,transcrib]'s ,note ,:5 italics 7 us$ 9 ! orig9al book1 ! correspond+ text has be5 surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! pr9t$ text4 ,^! are li/$ 9 a second transcrib]'s note at ! end ( ! text4 ,,physical ,,geography4 ,,by ,,m>y ,,som]ville1 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! 8,,connection ,,( ,,! ,,physical ,,sci5ces10 8,,me*anism ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s10 ,,etc41 ,,etc4 ,,second ,,am]ican1 ,,f ,,! ,,new ,,& ,,revis$ ,,london ,,edition4 ,,) ,,additions ,,& ,a ,,gloss>y ,,prep>$ ,,= ,,?is ,,edition4 ---------------------------- ,,philadelphia3 ,,lea ,,blan*>d4 #ahej4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahdi1 by ,,lea ,,blan*>d1 9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice1 ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,ea/]n ,di/rict ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,,to ,,sir ,,john ,f4 ,w4 ,,h]s*el1 ,,b>t41 ,k4,h41 c41 c4 ,,de> ,,sir ,,john1 ,i avail myself ) pleasure ( y\r p]mission to d$icate my book to y1 z x gives me an opportunity ( express+ my admiration ( y\r tal5ts1 & my s9c]e e/imation ( y\r fri5d%ip4 ,i rema91 ) great reg>d1 ,y\rs truly1 ,,m>y ,,som]ville4 ,london1 #bi? ,febru>y1 #ahdh4 ,,adv]tisem5t4 ,,! improvem5ts & additions embodi$ 9 ! new ,london edition are fully enum]at$ 9 ! ,au?or's ,preface4 ,! ,am]ican publi%]s h suppli$ :at 0 mu* ne$$1 a complete ,gloss>y ( ,sci5tific & ,te*nical ,t]ms2 :i*1 ) "s few additions scatt]$ ?r\gh ! pages1 & enclos$ 9 brackets 1 7 prep>$ by ,dr4 ,rus*5b]g]4 ,^! additions1 :ile !y h improv$ ! "w1 h add$ mat]ially to ! numb] & size ( ! pages4 ,! publi%]s1 consequ5tly1 tru/ t x w be f\nd m effectually suit$ to ! wants ( ! private read] z well z to ^? ( ! high] classes 9 s*ools4 ,philadelphia1 ,decemb]1 #ahdi4 ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,new ,,edition4 ,,s9ce ! publication ( ! fir/ edition ( ?is "w1 ! ,au?or has be5 able to correct _m inaccuracies t _h crept into x1 & to collect mu* new matt] f works s9ce publi%$1 :i* is embodi$ 9 ! pres5t edition1 & has consid]ably add$ to its size4 ,! rec5tly-publi%$ ,second ,volume ( ,b>on ,humboldt's invaluable 8,cosmos10#a ) ,colonel ,sab9e's le>n$ notes1 & sundry pap]s t h appe>$ 9 ! sci5tific p]iodicals ( ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ,india1 be>+ on que/ions ( ,physical ,geography1 h yield$ pr(itable in=mation4 ,x 0 ! ,au?or's wi%1 & h] ,publi%]'s int5tion1 t ! pres5t edition %\ld be accompani$ by a s]ies ( ,maps to illu/rate ! m important que/ions ( ,physical ,geography treat$ ( 9 x2 b ,mr4 ,a4 ,kei? ,john/on hav+ ann\nc$ ! publication ( a new edition ( 8 8,physical ,atlas0 9 a r$uc$ size1 at a l[ price1#b ! fir/ two ,nos4 ( :i* h already appe>$1 ! project 0 rel9qui%$1 9 ! belief t ,mr4 ,a4 ,k4 ,john/on's small] ,atlas w furni% suitable illu/rations to ?is "w4 ,! read] w f9d ?is edition enri*$ ) "s ( ! results ( ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,campbell1 ,?omson1 ,/ra*ey1 & ,dr4 ,hook] 9 ! ,himalaya1 :i* t5d l>gely to elucidate ! ,physical ,hi/ory ( t gigantic *a94 ,! book is also indebt$ to ,mr4 ,p5tl& = "s new matt]1 hi!rto unpubli%$1 on ! c\ntries ( ,s\? ,am]ica visit$ by him dur+ 8 two public missions to ,p]u & ,bolivia4 ,! abs5ce ( ! ,au?or f ,engl& dur+ ! pr9t+ ( ! foll[+ %eets has oblig$ h] to h rec\rse to a fri5d conv]sant ) h] subject to revise ! press2 to him %e begs to express h] ackn[l$gm5ts1 z well z to ,sir ,william ,jackson ,hook]1 :o v k9dly und]took to correct ! portion ( ?is new edition connect$ ) ,geographical ,botany & ,vegetable ,physiology--subjects respect+ :i* he has s mu* contribut$ to ext5d our k4 ,capta9 ,bee*ey has be5 good en\gh to r5d] simil> s]vice1 9 revis+ c]ta9 passages be>+ ^u ,hydrography4 ,may1 #ahdi4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,( ,physical ,geography--,position ( ! ,e>? 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em-- ,di/ance f ! ,sun--,civil ,ye>--,incl9ation ( ,t]re/rial ,orbit--,mass ( ! ,sun--,di/ance ( ! ,moon--,figure & ,d5sity ( ! ,e>? f ! ,motions ( ! ,moon--,figure ( ! ,e>? f ,arcs ( ! ,m]idian--,f ,oscillations ( ,p5dulum--,local ,di/urbances--,mean ,d5sity ( ! ,e>?--,kn[n ,dep? bel[ its ,surface--,outl9e ( ,geology ,,page #ac ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,direction ( ! ,=ces t rais$ ! ,cont95ts--,proportion ( ,l& & ,wat]--,size ( ! ,cont95ts & ,isl&s--,outl9e ( ! ,l&--,ext5t ( ,coa/s1 & proportion !y be> to ! ,areas ( ! ,cont95ts--,elevation ( ! ,cont95ts--,=ms ( ,m\nta9s-- ,=ms ( ,rocks--,connection betwe5 ,physical ,geography ( ,c\ntries & _! ,geological ,/ructure--,contemporane\s ,upheaval ( p>allel ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,p>allelism ( ,m9]al ,ve9s or ,fissures--,mr4 ,hopk9s's ,!ory ( ,fissures--,p>allel ,*a9s simil> 9 ,/ructure--,int]ruptions 9 ,cont95ts & ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,=m ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,! ,atlas1 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,m\nta9s--,! ,alps1 ,balkan1 & ,ap5n9es--,glaci]s--,geological ,notice #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t 7cont9u$7--,! ,caucasus-- ,! ,we/]n ,asiatic ,table-,l& & its ,m\nta9s #ed ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t 7cont9u$7--,! ,ori5tal ,table-,l& & its ,m\nta9s #eh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,second>y ,m\nta9 ,sy/ems ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,t ( ,sc&9avia--,great ,brita9 & ,irel&--,! ,ural ,m\nta9s--,! ,great ,nor!rn ,pla9 #fi ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,s\!rn ,l[ ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t1 ) _! ,second>y ,table-,l&s & ,m\nta9s #gg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,africa--,table-,l&--,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,ea/]n ,coa/--,we/]n ,coa/--,abyss9ia--,s5egambia--,l[ ,l&s & ,des]ts #he ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,am]ican ,cont95t--,! ,m\nta9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,! ,&es--,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ima & ,brazil #ic ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,l[ ,l&s ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,des]t ( ,patagonia--,! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres--,! ,silvas ( ! ,amazons--,! ,llanos ( ! ,or9oco & ,v5ezuela--,geological ,notice #aje ,,*apt] ,x4 ,c5tral ,am]ica--,we/ ,indian ,isl&s--,geological ,notice #aad ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,nor? ,am]ica--,table-,l& & ,m\nta9s ( ,mexico--,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s--,! ,m>itime ,*a9 & ,m\nta9s ( ,russian ,am]ica #aai ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,nor? ,am]ica 7cont9u$7--,! ,great ,c5tral ,pla9s1 or ,valley ( ! ,mississippi--,! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s--,! ,atlantic ,slope--,! ,atlantic ,pla9--,geological ,notice--,! ,mean ,height ( ! ,cont95ts #abc ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,cont95t ( ,au/ralia--,tasmania1 or ,van ,diem5's ,l&-- ,isl&s--,cont95tal ,isl&s--,pelasgic isl&s--,new ,zeal&--,new ,gu9ea--,borneo--,atolls--,encircl+ ,reefs--,coral ,reefs--,b>ri] ,reefs-- ,volcanic ,isl&s--,areas ( ,subsid5ce & ,elevation 9 ! ,b$ ( ! ,pacific--,active ,volcanos--,e>?quakes--,secul> ,*anges 9 ! ,level ( ! ,l& #acf ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,arctic ,l&s--,gre5l&--,spitzb]g5--,icel&--,its ,volcanic ,ph5om5a & ,geys]s--,jan ,may5's ,l&--,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s--,ant>ctic ,l&s--,victoria ,cont95t #aei ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,nature & ,"* ( ,m9]al ,ve9s--,metallif]\s ,deposits-- ,m9es--,_! ,dra9age & ,v5tilation--,_! ,dep?--,diffusion ( ! ,metals--,gold--,silv]--,lead--,briti% ,m9es--,quicksilv]--,copp]--,t9-- ,corni% ,m9es--,coal--,iron--,mo/ abundant 9 ! ,temp]ate ,zones1 especially 9 ! ,nor!rn--,european & ,briti% ,iron & ,coal-- ,am]ican ,iron & ,coal--,ars5ic & o!r ,metals--,salt--,sulphur-- ,diffusion ( ! ,gems #afh ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,ocean--,its ,size1 ,col\r1 ,pressure1 & ,saltness--,tides--,waves-- _! ,height & ,=ce--,curr5ts--_! ,effect on ,voyages-- ,temp]ature--,! ,/ratum ( ,con/ant ,temp]ature--,l9e ( ,maximum ,temp]ature--,nor? & ,s\? ,pol> ,ice--,inl& ,seas #ahh ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,spr+s--,bas9s ( ! ,ocean--,orig91 ,c\rse1 & ,heads ( ,riv]s-- ,hydraulic ,sy/ems ( ,europe--,african ,riv]s--! ,nile1 ,nig]1 c4 #bji ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,asiatic ,riv]s--,euphrates & ,tigris--,riv] ,sy/ems ,s\? ( ! ,himalaya--,*9ese ,riv]s--,sib]ian ,riv]s #bbd ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,riv] ,sy/ems ( ,nor? ,am]ica--,riv]s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica--,riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ( ,au/ralia #bcd ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,lakes--,nor!rn ,sy/em ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,m\nta9 ,sy/em ( ! same--,am]ican ,lakes #bde ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,temp]ature ( ! e>?--,temp]ature ( ! ,air--,radiation--,foci ( ,maximum ,cold--,!rmal ,equator--,its ,temp]ature1 mean & absolute-- ,iso!rmal ,l9es--,cont95tal & ,insul> ,climates--,extreme ,climates--,/ability ( ,climate--,decrease ( ,heat 9 ,altitude--,l9e ( ,p]petual ,sn[--,d5sity ( ! ,atmosph]e--,! ,b>omet]-- ,measurem5t ( ,heights--,v>iations 9 ,d5sity & _! ,causes-- ,hor>y ,v>iations--,indep5d5t ,effect ( ! dry & aque\s ,atmosph]es--,mean height ( ,b>omet] 9 diff]5t ,latitudes-- ,depression 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean & 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia-- ,b>ometric ,/orms--,pol> & ,equatorial ,curr5ts ( ,air-- ,trade-,w9ds--,monsoons--,l& & ,sea ,breezes--,gyration ( ! ,w9ds 9 ! ,extra-,tropical ,zones--,w9ds 9 ,middle ,european ,latitudes-- ,hurricanes--,! ,laws ( _! ,motion--,_! ,effect on ! ,b>omet]--,h[ to /e] cle> ( !m--,! ,/orm-,wave-- ,/orm-,curr5ts--,ar*$ ,squalls--,tornadoes--,:irlw9ds--,wat] ,sp\ts #bed ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,evaporation--,di/ribution ( ,vap\r--,dew--,ho>-,fro/--,fog--,region ( ,cl\ds--,=ms ( ,cl\ds--,ra9--,di/ribution ( ,ra9--,quantity--,numb] ( ra9y ,days 9 diff]5t ,latitudes--,ra9less ,di/ricts--,sn[ ,cry/als--,l9e ( p]petual ,sn[--,limit ( ,w9t] ,sn[ on ! ,pla9s--,sleet--,hail--,m9ut5ess ( ! ultimate ,p>ticles ( ,matt]-- ,_! ,d5sities & ,=ms--,_! ,action on ,light--,col\r ( ,bodies-- ,col\r ( ! ,atmosph]e--,its ,absorption & ,reflection ( ,light-- ,mirage--,fog ,images--,coron & ,halos--,! ,ra9b[--,iris 9 ,dewdrops-- ,! ,pol>ization ( ! ,atmosph]e--,atmosph]ic ,electricity--,its ,v>iations--,electricity ( ,fogs & ,ra9--,inductive ,action ( ! ,e>?--,lightn+--,?und]--,di/ribution ( ,?und]-,/orms--,back ,/roke--,/4 ,elmo's ,fire--,phosphoresc5ce--,aurora--,magnet ism-- ,t]re/rial ,magnetism--,! ,dip--,magnetic ,poles & ,equator--,magnetic ,int5sity--,dynamic ,equator--,decl9ation--,magnetic ,m]idian--,l9es ( equal ,v>iation--,hor>y ,v>iations--,l9e ( ,alt]nate ,hor>y ,ph5om5a--,magnetic ,/orms--,co9cid5ce ( ! ,l9es ( equal ,magnetic ,int5sity ) ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,diamagnetism #bgb ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,vegetation--,n\ri%m5t & ,gr[? ( ,plants--,effects ( ! diff]5t ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum--,classes--,botanical ,di/ricts #bih ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,vegetation ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,( ! ,arctic ,isl&s--,& ( ! ,arctic & ,nor? ,temp]ate ,regions ( ,europe & ,asia #cab ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,flora ( ,tropical ,asia--,( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,india1 & ,arabia #cbc ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,african ,flora--,flora ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,norfolk ,isl&1 & ( ,polynesia #ccj ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,am]ican ,vegetation--,flora ( ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica-- ,ant>ctic ,flora--,orig9 & ,di/ribution ( ! ,c]ealia--,ages ( ,trees--,m>9e ,vegetation #cda ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,di/ribution ( ,insects #cfc ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,di/ribution ( ,m>9e ,animals 9 g5]al--,fi%es--,! ,m>9e ,mammalia--,phoc1 ,dolph9s1 & ,:ales #cfh ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,di/ribution ( ,reptiles--,frogs & ,toads--,snakes1 ,saurians1 & ,tortoises #chc ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,di/ribution ( ,birds 9 ! ,arctic ,regions--,9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,ant>ctic ,regions #cib ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,di/ribution ( ,mammalia ?r\gh\t ! ,e>? #dab ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,di/ribution1 ,condition1 & future ,prospects ( ! ,human ,race #dcf ,,app5dix4 ,table ( ,heights above ! ,sea ( "s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,m\nta9 ,*a9s #dge ,,gloss>y #dhg ,,index #ebg ,,physical ,,geography4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,geology4 ,( ,physical ,geography--,position ( ! ,e>? 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em--,di/ance f ! ,sun--,civil ,ye>--,incl9ation ( ,t]re/rial ,orbit--,mass ( ! ,sun--,di/ance ( ! ,moon--,figure & ,d5sity ( ! ,e>? f ! ,motions ( ! ,moon--,figure ( ! ,e>? f ,arcs ( ! ,m]idian--f ,oscillations ( ,p5dulum--,local ,di/urbances--,mean ,d5sity ( ! ,e>?-- ,kn[n ,dep? bel[ its ,surface--,outl9es ( ,geology4 ,,physical ,geography is a description ( ! e>?1 ! sea1 & ! air1 ) _! inhabitants animal & vegetable1 ( ! di/ribution ( ^! organiz$ be+s1 & ! causes ( t di/ribution4 ,political & arbitr>y divisions are disreg>d$1 ! sea & ! l& are consid]$ only ) respect to ^? great features t h be5 /amp$ ^u !m by ! h& ( ! ,almighty1 & man himself is view$ b z a fell[-inhabitant ( ! globe ) o!r creat$ ?+s1 yet influ5c+ !m to a c]ta9 ext5t by 8 actions1 & influ5c$ 9 return4 ,! effects ( 8 intellectual sup]iority on ! inf]ior animals1 & ev5 on 8 own condition by ! subjection ( "s ( ! mo/ p[]ful ag5ts 9 nature to 8 w1 toge!r ) ! o!r causes :i* h _h ! greate/ influ5ce on 8 physical & moral /ate1 are among ! mo/ important subjects ( ?is sci5ce4 ,! =m] /ate ( our t]re/rial habitation1 ! successive convulsions :i* h ultimately l$ to its pres5t geographical arrangem5t1 & to ! actual di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 s p[]fully influ5tial on ! de/9ies ( mank9d1 are circum/ances ( prim>y importance4 ,! position ( ! e>? ) reg>d to ! sun1 & its connection ) ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em1 h be5 notic$ by ! au?or else:]e4 ,x 0 !re %[n t our globe =ms b an atom 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 utt]ly invisible f ! ne>e/ fix$ />1 & sc>cely a telescopic object to ! remote planets ( our sy/em4 ,! increase ( temp]ature ) ! dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! trem5d\s desolation hurl$ ov] wide regions by num]\s fire-brea?+ m\nta9s1 %[ t man is remov$ b a few miles f imm5se lakes or seas ( liquid fire4 ,! v %ell on :i* he /&s is un/able "u 8 feet1 n only f ^? tempor>y convulsions t seem to %ake ! globe to its c5tre1 b f a sl[ almo/ imp]ceptible elevation 9 "s places1 & an equally g5tle subsid5ce 9 o!rs1 z if ! int]nal molt5 matt] 7 subject to secul> tides1 n[ heav+ & n[ ebb+1 or t ! subjac5t rocks 7 9 "o place exp&$ & 9 ano!r contract$ by *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! e>?quake & ! torr5t1 ! augu/ & t]rible m9i/]s ( ,almighty ,p[]1 h torn ! solid e>? & op5$ ! seals ( ! mo/ anci5t records ( creation1 writt5 9 indelible *>act]s on ! 8p]petual hills & ! ev]la/+ m\nta9s40 ,!re we read ( ! *anges t h br\ght ! rude mass to its pres5t fair /ate1 & ( ! myriads ( be+s t h appe>$ on ?is mortal /age1 h fulfill$ _! de/9ies1 & h be5 swept f exi/5ce to make way = new races1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 h vani%$ f ! sc5e1 till ! creation ( man complet$ ! glori\s "w4 ,:o %all def9e ! p]iods ( ^? morn+s & ev5+s :5 ,god saw t 8 "w 0 good8 & :o %all decl>e ! "t allott$ to ! human race1 :5 ! g5]ations ( ! mo/ insignificant insect exi/$ = unnumb]$ ages8 ,yet man is also to vani% 9 ! ev]-*ang+ c\rse ( ev5ts4 ,! e>? is to be burnt up1 & ! elem5ts are to melt ) f]v5t heat--to be aga9 r$uc$ to *aos--possibly to be r5ovat$ & adorn$ = o!r races ( be+s4 ,^! /up5d\s *anges may be b cycles 9 ^? great laws ( ! univ]se1 :]e all is v>iable b ! laws !mselves1 & ,he :o has orda9$ !m4 ,! e>? is "o ( sev5te5 planets :i* revolve ab\t ! sun 9 elliptical orbits3 ( ^!1 twelve h be5 discov]$ s9ce ! ye> #aghg4c ,m]cury & ,v5us are ne>] ! sun ?an ! e>?1 ! o!rs are m remote4 ,! e>? revolves at a mean di/ance ( #ie1jjj1jjj miles f ! sun's c5tre1 9 a civil ye> ( #cfe days #e h\rs #dh m9utes #dig seconds1 at ! same "t t x rotates 9 #bd h\rs ab\t an axis :i* always rema9s p>allel to itself1 & incl9$ at an angle ( #bc #bg #cdfi to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 consequ5tly1 ! days & nights are ( equal l5g? at ! equator1 f :5ce _! l5g? progressively diff]s m & m z ! latitude increases1 till at ea* pole alt]nately !re is p]petual day = six mon?s1 & a night ( ! same duration3 ?us ! light & heat are v unequally di/ribut$1 & bo? are modifi$ by ! atmosph]e by :i* ! e>? is encompass$ to ! height ( ab\t =ty miles4 ,) reg>d to magnitude1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune are l>g] ?an ! e>?1 ! re/ are small]1 b ev5 ! l>ge/ is incomp>ably inf]ior to ! sun 9 size3 8 mass is #ced1icf times great] ?an t ( ! e>?1 b ! e>? is ne>ly f\r times z d5se4 ,?\gh ! planets di/urb ! e>? 9 its motion1 _! =m has no effect on acc\nt ( _! great di/ance2 b x is o!rwise ) reg>d to ! moon1 :i* revolves ab\t ! e>? at a mean di/ance ( #bdj1jjj miles1 & is !re=e s ne> t ! =m ( bo? bodies causes mutual di/urbances 9 _! respective motions4 ,! p]turbations 9 ! moon's motions f t cause1 comp>$ ) ! same comput$ f !ory1 %[ t ! e>? is n a p]fect sph]e1 b t x bulges at ! equator1 & is flatt5$ at ! poles3 x ev5 gives a value ( ! compression or flatt5+4#d ,aga91 !ory %[s t1 if ! e>? 7 ?r\gh\t ( ! same d5sity1 x w\ld be mu* less flat at ! poles ?an ! moon's motions %[ x to be1 b t x w\ld be v ne>ly ! same 7 ! e>? to increase regul>ly 9 d5sity f ! surface to its c5tre2 & ?us ! lun> motions n only make kn[n ! =m1 b reveal ! int]nal /ructure ( ! globe4 ,actual measurem5t has prov$ ! tru? ( ^! results4 ,! c\rses ( ! great riv]s1 :i* are g5]ally navigable to a consid]able ext5t1 %[ t ! curvature ( ! l& diff]s b little f t ( ! ocean2 & z ! heights ( ! m\nta9s & cont95ts are inconsid]able :5 comp>$ ) ! magnitude ( ! e>?1 its figure is und]/ood to be det]m9$ by a surface at e po9t p]p5dicul> to ! direction ( gravitation1 or ( ! plumb-l9e1 & is ! same :i* ! sea w\ld h if x 7 cont9u$ all r\nd ! e>? b5ea? ! cont95ts4 ,su* is ! figure t has be5 measur$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! globe4 ,a t]re/rial m]idian is a l9e pass+ ?r\gh bo? poles1 all ! po9ts ( :i* h _! noon contemporane\sly1 & a degree ( a m]idian is its #cfj? "p4 ,n[1 if ! e>? 7 a sph]e1 all degrees w\ld be ( ! same l5g?2 b1 z x is flatt5$ at ! poles1 ! degrees are longe/ !re1 & decrease 9 l5g? to ! equator1 :]e !y are lea/4 ,! =m & size ( ! e>? may !re=e be det]m9$ by comp>+ ! l5g? ( degrees 9 diff]5t latitudes4#e ,elev5 arcs h be5 measur$ 9 ,europe1 "o 9 ,p]u1 & two 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies2 b a comp>ison ( no two gives ! same result1 :i* %[s t ! e>? has a slightly irregul> =m4 ,f a mean ( t5 ( ^! arcs1 ,m4 ,bessel f\nd t ! equatorial radius ( ! e>? is #cifcjbe miles1 & ! pol> radius #cidih miles ne>ly4 ,:5ce1 assum+ ! e>? to be a sph]e1 ! l5g? ( a mean degree ( ! m]idian is #fije ,briti% /atute miles2 !re=e #cfj degrees1 or ! :ole circumf]5ce ( ! globe1 is #bd1heh miles2 ! diamet]1 :i* is some?+ less ?an a ?ird ( ! circumf]5ce1 is ab\t #hbhf1 or #hjjj /atute miles2 & ! l5g? ( a geographical mile ( #fj to a degree is #fjhfgf feet4 ,! bread? ( ! torrid zone is #gje geographical miles1 ! bread? ( ea* ( ! temp]ate zones is #fde miles1 & t ( ea* ( ! spaces )9 ! arctic & ant>ctic circles #aa1dca miles ne>ly4 ,! ,a/ronom] ,royal ,mr4 ,airy's results1 obta9$ t5 ye>s aft]w>ds1 only diff] f ^? ( ,m4 ,bessel by #abg feet 9 ! equatorial1 & #ach feet 9 ! pol> radius1 quantities n great] ?an ! l5g? ( a ball-room4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! r\nd =m ( ! e>?1 ! dip or depression ( ! horizon is a fa?om = e ?ree miles ( di/ance2 t is to say1 an object a fa?om or six feet high w\ld be hid by ! curvature ( ! e>? at ! di/ance ( ?ree miles4 ,s9ce ! dip increases z ! squ>e1 a hill #ajj fa?oms high1 w\ld be hid at ! di/ance ( t5 miles1 & ! top ( ,dhawalagori1 ! culm9at+ po9t ( ! ,himalaya1 #bh1jjj feet high1 w\ld be se5 to s9k b5ea? ! horizon by a p]son ab\t #afg miles (f2 ?us1 :5 ! height is kn[n1 an e/imate c be =m$ ( ! di/ance ( a m\nta94 ,! oscillations ( ! p5dulum h af=d$ ano!r me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! =m ( ! e>?4 ,l all heavy bodies1 its desc5t1 & consequ5tly its oscillations1 are accel]at$ 9 proportion to ! =ce ( gravitation1 :i* increases f ! equator to ! poles4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 t ! oscillations may be ev]y:]e p]=m$ 9 ! same "t1 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum mu/ be increas$ progressively 9 go+ f ! equator to ! poles1 accord+ to a kn[n law1#f f :5ce ! compression or flatt5+ at ! poles may be d$uc$4 ,exp]im5ts = t purpose h be5 made 9 a great numb] ( places1 b1 z 9 ! measurem5t ( ! arcs1 no two sets give exactly ! same results2 ! mean ( ! :ole1 h[ev]1 diff]s v little f t giv5 by ! degrees ( ! m]idian & ! p]turbations ( ! moon2 & z ! ?ree me?ods are s entirely indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 ! figure & dim5sions ( ! e>? may be consid]$ to be kn[n4 ,! sea has little effect on ^! exp]im5ts1 bo? because its mean d5sity is less ?an t ( ! e>?1 & t its mean dep? ( p]haps f\r miles is inconsid]able :5 comp>$ ) #djjj miles1 ! mean t]re/rial radius4#g ,! discrepancies 9 ! results1 f ! comp>ison ( ! diff]5t sets ( p5dulum exp]im5ts1 & also ( degrees ( ! m]idian1 arise f local attraction1 z well z f irregul>ities 9 ! =m ( ! e>?4 ,^! attractions1 aris+ f d5se masses ( rock 9 m\nta9s1 cause ! plumb-l9e to deviate f ! v]tical1 & :5 "u gr\nd !y alt] ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum4 ,colonel ,sab9e1 :o made exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum f ! equator to )9 t5 degrees ( ! nor? pole1 discov]$ t ! int5sity is greatly augm5t$ by volcanic isl&s4 ,a v>iation to ! am\nt ( a t5? ( a second 9 tw5ty-f\rs c be p]fectly asc]ta9$ 9 ! rate ( ! p5dulum1 b f "s ( ^! local attractions a v>iation ( ne>ly t5 seconds has occurr$ dur+ ! same p]iod4 ,! isl&s ( ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion1 ,/4 ,?omas1 ! ,isle ( ,france1 are "s ( ^? not$ by ,colonel ,sab9e4 ,!re are o!r rem>kable in/ances ( local di/urbance1 aris+ f ! geological nature ( ! soil2 = example1 ! int5sity ( gravitation is v small at ,bordeaux1 f :5ce x increases rapidly to ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 ,milan1 & ,padua1 :]e x atta9s a maximum 7ow+ probably to d5se masses ( rock "u gr\nd71 & f !nce x ext5ds to ,p>ma4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is local attraction1 ! degrees ( ! m]idian 9 t "p ( ,italy seem to increase t[>ds ! equator ?r\gh a small space1 in/ead ( decreas+1 z if ! e>? 7 drawn out in/ead ( flatt5$ at ! poles4 ,x appe>s f ?is t ! effect ( ! :ole e>? on a p5dulum or torsion balance may be comp>$ ) ! effect ( a small "p ( x1 & ?us a comp>ison maybe in/itut$ betwe5 ! mass ( ! e>? & ! mass ( t "p ( x4 ,n[1 a lead5 ball 0 weigh$ aga9/ ! e>? by comp>+ ! effects ( ea* ^u a balance ( torsion2 ! ne>ness ( ! small] mass mak+ x produce a s5sible effect z comp>$ ) t ( ! l>g]1 = by ! laws ( attraction ! :ole e>? mu/ be consid]$ z collect$ 9 its c5tre2 9 ?is mann] a value ( ! mass ( ! e>? 0 obta9$1 &1 z its volume 0 kn[n1 its mean d5sity 0 f\nd to be #efge times great] ?an t ( wat] at ! temp]ature ( #fb ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]4 ,n[1 z t mean d5sity is d\ble t ( basalt1 & m ?an d\ble t ( granite1 rocks :i* und\bt$ly emanate f v great dep?s b5ea? ! surface ( ! e>?1 x af=ds ano!r pro( ( ! increase 9 d5sity t[>ds ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,^! exp]im5ts 7 fir/ made by ,mr4 ,cav5di% & ,mit*ell1 & latt]ly ) mu* great] accuracy by ,m4 ,baily1 :o devot$ f\r ye>s ( unremitt$ att5tion to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is important & difficult object4#h ,al?\gh ! e>? increases 9 d5sity regul>ly f ! surface to ! c5tre1 z might naturally be expect$ f ! increas+ pressure1 yet ! surface consi/s ( a great v>iety ( sub/ances ( diff]5t d5sities1 "s ( :i* occur 9 amorph\s masses2 o!rs are dispos$ 9 regul> lay]s or /rata1 ei!r horizontal or incl9$ at all angles to ! horizon4 ,by m9+1 man has p5etrat$ only a v little way2 b by reason+ f ! dip or incl9ation ( ! /rata at or ne> ! surface1 & f o!r circum/ances1 he has obta9$ a pretty accurate idea ( ! /ructure ( our globe to ! dep? ( ab\t t5 miles4 ,all ! sub/ances ( :i* we h any in=mation are divid$ into f\r classes1 di/+ui%$ by ! mann] 9 :i* !y h be5 =m$3 namely1--plutonic & volcanic rocks1 bo? ( igne\s orig91 ?\gh produc$ "u diff]5t circum/ances2 aque\s or /ratifi$ rocks1 entirely due to ! action ( wat]1 z ! "n implies2 & metamorphic rocks1 deposit$ by wat]1 accord+ to ! op9ion ( _m em95t geologi/s1 & consequ5tly /ratifi$1 b subsequ5tly alt]$ & cry/alliz$ by heat4 ,! aque\s & volcanic rocks are =m$ at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ! plutonic & metamorphic at great dep?s2 b all ( !m h orig9at$ simultane\sly dur+ e geological p]iod1 & are n[ 9 a /ate ( sl[ & con/ant progress4 ,! antagoni/ pr9ciples ( fire & wat] h ev] be5 & /ill are ! cause ( ! p]petual vicissitudes to :i* ! cru/ ( ! e>? is liable4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by obs]vation t ! plutonic rocks1 consi/+ ( ! granites & "s ( ! porphyries1 7 =m$ 9 ! deep & fi]y cav]ns ( ! e>?1 ( melt$ matt]1 :i* cry/alliz$ z x sl[ly cool$ "u enorm\s pressure1 & 0 !n heav$ up 9 un/ratifi$ masses by ! ela/ic =ce ( ! int]nal heat ev5 to ! tops ( highe/ m\nta9s1 or =c$ 9 a semi-fluid /ate into fissures ( ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 sometimes into ! cracks ( ! previ\sly =m$ granite3 = t rock1 :i* con/itutes ! base ( s l>ge a portion ( ! e>?'s cru/1 has n be5 all =m$ at once2 "s portions _h be5 solid1 :ile o!rs 7 yet 9 a liquid /ate4 ,?is class ( rocks is completely de/itute ( fossil rema9s4 ,al?\gh granite & ! volcanic rocks are bo? due to ! action ( fire1 _! nature & position are v diff]5t2 granite1 fus$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 has be5 cool$ & consolidat$ be=e com+ to ! surface2 besides1 x g5]ally consi/s ( few +r$i5ts1 s t x has ne>ly ! same "* 9 all c\ntries4 ,b z ! volcanic fire rises to ! v surface ( ! e>?1 fus+ :atev] x meets )1 volcanic rocks take v>i\s =ms1 n only f ! diff]5t k9ds ( /rata :i* are melt$1 b f ! diff]5t conditions "u :i* ! liquid matt] has be5 cool$1 ?\gh mo/ frequ5tly on ! surface--a circum/ance t seems to h _h ! greate/ effect on its appe>ance & /ructure4 ,sometimes x approa*es s ne>ly to granite t x is difficult to p]ceive a di/9ction2 at o!r times x becomes glass2 9 %ort1 all ^? massive1 un/ratifi$1 & occasionally column> rocks1 z basalt1 gre5/one1 porphyry1 & s]p5t9e1 are due to volcanic fires1 & are devoid ( fossil rema9s4 ,!re seems sc>cely to h be5 any age ( ! _w 9 :i* volcanic eruptions h n tak5 place 9 "s "p ( ! globe4 ,lava has pi]c$ ?r\gh e description ( rocks1 spread ov] ! surface ( ^? exi/+ at ! "t1 fill$ _! crevices1 & fl[$ betwe5 _! /rata4 ,ev] *ang+ its place ( action1 x has bur/ out at ! bottom ( ! sea z well z on dry l&4 ,enorm\s quantities ( scori & a%es h be5 eject$ f numb]less crat]s1 & h =m$ ext5sive deposits 9 ! sea1 9 lakes1 & on ! l&1 9 :i* are emb$d$ ! rema9s ( ! animals & vegetables ( ! epo*4 ,"s ( ^! deposits h become h>d rock1 o!rs rema9 9 a crumbl+ /ate2 & z !y alt]nate ) ! aque\s /rata ( almo/ e p]iod1 !y conta9 ! fossils ( all ! geological epo*s1 *iefly fre% & salt wat] te/ace4 ,accord+ to a !ory n[ g5]ally adopt$1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ^: works are models ( philosophical inve/igation1 ! metamorphic rocks1 :i* consi/ ( gneiss1 micas*i/1 clay-slate1 /atu>y m>ble1 c41 7 =m$ ( ! s$im5t ( wat] 9 regul> lay]s1 diff]+ 9 k9d & col\r1 b1 hav+ be5 deposit$ ne> ! place :]e plutonic rocks 7 g5]at$1 !y h be5 *ang$ by ! heat transmitt$ f ! fus$ matt]1 &1 9 cool+ "u heavy pressure & at great dep?s1 !y h become z highly cry/alliz$ z ! granite itself1 )\t los+ _! /ratifi$ =m4 ,an e>?y /ratum has sometimes be5 *ang$ into a highly cry/alliz$ rock1 to ! di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile f ! po9t ( contact1 by transmitt$ heat2 & !re are in/ances ( d>k-col\r$ lime/one1 full ( fossil %ells1 t has be5 *ang$ into /atu>y m>ble f t cause4 ,su* alt]ations may frequ5tly be se5 to a small ext5t on rocks adjac5t to a /ream ( lava4 ,!re is seldom a trace ( organic rema9s 9 ! metamorphic rocks2 _! /rata are sometimes horizontal1 b !y are usually tilt$ at all angles to ! horizon1 & =m "s ( ! highe/ m\nta9s & mo/ ext5sive table-l&s on ! face ( ! globe4 ,al?\gh !re is ! greate/ simil>ity 9 ! plutonic rocks 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 !y are by no means id5tical2 !y diff] 9 col\r1 & ev5 9 +r$i5ts1 ?\gh ^! are few4 ,aque\s rocks are all /ratifi$1 be+ ! s$im5t>y deposits ( wat]4 ,!y orig9ate 9 ! we> ( ! l& by ra91 /reams1 or ! ocean4 ,! dbris c>ri$ by runn+ wat] is deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! seas & lakes1 :]e x is consolidat$1 & !n rais$ up by subt]rane\s =ces1 aga9 to und]go ! same process aft] a lapse ( "t4 ,by ! wa/+ away ( ! l& ! l[] rocks are laid b>e1 &1 z ! mat]ials are deposit$ 9 diff]5t places accord+ to _! weight1 ! /rata are exce$+ly v>i$1 b consi/ *iefly ( ar5ace\s or s&/one rocks1 compos$ ( s&1 clay1 & c>bonate ( lime4 ,!y con/itute ?ree great classes1 :i*1 9 an asc5d+ ord]1 are ! prim>y & second>y fossilif]\s /rata & ! t]ti>y =mations4 ,! prim>y fossilif]\s /rata1 ! mo/ anci5t ( all ! s$im5t>y rocks1 consi/+ ( lime/one1 s&/ones1 & %ales1 are entirely ( m>9e orig91 hav+ be5 =m$ f> f l& at ! bottom ( a v deep ocean2 consequ5tly1 !y conta9 ! exuvi ( m>9e animals only1 & aft] ! lapse ( unnumb]$ ages ! ripple-m>ks ( ! waves are /ill di/9ctly visible on "s ( _! /rata4 ,?is s]ies ( rocks is subdivid$ into ! ,cambrian & ! upp] & l[] ,silurian sy/ems1 on acc\nt ( diff]5ces 9 _! fossil rema9s4 ,! ,cambrian rocks1 sometimes _m ?\s& y>ds ?ick1 are1 = ! mo/ "p1 de/itute ( organic rema9s1 b ! ,silurian rocks ab\nd 9 !m m & m z ! /rata lie high] 9 ! s]ies4 ,9 ! l[] ,silurian gr\p are ! rema9s ( %ell-fi%1 almo/ all ( ext9ct g5]a1 & ! few t h any aff9ity to ^? alive are ( ext9ct species2 cr9oidea1 or /one lilies1 :i* _h be5 fix$ to ! rocks l tulips on _! /ems1 are coval ) ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ! deep2 & ! trilobite1 a jo9t$ creature ( ! crab k9d1 ) prom95t eyes1 are almo/ exclusively conf9$ to ! ,silurian /rata1 b ! la/ traces ( !m are f\nd 9 ! coal-measures above4 ,9 ! upp] ,silurian gr\p are abundance ( m>9e %ells ( almo/ e ord]1 toge!r ) cr9oidea1 va/ quantities ( corals1 & "s sea-we$s3 sev]al fossil sauroid fi%es1 ( ext9ct g5]a1 b high organization1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! highe/ b$s--! only v]tebrat$ animals t h yet be5 discov]$ among ! c\ntless pr(usion ( ! l[] ord]s ( creatures t are entomb$ 9 ! prim>y fossilif]\s /rata4 ,! rema9s ( "o or m l& plants1 9 a v imp]fect /ate1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,silurian rocks ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* %[s t !re _h be5 l& ) vegetation at t e>ly p]iod4 ,! type ( ^! plants1 z well z ! size ( ! %ells & ! quantity ( ! coral1 indicate t a uni=mly w>m temp]ature _h !n prevail$ ov] ! globe4 ,dur+ ! ,silurian p]iod an ocean cov]$ ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 isl&s & l&s ( mod]ate size _h j begun to rise1 & e>?quakes1 ) volcanic eruptions f insul> & subm>9e volcanos1 7 frequ5t t[>ds its close4 ,! second>y fossilif]\s /rata1 :i* comprise a great geological p]iod1 & con/itute ! pr9cipal "p ( ! high l& ( ,europe1 7 deposit$ at ! bottom ( an ocean1 l ! prim>y1 f ! dbris ( all ! o!rs1 c>ri$ d[n by wat]1 & /ill be> innum]able tok5s ( _! m>9e orig91 al?\gh !y h = ages =m$ a "p ( ! dry l&4 ,calc>e\s rocks are m abundant 9 ^! /rata ?an 9 ! cry/all9e1 probably because ! c>bonic acid 0 !n1 z x /ill is1 driv5 (f f ! l[] /rata by ! int]nal heat1 & came to ! surface z gas or 9 calc>e\s spr+s1 :i* ei!r rose 9 ! sea & furni%$ mat]ials = %ell-fi% & coral insects to build _! habitations & =m coral-reefs1 or deposit$ _! calc>e\s matt] on ! l& 9 ! =m ( rocks4 ,! ,devonian or old r$ s&/one gr\p1 9 _m places #aj1jjj feet ?ick1 consi/+ ( /rata ( d>k r$ & o!r s&/ones1 m>ls1 corall9e lime/ones1 conglom]ates1 c41 is ! l[e/ ( ! second>y fossilif]\s /rata1 & =ms a l9k betwe5 !m & ! ,silurian rocks1 by an analogy 9 _! fossil rema9s4 ,x has fossils peculi>ly its own1 b x has also "s %ells & corals common to ! /rata bo? above & bel[ x4 ,!re are v>i\s families ( ext9ct sauroid fi%es 9 ?is gr\p1 "s ( :i* 7 gigantic1 o!rs _h /rong bony %ields on _! heads1 & "o g5us1 cov]$ ) enamell$ scales1 _h app5dages l w+s4 ,! %>k approa*es ne>] to "s ( ^! anci5t fi% ?an any o!r n[ liv+4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( p]fect tranquility t prevail$ aft] ! ,devonian gr\p 0 deposit$1 a v w>m1 moi/1 & extremely equable climate1 :i* ext5d$ all ov] ! globe1 _h clo!d ! isl&s & l&s 9 ! ocean !n cov]+ ! nor!rn hemisph]e ) exub]ant tropical =e/s & jungles4 ,subsequ5t inroads ( fre% wat]1 or ( ! sea1 or r p>tial s9k+s ( ! l&1 _h subm]g$ ^! =e/s & jungles1 :i*1 be+ mix$ ) lay]s ( s& & mud1 _h 9 "t be5 consolidat$ into "o mass1 & 7 !n ei!r left dry by ! retreat ( ! wat]s or g5tly rais$ above _! surface4 ,^! con/itute ! rem>kable gr\p ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata1 :i* consi/s ( numb]less lay]s ( v>i\s sub/ances fill$ ) a prodigi\s quantity ( ! rema9s ( fossil l&-plants1 int]mix$ ) b$s ( coal1 :i* is entirely compos$ ( vegetable matt]4 ,9 "s cases1 ! plants appe> to h be5 c>ri$ d[n by floods1 & deposit$ 9 e/u>ies2 b 9 mo/ in/ances ! beauty1 delicacy1 & %>pness ( ! impressions %[ t !y _h gr[n on ! spot :]e ! coal 0 =m$4 ,m ?an #cjj fossil plants h be5 collect$ f ! /rata :]e !y ab\nd1 frequ5tly ) _! se$s & fruits1 s t en\gh rema9s to %[ ! peculi> nature ( ?is flora1 ^: di/+ui%+ feature is ! prepond]ance ( f]ns2 among ^! !re 7 tree-f]ns :i* mu/ h be5 #dj or #ej feet high4 ,!re 7 also plants resembl+ ! horse-tail tribe1 ( gigantic size1 o!rs l ! tropical club mosses2 an aquatic plant ( an ext9ct family 0 v abundant1 beside _m o!rs to :i* we h no?+ analog\s4 ,=e/-trees ( great magnitude1 ( ! p9e & fir tribes1 fl\ri%$ at t p]iod4 ,! rema9s ( an ext9ct arauc>ia1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( ! p9e family1 h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,briti% coal-fields2 ! exi/+ species n[ gr[ 9 v w>m c\ntries2 a few r>e in/ances occur ( grasses1 palms1 & liliace\s plants4 ,! botanical di/ricts 7 v ext5sive :5 ! coal-plants 7 gr[+1 = ! species are ne>ly id5tical ?r\gh\t ! coal-fields ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,f ! ext5t ( ! ocean1 ! insul> /ructure ( ! l&1 ! pr(usion ( f]ns & fir-trees1 & ! w>m1 moi/1 & equable climate1 ! nor!rn hemisph]e dur+ ! =mation ( ! coal /rata is ?\ght to h borne a /rong resemblance to ! ,s\? ,pacific1 ) its f]n & fir clo!d l&s ( ,new ,zeal&1 ,k]guel5 isl&s1 & o!rs4 ,! animal rema9s ( ?is p]iod are 9 ! m\nta9 lime/one1 a rock occasionally #ijj feet ?ick1 :i* 9 "s in/ances lies b5ea? ! coal-measures1 & sometimes alt]nates ) ! %ale & s&/one4 ,!y consi/ ( cr9oidea & m>9e te/ace1 among :i* ! size ( ! *amb]$ %ells1 z well z t ( ! corals1 %[s t ! ocean 0 v w>m at t "t1 ev5 9 ! high nor!rn latitudes4 ,! foot/eps ( a v l>ge reptile ( ! frog tribe h be5 f\nd on "s ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! coal /rata h be5 v mu* brok5 & d]ang$ 9 _m places by e>?quakes1 :i* frequ5tly occurr$ dur+ ! second>y fossilif]\s p]iod1 & f "t to "t rais$ isl&s & l& f ! deep4 ,h[ev]1 ^! & all o!r *anges t h tak5 place on ! e>? h be5 gradual & p>tial1 :e!r br\ght ab\t by fire or wat]4 ,! old] rocks are m %att]$ by e>?quakes ?an ! new]1 because ! movem5t came f bel[2 b ^! convulsions h nev] ext5d$ all ov] ! e>? at ! same "t--!y h always be5 local3 = example1 ! ,silurian /rata h be5 dislocat$ & toss$ 9 ,brita91 :ile a va/ area 9 ! s\? ( ,sw$5 & ,russia /ill reta9s a horizontal position4 ,!re is no pro( t any m\nta9-*a9 has ev] be5 rais$ at once2 on ! contr>y1 ! elevation has always be5 produc$ by a long-cont9u$ & reit]at$ succession ( int]nal convulsions ) int]vals ( repose4 ,9 _m in/ances ! l& has ris5 up or sunk d[n by an imp]ceptible equable motion cont9u$ = ages1 :ile 9 o!r places ! surface ( ! e>? has rema9$ /ation>y = long geological p]iods4 ,! magnesian lime/one1 or p]mian =mation1 comes imm$iately above ! coal-measures1 & consi/s ( breccias or conglom]ates1 gypsum1 s&/one1 m>l1 c42 b its di/+ui%+ feature is a yell[ lime/one rock1 conta9+ c>bonate ( magnesia1 :i* (t5 takes a granul> texture1 & is !n kn[n z dolomite4 ,! p]mian =mation has a fossil flora & fauna peculi> to itself1 m+l$ ) ^? ( ! coal /rata4 ,"h ! remnant ( an e>li] creation gradually t5ds to its f9al ext9ction1 & a new "o beg9s to appe>4 ,! flora is1 9 _m in/ances1 specifically ! same ) t 9 ! coal /rata bel[4 ,c]ta9 fi% are also common to ! two1 :i* nev] appe> aga94 ,!y belong to a race univ]sal 9 ! e>ly geological p]iods1 & be> a /rong resemblance to saurian reptiles4 ,a small numb] ( exi/+ g5]a only1 su* z ! %>k & /urgeon1 make "s approa* to ! /ructure ( ^! anci5t inhabitants ( ! wat]s4 ,! new creation is m>k$ by ! introduction ( two species ( saurian reptiles2 ! fossil rema9s ( "o h be5 f\nd 9 ! magnesian lime/one 9 ,engl&1 & ^? ( ! o!r 9 a correspond+ =mation 9 ,g]many4 ,!y are ! e>lie/ memb]s ( a family :i* 0 to h dom9ion on ! l& & wat] = ages4 ,a s]ies ( r$ m>ls1 rock-salt1 & s&/ones1 :i* h aris5 f ! dis9tegration ( metamorphic slates & porphyritic trap1 conta9+ oxide ( iron1 & kn[n z ! trias or new r$ s&/one sy/em1 lies above ! magnesian lime/one4 ,9 ,engl& ?is =mation is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 rocksalt1 :i*1 ) lay]s ( gypsum & m>l1 is sometimes #fjj feet ?ick2 b 9 ?is c\ntry ! mus*elkalk1 a peculi> k9d ( %ell lime/one1 is want+1 :i* 9 ,g]many is s rem>kable = ! quantity ( organic rema9s4 ,at ?is "t creatures l frogs1 ( enorm\s dim5sions1 _h be5 frequ5t1 z !y h left _! foot/eps on :at mu/ !n h be5 a s(t %ore4 ,=ty-sev5 g5]a ( fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! trias 9 ,g]many1 consi/+ ( %ells1 c>tilag9\s fi%1 encr9ites1 c41 all di/9ct 9 species1 & _m di/9ct 9 g5]a1 f ! organic fossils ( ! magnesian lime/one bel[1 & also f ^? entomb$ 9 ! /rata above4 ,dur+ a long p]iod ( tranquility ! oolite or ,jurassic gr\p 0 next deposit$ 9 a sea ( v>iable dep?1 & consi/s ( s&s1 s&/ones1 m>ls1 clays1 & lime/one4 ,at ?is "t !re 0 a complete *ange 9 ! aque\s deposits all ov] ,europe4 ,! r$ iron-/a9$ ar5ace\s rocks1 ! black coal1 & d>k /rata1 7 succe$$ by light-blue clays1 pale-yell[ lime/ones1 &1 la/ly1 :ite *alk4 ,! wat] t deposit$ ! /rata mu/ h be5 highly *>g$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 s9ce few ( ! =mations ( t p]iod are )\t calc>e\s matt]1 & calc>e\s rocks 7 =m$ to a prodigi\s ext5t ?r\gh\t ,europe2 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 & ,balkan ab\nd 9 !m2 & ! ,jura m\nta9s1 :i* h giv5 _! "n to ! s]ies1 are =m$ ( !m4 ,! ,european ocean !n teem$ ) animal life2 :ole b$s consi/ almo/ entirely ( m>9e %ells & corals4 ,belemnites & ammonites1 f an in* 9 diamet] to ! size ( a c>t-:eel1 are entomb$ by myriads 9 ! /rata3 :ole =e/s ( t beautiful zoophyte ! /one-lily fl\ri%$ on ! surface ( ! oolite1 !n "u ! wat]s2 & ! encr9ite1 "o ( ! same g5us1 is emb$d$ 9 millions 9 ! en*orial %ell-m>ble1 :i* occupies su* ext5sive tracts 9 ,europe4 ,fossil fi% are num]\s 9 ^! /rata1 b diff]5t f ^? ( ! coal s]ies1 ! p]mian =mation1 & trias3 n "o g5us ( ! fi% ( ?is p]iod is n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,! newly-rais$ isl&s & l&s 7 clo!d ) vegetation l t ( ! l>ge isl&s ( ! int]tropical ar*ipelagos ( ! pres5t day1 :i*1 ?\gh less ri* ?an dur+ ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 /ill indicates a v moi/ & w>m climate4 ,f]ns 7 less abundant1 & !y 7 associat$ ) v>i\s g5]a & species ( ! cicade1 :i* _h gr[n on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,engl&1 & 9 o!r p>ts ( nor!rn ,europe1 cong5]s ( ! pres5t cycas & zamia ( ! tropics4 ,^! plants _h be5 v num]\s1 & ! p&an1 or screw-p9e1 ! fir/ t5ant ( ! new l&s 9 anci5t & mod]n times1 is a family f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 ! inf]ior oolite ( ,engl&1 :i* 0 b j ris+ f ! deep at t "t4 ,! species n[ fl\ri%+ gr[s only on ! coa/s ( su* coral isl&s 9 ! ,pacific z h rec5tly em]g$ f ! waves4 ,9 ! upp] /rata ( ?is gr\p1 h[ev]1 ! conf]v & monocotyl$on\s plants become m r>e--an indication ( a *ange ( climate4 ,! new l&s t 7 scatt]$ on ! ocean ( ! oolite p]iod 7 dra9$ by riv]s1 & inhabit$ by huge crocodiles & saurian reptiles ( gigantic size1 mo/ly ( ext9ct g5]a4 ,! crocodiles come ne>e/ to mod]n reptiles2 b ! o!rs1 ?\gh be>+ a remote similitude 9 g5]al /ructure to liv+ =ms1 7 q anomal\s1 comb9+ 9 "o ! /ructure ( v>i\s di/9ct creatures1 & s mon/r\s t !y mu/ h be5 m l ! visions ( a tr\bl$ dream ?an ?+s ( real exi/5ce2 yet 9 organization a few ( !m came ne>] to ! type ( liv+ mammalia ?an any exi/+ reptiles d4 ,"s ( ^! _h liv$ 9 riv]s1 o!rs 9 ! ocean--"s 7 inhabitants ( ! l&1 o!rs 7 amphibi\s2 & ! v>i\s species ( "o g5us ev5 _h w+s l a bat1 & f$ on insects4 ,!re 7 bo? h]bivor\s & pr$ace\s saurians2 & f _! size & /r5g? !y mu/ h be5 =midable enemies4 ,besides1 ! numb]s deposit$ are s great1 t !y mu/ h sw>m$ = ages 9 ! e/u>ies & %all[ seas ( ! p]iod1 especially 9 ! lias1 a m>9e /ratum ( clay1 ! l[e/ ( ! oolite s]ies4 ,!y gradually decl9$ t[>ds ! end ( ! second>y fossilif]\s epo*2 b z a class !y liv$ 9 all subsequ5t eras1 & /ill exi/ 9 tropical c\ntries1 al?\gh ! species are v diff]5t f _! anci5t cong5]s4 ,tortoises ( v>i\s k9ds 7 contempor>y ) ! saurians1 also a family t /ill exi/s4 ,9 ! ,/onefield slate1 a /ratum ( ! l[] oolite gr\p1 !re are ! rema9s ( insects1 & ! bones ( two small quadrup$s h be5 f\nd !re belong+ to ! m>supial tribe1 su* z ! opossum--a v rem>kable circum/ance1 because t family ( animals at ! pres5t "t is conf9$ to ,new ,holl&1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & z f> nor? z ,p5nsylvania at lea/4 ,! great *anges 9 animal life dur+ ?is p]iod 7 indications ( ! successive alt]ations t _h tak5 place on ! e>?'s surface4 ,! cretace\s /rata foll[ ! oolite 9 asc5d+ ord]1 consi/+ ( clay1 gre5 & iron s&s1 blue lime/one1 & *alk1 probably =m$ ( ! decay ( coral & %ells1 :i* pr$om9ates s mu* 9 ,engl& & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 t x has giv5 ! "n & its peculi> feature to ! :ole gr\p4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 by no means univ]sal2 ! *alk is want+ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w :]e ! o!r /rata ( ?is s]ies prevail1 & !n _! connection ) ! gr\p c only be asc]ta9$ by ! id5tity ( _! fossil rema9s4 ,) ! exception ( "s b$s ( coal among ! oolitic s]ies1 ! ,weald5 clay1 ! l[e/ ( ! cretace\s gr\p 9 ,engl&1 is ! only fre%-wat] =mation1 & ! tropical "* ( its flora %[s t ! climate 0 /ill v w>m4 ,plants alli$ to ! zamias & cycades ( our tropical regions1 _m f]ns & p9es ( ! g5us arauc>ia1 *>act]iz$ its vegetation1 & ! upright /ems ( a fossil =e/ at ,portl& %[ t x _h be5 cov]$ ) trees4 ,x 0 inhabit$ by tortoises approa*+ to families n[ liv+ 9 w>m c\ntries1 & saurian reptiles ( five diff]5t g5]a sw>m$ 9 ! lakes & e/u>ies4 ,?is clay conta9s fre%-wat] %ells & fi% ( ! c>p k9d4 ,! ,weald5 clay is "o ( ! v>i\s in/ances ( ! subsid5ce ( l& :i* took place dur+ ?is p]iod4 ,! cretace\s /rata above our ,weald5 clay are full ( m>9e exuvi4 ,!re are va/ tracts ( s& 9 ,nor!rn ,europe1 & _m v ext5sive tracts ( *alk2 b 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,cont95t ! cretace\s rocks assume a diff]5t "*4 ,!re & else:]e ext5sive lime/one rocks1 fill$ ) v peculi> %ells1 %[ t1 :5 ! cretace\s /rata 7 =m+1 an ocean ext5d$ f ! ,atlantic into ,asia1 :i* cov]$ ! s\? ( ,france1 all ,s\!rn ,europe1 "p ( ,syria1 ! isles ( ! gean ,sea1 ! coa/s ( ,?race & ! ,troad4 ,! rema9s ( turtles h be5 f\nd 9 ! cretace\s gr\p1 quantities ( coral1 & abundance ( %ells ( ext9ct species2 "s ( ! old] k9ds /ill exi/$1 new ones 7 introduc$1 & "s ( ! mo/ m9ute species ( microscopic %ells1 :i* con/itute a l>ge portion ( ! *alk1 are suppos$ to be ! same ) creatures n[ alive1 ! fir/ in/ance ( id5tity ( species 9 ! anci5t & mod]n creation4 ,an approximation to rec5t times is to be obs]v$ also 9 ! arrangem5t ( organiz$ nature1 s9ce at ?is e>ly p]iod1 & ev5 9 ! ,silurian & oolitic epo*s1 ! m>9e fauna 0 divid$1 z n[1 into di/9ct geographical prov9ces4 ,! great saurians 7 on ! decl9e1 & _m ( !m 7 f\nd no m1 b a gigantic creature1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! monitor & iguana1 liv$ at ?is p]iod4 ,f ! p]mian gr\p to ! *alk inclusive1 only two in/ances ( fossil birds occur1 "o 9 a *alk deposit 9 ! ,swiss ,alps1 & ! o!r a k9d ( albatross 9 ! *alk 9 ,engl&2 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! foot-m>ks ( a v>iety ( birds h be5 f\nd 9 ! /rata betwe5 ! coal & lias1 "s ( :i* are l>g] ?an ^? ( ! o/ri*4 ,an imm5se geological cycle elaps$ betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! second>y fossilif]\s /rata & ! beg9n+ ( ! t]ti>y4 ,) ! latt] a new ord] ( ?+s comm5c$1 approa*+ m closely to ! actual /ate ( ! globe4 ,dur+ ! t]ti>y =mation ! same causes "u new circum/ances produc$ an inf9ite v>iety 9 ! ord] & k9d ( ! /rata1 accompani$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! animal & vegetable life4 ,! old creation1 :i* _h no?+ 9 common ) ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s1 _h pass$ away & giv5 place to "o m ne>ly approa*+ to t :i* n[ prevails4 ,among ! myriads ( be+s t inhabit$ ! e>? & ! ocean dur+ ! second>y fossilif]\s epo*1 sc>cely "o species is to be f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y4 ,two planets c\ld h>dly diff] m 9 _! natural productions4 ,?is break 9 ! law ( cont9uity is ! m rem>kable1 z hi!rto "s ( ! newly-creat$ animals 7 always introduc$ be=e ! old] 7 ext+ui%$4 ,! circum/ances & climate suit$ to ! "o became m & m unfit = ! o!r1 :i* consequ5tly p]i%$ gradually1 :ile _! successors increas$4 ,x is possible t1 z obs]vations become m ext5d$1 ?is hiatus maybe fill$ up4 ,! s]ies ( rocks1 f ! granite to ! end ( ! second>y fossilif]\s /rata1 tak5 z a :ole1 con/itute ! solid cru/ ( ! globe1 & 9 t s5se are univ]sally diffus$ ov] ! e>?'s surface4 ,! t]ti>y /rata occupy ! holl[s =m$ 9 ?is cru/1 :e!r by subt]rane\s movem5ts1 by lakes1 or d5udation by wat]1 z 9 ! e/u>ies ( riv]s1 & consequ5tly occur 9 irregul> tracts1 (t51 h[ev]1 ( prodigi\s ?ickness & ext5t4 ,inde$1 !y seem to h be5 z widely develop$ z any o!r =mation1 ?\gh "t has be5 want+ to br+ !m into view4 ,! innum]able bas9s & holl[s ) :i* ! cont95ts & l>g] isl&s _h be5 ind5t$ = ages aft] ! t]m9ation ( ! second>y fossilif]\s s]ies _h sometimes be5 fre%-wat] lakes1 & at o!r times inundat$ by ! sea2 consequ5tly1 ! deposits :i* took place dur+ ^! *anges alt]nately conta9 ! spoils ( t]re/rial & m>9e animals4 ,! frequ5t intrusion ( volcanic /rata among ! t]ti>y =mations %[s t1 9 ,europe1 ! e>? _h be5 9 a v di/urb$ /ate1 & t ^! repeat$ vicissitudes _h be5 occasion$ by elevations & depressions ( ! soil1 z well z by ! action ( wat]4 ,!re are ?ree di/9ct gr\ps 9 ^! /rata3 ! l[e/ t]ti>y or ,eoc5e gr\p1 s call$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 because1 among ! myriads ( fossil %ell-fi% x conta9s1 v few are id5tical ) ^? n[ liv+2 ! ,mioc5e1 or middle gr\p1 has a great] numb] ( ! exuvi ( exi/+ species ( %ells2 & ! ,pleioc5e1 or upp] t]ti>y gr\p1 /ill m4 ,?\gh frequ5tly heav$ up to great elevations on ! flanks ( ! m\nta9-*a9s1 z1 = example1 on ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 by f> ! great] "p ( ! t]ti>y /rata ma9ta9 _! orig9al horizontal position 9 ! v places :]e !y 7 =m$4 ,imm5se insulat$ deposits ( ?is k9d are to be met ) all ov] ! _w2 ,europe ab\nds ) !m1 ,london1 ,p>is1 & ,vi5na /& on su* bas9s1 & !y cov] imm5se tracts bo? 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! mon/r\s reptiles _h mo/ly disappe>$1 & ! mammalia n[ took possession ( ! e>?1 ( =ms sc>cely less anomal\s ?an _! pr$ecessors1 ?\gh approa*+ m ne>ly to ^? n[ liv+4 ,num]\s species ( ext9ct animals t liv$ dur+ ! e>lie/ or ,eoc5e p]iod h be5 f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 especially 9 ! ,p>is bas91 ( ! ord] ( ,pa*yd]mata1 to ! great] numb] ( :i* we h no?+ analog\s2 !y 7 mo/ly h]bivor\s quadrup$s1 :i* _h frequ5t$ ! bord]s ( ! riv]s & lakes t cov]$ ! great] "p ( ,europe at t "t4 ,?is is ! m extraord9>y1 z exi/+ animals mo/ simil> to ^!1 ! tapirs = in/ance1 are conf9$ to ! torrid zone4 ,^! creatures 7 widely diffus$1 & "s ( !m 7 associat$ ) g5]a /ill exi/+1 ?\gh ( totally diff]5t species2 su* z animals alli$ to ! racoon & dorm\se1 ! ox1 be>1 de]1 ! fox1 ! dog1 & o!rs4 ,al?\gh ^! quadrup$s diff] s widely f ^? ( ! pres5t day1 ! same proportion exi/$ !n z n[ betwe5 ! c>nivor\s & h]bivor\s g5]a4 ,! spoils ( m>9e mammalia ( ?is p]iod h also be5 f\nd1 sometimes ( great elevations above ! sea1 all ( ext9ct species1 & "s ( ^! cetacea 7 ( huge size4 ,?is m>vell\s *ange ( ! creative p[] 0 n conf9$ to ! e>? & ! ocean2 ! air also 0 n[ occupi$ by _m ext9ct races ( birds alli$ to ! owl1 buzz>d1 quail1 curlew1 c4 ,! climate mu/ /ill h be5 w>m] ?an at pres5t1 f ! rema9s ( l& & sea plants f\nd 9 high latitudes4 ,ev5 9 ,engl&1 bones ( ! opossum1 monkey1 & boa h be5 discov]$1 all animals ( w>m c\ntries1 besides fossil sword & saw fi%1 bo? ( g5]a =eign to ! ,briti% seas4 ,dur+ ! ,mioc5e p]iod1 new amphibi\s quadrup$s 7 associat$ ) ! old1 ( :i* ! de9o!rium is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic & mu* ! l>ge/ ( ! mammalia yet f\nd1 f> surpass+ ! l>ge/ elephant 9 size1 ( a s+ul> =m1 & unkn[n nature4 ,! palo!rium 0 ( ?is p]iod1 & also ! ma/odon1 bo? ( l>ge dim5sions4 ,v>i\s families1 & ev5 g5]a1 ( quadrup$s n[ exi/+ 7 associat$ ) ^! extraord9>y creatures1 ?\gh ( ext9ct species1 su* z ! elephant1 rh9oc]os1 hippopotamus1 tapir1 horse1 be>1 wolf1 hyna1 weasel1 beav]1 ox1 buffalo1 de]1 c42 & also m>9e mammalia1 z dolph9s1 sea-calves1 walruses1 & lamant9es4 ,inde$1 9 ! con/ant increase ( animal life manife/$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 ! =ms approa* ne>] to liv+ species z _! rema9s lie high 9 ! s]ies4 ,9 ! old] ,pleioc5e p]iod "s ( ! l>ge amphibi\s quadrup$s1 & o!r g5]a ( mammalia ( ! e>li] t]ti>y p]iods1 appe> no m2 b !re 7 ! ma/odon1 & ! ,elephas primig5ius or mammo?1 "s species ( :i*1 ( prodigi\s size1 7 associat$ ) num]\s quadrup$s ( exi/+ g5]a1 b lo/ species4 ,ext9ct species ( almo/ all ! quadrup$s n[ alive seem to h inhabit$ ! e>? at t "t2 _! bones h be5 discov]$ 9 cav]ns2 !y 7 emb$d$ 9 ! breccias & 9 mo/ ( ! /rata ( t epo*--z ! hippopotamus1 rh9oc]os1 elephant1 horse1 be>1 wolf1 wat]-rat1 hyna1 & v>i\s birds4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ! cav]ns ( ,au/ralia ! fossil bones all belong to ext9ct species ( gigantic kang>oos & wombats1 animals belong+ to ! m>supial family1 :i* are s peculi>ly ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry at ! pres5t day1 b ( dim9i%$ size4 ,! new] ,pleioc5e /rata %[ t ! same analogy exi/$ betwe5 ! ext9ct & rec5t mammalia ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i*1 l _! liv+ cong5]s1 z f> z we "k1 belong$ to t cont95t alone2 = ! fossil rema9s1 q diff]5t f ^? 9 ! old _w1 are ( animals ( ! same families ) ! slo?s1 anteat]s1 & armadilloes :i* n[ inhabit t c\ntry1 b ( va/ly sup]ior size & diff]5t species4 ,9 fact1 !re 7 giants 9 ! l& 9 ^? days4 ,7 *ange ( species possible1 "o might almo/ fancy t ^! c\ntries _h escap$ ! wreck ( "t1 & t _! inhabitants _h p9$ & dw9dl$ "u ! *ange ( circum/ances4 ,! mega!rium & ,equus curvid5s1 or ext9ct horse1 _h s va/ a range 9 ,am]ica1 t1 :ile ,sir ,*>les ,lyell collect$ _! bones 9 ,georgia 9 #cc ,n4 latitude1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 br\ght !m f ! correspond+ latitude 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,equus curvid5s diff]$ z mu* f ! liv+ horse z ! quagga or zebra does1 & ! ,european fossil horse is also probably a di/9ct & lo/ species4 ,a comp>ison ( ! fossil rema9s ) ! liv+ =ms has %[n ! analogy betwe5 ^! be+s ( ! anci5t _w & ^? t n[ p ! e>?2 & ! greate/ triumph ( ! geologi/ is ! c]ta9ty ) :i* he c decide ^u ! nature ( animals t h be5 ext9ct = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 f a few bones entomb$ on ! e>?'s surface4 ,b>on ,cuvi] w ev] be celebrat$ z ! f\nd] ( ?is bran* ( comp>ative anatomy1 & :i* ,pr(essor ,ow5 has br\ght to ! highe/ p]fection4 ,among _m discov]ies1 he has f\nd1 by ! mo/ m9ute microscopic obs]vation1 t ! /ructure ( ! tissue ( :i* tee? are =m$ is diff]5t 9 diff]5t classes ( animals1 & t ! species c 9 _m in/ances be det]m9$ f ! fragm5t ( a too?4 ,a small portion ( a bone enabl$ him to decide on ! nature ( an ext9ct race ( birds1 & ! subsequ5t discov]y ( ! :ole skeleton confirm$ ! accuracy ( ?is det]m9ation4 ,! great] "p ( ! l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e 0 elevat$ above ! deep dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod1 & su* l&s z already exi/$ acquir$ additional height2 consequ5tly ! climate1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 tropical1 became gradually cold]1 = an increase ( l&1 :i* raises ! temp]ature betwe5 ! tropics1 has exactly ! contr>y effects 9 high] latitudes4 ,h5ce1 excessive cold prevail$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,pleioc5e p]iod1 & a great "p ( ! ,european cont95t 0 cov]$ by an ocean full ( float+ ice1 n unlike t se5 at ?is day (f ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica4#i ,dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,pleioc5e p]iod1 h[ev]1 ! b$ ( t glacial ocean rose p>tially1 & aft] _m vicissitudes ! ,european cont95t assum$ ne>ly ! =m x n[ be>s4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! glacial sea ext5d$ also ov] great portions ( ! arctic l&s ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,old =ms ( animal & vegetable life 7 de/roy$ by ^! alt]ations 9 ! surface ( ! e>?1 & ! consequ5t *ange ( temp]ature2 & :51 9 ! progress ( ! ,pleioc5e p]iod1 ! m\nta9-tops appe>$ z isl&s above ! wat]1 !y 7 clo!d ) ! flora & peopl$ by ! animals !y /ill reta92 & new =ms 7 add$ z ! l& rose & became dry & fitt$ to receive & ma9ta9 ! races ( animals n[ alive1 all ( :i* _h possession ( ! e>? = ages prior to ! hi/orical or human p]iod4 ,"s ( ! ext9ct animals _h long resi/$ ! great vicissitudes ( ! times2 ( ^! ! mammo? or ,elephas primig5ius1 ^: fossil rema9s are f\nd all ov] ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica1 b especially 9 ! gelid soil ( ,sib]ia1 alone outliv$ its associates1 ! la/ remnant ( a =m] _w4 ,9 two or ?ree in/ances ?is animal has be5 discov]$ entire1 entomb$ 9 froz5 mud1 ) its hair & its fle% s fre% t wolves & dogs f$ ^u x4 ,! globe ( ! eye ( "o f\nd by ,m4 ,midd5dorf at ,tas1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,oby & ,j5esei1 0 s p]fect t x is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! museum at ,mosc[4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t1 z ! ,sib]ian riv]s fl[ = hundr$s ( miles f ! s\!rn "p ( ! c\ntry to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ^! elephants might h be5 dr[n$ by floods :ile br[s+ 9 ! mild] regions1 & t _! bodies 7 c>ri$ d[n by ! riv]s & emb$d$ 9 mud1 & froz5 be=e !y _h "t to decay4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has sugge/$ t1 if ! climate ( ,sib]ia has at any "t be5 simil> to t ( ! high latitudes ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ 9 ! ,&es1 & its sudd5 flexure 9 ,s\!rn ,*ile1 come close to a ne>ly tropical vegetation1 su* a vegetation may h prevail$ s\? ( ! froz5 regions 9 ,sib]ia1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! bodies ( animals entomb$ a few feet bel[ ! icy surface might be pres]v$ = ages4 ,on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh ! cong5]s ( ?is animal are n[ inhabitants ( ! torrid zone1 !y may h be5 able to endure ! cold ( a ,sib]ian w9t]1 = ,b>on ,cuvi] f\nd t ?is animal diff]$ z mu* f ! liv+ elephant z ! horse does f ! ass4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has %[n t ! supply ( food 9 summ] 0 probably suffici5t1 s9ce ! quantity requisite = ! ma9t5ance ( ! l>g] animals is by no means 9 proportion to _! bulk1 or x may h migrat$ to a m g5ial climate 9 ! cold] mon?s4 ,%ell-fi% seem to h be5 m able to endure all ! great geological *anges ?an any ( _! organic associates1 b !y %[ a con/ant approximation to mod]n species dur+ ! progress ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,! :ole ( ^! /rata conta9 enorm\s quantities ( %ells ( ext9ct species2 9 ! olde/1 ?ree & a half p] c5t4 ( ! %ells are id5tical ) species n[ exi/+1 :ile on ! upp]mo/ /rata ( ?is geological p]iod !re are n less ?an f n9ety to n9ety-five 9 a hundr$ id5tical ) ^? n[ alive4 ,( all ! fossil fi%es1 f ! ,silurian /rata to ! end ( ! t]ti>y1 sc>cely "o is specifically ! same ) liv+ =ms3 ! ,mallotus villosus1 or captan1 ( ! salmon family1 is an exception1 & p]haps a few o!rs ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ^! p]iods4 ,9 ! ,eoc5e /rata "o-?ird belong to ext9ct g5]a4 ,"u ! vegetable m\ld 9 e c\ntry !re is a /ratum ( loose s&1 gravel1 & mud1 ly+ ^u ! subjac5t rocks1 (t5 ( great ?ickness1 call$ alluvium1 :i* 9 ! high latitudes ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe is mix$ ) enorm\s fragm5ts ( rock1 sometimes angul> & sometimes r\nd$ & wat]-worn1 :i* h be5 transport$ hundr$s ( miles f _! orig94 ,x is !re kn[n z ! ,b\ld] =mation1 or ,nor!rn ,drift1 because1 f ! id5tity ( ! b\ld]s ) ! rocks ( ! nor!rn m\nta9s1 !y evid5tly h come f !m1 & _! size becomes less z ! di/ance increases4 ,9 ,russia !re are blocks ( great magnitude t h be5 c>ri$ #hjj & ev5 #ajjj miles s\?-ea/ f _! orig9 9 ! ,sc&9avian range4 ,!re is mu* reason to believe t su* masses1 enorm\s z !y are1 h be5 transport$ by ice-b]gs1 & deposit$ :5 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! cont95ts 7 cov]$ by ! glacial sea1 by :i* "p ( ,russia 0 subm]g$ to ! dep? ( at lea/ #ajjj feet4 ,! same process is n[ 9 progress 9 ! high s\!rn latitudes1 :]e iceb]gs h be5 met ) cov]$ ) fragm5ts ( rock & b\ld]s4#aj ,! la/ manife/ation ( creative p[]1 ) few exceptions1 diff]s specifically f all t prec$$ x2 ! rec5t /rata conta9 only ! exuvi ( animals n[ liv+1 (t5 mix$ ) ! works ( man4 ,! solid e>? ?us tells u ( m\nta9s wa%$ d[n into ! sea ) _! =e/s & inhabitants2 ( l&s rais$ f ! bottom ( ! ocean load$ ) ! accumulat$ spoils ( c5turies2 ( torr5ts ( wat] & torr5ts ( fire4 ,9 ! ord9ances ( ! heav5s no voice decl>es a beg9n+1 no sign po9ts to an end2 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 h[ev] ! dawn ( life appe>s1 ! "t is obscurely m>k$ :5 fir/ liv+ ?+s mov$ 9 ! wat]s1 :5 ! fir/ plants clo!d ! l&4 ,!re we see t dur+ ages ( tranquillity ! solid rock 0 =m+ at ! bottom ( ! ocean1 t dur+ ages x 0 toss$ & riv5 by fire & e>?quake4 ,:at ye>s mu/ h gone by s9ce t ocean fl[$ :i* has left its ripple-m>ks on ! s&1 n[ a solid mass on ! m\nta9--s9ce ^? unkn[n creatures left _! foot-pr9ts on ! %ore1 n[ fix$ by "t on ! rock = ev]6 "t1 :i* man measures by days & ye>s1 nature measures by ?\s&s ( c5turies4 ,! ?ickness ( ! fossilif]\s /rata up to ! end ( ! t]ti>y =mation has be5 e/imat$ at ab\t sev5 or eight miles2 s t ! "t requisite = _! deposition mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,e riv] c>ries d[n mud1 s&1 or gravel1 to ! sea3 ! ,ganges br+s m ?an #gjj1jjj cubic feet ( mud e h\r1 ! ,yell[ ,riv] 9 ,*9a #b1jjj1jjj1aa & ! ,mississippi /ill m2 yet1 not)/&+ ^! great deposits1 ! ,italian hydrograph] ,manfr$i has e/imat$ t1 if ! s$im5t ( all ! riv]s on ! globe 7 spread equally ov] ! bottom ( ! ocean1 x w\ld require #ajjj ye>s to raise its b$ "o foot1 s t at t rate x w\ld require #c1ifj1jjj ye>s to raise ! b$ ( ! ocean alone to a height ne>ly equal to ! ?ickness ( ! fossilif]\s /rata1 or sev5 miles & a half1 n tak+ acc\nt ( ! wa/e ( ! coa/s by ! sea itself3 b if ! :ole globe be consid]$1 in/ead ( ! bottom ( ! sea only1 ! "t w\ld be ne>ly f\r times z great1 ev5 suppos+ z mu* alluvium to be deposit$ uni=mly bo? ) reg>d to "t & place1 :i* x nev] is4 ,besides1 9 v>i\s places ! /rata h be5 m ?an once c>ri$ to ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & aga9 rais$ above its surface by subt]ranean fires aft] _m ages1 s t ! :ole p]iod f ! beg9n+ ( ! prim>y fossilif]\s /rata to ! pres5t day mu/ be great beyond calculation1 & only be>s comp>ison ) ! a/ronomical cycles1 z might naturally be expect$1 ! e>? be+ )\t d\bt ( ! same antiquity ) ! o!r bodies ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,:at !n %all we say if ! "t be includ$ :i* ! granitic1 metamorphic1 & rec5t s]ies occupi$ 9 =m+8 ,^! great p]iods ( "t correspond wond]fully ) ! gradual increase ( animal life & ! successive creation & ext9ction ( numb]less ord]s ( be+1 & ) ! incr$ible quantity ( organic rema9s buri$ 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? 