,,hippodrome ,,skat+ ,,book1 by 8,*>lotte0 ,to ,,*>les ,,dill+ham1 ,,esq41 ,,to ,,:om ,i ,,owe ,a ,,debt ,,( ,,gratitude ,,= ,,my ,,am]ican ,,fame1 ,,& ,,to ,,:om ,,all ,,skat]s ,,are ,,?ankful ,,= ,,! ,,/imulat+ ,,influ5ce ,,8 ,,ent]prise ,,has ,,_h ,,9 ,,reviv+ ,,int]e/ ,,9 ,,am]ica ,,9 ,,! ,,greate/ ,,( ,,all ,,a?letic ,,pa/imes1 ,,?is ,,little ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$1 ,illu/ration3 ,*>lotte ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,! ,,hippodrome ,,skat+ ,,club ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration3 ,,salutation4 ,,hippodrome ,,skat+ ,,book ,,practical1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,lessons ,,9 ,,! ,,art ,,( ,,figure ,,skat+ ,,z ,,exemplifi$ ,,by 8,*>lotte0 ,greate/ ,woman ,skat] 9 ! ,_w ,,premi]e ,,9 ,,! ,,ice ,,ballet ,,new ,,york ,,hippodrome ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,figures ,,advanc$ ,,s*ool ,,figures ,,pair ,,skat+ ,,& ,,waltz+ ,,exhibitions ,,& ,,competitions ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,! ,,hippodrome ,,skat+ ,,club #ggj ,,six? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte40 ,,cont5ts4 ,*apt] #a-- ,,! ,,"r ,,equipm5t1 ,skates1 ,%oes1 ,co/umes1 etc4 ,page #aa #b-- ,correct ,=m ( ,skat+ ,page #ae ,illu/rat$ ,page #ag #c-- ,outside ,circles1 =w>d ,page #ah #d-- ,,pla9 ,,circles1 ,inside ,edge ,=w>d ,page #bb ,illu/rat$ ,page #bb #e-- ,,outside ,,circles1 ,backw>d ,page #bf ,illu/rat$ ,page #bg #f-- ,,inside ,,circles1 ,backw>d ,page #cj ,illu/rat$ ,page #cc #g-- ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,=w>d2 ,outside to ,inside ,page #cd #h-- ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,=w>d2 ,inside to ,outside ,page #cf ,illu/rat$ ,pages #cf-cg-ch #i-- ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,backw>d2 ,outside to ,inside & ,inside to ,outside ,page #dj ,illu/rat$ ,pages #dj-dd #aj-- ,,?rees--,=w>d & ,backw>d ,page #de ,illu/rat$ ,pages #df-dg #aa-- ,,d\ble ,,?rees ,=w>d ,page #di #ab-- ,,d\ble ,,?rees ,backw>d ,page #ec #ac-- ,,loops1 ,=w>d ,page #ee ,illu/rat$ ,pages #ef-eh #ad-- ,,loops1 ,backw>d ,page #ei ,illu/rat$ ,pages #fj-fa #ae-- ,,brackets ,page #fc ,illu/rat$ ,page #fe #af-- ,,rock]s2 ,outside ,=w>d & ,outside ,backw>d ,page #fg #ag-- ,,rock]s2 ,inside ,=w>d & ,inside ,backw>d ,page #gj #ah-- ,,c\nt]s ,page #gc ,illu/rat$ ,page #gd #ai-- ,! ,advanc$ ,s*ool ,figures ,page #ge ,illu/rat$ ,page #gf #bj-- ,o!r ,important ,figures ,page #gg ,illu/rat$ ,pages #fi-gb-hc #ba-- ,,free ,,skat+ ,page #gi ,illu/rat$ ,page #hj #bb-- ,pair ,skat+ ,page #ha #bc-- ,competitions & ,judg+ ,page #ij #bd-- ,skat+ ,ponds & ,r9ks ,page #ib ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 />t+ ! "r inside edge =w>d4 ,,introduction4 ,am]icans ought to be ! greate/ skat]s 9 ! _w4 ,!y are a?letic p1 lov]s ( outdoor sports & _! c\ntry is situat$ 9 ! l>ge/ tract ( ! ,nor? ,temp]ate zone occupi$ by any "o nation 9 ! _w4 ,9 ?is zone is f\nd suffici5t cold wea!r to produce a great deal ( natural ice & at ! same "t su* agreeable wea!r z to r5d] ! use ( t ice1 = sport1 attractive & exhil>at+4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,unit$ ,/ates is m =tunately situat$ ?an any ( ! c\ntries ( nor!rn ,europe4 ,?is little book is int5d$ z a /imulus & enc\ragem5t t[>d ice skat+ among ,am]icans4 ,x is int5d$ z mu* = wom5 z = m54 ,!re are no physical reasons :y wom5 %\ld n skate q z well z m54 ,skat+ is a matt] ( balance & grace1 n /r5g?4 ,"y girls (t5 become v exp]t skat]s1 do+ all ! difficult feats t gr[n m5 accompli%4 ,up to )9 a few ye>s ago1 ! figure skat+ *ampion%ips ( ,europe 7 op5 to bo? m5 & wom5 on equal t]ms4 ,p]haps ! fact t wom5 excell$ 9 grace 0 p>tially responsible = ! sep>ation ( ! sexes 9 ^! *ampion%ips4 ,mu* att5tion is paid 9 ! book to ! fundam5tal /rokes1 call$ s*ool figures4 ,^! are ! f\ndation ( all figure skat+4 ,aft] !y h be5 fully ma/]$ ! skat] w probably discov] a t5d5cy to adopt an individual /yle & make up special figures suit$ to individual physical or temp]am5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,"o skat]1 = in/ance1 w especially enjoy sp9s & :irls2 ano!r w incl9e t[>d big1 %[y spirals2 ano!r w develop individual skill 9 two-foot movem5ts su* z grapev9es1 etc4 ,skat+1 l e o!r f9e sport1 becomes an expression ( individuality4 ,! f\ndation rules mu/ fir/ be le>n$1 aft] :i* p]sonal *oice w direct ! skat] t[>d special figures mo/ to 8 or h] lik+4 ,skat+ is a sport = ev]ybody--girls & boys1 "y p & old p4 ,x c be />t$ 9 extreme *ildhood & enjoy$ f> into old age4 ,x c be a fa/1 /r5u\s ex]cise or a g5tle enjoym5t ( poetic motion4 ,x /imulates heal?1 prompts to :olesome life out ( doors1 is a social div]sion &1 9 its be/ developm5t1 requires consid]able m5tal application4 ,9 e respect x is an ideal sport = p ( any nation1 especially ^? situat$ :]e natural ice is f\nd or artificial ice is provid$4 ,illu/ration ,frontispiece & cov] design by ,mr4 ,k>l ,/russ4 ,portrait ,/udy1 page f\r1 by ,c\nt ,/reclecki4 ,all o!r photographs pos$ = at ,:ite's ,/udio4 ,i wi% to ?ank my ,am]ican skat+ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,james ,a4 ,cruik%ank ( ,new ,york1 = 8 assi/ance 9 ! arrangem5t ( ?is book & = prep>ation ( ! manuscript = ! pr9t]4 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 on "r inside edge =w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*>lotte',s p]sonal equipm5t = skat+4 ,,*apt] #a4 ,,! ,,"r ,,equipm5t1 ,,skates1 ,,%oes1 ,,co/umes1 ,c4 ,skat+ on ice is ! be/ sport 9 ! _w4 ,x is also ! be/ me?od 9 ! _w = develop+ grace ( c>riage1 supple muscles & f9e heal? ?r\gh a fasc9at+ ex]cise4 ,i h tri$ all ! v>i\s sports1 includ+ swimm+1 f5c+1 danc+1 t5nis & m\nta9 climb+1 & !re is none to comp>e ) ice skat+4 ,/range z x may seem1 ice skat+ w bo? r$uce fat & add fat2 if mildly foll[$ z a regul> ex]cise x w /imulate appetite1 dige/ion & t ze/ 9 life :i* makes = heal?y1 r\nd$ physique )\t sup]flu\s fat4 ,if p]si/$ 9 vigor\sly1 x w r$uce flabby fat into smoo? muscle4 ,x is especially good = ! r$uction ( fat ar\nd ! wai/ & hips4 ,skat+ to music is ! mo/ rhy?mic ( all ex]cises & f> surpasses danc+ 9 enjoym5t & b5efit4 ,danc+ g5]ally implies ! ne$ ( a p>tn] :o dances equally well1 :ile skat+ is a sport :i* c be enjoy$ ) a p>tn] or )\t "o4 ,9 fact1 ! m exp]t "o becomes 9 skat+ ! less "o is dep5d5t ^u any "o else = ! pleasure ( ! sport4 ,to skate prop]ly or to le>n to skate1 ! "r equipm5t is absolutely ess5tial4 ,! skate is ! fir/ ess5tial2 "o may skate fairly well ) %oes :i* are inappropriate or co/ume :i* ret>ds free action1 b ) ! wrong skates x is impossible to le>n ! art4 ,! prop] skate has two /an*ions or uprights runn+ f ! blade to ! foot & heel plates4 ,!re seems to be sci5tific w>rant = ! /atem5t t ?is me?od ( con/ruction makes x 8run f>!r40 ,! old patt]n hav+ ?ree /an*ions or supports has be5 disc>d$ by ! be/ skat]s ( all skat+ c\ntries = ye>s4 ,! toe ( ! skate %\ld curve up & ar\nd ! toe ( ! %oe1 9 _m patt]ns ev5 t\*+ ! sole ( ! %oe 9 front4 ,?is curv$ front is deeply cut 9 ) v %>p sawtee?1 & x is on ^! sawtee? t s _m ( my pir\ettes & pivots & dance /eps are made4 ,! height ( ! foot plate f ! ice is mu* less ?an t ( ! heel plate f ! ice1 :i* naturally ?r[s ! skat] into a =w>d balance4 ,mo/ ( ! "t ,i am skat+ ^u ! "p ( ! skate directly "u ! ball ( my foot4 ,! curve ( ! blade f toe to heel is ab\t a n9e foot radius4 ,my skates are v light1 weigh+ only f\r ounces4 ,i advocate a light skate1 & ,i ?9k t mo/ ( ! skates be+ us$ are too heavy4 ,z "o becomes m exp]t1 light] skates become m important1 = 9 sp9s & turns on "o foot ! weight ( ! %oe & skate c s]i\sly affect ! balance & ?r[ ! skat] into a false curve4 ,= ab\t two in*es along ! blade ( my skate1 almo/ directly "u ! ball ( my foot1 ,i h a slightly flatt5$ space :i* p]mits ! imm5se curves & spirals ,i execute4 ,^! w\ld be impossible ) a %>ply curv$ blade4 ,! blade ( my skate is splay$--t is1 x is wid] at ! c5tre ?an at ! toe & heel4 ,i h q a deep groove gr\nd 9 my skates1 & ,i h ! out] edge ( ! skate slightly l[] ?an ! inn] edge4 ,! height ( ! skate above ! ice is n v important4 ,"s ( ! exp]ts favor great height4 ,my skates are built comp>atively l[4 ,! flat blad$ skate ought n to be us$ by any "o :o wi%es to le>n figure skat+4 ,! hockey skate is ! "r skate = hockey1 b ! wrong skate = any?+ else4 ,to le>n on t type ( skate means t ! skat] mu/ le>n all ov] aga9 :5 figure skat+ is attempt$4 ,i am glad to he> t "s ( ! ,am]ican manufactur]s are ev5 mak+ _! hockey skates ) a curv$ blade1 s t ! simple curves c be le>n$ on t type ( skate4 ,!re are sev]al excell5t models ( skates n[ be+ made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! skat+ %oe %\ld fit v snug ar\nd ! heel & ov] ! in/ep1 & %\ld be comp>atively high1 sev5 or eight in*es be+ my pref]5ce4 ,! heel ( ! %oe %\ld be high] ?an t ( ! sport+ or tramp+ or golf %oe n[ be+ worn by ! ,am]ican woman4 ,x is important to get su* skates & %oes z w ?r[ ! balance ( ! body =w>d onto ! ball ( ! foot :5 "o /&s on ! ice4 ,?is c only be done by rais+ ! heel ( ! foot1 p>tly ?r\gh ! design ( ! skate & p>tly ?r\gh ! height ( ! heel ( ! %oe4 ,b no su* ?+ z ,fr5* heels are int5d$ or advocat$1 ( c\rse4 ,! %oe %\ld lace f close to ! toes up & %\ld be a comp>atively /raight la/4 ,a /rong1 /iff lea!r l9$ %oe %\ld be ! fir/ *oice4 ,aft]w>d1 z ! ankles /r5g!n1 a light] %oe c be worn4 ,i (t5 skate 9 l[ %oes1 my ankles are s /rong1 & ! only tr\ble ,i f9d ) my l[ %oes is t ! heel slips out 9 ! toe sp94 ,artificial braces are sometimes valuable aids to ! beg9n]4 ,! be/ braces consi/ ( a b&age wrapp$ c>efully ar\nd ! ankle & foot "u ! /ock+4 ,a /iff piece ( lea!r set inside ! %oe betwe5 ! /ock+ & ! %oe is an excell5t brace4 ,x c be remov$ z ! skat] ga9s /r5g?4 ,! %oe %\ld n be lac$ s tight z to /op circulation or to int]f]e ) ! play ( ! toes1 b x %\ld be capable ( be+ lac$ ) rigid firmness ar\nd ! in/ep4 ,skat+ is h>d on ! feet at fir/ & makes !m sore & t5d]4 ,a ?9 lisle or wool /ock+ is advisable = ! beg9n]1 & cold ba?s w soo! & /r5g!n ! foot muscles4 ,! co/ume = skat+ may n[ include practically all v>ieties ( design & mat]ial1 rang+ f silk to lea!r1 ! late/ fad4 ,n[h]e c a woman look pretti] & n[h]e c %e look less attractive ?an on ! ice4 ,"s items are ess5tial1 h[ev]4 ,! mat]ial ( ! skat+ co/ume ought to be some?+ :i* does n bulk up1 some?+ :i* falls into naturally graceful curves & /raight5s out quickly4 ,an und]g>m5t ( silk or sat9 9 ! =m ( a petticoat1 bloom]s or knick]bock]s is important 9 skat+ any difficult or spectacul> figures1 s9ce x s]ves to keep ! g[n f bun*+ ar\nd ! legs4 ,! skirt %\ld be comp>atively snug ar\nd ! hips & free1 ev5 slightly fl>+1 ar\nd ! edge4 ,fur b&s ar\nd ! edge ( ! skirt give an air ( appropriat5ess4 ,! new unre/ra9$ & some:at bold way ( skat+ necessitates skirts :i* p]mit fre$om 9 ! sw++ & spread ( ! legs4 ,a petticoat or %ort skirt ( ?9 wov5 ela/ic goods1 especially if ( silk1 makes an ideal und]g>m5t = ! skat]1 :e!r beg9n] or exp]t4 ,! l5g? ( ! skirt %\ld be ab\t to ! tops ( ! skat+ %oes4 ,s5sible co/umes are n[ be+ adopt$ by ! be/ skat]s ( all c\ntries4 ,"o %\ld z soon ?9k ( swimm+ 9 a long skirt z skat+ 9 "o4 ,! skirt :i* rea*es to ! middle ( ! calf w be f\nd bo? com=table & graceful4 ,my skat+ co/ume at ! ,hippodrome is probably reg>d$ z v d>+1 b ,i wi% e woman :o skates might te/ = h]self h[ com=table x is4 ,!re is a /imulus 9 suitable co/umes :i* x is impossible to get any o!r way4 ,skat+ is wor? a pretty & appropriate co/ume1 & su* a co/ume w la/ = ye>s & be always 9 /yle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,int]national ,,skate ,,/yle ( ,am]ican ,manufacture4 ,note3--,! ,,*>lotte ,,skate1 design$ & us$ by ,,*>lotte1 is n z yet be+ manufactur$ 9 ,am]ica1 b x w be on ! m>ket next w9t]4 ,^? :o desire ?is skate %\ld accept none z ! g5u9e ,,*>lotte ,skate unless /amp$ ) h] trade-m>k on ! side ( ! runn]4 ,,*apt] #b4 ,,correct ,,=m ,,9 ,,skat+4 ,! trac+ ( c]ta9 set figures on ! ice is by no means all !re is to figure skat+4 ,! correct c>riage ( ! head & body1 ! arms & ! balance leg are n m]ely an important "p ( ! sport2 !y are ev5 ! v basis on :i* good m>ks are giv5 9 all s]i\s competitions4 ,no skat] wi%es to look l a freak on ! ice4 ,to avoid x "o mu/ cultivate ! "r c>riage & balance f ! />t4 ,c]ta9 accept$ rules are 9 vogue among ! ,european skat]s :i* t5d to make skat+ graceful4 ,!y %\ld be memoriz$ c>efully & foll[$ e "t ! skat] goes on ! ice4 ,! head %\ld be c>ri$ erect4 ,mom5t>y look+ d[n at ! ice to see :]e to place a figure is p]mitt$ b ! habit ( a droop+ c>riage ( ! head %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,x is z unnecess>y z x is ungraceful4 ,! arms %\ld n be held close to ! body nor %\ld !y be flung viol5tly ab\t4 ,if ! =m] position is tak5 ! skat] looks /iff & awkw>d4 ,if too wide rea*+ out ( ! arms is p]mitt$ ! skat] appe>s to be grasp+ at imag9>y /raws l a dr[n+ man4 ,bo? extremes are bad b ( ! two x is bett] to all[ ! arms fre$om ( poise & c>ry !m gracefully ext5d$ ?an /iffly hung to ! sides ( ! body4 ,f5c+ & int]pretive or folk danc+ furni% int]e/+ examples ( ! "r use ( ! arms dur+ vigor\s action4 ,! individuality ( ! skat] is (t5 reveal$ by ! c>riage ( ! arms z mu* z by ! trac+ ( ! figures4 ,b5d+ ( ! body f ! hips1 sidewise1 is nei!r necess>y nor p]missible4 ,x is a fault :i* beg9n]s adopt f fe> ( fall+4 ,b ! %>p edge ( ! skate su/a9s ! body 9 its tempor>y violation ( ! law ( gravitation4 ,take a firm edge & let ! body lean z mu* z is necess>y or desir$4 ,"s skat]s take a mu* /rong] edge ?an o!rs & !re=e lean m ?an o!rs4 ,! m5 ought to be told t !re is no?