 ,equus littoralis1 ,mylodon8 sp4 indet41 ,tapirus sp4 indet41 etc41 7p4 #cif74 #aa4 ,elroy1 ,van,buren ,county4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 etc4 7p4 #cig74 #ab4 #aa miles west of ,nashville4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #ac4 #aa miles southeast of ,nashville4 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abg74 #ad4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,county4 ,equus leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus81 ,camelops8 sp4 indet41 ,mylodon harlani1 ,odocoileus sp4 indet4 7p4 #cii74 #ae4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,county4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #aha47 #ag4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,county4 ,megalonyx sp4 indet41 ,castoroides ohioensis1 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #djj47 ,in the ,u4 ,s4 ,national ,museum is a collection of remains of vertebrate animals made about #ahhe by ,mr4 ,ira ,sayles1 a collector for the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 from a point about a mile north of ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,county 7fig4 #bc1 #e74 ,some masses of the matrix which contained the bones accompany the collection4 ,this matrix is a red earth such as is often found in the floor of caves and in fissures in limestone1 the result of the decomposition of the calcareous rock4 ,some fragments are to a great extent made up of broken bones4 ,it is evident1 however1 that there is now no cave at that place4 ,sayles suggested that the bones were 8kitchen-middens0 and that there had been an old fortification there4 ,possibly a cave or a fissure once existed there and the rock inclosing it may have dissolved away1 leaving the floor4 ,in this collection the writer has found the following species2 these were described in #aibj 7,proc4 ,u4 ,s4 ,nat4 ,mus41 vol4 ,,lviii1 pp4 #he-ie1 plates ,,iii1 ,,iv2 text-figs4 #a-c74 ,those preceded by an asterisk are extinct4 ,list of species4 99,testudo munda4 99,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja74 99,e4 littoralis 7p4 #bja74 99,tapirus tennesse 7p4 #bji74 99,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bbc74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 99,sangamona fugitiva4 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bdc74 99,elephas primigenius4 ,sciurus carolinensis4 ,tamias striatus4 ,marmota monax4 ,castor canadensis4 ,neotoma pennsylvanica84 ,microtus pennsylvanicus4 ,lepus americanus4 ,ursus floridanus4 ,procyon lotor4 99nocyon ayersi84 ,in this list there are #ai species1 of which #h are extinct4 ,the latter form1 therefore1 #db per cent of the whole list4 ,this ratio appears to indicate a time about the middle of the ,pleistocene4 ,there are no forms that require an earlier date and there is good reason for believing that the horses and the tapir did not exist after the last glacial stage1 perhaps not after the ,sangamon interglacial4 ,it is interesting to find in eastern ,tennessee the remains of ,elephas primigenius4 ,the discovery of teeth of this animal at ,beaufort1 ,north ,carolina1 in eastern ,tennessee1 and especially in ,texas1 proves that the range of that species extended even farther south in the ,new ,world than it did in the old4 ,it is not improbable that the animal withdrew to the south during one or more of the glacial stages4 ,however1 none of the other species found at ,whitesburg suggests a cooler climate than now prevails there4 ,it is possible that some of the forms referred to existing species are really extinct4 ,the teeth identified as those of ,odocoileus virginianus are smaller than those usually found in recent individuals4 ,the deer ,sangamona fugitiva appears in a collection made at ,cavetown1 ,maryland1 and in another made at ,alton1 ,illinois1 in or beneath deposits of loess that are believed to have been laid down about the time of the ,sangamon stage4 ,in ,jefferson ,county mastodon remains have been found at two places1 ,dandridge 7fig4 #bc1 #h7 and ,mossy ,creek4 ,no details are known about the first case2 in the case of the tooth found #c miles south of ,mossy ,creek 7fig4 #bc1 #f7 it is stated that it was discovered at a depth of #f feet and beneath a white oak stump4 ,between the two villages1 on the left bank of ,dumplin ,creek1 #e miles above its mouth1 is ,zirkel's ,cave4 ,from this cave 7fig4 #bc1 #g7 ,mercer 7,dept4 ,amer4 ,archol4 ,univ4 ,penn41 #ahif7 reported the discovery of remains of tapir 7p4 #cie71 peccary 7p4 #bbc71 bear1 and small rodents2 but to what species they belonged is not known4 ,the tapir and the peccary indicate ,pleistocene times4 ,the bear probably belonged to the same epoch4 ,at a point #g miles southeast of ,knoxville 7fig4 #bc1 #i7 ,professor ,s4 ,w4 ,mc,callie reported the finding of a mastodon tooth beneath #cj inches of clay4 ,at ,lookout ,mountain 7p4 #cie1 fig4 #bc1 #aj7 have been secured a tooth of a horse1 probably ,equus littoralis 7p4 #bja71 remains of tapir and probably of ,mylodon 7p4 #dc74 ,just where the horse-tooth was found is not known4 ,the tapir was found in a cave on the left bank of ,tennessee ,river1 #j4be mile below the mouth of ,chattanooga ,creek 7,mercer1 as cited above2 also in ,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxviii1 p4 #cee74 ,mercer's accounts are brief and were intended only as preliminary reports4 ,from him1 through ,miss ,harriet ,newell ,wardle1 of ,philadelphia1 the writer has received a letter in which are given some details about the investigation of this cave in #ahic and #ahif4 ,dr4 ,mercer extended his trench inward from the entrance a distance of about #ej feet and downward to the rocky bottom of the cave4 ,he recognized the presence of three layers1 as follows3 7#a7 top layer1 from #f to #h inches deep1 containing relics of both white man and ,indian2 7#b7 middle layer1 about #b feet thick1 containing evidence of ,indian only2 7#c7 red cave earth1 varying from one to several feet in thickness1 according to the uneven conditions of the cave floor4 ,this latter layer was subdivided into an upper zone 7a7 about a foot deep1 which showed evidences of intrusion of bones and refuse from the overlying layer1 and 7b7 the undisturbed red earth which contained bones of bats and perhaps of some other animals4 ,in the upper zone 7a7 of the red-earth layer ,mercer found a jawbone and loose teeth of ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji7 and a jawbone of ,mylodon 7p4 #dc7 without teeth1 both as identified by ,professor ,cope4 ,later1 ,cope became doubtful as to the ,mylodon bone4 ,in this upper zone of red earth1 8within a few varying inches of the depth of the tapir specimen above or below it10 ,mercer found bones of cave rats 7,neotoma71 marmot 7,marmota71 squirrel1 deer1 opossum1 teeth and fragments of the skull of a large unidentified mammal1 a small and a large bird1 wild turkey1 two species of turtles1 frogs1 and drum-fish4 ,the skull and other bones of the large unidentified mammal had plainly been cracked to secure the marrow1 and were otherwise crushed and splintered4 ,also1 as many as #dic hornstone chips were found1 besides bones rubbed to a point1 and #aj potsherds4 ,it becomes a question how the tapir bone and teeth and perhaps the bone of the mylodon and the evidences of the ,indian's presence got into this upper layer of red earth4 ,mercer 8thought it reasonable to conclude that the tapir had been intruded into the red earth from the upper layer and had been in contact with the ,indians40 ,this appears to indicate the idea that the tapir had existed there at a late period1 probably after the ,pleistocene2 but the evidences appear to show that this animal lived in the ,united ,states not later than about the ,sangamon stage of the ,pleistocene4 ,it is more probable that the tapir remains had not been disturbed and that the relics of man had1 by some means1 made their way down into the red earth4 ,there remains also the possibility that ,indians and tapirs and mylodons had lived together in that region during the middle of the ,pleistocene and while the upper foot of red clay was being deposited4 ,the presence of the other animals mentioned by ,mercer does not disprove this possibility1 for all of them pretty certainly existed there during the middle ,pleistocene4 ,not far from ,elroy1 ,van ,buren ,county 7fig4 #bc1 #aa7 there is an interesting cavern known as ,bigbone ,cave4 ,this and the bones which it has furnished are now to be described4 ,mercer 7,proc4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,,xxxvi1 pp4 #cf-gj7 found that in the greater part of this cave the nitrous earth that had formed the floor had been removed to such an extent that on the walls its stains remained at a height of one's waist4 ,wherever any of this deposit remained it was exceedingly dry and any disturbance of it produced a cloud of dust4 ,it appears to have consisted mostly of the dung and excretions of animals1 such as bats and cave rats4 ,the preservation of the cartilage and horny sheaths of the claw was due to this dryness of the atmosphere4 ,where ,mercer found the bones he recognized four layers1 to represent which he published a figure 7op4 cit41 p4 #dg1 fig4 #d74 ,this is here reproduced with unimportant changes 7fig4 #bd74 ,on top there was a layer from #b to #c inches thick which had resulted from the disturbance produced by the passing of white men and possibly to some extent of ,indians4 ,with the dust were mingled remains of charred vegetable substances that had been used as torches4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,diagram showing a vertical section of the gallery in ,bigbone ,cave near ,elroy1 ,van ,buren ,county1 ,tenn4 ,adapted from ,mercer4 ,the second layer was #b to #e feet deep and consisted almost entirely of well-preserved dried excrements of cave rats 7,neotoma7 and of porcupines 7,erethizon74 ,in it were observed nuts1 sticks1 fur1 and moss4 ,the only animal remains found in this layer were the bones of ,megalonyx 7p4 #db71 quills and coprolites of ,erethizon dorsatum1 coprolites and a jaw of a cave rat referred to ,neotoma magister1 and jaws of two bats1 ,adelonycteris fuscus and ,myotis subulatus 7,vespertilio gryphus of ,mercer74 ,some traces were found of an undetermined herbivorous mammal about as large as a bear4 ,with the lot of ,megalonyx bones from this cave which were described by ,harlan there were remains referred to ,bos 7,bison71 ,ursus1 ,cervus 7,odocoileus871 and a human metatarsal2 but these were reported as having been picked up on the surface and may therefore have belonged to quite recent skeletons4 ,besides the animal remains found by ,mercer in his second layer1 there were present quantities of vegetable matter belonging to several species4 ,all1 however1 were forms yet living in that region4 ,mercer's third layer appears to have consisted of dry excrements which had become somewhat hardened4 ,its thickness was a foot4 ,in it were found vegetable matter1 some bat jaws and fur1 and the carcass of a 8window fly40 ,the fourth layer consisted of a fine water-laid clay which on drying had contracted and broken up into small angular masses4 ,the interstices appear to have been filled by materials soaking down from the upper layers of excrement4 ,no organisms were found in it4 ,mercer concluded that the sloth remains were geologically recent1 and this may be true4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii has been found in the northern ,states in deposits overlying the ,wisconsin drift1 and it is quite reasonable to suppose that the animal existed in ,tennessee up to as late a time as it did in ,ohio and ,illinois4 ,the persistence of the cartilages of the sloth1 and the framework of the window fly which lay below the sloth bones1 naturally suggests a comparatively short time2 but if1 through the dryness of the cave1 they could endure a thousand years1 they might possibly endure several thousand4 ,one must consider also the length of time required for #a4e or #b feet of cave floor to be built up from the excrements of bats1 porcupines1 and cave rats1 but there is no reason to refer the time back further than about the close of the ,wisconsin stage4 ,on another page 7p4 #abg7 is presented the little that is known about the remains of two mastodons which have been reported from the region about ,nashville4 ,one tooth was found #aa miles west of the city 7fig4 #bc1 #ab72 a part of a skeleton at a point #aa miles southeast of it 7fig4 #bc1 #ac74 ,a tooth of an undetermined species of elephant was found long ago near ,columbia1 ,maury ,county 7p4 #cie1 fig4 #bc1 #ae74 ,according to ,folio #ie of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey1 there are some narrow strips of alluvium along ,duck ,river1 at ,columbia4 ,the tooth may or may not have been found in this alluvium4 ,apparently in the neighborhood of ,gallatin1 ,sumner ,county 7fig4 #bc1 #af71 was found before #ahce1 at a depth of #dj feet1 a tooth of an elephant 7p4 #aha74 ,the information furnished by the tooth1 as reported1 is not worth much4 ,in ,june #aibj1 the writer received from ,mr4 ,william ,edward ,myer1 of ,nashville1 a small box of fossils1 collected near ,nashville 7fig4 #bc1 #ad74 ,the exact locality is given as being about #cjj yards upstream from ,lock ,a1 in ,cumberland ,river4 ,according to a sketch sent by ,mr4 ,myer and here reproduced 7fig4 #be71 there are loose deposits about #cj feet in thickness lying upon bed-rock4 ,this bed-rock is found at about the level of low-water in the river4 ,on this rock there is found first a bed of gravel1 which1 to judge from ,myer's sketch1 is #b or #c feet in thickness4 ,above this comes a bed of sand of about the same thickness4 ,the rest of the #cj feet is composed of gravel2 and this rises to the level of the flood-plain4 ,in the lowermost stratum1 the bed of gravel1 were found a tooth of ,equus leidyi 7p4 #bja71 a part of a femur of a horse of large size 7p4 #bja71 and an antler of a small and probably unnamed deer 7p4 #bcd74 ,this antler resembles those of some of the ,central ,american species of ,odocoileus4 ,in the next stratum above were found some indeterminable fragments of turtle bones1 a tooth of a young mastodon 7p4 #abg71 and a calcaneum of a large camel 7p4 #bbe71 belonging probably to the genus ,camelops4 ,in ,october #aibj1 ,mr4 ,myer sent from the same locality a part of a molar of ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #dc74 ,these remains appear to the writer to indicate that the deposits are of early ,pleistocene age1 about that of the first interglacial4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,section on ,bank of ,tennessee ,river at ,nashville4 ,somewhere about ,memphis 7fig4 #bc1 #ag71 were found1 about the middle of the last century1 some scanty remains of a young mastodon1 a bone of ,megalonyx 7p4 #dc71 and a part of a lower jaw of ,castoroides 7p4 #bhj74 ,jeffries ,wyman thought that these remains had been found in diluvium of the ,mississippi ,river4 ,it appears probable that they were found in the loess1 which is well developed at that locality4 ,some exactness in reporting the locality would have led to the solution of this question4 ,,kentucky4 ,the ,state of ,kentucky lies almost wholly south of the area of glaciation4 ,only along ,ohio ,river1 from about #ej miles above ,cincinnati to about as many miles below1 do any ice-laid drift materials appear1 and these belong to the ,illinoian glacial stage4 ,for information on this drift the reader may consult ,leverett's account 7,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #bef-beh1 plate ,,ii74 ,near ,carrolton1 between ,ohio and ,kentucky ,rivers1 is a ridge of ,illinoian drift which rises as much as #bjj feet above low water4 ,later-formed terraces of these rivers are found up to #ij feet4 ,not far away from this locality drift materials are found on the highlands to a height of #cjj feet above the ,ohio4 ,below ,rising ,sun1 ,indiana1 on the ,kentucky side1 are knolls of drift deposits rising about #aej feet above the river4 ,this ,illinoian drift occupies nearly the whole of ,boone ,county2 elsewhere it forms a narrow strip along the ,ohio4 ,naturally there were laid down1 at various times during the ,pleistocene1 deposits beyond the glacial front4 ,rivers coming down from the glaciers brought into the ,ohio valley enormous quantities of gravel1 sands1 and clay1 much of which must have been deposited along the banks or at the bottom4 ,such materials may have been laid down there during all or some of the earlier glacial stages1 some perhaps during interglacial times4 ,probably at later times the most of these early deposits were swept away1 but some may have persisted4 ,the rock floor of the ,ohio 7,leverett1 op4 cit41 p4 #hc7 is below the level of the present stream1 generally between #cj and #fj feet1 and1 at some points in its lower course1 #ge feet4 ,there might1 therefore1 now exist ,illinoian drift materials anywhere above this rocky floor1 as well as high up on the bluffs4 ,it may be difficult1 sometimes impossible1 to determine the actual age of such deposits4 ,during the whole ,pleistocene1 the rivers which enter the ,ohio from the south were bearers of fine and coarse materials from the higher lands where