9 e c\ntry on ! face ( ! globe4 ,e great geological *ange 9 ! nature ( ! /rata 0 accompani$ by ! introduction ( a new race ( be+s1 & ! gradual ext9ction ( ^? t _h previ\sly exi/$1 _! /ructure & habits be+ no long] fitt$ = ! new circum/ances 9 :i* ^! *anges _h plac$ !m4 ,! *ange1 h[ev]1 nev] 0 abrupt2 & x may be obs]v$ t !re is no pro( ( progressive developm5t ( species by g5]ation f a l[ to a high organization1 = animals & plants ( high organization appe>$ among ! e>lie/ ( _! k9d1 yet ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 ! gradual approa* to liv+ & m p]fect =ms is und\bt$1 n by *ange ( species1 b by increas+ simil>ity ( type4 ,! geographical di/ribution ( animat$ be+s 0 mu* m ext5sive 9 ! anci5t seas & l& ?an 9 latt] times4 ,9 v remote ages ! same animal inhabit$ ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! sea3 ! corall9es built f ! equator to )9 t5 or fifte5 degrees ( ! pole2 & previ\s to ! =mation ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata !re appe>s to h be5 ev5 a great] uni=mity 9 ! vegetable ?an 9 ! animal _w1 ?\gh ,new ,holl& _h =m$ ev5 !n a peculi> di/rict1 suppos+ ! coal 9 t c\ntry to be ( ! same epo* z 9 ,europe & ,am]ica2 b z ! /rata became m v>i$1 species 7 less widely diffus$4 ,"s ( ! saurians 7 inhabitants ( bo? ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 :ile o!rs liv$ 9 ! latt] only4 ,dur+ ! t]ti>y p]iod1 ! animals ( ,au/ralia & ,am]ica diff]$ ne>ly z mu* f ^? ( ,europe z !y d at ! pres5t day4 ,! _w 0 !n1 z n[1 divid$ into great physical regions1 ea* inhabit$ by a peculi> race ( animals2 & ev5 ! diff]5t species ( mollusca ( ! same sea 7 conf9$ to c]ta9 %ores4 ,( #dje species ( %ell-fi% :i* inhabit$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean dur+ ! e>ly & middle p>ts ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 only #ab 7 common to ! ,am]ican & ,european coa/s4 ,9 fact1 ! divisions ( ! animal & vegetable creation into geographical di/ricts _h be5 9 ! latt] p]iods contemporane\s ) ! rise ( ! l&1 ea* portion ( :i*1 z x rose above ! deep1 _h be5 clo!d ) a vegetation & peopl$ ) creatures suit$ to its position ) reg>d to ! equator1 & to ! exi/+ circum/ances ( ! globe2 & ! m>9e creatures _h1 no d\bt1 be5 divid$ into di/ricts at ! same p]iods1 because ! b$ ( ! ocean _h be5 subject to simil> *anges4 ,! quantity ( fossil rema9s is s great t1 ) ! exception ( ! metals & "s ( ! prim>y rocks1 probably n a p>ticle ( matt] exi/s on ! surface ( ! e>? t has n at "s "t =m$ "p ( a liv+ creature4 ,s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( animat$ exi/5ce1 zoophytes h built coral reefs ext5d+ hundr$s ( miles1 & m\nta9s ( lime/one are full ( _! rema9s all ov] ! globe4 ,m9es ( %ells are work$ to make lime2 ranges ( hills & rocks1 _m hundr$ feet ?ick1 are almo/ entirely compos$ ( !m1 & !y ab\nd 9 e m\nta9-*a9 ?r\gh\t ! e>?4 ,! prodigi\s quantity ( microscopic %ells discov]$ by ,m4 ,ehr5b]g is /ill m a/oni%+2 %ells n l>g] ?an a gra9 ( s& =m entire m\nta9s2 a great portion ( ! hills ( ,san ,casciano1 9 ,tuscany1 consi/ ( *amb]$ %ells s m9ute t ,signor ,soldani collect$ #aj1ded ( !m f "o ounce ( /one4 ,*alk is (t5 almo/ entirely compos$ ( !m4 ,tripoli1 a f9e p[d] long 9 use = poli%+ metals1 is also almo/ :olly compos$ ( %ells :i* owe _! poli%+ prop]ty to _! silice\s coats2 & !re are ev5 hills ( great ext5t consi/+ ( ?is sub/ance1 ! dbris ( an inf9ite v>iety ( microscopic insects4 ,! facility ) :i* _m clays & slates are split is ow+1 9 "s in/ances1 to lay]s ( m9ute %ells4 ,fossil fi% are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 & 9 all ! fossilif]\s /rata1 ) ! exception ( "s ( ! l[e/1 b ea* great geological p]iod _h species ( fi% peculi> to itself4 ,! rema9s ( ! great saurians are innum]able2 ^? ( ext9ct quadrup$s are v num]\s2 b !re is no circum/ance 9 ! :ole sci5ce ( fossil geology m rem>kable ?an ! inexhau/ible multitudes ( fossil elephants t are f\nd 9 ,sib]ia4 ,_! tusks h be5 an object ( traffic 9 ivory = c5turies1 & 9 "s places !y h be5 9 su* prodigi\s quantities1 t ! gr\nd is ta9t$ ) ! smell ( animal matt]4 ,_! huge skeletons are f\nd f ! fronti] ( ,europe ?r\gh all ,nor!rn ,asia to its extreme ea/]n po9t1 & f ! foot ( ! ,alta m\nta9s to ! %ores ( ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 a surface equal 9 ext5t to ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,"s isl&s 9 ! ,arctic ,sea1 z1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ ( ! ,l*[ gr\p1 are *iefly compos$ ( _! rema9s1 mix$ ) ! bones ( v>i\s o!r animals ( liv+ g5]a1 b ext9ct species4#ab ,equally wond]ful is ! quantity ( fossil plants t /ill rema91 if x be consid]$ t1 f ! frail nature ( _m vegetable sub/ances1 multitudes mu/ h p]i%$ )\t leav+ a trace beh9d4 ,! vegetation t cov]$ ! t]re/rial "p ( ! globe previ\s to ! =mation ( ! c>bonif]\s /rata _h f> surpass$ 9 exub]ance ! ranke/ tropical jungles4 ,!re are _m coal-fields ( great ext5t 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! e>?1 especially 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e t ( ,pittsburg occupies an area ( ab\t #ad1jjj squ>e miles1 & t 9 ! ,ill9ois is n mu* inf]ior to ! area ( all ,engl&4#ac ,z coal is entirely a vegetable sub/ance1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! ri*ness ( ! anci5t flora3 9 latt] times x 0 less exub]ant1 & nev] has aga9 be5 s luxuriant1 probably on acc\nt ( ! decrease ( temp]ature dur+ ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y /rata1 & 9 ! glacial p]iod :i* imm$iately prec$$ ! creation ( ! pres5t tribes ( plants & animals4 ,ev5 aft] _! introduction ! temp]ature mu/ h be5 v l[1 b by subsequ5t *anges 9 ! di/ribution ( ! sea & l& ! cold 0 gradually mitigat$1 till at la/ ! climate ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e became :at x n[ is4 ,su* is ! m>vell\s hi/ory laid op5 to u on ! e>?'s surface4 ,surely x is n ! heav5s only t decl>e ! glory ( ,god--! e>? also proclaims ,8 h&iwork6#ad ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,direction ( ! ,=ces t rais$ ! ,cont95ts--,proportion ( ,l& & ,wat]--,size ( ! ,cont95ts & ,isl&s--,outl9e ( ! ,l&-- ,ext5t ( ,coa/s1 & proportion !y be> to ! ,areas ( ! ,cont95ts--,elevation ( ! ,cont95ts--,=ms ( ,m\nta9s--,=ms ( ,rocks--,connection betwe5 ,physical ,geography ( ,c\ntries & _! ,geological ,/ructure--,contemporane\s ,upheaval ( p>allel ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,p>allelism ( ,m9]al ,ve9s or ,fissures--,mr4 ,hopk9s's ,!ory ( ,fissures--,p>allel ,*a9s simil> 9 ,/ructure--,int]ruptions 9 ,cont95ts & ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,=m ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,! ,atlas1 ,spani%1 ,fr5*1 & ,g]man ,m\nta9s--,! ,alps1 ,balkan1 & ,ap5n9es--,glaci]s--,geological ,notice4 ,,at ! end ( ! t]ti>y p]iod ! e>? 0 mu* 9 ! same /ate z x is at pres5t ) reg>d to ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]4 ,! prepond]ance ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e indicates a prodigi\s accumulation ( int]nal en]gy "u ^! latitudes at a v remote geological p]iod4 ,! =ces t rais$ ! two great cont95ts above ! deep1 :5 view$ on a wide scale1 mu/ evid5tly h act$ at "r angles to "o ano!r1 ne>ly p>allel to ! equator 9 ! old cont95t1 & 9 ! direction ( ! m]idian 9 ! new2 yet ! /ructure ( ! opposite coa/s ( ! ,atlantic po9ts at "s connection betwe5 ! two4 ,! m\nta9s1 f _! rude & %att]$ condition1 be> te/imony to repeat$ viol5t convulsions simil> to mod]n e>?quakes2 :ile ! high table-l&s1 & t succession ( t]races by :i* ! cont95ts s9k d[n f _! m\nta9-ranges to ! pla9s1 to ! ocean1 & ev5 bel[ x1 %[ also t ! l& mu/ h be5 heav$ up occasionally by sl[ & g5tle pressure1 su* z appe>s n[ to be gradually elevat+ ! coa/ ( ,sc&9avia & _m o!r p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,! p]iods 9 :i* ^! maje/ic op]ations 7 effect$ mu/ h be5 incalculable1 s9ce ! dry l& occupies an area ( ne>ly #ch1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles4 ,! ocean cov]s ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! globe1 b ! di/ribution is v unequal1 :e!r x be consid]$ ) reg>d to ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 or ! ea/]n & we/]n4 ,indep5d5tly ( ,victoria ,l&1 ^: ext5t is unkn[n1 ! quantity ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e is ?ree times great] ?an 9 ! s\!rn4 ,9 ! latt] x occupies only "o-sixte5? ( ! space betwe5 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle & ! ?irtie? p>allel ( s\? latitude1 :ile betwe5 ! correspond+ p>allels 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! ext5t ( l& & wat] is ne>ly equal4 ,if ! globe be divid$ into two hemisph]es by a m]idian pass+ ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,t5]iffe1 ! l& w be f\nd to pr$om9ate greatly on ! ea/]n side ( t l9e1 & ! wat] on ! we/]n4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! v unequal arrangem5t ( ! solid & liquid portions ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 ,engl& is ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! greate/ mass ( l&1 & its antipode1 ! isl& ( ,new ,zeal&1 is 9 ! c5tre ( ! greate/ mass ( wat]2 s t a p]son rais$ above ,falm\?1 :i* is almo/ ! c5tral po9t1 till he c\ld p]ceive a complete hemisph]e1 w\ld see ! greate/ possible expanse ( l&1 :ile1 7 he elevat$ to ! same height above ,new ,zeal&1 he w\ld see ! greate/ possible ext5t ( ocean4 ,9 fact1 only "o tw5ty-sev5? ( ! l& has l& directly opposite to x 9 ! opposite hemisph]e1 & "u ! equator five-six?s ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe is wat]4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be obs]v$ t !re is /ill an unexplor$ region )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle m ?an twice ! size ( ,europe1 & ( ! nor? pol> bas9 we "k no?+4 ,) reg>d to ! l& alone1 ! great cont95t has an area ( ab\t #bd1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 :ile ! ext5t ( ,am]ica is #aa1jjj1jjj1 & t ( ,au/ralia ) its isl&s sc>cely #c1jjj1jjj4 ,africa is m ?an ?ree times ! size ( ,europe1 & ,asia is m ?an f\r times z l>ge4 ,! ext5t ( ! cont95ts is tw5ty-?ree times great] ?an t ( all ! isl&s tak5 toge!r4#ae ,( ! pol> l&s little is kn[n4 ,gre5l& probably is "p ( a cont95t1 ! doma9 ( p]petual sn[2 & ! rec5t discov]y ( s ext5sive a mass ( high volcanic l& ne> ! s\? pole is an important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( physical sci5ce1 ?\gh ! /]n sev]ity ( ! climate mu/ = ev] r5d] x unfit = ! abode ( animat$ be+s1 or ev5 = ! support ( vegetable life4 ,x seems to =m a c\nt]poise to ! prepond]ance ( dry l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,!re is some?+ sublime 9 ! contemplation ( ^! l(ty & unapproa*able regions--! awful realm ( ev]-dur+ ice & p]petual fire1 ^: ye> consi/s ( "o day & "o night4 ,! /range & t]rible symmetry 9 ! nature ( ! l&s )9 ! pol> circles1 ^: limits are to u a blank1 :]e ! antagoni/ pr9ciples ( cold & heat meet 9 _! utmo/ int5sity1 fills ! m9d ) t awe :i* arises f ! idea ( ! unkn[n & ! indef9ite4 ,! t5d5cy ( ! l& to assume a p59sul> =m is v rem>kable1 & x is /ill m s t almo/ all ! p59sulas t5d to ! s\?--circum/ances t dep5d on "s unkn[n cause :i* seems to h act$ v ext5sively4 ,! cont95ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,gre5l&1 are p59sulas on a gigantic scale1 all t5d+ to ! s\?2 ! ,asiatic p59sula ( ,india1 ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 ^? ( ,corea1 ,kamt*atka1 ( ,florida1 ,cali=nia1 & ,aliaska1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z well z ! ,european p59sulas ( ,norway & ,sw$51 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,italy & ,greece1 take ! same direction4 ,all ! latt] h a r\nd$ =m except ,italy1 :]eas mo/ ( ! o!rs t]m9ate %>ply1 especially ! cont95ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa1 ,india1 & ,gre5l&1 :i* h ! po9t$ =m ( w$ges2 :ile "s are long & n>r[1 z ,cali=nia1 ,aliaska1 & ,malacca4 ,_m ( ! p59sulas h an isl& or gr\p ( isl&s at _! extremity1 z ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* t]m9ates ) ! gr\p ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego3 ,india has ,ceylon2 ,malacca has ,sumatra & ,banca2 ! s\!rn extremity ( ,new ,holl& ends 9 ,van ,dieman's ,l&2 a *a9 ( isl&s run f ! end ( ! p59sula ( ,aliaska2 ,gre5l& has a gr\p ( isl&s at its extremity2 & ,sicily lies close to ! t]m9ation ( ,italy4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ z ano!r peculi>ity 9 ! /ructure ( p59sulas t !y g5]ally t]m9ate boldly1 9 bluffs1 promontories1 or m\nta9s1 :i* are (t5 ! la/ portions ( ! cont95tal *a9s4 ,s\? ,am]ica t]m9ates 9 ,cape ,horn1 a high promontory1 :i* is ! visible t]m9ation ( ! ,&es2 ,africa ) ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 ,india ) ,cape ,comor91 ! la/ ( ! ,ghauts2 ,new ,holl& ends ) ,s\?-,ea/ ,cape 9 ,van ,dieman's ,l&2 & ,gre5l&'s f>!/ po9t is ! elevat$ bluff ( ,cape ,f>ewell4#af ,!re is a /rong analogy betwe5 ,s\? ,am]ica & ,africa 9 =m & ! unbrok5 mass :i* _! surface pres5ts1 :ile ,nor? ,am]ica resembles ,europe1 9 be+ mu* ind5t$ by inl& seas1 gulfs1 & bays4 ,ea/]n ,asia is evid5tly cont9u$ 9 a subaque\s cont95t f ! ,indian ,ocean across ! ,pacific ne>ly to ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ( :i* ,new ,holl&1 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ! isl&s ( ! ,asiatic coa/ & ( ,oceania1 are ! great table-l&s & summits ( its m\nta9-*a9s4 ,) ! exception ( a va/ p59sula 9 ,sib]ia1 betwe5 ! m\?s ( ! riv]s ,y5esei & ,khatanga & ! unkn[n regions ( ,gre5l&1 ! two great cont95ts t]m9ate 9 a v brok5 l9e to ! nor?2 & z !y s9k b5ea? ! ,icy ,ocean1 ! tops ( _! high l&s & m\nta9s rise above ! waves & /ud ! coa/ ) innum]able sn[-clad rocks & isl&s4 ,! #gj? p>allel is ! av]age latitude ( ^! nor!rn %ores1 :i* h a great simil>ity on ea* side ( ,behr+'s ,/raits 9 =m1 direction1 & 9 ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,! p59sul> =m ( ! cont95ts adds greatly to ! ext5t ( _! coa/s1 ( su* importance to civilization & comm]ce4 ,all ! %ores ( ,europe are deeply ind5t$ & p5etrat$ by ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 :i* has =m$ a numb] ( inl& seas ( great magnitude1 s t x has a great] l9e ( m>itime coa/1 comp>$ ) its size1 ?an any o!r qu>t] ( ! _w4 ,! ext5t ( coa/ f ! ,/raits ( ,waigatz1 9 ! ,pol> ,ocean1 to ! ,/rait ( ,caffa1 at ! entrance ( ! ,sea ( ,az(f1 is ab\t #ag1jjj miles4 ,! coa/ ( ,asia has be5 mu* worn by curr5ts1 & possibly also by ! action ( ! ocean occasion$ by ! rotation ( ! e>? f we/ to ea/4 ,on ! s\? & ea/ especially x is ind5t$ by l>ge seas1 bays1 & gulfs2 & ! ea/]n %ores are rugg$ & encompass$ by *a9s ( isl&s :i* r5d] navigation dang]\s4 ,its m>itime coa/ is ab\t #cc1jjj miles 9 l5g?4 ,! coa/ ( ,africa1 #af1jjj miles long1 is v entire1 except p]haps at ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! %ores ( ,nor? ,am]ica h probably be5 mu* alt]$ by ! equatorial curr5t & ! ,gulf-/ream4 ,!re is little d\bt t ^! curr5ts1 comb9$ ) volcanic action1 h holl[$ out ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & sep>at$ ! ,antilles & ,bahama ,isl&s f ! cont95t4 ,! coa/ is less brok5 on ! we/1 b 9 ! ,icy ,ocean !re is a labyr9? ( gulfs1 bays1 & creeks4 ,! %ores ( ,s\? ,am]ica on bo? sides are v entire1 except t[>ds ,s\!rn ,*ile & ,cape ,horn1 :]e ! trem5d\s surge & curr5ts ( ! ocean 9 ^? high latitudes h eat5 into ! m\nta9s1 & produc$ endless s\nds & fiords :i* run f> into ! l&4 ,! :ole cont95t ( ,am]ica has a sea-coa/ ( #ca1jjj miles4 ,?us1 x appe>s t ! ratio ( ! numb] ( l9e> miles 9 ! coa/-l9e to ! numb] ( squ>e miles 9 ! ext5t ( surface1 9 ea* ( ^! great portions ( ! globe1 is #afd = ,europe1 #cgf = ,asia1 #ecj = ,africa1 & #cei = ,am]ica4 ,h5ce1 ! proportion is mo/ fav\rable to ,europe1 ) reg>d to civilization & comm]ce2 ,am]ica comes next1 !n ,asia1 & la/ ( all ,africa1 :i* has e natural ob/acle to cont5d )1 f ! ext5t & nature ( its coa/s1 ! des]t "* ( ! c\ntry1 & ! insalubrity ( its climate1 on ! ,atlantic coa/ at lea/4 ,! cont95ts _h be5 rais$ f ! deep by a p[]ful ef=t ( ! int]nal =ces act+ "u widely-ext5d$ regions1 & ! /ratifi$ cru/ ( ! e>? ei!r rema9$ level1 rose 9 undulations1 or sank into cavities1 accord+ to its int5sity4 ,"s ?9n] portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 giv+ way to ! int]nal =ces1 _h be5 r5t into deep fissures1 & ! m\nta9 masses _h be5 rais$ by viol5t concussions1 p]ceptible 9 ! convuls$ /ate ( _! /rata4 ,! c5tres ( maximum en]gy are m>k$ by ! pyrog5\s rocks1 :i* g5]ally =m ! nucleus or axis ( ! m\nta9 masses1 on ^: flanks ! /ratifi$ rocks are tilt$ at all angles to ! horizon1 :5ce1 decl9+ on e side1 !y s9k to v>i\s dep?s1 or /ret* to v>i\s di/ances 9 ! pla9s4 ,enorm\s z ! m\nta9-*a9s & table-l&s are1 & prodigi\s z ! =ces t elevat$ !m1 !y be> a v small proportion to ! mass ( ! level cont95ts & to ! va/ p[] :i* rais$ !m ev5 to _! inf]ior altitude4 ,bo? ! high & ! l[ l&s _h be5 elevat$ at successive p]iods2 "s ( ! v highe/ m\nta9-*a9s are b ( rec5t geological date1 & "s *a9s t are n[ f> inl& once /ood up z isl&s above ! ocean1 :ile m>9e /rata fill$ _! cavities & =m$ r\nd _! bases4 ,! influ5ce ( m\nta9-*a9s on ! ext5t & =m ( ! cont95ts is beyond a d\bt4 ,not)/&+ ! v>i\s circum/ances ( _! elevation1 !re is ev]y:]e a c]ta9 regul>ity ( =m 9 m\nta9 masses1 h[ev] unsymmetrical !y may appe> at fir/1 & rocks ( ! same k9d h id5tical *>act]s 9 e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,plants & animals v>y ) climate1 b a granite m\nta9 has ! same peculi>ities 9 ! s\!rn z 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e--at ! equator z ne> ! poles4 ,s+le m\nta9s1 insulat$ on pla9s1 are r>e1 except :]e !y are volcanic2 !y g5]ally appe> 9 gr\ps int]sect$ by valleys 9 e direction1 & m frequ5tly 9 ext5sive *a9s symmetrically arrang$ 9 a s]ies ( p>allel ridges1 sep>at$ by n>r[ longitud9al valleys1 ! highe/ & mo/ rugg$ ( :i* occupy ! c5tre3 :5 ! *a9 is broad & ( ! fir/ ord] 9 po9t ( magnitude1 peak aft] peak arises 9 endless succession4 ,! lat]al ridges & valleys are con/antly ( less elevation1 & are less bold1 9 proportion to _! di/ance f ! c5tral mass1 till at la/ ! mo/ remote ridges s9k d[n into g5tle undulations4 ,ext5sive & l(ty bran*es div]ge f ! pr9cipal *a9s at v>i\s angles1 & /ret* f> into ! pla9s4 ,!y are (t5 z high z ! *a9s f :i* !y spr+1 & x happ5s n unfrequ5tly t ^! bran*es are unit$ by transv]se ridges1 s t ! c\ntry is (t5 widely-cov]$ by a net-"w ( m\nta9s1 &1 at ! po9t :]e ^! (fsets div]ge1 !re is frequ5tly a knot ( m\nta9s spread+ ov] hundr$s ( squ>e miles4 ,"o side ( a m\nta9 range is usually m precipit\s ?an ! o!r1 b !re is no?+ 9 :i* ! imag9ation misleads ! judgm5t m ?an 9 e/imat+ ! /eepness ( a declivity4 ,9 ! :ole range ( ! ,alps !re is n a s+le rock :i* has #afjj feet ( p]p5dicul> height1 or a v]tical slope ( #ij4 ,! declivity ( ,mont ,blanc t[>ds ! ,alle ,blan*e1 precipit\s z x seems1 does n am\nt to #de2 & ! mean incl9ation ( ! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 accord+ to ,b>on ,humboldt1 is only #ab #cj4 ,! ,silla ( ,c>accas1 :i* rises precipit\sly f ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 at an angle ( #ec #bh1 to ! height ( betwe5 #fjjj & #gjjj feet1 is a maje/ic in/ance ( p]haps ! ne>e/ approa* to p]p5dicul>ity ( any great height yet kn[n4 ,! circum/ances ( elevation are n ! only causes ( t v>iety obs]v$ 9 ! summits ( m\nta9s4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! composition & int]nal /ructure ( a rock has a great influ5ce ^u its g5]al =m1 & on ! degree & mann] 9 :i* x is worn by ! wea!r4 ,?us dolomite assumes g5]ally ! =m ( peaks l saw-tee?2 cry/all9e s*i/s assume ! =m ( ne$les1 z 9 ! ,alps2 slates & qu>tzif]\s s*i/s take ! =m ( triangul> pyramids2 calc>e\s rocks a r\nd$ %ape2 s]p5t9e & tra*yte are (t5 twi/$ & crumpl$2 phonolites assume a pyramidal =m2 d>k walls l ^? 9 ,gre5l& are ( trap & basalt2 & volcanoes are indicat$ by blunt cones & crat]s4 ,?us1 ! m\nta9-peaks (t5 indicate by _! =m _! geological nature4 ,view+ ?+s on a broad scale1 x appe>s t !re is also a v /rik+ connection betwe5 ! physical geography or ext]nal aspect ( diff]5t c\ntries & _! geological /ructure4 ,by a m9ute comp>ison ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! l&1 ,m4 ,b\ has %[n t a critical simil>ity ( outw>d =ms1 :ile indicat+ simil>ity 9 ! produc+ causes1 mu/ also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 indicate id5tity ( /ructure1 & !re=e f ! ext]nal appe>ance ( an unexplor$ c\ntry its geological /ructure may be inf]r$1 at lea/ to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,?is he illu/rates by po9t+ out a correspond5ce1 ev5 9 _! mo/ m9ute details1 betwe5 ! lead+ features ( ,asia & ,europe1 & ! id5tity ( _! geological /ructure4 ,x has be5 ju/ly obs]v$1 t :5 ! w9d+s ( our cont95ts & seas are n>r[ly exam9$1 & ! m ess5tial peculi>ities ( _! cont\rs contemplat$1 x is evid5t t ,nature has n wr\ght aft] an indef9ite numb] ( types or models1 b t1 on ! contr>y1 h] fundam5tal types are v few1 & d]iv$ f ! action ( def9ite con/ructive =ces on a prim>y base4#ag ,! :ole ( our l& & sea1 9 fact1 may be decompos$ into a less or great] numb] ( masses1 ei!r exhibit+ all ^! fundam5tal =ms or m]ely a portion ( !m4#ah ,! p59sul> /ructure ( ! cont95ts ) _! accompany+ isl&s is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! tru? ( ?is rem>k1 & _m m might be adduc$4 ,x foll[s1 z a consequ5ce ( t law 9 ,nature's op]ations1 t analogy ( =m & cont\r ?r[s ! greate/ light on ! con/itution ( c\ntries f> remov$ f ea* o!r4 ,ev5 ! picturesque descriptions ( a travell] (t5 af=d in=mation ( :i* he may be little aw>e4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! contemporane\s upheaval ( p>allel m\nta9-*a9s1 by a comp>ison ( ! ages ( ! incl9$ & horizontal /rata re/+ on !m1 is "o ( ! highe/ /eps ( g5]alization :i* has be5 attempt$ by geologi/s4 ,x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! m9]s ( ! ,freyb]g s*ool1 & e/abli%$ z a law by ,w]n]1 t ve9s ( ! same nature 9 m9es occur 9 p>allel fissures op5$ at ! same "t1 & probably fill$ ) metal1 also simultane\sly1 at a subsequ5t p]iod2 & t fissures diff]+ 9 direction diff] also 9 age4 ,z ^! ve9s & fissures are r5ts ?r\gh ! solid /rata1 (t5 ( unfa?omable dep? & imm5se l5g?1 !re is ! /ronge/ analogy betwe5 !m & ^? enorm\s fissures 9 ! solid mass ( ! globe ?r\gh :i* ! m\nta9-*a9s h be5 heav$ up4 ,7 ! analogy p]fect1 x ought to foll[ t p>allel m\nta9-*a9s h be5 rais$ simultane\sly1 t is1 by =ces act+ dur+ ! same geological p]iods4 ,by a c>eful exam9ation ( ! relative ages ( ! /rata re/+ on ! flanks ( _m ( ! m\nta9 sy/ems1 ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont has %[n1 if n prov$1 t all /rata elevat$ simultane\sly assume a p>allel direction1 or1 t p>allel /rata are contemporane\s4 ,%\ld ?is be confirm$1 p>allel *a9s 9 ! mo/ di/ant regions w no long] be reg>d$ z insulat$ masses4 ,!y w indicate ! c\rse ( enorm\s fissures t h simultane\sly r5t ! solid globe & pass$ ?r\gh ! b$ ( ! ocean f cont95t to cont95t1 f isl& to isl&4 ,m4 ,von ,bu* has f\nd t f\r sy/ems ( m\nta9s 9 ,g]many accord ) ?is !ory1 & ,mr4 ,s$gwick has obs]v$ ! same 9 ! ,we/morel& sy/em ( m\nta9s1 believ$ to be ! mo/ anci5t ( :i* ! globe c n[ furni% any traces4 ,?is !ory ( elevation ( m\nta9-*a9s1 :i* orig9at$ ) ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 has already l$ to ! discov]y ( twelve diff]5t p]iods ( fracture & elevation 9 ! ,european cont95t alone4 ,mr4 ,hopk9s1 ( ,cambridge1 has tak5 a purely ma!matical view ( ! subject1 & has prov$ t1 :5 an int]nal expansive =ce acts upw>ds ^u a s+le po9t 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 ! splits or cracks mu/ all div]ge f t po9t l radii 9 a circle1 :i* is exactly ! case 9 _m volcanic di/ricts2 t :5 ! expansive =ce acts uni=mly f bel[ on a wide surface or area1 x t5ds to /ret* ! surface1 s t x w\ld split or crack :]e ! t5sion is greate/1 t is1 ei!r 9 ! direction ( ! l5g? or bread?2 & if ! area yields 9 m places ?an "o1 he f\nd t ! fissures w\ld necess>ily be p>allel to "o ano!r1 :i* agrees ) ! law ( arrangem5t ( ve9s 9 m9es4 ,^! results are greatly modifi$ by ! %ape ( ! area1 b ! modification is accord+ to a fix$ law1 :i*1 in/ead ( int]f]+ ) t ( ! p>allelism ( ! fissures1 actually arises f ! same action :i* produces x4 ,?is inve/igation agrees 9 all its details ) ! fractures 9 ! di/ricts 9 ,engl& to :i* !y 7 appli$1 s t !ory comes to ! aid ( obs]vation 9 ?is /ill unsettl$ "q4#ai ,x seems to be> on ! subject1 t p>allel m\nta9-*a9s are simil> 9 geological age1 ev5 :5 sep>at$ by seas4 ,= in/ance1 ! m\nta9s ( ,sw$5 & ,f9l& are ( ! same /ructure1 ?\gh ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia is betwe5 !m2 ^? ( ,cornwall1 ,brittany1 & ! nor?-we/ ( ,spa9 are simil>2 ! ,atlas & ! ,spani% m\nta9s1 ! *a9s 9 ,cali=nia & ^? on ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,am]ica1 &1 la/ly1 ^? ( ,new ,gu9ea & ! nor?-ea/ ( ,au/ralia1 furni% examples4 ,! same correspond5ce 9 geological epo* prevails 9 *a9s t are n p>allel1 b t are conv]g5t f ! =m ( ! e>?4 ,?is obs]vation is also ext5sively exemplifi$ 9 ^? t run ea/ & we/1 z ! ,alps1 ! ,balkan1 ,taurus1 ,p>opamisus ) its prolongation1 ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 ! ,himalaya1 & 9 ,am]ica ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ima & ! great *a9 ( ,v5ezuela4 ,cont95ts & m\nta9-*a9s are (t5 int]rupt$ by po/]ior geological *anges1 su* z clefts & cavities =m$ by erosion1 z evid5tly appe>s f ! correspond5ce ( ! /rata4 ,! *alk cliffs on ! opposite sides ( ! ,briti% ,*annel %[ t ,brita9 once =m$ "p ( ! cont95t2 ! =mation ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s & ,irel& is ! same ) t ( ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&2 ! =mation is ! same on ea* side ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>2 t ( ,turkey 9 ,europe passes into ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,crimea into ! ,caucasus1 a volcanic region b\nds ! ,/raits ( ,babelm&el1 & ,behr+'s ,/raits divide ! anci5t /rata ( a simil> age4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) coa/ isl&s4#bj ,imm$iately connect$ ) ! m\nta9s are ! high table-l&s :i* =m s conspicu\s a feature 9 ! ,asiatic & ,am]ican cont95ts4 ,^! p]petual /oreh\ses ( ! wat]s s5d _! /reams to refre% ! pla9s1 & to af=d a highway betwe5 ! nations4 ,table-l&s ( less elevation1 s9k+ 9 t]races ( l[] & l[] level1 con/itute ! l9ks betwe5 ! high gr\nd & ! l[1 ! m\nta9s & ! pla9s1 & ?us ma9ta9 ! cont9uity ( ! l&4 ,!y frequ5tly are ( ! ri*e/ soil1 & enjoy ! mo/ g5ial climate1 af=d+ a delightful & picturesque abode to man1 ?\gh ! pla9s are 8 pr9cipal dwell+4 ,slop+ imp]ceptibly f ! base ( ! inf]ior table-l&s1 or f ! la/ undulations ( ! m\nta9s1 to ! ocean1 !y c>ry (f ! sup]flu\s wat]s4 ,fruitfulness & /]ility v>y _! aspect3 imm5se tracts ( ! ri*e/ soil are fav\r$ by climate1 & h>dly require culture2 a great] portion is only r5d]$ productive by h>d lab\r1 compell+ man to fulfil 8 de/9y2 :ile va/ regions are doom$ to p]petual b>r5ness1 nev] gladd5$ by a %[]4 ,! =m ( ! great cont95t has be5 det]m9$ by an imm5se zone ( m\nta9s & table-l&s1 ly+ betwe5 ! #cj? & #dj? or #de? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 :i* /ret*es across x f ,w4,s4,w4 to ,e4,n4,e41 f ! coa/s ( ,b>b>y & ,portugal1 on ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 to ! f>!/ extremity ( ,asia1 at ,behr+'s ,/raits1 9 ! ,nor? ,pacific4 ,nor? ( ?is lies a va/ pla91 ext5d+ almo/ f ! ,pyr5ees to ! utmo/ p>ts ( ,asia1 ! great] portion ( :i* is a dead level1 or l[ undulations1 un9t]rupt$ except by ! ,sc&9avian & ,briti% sy/em on ! nor?1 & ! ,ural *a91 :i* is ( small elevation4 ,! l[ l&s s\? ( ! m\nta9\s zone are mu* ind5t$ by ! ocean1 & ( ! mo/ div]sifi$ aspect4 ,by mu* ! great] "p ( ! flat c\ntry ly+ betwe5 ! ,*9a ,sea & ! riv] ,indus is ( ! mo/ exub]ant f]tility1 :ile t betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! foot ( ! ,atlas is1 ) "s happy exceptions1 "o ( ! mo/ desolate tracts on ! e>?4 ,! s\!rn l[l&s1 too1 are brok5 by a few m\nta9 sy/ems ( consid]able ext5t & height4 ,! ,atlas & ,spani% m\nta9s =m ! we/]n extremity ( t great zone ( high l&s t girds ! old cont95t almo/ ?r\gh\t its ext5t3 ^! two m\nta9 sy/ems 7 c]ta9ly at "o "t unit$1 & f _! geological =mation1 & also ! p>allelism ( _! m\nta9-*a9s1 !y mu/ h be5 elevat$ by =ces act+ 9 ! same direction2 n[1 inde$1 ! ,/rait ( ,gibralt>1 a sea-fill$ *asm #ifj fa?oms deep1 divides !m4#ba ,a v elevat$ & cont9u\s m\nta9 region ext5ds 9 a broad belt along ! nor?-we/ ( ,africa1 f ! promontory ( ,gh]1 on ! ,atlantic1 to ! ,gulf ( ,sidra1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 enclos+ all ! high l&s ( ,morocco1 ,algi]s1 & ,tunis4 ,x is b\nd$ by ! ,atlantic & ,m$it]ranean1 & insulat$ f ! re/ ( ,africa by ! des]t ( ,sah>a4 ,?is m\nta9 sy/em consi/s ( ?ree p>ts4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,great] ,atlas1 :i* is f>!/ inl&1 ext5ds f ,cape ,gh]1 on ! ,atlantic1 to ! ,less] ,syrtis2 &1 9 ,morocco1 =ms a knot ( m\nta9s #ae1jjj feet high1 cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,! ,less] ,atlas beg9s at ,cape ,sp>tel 7! anci5t ,cape ,cotes7 opposite to ,gibralt>1 & keeps p>allel to ! ,m$it]ranean till x atta9s ! ,gh>ian range 9 ,tripoli1 ! la/ & l[e/ ( ! ,little ,atlas1 :i* runs due ea/ 9 a uni=mly dim9i%+ l9e till x vani%es 9 ! pla9 ( ! ,great ,syrtis4 ,t long1 rugg$1 b l[] *a9 ( p>allel ridges & gr\ps :i* =ms ! bold coa/s ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> & ! ,m$it]ranean1 is only a portion ( ! ,less] ,atlas1 :i* rises above x maje/ically1 cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! flanks ( ! m\nta9s are g5]ally clo!d ) =e/s1 b _! summit is "o un9t]rupt$ l9e ( b>e inaccessible rocks1 & !y are r5t by fissures frequ5tly n m ?an a few feet wide--a peculi> feature ( ! :ole sy/em4 ,! ,middle ,atlas1 ly+ betwe5 ! two great *a9s1 consi/s ( a table-l&1 ri* 9 valleys & riv]s1 :i* rises 9 successive t]races to ! foot ( ! ,great] ,atlas1 sep>at$ by ridges ( hills p>allel to x4 ,?is wide & ext5sive region has a delightful climate1 ab\nds 9 magnific5t =e/s1 & ! valleys are full ( vitality4 ,! cre/ ( ! ,atlas is ( granite & cry/all9e /rata2 _! flanks & l[] ranges are s&/one & lime/one1 on :i* ! t]ti>y /rata re/4 ,! ,spani% p59sula consi/s *iefly ( a table-l& trav]s$ by p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s1 & is surr\nd$ by ! sea1 except :]e x is sep>at$ f ,france by ! ,pyr5ees1 :i* ext5d f ! ,m$it]ranean to ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 b are cont9u$ by ! ,cantabrian *a9 to ,cape ,f9i/]re on ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,pyr5ean *a9 is ( mod]ate height at its extremities1 b its summit ma9ta9s a wav+ l9e1 ^: mean altitude is #giij feet2 x rises to a great] height on ! ea/2 its highe/ po9t is ! ,malahite or ,ne?\1 #aa1agj feet above ! sea4 ,! sn[ lies deep on ^! m\nta9s dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & is p]petual on ! highe/ p>ts2 b ! glaci]s1 :i* are *iefly on ! nor!rn side1 are nei!r s num]\s nor s l>ge z 9 ! ,alps4 ,! greate/ bread? ( ?is range is ab\t #fj miles1 & its l5g? #bgj4 ,x is s /eep on ! ,fr5* side1 s rugg$ & s not*$1 t f ! pla9s bel[ its summits look l ! tee? ( a saw1 :5ce ! t]m ,si]ra has be5 appropriat$ to m\nta9s ( ?is =m4 ,on ! ,spani% side1 gigantic slop+ (fsets1 sep>at$ by deep precipit\s valleys1 ext5d to ! banks ( ! ,ebro4 ,all ! ,spani% m\nta9s are torn by deep crevices1 ! b$s ( torr5ts & riv]s4 ,! int]ior ( ,spa9 is a table-l& ) an area ( #ic1jjj squ>e miles1 ne>ly equal to half ( ! p59sula4 ,x dips to ! ,atlantic f its we/]n side1 :]e its altitude is ab\t #bcjj feet4 ,!re x is b\nd$ by ! ,ib]ian m\nta9s1 :i* beg9 at ! po9t :]e ! ,pyr5ees take ! "n ( ! ,cantabrian *a91 & run 9 a tortu\s s\?-ea/]ly direction ?r\gh all ,spa91 con/itut+ ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ,val5cia & ,murcia1 & s5d+ _m bran*es ?r\gh ^? prov9ces to ! ,m$it]ranean3 its mo/ elevat$ po9t is ! ,si]ra ,urbion4 ,f\r ne>ly p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s orig9ate 9 ?is limit+ *a91 runn+ f ,e4,n4,e4 to ,w4,s4,w4 diagonally across ! p59sula to ! ,atlantic4 ,( ^!1 ! high ,ca/ilian *a9 ( ! ,guad>ama & ! ,si]ra de ,tol$o cross ! table-l&1 ! ,si]ra ,mor5a1 s call$ f ! d+y col\r ( its =e/s ( ,h]mes oak1 on ! s\!rn edge2 & la/ly1 ! ,si]ra ,nevada1 ?\gh only #ajj miles long & #ej broad1 ! f9e/ range ( m\nta9s 9 ,europe aft] ! ,alps1 trav]ses ! pla9s ( ,&alusia & ,gr5ada4 ,! table-l& is monoton\s & b>e ( trees2 ! pla9s ( ,old ,ca/ile are z nak$ z ! ,/eppes ( ,sib]ia1 & uncultivat$1 except along ! banks ( ! riv]s4 ,corn & w9e are produc$ 9 abundance on ! wide pla9s ( ,new ,ca/ile & ,e/remadura3 o!r places s]ve = pa/ure4 ,! table-l& becomes m f]tile z x ext5ds t[>ds ,portugal1 :i* is altoge!r m productive ?an ,spa91 ?\gh ! m>itime prov9ces ( ! latt] on ! ,m$it]ranean are luxuriant & beautiful1 ) a semi-tropical vegetation4 ,granite1 cry/all9e /rata1 & prim>y fossilif]\s rocks prevail *iefly 9 ! ,spani% m\nta9s1 & give !m _! peculi>1 bold1 s]rat$ aspect4 ,! valleys betwe5 ! p>allel ranges1 ?r\gh :i* ! great ,spani% riv]s fl[ to ! ,atlantic1 appe> to h be5 at "o "t ! bas9s ( lakes4 ,! mass ( high l& is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! s\? ( ,france1 at a mu* l[] elevation1 by *a9s ( hills & table-l&s1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* are ! ,montagnes ,noires1 & ! great plateau ( ,auv]gne1 once ! !atre ( viol5t volcanic action4 ,x cont9u$ f ! beg9n+ to ! middle ( ! t]ti>y p]iod1 s t !re are cones & crat]s ( v>i\s ages & p]fect =m3 "s ( ! highe/1 z ! ,puy de ,dme1 are tra*ytic domes ( elevation2 ,mont d',or1 #fbjj feet high1 is a portion ( an imm5se crat] ( elevation4#bb ,! volcanic m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne1 & ! ,cv5nes1 :i* are a little l[]1 are ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! ,fr5* sy/em2 ! (fsets ( ! latt] rea* ! "r bank ( ! ,rhone4 ,9 fact1 ! ,fr5* m\nta9s are ! l9k betwe5 ! m elevat$ masses ( ,we/]n & ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,! ea/]n & highe/ "p ( ! ,european portion ( ! m\nta9-zone beg9s to rise above ! l[-l&s ab\t ! #eb;d p>allel ( nor? latitude1 asc5d+ by t]races1 gr\ps1 & *a9s ( m\nta9s1 ?r\gh six or sev5 degrees ( latitude1 till x rea*es its highe/ po9t 9 ! great range ( ! ,alps & ,balkan4 ,! desc5t on ! s\? side ( ?is l(ty mass is mu* m rapid & abrupt1 & ! imm$iate (fsets f ! ,alps %ort]2 b1 tak+ a v g5]al view1 ! ,ap5n9es & m\nta9s ( ,nor!rn ,sicily1 ^? ( ,greece & ! s\!rn "p ( ,turkey 9 ,europe1 ) all ! isl&s ( ! adjac5t coa/s1 are b outly+ memb]s ( ! g5]al protub]ance4 ,! pr9cipal *a9 ( ! ,hyrcanian m\nta9s1 ! ,sudetes1 & ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 =m ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ^! high l&s3 ! fir/1 consi/+ ( ?ree p>allel ridges1 ext5ds f ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e to ! c5tre ( ,g]many1 ab\t #ea or #eb ( ,n4 lat41 ) a mean bread? ( ab\t #ajj miles1 & t]m9ates 9 ! knot ( ! ,fi*telb]ge1 cov]+ an area ( #ijjj squ>e miles1 on ! conf9es ( ,bav>ia & ,bohemia4 ,! ,sudetes beg9 on ! ea/ ( ?is gr\p1 &1 aft] a circuit ( #cjj miles r\nd ,bohemia1 t]m9ate at ! small elevat$ pla9 ( ! ,upp] ,od]1 :i* connects !m ) ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s4 ,no "p ( ^! limit+ ranges atta9s ! height ( #ejjj feet1 except ! ,c>pa?ians1 "s ( :i* are v high4 ,!y consi/ ( m\nta9-gr\ps unit$ by elevat$ pla9s1 r ?an ( a s+le *a93 ! ,tatra m\nta9s1 bisect$ by ! #bj? m]idian1 is _! l(tie/ po9t4 ,?is range is high also 9 ,transylvania1 be=e x rea*es ! ,danube1 :i* divides x f a second>y bran* ( ! ,balkan4 ,spurs decl9e 9 undulations f ^! limit+ *a9s on ! great nor!rn pla91 & ! c\ntry to ! s\?1 int]v5+ betwe5 !m & ! ,alps1 is cov]$ ) an intricate network ( m\nta9s & pla9s ( mod]ate elevation4 ,! high] ,alps1 :i* =m ! we/]n cre/ ( ! elevat$ zone1 may be said to beg9 at ! ,cape della ,melle on ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa1 & b5d r\nd by ! we/ & nor? to ,mont ,blanc2 !n turn+ ,e4,n4,e4 !y run ?r\gh ! ,grisons & ,tyrol to ! ,great ,glockn]1 9 #dj #g ,n4 lat41 & #ab #dc ,e4 long41 :]e ! high] ,alps t]m9ate a c\rse #dbj miles long4 ,all ?is *a9 is l(ty2 mu* ( x is above ! l9e ( p]petual congelation2 ! mo/ elevat$ "p lies betwe5 ! ,col de la ,seigne1 on ! we/]n %\ld] ( ,mont ,blanc1 & ! ,simplon4 ,! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,europe are compris$ )9 ?is space1 n m ?an #fj miles long1 :]e ,mont ,blanc1 ! highe/ ( all1 has an absolute elevation ( #ae1geih feet4 ,! c5tral ridge ( ! high] ,alps is jagg$ ) peaks1 pyramids1 & ne$les ( b>e & almo/ p]p5dicul> rock1 ris+ f fields ( p]petual sn[ & riv]s ( ice to an elevation ( #ad1jjj feet4 ,_m p>allel *a9s & gr\ps1 alike rugg$ & sn[y1 press on ! pr9cipal cre/1 & s5d _! flanks f> into ! l[] gr\nds4 ,innum]able second>y bran*es1 h>dly l[] ?an ! ma9 cre/1 div]ge f x 9 v>i\s directions2 ( ^!1 ! *a9 ( ! ,b]nese ,alps is ! highe/ & mo/ ext5sive4 ,x breaks (f at ! ,/4 ,go?>d1 9 a l9e p>allel to ! pr9cipal *a91 sep>ates ! ,valais f ! ,canton ( ,b]ne1 & ) its ramifications =ms "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable gr\ps ( m\nta9 sc5]y 9 ,europe4 ,its endless maze ( %>p ridges & b>e peaks1 mix$ ) gigantic masses ( pure sn[1 fad+ coldly s]5e into ! blue horizon1 pres5t a sc5e ( sublime quiet & repose1 unbrok5 b by ! avalan*e or ! ?und]4 ,at ! ,great ,glockn] ! range ( ! ,alps1 hi!rto undivid$1 splits into two bran*es1 ! ,noric & ,c>nic ,alps3 ! latt] is ! cont9uation ( ! *ief /em4 ,nev] ris+ to ! height ( p]petual sn[1 x sep>ates ! ,tyrol & ,upp] ,c>9?ia f ! ,v5etian ,/ates1 &1 tak+ ! "n ( ! ,julian ,alps at ,mont ,t]gl\1 runs ea/ till x jo9s ! ,ea/]n ,alps1 or ,balkan1 "u ! #ah? m]idian4 ,(fsets f ?is *a9 cov] all ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,x is difficult to e/imate ! wid? ( ! ,alp9e *a93 t ( ! high] ,alps is ab\t #ajj miles2 x increases to #aej ea/ ( ! ,grisons1 & am\nts to #bjj betwe5 ! #ae? & #af? m]idians1 b is n m ?an #hj at its junction ) ! ,balkan4 ,! ,/elvio1 #iagd feet above ! sea1 is ! highe/ c>riage-pass 9 ^! m\nta9s4 ,t ( ,/4 ,go?>d goes directly ov] ! cre/ ( ! ,alps4 ,passes v r>ely g ov] ! summit ( a m\nta92 !y g5]ally cross ! wat]%$1 asc5d+ by ! valley ( a torr5t1 & desc5d+ by a simil> pa? on ! o!r side4 ,! frequ5t occurr5ce ( ext5sive deep lakes is a peculi> feature 9 ,european m\nta9s1 r>ely to be met ) 9 ! ,asiatic sy/em1 except 9 ! ,alta & on ! elevat$ pla9s4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,jura1 ^: pa/oral summit is ab\t #cjjj feet above ! sea1 !re are no elevat$ table-l&s 9 ! ,alps3 ! tabul> =m1 s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,asiatic high l&s1 beg9s 9 ! ,balkan4 ,! ,ori5tal p59sula rises by degrees f ! ,danube to ,bosnia & ,upp] ,mac$onia1 :i* are "s hundr$ feet above ! sea2 & ! ,balkan ext5ds #fjj miles along ?is elevat$ mass1 f ! ,julian ,alps to ,cape ,em9ec on ! ,black ,sea4 ,x beg9s by a table-l& #gj miles long1 trav]s$ by l[ hills1 end+1 t[>ds ,albania & ,myritida1 9 precipit\s lime/one rocks f #fjjj to #gjjj feet high4 ,rugg$ m\nta9s1 all b impassable1 succe$ to ?is1 9 :i* ! domes & ne$les ( ! ,s*&a*1 or anci5t ,scamus1 are cov]$ ) p]petual sn[4 ,ano!r table-l& foll[s1 ^: m>%y surface is b\nd$ by mural precipices at ,m\nt ,arbelus1 ne> ! t[n ( ,sophia4 ,!re ! ,hemus1 or ,balkan prop]ly s call$1 beg9s1 & runs 9 p>allel ridges1 sep>at$ by longitud9al valleys1 to ! ,black ,sea1 divid+ ! pla9s betwe5 ! ,l[] ,danube & ! ,propontis into ne>ly equal p>ts4 ,! c5tral ridge is passable 9 few places1 & :]e !re is no lat]al ridge ! precipices desc5d at once to ! pla9s4 ,! ,balkan is ev]y:]e r5t by t]rific fissures across ! *a9s & table-l&s1 s deep & n>r[ t daylight is almo/ exclud$4 ,^! *asms af=d ! safe/ passes across ! range2 ! o!rs along ! faces ( ! precipices are frightful4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! elevat$ zone ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ^: la/ (fsets rise 9 rocky isl&s along ! coa/s4 ,! cry/all9e m\nta9s ( ,s>d9ia & ,corsica are outly+ memb]s ( ! ,m>itime ,alps1 :ile %ort] (fsets end 9 ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy1 =m+ ! magnific5t sc5]y ( ! ,italian lakes4 ,ev5 ! ,ap5n9es1 ^: elevation has giv5 its =m to ! p59sula ( ,italy1 are b second>y on a great] scale to ! broad c5tral b&1 z well z ! m\nta9s & high l& 9 ! nor? ( ,sicily1 :i* =m ! cont9uance ( ! ,calabrian *a94 ,! ,ap5n9es1 beg9n+ at ! ,m>itime ,alps1 enclose ! ,gulf ( ,g5oa1 & run ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,italy 9 p>allel ranges to ! middle ( ,calabria1 :]e !y split into two bran*es1 "o ( :i* goes to ,capo de ,leuca1 on ! ,gulf ( ,tor5to1 ! o!r to ,cape ,sp>tiv5to1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a4 ,! :ole l5g? is ab\t #hjj miles4 ,none ( ! ,ap5n9es come )9 ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 ?\gh x lies n9e mon?s 9 ! ye> on ! ,gran ,sasso d'ltalia1 #ieba feet high1 9 ,abruzza ,ult]iore4 ,(fsets f ! ,julian & ,ea/]n ,alps r5d] ,dalmatia & ,albania p]haps ! mo/ rugg$ tract 9 ,europe2 & ! ,p9dus1 :i* =ms ! wat]%$ ( ,greece1 div]ges f ! latt] *a91 &1 runn+ s\? #bjj miles1 sep>ates ,albania f ,mac$onia & ,!ssaly4 ,greece is a c\ntry ( m\nta9s1 &1 al?\gh none are p]petually cov]$ ) sn[1 x lies n9e mon?s on sev]al ( _! summits4 ,! *a9s t]m9ate 9 /rongly project+ headl&s1 :i* rea* f> into ! sea1 & reappe> 9 ! num]\s isl&s & rocks :i* /ud t deeply-ind5t$ coa/4 ,! ,grecian m\nta9s1 l ! ,balkan1 are torn by transv]se fractures4 ,! defile ( ,blatamana & ! ,gulf ( ,salonica are examples4 ,! ,adriatic1 ! ,d>danelles1 & ! ,sea ( ,m>mora limit ! second>ies ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,balkan4 ,! valleys ( ! ,alps are long & n>r[2 ^? among ! m\nta9s ( ,turkey 9 ,europe & ,greece are mo/ly caldron-%ap$ holl[s1 (t5 enclos$ by mural rocks4 ,_m ( ^! cavities ( great size lie along ! foot ( ! ,balkan4 ,9 ! ,morea !y are s encompass$ by m\nta9s t ! wat] has no escape b ?r\gh ! por\s soil4 ,!y consi/ ( t]ti>y /rata1 :i* _h =m$ ! bottom ( lakes4 ,caldron-%ap$ valleys occur also 9 mo/ volcanic c\ntries1 z ,sicily1 ,italy1 & c5tral ,france4 ,! table-l&s :i* con/itute ! tops ( m\nta9s or ( m\nta9-*a9s are ( a diff]5t "* f ^? t]races by :i* ! high l&s slope to ! l[4 ,! =m] are on a small scale 9 ,europe1 & ( a =bidd+ aspect1 ) ! exception ( ! ,jura1 :i* is pa/oral1 :]eas ! latt] are almo/ always habitable & cultivat$4 ,! mass ( high l& 9 s\?-ea/]n ,europe %elves on ! nor? to ! great pla9 ( ,bav>ia1 #cjjj feet high2 ,bohemia1 :i* slopes f #aejj to #ijj feet2 & ,hung>y1 f #djjj above ! sea to #cjj4 ,! desc5t on ! s\? ( ! ,alps is six or sev5 times m rapid1 because ! di/ance f ! axis ( ! *a9 is %ort]4 ,x is sc>cely possible to e/imate ! quantity ( ice on ! ,alps2 x is said1 h[ev]1 t1 indep5d5t ( ! glaci]s 9 ! ,grisons1 !re are #aejj squ>e miles ( ice 9 ! ,alp9e range1 f #hj to #fjj feet ?ick4 ,!re are no glaci]s ea/ ( ! ,great ,glockn]1 except on ! small gr\p ( ,hall/adt4 ,?irty-f\r b\nd ! sn[y regions ( ,mont ,blanc1 & #ie squ>e miles ( sn[ & ice clo! t m\nta94 ,"s glaci]s h be5 p]man5t & /ation>y 9 ! ,alps "t immemorial1 :ile o!rs n[ occupy gr\nd =m]ly be>+ corn or cov]$ ) trees1 :i* ! irresi/ible =ce ( ! ice has swept away4 ,^! ice-riv]s1 =m$ on ! sn[-clad summits ( ! m\nta9s1 fill ! holl[s & high valleys1 hang on ! declivities1 or desc5d by _! weight ?r\gh ! transv]se valleys to ! pla9s1 :]e !y are cut %ort by ! increas$ temp]ature1 & deposit ^? accumulations ( rocks & rubbi%1 call$ mora9es1 :i* _h fall5 ^u !m f ! heights above2 b _! motion is s sl[1 t six g5]ations may pass be=e a /one fall5 on ! upp] end ( a long glaci] c rea* ! mora9e4 ,9 ! ,alps1 ! glaci]s move at ! rate ( f #ab to #be feet annually1 &1 z 9 riv]s1 ! motion is mo/ rapid 9 ! c5tre1 & sl[] at ! sides & bottom on acc\nt ( friction4 ,x is sl[] 9 w9t]1 yet x does n cease1 because ! w9t]'s cold p5etrates ! ice1 z x does ! gr\nd1 only to a limit$ dep?4 ,glaci]s are n ( solid ice2 !y consi/ ( a mixture ( ice1 sn[1 & wat]2 s t !y are 9 "s degree flexible & visc\s1 b acquire m solidity z !y desc5d to l[] levels2 evaporation goes on at _! surface1 b !y are n consum$ by x4 ,! front is p]petually melt+1 b ma9ta9s a p]man5t =m2 x is /eep & inaccessible1 ow+ to ! figure ( ! gr\nd ov] :i* x tumbles 9 its icy cascade1 sometimes #ajjj feet high4 ,! middle c\rse is r level1 ! high] "p v /eep1 & ! surface is unev5 & r5t by crevices into :i* ! pure/ blue /reams fall 9 ru%+ cascades :ile ! sun is up1 b !y freeze at 8 sett+1 & !n a dea?-l sil5ce prevails4 ,! rocks & /ones t fall on !m f ! surr\nd+ heights protect ! ice bel[ f ! sun :i* melts x all ar\nd1 s t at la/ !y re/ on elevat$ p9nacles till !y fall (f by _! weight1 & 9 ?is mann] ^? num]\s pyramids are =m$ ) :i* ! surface is bri/l$4 ,?r\gh\t mu* ( ! l5g? ( a glaci] ! w9t]'s sn[ melts f its surface z completely z x does f ! gr\nd2 x is f$ f above1 = 9 ! upp] "p ! sn[ nev] melts1 b accumulates 9 a /ratifi$ =m & is consolidat$4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge/ glaci]s1 :]e !re is a diff]5ce ( #djjj feet 9 height betwe5 ! orig9 & t]m9ation1 ! pressure is enorm\s & irresi/ible1 c>ry+ all be=e x2 ev5 ! ?icke/ =e/ is ov]:elm$ & cru%$4 ,glaci]s advance or retreat accord+ to ! sev]ity or mildness ( ! season2 !y h be5 advanc+ 9 ,switz]l& ( late ye>s1 b !y are subject to cycles ( unkn[n duration4 ,f ! mora9es1 z well z ! /ri engrav5 on ! rocks ov] :i* !y h pass$1 ,m4 ,agassiz has asc]ta9$ t ! valley ( ,*am\ni 0 at "o "t occupi$ by a glaci] t _h mov$ t[>ds ! ,col de ,balme4 ,a mora9e #bjjj feet above ! ,rhone at ,/4 ,maurice w\ld appe> to indicate t1 at a remote p]iod1 glaci]s _h cov]$ ,switz]l& to ! height ( #baee feet above ! ,lake ( ,g5eva4 ,_! increase is n[ limit$ by v>i\s circum/ances--z ! mean temp]ature ( ! e>?1 :i* is always above ! freez+-po9t 9 ^? latitudes2 excessive evaporation2 & bla/s ( hot air1 :i* occur at all heights1 9 ! night z well z 9 ! day1 f "s unkn[n cause4 ,!y are n peculi> to ! ,alps1 b h be5 obs]v$ also 9 ! glaci]s ( ! ,&es4 ,f ! heat ( ! valley ?aw+ ! ice1 ! natural spr+s t rise "u ! glaci] z !y d else:]e1 ! heat ( ! e>?1 ! melt+ ( ! glaci] itself1 ! ra9 t falls on its surface1 :i* ru%es d[n its crevices1 a /ream ( turbid wat] is =m$ :i* works out an icy cav]n at ! t]m9ation ( ! glaci] & fl[s ?r\gh x into ! l[] gr\nd4 ,?us1 a glaci] 8beg9s 9 ! cl\ds1 is =m$ by ! m\nta9s1 & ends 9 ! ocean40#bc ,granite no d\bt =ms ! base ( ! m\nta9 sy/em ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 ?\gh x m r>ely comes into view ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,cry/all9e s*i/s ( v>i\s k9ds are enorm\sly develop$1 & g5]ally =m ! mo/ elevat$ p9nacles ( ! ,alp9e cre/ & its (fsets1 & also ! pr9cipal *a9s 9 ,greece & ,turkey 9 ,europe2 b ! second>y fossilif]\s /rata con/itute ! *ief mass1 & (t5 rise to ! highe/ summits2 inde$1 second>y lime/ones occupy a great portion ( ! high l& ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,calc>e\s rocks =m two great m\nta9-zones on ea* side ( ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,alps1 & rise occasionally to altitudes ( #aj1jjj or #ab1jjj feet4 ,!y con/itute a great portion ( ! c5tral range ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & fill ! great] "p ( ,sicily4 ,!y are ext5sively develop$ 9 ,turkey 9 ,europe1 :]e ! plateau ( ,bosnia ) its high l&s on ! s\?1 "p ( ,mac$onia1 & ,albania ) its isl&s1 are pr9cipally compos$ ( !m4#bd ,t]ti>y /rata ( great ?ickness re/ on ! flanks ( ! ,alps1 & rise 9 "s places to a height ( #ejjj feet2 zones ( ! old] ,pleioc5e p]iod flank ! ,ap5n9es on ea* side1 fill$ ) organic rema9s2 & half ( ,sicily is cov]$ ) ! ,pleioc5e /rata4 ,x appe>s t ! ,atlas1 ! ,si]ra ,mor5a & mo/ ( ! ,spani% m\nta9s1 ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,caucasus1 & ! ,balkan1 7 rais$ be=e ! p]iod ( ! erratic blocks4 ,f num]\s dislocations 9 ! /rata1 ! ,alps appe> to h be5 heav$ up by _m viol5t & repeat$ convulsions1 sep>at$ by int]vals ( repose1 & diff]5t p>ts ( ! *a9 h be5 rais$ at diff]5t times2 = example1 ! ,m>itime ,alps & ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ! ,jura m\nta9s 7 rais$ previ\sly to ! =mation ( ! *alk3 b ! t]ti>y p]iod appe>s to h be5 t ( ! greate/ commotions2 = ne>ly two-?irds ( ! l&s ( ,europe h ris5 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( t epo*1 & ^? t exi/$ !n acquir$ additional height1 ?\gh "s sank bel[ _! orig9al level4 ,dur+ t "t ! ,alps acquir$ an additional elevation ( betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj feet2 ,mont ,blanc !n atta9$ its pres5t altitude2 ! ,ap5n9es rose #ajjj or #bjjj feet high]2 & ! ,c>pa?ians seem to h ga9$ an accession ( height s9ce ! seas 7 inhabit$ by ! exi/+ species ( animals4#be ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t 7cont9u$7--,! ,caucasus--,! ,we/]n ,asiatic ,table-,l& & its ,m\nta9s4 ,,! ,d>danelles & ! ,sea ( ,m>mora =m b a small break 9 ! mighty girdle ( ! old cont95t1 :i* aga9 appe>s 9 imm5se table-l&s1 pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ,asia1 ( su* magnitude t !y occupy ne>ly two-fif?s ( ! cont95t4 ,"h ev]y?+ is on a mu* gr&] scale ?an 9 ,europe3 ! table-l&s rise above ! mean height ( ! ,european m\nta9s1 & ! m\nta9s !mselves t gird & trav]se !m surpass ^? ( e o!r c\ntry 9 altitude4 ,! mo/ b>r5 des]ts are "h to be met )1 z well z ! mo/ luxuriant productions ( animal & vegetable life4 ,! e>lie/ records ( ! human race are f\nd 9 ?is cradle ( civilization1 & monum5ts /ill rema9 :i* %[ ! skill & p[] ( ^? nations :i* h pass$ away1 b ^: moral influ5ce is /ill visible 9 _! desc5dants4 ,cu/oms1 mann]s1 & ev5 prejudices1 c>ry u back to times beyond ! record ( hi/ory1 or ev5 ( tradition2 :ile ! magnitude ) :i* ! natural _w is "h develop$ ev9ces ! trem5d\s =ces t mu/ h be5 9 action at epo*s immeasurably ant]ior to ! exi/5ce ( man4 ,! gigantic mass ( high l& :i* ext5ds = #fjjj miles betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,pacific is #bjjj miles broad at its ea/]n extremity1 #gjj to #ajjj 9 ! middle1 & some:at less at its t]m9ation4 ,colossal m\nta9s & elevat$ t]races =m ! edges ( ! l(ty pla9s4 ,betwe5 ! #dg? & #fh? ea/]n m]idians1 :]e ! l[ pla9s ( ,h9do/an & ,bok>a press ^u ! table-l& & r$uce its wid? to #gjj or #ajjj miles1 x is divid$ into two p>ts by an enorm\s knot ( m\nta9s =m$ by ! meet+ ( ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 ! ,himalaya1 ! ,tsung-l91 & ! transv]se ranges ( ! ,beloot ,tagh1 or ,cl\dy ,m\nta9s3 ^! two p>ts diff] 9 height1 =m1 & magnitude4 ,! we/]n portion1 :i* is ! table-l& ( ,p]sia or plateau ( ,iran1 is oblong1 ext5d+ f ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or to ! ,h9doo ,coo% & ! ,solimaun range1 :i* skirts ! "r bank ( ! ,indus4 ,x occupies an area ( #a1gjj1jjj squ>e miles1 g5]ally ab\t #djjj feet above ! sea1 & 9 "s places #gjjj4 ,! ,ori5tal plateau or table-l& ( ,tibet1 mu* ! l>ge/1 has an area ( #g1fjj1jjj squ>e miles1 a mean altitude ( #ad1jjj feet1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ,tibet an absolute altitude ( #ag1jjj feet4 ,z ! table-l&s ext5d f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 s also d ! pr9cipal m\nta9-*a9s1 z well ^? :i* b\nd ! high l&s z ^? :i* trav]se !m4 ,rem>kable exceptions to ?is equatorial direction ( ! ,asiatic mass1 h[ev]1 occur 9 a s]ies ( m]idional *a9s1 ^: axes ext5d f ,s4,s4,e4 to ,n4,n4,w41 betwe5 ,cape ,comoron1 opposite to ,ceylon1 & ! ,arctic ,ocean1 "u ! names ( ! ,we/]n ,ghauts1 ! ,solimaun range 7:i* =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! table-l& ( ,p]sia71 ! ,beloot ,tagh1 or ,bolor 7:i* is ! we/]n limit ( ! ,ori5tal plateau71 & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,^! *a9s1 ri* 9 gold1 lie 9 diff]5t longitudes1 & s alt]nate among !mselves t ea* beg9s only 9 t latitude :i* has n yet be5 atta9$ by ! prec$+ "o4 ,! ,kh+han1 9 ,*9a1 also ext5ds f s\? to nor? along ! ea/]n slopes ( ! table-l&1 & =ms its b\nd>y at t end4#bf ,! l(ty range ( ! ,caucasus1 :i* ext5ds #gjj miles betwe5 ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas1 is an outly+ memb] ( ! ,asiatic high l&s4 ,(fsets div]ge l ribs f ea* side ( ! c5tral cre/1 :i* p5etrate ! ,russian ,/eppes on "o h&1 & on ! o!r cross ! pla9s ( ,k>a1 or valley ( ! ,k\r & ,rioni1 & unite ! ,caucasus to ! table-l&4 ,"s p>ts ( ^! m\nta9s are v high2 ! ,elburz1 on ! we/]n bord] ( ,georgia1 is #ag1gif feet4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! *a9 is full ( glaci]s1 & ! limit ( p]petual sn[ is at ! altitude ( #aa1jjj feet1 :i* is high] ?an 9 any o!r *a9 ( ! old cont95t1 except ! ,himalaya4 ,anatolia1 ! mo/ we/]n "p ( ! table-l& ( ,iran1 #cjjj feet above ! sea1 is trav]s$ by %ort *a9s & brok5 gr\ps ( m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by f]tile valleys1 :i* s9k rapidly t[>ds ! ,ar*ipelago1 & end 9 promontories & isl&s along ! %ores ( ,asia ,m9or1 :i* is a c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 va/1 luxuriant1 b solit>y pla9s1 wat]$ by broad riv]s--9 ,alp9e plat=ms & m\nta9-ridges brok5 up by great valleys1 op5+ seaw>ds1 ) me&]+ /reams4 ,s+le m\nta9s ( volcanic =mation are conspicu\s objects on ! table-l& ( ,anatolia1 :i* is ri* 9 pa/ure1 ?\gh mu* ( ! soil is sal9e & cov]$ ) lakes & m>%es4 ,a triple range ( lime/one m\nta9s1 #fjjj or #gjjj feet high1 divid$ by n>r[ b beautiful valleys1 is ! limit ( ! ,anatolian table-l& along ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,two-?irds ( _! height are cov]$ ) =e/s1 & brok5 by wood$ gl5s1 leav+ a n>r[ coa/1 except ne> ,trebizond1 :]e x is broad & picturesque4 ,! high l& is b\nd$ on ! s\? by ! s]rat$ sn[y range ( ! ,taurus1 :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ,rhodes1 ,cos1 & o!r isl&s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 fills ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or ) ramifications1 &1 aft] foll[+ ! s9uosities ( ! iron-b\nd coa/ ( ,k>amania 9 a s+le l(ty range1 ext5ds at ,samisat1 :]e ! ,euphrates has pi]c$ a way ?r\gh ?is /ony girdle4 ,ab\t ! #ej? m]idian ! table-l& is compress$ to ne>ly half its wid?1 & !re ! l(ty m\nta9\s regions ( ,arm5ia1 ,k\rdi/an1 & ,az]bijan t[] high] & high] betwe5 ! ,black ,sea1 ! ,caspian1 & ! ,gulf ( ,sc&]oon 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"h ! cold treeless pla9s ( ,arm5ia1 ! e>lie/ abode ( man1 #gjjj feet above ! sea1 be> no traces ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed52 ,m\nt ,ar>at1 on :i* ! ,ark is said to h re/$1 /&s a solit>y maje/ic volcanic cone1 #ag1bfj feet above ! sea1 %r\d$ 9 p]petual sn[4 ,?\gh high & cold1 ! soil ( ,arm5ia is ri*] ?an t ( ,anatolia1 & is bett] cultivat$4 ,x %elves on ! nor? 9 luxuriant & beautiful declivities to ! l[ & undulat+ valley ( ,k>a1 s\? ( ! ,caucasus2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! broad & l(ty belt ( ! ,k\rdi/an m\nta9s1 ris+ abruptly 9 _m p>allel ranges f ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia1 =m its s\!rn limit1 & spread _! ramifications wide ov] its surface4 ,!y are r5t by deep rav9es1 & 9 _m places are s rugg$ t communication betwe5 ! villages is always difficult1 & 9 w9t] impracticable f ! dep? ( sn[4 ,! l9e ( p]petual congelation is decid$ & ev5 along _! summit2 _! flanks are wood$1 & ! valleys popul\s & f]tile4 ,a ?\s& squ>e miles ( ,k\rdi/an is occupi$ by ! bracki% lake ,van1 :i* is seldom froz51 ?\gh #edfg feet above ! sea1 & surr\nd$ by l(ty m\nta9s4 ,! ,p]sian m\nta9s1 ( :i* ,elburz is ! pr9cipal *a91 ext5d along ! nor!rn br9k ( ! plateau1 f ,arm5ia1 almo/ p>allel to ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 ma9ta9+ a consid]able elevation up to ! volcanic peak ( ,demav5d1 ne> ,tehrn1 _! culm9at+ po9t1 :i*1 ?\gh #ij miles inl&1 is a l&m>k to sailors on ! ,caspian4 ,elevat$ (fsets ( ^! m\nta9s cov] ! volcanic table-l& ( ,az]bijan1 ! fire-c\ntry ( ,zoroa/]1 & "o ( ! mo/ f]tile prov9ces ( ,p]sia2 !re ! ,koh ,salavan elevates its volcanic cone4 ,beautiful pla9s1 pure /reams1 & peaceful glades1 int]sp]s$ ) villages1 lie among ! m\nta9s1 & ! ,vale ( ,khosran ,%ah1 a picture ( sylvan beauty1 is celebrat$ z "o ( ! five p>adises ( ,p]sian poetry4 ,! vegetation at ! foot ( ^! m\nta9s on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian has all ! exub]ance ( a tropical jungle4 ,! ,elburz loses its height to ! ea/ ( ,demav5d1 & !n jo9s ! m\nta9s ( ,khorasan & ! ,p>opamisan range1 :i* appe> to be *a9s ( m\nta9s :5 view$ f ! l[ pla9s ( ,khorasan & ,balkh1 b on ! table-l& ( ,p]sia !y m]ely =m a broad hilly c\ntry ( ri* soil1 till !y jo9 ! ,h9doo ,coo%4 ,! table-l& ( ,iran is b\nd$1 = #a1jjj miles along ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ,indian ,ocean1 by a m\nta9\s belt ( f ?ree to sev5 p>allel ranges1 hav+ an av]age wid? ( #bjj miles1 & ext5d+ f ! extremity ( ! ,k\rdi/an ,m\nta9s to ! m\? ( ! ,indus4 ,! ,lasi/n ,m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! nor!rn "p ( ?is belt1 & b\nd ! va/ level pla9 ( ! ,tigris1 rise f x 9 a succession ( high table-l&s divid$ by v rugg$ m\nta9s1 ! la/ ridge ( :i*1 mo/ly cov]$ ) sn[1 abuts on ! table-l& ( ,p]sia4 ,oaks clo! _! flanks2 ! valleys are ( g5]\s soil1 v]dant1 & cultivat$2 & _m riv]s fl[ ?r\gh !m to swell ! /ream ( ! ,tigris4 ,insulat$ hill =ts1 f #bjjj to #ejjj feet high1 occur 9 ?is c\ntry1 ) flat cultivat$ tops "s miles 9 ext5t1 accessible only by ladd]s1 or holes cut 9 _! precipit\s sides4 ,^! c\ntries are full ( anci5t inscriptions & rema9s ( antiquity4 ,! moi/ure decreases m & m s\? f ,%iraz1 & !n ! p>allel ridges1 repulsive 9 aspect & difficult to pass1 are sep>at$ by arid longitud9al valleys1 :i* asc5d l /eps f ! n>r[ %ores ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf to ! table-l&4 ,! coa/s ( ! gulf are burn+ hot s& solitudes1 s completely b>r51 t ! c\ntry f ,bassora to ! ,indus1 a di/ance ( #abjj miles1 is ne>ly a /]ile wa/e4 ,9 ! few fav\r$ spots on ! t]races :]e wat] occurs !re is vegetation1 & ! beauty ( ^! valleys is enhanc$ by surr\nd+ /]ility4#bg ,) ! exception ( ,maz5d]an & ! o!r prov9ces bord]+ ^u ! ,caspian1 & 9 ! ,p>opamisan range1 ,p]sia is arid1 possess+ few p]5nial spr+s1 & n "o great riv]2 9 fact1 ?ree-t5?s ( ! c\ntry is a des]t1 & ! table-l& is ne>ly a wide sc5e ( desolation4 ,a great salt-des]t occupies #bg1jjj squ>e miles betwe5 ,irak & ,khorasan1 ( :i* ! soil is a /iff clay1 cov]$ ) effloresc5ce ( common salt & nitre1 (t5 an in* ?ick1 v>i$ only by a few sal9e plants & pat*es ( v]dure 9 ! holl[s4 ,?is dre>y wa/e jo9s ! l>ge s&y & equally dre>y des]t ( ,k]man4 ,kelat1 ! capital ( ,belo*i/an1 is #gjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea3 r\nd x !re is cultivation1 b ! great] "p ( t c\ntry is a lifeless pla91 ov] :i* ! brick-r$ s& is drift$ by ! nor? w9d into ridges l ! waves ( ! sea1 (t5 #ab feet high1 )\t a ve/ige ( vegetation4 ,! bla/ ( ! des]t1 ^: hot & pe/il5tial brea? is fatal to man & animals1 r5d]s ^! dismal s&s impassable at c]ta9 seasons4 ,b>r5 l&s or bleak d[ns prevail at ! foot ( ! ,lukee & ,solimaun ranges1 =m$ ( b>e porphyry & s&/one1 :i* skirt ! ea/]n edge ( ! table-l&1 & dip to ! pla9s ( ! ,indus4 ,9 ,afghani/an !re is little cultivation except on ! banks ( ! /reams t fl[ into ! ,lake ,z]rah1 b vitality returns t[>ds ! nor?-ea/4 ,! pla9s & valleys among ! (fsets f ! ,h9doo ,coo% are ( surpass+ lovel9ess1 & comb9e ! ri*e/ peaceful beauty ) ! maje/y ( ! sn[-capp$ m\nta9s by :i* !y are encircl$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,! ,high ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t 7cont9u$7--,! ,ori5tal ,table-,l& & its ,m\nta9s4 ,,! ,ori5tal plateau1 or table-l& ( ,tibet1 is an irregul> f\r-sid$ mass /ret*+ f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 enclos$ & trav]s$ by ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ! _w4 ,x is sep>at$ f ! table-l& ( ,p]sia by ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! we/]n prolongation ( ! ,himalaya1 occupy+ ! t]re/rial i/hmus betwe5 ! l[ l&s ( ,h9do/an & ,bu*>ia4 ,! cold dre>y plateau ( ,tibet is sep>at$ on ! s\? f ! gl[+ luxuriant pla9s ( ,h9do/an by ! ,himalaya1 :i* ext5ds f ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,h9doo ,coo% 9 ,cabuli/an to ab\t ! #ie? m]idian1 :]e x jo9s ! imm5se m\nta9-knot :i* r5d]s ! s\?-we/]n corn] ( ! table-l& & ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan "o ( ! mo/ elevat$ regions on ! e>?4 ,on ! we/1 ! table-l& has its limits 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,bolor or ,beloot ,tagh1 ! 8,cl\dy ,m\nta9s10 ! ,t>ta% ,tagh ( ! natives1 a transv]se range :i* deta*es itself f ! ,h9doo ,coo% ne>ly at a "r angle ab\t ! #gb;d degree ( ,e4 longitude1 &1 pursu+ a nor!rly direction1 =ms magnific5t m\nta9-knots ) ! diagonal *a9s ( ! table-l&1 & is ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,oxus & ,*9ese ,t>t>y4 ,x desc5ds 9 a succession ( ti]s or t]races ?r\gh ! c\ntries ( ,bokh>a & ,balkh to ! deep cavity 9 :i* ! ,caspian ,sea & ! ,sea ( ,az(f lie1 & =ms1 ) ! ,we/]n ,ghauts1 ! ,solimaun range1 & ! ,ural1 a s+ul> exception to ! g5]al p>allelism ( ! ,asiatic m\nta9s4 ,two n>r[ difficult passes lead ov] ! ,beloot ,tagh f ! l[ pla9s ( ,bu*>ia & ,indep5d5t ,t\rki/an to ,ka%g> & ,y>k&1 on ! table-l& 9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y4 ,! nor?-ea/]n edge ( ! table-l& is b\nd$ by ! ,kh+-han ,m\nta9s1 a s]rat$ granitic *a9 runn+ f s\? to nor?1 :i* sep>ates ! plateau ( ,mongolia f ! c\ntry ( ,mant*\ria1 & jo9s ! ,yablonoi bran* ( ! ,alta at "r angles ab\t ! #ee? degree ( nor? latitude4 ,little m is kn[n ( ! s\?-ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! table-l& ?an t x is a mass ( exce$+ly high m\nta9s4 ,9 fact1 betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,brahmapootra & ! ,alta *a91 ne>ly #a1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles ( ! ,*9ese empire is cov]$ ) m\nta9s4 ,! table-l& itself is cross$ longitud9ally f we/ to ea/ by two great *a9s4 ,! ,ku5lun1 or ,*9ese range1 beg9s ab\t #ce #cj ,n4 lat4 at ! m\nta9-knot ( ,tsung-l91 =m$ by ! ,h9doo ,coo% & ,himalaya1 &1 runn+ ea/w>d1 x t]m9ates ab\t ! #aaj? m]idian1 b probably cov]s a great "p ( ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,*9a ) its bran*es4 ,! ,?ian-%an1 or 8,cele/ial ,m\nta9s10 lie m to ! nor?2 !y beg9 at ! ,bolor or ,beloot ,tagh1 &1 runn+ along ! #db;d p>allel1 s9k to ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi ab\t ! c5tre ( ! plateau1 b1 ris+ aga91 !y are cont9u$ "u ! "n ( ,%an-,g>jan1 :i* runs to ! nor?