,,handbook ,,for ,,light ,,artillery4 ,,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,dyer1 ,first ,lieutenant1 ,fourth ,artillery1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,first ,,edition4 ,,first ,,thousand4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,,london3 ,,chapman ,,hall1 ,,limited4 #ahif4 ,copyright1 #ahif1 ,,by ,a4 ,b4 ,,dyer4 ,,robert ,,drummond1 ,,electrotyper ,,and ,,printer1 ,,new ,,york4 ,,preface4 ,in preparing this work it has been my endeavor to place in compact form all the data ,i could obtain that might prove of service to those persons interested in the subject of light artillery1 both in the ,regular ,army and in the ,national ,guard4 ,i have held strictly to the lines laid down in ,army ,regulations1 ,drill ,regulations1 ,official ,reports1 etc41 as regards the matter extracted from such sources2 and such as has not been so obtained has been carefully selected from the best authorities ,i have been able to consult4 ,i make no claim to originality in this work4 ,it is drawn on the lines of similar handbooks in foreign services2 and a great deal of the matter has been copied verbatim from the works consulted4 ,to the writers and compilers of those works ,i hereby express my thanks4 ,while ,i do not consider that machine-guns are proper weapons for the light artillerist1 ,i feel that occasions may arise when knowledge regarding them may prove of service2 hence the chapter pertaining to them4 ,i express1 with pleasure1 my thanks to ,lieut4-,colonel ,e4 ,b4 ,williston1 #c;d ,u4 ,s4 ,artillery1 for his assistance4 ,i am particularly obliged to ,captain ,l4 ,l4 ,bruff1 ,ordnance ,department1 for having permitted me to copy from the manuscript of his work on ,ordnance and ,gunnery 7now being published71 and also for the use of many of his cuts4 ,his friendly consideration in so doing is fully appreciated4 ,i also express my appreciation of the assistance given me by ,colonel ,a4 ,r4 ,buffington1 ,ordnance ,department2 ,captain ,v4 ,mc,nally1 ,ordnance ,department2 ,captain ,j4 ,l4 ,lusk1 ,corps of ,engineers2 ,captain ,james ,parker1 #dth ,cavalry2 ,captain ,l4 ,a4 ,craig1 #fth ,cavalry2 ,captain ,s4 ,w4 ,taylor1 #dth ,artillery2 ,lieut4 ,e4 ,b4 ,babbitt1 ,ordnance ,department2 ,lieut4 ,m4 ,m4 ,patrick1 ,corps of ,engineers2 ,lieut4 ,e4 ,russel1 #eth ,artillery2 ,mr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,trautwine1 ,jr42 ,mr4 ,charles ,w4 ,parker2 and ,mr4 ,l4 ,v4 ,benet of the ,hotchkiss ,ordnance ,company4 ,the following is a partial list of the works consulted3 ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,regulations2 ,u4 ,s4 ,drill ,regulations for ,light ,artillery2 ,u4 ,s4 ,drill ,regulations for ,cavalry2 ,u4 ,s4 ,drill ,regulations for ,hospital ,corps2 ,soldier's ,handbook1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a42 ,reports of the ,chief of ,ordnance1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a42 ,ordnance ,notes2 ,manual of ,heavy ,artillery ,service1 ,united ,states ,army1 ,tidball2 ,manual of ,guard ,duty2 ,ordnance and ,gunnery1 ,metcalfe2 ,gunnery for ,non-commissioned ,officers1 ,cronkhite2 ,description and ,service of ,machine-guns1 ,mills2 ,lectures on ,explosives1 ,walke2 ,modern ,explosives1 ,eissler2 ,interior and ,exterior ,ballistics1 ,ingalls2 ,preliminary ,tactics1 ,baker2 ,handbook for ,field-artillery1 ,r4 ,a4 ,service ,institution2 ,the ,soldier's ,pocket-book1 ,wolseley2 ,manual of ,military ,engineering2 ,aide-mmoire de ,campagne2 ,aide-mmoire1 ,r4 ,e42 ,artillerist's ,manual and ,soldier's ,compendium2 the handbooks of ,trautwine1 ,haswell1 and ,kidder2 ,the ,future ,training and ,employment of ,mounted ,infantry1 ,parr2 ,the ,soldiers' ,first ,aid ,handbook1 ,dietz2 ,nystrom's ,mechanics2 ,horses and ,stables1 ,fitzwygram2 ,the ,veterinarian's ,vade ,mecum1 ,gamgee2 ,the ,book of the ,horse1 ,sydney2 ,the ,mule1 ,reilly2 ,special ,report on the ,diseases of the ,horse1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture2 the pamphlets of ,hotchkiss1 ,gatling1 ,maxim1 ,driggs-,schroeder1 etc4 etc4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,dyer1 #ast ,lieut41 #dth ,artillery4 ,,west ,,point1 ,n4 ,y41 ,march #a1 #ahif4 ,,contents4 ,,part ,i4 ,,mountain-,,artillery4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,,pages ,description of #a4fe inch and #c4j inch ,guns--,carriages --,ammunition--,packing-outfit--,range ,tables --,organization of ,mountain-batteries #a-ch ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,pack-train--,how ,packed #ci-dh ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,mule--,description--,diseases--,treatme nt #di-eg ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,general ,instructions for ,mountain ,artillery--,supply of ,ammunition--,care and ,preservation of ,harness--,instructions for ,drivers--,marches--,camps--,weights and ,dimensions of ,foreign ,mountain-artillery #eh-ga ,,part ,,ii4 ,,field-,,artillery4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,detailed ,construction of ,field-guns #gb-hh ,,chapter ,,ii4 #c4b inch ,guns--,sights--,ammunition--,fuzes--,ra nge ,table #hi-ajg ,,chapter ,,iii4 #c4f inch ,gun--,sights--,ammunition--,fuzes--,car riages--,range ,table #ajh-aab #c4f inch ,mortar--,sights--,ammunition--,fuzes--, range ,table--,weights and ,dimensions of ,foreign ,field-artillery #aac-abc ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,wheel--,carriage--,limber--,caisson--,b attery-wagon and ,forge--,artillery-wagon--,harness--,wat er-cart--,revolver --,hunting-knife #abd-afj ,,chapter ,v4 ,care and ,fitting of ,harness--,care of ,carriages--,care of ,guns--,care of ,ammunition--,guard ,orders #afa-ahg ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,horse--,how ,obtained--,description of--,inspection of--,power of ,teams--,weight behind ,artillery ,teams--,gaits of ,artillery--,dentition--,plate of ,diseases--,health and ,disease--,veterinary ,medicines--,drugs and ,doses1 and ,how to ,administer ,them--,mashes--,poultices1 etc4--,veterinary ,notes1 with ,symptoms and ,treatment of ,various ,diseases--,stables and ,stable ,management--,grooming--,feeding--,kinds of ,food--,watering--,training ,horses--,rules for ,treatment and ,care of ,horses--,destruction of ,horses #ahh-bfj ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,organization of ,artillery--,composition of ,light ,batteries--,equipment--,equipment and ,clothing for ,marches--,marches--,selection of ,camps--,making ,camp--,breaking ,camp--,allowance of ,wagons #bfa-cjj ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,transportation by ,rail2 by ,sea--,embarkation--,care of ,animals--,diseases of ,animals at ,sea--,disembarkation #cja-cae ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,machine-guns--,the ,hotchkiss ,revolving ,cannon--,the ,gatling ,gun--,the ,gardner ,gun--,the ,maxim ,gun--,the ,metallic ,carriage for ,machine-guns #caf-cfa ,,chapter ,x4 ,theoretical ,gunnery--,definitions--,general ,principles--,probability of ,fire--,burst of ,shell--,burst of ,shrapnel #cfb-cgb ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,causes of ,bad ,shooting--,estimating ,distances--,range-finding--,rule for ,sighting--,general ,duties of ,artillery ,commanders--,target ,practice1 ,how ,conducted--,projectiles ,used--,kinds of ,targets--,night-firing #cgc-cia ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,cordage1 ,how ,preserved--,strength--,blocks and ,tackle--,knots1 ,hitches1 etc4--,lashings #cib-djb ,bridges--,trestles1 ,piers1 etc4--,single-sling and ,double-sling ,bridges--,stringer ,bridges--,fords--,flying and ,floating ,bridges--,rafts and ,casks #djb-dah ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,hasty ,demolition--,gunpowder--,dynamite--,how ,used in ,blasting--,guncotton--,rack-a-,rock--,h andling1 ,transportation1 and ,storage of ,high ,explosives--,charges for ,hasty ,demolition--,where and ,how to ,place ,charges #dai-dcj ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,battery ,books and ,records--,rolls1 ,reports1 and ,returns--,the ,ration--,salt and ,vinegar for ,public ,animals--,the ,travel-ration--,present ,organization of ,u4 ,s4 ,light ,field-battery--,cost of a ,battery of ,four #c4b ,guns1 in ,detail--,price-list of ,artillery-harness--,price-list of ,harness for #a4fe ,mountain-gun--,price-list of ,artillery ,accoutrements1 etc4--,price-list of ,horse ,equipments--,price-list of ,stencil and ,marking ,outfits--,supply ,table of ,ordnance ,stores for a ,battery of ,light ,artillery for ,six ,months--,allowance of ,ammunition for ,target ,practice--,standard ,supply ,table of ,veterinary ,medicines--,tableware and ,kitchen ,utensils--,allowance of ,clothing1 ,equipage1 ,fuel1 ,lights1 etc4--,weights of ,certain ,articles of ,clothing and ,equipage--,pay ,table of ,enlisted ,men--,summary ,court1 and ,list of ,punishments--,u4 ,s4 ,signal and ,telegraph ,code--,penetration of ,projectiles--,cover for ,field-artillery--,treatment of ,sick ,men--,tables of ,weights1 ,measures1 etc4--,tables for ,converting ,customary and ,metric ,weights and ,measures--,salutes--,camp ,furniture and ,mess ,outfits for ,officers #dca-dif ,a ,,handbook ,,for ,,light ,,artillery4 ,,part ,i4 ,,mountain-,,artillery4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,guns4 ,carriages4 ,ammunition4 ,packing ,outfit4 ,range ,tables4 ,organization of ,mountain-batteries4 ,,the #a4fe-;,,inch ,,hotchkiss ,,mountain-,,gun4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,,description4 ,material steel ,total length #c4hc feet ,length of bore #c4dc ,travel of projectile #c4aj ,calibre #a4fe inches ,weight #aba pounds ,grooves #aj ,twist of rifling1 uniform #a in #bi4hc cals4 ,muzzle-velocity #abih ft4-sec4 ,maximum range #cejj yards ,the gun 7,fig4 #b7 consists of the body and the breech mechanism4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,the body of the gun is made from a single forging of oil-tempered and annealed steel4 ,the trunnion-ring is screwed on the gun-body just forward of the reinforce1 and provides a support for the front sight4 ,the bore is rifled with a uniform right-hand twist4 ,the lands are very narrow in proportion to the grooves1 and are ten in number4 ,the ,breech-block is a solid prismatic block of steel with rounded corners1 having a horizontal movement in a mortise cut completely through the breech of the gun4 ,the front face of the block is perpendicular to the axis of the bore1 whilst the rear face is slightly inclined4 ,the left end of the block is bored to form a prolongation of the chamber when the breech is open1 and its front upper corner is cut away to allow free movement of the extractor4 ,the horizontal movement of the breech-block is limited by the stop-bolt1 which1 passing through the breech of the gun1 engages in a guide in the upper part of the block4 ,in the right end of the breech-block is mounted a shaft on which is secured the locking-screw1 and which terminates in a handle for manuvring4 ,the thread of the locking-screw is cut away for about #ajj1 in such a manner that the breech-block may be locked or unlocked by a half-turn of the handle4 ,the ,extractor is a single piece of steel working in a longitudinal groove in the top of the breech-mortise4 ,its forward end is formed into a claw to grasp the head of the cartridge4 ,on the same side as the claw is a stud which1 following a groove in the top of the breech-block1 imparts motion to the extractor4 ,the ,vent is a cylindrical channel passing diagonally through the breech and breech-block1 and changing direction in the block so as to follow the axis of the bore4 ,the friction-primer cannot be inserted until the two parts of the vent are in prolongation from the complete closing and locking of the breech-block4 ,the ordinary friction-primer is used4 ,,nomenclature4 ,the ,mechanism4--7b7 breech-block2 loading-hole2 7s7 stop-bolt2 spring washer2 7r7 stop-bolt guide2 7e7 extractor2 7h7 extractor-hook2 7a k7 extractor-guide2 7c7 locking-screw2 locking-screw shaft2 locking-screw pin2 7l7 handle2 stop2 stop keep-screw4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,the gun having been fired1 the handle is turned to the rear1 unlocking the block and starting it in the mortise4 ,drawing the handle smartly to the right1 the breech is opened1 the extractor1 actuated by the movement of the block1 commences to move very slowly back with a powerful leverage1 starting the cartridge-case from its seat4 ,when the breech-block has moved sufficiently to unmask the bore1 the change of direction in the extractor-guide causes the extractor to make a quick movement to the rear1 throwing the cartridge clear of the gun4 ,a new charge being inserted1 it is pushed home until the head of the cartridge brings up against the extractor4 ,the breech is now closed by pushing it smartly to the left1 and is locked by turning the handle to the front4 ,a primer may now be inserted in the vent1 and the gun is ready for firing4 ,,directions ,,for ,,dismounting ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,unscrew the stop-bolt about four turns1 or remove completely4 ,withdraw breech-block4 ,remove extractor1 which is now free4 ,in general nothing further need be dismounted for cleaning and inspection4 ,to dismount completely continue as follows3 ,remove locking-screw pin with screw-driver4 ,remove stop keep-screw4 ,drive out stop with the drift1 interposing a bit of wood or leather to avoid bruising the stop4 ,withdraw handle and locking-screw shaft4 ,remove locking-screw4 ,to mount1 proceed in reverse order4 ,,care ,,and ,,preservation4 ,the gun requires no special care beyond that of being kept clean1 free from rust and undefaced4 ,brick-dust or gritty substances must never be used on any part of the gun4 ,the parts of the mechanism must never be scraped with knives or metal1 or be defaced or roughened in any way4 ,all parts of the gun must be kept lightly oiled as a protection from rust4 ,after firing1 the gun should invariably be thoroughly cleaned4 ,to do this1 dismount the mechanism completely and wash every part thoroughly with warm fresh-water soapsuds2 mechanism1 breech-block1 mortise1 and barrel should all be treated alike4 ,after thoroughly scrubbing all parts1 dry them carefully and let all stand for a short time to air and dry off the moisture4 ,after drying1 rub all parts over with a well-oiled rag4 ,mount the mechanism4 ,on the march the breech and muzzle should always be protected by the covers supplied for the purpose4 ,when parked1 guns and carriages should be covered with paulins4 ,,sights4 ,the ,front ,sight is a plain roughened steel point-sight1 and is permanently fixed to the right rim-base4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,the ,bar ,tangent ,sight 7,fig4 #d7 is a plain vertical bar-sight carrying a sliding leaf conveniently graduated4 ,both the bar and the leaf have clamp-screws to fix them in position4 ,the tangent sight is only mounted on the gun when in action1 being at other times removed to avoid injuring it4 ,the bar is graduated to #ae1 each being subdivided into six parts4 ,it may be graduated in yards or metres4 ,it is compensated for natural drift4 ,a vernier-mark on the head of the sight and graduations on the sliding leaf correct ordinary deviations4 ,the ,gunner's ,quadrant1 for mountain-guns1 is a small pocket-quadrant with a spirit-level limb pivoted4 ,on the arc are inscribed both the degrees of elevation and ranges corresponding to the gun for which it is used4 ,it is thoroughly reliable both for direct and curved fire1 and to a very great extent supplants the sight-bar4 ,the recoil is checked by rope-brakes1 hooked to the trail-handles and passed around the felloes of the wheels4 ,no limber is used1 but a pole which is readily attached to the trail is provided for hauling the carriage4 ,,ammunition4 ,the ammunition is fixed1 and consists of common shell and canister4 ,weight of round 7common shell7 #b4fb pounds ,weight of shell1 filled #a4ie ,weight of round 7canister7 complete #c4dg ,weight of canister #b4h ,number of balls in canister #cj ,powder-charge #e oz4 mortar ,bursting-charge of shell #a4h oz4 ,weight of cartridge case empty #e4c ,weight of fuze #a4i ,the drawn metallic cartridge-case 7,fig4 #e7 is of brass1 and is drawn from the solid metal to shape4 ,it is reinforced at the base by inside 7c7 and outside 7b7 cups of the same metal4 ,the head 7d7 is fastened to the base by brass rivets which clamp the body1 cups1 and head solidly together4 ,a vent 7v7 is pierced through the head of the cartridge1 and five eccentric flash-holes 7a7 through the reinforcing-cups4 ,the jet of flame from the primer1 entering the vent1 lifts the reinforcing-cups and forces its way through the flash-holes to the charge4 ,the charge being ignited1 the pressure of the gas immediately forces back the reinforcing-cups and seals the vent4 ,the charge1 consisting of #e oz4 of black powder1 is well shaken down and separated from the base of the projectile by a felt wad4 ,when smokeless powder is employed1 an igniter containing about #dj grains 7#c grammes7 of musket-powder is placed in the bottom of the cartridge-case4 ,the vent is sealed with a thin coating of wax4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,the ,common ,shell 7,fig4 #f7 is of the cylindro-ogival pattern with a brass band1 and is fitted with a base percussion-fuze4 ,it contains a bursting-charge of about #a oz4 7#iej grammes7 of musket-powder4 ,the ,canister 7,fig4 #g7 consists of a thin envelope of drawn brass1 containing thirty hardened #a-oz4 lead balls packed in sulphur4 ,on the body is an annular stop to prevent inserting too far into the cartridge-case4 ,the cartridge-case can be recharged on an average about eight times4 ,,the ,,carriage4 ,weight complete #bda pounds ,height of axis of trunnions above ground #bg4ee inches ,diameter of the wheel #cg4d ,track of wheel #b4df feet ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,,nomenclature 7see ,fig4 #h74--7;a7 trail2 7b7 axle2 7c7 wheel2 7d7 cap-squares2 7e7 breast-transom2 7f7 elevating-screw2 7g7 lunette2 7h7 hook4 ,,description4 ,the carriage-body consists of two steel brackets forming cheeks and trail4 ,they are reinforced by angle-steel and connected by transoms4 ,the axle is secured in beds riveted to the brackets1 and is arranged to be readily dismounted when required4 ,the elevating-gear consists of a simple screw working in a stout steel transom1 and supports the breech of the gun2 the preponderance is sufficient to insure stability4 ,the sponge and rod are secured to the right side of the trail by suitable attachments4 ,a pole is provided for draught when easy country is encountered1 and provision is made for attaching it to the lunette4 ,the following articles are carried in the gunner's haversack3 #a tangent-sight2 #a lanyard2 #a spare-extractor2 #a spare stop-bolt2 #a dismounting-pin2 #a oil-can2 #b cleaning-brushes2 #a screw-driver2 #a pair cutting-pliers2 #a vent-cleaner2 friction-primers4 ,leather covers are provided for the breech and muzzle of the gun4 ,two bricoles are provided for use in moving by hand4 ,the band of the bricole is of stout canvas1 having a short length of rope at its lower end1 provided with a stout hook for hooking into the swivels on the ends of the axles4 ,,hotchkiss ,,point ,,percussion-,,fuze4 ,the ,hotchkiss ,point ,fuze 7,fig4 #i7 consists of four main parts3 the body ,a1 the plunger ,b1 the head ,c1 and the safety-plug ,d4 ,the ,body is cylindrical and of brass1 with a screw-thread and stout shoulder at the upper end for securing in the shell4 ,the outside of the shoulder is shaped to the ogive4 ,a chamber is fashioned in the body1 whose base has a conical hole bored for the safety-plug4 ,the ,plunger is a hollow brass cylinder with a lead lining to give it weight1 and containing a chamber in which is a small charge of powder with a fulminate cap over it1 the whole being covered with foil as a preservative against moisture4 ,a small brass wire is inserted in the lower part of the plunger1 bent up so that the ends project through the safety-plug hole4 ,the ,safety-plug is a lead stopper forced tightly into the hole in the bottom1 and by pinching the ends of the brass wire holds the plunger steady4 ,the ,head is of gun-metal1 the outside following the ogival contour and being provided with a screw-thread for securing it in the body4 ,in the centre of the lower surface is fixed a small point forming a striker for the fulminate4 ,,range ,,table ,,for #a4fe-;,,inch ,,hotchkiss ,,mountain-,,gun4 ,kind of powder1 ,dupont ,h4 ,n4 ,weight of charge1 #e oz4 ,weight of shell1 #a lb4 #ae oz4 ,initial velocity1 #a1bih ft4-sec4 ,angle of jump1 #bb minutes ,length of line of sight1 #ag4ic inches ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,range4,elevation4 ,angle,sight- ,drift4 ,drift- ,time ,remaining,dangerous of marks4 marks4 of ,velocity4 ,space ,fall4 ,flight4 for ,infantry4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,yards4 ,inches4,yards4,inches4 ,sec4 ,feet4 ,yards #ajj -#j #ab #j #ab #j4jjj #j4a #j4jjh #j4a #a1bdc #ajj #bjj #j #jj #j #bc #j4jjj #j4a #j4jji #j4d #a1aia #bjj #cjj #j #aa #j #ce #j4jeg #j4b #j4jab #j4g #a1abe #ahj #djj #j #bc #j #dh #j4abj #j4c #j4jad #a4j #a1jii #aca #ejj #j #ce #a #jb #j4ahc #j4d #j4jad #a4c #a1jff #ajb #fjj #j #di #a #af #j4bee #j4e #j4jae #a4f #a1jcg #hc #gjj #a #jc #a #ca #j4cbh #j4g #j4jah #a4i #a1jjg #fi #hjj #a #ag #a #ec #j4dja #j4i #j4jbj #b4b #ihd #ef #ijj #a #cb #b #af #j4dgi #a4b #j4jbd #b4e #ifa #df #a1jjj #a #dh #b #ci #j4efb #a4e #j4jbf #b4h #idb #dj #a1ajj #b #jd #c #jb #j4fdf #b4j #j4jcc #c4a #ibb #cd #a1bjj #b #ba #c #bg #j4gce #b4e #j4jcg #c4d #ijb #cj #a1cjj #b #ci #c #ec #j4hbi #c4b #j4jdd #c4h #hhf #bg #a1djj #b #eg #d #bb #j4ibc #c4i #j4jej #d4a #hfi #bd #a1ejj #c #af #d #dh #a4jbb #d4f #j4jee #d4e #hec #bb #a1fjj #c #cf #e #ai #a4abg #e4e #j4jfb #d4i #hcg #bj #a1gjj #c #eg #e #ej #a4bcg #f4a #j4jfe #e4c #hbc #ah #a1hjj #d #ah #f #bb #a4cdg #g4j #j4jgj #e4g #haj #af #a1ijj #d #ci #f #ee #a4deg #h4j #j4jgf #f4a #gig #ae #b1jjj #e #ja #g #bh #a4egb #i4j #j4jha #f4e #ghd #ad #b1ajj #e #bc #h #jb #a4fhh #aj4j #j4jhf #f4i #gga #ac #b1bjj #e #dg #h #cf #a4had #aa4j #j4jij #g4c #geh #ab #b1cjj #f #aa #i #ad #a4ida #ac4j #j4ajb #g4g #gdh #aa #b1djj #f #cf #i #eg #b4jgc #ae4j #j4aac #h4a #gce #aj #b1ejj #g #ja #aj #cf #b4bje #ag4j #j4abc #h4e #gbb #aj #b1fjj #g #bg #aa #ah #b4cdb #bj4j #j4aci #h4i #gab #i #b1gjj #g #ec #ab #jj #b4dhj #bb4j #j4aea #i #c #gjb #i #b1hjj #h #bj #ab #db #b4fbd #bd4j #j4aee #i4h #fhi #h #b1ijj #h #dh #ac #bf #b4ggc #bf4j #j4afc #aj4b #fgi #h #c1jjj #i #ag #ad #aj #b4ibh #bh4j #j4agj #aj4f #ffi #g #c1bjj #aj #ae #ae #ci #c4bci #ce4j #j4aii #aa4f #fej #f #c1djj #aa #af #ag #aa #c4efi #da4j #j4bba #ab4f #fcj #f #c1fjj #ab #bj #ah #de #c4iag #dh4j #j4bde #ac4e #faj #e #c1hjj #ac #bg #bj #bj #d4bhd #eg4j #j4bgg #ad4e #eia #e #d1jjj #ad #ce #bb #jj #d4iif #gj4j #j4cbe #ae4e #ega #d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,if the axle of the carriage be not horizontal1 multiply the difference of level of the wheels in inches 7or the inclination of the trunnions in degrees7 by the elevation in degrees for the given range2 the result will be the deflection in minutes to be applied on the side of the higher wheel4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,when the shell is fired1 the plunger is forced to the rear1 driving the safety-plug into the shell4 ,the small wires being free to let the plunger drive forward1 hold it steadily with the rotation of the shell1 and keep it from dropping forward on the descending arc of a high trajectory4 ,on impact the plunger drives forward1 and the little magazine is exploded by contact with the point4 ,a ,frankford ,arsenal point percussion-fuze1 small 7model #ahid71 weight #b oz41 is now made for #a4fe-;inch ammunition4 ,it is similar to the fuze for the #c4b-;inch field-gun4 ,,dismounting4 ,to dismount the mechanism3 ,see page #d4 ,to dismount the gun3 ,throw back the cap-squares and lift straight up at breech and muzzle4 ,to dismount the wheels3 ,take out the linch-pins1 lift the carriage at the axles and slip the wheels off4 ,to dismount the axle3 ,slack back the clamp-screws about one turn2 back the small keep-screws about four turns4 ,dismount the wheels2 pull out the axle4 ,to mount the parts1 proceed in inverse order4 ,,loading-,,tools ,,and ,,instructions4 ,,nomenclature4--,loading-press2 loading-sleeve2 common shell-plunger2 canister-plunger2 ejector2 charge-measure2 burster-measure2 cartridge-funnel2 shell-funnel2 cleaning-brush2 fuze-wrench4 ,the loading-tools are supplied in sets1 enclosed in an oak chest4 ,they are not to be carried into the field1 but should be set up in an appropriate laboratory room4 ,for methods to be followed see instructions given for preparing ammunition for #c-;inch gun1 page #ca1 et seq4 ,,the ,,packing ,,outfit ,,for #a4fe-;,,inch ,,gun4 ,this consists of3 ,one pack-saddle1 for carrying the gun and wheels of the carriage4 ,one pack-saddle1 for carrying the gun-carriage1 the pole1 the splinter-bar1 the harness-sack 7containing the harness and the pole-yoke71 and the ammunition-pack4 ,one pack-saddle1 for carrying the four ammunition-boxes4 ,one set of double harness4 ,one pole and neck-yoke 7the pole is hinged so that it can be folded for packing74 ,one splinter-bar4 ,four ammunition-boxes holding #ah rounds each4 ,one ammunition-pack holding #f rounds1 for use in an emergency4 ,blinds1 for use when packing4 ,the ,pack-saddles are identical1 with the exception of the yokes for carrying the different parts and a few minor changes in the pads4 ,the ,harness is for two mules and consists of bridles1 breast-collars1 martingales1 breeching1 traces and pole-straps1 and harness-sack 7duck74 ,the pole1 neck-yoke1 and splinter-bar are made of hickory4 ,ammunition-boxes are made of pine and are #bd #h #h4 ,they have sliding covers1 which are connected to the box by a lifting hinge4 ,each box holds #ah rounds of ammunition1 and friction-primers4 ,weight of box empty #aa lbs4 #h oz42 weight of box filled #ei lbs41 about4 ,,parts ,,of ,,outfit ,,per ,,gun4 #a pack-saddle for gun4 #a crupper4 #a belly-cincha4 #a saddle-cincha4 #b wheel-straps4 #b hub-straps4 #a gun-pad4 #a lashing-rope4 #b bridles4 #b breast-collars4 #b martingales4 #b breechings4 #b pairs traces4 #b pole-straps4 #a blind4 #a pack-saddle for carriage4 #a crupper4 #a belly-cincha4 #a saddle-cincha4 #a cargo-cincha4 #a trail-strap4 #a lashing-rope4 #a harness-sack4 #a neck-yoke4 #a neck-yoke brace4 #a neck-yoke brace-billet1 and chapes4 #a blind4 #a pack-saddle for ammunition4 #a crupper4 #a belly-cincha4 #a saddle-cincha4 #a cargo-cincha4 #a lashing-rope #a pole4 #a splinter-bar4 ,trail-hooks for attachment of splinter-bar4 #d ammunition-boxes4 #a cartridge-pack4 #a blind4 ,,method ,,of ,,packing4 #a4 ,on long marches with a wagon train the whole packing outfit will be carried in the wagon train when practicable4 #b4 ,on packing the outfit to make expeditions1 if it is known that there will be no occasion for hauling the gun and carriage1 the hauling appliances1 viz41 harness1 pole1 yoke1 and splinter-bar1 can be left behind in the wagon train1 at a camp or post1 as the case may be2 but as the hauling appliances add little to the pack1 and unexpected occasions for their use are probable1 they should be carried as a rule4 #c4 ,the gun and carriage are to be hauled whenever practicable country for hauling occurs1 on a long march1 to ease the animals1 and especially if their backs get sore1 and also in action if the ground will admit of it4 #d4 ,if the draught animals are led1 the pack-saddles can be left on the animals loosely cinched4 #e4 ,if a driver rides one draught animal1 its pack-saddle can be placed on the other animal1 or both saddles can be placed on gun and carriage4 #f4 ,pressure should fall on back1 not on spine and not on sides4 ,mules differ in shape2 the same mule is not always symmetrical1 and the condition varies2 therefore1 when saddles fit do not change them without good reason4 ,fold saddle-blanket in four folds and place it carefully on the animal2 then place the saddle on the blanket and in the middle of the animal's back1 so as to interfere as little as possible with his free action1 and cinch tightly with saddle-cincha4 ,they should be drawn tighter than with riding-saddles1 but only tight enough to keep the saddle securely in its place4 ,with a young mule tighten gradually and gently4 ,ammunition-mules scarcely need such tight girthing as saddle-mules4 ,the dock of the crupper must be kept soft1 smooth1 and pliable4 #g4 ,see that everything fits properly before loading4 ,place the hand under the blanket to make sure that pressure does not fall on the withers4 ,on the least sign of a rub on the ribs take measures to relieve the pressure from that point1 changing the load if possible4 ,in cases of this sort1 an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure4 ,a slightly galled mule can generally carry its saddle1 and sometimes be worked1 if proper measures are taken4 ,after cleansing and drying the wound dust it with sulphur #c parts1 iodoform #a part1 and then put a piece of old-fashioned court-plaster over it if the animal is to be worked4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,packing4 ,saddles4--,fold saddle-blanket in four folds and place it on the animal2 place saddle on blanket and cinch tightly with saddle-cincha4 ,no4 #c saddles the carriage-mule and acts as driver4 ,no4 #d saddles the gun-mule and acts as driver4 ,no4 #e saddles the first ammunition-mule and acts as driver4 ,no4 #f saddles the second ammunition-mule and acts as driver4 ,,first ,,animal4 7,see ,fig4 #aj47 ,gun and ,wheels4--,the gunner removes the tangent-sight1 placing it in the haversack1 and puts on the breech-cover4 ,no4 #a throws back the right cap-square and puts on the muzzle-cover and grasps gun by manuvring-handle4 ,no4 #b throws back the left cap-square and grasps end of breech-block4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,no4 #d leads the gun-mule to the gun and places him three yards to the rear of the trail1 facing to the rear4 ,the gunner1 grasping the muzzle1 commands ,lift1 and all lift the gun from the carriage and place it in its bearings1 breech in front1 sight down4 ,the gunner1 assisted by ,nos4 #a and #b1 puts cargo-cincha over gun1 trunnions passing through slots1 edge of cincha nearest to slots in front2 cinches to belly-cincha2 and then puts gun-pad on breech of gun4 ,nos4 #a and #b on their respective sides then lift the axle while the gunner removes the wheels and replaces linch-pins and washers2 ,nos4 #a and #b fasten them together with wheel-strap1 dish of wheels inside1 and place them astride of gun1 hubs between wheel-pads on cargo-cincha1 lower them to their proper position1 and suspend them with the hub-strap which passes around the hubs and over top of gun4 ,on most animals the best position for wheels is to have the distance from bottom of hub1 measured over top of saddle1 #cf inches4 ,nos4 #a and #b then buckle around the rim of wheel1 on their respective sides1 the two wheel-straps1 which are attached to the belly-cincha chape1 two spokes apart on each side1 and tighten these straps until the wheels are in the best position and bear firmly on the cargo-cincha wheel-pads1 and on the gun-pad4 ,the wheel-pack is then secure and can be easily adjusted from time to time to aid the animal on the march4 ,if further security is required1 lash the wheels with the lashing-rope2 fasten one end of rope to one hub1 pass it around wheels1 under corners of saddle-pads and over and under the animal1 and draw tight4 7,the most expert packer of the detachment should be required to perform the duties pertaining to that work when necessary1 as it is very important that the work should be done properly47 ,,second ,,animal4 7,see ,fig4 #aa47 ,carriage and ,harness4--,no4 #c leads the carriage-mule up and places him three yards in front of muzzle1 facing to the front4 ,no4 #a places harness 7in its sack7 on left side with pole-yoke under flap of harness-sack1 and secures them in position with the two straps which are attached to the saddle4 ,no4 #b places pole 7butt end in front7 and splinter-bar on right side and secures them in position with the two straps which are attached to the saddle1 passing the straps twice around the pole and bar4 ,the front strap passes once in front and once in rear of the pintle-pin4 ,the gunner at the trail and ,nos4 #a and #b at the axle lift the carriage and place it in position on top of saddle1 bottom down1 trail to the rear1 so that special shapes of saddle arch-irons will engage in the carriage4 ,the front arch-iron enters the slot just in rear of carriage-axle4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,the gunner passes the cargo-cincha over the carriage1 the wooden block down1 and in between side flanges of trail1 elevating-screw passing through hole in cincha and wooden block2 then receives from ,no4 #a the ammunition-pack and places it in position2 cinches securely1 fastens the primer-pouch and haversack containing accessories around gun-carriage cheek1 and this pack is complete4 ,,note4--,the harness1 pole-yoke1 and splinter-bar are not necessary to this pack1 and the carriage packs equally well without them4 ,if on the saddle1 they are to be left on it in coming into action2 that is1 the carriage can be unpacked and repacked without disturbing them4 ,,third ,,or ,,fourth ,,animal4 7,see ,fig4 #ab47 ,ammunition4--,each animal carries four ammunition boxes1 each containing #ah rounds of ammunition3 total rounds #gb4 ,nine cartridges and ten primers are packed in each end of each box4 ,the gunner and ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c put the ammunition-boxes in position1 the two top ones first1 simultaneously1 and then the two bottom ones in the same way4 ,no4 #c then returns to his mule1 which he had turned over to ,no4 #d2 and ,nos4 #a and #b secure the boxes in position by the straps fastened to the clips1 and the gunner cinches them securely with the cargo-cincha4 ,he then passes a lashing-rope around the iron handles on the ends of the boxes and over the pack1 and the whole is securely fastened in place4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,to ,,harness ,,for ,,draught4 ,nos4 #c and #d place harness on their mules1 and lead them into position for hitching1 and when the pole has been adjusted complete hitching in front of mules4 ,nos4 #a and #b lift trail and the gunner attaches the pole4 ,nos4 #a and #b hitch traces4 ,,weights ,,to ,,be ,,carried ,,by ,,each ,,mule4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,first ,animal4 ,second ,animal4 ,third ,animal4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- lbs4 lbs4 lbs4 ,gun #aba ,carriage #aca #gb rounds amm4 #ahi ,wheels #ajd ,sponge and rod #a #d boxes #df ,outfit #fe #b primer-pouches and contents #g ,outfit #eg ,harness in sack #ag ,pole-yoke #c ,splinter-bar #e ,amm4-pack and #f rounds #ah ,outfit #fb ------- ------- ---- ,total #bia ,total #bei ,total #bib ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,artificer',s ,,tools ,,and ,,supplies4 ,in the composition of a complete mountain-battery must be included the necessary tools and supplies for making any repairs that may be required1 for shoeing the pack-animals1 etc4 ,these constitute the loads for four pack-mules1 as follows3 ,,pioneer ,,pack4 #b felling-axes1 handled4 #a crowbar1 steel4 #b sledge-hammers 7#h pounds71 handled4 #d bill-hooks4 #d pickaxes1 handled4 #d shovels4 #d reaping-hooks4 #d hatchets4 #ej feet of #a-;inch hemp rope4 ,,forge ,,pack4 #a mountain-forge1 complete4 #a set of smith's tools4 ,,artificer',s ,,pack4 #a set of wheelwright's tools4 #a set of saddler's tools4 ,,supply ,,pack4 #a set of wheelwright's stores4 #a set of saddler's stores4 #a set of farrier's stores4 ,,suggested ,,organization ,,and ,,equipment4 ,the detailed exercise and tactics for mountain-batteries differ slightly in different military services1 but the following general directions conform to the normal condition and will serve for the organization of temporary mountain-batteries4 ,for packing1 each piece complete requires four mules4 ,for the service of each gun seven men are required1 of which three fight the gun in action and four serve as mule-drivers and reserves4 ,a full battery consists of six pieces in time of war and four in time of peace1 and should comprise1 in addition to the equipments of a single piece1 one field-forge1 with transport-mule and driver2 two transport-boxes1 containing farrier's1 carpenter's1 and saddler's tools1 with transport-mule and driver 7one spare wheel packed on this mule72 one spare carriage complete1 with transport-mule and driver2 ammunition-boxes1 containing small-arm ammunition1 with transport-mule and driver2 twelve ammunition-boxes containing reserve-gun ammunition1 with three transport-mules and drivers4 ,the battery should be organized into platoons under lieutenants1 each platoon consisting of a section under a sergeant4 ,each section 7the personnel and material of one gun7 should consist of the chief of section1 gun detachment 7one corporal and six privates71 and extra drivers and spare men4 ,if there be but one ammunition-mule to a section1 the number of men would be reduced to six4 ,the first sergeant should command the ordnance-mules not with the first line1 viz43 ammunition1 spare carriage1 blacksmith's and wheelwright's tools1 relief4 ,he is assisted by the stable-sergeant4 ,the second lieutenant commands the pack-train1 and is assisted by the quartermaster-sergeant4 ,the commissioned officers1 first sergeant1 quartermaster-sergeant1 stable-sergeant1 and trumpeters should be mounted on horses2 the blacksmith1 wheelwright1 and cooks1 on mules4 ,officers1 sergeants1 and trumpeters should be armed with pistols2 all enlisted men other than sergeants and trumpeters1 with carbines4 ,in line there should be an interval of twelve yards between sections4 ,the positions of the captain and lieutenant1 and first sergeant and chiefs of section1 are the same as in a field-battery1 both in line and column4 ,the mules of a section are in the following order3 carriage-mule1 gun-mule1 and ammunition-mules with the distance of a yard between them1 and in column with a distance of two yards between sections4 ,the gunner is near the right flank of leading mule2 ,nos4 #a and #b are similarly placed with respect to the second and third mules4 ,the drivers are on the left and opposite the heads of their mules4 ,,table ,,of ,,animals ,,required ,,for ,,four-,,gun ,,battery4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,horses4,mules4 ,extra ,mules4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,captain #a -- ,if a long march is anticipated ,lieutenants #c -- the pack-train must ,sergeants #c -- be increased accordingly1 ,trumpeters #b -- and an increase in the ,cooks -- #b number of ordnance-mules ,blacksmith -- #a as herein indicated4 ,wheelwright -- #a ,gun -- #d #d ,carriage -- #d #d ,first ammunition -- #d #d ,second ammunition -- #d #d ,spare carriage -- #a #a ,blacksmith's tools1 etc4 -- #a -- ,wheelwrights1 etc4 -- #a -- ,spare -- #e #c ,pack-train -- #aj 8 ------------------ #i #ch #bj increase of pack-train4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,,service ,,of ,,the #a4fe-;,,inch ,,hotchkiss ,,gun4 ,men ,required4--,a gunner and five privates4 ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c serve as cannoneers2 ,nos4 #d and #e attend animals4 ,equipments4--,gunner and ,no4 #a1 primer-pouches2 ,nos4 #b and #c1 cartridge-pouches4 ,duties4--,the gunner commands1 attaches and detaches the pole1 sets the sight1 points1 and superintends the service of the ammunition4 ,no4 #a mans right wheel1 controls brake-rope1 opens and closes breech1 and fires piece4 ,no4 #b mans the left wheel1 controls brake-rope1 introduces the ammunition into the bore1 and assists in pointing4 ,no4 #c keeps ,no4 #b supplied with ammunition and assists the gunner in attaching and detaching the pole4 ,nos4 #d and #e attend animals4 ,,hotchkiss #c-;,,inch ,,mountain-,,gun4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,,description4 ,material steel ,total length #c4gf feet ,length of bore #c4be ,travel of projectile #c4jb ,calibre #c inches ,weight #baf pounds ,grooves #bd ,twist of rifling1 uniform #a in #be4ei cals4 ,muzzle-velocity #hgj f4 s4 ,maximum range #djjj yards ,the breech-mechanism of this gun differs from the #a4fe-;inch in that its stop-bolt engages in a guide in the lower part of the block4 ,the front sight is of the open type1 allowing of a large field of view4 ,the tangent-sight is provided with a sliding head by means of which it may be set before placing it on the gun1 and a deflection-slide for correcting for drift1 wind1 etc4 ,on the deflection-slide is an open notch for rough1 and a peep-sight for fine1 sighting4 ,the sight-bar is graduated on one side in ranges1 on the other in millimetres4 ,the sights are on the left side4 ,,the ,,carriage4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,nomenclature4--7#a7 trail2 7#b7 axle2 7#c7 wheel2 7#d7 cap-squares2 7#e7 hooks2 7#f7 elevating-screw2 7#g7 elevating-lever2 7#h7 elevating-transom2 7#i7 lunette2 7#aj7 lunette-plate2 7#aa7 trail-handles2 7#ab7 brakes2 7#ac7 sponge and rod4 ,,description4 ,length of carriage-body #eb4ge inches ,weight of carriage-body #bje pounds ,weight of sponge and rod #d4e ,weight of two wheels #abc ,total weight of carriage #ccb ,height of trunnion-centres above ground #bc4g inches ,diameter of wheels #cg4d ,track of carriage #bh4ce ,vertical field of fire #bj1 -#aj ,total weight of gun and carriage #egj pounds ,the carriage-body consists of two steel brackets forming stock and trail4 ,they are reinforced by angle-steel and connected by transoms4 ,the axle is stiffened by a reinforcing-plate to which is riveted the carriage-body4 ,the elevating-gear consists of a forked lever1 pivoted at its nearmost end1 and traversed near the middle by the elevating-screw4 ,the latter is supported by an inclined plane on the elevating-transom4 ,the breech of the gun rests freely on the end of the elevating-lever1 the preponderance being sufficient to insure stability4 ,recoil is checked by two rope-brakes1 which are hooked to the trail-handles and passed around the felloes of the wheels4 ,for the march one end of each brake is hooked to a trail-handle1 the rope passed diagonally over the trail end and the free end secured to one of the hooks under the axle4 ,the sponge and rod are secured by suitable attachments on the right side of the trail4 ,,the ,,prairie ,,limber4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,,nomenclature4--7#a7 axle2 7#b7 axle-beds2 7#c7 frame2 7#d7 body2 7#e7 pintle2 7#f7 pintle-key2 7#g7 shafts2 7#h7 prop2 7#i7 prolonge-hooks2 7#aj7 ammunition-chests4 ,,description4 ,weight of limber-body #bfb pounds ,weight of two wheels #abc ,weight of four chests #abc ,weight of limber complete #eed ,number of rounds carried #cb ,weight of limber fully equipped #ajje pounds ,weight of a pair of ammunition-chests fully loaded #bbe ,total weight of gun limbered #aege ,this limber is designed to relieve the pack-animals where possible4 ,it carries four of the mountain ammunition-chests1 which may at once be removed and carried on the pack when necessary1 the limber-body being temporarily abandoned4 ,two of the pack-animals will be found sufficient for draught1 leaving three as a relief or for the transport of forage4 ,the ,limber consists of a frame of angle-steel1 which is provided with beds to receive the axle4 ,the body is formed of steel plate1 with compartments for the reception of four ammunition-chests4 ,the outer chests are raised slightly above those in the middle1 and may be opened without removing them from the limber4 ,on the limber are carried a paulin1 a combined prolonge and picket-rope1 a felling-axe1 a shovel and a pickaxe4 ,the ,ammunition-chests are made of wood1 covered with waterproof canvas1 and are strongly ironed4 ,they provide for carrying eight rounds of ammunition1 and have a compartment wherein may be placed a package of friction-primers and the fuze-case4 ,the latter is a metallic box having compartments for five combination fuzes in their sealed packages4 ,,the ,,ammunition4 ,weight of cartridge-case #a4be pounds ,weight of charge #ad ounces ,weight of projectile #ab pounds ,total weight of complete cartridge #ad ,total length of complete cartridge #ad4a inches ,bursting-charge1 common shell #f4c ounces ,bursting-charge1 shrapnel #a ,number of balls in shrapnel #afj ,effective fragments1 shrapnel #ahj ,number of balls in canister #abe ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,the ,ammunition consists of a cartridge-case containing the powder-charge1 and the projectile4 ,the drawn metal cartridge-case 7,fig4 #af7 is of brass1 and is drawn from the solid metal to shape4 ,it is reinforced at the base by inside and outside cups of the same metal4 ,the head is fastened to the base by brass rivets1 which clamp the case1 cups1 and head solidly together4 ,a vent is pierced through the head of the cartridge1 and five eccentric-fire holes through the reinforcing-cups4 ,between the reinforcing-cups is held an iron obturator4 ,the jet of flame from the primer1 entering the vent1 lifts the obturator and forces its way through the fire-holes to the charge4 ,the charge being ignited1 the pressure of the gas immediately forces back the obturator and seals the vent4 ,the ,charge consists of #ad oz4 ,i4 ,k4 granular powder4 ,in order to vary the charge the ammunition is made in two parts1 viz41 projectile and cartridge-case4 ,the cartridge is put into the metallic case in two half-charges1 in bags1 so that one may be removed if desired4 ,the vent of the cartridge is sealed with a thin coating of wax4 ,the ,common ,shell 7,fig4 #ag7 is of the cylindro-ogival pattern1 with a copper band1 and is fitted with a point percussion-fuze4 ,it contains a bursting-charge of about #f4c ounces 7#ahj grammes7 of fine-grain powder4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 ,the ,shrapnel 7,fig4 #ah7 is made of cast iron4 ,it consists of a body to which the head is attached by three copper rivets4 ,the bursting-charge of about #a ounces of fine-grain powder is contained in a chamber in the base1 which is brought into communication with the fuze by a central igniting-tube4 ,the shrapnel is loaded with #afj hardened balls packed in sulphur4 ,these projectiles are transported plugged1 the combined time and percussion fuze being inserted at the moment of action4 ,the ,canister 7,fig4 #ai7 consists of a thin brass envelope1 which is lined with six wrought-iron segments4 ,the head is of wood1 and is fitted with a false point to bring it to the same length as the common shell4 ,on the body is an annular stop to prevent inserting too far into the cartridge-case4 ,the canister contains #abe hardened lead balls4 ,the common shell are painted black1 the shrapnel red1 and the canister are unpainted4 ,,accessories ,,and ,,spare ,,parts4 ,the following accessories and spare parts are supplied with each gun1 carriage1 and limber3 ,,gun4 #a breech-cover1 russet leather4 #a muzzle-cover1 russet leather4 #a gunner's haversack1 containing3 #a breech-sight4 #a gunner's quadrant in case4 #a lanyard4 #a ,universal fuze-wrench4 #a cannoneer's haversack1 containing3 #a spare extractor4 #a spare stop-bolt4 #a spare spring-washer4 #a dismounting-pin4 #a drift4 #a oil-can4 #b cleaning-brushes4 #a screw-driver4 #a fuze-wrench4 #a pair of cutting-pliers4 #a vent-cleaner4 ,,gun-,,carriage4 #a pair of shafts4 #a sponge and rod4 #a sponge-cover4 #b brake-ropes4 ,,prairie ,,limber4 #d ammunition-chests4 #d fuze-cases4 #a pair of shafts4 #a felling-axe4 #a pick-axe4 #a shovel4 #a waterproof paulin #ac x #f4 #a picket-rope and prolonge #bj long4 ,,artificer',s ,,tools ,,and ,,supplies4 ,in the composition of a complete mountain-battery must be included the necessary tools and supplies for making any repairs that may be required1 for shoeing the pack-animals1 etc4 ,these constitute the loads for four mules1 as follows3 ,,pioneer-,,pack4 #b felling-axes1 with handles4 #a crowbar1 steel4 #b sledge-hammers 7#h pounds71 handled4 #d bill-hooks4 #d pick-axes1 handled4 #d shovels4 #f reaping-hooks4 #d hatchets4 #ej feet of #a-;inch hemp rope4 ,,forge-,,pack4 #a mountain-forge1 complete4 #a set of smith's tools4 ,,artificers' ,,pack4 #a set of wheelwright's tools4 #a set of saddler's tools4 ,,supply-,,pack4 #a set of wheelwright's stores4 #a set of saddler's stores4 #a set of farrier's stores4 ,,loading-,,tools ,,and ,,instructions4 ,tools for loading the ammunition are supplied in sets1 enclosed in an oak chest4 ,they are not to be carried into the field4 ,the set consists of3 ,common-shell plunger4 ,shrapnel plunger4 ,case-shot plunger4 ,loading-sleeve4 ,ejector4 ,loading-press4 ,fuze-key4 ,cleaning-brush4 ,shell-funnel4 ,cartridge-funnel4 ,cartridge-gauge4 ,,to ,,fill ,,common ,,shell4 ,insert the funnel in fuze-hole and pour in bursting-charge1 at the same time tapping side of shell with a wooden mallet4 ,clean the fuze-hole carefully with brush1 and make sure that no powder remains in the thread4 ,screw the fuze tightly home4 ,if the fuze requires more force than can be given with the key to screw it home1 lay it aside4 ,never strike a fuze or attempt to force it4 ,,to ,,fill ,,the ,,cartridge-,,case4 ,weigh the charge 7never measure it7 and pour it in the case through a funnel4 ,shake the charge well down by tapping side of case with flat of the hand4 ,insert the wad4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,cartridge 7#a4fe74 ,the common shell are inserted filled and fuzed1 the shrapnel empty4 ,oil the base of the projectile lightly1 and centre in the mouth of the cartridge case1 the latter standing on the bench4 ,slip the sleeve vertically over projectile and cartridge-case4 ,turn the sleeve to a horizontal position1 holding the head of the cartridge with the left hand1 and lay the sleeve in the press4 ,insert the proper plunger1 so that it bears on the head of the projectile4 ,screw the press home until the band of the projectile touches the mouth of the cartridge1 or until the shoulder of the plunger bears against the front of the sleeve4 ,unscrew the press1 remove the plunger1 push out cartridge with the ejector4 ,never strike the ejector under any pretence4 ,pass the cartridge into the gauge and close slide4 ,,to ,,fill ,,shrapnel4 ,the shrapnel is assembled with the cartridge-case before filling4 ,pour in the bursting-charge very slowly1 at the same time tapping the projectile lightly with a mallet4 ,clean the fuze-hole carefully1 and screw the plug firmly home4 ,shrapnel should not be fuzed except in the field1 at the moment of their employment4 ,the above rules find general application1 the methods being modified to suit the case1 viz41 whether fixed ammunition1 or charge and projectile separate4 #c-;,,inch ,,mountain-,,gun ,,range ,,table4 ,charge1 #ad4a oz4 ,c4 ,projectile1 #ab lbs4 ,initial velocity1 #hec ft4-sec ,angle of jump1 #j #ci4 ,length of line of sight1 #ag4ef4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,range4 ,angle ,elevation4,sight- ,drift4,deflection4 ,time of marks4 of ,departure4 ,flight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,yards4 ,inches4 ,feet4 m_/m ,sec'nds4 #j #j #j #j #j #j4jjj ,right ,left #j4j #ajj #j #bc #j4a #j4a #j4c #bjj #j #df #j #g #j4jcf #j4b #j4b #j4g #cjj #a #aj #j #ca #j4aeh #j4d #j4b #a4a #djj #a #cd #j #ee #j4bha #j4g #j4c #a4d #ejj #a #ei #a #bj #j4dji #a4a #j4c #a4h #fjj #b #bd #a #de #j4ecf #a4f #j4d #b4b #gjj #b #ej #b #aa #j4fgj #b4b #j4e #b #f #hjj #c #af #b #cg #j4hjc #c4j #j4f #c4j #ijj #c #db #c #c #j4icf #c4i #j4g #c4d #ajjj #d #i #c #cj #a4jgd #d4i #j4g #c4h #aajj #d #cg #c #eh #a4bah #f4j #j4h #d4b #abjj #e #e #d #bf #a4cfa #g4b #j4i #d4f #acjj #e #cc #d #ed #a4ejd #h4e #a4j #e4j #adjj #f #b #e #bc #a4fee #i4i #a4a #e4d #aejj #f #cb #e #ec #a4haj #aa4e #a4b #e4h #afjj #g #b #f #bc #a4ife #ac4c #a4c #f4c #agjj #g #cc #f #ed #b4abe #ae4c #a4d #f4g #ahjj #h #e #g #bf #b4bia #ag4e #a4e #g4b #aijj #h #cg #g #eh #b4deh #ai4h #a4f #g4f #bjjj #i #aj #h #ca #b4fcj #bb4c #a4g #h4a #bajj #i #dd #i #e #b4hjg #be4a #a4h #h4e #bbjj #aj #ai #i #dj #b4iia #bh4a #a4i #i4j #bcjj #aj #ed #aj #ae #c4age #ca4c #b4a #i4e #bdjj #aa #cj #aj #ea #c4cff #cd4h #b4b #aj4j #bejj #ab #g #aa #bh #c4efb #ch4e #b4c #aj4e #bfjj #ab #de #ab #f #c4gfe #db4e #b4e #aa4j #bgjj #ac #be #ab #df #c4igi #df4h #b4g #aa4f #bhjj #ad #f #ac #bg #d4bjj #ea4e #b4h #ab4a #bijj #ad #dh #ad #i #d4dbg #ef4f #c4j #ab4g #cjjj #ae #ca #ad #eb #d4ffa #fb4a #c4b #ac4b #cajj #af #af #ae #cg #d4ijh #fh4a #c4d #ac4h #cbjj #ag #b #af #bc #e4afc #gd4e #c4f #ad4d #ccjj #ag #di #ag #aj #e4dbe #ha4d #c4i #ae4j #cdjj #ah #ch #ag #ei #e4gjj #hh4i #d4a #ae4f #cejj #ai #bi #ah #ej #e4ihi #ig4j #d4d #af4c ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,part #b of ,table4 ------------------------ ,range4 ,fuze- ,angle,rem4 scale4of ,veloc4 ,fall4 ------------------------ ,yards4,inches4 ,feet4 #j #j4jj #j #j #hec #ajj #j4ad #hdb #bjj #j4cd #hca #cjj #j4ee #hba #djj #j4gf #haa #ejj #j4ii #b #aj #hja #fjj #a4bb #gia #gjj #a4df #ghb #hjj #a4fi #ggc #ijj #a4ia #gfd #ajjj #b4ab #d #cb #gee #aajj #b4cc #gdf #abjj #b4ed #gcg #acjj #b4ge #gbh #adjj #b4ie #gai #aejj #c4af #g #ai #gaj #afjj #c4cf #gjb #agjj #c4eg #fid #ahjj #c4gh #fhf #aijj #c4ii #fgh #bjjj #d4bj #aj #dd #fgj #bajj #ffb #bbjj #fed #bcjj #fdf #bdjj #fch #bejj #ad #ci #fcj #bfjj #fbc #bgjj #faf #bhjj #fji #bijj #fja #cjjj #ai #bg #eid #cajj #ehg #cbjj #ehj #ccjj #egc #cdjj #efg #cejj #be #c #efj ------------------------ 7,from ,hotchkiss ,pamphlet47 ,,suggested ,,organization ,,of ,a #c-;,,inch ,,hotchkiss ,,mountain-,,battery4 ,the organization is made on the same principles as those of the #a4fe-;inch mountain-battery4 ,the section1 consisting of one piece1 requires for its service and transport ten men and nine pack-animals4 ,of the men1 gunner and ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 and #f as cannoneers2 #g1 #h1 #i1 attend animals4 ,the pack-animals are distributed as follows3 #a gun-mule4 #a carriage-mule4 #a wheel1 shafts1 and accessory mule4 #f ammunition-mules4 ,the proportion of each kind of ammunition carried will depend upon the nature of the campaign1 but in general each ammunition-chest should contain five shrapnel1 two common shell1 and one canister1 making a total allowance per gun3 #fj shrapnel with combination fuzes4 #bd common shell with percussion-fuzes4 #ab canister4 ,a full battery should consist of six pieces1 and should comprise1 in addition to the equipment of six sections3 #a pioneer outfit1 with mule and driver4 #a mountain-forge1 with mule and driver4 #b artificer's chests1 containing farrier's1 wheelwright's1 and saddler's tools1 with mule and driver4 #b chests with farrier's1 wheelwright's1 and saddler's supplies1 one spare wheel1 with mule and driver4 #a spare carriage complete1 with two mules and one driver4 #c ammunition-chests1 with small-arms ammunition and small stores1 with mule4 ,equipments4--,gunner's pouch2 ,no4 #a1 primer-pouch2 ,nos4 #b1 #c and #d cartridge-pouches4 ,duties4--,gunner commands2 limbers and unlimbers2 sets the sight2 points1 and superintends service of ammunition4 ,duties4--,gunner commands2 limbers and unlimbers2 sets the sight2 points1 and superintends service of ammunition4 ,no4 #a mans the right wheel2 controls brake-rope2 opens and closes breech2 fires piece4 ,no4 #b mans the left wheel2 controls brake-rope2 introduces the ammunition into the bore2 assists in pointing4 ,no4 #c keeps ,no4 #b supplied with ammunition 7first setting time-fuze and removing safety-pin7 and assists the gunner in limbering and unlimbering4 ,no4 #d keeps ,no4 #b supplied with ammunition 7first setting time-fuze and removing safety-pin74 ,no4 #e receives ammunition from ,no4 #f2 removes plugs from shrapnel2 fuzes same2 loosens cap of time-fuze1 and issues prepared ammunition to ,nos4 #c and #d4 ,no4 #f passes ammunition to ,no4 #e2 opens time-fuze cylinders1 and brings up ammunition-mules as required4 ,at the command ,cease firing1 ,nos4 #e and #f equalize ammunition in boxes4 ,nos4 #g1 #h1 and #i attend animals4 ,,to ,,pack4 ,the mules are brought up at a trot1 and stationed3 ,gun-mule three yards in rear of trail and facing to rear4 ,carriage-mule three yards in front of muzzle1 facing to front4 ,wheel-mule three yards to left of gun1 facing to front4 ,to ,pack the ,gun 7,fig4 #bj74--,no4 #d takes the lifting-bars from wheel-pack and passes them to the gunner and ,no4 #b2 ,no4 #c procures breech and muzzle covers from gun-pack1 hands muzzle-cover to ,no4 #a and straps on breech-cover2 ,no4 #a throws open cap-squares and adjusts muzzle-cover2 the gunner and ,no4 #b pass ends of lifting-bars to ,nos4 #c and #a4 ,all numbers facing to the rear1 the gunner commands1 ,lift4 ,the gun is placed on the pack and secured by ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,to ,pack the ,carriage 7,fig4 #ba74--,the gunner and ,no4 #c remove the linchpins2 ,nos4 #a and #b lift the axle2 the gunner and ,no4 #c remove the wheels and replace the linchpins2 ,nos4 #a and #b grasping the axle-arms1 the gunner and ,no4 #c pass a lifting-bar through the trail-handles4 ,all numbers facing to the front1 the gunner commands1 ,lift1 and the carriage is placed on the pack and secured by ,nos4 #a and #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,,ammunition ,,mule4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,to ,pack the ,wheels 7,fig4 #bb74--,the gunner and ,no4 #c lift the wheels and place them separately on the pack1 where they are secured by ,no4 #d2 ,no4 #d places and secures the lifting-bars2 ,nos4 #c and #e take off their haversacks and secure them on the wheel-pack4 ,unpacking is performed in the reverse order to packing4 ,,weight ,,carried ,,by ,,each ,,mule4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,gun-mule4 ,carriage-mule4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,saddle #fi lbs4,saddle #fi lbs4 ,gun #bah ,carriage #bje -------- -------- #bhg #bgd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,wheel-mule4 ,ammunition-mule4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,saddle #fj lbs4,saddle #eh lbs4 ,wheels #abc ,two chests with #h rounds ,shafts1 etc4 #bb each #bhj -------- ------- #bje #cch ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,chapter ,,ii4 ,the ,pack-train4 ,how ,packed4 ,,pack-,,trains4 ,gen4 ,holabird says3 ,a pack-mule carries on an average #bjj pounds4 ,allow one pack-mule to six or seven men for detachments out scouting from five to eight days2 twelve mules to two officers and sixty or seventy men for six days2 eight mules to one officer and fifty men of cavalry for six days4 ,the above allowance does not contemplate the carrying of forage4 ,cavalry drill-regulations state3 ,with fifty packs there should be twelve packers4 ,each troop should have four mess-boxes1 seven-eighths inch lumber1 dovetailed1 #aa inches by #ah inches by #bf inches1 and1 when packed in pack-cover1 without lids4 ,in camp or garrison1 logs of wood1 #bf inches long1 and sacks of corn1 double-sacked and lashed to avoid breaking sacks1 having the weight it is intended the mule should carry1 are kept on hand for drill purposes4 ,each pack should be provided with two coils of three-eighths inch rope1 #ah to #bh feet long1 for lashing packs4 ,the pack-saddle consists of the saddle proper2 two pads2 crupper2 corona2 manta or pack-cover2 two pieces of canvas1 each #hd inches by #bb inches1 stitched together on the long edges2 halter and strap2 canvas cincha1 #aj inches wide2 sling-rope1 half-inch best hand-laid manilla whale-line1 #bj to #cb feet long2 and leather cincha1 with lash-rope1 five-eighths inch whale-line #db feet long4 ,there should be one blind for every five packs4 ,the size of rope is given by the measurement of its diameter4 ,a full-rigged saddle has sling-straps and cargo-cincha2 the sling and lash ropes are then dispensed with4 ,while saddling1 loading1 or readjusting the packs1 the animals should be blinded4 ,the mules should be trained to stand perfectly quiet while the blind is on2 they should never be led or forced to move without first removing the blind4 ,,to ,,fit ,,the ,,saddle4 ,the pack-saddle is fitted to the animal in a manner similar to that of the riding-saddle2 it is so constructed that it can be placed one and one-half inches farther forward than the riding-saddle4 ,if the pads are not square1 draw the screws1 unlace the pads from the skirts1 then square and fit them to the animal by placing the canvas cincha immediately around the animal's girth1 the front edge touching the breast-bone 7cartilages of true ribs71 the middle of the cincha being exactly in the middle of the lower edges of the pads2 then screw the pads to the saddle-bars1 keeping the cincha in place till the adjustment is made2 then remove the cincha and replace the pads4 ,adjust the canvas cincha so as to be long enough to go nearly around the girth of the mule1 over the saddle4 ,adjust the crupper by lengthening or shortening the lace-strings that attach it to the saddle1 taking care not to make it too tight4 ,,to ,,saddle4 ,place the corona on the mule's back1 about two to two and one half inches in front of where the pommel end of the saddle is to rest2 place the folded saddle-blanket over the corona2 take the saddle by both yokes and place it squarely in position1 a little in rear of its proper place2 place the crupper under the dock and gently move the saddle forward to position2 pass the ring end of the canvas cincha over the saddle from left to right and under the belly2 pass the latigo through the ring and tighten the cincha2 when cinched1 the ring end of the cincha should be above the lower edge of the near pad4 ,,cargoes4 ,the rations should be carefully put up in one-hundred-pound packs lashed solidly1 and carried on the best pack-mules2 each pack is plainly marked with its contents and weight4 ,salt1 sugar1 coffee1 and beans are double-sacked1 and lashed in one-hundred-pound packages4 ,bacon1 in one-hundred-pound packages1 is packed in from five to eight pounds of clean straw or hay1 double-sacked and lashed firmly4 ,the yeast-powder cases should be opened and hay or straw stuffed closely around the boxes to prevent shaking1 and1 with other articles1 lashed into one-hundred-pound packages4 ,each cargo is in two side-packs of about one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five pounds each1 and should match in size1 shape1 and weight as nearly as practicable1 each side-pack having1 as nearly as may be1 the following proportions3 width one half more than thickness1 length nearly one half more than the width2 e4 g41 #ab inches by #ah inches by #be inches4 ,all the salt1 sugar1 coffee1 and beans should not be placed in one cargo4 ,ammunition should be in cargoes4 ,pads or cushions of hay #bf inches by #dd inches may be placed under the cincha to keep long and rough packs from the animal's hips and shoulders4 ,,to ,,load ,,cargo4 ,the packers should work by threes1 designated ,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,no4 #a is on the near side1 ,no4 #b on the off side of the mule2 when ,no4 #c works with ,no4 #a he is nearest the croup2 when with ,no4 #b he is opposite the mule's shoulders4 ,the mule is placed near to and with its left side next to the cargo by ,no4 #b1 who then puts on the blind4 ,no4 #a1 on the near side1 passes the centre of the sling-rope over the saddle to the off side far enough to allow the rope to pass over the off-side pack and come back within his reach1 the parts of the rope separated by six to twelve inches4 ,nos4 #b and #c take the off-side pack1 place it well up on the saddle2 ,no4 #b grasps the loop of the sling-rope with his right hand1 brings the rope up against the pack and lets the loop drop over his right shoulder in readiness to pass it over the pack2 ,no4 #b holds the pack in place4 ,no4 #c passes to the near side and with ,no4 #a takes the near-side pack and places it1 flat side next the mule1 well up on the saddle1 lapping the upper edge well over the upper edge of the off-side pack4 ,no4 #a1 with his back to the mule's shoulder1 takes the end of the front part of the sling-rope1 passes it from the outside through the loop1 and pulls it down with the right hand2 he now grasps the rear end of the sling-rope with the left hand1 and ties the ends together in a square bow-knot1 the packs high up4 ,no4 #a calls out1 ,settle2 ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b each grasps his side of the cargo by the lower corners1 lifts upward and outward1 settling the upper edges well together and balancing the load4 ,if the packs are tied too high they are easily lowered1 but if tied too low they must be lifted and placed as in the first trial4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,while ,nos4 #a and #b are tying and placing the cargo1 ,no4 #c takes the lash-rope1 throws the free end to the rear of the mule1 convenient to ,no4 #b1 and places the cincha end in front of ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #a grasps the rope with the right hand1 three feet from the cincha1 and passes the hook end of the cincha under the mule to ,no4 #b1 who takes the hook 7,h1 ,fig4 #bd7 in the left hand2 ,no4 #a with the left hand grasps the rope three feet above the right1 raises the rope and lays it between the side-packs from rear to front 7,p ,p71 pulling it to the front until a long enough loop 7,a7 is formed to pass over the cargo and fasten in the cincha-hook 7,h74 ,the right hand1 back down1 holds the cincha end of the rope1 the loop 7,a7 falling outward over the right forearm2 the left hand1 back up1 holding the other part of the rope between the loop and the middle of the packs2 ,no4 #a now throws the loop 7,a7 over the pack1 then lets the part in the left hand drop on the mule's neck1 thus forming another loop 7,a1 ,fig4 #be72 ,no4 #b passes the rope through the hook1 pulls the cincha end of the rope till the hook is drawn up so that1 when tightened1 the hook shall be near the lower edge of the off pad4 ,no4 #a now grasps the rope at ,g1 ,fig4 #bf1 and tucks a loop from rear to front1 under the part ,,aa1 ,fig4 #bf1 over the centre of the near-side pack 7,g1 ,fig4 #bg72 ,no4 #b passes the free end of the rope under the part ,,ee1 ,fig4 #bg1 and throws it over on the near side of the mule's neck2 ,no4 #a draws the tucked loop forward and forces the rope under the corners and lower edge of the near pad and hauls it taut from above the rear corner2 ,no4 #b grasps the rope at ,i1 ,fig4 #bg1 with the left hand1 and at ,k with the right hand1 and passes the rope under the corners and lower edge of off pad 7,,kl1 ,fig4 #bh7 and hauls taut at the front corner1 ,no4 #a taking in the slack at the free end of the rope4 ,the lash is now ready for the final tightening4 ,no4 #b removes the blind1 leads the mule forward a few steps1 ,no4 #a in rear at the same time looking to see if the packs are properly adjusted4 ,the mule is again blinded4 ,the object of the final tightening is to lash the load firmly to the saddle2 pulling all the parts of the lash-rope taut1 and taking up the slack1 commencing at the cincha2 and continuing the process from part to part1 until the slack is taken up at the free end of the lash-rope4 ,while ,no4 #b is pulling the parts taut1 ,no4 #a takes up the slack or steadies the cargo1 or vice versa2 the pulling is done in such manner as not to shake the cargo out of position4 ,no4 #b grasps the lash-rope above where it leaves the hook and below the edge of the pad1 right hand below left1 places left knee against rear corner of pad2 ,no4 #a grasps with the right hand the same part of the rope where it comes over the pack on the near side1 and with the left hand at ,g1 ,fig4 #bh1 places his right shoulder against the pack to steady it2 he then says1 ,pull4 ,no4 #b tightens by steady pulls and1 without letting the rope slip back through the hook1 gives the slack to ,no4 #a1 who takes it up by steady pulls4 ,when ,no4 #b thinks the cincha is sufficiently drawn1 he says1 ,enough4 ,no4 #a holds solid with the right hand1 slips the left down to where the rope passes over the front edge of the pad1 and holds solid2 the right hand then grasps the continuation of the rope at rear corner of pad and pulls taut2 then with both hands1 placing his right knee against rear corner of pad1 pulls the rope well home1 ,no4 #b taking up the slack by grasping the rope 7,i1 ,fig4 #bh7 where it comes over the rear end of off-side pack1 with both hands4 ,no4 #a steps to the front and steadies the pack2 ,no4 #b then pulls taut the parts on his side1 taking up the slack2 this draws the part of the lash-rope ,,aa1 ,fig4 #bh1 well back at the middle of the pack2 he then with the left hand at the rear corner of pad 7,k7 pulls taut1 and holds solid1 while with right hand at front corner of pad 7,l7 he takes up slack2 he then1 with both hands at1 and placing his knee against1 the front corner of the pad1 pulls well taut1 ,no4 #a taking up the slack on his side1 and then pulls solid1 drawing the part ,,ee1 ,fig4 #bh1 of the rope coming out from the hook well forward at the middle of the pack1 then carries the free end under the corners and end of pad1 draws taut and ties the end fast by a half-hitch near cincha end of lash-rope4 ,if the rope should be long enough to reach over the load1 after passing under the corners1 it is passed over and made fast on the off side by tying around both parts of the lash-rope above the hook and drawing them well together4 ,to tighten the lash rope on the load it is necessary to take up and pass the slack as in the final tightening4 ,to slacken the rope on the load it is necessary to begin to slacken from the free end1 and carry the slack by reversing the process of tightening4 ,when the pack-cover is used1 it is placed over the cargo before putting on the lash-rope4 ,when the side-packs are of unequal bulk or weight1 the larger or heavier should be placed on the near side2 it should then lap over the off-side pack until the packs balance4 ,top ,packs1 i4 e41 small packages placed in the middle between the side packs1 should be avoided4 ,when the sling-rope is half-hitched into the saddle-yokes the load is made more secure1 but there is great danger of injury to the mule's back4 ,on the full-rigged saddle the canvas cincha is attached to the saddle by the spider2 the side packs are laid on the saddle as before1 held by the sling-straps and secured by the cargo-cincha4 ,the lash-and sling-ropes are then dispensed with1 but the use of the lash-and sling-ropes gives greater security to the cargo and greater comfort to the mule4 ,,to ,,unload ,,cargo4 ,only two men1 ,nos4 #a and #b1 are necessary2 they work as when loading4 ,the mule is placed with head toward the centre of where the cargoes are piled4 ,no4 #a puts on the blind2 ,no4 #b unfastens the free end of the lash-rope2 then ,nos4 #a and #b slacken the rope2 ,no4 #b with the left hand removes the part under the end and corners of the pad on the off side and unhooks the cincha with the right hand2 ,no4 #a removes the part under the ends and corners of the pad on the near side1 gathers the parts of the rope together on his side with both hands1 coiling it1 and lays the rope on the ground where he intends to place the cargo1 the cincha and free end exposed on the side opposite where the rigging is to be placed2 ,no4 #a unties the sling-rope1 casts it loose1 takes his side pack and places it on the lash-rope across the line of cargo2 ,no4 #b at the same time takes his pack and lays it on top of near side pack1 and then1 holding the sling-rope at centre loop1 doubles it and places it on top of load1 loop exposed1 for convenience when required4 ,the second load is placed end to end with the first and on the side next to where the rigging is to be placed2 the end of the lash-rope is coiled and placed on top of the last sling-rope1 and is used for tying the mule when reloading4 ,the saddle-cinchas should be slackened and the mules allowed to cool before removing the saddles4 ,,to ,,unsaddle4 ,unfasten the latigo and throw the end across the top of saddle2 fold the cincha with latigo inside and place across top of saddle2 push the saddle back1 remove crupper from under dock1 double it forward1 with crupper above cincha on top of saddle1 and remove saddle2 the saddles are placed in line1 resting on the ends of pads4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,the ,mule4 ,description4 ,diseases4 ,treatment4 ,the mule has the advantage of the horse in better withstanding neglect1 bad treatment1 poor feed1 and hard usage4 ,the pack-mule should be active1 short-coupled1 short-legged1 small-boned1 square-built1 with manifest powers of endurance1 and should weigh from #hjj to #ajjj pounds4 ,army ,regulations state that mules purchased for the army by the ,quartermaster's ,department should conform to the following conditions3 ,they should be strong1 stout1 compact1 sound1 and kind2 free from defects in every particular2 from four to nine years old2 from #hej to #abjj pounds in weight2 from #ad to #af hands high1 and suitable in all respects for the transportation service of the army4 ,if for draught purposes1 they are to be well broken to harness2 if for pack purposes1 they need not be broken1 and the standard of height may be reduced to #ac hands1 if the animal be in other respects suitable4 ,every animal will be branded with the letters ,u4 ,s4 on the left fore shoulder on the day he is received4 ,a complete descriptive list will be made of each animal at the time of purchase1 which will accompany him wherever he may be transferred4 ,under ordinary circumstances none but gentle1 well-broken mules from four to eight years old should be purchased4 ,new mules should be handled with the greatest patience1 care1 and kindness until they become thoroughly accustomed to the new service required of them4 ,all violence must be avoided1 for mules are naturally timid and easily startled1 and for this reason men of good temper should be employed in breaking them2 any rough treatment is sure to lead to delay in the training and may cause irretrievable harm4 ,age4--,ordinary limit #ae to #af years2 many live to #bj1 some to #cj1 years4 ,from #h to #ab he is in his prime4 ,age is told by teeth1 as with horses4 ,sex4--,females are generally to be preferred to males for mountain-batteries1 being1 as a rule1 more docile and better shaped4 ,pace4--,a battery-mule can walk four miles an hour4 ,the average transport-mule walks a little over three miles an hour4 ,a mule's pace is slow down but quick up hill4 ,mules show fatigue in their gait by drooping the head2 the neck becomes horizontal and the ears droop back2 the ordinary carriage of the latter is erect and forward2 when the mule begins to fan them1 he is probably tired4 ,condition4--,they should be kept in hard condition--not fat4 ,watering4--,they will ordinarily refuse hard or bad water2 and sometimes decline to drink merely from fancy1 and will water from a bucket when not from the stream4 ,by throwing a handful of grass into the bucket of water1 they may generally be induced to drink4 ,they may be watered on the march1 even when hot1 if kept in motion afterward4 ,where there are leeches in a stream1 be careful not to water too close to the bank4 ,feeding4--,the government allowance for a mule is #ad pounds of hay and #i pounds of oats1 corn1 or barley per day4 ,in special cases of hard service or exposure the ,quartermaster-,general may authorize the grain ration to be increased not to exceed #c pounds when recommended by the ,chief ,quartermaster of the ,department or of an army in the field4 ,one hundred pounds of straw per month is allowed for bedding4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that all mules require the same amount of food4 ,the officer should notice each animal1 and determine the increase or decrease in the regular ration to keep him in proper condition4 ,a mule will eat as much as a horse of the same size2 he will eat almost anything to keep from starving4 ,salt1 in a lump1 or ground with feed1 should be given whenever it can be had4 ,it is obtained on requisition 7,form #da7 from the ,subsistence ,department1 each animal being allowed #b ounces per week2 or #ab ounces per month if deemed necessary by the commanding officer4 ,vinegar is similarly obtained for sanitary purposes1 at the rate of #b gallons per week per #ajj animals4 ,soft ,food1 bran-mashes1 should be given at least once a week if possible4 ,animals should be grazed whenever the opportunity occurs4 ,care4--,grooming should be carried out as with horses1 but need not be so elaborate4 ,manes are usually hogged2 tails are cut1 but not in hot weather during the fly season4 ,the hair on the mule's heels should never be cut2 nor should the mud1 in the winter season1 be washed off1 but allowed to dry on the animal's legs1 and then rubbed off with hay or straw4 ,feet4--,keep in the natural state as nearly as possible4 ,mules suffer from standing on wet ground2 but in dry climates1 or in stables with modern floors1 care should be taken that their feet get sufficient moisture1 by wetting them or standing the animal a short time where this result will be obtained4 ,shoeing4--,the hot shoe must never be applied to the foot under any circumstances4 ,give the ground-surface a level bearing4 ,let the frog come to the ground2 if it projects beyond the shoe1 so much the better2 never under any circumstances cut it away4 ,never put a knife to the sole of the foot4 ,let the shoes be as light as possible1 without calks if avoidable1 exactly the shape of the animal's foot2 secure with two nails on each side1 an inch apart1 and one in the toe4 ,the ,putnam hot-forged nail is excellent4 ,harnessing4--,meddle as little as possible with a mule's ears1 as they are exceedingly sensitive4 ,with care the mule can be easily bridled2 but once struck on the head or pulled by the ear1 there will be trouble ever after4 ,pit the bridle carefully2 see that the crown-piece is not too tight2 that the bit fits easily in the mouth2 that the corners of the mouth are not drawn up3 otherwise the animal's mouth will become sore4 ,the throat-latch must be loose4 ,see that the other parts of the harness fit properly and do not rub or gall the animal4 ,to harness a vicious mule1 put the noose of a lariat over his head1 taking care that it does not choke him2 place him on the near side of a wagon2 carry the end of the lariat between the spokes and around the felloe of the front wheel2 walk back with it to the hind wheel1 keeping it taut2 pass the end between the spokes and around the felloe of that wheel1 and pull the mule close to the wagon4 ,take care to have the lariat as high as the mule's breast in front and the flank in rear4 ,breaking4--,gentleness and patience are essential4 ,first let the animal smell the saddle1 etc4 7an old one if possible74 ,then saddle carefully1 girthing up gradually2 when the mule will walk quietly about saddled1 the rest of the harness may be added by degrees1 particular care being taken in first putting on the crupper4 ,when quite used to harness1 accustom the mule to the sight of the load--at first bags of sand1 about #hj pounds each4 ,load with these1 the weight being increased if necessary4 ,battery-mules should follow the battery1 barebacked1 from their first arrival1 and get used to the sights and sounds2 and when broken to saddle and load1 should go laden4 ,they should be trained first on easy and then on difficult ground2 also to cross shallow ditches and obstacles without hesitation1 at first saddled1 afterwards loaded4 ,in leading a mule the rein should always be loose4 ,a trained mule should lead4 ,avoid using the whip4 ,,veterinary ,,treatment4 ,this treatment is about the same as for horses2 common ailments are strangles1 cold1 sore mouth1 poll-evil1 fistulous withers1 galls and sitfasts1 thrush1 colic1 cramp1 mange1 grease4 ,where backs show the least sign of softness it is well to rub in salt and water4 ,the same precaution should be taken with young mules about the part where the crupper is liable to chafe the dock1 daily for a week before working4 ,strangles4--,this is a specific fever of young animals1 usually attended with swellings and inflammations2 an abscess generally forms between the bones of the lower jaw or elsewhere in groups of lymphatic glands2 there are cough1 difficulty of swallowing1 discharge at the nostrils1 and general prostration4 ,treatment4--,give light bran-mashes1 plenty of common salt1 and keep the animal in a warm dry stable1 with plenty of pure air4 ,encourage the ulcer2 apply ,gombault's balsam1 if at hand1 three times a day to induce suppuration1 or1 when it has come sufficiently to a head and appears soft enough to lance1 do so1 being careful to avoid the glands and veins4 ,tonics1 three times a day1 such as #bj grains of quinine1 or #a ounce ground gentian1 or a teaspoonful powdered sulphate of iron4 ,cold4--,this disease seldom attacks mature mules in camp4 ,young stock on first being stabled1 or stock out of hot1 badly ventilated stables1 on exposure may contract colds4 ,the animal appears out of condition1 with slight fever1 eyes dull1 cough and nasal discharge4 ,treatment4--,remove to airy box-stall2 clothe and bandage2 apply ammonia liniment to the throat if there be a cough2 steam the nostrils4 ,open the bowels by injection of tepid soap-suds1 or give one third of a dose of oil2 feed soft food2 give quinine #aj-;grain doses4 ,sore ,mouth4--,there are few diseases to which the mule's teeth are subject after the permanent teeth are developed4 ,if the gums are swollen from the cutting of teeth1 a light stroke of the lancet over the gums at a point where the teeth are forcing their way through1 and a little regard to the animal's diet1 will be all that is necessary4 ,mules suffer from injury to the tongue and sore mouth1 caused by bad treatment4 ,with a sponge apply to the sore parts a light decoction of white-oak bark2 give nourishing gruels or bran-mashes2 keep the bit out of the mouth until healed4 ,the ,eye4--,occasionally mules' eyes become inflamed and sore4 ,apply warm or1 if not obtainable1 cold water and remove the cause4 7,see ,ophthalmia1 ,vet4 ,notes47 ,poll-evil4--,mules are quite subject to this disease4 ,it begins with an ulcer or sore at the junction of the head and neck1 and from its position1 more than from any other cause1 it is difficult to heal4 ,treatment4--,when the swelling first appears1 use hot fomentations4 ,if these are not at hand1 use cold water frequently1 and keep the bridle and halter from the parts4 ,if ulceration nevertheless takes place1 the seton must be skilfully applied4 ,fistula4--,fistula of withers is due to bruises1 bad-fitting saddle or harness1 or rolling on hard substances4 ,it generally first appears as a swelling1 then inflammation sets in and a tumor begins to form4 ,treatment4--,the fistula in its first stages may be driven away by frequent applications of cold water4 ,should the swelling continue1 use warm fomentations1 poultices1 and stimulating embrocations4 ,when in proper condition it should be opened1 and kept so until all of the matter has escaped and the wound shows signs of healing4 ,the bowels should be opened by means of a cathartic of aloes4 ,galls and ,sitfasts4--,one of the best remedies for saddle-gall is to remove the saddle pressure as much as possible1 and bathe the back frequently with salt and cold water4 ,if this does not succeed the trouble will continue1 and a root will form at the centre of the gall1 the edges of which will be clear1 the sitfast holding only by the root4 ,in this case take a pair of pincers and pull it out4 ,this done1 bathe frequently with cold water4 ,a little soothing oil1 or grease free from salt1 may be rubbed lightly on the parts as they begin to heal4 ,one of the best remedies for galls is to cleanse the wound and blow into it a mixture of one part of iodoform to three parts of sulphur3 if it be necessary to use the animal1 cover the part with old-fashioned sticking-plaster4 ,thrush4--,treatment4--,cut away the parts of the frog that seem to be destroyed2 cleanse daily with castile soap1 and apply muriatic acid1 or a little tar mixed with salt on oakum or tow4 ,colic4--,the mule is quite subject to this complaint4 ,too much cold water or changes of grain will produce it4 ,the animal swells up1 pants1 looks around at his sides1 paws1 sweats above the eyes and on the flanks1 becomes very restless1 lying down and suddenly springing to his feet1 lies down again1 etc4 ,treatment4--,drench with one ounce of chloral-hydrate in a half pint of water or two ounces of sulphuric ether and two ounces of tincture of opium in half pint of linseed oil1 repeating the dose an hour afterwards if not relieved2 or #b oz4 oil of turpentine1 #a oz4 tinct4 opium given in #ab oz4 linseed oil or a pint of thick gruel4 ,the belly should be well hand-rubbed and the animal walked about4 ,inject warm soap-suds4 ,cramp4--,treatment4--,a good hand-rubbing4 ,mange4--,treatment4--,rub the animal with a mixture of hog's lard and sulphur1 two pints of the latter to one pint of the former2 cover with blanket2 two days later wash clean with soft soap and water2 blanket for a few days to avoid cold4 ,feed bran-mashes1 plenty of salt and water4 ,grease4--,this is a diseased state of the skin of the legs1 and more especially the hind ones4 ,in the early stages it consists of an inflammation of the sweat-glands1 followed by an offensive oily discharge4 ,the principal cause is uncleanliness1 or by washing the legs with cold water and not properly drying them afterwards4 ,treatment4--,without cleanliness medical remedies are worthless4 ,apply poultices2 leave them on half a day4 ,boiled turnips1 carrots1 bread and milk1 or bran and hot water are all good4 ,apply ,gombault's balsam1 one part to four parts of glycerine1 once every two days in chronic cases4 ,or clean the parts well with castile soap and warm water1 and use an ointment made of powdered charcoal two ounces1 lard or tallow four ounces1 sulphur two ounces1 mix thoroughly and rub in well by hand4 ,or gunpowder and lard or tallow1 equal parts1 is good2 or dress with carbolized oil or oxide of zinc ointment4 ,glanders4--,a highly infectious and contagious disease of the lungs2 incurable1 and communicable to man4 ,the three characteristic signs are3 #a4 ,a peculiar transparent1 glutinous1 and continuous discharge1 usually from one nostril1 which discharge1 moreover1 accumulates and entangles all kinds of filth1 so that it is unlikely to escape observation4 #b4 ,ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nostril3 the process of ulceration much resembles the erosion of metals1 there being first an oxidation and afterwards a breach of the surface1 the patch having irregular margins and showing no disposition to heal1 but1 on the contrary1 to spread4 #c4 ,an enlargement of the submaxillary gland in the channel formed between the lower jaw-bones1 such enlargement being firmly attached to the bone and immovable4 ,it further manifests no disposition to suppurate and form an abscess1 but1 on the contrary1 remains unaltered so long as the animal is allowed to live4 ,treatment4--,on any one of the above-enumerated symptoms being reported1 at once isolate the animal2 have bedding destroyed1 and carefully remove all clothing1 stable utensils1 etc41 from the vicinity of other animals pending decision of a veterinary surgeon4 ,place a steady man in charge1 and warn him of personal risk4 ,when assured an animal has glanders1 have it shot at once1 and burn all bedding1 clothing1 etc4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,mountain-artillery4 ,general ,instructions4 ,supply of ,ammunition4 ,care and ,preservation of ,harness4 ,instructions for ,drivers1 etc4 ,marches4 ,camps4 ,weights and ,dimensions of ,foreign ,mountain-artillery4 ,,general ,,instructions4 ,a mountain-battery should be self-reliant1 and1 as far as possible1 independent of assistance beyond that of the usual escort furnished for its protection1 and in the highest state of efficiency to take the field at a moment's notice4 ,it should be taken at least once a week for a march of ten or fifteen miles over the most difficult ground in its vicinity4 ,platoons completely equipped should be sent out separately once a week4 ,every opportunity must be taken for instruction of officers and men in the many devices and methods of obtaining cover1 protection from the weather1 construction of huts1 kitchens1 ovens1 latrines1 etc41 and the tactical use and care of the battery4 ,mountain-batteries are organized by platoons2 each being complete in itself and capable of being detached from the battery at a moment's notice4 ,therefore the whole of the equipment1 stores1 camp-equipage1 and baggage belonging to each platoon should remain at all times under immediate charge of the chief of platoon4 ,in like manner chiefs of section should have charge of their respective sections1 receiving their orders from their chiefs of platoon4 ,the baggage-mules form part of the section1 and should be picketed with the ordnance-mules of the section and be under the same supervision4 ,a set of heliographs and signal apparatus should be carried and used4 ,a mountain-battery must be able to climb and keep with infantry4 ,as the number of guns engaged is always small1 concentration of fire is especially desirable1 even when the ground does not admit of concentration of guns4 ,mountain warfare involves frequent exposure to sudden attacks4 ,guns should therefore always have a strong infantry escort2 but the fact of having an escort should not prevent the commander from having a lookout posted on his exposed flank4 ,choice of positions and taking advantage of ground are exceptionally difficult1 and need special training1 quickness1 and constant practice4 ,it is not always easy to secure a ready supply of ammunition4 ,firing should therefore be confined1 as a rule1 to the most effective ranges4 ,it is a waste of ammunition to fire at long ranges4 ,only as many ammunition-mules as are immediately required should be brought up to the battery2 the remainder1 with relief-mules1 etc41 should be kept under cover in rear4 ,care must be taken to equalize the loads of ammunition-mules4 ,the position of the battery in the column1 when there is a probability of being attacked1 should never be too far to the front1 but sufficiently so to come into action as soon as the advanced guard is engaged4 ,it should march after the second company of the main body if the advanced guard consists of only one company1 or after the first company if only two companies are in the advanced guard4 ,the battery ought never to be broken up unless under exceptional circumstances1 such as there being insufficient space for the guns in line4 ,in such cases the chiefs of platoon should keep up communication with the battery commander1 who directs the fire generally4 ,this breaking up of the battery does not refer to small isolated columns to which platoons only may be attached4 ,placed in position sufficiently far to the front to support the troops with which it is co-operating1 without endangering the guns1 any further change of position1 excepting at the critical moment of pursuit or retreat1 should not be made without some very strong reason4 ,if a second position becomes necessary1 the battery commander should first assure himself that he can reach it in time to carry out his idea1 and without the liability of experiencing heavy loss4 ,before coming into action the battery is divided into two lines1 viz41 the first line1 consisting of the six guns and the twelve ammunition-mules1 and the second line1 consisting of the remaining ammunition-mules and spare material-mules of the battery4 ,the ,supply of ,ammunition is kept up as follows3 ,in action the boxes of the first ammunition-mules are unloaded and placed in rear of the guns1 or1 if the ground permits1 in rear of the flanks of the battery4 ,the unloaded mules are placed under cover near the remaining ammunition-mules of the first line1 fifty or sixty yards in rear of the line4 ,the second line1 under the first sergeant1 is three or four hundred yards in rear of the first line and under cover4 ,the first ammunition-boxes unloaded have their contents distributed1 by the non-commissioned officer in charge1 to the proper cannoneers of each gun detachment2 and as soon as the contents of half the boxes have been fired three of the second ammunition-mules are sent to the front and their boxes removed2 then1 reloaded with empty boxes1 they are sent to their position under cover4 ,to ,supply the ,first ,line from the ,second ,line4--,the first sergeant tells off six ammunition-mules to be in readiness to move to the front1 under a non-commissioned officer1 when required4 ,as soon as the battery opens fire these mules are sent forward to the first line and remain there under cover4 ,as soon as the first six ammunition-mules laden with empty boxes are assembled under cover they are sent back1 under a non-commissioned officer1 to the second line4 ,,care ,,and ,,preservation ,,of ,,harness4 ,all harness should be periodically taken to pieces and thoroughly examined4 ,it should be oiled with neat's-foot oil two or three times a year1 and kept soft and pliable4 ,good castile soap and water should be used for washing harness1 and the dressing furnished by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,this dressing is applied with a woollen cloth1 left on until the next day1 and then thoroughly wiped off with a woollen cloth4 ,it is made as follows 7ingredients for two gallons73 #a gal4 neat's-foot oil1 #b lbs4 bayberry tallow1 #b lbs4 beeswax1 #b lbs4 beef tallow4 ,place in a pan over a moderate fire and let the above ingredients remain one hour1 until thoroughly dissolved2 then add #b quarts of castor oil and stir well until the mass comes to a boil1 so that the ingredients may become thoroughly mixed2 after which add #a oz4 lamp-black and stir well for ten minutes2 then strain the liquid while hot through a cotton cloth to remove sediment of beeswax1 tallow1 and lamp-black1 and put aside to cool4 ,colgate's black harness-soap and ,frank ,miller's harness-soap1 ,no4 #b1 are excellent for cleaning harness and keeping it soft4 ,blacking for ,harness and ,bridle ,leather4--,a decoction of iron-rust and vinegar1 applied to the grain side of the leather after it has been stained4 ,in staining1 apply with a hair brush1 a solution of logwood1 sal-soda1 and soft water4 ,iron parts when rusted should be cleaned with kerosene1 wiped dry1 and then have applied a light coating of asphaltum paint2 allow it to dry and then apply a second coat4 ,in the field there will not usually be much time or many materials for cleaning harness4 ,rust should be cleaned off ironwork with sand and then it should be oiled4 ,leather work should be kept soft and pliable4 ,first remove the mud and dried sweat with as little water as possible and then work in a little oil or soft soap4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,drivers1 ,,etc4 ,the carriage-mule is always the leader when packing1 or on the near side in draught4 ,this mule should therefore be the most tractable and intelligent4 ,the mule-driver is at the left of and near the head of his mule4 ,if the leader is well trained and intelligent it is better to let him have his head1 the driver taking place abreast the saddle4 ,in saddling1 the driver should make sure that the hair lies fair on the mule's back under the blanket2 that the blanket is properly folded2 that the saddle is securely girthed1 and the load evenly balanced and firmly lashed4 ,when on a march1 as soon as it is time to feed in the morning1 rub off the animal's back until the hair lies smooth2 place the blanket well forward on the withers and draw it back until in proper position4 ,saddle1 drawing the cincha half tight1 and feed4 ,after feeding1 and when ready to pack1 draw up the cincha4 ,during packing and unpacking the driver should never leave the mule's head4 ,the pads should cover the mule from donkey-mark on wither nearly to hip-joint4 ,large pads cause less rocking of the load than small and give larger bearing surfaces2 by distributing the load over a large surface of the back1 the animal is enabled to carry it easier and with less chance of galls4 ,pads properly stuffed show no creases in the lining1 feel smooth1 firm1 elastic1 and not too hard1 and have no hard knots4 ,stuffing should be of wool1 well cleaned1 and unravelled before use4 ,avoid giving hard work on new stuffed pads1 if possible2 otherwise do not stuff pads too tight1 but add daily as stuffing settles down4 ,pads must be quilted for about one and a half inches along the upper edge to keep the spine clear of pressure2 also where girths cause friction4 ,they should be beaten and brushed1 but the stuffing should be seldom interfered with when once settled down4 ,when hard it must be pricked up with an awl4 ,injuries to mules from bad saddlery arise from uneven pressure in stuffing2 stuffing working to front or rear1 or getting hard or knotted2 pads not properly quilted2 badly made repairs2 or extraneous substances getting between the pad and the mule's skin4 ,surcingles should lie flat over and should not be tighter than the cincha4 ,breast-pieces and breeching should hang from their bearing-straps at such a height as not to impede the free action of the limbs or the breathing4 ,the breast-piece should not hang on the point of the shoulder1 but its top edge should reach to where the neck joins the body4 ,in going up or down hill the saddle and load should be kept in place by adjusting the breast-and breech-straps without halting4 ,the breast-strap should be tightened in ascents1 slackened on the level and in descents4 ,breeching should always be tightened in going down hill1 when it and not the crupper should take the strain4 ,hip-straps should bring it about in line with its point of attachment to the saddle4 ,if too high it may slip up under the tail when the strain comes on