they took origin4 ,sometimes1 and in some parts of their courses1 they may have occupied channels other than those now holding the waters4 ,during times of depression of the country the sediments were dropped along the channels until the latter may have been nearly filled4 ,then the country may later have become elevated1 so that the streams again cut down and left some of the old deposits as terraces4 ,in some parts of the ,state1 as in the region of ,mammoth ,cave1 water circulating in the limestone rocks has dissolved these so as to produce caverns and fissures of various sizes4 ,in such caves1 when they became opened to the surface1 animals would seek hiding-places and would perhaps bring in others as their prey4 ,dying there1 their bones might be preserved4 ,from such a cave has been secured a fine specimen of the skull of a peccary 7p4 #bbc74 ,such caves should be examined with great care4 ,one of the most famous localities for fossil vertebrates in this country is that known as ,bigbone ,lick1 in ,boone ,county1 about #bb miles in a straight line southwest of ,cincinnati4 ,fossil bones were collected there as long ago as #agci4 ,a condensed history of the explorations made there for fossils was given by ,william ,cooper in #ahca 7,monthly ,amer4 ,jour4 ,geol41 vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aeh-agd1 #bje-baf74 ,an account of the locality1 its geology1 and something about the fossil vertebrates and fresh-water mollusks found there was given by the geologist ,charles ,lyell in #ahde 78,travels in ,north ,america10 ,murray ed41 vol4 ,,ii1 pp4 #fb-ff74 ,enormous quantities of bones and teeth1 especially those of ,mammut americanum1 have been collected at this place4 ,when it was first discovered1 bones of this animal1 of the elephants1 and some others1 must have been lying exposed on the surface1 the result probably of erosion by the creek passing there through what was then a marsh4 ,general ,william ,henry ,harrison1 in #agie1 shipped from there #ac hogsheads of bones1 but these were lost on their way to ,pittsburgh4 ,dr4 ,goforth is reported to have got as many mastodon teeth as a wagon and four horses could draw4 ,these teeth are said to have weighed from #ab to #bj pounds each4 ,if this statement of weights is true1 some or all of the teeth were those of elephants4 ,in #ahjg1 ,general ,william ,clark made a collection at ,bigbone ,lick1 at the instances of ,president ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,brief notices of these were published by ,dr4 ,samuel ,l4 ,mitchill and by ,dr4 ,caspar ,wistar4 ,some of these bones were sent to the ,american ,philosophical ,society at ,philadelphia and were afterwards put into the collection of the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences4 ,another part was sent to ,paris4 ,remains of various species1 mostly the mastodon1 have gone into many museums of this country and of ,europe2 but it is evident that the greater part of the things collected there1 and especially of the finest things1 has been lost to science4 ,notwithstanding the amount of work done at ,bigbone ,lick1 the geology of the locality1 and especially of the bone-bearing levels1 is not well known4 ,most persons who have labored there were interested almost wholly in getting as many bones as possible and then in getting away4 ,cooper1 as cited1 published a map of the region and indicated where the excavations had been made up to that time4 ,this map is here presented1 redrawn 7map #da74 ,from ,cooper's account it appears that all of the bones had been found within a very circumscribed area1 near a number of salt springs4 ,the bones occurred on the surface and as deep as #be feet4 ,cooper attributed this variation of depth to the unevenness of the surface1 his idea being that the bone-bearing stratum occupied a certain level4 ,he concluded that the valley had been filled up to a depth of not less than #cj feet by unconsolidated beds of various kinds1 of which the uppermost was a light-yellow clay4 ,this appeared to have been brought down from the higher grounds by flowing water4 ,in it were found bones of buffaloes and other modern animals4 ,below this came a thinner layer of darker color1 softer and more gravelly1 which contained remains of reedy plants and fresh-water mollusks4 ,it is described as being sometimes very thin or even wanting4 ,it was in this layer that the bones1 or most of them1 were buried4 ,it was itself underlain by a bed of blue clay of a very compact and tenacious kind4 ,cooper added that this bone-bearing layer appeared sometimes to be embedded in the blue clay4 ,the next important investigations made at this place1 so far as the writer knows1 are those instituted by ,professor ,n4 ,s4 ,shaler in #ahfh 7,geol4 ,surv4 ,kentucky1 #b;d ser41 vol4 ,,iii1 #ahgg1 pp4 #aif-aih2 ,allen's 8,the ,american ,bison10 #ahgf1 pp4 #bcb-bcf74 ,he reported that he had sent to the ,museum of ,comparative ,zoology at ,harvard at least a ton of bones4 ,immediately at the salt springs ,shaler appears not to have been able to discover any order in the disposition of the bones4 8,it is only at points remote from the springs1 where the beds seem to have been formed by a mixture of the creek mud and the waste from the springs1 that we find the remains in the order which will enable us to form some opinion as to the succession of occurrence of these animals at this point40 ,at one place he thought he had succeeded in finding a distinct order of succession4 ,just where this place was he did not indicate1 nor what kinds of deposits were passed through4 ,the depth reached appears to have been only #h feet4 ,unfortunately1 the great collection made by ,shaler has remained unstudied1 except the remains of the buffalo 7,j4 ,a4 ,allen1 8,the ,american ,bison10 #ahgf1 with plates74 ,shaler thought that the beds of glacial drift did not extend south of ,ohio ,river4 ,the discovery that the ,illinoian drift-sheet covers most of ,boone ,county 7,leverett1 ,monogr4 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,surv41 vol4 ,,xli1 pp4 #beg-beh7 throws much light on the history of the locality4 ,it appears rather strange that ,shaler did not find rocks of far northern origin at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,the geologic history appears to be something like this4 ,when the ,illinoian ice-sheet crossed the ,ohio there was present the predecessor of ,bigbone ,creek4 ,inasmuch as the glacial sheet did not remain there long1 a rather thin deposit was laid down in the creek4 ,this is probably represented by the bed of blue mud mentioned by ,cooper4 ,when the glacier retired1 the locality became a swamp covered probably by vegetation and receiving mud and gravel brought there by the stream and washed down from the surrounding hills4 ,doubtless the salt springs existed then as now and attracted thither elephants1 mastodons1 and other species4 ,what were all the changes undergone there between the ,illinoian and ,wisconsin drift stages can not be guessed2 but during the latter time1 when the ,ohio was carrying down vast quantities of detritus1 some from the glaciated regions1 some from the non-glaciated1 its muddy waters were often backed up into ,bigbone ,creek1 as they are sometimes now1 and they left there the upper yellow clay described by ,cooper1 or at least most of it4 ,when the ,wisconsin stage had passed and ,bigbone ,creek was free to work in that valley1 erosion began4 ,as the creek was cutting down its bed to the present level it doubtless often changed its position1 and in this way produced the irregularity of surface which both ,cooper and ,shaler mention4 ,notwithstanding its widely extended reputation1 ,bigbone ,lick has furnished relatively few species of vertebrates1 and there is question regarding the antiquity of some of these4 ,about the presence of ,mammut americanum there is no doubt4 ,about the presence of elephants also there can be no question2 and the writer is quite certain that both ,elephas primigenius and ,e4 columbi occurred there4 ,undoubtedly ,equus complicatus has been collected there2 also ,botherium bombifrons1 ,symbos cavifrons1 ,bison antiquus1 and ,b4 bison2 but it is not certain that the remains of the last-named species are not of ,recent times4 ,shaler mentions the presence of ,bison latifrons1 but he probably had in mind ,b4 antiquus4 ,the type of ,b4 latifrons was found in another creek valley4 ,the occurrence of the ,cervus canadensis1 ,odocoileus virginianus1 and ,alces americanus is mentioned by ,cooper1 who stated that he thought he had seen traces of all of them4 ,shaler was doubtful as to the elk4 ,in ,allen's monograph on ,american bison1 on page #bcd1 ,shaler admits the moose4 ,the following is a list of the species which have been reported from ,bigbone ,lick4 ,references are made to pages where further information is given on the species4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dd74 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #dd74 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #bjb74 8,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bji74 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 ,cervus canadensis 7p4 #bdc74 ,cervalces scotti4 ,alces americanus4 ,rangifer caribou 7p4 #bdg74 ,botherium bombifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,bison antiquus 7p4 #bfe74 ,bison bison 7p4 #bgj74 ,mammut americanum 7p4 #abh74 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #adf74 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #afj74 ,ursus americanus4 ,it is proper now to determine1 if possible1 during which of the ,pleistocene stages each of these species lived4 ,it is quite probable that none of the individual animals that have been dug up at ,bigbone ,lick lived there before the ,illinoian glacial stage4 ,to find such1 if they have been preserved there1 the excavations would have to be carried much deeper4 ,the writer assumes that any of the animals that lived there in the interval between the ,illinoian and the ,wisconsin stages lived1 died1 and were buried during the ,sangamon stage4 ,megalonyx jeffersonii may belong to the ,sangamon or to the ,late ,wisconsin1 for we know nothing about the depth at which the bones and teeth were secured4 ,mylodon harlani is not known to have existed anywhere after the ,wisconsin1 and hence we may refer it to the ,sangamon4 ,equus complicatus also may with certainty be referred to the ,sangamon2 likewise ,tapirus haysii1 in case the type was not found in ,south ,carolina4 ,as to the cervids ,odocoileus virginianus1 ,cervus canadensis1 ,alces americanus1 their status is doubtful4 ,they might go back to the ,sangamon or have lived there at any time up to and during the ,recent4 ,the reindeer is most likely to have existed there during the ,wisconsin ice-stage4 ,the fine specimen of ,cervalces scotti at ,princeton ,university was found in ,new ,jersey in deposits overlying ,wisconsin drift1 but it may be taken as certain that the species had existed before the time of the ,wisconsin4 ,there is no record of depth1 matrix1 or associated fossils in the case of the type of this species1 which was found at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,it is natural to refer the two species of musk-oxen to the ,wisconsin stage2 but there are indications that at least ,symbos cavifrons has been found at other localities in pre-,wisconsin deposits4 ,shaler recorded it as being found near the bottom of his excavation with the horse and with the bison which he called ,bison latifrons1 but which is ,bison antiquus4 ,it and ,symbos cavifrons probably belong to the ,sangamon4 ,from the fact that bones of the mastodon and the two species of elephants were found by ,shaler in the deeper deposits1 it is probable that the individuals represented belonged to the ,sangamon or some other pre-,wisconsin deposit2 but1 inasmuch as all three species lived after the ,wisconsin1 there seems to be no known reason why some of their bones may not have been buried in the late and superficial deposits at ,bigbone ,lick4 ,as to the bones of the bear found at this place little can be said4 ,the numerous remains of ,bison bison appear by all accounts to have been found only in the uppermost parts of the deposits4 ,shaler was of the opinion that the buffalo 7,allen's 8,the ,american ,bison10 p4 #bcd7 had come to the region east of ,mississippi ,river at a very late period1 after the disappearance from ,bigbone ,lick of the elephants1 the mastodon1 and ,symbos4 ,it seems to the present writer that the presence of the existing buffalo east of the ,mississippi only after the passing of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet is quite certain2 but that it came only after the extinction of the great proboscideans is hardly to be sustained4 ,in many localities over the country remains of all three species have been found in swamps overlying the ,wisconsin drift4 ,in #ahij 7,amer4 ,naturalist1 vol4 ,,xxiv1 p4 #iec71 ,professor ,lucien ,underwood described a fine skull of the ,american buffalo which had been found in making a sewer at ,syracuse1 ,new ,york4 ,underwood stated that it had been found in black muck1 at a depth of #aj feet2 but ,mr4 ,john ,cunningham1 superintendent of grounds at the university1 who saw the place and secured the skull from the laborer who encountered it1 told the present writer that the depth was #ag feet4 ,it would seem that that bison had lived on the shores of ,onondaga ,lake not long after the ,wisconsin glacier had withdrawn from the place4 ,we do not know under what geological conditions the type of ,bison latifrons was found2 but it pretty certainly came from post-,illinoian deposits1 probably ,sangamon1 along possibly ,woolper's ,creek in ,boone ,county4 ,proboscidean remains have been reported from the ,kentucky side of the ,ohio in the region of ,cincinnati1 but it would be hazardous at present to assign them a geological age4 ,the same may be said about the mastodon remains found in digging the canal around the falls1 although the low level along the river seems to indicate the ,late ,wisconsin4 ,a collection1 forming probably two farm-wagon loads1 was made several years ago at ,bluelick ,springs1 by ,mr4 ,thomas ,w4 ,hunter4 ,the springs having failed1 ,mr4 ,hunter undertook to dig down and restore the flow4 ,in this he failed1 but he did find great quantities of bones1 mostly those of the mastodon1 but also of elephants1 buffaloes1 and a few others 7p4 #abi74 ,there were about #ajj mastodon teeth1 many tusks1 and large pieces of these2 and of these pieces about #bj had been planed off so as to be flat on one or on two sides1 as if they had lain in the bottom of a stream and the water and sand had worn them down on one side and then the tusks had been turned over and undergone a planing of the opposite side4 ,among the bones were two ungual phalanges of ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dd71 and remains of the elk 7p4 #bdc71 and deer 7p4 #bcd74 ,to none of the species found there need one assign a higher antiquity than late ,pleistocene2 but some might have been older4 ,in ,scott ,county1 between ,stamping ,ground and ,georgetown1 there has been found1 in the bottom of an old sink-hole1 a part of a lower jaw with teeth of ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #baj74 ,the time of existence of this animal is to be regarded as lying somewhere back of the ,wisconsin glacial stage4 ,with this jaw1 ,professor ,arthur ,m4 ,miller sent to the writer some pieces of jaws of ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #baj7 which had been found in an old stream-deposit at ,yarnallton1 ,fayette ,county4 ,from a fissure filled with calcite1 at ,monday's ,landing1 ,mercer ,county1 there has been sent to the writer1 by ,professor ,miller1 a molar tooth of a horse 7p4 #bjb74 ,nothing more can be said of this horse than that it is older than the ,wisconsin stage4 ,it may be as old as the first interglacial4 ,about #e or #f miles below ,henderson1 on ,ohio ,river1 many years ago1 considerable parts of the skeleton of ,megalonyx jeffersonii were found 7p4 #dd74 ,with them were reported to have been discovered antlers and bones of the deer 7p4 #bcd74 ,a description of the locality was sent to ,joseph ,leidy and published by him in his work on ground-sloths 7,smiths4 ,contrib4 ,knowl41 vol4 ,,vii1 art4 #e1 p4 #g74 ,the bone-bed lay at an elevation of only #e or #f feet above an ordinary stage of low water4 ,it was composed of a ferruginous sand and contained various species of fresh-water mollusks and stems and limbs of trees4 ,this was underlain by a bluish clay1 while above it1 rising #dj or #ej feet1 were beds of siliceous earth and widely spread marls4 ,neither the geology of the place1 so far as the writer knows1 nor the history of the animal requires us to believe that the geological age is beyond that of the ,late ,wisconsin or ,wisconsin4 ,however1 a short time before1 near ,evansville1 ,indiana1 at the mouth of ,pigeon ,creek1 and apparently only about #aj miles away from where ,owen found megalonyx bones1 there had been discovered by ,frances ,a4 ,lincke1 and described by ,leidy 7,proc4 ,acad4 ,nat4 ,sci41 ,phila41 vol4 ,,vii1 #ahed1 pp4 #aii-bjj71 a collection of vertebrate fossils4 ,this included