+ m ungraceful or unsuitable = skat+ ?an long tr\s]s4 ,knick]bock]s & tight fitt+ coats ) j a bit ( milit>y cut are ! "r co/ume = ! m5 :o w\ld skate well & look well4 ,! be/ ,european skat]s among ! m5 all skate 9 wool5 tights1 b !y are a little !atrical & d n always s]ve to increase "o's admiration = ! we>]4 ,b5d+ ! body =w>d or backw>d f ! wai/ is g5]ally only tempor>y & = ! purpose ( obta9+ /rong impetus = an initial /roke or add+ p[] to a /roke already />t$4 ,9 g5]al ! c>riage ( ! body %\ld be upright1 ) ! *e/ exp&$ & ! %\ld]s held back4 ,! skat+ leg %\ld be b5t at ! knee4 ,?is b5d+ may be increas$ occasionally to ga9 p[] b ! /raight5+ up ( ! body %\ld almo/ imm$iately foll[4 ,too mu* b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee makes an ungraceful appe>ance4 ,! balance leg %\ld be c>ri$ some:at away f ! skat+ leg1 ) ! knee well b5t & ! foot turn$ outw>d & d[nw>d4 ,! knees %\ld seldom t\* 9 skat+ & %\ld nev] be held close toge!r = any consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,9 "s figures !re are tempor>y & necess>y violations ( bo? ( ^! rules4 ,! position & c>riage ( ! h&s h v mu* to d ) ! effect creat$ by ! skat]4 ,!y %\ld be ext5d$ gracefully1 ) ! f+]s nei!r /ret*$ out nor cl5*$ & ) ! palms turn$ d[n or t[>d ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circle4 ,"r outside edge1 =w>d4 7,,r(7 ,,*apt] #c4 ,,outside ,,circles1 ,,=w>d4 ,/>t ) ! idea t good skat+ is a h>d ?+ to acquire4 ,x is4 ,= ! same reason x is int]e/+4 ,easy ?+s nev] hold _! int]e/ v long4 ,graceful skat+ implies p]sev]ance & det]m9ation4 ,x requires close application to "r pr9ciples f ! v />t & rigid conc5tration ^u a numb] ( important rules1 sev]al ( :i* ! skat] w h to keep 9 m9d dur+ ! mom5t ( execution ( any figures4 ,b ! fact t x is ! *os5 sport ( mo/ ( ! p dwell+ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! _w1 wom5 z well z m51 proves t x is n too difficult to p]man5tly hold ! en?usiasm ( lov]s ( outdoor sport4 ,curves are ! fundam5tal figures 9 skat+4 ,true1 ! rac+ skate & ! hockey skate p]mit only /raight /rokes1 b ^! skates are a developm5t ( ! sport by :i* great] spe$ or /eadi] position aga9/ attack is obta9$4 ,graceful skat+ & ! execution ( figures on ! ice are impossible )\t ! prop] skate4 ,! fir/ figures to le>n1 & ! basis ( all fur!r progress 9 ! art1 are ! outside edge circles4 ,! outside edge ( ! skate is ! edge fur!/ away f ! body4 ,!re is an outside edge on ea* skate & ?is edge c be us$ to skate =w>d or backw>d2 !re are1 !re=e1 f\r outside edge circles1 "o on "r =w>d1 "o on left =w>d1 "o on "r backw>d & "o on left backw>d4 ,= conv5i5ce & simplicity ^! edges are (t5 designat$ ?us3 ,,r(1 mean+ "r outside =w>d1 etc4 ,! mo/ important ?+s to h 9 m9d z "o skates ! elem5t>y figure are c>riage1 poise & delib]ation4 ,if ! body is correctly pois$ a slight /roke w c>ry ! skat] 9 ! "r direction2 no am\nt ( /ra9+ or kick+ w cause ! skate to execute ! "r figures if ! body ov] t skate is 9 ! wrong position or wrong balance4 ,my own skat+ z head ( ! ice ballet at ! ,new ,york ,hippodrome is fa/ & spectacul>1 ,i admit2 x has to be s to be !atric1 to cat* ! cr[d1 to />tle ! s5sation seek]4 ,b x is n q s fa/ :5 ,i am skat+ = my own amusem5t4 ,size is ! next mo/ important consid]ation 9 skat+ ! elem5t>y or s*ool figures4 ,all ! pla9 circles %\ld be made z l>ge z possible )\t sacrific+ correct balance all ! way to ! end ( ! curve4 ,! ,european skat]s make ! pla9 circles1 9 ! =m ( an eight1 ) a diamet] ( fifte5 to tw5ty feet4 ,! beg9n] w f9d ab\t eight feet z l>ge a circle z c be made )\t loss ( poise1 b ?is dep5ds also ^u ! "q ( size & /r5g? ( ! skat] & :e!r man or woman4 ,x is ess5tial t ! skat] le>n to use bo? feet equally well4 ,if "o foot is h>d] ?an ! o!r to manage1 x mu/ be skat$ ) m (t5 until equal skill is atta9$4 ,x w g5]ally be f\nd t "r h&$ p]sons are m pr(ici5t 9 skat+ ) ! left foot & vice v]sa4 ,to skate ea* figure equally well on ei!r foot is n m]ely ! "r /&>d to set2 x w be f\nd fundam5tal to ! correct execution ( figures imply+ a rev]se direction1 & x is ! basis ( success 9 pair skat+4 ,n[ we are ready to /rike out on ! "r outside edge4 ,/& ) feet toge!r4 ,get y\r />t on ! "r foot by press+ ! left skate1 by its edge1 n by its po9t1 firmly aga9/ ! ice4 ,b5d ! skat+ knee a good deal1 almo/ s9k on x1 some?+ 9 ! mann] ( ! danc+ dip1 & lunge /rongly =w>d1 lean+ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,! left leg %\ld foll[ well beh9d1 & a little across ! pr9t1 ) ! knee b5t & ! toe turn$ out1 & ! body %\ld be turn$ or twi/$ s t ! "r %\ld] is almo/ directly ov] ! "r foot4 ,?is w br+ ! body flatly 9 l9e ) ! m>k on ! ice :i* ! skate is mak+4 ,?is m>k is call$ ! pr9t4 7,see ! diagram = ! fir/ skat+ position ne> ! fea!rs ( ! arr[47 ,! arms w take _! correct1 natural position1 ! "r arm be+ held well up & curv$ ar\nd ! brea/ at a di/ance ( ab\t six in*es & ! left arm well ext5d$ directly beh9d ! body4 ,?is g5]al position %\ld be su/a9$ dur+ "o-half ( ! circle4 ,!n sl[ly br+ ! balance foot pa/ ! skat+ foot1 turn+ ! toe 9 & b5d+ ! knee ( ! balance foot z x is c>ri$ =w>d4 ,x mu/ be kept v close to ! skat+ foot 9 pass+1 o!rwise !re w be a t5d5cy = its weight to sw+ ! skat] out ( ! true circle he is mak+4 ,! fact t ! balance leg1 :i* 0 be+ c>ri$ beh9d ! body1 has n[ be5 br\ght 9 front ( x1 implies t a complete *ange 9 ! balance ( ! body has tak5 place4 ,up to a little m ?an "o-half ( ! circle ! body has be5 held /rongly =w>d2 z ! foot passes ! skat+ leg ! body assumes fir/ a /raight & !n a slightly backw>d balance4 ,! arms1 too1 h be5 s]v+ to comp5sate ! balance4 ,at fir/ !y are held well t[>d ! left or beh9d4 ,z ! body twi/s or turns into ! new position & ! %\ld]s are br\ght squ>e ) ! direction ( ! pr9t1 ! arms sl[ly sw+ =w>d &1 f be+ held on ! outside ( ! circle at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke1 are f\nd on ! inside ( ! circle at ! end ( ! /roke4 ,! g5]al pr9ciple ( skat+ implies t ! arms & ! legs are us$ = comp5sat+ balances 9 almo/ e /roke4 ,:5 ! arms are on "o side ( ! body ! leg is on ! o!r4 ,!re are a v few violations ( ?is broad pr9ciple1 b !y are associat$ ) ! execution ( extremely complicat$ figures4 ,! body p]=ms a gradual & almo/ complete rotation dur+ ! execution ( ! =w>d outside circles4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ! back is t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle1 at ! end ( ! /roke "o faces ! c5tre4 ,! twi/+ ( ! body dur+ ! /roke %\ld be fir/ at ! %\ld]s & aft]w>d at ! hips4 ,b c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ n to make ?is twi/+ conspicu\s4 ,x mu/ be gradual1 delib]ate & almo/ unnoticeable4 ,9 fact1 x is difficult to believe z "o writes ab\t ! /roke t all ^! *anges ( poise & balance are tak+ place4 ,x is excell5t practice to /& 9 ! v>i\s positions on "o's floor & get !m cle>ly 9 m9d4 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 9 novel kid skat+ co/ume4 ,,*apt] #d4 ,,pla9 ,,circles1 ,,inside ,,edge ,,=w>d4 ,next to ! outside edges 9 importance are ! inside edges4 ,inde$1 x is m accurate to say t !y are ( equal importance4 ,= "s reasons ! inside edge des]ves ! premi] position 9 skat+4 ,spectacul> & exhibition skat+ probably draws into use m bold inside edges ?an x does outside edges4 ,!re is a c]ta9 attraction ab\t ! pois$ body execut+ ! inside edge t ! outside edge lacks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circle4 ,"r inside edge1 =w>d4 7,,rif7 ,_m ( my own big sweep+ curves foll[+ quick dance /eps are on ! inside edges & !y h come to me )\t any especial analysis ( ! reasons = _! introduction4 ,! fact t !y h work$ !mselves into my v>i$ programme implies t ,i f9d !m bo? agreeable & natural4 ,! outside edge may be said to be an unnatural balance1 almo/ a false balance4 ,! weight ( ! body1 if x is held erect ov] ! pr9t or m>k :i* is be+ execut$ 9 ! outside edge circle1 is outside ( ! circle1 :]e x has a natural t5d5cy to pull ! skat] away f ! circle he is try+ to execute4 ,?is pull has to be c\nt]act$ by lean+ ! body well t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle :i* is be+ skat$4 ,!re are _m comp5sat+ & at ! same "t conflict+ balances 9 ! outside edge circles :i* make !m m difficult ?an ! inside edge circles4 ,! inside edge circles1 on ! o!r h&1 especially ^? skat$ =w>d1 are 9 "s respects ! mo/ natural & easy balances 9 ! :ole s*ool ( skat+ figures4 ,!y are ! mo/ natural /roke = any beg9n] to take4 ,x is sometimes well to all[ a beg9n] to />t ) ^! inside circles m]ely = ! enc\ragem5t :i* _! comp>atively easy accompli%m5t w br+ to ! pupil4 ,! m difficult outside edges c be gradually work$ into ! practice4 ,! reason :y ! inside pla9 circles =w>d are easy1 is f\nd 9 ! fact t ! natural balance ( ! body1 pois$ on ei!r skate1 has a /rong t5d5cy to ! inn] curve4 ,! weight ( ! body is 9 ! inside ( ! circle :i* x is propos$ to execute1 n outside1 :]e a pull out ( ! direction ( "r progress is con/antly at "w4 ,on ! inside edges ! body has opportunity to sw+ z a p5dulum 9 a natural curve :i* has a t5d5cy to end 9 a spiral4 ,! fact t a spiral almo/ inv>iably results f ! uncorrect$ inside edge s]ves to prove t ! /roke is a natural & correct skat+ position4 ,b s9ce ! spiral is ! v ?+ t mu/ n be p]mitt$ to ent] into ! execution ( ! pla9 inside circles1 at lea/ until ! skat] has fully ma/]$ all ! s*ool figures1 !re mu/ be c>eful correction ( ! balance to r\nd out ! inside edges into full circles & prev5t !m f becom+ spirals4 ,! outside edges :i* we /udi$ 9 ! la/ lesson are h>d4 ,! inside edges are mu* easi]4 ,b !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal ?+s to rememb] 9 ! inside edge circles4 ,& unless !y are rememb]$ ! figure _c be execut$ prop]ly4 ,! circle w insi/ ^u becom+ a spiral 9 spite ( all ! skat] c d unless ^! few f\ndation pr9ciples are ma/]$4 ,an excell5t me?od = le>n+ to skate1 se5 con/antly on ! skat+ floors ( ,europe1 is ! little book or ev5 ! page f ! book1 held 9 ! h& ( ! skat] & /udi$ con/antly z ! figure is practis$4 ,x is difficult to rememb] ! v>i\s poses & *anges ( c>riage4 ,! mo/ important item to rememb] 9 ! inside =w>d edges is ! c>riage ( ! %\ld]s & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are sl[ly turn$ dur+ ! execution ( ! circle4 ,next to t 9 importance is ! c>riage ( ! balance leg4 ,"h let me repeat t x is almo/ inv>iably true 9 skat+ t ! correct balance z well z ! mo/ graceful poise is f\nd :5 ! arms & h&s are us$ to comp5sate ! weight ( ! balance leg4 ,if ! balance leg is inside ! circle :i* is be+ skat$1 ! arms w g5]ally be c>ri$ outside & vice v]sa4 ,:5 ! balance leg is =w>d ( ! body !re w be a slightly backw>d poise2 :5 ! balance leg is c>ri$ f> beh9d ! body !re w be a /rong =w>d lean+ ( ! body4 ,if ?is g5]al pr9ciple is rememb]$ by ! ambiti\s beg9n] mu* w be ga9$ 9 progress t[>d correct c>riage4 ,n[ />t out on ! "r inside =w>d circle4 ,/>t f ! pu% ( ! left skate squ>ely press$ aga9/ ! ice1 n f ! toe ( ! skate4 ,b5d ! skat+ knee consid]ably1 take a firm hold ( ! ice ) ! inside edge ( ! skate1 lunge /rongly =w>d ) ! leg c>ri$ well beh9d1 knee b5t & toe turn$ out4 ,! %\ld]s1 at ! />t ( ! figure1 %\ld be twi/$ t[>d ! "r1 :i* w br+ ! left %\ld] =w>d2 ?is position is ma9ta9$ = ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! circle1 :5 ! %\ld]s are sl[ly br\ght squ>e ) ! pr9t & f ?is po9t to ! end ( ! circle ! "r %\ld] cont9ues to be br\ght =w>d until1 at ! end ( ! circle1 ! %\ld]s are almo/ 9 l9e ) ! pr9t4 ,:5 "o-half ( ! circle has be5 complet$1 ! balance leg1 :i* up to ?is "t has be5 c>ri$ well beh9d1 is sl[ly br\ght =w>d & c>ri$ pa/ ! skat+ leg1 ! body mean:ile sway+ f a =w>d to a backw>d balance to comp5sate ! weight ( ! leg 9 front4 ,z ! balance foot passes ! skat+ foot ! knee ( ! balance leg is well b5t1 ! toe turn$ out1 & ! foot c>ri$ z close to ! skat+ foot z possible4 ,!n ! balance leg is c>ri$ well to ! "r1 across ! pr9t & consid]ably elevat$ above ! skat+ knee4 ,! arms1 :i* 7 c>ri$ on ! "r ( ! body1 well elevat$1 at ! />t ( ! figure1 are sl[ly swung across to ! left ( ! body z ! balance leg sw+s =w>d & across ! pr9t4 ,! close ( ! figure is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & effective poses 9 ! :ole li/ ( s*ool figures4 ,unless ! balance leg is c>ri$ well =w>d & across ! pr9t1 ! body /raight5$ up & ! arms c>ri$ across simultane\s ) ! br++ =w>d ( ! balance leg1 ! figure w deg5]ate into a spiral4 ,f9i% ! figure z close to ! />t+ po9t z possible4 ,d x at lea/ ?ree times on ea* foot & practise mo/ on ! weak] foot4 ,illu/ration3 8,*>lotte0 ,pos$ 9 ,h] ,/age ,co/ume ,"r ,outside ,=w>d ,circle ,,*apt] #e4 ,,outside ,,circles1 ,,backw>d4 ,mo/ spectacul> & mo/ applaud$ ( all ! items on my programme 9 ! ice ballet 9 8,flirt+ at ,/4 ,moritz10 at ! ,hippodrome1 are ! backw>d outside edges or circles4 ,probably ! v simplicity ( !m adds to ! effect :i* !y create 9 ! m9d ( ! cr[ds4 ,! s]ies ( jumps :i* ,i make f a =w>d outside edge to a backw>d outside edge1 is n[h]e ne> z h>d z x appe>s4 ,& ! complete revolution 9 ! air :i* ,i make f "o outside backw>d edge to ! same edge aga9 is dep5d5t ^u ! accuracy & firmness ( ! outside edges4 ,^! are b two ( ! simple1 yet v spectacul> features ( my exhibition :i* are bas$ on ! outside backw>d edges4 ,! outside edges backw>d are v popul> = exhibition & spectacul> purposes4 ,b !y are fundam5tal figures :i* mu/ be ma/]$ by e skat] :o hopes to make real progress 9 ! mo/ beautiful ( all sports4 ,fir/ ! beg9n] mu/ get a little confid5ce 9 skat+ backw>d by :at is call$ 8scull+40 ,! fri5d or help] is m important 9 le>n+ ! fundam5tal backw>d figures ?an 9 ! =w>d figures4 ,! be/ position = ! help] :5 "o is le>n+ ! backw>d /rokes is fac+ ! beg9n]2 ?us ! beg9n] w skate backw>d & ! in/ructor or fri5d w skate =w>d1 "r h&s jo9$ to left h&s4 ,by a g5tle pu% f ! in/ructor or fri5d1 ! beg9n] is s5t backw>d4 ,!n %\ld beg9 ! wav+ l9es made by ! skates on ! ice z ! le>n] sways f side to side & ?r[s ! balance ( ! body f "o foot to ! o!r & f "o edge to ! o!r4 ,probably ! beg9n] w n realize t he is mak+ a scull+ or wav+ m>k on ! ice until he has exam9$ ! pr9t ( ! skates4 ,x is an excell5t practice to look at ! m>ks :i* y h made 9 ! ice4 ,(t5 ! accuracy ( a curve or circles1 or ! correct trac+ ( a ?ree or c\nt] or rock] w be impossible to det]m9e until ! pr9t has be5 exam9$4 ,! judges 9 all great conte/s /udy ! pr9t on ! ice z mu* z !y d ! c>riage ( ! skat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circle4 ,"r outside edge1 backw>d4 7,,rob7 ,! scull+ motion & /rokes %\ld be cont9u$ until ! skat] realizes t he is mak+ a slight outside edge ) ea* skate z 8 body *anges its balance4 ,!n le>n to take ! foot :i* is n be+ skat$ on1 (f ! ice1 c>ry x =w>d ( ! body t[>d ! help] & tru/ to ! outside edge ( ! skat+ foot4 ,:5 "s consid]able practice has be5 done 9 ?is mann] & a "p ( a circle c be accompli%$ on ! outside edge backw>d x is "t = ! beg9n] to />t ! full circles1 or at lea/ to le>n to make ! figure l>ge & try to get back to ! />t+ po9t4 ,! backw>d outside edges require n]ve & d>+4 ,"h ! skat]'s qualifications = ! sport w (t5 come out4 ,skat+ backw>d 9 any circum/ances is try+ "w to ! beg9n]1 & ! curi\s balance ( ! outside backw>d circles is a h>d ?