it4 ,the crupper should not be tighter than is necessary to keep the saddle from shifting forward4 ,the dock of the crupper must at all times be kept soft1 smooth1 and pliable4 ,breast-straps and crupper should be removed when the animal is fed and watered4 ,the leading-bit is to touch the corners of the mouth1 but should be low enough not to wrinkle them2 leading rein buckled to near side of the bit4 ,,marches4 ,in warm climates march early to avoid the heat4 ,mules travel well at night4 ,men and animals should have food before marching4 ,officers and non-commissioned officers superintend loading2 at which all should be expert4 ,when the battery is loaded and formed1 always inspect carefully to see that the work has been properly done4 ,a habit of prompt loading is most important4 ,one hour should be ample time between reveille and starting on the road4 ,in moving off1 drivers must move promptly1 and use the leading-rein with a very light hand4 ,mules move best with loose reins4 ,if avoidable1 do not carry sick men on bareback or blanketed mules1 as the animals get galled4 ,the distance between mules on good roads is one yard4 ,in passing obstacles or difficult ground1 distances must be increased as needed4 ,every mule should have his head4 ,cannoneers should help to steady the loads4 ,occasionally it may be advisable to unload in passing obstacles4 ,cannoneers should keep near their respective mules and not straggle2 and must assist the drivers in watching and adjusting loads4 ,the driver must constantly watch his mule and load1 and at once call attention to signs of uneasiness or anything requiring adjustment1 if he cannot adjust it himself4 ,when a load becomes disarranged the mule must be fallen out and the load put to rights2 the driver regains his place at the first opportunity4 ,distances must be regained gradually1 not by rushing3 at an amble if absolutely necessary4 ,the pace should be regular and constant1 smart1 not hurried1 about four miles an hour unless with other troops2 in no case so fast as to cause trotting in rear4 ,forcing the pace or dragging it1 many halts and checks without unloading or giving time for feeding and watering1 are ruinous4 ,when a laden mule falls1 keep his head down2 cast off the straps and remove the load2 unsaddle if necessary4 ,always form battery advanced and rear guards of properly armed men4 ,it is sometimes convenient to have pioneer-tools with the advanced guard4 ,the sick transport marches with the rear-guard1 whose special duty it is to keep every fraction of the battery ahead of it4 ,march on as broad a front as possible2 but frequent changes are harassing4 ,when feasible1 considerable distance between platoons makes marching easier4 ,officers should constantly move along their commands1 checking irregularities1 regulating the pace1 and supervising every detail as regards men1 mules1 and loads1 while avoiding harassing interference4 ,this is especially important with pack-animals4 ,an officer should be in charge of the baggage if possible4 ,in crossing fords some men should see to the loads1 as the high action of the mules in passing through water is liable to unsteady them4 ,occasions may occur when the mule may be obliged to swim1 and in such cases the saddle must be removed1 and any attempt to guide the mule should be made by the slightest touch possible2 pulling at the head is to be avoided4 ,a mule swimming can be most easily turned by splashing the water against the side of the face opposite the direction required4 ,keep to the spurs of hills in going up and generally in going down hill4 ,sometimes a short cut may be found down a ravine4 ,at the beginning of a march check the pace a little2 make an early halt1 so that men can fall out and adjust anything requiring it4 ,occasional halts should be made afterwards4 ,short halts are best for pack-animals4 ,at every halt non-commissioned officers and drivers inspect their animals and attend to any signs of galling or uneasiness4 ,the rear closes up to its proper distance before halting4 ,on hill roads mules should be stood level across the road1 heads outward from the hillside4 ,if the path be too narrow for this1 drivers must stand at their mules' heads to prevent the risk of a tumble down the hillside in attempts to graze4 ,mules are apt to roll when halted4 ,in marches with other troops1 on halting always find out how long the halt is to be1 and if time permits remove loads if practicable4 ,advantage may be taken of long halts to water1 and feed if advisable and means are at hand4 ,a feed of grain should always be carried in the nose-bags if possible4 ,on long marches opportunities to feed and water should be sought for4 ,when halted allow the men to stray from their mules as little as possible4 ,disarrangement of loads and possible accidents are thereby avoided4 ,as pack-mules require very tight girthing1 they should remain girthed as short a time as possible4 ,gun-and carriage-mules are the tightest girthed4 ,their loads may be shifted to the relief-mules at the half-way halt1 these mules not being tightly girthed until on the point of loading4 ,girths of the relieved mules should be slackened gradually1 as sudden loosing of the girths causes swellings4 ,,camps4 ,on reaching camp halt the battery1 in line1 in rear of the ground to be occupied1 facing to the front4 ,indicate the positions for material1 etc4 ,the battery is then marched to the site of the gun-park and the guns formed action front1 the stores and boxes being piled in rear of each gun4 ,if possible make a foundation of stones1 etc41 for the piles of boxes to rest on1 dig a trench around it1 and cover the pile with a paulin firmly secured4 ,the men's tents are on either flank1 the mules being picketed between the lines of tents4 ,the officers' tents are on a line perpendicular to the men's tents1 and about twenty-five yards from the end ones1 and face inward4 ,the guard-tents are near the flank guns4 ,after unloading1 girths are loosened a little1 and are allowed to remain so for fifteen minutes4 ,if the animals are warm they should be walked around until cool1 and may then be watered4 ,as a rule all watering should be superintended by an officer1 and no man should be allowed to take more than two mules to water at the same time4 ,when the mules are put on the picket-line1 remove bridles and wipe bits1 loosen cincha a little1 and place breeching over saddle1 and take off breast-strap if one be used4 ,sponge nostrils and eyes1 rub heads with dry wisp1 and feed hay or grass4 ,saddles are only removed by order2 and when removed the men must examine shoulders1 withers1 sides1 and docks1 and report the result4 ,backs should be rubbed off until the hair lies smooth4 ,the saddles are placed on end behind the line1 pads facing sun or wind to dry4 ,when dry they should be carefully brushed1 beaten if necessary1 and all hair removed4 ,at afternoon stables mules are groomed1 watered if necessary1 and fed1 and the grain for the next morning served out and the outfit arranged for use4 ,in grooming never use a currycomb on the animal's back4 ,saddles1 back up1 are on one paulin spread out between every two mules1 with bridles1 etc4 ,the other paulin is then placed over the saddles and over the ends of the first paulin1 which are turned up1 and a strap is passed around it and buckled about two feet above the ground4 ,in wet weather the ground on which the saddles are placed should be raised4 ,grooming is the same as with horses2 but mules hardly need the elaborate grooming usually bestowed on horses4 ,the mule's blanket is used for his covering at night1 and in hot weather is folded up square on his back and secured there as a protection against the sun4 ,gunners will require their detachments of cannoneers to clean up guns1 etc41 after a march4 ,all men for mountain-batteries should be picked men4 ,troop ,b1 ,fourth ,cavalry1 while in ,arizona kept on hand ready to start on a scouting expedition with its pack-train3 flour #ejj lbs41 hard bread #ej lbs41 bacon #cej lbs41 sugar #ge lbs41 coffee #fj lbs41 beans #ej lbs41 salt #be lbs41 baking-powder #bj lbs42 #f camp-kettles1 #dj lbs42 #b mess-boxes1 #aej lbs42 #bj mess-pans1 #aj lbs42 #a axe1 #a spade1 small coffee-mill1 #b butcher-knives1 #b long forks1 #b long spoons1 #c or #d tin plates1 #c frying-pans1 soap1 pepper1 matches1 and a few farrier's remedies4 ,the baking-pans were circular1 #ab inches in diameter at top and #i at bottom4 ,the ,rule for ,making ,bread was as follows3 ,dig a trench a little over a foot wide1 a foot deep1 and #ab feet long4 ,build a fire near it4 ,then mix #dj quart-cups of flour with salt1 baking-powder and water in a mess-box2 divide dough in ten equal parts and place each in a small mess-pan4 ,cover bottom of trench with a layer of coals #c inches2 then place on layer the pans of dough and cover same with larger pans so as to protect from dirt1 etc4 ,fill trench and cover tops and sides of pans with coals4 ,leave for #a hours4 ,each loaf will make four rations4 ,,table ,,of ,,mountain-,,artillery4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,austria4 ,england4 ,france4 ---------------------------------------- #g cm4 #g pdr4 ,model ,jointed #g pdr4 of #hj mm4 #ahge4 ,model #bjj lbs4 ,model #ahgi4 #ahgh4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,gun4 ,material steel steel steel steel bronze ,weight1 lbs4 #aig #djj #bjj #bca4e ,calibre1 ins4 #b4f #b4e #c4j #c4ae ,total length1 ft4 #c4bh #e4hg #c4da #c4id ,system of obturation ,wedge4 ,muzzle-,muzzle- ,interrupted- ,broadwellloadingloading screw de ring4 ,bange4 ,carriage4 ,weight1 without wheels1 lbs4 #aej #cbd #bjf #cbb ,weight1 complete with gun #ddj #icf #eej #ffa ,width of track1 ins4 #bg4e #cf #bg #bf4h ,diam4 of wheels1 ins4 #cg4d #cf #cf #cg ,service charge1 lbs4 #j4gg #a4e #j4ge #j4hh ,shell1 ,common4 ,weight 7full71 lbs4 #f4d #g #g4ca #ab4c ,bursting-charge1 oz4 #c4cg #d #f4e #e4bg ,shrapnel4 ,weight 7full71 lbs4 #f4i #g #g #ac4ij ,bursting-charge1 oz4 #a4c #j4e #j4e #b4hb ,number of bullets #fe #ajj #db #abj ,initial velocity1 f4 s4 #igi #addj #iej #hdc ,no4 of ,rounds4 ,per gun#a #cb #if #ij #gj ,per battery#b #ddh #hfd #haj #hdj ,no4 of ,animals4 ,per battery #fg #bbj #ahd #id ,algeria #aej ,no4 of ,personnel4 ,per battery #aaa #bhg #bde #afj ,algeria #bdb ,no4 of ,guns4 ,per battery #d #f #f #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,italy4 ,russia4 ,spain4 ,switzerland4 ---------------------------------------- --------- #g cm4 #b4e in4 #h cm4 #ge mm4 ,model #ahib4 ,model #ahgd4 ,model #ahgg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,gun4 ,material compress'd steel steel steel bronze ,weight1 lbs4 #bae #aid #bbe #bca4e ,calibre1 ins4 #b4ie #b4e #c4ji #b4ie ,total length1 ft4 #c4bh #c4ca #c4ca #c4bj ,system of obturation ,wedge4 ,interrupted-,interrupted- ,wedge4 screw de screw ,broadwell ,bange4 steel cup4 ring4 ,carriage4 ,weight1 without wheels1 lbs4 #aih #cbe #bdj #bje ,weight1 complete with gun #eea #fhc #fhd #fgc ,width of track1 ins4 #bg4i #cb4h #cd4d #bi4i ,diam4 of wheels1 ins4 #cg4f #dj4h #ce4d -- ,service charge1 lbs4 #j4ff #j4ha #j4hh #j4hh ,shell1 ,common4 ,weight 7full71 lbs4 #i4dc #h4h #h4ed #i4bf ,bursting-charge1 oz4 #d4if #d4bb #g4jd #c4eb ,shrapnel4 ,weight 7full71 lbs4 #i4bf #h4i #aj4c #i4dh ,bursting-charge1 oz4 #a4gf #a4je #j4ce #a4id ,number of bullets #aji #ajj #ij #aab ,initial velocity1 f4 s4 #hdj #icb #ie #hii ,no4 of ,rounds4 ,per gun#a #gd #if #ajj #bj ,per battery#b #agjd #aecf #fjj #fjj ,no4 of ,animals4 ,per battery #adh #bjf #ha #hc ,no4 of ,personnel4 ,per battery #bhf #cjf #aig #agj ,no4 of ,guns4 ,per battery #f #h #f #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,part ,,ii4 ,,field-,,artillery4 ,,chapter ,i4 ,construction of ,field-guns4 ,,details ,,of ,,construction ,,of ,,field-,,artillery ,,guns 7,,latest ,,model74 ,the guns described in this and the next chapter are built-up guns made of low steel1 and all the parts are tempered in oil4 ,the tube enters the jacket from the front#c and has shoulders upon it1 which come in contact with corresponding shoulders in the jacket4 ,these shoulders prevent any forward movement of the tube or rear movement of the jacket4 ,the tube tapers from in front of the jacket to the muzzle1 which ends in a swell4 ,the exterior of the jacket is made up of a series of tapering surfaces4 ,on the interior surface1 starting from the rear end1 there are first1 the seat for the carrier-ring in the jacket1 which also contains the slotted and threaded sectors for holding the breech-block2 in front of this is the tapering gas-check seat in the tube2 and forward of this is the cylindrical powder-chamber1 which is connected to the shot-chamber by a slope4 ,the shot-chamber also is cylindrical and connected with the bore by a slope4 ,the vent being axial in the model of '#ij1 enters the powder-chamber through and along the axis of the spindle of the obturator4 ,in front of the gas-check seat in the model of '#he there is a cylindrical surface leading to the ellipsoidal powder-chamber1 which is connected with the shot-chamber by a slope1 and the radial vent enters #ab inches from the rear face of the jacket and at the maximum diameter of the powder-chamber4 ,the vent-piece1 made of copper1 is screwed into position1 the part projecting above the surface of the piece being rectangular4 ,,the ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,the principal parts are the breech-block1 the carrier-ring1 the obturator1 the lever-handle1 the bronze handle1 and the vent-cover4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,breech-,,block4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,the ,block1 ,fig4 #cj1 is threaded for a distance of four inches from its forward end1 and the circumference of the thread is divided into six equal parts4 ,the threads of the block are removed along three alternate sectors1 as is usual in the interrupted-screw fermature1 to allow the block to slide in the corresponding slotted sectors in the jacket 7or base-ring in earlier model74 ,the threaded sectors engage in the corresponding slotted sectors in the breech-block1 but one sixth of a turn of the block will engage the screw-threads of both4 ,the interior of the block is bored out to form the obturator-spindle recess4 ,at the end of the block are two lugs for the lever-handle4 ,on the right one is a shoulder which limits the motion of the lever-handle4 ,the ,nose is the front end of the block1 slightly reduced in diameter in order to partly enter the gas-check seat4 ,the ,stop-groove1 into which the stop on the carrier-ring enters1 is in the planed sector on the left-hand side4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,the ,latch-groove 7,fig4 #ca7 is in two parts1 one longitudinal 7d71 at the front end of the block1 and the other transverse 7a71 at the rear end4 ,the stem of the latch drops into the front groove 7e7 when the block is withdrawn1 and into the rear groove 7b7 when the block is revolved into its firing position1 in each case unlocking the carrier-ring from the jacket--in the first case1 so that it maybe swung back2 in the second1 to prevent the breaking of the latch when the gun is discharged4 ,the ,locking-recess 7e7 is at the front end of the longitudinal latch-groove4 ,the stem of the latch drops into it when the block is withdrawn1 and thus locks the block positively to the carrier-ring4 ,the ,guide-groove is the cylindrical recess at the rear of the block in which the guide-sectors move when the block is rotated4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,carrier-,,ring4 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,the ,guide-sectors 7b1 ,fig4 #cb7 are three projections from the interior of the carrier-ring 7h71 which fit in the slotted sectors of the breech-block and guide it during its motion through the carrier-ring4 ,the ,latch-cover 7i7 is a separate piece which covers the latch and its spring1 and is secured to the carrier-ring by two screws 7j74 ,on removing this plate the latch and spring can be taken out4 ,the ,latch 7f in ,fig4 #cb7 fits in a recess in the carrier-ring on the right side4 ,it is acted on by a spring 7b1 ,fig4 #cc71 which pushes it constantly toward the axis of the carrier-ring4 ,its inner end or stem 7a7 rests on the surface of one of the slotted sectors1 except at the end of its travel1 when it drops into the corresponding recess in the block4 ,as long as its stem rests on the surface of the sector its outer end or nose projects beyond the exterior surface of the carrier-ring1 and1 entering a recess in the jacket1 locks the carrier-ring to the jacket4 ,when the stem drops into its recesses1 the nose of the latch is withdrawn by the action of the spring and the carrier-ring is unlocked4 ,the front face of the latch has a recess 7h71 into which fits a hardened stud 7s7 that is screwed into the rear face of the jacket4 ,this stud acting against the recess lifts the latch out of its locking-recess in the breech-block1 and holds it in a position such that the stem can pass up the inclined groove4 ,in order that the stud may act on the latch1 a hole 7g7 is drilled through the front face of the carrier-ring for the stud to pass through4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,the functions of the latch-spring have already been explained4 ,the ,stop 7c1 ,fig4 #cb7 enters the carrier-ring on the left side between the lugs 7e71 and projects beyond the bore of the carrier-ring1 entering a groove in the breech-block which is cut for it4 ,this stop limits the travel of the block to the rear in withdrawing it1 and also limits its rotation4 ,the ,hinge-pin enters the lugs 7e7 of the carrier-ring and a corresponding lug on the jacket from below1 and the carrier-ring swings around it in opening4 ,the bore is the diameter of the ring across guide-sectors4 ,the exterior taper forms the surface of contact of carrier-ring with jacket4 ,the lugs 7e7 are the bearings for the hinge-pin4 ,the carrier-ring1 as its name indicates1 carries the breech-block when the latter is withdrawn1 and by means of it the block may be swung round out of the way for loading4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,de ,,bange ,,obturator4 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,the principal parts are3 the spindle 7a72 the front cup 7f72 the rear cup 7f72 the pad 7g72 the spring 7j72 the nut 7h72 the spline-screw 7k74 ,the spindle has a mushroom-shaped head 7b71 and a stem1 which extends through the breech-block and terminates in a screw-thread4 ,the breech-block is recessed correspondingly4 ,in guns with axial vents1 the vent 7c71 #j4b inch in diameter1 passes through the axis of the spindle1 and the copper bushing 7d7 is inserted by pressure at the front end4 ,the front and rear gas-check cups are of steel1 and hold between them a plastic pad made of certain proportions of asbestos and tallow and covered with canvas 7with disks of copper 7m7 on either side in the revised model17 and a diagonally-split ring 7n7 of steel is used to cut off the escape of gas4 ,a spiral spring 7j7 surrounds the stem of the obturator at the rear of the block1 and bears against a shoulder on the block and a nut 7h7 on the screw-thread of the spindle4 ,this spring1 which acts to press the spindle back1 keeps the cups and pad in place1 takes up any set of the pad due to firing1 and prevents the fracture of the screwed end of the stem4 ,the spline-screw 7k7 holds the nut on the spindle in position and prevents its unscrewing when the pad sticks in its seat after firing4 ,illustration3,,the ,,freyre ,,obturator4 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,the principal parts are 7,fig4 #ce73 the spindle 7a72 the gas-check ring 7f72 the spring 7e72 the obturator-nut 7d72 the locking-nut 7d71 or the spline-screw4 ,the ,spindle has a head 7g7 at the forward end1 its surface being plane and its sides conical1 with the larger diameter of the cone in front4 ,the vent 7c71 #j4b inch in diameter1 passes through the axis of the spindle1 and the copper bushing 7c7 is inserted by pressure at the front end4 ,the ,gas-check ,ring 7f7 is nearly triangular in section1 coming to a point at the front4 ,it fits accurately on the conical surface of the head of the spindle1 and is slightly longer in the direction of the axis of the bore than this head4 ,its rear surface rests against the front surface of the block1 while the rear surface of the head is not in contact with this front surface1 and can only be brought in contact with it by a heavy pressure1 which will expand the gas-check ring4 ,the ,spring 7e7 acts against a shoulder in the block and a corresponding shoulder on the obturator-spindle1 and tends to press the spindle forward4 ,the ,obturator-nut 7d7 prevents the action of the spring from forcing the spindle too far forward1 and also regulates the tension of the spring4 ,the spline-screw acts as in the de ,bange system4 ,this screw is used in place of the locking-nut 7d7 shown in figure4 ,,the ,,lever-,,handle4 7,see ,fig4 #cg47 ,this handle 7h7 acts as a lever to rotate the block1 its head acting as a cam to withdraw the block and obturator when the latter sticks after firing1 and to lock the block in the carrier-ring and prevent rotation during firing4 ,it is supported in the lugs 7l7 of the breech-block by a pin 7e7 and rotates with the pin2 to which it is secured by a screw entering vertically4 ,the head of this pin has a projection 7a7 which strikes against the corresponding stop on the right lug and limits the motion of the lever-handle4 ,,the ,,bronze-,,handle4 7,see ,fig4 #cg47 ,this handle 7g7 is attached to the breech-block by two screws4 ,its purpose is to assist in withdrawing and pushing in the breech-block4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,vent-,,cover4 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,for ,axial ,vent4--,a radial slot 7a1 ,fig4 #cf7 is made in the rear part of the breech-block1 in which slides a piece of metal 7b7 having a pin 7c7 projecting from its forward face next the gun4 ,this pin fits into a groove 7d7 cut in the rear face of the carrier-ring1 which is eccentric at its lower end1 so that when the block is placed in firing position the slide is raised and the vent uncovered4 ,for ,radial ,vent4--,this consists of a long arm1 secured in position on top of the gun so that it can slide4 ,the under side at its rear end has a slight projection1 which engages over a shoulder on the lever-handle4 ,when the lever-handle is raised a shoulder on it bears against the end of the arm1 pushes it forward and covers the vent2 when the block is in firing position and the lever-handle is lowered the shoulder bears against the projection and draws back the arm1 thereby uncovering the vent4 ,illustration3 ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,suppose the breech closed and the gun ready for firing4 ,in this position the threads of the breech-block are engaged in the threads of the jacket 7revised model7 or base-ring 7model '#he72 the gas-check is in its seat2 the lower end of the latch is at the end of the transverse groove in the block2 the nose of the latch is withdrawn from its recess in the jacket1 and the carrier-ring is unlocked2 the lever-handle is vertical1 its cam in the recess in the carrier-ring1 and its lower end in the recess in the jacket4 ,to ,open the ,breech4--,grasp the lever-handle 7h1 ,fig4 #cg7 with the left hand1 thumb down1 and raise it until it strikes the stop1 then rotate the block as far as possible to the left2 lower the lever-handle3 its cam 7d71 acting against the surface 7r7 of the carrier-ring1 will withdraw the gas-check if it sticks in its seat4 ,this rotation of the block pushes the latch into its recess and locks the carrier-ring to the jacket4 ,grasp the bronze-handle 7g7 with the right hand1 thumb to the right1 and withdraw the block until it comes up against the stop4 ,in this position the stem of the latch drops into the locking-recess1 locking the block to the carrier-ring1 and at the same time unlocking the carrier-ring from the jacket2 swing the block and carrier-ring around to the left and insert the projectile and charge4 ,to ,close the ,breech4--,seize the bronze-handle with the right hand1 thumb to the right1 and swing the carrier-ring and block around until the carrier-ring is in its seat1 grasping the lever-handle with the left hand1 thumb down1 at the same time1 and raising the handle until it strikes the stop4 ,the carrier-ring should be brought up to its seat sharply1 but without slamming1 and should be held firmly for an instant1 otherwise the ring may start back slightly from the jar and the retracting-stud fail to hold the latch-pin high enough to allow the block to move forward4 ,when the carrier-ring strikes its seat the retracting-stud enters the hole in the front face of the ring1 and1 acting on the recess in the latch1 lifts the latch to its travelling position1 that is1 lifts it out of the locking-recess and holds it in such a position that when the block is pushed forward1 the lower end of the latch will strike the inclined surface at the front of the longitudinal groove4 ,raise the lever-handle until it rests against the stop1 and push the block forward until it stops4 ,during this travel the lower end of the latch has moved up the inclined surface of the longitudinal groove and has locked the carrier-ring to the jacket4 ,revolve the block one sixth of a turn until it strikes the stop2 lower the lever-handle to its proper position1 when everything will be in the condition first described1 the vent will be uncovered1 and the gun will be ready for firing4 ,when the block is revolved one sixth of a turn the lower end of the latch gradually drops into its groove1 unlocking the carrier-ring1 which remains so during firing4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,dismounting4 #a4 ,raise the lever-handle and turn the breech-block to the left4 #b4 ,take out hinge-pin screws and remove the hinge-pin4 #c4 ,withdraw the breech-block with carrier-ring4 #d4 ,take out the latch-cover screws and remove the latch-cover1 latch-spring1 and latch4 #e4 ,take out the stop-screw and remove the stop4 #f4 ,take off the carrier-ring4 ,de ,bange ,obturator4 #g4 ,remove the spline-screw and take off the nut4 #h4 ,take out the spindle4 #i4 ,take out the spring4 #aj4 ,take off the obturator cups and pad4 ,freyre ,obturator4 #g4 ,remove the spline-screw and take off the nut4 #h4 ,take out the spindle4 #i4 ,take out the spring4 #aj4 ,take off the gas-check ring and face-plate4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling4 ,de ,bange ,obturator4 #a4 ,put the obturator cups and pad in place on spindle4 #b4 ,put in the spring4 #c4 ,put in the spindle4 #d4 ,screw on the nut1 and put in the spline-screw4 ,freyre ,obturator4 #a4 ,put the gas-check ring and face-plate in place4 #b4 ,put in the spring4 #c4 ,put in the spindle4 #d4 ,screw on the nut1 and put in the spline-screw4 #e4 ,put the carrier-ring on the breech-block4 #f4 ,put in the stop and screw4 #g4 ,put in the latch1 the latch-spring2 put on the latch-cover and screws4 #h4 ,insert the breech-block with carrier-ring into the gun4 #i4 ,put in the hinge-pin and screws4 #aj4 ,lock the block4 ,experiments are now being made with the view of introducing metallic ammunition1 and it is possible that a breech mechanism similar to the ,driggs-,schroeder or the ,gerdom will be adopted4 ,a general description of each is therefore given1 and also the proposed method of supplying ammunition4 ,,the ,,driggs-,,schroeder ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #cg;a4 ,the cuts show the positions of the block when locked1 when unlocked1 and when revolved to the rear4 ,the breech-block 7b71 weighing #ca lbs41 has bands 7c7 on top and sides that fit in corresponding grooves in the jacket2 these bands have an inclination of #b degrees to the front and upward to secure complete obturation and facilitate locking and unlocking4 ,there is a transverse hole 7i7 through the block for the main bolt 7d72 it is lengthened in a nearly vertical direction so that the first motion of the operating-handle causes1 by the action of the main cam 7e71 the block to descend and disengage the bands from the grooves in the breech1 after which the block rotates to the rear and rests on the tray4 ,guide-bolts 7k71 screwed through each side of the curtain1 project into guide-grooves 7l7 cut in each side of the block and confine its movement4 ,the main cam1 firing-pin and spring1 and sear and sear-spring are contained in the block1 the front face of which bears a heavy removable plate 7a74 ,the firing-pin has under its rear part full-cock and half-cock studs2 and the sear1 actuated by its spring1 presses up against it and engages the studs in succession as the firing-pin is forced to the rear by the action of the main cam against the lug on the under side of the firing-pin4 ,the point of this lug always rests in the circular groove in the upper rear face of the main cam4 ,the extractors 7j71 one on either side1 lie flat against the rear face of the tube of the gun and in recesses in the front face of the block4 ,they revolve on pivots which work in recesses in the curtain4 ,the rear sides of the tails of the extractors and the lower front corners of the breech-block form cam surfaces so arranged that when the block rotates to the rear the extractors extract and eject the cartridge-case4 ,the spring lock on the handle prevents the main bolt and block from moving1 when the breech is closed1 under stress other than that applied directly to the handle4 ,,to ,,dismount4 #a4 ,back out the guide-bolts far enough to clear the guide-grooves4 #b4 ,half-cock4 #c4 ,take off handle4 #d4 ,tap the main bolt gently to start it and withdraw it completely1 supporting the block with the hand4 #e4 ,lower the block out of place1 tilting it slightly to the rear so as to clear the extractors4 ,,the ,,breech-,,block ,,being ,,out1 ,,to ,,take ,,the ,,mechanism ,,apart4 #a4 ,full-cock the firing-pin before removing the face-plate4 #b4 ,remove face-plate4 #c4 ,ease firing-pin forward and remove finger-catch4 #d4 ,take out main cam1 firing-pin1 and spring4 #e4 ,push sear-plug in a little1 turn it until the stud is fair for coming out1 and remove it and the sear and spring4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,proceed in the reverse order4 ,put in successively the firing-pin spring1 the firing-pin1 and the main cam4 ,the front side of this cam is marked out4 ,the firing-pin must be full-cocked before putting on the face-plate and then let down to half-cock4 ,an arrow on the head of the main bolt being brought in line with the arrow on the curtain indicates the proper square for the hexagonal bearing in the cam4 ,,gerdom ,,rapid-,,firing ,,breech ,,mechanism4 ,the breech-block has two threaded and two plain sectors 7each #ij degrees7 with corresponding sectors in the breech of the gun1 so that the block is locked or unlocked by a quarter of a turn4 ,the block contains a firing-pin which1 with its spring1 is inserted from the front end of the block1 which is then closed by a threaded cap4 ,the centre hole in this cap permits the striking end of the pin to come through to the front in certain positions of the block and to hit the primer4 ,the rear end of the block is countersunk to receive the operating-lever1 the locking-latch and its spring1 the cocking-lever and its hinge-pin1 the trunnioned collar1 the notched cap1 and the sear and its spring4 ,the extracting-device engages in front of the cartridge-head and grips it for more than one eighth of its circumference4 ,its motion is guided parallel to the axis of the piece by two cylindrical arms working in slots cut in the breech4 ,swinging the carrier-ring around its pivot causes the extracting-device first to act as a wedge to loosen the cartridge-case1 and then by a rapid motion the case is thrown out of the gun1 or far enough to the rear in the breech to be easily removed by hand4 ,the operation of the mechanism of the gun is as follows3 ,the operating-lever is seized with the left hand1 and a handle on the right rear face of the carrier-ring with the right hand4 ,the lever is pulled slightly more than #ij to the left4 ,the first motion of the lever unlocks the cocking-latch2 the remainder of the motion rotates the block in the carrier-ring1 disengaging the screw-threads4 ,during this motion of rotation the cocking-lever has pulled back the firing-pin1 which is held in position by an edge of the sear engaging under a notch on the screw-cap4 ,the carrier-ring is then swung to the left by the handle in the right hand4 ,the block moves to the left with the ring and passes partly through the slot out of the breech and uncovers the bore4 ,the first motion of the ring loosens the cartridge-case1 as before described1 and then ejects it4 ,the new charge is then thrown in1 no care being taken to seat it2 the ring swung to1 and the block rotated and locked4 ,as soon as the block is locked1 pulling the sear fires the gun4 ,,fixed ,,ammunition4 ,smokeless powder will be used1 about #a lbs4 forming the charge4 ,the shell1 cast iron1 weighs #af lbs4 and also contains a bursting-charge of #h oz4 of powder4 ,the shrapnel will be similar to the ,frankford ,arsenal shrapnel now manufactured1 but longer and heavier 7#af lbs4 #aj oz471 and will break into about #bdj pieces 7balls and fragments74 ,the metallic case1 brass or aluminum1 has the projectile inserted in it to the distance of #a4ge inches1 the base of the projectile being separated from the powder-charge by a felt wad4 ,the total length of a round is #ah4cc inches4 ,experiments with charges of ,troisdorf powder from #a lb4 #h oz4 to #b lbs4 #a oz4 have given with the #c4b-;inch gun velocities from #agfe to #bjcb ft4-sec4 ,supplying ,ammunition4--,it is proposed to have boxes that can be readily opened and closed containing a certain number of rounds1 about ten for #c4b-;inch gun1 carried by the supply-train4 ,when a battery requires ammunition1 the boxes will be taken from the ammunition-wagon1 opened and the chests filled4 ,the empty metallic cases with the battery are then placed in the boxes1 which are securely closed1 loaded on the ammunition-wagon and returned to the depot by the officer in charge2 and are from there returned by the ordnance officer to the ,frankford ,arsenal to be again filled and prepared for service4 ,the cost of supplying ammunition by this method will be less than it is now4 ,,chapter ,,ii4 #c4b-;inch ,guns4 ,sights4 ,ammunition4 ,fuzes4 ,range ,table4 #c4b-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle1 ,,model #ahhe 7,,modified74 7,fig4 #ch47 ,material steel ,total length #g4ef feet ,calibre #c4b inches ,weight #hbi pounds ,grooves #bd ,twist of rifling1 uniform #a turn in #cj calibres ,axis of trunnions above ground #c4ef feet ,powder-chamber ellipsoidal ,vent radial ,preponderance #ej pounds ,muzzle velocity #afhe ft4-sec4 ,maximum range for shrapnel#d #ffac yards ,this gun consists of a tube 7a71 jacket 7b71 trunnion-ring 7c71 sleeve 7d71 key-ring 7e71 locking-ring 7f71 base-ring 7g71 and breech mechanism1 ,de ,bange obturator1 vent-bushing of copper4 #c4b-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle1 ,,model '#ij4 7,fig4 #ci47 ,material steel ,total length #g4ca feet ,calibre #c4b inches ,weight #gid pounds ,grooves #bd ,twist of rifling1 increasing #a turn in #ej to #a turn in #be calibres ,axis of trunnions above ground #c4ef feet ,powder-chamber cylindrical ,vent axial ,preponderance #ca lbs4 ,muzzle velocity #afhe ft4-sec4 ,maximum range for shrapnel #ffac yards ,distance between sights #cj4g inches ,this gun consists of tube 7g71 jacket 7h71 and breech mechanism1 ,de ,bange obturator1 vent-bushing of copper4 ,the jacket1 trunnion-ring1 base-ring1 and sleeve1 of the model of #ahhe1 form one piece1 and the key-ring is omitted1 as the tube and jacket are locked firmly together by shoulders 7a1 b1 c7 in rear and shoulders in front1 with a projection on the tube that fits into a corresponding recess in the jacket4 d is the powder-chamber1 f the slope from no lands to maximum lands1 and e the connecting slope for seat of rotary band4 ,the vent-cover is a pin working in a slot in the face of the carrier-ring4 7,see ,fig4 #cf47 ,,sights4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,the ,front ,sight 7,fig4 #dj7 is attached to the right rim-base1 and consists of the base a1 the standard b1 and the cylinder c1 all formed in one piece4 ,the cylinder c is a bushing open at both ends1 the interior being formed of two conical frustums c joined at their smaller bases and having at this junction cross-wires 771 d1 of platinum1 which give the exact centre of the sight4 ,in the new sights the cross-wires of watch-spring are placed diagonally 7,x74 ,the cross-wires are used with the peep of the breech-sight1 and the point e on top is used with the open sight4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,the ,breech-sight 7,fig4 #da7 consists of a tangent scale affixed to a circular base revolving in a plane normal to the axis of the piece to compensate for inclination of trunnions when on uneven ground4 ,the scale moves laterally on its base to correct for wind and drift1 and bears a spirit-level1 f4 ,along the vertical limb1 ,c1 of the sight1 which is slotted1 moves an eye-piece1 ,d1 actuated by a screw1 d4 ,this eye-piece 7bearing the peep-sight d7 extends on either side of the slot1 the lower edge being horizontal and bevelled4 ,the one on the right is graduated into ten equal parts4 ,the vertical limb being graduated into degrees 7#j to #ae71 and then sub-divided by diagonals into sixths1 a diagonal scale of equal parts reading to minutes is obtained4 ,the rear sights now being issued have range scales in yards for shell and shrapnel engraved upon the sight in addition to the degree scale4 ,the scale of yards for shrapnel on the rear face of the sight1 left side1 is arranged with diagonal lines1 to be read in the same manner as the degree scale4 ,each diagonal embraces #bej yards of range1 and there are five divisions on the upper edge of the slide1 by which this space is sub-divided1 so that the intervals of #ej yards in range are read directly from the scale4 ,the scale of yards for shell1 on the front face of the sight1 is marked for each #ajj yards of range1 and is read from an index line on the slide4 ,the horizontal limb1 or cross-bar1 e1 which is actuated by the screws ee1 is graduated into spaces1 each of which corresponds to a deviation equal to #a_/cde of the range4 7,in future constructions this division will correspond to #a_/ajjj of the range47 ,this variation is tabulated in the range table under the heading ,deflection for one division of the horizontal scale4 ,by means of a pivot1 ,b1 the sight proper is attached to the stem ,a1 the axis of rotation being at the zero of the scale4 ,the stem tapers so as to fit into the sight-socket fixed at the breech4 ,a pin projecting from the stem1 and fitting in a recess in the socket1 insures the sight being properly placed on the gun4 ,the sight is first levelled and clamped by means of the clamp-screw a before sighting4 ,vertical and horizontal changes for elevation1 drift1 etc41 are given by the thumb-screws d and ee4 ,,the ,,pointing ,,arc4 7,fig4 #da;a47 ,this instrument1 now under consideration for use with field-artillery1 to replace wholly or in part the rear sight1 is made principally of bronze1 and comprises the arc a1 the slide b1 and the level-piece c4 ,the arc has two small seating plates1 d d1 secured to its base by countersunk screws4 ,the slide is connected to the arc by a dovetail-joint1 and moves over it1 the friction of a spring keeping the slide in any desired position4 ,the tension of this spring is adjusted by the two screws on the side of the slide4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #da;a4 ,the steel pin on the under surface of the slide moves in the groove on the upper surface of the arc1 and1 by abutting against the steel stop-pins e at each end of the groove1 prevents the slide from being moved off the arc4 ,the arc is graduated from #j to #bj degrees1 but readings to #b minutes are obtained by means of the vernier1 f1 at the rear of the slide4 ,plates1 graduated in yards for shell or shrapnel1 are on either side of the arc4 ,they are removable1 being graduated for the piece with which the arc is used4 ,the zero index-marks on the sides of the slide are supplemented by two others equidistant1 plus #b degrees and minus #b degrees4 ,any one of the three may be used in setting the slide to a desired range in yards4 ,the top of the slide has a scale1 graduated #c degrees on either side of the zero1 with sub-divisions of #f minutes2 the markings plus and minus are the reverse of those on the side of the slide4 ,the vernier1 g1 on the level-piece permits of a least reading of #b minutes being obtained4 ,motion is given the level-piece by the deflection-screw h4 ,to set the pointing arc1 make the zero of the level-piece coincide with the zero of the slide-scale1 and then take the required elevation in yards on the side desired4 ,should the piece and object fired at be on different levels1 and the angle known1 the index of the level is moved to indicate this angle--to the plus side if an elevation1 and to the minus side if a depression2 then take the elevation in yards as before4 ,the correction is made in this way for #c degrees or less1 but for angles above #c1 up to #e degrees1 the #b-;degree marks on the side of the slide must be used1 the index mark of the level being moved to coincide with the mark corresponding to the number of degrees--elevation or depression--less #b degrees4 ,the plus #b-;degree mark is used as an index when the object has an elevation1 and the minus #b-;degree mark when a depression4 ,to obtain the angle corresponding to difference of level1 sight the piece on the object by the ordinary sight1 using any elevation2 set the pointing arc at this elevation1 and move the level-piece by the deflecting-screw until the air-bubble is centred4 ,the index of the level-piece then points to the desired angle--plus if an elevation1 and minus if a depression4 ,if the wheels of the carriage be not on the same level the gun will shoot towards the lower wheel4 ,a correction for this is made by a deflection-scale4 ,the correction for deflection due to inclination of trunnions1 expressed in units of the deflection-scale1 is1 at any range1 equal to the product of the angle of elevation and the angle of inclination of the trunnions1 both expressed in degrees1 into a constant multiplier4 ,when the divisions of the deflection scale are #a_/ejj of the distance between the sights this multiplier is #j4aebc2 when the divisions are #a_/ajjj it is #j4cjdf4 ,the rear sight must be moved towards the higher wheel4 ,,ammunition ,,for #c4b-;,,inch ,,gun4 ,the ordinary friction-primer is used for radial vents2 for axial vents an attachment is made to the friction-primer of a thin brass wire about #ah inches long1 looped or coiled for convenience1 and having one end fastened in the loop of the friction-wire1 and the other around the head of the body of the friction-primer4 ,the cartridge-bag is used1 but experiments are now being made with metallic cases4 7,this proposed metallic ammunition for #c4b-;inch guns comprises a projectile weighing #af pounds1 with a suitable charge of smokeless powder to give an initial velocity of #adej ft4-sec47 ,charge of powder #c pounds ,i4 ,k4 #c sphero-hex4 ,weight of projectile filled #ac ,bursting-charge of shell #g ounces ,bursting-charge of shrapnel #c ,shell1 shrapnel1 and canister are used4 ,shell4--,the base-percussion-fuze shell 7,fig4 #db7 is made of cast iron in one piece1 having a band of soft brass or copper forced into a recess on the outside1 of an inch from the base4 ,the body and half of the head are painted black2 the half of the head nearest the point is painted vermilion4 ,canister4--,the canister 7,fig4 #dc7 consists of a hollow cylinder of malleable iron1 with one end closed by a cast head4 ,the case is filled with from #bbb to #bbf balls1 and a metal cover is inserted4 ,around the case are several slits1 their ends overlapping to secure the thorough breaking up of the case on discharge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,there are several small holes in the head1 through which a portion of the gas of the exploded powder-charge enters1 drives forward the balls1 and assists in disrupting the case4 ,total weight of a round1 #aa lbs4 #aj oz4 ,this projectile is painted black4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,shrapnel4--,the ,frankford ,arsenal shrapnel 7,fig4 #dd7 weighs #ac-aj_/af lbs4 ,exclusive of filling it consists of three parts1 viz41 head 7d71 body 7a71 and base 7b74 ,the head is made of cast iron1 bored and threaded to receive the fuze1 and contains a powder-chamber which is lacquered to prevent danger of premature ignition by friction4 ,the body is made of lap-welded wrought-iron or low-steel tubing1 and is weakened for fracture by circular and longitudinal grooves on the inside4 ,it contains #afb hardened lead balls1 inch in diameter1 which are assembled in circular layers and held in position by cast-iron separators1 which increase the effect of explosion by furnishing additional fragments4 ,the base is made of cast iron threaded to screw into the cylindrical case1 and is so formed as to provide a support for the copper band to prevent deformation of the case at this point from shock of discharge1 c is the rotating band4 ,this projectile is painted1 body black1 head vermilion4 ,total weight1 ready for firing #ac lbs4 #aj oz4 ,total number of balls and individual pieces #bja ,bursting-charge #c ounces ,,shrapnel ,,made ,,by ,,american ,,projectile ,,co4 7,fig4 #de47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,the entire case is of wrought steel electrically welded together so as to form a complete hardened wrought-steel case without joint4 ,the powder-chamber is formed in the base by a hard wrought-steel diaphragm 7d7 supported by a cast-iron spider1 and connected through the centre of the shell 7axially7 to the fuze-opening by a cast-iron tube4 ,it is smooth-finished1 and either tinned or lacquered4 ,the shell contains #agj bullets 7#cd to the pound7 packed in circular layers1 and they are held firmly in position by a resin matrix4 ,the bullets are introduced through a hole at c4 ,the exterior is painted as follows3 body from the band forward1 to include three fifths of head1 black2 remaining part of head1 and part of body in rear of band1 vermilion4 ,the band is of copper4 ,total weight of projectile complete #ac pounds ,total number of balls and individual pieces #bbh ,weight of bursting-charge #c ounces ,the ,frankford ,arsenal combination fuze is used4 ,this fuze weighs #ag ounces2 but if made of aluminum it will weigh only #g oz4 ,for field-artillery guns it is graduated from #a to #ae seconds1 the graduations being based upon the time of burning in flight4 ,each entire second is marked by a through-hole in the cone-cover1 and each of these spaces is sub-divided into six equal spaces by holes nearly through the cover1 which for the #c4b-;inch gun will correspond to the following distances1 viz43 #gj yards at #ajjj yards range2 #ee yards at #bjjj yards range2 #dh yards at #cjjj yards range2 #db yards at #djjj yards range4 ,the following table gives the mean of five shots in each group3 ,seconds4 ,range4 #b #hhc yards #c #adja #e #aiff #f #bdcc #h #cjcg #i #cdfa #ab #dbbe ,,the ,,frankford ,,arsenal ,,combination ,,fuze1 #ae ,,seconds1 ,,model #ahid1 ,,for ,,shrapnel ,,of ,,field-,,guns4 ,this is a time and percussion fuze 7,fig4 #df74 ,it weighs #ag oz4 ,the time element is contained in the front part of the bronze body 7a7 of the fuze1 and the percussion element in the rear part4 ,the time-plunger 7b7 has five lugs 7k7 which hold the plunger in position above the firmly fixed steel firing-pin 7c7 after the safety-pin has been withdrawn2 these lugs are broken by the shock of discharge4 ,the safety-pin 7j7 passes through a hole in the upper part of the plunger1 and it and the lugs are protected by the brass cap which is pierced to allow the insertion of the safety-pin4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,by this arrangement the plunger and its lugs are entirely protected from any blow that may be received on the nose of the fuze4 ,the priming composition is contained in the base of the plunger 7at i71 and is protected by a disk of tinfoil4 ,the compressed powder-ring 7q7 is held in a groove in the body of the fuze by a brass ring1 and four holes 7p7 permit the flame from the composition 7i7 to ignite it4 ,the cone 7d71 made of an alloy1 is held in place by a brass clamping-nut 7h7 and two brass pins 7l74 ,a lip 7m7 on the base of the cone fits into a corresponding groove in the fuze-body and prevents the premature ignition of the powder 7o7 in the fuze-chamber4 ,a groove in the cone contains the time-train 7e71 which communicates through a brass tube 7n7 with the powder in the fuze-chamber 7o74 ,the brass cone-cover 7f7 is pierced with holes numbered from #a to #ae4 ,the holes lie immediately over the time-train and correspond to seconds of graduation4 ,the spaces between consecutive holes are sub-divided into six parts1 and countersunk at the points of division so that the fuze may be cut to sixths of a second of burning4 ,a brass pin projects from the body of the fuze and fits into a slot in the cone-cover2 it fixes the latter in position and1 together with the brass cup on top1 also serves to hold the cover in place4 ,the flame from the powder in the fuze-chamber communicates with the bursting-charge of the shell through the grooved surfaces of the primer1 plunger-sleeve1 and bottom closing-screw4 ,the opening into the fuze-chamber through which the charge is put is closed by the screw4 ,a conical hole in the fuze-body immediately opposite this screw permits the insertion of a steel pin for the purpose of screwing the fuze into the shell4 ,the percussion element consists of a brass primer 7t7 having three vents through which the flame may pass from the composition to the powder in the fuze-chamber4 ,on the side towards the firing-pin the composition is covered first with a tinfoil cup and then with a copper restraining-disk1 which is separated from it 4#jd of an inch both for safety and to prevent the firing-pin pressing against the composition during flight4 ,on its opposite side the primer is covered with a tinfoil ring and a paper disk4 ,the bottom of the fuze is covered first by a paper and then by a tinfoil disk4 ,the primer1 plunger-sleeve1 and bottom closing-screw have their sides grooved longitudinally 7r1 r1 r7 to allow the flame from the powder in the fuze-chamber to pass to the bursting-charge of the projectile4 ,with the exception of this difference in the plunger-sleeve the plunger is the same as the one in the ,frankford ,arsenal base percussion-fuze ,c1 model #ahid4 ,,to ,,use ,,the ,,time-,,fuze4 ,pierce the time-train cone at right angles to the axis and through the division in the cover corresponding to the desired number of seconds4 ,then remove the safety-pin before inserting the projectile in the bore of the piece4 ,a fuze-cutter is issued by the ,ordnance ,department for use with the fuze4 ,,the ,,frankford ,,arsenal ,,base ,,percussion-,,fuze ,c1 ,,model #ahid1 ,,for ,,field-,,gun ,,shell4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,this fuze weighs #d4hh ounces and consists of a brass body 7a7 which contains the complete plunger4 ,the head of the body is closed by a brass cap-screw 7b7 which contains a brass primer 7d7 that is filled with the composition 7m72 and the cap-screw is closed by a brass closing-screw 7c74 c and d have holes through them1 as indicated1 for the passage of the flame from the primer to the bursting-charge of the projectile4 ,the head is covered by disks of paper and tinfoil4 ,the face of the composition 7m7 nearest the plunger is covered by a disk of tinfoil 7e7 and a copper restraining-disk 7f74 ,the ,plunger consists of a steel firing-pin 7i71 firmly fixed in a brass igniter plunger-spindle 7h71 and this spindle fits in a brass igniter plunger-sleeve 7g7 which has a groove 7t7 on its lower interior surface4 ,a split brass safety-ring 7i71 which holds the igniter plunger-sleeve in the safety position1 is slipped over the lower end of the spindle1 and then the spindle-sleeve1 containing two grooves 7s and t71 is slipped on and firmly secured by spreading the lower end of the spindle4 ,the inclination of the groove 7s7 determines the resistance of the safety-ring1 which1 in this fuze1 has the minimum and maximum limits of #adb and #afj lbs4 respectively4 7,it was formerly #ae lbs47 ,when the piece is discharged the plunger-sleeve overcomes the resistance of the safety-ring and carries it to the rear2 the diameter of the ring is slightly increased during its passage along the spindle1 and when in the proper position for so doing it fits partly in both grooves 7t and t71 binding sleeve and spindle firmly together4 ,the point of the firing-pin now projects beyond the plunger-sleeve and the fuze is armed4 ,when the projectile strikes1 the complete plunger is thrown forward1 the point of the firing-pin pierces the restraining-disk and ignites the composition4 ,fig4 #dg shows the position of the parts before the piece is discharged1 and ,fig4 #dh during the flight of the projectile4 ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4b ,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle4 ,shrapnel1 #ac4e pounds4 ,muzzle velocity1 #afhe ft4-sec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,range4 ,sight ,elevation4 ,variations4 ,time of -------------------------------------,fl ight4 ,angle4 ,differs ,range1 ,deflection1 from #a minute #a division ,shell4elevation4hor4 scale4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- yards4deg4min4 min4 yards4 feet4 seconds4 #ejj #j #ac #a #ad #d4d 4#ig #fjj #j #bj #a #ac #e4b #a4ah #gjj #j #bg #a #ab #f4a #a4dj #hjj #j #ce #a #ab #g4j #a4fc #ijj #j #dc #a #ab #g4h #a4hg ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ajjj #j #eb #a #aa #h4g #b4aa #aajj #a #b #b #aa #i4f #b4cf #abjj #a #ab #c #aa #aj4d #b4fb #acjj #a #bb #c #aj #aa4c #b4hi #adjj #a #cc #e #aj #ab4b #c4af ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aejj #a #dd #f #i #ac4j #c4dd #afjj #a #ee #f #i #ac4i #c4gc #agjj #b #g #g #i #ad4h #d4jb #ahjj #b #ai #h #h #ae4g #d4cb #aijj #b #cb #i #h #af4e #d4fb ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bjjj #b #de #aj #g #ag4d #d4ic #bajj #b #ei #aa #g #ah4c #e4be #bbjj #c #ac #aa #g #ai4a #e4eg #bcjj #c #bh #ab #g #bj4j #e4ij #bdjj #c #dc #ac #g #bj4i #f4bc ---------------------------------------- ----------- #bejj #c #eh #ad #f #ba4g #f4ef #bfjj #d #ad #af #f #bb4f #f4ij #bgjj #d #bi #ag #f #bc4e #g4bd #bhjj #d #dd #ag #f #bd4d #g4eh #bijj #e #a #ai #f #be4b #g4ib ---------------------------------------- ----------- #cjjj #e #ah #bj #f #bf4a #h4bf #cajj #e #ce #ba #f #bg4j #h4fa #cbjj #e #eb #bb #f #bg4h #h4if #ccjj #f #i #bc #e #bh4g #i4cb #cdjj #f #bh #be #e #bi4f #i4fh ---------------------------------------- ----------- #cejj #f #dg #bf #e #cj4e #aj4jd #cfjj #g #f #bg #e #ca4c #aj4da #cgjj #g #be #bh #e #cb4b #aj4gh #chjj #g #de #cj #e #cc4a #aa4af #cijj #h #e #cb #e #cc4i #aa4ed ---------------------------------------- ----------- #djjj #h #be #cc #e #cd4h #aa4ib #dajj #h #dd #cc #e #ce4g #ab4cj #dbjj #i #c #cc #e #cf4e #ab4fh #dcjj #i #bd #cd #e #cg4d #ac4jf #ddjj #i #dd #cd #e #ch4c #ac4de #dejj #aj #e #cd #e #ci4b #ac4hd ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,part #b of ,table ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,range4 ,fuze ,scale4 ,change ,fall4 ,terminal -----------------------in ,height---------------------,velocity4 ,divisions at ,variationof ,burst1 which to cut in range4#a minute ,inclination1 time-fuze4,a #a subdiv4elevation ,angle4 #a yard in-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- yards4units4sixths4 yards4 feet4 deg4min4 yards4 f4 s4 #ejj #j #d #hj 4#d #j #cg #ic #adbf #fjj #a #j #gh #j #df #ge #achj #gjj #a #a #ge #j #ef #fa #acce #hjj #a #c #gc #a #f #eb #abib #ijj #a #d #ga #a #ai #dd #abea ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ajjj #b #j #fg 4#i #a #cb #cg #abab #aajj #b #a #fg #a #de #cc #aagf #abjj #b #c #fg #b #a #bh4e #aadb #acjj #b #e #fb #b #ag #be #aaaj #adjj #c #j #fb #b #cd #bb4e #ajhb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #aejj #c #b #eh #a4c #b #eb #bj #ajef #afjj #c #d #eh #c #aa #ah #ajcd #agjj #c #e #eh #c #cj #af4e #ajad #ahjj #d #a #ee #c #ej #ae #iie #aijj #d #c #ee #d #ab #ac4e #igh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #bjjj #d #e #eb #a4g #d #cd #ab4e #ifb #bajj #e #a #eb #d #eg #aa4e #idf #bbjj #e #b #eb #e #ba #aj4e #ibj #bcjj #e #d #ej #e #de #aj #iae #bdjj #f #j #ej #f #aa #i #ija ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #bejj #f #b #di #b4b #f #ch #h4e #hhg #bfjj #f #d #di #g #e #h #hgd #bgjj #g #j #di #g #cd #g4e #hfb #bhjj #g #b #di #h #d #g #hej #bijj #g #d #di #h #ce #f4e #hci ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #cjjj #h #a #dh #b4f #i #g #f #hbi #cajj #h #c #dh #i #ci #f #hai #cbjj #h #e #dh #aj #ab #e4e #haj #ccjj #i #a #dg #aj #df #e4e #hja #cdjj #i #c #dg #aa #ba #e #gib ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #cejj #i #e #de #c4j #aa #ef #d4e #ghc #cfjj #aj #a #de #ab #cb #d4e #gge #cgjj #aj #d #de #ac #i #d4e #gfg #chjj #aa #j #dd #ac #dh #d #gei #cijj #aa #b #dd #ad #bh #d #gea ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #djjj #aa #e #dd #c4e #ae #h #c4e #gdd #dajj #ab #a #dd #ae #di #c4e #gcg #dbjj #ab #c #dd #af #ca #c4e #gcj #dcjj #ab #e #dc #ag #ad #c #gbc #ddjj #ac #b #dc #ag #eh #c #gag #dejj #ah #d #dc #c4i #ah #dc #c #gaa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4b-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle4 ,shell1 #ac4e pounds4 ,jump3 #bj at #a4 #cj at #aj4 ,muzzle velocity1 #afhe ft4-sec4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,variations4 ,range4,site ,elevation ---------------------- ,time of ,range1 ,deflection1 ,flight4 #a minute #a division elevation4hor4 scale4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- yards4degrees4minutes4 yards4 feet4 seconds4 #ejj #j #ab #ad #d4d #j4if #fjj #j #ai #ac #e4b #a4ag #gjj #j #bf #ab #f4a #a4ci #hjj #j #cd #ab #g4j #a4fa #ijj #j #db #ab #g4h #a4hd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ajjj #j #ea #aa #h4g #b4jg #aajj #a -- #aa #i4f #b4cb #abjj #a #i #aa #aj4d #b4eg #acjj #a #ah #aj #aa4c #b4hb #adjj #a #bh #aj #ab4b #c4ji ---------------------------------------- -------------- #aejj #a #ch #aj #ac4j #c4cf #afjj #a #di #aj #ac4i #c4fd #agjj #b -- #i #ad4h #c4ib #ahjj #b #aa #i #ae4g #d4ba #aijj #b #bc #i #af4e #d4ej ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bjjj #b #ce #h #ag4d #d4hj #bajj #b #dh #h #ah4c #e4aj #bbjj #c #b #h #ai4a #e4da #bcjj #c #af #g #bj4j #e4gb #bdjj #c #cj #g #bj4i #f4jd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #bejj #c #dd #g #ba4g #f4cf #bfjj #c #eh #g #bb4f #f4fi #bgjj #d #ab #g #bc4e #g4jb #bhjj #d #bg #g #bd4d #g4ce #bijj #d #db #g #be4b #g4fh ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cjjj #d #eh #f #bf4a #h4ja #cajj #e #ad #f #bg4j #h4ce #cbjj #e #cj #f #bg4h #h4fi #ccjj #e #df #f #bh4g #i4jc #cdjj #f #c #f #bi4f #i4cg ---------------------------------------- -------------- #cejj #f #ba #f #cj4e #i4ga #cfjj #f #ci #f #ca4c #aj4jf #cgjj #f #eg #f #cb4b #aj4da #chjj #g #ae #e #cc4a #aj4gg #cijj #g #cc #e #cc4i #aa4ac ---------------------------------------- -------------- #djjj #g #eb #e #cd4h #aa4ej #dajj #h #aa #e #ce4g #aa4hg #dbjj #h #cj #e #cf4e #ab4be #dcjj #h #ej #e #cg4d #ab4fc #ddjj #i #aj #e #ch4c #ac4jb #dejj #i #ca #e #ci4b #ac4db ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,part #b of ,table4 --------------------------------------- ,fall4 --------------------------------- ,range4 ,angle4 ,inclination,terminal #a yard in--,velocity4 --------------------------------------- yards4 deg4 min4 yards4 f4 s4 #ejj #j #cf #ie #adej #fjj #j #de #gf #adjh #gjj #j #ed #fd #acff #hjj #a #e #ec #acbf #ijj #a #af #de #abhg -------------------------------------- #ajjj #a #bh #ci #abej #aajj #a #da #cd #abae #abjj #a #ee #cj #aahb #acjj #b #i #bg #aaea #adjj #b #be #bd #aaba -------------------------------------- #aejj #b #da #ba #ajid #afjj #b #ei #ai #ajgj #agjj #c #ag #ag #ajdh #ahjj #c #cf #af #ajbi #aijj #c #ef #ae #ajaa -------------------------------------- #bjjj #d #ag #ac #iid #bajj #d #ch #ab #igi #bbjj #e -- #aa #ifd #bcjj #e #bc #aa #idi #bdjj #e #dg #aj #ice -------------------------------------- #bejj #f #aa #i #ibc #bfjj #f #cg #i #iab #bgjj #g #c #h #ija #bhjj #g #cj #h #hia #bijj #g #eh #g #hha -------------------------------------- #cjjj #h #bg #g #hga #cajj #h #ef #f #hfa #cbjj #i #bf #f #hea #ccjj #i #eg #f #hda #cdjj #aj #bi #e #hcb -------------------------------------- #cejj #aa #a #e #hbc #cfjj #aa #cd #e #had #cgjj #ab #h #e #hjf #chjj #ab #dc #d #gih #cijj #ac #ah #d #gij -------------------------------------- #djjj #ac #ed #d #ghb #dajj #ad #ca #d #ggd #dbjj #ae #i #d #gff #dcjj #ae #dg #d #geh #ddjj #af #bf #c #gej #dejj #ag #e #c #gdc -------------------------------------- ,,chapter ,,iii4 #c4f-;inch ,rifle1 etc4 #c4f-;inch ,mortar1 etc4 ,weights and ,dimensions of ,foreign ,artillery4 #c4f4-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle1 ,,model #ahia 7,,revised74 ,material steel ,total length #g4gi feet ,calibre #c4f inches ,weight #aaha pounds ,grooves #bf ,twist of rifling #a turn in #ej to #a turn in #be calibers ,axis of trunnions above ground #c4ef feet ,powder-chamber cylindrical ,vent axial ,preponderance #ca pounds ,muzzle velocity #aeej ft4-sec4 ,maximum range for shrapnel #gdbj yards ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,this gun is similar in construction to the #c4b-;inch 7revised ,november #aa1 #ahib74 ,,nomenclature4--ab1 locking-shoulder and recess2 c1 conical gas-check seat2 d1 cylindrical powder-chamber2 e1 connecting slope for seat of rotary band2 f1 slope from no lands to maximum lands4 ,,sights4 ,similar to those of #c4b-;inch gun4 ,,ammunition ,,and ,,fuzes4 ,the ammunition differs only in weight and dimensions from that described for the #c4b-;inch gun4 ,fuzes are the same4 ,powder-charge #d4ahge pounds ,u4 ,f4 sphero-hex4 ,weight of shell1 filled #bj pounds ,bursting-charge1 shell #ad ounces ,weight of shrapnel1 complete #bj pounds ,bursting-charge1 shrapnel #d ounces ,total number of balls #bah ,total number of individual pieces #bhj ,,carriages1 ,,limbers1 ,,caissons1 ,,combined ,,battery-,,wagon ,,and ,,forge1 ,,artillery-,,wagon4 ,the carriage for this gun weighs #acjj pounds4 ,the first #be carriages were made with the double-screw elevating device1 and the second #be with the first form of lazy-tongs1 and were intended for the #c4b-;inch gun4 ,they have been changed for #c4f-;inch guns by cutting out the upper-front transom under the trunnion beds leaving only enough metal on each side to hold the eyebolts of the forked radial bar for the elevating device1 and cap squares with eyebolts have been substituted for the old cap squares with chin and eyebolts4 ,the double-screw elevating device on the #be carriages now having them are retained2 but all others will have a form of lazy-tongs1 operated by bevel gears and a crank handle at the side1 like that of the double screw2 otherwise the carriage is similar to that of the #c4b-;inch gun already described4 ,the limber-chests will probably be fitted for #cf rounds of ammunition2 which is the only difference between limbers1 caissons1 etc41 used with #c4b-;inch and #c4f-;inch guns4 ,,harness1 ,,etc4 ,see page #aej et seq4 #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,rifle4 ,shrapnel1 #bj lbs4 ,muzzle velocity1 #aeej ft4-sec4 c#a4jc4 ,log ,c4#ageei4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,elevation4 ------------------------------- ,range4 ,angle4 ,differs ,range1 ,deflection1 ,time from #a ,minute #a ,division of ,shell4 ,elevation4,horizontal ,flight4 ,scale4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,yards4,degrees4,minutes4,minutes4 ,yards4 ,feet4 ,seconds4 #ejj #ah #j #ab #d4d #a4jd #fjj #bf #j #ab #e4b #a4bg #gjj #cd #a #aa #f4a #a4ej #hjj #dd #a #aj #g4j #a4gd #ijj #ed #b #aj #g4h #a4ih ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #ajjj #a #jd #c #aj #h4g #b4bd #aajj #a #ad #c #i #i4f #b4ej #abjj #a #bd #b #i #aj4d #b4gf #acjj #a #cd #b #h #aa4c #c4jc #adjj #a #df #c #h #ab4b #c4ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #aejj #a #eh #d #h #ac4j #c4fj #afjj #b #aj #d #h #ac4i #c4hh #agjj #b #bb #d #h #ad4h #d4ag #ahjj #b #cf #g #g #ae4g #d4de #aijj #b #di #g #g #af4e #d4gf ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bjjj #c #jc #h #g #ag4d #e4jf #bajj #c #af #i #g #ah4c #e4ch #bbjj #c #ca #aj #g #ai4a #e4fi #bcjj #c #df #aj #g #bj4j #f4jj #bdjj #d #ja #aj #g #bj4i #f4ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #bejj #d #af #aa #f #ba4g #f4fc #bfjj #d #cb #ab #f #bb4f #f4if #bgjj #d #di #ac #f #bc4e #g4bh #bhjj #e #jf #ad #f #bd4d #g4fa #bijj #e #bd #af #f #be4b #g4ie ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #cjjj #e #da #af #f #bf4a #h4bh #cajj #e #ei #ag #f #bg4j #h4fb #cbjj #f #ah #ai #e #bg4h #h4ig #ccjj #f #cg #bj #e #bh4g #i4ca #cdjj #f #ef #ba #e #bi4f #i4fd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #cejj #g #af #bb #e #cj4e #i4ih #cfjj #g #cg #bd #e #ca4c #aj4ca #cgjj #g #eh #bf #e #cb4b #aj4fi #chjj #h #ai #bg #e #cc4a #aa4jd #cijj #h #da #bh #d #cc4i #aa4ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #djjj #i #jb #bi #d #cd4h #aa4gj #dajj #i #bd #cj #d #ce4g #ab4jh #dbjj #i #df #cb #d #cf4e #ab #db #dcjj #aj #aj #cd #d #cg4d #ab4ha #ddjj #aj #cc #cg #d #ch4c #ac4af #dejj #aj #eh #da #d #ci4b #ac4eg ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ,fuze-scale4 ,change ,fall4 ------------------------------in ,height -----------------------------,terminal ,range4 ,variationsof ,burst1 ,angle4 ,inclination1,velocity4 in ,range1 #a ,minute #a ,yard in- ,divisions4 #a ,sub-div4,elevation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,yards4,units4,sixths4 ,yards4 ,feet4 ,degrees4,minutes4 ,yards4 ,ft4-sec4 #ejj #a #e #ge 4#d #db #hb #acde #fjj #a #a #gc #eb #ff #acjg #gjj #a #b #ga #a #jc #ee #abgj #hjj #a #d #fh #a #ae #df #abcf #ijj #a #e #fg #a #bh #ci #abjd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #ajjj #b #j #fe 4#i #a #da #cd #aagc #aajj #b #b #fd #a #ef #cj #aadd #abjj #b #d #fb #b #aa #bf #aaag #acjj #b #e #fj #b #bg #bc #ajib #adjj #c #a #ei #b #dd #ba #ajfi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #aejj #c #c #eh #a4c #c #jb #ai #ajdh #afjj #c #d #eg #c #bj #ag #ajcj #agjj #d #j #ef #c #dj #af #ajac #ahjj #d #b #ee #d #jj #ad #iih #aijj #d #c #ee #d #bj #ac #ihc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #bjjj #d #e #ed #a4g #d #da #ab #ifi #bajj #e #a #ec #e #jc #aa #iee #bbjj #e #c #eb #e #be #aj4e #idb #bcjj #e #e #eb #e #dh #aj #ibi #bdjj #f #j #ea #f #ab #i #iag ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #bejj #f #b #ej #b4c #f #cg #h4e #ije #bfjj #f #d #ej #g #jc #h #hic #bgjj #g #j #di #g #bi #g4e #hhb #bhjj #g #b #dh #g #ef #g #hga #bijj #g #d #dh #h #bd #g #hfj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #cjjj #h #j #dh #b4f #h #eb #f4e #hej #cajj #h #b #dg #i #bb #f #hdj #cbjj #h #d #dg #i #ea #f #hcj #ccjj #i #a #df #aj #bc #e4e #hba #cdjj #i #c #de #aj #ee #e #hab ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #cejj #i #e #dd #c4j #aa #bh #e #hjc #cfjj #aj #a #dd #ab #jb #d4e #gid #cgjj #aj #c #dd #ab #cg #d4e #ghf #chjj #aj #e #dc #ac #ac #d #ggh #cijj #aa #a #dc #ac #di #d #ggj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #djjj #aa #c #db #c4f #ad #bg #d #gfb #dajj #aa #e #db #ae #je #c4e #gee #dbjj #ab #a #da #ae #de #c4e #gdh #dcjj #ab #c #da #af #bd #c4e #gda #ddjj #ac #j #da #ag #jg #c #gcd #dejj #ac #b #dj #d4j #ag #eb #c #gbg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,r4 ,shell1 #bj lbs4 ,muzzle velocity1 #aeej ft4 sec4 c 4#ic4 ,bursting-charge1 #ad oz4 ,log ,c 4#baiif4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,variations4 ,fall4 ----------------------- ----------------- ,range4,elevation4,range1 ,deflection1 ,time ,angle4,inclination,terminal #a ,minute #a ,division of #a ,yard in--,velocity4 ,elevation4on ,horizontal,flight4 ,scale ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,yards4 ,yards4 ,feet4 ,sec4 ,yards4 ,ft4-sec4 #ejj #ah #ab #d4d #a4jh #da #hd #acfd #fjj #bf #aa #e4b #a4be #ea #fg #acbi #gjj #ce #aa #f4a #a4dh #a #jb #ee #abif #hjj #dc #aa #g4j #a4gb #a #ac #dg #abfc #ijj #eb #aj #g4h #a4if #a #be #dj #abcc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #ajjj #a #ja #i #h4g #b4bj #a #ch #ce #abjc #aajj #a #aa #i #i4f #b4de #a #eb #ca #aage #abjj #a #bb #i #aj4d #b4gj #b #jf #bg #aadi #acjj #a #cb #i #aa4c #b4if #b #ba #bd #aabc #adjj #a #dc #h #ab4b #c4bd #b #cg #bb #ajih ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #aejj #a #ed #h #ac4j #c4eb #b #ec #bj #ajgi #afjj #b #jf #h #ac4i #c4hj #c #aa #ah #ajfj #agjj #b #ah #h #ad4h #d4jh #c #bi #af #ajdb #ahjj #b #bi #h #ae4g #d4cg #c #dh #ae #ajbf #aijj #b #db #h #af4e #d4ff #d #jg #ad #ajaa ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #bjjj #b #ee #g #ag4d #d4if #d #bg #ac #iig #bajj #c #jg #g #ah4c #e4bf #d #dh #ab #ihd #bbjj #c #ba #g #ai4a #e4ef #e #ji #aa #iga #bcjj #c #cf #g #bj4j #e4hg #e #cj #aj #iei #bdjj #c #ea #g #bj4i #f4ah #e #eb #i4e #idg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #bejj #d #je #f #ba4g #f4di #f #ae #i #ice #bfjj #d #bj #f #bb4f #f4hj #f #ch #h4e #ibd #bgjj #d #cf #f #bc4e #g4aa #g #jb #h #iac #bhjj #d #eb #f #bd4d #g4dc #g #bg #g4e #ijc #bijj #e #jh #f #be4b #g4ge #g #ec #g #hib ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #cjjj #e #be #f #bf4a #h4jh #h #bj #g #hhb #cajj #e #db #f #bg4j #h4dj #h #dg #f4e #hgb #cbjj #e #ei #f #bg4h #h4gb #i #ae #f #hfc #ccjj #f #ag #f #bh4g #i4je #i #dd #f #hed #cdjj #f #ce #e #bi4f #i4ch #aj #ac #e4e #hde ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #cejj #f #ed #e #cj4e #i4gb #aj #dc #e #hcf #cfjj #g #ac #e #ca4c #aj4jf #aa #ad #e #hbg #cgjj #g #cb #e #cb4b #aj4dj #aa #de #e #hai #chjj #g #eb #e #cc4a #aj4gd #ab #af #d4e #haa #cijj #h #ac #e #cc4i #aa4jh #ab #dg #d4e #hjc ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #djjj #h #cc #e #cd4h #aa4db #ac #be #d #gif #dajj #h #ed #e #ce4g #aa4gg #ad #ja #d #ghh #dbjj #i #ad #e #cf4e #ab4aa #ad #cg #d #gha #dcjj #i #cf #e #cg4d #ab4dd #ae #ac #c4e #ggd #ddjj #i #ef #e #ch4c #ab4gf #ae #ej #c4e #gfh #dejj #aj #ag #e #ci4b #ac4jh #af #bg #c #gfb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #c4f-;,,inch ,b ,l ,,field-,,mortar1 ,,model #ahij4 7,,revised ,,nov4 #aa1 #ahib47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,metal steel ,total length #b4je feet ,calibre #c4f inches ,weight #bde pounds ,grooves #bj ,twist of rifling #a in #dj to #a in #be cal4 ,powder-chamber cylindrical ,vent axial ,muzzle velocity #fej ft4-sec4 ,maximum range #cdej yards ,it consists of a single piece of steel1 the trunnions being forged solid with the piece4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,the breech mechanism1 ,fig4 #ea1 is generally similar to that of the field-guns1 except that the ,freyre obturator is used1 and in the locking arrangement the lever-handle is replaced by a bolt 7a7 which is turned by hand4 ,this bolt operates the locking-stud on the left side of the block1 and its handle bears also a vent-shield 7f17 which keeps the vent closed until the breech is locked4 ,,the ,,carriage ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,mortar4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,this carriage1 ,fig4 #eb1 is of cast steel and in one piece1 and consists of a frame complete with transoms and soles4 ,it is #ci inches long and weighs #bge pounds4 ,the axis of the trunnions is #ad inches above ground1 and the piece can be fired at any angle between #j and #fj degrees4 ,at the centre of the front transom is bolted the elevating-clamp1 which embraces an arc bolted to the under side of the mortar4 ,the lever on the left side of the carriage turns a shaft1 which causes the clamp to take hold of the arc when the elevation has been given4 ,a pintle-fork is attached at the front end of the carriage1 and a ring on the side of either cheek to which the ends of the restraining rope are fastened4 ,,nomenclature ,,of #c4f-;,,inch ,,mortar-,,carriage4--,carriage-frame2 elevating-arc2 elevating-arc bolt2 elevating-arc guide-pin2 double hook2 double-hook pin2 double-hook bracket2 double-hook bracket-pin2 cap-square2 cap-square keys2 cap-square chain eye-pin2 pintle-fork2 pintle-fork bolt2 elevating-arc jaws2 shaft for jaws2 lever for shaft2 bushing for shaft2 nut for shaft2 screw for bushing2 separator2 separator-bolt and nut2 screws for pointing4 ,,platform ,,for #c4f ,,mortar4 ,yellow pine or oak4 ,weight complete1 #bjj lbs4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,this equipment consists of one wooden platform1 one cast-iron pintle-block1 eight stakes1 one anchor-stake1 two handspikes1 and one pointing-scale4 ,the platform consists of two side-rails1 #c-;inch1 into which are framed and bolted eleven deck-planks1 the latter secured to each other by dowels4 ,a #d #c-;inch piece is bolted to the rear deck-plank by three bolts4 ,wrought-iron straps1 bolted into cross-pieces1 embrace the side-rails4 ,the pintle-block is fastened to the front of the platform by four wrought-iron bolts4 ,the pintle-fork on the carriage embraces the pintle1 forming the centre of motion of the traversing carriage4 ,the platform is held in position by stakes1 two on either side2 those in front passing through square wrought-iron rings attached to eye-pieces bolted to the front end of the platform4 ,a brass socket1 in which works the brass pivot at the end of the pointing-scale1 is placed at a suitable point in the axis of the platform4 ,the anchor-stake1 #d ft4 long1 is driven in front of the platform4 ,around the anchor-stake1 and held in position by the two pins passing through the stake1 is wound the middle portion of the restraining rope1 the ends of which fasten to the rings in the cheeks of the carriage4 ,the rope is given five feet slack for recoil4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,the ,pointing-scale4--,this is made of hard wood1 graduated on one side1 the unit of the scale being one thousandth of the range1 and each division one five hundredth of the range4 ,a brass index-slide moves with friction along the scale and is clamped by a screw when regulated4 ,for reference-marks a brass screw is placed at the end of each cheek of the carriage1 and the scale is so arranged that it can be applied to either cheek4 ,the carriage admits of a motion around its pintle of about #ae on either side of the axis of the platform4 ,,the ,,gunner',s ,,quadrant4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,used in giving elevation4 ,the arc is #de1 but by applying different sides an elevation of #ij can be given4 ,the least reading is one minute1 which is given by the setting of a sliding level on a slightly curved arm4 ,the setting to any given degree is made by moving the arm by hand1 which is done by pressing back the head of the arm to release it from engagement with the notches on the interior of the arc1 then moving the arm to the required position and allowing the spring to react4 ,,ammunition4 ,the full charge of powder is #af ounces1 sphero-hex4 7,u4 ,f474 ,the projectiles are those used with the #c4f gun and have already been described4 ,the charges1 required to cover all ranges from #djj to #ccej yards with angles of elevation between #ae and #de degrees1 are four in number4 ,these charges are made up of three cartridges containing #d1 #f1 #aj1 and #af ounces respectively4 ,the ,fuze for ,shrapnel is the ,frankford ,arsenal point-combination fuze1 model #ahid1 burning #bh seconds and weighing #ai4ge ounces4 ,the time-train of this fuze is arranged to be cut at intervals of #a_/e second4 ,the ,fuze for ,shell is fuze ,m1 model #ahid4 ,it is identical in construction with fuze ,c 7see page #ajb71 except that a portion of the plunger-spindle is reduced in diameter to lessen the friction of the spring-ring in arming on account of reduced charges4 ,it is distinguished from the ,c fuze by two grooves across the flat of the base4 ,this fuze is designated for separate transportation1 to be assembled with the projectile at or near the firing-ground1 and is not to be transported fixed in the projectile4 ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,mortar4 ,common ,shell 7,cast ,iron74 ,,shell1 filled and fuzed1 #bj lbs4 ,bursting-charge1 #ad4e oz4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,fall4 ------------------------------ ,charge and ,range4,elevation4 ,time ,angle4 ,inclination1,terminal ,initial of #a ,ft4 in-- ,velocity4 ,velocity4 ,flight4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,yards4,deg4 ,min4 ,sec4 ,deg4,min4 ,feet4 ,ft4-sec4 #djj #ae #bg #d4gf #af #jj #c4e #bff4e #d ounces2 #ejj #bj #jd #e4ib #ba #jf #b4f #bfd4c #bgg4e ft4-sec4 #fjj #be #dd #g4de #bg #jf #b4j #bfb4c #gjj #cc #be #i4dc #cd #ei #a4d #bei4e #gej #de #jj #ab4jj #df #dj #j4i #bff4e ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,angles #de4 #gjj #ee #jh #ac4ia #ef #eb #j4f #bga4b ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #fjj #ad #jd #e4cf #ad #dg #c4g #ccf4j #gjj #af #dh #f4ch #ag #dh #c4a #ccb4i #f ounces2 #hjj #ai #dh #g4de #bj #ef #b4f #cbi4g #ceg4e ft4-sec4 #ijj #bc #aj #h4fc #bd #cg #b4b #cbg4j #ajjj #bg #af #aj4jj #bi #je #a4h #cbe4j #aajj #cb #bg #aa4fg #cd #db #a4d #cbb4i #abjj #de #jj #ae4cb #dg #dh #j4i #cbd4i ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,angles #de #aajj #ef #ac #ag4ig #eh #ee #j4f #cbi4h #ajjj #fa #bj #ah4if #fc #ej #j4e #cca4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #aajj #ad #aj #g4cb #ae #ag #c4g #dci4d #abjj #ae #de #h4aj #ag #jf #c4c #dce4j #acjj #ag #bd #h4ia #ai #jb #b4i #dcj4g #adjj #ai #jg #i4gd #ba #jb #b4f #dbg4b #aj ounces2 #aejj #bj #ei #aj4fc #bc #ad #b4c #dbd4a #dib4j ft4-sec4 #afjj #bc #jj #aa4eg #be #cb #b4b #dbj4h #agjj #be #ac #ab4ei #bh #jg #a4i #dah4j #ahjj #bg #dd #ac4gb #ca #ja #a4g #dae4e #aijj #cj #df #ae4jc #cd #ca #a4e #dac4c #bjjj #cd #da #af4fg #ch #eh #a4b #dab4e #bajj #de #jj #bj4fc #di #eb #j4h #dag4f ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bjjj #eb #eb #bc4af #eg #da #j4f #dbc4h ,angles #de #aijj #ef #de #bd4bi #fa #bb #j4e #dbg4g #ahjj #ei #ej #be4aa #fd #aj #j4e #dca4j ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #bjjj #ae #bi #aj4ec #ag #dd #c4a #ecg4i #bajj #af #cj #aa4ah #ai #jb #b4i #ecb4i #bbjj #ag #cc #aa4he #bj #ba #b4g #ebh4d #bcjj #ah #ci #ab4ed #ba #dd #b4e #ebd4c #bdjj #ai #di #ac4bf #bc #ad #b4c #eai4h #bejj #ba #jb #ad4jj #bd #df #b4b #eaf4a #af ounces2 #bfjj #bb #ai #ad4gh #bf #bb #b4j #eab4i #ffj4j ft4-sec4 #bgjj #bc #dc #ae4fa #bh #aa #a4i #eji4d #bhjj #be #ab #af4di #cj #jb #a4g #ejf4b #bijj #bf #di #ag4db #cb #jh #a4f #ejc4h #cjjj #bh #ch #ah4de #cd #ah #a4e #eja4g #cajj #cj #ch #ai4fj #cf #di #a4c #ejj4b #cbjj #cc #ba #ba4jb #dj #jj #a4b #dii4b #ccjj #cf #dc #bb4gh #dc #ea #a4j #eja4j #ccfc #de #jj #bf4ge #eb #db #j4h #eaj4d ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ccjj #dh #ei #bh4dg #ef #dc #j4g #eaf4b #cbjj #eb #dj #bi4ii #fj #aj #j4f #ebc4c ,angles #de #cajj #ee #bb #ca4ja #fb #ce #j4e #ebi4a #cjjj #eg #be #ca4gc #fd #bd #j4e #ecb4f #bijj #ei #ai #cb4cg #ff #cd #j4d #edg4g ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,mortar4 ,,shrapnel1 filled and fuzed1 #bj lbs4 ,bursting-charge1 #d oz4 ,number of balls1 #bah4 ,weight of each ball1 #aga grains4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,fuze-scale4 -------------------- ,charge ,range4,elevation4 ,time ,variations and of ,divisions4 in ,burst1 ,initial ,flight4 #a ,sub-div4 ,velocity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,yards4 ,sec4 ,units#eths ,yards4 #djj #ae #bi #d4gf #d #b #ah #d ounces2 #ejj #bj #ba #e4ie #e #d #ag #bgg4e ft4 #fjj #bf #jc #g4ej #g #a #ag -sec4 #gjj #cd #bg #i4fa #i #a #ag ---------------------------------------- ----------- #fjj #ad #jh #e4ch #e #a #bb #gjj #ag #ja #f4da #f #a #bb #f ounces2 #hjj #bj #jh #g4eb #g #b #bb #ceg4e ft4 #ijj #bc #cd #h4gc #h #c #bb -sec4 #ajjj #bg #cd #aj4jg #i #d #ba #aajj #cc #ja #aa4hb #aa #c #ba ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ajjj #ab #dc #f4fb #f #b #bi #aajj #ad #ai #g4ch #g #a #bi #abjj #ae #ef #h4ag #h #j #bi #acjj #ag #cf #h4ii #h #d #bh #aj ounces2 #adjj #ai #bc #i4he #i #c #bh #dib4j ft4 #aejj #ba #ai #aj4ge #aj #c #bh -sec4 #afjj #bc #bf #aa4gb #aa #c #bh #agjj #be #dg #ab4gg #ab #c #bg #ahjj #bh #bf #ac4ib #ac #d #bg #aijj #ca #da #ae4cf #ae #a #bg #bjjj #cf #ab #ag4bb #ag #j #bg ---------------------------------------- ----------- #aijj #ad #de #aj4jb #i #d #ce #bjjj #ae #df #aj4fh #aj #b #ce #bajj #af #di #aa4ce #aa #a #ce #bbjj #ag #ee #ab4jd #aa #d #cd #bcjj #ai #je #ab4ge #ab #c #cd #bdjj #bj #ai #ac4ej #ac #b #cd #af ounces2 #bejj #ba #cg #ad4bh #ad #j #cd #ffj4j ft4 #bfjj #bc #jj #ae4aa #ae #j #cc -sec4 #bgjj #bd #bi #af4jj #ae #d #cc #bhjj #bf #jg #af4id #af #d #cc #bijj #bg #eh #ag4if #ag #d #cc #cjjj #cj #je #ai4ab #ai #j #cc #cajj #cb #cc #bj4df #bj #a #cc #cbjj #ce #da #bb4aj #bb #j #cc #ccgf #de #jj #bf4ed #bf #b #cc ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,part #b of ,table4 -------------------------------------- ,fall4 ------------------,terminal ,charge ,inclination1,velocity4 and ,angle4#a ,foot in-- ,initial ,velocity4 ------------------------------------ ,feet4 ,ft4-sec4 #af #jf #c4e #bfe4b #d ounces2 #ba #aj #b4f #bfb4d #bgg4e ft4 #bg #ae #b4j #bfj4c -sec4 #cf #ja #a4d #beh4c ------------------------------------ #ad #ee #c4h #ccc4h #ag #eg #c4a #ccj4j #f ounces2 #ba #bj #b4f #cbf4i #ceg4e ft4 #be #ji #b4a #cbd4d -sec4 #bi #ce #a4h #cbb4b #ce #cj #a4d #cbj4a ------------------------------------ #ac #di #d4a #dci4j #ae #cf #c4f #dcd4j #ag #bf #c4b #dbi4j #ai #bc #b4h #dbe4a #aj ounces2#ba #bc #b4e #dba4b #dib4j ft4 #bc #df #b4c #dag4e -sec4 #bf #af #b4j #dad4j #bi #jb #a4h #daj4h #cb #jh #a4f #djg4h #ce #ec #a4d #dje4j #da #jj #a4b #dja4c ------------------------------------ #ag #ja #c4f #ecb4b #ah #bj #c4b #ebf4c #ai #db #b4h #eba4b #ba #jg #b4f #eaf4e #bb #cg #b4d #eab4c #bd #ab #b4b #ejg4d #af ounces2#be #eb #b4a #ejc4g #ffj4j ft4 #bg #ch #a4i #ejj4a -sec4 #bi #cc #a4h #dif4g #ca #ch #a4f #dic4f #cc #eh #a4e #dia4j #cf #cf #a4c #dhh4i #ci #cf #a4b #dhh4a #dc #ah #a4a #dhg4f #ec #bb #j4g #ejj4c ------------------------------------ ,,foreign ,,field-,,artillery4 ,,germany4 ,there is practically only one gun1 viz41 the #c4df-;inch4 ,the horse-artillery gun1 carriage1 and limber1 are all lighter than in the field-artillery4 ,model #ahia weighs #igj lbs4 ,the weights behind the teams are3 ,h4 ,a4 gun1 #ciif lbs42 ,f4 ,a4 gun1 #dbgf lbs42 caisson1 #ejcf lbs4 ,no cannoneers are carried on the carriages in horse-artillery4 ,muzzle velocity1 #adjj ft4-sec4 ,the ,common ,shell weighs #ae lbs4 7bursting-charge1 #f oz471 and splinters into about #agj pieces4 ,a proportion of the shells are filled with wet guncotton1 having a dry guncotton primer1 to be used1 as a rule1 against men under cover4 ,the ,shrapnel contains #bfb bullets with bursting-charge down the centre1 weighs #ag4g lbs41 and can be burst up to #cejj yards range4 ,the number of rounds carried per gun in a battery is #ace4 ,the percussion-shell has been abandoned1 and shrapnel1 high explosive shell1 and canister only are used4 ,the fuze is a combination time1 and percussion-fuze4 ,there are #bj carriages in a battery--#f guns1 #i caissons1 #d store-wagons1 #a forge-wagon4 ,a battery carries #i shovels and #b pickaxes4 ,,france4 ,the ,horse-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4ad in42 weight1 #h4d cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #afjj ft4-sec42 shrapnel with #b-oz4 bursting-charge in head1 #ac4h lbs4 ,weights behind the teams1 including men carried3 gun1 #dbea lbs42 caisson1 #ddbd lbs4 ,the ammunition per gun with battery is #adb rounds4 ,the ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4ed in42 weight1 #h4d cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #aejj ft4-sec42 shrapnel with bursting-charge in head1 #ai lbs4 ,weights behind teams1 including the men carried3 gun1 #ebdh lbs42 caisson1 #edjd lbs4 ,there are #adb rounds of ammunition per gun with battery4 ,a steel shell filled with #c lbs4 of cresylite is contemplated1 of which about #ge will be carried with the battery4 ,there are #f guns1 #i caissons1 #a store1 #a forge1 and #a forge-wagon in a battery4 ,the field-artillery gun now being introduced has a calibre of #b4ie inches1 and fires a projectile weighing in the vicinity of #ab pounds4 ,,austria4 ,the ,horse-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4ad in42 weight1 #e4i cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #acfe ft4-sec42 ring-shell1 #i lbs42 shrapnel1 #aj4bg lbs4 ,weights behind the teams3 gun1 #cddj lbs42 caisson1 #dbhg lbs4 ,no detachments are carried on the carriages4 ,ammunition carried per gun with battery3 ring-shell1 #hd2 shrapnel1 #ed2 canister1 #h2 incendiary shell1 #f2 a total of #aeb rounds4 ,there are #ah carriages in a battery1 #f guns4 ,the ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4ed in42 weight1 #i4e cwt41 muzzle velocity1 #addj ft4-sec42 ring-shell1 #ad4a lbs42 shrapnel1 #ae4f lbs4 ,weights behind the teams3 gun1 #ejdj lbs42 caisson1 #dabd lbs4 ,ammunition per gun with battery3 ring-shell1 #gj2 shrapnel1 #de2 canister1 #h2 incendiary shell1 #e2 total1 #abh4 ,there are #bb carriages in a battery1 #h guns4 ,,russia4 ,the ,horse-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4d in42 weight1 #g cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #acej ft4-sec42 common shell1 #ad lbs42 shrapnel with bursting-charge in base1 #ae lbs4 ,weights behind the teams3 gun1 #cfce lbs42 caisson1 #cedc lbs4 ,no cannoneers on carriages4 ,ammunition per gun with battery3 common shell1 #fa2 shrapnel1 #fj2 canister1 #i2 total1 #acj rounds4 ,the ,light ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4d in42 weight1 #h4f cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #adej ft4-sec42 common shell1 #ad lbs42 shrapnel with bursting-charge in base1 #ae lbs4 ,weights behind the teams same as in horse-artillery4 ,ammunition per gun with battery1 #aej rounds4 ,the ,heavy ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #d4b in42 weight1 #ab cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #abbc ft4-sec42 common shell1 #be4i lbs42 shrapnel1 #bg4e lbs4 ,weights behind the teams1 including detachments3 gun1 #dbfh lbs42 caisson1 #dfhf4 ,ammunition per gun with battery1 #ajh rounds4 ,horse-batteries consist of #f guns1 field-batteries generally of #h guns1 #bd carriages to each battery of #f guns4 ,russia has #e regiments1 #d batteries each1 of field-mortar batteries4 ,calibre of piece1 #f in42 weight of shell1 #fj lbs4 ,each battery consists of #f mortars1 #ah carriages1 and #f carts4 ,,italy4 ,horse-and ,light ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #b4ge in42 weight1 #e4h cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #adjj ft4-sec42 common shell1 #i4d lbs42 shrapnel with bursting-charge in base1 #i4h lbs4 ,weights behind the teams3 gun1 #cdih lbs42 caisson1 #cfej lbs4 ,no detachments are carried4 ,ammunition per gun with battery3 common shell1 #bd2 shrapnel1 #aab2 canister1 #f2 total1 #adb rounds4 ,heavy ,field-artillery ,gun4--,calibre1 #c4e in42 weight1 #i4b cwt42 muzzle velocity1 #adhj ft4-sec42 common shell1 #ad4g lbs42 shrapnel1 #ae4c lbs4 ,weights behind the teams1 including detachments carried3 gun1 #dbfh lbs42 caisson1 #dfhf lbs4 ,ammunition per gun with battery3 common shell1 #bh2 shrapnel1 #if2 canister1 #f2 total1 #acj rounds4 ,all batteries have #f guns and #ae carriages1 viz41 #f gun-carriages1 #f caissons1 #a forge1 #a baggage-wagon1 #a forage-wagon4 ,,great ,,britain4 ,the #i-pdr4 and #ac-pdr4 ,m4 ,l4 ,guns4--,horse and light artillery are being replaced by the #ab-pdr4 ,b4 ,l41 the weight behind teams of horse-artillery being a little less than that of field-artillery4 ,calibre of #ab-pdr4 ,b4 ,l41 #c4j in42 weight of piece1 #ghd lbs42 muzzle velocity1 #agaj ft4-sec42 common shell and shrapnel1 #ab lbs4 ,weight behind teams3 guns1 #cfhd lbs42 caissons1 #cgif lbs4 ,ammunition per gun with battery3 common shell1 #bj2 shrapnel1 #hj2 canister1 #h2 total1 #ajh4 ,besides these there are #b star-shell per gun4 ,all batteries have #f guns and #ai carriages all told4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,wheel4 ,carriage4 ,limber4 ,caisson4 ,battery-wagon and ,forge4 ,artillery-wagon4 ,harness4 ,water-cart4 ,revolvers4 ,hunting-knife4 ,,the ,,archibald ,,wheel4 ,diameter #eg inches4 ,width of tire #b ,weight of wheel #bjj lbs4 ,the nave-box 7a7 is made of aluminum-bronze4 ,it fits over the axle-arm 7c7 and has groove for lubricant1 as indicated4 ,the nave 7b7 of malleable iron4 ,the spokes1 #af in number 7s71 are made of oak or hickory4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,the felloes1 #h in number1 are made of oak or hickory4 ,the tire is made of steel1 inch thick4 ,the bolts1 clips1 linch-pins1 and washers are made of metal4 ,the large nut on outside of nave-box is splined to the box4 ,the linch-washers have a stud which prevents their turning with the wheel4 ,the inner extremities of the spokes are put together by a powerful radial pressure1 which subjects them to a stress many times greater than they are likely to receive4 ,to ,replace a ,box and that ,portion of the ,hub ,attached4--,unscrew and remove front hub-band2 take off hub-nuts1 and drive out old box4 ,replace box1 and screw on the front hub-band1 replacing hub-nuts4 ,to ,replace a ,spoke4--,remove tire and felloe on the injured spoke2 take out only the bolt that passes through the injured spoke2 saw off this spoke as close as possible to the hub and bore or dig out the spoke2 drive in the duplicate spoke as far as possible1 and arrange the tenon at the felloe so that the tire may press the spoke about one eighth of an inch farther into the hub1 and after the tire is on put in the hub-bolt4 ,,the #c4b-;,,inch ,,field-,,gun ,,carriage4 ,,nomenclature4 ,wheel 7#a7 consisting of tire2 felloes2 spokes2 nave-box2 nave-box flanges2 nave-bolts and nuts4 ,linch-pins 7#e72 linch-washers 7#e72 axle 7#f72 shoulder-washers 7#g72 brake-eyes and straps 7#h72 axle-plates 7#i72 flasks 7#aj72 upper front transom 7#aa72 lower front transom 7#ab72 middle transom 7#ac72 trail-box transoms 7#ad72 rear transom 7#ae72 lunette 7#af72 lunette-plate 7#af72 trail-plate 7#af72 trail-handles 7#ag72 cap-squares 7#ah72 chin-bolt 7#ai72 eye-bolt 7#bj72 eye-bolt key 7#bj72 eye-bolt key-chain 7#bj72 trail-box 7#ba72 trail-box lid 7#ba72 trail-box lid-hasp 7#ba72 trail-box turnbuckle 7#ba72 sponge-bucket compartment 7#bb72 wheel-guard 7#bc72 handspike attachments1 front and rear 7#bd72 handspike-socket 7#bd72 handspike socket-pin and key 7#bd72 handspike 7#bd72 handspike-clasps 7#bd72 long sponge-toggle and plate 7#be72 short rammer and sponge attachment 7#bf72 short rammer and sponge-clasps 7#bf72 short rammer and sponge-clasp locking-catches 7#bf72 sponge-bucket toggle-hole 7#bg74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,axle-seats 7#c71 consisting of seat-plate1 guard-rail1 guard-rail standard1 guard-rail catch1 guard-rail hinge-pin1 guard-rail locking-latch4 ,bow-brake 7#b71 ,fig4 #ei1 consisting of shoe-piece 7a71 bow-springs 7#d7 7b71 bow-spring nuts and bolts 7#d7 7c71 attachment-socket 7d71 and the attachment consisting of clevis 7e71 clevis-bolt and nut 7f71 locking-lever 7g71 locking-bolt and nut 7h74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,the attachment-socket has a rectangular longitudinal mortice in which the tang of the clevis is placed4 ,this tang has a slot1 the lower part of which ends in a hole having the same diameter as the locking-bolt4 ,the locking-bolt has bearings on each side of the mortice1 and the part in the slot has two opposite rectangular grooves4 ,when the bolt is in the hole with these grooves perpendicular to the slot1 the clevis is locked2 but when turned until the bottoms of the cuts are in prolongation of the slot sides1 the tang of the clevis can be drawn out until stopped by the other end of the slot4 ,the ,elevating ,device 7#d71 ,fig4 #fj1 consists of frame and double lazy-tongs4 ,the ,frame consists of 7#b7 side-levers 7c71 pivot-bolt and separator 7d71 transom-bolt and nuts in rear1 7#b7 eye-bolts1 elevating-screw 7f71 cross-head elevating-screw nut1 crank-handle 7g74 ,the ,lazy-tongs consists of 7#d7 long arms 7a71 7#d7 lever-arms 7a71 7#d7 short arms 7a71 upper assembling-bolt1 7#b7 assembling-bolts1 short1 7#b7 assembling-bolts1 long1 central journal-bolt 7e71 lower journal-rod 7b7 and 7#b7 bearing-boxes1 7#b7 eye-washers 7for strap k71 and the necessary nuts and washers4 ,the front end of the frame is attached to the carriage axle-plates1 just in rear of the middle transom1 by two eye-bolts which form the pivot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,the rear end is attached to the elevating-screw by the cross-head elevating-screw nut1 which moves back and forth in the grooves in the side-levers in rear of the transom-bolt4 ,the crank-handle on the elevating-screw is located just in front of the trail-box4 ,the double lazy-tongs 7of two cells1 the upper twice the size of the lower7 are enclosed in the frame which furnishes bearings1 at about the middle of the side-levers1 for the central journal-bolt4 ,the lower journal-rod has fixed bearings in the two bearing-boxes which are bolted to the flasks of the carriage4 ,the gun rests on the upper assembling-bolt1 which has eye-washers for the breech-strap4 ,any motion of the elevating-screw handle raises or lowers the frame1 and this1 carrying with it the central journal-bolt1 opens out or closes the lazy-tongs cells4 ,the ,double-screw ,elevating ,device1 ,fig4 #fj;a1 is used on #be of the carriages for #c4f-;inch guns4 ,it consists of a hollow exterior screw 7a7 7having an exterior right-hand thread and an interior left-hand one7 in which works an interior screw 7c7 to whose trunnioned head is attached the guide-strap 7s71 the arms of the strap being secured by nuts to the prolongations of the upper bolts that secure the middle transom4 ,this insures rotation of the elevating device in a plane passing through the axis of the carriage4 ,the bronze nut 7b7 in which a works is arranged on trunnions between the cheeks of the carriage1 and has the hand-wheel 7d7 7or in some cases a large gear-wheel7 so fixed to it that the latter can be rotated but has no motion of translation4 ,a groove 7e7 is cut on the screw a1 and a key on the hand-wheel fits this4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fj;a4 ,where the large gear-wheel is used motion is obtained by a small gear-wheel1 axle1 pinion1 and hand-crank on the right of the trail4 ,,description ,,of ,,carriage ,,for #c4b-;,,inch ,,gun4 ,the carriage is made of steel4 ,its track1 like that of the other vehicles1 is #fj inches4 ,the principal parts are the two flasks1 connected by transoms1 and the lunette2 the two axle-plates1 upper and lower2 the axle-tree2 the wheel-brakes2 the wheels2 the elevating apparatus2 and the two seats4 ,each flask is formed by riveting together two plates with curved margins2 and the trunnion-beds are reinforced by bars of steel1 which are enclosed between the margins of the flask-plates and riveted to them4 ,there are three front transoms1 upper1 lower1 and rear1 in the vicinity of the trunnion-beds and axle-plates1 and three trail-transoms at intervals between these plates and the lunette1 the latter being riveted on4 ,trail-handles are on either side of the trail near the lunette4 ,the lunette1 lunette-plate and trail-plate are formed of one piece of metal4 ,the axle-plates1 two in number1 which accurately envelop the solid steel axle1 are riveted together4 ,the shoulder-washers are octagonal in form2 to each is fitted a collar containing a stout eye1 to which the brakes are attached4 ,these collars have projections that embrace the axle-plates above and below to prevent turning of the axle within the plates4 ,linch-washers have a stud to keep them from revolving with the wheel4 ,double-bow ,spring-brakes1 with a device for detaching them when necessary1 are used4 ,they are carried in a vertical position by means of the button on the lever and the groove on under side of axle-seat guard-rail4 ,the spring-lever operates the locking-bolt in the end of the brake near the hook1 so that the brake may be available in going up or down hill4 ,axle-seats are placed on either side of the carriage4 ,underneath the left seat a section of picket-rope is carried4 ,the ,elevating ,device is of the lazy-tongs pattern1 and is actuated by a handle on top of the flask4 ,a leather strap is secured to the top part of the elevating device1 and is used for strapping down the breech of the gun to avoid pounding4 ,wheel1 ,archibald1 height #eg inches1 weight #bjj pounds4 ,the ,handspike1 made of hickory1 is sawn lengthwise into halves1 and the wood thus removed replaced by #a_/aj-;inch sheet iron1 the whole riveted together and bound by iron bands4 ,it is permanently attached to the flask1 and when not in use is folded over on it and locked by the handspike-clasps4 ,the ,short ,sponges and ,rammers are carried between the cheeks1 between the upper and lower front transoms2 grooved bronze ferrules in rear of the sponge-heads serve for the seats of the support and the clasps which hold them in place4 ,by means of the bronze hooks on the staff1 one of which is movable1 it is hooked to the right guard-rail when firing4 ,the ,axle-seats are attached at the shoulder-washers to the axle-plates and bolted to the flasks4 ,the ,long ,sponge-staff is hinged near the middle1 so that when folded the rammer-head is placed behind the sponge4 ,it is carried on the left side of the carriage 7the sponge-and rammer-heads under