-ea/ & ends on ! %ores ( ! ,japan ,sea4 ,! ,?ian-%an is exce$+ly volcanic1 &1 ?\gh s f> inl&1 p\rs =? lava1 & exhibits all ! o!r ph5om5a ( volcanic di/ricts4 ,tibet is enclos$ betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-lun2 ,tungut1 or ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 lies betwe5 ! latt] *a9 & ! ,?ian-%an1 or ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s2 & ,zung>y1 or ,mongolia1 betwe5 ! ,cele/ial range & ! ,alta4 ,! m]idional *a9 ( ! ,bolor encloses ,*9ese ,t>t>y on ! we/2 & ,mongolia1 :i* is entirely op5 on ! we/1 is %ut 9 on ! ea/ by ! ,kh+-han range1 also runn+ f s\? to nor?4 ,! ,himalaya & ,alta ranges div]ge 9 _! ea/]ly c\rses1 s t ! table-l&1 :i* is only f #gjj to #ajjj miles wide at its we/]n extremity1 is #bjjj betwe5 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yunnan & ! c\ntry ( ! ,mant*\ ,tonguses4#bh ,( all ^! va/ *a9s ( m\nta9s ! ,himalaya1 & its pr9cipal bran* ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 are be/ kn[n2 ?\gh ev5 ( ^! a great "p has nev] be5 explor$1 on acc\nt ( _! enorm\s height & ! dep? ( sn[1 :i* make x impossible to approa* ! c5tral ridge1 except 9 a v few places4 ,! range consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 or ,indian ,caucasus1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,p>opamisan range 9 ,afghani/an to ,ca%m]e2 ! ,himalaya1 or ,imaus ( ! anci5ts1 :i* /ret*es f ! valley ( ,ca%m]e to ,bhotan2 &1 la/ly1 ! m\nta9s ( ,bhotan & ,assam--! ?ree mak+ "o magnific5t unbrok5 *a94 ,! ,h9doo ,coo%1 :i* has its "n f a m\nta9 ( great height1 nor? ( ! city ( ,cabul1 is v broad to ! we/1 ext5d+ ov] _m degrees ( latitude1 &1 toge!r ) ! (fsets ( ! ,beloot ,tagh1 fills ! c\ntries ( ,kaff]i/an1 ,koonduz1 & ,budak%an4 ,f ! pla9s to ! s\? x seems to consi/ ( f\r di/9ct ranges runn+ "o above ano!r1 ! la/ ( :i* abuts on ! table-l&1 & is s high t its sn[y summits are visible at ! di/ance ( #aej miles4 ,a ridge ( /up5d\s height encloses ! beautiful valley ( ,ca%m]e1 to ! ea/ ( :i* ! *a9 takes ! "n ( ,himalaya1 8! dwell+ ( sn[40 ,f ! great m\nta9-knot ( ,tsung-l91 ! ,himalaya no long] ma9ta9s its direct ea/]ly c\rse1 b makes a va/ ar* to ! s\? ( #cjj miles1 :i* ext5ds to ! ,brahmapootra1 v>y+ 9 bread? f #bej to #cej miles1 & occupy+ an area ( #fjj1jjj squ>e miles4#bi ,! g5]al /ructure ( ! ,himalaya is v regul>3 ! fir/ range ( hills t rise above ! pla9s ( ,h9do/an is alluvial1 nor? ( :i* lies ! ,t>iyani1 a tract f #aj to #cj miles wide1 #ajjj feet above ! sea1 cov]$ ) d5se pe/il5tial jungle1 & ext5d+ along ! foot ( ! range4 ,nor? ( ?is region are rocky ridges #ejjj or #fjjj feet high4 ,betwe5 ^! & ! high] ranges lie ! peaceful & well-cultivat$ valleys ( ,nepaul1 ,bhotan1 & ,assam1 ( inexhau/ible f]tility1 int]sp]s$ ) picturesque & popul\s t[ns & villages4 ,?\gh sep>at$ by m\nta9-gr\ps1 !y =m ! pr9cipal t]race ( ! ,himalaya betwe5 ! ,sutlej & ,brahmapootra4 ,beh9d ^! are m\nta9s f #aj1jjj to #ab1jjj feet high1 flank$ by magnific5t =e/s2 &1 la/ly1 ! sn[y ranges rise 9 succession to ! table-l&4 ,! pr9cipal & mo/ elevat$ *a9s are cut by n>r[1 gloomy rav9es & transv]se dusky gorges1 ?r\gh :i* ! torr5ts ( melt$ sn[ ru% to swell ! riv]s ( ,h9do/an4 ,! "* ( ! valleys becomes s(t] 9 ! l[] regions1 till at la/ ! luxuriance ( vegetation & beauty _c be surpass$4 ,transv]se valleys1 h[ev]1 are m frequ5t 9 ! ,h9doo ,coo% ?an 9 ! ,himalaya1 :]e !y consi/ *iefly ( su* *asms fill$ ) wreck z ! tribut>ies ( ! ,indus & ,ganges h made 9 bur/+ ?r\gh ! *a94 ,! mean height ( ! ,himalaya is /up5d\s4 ,capta9 ,g]>d & 8 bro!r e/imat$ t x c\ld n be less ?an f #af1jjj to #bj1jjj feet2 b1 f ! av]age elevation ( ! passes ov] ^! m\nta9s1 ,b>on ,humboldt ?9ks x mu/ be "u #ae1gjj feet4 ,colonel ,sab9e e/imates x to be only #aa1eaj feet1 ?\gh ! peaks exce$+ t elevation are n to be numb]$1 especially at ! s\rces ( ! ,sutlej2 inde$1 f t riv] to ! ,kalee1 ! *a9 exhibits an endless succession ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s on e>?2 =ty ( !m surpass ! height ( ,*imborazo1 "o ( ! highe/ ( ! ,&es1 & sev]al rea* ! height ( #be1jjj feet at lea/4 ,s rugg$ is ?is "p ( ! magnific5t *a91 t ! milit>y p>ade at ,saba?oo1 half a mile long & a qu>t] ( a mile broad1 is said to be ! only level gr\nd betwe5 x & ! ,t>t> fronti] on ! nor?1 or ! valley ( ,nepaul on ! ea/4 ,t[>ds ! fruitful valleys ( ,nepaul & ,bhotan ! ,himalaya is equally l(ty1 "s ( ! m\nta9s be+ #bh1jjj feet high2 b x is n>r[]1 & ! desc5t to ! pla9s excessively rapid1 especially 9 ! t]ritory ( ,bhotan1 :]e ! dip f ! table-l& is m ?an #aj1jjj feet 9 t5 miles4 ,! valleys are crevices s deep & n>r[1 & ! m\nta9s t hang ov] !m 9 m5ac+ cliffs are s l(ty1 t ^! abysses are %r\d$ 9 p]petual gloom1 except :]e ! rays ( a v]tical sun p5etrate _! dep?s4 ,f ! /eepness ( ! desc5t ! riv]s %oot d[n ) ! swiftness ( an arr[1 fill+ ! cav]ns ) foam & ! air ) mi/4 ,at ! v base ( ?is wild region lies ! elevat$ & peaceful valley ( ,bhotan1 vividly gre51 & %ad$ by magnific5t =e/s4 ,ano!r rapid desc5t ( #ajjj feet leads to ! pla9 ( ! ,ganges4 ,! ,himalaya /ill ma9ta9s great height along ! nor? ( ,assam1 & at ! ,brahmapootra ! p>5t /em & its bran*es ext5d 9 bread? ov] two degrees ( latitude1 =m+ a va/ m\nta9-knot ( great elevation4 ,beyond ?is po9t no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n ( ! range1 b x or "s ( its bran*es are suppos$ to cross ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ! ,*9ese empire1 & to end 9 ! volcanic isl& ( ,=mosa4 ,little m is kn[n ( ! nor!rn side ( ! m\nta9s ?an t ! passes are ab\t #ejjj feet above ! pla9s ( ,tibet4 ,! passes ov] ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 ?\gh n ! highe/1 are v =midable3 !re are six f ,cabul to ! pla9s ( ,turki/an2 & s deep & s mu* enclos$ are ! defiles1 t ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes nev] c\ld obta9 an obs]vation ( ! pole-/> 9 ! :ole j\rney f ,b>meean till )9 ?irty miles ( ,turki/an4 ,mo/ ( ! passes ov] ! ,himalaya are b little l[] ?an ! top ( ,mont ,blanc3 _m are high]1 especially ne> ! ,sutlej1 :]e !y are f #ah1jjj to #ai1jjj feet high2 & t nor?-ea/ ( ,khoonawur is #bj1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea--! highe/ t has be5 attempt$4 ,all are t]rific1 & ! fatigue & suff]+ f ! r>ity ( ! air 9 ! la/ #ejj feet is n to be describ$4 ,animals are z mu* di/ress$ z human be+s1 & _m die2 ?\s&s ( birds p]i% f ! viol5ce ( ! w9d1 ! drift+ sn[ is (t5 fatal to travell]s1 & viol5t ?und]/orms add to ! horror ( ! j\rney4 ,! ,niti ,pass1 by :i* ,mr4 ,moorcr(t asc5d$ to ! sacr$ lake ( ,manasa1 9 ,tibet1 is trem5d\s2 he & 8 guide _h n only to walk b>efoot$1 f ! risk ( slipp+1 b !y 7 oblig$ to creep along ! mo/ frightful *asms1 hold+ by twigs & tufts ( grass1 & sometimes !y cross$ deep & awful crevices on a bran* ( a tree1 or on loose /ones ?r[n across4 ,yet ^! are ! ?or\ghf>es = comm]ce 9 ! ,himalaya1 nev] repair$ nor susceptible ( improvem5t f frequ5t l&slips & torr5ts4 ,! l(tie/ peaks be+ b>e ( sn[ gives great v>iety ( col\r & beauty to ! sc5]y1 :i* 9 ^! passes is at all times magnific5t4 ,dur+ ! day1 ! /up5d\s size ( ! m\nta9s1 _! int]m9able ext5t1 ! v>iety & %>pness ( _! =ms1 &1 above all1 ! t5d] cle>ness ( _! di/ant outl9e melt+ into ! pale blue sky1 contra/$ ) ! deep azure above1 is describ$ z a sc5e ( wild & wond]ful beauty4 ,at midnight1 :5 myriads ( />s sp>kle 9 ! black sky1 & ! pure blue ( ! m\nta9s looks deep] /ill bel[ ! pale :ite gleam ( ! e>? & sn[-light1 ! effect is ( unp>allel$ solemnity1 & no language c describe ! spl5d\r ( ! sunbeams at daybreak /ream+ betwe5 ! high peaks1 & ?r[+ _! gigantic %ad[s on ! m\nta9s bel[4 ,!re1 f> above ! habitation ( man1 no liv+ ?+ exi/s1 no s\nd is he>d2 ! v e*o ( ! travell]'s foot/eps />tles him 9 ! awful solitude & sil5ce t reigns 9 ^! augu/ dwell+s ( ev]la/+ sn[4 ,nature has 9 m]cy mitigat$ ! int5se rig\r ( ! cold 9 ^! high l&s 9 a degree unexampl$ 9 o!r m\nta9\s regions4 ,! climate is mild1 ! valleys are v]dant & inhabit$1 corn & fruit rip5 at elevations :i* 9 o!r c\ntries--ev5 "u ! equator-- w\ld be buri$ 9 p]man5t sn[4 ,x is also a peculi>ity 9 ^! m\nta9s t ! high] ! range ! high] likewise is ! limit ( sn[ & vegetation4 ,on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! fir/ range1 ,mr4 ,g]>d f\nd cultivation #aj1jjj feet above ! sea1 ?\gh x 0 (t5 necess>y to reap ! corn /ill gre5 & unripe2 :ile 9 ,*9ese ,t>t>y good crops are rais$ #af1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,capta9 ,g]>d saw pa/ure & l[ bu%es up to #ag1jji feet2 & corn z high z ev5 #ah1edd feet1 :i* is #bghd feet high] ?an ! top ( ,mont ,blanc1 & #abgi feet above ! sn[-l9e 9 ! prov9ce ( ,quito "u ! equator4 ,bir*-trees ) tall /ems gr[ at ! elevation ( #ad1jfh feet1 & ! v9e & o!r fruits ?rive 9 ! valleys ( ^! high pla9s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! e>? probably has "s influ5ce on ! vegetation3 z _m hot spr+s exi/ 9 ! ,himalaya at great heights1 !re mu/ be a s\rce ( heat bel[ ^! m\nta9s1 :i* 9 "s places comes ne> ! surface1 & possibly may be connect$ ) ! volcanic fires 9 ! c5tral *a9s ( ! table-l&4 ,hot spr+s ab\nd 9 ! valley ( ,jumnotra2 & z x is well kn[n t _m plants ?rive 9 v cold air if _! roots are well protect$1 x may be ! cause ( p9e-trees ?riv+ at great elevations 9 t valley1 & ( ! spl5did =e/s ( ! deod>1 a species ( cypress t gr[s to gigantic size ev5 9 ! sn[4 ,accord+ to ,capta9 & ,mr4 ,g]>d1 ! l9e ( p]petual congelation is at an elevation ( only #ab1iha feet on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,himalaya2 :ile on ! nor!rn side1 or r on ! peaks :i* rise above ! table-l&1 ! limit is #af1fbj feet2 b ! mean height ( ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 & ! relative elevation ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ on ! two declivities ( ! ,himalaya1 require to be bett] inve/igat$4 ,! great] elevation ( ! sn[-l9e on ! nor!rn side is ! jo9t result ( ! s]5ity ( ! sky1 ! less frequ5t =mation ( sn[ 9 v cold dry air1 & ! radiation ( heat f ! neighb\r+ pla9s1 :i*1 be+ s ne>1 h mu* great] effect on ! temp]ature ?an ! w>m] b m di/ant pla9s on ! s\?4 ,!re are few] glaci]s 9 ! ,asiatic m\nta9s ?an might h be5 expect$ f ! great mass ( sn[2 !y are *iefly on ! ,?ibetian side ( ! ,himalaya1 & on ! ,ku5lun4 ,!re is a v l>ge "o at ! s\rce ( ! ,indus1 & ano!r at ! s\rce ( ! ,ganges1 on ! s\!rn face ( ! ,himalaya4 ,v>i\s second>y *a9s ( great l5g? deta* !mselves f ! ea/]n extremity ( ! ,himalaya1 or r ! va/ knot ( m\nta9s1 ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,brahmapootra1 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 :i* is a t]ra incognita2 _! orig91 !re=e1 is unkn[n4 ,b 9 ,upp] ,assam !y run cross to ! equatorial sy/em ( ,asiatic m\nta9s1 &1 ext5d+ 9 a s\!rly b div]g+ direction1 !y spread l ! spokes ( a fan ?r\gh ! c\ntries ea/ ( ! ,ganges & ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 leav+ l>ge & f]tile k+doms betwe5 !m4 ,! ,birmano-,siamese *a9 is ! mo/ ext5sive1 rea*+ to ,cape ,romania1 at ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,malay p59sula1 ! mo/ s\!rly po9t ( ! ,asiatic cont95t2 x may be trac$ ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,sumatra p>allel to ! coa/1 & also 9 ! isl&s ( ,banca & ,biliton1 :]e x ends4 ,ano!r range1 call$ ! ,laos-,siamese *a91 =ms ! ea/]n b\nd>y ( ! k+dom ( ,siam1 & ! ,annamatic *a91 f ! same orig91 sep>ates ! empire ( ,annam f ,tonqu9 & ,co*9 ,*9a4 ,^! slightly div]g+ l9es ( m\nta9s yield gold1 silv]1 t9 ( ! be/ quality & 9 great pl5ty1 almo/ on ! surface1 & preci\s /ones1 z rubies & sapphires4 ,m\nta9s 9 l[ latitudes h no?+ ( ! sev]e "* ( ^? 9 less fav\r$ climes4 ,magnific5t =e/s rea* _! summit2 spices1 dyes ( brilliant t9ts1 m$ic9al & odorif]\s plants1 clo! _! declivities2 & 9 ! l[ gr\nds ! fruits ( ,india & ,*9a gr[ 9 p]fection1 9 a soil :i* yields ?ree crops ( gra9 9 ! ye>4 ,! cre/ ( ! ,himalaya is ( /ratifi$ cry/all9e rocks1 especially gneiss1 ) l>ge granitic ve9s1 & b$s ( qu>tz ( huge magnitude4 ,! zone betwe5 #ae1jjj & #ah1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea is ( ,silurian /rata2 granite is mo/ frequ5t at ! base1 & probably =ms ! f\ndation ( ! *a94 ,/rata ( comp>atively mod]n date occur at great elevations4 ,! s$im5t>y =mations1 prevail+ also on ! acclivities ( ! ,alps & ,ap5n9es1 %[ t ! epo*s ( elevation 9 p>ts ( ! e>? widely remote f "o ano!r1 if n simultane\s1 7 at lea/ n v diff]5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t v great geological *anges h tak5 place at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod 9 ! ,himalaya1 & ?r\gh an ext5sive "p ( ! ,asiatic cont95t4 ,! ,alta m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! nor!rn m>g9 ( ! table-l&1 are unconnect$ ) ! ,ural *a93 !y are sep>at$ f x by #djj miles ( a l[ m>%y c\ntry1 "p ( ! /eppe ( ! ,kirghiz1 & by ! ,dala m\nta9s1 a l[ range nev] above #bjjj feet high1 :i* runs betwe5 ! #fd? m]idian & ! left bank ( ! ,irti%4 ,! ,alta *a9 rises on ! "r bank ( t riv]1 at ! nor?-we/ angle ( ! table-l&1 & ext5ds 9 a s]p5t9e l9e to ! ,pacific1 s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ,okhotzk1 divid+ ! high l&s ( ,t>t>y & ,*9a f ! wa/es ( ,asiatic ,sib]ia4 ,"u v>i\s names1 its bran*es skirt ! nor?-we/ side ( ! ,gulf ( ,okhotzk1 & !nce /ret*+ to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 x ends at ,ea/]n ,cape1 ! mo/ ea/]n extremity ( ! old cont95t1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! *a9 be+ #dejj miles4 ,! bread? ( ?is *a9 v>ies f #djj to #ajjj miles1 b t[>ds ! #aje? m]idian x is contract$ to ab\t #aej by a projection ( ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi4 ,its height be>s no proportion to its l5g? & bread?4 ,! ,alta1 ! only "p ( ! *a9 prop]ly s call$1 c only be reg>d$ z a succession ( t]races ( a swell+ outl9e1 desc5d+ by /eps f ! table-l&1 & end+ 9 ! promontories ( ! ,sib]ian pla9s4 ,!re are num]\s l>ge lakes on ^! t]races & 9 ! valleys1 z 9 ! m\nta9 sy/ems ( ,europe4 ,! g5]al =m ( ?is "p ( ! *a9 is monoton\s f ! preval5ce ( /raight l9es & smoo? r\nd$ outl9es--long ridges ) flatt5$ summits1 or small table-l&s n m ?an #fjjj feet high1 :i* r>ely atta9 ! l9e ( p]petual congelation3 sn[1 h[ev]1 is p]man5t on ! ,korgon table-l&1 #iijj feet above ! sea1 suppos$ to be ! culm9at+ po9t ( ?is "p ( ! *a94 ,^! table-l&s be> a /rong resemblance to ^? 9 ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s 9 baldness & /]ility1 b _! flanks are clo!d ) =e/s1 v]dant mead[s1 & pa/oral valleys4 ,ea/ ( ! #hf? m]idian ?is region ( l[ m\nta9s splits into ?ree bran*es1 enclos+ longitud9al valleys = #dej miles4 ,! ,sayansk & ,zongn\ m\nta9s1 :i* are ! nor!rn & c5tral bran*es1 =m a m\nta9-knot ne>ly z l>ge z ,engl&1 :i* projects l a huge promontory on ! ,sib]ian pla9s#cj we/ ( ,lake ,baikal1 & is celebrat$ = ! ri*ness ( its m9es4 ,! ?ird bran*1 :i* is ! ,ulangomula1 lies s\? ( ,lake ,oubsa4 ,! pr9cipal "p ( ! ,baikal gr\p is #ejj miles long1 f #aj to #fj wide1 high & sn[-capp$1 & said to be )\t glaci]s4 ,x flanks lake ,baikal on ! nor?1 ! l>ge/ ( ,alp9e lakes1 s emb$d$ 9 a knot ( m\nta9s1 p>tly granitic1 p>tly volcanic1 t rocks & pill>s ( granite rise f its b$4 ,! m\nta9s s\? ( ! lake are b ! face ( ! table-l&2 a travell] asc5d+ !m f9ds himself at once 9 ! des]t ( ,gobi1 :i* /ret*es 9 unbrok5 sadness to ! great wall ( ,*9a4 ,! ,da\ria m\nta9s1 a volcanic portion ( ! ,alta1 :i* bord]s ! table-l& on ! nor?-ea/1 foll[ ! ,baikal *a92 & f>!r ea/1 at ! s\rces ( ! ,aldan1 ! ,alta range takes ! "n ( ! ,yablonnoi ,khrebet1 & /ret*es s\? ( ! ,gulf ( ,okhotzk to ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific opposite to ! isl& ( ,saghalian2 :ile ano!r "p1 #ajjj miles broad1 fills ! space betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,okhotzk & ! riv] ,l5a1 & !n1 b5d+ to ! nor?-ea/1 ends 9 ! p59sula ( ,kamt*atka4 ,betwe5 ! we/]n end ( ,lake ,baikal & ! ,yablonnoi ,khrebet ! m\nta9-*a9s are p>allel1 & ext5d f ! ,w4,s4,w4 to ! ,e4,n4,e41 :i* is ! g5]al direction ( ! high l&s 9 ! mo/ ea/]ly regions ( ,asia4 ,a great "p ( ! ,alta *a9 is unkn[n to ,europeans2 ! innum]able bran*es t p5etrate ! ,*9ese empire are completely s3 ^? belong+ to ,russia ab\nd 9 a great v>iety ( preci\s & r>e metals & m9]als--silv]1 copp]1 & iron4 ,9 ! ,yablonnoi range1 & o!r p>ts1 !re are :ole m\nta9s ( porphyry1 ) r$ & gre5 jasp]2 coal is also f\nd2 & 9 a bran* ( ! ,alta betwe5 ! riv]s ,obi & ,y5nissei !re are m9es ( coal :i*1 hav+ be5 set on fire by lightn+1 h cont9u$ to burn = m ?an a c5tury4 ,! ,sib]ian m\nta9s f> surpass ! ,&es 9 ! ri*ness ( _! gold m9es4 ,! ea/]n flank ( ! ,ural *a91 & "s ( ! nor!rn spurs ( ! ,alta1 h furni%$ a va/ quantity ( gold1 b a region z l>ge z ,france has lately be5 discov]$ 9 ,sib]ia cov]$ ) ! ri*e/ gold alluvium1 ly+ above rocks ab\nd+ 9 t preci\s metal4 ,! m9es ( ! ,ural & ,alta are situat$ pr9cipally 9 metamorphic rocks1 adjac5t to ! gre5/ones1 sy5ites1 & s]p5t9es t h caus$ _! *ange2 & z ! same =mation prevails ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! ,alta & ,aldan *a9s almo/ to ,kamt*atka1 !re is e reason to believe t ! :ole ( t va/ region is aurif]\s3 besides1 z _m ( ! nor!rn (fsets ( ! ,alta are p>ticul>ly ri*1 x may be conclud$ t ! s\!rn bran*es 9 ! ,*9ese empire are equally s4 ,?us1 ,s\!rn ,sib]ia & ,*9ese ,t>t>y =m an aurif]\s di/rict1 probably great] 9 area ?an all ,europe1 :i* ext5ds ev5 to our dom9ions 9 ,h9do/an1 :]e ! =mations conta9+ gold are unexplor$4#ca ,! s$im5t>y deposits 9 ?is ext5sive m\nta9-range are m anci5t ?an ! granite1 sy5ite1 & porphyries3 consequ5tly ^! igne\s rocks h n "h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al cru/ ( ! globe4 ,rocks ( ! ,palozoic s]ies occupy ! great] "p ( ! ,alta1 & probably !re are none m mod]n4 ,!re are no volcanic rocks1 prop]ly speak+1 anci5t or mod]n1 we/ ( ! ,y5issei1 b !y ab\nd to ! ea/ ( t riv]1 ev5 to ,kamt*atka1 :i* is full ( !m4 ,! physical *>act]s & ! fossil rema9s ( ?is ext5sive m\nta9 sy/em h little relation ) ! geological =mations ( ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia seems ev5 to =m an insulat$ di/rict by itself1 & t "p betwe5 ! t[n ( ,yak\tzk & ! m\? ( ! ,l5a appe>s to h be5 rais$ at a lat] p]iod ?an ! "p ( ,sib]ia /ret*+ we/w>d to ! ,sayansk m\nta9s2 moreov]1 ! elevation ( ! we/]n "p ( ! ,alta 0 probably contemporane\s ) t ( ! ,ural m\nta9s4#cb ,on ! :ole1 ! *a9s 9 ! direction ( p>allels ( latitude 9 ! ,old ,cont95t are mu* m num]\s & ext5sive ?an ^? 9 ! m]idians2 & z !y lie *iefly t[>ds ! equator1 ! int]nal =ces t rais$ !m 7 probably modifi$ by ! rotation ( ! e>?4 ,! table-l& ( ,tibet is only #djjj feet above ! sea t[>ds ! nor?1 b x rises 9 ,little ,tibet to betwe5 #aa1jjj & #ab1jjj feet4 ,! ,ku5-lun1 ! mo/ s\!rly ( ! two diagonal m\nta9-*a9s t cross ! table-l&1 beg9s at ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 9 latitude #ce #cj1 be+1 9 fact1 a bran* ( t *a91 & ext5ds ea/w>d 9 two bran*es1 :i* surr\nd ! lake ,t5gri-,nor1 & aga9 unite 9 ! ,k'han ( ea/]n ,tibet4 ,! mo/ s\!rly ( ! two bran*es1 kn[n z ! ,ice ,m\nta9s1 or ,k>a-,korum ( ! natives1 ma9ta9s a curv$ c\rse p>allel to ! ,himalaya1 & !n b5ds nor? t[>ds ! ,ku5-lun1 :i* pursues a m direct l9e across ! table-l&4 ,*a9s m or less connect$ ) ^! =m an elevat$ m\nta9 pla9 r\nd ,lake ,koko-,nor1 ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! table-l&1 f :5ce ^? imm5se m\nta9-ranges div]ge1 :i* r5d] ! s\?-we/]n prov9ces ( ,*9a ! mo/ elevat$ region on e>?4 ,! c\ntry ( ,tibet ly+ betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ! ,ku5-lun consi/s ( rocky m\nta9\s ridges1 ext5d+ f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e41 sep>at$ by long valleys1 9 :i* fl[ ! upp] c\rses ( ! ,brahmapootra1 ,sutlej1 & ,indus4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,moorcr(t1 ! sacr$ lake ,manasa1 9 ,great ,tibet1 & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 is #ag1jjj feet above ! sea1 :i* is #abdj feet high] ?an ,mont ,blanc4 ,9 ?is elevat$ region :eat & b>ley gr[1 & _m ( ! fruits ( ,s\!rn ,europe rip54 ,! city ( ,h',lassa1 9 ea/]n ,tibet1 ! resid5ce ( ! ,gr& ,lama1 is surr\nd$ by v9ey>ds1 & is call$ by ! ,*9ese ! 8,realm ( ,pleasure40 ,!re are "s trees 9 ?is c\ntry2 b ! gr\nd 9 cultivation be>s a small proportion to ! grassy /eppes1 :i* ext5d 9 endless monotony1 graz$ by ?\s&s ( ! %awl-wool goats1 %eep1 & cattle4 ,!re are _m lakes 9 ! table-l&3 "s 9 ,ladak conta9 borax--a salt v useful 9 ! arts1 f\nd only "h1 at ,monte ,c]boliti 9 ,tuscany1 & 9 "o ( ! ,lip>i isl&s4 ,9 summ] ! sun is p[]ful at mid-day1 ! air is ( ! pure/ transp>5cy1 & ! azure ( ! sky s deep t x seems black z 9 ! d>ke/ night4 ,! ris+ moon does n enlight5 ! atmosph]e1 no w>n+ radiance ann\nces h] approa*1 till h] limb t\*es ! horizon1 & ! />s %9e ) ! di/9ctness & brilliancy ( suns4 ,9 s\!rn ,tibet ! v]dure is conf9$ to fav\r$ spots2 ! bleak m\nta9s & high pla9s are /]nly gloomy--a sc5e ( b>r5ness n to be conceiv$4 ,solitude reigns 9 ^! dre>y wa/es1 :]e !re is n a tree1 nor ev5 a %rub to be se5 ( m ?an a few in*es high4 ,! scanty1 %ort-liv$ v]dure vani%es 9 ,octob]2 ! c\ntry !n looks z if fire _h pass$ ov] x1 & cutt+ dry w9ds bl[ ) irresi/ible fury1 h[l+ 9 ! b>e m\nta9s1 :irl+ ! sn[ ?r\gh ! air1 & freez+ to dea? ! un=tunate travell] b5ight$ 9 _! defiles4 ,y>k& & ,khotan1 prov9ces ( ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 :i* lie beyond ! two diagonal *a9s1 are less elevat$ & m f]tile ?an ,tibet2 yet x is s cold 9 w9t] t ! riv] ,y>kiang is froz5 = ?ree mon?s4 ,!y are wat]$ by five riv]s1 & conta9 sev]al l>ge cities2 ,y>k&1 ! mo/ consid]able ( ^!1 is ! emporium ( comm]ce betwe5 ,tibet1 ,turki/an1 ,*9a1 & ,russia4 ,gold1 rubies1 silk1 & o!r productions are export$4 ,! ,t>t> range ( ! ,?ian-,%an is v high2 ! ,bogda ,oola1 or 8,holy ,m\nta910 ne> ,lake ,lob1 its highe/ po9t1 is always cov]$ ) sn[1 & x has two active volcanoes1 "o on ea* side4 ,?is range runs along ! #db;d p>allel ( nor? latitude1 =m+ at its we/]n extremity a m\nta9-knot ) ! ,beloot ,tagh1 9 ! c5tre ( :i* lies ! small table-l& ( ,pam]1 #ae1fjj feet high1 call$ by ! natives ! 8,ro( ( ! ,_w40 ,its rem>kable elevation 0 fir/ describ$ by ! celebrat$ ,v5etian travell] ,m>co ,polo1 six c5turies ago4 ,! ,oxus orig9ates 9 a glaci] ( ! ,poo%tee ,khur1 a peak ( ! ,beloot ,tagh ne> ! pla9 ( ,pam]2 ! lake ,sir-i-,kol is "h ! s\rce ( ! riv] ( ,y>k&2 & ! ,kokan also rises 9 ! same pla91 :i* is int5sely cold 9 w9t]1 & 9 summ] is alive ) flocks ( %eep & goats4 ,sn[ lies deep on ! ,?ian-,%an range 9 w9t]1 yet little falls on ! pla9s on acc\nt ( ! dryness ( ! air4 ,!re are only two or ?ree %[]s annually on ^! m\nta9s1 = a v %ort "t1 & ! drops are s m9ute z sc>cely to wet ! gr\nd1 yet ! /reams f !m suffice = irrigation4 ,zung>y1 or ,mongolia1 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,?ian-,%an & ! ,alta1 is h>dly kn[n1 fur!r ?an t its grassy /eppes1 int]sect$ by _m lakes & (fsets f ! ,alta1 are ! pa/ure-gr\nds ( ! w&]+ ,kirghiz4 ,! rem>kable feature ( ! table-l& is ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi1 :i* occupies an area ( #cjj1jjj squ>e miles 9 its ea/]n extremity1 int]rupt$ only by a few spots ( pa/ure & l[ bu%es4 ,wide tracts are flat1 & cov]$ ) small /ones or s&1 & widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r are l[ hills de/itute ( wood & wat]2 its g5]al elevation is #dbbj feet above ! sea1 b x is int]sect$ f we/ to ea/ by a depress$ valley aptly nam$ ,%amo1 or ! 8,sea ( ,s&10 :i* is also mix$ ) salt4 ,we/ f x lies ! ,han-,hai1 ! 8,dry ,sea10 a b>r5 pla9 ( %ift+ s& bl[n into high ridges4 ,"h1 z 9 all des]ts1 ! summ] sun is scor*+1 no ra9 falls1 & :5 ?ick fog occurs x is only ! precursor ( fi]ce w9ds4 ,all ! pla9s ( ,mongolia are int5sely cold 9 w9t]1 because ! hills to ! nor? are too l[ to scre5 !m f ! pol> bla/1 &1 be+ high] ?an ! ,sib]ian des]ts1 !y are bitt]ly cold2 no mon? 9 ! ye> is free f fro/ & sn[1 yet x is n deep en\gh to prev5t cattle f f9d+ pa/ure4 ,s&y des]ts l t ( ! ,great ,gobi occupy mu* ( ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,*9ese bran*es ( ! ,alta4 ,su* is ! /up5d\s zone ( high l& t girds ! old cont95t ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?4 ,9 ! ext5sive pla9s on ea* side ( x sev]al indep5d5t m\nta9 sy/ems rise1 ?\gh mu* inf]ior to x 9 ext5t & height4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,second>y ,m\nta9 ,sy/ems ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,t ( ,sc&9avia-- ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&--,! ,ural ,m\nta9s--,! ,great ,nor!rn ,pla94 ,,! great nor!rn pla9 is brok5 by two masses ( high l&1 9 e respect inf]ior to ^? describ$2 !y are ! ,sc&9avian sy/em & ! ,ural m\nta9s1 ! arbitr>y limit betwe5 ,europe & ,asia4 ,! range ( prim>y m\nta9s :i* has giv5 its =m to ! ,sc&9avian p59sula beg9s at ,cape ,l9desnaes1 ! mo/ s\!rly po9t ( ,norway1 &1 aft] runn+ along its we/]n coa/ #ajjj miles 9 a nor?-ea/]ly direction1 ends at ,cape ,nord ,kyn1 on ! ,pol> ,ocean1 ! extremity ( ,europe4 ,! highe/ elevation ( ?is *a9 is n m ?an #hdab feet4 ,x has be5 comp>$ to a great wave or bill[1 ris+ gradually f ! ea/1 :i*1 aft] hav+ =m$ a cre/1 falls p]p5dicul>ly into ! sea 9 ! we/4 ,!re are #cfif squ>e miles ( ?is p59sula above ! l9e ( p]petual sn[4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ! *a9 consi/s ( ridges foll[+ ! g5]al direction ( ! range1 #aej miles broad4 ,at ! di/ance ( #cfj miles f ,cape ,l9desnaes1 ! m\nta9s =m a s+le elevat$ mass1 t]m9at$ by a table-l& :i* ma9ta9s an altitude ( #dejj feet = #ajj miles4 ,x slopes t[>ds ! ea/1 & plunges at once 9 high precipices into a deep sea on ! we/4 ,! surface is b>r51 m>%y1 & bri/l$ ) peaks2 besides an area ( #fjj squ>e leagues is occupi$ by ! ,snae ,bra51 ! greate/ mass ( p]petual sn[ & glaci]s on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,a prom95t clu/] ( m\nta9s foll[s1 f :5ce a s+le *a91 #be miles broad1 ma9ta9s an un9t]rupt$ l9e to ! isl& ( ,meg>ee1 :]e x t]m9ates its visible c>e] 9 ,nor? ,cape1 a huge b>r5 rock p]petually la%$ by ! surge ( ! ,pol> ,ocean1 b f ! correspond5ce 9 geological /ructure x mu/ be cont9u$ "u ! sea to :]e x reappe>s1 accord+ to ,m4 ,b\1 9 ! s*i/ose rocks ( ,spitzb]g54 ,(fsets f ^! m\nta9s cov] ,f9l& & ! l[ rocky table-l& ( ,lapl&3 ! valleys & c\ntries along ! ea/]n side ( ! *a9 ab\nd 9 =e/s & ,alp9e lakes4 ,! iron-b\nd coa/ ( ,norway is a cont9u$ s]ies ( rocky isl&s1 capes1 promontories1 & precipit\s cliffs1 r5t into *asms :i* p5etrate miles into ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s4 ,^! *asms1 or fiords1 are ei!r p>tly or entirely fill$ by arms ( ! sea2 9 ! =m] case1 ! %ores are f]tile & inhabit$1 & ! :ole c\ntry ab\nds 9 ! mo/ picturesque sc5]y4 ,fiords are n peculi> to ! coa/ ( ,norway2 !y are ev5 m ext5sive 9 ,gre5l& & ,icel&1 & ( a m /]n "*1 ov]hung by sn[-clad rocks & glaci]s4 ,z ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s1 ^? ( ,f]oe1 ,brita91 ,irel&1 & ! nor?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,icel&1 h a simil> "*1 & foll[ ! same g5]al directions1 !y mu/ h be5 elevat$ by =ces act+ 9 p>allel l9es1 & !re=e may be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! same sy/em4 ,! ,f]oe isl&s1 due we/ f ,norway1 rise at once 9 a table-l& #bjjj feet high1 b\nd$ by precipit\s cliffs1 :i* dip into ! ocean4 ,! rocky isl&s ( ,zetl&1 & ^? ( ,orkney1 =m "p ( ! m\nta9 sy/em ( ,scotl&2 ! ,orkney isl&s h evid5tly be5 sep>at$ f ! ma9l& by ! ,p5tl& ,fir?1 :]e ! curr5ts run ) prodigi\s viol5ce4 ,! nor?-we/]n "p ( ,scotl& is a table-l& f #ajjj to #bjjj feet high1 :i* ends abruptly 9 ! sea1 cov]$ ) hea?1 peat-mosses1 & pa/ure4 ,! g5]al direction ( ! ,scotti% m\nta9s1 l ^? ( ,sc&9avia1 is f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/1 divid$ by a long l9e ( lakes 9 ! same direction1 ext5d+ f ! ,moray ,fir? completely across ! isl& to s\? ( ! isl& ( ,mull4 ,lakes ( ! mo/ picturesque beauty ab\nd among ! ,scotti% m\nta9s4 ,! ,grampian hills1 ) _! (fsets & "s l[ ranges1 fill ! great] "p ( ,scotl& nor? ( ! ,clyde & ,=?4 ,b5 ,nevis1 only #dcgd feet above ! sea1 is ! highe/ hill 9 ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,! ea/ coa/ ( ,scotl& is g5]ally bleak1 ?\gh 9 _m p>ts x is extremely f]tile1 & may be cit$ z a model ( good cultivation2 & ! midl& & s\!rn c\nties are n inf]ior ei!r 9 ! quality ( ! soil or ! excell5ce ( ! husb&ry4 ,to ! we/ ! c\ntry is wildly picturesque2 ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic1 p5etrat$ by ! sea1 :i* is cov]$ ) isl&s1 be>s a /rong resemblance to t ( ,norway4 ,!re _c be a d\bt t ! ,hebrides =m$ "p ( ! ma9l& at "s remote geological p]iod1 s9ce !y foll[ ! direction ( ! m\nta9 sy/em 9 two p>allel l9es ( rugg$ & impos+ aspect1 nev] exce$+ ! height ( #cbjj feet4 ,! undulat+ c\ntry on ! bord]s ( ,scotl& becomes high] 9 ! we/ ( ,engl& & ,nor? ,wales1 :]e ! hills are wild1 b ! valleys are cultivat$ l g>d5s1 & ! ,engli% lake-sc5]y is ( ! mo/ g5tle beauty4 ,ev]gre5 ,irel& is mo/ly a m\nta9\s c\ntry1 & opposes to ! ,atlantic /orms an iron-b\nd coa/ ( ! wilde/ aspect2 b x is ri* 9 arable l& & pa/ure1 & possesses ! mo/ picturesque lake-sc5]y3 inde$1 fre%wat] lakes 9 ! m\nta9 valleys1 s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,european sy/em1 are ! great ornam5ts ( ! high l&s ( ,brita94 ,v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,briti% isl&s 7 dry l& :ile mo/ ( ! cont95t ( ,europe 0 yet bel[ ! anci5t ocean4 ,! high l& ( ,lamm]muir & ! ,grampian hills 9 ,scotl&1 & ^? ( ,cumb]l& 9 ,engl&1 7 rais$ be=e ! ,alps _h begun to appe> above ! waves4 ,9 g5]al1 all ! highe/ p>ts ( ! ,briti% m\nta9s are ( granite & /ratifi$ cry/all9e rocks4 ,! prim>y fossilif]\s /rata are ( imm5se ?ickness 9 ,cumb]l& & 9 ! nor? ( ,wales1 & ! old r$ s&/one1 _m hundr$ feet ?ick1 /ret*es f sea to sea along ! flanks ( ! ,grampians4 ,! coal /rata are develop$ on a great scale 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl& & ! nor? ( ,engl&2 & examples ( e =mation1 ) ! exception ( ! mus*elkalk1 are to be f\nd 9 ^! isl&s4 ,volcanic fires _h be5 v active 9 e>ly times1 & n[h]e is ! column> /ructure m beautifully exhibit$ ?an 9 ,f+al's ,cave & ! ,/orr ( ,skye1 9 ! ,hebrides3 & 9 ! nor? ( ,irel& a base ( #hjj squ>e miles ( mica-slate is cov]$ ) volcanic rocks1 :i* end on ! coa/ 9 ! magnific5t columns ( ! ,giant's ,causeway4 ,! ,ural *a91 ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,europe & ,asia1 is ! only int]ruption to ! level ( ! great nor!rn pla91 & is altoge!r unconnect$ ) & f> sep>at$ f ! ,alta m\nta9s by salt lakes1 m>%es1 & des]ts4 ,! c5tral ridge may be trac$ f betwe5 ! ,lake ( ,aral & ! ,caspian ,sea to ! nor!rn extremity ( ,nova ,zemlia1 a di/ance ( m ?an #agjj miles2 b z a *a9 x really beg9s on ! "r bank ( ! ,ural riv]1 at ! /eppes ( ! ,kirghiz1 ab\t ! #ea/ degree ( nor? latitude1 & runs due nor? 9 a long n>r[ ridge to ! ,k>skaa ,gulf1 9 ! ,pol> ,ocean1 ?\gh x may be said to t]m9ate 9 dre>y rocks on ! we/ side ( ,nova ,zemlia4 ,! ,ural range is ab\t ! height ( ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,black ,=e/ or ! ,vosges2 &1 ) few exceptions1 x is wood$ to ! top1 *iefly by ! ,p9us cembra4 ,! imm5se m9]al ri*es ( ^! m\nta9s--gold1 plat9a1 magnetic iron1 & copp]--lie on ! ,sib]ian side1 & mo/ly betwe5 ! #ed? & #fj? degrees ( nor? latitude3 ! only "p t is coloniz$1 & "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s & civiliz$ regions ( ! ,russian empire4 ,to ! s\? ! *a9 is pa/oral1 ab\t #ajj miles broad1 consi/+ ( longitud9al ridges1 ! highe/ ( :i* does n exce$ #cdih feet3 9 ?is "p diamonds are f\nd4 ,to ! nor? ( ! m9+ di/rict ! n>r[ mural mass is cov]$ ) imp5etrable =e/s & deep morasses1 altoge!r un9habitable & unexplor$4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,ural m\nta9s !re are nei!r precipices1 transv]se gorges1 nor any ( ! *>act]i/ics ( a high *a92 ! desc5t on bo? sides is s g5tle t 9 _m places x is difficult to "k :]e ! pla9 beg9s2 & ! road ov] ! *a9 f ,russia by ,ekat]9burg is s l[ t x h>dly seems to be a m\nta9-pass4 ,! g5tle desc5t & sluggi%ness ( ! /reams produce ext5sive m>%es along ! ,sib]ian base ( ! range4 ,to ! ardu\s & ent]pris+ rese>*es ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison we are indebt$ = almo/ all we "k ( ^! m\nta9s3 he f\nd !m on ! we/]n side to be compos$ ( ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & c>bonif]\s rocks1 m or less alt]$ & cry/alliz$2 on ! ea/]n declivity ! m9es are 9 metamorphic /rata1 mix$ ) rocks ( igne\s orig92 & ! c5tral axis is ( qu>tzose & *loritic rocks4 ,! great zone ( high l& :i* ext5ds along ! old cont95t f ! ,atlantic to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean divides ! l[ l&s into two v unequal p>ts4 ,t to ! nor?1 only brok5 by ! ,ural range ( ! ,valdai table-l& ( /ill less elevation1 /ret*es f ! ,?ames or ! ,briti% hills1 & ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,se9e to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 includ+ m ?an #aij ( longitude1 & occupy+ an area ( at lea/ #d1ejj1jjj squ>e geographical miles1 :i* is a ?ird m ?an all ,europe4 ,! great] "p ( x is p]fectly level1 ) a few elevations & l[ hills1 & 9 _m places a dead level ext5ds hundr$s ( miles4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,c>pa?ian & ,ural m\nta9s is a flat on :i* !re is sc>cely a rise 9 #aejj miles2 & 9 ! /eppes ( s\!rn ,russia & ,sib]ia ! ext5t ( level gr\nd is imm5se4 ,! mean absolute height ( ! flat prov9ces ( ,france is #dhj feet4 ,mosc[1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! ,european pla91 is also #dhj feet high1 f :5ce ! l& slopes imp]ceptibly to ! sea bo? on ! nor? & s\?1 till x absolutely dips bel[ its level4 ,holl&1 on "o side1 w\ld be ov]fl[$1 7 x n = its dykes1 & t[>ds ,a/rakan ! pla9 s9ks /ill l[]4 ,) ! exception ( ! plateau ( ,u/-,urt1 ( no great elevation1 situat$ betwe5 ! ,caspian & ,aral1 & :i* is ! extreme s\!rn ridge ( ! ,ural *a91 ! :ole ( t ext5sive c\ntry nor? & ea/ ( ! ,caspian ,sea & ar\nd ! ,lake ( ,aral =ms a va/ cavity ( #ah1jjj squ>e leagues1 all consid]ably bel[ ! level ( ! ocean2 & ! surface ( ! ,caspian ,sea itself1 ! l[e/ po9t1 has a depression ( r m ?an #hc feet4 ,! ,european "p ( ! pla9 is highly cultivat$1 & v productive 9 ! m civiliz$ c\ntries1 9 its we/]n & middle regions1 & along ! ,baltic4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( cultivat$ l& lies to ! nor? ( ! wat]%$ :i* /ret*es f ! ,c>pa?ians to ! c5tre ( ! ,ural *a91 yet !re are l>ge hea?s :i* ext5d f ! extremity ( ,jutl& ?r\gh ,luneb\rg & ,we/phalia to ,belgium4 ,! l& is ( excell5t quality to ! s\? ( x4 ,r\nd ,polkova & ,mosc[ !re is an ext5t ( ! f9e/ vegetable m\ld1 equal 9 size to ,france & ! ,spani% p59sula toge!r1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,high ,/eppe1 & is mo/ly 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! great pla9 is pa/ure-l&1 & wide tracts are cov]$ ) natural =e/s1 especially 9 ,pol& & ,russia1 :]e !re are millions ( acres ( p9e1 fir1 & decidu\s trees4 ,! quantity ( wa/e l& 9 ,europe is v great1 & !re are also _m swamps4 ,a morass z long z ,engl& ext5ds f ! #eb;d p>allel ( latitude1 foll[+ ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,prepit1 a bran* ( ! ,dniep]1 :i* runs ?r\gh its c5tre4 ,!re are swamps at ! m\?s ( _m ( ! sluggi% riv]s 9 ,c5tral ,europe4 ,!y cov] #aigj miles 9 ,d5m>k1 & mossy quagmires occur frequ5tly 9 ! m nor!rly p>ts4 ,t[>ds ! ea/]n extremity ( ,europe ! great pla9 assumes ! peculi> "* ( des]t call$ a /eppe1 a ^w suppos$ to be ( ,t>t> orig91 signify+ a level wa/e de/itute ( trees3 h5ce ! /eppes may v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil4 ,!y comm5ce 9 ! riv] ,dniep]1 & ext5d along ! %ores ( ! ,black ,sea4 ,!y include all ! c\ntry nor? & ea/ ( ! ,caspian lake & ,indep5d5t ,t>t>y2 &1 pass+ betwe5 ! ,ural & ,alta m\nta9s1 !y may be said to occupy all ! l[ l&s ( ,sib]ia4 ,hundr$s ( leagues may be trav]s$ ea/ f ! ,dniep] )\t v>iation ( sc5e4 ,a dead level ( ?9 b luxuriant pa/ure1 b\nd$ only by ! horizon1 day aft] day ! same unbrok5 monotony fatigues ! eye4 ,sometimes !re is ! appe>ance ( a lake1 :i* vani%es on approa*1 ! phantom ( atmosph]ic refraction4 ,horses & cattle beyond numb] give "s animation to ! sc5e1 s long z ! /eppes are gre52 b w9t] comes 9 ,octob]1 & !y !n become a trackless field ( spotless sn[4 ,fe>ful /orms rage1 & ! dry sn[ is driv5 by ! gale ) a viol5ce :i* nei!r man nor animal c resi/1 :ile ! sky is cle> & ! sun %9es cold & bright above ! e>?ly turmoil4 ,! conte/ betwe5 spr+ & w9t] is long & sev]e1 = 8,w9t] (t at once resumes ! breeze1 ,*ills ! pale morn1 & bids 8 driv+ sleets ,de=m ! day1 delightless40 ,yet :5 g5tl] gales succe$1 & ! wat]s run (f 9 torr5ts ?r\gh ! *annels :i* !y cut 9 ! s(t gr\nd1 ! e>? is aga9 v]dant4 ,! scor*+ summ]'s sun is z sev]e 9 its consequ5ces 9 ^! wild regions z ! w9t]'s cold4 ,9 ,june ! /eppes are p>*$1 no %[] falls1 nor does a drop ( dew refre% ! ?ir/y & r5t e>?4 ,! sun rises & sets l a globe ( fire1 & dur+ ! day he is obscur$ by a ?ick mi/ f ! evaporation4 ,9 "s seasons ! dr\ght is excessive3 ! air is fill$ ) du/ 9 impalpable p[d]1 ! spr+s become dry1 & cattle p]i% 9 ?\s&s4 ,dea? triumphs ov] animal & vegetable nature1 & desolation tracks ! sc5e to ! utmo/ v]ge ( ! horizon1 a hide\s wreck4 ,mu* ( ?is c\ntry is cov]$ by an excell5t b ?9 soil1 fit = corn1 :i* gr[s luxuriantly :]ev] x has be5 tri$2 b a /iff cold clay at a small di/ance bel[ ! surface kills e h]b t has deep roots1 & no plants ?rive b ^? :i* c resi/ ! extreme vicissitudes ( climate4 ,a v wide range is hopelessly b>r54 ,! c\ntry f ! ,caucasus1 along ! %ores ( ! ,black & ,caspian ,seas--a dead flat1 twice ! size ( ! ,briti% isl&s--is a des]t de/itute ( fre% wat]4 ,sal9e effloresc5ces cov] ! surface l ho>-fro/4 ,ev5 ! atmosph]e & ! dew are sal9e1 & _m salt lakes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,a/rakan furni% great quantities ( common salt & nitre4 ,sal9e plants1 ) pat*es ( v]dure few & f> betwe51 are ! only signs ( vegetable life1 b ab\t ,a/rakan !re is soil & cultivation4 ,"s l[ hills occur 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ! ,caspian & ! ,lake ( ,aral1 b x is mo/ly an ocean ( %ift+ s&1 (t5 driv5 by appall+ :irlw9ds4 ,turki/an is a s&y des]t1 except on ! banks ( ! ,oxus & ! ,jax>tes1 & z f> on ea* side ( !m z canals convey ! f]tiliz+ wat]s4 ,to ! nor?1 b>r5ness gives place to v]dure betwe5 ! riv] ,ural & ! t]races & m\nta9s ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :]e ! /eppes ( ! ,kirghiz af=d pa/ure to ?\s&s ( camels & cattle belong+ to ^! w&]+ hordes4 ,sib]ia is ei!r a dead level or undulat+ surface ( m ?an #g1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles betwe5 ! ,nor? ,pacific & ! ,ural m\nta9s1 ! ,pol> ,sea & ! ,alta range1 ^: t]races & (fsets end 9 ^? pla9s1 l headl&s & promontories 9 ! ocean4 ,m4 ,midd5dorf1 inde$1 met ) a *a9 ( mo/ desolate m\nta9s on ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,ocean1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,samoides2 & ! almo/ inapproa*able coa/ f> to ! ea/ is unexplor$4 ,! m9]al ri*es ( ! m\nta9s h br\ght toge!r a population :o inhabit t[ns ( consid]able importance along ! base ( ! ,ural & ,alta *a9s1 :]e ! gr\nd yields good crops & pa/ure2 & !re are =e/s on ! undulations ( ! m\nta9s & on ! pla9s4 ,!re are _m hundr$ squ>e miles ( ri* black m\ld cov]$ ) trees & grass1 un9habit$1 betwe5 ! riv] ,tobal & ! upp] c\rse ( ! ,obi1 )9 ! limit :]e corn w\ld gr[2 b ev5 ?is valuable soil is /udd$ ) small lakes ( salt & fre% wat]1 a *a9 ( :i*1 #cjj miles long1 skirts ! base ( ! ,ural m\nta9s4 ,nor? ( ! #fb;d p>allel ( latitude corn does n rip5 on acc\nt ( ! bit+ bla/s f ! ,icy ,ocean1 :i* sweep supreme ov] ^! unprotect$ wa/es4 ,9 a high] latitude1 ev5 ! int]m9able =e/s ( gloomy fir are se5 no m3 all is a wide-spread+ desolation ( salt /eppes1 b\ndless swamps1 & lakes ( salt & fre% wat]4 ,! cold is s int5se !re t ! spongy soil is p]petually froz5 to ! dep? ( "s hundr$ feet bel[ ! surface2 & ! surface itself1 n ?aw$ be=e ! end ( ,june1 is aga9 ice-b\nd by ! middle ( ,septemb]1 & deep sn[ cov]s ! gr\nd n9e or t5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,happily1 gales ( w9d are n frequ5t dur+ w9t]1 b :5 !y d occur no liv+ ?+ v5tures to face !m4 ,! ,russian ,admiral ,wrangel1 :o travell$ dur+ ! mo/ int5se cold f ! m\? ( ! riv] ,kolyma to ,behr+'s ,/rait1 gives an appall+ acc\nt ( ^! des]ts4 8,"h endless sn[s & ice-cov]$ rocks b\nd ! horizon1 nature lies %r\d$ 9 all b p]petual w9t]1 life is a con/ant conflict ) privation & ) ! t]rors ( cold & hung]--! grave ( nature1 :i* conta9s only ! bones ( ano!r _w4 ,! p1 & ev5 ! sn[ smokes1 & ?is evaporation is in/antly *ang$ into millions ( ne$les ( ice1 :i* make a noise 9 ! air l ! s\nd ( torn sat9 or ?ick silk4 ,! re9de] take to ! =e/1 or cr[d toge!r = heat1 & ! rav5 alone1 ! d>k bird ( w9t]1 /ill cleaves ! icy air ) sl[ & heavy w+1 leav+ beh9d him a long l9e ( ?9 vap\r1 m>k+ ! track ( 8 solit>y flight4 ,! trunks ( ! ?icke/ trees are r5t ) a l\d noise1 masses ( rock are torn f _! sites1 ! gr\nd 9 ! valleys is r5t into yawn+ fissures1 f :i* ! wat]s t are und]nea? rise1 giv+ (f a cl\d ( vap\r1 & imm$iately become ice4 ,! atmosph]e becomes d5se1 & ! gli/5+ />s are dimm$4 ,! dogs outside ! huts ( ! ,sib]ians burr[ 9 ! sn[1 & _! h[l+1 at int]vals ( six or eight h\rs1 int]rupts ! g5]al sil5ce ( w9t]40#cc ,9 _m p>ts ( ,sib]ia1 h[ev]1 ! sun1 ?\gh long abs5t f ^! dismal regions1 does n leave !m to utt] d>kness4 ,! extraord9>y brilliancy ( ! />s1 & ! gleam+ sn[light1 produce a k9d ( twilight1 :i* is augm5t$ by ! spl5did coruscations ( ! aurora borealis4 ,! scor*+ heat ( ! summ]'s sun produces a *ange l magic on ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ! ,sib]ian wild]ness4 ,! sn[ is sc>cely gone be=e ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) v]dure1 & fl[]s ( v>i\s hues blossom1 be> _! se$s1 & die 9 a few mon?s1 :5 ,w9t] resumes 8 empire4 ,a /ill %ort]-liv$ vegetation scantily cov]s ! pla9s 9 ! f> nor?1 &1 on ! %ores ( ! ,icy ,ocean1 ev5 re9de]-moss gr[s scantily4 ,! abundance ( fur-be>+ animals 9 ! less rigor\s p>ts ( ! ,sib]ian des]ts has tempt$ ! ,russians to colonize & build t[ns on ^! froz5 pla9s4 ,yakutsk1 on ! riv] ,l5a1 9 #fb #a #cj ,n4 lat41 is probably ! colde/ t[n on ! e>?4 ,! gr\nd is p]petually froz5 to ! dep? ( m ?an #djj feet1 ( :i* ?ree feet only are ?aw$ 9 summ]1 :5 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] is frequ5tly #gg 9 ! %ade2 & z !re is 9 "s seasons no fro/ = f\r mon?s1 l>* =e/s cov] ! gr\nd1 & :eat & rye produce f fifte5 to =ty fold4 ,9 w9t] ! cold is s int5se t m]cury is con/antly froz5 two mon?s1 & occasionally ev5 ?ree4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe ! ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & c>bonif]\s /rata are widely develop$1 & m to ! s\? !y are foll[$ 9 asc5d+ ord] by imm5se tracts ( ! high] s]ies ( second>y rocks1 ab\nd+ 9 ! huge mon/]s ( a =m] _w4 ,v l>ge & int]e/+ t]ti>y bas9s fill ! anci5t holl[s 9 _m p>ts ( ! pla91 :i* are cr[d$ ) ! rema9s ( animals t no long] exi/4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ important are ! ,london1 ,p>is1 ,vi5na1 & ,mosc[ bas9s1 ) _m o!rs 9 ! nor? ( ,g]many & ,russia2 & alluvial soil cov]s ! great] "p ( ! pla94 ,9 ! ea/1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison has det]m9$ ! b\nd>y ( a region twice z l>ge z ,france1 ext5d+ f ! ,pol> ,ocean to ! s\!rn /eppes1 & f beyond ! ,volga to ! flanks ( ! ,ural *a91 :i* consi/s ( a r$ deposit ( s& & m>l1 full ( copp] 9 gra9s1 belong+ to ! ,p]mian sy/em4 ,?is1 & ! imm5se tract ( black loam already m5tion$1 are among ! pr9cipal features ( ,ea/]n ,europe4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,! ,s\!rn ,l[ ,l&s ( ! ,great ,cont95t1 ) _! ,second>y ,table-,l&s & ,m\nta9s4 ,,! l[ l&s to ! s\? ( ! great m\nta9 girdle ( ! old cont95t are mu* brok5 by its (fsets1 by sep>ate gr\ps ( m\nta9s1 & /ill m by ! deep ind5tation ( bays & l>ge seas4 ,situate 9 l[] latitudes1 & %elt]$ by m\nta9s f ! cutt+ ,sib]ian w9ds1 ^! pla9s are ( a m tropical "* ?an ^? to ! nor?2 b !y are /rik+ly contra/$ 9 _! diff]5t p>ts--ei!r ri* 9 all ! exub]ance t heat1 moi/ure1 & soil c produce1 or cov]$ by wa/es ( b>e s&--9 ! mo/ advanc$ /ate ( cultivation1 or 9 ! wilde/ g>b ( nature4 ,! b>r5 p>ts ( ! l[ l&s ly+ betwe5 ! ea/]n %ores ( ,*9a & ! ,indus be> a small proportion to ! ri*es ( a soil vivifi$ by tropical w>m? & wat]$ by ! p]iodical inundations ( ! mighty riv]s t bur/ f ! icy cav]ns ( ,tibet & ! ,himalaya4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! fav\r$ regions 9 t "p ( ! l[ l&s ly+ betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,atlas m\nta9s1 are small :5 comp>$ ) ! imm5se expanse ( ! ,arabian & ,african des]ts1 scor*$ & calc9$ by an equatorial sun4 ,! bless+ ( a m\nta9-zone1 p\r+ out its ev]la/+ treasures ( moi/ure1 ! life-blood ( ! soil1 is n[h]e m /rik+ly exhibit$ ?an 9 ! contra/ =m$ by ^! two regions ( ! globe4 ,! ,t>t> c\ntry ( ,m&%ur1 wat]$ by ! riv] ,am\r1 b little kn[n to ,europeans1 lies imm$iately s\? ( ! ,yablonnoi bran* ( ! ,alta *a91 & consequ5tly p>takes ( ! des]t aspect ( ,sib]ia1 &1 9 its nor!rn p>ts1 ev5 ( ! ,great ,gobi4 ,x is p>tly int]sect$ by m\nta9s1 & cov]$ by d5se =e/s2 nev]!less1 oats gr[ 9 ! pla9s1 & ev5 :eat 9 %elt]$ places4 ,t[>ds ,corea ! c\ntry is m f]tile2 9 t p59sula !re are cultivat$ pla9s at ! base ( its c5tral m\nta9-range4 ,*9a is ! mo/ productive c\ntry on ! face ( ! e>?2 an alluvial pla9 ( #baj1jjj squ>e miles1 =m$ by "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive riv] sy/ems 9 ! old _w1 occupies its ea/]n "p4 ,?is pla91 sev5 times ! size ( ,lomb>dy1 is no less f]tile1 & p]fectly irrigat$ by canals4 ,! ,great ,canal trav]ses ! ea/]n "p ( ! pla9 = #gjj miles1 ( :i* #ejj are 9 a /raight l9e ( consid]able bread?1 ) a curr5t 9 ! great] "p ( x4 ,mo/ "p ( ! pla9 is 9 rice & g>d5 gr\nd1 ! :ole cultivat$ ) ! spade4 ,! tea-plant gr[s on a l[ range ( hills betwe5 ! #cj? & #cb;d p>allels ( nor? latitude1 an (fset f ! ,pe-l+ *a94 ,! cold 9 w9t] is mu* great] ?an 9 ! correspond+ ,european latitudes1 & ! heat 9 summ] is proportionally excessive4 ,! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 ly+ betwe5 ,*9a & ! riv] ,brahmapootra1 has an area ( #gg1gjj squ>e miles1 & projects #aejj miles into ! ocean4 ,! pla9s ly+ betwe5 ! (fsets desc5d+ f ! ea/ end ( ! ,himalaya1 & :i* divide x longitud9ally1 z be=e m5tion$1 are v ext5sive4 ,! ,birman empire alone1 :i* occupies ! valley ( ! ,irrawaddy1 is said to be z l>ge z ,france1 & n less f]tile1 especially its s\!rn "p1 :i* is ! gran>y ( ! empire4 ,magnific5t riv]s int]sect ! alluvial pla9s1 ^: soil !y h br\ght d[n f ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 & /ill cont9ue to deposit 9 great quantities 9 ! deltas at _! m\?s4 ,! pla9s ( ,h9do/an ext5d #bjjj miles along ! s\!rn slope ( ! ,himalaya & ,h9doo ,coo%1 betwe5 ! ,brahmapootra & ! ,indus1 & t]m9ate on ! s\? 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ! table-l& ( ! ,deccan1 & ! ,indian ,ocean--a c\ntry embrac+ 9 its range e v>iety ( climate f tropical heat & moi/ure to ! g5ial temp]ature ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,! valley ( ! ,ganges is "o ( ! ri*e/ on ! globe1 & conta9s a great] ext5t ( vegetable m\ld1 & ( l& "u cultivation1 ?an any o!r c\ntry 9 ?is cont95t1 except p]haps ! ,*9ese empire4 ,9 its upp] "p1 ,sirh9d & ,delhi1 ! seat ( ! anci5t ,mogul empire1 /ill ri* 9 spl5did specim5s ( ,indian art1 are p>tly arid1 al?\gh 9 ! latt] !re is f]tile soil4 ,! c\ntry is beautiful :]e ! ,jumna & o!r /reams unite to =m ! ,ganges4 ,^! riv]s are (t5 hemm$ 9 by rocks & high banks1 :i* 9 a great measure prev5t ! p]iodical ov]fl[ ( ! wat]s2 ?is1 h[ev]1 is comp5sat$ by ! coolness & moi/ure ( ! climate4 ,! l& gradually improves t[>ds ! ea/1 z x becomes m flat1 till at la/ !re is n a /one to be se5 = hundr$s ( miles d[n to ! ,gulf ( ,b5gal4 ,:eat & o!r ,european gra9 are produc$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ?is magnific5t valley1 :ile 9 ! s\? e v>iety ( ,indian fruit1 rice1 cotton1 indigo1 opium1 & sug>1 are ! /aple commodities4 ,! asc5t ( ! pla9 ( ! ,ganges f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal is s gradual t ,sah>ampore1 ne>ly at ! foot ( ! ,himalaya1 is only #aajj feet above ! level ( ,calcutta2 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is t ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra1 ) _! bran*es1 9 ! ra9y season betwe5 ,june & ,septemb]1 lay ,b5gal "u wat] = hundr$s ( miles 9 e direction1 l a great sea4 ,:5 ! wat] subsides1 ! pla9s are v]dant ) rice & o!r gra92 b :5 h>ve/ is ov]1 & ! heat is int5se1 ! sc5e is *ang$--! c\ntry1 dive/$ ( its beauty1 becomes p>*$ & du/y ev]y:]e1 except 9 ! ext5sive jungles4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t "o-?ird ( ! ,briti% t]ritory 9 ,india is cov]$ ) ^! rank m>%y tracts4 ,x 0 e/imat$ by ,"l ,cornwallis1 & confirm$ by ,mr4 ,colebrooke1 t a ?ird ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's t]ritory is jungle4 ,! p59sula ( ,h9do/an is occupi$ by ! triangul>-%ap$ table-l& ( ! ,deccan1 :i* is mu* l[]1 & totally unconnect$ ) ! table-l& ( ,tibet4 ,x has ! prim>y ranges ( ! ,ghauts on ! ea/ & we/1 & ! ,v5dhya m\nta9s on ! nor?1 slop+ by successive levels to ! pla9s ( ,h9do/an ,prop]4 ,a trace ( ! g5]al equatorial direction ( ! ,asiatic high l& is /ill p]ceptible 9 ! ,v5dhya m\nta9s1 sometimes call$ ! c5tral *a9 ( ,india1 & 9 ! ,saulpoora range to ! s\?1 bo? be+ ne>ly p>allel to ! ,himalaya4#cd ,! surface ( ! ,deccan betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj feet above ! sea is a comb9ation ( pla9s1 ridges ( rock1 & insulat$ flat-topp$ hills1 :i* are num]\s1 especially 9 its nor?-ea/]n p>ts4 ,^! solit>y & almo/ inaccessible heights rise abruptly f ! pla9s1 ) all b p]p5dicul> sides1 :i* c only be scal$ by /eps cut 9 ! rock1 or by v dang]\s pa?s4 ,_m are =tifi$1 & 7 ! /rongholds ( ! natives1 b !y nev] h )/ood ! det]m9$ intrepidity ( ,briti% soldi]s4 ,! p59sula t]m9ates ) ! table-l& ( ! ,mysore1 #gjjj feet above ! sea1 surr\nd$ by ! ,nilgh]ry or ,blue ,m\nta9s1 :i* rise #bida feet high]4 ,! base ( ?is plateau1 & inde$ ( all ! ,deccan is granite1 & !re are also _m sy5itic & trap rocks1 ) abundance ( prim>y & second>y fossilif]\s /rata4 ,?\gh possess+ ! diamond-m9es ( ,golconda1 ! true ri*es ( ! c\ntry consi/ 9 its vegetable m\ld1 :i* 9 ! ,mysore is #ajj feet ?ick1 an inexhau/ible s\rce ( f]tility4 ,! sea-coa/s on ! two sides ( ! p59sula are ess5tially diff]5t3 t ( ,malab> on ! we/]n side is rocky1 b 9 _m p>ts well cultivat$1 & its m\nta9s cov]$ ) =e/s =m a cont9u\s wall ( v simple /ructure1 #eaj miles long1 & r m ?an #ejjj feet high4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el ! m\nta9s are b>e1 l[]1 frequ5tly int]rupt$1 & ! wide m>itime pla9s are = ! mo/ "p p>*$4 ,! isl& ( ,ceylon1 ne>ly equal 9 ext5t to ,irel&1 is almo/ jo9$ to ! s\!rn extremity ( ! p59sula by s&banks & small isl&s1 betwe5 :i* ! wat] is only six feet deep 9 spr+ tides4 ,! ,sanscrit "n ( ! 8,respl5d5t0 may convey "s idea ( ?is isl&1 ri* & f]tile 9 soil1 adorn$ by l(ty m\nta9s1 num]\s /reams1 & primeval =e/s2 9 addition to :i* x is ri* 9 preci\s /ones1 & has ! pe>l oy/] on its coa/4 ,! ,asiatic l[ l&s are cont9u$ we/w>d f ! ,indian p59sula by ! ,punjab & ! great ,indian des]t4 8,! ,punjab1 or c\ntry ( ! five riv]s10 lies at ! base ( ! ,h9doo ,coo%4 ,its mo/ nor!rn "p consi/s ( f]tile t]races highly cultivat$1 & valleys at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,x is v productive 9 ! pla9 )9 ! limits ( ! p]iodical inundations ( ! riv]s1 & :]e x is wat]$ by canals2 9 o!r p>ts x is pa/oral4 ,lahore occupies ! *ief "p ( ! ,punjab1 & ! city ( t "n on ! ,indus1 once ! rival ( ,delhi1 lies on ! high road f ,p]sia to ,india1 & 0 made ! capital ( ! k+dom by ,runjeet ,s+4 ,! valley ( ! ,indus ?r\gh\t p>takes ( ! "* ( ! ,punjab2 x is f]tile only :]e x is )9 rea* ( wat]2 mu* ( x is delta1 :i* is occupi$ by rice-gr\nds2 ! re/ is pa/ure1 or /]ile salt m>%es4 ,s\? ( ! ,punjab1 & betwe5 ! f]tile pla9s ( ,h9do/an & ! left bank ( ! ,indus1 lies ! great ,indian des]t1 :i* is ab\t #djj miles broad1 & becomes m & m arid z x approa*es ! riv]4 ,x consi/s ( a h>d clay1 cov]$ ) %ift+ s&1 driv5 into high waves by ! w9d1 ) "s p>ts t are v]dant aft] ! ra9s4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( ,cut*1 s\? ( ! des]t1 a space ( #gjjj squ>e miles1 kn[n z ! ,run ( ,cut*1 is alt]nately a s&y des]t & an inl& sea4 ,9 ,april ! waves ( ! sea are driv5 ov] x by ! prevail+ w9ds1 leav+ only a few grassy em95ces1 ! resort ( wild asses4 ,! des]t ( ,mekram1 an equally b>r5 tract1 ext5ds along ! ,gulf ( ,oman f ! m\?s ( ! ,indus to ! ,p]sian ,gulf3 9 "s places1 h[ev]1 x produces ! ,indian palm & ! aromatic %rubs ( ,arabia ,felix4 ,x 0 ! l9e foll[$ by ,alex&] ! ,great return+ ) 8 army f ,india4 ,! sca!d %ores ( ! ,arabian ,gulf1 :]e n a blade ( grass fre%5s ! arid s&s1 & ! uncultivat$ valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 sep>ate ,asia f ,arabia & ,africa1 ! mo/ des]t regions 9 ! old _w4 ,! p59sula ( ,arabia1 divid$ into two p>ts by ! ,tropic ( ,canc]1 is ab\t f\r times ! size ( ,france4 ,no riv]s1 & few /reams or spr+s n\ri% ! ?ir/y l&1 ^: b>r5 s&s are scor*$ by a fi]ce sun4 ,! c5tral "p is a table-l& ( mod]ate height1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is said to h an elevation ( #hjjj feet 9 ! prov9ce ( ,haudramaut4 ,to ! s\? ( ! tropic x is an almo/ int]m9able ocean ( drift+ s&1 waft$ 9 cl\ds by ! gale1 & dread$ ev5 by ! w&]+ ,b$\94 ,at wide int]vals1 long n>r[ depressions *e] ! eye ) bru%wood & v]dure4 ,m to ! nor?1 m\nta9s & hills cross ! p59sula f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 enclos+ cultivat$ & f9e pa/oral valleys adorn$ by grooves ( ! date-palm & aromatic %rubs4 ,desolation once m resumes its doma9 :]e ! table-l& s9ks into ! ,syrian des]t1 & ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( its circumf]5ce x desc5ds 9 t]races or p>allel ranges ( m\nta9s & hills to a flat s&y coa/ f #cj to #ajj miles wide1 :i* surr\nds ! great] "p ( ! p59sula1 f ! m\?s ( ! ,euphrates to ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,! hills come close to ! bea* 9 ! prov9ce ( ,oman1 :i* is trav]s$ by *a9s1 & brok5 into piles ( arid m\nta9s n m ?an #cejj feet high1 ) ! exception ( ! ,jebel ,okkd>1 :i* is #fjjj feet above ! sea1 & is cleft by tempor>y /reams & f]tile valleys4 ,"h ! gr\nd is cultivat$ & cov]$ ) v]dure1 & /ill f>!r s\? !re is a l9e ( oases f$ by subt]rane\s spr+s1 :]e ! fruits common to ,p]sia1 ,india & ,arabia1 are produc$4 ,! s\?-ea/]n coa/ is sc>cely kn[n1 except t[>ds ! prov9ces ( ,haudramaut & ,yem5 or ,arabia ,felix1 :]e ranges ( m\nta9s1 "s above #ejjj feet high1 l9e ! coa/1 & 9 _m places project into ! ocean1 sometimes =m+ excell5t h>b\rs1 z t ( ,ad51 :i* is protect$ by project+ rocks4 ,9 ! int]vals !re are t[ns & villages1 cotton-plantations1 date-groves1 & cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,on ! nor!rn side ( ^! granite ranges1 :]e ! table-l& is #hjjj feet above ! sea1 & along ! edge ( ! des]t ( ,el ,aklaj 9 ,haudramaut1 !re is a tract ( l& s loose & s v f9e1 t a plummet 0 sunk 9 x by ,b>on ,wr$e to ! dep? ( #cfj feet )\t rea*+ ! bottom4 ,!re is a tradition 9 ! c\ntry t ! ,saban army ( ,k+ ,suffi p]i%$ 9 attempt+ to cross ?is des]t4 ,arabia ,felix1 :i* m]its its "n1 is ! only "p ( t c\ntry ) p]man5t /reams1 ?\gh !y are small4 ,"h also ! m\nta9s & f]tile gr\nd run f> inl&1 produc+ gra91 pa/ure1 c(fee1 odorif]\s plants1 & gums4 ,high cliffs l9e ! %ores ( ! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,/rait ( ,bab-el-man-deb--8! ,gate ( ,te>s40 ,! f]tile c\ntry is cont9u$ a consid]able way along ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 b ! "* ( b>r5ness is resum$ by degrees1 till at l5g? ! hills & int]v5+ t]races1 on :i* ,mecca & ,m$9a1 ! holy cities ( ! ,mahom$ans1 /&1 are /]ile wa/es :]ev] spr+s d n wat] !m4 ,! bla/ ( ! des]t1 load$ ) burn+ s&1 sweeps ov] ^! p>*$ regions4 ,m\nta9s skirt ! table-l& to ! nor?2 & ! p59sula1 betwe5 ! ,gulfs ( ,akabah & ,suez on ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,elia? ( ,scripture1 is fill$ by ! m\nta9-gr\p ( ,s9ai & ,horeb4 ,jebel ,h\ra1 ,m\nt ,s9ai1 on :i* ,moses receiv$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 is #ijjj feet high1 surr\nd$ by high] m\nta9s1 :i* are cov]$ ) sn[ 9 w9t]4 ,! gr\p ( ,s9ai ab\nds 9 spr+s & v]dure4 ,at its nor!rn extremity lies ! des]t ( ,el-,teh1 #gj miles long & #cj broad1 9 :i* ! ,israelites w&]$ =ty ye>s4 ,x is cov]$ ) long ranges ( high rocks1 ( mo/ repulsive aspect1 r5t into deep clefts only a few feet wide1 hemm$ 9 by walls ( rock sometimes #ajjj feet high1 l ! des]t$ /reets ( a ,cyclopean t[n4 ,! j\rney f ,s9ai to ,akabah1 by ! ,wadee-el-,a9 or ,valley ( ! ,spr+1 is p]fectly magnific5t1 & ! site ( ,petra itself is a trem5d\s confusion ( black & br[n m\nta9s4 ,x is a consid]able bas9 clos$ 9 by rocks1 ) *asms & defiles 9 ! precipices4 ,! ma9 /reet is #b miles long1 & n m ?an f #aj to #cj feet wide1 enclos$ betwe5 p]p5dicul> rocks f #ajj to #gjj feet high1 :i* s ne>ly meet z to leave only a /rip ( sky4 ,a /ream runs ?r\gh ! /reet :i* mu/ once h be5 a consid]able torr5t1 & ! precipit\s rocks are excavat$ into ?\s&s ( cav]ns once inhabit$--into conduits1 ci/]ns1 flights ( /eps1 !atres1 & temples1 =m+ altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful rema9s ( antiquity4 ,! :ole ( ,arabia ,petrea1 ,edom ( ! sacr$ writ]s1 pres5ts a sc5e ( appall+ desolation1 completely fulfill+ ! d5unciation ( prophecy4#ce ,a s&y des]t1 cross$ by l[ lime/one ridges1 sep>ates ! table-l& ( ,arabia f ! habitable "p ( ,syria1 :i* ! m\nta9s ( ,lebanon divide into two n>r[ pla9s4 ,^! m\nta9s may almo/ be consid]$ (fsets f ! ,taurus *a92 at lea/ !y are jo9$ to x by ! wood$ range ( ,gawoor1 ! anci5t ,amanus1 impassable except by two defiles1 celebrat$ 9 hi/ory z ! ,amanic & ,syrian ,gates4 ,! gr\p ( ,lebanon beg9s ) ,m\nt ,casius1 :i* rises abruptly f ! sea 9 a s+le peak to ! height ( #gjjj feet1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,orontes4 ,f !nce ! *a9 runs s\?1 at a di/ance ( ab\t tw5ty miles f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 a cont9u\s l9e ( peaks to ! s\rces ( ! ,jordan1 :]e x splits into two ne>ly p>allel nak$ bran*es1 enclos+ ! wide & f]tile pla9 ( ,beka or ,ghor1 ! anci5t ,clo-,syria1 9 :i* are ! ru9s ( ,balbec4 ,! ,lebanon bran* t]m9ates at ! sea ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,leontes1 a few miles nor? ( ! city ( ,old ,tyre2 :ile ! ,anti-,libanus1 :i* beg9s at ,m\nt ,h]mon1 #ijjj feet high1 runs we/ ( ! ,jordan ?r\gh ,pale/9e 9 a w9d+ l9e1 till its la/ spurs1 s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 s9k into rocky ridges on ! des]t ( ,s9ai4 ,! tops ( all ^! m\nta9s1 f ,sc&]oon to ,j]usalem1 are cov]$ ) sn[ 9 w9t]2 x is p]man5t on ,lebanon only1 ^: absolute elevation is #icjj feet4 ,! precipices are t]rific1 ! spr+s abundant1 & ! spurs ( ! m\nta9s are /udd$ ) villages & conv5ts2 !re are =e/s 9 ! high] gr\nds1 &1 l[] d[n1 v9ey>ds & g>d5s4 ,_m (fsets f ! ,anti-,libanus end 9 precipices on ! coa/ betwe5 ,tripoli & ,beyr\t1 among :i* ! sc5]y is sup]b4 ,! valleys & pla9s ( ,syria are full ( ri* vegetable m\ld1 p>ticul>ly ! pla9 ( ,damascus1 :i* is brilliantly v]dant1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by des]ts1 ! b>r5 uni=mity ( :i* is reliev$ on ! ea/ by ! brok5 columns & ru9$ temples ( ,palmyra 7,tadmor74 ,! ,assyrian wild]ness1 h[ev]1 is n ev]y:]e absolutely b>r54 ,9 ! spr+-"t x is cov]$ ) a ?9 b vivid v]dure1 mix$ ) fragrant aromatic h]bs1 ( v %ort duration4 ,:5 ^! are burnt up1 ! unb\nd$ pla9s resume _! wont$ dre>9ess4 ,! c\ntry1 high & l[1 becomes m b>r5 t[>ds ! ,holy ,l&1 yet ev5 "h "s ( ! m\nta9s--z ,c>mel1 ,ba%an1 & ,tabor--are luxuriantly wood$1 & _m ( ! valleys are f]tile1 especially ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 :i* has ! appe>ance ( pleasure-gr\nds ) groves ( wood & aromatic plants1 b almo/ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,"o side ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias 9 ,galilee is savage2 on ! o!r !re are g5tle hills & wild romantic vales1 adorn$ ) palm-trees1 olives1 & sycamores--a sc5e ( calm solitude & pa/oral beauty4 ,j]usalem /&s on a declivity encompass$ by sev]e /ony m\nta9s1 wild & desolate4 ,! great] "p ( ,syria is a des]t comp>$ ) :at x =m]ly 04 ,mussulman rule has blight$ ?is fair region1 once fl[+ ) milk & honey--! ,l& ( ,promise4 ,f>!r s\?1 desolation increases2 ! valleys become n>r[]1 ! hills m d5ud$ & rugg$1 till1 s\? ( ! ,dead ,sea1 _! dre>y aspect ann\nces ! approa* ( ! des]t4 ,! valley ( ! ,jordan af=ds ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance kn[n ( ! depression ( ! l& bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! globe4 ,?is holl[1 :i* ext5ds f ! ,gulf ( ,akabah on ! ,r$ ,sea to ! bifurcation ( ,lebanon1 is #fbj feet bel[ ! ,m$it]ranean at ! ,sea ( ,galilee1 & ! acrid wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea h a depression ( #acjj feet4#cf ,! l[ness ( ! valley _h be5 obs]v$ by ! anci5ts1 :o gave x ! descriptive "n ( ,clo-,syria1 8,holl[ ,syria40 ,x is absolutely wall$ 9 by m\nta9s betwe5 ! ,dead ,sea & ,lebanon1 :]e x is f t5 to fifte5 miles wide4#cg ,a %r9k+ ( ! /rata mu/ h tak5 place along ?is coa/ ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 f a sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 or p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( ! int]nal props giv+ way1 = ! valley ( ! ,jordan is n ! only in/ance ( a dip ( ! soil bel[ ! sea-level3 ! small bitt] lakes on ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez are cavities ( ! same k9d1 z well z ! ,natron lakes on ! ,libyan des]t1 we/ f ! delta ( ! ,nile4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,africa--,table-,l&--,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,ea/]n ,coa/--,we/]n ,coa/-- ,abyss9ia--,s5egambia--,l[ ,l&s & ,des]ts4 ,,! cont95t ( ,africa is #ejjj miles long f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to its nor!rn extremity1 & z mu* betwe5 ,cape ,gu>dafu1 on ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,cape ,v]de1 on ! ,atlantic2 b f ! irregul>ity ( its figure x has an area ( only #ab1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles4 ,x is divid$ 9 two by ! equator1 consequ5tly ! great] "p ( x lies "u a tropical sun4 ,! high & l[ l&s ( ?is portion ( ! old cont95t are s di/9ctly sep>at$ by ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 or r ( ,komri1 t1 ) ! exception ( ! m\nta9\s t]ritory ( ! ,atlas1 & ! small table-l& ( ,b>ca1 x may be said to consi/ ( two p>ts only1 a high c\ntry & a l[4 ,an ext5sive1 ?