+ to le>n :5 "o is at ! same "t di/ress$ by ! p]fectly natural fe> ( skat+ backw>d4 ,b make up y\r m9d1 cl5* y\r fi/s1 grit y\r tee? & pluckily g at x4 ,/&+ ) bo? feet toge!r on ! ice1 ! />t+ /roke is made by press+ firmly ) ! flat "p ( ! left skate on ! ice & lung+ backw>d /rongly on ! outside edge ( ! "r skate4 ,! *ief difficulty 9 ma/]+ ?is important figure comes f ! innate hesitancy ( ! beg9n] to ?r[ 8 balance backw>d4 ,if ?is backw>d lunge is firm & /rong1 m ?an half ! difficulty ( ! /roke has be5 ma/]$4 ,! balance left foot is c>ri$ across ! "r leg ) ! knee b5t & ! toe turn$ out & ! leg c>ri$ fairly high 9 ! air1 n dragg+ beh9d4 ,! %\ld]s rotate dur+ all ! circle edges1 z we h se5 9 ^? :i* h already be5 /udi$4 ,9 ! backw>d circle eights on ! "r foot1 ! left %\ld] %\ld be held well 9 front2 ?is position1 hold+ ! %\ld]s almo/ squ>e ) ! pr9t1 %\ld be ma9ta9$ ?r\gh ! circle4 ,! left foot1 :i* is c>ri$ across ! "r leg & 9 front ( ! skat] at ! />t ( ! /roke1 %\ld be br\ght sl[ly pa/ ! skat+ foot :5 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circle has be5 complet$1 !n c>ri$ well ext5d$ 9 a 8spread-eagle0 position to ! end ( ! circle4 ,?is is "o ( ! few /rokes 9 skat+ :]e b little *ange ( ! position ( ! arms occurs dur+ ! completion ( ! circle4 ,!y sl[ly turn ) ! %\ld]s & ma9ta9 a graceful pose1 ) h&s ext5d$ & palms d[nw>d4 ,! g5]al idea ( ! backw>d circle is to keep ! entire body1 arms & legs1 almo/ directly ov] & slightly inside ! pr9t2 its weight w t5d to sw+ ! body ar\nd z a revolv+ p5dulum4 ,! outside circle eights1 ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 are some:at =c$ or false balance1 s9ce ! body has to lean consid]ably t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle to get ! c5tre ( gravity 9 ! "r place4 ,^! articles are = beg9n]s1 & !y ought n to hold me too closely to ! rules ,i lay d[n4 ,_m ( my exhibition figures are s unusual & conta9 su* unexpect$ comb9ations ( jumps1 c\nt] rock]s & sp9s t ,i h to violate rules or ! figures c\ld n be done4 ,i h be5 accus$ ( hav+ no rules = skat+1 z ,i d s _m ?+s my own way4 ,& :5 y h progress$ to ! po9t :]e !y want newspap] articles f y :i* !y head ) ! flatt]+ rem>k t y are ! greate/ woman skat] 9 ! _w1 y w be 9 a position to violate rules a little bit4 ,my pet philosoph] says t rules 7 made = slaves4 ,,*apt] #f4 ,,inside ,,circles1 ,,backw>d4 ,all backw>d skat+ is difficult to acquire4 ,aft] x is acquir$ x is m int]e/+ ?an =w>d skat+4 ,"s ( ! v difficult jumps 9 mid-air :i* ,i d are tak5 backw>d because x is really easi] to d !m t way ?an =w>d4 ,!re is "o jump :]e ,i am skat+ backw>d on ! outside edge on ! "r foot1 sw+ ! left foot viol5tly ar\nd1 spr+ into ! air1 make a complete revolution ( my body1 l& on ! outside edge ( ! "r foot aga9 & cont9ue on a big sweep+ curve4 ,x is 9 "s respects ! mo/ popul> numb] t ,i introduce4 ,x is done t way solely = ! reason t x is mu* easi] backw>d ?an =w>d & yet at ! same "t x looks m difficult backw>d ?an =w>d4 ,mo/ skat+ figures w be f\nd easi] =w>d ?an backw>d4 ,probably t is p>tly due to ! fact t n z mu* "t is sp5t by any skat] le>n+ backw>d skat+ z is sp5t le>n+ =w>d /rokes4 ,! art ( skat+ backw>d requires pluck & c\rage4 ,:5 "o attempts ! full backw>d circles )\t a help] x is an occasion to m>k 9 "o's di>y4 ,! plunge is ! ma9 ?+ 9 le>n+ to skate backw>d4 ,make up y\r m9d "s f9e morn+ t y are go+ to practise outside edges backw>d or inside edges backw>d all ( ! skat+ session ( t day4 ,!n d x4 ,skat+ is a matt] ( w p[] aft] all & n at all a matt] ( /r5g?4 ,i took up skat+ j because ,i 0 n /rong & ! doctors said x 0 outdoor life or a little n>r[ box = me4 ,x is h>d to cat* "o's self dur+ a fall :5 "o is on ! outside circles backw>d2 ! position dur+ mu* ( ! inside circles backw>d makes x easi] to get ready = ! fall aft] y feel sure x is com+4 ,n t ,i mean !re is any special in/ruction necess>y 9 ! matt] ( fall+ = !re is n4 ,j let g & sit d[n z meekly z y c1 smile & look ab\t helplessly & "s *ivalr\s ,am]ican is sure to hurry to y\r aid4 ,?is is mu* m dignifi$ & less liable to be emb>rass+ ?an scrambl+ to all f\rs1 /epp+ on y\r g[n &1 p]haps1 fall+ ov] aga94 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 9 spectacul> backw>d /roke4 ,to get a /rong />t = ! inside circle backw>d is ! h>de/ "p ( ! acquirem5t ( ! figure4 ,/& on ! flat ( ! left skate1 sw+ ! "r foot 9 front ( y1 j z if y 7 go+ to make a little jump backw>d onto t foot1 b5d ! "r knee a good deal & lunge onto ! "r skate on ! inside edge4 ,! left foot z x leaves ! ice %\ld !n be c>ri$ across ! "r leg1 ) ! knee b5t & ! toe turn$ out & d[n4 ,x %\ld be c>ri$ well across ! pr9t or m>k t ! skate is mak+ on ! ice & some:at high1 n dragg+ along4 ,! body %\ld lean /rongly backw>d4 ,z ! /roke is begun ! %\ld]s are turn$ well t[>d ! "r & bo? arms are c>ri$ on ! "r ( ! body outside ( ! pr9t4 ,?is is "o ( ! v few cases :]e ! arms are c>ri$ on ! same side ( ! pr9t z ! balance leg & x is due to ! fact t ! body naturally incl9es t[>d ! c5t] ( ! circle :5 x is on ! inside edges4 ,! head %\ld be fac+ ! />t+ po9t ?r\gh\t ! execution ( ! circle4 ,:5 ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circle has be5 skat$ !n sl[ly br+ ! balance foot pa/ ! skat+ foot1 knee b5t & toe turn$ /rongly out & d[n4 ,simultane\sly ! %\ld]s %\ld be turn$ t[>d ! left until ! body faces ! c5t] ( ! circle & ma9ta9$ 9 t position to ! end ( ! figure ) bo? arms1 "o =w>d & ! o!r foll[+1 almo/ directly ov] ! pr9t4 ,z ! balance foot passes ! skat+ foot ! body is /raight5$ & = a mom5t ! arms are drawn close to ! body4 ,?is /raight5+ ( ! body & *ange 9 ! c>riage ( ! balance foot w make x possible = ! skat] to r\nd out ! circle to its correct proportions4 ,all inside edge circles h a /rong t5d5cy to become spirals4 ,at ! close ( ! /roke ! skat] w be 9 ! "r position = ! />t ( ! same /roke on ! opposite foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,circle4 ,"r inside edge1 backw>d4 7,,rib7 ,,*apt] #g4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,,=w>d2 ,,outside ,,to ,,inside4 ,! *ange ( edge is "o ( ! mo/ important s*ool figures & %\ld be c>efully practis$ by e skat+ pupil4 ,x is n spectacul>1 al?\gh x is v graceful & v easy to acquire4 ,i l ! *anges ( edge &1 l all o!r exp]t skat]s1 f9d !m ( ! greate/ importance at c]ta9 times4 ,:5 "o has an audi5ce ( skat]s ,i f9d ^! figures mu* bett] appreciat$ ?an at o!r times4 ,at a private p>ty giv5 on ! /age ( ! ,hippodrome1 ,i 0 skat+ a difficult figure :]e !re 7 ?ree small circles at ! f\r corn]s ( a squ>e4 ,i w5t f "o ( ! corn]s to ! o!r by a *ange ( edge & a ?ree aft] x4 ,! skat]s :o 7 wat*+ me applaud$ ?is figure z g5]\sly z any figure ( a m spectacul> "* t ,i d dur+ ! regul> p]=mances ( mat9ees & ev5+s dur+ ! week4 ,b !y 7 all skat]s & appreciat$ ! difficulty & ! beauty ( ! figure4 ,! "r outside edge =w>d is ! be/ way to />t to le>n ! *anges ( edge4 ,x is easi] ?an ! *ange ( edge :i* beg9s ) ! "r inside edge =w>d1 = ! reasons :i* ,i h expla9$ 9 previ\s *apt]s conc]n+ ! way t ! body t5ds to sw+ ar\nd t[>d ! circle on inside edges & t5ds to sw+ away f x on outside edges4 ,! />t ( ! "r outside =w>d *ange ( edge is ! same z = ! "r outside =w>d circles & x seems unnecess>y to repeat ^? directions4 ,! draw+s1 too1 w be f\nd precisely simil> 9 ! pose = "s ( ! figures z = "s o!r figures4 ,?is is "o way to get d\ble practise4 ,e "t "o practises ! outside *ange ( edge =w>d he is practis+ ! "r />t ( ! outside =w>d circles4 ,e "t he is practis+ ! inside =w>d *ange ( edge he is practis+ ! />t ( ! inside =w>d circles4 ,/>t ! "r outside =w>d edge circle1 z we h se51 by press+ ! left skate squ>ely aga9/ ! ice & ?ru/+ onto ! "r foot outside edge4 ,! left foot %\ld be c>ri$ well beh9d & a little across ! pr9t ) ! knee b5t & ! foot turn$ out & d[n4 ,! skat+ knee %\ld be /rongly b5t at ! />t ( ! /roke4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be turn$ s t ! "r %\ld] is almo/ ov] ! "r foot & ! left %\ld] twi/$ well to ! back4 ,:5 ne>ly half ( ! circle has be5 complet$ gradually turn ! %\ld]s t[>d ! "r1 :i* w br+ !m squ>e across ! pr9t or direction 9 :i* ! skat] is mov+4 ,:5 half ! circle is complete ! *ange ( edge f ! "r outside =w>d to ! "r inside =w>d occurs4 ,! balance ( ! body is "h *ang$ f an outside to an inside circle & ! g5]al directions :i* h be5 giv5 = ! execution ( an inside edge circle w be f\nd applicable4 ,b ! mann] ( mak+ ! *ange f ! outside to ! inside edge is mo/ important & ?is portion ( ! figure is new to ! pupil4 ,z ! outside =w>d half circle is ne>ly complet$ & ! *ange ( edge ab\t to occur1 ! body1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ on a slightly =w>d balance1 is sl[ly *ang$ to a backw>d balance1 & ! left foot1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ beh9d dur+ ! completion ( ! outside =w>d circle1 is sl[ly sway$ pa/1 close to ! skat+ foot1 & c>ri$ well 9 front1 some:at high4 ,s9k+ on ! skat+ knee at ! "t ( ! *ange ( edge w mu* assi/ ! full r\nd+ out ( ! figure4 ,! arms %\ld n be all[$ to sw+ ! body ar\nd dur+ ?is *ange ( edge z !y are liable to d if c>ri$ too high or too f> f ! body4 ,foll[ same directions = left =w>d outside *ange ( edge4 ,,*apt] #h4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,,=w>d2 ,,inside ,,to ,,outside4 ,i feel conv9c$ no "o c be call$ a skat] until he c d ! s*ool figures4 ,e day ,i practise ! simple/ ( ! s*ool figures--outside circles1 =w>d & backw>d2 ?rees1 *anges ( edge1 loops1 & ! re/ ( !m4 ,i d ?is because ,i am sure !y are ! be/ practice = keep+ ! skat] 9 "r =m & correct balance4 ,y may n see _m ( !m on ! ice ( ! ,hippodrome pool1 s y mu/ take my ^w = _! importance to me4 ,:5 "o has b a few mom5ts 9 :i* to cr[d a skat+ p]=mance1 :i* %all be j z ?rill+ z y "k h[ to make x1 little "t c be sp5t on ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c's ( skat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge ,,or ,,s]p5t9e4 ,"r outside edge1 =w>d1 *ange edge1 inside =w>d4 7,,roif7 ,! lesson to-day is aga9 on ! *ange ( edge4 ,!re are really f\r ( ^! to le>n on ea* foot4 ,beg9n+ on ! outside edge =w>d & *ang+ to ! inside =w>d we _h la/ "t4 ,?is "t we beg9 on ! inside edge =w>d & *ange to ! outside edge =w>d4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! execution ( to-day's lesson & ! la/ "o is t ! figure to-day is easi] to />t & h>d] to f9i%1 :ile ! la/ "o taught1 f outside to inside edge1 is h>d] to />t & easi] to f9i%4 ,t is1 x is h>d] to r\nd out ! circle aft] ! *ange ( edge f inside to outside has be5 made ?an x is to r\nd out ! circle aft] ! *ange f outside to inside has be5 made4 ,i h expla9$ ! reason = ?is 9 speak+ ( ! inside edges 9 sev]al =m] lessons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge ,,or ,,s]p5t9e4 ,left inside edge1 =w>d1 *ange edge1 outside =w>d4 7,,li(7 ,?is "t ,i h _h ! draw+ illu/rate me on ! left foot4 ,! />t may be on ei!r foot fir/4 ,i advocate />t+ on ! foot ) :i* "o c skate be/1 = ! sake ( enc\ragem5t & ! acquisition ( "r c>riage m quickly4 ,!n practise (t5] on ! foot :i* is less p]fect1 s z to br+ bo? up to ! same /&>d ( effici5cy4 ,z ! *ange ( edge occurs1 ! balance leg is br\ght back1 pa/ ! skat+ leg & outside ! pr9t1 ! %\ld]s are slightly turn$ t[>d ! left1 fac+ m ! c5tre ( ! circle1 & ! g5]al position describ$ = ! inside edge circle =w>d assum$4 ,:5 ! inside circle has be5 ab\t half complet$1 ! balance foot is br\ght sl[ly =w>d & c>ri$ !re to ! end ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge ,,or ,,s]p5t9e4 ,"r outside edge backw>d1 *ange edge1 inside backw>d4 7,,roib7 ,! *ief difficulty 9 le>n+ ?is figure is f\nd 9 mak+ ! sway ( ! balance foot & leg =w>d & backw>d aga9 delib]ate4 ,to use ! sw+ ( ! balance foot = ! purpose ( jump+ ! body into any position is a gl>+ error4 ,! body %\ld roll ov] ! *ange ( edge & ! sway ( ! foot pa/ ! o!r be almo/ unnotic$4 ,/>t1 ?is "t on ! left foot1 let u say1 by ?ru/+ out f ! flat ( ! "r skate1 assum+ ! position describ$ = ! correct inside circle1 ) ! "r foot beh9d1 slightly across ! pr9t1 bo? %\ld]s 9 l9e ) ! pr9t & ! arms rais$4 ,j be=e mak+ ! *ange ( edge ! balance foot is br\ght pa/ ! skat+ foot1 close to x & ext5d$ well 9 front & some:at high4 ,z ! *ange ( edge is made1 ! c5tre ( gravity %\ld be br\ght directly ov] ! pr9t & at ! same "t ! balance foot1 :i* has be5 9 front1 %\ld be br\ght back & c>ri$ well beh9d & well across ! pr9t4 ,?is is ! "r position = ! =w>d outside circle1 z w be se5 by ref]5ce to =m] lesson & diagram on t figure4 ,imm$iately aft] ! *ange ( edge has occurr$ ! body %\ld be /raight5$ up1 ! %\ld]s kept flat & ! head erect & fac+ ! c5tre ( ! circle :i* is be+ execut$4 ,a little be=e ! c5tre ( ! circle is rea*$ ! balance foot1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ beh9d1 %\ld be sl[ly mov$ 9 front ( ! skat+ foot4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to keep ! %\ld]s 9 "r position be=e1 aft] & especially dur+ ! *anges ( edge1 = on ! "r c>riage ( ! %\ld]s & ! balance leg ! r\nd+ out ( ! figure dep5ds4 ,! *anges ( edge are p]=m$ 9 ?ree lob$ eights4 ,"o half ( ! c5tre circle is p]=m$ on "o leg1 !n ! *ange ( edge occurs & !n a full circle on ! second edge4 ,! ma9 difficulty w be f\nd ) ! full circle aft] ! *ange ( edge4 ,foll[ ! same directions = ! "r foot inside to outside *ange ( edge4 ,,*apt] #i4 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge2 ,,backw>d2 ,,outside ,,to ,,inside ,,& ,,inside ,,to ,,outside4 ,we h n[ rea*$ ! place 9 ! s*ool figures :]e !y are ( suffici5t difficulty & int]e/ = _! introduction into my programme z premi]e ( ! ice skat+ ballet 9 8,flirt+ at ,/4 ,moritz0 at ! ,hippodrome4 ,b ( c\rse !y may be done s fa/ t !y w be miss$ by any except ! mo/ obs]v+ att5dants4 ,!atrical skat+1 su* z ,i d1 has to be fa/ & s5sational4 ,! easy transition /rokes f "o figure to ano!r furni% ab\t ! only example ( s*ool figures :i* ! public w quickly cat* 9 my "w1 al?\gh ,i am con/antly do+ ?rees & d\ble ?rees bo? =w>d & backw>d4 ,^! s*ool figures are s int]e/+ & pretty :5 well done t ,i h put sev]al ( !m 9 my programme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge ,,or ,,s]p5t9e4 ,left inside edge1 to outside edge1 backw>d4 7,,livb7 ,! lesson to-day cov]s two s*ool figures--! *anges ( edge backw>d1 execut$ on1 fir/1 ! outside & !n ! inside edges4 ,bo? ^! figures include /rokes :i* h be5 fully describ$ 9 =m] lessons4 ,! new ?+ to le>n is ! comb9ation ( ! two /rokes :i* h already be5 le>n$ into "o cont9u\s movem5t or figure4 ,a *ange ( edge ei!r =w>d or backw>d implies consid]able loss ( p[] or mom5tum at ! place :]e ! *ange ( edge occurs4 ,! mo/ important ?+ to le>n 9 all *anges ( edge is ! mann] ( reta9+ or ev5 ( increas+ ?is mom5tum at ! "t ( ! *ange4 ,t ! mom5tum ( a skat+ /roke c be add$ to dur+ its execution may surprise "s p]sons :o are unfamili> ) skat+2 nev]!less x n only c be done b is done by all :o skate ! s*ool figures correctly4 ,?is mom5tum is add$ to1 sometimes by l[]+ & rais+ ! body1 sometimes by rock+ ! body ov] a *ange ( edge1 sometimes by ! sw++ ( ! balance foot to a new position4 ,to skate ! backw>d *ange ( edge1 beg9n+ on ! "r outside edge1 />t (f z describ$ = ! pla9 outside edge circle backw>d1 ) a /rong pu% f ! left foot4 ,all /rokes beg9n+ backw>d require a /rong] />t ?an ! same /rokes />t$ =w>d4 ,x is easi] to walk =w>d ?an backw>d2 ! unnatural /roke is h>d] to le>n ?an ! natural "o4 ,! outside backw>d circle has be5 fully describ$ 9 a previ\s lesson4 ,/>t ! *ange ( edge backw>d by mak+ ?is /roke1 rememb]+ t "o is to skate n m]ely a s+le circle b a circle & a half & t ! /roke mu/ ne$s be /rong & firm4 ,!re %\ld be /rong backw>d lean+ 9 ! fir/ half circle ( ?is figure1 z 9 ! />t ( all backw>d outside edges4 ,! balance foot %\ld be sl[ly br\ght backw>d dur+ ! execution ( ! fir/ half circle close to & pa/ ! skat+ foot to ! correct position = ! outside backw>d circle4 ,slight b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee be=e ! *ange ( edge is advisable2 /raight5+ ( ! body aft] ! *ange ( edge increases mom5tum4 ,z ! *ange ( edge is made1 :i* %\ld be an almo/ imp]ceptible sw++ ov] ( ! body f ! outside to ! inside edge1 n a quick upset ( ! balance1 ! balance foot is br\ght sl[ly =w>d1 pa/ & close to ! skat+ foot1 & c>ri$ 9 ?is position until ab\t "o-?ird ( ! circle has be5 complet$4 ,!n ! balance foot is aga9 br\ght back1 pa/ ! skat+ foot1 & correct inside edge backw>d position assum$4 ,! second figure consi/s ( a rev]sal ( ! /roke :i* has be5 above describ$4 ,x />ts on ! inside edge backw>d & *anges to outside edge backw>d4 ,^! /rokes are almo/ equally difficult4 ,! =m] is easi] to />t & h>d] to f9i%1 :ile ! latt] is h>d] to />t & easi] to f9i%4 ,x is cu/om>y1 :5 foll[+ ! proc$ure ( ! ,european skat+ tea*]s1 to skate fir/ an outside backw>d *ange to inside backw>d & !n skate an inside backw>d *ange to outside backw>d4 ,all *anges ( edge bo? =w>d & backw>d1 !re=e1 w be skat$ 9 an eight hav+ ?ree lobes1 z p] ! diagram4 ,if ! />t ( "o figure has be5 on an inside edge & *ange has be5 made to ! outside edge1 !n ! next figure w be />t$ on ! outside edge & *ang$ to inside edge4 ,lunge boldly on to ! inside edge1 z if to make an inside edge circle backw>d4 ,b be=e ! half circle has be5 complet$ br+ ! balance foot slightly pa/ ! skat+ foot & close to x4 ,:5 ! *ange ( edge occurs ! balance foot %\ld be br\ght =w>d directly ov] ! pr9t1 ) ! balance knee b5t & ! toe turn$ out4 ,! location ( ! balance foot ?r\gh\t all ( ! *anges ( edge is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,if x is all[$ to sw+ wide f ! pr9t unev5 curves & spirals w result4 ,! describ$ position = ! outside backw>d circle is ma9ta9$ until ab\t half ( ! circle has be5 skat$1 :5 ! balance foot is br\ght sl[ly backw>d & ma9ta9$ 9 ?is position to ! end ( ! circle4 ,! c>riage ( ! body1 ! arms & ! head are ( ! greate/ importance 9 ! execution ( *anges ( edge & mu/ be c>efully memoriz$ & simultane\sly *ang$4 ,!re %\ld be no j]ky movem5ts ( ! balance leg dur+ ! execution ( ! figures b a delib]ate sw+ ( ! body to ! new edge & ! new c>riage4 ,a good way ( det]m9+ :e!r ! figure has be5 execut$ correctly is by inspection ( ! pr9t2 x %\ld be accurate z to half circle & circle1 & !re %\ld be no sn[ turn$ up z ! *ange ( edge is made4 ,illu/ration3 8,*>lotte0 at f9i% ( "r inside =w>d circle4 8,*>lotte0 on left outside backw>d circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree4 ,"r outside edge =w>d1 to inside backw>d4 7,,r(tib7 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree4 ,left inside edge backw>d1 to outside =w>d4 7,,libt(7 ,,*apt] #aj4 ,,?rees--,,=w>d ,,& ,,backw>d4 ,skat$ 9 a s]ies1 z ,i d !m1 backw>d1 ?rees always int]e/ ev5 ^? :o "k no?+ ab\t skat+4 ,!y are necess>y to ! ma/]y ( ! ice waltz & all ! o!r dance /eps4 ,9 _! simple/ =m1 ei!r =w>d or backw>d1 !y are g5]ally graceful4 ,!re are two ways ( reg>d+ ! ?ree4 ,"s ( ! be/ skat]s make x v deeply ind5t$1 z if !re 7 two circles1 9 ! middle ( :i* 0 plac$ ! ?rees4 ,o!rs make ! ?ree a quick turn1 almo/ unnoticeable on ! ice1 9 ! execution ( a big circle4 ,! latt] design seems to me to be "r4 ,i reg>d ! ?ree z a movem5t :i* occurs & %\ld occur only z "p ( ! execution ( a big circle4 ,?is is ! way t ,i skate x4 ,my /yle is my own & is a comb9ation ( ! be/ /yle ,i h se54 ,e skat] becomes m or less individual z he becomes exp]t & 9 "s ( ! be/ skat]s x is difficult to tell :]e !y le>n$ or :o _! tea*] 04 ,!re are eight ?rees = ! beg9n] to le>n--"o on outside edge =w>d to inside edge backw>d1 "o on inside edge =w>d to outside edge backw>d1 "o on outside edge backw>d to inside edge =w>d & "o on inside edge backw>d to outside edge =w>d4 ,^! mu/ be duplicat$ on ea* foot1 mak+ eight 9 all4 ,!y are progressively difficult 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y h be5 nam$4 ,! outside =w>d to inside backw>d ?ree is />t$ z "o w\ld />t a pla9 circle1 on ! outside =w>d edge4 ,b gradual rotation ( ! %\ld]s t[>d ! c5t] %\ld beg9 z soon z ! figure is />t$4 ,on approa*+ ! ?ree ! %\ld]s %\ld be 9 l9e ) ! circle ( :i* ! ?ree is a "p4 ,?is position ( ! %\ld]s %\ld be ma9ta9$ until ! latt] half ( ! figure is ne>ly complet$2 x w be f\nd ( great assi/ance to ! skat] 9 cont9u+ ! circle to its full %ape4 ,x w be notic$ f ! diagram t ! g5]al position ( ! %\ld]s1 ! arms & ! legs is almo/ id5tical aft] ! turn z be=e ! turn2 ! figure is be+ f9i%$ on ano!r edge1 t is all4 ,9 all =w>d ?rees ! balance foot ma9ta9s its position beh9d ! skat+ foot1 bo? be=e1 dur+ & aft] ! ?ree4 ,9 ! outside backw>d ?ree ! balance foot1 :i* at ! />t ( ! ?ree took a position slightly across ! pr9t & ov] ! skat+ foot1 reta9s t position to ! end ( ! figure4 ,9 ! execution ( ! inn] backw>d ?ree ! balance foot may rema9 9 front or may be c>ri$ beh9d2 ei!r position is correct4 ,if x is c>ri$ beh9d1 !re %\ld be /rong s9k+ on ! skat+ leg at ! "t ! ?ree is made & a /raight5+ ( ! body imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree4 ,"r inside edge =w>d ?ree1 outside backw>d4 7,,riftob7 ,! inside =w>d1 outside backw>d ?ree is ! easie/ = ! amateur to le>n4 ,! inside backw>d1 outside =w>d ?ree is ! mo/ difficult to le>n & extremely difficult to place accurately4 ,x %\ld be practis$ p]si/5tly until ma/]$ ?or\ghly4 ,! inside backw>d1 outside =w>d ?ree is />t$ z = ! inside circle backw>d1 b ! %\ld] ov] ! skat+ foot is turn$ /rongly away f ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,z ! ?ree turn is made ! balance ( ! body %\ld be /rongly backw>d & ! turn execut$ on ! back or heel ( ! skate4 ,?is is ! ?ree :]e ! balance foot may ei!r be swung ar\nd 9 front ( ! body or all[$ to rema9 beh9d ! body z ! turn is made4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! latt] me?od ( mak+ ?is ?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree4 ,"r outside edge1 backw>d1 ?ree1 inside =w>d4 7,,robtif7 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree4 ,aft] ! ?ree1 "r outside backw>d1 ?ree1 inside1 =w>d4 7,,robtif7 ,all ?rees %\ld be plac$ mo/ c>efully at ! correct position at ! top ( ! ind5t$ eight4 ,imag9e two circles ) a d5t inw>d at ! top ( ea* circle & y h ! "r design = ?rees4 ,9 competitions or 9 s]i\s practise ( ! ?rees = progress 9 skat+ s*ool figures !y are skat$ 9 pairs1 />t+ fir/ =w>d & !n backw>d4 ,= in/ance1 "r outside =w>d1 ?ree2 left inside backw>d1 ?ree4 ,! c>riage ( ! balance foot is mo/ important 9 assi/+ 9 ! execution ( full1 r\nd curves aft] ! ?rees4 ,9 e case ! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ well outside ! pr9t aft] ! ?ree has be5 made2 ?is w t5d to enl>ge ! portion ( ! circle foll[+ ! ?ree4 ,! arms %\ld be c>ri$ l[ = all ?ree turns1 o!rwise !y w h a t5d5cy to sw+ ! skat] out ( ! true curve & into a spiral4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,kn[n ,,skat+ ,,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,sa9t ,,li$wi1 ,( ,s*eidam1 ,holl&1 ,a4 ,d4 #acif2 f anci5t wood-cut4 ,,*apt] #aa4 ,,d\ble ,,?rees ,,=w>d4 ,d\ble ?rees make a v pretty trac+ on ! ice & are especially useful 9 det]m9+ if ! skat] has le>n$ ! correct c>riage = ! v>i\s turns compris+ !m4 ,unless t correct balance has be5 le>n$1 ! correct execution ( ! d\ble ?rees is impossible4 ,!re is an agreeable sw+ to ! d\ble ?rees :i* is lack+ 9 "s ( ! o!r s*ool figures4 ,!y =m :at "o might call a f9i%$ figure ( !mselves1 bo? z to ! trac+ on ! ice & ! position ( ! skat] aft] ! figure has be5 p]=m$4 ,!y leave ! skat] 9 a naturally correct & agreeable pose = ! foll[+ half ( ! figure4 ,! d\ble ?rees h ?is peculi> diff]5ce f o!r s*ool figures--!y are v mu* easi] =w>d ?an backw>d4 ,b ! c>riage ( ! balance foot is mu* easi] 9 ! backw>d ?an 9 ! =w>d half ( ! figures4 ,to-day we h ! =w>d half ( ! d\ble ?rees--t is1 />t+ on ea* foot =w>d1 fir/ outside & !n inside edge4 ,! complet$ figure makes a trefoil1 or clov] leaf1 z w be se5 f ! diagram1 "o ( ! prettie/ ( ! s*ool figures4 ,/>t ! d\ble ?ree on ! outside =w>d edge ) n too vigor\s ?ru/ f ! foot on ! ice1 s9ce a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[] c & %\ld be ga9$ by ! correct turns :i* w be made dur+ ! progress ( ! figure4 ,too /rong a ?ru/ w t5d to make ! skat] sp9 on ! fir/ ?ree4 ,x is bett] to />t practise ( ! d\ble ?rees some:at sl[ly1 le>n :]e ! greate/ difficulty lies1 & !n practise ov]com+ t difficulty by indep5d5t skat+ ( ! mo/ difficult portion ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 9 pir\ette4 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 & ,,irv+ ,,brokaw 9 h&-ov]-head pair skat+4 ,! g5]al directions = ! />t ( ! ?rees =w>d on ! outside edge apply to ! />t ( ! d\ble ?rees4 ,aft] ! fir/ ?ree has be5 made1 :i* w br+ ! skat] on to ! inside edge backw>d1 ! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ fairly high at fir/ & gradually br\ght close to ! skat+ foot1 s t :5 ! skat] is ready to make ! second ?ree ! balance foot is close to ! skat+ foot4 ,dur+ ! inside edge backw>d ! %\ld]s & ! body %\ld be sl[ly turn$ away f ! c5tre ( ! circle t[>d ! second ?ree4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! second ?ree ! skat+ knee %\ld be b5t r /rongly & ! body turn$1 )\t p]ceptible j]k1 into ! "r position = ! f9i% ( ! figure1 :i* is on ! outside edge =w>d aga94 ,! balance foot is all[$ to rema9 slightly beh9d z ! second ?ree is p]=m$ &1 :5 ! ?ird portion ( ! curve ( ! complet$ figure is ab\t "o-half skat$1 %\ld be br\ght =w>d into ! usual position = ! end ( ! outside =w>d circle4 ,! inside edge d\ble ?rees =w>d are />t$ z = ! inside =w>d ?rees1 b ) m b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee & ) less inw>d turn ( ! body t[>d ! circle4 ,:5 ! fir/ ?ree has be5 execut$ & ! skat] is !n on ! outside backw>d edge1 ! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ fairly close to ! skat+ foot & ! body %\ld lean /rongly backw>d4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! second ?ree ! balance foot %\ld be br\ght close to ! skat+ foot & directly ov] x4 ,:5 ! second ?ree has be5 execut$1 ! balance foot may be all[$ to l+] a little beh9d ! skat+ foot & be c>ri$ 9 t position to ! f9i% ( ! ?ird curve1 or x may be br\ght =w>d into ! cu/om>y position = ! f9i% ( ! inside =w>d circle4 ,bo? positions are us$ by ! be/ exp]ts ( ,europe4 ,,*apt] #ab4 ,,d\ble ,,?rees ,,backw>d4 ,! second half ( ! d\ble ?rees are skat$ backw>d4 ,t is1 bo? p>ts ( ! lesson ( ! day />t backw>d4 ,d\ble ?rees h ! int]e/+ peculi>ity ( f9i%+ on ! same edge & 9 ! same direction z !y are />t$4 ,!y are clov] leaf 9 patt]n1 & %\ld be skat$ ) great c>e to h ! leaves equal 9 size & accurately plac$ z to ! axis ( ! two l>ge circles ( :i* !y =m a "p4 ,! plac+ ( all s*ool figures is mo/ important & is ! basis ( ! m>k+ :i* obta9s 9 ,european competitions4 ,/>t ! figure on ! outside edge backw>d1 ) a fairly /rong ?ru/ f ! foot on ! ice4 ,! g5]al position is t :i* has be5 describ$ = ! outside backw>d circle ( ?ree1 ) a little less turn ( ! %\ld]s away f ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,gradually turn ! body s t1 z ! fir/ ?ree is be+ made almo/ ! "r position = ! second curve1 on ! inside edge =w>d1 is obta9$4 ,z ! fir/ ?ree is p]=m$1 ! balance foot %\ld be 9 front ( ! body1 ov] ! pr9t & n f> f ! skat+ foot4 ,a slight sw+ ( ! balance foot is cu/om>y z ! fir/ ?ree is p]=m$1 b ! balance foot mu/ n be p]mitt$ to /ray f ! skat+ foot1 or !re w be a t5d5cy to revolve ! body f ! "r position = ! second curve4 ,! balance foot is c>ri$ =w>d ( ! body dur+ ! second curve 9 ! cu/om>y position dur+ ! inside =w>d circle & up to ! mom5t :5 ! second ?ree is p]=m$1 :5 x %\ld be br\ght close to ! skat+ foot & directly ov] x4 ,!re %\ld be consid]able b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee z ?is second ?ree is made4 ,! balance foot drops slightly =w>d ( ! body aft] ! ?ree is made1 z 9 ! usual backw>d outside edge circle1 & ! figure is s f9i%$4 ,! inside backw>d d\ble ?rees are />t$ z = ! inside backw>d ?rees1 b ) m vigor\s ?ru/ & m b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee4 ,! balance foot is c>ri$ well across ! pr9t up to ! mom5t ( ! fir/ ?ree1 :5 x is br\ght close to & ov] ! skat+ foot4 ,aft] ! ?ree is made !re %\ld be g5]al /raight5+ ( ! skat+ knee & ( ! body1 :i* w greatly add to ! mom5tum4 ,! second curve ( ! figure1 on ! outside =w>d edge1 furni%es "o ( ! places :]e mu* p[] c be add$ dur+ ! execution ( a figure4 ,! second ?ree is p]=m$ exactly z describ$ 9 ! =w>d outside ?ree & ! figure f9i%$ on ! inside backw>d edge4 ,_m skat]s f9d t ! d\ble ?rees are easi] ?an ! s+le ?rees1 & t a s]ies ( ?rees are easi] ?an a s+le ?ree1 c>ri$ out correctly to ! />t+ po9t4 ,su* skat]s %\ld n get ! bad habit ( do+ ! m elaborate d\ble or *a9 ?rees to ! neglect ( ! fundam5tal s+le or d\ble ?rees4 ,9 "t ignorance ( ! "r balance = ! simpl] figures _c fail to get ! skat] into tr\ble4 ,,*apt] #ac4 ,,loops1 ,,=w>d4 ,! importance ( loops _c be exagg]at$4 ,!y are 9 "s respects m important ?an ! ?rees1 :i* prec$e !m4 ,!y are an entirely diff]5t balance f figures to :i* !y are v simil> & = t reason alone are important4 ,if1 = in/ance1 "o has be5 practis+ ?rees & !n goes to loops1 ! diff]5t balance is s great z to di/urb ! prop] execution ( ei!r figure4 ,( c\rse1 :5 "o becomes exp]t !y c d any figure !y select1 9 any ord]4 ,! amateur & ! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 w d well to sep>ate ! "t ( practis+ c]ta9 contra/+ figures4 ,"o day make special ef=t to ma/] ! ?rees1 =w>d & backw>d4 ,d b little else4 ,memorize ! correct balance1 ! correct c>riage ( ! balance foot1 ! body & ! arms4 ,d no loops t day4 ,ano!r day specialize on loops1 mak+ no ?rees1 b /udy+ mo/ c>efully ! correct c>riage = loops4 ,?rees & loops are h>d figures to practise 9 sequ5ce al?\gh !re w come a "t 9 ! progress ( ! amateur :5 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & beautiful figures he c d w be a comb9ation ( ?ree1 loop & ?ree4 ,! s+le ?rees1 h[ev]1 & ! s+le loops are a diff]5t balance f comb9ation ?ree1 loop & ?rees4 ,9 le>n+ ! plac+ ( ei!r ?rees or loops or brackets1 x is important t ! beg9n] h 9 m9d ! fact t !y %\ld be execut$ at ! f> ends ( ! figure 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,! l5g? ( ! curve or "p ( ! circle aft] ! ?ree or loop ought to be ! same z be=e ! ?ree or loop4 ,! loop ought n to be at ! end ( a long spiral4 ,correct trac+ ( ! figure on ! ice is a fundam5tal "p ( true cont95tal =m 9 skat+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop4 ,"r outside edge =w>d1 loop1 outside =w>d4 7,,r(l(7 ,/>t on ! "r foot1 outside edge1 =w>d1 z = ! circle eight on t foot1 b soon beg9 to twi/ ! %\ld]s t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,! balance leg %\ld be c>ri$ beh9d & n f> out or x w h a t5d5cy to sw+ ! skat] into a ?ree in/ead ( a loop4 ,z ! loop is />t$ ! skat+ leg %\ld be b5t consid]ably4 ,:5 ! loop is half f9i%$ ! balance foot :i* has be5 sw++ ar\nd is br\ght pa/ ! skat+ foot1 close to x & vigor\sly b delib]ately ?ru/ =w>d outside ! curve :i* =ms ! f9i% ( ! figure4 ,at ! same "t ! arms %\ld be br\ght 9 close to ! body & ! body /raight5$ up1 :i* w give add$ impetus = ! correct curve to ! />t+ po9t4 ,! difficulties 9 ! p]=mance ( ! loops w be met 9 ! correction ( balance at ! middle ( ! loop & ! completion ( a full curve aft] ! loop4 ,^! difficulties c be less5$ by mu* c>eful /udy ( ! "r pr9ciples be=e ! figure is attempt$ & by repeat$ practis+ ov] & ov] aga9 aft] ! correct balance has be5 le>n$4 ,:5 ! correct loop movem5ts are once atta9$ x is be/ to cont9ue practis+ !m be=e o!r diff]5t balances are all[$ to int]f]e ) _! complete ma/]y4 ,! inside =w>d loops are />t$ diff]5tly f ! inside circles z ! %\ld]s %\ld face ! c5tre ( ! circle "r f ! />t4 ,! skat+ knee %\ld be well b5t & ! balance ( ! body %\ld be /rongly =w>d until half ( ! loop has be5 complet$4 ,!n ! balance foot1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ beh9d & outside ! pr9t1 describes a small1 quick circle directly ov] ! loop & is ?ru/ well =w>d1 across & outside ! pr9t4 ,! %\ld]s1 h[ev]1 rema9 twi/$ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,! balance ( ! body be=e ! inside =w>d loop is /rongly =w>d2 aft] ! loop x is /rongly backw>d4 ,aft] ! loop is made /raight5 ! body up & br+ ! arms quickly to ! sides ( ! body2 ! fir/ movem5t adds impetus & ! second t5ds to prev5t ! foll[+ curve f becom+ a spiral4 ,loops %\ld be made on a /rong edge4 ,aft] ! loop is made less edge is requir$2 9 fact z little edge z c be us$ to foll[ ! correct curve ( ! circle back to ! />t+ po9t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop4 ,left inside =w>d1 loop1 inside =w>d4 7,,liflif7 ,loops are some:at dep5d5t ^u ! fre$om ) :i* ! skat] is able to control 8 ankles4 ,!y %\ld n be held too /iffly 9 ^! figures s9ce a firm edge is ne$$ ev5 9 ! small circles :i* w be =m$ & !re is *ange ( ! balance f ! =w>d to ! backw>d "p ( ! blade1 or vice v]sa1 9 ! v>i\s loops4 ,!re %\ld be no noticeable pause at ! c5tre ( ! loop4 ,! balance foot %\ld n be employ$ to j]k ! skat] out ( ! loop into ! f9i% ( ! circle4 ,,*apt] #ad4 ,,loops1 ,,backw>d4 ,loops are s v important a "p ( ! equipm5t ( ! f9i%$ skat] t ,i h divid$ !m into two *apt]s4 ,!y %\ld h l>ge place 9 ! c>eful1 /udi\s skat+ ( all :o are ambiti\s to make good progress 9 ?is mo/ graceful ( sports4 ,!re are "s int]e/+ peculi>ities ( loops :i* may be set d[n z wor? rememb]+4 ,= in/ance1 all loops are skat$ ) ! balance foot foll[+ ! skat+ foot be=e ! loop & prec$+ x aft] ! loop4 ,aga91 all loops are skat$ ) ! balance ( ! body /rongly =w>d be=e ! loop & /rongly backw>d aft] ! loop4 ,! balance foot %\ld pass ! skat+ foot v close to x 9 all loops or !re w be /rong t5d5cy to sw+ ! skat] into too small a curve aft] ! loop has be5 made4 ,loops %\ld be almo/ r\nd z to %ape4 ,! outside backw>d loop is 9 "s respects ! easie/ ( ! f\r loops4 ,b x is n easy to get ! "r />t = ?is loop4 ,p]haps m d>+ is requir$ 9 ! /rike (f ( ! outside backw>d loop ?an 9 any o!r s*ool figure4 ,= ?is reason1 :ile *ampion%ip competitions insi/ t ! />t ( all figures %all be f re/1 ! beg9n] may f9d x enc\rag+ to />t ! backw>d outside loops aft] he has tak5 a slight backw>d outside /roke on ! opposite foot4 ,?is m]ely = enc\ragem5t4 ,aft] a good />t has be5 le>n$1 less5 ! times t ! assi/+ motion f ! /roke on ! o!r foot are us$ & f9ally disc>d x altoge!r & />t1 z "o %\ld1 f re/4 ,?ru/ out boldly on ! outside backw>d edge z = ! outside backw>d circle1 twi/+ ! %\ld]s s t !y are flat ) ! c5tre ( ! circle ( :i* ! loop is to be a "p4 ,turn ! head ev5 m ?an ! %\ld]s1 look+ almo/ ov] ! unemploy$ %\ld] t[>d ! spot :]e ! loop is to be plac$4 ,at ! mom5t ( comm5c+ ! loop ! face %\ld be almo/ directly t[>d ! loop & bo? arms twi/$ well t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle z 9 ! diagram4 ,! twi/ ( ! %\ld]s & a %>p sw+ ( ! balance foot ar\nd ! skat+ foot1 close to x1 w give ! "r rotation = ! loop4 ,aft] ! loop has be5 made ! head & ! %\ld] ov] ! balance foot %\ld be kept turn$ well t[>d ! direction ( ! curve :i* is be+ skat$4 ,x w be f\nd v difficult to r\nd out ?is f9i%+ curve ( ! outside backw>d loop4 ,! twi/ ( ! %\ld]s & ! c>riage ( ! balance foot outside ( ! pr9t are ! secrets ( its accompli%m5t4 ,! inside backw>d loops1 z has be5 said ( ! inside edges 9 g5]al1 are easi] to />t & h>d] to get out ( ?an any simil> /rokes4 ,to make a clean inside edge loop backw>d & get out ( x ) a result+ curve ( full size & true radius is an indication ( real pr(ici5cy 9 figure skat+4 ,_m good skat]s fail 9 ?is difficult figure4 ,yet x mu/ be le>n$ or o!r foll[+ & comb9ation figures _c be accompli%$4 ,?is loop requires m edge ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x is ab\t ! only loop :i* ! exp]ts ( ,europe agree ^u z to ! place on ! blade ( ! skate ) :i* x %\ld be execut$4 ,?is is ! =w>d "p ( ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop4 ,"r outside edge1 backw>d1 loop1 outside backw>d4 7,,roblob7 ,! />t is made l ! />t ( ! inside edge circle backw>d except t ! head is turn$ ov] ! employ$ %\ld] in/ead ( ov] ! unemploy$ %\ld]4 ,t is ! face is turn$ away f ! c5tre ( ! circle ( :i* ! loop is to be a "p in/ead ( t[>d ! />t ( ! /roke4 ,! position is simil> to t = ! execution ( ! ?ree or ! backw>d inside edge b !re %\ld be m twi/ to ! %\ld]s4 ,! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ well 9 front ( ! body1 n too high1 & ov] ! pr9t4 ,! arm ( ! employ$ %\ld] %\ld be ext5d$ well out f ! body comp5sat+ ! weight ( ! balance leg :i* is on ! o!r side ( ! c5tre ( gravity1 z %[n 9 ! diagram4 ,!re %\ld be /rong backw>d lean+ ( ! body1 z 9 all backw>d loops1 up to ! middle ( ! loop :5 ! balance foot sw+s pa/ mak+ a small circle1 almo/ a flip ( ! foot1 & is c>ri$ well out1 ov] ! pr9t4 ,! curve is f9i%$ l ! inside backw>d circle4 ,!re is less use ( ! %\ld]s1 & m use ( ! balance foot 9 ! execution ( ! inside backw>d loops ?an 9 any ( ! o!r loops4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop4 ,"r inside edge1 backw>d1 loop1 inside backw>d4 7,,liblib7 ,illu/ration3 ,,mrs4 ,,juli5 ,m4 ,,g]>d1 ,,mrs4 ,,*>les ,b4 ,,dill+ham & ,,miss ,,madel9e ,,co*rane at ,hippodrome ,skat+ ,tea4 ,,*apt] #ae4 ,,brackets4 ,x is mo/ important1 9 le>n+ ! s*ool figures 9 ! correct cont95tal /yle1 to rememb] t all ! s*ool figures %\ld be done 9 l>ge size4 ,! matt] ( size is1 9 fact1 "o ( ! fir/ ess5tials 9 ! correct p]=mance ( ! cont95tal s*ool figures4 ,x is told me t ! ,am]ican t5d5cy is to skate all figures mu* small] ?an !y are skat$ 9 ,europe4 ,:5 ! fact is realiz$ t aft] ! figures are le>n$ 9 l>ge size x is comp>atively easy to skate !m small1 & t x is almo/ impossible to skate !m l>ge aft] !y h be5 le>n$ small1 ! importance ( practis+ all figures l>ge is realiz$4 ,9 all simple figures ( l>ge size ! c>riage ( ! head & %\ld]s is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,= ! purposes ( ?is argum5t ! brackets may be reg>d$ z simple figures2 !y are mu* less difficult ?an _m some:at simil> s*ool figures4 ,9 ! execution ( small figures ! c>riage ( ! balance leg & ! arms is ( great] importance ?an ! c>riage ( ! %\ld]s & head4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 true t no figures c be done correctly1 ei!r small or l>ge1 unless bo? head & %\ld]s & balance leg are correctly pois$1 b ! relative importance ( ! p>ts ( ! body is z /at$4 ,:ile ! turn ( ! ?rees