the axle-seat resting on the axle-plate71 held by a toggle about midway of folded length4 ,the ,tool-box is placed between the flasks1 and has ample space for all tools required1 and for tube-pouches1 priming-wire1 and gunner's gimlet4 ,by means of a hasp and turnbuckle the lid is fastened to the side of the transom4 ,in rear of the tool-box is an open compartment in which the sponge-bucket may be carried when empty4 ,a hole between the seats of sponge and rammer provides for carrying the bucket1 when filled1 by its toggle4 ,chin-and eye-bolts secure the cap-squares4 ,wheel-guards are bolted on either side of the trail4 ,weight of carriage and brakes1 #aaff pounds4 ,weight of carriage complete1 with equipment1 #aaig pounds4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,limber ,,of #c4b-;,,inch ,,field-,,gun ,,carriage4 7,see ,figs4 #fb and #fc47 ,,nomenclature4 ,wheels2 axle2 linch-pins2 linch-washers2 shoulder-washers2 understraps 7axle74 ,the fork 7a72 the fork-brace2 the hounds 7k72 splinter-bar 7j74 ,foot-boards 7m71 front and rear2 foot-board latch2 pole 7b72 pole-ferrule2 pole-pad 7f72 pole-pad bolt and nut2 pole-prop2 pole-bolt2 pole-prop eye2 pole-prop strap2 pole-stop2 bushing for pole-bolt hole2 neck-yoke stop 7g74 ,double-tree 7h72 double-tree chains and staples2 double-tree hooks end2 double-tree stay-hooks2 double-tree bolt 7i72 double-tree bolt-strap2 double-tree bolt-brace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,single-trees2 single-tree-eye-band2 single-tree hooks4 ,oil and grease compartment3 pintle 7c72 pintle-key 7d72 pintle-key chain2 pintle-key chain eye-plate2 pintle brace-rods2 hound brace-rods2 primer-and obturator-boxes 7n72 primer-and obturator-box lids2 primer-and obturator-box lid-chains2 ammunition-chest staple2 ammunition-chest keys and chains4 ,the ammunition-chest 7l71 consisting of lid1 handles1 hasp1 turnbuckle1 paulin-straps1 packing--metallic1 packing--wood4 ,neck-yoke3 body of wood2 metal parts are3 #a centre eye-sleeve2 #b centre eye-sleeve rivets2 #b eye-bands2 #b eye-band rivets2 #b band-rings2 #b pole-strap eye-loops2 #b pole-strap eye-loop rollers2 #b martingale-staples2 neck-yoke pads 7leather74 ,,the ,,limber4 ,weight with neck-yoke #ieg pounds ,weight complete1 without ammunition #ajeg ,weight complete1 with ammunition #aghj ,length from end of pole to muzzle of gun1 limbered #bf4e feet ,distance between centres of axles #h4ge ,the limbers for the carriage1 caisson1 and battery-wagon are in every respect the same1 except that the two boxes for primers and obturators are omitted on the battery-wagon limber1 and its chest is differently arranged inside4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,the limber essentially consists of two wheels1 ,archibald patent 7same as for carriage71 one wrought-steel tubular axle1 linch-pins and washers1 shoulder-washers shrunk and pinned on1 three understraps4 ,the limber-body and connecting parts consist of3 ,the ,fork 7#a7 7a74--,central part of body formed of two angle-irons receiving the pole 7b7 and pintle-body in rear4 ,it passes into and is riveted to the double-tree bolt-strap which surrounds and supports the pole4 ,it carries1 riveted to it between the flanges1 the foot-brace and pole-stop1 to which is pivoted the pole-prop hook4 ,in rear of foot-boards is the staple for securing the ammunition-chest4 ,the fork is attached to the axle by axle-straps4 ,the ,two ,hounds 7k7 form the side-rails1 and are angle-irons attached to the body by axle-straps4 ,to these on each side in rear of the axle are bolted the primer-and obturator-boxes 7k74 ,the ,splinter-bar 7j74--,angle-iron4 ,unites the fork and hounds in front of foot-boards4 ,foot-boards 7#b71 ,wood 7m74--,rear one riveted to hounds and fork4 ,the front one1 to which are riveted three brackets1 is hinged by two strap-hinges to the rear one1 to give access to pole-prop strap1 pole-bolt1 and compartment for oil-and grease-cans and tool-box4 ,it is provided with a latch for securing it1 when down1 to the double-tree bolt-brace4 ,the ,pole1 ,wood 7b74--,leather pad 7e7 on front end4 ,neck-yoke stop1 iron1 on under side4 ,the hole in rear and for bolting to the fork is lined with thin brass tubing4 ,it abuts against a plate and is secured by a key4 ,it is partly copper-sheathed4 ,double-tree 7#a7 7h74--,made of steel4 ,hooks at either end for attachment of single-trees4 ,hole in centre for attachment to limber by double-tree bolt4 ,double-tree ,bolt-strap 7i74--,riveted to fork and supports the pole4 ,double-tree bolt1 bolt-strap1 and pole-prop eye one piece4 ,single-trees 7#b74--,made of steel with eye for attachment to double-tree hooks2 hooks at ends for trace attachment4 ,oil-and ,grease-can ,compartment4--,a flanged plate of sheet iron under the foot-boards riveted to the fork and right hound4 ,pole-prop#f 7#a74--,permanently secured to the eye on bottom of the double-tree bolt-strap4 ,pole-prop ,strap 7#a74--;,for holding up pole-prop1 near pole-stop4 ,pole-bolt 7#a7 7e74--,passes through the fork1 the flanges of the double-tree bolt-brace and the pole securing it to the fork4 ,pole-stop and ,support 7#a74--;,a flanged piece of plate metal 7riveted to fork-flanges7 on and against which the pole is supported4 ,double-tree ,bolt-brace 7#a74--;,a flanged plate with holes in front for double-tree bolt and through the flanges for pole-bolt4 ,it also forms the catch for the foot-board latch4 ,pintle 7#a7 7c74--,for connecting the carriage-body bolted between the fork-flanges4 ,pintle-key 7#a7 7d74--,for securing the lunette4 ,pintle-key ,chain 7#a74--;,for securing the pintle-key to the limber4 ,pintle ,brace-rods 7#b74--;,from the rear hound understrap-bolts to the rear pintle-body bolt4 ,hound ,brace-rods 7#b74--;,from the front pintle-body bolt to the ring-bolt of primer-and obturator-boxes4 ,primer-and ,obturator-boxes 7#b7 7n74--,two water-tight cylindrical boxes with screw-lids1 bolted through the bottoms to the axle1 and by a ring-bolt to the hounds1 for carrying unbroken boxes of primers and spare obturators4 ,ammunition-chest1 ,wood 7l74--,ironed1 with corrugated-iron plate on back4 ,it is covered with duck1 and the lid is secured1 when down1 by hasp and turnkey4 ,three compartments3 end ones for projectiles1 #ba in each2 middle for #dd cartridges and two haversacks4 ,the packing divisions for projectiles are of cast bronze4 ,,on ,,gun-,,and ,,caisson-,,limbers ,,can ,,be ,,carried3 ,two paulins ,on and strapped to chest-lid2 ordinarily not carried on caisson-limbers4 ,two spare obturators1 or ,in water-tight cylindrical boxes two or more 7depending under the chest2 ordinarily not on size7 boxes of carried on caisson-limbers4 primers1 or one obturator and one or more boxes of primers4 ,one oiler1 one tool-box1 ,in compartment under the foot-boards2 one wheel-grease can with wheel-grease can only ordinarily spatula4 carried on caisson-limbers4 ,one pole-prop for end of ,under foot-boards1 left-hand side1 pole 7now replaced by between chest and axle4 sheet-metal prop47 ,one section of picket-rope ,on the foot-boards4 ,one of these 7can be used for a sections is carried for and with prolonge7 with metal each carriage1 and ordinarily1 terminals for connection for gun-carriage and limber1 with other terminals 7#cd coiled under the left seat of feet long2 #c-;inch rope74 gun-carriage2 for the battery-wagon and forge1 in the wagon or on top of it fastened to railing1 in the folding forage-rack1 or coiled around the middle rail near the vise1 as may be most convenient2 and for caisson1 on its limber foot-boards1 or on caisson as above detailed4 ,three or four knapsacks ,on the foot-boards4 ,knapsacks are carried in the artillery-wagon4 ,one breech-sight ,carried in its leather case in one of the foot-board compartments4 ,a spare one may be carried in one of the caisson-limbers4 ,two haversacks ,in middle-chest compartment on top of cartridges2 ordinarily carried in the gun-limber chest4 ,the tool-box 7one for each gun1 carried in the compartment under the foot-boards of gun-limber7 has capacity for the following tools and implements3 ,one screw-wrench4 ,one iron nut-wrench1 #ab inches long4 ,one -inch cold-chisel1 #h inches long4 ,one #h-;inch bastard-file4 ,one hand-hammer1 #ab-;inch handle4 ,one small steel punch4 ,one vent-punch4 ,these may be carried1 if more ,one gunner's gimlet4 convenient1 in the gun-carriage ,one priming-wire4 trail-box4 ,weight of tool-box1 #a pound #ac ounces2 contents1 as above1 #g pounds #h ounces4 #c4b ,,gun1 ,,carriage1 ,,limber1 ,,weights1 ,,equipments ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,no4 ,article4 ,weight4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,lbs4 ,oz4 #ac4b ,b4 ,l4 rifle1 revised model #gid #a;,carriage1 with brakes #aaff #a;,jointed sponge and rammer1 with cover #g #b,short rammers and sponges combined1 with covers #g #ad #a,prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #ae #h #b,primer-pouches #a #b,lanyards #h --------- #ca #ad #a,limber complete1 with neck-yoke #ieg #d #a,wheel-grease can and spatula #e #h #a;,breech-sight #b #b #a;,breech-sight pouch #i #a,sperm-oiler #g #a,tool-box1 with tools #i #b #a;,fuze-punch #ab #b,paulins 7#ab #ab7 #ed #ab #b;,gunner's haversacks #d #f #b,watering-buckets1 canvas #c #d #a;,cushion #ah #ab --------- #ii #aj #db,projectiles 7#ac4e lbs4 each7 #efg #dd;,cartridges 7#c4e lbs4 each7 #aed #dd;,cartridge-bags #b #ab --------- #gbc #ab ---------- ,total #cggb #h ,weight per horse #fbh #ab ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,extra ,,weight ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,,gun-,,carriage4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- #ac4f-;inch ,b4 ,l4 rifle 7#aaha lbs4 weight7 #chg #a;,carriage1 with brakes 7#acjj lbs4 weight7 #acd #cf,projectiles 7#bj lbs4 each7 #aec #ch;,cartridges 7#d4ahge lbs4 each7 #d --------- ,total extra weight #fgh ---------- ,total weight #ddcj #d ,weight per horse #gch #f ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,the ,,caisson4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,weight of caisson complete1 without limber #acif lbs4 ,weight of caisson and limber complete1 without ammunition #bdcf ,weight of caisson and limber ,light field-battery #dfjg complete1 with ammunition ,heavy field-battery #ejhj ,length from end of pole to end of spare-wheel axle #bd ft ,distance between centres of axles #h ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fd;a4 ,,nomenclature4 #a4 ,lunette4 #b4 ,middle rail4 #c4 ,front cross-bar4 #d4 ,foot-board4 #e4 ,pickaxe attachment1 front4 #f4 ,ammunition-chest keys and chains4 #g4 ,brake-chain4 #h4 ,side rail4 #i4 ,spare pole4 #aj4 ,ammunition-chest4 #aa4 ,brake-lever4 #ab4 ,front ammunition-chest handles4 #ac ,pickaxe attachment1 rear4 #ad4 ,axe and spade board-irons4 #ae4 ,middle rail4 #af4 ,brake eye-strap4 #ag4 ,rear ammunition-chest handles4 #ah4 ,ammunition-chest keys and chains4 #ai4 ,spare-pole stirrup4 #bj4 ,spare-wheel axle-bolster4 #ba4 ,spare-wheel axle-washer4 #bb4 ,spare wheel4 #bc4 ,spare-wheel axle4 #bd4 ,toggle4 ,the limber of the caisson has already been described4 ,the caisson1 ,fig4 #fd;a1 consists of one wrought-steel tubular axle and two ,archibald wheels 7#eg in471 same as for limbers1 the caisson-body1 and connecting parts1 viz43 ,the ,middle rail 7central part of body formed of two angle-irons7 receives the lunette in front and spare wheel in rear1 and is attached to the axle by an understrap1 and to the side-rails by front and rear cross-bars1 with connections stiffened by brackets1 and the strength at axle increased by middle-rail braces4 ,the ,side-rails1 which are attached to the axle by understraps and joined to the middle rail by the front and rear cross-bars4 ,the ,foot-board is fastened to the middle and side rails with brackets to incline the surface of the board4 ,floor-rods1 passing through middle and side rails1 between rear chest and rear cross-bar4 ,two ,road-brakes complete1 and attachments for implements and spare parts4 ,the lever road-brake now supplied is similar to the ordinary wagon-brake1 and so arranged that each side may be operated separately4 ,the shoe is applied in rear of the wheel1 and the brake-lever stands upright inside the wheels1 opposite the front side of the rear ammunition-chest4 ,the caisson body carries two ammunition-chests same as for limber4 ,,on ,,the ,,caisson ,,can ,,be ,,carried3 ,a ,spare ,wheel1 which fits upon an iron axle-arm attached to the rear end of the middle rail1 or a spare pole4 ,two long-handled shovels4 ,two pickaxes by suitable attachments underneath4 ,one spare pole1 ,two spades1 between chests4 ,two axes1 ,four watering-buckets1 canvas4 ,one or two lanterns4 ,two paulins1 on chests4 ,one manuvring-handspike1 right side1 along the side-rail4 ,one section of picket-rope1 coiled around spare-wheel axle-bolster1 or around floor-rods and rear cross-bar4 ,two extra boxes of ammunition can also be carried1 one on each side of spare-wheel axle1 resting on the floor-rods and lashed on4 ,,stowing ,,of ,,caisson ,,implements4 ,long-handled ,shovels4--,the concave faces of the blades are toward and resting against the axle1 under side1 the shovel-points being passed into staple-straps in rear of the axle and the shovel handles afterward into catches on the front cross-bar1 against which the ends of handles rest4 ,the ,pickaxes1 which must be put on before the shovels1 are carried beneath by fixtures attached to both middle and side-rails4 ,the ends of the handles are brought together1 the pointed halves of the blades overlapped1 one in advance of the other 7if the spare pole be on1 this must be done above the pole72 handle-ends are then passed into a broad strap of sheet metal depending from the middle rail1 and at the same time the outer blade-ends into brackets or shelves on the side-rails4 ,in this position the overlapping blades should be under a catch and immediately in front of a bracket or shelf on the middle rail1 which is to support the picks1 and to get them into which they should be pressed up against the spring and toward the axle until the spring falls behind them4 ,this spring has1 toward the axle1 a long branch on which to place the hand when pressing up the spring to remove the picks4 ,the ,axes and ,spades are carried between the chests4 ,a board is there1 permanently riveted to the side-rails at each end4 ,within the rails1 on opposite sides1 are slots1 into which the blades are placed vertically1 the halves resting on top of the board4 ,the spade-blades1 spade-handles crossed1 are placed on the board1 one at each side1 between the helve of one and the blade of the other axe1 concave face toward the axe-blade1 the ends of spare blades against the outer branch of the upright metal stops fastened to the board-ends2 the handles of the spades are then forced down until the ends rest on top of the axes4 ,the ,canvas ,buckets are carried in left compartment under limber foot-boards4 ,the ,lanterns4--,lanterns are carried in canvas bags hung across the spare-wheel axle-bolster4 ,they hang below the floor-rods and do not swing4 ,the picket-rope section1 manuvring-handspike1 and spare pole or spare wheel are carried as already indicated4 ,spare wheels1 spare poles1 and manuvring-handspikes are not considered part of the regular caisson equipment4 ,in war-time it is proposed to carry on each spare caisson a spare wheel1 on the left caisson of each platoon a spare pole1 and on the right caisson of each platoon a spare handspike4 ,in horse-artillery the front chest of each caisson-body should be removed to bring the gun-team and caisson-team loads to an equality and give space for forage4 ,,caisson1 ,,weights ,,and ,,equipment4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,article4 ,weight4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,lbs4 ,oz4,lbs4 ,oz4 #a;,caisson complete1 with brakes and neck-yoke #bbaf #h #b;,axes1 handled #aj #b,pickaxes1 handled #ae #b,shovels1 long-handled #h #b,spades1 short-handled #aj #d,paulins #aji #h #b,water-buckets #c #d #b,lanterns with ,cranston attachment #e #h #a,prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #ae #h #b;,cushions #cg #h #a;,grease-can and spatula #e #h -------- #bai #ab #abf,projectiles 7#ac lbs4 each7 #agja #acb;,cartridges 7#c4e lbs4 each7 #dfb #acb;,cartridge-bags #h #d --------#baga #d --------- ,total weight #dfjg #h ,weight per horse with above equipment #gfh ,for horse-artillery deduct #a chest1 filled #iji #h total weight #cfih weight per horse #faf #e ,for #c4f ammunition3 #ajh ,projectiles 7under the supposition that each chest will contain #cf rounds7 #bafj #aad ,cartridges #dgg #f #aad ,cartridge-bags #g #b --------#bfdd #h --------- ,total weight #ejhj #ab ,weight per horse #hdf #ab ,the weight per horse is increased3 ,by adding #a spare handspike #j4ib lbs4 #a spare pole #d4ge #a spare wheel #cc4ff ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,combined ,,battery-,,wagon ,,and ,,forge4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,weight empty1 including limber #bjha lbs4 ,weight complete #bgca ,this consists of one limber complete1 same as gun-carriage limber except that the primer-and obturator-boxes are omitted1 and the packing of the chest is adapted to securing the smith's tools and the forge instead of ammunition1 and one metal body with ,archibald wheels and tubular steel axle1 same as for caisson except that the attachments for implements are omitted1 while attachments are provided for anvil and sledge in front of the wooden body on the middle rail4 ,the vise is mounted on the front end of the middle rail1 and the attachment for the lunette-prop is under and continuous with the attachment for the sledge4 ,the body 7the entire top of which is covered with canvas7 has three compartments4 ,two lids 7one opening upward on either side and forming part of the top7 open into one containing grindstone and stand-closets packed with stores and spare parts for the repair of the battery2 and lids at the front end1 opening into the other two1 which contain chests of saddler's1 carpenter's1 and wheelwright's tools1 all of which are so arranged that any one can be taken out without disturbing the others4 ,a folding forage-rack in rear and a rail around the top provide space for carrying forage4 ,the brake is the lever road-brake4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fe;a4 ,,nomenclature4 #a4 ,lunette-prop4 #b4 ,lunette4 #c4 ,vise4 #d4 ,middle rail4 #e4 ,sledge4 #f4 ,attachment for sledge and lunette-prop4 #g4 ,anvil4 #h4 ,anvil key4 #i4 ,anvil-key nut4 #aj4 ,anvil-key chain4 #aa4 ,brake-chain4 #ab4 ,brake-shoe4 #ac4 ,brake-lever4 #ad4 ,side rail4 #ae4 ,wagon body4 #af4 ,brake eye-strap4 #ag4 ,lid4 #ah4 ,middle rail4 #ai4 ,wagon-body rail4 #bj4 ,rack4 #ba4 ,rack-chain4 ,,carpenter',s ,,and ,,wheelwright',s ,,chest ,,contains3 #a brace with twelve assorted bits4 #a #ab-;in4 drawing-knife4 #a #bj-;in4 hand-saw4 #a #bf-;in4 rip-saw4 #a hand-axe4 #a claw-hammer4 #d framing-chisels 71 #a1 #a1 #b in474 #c framing-gouges 71 #a1 #a in474 #a #ab-;in4 screw-wrench4 #a jack-plane4 #a smoothing-plane4 #a spoke-shave4 #a #b-;foot rule4 #aj assorted brads and awls1 contained in handle4 #a trying-square4 #a ,chesterman-,sheffield linen tape-line4 #a scribing-awl4 #ab assorted saw-files 7#d and #f in474 #a #aj-;in4 wood-rasp4 #a #aj-;in4 wood-file4 #a oiler4 #a #h-;in4 oil-stone4 #a gauge4 #a #aj-;in4 compass4 #a table-vise4 #a pincers4 #a wooden mallet4 #f auger-bits 71 1 1 #a1 #a in474 #a patent auger-handle4 #c file-handles1 iron 7#d-;in4 flat1 #d-;in4 round1 and #e in474 #b small canvas bags for small stores4 ,weight of chest empty #ee lbs4 ,weight of contents1 as above #dg -------- ,total #ajb ,,the ,,saddler',s ,,chest ,,contains3 #a round knife4 #a shoe-knife4 #a draw-gauge4 #f assorted stitching-awls1 handled4 #a rivet-set1 #b holes4 #a revolving punch 7#d tubes1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g74 #a claw-tool4 #a #f-;in4 compass4 #a creaser1 wood4 #a cutting-nippers4 #a riveting-hammer4 #a edge-tool1 ,no4 #b4 #a rule1 #b-;foot1 wood4 #a oil-stone4 #a pliers1 large4 #a driving-punch1 ,no4 #e4 #a stitching-horse1 complete4 #b small canvas bags for small stores4 ,weight of chest empty #ej lbs4 ,weight of contents1 as above #bi #h oz4 ------------- ,total #gi #h ,,the ,,forge-,,chest ,,contains3 #a portable ,empire forge complete1 modified for army use4 #a hand-hammer1 handled4 #a riveting-hammer4 #a smith's tongs 7#aa in474 #a tongs for -in4 iron4 #a tongs for -in4 iron4 #a chisel for hot iron1 handled4 #a chisel for cold iron1 handled4 #a fore-punch and creaser1 handled4 #a hand cold-chisel4 #a #ab-;in4 flat bastard-file4 #a round hand-punch4 #a hardy4 #a #ab-;in4 screw-wrench4 #a #b-;foot rule1 wood4 #a square1 steel4 #a oiler4 #a #f-;in4 iron file-handle4 #a small wrench for portable forge4 #a fire-rake4 #a fire-shovel4 #b small canvas bags for nails and small stores4 #b smith's leather aprons4 #a sole-leather shoeing-box and the following farrier's tools1 viz43 #a shoeing-hammer4 #a pritchel4 #a #af-;in4 shoeing-rasp4 #b shoeing-knives4 #a toe-knife4 #a shoeing-pincers4 #a clinching-iron4 #a nail-punch4 ,weight of chest empty #aej lbs4 ,weight of contents1 as above4 ,forge complete #fa ,tools1 etc4 #ci -------- ,total #bea ,,stowing ,,of ,,implements1 ,,etc4 ,in ,limber-chest4--,middle compartment contains portable forge1 forge-implements1 and part of the tools and shoe-box4 ,right-hand compartment contains horseshoes4 ,left-hand compartment contains remaining tools and small stores1 such as horseshoe-nails1 small bolts1 nuts1 etc41 to carry which two small canvas bags are provided4 ,limber-chest is locked1 and key carried by blacksmith4 ,the ,coal is carried in the large canvas bag1 capacity #c bushels1 on the foot-boards1 lashed to the chest-handles by stout cords permanently attached to the bag1 one of them being the cord by which the mouth of the bag is drawn together and secured4 ,when empty1 the bag is carried inside the chest4 ,further description regarding the stowing of the body part is unnecessary4 ,,forge ,,and ,,battery-,,wagon1 ,,weights ,,and ,,equipments4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,no4 ,article4 ,weight4 ,total4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,lbs4 ,oz4,lbs4 ,oz4 #a;,forge and battery-wagon complete1 with brakes and neck-yoke1 but without stores #bjha #j #a,set blacksmith's and farrier's tools complete #ci #h #a;,coal-bag #d #h #a;,forge complete #fa #h #a,tool-chest1 wheelwright's1 complete #ee #a,set tools1 wheelwright's1 complete #dg #h #a,tool-chest1 saddler's1 complete #ej #a,set tools1 saddler's1 complete #bi #h #b;,jackscrews #ej #a,vise #cb #a;,hammer-sledge #aj #h #a;,anvil #ajj #a;,battery-wagon lunette-prop #e #a;,grindstone1 flanges1 shaft1 and crank1 complete #ej #h #a;,grindstone-frame complete #ah #a;,can for coal-oil #g #h #a;,can for sperm-oil #a #a;,grease-can and spatula #e #h #b,lanterns with ,cranston attachment #e #h #d,water-buckets 7#b canvas1 #b gal4 iron7 #f #h #b,paulins #ed #ab #a,prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #ae #h -------- #fdi #ab -------- ,total weight #bgcj #ab ,weight per horse without stores #dee #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,the ,,artillery-,,wagon4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,weight complete1 #ahfh pounds4 ,this wagon1 on the canvas cover of which is painted its name and the designation of the battery1 is made of white oak1 and is for carrying the knapsacks1 ammunition for small-arms1 spare small-arms1 and spare intrenching tools of the battery4 ,it has the same track as the other artillery-carriages1 and the axles are self-oiling1 one filling lasting a month4 ,the capacity of the interior is for #abj knapsacks1 weighing about #cjjj pounds4 ,the rear wheels are #eg inches in diameter2 the fore wheels are smaller1 in order to turn under the body of the reach4 ,the driver's seat is a lock-box of three compartments1 the two end ones being for spare revolvers and revolver-cartridges4 ,the middle compartment is for the following articles1 viz43 #a wheel-grease can and spatula2 #a self-oiling axle-grease syringe2 #a hand-hammer2 #a wrench4 ,on the rear of the wagon is carried a #be-;gallon water-keg1 fitted with bronze screw-bung and a spigot4 ,under the body of the wagon and above the reach and rockers are carried the spare double 7#a7 and single 7#b7 trees1 and the following intrenching-tools1 viz43 #b long-handled shovels1 #b spades1 #b pickaxes1 #b axes4 ,to the foot-board is attached a dash-board lamp1 which when not in use may be carried in the compartment under the driver's seat4 ,a boot to protect the driver is also provided4 ,the wagon has a double cover2 the first1 of water-proof canvas1 covering the top only2 the second1 of cotton duck1 extends down the sides and far enough in rear to lace at the ends4 ,a stout canvas cover in rear of the driver's seat prevents the load from being thrown to the front4 ,no special place is provided for the two canvas water-buckets1 which should be carried where they can readily be gotten at4 ,to fill the axle with oil remove the screw-washers and fill the spindles by means of the axle-grease syringe4 ,,the ,,water-,,cart4 ,nothing of this kind is supplied2 but battery commanders can readily improvise one for field marches and encampments and find it exceedingly useful4 ,obtain two good substantial wheels and an axle2 attach shafts2 build a suitable framework thereon to sustain a large barrel1 which should have a faucet in the rear end and an opening for filling it on top4 ,,light-,,artillery ,,harness4 ,the harness is made of black leather1 black buckles1 and without ornaments other than black leather rosettes4 ,in connecting the principal parts of the harness and in attaching the horse to the limber hooks1 hooking into rings or links only at the point where a depression is made in the ring or link1 are used4 ,the ,bridle 7a7 is similar to the regulation cavalry bridle except that it has black buckles and black rosettes4 ,the coupling-rein of the off horse can be lengthened or shortened as desired1 and has a snap-hook for attaching the end to a ring on the saddle of the near horse4 ,the lash end of the reins of the off horse passes through a roller on the pommel of his saddle and falls to the left1 convenient to the driver's hand1 so that by pulling it the horse is set back in his harness directly to the rear4 ,the ,halter is of leather1 with leather halter-strap4 ,the ,saddle4 ,,nomenclature4--7,a7 pommel2 7,b7 cantle2 7,c7 side-bar2 7,d7 quarter-straps1 front1 spider2 7,e7 quarter-straps1 rear1 spider2 7,f7 quarter-strap ring or spider-ring2 7,g7 cincha2 7,h7 cincha-strap2 7,i7 cincha-ring2 7,k7 stirrup-loop2 7,l7 stirrup-strap2 7,m7 stirrup-tread2 7,n7 stirrup hood2 7,p7 rings2 7,r7 cantle-staple2 7,s7 saddle-bag stud2 7aa7 7bb7 coat-straps or thongs2 7ii7 cincha-ring safes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,the regulation ,mc,clellan saddle1 with saddle bags 7b71 ,fig4 #fh1 is used4 ,some batteries are supplied with fair-leather seats which are to be preferred to black leather ones4 ,leather-covered wooden stirrups for officers2 enlisted men use brass stirrups4 ,saddles of horses in harness have a pommel-ring to which the collar-strap 7v7 is hooked2 and saddles of wheel-horses have1 securely fastened to them1 cantle-hooks 7k71 which serve to hold the single-trees 7i7 when detached from the double-tree4 ,these hooks can be removed and attached to another saddle1 if necessary1 in the field4 ,a loop is placed on the hair cincha to support the martingale 7n74 ,there are three sizes of cinchas1 viz41 #af-;inch1 #ah-;inch1 and #bj-;inch4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,the ,draught-harness4--,this consists of the locking-collar 7c71 with hames permanently attached4 ,the trace-tugs 7d71 permanently attached on either side of the collar1 terminate in a ring 7e71 through which the toggle 7f7 of the trace passes4 ,the trace 7g7 is made of two thicknesses of leather and has a ,d ring at either end to which chains are attached4 ,the front chain 7f7 is short with a toggle at the end4 ,the rear chain 7h7 is #bd inches long with a hook at the end2 each link has a depression in it over which the hook can pass4 ,mogul springs 7l7 are used on the trace-chains of wheel-horses4 ,the trace-chains 7y7 of lead-horses terminate in a ring which passes over the toggle of the trace in rear2 the hook-end is then passed through the ring at the end of the trace and hooked in any link of the chain4 ,the ,breeching4--,in this connection it should be stated that the neck-yoke 7o7 is attached to the wheel-horse by means of a breast-strap 7r7 which passes through the ring on the neck-yoke and hooks on either side of the collar to a ring4 ,the breeching consists of a broad breech-strap 7m71 supported by hip-straps 7s1 s71 with rings at either end2 a back-strap 7t71 with crupper 7t7 attached1 hooks to the saddle1 and also has a loin-strap 7u7 for supporting the traces4 ,the martingale 7n71 of heavy leather with folded edges1 is attached to the neck-yoke 7m7 by means of a cinch-strap sewed to a ring in its front end4 ,it passes between the fore legs of the horse and through the loop on the cincha1 and the ,d ring at its rear end should be near the middle of the horse's belly4 ,attached to the ring on either end of the breech-strap is a side-strap 7s7 bearing a hook which hooks into the ,d ring at the rear end of the martingale4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 b1 breech-strap2 s1 side-straps2 n1 martingale2 m1 neck-yoke4 ,the martingale and side-straps1 being under the body of the horse and connected with the breeching and neck-yoke1 the horse is not only held up1 but uses his weight and strength to the best advantage when holding back4 ,the breech-strap1 hip-strap1 side-straps1 martingale1 and breast-strap are omitted on lead-horses4 ,the blanket is of wool1 dyed scarlet4 ,the dress saddle-cloth is of heavy cotton canvas1 bright scarlet1 bound with black leather4 ,it is easily cleaned by scrubbing with soap and water4 ,the leg-guard1 whip1 watering-bridle1 surcingle1 nose-bag1 and when required lariat and picket-pin4 ,surcingles are of three sizes1 viz43 ,no4 #a1 #gf inches2 ,no4 #b1 #hd inches2 and ,no4 #c1 #if inches4 ,the collar now used is a hinged steel locking-collar4 ,this steel collar1 weighing about #ae pounds1 consists essentially of two plates1 pressed in ,u shape1 hinged together at the top1 and closed at the bottom by a spring latch4 ,one side of the plate is fitted to the animal's shoulder2 the other side carries the trace-hooks1 under which are placed ,u-shaped plate-springs1 which are held in place by the same bolts as are the trace-hooks4 ,all parts of the collar and its fittings are put together with bolts1 and can be quickly taken apart when necessary1 the only tool needed being the wrench that accompanies each collar4 ,the parts of the collar that rest on the neck and shoulders are galvanized1 which prevents galling in warm or wet weather1 and conduces to the healing of sores4 ,the collar is opened by pressing a spring latch at the bottom1 and is thus easily put on and taken off without forcing it over the horse's head4 ,the collar being such an important part of the harness1 directions for fitting it are given as indicated in the circular of the ,steel ,horse ,collar ,company1 of ,fitchburg1 ,mass4 ,collar-sides1 pads1 and connections are made in different sizes to suit the number of collar4 ,all the other parts will fit any collar4 ,illustration3 ,,description ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,collar4 ,,fig4 #gj4 and the bolts for top connection1 bottom of collar1 extension1 and trace-plate4 ,the table of dimensions at the top of next page gives the largest size to which each number of collar can be adjusted4 ,each collar can be made #a inches shorter and #a inches narrower than the dimensions given4 ,sizes #e and #f are used in the ,u4 ,s4 service4 ,to shorten the collar1 take out the bolt that fastens the extension to collar-side1 and press the extension down into the collar-side one or two holes as desired1 and replace the bolt4 ,,directions ,,for ,,fitting ,,collars4 ,,table ,,of ,,dimensions4 -------------------------------------- ,length of ,width ,width at ,collar4 ,down from ,top4,widest ,part4 -------------------------------------- ,no4 ,inches4 ,inches4 ,inches4 #a #af #e #g #b #ah #e #h #d #ai #f #h #e #ba #g #i #f #bb #g #i #g #bd #h #aj -------------------------------------- ,the width is changed at the top by using the different pads and connections4 ,each pad has its own connection1 which forms the hinge at the top of the collar4 ,the collar is taken in at the bottom by shifting the bolt that holds the buckle in the side having the three holes4 ,each pad1 connection1 and collar-side has the number denoting its size stamped upon it4 ,any reference to the collar-side hereafter will mean collar-side and extension put together1 which form the collar-side complete4 ,when it is necessary to put a ,no4 #c pad1 the largest size1 in the top of the collar1 and adjust the bottom to the middle or smallest size1 the collar-sides will have to be bent at the top under the eye enough to allow the collar to close easily at the bottom1 and when the reverse is wanted the collar-sides can be straightened4 ,in making these irregular changes be particular to get both sides of the collar the same length1 so that it will close at the bottom4 ,the sides can be easily twisted to make them come together evenly4 ,when it is necessary to bend the ends of the pads to make them fit closely to the collar-sides1 use a wooden mallet4 ,if a hammer is used1 it will break the zinc on the galvanized parts4 ,,the ,,artillery-,,wagon ,,harness4 ,the same as regular artillery harness1 omitting the saddles and substituting a back-strap1 and replacing the curb-reins and coupling-reins by a set of regular driving-reins4 ,a four-in-hand whip is also used with the harness4 ,,harness ,,weights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wheel4 ,lead4 ,no4 ,article4 -------------------------------- ,near4 ,off4 ,near4 ,off4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,lbs4 ,oz4,lbs4 ,oz4,lbs4 ,oz4,lbs4 ,oz4 #a ,halter #b #f #b #f #b #f #b #f #a ,bridle #c #c #c #c #a ,coupling-strap #aj #aj #a ,collar #ae #ae #ae #ae #a ,breast-strap #a #ad #a #ad #a ,martingale #a #d #a #d #b ,traces1 with chains and mogul springs #aj #h #aj #h #aa #d #aa #d #a ,saddle complete #ag #aj #ag #aj #af #ad #af #ad #a ,saddle-bags1 pair of #d #aj #d #aj #d #aj #d #aj #a ,breeching complete #e #d #e #d #a ,crupper #b #h #b #h #a ,blanket #d #b #d #b #d #b #d #b #a ,leg-guard #b #aa #a ,whip #ab -------------------------------- ,total #fi #a #ff #d #eh #ab #ei #f #a ,watering-bridle #a #a #a #a #a ,surcingle #ab #ab #ab #ab #a ,nose-bag #a #b #a #b #a #b #a #b -------------------------------- ,grand total #ga #ae #fi #b #fa #aj #fb #d ,horse-brush and currycomb weigh #a4cb lbs4 ,lariat and picket-pin weigh #c4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,colt',s ,,revolver1 ,,calibre 4#de4 ,this revolver is retained1 for the present1 for light batteries1 and experiments are now being made to ascertain if a shorter barrel can not be advantageously used4 ,,nomenclature4--7,a7 barrel2 7,b7 frame2 7,b7 recoil-plate2 7,c7 cylinder2 7,,dd7 centre-pin2 7,d7 centre-pin bushing2 7,e7 guard2 7,f7 back-strap2 7,g7 hammer2 7,h7 mainspring2 7,i7 hammer-roll and rivet2 7,j7 hammer-screw2 7,k7 hammer-cam2 7,l7 hand and hand-spring2 7,m7 bolt and screw2 7,n7 trigger and screw2 7,o7 hammer-notches2 7,p7 firing-pin and rivet2 7,q7 ejector-rod and spring2 7,q7 ejector-tube2 7,r7 ejector-head2 7,s7 ejector-tube screw2 7,t7 short guard-screw2 7,u7 sear and bolt-spring 7combined7 and screw2 7,v7 back-strap screw2 7,w7 mainspring-screw2 7,x7 front sight2 7,y7 centre-pin screw4 ,the two back-strap screws just behind the hammer1 the stock1 the long guard-screw1 gate1 gate-catch screw1 gate-spring1 and gate-catch are not shown in ,fig4 #ga4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,to ,load4--,hold the revolver in the left hand1 muzzle downward2 half-cock it with the right hand and open the gate4 ,insert the cartridges with the right hand1 close the gate1 and bring the hammer to the safety-notch4 ,keep it there until the revolver is fired4 ,to ,eject the ,cartridge-shells4--,hold the revolver in the left hand1 at the half-cock1 and with the gate open4 ,eject the shells with the ejector1 pushed by the right hand1 turning the cylinder with the thumb and fore finger of the left hand4 ,to ,dismount the ,revolver4--,half-cock the revolver1 loosen the centre-pin catch-screw1 draw out the centre-pin1 open the gate1 and the cylinder can then be withdrawn4 ,to remove the ejector1 turn out the ejector-tube screw1 then push the front end away from the barrel1 and pull it towards the muzzle4 ,the stock can be removed by turning out the two back-strap screws just behind the hammer1 and that at the bottom of the strap4 ,remove the mainspring and guard3 the parts of the lock can then be readily separated4 ,the centre-pin bushing should be pushed out for cleaning4 ,to remove the gate1 turn out the gate-screw in the lower side of the frame 7hidden by the guard72 then the gate-spring and catch can be withdrawn and the gate pushed out4 ,to ,assemble the ,revolver4--,see the directions for dismounting1 which should be followed in inverse order4 ,the mainspring is most conveniently mounted by turning in the screw part way1 and then swinging around the front end of the mainspring until it bears against the under side of the friction-roll4 ,the cylinder-bushing should be frequently removed for cleaning4 ,dimensions and ,weights4--,the following table gives the principal dimensions1 weights1 etc41 of the revolver3 ,,dimensions4 ,total length #ab4e inches4 ,length of barrel #g4e ,diameter of bore #j4dde ,grooves--number #f twist1 uniform1 one turn in 7left-handed7 #af depth1 uniform 4#jje in4 ,,weights4 ,total weight #b4e lbs4 ,weight of powder-charge #bh grs4 ,weight of bullet #bcj ,initial velocity #gcj ft4-sec4 ,the cartridge-case is metallic centre-fire1 and resembles in its construction the rifle cartridge4 ,rapidity of ,fire4--,eighteen rounds in one minute and fifty-four seconds1 beginning and ending with chambers empty4 ,,penetration ,,in ,,white ,,pine4 ,range1 yds #ej #ajj #aej #bjj #bej #cjj ,inches #c #c #c #b #b #b ,,cost ,,of ,,ammunition4 ,ball cartridges #aj4jj per #ajjj ,blank #h4cj ,,price-,,list ,,of ,,component ,,parts ,,of ,,colt',s ,,revolver4 ,components4 ,price4 ,frame #d #aj ,recoil-plate #je ,gate #ee ,gate-spring #ja ,gate-catch #ja ,barrel #a #fj ,front sight #je ,cylinder #a #fj ,centre-pin #ah ,centre-pin bushing #bj ,ejector-tube #a #je ,ejector-rod #ag ,ejector-head #be ,ejector-spring #jg ,hammer #ee ,hammer-cam #ja ,hammer-roll #jb ,hammer-roll rivet #ja ,firing-pin #je ,firing-pin rivet #ja ,guard #ej ,back-strap #cj ,mainspring #aj ,trigger #aj ,bolt #aj ,hand #aj ,hand-spring #jb ,stock #ce ,long guard screw 7#b71 #a;c4 ea4 #jb ,short guard-screw 7#b7 #jb ,back-strap screw 7#c7 #jc ,hammer-screw #je ,trigger-screw #jd ,bolt-screw #jb ,centre-pin screw #jb ,ejector-tube screw #jb ,gate-catch screw #ja ,mainspring screw #jb ,sear-spring screw #jb ,sear-spring #jb ,screw-driver #aj ----- ,revolver complete #ab #ej ,,allowance ,,of ,,ammunition4 ,each enlisted man and officer of a battery is allowed for revolver practice ammunition to the value of #a4jj4 ,each battery is allowed #ejjj rounds of blank ammunition4 ,battery commanders will keep a permanent record for each calendar year of the amount of ammunition expended at each target practice4 ,ammunition not expended at the end of the year 7,december #ca7 is no longer available4 ,,hunting-,,knife4 ,a model1 having a blade #ab inches long1 and similar in shape to the regular bowie-knife1 is now under consideration by the ,war ,department4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,care and ,fitting1 etc41 of ,harness4 ,care of ,carriages4 ,care of ,guns4 ,care of ,ammunition4 ,guard ,orders4 ,,care ,,of ,,paints1 ,,oils1 ,,and ,,paint-,,brushes4 ,paints1 ,turpentines1 ,oils1 ,lacquers1 etc41 are kept in a room separate from other stores1 preferably a cellar4 ,the floor should be covered with several inches of fine sand1 which should be renewed occasionally4 ,sawdust should never be used for the floor4 ,volatile ,oils1 such as kerosene or benzine1 must never be kept stored in a room with other oils and paints1 but in such place that the least possible danger will arise in case of fire4 ,paint-brushes1 when new1 and before using1 should be wrapped with strong twine and soaked in water4 ,after using they should be cleaned with spirits of turpentine and put away in a vessel containing water1 in order to keep them pliable4 ,,paints1 ,,lacquers1 ,,etc4 ,waterproof ,paint4--,a solution of pure india-rubber in linseed-oil1 ground with pure graphite into a thick1 elastic1 smoothly flowing paint4 ,flexible ,paint for ,canvas4--,dissolve #b pounds of yellow soap in #a gallons of boiling water4 ,grind while hot with any good oil-paint4 ,varnish for ,harness4--,india-rubber1 pound2 spirits of turpentine1 #a gallon4 ,dissolve enough to make it a jelly2 then take equal quantities of good hot linseed-oil and the above mixture1 incorporate well over a slow fire1 and it is ready for use4 ,linseed-oil ,varnish4--,boil any quantity of linseed-oil for an hour1 stir in until dissolved #d ounces of powdered rosin to each pound of oil2 then add #a ounce spirits of turpentine to each pound of oil2 cool and strain4 ,it is cheap1 a good preservative of wood1 and stands hot water well4 ,lacquer for ,iron ,ordnance4--,coal-tar 7of good quality71 #b gallons2 spirits of turpentine1 #a pint2 the turpentine to be added in small quantities during the application of the lacquer4 ,the surface of the metal must be first cleaned with a scraper and a wire brush1 if necessary1 and the lacquer applied hot1 in two thin coats1 with a paint-brush4 ,lacquer for ,bright ,ironwork4--,boiled linseed-oil1 #hj4e parts2 litharge1 #e4e parts2 white lead ground in oil1 #aa4be parts2 pulverized rosin1 #b4ge parts4 ,add the litharge to the oil2 let it simmer over a slow fire for three hours2 strain it and add the rosin and white lead2 keep it gently warmed1 and stir until the rosin is dissolved4 ,apply it with a paint-brush4 ,lacquer for ,brasswork4--,alcohol 7#ie71 #b ounces2 seed-lac1 #a ounce4 ,put in glass for six days1 exposed to the light2 shake well once each day4 ,apply with brush while work is hot4 ,to ,attach ,leather to ,metal4--,coat the metal with a hot solution of glue and the leather with a hot solution of nut-galls4 ,,directions ,,for ,,cleaning ,,mouldy ,,leather4 ,first4 ,wash thoroughly in soap-suds with a brush1 so as to remove all dirt and mould4 ,second4 ,sponge with clean water1 and before the leather dries apply with a sponge tied to a handle a solution of ammonia and water in equal parts1 using #d ,fs4 ammonia4 ,third4 ,apply1 when dry1 a coat of leather blacking4 7,a good blacking can be made by placing in #e gallons of best cider vinegar pound of pulverized nut-galls1 #b pounds of copperas1 #a pound of iron filings or chips1 and letting it stand for five days before use1 stirring carefully from time to time47 ,fourth4 ,after the leather is dry apply a good coating of oil--#a part of kerosene and #d parts of neat's-foot4 ,apply freely so as to soften the leather1 and let it dry sufficiently4 ,fifth4 ,brush the pieces well1 and put on with a sponge a thin coat of gum tragacanth1 dissolving pound of gum in #a gallon of warm water4 ,after drying the leather should be repacked1 if desired to store it4 ,harness in use which becomes hard from perspiration or from being wet should be washed1 oiled1 and rubbed as above1 without applying the solution of ammonia1 or of blacking unless the leather has become reddish4 ,,care ,,of ,,harness4 ,the estimated life of a set of artillery harness is seven years4 ,harness1 after being used1 must be carefully wiped and cleaned2 if possible1 this is done before taking it off the horse2 otherwise it is put in good order at the earliest practicable moment1 and covered with the sack4 ,straps and leather parts generally are kept soft and supple2 trace-chains and iron parts free from rust4 ,collars and saddles will be aired and kept perfectly clean4 ,the greatest care must be exercised in keeping the collar where it bears against the horse in perfect order4 ,harness should be oiled two or three times a year if necessary4 ,the best oil for this use is neat's-foot oil1 the unctuous property of which is particularly suitable for preserving the suppleness of the leather2 this oil contains no siccative part1 and may be used unpurified4 ,four pints and a half will oil the harness of a team of three pairs4 ,to keep it from becoming rancid1 use #a part kerosene to #d parts neat's-foot4 ,before using the oil every part of the leather must be perfectly cleaned and washed1 without letting the water soak deeply into the leather2 while still damp blacken with dye those places which have become red2 when the leather begins to dry1 oil it1 spreading the oil on with a sponge or thick1 soft brush4 ,when neat's-foot oil cannot be had1 pure fish-oil may be used1 but it must be carefully ascertained that it does not contain any siccative matter1 which would make it injurious4 ,other oils may be usefully employed1 as whale-oil1 when they can be gotten pure2 this is not easily done1 it being hard to detect the frauds4 ,vegetable oils are very hurtful4 ,as good oil cannot always be had1 a mixture of three quarters of melted lard and one quarter of whale-oil may be used in emergencies2 it should be spread over the leather with a piece of woollen cloth1 and well rubbed in4 ,blacking for harness and dressings are given under ,mountain ,artillery1 p4 #fa4 ,the prepared harness-oil manufactured at ,rock ,island ,arsenal is packed in tins #d #d #h inches1 each containing #f pounds of oil4 ,twenty-five tins are packed in a box4 ,kerosene is good for cleaning rust from iron parts1 and then use sperm-oil4 ,to paint metal parts1 use asphaltum paint4 ,before applying care should be taken that every particle of rust is removed2 then give two light coats1 allowing plenty of time for the first coat to dry4 ,colgate's black harness soap and ,frank ,miller's harness soap ,no4 #b are excellent for keeping harness clean and soft with little trouble4 ,frank ,miller's harness soap and asphaltum paint can be obtained from the ,ordnance ,department4 ,recent orders from the ,war ,department forbid the use of any dressings other than those furnished by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,in the field there will not usually be much time or many materials available for cleaning harness4 ,rust should be cleaned off ironwork with sand1 kerosene1 etc41 the ironwork being then oiled4 ,leather should be kept soft and pliable by having a small quantity of soft soap1 if proper oil be not on hand1 worked into it1 mud and sweat being first removed with as little water as possible4 ,the blanket must be kept clean1 and folded to lie perfectly smooth on the horse's back4 ,inspect the collar and see that its bearing surface is free from dirt1 dried hair1 etc41 before putting it on the horse1 and at every opportunity4 ,the necessity for repairs will be reported immediately1 and the repairs will be made by the saddler at the earliest practicable moment4 ,in garrison harness is wiped off after each drill1 and is carefully cleaned once a weak4 ,a good driver should clean his harness thoroughly in from #a to #a hours1 especially if provided with a trestle on which to spread it out4 ,first remove all dust and dirt with a damp cloth1 disconnecting all of the parts for that purpose4 ,then apply either soap or dressing with a sponge1 wetting the sponge with water when using the soap4 ,harness-pegs4--,harness-pegs for each pair are arranged in the walls of the harness-room or in the heel-posts of the stalls4 ,there should be three pegs for each double set of harness1 the upper one for the pole-yoke1 with the martingales attached1 the bridles1 and collars2 the next for the off harness1 and the lower one for the near harness4 ,,arrangement ,,of ,,harness ,,on ,,pegs4 ,on the ,upper ,peg4--,first1 the pole-yoke1 with the martingales attached1 next to the post or wall2 then the bridle and collar of the near horse2 then the bridle and collar of the off horse1 in the order named4 ,on the ,middle ,peg4--,the off harness2 the traces1 which are detached1 are hung over the peg close to the heel-post2 the saddle1 with its attachments over the seat1 is placed on the peg4 ,on the ,lower ,peg4--,the leg-guard is slipped over this peg1 and the near harness is placed on it1 as described above for the off harness4 ,each hair-pad is placed on top of its saddle4 ,the saddle-cloths1 being designed only for occasions of ceremony1 are kept wherever directed by the battery commander1 and issued when it is intended to use them4 ,,to ,,harness ,,in ,,garrison1 ,,wheel4 ,collar4--,each wheel-driver puts on and locks the collar of his off horse4 ,pad4--,he puts on the hair-pad1 and also the saddle-cloth if it is to be used4 ,if the saddle-blanket is used instead of the hair-pad1 it will be folded and put on as described4 ,saddle4--,he puts on the saddle1 with its attachments1 taking care not to displace the pad or blanket1 adjusts and secures the girth1 buckles the collar-strap to the saddle1 and then adjusts the breeching and buckles the crupper4 ,traces4--,he takes the traces from the peg1 passes them through the loin-loops1 attaches the rear ends to the single-tree1 which is hanging on the cantle-hook1 and then the front ends to the collar1 beginning with the off trace2 the near trace will be laid on the saddle while attaching the other4 ,bridle4--,he puts on the bridle and secures the coupling-rein to the manger4 ,he then passes the reins through the roller4 ,collar4--,each wheel-driver begins to harness his near horse1 as prescribed for harnessing the off horse1 at the command ,collar4 ,pad1 etc4--,same for the near horse as for the off horse1 omitting the directions for the coupling-rein and roller4 ,yoke4--,the wheel-driver puts on his leg-guard1 and then1 going to the front of his horses1 backs them out of the stall1 places them side by side1 facing the exit1 and beginning with the off horse attaches the near yoke by means of the breast-straps1 then passes the martingales between the fore legs and through the standing loop on the cincha1 and attaches the hooks at the end of the side-straps to the martingale ,d ring1 and then stands to horse4 ,to back out his pair1 the wheel-driver unfastens the coupling-rein1 then stands with his back to the manger1 takes the reins of the near horse in his right hand and those of the off horse in his left hand near the bit1 and backs the pair into the gangway4 ,in single stalls1 separated by partitions1 each horse must be backed out by himself4 ,harness1 ,lead and ,swing4--,the lead-and swing-drivers harness in the same manner as wheel-drivers1 with such omissions as are required by the difference in the harness4 ,the traces are passed through the loin-strap loops1 the front ends attached to the collars1 and they are then trussed by bringing the rear ends forward and passing the toggle through the ring4 ,the lead and swing pairs are not turned around nor backed into the gangway after harnessing unless it is intended to lead out4 ,,to ,,unharness4 ,unyoke4--,beginning with his near horse1 each wheel-driver detaches the hooks at the end of the side-straps from the martingale-ring and draws the martingale from the standing loop on the cincha2 he then unhooks the inside end of each breast-strap1 detaches the neck-yoke1 and hangs it up on its peg4 ,unbridle4--,he uncouples his horses1 leads them into the stall1 secures the coupling-rein of the off horse to the manger1 unbridles his near horse1 puts on the halter and ties the halter-strap to the manger1 hangs up the bridle1 and takes off his leg-guard and places it on the peg4 ,collar off4--,he unbuckles the collar-strap1 detaches the front ends of traces from the collar1 removes the collar and hangs it on its peg4 ,traces off4--,he unhooks the traces from the single-tree1 takes them off and hangs them on their peg4 ,unsaddle4--,he unbuckles and frees the crupper1 disengages the girth1 places the breeching and then the girth on the saddle1 takes off the saddle and places it on its peg with the saddle-pad on top4 ,unbridle4--,each wheel-driver unfastens the coupling-rein1 unbridles his off horse1 puts on the halter1 ties its strap to the manger1 and hangs up the bridle4 ,collar off1 etc4--,the off harness is taken off in the same order as the near harness4 ,,to ,,unharness ,,in ,,the ,,field4 ,without ,harness-racks4--,the pole-prop is placed under the end of the pole2 the single-trees are left attached to the double-trees2 the wheel-traces are unhitched from the collars only1 and laid over the chest from front to rear1 or on the foot-board2 the collars of the wheel-team on top of the limber-chest 7paulins having been removed7 next to the rail on the near side1 the swing-collars in the middle1 and the lead-collars next to the other rail2 the collar of the off horse is placed on top of that of the near horse of the same team2 the remainder of the harness is placed on the pole1 that of the near wheel-horse next to the double-tree and as close to it as possible1 next that of the off wheel-horse1 both in the order laid down for the wheel-harness2 the traces of the lead-and swing-harness 7folded once7 are laid over the pole2 then on top of them the saddles1 with the attachments over them1 so as not to rest on the ground4 ,the neck-yoke is placed on the foot-board4 ,to ,hook the ,single-tree4--,hold the single-tree with the eye down and against the side of the cantle-hook2 then push it sidewise far enough so that the eye will pass over the cantle-hook2 then let the single-tree fall to the rear4 ,this can be done from either side4 ,to ,fold the ,saddle-blanket4--,the blanket1 after being well shaken1 will be folded into six thicknesses1 as follows3 ,hold it well up by the two corners1 the long way up and down2 double it lengthwise 7so that the fold will come between the ,u and ,s71 the folded corner 7middle of the blanket7 in the left hand2 take the folded corner between the thumb and fore finger of the right hand1 thumb pointing to the left2 slip the left hand down the folded edge two thirds its length and seize it with the thumb and second finger2 raise the hands to the height of the shoulders1 the blanket between them extended2 bring the hands together1 the double fold falling outward2 pass the folded corner from the right hand into the left hand between the thumb and fore finger2 slip the second finger of the right hand between the folds and seize the double folded corner2 turn the left 7disengaged7 corner in and seize it with the thumb and fore finger of the right hand1 the second finger of the right hand stretching and evening the folds2 after evening the folds grasp the corners in the hands and shake the blanket well in order to smooth the folds2 raise the blanket and place it between the chin and the breast2 slip the hands down half-way1 the first two fingers outside1 the other fingers and thumb of each hand inside2 seize the blanket with the thumbs and first two fingers2 let the part under the chin fall forward2 hold the blanket up1 arms extended1 even the lower edges1 seize the middle points between the thumbs and fore fingers1 and flirt the outside part over the right arm2 the blanket is thus held before placing it on the horse4 ,to ,put on the ,blanket4--,approach the horse on the near 7left7 side1 with the blanket folded and held as just prescribed2 place it well forward on his back1 tossing the part of the blanket over the right arm to the right side of the horse1 still keeping hold of the middle points2 slide the blanket once or twice from front to rear to smooth the hair1 being careful to raise the blanket in bringing it forward2 place the fore finger of the left hand on the withers1 and fore finger of the right hand on the backbone1 the blanket smooth2 it will then be well forward1 with the edges on the left side2 remove the locks of the mane that may be under it4 ,to ,saddle4--,place the pad or blanket on the horse as previously explained2 seize the pommel of the saddle with the left hand and the cantle with the right2 approach the horse on the near side from the direction of the croup and place the centre of the saddle on the middle of the horse's back so it will fit close to it2 let down the cincha-strap and cincha2 pass by the horse's head to the off side1 adjust the cincha and straps1 and see that the pad or blanket is smooth2 return to the near side by the head1 raise the pad or blanket slightly under the pommel-arch so that the withers may not be compressed2 take the cincha-strap in the right hand1 reach under the horse and seize the cincha-ring with the left hand1 pass the end of the strap through the ring from underneath 7from inside to outside71 then up and through the upper ring from the outside2 if necessary1 make another fold in the same manner4 ,the strap is fastened as follows3 ,pass the end through the upper ring to the front2 seize it with the left hand2 place the fingers of the right between the outside folds of the strap2 pull from the horse with the right hand and take up the slack with the left2 cross the strap over the folds1 pass the end of it1 with the right hand1 underneath and through the upper ring back of the folds1 then down and under the loop that crosses the folds1 and draw it tightly2 weave the end into the strands of the cincha-strap1 between the rings4 ,another method of fastening the cincha-strap is as follows3 ,pass the end through the upper ring to the rear2 seize it with the right hand2 place the fingers of the left between the outer folds of the strap2 pull from the horse with the left hand and take up the slack with the right2 pass the end of the strap underneath and draw it through the upper ring until a loop is formed2 double the loose end of the strap and push it through the loop and draw the loop taut4 ,the free end should then be long enough to conveniently seize with the hand4 ,having fastened the cincha-strap1 let down the right stirrup1 then the left4 ,the surcingle is then buckled over the saddle and should be a little looser than the cincha4 ,the cincha when first tied should admit a finger between it and the belly4 ,after exercising for a while the cincha will be found too loose and should be tightened4 ,to ,put on the ,curb-bridle4--,take the reins in the right1 the crownpiece in the left1 hand2 approach the horse on the near side1 passing the right hand along the neck2 slip the reins over his head and let them rest on his neck2 take the crownpiece in the right hand and the lower left branch of the bit in the left hand1 the fore finger against the mouthpiece2 bring the crownpiece in front of and slightly below its proper position2 insert the thumb of the left hand into the side of the mouth above the tush2 press open the lower jaw2 insert the bit by raising the crownpiece2 with the left hand draw the ears gently under the crownpiece1 beginning with the left ear2 arrange the forelock2 secure the throat-latch and then the curb-strap1 taking care not to set them too closely4 ,the mouthpiece1 which should fit the width of the horse's mouth1 rests on that part of the bars directly opposite the chin-groove2 the curb-strap will then lie in the chin-groove1 without any tendency to mount up out of it on the sharp bones of the lower jaw4 ,this position of the mouthpiece will be attained for the majority of horses by adjusting the cheek-straps so that the mouthpiece will be one inch above the tushes of geldings and two inches above the corner teeth of mares4 ,the throat-latch should admit four fingers between it and the throat2 this prevents any constriction of the windpipe or pressure on the large blood-vessels4 ,the curb-strap or chain1 which should be of width to fit the chin-groove1--not over three fourths of an inch1--should fit smoothly the chin-groove1 and be loose enough to admit one or two fingers when the branches of the bit are in line with the cheek-strap4 ,if the bridle be put on over the head-stall1 the hitching-strap1 if not left at the manger or picket-line1 will be tied around the neck4 ,the hitching-strap may also be arranged as follows3 ,loop it two or three times through the ring so that the loop may be about #h inches long2 wind the strap several times around the loops and draw the end tightly through them4 ,,fitting ,,harness4 ,the bridle and saddle are fitted as prescribed4 ,the ,collar1 when adjusted1 should admit the flat of the hand between the lower part and the throat1 and the fingers between the sides and the neck4 ,a short collar chokes a horse by pressing on the windpipe2 a narrow one pinches and rubs the neck4 ,a broad collar works about and galls the shoulders4 ,the ,back-strap1 when adjusted1 should admit the breadth of the hand between it and the horse's back4 ,the ,collar-strap should not be tight2 otherwise it would pull the saddle forward on the withers4 ,the surcingle1 when used1 should be buckled on the near side of the near horse and on the off side of the off horse1 less tight than1 and over1 the girth4 ,the ,breech-strap should be adjusted so that when the horse is pulling there will be a space of about four inches between the breech-strap and the horse's quarters4 ,the ,hip-strap should be of such length that the breech-strap will be a little below the point of the buttocks1 or about #ab or #ae inches below the top of the dock4 ,the ,loin-straps should be adjusted so that the wheel-traces1 when in draught1 will be straight and without downward pull on the loops that support them4 ,the loin-straps of swing-and lead-horses should raise the traces about six inches above the stifle-joint when in draught4 ,in this position the line of the traces from front to rear will be straight1 and the loops of the loin-straps will support the traces without drawing them up4 ,the ,side-straps should be so adjusted that when the horse is sitting back 7stopping the carriage7 no strain comes on the collar2 the action should be performed by the horse sitting back into the breeching and thereby checking the momentum of the carriage by means of the side-straps1 martingale1 and neck-yoke4 ,this is the most important adjustment of all4 ,the ,traces4--,the length of the traces must depend in a great measure on the size of the horse and his stride4 ,for the wheel-team the rule is to allow about #ad inches from single-tree to hindquarters1 and for swing-and lead-teams one yard from nose to croup when in draught4 ,the traces should be adjusted so that the line of traction will be unbroken from the single-tree to the collars of the leaders1 and this rule will regulate1 in some measure1 the length of the loin-straps1 the matching of the horses1 and arrangement of the pairs as wheel1 swing1 and lead pair2 this should be such as to make the waste of force as small as possible4 ,all front trace-chains are permanently fastened to the traces1 and have a toggle at the end4 ,all rear trace-chains have a ring at one end and a hook at the other2 the hook is passed through the ,d ring at the end of the trace1 and hooked back into any desired link4 ,by this means the length of the trace is adjusted1 and the rear trace-chain need not be removed except for cleaning4 ,,care ,,of ,,carriages4 ,in garrison carriages must be kept in the gun-sheds4 ,in the field they should be parked1 if possible1 on dry ground1 furrows being cut1 if necessary1 to prevent the accumulation of water around them4 ,they should be covered with the paulins4 ,every carriage should be carefully examined each day after marching into camp1 and every defect and damage then noted and corrected as soon as possible4 ,everything in the way of cleaning1 adjustment1 etc41 should be looked to1 so that the carriages may be ready as soon as possible to turn out again in perfect order4 ,to keep wheels in good working order1 they should be slightly greased after each day's march1 and any old grease which has worked out at the shoulder of the axle scraped off4 ,in garrison this is done each drill-day by the cannoneers while the drivers are hitching up1 first wiping them off with cotton waste and then applying a little grease or sperm-oil4 ,when it is necessary to remove a wheel1 it should never be thrown upon the ground1 nor the point of the axle allowed to rest upon the latter4 ,the elevating-gear should be kept cleaned and oiled1 and also the trunnion bearings1 as far as may be without dismounting the gun4 ,should the elevating-screw fail to work freely1 it must be examined1 and if the threads are indented on the edges they must be carefully filed down4 ,in long marches a little grease should be placed on each pintle-hook1 so that the lunette may work freely on it4 ,grease for ,carriage-wheels4--,hog's lard softened1 if fresh1 by working it4 ,if this cannot be procured1 tallow or other grease may be used2 if hard1 it should be melted with fish-oil4 ,about one pound of grease is required for four wheels4 ,those fittings of carriages upon which1 on account of friction1 etc41 paint cannot be kept should be well oiled to prevent rusting2 this is also necessary with linch-pins1 keys1 etc41 to keep them free from the liability of jamming4 ,bright parts are kept in good order by applying with a brush or cloth a mixture of #a pound of white lead and pound tallow or lard heated and mixed together4 ,it is easily removed with a cloth and a little turpentine4 ,leather strapping must be kept soft and pliable4 ,cotton waste and ,putz pomade are supplied for keeping bright parts in good order4 ,articles carried in the boxes require examination to see that they are perfect4 ,sponges which have been in use ought to be washed and dried as far as possible1 the covers not being put on until quite dry4 ,painting ,carriages4--,wooden parts1 and the corresponding parts of the steel carriage1 are painted olive-color2 the other parts black4 ,whenever there is an appearance of rust under the paint of the steel gun-carriage1 it should not stand until the annual painting1 but be cleaned off at once and repainted4 ,before painting a carriage it must be dry1 thoroughly clean1 and free from grease4 ,it will not be necessary to scrape off the old paint where it is sound and firm1 but all blisters1 perished paint1 and rust on ironwork must be scraped off4 ,where the wood is bare of paint1 it should have three coats4 ,this patching should be done before the final coat is put on4 ,one coat is sufficient for the annual painting4 ,to remove old paint1 use a paste of soda and quicklime1 equal parts1 made by dissolving soda in water and then adding lime4 ,apply with a brush1 and after a few minutes wash off with hot water4 ,wash with vinegar or an acid solution before repainting to remove all traces of the alkali4 ,sponges1 rammers1 and handspikes are not painted4 ,in taking a battery in hand for repair it should first be stripped of all the stores1 the whole of the strapping and fixed leather taken off1 and the carriage thoroughly washed4 ,all metalwork requiring repairs should be attended to at once2 also canvas and leatherwork4 ,the paint is supplied by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,,care ,,of ,,guns4 ,paint for ,field-guns4--,this quantity will paint #be guns4 ,it comes in tins marked ,no4 #a and ,no4 #b1 and is furnished by the ,ordnance ,department4 ,,first ,,coat4 ,venetian red #a pounds ,oxford yellow or ,french yellow pound ,graphite #f ounces ,liquid dryer #a pint ,japan gold-size #a ,turpentine spirits #a quart ,to be well ground and strained before using4 ,,second ,,coat4 ,venetian red #a pounds ,oxford yellow or ,french yellow pound ,graphite #f ounces ,sugar of lead #b ,liquid dryer pint ,japan gold-size #a ,varnish 7copal outside7 #a quart ,turpentine spirits pint ,to be well ground and strained before using4 ,all grease must be carefully removed from the gun before application4 ,the paint should be allowed at least #dh hours to harden after the first coat before applying the second1 and twice that long 7#if hours7 after the second coat before handling4 ,guns should ordinarily be painted once a year4 ,it is injurious to the mechanism to frequently dismount it1 as the parts are dented by being dropped1 screw-threads injured1 etc4 ,they should at all times be kept in good order and free from rust and dust1 particular attention being paid to the breech mechanism4 ,animal oil should not be used2 fish-oil and cosmoline are best4 ,the use of lard-oil is injurious1 and in cold weather forms a stiff wax over all parts4 ,cotton waste and cosmoline are supplied for this purpose by the ,ordnance ,department1 and the cosmoline should be freely used in the bore1 breech1 and on breech mechanism4 ,bright parts are preserved by applying with a brush or cloth a mixture of #a pound white lead and pound tallow or lard-oil heated and mixed together4 ,it can easily be removed with a cloth and a little turpentine4 ,machine-guns4--,keep in dry storehouse1 covered and well oiled with a mixture of equal parts of sperm-oil and kerosene-oil4 ,every two or three days they should be wiped off1 a rag passed through the barrels1 and fresh oil applied4 ,the use of emery cloth or scouring material must be avoided4 ,,the ,,care ,,of ,,ammunition4 ,ammunition for field-pieces is put up in wooden boxes so painted as to indicate their contents1 viz43 for shell1 black2 for shrapnel1 red2 for canister1 light drab4 ,the kind of ammunition is also marked on the end of the box1 and the place and date of manufacture on the inside of the cover4 ,each box contains ten projectiles4 ,projectiles1 except bands and fuzes1 are painted as follows3 ,shrapnel1 with ,point-charge4--,body black2 head vermilion4 ,shrapnel1 with ,base-charge4--,body1 from band to include #c_/e of head1 black2 remainder of head and part of body in rear of band1 vermilion4 ,canister4--,wholly black4 ,shell 7,cast-iron74--,body1 including length of head1 black2 remainder of head1 next to point1 vermilion4 ,the fuze-holes should be stopped with tow or cotton waste1 and the projectiles should be kept under cover in a dry place4 ,care should be taken in handling projectiles to avoid injuring the bands4 ,projectiles for field-guns are now issued1 charged and fuzed for service1 from the arsenals4 ,shells of field-mortars should not be kept charged4 ,this is done as occasion requires when firing1 and the greatest care must be taken before inserting the fuze that the threads of both fuze and fuze-hole are perfectly free from dust1 grit1 and powder2 and when assembled the fuze must be screwed tight home4 ,powder4--,when made cartridges are not supplied1 the powder is in wooden barrels1 or in barrels of corrugated metal with bronze screw-caps1 each containing #ajj pounds4 ,on the heads are stencilled the number of the barrel1 the name of the manufacturer1 year of fabrication1 kind of powder1 the mean initial velocity and pressure per square inch on the pressure-piston4 ,each time the powder is proved the initial velocity is marked below the former proof-marks1 and the date of trial opposite it4 ,barrels of different kinds of powder are piled separately1 and1 besides being recorded in the magazine-book1 each parcel is marked with a card showing the kind and the entries and issues4 ,in the magazine the barrels are placed on their sides1 generally three tiers high1 or four tiers if absolutely necessary4 ,small skids are placed on the floor and between the several tiers1 and the barrels chocked at intervals to prevent rolling4 ,the tiers must be so arranged that the marks can readily be seen and any particular kind reached4 ,there should be an unobstructed space of several yards square at the door1 and this space1 as likewise the alleys1 should be covered with carpet or matting4 ,the magazine is provided with a well near the door2 into this the sweepings are put2 they should never be swept out at the door4 ,for the preservation of the magazine it is of the greatest importance to keep unobstructed the circulation of air under as well as above the flooring4 ,the magazine should be opened and aired only in dry1 clear weather1 when the temperature of the air outside is lower than that inside of the magazine4 ,it should not be opened in damp weather if it can be avoided4 ,the ventilators must be kept free1 and no shrubbery or trees allowed to grow near so as to screen the building from the sun4 ,the yard should be of sand or clay and well drained4 ,the moisture of a magazine may be absorbed by chloride of lime kept in an open vessel and renewed from time to time4 ,quicklime is dangerous1 and should not be used4 ,candles in lanterns are used for lighting the magazine4 ,no one should enter without first removing his shoes or putting india-rubbers over them4 ,no cane1 sword1 or anything which might occasion sparks must be carried in4 ,barrels of powder must not be rolled in transportation2 they should be carried in handbarrows1 or in slings made of rope1 canvas1 or leather4 ,all implements used in the magazine or on the barrels should be of copper or wood4 ,the barrels must never be repaired in the magazine4 ,when it is necessary to roll them for the better preservation of the powder and to prevent its caking1 it is done with a small number at a time on boards in the yard4 ,neither loaded shells1 fireworks1 nor composition for fireworks1 fuzes1 nor friction-primers1 etc41 will be stored in a magazine with powder4 ,shells should be filled in the filling-room of the service-magazine4 ,transportation of ,powder4--,in wagons4 ,the barrels of powder must be packed in straw1 secured in such a manner as not to rub against each other1 and the load closely covered with canvas4 ,sufficient guard should accompany the train to prevent all fire or smoking near the wagons4 ,no camp-fires should be allowed near the park4 ,on railroads each barrel should be tightly boxed and packed so as to avoid friction2 the cars1 if practicable1 should have springs similar to those of passenger-cars4 ,fuzes and ,friction-primers are kept as far as possible in their original packages1 and are stored in the driest and safest place in the storehouse4 ,filling ,cartridge-bags4--,the powder is carried in barrels from the magazine to the filling-room4 ,under no circumstances will the filling be done at the magazine4 ,handle powder carefully4 ,implements required3 #a copper hammer1 #a wooden drift1 #a counter-brush1 #a scoop1 #a counter-scale and weights 7brass or copper71 #a filling-funnel1 #a set of powder-measures1 cartridge-bags and twine4 ,when the cartridges are to be used with projectiles1 each charge is carefully weighed2 if for blank cartridges1 it is measured4 ,one man holds the bag open and another pours the powder into it through a funnel4 ,the bag is then securely tied with twine close to the powder4 ,when filled1 each should be marked in pencil1 showing kind and weight of powder1 and for what piece to be used4 ,filling ,projectiles4--,the bursting-charge should be weighed and carefully placed in shell through copper funnel1 the nose of which should pass below the end of the screw-thread4 ,then carefully wipe the thread of both fuze and fuze-hole before inserting the fuze4 ,,guard ,,orders4 ,battery-guards4--,a light battery serving with other troops will furnish its own park and stable guards1 police1 etc4 ,both officers and men will be exempt from other details1 and the men will not be detailed for extra duty in the staff departments1 nor for duty interfering with battery duties1 if it can be avoided4 ,a light battery serving with other troops will furnish its own stable and park guard1 which will be under the exclusive control of the battery commander4 ,battery ,stable and ,park ,guard4--,the pieces1 caissons1 etc41 with their ammunition and stores1 as well as the horses1 harness1 and forage are under the charge of a stable and park guard1 consisting of two non-commissioned officers and as many privates as may be necessary4 ,this guard will be mounted separately for each battery1 and will be under the exclusive control of the battery commander4 ,a lieutenant of the battery is detailed daily1 or for such period as the battery commander may direct1 as battery officer of the day2 the stable and park guard is under his immediate orders and those of the battery commander4 ,it is the duty of this guard to enforce the special regulations in regard to the stables1 horses1 and park4 ,the tour continues for #bd hours1 or until properly relieved by a new guard4 ,the sentinels of the stable and park guard will be posted and relieved as prescribed in ,light-artillery ,drill ,regulations4 ,they wear the sabre-belt without sabre when on post at the stable or picket-line4 ,they are forbidden to strike or otherwise punish horses4 7,between retreat and reveille the sentinels should be armed with loaded revolvers47 ,the sentinels over the horses or in charge of prisoners receive orders from the stable sergeant1 so far as the exercise of his duties are concerned4 ,the guard1 non-commissioned officers and sentinels1 will perform their duties in accordance with the rules prescribed for the troop stable-guard4 ,the employment of stable-guards for police and fatigue duties at the stables is forbidden2 but this will not prohibit the stable-guard from being required to assist in feeding grain before reveille4 7,it may be used as a herd-guard during the day47 ,the stable-guard will attend stables with the rest of the battery and groom their own horses1 the sentinels being relieved for the purpose4 ,they will wear stable frocks while grooming1 belt outside the frock2 after grooming they take off their stable frocks1 and the sentinel is again posted4 ,neither the non-commissioned officer nor the members of the stable-guard will absent themselves from the immediate vicinity of the stables1 except in case of urgent necessity and then for no longer time than is absolutely necessary4 ,no member of the guard will leave for any purpose without the authority of the non-commissioned officer of the guard4 ,the non-commissioned officer and one member of the guard will go for meals at the proper hour2 upon their return the other members will be directed to go by the non-commissioned officer4 7,with park and stable guard the guard will be so sent to meals as to leave at the guard-house one non-commissioned officer and one private1 exclusive of sentinels on post47 ,smoking in stables or their immediate vicinity is prohibited4 ,no fire or light other than the stable lanterns will be permitted in the stables4 ,stable-guard duty in the field will be performed upon the same principles1 with the modifications rendered necessary by the changed conditions4 ,duties of the ,battery ,officer of the ,day4--,he has supervision of the guard1 attends all stable duties and such drills and battery roll-calls as may be designated as requiring his presence4 ,he should inspect the guard and sentinels during the day and night as often as he may deem necessary4 ,after the new battery officer has visited the guard at guard-mounting and seen that the orders have been correctly turned over1 he will report to the battery commander for instructions4 ,commander of the ,guard4--,the senior non-commissioned officer of the guard is commander of the guard4 ,the commander of the guard is responsible for the instruction and discipline of the guard4 ,he will see that all its members are correctly instructed in their orders and duties1 and that they understand and properly perform them4 ,he receives and obeys the orders of the battery commander and the battery officer of the day1 and reports to the last named without delay all orders relating to the guard not given or transmitted by him4 ,he transmits to his successor all material instructions and information relating to his duties4 ,he is responsible for the general safety of the camp as soon as the old guard marches from the guard-house4 ,in case of any emergency occurring while both guards are at the guard-house1 the senior commander of the two guards will be responsible that proper action is taken4 ,a commander of a guard leaving his post for any purpose will mention his destination and the probable duration of his absence to the next in command4 ,should it become necessary during the absence of the commander of the guard for the next in command to leave the guard1 he will designate a member of the guard to take charge and assume the responsibility during his absence4 ,the member so designated will be obeyed and respected accordingly1 and will be held responsible for the proper performance of his duties4 ,all prisoners will be thoroughly searched before being allowed to enter the guard-house4 ,the prisoners will be marched under proper guard to the mess-hall for their meals2 they must be sent to their meals at times when the other men of the battery are not present1 and will be allowed the same time as other members of the guard4 ,the commander of the guard will record upon the guard report the names of all horses taken out during his tour 7except under paragraphs a and c1 p4 #ahe71 stating the authority under which they are taken and their condition when returned4 ,should officers' horses be returned by an enlisted man1 he will inspect them as prescribed4 ,except in emergencies1 the commander of the guard may divide the night with the next in command1 but retains his responsibility2 the one whose watch it is must be constantly on the alert4 ,the non-commissioned officer receives his orders from his battery commander and battery officer of the day1 and when relieved will turn over all his orders to his successor4 ,he instructs his sentinels in their general and special duties2 exercises general supervision over his entire guard2 exacts order and cleanliness about the guard-room2 prevents the introduction of intoxicants into the guard-house or stables2 receives by count1 from his predecessor1 the animals1 horse equipments1 and all property 7both private and public7 pertaining thereto2 examines1 before relieving his predecessor1 all locks1 windows1 and doors1 and should any be found insecure he will report the fact to the battery officer of the day4 ,he1 or the junior non-commissioned officer of the guard1 will personally post and relieve each sentinel1 taking care to verify the property responsibility of the sentinel who comes off post1 and see that the sentinel who goes on post is aware of the property responsibility he assumes4 ,during the day and night the non-commissioned officers will alternate in tours1 one of them remaining constantly on the alert4 ,that the non-commissioned officer may be more thoroughly informed of his responsibility1 all horses returning1 except those from a regular formation1 will be reported to and inspected by him4 ,he will then notify the sentinel on post1 and see that the horses are promptly cared for4 ,in case of abuse he will promptly report to the battery officer of the day4 ,should the horse be the private property of an officer1 he will report such abuse to the owner4 ,the non-commissioned officer will report any unusual occurrence during his tour to the battery officer of the day4 ,horses and other property for which the non-commissioned officer is responsible will not be taken from the stables without the order of the battery commander1 with the following exceptions3 a4 ,officers' horses and private property are subject to their own written order4 b4 ,horses authorized for mounted duty or pass may be taken out on a written order of the battery commander4 c4 ,no formal order will be required for horses and equipments to leave the stable at established hours for ceremonies1 mounted drill1 herding and watering horses4 ,the commander of the guard must be present and satisfy himself that they are being taken out solely for these purposes4 d4 ,the horses and equipments of the first sergeant and stable sergeant 7unless otherwise ordered by the battery commander7 may be taken out by themselves1 or on their written order1 between reveille and retreat4 ,this privilege may be extended to the other sergeants4 e4 ,the battery team will be allowed to leave the stables in the daytime 7between reveille and retreat7 when the wagoner reports it to be necessary4 ,in case of fire at the stable the commander of the guard will take the necessary precautions in opening or closing the doors1 so as to prevent as far as possible the spreading of the fire and make it possible to remove the horses4 ,he will then1 assisted by all the available men1 commence to lead out the horses1 and1 if practicable1 secure them at the picket-line or other designated place4 ,the non-commissioned officer will have exclusive control of the lanterns1 and will see that they are prepared during the day for lighting at night4 ,the lanterns will not be lighted1 filled1 or trimmed in the stables1 but must be taken to the guard-room1 or to such other place as may be designated by the battery commander for the purpose4 ,the non-commissioned officer must answer the sentinels' calls promptly4 ,sentinel of ,stable-guard4--,the sentinel in the discharge of his duties will be governed by the regulations for sentinels of other guards whenever they are applicable1 such as courtesies to officers1 walking post in a soldierly manner1 challenging1 etc42 he will not turn out the guard except when ordered by the proper authority4 ,the sentinel will receive orders from the battery commander1 the battery officer of the day1 and the non-commissioned officers of the stable-guard only4 ,the sentinel will not permit any horse or equipments to be taken from the stables except in the presence of the non-commissioned officer4 ,should a horse get loose1 the sentinel will catch him and tie him up4 ,if he be unable to catch the horse1 the non-commissioned officer will be at once notified4 ,in case a horse be cast1 or in any way entangled1 he will relieve him if possible2 if unable to relieve him1 he will call the non-commissioned officer4 ,sentinels are forbidden to punish or maltreat a horse4 ,when a horse is taken sick1 the sentinel will notify the non-commissioned officer1 who will in turn call the stable sergeant1 and see that the horse is properly attended to4 ,in case of fire the sentinel will give the alarm by stepping outside the stable and firing his pistol 7if he be armed7 repeatedly1 calling out at the same time1 ,fire1 stables1 battery--6 ,as soon as the guard is alarmed he will take the necessary precautions in opening or closing the doors1 so as to prevent the spreading of the fire and make it possible to remove the horses2 he will drop the chains and bars1 and1 with the other members of the guard1 proceed to lead out the horses1 and secure them at the picket-line or such other place as may have been previously designated4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,the ,horse4 ,how ,obtained4 ,description of4 ,inspection of4 ,power of ,teams4 ,weight behind ,artillery-teams4 ,gaits of ,artillery4 ,dentition4 ,plate of ,diseases4 ,sick ,horses4 ,health and ,disease4 ,veterinary ,medicines4 ,drugs and ,doses1 and ,how to ,administer ,them4 ,mashes1 ,poultices1 etc4 ,veterinary ,notes1 with ,symptoms and ,treatment of ,various ,diseases4 ,stables and ,stable ,management4 ,grooming4 ,feeding and ,kinds of ,food4 ,watering4 ,training ,horses4 ,rules for ,treatment and ,care of ,horses4 ,destruction of ,horses4 ,,horses4 ,,how ,,obtained1 ,,description1 ,,etc4 ,horses are obtained from the ,quartermaster ,department4 ,submit requisitions1 generally in triplicate1 stating the color desired1 and whether the horse is for lead-1 swing-1 or wheel-team4 ,the artillery-horse must be sound1 free from vicious habits1 a square trotter1 well broken to harness1 and must conform as nearly as possible to the following description3 ,a gelding of uniform and hardy color2 in good condition2 from fifteen to sixteen hands high2 weight of the lead-horse not less than #ajej pounds1 and that of the wheel-horse not more than #acjj pounds2 from four to eight years old2 full-chested2 shoulders sufficiently broad to support the collar1 but not too heavy2 full-barrelled1 with broad1 deep loins2 short-coupled1 with solid hindquarters2 feet sound and in good order4 ,long-legged1 loose-jointed1 long-barrelled1 and narrow-chested horses1 as well as those which are restive1 vicious1 or too free in harness1 are to be rejected4 ,,selecting ,,horses4 ,care must be taken not only that they possess the form and qualities necessary for the work they are likely to be employed in1 but also that they are docile and easy-tempered and sound4 ,form differs according to breed1 and upon it depends the fitness of the animal for draught or saddle purposes4 ,for either purpose a horse should walk and trot well4 ,horses with deeply scarred backs 7or1 if for harness1 shoulders71 or which show signs of having been much cut with the girth 7girth-galled71 should not be selected1 if avoidable4 ,if for riding purposes1 the withers should be neither too high nor too low1 and the shoulders oblique2 forearms long and muscular2 chest moderately wide and deep2 ribs well arched behind saddle and continued close to haunch2 loins broad2 hindquarters long1 wide1 and muscular2 tail set on as near the level of the croup as possible2 limbs from knees and hocks downwards short1 wide laterally1 with the tendons and ligaments standing well apart from the bone1 and distinctly defined4 ,neither beneath knee nor hock should they be narrow or abruptly tied in2 knees wide in front1 hocks sideways4 ,pasterns not too long or oblique1 inclined out or in1 nor yet too upright2 hoofs black1 if possible1 and circular in shape2 wall smooth and even from coronet to ground1 and not marked by horizontal rings2 heels well spread2 soles concave and strong2 frogs well developed1 sound1 and firm4 ,the foot in progression should be placed evenly on the ground1 neither toe nor heel coming too markedly in contact with it4 ,coarse-bred horses1 with hairy legs and large1 flat feet1 should never be chosen4 ,fore limbs should be examined for broken knees1 splints1 sprains of tendons and ligaments 7indicated by thickening1 and1 if recent1 by tenderness on manipulation71 ring-bone 7an uneven deposit of bony matter around the lower end of the pastern71 side-bone 7ossification of the elastic cartilages on each side of the foot toward the heels71 sand-crack in hoof 7usually in the inside quarter of fore foot71 chronic laminitis 7manifested by horse putting heels first to the ground1 convex soles1 walls hollow in the middle in front1 bulging at toe1 and made uneven by rings on surface71 navicular disease 7usually shown by contracted heels1 very concave soles1 lameness1 and digging toes in the ground during walk or trot1 wearing the shoe more at point of toe than elsewhere1 extending limb forward and elevating heels while at rest71 corns 7a bruise of sole at the heels1 only to be discovered by removal of shoe and paring sole at this part74 ,hind limbs should be examined for spavin in hock 7a bony tumor in front of inside hock1 best seen by standing at animal's shoulder and viewing this part of the joint in profile2 compare both hocks in this way1 and if there is any inequality1 and the prominence be hard1 it is almost certain to be spavin2 lameness or stiffness of the limb is generally present71 sprain of tendon inside hock 7marked by a swelling inside point of hock71 curb 7a sprain of ligament at back and below point of hock1 seen as a more or less prominent convex swelling on looking at the hock sideways71 sprain of back tendons or ligaments 7as in fore limb71 ring-bone 7as in fore limb74 ,the eyes should be healthy2 examine them by moving the finger smartly near the eye1 but without touching it1 when the animal will wink if it be not blind2 for careful examination1 inspect the eye in sunlight1 then cover with hand for a few seconds to ascertain if the pupil contracts and enlarges2 to examine interior of eye1 employ a lighted candle in a darkened stable4 ,examine head behind ears1 withers1 back1 and shoulders for bruises2 nostrils for glanders 7if there be any discharge72 turn round suddenly and back the horse to discover if there is sprain of back1 and if hindquarters are moved firmly and promptly4 ,inspect skin for mange and ringworm1 heels for grease and cracks1 and coronets for fistulous wounds4 ,have him ridden very rapidly for a couple of hundred yards1 stopped suddenly1 and then place ear in rear of left shoulder to listen if the heart beats properly1 and also near the nostril to hear if his breathing is all right4 ,if a hollow cough is present1 observe motion of abdomen at flank2 should this have a double ascending movement or lift in expiration1 the animal is broken-winded4 ,in galloping1 or when suddenly menaced by a blow of a whip1 should a grunt or shrill whistling sound be heard in inspiration1 the animal should be rejected4 ,if1 during rapid motion1 a wheezing noise be heard in expiration or inspiration1 the horse is unsound4 ,before selection is completed the horse should be ridden if for saddle purposes1 or driven in harness if for draught4 ,every animal will be branded with the letters ,u4 ,s4 on the left fore shoulder on the day he is received4 ,they are also branded on the left hip with the letter of the battery and the number of the regiment4 ,a complete descriptive list will be made of each animal at the time of purchase1 which will accompany him wherever he may be transferred4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,a4 ,molar teeth4 ,b ,h4 ,canine or tush4 ,c ,i4 ,incisors4 ,e4 ,atlas4 ,g4 ,orbit4 ,m4 ,cariniform cartilage4 ,n4 ,ensiform cartilage4 ,o4 ,coracoid process of scapula4 ,p4 ,spine4 ,q4 ,cartilage4 ,r4 ,trochanter major4 ,s4 ,subtrochanterian crest4 ,t4 ,trochlea4 ,u4 ,external condyle4 ,v4 ,patella4 ,w4 ,hock-joint4 #a4 ,cranium4 #b4 ,lower jaw4 #c4 ,cervical vertebr4 #d1 #d4 ,dorsal vertebr4 #e1 #e4 ,lumbar vertebr4 #f1 #f4 ,sacrum4 #g1 #g4 ,coccygeal vertebr4 #h4 ,sternum4 #i1 #i4 ,true ribs4 #aj1 #aj4 ,cartilages of true ribs4 #aa1 #aa4 ,false ribs4 #ab1 #ab4 ,cartilages of false ribs4 #ac4 ,scapula4 #ad4 ,humerus4 #ae4 ,radius4 #af4 ,elbow4 #ag4 ,os pisiforme4 #ah1 #ai1 #bj1 #ba1 #bb1 #bc4 ,carpal bones4 #bd4 ,large metacarpal bone4 #be4 ,outer small metacarpal bone4 #bf4 ,inner small metacarpal bone4 #bg1 #bh4 ,sesamoid bones4 #bi4 ,os suffraginis4 #cj4 ,os coron4 #ca4 ,os pedis4 #cb4 ,wing of the pedal bone4 #cc1 #cd1 #ce1 #cf4 ,os innominatum4 #cg4 ,femur4 #ch4 ,tibia4 #ci4 ,os calcis4 #dj4 ,astragalus4 #da1 #db1 #dc1 #dd4 ,tarsal bones4 #de4 ,large metatarsal bone4 #df4 ,outer small metatarsal bone4 #dg4 ,inner small metatarsal bone4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,head4 #a4 ,muzzle4 #b4 ,nostril4 #c4 ,forehead4 #d4 ,jaw4 #e4 ,poll4 ,neck4 #f1 #f4 ,crest4 #g4 ,throttle or windpipe4 ,forequarter4 #h1 #h4 ,shoulder-blade4 #i4 ,point of shoulder4 #aj4 ,bosom or breast4 #aa1 #aa4 ,true arm4 #ab4 ,elbow4 #ac4 ,fore arm 7arm74 #ad4 ,knee4 #ae4 ,cannon-bone4 #af4 ,back sinew4 #ag4 ,fetlock or pastern joint4 #ah4 ,coronet4 #ai4 ,hoof or foot4 #bj4 ,heel4 ,body or ,middle ,piece4 #ba4 ,withers4 #bb4 ,back4 #bc1 #bc4 ,ribs 7forming together the barrel or chest74 #bd1 #bd4 ,the circumference of the chest at this point1 called the girth4 #be4 ,the loins4 #bf4 ,the croup4 #bg4 ,the hip4 #bh4 ,the flank4 #bi4 ,the sheath4 #cj4 ,the root of the dock or tail4 ,hindquarter4 #ca4 ,the hip-joint1 round1 or whirlbone4 #cb4 ,the stifle-joint4 #cc1 #cc4 ,lower thigh or gaskin4 #cd4 ,the quarters4 #ce4 ,the hock4 #cf4 ,the point of the hock4 #cg4 ,the curb-place4 #ch4 ,the cannon-bone4 #ci4 ,the back sinew4 #dj4 ,pastern or fetlock joint4 #da4 ,coronet4 #db4 ,hoof or foot4 #dc4 ,heel4 #dd4 ,spavin-place4 ,,power ,,of ,,teams4 ,if a horse has to work at speed 7as in the case of horse-artillery7 he can1 as a rule1 under service conditions1 draw about #fjj pounds1 or carry on his back about #bfj pounds1 although in some services he is required to do more4 ,in light field-artillery1 where great speed is not expected1 this may be increased to about #gjj pounds2 for heavy field-artillery a further increase may be made4 ,metcalfe gives3 horse-artillery1 #fej pounds2 light field-artillery1 #gjj pounds2 heavy field-artillery1 #hej pounds2 and siege-artillery1 #ajjj pounds2 and the ,english ,handbook contains the following table giving a rough estimate of what teams may be called upon to transport3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,teams of ,teams of ,teams of ,teams of #d horses4#f horses4#h horses4#ab horses4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,cwt4 ,horse-artillery batteries#bj to #bd #cc to #cf ,field-batteries #bf to #cj #ci to #de #dh to #ef ,batteries of position #gj #e tons ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 b1 breast-strap2 c1 collar2 d1 double-tree2 s1 single-tree2 t1 trace4 ,owing to their interference with each other's motions1 the maximum load drawn by teams of horses increases less rapidly than does the number of horses in draught4 ,in horse-artillery teams #f horses is the greatest number that can be usefully employed2 in the heavier field-batteries #h horses are sometimes used1 but not when it can be avoided1 as it makes a cumbersome team and a large percentage of the working power of the extra pair is lost4 ,bad roads1 insufficient food1 rapid movement for short times1 and forced marches require that the weights behind horses should be kept at a minimum consistent with the service required4 ,the average weights exclusive of cannoneers of all the principal military powers are3 horse-artillery--gun-carriage1 #fcd lbs42 caisson1 #gbg lbs42#g and field-artillery--gun-carriage1 #gah lbs42 caisson1 #gif lbs4 ,,gaits ,,for ,,artillery4 ,the ,manuvring ,gallop is at the rate of twelve miles an hour 7#ceb yards in a minute74 ,this gait is used on occasions by horse-artillery1 and in great emergencies for very short distances by field-artillery4 ,the ,manuvring ,trot or ,trot-out