\gh n v elevat$1 table-l& occupies all ,s\!rn ,africa1 & ev5 rea*es to six or sev5 degrees nor? ( ! equator4 ,on ?ree sides x %elves d[n 9 ti]s ( n>r[ p>allel t]races to ! ocean1 sep>at$ by m\nta9-*a9s :i* rise 9 height z !y rec$e f ! coa/2 & !re is reason to believe t ! /ructure ( ! nor!rn declivity is simil>1 ?\gh its extremities only are kn[n--namely1 ,abyss9ia on ! ea/1 & ! high l& ( ,s5egambia on ! we/2 bo? ( :i* project f>!r to ! nor? ?an ! c5tral "p4 ,! bord]s ( ! table-l& are v little kn[n to ,europeans1 & /ill less its surface1 :i* no :ite man has cross$ nor? ( ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn4 ,a comp>atively small "p1 nor? f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 has be5 explor$ by ,european travell]s4 ,mr4 ,trut] & ,mr4 ,som]ville 7 ! fir/ :ite m5 :om ! inhabitants ( ,litakoo _h se54 ,( an exp$ition t foll[$ _! track1 a few ye>s aft]1 no "o return$4 ,nor? ( ! ,cape ! l& rises to #fjjj feet above ! sea2 & ! ,orange ,riv]1 or ,g>eep1 ) its tribut>ies1 may be m aptly said to dra9 ?an to irrigate ! arid c\ntry ?r\gh :i* !y fl[2 _m ( ! tribut>ies1 inde$1 are only ! *annels ?r\gh :i* torr5ts1 f ! p]iodical ra9s1 are c>ri$ to ! ,orange ,riv]1 & are de/itute ( wat] _m mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,! 8,dry ,riv]10 ! "n ( "o ( ^! p]iodical /reams1 is 9 t c\ntry no misnom]4 ,_! m>g9s are adorn$ ) mimosas1 & ! s&y pla9s h furni%$ treasures to ! botani/2 &1 inde$1 zoology is no less indebt$ to ! :ole cont95t ( ,africa = ! v>i\s animals x produces4 ,dr4 ,smi? cross$ ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn 9 a j\rney f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :]e ! c\ntry _h /ill ! same arid "*4 ,nor? f t !re is a va/ tract unexplor$4 ,9 #ahjb two native travell+ m]*ants cross$ ! cont95t1 :i* is #aeij miles wide1 f ,lo&o on ! ,atlantic to ,zambeze on ! ,mozambique ,*annel4 ,!y f\nd v>i\s m]cantile nations1 consid]ably advanc$ 9 civilization1 :o raise abundance ( maize & millet1 ?\gh ! great] "p ( ! c\ntry is 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,ridges ( l[ hills1 yield+ copp]1 ! /aple commodity ( ?is c\ntry1 run f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w4 to ! we/ ( ! dom9ions ( ! ,camleaze1 a c\ntry full ( riv]s1 morasses1 & ext5sive salt m>%es :i* supply ?is "p ( ! cont95t ) salt4 ,! travell]s cross$ #ajb riv]s1 mo/ ( !m =dable4 ,! lead+ feature ( ?is c\ntry is ,lake ,n'yassi1 ( great1 b unkn[n l5g?1 & comp>atively n>r[4 ,x beg9s #bjj miles nor? f ! t[n ( ,tete1 on ! ,zambeze1 & ext5ds f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 flank$ on ! ea/ by a range ( m\nta9s ( ! same "n1 runn+ 9 ! same direction1 at ! di/ance ( #cej miles f ! ,mozambique ,*annel4 ,?is is all we "k f actual obs]vation ( ! table-l& ( ,s\? ,africa1 till ab\t ! #aj? nor!rn m]idian1 :]e ,dr4 ,beke's ,abyss9ian j\rney t]m9at$4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t !re c be no v high m\nta9s cov]$ ) p]petual sn[ on ! table-l&1 =1 if !re 71 ,s\!rn ,africa w\ld n be de/itute ( great riv]s2 nev]!less1 ! height ( ! table-l&1 & ( ! m\nta9s ( ,komri on its nor!rn edge1 mu/ be consid]able1 to supply ! p]5nial s\rces ( ! ,nile1 ! ,s5egal1 & ! ,nig]4 ,! edges ( ! table-l& are bett] kn[n4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ! ,african cont95t is ab\t #gjj miles broad1 & ends 9 ?ree n>r[ p>allel ridges ( m\nta9s1 ! la/ ( :i* is ! highe/1 & abuts on ! table-l&4 ,all are cleft by precipit\s deep rav9es1 ?r\gh :i* w9t] torr5ts fl[ to ! ocean4 ,! longitud9al valleys1 or koroos1 t sep>ate !m1 are ti]s1 or /eps1 by :i* ! plateau dips to ! m>itime pla9s4 ,! desc5t is rapid1 z bo? ^! pla9s & ! m\nta9-ranges are v n>r[4 ,on ! we/]n side ! m\nta9s =m a high gr\p & end 9 /eep promontories on ! coa/1 :]e ,table ,m\nta91 at ,cape ,t[n1 #cehb feet high1 =ms a conspicu\s l&m>k = m>9]s4 ,granite1 :i* is ! base ( ,s\!rn ,africa1 rises to a consid]able height 9 _m places1 & is g5]ally surm\nt$ by va/ horizontal b$s ( s&-/one1 :i* give t "* ( flatness peculi> to ! summits ( _m ( ! ,cape m\nta9s4 ,! koroos are arid des]ts 9 ! dry season1 b soon aft] ! ra9s !y are cov]$ ) v]dure & a spl5did flora4 ,! m>itime pla9s p>take ( ! same tempor>y aridity1 ?\gh a l>ge portion is ri* 9 c]eal productions1 v9ey>ds1 fruits1 & pa/ure4 ,! mo/ inl& ( ! p>allel ranges1 ab\t ! #bj? m]idian ea/1 is #aj1jjj feet high1 &1 ?\gh x s9ks to "s gr\ps ( hills at its ea/]n extremity1 x rises aga91 ab\t ! #bg? m]idian1 9 a truly alp9e & cont9u\s *a9--! ,quotlamba m\nta9s1 :i* foll[ ! nor!rly direction ( ,natal1 & are cont9u$ 9 ! ,lupata range ( hills1 #hj miles inl&1 ?r\gh ,zangueb>4 ,at ,natal ! coa/ is grassy1 ) clumps ( trees1 l an ,engli% p>k4 ,! ,zambeze1 & o!r /reams f ! table-l&1 refre% ! pla9s on ! ,mozambique ,*annel & ,zangueb>1 :]e1 ?\gh "s p>ts are m>%y & cov]$ ) mangroves1 groves ( palm-trees adorn ! pla9s1 :i* yield prodigi\s quantities ( gra91 & noble =e/s cov] ! m\nta9s2 b f #d ,n4 latitude to ,cape ,gu>dafu is a cont9u$ des]t4 ,!re is also a b>r5 tract at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,lupata *a91 :]e gold is f\nd 9 masses & gra9s on ! surface & 9 ! wat]c\rses1 :i* tempt$ ! ,portuguese to make settlem5ts on ^! un:olesome coa/s4 ,! isl& ( ,madagasc>1 ) its magnific5t range ( m\nta9s1 full ( trem5d\s precipices1 & cov]$ ) primeval =e/s1 is p>allel to ! ,african coa/1 & only sep>at$ f x by ! ,mozambique ,*annel1 #cjj miles broad1 s x may be presum$ t x rose f ! deep at ! same "t z ! ,lupata *a94 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s ( ,s\? ,africa is v great4 ,! esc>p$ bold m\nta9s r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & its rocky coa/1 :i* ext5ds a %ort way along ! ,atlantic to ! nor?1 are succe$$ by ranges ( s&/one ( small elevation1 :i* sep>ate ! int]nal s&y des]t f ! equally p>*$ s&y %ore4 ,! t]rac$ dip ( ! ,atlantic coa/ = #ijj miles1 betwe5 ! ,orange ,riv] & ,cape ,negro1 has n a drop ( fre% wat]4 ,at ,cape ,negro1 ranges ( m\nta9s1 sep>at$ by long level tracts1 beg91 & make a semicircul> b5d into ! int]ior1 leav+ pla9s along ! coa/ #adj miles broad4 ,9 ,b5guela ^! pla9s are heal?y & cultivat$2 f>!r nor? !re are monoton\s grassy savannahs1 & =e/s ( gigantic trees4 ,! gr\nd1 9 _m places saturat$ ) wat]1 be>s a tangl$ crop ( mangroves & tall re$s1 :i* ev5 cov] ! %oals along ! coa/s2 b pe/il5tial vap\rs hang ov] !m1 nev] dissipat$ by a breeze4 ,! c\ntry ( ,calbongos is ! highe/ l& on ! coa/1 :]e a magnific5t gr\p ( m\nta9s1 cov]$ almo/ to _! tops ) l>ge timb]1 lie n f> inl&4 ,! l[ pla9s ( ,biafra & ,b591 we/ ( !m1 & especially ! delta ( ! ,nig]1 consi/ entirely ( swamps load$ ) rank vegetation4 ,! angel ( ,dea?1 brood+ ov] ^! regions 9 noisome exhalations1 gu>ds ! int]ior ( t c\ntry f ! aggressions ( ! ,european1 & has hi!rto baffl$ 8 attempts to =m settlem5ts on ! banks ( ?is magnific5t riv]4 ,_m portions ( ,nor? ,gu9ea are s f]tile t !y might vie ) ! valley ( ! ,nile 9 c]eal ri*es1 besides v>i\s o!r productions2 & ?\gh ! temp]ature is v high1 ! climate is n v unheal?y4 ,no ,european has yet se5 ! high m\nta9s ( ,komri1 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 :i* are said to cross ! cont95t along ! nor!rn edge ( ! great plateau1 betwe5 ! two projections or promontories ( ,abyss9ia & ,s5egambia4 ,?is *a9 divides ! semi-civiliz$ /ates ( ,s\dan1 ,born\1 & ,begh>mi f ! b>b>\s nations on ! table-l&4 ,x ext5ds s\? ( ,abyss9ia at "o end1 at ! o!r x jo9s ! high l& ( ,s5egambia1 & is cont9u$ 9 ! ,kong range1 :i* runs #abjj miles beh9d ,dahomy & ! ,gold ,coa/1 & ends 9 ! promontory ( ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! va/ alp9e promontory ( ,abyss9ia or ,e?iopia1 #gjj miles wide1 projects f ! table-l& = #cjj miles into ! l[ l&s ( ,nor? ,africa4 ,x dips to a l[ swampy region on ! nor?1 to ! pla9s ( ,s5a> & ,kord(an on ! we/1 & on ! ea/ s9ks abruptly to ! coa/ at a %ort di/ance f ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,x is !re f #hjj to #ijj feet high1 b decl9es to ! we/w>d1 s t 9 ! #ae? p>allel ( ,n4 latitude ! ea/]n slope ( ! table-l& t[>ds ! ,r$ ,sea is ne>ly tw5ty times great] ?an ! c\nt]-slope t[>ds ! ,nile2 ! edge ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is f #cjjj to #djjj feet above ! pla9s4#ch ,! "* ( ,abyss9ia is 9 t respect l ! ,deccan1 or ,s\!rn ,india1 :]e ! ,ghauts rise abruptly ne> ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 & ! surface falls gradually t[>ds t ( ,corom&el4 ,! table-l& ( ,abyss9ia is a succession ( undulat+ pla9s1 brok5 by high] insulat$ m\nta9-masses1 :i* 9 ,sami51 ,godjam1 & 9 ,kaffa m to ! s\?1 atta9 an absolute altitude ( f #aa1jjj to #ae1jjj feet4 ,! pla9s are int]sect$ by num]\s /reams :i* =m ! ,nile & its tribut>ies on ! "o h&1 & ! ,haw% & its afflu5ts1 :i* fl[ into ! ,indian ,ocean1 on ! o!r4 ,! edge ( ! table-l& t[>ds ! ,nile is /eep2 ! /reams run to ! l[ l&s ?r\gh valleys f #cjjj to #djjj feet deep1 s t a travell] 9 asc5d+ !m might imag9e t he is cross+ a m\nta9-range1 :]eas1 on com+ to ! top1 he f9ds himself on a high pla94 ,?is elevat$ c\ntry has lakes1 swamps1 v]dant mead[s1 & cultivat$ l&1 produc+ v>i\s gra9s1 & occasionally c(fee4 ,! pla9 ( ! ,dembia1 ! gran>y ( ! c\ntry1 enjoys p]petual spr+4 ,dr4 ,beke1 to :om we are indebt$ = s mu* valuable in=mation ) reg>d to ?is "p ( ,africa1 travell$ to )9 less ?an t5 degrees ( ! equator1 &1 f ! acc\nts he receiv$1 ! c\ntry s\? ( ,abyss9ia appe>s to be simil> to ^? ( ,%oa & ,godjam--ext5sive undulat+ pla9s1 ) occasional m\nta9-masses1 & trav]s$ by num]\s /reams2 wide tracts mu/ be #gjjj or #hjjj feet high1 z !y only produce b>ley3 ! c\ntry t[>ds ,kaffa & ! s\rces ( ! ,gojeb is /ill high]1 & 9 "s p>ts des]t2 b ! c>avan-road betwe5 ,wallega & ,kaffa passes ?r\gh a va/ =e/ imp]vi\s to ! rays ( ! sun1 :i*1 accord+ to ! acc\nts ( ! m]*ants1 is n se5 = f\r or five days successively2 & we/ ( ! ,d$hesa !re are imm5se grassy pla9s1 ! elephant-hunt+ gr\nds ( ! ,galla tribes4 ,! geological /ructure ( ,abyss9ia is simil> to t ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! base be+ granite & ! sup]/ructure s&/one1 occasionally lime/one1 s*i/1 & breccia4 ,! granite comes to ! surface 9 ! l[] p>ts ( ,abyss9ia1 b s&/one pr$om9ates 9 ! upp] p>ts1 & assumes a tabul> =m1 (t5 ly+ on ! tops ( ! m\nta9s 9 enorm\s flat masses1 only accessible by /eps cut 9 ! rocks or by ladd]s3 su* insulat$ spots are us$ z /ate prisons4 ,l>ge tracts are ( anci5t volcanic rocks1 especially 9 ,%oa4 ,s5egambia1 ! app5dage to ! we/]n extremity ( ! table-l&1 also projects f> into ! l[ l&s1 & is ! wat]%$ :5ce ! /reams fl[ on "o side to ! pla9s ( ,s\dan1 :]e !y jo9 ! ,joliba or ,nig]2 & f ! o!r side1 ! ,gambia1 ,s5egal1 & o!r riv]s1 run into ! ,atlantic ov] a ri* cultivat$ pla91 b unheal?y f ! rankness ( ! vegetation4 ,! moi/ure t desc5ds f ! nor!rn edge ( ! table-l& ( ,s\? ,africa1 "u ! fi]y radiance ( a tropical sun1 f]tilizes a tract ( c\ntry /ret*+ f sea to sea across ! cont95t1 ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,african l[ l&s4 ,a great "p ( ?is region1 :i* conta9s _m k+doms & comm]cial cities1 is a v productive c\ntry4 ,! abundance ( wat]1 ! indu/ry ( ! natives 9 irrigat+ ! gr\nd1 ! p]iodical ra9s1 & ! tropical heat1 leave ! soil no repose4 ,agriculture is 9 a rude /ate1 b nature is s b\ntiful t rice & millet are rais$ 9 suffici5t quantity to supply ! wants ( a num]\s population4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ! riv]-c\rses1 & !re are elephants 9 ! =e/s2 b man is ! /aple ( _! comm]ce--a disgrace to ! savage :o sells 8 fell[-creature1 b a f> great] disgrace to ! m savage pur*as] :o d>es to assume ! sacr$ "n ( ,*ri/ian4 ,?is long belt ( nev]-fail+ vitality1 :i* has its l>ge lakes1 poison\s swamps1 deep =e/s ( gigantic trees1 & va/ solitudes 9 :i* no :ite m5 ev] trade1 is ( small wid? comp>$ ) its l5g?4 ,9 rec$+ f ! m\nta9s1 ! moi/ure becomes less & ! soil gradually worse1 suffic+ only to produce grass = ! flocks ( ! w&]+ ,b$\94 ,at la/ a hide\s b>r5 wa/e beg9s1 :i* ext5ds nor?w>ds #hjj miles 9 unv>i$ desolation to ! grassy /eppes at ! foot ( ! ,atlas2 & = #ajjj miles betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,r$ ,sea ! nak$ness ( ?is blight$ l& is unbrok5 b by ! valley ( ! ,nile & a few oases4 ,9 ! we/ ab\t #gfj1jjj miles1 an area equal to t ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 &1 9 "s p>ts1 ( a l[] level1 is cov]$ by ! trackless s&s ( ! ,sah>a des]t1 :i* is ev5 prolong$ = miles into ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 ! =m ( s&banks4 ,?is des]t is alt]nately scor*$ by heat & p9*$ by cold4 ,! w9d bl[s f ! ea/ n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>2 & at ! equ9oxes x ru%es 9 a hurricane1 driv+ ! s& 9 cl\ds be=e x1 produc+ ! d>kness ( night at midday1 & ov]:elm+ c>avans ( m5 & animals 9 common de/ruction4 ,!n ! s& is heap$ up 9 waves ev] v>y+ ) ! bla/2 ev5 ! atmosph]e is ( s&4 ,! desolation ( ?is dre>y wa/e1 b\ndless to ! eye z ! ocean1 is t]rific & sublime2 ! dry heat$ air is l a r$ vap\r1 ! sett+ sun seems to be a volcanic fire1 & at times ! burn+ w9d ( ! des]t is ! bla/ ( dea?4 ,!re are _m salt lakes to ! nor?1 & ev5 ! spr+s are ( br9e2 ?ick incru/ations ( dazzl+ salt cov] ! gr\nd1 & ! p>ticles1 c>ri$ al(t by :irlw9ds1 fla% 9 ! sun l diamonds4 ,s& is n ! only "* ( ! des]t2 tracts ( gravel & l[ b>e rocks occur at times1 n less b>r5 & dre>y2 b on ! ea/]n & nor!rn bord]s ( ! ,sah>a1 fre% wat] rises ne> ! surface1 & produces an occasional oasis :]e b>r5ness & vitality meet4 ,! oases are g5]ally depress$ bel[ ! level ( ! des]t1 ) an ar5ace\s or calc>e\s bord] enclos+ _! em]ald v]dure l a frame4 ,! small] oases produce h]bage1 f]ns1 acacias1 & "s %rubs2 =e/s ( date-palms gr[ 9 ! l>g]1 :i* are ! resort ( lions1 pan!rs1 gazelles1 reptiles1 & a v>iety ( birds4 ,9 ! ,nubian & ,libyan des]ts1 to ! ea/ ( ! ,sah>a1 ! cont95t %elves d[n t[>ds ! ,m$it]ranean 9 a s]ies ( t]races1 consi/+ ( va/ level s&y or gravelly des]ts1 ly+ ea/ & we/1 sep>at$ by l[ rocky ridges4 ,?is %elv+ c\ntry1 :i* is only #edj feet above ! sea at ! di/ance ( #gej miles inl&1 is cut transv]sely by ! ,nile1 & by a deep furr[ p>allel to x1 9 :i* !re is a long l9e ( oases4 ,?is furr[1 ! ,nile1 & ! ,r$ ,sea1 ne>ly p>allel to bo?1 are flank$ by rocky em95ces :i* run nor? f ! table-l&4 ,on ! int]m9able s&s & rocks ( ^! des]ts no animal--no insect--breaks ! dread sil5ce2 n a tree nor a %rub is to be se5 9 ?is l& )\t a %ad[4 ,9 ! gl>e ( noon ! air quiv]s ) ! heat reflect$ f ! r$ s&1 & 9 ! night x is *ill$ "u a cle> sky sp>kl+ ) its ho/ ( />s4 ,/rangely b beautifully contra/$ ) ^! scor*$ solitudes is ! n>r[ valley ( ! ,nile1 ?read+ ! des]t = #ajjj miles 9 em]ald gre51 ) its blue wat]s foam+ 9 rapids among wild rocks1 or quietly spread+ 9 a calm /ream amid/ fields ( corn & ! augu/ monum5ts ( pa/ ages4 ,at ! di/ance ( a few days' j\rney we/ f ! ,nile1 ov] a hide\s fl9ty pla91 lies ! furr[ already m5tion$1 tr5d+ to ! nor?1 & conta9+ ! oases ( ,d>f\r1 ,selime1 ! ,great & ,little ,oases1 & ! p>allel valleys ( ! ,natron ,lakes1 & ,bahr-,belama or ! 8,dry ,riv]40 ,! ,great ,oasis1 or ,oasis ( ,!bes1 is #abj miles long & #d or #e broad2 ! ,less] ,oasis1 sep>at$ f x by #dj miles ( des]t1 is ( ! same =m4 ,bo? are ri* 9 v]dure & cultivation1 ) villages amid palm-groves & fruit-trees1 mix$ ) ! ru9s ( remote antiquity1 (f]+ sc5es ( peaceful & s(t beauty contra/$ ) ! surr\nd+ gloom4 ,! ,natron ,lakes are 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,valley ( ,nitrn1 #ce miles we/ ( ! ,nile2 ! s\!rn "p is a beautiful quiet spot1 t became ! retreat ( ,*ri/ian monks 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 & at "o "t conta9$ #cfj conv5ts1 ( :i* #d only rema92 f ^! "s v valuable manuscripts ( old date h rec5tly be5 obta9$4 ,ano!r l9e ( oases runs along ! latitude ( ,cairo1 ) fre%-wat] lakes--consequ5tly no less f]tile ?an ! prec$+4 ,! ru9s ( ! ,temple ( ,jupit] ,ammon are 9 "o ( !m4 ,hundr$s ( miles on ! nor!rn edge ( ! des]t1 f ! ,atlantic along ! s\!rn foot ( ! ,atlas to ! ,great ,syrtis1 are pa/ure-l&s )\t a tree--an ocean ( v]dure4 ,at ! ,great ,syrtis ! ,sah>a comes to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 &1 inde$1 = #aajj miles betwe5 ! t]m9ation ( ! ,atlas & ! little table-l& ( ,b>ca1 ! gr\nd is s unpr(itable t ! population only am\nts to ab\t #cj1jjj1 & ^! are mo/ly w&]+ tribes :o fe$ _! flocks on ! grassy /eppes4 ,magnific5t c\ntries lie along ! ,m$it]ranean coa/ nor? ( ! ,atlas1 susceptible ( cultivation4 ,hi/ory1 & ! ru9s ( _m great cities1 atte/ _! =m] spl5d\r2 ev5 n[ !re are _m popul\s comm]cial cities1 & mu* gra9 is rais$1 ?\gh a great "p ( ^! valuable k+doms is badly cultivat$ or n cultivat$ at all4 ,! base ( ! s&y p>ts ( ,nor? ,africa is /iff clay2 9 ,l[] ,nubia1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( ,ass\an & ,esneh1 r$ & :ite granite prevail1 foll[$ by argillace\s s&/one2 ,middle ,egypt is calc>e\s2 &1 l[] d[n1 ! alluvium ( ! ,nile cov]s ! surface4 ,x w\ld appe> t ,s\!rn ,africa1 ?\gh simil> 9 its unbrok5 surface & p59sul> %ape to ,s\? ,am]ica1 be>s no resemblance to x 9 o!r respects1 b has a great analogy to ! ,deccan 9 its triangul> =m1 its elevat$ plat=m1 & 9 ! position ( its encompass+ m\nta9-*a9s1 if1 z !re is e reason to believe1 f ! f]tile region to ! nor?1 ei!r t ,s\? ,africa desc5ds 9 a succession ( t]races to ! l[ l&s1 or t ! ,komri m\nta9s h a real exi/5ce1 & run directly across ! cont95t4 ,f ! connection already m5tion$ betwe5 ext]nal appe>ance & int]nal /ructure1 z well z f p>tial in=mation1 x is surmis$ t ! m\nta9s surr\nd+ ! two triangles 9 "q are ( correspond+ con/itution2 t1 if any second>y /rata d exi/ 9 ?is "p ( ,africa1 !y mu/ be ext]ior to ^! *a9s1 & nei!r on ! summits ( ! high m\nta9s nor 9 ! int]ior2 & t any t]ti>y /rata on ! table-l& mu/1 z 9 ! ,deccan1 h =m$ ! bas9s ( fre%-wat] lakes4#ci ,! prodigi\s ext5t ( des]t is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y circum/ances 9 ! /ructure ( ! old cont95t4 ,a zone ( almo/ irretrievable desolation prevails f ! ,atlantic ,ocean across ,africa & ?r\gh c5tral ,asia almo/ to ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ?r\gh at lea/ #abj degrees ( longitude4 ,!re are also _m long di/ricts ( ! same /]ile nature 9 ,europe2 & if to ^! s&y pla9s ! des]ts ( ,sib]ia be add$1 toge!r ) all ! b>r5 & rocky m\nta9 tracts1 ! unproductive l& 9 ! ,old ,_w is prodigi\s4 ,! quantity ( salt on ! s&y pla9s is enorm\s1 & proves t !y h be5 "p ( ! b$ ( ! ocean or ( inl& seas at no v remote geological p]iod4 ,! l[ l&s r\nd ! ,black ,sea & ,caspian1 & ! ,lake ( ,aral1 seem to h be5 ! mo/ rec5tly reclaim$1 f ! great proportion ( %ells 9 !m id5tical ) ^? n[ exi/+ 9 ^! seas4 ,! same may be said ( ! ,sah>a des]t1 :]e salt & rec5t %ells are pl5tiful4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,am]ican ,cont95t--,! ,m\nta9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,! ,&es--,! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ima & ,brazil4 ,,"s ?9n] portion ( ! cru/ ( ! globe "u ! m]idians t trav]se ! cont95t ( ,am]ica f ,cape ,horn to ! ,arctic ,ocean mu/ h yield$ to ! expansive =ces ( ! subt]ranean fires1 or be5 r5t by contraction ( ! /rata 9 cool+4 ,?r\gh ?is ! ,&es _h aris51 produc+ ! greate/ influ5ce on ! =m ( ! cont95t1 & ! peculi> simplicity t prevails 9 its pr9cipal m\nta9s sy/ems1 :i*1 ) v few exceptions1 h a g5]al t5d5cy f nor? to s\?4 ,! cont95t is #ijjj miles long1 &1 its =m be+ two great p59sulas jo9$ by a long n>r[ i/hmus1 x is divid$ by nature into ?ree p>ts1 ( ,s\?1 ,c5tral1 & ,nor? ,am]ica2 yet ^! ?ree are connect$ by ! mighty *a9 ( ! ,&es1 b little inf]ior 9 height to ! ,himalaya1 runn+ along ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific f )9 ! ,arctic ne>ly to ! ,ant>ctic circle4 ,9 ?is c\rse e v>iety ( climate is to be met )1 f ! rig\r ( pol> congelation to ! scor*+ heat ( ! torrid zone2 :ile ! m\nta9s are s high t ! same extremes ( heat & cold may be exp]i5c$ 9 ! j\rney ( a few h\rs f ! burn+ pla9s ( ,p]u to ! sn[-clad peaks above4 ,9 ?is long *a9 !re are ?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( "*1 ne>ly1 ?\gh n entirely1 correspond+ to ! ?ree natural divisions ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,&es ( ,s\? ,am]ica diff] mat]ially f ^? ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 :ile bo? are dissimil> to ! ,nor? ,am]ican prolongation ( ! *a91 g5]ally kn[n z ! ,*ippewayan or ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,cape ,horn to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam is ab\t #djbj geographical miles4 ,x is v n>r[ at its s\!rn extremity1 b increases 9 wid? nor?w>ds to ! latitude ( ,cape ,roque on ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 :i* & ,cape ,blanco on ! ,pacific x atta9s its greate/ bread? ( ne>ly #bgej miles4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree m\nta9 sy/ems1 sep>at$ by ! bas9s ( ?ree ( ! greate/ riv]s 9 ! _w4 ,! ,&es run along ! we/]n coa/ f ,cape ,horn to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam1 9 a s+le *a9 ( inconsid]able wid? b maje/ic height1 dipp+ rapidly to ! n>r[ m>itime pla9s ( ! ,pacific1 b desc5d+ on ! ea/ 9 high valleys & occasional (fsets to pla9s ( va/ ext5t1 ^: dead level is = hundr$s ( miles z unbrok5 z t ( ! ocean by :i* !y are b\nd$4 ,nev]!less1 two deta*$ m\nta9 sy/ems rise on ^! pla9s1 "o 9 ,brazil betwe5 ! ,rio de la ,plata & ! riv] ( ! ,amazons2 ! o!r is t ( ,p>ima & ,guiana1 ly+ betwe5 ! riv] ( ! ,amazons & ! ,or9oco4 ,! great *a9 ( ! ,&es fir/ raises its cre/ above ! waves ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean 9 ! maje/ic d>k mass ( ,cape ,horn1 ! s\!rnmo/ po9t ( ! ar*ipelago ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,?is gr\p ( m\nta9\s isl&s1 equal 9 size to ,brita91 is cut (f f ! ma9 l& by ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,! isl&s are p5etrat$ 9 e direction by bays & n>r[ inlets ( ! sea1 or fiords1 end+ (t5 9 glaci]s f$ by ! sn[ on ! summits ( m\nta9s #fjjj feet high4 ,peatmosses cov] ! high] declivities ( ^! m\nta9s1 & _! flanks are beset ) d5sely entangl$ =e/s ( br[n bee*1 :i* nev] lose _! dusky leaves1 produc+ altoge!r a savage1 dismal sc5e4 ,! m\nta9s :i* occupy ! we/]n side ( ?is clu/] ( isl&s s9k d[n to wide level pla9s to ! ea/1 l ! cont95t itself1 ( :i* ! ar*ipelago is b ! s\!rn extremity4#dj ,! ,pacific wa%es ! v base ( ! ,patagonian ,&es = ab\t #ajjj miles1 f ,cape ,horn to ! #dj? p>allel ( s\? latitude4 ,! :ole coa/ is l9$ by a succession ( ar*ipelagos & isl&s1 sep>at$ f ! iron-b\nd %ores by n>r[ arms ( ! sea1 :i*1 9 ! m s\!rn "p1 are 9 fact pr(\nd longitud9al valleys ( ! ,&es fill$ by ! ocean1 s t ! *a9 ( isl&s runn+ p>allel to ! axes ( ! m\nta9s is b ! summits ( an ext]ior range ris+ above ! sea4 ,! coa/ itself = #fej miles is begirt by walls ( rock1 :i* s9k into unfa?omable dep?s1 torn by long crevices or fiords1 simil> to ^? on ! ,norwegian %ore1 end+ 9 trem5d\s glaci]s1 ^: masses1 fall+ ) a cra% l ?und]1 drive ! sea 9 sweep+ break]s ?r\gh ^! *asms4 ,! isl&s & ! ma9l& are ?ickly clo!d ) =e/s1 :i* are ( a less sombre aspect z ! latitude decreases4 ,betwe5 ! ,pass ( ,*acabuco nor? ( ,santiago1 ! capital ( ,*ile1 & ! ar*ipelago ( ,*iloe1 a *a9 ( hills1 compos$ 9 g5]al ( cry/all9e rocks1 bord]s ! coa/2 betwe5 :i* & ! ,&es exi/s a longitud9al valley1 well wat]$ by ! riv]s desc5d+ f ! c5tral *a91 & :i* con/itutes ! mo/ f]tile portion1 nay ! g>d5 ( ! ,*illian republic--! ri* prov9ces ( ,santiago1 ,col*agua1 & ,maule4 ,?is longitud9al depression may be consid]$ z a prolongation ( ! /rait t sep>ates ,*iloe f ! ma9l&4 ,_m peaks ( ! ,&es ent] )9 ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 betwe5 ! #dj? & #ca/ p>allels2 & "s ( :i* are active volcanos4 ,9 lat4 #cb #ci rises ! giant ( ! ,am]ican ,&es1 ! ,nevado ( ,aconcagua1 :i* t[]s ov] ! ,*illian village ( ! same "n1 & is s cle>ly visible f ,valp>aiso4 ,al?\gh designat$ z a volcano1 a t]m g5]ally appli$ 9 ,*ile to e elevat$ & sn[y peak1 x (f]s no trace ( mod]n igne\s orig94 ,x appe>s to be compos$ ( a species ( porphyry g5]ally f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,*illian *a94 ,its height1 accord+ to ,capta9 ,bee*ey's v accurate obs]vations1 exce$s #bd1jjj feet4#da ,ab\t ! latitude ( ,concepcion ! d5se =e/s ( ,arauc>ias & ( o!r semi-tropical plants cease ) ! humid equable climate2 & z no ra9 falls 9 c5tral ,*ile = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>1 ! br[n1 purple1 & tile-r$ hills & m\nta9s are only dott$ "h & !re ) l[ trees & bu%es2 v soon1 h[ev]1 aft] ! heavy %[]s h moi/5$ ! crack$ gr\nd1 x is cov]$ ) a beautiful b transi5t flora4 ,9 "s valleys x is m p]man5t & ( a tropical "*1 mix$ ) alp9e plants4#db ,9 s\!rn ,*ile ra9 falls only once 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 ! consequ5ce ( :i* is /]ility on ! we/]n precipit\s & unbrok5 desc5t ( ! ,&es2 b on ! ea/1 two second>y bran*es leave ! c5tral ,cordill]a1 :i* ext5d #cjj or #djj miles into ! pla9s1 wood$ to a great height4 ,! ,si]ra de ,cordova1 ! mo/ s\!rn ( ^!1 beg9s betwe5 ! #cc;d & #ca/ p>allels1 & ext5ds 9 ! direction ( ! ,pampas2 m to ! nor?1 ! ,si]ra di ,salta & ,juguy /ret*es f ! valley ( ,catam>ca & ,tucuman t[>ds ! ,rio ,v]mejo1 "o ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! *a9 takes ! "n ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es ab\t ! #bd? degree ( s\? latitude1 & is sep>at$ f ! ,pacific by a range ( hills compos$ ( cry/all9e rocks1 & p>allel to ! sea coa/1 & ( an int]v5+ s&y des]t1 seldom above #fj miles broad1 on :i* ra9 sc>cely ev] falls1 :]e b>e rocks pi]ce ?r\gh ! mov+ s&4 ,! wid? ( ! coa/ is ne>ly ! same to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam1 b damp luxuriant =e/s full ( or*ide1 beg9 ab\t ! latitude ( ,payta1 & cont9ue nor?w>ds4 ,f its s\!rn extremity to ! ,nevado ( ,*orolque1 9 #ba #cj ,s4 lat41 ! ,&es are m]ely "o gr& & cont9u\s range ( m\nta9s1 b nor? ( t ! *a9 int]cepts a v elevat$ table-l&1 or wide longitud9al valley1 9 ! direction ( ! *a91 b\nd$ on ea* side by a p>allel range ( high m\nta9s1 ris+ mu* above x4 ,^! p>allel ,cordill]as are unit$ at v>i\s po9ts by enorm\s transv]se gr\ps or m\nta9-knots1 or by s+le ranges cross+ betwe5 !m l dykes1 a /ructure t prevails to ,pa/o1 #a #ac #f ,n4 lat4 ,! desc5t to ! ,pacific is v /eep2 ! dip is also v rapid to ! ea/1 :5ce (fsets div]ge to ! level pla9s4 ,unlike ! table-l&s ( ,asia ( ! same elevation1 :]e cultivation is conf9$ to ! m %elt]$ spots1 or ^? /ill l[] 9 ,europe1 :i* are only fit = pa/ure1 ^! l(ty regions ( ! ,&es yield exub]ant crops ( e ,european gra91 & h _m popul\s cities enjoy+ ! luxuries ( life1 ) univ]sities1 libr>ies1 civil & religi\s e/abli%m5ts1 at altitudes equal to t ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 :i* is #ab1agj feet above ! sea-level4 ,villages are plac$ & m9es are work$ at heights z great & ev5 great] ?an ! top ( ,mont ,blanc4#dc ,?is /ate is n limit$ to ! pres5t times1 s9ce ^! table-l&s 7 once ! c5tre ( civilization by a race ( mank9d :i* 8be> ! same relation to ! ,incas & ! pres5t inhabitants t ! ,etruscans be> to ! anci5t ,romans & to ! ,italians ( our own days40 ,! table-l& or valley ( ,desaguad]o1 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^!1 has an absolute altitude ( #ab1ijj feet1 & a bread? v>y+ f #cj to #fj miles3 x /ret*es #djj miles betwe5 ! two p>allel *a9s ( ! ,&es1 & betwe5 ! transv]se m\nta9-gr\p ( ,lipez1 9 #bj ,s4 lat41 & ! enorm\s m\nta9-knot ( ,vilcaota1 :i*1 ext5d+ f ea/ to we/1 %uts 9 ! valley on ! nor?-we/1 & occupy+ an area ?ree times z l>ge z ,switz]l&1 "s ( ! sn[y peaks ris+ #hcjj feet above ! surface ( ! table-l&1 f :i* an idea may be =m$ ( ! gigantic scale ( ! ,&es4 ,?is table-l& or valley is b\nd$ on ea* side by ! two gr& *a9s ( ! ,bolivian ,&es3 t on ! we/ is ! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/2 ! range on ! ea/ is ! ,bolivian ,cordill]a1 prop]ly speak+2 & on its nor?-we/ prolongation ! ,cordill]a ,real4#dd ,^! two r[s ( m\nta9s lie s ne> ! edge t ! :ole bread? ( ! table-l&1 includ+ bo?1 is only #bbf miles4 ,all ! sn[y peaks ( ! ,cordill]as ( ! coa/ are ei!r active volcanoes or ( igne\s orig91 & are all situate ne> ! m>itime declivity ( ! *a92 consequ5tly1 ! desc5t is v abrupt4 ,! ea/]n ,cordill]a1 :i* beg9s at ! metallif]\s m\nta9 ( ,potosi1 is bel[ ! level ( p]petual sn[ to ! s\?1 b its nor!rn portion conta9s ! ?ree peak$ m\nta9s ( ,sorata1 ( ,supwasi1 & ,illimani1 & is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t portions ( ! ,&es4#de ,! sn[y "p beg9s ) ! gigantic mass ( ,illimani1 ^: s]rat$ ridges are elongat$ 9 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! *a94 ,! l[e/ glaci] on its s\!rn slope does n desc5d bel[ #af1ejj feet1 & ! valley ( ,totoral1 a m]e gulf 9 :i* ,vesuvius might /&1 comes betwe5 ,illimani & ! ,nevado ( ,la ,mesada1 f :5ce ! ea/]n ,cordill]a runs to ! nor?-we/ 9 a cont9u\s l9e ( sn[-clad peaks to ! gr\p ( ,vilcaoto1 :]e x unites ) ! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/4 ,! valley ( ! ,desaguad]o1 occupy+ #aej1jjj squ>e miles1 has a consid]able v>iety ( surface2 9 ! s\?1 ?r\gh\t ! m9+ di/rict1 x is poor & cold4 ,potosi1 ! highe/ city 9 ! _w1 /&s at an absolute elevation ( #ac1ccj feet1 at ! foot ( a m\nta9 celebrat$ = its silv] m9es4 ,*iquisaca1 ! capital ( ,bolivia1 conta9+ #ac1jjj inhabitants1 lies to ! nor?-ea/ ( ,potosi1 9 ! mid/ ( cultivat$ fields4 ,! nor!rn "p ( ! valley is popul\s1 & produces :eat1 b>ley1 & o!r gra92 & ! ,lake ( ,titicaca1 tw5ty times z l>ge z ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 fills ! nor?-we/]n portion ( ?is great bas94 ,! isl&s & %ores ( ?is lake /ill exhibit ru9s ( gigantic magnitude1 monum5ts ( a p m anci5t ?an ! ,incas4 ,! mod]n city ( ,la ,paz ) #dj1jjj inhabitants1 n f> f its s\!rn %ores1 /&s 9 ! mo/ sublime situation t c be imag9$1 hav+ 9 full view ! va/ ,nevado ( ,illimani to ! ea/-s\?-ea/ at a di/ance ( sev5 leagues4 ,_m (fsets leave ! ea/]n side ( ! ,bolivian ,cordill]a :i* t]m9ates 9 ! great pla9 ( ,*iquitos & ,p>aguay2 ! mo/ important is ! ,cordill]a ( ,yurac>as1 :i* b\nds ! ri* valley ( ,co*abamba on ! nor?1 & ends ne> ! t[n ( ,santa ,cruz de la ,si]ra4 ,!re are "s f]tile valleys 9 ! sn[-capp$ gr\p ( ,vilcaota & ,cusco4 ,! city ( ,cusco1 :i* conta9s ne>ly #ej1jjj inhabitants1 0 ! capital ( ! empire ( ! ,incas3 x /ill conta9s num]\s ru9s ( t dyna/y1 among :i* ! rema9s ( ! ,temple ( ! sun & its ,cyclopean ,=tress /ill m>k its =m] spl5d\r4 ,f\r anci5t ,p]uvian roads l$ f ,cusco to ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! empire1 little inf]ior 9 _m respects to ! old ,roman ways3 all cross+ m\nta9-passes high] ?an ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,on ! nor!rn prolongation ( ! *a91 9 lat4 #aa ,s41 encircl$ by ! ,&es1 is ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,bombon1 ne> to ! celebrat$ silv]-m9es ( ,pasco1 at a height ( #ad1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,9 x is situat$ ! ,lake ( ,laurico*a1 :i* may be consid]$1 f its remot5ess1 z "o ( ! s\rces ( ! ,amazon4 ,!re are _m small lakes on ! table-l&s & high valleys ( ! ,&es1 "s ev5 )9 ! range ( p]petual sn[4 ,!y are v cold & deep1 (t5 ( ! pure/ sea-gre5 col\r2 "s ( !m may h be5 crat]s ( ext9ct volcanos4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,&es is divid$ into ?ree ranges ( m\nta9s runn+ f s\? to nor? 9 ! transv]se gr\p or m\nta9-knot ( ,pasco & ,huanuco1 :i* %uts 9 ! valley ( ,bombon betwe5 ! #aa? & #aj? p>allels ( s\? latitude3 t 9 ! c5tre sep>ates ! wide f]tile valley ( ! ,upp] ,m>aon f ! /ill ri*] valley ( ! ,huallaga1 :il/ ! m ea/]n =ms ! b>ri] betwe5 ! latt] & ! tropical valley ( ! ,yucayali4 ,! we/]n *a9 alone rea*es ! limit ( p]petual sn[1 &1 if we except ! ,nevado ( ,huaylillas1 9 #g #ej1 no m\nta9 nor? ( ?is = ne>ly #djj miles to ! ,&es ( ,quito arrives at ! sn[-l9e4 ,9 lat4 #d #ej ,s4 ! ,&es =m ! m\nta9-knot ( ,loxa1 once celebrat$ = its =e/s1 9 :i* ! c9*ona or ,p]uvian b>k 0 discov]$4 ,f ?is knot ! *a9 divides into two great longitud9al ridges or cordill]as1 9 an ext5t ( #cej miles1 pass+ ?r\gh ! republic ( ! ,equator to ! m\nta9-gr\p ( ,los ,pa/os 9 t ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,^! ridges enclose a va/ longitud9al valley1 :i*1 divid$ by ! cross ridges ( ,assuay & ,*is9*e into ?ree bas9s1 =m ! valleys ( ,cu5a1 ,tapia1 & ,quito4 ,! pla9 ( ,cu5a (f]s little int]e/2 t ( ,tapia is magnific5t2 :il/ ! valley ( ,quito is "o ( extraord9>y beauty3 on ei!r side rise a s]ies ( sn[-capp$ peaks1 celebrat$ 9 e way 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 z ! valley itself is 9 t ( ! aborig9al races ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,"h ! en]gies ( volcanic action h be5 /udi$ ) ! greate/ fruits2 "h1 n[ "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 took place t measurem5t ( an arc ( ! m]idian :i* af=d$ ! mo/ accurate data at ! "t t[>ds ! det]m9ation ( ! mass & =m ( our planet1 & :i* has conf]r$ et]nal hon\r on ! body ) :i* x orig9at$1 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces2 & celebrity on ! names ( ,b\gui]1 ,la ,condam9e1 & ,god91 ,don ,george ,juan & ,ulloa1 :o conduct$ x on ! "p ( ! cr[ns ( ,france & ( ,spa94 ,! ,cordill]a or ridge :i* hems 9 ! valley ( ,quito on ! ea/ conta9s ! sn[-capp$ peaks ( ,antisana1 ,cotopaxi1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( active volcanoes1 ^: dazzl+ cone rises to a height ( #ah1gge feet1 ( ,tung>agua & el-,alt>1 ! latt] once equal to ,*imborazo 9 height1 & ,sangay4 ,! we/]n range includes ! gigantic ,*imborazo1 :i* may be se5 f ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 ! pyramidal peak ( ,ill9issa1 ! wreck ( an anci5t volcano4 ,! height ( ,ill9issa 0 measur$ by ! ,fr5* ,academicians1 by v c>eful op]ations1 directly above ! level ( ! ocean1 ! latt] be+ visible f x2 & by its means ! absolute elevation ( ! valley ( ,quito1 & ( ! o!r peaks t encircle x1 0 d$uc$1 z well z ! fir/ approximate value ( ! b>ometrical coeffici5t4 ,nor? ( ,*imborazo & ne> x is ! ,c>guirazo1 & close to ! city ( ,quito rises ! sc>cely less celebrat$ volcano ( ,pi*9*a1 :il/ ! ,nevado ( ,cayamb1 ^: summit1 elevat$ #ai1ece feet1 is trav]s$ by ! t]re/rial equator1 p]haps ! greate/ & mo/ rem>kable l&m>k on ! surface ( our planet1 closes ! nor?-ea/ extremity ( ! valley4 ,! valley ( ,quito1 "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ! ,&es1 is #bjj miles long & #cj wide1 ) a mean altitude ( #aj1jjj feet1 b\nd$ by ! mo/ magnific5t s]ies ( volcanoes & m\nta9s 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,a peculi> int]e/ is atta*$ to two ( ! _m volcanos 9 ! p>allel ,cordill]as t flank x on ea* side4 ,! beautiful sn[-clad cone ( ,cayamb ,urcu1 z already /at$1 trav]s$ by ! equator1 ! mo/ rem>kable division ( ! globe closes x on ! nor?2 & 9 ! we/]n ,cordill]a ! cross /ill /&s on ! summit ( ,pi*9*a1 #ae1ibd feet above ! ,pacific1 :i* s]v$ = a signal to ,b\gui] & ,la ,condam9e 9 _! memorable measurem5t ( an arc ( ! m]idian4#df ,"s p>ts ( ! pla9 ( ,quito to ! s\? are /]ile1 b ! soil g5]ally is good1 & p]petual spr+ clo!s x ) exub]ant vegetation4 ,! city ( ,quito1 conta9+ #gj1jjj inhabitants1 on ! side ( ,pi*9*a has an absolute height ( #iedj feet4 ,! city is well built & h&some2 ! *ur*es are spl5did2 x possesses univ]sities1 ! com=ts & luxuries ( civiliz$ life1 9 a situation ( unrivall$ gr&eur & beauty4 ,?us1 on ! v summit ( ! ,&es !re is a _w by itself1 ) its m\nta9s & its valleys1 its lakes & riv]s1 popul\s t[ns & cultivat$ fields4 ,_m monum5ts ( ! ,incas are /ill f\nd 9 good pres]vation 9 ^! pla9s1 :]e ! sc5]y is mo/ noble--elev5 volcanic cones are visible f "o spot4 ,al?\gh ! ,&es are inf]ior 9 height to ! ,himalaya1 yet ! domes ( tra*yte1 ! truncat$ cones ( ! active volcanos1 & ! s]rat$ ru9s ( ^? t are ext9ct1 mix$ ) ! bold features ( prim>y m\nta9s1 give an inf9itely great] v>iety to ! sc5e1 :ile ! smoke1 & v (t5 ! flame1 issu+ f ^! regions ( p]petual sn[ increase its sublimity4 ,/up5d\s z ^! m\nta9s appe> ev5 f ! pla9s ( ! table-l&1 !y are m]ely ! inequalities ( ! tops ( ! ,&es1 ! s]rat$ summit ( t mighty *a94 ,betwe5 ! l>ge gr\p ( ,los ,pa/os1 conta9+ sev]al active volcanos1 & ! gr\p ( ,las ,papas1 9 ! second degree ( nor? latitude1 ! bottom ( ! valley is only #fijj feet above ! sea2 & nor? ( ! latt] m\nta9-knot ! cre/ ( ! ,&es splits into ?ree ,cordill]as1 :i* div]ge n aga9 to unite4 ,! mo/ we/]ly ( ^!1 ! *a9 ( ,*oco1 :i* may be consid]$ ! cont9uation ( ! great *a91 divides ! valley ( ! riv] ,cauca f ! ,pacific2 x is only #ejjj feet high1 & ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree4 ,?\gh b #bj miles broad1 x is s /eep1 & s difficult ( access1 t travell]s _c cross x on mules1 b are c>ri$ on m5's %\ld]s3 x is ri* 9 gold & plat9a4 ,! c5tral bran*1 or ,cordill]a ( ,qu9diu1 runs due nor? betwe5 ! ,magdal5a & ,cauca1 ris+ to a great height 9 ! volcanic ,peak ( ,tolima4 ,! two la/ *a9s are unit$ by ! m\nta9-knot ( ,antioquia1 ( :i* little m is kn[n ?an t x =ms two great masses1 :i*1 aft] sep>at+ ! /reams ( ! ,magdal5a1 ,cauca1 & ,atrato1 tr5ds to ! ,n4,w41 greatly r$uc$ 9 height1 & ) ! *a9 ( ,*oco =ms ! l[ m\nta9s ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam4 ,! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! ?ree ,cordill]as1 call$ ! ,si]ra de la ,summa ,paz1 spreads out on its we/]n declivity into ! table-l&s ( ,bogota1 ,tunja1 & o!rs1 ! anci5t ,cund9am>ca1 :i* h an elevation ( ab\t #ijjj feet2 :il/ on its ea/]n slope rise ! riv]s ,guavi>i & ,meta1 :i* =m ! head wat]s ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! trem5d\s crevice ( ,icononzo occurs 9 ! pa? lead+ f ! city ( ,santa ,f de ,bogota to ! banks ( ! ,magdal5a4 ,x probably 0 =m$ by an e>?quake1 & is l an empty m9]al ve91 across :i* are two natural bridges3 ! l[e/ is compos$ ( /ones t h be5 jamm$ betwe5 ! rocks 9 _! fall4#dg ,?is ,cordill]a comprises ! ,&es ( ,cund9am>ca & ,m]ida1 & goes nor?-ea/ ?r\gh ,new ,gr5ada to ! #aj? nor!rn p>allel1 :]e x jo9s ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela or ,c>accas1 :i* runs due ea/1 & ends at ,cape ,p>ia 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 or r at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! isl& ( ,tr9idad4 ,?is coa/-*a9 is s maje/ic & beautiful t ,b>on ,humboldt says x is l ! ,alps ris+ out ( ! sea )\t _! sn[4 ,! insulat$ gr\p ( ,santa ,m>?a1 #ai1jjj feet high1 deeply cov]$ ) sn[1 /&s on an ext5sive pla9 betwe5 ! delta ( ! ,magdal5a & ! sea-lake ( ,m>acaybo1 & is a l&m>k to m>9]s f> (f 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,! passes ov] ! ,*ilian ,&es are num]\s2 t ( ! ,portillo1 lead+ f ,/4 ,jago to ,m5doza1 is ! highe/2 x crosses two ridges1 (f]+ a valley betwe51 a dim9utive repres5tation ( ! great ,p]u-,bolivian depression & ( ! valley ( ,quito2 ! mo/ elevat$ is s high t vegetation ceases f> bel[ its summit4 ,^? 9 ,p]u are high]1 ?\gh v few rea* ! sn[-l9e4 ,9 ,bolivia ! mean elevation ( ! passes 9 ! we/]n & ea/]n ,cordill]a is #ad1hib & #ad1dbb feet respectively4 ,t lead+ f ,sorata to ! aurif]\s valley ( ,tipauni is p]haps ! highe/ 9 ,bolivia4 ,f ! total abs5ce ( vegetation1 & ! int5se cold1 x is suppos$ to be #af1jjj feet above ! ,pacific2 ^? to ! nor? are b little l[]4 ,! pass ( ,qu9diu 9 ,colombia1 ?\gh n s high1 is ! mo/ difficult ( all across ! ,&es3 b ^? cross+ ! m\nta9-knots f "o table-l& to ano!r are ! mo/ dang]\s2 = example1 t ov] ! ,p>amo del ,assuay1 9 ! pla9 ( ,quito1 :]e ! road is ne>ly z high z ,mont ,blanc1 & travell]s n unfrequ5tly p]i% f cold w9ds 9 attempt+ x4#dh ,on ! we/]n side ( ! ,&es little or no ra9 falls1 except at _! mo/ s\!rn extremity1 & scanty vegetation appe>s only on spots or 9 small valleys1 wat]$ by /reams f ! ,&es4 ,excessive heat & moi/ure comb9e to cov] ! ea/]n side & its (fsets ) tangl$ =e/s ( l>ge trees & d5se bru%wood4 ,?is exub]ance dim9i%es z ! height increases1 till at la/ ! b>r5 rocks are cov]$ only by sn[ & glaci]s4 ,9 ! ,&es ne> ! equator1 glaci]s desc5d+ bel[ ! sn[-l9e are unkn[n4 ,! /eepness ( ! declivities & ! dryness ( ! air1 at su* great elevations1 prev5t any accumulation ( infiltrat$ wat]3 ! annual *anges ( temp]ature besides are small4 ,no?+ c surpass ! desolation ( ^! regions1 :]e nature has be5 %ak5 by t]rific convulsions4 ,! dazzl+ sn[ fatigues ! eye2 ! huge masses ( bold rock1 ! mural precipices1 & ! *asms yawn+ into d>k unkn[n dep?s1 /rike ! imag9ation2 :ile ! cra% ( ! avalan*e1 or ! roll+ ?und] ( ! volcano1 />tles ! e>4 ,9 ! dead ( night1 :5 ! sky is cle> & ! w9d hu%$1 ! holl[ moan+ ( ! volcanic fire fills ! ,indian ) sup]/iti\s dread 9 ! dea?like /illness ( ^! solitudes4 ,9 ! v elevat$ pla9s 9 ! transv]se gr\ps1 su* z t ( ,bombon1 h[ev] pure ! sky1 ! l&scape is lurid & col\rless3 ! d>k-blue %ad[s are %>ply def9$1 & f ! ?9ness ( ! air x is h>dly possible to make a j e/imate ( di/ance4 ,*anges ( wea!r are sudd5 & viol5t2 cl\ds ( black vap\r arise & are c>ri$ by fi]ce w9ds ov] ! b>r5 pla9s2 sn[ & hail are driv5 ) irresi/ible impetuosity2 & ?und]-/orms come on1 l\d & awful1 )\t w>n+4 ,not)/&+ ! ?9ness ( ! air1 ! cra% ( ! peals is q appall+2 :ile ! lightn+ runs along ! scor*$ grass1 &1 sometimes issu+ f ! gr\nd1 de/roys a team ( mules or a flock ( %eep at "o fla%4#di ,curr5ts ( w>m air are occasionally met ) on ! cre/ ( ! ,&es--an extraord9>y ph5om5on on su* gelid heights1 :i* is n yet acc\nt$ =3 !y g5]ally occur two h\rs aft] sunset1 are local & n>r[1 n exce$+ a few fa?oms 9 wid?1 simil> to ! equally p>tial bla/s ( hot air 9 ! ,alps4 ,a s+ul> in/ance1 probably1 ( e>?-light occurs 9 cross+ ! ,&es f ,*ile to ,m5doza4 ,on ?is rocky sc5e a peculi> brightness occasionally re/s1 a k9d ( undescribable r$di% light1 :i* vani%es dur+ ! w9t] ra9s1 & is n p]ceptible on sunny days4 ,dr4 ,pppig ascribes ! ph5om5on to ! dryness ( ! air3 he 0 confirm$ 9 8 op9ion f aft]w>ds obs]v+ a simil> brightness on ! coa/ ( ,p]u1 & x has also be5 se5 9 ,egypt4 ,! ,&es desc5d to ! ea/]n pla9s by a s]ies ( cultivat$ levels1 z ^? ( ,tucuman1 ,salta1 & ,jujuy1 9 ! ,republic ( ,la ,plata1 ) _m o!rs4 ,t ( ,tucuman is #bejj feet above ! sea--! g>d5 ( ! republic4 ,! l[ l&s to ! ea/ ( ! ,&es are divid$ by ! table-l&s & m\nta9s ( ,p>ima & ,brazil into ?ree p>ts ( v diff]5t aspect--! des]ts & pampas ( ,patagonia & ,bu5os ,ayres1 ! ,silvas or woody bas9 ( ! ,amazons1 & ! ,llanos or grassy /eppes ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! ea/]n table-l&s n[h]e exce$ #bejj feet ( absolute height2 ! pla9s are s l[ & flat1 especially at ! foot ( ! ,&es1 t a rise ( #ajjj feet 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean w\ld subm]ge m ?an half ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! sy/em ( ,p>ima is a gr\p ( m\nta9s scatt]$ ov] a table-l& n m ?an #bjjj feet above ! sea1 :i* ext5ds #fjj or #gjj miles f ea/ to we/1 betwe5 ! riv] ,or9oco1 ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,amazons1 & ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,x is q unconnect$ ) ! ,&es1 be+ #hj leagues ea/ f ! m\nta9s ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,x beg9s #fj or #gj miles f ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 & asc5ds by f\r successive t]races to undulat+ pla9s1 :i* come )9 "o or two degrees ( ! equator1 & is twice z long z x is broad4 ,sev5 *a9s1 besides gr\ps ( m\nta9s1 cross ! table-l& f we/ to ea/1 ( :i* ! *ief is ! ,si]ra del ,p>ima4 ,beg9n+ at ! m\? ( ! ,meta1 x crosses ! pla9s ( ,esm]alda to ! bord]s ( ,brazil4 ,?is *a9 is n m ?an #fjj feet high1 is ev]y:]e esc>p$1 & =ms ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! tribut>ies ( ! ,amazons & ^? ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! ,or9oco rises on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,si]ra del ,p>ima1 & 9 its circuit\s c\rse ov] ! pla9s ( ,esm]alda x breaks ?r\gh t *a9 & ! p>allel *a9 ( ! ,maypures #cg miles to ! s\?3 da%+ ) viol5ce aga9/ ! transv]se %elv+ rocks & dykes1 x =ms ! magnific5t s]ies ( rapids & cat>acts ( ,maypures & ,atures1 f :5ce ! ,p>ima m\nta9s h got ! "n ( ! ,cordill]a ( ! cat>acts ( ! ,or9oco4 ,! *a9 is ( granite1 :i* =ms ! banks & fills ! b$ ( ! riv]1 cov]$ ) luxuriant tropical vegetation1 especially palm-=e/s4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco1 ne> ,*>i*ana1 !re is a granite rock :i* emits musical s\nds at sunrise1 l ! notes ( an organ1 occasion$ by ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( ! ext]nal air & t :i* fills ! deep n>r[ crevices ) :i* ! rock is ev]y:]e torn4 ,some?+ ( ! same k9d occurs at ,m\nt ,s9ai4#ej ,! o!r p>allel *a9s t ext5d ov] ! table-l& 9 ,v5ezuela & ,guiana1 ?\gh n ( great height1 are v rugg$ & (t5 cr[n$ ) mural ridges2 !y are sep>at$ by flat savannahs1 g5]ally b>r5 9 ! dry season1 b aft] ! ra9s cov]$ ) a c>pet ( em]ald-gre5 grass1 (t5 six feet high1 mix$ ) fl[]s4 ,! vegetation 9 ^! c\ntries is beautiful beyond imag9ation3 ! regions ( ! ,upp] ,or9oco & ,rio ,negro1 & ( almo/ all ! m\nta9s & banks ( riv]s 9 ,guiana1 are clo!d ) maje/ic & imp5etrable =e/s1 ^: moi/ & hot recesses are ! abode ( ! s+ul> & beautiful race ( ! ,or*ide & tangl$ creep]s ( _m k9ds4 ,al?\gh all ! m\nta9s ( ! sy/em ( ,p>ima are wild & rugg$1 !y are n high2 ! inaccessible peak ( ! ,c]ro ,duida1 :i* rises insulat$ #gaee feet above ! pla9 ( ,esm]alda1 is ! culm9at+ po9t1 & "o ( ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ea/ ( ! ,&es4 ,! f9e savannahs ( ! ,rupununi 7 ! c\ntry ( romance 9 ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,s\? ( ,pac>aime1 ne> an inlet ( ! riv]1 ! f>-fam$ city ( ,manoa 0 suppos$ to /&1 ! object ( ! un=tunate exp$ition ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh2 ab\t #aa miles s\?-we/ ( :i* is situat$ ! lake ,amucu1 8! ,great ,lake ) gold5 banks10--great only dur+ ! p]iodical floods4#ea ,on ! s\!rn side ( ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amazons lies ! table-l& ( ,brazil1 n[h]e m ?an #bejj feet high1 :i* occupies half t empire1 toge!r ) "p ( ! ,arg5t9e republic & ,uruguay ,ori5tale4 ,its =m is a triangle1 ^: apex is at ! conflu5ce ( ! riv]s ,mamore & ,b5i1 & its base ext5ds1 ne> ! %ore ( ! ,atlantic1 f ! m\? ( ! ,rio de la ,plata to )9 ?ree degrees ( ! equator4 ,x is difficult to def9e ! limits ( ?is va/ t]ritory1 b "s idea may be =m$ ( x by foll[+ ! direction ( ! rapids & cat>acts ( ! riv]s desc5d+ f x to ! pla9s ar\nd4 ,?us1 a l9e drawn f ! fall ( ! riv] ( ! ,tocant9s1 9 #c #cj ,s4 latitude1 to ! cat>acts ( ! ,madeira1 9 ! eigh? degree ( s\? latitude1 w ne>ly m>k its nor!rn b\nd>y2 f !nce ! l9e w\ld run ,s4,w4 to ! junction ( ! ,mamore & ,b5i2 !n turn+ to ! ,s4,e4 along ! ridges ( m\nta9s call$ ! ,cordill]a ,g]al1 & ,si]ra ,p>ecis1 x w\ld proce$ s\? to ! cat>act ( ! ,p>an1 call$ ! ,sete ,qu$as1 9 #bd #cj ,s4 lat42 & la/ly f !nce1 by ! great falls ( ! riv] ,iguassu1 to ! ,morro de ,santa ,m>?a1 9 lat4 #bh #dj1 s\? ( ! isl& ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,*a9s ( m\nta9s1 ne>ly p>allel1 ext5d f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 #gjj miles along ! base ( ! triangle1 ) a bread? ( ab\t #djj miles4 ,( ^!1 ! ,si]ra de ,m>1 or ! 8coa/-*a910 rea*es f ! riv] ,uruguay to ,cape ,san ,roque1 nev] m di/ant ?an #bj miles f ! ,atlantic1 except to ! s\? ( ! bay ( ,santos1 :]e x is #hj4 ,(fsets div]ge to ! "r & left2 ! granitic peaks ( ! ,corcovado & ,tejuco1 :i* =m su* picturesque objects 9 t mo/ magnific5t ( panoramas ! bay ( ,rio de ,janeiro1 are ! ends ( "o4 ,! p>allel *a9 ( ,esp5hao1 beg9n+ ne> ! t[n ( ,san ,paolo1 & ! cont9u\s *a9s ( ! ,s]ro ,frio1 & =m+ ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! bas9 ( ! ,rio ,san ,francisco1 is ! highe/ 9 ,brazil1 "o ( its m\nta9s1 ,itambe1 be+ #hdbf feet above ! sea4 ,all ! m\nta9s 9 ,brazil h a g5]al t5d5cy f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 except ! transv]se *a9 ( ! ,si]ra dos ,v]t5tes1 :i* beg9s #fj miles s\? ( ,villa ,rica1 & runs 9 a tortu\s l9e to its t]m9ation ne> ! junction ( ! ,mamore & ,b5i4 ,x =ms ! wat]%$ ( ! tribut>ies ( ! ,san ,francisco & ,amazons on ! nor?1 & ^? ( ! ,rio de la ,plata on ! s\?2 its greate/ height is #cejj feet above ! sea3 its we/]n "p1 ! ,si]ra ,p>ecis1 is m]ely a succession ( deta*$ hills4 ,?is *a91 ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela1 & ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ima1 are ! only ranges 9 ! cont95t ( ,am]ica t d n entirely1 or 9 "s degree1 lie 9 ! direction ( ! m]idians4 ,magnific5t =e/s ( tall trees1 b\nd toge!r by tangl$ creep+ & p>asitical plants1 clo! ! declivities ( ! m\nta9s & l9e ! bord]s ( ! ,brazilian riv]s1 :]e ! soil is ri* & ! v]dure brilliant4 ,_m ( ! pla9s on ! table-l& be> a co>se nutriti\s grass aft] ! ra9s only1 o!rs =e/s ( dw>f trees2 b va/ undulat+ tracts are always v]dant ) excell5t pa/ure int]mix$ ) fields ( corn3 "s p>ts are b>e s& & roll$ qu>tz1 & ! ,campos ,p>ecis1 nor? ( ! ,si]re dos ,v]t5tes1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,matto ,grosso1 is a s&y des]t ( unkn[n ext5t1 simil> to ! ,great ,gobi on ! table-l& ( ,tibet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,l[ ,l&s ( ,s\? ,am]ica--,des]t ( ,patagonia--,! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres--,! ,silvas ( ! ,amazons--,! ,llanos ( ! ,or9oco & ,v5ezuela--,geological ,notice4 ,,! s\!rn pla9s are ! mo/ b>r5 ( ! ?ree great tracts ( ,am]ican l[ l&s2 !y /ret* f ,ti]ra del ,fuego ov] #bg degrees ( latitude1 or #aijj miles1 ne>ly to ,tucuman & ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil4 ,palms gr[ at "o end1 deep sn[ cov]s ! o!r _m mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,?is enorm\s pla91 ( #a1fbj1jjj squ>e miles1 beg9s on ! ea/]n "p ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 :i* is a flat cov]$ ) trees1 & !re=e sup]ior to its cont9uation on ! cont95t ?r\gh ea/]n ,patagonia1 :i*1 = #hjj miles f ! l&'s end to beyond ! ,rio ,colorado1 is a des]t ( %+le4#eb ,x is occasionally div]sifi$ by huge b\ld]s1 tufts ( br[n grass1 l[ bu%es arm$ ) sp9es1 br9e-lakes1 incru/ations ( salt1 :ite z sn[1 & by black basaltic plat=ms1 l pla9s ( iron1 at ! foot ( ! ,&es1 b>r5 z ! re/4 ,ea/]n ,patagonia1 h[ev]1 is n "o univ]sal flat1 b a succession ( %+ly horizontal pla9s at high] & high] levels1 sep>at$ by long l9es ( cliffs or esc>pm5ts1 ! gable ends ( ! ti]s or pla9s4 ,! asc5t is small1 = ev5 at ! foot ( ! ,&es ! highe/ ( ^! plat=ms is only #cjjj feet above ! ocean4 ,! pla9s are "h & !re int]sect$ by a rav9e or a /ream1 ! wat]s ( :i* d n f]tilize ! blight$ soil4 ,! transition f int5se heat to int5se cold is rapid1 & pi]c+ w9ds (t5 ru% 9 hurricanes ov] ^! des]ts1 %unn$ ev5 by ! ,indian1 except :5 he crosses !m to visit ! tombs ( 8 fa!rs4 ,! %+le ends a few miles to ! nor? ( ! ,rio ,colorado3 !re ! r$ calc>e\s e>? ( ! ,pampas beg9s1 monoton\sly cov]$ ) co>se tuft$ grass1 )\t a tree or bu%4 ,?is c\ntry1 ne>ly z level z ! sea & )\t a /one1 ext5ds almo/ to ! table-l& ( ,brazil1 & = #ajjj miles betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,&es1 int]rupt$ only at va/ di/ances by a solit>y umb1 ! only tree ( ?is soil1 ris+ l a great l&m>k4 ,?is wide space1 ?\gh almo/ de/itute ( wat]1 is n all ( ! same description4 ,9 ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres !re are f\r di/9ct regions4 ,= #ahj miles we/ f ,bu5os ,ayres !y are cov]$ ) ?i/les & luc]n ( ! mo/ vivid gre5 s long z ! moi/ure f ! ra9 la/s4 ,9 spr+ ! v]dure fades1 & a mon? aft]w>ds ! ?i/les %oot up #aj feet high1 s d5se & s protect$ by sp9es t !y are imp5etrable4 ,dur+ ! summ] ! dri$ /alks are brok5 by ! w9d1 & ! luc]n aga9 spreads fre%ness ov] ! gr\nd4 ,! ,pampas = #dcj miles we/ ( ?is region is a ?icket ( long tuft$ luxuriant grass1 int]mix$ ) gaudy fl[]s1 af=d+ inexhau/ible pa/ure to ?\s&s ( horses & cattle2 ?is is foll[$ by a tract ( swamps & bogs1 to :i* succe$s a region ( rav9es & /ones1 &1 la/ly1 a zone1 rea*+ to ! ,&es1 ( ?orny bu%es & dw>f trees 9 "o d5se ?icket4 ,! flat pla9s 9 ,entre ,rios 9 ,uruguay1 ^? ( ,santa ,f1 & a great "p ( ,cordova & ,tucuman1 are ( sw>d1 ) cattle-f>ms4 ,! banks ( ! ,p>an1 & o!r tribut>ies ( ! ,la ,plata1 are adorn$ ) an inf9ite v>iety ( tropical productions1 especially ! graceful tribe ( palms2 & ! riv] isl&s are bright ) orange-groves4 ,a des]t ( s&1 call$ ,el ,gran ,*aco1 exi/s we/ ( ! ,p>aguay1 ! vegetable produce ( :i* is conf9$ to a v>iety ( ! aloe & cactus tribes4 ,adjo9+ ?is des]t are ! ,bolivian prov9ces ( ,*iquitos & ,moxos1 cov]$ ) =e/s & jungle1 ! sc5e ( ! mo/ labori\s & b5ific5t ex]tions ( ! ,jesuit ,mission>ies t[>ds ! civilization ( ! aborig9es ( ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 #ajjj feet above ! sea1 s9k to a l[ level along ! foot ( ! ,&es1 :]e ! /reams f ! m\nta9s collect 9 l>ge lakes1 swamps1 lagoons ( prodigi\s size1 & wide-spread+ sal9es4 ,! swamp or lagoon ( ,yb]a1 ( #ajjj squ>e miles1 is entirely cov]$ ) aquatic plants4 ,^! swamps are swoll5 to ?\s&s ( squ>e miles by ! annual floods ( ! riv]s1 :i* also inundate ! ,pampas1 leav+ a f]tiliz+ coat ( mud4 ,multitudes ( animals p]i% 9 ! floods1 & ! dr\ght t sometimes succe$s is m fatal4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahcb two millions ( cattle di$ f want ( food4 ,millions ( animals are sometimes de/roy$ by casual & dreadful conflagrations 9 ^! c\ntries :5 cov]$ ) dry grass & ?i/les4#ec ,! ,silvas ( ! riv] ( ! ,amazons1 ly+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! cont95t1 =m ! second division ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican l[ l&s4 ,?is c\ntry is m unev5 ?an ! ,pampas1 & ! vegetation is s d5se t x c only be p5etrat$ by sail+ up ! riv] or its tribut>ies4 ,! =e/s n only cov] ! bas9 ( ! ,amazons f ! ,cordill]a ( ,*iquitos to ! m\nta9s ( ,p>ima1 b also its limit+ m\nta9-*a9s1 ! ,si]ra dos ,v]t5tes & ,p>ima1 s t ! :ole =ms an area ( woodl& m ?an six times ! size ( ,france1 ly+ betwe5 ! #ah? p>allel ( s\? latitude & ! #g? ( nor?2 consequ5tly int]-tropical & trav]s$ by ! equator4 ,!re are "s m>%y savannahs betwe5 ! #c;d & #d? degrees ( nor? latitude1 & "s grassy /eppes s\? ( ! ,pac>aimo *a92 b !y are insignificant comp>$ ) ! ,silvas1 :i* ext5d #aejj miles along ! riv]1 v>y+ 9 bread? f #cej to #hjj miles1 & probably m4 ,accord+ to ,b>on ,humboldt1 ! soil1 enri*$ = ages by ! spoils ( ! =e/1 consi/s ( ! ri*e/ m\ld4 ,! heat is suffocat+ 9 ! deep & d>k recesses ( ^! primeval woods1 :]e n a brea? ( air p5etrates1 & :]e1 aft] be+ dr5*$ by ! p]iodical ra9s1 ! damp is s excessive t a blue mi/ rises 9 ! e>ly morn+ among ! huge /ems ( ! trees1 & envelops ! entangl$ creep]s /ret*+ f b\gh to b\gh4 ,a dea?-l /illness prevails f sunrise to sunset1 !n ! ?\s&s ( animals t inhabit ^! =e/s jo9 9 "o l\d discordant ro>1 n cont9u\s1 b 9 bur/s4 ,! bea/s seem to be p]iodically & unanim\sly r\s$ by "s unkn[n impulse1 till ! =e/ r+s 9 univ]sal upro>4 ,pr(\nd sil5ce prevails at midnight1 :i* is brok5 at ! dawn ( morn+ by ano!r g5]al ro> ( ! wild *orus4 ,night+ales too h _! fits ( sil5ce & song2 aft] a pause !y 8---- all bur/ =? 9 *oral m9/relsy1 ,z if "s sudd5 gale _h swept at once ,a hundr$ airy h>ps40 ,col]idge4 ,! :ole =e/ (t5 res\nds :5 ! animals1 />tl$ f _! sleep1 scream 9 t]ror at ! noise made by b&s ( its inhabitants fly+ f "s night-pr[l+ foe4 ,_! anxiety & t]ror be=e a ?und]-/orm is excessive1 & all nature seems to p>take 9 ! dread4 ,! tops ( ! l(ty trees ru/le om9\sly1 ?\gh n a brea? ( air agitates !m2 a holl[ :i/l+ 9 ! high regions ( ! atmosph]e comes z a w>n+ f ! black float+ vap\r2 midnight d>kness envelops ! anci5t =e/s1 :i* soon aft] groan & creak ) ! bla/ ( ! hurricane4 ,! gloom is r5d]$ /ill m hide\s by ! vivid lightn+ & ! /unn+ cra% ( ?und]4 ,ev5 fi%es are affect$ ) ! g5]al con/]nation2 = 9 a few m9utes ! ,amazons rages 9 waves l a /ormy sea4 ,! ,llanos ( ! ,or9oco & ,v5ezuela1 cov]$ ) long grass1 =m ! ?ird dep>tm5t ( ,s\? ,am]ican l[ l&s1 & occupy #aec1jjj squ>e miles betwe5 ! deltas ( ! ,or9oco & ! riv] ,coqueta1 flat z ! surface ( ! sea4 ,x is possible to travel ov] ^! flat pla9s = #aajj miles f ! delta ( ! ,or9oco to ! foot ( ! ,&es ( ,pa/o2 frequ5tly !re is n an em95ce a foot high 9 #bgj squ>e miles4 ,!y are twice z long z !y are broad2 & z ! w9d bl[s con/antly f ! ea/1 ! climate is ! m ard5t ! f>!r we/4 ,^! /eppes = ! mo/ "p are de/itute ( trees or bu%es1 yet 9 "s places !y are dott$ ) ! mauritia & o!r palm-trees4 ,flat z ^! pla9s are1 !re are 9 "s places two k9ds ( inequalities2 "o consi/s ( banks or %oals ( grit or compact lime/one1 five or six feet high1 p]fectly level = sev]al leagues1 & imp]ceptible except on _! edges3 ! o!r inequality c only be detect$ by ! b>omet] or levell+ in/rum5ts2 x is call$ a ,mesa1 & is an em95ce ris+ imp]ceptibly to ! height ( "s fa?oms4 ,small z ! elevation is1 a mesa =ms ! wat]%$ f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 betwe5 ! afflu5ts ( ! ,or9oco & ! /reams fl[+ to ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,t]ra ,firma4 ,9 ! wet season1 f ,april to ! end ( ,octob]1 ! tropical ra9s p\r d[n 9 torr5ts1 & hundr$s ( squ>e miles ( ! ,llanos are inundat$ by ! floods ( ! riv]s4 ,! wat] is sometimes #ab feet deep 9 ! holl[s1 9 :i* s _m horses & o!r animals p]i%1 t ! gr\nd smells ( musk1 an od\r peculi> to _m ,s\? ,am]ican quadrup$s4 ,f ! flatness ( ! c\ntry too1 ! wat]s ( "s afflu5ts ( ! ,or9oco are driv5 backw>ds by ! floods ( t riv]1 especially :5 aid$ by ! w9d1 & =m tempor>y lakes4 ,:5 ! wat]s subside1 ^! /eppes1 manur$ by ! s$im5t1 are mantl$ ) v]dure1 & produce ananas1 ) occasional gr\ps ( fan palm-trees1 & mimosas skirt ! riv]s4 ,:5 ! dry wea!r returns1 ! grass is burnt to p[d]2 ! air is fill$ ) du/ rais$ by curr5ts occasion$ by diff]5ce ( temp]ature1 ev5 :]e !re is no w9d4 ,if by any accid5t a sp>k ( fire falls on ! scor*$ pla9s1 a conflagration spreads f riv] to riv]1 de/roy+ e animal1 & leaves ! clayey soil /]ile = ye>s1 till vicissitudes ( wea!r crumble ! brick-l surface into e>?4 ,! ,llanos lie betwe5 ! equator & ! ,tropic ( ,canc]2 ! mean annual temp]ature is ab\t #hd ( ,fahr5heit4 ,! heat is mo/ int5se dur+ ! ra9y season1 :5 trem5d\s ?und]-/orms are ( common occurr5ce4 ,,geology ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,! mo/ rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! geological features ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t is ! va/ developm5t ( volcanic =ce1 :i* is conf9$ to ! *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & :]e x has acquir$ a consid]able bread?1 z 9 ! ,p]u-,bolivian portion1 to ! "p ne>e/ ! sea-coa/4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 to say t !re are no traces ( mod]n volcanic action at a great di/ance f ! sea3#ed x is "o ( ^? !ories :i* rec5t discov]ies 9 bo? cont95ts h prov$ ! fallacy (4 ,! volcanic v5ts occur 9 ! ,&es 9 l9e> gr\ps3 ! mo/ s\!rn ( ^! is t ( ,*ile1 ext5d+ f ! latitude ( ,*iloe to t ( ,santiago1 #db to #cc ,s43 9 ?is space exi/ five well-au!nticat$ crat]s 9 ignition--! mo/ s\!rn is ! volcano ( ,llanquihae or ,osorno1 obs]v$ by ,m4 ,gaye1 & ! mo/ nor!rn t ( ,maypu1 ! fires ( :i* are sometimes se5 f ! capital ( ,*ile4 ,betwe5 ! #cb;d p>allel & ! ,bolivian fronti] !re does n appe> to be a s+le volcanic v5t1 b 9 ! prov9ce ( ,atacama rises ! volcano ( ,san ,p$ro ( ,atacama4 ,! m\nta9 ( ,isluga1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,t>apaca1 is said to be an active volcano1 b ! great c5tre ( volcanic action 9 ?is "p ( ! ,we/]n ,cordill]a ext5ds f #ah #aj to #af #bj1 :]e ! ,&es h *ang$ _! direction f be+ p>allel to ! m]idian to "o incl9$ ne>ly #de degrees to t l9e4 ,! tra*ytic giant domes ( ! ,&es1 ,sahama1 & ! ,nevado ( ,*uquibamba m>k ! ,n4 & ,s4 limits ( ?is l9e ( v5ts3 ! =m]1 "o ( ! mo/ p]fect tra*ytic pyramids 9 ! ,&es1 rises to a height ( #bb1cej feet1 9 lat4 #ah #g & long4 #fh #ed ,w42 ne> to x are ! tw9 ,nevados ( ,pom>ape & ,p>9acota1 "o ( :i* appe>s to emit smoke4 ,! gr\p ( sn[y peaks se5 f ,arica1 ! c5tre ( :i*1 ! ,nevado ( ,tacora1 is 9 lat4 #ag #dc1 (f]s a brok5-d[n crat]1 & an active solfat]ra1 on "o ( its sides4 ,betwe5 ?is po9t & ! volcano ( ,arequipa no active volcano has be5 obs]v$4 ,x is well kn[n t ! latt] has vomit$ flames & a%es1 & spread desolation ar\nd1 at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod2 ! crat] ( ,uv9as1 active 9 ! #af? c5tury1 is n[ fill$ up & completely ext9ct4 ,betwe5 ! latitude ( ,arequipa 7#af #bd7 & ! ,equatorial gr\p ( volcanos1 ! ,&es d n pres5t a s+le active crat]4 ,?is ,equatorial gr\p ext5ds ov] a m]idional l9e ( #c-a_/d degrees--betwe5 ! ,peak ( ,sangay & ! volcano ( ,los ,pa/os4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! volcanic v5ts are ! ,sangay1 ,tunguragua1 & ,cotopaxi1 all situat$ 9 ! ,cordill]a mo/ remote f ! ocean4 ,pi*9*a burn$ z rec5tly z #ahca2 & nor? ( ! ,equator1 ,imbaburu1 ! volcanos ( ,*iles1 ( ,cumbal1 ( ,tuqu]es or ,los ,pa/os1 ( ,sot>a & ,purace1 m>k ! ext5sion ( actual volcanic action into our hemisph]e4 ,granite1 :i* seems to be ! base ( ! :ole cont95t1 is widely spread to ! ea/ & s\?3 x appe>s 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego & 9 ! ,patagonian ,&es abundantly1 & at great elevations1 & 9 ,*ile & s\!rn ,p]u =ms ! l9e ( hills p>allel to ! ,pacific1 & :]e are situat$ ! m9]al ri*es ( ! =m] republic2 b x comes into view s r>ely 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! *a91 t ,b>on ,humboldt says a p]son might travel ye>s 9 ! ,&es ( ,p]u & ,quito )\t fall+ 9 ) x4 ,he nev] saw x at a great] height above ! sea ?an #aa1ejj feet4 ,gneiss is "h & !re associat$ ) ! granite1 b micas*i/ is by mu* ! mo/ common ( ! cry/all9e rocks4 ,qu>tz rock1 probably ( ! ,devonian p]iod1 is mu* develop$1 g5]ally mix$ ) mica1 & ri* 9 gold & specul> iron4 ,x sometimes ext5ds sev]al leagues 9 ! we/]n declivities ( ,p]u #fjjj feet ?ick4 ,r$ s&/one1 ) its gypse\s & salif]\s m>ls1 ( ! age ( our ,engli% r$ m>l1 ( va/ dim5sions1 occurs 9 ! ,&es1 & on ! table-l& ea/ ( !m1 :]e1 9 "s places1 z 9 ,colombia1 x spreads ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles to ! %ores ( ! ,atlantic4 ,x is widely ext5d$ at altitudes ( #aj1jjj & #ab1jjj feet-- = example1 on ! pla9s ( ,t>qui & 9 ! valley ( ,cu5a4 ,coal is sometimes associat$ ) x1 & is f\nd 9 ! ,&es ( ,pasco1 9 ,p]u1 #ad1gej feet above ! sea4 ,porphyry ab\nds all ov] ! ,&es1 f ,patagonia to ,colombia1 at e elevation1 on ! slopes & summits ( ! m\nta9s ris+ to ! greate/ elevation1 b ( v diff]5t ages & m9]alogical *>act]s4 ,"o v>iety :i* frequ5tly occurs is ri* 9 metals1 & h5ce has be5 designat$ z metallif]\s3 9 x are situat$ "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ silv] m9es ( ,p]u1 ^? ( ,potosi1 ,oruro1 ,puno4 ,! b>e & precipit\s porphyry-rocks give great v>iety to ! col\r+ ( ! ,&es1 especially 9 ,*ile1 :]e purple1 tile-r$1 & br[n are contra/$ ) ! sn[ on ! summit ( ! *a94#ee ,tra*yte is almo/ z abundant z porphyry2 _m ( ! l(tie/ p>ts1 & all ! great dome-%ap$ m\nta9s1 are =m$ ( x4 ,masses ( ?is rock1 f #ad1jjj to #ah1jjj feet ?ick1 are se5 on ,*imborazo & ,pi*9*a4 ,prodigi\s quantities ( volcanic products1 lava1 tufa1 & obsidian1 occur on ! we/]n face ( ! ,&es1 :]e volcanos are active4 ,on ! ea/]n side !re are none4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 t "p ( ! *a9 ly+ betwe5 ! equator & ,*ile4 ,! ,bolivian ,cordill]as1 :i* encircle ! valley ( ,desaguad]o1 furni% a /rik+ example4 ,! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/ is compos$ ( cry/all9e & /ratifi$ rocks at its base1 & ( tra*ytes1 obsidian1 & tra*ytic conglom]ates at great] elevations1 :ile ! ea/]n ,cordill]a consi/s ( /ratifi$ rocks ( ! ,silurian sy/em1 ) granites1 qu>tzif]\s porphyries1 & sy5ites inject$1 & ( second>y rocks ( ! triassic p]iod1 & m>ls1 conta9+ gypsum1 oolitic lime/one1 & rock-salt ( ! mo/ beautiful col\rs4 ,t[>ds ,*ile1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,*ilian range1 ! case is diff]5t1 because active volcanos are !re 9 ! c5tre ( ! *a94 ,sea-%ells ( diff]5t geological p]iods are f\nd at v>i\s elevations1 :i* %[s t _m upheav+s & subsid5ces h tak5 place 9 ! *a9 ( ! ,&es4#ef ,! :ole range1 aft] twice subsid+ "s ?\s& feet1 0 br\ght up by a sl[ movem5t 9 mass dur+ ! ,eioc5e p]iod1 aft] :i* x sank d[n once m sev]al hundr$ feet1 to be aga9 uplift$ to its pres5t level by a sl[ & (t5 int]rupt$ motion4 ,^! vicissitudes are v p]ceptible1 especially at its s\!rn extremity4 ,/ems ( l>ge trees1 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 f\nd 9 a fossil /ate 9 ! ,uspallata range1 on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,*ilian ,&es1 n[ #gjj miles di/ant f ! ,atlantic1 exhibit a rem>kable example ( su* vicissitudes4 ,^! trees1 ) ! volcanic soil on :i* !y _h gr[n1 _h sunk f ! bea* to ! bottom ( a deep ocean1 f :i*1 aft] five alt]nations ( s$im5t>y deposits & deluges ( subm>9e lava ( prodigi\s ?ickness1 ! :ole mass 0 rais$ up1 & n[ =ms ! ,uspallata *a94 ,subsequ5tly1 by ! we>+ ( /reams1 ! emb$d$ trunks h be5 br\ght into view 9 a silicifi$ /ate1 project+ f ! soil 9 :i* !y grew--n[ solid rock4 8,va/ & sc>cely compreh5sible z su* *anges mu/ ev] appe>1 yet !y h all occurr$ )9 a p]iod rec5t :5 comp>$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! ,cordill]a2 & ! ,cordill]a itself is absolutely mod]n comp>$ ) _m ( ! fossilif]\s /rata ( ,europe & ,am]ica40#eg ,f ! quantity ( %+le & s& 9 ! valleys 9 ! l[] ridges1 z well z at altitudes f #gjjj to #ijjj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! sea1 x appe>s t ! :ole area ( ! ,*ilian ,&es has be5 ris+ = c5turies by a gradual motion2 & ! coa/ is n[ ris+ by ! same imp]ceptible degrees1 ?\gh x is sometimes sudd5ly elevat$ by a succession ( small upheav+s ( a few feet by e>?quakes1 simil> to t :i* %ook ! cont95t = #ajjj miles on ! #bj? ( ,febru>y1 #ahce4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,&es ! l& f ,ti]ra del ,fuego to ! ,rio de la ,plata has be5 rais$ en masse by "o great elevat+ =ce1 act+ equally & imp]ceptibly = #bjjj miles1 )9 ! p]iod ( ! %ell-fi% n[ exi/+1 :i*1 9 _m p>ts ( ^! pla9s1 ev5 /ill reta9 _! col\rs4 ,! gradual upw>d movem5t 0 int]rupt$ by at lea/ eight long p]iods ( re/1 m>k$ by ! edges ( ! successive pla9s1 :i*1 ext5d+ f s\? to nor?1 _h =m$ s _m l9es ( sea-coa/1 z !y rose high] & high] betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,&es4 ,x appe>s1 f ! %+le & fossil %ells f\nd on bo? sides ( ! ,cordill]a1 t ! :ole s\?-we/]n extremity ( ! cont95t has be5 ris+ sl[ly = a long "t1 & inde$ ! :ole ,&ean *a94 ,! rise on ! coa/ ( ,*ile has be5 at ! rate ( sev]al feet 9 a c5tury2 b x has dim9i%$ ea/w>d1 till1 9 ! ,patagonian pla9s & ,pampas1 x has be5 only a few in*es 9 ! same l9e4 ,! in/ability ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t is less a/oni%+1 if x be consid]$ t at ! "t ( ! e>?quake ( #ahce ! volcanos 9 ! ,*ilian ,&es 7 9 eruption contemporane\sly = #gbj miles 9 "o direction & #djj 9 ano!r1 s t 9 all probability !re 0 a subt]ranean lake ( burn+ lava bel[ ?is end ( ! cont95t twice z l>ge z ! ,black ,sea4#eh ,! t]rac$ pla9s ( ,patagonia1 :i* ext5d hundr$s ( miles along ! coa/1 are t]ti>y /rata1 n 9 bas9s1 b 9 "o great deposit1 above :i* lies a ?ick /ratum ( a :ite pumace\s sub/ance1 ext5d+ at lea/ #ejj miles1 a t5? "p ( :i* consi/s ( m>9e infusoria4 ,ov] ! :ole lies ! %+le already m5tion$1 spread ov] ! coa/ = #gjj miles 9 l5g?1 ) a mean bread? ( #bjj miles1 & #ej feet ?ick4 ,^! myriads ( pebbles1 *iefly ( porphyry1 h be5 torn f ! rocks ( ! ,&es1 & wat]-worn1 at a p]iod subsequ5t to ! deposition ( ! t]ti>y /rata--a p]iod ( incalculable duration4 ,all ! pla9s ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ,patagonia1 on bo? sides ( ! ,&es1 are /rew$ ) huge b\ld]s1 :i* h be5 suppos$ to h be5 transport$ by iceb]gs :i* _h desc5d$ to l[] latitudes 9 anci5t times ?an !y d n[--obs]vations ( great int]e/1 :i* we owe to ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,! /unt$ vegetation ( ^! /]ile pla9s 0 suffici5t to n\ri% l>ge animals ( ! pa*yd]mata tribe1 n[ ext9ct1 ev5 at a p]iod :5 ! pres5t %ell-fi% ( ! ,patagonian seas exi/$4 ,! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres are entirely alluvial1 ! deposit ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,granite prevails to ! ext5t ( #bjjj miles along ! coa/ ( ,brazil1 & ) sy5ite =ms ! base ( ! table-l&4 ,! sup]/ructure ( ! latt] consi/s ( metamorphic & old igne\s rocks1 s&/one1 clay-slate1 lime/one1 9 :i* are l>ge cav]ns ) bones ( ext9ct animals1 & alluvial soil4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ! alluvial soil on ! banks ( ! riv]s1 & diamonds1 s abundant 9 t c\ntry1 9 a f]rug9\s conglom]ate ( a v rec5t p]iod4 ,! f]tile soil ( ! ,silvas has travell$ f af>3 wa%$ d[n f ! ,&es1 x has be5 gradually deposit$1 & manur$ by ! decay ( a ?\s& =e/s4 ,granite aga9 appe>s1 9 m ?an its usual rugg$ness1 9 ! table-l& & m\nta9s ( ! ,p>ima sy/em4 ,! s&/one ( ! ,&es is f\nd !re also2 & on ! pla9s ( ,esm]alda x caps ! granite ( ! solit>y prism-%ap$ ,duida1 ! culm9at+ m\nta9 ( ! ,p>ima sy/em4 ,lime/one appe>s 9 ! ,brigant9e or ,cocoll>1 ! mo/ s\!rn ( ! ?ree ranges ( ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela2 ! o!r two are ( granite1 metamorphic rocks1 & cry/all9e s*i/s1 torn by e>?quakes & worn by ! sea1 :i* has deeply ind5t$ t coa/4 ,! *a9 ( isl&s 9 ! ,spani% ma9 is m]ely ! wreck ( a m nor!rn ridge1 brok5 up into deta*$ masses by ^! irresi/ible p[]s4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,c5tral ,am]ica--,we/ ,indian ,isl&s--,geological ,notice4 ,,tak+ ! natural divisions ( ! cont95t alone into consid]ation1 ,c5tral ,am]ica may be reg>d$ z ly+ betwe5 ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam & ,d>i5 & ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec1 & consequ5tly 9 a tropical climate4 ,?is n>r[ tortu\s /rip ( l&1 :i* unites ! cont95ts ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 /ret*es f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w4 ab\t #abjj miles1 v>y+ 9 bread? f #bj to #cjj or #djj miles4 ,z a regul> *a91 ! ,&es desc5d sudd5ly at ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam1 b z a mass ( high l& !y cont9ue ?r\gh ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 9 an irregul> mixture ( table-l&s & m\nta9s4 ,! mass ( high l& :i* =ms ! c5tral ridge ( ! c\ntry1 & ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! two oceans1 is v /eep on its we/]n side1 & runs ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific1 :]e ,c5tral ,am]ica is n>r[2 b to ! nor?1 :]e x becomes wid]1 ! high l& rec$es to a great] di/ance f ! %ore ?an ! ,&es d 9 any o!r "p betwe5 ,cape ,horn & ,mexico4 ,?is c\ntry consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct gr\ps1 divid$ by valleys :i* run f sea to sea1 namely1 ,co/>ica1 ! gr\p ( ,honduras & ,nic>agua1 & ! gr\p ( ,guatemala4#ei ,! pla9s ( ,panam1 v little rais$ above ! sea1 & 9 "s p>ts /udd$ ) hills1 foll[ ! direction ( ! i/hmus = #bhj miles1 & end at ! ,bay ( ,p>ita4 ,f !nce ! =e/-cov]$ ,cordill]a ( ,v]agua1 suppos$ to be #ijjj feet high1 ext5ds to ! small b elevat$ table-l& ( ,co/>ica1 surr\nd$ by volcanos1 & t]m9ates at ! pla9 ( ,nic>agua1 :i*1 toge!r ) its lake1 occupies an area ( #cj1jjj squ>e miles1 & =ms ! second break 9 ! great ,&ean *a94 ,! lake is only #abh feet above ! ,pacific1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by a l9e ( active volcanos4 ,! riv] ,san ,juan de ,nic>agua fl[s f its ea/]n end into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & at its nor!rn extremity x is connect$ ) ! small] lake ( ,managua or ,leon by ! riv] ,p5aloya4 ,by ?is wat]-l9e x has be5 project$ to unite ! two seas4 ,! high l& beg9s aga91 aft] an int]val ( #agj miles1 ) ! ,mosquito c\ntry & ,honduras1 :i* mo/ly consi/ ( table-l&s & high m\nta9s1 "s ( :i* are volcanos4 ,guatemala is a table-l& int]sect$ by deep valleys1 :i* lies betwe5 ! pla9 ( ,comayagua & ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec4 ,x spreads to ! ea/ 9 ! p59sula ( ,yucatan1 :i* t]m9ates at ,cape ,cato*e1 & encompasses ! ,bay ( ,honduras ) t]races ( high m\nta9s4 ,! table-l& ( ,guatemala consi/s ( undulat+ v]dant pla9s ( great ext5t1 ( ! absolute height ( #ejjj feet1 fragrant ) fl[]s4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! table-l& ! cities ( ,old & ,new ,guatemala are situate1 #ab miles ap>t4 ,! portion ( ! pla9 on :i* ! new city /&s is b\nd$ on ! we/ by ! ?ree volcanos ( ,pacayo1 del ,fuego1 & de ,agua2 ^!1 ris+ f #gjjj to #aj1jjj feet above ! pla91 lie close to ! new city on ! we/1 & =m a sc5e ( wond]ful boldness & beauty4 ,! ,volcano de ,agua1 at ! foot ( :i* ,old ,guatemala /&s1 is a p]fect cone1 v]dant to its summit1 :i* occasionally p\rs =? torr5ts ( boil+ wat] & /ones4 ,! old city has be5 twice de/roy$ by x1 & is n[ ne>ly des]t$ on acc\nt ( e>?quakes4 ,! ,volcano del ,fuego g5]ally emits smoke f "o ( its peaks2 & ! ,volcano de ,pacayo is only occasionally active4 ,! wide grassy pla9s are cut by deep valleys to ! nor?1 :]e ! high l& ( ,guatemala ends 9 p>allel ridges ( m\nta9s1 call$ ! ,c]ro ,pelado1 :i* run f ea/ to we/ along ! #id? m]idian1 fill+ half ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec1 :i* is #adj miles broad1 & unites ! table-l& ( ,guatemala ) t ( ,mexico4 ,?\gh !re are l>ge savannahs on ! high pla9s ( ,guatemala1 !re are also magnific5t primeval =e/s1 z ! "n ( ! c\ntry implies1 ,guatemala signify+1 9 ! ,mexican language1 a place cov]$ ) trees4 ,! banks ( ! ,rio de la ,papian1 or ,usumas9ta1 :i* rises 9 ! alp9e lake ( ,lac&on1 & fl[s ov] ! table-l& to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 are beautiful beyond description4 ,! coa/s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica are g5]ally n>r[1 & 9 "s places ! m\nta9s & high l&s come close to ! wat]'s edge4 ,! sug>-cane is indig5\s1 & on ! l[ l&s ( ! ea/]n coa/ all ! ord9>y produce ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s is rais$1 besides mu* t is peculi> to ! c\ntry4 ,z ! climate is cool on ! high l&s1 ! vegetation ( ! temp]ate zone is !re 9 p]fection4 ,on ! l[ l&s1 z 9 o!r c\ntries :]e heat & moi/ure are 9 excess1 & :]e nature is = ! mo/ "p undi/urb$1 vegetation is vigor\s to rankness3 =e/s ( gigantic timb] seek ! f\l air above an imp5etrable und]gr[?1 & ! m\?s ( ! riv]s are d5se masses ( jungle ) mangroves & re$s #ajj feet high1 yet delightful savannahs v>y ! sc5e1 & wood$ m\nta9s dip into ! wat]4 ,ne>ly all ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific is skirt$ by an alluvial pla91 ( small wid?1 & g5]ally v diff]5t 9 "* f t on ! ,atlantic side4 ,9 a l9e along ! we/]n side ( ! table-l& & ! m\nta9s !re is a cont9u$ succession ( volcanos1 at v>i\s di/ances f ! %ore1 & at v>i\s heights1 on ! declivity ( ! table-l&4 ,x seems z if a great crack or fissure _h be5 produc$ 9 ! e>?'s surface1 along ! junction ( ! m\nta9s & ! %ore1 ?r\gh :i* ! int]nal fire _h f\nd a v5t4 ,!re are m ?an #bj active volcanoes 9 succession betwe5 ! #aj? & #bj? p>allels ( nor? latitude2 "s high] ?an ! m\nta9s ( ! c5tral ridge1 & sev]al subject to viol5t eruptions4 ,altoge!r1 !re are #ci 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #ag ( :i* are 9 ,guatemala--a great] numb] ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 ,java except$4 ,! ,colombian ,ar*ipelago1 or ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! wreck ( a subm]g$ "p ( ! cont95t ( ,s\? & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 consi/s ( ?ree di/9ct gr\ps1 namely1 ! ,less] ,antillas or ,c>ibbean ,isl&s1 ! ,great] ,antillas1 & ! ,bahama or ,lucay ,isl&s4 ,"s ( ! ,less] ,antillas are flat1 b _! g5]al "* is bold1 ) a s+le m\nta9 or gr\p ( m\nta9s 9 ! c5tre1 :i* slopes to ! sea all ar\nd1 m precipit\sly on ! ea/]n side1 :i* is expos$ to ! =ce ( ! ,atlantic curr5t4 ,tr9idad is ! mo/ s\!rly ( a l9e ( magnific5t isl&s1 :i* =m a semi-circle1 enclos+ ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 ) its convexity fac+ ! ea/4 ,! r[ is s+le to ! isl& ( ,gaudel\pe1 :]e x splits into two *a9s1 kn[n z ! ,w9dw>d & ,leew>d ,isl&s4 ,tr9idad1 ,tobago1 ,/4 ,lucia1 & ,dom9ica are p>ticul>ly m\nta9\s1 & ! m\nta9s are cut by deep n>r[ rav9es1 or gullies1 cov]$ by anci5t =e/s4 ,! volcanic isl&s1 :i* are mo/ly 9 ! s+le "p ( ! *a91 h conical m\nta9s bri/l$ ) rocks ( a /ill m rugg$ =m2 b almo/ all ! isl&s ( ! ,less] ,antillas h a l>ge portion ( excell5t vegetable soil 9 a high /ate ( cultivation4 ,mo/ ( !m are surr\nd$ by coral reefs1 :i* r5d] navigation dang]\s1 & !re is little int]c\rse betwe5 ^! isl&s1 & /ill less ) ! ,great] ,antillas1 on acc\nt ( ! prevail+ w9ds & curr5ts1 :i* make x difficult to return4 ,! ,less] ,antillas t]m9ate ) ! gr\p ( ! ,virg9 ,isl&s1 :i* are small & flat1 "s only a few feet above ! sea1 & mo/ ( !m are m]e coral rocks4 ,! f\r isl&s :i* =m ! gr\p ( ! ,great] ,antillas are ! l>ge/ & f9e/ 9 ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,porto ,rico1 ,haiti or ,san ,dom+o1 & ,jamaica1 sep>at$ f ! ,virg9 ,isl&s by a n>r[ *annel1 lie 9 a l9e p>allel to ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela1 f ea/ to we/2 :ile ,cuba1 by a s]p5t9e b5d1 sep>ates ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 or ,sea ( ! ,antillas1 f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,porto ,rico is #ij miles long & #cf broad1 ) wood$ m\nta9s pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre ne>ly f ea/ to we/1 :i* furni% abundance ( wat]4 ,!re are ext5sive savannahs 9 ! int]ior1 & v ri* soil on ! nor!rn coa/1 b ! climate ne> ! sea is unheal?y4 ,haiti or ,san ,dom+o1 #cdj miles long & #acb broad1 has a *a9 ( m\nta9s 9 its c5tre1 ext5d+ f ea/ to we/ l all ! m\nta9s 9 ! ,great] ,antillas1 ! highe/ po9t ( :i* is #ijjj feet above ! sea4 ,a bran* div]ges f ! ma9 /em to ,cape ,tiburon1 s t ,haiti conta9s a great proportion ( high l&4 ,! m\nta9s are susceptible ( cultivation ne>ly to ! summit1 & are clo!d ) undi/urb$ tropical =e/s4 ,! ext5sive pla9s are well wat]$1 & ! soil1 ?\gh n deep1 is productive4 ,jamaica1 ! mo/ valuable ( ! ,briti% possessions 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 has an area ( #dbef squ>e miles1 ( :i* #aaj1jjj acres are cultivat$1 *iefly z sug>-plantations4 ,! pr9cipal *a9 ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s lies 9 ! c5tre ( ! isl&1 f ea/ to we/1 ) s %>p a cre/ t 9 "s places x is only f\r y>ds across4 ,! (fsets f x cov] all ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl&2 "s ( !m are v high4 ,! m elevat$ ridges are flank$ by l[] ranges1 desc5d+ to v]dant savannahs4 ,! esc>pm5ts are wild1 ! declivities /eep1 & m+l$ ) /ately =e/s4 ,! valleys are v n>r[1 & n m ?an a tw5tie? "p ( ! isl& is level gr\nd4 ,!re are _m small riv]s1 & ! coa/-l9e is #ejj miles long1 ) at lea/ #cj good h>b\rs4 ,! mean summ]-heat is #hj ( ,fahr5heit1 & t ( w9t] is #ge4 ,! pla9s are (t5 unheal?y1 b ! air 9 ! m\nta9s is salubri\s2 fev] has nev] prevail$ at ! elevation ( #bejj feet4 ,cuba1 ! l>ge/ isl& 9 ! ,colombian ,ar*ipelago1 has an area ( #cfae squ>e leagues1 & #bjj miles ( coa/1 b s beset ) coral reefs1 s&banks1 & rocks1 t only a ?ird ( x is accessible4 ,its m\nta9s1 :i* atta9 ! height ( #hjjj feet1 occupy ! c5tre & fill ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl&1 9 a great longitud9al l9e4 ,no isl& 9 ^! seas is m important ) reg>d to situation & natural productions2 & al?\gh mu* ( ! l[ gr\nd is swampy & unheal?y1 !re are va/ savannahs1 & ab\t a sev5? "p ( ! isl& is cultivat$4 ,! ,bahama ,isl&s are ! lea/ valuable & lea/ int]e/+ "p ( ! ,ar*ipelago4 ,! gr\p consi/s ( ab\t #ejj isl&s1 _m ( !m m]e rocks1 ly+ ea/ ( ,cuba & ! coa/ ( ,florida4 ,twelve are r l>ge1 & are cultivat$2 & ?\gh arid1 !y produce ,campe*e or log-wood & mahogany4 ,! mo/ intricate labyr9? ( %oals & reefs1 *iefly ( corals1 madrepores1 & s&1 encompass ^! isl&s2 "s ( !m rise to ! surface1 & are adorn$ ) groves ( palm-trees4 ,! ,great ,bahama is ! fir/ "p ( ! ,new ,_w on :i* ,columbus l&$--! next 0 ,haiti1 :]e 8 a%es re/4 ,! geology ( ,c5tral ,am]ica is little kn[n2 nev]!less x appe>s1 f ! confus$ mixture ( table-l&s & m\nta9-*a9s 9 all directions1 t ! subt]rane\s =ces mu/ h act$ m p>tially & irregul>ly ?an ei!r 9 ,s\? or ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,granite1 gneiss1 & mica-slate =m ! sub/rata ( ! c\ntry2 b ! abundance ( igne\s rocks be>s witness to /rong volcanic action1 bo? 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times1 :i* /ill ma9ta9s its activity 9 ! volcanic gr\ps ( ,guatemala & ,mexico4 ,f ! id5tity ( ! fossil rema9s ( ext9ct quadrup$s1 !re is e reason to believe t ! ,we/ ,indian ,ar*ipelago 0 once "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & t ! rugg$ & tortu\s i/hmus ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! s]p5t9e *a9 ( isl&s w9d+ f ,cumana to ! p59sula ( ,florida1 are b ! %att]$ rema9s ( an unbrok5 cont95t4 ,! p[]ful volcanic action 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 ! volcanic nature ( _m ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & ! /ill-exi/+ fire 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 toge!r ) ! trem5d\s e>?quakes to :i* ! :ole region is subject1 r5d] x m ?an probable t ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico are "o great area ( subsid5ce1 :i* possibly has be5 increas$ by ! erosion ( ! ,gulf-/ream & gr\nd-swell--a tempor>y curr5t ( great impetuosity1 common among ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s f ,octob] to ,may4 ,! subsid5ce ( ?is ext5sive area mu/ h be5 v great1 s9ce ! wat] is ( consid]able dep? betwe5 ! isl&s1 & x mu/ h tak5 place aft] ! de/ruction ( ! great quadrup$s1 & consequ5tly at a v rec5t geological p]iod4 ,! elevation ( ! table-l& ( ,mexico may h be5 a contemporane\s ev5t4 ,9 ! ,colombian ,ar*ipelago1 volcanic action is conf9$ to ! small] isl&s1 :i*1 =m+ a l9e 9 a m]idional direction1 ext5d f #ab to #ah ,n41 & :i* may be designat$ z ! ,c>ibbean range3 x comm5ces ) ,gr5ada & ceases ) ,/4 ,eu/atius4 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,/4 ,lucia1 ,m>t9ique1 a great portion ( ,guadal\pe1 ,monts]rat1 ,nevis1 & ,/4 ,kitts are volcanic2 mo/ ( !m possess crat]s rec5tly ext9ct1 :i* h vomit$ a%es & lava )9 hi/orical p]iods2 :il/ ! less elevat$ ( ! ,leew>d & ,w9dw>d ,isl&s1 ,tobago1 ,b>badoes1 ,deseada1 ,antigua1 ,b>buda & ,/4 ,b>?olomew's1 ) ! ,virg9 ,isl&s & ,bahamas1 are compos$ ei!r ( calc>e\s or coral rocks4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,nor? ,am]ica--,table-,l& & ,m\nta9s ( ,mexico--,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s--,! ,m>itime ,*a9 & ,m\nta9s ( ,russian ,am]ica4 ,,accord+ to ! natural division ( ! cont95t1 ,nor? ,am]ica beg9s ab\t ! #bj? degree ( nor? latitude1 & t]m9ates 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,x is long] ?an ,s\? ,am]ica1 b ! irregul>ity ( its outl9e r5d]s x impossible to e/imate its area4 ,its greate/ l5g? is ab\t #eajj miles1 & its bread?1 at ! wide/ "p1 is #cejj miles4 ,! g5]al /ructure ( ,nor? ,am]ica is /ill m simple ?an t ( ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t4 ,! table-l&s ( ,mexico & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* are ! cont9uation ( ! high l& ( ! ,&es1 run along ! we/]n side1 b at s great a di/ance f ! ,pacific z to admit ( ano!r sy/em ( m\nta9s along ! coa/4 ,! imm5se pla9s to ! ea/ are divid$ longitud9ally by ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 :i* /ret* f ! ,c>ol9as to ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 p>allel to ! ,atlantic1 & at no great di/ance f x4 ,al?\gh ! g5]al direction ( ! m\nta9s is f s\? to nor?1 yet1 z !y ma9ta9 a degree ( p>allelism to ! two coa/s1 !y div]ge t[>ds ! nor?--"o 9 cl++ t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 & ! o!r t[>ds ! nor?-ea/4 ,! long n>r[ pla9 betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,alleghanies is divid$1 ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 by a l9e ( cliffs n m ?an #bjj or #cjj feet above ! ,atlantic pla91 ! out-cropp+ edge ( ! ,second ,t]race1 or ,atlantic ,slope1 ^: roll+ surface goes we/ to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s4 ,an enorm\s table-l& occupies ! great] "p ( ,mexico or ,anahuac4 ,x beg9s at ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec1 & ext5ds nor?-we/ to ! #db;d p>allel ( nor? latitude1 a di/ance ( ab\t #afjj miles1 :i* is ne>ly equal to ! di/ance f ! nor? extremity ( ,scotl& to ,gibralt>4 ,x is n>r[ t[>ds ! s\?1 & exp&s t[>ds ! nor?-we/ till ab\t ! latitude ( ! city ( ,mexico1 :]e x atta9s its greate/ bread? ( #cfj miles1 & !re also x is highe/4 ,! mo/ ea/]ly "p 9 t p>allel is #gejj feet above ! sea1 f :5ce x ext5ds t[>ds ! we/1 ! height be+ #gdcj feet at ! city ( ,mexico1 & !n gradually dim9i%es to #djjj feet t[>ds ! ,pacific4 ,its height 9 ,cali=nia is n kn[n1 b x /ill be>s ! "* ( a table-l&1 & ma9ta9s an elevation ( #fjjj feet along ! ea/ side ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 ev5 to ! #cb;d degree ( nor? latitude1 :]e x s9ks to a l[] level be=e jo9+ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! desc5t f ?is plateau to ! l[ l&s is v /eep on all sides2 on ! ea/1 especially1 x is s precipit\s t1 se5 f a di/ance1 x is l a range ( high m\nta9s4 ,!re are only two c>riage-roads to x f ! ,mexican ,gulf1 by passes #ejj miles asund]-- "o at ,xalapa1 ne> ,v]a ,cruz1 ! o!r at ,saltillo1 we/ ( ,mont]ey4 ,! desc5t to ! %ores ( ! ,pacific is almo/ equally rapid1 & t to ! s\? no less s1 :]e1 = #cjj miles betwe5 ! pla9s ( ,tehuantepec & ! ,rio ,yopez1 x presses on ! %ores ( ! ,pacific1 & t]m9ates 9 high m\nta9s1 leav+ only a n>r[ m>g9 ( hilly m>itime coa/4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! table-l& is n trav]s$ by m\nta9s1 x is z level z ! ocean4 ,!re is a c>riage-road ov] x = #aejj miles1 )\t hills1 f ! city ( ,mexico to ,santa ,f4 ,! s\!rn "p ( ! plateau is divid$ into f\r p>ts or di/9ct pla9s1 surr\nd$ by hills f #ejj to #ajjj feet high4 ,9 "o ( ^!1 ! pla9 ( ,t5o*titlan1 surr\nd$ by a wall ( porphyritic m\nta9s1 /&s ! city ( ,mexico1 once ! capital ( ! empire ( ,montezuma1 :i* mu/ h f> surpass$ ! mod]n city 9 ext5t & spl5d\r1 z _m rema9s ( its anci5t glory te/ify4 ,x is #gdcj feet above ! sea4 ,"o ( ! s+ul> crevices ?r\gh :i* ! int]nal fire f9ds a v5t1 /ret*es f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,pacific1 directly across ! table-l&1 9 a l9e ab\t #af miles s\? ( ! city ( ,mexico4 ,a v rem>kable r[ ( active volcanoes occurs along ?is p>allel2 ,tuxtla1 ! mo/ ea/]n ( !m1 is 9 ! #ie? degree ( we/ longitude1 ne> ! ,mexican ,gulf1 9 a l[ range ( wood$ hills4 ,m to ! we/ /&s ! sn[-%r\d$ cone ( ,orizaba1 ) its ev]-fi]y crat]1 se5 l a /> 9 ! d>kness ( ! night1 :i* has obta9$ x ! "n ( ,cittalapetl--! 8,m\nta9 ( ! ,/>40 ,popocatepetl1 ! l(tie/ m\nta9 9 ,mexico1 #ag1hhd feet above ! sea1 lies /ill f>!r we/1 & is 9 a /ate ( con/ant eruption1 :i*1 ) ! peaks ( ,iztacihuatl & ( ,toluca1 =m a k9d ( volcanic circus1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! city ( ,mexico & its lake are situat$4 ,a *a9 ( small] volcanoes unites ! ?ree4 ,on a pla9 on ! we/]n slope ( ! table-l&1 & ab\t #gj miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! ,pacific1 is ! volcanic cone ( ,jorullo4#fj ,x sudd5ly appe>$1 & rose #afhc feet above ! pla91 on ! night ( ! #bi? ( ,septemb]1 #agei1 & is ! highe/ ( six m\nta9s :i* h be5 ?r[n up on ?is "p ( ! table-l& s9ce ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,! great cone ( ,colima1 ! la/ ( ?is volcanic s]ies1 /&s insulat$ 9 ! pla9 ( t "n1 betwe5 ! we/]n declivity ( ! table-l& & ! ,pacific4 ,a high range ( m\nta9s ext5ds along ! ea/]n m>g9 ( ! table-l& to ! ,real de ,catorce1 & ! surface ( ! pla9 is divid$ into two p>ts by ! ,si]ra ,madre1 :i* beg9s at #ba ( ,n4 lat42 &1 aft] runn+ nor? ab\t #fj miles1 its cont9uity is brok5 into ! insulat$ ridges ( ! ,si]ra ,altam9a1 & ! gr\p conta9+ ! celebrat$ silv]-m9es ( ,fresnillo & ,zacatecas2 x soon aft] resumes its "* ( a regul> *a91 &1 ) a bread? ( #ajj miles1 proce$s 9 p>allel ridges & longitud9al valleys to ,new ,mexico1 :]e x skirts bo? banks ( ! ,rio ,bravo del ,norte1 & jo9s ! ,si]ra ,v]de1 ! mo/ s\!rn "p ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 9 #dj ( ,n4 lat4 ,to ! s\?1 "s po9ts ( ! ,si]ra ,madre are said to be #aj1jjj feet high & #djjj feet above _! base2 & betwe5 ! p>allels ( #cf & #db1 :]e ! *a9 is ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,rio ,colorado & ! ,rio ,bravo del ,norte1 !y are /ill high]1 & p]petually cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! m\nta9s on ! left bank ( ! la/-m5tion$ riv] are ! ea/]n ridges ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 & conta9 ! s\rces ( ! innum]able afflu5ts ( ! ,miss\ri & o!r riv]s t fl[ into ! ,mississippi & ,mexican ,gulf4 ,deep cavities1 call$ ,b>ancas1 are a *>act]i/ic feature ( ! table-l&s ( ,mexico3 !y are long r5ts1 two or ?ree miles 9 bread?1 & _m m 9 l5g?1 (t5 desc5d+ #ajjj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! pla91 ) a brook or ! tribut>y ( "s riv] fl[+ ?r\gh !m4 ,_! sides are precipit\s & rugg$1 ) ov]hang+ rocks cov]$ ) l>ge trees4 ,! int5se heat adds to ! contra/ betwe5 ^! holl[s & ! b>e pla9s1 :]e ! air is m cool4 ,vegetation v>ies ) ! elevation2 consequ5tly1 ! spl5d\r :i* adorns ! l[ l&s vani%es on ! high pla9s1 :i*1 ?\gh produc+ mu* gra9 & pa/ure1 are (t5 sal9e1 /]ile1 & treeless1 except 9 "s places :]e oaks gr[ to an enorm\s size1 free ( und]wood4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s run #aejj miles 9 two p>allel *a9s f ! ,si]ra ,v]de to ! m\? ( ! ,mack5zie riv] 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 sometimes unit$ by a transv]se ridge4 ,9 "s places ! ea/]n range rises to ! sn[-l9e1 & ev5 f> above x1 z 9 ,m\nts ,hoop] & ,br[n2 b ! g5]al elevation is only above ! l9e ( trees4 ,! we/]n range is n s high till nor? ( ! #ee? p>allel1 :]e bo? ranges are ( ! same height1 & frequ5tly high] ?an ! sn[-l9e4 ,!y are g5]ally b>r51 ?\gh ! transv]se valleys h f]tile spots ) grass1 & sometimes trees4 ,_! only (fset 9 ! s\? is ! ,saba & ,oz>k m\nta9s1 :i* run ?r\gh ,texas to ! ,mississippi4 ,! long valley betwe5 ! two r[s ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* is #ajj miles wide1 mu/ h consid]able elevation 9 ! s\?1 s9ce ! tribut>ies ( ! ,colombia riv] desc5d f x 9 a s]ies ( rapids & cat>acts = ne>ly #ajj miles2 & x is probably /ill high] t[>ds ! s\rces ( ! ,peace riv]1 :]e ! m\nta9s1 only #aejj feet above x1 are p]petually cov]$ ) sn[4 ,! ,si]ra ,v]de is #dij miles f ! ,pacific1 b1 z ! coa/ tr5ds due nor? to ! ,s\nd ( ,juan de ,fuca1 ! we/]n range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ma9ta9s a di/ance ( #chj miles f ! ocean1 f t po9t to ! latitude ( ,behr+'s ,sea1 9 #fj ( ,n4 lat4 ,! m\nta9s on ! we/ coa/ consi/ ( two *a9s1 "o ( :i*1 beg9n+ 9 ,mexico1 ab\t ! same latitude ) ! ,si]ra ,madre1 skirts ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia on ! ea/1 & ma9ta9s r an inl& c\rse till nor? ( ! ,oregon riv]1 :]e x =ms ! ,sea ,alps ( ! coa/2 & !n1 increas+ 9 bread? z x passes ?r\gh ,russian ,am]ica1 x ends at ,nootka ,s\nd4 ,! o!r *a91 kn[n z ! ,sea ,alps ( ,cali=nia1 beg9s at ! extremity ( ! p59sula1 &1 runn+ nor?w>d ) increas+ height close to ! ,pacific1 x passes ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,quadra & ,vanc\v]1 &1 aft] jo9+ ! ,alps ( ! nor?-we/ coa/1 x t]m9ates at ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias1 :i* is #ag1hfj feet high4 ,a range ( v high sn[y m\nta9s1 :i* beg9s at ,cape ,m5doc9o1 goes directly across bo? ( ^! coa/-*a9s1 & unites !m to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x =ms ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,colorado1 :i* goes to ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia1 & ! afflu5ts ( ! ,oregon or ,colombia riv]1 :i* fl[s into ! ,pacific1 & is cont9u$ to ! ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 at a less elevation1 "u ! "n ( ! ,black ,m\nta9s1 :i* /ret* to ! ,miss\ri4 ,prairies ext5d betwe5 ?is coa/-*a9 & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s f ,cali=nia to ! nor? ( ! ,oregon riv]4 ,! ,oregon coa/1 = #bjj miles1 is a mass ( undi/urb$ =e/-?ickets & m>%es2 & nor? f x1 ) few exceptions1 is a m\nta9\s region ( bold aspect1 (t5 rea*+ above ! sn[-l9e4 ,a bran* ( ! ,sea ,alps1 :i* runs we/w>d to ,bri/ol ,bay1 has _m active volcanos1 & s has t :i* fills ! promontory ( ,aliaska4 ,! ar*ipelagos & isl&s along ! coa/1 f ,cali=nia to ! promontory ( ,aliaska1 h ! same bold "* z ! ma9l&1 & may be reg>d$ z ! tops ( a subm>9e *a9 ( table-l& & m\nta9s :i* con/itute ! mo/ we/]ly ridge ( ! m>itime *a9s4 ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,ar*ipelago conta9s sev5 active volcanos4 ,! m\nta9s on ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific & ! isl&s are 9 _m places cov]$ ) colossal =e/s1 b wide tracts 9 ! s\? are s&y des]ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,nor? ,am]ica 7cont9u$7--,! ,great ,c5tral ,pla9s1 or ,valley ( ! ,mississippi--,! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s--,! ,atlantic ,slope--,! ,atlantic ,pla9--,geological ,notice--,! ,mean ,height ( ! ,cont95ts4 ,,! great c5tral pla9 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ly+ betwe5 ! ,rocky & ,alleghany ,m\nta9s1 & rea*+ f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 includes ! valleys ( ! ,mississippi1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,nelson1 ,*ur*ill1 & mo/ ( ^? ( ! ,miss\ri1 ,mack5zie1 & ,copp]m9e riv]s4 ,x has an area ( #c1bde1jjj squ>e miles1 :i* is #bde1jjj squ>e miles m ?an ! c5tral pla9 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ab\t half ! size ( ! great pla9 ( ! old cont95t1 :i* is less f]tile2 = al?\gh ! :ole ( ,am]ica is n m ?an half ! size ( ! old cont95t1 x conta9s at lea/ z mu* productive soil4 ,! pla91 #ejjj miles long1 becomes wid] t[>ds ! nor?1 & has no elevations1 except a l[ table-l& :i* crosses x at ! l9e ( ! ,canadian lakes & ! s\rces ( ! ,mississippi1 & is n[h]e above #aejj feet high1 & r>ely m ?an #gjj3 x is ! wat]%$ betwe5 ! /reams t g to ! ,arctic ,ocean & ^? t fl[ to ! ,mississippi4 ,! "* ( ! pla9 is t ( p]fect uni=mity1 ris+ by a g5tle regul> asc5t f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! s\rces ( ! ,mississippi1 :i* riv] is ! great feature ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican l[ l&s4 ,! gr\nd rises 9 ! same equable mann] f ! "r bank ( ! ,mississippi to ! foot ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b its asc5t f ! left bank to ! ,alleghanies is brok5 into hill & dale1 conta9+ ! mo/ f]tile t]ritory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"u s wide a range ( latitude ! pla9 embraces a great v>iety ( soil1 climate1 & productions2 b1 be+ almo/ 9 a /ate ( nature1 x is *>act]iz$ 9 its middle & s\!rn p>ts by int]m9able grassy savannahs1 or prairies1 & enorm\s =e/s1 & 9 ! f> nor? by des]ts :i* rival ^? ( ,sib]ia 9 dre>9ess4 ,9 ! s\? a s&y des]t1 #djj or #ejj miles wide1 /ret*es along ! base ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ! #da/ degree ( ,n4 lat4 ,! dry pla9s ( ,texas & ! upp] region ( ! ,arkansas h all ! *>act]i/ics ( ,asiatic table-l&s2 m to ! nor?1 ! b>e treeless /eppes on ! high gr\nds ( ! f> we/ are burnt up 9 summ]1 & froz5 9 w9t] by bit+ bla/s f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 b ! soil improves t[>ds ! ,mississippi4 ,at its m\?1 inde$1 !re are m>%es :i* cov] #ce1jjj squ>e miles1 be>+ a rank vegetation1 & its delta is a labyr9? ( /reams & lakes1 ) d5se bru%wood4 ,!re are also l>ge tracts ( =e/ & sal9e gr\nd1 especially ! ,gr& ,sal9e betwe5 ! riv]s ,arkansas & ,neseikelongo1 :i* is (t5 cov]$ two or ?ree in*es deep ) salt l a fall ( sn[4 ,all ! cultivation on ! "r bank ( ! riv] is along ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & 9 ! adjac5t prov9ces1 & is entirely tropical1 consi/+ ( sug>-cane1 cotton1 & indigo4 ,! prairies1 s *>act]i/ic ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !n beg94 ,to ! "r ( ! ,mississippi ^! savannahs are sometimes roll+1 b (t5] level1 & int]m9able z ! ocean1 cov]$ ) long rank grass ( t5d] gre51 bl5d$ ) fl[]s *iefly ( ! liliace\s k9d1 :i* fill ! air ) _! fragrance4 ,9 ! s\!rn di/ricts !y are sometimes int]sp]s$ ) gr\ps ( magnolia1 tulip1 & cotton trees2 & 9 ! nor? ) oak & black walnut4 ,^! are r>e occurr5ces1 z ! prairies may be trav]s$ = _m days )\t f9d+ a %rub1 except on ! banks ( ! /reams1 :i* are beautifully fr+$ ) myrtles1 azaleas1 kalmias1 &rom$as1 & rhodod5drons4 ,on ! wide pla9s ! only objects to be se5 are c\ntless h]ds ( wild horses1 bison1 & de]4 ,! c\ntry assumes a m sev]e aspect 9 high] latitudes4 ,x is /ill capable ( produc+ rye & b>ley 9 ! t]ritories ( ! ,ass9aiboia ,indians1 & r\nd ,lake ,w9nepeg !re are great =e/s2 a l[ vegetation ) grass foll[s1 & t[>ds ! ,icy ,ocean ! l& is b>r5 & cov]$ ) num]\s lakes4 ,ea/ ( ! ,mississippi !re is a magnific5t undulat+ c\ntry ab\t #cjj miles broad1 ext5d+ #ajjj miles f s\? to nor? betwe5 t great riv] & ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 mo/ly cov]$ ) trees4 ,:5 ,am]ica 0 discov]$1 "o un9t]rupt$ =e/ spread ov] ! c\ntry1 f ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,canadian lakes to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic ,ocean x cross$ ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 desc5d$ into ! valley ( ! ,mississippi on ! nor?1 b on ! s\? x cross$ ! ma9 /ream ( t riv] altoge!r1 =m+ an ocean ( vegetation ( m ?an #a1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles1 ( :i* ! great] "p /ill rema9s4 ,al?\gh =e/s occupy s mu* ( ! c\ntry1 !re are imm5se prairies on ! ea/ side ( ! riv] also4 ,p9e b>r5s1 /ret*+ f> into ! int]ior1 occupy ! :ole coa/ ( ! ,mexican ,gulf ea/w>d f ! ,pe>l ,riv]1 ?r\gh ,alabama & a great "p ( ,florida4 ,^! va/ monoton\s tracts ( s&1 cov]$ ) =e/s ( gigantic p9e-trees1 are z peculi>ly a di/9ctive feature ( ! cont95t ( ,nor? ,am]ica z ! prairies1 & are n conf9$ to ?is "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 !y occur to a great ext5t 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,virg9ia1 & else:]e4 ,t5nessee & ,k5tucky1 ?\gh mu* cle>$1 /ill possess l>ge =e/s1 & ! ,ohio fl[s = hundr$s ( miles among magnific5t trees1 ) an und]gr[? ( azaleas1 rhodod5drons1 & o!r beautiful %rubs1 matt$ toge!r by creep+ plants4 ,!re ! ,am]ican =e/s appe> 9 all _! glory3 ! gigantic decidu\s cypress1 & ! tall tulip-tree1 ov]topp+ ! =e/ by half its height1 a v>iety ( noble oaks1 black walnuts1 ,am]ican plane1 hickory1 sug>-maple1 & ! lireod5dron1 ! mo/ spl5did ( ! magnolia tribe1 ! pride ( ! =e/4 ,! ,ill9ois wat]s a c\ntry ( prairies ev] fre% & gre51 & five new /ates are ris+ r\nd ! great lakes1 ^: t]ritory ( #bhj1jjj squ>e miles conta9s #ahj1jjj1jjj ( acres ( l& ( excell5t quality4 ,^! /ates1 /ill mo/ly cov]$ ) wood1 lie betwe5 ! lakes & ! ,ohio1 & !y rea* f ! ,ohio riv] to ! ,upp] ,mississippi--a c\ntry twice z l>ge z ,france1 & six times ! size ( ,engl&4 ,! quantity ( wat] 9 ! nor?-ea/]n "p ( ! c5tral pla9 greatly prepond]ates ov] t ( ! l&2 ! five pr9cipal lakes1 ,huron1 ,sup]ior1 ,mi*igan1 ,erie1 & ,ont>io1 cov] an area equal to ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 )\t reckon+ small lakes & riv]s innum]able4 ,! nor?-we/ c\ntry1 or ,upp] ,mississippi valley1 compreh5ds ab\t t5 degrees ( latitude1 f #ci to #di nor?1 & ab\t f\rte5 degrees ( longitude1 f #hg to #aja 7f #aj to #bd f ! m]idian ( ,wa%+ton71 & conta9s ab\t #cjj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,a l>ge "p ( ?is tract1 consi/+ ( ! nor!rn portion1 is /ill held by ! ,indians4 ,?is c\ntry has "s v peculi> natural features4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! numb]less lakes :i* spangle its nor!rn surface1 ! rema9s1 no d\bt1 ( a va/ sea t once cov]$ ! :ole c\ntry ext5d+ nor? f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 possibly to ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! c\ntry1 f ! outlets ( ! ,ill9ois & ,miss\ri riv]s to ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & f ,lake ,mi*igan to ,c\ncil ,bluffs1 & beyond t po9t we/]ly1 is a va/ g5tly-incl9$ plane1 asc5d+ to ! nor? & to ! we/4 ,betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! lake ! elevation above ! ,atlantic has be5 f\nd to be a little m ?an #ejj feet3 & we/ ( ! riv]1 on ! same p>allel1 t[>ds ! ,miss\ri1 some?+ m ?an #gjj feet4 ,at ,/4 ,pet]'s x is ab\t #gjj feet4 ,nicollet /ates t ,c\ncil ,bluffs is #ajcg feet above ! gulf2 & ! elevation ( ,rock ,isl&1 9 ! same latitude on ! ,mississippi1 he says1 is #ebh2 & ! height ( ,=t ,pi]re ,*\teau1 on ! ,miss\ri1 on ! same au?ority1 is #adef2 ! l[] end ( ,lake ,pep91 9 ! same latitude 7#dd #bd nor?71 is #gaj feet1 & ! m\? ( ! ,/4 ,pet]'s1 9 ab\t latitude #de1 is #gdd feet4 ,!re are a few elevations above ! g5]al range1 call$ m\nds2 b ) ! exception ( ^!1 ! surface is m>k$ only by rav9es runn+ d[n to ! b$s ( ! /reams1 :i* are usually f "o to two hundr$ feet l[]4 ,!re are l>ge tracts ( ?is nor?-we/ c\ntry :olly de/itute ( tree or %rub1 & cov]$ only ) a luxuriant gr[? ( wild grass1 & beautifully int]sp]s$ ) fl[]s ( e hue & v>iety1 ea* successively mak+ ! prairie to look gay ) _! pres5ce f ,april to ,octob]4 ,?is beautiful natural mead[ yields b\ntiful returns = culture & toil be/[$ ^u x4 ,x consi/s ( a v d>k-br[n vegetable m\ld1 & is mell[ beyond ! conception ( ^? :o are acqua9t$ only ) ! h>d1 /iff soils ( ! ,atlantic slope4 ,?is m\ld is f "o & a half to two feet deep1 & entirely free f gravel4 ,! sub-soil is yell[ light clay or clay loam1 :i* resembles ! soil ( timb]$ l&s4 ,! c\ntry is a lime/one =mation4 ,timb] is f\nd only along ! /reams3 x consi/s ( elm1 a%1 black walnut1 butt]nut1 maple1 mulb]ry1 & iron-wood1 on ! bottoms2 & on ! upl&1 :ite1 r$1 black1 & burr-oaks1 %ell-b>k & common hickory1 )1 occasionally1 l9d51 bir*1 wild-plum & *]ry1 locu/1 & "s o!r trees4 ,on ! ,wiscons9 & ,/4 ,croix riv]s are heavy gr[?s ( p9e1 f :i* supplies ( lumb] are c>ri$ d[n ! ,mississippi riv]4#fa ,! mighty riv]s ( ?is region mu/ be measur$ by travel1 ! prairies mu/ be cross$1 & ! lakes se5 be=e ! m9d fully compreh5ds a description ( !m4 8,to look at a prairie up or d[n10 says ,nicollet1 8to asc5d "o ( its undulations2 to rea* a small plateau 7or1 z ! voyageurs call x1 a prairie plan*71 mov+ f wave to wave ov] alt]nate swells & depressions2 &1 f9ally1 to rea* ! va/ int]m9able l[ prairie t ext5ds itself 9 front1--be x = h\rs1 days1 or weeks1 "o nev] tires2 pleasurable & exhil>at+ s5sations are all ! "t felt2 ennui is nev] exp]i5c$4 ,d\btless !re are mom5ts :5 excessive heat1 a want ( fre%-wat]1 & o!r privations1 rem9d "o t life is toil2 b ^! drawbacks are ( %ort duration4 ,!re is almo/ always a breeze ov] !m4 ,! security t "o feels 9 kn[+ t !re are no conceal$ dang]s--s va/ is ! ext5t :i* ! eye takes 9--no difficulties ( road2 a f> spread+ v]dure1 reliev$ by a pr(usion ( v>i\sly col\r$ fl[]s2 ! azure ( ! sky above1 or ! tempe/ t c be se5 f its beg9n+ to its end2 ! beautiful modifications ( ! *ang+ cl\ds2 ! curi\s loom+ ( objects betwe5 e>? & sky1 tax+ ! +5uity e mom5t to rectify3-- all1 ev]y?+1 is calculat$ to excite ! p]ceptions & keep alive ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! summ] season1 especially1 ev]y?+ ^u ! prairies is *e]ful1 graceful1 & animat$4 ,! ,indians1 ) h]ds ( de]1 antelope1 & buffalo1 give life & motion to !m4 ,x is !n !y %\ld be visit$2 & ,i pity ! man ^: s\l c\ld rema9 unmov$ "u su* a sc5e ( excitem5t40 ,! ,canadas conta9 millions ( acres ( good soil1 cov]$ ) imm5se =e/s4 ,upp] ,canada is ! mo/ f]tile1 & 9 _m respects is "o ( ! mo/ valuable ( ! ,briti% colonies 9 ! we/3 e ,european gra91 & e plant t requires a hot summ] & c endure a cold w9t]1 ?rives !re4 ,! =e/s consi/ *iefly ( black & :ite spruce1 ! ,weym\? & o!r p9es--trees :i* d n admit ( und]gr[?3 !y gr[ to great height1 l b>e sp>s1 ) a tuft$ cr[n1 ca/+ a deep gloom bel[4 ,! fall ( l>ge trees f age is a common occurr5ce1 & n )\t dang]1 z x (t5 causes ! de/ruction ( ^? adjac5t2 & an ice-/orm is awful4 ,aft] a heavy fall ( sn[1 succe$$ by ra9 & a p>tial ?aw1 a /rong fro/ coats ! trees & all _! bran*es ) transp>5t ice (t5 an in* ?ick2 ! noble/ trees b5d "u ! load1 icicles hang f e b\gh1 :i* come d[n 9 %[]s ) ! lea/ brea? ( w9d4 ,! hemlock-spruce especially1 ) its long droop+ bran*es1 is !n l a solid mass4 ,if ! w9d fre%5s1 ! small] trees become l corn beat5 d[n by ! tempe/1 :ile ! l>ge ones sw+ heavily 9 ! breeze4 ,! =e/ at la/ gives way "u its load1 tree comes d[n aft] tree ) sudd5 & t]rific viol5ce1 cru%+ all be=e !m1 till ! :ole is "o wide upro>1 he>d f af> l successive dis*>ges ( artill]y4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 c be imag9$ m brilliant & beautiful ?an ! effect ( sun%9e 9 a calm day on ! froz5 b\ghs1 :]e e p>ticle ( ! icy cry/als sp>kles1 & nature seems deck$ 9 diamonds4#fb ,al?\gh ! subsoil is p]petually froz5 at ! dep? ( a few feet bel[ ! surface beyond ! #ef? degree ( nor? latitude1 yet trees gr[ 9 "s places up to ! #fd? p>allel4 ,f>!r nor? ! gloomy & maje/ic =e/s cease1 & are succe$$ by a bleak1 b>r5 wa/e1 :i* becomes progressively m dre>y z x approa*es ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,f\r-fif?s ( x are l ! wilds ( ,sib]ia 9 surface & climate1 cov]$ _m mon?s 9 ! ye> ) deep sn[4 ,dur+ ! summ] x is ! resort ( h]ds ( re9-de] & bisons1 :i* come f ! s\? to br[se on ! t5d] %ort grass :i* !n spr+s up along ! /reams & lakes4 ,! ,alleghany or ,appala*ian *a91 :i* con/itutes ! second or subord9ate sy/em ( ,nor? ,am]ican m\nta9s1 sep>ates ! great c5tral pla9 f t :i* lies along ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,its base is a /rip ( table-l&1 f #ajjj to #cjjj feet high1 ly+ betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! riv]s ,alabama & ,yazoo1 9 ! s\!rn /ates ( ! ,union1 & ,new ,brunswick1 at ! m\? ( ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,?is high l& is trav]s$ ?r\gh\t #ajjj miles1 betwe5 ,alabama & ,v]mont1 by f ?ree to five p>allel ridges ( l[ m\nta9s1 r>ely m ?an #cjjj or #djjj feet high1 & sep>at$ by f]tile longitud9al valleys1 :i* occupy m ?an two-?irds ( its bread? ( #ajj miles4 ,9 ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania1 ! only "p ( ! *a9 to :i* ! "n ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s prop]ly belongs1 x is #aej miles broad1 & ! :ole is comput$ to h an area ( #b1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles4 ,! p>allelism ( ! ridges1 & ! uni=m level ( _! summits1 are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is *a91 :i* is l[] & less wild ?an ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! uni=mity ( outl9e 9 ! s\!rn & middle p>ts ( ! *a9 is v rem>kable1 & results f _! peculi> /ructure4#fc ,^! m\nta9s h no c5tral axis1 b consi/ ( a s]ies ( convex & concave flexures1 =m+ alt]nate hills & longitud9al valleys1 runn+ ne>ly p>allel ?r\gh\t _! l5g?1 & cut transv]sely by ! riv]s t fl[ to ! ,atlantic on "o h&1 & to ! ,mississippi on ! o!r4 ,! wat]%$ ne>ly foll[s ! w9d+s ( ! coa/ f ! po9t ( ,florida to ! nor?-we/]n extremity ( ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4#fd ,! picturesque & peaceful sc5]y ( ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s is well kn[n2 !y are g5]ally clo!d ) a luxuriant vegetation1 & _! we/]n slope is consid]$ "o ( ! f9e/ c\ntries 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ! s\? !y ma9ta9 a di/ance ( #bjj miles f ! ,atlantic1 b approa* close to ! coa/ 9 ! s\?-ea/]n "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 f :5ce _! g5]al c\rse is nor!rly to ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,b ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! mo/ ea/]ly ridge1 are cont9u$ 9 ! d\ble range ( ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s to ,gasp ,po9t 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,!y fill ! ,canadas1 ,ma9e1 ,new ,brunswick1 & ,nova ,scotia ) bran*es z high z ! mean elevation ( ! pr9cipal *a91 & ext5d ev5 to ! dre>y regions ( ,baff9's ,bay4 ,! *ief ,canadian bran*es are p>allel to ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,"o goes ,n4,e4 f ,quebec2 & ! ,mealy ,m\nta9s1 :i* are ( mu* great] l5g?1 ext5d f ,ott[a ,riv] to ,s&wi* ,bay1 &1 ?\gh l[1 are always cov]$ ) sn[4 ,little is kn[n ( ! high l&s )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 except t !y probably ext5d f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w4 ,! c\ntry betwe5 ,hudson's ,bay1 ! m\?s ( ! ,*ur*ill & t ( ! ,mack5zie riv]1 is also an unkn[n region2 on ! ea/ x desc5ds /eeply to ! coa/1 b ! we/]n "p1 kn[n z ! ,b>r5 ,gr\nd1 is l[ & de/itute ( wood1 except on ! banks ( ! /reams4 ,! :ole is cov]$ ) l[ precipit\s hills4 ,n only ! deep =e/s1 b vegetation 9 g5]al1 dim9i%es z ! latitude increases1 till on ! arctic %ores ! soil becomes incapable ( culture1 & ! maje/ic =e/ is sup]s$$ by ! arctic bir*1 :i* creeps on ! gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! isl&s along ! nor?-ea/]n coa/s1 ?\gh little fav\r$ by nature1 produce flax & timb]3 & ,newf\ndl&1 z l>ge z ,engl& & ,wales1 ma9ta9s a population ( #gj1jjj s\ls by its fi%]ies3 x is ne>] to ,brita9 ?an any "p ( ,am]ica--! di/ance f ! port ( ,/4 ,john to ! h>b\r ( ,val5tia 9 ,irel& is only #afef nautical miles4 ,! long & comp>atively n>r[ pla9 :i* lies betwe5 ! ,appala*ian m\nta9s & ! ,atlantic ext5ds f ! ,gulf ( ,mexico to ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4 ,at its s\!rn extremity x jo9s ! pla9 ( ! ,mississippi1 & gradually becomes n>r[] 9 its nor!rn c\rse to ,new ,engl&1 :]e x m]ely includes ! coa/ isl&s4 ,x is divid$ ?r\gh\t its l5g? by a l9e ( cliffs f #bjj to #cjj feet high1 :i* beg9s 9 ,alabama & ends on ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4 ,?is esc>pm5t is ! ea/]n edge ( ! t]race kn[n z ! ,atlantic ,slope1 :i* rises above ! ,m>itime or ,atlantic ,pla91 & undulates we/w>d to ! foot ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s1 ! mo/ ea/]n ridge ( ! ,appala*ian *a94 ,x is n>r[ at its extremities 9 ,alabama & ,new ,york1 b 9 ,virg9ia & ! ,c>ol9as x is #bjj miles wide4 ,! surface ( ! slope is ( great uni=mity2 ridges ( hills & long valleys run along x p>allel to ! m\nta9s1 close to :i* x is #fjj feet high4 ,x is ri* 9 soil & cultivation1 & has an imm5se wat] p[] 9 ! /reams & riv]s fl[+ f ! m\nta9s across x1 :i* are precipitat$ ov] its rocky edge to ! pla9s on ! we/4 ,m ?an tw5ty-?ree riv]s ( consid]ably size fall 9 cascades d[n ?is l$ge betwe5 ,new ,york & ! ,mississippi1 af=d+ sc5es ( great beauty4#fe ,bo? l& & wat] assume a new aspect on ! ,atlantic ,pla94 ,! riv]s1 aft] da%+ ov] ! rocky b>ri]1 run 9 tranquil /reams to ! ocean1 & ! pla9 itself is a monoton\s level1 n m ?an #ajj feet above ! surface ( ! sea4 ,along ! coa/ x is scoop$ into valleys & rav9es1 ) innum]able creeks4 ,! great] "p ( ! magnific5t c\ntries ea/ ( ! ,alleghanies is 9 a high /ate ( cultivation & comm]cial prosp]ity1 ) natural advantages n surpass$ 9 any c\ntry4 ,nature1 h[ev]1 /ill ma9ta9s h] sway 9 "s p>ts1 especially :]e p9e-b>r5s & swamps prevail4 ,! t]ritory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates occupies #g1jjj1jjj or #h1jjj1jjj ( squ>e miles1 ! great] "p ( :i* is capable ( produc+ ev]y?+ t is useful to man1 b n m ?an a tw5ty-six? "p ( x has be5 cle>$4 ,! climate is g5]ally heal?y1 ! soil f]tile1 ab\nd+ 9 m9]al treasures1 & x possesses e advantage f navigable riv]s & excell5t h>b\rs4 ,! outpo/s ( civilization h already advanc$ half-way to ! ,pacific1 & ! tide ( :ite m5 is cont9ually & irresi/ibly press+ onw>ds to ! ultimate ext9ction ( ! orig9al proprietors ( ! soil--a melan*oly1 b n a solit>y1 in/ance ( ! rapid ext9ction ( a :ole race4 ,cry/all9e & ,silurian rocks1 ri* 9 preci\s & o!r metals1 =m ! sub/ratum ( ,mexico1 = ! mo/ "p cov]$ ) plutonic & volcanic =mations & second>y lime/one2 yet granite comes to ! surface on ! coa/ ( ,acapulco1 & occasionally on ! pla9s & m\nta9s ( ! table-l&4 ,! ,rocky ,m\nta9s are mo/ly ,silurian1 except ! ea/]n ridge1 :i* is ( /ratifi$ cry/all9e rocks1 amygdaloid & anci5t volcanic productions4 ,! coa/-*a9 has ! same "*1 ) imm5se tracts ( volcanic rocks1 bo? anci5t & mod]n1 especially obsidian1 :i* is n[h]e develop$ on a great] scale1 except 9 ,mexico & ! ,&es4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 z 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 volcanic action is entirely conf9$ to ! coa/ & high l& along ! ,pacific4 ,! num]\s v5ts 9 ,mexico & ,cali=nia are (t5 9 great activity1 & hot spr+s ab\nd4 ,?\gh a consid]able int]val occurs nor? ( !m1 :]e ! fire is dormant1 ! c\ntry is full ( igne\s productions1 & x aga9 f9ds v5t 9 ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,ar*ipelago1 :i* has sev5 active volcanos4 ,f ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias we/w>d ?r\gh ! :ole s\!rn coa/ ( ! p59sula ( ,russian ,am]ica & ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 :i* =m a semicircle betwe5 ,cape ,aliaska1 9 ,am]ica1 & ! p59sula ( ,kamt*atka1 volcanic v5ts occur1 & 9 ! latt] p59sula !re are ?ree ( great height4 ,f ! simil> nature ( ! coa/s1 & ! id5tity ( ! fossil mammalia on ea* side ( ,behr+'s ,/rait1 x is m ?an probable t ! two cont95ts 7 unit$1 ev5 s9ce ! sea 0 inhabit$ by ! exi/+ species ( %ell-fi%4 ,"s ( ! gigantic quadrup$s ( ! old cont95t are suppos$ to h cross$1 ei!r ov] ! l& or ov] ! ice1 to ,am]ica2 & to h w&]$ s\?w>d ?r\gh ! longitud9al valleys ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,mexico1 & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & to h spread ov] ! va/ pla9s ( bo? cont95ts1 ev5 to _! utmo/ extremity4#ff ,an ext9ct species ( horse1 ! ma/odon1 a species ( elephant1 ?ree gigantic ed5tata1 & a holl[-horn$ rum9at+ animal roam$ ov] ! prairies ( ,nor? ,am]ica--c]ta9ly s9ce ! sea 0 peopl$ by its pres5t inhabitants1 probably ev5 s9ce ! exi/5ce ( ! ,indians4 ,! skeletons ( ^! creatures are f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! sal9e m>%es on ! prairies call$ ! ,licks1 :i* are /ill ! resort ( ! exi/+ races4#fg ,!re 71 h[ev]1 v>i\s animals peculi> to ,am]ica1 z well z to ea* "p ( t cont95t1 at lea/ z f> z yet kn[n4 ,s\? ,am]ica /ill reta9s 9 _m cases ! type ( its anci5t inhabitants1 ?\gh on a v r$uc$ scale4 ,b on ! ,patagonian pla9s1 & on ! ,pampas1 skeletons ( creatures ( gigantic size & anomal\s =ms h be5 f\nd1 "o l an anteat] ( great magnitude1 cov]$ ) a prodigi\s coat ( mail simil> to t ( ! armadillo2 o!rs l rats or mice1 z l>ge z ! hippopotamus--all ( :i* _h liv$ on vegetables1 & _h exi/$ at ! same "t ) ^? already m5tion$4 ,^! animals 7 n de/roy$ by ! ag5cy ( man1 s9ce creatures n l>g] ?an a rat vani%$ f ,brazil )9 ! same p]iod4 ,! geological outl9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,canadas1 & all ! c\ntry ( ! ,pol> ,ocean1 ?\gh highly int]e/+ 9 itself1 becomes inf9itely m s :5 view$ 9 connection ) t ( nor!rn & middle ,europe4 ,a rem>kable analogy exi/s 9 ! /ructure ( ! l& on ea* side ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic bas94 ,gneiss1 mica-s*i/1 & occasional granite1 prevail ov] wide areas 9 ! ,alleghanies1 on ! ,atlantic ,slope1 & /ill m 9 ! nor!rn latitudes ( ! ,am]ican cont95t2 & !y range also ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,sc&9avia1 ,f9l&1 & ,lapl&4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntries1 & 9 ! m nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell has obs]v$ t ! fossilif]\s rocks belong ei!r to ! mo/ anci5t or to ! newe/ =mations1#fh to ! ,silurian /rata1 or to su* z conta9 %ells ( rec5t species only1 no int]m$iate =mation appe>+ ?r\gh imm5se regions4 ,silurian /rata ext5d ov] #bjjj miles 9 ! middle & high latitudes ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 !y occupy a tract ne>ly z great betwe5 ! mo/ we/]ly headl&s ( ,norway & ^? t sep>ate ! ,:ite ,sea f ! ,pol> ,ocean2 & ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison has trac$ !m ?r\gh c5tral & ea/]n ,europe1 & ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 ev5 to ,sib]ia4 ,?r\gh\t ^! va/ regions1 bo? 9 ,am]ica & ,europe1 ! ,silurian /rata are foll[$ 9 asc5d+ ord] by ! ,devonian & c>bonif]\s =mations1 :i* are develop$ on a /up5d\s scale 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 *iefly 9 ! ,alleghany m\nta9s & on ! ,atlantic ,slope4 ,! ,devonian & c>bonif]\s /rata toge!r are a mile & a half ?ick 9 ,new ,york1 & ?ree times z mu* 9 ,p5nsylvania1 :]e "o s+le coal-field occupies #fc1jjj squ>e miles betwe5 ! nor!rn limits ( t /ate & ,alabama4 ,!re are _m o!rs ( great magnitude1 bo? 9 ! ,/ates & to ! nor? ( !m1 s t mo/ valuable ( all m9]als is inexhau/ible1 :i* is n ! lea/ ( ! _m advantages enjoy$ by t fl\ri%+ c\ntry4 ,! coal =mation is also develop$ 9 ,new ,brunswick1 & traces ( x are f\nd on ! %ores & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pol> ,ocean1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & ev5 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,va/ c>bonif]\s bas9s exi/ 9 ,belgium1 above ! ,silurian /rata2 & a great portion ( ,brita9 is p]fectly simil> 9 /ructure to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,silurian rocks 9 _m in/ances are ! same1 & ! coal-fields ( ,new ,engl& are precisely simil> to ^? 9 ,wales1 #cjjj miles (f4 ,9 all ! m nor!rn c\ntries t h be5 m5tion$1 s v di/ant f "o ano!r1 ! g5]al range ( ! rocks is f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/2 & 9 nor!rn ,europe1 ! ,briti% isles1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 great lakes are =m$ along ! junction ( ! /rata1 ! :ole analogy af=d+ a pro( ( ! wide diffusion ( ! same geological conditions 9 ! nor!rn regions at a v remote p]iod4 ,at a lat] "t ^? erratic blocks1 :i* are n[ scatt]$ ov] ! high] latitudes ( bo? cont95ts1 71 mo/ likely1 br\ght f ! nor? by drift ice or curr5ts1 :ile ! l& 0 /ill cov]$ by ! deep4 ,volcanic ag5cy has n be5 want+ to complete ! analogy4 ,! ,silurian & ov]ly+ /rata h be5 pi]c$ 9 _m places by trappean rocks on bo? cont95ts1 & !y appe> also 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic & ,pol> ,seas4 ,ev5 n[ ! volcanic fires are 9 great activity 9 ! v c5tre ( t bas9 9 ,icel&1 & 9 ! v di/ant & less-kn[n isl& ( ,jan ,mey54 ,! av]age height ( ! cont95ts above ! level ( ! sea is ! mean betwe5 ! height ( all ! high l&s & all ! l[4 ,b>on ,humboldt1 by :om ! computation 0 effect$1 f\nd t ! table-l&s1 ) _! slopes1 on acc\nt ( _! great ext5t & mass1 h a mu* great] influ5ce ^u ! result ?an m\nta9-*a9s4 ,= example1 if ! range ( ! ,pyr5ees 7 pulv]iz$1 & /rew$ equally ov] ! :ole ( ,europe1 x w\ld only raise ! soil #f feet2 ! ,alps1 :i* occupy an area f\r times z great z t on :i* ! ,pyr5ees /&1 w\ld only raise x #bb feet2 :]eas ! compact plateau ( ! ,spani% p59sula1 :i* has only #aibj feet ( mean height1 w\ld elevate ! soil ( ,europe #gf feet2 s t ! table-l& ( ! ,spani% p59sula w\ld produce an effect f\r times z great z ! :ole sy/em ( ! ,alps4 ,a great ext5t ( l[l& necess>ily comp5sates = ! high--at lea/ x dim9i%es its effect4 ,! mean elevation ( ,france1 includ+ ! ,pyr5ees1 ,juras1 ,vosges1 & all ! o!r ,fr5* m\nta9s1 is #hgj feet1 :ile ! mean height ( ! :ole ,european cont95t1 ( #a1gbj1jjj squ>e miles1 is only #fgj feet1 because ! va/ ,european pla91 :i* is n9e times z l>ge z ,france1 has a mean altitude ( b #chj feet1 al?\gh x has a few intumesc5ces1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are n mu* above #ajjj feet high1 s t x is #bjj feet l[] ?an ! mean height ( ,france4#fi ,! great table-l& ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 ) its colossal m\nta9-*a9s1 has a mu* less effect on ! mean height ( ,asia ?an might h be5 expect$1 on acc\nt ( ! depression r\nd ! ,caspian ,sea2 & /ill m f ! v l[ level & ! enorm\s ext5t ( ,sib]ia1 :i* is a ?ird l>g] ?an all ,europe4 ,! intumesc5ces 9 ^! va/ pla9s are insignificant 9 comp>ison ) _! va/ area1 = ,tobolsk is only #aae feet above ! level ( ! sea2 & ev5 on ! ,upp] ,angora1 at a po9t ne>] ! ,indian ?an ! ,arctic ,sea1 ! elevation is only #hcj feet1 :i* is n half ! height ( ! city ( ,muni*1 & ! ?ird "p ( ,asia has a mean height ( only #bee feet4 ,! effect ( ! ,great ,gobi1 t "p ( ! table-l& ly+ betwe5 ,lake ,baikal & ! wall ( ,*9a1 is dim9i%$ by a va/ holl[ #befj feet deep1 ! dry bas9 ( an anci5t sea ( consid]able ext5t ne> ,erg1 s t ?is great des]t has a mean height ( b #dbbj feet1 & consequ5tly x only raises ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,asiatic cont95t #abh feet1 ?\gh x is twice z l>ge z ,g]many4 ,! table-l& ( ,tibet1 ^: mean elevation1 accord+ to ,b>on ,humboldt1 is #aa1fjj feet1 toge!r ) ! *a9s ( ! ,himalaya & ,ku5lun1 :i* enclose x1 only produces an effect ( #ceh feet4 ,on ! :ole ! mean level ( ,asia ab\t ! sea is #aaej feet4#gj ,not)/&+ ! height & l5g? ( ! ,&es1 _! mass has little effect on ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica on acc\nt ( ! ext5t ( ! ea/]n pla9s1 :i* are exactly "o-?ird l>g] ?an ,europe4 ,= if ^! m\nta9s 7 r$uc$ to p[d]1 & /rewn equally ov] !m1 x w\ld n raise !m above #eah feet2 b :5 ! m9or m\nta9 sy/ems & ! table-l& ( ,brazil are add$ to ! ,&es1 ! mean height ( ! :ole ( ,s\? ,am]ica is #aacj feet4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ^: m\nta9-*a9s are f> inf]ior to ^? 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 has its mean elevation increas$ by ! table-l& ( ,mexico1 s t x has #gej feet ( mean height4 ,! mean elevation ( ! :ole ( ! ,new ,_w is #icj feet1 & ! height ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( all ! cont95tal masses above ! level ( ! sea1 ,africa except$1 is #ajaj feet4 ,?us1 x appe>s t ! int]nal action 9 anci5t times has be5 mo/ p[]ful "u ,asia1 some:at less "u ,s\? ,am]ica1 consid]ably less "u ,nor? ,am]ica1 & lea/ ( all "u ,europe4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ages *anges w take place 9 ^! results1 on acc\nt bo? ( ! sudd5 & gradual rise ( ! l& 9 "s p>ts ( ! e>?1 & its depression 9 o!rs4 ,! cont95tal masses ( ! nor? are ! l[e/ portions ( our hemisph]e1 s9ce ! mean heights ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica are #fgj & #gej feet4#ga ,s little is kn[n ( ! b$ ( ! ocean t no inf]5ce c be drawn ) reg>d to its heights & holl[s1 & :at relation its mean dep? be>s to ! mean height ( ! l&4 ,f its small influ5ce on ! gravitat+ =ce1 ,la ,place assum$ x to be ab\t f\r miles4 ,z ! mean height ( ! cont95ts is ab\t #ajjj feet1 & _! ext5t only ab\t a f\r? ( t ( ! sea1 !y might be easily subm]g$1 7 x n t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! sea be+ only "o-fif? ( ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 & ! e>? itself increas+ 9 d5sity t[>ds its c5tre1 ,la ,place has prov$ t ! /ability ( ! equilibrium ( ! ocean c nev] be subv]t$ by any physical cause3 a g5]al inundation f ! m]e in/ability ( ! ocean is !re=e impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,! ,cont95t ( ,au/ralia--,tasmania1 or ,van ,diem5's ,l&--,isl&s-- ,cont95tal ,isl&s--,pelasgic ,isl&s--,new ,zeal&--,new ,gu9ea--,borneo-- ,atolls--,encircl+ ,reefs--,coral ,reefs--,b>ri] ,reefs--,volcanic ,isl&s-- ,areas ( ,subsid5ce & ,elevation 9 ! ,b$ ( ! ,pacific--,active ,volcanos--,e>?quakes--,secul> ,*anges 9 ! ,level ( ! ,l&4 ,,! cont95t ( ,new ,holl&1 situate 9 ! ,ea/]n ,pacific ,ocean1 is s de/itute ( l>ge navigable riv]s t probably no v high l& exi/s 9 its int]ior1 :i*1 z f> z x has be5 explor$1 seems to be s+ul>ly flat & l[1 b x is /ill s little kn[n t no idea c be =m$ ( its mean elevation4 ,x is #bdjj miles f ea/ to we/1 & #agjj f nor? to s\?1 & is divid$ into two unequal p>ts by ! ,tropic ( ,capricorn2 consequ5tly x has bo? a temp]ate & a tropical climate4 ,new ,gu9ea1 sep>at$ f ,new ,holl& by ,torres ,/raits1 & trav]s$ by ! same *a9 ( m\nta9s ) ,new ,holl& & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 is s p]fectly simil> 9 /ructure1 t x =ms b a deta*$ memb] ( ! adjac5t cont95t4 ,! coa/s ( ,new ,holl& are ind5t$ by v l>ge bays1 & by h>b\rs t might give %elt] to all ! navies 9 ,europe4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ea/]n side1 :i* is *iefly occupi$ by ! ,briti% colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 is a long *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* nev] retires f> f ! coa/1 &1 ) ! exception ( "s %ort deviations 9 its s\!rn "p1 ma9ta9s a m]idional direct+ ?r\gh #ce degrees ( latitude4 ,x is cont9u$ at "o extremity f ,torres ,/raits1 at ! nor? ( ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 f> into ! int]ior ( ,new ,gu9ea2 & at ! o!r x trav]ses ! :ole ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,x is l[ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,new ,holl&1 be+ 9 "s places m]ely a high l&2 b ab\t ! #cj? degree ( s\? latitude x assumes ! =m ( a regul> m\nta9-*a91 &1 runn+ 9 a v tortu\s l9e f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w41 t]m9ates its visible c\rse at ,wilson's ,promontory1 ! s\!rn extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,x is cont9u$1 h[ev]1 by a *a9 ( m\nta9\s isl&s across ,bass's ,/raits to ,cape ,portl&1 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 f !nce ! range proce$s 9 a zigzag l9e ( high & picturesque m\nta9s to ,s\? ,cape1 :]e x ends1 hav+1 9 its c\rse ( #aejj miles1 sep>at$ ! dra9age ( bo? c\ntries into ea/]n & we/]n wat]s4 ,! di/ance ( ! *a9 f ! sea 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales is f #ej to #ajj miles1 b at ! #cb;d p>allel x rec$es to #aej1 yet soon returns1 & =ms ! wild gr\p ( ! ,corecudgy ,peaks1 f :5ce1 "u ! names ( ! ,blue ,m\nta9s & ,au/ralian ,alps1 its highe/ "p1 x proce$s 9 a g5]al we/]ly direction to ! l&'s end4 ,! av]age height ( ^! m\nta9s is only f #bdjj to #dgjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ev5 ,m\nt ,kosciusko1 ! l(tie/ ( ! ,au/ralian ,alps1 is n m ?an #fejj feet high2 yet its position is s fav\rable1 t ! view f its sn[y & craggy top sweeps ov] an area ( #gjjj squ>e miles4 ,! rugg$ & savage "* ( ^! m\nta9s f> exce$s :at might be expect$ f _! height3 9 "s places1 x is true1 _! tops are r\nd$ & cov]$ ) =e/s2 b by f> ! great] "p ( ! *a91 ?