is a natural turn1 ! turn ( ! brackets is an unnatural turn4 ,t is1 ! t5d5cy ( ! body :5 "o /rikes out on a "r outside =w>d edge is to revolve t[>d ! "r4 ,b to make a bracket on t foot & t edge ! turn ( ! body mu/ be t[>d ! left4 ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ! /roke is simil>1 z to ! edges employ$1 to ! ?rees1 b t ! turn ( ! body is 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! diagram cle>ly expla9s ?is peculi> turn4 ,!re are eight brackets = ! skat] to ma/]--f\r on ea* foot--two beg9n+ =w>d & two beg9n+ backw>d2 two />t+ on outside & two />t+ on inside edges4 ,!re are slight diff]5ces ( op9ion among ! exp]ts ( ,europe z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ 9 "s ( ! brackets4 ,:5 "o rea*es a c]ta9 degree ( pr(ici5cy 9 skat+ !re is reasonable fre$om all[$ = individual pref]5ces 9 balance4 ,sometimes ^! pref]5ces are purely physical & sometimes !y are bas$ ^u a diff]5ce ( op9ion z to :i* is ! m graceful or effective p]=mance4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! execution ( ! ?rees & ! brackets is illu/rat$ 9 ! matt] ( c>ry+ ! %\ld]s bett] ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,= ! ?rees ! %\ld]s are turn$ well t[>d ! ?ree2 = ! brackets !y are turn$ away f1 t is1 flat ) x4 ,x is a mo/ important diff]5ce to rememb]1 & on its remembrance is bas$ all successful skat+ ( brackets4 ,ano!r g5]al tru? ( bracket skat+ is t ! balance foot %\ld be v close to1 sometimes directly ov]1 ! skat+ foot at ! "t :5 ! bracket is be+ made4 ,?is is done by br++ ! balance foot sl[ly up to & sometimes slightly 9 front ( ! skat+ foot j be=e ! bracket is made4 ,= ! outside =w>d bracket />t z = ! outside =w>d circle1 b beg9 imm$iately to flatt5 ! %\ld]s ) ! pr9t4 ,j be=e ! bracket br+ ! balance foot1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ beh9d1 pa/ ! skat+ foot1 close to x & glance mom5t>ily at ! place :]e ! bracket is to be locat$4 ,at ! bracket ! body %\ld be flat ) ! circle1 ! balance on ! =w>d "p ( ! blade & /rongly lean+ t[>d ! c5tre ( ! circle4 ,aft] ! bracket ! balance foot %\ld foll[ ! skat+ foot1 across ! pr9t1 & ! g5]al position = ! inside backw>d circle be ma9ta9$ to ! end ( ! curve4 ,! complem5t>y half ( ?is figure is skat$ backw>d1 & beg9s !re=e on an inside backw>d edge 9 :i* a bracket is made to ! outside =w>d edge on ! same foot4 ,! g5]al directions = ! inside edge circles backw>d %\ld be foll[$ at ! />t1 always rememb]+ t ! body mu/ be turn$ gradually s z to be flat ) ! circle at ! "t ! bracket is made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bracket4 ,"r outside edge1 =w>d1 bracket1 inside backw>d4 7,,r(bib7 ,j be=e ! bracket is made ! balance foot is br\ght t[>d1 close to & pa/ ! skat+ foot & slightly turn$ outw>d4 ,?is bracket is made on ! extreme back "p ( ! blade ( ! skate4 ,aft] ! bracket ! balance foot is c>ri$ beh9d1 across ! pr9t & ! curve f9i%$ z 9 ! outside edge =w>d circle4 ,/rong b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee at ! "t ( ! inside backw>d bracket & /raight5+ up aft] ! bracket w assi/ 9 ! execution ( ?is figure4 ,! inside =w>d bracket is />t$ z = ! inside circle1 ) att5tion to ! flatt5+ ( ! %\ld]s 9 l9e ) ! circle2 ! balance %\ld] mu/ be twi/$ =w>d4 ,! balance foot is c>ri$ beh9d until j be=e ! bracket1 !n x is c>ri$ pa/ & close to ! skat+ foot4 ,?is bracket is made on ! =w>d "p ( ! blade & ! skat+ knee %\ld be well b5t dur+ its execution4 ,aft] ! bracket ! balance foot is c>ri$ 9 front = a little di/ance !n is sl[ly mov$ pa/ ! skat+ foot ) ! knee turn$ out 9 ! correct position = ! outside backw>d circle4 ,?is is ! easie/ ( ! brackets & may be practis$ fir/ if desir$4 ,x is s plac$ 9 "s ( ! competitions4 ,! complem5t>y figure to ! above is ! outside backw>d bracket4 ,?is is ! mo/ difficult ( ! brackets4 ,/>t z = ! outside backw>d circle1 b v soon br+ ! balance foot slightly pa/ ! skat+ foot & flatt5 ! %\ld]s t[>d ! circle1 n away f x2 9 "s respects ! mo/ difficult ( s*ool figure positions4 ,?is bracket is made on ! extreme backw>d "p ( ! blade4 ,! balance foot is kept close to ! skat+ foot dur+ ! bracket4 ,aft] x1 b5d ! skat+ knee mom5t>ily s z to ga9 p[] :5 ! body is /raight5$ up = ! inside =w>d portion ( ! figure4 ,! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ beh9d & across ! pr9t aft] ! bracket = ab\t "o-half ( ! curve1 !n br\ght =w>d & across ! pr9t 9 ! correct position = ! inside =w>d circle4 ,9 all brackets ! c>riage ( ! arms is v important4 ,!y %\ld n be p]mitt$ to sw+ ! body (f ! correct balance4 ,z a g5]al rule ! arm on ! side ( ! body :i* is lead+ %\ld be ext5d$ well 9 front & 9 direct l9e ) ! circle1 ! o!r arm be+ held n f> f ! body4 ,aft] ! bracket ! o!r arm %\ld be ext5d$ ov] ! pr9t4 ,brackets are "o ( ! few s*ool figures :i* may be practis$ ) a p>tn] to mutual b5efit4 ,,*apt] #af4 ,,rock]s2 ,,outside ,,=w>d ,,& ,,outside ,,backw>d4 ,! rock]s are v h>d figures to le>n1 b !y are v beautiful & v delightful4 ,p]haps ! big so>+ rock]s are ! mo/ fasc9at+ ( all skat+ figures4 ,_m ( ! *ampions ( ,europe use !m z op5+ figures 9 _! competitions :]e judges ( skat+ are m>k+ po9ts4 ,i select figures less te*nical = ! purpose ( int]e/+ a g5]al audi5ce4 ,! rock] is a comp>atively new turn :i* has only )9 rec5t ye>s be5 introduc$ into s*ool skat+4 ,nor!rn ,europe orig9at$ x4 ,ev5 to-day !re are /rong diff]5ces ( op9ion z to ! execution ( "s ( ! rock]s4 ,probably ^! diff]5ces are bas$ on physical pref]5ces ( skat]s4 ,rock]s are natural turns--t is1 !y are rotations ( ! body 9 ! direction :i* x is incl9$ to take1 l ?rees4 ,b ! same edge is employ$ aft] z be=e ! rock]1 z "r outside =w>d to "r outside backw>d4 ,flexibility ( ! hip jo9ts & c\rage to take a /rong if app>5tly dang]\s *ange ( position are ! *ief requirem5ts to ! ma/]y ( ! rock]s4 ,! body & %\ld]s are (t5 requir$ to ma9ta9 "o position :ile ! skat+ leg f ! hip d[n is be+ twi/$ into a diff]5t position 9 read9ess = ! new curve :i* f9i%es ! figure4 ,aga91 z 9 brackets1 ! aid ( a p>tn] is mo/ useful 9 le>n+ ! rock]s4 ,b ! assi/ance %\ld be m]ely a t\* ( ! f+]s to give confid5ce at ! critical mom5t1 n a firm support or guidance4 ,to "k t aft] "o ( ^! difficult turns !re is a p>tn]'s h& wait+ (t5 greatly /imulates c\rage4 ,j]k9ess & noticeable pause 9 ! execution ( ! figures are bad =m4 ,! mom5tum %\ld be cont9u\s & ev54 ,unless x is1 ! figure w be badly done & ! balance int]f]$ )4 ,! :ole pr9t ( ! complete figure %\ld be 9 ! m9d ( ! skat] be=e he />ts4 ,room = its execution %\ld be f\nd & ev5 a cle> idea ( :]e ! pr9ts are to be made on ! ice %\ld be 9 m9d4 ,reg>d rock]s z a s]ies ( closely relat$ movem5ts =m+ a cont9u\s :ole & ! "w w be easi] & m p]fect4 ,/>t ! outside =w>d rock] z = ! outside =w>d circle ) a /rong edge & twi/+ ! %\ld]s t[>d ! circle4 ,! balance foot %\ld be br\ght up close to ! skat+ foot j be=e ! rock] & be almo/ ov] x :5 ! rock] is made4 ,! turn is made on /rong edge 9 e case4 ,! arms %\ld n be all[$ to spread or !y w sw+ ! body at ! turn4 ,! rock] is made by ! /rong twi/+ ( ! hip jo9t & skat+ foot at ! mom5t ( ! turn1 ! skate mak+ almo/ a complete rev]sal ( position f =w>d to backw>d4 ,! head %\ld look 9 ! direction ( motion be=e & aft] ! rock]4 ,! glance may be direct$ to ! place :]e ! rock] is be+ made at ! mom5t ( its execution1 b aft]w>d ! head %\ld be c>ri$ erect4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! turn ! body & %\ld]s are twi/$ back into ! position = ! second portion ( ! figure1 ! skat+ foot is turn$ well outw>d z = a 8spread eagle10 ! balance foot is br\ght beh9d & inside ! pr9t & ! arm ov] ! balance foot ext5d$ well 9 front 9 ! direction ( ! circle4 ,! head is c>ri$ erect1 ! glance t[>d ! direction ( travel & ! figure f9i%$ z 9 ! position ( ! outside backw>d circle4 ,! complem5t>y half ( ! figure is ! outside backw>d rock]1 :i* is 9 _m respects ! easie/ ( ! rock]s4 ,! ma9 difficulty is to get adequate />t = ! figure1 = all rock]s require spe$4 ,/>t z = ! outside backw>d circle1 twi/+ ! body & %\ld]s t[>d ! direction ( ! curve4 ,! skat+ foot !re=e w be 9 l9e ) ! %\ld]s 9 a 8spread eagle0 position4 ,at ! mom5t ( ! turn ! skat+ foot %\ld be directly "u ! body & ! balance foot close to x & slightly beh9d4 ,z ! turn is made1 b5d ! skat+ foot mom5t>ily1 /raight5+ up imm$iately aft]w>d4 ,! balance ( ! curve to ! completion ( ! circle %\ld be done z 9 ! outside =w>d circle1 b to c>ry ! curve out 9 l>ge %ape ! balance foot mu/ be c>ri$ outside ! pr9t & ! %\ld]s turn$ well away f ! c5tre4 ,illu/ration3 ,beaks1 ,op54 ,illu/ration3 ,beaks1 ,clos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,beaks1 ,cross-cut4 ,,*apt] #ag4 ,,rock]s2 ,,inside ,,=w>d ,,& ,,inside ,,backw>d4 ,al?\gh ! rock]s1 or rock+ turns1 z !y are sometimes call$1 are v difficult & v beautiful1 !y are n especially adapt$ to a place 9 !atrical skat+4 ,if ,i 7 giv+ an exhibition be=e skat]s only ,i w\ld probably introduce sev]al ( ^! spectacul> turns4 ,i f9d o!r numb]s a little m suit$ to ! da%+ p]=mance expect$ 9 a programme (f]$ a g5]al audi5ce4 ,9 ! la/ lesson1 :i* 0 on rock]s1 we le>n$ h[ to execute ! =w>d outside rock] & ! backw>d outside rock]1 :i* are complem5t>y figures1 or "o-half ( a s*ool figure4 ,?is lesson to-day has to d ) ! rema9+ portion ( ! figure1 a rock] on ! inside edge =w>d & a rock] on ! inside edge backw>d4 ,^! are done on alt]nate feet &1 z w be se51 complete ! s]ies ( rock]s1 "o on ea* foot & on ea* edge4 ,?is me?od ( practis+ all ! s*ool figures1 =w>d & backw>d1 on bo? edges on bo? feet1 is mo/ important4 ,no skat] c be consid]$ z hav+ le>n$ ! fundam5tals ( skat+ until he c d ! s*ool figures on bo? feet & 9 bo? directions4 ,on ! /age ( ! ,hippodrome ,i frequ5tly execute difficult sp9s & jumps on "o foot1 & !n on ! o!r foot1 n = ! purpose ( prolong+ ! numb] b = ! purpose ( %[+ t ,i c d !m equally well on ei!r foot4 ,! />t ( ! inside =w>d rock] is made l ! />t ( ! inside =w>d circle1 b a /rong inside edge is tak5 & ! rotation ( ! body t[>d ! circle is held back4 ,:5 a little less ?an "o-half ( ! fir/ curve has be5 skat$ on ! inside =w>d edge1 ! balance foot1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ beh9d ! body1 is br\ght close to ! skat+ foot & at ! mom5t ( ! turn is directly ov] x4 ,b ! *ange 9 position ( ! balance foot mu/ n be all[$ to alt] ! correct1 if some:at =c$1 position ( ! %\ld]s & body1 :i* %\ld be 9 ! "r position & ! balance = ! second portion ( ! figure ev5 be=e ! turn is made4 ,?is curi\s *>act]i/ic ( rock]s has be5 ref]r$ to be=e--t ! body mu/ be turn$ & ready = ! new position ev5 be=e ! rock] is p]=m$4 ,b ! skat+ leg & foot mu/ be held rigidly to ! execution ( ! fir/ position ( ! figure be=e ! turn1 ev5 :ile ! %\ld]s1 ! body & ! turn$ head are already 9 position = ! latt] half ( ! movem5t4 ,! rock] %\ld be execut$ on a /rongly b5t skat+ knee & aft] ! turn !re may be additional b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee = ! purpose ( add+ mom5tum z ! knee is /raight5$ j aft] ! turn is made4 ,?is rock] is made on ! =w>d "p ( ! blade4 ,! inside =w>d rock] is "o ( ! few skat+ movem5ts :]e bo? knees are all[$ to be close toge!r = a mom5t4 ,! arms %\ld hang loosely at ! sides ( ! body dur+ ! turn1 ) ! h&s turn$ slightly upw>d & ! palms d[n4 ,aft] ! turn ! =w>d arm %\ld be ext5d$ 9 ! direction ( motion = bo? appe>ance & balance4 ,! balance foot %\ld be c>ri$ 9 front1 ov] ! pr9t be=e ! turn1 & beh9d aft] ! turn1 b ?is is "o ( ! figures :]e !re is consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! be/ if n ! correct c>riage ( ! balance foot dur+ ! execution ( ! figure4 ,! figure is skat$ easie/1 z are all rock]s1 :5 skat$ fa/ & l>ge & ! turn made z quickly z possible4 ,?is requires "s d>+ & pluck4 ,! inside edge backw>d1 ^u :i* ! figure is f9i%$1 is difficult to hold out to ! true curve1 b ! g5]al directions = ! inside backw>d circles are all t are requir$ = its ma/]y--) a g5]\s am\nt ( practise4 ,! complem5t>y half ( ?is figure is ! inside backw>d rock]4 ,/>t z = ! inside circle backw>d2 soon br+ ! balance foot =w>d & slightly pa/ ! skat+ foot s t x is close to ! skat+ foot at ! mom5t ( ! turn4 ,! body1 z 9 ! case ( all rock]s1 %\ld be directly ov] ! turn at ! mom5t x is made4 ,z ! turn is made ! balance foot is br\ght back %>ply to ! skat+ foot2 ! twi/ ( ! %\ld]s 9 position = ! =w>d inside edge ) a quick turn ( ! skate on ! ice executes ?is difficult1 cat*y movem5t4 ,! turn %\ld be made on ! backw>d portion ( ! blade4 ,?is is ! mo/ peculi> ( ! rock]s & is m ( a knack :i*1 once caught1 is n readily =gott54 ,! figure is f9i%$ 9 ! usual position ( ! =w>d inside circle & ! balance foot is br\ght pa/ ! skat+ foot :5 ab\t "o-half ( ! f9al circle has be5 complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,special ,,figures4 ,,*apt] #ah4 ,,c\nt]s4 ,c\nt]s are v simil> 9 appe>ance to rock]s b ! turn is made away f ! c5tre in/ead ( t[>d x4 ,a rock] is a =m ( ?ree out ( :i* "o comes onto ! same edge 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,a c\nt] some:at resembles a bracket 9 appe>ance b ! cont9u+ /roke is on ! same edge z t employ$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! figure4 ,z 9 ! rock]s1 ! direction is rev]s$ at ! turn2 =w>d1 c\nt]1 backw>d or backw>d1 c\nt]1 =w>d4 ,! *ange is always to ! same edge4 ,a *ange ( edge is sometimes made 9 ! execution ( bo? brackets1 rock]s & c\nt]s b su* a move is a violation ( ! correct p]=mance ( ! figure4 ,x mu/ be scrupul\sly gu>d$ aga9/4 ,9 _m important respects c\nt]s are execut$ simil>ly to rock]s4 ,!re is a c>eful sw+ ( ! balance foot j be=e1 dur+ & j aft] ! turn4 ,simultane\s action ( ! skat+ leg1 ! balance leg1 ! %\ld]s & ! head are ( great] importance 9 ?is figure ?an 9 any o!r4 ,yet ! c\nt]s are easi] ?an o!r turns ( a simil> "* :i* already h be5 /udi$ ev5 al?