is at the rate of eight miles an hour 7#bce yards in a minute47 ,the ,canter is at the same rate1 viz41 eight miles an hour4 ,the ,slow ,trot is at the rate of from six to six and one half miles an hour1 and should be used by light artillery for distances of several miles when necessary to move at a faster gait than a walk4 ,at drills and on road marches it should be considerably employed so that teams may move easily and with unnecessary fatigue when called on to cover long distances rapidly4 ,the ,walk is at the rate of four miles an hour 7#aag yards in a minute74 ,it is the pace usually employed on the line of march for field-batteries1 although they move1 as does horse-artillery1 at an alternate trot and walk1 covering about five miles an hour4 ,,dentition4 ,age of ,horse from ,one to ,nine ,years1 as ,indicated by ,teeth 7,incisors7 in ,lower ,jaw4--,the age of a horse is determined by3 #a4 ,the character of the teeth1 i4e41 whether they be temporary or permanent4 #b4 ,the period at which they are cut4 #c4 ,the condition of the teeth themselves4 ,temporary or milk teeth are distinguished from the permanent teeth by being smaller1 whiter1 and having more distinct necks4 ,the fangs are small and have little attachment to the gums4 ,the jaws are plump1 fleshy1 and round1 and the teeth are arranged in something like a semicircle4 ,permanent teeth are larger1 broader1 wider in the necks and more discolored than milk-teeth4 ,the plumpness and circularity of the jaw is less than in the young colt1 and gradually decreases4 ,in old age the teeth are arranged in a nearly straight line4 ,during the first ten months the six incisors appear4 ,at twelve months the teeth show little signs of wear1 the corner teeth are mere shells1 having no inner walls1 and the teeth are close together4 ,at two years the corner teeth have grown up to level of others2 the centre teeth are worn4 ,the teeth stand wide apart at necks because of growth of jaw4 ,shortly before three years old the two centre milk-teeth are shed and replaced by permanent teeth4 ,shortly before four years old the next two milk-teeth on either side are shed1 and permanent ones appear4 ,shortly before five years old the corner milk-teeth are shed1 and permanent ones appear1 but as shells only1 having no internal walls4 ,at about six years old the inner wall of the corner teeth has grown up level with outer wall4 ,the tusks appear at about three and one half years1 are matured at six1 and then begin to wear away4 ,usually absent in mares4 ,between three and five years the marks or cups in the permanent teeth are very plain4 ,at six the marks are well worn in centre teeth4 ,at seven the marks disappear from centre teeth1 are well worn in the two next1 but plain in corner teeth4 ,at eight the marks have all disappeared1 except in corner teeth1 in which they are worn4 ,at nine the marks are usually gone from all the incisor teeth in lower jaw4 ,the temporary incisors in upper jaw fall out usually a little earlier than those in lower jaw4 ,the permanent incisors in upper jaw are longer and larger than the lower1 and the mark is deeper and remains longer than in the lower teeth4 ,beyond nine years the teeth become angular and foul1 the tusks worn1 and the age only to be determined accurately by much experience and observation4 ,old horses frequently suffer from uneven and sharp-edged grinders4 ,their mouths should be occasionally examined1 particularly if the animal be off his feed1 and1 if necessary1 the teeth should be rasped off4 ,,sick ,,horses4 ,the horses on sick report are in charge of the stable sergeant1 who reports daily to the captain for instructions as to their treatment4 ,in garrison the battery officer of the day inspects the sick horses daily1 and records in his guard-report book the names of the horses on sick report1 and the treatment they receive4 ,in treating sick horses it is to be observed that very little medicine is ordinarily required1 and that unnecessary doses do a great deal of harm4 ,if a horse sustain an injury1 neglect his feed1 refuse his water1 or give any evidence of sickness1 it will be at once reported4 ,no horse on sick report will be taken from the stable or picket-line for exercise or work without permission from proper authority4 ,if there be at any time a suspicious discharge from one or both nostrils of an animal1 it must be immediately reported4 ,to prevent contagion to man or beast1 an animal that shows any decided symptoms of glanders is to be isolated at once1 and confined or tied up in some locality where no other animal can approach him4 ,a glandered horse should be killed as soon as possible4 ,the stall in which he stood is torn down and all the woodwork burned and the ironwork disinfected1 or otherwise it is closed and must remain empty until the rack1 manger1 and every part of the iron and woodwork1 as also the vessels used in watering and feeding1 and his saddle and bit1 have been three or four times thoroughly washed with a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid or a #a to #ajjj solution of corrosive sublimate2 all parts to which the latter has been applied should be thoroughly scrubbed with hot water to remove all traces of the poisonous salt4 ,the application of a lime wash to all the stalls1 after complete disinfection1 will be desirable4 ,small articles1 such as bits1 etc41 can be disinfected by keeping them immersed for a half-hour in boiling water4 ,all articles of little value that have been used with a glandered horse1 such as halters1 bridles1 horse-cloths1 saddle-cloths1 blankets1 nose-bags1 currycombs and brushes1 etc41 should be destroyed4 ,stables occupied by infected or suspected horses should be disinfected daily by washing exposed surfaces with a #e per cent solution of carbolic acid1 and nose-bags1 halters1 buckets used for drinking-water1 etc41 should be carefully washed with the same solution or with boiling water4 ,,health ,,and ,,disease4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,corresponding to the ,condition of ,points4 ----------------------------------- ,health4 ,disease4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a4 ,temperament ,vivacious4 ,dull4 #b4 ,coat ,healthy4 ,staring4 #c4 ,membranes ,pale and moist4 ,florid and dry4 #d4 ,appetite ,good4 ,bad4 #e4 ,pulse #cf to #dj per minute4 #ej to #ij4 #f4 ,respirations #h to #ab #bj to #ej4 #g4 ,temperature1 external ,warm4 ,cold4 #h4 ,temperature1 internal #ih4d to #ajj4 #aja to #aje4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,on entering a stall to determine the state of an animal the temperament and coat are first observed4 ,to examine the membranes1 elevate the nostrils so as to obtain a good view of the interior1 ascertain the condition of the appetite by observation or a trustworthy source4 ,take the pulse for a full minute4 ,the best and most usual place to take it is beneath the lower jaw1 at a spot corresponding to the swell of the jaw2 this failing1 as it sometimes does in cases of extreme weakness1 the artery inside the arm1 near where the leg joins the body1 should be sought for4 ,the number of beats1 whether soft or hard1 and whether regular or intermittent1 should be noted4 ,the respirations are best observed at the flank1 an inspiration and expiration going to make up one respiration4 ,the external temperature is ascertained by feeling the ears and extremities4 ,the internal temperature is obtained by means of a clinical thermometer4 ,set the instrument at #ih4d ,f41 insert it in the dock1 and allow it to remain in the body three or four minutes4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 #a4 ,caries of the lower jaw4 #b4 ,fistula of the parotid duct4 #c4 ,bony excrescence or exostosis of the lower jaw4 #d4 ,swelling by pressure of the bridle4 #e4 ,poll-evil4 #f4 ,inflamed parotid gland4 #g4 ,inflamed jugular vein4 #h4 ,fungus tumor1 produced by pressure of the collar4 #i4 ,fistula in the withers4 #aj4 ,saddle-gall4 #aa4 ,tumor of the elbow4 #ab4 ,induration of the knee4 #ac4 ,clap of the back sinews4 #ad4 ,malanders4 #ae4 ,splint4 #af4 ,ring-bone4 #ag4 ,a tread upon the coronet4 #ah4 ,quittor4 #ai4 ,sand-crack4 #bj4 ,contracted or ring foot of a foundered horse4 #ba4 ,capped hock4 #bb4 ,malanders4 #bc4 ,spavin4 #bd4 ,curb4 #be4 ,swelled sinews4 #bf4 ,thick leg4 #bg4 ,grease4 #bh4 ,a crack in front of the foot1 called cow-crack4 #bi4 ,quarter-crack4 #cj4 ,ventral hernia4 #ca4 ,rat-tail4 ,,veterinary ,,medicines4 ,,internally ,,administered4 ,medicines that ,act on the ,stomach and ,intestines or their ,contents4 ,cathartics4--,agents that cause purgation3 aloes1 calomel1 ,epsom salts1 common salt and sulphur1 croton1 linseed1 and castor oils1 injections and mashes4 ,anthelmintics4--,agents that destroy or expel worms3 nearly all cathartics1 tartarated antimony1 and sulphide of iron4 ,nauseants4--,agents that induce nausea3 aloes and white hellebore4 ,antacids4--,agents that counteract acidity3 soap and the carbonates of lime1 magnesia1 soda1 and potash4 ,alteratives4--,agents that bring about a healthy state of the system3 aloes1 calomel1 cod-liver oil1 sulphur1 nitrate of potash4 ,cardiacs4--,agents that invigorate the system by stimulating the stomach3 ,cayenne pepper1 ginger1 gentian1 caraway seeds4 ,demulcents4--,agents that lubricate or sheathe surfaces3 glycerine1 gum-arabic1 linseed1 and starch4 ,antidotes4--,agents that counteract the effects of poisons3 depending upon the kind of poison4 ,medicines that ,act upon the ,brain1 ,nerves1 and ,nerve-centres4 ,excitants4--,agents that stimulate the brain1 nerves1 and nerve-centres1 and thus increase their energy3 alcohol1 ammonia1 arnica1 strychnia4 ,narcotics4--,agents that are excitants1 but whose action is followed by depression of energy3 camphor1 henbane1 belladonna1 opium4 ,sedatives4--,agents that depress nervous power or lower circulation3 digitalis1 hydrocyanic acid1 tartarated antimony1 and chloroform4 ,antispasmodics4--,agents that prevent or allay cramps3 alcohol1 ethers1 oil of turpentine1 opium4 ,medicines that ,act upon ,glands or ,glandular ,structures4 ,stimulants4--,agents that act upon the glands generally3 calomel1 oxide of mercury1 iodine and its compounds4 ,diuretics4--,agents that increase the secretion of urine3 copaiba1 nitrate of potash1 turpentine1 resin4 ,parturients4--,agents that cause contraction of the womb3 ergot of rye4 ,lithontriptics4--,agents that dissolve calculi3 hydrochloric acid1 the fixed alkalies4 ,diaphoretics4--,agents that cause perspiration3 colchicum1 tartar emetic1 acetate of ammonia1 spirits of nitrous ether4 ,medicines that ,act upon the ,muscular ,fibre4 ,tonics4--,agents that act gradually1 and permanently improve digestion and nutrition3 gentian1 the sulphates of iron1 copper1 and zinc1 cascarilla bark1 camomile flowers4 ,astringents4--,agents that cause contraction of muscular fibre3 alum1 catechu1 oak-bark1 tannic acid4 ,,externally ,,administered4 ,medicines that ,act upon the ,skin and ,external ,parts by ,direct ,application4 ,refrigerants4--,agents that diminish morbid heat of a part3 salt and cold water1 solutions of acetate and subacetate of lead4 ,discutients4--,agents that dispel enlargements3 compounds of iodine1 soap liniment1 camphor4 ,rubefacients4--,agents that cause heat or redness of skin without blistering3 liniments of ammonia1 tar and turpentine1 vinegar4 ,vesicants4--,agents that produce blisters3 cantharides1 tartar emetic1 croton-oil1 hot water4 ,caustics4--,agents that decompose the part to which applied3 carbolic1 nitric1 sulphuric1 and hydrochloric acids2 chlorides of antimony and zinc1 corrosive sublimate1 nitrate of silver1 sulphate of copper1 hot iron4 ,pyogenics4--,agents that induce suppuration of wounds3 liniment and ointment of turpentine1 black hellebore4 ,detergents4--,agents that cleanse wounds and skin and excite them to healthy action3 acetate of copper1 creosote1 liniment of sulphate of copper1 ointment of chloride of ammonia and nitrate of mercury1 sulphur and some of its compounds4 ,astringents4--,agents that diminish discharge from wounds3 alum1 sulphate of zinc1 acetate of lead4 ,antiseptics4--,agents that destroy putrid condition of wounds3 carbolic acid1 salicylic acid1 iodoform1 charcoal1 chloride of zinc1 nitrate of potash1 permanganate of potash1 yeast4 ,traumatics4--,agents that excite healing in wounds3 aloes1 myrrh1 collodion1 oil of tar1 resin1 solutions of sulphate of copper and zinc4 ,emollients4--,agents that soften and relax parts3 fomentations1 lard1 olive-oil1 palm-oil1 poultices4 ,,drugs ,,and ,,doses1 ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,administer ,,them4 ,the most convenient method to administer medicine is either in the form of a bolus1 gelatine capsule1 or drench4 ,before proceeding to give medicine turn the animal around in stall in a position so that he cannot run backwards4 ,if giving a drench1 either hold head up by hand or pull it up by placing halter-shank over some high object1 pulling head up2 then place horn or bottle inside of mouth4 ,take plenty of time2 induce the horse to move his tongue1 instead of pinching his throat and pulling out tongue1 as is customary and wrong in all cases4 ,the tongue must pass back in mouth1 or else horse cannot swallow4 ,to give a bolus1 pull out tongue gently with left hand1 keeping the mouth open1 pass bolus back over root of tongue with right2 by proceeding slowly very little trouble will be experienced4 ,if the animal will eat1 medicine in the form of powder 7provided it be not very repulsive to the taste7 may be given in grain or mash1 or dissolved in the water given to drink4 ,aconite 7,tincture74--,useful in cases of fevers and inflammation4 ,dose1 #ae to #cj drops1 repeated every three hours2 should be given in one ounce cold water4 ,alcohol4--,useful as a stimulant2 one to three ounces1 repeated every five hours1 given in eight ounces cold water4 ,aloes 7,barbadoes74--,useful as a cathartic4 ,dose1 six to eight drachms1 with two drachms powdered ginger1 made into a bolus or pill2 only one dose required4 ,ammonia 7,aqua74--,useful as a stimulant4 ,dose1 one half ounce1 given three times a day in six ounces cold water4 ,ammonia 7,aromatic74--,useful in acute indigestion and flatulant colic4 ,dose1 one ounce every two hours until better4 ,arnica 7,tincture74--,useful in all cases of bruises and sprains2 should be applied frequently4 ,arsenic4--,useful as a tonic or alterative4 ,dose1 five grains given three times a day in the food4 ,belladonna 7,tincture74--,useful in allaying pains and spasms4 ,dose1 one to two drachms1 repeated every four hours4 ,bromide of ,potassium4--,useful as a nerve sedative4 ,dose1 two to four drachms three times a day1 given in water4 ,castor ,oil4--,useful as a cathartic4 ,dose1 one pint4 ,chloral ,hydrate--,useful in allaying pain4 ,dose1 one-half ounce every four hours until relief comes4 ,chloroform4--,useful as an ansthetic and anodyne in allaying pain4 ,dose1 one to three drachms given in four ounces cold water4 ,digitalis 7,tincture74--,useful as a heart stimulant4 ,also for coughs and colds4 ,dose1 one drachm three times a day4 ,dovers ,powders4--,useful for colds and coughs4 ,dose1 three drachms three times a day in feed4 ,gentian4--,useful as a tonic4 ,dose of tincture1 one ounce2 of ground1 one half ounce--in feed three times a day4 ,ginger4--,useful as a tonic and stimulant4 ,dose1 tincture1 one ounce2 ground1 one ounce--in feed three times a day4 ,iodine 7,tincture74--,useful when applied externally for sprains1 bruises1 etc4 ,iodoform4--,useful when applied to galls4 ,take one part iodoform and three parts sulphur and cover the gall with the powder4 ,iodoform one part1 cosmoline nine parts1 makes a good antiseptic ointment4 ,iron 7,sulphate74--,useful for worms and as a tonic4 ,dose1 one half ounce three times a day4 ,iron 7,tincture74--,checks bleeding1 when applied externally2 is a tonic internally4 ,dose1 one half ounce in water three times a day4 ,laudanum4--,useful in allaying pain4 ,dose1 one to two ounces1 to be repeated every two hours if pain lasts4 ,lead 7,acetate1 ,sugar of ,lead74--,useful for wounds1 bruises1 sprains1 and to allay inflammation4 ,one ounce to one quart of water1 and apply often4 ,linseed-oil4--,purgative4 ,dose1 ten to thirty ounces4 ,nitre 7,saltpetre1 ,nitrate ,potash74--,is useful in fevers1 blood disorders1 and sluggish kidneys4 ,dose1 one half to one ounce a day4 ,podophyllin4--,useful in liver disorders4 ,dose1 one to two drachms once a day4 ,quinine4--,useful in all debilitating fevers and where there is loss of appetite4 ,dose1 twenty to thirty grains five times a day in pills4 ,resin4--,useful in kidney disorders4 ,dose1 one half ounce three times a day in feed4 ,soda 7,bicarbonate74--,useful in cases where an antacid is required4 ,dose1 six drachms three times a day in feed4 ,soda ,sulphate 7,glauber ,salts74--,useful where a saline laxative is required4 ,dose1 one pound4 ,santonine4--,useful for worms4 ,dose1 two to four drachms4 ,sweet ,spirits ,nitre4--,useful for colic and kidney trouble4 ,dose1 one to two ounces in cold water1 to be repeated if necessary4 ,zinc 7,sulphate74--,useful for wounds4 ,add one quart water to one ounce zinc and apply three times a day4 ,bran ,mash4--,place bran in clean pail and pour on as much boiling water as it will absorb2 add ounce salt2 stir and then cover over to retain steam until sufficiently cool2 add1 if on hand1 to the bran a pound of well-boiled linseed4 ,gruel4--,put #a pound of meal in cold water1 place over fire1 and stir until it boils2 then simmer until thick2 permit to cool until temperature of new milk2 add wineglass of spirits if animal be exhausted4 ,poultice4--,bran1 with a little linseed-oil1 steeped in hot water2 boiled turnips or carrots2 linseed-meal and a little olive-oil4 ,charcoal ,poultice is made by adding linseed-meal to boiling water and stirring until a soft mass is produced2 then stir in powdered charcoal and sprinkle some over the poultice when made up4 ,if desired as an astringent1 add sulphate of zinc4 ,mustard4--,add water to #a pound of mustard until a thick paste2 rub on skin and then wash off carefully after #ae or #bj minutes4 ,apply again in six hours if necessary4 ,enemas4--,usually water at the temperature of the body1 #c to #f quarts4 ,sometimes a little soap is added4 ,cantharides4--,if effect of blister be too severe1 diminish by dressing part with liniment of lead1 acetate of lead1 and olive-oil2 or wash off blister and dress with oil4 ,gombault's ,caustic ,balsam is a most excellent vesicant4 ,tonics should be given under observation of surgeon and effect carefully watched1 especially mineral tonics4 ,mineral ,tonics4--,sulphate of iron1 #a to #b drachms1 with #b to #d drachms of ginger2 or sulphate of copper1 to #a drachm1 with powdered gentian #b to #d drachms2 or arsenious acid1 #e grains4 ,vegetable ,tonics4--,quinine1 to #a drachm1 dissolved in a few drops of sulphuric acid1 in a pint of water2 or oak-bark1 #b to #c drachms made into a ball with treacle and bran2 or powdered gentian-root1 #a to #b drachms2 or tincture of gentian1 #a to #b ounces in a pint of water4 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,,of ,,various ,,diseases4 ,,abscess4 ,symptoms4--,the result of a bruise or blood impurities2 is attended by pain1 heat1 and swelling1 with in time a soft or fluctuating part on its surface from which the hair falls off4 ,treatment4--,open with a knife at the soft point and free of matter2 then hot fomentations or poultices are sometimes required2 apply twice a day carbolic acid1 #a part2 water1 #bj parts4 ,,bladder ,,irritation4 ,symptoms4--,restlessness2 frequent straining2 protruding penis2 passing small quantities of urine at short intervals4 ,treatment4--,rest2 plenty of water and mucilaginous fluids1 with ounce bicarbonate of soda or potash2 warm rugs over loins2 a pint of linseed-oil if laxative is required4 ,,bladder ,,inflammation4 ,symptoms4--,similar to bladder irritation1 but more aggravated2 considerable fever1 indicated by quick pulse2 high temperature2 arching of back2 whisking tail2 frequent straining2 passing a few drops of urine at short intervals1 generally thickly colored1 with ropy mucus and pus1 and sometimes blood4 ,treatment4--,if bladder be distended1 use gentle manipulation and pressure per rectum4 ,this failing1 use catheter4 ,apply hot blanket to the loins1 and when removed rub that part with embrocation of oil1 #f ounces2 strong solution of ammonia1 #a ounce2 and tincture of opium1 #b ounces4 ,give mucilaginous drinks1 such as linseed-tea1 hay-tea1 etc41 and cooling1 laxative food4 ,after relieving congestion give ounce bicarbonate of soda two or three times a day in the drink4 ,,bowels1 ,,inflammation ,,of 7,,enteritis74 ,symptoms4--,similar to those of colic1 only there is more distress1 and the pain is continuous1 and not in paroxysms1 as is the case in colic2 the body is covered with perspiration2 pulse quick and small2 extremities cold instead of warm1 as in colic4 ,treatment4--,powdered opium1 #b drachms in watery solution2 belladonna1 #b drachms2 linseed-oil1 #a pint4 ,following this give #aj drops tincture of aconite and drachm powdered opium in watery solution every two hours4 ,frequent enemas of tepid water2 mustard or very hot water to abdomen2 hand-rub and bandage legs2 clothe warmly4 ,bran mashes and bran gruel for a short time after recovery4 ,exercise great care and give simple diet for some days4 ,,bronchitis1 ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,tubes ,,of ,,the ,,lungs4 ,symptoms4--,the first day quick breathing1 with whistling sound on listening at side of chest1 or a deeper and more noisy sound at front of chest2 pulse harder and quicker than normal2 breathing quickened2 nostril red and inflamed4 ,about second day increased secretion of mucus and suppressed cough2 pulse decreased in volume and more rapid2 breathing hurried2 dilated nostril2 heaving flank4 ,treatment4--,place animal in airy box and clothe warmly2 bandage legs2 bran mash4 ,if legs be unequal in warmth and coat inclined to stare1 give1 night and morning1 #a ounce spirits nitric ether1 #d ounces acetate of ammonia1 #h ounces water4 ,if disease unmistakably sets in1 give #a drachm carbonate of ammonia1 or ounce sweet spirits of nitre1 or sulphuric ether1 every #d to #f hours4 ,if inclined to drink1 ounce nitre dissolved in each half pail of water until the kidneys act freely4 ,have animal inhale steam from bucketful of boiling water and tablespoonful of oil of turpentine poured over hay4 ,if constipated1 #b ounces ,epsom salts1 #a ounce nitrate of potassa1 until slight effect is produced4 ,foment chest with blanket wrung out of hot water1 and also sides4 ,after each application slightly stimulate by rubbing with weak ammonia liniment 7#a part liquid ammonia sesquicarbonate to #c parts olive-oil47 ,,burns4 ,treatment4--,cover with cosmoline1 #aj parts1 carbolic acid1 #a part1 or with rags soaked in olive-oil to which a little sugar of lead has been added2 or dust thickly with starch or flour and cover with cotton-wool2 or liniment of equal parts of limewater and linseed-oil 7carron-oil74 ,,colic1 ,,spasmodic4 ,symptoms4--,the attack usually comes on suddenly2 the horse paws1 kicks his belly1 looks at his flanks1 moves about uneasily1 throws himself down violently and groans1 rolls1 lies on his back1 jumps up and oftentimes commences eating4 ,the extremities continue warm1 and between the paroxysms the pulse is normal4 ,treatment4--#a ounce chloral hydrate in pint of water--repeat in an hour if necessary2 or #a ounce tincture of opium and #a ounce sweet spirits of nitre in pint of cold water1 repeated every half-hour until well2 or #a ounces opium and #b ounces alcohol in pint water--repeat in one hour if necessary4 ,administer enema of warm water in which a little soap is dissolved4 ,should constipation be the cause1 give aloes in solution1 #e to #h drachms1 or #a pint of linseed-oil4 ,apply hot blanket to abdomen4 ,have animal walked about or belly well hand-rubbed1 and give pint of whiskey1 or brandy1 or any stimulant in pint of water if drugs be not at hand4 ,in ,flatulent ,colic1 when the bowels are distended by gas1 detected by bloated appearance and resonance on percussion1 give promptly baking-soda1 #b to #d ounces2 if this fails1 give carbonate of ammonia in -ounce doses every half-hour1 or chloral hydrate1 #a ounce in pint of water4 ,physic with #e to #h drachms ,barbadoes aloes or #a pint linseed-oil4 ,frequent enemas of turpentine1 #a to #b ounces1 and linseed-oil1 #h ounces4 ,apply hot blankets4 ,,constipation4 ,symptoms4--,uneasiness2 distended abdomen2 pulse and respiration nearly normal4 ,treatment4--,copious enemas of tepid water and a little soap4 ,dose of linseed-oil1 #a pints4 ,sloppy food2 slow exercise4 ,,corns4 ,symptoms4--,these bruises of the foot or heel are commonly caused by improper shoeing1 or leaving shoes on too long until they become imbedded4 ,they are usually on fore feet1 in that part of the sole included in the angle between the bar and the outside wall of the hoof4 ,treatment4--,if lame and when the spot is pared there be matter1 foment and poultice until lameness has disappeared4 ,then shoe with bar-shoe resting on frog1 the spot being relieved by cutting away horn4 ,,cracked ,,heels 7,,scratches74 ,symptoms4--,this is an inflammation of the oil-and sweat-glands of the skin1 due to exposure1 irritants1 mud1 filth1 cold1 washing heels with inferior soaps1 cold draughts on heels1 standing in slush or snow4 ,treatment4--,remove hair2 poultice with warm bran and charcoal1 and keep clean2 apply ointment--acetate of lead #a part1 lard #c parts4 ,if sores be deep and painful1 put on shoes with high heels4 ,feed cooling1 laxative food4 ,,curb4 ,symptoms4--,sprain of the superior straight ligament at the back of the hock-joint4 ,it looks like a swollen knot a few inches below the hock4 ,treatment4--,reduce inflammation by hot fomentations1 and after it has subsided apply biniodide ointment 7biniodide of mercury #a part1 lard #ab parts71 or a liniment composed of #b parts of soap liniment and #a of tincture of iodine4 ,if there be much thickening1 blister4 ,,distemper4 ,symptoms4--,see ,,strangles4 ,,farcy4 ,farcy of a specific nature is identical with glanders1 and is incurable4 ,,fistula4 ,symptoms4--,fistula of withers is ordinarily due to badly fitting collars or saddles1 or to bruises4 ,treatment4--,if very slight1 remove all pressure at that point 7rest if possible71 and bathe with salt water or muriate of ammonia frequently4 ,if more advanced1 use hot fomentations4 ,if matter forms1 make free opening for its escape at lowest point4 ,treat with solution of sulphate of zinc4 ,when the sore becomes healthy1 and the core removed1 use carbolic dressing and keep clean4 ,should it break out again1 inject the abscess with a solution of sulphate of zinc #bj grains to the ounce of water every second or third day until entirely healed4 ,,foot ,,inflammation4 ,symptoms4--,brought on by founder1 hard driving1 lack of moisture to hoofs1 indigestion and fevers1 punctures1 bruises1 etc4 ,manifested by increased temperature of foot1 pain on moderate percussion with hammer around the wall of hoof towards clenches and heel 7the opposite foot being held up71 and firm pressure by pincers around margin of hoof after removal of shoe4 ,treatment4--,after locating the injury remove surrounding horn freely to prevent formation of1 or to give vent to1 any matter4 ,place foot in hot water for one hour1 and then poultice4 ,dress with tar and tow4 ,,founder4 ,symptoms4--,laminitis1 or acute founder1 consists of inflammation of the lamin by which the hoof is attached to the sensitive foot1 caused by hard driving1 leaving heated horse to stand in snow1 standing in cold draughts1 too much grain and cold water afterwards4 ,the animal evinces much distress and can scarcely be made to move1 and when compelled to stir does so with great difficulty and pain1 putting heels of fore feet to the ground and bringing hind feet forward under body4 ,the feet are very hot and intensely painful1 and the slightest percussion causes great agony4 ,in standing the fore feet are advanced if they are affected 7most frequently the case74 ,if they are drawn under the body1 the trouble is in the hind feet4 ,treatment4--,give #a pint of linseed-oil2 remove shoes1 then stand in cold water or wet clay most of the time for two or three days1 and make cold applications to legs4 ,poultice if necessary4 ,then compel animal to take exercise on soft1 damp ground1 at first slowly and for short distances4 ,if tenderness remains after inflammation has passed1 blister around coronet1 and continue exercise on damp ground4 ,blister may be repeated every nine days if necessary4 ,be careful to apply blister 7cantharides #a part1 olive-oil #f or #h parts7 only on protuberant band which extends for a finger's breadth above the hoof1 and not on pasterns4 ,feed bran mashes and grass4 ,place bucket of water containing ounce nitre near by if animal be feverish1 so that he may drink4 ,,galls 7see ,,sores74 ,treatment4--,remove the cause and bathe the spot with ,castile soap and cold water as often as possible4 ,if this does not succeed1 a root will appear at the centre of the gall1 the edges of which will be clear1 the sitfast holding only by the root4 ,pull it out with pincers2 bathe frequently with cold water4 ,a little oil or grease1 free from salt1 or carbolic acid #a part1 glycerine #ae parts1 may be rubbed lightly on the parts as they begin to heal4 ,when the sore becomes healthy1 cleanse thoroughly and apply #a part iodoform1 #c parts sulphur4 ,if necessary to use the animal1 cover with old-fashioned sticking-plaster1 after putting on the powder just indicated4 ,if possible1 the collar or saddle should not bear on the spot4 ,,glanders4 ,before a horse is destroyed for either glanders or farcy he should1 as soon as suspected1 be separated from all the other animals1 and every precaution taken to prevent the spread of the disease4 ,when the disease is definitely determined1 destroy the animal at once1 burn all articles of clothing1 brushes1 brooms1 etc41 and have other articles1 equipments1 stalls1 etc41 thoroughly disinfected4 ,bear in mind that this terrible disease is highly contagious1 and easily communicated to man4 ,symptoms4--,the three characteristic signs are3 #ast4 ,a peculiar transparent1 glutinous1 and continuous discharge1 usually from one nostril1 which accumulates and entangles all kinds of filth4 ,this discharge is at first thin and aqueous1 but soon assumes the characteristic glary condition1 and is generally of a straw-color1 but in very late stages becomes more purulent4 #b;d4 ,ulceration of the mucous membranes of the nostrils4 ,before ulceration takes place in the nostrils the membrane of the part usually assumes a dingy leaden or slate color1 often in patches1 and the other parts highly injected4 ,the ultimate symptom1 leaving no doubt of the character of the disease1 is the formation of true ulcers in the nostrils4 ,the ulceration usually commences with a small vesicle on the membrane1 which after a few days bursts1 leaving a small unhealthy ulcer1 which has no disposition to heal1 but1 on the contrary1 gradually spreads and deepens4 ,the nostril first affected by discharge is generally first affected by ulceration4 ,after the formation of ulcers the discharge is often tinged with blood1 and becomes offensive4 #c;d4 ,the submaxillary gland1 in the channel formed between the lower jaw-bones1 becomes swollen and painful1 but1 as a rule1 shows no inclination to suppurate4 ,it soon becomes hard and firmly attached to the jawbone1 and ceases to be painful on the application of pressure4 ,on any one of the above-enumerated symptoms appearing1 at once isolate the animal2 have bedding destroyed1 and carefully remove all clothing1 stable utensils1 etc41 from the vicinity of other horses4 ,place a steady man in charge1 and warn him of his personal danger4 ,,grease4 ,symptoms4--,a diseased state of the skin of the legs1 more especially the hind ones1 caused by uncleanliness or washing with cold water and not properly drying them afterwards4 ,in the early stages it consists of intolerable itching1 followed by an inflammation of the sweat-glands1 and an offensive oily discharge4 ,the heels feel hot and greasy4 ,treatment4--,trim hair2 poultice with warm bran and charcoal for several days1 changing twice a day1 and cleaning with sponge and tepid water each time2 or apply a flaxseed poultice over which has been poured some lotion consisting of sugar of lead oz41 carbolic acid #a drachm1 water #a quart4 ,then1 if animal is not weak1 give a dose of purgative medicine1 and when it has acted apply to the heels a dressing of vaseline #a oz41 oxide of zinc #b drachms1 iodized phenol #bj drops2 or equal parts of sulphate of zinc and sugar of lead in water2 or carbolic acid #a part1 glycerine #bj parts1 applied with a brush and covered with lint and bandage1 is good after poulticing4 ,when the frog is affected1 pare to the quick and dress with dry caustic powders 7quicklime1 copperas1 bluestone7 or carbolic acid1 and put on tight bandage1 the dressing being renewed every day at least4 ,when there is any tendency to inflammation or ulceration of skin of heels in bad weather1 dress with lard or tallow1 or lard #h parts and alum #a part4 ,,hide-,,bound4 ,symptoms4--,the hide becomes tightly drawn over the flesh1 and the coat hard and staring4 ,treatment4--,aloes #a oz41 sulphur #c oz41 ginger oz41 linseed-meal oz4 ,make into six balls1 and give one night and morning4 ,,hoof-,,bound4 ,symptoms4--,this is the result of some preceding disease of the foot1 giving rise to an atrophy of the flesh structures of the foot1 allowing the wall to fall in and become contracted4 ,treatment4--,stand in moist place2 apply blistering liquid 7powdered cantharides #a part1 olive-oil #f to #h parts7 to coronet4 ,,hock-,,lameness4 ,this applies to a variety of diseases1 such as bog-and blood-spavin1 bone-spavin1 curb1 sprained ligaments1 etc41 all of which give rise to lameness4 ,treatment4--,rest2 hot fomentations to allay inflammation2 hand-rubbing and blistering are used according to circumstances4 ,,influenza4 ,symptoms4--,this specific epizotic fever of a low type1 associated with inflammation of the respiratory mucous membrane1 begins very suddenly with marked fever2 great dulness and extreme weakness2 headache2 limbs stiff and weak2 pulse quickened2 eyelids swollen and tearful1 and1 if inverted1 appear pink or dark red2 disinclination to move2 legs swollen2 short1 painful cough1 betraying soreness of throat2 difficulty in swallowing2 hurried breathing 7if breathing hurried and nostrils dilated1 inflammation of lungs is to be apprehended72 sometimes discharge from nostrils1 as in catarrh1 or there may be only a thin1 yellowish1 transparent fluid from the nostrils4 ,if bowels are involved1 the horse exhibits symptoms of abdominal pain4 ,if liver is also involved1 the lining membrane of the eyelid will be a yellowish-red hue4 ,constipation or diarrha almost invariably present4 ,treatment4--,isolate2 rest2 nurse carefully4 ,box stall where the temperature should be about #fj2 clothe1 hand-rub and bandage legs so as to maintain normal temperature4 ,rub throat and well towards ears with liniment made of soap liniment #b oz41 compound camphor liniment #b oz41 and tincture of opium oz4 7,soap liniment is composed of soft-soap #d oz41 camphor #a oz41 proof spirits #b pints1 solution of ammonia pint4 ,compound-camphor liniment is composed of camphor #a oz41 olive-oil #b oz47 ,if cough is severe1 steam nostrils with bucket of boiling water and tablespoonful of turpentine poured over hay4 ,should there be constipation without symptoms of bowel complications1 give injection of soap-suds and mild dose of ,epsom salts1 but not otherwise4 ,if diarrha be present1 do not check unless it increases the debility1 and then give starch or flour gruel with an ounce or two of prepared chalk4 ,if abdominal pain be great1 apply hot blankets2 same to chest if involved4 ,quinine in #bj-;grain doses four or five times a day4 ,give saline agents1 such as #a oz4 sulphate of magnesia2 or #a oz4 hyposulphate of soda2 or #d oz4 acetate of ammonia with #a oz4 nitric ether1 once or twice a day4 ,gruel of bran or oatmeal with a little nitre therein1 or cold water with nitre for drink4 ,bran mash and scalded oats for food4 ,,lameness4 ,lameness1 when in the foot1 is indicated by the animal pointing2 in the shoulder by the animal dragging or swinging the limb in a rotary manner4 ,in the majority of cases it is below the knee when in the fore leg1 and in the hock-joint when in the hind leg4 ,examine carefully1 and have the animal trotted slowly both towards and from you4 ,if the lameness be in front the animal drops on the well quarter1 and throws his head up when the unsound leg is placed on the ground4 ,if lame behind he hitches up the lame quarter1 and nods the head when the sound leg is placed on the ground4 ,then determine location4 ,if in foot1 the lameness is more apparent on hard than on soft ground4 ,if lame elsewhere1 it will be as apparent1 and probably more apparent1 on soft as on hard ground 7except in splint and other exostoses71 and is usually some sprain of a ligament between knee and fetlock in fore leg1 and in hock of hind leg4 7,see ,corns2 ,cracked ,heels2 ,curb2 ,foot ,inflammation2 ,founder2 ,grease2 ,hock ,lameness2 ,hoof-bound47 ,,lampas4 ,symptoms4--,swollen condition of roof of mouth caused by cold1 indigestion1 or growing teeth4 ,treatment4--,laxative food1 and even a mild dose of laxative medicine if required4 ,rub mouth with salt or a little alum and water4 ,,laryngitis 7,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,throat74 ,symptoms4--,sore throat consists of inflammation of head of windpipe1 indicated by cough and difficulty in swallowing2 hot and tender in region of gullet2 the least pressure may produce paroxysms of coughing2 pulse quick1 respiration somewhat hurried4 ,treatment4--,place in box stall where atmosphere is warm and moist2 avoid cold air2 hot-water fomentations1 and rub throat with ammonia liniment 7#a part liquid ammonia1 #a part cantharides1 #b parts olive oil27 soft laxative food or grass1 no hay2 sponge throat with solution of nitrate of silver #aj grains to #a oz4 of water2 steam nostrils every #ae minutes with bucket of boiling water and tablespoonful of turpentine poured over hay4 ,no laxative medicine if avoidable4 ,use enemas1 and if necessary give #b oz4 ,epsom salts in a pint of water with two drams of ginger night and morning for several days4 ,keep temperature of body normal by clothing1 and give febrifuges in the form of small doses of dram belladonna and #a oz4 nitre made into a soft ball or dissolved in water4 ,,mange4 ,symptoms4--,an eruptive disease1 very contagious2 usually most severe in winter2 ordinarily induced by inattention to cleanliness or contagion4 ,indicated by itching1 hair falling off1 skin becoming dry1 wrinkled1 and scaly1 with raw spots and cracks over the body4 ,treatment4--,if coat be long it may be necessary to clip it4 ,wash well with warm water and soap2 apply paraffine oil daily and allow to dry2 or sulphur and linseed oil well rubbed in2 or oil of tar and sulphur #b oz4 each1 and linseed oil #a pint4 ,after treating a few days1 use sal soda lb4 to one gallon of hot water to wash off body and clean skin4 ,,navicular ,,disease4 ,symptoms4--,consists of sprain of the flexor tendon1 or its sheath1 as it passes over navicular bone1 giving rise to inflammation of the joint4 ,if foot-lameness exists without apparent cause1 animal points fore foot without resting hind quarters1 wears away toe1 goes up hill sounder than he goes down1 feet1 as a rule1 contracted and hotter than usual1 we may suspect navicular disease4 ,treatment4--,rest2 allow frog to bear on ground2 cold poultices1 or stand in cold water or on clay tempered with salt and water2 laxative food4 ,in a week blister around coronet and in hollow of heel4 ,this disease can only be alleviated1 not cured4 ,,ophthalmia 7,,sore ,,eyes74 ,symptoms4--,may arise from undue exposure to sun1 cold1 wind1 dust1 etc4 ,foreign substances usually lodge under the upper eyelid4 ,the eyelids are swollen1 tears running down face1 with intolerance of light4 ,treatment4--,bathe with warm water2 dress daily with tincture of opium #b drams1 sulphate of zinc #d grs41 or alum #f grs4 and water #a oz41 and shade eyes with wide bandage suspended from brow-band4 ,keep in dark stable and avoid using in bright sunlight4 ,if feverish1 give bran mashes4 ,bathe with cold water if unable to obtain warm4 ,,paralysis ,,of ,,hind ,,quarters4 ,symptoms4--,partial or complete loss of voluntary motion of the parts1 usually brought on by high feeding and no exercise4 ,treatment4--#a dram powdered nux vomica twice a day2 good nursing2 easily digested food2 dose of ,glauber salts4 ,,pharyngitis 7,,sore ,,throat74 ,treatment4--,rub the throat with turpentine liniment 7equal parts of turpentine and olive oil74 ,,pleurisy4 ,symptoms4--,one side of chest generally affected1 especially at first4 ,when independent of pneumonia it generally begins suddenly with shivering2 breathing quick and shallow2 nostrils dilated2 respiration short and quick2 regular elevated line or ridge along the lower border of the ribs from the point of the hip to the lower part of the sternum2 fever2 short1 dry1 painful cough2 sighing grunt occasionally or when turned around2 in early stages if ear be applied to chest a sound like rubbing dry hands together will be heard2 pulse hard and wiry1 at first about #fj1 runs to #hj1 and in bad cases to #ajj and over1 but not so full and oppressed as in pneumonia2 restless and looks at side with anxious eye of pain2 paws the ground2 does not lie down1 but attempts to do so2 temperature of extremities irregular4 ,portions may be cold1 others hot4 ,in the second stage the friction sound in chest disappears2 cough loose and moist2 extremities for a time warm2 pulse less frequent1 smaller1 and weaker2 breathing less labored2 membrane of nostril loses redness4 ,treatment4--,roomy stable free from draughts2 foment with blankets steeped in hot water and wrung out1 as in pneumonia2 continue this for some time1 and when discontinued rub dry1 and after four or five days1 when acute stage has somewhat subsided1 apply to sides liniment composed of olive oil #b oz41 tinct4 cantharides #a oz41 solution of ammonia #a oz41 on alternate days4 ,this liniment is not applied until the pain manifested by restlessness has subsided2 clothe body4 ,if legs be cold1 hand-rub and flannel bandage4 ,from the beginning give the following drench every six hours3 solution of acetate of ammonia #c oz41 spirits of nitrous ether #a oz41 bicarbonate of potassium #c drams1 water #a pint4 ,in the beginning of the attack1 if pain so severe as to cause animal to lie down or paw1 give tincture of opium #b oz42 raw linseed oil #ab oz42 laxative food2 #b oz4 sulphate of soda or #a oz4 nitrate of potassa in a bucket of water to drink1 and renew as often as necessary2 if constipated1 #b oz4 ,epsom salts dissolved in water with oz4 nitrate of potassa twice a day2 or enemas of warm water may be all that is necessary4 ,the treatment during fever and if debilitated is as for pneumonia2 in fact the general treatment is the same1 except the time of applying liniment4 ,,pneumonia4 ,symptoms4--,usually begins with sudden shivering1 followed by coldness of ears and extremities2 other signs of inflammation2 staring coat4 ,the coldness of extremities is a marked sign throughout the disease4 ,animal uneasy2 turns head frequently to chest2 pulse oppressed and quick1 generally about #fj at commencement1 becomes quicker1 and may run to #ajj1 gradually becoming smaller in volume2 temperature rises rapidly1 frequently to #ajd or #aje ,f42 cough may or may not be present4 ,in early stages nasal linings paler than usual1 but become purplish and then of leaden hue2 respiration disturbed at once2 animal persistently stands with fore legs wide apart and elbows out2 never lies down except for a moment at a time1 or in extremis2 head inclined downwards1 nose protruded1 nostrils dilated4 ,in early stages a confused humming noise accompanied by a harsh1 dry murmur is heard when ear is applied to chest2 as the inflammation progresses the dry murmur gives way to a moist rattle4 ,treatment4--,box stall free from draughts2 plenty of fresh air2 blanket body2 rub and bandage legs twice a day2 plenty of drinking-water near at all times2 rub affected side with liniment 7#b oz4 olive oil1 #a oz4 tincture of cantharides1 #a oz4 solution of ammonia71 and repeat in four or five days4 ,if weather not too cold and great care can be taken1 first apply closely to chest1 every half hour for four or five hours1 a blanket wrung out of hot water1 and wrap a dry one over it2 afterwards rub on the above liniment1 and cover closely with a blanket4 ,do not use mustard4 ,no purgatives1 but give laxative diet1 scalded oats1 bran1 and linseed mashes4 ,if necessary1 give enemas of warm water three or four times a day4 ,every six hours give solution of acetate of ammonia #c oz41 spirits of nitrous ether #a oz41 bicarbonate of potassium #c drams1 water #a pint4 ,if this cannot be done1 put #c drams bi-carbonate of potassium into every bucketful of water he will drink4 ,give every three hours during fever #a dram quinine in capsule1 or mixed with a little linseed meal and molasses4 ,if much debilitated1 #f oz4 whiskey in #a pint of water every four or five hours4 ,,purging4 ,in cases of excessive purging1 either from disease or an overdose of medicine1 use extract of catechu #a dram1 cinnamon #a dram1 powdered opium dram4 ,this may be repeated two or three times a day1 thick wheaten gruel being given at the same time4 ,,punctures ,,from ,,shoeing4 ,symptoms4--,if inflammation be present1 the foot will be very hot1 and when standing still the animal continually rests it or moves it about uneasily and is afraid to put his weight on it4 ,if tapped with a hammer on the spot1 or if the sole and wall at the part be pressed by pincers1 suffering is manifested4 ,treatment4--,remove shoe2 pare sole over injury until quite thin2 make opening between sole and wall with a small drawing-knife across the track of the nail to relieve pressure and form an exit for matter2 then put foot in bucket of hot water for an hour or so1 and afterwards hot poultice4 ,when lameness has disappeared1 reshoe1 leaving out nail at injured point and filling up the cavity with tar and tow4 ,,quittor4 ,symptoms4--,in all cases in which matter forms in the foot1 whether from pricks1 corns1 or bruises1 unless it has free opening to escape by it acts as an irritant1 extending in every direction in sinuses1 and finally works its way to the coronet1 where it bursts and forms a fistulous sore4 ,treatment4--,foment2 apply poultice2 when abscess opens1 keep washed with carbolic acid4 ,keep open until internal disease is thoroughly eradicated2 then keep clean with cold water and dress with sulphate of copper1 iron1 or zinc1 #e grains of either to #a oz4 of water2 or carbolic acid #bj drops in glycerine #bj drops1 and added to #a oz4 of water4 ,for treads or wounds on coronet between hair and hoof1 and when the sore has become healthy in case of quittor1 a good treatment is common turpentine and hog's lard1 equal parts melted together4 ,spread on tow and bind on wound with bandage4 ,,ringworm4 ,symptoms4--,this contagious disease is due to the presence of a parasite in the skin1 and is manifested by the hair falling out in circular patches4 ,treatment4--,dress patches with blistering ointment 7powdered cantharides #a part1 lard #f parts71 or with tar dressing as for mange4 ,,rheumatism4 ,a peculiar form of inflammation attacking the fibrous structures of the body4 ,treatment4--,laxative food2 #f drachms of aloes1 #a drachm of calomel1 as a cathartic2 #a oz4 bicarbonate of soda1 followed daily by a dose half that amount with oz4 nitrate of potash2 if these fail1 give #b drachms of iodide of potassium in addition4 ,foment with hot water to which poppy-heads have been added1 dry thoroughly1 and apply flannel bandages4 ,clothe warmly4 ,keep quiet4 ,,sand-,,crack4 ,symptoms4--,a split in the wall of the hoof commencing on top near the coronet and extending downward4 ,treatment4--,apply bar-shoe and use hoof ointment 7tar and lard1 equal parts1 melted together74 ,if the animal be lame1 remove shoe and immerse the foot in a bucket of hot water for an hour or two1 and then poultice4 ,,scurvy4 ,symptoms4--,eruptions and itching1 often in the bend of the knee1 the hock1 or mane and tail4 ,treatment4--,apply ointment 7iodide of sulphur #a drachm1 glycerine #f oz472 give carbonate of soda #a oz4 twice a day2 oz4 ,fowler's solution of arsenic twice a day4 ,mild laxative food4 ,,sores4 ,symptoms4--,sores on back1 withers1 or shoulders are ordinarily due to recent swellings from blows or injuries of some kind4 ,treatment4--,sulphate of zinc #d drachms1 cold water #a quart2 apply by washing or with wetted bandages4 ,or first cleanse a healthy sore with soap and water1 then apply sulphur #c parts1 iodoform #a part4 ,,sprains4 ,sprains consist in an overstretching of a muscle1 tendon1 or ligament to such a degree as to rupture some of the fibres of which it is composed4 ,they are divided into muscular sprains1 tendonous sprains1 and ligamentous sprains4 ,muscular sprains usually occur in the powerful muscles of the loins and quarters2 they are serious and often permanent injuries4 ,tendonous sprains are the most common1 and the flexor tendons of the fore legs are most frequently affected4 ,ligamentous sprains are serious injuries1 and may occur in any of the numerous ligaments belonging to the joints of the body4 ,the principles of treatment are the same as for tendons4 ,symptoms4--,sprains of tendons and ligaments are manifested by heat1 swelling1 pain on manipulation1 and lameness4 ,treatment4--,first reduce the inflammation by rest and constant use of hot fomentations4 ,if the sprain be severe and at the rear part of the fore or hind leg1 raise the heel of the shoe on the affected leg an inch or more4 ,all traces of the inflammation having disappeared1 apply cold water and linen bandages1 and give a little slow exercise4 ,should the swelling show no signs of subsiding1 or the lameness continue after long and careful treatment1 firing may be considered1 but should only be undertaken by a skilful surgeon4 ,the diet should be laxative4 ,,sprains ,,of ,,back ,,and ,,loins4 ,treatment4--,rest2 keep bowels open with warm bran mashes and a dose of ,glauber salts 7 to #a lb4 sulphate of soda72 also #a drachm acetate of potassa twice a day for ten days4 ,treat externally with hot fomentations1 or blister if necessary4 ,,strangles4 ,symptoms4--,sick and off feed1 with possibly slight catarrh and feverish symptoms2 abscess forms between bones of lower jaw or elsewhere in the group of lymphatic glands2 sore throat2 difficulty in swallowing2 slobbers2 unthriftiness2 staring coat2 loss of condition2 dulness and languor4 ,treatment4--,place in cool box with plenty of fresh air2 support strength by nutritious food2 all kinds of soft and macerated food are good2 if constipated1 give laxative food and enemas1 but no strong purgative must be used2 if necessary1 pint of linseed-oil1 repeated in #bd hours if required4 ,tonics1 such as #bj grains of quinine1 or #a oz4 ground gentian1 or #a teaspoonful sulphate of iron1 three times a day4 ,bring swelling to a head by a poultice of flaxseed1 carrots1 or turnips4 ,if suffocation be threatened1 a tube must be placed in the windpipe4 ,this should be done by a skilful surgeon4 ,,sunstroke4 ,symptoms4--,manifested suddenly4 ,animal stops1 drops his head1 begins to stagger1 and soon falls to the ground unconscious4 ,the breathing is with great stertor1 pulse very slow and irregular1 cold sweats in patches4 ,in heat exhaustion the animal usually requires urging for some time previous to the appearance of any other symptoms2 generally perspiration is checked1 and then he becomes weak in his gait2 breathing hurried or panting2 eyes watery and bloodshot2 nostrils dilated and highly reddened1 assuming a dark purple color2 the pulse is rapid and weak1 the heart bounding1 followed by unconsciousness and death4 ,treatment4--,blood-letting is forbidden4 ,apply ice or very cold water to the head and along the spine for sunstroke1 but in case of heat exhaustion apply cloths wrung out of hot water4 ,the following applies to both cases3 ,give oz4 carbonate of ammonia or #f oz4 of whiskey in a pint of water2 injections per rectum1 of moderately strong ginger-tea or weak ammonia-water2 brisk friction of the limbs and the application of spirits of camphor4 ,repeat stimulants in an hour if pulse has not become stronger and slower4 ,when reaction has occurred and during convalescence1 tonics may be given3 sulphate of iron #a drachm1 gentian #c drachms1 red cinchona-bark #b drachms2 mix and give in the feed night and morning4 ,,sweeny4 ,symptoms4--,consists of a sprain of the muscles covering the outer surface of the shoulder-blade1 in consequence of which they become wasted1 leaving their place hollow4 ,treatment4--,feed muscle-making food and give moderate exercise4 ,apply from time to time a mild blister 7powdered cantharides #a part1 olive-oil #ab parts47 ,,swelled ,,legs4 ,swelled legs are more often due to general debility than to any other cause1 though it may arise from lack of exercise1 wet or filth1 or neglected cases of grease or scratches4 ,treatment4--,hand-rub2 bandage the legs2 warm clothing2 gentle exercise2 generous diet if the animal be poor2 mild dose of physic in some cases 7 pint of linseed-oil74 ,vegetable and mineral tonics are useful in some cases4 ,,thrush4 ,symptoms4--,arises from neglect and want of use4 ,manifests itself under the form of an acrid1 strong-smelling1 unhealthy secretion issuing from the sensitive frog through the cleft of the insensitive frog2 most common in hind foot4 ,treatment4--,cleanse and keep clean both feet and where the animal stands4 ,after cleansing foot gently thrust to the bottom of the cleft a piece of fine tow saturated with #a part carbolic acid1 #bj parts water1 and then cover with dry tow4 ,repeat night and morning for a few days and then dress with calomel and dry tow4 ,keep frog free from dirt and moisture4 ,,urine1 ,,retention ,,of4 ,symptoms4--,uneasiness1 distress1 anxiety of countenance2 if relief is not soon obtained1 pulse becomes quick and hard1 and ultimately imperceptible2 stretching out in endeavor to void urine2 lies down and rises up frequently2 clammy sweats4 ,treatment4--,place fresh straw under animal2 pouring water may produce sympathetic action2 steady pressure of the hand1 passed through the anus1 on the fundus of the bladder may accomplish result2 rub belly1 or wash out sheath thoroughly if caused by dirt2 #b ounces sweet spirits of nitre in pint of water1 or #a pint linseed-oil and afterwards opium #a drachms1 camphor #b drachms2 repeat in #a or #b hours if necessary4 ,if necessary to pass a catheter1 the hand well oiled is passed up the sheath1 the penis grasped and gently brought forward and held by an assistant2 the catheter1 well oiled1 is then introduced and carefully pushed forward1 and when it reaches the perinum it should be guided forward and upwards by gentle pressure of the fingers4 ,,urine1 ,,non-,,retention ,,of4 ,symptoms4--,besides excessive staling there is extreme thirst1 dry skin1 rough1 staring coat1 digestion usually out of order4 ,treatment4--,change diet2 give #a drachm iodide of potassium in #aj oz4 water daily between meals4 ,,warbles4 ,symptoms4--,recent soft swellings or tumors arising from inflammation of the skin due to friction or undue pressure4 ,treatment4--,remove cause by not permitting the saddle or collar to touch it1 and treat with salt water4 ,try to disperse1 but if necessary to open it do so fully and touch with caustic4 ,then use cold-water dressings4 ,,warts4 ,treatment4--,when small1 remove by scraping surface and dressing with chloride of zinc2 if large1 remove with knife1 and if necessary touch with hot iron4 ,if without appreciable base1 apply a paste of sulphur and sulphuric acid until it sloughs and then dress as an ordinary wound4 ,,worms4 ,treatment4--#b oz4 turpentine in a pint of linseed-oil4 ,the most effectual treatment is to administer daily for ten days or two weeks #b drachms sulphate of iron and then give a dose of physic2 change diet2 tonic4 ,,wounds4 ,simple wounds demand little attention other than cleanliness4 ,first4--,suppress hemorrhage by cold applications with pressure4 ,if the bleeding be profuse1 continuous1 and of a bright red color1 apply pressure to trunk of artery higher up leg 7if leg is injured7 than the wound1 i4e41 apply between wound and heart4 ,tie a flat web1 cord1 or handkerchief loosely around the leg1 lay a pad formed of another handkerchief immediately above the artery1 pass a stick through the loop on opposite side of leg to pad and turn it around so as to twist loop tightly4 ,a plug of cotton1 tow1 sponge1 or rag made into conical shape with point of cone toward bleeding orifice is also useful2 remove clots of blood1 apply plug and retain it by rags1 tow1 etc4 ,in large1 gaping wounds the finger or even the closed fist may be effectually employed until assistance arrives4 ,cold water1 ice1 tar1 perchloride of iron1 felt1 wool1 spider's web1 etc41 may all be employed with more or less effect in stopping bleeding4 ,second4--,remove all foreign matter1 dirt1 splinters of wood or bone1 bullets1 etc41 as far as possible1 by allowing lukewarm water to stream over wound from the mouth of a vessel2 or a piece of sponge or tow may be pressed on some part above the wound so that the water may trickle over it2 but the abraded part is not to be touched except in the removal of foreign substances by forceps or otherwise4 ,then use cold-water dressings2 apply soothing applications1 watery solution of opium1 carbolic acid lotion1 tincture of arnica1 or simple ointment4 ,hot fomentations may be used after cleansing to reduce inflammation4 ,compress and bandage are preferable to stitches in bringing the parts together2 the former to be used after the inflammation begins to subside1 and the latter not until all inflammation has disappeared4 ,the lowest end of the wound must be kept open to permit the escape of matter during healing2 this is usually accomplished by inserting a piece of dry lint between the edges of the wound4 ,general treatment is rest and low diet4 ,third4--,during healing-stage dress with carbolic acid #a part1 water #bj parts2 or carbolized oil2 or bluestone 7sulphate of copper7 dissolved in water1 #b drachms to the pint2 or tar ointment 7tar #a oz41 sulphur oz41 lard #a oz472 or light blister of cantharides 7powdered cantharides #a part1 olive-oil #ab parts7 to neighboring parts in case of indolent wound4 ,if proud flesh crops out above the surface of the wound1 remove it by applying sulphate of copper or zinc 7as above71 or nitrate of silver1 or alum1 in order to keep it below the surface of skin1 so that the parts may unite4 ,,general ,,directions ,,for ,,shoeing ,,horses4 ,in preparing the horse's foot for the shoe do not touch with the knife the frog1 sole1 or bars4 ,in removing surplus growth of that part of the foot which is the seat of the shoe use the cutting-pincers and rasp1 and not the knife4 ,the shoeing-knife may be used1 if necessary1 in fitting the toe-clip4 ,opening the heels or making a cut into the angle of the wall at the heel must not be allowed4 ,the rasp may be used upon this part of the foot when necessary1 and the same applies to the frog4 ,no cutting with a knife is permitted1 the rasp alone being used when necessary4 ,flat-footed horses should be treated as the necessity of each case may require4 ,in forging the shoe to fit the foot be careful that the shoe is fitted to and follows the circumference of the foot clear around to the heels2 the heels of the shoe should not be extended back straight and outside of the walls at the heels of the horse's foot1 as is frequently done4 ,the shoe must not be fitted too small and the outer surface of the walls then rasped down to make the foot short to suit the shoe1 as often happens4 ,heat may be used in preparing and shaping the shoe1 but the hot shoe must never be applied to the horse's foot4 ,make the upper or foot surface of the shoe perfectly flat so as to give a level bearing4 ,a shoe with a concave ground surface should be used4 ,in garrison1 at the discretion of the commanding officer1 the horses may be left unshod4 ,shoes will be fitted and kept ready to be put on the horses4 ,the new ,burden shoe called the easy has just been adopted as the ,u4 ,s4 service shoe4 ,never use a nail that gives the slightest indication of splitting1 a result that may be expected if they be cold-forged4 ,always use a hot-forged nail4 ,the ,putnam nail1 hot-forged1 is excellent4 ,,stables ,,and ,,stable ,,duties4 ,foul air and dampness are the cause of many diseases of the horse2 hence the importance and economy of spacious1 clean1 dry1 and well-ventilated stables4 ,ceilings should be twelve or fifteen feet high1 with large ventilators through the roof1 and a window or side aperture in each stall1 which should be placed well above the horse's eyes4 ,if possible1 the building should have no upper story or loft4 ,in stables with a loft1 ventilation from the top is always insufficient1 and there must be side openings well above the horses1 so that the draught will pass over their heads4 ,these openings must never be closed except on the windward side1 to keep out rain or snow4 ,there should be a passageway for feeding in front of the stalls1 and so that the horses can look to the right and left4 ,their heads should never be placed against a partition if it can be avoided4 ,double stalls should not be less than #d feet by #i feet to each horse2 and single stalls should be #e feet wide4 ,stalls #f feet wide and #aj feet long are greatly to be preferred4 ,not less than #abjj cubic feet should be allowed to each horse in the stable4 ,a picket-line is established in the immediate vicinity of the battery stable1 the horses being tied to a hemp or wire rope or chain passed through the picket-posts4 ,there should be shallow trenches behind the horses to carry off rain1 the ground on which they stand having just enough slope to let the water run into the trenches1 or there may be a single drain in the centre along the line of the picket-posts4 ,constant attention must be paid to maintaining the ground about the picket-line in good order4 ,hut ,stables4--,rough sheds with clapboarded roofs are the best2 with the litter and some wet earth good walls can soon be constructed around the shed2 these walls should be vertical on the inside1 but with a good slope toward the outside4 ,sheds made #cj feet wide can accommodate two rows of horses1 their heads being turned toward one another4 ,plenty of openings must be left for doors by which to remove the horses quickly in case of fire1 and drainage must be well attended to4 ,the stalls1 or standing-space1 should be #e feet wide and #i feet long4 ,an excellent shed can be made under the lee of a bank by erecting forked poles1 placing connecting pieces1 and laying thereon boards or poles and thatching4 ,,general ,,rules ,,for ,,stable ,,management4 ,the stable sergeant takes immediate charge of the police and sanitary condition of the stable1 picket-line1 etc41 and is the custodian of the forage and stable property generally4 ,the stable is to be kept thoroughly policed1 free from smells1 and well whitewashed4 ,there must be no accumulation of manure or foul litter inside1 or near the doors or windows without4 ,the feed-boxes are washed out frequently and kept perfectly clean4 ,the ground about the picket-line is swept daily and all dung1 etc41 carried to the manure-heap4 ,except at night1 when the horses are bedded down1 no manure or urine is to remain in the stalls2 the stable police remove it as fast as it accumulates4 ,if practicable1 all woodwork within reach of the horses and not protected with sheet iron or other metal is painted with thin gas-tar1 to prevent its being gnawed2 it should be thoroughly dried before putting horses near it4 ,the same precaution must be followed with regard to troughs1 picket-posts1 and hemp picket-line4 ,smoking in stables or in their immediate vicinity is prohibited4 ,one or more lamps will be hung in each stable1 to burn during the night4 ,the horses are stalled according to their positions in the battery1 the teams nearest the door being led out first2 their places at the picket-line will be in accordance with the same rule4 ,the name of each horse1 and that of his rider or driver1 are placed over his stall4 ,clay is the best for earthen floors1 as it packs well4 ,gravel or sandy earth is not suitable4 ,each man is held responsible for the removal of the earth and the levelling of the floor of his stall4 ,the sloping of the floor of stalls from the manger to the heel-post is injurious and uncomfortable for the animal1 who stands in an unnatural position1 with the fore legs higher than the hind ones4 ,when earthen floors are not level1 they give more trouble1 as the horse will paw a hollow for his fore feet unless he can elevate his hind legs by backing out of the stall4 ,whenever the horses go out of the stable1 the windows of their stalls are to be kept open1 unless necessary to exclude rain or snow1 or when cold draughts affect the animals in contiguous or opposite stalls4 ,stable doors are never closed in the daytime except to keep out the wet or to exclude cold winds4 ,if the doors be in a single piece1 bars are put across the doorway2 if divided in half1 it will be usually sufficient to open the upper part4 ,at night1 except in very hot weather1 they should be closed and locked1 communication with the stable being kept up by a manhole4 ,except in very cold1 windy weather1 or in very hot weather1 where there is no shade1 horses should stand most of the day at the picket-line1 as they have better air and are less confined1 while the stables become drier and more healthful4 ,in ordinary climates military stables must be kept as cool as possible4 ,if the horses do not stand directly in the draught1 the colder the stable the less will they suffer if suddenly called to take the field4 ,for the same reason horses should never be blanketed in the stable except in very cold weather in high latitudes4 ,,stable ,,duty4 ,the captain is responsible for the proper performance of stable duty in his battery4 ,at morning stable-call the cannoneers1 assisted by the prisoners1 clean out the stalls and police the stable under the direction of the stable sergeant4 ,the bedding is taken up1 that which is much soiled being separated for the manure-heap1 and the remainder put on the racks or spread upon the ground to dry4 ,if necessary1 the drivers assist after they have done grooming4 ,at evening stable-call the stable is policed as in the morning2 the bedding is laid down and fresh straw spread on top of it2 the bed must be soft and even1 with the thickest part toward the manger4 ,horses are groomed twice daily1 at morning and at evening stable-calls1 under the supervision of the first sergeant and battery officer of the day4 ,in special circumstances it may be advisable to groom only once1 about noon4 ,the grooming is always at the picket-line1 except in stormy weather4 ,each driver1 whether on guard or not1 grooms his own horses1 under the superintendence of his chief of section4 ,supernumerary horses are groomed by a detail of cannoneers under the direction of a corporal1 who is assigned to this duty4 ,in each platoon the horses of the chiefs of section are groomed by a cannoneer1 who is permanently detailed1 both horses being attached for grooming purposes to the section to which the cannoneer belongs4 ,the trumpeters groom their own horses under the direction of the first sergeant4 ,at evening stable-call each man examines and cleans out his horse's feet1 and sees that the shoes are in good order4 ,horses requiring shoeing are reported to the proper non-commissioned officer1 who notifies the stable sergeant4 ,each horse should be groomed not less than twenty minutes1 beginning with the near horse4 ,if any horses are not properly groomed they will be left at the picket-line1 and groomed by their drivers under the direction of a non-commissioned officer of the guard4 ,in garrison1 when there are no available prisoners1 two or more men1 called the stable police1 are usually kept at work between morning and evening stable-calls in removing manure1 policing generally1 feeding1 etc4 ,in horse-batteries stable duty is conducted on the same principles1 with such modifications as the nature of the service demands4 ,,grooming4 ,take the currycomb in the right hand1 fingers over back of comb2 begin on the near side at the upper part of the neck1 thence proceed to the chest1 arms1 shoulders1 back1 belly1 flank1 loins1 and rump4 ,then go to the off side1 taking comb in left hand1 and proceed as before4 ,the currycomb is applied gently1 and is used only to loosen the scurf and matted hair2 it is not used on the legs from the knees or hocks downward except to carefully loosen dried mud4 ,next take the brush in left hand1 and change currycomb to right2 begin at the neck on the near side1 and proceed in the same order as in currying1 brushing also the parts not touched by the comb2 on the off side take brush in right hand1 currycomb in left4 ,in places difficult to clean apply the brush backward and forward1 finishing by leaving the coat smooth4 ,after every few strokes clean the brush from dust with the currycomb4 ,having done with the brush1 rub or dust off the horse with the grooming-cloth1 wipe about the eyes and nostrils1 and clean the dock4 ,the skin under the flank and between the hindquarters must be soft1 clean1 and free from dust4 ,currycombs1 cards1 or common combs must never be applied to the mane or tail2 but the brush1 fingers1 and cloth are freely used on both4 ,the wisp is used when the horse comes in warm from exercise1 and he is rubbed against the hair until dry1 from his hindquarters up to his head4 ,,feeding4 ,in garrison it is recommended that grain be fed at first call for reveille by the stable sergeant1 assisted by one or two members of the stable-guard1 or men detailed for the purpose4 ,the grain1 in a box on wheels1 is rolled in front of each stall1 when it is transferred to the feed-boxes by allowance-measures4 ,grain is fed again at evening stable duty as in the morning1 but not until after the hay has been distributed and the stable swept up4 ,in camp or on the march grain is fed at morning and evening stables4 ,the men are matched to the forage-wagons or other grain depository1 where the non-commissioned officer in charge1 with an allowance-measure1 issues to each in turn4 ,gruel is very good for horses when tired4 ,to make it1 put a double handful of fresh coarse oatmeal in a bucket1 add a little cold water1 mix well1 and add #a gallons of hot 7not boiling7 water4 ,stir well till smooth1 and give it at the temperature of new milk2 add a wineglass or two of spirits if horse is much exhausted4 ,in garrison hay is fed thrice daily--immediately after morning stables1 in the middle of the day1 and at evening stables2 at the evening feed each animal should have at least one half of his daily allowance4 ,the dust must be well shaken out of the hay before it is put in the mangers4 ,during the short days of winter the feeding at noon may be omitted without injury to the animals4 ,in camp hay is fed at the picket-line morning1 noon1 and evening2 on the march1 in the evening only4 ,the occasional use of bran is important for stabled horses4 ,in spring or early summer they should have grass for at least a week or ten days1 during which time they ought not to be much worked4 ,salt should be given at least once a week4 ,when forage cannot be obtained1 grazing should be allowed at every spare moment1 especially early in the morning when the dew is on the grass4 ,the daily allowance of oats1 barley1 or corn is #ab pounds to each horse2 that of hay1 #ad pounds2 the allowance of straw for bedding is #ajj pounds a month to each animal4 ,barley and corn should both be crushed1 if possible1 when used to feed horses or mules4 ,good oats weigh about #cb pounds to the bushel1 barley about #dh pounds1 corn about #ef pounds4 ,pressed hay weighs about #aa pounds per cubic foot4 ,good ,oats are clean1 hard1 dry1 sweet1 plump1 full of flour1 and rattle like shot4 ,they have a clean and almost metallic lustre4 ,those in a sample vary but little in size1 and are entirely free from smell4 ,the pressure of the nail ought to leave little or no mark on them4 ,the value of an oat depends mainly on its weight per bushel4 ,dirty oats weigh heavier than clean ones4 ,new oats can be distinguished from old by their smell1 which is fresh and earthy1 and by their taste1 which is fresh and milky1 while that of the old oats is slightly bitter4 ,new oats are indigestible4 ,oats one year old are best4 ,various ,defects in ,oats4--,kiln-dried4--,oats that have been dried to render them hard after they have been damp4 ,they have a loose and shrivelled appearance about the ends of the husks1 and are easily recognized by their peculiar smell and reddish color4 ,foxy ,oats4--,oats that have undergone a certain process of fermentation from having been stowed in bulk when not perfectly dry4 ,they are unfit for horses1 are of a reddish color1 and have both bitter smell and taste4 ,their reddish color is sometimes gotten rid of by subjecting them to fumes of sulphur1 which makes them unnaturally white4 ,damp ,oats are objectionable and should be rejected4 ,continued dampness soon produces softness1 mustiness1 mouldiness1 and sprouting4 ,dirty ,oats4--,this can be remedied by winnowing4 ,hay4--,there is a great variety of grasses4 ,the best hay contains a large proportion of the best of these1 along with clover and other good herbage1 and only a small proportion of the inferior kinds1 whilst in the inferior kinds of hay good herbage is nearly entirely wanting1 and the inferior grasses predominate4 ,the characteristics of good hay are green color combined with a delicate smell and taste1 a presence of flowers in their natural colors1 and of a variety of grasses and good herbage 7not weeds71 and clover of moderate fineness1 crispness1 and hardness4 ,straw must be wheat1 oats1 or rye straw2 barley induces disease of the skin4 ,it ought to be long and strong4 ,horses are inclined to eat wheat straw when new4 ,,watering4 ,horses must be watered quietly1 and without confusion2 the manner in which this duty is performed is a good test of the discipline of a mounted command4 ,horses are to be led or ridden at a walk to and from water1 depending upon its distance from the stable4 ,at the drinking-place no horse should be hurried or have his head jerked up from the water4 ,if a stream is used for watering horses from the bank1 the level of the water must not be more than #c or #d inches below the latter2 and if the water is very shallow dams should be constructed to deepen it1 as animals drink more rapidly when water is at least #f inches deep4 ,mules should be watered higher up stream than horses4 ,when animals will not drink from a stream1 they will frequently do so from a bucket with a handful of grass on the water4 ,in the field or on the march the watering is from the most convenient running water2 in garrison it is usually from troughs4 ,in warm weather water drawn from a cold well or spring before being used should stand long enough for the chill to pass off4 ,the horses are watered under the immediate direction of the first sergeant1 but if they are liable to meet those of other commands at the watering-place a commissioned officer should replace him4 ,during the hot months horses are watered thrice daily--in the morning1 at noon1 and just before grooming in the afternoon4 ,at other times two waterings are enough1 after morning and at evening stables4 ,in very cold weather once a day1 at noon1 is sufficient4 ,it is to be always remembered that a horse will rarely drink enough very early in the morning4 ,the daily allowance of water for a horse is six gallons4 ,on the march horses are watered with buckets carried on the carriages4 ,the oftener this is done the better1 as it is not usually known when another watering-place will be reached4 ,when horses have to make a day's march without water1 they will be watered after they are fed1 just before leaving camp in the morning4 ,if a mounted command has to march a long distance without water1 so that it will be necessary to encamp en route1 the animals are well fed1 but denied water until just before starting1 when they are permitted to drink freely4 ,the command marches in the afternoon1 and does not encamp until it has accomplished at least half of the distance1 and moves early the next morning to reach water4 ,,training ,,horses4 ,horses are trained by the best horsemen1 under the supervision of an officer or non-commissioned officer4 ,it should be carefully impressed upon the men that the horse may be made gentle and obedient by patience1 kindness1 and fearlessness2 that punishment is only to be resorted to when necessary1 and then only administered immediately after the commission of the offense2 and that nothing should ever be done to the horse in anger4 ,the restlessness or impatience which frequently arises from exuberance of spirits and playfulness must be carefully distinguished from that which arises from viciousness or timidity4 ,when restless1 the horse should be held until he becomes calm2 when submissive after punishment1 he should be treated kindly4 ,the men should endeavor to inspire him with confidence1 and he should gradually be accustomed to warlike sounds--firing1 beating of drums1 etc4 ,as one horse is apt to be governed by the actions of another1 trained horses that are indifferent to such sounds should be interspersed among the new ones4 ,the first object to be obtained in training a horse is to render him gentle and tractable by progressive lessons4 ,for this purpose all proper means must be employed1 such as feeding1 handling1 patting him1 taking up his feet1 etc41 and the practice of the longe4 ,the practice of the longe is also intended to supple him and teach him the free and proper use of his limbs4 ,it likewise aids in forming his paces and fits him for service in the battery4 ,the men employed in this most important part of the horse's education must be selected for their natural fondness for animals1 as well as for their patience1 coolness1 and intelligence1 and should not be changed until the horses are sufficiently instructed to take their places in the battery4 ,,bridling4 ,a plain snaffle-bridle should at first be used and put on with great care and gentleness4 ,if the horse resists1 no violence should be used4 ,he should be turned round in his stall and the instructor should take the end of the halter while the man quiets and encourages the horse4 ,by careful treatment he will soon be accustomed to the sight of the bit and will allow it to be placed in his mouth4 ,the reins will be tied so as to hang loosely on the neck4 ,cavesson4--,the cavesson is a bridle head-stall1 to which a nose-band1 encircling the horse's head1 is added2 the latter is adjustable by means of a buckle2 the chin-strap has a running ring to which the longeing-strap is attached4 ,when the snaffle-bridle has been properly fitted1 the cavesson is carefully put on4 ,the nose-band should be about three inches above the nostrils2 if higher1 it would partly lose its power2 if lower it would affect the horse's breathing4 ,it must not be so tight as to make the horse uneasy4 ,,longeing4 ,this instruction should be begun on a circle from fifteen to twenty yards in diameter4 ,as horses are usually fed1 watered1 saddled1 and led from the near side1 they are inclined to lead better from that than the off side4 ,it will therefore generally be found necessary to give two lessons on the right to one on the left4 ,the first lesson to be taught the young horse is to go forward4 ,until he does this freely nothing else should be required of him4 ,when he obeys freely1 he should occasionally be stopped and caressed4 ,if the horse hesitates or stands still when he is ordered to move on1 he should be encouraged1 as such hesitation oftener comes from fear and ignorance as to what is required than from obstinacy or vice4 ,the horse should at first be led around the circle at a walk4 ,a man with a whip 7with which at first the horse should not be struck7 should follow at a short distance and show the whip occasionally if the horse is inclined to hang back2 if this does not produce the desired effect1 he should strike the ground in rear of the horse1 and at length touch him lightly with the whip until he obeys4 ,after the horse begins to move freely at a walk the man holding the longeing-rein should gently urge him to the trot1 gradually lengthening the rein so that it may be scarcely felt1 and should go round the circle at an active pace nearly opposite the horse's shoulder so as to keep him out and press him forward4 ,if the horse takes kindly to this lesson1 the man holding the rein may lengthen it by degrees until he has only to turn in the same spot1 the man with the whip being careful to keep the horse out to the line of the circle4 ,should the horse break his pace1 or plunge1 the rein should be shaken without jerking it until he returns to the trot4 ,the man holding the longeing-rein should have a light and easy hand4 ,for the first two or three days the horse must not be urged too much2 if he goes gently1 without jumping or resisting1 enough is accomplished4 ,he should be longed to the right1 left1 and right again1 changing from a walk to a trot and back again in each case4 ,he should be frequently halted by gently feeling the rein and speaking to him4 ,after a few days of the above practice the horse may be urged a little more in the trot1 but the greatest care and attention are requisite to teach him the use of his limbs without straining him4 ,much harm may be done in this instruction by a sudden jerk or too forcible pull of the longe4 ,care must be taken that the lessons are not made so long as to fatigue or fret the horse4 ,at first they should be short and be gradually increased in length as the instruction progresses4 ,at the conclusion of each lesson the horse should be led to the centre of the ring and made much of4 ,the man holding the longeing-rein should take it short in one hand1 at the same time patting and rubbing the horse about the head and neck with the other2 he should then try to bend the horse's neck a little to the right and then to the left by means of the longeing-rein4 ,the bend should be in the very poll of the neck1 and this exercise should be repeated at the end of every lesson1 cautiously and by slow degrees1 until the horse responds easily4 ,this exercise will greatly facilitate the future instruction of the animal4 ,the running-rein is of great value in teaching a horse to keep his head in a proper position1 and affords valuable aid in his first handling4 ,if judiciously used1 it saves the rider a great deal of trouble and the horse much ill usage4 ,it is especially useful in controlling horses that are inclined to bolt4 ,it should act directly on the snaffle-bit itself1 and is wholly independent of the reins4 ,the ,running-rein consists of three parts--the chin-strap1 martingale1 and rein4 ,the ,chin-strap1 about six to eight inches long1 on which is suspended a loose ring1 is fastened to both snaffle-bit rings4 ,the ,martingale has only one ring2 the loop through which the girth passes is made adjustable by a buckle4 ,the martingale is so adjusted that when taut the ring will be on a level with the points of the horse's shoulders4 ,the ,rein is about eight and one half feet long2 one end is buckled into the near pommel-ring2 the free end is then passed through the martingale-ring from rear to front1 thence through the chin-strap ring from left to right1 thence through the martingale-ring from front to rear1 and is held in the rider's right hand4 ,a pull on this rein will act directly on the mouth-piece1 drawing it back and somewhat downward toward the horse's breast-bone4 ,,preparatory ,,lesson ,,to ,,make ,,the ,,horse ,,tractable4 ,before commencing the bending lessons it is well to give the horse a preparatory one in obedience4 ,this first act of submission makes the horse quiet and gives him confidence1 and gives the man such ascendancy as to prevent the horse at the outset from resisting the means employed to bring him under control4 ,go up to the horse1 pat him on the neck1 and speak to him2 then take the reins from the horse's neck and hold them at a few inches from the rings of the bit with the left hand2 take such position as to offer as much resistance as possible to the horse should he attempt to break away2 hold the whip in the right hand1 with the point down2 raise the whip quietly and tap the horse on the breast2 the horse naturally tries to move back to avoid the whip2 follow the horse1 pulling at the same time against him1 and continuing the use of the whip2 be careful to show no sign of anger nor any symptom of yielding4 ,the horse1 tired of trying ineffectually to avoid the whip1 soon ceases to pull and moves forward2 then drop the point of the whip and make much of him4 ,this repeated once or twice usually proves sufficient2 the horse1 having found how to avoid the punishment1 no longer waits for the application of the whip1 but anticipates it by moving up at the slightest gesture4 ,,bending ,,lessons4 ,these lessons should be given to the horse each day so long as the snaffle-bit is used alone2 but the exercise should be varied1 so that the horse may not become fatigued or disgusted4 ,the balance of the horse's body and his lightness in hand depend on the proper carriage of his head and neck4 ,a young horse usually tries to resist the bit1 either by bending his neck to one side1 by setting his jaw against the bit1 or by carrying his nose too high or too low4 ,the bending lessons serve to make a horse manageable by teaching him to conform to the movements of the reins and to yield to the pressure of the bit4 ,during the lessons the horse must never be hurried4 ,to ,bend the ,horse's ,neck to the ,right4--,take a position on the near side of the horse1 in front of his shoulder and facing toward his neck2 take the off rein close up to the bit with the right hand1 the near rein the same way with the left hand1 the thumbs toward each other1 the little fingers outward2 bring the right hand toward the body1 at the same time extend the left arm so as to turn the head to the horse's right4 ,the force employed must be gradual and proportioned to the resistance met with1 and care must be taken not to bring the horse's nose too close to his chest4 ,if the horse moves backward1 continue the pressure until1 finding it impossible to avoid the restraint imposed by the bit1 he stands still and yields to it4 ,when the bend is complete1 the horse holds his head there without any restraint and champs the bit2 then make much of him and let him resume his natural position by degrees1 without throwing his head around hurriedly4 ,a horse1 as a rule1 champs the bit when he ceases to resist4 ,the horse's neck is bent to the left in a similar manner1 the man standing on the off side4 ,to ,rein in4--,cross the reins behind the horse's jaw1 taking the near rein in the right hand and the off rein in the left1 at about six inches from the rings2 draw them across each other till the horse gives way to the pressure and brings his nose in4 ,prevent the horse from raising his head by lowering the hands4 ,when the horse gives way to the cross-pressure of the reins1 ease the hand and make much of him4 ,,saddling4 ,this should be done at first on the longeing-ground4 ,one man1 facing the horse and taking the snaffle-reins in both hands near the bit1 should hold him while another places the saddle on his back4 ,if the horse shows no uneasiness or resistance1 let down the cincha-strap and cincha2 fasten the cincha-strap loosely at first1 and tighten it afterwards by degrees4 ,care must be taken not to make the cincha so tight as to cause uneasiness to the horse4 ,if the horse resists or is restless1 remove the saddle and let him see and smell it2 he will then generally allow it to be placed2 if necessary1 strap up a leg until the horse is saddled4 ,the longeing is then continued with the horse saddled4 ,,mounting4 ,when the horse becomes accustomed to the saddle1 he should be mounted4 ,two men should assist the man who is to mount4 ,the man with the longe1 facing the horse and taking the snaffle-reins in both hands near the bit1 holds his head rather high and engages his attention2 the second man bears down on the off stirrup at the proper moment to keep the saddle even when the third man mounts4 ,the man who mounts proceeds with caution1 stopping and caressing the horse if he shows any uneasiness2 after being seated the man pats the horse a few moments1 and without attempting to make him move1 dismounts with the care and gentleness exercised in mounting4 ,this is repeated several times1 until the horse submits without fear4 ,the rider then mounts1 takes a snaffle-rein in each hand1 and feels lightly the horse's mouth2 the man with the longe leads the horse forward and afterwards longes him to the left1 and then to the right1 at a walk2 if the horse shows any disposition to kick or plunge1 the longe is shaken to engage his attention and to keep up his head4 ,after a few turns the rider dismounts1 the horse is fed from the hand1 patted1 and dismissed4 ,these lessons are continued until the horse can be mounted and dismounted without any difficulty2 and when he can be made to go forward1 to the right and left1 to halt and rein back by gentle application of the aids1 the longe is dispensed with4 ,the horse is now exercised in the riding-hall or open mange1 the lessons for young horses not exceeding three quarters of an hour4 ,the horse is ridden on the track first at a walk1 then at a slow trot1 and afterwards the trot and walk are alternated1 care being taken to turn the corners squarely2 the horse is next marched to the right and left1 halted and reined back to accustom him to obey the bit and the pressure of the legs4 ,when he is obedient to the snaffle1 the horse is equipped with the curb-bit4 ,the bit must have rings at the ends of the mouthpiece for snaffle-reins1 or a bit-bridoon must be used in order that the horse may be accustomed by degrees to the action of the curb-bit4 ,the first instruction given to the horse with the curb-bit is bending the neck and reining in1 dismounted2 he is then mounted and exercised in the riding-hall or open mange as before described1 and receives the bending and reining lessons mounted4 ,,bending ,,lessons1 ,,mounted4 ,the horse is now equipped with a curb-bridle4 ,to ,bend the ,horse's ,neck to the ,right4--,adjust the reins in the left hand2 seize the right rein with the right hand well down2 draw it gently to the right and rear until the horse's head is brought completely around to the right1 in the same position as in the bend dismounted4 ,when the horse champs the bit1 make much of him1 and allow him to resume his natural position4 ,the horse's neck is bent to the left in a similar manner4 ,to ,rein in4--,lower the bridle-hand as much as possible1 turning the back uppermost2 with the right hand1 nails down1 take hold of the curb-reins above and close to the left hand and shorten them by degrees1 drawing them through the left hand1 which closes on the reins each time they are shortened4 ,when the horse resists much and holds his nose up1 keep the reins steady2 do not shorten or lengthen them2 close the legs to prevent the horse from backing2 after remaining perhaps a minute or more with his nose up and his jaw set against the bit he will yield1 bring his nose in1 and champ the bit2 make much of him1 loosen the reins1 and after a few seconds rein in again4 ,this exercise gives the horse confidence1 and teaches him to arch his neck and bring his head in proper position whenever he feels the bit4 ,most young horses are afraid of the bit1 and they must never be frightened by sudden jerks on the reins1 lest they should afterwards refuse to stand the requisite pressure of the bit4 ,a certain amount of bearing is necessary to induce the horse to work boldly and well1 as well as to apprise the rider of what the horse is going to do4 ,in reining in1 some horses rest the lower jaw against the breast2 to counteract this1 press both legs equally and force the horse forward to the bit4 ,some horses will not work up to the hand2 that is1 will not bear the bit at all4 ,such horses are unfit for the service4 ,whenever1 without an apparent cause1 a horse resists or is restive1 the bit1 saddle1 and equipment should be carefully examined to see if any part hurts or irritates him4 ,,rearing4 ,should the horse rear1 the rider must yield the hand when the horse is up1 and urge him vigorously forward when he is coming down2 if the horse is punished while up1 he may spring and fall backward4 ,use the running-rein with a rearing horse4 ,,kicking4 ,this can be prevented by holding the horse's head well up and closing the legs2 if necessary1 they are closed so much as to force the horse forward4 ,,shying4 ,this sometimes results from defect of sight and sometimes from fear4 ,if from fear1 the horse must be taken up to the object with great patience and gentleness1 and be allowed to touch the object with his nose4 ,in no case should a horse be punished for timidity4 ,the dread of chastisement will increase his restiveness4 ,,to ,,accustom ,,the ,,horses ,,to ,,firing4 ,station a few men at a little distance from and on both sides of the stable-door1 and cause them to fire pistols as the horses are led into the stable to be fed2 for the same object a gun may be fired during the hour of feeding4 ,if a horse is nervous1 he may be put on the longe and fed from the hand and petted each time the pistol is discharged2 or he may be thrown1 care being taken not to discharge the pistol so as to burn him or injure him in any way4 ,the horses should be trained to be steady under the fire of the pieces1 and also under pistol-firing by the cannoneers on the chests and by the drivers from their teams4 ,,swimming ,,horses4 ,the horses are at first equipped with the watering-bridle1 and are without saddles4 ,the reins are on the horse's neck just in front of the withers1 and knotted so that they will not hang low enough to entangle the horse's feet1 care being taken to have them loose enough to permit the horse to push his nose well out1 so as to have entire freedom of the head4 ,the horse should be watered before putting him into the stream4 ,when the rider gets into deep water1 he drops the reins1 seizes a lock of the mane with the up-stream hand1 allows his body to drift off quietly to the down-stream side of the horse1 and floats or swims flat on the water1 guiding the horse as much as possible by splashing water against his head1 only using the reins when splashing fails4 ,the horse is easily controlled when swimming2 he is also easily confused1 and it is therefore necessary that the rider should be gentle and deliberate4 ,the rider must be cautioned that the horse is easily pulled over backward by the reins when swimming1 and also that he may plunge when he touches bottom4 ,when the horse touches the bottom at the landing1 the rider pulls himself on the horse's back and takes the reins4 ,the rider may also be required to swim1 holding the horse's tail1 allowing the horse to tow him4 ,after the man and horse have gained confidence1 the rider may be required to be seated on the horse while swimming4 ,as the extra weight presses the horse down and impedes his movements1 the rider should hold his knees well up to lessen the resistance1 and steady his seat by holding on to the mane or pommel of the saddle4 ,the men are instructed1 in crossing running water1 to keep their eyes fixed on the opposite bank4 ,the practice of swimming gives horses confidence in deep water when in harness4 ,streams deep and wide enough to swim one and even two pairs of a team have been crossed by light artillery in our service4 ,,breaking ,,in ,,the ,,young ,,horse ,,to ,,harness4 ,the harness should be put on the horse in the stable with caution1 and at first without the traces1 so that in the event of the horse jumping about they will not hang about his legs and frighten him4 ,the horse should then be fed in his harness1 and after standing for some hours be walked about in it4 ,when the horse has thus been fed and walked about1 and has become reconciled to the harness1 the traces should be attached1 and a rope tied to the rear end of each2 a man then takes the ends of the ropes1 and the horse is walked about1 the man holding the ropes1 taking care that the traces do not rub against the sides of the horse in the beginning1 but accustom him to them gradually4 ,when the horse has become accustomed to the pressure of the collar and traces1 he may then be hitched in with a steady horse4 ,at first the utmost caution should be observed and a foreleg held up1 if necessary1 while the traces are being fastened1 and no noise or shouting should be permitted4 ,after being hitched in1 the horse should be permitted to stand still for some minutes before the carriage is started1 and it should be put in motion by the other horses4 ,the horse should be left to himself and not be required to draw at first2 all that should be demanded of him is to move forward quietly4 ,,management ,,of ,,vicious ,,horses4 ,a vicious or refractory horse may be thrown4 ,he is thus made to submit to control without exciting his resentment1 or suffering any other physical pain than that resulting from his own resistance4 ,during the operation the man acts with deliberation1 speaks with a kind voice1 and never uses harsh treatment4 ,,to ,,throw ,,the ,,horse4 ,the method explained