\gh wood$ along ! flanks1 is cr[n$ by nak$ ne$les1 too?-=m$ peaks1 & flat cre/s ( granite or porphyry1 m+l$ ) pat*es ( sn[4 ,! spurs give a t]rific "* to ^! m\nta9s1 & 9 _m places r5d] !m altoge!r inaccessible1 bo? 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,^! %oot "r & left f ! ridgy axis ( ! ma9 range1 equal to x 9 height1 & sep>at$ f x1 & f "o ano!r1 by d>k & almo/ subt]rane\s gullies1 l r5ts 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?1 iron-b\nd by impracticable precipices1 & /reams fl[+ ?r\gh !m 9 black sil5t eddies or foam+ torr5ts4 ,! intricate "* ( ^! rav9es1 ! dang] ( desc5d+ into !m1 & ! difficulty ( gett+ out aga91 r5d] ?is m\nta9-*a91 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales at lea/1 almo/ a complete b>ri] betwe5 ! c\ntry on ! coa/ & t 9 ! int]ior--a circum/ance v unfav\rable to ! latt]4#gb ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! c\ntry slopes we/w>d f ^! m\nta9s to a l[1 flat1 unbrok5 pla94 ,on ! ea/ side1 d>kly v]dant & r\nd-topp$ hills & ridges are promiscu\sly gr\p$ toge!r1 lead+ to a ri*ly-wood$ undulat+ c\ntry1 :i* gradually desc5ds to ! coa/1 & =ms ! valuable l&s ( ! ,briti% colony4 ,discov]$ by ,cook 9 ! ye> #aggj1 x 0 n coloniz$ till #aghh4 ,x has become a prosp]\s c\ntry2 & al?\gh new settl]s 9 ! m remote p>ts suff] ! privations & difficulties incid5t to _! position1 yet !re is educat$ society 9 ! t[ns1 ) ! com=ts & luxuries ( civiliz$ life4 ,! coa/-belt on ! we/]n side ( ,new ,holl& is g5]ally ( inf]ior l&1 ) ri*] tracts int]sp]s$ ne> ! riv]s1 & b\nd$ on ! ea/ by a range ( prim>y m\nta9s f #cjjj to #djjj feet high1 9 :i* granite occasionally appe>s4 ,beyond ?is ! c\ntry is level1 & ! l& bett]1 ?\gh n[h]e v productive except 9 grass4 ,none ( ! riv]s ( ,new ,holl& are navigable to any great di/ance f _! m\?s4 ,! want ( wat] is sev]ely felt 9 ! int]ior1 :i*1 z f> z x is kn[n1 is a treeless des]t ( s&1 swamps1 & jungle2 yet a belief prevails t !re is a l>ge sea or fre%-wat] lake 9 its c5tre2 & ?is op9ion is f\nd$ p>tly on ! nature ( ! soil1 & also because all ! riv]s t fl[ into ! sea on ! nor!rn coa/1 betwe5 ! ,gulfs ( ,van ,diem5 & ,c>p5t>ia1 conv]ge t[>ds _! s\rces1 z if !y s]v$ = dra9s to "s l>ge body ( wat]4 ,h[ev] unpropiti\s ! c5tre ( ! cont95t may be--& ! %ores g5]ally h ! same b>r5 "*--!re is abundance ( f9e c\ntry inl& f ! coa/4 ,on ! nor? all tropical productions might be rais$1 & 9 s l>ge a cont95t !re mu/ be ext5sive tracts ( arable l&1 ?\gh its peculi> "* is pa/oral4 ,!re are l>ge =e/s on ! m\nta9s & else:]e1 yet t moi/ure is want+ :i* clo!s o!r c\ntries 9 ! same latitudes ) rank vegetation4 ,9 ! colonies1 ! cle>+ ( a great ext5t ( l& has modifi$ 9 "s degree ! mean annual temp]ature1 s t ! climate has become hott] & dri]1 & n !reby improv$4 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 ( triangul> =m1 has an area ( #bg1bjj squ>e miles1 & is v m\nta9\s4 ,no c\ntry has a great] numb] ( deep1 commodi\s h>b\rs2 & z mo/ ( ! riv]s1 ?\gh n navigable to any di/ance1 end 9 arms ( ! sea1 !y af=d secure an*orage = %ips ( any size4 ,! m\nta9-*a9 t trav]ses ! colony ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ! isl&s 9 ,bass's ,/raits1 rises aga9 f ,cape ,portl&1 &1 w9d+ ?r\gh ,van ,diem5's ,l& 9 ! =m ( ! lett] ,z1 sep>ates x into two ne>ly equal p>ts1 ) a mean height ( #cgej feet1 & at an av]age di/ance ( #dj miles f ! sea4 ,x encloses ! bas9s ( ,d]w5t & ,h]on riv]s1 &1 aft] s5d+ a bran* betwe5 !m to ,hob>t ,t[n1 ends at ,s\? ,cape4 ,! (fsets :i* %oot 9 all directions are z savage & full ( impassable *asms z x is itself4 ,!re are cultivable pla9s & valleys along ! num]\s riv]s & l>ge lakes by :i* ! c\ntry is well wat]$2 s t ,van ,diem5's ,l& is m agricultural & f]tile ?an ! adjac5t cont95t1 b its climate is wet & cold4 ,! uncle>$ soil ( bo? c\ntries1 h[ev]1 is f> inf]ior to t 9 ! great] "p ( ,nor? or ,s\? ,am]ica4#gc ,granite con/itutes ! entire floor ( ! we/]n portion ( ,new ,s\? ,wales1 & ext5ds f> into ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 be>+ a /rik+ resemblance 9 "* to a simil> portion ( ! ,alta *a9 describ$ by ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,! c5tral axis ( ! m\nta9-range1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 is ( granite1 sy5ite1 & qu>tz rock2 b 9 e>ly times !re _h be5 great invasions ( volcanic sub/ances1 z _m p>ts ( ! ma9 *a91 & mo/ ( its (fsets1 are ( ! old] igne\s rocks4 ,! fossilif]\s /rata ( ! two colonies are mo/ly ( ! ,palozoic p]iod1 b _! fossil fauna is poor 9 species4 ,"s are id5tical )1 & o!rs are repres5tatives (1 ! species ( o!r c\ntries1 ev5 ( ,engl&4 ,x appe>s f _! coal-measures t ! flora ( ^! c\ntries 0 z di/9ct 9 appe>ance f t ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 previ\s to ! c>bonif]\s p]iod1 z x is at ! pres5t day4 ,?\gh ! innum]able isl&s t are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! ocean & seas diff] mu* 9 size1 =m1 & "*1 !y h be5 gr\p$ by ,m4 ,von ,bu* into ! two di/9ct classes ( ,cont95tal & ,pelasgic isl&s1 mo/ ( ! latt] be+ ei!r ( volcanic or coral =mation4 ,cont95tal isl&s are long 9 proportion to _! bread?1 & foll[ ea* o!r 9 succession along ! m>g9 ( ! cont95ts1 z if !y _h be5 =m$ dur+ ! elevation ( ! ma9l&1 or _h subsequ5tly be5 sep>at$ f x by ! action ( ! sea1 & /ill m>k its anci5t b\nd>y4 ,^! isl&s1 :i* foll[ "o ano!r 9 _! elongat$ dim5sions1 g5]ally run p>allel to ! m>itime *a9s ( m\nta9s1 & are mo/ly ( ! same /ructure1 s t !y sugge/ ! idea ( a subm>9e portion ( ! m>itime range t has n yet completely em]g$ f ! deep--or1 if s9k+1 has n yet disappe>$ bel[ ! waves4 ,am]ica (f]s num]\s examples ( ?is k9d ( isl&4 ,on ! nor?-we/]n coa/ !re is a long *a9 ( !m1 beg9n+ ) ! ,new ,norfolk gr\p1 & end+ ) ,vanc\v]'s ,isl&1 all simil> & p>allel to ! m>itime *a94 ,ano!r range ( ,cont95tal isl&s occurs at ! s\!rn extremity ( ,am]ica1 ext5d+ f ,*iloe to ,cape ,horn1 evid5tly an ext]ior range ( ! ,patagonian ,&es1 & ! s\!rn prolongation ( ! granitic or coa/ *a9 ( ,*ile2 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ! anci5t m>g9 ( ! ma9l& is m>k$ by ! curv$ gr\p ( ,porto ,rico1 ,san ,dom+o1 ,jamaica1 & ,cuba1 :i* ne>ly jo9s ! p59sula ( ,yucatan4 ,! v>i\s isl&s along ! ,am]ican coa/ ( ! ,pol> ,ocean are ! %att]$ fragm5ts ( ! cont95t4 ,! old cont95t also af=ds innum]able examples2 along ! :ole coa/ ( ,norway1 f ,nor? ,cape s\?w>ds1 !re is a cont9u\s *a9 ( rocky isl&s simil> & p>allel to ! great range ( ! ,sc&9avian ,alps2 ,great ,brita9 itself1 ) ! ,hebrides1 ,orkney1 & ,zetl& isl&s1 are rem>kable in/ances ( ,cont95tal isl&s4 ,x w\ld be sup]flu\s to m5tion ! v>i\s in/ances :i* occur 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e _m ( ! isl&s are m]ely ! prolongations ( ! m\nta9-*a9s ( ! ma9l& ris+ above ! sea1 z ,corsica & ,s>d9ia1 :i* are a cont9uation ( ! ,m>itime ,alps4 ,! great c5tral *a9 ( ,madagasc> & its elongat$ =m1 p>allel to ! ,lupata ,m\nta9s1 %[ t ! isl& once =m$ "p ( ! ,african cont95t4 ,asia1 also1 ab\nds 9 in/ances1 z ,sumatra1 ,java1 & ! ,moluccas1 & ano!r va/ *a9 ext5ds along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,asia f ,=mosa to ,kamt*atka4 ,pelasgic isl&s h ris5 f ! b$ ( ! ocean1 indep5d5tly ( ! cont95ts1 & g5]ally f> f l&4 ,!y are mo/ly volcanic1 altoge!r or 9 "p2 (t5 v l(ty2 sometimes s+le1 & frequ5tly 9 gr\ps1 & ea* gr\p has1 or =m]ly has _h1 a c5tre ( volcanic action 9 "o or m ( ! isl&s1 r\nd :i* ! o!rs h be5 =m$4 ,_m h crat]s ( elevation1 t is to say1 !y h be5 rais$ up 9 great holl[ domes by ! int]nal ela/ic vap\rs1 & h ei!r rema9$ s1 h become r5t at ! surface into gigantic fissures1 or h collaps$ into holl[ cups1 9 :i* crat]s h =m$1 by ! eruption ( loose incoh]5t matt]1 or ( lava curr5ts1 :5 ! pressure f bel[ 0 remov$3#gd a consid]able numb] h active v5ts4 ,! small isl&s & gr\ps scatt]$ at enorm\s di/ances f "o ano!r1 )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 are all ( volcanic =mation1 ?\gh none are active4 ,9 ! ,atlantic1 ,tri/an da ,cunha1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ,asc5sion1 & ,madeira are volcanic1 ?\gh n n[ actively s2 :]eas ! ,cape de ,v]de1 ,can>ies1 & ,azores h ea* volcanic v5ts3 ! peak ( ,teyda1 9 ,t5]iffe1 is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t volcanic cones 9 ! _w4 ,! labyr9? ( isl&s scatt]$ ov] ! ,pacific ,ocean = m ?an #cj degrees on ea* side ( ! equator1 & f ! #acj? ea/]n m]idian to ,sumatra1 :i* all b unites ?is enorm\s ar*ipelago to ! cont95t ( ,asia1 has ! gr\p ( ,new ,zeal& or ,tasmania1 & ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia1 ) its app5dage1 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 on ! s\?1 & altoge!r =ms a region :i*1 f1 ! un/able nature ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 is p>tly ! wreck ( a cont95t t has be5 engulf$ by ! ocean1 & p>tly ! summits ( a new "o ris+ above ! waves4 ,?is ext5sive portion ( ! globe is 9 _m p>ts t]ra incognita2 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago has be5 little explor$1 &1 ) ! exception ( our colonies 9 ,new ,holl& & ,new ,zeal&1 is little kn[n4 ,m4 ,von ,bu* conceives t ! enorm\s circuit1 beg9n+ ) ,new ,zeal& & ext5d+ ?r\gh ,norfolk ,isl&1 ,new ,cal$onia1 ,new ,hebrides1 ,solomon's ,isl&1 ,new ,brita91 ,new ,hanov]1 ,new ,irel&1 ,l\isiade1 & ,new ,gu9ea1 once =m$ ! we/]n & nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t4 ,new ,zeal&1 divid$ into ?ree isl&s by rocky & dang]\s *annels1 is sup]ior to ,au/ralia 9 ri*ness ( soil1 f]tility1 & beauty2 x ab\nds 9 a v>iety ( vegetable & m9]al productions4 ,high m\nta9s1 ( volcanic orig91 run ?r\gh ! isl&s1 :i*1 9 ! mo/ nor!rly1 rise #ad1jjj feet above ! /ormy ocean ar\nd1 buri$ two-?irds ( _! height 9 p]man5t sn[ & glaci]s1 exhibit+ on ! gr&e/ scale all ! alp9e *>act]s1 ) ! addition ( active volcanos on ! ea/]n & we/]n coa/s3 t ( ,tang>>a p\rs =? deluges ( boil+ wat]1 :i* deposit va/ quantities ( silice\s s9t] l ! ,geys]s 9 ,icel&2 & su* is ! vitality ( ! vegetation1 t plants gr[ ri*ly on ! banks1 & ev5 9 wat] too hot to be endur$4#ge ,! coa/ is a froz5 c\ntry1 ov]spread ) a mo/ luxuriant b d>k & gloomy vegetation4 ,!re are undulat+ tracts & table-l&s ( great ext5t )\t a tree1 ov]-run by f]ns & a l[ k9d ( myrtle2 b ! m\nta9-ridges are clo!d ) d5se & gigantic =e/s4 ,!re is mu* good l& & _m lakes1 ) navigable riv]s1 ! be/ ( h>b\rs1 & a mild climate2 s t no c\ntry is bett] suit$ = a prosp]\s & fl\ri%+ colony4 ,x may be consid]$1 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod ( its colonial exi/5ce1 z ! ,great ,brita9 ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,a v diff]5t sc5e f ! /ormy seas ( ,new ,zeal& pres5ts itself to ! nor? ( ,au/ralia4 ,!re1 vivifi$ by ! gl[+ sun ( ! equator1 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago are ( mat*less beauty1 cr[n$ by l(ty m\nta9s1 load$ ) aromatic v]dure1 t %elve to ! %ore1 or dip into a transp>5t glassy sea4 ,_! coa/s are cut by deep inlets1 & wat]$ by ! pure/ /reams1 :i* desc5d 9 cascades ru%+ ?r\gh wild crevices4 ,! :ole is s d5sely cov]$ ) palms & o!r beautiful =ms ( tropical vegetation t !y seem to realize a t]re/rial p>adise4 ,papua or ,new ,gu9ea1 ! l>ge/ isl& 9 ! ,pacific aft] ,new ,holl&1 is #aajj miles long & #djj 9 wid?1 ) m\nta9s ris+ above m\nta9s1 till 9 ! we/ !y atta9 ! height ( #af1jjj feet1 capp$ ) sn[1 & two volcanos burn on its nor!rn %ores4 ,f its position s ne> ! equator x is probable t ,new ,gu9ea has ! same vegetation ) ! ,spice ,isl&s to ! ea/1 &1 f ! little t is kn[n ( x1 mu/ be "o ( ! f9e/ c\ntries 9 exi/5ce4 ,borneo1 next 9 size to ,new ,gu9ea1 is a noble isl&1 divid$ into two ne>ly equal p>ts by ! equator1 & trav]s$ ?r\gh its :ole l5g? by magnific5t *a9s ( m\nta9s1 :i* end 9 ?ree bran*es at ! ,java ,sea4 ,beautiful riv]s fl[ f !m to ! pla9s1 & sev]al ( ^! spr+ f a spaci\s lake on ! table-l& 9 ! int]ior1 among ! peaks ( ,k5i-,balu1 ! highe/ po9t ( ! isl&4 ,diamonds1 gold1 & antimony are among its m9]als2 gums1 gutta p]*a1 preci\s woods1 & all k9ds ( spices & tropical fruits are among its vegetable productions4 ,situate 9 ! c5tre ( a va/ ar*ipelago1 & 9 ! direct l9e ( an ext5sive & valuable comm]ce1 x w 9 ! c\rse ( "t become ! seat ( a great nation1 ^: civilization & prosp]ity w h& d[n to po/]ity ! "n ( ! ent]pris+1 philan?ropic ,sir ,james ,brooke1 ,rajah ( ,s>awak1 ) ! highe/ hon\r to :i* man c aspire4 ,! climate is heal?y1 temp]$ by sea-breezes1 & 9 "s p>ts ev5 ,european2 & its app5dage1 ! small isl& ( ,labuan1 ri* 9 coal1 is happily situate 9 ! r\te ( /eam-vessels betwe5 ,india & ,*9a4 ,a volume might be writt5 on ! beauty & ri*es ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,_m ( ! isl&s are h>dly kn[n2 ! int]ior ( ! great] numb] has nev] be5 explor$1 s t !y (f] a wide field ( discov]y to ! ent]pris+ travell]1 & !y are n[ ( easi] access s9ce ! seas h be5 cle>$ ( pirates by ! ex]tions ( ! ,hon\rable ,capta9 ,keppel1 & o!r (fic]s ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,navy4 ,!y h become ( mu* importance s9ce our relations ) ,*9a h be5 ext5d$1 on :i* acc\nt surveys ( _! coa/s h be5 already made1 & are go+ on1 "u ! able direction ( ! ,hydrograph] ( ! ,navy1 ,sir ,f4 ,beau=t4 ,! great int]tropical isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 likewise o!r l>ge isl&s1 z ,ceylon & ,madagasc>1 9 ! ,indian ,seas1 :i* by ! way d n diff] 9 "* f ! prec$+1 are really cont95ts 9 m9iature1 ) _! m\nta9s & pla9s1 _! lakes & riv]s2 & 9 climate !y v>y1 l ! ma9 l&1 ) ! latitude1 only t cont95tal climates are m extreme bo? z to heat & cold4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance1 aris+ f ! in/ability ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 t all ! small] tropical pelasgic isl&s 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans are ei!r volcanic or corall9e1 except ,new ,cal$onia & ! ,sey*elles2 & x is a />tl+ fact1 t 9 mo/ cases :]e !re are volcanos ! l& is ris+ by sl[ & almo/ imp]ceptible degrees above ! ocean1 :]eas !re is e reason to believe t ^? va/ spaces1 /udd$ ) coral isl&s or atolls1 are actually s9k+ bel[ x1 & h be5 = ages4#gf ,!re are f\r diff]5t k9ds ( coral =mations 9 ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 all entirely produc$ by ! gr[? ( organic be+s1 & _! detritus1 namely1 lagoon isl&s or atolls1 encircl+ reefs1 b>ri] reefs1 & coral fr+es4 ,!y are all ne>ly conf9$ to ! tropical regions2 ! atolls to ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans alone4 ,an atoll or lagoon isl& consi/s ( a *aplet or r+ ( coral1 enclos+ a lagoon or portion ( ! ocean 9 its c5tre4 ,! av]age bread? ( ! "p ( ! r+ above ! surface ( ! sea is ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile1 (t5] less1 & x seldom rises high] ?an f #f to #aj or #ab feet above ! waves4 ,h5ce1 ! lagoon isl&s are n disc]nible1 ev5 at a v small di/ance1 unless :5 !y are cov]$ ) ! cocoa-nut1 palm1 or ! p&anus1 :i* is frequ5tly ! case4 ,on ! out] side ?is r+ or circlet %elves d[n to ! di/ance ( #ajj or #bjj y>ds f its edge1 s t ! sea gradually deep5s to #be fa?oms1 beyond :i* ! sides plunge at once into ! unfa?omable dep?s ( ! ocean1 ) a m rapid desc5t ?an ! cone ( any volcano4 ,ev5 at ! small di/ance ( "s hundr$ y>ds1 no bottom has be5 f\nd ) a s\nd+-l9e a mile & a half long4 ,all ! coral at a mod]ate dep? bel[ wat] is alive--all above is dead1 be+ ! detritus ( ! liv+ "p1 wa%$ up by ! surf1 :i* is s trem5d\s on ! w9dw>d side ( ! tropical isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans1 t x is (t5 he>d miles (f1 & is frequ5tly ! fir/ w>n+ to seam5 ( _! approa* to an atoll4 ,on ! lagoon side1 :]e ! wat] is calm1 ! b\nd+ r+ or reef %elves into x by a succession ( l$ges1 also ( liv+ coral1 ?\gh n ( ! same species ) ^? :i* build ! ext]ior wall & ! f\ndations ( ! :ole r+4 ,! p]petual *ange ( wat] br\ght into contact ) ! ext]nal coral by ! break]s probably supplies !m ) m food ?an !y c\ld obta9 9 a quiet] sea1 :i* may acc\nt = _! m luxuriant gr[?4 ,at ! same "t1 !y deprive ! :ole ( ! coral 9 ! int]ior ( ! mo/ n\ri%+ "p ( _! food1 because ! /ill wat] 9 ! lagoon1 be+ suppli$ f ! ext]ior by op5+s 9 ! r+1 ceases to produce ! h>di] corals2 & species ( m delicate =ms1 & ( mu* sl[] gr[?1 take _! place4#gg ,! dep? ( ! lagoon v>ies1 9 diff]5t atolls1 f #bj to #ej fa?oms1 ! bottom be+ p>tly detritus & p>tly live coral4 ,by ! gr[? ( ! coral1 "s few ( ! lagoons h be5 fill$ up2 b ! process is v sl[ f ! causes assign$1 & also because !re are m>9e animals t fe$ on ! liv+ coral1 & prev5t its indef9ite gr[?4 ,9 all dep>tm5ts ( nature1 ! exub]ant increase ( any "o class is *eck$ & limit$ by o!rs4 ,! coral is ( ! mo/ v>i$ & delicate /ructure1 & ( ! mo/ beautiful t9ts3 d>k br[n1 vivid gre51 ri* purple1 p9k1 deep blue1 pea*-col\r1 yell[1 ) dazzl+ :ite1 contra/$ ) deep %ad[s1 %9e ?r\gh ! limpid wat]2 :ile fi% ( ! mo/ gorge\s hues swim among ! bran*+ coral1 :i* are ( _m diff]5t k9ds1 ?\gh all comb9e 9 ! /ructure ( ^! s+ul> isl&s4 ,lagoon isl&s are sometimes circul>1 b m frequ5tly oval or irregul> 9 _! =m4 ,sometimes !y are solit>y or 9 gr\ps1 b !y occur mo/ frequ5tly 9 elongat$ ar*ipelagos1 ) ! atolls elongat$ 9 ! same direction4 ,! gr\p+ ( atolls be> a p]fect analogy to ! gr\p+ ( ! ar*ipelagos ( ord9>y isl&s4 ,! size ( ^! fairy r+s ( ! ocean v>ies f #b to #ij miles 9 diamet]1 & islets are frequ5tly =m$ on ! coral r+s by ! wa%+ up ( ! detritus1 = !y are s l[ t ! waves break ov] !m 9 high tides or /orms4 ,!y h op5+s or *annels 9 _! circuit1 g5]ally on ! leew>d side1 :]e ! tide ent]s1 & by ^! %ips may sail into ! lagoons1 :i* are excell5t h>b\rs1 & ev5 on ! surface ( ! circlet or reef itself !re are occasionally boat-*annels betwe5 ! islets4 ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago1 ly+ ea/ ( ! ,society ,isl&s1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable assemblages ( atolls 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,!re are #hj ( !m1 g5]ally 9 a circul> =m1 surr\nd+ v deep lagoons1 & sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pr(\nd dep?s4 ,! reefs or r+s are ab\t half a mile wide1 & seldom rise m ?an #aj feet above ! edge ( ! surf1 :i* beats ^u !m ) su* viol5ce t x may be he>d at ! di/ance ( #h miles2 & yet on t side ! coral insects build m vigor\sly1 & vegetation ?rives bett]1 ?an on ! o!r4 ,_m ( ! islets are inhabit$4 ,! ,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago1 ! l>ge/ ( all1 lies nor? ( ! equator1 & ext5ds its atolls 9 #fj gr\ps ov] #ajjj miles4 ,_m are ( great size1 & all are beat by a tempe/u\s sea & occasional hurricanes4 ,! atolls 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean & ,*9a ,sea are beyond enum]ation4 ,?\gh less frequ5t 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 none are m int]e/+1 or af=d m p]fect specim5s ( ?is peculi> =mation1 ?an ! ,maldive & ,laccadive ar*ipelagos1 bo? ne>ly p>allel to ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 & elongat$ 9 t direction4 ,! =m] is #dgj miles long & ab\t #ej miles broad1 ) atolls arrang$ 9 a d\ble r[1 sep>at$ by an unfa?omable sea1 into :i* _! sides desc5d ) m ?an ord9>y rapidity4 ,! l>ge/ atoll is #hh miles long & some:at less ?an #bj broad2 ,suadiva1 ! next 9 size1 is #dd miles by #bc1 ) a l>ge lagoon 9 its c5tre1 to :i*1 !re is access by #db op5+s4 ,!re are inhabit$ islets on mo/ ( ! *aplets or r+s n high] ?an #bj feet1 :ile ! reefs !mselves are n[h]e m ?an #f feet above ! surge4 ,! ,laccadives run to ! nor? ( ?is ar*ipelago 9 a d\ble l9e ( ne>ly circul> atolls1 on :i* are l[ inhabit$ islets4 ,encircl+ reefs diff] 9 no respect f atoll-reefs1 except t !y h "o or m isl&s 9 _! lagoon4 ,!y commonly =m a r+ r\nd m\nta9\s isl&s1 at a di/ance ( two or ?ree miles f ! %ore1 ris+ on ! outside f a v deep ocean1 & sep>at$ f ! l& by a lagoon or *annel #bjj or #cjj feet deep4 ,^! reefs surr\nd ! subm>9e base ( ! isl&1 &1 ris+ by a /eep asc5t to ! surface1 !y encircle ! isl& itself4 ,! ,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago exhibits good examples ( ?is /ructure 9 ! encircl$ isl&s ( ,hogoleu & ,s9iav92 ! n>r[ r+ or encircl+ reef ( ! =m] is #ace miles 9 its v irregul> circuit1 on :i* are a va/ numb] ( islets3 six or eight isl&s rise to a consid]able height f its lagoon1 :i* is s deep1 & ! op5+ to x s l>ge1 t a frigate might sail into x4 ,! encircl+ reef ( ,s9iav9 is n>r[ & irregul>1 & its lagoon is s ne>ly fill$ by a l(ty isl&1 t x leaves only a /rip ( wat] r\nd x f #b to #e miles wide & #cj fa?oms deep4 ,otaheite ,tahiti1 ! l>ge/ ( ! ,society gr\p1 is ano!r in/ance ( an encircl$ isl& ( ! mo/ beautiful k9d2 x rises 9 m\nta9s #gjjj feet high1 ) only a n>r[ pla9 along ! %ore1 &1 except :]e cle>$ = cultivation1 x is cov]$ ) =e/s ( cocoa-nut1 palms1 bananas1 bread-fruit1 & o!r productions ( a tropical climate4 ,! lagoon1 :i* encompasses x l an enorm\s moat1 is #cj fa?oms deep1 & is hemm$ 9 f ! ocean by a coral b& ( ! usual k9d1 at a di/ance v>y+ f half a mile to ?ree miles4 ,b>ri]-reefs are ( precisely ! same /ructure z ! two prec$+ classes1 f :i* !y only diff] 9 _! position ) reg>d to ! l&4 ,a b>ri] reef (f ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia is ! gr&e/ coral =mation exi/+4 ,ris+ at once f an unfa?omable ocean1 x ext5ds #ajjj miles along ! coa/1 ) a bread? v>y+ f #bjj y>ds to a mile1 & at an av]age di/ance ( f #bj to #cj miles f ! %ore1 increas+ 9 "s places to #fj & ev5 #gj miles4 ,! great arm ( ! sea includ$ betwe5 x & ! l& is n[h]e less ?an #aj1 occasionally #fj fa?oms deep1 & is safely navigable ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g?1 ) a few transv]se op5+s by :i* %ips c ent]4 ,! reef is really #abjj miles long1 because x /ret*es ne>ly across ,torres ,/raits4 ,x is int]rupt$ (f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea by muddy wat]1 :i* de/roys ! coral animals1 probably f "s great riv] on t isl&4 ,!re are also ext5sive b>ri]-reefs on ! isl&s ( ,l\isiade & ,new ,cal$onia1 :i* are exactly opposite to ! great ,au/ralian reef2 & z atolls /ud t "p ( ! ,pacific :i* lies betwe5 !m1 x is call$ ! ,corall9e ,sea4 ,! roll+ ( ! bill[s along ! great ,au/ralian reef has be5 admirably describ$4 8,! long ocean-swell1 be+ sudd5ly imp$$ by ?is b>ri]1 lift$ itself 9 "o great cont9u\s ridge ( deep blue wat]1 :i*1 curl+ ov]1 fell on ! edge ( ! reef 9 an unbrok5 cat>act ( dazzl+ :ite foam4 ,ea* l9e ( break] ran (t5 "o or two miles 9 l5g? ) n a p]ceptible gap 9 its cont9uity4 ,!re 0 a simple gr&eur & display ( p[] & beauty 9 ?is sc5e t rose ev5 to sublimity4 ,! unbrok5 ro> ( ! surf1 ) its regul> pulsation ( ?und]1 z ea* succe$+ swell fell fir/ on ! out] edge ( ! reef1 0 almo/ deaf5+1 yet s deep-ton$ z n to int]f]e ) ! slighte/ ne>] & %>p] s\nd4444 ,bo? ! s\nd & sight 7 su* z to impress ! spectator ) ! consci\sness ( /&+ 9 ! pres5ce ( an ov]:elm+ maje/y & p[]40#gh ,coral-reefs are di/9ct f all ! =ego+2 !y are m]ely fr+es ( coral along ! m>g9 ( a %ore1 &1 z !y l9e ! %ore itself1 !y h no lagoons4 ,a va/ ext5t ( coa/1 bo? on ! cont95ts & isl&s1 is fr+$ by ^! reefs1 &1 z !y frequ5tly surr\nd ^! %oals1 !y are v dang]\s4 ,lagoon isl&s are ! "w ( v>i\s species ( coral animals2 b ^? p>ticul> polypi :i* build ! ext]nal wall1 ! f\ndation & support ( ! :ole r+ or reef1 are mo/ vigor\s :5 mo/ expos$ to ! break]s2 !y _c exi/ at a great] dep? ?an #be or #cj fa?oms at mo/1 & die imm$iately :5 left dry3 yet ! coral wall desc5ds precipit\sly to unfa?omable dep?s2 & al?\gh ! :ole ( x is n ! "w ( ^! animals1 yet ! p]p5dicul> ?ickness ( ! coral is kn[n to be v great1 ext5d+ hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! dep? at :i* ^! polypi cease to live4 ,f an ext5sive survey ( ! ,corall9e ,seas ( ! tropics1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has f\nd an explanation ( ^! s+ul> ph5om5a 9 ! in/ability ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,s9ce !re are c]ta9 pro(s t l>ge areas ( ! dry l& are gradually ris+1 & o!rs s9k+ d[n1 s ! bottom ( ! ocean is n exempt f ! g5]al *ange t is sl[ly br++ ab\t a new /ate ( ?+s2 & z !re is evid5ce1 on multitudes ( ! volcanic isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 ( a rise 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! basis ( ! ocean1 s ! lagoon isl&s indicate a subsid5ce 9 o!rs--*anges aris+ f ! expansion & contraction ( ! /rata "u ! b$ ( ! ocean4 ,!re are /rong reasons = believ+ t a cont95t once occupi$ a great "p ( ! tropical ,pacific1 "s "p ( :i* subsid$ by sl[ & imp]ceptible degrees4 ,z portions ( x gradually sank d[n bel[ ! surface ( ! deep1 ! tops ( m\nta9s & table-l&s w\ld rema9 z isl&s ( diff]5t magnitude & elevation1 & w\ld =m ar*ipelagos elongat$ 9 ! direction ( ! m\nta9-*a9s4 ,n[1 ! coral-animal1 :i* con/ructs ! outw>d wall & mass ( ! reefs1 nev] builds lat]ally1 & _c exi/ at a great] dep? ?an #be or #cj fa?oms4 ,h5ce1 if x began to lay ! f\ndation ( its reef on ! subm]g$ flanks ( an isl&1 x w\ld be oblig$ to build its wall upw>ds 9 proportion z ! isl& sank d[n1 s t at l5g? a lagoon w\ld be =m$ betwe5 x & ! l&4 ,z ! subsid5ce cont9u$1 ! lagoon w\ld increase1 ! isl& w\ld dim9i%1 & ! base ( ! coral-reef w\ld s9k deep] & deep]1 :ile ! animal w\ld always keep its top j bel[ ! surface ( ! ocean1 till at l5g? ! isl& w\ld entirely disappe>1 & a p]fect atoll w\ld be left4 ,if ! isl& 7 m\nta9\s1 ea* peak w\ld =m a sep>ate isl& 9 ! lagoon1 & ! encircl$ isl&s w\ld h diff]5t =ms1 :i* ! reefs w\ld foll[ cont9u\sly4 ,?is !ory p]fectly expla9s ! appe>ances ( ! lagoon isl&s & b>ri]-reefs1 ! cont9uity ( ! reef1 ! isl&s 9 ! middle ( ! lagoons1 ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! reefs f !m1 & ! =ms ( ! ar*ipelago1 s exactly simil> to ! ar*ipelagos ( ord9>y isl&s1 all ( :i* are b ! tops ( subm]g$ m\nta9-*a9s1 & g5]ally p>take ( _! elongat$ =ms4#gi ,e int]m$iate =m betwe5 an atoll & an encircl+ reef exi/s3 ,new ,cal$onia is a l9k betwe5 !m4 ,a reef runs along ! nor?-we/]n coa/ ( t isl& #djj miles1 & = _m leagues nev] approa*es )9 #h miles ( its %ore1 & ! di/ance increases to #af miles ne> ! s\!rn extremity4 ,at ! o!r end ! reefs are cont9u$ on ea* side #aej miles beyond ! sub-m>9e prolongation ( ! l&1 m>k+ ! =m] ext5t ( ! isl&4 ,9 ! lagoon ( ,keel+ ,atoll1 situate 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 #fjj miles s\? ( ,sumatra1 _m fall5 trees & a ru9$ /ore-h\se %[ t x has subsid$3 ^! movem5ts take place dur+ ! e>?quakes at ,sumatra1 :i* are also felt 9 ?is atoll4 ,viol5t e>?quakes h lately be5 felt at ,vanikora 7celebrat$ = ! wreck ( ,la ,pr\se71 a l(ty isl& ( ! ,que5 ,*>lotte gr\p1 ) an encircl+ reef 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 & on :i* !re are m>ks ( rec5t subsid5ce4 ,o!r pro(s are n want+ ( ?is great movem5t 9 ! b$s ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans4 ,! ext5t ( ! atoll =mations1 includ+ "u ?is "n ! encircl+ reefs1 is enorm\s4 ,9 ! ,pacific1 f ! s\!rn end ( ,l[ ,ar*ipelago to ! nor!rn extremity ( ,m>%all or ,radick ,ar*ipelago1 a di/ance ( #dejj miles1 & _m degrees ( latitude 9 bread?1 atolls alone rise above ! ocean4 ,! same may be said ( ! space 9 ! ,indian ,ocean betwe5 ,saya de ,ma?a & ! end ( ! ,laccadives1 :i* includes #be degrees ( latitude--su* are ! enorm\s areas t h be51 & probably /ill are1 sl[ly subsid+4 ,o!r spaces ( great ext5t may also be m5tion$1 z ! l>ge ar*ipelago ( ! ,c>ol9as1 t 9 ! ,corall9e ,sea ( ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 & an ext5sive "o 9 ! ,*9a ,sea4 ,?\gh ! volcanic isl&s 9 ! ,pacific are s num]\s1 !re is n "o )9 ! areas m5tion$1 & !re is n an active volcano )9 sev]al hundr$ miles ( an ar*ipelago1 or ev5 gr\p ( atolls4 ,?is is ! m int]e/+1 z rec5t %ells & fr+es ( dead coral1 f\nd at v>i\s heights on _! surfaces1 %[ t ! volcanic isl&s h be5 ris+ m & m above ! surface ( ! ocean = a v long "t4 ,! volcanic isl&s also occupy p>ticul> zones 9 ! ,pacific1 & x is f\nd f ext5sive obs]vation t all ! po9ts ( eruption fall on ! areas ( elevation4#hj ,"o ( ! mo/ t]ribly active ( ^! zones beg9s ) ! ,b&a gr\p ( isl&s1 & ext5ds ?r\gh ! ,sunda gr\p ( ,timor1 ,sumbawa1 ,bali1 ,java1 & ,sumatra1 sep>at$ only by n>r[ *annels1 & altoge!r =m+ a g5tly curv$ l9e #bjjj miles long2 b z ! volcanic zone is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,b>r5 ,isl& & ,n>condam 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 nor?w>d ?r\gh ! isl&s along ! coa/ ( ,aracan1 ! entire l5g? ( ?is volcanic range is a great deal m4 ,dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s all ! isl&s & rocks = #ajj miles along ! coa/ ( ,aracan h be5 gradually ris+4 ,! greate/ elevation ( #bb feet has tak5 place ab\t ! c5tre ( ! l9e ( upheaval1 9 ! nor?-we/ end ( ! isl& ( ,*$uba1 conta9+ two mud volcanos1 & is cont9u$ ?r\gh ,f\l ,isl& & ! ,t]ribles4#ha ,! little isl& ( ,gonung-,api1 belong+ to ! ,b&a gr\p1 conta9s a volcano ( great activity2 & su* is ! elevat+ pressure ( ! subm>9e fire 9 t "p ( ! ocean1 t a mass ( black basalt rose up1 ( su* magnitude z to fill a bay #fj fa?oms deep1 s quietly t ! inhabitants 7 n aw>e ( :at 0 go+ on till x 0 ne>ly done4 ,timor & ! o!r adjac5t isl&s also be> m>ks ( rec5t elevation4 ,!re is n a spot ( its size on ! face ( ! e>? t conta9s s _m volcanos z ! isl& ( ,java4#hb ,a range ( volcanic m\nta9s1 f #ejjj to #ac1jjj feet high1 =ms ! c5tral cre/ ( ! isl&1 & ends to ! ea/ 9 a s]ies ( #ch sep>ate volcanos ) broad bases1 ris+ gradually into cones4 ,!y all /& on a pla9 b little elevat$ above ! sea1 & ea* individual m\nta9 seems to h be5 =m$ indep5d5tly ( ! re/4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( great antiquity1 & are cov]$ ) ?ick vegetation4 ,"s are ext9ct1 or only emit smoke2 f o!rs sulphure\s vap\rs issue ) prodigi\s viol5ce2 "o has a l>ge crat] fill$ ) boil+ wat]2 & a few h _h fi]ce eruptions ( late ye>s4 ,! isl& is cov]$ ) volcanic spurs f ! ma9 ridge1 unit$ by cross *a9s1 toge!r ) o!r *a9s ( less magnitude1 b no less fury4 ,9 #aggb ! great] "p ( "o ( ! l>ge/ volcanic m\nta9s 0 swall[$ up aft] a %ort b sev]e combu/ion2 a lum9\s cl\d envelop$ ! m\nta9 on ! #aa? ( ,augu/1 & soon aft] ! huge mass actually disappe>$ "u ! e>? ) trem5d\s noise1 c>ry+ ) x ab\t #ij squ>e miles ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 #dj villages1 & #bieg ( _! inhabitants4 ,! nor!rn coa/ ( ,java is flat & swampy1 b ! s\!rn prov9ces are beautiful & romantic2 yet 9 ! lovely peaceful valleys ! /illness ( night is di/urb$ by ! deep ro>+ ( ! volcanos1 _m ( :i* are p]petually burn+ ) sl[ b t]rific action4 ,sep>at$ by n>r[ *annels ( ! sea1 ,bali & ,sumbawa are b a cont9uation ( ,java1 ! same 9 nature & /ructure1 b on a small] scale1 _! m\nta9s be+ little m ?an #hjjj feet high4 ,! int5sity ( ! volcanic =ce "u ?is "p ( ! ,pacific may be imag9$ f ! eruption ( ,tomboro 9 ,sumbawa 9 #ahae1 :i* cont9u$ f ! #e? ( ,april till ,july4 ,! explosions 7 he>d at ! di/ance ( #igj miles2 & 9 ,java1 at ! di/ance ( #cjj miles1 ! d>kness dur+ ! day 0 l t ( deep midnight1 f ! quantity ( a%es t fill$ ! air3 !y 7 c>ri$ to ,b5cool51 a di/ance ( #aajj miles1 :i*1 ) reg>d to di/ance1 is z if ! a%es ( ,vesuvius _h fall5 at ,birm+ham4 ,! c\ntry r\nd 0 ru9$1 & ! t[n ( ,tomboro 0 subm]g$ by heavy roll]s f ! ocean4 ,9 ,sumatra ! ext5sive granitic =mations ( ,ea/]n ,asia jo9 ! volcanic s]ies :i* occupies s l>ge a portion ( ! ,pacific4 ,?is mo/ beautiful ( isl&s pres5ts ! bolde/ aspect2 x is ind5t$ by arms ( ! mo/ transp>5t sea1 & wat]$ by innum]able /reams2 x displays 9 its vegetation all ! bright col\r+ ( ! tropics4 ,"h ! subm>9e fire f9ds v5t 9 ?ree volcanos on ! s\!rn1 & "o on ! nor!rn side ( ! isl&4 ,a few atolls1 _m hundr$s ( miles to ! s\?1 %[ t ?is volcanic zone alt]nates ) an area ( subsid5ce4 ,m to ! nor?1 & ne>ly p>allel to ! prec$+ zone1 ano!r l9e ( volcanic isl&s beg9s to ! nor? ( ,new ,gu9ea1 & passes ?r\gh ,new ,brita91 ,new ,irel&1 ,solomon ,isl&s1 & ! ,new ,hebrides1 conta9+ _m op5 v5ts4 ,?is range or area ( elevation sep>ates ! ,corall9e ,sea f ! great *a9 ( atolls on ! nor? betwe5 ,ellice's gr\p & ! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s1 s t x lies betwe5 two areas ( subsid5ce4 ,! ?ird & greate/ ( all ! zones ( volcanic isl&s includes ,gilolo1 "o ( ! ,molucca gr\p1 :i* is bri/l$ ) volcanic cones2 & f !nce x may be trac$ nor?w>ds ?r\gh ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,=mosa3 b5d+ !nce to ! nor?-ea/1 x passes ?r\gh ,loo-,*oo1 ! ,japan ,ar*ipelago1 & is cont9u$ by ! ,kurile ,isl&s to ! p59sula ( ,kamt*atka1 :]e !re are sev]al volcanos ( great elevation4 ,! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ,=mosa =m ! volcanic sep>ation betwe5 ! atoll region 9 ! ,*9a ,sea1 & t ( ! ,c>ol9e & ,pellew gr\ps4 ,!re are six isl&s ea/ ( ,jephoon 9 ! ,japan ,ar*ipelago :i* are subject to eruptions1 & ! int]nal fire breaks ?r\gh ! ,kurile ,isl&s 9 #ah v5ts1 besides hav+ rais$ two new isl&s 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 "o #d miles r\nd1 & ! o!r #cjjj feet high1 ?\gh ! sea !re is s deep t ! bottom has n be5 rea*$ ) a l9e #bjj fa?oms long4 ,?us1 "s long r5t 9 ! e>? _h ext5d$ f ! tropics to ! gelid seas ( ,okhotsk1 probably connect$ ) ! p59sula ( ,kamt*atka3 a new "o beg9s to ! ea/ ( ! latt] 9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 :i* are ( ! mo/ b>r5 & desolate aspect1 p]petually beat5 by ! surge ( a re/less ocean1 & bri/l$ by ! cones ( #bd volcanos2 !y sweep 9 a half-moon r\nd ,behr+'s ,sea till !y jo9 ! volcanic p59sula ( ,russian ,am]ica4 ,! l9e ( volcanic ag5cy has be5 foll[$ f> beyond ! limits ( ! coral-work+ animals1 :i* ext5d b a %ort way on ea* side ( ! tropics2 b x has be5 %[n t 9 ! equatorial regions imm5se areas ( elevation alt]nate ) z great areas ( subsid5ce3 nor? ( ,new ,holl& !y are s mix$ t x indicates a po9t ( conv]g5ce4#hc ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,pacific ! :ole *a9 ( ! ,&es1 & ! adjac5t isl&s ( ,juan ,f]n&ez & ! ,galapagos1 =m a va/ volcanic area1 :i* is actually n[ ris+2 & ?\gh !re are few volcanic isl&s nor? ( ! zone ( atolls1 yet ^? t be indicate great int]nal activity1 especially 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 :]e ! volcanos ( ,o:yhee ,hawaii are inf]ior to none 9 awful sublimity4 ,t ( ,kirawah is on ! flanks ( ,m[na ,roa1 :i* is itself a volcano4 ,x 0 se5 9 high activity by ,mr4 ,d\glas 9 #ahcd2 he describes x z a deep sunk5 pit1 occupy+ five squ>e miles1 cov]$ ) masses ( lava :i* _h be5 9 a /ate ( rec5t fusion4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ^! 7 two lakes ( liquid lava3 9 bo? !re 0 a va/ caldron 9 furi\s ebullition1 occasionally sp\t+ to ! height ( f #bj to #gj feet1 :5ce /reams ( lava1 hurry+ along 9 fi]y waves1 7 f9ally precipitat$ d[n an ignit$ ar*1 :]e ! =ce ( ! lava 0 p>tly arre/$ by ! escape ( gasses1 :i* ?rew back huge blocks1 & lit]ally spun !m into ?reads ( glass1 :i* 7 c>ri$ by ! w9d l ! refuse ( a flax-mill4 ,he says ! noise c\ld h>dly be describ$--t ( all ! /eam-eng9es 9 ! _w w\ld be a :isp] to x2 & ! heat 0 s ov]p[]+1 & ! dryness ( ! air s int5se1 t ! v eyelids felt scor*$ & dri$ up4#hd ,x may be obs]v$ t1 :]e !re are coral fr+es1 ! l& is ei!r ris+ or /ation>y2 =1 7 x subsid+1 lagoons w\ld be =m$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are _m fr++ reefs on ! %ores ( volcanic isl&s along ! coa/s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 all ( :i* are ris+4 ,inde$1 ?is occurr5ce1 9 numb]less in/ances1 co9cides ) ! exi/5ce ( uprais$ organic rema9s on ! l&4 ,z ! only coral =mations 9 ! ,atlantic are fr++ reefs1 & z !re is n "o 9 its c5tral expanse1 except 9 ,b]muda1 x may be conclud$ t ! b$ ( ! ocean is n s9k+2 & ) ! exception ( ! ,leew>d ,isl&s1 ! ,can>ies1 ! ,azores1 & ! ,cape de ,v]de gr\ps1 !re are no active volcanos on ! isl&s or on ! coa/s ( t ocean4 ,at pres5t ! great cont95t has few c5tres ( volcanic action 9 comp>ison ) :at x once _h4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is /ill und]m9$ by fire1 :i* occasionally f9ds v5t 9 ,vesuvius & ! /ately cone ( ,etna4 ,?\gh ,/romboli con/antly p\rs =? inexhau/ible %[]s ( inc&esc5t matt]1 & a tempor>y isl& n[ & !n />ts up f ! sea1 ! volcanic action is dim9i%$1 & ,italy has become comp>atively m tranquil4 ,! table-l& ( ,we/]n ,asia1 especially ,az]bijan1 _h once be5 ! seat ( int5se commotion1 n[ sp5t1 z ! ,seiban ,dagh & ,ar>at1 or only smok+ f ! sn[y cone ( ,demav5d4 ,! table-l& ( ,ea/]n ,asia furni%es ! solit>y in/ance ( igne\s explosion at a di/ance ( #aejj miles f ! sea1 9 ! volcanic *a9 ( ! ,!an-,t*an4 ,besides ! two active volcanos ( ! ,pe-%an & ,ho-t*e\ 9 ! *a9 itself1 at ! di/ance ( #fgj miles f ea* o!r1 ) a solfat>a betwe5 !m1 x is ! c5tre ( a mo/ ext5sive volcanic di/rict1 ext5d+ nor?w>d to ! ,alta ,m\nta9s1 9 :i* !re are _m po9ts ( connection betwe5 ! int]ior ( ! e>? & ! atmosph]e1 n by volcanos1 b by solfat>as1 hot spr+s1 & vap\rs4 ,9 ! range ( ,t>gatabai1 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,kirghiz1 !re is a m\nt said to emit smoke & ev5 flame1 :i* produces sulphur & sal-ammoniac 9 abundance4 ,x is n asc]ta9$ t !re are any m\nta9s 9 ,*9a t eject lava1 b !re are _m fire-hills & fire-spr+s2 ! latt] are real ,artesian wells five or six in*es wide1 & f #aejj to #cjjj feet deep3 f "s ( ^! wat] rises conta9+ a great quantity ( common salt2 f o!rs gases issue2 & :5 a flame is appli$1 fire ru%es out ) great viol5ce1 ris+ #bj or #cj feet high1 ) a noise l ?und]4 ,! gas1 conduct$ 9 tubes ( bamboo cane1 is us$ 9 ! evaporation ( salt wat] f ! neighb\r+ spr+s4 ,!re are altoge!r ab\t #bgj active volcanos1 ( :i* #aij are on ! %ores & isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,!y are g5]ally dispos$ 9 l9es or gr\ps4 ,! *a9 ( ! ,&es furni%es a magnific5t example ( l9e> volcanos4 ,! peak ( ,t5]iffe1 encompass$ by ! volcanic isl&s ( ,palma & ,lanc]ote1 is an equally good specim5 ( a c5tral gr\p4 ,eruptions are mu* m frequ5t 9 l[ ?an 9 high volcanos3 t 9 ! isl& ( ,/romboli is 9 p]petual activity2 :]eas ,cotopaxi1 #ah1gge feet high1 & ,tung>agua 9 ! ,&es1 h only be5 active once 9 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,on acc\nt ( ! =ce requisite to raise lava to su* great elevations1 x r>ely fl[s f v elevat$ cones4 ,antisana is ! only in/ance to ! contr>y among all ! l(ty volcanos 9 ,quito4 ,9 ,etna also ! pressure is s great t ! lava =ces its way ?r\gh ! sides ( ! m\nta9 or at ! base ( ! cone4 ,an explosion beg9s by a d5se volume ( smoke issu+ f ! crat]1 mix$ ) aque\s vap\r & gases2 !n masses ( rock & molt5 matt] 9 a half-fluid /ate are eject$ ) trem5d\s explosion & viol5ce2 aft] :i* lava beg9s to fl[1 & ! :ole t]m9ates by a %[] ( a%es f ! crat]--(t5 ! mo/ =midable "p ( ! ph5om5on1 z 0 exp]i5c$ at ! de/ruction ( ,pompeii4 ,!re are sev]al volcanos :i* eject only /reams ( boil+ wat]1 z ! ,volcano de ,agua 9 ,guatemala2 o!rs p\r =? boil+ mud1 z 9 ! isl&s ( ,tr9idad1 ,java1 & ,*$uba 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal4 ,a m feeble ef=t ( ! volcanic =ce appe>s 9 ! num]\s solfat>as4 ,hot spr+s %[ t ! volcanic fire is n ext+ui%$1 ?\gh n o!rwise app>5t4 ,to ^! may be add$ acidul\s spr+s1 ^? ( naph?a1 petroleum1 & v>i\s k9ds ( gas1 z c>bonic acid gas1 ! food ( plants--&1 :5 brea!d1 ! de/ruction ( animals1 z is fe>fully se5 9 ! ,gu]o ,upas1 or 8,valley ( ,dea?10 9 ,java3 x is half a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & ab\t #ce feet deep1 ) a few l>ge /ones1 & n a ve/ige ( vegetation on ! bottom1 :i* is cov]$ ) ! skeletons ( human be+s & ! bones ( animals & birds blan*$ :ite z ivory4 ,on approa*+ ! edge ( ! valley1 :i* is situate on ! top ( a hill1 a nause\s sick5+ s5sation is felt2 & no?+ t has life c ent] its prec9cts )\t be+ imm$iately suffocat$4#he ,! seat ( activity has be5 p]petually *ang+1 b !re always has be5 volcanic action1 possibly m int5se 9 =m] times1 b ev5 at pres5t x ext5ds f pole to pole4 ,not)/&+ ! num]\s volcanic v5ts 9 ! globe1 _m places are subject to viol5t e>?quakes1 :i* ru9 ! works ( man1 & (t5 *ange ! configuration ( ! c\ntry4 ,! mo/ ext5sive di/rict ( e>?quakes comprises ! ,m$it]ranean & ! adjac5t c\ntries1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,caspian ,sea1 ,caucasus1 & ! ,p]sian m\nta9s4 ,x jo9s a va/ volcanic di/rict 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 ^: *ief focus seems to be ! ,!an-,t*an1 :i* includes ,lake ,baikal & ! neighb\r+ regions4 ,a great "p ( ! cont95t ( ,asia is m or less subject to %ocks3 b1 ) ! exception ( ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,b>b>y1 ,africa is entirely free f ^! trem5d\s sc\rges2 & x is s+ul> t1 not)/&+ ! t]rible e>?quakes :i* %ake ! c\ntries we/ ( ! ,&es1 ! ,&ean *a9 itself1 & all ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 !y are extremely r>e 9 ! great ea/]n pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,= ! mo/ "p ! %ocks are transmitt$ 9 ! l9e ( ! prim>y m\nta9-*a9s1 & seem (t5 to be limit$ by !m 9 ! o!r direction4 ,!re mu/ be "s s+ul> volcanic action und]nea? "p ( ,great ,brita91 :i* has occasion$ #bee slight %ocks ( e>?quake1 ( :i* #aci took place 9 ,scotl&3 ! mo/ viol5t ( !m h be5 felt at ,comre1 9 ,/ra!rne2 ( ! re/ #ad took place on ! bord]s ( ,york%ire & ,d]by%ire1 #cj 9 ,wales1 & #ca on ! s\? coa/ ( ,engl&3 !y 7 prec$$ by s+ul> ph5om5a1 z a sudd5 fall ( ! b>omet]1 fogs1 & unusual sultr9ess2 ! two latt] are said to indicate ^! convulsions ab\t ,si5a1 & 9 ! ,m>emma ( ,tuscany1 :]e !y h ( late ye>s be5 att5d$ ) v disa/r\s effects4 ,e>?quakes are probably produc$ by fractures & sudd5 heav+s & subsid5ces 9 ! ela/ic cru/ ( ! globe1 f ! pressure ( ! liquid fire1 vap\r1 & gases 9 its int]ior1 :i* !re f9d v5t1 relieve ! t5sion :i* ! /rata acquire dur+ _! sl[ refrig]ation1 & re/ore equilibrium4 ,b :e!r ! initial impulse be eruptive1 or a sudd5 pressure upw>ds1 ! %ock orig9at+ 9 t po9t is propagat$ ?r\gh ! ela/ic surface ( ! e>? 9 a s]ies ( circul> or oval undulations1 simil> to ^? produc$ by dropp+ a /one into a pool1 & l !m !y become broad] & l[] z ! di/ance increases1 till !y gradually subside2 9 ?is mann] ! %ock travels ?r\gh ! l&1 becom+ weak] & weak] till x t]m9ates4 ,:5 ! impulse beg9s 9 ! int]ior ( a cont95t1 ! ela/ic wave is propagat$ ?r\gh ! solid cru/ ( ! e>?1 z well z 9 s\nd ?r\gh ! air1 & is transmitt$ f ! =m] to ! ocean1 :]e x is f9ally sp5t & lo/1 or1 if v p[]ful1 is cont9u$ 9 ! opposite l&4 ,almo/ all ! great e>?quakes1 h[ev]1 h _! orig9 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean1 f> f l&1 :5ce ! %ocks travel 9 undulations to ! surr\nd+ %ores4 ,no d\bt _m ( small int5sity are imp]ceptible3 x is only ! viol5t ef=ts ( ! int]nal =ces t c ov]come ! pressure ( ! ocean's b$1 & t ( ! sup]9cumb5t wat]4 ,! int]nal pressure is suppos$ to f9d relief mo/ readily 9 a belt ( great bread? t surr\nds ! l& at a consid]able di/ance f ! coa/1 & be+ =m$ ( ! dbris1 ! int]nal temp]ature is 9 a p]petual /ate ( fluctuation1 :i* w\ld seem to give rise to sudd5 flexures & subm>9e eruptions4 ,:5 ! orig9al impulse is a fracture or eruption ( lava 9 ! b$ ( ! deep ocean1 two k9ds ( waves or undulations are produc$ & propagat$ simultane\sly--"o ?r\gh ! b$ ( ! ocean1 :i* is ! true e>?quake %ock1 & co9cid5t ) ?is a wave is =m$ & propagat$ on ! surface ( ! ocean1 :i* rolls to ! %ore1 & rea*es x 9 "t to complete ! de/ruction long aft] ! %ock or wave ?r\gh ! solid ocean-b$ has arriv$ & sp5t itself on ! l&4 ,! sea rose #ej feet at ,lisbon & #fj at ,cadiz aft] ! great e>?quake2 x rose & fell #ah times at ,tangi] on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & #ae times at ,fun*al 9 ,madeira4 ,at ,k9sale 9 ,irel& a body ( wat] ru%$ into ! h>b\r1 & ! wat] 9 ,lo* ,lomond 9 ,scotl& rose two feet f\r in*es--s ext5sive 0 ! oceanic wave4#hf ,! height to :i* ! surface ( ! gr\nd is elevat$1 or ! v]tical height ( ! %ock-wave1 v>ies f "o in* to two or ?ree feet4 ,?is e>?-wave1 on pass+ "u deep wat]1 is imp]ceptible1 b :5 x comes to s\nd+s x c>ries ) x to ! l& a long1 flat1 aque\s wave2 on arriv+ at ! bea*1 ! wat] drops 9 arre> f ! sup]ior velocity ( ! %ock1 s t at t mom5t ! sea seems to rec$e be=e ! great ocean-wave arrives4 ,x is ! small =c$ wave t gives ! %ock to %ips1 & n ! great wave2 b :5 %ips are /ruck 9 v deep wat]1 ! c5tre ( di/urbance is ei!r imm$iately "u1 or v ne>ly "u1 ! vessel4 ,?ree o!r s]ies ( undulations are =m$ simultane\sly ) ! prec$+1 by :i* ! s\nd ( ! explosion is convey$ ?r\gh ! e>?1 ! ocean1 & ! air1 ) diff]5t velocities4 ,t ?r\gh ! e>? travels at ! rate ( f #gjjj to #aj1jjj feet 9 a second 9 h>d rock1 & some:at less 9 loos] mat]ials1 & arrives at ! coa/ a %ort "t be=e1 or at ! same mom5t )1 ! %ock1 & produces ! holl[ s\nds t are ! h>b+]s ( ru92 !n foll[s a cont9u\s succession ( s\nds1 l ! roll+ ( di/ant ?und]1 =m$1 fir/1 by ! wave t is propagat$ ?r\gh ! wat] ( ! sea1 :i* travels at ! rate ( #dgjj feet 9 a second1 &1 la/ly1 by t pass+ ?r\gh ! air1 :i* only takes place :5 ! orig9 ( ! e>?quake is a subm>9e explosion1 & travels ) a velocity ( #aabc feet 9 a second4 ,! roll+ s\nds prec$e ! arrival ( ! great wave on ! coa/s1 & are cont9u$ aft] ! t]rific cata/rophe :5 ! eruption is ext5sive4 ,:5 !re is a succession ( %ocks all ! ph5om5a are repeat$4 ,s\nds sometimes occur :5 !re is no e>?quake3 !y 7 he>d on ! pla9s ( ! ,rio ,apure1 9 ,c>accas1 at ! mom5t ! volcano 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 #gjj miles (f1 dis*>g$ a /ream ( lava4 ,! bell[+s ( ,guanaxuato af=d a s+ul> in/ance3 ^! subt]rane\s noises h be5 he>d = a mon? un9t]rupt$ly :5 !re 0 no e>?quake felt on ! table-l& ( ,mexico1 nor 9 ! ri* silv]-m9es #afjj feet bel[ its surface4 ,! velocity ( ! great oceanic wave v>ies z ! squ>e root ( ! dep?2 x consequ5tly has a rapid progress ?r\gh deep wat]1 & less :5 x comes to s\nd+s4 ,t rais$ dur+ ! e>?quake at ,lisbon travell$ to ,b>badoes at ! rate ( #gh miles 9 a m9ute1 & to ,portsm\? at ! rate ( a little m ?an two miles 9 a m9ute4 ,! velocity ( ! %ock v>ies ) ! ela/icity ( ! /rata x passes ?r\gh4 ,! undulations ( ! e>? are subject to ! same laws z ^? ( light & s\nd2 h5ce1 :5 ! %ock or e>?-wave passes ?r\gh /rata ( diff]5t ela/icity1 x w p>tly be reflect$1 & a wave w be s5t back1 produc+ a %ock 9 a contr>y direction1 & p>tly refract$1 or its c\rse *ang$1 s t %ocks w occur bo? upw>ds & d[nw>ds1 to ! "r or to ! left ( ! orig9al l9e ( transit4 ,h5ce1 mo/ damage is done at ! junction ( deep alluvial pla9s ) ! h>d /rata ( ! m\nta9s1 z 9 ! great e>?quake 9 ,calabria 9 ! ye> #aghc4 ,:5 ! height ( ! undulations is small1 ! e>?quake w be a horizontal motion1 :i* is ! lea/ de/ructive2 :5 ! height is great1 ! c5tral & horizontal motions are comb9$1 & ! effect is t]rible4 ,! concussion 0 upw>ds 9 ! e>?quake :i* took place at ,riobamba 9 #agig4 ,b>on ,humboldt m5tions t "s ( ! inhabitants 7 ?r[n across a riv]1 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height1 on a neighb\r+ m\nta94 ,! wor/ ( all is a vorticose or twi/+ motion1 :i* no?+ c resi/2 x is occasion$ by ! cross+ ( two waves ( horizontal vibration1 :i* unite at _! po9t ( int]section & =m a rotatory movem5t4 ,?is1 & ! int]f]5ces ( %ocks arriv+ at ! same po9t f diff]5t orig9s or r\tes ( diff]5t l5g?s1 acc\nt = ! repose 9 "s places1 & ^? extraord9>y ph5om5a t took place dur+ ! e>?quake ( #aghc 9 ,calabria1 :]e ! %ock div]g$ on all sides f a c5tre ?r\gh a highly ela/ic base cov]$ ) alluvial soil1 :i* 0 toss$ ab\t 9 e direction4 ,! dynamics ( e>?quakes are ably discuss$ by ,mr4 ,mallet 9 a v int]e/+ pap] 9 ! 8,transactions ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy40 ,!re are few places :]e ! e>? is long at re/1 =1 indep5d5tly ( ^? secul> elevations & subsid5ces t are 9 progress ov] su* ext5sive tracts ( c\ntry1 small e>?quake-%ocks mu/ be mu* m frequ5t ?an we imag9e1 ?\gh imp]ceptible to our s5ses1 & only to be detect$ by means ( in/rum5ts4 ,! %ock ( an e>?quake at ,lyons 9 ,febru>y1 #ahbb1 0 n g5]ally p]ceptible at ,p>is1 yet ! wave rea*$ & pass$ "u t city1 & 0 detect$ by ! sw++ ( ! l>ge decl9ation ne$le at ! ,obs]vatory1 :i* _h previ\sly be5 at re/4 ,! undulations ( "s ( ! great e>?quakes h spread to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,! e>?quake t happ5$ 9 #ahdb 9 ,guadal\pe 0 felt ov] an ext5t ( #cjjj miles 9 l5g?2 & t :i* de/roy$ ,lisbon _h its orig9 9 ! b$ ( ! ,atlantic1 f :5ce ! %ock ext5d$ ov] an area ( ab\t #gjj1jjj squ>e miles1 or a twelf? "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe2 ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & ! lakes 9 ,scotl&1 ,norway1 & ,sw$5 7 agitat$ by x4 ,9 l9e> di/ance ! effects ( t e>?quake ext5d$ ?r\gh #cjj miles1 ! %ocks 7 felt ?r\gh a l9e ( #bgjj miles1 & ! vibrations or tremors 7 p]ceptible 9 wat] ?r\gh #djjj miles4 ,x began )\t w>n+1 & 9 five m9utes ! city 0 a heap ( ru9s4 ,! e>?quake ( #aghc1 9 ,calabria1 :i* completely *ang$ ! face ( ! c\ntry1 only la/$ two m9utes2 b x 0 n v ext5sive1 yet all ! t[ns & villages = #bb miles r\nd ! small t[n ( ,oppido 7 utt]ly ru9$4 ,! de/ruction is g5]ally accompli%$ 9 a fe>fully %ort "t2 ! e>?quake at ,c>accas1 9 ,m>* #ahab1 consi/$ ( ?ree %ocks1 :i* la/$ ?ree or f\r seconds1 sep>at$ by su* %ort int]vals t 9 #ej seconds #aj1jjj p p]i%$4 ,b>on ,humboldt's works are full ( int]e/+ details on ?is subject1 especially ) reg>d to ! trem5d\s convulsions 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,sometimes a %ock has be5 p]ceiv$ "u-gr\nd :i* 0 n felt at ! surface1 z 9 ! ye> #ahjb1 9 ! silv]-m9e ( ,m>i5b]g1 9 ! ,h>tz4 ,9 "s in/ances m9]s h be5 ins5sible to %ocks felt on ! surface above1 :i* happ5$ at ,fahlun1 9 ,sw$51 9 #ahbc-- circum/ances 9 bo? in/ances dep5d+ on ! ela/icity ( ! /rata1 ! dep? ( ! impulses1 or ob/acles t may h *ang$ ! c\rse ( ! t]re/rial undulation4 ,dur+ e>?quakes dislocations ( /rata take place1 ! c\rse ( riv]s is *ang$1 & 9 "s in/ances !y h be5 p]man5tly dri$ up1 rocks are hurl$ d[n1 masses rais$ up1 & ! configuration ( ! c\ntry alt]$2 b if !re be no fracture at ! po9t ( orig9al impulse1 !re w be no noise4 ,! p[] ( ! e>?quake 9 rais+ & depress+ ! l& has long be5 well kn[n1 b ! gradual & almo/ imp]ceptible *ange ( level ?r\gh imm5se tracts ( ! globe is altoge!r a rec5t discov]y2 x has be5 ascrib$ to ! expansion ( rocks by heat1 & subsequ5t contraction by ! retreat ( ! melt$ matt] f bel[ !m4 ,x is n at all improbable t !re may be motions1 l tides1 ebb+ & fl[+ 9 ! int]nal lava1 = ! *anges are by no means conf9$ to ^? enorm\s elevations & subsid5ces t appe> to be 9 progress 9 ! bas9 ( ! ,pacific & its coa/s1 nor to ! ,&es & ! great pla9s ea/ ( !m--c\ntries = ! mo/ "p subject to e>?quakes2 !y take place1 to a va/ ext5t1 9 regions :]e ^! convulsions are unkn[n4 ,!re seems to be an extraord9>y flexibility 9 ! cru/ ( ! globe f ! #ed? or #ee? p>allel ( nor? latitude to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,!re is a l9e cross+ ,sw$5 f ea/ to we/ 9 ! p>allel ( #ef #c ,n4 lat41 along :i* ! gr\nd is p]fectly /able1 & has be5 s = c5turies4 ,to ! nor? ( x = #ajjj miles1 betwe5 ,gott5burg & ,nor? ,cape1 ! gr\nd is ris+1 ! maximum elevation1 :i* takes place at ,nor? ,cape1 be+ at ! rate ( five feet 9 a c5tury1 f :5ce x gradually dim9i%es to ?ree in*es 9 a c5tury at ,/ockholm4 ,s\? ( ! l9e ( /ability1 on ! contr>y1 ! l& is s9k+ ?r\gh "p ( ,*ri/ian/ad & ,malmo1 = ! village ( ,/as/5 9 ,scania is n[ #chj feet ne>] to ! ,baltic ?an x 0 9 ! "t ( ,l9nu1 by :om x 0 measur$ #hg ye>s ago4 ,! coa/ ( ,d5m>k on ! s\nd1 ! isl& ( ,sal?olm1 opposite to ,cop5hag51 & t ( ,bornholm are ris+1 ! latt] at ! rate ( a foot 9 a c5tury4 ,! coa/ ( ,memel on ! ,baltic has actually ris5 a foot & f\r in*es )9 ! la/ #cj ye>s1 :ile ! coa/ ( ,pillau has sunk d[n an in* & a half 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! we/ coa/ ( ,d5m>k1 "p ( ! ,f]oe ,isl&s1 & ! we/ coa/ ( ,gre5l& are all be+ depress$ bel[ _! =m] level4 ,9 ,gre5l&1 ! encroa*m5t ( ! sea1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *ange ( level1 has subm]g$ anci5t build+s on ! l[ rocky isl&s1 & on ! ma9 l&4 ,! ,gre5l&] nev] builds ne> ! sea on t acc\nt1 & ! ,moravian settl]s h _h to move inl& ! poles to :i* !y moor _! boats4 ,x has be5 9 progress = f\r c5turies1 & ext5ds ?r\gh #fjj miles f ,igalito ,fir? to ,disco ,bay4#hg ,mr4 ,rob]t ,*amb]s has %[n t 9 our own c\ntry ! l& has be5 = ages on ! rise1 & t ! p>allel roads 9 ,gl5 ,roy1 :i* h s long af=d$ matt] ( discussion1 are m]ely m>g9s left by ! retreat ( ! wat]1 z ! l& alt]nately rose & rema9$ /ation>y4 ,9 ! pres5t day ! elevation is go+ on 9 _m places1 especially on ! ,murray ,fir? & 9 ! ,*annel isl&s4 ,! notice ( ?is curi\s subject ( ! gradual *anges ( level on ! l& has be5 *iefly reviv$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 ^: admirable works on geology all ! details w be f\nd4#hh ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,arctic ,l&s--,gre5l&--,spitzb]g5--,icel&--,its ,volcanic ,ph5om5a & ,geys]s--,jan ,may5's ,l&--,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s--,ant>ctic ,l&s--,victoria ,cont95t4 ,,gre5l&1 ! mo/ ext5sive ( ! ,arctic l&s1 beg9s ) ! l(ty promontory ( ,cape ,f>ewell1 ! s\!rn extremity ( a gr\p ( rocky isl&s1 :i* are sep>at$ by a *annel five miles wide f a table-l& ( appall+ aspect1 n>r[ to ! s\?1 b increas+ 9 bread? nor?w>d to a di/ance ( :i* only #acjj miles are kn[n4 ,?is table-l& is b\nd$ by m\nta9s ris+ f ! deep 9 mural precipices1 :i* t]m9ate 9 ne$les & pyramids1 or 9 p>allel t]races1 ( alt]nate sn[ & b>e rock1 occasionally leav+ a n>r[ %ore4 ,! coat+ ( ice is s cont9u\s & ?ick t ! surface ( ! table-l& may be reg>d$ z "o enorm\s glaci]1 :i* ov]laps ! rocky edges & dips betwe5 ! m\nta9-peaks into ! sea4 ,! coa/s are beset ) rocky isl&s1 & clov5 by fiords1 :i* 9 "s in/ances w9d l riv]s = #ajj miles into ! int]ior4 ,^! deep inlets ( ! sea1 n[ sp>kl+ 9 sun%9e1 n[ %ad$ 9 gloom1 are hemm$ 9 by walls ( rock (t5 #bjjj feet high1 ^: summits are hid 9 ! cl\ds4 ,!y g5]ally t]m9ate 9 glaci]s1 :i* are sometimes =c$ on by ! pressure ( ! upp] ice-pla9s till !y fill ! fiord1 & ev5 project f> into ! sea l bold headl&s1 :51 und]m9$ by ! surge1 huge masses ( ice fall f !m ) a cra% l ?und]1 mak+ ! sea boil4 ,^! iceb]gs1 c>ri$ by curr5ts1 are /r&$ on ! ,arctic coa/1 or are drawn into l[] latitudes4 ,! ice is v transp>5t & compact 9 ! ,arctic regions2 its prevail+ t9ts are blue1 gre51 & orange1 :i*1 contra/$ ) ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ! sn[ & ! gloomy hue ( ! rocks1 produce a /rik+ effect4 ,a great fiord 9 ! #fh? p>allel ( latitude is suppos$ to ext5d completely across ! table-l&1 divid+ ! c\ntry into s\? & nor? ,gre5l&1 :i* la/ ext5ds indef9itely t[>ds ! pole2 b x is altoge!r inaccessible f ! froz5 sea & ! iron-b\nd %ore1 s t1 except+ a v small portion ( ! coa/1 x is an unkn[n region4 ,9 "s %elt]$ spots 9 s\? ,gre5l&1 especially along ! bord]s ( ! fiords1 !re are mead[s :]e ! s]vice-tree be>s fruit1 bee* & will[ trees gr[ by ! /reams1 b n tall] ?an a man2 /ill f>!r nor? ! will[ & junip] sc>cely rise above ! surface2 yet ?is c\ntry has a flora peculi> to itself4 ,s\? ( ! isl& ( ,disco on ! we/ coa/1 ,dani% colonies & mission>ies h made settlem5ts on "s ( ! isl&s & at ! m\?s ( fiords2 ! ,esquimaux inhabit ! coa/s ev5 to ! extremity ( ,baff9's ,bay4 ,! pelasgic isl&s 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean are highly volcanic1 ) ! exception ( ,spitzb]g54 ,9 ! isl& ( ,spitzb]g5 ! m\nta9s spr+ %>p & gr& f ! m>g9 ( ! sea 9 d>k gloomy masses1 mix$ ) pure sn[ & enorm\s glaci]s1 pres5t+ a sublime spectacle4 ,sev5 valleys fill$ by glaci]s end+ at ! sea =m a rem>kable object on ! ea/ coa/4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ masses ( ice se5 by ,capta9 ,scoresby on ! isl& 0 nor? ( ,horn ,s\nd3 x ext5d$ #aa miles along ! %ore1 ) a sea-face 9 "o "p m ?an #bjjj feet high1 f :i* he saw a huge fragm5t hurl$ into ! sea1 :i* x la%$ into vap\r1 z x broke into a ?\s& pieces4 ,! sun is n se5 = sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>1 :5 ! int5sity ( ! cold splits rocks1 & makes ! sea reek l a boil+ caldron4 ,_m h p]i%$ 9 ! attempt to w9t] 9 ?is isl&1 yet a colony ( ,russian hunt]s & fi%]m5 lead a mis]able exi/5ce !re1 )9 #aj ( ! pole1 ! mo/ nor!rn inhabit$ spot on ! globe4 ,al?\gh ! direct rays ( ! sun are p[]ful 9 %elt]$ spots )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 ! !rmomet] does n rise above #de ( ,fahr5heit4 ,july is ! only mon? 9 :i* sn[ does n fall1 & 9 ! end ( ,augu/ ! sea at night is cov]$ ) a ?9 coat+ ( ice1 & a summ] (t5 passes )\t "o day t c be call$ w>m4 ,! sn[-bl9k1 ! aurora1 ! />s1 & ! moon1 :i* appe>s t5 or twelve days )\t int]mission 9 h] nor!rn decl9ation1 furni% ! greate/ light ! inhabitants enjoy 9 _! long w9t]4 ,icel& is #bjj miles ea/ f ,gre5l&1 & lies s\? ( ! ,arctic ,circle1 :i* its mo/ nor!rn "p t\*es4 ,?\gh a fif? "p l>g] ?an ,irel&1 n m ?an #djjj squ>e miles are habitable1 all beside be+ a *aos ( volcanos & ice4 ,! peculi> feature ( ,icel& lies 9 a tra*ytic region :i* seems to re/ on an ocean ( fire4 ,x consi/s ( two va/ p>allel table-l&s cov]$ ) ice-clad m\nta9s1 /ret*+ f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w4 ?r\gh ! v c5tre ( ! isl&1 sep>at$ by a longitud9al valley ne>ly #ajj miles wide1 :i* rea*es f sea to sea4 ,^! m\nta9s assume r\nd$ =ms1 ) long level summits or domes ) slop+ declivities1 z 9 ! tra*ytic m\nta9s ( ! ,&es & else:]e2 b su* huge masses ( tufa & conglom]ate project f _! sides 9 p]p5dicul> or ov]hang+ precipices1 sep>at$ by deep rav9es1 t ! regul>ity ( _! /ructure c only be p]ceiv$ f a di/ance2 !y conceal "u a cold & tranquil coat+ ( ice ! fi]y g]ms ( t]rific convulsions1 sometimes bur/+ into dreadful activity1 sometimes quiesc5t = ages4 ,! mo/ ext5sive ( ! two p>allel ranges ( ,jockuls or ,ice ,m\nta9s runs along ! ea/]n side ( ! valley1 & conta9s ,ordefa1 ! highe/ po9t 9 ,icel&1 se5 l a :ite cl\d f a great di/ance at sea2 ! we/]n high l& passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! isl&4 ,glaci]s cov] _m ?\s& squ>e miles 9 ,icel&1 desc5d+ f ! m\nta9s1 & pu%+ f> into ! l[ l&s4 ,?is t5d5cy ( ! ice to encroa* has v mat]ially dim9i%$ ! quantity ( habitable gr\nd1 & ! progress ( ! glaci]s is facilitat$ by ! influ5ce ( ! ocean ( subt]ranean fire1 :i* heats ! sup]9cumb5t gr\nd1 & loos5s ! ice4 ,! longitud9al space betwe5 ! m\nta9\s table-l&s is a l[ valley #ajj miles wide1 ext5d+ f sea to sea1 :]e a sub/ratum ( tra*yte is cov]$ ) lava1 s&1 & a%es1 /udd$ ) l[ volcanic cones4 ,x is a trem5d\s des]t1 nev] approa*$ )\t dread ev5 by ! natives--a sc5e ( p]petual conflict betwe5 ! antagoni/ p[]s ( fire & fro/1 )\t a drop ( wat] or a blade ( grass2 no liv+ creature is to be se5--n a bird1 nor ev5 an insect4 ,! surface is a confus$ mass ( /reams ( lava r5t by crevices2 & rocks pil$ on rocks1 & occasional glaci]s1 complete ! sc5e ( desolation4 ,z h]ds ( re9de] are se5 br[s+ on ! ,icel& moss t gr[s pl5tifully at its edges1 x is presum$ t "s unkn[n p>ts may be less b>r54 ,! extremities ( ! valley are m especially ! !atres ( p]petual volcanic activity4 ,at ! s\!rn end1 :i* op5s to ! sea 9 a wide pla91 !re are _m volcanos1 ( :i* ,heckla is mo/ kn[n1 f its insulat$ position1 its vic9ity to ! coa/1 & its trem5d\s eruptions4 ,betwe5 ! ye>s #ajjd & #agff tw5ty-?ree viol5t eruptions h tak5 place1 "o ( :i* cont9u$ six ye>s1 spread+ deva/ation ov] a c\ntry once ! abode ( a ?riv+ colony1 n[ cov]$ ) lava1 scoria1 & a%es3 9 ! ye> #ahdf x 0 9 full activity4 ,! eruption ( ! ,skapt> ,jockul1 :i* broke out on ! #h? ( ,may1 #aghc1 & cont9u$ till ,augu/1 is "o ( ! mo/ dreadful record$4 ,! volcanic fire mu/ h be5 9 fe>ful commotion "u ,europe1 = a trem5d\s e>?quake ru9$ a wide ext5t ( ,calabria t ye>1 & a subm>9e volcano _h be5 burn+ fi]cely = _m weeks 9 ! ocean1 #cj miles f ! s\?-we/ cape ( ,icel&4 ,its fires sudd5ly ceas$1 ! isl& 0 %ak5 by e>?quakes1 :51 at ! di/ance ( #aej miles1 !y bur/ =? ) almo/ unexampl$ fury 9 ,skapt>4 ,! sun 0 hid _m mon?s by d5se cl\ds ( vap\r1 :i* ext5d$ to ,engl& & ,holl&1 & cl\ds ( a%es 7 c>ri$ _m hundr$s ( miles to sea4 ,! quantity ( matt] ?r[n out 9 ?is eruption 0 comput$ at fifty or sixty ?