remains of megalonyx 7p4 #cb71 a cervical vertebra of a bison 7p4 #beg71 a vertebra of a horse 7p4 #ahf71 a tooth of ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc71 and a part of the upper jaw of the wolf known as nocyon dirus 7p4 #bjd74 ,the horse was most probably ,equus complicatus1 while the bison was probably one of the extinct species4 ,the wolf is regarded as being the same as that so abundantly found in the collections made at ,rancho ,la ,brea1 near ,los ,angeles4 ,the writer regards the fauna as belonging to the ,sangamon1 unless it is still older4 ,the specimens were found sticking out of the river at low water1 and it becomes quite probable that the ,henderson beds and bones are of the same age as those at ,evansville4 ,as mentioned on another page 7p4 #bbc7 it is probable that the fine skull of ,platygonus compressus that was sent many years ago to the ,academy of ,natural ,sciences of ,philadelphia by ,dr4 ,samuel ,brown1 of ,lexington1 ,kentucky1 and described by ,leidy 7,trans4 ,amer4 ,philos4 ,soc41 vol4 ,x1 p4 #cca1 plates ,,xxxv-,,xxxvii7 had been found somewhere in ,rock ,castle ,county4 ,it counts as another product of the caves which abound in the ,alleghany range of mountains4 ,,maps ,,and ,,their ,,explanations ,illustration3 ,,map #a4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene cetaceans in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #djh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #a4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,nepean ,township1 ,carleton ,co41 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ag74 #b4 ,ottawa ,east1 ,carleton ,co41 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ag74 #c4 ,smith's ,falls1 ,lanark ,co41 ,megaptera bops 7p4 #ag74 #d4 ,pakenham1 ,lanark ,co41 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ag74 #e4 ,cornwall1 ,stormont ,co41 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ah74 #f4 ,williamstown1 ,glengarry ,co41 ,delphinapterus vermontanus8 7p4 #ah74 #g4 ,quebec1 ,montreal1 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ah74 #h4 ,rivire du ,loup1 ,temiscouata ,co41 ,delphinapterus leucas 7p4 #ah74 #i4 ,metis1 ,rimouski ,co41 ,megaptera bops8 7p4 #ai74 #aj4 ,jaquet ,river1 ,restigouche ,co41 ,monodon monoceros 7p4 #ai74 #aa4 ,mace's ,bay1 ,charlotte ,co41 ,delphinapterus8 sp48 7p4 #ai74 ,vermont3 #ab4 ,charlotte1 ,chittenden ,co41 ,delphinapterus vermontanus 7p4 #ai74 ,north ,carolina3 #ac4 ,below ,newbern1 ,craven ,co41 8cetaceans0 7p4 #bj74 ,south ,carolina3 #ad4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,physeter vetus 7p4 #bj74 ,georgia3 #ae4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,physeter vetus8 7p4 #bj74 ,florida3 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co41 ,balnoptera8 sp48 7p4 #bj74 #ag4 ,de ,land1 ,volusia ,co41 ,globicephala breckeii 7p4 #bj74 ,illustration3 ,,map #b4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene ,pinnipedia on eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #djh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #b4 ,grinnell ,land1 ,dumbbell ,harbor 7locality not on the map74 ,phoca barbata ,p4 hispida 7p4 #ba74 ,nova ,scotia3 #a4 ,sable ,island1 ,odobenus rosmarus 7p4 #ba74 ,new ,brunswick3 #b4 ,fairville1 ,charlotte ,co41 ,phoca grnlandica 7p4 #ba74 ,quebec3 #c4 ,bic1 ,rimouski ,co41 ,odobenus rosmarus 7p4 #ba74 #d4 ,montreal1 ,phoca grnlandica 7p4 #bb74 #e4 ,ttreauville1 ,ottawa ,co41 ,phoca vitulina 7p4 #bb74 ,ontario3 #f4 ,ottawa1 ,phoca8 sp48 7p4 #bc74 ,maine3 #g4 ,addison ,point1 ,washington ,co41 ,odobenus rosmarus 7p4 #bc74 #h4 ,andrews ,island1 ,knox ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bc74 #i4 ,gardiner1 ,kennebec ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bc74 #aj4 ,portland1 ,cumberland ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bd74 ,new ,hampshire3 #aa4 ,jeffries ,reef1 off ,portsmouth1 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #be74 ,massachusetts3 #ab4 ,gay ,head1 ,martha's ,vineyard1 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #be74 ,new ,jersey3 #ac4 ,long ,branch1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bf74 #ad4 ,ocean ,grove1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bh74 ,virginia3 #ae4 ,accomac ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bh74 #af4 ,kitty ,hawk1 ,currituck ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bi74 ,south ,carolina3 #ag4 ,charleston ,co41 ,o4 rosmarus 7p4 #bi74 ,illustration3 ,,map #c4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene ,xenarthra in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #daj4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #c4 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,long ,branch1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #ca74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,megalonyx wheatleyi1 ,m4 loxodon1 ,m4 tortulus1 ,m4 scalper1 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #ca74 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ca74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,north ,fairfield1 ,huron ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #ca74 #b4 ,millersburg1 ,holmes ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cb74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cb74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cc74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cc74 #c4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cd74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co41 ,megalonyx dissimilis8 7p4 #cd74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #cd74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ---- ,greenbrier ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #cd74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #ce74 #b4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile1 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #ce74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #cf74 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 ,chatham ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile1 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #bf74 ,florida 7,see ,map #d74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,tuscumbia1 ,colbert ,co41 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #dj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 ,m4 dissimilis1 ,mylodon harlani1 ,ereptodon priscus 7p4 #dj74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,elroy1 ,van ,buren ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #da74 #b4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,mylodon8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #dc74 #c4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dc74 #d4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #dc74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,mylodon harlani1 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dc74 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dd74 #c4 ,henderson1 ,henderson ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii 7p4 #dd74 ,illustration3 ,,map #d4 ,finds of ,pleistocene ,xenarthra in ,florida4 ,for explanation see page #dab4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #d4 ,florida3 #a4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #cg74 #b4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,co41 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #cg74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,chlamytherium septentrionale1 ,megalonyx sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #e4 ,hillsboro ,river1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ch74 #f4 ,sarasota ,bay1 ,sarasota ,co41 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ch74 #g4 ,zolfo1 ,hardee ,co41 ,megatherium mirabile 7p4 #ch74 #h4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 ,mylodon harlani81 ,chlamytherium septentrionale1 ,dasypus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ch74 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,megalonyx jeffersonii1 ,glyptodon rivipacis1 ,chlamytherium septentrionale 7p4 #ci74 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,mylodon harlani 7p4 #dj74 #aa4 ,williston ,levy ,co41 ,thinobadistes segnis 7p4 #cg74 ,illustration3 ,,map #e4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mastodons in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see pages #dad1 #daf4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #e4 ,unless another name is used after the localities1 ,mammut americanum is to be understood4 ,ontario3 #a4 ---- ,essex ,co4 7p4 #de74 #b4 ,morpeth and ,highgate1 ,elgin ,co4 7p4 #de74 #c4 ,st4 ,thomas1 ,elgin ,co41 ,m4 progenium8 7p4 #de74 #d4 ,london1 ,middlesex ,co4 7p4 #de74 #e4 ,marburg1 ,norfolk ,co4 7p4 #de74 #f4 ,dunnville1 ,haldimand ,co4 7p4 #df74 #g4 ,st4 ,catharines and ,welland ,port1 ,lincoln ,co4 7p4 #df74 #h4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #df74 #i4 ,junction of ,missinaibi and ,moose ,rivers1 ,algoma ,co4 7p4 #df74 ,massachusetts3 #a4 ,coleraine1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,shrewsbury1 ,worcester ,co4 7p4 #dg74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,cheshire1 ,new ,haven ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,new ,britain1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #c4 ,farmington1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #d4 ,bristol1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #e4 ,sharon1 ,litchfield ,co4 7p4 #dh74 ,new ,york 7,see ,maps #f and #cd74 ,new ,jersey 7,see ,map #f ,a74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,tunkhannock1 ,wyoming ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #b4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #c4 ,berwick1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #d4 ,reading1 ,berks ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #e4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #f4 ,jackson ,township1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #g4 ,kishacoquillas ,station1 ,mifflin ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #h4 ,chambersburg1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #i4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #aj4 ,bedford1 ,bedford ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #aa4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,co4 7p4 #fi74 #ab4 ,hickory1 ,washington ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #ac4 ,erie1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #gj74 ,ohio 7,see ,map #g74 ,michigan 7,see ,map #h74 ,indiana 7,see ,map #i74 ,illinois 7,see also ,map #ch73 #a4 ,shawneetown1 ,gallatin ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #b4 ,chester1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #c4 ,beaucoup1 ,washington ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #d4 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,st4 ,clair ,co4 7p4 #aja74 #e4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #f4 ,sandoval1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #g4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #ajb74 #h4 ,warsaw1 ,hancock ,co4 7p4 #ajc74 #i4 ,manito1 ,mason ,co4 7p4 #ajc74 #aj4 ---- ,knox ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #aa4 ,cambridge1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #ab4 ,rural ,township1 ,rock ,island ,co4 7p4 #ajd74 #ac4 ,sterling1 ,whiteside ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #ad4 ,new ,milford1 ,winnebago ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #ae4 ,byron and ,harper1 ,ogle ,co4 7p4 #aje74 #af4 ,urbana and ,pesotum1 ,champaign ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ag4 ---- ,edgar ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ah4 ,fairmount1 ,vermillion ,co4 7p4 #ajf74 #ai4 ---- ,iroquois ,co41 #f miles northwest of ,hoopeston1 ,m4 progenium 7p4 #ajf74 ,east ,lynn and ,rossville1 ,vermillion ,co4 7p4 #ajg74 #bj4 ,beecher1 ,will ,co4 7p4 #ajg74 #ba4 ,morris1 ,grundy ,co4 7p4 #ajh74 #bb4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #bc4 ,yorkville1 ,kendall ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #bd4 ,aurora1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #aji74 #be4 ,batavia and ,maple1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #bf4 ,glencoe1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #bg4 ,walnut1 ,bureau ,co4 7p4 #aje74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,dover1 ,racine ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #b4 ,waukesha1 ,waukesha ,co4 7p4 #aaj74 #c4 ,madison1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #d4 ,bluemounds1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #e4 ,lone ,rock1 ,richland ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #f4 ,sinsinawa1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #g4 ,wauseka1 ,crawford ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #h4 ,richland ,center1 ,richland ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 #i4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,co4 7p4 #aaa74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,st4 ,marys ,city1 ,st ,marys ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #b4 ,st4 ,clements1 ,st4 ,marys ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #c4 ,towson1 ,baltimore ,co4 7p4 #aab74 #d4 ,lane's ,creek and ,clear ,spring1 ,washington ,co4 7pp4 #aab1 #aac74 ,virginia3 #a4 #f miles east of ,williamsburg1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #b4 ,city ,point1 ,prince ,george ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #c4 ,abingdon1 ,washington ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #d4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co4 7p4 #aac74 #e4 ,covington1 ,alleghany ,co4 7p4 #aad74 #f4 ,hot ,springs1 ,bath ,co4 7p4 #aad74 #g4 ,edom1 ,rockingham ,co4 7p4 #aad74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,stewartstown1 ,monongalia ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #b4 ,parkersburg1 ,wood ,co4 7p4 #aae74 ,north ,carolina 7,see also ,map #ci73 #a4 ---- ,new ,hanover ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #b4 ---- ,pender ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #c4 ---- ,duplin ,co4 7p4 #aae74 #d4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,co41 ,m4 progenium 7p4 #aae74 #e4 ,jacksonville1 ,onslow ,co4 7p4 #aaf74 #f4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,co4 7p4 #aaf74 #g4 ---- ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles below ,newbern 7p4 #aaf74 #h4 ,harlowe1 ,carteret ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #i4 ---- ,pitt ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #aj4 ---- ,wilson ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #aa4 ,tarboro1 ,edgecombe ,co4 7p4 #aag74 #ab4 ,rocky ,mount1 ,nash ,co4 7p4 #aag74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,co4 7p4 #aah74 #b4 ,ashley ,river1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #aah74 #c4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,co4 7p4 #aai74 #d4 ---- ,lee ,co4 7p4 #aai74 #e4 ,darlington1 ,darlington ,co4 7p4 #aai74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #abj74 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 ,chatham ,co4 7p4 #abj74 ,florida 7,see ,map #aj74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,co4 7p4 #abd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,perthshire1 ,bolivar ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #b4 ,caseilla1 ,tallahatchie ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #c4 ,jackson1 ,hinds ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #d4 ,vicksburg1 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #e4 ,bovina81 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #f4 ---- ,claiborne ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #g4 ---- ,jefferson ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #h4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #abe74 #i4 ,pinckneyville1 ,wilkinson ,co4 7p4 #abf74 #aj4 ,between ,zeiglerville and ,pearce1 ,yazoo ,co41 ,m4 progenium 7p4 #abf74 #aa4 ,woodville1 ,wilkinson ,co4 7p4 #abf74 ,tennessee 7,see also figure #bc1 p4 #cie73 #a4 ,kingsport1 ,sullivan ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #b4 ,st4 ,clair1 ,hawkins ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #c4 ,mossy ,creek1 ,jefferson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #d4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #e4 ,neuberts ,springs1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #f4 #aa miles west of ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #g4 #aa miles southeast of ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co4 7p4 #abg74 #h4 ,fayetteville1 ,lincoln ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #i4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,co4 7p4 #abh74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,ludlow1 ,kenton ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #c4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co4 7p4 #abh74 #d4 ,harrisonville1 ,harrison ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #e4 ---- ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #f4 ,drennon ,springs1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #g4 ,louisville1 ,jefferson ,co4 7p4 #abi74 #h4 ,smithland81 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #abi74 ,illustration3 ,,map #f4 ,eastern ,new ,york1 western ,massachusetts and ,connecticut4 ,relation of mastodon localities to sea-level areas near end of ,wisconsin stage4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #f4 ,massachusetts3 #a4 ,coleraine1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,shrewsbury1 ,worcester ,co4 7p4 #dg74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,cheshire1 ,new ,haven ,co4 7p4 #dg74 #b4 ,new ,britain1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #c4 ,farmington1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #d4 ,bristol1 ,hartford ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #e4 ,sharon1 ,litchfield ,co4 7p4 #dh74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,richmond ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,kings ,co4 7p4 #di74 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,queens ,co4 7p4 #di74 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #di74 #e4 ,riverhead1 ,suffolk ,co4 7p4 #di74 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,co4 7p4 #di74 #g4 ,new ,york ,city 7p4 #ej74 #h4 ,hartsdale1 ,westchester ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockland ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aj4 ,arden1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ad4 ,new ,windsor1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #be4 ,poughkeepsie1 ,dutchess ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bg4 ,claverack1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 ,illustration3 ,,map #f ,a ,distribution of mastodon localities in ,new ,jersey4 ,for explanation see page #dah4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #f ,a4 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,mannington ,township1 ,salem ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #b4 ,harrisonville1 ,gloucester ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #c4 ,mullica ,hill1 ,gloucester ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #d4 ,woodbury1 ,gloucester ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #e4 ,pemberton1 ,burlington ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #f4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co4 7p4 #fd74 #g4 ,freehold1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #h4 ,englishtown1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #i4 ,marlboro1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #aj4 ,long ,branch1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #fe74 #aa4 ,navesink ,hills1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ab4 ,manasquan ,inlet1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ac4 ,verona1 ,essex ,co4 7p4 #ff74 #ad4 ,rockport1 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #fg74 #ae4 ,hackettstown1 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #fg74 #af4 ,hope1 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #fh74 #ag4 ,greendell1 ,sussex ,co4 7p4 #fh74 ,illustration3 ,,map #g4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mastodons in ,ohio4 ,for explanation see pages #dbj and #dbb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #g4 ,ohio3 #a4 ---- ,pike ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #b4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #c4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #d4 ,amanda1 ,butler ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #e4 ,germantown1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #ga74 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #gb74 #g4 ,new ,paris1 ,preble ,co4 7p4 #gb74 #h4 ,west ,sonora1 ,preble ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #i4 ,new ,madison1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #aj4 ,fort ,jefferson1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #aa4 #f miles west of ,greenville1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #ab4 ,greenville1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #gc74 #ac4 ,ansonia1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ad4 ,troy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ae4 ,catawba1 ,clark ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #af4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ag4 ,south ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ah4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ai4 ,pickaway ,plains1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bj4 ,salt ,creek ,township1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ba4 ,shadeville1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bb4 ,mount ,gilead1 ,morrow ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #bc4 ,harper1 ,logan ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bd4 ,roundhead1 ,hardin ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #be4 ,washington ,township1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bf4 ,pusheta ,township1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bg4 ,wapakoneta1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bh4 ,duchouquet ,township1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #bi4 ,st4 ,johns1 ,auglaize ,co4 7p4 #gf74 #cj4 ---- ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #ge74 #ca4 ,ohio ,city1 ,van ,wert ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cb4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cc4 ,liberty ,township1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #cd4 ,springfield ,township1 ,lucas ,co4 7p4 #gg74 #ce4 ,jackson ,township1 ,wood ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #cf4 ,carey1 ,wyandot ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #cg4 ,old ,fort1 ,seneca ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #ch4 ,bucyrus1 ,crawford ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #ci4 ,sandusky1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #gh74 #dj4 ,brownhelm ,township1 ,lorain ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #da4 ,pittsfield ,township1 ,lorain ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #db4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #dc4 ---- ,medina ,co4 7p4 #gi74 #dd4 ,green ,township1 ,summit ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #de4 ,massillon1 ,stark ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #df4 ,canton1 ,stark ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #dg4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,co4 7p4 #gj74 #dh4 ---- ,trumbull ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #di4 ,brighton1 ,clark ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ej4 ,woodstock1 ,champaign ,co4 7p4 #gd74 #ea4 ,granville1 ,licking ,co4 7p4 #ge74 ,,key ,,to ,,names ,,of ,,counties ,,in ,,ohio4 #a4 ,williams #b4 ,fulton #c4 ,lucas #d4 ,ottawa #e4 ,lake #f4 ,ashtabula #g4 ,trumbull #h4 ,geauga #i4 ,cuyahoga #aj4 ,lorain #aa4 ,erie #ab4 ,sandusky #ac4 ,wood #ad4 ,henry #ae4 ,defiance #af4 ,paulding #ag4 ,putnam #ah4 ,hancock #ai4 ,seneca #bj4 ,huron #ba4 ,medina #bb4 ,summit #bc4 ,portage #bd4 ,mahoning #be4 ,columbiana #bf4 ,stark #bg4 ,wayne #bh4 ,ashland #bi4 ,richland #cj4 ,crawford #ca4 ,wyandot #cb4 ,allen #cc4 ,van ,wert #cd4 ,mercer #ce4 ,auglaize #cf4 ,hardin #cg4 ,marion #ch4 ,morrow #ci4 ,knox #dj4 ,holmes #da4 ,coshocton #db4 ,tuscarawas #dc4 ,carroll #dd4 ,harrison #de4 ,jefferson #df4 ,belmont #dg4 ,guernsey #dh4 ,muskingum #di4 ,licking #ej4 ,delaware #ea4 ,union #eb4 ,logan #ec4 ,shelby #ed4 ,darke #ee4 ,miami #ef4 ,champaign #eg4 ,clark #eh4 ,madison #ei4 ,franklin #fj4 ,pickaway #fa4 ,fairfield #fb4 ,perry #fc4 ,morgan #fd4 ,noble #fe4 ,monroe #ff4 ,washington #fg4 ,athens #fh4 ,hocking #fi4 ,vinton #gj4 ,ross #ga4 ,fayette #gb4 ,green #gc4 ,montgomery #gd4 ,preble #ge4 ,butler #gf4 ,warren #gg4 ,clinton #gh4 ,highland #gi4 ,pike #hj4 ,jackson #ha4 ,meigs #hb4 ,gallia #hc4 ,lawrence #hd4 ,scioto #he4 ,adams #hf4 ,brown #hg4 ,clermont #hh4 ,hamilton ,illustration3 ,,map #h4 ,finds of ,pleistocene mastodons in ,michigan4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #h4 ,michigan3 #a4 ,church1 ,hillsdale ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,co4 7p4 #hj74 #c4 ,howell1 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #ha74 #d4 ,bellevue1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #ha74 #e4 ,olivet1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #f4 ,stanton1 ,montcalm ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #g4 ,buchanan1 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #h4 ,eau ,claire1 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #hb74 #i4 ,dorr1 ,allegan ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #aj4 ,cannonsburg1 ,kent ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #aa4 ,moorland1 ,muskegon ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #ab4 ,williams ,township1 ,bay ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #ac4 ,near ,saginaw1 ,saginaw ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #ad4 ,alma1 ,gratiot ,co4 7p4 #he74 #ae4 ---- ,saginaw ,co4 7p4 #hd74 #af4 ,bancroft1 ,shiawassee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ag4 ,venice1 ,shiawassee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ah4 ,fenton1 ,genesee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ai4 ,davison1 ,genesee ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #bj4 ,utica1 ,macomb ,co4 7p4 #hf74 #ba4 ,plymouth1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #bb4 ,wyandotte1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #bc4 ,saline1 ,washtenaw ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #bd4 ,petersburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #hg74 #be4 ,galien1 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #hc74 #bf4 #g miles southwest of ,ypsilanti 7p4 #hh74 #bg4 ,clayton1 ,lenawee ,co4 7p4 #ha74 ,illustration3 ,,map #i4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mastodons in ,indiana4 ,for explanation see page #dbd4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #i4 ,the names of the glacial moraines are given on ,map #cg4 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,posey ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #b4 ---- ,dubois ,co4 7p4 #hh74 #c4 ,hindostan1 ,martin ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #d4 ,west of ,orleans1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #e4 ,sparksville1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #f4 ,west of ,tampico1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #g4 ,new ,albany1 ,floyd ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #h4 ,princeton1 ,gibson ,co4 7p4 #hi74 #i4 ---- ,knox or ,gibson ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #aj4 ---- ,parke ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #aa4 ,brookville1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #ab4 ---- ,dearborn ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ac4 ,greencastle1 ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ad4 ,danville1 ,hendricks ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ae4 ,attica1 ,fountain ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #af4 ,bowers1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ag4 ,indianapolis1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ah4 ,anderson1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #ai4 ,fairmount ,township1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #bj4 ,charleston1 ,clarke ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ba4 ,muncie1 ,delaware ,co4 7p4 #ic74 #bb4 ---- ,henry ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bc4 ,losantville1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bd4 ,dalton1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #be4 ,jacksonburg1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bf4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #id74 #bg4 ,penn ,township1 ,jay ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #bh4 ,fort ,wayne1 ,allen ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #bi4 ,west of ,waterloo1 ,de,kalb ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #cj4 ,ashley1 ,steuben ,co4 7p4 #if74 #ca4 ,beaver ,lake1 ,newton ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cb4 ---- ,jasper ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cc4 ,denham1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #if74 #cd4 ,rich ,grove ,township1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #ce4 ,royal ,center1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #cf4 ,macy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #cg4 ,peru1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #ch4 ,laketon1 ,wabash ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #ci4 ,north ,manchester1 ,wabash ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #dj4 ,lagrange1 ,lagrange ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #da4 ,lowell1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #db4 ,hebron1 ,porter ,co4 7p4 #ii74 #dc4 ,kouts1 ,porter ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dd4 ,valparaiso1 ,porter ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #de4 ,southeast of ,valparaiso1 ,porter ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #df4 ,olive ,township1 ,st4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dg4 ,notre ,dame1 ,st4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #ajj74 #dh4 ,fulton1 ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #di4 ,indian ,creek ,township1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #ig74 #ej4 ,greensburg1 ,decatur ,co4 7p4 #ib74 #ea4 ,jackson ,township1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #ih74 #eb4 ,vincennes1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #ij74 #ec4 ,royerton1 ,delaware ,co4 7p4 #id74 #ed4 ,lawrenceburg1 ,dearborn ,co4 7p4 #ia74 #ee4 ,northwest of ,waterloo1 ,de,kalb ,co4 7p4 #ie74 #ef4 ---- ,noble ,co4 7p4 #ie74 ,illustration3 ,,map #aj4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mastodons in ,florida4 ,for explanation see page #dbf4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #aj4 ,if no name is given1 ,mammut americanum is understood4 ,florida3 #a4 ,marianna1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #b4 ,fort ,white1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #c4 ,citra1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #d4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #f4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #g4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #h4 ---- ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #i4 ,alafia ,river1 ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #aj4 ,pains ,creek1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #aa4 ,peace ,creek1 ,de ,soto ,co4 7p4 #abd74 #ab4 ,little ,river1 ,gadsden ,co4 7p4 #aba74 #ac4 ,fellsmere1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #ad4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,co4 7p4 #abc74 #ae4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,co41 ,gomphotherium floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #af4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ag4 ,williston1 ,levy ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ah4 ,juliette1 ,marion ,co41 ,g4 floridanum 7p4 #aba74 #ai4 ,san ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,co4 7p4 #abb74 #bj4 ,brewster1 ,polk ,co41 ,gomphotherium floridanum and ,mammut progenium8 7p4 #abc74 ,illustration3 ,,map #aa4 ,distribution of ,elephas primigenius in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dbh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #aa4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #acj74 #b4 ,amaranth1 ,dufferin ,co4 7p4 #acj74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,minoa1 ,onondaga ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #b4 ,williamson1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #c4 ,pittsford1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #d4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #aca74 #e4 ,queensbury1 ,warren ,co4 7p4 #acb74 #f4 ,lewiston1 ,niagara ,co4 7p4 #acb74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co4 7p4 #acb74 #b4 ,north ,plainfield1 ,union ,co4 7p4 #acc74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,brookfield1 ,tioga ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #b4 ,chadd's ,ford1 ,delaware ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #c4 ,harvey's1 ,greene ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #d4 ,lone ,pine1 ,washington ,co4 7p4 #acc74 #e4 ,beaver ,dam1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #acc74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,waverly1 ,pike ,co4 7p4 #acd74 #b4 ,zanesville1 ,muskingum ,co4 7p4 #acd74 #c4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,muskingum ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #d4 ,millport1 ,columbiana ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #e4 ,mount ,healthy1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #f4 ,dayton1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #ace74 #g4 ,selma1 ,clark ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #h4 ,versailles1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #i4 ,jersey1 ,licking ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #aj4 ,chicago1 ,huron ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #aa4 ,kamms1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ab4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ac4 ,new ,berlin1 ,stark ,co4 7p4 #acf74 #ad4 ,amboy1 ,ashtabula ,co4 7p4 #acg74 #ae4 ---- ,butler ,co4 7p4 #ace74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,three ,oaks1 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #acg74 #b4 ,eaton ,rapids1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #acg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,otter ,creek ,township1 ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #b4 ,madison1 ,jefferson ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #c4 ,vevay1 ,switzerland ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #d4 ,windsor1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #e4 ,winchester1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #f4 ,fairmount1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #g4 ,francisville1 ,pulaski ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #h4 ,crown ,point1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #i4 ,north ,liberty1 ,st4 ,joseph ,co4 7p4 #aci74 #aj4 ,webster1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #ach74 #aa4 ,rochester1 ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #adj74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,cairo1 ,alexander ,co4 7p4 #adj74 #b4 ,ashland1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #ada74 #c4 ,kewanee1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #adb74 #d4 ,penny's ,slough1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #adb74 #e4 ---- ,kendall ,co4 7p4 #adc74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,milwaukee1 ,milwaukee ,co4 7p4 #adc74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #add74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 ,inland ,waterway ,canal1 ,carteret ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,florida3 #a4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #ade74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co4 7p4 #adf74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #adf74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ab4 ,distribution of ,elephas columbi in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dcj4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ab4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,st4 ,catharines1 ,lincoln ,co4 7p4 #adg74 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,co4 7p4 #adg74 ,vermont3 #a4 ,mount ,holly1 ,rutland ,co4 7p4 #adh74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,homer1 ,cortland ,co4 7p4 #adi74 #b4 ,elmira1 ,chemung ,co4 7p4 #adi74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,middletown1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #adi74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,greene ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #c4 ,tryonville1 ,crawford ,co4 7p4 #aej74 ,ohio3 #a4 ---- ,stark ,co4 7p4 #aej74 #b4 ,amboy1 ,ashland ,co4 7p4 #aej74 ,michigan3 #a4 ---- ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #aea74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,terre ,haute1 ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #aea74 #b4 ,monrovia1 ,morgan ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #c4 ,windfall1 ,tipton ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #d4 ,bringhurst1 ,carroll ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,staley1 ,champaign ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #b4 ,stronghurst1 ,henderson ,co4 7p4 #aeb74 #c4 ,chillicothe1 ,peoria ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #d4 ,chicago ,heights1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #e4 ,pawpaw1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #aec74 #f4 ,woodhull1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #aed74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #aed74 #b4 ---- ,queen ,anne ,co4 7p4 #aed74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,little ,kanawha ,river1 ,wirt ,co4 7p4 #aee74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 #i miles south of ,wilmington1 ,new ,hanover ,co4 7p4 #aee74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #b4 ,edisto ,river1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #c4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #aee74 #d4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,co4 7p4 #aef74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick ,canal1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 ,chatham ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 ,florida 7,see ,map #ac74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #b4 ,mouth of ,big ,twin ,creek1 ,owen ,co4 7p4 #afa74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ac4 ,distribution of ,elephas columbi in ,florida4 ,for explanation see page #dcb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ac4 #a4 ,st4 ,marks ,river1 ,wakulla ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #b4 ,station #abj1 ,duval ,co4 7p4 #aeg74 #c4 ,citra1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #d4 ,mantanzas1 ,st4 ,john ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #e4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #f4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #g4 ,holder1 ,citrus ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #h4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #i4 ,st4 ,petersburg1 ,pinellas ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #aj4 ,kingsford1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #aa4 ,sarasota1 ,sarasota ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ab4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ac4 ,zolfo1 ,hardee ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #ad4 ,arcadia1 ,de,soto ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #ae4 ,tourner's1 ,glades ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #af4 ,daytona1 ,volusia ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 #ag4 ,fellsmere1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ah4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brevard ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ai4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,co4 7p4 #afj74 #bj4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #aei74 #ba4 ,sumterville1 ,sumter ,co4 7p4 #aeh74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ad4 ,distribution of ,elephas imperator in southeastern ,united ,states4 ,for explanation see page #dcd4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ad4 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,head of ,cooper ,river1 ,berkeley ,co4 7p4 #afb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #d4 ,everglades1 ,palm ,beach ,co48 7p4 #afc74 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de,soto ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #afd74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,co4 7p4 #afd74 #b4 8,near ,gulf of ,mexico0 7p4 #afe74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ae4 ,elephas imperator in ,florida4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ae4 #a4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co4 7p4 #afb74 #b4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #c4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #d4 ,everglades1 ,palm ,beach ,co48 7p4 #afc74 #e4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co4 7p4 #afc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co4 7p4 #afd74 ,illustration3 ,,map #af4 ,distribution of elephants of undetermined species in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dch4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #af4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,st4 ,catharines1 ,lincoln ,co4 7p4 #aff74 #b4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,co4 7p4 #aff74 #c4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,vermont3 #a4 ,richmond1 ,chittenden ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,seneca ,lake 7p4 #afg74 #b4 ,wellsburg1 ,chemung ,co4 7p4 #afg74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,chambersburg1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #b4 ,pittsburgh1 ,allegheny ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #c4 ,meadville1 ,crawford ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #d4 ,girard1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #afh74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,jackson ,co4 7p4 #afh74 #b4 ,beverly1 ,washington ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #c4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #d4 ---- ,ross ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #e4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #afi74 #f4 ,fort ,jefferson1 ,darke ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #g4 ,circleville1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #h4 ,south ,bloomfield1 ,pickaway ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #i4 ,cleveland1 ,cuyahoga ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #aj4 ,montville1 ,geauga ,co4 7p4 #agj74 #aa4 ,canton1 ,stark ,co4 7p4 #agj74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,east ,saginaw1 ,saginaw ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #b4 ---- ,macomb ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #c4 ,grand ,ledge1 ,eaton ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #d4 ,buchanan1 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #aga74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,vanderburg ,co4 7p4 #aga74 #b4 ,shoals1 ,martin ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #c4 ---- ,vigo ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #d4 ,gosport1 ,owen ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #e4 ,brookville1 ,franklin ,co4 7p4 #agb74 #f4 ,parke1 ,vermilion1 and ,putnam ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #g4 ,northeast of ,bowers1 ,montgomery ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #h4 ---- ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #i4 ,noblesville1 ,hamilton ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #aj4 ,dora1 ,wabash ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #aa4 ---- ,jasper ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ab4 ,pleasant ,township1 ,wabash ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ac4 ,st4 ,john's1 ,lake ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ad4 ---- ,allen ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #ae4 ,muncie1 ,delaware ,co4 7p4 #agd74 #af4 ,connersville1 ,fayette ,co4 7p4 #agc74 #ag4 ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,co4 7p4 #agb74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,equality1 ,gallatin ,co4 7p4 #age74 #b4 ,chester1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #age74 #c4 ---- ,calhoun ,co4 7p4 #age74 #d4 ,sangamon ,river1 ,sangamon ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #e4 ---- ,fulton ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #f4 ,galesburg1 ,knox ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #g4 ,rock ,island1 ,rock ,island ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #h4 ,atwood1 ,piatt ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #i4 ,peoria1 ,peoria ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #aj4 ,evanston1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #aa4 ,rochelle1 ,ogle ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #ab4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 7p4 #agh74 #ac4 ,wheaton1 ,dupage ,county1 and ,oak ,park1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #agg74 #ad4 ,pekin1 ,tazewell ,co4 7p4 #agf74 #ae4 ,south ,fork of ,sangamon ,river1 ,christian ,co4 7p4 #age74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,stockholm1 ,pepin ,co4 7p4 #agh74 ,maryland and ,district of ,columbia3 #a4 ,upper ,marlboro1 ,prince ,george ,co4 7p4 #agh74 #b4 ,washington1 ,district of ,columbia 7p4 #agh74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,warrenton1 ,fauquier ,co4 7p4 #agh74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,wheeling1 ,ohio ,co4 7p4 #agi74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles below ,newbern 7p4 #agh74 #b4 ,harlowe1 ,carteret ,co4 7p4 #agi74 ,florida3 #a4 ,wakulla ,springs1 ,wakulla ,co4 7p4 #agi74 #b4 ,stokes ,ferry1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 #c4 ,bartow1 ,polk ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #ahj74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,gallatin1 ,sumner ,co4 7p4 #aha74 #b4 ,columbia1 ,maury ,co4 7p4 #aha74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #aha74 #b4 ,newport1 ,campbell ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 #c4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 #d4 ,eminence1 ,henry ,co4 7p4 #ahb74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ag4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene horses1 mostly ,equus1 in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #ddj4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ag4 ,massachusetts3 #a4 ,gay ,head1 ,martha's ,vineyard1 ,equus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahc74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,throg's ,neck1 ,new ,york ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahc74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,swedesboro1 ,gloucester ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahd74 #b4 ,fish ,house1 ,camden ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahd74 #c4 ,navesink ,hills1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahd74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahd74 #b4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 #c4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 pectinatus 7p4 #ahe74 #d4 ,rutherford1 ,dauphin ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 #e4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahe74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,cincinnati1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahe74 #b4 ,columbus1 ,franklin ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahf74 #c4 ,salt ,creek1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahf74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahf74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,bond or ,fayette ,co41 ,equus complicatus 7p4 #ahg74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 #c4 ,greene ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahg74 ,maryland and ,district of ,columbia3 #a4 ,marshall ,hall1 ,charles ,co41 ,equus leidyi8 7p4 #ahh74 #b4 ,georgetown1 ,d4 ,c41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahh74 #c4 ,mitchellville1 ,prince ,george ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahh74 #d4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #ahi74 #e4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 #f4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #ahi74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,abingdon1 ,washington ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #ahi74 #b4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 #c4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aij74 #d4 ,staunton1 ,augusta ,co41 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 #e4 ,denniston1 ,halifax ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aij74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,point ,pleasant1 ,mason ,co41 ,e4 niobrarensis8 7p4 #aij74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 ,elizabethtown1 ,bladen ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aij74 #b4 ,below ,newbern1 in ,pamlico ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aia74 #c4 ,greenville1 ,pitt ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aia74 #d4 ,plymouth ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aia74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,beaufort1 ,beaufort ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aia74 #b4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aib74 #c4 ,richland ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aic74 #d4 ,darlington1 ,darlington ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aic74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aic74 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 ,chatham ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aid74 ,florida 7,see ,map #ah74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,newbern1 ,hale ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjj74 #b4 ,bogue ,chitto1 ,dallas ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bjj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,orizaba1 ,tippah ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #bjj74 #b4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,hawkins ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bja74 #b4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #bja74 #c4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #bja74 #d4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bja74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjb74 #b4 ,monday's ,landing1 ,mercer ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjb74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ah4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene horses1 mostly ,equus1 in ,florida4 ,for explanation see page #ddb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ah4 #a4 ,stokes ,ferry1 ,nassau ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aid74 #b4 ,almero ,farm1 ,st4 ,john ,co41 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aid74 #c4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,co41 ,hipparion1 sp4 indet4 7p4 #aie74 #d4 ,wade1 ,alachua ,co41 ,e4 leidyi8 7p4 #aie74 #e4 ,newberry1 ,alachua ,co41 ,hipparion sp4 indet41 ,parahippus sp4 indet41 ,equus littoralis 7p4 #aie74 #f4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,hipparion ingenuum 7p4 #aie74 #g4 ,williston1 ,levy ,co41 ,equus leidyi1 ,hipparion ingenuum1 ,h4 plicatile 7p4 #aie74 #h4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #i4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,equus leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #aj4 ,hernando1 ,citrus ,co41 ,hipparion sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #aa4 ,holder1 ,citrus ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #ab4 ---- ,orange ,co41 ,equus sp4 indet4 7p4 #aif74 #ac4 ,eau ,gallie1 ,brevard ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #aif74 #ad4 ,kingsford1 ,polk ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aif74 #ae4 ,brewster1 ,polk ,co41 ,hipparion minus 7p4 #aig74 #af4 ,alafia ,river1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aig74 #ag4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aig74 #ah4 ,sarasota ,bay1 ,sarasota ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 complicatus8 7p4 #aih74 #ai4 ,calvenia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aih74 #bj4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 princeps1 ,e4 littoralis1 ,hipparion ingenuum 7p4 #aih74 #ba4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,e4 complicatus1 ,e4 leidyi1 ,e4 littoralis 7p4 #aii74 #bb4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,e4 leidyi 7p4 #aii74 #bc4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,co41 ,e4 complicatus 7p4 #bjj74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ai4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene tapirs in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #ddd4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ai4 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co41 ,tapirus terrestris8 7p4 #bjc74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,new ,salisbury1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjc74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,co41 ,tapirus haysii 7p4 #bjc74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjd74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjd74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,t4 haysii1 ,t4 veroensis81 ,t4 terrestris8 7p4 #bjd74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjf74 ,florida3 #a4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,co41 ,t4 terrestris8 7p4 #bjf74 #b4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,t4 haysii8 7p4 #bjg74 #c4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,t4 haysii81 ,t4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 #d4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,t4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bjg74 #e4 ,tampa1 ,hillsboro ,co41 ,t4 veroensis8 7p4 #bjh74 #f4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,t4 veroensis1 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bjh74 #g4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,t4 terrestris8 7p4 #bjh74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,t4 haysii1 ,t4 terrestris8 7p4 #bjh74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co41 ,t4 tennesse 7p4 #bji74 #b4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,co41 ,tapirus sp4 indet4 7p4 #bji74 #c4 ,lookout ,mountain1 ,hamilton ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 #d4 ,bristol1 ,sullivan ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #bji74 #b4 ,stamping ,ground1 ,scott ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #baj74 #c4 ,yarnallton1 ,fayette ,co41 ,t4 haysii 7p4 #baj74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bj4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene peccaries in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #ddf4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bj4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,rochester1 ,monroe ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bab74 #b4 ,gainesville1 ,wyoming ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bab74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,shark ,river1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus8 7p4 #bac74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,m4 pennsylvanicus 7p4 #bac74 #b4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,m4 pennsylvanicus1 ,m4 nasutus1 ,tagassu8 tetragonus8 7p4 #bac74 #c4 ,milroy1 ,mifflin ,co41 ,platygonus vetus 7p4 #bac74 #d4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co41 ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus8 7p4 #bad74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,wilmington1 ,clinton ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bad74 #b4 ,columbus1 ,franklin ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bad74 #c4 ,chalfants1 ,perry ,co41 ,p4 compressus 7p4 #bae74 #d4 ,lisbon1 ,columbiana ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus8 7p4 #bae74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,belding1 ,ionia ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bae74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,gibson ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #baf74 #b4 ,williams1 ,lawrence ,co41 ,platygonus vetus81 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bag74 #c4 ,laketon1 ,wabash ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bah74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,p4 cumberlandensis8 7p4 #bai74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,blue ,mounds1 ,dane ,co41 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bai74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,benedict1 ,charles ,co41 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbj74 #b4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,co41 ,t4 lenis 7p4 #bbj74 #c4 ,corriganville1 ,allegany ,co41 ,mylohyus pennsylvanicus1 ,m4 exortivus1 ,platygonus cumberlandensis1 ,p4 intermedius 7p4 #bbj74 #d4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus1 ,m4 exortivus1 ,m4 obtusidens1 ,platygonus vetus1 ,p4 cumberlandensis1 ,tagassu tetragonus 7p4 #bbj74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,mylohyus nasutus 7p4 #bba74 #b4 ---- ,augusta ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bba74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,renicks1 ,greenbrier ,co41 ,p4 intermedius 7p4 #bba74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bba74 ,florida3 #a4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,tagassu lenis 7p4 #bbb74 #b4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,t4 lenis 7p4 #bbb74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,rogersville1 ,hawkins ,co41 ,mylohyus setiger 7p4 #bbb74 #b4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co41 ,m4 nasutus 7p4 #bbc74 #c4 ,dandridge1 ,jefferson ,co4 8,peccary0 7p4 #bbc74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,rock ,castle ,co41 ,platygonus compressus 7p4 #bbc74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ba4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene camels in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #ddh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ba4 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,teleopternus orientalis 7p4 #bbd74 ,florida3 #a4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,procamelus major1 ,p4 minor1 ,p4 minimus 7p4 #bbd74 #b4 ,williston1 ,levy ,co41 ,p4 major 7p4 #bbd74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,p4 minimus8 7p4 #bbd74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,p4 minor 7p4 #bbe74 #e4 ,hernando1 ,citrus ,co41 ,procamelus8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 #f4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,camelops8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bbe74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bb4 ,distribution of the deer of the genus ,odocoileus in the ,pleistocene in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dej4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bb4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,odocoileus virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ---- ,orange ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 #b4 ,greenville1 ,greene ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 #c4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 #d4 ,hinsdale1 ,cattaraugus ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,woodstown1 ,salem ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbf74 #b4 ,vincentown1 ,burlington ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 #c4 ,deal1 ,monmouth ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 #b4 ,frankstown1 ,blair ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bbg74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbg74 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbh74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,co41 ,o4 virginianus81 ,o4 dolichopsis 7p4 #bbh74 #b4 ,harrisville1 ,randolph ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbh74 #c4 ,roann1 ,wabash ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbi74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbi74 #b4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbi74 #c4 ,ottawa1 ,la,salle ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bbi74 #d4 ,evanston1 ,cook ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcj74 #e4 ,lemont1 ,cook ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcj74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,lead region1 ,o4 virginianus1 ,o4 whitneyi 7p4 #bcj74 #b4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcj74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcj74 #b4 ,cavetown1 ,washington ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bca74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co41 ,o48 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bca74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bca74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ---- ,wood ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bca74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles below ,newbern4 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bca74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bca74 #b4 ,darlington1 ,darlington ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcb74 #b4 ,neals1 ,alachua ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcb74 #c4 ,archer1 ,alachua ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcb74 #d4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 #e4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,o4 osceola8 7p4 #bcc74 #f4 ,palmetto1 ,manatee ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcc74 #g4 ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcc74 #h4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcd74 #i4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,o4 sellardsi1 ,o4 osceola8 7p4 #bcd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcc74 #b4 ,aberdeen1 ,monroe ,co41 ,o4 virginianus8 7p4 #bcd74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 #b4 ,nashville1 ,davidson ,co41 ,o4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bcd74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 #c4 ,henderson1 ,henderson ,co41 ,o4 virginianus 7p4 #bcd74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bc4 ,distribution of ,cervus canadensis in the ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #deb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bc4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,hamilton1 ,wentworth ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #b4 ,near ,strathroy1 ,middlesex ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #c4 ,kingston1 ,frontenac ,co4 7p4 #bce74 ,vermont3 #a4 ,grand ,isle1 ,champlain ,lake 7p4 #bce74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,racket ,river1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,co4 7p4 #bce74 #b4 ,seneca ,castle1 ,ontario ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #c4 ,farmington1 ,ontario ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #d4 ---- ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #e4 ,cuba1 ,allegany ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #f4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #g4 ,boonville1 ,oneida ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #h4 ,third ,lake1 ,herkimer ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 #i4 ,steele's ,corners1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,co4 7p4 #bcf74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,deal1 ,monmouth ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 #b4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,co4 7p4 #bcg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,cambridge ,city1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #b4 ,fountain ,city1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #c4 ,harrisville1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #d4 ,pennville1 ,jay ,co4 7p4 #bch74 #e4 ---- ,wabash ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #f4 ,foresman1 ,newton ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #g4 ,rensselaer1 ,jasper ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #h4 ---- ,lake ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #i4 ,kouts1 ,porter ,co4 7p4 #bci74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #bci74 #b4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #c4 ,palos ,park1 ,cook ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #d4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #e4 ,union ,grove1 ,whiteside ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #f4 ,lead ,region1 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 7p4 #bdj74 #g4 ,beecher1 ,will ,co4 7p4 #bda74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,wauwatosa1 ,milwaukee ,co4 7p4 #bda74 #b4 ,pewaukee1 ,waukesha ,co4 7p4 #bda74 #c4 ,whitehall1 ,trempealeau ,co4 7p4 #bda74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,oxford ,neck1 ,talbot ,co4 7p4 #bdb74 ,north ,carolina3 #a4 ,pamlico ,co41 #af miles below ,newbern 7p4 #bdb74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #bdb74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,florida3 #a4 ,alafia ,river 7p4 #bdc74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,whitesburg1 ,hamblen ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co4 7p4 #bdc74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bd4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene species of ,rangifer in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #ded4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bd4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,rangifer sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 ,vermont3 #a4 ,woodbury1 ,washington ,co41 ,r4 caribou8 7p4 #bdd74 ,connecticut3 #a4 ,new ,haven1 ,new ,haven ,co41 ,r4 caribou8 7p4 #bdd74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,ossining1 ,westchester ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 #b4 ,racket ,river1 ,st4 ,lawrence ,co41 ,r48 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,vincentown1 ,burlington ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdd74 #b4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bde74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co41 ,r4 caribou 7p4 #bdf74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co41 ,r4 caribou 7p4 #bdf74 ,illinois3 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,r4 muscatinensis8 7p4 #bdf74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,menomonie1 ,dunn ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdg74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,r4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bdh74 ,illustration3 ,,map #be4 ,distribution of musk-oxen in eastern ,north ,america during the ,pleistocene4 ,for explanation see page #def4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #be4 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co41 ,ovibos moschatus 7p4 #bdh74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons8 7p4 #bdh74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co41 ,ovibos appalachicolus 7p4 #bdi74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,urbana1 ,champaign ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bdi74 #b4 ,youngstown1 ,mahoning ,co41 ,ovibos moschatus 7p4 #bdi74 #c4 ---- ,trumbull ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bdi74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,manchester1 ,washtenaw ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bej74 #b4 ,moorland1 ,muskegon ,co41 ,botherium sargenti 7p4 #bej74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,wailesboro1 ,bartholomew ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bea74 #b4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,co41 ,ovibos moschatus 7p4 #beb74 #c4 ---- ,randolph ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #beb74 #d4 ,beaver ,lake1 ,newton ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons8 7p4 #beb74 #e4 ,hebron1 ,porter ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #beb74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,bondville1 ,champaign ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bec74 #b4 ,manito1 ,mason ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bec74 #c4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,symbos promptus8 7p4 #bed74 ,west ,virginia3 #a4 ,mahan1 ,brooke ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bed74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,botherium bombifrons1 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 #c4 ,winchester1 ,clark ,co41 ,symbos cavifrons 7p4 #bee74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bf4 ,distribution of extinct bisons in eastern ,north ,america during the ,pleistocene4 ,for explanation see page #deh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bf4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,toronto1 ,york ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet1 7p4 #bef74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,pittston1 ,luzerne ,co41 ,bison8 sp4 indet4 7p4 #bef74 #b4 ,port ,kennedy1 ,montgomery ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bef74 ,ohio3 #a4 ,fincastle1 ,brown ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #beg74 #b4 ,north ,fairfield1 ,huron ,co41 ,b4 sylvestris 7p4 #beg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ,evansville1 ,vanderburg ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #beg74 #b4 ,vincennes1 ,knox ,co41 ,b4 antiquus 7p4 #beh74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,coon ,valley1 ,vernon ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,maryland3 #a4 ,chesapeake ,beach1 ,calvert ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 ,virginia3 #a4 ,saltville1 ,smyth ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bei74 #b4 ,ivanhoe1 ,wythe ,co41 ,b4 antiquus8 7p4 #bfj74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfj74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bfa74 #b4 ,skidaway ,island1 ,chatham ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 ,florida3 #a4 ,wade1 ,alachua ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 #b4 ,pablo ,beach1 ,duval ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfb74 #c4 ,ocala1 ,marion ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfb74 #d4 ,dunnellon1 ,marion ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #e4 ,tampa1 ,manatee ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #f4 ,palmetto and ,palma ,sola1 ,manatee ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #g4 ,grove ,city1 ,charlotte ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfc74 #h4 ,vero1 ,st4 ,lucie ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfc74 #i4 ,arcadia1 ,de ,soto ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 #aj4 ,labelle1 ,lee ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 #aa4 ,palm ,beach1 ,palm ,beach ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 ,alabama3 #a4 ,newbern1 ,hale ,co41 ,bison sp4 indet4 7p4 #bfd74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co41 ,b4 latifrons8 7p4 #bfd74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,woolper ,creek1 ,boone ,co41 ,b4 latifrons 7p4 #bfd74 #b4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co41 ,b4 antiquus 7p4 #bfd74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bg4 ,finds of the existing bison 7,bison bison7 in the ,pleistocene of eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dfj4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bg4 ,ontario3 #a4 ,north ,bay1 ,nipissing ,co4 7p4 #bff74 ,massachusetts3 #a4 ,orleans1 ,barnstable ,co4 7p4 #bff74 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,albany1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #bff74 #b4 ,syracuse1 ,onondaga ,co4 7p4 #bff74 #c4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,new ,jersey3 #a4 ,trenton1 ,mercer ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 #b4 ,riegelsville1 ,bucks ,co4 7p4 #bfg74 ,indiana3 #a4 ---- ,jasper ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,sullivan1 ,moultrie ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 #b4 ,homer1 ,champaign ,co4 7p4 #bfh74 #c4 ,niantic1 ,macon ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #d4 ,whitewillow1 ,kendall ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #e4 ,batavia1 ,kane ,co4 7p4 #bfi74 #f4 ,galena1 ,jo ,daviess ,co41 this species8 7p4 #bfi74 ,wisconsin3 #a4 ,bluemounds1 ,dane ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 #b4 ,oshkosh1 ,winnebago ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 ,kentucky3 #a4 ,bigbone ,lick1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bgj74 #b4 ,bluelick ,springs1 ,nicholas ,co4 7p4 #bga74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bh4 ,distribution of giant beavers1 ,castoroides1 in eastern ,north ,america4 ,for explanation see page #dfb4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bh4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,clyde1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 #b4 ,canastota1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 ,pennsylvania3 #a4 ,stroudsburg1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #bgb74 ,ohio 7,see ,map #bi74 ,michigan3 #a4 ,berrien ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #b4 ,adrian1 ,lenawee ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #c4 ,ann ,arbor1 ,washtenaw ,co4 7p4 #bge74 #d4 ,attica1 ,lapeer ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #e4 ,owosso1 ,shiawassee ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 ,indiana 7,see ,map #cj74 ,illinois3 #a4 ,shawneetown1 ,gallatin ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #b4 ,alton1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 #c4 ,charleston1 ,coles ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 #d4 ,naperville1 ,dupage ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 ,south ,carolina3 #a4 ,charleston1 ,charleston ,co4 7p4 #bgi74 ,georgia3 #a4 ,brunswick1 ,glynn ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,mississippi3 #a4 ,natchez1 ,adams ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,tennessee3 #a4 ,memphis1 ,shelby ,co4 7p4 #bhj74 ,illustration3 ,,map #bi4 ,distribution of the giant beaver ,castoroides in ,ohio4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #bi4 ,ohio3 #a4 ,nashport1 ,muskingum ,co4#a 7#dh7 7p4 #bgc74 #b4 ,wilmington1 ,clinton ,co4#a 7#b7 7p4 #bgc74 #c4 ,germantown1 ,montgomery ,co4#a 7#gc7 7p4 #bgd74 #d4 ,west ,sonora1 ,preble ,co4#a 7#gd7 7p4 #bgd74 #e4 ,greenville1 ,darke ,co4#a 7#ed7 7p4 #bgd74 #f4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,auglaize ,co4#a 7#ce7 7p4 #bgd74 ,footnote #a3 ,these are the numbers which on the map are given to the counties4 ,illustration3 ,,map #cj4 ,distribution of the giant beaver ,castoroides in ,indiana4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #cj4 #a4 ,vanderburg ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #b4 ,richmond1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #bgf74 #c4 ,greenfield1 ,hancock ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #d4 ,jamestown1 ,boone ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #e4 ,summitville1 ,madison ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #f4 ,union ,city1 ,randolph ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #g4 ,fairmount1 ,grant ,co4 7p4 #bgg74 #h4 ---- ,carroll ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #i4 ,logansport1 ,cass ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #aj4 ,macy1 ,miami ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #aa4 ---- ,kosciusko ,co4 7p4 #bgh74 #ab4 ,grovertown1 ,starke ,co4 7p4 #bgh7 ,for explanation of the numerals on the margins see map #cg4 ,illustration3 ,,map #ca4--,shows areas on ,long ,island and along ,connecticut and ,hudson ,rivers at sea-level near the end of the ,pleistocene4 ,ruled areas submerged4 ,amount of subsequent elevation indicated in feet at the end of the isobases4 ,redrawn from ,fairchild4 ,illustration3 ,,map #cb4 ,isobases of ,late ,glacial uplift in eastern ,north ,america4 ,after ,fairchild4 ,illustration3 ,,map #cc4 ,j4 ,w4 ,spencer's view of preglacial drainage of the region of the ,great ,lakes4 ,redrawn from ,spencer and ,foshay4 ,illustration3 ,,map #cd4 ,map of ,york showing the location of the ,wisconsin ice not long after it began to retire2 also ,lakes ,newberry and ,maumee2 also location of finds of mastodons4 ,geology after ,fairchild4 ,for explanation see page #dfh4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #cd4 ,mastodon ,localities4 ,new ,york3 #a4 ,new ,dorp1 ,richmond ,co4 7p4 #dh74 #b4 ,ridgewood1 ,kings ,co4 7p4 #di74 #c4 ,jamaica1 ,queens ,co4 7p4 #di74 #d4 ,inwood1 ,nassau ,co4 7p4 #di74 #e4 ,riverhead1 ,suffolk ,co4 7p4 #di74 #f4 ,morrisania1 ,new ,york ,co4 7p4 #di74 #g4 ,new ,york ,city 7p4 #ej74 #h4 ,hartsdale1 ,westchester ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #i4 ,new ,antrim1 ,rockland ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aj4 ,arden1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #aa4 ,monroe1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ab4 ,chester1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ej74 #ac4 ,salisbury ,mills1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ad4 ,new ,windsor1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #ae4 ,newburgh1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ea74 #af4 ,near ,coldenham1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #eb74 #ag4 ,east ,coldenham1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ah4 ,montgomery1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ai4 ,hamptonburg1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #bj4 ,bullville1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ec74 #ba4 ,scotchtown1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bb4 ,otisville1 ,orange ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bc4 ,shawangunk1 ,ulster ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #bd4 ,ellenville1 ,ulster ,co4 7p4 #ed74 #be4 ,poughkeepsie1 ,dutchess ,co4 7p4 #ee7 #bf4 ,between ,red ,bridge and ,wurtsboro1 ,sullivan ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bg4 ,claverack1 ,columbia ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bh4 ,freehold1 ,greene ,co4 7p4 #ee74 #bi4 ,greenville1 ,greene ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cj4 ,coeymans1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #ca4 ,cohoes1 ,albany ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cb4 ,copenhagen1 ,lewis ,co4 7p4 #ef74 #cc4 ,center ,lisle1 ,broome ,co4 7p4 #eg74 #cd4 ,brookton1 ,tompkins ,co4 7p4 #eg74 #ce4 ,pony ,hollow1 ,tompkins ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #cf4 ,elmira1 ,chemung ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #cg4 ,lodi1 ,seneca ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #ch4 ,macedon1 ,wayne ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #ci4 ,seneca ,castle1 ,ontario ,co4 7p4 #eh74 #dj4 ,perkinsville1 ,steuben ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #da4 ,wayland1 ,steuben ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #db4 ,pittsford1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #dc4 ,rochester1 ,monroe ,co4 7p4 #ei74 #dd4 ,scottsburg1 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #de4 ,fowlerville1 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #df4 ,geneseo1 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #dg4 ,nunda1 ,livingston ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #dh4 ,belvidere1 ,allegany ,co4 7p4 #fj74 #di4 ,pike1 ,wyoming ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ej4 ,attica1 ,wyoming ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ea4 ,leroy1 ,genesee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #eb4 ,stafford1 ,genesee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ec4 ,batavia1 ,genesee ,co4 7p4 #fa74 #ed4 ,holley1 ,orleans ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ee4 ,medina1 ,orleans ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ef4 ,niagara1 ,niagara ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #eg4 ,hinsdale1 ,cattaraugus ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #eh4 ,conewango1 ,cattaraugus ,co4 7p4 #fb74 #ei4 ,buffalo1 ,erie ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #fj4 ,jamestown1 ,chautauqua ,co4 7p4 #fc74 #fa4 ,westfield1 ,chautauqua ,co4 7p4 #fc74 ,,counties #a4 ,albany #b4 ,allegany #c4 ,broome #d4 ,cattaraugus #e4 ,cayuga #f4 ,chautauqua #g4 ,chemung #h4 ,chenango #i4 ,clinton #aj4 ,columbia #aa4 ,cortland #ab4 ,delaware #ac4 ,dutchess #ad4 ,erie #ae4 ,essex #af4 ,franklin #ag4 ,fulton #ah4 ,genesee #ai4 ,greene #bj4 ,hamilton #ba4 ,herkimer #bb4 ,jefferson #bc4 ,kings #bd4 ,lewis #be4 ,livingston #bf4 ,madison #bg4 ,monroe #bh4 ,montgomery #bi4 ,nassau #cj4 ,new ,york #ca4 ,niagara #cb4 ,oneida #cc4 ,onondaga #cd4 ,ontario #ce4 ,orange #cf4 ,orleans #cg4 ,oswego #ch4 ,otsego #ci4 ,putnam #dj4 ,queens #da4 ,rensselaer #db4 ,richmond #dc4 ,ro,ckland #dd4 ,saratoga #de4 ,schenectady #df4 ,schoharie #dg4 ,schuyler #dh4 ,seneca #di4 ,steuben #ej4 ,st4 ,lawrence #ea4 ,suffolk #eb4 ,sullivan #ec4 ,tioga #ed4 ,tompkins #ee4 ,ulster #ef4 ,warren #eg4 ,washington #eh4 ,wayne #ei4 ,westchester #fj4 ,wyoming #fa4 ,yates ,illustration3 ,,map #ce4 ,glacial map of ,ohio showing the areas occupied by the ,wisconsin and ,illinois drifts2 also the unglaciated area2 also the distribution of the ,wisconsin moraines4 ,for names of counties see page #dgj4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ce4 ,,counties ,,of ,,ohio4 #a4 ,williams4 #b4 ,fulton4 #c4 ,lucas4 #d4 ,ottawa4 #e4 ,lake4 #f4 ,ashtabula4 #g4 ,trumbull4 #h4 ,geauga4 #i4 ,cuyahoga4 #aj4 ,lorain4 #aa4 ,erie4 #ab4 ,sandusky4 #ac4 ,wood4 #ad4 ,henry4 #ae4 ,defiance4 #af4 ,paulding4 #ag4 ,putnam4 #ah4 ,hancock4 #ai4 ,seneca4 #bj4 ,huron4 #ba4 ,medina4 #bb4 ,summit4 #bc4 ,portage4 #bd4 ,mahoning4 #be4 ,columbiana4 #bf4 ,stark4 #bg4 ,wayne4 #bh4 ,ashland4 #bi4 ,richland4 #cj4 ,crawford4 #ca4 ,wyandot4 #cb4 ,allen4 #cc4 ,van ,wert4 #cd4 ,mercer4 #ce4 ,auglaize4 #cf4 ,hardin4 #cg4 ,marion4 #ch4 ,morrow4 #ci4 ,knox4 #dj4 ,holmes4 #da4 ,coshocton4 #db4 ,tuscarawas4 #dc4 ,carroll4 #dd4 ,harrison4 #de4 ,jefferson4 #df4 ,belmont4 #dg4 ,guernsey4 #dh4 ,muskingum4 #di4 ,licking4 #ej4 ,delaware4 #ea4 ,union4 #eb4 ,logan4 #ec4 ,shelby4 #ed4 ,darke4 #ee4 ,miami4 #ef4 ,champaign4 #eg4 ,clark4 #eh4 ,madison4 #ei4 ,franklin4 #fj4 ,pickaway4 #fa4 ,fairfield4 #fb4 ,perry4 #fc4 ,morgan4 #fd4 ,noble4 #fe4 ,monroe4 #ff4 ,washington4 #fg4 ,athens4 #fh4 ,hocking4 #fi4 ,vinton4 #gj4 ,ross4 #ga4 ,fayette4 #gb4 ,greene4 #gc4 ,montgomery4 #gd4 ,preble4 #ge4 ,butler4 #gf4 ,warren4 #gg4 ,clinton4 #gh4 ,highland4 #gi4 ,pike4 #hj4 ,jackson4 #ha4 ,meigs4 #hb4 ,gallia4 #hc4 ,lawrence4 #hd4 ,scioto4 #he4 ,adams4 #hf4 ,brown4 #hg4 ,clermont4 #hh4 ,hamilton4 ,illustration3 ,,map #cf4 ,distribution of ,pleistocene mammals in ,ohio4 ,glacial map of ,ohio4 ,marks localities where ,pleistocene mammals have been discovered4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #cf4 ,the numerals in the column at the left are those given to the counties on the map4 ,the numerals in the second column are those found on the black circles4 #c4 ,lucas ,co4 #a4 ,springfield ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #f4 ,ashtabula ,co4 ,amboy1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acg72 ,e4 columbi #b4 7p4 #aej74 #g4 ,trumbull ,co4 #c4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #hj72 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #h4 ,geauga ,co4 #d4 ,montville1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #i4 ,cuyahoga ,co4 #e4 ,kamms1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acf74 ,cleveland1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi72 ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #f4 #acf72 ,e4 sp4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #aj4 ,lorain ,co4 #g4 ,brownhelm1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi74 #h4 ,pittsfield1 ,mammut 7p4 #gi7 #aa4 ,erie ,co4 #i4 ,sandusky1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh7 #ac4 ,wood ,co4 #aj4 ,jackson ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ag4 ,putnam ,co4 #aa4 ,liberty ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #ab4 ,columbus ,grove1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ai4 ,seneca ,co4 #ac4 ,old ,fort1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #bj4 ,huron ,co4 #ad4 ,chicago1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acf74 #ae4 ,north ,fairfield1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #ca74 #ba4 ,medina ,co4 #af4 ---- ,mammut8 7p4 #gi74 #bb4 ,summit ,co4 #ag4 ,green ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj74 #bd4 ,mahoning ,co4 #ah4 ,youngstown1 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #be4 ,columbiana ,co4 ,millport1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ace72 ,equus #ai4 7p4 #ahf74 #bj4 ,lisbon1 ,mylohyus 7p4 #bae74 #ba4 ,new ,salisbury1 ,tapirus 7p4 #bjc74 #bf4 ,stark ,co4 #bb4 ,massillon1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj74 #bc4 ,new ,berlin1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acf74 ,canton1 ,mammut 7p4 #hj72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #bd4 #agj74 #be4 ---- ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aej74 #cj4 ,crawford ,co4 #bf4 ,bucyrus1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh74 #ca4 ,wyandot ,co4 #bg4 ,carey1 ,mammut 7p4 #gh72 ,ursus 7p4 #gh74 #cc4 ,van ,wert ,co4 #bh4 ,ohio ,city1 ,mammut 7p4 #gg74 #ce4 ,auglaize ,co4 ,new ,knoxville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bi4 #bbg72 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgd74 #cj4 ,pusheta ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ca4 ,wapakoneta1 ,mammut8 7p4 #gf74 #cb4 ,duchouquet ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #cc4 ,st4 ,johns1 ,mammut8 7p4 #gf74 #cf4 ,hardin ,co4 #cd4 ,roundhead1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ch4 ,morrow ,co4 #ce4 ,mt4 ,gilead1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #dj4 ,holmes ,co4 #cf4 ,millersburg1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cb74 #dh4 ,muskingum ,co4 ,nashport1 ,mammut 7p4 #gj72 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgc72 #cg4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #ch4 ,zanesville1 ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #acd74 #ci4 ,duncan ,falls1 ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #ace74 #di4 ,licking ,co4 #dj4 ,jersey1 ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #acf74 #da4 ,granville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #eb4 ,logan ,co4 #db4 ,harper1 ,mammut 7p4 #gf74 #ed4 ,darke ,co4 #dc4 ,ansonia1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #dd4 ,versailles1 ,e4 primigenius 7p4 #acf74 #de4 #f miles west of ,greenville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc74 ,greenville1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,castoroides 7p4 #df4 #bgd74 ,fort ,jefferson1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,elephas sp4 #dg4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 #dh4 ,new ,madison1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc74 #ef4 ,champaign ,co4 #di4 ,urbana1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd72 ,symbos 7p4 #bdi74 #ej4 ,woodstock1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #eg4 ,clark ,co4 #ea4 ,catawba1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #eb4 ,brighton1 ,mammut 7p4 #gd74 #ec4 ,selma1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acf74 #ei4 ,franklin ,co4 #ed4 ,columbus1 ,equus 7p4 #ahf72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bad74 #ee4 ,shadeville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #fj4 ,pickaway ,co4 ,south ,bloomfield1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge72 ,elephas sp4 #ef4 indet4 7p4 #agj74 ,circleville1 ,mammut8 7p4 #ge72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 #eg4 7p4 #agj74 #eh4 ,pickaway ,plains1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #ei4 ,salt ,creek1 ,mammut 7p4 #ge74 #fb4 ,perry ,co4 #fj4 ,chalfants1 ,platygonus 7p4 #bae74 #ff4 ,washington ,co4 #fa4 ,beverly1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #gj4 ,ross ,co4 #fb4 ---- ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afi74 #ga4 ,fayette ,co4 #fc4 ,new ,holland1 ,mammut8 7p4 #ge74 #gc4 ,montgomery ,co4 ,dayton1 ,mammut 7p4 #gb72 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #fd4 #ace74 ,germantown1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,castoroides 7p4 #fe4 #bgd74 #gd4 ,preble ,co4 #ff4 ,new ,paris1 ,mammut 7p4 #gb74 ,west ,sonora1 ,mammut 7p4 #gc72 ,castoroides 7p4 #fg4 #bgd74 #ge4 ,butler ,co4 #fh4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ace74 #fi4 ,overpeck1 ,ursus procerus 7p4 #cbi74 #gg4 ,clinton ,co4 ,wilmington1 ,platygonus 7p4 #bad72 ,castoroides 7p4 #gj4 #bgc74 #gi4 ,pike ,co4 #ga4 ---- ,mammut 7p4 #gj74 #gb4 ,waverly1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #acd7 #hj4 ,jackson ,co4 #gc4 ,little ,salt ,creek1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #afh74 #hf4 ,brown ,co4 #gd4 ,fincastle1 ,bison latifrons 7p4 #beg74 #hh4 ,hamilton ,co4 ,cincinnati1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 #ge4 7p4 #afi72 ,equus 7p4 #ahe74 #gf4 ,mount ,healthy1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ace74 #gg4 ,mt4 ,washington1 ,mammut 7p4 #ga74 ,illustration3 ,,map #cg4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #cg4 ,,glacial ,,geology ,,of ,,indiana4 ,the southern limit of the ,illinoian drift1 from ,cincinnati to ,jeffersonville1 thence north to ,brown ,county1 thence southeast to ,posey ,county1 is shown by a wavy line limiting a stippled border4 ,the southern limit of the ,wisconsin drift is represented by a smooth line and a coarser stippling4 ,north of this terminal moraine are represented important moraines developed during the recession of the ,wisconsin ice-sheet4 #a4b4b4 ,shelbyville moraine #c4c4d4d4d4 ,champaign moraine #e4e4e4 ,bloomington moraine #f4g4g4 ,valparaiso moraine #i4aj4aj4 ,mississinawa moraine #aa4 ,salamonie moraine #ab4 ,wabash moraine #ac4 ,fort ,wayne moraine4 ,based on ,leverett's ,glacial ,map of ,indiana1 ,plate ,,vi1 ,monograph ,,liii of the ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey4 ,illustration3 ,,map #ch4 ,glacial map of ,illinois4 ,marks also the localities where ,pleistocene vertebrates have been discovered4 ,based on ,leverett's map1 ,plate ,,vi1 ,monogr4 ,,xxxviii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey4 ,for explanation see pages #dgd and #dgf4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ch4 ,,glacial ,,map ,,of ,,illinois4 ,,moraines4 #a4 ,shelbyville moraine4 ,from ,indiana line in southern ,edgar ,county runs westward1 then northwestward to ,peoria4 ,here it merges with the ,bloomington moraine4 #b4 ,champaign moraine4 ,radiates northwestward1 southwestward1 and eastward from ,champaign4 #c4 ,bloomington moraine4 ,from ,indiana line in ,vermillion ,county passes westward through ,mc,lean ,county to ,peoria1 where it joins the ,shelbyville moraine4 ,thence runs north to ,lee ,county1 northeastward to ,kane ,county and north into ,wisconsin4 #d4 ,marseilles moraine4 ,enters from ,indiana in northern ,iroquois ,county1 passes across northeastern ,livingston1 eastern ,la ,salle1 to eastern ,kane ,county and northward4 #e4 ,valparaiso moraine4 ,embraces the southern end of ,lake ,michigan4 ,,vertebrate ,,fossils4 ,jo ,daviess ,co4 #a4 ,galena1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cd72 ,anomodon 7p4 #bah72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agh72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bah72 ,bison 7p4 #bfi74 ,winnebago ,co4 #b4 ,new ,milford1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,ogle ,co4 #c4 ,harper1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 #d4 ,byron1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 #e4 ,rochelle1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 ,kane ,co4 #f4 ,batavia1 ,mammut 7p4 #aaj72 ,cervus 7p4 #bdj72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi74 #g4 ,aurora1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji74 ,dupage ,co4 #h4 ,wheaton1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 #i4 ,naperville1 ,mammut1 7p4 #aji72 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgi74 ,cook ,co4 #aj4 ,glencoe1 ,mammut 7p4 #aaj74 #aa4 ,evanston1 ,mammut 7p4 #agg72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcj72 ,amiatus 7p4 #ccf72 ,lepomis 7#ccf72 ,merganser 7p4 #ccf74 #ab4 ,oak ,park1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 #ac4 ,lemont1 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bcj72 ,ondatra 7p4 #bcj74 #ad4 ,palos ,park1 ,cervus 7p4 #bdj74 #ae4 ,chicago ,heights1 ,e4 columbi 7p4 #aec74 ,whiteside ,co4 #af4 ,union ,grove1 ,cervus 7p4 #bdj74 #ag4 ,sterling1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,lee ,co4 #ah4 ,pawpaw1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aec74 ,kendall ,co4 #ai4 ,yorkville1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji74 #bj4 ,whitewillow1 ,mammut 7p4 #aji72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi72 ,cervus 7p4 #bdj72 ,alces 7p4 #bdj72 ,cervalces 7p4 #bbi72 ,ovis8 7p4 #cch72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi74 ,will ,co4 #ba4 ,beecher1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg72 ,cervalces 7p4 #ajg72 ,cervus 7p4 #bda74 ,rock ,island ,co4 #bb4 ,rock ,island1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 #bc4 ,bowling ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 #bd4 ,milan1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 #be4 ,rural1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 ,henry ,co4 #bf4 ,penny's ,slough1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #adb74 #bg4 ,woodhull1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aed74 #bh4 ,kewanee1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #adb74 ,bureau ,co4 #bi4 ,walnut ,township1 ,mammut 7p4 #aje74 ,la ,salle ,co4 #cj4 ,ottawa1 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi74 ,grundy ,co4 #ca4 ,morris1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajh74 ,henderson ,co4 #cb4 ,stronghurst1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #aeb74 ,knox ,co4 #cc4 ,galesburg1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 #cd4 ,on ,spoon ,river1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajd74 ,peoria ,co4 #ce4 ,chillicothe1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aec74 #cf4 ,peoria1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,hancock ,co4 #cg4 ,warsaw1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajc74 ,fulton ,co4 #ch4 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,tazewell ,co4 #ci4 ,pekin1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf74 ,mason ,co4 #dj4 ,manito1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajc72 ,symbos 7p4 #bec74 ,iroquois ,co4 #da4 ,near ,hoopeston1 ,vermillion ,co41 ,mammut progenium 7p4 #ajf74 ,champaign ,co4 #db4 ,bondville1 ,symbos 7p4 #bec74 #dc4 ,staley1 ,elephas columbi 7p4 #aeb74 #dd4 ,urbana1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf72 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cc74 #de4 ,pesotum1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 #df4 ,homer1 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfh74 ,vermilion ,co4 #dg4 ,east ,lynn1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg74 #dh4 ,rossville1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajg74 #di4 ,fairmount1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 ,cass ,co4 #ej4 ,ashland1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #ada74 ,sangamon ,co4 #ea4 ,on ,sangamon ,river1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agf7 ,christian ,co4 #eb4 ,s4 ,fork ,sangamon ,river1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,macon ,co4 #ec4 ,niantic1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb72 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfi72 ,cervus 7p4 #bci72 ,odocoileus 7p4 #bbi74 ,piatt ,co4 #ed4 ,atwood1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #agg74 ,moultrie ,co4 #ee4 ,sullivan1 ,bison bison 7p4 #bfh74 ,coles ,co4 #ef4 ,charleston1 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgi74 ,edgar ,co4 #eg4 8,bloomfield10 ,mammut 7p4 #ajf74 ,calhoun ,co4 #eh4 ---- ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,greene ,co4 #ei4 ---- ,equus 7p4 #ahg74 ,fayette ,co4 #fj4 ,line of ,bond ,co41 ,equus 7p4 #ahg74 ,madison ,co4 #fa4 ,alton1 ,megalonyx 7p4 #cc72 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb72 ,equus 7p4 #ahg72 ,platygonus 7p4 #bai72 ,rangifer 7p4 #bdf72 ,symbos 7p4 #bed72 ,bison 7p4 #bei72 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgi72 ,geomys1 etc4 7p4 #cci74 ,marion ,co4 #fb4 ,sandoval1 ,mammut 7p4 #ajb74 ,st4 ,clair ,co4 #fc4 ,east ,st4 ,louis1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja74 ,washington ,co4 #fd4 ,beaucoup1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja74 ,randolph ,co4 #fe4 ,chester1 ,mammut 7p4 #aja72 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 ,gallatin ,co4 #ff4 ,equality1 ,elephas sp4 indet4 7p4 #age74 #fg4 ,shawneetown1 ,mastodon 7p4 #ajj72 ,castoroides 7p4 #bgh74 ,alexander ,co4 #fh4 ,cairo1 ,elephas primigenius 7p4 #adj74 ,illustration3 ,,map #ci4 ,,explanation ,,of ,,map #ci4 ,map of ,coastal ,plain of ,north ,carolina1 showing the localities where fossil organisms have been found1 what they are1 and their relation to the terraces4 ,the fossils consist of plants1 mollusks1 and mammals4 ,each group is indicated by a differently shaped black spot4 ,the information regarding the plants and mollusks has been obtained from ,dr4 ,l4 ,w4 ,stephenson's report on the geology of ,north ,carolina1 volume ,,iii1 #aiab1 pages #bff-cjc4 ,,plants4 #a4 ,weldon1 ,northampton ,co41 ,wicomico4 #b4 ,dupree ,landing1 ,edgecombe ,co41 ,chowan4 #c4 ,seven ,springs1 ,wayne ,co41 ,chowan84 #d4 ,four ,oaks1 ,johnson ,co41 ,coharie4 #e4 ,fayetteville1 ,cumberland ,co41 ,coharie4 #f4 ,wade1 ,cumberland ,co41 ,sunderland84 #g4 ,williamston1 ,bertie ,co41 ,pamlico4 #h4 #aj miles below ,newbern1 ,craven ,co41 ,pamlico4 #i4 ,southport1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,,mollusks4 #a4 ,dismal ,swamp1 ,gates ,co41 ,pamlico84 #b4 ,belhaven1 ,beaufort ,co41 ,pamlico84 #c4 ,newbern1 ,craven ,co41 ,pamlico84 #d4 #af miles below ,newbern1 ,craven ,co41 ,pamlico84 #e4 ,fort ,fisher1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,pamlico84 #f4 ,carolina ,beach1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,pamlico84 #g4 ,near ,southport1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,pamlico84 #h4 ,ft4 ,caswell1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,pamlico84 #i4 ,swanquarter1 ,hyde ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,,mammals4 #a4 ,rocky ,mound1 ,nash ,co41 ,sunderland4 ,mastodon4 #b4 ,tarboro1 ,edgecombe ,co41 ,wicomico4 ,mastodon4 #c4 ,plymouth1 ,washington ,co41 ,pamlico84 ,horse4 #d4 ---- ,wilson ,co41 ----8 ,mastodon4 #e4 ---- ,pitt ,co41 ,wicomico8 ,mastodon1 horse4 #f4 ,goldsboro1 ,wayne ,co41 ,sunderland or ,wicomico4 ,mastodon4 #g4 #af miles below ,newbern1 ,craven ,co41 ,pamlico4 ,horse mastodon1 etc4 #h4 ,maysville1 ,jones ,co41 ,pamlico4 ,mastodon4 #i4 ,duplin ,co41 ,wicomico or ,sunderland4 ,mastodon4 #aj4 ,jacksonville1 ,onslow ,co41 ,chowan8 ,mastodon4 #aa4 ,harlowe1 ,carteret ,co41 ,pamlico ,co4 ,mastodon1 elephant4 #ab4 ,elizabethtown1 ,bladen ,co41 ,sunderland or ,wicomico4 ,horse4 #ac4 ---- ,pender ,co41 ,chowan or ,wicomico4 ,mastodon4 #ad4 #aj miles below ,wilmington1 ,new ,hanover ,co41 ,chowan8 ,mastodon1 elephant4 ,illustration3 ,,map #dj4 ,region about ,savannah1 ,georgia1 and ,skidaway ,island4 ,redrawn from ,hodgson's ,memoir4 ,illustration3 ,,map #da4 ,bigbone ,lick and vicinity1 ,kentucky4 ,after ,cooper4 ,,index ,abbott1 ,c4 ,c41 #acb1 #bdf ,aberdeen1 ,mississippi1 #bcd ,abingdon1 ,virginia1 #aac1 #ahi ,academy ,natural ,sciences ,phila41 #fd1 #bdb ,accomac ,co41 ,virginia1 #bh1 #bi1 #ceb ,acipenser sturio1 #caa ,adams1 ,a4 ,l41 #aha ,adams1 ,c4 ,c41 #cc ,adams1 ,j4 ,d41 #cci ,adams ,co41 ,illinois1 #cce2 ,mississippi1 #dj1 #abe1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bcc1 #bfd1 #bhj ,addison ,point1 ,maine1 #bc ,adelonycteris fuscus1 #cih ,adrian1 ,michigan1 #hj1 #bbg1 #bcg1 #bge1 #cca nocyon1 #ad2 ,a4 ayersi1 #cff1 #chb1 #cie2 ,a4 dirus1 #cb1 #ahg1 #bbh1 #beg1 #cbb1 #ccd1 #cfe1 #djd2 ,a4 mississippiensis1 #ccg ,atobatis narinari1 #chb1 #chc ,aftonian horizon1 #b1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #aa2 in ,alabama1 #che2 in ,florida1 #cgc1 #cha1 #chc2 in ,indiana1 #cc2 in ,long ,island1 #bie2 in ,new ,jersey1 #cja1 #cjb2 in ,ohio1 #ccj2 in ,pennsylvania1 #cag2 in ,south ,carolina1 #cfg2 in ,tennessee1 #djj2 in ,wisconsin1 #cdd ,aftonian stage1 #ae1 #cc1 #bhc1 #cjb1 #cfg1 #cgb1 #cgi1 #chd ,aftonius1 #ad ,agassiz1 ,l41 #adh ,agriotherium1 #ae2 ,a4 schneideri1 #chj ,alabama1 #dj2 ,elephas imperator in1 #afd2 ,equid in1 #bjj2 extinct bisons in1 #bfd2 geology of1 #chd2 mastodons in1 #abd2 ,xenarthra in1 #dj ,alabama ,river1 #che ,alachua clays1 #ae1 #aba1 #bbd1 #bcb ,alachua ,co41 ,florida1 #cg1 #aba1 #aie1 #bjf1 #baa1 #bbd1 #bcb1 #bfb1 #cge ,alachua formation1 #aj1 #cge1 #cgh 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