is a modification of the one generally known as ,rarey's ,method4 ,the horse is equipped with a watering-bridle and surcingle4 ,the surcingle is buckled securely but not tightly around the horse's body just back of the withers4 ,the man is provided with two strong straps4 ,no4 #a is about ten feet long and one inch wide1 and has a loop or iron ring at one end4 ,no4 #b is about three feet six inches long and from one and one half to two inches wide2 one end has a strong buckle and two keepers 7one on each side of the strap74 ,in the absence of straps as specified1 the halter-strap may be substituted for ,no4 #a1 and the stirrup-strap for ,no4 #b4 ,the horse is taken to an open space1 preferably covered with turf1 free from stones1 etc41 to prevent injuring the horse's knees4 ,pass the free end of ,no4 #a through the ring and make a slip-loop2 raise the horse's off forefoot1 and place the loop around the pastern2 see that the loop has no twist in it2 let the foot down1 draw the strap taut1 and pass the free end over the horse's back from the off side and under the surcingle from front to rear1 the free end hanging down on the near side4 ,pass the free end of ,no4 #b through the inside keeper and make a slip-loop2 raise the near forefoot and place the loop around the pastern1 with the buckle outside1 and make it snug2 raise the heel against the forearm1 pass the free end of the strap1 from the inside1 over the forearm1 and buckle the strap sufficiently tight to hold the leg in this position4 ,let the bridle-reins either hang down or place them on the neck2 they may be caught hold of at any time after the first plunging is over4 ,it is important that the off forefoot be kept from the ground after the horse first raises it1 and this will be better accomplished if both hands are used at strap ,no4 #a during the first plunge4 ,the man takes his place behind the surcingle on the near side of and close to the horse1 the left foot in advance1 and grasps securely with the left hand the free end of ,no4 #a1 and1 if the strap is long enough1 makes a turn with it around the left hand1 the right hand grasping it loosely1 forefingers close to the surcingle1 back of the hand against the horse's back4 ,quietly and gently urge the horse forward2 the instant he raises his foot1 pull the strap with the left hand1 bring the off heel against the forearm1 the strap slipping through the right hand1 which should be kept in place1 but which grasps the strap as soon as the foot is sufficiently raised1 and holds it firmly2 make a turn with the strap around the right hand1 and take both reins in the left hand on the near side of the horse4 ,the horse is now brought to his knees2 bring the horse's nose well to the left and raised1 placing the right shoulder and arm against the horse's side1 thus indicating to him that he is to lie on his right side4 ,a horse of a stubborn disposition may remain in this kneeling position for some time1 and this he should be allowed to do until he is willing to lie down of his own volition4 ,no force will be used to push the horse down4 ,from this kneeling position the horse may rear and plunge1 but as he moves so should the man1 maintaining his relative position to the horse1 and a firm hold of the long strap1 in order to deprive the horse of the use of his right foreleg4 ,in most cases1 after remaining in this kneeling position for a short time1 the horse will lie down4 ,the man maintains his hold of the strap and reins until the horse is quiet and shows no immediate disposition to attempt to rise2 or he has the strap and reins so placed that he can grasp them directly the horse attempts to get up4 ,to dispel his fears and reconcile him to his unexpectedly assumed position1 he should now be petted1 spoken to in a kindly tone of voice1 and generally made much of4 ,when he becomes quiet and ceases to struggle1 the man should pass around him1 handle his feet1 and straighten out and rub his legs4 ,if the horse shows no inclination to rise before being told to do so1 the straps may be unfastened and removed1 but so long as the eye shows a wild1 startled expression the straps should not be removed4 ,the eye is the true index of the horse's feelings and disposition1 and if closely observed will always betray his intentions4 ,when he has remained in the lying position for a short time after the straps have been removed1 and he no longer struggles or attempts to rise1 or if he attempts to rise and cannot be prevented from doing so1 the man should raise his horse's head a little with the reins and command3 ,up6 ,when the horse gets up1 he should be made much of and given to understand that he has done what was required of him4 ,it will be advantageous to throw the horse three or four times at each lesson1 but the throwings should not follow each other in rapid succession1 in order to avoid the overfatigue and constraint which might incite the horse to insubordination and resistance4 ,it will be found that horses of a peculiarly wilful and stubborn disposition will not lie quiet after the straps have been removed4 ,to overcome horses of this class1 the long strap should be made fast to the left fore foot so that both knees will be secured in a bent position4 ,the horse need be no longer held1 but will be allowed to struggle4 ,he may rear1 or plunge1 or assume a kneeling position1 but whatever he may do no restraint should be put upon him4 ,after finding that all his struggles are of no avail1 and that the only result attained by them is suffering to himself1 he will succumb and quietly lie down4 ,when1 from his ceasing to struggle when handled1 and from the appearance of his eye1 there is reason to believe that the horse has yielded1 the straps may be gradually loosened and removed4 ,two or three lessons properly administered in this way will conquer the most stubborn horse4 ,after a stubborn horse has been thrown several times1 it may happen that he will not permit his fore leg to be strapped up1 and will resist by rearing1 plunging1 striking1 or kicking4 ,in such cases another strap1 ,no4 #c1 may be necessary4 ,this is a strong leather surcingle about three inches wide in which two iron rings1 about two feet six inches apart1 are securely fastened4 ,the leather girth is secured so that the rings will be about the middle of the horse's sides4 ,two long straps1 ,no4 #a1 are used4 ,one is placed on each front pastern without raising the foot4 ,the free ends of the straps are run through the rings on the surcingle so that they can be used as a pair of driving-reins4 ,these straps are held by one man in rear of the horse1 while another1 approaching the horse on the near side1 attempts to raise his left foot4 ,the instant the horse rears1 strikes1 or plunges he is brought to his knees by the man holding the long reins2 after this is repeated several times the horse will allow his foot to be strapped up4 ,should the horse stand1 or refuse to move1 the whip may be used4 ,these means may be used to break horses of rearing1 plunging1 or bucking under the saddle4 ,in this case the surcingle is dispensed with2 the rider holds the straps and exerts sufficient force when the horse is refractory to bring him to his knees4 ,the same means may be used to discipline horses which refuse to carry double1 the man in the rear holding the straps4 ,,to ,,break ,,the ,,horse ,,of ,,kicking4 ,the horse is thrown and one end of each of the long straps is made fast to the bit-rings2 the other ends are passed through the rings on the leather surcingle and secured to the hind pasterns4 ,when thus secured1 all means should be resorted to in order to make the horse kick1 and this should be repeated until he no longer struggles or attempts to move his hind legs under any provocation whatever4 ,,treatment ,,and ,,care ,,of ,,horses4 ,horses require gentle treatment4 ,docile1 but bold1 horses are apt to retaliate upon those who abuse them1 while persistent kindness often reclaims vicious animals4 ,a horse must never be kicked in the belly1 or struck about the head with the hands1 reins1 or any instrument whatever4 ,never threaten1 strike1 or otherwise abuse a horse4 ,before entering a stall speak to the horse gently1 and then go in quietly4 ,never take a rapid gait until the horse has been warmed up by gentle exercise4 ,never put up a horse brought to the stable or line heated1 but throw a blanket over him and rub his legs1 or walk him until cool4 ,if he is wet1 put him under shelter and wisp him against the hair until dry4 ,never feed grain to a horse1 or allow him to stand uncovered1 when heated4 ,hay will not hurt a horse no matter how warm he may be4 ,never water a horse when heated1 unless the exercise or march is to be immediately resumed4 ,a few mouthfuls of water1 however1 will do no harm1 and should ordinarily be given him4 ,never throw water over a horse coming in hot1 not even over his legs or feet4 ,never allow a horse's back to be cooled suddenly by washing or even removing the blanket unnecessarily4 ,to cool the back gradually1 the blanket may be removed and replaced with the dry side next the horse4 ,at least two hours' exercise daily is necessary to the health and good condition of horses2 they should be marched a few miles when cold weather1 muddy ground1 etc41 prevent drill4 ,horses' legs will be often hand-rubbed1 particularly after severe exercise1 as this removes enlargement and relieves or prevents stiffness4 ,in mild weather the sheath will be washed out once a month with warm water and castile soap and then greased2 during the cold season the intervals between washings should be longer4 ,sore backs and galled shoulders are generally occasioned by neglect4 ,the greatest pains will be taken in the fitting of the saddles and collars2 the men must never be allowed to lounge or sit unevenly in their saddles4 ,every driver should keep a pair of soft leather pads1 stuffed with hair1 about six inches by four2 the moment any tenderness is noticed in a horse's shoulder1 the pressure is removed by placing these pads under the collar above and below the tender part4 ,,destruction ,,of ,,horses4 ,occasions arise rendering the destruction of horses necessary4 ,the following instructions will enable one to arrive at a point directly over the summit of the brain1 and which when fired upon will cause instantaneous death4 ,draw a line1 ,a ,a1 horizontally across the forehead from the upper margin of one zygomatic ridge to the other1 and from its central point1 ,b1 measure vertically upward on the forehead #c to #d inches4 ,the point1 ,d1 thus obtained is directly over the brain-cavity4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,before firing1 the horse should be induced to lower his head1 which is easily accomplished by placing a little food upon the ground1 the muzzle of the weapon being brought directly over the spot indicated4 ,it is a mistake to suppose that the star1 or curl1 is over the brain-cavity1 for it is generally below the cavity4 ,,chapter ,,vii4 ,organization of ,artillery4 ,composition of ,light ,batteries4 ,equipment4 ,equipment and ,clothing for ,marches4 ,marches4 ,selection of ,camps4 ,making ,camp4 ,breaking ,camp4 ,allowance of ,wagons4 ,,organization ,,of ,,artillery4 ,artillery troops are divided into light artillery and heavy artillery4 ,to the light artillery belongs the service of the batteries which manuvre with troops in the field4 ,the light-artillery batteries include horse-batteries1 in which the cannoneers are mounted on horseback2 field-batteries1 in which the cannoneers march by the side of their pieces1 or are mounted on the ammunition-chests1 axle-seats1 and off horses2 and mountain-batteries1 in which the pieces may be transported on pack-animals4 ,machine-batteries are designated1 according to their equipment and model of gun1 as horse1 field1 or mountain1 ,gatling1 ,gardner1 etc41 batteries4 ,the #c4b-;inch gun is used in both field-and horse-batteries2 the #c4f-;inch gun is used in field-batteries only4 ,a field-battery equipped with the #c4b-;inch gun is called a light field-battery2 one equipped with the #c4f-;inch gun is called a heavy field-battery4 ,a battalion of artillery consists of two1 three1 or four batteries1 and is commanded by a field-officer of artillery4 ,the heavy artillery of an army in the field consists of those batteries which serve the siege-and position-guns1 and the artillery-ammunition and supply trains4 ,the light artillery of an army corps consists of divisional artillery and corps artillery4 ,the ,divisional ,artillery consists of a battalion of from two to four batteries1 is an integral part of the division1 and is commanded by a field-officer who has a staff consisting of an adjutant 7lieutenant71 sergeant-major1 quartermaster-sergeant1 and chief trumpeter4 ,the ,corps ,artillery consists of two or more battalions2 it is composed of field-and horse-batteries in suitable proportions1 and is commanded by a colonel who has a staff consisting of an adjutant 7lieutenant71 a quartermaster and commissary 7lieutenant7 sergeant-major1 quartermaster-sergeant1 and chief trumpeter4 ,all the artillery attached to an army corps constitutes an artillery brigade4 ,a battalion of horse-artillery is attached to and is part of each division of cavalry4 ,in smaller commands a battery may be attached to an infantry or cavalry brigade4 ,the proportion of artillery is from three to four guns to one thousand men4 ,the chief of artillery of an army or corps is a brigadier-general1 and is on the staff of the commander of the corps4 ,the corps artillery is under the orders of the brigadier-general1 chief of artillery1 and he also assumes control of the divisional artillery in action when ordered to do so by the corps commander4 ,the field-officer commanding the divisional artillery is the chief of artillery of the division1 and is on the staff of the division commander1 but he will encamp with the divisional artillery4 ,,composition ,,of ,,light ,,batteries4 ,a battery consists of a fixed number of pieces and caissons of a combined battery-wagon and forge1 and an artillery-wagon1 together with a sufficient number of officers1 men1 and horses for the efficient service of the battery4 ,organization of ,light ,batteries4--,a battery is maintained on one of the following footings3 #a1 for instruction2 #b1 for war4 ------------------------------------- ,instruction4 ---------------------- ,field-battery4 #f ,guns1 #d ,caissons4 -------------------- ,officers4,men4,horses4 ----------------------------------- ,captain #a ,lieutenants #c ,staff-sergeants #b;a #b ,sergeants #f #f ,corporals #i;c #c ,artificers #d;e ,trumpeters #b #b ,guidon #a #a ,wagoner ,drivers #bd #dh ,cannoneers #cf ,supernumerary drivers ,spare horses #d ,range-finders4 -------------------- ,total #d #hd #ff ----------------------------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,war4 ---------------------- ,field-battery4 #f ,guns1 #i ,caissons4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,officers4,men4,horses4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,captain #a ,commanding the platoons and caissons4 ,lieutenants #d ,staff-sergeants #c;b #c a4 ,first sergeant1 stable and veterinary sergeant4 ,sergeants #f #f b4 ,first sergeant1 ,corporals #ae;d #i quartermaster and stable and veterinary sergeants4 ,artificers #e;f #e c4 ,six gunners and three ,trumpeters #b #b caisson corporals4 ,guidon #a #a d4 ,six gunners and nine ,wagoner #a #d caisson corporals4 ,drivers #dh #if ,cannoneers #hd e4 ,two blacksmiths1 one ,supernumerary saddler1 one machinist4 drivers #h ,spare horses #af f4 ,three blacksmiths1 one saddler1 one machinist ,range-finders4 #b #b ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total #e #age #add ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,the machinist should be conversant with the construction and mechanism of the gun1 and competent to make the ordinary repairs it may require4 ,the men should be intelligent1 active1 and muscular1 and not less than five feet five inches1 nor more than six feet1 in height2 very large men are specially undesirable4 ,the great majority should be men accustomed to horses2 a suitable proportion must be mechanics4 ,if a public horse be allowed to each subaltern1 the number of horses in the above table will be proportionately increased4 ,the battery-wagon and forge and the artillery-wagon1 when not horsed1 must be kept with the battery and equipped with the proper tools and stores4 ,when a battery on the instruction footing is ordered to march1 it must be supplied with additional horses necessary to horse all the carriages4 ,in horse-batteries1 in addition to the number of horses above described1 ten saddle-horses 7including one spare horse7 are required for each gun detachment4 ,,equipment4 ,in garrison the first sergeant1 quartermaster-sergeant1 stable and veterinary sergeants1 and chiefs of section are armed with the sabre1 and the caisson corporals1 trumpeters1 guidon1 and drivers also1 when specially directed4 ,in the field the first sergeant1 quartermaster-sergeant1 stable sergeant1 and chiefs of section are armed with the sabre and revolver2 all other men are armed with the revolver and knife4 ,in preparing for a march or field service the kinds and quantities of supplies required will depend on the duration and character of the work4 ,having determined what is required1 divide the work of preparing for service among the officers and non-commissioned officers immediately in charge1 and then carefully superintend the work yourself4 ,attention is called to the following points3 ,rations1 forage1 medicines1 veterinary medicines1 instruments1 and bandages1 leather and spare parts for repairs to harness1 carriages1 etc41 horseshoes1 horseshoe-nails1 blacksmith's1 saddler's1 and carpenter's tools 7if there be no battery-wagon and forge71 field-desk1 with a supply of blanks1 paper1 envelopes1 pens1 ink1 and pencils1 the necessary company-books1 and a book of telegraph blanks1 ammunition 7shell1 shrapnel1 canister1 cartridges1 fuzes1 fuze-cutters1 friction-primers1 lanyards71 oil for harness1 cosmoline for guns1 equipment and clothing for each man1 number and kind of tents1 ,sibley stoves1 axes1 hatchets1 mauls1 scythes1 sickles1 buckets1 spades1 shovels1 pickaxes1 wagon-tongues1 coupling-poles1 hame-strings1 open links1 odometer1 rope1 axle-grease1 picket-rope1 light jacks1 lanterns1 matches1 cooking utensils1 personal outfit4 ,,cooking ,,utensils4 ,,pack ,,in ,,box ,a4 #ge #aej ,article4 ,men4 ,men4 ,dishpans #b #c ,coffee-mill #a #a ,bread-knives #b #b ,meat-knives #b #b ,steel #a #a ,cleaver #a #a ,saw #a #a ,forks1 carving #b #c ,forks1 spit #b #b ,spoons1 long #b #b ,can-openers #b #b ,ladles #b #b ,frying-pans #b #b ,small rations ,,pack ,,in ,,box ,b4 #ge #aej ,article4 ,men4 ,men4 ,coffee-boiler #a #b ,camp-kettles #d #f ,water-buckets #b #c ,dipper #a #a ,hash machine #a #a #a axe1 #a spade1 #a shovel1 tied together and fastened to outside of box4 ,put the camp-kettles inside the coffee-boilers4 ,vinegar-keg1 #a1 ,dutch ovens1 #b1 or ,buzzacott oven1 #a1 for #ge men2 double the number for #aej men4 ,one of the boxes may be large enough to contain the ,buzzacott oven4 ,in order to pack it put in the top inverted1 and then invert the body of the oven and set it inside the top4 ,,equipment ,,and ,,clothing ,,for ,,marches4 ,,officers' ,,clothing1 ,,equipment1 ,,etc4 ,an officer's equipment usually consists of sabre1 revolver1 and ammunition1 and a good binocular-glass4 ,he should also be provided with a compass1 watch1 knife1 and notebook and pencil4 ,a small watch so fitted in a leather strap that it may be worn on the wrist is recommended as very convenient4 ,the clothing and bedding carried will depend on the climate and the character of the march4 ,the following list contains about everything one requires3 #a water-bucket4 #a dipper4 #a quart cup1 tin4 #a washbasin1 rubber4 #a small looking-glass4 #a lantern1 with oil or candles for same4 #a small oil-stove1 fitted in box4 #a oil-can4 #e gals4 oil4 #a tin matchbox4 ,box of matches4 #a or #b folding-chairs4 #a folding-bed4 #a folding-table4 #a rubber blanket4 #a small strip carpet4 #a pillow4 ,necessary bedding4 #a pair trousers1 extra4 #a blouse1 extra4 #a pair shoes4 doz4 shoestrings4 #a pair overshoes4 #a pair slippers4 #a pair gauntlets1 extra4 #a campaign hat4 #a overcoat4 #a rubber coat4 #b pairs drawers1 extra4 #b undershirts1 extra4 #b flannel shirts4 #d pairs socks4 #d towels4 doz4 handkerchiefs4 #a sponge1 in oil-silk bag4 ,packages of toilet-paper4 #a portfolio1 with pens1 ink1 paper1 envelopes1 and stamps4 #a hold-all1 containing comb1 brush1 clothes-brush1 scissors1 soap 7in soapbox71 toothbrush and tooth-powder1 shaving materials4 #a housewife1 with needles1 thread and buttons4 ,pipe1 tobacco1 and fuzees4 #a piece stout cord4 #a tape-measure4 #a pocket-map4 ,in ,cold ,climate4 #a buffalo or felt-lined overcoat4 #a fur cap4 #a pair fur gloves4 #d pairs woolen socks4 #a pair felt boots4 #a pair high arctic overshoes4 ,extra bedding or sleeping-bag4 ,sticking-plaster1 lint1 safety-pins1 tin of mustard-leaves1 and a few simple remedies in case of dysentery1 diarrha1 constipation1 etc4 ,if messing alone1 #a tin kettle1 #a frying-pan1 #b baking-pans 7small71 #a wire gridiron1 #a corkscrew1 salt-and pepper-boxes1 #a can-opener1 #a small meat-knife1 #a iron fork 7long71 #a iron spoon 7long71 #a small soup-ladle1 #b plates1 #b tin cups1 #b spoons1 #b teaspoons1 #b knives1 #b forks1 tablecloths and napkins1 and such stores as one may wish4 ,,equipment ,,and ,,clothing ,,for ,,enlisted ,,men4 ,equipment for ,each ,enlisted ,man4--,one hunting-knife1 one pistol1 one holster1 one pistol-cartridge belt 7woven71 one screwdriver1 one canteen1 one cup1 one meat-ration can 7knife1 fork1 and spoon71 and for each cannoneer one haversack4 ,clothing for ,each ,enlisted ,man4--,two blankets1 one rubber blanket or poncho1 one overcoat1 one campaign hat1 one pair of leggings1 two blouses1 two pairs of trousers1 two dark blue flannel shirts1 two knit undershirts1 two pairs of drawers1 two pairs of shoes1 three pairs of socks1 two towels1 toilet articles1 and stable-clothing for those requiring it4 ,the extra articles will be carried as follows3 ,by ,mounted ,non-commissioned ,officers1 ,trumpeters1 and ,guidon4--,dark-blue flannel shirt1 undershirt1 drawers1 socks1 and screwdriver1 in saddle-bag1 off pocket4 ,mess-kit1 in saddle-bag1 near pocket4 ,blouse1 trousers1 and shoes1 in knapsack4 ,overcoat1 rolled and strapped on the cantle of saddle4 ,nose-bag1 on off side of cantle1 the strap passing around and under the overcoat4 ,canteen and cup 7cup on canteen-strap7 strapped to near pommel-ring4 ,by ,drivers4--,dark-blue flannel shirt1 stable-clothes1 and shoes1 in saddle-bag1 off pocket1 near horse4 ,mess-kit1 in saddle-bag1 near pocket1 near horse4 ,blouse1 trousers1 and screwdriver1 in the saddle-bag1 off pocket1 off horse4 ,undershirt1 drawers1 and socks1 in saddle-bag1 near pocket1 off horse4 ,overcoat1 rolled and strapped on cantle1 near horse4 ,nose-bags1 one on each side of off horse1 the strap passing around the cantle and under the overcoat4 ,canteen and cup 7cup on canteen-strap7 strapped to near pommel-ring1 near horse4 ,watering-bridles1 currycombs1 brushes1 and halters1 in the nose-bags4 ,by ,cannoneers4--,blouse1 trousers1 and stable-clothes1 in knapsack1 flap side4 ,underwear1 shoes1 and screwdriver1 in knapsack1 bottom side4 ,mess-kit1 in haversack1 worn on left side of person1 or carried in wagon4 ,overcoat1 strapped on knapsack4 ,canteen and cup 7cup on canteen-strap7 worn on right side of person4 ,the blankets1 folded in section bundles1 are carried in the wagons4 ,the knapsacks are carried in the wagons4 ,if there be an artillery-wagon with the battery1 all the men have knapsacks and haversacks1 which are utilized as prescribed for cannoneers4 ,when the ,army of the ,potomac crossed the river in ,october1 #ahfb1 each officer was responsible for his own outfit2 each man carried five days' short rations in his knapsack and three in his haversack1 one half shelter-tent1 his blanket or overcoat1 one change of underclothing1 and his arms and ammunition4 ,to ,roll the ,overcoat4--,turn one sleeve wrong side out1 fold the overcoat right side out along middle back seam1 sleeve laid straight1 sleeve wrong side out underneath4 ,fold cape twice from side to side1 lay it on coat1 collar to collar4 ,turn edges of coat in so as to make sides parallel1 and to measure #ab inches wide at shoulder and #af inches at bottom4 ,roll from collar down to within #bj inches of bottom1 turn up bottom and pull one thickness of skirt over the roll1 making all snug4 ,,marches4 ,the general1 sounded one hour before the time designated for marching1 is the signal to strike tents1 load wagons1 pack animals1 and send them to the place of assembly4 ,the execution of marching orders must not be delayed4 ,if the commander is not with the troops when they are to march1 the next in rank puts the column in motion4 ,when a march is in prospect1 it is well to go out daily1 for a week or ten days previously1 for a couple of hours' march4 ,this will harden the horses' shoulders and discover what corrections are to be made4 ,the average march for field-artillery on good roads is from #ae to #bj miles a day2 horse-artillery1 #be miles4 ,a single battery1 when the march is a long one1 will do well to trot occasionally2 so doing shortens the road and greatly relieves man and horse4 ,if the country is undulating1 the platoons should march with considerable distance between them1 and the trot should be taken up by each in succession on arrival at the level ground where the preceding platoon began to increase its pace4 ,the walk should be resumed in the same manner4 ,when marching with other troops1 these liberties cannot be taken1 and the walk is1 with rare exceptions1 the gait used4 ,in rapid marches the slow trot alternates with the walk4 ,when the services of artillery are urgently needed1 it may be required to trot four or five miles without breaking the gait4 ,long marches or expeditions should be begun moderately1 particularly with new horses4 ,ten or twelve miles a day is enough for the first marches1 which1 on good roads1 may be increased to #bj or #be miles when necessary1 after the horses are inured to their work4 ,should the march be continued for a long period1 at least one day in seven should be devoted to rest4 ,it is also important that the horses and equipments be thoroughly inspected at least once a week4 ,on ordinary roads horse-artillery with cavalry marches usually at the rate of #d or #e miles an hour4 ,field-batteries1 by themselves1 can march #c to #d miles an hour on a good road1 but on heavy or hilly roads1 or when the battery forms part of a column1 the rate of progress will depend entirely upon circumstances4 ,should a long march be made1 the horses should be fed on the road2 ordinarily watering will be sufficient4 ,in very hot weather frequent watering will be advisable4 ,to keep horses in condition1 it is essential that they should be in no wise stinted of water4 ,no matter how warm a horse is six to ten swallows of water will not hurt him4 ,always march with a feed of grain2 if not used on the road1 it enables the horses to be fed as soon after arriving in camp as desirable4 ,horses should be arranged in teams1 as far as possible1 so as to be of uniform pace in walking1 and of similar disposition4 ,on long marches it may be advisable to change the near and off horses days about4 ,drivers should be required to ride off horses during part of each day's march2 and1 unless the entire battery be dismounted by order of the captain1 all mounted men and cannoneers will ordinarily be permitted to mount and dismount at will when the battery is moving at a walk on level ground4 ,cannoneers of field-batteries should always walk up and down hill4 ,the care of horses on the march is one of the most important duties of an artillery officer2 by constant attention on the part of the captain1 chiefs of platoon1 and chiefs of section many horses that would otherwise be disabled for months may be kept in serviceable condition4 ,the men must not be allowed to lounge in their saddles1 which leads to galls1 and the drivers should be made to pay continual attention to their driving1 and see that every horse does his fair share of work4 ,the lead-drivers of each team must keep their distance from the team in their front2 swing-drivers must keep the traces to their front stretched1 and the wheel-drivers those to their front4 ,have the wheels greased daily1 and oil the bearing of the lunette on the pintle-hook4 ,grease on the soles of horses' hoofs prevents snow from balling4 ,on starting from camp the first two miles should be made at an easy walk2 a halt of from #aj to #ae minutes should then be made to allow the men to relieve themselves and to rearrange harness1 after which a halt of from #e to #aj minutes is made at the end of every hour for the purpose of adjusting harness1 tightening girths1 etc4 ,when troops march for the greater part of the day1 a halt of about an hour is usually made about noon4 ,at each halt pole-props will be let down2 collars unlocked and thrown back on the saddle or withers1 and cleaned if necessary2 saddles replaced if they have moved2 cinchas tightened if necessary1 and horses' feet examined4 ,the march is usually in column of sections2 when practicable1 it will be in column of platoons at close intervals2 but the front of the column must not be frequently diminished or increased1 as this unavoidably adds to the fatigue of the horses1 particularly of those in rear4 ,the column of platoons should not be used when it fills the road from side to side so as to prevent the passage of carriages1 staff-orderlies1 etc4 ,a non-commissioned officer may be sent forward to reconnoitre the road or ground that the battery is to pass over4 ,the distance of two yards between carriages is maintained1 except in bad or difficult ground1 when it may be increased to four or more yards4 ,the strictest attention should be paid by the chiefs of platoon and of section to the preservation of distances1 which should not be increased more than is absolutely necessary4 ,the leading guide should maintain a slow and steady walk1 and under no circumstances is a carriage to move at a trot without the orders of the battery commander2 when necessary to close up1 it should be done at a quick walk2 no practice is more fatiguing to horses and injurious to their shoulders than the alternate trotting and walking so often seen at the rear of a column4 ,if the leading carriage is temporarily stopped for any cause1 the rear carriages should1 if practicable1 draw up alongside each other1 in order to avoid or diminish as much as possible any check to the column4 ,chiefs of platoons must never be permitted to leave their platoons to march at the head of the column2 when not marching at the rear of their platoons1 they will halt frequently to see that their carriages are well up and marching properly4 ,chiefs of platoon and of section1 without waiting for express instructions1 give such orders as may be necessary for helping horses out of difficulty1 for the passage of obstacles1 etc42 the cannoneers assist at the piece or caisson as may be required4 ,a small bunch of bale-wire1 in lengths of from one to two feet1 if carried by each chief of section in his saddle-pouch1 is very useful for temporary repairs of harness4 ,if the ruts be very deep1 the carriages quarter the road1 unless it be very narrow and sunken2 in this case the horses will be left to themselves and not hurried2 a skilful driver can help his horses greatly1 particularly the wheelers4 ,when water-call is sounded1 the chiefs of section1 under the supervision of the chiefs of platoon or of the first sergeant1 have the watering-buckets taken off the carriages1 and their horses watered without confusion4 ,when water is very scarce1 the nostrils may be sponged1 which gives great relief1 particularly in hot weather1 when it is not possible to let the horses drink4 ,toward the close of the march an officer or non-commissioned officer may be sent forward to select a camp-ground4 ,the last two miles or more should be made at a walk1 and the horses brought into camp without excitement4 ,upon the arrival of the battery in camp damages must be repaired without delay1 horses shod1 wheels and pintles greased1 etc4 ,on the march artificers and cooks should always ride1 or be mounted on the chests2 if fatigued from marching1 they cannot be expected to work efficiently after getting into camp4 ,the march of larger bodies of artillery is conducted on the same principles4 ,a long column cannot move as rapidly as a small one1 and at the same time preserve equal order2 an allowance is therefore made for every column proportionate to its length4 ,when the roads are good1 or even tolerable1 the artillery is always obliged to wait for the infantry1 which is attended with much additional fatigue to the horses1 from having the harness so much longer on them4 ,likewise1 when the roads are at all bad1 artillery can only keep up with cavalry1 when the latter are marching at the ordinary rate1 by forcing their horses too much and wearing them out very rapidly4 ,when1 therefore1 there is no danger1 the artillery should be allowed to march by itself so as to regulate its own rate of march4 ,chiefs of section should carry nippers in their saddle-pouches to cut wire fences if necessary4 ,,accidents ,,to ,,carriages4 ,when an accident happens to a carriage1 it is pulled out of the column1 if possible1 so as not to interrupt the march2 otherwise the carriages in rear pass it by the most convenient flank1 and close to proper distance4 ,the disabled carriage resumes its place as soon as the damage is repaired4 ,if the road be narrow1 it must fall into the first interval it finds1 and regain its proper place as soon as the ground permits4 ,if a field-piece is disabled1 the cannoneers left to repair it1 who cannot be carried on the limber-chest1 mount on the axle-seats and off horses whenever the piece takes the trot to regain its place4 ,if a caisson is disabled1 the caisson corporal and the men necessary to repair it are left with it4 ,when a piece and its carriage are overturned1 it is better to disengage the piece by letting the breech rest on the ground1 or on a block of wood1 and then raise the muzzle with a handspike while the cap-squares are taken off2 the carriage is then righted and the piece mounted4 ,to right the carriage without disengaging the piece1 detach the limber1 secure the cap-squares1 and lash the breech to the stock2 place the middle of a rope over the nave of one wheel1 pass the ends of it downward between the lower spokes of that wheel1 then under the carriage1 through the corresponding spokes of the other wheel1 and then upward over the wheel and across the top of the carriage to the side where it was first attached4 ,the ends of the rope and the wheel to be raised are then manned and the carriage pulled over1 two men being required to steady the trail4 ,if necessary1 the ends of the rope may be fastened to the limber1 and horses used to assist in righting the carriage4 ,light carriages may be righted by hand without using a rope4 ,to ,remove a ,gun and ,carriage2 ,carriage ,disabled4--,dismount the gun2 remove the horses and run the limber over the gun1 so that the breech may be towards the pole and the trunnions under the pintle-hook2 place a handspike in the bore and raise it2 sling gun with prolonge2 carry prolonge in rear of one trunnion1 and in front of the other1 round the pintle-hook1 and pass the end forward2 take a half-hitch round the breech and secure firmly around the fork1 bearing down on the muzzle until the breech is secured4 ,replace cap-squares2 remove wheels2 turn over carriage and place it on the limber-chest4 ,this is done by having trail1 pointing towards the limber1 lifted up from the front4 ,place wheels1 dish down1 on top of carriage1 and lash all firmly together1 the trail being lashed to a handspike in the bore of the gun4 ,if the caisson be present1 place the carriage on it1 removing the spare wheel and raising the carriage1 trail first1 from the rear4 ,to ,disable a ,field-gun4--,open the breech-block and then break it with a heavy hammer2 or load the piece1 close the breech without locking it1 and fire the piece2 or place two or three blank cartridges in the gun1 close and lock the breech-block1 ram in from the muzzle a ball of clay or sod2 then unlock the breech-block and fire2 or fire a shotted gun with its muzzle against the chase of another4 ,guns of the ,krupp system may be temporarily disabled by carrying off the breech-block1 or breaking off its handle4 ,,ascents4 ,after pulling up a short1 steep hill the horses should be halted to recover their wind4 ,when this cannot be done1 they will move very slowly4 ,in going up a difficult hill the carriages may be halted to rest the horses by bringing them across the declivity and locking the limbers or chocking the wheels1 or by putting on the brake to the rear2 for this purpose it may be expedient to start the sections or platoons from the bottom in succession1 leaving a distance of #bj or #cj yards between the different portions of the column4 ,if the draught be so difficult that the teams are liable to stall1 the carriages in rear are halted1 and the lead-and swing-horses of the rear half of the carriages can be taken out and hitched to the leading half2 when these have been taken through1 all the horses1 except the wheel1 will be taken back1 and the rear carriages brought up4 ,as it is very hard to make the horses pull together1 not more than five pairs can be hitched with effect to a single carriage4 ,,descents4 ,the drivers never dismount going down hill2 the wheel-driver holds his near horse well in hand1 and his off horse very short4 ,two cannoneers may be mounted on each gun-carriage and caisson to apply the brakes4 ,in the absence of instructions from higher authority the chief of carriage directs whether the brakes are to be applied to a particular wheel or to both4 ,the brakes are easily applied and removed1 and a judicious use of them will save the horse much fatigue and prevent sore necks and shoulders4 ,if the descent be very steep1 the sectional picket-line may be used by the cannoneers to hold back2 in this case the wheel-horses only remain hitched to the carriage1 the others being led in rear4 ,,moving ,,along ,,declivities4 ,if a carriage have to move along a declivity so steep that a slight jolt may overturn it1 the wheels are locked1 the sectional picket-line fastened to the top of the upper wheel and held by two or three cannoneers1 who march on the upper side of the slope4 ,,ditches4 ,if the ditch be wide and deep1 the prolonge is fixed and the handspike turned over on the flask and secured1 the team is halted on the edge1 and the piece run by hand close to the limber1 which then moves slowly until the piece reaches the bottom of the ditch1 when it moves quickly until the piece is out4 ,if the ditch be deep and narrow1 it may be necessary to cut down the edges and hold back with the sectional picket-line2 should the trail sink into the ground in passing over1 it is disengaged with a handspike or by fastening a prolonge to it4 ,in passing shallow ditches1 drains1 or deep furrows the carriages must cross them obliquely4 ,,moving ,,over ,,marshy ,,ground4 ,each carriage moves at a distance of #aj to #ab yards from the one preceding it to avoid having to halt2 officers or non-commissioned officers are posted at the worst places to instruct the drivers how to conduct their teams4 ,the horses must pull freely and quicken the gait2 if the ground be very miry1 it may be necessary to assist with sectional picket-lines1 or even to use them alone1 the teams crossing separately4 ,,crossing ,,fords ,,and ,,streams4 ,if the ford be not well known1 it must be examined and the dangerous places marked before the carriages attempt to cross4 ,if the water be deep and the current strong1 great care is necessary4 ,the men are instructed to keep their eyes fixed on some object on the opposite bank which marks the place of exit2 they must not look at the stream1 and they move rather against the current1 so as to better resist its power4 ,if the ford have a bad bottom and the banks be difficult1 the teams are strengthened by adding pairs2 an officer or non-commissioned officer is posted at the entrance to regulate the distance between carriages and to instruct the drivers how to proceed2 a second officer or non-commissioned officer is posted at the exit to direct the drivers how to leave the ford4 ,the management of the team is the same as in crossing marshy ground2 the horses must not be allowed to halt or trot either in passing the ford or leaving it1 unless the stream be neither deep nor very rapid2 in this case the carriages may be halted to let the horses drink1 or at least to give them a mouthful of water4 ,upon reaching the opposite bank the leading carriages are halted after they have moved far enough forward to leave room for the carriages in rear4 ,if the chests be not water-tight and are at the usual height of two feet and ten inches above the ground1 a ford deeper than two feet four inches cannot be crossed without danger of wetting the ammunition4 ,if the chests be water-tight or means have been taken to raise them high enough1 a depth of #c feet may be safely attempted4 ,when the ford is deeper than this1 the cannoneers must carry over the cartridges1 fuzes1 and primers in the pouches1 which they hold above the water4 ,the chests are sometimes removed and taken over in boats4 ,in crossing streams that cannot be forded1 when there are no bridges1 the horses are swum1 and the carriages and harness crossed on rafts1 etc4 ,,passage ,,of ,,military ,,bridges4 ,at the entrance of the bridge the lead-and swing-drivers dismount and lead their pairs4 ,a distance of #ab yards is taken between the carriages1 and the gait is free and decided2 the drivers keep the carriages as near the middle of the floor as possible4 ,if the flooring be wet1 battens should be nailed across it to keep the horses from falling4 ,if the bridge begins to rock1 the passage of the column is suspended4 ,in passing over a flying bridge all the drivers dismount and hold their horses2 the lead-and swing-horses should be taken out and led onto the bridge or boat2 the brakes should be applied to the rear1 so that the carriage cannot be run back4 ,,passage ,,on ,,ice4 ,ice #c or #d inches thick will bear infantry4 ,ice #d inches thick will bear light guns or cavalry4 ,ice #f inches thick will bear heavy field-guns4 ,,facing ,a ,,battery ,,to ,,the ,,rear ,,on ,a ,,narrow ,,road4 ,all the carriages are moved close to one side of the road1 and the pieces and caissons unlimbered and brought about2 the limbers then take their places in front of their carriages by an about1 and the carriages are limbered up2 if there be not room for the limbers to execute an about1 the horses are taken out4 ,if the road be so narrow that the limbers cannot pass the carriages1 the trails of the pieces and the stocks of the caissons are carried around until perpendicular to the road1 and are then placed against the bank1 the wheels being run close to it2 on an embankment1 or a road with ditches on each side1 the carriages are run as close to the edge as possible1 the wheels chocked or locked1 and the trails and stocks held up while the limbers pass4 ,,the ,,odometer4 ,the odometer registers the number of revolutions of the wheel to which it is attached4 ,the distance measured by the odometer is not exact1 owing to the slip of the wheel4 ,to ,read the ,odometer4--,lift the reading-circle from its box and note the number on the inner wheel to the left of the zero2 this will be the first two figures of the reading1 and the number on the outer wheel to the left of the pointer will be the next two4 ,to ,measure a ,distance with the ,odometer4--,tie the case by its straps to a spoke close to the hub of a hind wheel of any vehicle attached to the command4 ,upon starting read the odometer and record the reading4 ,at the end of the course again record the odometer-reading4 ,the difference between the two readings multiplied by the circumference of the wheel will give the distance passed over4 ,and in general1 the difference between any two readings1 multiplied by the circumference of the wheel which bears it will give the development of the path traversed by the wheel between the points at which the readings were taken4 ,,camps ,,and ,,camping ,,selection ,,of ,,camps4 ,avoid camping or bivouacking in graveyards4 ,get as far to windward of them as possible4 ,avoid ground that has been encamped on before1 and if obliged to camp near it go to windward of old site4 ,avoid all rivers with marshy banks1 and marshes of every description4 ,if obliged to camp with a small force for a day or two near a marsh1 if possible place yourself so as to have a hill or even some rising ground or woods between you and it4 ,in camping near a stream cross it before making camp if possible and select a rise of ground near by4 ,low ground is unhealthy4 ,all brushwood should be avoided1 as also forests lately cut down4 ,a grass country with a sandy or gravelly subsoil is best2 land with a clayey subsoil is damp4 ,there should be good natural drainage1 and the location should be near fuel1 water1 and the road4 ,,laying ,,out ,,the ,,camp4 ,having fixed on the general plan of a camp1 lay out the lines the tents are to occupy1 and drive pegs to mark the position of the tent-poles or the centre of each tent4 ,for wall-tents the distance between tent-poles of adjacent tents should be at least #bj feet4 ,,camping4 ,on arriving in camp park the battery with sufficient intervals to allow each horse at least a yard and a half on the picket-line1 and have the wagons take positions most favorable for unloading4 ,the sections of picket-rope are usually stretched along the spare wheels of the caissons by cannoneers under supervision of the gunners4 ,then the cannoneers1 while drivers are unharnessing1 etc41 are told off into detachments1 each under a non-com4 officer when necessary1 for unloading wagons1 pitching tents1 obtaining wood and water1 and preparing latrines4 ,the drivers as soon as dismounted are directed to unhitch1 and if the animals are sufficiently cool they should be watered and fed4 ,examine feet1 sponge eyes and nostrils1 remove harness1 and tie to picket-line4 ,as soon as the harness has been removed pass the hand carefully over the horse's shoulders and back1 and if there be any indication of a hard lump it should be at once hand-rubbed4 ,horses should be permitted to roll if backs be dry1 as it is very restful to them4 ,leave blanket1 secured by surcingle1 on horse's back until dry if necessary4 ,after two hours sound stables1 at which the battery and platoon commanders should be present1 and let the men get to work on their horses2 a good rubbing-down is all that is necessary1 without the elaborate grooming required in garrison4 ,collar-galls and girth-galls should be kept wet with salt and water1 and saddle-galls have a cloth wetted in the same manner kept on them4 ,or wash the galled spot and then cover it with a powder formed of #a part iodoform and #c parts sulphur4 ,when the animal has to be used1 cover it after dressing with a piece of old-fashioned sticking-plaster4 ,should a riding-or draught-horse get a sore back1 he may be used as an off leader or swing-horse4 ,the saddle should be removed and the crupper connected to the collar by a back-strap4 ,breast-harness may be used on a horse with a collar-gall4 ,as a rule1 horses should not be unharnessed at night in the presence of an active enemy2 they should be tied closely together1 tails to the wind1 and should be shifted day or night to prevent their being head to the wind4 ,to ,unharness in the ,field4--,if harness-racks be not used1 the pole-prop is placed under the end of the pole2 the single-trees are left attached to the double-trees2 the wheel-traces are unhitched from the collars only1 and laid over the chest from front to rear1 or on the foot-board2 the collars of the wheel-team on top of the limber-chest 7paulins having been removed7 next to the rail on the near side1 the swing-collars in the middle1 and the lead-collars next to the off-side rail2 the collar of the off horse is placed on top of that of the near horse of the same team2 the remainder of the harness is placed on the pole1 that of the near wheel-horse next to the double-tree and as close to it as possible1 next that of the off wheel-horse1 and then the swing-and after that the lead-harness1 both in the order laid down for the wheel-harness2 the traces of the lead-and swing-harness 7folded once7 are laid over the pole2 then on top of them the saddles with the attachments over them1 so as not to rest on the ground4 ,the neck-yoke is placed on the foot-board4 ,figs4 #gg and #gh represent the ordinary methods of encampment4 ,these methods are modified to suit the circumstances and nature of the ground4 ,first ,method4--,the battery is parked with #ae yards interval between carriages4 ,the extra caissons1 the battery-wagon and forge1 and the artillery-wagon are in a third line behind the caissons4 ,the harness of each team is arranged on the carriage4 ,the picket-line is #ae yards in rear of the caissons2 it is either stretched between posts about #f feet high or between caissons1 or laid on the ground and secured by pins4 ,when the ground picket-line is used1 the end pins should be at least #a inch in diameter and #c feet long1 and to lessen the danger of their being pulled up no horse should be tied nearer than #ab feet from them2 a sufficient number of smaller pins1 about of an inch in diameter and #b feet long1 are used between the end pins to keep the line straight and prevent it from swaying4 ,the pins should be of iron with steel heads and points4 ,the horses are secured to the ground-line by hobbles1 or by hitching-straps if long enough to prevent constraint to the horses4 ,the ground picket-line should not be used unless the earth is sufficiently firm to hold the pins securely4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,the men's tents are pitched in line1 about #cj yards in rear of the picket-line2 the first sergeant's tent covers the carriages of the right section2 the left guard-tent covers the carriages of the left section2 the tents of each section are in the order of their pieces in park1 and are closed to the centre1 or to the right1 so as to have a vacant space between the guard-tents and the tents of the left section4 ,the men's kitchens are in line1 #aj yards in rear of the guard-tents1 which may be faced to the right1 so that ,no4 #a can overlook the kitchen4 ,the officers' tents are in line1 #cj yards in rear of the battery tents2 the captain's tent on the right1 covering that of the first sergeant4 ,the officers' kitchens are #aj yards in rear of their tents4 ,the baggage-wagons are in line #cj yards in rear of the officers' tents4 ,the sinks are #ej yards in rear of the wagons2 the officers' sink on the right1 the men's sink on the left4 ,when time permits1 the rows of tents are ditched1 and a shallow ditch #h inches in depth made around each tent2 and these should lead into other and deeper drains or gutters by which the water will be conducted away from the tents4 ,no refuse1 slops1 or excrement should be allowed to be deposited in the trenches for drainage around tents4 ,on arriving in camp sinks should be dug at once1 unless the march is to be resumed on the following morning2 the sinks are concealed by tents or brush when practicable1 and must be covered daily with fresh earth4 ,a small sink should be dug near the kitchen as a receptacle for all cooking refuse2 the old kitchen sink should be filled up and the earth well rammed down over it1 and a new sink opened every two or three days4 ,paulins are used to protect the guns1 carriages1 and harness1 and also to serve as cover for the men when necessary4 ,the paulin is #ab feet square1 is provided with double cords at each corner and at the middle of each side4 ,each carriage has two paulins1 which are carried on the limber-chests4 ,for protection of material the paulins are placed over the carriage as follows3 ,tie a corner of one of the paulins over the muzzle1 pull the canvas over the gun-wheels and tie diagonal corner to the flask1 tie a corner of the second paulin to the flask1 pull the canvas over the wheels of the limber and tie the diagonal corner to the pole in front of the harness4 ,the caisson is covered in a similar manner by its two paulins4 ,second ,method4--,the baggage-wagons may be in line with the pieces1 the interval between the left baggage-wagon and nearest piece being about #ej yards2 the guard-tents half-way between the pieces and the baggage-wagons1 facing to the rear2 the forage-pile between the guard-tents and baggage-wagons2 the men's kitchens in line with the third line of caissons1 and covering the left baggage-wagon2 the officers' tents on a line perpendicular to the men's tents1 facing them1 and on the prolongation of one of the baggage-wagons2 the officers' kitchen in rear of the officers' tents1 and on the prolongation of the right baggage-wagon4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,if the forge-fire is to be lighted1 a special place is assigned the battery-wagon and forge1 sufficiently removed from the ammunition-chests for safety4 ,in a horse-battery two picket-lines may be used instead of one1 the second line being #ae yards in rear of the first4 ,,encampment ,,of ,a ,,battalion ,,of ,,light ,,artillery4 ,on approaching the site previously selected for the encampment of the battalion the adjutant assembles the guidons1 and conducts them to the camping-ground1 and establishes each one at the point where the lead-team on the interior flank of his battery is to rest4 ,after all are established he returns to the column1 and indicates to each battery commander how and where his battery shall be parked4 ,the guidons are established with a distance between them of #id yards 7when there are two lines of carriages with #f horses each1 and the picket-line is in rear of the park71 the guidon of the second battery in the column of march that day being placed at the head of the line1 and so on1 the guidon of the leading battery being last4 ,the tent of the battalion commander is at a point #fj yards from the line of guidons1 and on a perpendicular line passing #ag yards in rear of the second guidon1 for an encampment of #b or #c batteries2 and in a corresponding position in rear of the third guidon for an encampment of #d batteries4 ,when the captain commands ,front6 after parking his battery1 the guidon moves #ge yards to the rear and #cj yards to the flank1 and plants his flag4 ,this point establishes the position of the captain's tent4 ,the battery-officers' tents are on a line1 at intervals of #e yards1 facing the interior flank1 the captain's tent being nearest the guidon4 ,the officers' mess-tent1 of the batteries to the right of the battalion commander1 is #aj yards in rear of the tent of the lieutenant on the flank4 ,for batteries to the left of the battalion commander it is #aj yards in rear of the tent of the captain4 ,officers' kitchens are five yards in rear of mess-tents4 ,in each battery3 ,the picket-line is #ae yards in rear of the line of carriages4 ,the tents for the enlisted men are #cj yards in rear of the picket-line1 that of the first sergeant being on the interior and the guard-tent on the exterior flank4 ,the cooks' tent is next to the guard-tent1 the other tents being equally distributed along the line4 ,the forage is #ae yards from the exterior flank1 on the prolongation of the picket-line4 ,the sinks are #ij yards from the forage1 on the prolongation of the picket-line4 ,the kitchens are on the line of the tents and #cj yards from the guard-tent4 ,the tents of the battalion commander and staff are arranged1 at intervals of #e yards1 on a line facing the interior flank4 ,the mess-tent is on the flank nearest the front of the park1 and the tents of the adjutant1 quartermaster1 and surgeon are on the other flank of the tent of the battalion commander4 ,non-commissioned staff-officers' and orderlies' tents are on a line #ae yards in rear of the staff-tents4 ,the cook-tent is #e yards to the rear of the outer flank of the mess-tent4 ,the staff-wagons are on a line #ae yards in rear of the non-commissioned staff tents1 the forage-and guard-tents being near either flank4 ,officers' sinks are on a line #fj yards in rear of the staff tents4 ,the position of the kitchens may be varied1 depending on the direction of the wind and lay of the ground4 ,if the camp be established for more than a few days1 the batteries will be parked in positions corresponding to the ones they occupy at battalion formation4 ,,bivouacs4 ,the men bivouac at a convenient distance in rear of the park1 each detachment opposite its section2 the guard is on one flank and to the leeward2 the cook-fires are near the guard4 ,if necessary1 the picket-line may be stretched through the hind wheels of the carriages of the third line1 but whenever practicable the picket-line should be stretched along the ground or between trees or posts4 ,a simple shelter may be formed by driving two forked sticks into the ground1 with a pole resting in the forks1 and branches laid resting on the pole1 thick ends uppermost1 at an angle of #de degrees1 and the screen completed with smaller branches2 or a shelter of canvas or a blanket may be similarly made4 ,each man should strew his sleeping-place with dried leaves1 etc41 and place over it any articles such as bags1 saddle-cloths1 etc4 ,a small hollow should be scraped in the ground just where the hip would rest4 ,,tents4 ,the ,hospital ,tent1 complete1 weighs #bae lbs41 and consists of one tent1 #ajj lbs42 one fly1 #cb lbs42 one set tent-poles1 #fj lbs42 #ah large and #bh small tent-pins1 #bc lbs4 ,its dimensions are3 length of ridge1 #ad feet2 height1 #aa feet2 width1 #ad feet2 height of wall1 #d feet4 ,authorized allowance1 #a for battery sick4 ,the ,conical ,wall-tent1 complete1 weighs #abh lbs41 and consists of one tent1 #gf lbs42 one tent-pole and tripod1 #cb lbs42 #dh tent-pins1 #bj lbs4 ,its dimensions are3 height1 #aj feet2 diameter1 #af feet2 height of wall1 #c feet4 ,authorized allowance1 #a to #bj foot or #ag mounted men4 ,the ,wall-tent1 complete1 weighs #ig lbs41 and consists of one tent1 #dc lbs42 one fly1 #ae lbs42 one set of poles1 #be lbs42 #aj large and #ah small tent-pins1 #ad lbs4 ,its dimensions are3 length of ridge1 #i feet2 height1 #h feet2 width1 #h feet #aa inches2 height of wall1 #c feet #i inches4 ,authorized allowance1 #a to captain1 #a to #b subalterns4 ,the ,common ,tent1 complete1 weighs #ea lbs41 and consists of one tent1 #bf lbs42 one set of poles1 #ae lbs42 #bd pins1 #aj lbs4 ,its dimensions are3 length of ridge1 #f feet #aa inches2 height1 #f feet #aj inches2 width1 #h feet #d inches2 height of wall1 #b feet4 ,authorized allowance1 #a to #f foot or #d mounted men4 ,the ,shelter-tent 7#b halves7 weighs a little over #e lbs41 and the #h pins #a lbs42 total1 #f4e lbs4 ,each half is #fg inches by #fe inches4 ,authorized allowance1 #a to each officer1 #a to #b enlisted men4 ,the ,hospital ,tent will accommodate comfortably six patients4 ,it is pitched by eight men1 after the manner described for pitching the wall-tent4 ,the ,conical ,wall-tent is provided with a hood1 and will comfortably accommodate ten men1 and may be made to hold twice that number4 ,to pitch the tent1 four men are required4 ,no4 #a procures tent2 ,no4 #d tripod and pole1 which he opens2 ,nos4 #b and #c each #bd pins and a maul1 which they place near front and rear of tent respectively4 ,nos4 #b1 #c1 and #d unroll the tent and spread it out upon the ground near where it is to be pitched1 top of tent at its centre4 ,no4 #a drives a pin to mark the door of the tent1 and then measures with the tent-pole directly backward1 and drives a pin at that end of the pole2 ,no4 #d places the tripod opened out flat1 with ring over the last pin driven 7the centre pin71 and lays the pole on the ground1 pin-end at centre pin4 ,all bring the canvas over the tripod until its centre comes to the centre pin and door at the front pin1 when ,no4 #b slips the wall-loop at one end of the door over front pin1 and fastens the rope of the flap to the same pin4 ,nos4 #a and #d1 commencing at rear and front of tent respectively1 and working to the right and left1 scatter the pins and pull out the guy-ropes4 ,nos4 #b and #c take each a maul1 and1 commencing front and rear respectively1 work right and left of the tent1 driving the guy-pins1 placing them about one yard from the edge of the tent1 each on a line with a seam4 ,as the pins are driven ,nos4 #a and #d place the ends of the guy-ropes over them1 working on their respective sides4 ,when the pins are set1 ,no4 #b crawls under the canvas1 slightly raises the tent1 and places the pin of the pole through the plate attached to the chains at the top of the tent1 and1 raising the pole1 sets it in the ring of the tripod2 ,no4 #c1 having from the outside placed the hood over the pole-pin1 enters the tent by crawling under1 and assists ,no4 #b in raising the tripod1 which being done ,nos4 #a and #d tighten the guys2 they then scatter the wall-pins4 ,the tent having been secured1 ,nos4 #b and #c now take their posts outside and drive the wall-pins1 working as before1 ,no4 #b toward the right rear and ,no4 #c toward the left front2 ,nos4 #a and #d straighten the tent and fasten the hood-guys4 ,a ,wall-tent will accommodate four men2 preferably three if there be sufficient canvas4 ,the rectangle marked by the pins for guy-ropes has a front of #ah feet and a depth of #ad feet4 ,it is pitched by four men4 ,nos4 #a and #b bring ridge and upright poles1 unfasten them1 and place ridge-poles as directed by the non-commissioned officer4 ,they then place the upright poles in position on the ground1 usually on the side opposite that from which the wind is blowing4 ,nos4 #c and #d bring tent1 unroll it1 and all now open canvas and place it in position for pitching2 ,no4 #a working in rear1 ,no4 #b in front1 fix the ridge-pole and tent1 tapping with a maul1 if necessary1 to drive the uprights home4 ,the fly1 if used1 is now placed in position over tent1 and the centre loops are secured over front and rear pole-pins1 which have been previously driven by ,nos4 #c and #d4 ,all draw bottom of tent taut and square1 the front and rear at right angles to the ridge1 and fasten it with pins through the corner loops2 then1 stepping outward two paces from the corner pins and one pace to the front 7or rear71 each securely sets a long pin1 over which is passed the extended corner guy-rope4 ,the tent is now raised and the poles set in position4 ,the other pins are then driven and the guy-ropes properly secured4 ,a ,common ,tent should not be made to hold more than three men4 ,it is similarly pitched4 ,in pitching common or wall tents care must be taken that the door is tied up1 and that it is properly squared and pinned to the ground at the door and four corners before being raised4 ,a ,shelter-tent merely affords cover for two men4 ,in assigning men to tents bear in mind that the crowding of men in tents for sleeping purposes is highly injurious to health4 ,in pitching the tents disturb the ground inside and around as little as possible4 ,do not allow absurd notions of order and regularity to cause tents to be pitched in hollows1 which are frequently met with in the best sites1 when1 by moving the tent perhaps a few feet one way or another1 a good position for it might be found4 ,in camps of position1 when tents are used1 it is advisable to supply planking for the men to lie on1 these planks to be removed and aired every fine day4 ,if boards cannot be had1 use any sort of tarpaulin or waterproof sheet that can be obtained4 ,if straw be plentiful1 issue enough to make good thick mats for the men to lie on4 ,they are easily made and most comfortable4 ,they should be hung up to dry every day4 ,they should be #c inches to #d inches thick1 #f feet long1 and about #b feet wide4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,every morning1 except when it rains1 have the sides of tents rolled up all around1 and in fine weather strike tents frequently2 it is good practice for the men2 they should regularly pack them up as if for a march4 ,this is also advisable as a sanitary measure1 so that the ground where the tent usually stands can be well dried by the sun4 ,blankets and bedding should be frequently aired and exposed to the sun4 ,do not permit grass or green leaves to be used for beds in tents1 but use straw when it can be obtained4 ,each tent should be thoroughly swept out daily1 and at night properly ventilated1 the walls being raised if the weather permits4 ,,to ,,strike ,a ,,tent4 ,the men take their posts and first remove the wall-pins and then all the guy-pins on their respective sides1 except the four corner pins of the square tents1 or the quadrant-pins of the conical tents4 ,standing at their respective posts1 they remove the corner1 or quadrant1 guys from the pins and hold the tent until the signal for striking is given1 when the tent is lowered to the side indicated4 ,the canvas is then rolled up and tied by ,nos4 #a and #d1 while ,nos4 #b and #c fasten the poles1 or tripod and pole1 together1 and collect the pins4 ,,heating ,,tents4 ,the ,sibley stove1 for conical and wall tents1 weighing about #ai pounds1 is issued by the ,q4 ,m4 ,dept41 and is very necessary in cold weather4 ,it is easily put up and requires very little fuel4 ,for ordinary weather an officer can make himself very comfortable by means of a small oil-stove1 one or two wicks4 ,have a box in which it fits exactly made for transporting it1 and take along a tin of oil4 ,,camp ,,cooking4 ,a field-kitchen is easily made by digging a long trench for the fire1 its width not being sufficient for the kettles1 which are placed on it1 to drop into it1 and covering up between them with stones and clay1 that the fire1 fed from the windward end1 may draw right through4 ,a chimney1 formed with the sods cut off the top of the trench1 can be built at the other end to increase the draught4 ,three such trenches meeting under one chimney form a broad-arrow kitchen4 ,the centre trench is traced in the direction from which the wind is blowing1 the other two making angles of #dj to #de degrees with it4 ,the width of the trenches is #i inches1 reduced to #f inches when they pass under the base of the chimney1 and widened at their mouths to produce a draught4 ,the depth is one foot at the base of chimney and #ad inches at the other end1 or one foot throughout if the ground falls at the mouth of the trench4 ,a field-kitchen is easily made of two logs rolled nearly together in the direction of the wind1 and the fire kindled between them4 ,the ,buzzacott field-oven is excellent1 as is also the ordinary ,dutch oven4 ,they are furnished on requisition by the ,quartermaster's ,department4 ,to ,make ,field-ovens4--,take any barrel 7the more iron hoops on it the better71 the head being out2 lay it on its side1 having scraped away the ground a little in the centre to make a bed for it2 or if there is a bank near excavate a place for it1 taking care that the front end of the barrel is at least #f inches back from the foot of the bank4 ,cover it with a coating of about #f or #h inches of wet earth or thick mud1 except at the open end1 which is to be the mouth of the oven4 ,pile up some sand or earth to the thickness of about #f inches over the mud1 arranging for an opening #c inches in diameter being left as a flue 7to increase the draught7 to lead from the upper side of the barrel1 at the far end1 through the mud and earth4 ,this flue is only left open when the fire for heating is burning2 when bread is put in1 it should be covered over4 ,form an even surface of well-kneaded mud at the bottom within the barrel to form a flooring to place the bread on4 ,light a fire within the barrel and keep it up until the staves are burnt1 and the oven is then completed4 ,when required for use1 heat it as if it were an ordinary oven2 draw out ashes2 put in bread1 and close the mouth with pieces of board1 tin1 or iron4 ,the ,subsistence ,department issues an excellent pamphlet on army cooking4 ,,drinking-,,water4 ,the water should be well tested1 and persons living near by questioned about it4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,filters4--,two barrels 7,fig4 #hj71 one inside the other1 having a space of from #d to #f inches clear all round between them filled with layers of gravel1 sand1 and charcoal1 form an excellent filter4 ,the inside one1 without a bottom1 rests on three stones placed in layers of sand1 charcoal1 and coarse gravel4 ,the water flows into the space between the barrels and forces its way through the gravel1 charcoal1 and sand into the inner barrel4 ,or they may be placed as in ,fig4 #ha and connected by a pipe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,if the water is from a small spring gushing up out of the earth1 perforate the bottom of the outer barrel with a number of holes1 and leave the bottom to the inner barrel1 which should be pierced with holes round its sides near the top4 ,in both these filters draw off the water by a pipe running through the outer into the inner barrel4 ,allow eight pints per man in hot and six in temperate climates for cooking and drinking1 and a similar amount for washing4 ,in stationary camps allow #e gallons per man for all purposes4 ,,log ,,huts4 ,good huts to last for years are quickly made of logs placed one over the other1 being notched half their respective thicknesses at the angles so as to fit one into the other4 ,moss is driven into the interstices4 ,a roof is put on of split logs1 gouged out in the centre1 so that each is like a long curved gutter4 ,a layer of these is placed side by side1 with the hollow side uppermost1 one end resting on the ridge-pole1 the other on the walls4 ,a second layer is put over them with the hollow side down4 ,a large split log1 well hollowed out1 is used as a ridge-piece4 ,cowdung mixed with water and well plastered over mud walls or floors renders them hard1 tough1 and less subject to injury from weather4 ,a thin coating of this applied every day to the earthen floors of huts adds much to the appearance of cleanliness4 ,in planning huts give sufficient width for two rows of beds and a passage down the centre4 ,a width of at least #f feet should be allowed for each row of beds1 and the passage may be from #b to #d feet wide4 ,,breaking ,,camp4 ,ordinarily camp should not be broken before daybreak1 as horses rest better from midnight until dawn than at any other hour4 ,ample time should be left after a seasonable reveille for the men to breakfast1 horses fed and the wagons to be packed4 ,do not permit packing1 pulling tent-pegs1 or any noise before reveille4 ,men should be permitted to rest until the last moment4 ,immediately after reveille have drivers and such other men as may be required feed and groom under supervision of the battery officer4 ,the grooming should consist in merely rubbing off the horses1 and seeing that shoulders1 backs1 and parts under harness are in good condition and perfectly free from dirt4 ,it is a mistake to groom too much in the field4 ,it is distasteful to men1 and does not improve the horses4 ,the other men should pack up1 remove tent-pegs1 and fold tents4 ,then breakfast4 ,after breakfast let the men complete their packing and attend to personal requirements4 ,or tents may be left standing until after breakfast1 depending on weather or other conditions4 ,drivers water and harness2 cannoneers pack wagons and fill in sinks4 ,part of the cannoneers should be detailed to assist the drivers if required4 ,in packing the wagons it is well to have one or two men in the wagon who understand the work4 ,articles least required should be packed first4 ,those required by the cooks should be packed so that they can be easily gotten at immediately on reaching camp4 ,when the camp has been cleared1 an officer should ride over it carefully1 and see that all tent-pins have been removed and no articles forgotten4 ,signals for the performance of the various duties should be sounded by the trumpeter at prescribed hours4 ,,wagons4 ,on field marches two six-mule teams will readily carry the baggage and ten days' rations of a battery 7enlisted strength as now authorized1 viz41 #ge74 ,if grain is to be transported1 two more six-mule teams will be required4 ,battalion commander and staff1 one four-mule team4 ,medical department1 one ambulance and possibly one four-mule team4 ,a good six-mule team in the best part of the season will haul a load of #djjj pounds1 marching with troops4 ,it will haul #adjj short rations of provisions--bread1 coffee1 sugar1 salt1 and soap--and eight days' rations of forage for the six mules4 ,,remarks ,,on ,,packing ,,wagons4 ,the reserve rations should be placed in first1 as they are not required to be taken out unless specially ordered4 ,then should come the tools and any heavy packages1 and on top the men's and officers' baggage4 ,the blankets should be rolled up together by tent-loads or section-bundles4 ,all grease1 oil1 and dubbing should be slung under the wagons4 ,the packing of the supply-wagons depends upon the nature of the supplies4 ,care must be taken that bags containing grain or biscuits are properly secured1 and that1 if fresh meat is carried1 it is not exposed to the sun on the march4 ,tents are kept in separate wagons if possible1 in order that they may be left behind when ordered without disarranging the other stores4 ,in packing tools care must be taken to prevent their rattling on the march4 ,the following information obtained from orders of ,army ,commanders during the ,civil ,war may prove useful3 ,general ,mc,clellan1 ,august #aj1 #ahfb1 allowed three wagons to each battery1 and they carried nothing but forage for teams1 cooking utensils for the men1 hospital stores1 small rations1 and officers' baggage4 ,at least one half of the wagons carried grain4 ,captains and lieutenants were allowed a shelter-tent each1 and to every two enlisted men a shelter-tent4 ,men carried no baggage except blankets and shelter-tents1 and officers' baggage was limited to blankets1 a small valise or carpet-bag1 and a reasonable mess-kit4 ,general ,rosecrans1 ,november #bj1 #ahfb1 allowed each battery as many wagons as there were guns in a battery4 ,general ,sherman while marching from ,atlanta to ,savannah allowed each battery one wagon4 ,general ,grant1 ,february #bc1 #ahfe1 for each battery3 for personal baggage1 mess-chests1 cooking utensils1 desks1 papers1 etc41 one wagon2 two wall-tents for officers2 shelter-tents1 one for every two enlisted men4 ,the allowance of forage was3 horses1 #f lbs4 hay1 #ad lbs4 grain2 mules1 #f lbs4 hay1 #ab lbs4 grain4 ,on a march the grain ration was #aj lbs4 ,the following extract gives the minimum allowance with which the commands in the ,department of the ,missouri were equipped and supplied in #ahhe for #bj days' field service3 ,transportation for field-and staff-officers' baggage and supplies1 medical supplies1 engineer and signal equipments and appliances to be according to strength of command or nature and importance of service4 ,to a battalion of two companies1 #a four-mule ambulance4 ,the allowance of transportation per company is as follows3 ,to one troop of cavalry1 with an average field strength of #b officers1 #ej men1 #c teamsters1 and #b packers1 #c six-mule teams1 #aj pack-and #b riding-mules4 ,to one company of infantry with an average field strength of #b officers1 #dj men1 #a teamster1 and #b packers1 #a six-mule team1 #h pack-and #b riding-animals4 ,included in above allowance is3 #a pack-mule per company for officers' supplies1 and #a pack-mule per company or per one hundred men for medical supplies4 ,supplies to be carried in wagons per company are #bj days' field rations per man 7#ee and #dc with companies74 #ajj rounds of ammunition per soldier 7#ej cavalry and #dj infantry74 #bej lbs4 officers' baggage and supplies4 #a wall and #a common tent4 #aj days' grain 7#f lbs4 per day per animal74 ,utensils for each company mess not to exceed #acj lbs4 for cavalry and #ajj lbs4 for infantry4 ,horseshoes1 nails1 tools1 and medicine for cavalry-horses not to exceed #aej lbs4 ,to each soldier or civilian employ1 #b blankets and #a extra suit of undergarments1 compactly rolled in one piece of shelter-tent4 ,whenever the amount of rations or grain varies from the above1 the weight to be carried per wagon may be increased or diminished1 but should never exceed #djjj lbs41 and if possible should be less than #cejj lbs41 per wagon4 ,when obtainable on line of march1 full forage will be allowed all animals1 the cost to be regulated by the contract rates at the nearest military post4 ,to be carried on the person or horse3 #a overcoat1 #a piece of shelter-tent1 #ej rounds rifle or carbine and #bd rounds of revolver ammunition4 ,supplies to be carried on pack-mules for one company will be3 #aj days' field rations 7three-tenths bacon7 per man 7#ee and #dc with companies72 #ajj rounds of ammunition per soldier4 ,the utensils for each company must not exceed #ge lbs4 for the cavalry and #ej lbs4 for the infantry4 ,the weight per load per aparejo must never exceed #bej lbs41 and should1 if possible1 be less than #bjj lbs4 ,when marching with pack-train1 to be carried on person or horse3 #a blanket1 #a piece shelter-tent1 #ej rounds of rifle or carbine ammunition1 and #bd rounds of revolver ammunition4 ,on leaving a military post when service is anticipated where it is impossible to use wagons1 the loads for pack-trains1 as a rule1 will consist of only grain sufficient to keep the mules in full strength until required to make forced marches4 ,,chapter ,,viii4 ,transportation4 ,by ,rail4 ,by ,sea4 ,embarkation4 ,care of ,animals4 ,food for ,animals4 ,diseases of ,animals on ,shipboard4 ,disembarkation4 ,,transportation ,,of ,,artillery4 ,,to ,,embark ,,and ,,disembark ,,artillery ,,and ,,artillery ,,stores--,,general ,,rules4 ,when artillery and its stores are to be shipped for an expedition1 prepare first a list of all the articles1 stating their number1 weight of each1 and the total weight of each kind4 ,furnish the quartermaster with an exact return of the command1 showing number of officers1 enlisted men1 and animals and weight of baggage2 also a copy of the order directing the movement4 ,in estimating the weights allow double for that of bulky articles which occupy much space without weighing much4 ,divide the total quantity to be transported among the vessels1 and make statements in duplicate of the articles on board each vessel1 one of which lists should go with the vessel and the other with the officer shipping the stores4 ,the articles must be divided among the vessels according to the circumstances of the case2 but as a general rule everything necessary for the service required at the moment of disembarkation should be placed in each vessel1 so that there will be no inconvenience should other vessels be delayed4 ,if a particular kind of a gun is necessary for any operation1 do not place all of one kind in one vessel1 to avoid being deprived of them by any accident to it4 ,the pieces and caissons are brought to the wharf or shore and unlimbered1 and the chests and wheels taken off2 each set of implements is strapped together1 the washers and linch-pins being put in a box2 the harness is tied and labelled in sets2 if the voyage is to be short1 the harness for each horse may be tied up in its blanket4 ,the battery-wagon and forge is unlimbered1 and the limber-chest taken off1 as well as the spare parts outside of the wagon4 ,all the chests are distinctly marked1 so that it can immediately be seen where they belong4 ,the pieces are first lowered to their places between-decks1 the place for dismounting them depending upon the manner of embarking2 then the carriages1 limbers1 implements1 and wheels2 the harness is placed 7regard being had to its preservation7 where it may be of easy access4 ,the box of washers and linch-pins is under the special charge of a non-commissioned officer4 ,the battery-wagon and forge1 with its limber and limber-chest1 is stowed separate from the battery1 but where it will be accessible4 ,sponges1 rammers1 and intrenching-tools should be united in bundles or boxes4 ,the contents of each box1 barrel1 or bundle should be distinctly marked upon it4 ,the boxes should be made small so that they can be easily handled4 ,the position of the different articles in each vessel is noted in a column in the list on board4 ,place the heaviest articles below1 beginning with the guns1 then the carriages1 limbers1 ammunition-boxes1 etc4 ,boxes of ammunition should be in the driest and least exposed part of the vessel4 ,articles required to be disembarked first should be put in last1 or so placed that they can be easily got at4 ,if the disembarkation is to be performed in front of the enemy1 some of the pieces should be so placed that they can be disembarked immediately with their carriages1 implements1 and ammunition2 also the tools and materials for throwing up temporary intrenchments on landing4 ,when there are several vessels laden with artillery and stores for the expedition1 each vessel should have on each quarter and on a single masthead a number that can be easily distinguished at a distance4 ,the same number should be entered on the list of supplies shipped in each vessel4 ,the commander can then know exactly what resources he has with him4 ,some vessels1 distinguished by particular signal1 should be laden solely with such powder and ammunition as may not be required for immediate service of the pieces4 ,if it is necessary to reship or leave any articles on board the vessels1 care should be taken to note them on the list4 ,boats of proper capacity must be provided for the disembarkation1 according to the circumstances in each case4 ,it may be necessary to establish temporary wharves on trestles1 or to erect shears1 cranes1 or derricks4 ,,railroad ,,transportation4 ,the most suitable car for carrying horses1 especially in warm weather1 is the slat stock-car1 built of slats and open all around1 but tight in roof4 ,another kind1 known as the combination car1 is made with five doors on each side and one at each end1 which may be closed tight for stores1 or with iron grates when carrying horses4 ,these are suitable for either warm or cold weather4 ,both kinds are usually from #bh to #cj feet long1 #g feet #i inches wide1 and #f feet #h inches high1 inside measurement4 ,each car will carry #af artillery or #ah common horses or mules4 ,be careful to have floors sanded to keep horses from slipping down4 ,loading cars with horses at night should be avoided4 ,the battery should be drawn up in the most convenient position for loading2 and during the operation of loading quiet and order must be maintained4 ,dismount2 let the men fall out of ranks if necessary and then reform1 and have personal equipment1 etc41 placed on the ground2 unhitch2 unharness and tell off the horses to the cars1 cannoneers assisting drivers4 ,station a non-commissioned officer and one private at the door2 the former to superintend the work and the latter to count in a loud tone the horses as they enter4 ,two more privates should be present to assist in putting horses in position1 etc4 ,after horses are loaded all assist in loading the material4 ,the battery is then reformed1 retake equipments1 etc41 and the men are told off to cars4 ,the horses should be driven or led in1 following one another as closely as possible1 but should not be tied4 ,they should be alternately led to either end so as to fill up the middle of the car last1 and should stand alternately head and tail4 ,if the journey is to be continued beyond #ah or #bj hours1 the horses will require to be watered and fed4 ,nose-bags are generally used for the grain4 ,if the drivers are attentive1 they1 by taking advantage of the short halts made by the train1 can feed grain and hay quite easily by hand4 ,half-rations will be sufficient under any circumstances4 ,before placing the horses on the cars they should be thoroughly groomed and cooled2 they should have nothing more on them than their halter head-stalls4 ,they should be fed before being loaded1 as it tends to keep them quiet4 ,if the journey is to continue for more than #cf hours1 the horses should be unloaded every #bd hours1 and should be watered1 fed1 groomed1 and exercised before being loaded on the cars again4 ,if there are stockyards near by1 the horses should be turned loose in them for exercise4 ,on long journeys1 run all night and until about #aj ,a4,m41 then unload at a convenient place1 and water1 feed1 and groom2 give the horses gentle exercise1 and water and feed again so that the horses can be reloaded about #d or #e ,p4,m4 to resume the journey4 ,horses are best loaded and unloaded from a stock-chute1 but where this convenience is not available and there is no platform a ramp or chute may be improvised1 using for it planks about #ab feet long and from #b to #c inches thick1 depending on the strength of the wood4 ,a ramp should be about #d feet wide1 with the planks firmly fastened together with transverse battens4 ,these battens furthermore prevent the horses from slipping4 ,a strong trestle or crib of logs supports the end of the ramp next the car1 while the other rests on the ground and is secured from slipping by strong stakes4 ,an intermediate trestle or a support of logs should be placed to prevent the planks from springing with the weight of the horses4 ,three or four posts of suitable height are set in the ground on each side1 to which side-rails are lashed or spiked for the purpose of keeping the horses from stepping off4 ,a board should be placed on each side to prevent the horses' feet from slipping over the edges of the plank4 ,when planks are not procurable1 a ramp of earth1 supported by means of logs or stones on the end next the track1 may be constructed4 ,the cars are brought up in succession to the ramp to be loaded or unloaded4 ,in the field1 where no chute or ramp is to be found at the place of unloading1 material ready prepared for constructing one should be carried with the train4 ,after loading the horses enclose the harness in sacks1 each marked with the designation of the horse1 team1 and carriage to which it belongs4 ,artillery-carriages are carried on platform or flat cars4 ,these cars are generally from #bh to #cb feet long by #h feet wide4 ,when properly loaded1 cars of #cj feet will carry two field-guns and two caissons complete4 ,to load them1 the carriages are unlimbered and the spare wheels removed from the caisson2 the body of a caisson1 its stock to the rear1 is run to the front end of the car and its stock rested on the floor2 another rear train is run forward in like manner until its wheels strike or overlap those of the first1 when its stock is rested on the floor4 ,a limber is then placed on the car with its pole to the front1 resting on the rear train2 the second limber is backed on and its pole held up until a gun1 trail foremost1 is run under it2 the trail of the gun is rested on the floor and the pole of the limber on the gun-carriage4 ,the other gun is run on in the same manner1 and its trail rested on the floor under the first gun2 a limber is next run on and its pole rested on the last gun2 the remaining limber is run on with its pole under the preceding limber4 ,all of the carriages are pushed together as closely as possible and firmly lashed to each other and to the sides of the car2 the wheels are chocked by pieces of wood nailed to the floor4 ,when the carriages are liable to chafe each other1 they are bound with gunny-sacking or other stuff4 ,a side-platform1 such as is found in depots1 is the best for loading4 ,the carriages are first run on to a spare car2 from this they are crossed over on planks to the one upon which they are to be carried1 and arranged on it as already described4 ,when there is no side-platform1 the carriages are run up at the end of the car by means of way-planks4 ,twenty-four thousand pounds is considered a safe load for one car on a good track4 ,baggage1 harness1 forage1 etc41 are usually carried in box-cars4 ,these cars have the same dimensions as heretofore given for those carrying horses4 ,the passenger-car of average size will seat #fj men1 but a small car will seat only #ej4 ,allowance must be made for men's equipments1 and if the journey is of any distance each man should have a full seat4 ,then by arranging the seats the men can extend themselves for resting or sleeping4 ,the men must be provided with cooked rations for the whole trip4 ,each car must be liberally supplied with drinking-water1 lights at night1 and all other conveniences1 to make it unnecessary for the men to leave them during stoppages of the train4 ,the tourist sleeper carries #dh men4 ,it is provided with bunks 7and some cars with cooking-stoves7 and should be used for long journeys when obtainable4 ,guards should be detailed and so stationed on the train to preserve order both when in motion and during stoppages4 ,the arrangement of the ordinary artillery-train will be3 #a4 ,cars with material necessary for disembarking4 #b4 ,horse-cars4 #c4 ,baggage-cars1 loaded with forage1 harness1 etc4 #d4 ,cars for material4 #e4 ,cars for officers and men4 ,the size of the train will vary1 depending on grade1 curvature1 and speed4 ,,transportation ,,of ,,artillery-,,horses ,,by ,,sea4 ,transports for horses should be especially prepared for the purpose2 as a rule1 the larger the vessel the better is she adapted for the conveyance of horses4 ,ventilation is of primary importance1 the safety and condition of the horses mainly depending upon their having plenty of fresh air2 large air-ports or scuttles are indispensable1 and wind-sails down every hatch to each deck should be insisted upon4 ,if time permits1 fixed air-shafts should be provided for each deck4 ,the ventilation of steamers may be assisted by using the donkey-engines for this purpose4 ,the stalls are preferably between-decks1 never1 if it can be avoided1 in the hold2 should horses be put on the spar-deck1 nothing will be stowed on the stall-sheds4 ,stalls should be about #f feet long1 #bh inches wide2 tail-boards fastened to the rear posts1 and padded as low as the hock2 breast-boards and side-boards fitted in grooves about #d feet from the floor1 the first padded on the inner side and upper edge1 the latter on both sides2 the floors of the stalls set on blocks that the water may pass under them2 four slats across each floor to give the horses foothold4 ,troughs should be made to hang with hooks1 so as to be easily removed4 ,before embarkation the side-boards are removed1 and replaced as each horse is placed in his stall4 ,horses1 in all cases1 should stand athwart-ship2 in this position they better accommodate themselves to the motion of the vessel4 ,when on the upper deck1 they should face inward2 this for the reason that the spray will not strike them in their faces1 and1 besides1 when facing each other in this manner they will suffer less from fright and nervous excitement4 ,all stalls1 hitching-bars1 or whatever other arrangement for securing horses1 must be strong beyond any possibility of giving way4 ,the living force exerted by a row of horses1 as they swing with the motion of a ship in a heavy sea1 is very great1 and it is better to have no securing arrangements whatever than to have those that1 by giving way1 will wound and injure the animals in the wreck4 ,if the transport is to be used in very inclement weather1 the spar-deck1 over the horses1 should be covered4 ,canvas stretched over a secure frame is better than boards1 as the latter in a severe storm might be carried away1 and its wreck would cause disaster among the horses4 ,during heavy weather horses sometimes become exhausted and fall4 ,the best thing that can be done in such cases is to back out the horse on each side1 so as to give the fallen horse plenty of room4 ,the fallen horse should be protected from rain and spray by a paulin1 and great care and tenderness exercised toward him2 otherwise he is very liable to perish4 ,the horses may be fed from nose-bags1 but it is better to have for each one a small trough1 suspended to the hitching-bar by means of two iron hooks passing over the bar4 ,the troughs are moved out of the way when not in use4 ,hay can be fed by tying it up tightly in bundles with rope-yarn and fastening the bundles to the hitching-bar4 ,it may also be fed in small quantities by hand1 and the more attention the horses receive in this way from the men the less fretful and uneasy they become4 ,when the embarkation takes place from a wharf1 and the vessel is not too high1 it is best to use gang-planks and lead the horses on board4 ,the gang-plank leading up from the wharf to the gunwale should be about #bj feet long by #aj wide1 and be made very strong4 ,this width admits of its being used for gun-carriages4 ,it should be provided with ropes at the corners1 rollers1 side-rails1 and boards upon the sides to prevent the horses from getting their feet over the edges4 ,another similar gang-plank1 but not so long1 leads from the gunwale to the deck1 the two being securely fastened together by their ropes4 ,these gang-planks should be carried by the vessel1 ready for disembarking4 ,every provision for this latter operation should be thoroughly looked after before starting on the voyage4 ,when it is not practicable to use gang-planks1 the horses are hoisted on board by means of a sling and lifting-tackle4 ,horses should be kept without food and without water for several hours before being put on board1 as they are liable to be injured if slung with full bellies2 they will also become sooner reconciled to their new quarters1 and take quicker to their feed on board1 when these measures have been adopted4 ,sling4--,this is made of stout web1 or double ,no4 #a canvas4 ,it is #e feet long and #b feet wide1 secured at each end by a stick of strong wood #b inches in diameter4 ,the sides are bound with strips of canvas doubled1 thus making the edges four thicknesses4 ,loops of #d-;inch rope are attached to each stick4 ,the loop attached to one stick is #i inches long2 that attached to the other is #b feet #aa inches1 and has an iron eye1 #c inches inside measurement1 fixed in the end4 ,breast-and breech-ropes 7#b-;inch71 #i feet long1 are fixed to each side1 and are tied together when the sling has been put under the horse4 ,the slings should be tested by an excess of weight4 ,a donkey-engine is used for hoisting4 ,five men are required to sling a horse quickly and well4 ,one man holds the head-guy1 which is attached to a neck-collar2 two men1 one on each side of the horse1 pass the sling under his belly2 both then hold up the ends over his back1 passing the long loop through the shorter one and hooking on the eye of the former to the lifting-tackle1 continuing to hold up the sling until the horse's legs leave the ground2 another man stands at the breast and fastens the breast-rope1 while the fifth stands at his rump and fastens the breech-rope4 ,the officer superintending commands3 ,hoist away6 ,the first man slacks away at the guy-rope1 holding it just sufficiently taut to keep the horse's head steady4 ,when hoisting1 no delay should be permitted2 it should be done in the shortest time compatible with safety4 ,at the commencement1 after a certainty that all is right1 it should be done rapidly1 to raise the horse and free him from surrounding objects before he has time to do any injury by kicking4 ,after attaining the necessary height1 he is carefully and steadily lowered to the deck4 ,care should be taken to have two or three careful1 active men stationed to seize the horse and prevent his plunging until the slings are removed4 ,while one holds him by the head-stall another rapidly unhooks the tackle-purchase1 and two others let loose the breech-and breast-bands or ropes4 ,when the horses are to be lowered through a hatch to a deck below1 the combings of the hatch as well as stanchions about it should be well padded4 ,as an additional precaution1 a head-collar should be provided1 with a large pad on top1 to prevent injury should the horse strike his head against the deck-beams when lighting on his feet4 ,to ascertain the number of horse-stalls that can be constructed on any deck1 first mark off a space of three feet all around the ship's side for a passage to be kept clear behind the stalls1 and a similar width alongside all hatchways or other obstructions2 then divide the running length of the space left by #bh inches2 this will give the number of stalls in each row4 ,when the clear width of beam between the inner sides of any deck is #cf feet or more1 three rows of stalls may be constructed1 the passage between the rows where the horses are to stand head to head being not less than #f feet1 and between those that stand tail to tail not less than #ed inches4 ,horses should not be placed near boilers1 etc41 as the heat is liable to make them sick4 ,there must be ten per cent of spare stalls1 and there must also be at least one loose box1 constructed near a hatchway1 to admit of a sick horse lying down4 ,each stall is numbered1 the side-boards1 breast-boards1 mangers1 etc41 being marked with the number of the stall to which they belong4 ,for some hours before sailing hay should not be given at all2 otherwise1 if the horses are seasick1 it will remain undigested in the stomach1 and possibly cause colic or blind staggers4 ,,care ,,of ,,horses ,,at ,,sea4 ,for the first few days on shipboard food is to be given rather sparingly1 and bran is to form a large portion of it2 but after the horse becomes accustomed to his new situation1 and his appetite increases1 he should be more liberally fed4 ,a bran mash1 or oats and bran mixed1 is to be given to him every other day4 ,the spare stalls admit of the horses being shifted1 rubbed down1 their feet washed1 and