\s& millions ( cubic y>ds4 ,! lava fl[$ 9 a /ream 9 "s places f #bj to #cj miles broad1 & ( enorm\s ?ickness1 :i* fill$ ! b$s ( riv]s1 p\r$ into ! sea ne>ly #ej miles f ! places ( its eruption1 & de/roy$ ! fi%+ on ! coa/4 ,"s riv]s 7 heat$ to ebullition1 o!rs dri$ up2 ! cond5s$ vap\r fell 9 sn[ & torr5ts ( ra92 ! c\ntry 0 laid wa/e2 fam9e & disease ensu$2 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! two succe$+ ye>s #acjj p & #aej1jjj %eep & horses p]i%$4 ,! sc5e ( horror 0 clos$ by a dreadful e>?quake4 ,previ\s to ! explosion an om9\s mildness ( temp]ature indicat$ ! approa* ( ! volcanic fire t[>ds ! surface ( ! e>?2 simil> w>n+s _h be5 obs]v$ be=e 9 ! eruptions ( ,heckla4 ,a semicircle ( volcanic m\nta9s on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,lake ,myvatr is ! focus ( ! igne\s ph5om5a at ! nor!rn end ( ! great c5tral valley4 ,leirhnukr & ,krabla1 on ! ,n4,e4 ( ! lake1 h be5 equally =midable4 ,aft] ye>s ( quiesc5ce !y sudd5ly bur/ into viol5t eruption1 & p\r$ su* a quantity ( lava into ! lake ,myvatr1 :i* is #bj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 t ! wat] boil$ _m days4 ,!re are o!r volcanos 9 ?is di/rict no less =midable4 ,v>i\s caldrons ( boil+ m9]al pit*1 ! %att]$ crat]s ( anci5t volcanos1 occur at ! base ( ?is semicircle ( m\nta9s1 & also on ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,krabla3 ^! caldrons ?r[ up jets ( ! d>k matt]1 envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( /eam1 at regul> int]vals1 ) l\d explosion4 ,t :i* issues f ! crat] ( ,krabla mu/1 by ,mr4 ,h5d]son's description1 be "o ( ! mo/ t]rific objects 9 nature4 ,! eruptive boil+ spr+s ( ,icel& are p]haps ! mo/ extraord9>y ph5om5a 9 ?is s+ul> c\ntry4 ,all ! great aque\s eruptions occur 9 ! tra*ytic =mation2 !y are *>act]iz$ by _! high temp]ature1 by hold+ silice\s matt] 9 solution1 :i* !y deposit 9 ! =m ( silice\s s9t]1 & by ! dis*>ge ( sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,num]\s in/ances ( sp\t+ spr+s occur at ! extremities ( ! great c5tral valley1 especially at its s\!rn end1 :]e m ?an fifty h be5 c\nt$ 9 ! space ( a few acres--"s con/ant1 o!rs p]iodical--"s m]ely agitat$1 or /agnant4 ,! ,great ,geys] & ,/rokr1 #ce miles nor?-we/ f ,heckla1 are ! mo/ magnific5t2 at regul> int]vals !y project l>ge columns ( boil+ wat] #ajj feet high1 envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( /eam1 ) trem5d\s noise4 ,! tube ( ! ,great ,geys] :5ce ! jet issues is ab\t #aj feet 9 diamet] & #ge feet deep2 x op5s into ! c5tre ( a bas9 #d feet deep & betwe5 #df & #ej feet 9 diamet]3 z soon z ! bas9 is fill$ by ! boil+ wat] t rises ?r\gh ! tube1 explosions are he>d1 ! gr\nd trembles1 ! wat] is ?r[n to ! height ( #ajj or #aej feet1 foll[$ by l>ge volumes ( /eam4 ,no f>!r explosion takes place till ! empty bas9 & tube are aga9 repl5i%$4 ,,mm4 ,descloiseaux & ,buns51 :o visit$ ,icel& 9 #ahdf1 f\nd ! temp]ature ( ! ,great ,geys]1 at ! dep? ( #gb feet1 be=e a great eruption1 to be #bfj-a_/b ( ,fahr5heit1 & aft] ! eruption #bea-a_/b2 an int]val ( #bh h\rs pass$ )\t any eruption4 ,! ,/rokr 7f /roka1 to agitate71 #adj y>ds f ! ,great ,geys]1 is a circul> well1 a little m ?an #dd feet deep1 ) an orifice ( #h feet1 :i* dim9i%es to little m ?an #aj in*es at a dep? ( #bg feet4 ,! surface ( ! wat] is 9 con/ant ebullition1 :ile at ! bottom ! temp]ature exce$s t ( boil+ wat] by ab\t #bd4 ,by ! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,donny ( ,gh5t1 wat] long boil$ becomes m & m free f air1 by :i* ! cohesion ( ! p>ticles is s mu* increas$ t :5 x is expos$ to a heat suffici5t to ov]come ! =ce ( cohesion1 ! production ( /eam is s in/antane\s & s consid]able z to cause explosion4 ,to ?is cause he ascribes ! eruptions ( ! ,geys]s1 :i* are 9 con/ant ebullition = _m h\rs1 & become s purifi$ f air1 t ! /rong heat at ! bottom at la/ ov]comes ! cohesion ( ! p>ticles1 & an explosion takes place4 ,! boil+ spr+ ( ,tunquha]1 9 ! valley ( ,reikholt1 is rem>kable f hav+ two jets1 :i* play alt]nately = ab\t f\r m9utes ea*4 ,"s spr+s emit gas only1 or gas ) a small quantity ( wat]4 ,su* f\nta9s are n conf9$ to ! l& or fields ( ice2 !y occur also 9 ! sea1 & _m issue f ! crevices 9 ! lava-b$ ( ,lake ,myvatr1 & rise 9 jets above ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,a region ( ! same "* ) ! m\nta9s ( ! ,icel&ic des]t ext5ds due we/ f x to ! extremity ( ! long n>r[ promontory ( ! ,sneefield ,syssel1 end+ 9 ! sn[-clad cone ( ! ,sneefield ,jockul1 #ejjj feet high1 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s m\nta9s 9 ,icel&4 ,) ! exception ( ! purely volcanic di/ricts describ$1 trap-rocks cov] a great "p ( ,icel&1 :i* h be5 =m$ by /reams ( lava at v anci5t epo*s1 occasionally #djjj feet deep4 ,! dismal coa/s are torn 9 e direction by fiords1 p5etrat+ _m miles into ! int]ior1 & splitt+ into endless bran*es1 9 ^! fissures ! sea is /ill1 d>k1 & deep1 betwe5 walls ( rock #ajjj feet high4 ,! fiords1 h[ev]1 d n "h1 z 9 ,gre5l&1 t]m9ate 9 glaci]s1 b are prolong$ 9 n>r[ valleys1 ?r\gh :i* /reams & riv]s run to ! sea4 ,9 ^! valleys ! inhabitants h _! abode1 or 9 mead[s :i* h a transi5t v]dure along "s ( ! fiords1 :]e ! sea is s deep t %ips f9d safe an*orage4 ,9 ! valleys on ! nor!rn coa/1 ne> z !y approa* to ! ,arctic ,circle1 ! soil is wond]fully good1 & !re is m vegetation ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ,icel&1 ) ! exception ( ! ea/]n %ore1 :i* is ! mo/ fav\r$ portion ( ?is desolate l&4 ,riv]s ab\nd+ 9 fi% are mu* m frequ5t !re ?an else:]e2 will[s & junip] adorn ! valleys1 & bir*-trees1 #bj feet high1 gr[ 9 ! vale ( ,lag]fle/1 ! only place :i* produces !m l>ge en\gh = h\se-build+1 & ! v]dure is f9e on ! banks ( ^? /reams :i* are heat$ by volcanic fires4 ,! climate ( ,icel& is mu* less rigor\s ?an t ( ,gre5l&1 & x w\ld be /ill mild] 7 n ! air *ill$ by ! imm5se fields ( ice f ! ,pol> ,sea :i* beset its %ores4 ,! inhabitants are suppli$ ) fuel by ! ,gulf ,/ream1 :i* br+s drift-wood 9 great quantities f ,mexico1 ! ,c>ol9as1 ,virg9ia1 ! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & "s ev5 f ! ,pacific ,ocean is drift$ by curr5ts r\nd by ! nor!rn %ores ( ,sib]ia4 ,! mean temp]ature 9 ! s\? ( ! isl& is ab\t #ci ( ,fahr5heit1 t ( ! c5tral di/ricts #cf1 & 9 ! nor? x is r>ely above ! freez+ po9t4 ,! cold is mo/ int5se :5 ! sky is cle>1 b t is a r>e occurr5ce1 z ! w9d f ! sea cov]s m\nta9 & valley ) ?ick fog4 ,hurricanes are frequ5t & furi\s2 & al?\gh ?und] is seldom he>d 9 high latitudes1 ,icel& is an exception1 = trem5d\s ?und]-/orms are n uncommon !re--a circum/ance no d\bt ow+ to ! volcanic nature ( t isl&1 z lightn+ accompanies volcanic eruptions ev]y:]e4 ,at ! nor!rn end ( ! isl& ! sun is always above ! horizon 9 ! middle ( summ]1 & "u x 9 mid-w9t]1 yet !re is no absolute d>kness4 ,! isl& ( ,jan ,may5 lies midway betwe5 ,icel& & ,spitzb]g52 x is ! mo/ nor!rn volcanic c\ntry kn[n4 ,its pr9cipal feature is ! volcano ( ,be]5b]g1 #fhgj feet high1 ^: l(ty sn[-capp$ cone1 app>5tly inaccessible1 has be5 se5 to emit fire & smoke4 ,x is flank$ by enorm\s glaci]s1 l froz5 cat>acts1 :i* occupy ?ree holl[s 9 an almo/ p]p5dicul> cliff1 :i* desc5ds f ! base ( ! m\nta9 to ! sea4 ,! gr\p ( ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s1 :i* lie nor? ( ! prov9ce ( ,yakutsk1 & 9 ab\t #gh ( ,n4 lat41 h s rude a climate t !y h no p]man5t inhabitants2 !y are rem>kable = ! va/ quantity ( fossil bones !y conta93 ! elephant's tusks f\nd !re h = ye>s be5 an article ( comm]ce4 ,! s\? pol> l&s are equally volcanic1 & z deeply ice-b\nd1 z ^? to ! nor?4 ,victoria ,l&1 :i* f its ext5t seems to =m "p ( a cont95t1 0 discov]$ by ,sir ,james ,ross1 :o comm&$ ! exp$ition s5t by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 #ahci to asc]ta9 ! position ( ! s\? magnetic pole4 ,?is ext5sive tract lies "u ! m]idian ( ,new ,zeal&2 ,cape ,nor?1 its mo/ nor!rn po9t1 is situate 9 #gj #ca ,s4 lat41 & #afe #bh ,e4 long4 ,to ! we/ ( t cape ! nor!rn coa/ ( ?is new l& t]m9ates 9 p]p5dicul> ice-cliffs1 f #bjj to #ejj feet high1 /ret*+ z f> z ! eye c rea*1 ) a *a9 ( gr\nd$ iceb]gs ext5d+ = miles f ! base ( ! cliffs1 all ( tabul> =m1 & v>y+ 9 size f "o to n9e or t5 miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,a l(ty range ( peak$ m\nta9s rises 9 ! int]ior at ,cape ,nor?1 cov]$ ) unbrok5 sn[1 only reliev$ f uni=m :it5ess by %ad[s produc$ by ! undulations ( ! surface4 ,! ind5tations ( ! coa/ are fill$ ) ice _m hundr$s ( feet ?ick1 :i* makes x impossible to l&4 ,to ! ea/ ( ,cape ,nor? ! coa/ tr5ds fir/ to ,s4,e4 by ,e4 & !n 9 a s\!rly direction to #gh-a_/d ( ,s4 lat41 at :i* po9t x sudd5ly b5ds to ! ea/1 & ext5ds 9 "o cont9u\s v]tical ice-cliff to an unkn[n di/ance 9 t direction4 ,! fir/ view ( ,victoria ,l& is describ$ z mo/ magnific5t4 8,on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y1 #ahda1 9 ab\t latitude #ga ,s4 & longitude #aga ,e41 ! ,ant>ctic cont95t 0 fir/ se51 ! g5]al outl9e ( :i* at once indicat$ its volcanic "*1 ris+ /eeply f ! ocean 9 a /up5d\s m\nta9-range1 peak above peak envelop$ 9 p]petual sn[1 & clu/]$ toge!r 9 c\ntless gr\ps resembl+ a va/ mass ( cry/allization1 :i*1 z ! sun's rays 7 reflect$ on x1 exhibit$ a sc5e ( su* unequall$ magnific5ce & spl5d\r z w\ld baffle all p[] ( language to portray1 or give ! fa9te/ conception (4 ,"o v rem>kable peak1 9 %ape l a huge cry/al ( qu>tz1 rose to ! height ( #ghfg feet1 ano!r to #ijif1 & a ?ird to #hddd feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,f ^! peaks ridges desc5d$ to ! coa/1 t]m9at+ abruptly 9 bold capes & promontories1 ^: /eep esc>pm5ts1 af=d+ %elt] to nei!r ice nor sn[1 alone %[$ ! jet black lava or basalt1 :i* repos$ b5ea? ! mantle ( et]nal fro/40444 8,on ! #bh?1 9 lat4 #gg #ca & long4 #afg #a1 ! burn+ volcano1 ,m\nt ,erebus1 0 discov]$1 cov]$ ) ice & sn[ f its base to its summit1 f :i* a d5se column ( black smoke t[]$ high above ! o!r num]\s l(ty cones & crat]if]\s peaks ) :i* ?is extraord9>y l& is /udd$ f ! #gb;d to ! #gh? degree ( latitude4 ,its height above ! sea is #ab1cfg feet1 & ,m\nt ,t]ror1 an ext9ct crat] ne> to x1 :i* has d\btless once giv5 v5t to fires b5ea?1 atta9s an altitude little inf]ior1 be+ #aj1hhd feet 9 height1 & end+ 9 a cape1 f :i* a va/ b>ri] ( ice ext5d$ 9 an ea/]ly direction1 *eck+ all f>!r progress s\?4 ,?is cont9u\s p]p5dicul> wall ( ice1 v>y+ 9 height f #bjj to #ajj feet1 its summit pres5t+ an almo/ unv>y+ level outl9e1 we trac$ = #cjj miles1 :5 ! pack-ice ob/ruct$ all f>!r progress40#hi ,! v]tical cliff 9 "q =ms a completely solid mass ( ice ab\t #ajjj feet ?ick1 ! great] "p ( :i* is bel[ ! surface ( ! sea2 !re is n ! smalle/ appe>ance ( a fissure ?r\gh\t its :ole ext5t1 & ! int5sely blue sky beyond indicat$ pla9ly ! great di/ance to :i* ! ice-pla9s rea* s\?w>d4 ,gigantic icicles hang f e project+ po9t ( ! icy cliff1 %[+ t x sometimes ?aws 9 ^! latitudes1 al?\gh 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y1 :i* corresponds ) ,augu/ 9 ,engl&1 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] did n rise above #ad at noon4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,pol> ,ocean1 on ! contr>y1 /reams ( wat] fl[ f e iceb]g dur+ ! summ]4 ,! :ole ( ?is c\ntry is beyond ! pale ( vegetation3 no moss1 n ev5 a li*51 cov]s ! b>r5 soil :]e ev]la/+ w9t] reigns4 ,p>ry's ,m\nta9s1 a l(ty range1 /ret*+ s\? f ,m\nt ,t]ror to ! #gi? p>allel1 is ! mo/ s\!rn l& yet discov]$4 ,! ,s\? ,magnetic ,pole1 "o ( ! objects ( ! exp$ition1 is situate 9 ,victoria ,l&1 9 #ge #e ,s4 lat41 & #aed #h ,e4 long41 accord+ to ,sir ,james ,c4 ,ross's obs]vations4 ,v>i\s tracts ( l& h be5 discov]$ ne> ! ,ant>ctic ,circle1 & )9 x1 ?\gh none 9 s high a latitude z ,victoria ,l&4 ,:e!r !y =m "p ( "o l>ge cont95t rema9s to be asc]ta9$4 ,discov]y %ips s5t by ! ,russian1 ,fr5*1 & ,am]ican gov]nm5ts h increas$ our k ( ^! remote regions1 & ! spirit$ adv5tures ( ,briti% m]*ants & capta9s ( :al]s h contribut$ q z mu*4#ij ,! l& )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle is g5]ally volcanic1 at lea/ ! coa/-l9e1 :i* is all t is yet kn[n1 & t1 be+ cov]$ ) sn[ & ice1 is de/itute ( vegetation4 ,! l& describ$ by ,sir ,james ,ross z ,victoria ,l&1 01 9 fact1 discov]$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition1 "u ! comm& ( ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,esq41 ,u4 ,s4 ,navy4 ,he says3--8,t l& does exi/ )9 ! ,ant>ctic ,circle is n[ confirm$ by ! unit$ te/imony ( bo? ,fr5* & ,engli% navigators4 ,d',urville1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* navigator1 )9 a few days aft] l& 0 se5 by ! ?ree vessels ( our squadron1 reports t 8 boats l&$ on a small po9t ( rocks1 at ! place 7z ,i suppose7 :i* appe>$ accessible to u 9 ,p9]'s ,bay1 :5ce ! ,v9c5nes 0 driv5 by a viol5t gale2 ?is he call$ ,cl>ie ,l&1 & te/ifies to 8 belief ( ! exi/5ce ( a va/ tract ( l&1 :]e our view ( x has left no d\bt ( its exi/5ce4 ,ross1 on ! o!r h&1 p5etrat$ to ! latitude ( #gi ,s4 9 ! succe$+ ye>1 coa/$ = "s di/ance along a l(ty c\ntry connect$ ) our ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 & e/abli%es beyond all cavil ! correctness ( our ass]tion t we h discov]$1 n a range ( deta*$ isl&s1 b a va/ ,ant>ctic ,cont95t4 ,h[ f> ,capta9 ,ross 0 guid$ 9 8 se>* by our previ\s discov]ies w be/ appe> by ref]5ce to ! *>t1 ) a full acc\nt ( ! proce$+s ( ! squadron1 :i* ,i s5t to him1 & :i* ,i h ins]t$ 9 ,app5dix ,,xxiv41 & ,atlas4 ,al?\gh ,i h nev] receiv$ any ackn[l$gm5t ( _! receipt f him p]sonally1 yet ,i h he>d ( _! hav+ rea*$ 8 h&s a few mon?s prior to 8 ,ant>ctic cruise40-- ,wilkes's 8,n>rative ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,explor+ ,exp$ition10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bha-b4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,nature & ,"* ( ,m9]al ,ve9s--,metallif]\s ,deposits--,m9es--,_! ,dra9age & ,v5tilation--,_! ,dep?--,diffusion ( ! ,metals--,gold-- ,silv]--,lead--,briti% ,m9es--,quicksilv]--,copp]--,t9--,corni% ,m9es--,coal-- ,iron--,mo/ abundant 9 ! ,temp]ate ,zones1 especially 9 ! ,nor!rn-- ,european & ,briti% ,iron & ,coal--,am]ican ,iron & ,coal--,ars5ic & o!r ,metals--,salt--,sulphur--,diffusion ( ! ,gems4 ,,! tumultu\s & sudd5 action ( ! volcano & ! e>?quake on ! great masses ( ! e>? is 9 /rong contra/ ) ! calm1 sil5t op]ations on ! m9ute atoms ( matt] by :i* ,nature seems to h fill$ ! fissures 9 ! rocks ) h] preci\s gifts ( metals & m9]als1 s\ght = by man f ! e>lie/ ages to ! pres5t day4 ,tubal-ca9 0 8! in/ructor ( e artific] 9 brass & iron40 ,gold 0 among ! fir/ luxuries1 & ev5 9 our own c\ntry1 f "t immemorial1 /rang]s came f af> to c>ry (f ! produce ( ! ,corni% m9es4#ia ,! anci5ts sc>cely 7 acqua9t$ ) a ?ird ( ! ?irty-five metals n[ kn[n1 & ! metallic bases ( ! alkalis only date f ! "t ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 hav+ =m$ a rem>kable "p ( 8 brilliant discov]ies4#ib ,m9]als are deposit$ 9 ve9s or fissures ( rocks1 9 masses1 9 b$s1 & sometimes 9 gravel & s&1 ! detritus ( wat]4 ,mo/ ( ! metals are f\nd 9 ve9s2 a few1 z gold & t91 iron & copp]1 are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! rocks1 ?\gh r>ely4 ,ve9s are cracks or fissures 9 rocks1 seldom 9 a /raight l9e1 yet !y ma9ta9 a g5]al direction1 ?\gh 9 a zigzag =m1 /rik+ d[nw>ds at a v high angle1 seldom deviat+ f ! p]p5dicul> by s mu* z =ty-five degrees1 & ext5d+ to an unfa?omable dep?4 ,!y are = ! mo/ "p accompani$ by a subsid5ce ( ! /rata on "o side ( _! c\rse1 & by an elevation on ! o!r2 ! ?r[1 or p]p5dicul> di/ance betwe5 ! correspond+ /rata on ! opposite sides ( a ve91 v>ies f a few in*es to ?irty1 =ty1 ev5 a hundr$ fa?oms4 ,! beg9n+ or end ( a ve9 is sc>cely ev] kn[n2 b1 :5 explor$1 !y are f\nd to beg9 abruptly1 &1 aft] cont9u+ entire to a great] or less di/ance1 !y bran* into small ve9s or /r+s4 ,9 ! d[nw>d zigzag c\rse ( a ve91 ! b5d+ ( ! /rata upw>ds on "o side & d[nw>ds on ! o!r1 & ! *emical *anges almo/ always obs]v$ on ! adjac5t rocks1 ve9s be> a /rong analogy to ! c\rse & effects ( a v p[]ful electrical dis*>ge4 ,ve9s h be5 fill$ ) sub/ances =eign to !m1 :i* h probably be5 dissem9at$ 9 atoms 9 ! adjac5t rocks or by sublimation4 ,no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t ! m9ute p>ticles ( matt] are con/antly 9 motion f ! action ( heat1 mutual attraction1 & electricity4 ,prismatic cry/als ( salts ( z9c are *ang$ 9 a few seconds into cry/als ( a totally diff]5t =m by ! heat ( ! sun3 ca/s ( %ells are f\nd 9 rocks1 f :i* ! animal matt] has be5 remov$1 & its place suppli$ by m9]al matt]2 & ! excavations made 9 rocks dim9i% s5sibly 9 size 9 a %ort "t if ! rock be s(t1 & 9 a long] "t :5 x is h>d-- circum/ances :i* %[ an inte/9e motion ( ! p>ticles1 n only 9 _! relative positions1 b 9 space1 :i* !re is e reason to believe is ow+ to electricity--a p[] :i*1 if n ! sole ag5t1 mu/ at lea/ h co-op]at$ ess5tially 9 ! =mation & fill+ ( m9]al ve9s4#ic ,! magnetism ( ! e>? is presum$ to be ow+ to electrical curr5ts circulat+ ?r\gh its surface 9 a direction at "r angles to ! magnetic m]idians4 ,mr4 ,fox1 s well kn[n 9 ! sci5tific _w1 has long s9ce %[n1 f obs]vations 9 ! ,corni% m9es1 t su* curr5ts d fl[ ?r\gh all metallic ve9s4 ,n[1 z ! diff]5t sub/ances ( :i* ! e>? is compos$ are 9 diff]5t /ates ( electro-magnetism1 & are (t5 int]rupt$ by non-conduct+ rocks1 ! electric curr5ts1 be+ /opp$ 9 _! c\rse1 act *emically on all ! liquids & sub/ances !y meet )4 ,h5ce1 ,mr4 ,fox has come to ! conclusion t n only ! nature ( ! deposits mu/ h be5 det]m9$ by _! relative electrical conditions1 b t ! direction ( ! metallic ve9s !mselves mu/ h be5 influ5c$ by ! direction ( ! magnetic m]idians2 &1 9 fact1 almo/ all ! metallic deposits 9 ! _w are 9 p>allel ve9s or fissures t5d+ f ea/ to we/1 or f nor?-ea/ to s\?-we/4 ,ve9s at "r angles to ^! are g5]ally non-metallif]\s1 &1 if !y d conta9 metallic ores1 !y are ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,9 "s few cases bo? conta9 ! same ore1 b 9 v diff]5t quantities1 z 9 ! silv]-m9e at ,pasco1 9 ! ,&es1 & bo? ve9s are ri*] ne> ! po9t ( cross+ ?an else:]e4 ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e conceives t ! cont9u$ expansion & elevation ( an int5sely heat$ mass f bel[ w\ld occasion num]\s v]tical fissures ?r\gh ! sup]9cumb5t /rata1 )9 :i* "s m9]al matt]s may h be5 drawn up by sublimation1 & o!rs deposit$ 9 !m :5 held 9 solution by asc5d+ & desc5d+ /reams ( wat]2 b ev5 on ?is hypo!sis ! direction ( ! r5ts & ! deposition ( ! m9]als w\ld be influ5c$ by ! electrical curr5ts4 ,b if ve9s 7 fill$ f bel[1 ! ri*e/ ve9s w\ld be l[e/1 :i* is n ! case 9 ,cornwall1 ,mexico1 or ,p]u4#id ,! primum mobile ( ! :ole probably lies f> beyond our globe3 we mu/ look to ! sun's heat1 if n z ! sole cause ( electrical curr5ts1 at lea/ z comb9$ ) ! e>?'s rotation 9 _! evolution4#ie ,:5 ve9s cross "o ano!r1 ! trav]s$ ve9s are presum$ to be ( prior =mation to ^? trav]s+1 because ! latt] are dislocat$ & (t5 heav$ out ( _! c\rse at ! po9t ( meet+2 & su* is ! case ) ! metallif]\s ve9s1 :i* are !re=e ! mo/ rec5t4 ,ve9s are r>ely fill$ 9 e "p ) ore2 !y conta9 sp>ry & /ony matt]1 call$ its matrix1 ) "h & !re irregul> masses ( ! metallic ores1 (t5 ( great size & value4 ,solit>y ve9s are g5]ally unproductive1 & ve9s are ri*] :5 ne> "o ano!r4 ,! preval5ce & ri*ness ( m9]al ve9s are intimately connect$ ) ! proximity or junction ( dissimil> rocks1 :]e ! electro-molecul> & electro-*emical actions are mo/ en]getic4 ,granite1 porphyry1 & ! plutonic rocks are (t5 em95tly metallif]\s2 b m9]al deposits are also abundant 9 rocks ( s$im5t>y orig91 especially 9 & ne> situations :]e ^! two classes ( rocks are 9 contact ) "o ano!r1 or :]e ! metamorphic /ructure has be5 induc$ ^u ! s$im5t>y4 ,?is is rem>kably ! case 9 ,cornwall1 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 9 ! ,ural1 & all ! great m9+ di/ricts4 ,! metallif]\s deposits are peculi> to p>ticul> rocks3 gold & t9 are mo/ pl5tiful 9 granite & ! rocks ly+ imm$iately above x2 copp] is deposit$ 9 v>i\s slate =mations re/+ on ! prec$+1 & 9 ! trias2 lead is f\nd 9 ! m\nta9-lime/one sy/em1 & is r>e :]e iron & copp] ab\nd2 iron ab\nds 9 ! coal & oolitic /rata1 & 9 a /ate ( oxidule & c>bonate 9 ! old] rocks2 & silv] is f\nd 9 almo/ all ( ^! =mations2 its ores be+ frequ5tly comb9$ ) ^? ( o!r metals1 especially ( lead & copp]4 ,!re is su* a connection betwe5 ! cont5ts ( a ve9 & ! nature ( ! rock 9 :i* ! fissure is1 t1 :5 9 ! olde/ rocks ! same ve9 int]sects clay-slate & granite1 ! cont5ts ( ! p>ts enclos$ 9 "o rock diff] v mu* f :at is f\nd 9 ! o!r4 ,x is believ$ t 9 ! /rata ly+ above ! coal-measures none ( ! m preci\s metals h be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& 9 su* pl5ty z to defray ! exp5se ( rais+ !m1 al?\gh su* a rule does n ext5d to ! cont95t ( ,europe or to ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e copp] & silv] ores ab\nd 9 our new r$ s&/one s]ies4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 no metal is rais$ 9 any /ratum new] ?an ! magnesian lime/one4 ,metals exi/ *iefly 9 ! prim>y & e>ly second>y /rata1 especially ne> ! junction ( ! granite & slates2 & x is a fact t ri* ve9s ( lead1 copp]1 t91 c41 ab\nd only 9 & ne> ! di/ricts :i* h be5 greatly %ak5 by subt]rane\s movem5ts4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 z ,auv]gne & ! ,pyr5ees1 ! pres5ce ( igne\s rocks may h caus$ m9]al ve9s to appe> 9 m rec5t /rata ?an ^? :i* conta9 !m 9 ,great ,brita94 ,:5 a m9e is op5$1 a %aft l a well is sunk p]p5dicul>ly f ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 & f x horizontal gall]ies are dug at diff]5t levels accord+ to ! direction ( ! metallic ve9s1 & gunp[d] is us$ to bla/ ! rocks :5 too h>d = ! pickaxe4 ,:5 m9es ext5d v f> 9 a horizontal direction1 x becomes necess>y to s9k m %afts1 = v5tilation z well z = facility 9 rais+ ! ore4 ,su* is ! p]fection ( und]gr\nd survey+ 9 ,engl&1 t ! "w c be c>ri$ on at ! same "t f above & bel[ s exactly z to meet2 & 9 ord] to accel]ate ! op]ation1 ! %aft is work$ simultane\sly f ! diff]5t gall]ies or levels ( ! m9e4 ,9 ?is mann] a p]p5dicul> %aft 0 sunk #bjd fa?oms deep1 ab\t n9ete5 ye>s ago1 9 ! ,consolidat$ m9es 9 ,cornwall2 x 0 f9i%$ 9 twelve mon?s1 hav+ be5 work$ 9 fifte5 diff]5t po9ts at once4 ,9 t m9e !re are n9ety-five %afts1 besides o!r p]p5dicul> communications "u-gr\nd f level to level3 ! dep? ( ! :ole ( ^! %afts add$ toge!r am\nts to ab\t #be miles2 ! gall]ies & levels ext5d horizontally ab\t #dc miles1 & #bejj p are employ$ 9 x3 yet ?is is b "o ( _m m9es n[ 9 op]ation 9 ! m9+ di/rict ( ,cornwall alone4#if ,! infiltration ( ! ra9 & surface-wat]1 toge!r ) subt]ranean spr+s & pools1 w\ld soon inundate a m9e & put a /op to ! "w1 7 n adequate means employ$ to remove x4 ,! /eam-eng9e is (t5 ! only way ( accompli%+ :at 9 _m cases w\ld o!rwise be impossible1 & ! produce ( m9es has be5 9 proportion to ! successive improvem5ts 9 t ma*9e4 ,9 ! ,consolidat$ m9es already m5tion$ !re are n9e /eam-eng9es con/antly pump+ out ! wat]2 f\r ( ^!1 :i* are ! l>ge/ ev] made1 toge!r lift f ?irty to fifty hog%eads ( wat] p] m9ute1 f an av]age dep? ( #bcj fa?oms4 ,! p[] ( ! /eam-eng9es 9 dra9+ ! ,corni% m9es is equal to #dd1jjj horses-- "o-six? ( a bu%el ( coals p]=m+ ! "w ( a horse4 ,! l>ge/ eng9e is betwe5 #cjj & #cej horse-p[]2 b z horses mu/ re/1 & ! eng9e works incessantly1 x w\ld require #ajjj horses to d its "w4#ig ,m9es 9 high gr\nd are sometimes dra9$ to a c]ta9 dep? by an adit or gall]y dug f ! bottom ( a %aft 9 a slop+ direction to a neighb\r+ valley4 ,"o ( ^! adits ext5ds ?r\gh ! l>ge m9+ di/rict ( ,gw5nap1 9 ,cornwall2 x beg9s 9 a valley ne> ! sea1 & v little above its level1 & goes ?r\gh all ! neighb\r+ m9es1 :i* x dra9s to t dep?1 & ) all its ramifications is #cj miles long4 ,n5t ,=ce ,level1 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 =ms a simil> dra9 to ! m9es 9 ,al/on ,moor3 x is a /up5d\s aqu$uct #i feet broad1 & 9 "s places f #af to #bj feet high2 x passes = m ?an #c miles "u ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,n5t to ,n5tsbury eng9e-%aft1 & is navigat$ und]gr\nd by long n>r[ boats4 ,daylight at its m\? is se5 l a /> at ! di/ance ( a mile 9 ! int]ior4 ,mo/ ( ! adits admit ( ! passage ( m5 & horses1 ) rails at ! sides = wagons4 ,! v5tilation ( m9es is accompli%$ by burn+ fires 9 "s ( ! %afts1 :i* are 9 communication ) ! o!rs1 s t curr5ts ( air fl[ up "o & d[n ! o!rs4 ,9 "s cases fre% air is c>ri$ into ! m9es by /reams t are made to fl[ d[n "s ( ! %afts4 ,7 ?is n done1 ! heat1 :i* increases ) ! dep?1 w\ld be insupportable2 v5tilation dim9i%es ! dang] f ! fire-damp1 =1 ev5 :]e ,sir ,humphry ,davy's safety-lamp is us$1 accid5ts happ5 f ! c>elessness ( ! m9]s4#ih ,! access to deep m9es1 z 9 ,cornwall1 is by a s]ies ( p]p5dicul> or slightly incl9$ ladd]s1 sometimes un9t]rupt$1 b g5]ally brok5 at int]vals by re/+-places4 ,x is comput$ t "o-?ird ( a m9]'s physical /r5g? 0 exhau/$ 9 asc5d+ & desc5d+ a deep m9e3 !y are n[ drawn up by ! /eam-eng9e4 ,! greate/ dep? to :i* man has excavat$ is no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! radius ( ! e>?4 ,! ,esels*a*t m9e at ,kutt5b]g 9 ,bohemia1 n[ inaccessible1 :i* is #cggh feet bel[ ! surface1 is deep] ?an any o!r m9e4 ,its dep? is only #aej feet less ?an ! height ( ,vesuvius1 & x is eight times great] ?an ! height ( ! pyramid ( ,*eopos1 or ! ca!dral ( ,/rasburg4 ,! ,monkwe>m\? coal-m9e ne> ,sund]l&1 desc5ds to #aejj feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 s t ! b>omet] /&s !re at #cahj1 :i* is high] ?an any:]e on ! e>?'s surface4#ii ,! salt-works ( ,new ,saltzw]k 9 ,prussia are #bbca feet deep1 & #aiic feet bel[ ! level ( ! sea2 & v>i\s o!r m9es1 su* z ! ,liege coal-m9e ( ,esp]ance1 & t ( ,mont ,massi1 9 ! ,m>emma ( ,tuscany1 d ! same4 ,m9es on high gr\nd may be v deep )\t ext5d+ to ! sea-level3 t ( ,val5ciana1 ne> ,guanaxuato 9 ,mexico1 is #afhf feet deep1 yet its bottom is #eifj feet above ! surface ( ! sea2 & ! m9es 9 ! high] ,&es mu/ be mu* m4 ,= ! same reason ! ri* m9e ( ,joa*im/hal 9 ,bohemia1 #babj feet deep1 has n yet rea*$ t level4 ,! fire-spr+s at ,tseu-lieu-ts+ 9 ,*9a are #caig feet deep1 b _! relative dep? is unkn[n4#ajj ,h[ insignificant are all ! works ( man comp>$ ) nature6--,a l9e #bg1fjj feet long did n rea* ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,! metals are v pr(usely diffus$ ov] ! e>?4 ,few c\ntries ( any ext5t d n conta9 "s ( !m4 ,a small numb] occur pure1 b 9 g5]al !y are 9 ! =m ( ores1 9 :i* ! metal is *emically comb9$ ) o!r sub/ances1 & ! ore is (t5 s mix$ ) e>?y matt] & rock t x is necess>y to r$uce x to a co>se p[d] 9 ord] to sep>ate ! ore1 :i* is r>ely m ?an a ?ird or f\r? "p ( ! mass br\ght above gr\nd4 ,gold is f\nd 9 almo/ e c\ntry1 b 9 su* m9ute quantities t x is (t5 n wor? ! exp5se ( work+4 ,x is almo/ always 9 a native /ate1 & 9 ! =m ( cry/als1 gra9s1 or roll$ masses4 ,sometimes x is comb9$ ) silv]4 ,x is exhau/$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe :]e x 0 =m]ly f\nd4 ,! unit$ produce ( ! m9es 9 ,transylvania1 ,hung>y1 ! nor?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,au/ria1 & ! b$ ( ! ,danube1 is ne>ly #fj1jjj ounces annually4 ,gold is f\nd 9 small quantities 9 ,spa91 9 ! lead-hills 9 ,scotl&1 & ! ,wickl[ m\nta9s 9 ,irel&4 ,gold ab\nds 9 ,asia1 especially 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! deposits at ! foot ( ! ,ural m\nta9s are v ri*4 ,9 #ahbf a piece ( pure gold weigh+ #bc p\nds 0 f\nd !re1 along ) o!rs weigh+ ?ree or f\r p\nds ea*1 toge!r ) ! bones ( elephants4 ,all ! diluvium !re is f]rug9\s2 & m to ! ea/1 z already m5tion$1 a region z l>ge z ,france has lately be5 discov]$ ) a soil ri* 9 gold-du/1 re/+ on rocks fill$ ) x4 ,9 #ahcd ! treasures 9 t "p ( ! ,alta *a9 call$ ! ,gold ,m\nta9s 7 discov]$1 =m+ a m\nta9-knot ne>ly z l>ge z ,engl&1 f :i* a great quantity ( gold has be5 extract$4 ,gold is f\nd 9 ,tibet1 9 ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 & abundantly 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 9 ,japan1 & ,borneo4 ,9 ! latt] isl& x occurs ne> ! surface 9 six diff]5t places4 ,africa has long furni%$ a l>ge supply to ,europe4 ,t "p ( ! ,kong ,m\nta9s we/ ( ! m]idian ( ,gre5wi* is "o ( ! mo/ aurif]\s regions 9 ! _w4 ,! gold /ratum lies f #bj to #be feet bel[ ! surface1 & increases 9 ri*ness ) ! dep?4 ,x is f\nd 9 p>ticles & pieces 9 a r$di% s&4 ,mo/ ( ! /reams f ! table-l& br+ d[n gold1 z well ^? t desc5d to ! l[ gr\nd to ! nor?1 z ^? t fl[ to ! ,atlantic4 ,on ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea x 0 f\nd 9 suffici5t quantity to induce ! ,portuguese to =m a settlem5t !re4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! we/]n ,cordill]a is poor 9 metals except 9 ,new ,gr5ada1 :]e ! mo/ we/]ly ( ! ?ree *a9s ( ! ,&es is ri* 9 gold & plat9um--a metal f\nd only !re1 9 ,brazil1 & on ! ,european side ( ! ,ural m\nta9s--9 alluvial deposits4 ,! l>ge/ piece ( plat9um t has be5 f\nd weigh$ #ba ounces4 ,gold is f\nd 9 s& & gravel on ! high pla9s ( ! ,&es1 on ! l[ l&s to ! ea/ ( !m1 & 9 almo/ all ! riv]s t fl[ on t side4 ,! :ole c\ntry betwe5 ,ja5 de ,bracamores & ! ,guavi>e is celebrat$ = its metallic ri*es4 ,almo/ all ! ,brazilian riv]s br+ d[n gold2 & ! m9e ( ,gongo ,socco1 ne> ,rio de ,janeiro1 is said to yield sev]al v>ieties ( gold-ore4 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ,mexico1 & ,cali=nia are aurif]\s c\ntries4 ,! quantity ( gold rec5tly f\nd ne> ! surface 9 ,cali=nia is v great4 ,!re is no def9ite /atem5t ( ! am\nt4 ,a consid]able quantity is f\nd 9 ,t5nessee1 ! m\nta9s ( ,georgia1 & on #ajjj squ>e miles ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a x occurs 9 gra9s & masses4 ,a great deal ( silv] is rais$ 9 ,europe4 ,! m9es ( ,hung>y are ! mo/ productive1 especially ^? 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,*emnitz4 ,! metallif]\s m\nta9s ( ! ,erzgebirge are also v ri*1 z also ! m9es ne> ,*ri/iania 9 ,sw$54 ,silv] is also f\nd 9 ,saxony1 ,transylvania1 & ,au/ria4 ,9 no "p ( ! old cont95t is silv] 9 great] abundance ?an 9 ! ,ural & ,alta m\nta9s1 especially 9 ! di/rict ( ,kolywan4 ,!re are silv]-m9es 9 ,arm5ia1 ,anatolia1 ,tibet1 ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,! ri*ness ( ! ,&es 9 silv] c h>dly be conceiv$1 b ! m9es are frequ5tly on su* high gr\nd t ! pr(its are dim9i%$ by ! difficulty ( c>riage1 ! exp5se ( liv+ 9 a b>r5 c\ntry1 sometimes de/itute ( wat]1 :]e ! m9]s suff] f ! cold & sn[1 & especially ! want ( fuel4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case at ! silv]-m9es ( ,copiapo 9 ,*ile1 :]e ! c\ntry is utt]ly b>r51 & n a drop ( wat] is to be f\nd 9 a circuit ( n9e miles4 ,^! m9es 7 discov]$ by a poor man 9 #ahcb1 :o hit ^u a mass ( silv] 9 root+ out a tree4 ,!y ext5d ov] #aej squ>e leagues4 ,sixte5 ve9s ( silv] 7 f\nd 9 ! fir/ f\r days1 &1 be=e ?ree weeks elaps$1 =ty m1 n reckon+ small] ramifications1 7 discov]$4 ,! roll$ pieces :i* lay on ! surface produc$ a l>ge quantity ( pure silv]4 ,a s+le mass weigh$ #ejjj p\nds4#aja ,9 ,p]u !re are silv]-m9es along ! :ole range ( ! ,&es1 f ,caxam>ea to ! conf9es ( ! des]t ( ,atacama4 ,! ri*e/ at pres5t are ^? ( ,pasco1 :i* 7 discov]$ by an ,indian 9 #afcj4 ,!y h be5 work$ )\t int]ruption s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & seem to be /ill inexhau/ible4 ,! soil "u ! t[n ( ,pasco is metallif]\s1 ! ores probably =m+ a s]ies ( b$s contemporane\s ) ! /rata4 ,! ri*ness ( ^! b$s is n ev]y:]e ! same1 b ! ne/s ( ore are num]\s4 ,! m9es ( ,potosi1 #af1aej feet above ! sea-level1 are celebrat$ = ri*es1 b ! own]s h to cont5d ) all ! difficulties :i* su* a situation imposes4 ,! small dep? at :i* ! silv] lies on ! high pla9s ( ! ,&es1 & ! quantity ( x on ! surface1 is probably ow+1 z has be5 already /at$1 to ! great] deposition ( ! sublim$ m9]al f refrig]ation ne> ! surface4 ,! ore 9 ! m9es at ,*ota is ne> ! surface ov] an ext5t ( half a squ>e league1 & ! filam5ts ( silv] are sometimes ev5 entw9$ ) ! roots ( ! grass4 ,?is m9e is #ac1cjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & ev5 9 summ] ! !rmomet] is bel[ ! freez+-po9t 9 ! night4 ,9 ! di/rict ( ,huantajaya1 n f> f ! bord]s ( ! ,pacific1 !re are m9es :]e masses ( pure silv] are f\nd1 ( :i* "o weigh$ #hjj p\nds4#ajb ,accord+ to ,b>on ,humboldt1 ! quantity ( ! preci\s metals br\ght to ,europe betwe5 ! discov]y ( ,am]ica & ! ye> #ahjc 0 wor? #abeg millions /]l+2 & ! silv] alone tak5 f ! m9es dur+ t p]iod w\ld =m a ball #hi feet 9 diamet]4 ,! di/urb$ /ate ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics has int]f]$ ) ! work+ ( ! m9es4 ,lead-ore is v (t5 comb9$ ) silv]1 & is !n call$ ,arg5tif]\s ,gal5a4 ,x is "o ( ! pr9cipal productions ( ! ,briti% m9es1 especially 9 ! nor!rn m9+ di/rict1 :i* occupies #djj squ>e miles at ! junction ( ,nor?umb]l&1 ,cumb]l&1 ,we/morel&1 ,durham1 & ,york%ire4 ,x comprises ,al/an ,moor1 ! m\nta9-ridge ( ,crossfell1 & ! dales ( ,d]w5t1 ,ea/ & ,we/ ,all51 ! ,we>1 & ,tees4 ,!re are o!r ext5sive m9+ tracts sep>at$ f ?is by cultivat$ gr\nd4 ,! pr9cipal products ( ?is ri* di/rict are lead & copp]4 ,! lead-m9es lie *iefly 9 ! upp] dales ( ! ,tyne1 ,we>1 & ,tees1 & all ( x conta9s m or less silv]1 ?\gh n always en\gh to indemnify ! exp5se ( ref9+ or sep>at+ ! silv]4 ,! delet]i\s vap\rs result+ f ?is process are convey$ 9 a tube along ! surface ( ! gr\nd = #ad miles2 & in/ead ( be+1 z =m]ly1 a dead loss to ! proprietor1 !y are cond5s$ 9 _! passage1 & 9 "o in/ance yield metal to ! annual value ( #aj1jjjl4#ajc ,! ,hudgillburn lead-m9e 9 t di/rict has yield$ treasures almo/ unexampl$ 9 ! annals ( m9+4 ,! ve9s1 f t5 to twelve1 & 9 "s places ev5 tw5ty feet wide1 7 fill$ ) ore :i* is entirely obta9$ ) ! pickaxe1 )\t bla/+4 ,9 #ahba ! gal5a ( ?is m9e yield$ #cb1jjj ounces ( silv]4 ,lead-m9es are 9 op]ation 9 ,france1 b n to any great am\nt3 ^? ( ! s\? ( ,spa9 furni% l>ge quantities ( ?is metal2 also 9 ,saxony1 ,bohemia1 & ,c>9?ia1 :]e !y are v ri*4 ,lead is n v frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,sib]ia1 ?\gh x does occur 9 ! ,n]*9sk m9+ di/rict1 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,amur4 ,x is also a production ( ,*9a1 ( ! p59sula beyond ! ,ganges1 & ( ,am]ica4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ,l[] ,p]u1 ,mexico1 & 9 ,cali=nia1 :]e ! ri*e/ arg5tif]\s lead is work$4 ,! nor?we/ c\ntry1 or ,upp] ,mississippi ,valley1 is among ! mo/ rem>kable 9 ! _w = ! v>iety & abundance ( its m9]al deposits1 & especially = ^? :i* are ( mo/ ext5sive use 9 ! arts4 ,! sulphuret ( lead occupies ab\t "o degree ( latitude1 ext5d+ nor? f a po9t on ! ,mississippi1 ab\t eight miles bel[ ,gal5a1 & ly+ on bo? sides1 v>y+ 9 wid?1 till x cov]s z great an ext5t f ea/ to we/4 ,on ! ea/ side ( ! riv] ! lead-ore is f\nd pr9cipally 9 a clay matrix1 at a dep? ( sometimes only five or six feet f ! surface2 on ! we/ side ( ! riv] x runs at ! dep? ( "o hundr$ feet or m1 ov]laid ) magnesian lime/one4 ,to ! s\?-we/ ( ! lead deposit is a v abundant b$ ( iron1 ab\t =ty miles long by tw5ty-five broad4 ,! copp] region ext5ds nor? f ! lead deposits to ,lake ,sup]ior2 x embraces ab\t ?ree hundr$ squ>e miles4 ,to ! s\? ( ! lead region is a va/ b$ ( bitum9\s coal ( good quality1 at no great di/ance bel[ ! surface4 ,9 ! m9]al di/rict !re are ab\t f\r ?\s& p]sons employ$ 9 digg+ lead-ore4 ,! value ( ! lead annually produc$ is e/imat$ at #a1ejj1jjj4 ,a consid]able quantity1 9 =m ( pig-lead1 is export$ to ,*9a4 ,quicksilv]--a metal s important 9 sep>at+ silv] f its ores1 & 9 o!r arts z well z 9 m$ic9e--occurs ei!r liquid 9 ! native /ate1 or comb9$ ) sulphur 9 t ( c9nab>4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! m9es ( ,idria & "s o!r places 9 ! ,au/rian empire1 9 ! ,palat9ate on ! left bank ( ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ,spa94 ,! ri*e/ quicksilv] m9es ( ,europe1 at ! pres5t day1 are ^? ( ,almad51 :]e ! quicksilv] is f\nd 9 ! /ate ( sulphuret *iefly4 ,^! m9es 7 work$ #gjj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & z _m z #abjj tons ( ! metal are extract$ annually4 ,x occurs 9 ,*9a1 ,japan1 & ,ceylon1 at ,san ,on(ro 9 ,mexico2 & 9 ,p]u1 at ,guancavelica1 ! m9es ( :i*1 n[ almo/ des]t$1 produc$1 up to ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! enorm\s quantity ( #ed1jjj tons ( quicksilv]4 ,! discov]y ( quicksilv] m9es 9 ,cali=nia has be5 ann\nc$4 ,copp] is ( su* common occurr5ce t x w\ld be va9 to enum]ate ! localities :]e x is f\nd4 ,x is produc$ 9 ,africa & ,am]ica1 9 ,p]sia1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,! ,sib]ian m9es are v productive bo? 9 ore & native copp]4 ,mala*ite is ! mo/ beautiful ( ! ores1 & ! *oice/ specim5s come f ,sib]ia4 ,almo/ e c\ntry 9 ,europe yields copp]4 ,! m9es 9 ,sw$51 ,norway1 & ,g]many are v productive2 & x =ms a pr9cipal "p ( our own m9]al weal?4 ,x is rais$ 9 all ! pr9cipal m9+ di/ricts 9 ,engl& & ,wales4 ,9 ,cornwall x is v pl5tiful1 & is (t5 associat$ ) t94 ,! p]iod at :i* ! ,corni% m9es 7 fir/ work$ goes f> beyond hi/ory1 or ev5 tradition3 c]ta91 h[ev]1 x is t ! ,phnicians came to ,brita9 = t94 ,probably copp] 0 also work$ v e>ly 9 small quantities1 = its exportation 0 =bidd5 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,x 0 only 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury t ! ,corni% copp]-m9es 7 work$ ) success1 9 consequ5ce ( ! inv5tion ( an improv$ ma*9e = dra9+ !m4#ajd ,on ! l&s s\? ( ,lake ,sup]ior is a body ( copp] ore1 suppos$ to be ! ri*e/ 9 ! _w4 ,x is almo/ pure 9 "s specim5s3 s t1 z tak5 f ! e>?1 x 0 wr\ght into *ur* ut5sils by "s ( ! ,fr5* :o fir/ visit$ ! place2 & a portion ( ! l>ge rock deposit$ on ! gr\nds ( ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 at ,wa%+ton1 has be5 poli%$ s z to pres5t ! appe>ance ( %eet-copp]4 ,at a rec5t meet+ ( ! 8,am]ican ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce10 held at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 ,augu/ #ahdi1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,hodge1 speak+ ( ! m9]al region ( ,lake ,sup]ior1 said3--8,! m9es are wr\ght :olly = native copp]4 ,! ve9/one ) scatt]$ p>ticles1 furni% :at is call$ /amp "w2 :i* is cru%$ "u heavy /amps & !n wa%$2 ! lumps are call$ b>rel ore1 be+ pack$ 9 b>rels = transportation2 & ! masses1 aft] be+ cut up into pieces n exce$+ two tons 9 weight1 are %ipp$ 9 bulk4 ,! size ( "s ( ^! masses is s enorm\s z almo/ to exce$ belief4 ,!y h be5 brok5 up 9 ! ,cliff m9e ( #fj & ev5 #hj tons 9 weight4 ,su* pieces are r$uc$1 9 ! m9e1 to fragm5ts ( sev5 tons weight & less1 & aft] be+ hoi/$ to ! surface are /ill fur!r r$uc$4 8,at ! ,m9esota m9e1 ne> ! ,ontonagon riv]1 ,i _h an opportunity ( exam9+1 9 ,june1 ! mo/ extraord9>y mass yet met )4 ,two %afts _h be5 sunk on ! l9e ( ! ve9 #aej feet ap>t4 ,at ! dep? ( ab\t #cj feet !y /ruck massive copp]1 :i* lay 9 a huge %eet ) ! same und]lay z t ( ! ve9--ab\t #ee t[>ds ! nor?4 ,leav+ ?is %eet z a hang+ wall1 a level 0 run "u x connect+ ! two %afts4 ,= ?is :ole di/ance ( #aej feet ! mass appe>s to be cont9u\s1 & h[ mu* fur!r x goes on ! l9e ( ! ve9 ei!r way !re is no evid5ce1 nor beside to :at dep? x p5etrates 9 ! solid ve94 ,i exam9$ x ) c>e1 /rik+ x repeat$ly ) my hamm] 9 ord] to detect1 if possible1 by ! s\nd1 any break or int]ruption !re might be 9 ! mass--= a ?9 scale ( /one encru/$ x sometimes & conceal$ ! face ( ! metal4 ,exam9ations _h be5 made by drill+ ?r\gh ?is scale1 :]e x atta9$ ! ?ickness ( an in* or s2 b 9 no place _h any sign ( a break be5 f\nd4 ,x =ms ! :ole hang+ wall ( ! level1 %[+ a wid? ( at lea/ eight feet above ! floor 9 :i* its l[] edge 0 lo/4 ,x _h be5 cut ?r\gh 9 only "o place1 :]e a p>tial break af=d$ a conv5i5t opportunity4 ,measur+ ! ?ickness "h z well z ! irregul> %ape ( ! gap admitt$1 x 0 f\nd some:at to exce$ five feet4 ,assum+ ! ?ickness to av]age only "o foot1 !re w\ld be 9 ?is mass #abjj cubic feet1 or ab\t #bej tons--/ill x is n safe to assume ev5 "o foot1 = ! masses v>y extremely 9 ?ickness4 8,! mode adopt$ to remove ^! masses is to cut *annels ?r\gh !m ) cold *isels1 aft] !y are %att]$ by l>ge s& bla/s put 9 beh9d !m4 ,grooves are cut ) ! *isels across _! smalle/ places1 "o man hold+1 & ano!r /rik+1 z 9 drill+4 ,a *ip ( copp] ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* wide1 & up to six in*es 9 l5g?1 is tak5 out1 & ! process is repeat$ until ! groove passes ?r\gh ! mass4 ,! exp5se ( ?is "w is f eight to twelve doll>s p] sup]ficial foot ( ! face expos$4 ,fragm5ts ( ve9/one enclos$ 9 ! copp] prev5t ! use ( saws4 ,a p[]ful ma*9e1 occupy+ little room1 is mu* ne$$1 :i* w\ld p]=m m economically ?is "w4 8,! greate/ ?ickness ( any mass cut ?r\gh at ! ,cliff ,m9e has be5 ab\t ?ree feet4 ,_! occurr5ce ?r\gh ! ve9 is n regul>4 ,b>r5 spots alt]nate ) productive portions4 ,! same is ! case 9 all ! m9es4 ,! total product ( ! ,cliff ,m9e = ! ye> #ahdh is e/imat$ at #hcj tons1 av]ag+ #fj p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! pres5t ye> m ?an half ?is am\nt has be5 already s5t d[n1 & !re is en\gh m on ! surface & 9 sight 9 ! m9e to w>rant ! belief t #ajjj tons w be ! product ( ! ye>'s "w1 or #fjj tons ( copp]4 ,! :ole am\nt ( copp] annually import$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t ! value ( two million doll>s1 or ab\t #edjj tons4 ,b little has be5 suppli$ f our own m9es4 ,n9e su* m9es1 !n1 z ! ,cliff1 w\ld r5d] u indep5d5t ( =eign supplies4 ,f pres5t appe>ances1 aft] c>eful exam9ation ( ! region1 & consid]ation ( ! progress made 9 m9+ s9ce my la/ visit 9 #ahdf1 ,i feel myself w>rant$ 9 express+ a decid$ conviction t ?is am\nt ( copp] mu/ be suppli$ 9 v few ye>s1 & ?is metal soon become1 z lead already has1 "o ( export in/ead ( import4 ,! rec5t failures ( m9+ speculations1 wildly und]tak51 & ignorantly & extravagantly conduct$1 may = a "t *eck ! developm5t ( ^! m9es2 b _! wond]fully ri* "* is n[ beg9n+ to be prop]ly appreciat$1 z well z ! reliance :i* may be put 9 ! surface-appe>ance ( ! ve9s4 ,"s curi\s features 9 _! "* & di/ribution h be5 detect$1 :i* h h]et(ore escap$ obs]vation = want ( suffici5t data1 & :i* w1 ,i believe1 be f\nd ( great consequ5ce 9 ! selection ( ! be/ localities4 ,^!1 aft] f>!r exam9ation1 ,i may at ano!r "t make public4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! m9es1 s f>1 has rem>kably prov$ ! =esight & excell5t judgm5t ( ! lam5t$ ,dr4 ,h\ghton1 p>ticul>ly s 9 8 pr$ictions ( ! disa/r\s effects t mu/ result f su* speculations z h caus$ ! c\ntry to be ov]run by hordes ( adv5tur]s4 8,! silv] f\nd associat$ ) ! copp] has n prov$ ( mu* importance1 p]haps = ! reason t ! great] "p ( x is purlo9$ by ! m9]s4 ,! ,cliff ,m9e has probably yield$ m ?an ?irty ?\s& doll>s wor?1 ( :i* n m ?an a t5? "p has be5 secur$ by ! proprietors4 ,i saw myself1 ! pres5t season1 no less ?an six p\nds & eight ounces ( lumps & b>s ( silv] seiz$ 9 ! h&s ( an abscond+ workman40 ,9 ,cornwall clay-slate re/s ^u granite1 & is trav]s$ by porphyritic dykes4 ,! ve9s :i* conta9 copp] or t91 or bo?1 run ea/ & we/1 & p5etrate bo? ! granite & ! clay-slate4 ,! non-metallif]\s ve9s run nor? & s\?2 & if ve9s 9 t direction d conta9 any metal1 x nev] is t9 or copp]1 b lead1 silv]1 cobalt1 or antimony1 :i* ) little exception are believ$ to be always 9 ! clay-slate4 ,no m9] 9 ,cornwall has ev] se5 ! end or bottom ( a ve92 _! wid? v>ies f ! ?ickness ( a %eet ( pap] to #cj feet2 ! av]age is f "o to ?ree feet4 ,x r>ely happ5s t ei!r t9 or copp] is f\nd ne>] ! surface ?an #hj or #ajj feet4 ,if t9 be fir/ discov]$1 x sometimes disappe>s aft] s9k+ ! m9e #ajj feet deep]1 :5 copp] is f\nd1 & 9 "s in/ances t9 is f\nd #ajjj feet deep )\t a trace ( copp]2 b if copp] is fir/ discov]$1 x is v r>ely succe$$ by t94 ,t9 is f\nd 9 roll$ pieces1 9 horizontal b$s ( s& & gravel1 & is call$ /ream-t94 ,! mo/ valuable t9-m9es on ! cont95t ( ,europe are ^? 9 ,saxony2 x also occurs 9 ,france1 ,bohemia1 & ,spa94 ,"o ( ! ri*e/ deposits ( t9 kn[n is 9 ! prov9ce ( ,t5ass]im1 on ! ea/ side ( ! gulf ( ,m>taban1 9 ! ,malayan p59sula4 ,^! deposits occur 9 sev]al p>ts ( t c\ntry2 ! ri*e/ is a lay] eight or t5 feet ?ick ( s& & gravel1 9 :i* masses ( oxide ( t9 are sometimes ! size ( a pigeon's egg4 ,! be/ ( all comes f ! isl& ( ,banca1 at ! extremity ( ! ,malacca p59sula2 a l>ge portion ( x is import$ into ,brita91 & mu* goes to ,*9a4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! alluvial tracts ?r\gh e "p ( ! isl&1 r>ely m ?an #be feet bel[ ! surface4 ,great deposits occur also 9 ! ,sib]ian m9+ di/rict ( ,n]t%9sk1 ne> ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi1 & 9 ,bolivia1 ne> ,oruro4 ,!re are comp>atively few coal-m9es work$ )9 ! tropics2 !y are mo/ly 9 ! temp]ate zones1 especially betwe5 ! ,arctic ,circle & ! ,tropic ( ,canc]2 & z iron1 ! mo/ useful ( metals1 is *iefly f\nd 9 ! c>bonif]\s /rata1 x foll[s ! same di/ribution4 ,9 fact1 ! mo/ productive iron-m9es yet kn[n are 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,9 ! ea/]n m9+ di/rict ( ,sib]ia1 9 ! valley ( ! riv] ,vilui1 ! ores are v ri*1 & v abundant 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,alta & ,ural4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! m\nta9 ( ,blagod1 at #aecd feet above ! sea1 is "o mass ( magnetic iron-ore4#aje ,coal & iron are work$ 9 s _m p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,india1 & ,ea/]n ,asia1 t x w\ld be t$i\s to enum]ate !m4 ,9 ,europe ! ri*e/ m9es ( iron1 l ^? ( coal1 lie *iefly nor? ( ! ,alps4 ,sw$51 ,norway1 ,russia1 ,g]many1 ,/yria1 ,belgium1 & ,france1 all conta9 x pl5tifully4 ,9 ,brita9 _m ( ! coalfields conta9 subord9ate b$s ( a ri* argillace\s iron-ore1 int]/ratifi$ ) coal1 work$ at ! same "t & 9 ! same mann]2 besides1 !re is a sub/ratum ( lime/one1 :i* s]ves z a flux = melt+ ! metal4 ,! m9es lie ne> ,birm+ham1 on ! nor!a/ fronti] ( ! great coal-bas9 ( ,s\? ,wales1 ne> ,pontypool & ,m]?yr ,tydvil4 ,!re are ext5sive iron-m9es 9 ,/af=d%ire1 ,%rop%ire1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,wales1 ,york%ire1 ,d]by%ire1 & ,scotl&4 ,altoge!r !re are ab\t #bbj m9es1 :i* yield iron suffici5t = our own enorm\s consumption1 & = exportation4 ,^! productive m9es w\ld h be5 ( no avail _h x n be5 = ! abundance ( fuel ) :i* ! great] "p ( !m 9 ! nor? ( ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales are associat$--! great s\rce ( our national weal?1 m preci\s ?an m9es ( gold4 ,mo/ ( ! coal-m9es w\ld h be5 inaccessible b = ! means :i* _! produce af=ds ( dra9+ !m at a small exp5se4 ,a bu%el ( coals1 :i* co/s only a few p5ce1 9 ! furnace ( a /eam-eng9e g5]ates a p[] :i* 9 a few m9utes w raise #bj1jjj gallons ( wat] f a dep? ( #cfj feet--an effect :i* c\ld n be accompli%$ 9 a %ort] "t ?an a :ole day by ! cont9u\s lab\r ( tw5ty m5 work+ ) ! common pump4 ,yet ?is circum/ance1 s f> f less5+ ! dem& = human lab\r1 has caus$ a great] numb] ( m5 to be employ$ 9 ! m9es4#ajf ,! coal /rata lie 9 bas9s1 dipp+ f ! sides t[>ds ! c5tre1 :i* is (t5 at a va/ dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! c5tre ( ! ,liege coal-bas9 is #ba1ceh feet1 or #c-a_/b geographical miles deep1 :i* is easily e/imat$ f ! dip1 or incl9ation1 ( ! /rata at ! edges1 & ! ext5t ( ! bas94 ,! coal lies 9 /rata ( small ?ickness & great ext5t4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ickness f #c to #i feet1 ?\gh 9 "s in/ances sev]al lay]s come toge!r1 & !n x is #bj & ev5 #cj feet ?ick2 b ^! lay]s are int]rupt$ by frequ5t dislocations1 :i* raise ! coal-seam t[>ds ! surface4 ,^! fissures1 :i* divide ! coalfield into insulat$ masses1 are fill$ ) clay1 s t an accumulation ( wat] takes place1 :i* mu/ be pump$ up4 ,!re are ?ree imm5se coalfields 9 ,engl&4 ,! fir/ lies nor? ( ! ,tr5t1 & occupies an area ( #cfj squ>e miles2 & al?\gh ! quantity ( coal annually rais$ 9 ,nor?umb]l& & ,durham am\nts to a million & a half ( tons1 !re is en\gh to la/ #ajjj ye>s4 ,london is *iefly suppli$ f x4 ,! second or c5tral coalfield1 :i* includes ,leice/]1 ,worce/]1 ,/af=d1 & ,%rop%ire1 has an area ( #adie squ>e miles1 & supplies ! manufactories r\nd x1 & ! midl& c\nties s\? & ea/ ( ,d]by%ire4 ,! ?ird or we/]n coalfield includes ,s\? ,wales1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 & ,som]set%ire4 ,! coalfield ( ,s\? ,wales alone is #ajj miles long1 & #ah or #bj broad4 ,! ,work+ton & ,:itehav5 coal-m9es g a mile "u ! sea2 sev]al %afts 9 ! latt] are #ajj fa?oms deep2 & x is "o ( ! f9e/ 9 ,engl& = ext5t & ?ickness ( /rata1 "s ( ! seams be+ n9e feet ?ick4 ,! ,scot* coal-measures occupy ! great c5tral l[-l& ( ,scotl&1 ly+ betwe5 ! s\!rn high l&s & ! ,highl& m\nta9s2 ! :ole ( t rude tract is occupi$ by !m1 besides :i* !re are o!r coalfields ( less ext5t4 ,coal has be5 f\nd 9 sev5te5 c\nties 9 ,irel&1 b ! isl& conta9s only f\r pr9cipal coal di/ricts--,le9/]1 ,mun/]1 ,connaught1 & ,ul/]4 ,?us1 !re is coal en\gh 9 ! ,briti% isl&s to la/ "s ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & 7 x exhau/$1 our fri5ds across ! ,atlantic h en\gh to supply ! _w = ages unc\ntable4 ,moreov]1 if sci5ce cont9ues to advance at ! rate x has lately done1 a sub/itute = coal w probably be discov]$ be=e our own m9es are work$ out4#ajg ,! c>bonif]\s /rata are enorm\sly develop$ 9 ! ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,appala*ian coalfield ext5ds1 )\t int]ruption1 #gbj miles1 ) a maximum bread? ( #bhj miles1 f ! nor!rn bord] ( ,p5nsylvania to ne> ,huntsville1 9 ,alabama1 occupy+ an area ( #fc1jjj squ>e miles4 ,x is int]sect$ by ?ree great navigable riv]s--! ,monogahela1 ! ,alleghany1 & ! ,ohio--:i* expose to view ! seams ( coal on _! banks4 ,! ,pittsburgh seam1 #aj feet ?ick1 expos$ on ! banks ( ! ,monogahela1 ext5ds1 horizontally1 #bbe miles 9 l5g? & #ajj 9 bread?1 & cov]s an area ( #ad1jjj squ>e miles1 s t ?is seam ( coal may be work$ = ages almo/ on ! surface1 & 9 _m places lit]ally s4 ,inde$1 ! facility is s great1 t x is m pr(itable to convey ! coal by wat] to ,new ,orleans1 #aajj miles di/ant1 ?an to cut d[n ! trees ) :i* ! c\ntry is cov]$ = fuel1 & :i* may be _h = ! exp5se ( fell+4 ,! coal is bitum9\s1 simil> to ! great] "p ( ! ,briti% coal2 =ty miles to ! ea/1 h[ev]1 among ! ridges ( ! ,appala*ian *a91 !re is an ext5sive outly+ memb] ( ! great coalfield1 :i* yields an?racite1 a species ( coal :i* has ! advantage ( burn+ )\t smoke4 ,9 ! we/]n ,/ates1 ! ,ill9ois coalfield1 :i* occupies "p ( ,ill9ois1 ,indiana1 & ,k5tucky1 is z l>ge z ,engl&1 & consi/s ( horizontal /rata1 ) num]\s seams ( ri* bitum9\s coal4 ,!re is a va/ coalfield also 9 ,mi*igan4 ,l>ge areas 9 ,new ,brunswick & ,nova ,scotia ab\nd 9 coal4 ,iron is work$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,/ates1 f ,connecticut to ,s\? ,c>ol9a4#aji ,! tropical regions ( ! globe h be5 s little explor$ t no idea c be =m$ ( ! quantity ( coal or iron !y conta92 b z iron is s univ]sal1 x is probable t coal is n want+4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,=mosa4 ,bo? ab\nd 9 ,borneo1 & 9 v>i\s p>ts ( tropical ,africa & ,am]ica4 ,!re is comp>atively s little l& 9 ! s\!rn temp]ate zone1 t ! m9]al produce mu/ be m limit$ ?an 9 ! nor!rn1 yet ,new ,holl&1 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 & ,new ,zeal& are ri* 9 coal & iron4 ,ars5ic1 us$ 9 ! arts & manufactures1 is g5]ally f\nd comb9$ ) o!r metals 9 _m c\ntries z well z our own4 ,manganese1 z9c1 bismu?1 & antimony are rais$ to a consid]able am\nt4 ,z ! qualities ( ! great] "p ( ! m r>e metals are little kn[n1 !y h hi!rto be5 int]e/+ *iefly to ! m9]alogi/4 ,! m9es ( rock-salt 9 ,*e%ire seem to be inexhau/ible4 ,enorm\s deposits ( salt ext5d #fjj miles on ea* side ( ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 & ?r\gh\t wide di/ricts 9 ,au/ria1 ,gallicia1 & ,spa94 ,x w\ld n be easy to enum]ate ! places 9 ,asia :]e rock-salt has be5 f\nd4 ,arm5ia1 ,syria1 & ext5sive tracts 9 ! ,punjab ab\nd 9 x1 also ,*9a & ! ,ural di/rict2 & ! ,&es conta9 va/ deposits ( rock-salt1 "s at great heights4 ,volcanic c\ntries 9 bo? cont95ts yield sulphur4 ,sicily1 :]e x is f\nd 9 ! t]ti>y m>9e /rata1 unconnect$ ) ! volcanic di/rict1 is ! magaz9e :i* supplies ! great] "p ( ! manufactures ( ,europe4 ,x is (t5 f\nd beautifully cry/alliz$4 ,asphalt1 nitre1 alum1 & naph?a are f\nd 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia1 & natron is procur$ f small lakes 9 an oasis on ! we/ ( ! ,valley ( ! ,nile4 ,! diffusion ( preci\s /ones is v limit$4 ,diamonds are mo/ly f\nd 9 a soil ( s& & gravel1 & 9 ! b$s ( riv]s4 ,brazil furni%es mo/ ( ! diamonds 9 comm]ce2 !y are ! produce ( tracts on ea* side ( ! ,si]ra ,esp5hao1 & ( a di/rict wat]$ by "s ( ! afflu5ts ( ! ,rio ,san ,francesco4 ,dur+ ! c5tury end+ 9 #ahbb1 diamonds 7 collect$ 9 ,brazil to ! value ( ?ree millions /]l+1 "o ( :i* weigh$ #ach-a_/b c>ats4 ,! celebrat$ m9es ( ,golconda h produc$ _m spl5did diamonds2 !y are also f\nd 9 ,borneo1 :i* produc$ "o weigh+ #cfg c>ats1 valu$ at #bfi1cghl4 ,! ea/]n p>ts ( ! ,?ian-,t*an1 on ! great plat=m ( ,asia1 & a wide di/rict ( ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 yield diamonds4 ,! ruby & sapphire h ! same cry/all9e =m1 & are ne>ly alli$ to corundum2 bo? are f\nd 9 ,ceylon1 9 ! gravel ( /reams4 ,! rubies at ,gh>an1 on ! v]ge ( ! riv] ,oxus1 are f\nd imb$d$ 9 lime/one4 ,! gravel ( rivulets 9 ! ,birman empire conta9s ! ori5tal1 />1 & opalesc5t rubies4 ,! sp9elle also occurs 9 t c\ntry 9 a di/rict five days' j\rney f ,ava4 ,! ,hung>ian rubies are ( inf]ior value4 ,! blue1 gre51 yell[1 & :ite sapphires are ! produce ( ! ,birman empire1 & ! sp9elle is n uncommon 9 ,brazil4 ,! f9e/ em]alds come f ve9s ( clay-slate 9 ! valley ( ,musa1 9 ,new ,gr5ada4 ,b]yls are f\nd 9 ,brazil1 & 9 ! old m9es 9 ,m\nt ,zab>ah1 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,^? ( ,hung>y & ( ! ,heuba* ,valley1 ne> ,saltzburg1 are v inf]ior 9 col\r & quality4 ,hung>y & ,bohemia yield ! f9e/ opals2 ! mo/ e/eem$ are opaque1 ( a pale br[n1 & %9e ) ! mo/ brilliant iridesc5ce2 "s are :ite1 transp>5t1 or semi-transp>5t1 & radiant 9 col\rs3 ! preci\s opal is f\nd 9 ,hung>y & 9 ,mexico4 ,! mo/ beautiful g>nets come f ,bohemia & ,hung>y2 !y are f\nd 9 ! ,h>tz m\nta9s1 ,ceylon1 & _m o!r localities4 ,! turquoise is a ,p]sian gem1 & suppos$ to be ! fossiliz$ enamel ( ! too? ( a fossil ma/odon2 x is also f\nd 9 ,tibet & 9 ! ,belat-,tagh 9 ,badak%an1 :i* is ! c\ntry ( ! lapis lazuli1 m9$ by heat+ ! rock1 & !n ?r[+ cold wat] ^u x4 ,?is beautiful m9]al is also f\nd 9 sev]al places ( ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 9 ! hills ( ,i/alif nor? ( ,cabool1 9 ,tibet1 & 9 ! ,baikal m\nta9s 9 ,sib]ia4 ,! cat's-eye is peculi> to ,ceylon2 ! k+ ( ,k&y _h "o two in*es broad4 ,topaz1 b]yl1 & ame?y/ are ( v common occurr5ce1 especially 9 ,brazil1 ,sib]ia1 & o!r places4 ,!y are little valu$1 & sc>cely acc\nt$ gems4 ,agates are s beautiful on ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 & 9 "s p>ts ( ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi1 t !y =m a consid]able article ( comm]ce 9 ,*9a2 & "s are br\ght to ,rome1 :]e !y are cut into cameos & intaglios4 ,b ! great] "p ( ! agates1 cornelians1 & *alc$onies us$ 9 ,europe are f\nd 9 ! trap-rocks ( ,ob]/e91 9 ! ,palat9ate4 ,?us1 by h] unse5 m9i/]s1 electricity & reciprocal action1 ! great artific] ,nature has adorn$ ! dep?s ( ! e>? & ! he>t ( ! m\nta9s ) h] mo/ admirable works1 fill+ ! ve9s ) metals1 & build+ ! atoms ( matt]1 ) ! mo/ elegant & delicate symmetry1 into innum]able cry/all9e =ms ( inimitable grace & beauty4 ,! calm & /ill ext]ior ( ! e>? gives no indication ( ! activity t prevails 9 its bosom1 :]e treasures are prep>+ to enri* future g5]ations ( man4 ,gold w /ill be s\ght = 9 ! deep m9e1 & ! diamond w be ga!r$ among ! dbris ( ! m\nta9s1 :ile "t endures4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,! ,ocean--its ,size1 ,col\r1 ,pressure1 & ,saltness--,tides--,waves--_! ,height & ,=ce--,curr5ts--_! ,effect on ,voyages--,temp]ature--,! ,/ratum ( ,con/ant ,temp]ature--,l9e ( ,maximum ,temp]ature--,nor? & ,s\? ,pol> ,ice--,inl& ,seas4 ,,! ocean1 :i* fills a deep cavity 9 ! globe1 & cov]s ?ree-f\r?s ( its surface1 is s unequally di/ribut$ t !re is ?ree times m l& 9 ! nor!rn ?an 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! torrid zone is *iefly occupi$ by sea1 & only "o tw5ty-sev5? "p ( ! l& on "o side ( ! e>? has l& opposite to x on ! o!r4 ,! =m assum$ by ?is imm5se mass ( wat] is t ( a sph]oid1 flatt5$ at ! poles2 & z its mean level is ne>ly ! same1 = any?+ we "k to ! contr>y1 x s]ves z a base to :i* all heights ( l& are ref]r$4 ,! b$ ( ! ocean1 l t ( ! l&1 ( :i* x is ! cont9uation1 is div]sifi$ by pla9s & m\nta9s1 table-l&s & valleys1 sometimes b>r51 sometimes cov]$ ) m>9e vegetation1 & teem+ ) life4 ,n[ x s9ks into dep?s :i* ! s\nd+-l9e has nev] fa?om$1 n[ x appe>s 9 *a9s ( isl&s1 or rises ne> to ! surface 9 hidd5 reefs & %oals1 p]il\s to ! m>9]4 ,spr+s ( fre% wat] rise f ! bottom1 volcanos eject _! lavas & scori1 & e>?quakes tr\ble ! deep wat]s4 ,! ocean is cont9ually receiv+ ! spoils ( ! l&1 & f t cause w\ld con/antly be decreas+ 9 dep?1 &1 z ! quantity ( wat] is always ! same1 its sup]ficial ext5t w\ld increase4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c\nt]act+ causes to *eck ?is t5d5cy3 ! secul> elevation ( ! l& ov] ext5sive tracts 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w is "o ( ! mo/ important4 ,volcanos1 coral isl&s1 & b>ri]-reefs %[ t great *anges ( level are con/antly tak+ place 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean itself--t symmetrical b&s ( subsid5ce & elevation ext5d alt]nately ov] an area equal to a hemisph]e1 f :i* x may be conclud$ t ! balance is always ma9ta9$ betwe5 ! sea & l&1 al?\gh ! di/ribution may v>y 9 ! lapse ( "t4 ,! ,pacific1 or ,great ,ocean1 exce$s 9 sup]ficies all ! dry l& on ! globe4 ,x has an area ( #ej millions ( squ>e miles2 includ+ ! ,indian ,ocean1 its area is ne>ly #gj millions2 & its bread? f ,p]u to ! coa/ ( ,africa is #af1jjj miles4 ,its l5g? is less ?an ! ,atlantic1 z x only communicates ) ! ,arctic ,ocean by ,behr+'s ,/raits1 :]eas ! ,atlantic1 z f> z we "k1 /ret*es f pole to pole4 ,! cont95t ( ,au/ralia occupies a comp>atively small portion ( ! ,pacific1 :ile innum]able isl&s /ud its surface _m degrees on ei!r side ( ! equator1 ( :i* a great numb] are volcanic1 %[+ t its b$ has be51 & inde$ actually is1 ! !atre ( viol5t igne\s eruptions4 ,s great is its dep?1 t a l9e five miles long has n rea*$ ! bottom 9 _m places2 yet z ! :ole mass ( ! ocean c\nts = little 9 ! total am\nt ( t]re/rial gravitation1 its mean dep? is b a small fraction ( ! radius ( ! globe4 ,! b$ ( ! ,atlantic is a long deep valley1 ) few m\nta9s1 or at lea/ b few t raise _! summits z isl&s above its surface4 ,its greate/ bread?1 includ+ ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 is #ejjj miles1 & its sup]ficial ext5t is ab\t #be millions ( squ>e miles4 ,?is sea is exce$+ly deep3 9 #bg #bf ,s4 latitude & #ag #bi ,w4 longitude ,sir ,james ,ross f\nd ! dep? to be #ad1eej feet2 ab\t #dej miles we/ f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope x 0 #af1jfb feet1 or #ccb feet m ?an ! height ( ,mont ,blanc2 & #ijj miles we/ f ,/4 ,hel5a a l9e ( #bg1fjj feet did n rea* ! bottom1 a dep? :i* is equal to ! height ( "s ( ! mo/ elevat$ peaks ( ! ,himalaya2 b !re is reason to believe t _m p>ts ( ! ocean are /ill deep]4 ,a great "p ( ! ,g]man ,ocean is only #ic feet deep1 ?\gh on ! ,norwegian side1 :]e ! coa/ is bold1 ! dep? is #aij fa?oms4 ,imm5se s&banks (t5 project f ! l&1 :i* rise f great dep?s to )9 a few fa?oms ( ! surface4 ,( ^!1 ! ,aghullas ,banks1 (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 are among/ ! mo/ rem>kable2 ^? ( ,newf\ndl& are /ill great] 9 ext5t3 !y consi/ ( a d\ble s&bank1 :i* is suppos$ to rea* to ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,dogg] ,bank1 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 & _m o!rs1 are well kn[n4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 "o-fif? ( ! ,g]man ,ocean is occupi$ by s&banks1 ^: av]age height is #gh feet1 an area equal to ab\t "o-?ird ( ,great ,brita94 ,curr5ts are sometimes deflect$ f _! c\rse by s&banks ^: tops d n come )9 #ej or ev5 #ajj feet ( ! surface4 ,"s on ! coa/ ( ,norway are surr\nd$ by su* deep wat] t !y mu/ be subm>9e table-l&s4 ,all are ! resort ( fi%4 ,! pressure at ! great dep?s is enorm\s4 ,9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 :]e ! specific gravity ( ! wat] is less5$1 on acc\nt ( ! great] proportion ( fre% wat] produc$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice1 ! pressure at ! dep? ( a mile & a qu>t] is #bhji p\nds on a squ>e in* ( surface2 ?is 0 confirm$ by ,capta9 ,scoresby1 :o says1 9 8 8,arctic ,voyages10 t ! wood ( a boat sudd5ly dragg$ to a great dep? by a :ale 0 f\nd1 :5 drawn up1 s saturat$ ) wat] =c$ into its pores1 t x sank 9 wat] l a /one = a ye> aft]w>ds4 ,ev5 sea-wat] is r$uc$ 9 bulk f #bj to #ai solid in*es at ! dep? ( #bj miles4 ,! compression t a :ale c endure is wond]ful4 ,_m species ( fi% are capable ( su/a9+ great pressure1 z well z sudd5 *anges ( pressure4 ,div]s 9 ! pe>l-fi%]ies ex]t great muscul> /r5g?1 b man _c be> ! increas$ pressure at great dep?s1 because 8 lungs are full ( air1 nor c he endure ! dim9ution ( x at great altitudes above ! e>?4 ,! dep? to :i* ! sun's light p5etrates ! ocean dep5ds ^u ! transp>5cy ( ! wat]1 & _c be less ?an twice ! dep? to :i* a p]son c see f ! surface4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,arctic ,ocean %ells are di/9ctly se5 at ! dep? ( #hj fa?oms2 & among ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 9 #hj fa?oms ( wat]1 ! b$ ( ! sea is z cle> z if se5 9 air2 %ells1 corals1 & sea-we$s ( e hue display ! t9ts ( ! ra9b[4 ,! pure/ spr+ is n m limpid ?an ! wat] ( ! ocean2 x absorbs all ! prismatic col\rs1 except t ( ultram>9e1 :i*1 be+ reflect$ 9 e direction1 imp>ts a hue approa*+ ! azure ( ! sky4 ,! col\r ( ! sea v>ies ) e gleam ( sun%9e or pass+ cl\d1 al?