\gh !y are :at ,i h call$ unnatural turns1 or turns 9 violation ( ! natural rotation4 ,! outside =w>d c\nt] is />t$ z = ! outside =w>d circle4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be held back1 aga9/ ! curve1 n z 9 ?rees or rock]s1 ) ! curve4 ,9 all =w>d c\nt]s ! balance foot is br\ght =w>d1 pa/ ! skat+ foot1 !n1 at ! mom5t ( ! turn1 back aga91 close to ! skat+ foot4 ,aft] ! turn x is c>ri$ =w>d aga9 9 ! correct position = ! second portion ( ! figure :i* %\ld be skat$ z if entirely indep5d5t ( ! fir/ portion4 ,9 all c\nt]s1 ! body %\ld be turn$ 9 read9ess = ! correct position ( ! second "p ( ! figure be=e ! fir/ "p has be5 f9i%$4 ,?is implies flexibility ( muscles & control ( bodily poise :i* are difficult to acquire4 ,excell5t practice = ^! intricate skat+ positions c be obta9$ on a floor1 ) skates (f1 by turn+ ! body & ! legs 9 ! v>i\s correct positions & memoriz+ !m4 ,! outside backw>d c\nt] is skat$ ) a /rong outside edge at ! />t ( ! figure1 a little m delib]ate draw+ up ( ! balance foot & special c>e t ! balance foot is v close to ! skat+ foot at ! "t ( ! turn4 ,!re %\ld be /rong backw>d balance ( ! body j be=e ! turn is made2 j aft] x a mom5t>y /rong b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee4 ,?is turn is made on ! =w>d "p ( ! blade & is reg>d$ by _m good skat]s z ! mo/ difficult ( ! c\nt]s4 ,inside =w>d c\nt]s are n m difficult ?an outside =w>d c\nt]s4 ,!y are />t$ z = ! bracket ) ! %\ld] ov] ! balance foot lead+4 ,! %\ld]s are held squ>e ) ! circle until ! turn4 ,! turn is made on ! =w>d "p ( ! blade4 ,aft] ! turn !re %\ld be /rong b5d+ ( ! skat+ knee & quick /raight5+ ( x4 ,! figure is f9i%$ z = ! inside backw>d circle4 ,= ! inside backw>d c\nt] a vigor\s ?ru/ is ess5tial4 ,b5d ! skat+ knee well f ! />t ( ! figure up to ! mom5t ( ! turn1 :5 x %\ld be slightly /raight5$1 ! balance foot br\ght close to ! skat+ foot & ! %\ld]s held z = ! inside backw>d bracket4 ,?is c\nt] is made on ! heel ( ! blade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt]4 ,left outside edge backw>d1 c\nt]1 outside =w>d4 7,,lobc(7 ,,*apt] #ai4 ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,s*ool ,,figures4 ,! advanc$ s*ool figures1 z w be se5 f a glance at ! diagrams1 consi/ ( developm5ts & comb9ations ( ! elem5t>y s*ool figures4 ,!re are no really new figures among !m unless ! cont9uation ( ! *ange ( edge into ! =m ( an eight c be s reg>d$4 ,"s ( !m are ( ! greate/ importance s9ce 9 "o figure are comb9$ all ! *anges ( edge & all ! ?rees or loops4 ,!y %\ld be v c>efully practis$ & fully ma/]$4 ,:5 !y h be5 includ$ among ! figures :i* ! skat] is able to correctly execute ) ease t skat] is fully entitl$ to a place among ! exp]t skat]s ( any c\ntry & any place4 ,^! elem5t>y & advanc$ s*ool figures conta9 s _m difficult elem5ts & comb9ations t "t = o!r int]e/+ movem5ts w be h>d to f9d4 ,x is well to v>y ! practise1 !re=e1 & reta9 ! int]e/1 by introduc+ a bit ( free skat+ n[ & !n4 ,let individuality h play occasionally4 ,get a little fun out ( ev5 ! mo/ s]i\s skat+ practise4 ,skat+ is h>d "w & requires mu* application4 ,d n let ! int]e/ flag by too ext5d$ sessions ( un9t]rupt$ "w4 ,keep 9 m9d ! fact t skat+ is a beautiful sport & a delightful div]sion4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,spectacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,rev]s$ ,spectacles4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-cut1 ,/raight top4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-cut1 ,curv$ top4 ,illu/ration3 ,cross-cut1 ,int]sect$ top4 ,illu/ration3 ,rev]se ,cross-cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,s&]s ,rev]se ,cross-cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,d\ble ,anvils4 ,illu/ration3 ,diamond ,cross-cut4 ,illu/ration3 ,leb$eff ,rev]se ,cross-cut4 ,,*apt] #bj4 ,,o!r ,,important ,,figures4 ,:ile ! s*ool figures1 bo? elem5t>y & advanc$1 h be5 describ$ or illu/rat$1 !re are o!r important figures :i* ! skat] %\ld le>n4 ,^! w be useful = introduction into any free skat+ programme & "s ( !m are exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,9 my !atrical skat+ ,i make up a programme :i* conta9s v few ( ! s*ool figures4 ,spectacul> jumps & sp9s1 pir\ettes & acrobatic developm5t ( skat+ /rokes are ! mo/ tak+ features ( any skat+ programme (f]$ to ! g5]al public4 ,= ?is reason1 ! skat] :o is ambiti\s to become an exhibition skat] mu/ p]fect himself or h]self 9 ^! movem5ts :i* are some:at outside ( ! /rict s*ool figures b :i* nev]!less are mo/ important additions to g5]al figure skat+4 ,9 ?is li/ are compris$ cross-cuts or anvils1 ! v names ( :i* tell ! me?od ( _! execution or appe>ance1 also sp9s1 pir\ettes & jumps1 introduc$ betwe5 *anges ( direction or edge1 or = _! own sake z indep5d5t movem5ts2 grapev9es1 beaks1 spectacles1 spirals & spread-eagles4 ,f ^! figures1 toge!r ) ! s*ool figures1 all skat+ exhibitions & competitions are made up4 ,x w\ld be difficult inde$ = ev5 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ /ud5t ( skat+ to le>n "s ( ^! movem5ts f a pr9t$ description or diagram ( !m4 ,su* description is almo/ wor?less4 ,!y c be le>n$ be/ f a tea*] & 9 almo/ e locality :]e !re is figure skat+ !re w be f\nd at lea/ a few skat]s capable ( execut+ "s if n all ( ^! free skat+ figures4 ,! /ud5t is urg$ to wat* c>efully ! /rokes ( ^? :o c d !m & !n "w ! figures out = himself on ! ice4 ,d n be a%am$ to ask que/ions ( ^? :o skate bett] ?an y d4 ,make p5cil sket*es ( figures t int]e/ y & write d[n ! correct c>riage ( balance foot & arms until y h le>n$ !m4 ,sp9s & :irls1 on "o foot or two feet1 on ! flat blade ( ! skate or on an edge1 are be/ />t$ f a long1 /rong spiral on "o foot :i* ends 9 a ?ree1 ! balance foot & ! arms be+ swung widely to give rotat+ impetus4 ,pir\ettes are done on ! toes ( ! skates & imply extremely difficult balances4 ,jumps on to ! toe ( ! skate are n s difficult1 al?\gh !y appe> v difficult1 are v effective = exhibition purposes & (t5 =m v pretty int]ludes to introduce into a skat+ programme4 ,cross-cuts & anvils are expla9$ 9 ! diagrams4 ,!y are n pretty figures b are sometimes useful 9 embelli%+ a skat+ programme ?r\gh _! oddity4 ,spectacles are (t5 extremely beautiful numb]s to skate to music1 ! balance foot beat+ "t 9 ! air4 ,spirals are spl5did figures = pair skat+ or = ! demon/ration ( graceful c>riage4 ,! v>i\s grapev9es h nev] be5 v popul> 9 ,europe yet !y h mu* value 9 /imulat+ +5uity & 9 increas+ ! flexibility ( ! ankles4 ,"s surpris+ figures c be built up by execut+ "o movem5t ) "o foot :ile ! o!r foot executes a diff]5t movem5t4 ,! spread-eagle is a figure :i* _m skat]s f9d !mselves physically incapable (4 ,x requires a flexibility ( ! hip-jo9ts :i* c n always be cultivat$4 ,x c be made v spectacul> by ! introduction ( jumps :ile x is be+ p]=m$4 ,"s ( ! cross-cuts & ev5 "s ( ! dance /eps1 require t ! skat] be able to execute ! spread-eagle4 ,x %\ld be le>n$ unless physical inability prev5ts4 ,! v>i\s dance /eps are m]ely v>iations ( ! s*ool figures or ! addition to !m ( "s ( ^! movem5ts4 ,few ( !m are at all difficult1 ! comb9ations be+ all t ! skat] has to le>n4 ,! waltz1 = in/ance1 is simply ! ?ree turn1 on bo? edges1 =w>d & backw>d1 ) a p>tn]1 :o is (t5] a help ?an a h9drance to ! beg9n]4 ,,*apt] #ba4 ,,free ,,skat+4 ,! t]m free skat+ is appli$ to t portion ( ! programme n includ$ 9 ! s*ool figures4 ,9 all *ampion%ip conte/s c]ta9 selections are made f ! s*ool figures & !n ! competitor is all[$ a few m9utes 9 :i* to illu/rate 8 ability to skate special figures or elem5ts n be=e %[n by him4 ,:ile ! skat+ ( s*ool figures is always to place1 & ! m>k+ ( t skat+ is dep5d5t ^u ! ability ( ! skat] to make 8 trac+s ^u ! ice con=m to correct designs1 ! free skat+ is1 z its "n implies1 entirely indep5d5t ( conv5tional =m & may be locat$ at any place ^u ! ice4 ,! free skat+ programme is ! mo/ int]e/+ portion ( ! conte/ g5]ally & (f]s ! be/ te/ ( ! skat]'s ability to illu/rate ma/]y ( ! spectacul> side ( ! sport4 ,!re are no set figures :i* ! skat] is expect$ to demon/rate 9 free skat+4 ,he has a limit ( "t1 t is all4 ,9 t "t he may skate z _m diff]5t or simil> figures z he sees fit1 l>ge or small1 intricate or simple4 ,e res\rce ( 8 skat+ k may be br\ght into play "h4 ,!re=e x is n surpris+ t ?is portion ( ! skat+ conte/s 9 ,europe attracts v l>ge cr[ds f long di/ances4 ,my skat+ on ! /age ( ! ,hippodrome is :at might be call$ free skat+1 except t ,i am skat+ = ! g5]al public & n = skat+ judges4 ,if ,i 7 skat+ = judges ( skat+ ,i w\ld introduce a few m difficult1 if n m spectacul>1 skat+ figures4 ,any skat] int5d+ to ent] a competition %\ld c>efully "w up a free skat+ programme1 le>n x by he>t & be able to skate x )\t pause4 ,(t5 ?is portion ( ! conte/ s]ves to rate a skat] v high & helps out greatly :5 ! skat] has _h l[ m>ks = ! s*ool figures4 ,c]ta9 programmes are g5]ally foll[$ 9 free skat+4 ,/>t+ ) a s]ies ( runn+ /eps1 to get mom5tum1 !n a long spiral & a spectacul> jump2 toe sp9s2 bold1 l>ge figures 9 ! =m ( an eight2 dance /eps1 a spectacle figure to "t ( music2 f9i%+ ) a spectacul> sp9 on "o foot1 cr\*$ d[n close to ! ice ) ! o!r foot curl$ ab\t ! skat+ foot 9 front3 ?is makes a comb9ation :i* sugge/s :at c be done4 ,! spread-eagle is ano!r important figure to introduce into free skat+ programmes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,eight ,,on ,,"o ,,foot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?ree--,,*ange--,,?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge--,,?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,?ree--,,*ange--,,d\ble ,,?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge--,,d\ble ,,?ree4 ,illu/ration3 ,,loop--,,*ange--,,loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge--,,loop4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bracket--,,*ange--,,bracket4 ,illu/ration3 ,,*ange ,,( ,,edge--,,bracket4 ,,*apt] #bb4 ,,pair ,,skat+4 ,pair skat+ implies adaptability4 ,"o mu/ n only be an indep5d5t skat] b mu/ also wat* 8 p>tn] & meet t p>tn]'s /roke or *ange ( /roke4 ,ev5ness & accuracy 9 individual skat+ are m necess>y 9 pair skat+ ?an 9 solo skat+ = on t accuracy dep5ds ! mann] 9 :i* ! p>tn] is met aft] sep>at+ /rokes4 ,9 _m figures ! difficulty is enhanc$ by n only hav+ to execute ! figure b meet ! p>tn] at ! "r spot & ! "r mom5t aft]w>d4 ,x is 9 "s respects a f9] art to skate well ) a p>tn] ?an x is to skate well alone4 ,:]e *>m & grace are reveal$ 9 individual skat+1 ! addition ( a p>tn] :o skates equally well acc5tuates ! grace & beauty ( ?is poetry ( motion4 ,_m o!r delightful features are *>act]i/ic ( pair skat+4 ,x is ! sociable =m ( skat+1 ,z 9 danc+1 :]e few are exp]t en\gh to d solo danc+1 ?\s&s enjoy danc+ ) a p>tn]4 ,!re is /imulus to individual a*ievem5t 9 skat+ ) a p>tn]4 ,weak figures are aid$ 9 _! developm5t by enc\ragem5t & ! help+ h&4 ,rivalry results & helps t[>d progress4 ,! m]e pres5ce ( an assi/+ h& w (t5 aid ! ambiti\s skat] 9 ! fir/ ma/]y ( a difficult balance or ! su/a9+ ( a long spiral4 ,individual skat+1 :5 x is highly p]fect$1 t5ds some:at t[>d an ov]-abundance ( dance /eps & toe movem5ts1 :ile pair skat+ rema9s skat+ at its be/--! long1 sweep+1 exquisitely pois$ curves c>ri$ ov] two hundr$ feet ( gli/5+ ice4 ,= pair skat+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( prelim9>y progress 9 individual skat+ is necess>y4 ,ea* skat] %\ld be able to d ! outside edge =w>d circles & at lea/ /rike out alone on ! backw>d edges4 ,ea* %\ld be able to execute ! ?rees on bo? feet1 at lea/ =w>d4 ,) ^! fundam5tal accompli%m5ts x is possible to d v pretty & v int]e/+ pair skat+4 ,figures :i* seem n at all rem>kable :5 skat$ alone h add$ int]e/ & beauty :5 skat$ ) an equally compet5t p>tn]4 ,ev5 ! waltz1 :i* is 9 "s respects ! mo/ effective ( all pair skat+ numb]s1 c be done by skat]s :o h n advanc$ fur!r ?an ?is po9t4 ,practise fir/1 skat+ =w>d1 "o beh9d ! o!r1 "r & left h&s t\*+ & lett+ ! skat] beh9d sw+ across ! direction ( ! skat] 9 front4 ,?us at ! />t ( ! /roke1 ! skat] beh9d w be at ! "r side ( ! skat] at front & at ! end ( ! /roke w be at ! left side4 ,! arms ( ! skat] 9 front sw+ beh9d & f side to side z ! p>tn] crosses4 ,x is mo/ important t 9 ?is z 9 almo/ all pair skat+ figures1 ! f+]s m]ely t\*2 ea* p>tn] %\ld skate practically an indep5d5t circle4 ,!re nev] %\ld be int]f]5ce ) ! balance ( "o p>tn] by ! o!r4 ,only 9 ! waltz is a firm sw+ ( p>tn]s cu/om>y & advisable2 or 9 ! m difficult *ange ( edge-?ree4 ,:5 "s slight famili>ity ) ?is figure is atta9$ !n /& side by side1 ! =w>d skat]'s left h& 9 ! p>tn]'s "r4 ,/rike out boldly on ! "r outside edge /ill t\*+ h&s1 ) int5t to make a big circle4 ,aft] ab\t "o-qu>t] ( ! circle has be5 skat$ let g ( h&s1 cont9ue skat+ ! circle alone = "o-half ( its di/ance1 :i* w br+ ! skat] at ! back across ! circle be+ skat$ by ! "o 9 front & to ! "r side ( ! =w>d skat]4 ,"h1 z ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! full circle is skat$1 ! =w>d skat]'s "r h& w be caught by ! p>tn]'s left h& & ! figure f9i%$ 9 t position4 ,?is is v