the stalls cleaned out every day that the weather permits4 ,hand-rubbing the legs is of the greatest consequence to the comfort and well-being of the horse1 and is to be practised1 if possible1 every day or whenever the horses change stalls4 ,horses are to be slung in smooth weather1 and allowed to stand on their legs in rough and stormy weather4 ,in smooth weather they will rest their legs and feet by throwing their whole weight into the slings4 ,to sling a horse in rough weather1 whereby he is taken off his feet1 would only have the effect of knocking him about with the roll of the ship4 ,horses standing accommodate themselves to the motion of the vessel4 ,they are not to be placed in the horse-hammock until they have been at sea for a week1 as some would only be made uneasy by the attempt to do so4 ,the hammock is to be placed around the centre of the horse's belly1 and then the breast-band and breeching fastened to the required length and degree of tightness4 ,when everything is in readiness1 and not before1 the horse is quickly raised until all1 or nearly all1 of his weight is off his legs4 ,he will very soon learn the relief the hammock affords him1 and will not be slow in availing himself of it by throwing his weight into it4 ,with some horses it is necessary to use great quickness in making the ropes fast before they throw their whole weight into the hammock4 ,when the horses are between-decks1 too much attention cannot be paid to the constant trimming of the wind-sails so as to insure plenty of fresh air4 ,the wind-sails should be well forward1 and extended down within two or three feet of the deck4 ,when a horse between-decks becomes ill1 and the weather is at all fine1 he should be removed to the upper deck1 where the fresh air and change will probably soon bring him right again4 ,besides the ordinary grooming utensils for stable service1 there should be a plentiful supply of stable-brooms1 hoes1 and shovels for cleaning out the stalls1 and baskets or other light vessels for removing the manure4 ,the ship must be well lighted1 and the guards attentive2 seasick men must not be intrusted with this important duty4 ,disinfectants1 such as chloride of lime and zinc1 carbolic acid1 copperas1 powdered gypsum1 etc41 should be freely used1 and1 upon embarking1 the artillery commander will see that they are supplied4 ,should any contagious disease appear1 the horse or horses attacked will be promptly thrown overboard1 and the precautions taken as prescribed under the head of ,sick ,horses4 ,the feed-troughs and the nostrils of the horses are washed every morning and evening with diluted vinegar4 ,water is allowed at the rate of six gallons a day per horse1 and one gallon per man4 ,during the voyage the artillery commander will make it his especial duty to act in harmony with the master of the vessel4 ,there must1 of necessity1 be divided authority and responsibility4 ,order and neatness among the men and cleanliness with the horses are to be looked after by the commander of the troops4 ,in attending to these duties care will be observed not to interfere needlessly with the duties of the crew nor with the belongings of the ship4 ,officers are always to be furnished with cabin accommodations1 and the men with proper messing arrangements4 ,this should be specified in the charter1 and should be clearly understood by all parties previous to setting out on the voyage4 ,the fitting up of the vessel is generally done by the ,quartermaster's ,department1 but the commander of the artillery to be embarked will1 as the one most concerned1 give his special attention to see that the work is thorough and complete4 ,,disembarking4 ,when this can be done at a wharf1 the operation is simply the reverse of embarking4 ,when wharf accommodations are not available1 arrangements will have to be made for transferring the men1 horses1 and material from the vessel to the shore4 ,bridges may be made of pontoons1 or of trestles and pontoons combined1 and the horses and material carried ashore on these2 canal-barges may be used and towed close to shore by light-draught steamers1 from which horses and material can be landed by a gang-plank2 by lashing two of the canal-barges together1 placing the boats some #ab feet apart1 and throwing a false or additional deck over the whole1 a platform is formed1 about #dj feet long1 capable of holding all the pieces and caissons of a six-gun battery1 or from #dj to #ej horses4 ,a raft of this kind should have a strong railing around it4 ,in disembarking horses the same precautions are necessary as when embarking them4 ,for some days after a long voyage they should be led about at a walk1 and no weight put on their backs unless it is absolutely necessary4 ,the disembarkation of horses by swimming is more easily effected than their embarkation by the same method1 as their instinct assists in bringing them ashore4 ,the horse should be lowered in the sling over the side of the vessel1 without fastening the breast-strap or breeching4 ,when the tackle is unhooked1 the sling opens and is at once slipped from under4 ,in smooth water a horse can easily swim half a mile4 ,when the deck of a vessel is low1 say not over #aj feet1 and there is a gangway1 the horses may be backed off into the water without slinging4 ,this method should never be resorted to if it can possibly be avoided2 it is liable to strain and injure the animal1 and it is said to injure his pluck and make him shy about entering water4 ,,chapter ,,ix4 ,machine-guns4 ,the ,hotchkiss ,revolving ,cannon4 ,the ,gatling ,gun4 ,the ,gardner ,gun4 ,the ,maxim ,gun4 ,the ,metallic ,carriage for ,machine-guns4 ,,hotchkiss ,,revolving ,,cannon4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hb4 ,there are two sizes for field-artillery1 viz43 light and heavy1 both having the same caliber4 ,,description4 ,light4 ,heavy4 ,calibre inches #a4de #a4de ,length of gun #df4d #gj4d ,height of trunnions above tread #ce #db4d ,length of gun-barrel #bi4a #ej4a ,number of barrels #e #e ,weight of each barrel pounds #cj4h #gi ,length of rifled bore inches #bd4g #dc4d ,number of lands #ab #ab ,pitch of rifling degrees #f #f ,weight of gun complete pounds #die #ajde ,the gun consists of five main parts3 the group of barrels1 the breech-piece1 the mechanism1 the frame1 and the attachments4 ,,the ,,group ,,of ,,barrels4 ,the five barrels are assembled around a main shaft by being secured in two bronze assembling-disks4 ,both disks are bolted to the main shaft1 so that barrels1 disks1 and shaft revolve together4 ,the main shaft goes into the breech-piece1 and has screwed and bolted to its end a heavy steel pin-wheel1 which connects the barrel-system with the mechanism4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hc4 ,hotchkiss ,r4 ,c4 ,rotating ,device4 ,,legend ,c4 ,crank ,shaft4 ,l4 ,loading ,piston4 ,p4 #e1 ,pinions4 ,t4 ,trap ,door4 ,w4 ,worm4 ,,the ,,breech-,,piece4 ,this is a cast-iron block1 the front half solid and pierced with the channels necessary for feeding1 loading1 firing1 and extracting ammunition1 and the rear half hollow to form a chamber for the mechanism1 with guideways and journals for its movement and support4 ,in the upper front face a channelway is cut from the loading-hole around almost to the firing-point1 the bottom being inclined so that as the cartridge moves along it during the revolution of the barrels it is pushed forward and close home4 ,the forward face is reinforced at the firing-point by a steel face-plate countersunk in it1 through which the firing-pin hole is pierced4 ,the seat for the pin-wheel is in the rear face of the solid part4 ,this pin-wheel can only be mounted on the main shaft after the end of the latter has been inserted in its journal2 and in order to put the locking-pin of the pin-wheel in place it is necessary to have a hole pierced radially from the outside of the breech-piece4 ,this hole is kept constantly closed by a tap-screw4 ,the rear end of the breech-piece is closed by a bronze door1 hinged at the bottom1 and secured by a screw-bolt at the top4 ,on the outer sides of the breech-piece shoulders are cast to form seats for the shafts of the frame4 ,as the worm-shaft does not extend completely across the chamber of the breech-piece1 a small journal-seat is cast just to the left of the centre of the chamber4 ,in the right lower corner of the chamber is a guideway for the firing-bolt2 on the left side is a slotway for the extractor2 a small journal is pierced through the side for a cog-wheel1 which is held in place by a keep-pin4 ,in the left upper corner is a guideway for the loading-piston4 ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,the work of the mechanism consists in revolving the barrels1 loading1 firing1 and extracting4 ,the revolution of the barrels is a simple gear movement4 ,the loading and extracting are reciprocal movements2 that is1 while a cartridge is being pushed into one barrel an empty cartridge-case is being drawn from another4 ,the firing is accomplished by the firing-bolt1 which is drawn backward by its cocking-arm pressing on the cam of the worm-wheel1 and then thrown violently forward by the mainspring1 when the arm drops from the end of the cam4 ,the piece has the ordinary trigger arrangement4 ,in order to keep the cartridges from crowding down upon the loading-piston a small feed-gate is hung loosely in the feeding-hole4 ,in the forward movement of the piston a small nib at its forward end catches behind the gate and lifts it up1 thus cutting off the feed4 ,,the ,,frame ,,and ,,attachments4 ,the group of barrels and the breech-piece are bound together by the frame1 and the whole system is supported by the trunnions in a forked pivot4 ,the frame is a light bronze casting1 consisting of two hollow side-bars connected by two hollow cross-bars4 ,the forward one is journalled for the forward end of the main shaft1 and the rear one is in line with the trunnions4 ,a half-ring spans the shaft over the forward assembling-disk to form a seat for the front sight4 ,the rear ends of the shafts are bolted in seats in the side of the breech-piece4 ,the trunnions form part of the casting of the frame4 ,the right forward cap-square bolt has a lever for clamping the piece at any desired elevation4 ,the pivot rests in a socket1 in the side of which is a clamp for fixing the gun in any desired direction4 ,the feed-trough holds about eight cartridges4 ,the ,rear ,sight consists of a bar having its right edge arranged with alternate notches and points for each #ajj yards or other unit4 ,these notches and points are so arranged as to allow for the natural drift of the projectile4 ,the bar is hinged at the bottom to lie flat on the breech-piece when not in use4 ,the ,front ,sight is of the ordinary steel-point pattern4 ,,the ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,suppose the crank to be in continual motion4 ,a cartridge is placed in the introduction-trough1 the piston pushes it into the barrel1 the barrels begin to revolve1 and the cartridge is carried on until it arrives before the firing-pin1 held in the solid part of the breech1 and which has1 in the meantime1 been retracted by the action of the cam4 ,as soon as the cartridge has arrived in position the barrels cease to revolve and the primer of the cartridge is struck by the firing-pin and discharged2 the revolution of the barrels begins again1 and the fired cartridge-shell is carried on until it comes to the extractor1 which in the meantime has arrived up to the barrels1 and the cartridge-head rolls into it4 ,as soon as the head is laid hold of by the extractor the barrels again cease to revolve1 and during this period the cartridge-shell is withdrawn and dropped to the ground4 ,during every stoppage of the barrels the gun is supplied with a new cartridge1 the firing and extraction are also performed1 and a continuous but slow fire is kept up4 ,supplying the gun in this manner with single cartridges1 about thirty rounds per minute may be fired4 ,,dismounting ,,and ,,mounting ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,to ,dismount4--#a4 ,open the breech-door by unscrewing the door-bolt4 ,as the mainspring presses against the door1 one hand should be pressed against the door to keep it from flying open4 #b4 ,withdraw the firing-bolt by pulling straight out4 #c4 ,detach the mainspring by first turning it completely over and then withdrawing its keep-pin4 #d4 ,take out the thumb-screw which secures the extractor-crank to the worm-axle4 #e4 ,withdraw the worm-axle by pulling straight out on the crank2 and as the extractor-crank and worm-wheel slip off1 remove them4 #f4 ,pull out the extractor4 #g4 ,pull out the loading-piston4 #h4 ,unscrew the keep-pin of the cog-wheel and take the latter out4 ,this completes the dismounting of the mechanism4 ,to ,mount4--,proceed in the inverse order1 bearing in mind that in inserting the loading-piston it must be pushed in to its extreme forward limit1 as marked by arrows on its forward end and on the rim of the feeding-hole1 before the extractor is inserted4 ,also1 in inserting the worm-axle the most convenient position is with the feather up1 so that the extractor-crank will mount when it is turned arm down and to the rear4 ,this is not necessary1 but is convenient in assembling4 ,to ,dismount ,completely4--#a4 ,turn the barrels until the arrow on the rear assembling-disk marked ,dismount is opposite the arrow on the right upper quarter of breech-piece4 #b4 ,enter a punch in the hole in the breech-piece and back out the keep-bolt of the pin-wheel4 #c4 ,unscrew and take out the pin-wheel4 #d4 ,unscrew the four bolts which secure the frame to the breech-piece4 #e4 ,slip the breech-piece off to the rear4 #f4 ,remove the group of barrels from the frame4 ,mounting is done in the inverse order4 ,start the pin-wheel on before pushing the breech-piece entirely into place4 ,in driving in the keep-pin of the pin-wheel be careful that it is close home so as not to grind in the journal4 ,also1 before dropping the keep-pin in turn the barrels until the arrow marked ,mount is opposite the one on the breech-piece4 ,,care ,,and ,,cleaning ,,required4 ,apply the rules given for mountain-artillery1 page #d4 ,in scrubbing out the barrels it is always best to turn the one to be scrubbed to the extractor-hole1 as this position gives the most room for thorough work and the water does not slop into the breech-piece4 ,elevate the gun slightly and put the water-bucket under the extractor-hole4 ,when cleaned and mounted1 pour a little oil in the oil-holes and revolve the mechanism a few times to spread it on the bearings4 ,,ammunition4 ,the ammunition is similar to that used in breech-loading small arms1 and consists of the projectile1 to the base of which is crimped a metallic cartridge-case containing the powder-charge1 and being provided with a percussion-cap for centre-fire4 ,the charge of powder is loaded into the brass case and shaken down1 and on the top of it is placed a felt lubricating-wad1 which leaves sufficient end to the case to allow it to be crimped to the base of the projectile4 ,the projectiles consist of cast-iron shell1 steel shell1 and canister4 ,the nose of the first is truncated to give a seat for the nose fuze2 that of the second comes to a sharp point1 and its fuze is in the base4 ,the canister consists of a thin drawn brass case1 almost hemispherical at the head1 filled with hardened lead balls packed in sawdust4 ,light4 ,heavy4 ,weight of shell1 empty ,oz4 #ad4d #af loaded #af #ai ,bursting-charge #j4g #j4h ,number of fragments #ae #ae ,weight of canister ,lbs4 #a4be #a4be ,number of bullets #bh #bh ,weight of cartridge-case1 empty ,oz4 #c #c4d powder-charge #b4h #c4h ,total weight of cartridge complete1 shell ,lbs4 #a4d #a4g case #a4f #a4ge ,,the ,,carriage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hd4 ,light4 ,heavy4 ,diameter of wheel ,inches4 #de4b #ee4a ,weight ,lbs4 #ii #ahg ,width of tread ,inches4 #dg4b #fj4b ,weight of carriage without shield ,lbs4 #eej #iij shield #bbj #bhb ,weight of gun1 carriage and limber fully equipped #baab #cdhg ,the trail is formed of two brackets connected by bolts and two transoms1 and having a gun-metal rest for carrying the trunnion-saddle1 the rear ends being connected by the trail eye-piece1 made of cast steel4 ,the brackets diverge at the trunnions1 the axle is of steel1 and the wheels have metallic naves and tires4 ,the gun-traversing arrangement1 giving #d deflection to the right or left1 consists of a cast-steel saddle with trunnion-bearings1 and works in the gun-metal rest riveted to the brackets4 ,the elevating and traversing arrangement consists of a steel ball-and-socket elevating-screw working in an oscillating bearing2 this bearing1 and with it the elevating-screw1 can be traversed right and left by means of a small hand-wheel on the left side of the trail1 and this causes the trunnion-saddle with the gun to pivot around the centre of the saddle4 ,on the right side of the trail there is a compressing-handle to lock the elevating-screw1 so as to make it immovable during firing and whilst travelling4 ,the handspike1 of iron tubing1 is hinged to the trail4 ,the brake is of the following description3 ,each axle-arm has a screw cut on its extremity2 this carries a nut forming a conical cap1 partly enveloping the inner side of the wheel-nave1 which is also conical1 to fit the inside of the cap2 and has a crank-arm by which it can be revolved on the axle4 ,when screwed up1 this cap grips the cone of the nave of the wheel until the latter is immovably locked by the friction of the cones4 ,a shield1 of three parts1 made to fold together1 thus forming seats for two men1 is sometimes provided4 ,it is of steel plate three sixteenths of an inch thick4 ,the carriage carries the following implements3 ,a sponge on the right bracket1 and two handspikes beneath the trail2 in the tool-box 7which is between the brackets7 are carried the feed-trough1 hand-crank1 rear sight1 screw-driver1 oil-can1 reserve mainspring1 reserve firing-pin1 hammer1 punch1 and a universal wrench4 ,,the ,,limber4 ,light4 ,heavy4 ,weight of limber empty ,lbs4 #fje #iac loaded #ajfg #adeb ,number of rounds in limber #cjj #cjj ,the limber is formed of four futchells1--the outside ones of flat steel1 the inside ones and the splinter-bar being of angle-iron1--a platform-board1 and a foot-board of oak4 ,the axle is of hollow wrought iron2 wheels same as for carriage4 ,the futchells and splinter-bar are all riveted together1 and the cast-steel limber-hook is riveted in between the inside futchells3 the axle is secured to the bed by three bearings4 ,the pole lets into an iron frame and is held by two bolts with threads and nuts4 ,the single-trees1 of metal1 are hung to eye-plates under the ends of the brackets4 ,the ammunition-chest is made of steel plate and carries #cjj rounds in two compartments1 one of which holds #ajj rounds packed in ten steel feed-cases ready for rapid firing4 ,the limber carries the following implements3 ,a set of intrenching-tools1 axe1 water-bucket1 traction-rope1 cushions for seats1 etc4 ,,the ,,caisson4 ,light4 ,heavy4 ,weight with limber empty ,lbs4 #adcj #bdji loaded #cjia #dcef ,number of rounds #aajj #aajj ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #he4 ,the caisson 7,fig4 #he7 consists of the limber1 which is identical with the gun-limber1 and the caisson-body1 carrying two ammunition-chests similar to those of the limber4 ,it is of steel and iron1 with brakes like those on the carriage4 ,there are two foot-boards1 and it has arrangements for carrying the spare wheel1 intrenching-tools1 spare pole1 single-trees1 and other accessories4 ,,range ,,table ,,for ,,light ,,field-,,piece4 ,angle of jump1 #d4 ,charge1 #b4h oz4 ,mean weight of projectile1 #a lb4 ,initial velocity1 #acai ft4-sec4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,range4,elevation4,drift4 ,time ,angle ,final ,marks on ,drift- of of ,velocity4,sight-bar4marks4 ,flight4,fall4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,yds4 ,yds4 ,sec4 ,ft4 ,in4 ,in4 #ajj #j #jf #j4ja #j4b #j #aa #abcd #j4jeh #j4jjc #bjj #j #ag #j4jd #j4d #j #bd #aafa #j4afd #j4jjg #cjj #j #bi #j4ji #j4f #j #ch #ajia #j4bha #j4jaj #djj #j #db #j4af #a4j #j #eb #ajcg #j4djf #j4jad #ejj #j #ef #j4bg #a4c #a #ji #ihg #j4edc #j4jah #fjj #a #aj #j4dc #a4g #a #bh #idd #j4fgi #j4jbc #gjj #a #be #j4fd #b4j #a #di #ijf #j4hbd #j4jbg #hjj #a #db #j4hg #b4d #b #ab #hgd #j4ihi #j4jcb #ijj #a #ei #a4b #b4g #b #cg #hdc #a4aed #j4jcg #ajjj #b #af #a4f #c4a #c #je #hai #a4cai #j4jdb #aajj #b #ce #b4j #c4d #c #ce #gif #a4ejd #j4jed #abjj #b #ee #b4e #c4h #d #jg #gge #a4fih #j4jfg #acjj #c #af #c4b #d4b #d #db #gef #a4ijb #j4jgi #adjj #c #ch #c4i #d4e #e #bj #gda #b4aaf #j4jib #aejj #d #jj #d4g #d4i #e #ei #gbf #b4cca #j4ajd #afjj #d #bd #e4g #e4d #f #cj #gaa #b4efe #j4abj #agjj #d #di #f4g #e4h #g #ac #fie #b4hjh #j4acf #ahjj #e #ae #g4i #f4b #g #ef #fhb #c4jfc #j4aeb #aijj #e #db #i4d #f4g #h #ca #fgj #c4ccd #j4afh #bjjj #f #aj #aa4j #g4a #i #ad #fei #c4fja #j4ahd #bajj #f #ci #ab4g #g4f #aj #jj #fej #c4hgg #j4bjg #bbjj #g #ji #ad4g #h4j #aj #dh #fda #d4aha #j4bbi #bcjj #g #dj #af4h #h4e #aa #ci #fcb #d4dhg #j4beb #bdjj #h #ab #ai4c #i4j #ab #ca #fbc #d4hjd #j4bgd #bejj #h #df #bb4j #i4e #ac #bd #fac #e4adj #j4big ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,mean ,deviation4 ,dangerous ,highest -------------------,space of ,point ,range4,range4,drift4,height4 ,target of #e ,feet ,trajectory4 ,high4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,yds4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,yds4 ,ft4 #ajj #bb4c #j4jf #j4jg ,total #bjj #ba4c #j4ab #j4ad ,range4 #cjj #bj4e #j4ai #j4bb #bag #djj #ai4h #j4be #j4cj #aej #ejj #ai4a #j4cb #j4ci #aac #ad #fjj #ah4e #j4db #j4di #ij #gjj #ah4j #j4ej #j4eg #gd #hjj #ag4e #j4ee #j4fe #fh #ijj #ag4a #j4fc #j4gi #ec #ajjj #af4g #j4gj #j4ij #df #fg #aajj #af4e #j4gi #a4jb #dj #abjj #af4c #j4h #a4a #cf #acjj #af4j #j4ii #a4c #cb #adjj #af4j #a4je #a4d #bi #aejj #ae4i #a4a #a4e #bf #ahd #afjj #ae4i #a4c #a4g #agjj #ae4i #a4d #a4i #ahjj #ae4i #a4f #b4a #aijj #af4a #a4f #b4d #bjjj #af4e #a4g #b4g #chg #bajj #af4i #a4h #c4j #bbjj #ag4b #b4j #c4c #bcjj #ag4f #b4b #c4f #bdjj #ah4a #b4d #d4j #bejj #ah4g #b4e #d4f #gja ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,the ,,gatling ,,gun4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hf4 ,the following description applies more particularly to the model of #ahhc1 which differs in some of its details from previous models4 ,the #a-;inch and 4#de-;inch calibres are now in service2 and contracts have been made for supplying 4#cj-;inch calibre4 ,the ,gatling gun consists of a number of breech-loading rifled barrels1 ,b1 grouped around a shaft1 ,s1 to which they are parallel4 ,the #a-;inch has six barrels2 smaller calibres eight and ten4 ,each barrel is fired only once in the revolution of the group4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hg4 ,the breech-ends of the barrels are screwed into a disk or rear barrel-plate1 ,p1 which is fastened to the shaft1 and the muzzles pass through another similar disk1 ,p1 called the front barrel-plate1 on the shaft2 the shaft projects beyond the muzzles1 and extends backwards for some distance behind the breeches of the barrels4 ,directly behind the barrels a carrier-block1 ,c1 is fastened to the shaft1 and in its exterior surface semi-cylindrical channels are cut1 which form trough-like extensions to the rear of the cartridge-chambers of the barrels1 and are designed to receive and guide the cartridges while they are thrust into the barrels1 and guide the empty cases while they are withdrawn4 ,behind the carrier-block the shaft carries1 rigidly attached1 the lock-cylinder1 ,l1 in which guide-grooves are formed1 which are parallel to the barrels1 and in which slide long breech-plugs or locks having a forward and backward motion of their own1 and by which the cartridges are thrust into the barrels4 ,they also close the barrels until after discharge1 and then extract the cases4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hh4 ,each plug1 or lock 7,fig4 #hh71 contains a spiral mainspring1 b1 acting on a firing-pin1 a1 by which the charge is fired1 so that the plug performs all of the functions of a gun-lock1 as well as of a breech-plug1 b is the head of firing-pin 7which engages in ,r1 ,fig4 #hi72 c is the lug for groove2 d is the hooked extractor which engages over the cartridge-head2 and e is the guide-rib for the lock4 ,the lock is a rebounding one1 the intention being that the firing-pin shall not project beyond the face of the block until1 on being released from the cocking-piece1 it flies forward and discharges the cartridge4 ,the shaft1 ,s1 to which the group of barrels and both the carrier-block and the lock-cylinder are rigidly attached1 is free to turn on its axis1 the front end being journalled in the front part of the frame1 and the rear end in a diaphragm in the breech-casing4 ,the gearing by which the shaft is revolved consists of a toothed wheel1 ,g 7,fig4 #hg71 fastened to the shaft1 and worked by an endless screw1 ,w1 on a small axle1 ,s1 which passes transversely through the case at right angles to the shaft1 and is furnished outside the case with a hand-crank1 ,k4 ,the crank may be worked from the side1 or it may be attached to the rear end of the main shaft1 giving in the first position a rapidity equal to about #hjj shots per minute1 and in the latter #abjj per minute4 ,the rear end of the main shaft terminates in a screw1 which is covered by a knob or cascable1 which is turned when the crank is to be attached for rapid fire4 ,the cartridge-carrier block is covered above the frame by a semi-cylindrical shell1 which is provided at the top with an opening of suitable size and shape to permit a single cartridge to fall through it into one of the channels of the carrier-block1 which it overlies4 ,there is a trough extending upward from this opening and forming a hopper1 in which feed-cases can be placed4 ,beneath the carrier-block everything is open1 to allow the cartridges or shells which are withdrawn by the extractors from the barrels to fall to the ground4 ,within the cylindrical breech-case attached to the frame a heavy ring1 not quite the length of the lock-cylinder1 is fastened to the case and diaphragm1 which nearly fills the space between the inside of the case and the cylinder4 ,portions of the inside of this ring are so cut away as to leave a cam projecting from the inner surface of the ring1 having two helicoidal edges inclined to each other1 and united by a short1 flat plane4 ,against these edges the rear ends of the locks continually bear1 there being room enough for the locks to lie loosely within the parts of the ring which are cut away4 ,each lock is held back against the cam by a lug projecting laterally from the end of the lock1 and entering a groove formed at the base of the cam1 in the thin part of the ring4 ,a device for throwing the cocking-piece in and out of gear1 worked by a knob on the right of the breech-casing1 permits the gun being used for drill purposes without snapping the locks4 ,when the arrow-head points to the front1 it is in position for firing4 ,with the head pointing to the rear it is out of action4 ,on the left of the breech-casing1 just under the hopper1 is a movable section with three wedge-shaped prongs1 which keep the cartridge-cases in the grooves of the carrier until they are ejected4 ,it is called the shell-guide4 ,the gun can be unloaded of any cartridges not fired by removing the feed-case1 opening the hopper1 and reversing the motion of the crank4 ,the locks can be removed and inserted without taking off the cascable-plate2 and the absence of one or more plugs does not affect the working of the gun1 except to diminish the intensity of the fire4 ,for each lock removed one unexploded cartridge falls to the ground at each revolution of the gun4 ,the gun is encased in a frame which has trunnions1 and is mounted in the ordinary way1 like a field-piece4 ,the screw for elevating and depressing the breech works in a nut attached to the trail of the carriage in the usual way4 ,in the model of #ahhc the trunnions of the gun are placed two inches below its centre1 and the elevation and depression are given by means of an arc connected at both extremities with the gun1 which may be elevated #gd or depressed #gh4 ,a lateral movement is given the gun by means of a hand-lever which fits into a square mortise cast on the under side of the breech-casing4 ,on top of the breech-casing is a spirit-level placed parallel to the axis of the piece1 and on the right side of the cascable-plate is another at right angles to the first4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #hi4 ,,action ,,of ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,in ,fig4 #hi cd1 cd are the developments of the right-and left-hand sides of the elliptical groove2 cc and dd are developments of the circular arcs4 ,when the crank is rotated1 it causes the shaft with the barrels1 carrier-block1 and lock-cylinder to rotate in the casing4 ,the bolts1 held by the guides in the surface of the lock-cylinder1 also rotate with the barrels and other parts1 but by the bearing of the bolt-lugs in the elliptical grooves in the barrel-casing the bolts on the right-hand side are forced to move forward1 dc1 towards the barrels1 and those on the left to move backward cd4 ,when each bolt in this rotation reaches the loading-flat1 a cartridge drops from the feed into the groove in the carrier-block1 in front of the bolt4 ,as the rotation continues the bolt pushes forward until1 on reaching the firing-flat1 the cartridge has been completely inserted and the barrel closed4 ,during this motion a groove on the right-hand side of the casing1 ,r1 catches the head of the firing-pin and retains it1 thus compressing the spiral mainspring and cocking the firing-pin4 ,a continuation of the rotation causes the firing-pin to pass out of this groove2 and the action of the mainspring drives the pin forward and fires the cartridge4 ,the motion continuing1 the bolt is withdrawn by the left-hand groove1 cd1 and as it moves backward the empty case is drawn out by the extractor on the bolt4 ,,the ,,feed4 ,the ,bruce ,feed 7,fig4 #ij74--,this is a gravity feed consisting of an upright bronze standard1 a1 having two grooves in it4 ,below the grooves is a fixed mouth1 c1 and below this a wheel1 d1 having its axis to one side of the mouth and turning freely on this axis4 ,when in use1 the feed is inserted in an opening in the barrel-casing directly over the carrier-block1 e4 ,the paper box containing the cartridges 7the top being removed7 is placed in the fixed standard with the heads of the cartridges to the rear4 ,the heads engage in the grooves of the swinging-piece1 b1 and the paper box may then be pulled off4 ,as each cartridge strikes the wheel it causes the latter to revolve and present a new groove for the reception of a cartridge4 ,the cartridges delivered to the wheel are in turn carried around by it and deposited in the grooves of the carrier-block4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ij4 ,the cartridges in one column of the feed becoming exhausted1 the weight of those in the other column causes the swinging-piece to rotate sufficiently for them to be fed to the piece4 ,the ,accles ,feed 7,fig4 #ia7 consists of a brass drum the distance between whose heads slightly exceeds the length of the cartridge to be used4 ,the inside of the head is grooved in a spiral form ending at the mouth of the drum4 ,the central part of the spiral is removed and replaced by the axis of a set of radial arms which rotate about this axis4 ,the cartridges are inserted through the mouth of the drum into the spirals with the heads to the rear4 ,when in use1 the drum1 a1 is placed in position1 with its mouth1 c1 down and over the grooves in the carrier-block1 d4 ,projections1 e1 on the outer edges of the grooves in the block engage in the outer extremities1 f1 of the radial arms1 b1 of the drum so as to cause the latter to rotate when the crank is turned2 and the arms1 bearing against the cartridges1 force them along the spirals towards the opening in the drum1 whence they are delivered to the grooves in the carrier-block4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,the ,latest ,improved ,feed 7,fig4 #ic7 has but a small surface exposed to fire1 is cheap1 light1 and independent of gravity1 so that it may be used at any angle4 ,long strips 7,fig4 #ib7 of tin or any cheap flexible metal have tongues1 a1 punched in them1 one end of the tongue being left attached to the strip and the other separated4 ,these tongues surround the cartridge and hold it in place on the strip4 ,the small rectangular slots1 b1 are punched completely through1 and in these slots fit the rims of the cartridge-cases4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,a hopper 7a1 ,fig4 #ic7 is hinged to the frame which supports the gun just over the carrier-block1 and has in it an opening1 b1 through which the strips1 with the cartridges down1 are fed4 ,this opening is narrow in front and wide in rear to prevent the cartridge being introduced wrong end to the front4 ,below the opening1 b1 is a shelf1 c1 so shaped as to guide the cartridges and strips into the opening4 ,above the shelf is a flat spring1 d1 which presses the cartridges down as they pass through the opening4 ,a wedge1 e1 projects from the opposite side of the hopper1 and1 acting on each cartridge in turn1 forces it out of the strip1 the tongues1 a1 bending downward into the recess provided for them4 ,the carrier-block1 f1 is provided with projections which act like the teeth of a wheel upon the cartridges1 forcing the strip to the right4 ,when in use1 a strip containing cartridges is pushed into the opening1 b1 of the hopper4 ,the crank is rotated and the strip is forced to the right through the hopper4 ,this action brings each cartridge in succession against the point of the wedge1 e1 which forces the cartridge out of its hold on the strip by bending downward the tongues1 a1 and the cartridge is deposited in the groove of the carrier-block1 the empty strip passing to the right4 ,before ,firing the ,gun4--,the following points should be attended to3 ,the adjuster-nut should be at its proper position1 viz41 with the marks in line with each other4 ,the safety-cam 7cocking-switch7 should be set to fire arrow-head on knob pointing forward4 ,the shell-guide should be in its place and the hopper locked down4 ,never turn the crank quickly while the lock-plug is out4 ,see that the safety-cam is turned out of firing position when the gun is being worked without cartridges4 ,precautions to be ,observed4--7a7 ,never lay the cover upon the ground1 as it is liable to pick up sand and dirt1 which may derange the working of the parts4 7b7 ,a partially filled feed-case should not be put back into the ammunition-chest without being filled up1 as the cartridges may become inverted and jam the gun4 7c7 ,if the gun jams1 remove the feed-case at once1 open the hopper1 and reverse the crank until all the cartridges are taken out4 ,this will be found to save time1 unless the cause of the jamming is evident and in the immediate vicinity of the hopper4 7d7 ,see that all the parts are kept well oiled to prevent friction and scouring4 ,,the ,,carriage1 ,,model #ahhc4 ,the carriage is made of metal2 the axle of steel without any axle-body2 the wheels are of the ,archibald pattern2 and the trail of two plates of mild steel1 reinforced on top and connected by five transoms4 ,a gunner's seat is hinged to the top of the trail4 ,the oscillating-lever1 when not in use1 is carried between the trail-plates4 ,the elevating-arc is held in place by a binding-screw1 and is worked by a bronze handle4 ,the field of oscillation is limited by two stop-pins in front of the swivel4 ,they permit of about #ej of lateral movement1 and the gun can be held at any point of this arc by a binding-screw1 the handle of which is on the left cheek4 ,on each side of the gun1 and fastened to the axle1 is an ammunition-chest of steel for carrying feed-drums and certain tools4 ,these chests are lined with wood1 and running through the middle1 separating the compartments for feed-drums1 are blocks of wood with recesses in their tops for the following tools3 ,left ,chest4 #a cam-extractor4 #a riveting-hammer4 #a oil-can4 #a screw-wrench4 #a sight1 left4 ,right ,chest4 #a crank-handle for gun4 #a drift4 #a lock screw-driver4 #a ,t screw-driver4 #a pin-wrench4 #a sight1 right4 ,the lids of these chests are fastened with hasps and turnbuckles4 ,they can be locked with the ordinary padlock4 ,a wiping-rod of brass is fastened to the under side of the stock4 ,,the ,,limber4 ,the limber is principally of metal4 ,the axle and wheels are the same as in the carriage4 ,the limber-chest and lid are of ,bessemer steel reinforced by angle-irons4 ,the interior of the chest is divided by steel plates into three compartments for carrying ammunition4 ,the centre one is subdivided by wooden partitions for carrying feed-drums4 ,the lid is fastened in the same manner as those on the axle-chests4 ,the following is the capacity of the limber-chest3 ,right and left compartments1 #acb packages1 each of #bj cartridges #ebhj cartridges #d feed-drums of #ajd cartridges each #daf ,front centre compartment1 #ch packages of #bj cartridges each #gfj ,these with the four feed-drums in the axle-chest #daf ---- ,would give #fhgb ,weight of piece #bcg lbs4 ,weight of gun-carriage with chest and tools1 without feed-cylinders #eid ,weight of limber and chest #ged ammunition and chest #bcj one wheel #ajf feed-cylinder 7filled7 #bd ,,the #j4de-;,,inch ,,gatling ,,gun ,,mounted ,,on ,a ,,cavalry-,,cart4 ,,description ,,of ,,the ,,piece4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,designation4 ,no4,lbs4,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,extreme length of piece #ce4e ,length of barrel #ah ,length of breech-casing #h4e ,length of feed-case #bj4be ,cartridges in each case #dj ,cartridges in each chest #ifj ,gun 7weight7 #add ,total weight of gun1 carriage1 and implements #ibe ,number of barrels #aj ,number of horses to draw 7good roads7 #a ,number of horses to draw 7bad roads7 #b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,the #a-;,,inch ,,gatling4 ,,description ,,of ,,piece4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,designation4 ,no4 ,lbs4,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,extreme length of piece #fh4ae ,length of barrel #cc ,length of breech-casing #ba4e ,length of feed-case #ad4e ,cartridges in each case #ab ,cartridges in each ammunition-chest #dgb #cae ,total number of rounds for each gun #beib ,gun 7weight7 #ajjh ,total weight of gun1 implements1 carriage1 and limber #cbfc ,number of barrels #f ,number of grooves #f ,depth of grooves #j4ja ,twist3 one turn in six feet4 ,preponderance #aaj ,number of horses for each piece #f ,number of horses for each caisson #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,for field service each piece is accompanied by one caisson4 ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,the #j4de-;,,inch ,,gun 7#ahhc74 ,components4--,adjustable-screw nut2 barrels 7#aj72 breech-casing2 breech-casing screws 7#f72 bushings 7#aj72 cartridge-carrier2 cartridge-shell ejector2 cartridge-shell ejector-screws 7#c72 cartridge-shell extractor-block2 cartridge-shell extractor-block screws 7#b72 cascable-plate2 cocking device2 crank2 crank-latch2 crank-shaft2 diaphragm2 dowel-pins2 extractor-hooks 7#aj72 firing-pins 7#aj72 front cap2 main shaft2 oscillating-thread nut and washer2 rear-guide nut2 rear plate for barrels2 rear sight2 worm2 worm-gear2 rear-sight screws2 front plate for barrels2 front sight2 front-sight screws2 gas-collar2 gun-frame2 hopper2 hopper-hinge2 hopper-hinge pin2 hopper-hinge screws 7#b72 hopper-latch2 hopper-latch screws2 lock-cylinder2 lock-cylinder screws 7#b72 lock-extractor2 lock-extractor screws2 lock-extractor sleeve2 lock-extractor sleeve-screws 7#b72 lock-mainsprings 7#aj72 lock-nuts 7#aj72 lock-tubes 7#aj72 spiral cam2 spiral-cam screws 7#b72 trunnions 7#b72 washer for front end of main shaft4 ,appendages4--,adjusting screw-wrench2 brass wiping-rod2 clamp for worm-gear2 feed-cases1 straight 7#dh72 lock screw-driver2 pin-wrench2 rear-guide nut-wrench2 shell-driver2 small screw-driver2 ,t screw-driver4 ,the ,carriage4--,shafts2 eye-bolts and straps 7#f72 splinter-bar2 step2 hounds2 assembling-bolts2 prop2 foot-board2 floor2 bed2 bed-plate2 clamp-screws 7#b72 ammunition-chests 7#b72 chest-handles 7#b72 lid2 lid-latch 7#b72 corner-plates2 angle-irons2 tool-box2 tool-box latch2 tool-box straps and hinges2 guard-plate2 linch-pins 7#b72 washers 7#b74 ,,gatling ,,gun1 ,,short ,,barrel1 ,,model #ahge4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,dismounting4 #a4 ,turn the crank1 and as each mark on the rear barrel-plate comes opposite the mark on the front of hopper remove the locks by means of the lock-plug4 #b4 ,remove screws and take off the cascable-plate4 #c4 ,remove screw from left end of crank-shaft and take off oscillating-screw4 #d4 ,remove worm steady-pin by tapping the small pin until it is loose1 then turn the crank backwards and remove with fingers1 and take out the crank-shaft1 worm1 and sleeve4 #e4 ,remove screw from rear end of main shaft and take off worm-gear4 #f4 ,remove the adjusting-screw cover and take out the adjusting-screw and set-nut4 #g4 ,remove clamp-stop from elevating screw clamp and screw out the clamp4 #h4 ,screw in the elevating-screw as far as it will go1 then lift the elevating-screw and its sleeve by the handle clear of its seat and out of the traversing apparatus1 allowing the front end of barrels to drop down slowly as far as they will go1 and remove traversing apparatus by sliding to the left4 #i4 ,remove screws and take off breech-casing4 #aj4 ,take out hinge-pin and remove hopper4 #aa4 ,remove screws which secure lock-cam cylinder to breech-casing1 remove lock-cam cylinder1 and take out cocking-cam piston and spring4 #ab4 ,take group of barrels out of frame 7one man holding sleeve on front end of main shaft to prevent dropping7 and remove sleeve4 #ac4 ,take out screw from lock-cylinder1 back out steady-pin which holds rear-guide nut1 and remove the nut4 7,the nut works on a left-hand thread47 #ad4 ,take off lock-cylinder and carrier-block4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling4 #a4 ,replace carrier-block and lock-cylinder4 #b4 ,replace rear-guide nut1 and put in steady-pin and lock-cylinder screw4 #c4 ,replace sleeve 7small end to the front7 and place group of barrels in frame4 #d4 ,replace cocking-cam piston and spring1 place lock-cam cylinder in interior of breech-casing1 and put in screws4 #e4 ,replace hopper and put in hinge-pin4 #f4 ,replace breech-casing and put in screws4 #g4 ,replace traversing apparatus2 place head of elevating-screw in its seat in traversing apparatus1 and put elevating-screw with sleeve in place4 #h4 ,screw in elevating-screw clamp as far as it will go and put in clamp-screw4 #i4 ,replace adjusting-screw with set-nut and put on cover4 #aj4 ,replace worm-gear and spline-screw4 #aa4 ,replace sleeve1 worm1 and crank-shaft1 and put steady-pin in worm4 #ab4 ,replace oscillating-screw and put screw in left end of crank-shaft4 #ac4 ,replace cascable-plate and put in screws4 #ad4 ,replace locks according to numbers on front of locks and rear barrel-plate4 #ae4 ,replace lock-plugs4 ,,gatling ,,gun1 ,,long ,,barrel1 ,,model #ahhc4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,dismounting4 #a4 ,remove hinge-pin and take off hopper4 #b4 ,remove lock-plug by turning to the right and take out locks4 #c4 ,turn off the adjuster-knob by pressing down the catch and turning the knob to the left1 or pressing down the catch and turning the crank in the same direction as when firing4 #d4 ,remove the worm-cover1 pull out the crank-shaft split-pin1 and remove washer from left end of crank-shaft2 hold one hand under worm-cover hole and draw out the crank-shaft to the right4 ,in this operation the worm will fall through the worm-cover hole1 and should be caught in the hand4 #e4 ,take off the cascable-plate4 ,to do this1 first see that the cocking-switch is in the firing position1 which is indicated by the arrow pointing forward4 ,then turn out the cascable-plate screw1 and turn the plate to the left until the arrows on the plate and casing meet2 hold one hand under worm-cover hole to receive worm-gear1 and pull the plate off to the rear4 #f4 ,take out the lock-cam4 ,first pull the cocking-switch outward1 turning it to the right until it snaps in the notch1 the arrow pointing downward2 the cam can now be pulled out1 using the cam-extractor1 or the fingers of both hands4 #g4 ,take out the shell-guide4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling4 #a4 ,put in the shell-guide4 #b4 ,put in the lock-cam1 then turn the cocking-switch so that the arrow points forward4 #c4 ,put on the cascable-plate4 ,be sure that the gear is inside the worm-cover hole1 and turn the plate and gear until the grooves on the latter meet the splines on the main shaft2 then push the plate into place1 and turn to the right until the arrows on plate and casing meet4 #d4 ,put in the crank-shaft and worm 7countersunk-end of the latter to the right7 and secure with washer and split-pin4 #e4 ,screw on the adjuster-knob2 turn it up as far as possible1 and then back until lines on catch and ratchet meet4 #f4 ,put in locks as numbered on front of locks and rear barrel-plate1 and put in lock-plug4 #g4 ,put on hopper and replace hinge-pin4 ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,the #a-;,,inch ,,gun4 ,in ,view4--,main shaft1 around which the barrels are clustered2 front plate1 which supports the front of the barrels2 rear plate1 which supports the rear end of the barrels2 barrels2 gun-frame2 trunnions2 gun-face2 front sight2 rear sight2 breech-casing2 breech-casing screws2 cascable-plate2 hopper2 ejector2 cartridge-carrier2 crank2 elevating-screw2 elevating-screw box2 elevating-screw bed2 elevating-screw handle2 wiping-rod 7brass72 ejecting-rod 7iron72 lock2 lock-tube2 lock-hammer2 lock-spring2 firing-pin2 extractor4 ,within the ,breech-casing4--,lock-cylinder2 rear-guide nut2 cocking-ring2 cocking-ring clamp2 spiral cam2 diaphragm2 diaphragm-plug2 gear-wheel2 pinion2 rear-cam screw4 ,,to ,,take ,,the ,,gun ,,apart4 ,the piece is first dismounted and placed with its casing resting on blocks4 ,mounting and dismounting are best accomplished by means of a gin4 ,in case of necessity1 it may be mounted and dismounted as a field-piece1 care being taken to place blocks of wood to receive the gun-frame and to prevent injury to the front sight1 or to the barrels4 ,the operations of taking apart are executed in the following order3 #a4 ,block up the frame and barrels4 #b4 ,remove the hopper4 #c4 ,remove the cascable-plate4 #d4 ,take out the steady-pin2 then turn the crank downwards and remove the crank shaft in that position4 #e4 ,remove the rear sight1 and take out the large gear-wheel4 #f4 ,take out the rear plug in the diaphragm1 and then gently revolve the gun until a lock presents itself on a line with the hole in the diaphragm1 through which one lock after another is taken out4 #g4 ,take out the breech-casing screws1 and remove the casing by drawing it off to the rear4 ,care is taken in this operation to have the lock-cylinder and gun supported1 so as to keep the axis of the main shaft parallel to the top of the frame4 ,this is necessary to prevent the rear end of the gun from dropping when the casing is removed4 #h4 ,remove the pin from the large nut on the main shaft in rear of the locks1 and take this nut off by turning it to the right2 then remove the lock-cylinder and carrier from the main shaft4 ,the spiral cam need not be taken out of the casing in order to take the gun apart4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,gun4 #a4 ,put the main shaft in its place through the plates which hold the barrels1 and then put in their proper places the carrier1 lock-cylinder1 and large rear nut4 ,the latter should be screwed up tight and have the taper-pin put through the nut and shaft4 #b4 ,place the gun within the frame1 and let the front end of the main shaft rest in the hole designed for it in the front of the frame4 ,when the gun is in this position1 the cocking-ring should be shoved over the lock-cylinder and left for the time loosely around the carrier4 #c4 ,let the breech of the gun be slightly raised1 when the breech-casing can be shoved over the lock-cylinder to its place2 then screw the casing to the frame1 putting1 in the meantime1 the cocking-ring in its proper place4 ,revolve the gun to the right or left so that the places for the locks will come on a line with the hole in the diaphragm1 through which one lock at a time can be inserted in its proper position2 afterwards the screw-plug should be inserted to close the hole4 #d4 ,put on the cog-wheels1 replace the crank-shaft1 pinion1 and steady-pin4 ,put on the rear sight1 and screw on the cascable-plate and hopper1 and the gun is ready to be mounted4 ,the piece is mounted on a #c-;inch gun-carriage widened between the cheeks to receive it4 ,the ammunition-chests are arranged for twelve trays4 ,for field service each piece is accompanied by one caisson4 ,,the ,,gardner ,,gun 7,,cal4 #j4de74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,weight of gun #adb lbs4 and carriage #ejb ,shots per minute #ceg ,this gun consists of two breech-loading rifled barrels1 a 7,fig4 #ie71 7chambered at the rear to admit a flanged centre-fire metallic cartridge71 having their axes in the same horizontal plane enclosed and supported in a bronze casing4 ,the two openings in the front part of this casing are for the circulation of air to keep the barrels cool4 ,the barrels are without motion1 and are loaded and fired by the action of the breech mechanism1 which is contained in the rectangular rear part of the casing4 ,this is closed at the top by a hinged cover1 c1 which is firmly locked in position by screwing up the cascable4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 a4 barrels4 b4 casing4 c4 breech-cover4 d4 locks4 e e4 cams4 f4 ejectors4 g4 feed4 h4 main spring-compressor4 i4 cocking-cam4 j4 cocking-lever4 l4 feed-valve lever4 v4 feed-valve4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,motion is given to all the parts by the cams 7a1 ,fig4 #if71 which are attached to the three steel disks1 b1 at opposite extremities of a diameter1 and the whole is rotated around an axis1 c1 by means of a crank1 d4 ,the parts abc form the main crank1 which is supported in journal-boxes that are locked into the body of the rear case as shown in ,fig4 #ie4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,the ,lock 7,fig4 #ig7 in form resembles the letter ,u1 having an extension from its side which contains the firing-pin1 h2 the mainspring1 i1 whose ends abut against the collar1 k1 on the firing-pin1 and the sector-sleeve1 l1 which slides over the firing-pin2 the sector or spring-compressor1 n2 the extractor1 b2 the sear1 e2 and the sear-spring1 j4 ,the ,u part of the lock1 that works under and around the cam1 is curved at the inner front to correspond with the outer circle of the cam1 the office of the curved front being to hold the lock in position for firing4 ,the circular firing-pin is flattened a portion of its length near the front end1 to allow it to pass under the extractor1 by which it is held in position4 ,it extends from the head of the lock through the mainspring and sector-sleeve1 terminating in a head1 m1 for locking into the sear4 ,the sear1 e1 pivoted in the centre of the lock1 holds the firing-pin securely1 and prevents it from touching the cartridge until it is released from its hold by the action of the cam1 when the lock is in its extreme forward position4 ,the sector or spring-compressor1 n1 hinged in a recess of the lock1 and engaging1 by means of gear-teeth1 with the sector-sleeve1 l1 has its arm1 g1 forced against the safety-stop1 o1 as the cam advances1 thus compressing1 through the medium of the sector-sleeve1 the mainspring1 and holding it tense until released by action of the sear4 ,the lock-heads serve as breech-plugs1 and receive the recoil when the cartridges are fired4 ,each lock carries a hooked extractor which rides over and catches the flange of the cartridge1 when the lock is forced forward1 and when the lock retreats withdraws the empty shell until it comes within reach of the ejector1 by which it is positively thrown out4 ,the ejectors1 ff1 hinged to the case1 are driven by projections on the sides of the locks which give them positive movements to eject the empty shells4 ,the ,feed1 resembling the ,bruce feed but without the wheel1 is fixed to the casing in rear of the barrels4 ,below the feed-guide the casing has two holes for the passage of cartridges1 and below the holes is the feed-valve1 which slides at right angles to the barrels when driven by the forked-shaped lever which receives its motion from the bolts as they move forward4 ,,observations4 #a4 ,if the crank be turned before the feeding of the cartridges is commenced1 the first few will fall irregularly and check the working of the gun4 #b4 ,be careful to reclamp firmly the swivel and pointing-lever after pointing4 #c4 ,to oscillate the gun without changing the elevation1 unclamp the swivel and turn the gun back and forth from right to left by means of the pointing-lever1 regulating the amplitude of the vibration by the oscillation-stop head4 #d4 ,when the firing is discontinued1 turn the safety-crank downwards and to the front1 until the crank-stop drops into its front recess in the casing4 #e4 ,this gun may be fired by turning the crank backward4 ,,nomenclature ,,of ,,the ,,gun4 ,in and about the ,casing4--,lock 7lock-frame2 lock-frame heads2 lock-frame truck2 locking-lever2 locking-lever pins2 locking-lever stop-pins2 firing-pin2 firing-pin rack2 mainspring2 sear2 sear-pin2 sear-spring2 sear-spring pin2 extractor72 casing 7body72 casing 7cover72 cascable2 cascable-screw2 rear sight and pinion2 rear-sight guide2 lock-cam2 lock-cam recoil-plates2 lock-cam journal-boxes2 perforated plate2 perforated plate cartridge-support2 shell-starter2 cocking-cam2 cocking-cam screws2 hand-crank2 hand-crank pin2 hand-crank handle2 ejector2 ejector-pins2 lock-guide2 cartridge-guide2 feed-valve2 feed-valve slide2 feed-valve seat2 feed-valve lever2 feed-valve lever-screw2 feed-valve lever-slide2 feed-guide2 feed-guide catch2 feed-guide cartridge-stop2 front sight2 mainspring-compressor2 lever and compressor locks2 compressor-guide2 safety-crank2 safety-crank stop2 safety-crank stop-spring2 safety-crank shaft1 safety-crank shaft-lever and pins2 front-sight spring2 barrels2 front barrel-plate2 front barrel-plate pin2 rear barrel-plate2 rear barrel-plate pin4 ,about the ,carriage4--,swivel 7the brass casting connecting casing and carriage72 swivel and casing pivot-pins1 ring1 chain1 and lock-pin2 swivel-clamp2 swivel-clamp screw1 gunner's seat2 swivel-clamp screw-collar2 swivel and carriage pivot-bolt locks2 swivel and carriage pivot-bolt lock-lever2 swivel and carriage pivot-bolt lock-lever ring and chain2 elevating and pointing-lever2 pointing-lever pivot-pin ring chain and lock-pins2 pointing-lever clamp1 lock-chain2 pointing-lever clamp-screw2 oscillation-stop1 trail handspikes1 oscillation-stop traversing-screw2 oscillation-stop limit-screw4 ,implements1 etc4--,wiping-rod2 ,t screw-driver2 lock-wrench2 headless shell-extractor2 packing-case2 shell-driver2 hammer2 drifts2 breech-casing cover 7leather74 ,,the ,,carriage4 ,the distinctive feature of the carriage is the arrangement for oscillation1 the lateral movement being regulated by a clamp1 which compresses1 or allows to expand1 a metallic ring concentric with the pivot around which the gun moves4 ,the lever for elevating or depressing1 as well as giving the oscillation1 is peculiar to this gun4 ,,the ,,limber4 ,the limber-chest is opened in rear by a lid1 which falls down1 and is held in place by jointed braces1 thereby serving as a shelf4 ,when down1 it exposes a series of drawers six in number1 and two recesses for implements4 ,in these drawers the ammunition is carried in the original pasteboard packages4 ,each drawer has a capacity for #de packages or #ijj rounds1 thus giving to each limber #edjj rounds4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,dismounting4 #a4 ,unscrew the cascable and raise the breech-cover4 #b4 ,remove the locks4 ,to do this1 turn the crank until one of the lock-cam recoil-plates is uppermost2 rotate the corresponding lock about the recoil-plate until it is vertical1 and draw it out at front4 ,the other lock may be removed in the same manner4 #c4 ,remove the ejectors directly by their pins4 #d4 ,remove the lock-cam1 raising it vertically by means of its journal-boxes4 #e4 ,turn out the feed-valve and valve-lever screws1 and remove valve1 valve-slide1 lever1 and lever-slide4 #f4 ,drive out the safety-crank pin1 and remove crank4 #g4 ,drive out the safety-crank shaft and remove the spline4 ,,to ,,dismount ,,the ,,lock4 #a4 ,drive out the extractor-pin1 and remove the extractor4 #b4 ,unscrew the lock-head by means of the lock-wrench4 #c4 ,uncock by pressing on the sear1 and turn the cocking-lever to the rear2 drive out the cocking-lever pin1 and remove the lever4 #d4 ,draw out the firing pin1 remove the rack1 and unscrew the mainspring4 #e4 ,drive out the sear-spring pin1 and remove the spring4 #f4 ,drive out the sear-spring1 and remove the sear4 #g4 ,drive out the truck-pin1 and remove the truck4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling4 #a4 ,put in safety-crank shaft and spline4 #b4 ,put in safety-crank and crank-pin4 #c4 ,replace the feed-valve1 valve-slide1 lever1 and lever-slide1 and the feed-valve and valve-lever screws4 #d4 ,replace the lock-cam1 lowering it vertically into place by its journal-boxes1 with the oil-holes in journal-boxes on top4 #e4 ,replace the ejectors4 #f4 ,replace the locks4 ,for this purpose each of the lock-cam recoil-plates must be uppermost1 in succession4 #g4 ,lower the breech-cover and screw up the cascable4 ,,to ,,assemble ,,the ,,lock4 #a4 ,replace the truck and drive in the truck-pin4 #b4 ,replace the sear and pin4 #c4 ,replace the sear-spring and pin4 #d4 ,screw on the mainspring1 replace the rack with notch towards head of firing-pin4 #e4 ,replace cocking-lever with its front tooth in front space on rack1 put in lever-pin1 and cock by turning cocking-lever to the front4 #f4 ,turn the firing-pin so that its flat is parallel with the extractor-slot1 and screw on the lock-head by means of the lock-wrench4 #g4 ,replace the extractor and extractor-pin4 ,,the ,,maxim ,,automatic ,,machine-,,gun4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,weight #ej lbs4 ,calibre ,small arms ammunition ,rapidity of fire #fjj to #fej shots per minute ,the gun consists of two parts1 viz41 the recoiling and non-recoiling4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4 ,the ,recoiling ,part is the barrel and its extension4 ,the barrel is an ordinary rifle barrel with a breech-sleeve to which is secured the extension4 ,the extension of the barrel consists of two vertical steel plates1 between which the lock and the gear connected therewith operate on guides and bearings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aja4 ,the ,lock bears a vertically sliding piece1 ,d 7called the carrier71 on its fore end1 and does not differ materially from that of an ordinary pistol4 ,it is secured by a divided screw to the connecting-rod1 ,b1 of a crank1 ,e1 the shaft of which passes through the plates4 ,there is also a handle to the shaft on the right side of the gun outside1 and a curved arm to the crank4 ,the ,trigger1 ,f1 immediately in rear of the mainspring1 ,m1 is actuated by the rod1 ,s1 which is operated by the lever1 ,l1 having at its upper end a double button4 ,pressing this button draws back the rod and releases the hammer1 ,g1 and firing-pin1 ,h4 ,in rear of the gun is a catch1 which when down prevents the lever being pressed forward4 ,the ,non-recoiling ,portion consists of the gun-case and the water-jacket4 ,this portion is mounted on trunnions1 and has attached traversing1 elevating1 and depressing gear1 and is provided with handles and sights for aiming and the double button for firing4 ,on the right side of the gun-case is a solidly attached resistance-piece1 ,c4 ,the curved crank-arm1 ,a1 is at a small distance from it when the gun is in a firing position1 to avoid escape of gas to the rear and fouling of the chamber4 ,on the left side of the gun-case is a strong spiral spring the rear end of which is connected1 by a chain and fusee1 with the crank shaft1 and the fore end is connected to the gun-case by means of the spring-case2 this spiral spring is to bring back the barrel after the recoil and to work the crank2 the working strength of the spring can be adjusted by means of the screw at the fore end4 ,the water-jacket surrounds the barrel and is fitted with three openings1 one for receiving the water1 one for drawing it off1 and the third for letting off the steam2 the first two are closed by screw-plugs1 the third is always open4 ,both ends of the water-jacket are fitted with stuffing-boxes and glands2 these guide the barrel and prevent the escape of water4 ,in the feed-box1 on top of the gun1 are two movable pawls and two stationary ones4 ,the movable pawls are connected by a lever to the barrel and are so adjusted that the barrel on recoiling moves them from left to right2 by means of a spring they engage behind the next cartridge in the belt1 and thus the cartridges move on automatically towards the chamber2 when the barrel returns after the recoil1 the pawls place the cartridge1 still in the belt1 immediately above the chamber4 ,,operation ,,of ,,the ,,mechanism4 ,cocking the ,lock4--,as the lock is brought away from the breech1 by the action of the crank1 the connecting-rod throws down the hammer1 thereby pulling back the firing-pin and compressing the mainspring1 which causes the short arm of the trigger to engage under the lug of the hammer1 and thus the lock is cocked and cannot act until the trigger is pulled clear of the lug on the hammer4 ,the safety-sear1 ,v1 pressed down by a small spring1 engages in the upper part of the firing-pin as it is drawn back by the action of the hammer2 the firing-pin cannot move forward until this sear is raised2 this is done by the connecting-rod1 after it rises above the horizontal1 thereby securely closing the breech with the lock4 ,operation in ,firing4--,in starting the gun the breech mechanism is operated by hand to insert the first cartridge in the barrel4 ,the gun is then fired by pressing the firing-button4 ,on the explosion of the cartridge the barrel and the gear connected therewith recoil about the distance of one inch4 ,during the recoil the crank-arm comes in contact with the resistance-piece1 ,k1 and throws over the crank1 bringing the end of the crank-handle onto the spring-buffer4 ,the curve on the crank-arm is so arranged that the crank gets an accelerated movement by which the lock is thrown back clear of the breech and far enough for the carrier to extract the empty case from the chamber and a cartridge from the belt4 ,the turning of the crank winds the chain attached to the spiral spring round the fusee1 thus extending the spring4 ,as the lock goes backwards the carrier is pressed down by its spring1 and when in its lowest position the new cartridge is opposite the barrel and the empty case opposite the ejecting-tube4 ,the action of the spiral spring now brings back the barrel and its extension to their normal position2 it also unwinds the chain from the fusee1 thus turning the crank to its normal position1 which throws the lock forward2 as the lock moves forward it pushes the new cartridge into the barrel and the empty case into the ejecting-tube1 ,q4 ,during the last one sixteenth of an inch of the forward travel of the lock the carrier is raised by the carrier-levers1 which are actuated by the lugs on the fore end of the connecting-rod1 and when it arrives at its highest position it is held by a spring4 ,,carrying ,,ammunition4 ,belts1 each holding #cej rounds1 are carried in boxes for which there are receptacles on the different carriages4 ,from four to six belts may be carried with each gun4 ,in preparing the belts the cartridges are pushed in until about inch of the brass case of the cartridge comes through the belt1 or until the ends of the bullets come in line with the ends of the projecting brass strips4 ,,to ,,load ,,and ,,fire4 ,pass the end of the belt through the feed-box from right to left1 seize it as it comes through with the left hand1 and turn the crank-handle forward with the right hand as far as the spring-buffer2 hold it in that position until the belt has been pulled through as far as it will go1 and then let the crank-handle return to the firing position of its own accord4 ,repeat the operation just described4 ,now press the double button and firing commences4 ,to unload1 it is only necessary to move the crank-handle forward twice and then press the spring underneath the feed-box1 which will cause the pawls to disengage from the belt1 and draw out the belt from left to right4 ,,care ,,of ,,gun4 ,before using the gun fill the water-jacket through the hole near its end4 ,it holds about #b quarts4 ,a water-bag1 holding two gallons1 is usually carried on the lower ammunition-box under the axle of the gun-carriage4 ,oil thoroughly the packing in the stuffing-boxes and see that the barrel goes close home forward4 ,when the firing is completed1 clean the working parts and oil slightly1 and draw off water from the water-jacket4 ,two locks are provided with each gun4 ,,carriages4 ,a tripod weighing #dg lbs4 for mountain service4 ,this is sometimes fitted with an axle and two light wheels1 and is provided with a light limber1 the long leg of the tripod forming the trail4 ,a cavalry-carriage weighing complete #aaae lbs4 ,an infantry-carriage weighing complete #fda lbs4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,dismounting4 #a4 ,press the spring-catch and open the cover4 #b4 ,remove the feed-box by lifting it up out of the gun-frame4 #c4 ,remove the lock2 to do this1 turn the crank-handle1 which brings back the lock from the barrel1 and disengage it from the guides2 now let the crank-handle go slowly backwards and at the same time lift the lock upwards2 the lock will rise1 and when in this position one eighth of a turn will detach its divided screw from the threads on the connecting-rod1 when it can be lifted out4 #d4 ,press the spring-box forward and lift the three lugs out of their respective pins1 then disengage the spring from the chain and remove the box with the spring4 #e4 ,drive out the pin1 and remove the double-button lever with the spring and cup4 #f4 ,drive out the handle-block pin2 start the handle-block by slight blows with a mallet or piece of wood from beneath1 lift it out of the gun-frame1 and remove the rod4 #g4 ,remove the two small slides by sliding them back out of the gun-frame4 #h4 ,draw the recoiling-frame with barrel out from the gun-frame and water-jacket4 ,,instructions ,,for ,,assembling4 #a4 ,replace the barrel and recoiling-frame4 #b4 ,replace the two small slides4 #c4 ,replace the rod and put the handle-block in the gun-frame2 see that the rod enters its seat in the handle-block before driving the block home1 and put in the pin4 #d4 ,engage the double-button lever with the rod1 and replace the lever1 spring1 and cup1 and put in the pin4 #e4 ,engage the spring with the chain not wound around the fusee and replace the spring-box4 #f4 ,replace the lock by screwing it into the connecting-rod until the two shoulders meet1 then turn the crank-handle forward1 guide lock into its guides1 and let the crank-handle go slowly back to its place4 #g4 ,replace the feed-box1 with the stud in its seat1 in the recoil-frame4 #h4 ,close the cover by pressing the spring-catch4 ,,to ,,dismount ,,the ,,lock4 7,see ,fig4 #aja47 ,all pins enter from right to left4 ,in driving out a pin see that the side of the lock round the pin is well supported4 ,see that the carrier is in its highest position2 then release the mainspring by lifting the safety-sear and pulling the trigger4 #a4 ,take out the pin 7#a7 which secures the mainspring and the clip which keeps the carrier-levers in their places4 ,remove the mainspring1 clip1 and carrier-levers4 #b4 ,take out the pin 7#b7 that secures the sear4 ,remove the sear4 #c4 ,drift out the pin 7#c7 that secures the hammer4 ,remove the hammer4 #d4 ,drift out the tapered pin 7#d7 that secures the safety-sear4 ,remove the safety-sear and the firing-pin4 #e4 ,take out the pin 7#e7 that secures the piece which regulates the downward position of the carrier and keeps the carrier in its place4 ,remove piece and carrier4 #f4 ,remove the cover 7#f7 at the back of the carrier and take out the upper piece and spring2 the lower piece is riveted onto the carrier4 ,,to ,,mount ,,the ,,lock4 #a4 ,put the upper piece and spring into their place in the face of the carrier and slide on the cover 7#f74 #b4 ,place the carrier in its grooves1 put in the piece which holds the carrier in its place1 and drive in the pin 7#e7 which secures the piece4 #c4 ,put in the safety-sear and the firing-pin2 drive in the tapered pin 7#d7 that secures the safety-sear4 #d4 ,put in the hammer1 taking care that its point enters the slot in the firing-pin4 ,drive in the pin 7#c7 that secures the hammer4 ,when the pin 7#c7 is in place1 upset the point slightly by a few blows of a small hammer4 #e4 ,put in the sear and the pin 7#b7 which secures it4 #f4 ,place the carrier-levers in their places2 put in the mainspring1 taking care its point enters the slot in the firing-pin2 put on the clip and drive in the pin 7#a7 which secures the mainspring and clip4 ,,note4--,there may be a little difficulty in entering the pin 7#a71 but a special tool is supplied1 which1 being entered from left to right1 will hold the clip and mainspring in their places1 and then the pin 7#a7 can be driven home from right to left1 which1 in its passage through the hole1 will remove the tool4 ,,metallic ,,carriage ,,for ,,machine ,,guns4 ,this carriage1 manufactured by the ,ordnance ,department1 is designed for any machine-gun2 each kind of gun to be provided with its own mount adapted to the carriage1 which is made of steel4 ,the design includes a spherical shield above and a plane apron below the axle for the protection of the cannoneers4 ,the apron is hinged to the axle and is folded up and keyed to the under side of the trail when not in action4 ,the spherical shield can be removed if desired4 ,the body is the axle1 and it and part of the trail make a chest for ammunition in which #abjj 4#de-;calibre cartridges1 packed in paper boxes1 can be carried4 ,two doors1 right and left of trail1 on inner side1 give access to the cartridge-space in the body1 and a door on top of the upper end of trail to the cartridge-space in the trail1 the two parts being continuous4 ,lower down in the trail is a tool-box to which the trail-seat1 when raised1 gives access4 ,the top of the carriage makes a convenient table for tools1 feed-guides1 and ammunition when in action4 ,the shield with aperture and disks are so combined that the gun can be readily pointed without exposure4 ,,chapter ,x4 ,theoretical ,gunnery4 ,definitions4 ,general ,principles4 ,probability of ,fire4 ,burst of ,shell4 ,burst of ,shrapnel4 ,,definitions4 ,,interior ,,ballistics4 ,interior ,ballistics4--,the effects produced on a projectile in the bore of a gun1 and on the gun1 when subjected to the action of the products of combustion of gunpowder or other explosives4 ,gunpowder ,explosion is the rapid conversion of gunpowder into gases and solids with evolution of heat4 ,ignition is the raising of the temperature of some point of a grain of powder to #cjj ,c4 ,inflammation is the spread of the ignition from point to point on the surface of the grain or mass4 ,combustion is the burning of the grain from the ignited surface1 inward or outward1 as the case may be4 ,density is the ratio of the weight of a grain of gunpowder to that of an equal volume of water under standard conditions4 ,it varies from #a4fh to #a4ij1 rarely exceeding #a4he4 ,gravimetric ,density is the ratio of a given volume of powder to that of an equal volume of water under standard conditions4 ,density of ,loading is the ratio of the weight of a charge of gunpowder to the weight1 under standard conditions1 of the volume of water that would fill the powder-chamber4 ,its value is #bg4fh ,w_/,c1 in which ,w is the weight of the charge in pounds1 and ,c the volume of the chamber in cubic inches4 ,initial ,air-space is the portion of the chamber in a loaded gun or shell unoccupied by solid matter before firing4 ,the ,reduced ,length of any volume in the bore of a gun is the height of a right cylinder of the same volume1 but with a diameter equal to the calibre of the gun4 ,an ,adiabatic ,transformation is a change that takes place in the state of a gas within an envelope impermeable to heat1 or which occurs in such a short space of time that no heat is received or lost by it4 ,detonation is exceedingly quick explosion4 ,slow ,powders are those which are not entirely burned when the projectile leaves the muzzle4 ,velocity of ,emission is the ratio of the amount of a unit weight of powder1 burned in air in a small increment of time1 to the time itself4 ,the ,sectional ,density is equal to the weight of the projectile divided by the square of its diameter4 ,spherical ,density is the ratio of the weight of the projectile to that of a sphere whose radius is equal to that of the right section of the projectile4 ,similar ,guns4--,two guns are similar when all their homologous lineal dimensions are proportional to their calibre4 ,similarly ,loaded4--,when the weight of charge and projectile are proportional to the cube of the calibre1 and the grains of powder are alike in form and composition1 with dimensions proportional to the calibre4 ,,exterior ,,ballistics4 ,exterior ,ballistics treats of the motion of a projectile in air after it has left the piece4 ,trajectory4--,the curve described by the centre of gravity of the projectile during its passage through the air4 7,figs4 #ajb and #ajc47 ,line of ,fire4--,the prolongation of the axis of the piece4 ,plane of ,fire4--,the vertical plane containing the line of fire4 ,line of ,sight4--,the straight line passing through the sights and the point aimed at4 7,figs4 #ajb and #ajc47 ,plane of ,sight4--,the vertical plane containing the line of sight4 ,angle of ,sight4--,the angle made by the line of sight with the horizontal4 7s in ,fig4 #ajb47 ,line of ,departure4--,the line in which the projectile is moving when it leaves the gun4 ,illustration3 ,elevation4 ,,fig4 #ajb4 ,illustration3 ,plan4 ,,fig4 #ajc4 ,angle of ,departure4--,the angle made by the line of departure with the horizontal4 7d in ,fig4 #ajb47 ,angle of ,elevation4--,the angle made by the axis of the piece with the horizontal4 7q in ,fig4 #ajb47 ,the ,jump4--,the difference between the angle of elevation and the angle of departure1 owing to the movement of the gun at discharge4 7j in ,fig4 #ajb47 7,the jump of #c4b in4 and #c4f in4 guns varies from #bj minutes at #a degree to #cj minutes at #aj degrees elevation47 ,initial ,velocity4--,the velocity of the projectile at the muzzle4 ,remaining ,velocity4--,the velocity at any point of the trajectory4 ,final ,velocity4--,the velocity at the end of the range4 ,range4--,the horizontal distance from the muzzle to the point where the projectile strikes4 ,drift4--,the departure of the projectile from the plane of fire4 ,with guns having a right-handed twist it is to the right1 and its extent varies nearly as the square of the range4 ,direct ,fire is from guns with service charges at all angles of elevation not exceeding #ae4 ,indirect or ,curved ,fire is from guns with less than service charges1 and from howitzers and mortars1 at all angles of elevation not exceeding #ae4 ,high-angle ,fire is from guns1 howitzers1 and mortars1 at all angles exceeding #ae4 ,front or ,frontal ,fire is that which is directed perpendicularly1 or nearly so1 to the general line of troops fired at4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,oblique ,fire is that which is directed obliquely to the line fired at2 it is more searching than front fire4 ,enfilade ,fire is that which rakes the enemy's line of troops1 the gun being on the prolongation of the line4 ,it is the most effective fire4 ,flanking ,fire is one directed along the front of1 or nearly parallel to1 the line to be flanked or defended4 ,reverse ,fire is when the object is fired at from the rear4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aje4 ,cross-fire is where the projectiles from guns in different positions cross one another at a particular point of ground4 7,see ,fig4 #aje for these cases47 ,,probability ,,of ,,fire4 ,absolute certainty of hitting the same spot at each round is impossible of attainment2 and accuracy of fire is therefore a comparative term4 ,the ,probability of ,fire measures the chance of hitting a given target4 ,it is determined for any gun by firing a certain number of shot at a given range1 measuring carefully the ranges and dividing the sum by the number of shots1 which gives the mean range4 ,subtract each range from this mean range thus obtained1 and the results obtained will be the errors in range for each shot4 ,add these errors together and divide their sum by the number of shots1 and this will give the mean error in range4 ,multiply this mean error by #a4fi1 and the product will be the depth in the direction of the range of a belt or zone which will probably contain one half the whole number of shots fired4 ,in the same way the width of the probable zone1 laterally1 may be obtained1 and also the height of the probable zone vertically4 ,the origin of reference for the points of impact of the shots in the last two cases is generally taken at the lower left-hand corner of the target4 ,the intersection of the first two zones will give a rectangle which will contain #be per cent of all the shots4 ,similarly we may consider only the vertical and lateral errors1 thus obtaining a vertical in lieu of a horizontal rectangle containing #be per cent of all the shots4 ,the #ej per cent breadth column should1 in practice1 generally be neglected1 as most of the errors in shooting are always over and under1 and not lateral1 ones4 ,the ,point of ,mean ,impact is the intersection of the lines of mean range and mean lateral deviation4 ,the ,probable ,rectangle is one which contains #ej per cent of all the shots4 ,to find the probable rectangle for any gun1 multiply the mean error in range by #b4fcg for the side of the rectangle parallel to the range1 and the mean error in lateral deviation by #b4fcg for the side perpendicular to the range4 ,in all range tables for guns the #ej-per-cent zones for length1 breadth1 and height should be given2 and by means of them and the following table of probability factors the dimensions of zones of other percentage1 and also the percentage due to certain dimensions at different ranges1 can be obtained4 ,,probability ,,factors4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,percentage4,factor4,percentage4,factor4 ,percentage4,factor4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #a 4#jb #be 4#dg #fj #a4be #c 4#jf #cj 4#eg #gj #a4ed #e 4#ji #ce 4#fg #hj #a4i #aj 4#ah #dj 4#gh #ij #b4dd #ae 4#bh #de 4#hi #ie #b4ia #bj 4#ch #ej #a4jj #ajj infinity7say #d7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,first4--,opposite any given percentage1 say #bj1 we find in the contiguous column a factor1 4#ch4 ,if we multiply the dimensions of the #ej-per-cent zone1 given in the range table1 by this factor 4#ch1 we will obtain the corresponding dimension of the #bj-per-cent zone4 ,second4--,suppose for a particular range the dimension1 say height of the #ej-per-cent zone1 is given in the range table as #d feet1 and we wish to know what percentage of shots will probably strike a zone #g4f feet high4 ,if we divide #g4f by #d1 we obtain #a4i1 and from the table we see that the factor #a4i corresponds to #hj percentage4 ,therefore we may assume that #hj per cent of the shots at that particular range will probably strike a zone #g4f feet high4 ,for all practical purposes we may consider that the factor of the #hj-per-cent zone is #b1 of the #ie-per-cent zone is #c1 and of the #ajj-per-cent zone is #d4 ,,shell4 ,a shell is a hollow projectile containing a bursting-charge of gunpowder1 or some high explosive1 and a fuze to ignite the charge at some point of its flight1 or on impact4 ,its penetration into earth at #hej yards may be taken at #ab to #ae feet for field-guns4 ,it is invariably fired with a percussion-fuze1 and is used against material4 ,,shrapnel4 ,a shrapnel consists of a collection of lead balls in an envelope1 and bearing a small bursting-charge1 which1 by action of the fuze1 ruptures the envelope at some point of the projectile's flight1 and leaves each bullet free to describe its own path1 and the paths thus described1 taken together1 form the cone of dispersion4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4 ,,time-,,shrapnel4 ,this shrapnel is used entirely against animate objects1 its main purpose being to cover a given area with a powerful and effective bullet-fire1 and must have1 at the instant it bursts1 a terminal velocity of #ejj ft4-sec4 to be effective4 ,the trajectory of shrapnel until it bursts is identical with that of shell4 ,on its bursting the bullets spread in every direction1 and form a cone of more or less denseness4 ,this cone will increase in size as the range increases1 because the velocity of translation decreases more rapidly than the velocity of rotation4 ,on the other hand1 the area of the oval formed by the intersection of this cone with the ground will decrease as the angle of fall increases4 ,this oval has its greatest depth in the direction of fire1 and its broadest end furthest away from the gun4 ,its depth diminishes as the range increases1 and for short ranges it is much greater than for long ones4 ,the breadth increases as the distance short of the object at which the burst takes place increases4 ,the nearest bullet 7that is1 the one which has travelled the shortest distance7 will have the highest striking velocity1 and the bullet that travels furthest will have the lowest striking velocity1 the bullets between striking with proportionate velocities4 ,as the distance short of the object at which the shell bursts increases so will the distances between the bullets on striking increase4 ,illustration3 ,actual ,intersection of ,sheaf4 ,,fig4 #ajg4 ,when firing at a horizontal target1 the bullets are not uniformly spread over the whole of the oval of dispersion1 those on the nearer side of the minor axis being more crowded together than those on the farther side4 ,of course the ricochets more or less endanger the omitted spaces1 but as these are dependent on the hardness of the ground and on the angles that the strikes make with the actual surface of the ground with which they come in contact1 they cannot be relied on4 ,on favorable ground all the bullets will ricochet at all ranges1 but the ricochets of those that fall short of the axial bullet will be about the only ones that will be effective4 ,the following rules should be observed3 #a4 ,when the object has depth1 the fire cannot be too direct4 #b4 ,when the object has frontage and little depth1 the more oblique the angle of fire is to the front the greater is the area affected4 #c4 ,time-shrapnel is peculiarly adapted to objects moving toward or from the battery4 ,in the first case the fuzes are set rather short1 in the second rather long4 #d4 ,the best position generally for the point of burst is about six yards above and fifty yards in front of the target4 ,a good rule for the height of burst is the height of burst in feet the number of hundred yards in range4 ,thus for #ahjj yards' range it would be #ah feet 7#f yards74 #e4 ,the spread may in general be reckoned as to the distance of burst4 ,it must be borne in mind that a variation in the length of burst at any particular range may alter the frontage covered considerably1 but it hardly affects at all the depth covered by effective bullets4 ,this depth may be taken as #ejj yards for ranges of about #aejj yards1 #djj yards for ranges of about #bejj yards1 and #cjj yards for ranges of about #ccjj yards1 irrespective of the length of short burst4 ,,percussion-,,shrapnel4 ,with shrapnel of this kind the cone of dispersion has an ascending angle which will be much greater than the angle of descent1 and would vary with the conditions of the ground struck4 ,the velocity is very much impaired by the retardation on graze1 and the smallest irregularity may cause the projectile to bury itself1 or rise at a very considerable angle4 ,the effect being so greatly inferior to time-shrapnel1 they would only be used on particular occasions4 ,,canister4 ,canister is a collection of bullets contained in a can1 which is ruptured in a gun by the shock of discharge1 the bullets thereby forming a cone of dispersion with its apex at the muzzle of the gun4 ,the can1 or envelope1 in the ,u4 ,s4 service is known as the ,sawyer1 and is made of malleable cast iron1 weakened by spiral cuts4 ,canister is essentially a close-quarter projectile for employment against personnel and horses1 and under the most favorable circumstances is effective up to nearly #ejj yards2 up to #cjj it is annihilating4 ,effective ricochets are necessary for maximum results1 and can only be obtained at short ranges1 and then only over smooth water1 or on a hard level surface not intersected with obstacles4 ,,chapter ,,xi4 ,the ,causes of ,bad ,shooting4 ,estimating ,distances4 ,range-finding4 ,rule for ,sighting4 ,general ,duties of ,artillery ,commanders4 ,target ,practice4 ,how ,conducted4 ,projectiles ,used4 ,kinds of ,target4 ,night-firing4 ,,the ,,causes ,,of ,,bad ,,shooting4 #a4 ,variation in the density of loading4 #b4 ,bad aiming4 #c4 ,faults in handling ammunition1 fuzes1 etc4 #d4 ,variable weights of charges and projectiles4 #e4 ,inability to judge correctly the position of the bursts of the shell4 #f4 ,failure to take into account the age and condition of the powder4 #g4 ,variable wind4 ,variation in the ,density of ,loading4--,this is beyond the province of the cannoneer1 and need not1 therefore1 be considered4 ,bad ,aiming4--,to obviate this1 the men found to have the necessary quickness of hand and eye should be utilized for this work1 though all should receive instruction in aiming4 ,the sight should be carefully examined before each shot1 the same amount of the target should be brought into the angle of the cross-wires1 and a constant distance between the eye and the rear sight should be maintained4 ,faults in ,handling ,ammunition1 ,fuzes1 etc42 ,variable ,weights of ,cartridges and ,projectiles2 ,failure to ,take into ,account the ,age and ,condition of the ,powder4--,cartridges should be weighed1 gauged1 and felt when received2 otherwise there will be variations in range due to more or less powder1 to the make of the cartridge1 or to caking4 ,if the cartridges of a battery vary much as to age1 brand1 etc4 or if they have travelled much1 it would be well1 when opportunity offers1 to break the lot up1 mix the powder thoroughly1 remake and reweigh them4 ,be careful to use the copper measures and funnels1 which can be obtained from the ,ordnance ,department4 ,time-fuzes are sometimes carelessly cut1 or the safety-pin not removed4 ,inability to ,judge ,correctly the ,position of ,bursts of ,projectiles4--,the needful correction in elevation and fuzes cannot be given unless it can be seen by the eye or glass1 or by the aid of observers1 how the shells are bursting4 ,while no provision has been yet made therefor1 a good telescope1 with a tripod1 and capable of being moved by a micrometer screw1 should be supplied to each battery in service4 ,in making allowance for the wind move the sight into the wind2 e4g41 if the projectile is carried too far to the right1 on account of the wind blowing from the left1 move the sight to the left1 and vice versa4 ,,estimating ,,distances4 ,the light1 the state of the atmosphere1 and the nature of the ground are the chief disturbing causes in estimating distances and admit of no rules4 ,the sun on one's back1 a light background1 water or snow to look over1 ground that is uniform and offers no prominent points of reference1 or when the air is particularly clear1 as after a rain1 tend to make objects appear near4 ,a dark background1 the sun in one's eyes1 undulating ground to look over1 or when it is cut by ravines or covered by trees or dwellings1 or seen dimly at evening and in misty weather1 tend to make objects appear distant4 ,in estimating distance under the usual conditions3 ,men's features can be distinguished at #cjj yards1 head-dress at #fjj yards1 movement of legs and arms at #ajjj yards4 ,infantry can readily be distinguished from cavalry at #abjj yards4 ,individual men become vertical lines at #aejj yards4 ,distinguishing between infantry and cavalry only by mode of motion at #aejj yards4 ,a mounted man looks like a speck or dot at #bjjj yards4 ,one can perceive men and horses at #bbjj yards4 ,one can count the windows of a house at #dcjj yards4 ,by day the glittering of the sun upon the arms of troops in motion indicates the direction of their march4 ,if the rays are perpendicular1 they are moving directly toward you2 if slanting from left to right downwards1 they are moving towards your right1 and vice versa2 if the rays are intermittent and varied1 they are moving away from you4 ,dust raised by cavalry forms a high light cloud1 by infantry a lower and denser one1 by wheeled vehicles denser still4 ,,range-,,finding4 ,the range is found by sound1 by observation1 by taking measurements from the map1 by means of range-finders1 and by trial shots4 ,by ,sound4--,multiply the number of seconds between burst of projectile and report of same by #cgj to obtain the approximate range in yards4 ,by ,observation4--,as indicated in the rules given above regarding the appearance of objects4 ,by ,taking ,measurements from the ,maps4--,this can be done on a good topographical map on a large scale1 taking care to fix thereon accurately the position of the target and also the position of the gun4 ,by ,means of ,range-finders4--,no range-finder has been adopted for our service2 but several instruments are now under consideration4 ,whatever range-finder may be used1 and with whatever care the range may be taken1 errors will exist2 but they may be reduced to a minimum by a good instrument and skilled observers4 ,trial ,shots4--,if the range be doubtful or unknown1 trial shots will be used1 but it must be remembered that trial shots disclose your position4 ,estimate the range1 give the elevation indicated for it by the range table1 and the necessary drift 7or deflection71 each unit of the deflection scale on the sight corresponding to #a_/cdeh of the range1 and proceed as indicated under ,target ,practice1 page #cgi4 ,sighting4--,the nearer the eye is to the rear sight the better will the front sight be seen1 and the finer can the sight be taken4 ,the same distance should be taken for each shot1 if possible4 ,in setting the sight it is well to bear in mind that the deviation of the projectile follows the motion of the rear-sight point3 thus1 if it be moved up further than is required1 the projectile will strike high2 if it be moved too far to the right1 the projectile will go too far to the right of the object aimed at4 ,also in allowing for the wind move the sight into the wind1 i4e1 in the direction the wind comes from4 ,,general ,,duties ,,of ,,artillery ,,commanders4 ,,the ,,chief ,,of ,,artillery4 ,the chief of artillery to the general commanding issues the orders for the distribution and concentration of fire1 according to the phases of the battle and the plans of the general4 ,as a rule1 the method of carrying out these orders1 the projectile used1 the rapidity and order of fire1 will be left to the commanders of groups of batteries4 ,,the ,,chief ,,of ,,corps ,,artillery4 ,the officer commanding the corps artillery designates the target for each of his battalions1 and controls the fire of the corps artillery in accordance with the instructions he receives4 ,,the ,,battalion ,,commander4 ,fire ,control4--,the commander of an artillery battalion prescribes the method to be used for finding the range1 designates the target for each battery1 and prescribes the projectile to be used1 the rate and order of fire1 and the concentration or distribution of fire on the targets in range4 ,his orders and directions that cannot be given by voice or trumpet are conveyed by his staff or non-commissioned staff4 ,,the ,,battery ,,commander4 ,regulation of ,fire4--,this includes control over all the details of the service of the guns1 the corrections in observation1 deflection1 the length of fuze1 and the concentration and distribution of fire within the limits of a designated target that are necessary in order to obtain the most effective fire upon it4 ,the captain regulates the fire of his battery1 and1 if acting independently1 he also controls it4 ,he remains mounted or dismounted at pleasure1 and places himself1 as a rule1 near one of the flanks and sufficiently close to the battery that his orders may be readily understood4 ,the corrections for lateral deviations are generally intrusted to the chiefs of platoons4 ,finding the range by the method designated1 and the regulation of the fire according to the target1 range1 projectile1 and observed effect1 are intrusted to the captains of batteries1 and it is only in exceptional cases that the battalion commander takes personal command in order to find the range or to regulate the fire4 ,artillery fire is effective in proportion to its concentration4 ,the long range of the guns permits a concentration of their fire on many different points without change of position4 ,when practicable1 the groups that are intended to fire on the same target should be placed under the control of one officer4 ,in the advance-guard action the artillery of the assailant covers1 and the artillery of the defence opposes1 the deployment and advance of the advance-guard infantry4 ,in the preliminary stages of a battle and the commencement of the artillery duel the fire is usually directed on the targets immediately opposite the batteries engaged2 as soon as portions of the enemy's artillery-line are subdued the fire is concentrated on the different targets in succession1 taking them in the order of their relative importance2 during the preparation and delivery of the assault the fire of the assailants is concentrated against the point of attack2 the fire of the defence is concentrated against the attacking infantry as soon as it shows itself4 ,fire should be directed against batteries that are changing positions1 and in order that this brief opportunity of inflicting serious damage may not be lost a part of the batteries of the defence should be especially instructed to open fire on hostile batteries while limbering or in movement without waiting for orders4 ,the defence generally offers more favorable opportunities for long-range fire than the offence1 but whether advantage is to be taken of these opportunities must be determined by the general commanding1 who will have to decide whether the effect of the fire will compensate for the partial or complete disclosure of the position that it involves4 ,ordinarily artillery should avoid opening fire at a greater range than #cjjj yards4 ,beyond this distance it is difficult to observe the effect of fire even with good glasses4 ,longer range fire is used in exceptional cases against objects that are clearly seen and are of considerable extent1 such as villages1 camps1 or large bodies of troops4 ,ineffective cannonades at long distances1 and shelling woods or other localities not positively known to be occupied by the enemy1 should not be permitted4 ,the position from which fire is first opened may necessarily be much less than #cjjj yards1 in order to obtain view of the enemy4 ,firing over friendly troops should be avoided as much as possible4 ,batteries that support an assault from a distance continue their fire upon the point of attack until it becomes dangerous to the assailants2 they then either increase the range considerably in order to cover the ground beyond1 or they direct their fire on other points of the enemy's line4 ,artillery does not fire at long ranges from positions in rear during a pursuit1 on account of the danger to the pursuing troops2 in such cases it should advance rapidly and endeavor to establish itself on the flanks of the enemy's line of retreat1 where it will find the most advantageous positions4 ,as a general rule1 the fire of artillery is directed against that arm of the enemy which at the time is predominant1 or which is capable of inflicting the greatest loss on the infantry or cavalry that the artillery is supporting4 ,during the artillery duel the artillery generally avoids firing at the other arms2 but if large bodies of infantry or cavalry appear in open ground within effective range a portion of the guns should be directed upon them4 ,,target ,,practice4 ,the artillery that first finds the range will have a great advantage in the artillery duel1 and in all cases its correct establishment is the first condition of accurate shooting4 ,observation of ,fire4--,correct observation of the effects of fire is necessary in order to make the required corrections1 and is indispensable to good shooting4 ,it can only be acquired by much practice under the varying conditions of the wind1 light1 state of the atmosphere1 background1 foreground1 and nature of the target1 and is rendered more difficult in action by smoke and the liability of mistakes when more than one battery is firing at the same target4 ,for medium as well as long ranges a good field-glass is required4 ,as a rule1 the observation is limited to ascertaining whether the shots are short or over4 ,the observation of direct hits is unreliable except at very short ranges1 or when palpable effects are produced in the enemy's ranks1 limbers are blown up1 or there are other manifest indications of the effect produced4 ,when a target is on a height or behind a parapet1 it is possible to distinguish hits on the slope of the hill or on the parapet1 and to estimate correctly the error in range of the projectiles that fall short4 ,there are no means of estimating the error in range of the projectiles that fall beyond the target1 except when a battery is on an elevation and firing at a target on a plane below it2 here shots striking beyond the target may be observed and the error estimated4 ,when several batteries are firing at the same target1 and it is difficult to distinguish the individual rounds1 a fire by battery will give a group of shots that may be recognized4 ,the observation of the fire will be facilitated by the reports of an officer or non-commissioned officer stationed some distance in advance and outside one of the flanks of the guns4 ,smoke4--,when the wind is across the range and blows the smoke in front of the guns1 it will be difficult to correctly aim and properly observe the effects of the fire4 ,in the case of a single battalion this inconvenience may be diminished by increasing the interval between the batteries1 or may be avoided by advancing the batteries in echelon from the leeward flank so that the smoke of each windward battery will drift behind those to the leeward of it4 ,this last measure has the disadvantage of making the leeward batteries conspicuous against the white background of smoke1 and besides is not always practicable1 especially when the position is on the brow of a hill4 ,if neither of the above expedients can be adopted1 and it is not possible to sufficiently increase the interval of time between the guns in each battery to permit the smoke to blow away1 the fire by battery or platoon may be used1 or the battalion commander may order the battalion to fire by piece1 commencing on the leeward flank4 ,when several battalions are together1 as large intervals as possible should be left between them1 or1 if the ground permits1 the battalions should be advanced in echelon from the leeward flank1 in order to diminish or avoid the inconvenience of smoke drifting across the range4 ,when the target cannot be seen on account of smoke which hangs in front of the guns1 or on account of fog1 rain1 or darkness1 the pieces may be aimed by means of auxiliary targets4 ,finding the ,range4--,this is the work of the battery commander4 ,he and the range party precede the battery to the position1 and as soon as the exact position of his battery is indicated by the battalion commander he observes carefully the position of the target1 its nature and extent1 and estimates the range by means of a map1 any source available1 or range-finder 7all if possible71 very carefully1 and especially so when the fire is to be over the heads of other troops4 ,he estimates the ranges to other points within the field of fire which might subsequently become targets1 and observes3 ,nature and position of any covering mass4 ,zones of ground which ought to be cannonaded4 ,nature of soil in vicinity of target1 if possible4 ,exact part of target on which to aim his guns in determining the range4 ,if the range be determined only by observation1 it will be necessary to use trial shots4 ,in finding the range by trial shots it is of great importance that the object and the particular part of it to be fired at should be clearly understood4 ,in order to avoid mistakes the captain may direct one of the officers or non-commissioned officers to rectify the aim of all the guns after they have been pointed4 ,care should be taken that all the guns are aimed at exactly the same point2 that the exact elevation ordered by the battery commander is used1 and not changed until ordered by him2 and that the result of every shot is carefully observed4 ,the range can be more accurately and quickly found when each battery has a different target and one directly in front of it to fire at4 ,if the target is a long line1 it should be divided into as many sections as there are batteries to fire at it1 and each captain should select a gun or object in the part assigned him4 ,in such case the battalion commander can compare the elevations obtained by the several batteries1 and if they agree1 and the observation of the fire indicates good results1 it is fair to assume that the range is correct4 ,when several batteries are to open a long-range fire on a small target1 the battalion commander generally designates the battery1 and preferably that on the leeward flank1 to find the range4 ,batteries that come into action at short distances from the enemy's line generally find the range by firing salvos at a prominent point of the target4 ,as a rule1 percussion-shell are used to find the range1 and all the guns of a battery are aimed at one point of the target2 if shrapnel with percussion-fuze be used1 the same principles apply4 ,in firing at intrenchments1 however1 the fire may be distributed from the first1 even for obtaining the range1 as the hits1 as a rule1 can be easily observed4 ,the enemy's flanks are designated1 and the guns in his batteries are numbered1 as he himself would designate or number them4 ,the firing to obtain the range should be slow and deliberate1 and ample time afforded to observe each shot and make the necessary corrections4 ,when a battery unlimbers near another battery already in action and opens fire upon the same target1 it should obtain the range from the latter4 ,the duty of finding the range generally devolves upon the captain of each battery1 even when several batteries open fire upon the same target4 ,whenever several batteries open simultaneously to find the range of a target of limited dimensions1 the fire of each battery must be concentrated upon an entirely distinct point1 and all of the points must be far enough apart to enable each battery commander to distinguish the fall of his own projectiles from those of the neighboring battery4 ,it is only in very exceptional circumstances that the battalion commander would take personal charge of the firing of his battalion in order to establish the range himself4 ,trial ,shots4--,a percussion-shell is fired with the elevation corresponding to the estimated range at a clearly visible and sharply defined fixed point of the target4 ,if the first shot strikes short1 or beyond the target1 the range for the second is either increased or decreased1 according to the case1 so as to throw the shot beyond or short of the target4 ,these corrections are generally made as follows3 ,when firing at short ranges1 #ajj yards4 medium #bjj long #djj ,such firing is pursued until two consecutive shots fall1 one short of and the other beyond the target1 which establishes the long bracket1 or fork4 ,no round should be taken as a basis for correction if there is any doubt as to the reliability of the observations4 ,a mean range is taken from those two which determined the long fork for the next shot1 and then another shot is fired at a range obtained by taking the mean of the last range and the one of the long fork whose shot fell on the opposite side of the target4 ,so proceed until the target is enclosed between two consecutive shots only #ej yards apart4 ,this is called the short fork1 or bracket4 ,then a verifying group1 generally a shot from each gun is fired with the elevation corresponding to the mean range of the short fork4 ,if four out of six of the shots fall short1 the range is established2 and if shrapnel-fire is then resorted to the range is still further reduced by #ej yards4 ,when the range has been measured1 and not estimated1 the short fork may be obtained from the first two shots4 ,if the elevation has not been obtained as above indicated1 at known ranges shrapnel-fire may commence1 as if the range had already been determined by shell-fire2 at unknown ranges the trial-shot firing with shrapnel is conducted as with shell2 that is to say1 the elevation is increased or reduced from shot to shot 7by #ajj yards at short range1 #bjj yards at medium range7 until the target is enclosed between at least two accurately observed shots1 one over and the other short4 ,the difference is reduced as already described until the mean of the short fork is obtained4 ,the large fork should be established by percussion-shrapnel1 and then fire time-shrapnel4 ,during the ranging platoon commanders indicate exactly the point to aim at1 see that the sights are properly set1 especially during the first rounds1 observe similarly the time-fuze1 and make any necessary correction for deflection2 which deflection pertains to a particular gun1 and is not carried to another4 ,bear in mind that each unit of the scale for deflection corresponds to #a_/cde of the range for sights now used4#i ,after the ranging has been completed1 if a gun makes a constant error1 the platoon commander may be permitted to change the elevation #be yards4 ,the general rule for vertical and lateral corrections is3 when the deviation exceeds the amount of mean dispersion1 a correction should be made after one round2 but if it is equal to or less than this several rounds are fired with the same elevation or deflection1 and a correction made according to their mean deviation4 ,the battery commander indicates the length of fuze for time-shrapnel4 ,if firing at artillery and all the guns are equally conspicuous1 the fire should be directed upon one of the central guns1 otherwise at the most conspicuous gun2 if the wind is blowing across the range1 the fire should be directed upon the most conspicuous gun on the windward flank4 ,if firing upon masses of troops1 the fire should be directed upon the centre of the first line2 if firing upon skirmishers1 it should be directed first upon one point1 then another1 close in front of the line4 ,,projectiles ,,to ,,be ,,used4 ,percussion-shell4--,for ranging1 against material1 and in default of shrapnel against living targets4 ,against troops behind loopholed walls1--if it explodes after passing through1 use percussion-shrapnel1--stockades1 abattis1 barricades1 entanglements1 etc4 ,direct hits are necessary when it is used against guns1 limbers1 earthworks1 obstacles1 etc41 and its effects are then due to percussion1 penetration1 and the explosive force of the bursting-charge4 ,when used against men or horses1 it is burst on first graze close in front of the target1 and its effects are then produced by its splinters4 ,the smoke made by the large bursting-charge of the percussion-shell aids the observation of fire4 ,the effect of projectiles with percussion-fuzes is dependent on the nature of the ground in front of the target2 soft marshy ground1 hollows1 and cuts diminish its effect1 while hard smooth ground increases it4 ,percussion-shell gives the best results when the fire is concentrated4 ,it can sometimes be advantageously distributed1 provided that several guns keep a part of the target under superior fire4 ,shrapnel with ,time-fuze is used against all living targets1 provided they be not close behind cover1 troops behind slight cover1 such as shelter-trenches1 banks1 etc41 gun-pits and epaulments1 balloons1 batteries limbered up or in action1 ammunition and other trains1 unless firing particularly against the material4 ,with the fuze set at zero it can be used for close defence in default of canister4 ,the effect of shrapnel is due to the penetration of its bullets and splinters2 this penetration is small1 and it is therefore employed against men and horses only4 ,it has a combination fuze and can be made to burst either in the air or on the first graze1 and can therefore be made independent of the nature of the ground in front of the target4 ,made to burst high by means of its time-fuze1 it can be used against living targets behind cover1 against which percussion-shell could have but little effect4 ,burst the projectiles #ej yards short and about #f yards 7at medium ranges7 above1 the object aimed at4 ,a rough rule for height of burst is height of burst in feetthe number of hundred yards in range4 ,in firing at troops behind cover1 such as banks1 rising ground1 or earthworks1 burst the projectiles about #be yards1 or less1 in front of1 and from #g to #aj feet above1 the cover4 ,shrapnel with ,percussion-fuze is generally used against moving targets1 for rapid firing1 and for firing over friendly troops2 against enemy's troops in a village or woods2 metal shields2 and in cavalry combats as soon as the ground which was masked by one's own troops becomes cleared4 ,shrapnel gives the best results when the fire is distributed1 a part of the target being apportioned to each gun4 ,when the time-fuze is used1 it will often be advisable to vary the elevation and length of fuze in each battery so as to cover about #bjj yards in depth1 and thus bring the enemy's supports and reserves1 as well as his front line1 under fire4 ,canister is used against living targets at close ranges4 ,its effect is largely diminished when the ground in front of the guns is rough or soft1 and particularly when covered with brush or standing crops4 ,it would be used against cavalry at #ejj yards1 and against infantry at #cjj yards4 ,order of ,fire4--,the order of fire is habitually by piece in each battery1 and usually commences on the leeward flank4 ,it is the most effective1 as the errors in the service of any one gun can generally be observed1 and therefore corrected4 ,salvos1 or the fire by battery1 may be used to find the range under circumstances that render it difficult to observe a single shot1 to avoid the inconvenience of smoke1 and occasionally1 instead of rapid fire by piece1 to take advantage of quickly passing opportunities4 ,the fire at will is only used in the defence of the guns at very short ranges4 ,the fire by piece from one flank of a battalion to the other may be used to avoid smoke1 or to enable the field-officer commanding the battalion to take personal charge of the firing in order to find the range under difficult circumstances1 or to regulate the fire in exceptional cases4 ,the fire by platoon is only used to facilitate the observation of fire under exceptional circumstances that permit two shots to be observed more easily than one1 and also to increase the interval of time between successive discharges1 to allow the smoke to drift away1 without diminishing the amount of fire4 ,in most cases the fire by piece or by battery is preferable to it4 ,rapidity of ,fire4--,the rapidity of fire is dependent on the range1 the circumstances of the action1 the facilities for the observation of the fire1 and the amount of unexpended ammunition4 ,slow ,fire is used at long ranges and for obtaining the range1 and generally in the commencement of the action and during the artillery duel2 it is also used in prolonged actions1 and when the ammunition is running short4 ,the interval between successive shots should not be less than #cj seconds1 and may be slower4 ,ordinary ,fire is used when the fire is effective1 but when the circumstances of the action do not demand a rapid fire4 ,it is at the rate of #a shot every #bj seconds1 or1 in a six-gun battery1 #f rounds in #b minutes4 ,rapid ,fire4--,the rate is about one round in #g seconds2 it should be sufficient to enable the effect of a shot to be observed before firing the next one4 ,the range being accurately known1 it is used3 when the enemy's batteries are coming into action2 when there is a very favorable target2 when a rush is made to pass a defile2 when covering the advance of one's own artillery2 when the decisive infantry attack is about to take place2 when the advance is checked during a critical situation2 when the opportunity to fire is very fleeting2 at short ranges4 ,the instant the necessity for rapid fire ceases to exist the fire should revert to the ordinary rate4 ,,targets ,,moving ,,towards ,,the ,,battery4 ,the range is found by trial shots1 the elevation being increased or reduced by stages of #ajj or #bjj yards1 depending on circumstances4 ,as soon as a shell is observed to fall not too short 7within #ajj yards of the advancing target7 all the guns fire a round rapidly4 ,if infantry is being fired at1 each subsequent round should have its range diminished by #ajj yards2 if cavalry or artillery1 at a trot or gallop1 it should be diminished #bjj and #cjj yards respectively4 ,,targets ,,moving ,,from ,,the ,,battery4 ,two elevations differing by #ajj yards are obtained as before2 with the lower of the two a salvo of shrapnel is fired from all the guns in the battery1 the proceeding is then repeated1 and so on4 ,,targets ,,moving ,,obliquely ,,and ,,across ,,the ,,front ,,of ,,the ,,battery4 ,if the target is of great length1 aim at the head of it2 if not of great length or moving rapidly1 aim in front of it4 ,under certain circumstances it is advisable to ascertain the range of points in the line of march of the target4 ,when the moving target reaches one of these points1 fire rapidly4 ,infantry cover #a yards a second at a quick walk1 and artillery and cavalry #b yards a second at a quick walk1 #d yards at a trot1 and #f yards at a gallop4 ,by multiplying the rate per second of the target by the time of flight of a shell1 we obtain the distance the target has moved over during the flight of the shell4 ,,indirect ,,firing4 ,in firing at an object which cannot be seen from the gun several methods are employed1 depending on the circumstances of the case4 #ast4 ,plant a picket for each gun on the crest of the ridge whence the object to be fired at can be seen2 behind the ridge line a second picket with the first picket and the object1 run the guns up to any convenient distance in rear of the pickets1 and get them in line with each pair of pickets2 the deflection-scale can be used to remedy any small lateral errors4 ,the elevation is given by means of a gunner's quadrant or pointing-arc if available4 ,if not1 set a stake in front of the line of wheels and in rear of the muzzle1 and immediately in the plane of sight1 its height equal to the vertical distance from the top of the trunnion-sight to the ground2 7for #c4b-;inch gun #c #aj4fh2 for #c4f-;inch gun #c #aa4af74 ,then give the rear sight the elevation corresponding to the range and aim at this point1 using peep-and cross-hairs4 ,an observer is necessary1 and by means of his reports the necessary corrections are given until the elevation and length of fuze have been determined4 ,after each shot care must be taken to run the gun up to the position it occupied before firing4 #b;d4 ,in ,firing at ,troops in ,ravines and ,hollows when they cannot be seen from the battery select a stone or bush1 or any distinguishable object1 on the side of the ravine or hollow as an auxiliary target1 and obtain the elevation and fuze for it2 then by means of the lateral deviation of the sight change the direction of fire1 and elevation and fuze if necessary4 ,in such a case an observer on the flank or some commanding position is absolutely necessary4 #c;d4 ,by ,means of a ,compass4--,select a distant auxiliary mark that can be seen from the gun2 from a position as near the gun as possible obtain the angle between the auxiliary mark and the object2 construct this angle at the gun and mark the position of the wheels2 give elevation as previously explained1 and make corrections by reports from an observer4 ,the ,germans have a device for measuring this angle3 it consists practically of a horizontal graduated arc bearing an arm containing two vertical sights4 ,it is placed on the gun1 set at the angle indicated by the compass1 and the gunner sights at the auxiliary object4 ,,night-,,firing4 ,for night firing1 or when there is much fog1 a luminous aiming-point is required4 ,this may be readily obtained by the use of a bull's-eye lantern4 ,soften the light by placing paper or other material over the glass1 and draw thereon two right lines intersecting at right angles at the centre of the glass4 ,at a convenient distance in front of the gun and in the plane of fire place the lantern on a post so that the point of intersection of the lines shall be at such a height that when the rear sight is at zero1 and the axis of the gun horizontal1 it can be directly aimed at4 ,establish a plumb-line between the lantern and the gun so that the plumb-line1 the point of intersection of the lines on the lantern1 and the object aimed at are in the same vertical plane4 7,the above requirements must of course be completed during the day1 when the object can be seen47 ,give the rear sight the elevation corresponding to the range1 and aim at the point where the plumb-line covers the point of intersection of the two lines on the glass of the lantern4 ,if a gunner's quadrant or pointing-arc be available1 simply determine and mark accurately the direction for each piece1 and give elevation by either instrument4 ,,chapter ,,xii4 ,cordage4 ,how ,preserved4 ,strength4 ,blocks and ,tackle4 ,knots1 ,hitches1 etc4 ,lashings4 ,bridges1 ,trestles1 ,piers1 etc4 ,single-sling and ,treble-sling ,bridges4 ,stringer ,bridges4 ,fords4 ,flying and ,floating ,bridges4 ,rafts and ,casks4 ,,cordage4 ,ropes are distinguished as to size by their circumference in inches4 ,their length is given in fathoms4 ,hemp rope when new stretches freely1 and deteriorates very much after a few months' wear4 ,it is about one third stronger than manilla rope4 ,to ascertain the strain in pounds a rope will bear without breaking1 square the circumference and multiply the result by the tabular unit in the following table3 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,kind4 ,circumference4 ,white4 ,tarred4 ------------------------------------ #c-strand4#d-strand4#c-strand4#d-strand4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,hemp #b4e to #f in4 #aadj #accj #hej #ajjj #f #h #ajij #acfj #hbe #idj ,manilla #b4e to #f in4 #haj #iej 4444 4444 #f #ab #gfj #hce 4444 4444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,for ropes in daily use reduce the tabular unit one third to meet reduction in strength by wear and exposure4 ,a safe general rule for all ropes is1 one fourth the square of the circumference gives the breaking weight in short tons4 ,,table ,,of ,,weights ,,that ,,manilla ,,rope ,,in ,,daily ,,use ,,will ,,sustain4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,circumference1 in4 #a #a #a #a #b #b #b #b ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,weight1 lbs4 #edj #hdd #abae #afed #bafj #bgcd #ccge #djhd ,circumference1 in4 #d #d #d #e #e #e #e #f ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,weight1 lbs4 #igecajiceabahdacejjadhhdaffceagiedahbeb ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,circumference1 in4 #c #c #c #c #d ---------------------------------------- --- ,weight1 lbs4 #dhfj #egjd #fdae #geid #hfdj ,circumference1 in4 #f #f #f #g #h ---------------------------------------- --- ,weight1 lbs4 #aihjebadbabcajjbdhdccbddh ---------------------------------------- --- ,to ,preserve ,white ,rope4--,dip when dry into a bath containing #bj grms4 7about seven tenths of an ounce7 of sulphate of copper per litre 7a little over one quart7 of water2 soak for four days and dry4 ,then soak in a solution of #ajj grms4 7#c4e oz47 of soap per litre of water4 ,iron-wire ,rope4--,its breaking weight in tons is about equal to the square of the circumference in inches4 ,steel-wire ,rope4--,it is from #b to #b times stronger than iron-wire rope4 ,wire rope can be safely worked in field service to one half its breaking weight4 ,to ,preserve ,wire ,rope4--,apply linseed-oil with a piece of sheepskin1 wool inside2 or mix the oil with equal parts of ,spanish brown and lampblack4 ,if used underground or in water1 take mineral or vegetable tar1 add one bushel of fresh-slaked lime to barrel of tar1 boil it well1 and then saturate the rope with the boiling tar4 ,chains4--,chains1 when used in place of ropes1 should be examined to see that every link is free from flaws and not too much worn4 ,the chain should have no kinks in it1 and each return1 when more than one is used1 should bear its proper strain4 ,do not work a chain over a windlass of small diameter2 the iron of the links breaks by bending1 not by tensile strength4 ,lubricate freely4 ,,safe ,,working ,,strain ,,for ,,field ,,service1 ,,and ,,weight ,,in ,,fathoms4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,circumference4 ,wire ,ropes ,round-link ,crane-chain1 ,hawser-laid4 ,length of ,link not ,exceeding ,five ,diameters of the ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,iron4 ,steel4 ,safe ,safe ,weight ,diameter ,safe ,weight ,working,working per of ,iron,working per ,strain4,strain4,fathom4of ,link4,strain4,fathom4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,inches4 ,cwts4 ,cwts4 ,lbs4 ,inches4 ,cwts4 ,lbs4 -- -- -- #c_/af #h #b4a #a #aj -- #j4id #ae #d4hh #a #ac -- #a4e #e_/af #bb #g4bf #a #ba #fb #b4e #cb #aj4eg #b #dj #aab #c4e #g_/af #de #ac4j #b #ej -- #d4e #fe #af4j #b #fj #aie #e4ge #i_/af #ge #ba4j #b #gg -- #f4e #ib #be4j #c #ib #bde #g4e #aa_/af #aab #bi4j #c #aji -- #h4e #ace #cf4j #c #abe #bge #aj4ge #ac_/af #aeg #dc4j #d #aeg #dej #ac4be #ahb #df4e #d #baj #ede #ag4ge #ae_/af #baj #eh4j #e #bdh #ffi #ba4e #a #bdj #fc4e ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,blocks1 ,,tackle1 ,,etc4 ,blocks are of two kinds1 made and mortised4 ,a made block consists of four parts3 shell1 sheave1 strap1 and bush4 ,a mortised block is made of a single block of wood1 mortised out to receive a sheave4 ,blocks are single1 double1 or treble1 according to the number of sheaves4 ,a ,tackle is a purchase formed by reeving a rope through two or more blocks for the purpose of hoisting4 ,a ,whip is a purchase made by a rope rove through one single block4 ,a ,gun-tackle ,purchase is a rope rove through two single blocks1 and made fast to the strap of the upper block4 ,the parts of all tackles between the fasts and sheave are called the standing parts4 ,the parts between the sheaves are the running parts1 and the part which is taken hold of in hoisting is called the fall4 ,a ,whip upon ,whip is where the block of one whip is made fast to the fall of another4 ,a ,luff-tackle ,purchase is a single and a double block1 the end of the rope being fast to the upper part of the single block1 and the fall coming from the double block4 ,a luff-tackle upon the fall of another luff-tackle is called luff upon luff4 ,a ,watch-tackle or ,tail-tackle is a luff-tackle purchase1 with a hook in the end of the single block1 and a tail to the upper end of the double block4 ,a ,single ,burton is composed of two single blocks1 with a hook in the bight of the running part4 ,reeve the end of rope through the upper block1 and make it fast to the strap of the fly-block4 ,then make fast your hook to the bight of the rope1 and reeve the other end through the fly-block for a fall4 ,the hook is made fast by passing the bight of the rope through the eye of the hook and over the whole4 ,this is a very quick-working tackle and a strong purchase4 ,used for hoisting entirely4 ,when a very heavy weight is to be raised1 the standing part should be attached to the slings by a fisherman's bend instead of to the block4 ,the size of blocks is expressed by the length of the shell in inches4 ,tackles are also designated by the number of sheaves employed1 as twofold 7two single blocks71 threefold 7double and single block71 etc4 ,the bight of a hook is the middle of the bend of the hook part4 ,rope should always be stopped up1 either with the end or with rope-yarn stops1 to prevent its getting into a snarl4 ,when using ropes for hauling1 they should never be dragged upon the ground4 ,before reeving a rope in a block the turn should be carefully taken out1 to prevent twisting when the weight is lifted4 ,this is done by stretching the rope out to its full length1 and turning it in the opposite direction to that in which it is laid up until all the stiffness disappears4 ,blocks should be overhauled very often to see that the sheaves are working properly on the pins1 and that they work smoothly4 ,if they do not1 turn the pins end for end and rub a little black lead 7graphite7 on them to lubricate them2 also on the sides of the sheaves where they rub against the shell4 ,when hoisting with tackles1 they should never be allowed to twist4 ,if they show a tendency to do so1 insert a bar in the block or sling1 and use it as a lever to hold it straight4 ,it frequently happens that the men cannot apply their full strength in the direction in which it would be most effective4 ,in such cases hook a single block to some object about two feet above the ground and reeve the end of the fall through it1 so that the men can add their strength to their weight1 and more men can apply themselves4 ,never trust the suspension of a weight to holding it by the unaided strength of men4 ,if it is possible to get a turn around any fixed object1 even in raising or hauling a weight1 it is best to take a turn1 as all that is gained is then saved4 ,always select such blocks that the fall will run freely through them1 and not ride upon the edges of the sheaves4 ,if it does1 it will be certain to cut4 ,the rope should not quite fill the groove on the sheave4 ,in this way excessive friction is avoided4 ,the power gained by using tackle is as follows3 ,two single blocks1 or gun-tackle3 nearly doubled4 ,luff-tackle1 double and single block3 doubled4 ,if the double block is movable1 trebled4 ,two double blocks3 power #c4 ,double and treble blocks3 power #d4 ,two treble blocks3 power #d4 ,whip upon whip 7single ,burton73 trebled4 ,when one tackle is applied to another1 the power obtained is found by multiplying their respective values together4 ,no advantage is gained by using a greater number of sheaves than two treble blocks in one fall4 ,the power is equal to the weight divided by the number of ropes 7standing parts7 attached to the lower block1 or by twice the number of rising pulleys 7sheaves74 ,,knots1 ,,hitches1 ,,etc4 ,thumb-knot 7,fig4 #ajh74--,used to prevent the end from unfraying1 or to prevent its slipping through a fall4 ,figure-eight ,knot 7,fig4 #aji74--,used to prevent the end from unfraying1 or to prevent its slipping through a fall4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aji4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aab4 ,reef-knot 7,fig4 #aaj74--;,for joining two ends of rope or chain together4 ,singlesheet ,bend 7,fig4 #aaa74--;,for joining dry ropes of unequal size4 ,doublesheet ,bend 7,fig4 #aab74--,same for wet ropes4 ,draw-knot 7,fig4 #aac74--,same when it may be required to cast them loose4 ,running-knot 7,fig4 #aad74--,to form a loop that will draw taut4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aac4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aad4 ,bowline 7,fig4 #aae74--,to form a loop at the end of a rope which will not slip4 ,half-,hitch4--,for securing the loose ends of lashings4 ,two ,half-hitches 7,fig4 #aaf74--;,for making fast a rope-end to an object4 ,clove-hitch 7,fig4 #aag74--,two half-hitches1 used for commencement and finish of lashings2 making fast the end or the bight of a rope to any object4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aae4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aag4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aah4 ,timber-hitch 7,fig4 #aah74--,used on pieces of timber1 or in making fast to spars1 where the weight will keep the rope taut4 ,round ,turn and ,two ,half-hitches 7,fig4 #aai74--;,for making fast a rope so that the strain shall not jam the hitches4 ,fisherman's ,bend 7,fig4 #abj74--;,for making fast where there is give and take motion1 as when a boat is at anchor4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aai4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abj4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aba4 ,lever-hitch 7,fig4 #aba74--;,for drawing pickets1 fixing rounds of rope-ladder1 bars to1 or loops on1 drag-ropes4 ,man's ,harness-,hitch 7also ,fig4 #aba74--,loop to pass over shoulder4 ,to fix a rope with a weight on it rapidly to a block4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abb4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abc4 ,cat's-paw 7,fig4 #abb74--;,at the end or in the middle of a rope for hooking on a block4 ,blackwall ,hitch 7,fig4 #abc74--,simple hitch with pliable rope and fixed weight4 ,used to transfer the strain from one rope to another1 or to secure a tackle to a rope for a horizontal pull4 ,stopper ,hitch 7,fig4 #abd74--,to shift the strain off a rope temporarily4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abd4 ,magnus ,hitch 7,fig4 #abe74--;,for making fast to round spars4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abe4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abf4 ,illustration3 ,,fig3 #abg4 ,sheepshank 7,fig4 #abf74--,to shorten a rope without cutting it4 ,,lashings4 ,square ,lashing 7,fig4 #abg74--,make fast one end 7the fixed if there be one7 of the lashing-rope to one of the objects to be lashed by a timber-or clove-hitch1 or by passing the eye-end of the rope under it1 bringing it up and passing the other end through the eye2 then1 after hauling taut1 pass it round the second object1 round the first1 up again round the second1 and down round the first1 continuing this until a sufficient number of returns are made1 when the whole of the returns are tightened by bringing the end round the returns between the objects two or three times1 and making fast with two half-hitches on either of the first returns or one of the objects4 ,if the returns on one of the spars lie in succession outside the returns first applied1 they must lie in succession inside those first applied on the other spar4 ,diagonal ,lashing 7,fig4 #abh74--;,begin with a timber-hitch or running-bowline round both spars and draw them together2 then take three or four turns across each fork and finish with frapping-turns4 ,wedges with well-rounded points are often useful for tightening lashings4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abh4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #abi4 ,sheer ,lashing4--,the lashing is made fast to the lower spar1 above where they cross1 with a timber-hitch2 as many turns are taken around both spars towards the feet as may be necessary to cover the cross1 and the end is then led around this lashing and both spars where they cross and four or five frapping-turns taken so as to bring them together1 and the ends made fast around the upper spar above the cross4 ,gin ,lashing 7,fig4 #abi74--,the three legs of the gin are placed so that the centre one is pointing in the opposite direction to that of the others1 all being parallel1 the upper ends resting on a skid and two inches apart4 ,the lashing is commenced with a clove-hitch on an outside spar and carried over and under loosely and without riding six times4 ,two frapping-turns are taken in each interval and the whole finished off with two half-hitches round one of the spars4 ,iron chain is much better than rope for these fastenings4 ,fishing ,spars4--,this consists in strengthening spars by lashing others parallel to them4 ,the fishing spars should be placed against the spar to be fished so that they may take off as much strain and be in as close contact as possible4 ,lashing-ropes should then be applied round all of the spars until they are all firmly bound together4 ,frapping4--,the drawing together the several returns of a lashing so as to tauten it4 ,the rope used for frapping is generally the running-end of the lashing itself2 after having frapped1 the end of the rope is made fast by two half-hitches1 one around all the returns1 the other on half only4 ,,bridges4 ,weight4--,infantry in column of fours when crowded is allowed per lineal foot #efj pounds4 ,cavalry under same conditions is allowed #gjj pounds4 ,field-artillery in column of sections weighs #djj pounds per lineal foot1 so that a bridge built for infantry will carry it4 ,in calculating the strength of parts of bridges the live load must be doubled to bring it to dead load if weight is to be applied suddenly4 ,formula for weight that may be borne safely by a beam supported at both ends and loaded in the centre3 ,w bd,s_/l1 ,w being the weight in pounds1 l the distance between the points of support1 d the depth1 and b the breadth1 all expressed in inches4 ,s is a coefficient whose value for different kinds of wood is given in the following table3 ,ash #bjjj ,yellow ,pine #aajj ,beech #agjj ,larch #acjj ,birch #aijj ,oak #afjj ,strength of ,round ,timber4--,the strength of a circular pole is six tenths that of a square beam whose side is equal to the mean diameter of the pole2 so that the equation becomes ,w #f;d,s_/#ajl1 in which d is the mean diameter4 ,the bridge must be capable of sustaining the weight when crowded2 and while the load for infantry is usually distributed1 the greatest strain is brought on the balks1 or road-bearers1 when the gun-wheels are at the centre of the bay2 and a balk will only bear half the load concentrated at its centre that it will bear when distributed4 ,roadway and ,approaches4-,the roadway may be of planks #a to #b inches for ordinary traffic1 or of poles1 fascines1 hurdles1 etc4 ,litter or earth should be scattered over it to deaden the rattle of planks1 which is apt to frighten the horses1 and preserve the roadway4 ,if heavy loads are to be hauled1 planks should be laid longitudinally to form wheel-tracks4 ,eight feet in the clear will suffice for width of roadway1 but nine feet is to be preferred4 ,a hand-rail should be provided1 especially if horses are to pass1 and ribbands on either side4 ,at least five balks 7road-bearers7 should be used on a bridge nine feet wide4 ,the bays generally run from ten to fifteen feet4 ,a rise in the centre of the bridge1 called the camber1 is allowed for the subsequent settling4 ,this allowance is usually one thirtieth of the bay4 ,the approaches are very important2 the exit must be fully as good as the entrance1 to avoid crowding4 ,if not1 care must be taken not to admit troops at the entrance faster than they can pass off4 ,ramps at either end steeper than one on ten are inconvenient4 ,,trestles1 ,,piers1 ,,etc4 ,transoms4--,they must be sufficiently strong to bear the weight that can be concentrated on one bay1 reckoned as distributed load on the transom4 ,on a #i-;foot roadway for light artillery1 with bays of #ae feet1 the transoms should not be less than #i inches in diameter4 ,trestles are used for bridges across shallow rivers having sound hard beds and not liable to sudden floods2 and for gaps1 etc4 ,they are not suitable for deep muddy rivers4 ,they may be used in streams #i feet deep with velocity of #d miles an hour2 or in deeper streams if the current be less4 ,two-legged ,trestle 7,fig4 #acj74--,the standards1 transom1 and ledger are marked at the proper intervals1 the heights of the first having been obtained by a careful inspection1 and the lengths of the two latter depending on the width of the proposed roadway4 ,the transoms should be about #c feet longer than the width of the roadway in the clear1 and the standards of the trestle should have a splay outward of six on one4 ,square lashings must be used4 ,the braces are put on the frame with both butts and one tip on the same side1 the second tip on the reverse side2 the butts can be lashed simultaneously with the ledger and transom4 ,the frame must then be squared by testing the diagonals1 measuring from the butt of each standard1 and the frame must be adjusted until these measurements are equal4 ,the braces can then be lashed at the tips and crossing-point4 ,if the timber is weak1 both legs and transom can be doubled4 ,ledgers and diagonal braces can be of light material1 as little strain is brought upon them2 but they should be well lashed4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acj4 ,placing ,trestles4--,they are most easily placed by hand2 but with those with two legs only care must be taken that they do not fall over4 ,each frame should be fastened to either bank2 cables or struts may be used4 ,three-legged ,trestles 7,fig4 #aca71 two of which are required for a single transom1 have the advantage of standing without bracing1 admit of ready adjustment1 and utilize light material4 ,they are1 however1 unsuitable for an uneven bottom1 are extremely difficult to place1 excepting by hand1 and the legs require weighting in water4 ,to make them1 lash two legs together by a sheer lashing1 open them out and then add the third leg2 the trestle must then be up-ended1 the feet placed on the angles of an equilateral triangle with sides about half the height1 and three light ledgers attached4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aca4 ,cribs1 ,gabions1 and ,fascines4--,these are also used for supporting roadways1 the two latter are particularly useful for short gaps4 ,limbers4--,bridges supported on transoms lashed across the tops of limber-wheels may be used4 ,,frame ,,bridges4 ,if a trestle bridge is impracticable1 owing to depth of gap or stream1 unevenness of bottom1 or swiftness of current1 a frame bridge may be used4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acb4 ,single ,lock4--,this is suitable for spans not exceeding #cj feet1 measured between the footing of the frames4 ,the slope of the frames when in position must not exceed four on seven4 #ast4 ,prepare footings #ah inches wider apart on one side than the other4 ,they must be correctly squared or the frames will not lock4 #b;d4 ,measure the gap and lay out section of it on the ground with a line and pickets1 allowing for camber4 #c;d4 ,lay out the standards in the section1 and chalk-mark them at the proper positions for lashing ledgers and transoms4 #dth4 ,lash the frames in position on either side of the gap2 butts of standards towards the bank1 ledger lashed on the top of standards1 about two feet from the butts1 but position varied according to nature of footings1 transom lashed underneath4 ,the splay of legs in a frame is not so great as in a two-legged trestle1 one foot difference between transom and ledger generally sufficing2 the transom of narrow frame #ah inches wider than the width of roadway in the clear between ribbands4 ,square the frames carefully before lashing the braces2 see that the distance apart of the butts corresponds to the footings1 broad frame to be #ah inches wider than the narrow4 ,drive pickets or large piece of timber 7bollard7 for guys and foot-ropes4 #eth4 ,attach fore and back guys and foot-ropes to each frame1 the latter fastened with a timber-hitch round the standards below the ledgers4 #fth4 ,pass across the fore guys1 passing those of the narrow frame between the horns of the broad frame4 #gth4 ,launch and lock the frames4 #hth4 ,send out temporarily two road-bearers and by their means and with the aid of two men working on the crutch of the bridge get the fork-transom in position4 #ith4 ,send out remainder of road-bearers1 resting the whole on the fork-transom4 #ajth4 ,place planks 7chesses72 rack down2 put up hand-rail4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,timber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,kind of ,no4 of,length,diam4 in ,ins4 ,purpose4 ,bridge4 ,spars4in ,ft4 ------------- ,at ,tip4 ,mean4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,single-lock #d #bd #g ,standards4 7#cj-;ft4 #a #ae #aj ,fork-transoms4 ,span74 #b #ae #f ,transoms4 #d #ae #d to #f,ledgers and shore-transoms4 #d #bj #c ,diagonal braces4 #aj #bj #f ,balks4 #d #bj #c ,ribbands4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,if the stores are at hand and ready for use1 #a non-commissioned officer and #af men on each side should complete the bridge in a little more than an hour4 ,double-lock ,bridge4--,this is used for spans of #cj to #de feet4 ,in laying out the section and making the spars for the double-lock bridge it must be remembered that the road-bearing transoms1 ,,tt1 in this case are not the transoms lashed to the frames1 but those which are subsequently lashed on the top of the distance-pieces4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acc4 ,the frames are of equal widths4 ,in making the bridge the frames after being launched are held by the back guys a little higher than their ultimate position4 ,the distance-pieces are then hauled across1 the proper positions for the road-bearing transoms having been previously marked upon them2 these transoms are then sent out and lashed in position1 after which the back guys can be eased off and the bridge allowed to lock2 the roadway is then laid4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,timber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,kind of ,no4 of,length ,diam4 in ,in4 ,bridge4 ,spars4in ,ft4 ------------- ,purpose4 ,at ,tip4 ,mean4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,double-lock #d #bj #g ,standards4 #b #be #aj ,distance-pieces4 7#dj to #de #b #ae #aj ,road-transoms4 ,ft4 ,span47 #b #ae #f ,main transoms4 #d #ae #d to #f,ledgers and shore-transoms4 #d #bj #c ,braces4 #ae #bj #f ,balks4 #f #bj #c ,ribbands4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acd4 ,single-sling ,bridges1 used to #ej feet4--,the frames for a single-sling bridge have an upper 7locking7 and lower 7road-bearing7 transom4 ,in laying out the section the frames must be made to lock at such a height as to have at least #i feet of headway between the roadway and the upper transoms4 ,as soon as the spars of the narrow frame are in position for lashing the distance from out to out of its standards at the upper transom must be measured1 and the broad frame made of sufficient width to receive them4 ,a snatch-block with a fall rove through it is lashed to the tip of each standard of the narrow frame4 ,the frames having been locked1 the fork-transom is hauled into position by means of the falls and men working in the crutch4 ,the falls are then used to sling the centre transom temporarily into position4 ,the slings are then arranged by men working in the crutch and astride the slung transom1 one of the guys being generally used for the purpose2 three or four turns are sufficient1 care being taken that they do not ride4 ,the slings1 if too long1 can be subsequently twisted up with handspikes to give the requisite camber to the roadway4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ace4 ,a ,treble-sling ,bridge has three slung transoms1 one being slung from the standards on either side between the fork and road-bearing transoms4 ,the process of construction is similar to that of a single-sling4 ,if the frames are very long and heavy1 it is well to brace them above as well as below the road-bearing transoms to prevent their getting racked out of shape in launching4 ,the upper braces1 if they interfere with the headway1 can be removed after the frames are locked4 ,the great length of the standards in single-and treble-sling bridges1 and the heavy transverse strains brought upon them by the weight of the roadway1 will generally necessitate their being stiffened by ties which should be carried over vertical frames anchored to earth anchorages1 or stout bollards on the bank1 and twisted up taut with a handspike4 ,can be used for spans up to #gj feet4 ,,estimate ,,of ,,timber4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,kind of ,no4 of,length ,diam4 in ,in4 ,bridge4 ,spars4in ,ft4 ------------- ,purpose4 ,at ,tip4 ,mean4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,single-sling #d #cg #f ,standards4 7#ej to #fj #c #ae #aj ,road-transoms4 ,ft4 ,span74 #c #ae #f ,top and fork transoms4 #d #ae #d to #f,ledgers and shore-transoms4 #daj #ah #c ,braces4 #aj #cj #f ,balks4 #d #cj #c ,ribbands4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,for a treble-sling bridge standards from #ej to #fj feet long will be required2 also additional spars for transoms1 road-bearers1 and vertical frames4 ,,the ,,stringer ,,bridge4 ,if the span does not exceed #be feet1 abutments good1 and proper timber near at hand1 this bridge can be easily built4 ,,table ,,of ,,tools ,,and ,,materials ,,for ,,single-,,and ,,double-,,lock ,,and ,,unstiffened ,,single-,,sling ,,bridges4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,descriptions4 ,single-,double-,single- lock4 lock4 sling4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,tools4 ,axes1 pick #d #d #d ,blocks1 snatch #b #b ,chisel1 brick #d #d #d ,hammers1 striking #d #d #d ,handspikes #b #b #f ,levers1 field-service #a #a #a ,mauls #b #b #b ,measuring-rods #a #a #a ,shovels #d #d #f ,measuring-tapes #a #a #a ,materials4 ,chalk1 pieces #b #b #d ,lines1 ,hambro'1 #aej ft4 #a #a #a ,planks for chesses1 #aj ft4 #ab in4 #a in4 ,according to span ,pickets1 #e ft4 long1 for bollards #aj #aj #aj ,pickets1 bundles of tracing #a #a #a ,racksticks and lashing ,according to span ,foot-ropes1 #c in41 #i fathoms #d #d #d ,guys1 #c in41 #bj to #cj fathoms #h #h #h ,ropes1 #b in41 #ah fathoms each #b ,ropes1 #b in41 #h fathoms1 for transom-lashings #d #h #h ,ropes1 #a in41 #e fathoms1 for ledger- and brace-lashings #ab #ad #ad ,ropes1 #a in41 #c fathoms1 for road-bearers #aj #bj #bj ,tapes1 tracing1 #aej ft4 #a #a #b ,yarn1 spun1 lbs4 #g #g #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,six stringers and fifty flooring-poles1 #f inches in diameter and #ab feet long1 will be required4 ,two axemen to each stringer will fell and prepare them in a few minutes1 and while they are being carried and placed in position the axemen can prepare the poles4 ,stringers should have #d feet extra length4 ,their diameter will depend on the weight to be borne1 how distributed1 and kind of wood4 ,it is determined by the formulas already given4 ,a good rough rule for calculating the live load which can be borne by rectangular timber of given length and scantling is3 ,for larch safe distributed live load in cwts4 7#aab lbs47 bd_/,l1 in which b breadth in inches1 d depth in inches1 ,l length of span in feet4 ,for fir the load may be #d_/c1 for cedar #e_/c1 for beech1 oak1 and pitch-pine #b1 and for teak #g_/c of load of larch4 ,this formula gives a theoretical factor of safety of about #c4 ,the stringers are placed in position by means of jumping-poles1 each of which should be strong enough to bear the weight of the stringer and a little longer than the hypothenuse of the right-angled triangle1 the base and perpendicular of which are respectively three fourths the width and depth of the chasm4 ,place first stringer on abutment as a temporary wall-plate and chock it2 slide the second and third over the chasm a little more than one fourth their length for a footway2 push out one jumping-pole1 butt first1 until nearly balanced on wall-plate stringer1 and pass the bight of a rope around it a little in advance of its centre of gravity1 by means of which a man on the footway supports the butt while the pole is being slipped forward until it reaches its proper resting-place 7while this is being done the ends of the stringers forming the footway are held down72 then place second jumping-pole in position2 draw back the two stringers forming footway2 cross jumping-poles1 lashing them about #b feet above the level of the abutment1 and attach guy-rope long enough to reach across the stream2 place stringer in crutch and push forward until nearly balanced2 then raise end and push so as to throw it forward and cause the other end to rest on the opposite abutment4 ,four men now cross over on the stringer1 steadying themselves by means of the guy-rope held taut for the purpose1 lift the stringer off the jumping-poles1 and1 with assistance from opposite side1 roll the stringer in position4 ,pull back jumping-poles and place the other stringers4 ,the flooring is laid as for corduroy roads1 and the bridge is finished by pinning on a ribband of poles to hold down the ends of the flooring and erecting hand-rails if required4 ,it is well to cover the roadway with straw to lessen the jolting of carriages4 ,,fords1 ,,flying ,,and ,,floating ,,bridges4 ,when reconnoitring a river with a view of effecting a passage1 observe3 the nature of the banks1 the nature of the bed1 position and depth of fords1 strength of current1 whether tidal or otherwise1 probability and extent of floods4 ,fords4--,the following depths are fordable3 ,for infantry1 #c ft42 for cavalry1 #d ft42 wagons containing ammunition1 #b ft4 ,gravelly bottoms are best2 sandy bottoms are bad1 as the sand stirs up and increases depth of water4 ,fords should be clearly marked by long pickets driven into the bed of the river above and below the ford1 their heads being connected by a strong rope4 ,it is well to mark the pickets1 in order that any rise of the water may be at once evident4 ,the depth of a river is generally most uniform in straight parts2 at bends the depth will generally be greater at the concave bank1 and less at the convex4 ,for this reason a river which is not anywhere fordable straight across may be found passable in a slanting direction between two bends4 ,to measure the velocity of a stream1 use a light rod weighted at the end so as to stand vertically in the water2 note the distance it floats in a given number of seconds2 then seven tenths the mean number of feet a second gives the number of miles an hour4 ,ferries and ,flying ,bridges4--,the simplest form of permanent ferry consists of ropes stretched across the river by means of which rafts can be hauled from bank to bank4 ,the flying bridge can be used if the velocity of the current is two miles an hour or more4 ,the current moves the boat or raft across the stream by acting obliquely against its side1 which should be kept at an angle of about #ee degrees with the current4 ,the cable1 whose length should be #a to #b times the width of the river1 and float if possible1 can either be anchored in midstream 7in which case the boat can swing between two landing-places71 or two cables may be used1 one anchored on either bank4 ,or a cable may be stretched from bank to bank as taut as possible and six feet above the water at the lowest point4 ,the boat 7a double-ender7 is attached to travellers1 which are small wheels grooved on the circumference to fit the cable on which they ride1 maintained in their position by a counterpoise below1 to which the stem-and stern-lines of the boat are attached4 ,long1 narrow1 deep boats with vertical sides1 to which leeboards can be attached1 are the best for the purpose1 and straight reaches of a river the most suitable places for flying bridges4 ,floating ,bridges4--,these can be made of boats1 barrels1 timber1 etc4 ,each pier must have enough available buoyancy to support the heaviest load that can be brought on one bay of the bridge4 ,the length of the piers should be at least twice the breadth of the roadway1 for steadiness1 and they should be connected together at their extremities by tie-balks or lashings4 ,the waterway between the piers should never be less1 and should if possible be more1 than the width of those piers4 ,in barrel-pier bridges1 or with boats having strong gunnels and frames1 each balk bears on both gunnels of adjacent piers2 in weak boats they bear on a central beam supported on the keel4 ,the roadway of floating bridges is similar to that already described4 ,boats4--,open boats should not be immersed deeper than within one foot of the gunnel1 and a still larger limit of safety will be required in rough water or a violent current4 ,they should be placed stem on in the bridge so as to point against the current1 and slightly down by the stern2 if the river be tidal1 they alternate stem and stern4 ,few boats1 except heavy barges1 are strong enough for balks to rest on their gunnels4 ,use a central transom resting on the thwarts and blocked up from underneath to bring the weight directly on the keel4 ,buoyancy4--,this may be determined by loading the boat with unarmed men to such a depth as is considered safe4 ,for bridging purposes the number of men multiplied by #afj gives the available buoyancy in pounds4 ,if the number of men be divided by four1 the result will be the central interval in feet at which the boats may be placed in the bridge to carry infantry in fours crowded4 ,,rafts ,,of ,,casks ,,or ,,barrels4 ,buoyancy of ,casks4--,the actual buoyancy is given by the formula #e;cl-,w1 in which c is the circumference of the cask in feet half-way between the bung and the extreme end2 l is the length in feet1 exclusive of projections1 measured along a stave2 and ,w is the weight of the cask in pounds4 ,the available buoyancy for bridging purposes may be taken at #i_/aj of the actual buoyancy4 ,a safe buoyancy may be obtained by multiplying the content in gallons by #h4 ,knowing the buoyancy of one cask1 the number to be united in a raft to sustain any desired load can be readily calculated4 ,constructing the ,float4--,having determined on the number of casks to be united in one float1 take one third the number and place them transversely on two poles laid on the ground parallel to each other and one half the height of a cask apart2 the casks to be distributed evenly over a distance equal to the width of the proposed bridge1 bungs up4 ,lay another pair of poles on the top of the casks1 and lash them to the first pair at the ends and between each two casks1 and cut off any surplus pole that may project at the ends4 ,having made and launched three such floats1 unite them by lashing a pole across the ends and middle of them1 so as to make a large square raft4 ,when enough such rafts are completed1 they can be placed1 and a roadway built on them4 ,in placing the rafts the sides of the barrels should be towards the current4 ,floats of casks1 when in bridge1 should always be rigidly connected with each other at their ends by stringers1 which must be lashed to both gunnels of each float2 the roadway stringers can then be laid and should rest squarely on both gunnels of each float and should be lashed1 especially if there be any sway or for animal traffic4 ,,table ,,of ,,weights1 ,,dimensions1 ,,capacity1 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,name4 ,weight4 ,length ,bung ,head ,no4 ,available of ,stave4 ,diam4 ,diam4 ,gals4,buoyancy4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,lbs4 ,inches4 ,inches4,inches4 ,lbs4 7,about74 ,tar #ej #cj #bj #ag #cj #bej ,pork #fj #cj #bb #ah #cb #bfg ,vinegar #hj #cd #bc #bj #de #cge ,whiskey #hj #cd #bc #bj #de #cge ,kerosene #gj #cd #be #ba #de #cge ,molasses #gj #cd #be #ba #eb #dcc ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,american wine-barrels are about the same size and weight as whiskey-barrels4 ,rafts4--,raft bridges may be used in a current not exceeding four miles an hour4 ,cubic content of a log in feet is equal to the square of one fifth of the mean girth multiplied by twice its length4 ,weight of timber 7dry7 per cubic foot3 ,ash #dg lbs41 beech #dc1 elm #cf1 fir #cb1 oak #ed1 pine #dj1 poplar #bd1 sycamore #cg1 willow #be4 ,green timber is about one fourth heavier4 ,flotation4--,to obtain the flotation of a log1 multiply its cubic content by the difference between its weight per cubic foot and the weight of a cubic foot of water 7#fb lbs474 ,take five sixths of the result for the available buoyancy4 ,to ,form a ,raft4--,place the logs side by side1 the small ends alternating2 strongly secure with rope and1 if possible1 by cross and diagonal pieces of scantling fastened by spikes or treenails4 ,if it is to be used as a pier1 the logs may be placed in two layers to avoid obstructing the waterway4 ,a central transom must be used4 ,the up-stream end of the raft may1 with advantage1 be convex4 ,make-shift ,anchors4--,two or more pickaxes lashed together2 heavy weights1 such as large stones or railway irons2 the latter are best when bent4 ,nets filled with stones are particularly good on rocky bottoms4 ,protection4--,arrangements must be made up-stream to protect a floating bridge from damage from floating substances1 either by a boat patrol1 or by stretching a net1 or some intercepting obstacle1 across stream4 ,,chapter ,,xiii4 ,hasty ,demolition4 ,gunpowder4 ,dynamite4 ,how ,used in ,blasting4 ,guncotton4 ,rack-a-rock4 ,handling1 ,transportation1 and ,storage of ,high ,explosives4 ,charges for ,hasty ,demolition4 ,where and ,how to ,place ,charges4 ,,gunpowder4 ,gunpowder is a very intimate mixture of potassium nitrate 7nitre71 charcoal1 and sulphur1 and generally consists of the following proportions3 ,nitre1 #ge parts2 charcoal1 #ae parts2 sulphur1 #aj parts4 ,the following processes are used in its manufacture3 7#a7 ,mixing the ingredients2 7#b7 incorporating or milling2 7#c7 breaking down the mill-cake2 7#d7 pressing2 7#e7 granulating2 7#f7 dusting2 7#g7 glazing2 7#h7 second dusting2 7#i7 stoving or drying2 7#aj7 finishing4 ,good gunpowder should be composed of hard angular grains which do not soil the fingers1 and should have a perfectly uniform dark-gray color4 ,when new1 it should be free from dust1 and a gramme of it flashed on a copper or porcelain plate should leave no residue or foulness4 ,it should give the required initial velocity to the projectile1 and produce not more than the maximum strain upon the gun4 ,when exposed to air of average dryness1 it should not absorb more than #j4e to #a4e per cent of water4 ,in damp air it absorbs more and deteriorates4 ,its exploding-point is #efj ,f4 ,,dynamite4 ,dynamite is composed of a particularly porous siliceous earth 7,keiselguhr7 impregnated with about #gj or #ge per cent of nitro-glycerine4 ,true dynamite resembles in appearance moist brown sugar4 ,it takes fire at #cej ,f41 and freezes4 ,,materials ,,in ,,use ,,for ,,blasting4 ,cartridges4--,the regular sizes are from four to eight inches long and from three fourths of an inch to two inches in diameter4 ,they are furnished to order of any required size1 packed in boxes containing #be or #ej pounds1 the layers of cartridges being separated by sawdust4 ,to use a small cartridge in a large hole1 slit it on the side and press it down into the drill-hole with a wooden tamping-rod4 ,cartridges may be readily cut into desired lengths4 ,in tamping powder or explosives always use a wooden rammer1 never an iron or steel bar4 ,caps4--,the regular cap or exploder is employed4 ,it consists of a hollow copper cylinder about inch in diameter and from one to two inches long1 and contains #ae to #bj per cent or more of fulminate of mercury mixed with other ingredients into a cement1 which fills the closed end of the cap4 ,fuzes4--,the double-tape fuze is the best4 ,single-tape fuze may be used when the ground is only a little wet4 ,nippers and ,pincers4--,for cutting the fuze1 and after it is inserted in the cap for squeezing the cap tightly around the fuze4 ,funnel4--,used in charging with loose powder4 ,,drill-,,holes4 ,as a general rule drill-holes and charges for dynamite should be comparatively small4 ,in heavy work the holes should be large in size and less in number1 and the amount of dynamite should be in proportion to the work done4 ,charging with ,cartridges4--,the charge must fit and fill the bottom of the bore1 and be packed solid4 ,take a cartridge as nearly as possible of the same size as the bore1 and cut it into sections of about twice or three times the diameter4 ,with a hard-wood rammer1 as large as will run freely in the hole1 press these sections into the bore-hole one by one with sufficient force until each section is driven to the bottom and expanded laterally so as to fill the hole solidly in every direction4 ,if the cartridge is smaller than the hole1 slit it lengthwise4 ,metallic rammers must not be used4 ,priming4--,cut off squarely the end of the fuze and thrust it into the cap up to the fulminate4 ,if the fuze is too large1 scrape it down1 and if too small wind it with paper4 ,then clamp the cap to the fuze with the nippers1 being careful not to disturb the fulminate in the cap4 ,if for a wet hole1 smear the junction of the fuze and the cap with bar-soap or the like1 to make it water-tight4 ,now open the end of the cartridge1 and with a pointed stick make a hole in the explosive and insert the cap 7with the fuze attached7 the full length of the cap1 and press the explosive firmly about the cap4 ,next gather the cartridge-paper about the fuze and tie it there strongly with a string1 so that the cap cannot be withdrawn from the explosive4 ,cut off so much of the cartridge as is not needed1 and the primer is complete4 ,thus prepared1 place it in the drill-hole and press it with a wooden rod into contact with the charge4 ,tamping4--,this is of great importance4 ,always tamp if you can1 and with the best materials and in the strongest manner4 ,in deep and down holes water is good4 ,a shallow tamp of water amounts to very little4 ,a shallow tamp of sand or clay is better4 ,in driving and packing the tamp next to the primer be careful not to explode the cap2 the first handful of tamp should always be pressed down gently4 ,in fissures or artificial cracks surround the charge with mud1 clay1 sand1 or water1 if possible4 ,explosion of ,blast4--,in most cases it is better not to cut off the required length of fuze until the hole is tamped4 ,then cut off at a safe length and fire by igniting with a match or fuzee4 ,if it misses fire1 be careful in taking out the tamping not to approach nearer the cap than within two or three inches2 then put in another cartridge and fire it4 ,never pick out the charge4 ,after inserting the primer it is well to put a ball of newspaper or some substance readily recognized on top of it and then the tamping4 ,if then the tamping has to be removed1 warning will be given on approaching the primer4 ,to ,insure ,explosion4--,the dynamite must not be frozen2 the fuze must be good and kept in the cap2 the cap must be dry and not withdrawn from the explosive4 ,frozen ,dynamite4--,dynamite freezes more easily than water1 becomes hard and cannot be properly loaded into bore-holes1 and is more difficult of explosion4 ,keep it where it will not freeze if possible4 ,it must not be thawed by a fire1 but by hot water in an apparatus like a common glue-pot1 the dynamite being in the inner vessel and hot 7not boiling7 water in the outer4 ,eissler states that there is but one safe way of thawing it1 which is to keep it in a kitchen or other room at summer heat1 and away from the fire1 until it is soft4 ,it is then ready for use4 ,precautions4--,never attempt to thaw frozen dynamite by roasting1 toasting1 or baking it4 ,never put it in heated vessels1 or in boilers1 or before fires or heated metals4 ,it must not be thawed or heated rapidly4 ,never put a cap into a charge or primer until you are ready to use it4 ,after it is made never let a primer leave your hands until it is in the hole4 ,keep the caps away from the dynamite4 ,never let them come near each other except when used4 ,never allow smoking or other fire near the powder or explosive1 as it burns rapidly1 and especially when loose1 and may fire caps incautiously left near by1 and thus bring on an explosion4 ,never use a metallic rammer4 ,do not get nitro-glycerine on your fingers4 ,it will be absorbed by the skin and give you a headache4 ,invariably prepare your primer at a distance from your explosive4 ,,rack-,a-,,rock4 ,this powerful explosive1 composed of a solid and a liquid ingredient1 entirely inexplosive when separate1 but easily and quickly combined1 seems to present undoubted advantages for use in the military service4 ,the solid is potassium chlorate1 and the liquid is either dead oil1 or dead oil and bisulphide of carbon in equal volumes1 or bisulphide of carbon with #c per cent of carbon added1 or mono-nitro-benzine4 ,general ,abbot considered the following the best3 ,potassium chlorate1 #gi parts2 mono-nitro-benzine1 #ba parts4 ,the potassium chlorate is put up in the form of a cartridge enclosed in a bag made of cotton or other suitable material4 ,in preparing the charge for use the cartridges are placed in a wire frame1 which is suspended from a spring-balance1 and dipped in the liquid until a proportion of #c to #d parts of solid to #a part of liquid is shown by the balance2 this requires from #c to #f seconds4 ,or1 place the cartridges in a pan containing cells 7each cartridge having a corresponding cell and cup7 and then pour in each cell its cupful of liquid4 ,as soon as it has all been absorbed remove the cartridges and in ten minutes they are ready for use4 ,if the cartridges be kept1 they appear to tend to increased sensibility to friction or percussion4 ,,guncotton4 ,compressed ,guncotton4--,clippings and other waste from cotton-mills are thoroughly purified from oil and fatty matters by treatment with alkali and extraneous substances removed4 ,the material is then opened up by a carding-machine and cut into suitable lengths4 ,after thorough drying and when quite cold small quantities at a time are immersed in a cool mixture of #a nitric acid 7s4 g4 #a4eb7 and #c sulphuric acid 7s4 g4 #a4he74 ,the excess of acid is then removed and the cotton carefully washed1 reduced to pulp1 purified1 and compressed into given weights and shapes by a powerful hydraulic press1 and weighs #fj lbs4 per cubic foot4 ,the disks or slabs can be cut into smaller sizes with a sharp saw or knife without danger1 care being taken to press them between boards while so doing to prevent their falling to pieces4 ,it has from #b to #b times the strength of gunpowder for equal weights when the charges are well tamped1 and #d times the strength of gunpowder when the charges are untamped2 it ignites at a lower temperature than gunpowder1 as it may explode at #bgg ,f4 and must explode at #djj ,f42 it is comparatively insensible to shocks--caissons containing dry guncotton have been frequently inflamed by the penetration of a bullet from a military rifle1 but never exploded1#aa while wet guncotton in a condition for service cannot possibly be ignited by the same means even at the shortest ranges4 ,wet guncotton is not easily ignited1 burns up quietly in the open air1 is not sensitive to friction2 but if fired by a strongly charged percussion-cap it will explode with great violence4 ,it does not deteriorate when wet and is then perfectly safe to handle4 ,it is therefore stored in a wet state 7as it cannot be exploded except by the detonation of other disks of dry guncotton72 but it should not be exposed to a temperature that will freeze the water in the cakes1 if possible4 ,while frost has no effect on dry guncotton1 it causes a mechanical disintegration of the wet compressed variety4 ,in the field the slabs are carried wet2 the disks dry and packed in hermetically sealed tins4 ,these disks are used as primers1 and have attached to them1 when used1 a fulminate fuze4 ,to ,fire ,guncotton1 the fuze is cut to the required length and inserted in the hollow end of the detonator1 especial care being taken to push it down so as to rest on the quick-match2 the tube is then slightly bent to prevent the fuze from being withdrawn4 ,the small end of the detonator is then gently inserted into the primer 7the dry disk7 so as to fill the entire length of the hole in the latter4 ,if it is loose1 a piece of paper or grass must be wrapped round to make it fit tight4 ,the primer must be placed in close contact with the charge to be fired4 ,care must be taken that no sparks from the fuze can fall on the charge1 which might then burn instead of exploding4 ,bear in mind that a moist primer is certain to cause failure4 ,the charge should be in close contact with the object to be demolished4 ,transportation4--,the handling of high explosives should be done under the immediate supervision of persons thoroughly familiar with the proper methods to be pursued and who will exercise great care and judgment4 ,high explosives should be packed in light wooden boxes properly marked4 ,the ,french have a wagon containing about #cej lbs4 attached to a horse-battery accompanying the cavalry division1 acting independently1 and two such wagons with the artillery-park4 ,care is taken that they are not placed too near the other ammunition and are in the safest place under careful observation4 ,on a steamer place the explosives in a well-ventilated place remote from the engine4 ,on railways1 if the weather be hot1 there should be good ventilation and ice in the car1 so placed that water cannot reach the explosives4 ,in winter protect from freezing if possible4 ,packing in straw or sawdust may be useful4 ,under no circumstances should cases of fuzes be in the same car1 or in the vicinity of the explosive4 ,the packages of guncotton should not be exposed to the sun--cover with paulins1 put under shade-trees4 ,storage4--,at military posts1 in ordinary service magazines over which are erected light wooden roofs1 so as to insure a draught during hot weather4 ,the usual precautions against fire and for storage of ordinary powder must be taken2 and neither fuzes1 caps1 nor detonators of any kind should ever be allowed in the magazine containing the explosives4 ,dry guncotton should not be stored in the same magazine with wet guncotton4 ,before being placed in the magazine the boxes should be given a coat of paint or shellac1 to protect them from moisture4 ,they should also be placed on skids and the space between the skids partially filled with sawdust1 to absorb any exuding nitro-glycerine4 ,if any powder should be spilled on the floor1 or nitro-glycerine exude and be absorbed by the sawdust1 it should be removed at once and burned4 ,the boxes should be turned over every month or two1 and if kept long on hand they should be opened and the explosive tested from time to time4 ,when guncotton is received1 pour into each package enough water to cover it1 or otherwise immerse it4 ,let the water remain for #ae minutes2 then pour it off and hermetically close the box4 ,this should be done every three months4 ,packages of guncotton stained brown or yellow1 giving off nitric fumes1 or showing other signs of decomposition1 should be removed and immersed in water4 ,if decomposition be far advanced1 they should be removed to a safe place and burned4 ,,where ,,and ,,how ,,to ,,place ,,charges4 ,masonry or ,brick ,arch4--,attack the haunches of the arch or the piers4 ,in bridges of a single arch the haunches are the best points1 two trenches being dug across the width of the roadway down to the back of the arch4 ,when there is no time for this1 the charge should be placed along the crown of the arch4 ,with guncotton untamped use ,t ,b2 if tamped with a depth of earth equal to the thickness of the arch1 use ,t ,b4 ,with gunpowder1 if over crown of arch1 use #c_/b,t ,b2 if behind haunch1 ,t ,b4 ,in the former case use tamping if possible equal to the thickness of the arch1 and in the latter case equal to twice the thickness4 ,the quantity of powder obtained by these rules should be divided into two or more charges placed across the arch4 ,when the bridge consists of a series of arches1 and the piers are short and thick1 the haunches should be attacked by the rules given in table on next page4 ,if the piers be high and thin1 it is better to place the charges against them1 as the fall of one pier will involve the destruction of two arches4 ,the charge should be slightly greater than for a wall of the same thickness4 ,,rules ,,for ,,calculating ,,charges ,,for ,,hasty ,,demolitions ,,by ,,guncotton ,,or ,,gunpowder4 ,charges are in lbs42 ,b and ,t are in feet2 t is in inches4 ,b is length of breach to be made2 ,t or t is thickness of object to be demolished4 ,gunpowder is assumed to be roughly tamped with sand-bags1 guncotton untamped4 ,if the guncotton is tamped1 the charges may be reduced one half4 ,charges of guncotton must be equal in length to the breach which is to be made4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,object ,attacked4 ,gunpowder4 ,guncotton4 ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,brick arch4 ,,bt ,the length of breach1 ,brick wall #b ft4 or #b lbs4 per,b1 should not be less less4 #c_/b;,,bt foot run than the height of the ,brick wall over #b ft4 ,,bt wall to be brought ,brick piers4 ,,bt down4 ,hard wood in any #dj to #ajj #c;,,bt ,in a concentrated form1 stockade1 lbs4 for charge1 or for trees palisade1 single stockade not over #ab in4 in timbers1 trees1 etc4 diameter in a necklace4 ,do41 do4 ,t ,in auger-hole2 when the timber is not perfectly round1 ,t smaller axis4 ,soft wood4 ,half the charges for hard wood ,breastwork of #fj to #hj #d lbs4 per horizontal balks1 lbs4 per foot or earth between #e feet sleepers up to #c ft4 thick4 ,heavy rail stockade4 #glbs4 per ft4 ,fortress gate4 #bjj lbs4 #ej lbs4 ,iron plate4 #c_/b;,bt ,field- or siege-guns4 #a lbs4 ,on chase near muzzle4 ,heavier guns4 #d lbs4 ,in bottom of bore1 tamped with water or sand4 ,first-class iron rail #b_/h lb4 ,touching web of rail and near a chair4 steel #d oz4 ,four rails placed around the charge will be cut simultaneously by it4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,in the presence of an enemy increase above charges #ej to allow for contingencies4 ,house with ,moderately ,thick ,walls4--,attack portions of walls between the windows1 the charges being tamped1 and inside the house if possible4 ,otherwise place outside1 or one or two large charges inside untamped4 ,to demolish a building1 a sufficient height of wall must be brought down to insure the arches over the doors and windows falling4 ,the length of breach must be equal to this height4 ,with very thick walls cut grooves4 ,to ,cut ,down ,trees4--,place charge in an auger-hole bored horizontally into the tree at desired height4 ,if tree be #a to #b feet in diameter1 use two holes4 ,with a little care they can be bored so as to meet in the centre1 in which case one detonator will suffice to fire the charge2 with plenty of detonators it may be better to fire one hole first and then a second hole in the uninjured part of the tree1 and so on4 ,the tree may be made to fall in any required direction by attaching a rope to the upper branches1 and taking the strain on it before firing4 ,the guncotton may be hung around the tree1 but this often fails with trees over #ab inches in diameter4 ,a hole may be dug under the roots4 ,dig down by the side of the tree and then horizontally under the bottom close to the wood1 the hole being just large enough for the cartridge4 ,the rules for felling trees apply to timbers of wooden bridges1 the uprights of the piers being the best point to attack4 ,to ,blow ,down a ,stockade #ab #ab4--,use #c lbs4 of guncotton per running foot4 ,the slabs should be threaded together1 so as to be in contact1 and hung or laid against the timbers at the required level4 ,if gunpowder be used1 a charge of #hj lbs4 should be allowed for the same stockade when the charge is not tamped2 when tamped by having a few sand-bags piled on top1 the charge may be reduced to #fj lbs4 ,this would probably make a breach about #f feet wide4 ,to ,demolish a ,gate4--,fifty pounds of guncotton hung against the gate by a nail or pickaxe or laid on the ground will suffice4 ,the charge of gunpowder should be #bjj lbs41 covered with sand-bags if possible4 ,destruction of ,iron ,bridges4--,place charge on lower girders near an abutment1 and at a point where the thickness of the plates is least4 ,if sections are uniform throughout the length of the bridge1 place charge at centre of a span between two piers4 ,when the bridge plate is entirely of iron1 place charge on top of beams4 ,destruction of ,railroad ,tracks4--,to destroy heavy iron rails1 a charge of six #b-ounce disks 7including primer7 should be used4 ,to ,destroy a ,tunnel4--,the crown of the arch or the side-walls should be attacked4 ,the points selected should be some distance inside the tunnel4 ,to ,destroy ,field-and ,siege-guns4--,detonate #a lbs4 of guncotton on the outside near the muzzle4 ,in heavier wrought-iron guns detonate #d lbs4 in the bottom of the bore1 tamping with sand4 ,heavy cast-iron guns can be burst by firing #a lb4 of guncotton in the same position and tamping with sand4 ,,chapter ,,xiv4 ,battery ,books and ,records4 ,rolls1 ,reports1 and ,returns4 ,the ,ration4 ,salt and ,vinegar for ,public ,animals4 ,the ,travel-ration4 ,present ,organization of ,u4 ,s4 ,light ,field-battery4 ,cost of a ,battery of ,four #c4b-;inch ,guns1 in ,detail4 ,price-list of ,artillery-harness4 ,price-list of ,harness for #a4fe-;inch ,mountain-gun4 ,price-list of ,artillery ,accoutrements1 etc4 ,price-list of ,horse ,equipments4 ,price-list of ,stencil and ,marking ,outfits4 ,supply ,table of ,ordnance ,stores for a ,battery of ,light ,artillery for ,six ,months4 ,allowance of ,ammunition for ,target ,practice4 ,standard ,supply ,table of ,veterinary ,medicines4 ,tableware and ,kitchen ,utensils4 ,allowance of ,clothing1 ,equipage1 ,fuel1 ,lights1 etc4 ,weights of ,certain ,articles of ,clothing and ,equipage4 ,pay ,table of ,enlisted ,men4 ,summary ,court1 and ,list of ,punishments4 ,u4 ,s4 ,signal and ,telegraph ,code4 ,penetration of ,projectiles4 ,cover for ,field-artillery4 ,treatment of ,sick ,men4 ,tables of ,weights1 ,measures1 etc4 ,tables for ,converting ,customary and ,metric ,weights and ,measures4 ,salutes4 ,camp ,furniture and ,mess ,outfits for ,officers4 ,,battery ,,books ,,and ,,records4 ,sick report book2 company clothing book2 morning report book2 guard report book2 descriptive and deposit book--all obtained from adjutant-general4 ,order book2 letters received book2 index to letters received2 letters sent book2 index to letters sent2 descriptive book of public animals--all obtained from quartermaster-general4 ,artillery practice report book--from chief of ordnance4 ,battery council book2 roster book4 ,,rolls1 ,,reports1 ,,and ,,returns4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,designation4 ,to ,whom ,when ,made4,when ,sent4 ,by ,whom4 ,sent4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,muster roll#ab ,adjt4 ,gen4,every month ,within #c ,mustering of battery4 days officer ,inventory of effects ,immediately,immediately,battery of deceased soldiers4 com'dr ,final statements of deceased soldiers4 ,certificates of ,post disability com'dr 7in duplicate74 ,return of ,ord4 ,chief of ,end of ,within #bj ,battery and ,ord4 stores4 ,ordnance month days com'dr ,return of battery ,regtl4 #c adjutant ,transcript of orders ,immediately,immediately making temporary appointments of or reducing ,n4 ,c4 officers at posts not regtl4 headqrs4 ,abstract of battery ,end of ,next day fund4 quarter ,morning report ,post adjt4 ,every ,before morning #h ,a4,m4 ,monthly return of ,end of ,first of battery 7to be every monthsubsequent returned for file74 month ,return of battery ,end of fund 7with council every book74 quarter ,req4 for fuel1 ,end of ,end of forage1 and straw4 every monthevery month ,req4 for salt and vinegar ,ration return ,on days designated by ,c4,o4 ,estimate of ,c4 and ,jan4 #a1 ,e41 #f months' supply4 ,apl4 #a1 ,july #a1 ,oct4 #a4 ,req4 for stationery4 ,end of ,first of every subsequent quarter month ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,the ,,ration4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,article4 #a #ej #ajj #ajjj ,bulk of ,ration4,rations4,rations4 ,rations4 #ajjj ------------,rations4 ,net4,gross4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,fresh beef1 or other oz4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,lbs4 ,barrels4 fresh meat #bj #fb #abe #abej ,or salt beef #bb #fh #acg #acge #f4hge ,or salt pork #ab #cg #ge #gej #abai #c4ge ,or bacon #ab #cg #ge #gej #ijc #d4i ,or dried fish#ac #ad #dc #hg #hge ,pickled or fresh fish#ac #ah #ef #aab #aabe ,potatoes #af #ej #ajj #ajjj #d4ff ,or potatoes #ab4h #dj #hj #hjj ,and onions #c4b #aj #bj #bjj ,or potatoes #aa4b #ce #gj #gjj ,and tomatoes #d4h #ae #cj #cjj ,or other fresh vegetable ,sugar #b4d #g #ae #aej 4#fb ,or molasses ,or syrup 4#fd gill #a gal4 #b #bj gals4 gals4 ,salt 4#fd #b #d #dj 4#af ,pepper 4#jd #b ,flour #ah #ef #aab #aabe #abcd #e4gd ,or soft bread #ah #ef #aab #aabe ,or hard bread #af #ej #ajj #ajjj #abbi #ab ,or corn-meal #bj #fb #abe #abej ,beans or peas #b4d #g #ae #aej #agg 4#g ,or rice or hominy #a4f #e #aj #ajj #aae 4#df ,coffee1 green #a4f #e #aj #ajj #abb 4#eh ,or coffee roasted #a4bh #d #h #hj #ajh 4#hc ,or tea 4#cb #a #b #bj #be 4#af ,soap 4#fdh #b #d #dj #dg 4#ai ,candles 7if no oil7 4#bd #a #ae #af4e 4#hi ,yeast-powder 7in the field7 4#fd #b #d #dj ,vinegar 4#jd qt4 gal4 #a gal4 #aj #ajg 4#ji gals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,,salt ,,and ,,vinegar ,,for ,,public ,,animals4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,salt4 ,vinegar4 ,no4 of ---------------------------------------- --- ,animals4,quantity ,quantity per ,quantity per ,week4 per ,week4,month1 ,when ,necessary4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,gals4,qts4,pts4,gills4 #a #b #ab 4#fd #e #aj #c #ab #c4b #aj #a #d #g #h #a #b4d #ej #f #d #cg #h #a -- -- -- #ajj #ab #h #ge -- #b -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,the ,,travel-,,ration4 ,articles4 ,per #ajj ,rations4 ,soft bread pounds #aab or hard bread pounds #ajj ,beef1 canned pounds #ge ,baked beans1 #a-pound cans number #cc or baked beans1 #c-pound cans number #ae ,coffee1 roasted pounds #h ,sugar pounds #h ,canned tomatoes 7after #d consecutive days of above7 pounds #ajj ,present ,organization of ,light ,field-battery4--#a captain1 #b first lieutenants1 #b second lieutenants1 #a first sergeant1 #f sergeants1 #d corporals1 #b musicians1 #b artificers1 #a wagoner1 #ei privates4 ,total commissioned #e4 ,total enlisted #ge4 ,special-duty ,men ,allowed in a ,light ,battery4--#a ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 to take immediate charge of police1 etc41 of stable and picket-line1 #a clerk1 #a tailor1 #a cook1 #a assistant cook1 when necessary 7the head cook is allowed #be cents per day from company fund72 #a ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 7detailed from roster7 to supervise rooms and gun-racks4 ,,cost ,,of ,,equipment 7,,exclusive ,,of ,,ammunition7 ,,for ,a ,,four-,,gun #c4b-;,,inch ,,field-,,battery1 ,,with ,,combined ,,battery-,,wagon ,,and ,,forge4 7,total ,cost as herein indicated #ageie4ga47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,price4 ,amount4 ---------------------- ,articles4 ,dolls4,cts4,dolls4,cts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #d #c4b-;inch ,b4 ,l4 steel guns #ajbb #jj #djhh #jj #d #c4b-;inch carriages and limbers 7cost of brake included7 #acaf #gd #ebff #if #d #c4b-;inch caissons and limbers #gba #ej #bhhf #jj #a combined forge and battery wagon #haf #jj #haf #jj #i sets artillery-harness for #b wheel-horses #agj #ei #aece #ca #i sets artillery-harness for #b lead-horses #ach #ha #abdi #bi ,,on ,,each ,,carriage4 #a pair bow-spring recoil-brakes #fb #ej #a sponge and rammer1 jointed1 for bore #f #jj #f #jj #b short rammers and sponges1 combined1 for chamber #i #jj #ah #jj #a sponge-cover1 bore-sponge #dj #dj #b sponge-covers1 chamber-sponge #de #ij #a prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #h #fj #h #fj #a combination screw-driver #a #bh #a #bh #a gunners' gimlet #bd #bd #a gunners' reamer #ej #ej #a priming-wire in trail-box #aj #aj #a vent-punch #ej #ej #a front sight #h #jj #h #jj ,,with ,,each ,,carriage-,,limber4 #a breech-sight1 bronze #cf #jj #cf #jj #a breech-sight pouch #a #ha #a #ha #b gunners' haversacks #b #bj #d #dj #b primer-pouches #a #cc #b #ff #b lanyards1 new pattern #fh #a #cf #a fuze-punch #ej #ej #a front-sight cover #fg #fg #a combined tompion and muzzle-cover #ic #ic #a breech-cover #c #gg #c #gg #a breech-strap #if #if #a sperm-oiler1 rectangular1 brass #ej #ej #a wheel-grease can #b #ji #b #ji #a wheel-grease can knife #ge #ge #b watering-buckets1 canvas1 folding #a #de #b #ij #a tool-box #a #cf #a #cf #a screw-wrench1 #ab-;inch #di #di #a iron nut-wrench1 #ab inches long #a #ej #a #ej #a -inch cold chisel1 #h inches long #be #be #a #h-;inch hand bastard file #jh #jh #a hand-hammer1 #ab-;inch handle #gj #gj #a small steel punch #ah #ah #a neck-yoke #h #jj #h #jj #a doubletree #g #ee #g #ee #b singletrees #b #cb #d #fd #b paulins1 #ab #ab feet1 dyed duck #i #gg #ai #ed #a cushion1 canvas and hair #g #dh #g #dh #a padlock for ammunition-chest #fj #fj ,,on ,,each ,,caisson-,,body4 #a manuvring-handspike #a #aj #a #aj #b shovels1 long-handled #ej #a #jj #b spades1 short-handled #hj #a #fj #b pickaxes1 handled #ge #a #ej #b axes1 handled #ge #a #ej #b lanterns1 with ,cranston attachment #ei #a #ah #a prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #h #fj #h #fj #a spare pole #bf #af #f #af #a spare wheel#ad #b #jj #bb #jj #b paulins1 #ab #ab feet1 dyed duck #i #gg #ai #ed #b padlocks for ammunition-chest #fj #a #bj #b cushions1 canvas and hair #g #dh #ad #if ,,with ,,each ,,caisson-,,limber4 #a wheel-grease can #b #ji #b #ji #a wheel-grease can knife #ge #ge #b paulins1 #ab #ab feet1 dyed duck #i #gg #ai #ed #a neck-yoke #h #jj #h #jj #a doubletree #g #ee #g #ee #b singletrees #b #cb #d #fd #b watering-buckets1 canvas1 folding #a #de #b #ij #a cushion1 canvas and hair4 #g #dh #g #dh #a padlock for ammunition-chest #fj #fj ,,on ,,limber ,,of ,,forge ,,and ,,battery-,,wagon4 #a neck-yoke #h #jj #h #jj #a doubletree #g #ee #g #ee #b singletrees #b #cb #d #fd #b paulins1 #ab #ab feet #i #gg #i #gg #b watering-buckets1 canvas1 folding #a #de #a #de #a wheel-grease can #b #ji #b #ji #a wheel-grease can knife #b #ge #ge #a canvas coal-bag 7#c bushels7 #dj #b #dj #bjj pounds horseshoes #jc-i_/ajgh #jj #ej pounds horseshoe-nails #af #h #jj ,blacksmith's tools 7forge-chest73 #a forge1 portable1 ,empire 7modified for army use7 #ai #ge #ai #ge #b aprons1 leather1 smith's #a #bi #b #eh #a hammer1 hand1 handled #gj #gj #a hammer1 riveting #cj #cj #a hammer1 shoeing #be #be #a pair tongs for holding -inch iron #ge #ge #a pair tongs for holding -inch iron #ge #ge #a pair tongs1 smith's1 #aa-;inch #hd #hd #a chisel1 handled1 for cutting hot iron #ej #ej #a chisel1 handled1 for cutting cold iron #ej #ej #a fore-punch and creaser 7on one handle7 #bb #bb #a chisel1 hand1 cold #be #be #a pritchel #jh #jh ,,on ,,limber ,,of ,,forge ,,and ,,battery-,,wagon4 #a shoeing-rasp1 #af-;inch #db #db #a flat bastard file1 #ab-;inch #af #af #a round punch1 hand #jg #jg #a hardie #ji #ji #a screw-wrench1 #ab-;inch #di #di #b shoeing-knives #be #be #a toe-knife #jg #jg #a shoeing-pincers #db #db #a clinching-iron #cj #cj #a nail-punch #jf #jf #a rule 7#b-;foot71 wood1 #d-;fold1 ,no4 #gb1 ,stanley #ae #ae #a square1 steel #dj #dj #a oiler1 brass #jg #jg #a shoeing-box1 sole-leather #a #ej #a #ej #a file-handle1 iron1 #f-;inch #cj #cj #a wrench1 small1 for forge #ej #ej #a fire-rake #ad #ad #a fire-shovel #bh #bh #b small canvas bags for nails and small stores #fb #fb #a padlock 7and key7 #fj #fj ,,on ,,body ,,of ,,forge ,,and ,,battery-,,wagon4 #b water-buckets1 galvanized sheet-iron #a #aj #b #bj #a prolonge 7section of picket-rope7 #h #fj #h #fj #b lanterns1 with ,cranston attachment #ei #a #ah #a oil-can1 sperm 7#b pints7 #ej #ej #a oil-can1 coal 7#c gallons7 #c #bj #c #bj #a grindstone1 arbor1 crank1 and frame 7iron71 complete #af #be #af #be #a lunette-prop #gj #gj #b jackscrews #i #ej #ai #jj #a hammer1 sledge1 medium #ij #ij #a anvil 7#ajj pounds7 #e #be #e #be #a vise1 forge #hd #hd #b padlocks 7and keys7 #fj #a #bj ,saddler's tools 7chest73 #a saddler's tool-chest 7handled7 #ae #ae #ae #ae #a knife1 round #ij #ij #a knife1 shoe #ag #ag #a draw-gauge #a #aj #a #aj #f awls1 stitching1 handled 7assorted7 #je #cc #a rivet-set 7two holes7 #be #be #a revolving punch1 four tubes1 ,nos4 #d1 #e1 #f1 and #g #ee #ee #a claw-tool #ab #ab #a compasses1 #f-;inch #ab #ab #a creaser1 wood #ag #ag #a cutting-nippers1 #aj-;inch #a #ej #a #ej #a hammer1 riveting #cj #cj #a edge-tool1 ,no4 #b #ab #ab #a rule 7#b-;foot71 ,no4 #ah1 #b-;fold #ae #ae #a oil-stone #b #gj #b #gj #a pliers 7large71 #f-;inch #be #be ,,on ,,body ,,of ,,forge ,,and ,,battery-,,wagon4 #a driving-punch1 ,no4 #e #ji #ji #a stitching-horse1 complete #c #fg #c #fg #b small canvas bags for small stores #fb #a #bd ,carpenter's and wheelwright's tools 7chest73 #a carpenter's and wheelwright's tool-chest1 handled #ae #ae #ae #ae #a brace with #ab bits1 assorted #a #ee #a #ee #a drawing-knife1 #ab-;inch #ej #ej #a hand-saw1 #bj-;inch #cj #cj #a rip-saw1 #bf-;inch #he #he #a hand-axe1 ,no4 #g #hd #hd #a hammer1 claw #ej #ej #d chisels1 framing---inch1 #a-;inch1 #a-;inch1 #b-;inch #a #cd #c gouges1 framing---inch1 #a-;inch1 #a-;inch #a #ce #a screw-wrench1 #ab-;inch #di #di #a plane1 jack #db #db #a plane1 smoothing #dj #dj #a spoke-shave #ah #ah #a rule 7#b-;foot71 ,no4 #gb1 #d-;fold1 ,stanley #ae #ae #aj brad-awls1 assorted1 with 7and contained in7 handle #db #a square1 trying1 #i-;inch #bb #bb #a awl1 scribing #jh #jh #ab files1 saw1 assorted--#d-;inch and #f-;inch #ff #a rasp1 wood1 #aj-;inch #cb #cb #a file1 wood1 #aj-;inch #ab #ab #a oiler1 brass #ab #ab #a oil-stone1 #h-;inch #b #gj #b #gj #a gauge #jf #jf #a compasses1 #aj-;inch wing #be #be #a table-vise #a #dj #a #dj #a pincers1 small #ab #ab #a mallet1 wood #dj #dj #f auger-bits---inch1 -inch1 -inch1 #a-;inch1 #a-;inch1 #a-;inch #a #dc #b screw-driver bits---inch and -inch #ae #a patent auger-handle #ah #ah #c file-handles1 iron--#d-;inch flat1 #d-;inch round1 #e-;inch #fe #a linen tape-line 7,chesterman ,sheffield71 #ajj feet #b #ce #b #ce #b small canvas bags for small stores #fb #a #bd ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,,supplies1 ,,cleaning ,,material1 ,,spare ,,parts1 ,,etc41 ,,carried ,,in ,,battery-,,wagon ,,body4 ,,supplies4 #b sides leather1 bridle 7#bd pounds74 #a side leather1 harness 7#bj pounds74 #b pounds beeswax4 #c pounds black wax4 #cf buckles4 #b papers tacks1 copper4 #c papers tacks1 iron4 #b pounds rivets and burrs1 copper4 #b pounds thread1 patent4 #e pounds thread1 shoe4 #e needles1 collar4 #ej needles1 saddler's1 assorted4 #d thimbles4 #aj pounds nails4 #a gross wood screws4 #f pieces sash-cord1 braided 7#ac pounds74 #he pounds bar iron1 assorted1 #dj pounds toe-steel4 #bej pounds coal1 bituminous4 #c gallons coal-oil4 #ej pounds wheel-grease4 ,,material ,,for ,,cleaning ,,and ,,preservation4 #d gallons neat's-foot oil 7#b cans74 #b pints sperm-oil4 #bj pounds harness-soap4 #aj pounds sponge4 #d quires sand-paper4 #f quires emery-cloth4 #b pounds rotten stone4 #be papers tripoli4 ,,spare ,,parts--,,gun4 #d carrier latch-pins4 #h carrier latch-pin springs4 #b gas-check pads4 #a steel split ring4 #d vent-bushings1 copper4 ,,spare ,,parts--,,carriage4 #a bow-spring brake4 #b singletrees4 #a doubletree4 #a neck-yoke4 #d pole-pads4 #ab linch-pins4 #h linch-washers4 #d ammunition-chest bolts and nuts4 #b turnbuckles for ammunition-chests4 #b breech-strap eye-washers4 #b nuts for assembling-bolts for lazy-tongs4 #b springs for pole-prop at end of pole4 #d lid-props4 #d lid-prop plate pivots4 #a pintle-key and chain4 ,,spare ,,parts--,,harness4 #f breast-straps4 #f bridles and bits1 artillery1 ,n4 ,p4 #d collars steel4 #i girths1 hair1 artillery1 ,n4 ,p4 #f halters1 artillery1 ,n4 ,p4 #ej halter-straps4 #d martingales4 #b neck-yoke pads4 #aj surcingles4 #b traces1 lead1 artillery1 ,n4 ,p4 #b traces1 wheel1 artillery1 ,n4 ,p4 ,,steel ,,collar4 #b trace-plates4 #d draft-springs4 #d pad-hooks4 #b pad bolts and nuts4 #b nuts for pad-bolts4 #b buckle-latches4 #f buckle-springs4 #f bolts and nuts for top connection4 #d nuts for top-connection bolts4 #f bolts and nuts for bottom of collar4 #d nuts for bottom bolts4 #f bolts and nuts for extension4 #d nuts for extension-bolts4 #f bolts and nuts for trace-plate4 #d nuts for trace-plate bolts4 #ab back-straps4 #h back-strap connections4 #f collar-pads1 canvas4 ,,tools ,,and ,,implements4 #c gunners' gimlets4 #c vent-punches4 #c priming-wires4 #b fuze-wrenches4 #d fuze-punches4 #bd fuze-punch pins4 #a obturator spindle and wrench4 #d whips1 artillery4 #b pickaxe-handles4 #b axe-helves4 #d short rammers and sponges1 combined4 #a sponge and rammer1 jointed4 #b sponge-heads and sponges for short rammers and sponges1 combined4 #a rammer-head for short rammers and sponges1 combined4 #b sponge-heads and sponges for jointed sponge and rammer4 #a rammer-head for jointed sponge and rammer4 ,,price-,,list ,,of ,,artillery-,,harness4 7,,new ,,pattern47 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,wheel4 ,lead4 ------------------------- ,components4 ,near ,off ,near ,off ,horse4,horse4,horse4,horse4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,breast-,,strap4 c4 c4 c4 c4 ,strap #he #he ,double hooks1 #b #c4ej each #gjj #g #jj ,breast-strap complete #ghe #g #he ,,breeching4 ,body #cih #cih ,side-straps1 #b #ef;c4 each #aab #aab ,breeching complete #eaj #eaj ,,bridle4 ,curb-bit1 ,shoemaker #bbe #bbe #bbe #bbe ,curb-strap #cd #cd #cd #cd ,cheek-pieces1 #b #bh;c4 each #ef #ef #ef #ef ,crownpiece #be #be #be #be ,reins #ajd #ajd #ajd #ajd ,throat-lash #ae #ae #ae #ae ,brow-band #bh #bh #bh #bh ,brow-band ornaments1 #b #h;c4 each #af #af #af #af ,coupling-strap #gj #gj ,bridle complete #ejc #egc #ejh #egh ,,halter4 ,head-stall #aij #aij #aij #aij ,strap #ej #ej #ej #ej ,halter complete #bdj #bdj #bdj #bdj ,leg-guard #cbb ,loin-strap #ee #ee #ee #ee ,trace-loops1 #b #cb;c4 each #fd #fd #fd #fd ,martingale #bad #bad ,,saddle4 ,saddle-trees1 leather-covered1 spring bar attached #ibg #ibg #ibg #ibg ,back-straps1 #b #hc;c4 each #aff #aff #aff #aff ,cincha-straps1 #b #ej;c4 each #ajj #ajj #ajj #ajj ,stirrups1 brass1 #b #a4bj each #bdj #bdj #bdj #bdj ,stirrup straps and sweat-leather attached1 #b #a4dh each #bif #bif #bif #bif ,rawhide thongs1 #c #e;c4 each #ae #ae #ae #ae ,lead rein roller and strap #ce #ce ,cantle-hook #bgj #bgj ,saddle complete #bjad #bjdi #agdd #aggi ,saddle-cloth1 hair #dej #dej #dej #dej ,saddle-cloth1 duck #bab #bab #bab #bab ,saddle-bags #eag #eag #eag #eag ,hair girth #abj #abj #abj #abj ,traces1 wheel1 #b #g4jj each #adjj #adjj ,traces1 lead1 #b #h4ie each #agij #agij ,whip #aad #aad ,collar1 steel locking #ijj #ijj #ijj #ijj ,crupper and hip-straps #bbc #bbc #agb #agb ,trace-loops1 #b #cb;c4 each #fd #fd ,crupper and hip-straps complete #bbc #bbc #bcf #bcf ---------------------- ,total #hgjj #hcei #fide #ficf ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,cost of one set of harness for #b wheel-horses #agj4ei ,cost of one set of harness for #b lead-horses #ach4ha ,,cost ,,of ,,packing ,,outfit ,,for ,,hotchkiss ,,mountain-,,gun 7,,cal4 #a4fe-;,,inch74 ,pack-saddle for gun #dd4af ,crupper #d4aj ,belly-cincha #d4he ,saddle-cincha #c4hi ,cargo-cincha #i4bd ,wheel-straps 4#ag ,hub-straps 4#dj ,gun-pad #a4cj ,lashing-rope 4#be -------#fh4cf ,pack-saddle for carriage #da4dd ,crupper #d4aj ,belly-cincha #c4fc ,saddle-cincha #c4hi ,cargo-cincha #f4de ,trail-strap 4#ad ,lashing-rope 4#be ------- #ei4ij ,pack-saddle for ammunition #dh4id ,crupper #d4aj ,belly-cincha #c4fc ,saddle-cincha #c4hi ,cargo-cincha #c4ib ,lashing-rope 4#be ------- #fd4gc ,,harness1 ,,etc4 ,bridles1 #b at #a4ib each #c4hd ,breast-collars1 #b at #b4gb each #e4dd ,martingales1 #b at #gg cents each #a4ed ,breechings1 #b at #c4fa each #g4bb ,traces1 #b pairs at #a4cj per pair #b4fj ,pole-straps1 #b at #bf cents each 4#eb ------ #ba4af ,harness-sack #a4bf ,neck-yoke 4#ge ,neck-yoke brace 4#dj ,neck-yoke brace-billet and chapes 4#ab ------ #a4bg ,pole #da4ba ,splinter-bar #g4ea ,trail-hooks for attachment of splinter-bar #a4fj ------ #i4aa ,ammunition-boxes1 #d at #c4ah each #ab4gb ,cartridge-pack #b4ed ------ ,total #bhb4bf ,,class ,,vi4 ,,officers' ,,sabres4 ,sabre complete with scabbard #af4jj ,scabbard #e4jj ,chamois case 4#ge ,,class ,,vi4 ,,sabre ,,and ,,knife ,,for ,,enlisted ,,men4 ,sabre complete #e4jj ,hunting-knife #a4aj ,,class ,,vii4 ,,artillery ,,accoutrements4 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,price4 ,components4 ---------- ,dolls4,cts4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,light-artillery sabre-belt1 with slings1 etc4 #j4ii ,light-artillery sabre-belt plate 4#ah ,light-artillery sabre-belt complete #a #ag ,light-artillery knapsack #d #jj ,pistol-cartridge pouch #fj ,pistol-holster #gi ,sabre-knot #ee ,canteen #ec ,canteen-strap with snap1 short1 for saddle #bj ,canteen-strap for dismounted service #bi ,haversack #hh ,haversack-strap #ef ,meat-can #bh ,tin cup #ae ,knife #jg ,fork #je ,spoon #jb ,snap-hook for canteen-strap #jb ,snap-hook for sabre-sling #cb ,,officer',s ,,black ,,leather ,,sword-,,belt ,,for ,,field ,,service4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,price4 ,components4 ---------- ,dolls4,cts4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,waist-belt #de ,sliding loops1 leather1 #b at #b cents each #je ,belt-plate #ce ,belt-plate hasp #jh ,belt-slides1 leather1 with ovals1 #b at #i cents each #ai ,long sling #ae ,short sling #jg ,belt-buckle #jg ,sling-buttons1 #b at #i cents each #ai ,short-sling button with hook #ab ,snap-hooks for sword-slings1 #b at #ee cents each #a #aj ---------- ,sword-belt complete #b #hb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,note4--,all the metallic parts of the officer's sword-belt are of brass1 gold-plated4 ,,class ,,vii4 ,,horse ,,equipments4 7,see also ,,artillery-,,harness47 ,,saddle4 7,see ,artillery-harness47 ,sabre-straps1 #b at #aj cents each #j #ba ,stirrups1 wood 7without hoods71 #b at #ba cents each #db ,stirrup-hoods1 #b at #eg cents each #a #ae ,stirrup-straps1 #b at #ej cents each #a #jj ,,curb-,,bridle4 7,see ,artillery-harness47 ,,watering-,,bridle4 ,watering-bit complete #j #gc ,reins #ej ------ ,watering-bridle complete #a #bc ,curry-comb #j #bc ,double spring snap for lariats #ad ,harness-sack for artillery-harness #c #ae ,horse-brush #ij ,horse-cover1 cotton duck1 with surcingle of the same material attached #c #bi ,lariat #hf ,link1 with snap #bi ,mane-comb #jh ,nose-bag #ie ,picket-pin #cd ,saddle-blanket1 artillery #c #be ,saddle-cloth for officers of artillery #e #je ,brow-band1 scarlet1 officer's #di ,breast-straps1 scarlet1 officer's #b #ee ,side-lines 7or hopples7 #a #bj ,stirrup1 with hood and socket for guidon attached #a #cd ,sweat-leathers1 each #ee ,surcingle #ia ,spurs1 per pair #gj ,spur-straps1 per pair #bj ,,spurs ,,for ,,officers4 #b spurs1 #fj cents each #a #bj #b spur-chains1 #dj cents each #hj #b spur-straps1 #f cents each #ac #b spur-strap buckles1 #ae cents each #ca #a packing-box1 pasteboard #je ---------- #a pair spurs #b #ej ,,stencil ,,outfit4 #a stencil-plate of sheet brass1 with coat of arms of the service1 number of regiment1 and letter of company #j #ge #aj metal stencil-plates1 numbers ,o to #i #af #a stencil-brush #ae #a box of black marking-paste #jh #a packing-box #af ---------- ,price of stencil outfit complete #a #ca ,,marking ,,outfit4 #a stamp #a #jf #a stamp-holder #ee #b thumb-screws1 at #d cents each #jh #a company letter #je #ai figures and #a blank1 at #c cents each #fj #a brass mallet #di #a ink-pad #je #a glass bottle1 ground-glass stopper #aj #d ounces indelible ink #ji #a inking-stick #jb #a packing box #dc ---------- ,price of marking outfit complete #c #ec ,in ,class ,,iii4 ,artillery ,implements and ,equipments4 ,lanterns1 common #a #jj dark #a #be globe #a #be ,,supply ,,table ,,of ,,ordnance ,,stores ,,for ,,six ,,months ,,of ,a ,,four-,,gun ,,battery ,,of ,,light ,,artillery--#c4b-;,,inch ,,rifles4 ,expendible stores are marked with a star 7thus 9971 and must not be dropped until actually used4 ,i4 ,battery ,equipment4 #d short rammers and sponges combined4 #a sponge and rammer1 jointed4 #b sponge-hds4--chamber-sponge99 #a sponge-head--bore-sponge499 #b rammer-heads--chamber499 #a rammer-head--bore499 #h sponges1 woollen1 chamber499 #d sponges1 woollen1 bore499 #b sponge-covers--bore-sponge4 #c sponge-covers--chamber-sponge4 #f watering-buckets1 canvas1 folding4 #d lanyards for friction-primers4 #b vent-punches4 #b gunner's reamers4 #d priming-wires4 #a fuze-wrench4 #b paulins 7#ab feet by #ab feet74 #a spare pole499 #a neck-yoke499 #a doubletree 99 #b singletrees499 #e keys and chains499 #f washers1 linch499 #b pole-pads499 #b pickaxe-handles499 #c axe-helves499 #b gas-check pads4 #ab fuze-punch pins4 #b axes1 hand4 #b shovels1 long-handled4 #f files1 hand1 saw1 assorted4 #f files1 wood4 #a hammer1 hand4 #a knife1 shoe and saddler's4 #b rasps1 wood1 #aj-;inch4 #a nipper4 #a pair bow-spring recoil-brakes4 ,,ii4 ,harness1 etc4 #f bridles1 artillery4 #f bridles1 watering1 cavalry pattern4 #f breast-straps4 #i girths1 hair4 #ae halters1 ,n4 ,p4 #ej halter-straps499 #ae nose-bags4 #bj saddle-blankets1 red4 #aj saddle-cloths1 red4 #aj surcingles4 #b traces1 lead499 #b traces1 wheel499 ,,iii4 ,equipments1 etc4 #ab canteens and straps4 #aj haversacks and straps4 #f spurs and straps4 #f sabre-belts and plates4 #cj currycombs4 #ej horse-brushes4 #h whips1 artillery4 ,,expendible ,,supplies ,,for ,,six ,,months4 ,i4 ,materials for ,cleaning and ,preservation4 #d quires sand-paper4 #e quires crocus-cloth4 #f quires emery-cloth4 #ab pounds putz pomade4 #b pounds rotten-stone4 #ej papers tripoli4 #bj pounds harness-soap4 #aj pounds ,castile soap4 #e pounds borax4 #f pounds cosmoline4 #f pounds harness-oil4 #be pounds cotton waste4 #aj pounds sponge4 #d gallons neat's-foot oil4 #b gallons sperm-oil4 #c gallons asphalt varnish4 #b quarts blacking for leather4 ,,ii4 ,paints1 etc4 #be pounds paint1 lead-colored4 #be pounds paint1 black4 #ge pounds paint1 olive4 #a pounds paint1 first coat for #c4b-;inch rifle4 #a pounds paint1 second coat for #c4b-;inch rifle4 #b pounds lampblack4 #b pounds extract of logwood4 #ej pounds wheel-grease4 #d gallons linseed-oil1 boiled4 #c gallons spirits of turpentine4 #c pieces sash-cord4 #f brushes1 paint4 #d sash-tools4 ,,iii4 ,saddler's ,materials4 #aej pounds harness-leather4 #c sides bridle-leather4 #b sides rawhide4 #a pound beeswax4 #b pounds black wax4 #c pounds thread1 shoe4 #b pounds thread1 linen1 patent ,no4 #ce4 #b ounces bristles4 #c pounds rivets and burrs1 copper4 #cjjj tacks1 iron4 #bjjj tacks1 copper 7#ajjj of #ab-ounce1 #ajjj of #bj-ounce74 #add wood-screws1 #a-;inch1 ,no4 #h4 #fj buckles 7#bj1 -inch2 #bj1 -inch2 #bj1 #a-;inch74 #dj buckles1 #a-;inch1 girth4 #ae buckles1 iron1 roller1 l-inch4 #fj saddle-nails1 japanned4 #bj awls1 saddlers'1 assorted4 #f awl-handles4 #ej needles1 saddlers'1 assorted4 #d needles1 collar4 ,,annual ,,allowance ,,of ,,ammunition4 ,for each battery of artillery equipped as a battery of horse-artillery or a light battery1 and serving as such3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,gun4 ,maximum ,charge4 ,no4 of projectiles for each gun of the command4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #c4b-;inch rifle #c lbs4 ,l4 ,x4 ,q4 powder #be standard projectiles ,hotchkiss revolving cannon #ajj standard projectiles4 #c4f-;inch mortar,for each battery3 7a7 ,fifteen shells without fuzes 7shell ballasted72 7b7 five full charges1 #af ounces4 ,ten #h ounce charges1 comprising each one #e-ounce and one #c-ounce charge bound together2 these can be used as #c-ounce1 #e-ounce1 #h-ounce1 or #aa-ounce charges4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,each battery equipped as a battery of horse-artillery or a light battery will be allowed for instruction1 other than target practice1 as many blank cartridges and friction-primers as may be deemed necessary by the battery commander and approved by the post commander4 ,for batteries armed with the ,hotchkiss breech-loading mountain-gun there will be allowed for the annual target practice twenty-five standard projectiles for each gun of the command1 or their equivalent in money value if reloaded4 ,for each machine-gun of small-arm calibre there will be allowed for the annual target practice two thousand ball cartridges1 or their equivalent in money value if reloaded4 ,blank cartridges for salutes and for firing the morning and evening gun3 #c4b-;inch rifle1 #b lbs4 ,i4 ,k4 powder4 #c-;inch rifle1 #a lb4 of either mortar1 cannon1 or ,i4 ,k4 powder4 #f-pdr4 bronze gun1 #a lb4 of either mortar1 cannon1 or ,i4 ,k4 powder4 ,light #ab-pdr4 bronze gun1 #a lbs4 of either mortar1 cannon1 or ,i4 ,k4 powder4 ,,veterinary ,,medicines4 ,veterinary medicines1 instruments1 and supplies for the treatment of all public animals1 and the authorized private horses of mounted officers1 are furnished by the ,quartermaster's ,department4 ,requisitions and estimates for veterinary supplies will be made in conformity with the standard supply table4 ,only the articles and the quantities thereof that are actually needed will be placed on the requisition4 ,the quantity prescribed in the table is not to be considered an allowance1 but as a limit not to be exceeded without special authority4 ,the standard supplies of veterinary medicines and dressings are under charge of the quartermaster1 to be issued by him to the different commands at the post upon approved requisitions in such quantities and of such articles as may be deemed requisite1 in conformity with the standard supply table4 ,battery commanders must deduct from the allowance1 in making requisition1 the quantity of each article on hand and available for issue4 ,veterinary instruments and books remain in the custody of the post quartermaster1 and are loaned as needed4 ,the pannier1 pocket-case1 and saddle-bags are easily improvised1 and are omitted from the table4 ,for a greater or less number of animals than are provided for in the table the proportions indicated will be observed in requisitions and issues4 ,this table is ample and sufficiently varied for ordinary practice2 but in order to provide for the necessities of epidemics1 and to indulge1 as far as practicable1 individual preference and training1 a special requisition for articles not in the supply table1 with an explanation of the nature of the emergency or case rendering it necessary1 may be forwarded through the regular channels for the action of the quartermaster-general4 ,,standard ,,supply ,,table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,articles4 ,quantities4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,medicines ,,for ,,three ,,months' ,,supply-- ,for #ajj ,for #bjj ,for #cjj ,animals4,animals4,animals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,acid1 carbolic1 crystallized oz4 #af #ah #bd ,aconite1 tincture of the root oz4 #d #d #h ,alcohol gals4 #a #b #c ,aloes1 ,barbadoes oz4 #bj #bj #cj ,ammonia1 aromatic spirits of lbs4 #b #c #d ,ammonia1 carbonate of lbs4 #a #a #b ,ammonia1 solution of gals4 #a #b #c ,belladonna1 fluid extract of oz4 #d #f #h ,camphor lbs4 #a #a #b ,cantharides 7,spanish flies71 powdered oz4 #b #c #d ,charcoal1 powdered lbs4 #a #a #b ,cosmoline1 veterinary lbs4 #d #h #ab ,ether1 spirits of nitrous 7sweet spirits of nitre7 lbs4 #c #f #h ,ether1 sulphuric lbs4 #b #c #d ,flaxseed-meal lbs4 #be #cj #dj ,ginger1 powdered lbs4 #b #c #d ,gentian1 powdered lbs4 #b #c #d ,glycerine oz4 #h #ab #af ,iron1 sulphate of desiccated oz4 #h #aj #ab ,lime1 chloride of lbs4 #be #ej #ge ,lunar1 caustic oz4 #a #a #b ,oil1 linseed gals4 #b #c #d ,opium1 tincture of lbs4 #c #d #f ,oil1 olive gals4 #a #b #c ,pepper1 ,cayenne1 ground lbs4 #a #a #b ,potassa1 nitrate of 7saltpetre7 lbs4 #c #d #f ,soap1 ,castile lbs4 #aj #ae #bj ,soda1 bicarbonate of lbs4 #d #h #ab ,sulphur1 washed lbs4 #b #c #d ,turpentine1 oil of gals4 #b #c #d ,zinc1 sulphate of oz4 #h #aj #ab ,,dressings ,,for ,,six ,,months' ,,supply4 ,bandages #b inches wide and #d yards long1 of heavy bed-ticking doz4 #b #c #d ,bandages #d inches wide and #d yards long of heavy red flannel doz4 #b #c #d ,oakum lbs4 #aj #ae #bj ,silk for ligatures oz4 #a ,sponges1 coarse lbs4 #a #a #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,instruments ,,for ,,each ,,post-- ,of #ajj ,of #bjj ,of #cjj ,animals4,animals4,animals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,ball forceps no4 #a #b #c ,bistouries no4 #a #b #c ,catheters1 gum1 with stylet no4 #a #b #b ,corkscrews no4 #a #b #b ,drenching-horns1 tin no4 #b #b #d ,fleams 7#c blades7 no4 #b #d #f ,funnels1 tin no4 #a #b #c ,graduate glasses1 #f-oz4 no4 #a #b #c ,hobbles1 casting no4 #a #b #c ,hones no4 #a #b #c ,lancets no4 #c #f #h ,measures1 tin1 sets no4 #a #b #c ,mortars and pestles1 wedgewood1 large no4 #a #b #c ,needles1 surgeons' no4 #h #aj #ab ,needles1 ,seaton no4 #h #aj #ab ,probangs1 celluloid1 in two pieces no4 #a #b #c ,scales and weights1 shop no4 #a #b #b ,scissors1 curved no4 #b #d #f ,slings1 suspending no4 #a #b #b ,spatulas no4 #a #b #c ,speculums1 mouth no4 #a #b #c ,syringes1 rubber1 #b-oz4 no4 #a #b #b ,syringes1 rubber1 #bd-oz4 no4 #a #b #b ,thermometers1 clinical no4 #a #b #b ,tooth-rasps no4 #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,books ,,for ,,each ,,officer ,,in ,,charge ,,of-- #ajj #bjj #cjj ,animals4,animals4,animals4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,blank books1 #b-quire1 for record of cases no4 #a #b #b ,practical ,horse-shoeing1 ,fleming no4 #a #b #b ,the ,farmer's ,veterinary ,adviser1 ,laws no4 #a #b #b ,or1 ,army ,veterinary ,manual1 ,holcombe no4 #a #b #b ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,tableware ,,and ,,kitchen ,,utensils ,,allowed ,a ,,light ,,battery4 ,dinner-plates #ge ,soup-plates #ge ,meat-plates #g ,cups and saucers #ge ,water-pitchers #g ,vegetable-dishes #ch ,articles of china and glassware ,salt-cellars #ad upon which an allowance of ,pepper-boxes #ad #bj per cent per annum of total ,syrup-pitchers #ad value is made4 ,bowls #ge ,pickle-dishes #i ,sugar-bowls #ad ,gravy-boats #ad ,mustard-pots #ad ,tumblers #ge ,dippers #g ,soup-ladles #g ,skimmers #b ,dishpans #d ,basting-spoons #g ,tea-spoons #ge ,table-spoons #ge ,table-forks #ge ,table-knives #ge ,bread-knives #d ,butcher-knives #d ,chopping-bowls #d ,coffee-mills #a ,meat-saws #b ,scales and weights #a ,frying-pans #d ,meat-forks #g ,meat-choppers or meat-cutters #b ,carving-sets #b ,cleavers #a ,mustard-spoons #ad ,flour-sieves #a ,can-openers #g ,graters #b ,,allowance ,,of ,,clothing4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,year4 ------------------------ ,articles4 ,first4 ---------------------- #ast #bnd ,second4,third4 #f #f mos4 mos4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,helmets and trimmings complete ,no4 #a 444 444 #a ,forage-caps and trimmings ,no4 #a #a #a #a ,campaign hats ,no4 #a 444 #a #a ,uniform coats ,no4 #a 444 444 #a ,trousers pairs #b #a #b #b ,canvas fatigue coats ,no4 #a 444 #a #a ,canvas fatigue trousers pairs #a 444 #a #a ,linen collars ,no4 #d #b #f #f ,dark blue flannel shirts ,no4 #b #a #b #b ,knit undershirts ,no4 #b #a #c #c ,drawers pairs #b #a #c #c ,boots for mounted troops pairs #a 444 #a 444 ,shoes for mounted troops pairs #a #a #a #b ,barrack shoes pairs #a 444 #a #a ,stockings1 woollen pairs #c #a #d #d ,stockings1 cotton pairs #c #c #f #f ,blouses ,no4 #a 444 #a #a ,overcoats ,no4 #a 444 444 444 ,chevrons1 cloth pairs #b 444 #a #a ,chevrons1 gold lace pairs #a 444 444 #a ,stripes for trousers pairs #b #a #b #b ,stable frock for mounted troops ,no4 #a 444 444 #a ,overalls for mounted troops pairs #a 444 #a #a ,blankets woollen ,no4 #a 444 444 #a ,berlin gloves for mounted troops pairs #b #b #d #d ,leather gauntlets pairs #a 444 #a 444 ,suspenders pairs #a 444 #a #a ,cork helmets in lieu of campaign hats#ae ,no4 #a 444 444 #a ,arctic overshoes#ae pairs #a 444 #a 444 ,woollen mittens#ae pairs #b 444 #b #b ,overcoats1 fur or other suitable material#ae ,no4#aaf 444 444 444 ,fur caps#ae ,no4 #a 444 #a #a ,fur gauntlets#ae pairs4 #a 444 #a #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,year4 -------------- ,articles4 ,year4 ,total ------------- for ,fourth4,fifth4 five years4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,helmets and trimmings complete ,no4 444 444 #b ,forage-caps and trimmings ,no4 #a #a #f ,campaign hats ,no4 #a #a #e ,uniform coats ,no4 444 444 #b ,trousers pairs #b #a #aj ,canvas fatigue coats ,no4 #a #a #e ,canvas fatigue trousers pairs #a #a #e ,linen collars ,no4 #f #f #cj ,dark blue flannel shirts ,no4 #b #b #aa ,knit undershirts ,no4 #c #c #ae ,drawers pairs #c #c #ae ,boots for mounted troops pairs #a 444 #c ,shoes for mounted troops pairs #a #a #g ,barrack shoes pairs #a #a #e ,stockings1 woollen pairs #d #d #bj ,stockings1 cotton pairs #f #f #cj ,blouses ,no4 #a #a #e ,overcoats ,no4 444 444 #a ,chevrons1 cloth pairs #a #a #f ,chevrons1 gold lace pairs 444 444 #b ,stripes for trousers pairs #b #a #aj ,stable frock for mounted troops ,no4 444 444 #b ,overalls for mounted troops pairs #a #a #e ,blankets woollen ,no4 444 444 #b ,berlin gloves for mounted troops pairs #d #d #bj ,leather gauntlets pairs #a 444 #c ,suspenders pairs #a #a #e ,cork helmets in lieu of campaign hats#ae ,no4 444 444 #b ,arctic overshoes#ae pairs 444 444 #b ,woollen mittens#ae pairs #b #b #aj ,overcoats1 fur or other suitable material#ae ,no4 444 444 444 ,fur caps#ae ,no4 #a #a #e ,fur gauntlets#ae pairs4 #a #a #e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,allowance ,,of ,,equipage4 ,,in ,,camp ,,or ,,garrison4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,tents4 ------------------- ,conical,wall4,common4,axes4,hatchets4 wall4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,a general officer 444 #c 444 #a #a ,field and staff officer above rank of captain 444 #b 444 #a #a ,other staff officers or captains 444 #a 444 #a #a ,subalterns of companies1 to every two 444 #a 444 #a #a ,to every #f foot or #d mounted men 444 444 #a 444 444 ,to every #ae foot or #ac mounted men 444 444 444 #b #b ,to every #bj foot or #ag mounted men #a 444 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,camp- ,mess- ,spades4,pickaxes4kettles4pans4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,a general officer 444 444 444 444 ,field and staff officer above rank of captain 444 444 444 444 ,other staff officers or captains 444 444 444 444 ,subalterns of companies1 to every two 444 444 444 444 ,to every #f foot or #d mounted men 444 444 444 444 ,to every #ae foot or #ac mounted men #b #b #b #e ,to every #bj foot or #ag mounted men 444 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,tents ,,for ,,the ,,sick1 ,,their ,,attendants1 ,,and ,,hospital ,,supplies4 ------------------------------------- ,tents4 ---------------- ,hospital4,common4 ------------------------------------ ,for #a company #a #a #b companies #a #a #c #b #a #d #b #a #e #c #a #f #c #a #g #c #a #h #c #a #i #d #a #aj #d #a ------------------------------------- ,,corn ,,brooms ,,and ,,scrubbing-,,brushes4 ,to each battery1 without regard to its numerical strength1 #c corn brooms and #b scrubbing-brushes per month4 ,,barrack ,,chairs4 ,one for each non-commissioned officer4 ,one for every two enlisted men of all other grades4 ,,allowance ,,of ,,stoves1 ,,fuel1 ,,lamps1 ,,oil1 ,,office ,,furniture1 ,,and ,,stationery ,,for ,a ,,light ,,battery4 ,stoves4--#c large stoves in each dormitory1 #a large stove in each mess-room and day-room1 #a small stove for each of the two rooms for non-commissioned officers1 #a small stove for the reading-room1 blacksmith-shop1 carpenter-shop1 saddle-shop1 and guard-room each1 and one cooking-stove or range for the kitchen4 ,fuel 7monthly74--,for each enlisted man #a_/ab cord of wood from ,may #a to ,august #ca1 and #a cord from ,sept4 #a to ,april #cj4 ,stations between #cf and #dc degs4 ,n4 lat4 #ag increase2 stations further north increase4 ,for guards1 not to exceed #c cords from ,sept4 #a to ,april #cj1 with cord increase for stations between #cf and #dc degs4 ,n4 lat42 and #a cord for those further north4 ,lamps4--,one burner for every ten 7#aj7 men and every fraction thereof1 when fraction is five or more1 of maximum strength of organization1 and lamps or lanterns1 not exceeding #c for each barracks1 for lighting interior passage-ways4 ,office1 guard-house and first sergeant each a lamp with single burner4 ,stables1 number of lamps or lanterns required1 approved by department commander4 ,oil 7monthly74--,four ounces per burner for #a-;in4 wicks and #b ounces for smaller wicks during each hour of authorized illumination4 7#a gal4 for #bf hours for large burner1 or #eb hours for small burner47 ,office ,furniture4--,to each desk1 #a ink-stand1 #a paper-folder1 #a ruler1 #a steel eraser1 #a piece of india-rubber1 and #d lead-pencils4 ,stationery 7quarterly74--,battery commander3 #f qrs4 writing-paper1 qr4 envelope-paper1 #aj sheets blotting-paper1 #bj pens1 #b pen-holders1 #a pint black ink1 #a oz4 red ink1 pint mucilage1 #c oz4 sealing-wax1 #a piece office tape1 #hj envelopes4 ,,table ,,of ,,weights ,,of ,,certain ,,articles ,,of ,,clothing ,,and ,,equipage4 ,article4 ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,article4 ,lbs4 ,oz4 ,overcoat #f #h ,stockings1 pair #d ,blouse #b ,gauntlets1 pair #g ,stable frock #a #d ,boots1 pair #d #h ,overalls #a #b ,shoes1 pair #b #f ,drawers #ad ,leggins1 pair #h ,trousers #b #f ,blankets #e ,d4 ,b4 ,f4 shirt #a #d ,poncho #b #h ,knit undershirt #a ,rubber blankets #b #h ,mess-pan #a #aj ,spade #e ,camp-kettle #e #h ,shovel1 long #d #aj ,axe and helve #f #d ,shovel1 short #e ,hatchet and helve #a #h ,pickaxe and helve #g #ab ,,table ,,of ,,monthly ,,pay ,,of ,,enlisted ,,men4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,year of enlistment ,first,second,third,fourth,fifth ,year4 ,year ,year4 ,year4,year4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,rank ,,and ,,service4 ,company4 ,private--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry ,private 7#b;d class7--engineers and ordnance #ac #ac #ad #ae #af ,musician--engineers1 artillery1 and infantry ,trumpeter--cavalry ,wagoner--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry #ad ,not entitled to ,artificer--artillery and additional infantry #ae pay4#ah ,private--hospital corps #ah #ah #ai #bj #ba ,corporal--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry #ae #ae #af #ag #ah ,blacksmith1 farrier1 and saddler--cavalry ,sergeant--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry #ah #ah #ai #bj #baai ,private 7#ast class7--engineers and ordnance #ag #ag #ah #ai #bj ,corporal--engineers and ordnance #bj #bj #ba #bb #bc ,first sergeant--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry #be #be #bf #bg #bhai ,sergeant--engineers1 ordnance1 and signal corps #cd #cd #ce #cf #cg #ast class sergeant--signal corps #de #de #df #dg #dh ,regiment4 ,chief trumpeter ,saddler sergeant--cavalry #bb #bb #bc #bd #be ,principal musician--artillery and infantry ,chief musician--artillery1 ,not entitled to cavalry1 and infantry #fj additional pay4#ah ,sergeant-major--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry #bc #bc #bd #be #bf ,q4 ,m4 sergeant--artillery1 cavalry1 and infantry ,sergeant-major and ,q4 ,m4 sergeant--engineers #cf #cf #cg #ch #ci ,veterinary surgeon 7senior7 #ajj ,not entitled to any ,veterinary surgeon 7junior7 #ge additional pay4 ,post4 ,ordnance sergeant ,commissary sergeant #cd #cd #ce #cf #cg ,post quartermaster-sergeant ,hospital steward #de #de #df #dg #dh ,acting hospital steward #be #be #bf #bg #bh ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,on re-enlisting after #e years' service1 #b4jj per month in addition to pay received at time of discharge 7#a4jj is retained71 and for each #e years' continuous service thereafter a further sum of #a4jj per month4 ,the pay of a man who has ever re-enlisted under the act of ,august #d1 #ahed1 and comes into the service again1 commences with pay for fifth year4 ,a certificate of merit entitles a soldier to #b4jj per month additional pay1 commencing on the date of rendering distinguished service1 and continuing through all subsequent service as an enlisted man4 ,enlisted men 7retired7 are entitled to three fourths of the monthly pay allowed by law to them in the grade they held when retired1 with commutation of clothing and rations4 ,,summary ,,court4 ,when charges are preferred against an enlisted man for offences cognizable by inferior courts-martial1 they will be laid before the post commander1 who1 if he thinks that the accused should be tried1 will cause him to be brought before the summary court4 ,here he will be arraigned and allowed to plead1 according to the practice of courts-martial4 ,if an accused neither demands a removal of his case to a regimental or garrison court-martial2 nor1 being a non-commissioned officer above the rank of corporal1 objects to trial by inferior court-martial2 nor objects to be tried by the officer second in rank on the ground of his being the accuser2 nor pleads guilty1 witnesses will be sworn and evidence received1 the accused being permitted to testify in his own behalf and make a statement2 but the evidence and statement will not be recorded4 ,when the summary court shall have arrived at a finding and judgment1 the summary court record book1 with the entries therein made in accordance with the headings of its columns1 will be laid before the post commander for his action1 which also will be entered in the record book1 dated and signed4 ,when a case is heard by the post commander1 the proceedings will be recorded in the same book4 ,no other record of the proceedings will be kept1 and trials by summary court will not be published in orders4 ,when a post commander sits as a summary court1 no approval of the sentence is required by law1 but he should sign the sentence as post commander and date his signature4 ,,record ,,of ,,summary ,,court ,,at44444444444444444444444 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,no4 ,name1 ,article ,synopsis of ,finding4 ,no4 of rank1 of ,war specification4 previous company1 ,violated4 convictions4 and regiment4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,part #b of ,table4 ------------------- ,sentence1,action of with commanding signature officer1 of trialwith date officer4 and signature4 ------------------- ,,list ,,of ,,prescribed ,,punishments ,,for ,,enlisted ,,men4 ,,article ,i4 ,in all cases of desertion the sentence may include dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of pay and allowances4 ,subject to the modifications authorized in ,section #c of this article the limit of the term of confinement 7at hard labor7 for desertion shall be as follows3 ,,section #a4 ,in case of surrender-- 7a7 ,when the deserter surrenders himself after an absence of not more than thirty days1 one year4 7b7 ,when the surrender is made after an absence of more than thirty days1 eighteen months4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,in case of apprehension-- 7a7 ,when at the time of desertion the deserter shall not have been more than six months in the service1 eighteen months4 7b7 ,when he shall have been more than six months in the service1 two and one half years4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,the foregoing limitations are subject to modification under the following conditions3 7a7 ,the punishment of a deserter may be increased by one year of confinement at hard labor in consideration of each previous conviction of desertion4 7b7 ,the punishment for desertion when joined in by two or more soldiers in the execution of a conspiracy1 or for desertion in the presence of an outbreak of ,indians or of any unlawful assemblage which the troops may be opposing1 shall not exceed dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and confinement at hard labor for five years4 ,,article ,,ii4 ,except as herein otherwise indicated punishment shall not exceed the limits prescribed in the following table3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,offences4 ,limits of punishment4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,under #ag,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,selling horse or arms1 or both ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and confinement at hard labor for three years4 ,selling accoutrements ,four months' confinement at hard labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,selling clothing ,two months' confinement at hard labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,losing or spoiling horse ,four months' confinement at hard or arms through neglect4 labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,losing or spoiling accoutrements,one month's confinement at hard or clothing through neglect4 labor and forfeiture of #aj2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,,under #bj,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,behaving himself with disrespect,six months' confinement at hard to his commanding officer4 labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,,under #bd,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,refusal to obey or using ,dishonorable discharge1 with violence to officer or forfeiture of all pay and non-commissioned officer allowances and confinement while quelling quarrels or at hard labor for two years4 disorders4 ,,under #ca,,st ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,lying out of quarters ,forfeiture of #b2 corporal1 #c2 sergeant1 #d4 ,,under #cb;,d ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,absence without leave--#bj ,less than one hour ,forfeiture of #a2 corporal1 #b2 sergeant1 #c2 #ast sergeant or non-commissioned officer of higher grade1 #d4 ,from one to six hours#ba ,forfeiture of #b2 corporal1 #c2 sergeant1 #d2 #ast sergeant or non-commissioned officer of higher grade1 #e4 ,from six to twelve hours ,forfeiture of #c2 corporal1 #d2 sergeant1 #f2 #ast sergeant or non-commissioned officer of higher grade1 #g4 ,from twelve to twenty-four ,forfeiture of #e2 corporal1 #f2 hours4 sergeant1 #g2 #ast sergeant or non-commissioned officer of higher grade1 #aj4 ,from twenty-four to forty-eight ,forfeiture of #f and five days' ,hours4 confinement at hard labor4 ,for corporal1 forfeiture of #h2 sergeant1 #aj2 #ast sergeant or non-commissioned officer of higher grade1 #ab2 or for all non-commissioned officers1 reduction4 ,from two to ten days ,forfeiture of #aj and ten days' confinement at hard labor2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,from ten to thirty days ,forfeiture of #bj and one month's confinement at hard labor2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,from thirty to ninety days ,three months' confinement at hard labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,for ninety or more than ,dishonorable discharge and ninety days forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and six months' confinement at hard labor4 ,,under #cc;,d ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,failure to repair at the time fixed1 etc41 to the place of parade-- ,for reveille or retreat roll-call and #aa ,p4,m4 ,forfeiture of #a2 corporal1 #b2 inspection sergeant1 #c2 #ast sergeant1 #d4 ,for guard detail ,forfeiture of #e2 corporal1 #h2 sergeant1 #aj4 ,for fatigue detail ,for dress parade ,for the weekly inspection ,for target practice ,forfeiture of #b2 corporal1 #c2 ,for drill sergeant1 #e4 ,for guard-mounting 7by musician7 ,for stable duty ,,under #ch,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,drunkenness on-- ,guard ,six months' confinement at hard labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,duty as company cook ,forfeiture of #bj4 ,extra or special duty ,at drill ,at target practice ,forfeiture of #ab2 for ,at parade non-commissioned officer1 ,at inspection reduction and forfeiture of #bj4 ,at inspection of company guard detail ,at stable duty ,,under #dj,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,quitting guard ,six months' confinement at hard labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,,under #ea,,st ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,persuading soldiers to desert ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and one year's confinement at hard labor4 ,,under #fj,,th ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and four years' confinement at hard labor4 ,,under #fb;,d ,,article ,,of ,,war4 ,manslaughter ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and ten years' confinement at hard labor4 ,assault1 with intent to kill ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and ten years' confinement at hard labor4 ,burglary ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and five years' confinement at hard labor4 ,forgery ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and four years' confinement at hard labor4 ,perjury ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and four years' confinement at hard labor4 ,false swearing ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and two years' confinement at hard labor4 ,robbery ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and six years' confinement at hard labor4 ,larceny or embezzlement of property--#bb ,of the value of more than ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture #ajj of all pay and allowances1 and four years' confinement at hard labor4 ,of the value of #ajj or less ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture and more than #ej of all pay and allowances1 and three years' confinement at hard labor4 ,of the value of #ej or less ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture and more than #bj of all pay and allowances1 and two years' confinement at hard labor4 ,of the value of #bj or less4 ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and one year's confinement at hard labor4 ,fraudulent enlistment1 procured ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture by false representation or of all pay and allowances1 and concealment of a fact in confinement at hard labor for regard to a prior enlistment one year4 or discharge1 or in regard to conviction of a civil or military crime ,fraudulent enlistment1 other ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture cases of of all pay and allowances1 and confinement at hard labor for six months4 ,disobedience of orders1 ,six months' confinement at hard involving wilful defiance of labor and forfeiture of #aj per the authority of a month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer in non-commissioned officer1 the execution of his office reduction in addition thereto4 ,using threatening or insulting ,one month's confinement at hard language or behaving in an labor and forfeiture of #aj2 manner to a non-commissioned for non-commissioned officer1 officer while in the reduction in addition thereto4 execution of his office ,absence from fatigue duty ,forfeiture of #d2 corporal1 #e2 sergeant1 #f4 ,absence from extra or special ,forfeiture of #d2 corporal1 #e2 duty sergeant1 #f4 ,absence from duty as company or ,forfeiture of #aj4 hospital cook4 ,introducing liquor into post or ,forfeiture of #c2 for camp in violation of standing non-commissioned officer1 orders4 reduction and forfeiture of #e4 ,drunkenness at post or in ,forfeiture of #c2 for quarters non-commissioned officer1 reduction and forfeiture of #e4 ,drunkenness and disorderly ,forfeiture of #aj and seven days' conduct1 causing the confinement at hard labor2 for offender's arrest and non-commissioned officer1 conviction by civil reduction and forfeiture of #ab4 authorities at a place within ten miles of his station ,noisy or disorderly conduct in ,forfeiture of #d2 corporal1 #g2 quarters4 sergeant1 #aj4 ,abuse by non-commissioned ,reduction1 three months' officer of his authority over confinement at hard labor1 and an inferior4 forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period4 ,non-commissioned officer ,reduction and forfeiture of #e4 encouraging gambling4 ,non-commissioned officer making ,reduction1 forfeiture of #h1 and false report4 ten days' confinement at hard labor4 ,sentinel allowing a prisoner ,six months' confinement at hard under his charge to escape labor and forfeiture of #aj through neglect4 per month for the same period4 ,sentinel wilfully suffering ,dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture prisoner under his charge to of all pay and allowances1 and escape4 one year's confinement at hard labor4 ,sentinel allowing a prisoner ,two months' confinement at hard under his charge to obtain labor and forfeiture of #aj liquor4 per month for the same period4 ,sentinel or member of guard ,two months' confinement at hard drinking liquor with labor and forfeiture of #aj per prisoners4 month for the same period4 ,disrespect or affront to a ,two months' confinement at hard sentinel4 labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,resisting or disobeying sentinel,six months' confinement at hard in lawful execution of his labor and forfeiture of #aj duty4 per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ,lewd or indecent exposure of ,three months' confinement at hard person4 labor and forfeiture of #aj per month for the same period2 for non-commissioned officer1 reduction in addition thereto4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,article ,,iii4 ,,section #a4 ,when a soldier shall be convicted of an offence the punishment for which1 as authorized by ,article ,,ii4 of this order or the custom of the service1 does not exceed that which an inferior court-martial may award1 the punishment so authorized may be increased by one half for every previous conviction of one or more offences within eighteen months preceding the trial and during the current enlistment2 provided that the increase of punishment for five or more previous convictions shall not exceed that thus authorized when there are four previous convictions1 and that when one or more of such five or more previous convictions shall have been by general court-martial1 or when such convictions shall have occurred within one year preceding the trial1 the limit of punishment shall be dishonorable discharge1 forfeiture of all pay and allowances1 and confinement at hard labor for three months4 ,when the conviction is of an offence punishable under ,article ,,ii4 of this order or the custom of the service with a greater punishment than an inferior court-martial can award1 but not punishable with dishonorable discharge1 the sentence may1 on proof of five or more previous convictions within eighteen months and during the current enlistment1 impose dishonorable discharge and forfeiture of all pay and allowances in addition to the authorized confinement1 and when this confinement is less than three months it may be increased to three months4 ,when a non-commissioned officer is convicted of an offence not punishable with reduction1 he may1 if he shall have been convicted of a military offence within a year and during the current enlistment1 be sentenced to reduction1 in addition to the punishment already authorized4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,in every case when an offence on trial before a court-martial is of a character admitting of the introduction of evidence of previous convictions1 and the accused is convicted1 the court1 after determining its findings1 will be opened for the purpose of ascertaining whether there is such evidence1 and1 if so1 of hearing it4 ,these convictions must be proved by the records of previous trials1 or by duly authenticated orders promulgating the same1 except in the cases of conviction by summary court1 when a duly authenticated copy of the record of said court shall be deemed sufficient proof4 ,charges forwarded to the authority ordering a general court-martial1 or submitted to a summary1 garrison1 or regimental court1 must be accompanied by the proper evidence of such previous convictions as may have to be considered in determining upon a sentence4 ,,article ,,iv4 ,when a soldier shall1 on one arraignment1 be convicted of two or more offences1 none of which is punishable under ,article ,,ii4 of this order or the custom of the service with dishonorable discharge1 but the aggregate term of confinement for which may exceed six months1 dishonorable discharge with forfeiture of pay and allowances may be awarded in addition to the authorized confinement4 ,,article ,v4 ,this order prescribes the maximum limit of punishment for the offences named1 and this limit is intended for those cases in which the severest punishment should be awarded4 ,in other cases the punishment should be graded down according to the extenuating circumstances4 ,offences not herein provided for remain punishable as authorized by the ,articles of ,war and the custom of the service4 ,,article ,,vi4 ,summary courts are subject to the restrictions named in the #hc;d ,article of ,war4 ,soldiers against whom charges may be preferred for trial by summary court shall not be confined in the guard-house1 but shall be placed in arrest in quarters1 before and during trial and while awaiting sentence1 except when in particular cases restraint may be necessary4 ,,article ,,vii4 ,the following substitutions for punishments named in ,article ,,ii4 of this order are authorized at the discretion of the court3 ,two days' confinement at hard labor for one dollar forfeiture2 one day's solitary confinement on bread and water diet for two days' confinement at hard labor or for one dollar forfeiture2 provided that a non-commissioned officer not sentenced to reduction shall not be subject to confinement2 and provided that solitary confinement shall not exceed fourteen days at one time1 nor be repeated until fourteen days have elapsed1 and shall not exceed eighty-four days in one year4 ,whenever the limit herein prescribed for an offence or offences may be brought within the punishing power of inferior courts-martial1 as defined by the #hc;d ,article of ,war1 by substitution of punishment under the provisions of this article1 the said courts have jurisdiction of such offence or offences4 ,,article ,,viii4 ,non-commissioned officers above the rank of corporal shall not1 if they object thereto1 be brought to trial before regimental1 garrison1 or summary courts-martial without the authority of the officer competent to order their trial by general court-martial2 nor shall sergeants of the post non-commissioned staff or hospital stewards be reduced1 but they may be dishonorably discharged whenever reduction is included in the limit of punishment4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,signal ,,and ,,telegraph ,,code4 7,authorized by ,g4 ,o4 ,no4 #ei1 ,a4 ,g4 ,o41 ,june #bh1 #ahhi47 ,,alphabet4 ,a - ,f - ,k -- ,p ,u - ,b - ,g - - ,l ---- ,q - ,v - ,c ,h ,m - - ,r ,w - - ,d - ,i ,n - ,s ,x - ,e ,j -- ,o ,t - ,y ,z ,,numerals4 #a - - #c - - #e - - - #g - - #i -- #b - #d - #f #h - #j ---- ,,punctuation ,,marks4 ,comma -- ,interrogation -- ,parenthesis ,pn ,semicolon ,si ,quotation ,qn ,brackets ,br ,colon ,ko ,paragraph - - - - ,dollar mark ,sx ,period - - ,exclamation - - - ,dash ,dx ,hyphen ,hx ,underline ,ux ,,note4--,a fraction is made by inserting a dot between the numerator and denominator3 ,example1 - - - ,,signals ,,and ,,abbreviations4 #a4 ,wait a moment4 #d4 ,start me4 #e4 ,have you anything for me8 #g4 ,are you ready8 #h4 ,busy on other wires 7or stations74 #i4 ,train order 7or important military message7--give way4 #ac4 ,do you understand8 #ah4 ,what is the matter8 #bg4 ,adjust your magnet 7or flash74 #cj4 ,circuit closed 7or close station74 #dd4 ,answer quick4 #gc4 ,accept compliments4 #ib4 ,deliver 7ed74 #acd4 ,who is at the key 7flag1 or torch78 ,ahr4 ,another4 ,ans4 ,answer4 ,ck4 ,check4 ,col4 ,collect4 ,d ,h4 ,dead head4 ,g ,a4 ,go ahead4 ,g ,e4 ,good-evening4 ,g ,m4 ,good-morning4 ,g ,n4 ,good-night4 ,g ,r4 ,government rate4 ,n ,m4 ,no more4 ,o ,b4 ,official business4 ,o ,k4 ,all right4 ,opr4 ,operator4 ,pd4 ,paid4 ,qk4 ,quick4 ,sig4 ,signature4 ,,to ,,signal ,,with ,,flag ,,or ,,torch4 ,the flagman faces exactly toward the communicating station2 staff is vertical in front of centre of body1 butt at height of waist4 ,the dot 77 is represented by a motion to the right1 and the dash 7-7 by a motion to the left of the sender4 ,the space1 whether separating elements of spaced characters 7,c1 ,o1 ,r1 ,y1 ,z1 and 71 or separating words1 will be represented by a front motion4 ,thus the motions3 ,right1 right1 front1 right1 represent ,c4 ,right1 front1 right1 represent ,o4 ,right1 front1 right1 right1 represent ,r4 ,each motion will embrace an arc of #ij1 starting from and returning to the vertical4 ,the long dash 7letter ,l and numeral naught7 is distinguished from the ,t dash by a slight pause at the lowest point of dip1 and with this exception there will be no pause whatever between the motions required for any single letter4 ,a slight pause will be made between letters4 ,at the end of each word1 abbreviation1 or conventional signal the space signal1 or front motion1 is made1 preceded and followed by a pause equivalent to that made between letters4 ,,conventional ,,signals ,,for ,,heliograph ,,or ,,flash ,,lantern4 ,to ,call a ,station4--,turn a steady flash on the station and keep it there until answered by a steady flash4 ,both stations will then adjust1 each on the other's flash4 ,when adjustments are satisfactory1 the station called will acknowledge and cut off its flash1 and the calling station will proceed with the message4 ,adjustment4--,if the receiver sees that the sender's mirror needs adjusting1 he will turn on a steady flash until answered by a steady flash4 ,when adjustment is satisfactory1 the receiver will acknowledge1 and the sender will resume his message4 ,,conventional ,,signs ,,for ,,flag ,,or ,,torch4#bc ,to ,call a ,station4--,signal the call letter of the station required1 or1 if the call letter be not known1 signal ,a without pause until acknowledged4 ,the calling station will then proceed with the message4 ,to ,acknowledge a ,call4--,signal ,i three times followed by front and the call letter of the acknowledging station4 ,to ,break or ,stop the ,signals from the ,sending ,station4--,signal ,a without pause until acknowledged4 ,to ,start the ,sending ,station after ,breaking4--,signal ,g ,a followed by front and the last word correctly received2 the sender will immediately resume his message1 beginning with the word indicated by the receiver4 ,if nothing has been received1 signal ,r ,r2 the sender will then repeat all4 ,error in ,sending4--,signal seven dots 77 rapidly followed by front1 and resume the message1 beginning with the last word correctly sent4 ,end of ,address4--,signal the period 7--7 followed by front4 ,signature ,follows4--,signal ,sig followed by front4 ,to ,acknowledge ,receipt of a ,message4--,signal ,o ,k followed by front and personal signal or initial of receiver4 ,,penetration ,,of ,,projectiles4 ,experiments at ,lydd1 in #ahhf1 showed that earthen parapets of sandy loam #ab feet thick were but little affected by the fire from ,b4 ,l4 #ab-pdr4 and #bj-pdr4 with steel shells1 and the following rough rules will probably suffice against field-guns3 ,for friable soil1 such as sand1 etc4 #b yards ,for medium soil1 such as ordinary earth #b yards ,for tenacious soil1 such as clay #c yards ,the following data1 obtained from experiments by the ,germans1 may prove of service3 ,,penetration ,,from ,,artillery-,,fire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,field-artillery4 ,garrison and ,siege ,artillery4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,shrapnel2 bullets in earth1 #af to #ci in4,in earth #ci in4 fragments ,shrapnel1 wood1 overhead cover #b in4 ,wood1 overhead cover #d in4 ,individual shot3 ,striking fair1 earth #ci to #gi in4 ,earth #aj to #ac ft4 ,striking fair1 brickwork #ci in4 ,striking fair1 snow about #bg ft4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,penetration ,,from ,,infantry-,,fire4 ,sand #bi in4 ,rammed snow #f ft4 #i in4 ,sheaves of grain #af ft4 #i in4 ,pine #ci in4 ,steel plate #j4h in4 ,ordinary earth #ci in4 ,swampy or wet ground #gi in4 ,laid sods and turf #gi in4 ,oak #bd in4 ,brickwork #ai in4 ,a double thickness of planks filled in with broken stone #g4h in4 ,penetration at all ranges has been increased with the new rifle 7,u4,s474 ,at #bjj to #cjj yards protection is afforded by about #j4b inch of steel plate and about #j4c inch wrought iron2 at same distances penetration in earth is #be inches1 in pine1 #cj inches4 ,,gun-,,pits ,,for ,,field-,,artillery4 ,,the ,,french ,,gun-,,pit4 ,description4--,the ,french gun-pit consists of an epaulement1 whose general direction is perpendicular to the line of fire1 with wings or returns at the sides1 along which trenches are dug on the inside for the protection of the cannoneers4 ,the earth for the epaulement is taken from a rectangular pit one and a half feet deep1 and from the ramps and trenches leading to it4 ,if there is not sufficient earth1 more is obtained by digging a ditch in front4 ,the lateral trenches may be prolonged and deepened to any extent4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acf4 ,construction4--,to trace the pit3 #a4 ,lay off a line about ten feet in length perpendicular to the line of fire1 to mark the foot of the interior slope of the epaulement4 ,this line should be long enough to give the piece a field of fire of #ij degrees2 mark the extremities and centre of the line with stakes or otherwise4 #b4 ,in the wings lay off two lines five to seven feet in length1 making with the first line angles such that the trenches shall not restrict the field of fire or interfere with the recoil of the piece4 #c4 ,complete the rectangle of the pit1 and mark the points of intersection of the trenches and the ramps leading to it4 #d4 ,in soft ground it will be found to be more expeditious to use shovels2 if the ground is hard1 three picks and five shovels will be necessary for each detachment of eight men4 ,the men should commence by breaking ground along the interior slope2 having picked a breadth of about two feet1 they face about and advance toward the rear of the pit4 ,as soon as there is room the shovels follow the picks4 ,in picking the men should be instructed to strike together to avoid accident4 ,under pressure this pit can be constructed in one and a half hours4 ,,the ,,german ,,gun-,,pit4 ,the ,german gun-pit consists of a rectangular excavation one and a half feet deep1 with a ramp leading to it from the rear4 ,the epaulement is formed like an ordinary glacis1 and surrounds all but the entrance4 ,this pit is easily and rapidly constructed1 and1 as seen from a distance1 presents a very small target4 ,the parapet being the same height all round1 the gun can fire in any direction by widening the pit1 which would then take the form of a semicircle4 ,construction4--#a4 ,lay off a line four yards in length perpendicular to the direction of the line of fire4 ,at each extremity erect a perpendicular of four yards4 #b4 ,from the vertices of the right angles thus formed lay off one yard on both the front and side lines1 and mark the four points so determined1 together with the rear extremities of the sides1 with sabres or stakes4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #acg4 #c4 ,commence and continue the digging as prescribed in the construction of the ,french gun-pit4 ,the pockets aa are for the reception of ammunition4 #d4 ,the ramp is laid out and completed after the pit is finished1 or simultaneously with it1 as may be most desirable4 ,an ordinary gun detachment can construct this pit in one hour4 ,,the ,,austrian ,,gun-,,pit4 ,a simple rectangular pit one and a half feet deep1 with front epaulement and ramp4 ,construction4--,constructed similarly to the ,german1 the earth from the pit being thrown to the front4 ,it can be made in less than half an hour1 and while affording no special cover to the cannoneers1 as do the ,german and ,english1 it can be made in half that time1 and does not present a conspicuous target4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #ach4 ,it has the further advantage of very rapid cover1 and of being capable of transformation into any desirable pit if there be time4 ,,the ,,english ,,gun-,,pit4 ,this type is a true gun-pit1 the bottom being below the natural surface of the ground1 sloping up at back of pit toward the rear4 ,it affords excellent cover for the piece and its detachment1 can be readily marked out1 and constructed in a comparatively short time4 ,the lateral trenches1 if extended1 would afford a covered way along the front of the battery4 ,the defects in this pit are a contracted field of fire1 the conspicuous mark which the embrasure gives the enemy1 the lack of ammunition-pockets1 and want of drainage4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #aci4 ,construction4--#a4 ,lay off #h feet #f inches on a line perpendicular to the probable direction of fire for the interior crest1 and at the middle point of this line determine a perpendicular to it2 on this perpendicular lay off from the interior crest distances of #f feet1 #aj feet1 and #ah feet1 and through their extremities determine lines parallel to the interior crest2 on these lines find points that are #f feet from the perpendicular on both sides of it1 putting in a stake or sabre at each point so determined4 ,extend the parallels at #f feet and #aj feet1 #d feet on each side1 and mark the points thus established for the lateral trenches4 #b4 ,commence excavating at the interior crest1 throwing the earth to the front and sides 7being careful to allow a berme of about one foot71 thus forming an epaulement #a foot #f inches high and #aj feet #e inches thick at bottom1 extending round to the front corner of the lateral trenches4 ,then throw the earth out to the side front to form mounds about #d feet high in front of the lateral trenches to still better protect the detachment1 sufficient space being left in front for an embrasure4 ,dig down two feet throughout the pit back to the line #aj feet from the interior crest and level off the bottom4 ,slope up from the bottom of the pit at ten-foot line back to the eighteen-foot line4 ,if desirable to connect adjoining pits of this class1 extend the lateral trenches until they meet4 ,time of construction of pit complete in all its details1 with detachment of eight cannoneers1 gunner1 and chief of section1 in stiff clay1 without previous practice1 one hour and twenty minutes4 ,,ordinary ,,russian ,,gun-,,pit4 ,this type differs from the gun-pit proper1 in that the wheels rest on the natural surface of the ground1 the side-pits being for the cannoneers4 ,the only apparent advantages are good cover for the detachment under heavy fire1 drainage as far as the piece is concerned1 and facility for ingress and egress4 ,the obvious disadvantages are contracted space for working party in digging1 contracted field of fire1 and the mark presented by the embrasure to hostile fire4 ,construction4--,lay off on a line perpendicular to the probable direction of fire #aj feet1 prolong the line #e feet #c inches in both directions1 and mark the four points thus determined with stakes or sabres4 ,at the middle point of the ten-foot line erect a perpendicular to it and lay off on this perpendicular to the rear #i feet #b inches2 through this point determine a parallel to the ten-foot line and lay off on it1 on both sides of the perpendicular1 #i feet and #ad feet #c inches1 marking the four points so determined with stakes or sabres4 ,the parallelograms whose vertices are thus established fix the surface-lines of the lateral trenches4 ,dig down to #d feet #f inches for the bottom of the trenches and throw the dirt to the front and side1 giving the epaulement a height of #c feet1 and leaving space for the embrasure in front4 ,when time permits1 cut outside and rear steps for the trenches1 as indicated1 to admit of quick egress for the gun detachment4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #adj4 ,time of construction complete1 soil and detachment same as ,english pit1 two hours4 ,,general ,,observations ,,on ,,gun-,,pits4 ,in forming the epaulement1 leave a berme of at least a foot2 and1 when there is time1 level and ram the earth1 which1 in front of the muzzle1 should not be more than three and one half feet above the bottom of the pit4 ,if there are side trenches1 the earth in front of them should be high enough to afford complete protection to the men occupying them4 ,pockets for the reception of the ammunition are very important in saving the ammunition from water which may accumulate1 and from the fire of the enemy4 ,the field of fire should not be less than #ij degrees4 ,avoid narrow embrasures as presenting an easy mark1 and as likely to draw the fire of the enemy4 ,cover should first be provided for the men and horses2 then for the material4 ,if the position is occupied for some time1 strengthen the parapet by earth from a ditch in front4 ,prolong the lateral trenches of the adjacent pits until they meet1 forming a continuous parapet2 if possible1 plank or macadamize the bottom of the pit4 ,traverses between the guns will be found effective4 ,in order to conceal the parapets1 cover the fresh earth with boughs1 sod1 or top-soil of the prevailing or surrounding color4 ,if in winter1 use snow for this purpose4 ,a very effective plan is to dig a small trench or parapet from fifty to seventy-five yards in front of the real pits1 thus deceiving an enemy as to where the real fire comes from4 ,if the ground does not afford natural cover for the limbers1 limber-pits1 similar to the ,austrian gun-pits1 can be easily constructed4 ,they should be one foot deeper4 ,,treatment ,,of ,,sick ,,men4 ,bleeding4--,blood from the veins is dark and flows slowly2 that from arteries is bright red and is thrown out in spurts4 ,to suppress bleeding from a vein1 use cold water when slight2 or place a moderately tight bandage below the wound4 ,if an artery1 completely obstruct the artery by pressure at the bleeding point1 or between it and the heart4 ,do this by means of the fingers1 a pad and bandage1 a plug1 or a tourniquet4 ,make a knot in a handkerchief and place it at the proper spot over the course of the artery1 then tie the handkerchief around the limb and by means of a stick twist it tight4 ,in bleeding from hand1 fore arm1 or arm apply around arm near the shoulder2 in bleeding of the foot1 leg1 or thigh apply around leg between knee and hip according to circumstances4 ,chafing4--,chafing between the thighs may be alleviated by keeping the parts scrupulously clean1 and powdered with fuller's earth1 or a mixture of oxide of zinc and very finely powdered starch4 ,colic4--,dose of castor-oil1 hot applications to belly1 and a teaspoonful of ,squibb's mixture or ginger essence in water4 ,cholera ,morbus4--#a teaspoonful of paregoric1 grain of morphine1 or #a teaspoonful of ,squibb's mixture diluted may be given at once4 ,hot applications to belly4 ,stimulants in case of collapse4 ,constipation4--,a seidlitz powder1 or a tablespoonful of ,rochelle or ,epsom ,salts before breakfast2 a teaspoonful of compound liquorice powder1 or #b or #c compound cathartic pills1 late at night4 ,burns and ,scalds4--,cover with vaseline or carron oil 7equal parts of lime water and oil74 ,if oil is not at hand1 use flour or scraped potato4 ,a tablespoonful of baking-soda to a teacupful of water soon relieves pain4 ,dress with lint or cotton-wool4 ,blisters should be carefully opened with a needle or scissors4 ,diarrha4--,dose of castor-oil2 if after oil has acted the diarrha persists1 a teaspoonful of ,squibb's mixture diluted2 or a camphor and opium pill1 to be repeated in an hour if necessary4 ,drowning4--,if the patient has stopped breathing1 tight clothing is first loosened2 the individual is then turned over on his face1 a roll of clothing1 a rolled blanket1 etc41 being placed under his stomach1 his mouth and nose are cleared of sand1 mud1 or other substances collected therein1 and pressure is made upon the spine and kept up until water ceases to flow from the mouth4 ,the patient is then turned over on his back1 and the roll placed under his shoulder-blades so as to raise the shoulders and extend the throat4 ,the tongue1 being drawn well forward1 is either secured by a string or rubber band1 passing around the base of the organ and the chin1 fixed by thrusting a small stick or pencil across the top of it behind the molar teeth1 or held by an assistant4 ,then1 kneeling behind the patient's head1 seize the arms above the elbows and draw them outwards and upwards until they are fully extended above the head4 ,after a pause of about two seconds the arms are carried back to their original positions1 the operator making firm pressure on the chest at the same time4 ,this procedure is carried out at the rate of about fifteen times a minute4 ,whenever the arms are raised1 the chest is expanded and air enters the lungs2 when they are brought down and pressure is made upon the chest1 the latter is compressed and the air is expelled4 ,the natural movements of respiration are hence imitated4 ,this should be kept up for hours if necessary1 and until natural breathing returns1 or the case has been given up as hopeless by competent authority4 ,during this time warm and dry clothing should have been placed on the patient1 a fire built1 and warm articles of any kind used to restore the heat of the body4 ,the body and limbs should be constantly rubbed towards the trunk4 ,as soon as the patient is able to swallow a teaspoonful of hot liquor in a tablespoonful of water may be given every few minutes until the danger is over4 ,as soon as the patient begins to breathe of his own accord the artificial process should be timed to aid the natural respiration4 ,breathing may be stimulated by holding hartshorn to the nose1 slapping the skin1 or by dashing hot water on the chest4 ,after being restored the patient should be carefully carried in a recumbent position1 put in a warm bed1 and carefully watched for stoppage of breathing4 ,if the patient has not stopped breathing when drawn out of the water1 proceed as above1 omitting artificial respiration except when the natural function begins to fail4 ,emetics4--,gunpowder dissolved in water4 ,one tablespoonful of mustard in a pint of water and then copious draughts of tepid water4 ,twenty grains of sulphate of zinc dissolved in water1 to be followed by a cupful of tepid water1 and repeated every three minutes until #c or #d doses have been given or vomiting has occurred4 ,fainting4--,place patient on his back1 head low1 arms and feet may be elevated2 loosen tight clothing2 dash cold water in face2 hold hartshorn to nostrils2 a little whiskey and water when able to swallow4 ,frost-bites4--,rub with snow or cold water4 ,intoxication4--,pour water over head2 give teaspoonful of ground mustard stirred up in a teacupful of lukewarm water2 then1 after vomiting has occurred1 give a teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a teacupful of water1 or a large draught of vinegar4 ,if in danger of dying1 general application of heat to body is imperative4 ,heat ,exhaustion resembles an ordinary fainting spell1 and is similarly treated4 ,unlike sunstroke this condition presents a cool moist skin4 ,sunstroke4--,its symptoms of warning are headache and oppression1 followed after a time by loss of consciousness2 breathing labored2 skin intensely hot2 perspiration absent2 the bladder and bowels sometimes discharge involuntarily4 ,convey immediately to a cool place2 remove clothing2 place in cold bath1 or wrap with sheets soaked in cold water1 and keep wet with ice-water if possible4 ,if this cannot be done1 sponge thoroughly and continually the head and body1 lumps of ice being rubbed over the chest and placed over the large blood-vessels in the arm-pits and groins4 ,discontinue application of cold when consciousness returns1 to be renewed only in case temperature rises above normal 7#ih4i ,f47 or insensibility returns4 ,sore ,feet4--,if the feet begin to chafe1 rub the socks with common soap where they come in contact with sore places4 ,by rubbing the feet with hard soap before the march you may escape having sore feet4 ,the feet should be washed every night and thoroughly dried4 ,blisters should not be opened1 but have a thread run through4 ,,tables ,,of ,,weight1 ,,capacity1 ,,etc4 ,,number ,,of ,,pounds ,,in ,a ,,bushel4 ,oats #cb ,beans #fj ,onions #eg ,castor beans #df ,barley #dh ,peas #fj ,timothy-seed #de ,flaxseed #ef ,corn or rye #ef ,clover-seed #fj ,dried apples or peaches #bh ,hemp-seed #dd ,wheat #fj ,potatoes #fj ,salt #ej ,bluegrass-seed #ad ,,number ,,of ,,pounds ,,in ,a ,,barrel4 ,flour #aif ,beef1 pork1 or fish #bjj ,salt #bhj ,,cylinders ,,for ,,liquid ,,measures4 ,diam4 ,height4 #a gill #a in4 #c in4 pint #b #c #a pint #c #c #a quart #c #f #a gallon #g #f #b gallons #g #ab #h #ad #ab #aj #ad #ae ,,capacity ,,of ,,boxes4 ,a cubic yard contains #ba4fi bushels4 #a barrel #bd x #af x #bh inches #bd x #bd x #ad #a bushel #af x #af4h x #h #a a cylinder #ad in4 diam4 x #ad in4 deep #ab x #aa4b x #h inches #a peck #h x #h4d x #h #a gallon #h x #h x #d4b 7dry7 #a #f x #f x #f4db 7liquid7 #g x #d x #d4e #a quart #d x #d x #d4a 7dry7 #a #d x #d x #c4fa 7liquid7 ,in freighting ships #db cubic feet are allowed to a ton4 ,,army ,,wagon 7,,inside ,,measurement74 ,length #i ft4 at bottom #aj top 2 width1 #c ft4 #d in42 depth1 #a ft4 #i in4 ,,to ,,determine ,,the ,,quantity ,,of ,,grain ,,or ,,hay4 ,corn4--,two cubic feet of sound dry corn in the ear will make one bushel of shelled corn4 ,to determine the number of bushels of shelled corn in a crib of corn in the ear1 multiply together the interior length1 breadth1 and height of the crib in feet1 and divide by #b4 ,oats4--,a nose-bag will contain about #aj pounds of good oats4 ,a cubic foot of good oats weighs about #be pounds4 ,to determine1 approximately1 the number of bushels of oats in a bin1 multiply the length1 breadth1 and height in feet together1 and multiply the result by ,o4#hjdg4 ,to determine the number of bushels a wagon will contain1 apply the same rule4 ,hay4 ,hay loose allow #e pounds to a cubic foot ,hay in stack #h ,hay baled #aa ,wagon-load of stack hay #dej to #ejj cubic feet to a ton new-mown hay #gjj cubic feet to a ton ,straw4--,allow #aj to #ab pounds to a cubic foot4 ,,measures ,,of ,,length4 ,,long ,,measure4 #ab inches make #a foot ft4 #c feet #a yard yd4 #e yards #a rod rd4 #dj rods #a furlong fur4 #h furlongs1 or #cbj rods1 #a mile mi4 #c miles #a league lea4 ,,surveyor',s ,,measure4 #g4ib inches make #a link li4 #ajj links #a chain ch4 #hj chains #a mile mi4 ,,square ,,measure4 #add square inches make #a square foot sq4 ft4 #i square feet #a square yard sq4 yd4 #cj square yards #a square rod sq4 rd4 #afj square rods #a acre ,a4 ,,land ,,measure4 #aj1jjj square links make #a square chain #aj square chains #a acre #fdj acres #a square mile ,,cubic ,,measure4 #agbh cubic inches make #a cubic foot cu4 ft4 #bg cubic feet #a cubic yard cu4 yd4 #abh cubic feet #a cord ,c4 ,,liquid ,,measure4 ,the standard ,u4 ,s4 gallon equals #bca cubic inches1 and contains #h4ccaa pounds of pure water at #fb ,f4 ,a cubic foot of pure water at #fb ,f4 weighs #fb4cb pounds4 ,the liquid quart is about six sevenths of a quart of dry measure4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,name4 ,equivalent4 ,litres4,decalitres4,hectolitres4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a gill 4#aahc #a pint #d gills 4#dgcb #a quart #b pints 4#idfc #a gallon #d quarts #c4ghec #a barrel #ca gallons #aa4ibcg #a4aibd #a hogshead #b barrels #bc4hdgd #b4chdg #a pipe #b hogsheads #d4gfid #a tun #b pipes #i4echi ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #a litre #h4decf gills #b4aacd pints #a4jefg quarts4 ,,dry ,,measure4 ,the bushel 7,winchester7 contains nearly #baej4db cubic inches1 and is a cylinder measure #ah inches across and #h inches deep4 ,a bushel measure will contain #i4ca gallons of pure water at #fb ,f4 ------------------------------------ ,name4 ,equivalent4,litres4,decalitre4 ------------------------------------ #a pint 4#eejf #a quart #b pints #a4ajab #a peck #h quarts #h4hjif #a bushel #d pecks #ce4bchd #c4ebch ------------------------------------ #a litre #a4haf pints 4#ijh quart4 ,,apothecaries' ,,measure4 #fj minims 77 #a fluid drachm 7f4 7 #h drachms 7water #a4gcb cu4 in41 #a fluid oz4 7f4 7 #dcg grains7 #bj ounces #a pint 7,o47 #h pints 7water #gj1jjj grains7 #a gallon 7gall47 #a drop #a grain #fj drops #a drachm #a drachm #a teaspoonful #d drachms #a tablespoonful #h drachms 7#b tablespoonfuls7 #a ounce #b ounces 7water #hge grains7 #a wineglassful #c ounces #a teacupful ,,miscellaneous ,,tables4 ,,counting4 #ab things make #a dozen doz4 #ab dozen #a gross gr4 #ab gross #a great gross g4 gr4 ,,paper4 #bd sheets make #a quire qr4 #bj quires #a ream ream #b reams #a bundle bund4 #b bundles #a bale ,,books4 ,a book in which ,each sheet is folded into #b leaves is a folio #d quarto1 or #dto #h octavo1 or #hvo #ab duodecimo1 or #abmo #af #afmo #bd #bdmo #cb #cbmo ,,miscellaneous ,,values4 #d inches make #a hand1 used in measuring horses #i #a span1 sacred history #ah feet #a cubit1 #f #a fathom1 measuring depths ,,measures ,,of ,,weight4 ,,avoirdupois ,,metric ,,weights4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,avoirdupois4 ,grammes4,decagrammes4,kilogrammes4,mill ier 7,ton74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a drachm #a4ggahd #a ounce 7#af drachms7 #bh4cdied #b4hcdie #a pound 7#af ounces7 #dec4eibef #de4ceibf #j4decei #a hundredweight #de4ceeb #a ton 7#bj cwt47 #ijg4ajdj #j4ijga ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,ton4 ,hundredweight4 ,pounds4 ,ounces4 ,drachms4 #a #bj #bjjj #cb1jjj #ebb1jjj #a #ajj #a1fjj #be1fjj #a #af #bef #a #af ,,troy ,,metric ,,weights4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,troy ,weights4 ,equivalents in ,metric ,denominations4 --------------------------------------- ,milli- ,gramme4 ,deca- ,hecto- ,kilo- gramme4 gramme4gramme4gramme4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a ,troy grain #fd4gihie #j4jfdhj #a pennyweight #a4eeeag #a ounce #ca4ajcdi #c4aajce #a pound #cgc4bdaiecg4cbdiac4gcbdij4cgcbd ---------------------------------------- ------------ #a lb4 #ab oz4 #bdj dwts4 #egfj grs4 #a #bj #dhj #a #bd ,,tables ,,for ,,converting ,u4 ,s4 ,,weights ,,and ,,measures4 ,,customary ,,to ,,metric4 ,,linear4 ,inches to ,feet to ,yards to ,miles to ,millimetres4 ,metres4 ,metres4 ,kilometres4 #a #be4djja #j4cjdhja #j4iaddjb #a4fjice #b #ej4hjja #j4fjifja #a4hbhhjd #c4bahfi #c #gf4bjjb #j4iaddjb #b4gdcbje #d4hbhjd #d #aja4fjjb #a4baibjb #c4fegfjg #f4dcgci #e #abg4jjjc #a4ebdjjc #d4egbjji #h4jdfgd #f #aeb4djjc #a4hbhhjd #e4dhfdaa #i4fefjh #g #agg4hjjd #b4accfjd #f4djjhac #aa4bfedc #h #bjc4bjjd #b4dchdje #g4caebae #ab4hgdgh #i #bbh4fjje #b4gdcbje #h4bbifaf #ad4dhdab ,,square4 ,square ,square ,square ,acres to ,inches to ,feet to ,yards to ,hectares4 ,square ,square ,square ,centimetres4 ,decimetres4 ,metres4 #a #f4deb #i4bij #j4hcf #j4djdg #b #ab4ijc #ah4eha #a4fgb #j4hjid #c #ai4cee #bg4hga #b4ejh #a4bada #d #be4hjg #cg4afa #c4cdd #a4fahg #e #cb4beh #df4deb #d4aha #b4jbcd #f #ch4gaj #ee4gdb #e4jag #b4dbha #g #de4afa #fe4jcb #e4hec #b4hcbh #h #ea4fac #gd4cbc #f4fhi #c4bcge #i #eh4jfe #hc4fac #g4ebe #c4fdbb ,,cubic4 ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,bushels to ,inches to ,feet to ,yards to ,hectolitres4 ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,centimetres4 ,metres4 ,metres4 #a #af4chg #j4jbhcb #j4gfe #j4cebci #b #cb4ggd #j4jeffc #a4ebi #j4gjdgi #c #di4afa #j4jhdie #b4bid #a4jegah #d #fe4edi #j4aacbg #c4jeh #a4djieg #e #ha4icf #j4adaeh #c4hbc #a4gfaif #f #ih4cbc #j4afiij #d4ehg #b4aadcf #g #aad4gaj #j4aihbb #e4ceb #b4dffge #h #aca4jig #j4bbfed #f4aaf #b4haiad #i #adg4dhd #j4bedhe #f4hha #c4agaed ,,capacity4 ,fluid ,drachms to ,fluid ,quarts ,gallons ,millilitres ,ounces to to to or ,cubic ,millilitres4 ,litres4 ,litres4 ,centimetres4 #a #c4gj #bi4eg #j4idfcf #c4ghedc #b #g4ci #ei4ae #a4hibgb #g4egjhg #c #aa4ji #hh4gb #b4hcijh #aa4cefcj #d #ad4gi #aah4bi #c4ghedc #ae4adagd #e #ah4dh #adg4hg #d4gcagi #ah4ibgag #f #bb4ah #agg4dd #e4fghae #bb4gabfa #g #be4hh #bjg4jb #f4fbdea #bf4dihjd #h #bi4eg #bcf4ei #g4egjhg #cj4bhcdh #i #cc4bg #bff4af #h4eagbc #cd4jfhia ,,weight4 ,grains ,avoirdupois ,avoirdupois ,troy to ,ounces to ,pounds to ,ounces to ,milligrammes4 ,grammes4 ,kilogrammes4 ,grammes4 #a #fd4gihi #bh4cdie #j4decei #ca4ajcdh #b #abi4eigh #ef4fiia #j4ijgai #fb4bjfif #c #aid4cifh #he4jdhf #a4cfjgh #ic4cajdd #d #bei4aieg #aac4ciha #a4hadcg #abd4dacib #e #cbc4iidf #ada4gdgf #b4bfgif #aee4eagdj #f #chh4gice #agj4jigb #b4gbaef #ahf4fbjhh #g #dec4eibd #aih4ddfg #c4ageae #bag4gbdcg #h #eah4ciad #bbf4gifb #c4fbhgd #bdh4hbghe #i #ehc4aijc #bee4adeg #d4jhbcc #bgi4icacc #a ,gunter's chain #bj4aafh metres #a square statute mile #bei4jjj hectares #a fathom #a4hbi metres #a nautical mile #ahec4be metres #a foot #j4cjdhja metre1 #i4dhdjaeh log4 #a avoirdupois pound #dec4eibdbgg gramme #aedcb4cefci grains #a kilogramme ,,metric ,,to ,,customary ,,linear4 ,metres to ,metres to ,metres to ,kilometres ,inches4 ,feet4 ,yards4 to ,miles4 #a #ci4cgjj #c4bhjhc #a4jicfaa #j4fbacg #b #gh4gdjj #f4efafg #b4ahgbbb #a4bdbgd #c #aah4aajj #i4hdbej #c4bhjhcc #a4hfdaa #d #aeg4dhjj #ac4abccc #d4cgdddd #b4dhedh #e #aif4hejj #af4djdag #e4dfhjef #c4ajfhe #f #bcf4bbjj #ai4fhejj #f4efaffg #c4gbhbb #g #bge4eijj #bb4ifehc #g4feebgh #d4cdiei #h #cad4ifjj #bf4bdffg #h4gdhhhi #d4igjif #i #ced4ccjj #bi4ebgej #i4hdbejj #e4eibcc ,,square4 ,square ,square ,square ,hectares to ,centimetres ,metres to ,metres to ,acres4 to ,square ,square ,square ,inches4 ,feet4 ,yards4 #a #j4aeej #aj4gfd #a4aif #b4dga #b #j4cajj #ba4ebh #b4cib #d4idb #c #j4dfej #cb4bib #c4ehh #g4dac #d #j4fbjj #dc4jee #d4ghd #i4hhd #e #j4ggej #ec4hai #e4ihj #ab4cee #f #j4icjj #fd4ehc #g4agf #ad4hbf #g #a4jhej #ge4cdg #h4cgb #ag4big #h #a4bdjj #hf4aaa #i4efh #ai4gfh #i #a4ciej #if4hge #aj4gfd #bb4bci ,,cubic4 ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,cubic ,centimetres ,decimetres ,metres ,metres to ,cubic to ,cubic to ,cubic to ,cubic ,inches4 ,inches4 ,feet4 ,yards4 #a #j4jfaj #fa4jbc #ce4cad #a4cjh #b #j4abbj #abb4jdg #gj4fbi #b4faf #c #j4ahca #ahc4jgj #aje4idc #c4ibd #d #j4bdda #bdd4jid #ada4beh #e4bcb #e #j4cjea #cje4aag #agf4egb #f4edj #f #j4cffa #cff4adj #baa4hhg #g4hdh #g #j4dbgb #dbg4afd #bdg4bja #i4aef #h #j4dhhb #dhh4ahg #bhb4eaf #aj4dfd #i #j4edib #edi4baj #cag4hcj #aa4gga ,,capacity4 ,millimetres or ,cubic ,centilitres ,litres ,decalitres ,hectolitres ,centimetres to ,fluid to to to to ,fluid ,ounces4 ,quarts4 ,gallons4 ,bushels4 ,drachms4 #a #j4bg #j4cch #a4jefg #b4fdag #b4hcgg #b #j4ed #j4fgf #b4aacd #e4bhcd #e4fgee #c #j4ha #a4jad #c4agjj #g4ibea #h4eacb #d #a4jh #a4cec #d4bbfg #aj4effh #aa4ceaj #e #a4ce #a4fia #e4bhcd #ac4bjhe #ad4ahhg #f #a4fb #b4jbi #f4cdja #ae4hejb #ag4jbfe #g #a4hi #b4cfg #g4cifh #ah4diai #ai4hfdb #h #b4af #b4gje #h4dece #ba4accf #bb4gjai #i #b4dc #c4jdc #i4eaja #bc4ggec #be4ecig ,,weight4 ,milligrammes ,kilogrammes ,hectogrammes ,kilogrammes to to to ,ounces to ,pounds ,grains4 ,grains4 ,avoirdupois4 ,avoirdupois4 #a #j4jaedc #aedcb4cf #c4ebgd #b4bjdfb #b #j4jcjhf #cjhfd4ga #g4jedh #d4djibd #c #j4jdfcj #dfbig4jg #aj4ehbb #f4fachg #d #j4jfagc #fagbi4dc #ad4ajif #h4hahdi #e #j4jggaf #ggafa4gh #ag4fcgj #aa4jbcaa #f #j4jibei #ibeid4ad #ba4afdd #ac4bbggc #g #j4ajhjc #ajhjbf4di #bd4fiah #ae4dcbcf #h #j4abcdf #abcdeh4he #bh4baib #ag4fcfih #i #j4achhi #achhia4ba #ca4gdff #ai4hdafj ,quintals to ,milliers or tonnes ,kilogrammes ,pounds to ,pounds to ,ounces ,avoirdupois4 ,avoirdupois4 ,troy4 #a #bbj4df #bbjd4f #cb4aejg #b #ddj4ib #ddji4b #fd4cjae #c #ffa4ci #ffac4i #if4debb #d #hha4he #hhah4e #abh4fjcj #e #aajb4ca #aajbc4a #afj4gecg #f #acbb4gg #acbbg4g #aib4ijdd #g #aedc4bd #aedcb4d #bbe4jeeb #h #agfc4gj #agfcg4j #beg4bjei #i #aihd4af #aihda4f #bhi4cefg ,,salutes4 ,salutes are fired between sunrise and sunset1 and1 as a rule1 never on ,sunday4 ,salute to the ,union1 one gun for each state1 fired at meridian1 ,july #dth2 the international salute1 #ba guns4 ,the ,president1 #ba guns1 both on arriving at and departing from a military post4 ,on arriving at a military post3 ,the ,vice-,president and ,president of the ,senate #ai guns ,members of the ,cabinet1 ,chief ,justice1 ,speaker of the ,house of ,representatives1 ,governors in their respective states and territories1 ,committees of ,congress visiting officially #ag ,assistant ,secretary of ,war #ae ,sovereign or ,chief ,magistrate of a foreign state #ba ,members of ,royal ,family #ba ,viceroy1 ,governor-general1 or ,governors of provinces belonging to foreign states #ag ,ambassadors ,extraordinary and ,plenipotentiary #ag ,envoys ,extraordinary and ,ministers ,plenipotentiary #ae ,ministers ,resident accredited to the ,united ,states #ac ,chargs d',affaires or subordinate diplomatic agent in charge of mission in the ,united ,states #aa ,consuls-general accredited to the ,united ,states #i ,to ,general-in-,chief1 ,field-marshal1 or ,admiral #ag ,to ,lieutenant-,general or ,vice-,admiral #ae ,to ,major-,general or ,rear-,admiral #ac ,to ,brigadier-,general or ,commodore #aa ,an officer on duty1 according to brevet rank1 receives the salute of that rank4 ,officers of volunteers or militia are saluted only when in service of ,united ,states4 ,officers on retired list are not saluted4 ,officers of foreign services are saluted according to their rank4 ,,table ,,for ,,calculating ,,clothing ,,accounts4 ,take the numbers from the columns ,a and ,b corresponding to the date immediately preceding the date of the man's enlistment4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,january4 ,february4 ,march4 ,april4 ,may4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b,date4 ,a ,b ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a #aahj #a #cbadi #a #fjaba #a #iaij #a #abafj #b #bagi #b #ccadh #b #faabj #b #ibhi #b #abbei #c #cagh #c #cdadg #c #fbaai #c #ichh #c #abceh #d #dagg #d #ceadf #d #fcaah #d #idhg #d #abdeg #e #eagf #e #cfade #e #fdaag #e #iehf #e #abeef #f #fage #f #cgadd #f #feaaf #f #ifhe #f #abfee #g #gagd #g #chadc #g #ffaae #g #ighd #g #abged #h #hagc #h #ciadb #h #fgaad #h #ihhc #h #abhec #i #iagb #i #djada #i #fhaac #i #iihb #i #abieb #aj #ajaga #aj #daadj #aj #fiaab #aj #ajjha #aj #acjea #aa #aaagj #aa #dbaci #aa #gjaaa #aa #ajahj #aa #acaej #ab #abafi #ab #dcach #ab #gaaaj #ab #ajbgi #ab #acbdi #ac #acafh #ac #ddacg #ac #gbaji #ac #ajcgh #ac #accdh #ad #adafg #ad #deacf #ad #gcajh #ad #ajdgg #ad #acddg #ae #aeaff #ae #dface #ae #gdajg #ae #ajegf #ae #acedf #af #afafe #af #dgacd #af #geajf #af #ajfge #af #acfde #ag #agafd #ag #dhacc #ag #gfaje #ag #ajggd #ag #acgdd #ah #ahafc #ah #diacb #ah #ggajd #ah #ajhgc #ah #achdc #ai #aiafb #ai #ejaca #ai #ghajc #ai #ajigb #ai #acidb #bj #bjafa #bj #eaacj #bj #giajb #bj #aajga #bj #adjda #ba #baafj #ba #ebabi #ba #hjaja #ba #aaagj #ba #adadj #bb #bbaei #bb #ecabh #bb #haajj #bb #aabfi #bb #adbci #bc #bcaeh #bc #edabg #bc #hb #ii #bc #aacfh #bc #adcch #bd #bdaeg #bd #eeabf #bd #hc #ih #bd #aadfg #bd #addcg #be #beaef #be #efabe #be #hd #ig #be #aaeff #be #adecf #bf #bfaee #bf #egabd #bf #he #if #bf #aaffe #bf #adfce #bg #bgaed #bg #ehabc #bg #hf #ie #bg #aagfd #bg #adgcd #bh #bhaec #bh #eiabb #bh #hg #id #bh #aahfc #bh #adhcc #bi #biaeb #bi #hh #ic #bi #aaifb #bi #adicb #cj #cjaea #cj #hi #ib #cj #abjfa #cj #aejca #ca #caaej #ca #ij #ia #ca #aeacj ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,part #b of ,table4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,june4 ,july4 ,august4 ,september ,october4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,date4 ,a ,b,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b ,date4 ,a ,b ---------------------------------------- ---------- #a #aebbi #a #aahc #a #cbaeb #a #fcaba #a #icia #b #aecbh #b #bahb #b #ccaea #b #fdabj #b #idij #c #aedbg #c #caha #c #cdaej #c #feaai #c #iehi #d #aeebf #d #dahj #d #ceadi #d #ffaah #d #ifhh #e #aefbe #e #eagi #e #cfadh #e #fgaag #e #ighg #f #aegbd #f #fagh #f #cgadg #f #fhaaf #f #ihhf #g #aehbc #g #gagg #g #chadf #g #fiaae #g #iihe #h #aeibb #h #hagf #h #ciade #h #gjaad #h #ajjhd #i #afjba #i #iage #i #djadd #i #gaaac #i #ajahc #aj #afabj #aj #ajagd #aj #daadc #aj #gbaab #aj #ajbhb #aa #afbai #aa #aaagc #aa #dbadb #aa #gcaaa #aa #ajcha #ab #afcah #ab #abagb #ab #dcada #ab #gdaaj #ab #ajdhj #ac #afdag #ac #acaga #ac #ddadj #ac #geaji #ac #ajegi #ad #afeaf #ad #adagj #ad #deaci #ad #gfajh #ad #ajfgh #ae #affae #ae #aeafi #ae #dfach #ae #ggajg #ae #ajggg #af #afgad #af #afafh #af #dgacg #af #ghajf #af #ajhgf #ag #afhac #ag #agafg #ag #dhacf #ag #giaje #ag #ajige #ah #afiab #ah #ahaff #ah #diace #ah #hjajd #ah #aajgd #ai #agjaa #ai #aiafe #ai #ejacd #ai #haajc #ai #aaagc #bj #agaaj #bj #bjafd #bj #eaacc #bj #hbajb #bj #aabgb #ba #agb #i #ba #baafc #ba #ebacb #ba #hcaja #ba #aacga #bb #agc #h #bb #bbafb #bb #ecaca #bb #hdajj #bb #aadgj #bc #agd #g #bc #bcafa #bc #edacj #bc #he #ii #bc #aaefi #bd #age #f #bd #bdafj #bd #eeabi #bd #hf #ih #bd #aaffh #be #agf #e #be #beaei #be #efabh #be #hg #ig #be #aagfg #bf #agg #d #bf #bfaeh #bf #egabg #bf #hh #if #bf #aahff #bg #agh #c #bg #bgaeg #bg #ehabf #bg #hi #ie #bg #aaife #bh #agi #b #bh #bhaef #bh #eiabe #bh #ij #id #bh #abjfd #bi #ahj #a #bi #biaee #bi #fjabd #bi #ia #ic #bi #abafc #cj #aha #j #cj #cjaed #cj #faabc #cj #ib #ib #cj #abbfb #ca #caaec #ca #fbabb #ca #abcfa ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,part #c of ,table4 ------------------------- ,november4 ,december4 --------------------- ,date4 ,a ,b,date4 ,a ,b --------------------- #a #abdfj #a #aedcj #b #abeei #b #aeebi #c #abfeh #c #aefbh #d #abgeg #d #aegbg #e #abhef #e #aehbf #f #abiee #f #aeibe #g #acjed #g #afjbd #h #acaec #h #afabc #i #acbeb #i #afbbb #aj #accea #aj #afcba #aa #acdej #aa #afdbj #ab #acedi #ab #afeai #ac #acfdh #ac #affah #ad #acgdg #ad #afgag #ae #achdf #ae #afhaf #af #acide #af #afiae #ag #adjdd #ag #agjad #ah #adadc #ah #agaac #ai #adbdb #ai #agbab #bj #adcda #bj #agcaa #ba #adddj #ba #agdaj #bb #adeci #bb #age #i #bc #adfch #bc #agf #h #bd #adgcg #bd #agg #g #be #adhcf #be #agh #f #bf #adice #bf #agi #e #bg #aejcd #bg #ahj #d #bh #aeacc #bh #aha #c #bi #aebcb #bi #ahb #b #cj #aecca #cj #ahc #a #ca #ahd #j --------------------- ,,camp ,,furniture4 ,the following-named articles1 manufactured by the ,gold ,medal ,camp ,furniture ,manufacturing ,company1 of ,racine1 ,wis41 can be obtained of furniture dealers3 ,folding ,camp-bed4--#f feet #b inches long by #b feet #d inches wide4 ,when folded1 it is #c feet #d inches long by #e inches wide4 ,weight1 #ad pounds4 ,cost1 #c4ej4 ,mosquito-bar frame1 #ge cents4 ,folding ,camp-table4--,top #b feet #c inches by #c feet #b inches4 ,will comfortably seat four persons4 ,folded it is #c feet #b inches long by #e #g inches4 ,weight1 #af pounds4 ,cost1 #c4ge4 ,extra shelf1 #ge cents4 ,folding ,camp-chair4--,folded1 #c feet long by #c #c inches4 ,weight1 #d pounds4 ,cost1 #b4 ,folding ,camp-stool4--#ge cents4 ,the attention of officers desiring such articles is called to the mess-chest and stove manufactured by ,h4 ,k4 ,coale1 #abbc ,chamber of ,commerce1 ,chicago ,ill4 ,,the ,,officer',s ,,field ,,mess-,,chest ,,for ,,six ,,persons4 ,size1 #bb #ae #ab inches4 ,weight1 #fj lbs4 ,price1 #ej4 ,,contents4 ,,silver-,,plated ,,ware4 #a quadruple-plated butter-dish4 #a covered sugar-bowl4 #a creamer4 #f ,rogers ,bros4 best triple-plate steel knives4 #f forks4 #f tablespoons4 #f teaspoons4 #a butter-knife4 #a sugar-shell4 #a large salt-shaker1 strong glass4 #a pepper-shaker1 #a screw-top oil-jug1 #a vinegar-jug1 #a japanned tray1 #ac #af inches4 #a large corkscrew4 #f individual butter-shells4 #a brass bottle-tray4 ,,white ,,enamelled ,,ware4 #f cups4 #f saucers4 #f plates4 #f soup-bowls4 #c #aj-;inch vegetable-dishes1 ,b4 ,w4 ware4 #a #ad-;inch meat-platter1 #a #af-;inch #a #d-quart pitcher1 #a mustard-pot4 #a ,sears' set carvers1 #c pieces1 buck-horn handles4 #a best steel bread-knife4 #a new patent lemon-squeezer4 #a nickel-plated liquor-mixer4 #a agate-ware teapot4 #a syrup-jug4 #f snow-white enamel tumblers4 #a wire teapot-stand4 ,,coale',s ,,camp-,,stove ,,and ,,outfit4 ,sold with or without chest4 ,this chest is made very strong1 with metal corners1 size #ac #ai #bh inches4 ,contains3 #a stove with oven 7stove is #bf #ag #aa inches2 has #d cast-iron #g-;inch lids2 oven is #h #af #aj inches71 #d lengths pipe1 #a elbow1 #a baking-pan1 #a frying-pan1 #a basting-spoon1 #c camp-kettles1 #a wash-bowl1 #f iron knives1 forks1 and spoons1 #f white enamel cups1 #f white enamel saucers1 #a carving-knife and fork1 #a tea-kettle1 #a saucepan1 #a poker1 #a wire broiler1 #a cake-turner1 #a basting-fork4 ,this outfit is for rough and ready service1 and can be thrown into a wagon on short notice4 ,price of outfit as above1 with oven1 packed in pine box #ae4jj ,same with chest #be4jj ,,index4 ,a ,abscess1 #bjg ,accidents to carriages1 #bgc ,accoutrements1 cost of1 #ddb ,adiabatic transformation1 #cfc ,air-space1 initial1 defined1 #cfc ,allowance1 projectiles for target practice1 #ddg 1 revolver ammunition1 #afj of wagons1 #big ,ammunition1 #c4b-;inch gun1 description of1 #if 1 #c4f 1 #ajh 1 #c4f 7mortar7 1 #aag 1 ,hotchkiss revolving cannon1 #cbb 1 #a4fe-;inch mountain1 description of1 #f1 #g 1 #c4j 1 #bg-bi 1 fixed1 for field-guns1 1 #hg 1 #a4fe-;inch1 instructions for packing1 #ah 1 how supplied to mountain-batteries1 #fj1 #fa 1 allowance for target practice1 #ddg 1 allowance for revolver practice1 #afj 1 how prepared1 #ca1 #cb1 #ahj1 #aha 1 proportion of each kind for mountain-battery1 #cd 1 rounds in box for #a4fe-;inch1 #ab 1 care of1 #agh 1 how painted1 #agh chest1 contents of1 #ace boxes for #a4fe-;inch1 #ab pack1 rounds carried1 in #ab ,angle of departure1 #cfd of elevation1 #cfd of sight1 #cfd ,animals1 salt and vinegar for1 #dcc ,apothecaries' measure1 #dhe ,artillery commander1 duties of1 #cgf corps1 #bfb 1 divisional1 #bfb 1 transportation by sea1 #cja 1 how stored on shipboard1 #cja1 #cjb 1 disembarkation from shipboard1 #cjc1 #cad 1 transportation by rail1 #cja 1 organization of1 #bfa 1 proportion of1 in army1 #bfb teams1 power of1 #aid -wagon1 weight and description of1 #adi -harness1 #aej -wagon harness1 #aeg ,axes1 where carried on caisson1 #adb ,axle-seats for field-gun carriage1 nomenclature1 #abg ,armament1 how stored on railroad cars1 #cjf on shipboard1 #cjb ,army-wagon1 inside measurement1 #dhb ,austrian light artillery1 #aba mountain-artillery1 #gj1 #ga gun-pits1 #dgc ,b ,barley1 pounds in bushel1 #dha ,barrels1 weights and dimensions of1 #dag ,barrack chairs1 allowance of1 #dec ,battalion commander1 duties of1 #cgg ,batteries1 the different kinds of1 #bfa ,battery books and records1 #dca 1 light1 enlisted men for1 #bfc 1 composition of1 #bfb 1 organization of1 #bfc 1 present organization1 of #dcd commander1 duties of1 #cgg guard1 #aha-ahg 1 cost of1 #dce 1 special-duty men allowed1 #dcd 1 supply table of ordnance stores for1 #dde tableware and kitchen utensils1 #dea ,battery-wagon and forge1 weight and description of1 #add 1 nomenclature1 #ade 1 articles carried on1 #ade 1 storing of implements1 #adg ,beans1 pounds in bushel1 #dha ,beef1 pounds in barrel1 #dha ,belt1 officer's1 cost of1 #ddc ,bivouacs1 #bhh ,blacking for harness1 #fb ,bladder1 inflammation of1 #bjg 1 irritation of1 #bjg ,blasting1 dynamite1 #dbj ,blocks1 etc41 #cid ,blue-grass seed1 pounds in bushel1 #dha ,boats1 buoyancy of1 #daf for bridges1 #dae ,books kept in light battery1 #dca ,bowbrake1 nomenclature and description1 #abg ,bowels1 inflammation of1 #bjh ,boxes1 capacity of1 #dhb ,bran-mash1 how made1 #bjf ,bread1 rule for making1 #fi ,breaking camp1 #bif ,breech-block1 field-gun1 description of1 #gc mechanism1 field-gun1 action of1 #ha 1 how dismounted1 #hc 1 how assembled1 #hc 1 #c4f-;inch mortar1 #aac 1 ,gatling gun1 action of1 #cca 1 ,hotchkiss revolving cannon1 how assembled1 #cba 1 how dismounted1 #cbj ,bridges1 boat1 #dae 1 floating1 #dae 1 flying1 #dad 1 frame1 #djf 1 lock1 #djf-djh 1 sling1 #dji 1 stringer1 #daa 1 trestle1 #djd 1 roadway for1 #djc 1 passage of military1 #bgh 1 weights borne by1 #djb 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1 urine1 retention of1 #bbi 1 non-retention of1 #bbi 1 warbles1 #bcj 1 warts1 #bcj 1 worms1 #bcj 1 wounds1 #bcj ,vinegar for animals1 #dcc ,w ,warbles1 #bcj ,wagon1 army1 inside measurement1 #dhb ,wagons1 allowance of1 #big1 #bii1 #cjj 1 how packed1 #bih ,warts1 #bcj ,water-filters1 #bie 1 allowance in camp1 #bif at sea1 #cac -cart1 #aej ,watering on march1 #bgb of animals1 #ej1 #bda ,wheat1 pounds in bushel1 #dha ,wheel1 ,archibald1 description of1 #abd ,wheel1 ,archibald1 how repaired1 #abe ,wheel-grease can1 where carried1 #acf ,weight1 barrels1 #dag 1 forage1 #bci 1 nosebagful of oats1 #dhb 1 clothing and equipage1 #ded 1 cubic foot of water1 #dhd drawn by artillery teams1 #aid carried by mules1 #a4fe-;inch mountain-battery1 #ai 1 #c4j 1 #ch 1 ,gardner gun1 #cdf 1 ,hotchkiss revolving cannon1 #caf 1 carriage1 #cbc 1 limber1 #cbd 1 ,maxim gun1 #cec per horse1 #c4b-;inch field-battery1 #ach 1 #c4f 1 #ach 1 field-caisson1 #adc of load1 #c4b-;inch field-gun1 carriage1 and equipment1 #ach 1 ,archibald wheel1 #abd 1 #c4b-;inch field-gun1 #hi 1 #c4f 1 #ajh 1 #c4f field-mortar1 #aac 1 machine-guns1 #cbc1 #cch1 #cci1 #cdf1 #cec 1 field-gun limber1 #acc 1 tool-box1 #acg 1 field-caisson1 #aci 1 forge and battery-wagon implements1 etc41 #adh 1 artillery-wagon1 #adi 1 artillery-harness1 #aeg 1 equipments in field-battery1 #ach 1 forge-chest1 #adg 1 saddler's chest1 #adf 1 carpenter's chest1 #adf 1 prolonge1 #ach 1 steel collar1 #aed ,worms1 #bcj ,wounds1 #bcj ,,footnotes3 #a ,not including reserve4 #b ,includes reserve ammunition carried with battery1 but not that in field-parks1 arsenals1 or ammunition-columns4 #c ,in the model of #ahhe it enters from the rear4 #d ,the point at which the projectile has a remaining velocity of #ejj ft4-sec41 the minimum at which shrapnel is effective4 #e ,these numbers correspond to a time of flight which is generally less than the tabulated time of flight by an amount required to cause the shrapnel to burst at a point within a distance of #ge yards short of the target4 #f ,a corrugated sheet-metal prop will hereafter be attached to the neck-yoke stop4 ,it will fold up under the pole1 partly enveloping it1 and be secured by a hook on the prop4 #g ,reduced when necessary by removing an ammunition-chest4 #h ,on sights hereafter made this will be #a_/ajjj of the range4 #i ,on the sights hereafter made the deflection divisions will correspond to #a_/ajjj of the range4 #aj ,or #h if upper braces are used4 #aa ,berthelet says3 ,thin disks of compressed guncotton may be pierced by a ball without explosion2 but if thickness of disk be increased or resisting envelope used an explosion occurs4 #ab ,also #b copies to the designated paymaster4 #ac ,when ,meat cannot be furnished4 #ad ,each caisson is provided with spare-wheel axle1 but only two spare wheels are supplied to a four-gun battery4 #ae ,when the necessity for their issue is certified to by the department commander4 #af ,accounted for on return4 #ag increase if mean temperature for #bj days #bj ,f42 and if temperature is not above #aj ,f4 an increase of is allowed for any latitude4 #ah ,under act ,may #ae1 #ahgb4 #ai ,act approved ,february #bg1 #ahic1 to take effect on and after #ast day of ,july #ahic4 #bj ,upon trial for desertion and conviction of absence without leave only the court may1 in addition to the limit prescribed for such absence1 award a stoppage of the amount paid for apprehension4 #ba ,including first and excluding last4 #bb ,in specifications to charges of larceny or embezzlement the value of the property shall be stated4 #bc ,each station should have its characteristic signal or call letter1 as ,washington1 ,w1 and each operator his personal signal1 as ,jones1 ,jo4 ,,books ,,for ,,army ,,and ,,navy ,,officers ,,published ,,by ,,john ,,wiley ,,sons4 ,,ordnance ,,and ,,gunnery4 ,for the use of the ,cadets of the ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy4 ,by ,captain ,henry ,metcalf1 ,ordnance ,department1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army ,instructor of ,ordnance and ,gunnery1 ,u4,s4,m4,a4 #abmo1 #ejj pp41 cloth1 with separate atlas containing #cej cuts1 #e4jj ,,modern ,,french ,,artillery4 ,the ,st4 ,chamond1 ,de ,bange1 ,canet and ,hotchkiss systems1 with illustrations of ,french ,war ,ships4 ,by ,james ,dredge4 #dto1 half morocco1 #bj4jj net ,,handbook ,,of ,,problems ,,in ,,direct ,,fire4 ,by ,james ,m4 ,ingalls1 ,captain ,first ,artillery1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #hvo1 cloth1 #d4jj ,,ballistic ,,tables4 ,reprinted from the ,handbook for ,west ,point ,cadets4 ,by ,capt4 ,jas4 ,m4 ,ingalls4 #hvo1 cloth1 #a4ej ,,submarine ,,mines ,,and ,,torpedoes4 ,as applied to ,harbour ,defense4 ,by ,john ,townsend ,bucknill1 ,honorary ,lieutenant-,colonel 7late ,major ,royal ,engineers7 ,reserve of ,officers4 ,with illustrations4 #hvo1 cloth1 #d4jj ,,practical ,,seamanship4 ,by ,john ,todd1 ,master ,mariner1 and ,w4 ,b4 ,whall1 ,extra ,master ,younger ,brother ,trinity ,house4 ,royal #hvo1 full cloth1 with #bdc ,illustrations and ,diagrams1 #g4ej ,,notes ,,on ,,military ,,hygiene4 ,for ,officers of the ,line4 ,a ,syllabus of ,lectures at the ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry and ,cavalry ,school4 ,by ,alfred ,a4 ,woodhull1 ,major of ,medical ,dep't41 ,bvt4 ,lt4 ,col4 ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #abmo1 morocco1 #b4ej ,,simple ,,elements ,,of ,,navigation4 ,by ,lucien ,young1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,pocket-book form4 ,new edition1 revised and enlarged1 #b4ej ,,the ,,soldiers' ,,first ,,aid ,,handbook4 ,comprising a ,series of ,lectures to ,members of the ,hospital ,corps and ,company ,bearers4 ,by ,william ,d4 ,dietz1 ,late ,captain and ,assistant ,surgeon ,u4 ,s4 ,army4 #ahmo1 morocco1 #a4be ,,permanent ,,fortifications4 ,by ,prof4 ,d4 ,h4 ,mahan1 ,revised and brought up to date by ,col4 ,james ,mercur1 ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy1 ,west ,point4 ,numerous plates1 #ahhg4 #hvo1 half morocco1 #g4ej ,,elements ,,of ,,the ,,art ,,of ,,war4 ,by ,james ,mercur1 ,professor of ,civil and ,military ,engineering1 ,united ,states ,military ,academy4 ,illustrated with full-page and folding plates4 ,third edition4 #hvo1 cloth1 #d4jj ,,practical ,,marine ,,surveying4 ,by ,harry ,phelps1 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 #hvo1 cloth1 #b4ej ,,an ,,abridgement ,,of ,,military ,,law4 ,by ,col4 ,w4 ,winthrop1 ,deputy ,judge ,advocate-,general1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 late ,professor of ,law1 ,u4 ,s4 ,military ,academy4 ,second and revised edition4 #abmo1 red cloth1 #b4ej ,a ,,manual ,,for ,,courts-,,martial4 ,prepared by ,lt4 ,arthur ,murray1 #ast ,artillery1 late ,acting ,judge ,advocate-,general1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,third edition4 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #a4ej ,,cavalry ,,out-,,post ,,duties4 ,by ,f4 ,de ,brack1 translated from the ,french 7third edition1 #ahfc7 by ,major ,camillo ,c4 ,c4 ,carr1 #hth ,cavalry1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #b4jj ,,gunnery ,,for ,,non-,,commissioned ,,officers4 ,compiled by ,lt4 ,adelbert ,cronkhite1 #dth ,artillery1 with ,ballistic ,tables1 by ,capt4 ,james ,chester1 #c;d ,artillery1 #ahmo1 morocco1 flap1 #b4jj ,,art ,,of ,,subsisting ,,armies ,,in ,,war4 ,by ,capt4 ,h4 ,g4 ,sharpe1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,morocco1 #a4ej ,,the ,,army ,,officer',s ,,examiner4 ,by ,lt4 ,col4 ,w4 ,h4 ,powell1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #abmo1 cloth1 #d4jj ,,elementary ,,naval ,,tactics4 ,by ,commander ,wm4 ,bainbridge-,hoff1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n4 #hvo1 cloth1 #a4ej ,,attack ,,of ,,fortified ,,places4 ,including ,siege-,works1 ,mining and ,demolitions4 ,by ,james ,mercur1 ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,a41 ,professor of ,civil and ,military ,engineering4 #abmo1 cloth1 #b4jj ,,text-,,book ,,of ,,ordnance ,,and ,,gunnery4 ,for the use of the ,cadets of ,u4 ,s4 ,m4 ,a4 ,by ,capt4 ,lawrence ,l4 ,bruff1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 #hvo1 cloth1 #f4jj ,,handbook ,,for ,,light ,,artillery4 ,by ,a4 ,b4 ,dyer1 ,first ,lieut4 ,fourth ,u4 ,s4 ,artillery4 #abmo1 cloth1 #c4jj ,transcriber's ,note3 #a4 ,the minutes of the angle for the ,,range ,,table ,,for #c4f-;,,inch ,b4 ,l4 ,,mortar4 #af ounces2 ,range #bijj is unclear4 7,page #aah74 #b4 ,punctuation has been standardized4 #c4 ,spelling has been corrected where necessary4 #d4 ,under ,,chapter ,x1 ,,definitions3 ,,interior ,,ballistics1 ,density of ,loading1 the word cubic has been added before the word inches4 #e4 ,morse code for 7in the original book7 has been silently corrected4 7,page #dfe7 #f4 ,italics are shown as xxxx4 #g4 ,bold type is shown as xxxx4 #h4 ,some tables have been split to avoid long lines4