simple1 v graceful & v effective4 ,x %\ld be skat$ 9 ! =m ( an eight & ea* full /roke w !n br+ ! skat] back to />t+ po9t4 ,x has ! advantage ( int]f]+ less ) ! correct balance ( ! skat]s & ! correct c>riage ( ! arms ?an ! =m] figure4 ,! bett] skat] ( ! two %\ld skate beh9d4 ,! =w>d skat] %\ld pay v little att5tion to ! p>tn]1 all ! mat*+ ( /roke & ! cat*+ ( h&s be+ att5d$ to by ! p>tn] beh9d4 ,,! ,,elem5t>y ,,s*ool ,,figures ,illu/ration3 ,o4,f4 ,i4,f4 ,o4,b4 ,i4,b4 ,,pla9 ,,eights ,illu/ration3 ,,*anges ,illu/ration3 ,,?rees ,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble-,,?rees ,illu/ration3 ,,loops ,illu/ration3 ,,brackets ,illu/ration3 ,,rock]s ,illu/ration3 ,,c\nt]s ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,s*ool-,,figures ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 & ,,irv+ ,,brokaw 9 pair skat+ spiral4 ,! circle eights1 =w>d1 h&s jo9$ ) ^? ( ! p>tn] & ! /roke sw++ ! skat]s ar\nd a great circle :]e ! skat] beh9d gradually crosses ! direction ( ! skat] 9 front1 may be foll[$ by same /roke backw>d4 ,x w facilitate progress if ! weak] skat] skates ! circle eight backw>d & ! m exp]t ( ! p>tn]s skates x =w>d4 ,! bett] skat] w !reby be able to aid ! poor] skat]4 ,/>t1 = in/ance1 fac+ ea* o!r & ) opposite h&s t\*+ or clasp$4 ,let ! poor] skat]1 :o is attempt+ to le>n ! outside edge circle backw>d1 /rike out on ! "r foot aid$ by a vigor\s pu% f ! good skat] fac+ =w>d4 ,! bett] skat] w d ! circle on ! left foot =w>d outside edge :ile ! poor] skat] w d x on ! "r foot backw>d outside edge4 ,:5 ! beg9n] is able bett] to skate on ! "r foot ?an ! left ! foot on :i* he is mo/ exp]t %\ld be us$ 9 ! fir/ trial1 s z to give enc\ragem5t & confid5ce4 ,e figure mu/ be le>n$ on bo? feet & c be s le>n$ if "o p]si/s4 ,g5]ally x w be f\nd t p ambidextr\s 9 ! use ( ! h&s skate equally well ) bo? feet4 ,/rongly "r h&$ p w g5]ally skate bett] ) ! left foot & %\ld practise m1 !re=e1 ) ! "r foot4 ,:5 reasonable famili>ity & security has be5 obta9$ skat+ backw>d :ile ! p>tn] is skat+ =w>d1 !n bo? may skate backw>d1 fir/ ) h&s t\*+ ?r\gh\t ! full circle & !n execut+ ! circles by t\*+ h&s at ! />t1 skat+ alone "o-half ( ! backw>d circle & !n jo9+ ! opposite h&s at ! close ( ! /roke4 ,?is is simil> to ! position recomm5d$ = le>n+ ! =w>d outside circles toge!r4 ,! inside edge backw>d circles are mu* m difficult to le>n ?an ! outside backw>d circles4 ,!y are be/ le>n$ :5 ! poor] skat] skates inside edge circles backw>d :ile ! bett] skat] makes ! circle on ! =w>d inside edge ( ! opposite foot & ! p>tn]s face ea* o!r ) bo? h&s t\*+ ?r\gh\t ! circle4 ,z pr(ici5cy is atta9$1 "o h& may be remov$ & m]ely ! f+]s ( ! p>tn]'s h& t\*$ = assi/ance 9 ?is difficult balance4 ,x w r>ely be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! inside backw>d edges are requir$ to be skat$ toge!r4 ,b !y are s important 9 individual skat+ & s mu* easi] to le>n ) a p>tn] ?an alone1 t !y %\ld be regul>ly practis$ :5 pair skat+4 ,a beautiful v>iation ( ! h&s-ov]-!-head circles is t :]e ! fir/ circle is skat$ on ! =w>d outside edge ) bo? h&s t\*+ all ?r\gh ! circle & pass+ ov] ! =w>d p>tn]'s head4 ,!n a sw+ ( ! p>tn]s occurs1 a ?ree on "o foot is execut$ by bo? & ! eight is complet$ by ano!r circle skat$ backw>d on ! outside edges ( ! opposite feet4 ,su* a figure is easi] ?an x appe>s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ agreeable & simple figures = pair skat+ is ! 8once-back40 ,bo? p>tn]s skate ?is figure on ! same foot & simultane\sly4 ,! g5tleman /&s to ! lady's left1 h] h&s beh9d & to ! left t\*+ 84 ,a bold1 /rong outside edge circle is />t$ by ea* skat] on ! "r foot4 ,:5 "o-?ird ! circle has be5 skat$ a ?ree is made & imm$iately an outside edge backw>d /roke on ! o!r foot4 ,bo? p>tn]s are n[ go+ backw>d on left outside edges4 ,:5 two-?irds ( ! circle has be5 skat$ a ?ree on ! left foot is made & ! pair /rike out on ! "r outside =w>d edges to ! spot :]e ! figure 0 begun4 ,! g5tleman's arm %\ld slightly support ! p>tn] at ! ?ree turns4 ,aft] ! *ange ( edges1 />t+ on outside & !n on inside edges =w>d1 h be5 ma/]$1 t\*+ h&s & ) release ( h&s1 ! next figures to introduce are ! *anges ( edge ) a ?ree4 ,?is figure is kn[n z ! 8,q10 & is by no means z difficult z x looks :5 skat$ by two4 ,x is />t$ on ! outside edge1 bo? p>tn]s hold+ h&s beh9d ! lady's back4 ,!n foll[s a *ange ( edge & a deeply cut ?ree1 dur+ ! execution ( :i* ! lady is swung /rongly ar\nd ! man at ! f9i% ( ! figure4 ,illu/ration3 8,,*>lotte0 & ,,irv+ ,,brokaw 9 correct waltz+ position4 ,! mo/ popul> & "o ( ! easie/ ( pair skat+ figures is ! waltz4 ,!re c be no comp>ison betwe5 ! delight ( waltz+ on ice & waltz+ on a ballroom floor4 ,!re is an exhil>ation & rhy?m ab\t ice waltz+ :i* no?+ equals4 ,! skat+ /roke is long & sway+ & fits ! music bett] ?an danc+ /eps c be made to d4 ,probably ! waltz1 ow+ to its ease ( accompli%m5t1 w be ! mo/ /imulat+ influ5ce t[>d mak+ ice skat+ popul> among bo? m5 & wom54 ,almo/ any c\ple capable ( skat+ ! simple/ ( ! s*ool figures c le>n ! waltz on ice1 :e!r !y dance or n1 9 a v few trials4 ,! /eps are ! =w>d & backw>d outside edges & ! ?rees4 ,"o has ! advantage ( a p>tn] at ! ?rees :o is plac$ :]e help 9 ! balance is mo/ desir$4 ,!re is an advantage 9 kn[+ ! *ange ( edge1 b x is (t5 attempt$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is waltz skat+4 ,! only disadvantage 9 ! waltz :i* wom5 :o are n good skat]s exp]i5ce1 is due to ! fact t ! woman skates backw>d mo/ ( ! "t s z to all[ h] p>tn] to lead4 ,!re is m dang] ( bad collisions on ! ice floor ?an on ! ballroom floor & a good waltz+ p>tn] is ev5 m desirable on ! ice ?an 9 ! ballroom4 ,! waltz is />t$ ) ! woman skat+ ! backw>d outside edge :ile h] p>tn] skates ! =w>d outside edge4 ,aft] a %ort /roke a ?ree is made by ea* on ! foot ) :i* ! /roke 0 />t$1 !n a /roke on ! outside edge ( ! opposite foot1 ano!r ?ree & !n a ?ird /roke on ! same foot ) :i* ! figure 0 comm5c$4 ,"h a *ange ( edge c be made & ! figure c>ri$ out into ! =m ( an eight4 ,!re are innum]able v>iations ( ?is simple figure1 includ+ undulations or waves made by *ang+ edge at v>i\s places1 ! figure c be direct$ into l>ge or small circles & cont9u$ 9 spirals or circles4 ,x is possible to make ( x a v c>efully locat$ figure skat$ to place or a bold1 free figure skat$ 9 field4 ,c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ to keep ! /rokes 9 "t ) ! music & to make ! /rokes ( ea* p>tn] mat*4 ,!re %\ld be no consci\s ef=t or sw++ ( ! p>tn]4 ,d n cross ! balance foot ov] ! skat+ foot z ! new /roke is made nor raise ! balance foot high dur+ any ( ! /rokes4 ,aft] ! ?ird /roke ( ! waltz /ep has be5 made let !re be a slight *ange ( edge by ! lady2 ?is w br+ h] into ! "r position1 slightly across h] p>tn]'s l9e ( direction & place !m bo? 9 ! "r position = ! new /roke4 ,skate rhy?mically & sway to ! "t ( ! music4 ,skate delib]ately & ) e appe>ance ( enjoy+ x4 ,no?+ c\ld be fur!r f good =m 9 ice waltz+ ?an a fa/1 n]v\s me?od reveal+ insecurity ( balance & pose4 ,spirals are spl5did figures = pair skat+4 ,!y may be skat$ on outside or inside edges1 ) ! man beh9d & fac+ 9 ! same direction or 9 front on ! opposite foot & fac+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 ?is latt] pose "s ( ! mo/ d>+ & spectacul> ( skat+ movem5ts c be execut$2 !y are z easy z !y are /rik+4 ,jumps & pir\ettes1 done by bo? p>tn]s or by "o1 are also pair skat+ possibilities4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spectacul> pair skat+ jumps consi/s ( a leap by ! lady f ! outside =w>d edge to ! outside backw>d edge ar\nd h] p>tn]1 or sometimes almo/ ov] 8 %\ld]4 ,?is is done at high spe$ & is v pretty z well z v d>+4 ,?is is true skat+ & at ! same "t acrobatic skat+ ( ! mo/ difficult "*4 ,,*apt] #bc4 ,,competitions ,,& ,,judg+4 ,!re is no great] /imulus to skat+ int]e/ ?an a competition 9 :i* numb]s ( ! be/ skat]s ent] & 9 :i* ! judg+ is satisfactory4 ,9 ,europe ^! competitions are held e w9t] & call out entries f _m localities4 ,aft] a s]ies ( elim9ation conte/s by :i* ! local *ampions are det]m9$1 !re are !n held ! national & int]national *ampion%ips4 ,^! latt] are n held 9 ! same place e ye>1 b are tak5 ab\t s t diff]5t localities & ev5 diff]5t c\ntries1 may h ! privilege ( see+ ! *ampions skate & ( feel+ ! /imulus to copy _! f9e "w4 ,!re %\ld be frequ5t competitions 9 e locality4 ,sport clubs g5]ally are equipp$ to arrange ^! ev5ts & c>ry !m to success4 ,let !m invite local *ampions & good skat]s f ! vic9ity4 ,f ^! ! w9n]s may be select$ to repres5t ! locality 9 skat+ ev5ts at a di/ance or ev5 national *ampion%ips4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re w\ld seem to be good opportunity to develop /ate *ampions & f !m det]m9e :o is ! national *ampion4 ,! great di/ances :i* sep>ate ! diff]5t p>ts ( y\r c\ntry seem to be ! only drawback to su* an int]e/+ s]ies ( skat+ competitions4 ,! selection ( judges is mo/ important4 ,^! %\ld be !mselves good skat]s1 famili> ) ! /yle ( skat+ n[ g5]ally accept$ all ov] ! _w z correct1 ! pr9ciples ( :i* are ! subject ( ?is book4 ,!y %\ld be enc\rag]s ( skat+ & d ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] to int]e/ ! competitors & ! public 9 ! ev5t4 ,mu* ( ! int]e/ 9 future conte/s dep5ds ^u ! judges4 ,no sport c long c>ry ! h&icap ( unfair or bias$ judg+4 ,a selection f ! elem5t>y & advanc$ s*ool figures is made by ! ?ree or five judges4 ,e competitor is requir$ to skate ^! figures4 ,!n ?ree or five m9utes is all[$ = free skat+4 ,! /&>ds = judg+ ! free skat+ are difficulty & v>iety ( ! cont5ts ( ! programme & its mann] ( p]=mance z to arrangem5t ( figures1 comb9ations & contra/s1 correct c>riage1 etc4 ,! judges make _! m>ks indep5d5tly & ! totals are !n comb9$4 ,! me?od ( m>k+ bo? s*ool figures & free skat+ is to give ! competitor a m>k = 8 p]=mance :i* may be any:]e betwe5 #j & #f & !n multiply ?is m>k by ! factor :i* is %[n = ! figure skat$4 ,! factorial numb] is /at$ opposite ea* ( ! s*ool figures 9 ! diagram4 ,! arrangem5t is su* t no free skat+ programme1 h[ev] p]fect or spectacul>1 c w9 = ! skat] m ?an two-?irds ( ! m>ks obta9able = p]fect execution ( ! s*ool figures4 ,9 o!r words1 m]e %[9ess ( skat+ _c w9 ov] sup]ior p]=mance ( f\ndation elem5ts4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is arrangem5t is obvi\s4 ,! m>ks = ! s*ool figures & ! m>ks = free skat+ =m a total :i* is ! rat+ ( ! skat] 9 ! competition4 ,if !re is a tie ! skat] hav+ ! highe/ m>ks 9 s*ool skat+ w9s4 ,! basis = judg+ is fir/1 correct trac+ on ! ice2 second1 position1 c>riage & movem5t2 ?ird1 size ( ! figure2 f\r?1 ! plac+ ( ! figure 9 triple repetition4 ,! judges' c>ds %\ld be c>efully kept & %[n aft]w>d on dem&4 ,,*apt] #bd4 ,,skat+ ,,ponds ,,& ,,r9ks4 ,!re %\ld be enc\ragem5t ( skat+ on ! "p ( e community by ! ma9t5ance ( skat+ ponds & r9ks4 ,no bett] ex]cise c be provid$ = by any city or t[n4 ,x is almo/ a univ]sal pa/ime 9 all nor!rn climes & w\ld be ev5 m popul> ?an x is if facilities = its enjoym5t 7 increas$4 ,deep lakes & ponds require f ?ree to five in*es ( ice to be safe = any consid]able cr[ds4 ,x is bett] to flood t5nis c\rts or p>ade gr\nds ?an to wait = cont9u$ cold wea!r to furni% suffici5t ice = ! sport4 ,ev5 a small area1 no l>g] ?an a c\ple ( t5nis c\rts1 w provide suffici5t space = a doz5 p skat+ ! l>ge/ ( ! s*ool figures or = sev]al pairs ( skat]s4 ,9 localities :]e x is n (t5 bel[ #ae ,f41 flood+ ! surface is n wise4 ,x is bett] to spray f ! hose aft] nightfall or j z ! sev]e cold spell arrives4 ,bad spots & cracks %\ld be cut into & a putty made ( sn[ & hot wat] %\ld be laid 9 !m4 ,sn[ ice1 or %ell ice1 %\ld be brok5 ) ! foot or %ovel & putty ( sn[ & wat] p\nd$ into ! holes4 ,:5 sn[ falls sweep x (f at once & make x into an embankm5t at ! sides ( ! r9k4 ,/rong sun melts ?9 ice mu* quick] ?an ?ick ice4 ,by keep+ track ( ! wea!r reports spl5did skat+ c (t5 be obta9$ by v little att5tion to ! skat+ pond4 ,a l>ge wat]+ pot is sometimes a suffici5t implem5t ) :i* to r5ew ! surface ( a badly cut skat+ area4 ,ponds & small lakes %\ld be swept occasionally by ! skat]s !mselves if paid help is n available4 ,drift ( du/ & dirt spoils skat+ & /icks or *ips f hockey /icks or old wood (t5 cause ! wor/ ( falls4 ,sweep ! sn[ t[>d ! l[] end ( ! pond s t if ra9 comes !re w be a bank to hold ! wat] & =m a new surface ( ice4 ,set (f a small portion ( ! lake = figure skat+ if hockey is be+ play$4 ,enc\rage games & races & figure skat+ competition4 ,get up moonlight skat+ p>ties on ! ice4 ,/r+ lant]ns ab\t & h a co/ume skat+ c>nival4 ,if ! circum/ances p]mit make a gigantic bonfire & provide hot c(fee & o!r refre%m5ts4 ,9 "s p>ts ( nor!rn ,europe l>ge p>ties ( "y p skate great di/ances on ! riv]s1 /opp+ at v>i\s t[ns = lun* & d9n] & return+ by tra94 ,illu/ration ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 8,*>lotte0 on ! ,hippodrome ,ice ,pond1 ,:]e ,%e ,a*iev$ ,h] ,great ,am]ican ,triumph4 ,illu/ration ,,e/abli%$ #ahef ,,incorporat$ #ahhf ,,! ,,samuel ,,w9sl[ ,,skate ,,manufactur+ ,,company ,,= ,,sixty ,,ye>s ,,mak]s ,,( ,,w9sl[',s ,,skates ,,! ,,be/ ,,ice ,,& ,,roll] ,,skates ,,ma9 ,,(fice ,,& ,,factory3 ,,worce/]1 ,,mass41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,new ,,york ,,salesrooms3 #hd ,,*amb]s ,,/reet ,,bran*es ,,9 ,,london1 ,,p>is1 ,,sydney1 ,,brisbane1 ,,dun$91 ,,auckl&1 ,,well+ton ,,s5d ,,= ,,catalogues ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4