\gh its true t9t is always ! same :5 se5 %elt]$ f atmosph]ic influ5ce4 ,! reflection ( a boat on ! %ady side is (t5 ( ! cle>e/ blue1 :ile ! surface ( ! wat] expos$ to ! sun is bright z burni%$ gold4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean also d]ive _! col\r f animalcules ( ! infusorial k9d1 vegetable sub/ances1 & m9ute p>ticles ( matt]4 ,x is :ite 9 ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 black r\nd ! ,maldives2 (f ,cali=nia ! ,v]milion ,sea is s call$ on acc\nt ( ! r$ col\r ( ! infusoria x conta9s2 ! same r$ col\r 0 obs]v$ by ,magellan ne> ! m\? ( ! riv] ,plate4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf is call$ ! ,gre5 ,sea by ea/]n geograph]s1 & !re is a trail ( gre5 wat] (f ! ,arabian coa/ s di/9ct t a %ip has be5 se5 9 gre5 & blue wat] at ! same "t4 ,rapid transitions take place 9 ! ,arctic ,sea1 f ultram>9e to olive-gre51 f purity to opacity4 ,^! appe>ances are n delusive1 b con/ant z to place & col\r2 ! gre5 is produc$ by myriads ( m9ute insects1 :i* dev\r "o ano!r & are a prey to ! :ale4 ,! col\r ( cle>] %all[ wat] dep5ds ^u t ( its b$2 ov] *alk or :ite-s& x is apple-gre51 ov] yell[ s& d>k-gre51 br[n or black ov] d>k gr\nd1 & grey ov] mud4 ,! sea is suppos$ to h acquir$ its sal9e pr9ciple :5 ! globe 0 9 ! act ( subsid+ f a gase\s /ate4 ,! d5sity ( sea-wat] dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( sal9e matt] x conta9s3 ! proportion is g5]ally a little above #c p] c5t41 ?\gh x v>ies 9 diff]5t places2 ! ocean conta9s m salt 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! ,atlantic m ?an ! ,pacific4 ,! greate/ proportion ( salt 9 ! ,pacific is 9 ! p>allels ( #bb ,n4 lat4 & #ag ,s4 lat42 ne> ! equator x is less1 & 9 ! ,pol> ,seas x is lea/1 f ! melt+ ( ! ice4 ,! saltness v>ies ) ! seasons 9 ^! regions1 & ! fre% wat]1 be+ lighte/1 is upp]mo/4 ,ra9 makes ! surface ( ! sea fre%] ?an ! int]ior p>ts1 & ! influx ( riv]s r5d]s ! ocean less salt at _! e/u>ies2 ! ,atlantic is bracki% #cjj miles f ! m\? ( ! ,amazons4 ,deep seas are m sal9e ?an ^? t are %all[1 & inl& seas communicat+ ) ! ocean are less salt1 f ! riv]s t fl[ into !m2 to ?is1 h[ev]1 ! ,m$it]ranean is an exception1 occasion$ by ! great evaporation1 & ! influx ( salt curr5ts f ! ,atlantic4 ,! wat] 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> at ! dep? ( #fgj fa?oms is f\r times z salt z t at ! surface4 ,fre% wat] freezes at ! temp]ature ( #cb ( ,fahr5heit2 ! po9t ( congelation ( salt wat] is mu* l[]4 ,z ! specific gravity ( ! wat] ( ! ,gre5l& ,sea is ab\t #ajbffd1 x does n freeze till its temp]ature is r$uc$ to #bh-a_/b ( ,fahr5heit1 s t ! sal9e pr9ciple pres]ves ! sea 9 a liquid /ate to a mu* high] latitude ?an if x _h be5 fre%1 :ile x is bett] suit$ = navigation by its great] buoyancy4 ,! heal?fulness ( ! sea is ascrib$ to ! mix+ ( ! wat] by tides & curr5ts :i* prev5ts ! accumulation ( putresc5t matt]4 ,besides its sal9e +r$i5ts1 ! sea conta9s brom9e & iod9e 9 v m9ute quantities1 &1 no d\bt1 portions ( o!r sub/ances too small to be detect$ by *emical analysis1 s9ce x has con/antly receiv$ ! dbris ( ! l& & all its organiz$ matt]4 ,rais$ by ! moon & modifi$ by ! sun1 ! area ( ! ocean is elevat$ into great tidal waves :i* keep "t ) ! attractions ( ^! lum9>ies at ea* return to ! upp] & l[] m]idian4 ,! wat] "u ! moon is drawn f ! e>? by h] attraction1 at ! same "t t %e draws ! e>? f ! wat] diametrically opposite to h]1 9 bo? cases produc+ a tide ( ne>ly equal height4 ,! height to :i* ! tides rise dep5ds ^u ! relative positions ( ! sun & moon1 ^u _! decl9ation & di/ance f ! e>?1 b mu* m ^u local circum/ances4 ,! spr+-tides happ5 at new & full moon1 consequ5tly1 twice 9 a mon?1 because 9 bo? cases ! sun & moon are 9 ! same m]idian2 = :5 ! moon is new !y are 9 conjunction1 & :5 %e is full !y are 9 opposition1 & 9 ea* ( ^! positions _! attraction is comb9$ to raise ! wat] to its greate/ height2 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! neap or l[e/ tides happ5 :5 ! moon is 9 quadrature1 or #ij di/ant f ! sun1 = !n !y c\nt]act ea* o!r's attraction to a c]ta9 degree4 ,! tides ord9>ily happ5 twice 9 #bd h\rs1 because ! rotation ( ! globe br+s ! same po9t ( ! ocean twice "u ! m]idian ( ! moon2 b peculi> local circum/ances sometimes affect ! tides1 s z to produce only "o tide 9 #bd h\rs1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 !re h be5 kn[n ?ree & ev5 f\r tides 9 ! same space ( "t4 ,z ! e>? revolves1 a succession ( tides foll[ "o ano!r1 & are diffus$ ov] ! ,pacific1 ,indian1 & ,atlantic ,oceans1 giv+ bir? to ! tides :i* wa% ! %ores ( ! va/ cont95ts & isl&s :i* rise above _! surfaces2 b 9 :at mann] ^? m>g9al tides bran* (f f ! p>5t wave1 sci5ce has n yet det]m9$3 we "k only _! c\rse along ea* %ore1 b are unable to connect ^! curves ) ! great ridge ( ! tidal wave4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ! m>g9al wave travels t[>ds ! nor?1 & imp+es ^u ! coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean x also pursues a nor!rly c\rse1 & f9ally wa%es ! %ores ( ,h9do/an1 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 & ! ,arabian ,gulf3 :ile 9 ! ,pacific1 on ! contr>y1 ! waves div]ge f ! equator t[>ds ! poles--b 9 all !y p>take also ( ! we/]ly c\rse ( ! moon4 ,al?\gh su* are ! directions 9 :i* ! tides unque/ionably proce$ along ! %ores ( ^? seas1 yet obs]vations at isl&s 9 ! op5 sea & t[>ds ! c5tres ( ! oceans contradict ! idea ( correspond+ progressive waves ?r\gh\t ! entire area ( ^? seas4 ,^u ! coa/s ( ,brita9 & ,new ,brunswick ! tides are high1 f ! local circum/ances ( ! coa/ & bottom ( ! sea2 :ile 9 ! c5tre ( ! ocean1 :]e !y are due to ! action ( ! sun & moon only1 !y are rem>kably small4 ,! spr+-tides rise m ?an #dj feet at ,bri/ol1 & 9 ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 9 ,nova ,scotia1 !y rise upw>ds ( #ej feet2 ! g5]al height 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic is #aj or #ab feet1 b 9 ! op5 & deep sea !y are less2 & at ,/4 ,hel5a !y are n m ?an #c feet1 :il/ among ! isl&s 9 ! ,pacific !y are sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! mean height ( ! tides w be increas$ by a v small quantity = ages to come1 9 consequ5ce ( ! decrease 9 ! mean di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>?2 ! contr>y effect w take place aft] t p]iod has elaps$1 & ! moon's mean di/ance beg9s to increase aga91 :i* x w cont9ue to d = _m ages4 ,?us1 ! mean di/ance ( ! moon1 & ! consequ5t m9ute increase 9 ! height ( ! tides1 w oscillate betwe5 fix$ limits = ev]4#aaj ,! tidal wave ext5ds to ! bottom ( ! ocean1 & moves uni=mly & ) great spe$ 9 v deep wat]1 v>iably & sl[ 9 %all[ wat]2 ! "t ( propagation dep5ds on ! dep? ( ! wat] z well z on ! nature & =m ( ! %ores4 ,its velocity v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! dep?--a law :i* !oretically af=ds ! means ( asc]ta9+ ! proportionate dep? ( ! sea 9 diff]5t p>ts2 x is "o ( ! great con/ants ( nature1 & is to fluids :at ! p5dulum is to solids--a connect+ l9k betwe5 "t & =ce4 ,! great oceanic wave t twice a-day br+s ! tides to our %ores1 has occupi$ a day & a half 9 travell+ f ! place :]e x 0 g5]at$4 ,! wave fir/ imp+es on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& & ,engl&1 & !n passes r\nd ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 up ! ,nor? ,sea1 & ent]s ! ,?ames1 hav+ made ! t\r ( ,great ,brita9 9 ab\t #ah h\rs4 ,at ! equator ! tide-wave foll[s ! moon at ! rate ( #ajjj miles an h\r2 x moves v sl[ly 9 ! nor!rn seas on acc\nt ( ! %all[ness ( ! wat]2 b ! tides are s ret>d$ by ! =m ( ! coa/s & irregul>ities ( ! bottom ( ! sea1 t a tide is sometimes imp$$ by an ob/acle till a second tide rea*es ! same po9t by a diff]5t c\rse1 & ! wat] rises to d\ble ! height x w\ld o!rwise h atta9$4 ,a complete ext9ction ( ! tide takes place :5 a high-wat] int]f]es 9 ! same mann] ) a l[-wat]1 z 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,g]man ,ocean--a circum/ance pr$ict$ by !ory1 & confirm$ by ,capta9 ,hewett1 :o 0 n aw>e t su* an int]f]5ce exi/$4 ,:5 two unequal tides ( contr>y phases meet1 ! great] ov]p[]s ! less]1 & ! result+ height is equal to _! diff]5ce2 su* v>ieties occur *iefly 9 *annels among isl&s & at ! e/u>ies ( riv]s4 ,:5 ! tide fl[s sudd5ly up a riv] encumb]$ ) %oals1 x *ecks ! desc5t ( ! /ream2 ! wat] spreads ov] ! s&s1 & a high cre/$ wave1 call$ a bore1 is driv5 ) =ce up ! *annel4 ,?is occurs 9 ! ,ganges2 9 ! ,amazon1 at ! equ9oxes1 :]e1 dur+ ?ree successive days1 five ( ^! de/ructive waves1 f #ab to #ae feet high1 foll[ "o ano!r up t riv] daily2 & 9 a less] degree 9 "s ( our own riv]s4 ,!re may be "s small fl[ ( /ream ) ! oceanic tide2 b t does n necess>ily foll[1 s9ce ! tide 9 ! op5 ocean is m]ely an alt]nate rise & fall ( ! surface3 s t ! wave1 n ! /ream1 foll[s ! moon4 ,a bird re/+ on ! sea is n c>ri$ =w>d z ! waves rise & fall2 inde$1 if s heavy a body z wat] 7 to move at ! rate ( #ajjj miles 9 an h\r1 x w\ld cause univ]sal de/ruction1 s9ce 9 ! mo/ viol5t hurricanes ! velocity ( ! w9d h>dly exce$s #ajj miles an h\r4 ,dur+ ! passage ( ! great tidal wave 9 deep wat]1 ! p>ticles ( ! fluid glide = ! mom5t ov] ea* o!r into a new arrangem5t1 & !n retire to _! places2 b ?is motion is extremely limit$ & mom5t>y4 ,ov] %all[s1 h[ev]1 & ne> ! l&1 bo? ! wat] & ! waves advance dur+ ! fl[ ( ! tide1 & roll on ! bea*4#aaa ,! friction ( ! w9d comb9es ) ! tides 9 agitat+ ! surface ( ! ocean1 &1 accord+ to ! !ory ( undulations1 ea* produces its effect indep5d5tly ( ! o!r2 w9d1 h[ev]1 n only raises waves1 b causes a transf] ( sup]ficial wat] also4 ,attraction betwe5 ! p>ticles ( air & wat]1 z well z ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 br+s its l[] /ratum into adhesive contact ) ! surface ( ! sea4 ,if ! motion ( ! w9d be p>allel to ! surface1 !re w /ill be friction1 b ! wat] w be smoo? z a mirror2 b if x be incl9$1 9 h[ev] small a degree1 a ripple w appe>4 ,! friction raises a m9ute wave1 ^: elevation protects ! wat] beyond x f ! w9d1 :i* consequ5tly imp+es on ! surface at a small di/ance beyond2 ?us1 ea* impulse1 comb9+ ) ! o!r1 produces an undulation :i* cont9ually advances4 ,^? beautiful silv]y /reaks on ! surface ( a tranquil sea call$ cat's-paws by sailors1 are ow+ to a p>tial deviation ( ! w9d f a horizontal direction4 ,! resi/ance ( ! wat] increases ) ! /r5g? & incl9ation ( ! w9d4 ,! agitation at fir/ ext5ds little bel[ ! surface1 b 9 long-cont9u$ gales ev5 ! deep wat] is tr\bl$3 ! bill[s rise high] & high]1 &1 z ! surface ( ! sea is driv5 be=e ! w9d1 _! 8mon/r\s heads10 impell$ beyond ! p]p5dicul>1 fall 9 wrea?s ( foam4 ,sometimes sev]al waves ov]take "o ano!r1 & =m a sublime & awful sea4 ,! highe/ waves kn[n are ^? :i* occur dur+ a nor?-we/ gale (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 aptly call$ by ! anci5t ,portuguese navigators ! ,cape ( ,/orms3 ,cape ,horn also seems to be ! abode ( ! tempe/4 ,! sublimity ( ! sc5e1 unit$ to ! ?reat5$ dang]1 naturally leads to an ov]-e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! waves1 :i* appe> to rise m\nta9-high1 z !y are prov]bially said to d3 !re is1 h[ev]1 reason to d\bt if ! highe/ waves (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope exce$ #dj feet f ! holl[ tr\gh to ! summit4 ,! waves are %ort & abrupt 9 small %all[ seas1 & on t acc\nt are m dang]\s ?an ! long roll+ bill[s ( ! wide ocean4 8,! sea-%ore aft] a /orm pres5ts a sc5e ( inf9ite gr&eur4 ,x exhibits ! exp5diture ( gigantic =ce1 :i* impresses ! m9d ) ! pres5ce ( elem5tal p[] z sublime z ! wat]-fall or ! ?und]4 ,long be=e ! waves rea* ! %ore !y may be said to feel ! bottom z ! wat] becomes %all[]1 = !y increase 9 height1 b dim9i% 9 l5g?4 ,f9ally1 ! waves become high]1 m po9t$1 assumes a =m ( un/able equilibrium1 tott]s1 becomes cre/$ ) foam1 breaks ) great viol5ce1 & cont9u+ to break1 is gradually less5$ 9 bulk till x ends 9 a fr+$ m>g940#aab ,! waves rais$ by ! w9d are altoge!r indep5d5t ( ! tidal waves2 ea* ma9ta9s its undi/urb$ c\rse2 & z ! inequalities ( ! coa/s reflect !m 9 all directions1 !y modify ^? !y enc\nt] & (f] new resi/ance to ! w9d1 s t !re may be ?ree or f\r sy/ems or s]ies ( co-exi/+ waves1 all go+ 9 diff]5t directions1 :ile ! individual waves ( ea* ma9ta9 _! p>allelism4 ,! undulation call$ a gr\nd-swell1 occasion$ by ! cont9uance ( a heavy gale1 is totally diff]5t f ! toss+ ( ! bill[s1 :i* is conf9$ to ! area vex$ by ! w9d2 :]eas ! gr\nd-swell is rapidly transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ocean to regions f> beyond ! direct influ5ce ( ! gale t rais$ x1 & x cont9ues to heave ! smoo? & glassy surface ( ! deep long aft] ! w9d & ! bill[s are at re/4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,pacific1 bill[s :i* mu/ h travell$ #ajjj miles aga9/ ! trade-w9d f ! seat ( ! /orm1 exp5d _! fury on ! lee side ( ! _m coral isl&s :i* b$eck t sunny sea4#aac ,a swell sometimes comes f a qu>t] 9 direct opposition to ! w9d1 & occasionally f v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass at ! same "t1 produc+ a va/ commotion ev5 9 a dead calm1 )\t ruffl+ ! surface4 ,!y are ! h]alds t po9t out to ! m>9] ! di/ant region :]e ! tempe/ has h[l$1 & n unfrequ5tly !y are ! h>b+]s ( its approa*4 ,at ! m>g9 ( ! pol> ice1 9 addition to o!r dang]s1 !re is g5]ally a swell :i* w\ld be v =midable to ! m>9] 9 ?ick wea!r1 did n ! l\d gr9d+ noise ( ! ice w>n him ( 8 approa*4 ,heavy swells are propagat$ ?r\gh ! ocean till !y gradually subside f ! friction ( ! wat]1 or till ! undulation is *eck$ by ! resi/ance ( l&1 :5 !y roll 9 surf to ! %ore1 or da% 9 spray & foam ov] ! rocks4 ,! roll]s at ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s are se5 at a great di/ance approa*+ l m\nta9s4 ,:5 a gale is add$ to a gr\nd-swell ! commotion is great & ! =ce ( ! surge trem5d\s1 toss+ huge masses ( rock & %ak+ ! cliffs to _! f\ndations4 ,dur+ heavy gales on ! coa/ ( ,madras ! surf breaks 9 n9e fa?oms wat] at ! di/ance ( f\r & ev5 f\r & a half miles f ! %ore4 ,! viol5ce ( ! tempe/ is sometimes s int5se z to quell ! bill[s & scatt] its surface 9 a heavy %[] call$ by sailors spoon-drift4 ,on su* occasions sal9e p>ticles h impregnat$ ! air to ! di/ance ( #ej miles inl&4 ,! =ce ( ! waves 9 gales ( w9d is trem5d\s2 f exp]im5ts made by ,mr4 ,/ev5son1 civil eng9e]1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,scotl&1 expos$ to ! :ole fury ( ! ,atlantic1 x appe>s t ! av]age pressure ( ! waves dur+ ! summ] mon?s 0 equal to #faa p\nds weight on a squ>e foot ( surface1 :ile 9 w9t] x 0 #bjhf p\nds1 or ?ree times z great4 ,dur+ ! /orm t took place on ! #i? ( ,m>*1 #ahde1 x am\nt$ to #fjhc p\nds4 ,n[1 z ! pressure ( a wave #bj feet high n 9 motion is only ab\t half a ton on a squ>e foot1 x %[s h[ mu* ( _! =ce waves owe to _! velocity4 ,! roll+ break]s on ! cliffs on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& are magnific5t3 ,"l ,adair measur$ "s t 7 #ej & ev5 #aej feet high4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 a block w9* weigh$ ab\t #aj /one 0 lift$ f its place & c>ri$ inl& dur+ a nor?-we/]ly gale2 & 9 ! ,hebrides a block ( #db tons weight 0 mov$ sev]al feet by ! =ce ( ! waves4 ,! ,bell ,rock light-h\se 9 ! ,g]man ,ocean1 ?\gh #aab feet high1 is lit]ally buri$ 9 foam & spray to ! v top dur+ gr\nd-swells :5 !re is no w9d4 ,on ! #bj? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbg1 ! spray rose #aag feet1 s t ! pressure 0 comput$ by ,mr4 ,/ev5son to be ne>ly ?ree tons on a squ>e foot4 ,! effect ( a gale desc5ds to a comp>atively small di/ance bel[ ! surface2 ! sea is probably tranquil at ! dep? ( #bjj or #cjj feet2 7 x n s1 ! wat] w\ld be turbid & %ellfi% w\ld be de/roy$4 ,any?+ t dim9i%es ! friction ( ! w9d smoo!s ! surface ( ! sea--= example1 oil or a small /ream ( pack$ ice1 :i* suppresses ev5 a swell4 ,:5 ! air is moi/1 its attraction = wat] is dim9i%$1 & consequ5tly s is ! friction2 h5ce ! sea is n s r\gh 9 ra9y z 9 dry wea!r4 ,curr5ts ( v>i\s ext5t1 magnitude1 & velocity di/urb ! tranquillity ( ! ocean2 "s ( !m dep5d ^u circum/ances p]man5t z ! globe itself1 o!rs on ev]-v>y+ causes4 ,con/ant curr5ts are produc$ by ! comb9$ action ( ! rotation ( ! e>?1 ! heat ( ! sun1 & ! trade-w9ds2 p]iodical curr5ts are occasion$ by tides1 monsoons1 & o!r long-cont9u$ w9ds2 tempor>y curr5ts arise f ! tides1 melt+ ice1 & f e gale ( "s duration4 ,a p]petual circulation is kept up 9 ! wat]s ( ! ma9 by ^! va/ m>9e /reams2 !y are sometimes sup]ficial & sometimes subm>9e1 accord+ z _! d5sity is great] or less ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ sea4 ,! ex*ange ( wat] betwe5 ! poles & ! equator affects ! great curr5ts ( ! ocean4 ,al?\gh ^! dep5d ^u ! same causes z ! trade-w9ds1 !y diff] ess5tially 9 ?is respect--t :]eas ! atmosph]e is heat$ f bel[ by its contact ) ! e>?1 & transmits ! heat to ! /rata above1 ! sea is heat$ at its surface by ! direct rays ( ! sun1 :i* dim9i% ! specific gravity ( ! upp] /rata1 especially betwe5 ! tropics1 & also occasion /rong & rapid evaporation1 bo? ( :i* causes di/urb ! equilibrium ( ! ocean4 ,! rotation ( ! e>? also gives ! wat] a t5d5cy to take an oblique direction 9 its fl[ t[>ds ! equatorial regions1 z1 9 ord] to re/ore ! equilibrium1 d]ang$ by s _m circum/ances1 great /reams p]petually desc5d f ei!r pole4 ,:5 ^! curr5ts leave ! poles !y fl[ t[>ds ! equator2 b1 be=e proce$+ f>1 _! motion is deflect$ by ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?4 ,at ! poles !y h no rotatory motion2 & al?\gh !y ga9 x m & m 9 _! progress to ! equator1 :i* revolves at ! rate ( #ajjj miles an h\r1 !y arrive at ! tropics be=e !y h acquir$ ! same velocity ( rotation ) ! int]tropical ocean4 ,on t acc\nt !y are left beh9d1 & consequ5tly seem to fl[ 9 a direction contr>y to ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?4 ,= t reason ! :ole surface ( ! ocean1 = #cj degrees on ea* side ( ! equator1 has an app>5t t5d5cy f ea/ to we/1 :i* produces all ! effects ( a great curr5t or /ream fl[+ 9 t direction4 ,! trade-w9ds1 :i* bl[ con/antly 9 "o direction1 comb9e to give ?is curr5t a mean velocity ( #aj or #aa miles 9 #bd h\rs4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ! prim>y curr5ts1 z well z ^? d]iv$ f !m1 are subject to p]iodical v>iations ( int5sity occasion$ by ! melt+ ( ! ice at ea* pole alt]nately4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! un9t]rupt$ expanse ( ocean 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! preval5ce ( we/]ly w9ds1 & ! t5d5cy ( ! pol> wat] t[>ds ! equator1 a great oceanic curr5t is orig9at$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,sea4 ,driv5 by ! prevail+ w9ds1 ! wat]s take an ea/]ly direction incl9+ to ! nor?w>d1 & "o "p sets ^u ! ,am]ican coa/1 :]e x is divid$4 ,a small "p d\bles ,cape ,horn1 :ile ! ma9 cold /ream fl[s d[n ! ,am]ican %ore2 !n turn+ sudd5ly to ! we/1 x loses itself 9 ! great equatorial curr5t ( ! ,pacific1 :i* crosses t ocean betwe5 ! p>allels ( #bf ,s4 & #bd ,n4 9 a va/ /ream ne>ly #cejj miles broad4 ,9 ! nor? ?is /ream is int]rupt$ by ! coa/ ( ,*9a1 ! ,ea/]n ,p59sula1 & ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 b a "p =ces its way betwe5 ! isl&s1 & jo9s ! great equatorial curr5t ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 :i*1 impell$ by ! ,s4,e4 trade-w9d1 ma9ta9s a we/]ly c\rse betwe5 ! #aj? & #bj? p>allels ( s\? latitude2 z x approa*es ! ,isl& ( ,madagasc> ! /ream is divid$2 "o "p runs to ! nor?-we/1 b5ds r\nd ! nor!rn end ( ,madagasc>1 fl[s ?r\gh ! ,mosambique ,*annel1 &1 be+ jo9$ by ! o!r bran*1 x d\bles ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope outside ( ! ,agullhas ,bank1 &1 "u ! "n ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,curr5t1 x runs along ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa to ! p>allel ( ,/4 ,hel5a4 ,!re x is deflect$ by ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 & =ms ! ,great ,atlantic ,equatorial ,curr5t1 :i* fl[s we/w>d & divides ^u ,cape ,/4 ,roque 9 ,brazil4 ,"o bran* ( ! /ream sett+ s\?w>d along ! cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 becomes ins5sible be=e x rea*es ! ,/raits ( ,magellan2 b an (fset f x /ret*es directly across ! ,atlantic to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 hav+ made ! circuit ( ! ,s\? ,atlantic ,ocean1 & keep+ #aej miles outside ( ! ,cape or ,agullhas curr5t1 :i* runs 9 ! opposite direction1 x pursues its c\rse into ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e traces ( x are met ) #bjjj miles f ! ,cape4 ,! pr9cipal bran* ( ! great equatorial curr5t takes a nor!rly c\rse f (f ,cape ,/4 ,roque1 & ru%es along ! coa/ ( ,brazil ) su* =ce & dep? t x suff]s only a tempor>y deflection by ! p[]ful /reams ( ! riv] ,amazon & ( ! ,or9oco4 ,?\gh mu* weak5$ 9 pass+ among ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 x acquires new /r5g? 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,f !nce1 aft] sweep+ r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,mexico ) ! high temp]ature ( #hh #eb ( ,fahr5heit1 x fl[s ?r\gh ! ,/raits ( ,florida1 & along ! ,nor? ,am]ican coa/ to ,newf\ndl& "u ! "n ( ! ,gulf-/ream3 x is !re deflect$ ea/w>d by ! =m ( ! l& & ! preval5t w9d1 & aft] pass+ ,newf\ndl& by a curr5t f ,baff9's ,bay4 ,f ! ,azores x b5ds s\?w>d1 & aid$ by ! nor?-ea/ trade rejo9s ! equatorial curr5t1 hav+ made a circuit ( #chjj miles ) v>i\s velocity1 leav+ a va/ loop or space ( wat] ne>ly /agnant 9 its c5tre1 :i* is ?ickly cov]$ ) sea-we$4 ,! bodies ( m51 animals1 & plants ( unkn[n appe>ance1 br\ght to ! ,azores by ?is /ream1 sugge/$ to ,columbus ! idea ( l& beyond ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 & ?us l$ to ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,! ,gulf-/ream is m salt1 w>m]1 & ( a deep] blue ?an ! re/ ( ! ocean1 till x rea*es ,newf\ndl&1 :]e x becomes turbid f ! %all[ness ( t "p ( ! sea4 ,its greate/ velocity is #gh miles a-day soon aft] leav+ ! ,florida ,/rait2 & its bread? increases ) its di/ance f ! /rait until ! w>m wat] spreads ov] a l>ge surface ( ! ocean4 ,an important bran* leaves ! curr5t ne> ,newf\ndl&1 sett+ t[>ds ,brita9 & ,norway2 :i* is aga9 subdivid$ into _m bran*es1 ^: orig9 is recogniz$ by _! great] w>m?1 ev5 at ! edge ( p]petual ice 9 ! ,pol> ,ocean2 & 9 consequ5ce ( "s ( ^! bran*es ! ,spitzb]g5 ,sea is #f or #g w>m] at ! dep? ( #bjj fa?oms ?an at its surface4 ,?\gh ! w>m? ( ! ,gulf-/ream dim9i%es z x goes nor?1 ,lieut5ant ,murray says 8t ! quantity ( heat :i* x spreads ov] ! ,atlantic 9 a w9t]'s day w\ld be suffici5t to raise ! :ole atmosph]e t cov]s ,france & ,great ,brita9 f ! freez+ po9t to summ] heat20 & x really is ! cause ( ! mildness & ( ! damp ( ,irel& & ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,^! oceanic /reams exce$ all ! riv]s 9 ! _w 9 bread? & dep? z well z l5g?4 ,! equatorial curr5t 9 ! ,atlantic is #afj miles broad (f ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & t[>ds its mid-c\rse across ! ,atlantic its wid? becomes ne>ly equal to ! l5g? ( ,great ,brita93 b z x !n s5ds (f a bran* to ! ,n4,w41 x is dim9i%$ to #bjj miles be=e rea*+ ! coa/ ( ,brazil4 ,! dep? ( ?is great /ream is unkn[n2 b ! ,brazilian bran* mu/ be v pr(\nd1 s9ce x is n deflect$ by ! riv] ,la ,plata1 :i* crosses x ) s /rong a curr5t t its fre% muddy wat]s are p]ceptible #ejj miles f its m\?4 ,:5 curr5ts pass ov] banks & %oals1 ! cold] wat] rises to ! surface & gives w>n+ ( ! dang]4 ,9 summ]1 ! great nor? pol> curr5t com+ along ! coa/s ( ,gre5l& & ,labrador1 toge!r ) ! curr5t f ,davis's ,/raits1 br+s iceb]gs to ! m>g9 ( ! ,gulf-,/ream4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]atures ( ^! two oceanic /reams br\ght into contact is ! cause ( ! d5se fogs t brood ov] ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! nor? pol> curr5t runs inside ( ! ,gulf-,/ream1 along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica to ,florida1 & beyond x--s9ce x s5ds an "u-curr5t into ! ,c>ibbean ,sea4 ,c\nt]-curr5ts on ! surface are ( su* frequ5t occurr5ce t !re is sc>cely a /rait jo9+ two seas t does n furni% an example--a curr5t runn+ 9 along "o %ore1 & a c\nt]-curr5t runn+ out along ! o!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable occurs 9 ! ,atlantic3 x beg9s (f ! coa/ ( ,france1 &1 aft] s5d+ a mass ( wat] into ! ,m$it]ranean1 x holds a s\!rly direction at "s di/ance f ! cont95t ( ,africa2 till1 aft] pass+ ,cape ,mesurada1 x fl[s rapidly = #ajjj miles due ea/ to ! ,bight ( ,biafra 9 imm$iate contact ) ! equatorial curr5t1 runn+ ) great velocity 9 ! opposite direction1 & seems to m]ge 9 x at la/4 ,p]iodical curr5ts are frequ5t 9 ! ea/]n seas3 "o fl[s into ! ,r$ ,sea f ,octob] to ,may1 & out ( x f ,may to ,octob]4 ,9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf ?is ord] is rev]s$2 9 ! ,indian ,ocean & ,*9a ,sea ! wat]s are driv5 alt]nately backw>ds & =w>ds by ! monsoons4 ,x is ! s\?we/]ly monsoon t causes inundations 9 ! ,ganges1 & a trem5d\s surf on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el4 ,! tides also produce p]iodical curr5ts on ! coa/s & 9 /raits1 ! wat] runn+ 9 "o direction dur+ ! flood1 & ! contr>y way 9 ! ebb4 ,! ,roo/ ( ,sumburgh1 at ! s\!rn promontory ( ,%etl&1 runs at ! rate ( #ae miles an h\r2 inde$1 ! /ronge/ tidal curr5ts kn[n are among ! ,orkney & ,%etl& isl&s2 _! great velocity arises f local circum/ances4 ,curr5ts 9 ! wide ocean move at ! rate ( f "o to ?ree miles an h\r1 b ! velocity is less at ! m>g9 & bottom ( ! /ream f friction4 ,:irlpools are produc$ by oppos+ w9ds & tides2 ! :irlpool ( ,mael/rom1 on ! coa/ ( ,norway1 is occasion$ by ! meet+ ( tidal curr5ts r\nd ! isl&s ( ,l(od5 & ,moske2 x is a mile & a half 9 diamet]1 & s viol5t t its ro> is he>d at ! di/ance ( sev]al leagues4 ,al?\gh ) w9ds1 tides1 & curr5ts1 x might seem t ! ocean is ev] 9 motion1 yet 9 ! equatorial regions1 f> f l&1 dead calms prevail2 ! sea is ( ! mo/ p]fect /illness day aft] day2 p>tak+ ( ! univ]sal quiet1 & heav+ its l[ flat waves 9 noiseless & regul> p]iods z if nature 7 asleep4 ,! safety & l5g? ( a voyage dep5ds ^u ! skill ) :i* a seaman avails himself ( ! set ( ! diff]5t curr5ts1 & ! direction ( ! p]man5t & p]iodical w9ds2 x is frequ5tly %ort5$ by foll[+ a v circuit\s track to take advantage ( !m if fav\rable1 or to avoid !m if unfav\rable4 ,f ,acapulco1 9 ,mexico1 across ! ,pacific to ,manilla or ,canton1 ! trade-w9d & ! equatorial curr5t are s fav\rable t ! voyage is accompli%$ 9 #ej or #fj days2 :]eas1 9 return+1 #ij or #ajj are requir$4 ,)9 ! ,antillas navigation is s difficult f w9ds & curr5ts1 t a vessel1 go+ f ,jamaica to ! less] ,antillas1 _c sail directly across ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 b mu/ g r\nd ab\t ?r\gh ! w9dw>d passage betwe5 ,cuba & ,haiti to ! ocean2 ne>ly z _m weeks are requisite to accompli% ?is voyage z x takes days to return4 ,on acc\nt ( ! preval5ce ( we/]ly w9ds 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 ! voyage f ,europe to ! ,unit$ ,/ates is long] ?an t f ! latt] to ,europe2 b ! ,gulf-/ream is avoid$ 9 ! outw>d voyage i4 e4 f ,europe1 because x w\ld l5g!n ! "t by a =tnight4 ,%ips go+ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,c5tral or ,s\? ,am]ica1 f ,europe1 g5]ally make ! ,can>y ,isl&s 9 ord] to fall 9 ) ! ,n4,e4 trade-w9ds4 ,! passage to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope f ! ,briti% ,*annel may be und]tak5 at any season1 & is accompli%$ 9 #ej or #fj days2 b x is necess>y to regulate ! voyage f ! ,cape to ,india & ,*9a accord+ to ! seasons ( ! monsoons4 ,!re are v>i\s c\rses adopt$ = t purpose1 b all ( !m pass ?r\gh ! v focus ( ! hurricane di/rict1 :i* includes ! isl&s ( ,rodriguez1 ! ,mauritius1 & ,b\rbon1 & ext5ds f ,madagasc> to ! isl& ( ,timor4 ,! ext5sive deposits ( coal discov]$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,talcahuano1 9 ,*ile1 9 ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! ,briti% settlem5t at ,labuan1 & 9 ,borneo1 w be ! means ( increas+ ! /eam navigation ( ! ,pacific1 & %ort5+ ! voyages ^u t ocean4 ,sea-wat] is a bad conductor ( heat1 !re=e ! temp]ature ( ! ocean is less liable to sudd5 *anges ?an ! atmosph]e2 ! influ5ce ( ! seasons is imp]ceptible at ! dep? ( #cjj feet2 & z light probably does n p5etrate l[] ?an #gjj feet1 ! heat ( ! sun _c affect ! bottom ( a deep sea4 ,x has be5 e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt t 9 all p>ts ( ! ocean ! wat] has a con/ant temp]ature ( ab\t #cie ( ,fahr5heit1 at a c]ta9 dep?1 dep5d+ on ! latitude4 ,at ! equator ! /ratum ( wat] at t temp]ature is at ! dep? ( #gbjj feet2 f !nce x gradually rises till x comes to ! surface 9 ,s4 lat4 #ef #bf1 :]e ! wat] has ! temp]ature ( #cie at all dep?s2 x !n gradually desc5ds till ,s4 lat4 #gj1 :]e x is #dejj feet bel[ ! surface4 ,9 go+ nor? f ! equator ! same law is obs]v$4 ,h5ce1 ) reg>d to temp]ature1 !re are ?ree regions 9 ! ocean3 "o equatorial & two pol>4 ,9 ! equatorial region ! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! surface ( ! ocean is #hj ( ,fahr5heit1 !re=e high] ?an t ( ! /ratum ( #cie2 :ile 9 ! pol> regions x is l[]4 ,?us1 ! surface ( ! /ratum ( con/ant temp]ature is a curve :i* beg9s at ! dep? ( #dejj feet 9 ! s\!rn bas91 f :5ce x gradually rises to ! surface 9 ,s4 lat4 #ef #bf2 x !n sweeps d[n to #gbjj feet at ! equator1 & rises up aga9 to ! surface 9 ! correspond+ nor!rn latitude1 f :5ce x desc5ds aga9 to a dep? ( #dejj feet 9 ! nor!rn bas94 ,! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! ocean decreases f ! equator to ! poles4 ,= #aj degrees on ea* side ( ! l9e ! maximum is #hj ( ,fahr5heit1 & rem>kably /able2 f !nce to ea* tropic ! decrease does n exce$ #cg4 ,! tropical temp]ature w\ld be great] 7 x n = ! curr5ts1 because ! surface reflects mu* few] ( ! sun's rays :i* fall on x directly1 ?an 9 high] latitudes :]e !y fall obliquely4 ,9 ! torrid zone ! surface ( ! sea is ab\t #ce ( ,fahr5heit w>m] ?an ! air above x2 because ! pol> w9ds1 & ! great evaporation :i* absorbs ! heat1 prev5t equilibrium2 & z a great mass ( wat] is sl[ 9 foll[+ ! *anges 9 ! atmosph]e1 ! vicissitude ( day & night has little influ5ce1 :]eas 9 ! temp]ate zones x is p]ceptible4 ,! l9e ( maximum temp]ature1 or t :i* passes ?r\gh all ! po9ts ( greate/ heat 9 ! ocean1 is v irregul>1 & does n co9cide ) ! t]re/rial equator2 six-t5?s ( its ext5t lies on an av]age #e to ! nor? ( x1 & ! rema9d] runs at a mean di/ance ( #c on its s\!rn side4 ,x cuts ! t]re/rial equator 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific ,ocean 9 #ba ,e4 longitude 9 pass+ f ! nor!rn to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & aga9 betwe5 ,sumatra & ! p59sula ( ,malacca 9 return+ f ! s\!rn to ! nor!rn4 ,its maximum temp]ature 9 ! ,pacific is #hhe ( ,fahr5heit on ! nor!rn %ores ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :]e x t\*es ! t]re/rial equator1 & its highe/ temp]ature 9 ! ,atlantic1 :i* is exactly ! same1 lies 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :i* furni%es ! w>m wat] ( ! ,gulf-/ream4 ,! sup]ficial wat] ( ! ,pacific is mu* cool$ on ! ea/ by ! ,ant>ctic curr5t2 x s5ds a cold /ream along ! coa/s ( ,*ile & ,p]u1 :i* has great influ5ce on ! climate ( bo? c\ntries2 x 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ,b>on ,humboldt1 & is kn[n z ,humboldt's curr5t4 ,x is m ?an #ad cold] ?an ! adjac5t ocean1 & r5d]s ! air #aa cool] ?an ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean ! highe/ temp]ature ( ! surface-wat] 7#hgd7 is 9 ! ,arabian ,sea1 betwe5 ! ,/rait ( ,bab-el-,m&eb & ! coa/ ( ,h9do/an2 x decreases regul>ly f s\? to nor? 9 ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,! sup]ficial temp]ature dim9i%es f ! tropics ) ! increase ( ! latitude m rapidly 9 ! s\!rn ?an 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 till t[>ds ! poles ! sea is nev] free f ice4 ,9 ! ,arctic ,ocean ! surface is at ! freez+ po9t ev5 9 summ]2 & dur+ ! eight w9t] mon?s a cont9u\s body ( ice ext5ds 9 e direction f ! pole1 fill+ ! area ( a circle ( betwe5 #cjjj & #djjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,! outl9e ( ?is circle1 ?\gh subject to p>tial v>iations1 is f\nd to be ne>ly simil> at ! same season ( ea* succe$+ ye>1 yet !re are p]iodical *anges 9 ! pol> ice :i* are r5ew$ aft] a s]ies ( ye>s4 ,! freez+ process itself is a b> to ! unlimit$ increase ( ! oceanic ice4 ,fre% wat] congeals at ! temp]ature ( #cb ( ,fahr5heit1 b sea-wat] mu/ be r$uc$ to #bhe be=e x deposits its salt & beg9s to freeze3 ! salt ?us set free1 & ! heat giv5 out1 ret>d ! process ( congelation m & m bel[4 ,! ice f ! nor? pole comes s f> s\? 9 w9t] z to r5d] ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl& inaccessible3 x envelops ,gre5l&1 sometimes ev5 ,icel&1 & always inve/s ,spitzb]g5 & ,nova ,zembla4 ,z ! sun comes nor? ! ice breaks up into enorm\s masses ( :at is call$ pack$ ice4 ,9 ! ye> #ahjf ,capta9 ,scoresby =c$ 8 %ip ?r\gh #bej miles ( pack$ ice1 9 imm95t dang]1 until he rea*$ ! p>allel ( #ha #ej1 8 ne>e/ approa* to ! pole3 ! ,froz5 ,ocean is r>ely navigable s f>4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbg ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry arriv$ at ! latitude ( #hb #de1 :i* he accompli%$ by dragg+ a boat ov] fields ( ice1 b he 0 oblig$ to ab&on ! bold & haz>d\s attempt to rea* ! pole1 because ! curr5t drift$ ! ice s\?w>d m rapidly ?an he c\ld travel ov] x to ! nor?4 ,! foll[+ consid]ations h induc$ "s p]sons to believe t !re is sea in/ead ( l& at ! nor? pole4 ,! av]age latitude ( ! nor!rn %ores ( ! cont95t is #gj1 s t ! ,arctic ,ocean is a circle ^: diamet] is #bdjj geographical miles1 & its circumf]5ce #gbjj4 ,on ! ,asiatic side ( ?is sea are ,nova ,zembla & ! ,new ,sib]ian isl&s1 ea* ext5d+ to ab\t #gf ,n4 latitude4 ,on ! ,european & ,am]ican sides are ,spitzb]g51 ext5d+ to #hj1 & a "p ( ,old ,gre5l&1 ^: nor!rn t]m9ation is unkn[n4 ,fac+ ,am]ica is a l>ge isl&--,melville ,isl&--) "s o!rs n ext5d+ s f> nor? z ^? m5tion$2 consequ5tly all ( !m may be consid]$ cont95tal isl&s4 ,z !re are no l>ge isl&s v f> f l& 9 ! o!r great oceans1 !re is reason to presume t ! same /ructure may prevail "h also1 &1 consequ5tly1 x may be op5 sea at ! nor? pole4 ,possibly also x may be free f ice1 = ,admiral ,wrangel f\nd a wide & op5 sea1 free f ice & navigable1 beg9n+ #af miles nor? ( ! isl& ( ,kotelnoi1 & ext5d+ to ! m]idian ( ,cape ,jackan4 ,9 f9e summ]s ! ice sudd5ly cle>s away & leaves an op5 *annel ( sea along ! we/]n coa/ ( ,spitzb]g5 f #fj to #aej miles wide1 rea*+ to #hj or ev5 to #hj-a_/b ,n4 latitude probably ow+ to w>m curr5ts f l[ latitudes4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ?is *annel t ,capta9 ,scoresby made 8 ne>e/ approa* to ! pole4 ,a direct c\rse f ! ,?ames1 across ! pole to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 is #cegj geographical miles1 :ile by ,lanca/] ,s\nd x is #dffj miles4 ,! ,russians w\ld be sav$ a voyage ( #ah1hjj geographical miles c\ld !y g across ! pole & ?r\gh ,behr+'s ,/raits to _! ,nor? ,am]ican settlem5ts1 in/ead ( go+ by ,cape ,horn4 ,float+ fields ( ice1 #bj or #cj miles 9 diamet]1 are frequ5t 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean3 sometimes !y ext5d #ajj miles1 s closely pack$ toge!r t no op5+ is left betwe5 !m2 _! ?ickness1 :i* v>ies f #aj to #dj feet1 is n se51 z !re is at lea/ two-?irds ( ! mass bel[ wat]4 ,sometimes ^! fields1 _m ?\s& millions ( tons 9 weight1 acquire a rotatory motion ( great velocity1 da%+ aga9/ "o ano!r ) a trem5d\s collision4 ,pack$ ice always has a t5d5cy to drift s\?w>ds1 ev5 9 ! calme/ wea!r2 & 9 _! progress ! ice-fields are r5t 9 pieces by ! swell ( ! sea4 ,x is comput$ t #bj1jjj squ>e miles ( drift ice are annually br\ght by ! curr5t along ! coa/ ( ,gre5l& to ,cape ,f>ewell4 ,9 /ormy wea!r ! fields & /reams ( ice are cov]$ ) haze & spray f con/ant trem5d\s concussions2 yet our seam51 undismay$ by ! appall+ dang]1 boldly /e] _! %ips amid/ ?is hide\s & discordant tumult4 ,huge iceb]gs & masses deta*$ f ! glaci]s1 :i* ext5d f ! ,arctic l&s into ! sea1 especially 9 ,baff9's ,bay1 are drift$ s\?w>ds #bjjj miles f _! orig9 to melt 9 ! ,atlantic1 :]e !y cool ! wat] s5sibly = #cj or #dj miles ar\nd1 & ! air to a mu* great] di/ance4 ,!y v>y f a few y>ds to miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & rise hundr$s ( feet above ! surface4 ,sev5 hundr$ su* masses h be5 se5 at once 9 ! pol> bas94 ,:5 !re is a swell ! loose ice da%+ aga9/ !m raises ! spray to _! v summits2 & z !y wa/e away !y occasionally lose equilibrium & roll ov]1 caus+ a swell :i* breaks up ! neighb\r+ field-ice2 ! commotion spreads f> & wide1 & ! upro> res\nds l ?und]4 ,iceb]gs h ! appe>ance ( *alk-cliffs ) a glitt]+ surface & em]ald-gre5 fractures3 pools ( wat] ( azure-blue lie on _! surface or fall 9 cascades into ! sea4 ,! field-ice also1 & ! masses t are heap$ up on its surface1 are extremely beautiful f ! vividness & contra/ ( _! col\r+4 ,a peculi> blackness 9 ! atmosph]e ar\nd a bright haze at ! horizon indicates _! position 9 a fog1 & _! place & "* are %[n at night by ! reflection ( ! sn[-light on ! horizon4 ,an exp]i5c$ seaman c readily di/+ui% by ! bl9k1 z x is t]m$1 :e!r ! ice is newly-=m$1 heavy1 compact1 or op54 ,! bl9k or sn[-light ( field-ice is ! mo/ lucid1 & is t+$ yell[2 ( pack$ ice x is pure :ite3 ice newly =m$ has a greyi% bl9k1 & a deep yell[ t9t indicates sn[ on l&4 ,iceb]gs come to a l[] latitude by #aj f ! s\? pole ?an f ! nor?1 & appe> to be l>g]2 !y h be5 se5 ne> ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & are (t5 ( great size2 "o obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,d',urville 0 #ac miles long1 ) p]p5dicul> sides #ajj feet high2 !y are less v>i$ ?an ^? on ! nor!rn seas1 a tabul> =m is ! mo/ preval5t4 ,! discov]y %ips "u ! comm& ( ,sir ,james ,ross met ) multitudes ) flat surfaces1 b\nd$ by p]p5dicul> cliffs on e side1 f #ajj to #ahj feet high1 sometimes sev]al miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on "o occasion !y fell 9 ) a *a9 ( /up5d\s b]gs close to "o ano!r1 ext5d+ f>!r ?an ! eye c\ld rea* ev5 f ! ma/-head4 ,pack$ ice too is (t5 9 imm5se quantities3 ^! %ips =c$ _! way ?r\gh a pack #ajjj miles broad1 (t5 "u ! mo/ appall+ circum/ances4 ,x g5]ally consi/s ( small] pieces ?an ! packs 9 ! comp>atively tranquil ,nor? ,pol> seas1 :]e !y are (t5 sev]al miles 9 diamet]1 & :]e fields ( ice ext5d beyond ! rea* ( vision4 ,! ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 on ! contr>y1 is almo/ always agitat$2 !re is a p]petual swell1 & t]rific /orms are common1 :i* break up ! ice & r5d] navigation p]il\s4 ,! floe pieces are r>ely a qu>t] ( a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 & g5]ally mu* small]4 ,a m dreadful situation c h>dly be imag9$ ?an t ( %ips beset dur+ a tempe/ 9 a d5se pack ( ice 9 a d>k night1 ?ick fog1 & drift+ sn[1 ) ! spray beat+ p]petually ov] ! decks1 & freez+ in/antane\sly4 ,sir ,james ,ross's own words c alone give an idea ( ! t]rors ( "o ( ! _m gales :i* ! two %ips "u 8 comm& enc\nt]$3--8,soon aft] midnight our %ips 7 involv$ 9 an ocean ( roll+ fragm5ts ( ice1 h>d z float+ rocks ( granite1 :i* 7 da%$ aga9/ !m by ! waves ) s mu* viol5ce1 t _! ma/s quiv]$ z if !y w\ld fall at e successive bl[2 & ! de/ruction ( ! %ips seem$ inevitable f ! trem5d\s %ocks !y receiv$4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! /orm ! rudd] ( ! ,erebus 0 s mu* damag$ z to be no long] ( any use2 & ab\t ! same "t ,i 0 in=m$ by signal t ! ,t]ror's 0 completely de/roy$ & ne>ly torn away f ! /]n-po/4 ,h\r pass$ away aft] h\r )\t ! lea/ mitigation ( ! awful circum/ances 9 :i* we 7 plac$4 ,! l\d cra%+ noise ( ! /ra9+ & work+ ( ! timb]s & decks1 z !y 7 driv5 aga9/ "s ( ! heavi] pieces ( ice1 :i* all ! ex]tions ( our p c\ld n prev5t1 0 suffici5t to fill ! /\te/ he>t1 t 0 n support$ by tru/ 9 ,him :o controls all ev5ts1 ) dismay2 & ,i %\ld commit an act ( inju/ice to my companions if ,i did n express my admiration ( _! conduct on ?is try+ occasion4 ,?r\gh\t a p]iod ( #bh h\rs1 dur+ any "o ( :i* !re appe>$ to be v little hope t we %\ld live to see ano!r1 ! coolness1 /eady ob$i5ce1 & untir+ ex]tions ( ea* individual1 7 e way wor?y ( ,briti% seam54 8,! /orm ga9$ its height at #b ,p4,m41 :5 ! b>omet] /ood at #bhdj in*es1 & aft] t "t began to rise4 ,al?\gh we _h be5 =c$ _m miles deep] into ! pack1 we c\ld n p]ceive t ! swell _h at all subsid$1 our %ips /ill roll+ & groan+ amid/ ! heavy fragm5ts ( cru%+ b]gs1 ov] :i* ! ocean roll$ its m\nta9\s waves1 ?r[+ huge masses ^u "o ano!r1 & !n aga9 bury+ !m deep b5ea? its foam+ wat]s1 da%+ & gr9d+ !m toge!r ) fe>ful viol5ce40 ,= ?ree successive ye>s 7 ^! dang]s enc\nt]$ dur+ ?is bold & haz>d\s ent]prise4 ,! ocean is "o mass ( wat]1 :i*1 ent]+ into ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts1 has =m$ seas & gulfs ( great magnitude1 :i* af=d easy & rapid means ( communication1 :ile !y temp] ! climates ( ! widely exp&+ cont95ts4 ,! inl& seas communicat+ ) ! ,atlantic are l>g]1 & p5etrate m deeply into ! cont95ts1 ?an ^? connect$ ) ! great ocean2 a circum/ance :i* gives a coa/ ( #dh1jjj miles to ! =m]1 :ile t ( ! great ocean is only #dd1jjj4 ,mo/ ( ^! int]nal seas h ext5sive riv] doma9s1 s t by inl& navigation ! ,atlantic virtually ent]s into ! deepe/ recesses ( ! l&1 br+s remote regions into contact1 & improves ! condition ( ! less cultivat$ races ( mank9d by comm]cial int]c\rse ) ^? t are m civiliz$4 ,! ,baltic1 :i* occupies #abe1jjj squ>e miles 9 ! c5tre ( nor!rn ,europe1 is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ! inl& seas connect$ ) ! ,atlantic1 &1 al?\gh inf]ior to ! o!rs 9 size1 ! dra9age ( m ?an a fif? ( ,europe fl[s into x4 ,only ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! b\nd>y ( its enorm\s bas9 ( #ijj1jjj squ>e miles is m\nta9\s2 & s _m navigable riv]s fl[ into x f ! wat]%$ ( ! great ,european pla91 t its wat]s are "o-fif? less salt ?an ^? ( ! ,atlantic3 x receives at lea/ #bej /reams4 ,its dep? n[h]e exce$s #afg fa?oms1#aad & g5]ally x is n m ?an #dj or #ej4 ,f t cause1 toge!r ) its fre%ness & nor!rn latitude1 ! ,baltic is froz5 five mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,f ! flatness ( ! great] "p ( ! adjac5t c\ntry1 ! climate ( ! ,baltic is subject to influ5ces com+ f regions f> beyond ! limits ( its riv]-bas94 ,! w9ds f ! ,atlantic br+ w>m? & moi/ure1 :i*1 cond5s$ by ! cold bla/s f ! ,arctic pla9s1 falls 9 ra9 9 summ]1 & deep sn[ 9 w9t]1 :i* also makes ! sea m fre%4 ,! tides are imp]ceptible2 b ! wat]s ( ! ,baltic occasionally rise m ?an ?ree feet above _! usual level f "s unkn[n cause--possibly f oscillations 9 its b$1 or f *anges ( atmosph]ic pressure4 ,! ,black ,sea1 :i* p5etrates mo/ deeply into ! cont95t ( all ! seas 9 "q1 has1 toge!r ) ! ,sea ( ,azov1 an area ( #aij1jjj squ>e miles3 x mu/ at a remote p]iod h be5 unit$ ) ! ,caspian ,lake1 & mu/ h cov]$ all ! ,/eppe ( ,a/racan4 ,x receives "s ( ! l>ge/ ,european riv]s1 & dra9s ab\t #iej1jjj squ>e miles1 consequ5tly its wat]s are bracki% & freeze on its nor!rn %ores 9 w9t]4 ,x is v deep1 no bottom hav+ be5 rea*$ ) a l9e ( #adj fa?oms3 on ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 su* a body ( wat] is p\r$ into x by ! great ,european riv]s t a rapid curr5t is produc$1 :i* sets along ! we/]n %ore f ! m\? ( ! ,dniep] to ! *annel ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,( all ! bran*es ( ! ,atlantic t ent] deeply into ! bosom ( ! l&1 ! ,m$it]ranean is ! l>ge/ & mo/ beautiful1 cov]+ ) its d>k blue wat]s m ?an #gfj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,situate 9 a comp>atively l[ latitude1 expos$ to ! heat ( ! ,african des]ts on ! s\?1 & %elt]$ on ! nor? by ! ,alps1 ! evaporation is excessive2 on t acc\nt ! wat] ( ! ,m$it]ranean is salt] ?an t ( ! ocean1 & = ! same reason ! temp]ature at its surface is #c-a_/b ( ,fahr5heit high] ?an t ( ! ,atlantic3 x does n decrease s rapidly d[nw>ds z 9 tropical seas1 & x becomes con/ant at dep?s ( f #cdj to #ajjj fa?oms1 accord+ to ! situations4 ,al?\gh its own riv] doma9 is only #bej1jjj squ>e miles1 ! con/ant curr5t t sets 9 ?r\gh ! ,d>danelles br+s a great "p ( ! dra9age ( ! ,black ,sea1 s t x is really f$ by ! melt$ sn[ & riv]s f ! ,caucasus1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,abyss9ia1 ! ,atlas1 & ! ,alps4 ,yet ! quantity ( wat] t fl[s into ! ,m$it]ranean f ! ,atlantic1 by ! c5tral curr5t 9 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>1 exce$s t :i* goes out by ! lat]al curr5ts4 ,ne> ,alex&ria ! surface ( ?is sea is #bf feet #f in*es l[] ?an ! level ( ! ,r$ ,sea at ,suez at l[ wat]1 & ab\t #cj feet l[] at high wat]4#aae ,on ! %ore ( ,cephalonia !re is a cavity 9 ! rocks1 into :i* ! sea has be5 fl[+ = ages4#aaf ,! ,m$it]ranean is divid$ into two bas9s by a %all[ t runs f ,cape ,bon on ! ,african coa/ to ! ,/rait ( ,mess9a1 on ea* side ( :i* ! wat] is exce$+ly deep1 & said to be unfa?omable 9 "s p>ts4 ,m4 ,br>d has s\nd$ to ! dep? ( m ?an #ajjj fa?oms 9 sev]al places )\t rea*+ ! bottom4 ,at ,nice1 )9 a few y>ds ( ! %ore1 x is ne>ly #gjj fa?oms deep2 & ,capta9 ,smy?1 ,r4 ,n41 asc]ta9$ ! dep? to be #ifj fa?oms betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta4 ,?is sea is n absolutely )\t tides2 9 ! ,gulf ( ,v5ice !y rise ?ree feet1 & at ! ,great ,syrte to five feet at new & full moon1 b 9 mo/ o!r places !y are sc>cely p]ceptible4 ,! surface is trav]s$ by v>i\s curr5ts1 two ( :i*1 oppos+ "o ano!r1 occasion ! celebrat$ :irlpool ( ,*>ybdis1 ^: t]rors 7 mu* dim9i%$ by ! e>?quake ( #aghc4 ,its b$ is subject to viol5t volcanic p>oxysms1 & its surface is /udd$ ) isl&s ( all sizes1 f ! magnific5t k+dom ( ,sicily to m]e b>r5 rocks-- "s actively volcanic1 o!rs ( volcanic =mation1 & _m ( ! second>y geological p]iod4 ,v>i\s p>ts ( its coa/s are 9 a /ate ( great in/ability2 9 "s places !y h sunk d[n & ris5 aga9 m ?an once )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,f> to ! nor? ! ,atlantic p5etrates ! ,am]ican cont95t by ,davis's ,/raits1 & spreads out into ,baff9's bay1 twice ! size ( ! ,baltic1 v deep1 & subject to all ! rig\rs ( an arctic w9t]--! v /oreh\se ( iceb]gs--! abode ( ! walrus & ! :ale4 ,hudson's ,bay1 ?\gh )\t ! ,arctic ,circle1 is b little less dre>y4 ,v diff]5t is ! "* ( ^? va/ seas :]e ! ,atlantic comes 8crank+ 90 betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn cont95ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! surface ( ! sea 9 ,baff9's ,bay is seldom above ! freez+-po9t2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 x is always #hhe ( ,fahr5heit1 :ile ! ,atlantic ,ocean 9 ! same latitude is n above #gg or #gh4 ,( t huge mass ( wat]1 p>tially sep>at$ f ! ,atlantic by a long l9e ( isl&s & banks1 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea is ! l>ge/2 x is z long f ea/ to we/ z ! di/ance betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,newf\ndl&1 & occupies a million ( squ>e miles4 ,its dep? 9 _m places is v great1 & its wat] is limpid4 ,! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 f$ by ! ,mississippi1 "o ( ! greate/ ( riv]s1 is m ?an half its size1 or ab\t #fbe1jjj squ>e miles1 s t ! :ole =ms a sea ( great magnitude4 ,its %ores1 & ! %ores ( ! num]\s isl&s1 are dang]\s f %oals & coral-reefs1 b ! int]ior ( ^! seas is n4 ,! trade-w9ds prevail !re2 !y are subject to sev]e nor!rn gales1 & "s p>ts are occasionally visit$ by trem5d\s hurricanes4 ,by ! levell+ across ! p59sula ( ,panama by ,mr4 ,lloyd1 9 #ahbh1 ! mean height ( ! ,pacific above t ( ! ,atlantic 0 f\nd to be ?ree feet six in*es4 ,! ,pacific does n p5etrate ! l& 9 ! same mann] t ! ,atlantic does ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! ,r$ ,sea & ,p]sian ,gulf are jo9$ to x by v n>r[ /raits2 b almo/ all ! int]nal seas on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia1 except ! ,yell[ ,sea1 are great gulfs %ut 9 by isl&s1 l ! ,c>ibbean ,sea & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 to :i* ! ,*9a ,sea1 ! ,sea ( ,japan1 & t ( ,okhotsk are p]fectly analog\s4 ,! set ( ! great oceanic curr5ts has scoop$ out & ind5t$ ! s\!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ! ,asiatic cont95t into enorm\s bays & gulfs1 & has sep>at$ l>ge portions ( ! l&1 :i* n[ rema9 z isl&s--a process :i* probably has be5 increas$ by ! subm>9e fires ext5d+ along ! ea/]n coa/ f ! equator ne>ly to ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,! p]petual agitation ( ! ocean by w9ds1 tides1 & curr5ts1 is cont9ually1 b sl[ly1 *ang+ ! =m & position ( ! l&-- /eadily produc+ ^? vicissitudes on ! surface ( ! e>? to :i* x has be5 subject = ages1 & to :i* x w assur$ly be liable 9 all "t to come4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,spr+s--,bas9s ( ! ,ocean--,orig91 ,c\rse1 & ,heads ( ,riv]s-- ,hydraulic ,sy/ems ( ,europe--,african ,riv]s--! ,nile1 ,nig]1 c4 ,,! vap\r :i* rises invisibly f ! l& & wat] asc5ds 9 ! atmosph]e till x is cond5s$ by ! cold into cl\ds1 :i* re/ore x aga9 to ! e>? 9 ! =m ( ra91 hail1 & sn[2 h5ce1 !re is probably n a drop ( wat] on ! globe t has n be5 borne on ! w+s ( ! w9d4 ,"p ( ?is moi/ure re/or$ to ! e>? is reabsorb$ by ! air1 "p supplies ! wants ( animal & vegetable life1 a portion is c>ri$ (f by ! /reams1 & ! rema9+ "p p5etrates ?r\gh por\s soils till x arrives at a /ratum imp]vi\s to wat]1 :]e x accumulates 9 subt]ranean lakes (t5 ( great ext5t4 ,! m\nta9s receive ! greate/ portion ( ! arial moi/ure1 &1 f ! _m alt]nations ( p]meable & imp]meable /rata !y conta91 a complete sy/em ( res]voirs is =m$ 9 !m1 :i*1 cont9ually ov]fl[+1 =m p]5nial spr+s at diff]5t elevations1 :i* unite & run d[n _! sides 9 incipi5t riv]s4 ,a great portion ( ! wat] at ^! high levels p5etrates ! e>? till x comes to an imp]meable /ratum bel[ ! pla9s1 :]e x collects 9 a %eet1 & is =c$ by hydraulic pressure to rise 9 spr+s1 ?r\gh cracks 9 ! gr\nd1 to ! surface4 ,9 ?is mann] ! wat] :i* falls on hills & m\nta9s is c>ri$ ?r\gh highly-incl9$ /rata to great dep?s1 & ev5 bel[ ! b$ ( ! ocean1 9 _m p>ts ( :i* !re are spr+s ( fre% wat]4 ,9 bor+ ,artesian wells ! wat] (t5 ru%es up ) su* impetuosity by ! hydro/atic pressure z to =m jets #dj or #ej feet high4 ,9 ?is op]ation sev]al successive res]voirs h be5 met )2 at ,/4 ,ou51 ne> ,p>is1 five %eets ( wat] 7 f\nd2 ! wat] 9 ! fir/ f\r n be+ good1 ! op]ation 0 cont9u$ to a great] dep?2 x consi/s m]ely 9 bor+ a hole ( small diamet]1 & l9+ x ) a tube4 ,x r>ely happ5s t wat] may n be procur$ 9 ?is way2 & z ! sub/ratum 9 _m p>ts ( des]ts is an argillace\s m>l1 x is probable t ,artesian wells might be bor$ ) success4 ,a spr+ w be int]mitt5t :5 x issues f an op5+ 9 ! side ( a res]voir f$ f above1 if ! supply be n equal to ! wa/e1 = ! wat] w s9k bel[ ! op5+1 & ! spr+ w /op till ! res]voir is repl5i%$4 ,few spr+s give ! same quantity ( wat] at all times2 !y also v>y mu* 9 ! quantity ( =eign matt] !y conta94 ,m\nta9-spr+s are g5]ally v pure1 ! c>bonic acid gas almo/ always f\nd 9 !m escapes into ! atmosph]e1 & _! e>?y matt] is deposit$ z !y run along1 s t riv]-wat] f su* s\rce is s(t1 :ile wells & spr+s 9 ! pla9s are h>d1 & m or less m9]al4 ,! wat] ( spr+s takes its temp]ature f t ( ! /rata ?r\gh :i* x passes3 m\nta9-spr+s are cold1 b1 if ! wat] has p5etrat$ deep into ! e>?1 x acquires a temp]ature dep5d+ on t circum/ance4 ,! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! e>? v>ies ) ! seasons to a c]ta9 dep?1 :]e x becomes p]man5t & equal to ! mean annual temp]ature ( ! air above4 ,x is evid5t t ! dep? at :i* ?is /ratum ( inv>iable temp]ature lies mu/ v>y ) ! latitude4 ,at ! equator ! effect ( ! seasons is imp]ceptible at ! dep? ( a foot bel[ ! surface3 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dj & #eb ! temp]ature ( ! gr\nd 9 ,europe is con/ant at ! dep? ( f #ee to #fj feet3 & 9 ! high ,arctic regions ! soil is p]petually froz5 a foot bel[ ! surface4 ,n[1 9 e "p ( ! _w :]e exp]im5ts h be5 made1 ! temp]ature ( ! e>? increases ) ! dep? bel[ ! con/ant /ratum at ! rate ( #a ( ,fahr5heit = e #ej or #fj feet ( p]p5dicul> dep?2 h5ce1 %\ld ! increase cont9ue to foll[ ! same ratio1 ev5 granite mu/ be 9 fusion at little m ?an five miles bel[ ! surface4 ,9 ,sib]ia1 ! /ratum ( froz5 e>? is "s hundr$ feet ?ick1 b bel[ t ! increase ( heat ) ! dep? is ?ree times z rapid z 9 ,europe4 ,! temp]ature ( spr+s mu/ !re=e dep5d on ! dep? to :i* ! wat] has p5etrat$ be=e x has be5 =c$ to ! surface1 ei!r by ! hydraulic pressure ( wat] at high] levels1 or by /eam4 ,if x nev] goes bel[ ! /ratum ( inv>iable temp]ature1 ! heat ( ! spr+ w v>y ) ! seasons1 m or less1 accord+ to ! dep? bel[ ! surface3 %\ld ! wat] come f ! con/ant /ratum itself1 its temp]ature w be inv>iable2 & if f bel[ x1 ! heat w be 9 proportion to ! dep? to :i* x has p5etrat$4 ,?us1 !re may be hot & ev5 boil+ spr+s hundr$s ( miles di/ant f volcanic action & volcanic /rata1 ( :i* !re are _m examples1 ?\gh !y are m frequ5t 9 volcanic c\ntries & ^? subject to e>?quakes4 ,! temp]ature ( hot spr+s is v con/ant1 & t ( boil+ spr+s has rema9$ un*ang$ = ages2 %ocks ( e>?quakes sometimes affect ! temp]ature1 & h ev5 /opp$ !m altoge!r4 ,jets ( /eam ( high t5sion are frequ5t 9 volcanic c\ntries1 z 9 ,icel&4 ,bo? hot & cold wat] dissolves & comb9es ) _m ( ! m9]al sub/ances x meets ) 9 ! e>?1 & comes to ! surface f great dep?s z m$ic9al spr+s1 conta9+ v>i\s +r$i5ts4 ,s num]\s are !y t 9 ! ,au/rian dom9ions alone !re are #aejj2 & few c\ntries ( any ext5t are de/itute ( !m4 ,!y conta9 hydro-sulphuric & c>bonic acids1 sulphur1 iron1 magnesia1 & o!r sub/ances4 ,boil+ spr+s deposit silex1 z 9 ,icel& & 9 ! ,azores2 & o!rs ( l[] temp]ature deposit c>bonate ( lime 9 great quantities all ov] ! _w4 ,spr+s ( pure br9e are r>e2 ^? 9 ,*e%ire are ri* 9 salt1 & h fl[$ un*ang$ #ajjj ye>s1 a pro( ( ! tranquil /ate ( t "p ( ! globe4 ,_m sub/ances t lie beyond our rea* are br\ght to ! surface by spr+s1 z naph?a1 petroleum1 & boracic acid3 petroleum is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,p]sia1 & numb]less spr+s & lakes ( x surr\nd "s p>ts ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,x is f\nd 9 imm5se quantities 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,,riv]s4 ,riv]s h _h a great] influ5ce on ! location & =tunes ( ! human race ?an almo/ any o!r physical cause1 &1 s9ce _! velocity has be5 ov]come by /eam navigation1 !y h become ! highway ( ! nations4 ,!y frequ5tly rise 9 lakes1 :i* !y unite ) ! sea2 9 o!r in/ances !y spr+ f small elevations 9 ! pla9s1 f p]5nial s\rces 9 ! m\nta9s1 alp9e lakes1 melt$ sn[ & glaci]s2 b ! ev]la/+ /oreh\ses ( ! mightie/ floods are ! ice-clad m\nta9s ( table-l&s4 ,riv]s are con/antly increas$1 9 desc5d+ ! m\nta9s & trav]s+ ! pla9s1 by tribut>ies1 till at la/ !y fl[ into ! ocean1 _! ultimate de/9ation & remote orig94 8,all riv]s run into ! sea1 yet ! sea is n full10 because x gives 9 evaporation an equival5t = :at x receives4 ,! ,atlantic1 ! ,arctic1 & ! ,pacific ,oceans are directly or indirectly ! recipi5ts ( all ! riv]s1 !re=e _! bas9s are b\nd$ by ! pr9cipal wat]%$s ( ! cont95ts2 = ! bas9 ( a sea or ocean does n mean only ! b$ actually occupi$ by ! wat]1 b compreh5ds also all ! l& dra9$ by ! riv]s :i* fall into x1 & is b\nd$ by an imag9>y l9e pass+ ?r\gh all _! s\rces4 ,^! l9es g5]ally run ?r\gh ! elevat$ p>ts ( a c\ntry t divide ! /reams :i* fl[ 9 "o direction f ^? t fl[ 9 ano!r4 ,b ! wat]%$ does n co9cide1 9 all cases1 ) m\nta9-cre/s ( great elevation1 z ! m]e convexity ( a pla9 is (t5 suffici5t to ?r[ ! /reams into diff]5t directions4 ,f ! peculi> /ructure ( ! high l& & m\nta9-*a9s1 by f> ! great] numb] ( important riv]s on ! globe fl[ into ! ocean 9 an ea/]ly direction1 ^? :i* fl[ to ! s\? & nor? be+ ! next 9 size1 :ile ^? t fl[ 9 a we/]ly direction are small & unimportant4 ,! c\rse ( all riv]s is *ang$ :5 !y pass f "o geological =mation to ano!r1 or by dislocations ( ! /rata3 ! sudd5 deviations 9 _! directions are g5]ally ow+ to ^! circum/ances4 ,none ( ! ,european riv]s fl[+ directly into ! ,atlantic exce$ ! f\r? or fif? magnitude1 except ! ,rh9e2 ! re/ ( ! pr9cipal /reams come to x indirectly ?r\gh ! ,baltic1 ! ,black ,sea1 & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,x nev]!less receives ne>ly half ! wat]s ( ! old cont95t1 & almo/ all ! new1 because ! ,&es & ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* =m ! wat]%$ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t1 lie along its we/]n side1 & ! riv]s :i* rise on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,alleghanies are tribut>ies to ! ,mississippi1 :i* comes indirectly into ! ,atlantic by ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! ,arctic ,ocean dra9s ! high nor!rn latitudes ( ,am]ica1 & receives ^? magnific5t ,sib]ian riv]s t orig9ate 9 ! ,alta range f ! ,/eppe ( ! ,k]ghis to ! extremity ( ,kamt*atka1 z well z ! v inf]ior /reams ( ,nor? ,european ,russia4 ,! runn+ wat]s ( ! re/ ( ! _w fl[ into ! ,pacific4 ,! ,caspian & ,lake ,aral are m]e salt-wat] lakes1 :i* receive riv]s b emit none4 ,h[ev]1 ne>ly "o-half ( all ! runn+ wat] 9 ,europe falls into ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian4 ,m\nta9-torr5ts gradually lose velocity 9 _! desc5t to ! l[ l&s by friction1 & :5 !y ent] ! pla9s _! c\rse becomes /ill m g5tle1 & _! dep?s great]4 ,a slope ( "o foot 9 #bjj prev5ts a riv] f be+ navigable1 & a great] incl9ation =ms a rapid or cat>act4 ,! spe$1 h[ev]1 does n dep5d entirely ^u ! slope1 b also ^u ! height ( ! s\rce ( ! riv]1 & ! pressure ( ! body ( wat] 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse2 consequ5tly1 "u ! same circum/ances1 l>ge riv]s run fa/] ?an small1 b 9 ea* individual /ream ! velocity is p]petually v>y+ ) ! =m ( ! banks1 ! w9d+ ( ! c\rse1 & ! *anges 9 ! wid? ( ! *annel4 ,! ,rhone1 "o ( ! mo/ rapid ,european riv]s1 has a declivity ( "o foot 9 #bfbj1 & fl[s at ! rate ( #abj feet 9 a m9ute2 ! sluggi% riv]s 9 ,fl&]s h only "o-half t velocity4 ,! ,danube1 ! ,tigris1 & ! ,indus are among ! mo/ rapid ( ! l>ge riv]s4 ,9 flat c\ntries riv]s are g5]ally m me&]+1 & ?us !y af=d a great] am\nt ( irrigation2 ! w9d+s ( ! ,vi/ula are ne>ly equal to n9e-t5?s ( its direct c\rse f its s\rce to its m\?4 ,:5 "o riv] falls into ano!r1 ! dep? & velocity are increas$1 b n always proportionally to ! wid? ( ! *annel1 :i* sometimes ev5 becomes less1 z at ! junction ( ! ,ohio ) ! ,mississippi4 ,:5 ! angle ( junction is v obtuse1 & ! velocity ( ! tribut>y /ream great1 x sometimes =ces ! wat] ( its prim>y to rec$e a %ort di/ance4 ,! ,arve1 swoll5 by a fre%et1 occasionally drives ! wat] ( ! ,rhone back into ! ,lake ( ,g5eva2 & x once happ5$ t ! =ce 0 s great z to make ! mill-:eels revolve 9 a contr>y direction4 ,/reams sometimes sudd5ly vani%1 & aft] fl[+ und]gr\nd to "s di/ance reappe> at ! surface1 z 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,in/ances h occurr$ ( riv]s sudd5ly /opp+ 9 _! c\rse = "s h\rs1 & leav+ _! *annels dry4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,novemb]1 #ahch1 ! wat] fail$ s completely 9 ! ,clyde1 ,ni?1 & ,teviot1 t ! mills 7 /opp$ eight h\rs 9 ! l[] "p ( _! /reams4 ,! cause 0 ! co9cid5ce ( a gale ( w9d & a /rong fro/1 :i* congeal$ ! wat] ne> _! s\rces4 ,exactly ! contr>y happ5s 9 ! ,sib]ian riv]s1 :i* fl[ f s\? to nor? ov] s _m hundr$s ( miles2 ! upp] p>ts are ?aw$1 :ile ! l[] are /ill froz51 & ! wat]1 n f9d+ an outlet1 inundates ! c\ntry4 ,! alluvial soil c>ri$ d[n by /reams is gradually deposit$ z _! velocity dim9i%es2 & if !y are subject to inundations1 & ! coa/ flat1 x =ms deltas at _! m\?s2 !re !y g5]ally divide into bran*es1 :i* (t5 jo9 aga91 or are unit$ by transv]se *annels1 s t a labyr9? ( /reams & isl&s is =m$4 ,deltas are sometimes f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts at ! junction ( riv]s1 exactly simil> to ^? on ! ocean1 ?\gh less ext5sive3 deltas are said to be m>itime1 lacu/r9e1 or fluviatile1 accord+ z ! /ream t =ms !m falls into ! sea1 a lake1 or ano!r riv]4 ,tides fl[ up riv]s to a great di/ance1 & to a height f> above ! level ( ! sea3 ! tide is p]ceptible 9 ! riv] ( ! ,amazons #egf miles f its m\?1 & x asc5ds #bee miles 9 ! ,or9oco4 ,9 ! temp]ate zones riv]s are subject to floods f autumnal ra9s1 & ! melt+ ( ! sn[1 especially on m\nta9-ranges4 ,! ,po1 = example1 spreads desolation f> & wide ov] ! pla9s ( ,lomb>dy2 b ^! torr5ts are z v>iable 9 _! recurr5ce & ext5t z ! climate :i* produces !m4 ,! inundations ( ! riv]s 9 ! torrid zone1 on ! contr>y1 occur ) a regul>ity peculi> to a region 9 :i* meteoric ph5om5a are uni=m 9 all _! *anges4 ,^! floods are due to ! p]iodical ra9s1 :i*1 9 tropical c\ntries1 foll[ ! cessation ( ! trade-w9ds aft] ! v]nal equ9ox & at ! turn ( ! monsoons1 & are ?us dep5d5t on ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 ! imm$iate cause ( all ^! v>iations4 ,! melt+ ( ! sn[ no d\bt adds greatly to ! floods ( ! tropical riv]s :i* rise 9 high m\nta9-*a9s1 b x is only an accessory circum/ance2 = al?\gh ! sn[-wat] f ! ,himalaya swells ! /reams consid]ably be=e ! ra9s beg91 yet ! pr9cipal effect is ow+ to ! latt]1 z ! s\!rn face ( ! ,himalaya is n beyond ! influ5ce ( ! monsoon1 & ! consequ5t p]iodical ra9s1 :i* besides prevail all ov] ! pla9s ( ,india trav]s$ by ! great riv]s & _! tribut>ies4 ,"u l circum/ances1 ! floods ( riv]s1 ^: s\rces h ! same latitude1 take place at ! same season2 b ! p]iods ( ! inundations ( riv]s on "o side ( ! equator are exactly ! contr>y ( :at !y are 9 riv]s on ! o!r side ( x1 on acc\nt ( ! decl9ation ( ! sun4 ,! flood 9 ! ,or9oco is at its greate/ height 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 :ile t ( ! riv] ( ! ,amazons1 s\? ( ! equ9octial l9e1 is at its greate/ elevation 9 ,m>*4#aag ,! comm5cem5t & end ( ! annual inundations 9 ea* riv] dep5d ^u ! mean "t ( ! beg9n+1 & on ! duration ( ! ra9s 9 ! latitudes trav]s$ by its afflu5ts4 ,! p]iods ( ! floods 9 su* riv]s z run t[>ds ! equator are diff]5t f ^? fl[+ 9 an opposite direction2 & z ! rise requires "t to travel1 x happ5s at regul> b diff]5t p]iods 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! same riv]1 if v long4 ,! height to :i* ! wat] rises 9 ! annual floods dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 b x is wond]fully con/ant 9 ea* individual riv] :]e ! c\rse is long2 = ! inequality 9 ! quantity ( ra9 9 a di/rict dra9$ by any ( its afflu5ts is imp]ceptible 9 ! g5]al flood1 & ?us ! quantity ( wat] c>ri$ d[n is a measure ( ! mean humidity ( ! :ole c\ntry compris$ 9 its bas9 f ye> to ye>4 ,by ! admirable arrangem5t ( ^! p]iodical inundations ! fre% soil ( ! m\nta9s1 borne d[n by ! wat]1 enri*es c\ntries f> remote f _! s\rce4 ,! wat]s f ! high l&s designat$ z ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 & ( ,abyss9ia1 h f]tiliz$ ! banks ( ! ,nile ?r\gh a di/ance ( #bejj miles = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,:5 riv]s rise 9 m\nta9s1 wat] communication betwe5 !m 9 ! upp] p>ts ( _! c\rse is impossible2 b :5 !y desc5d to ! pla9s1 or rise 9 ! l[ l&s1 ! b\nd>ies betwe5 ! c\ntries dra9$ by !m become l[1 & ! diff]5t sy/ems may be unit$ by canals4 ,x sometimes happ5s 9 ext5sive & v level pla9s1 t ! tribut>ies ( ! pr9cipal /reams ei!r unite or are connect$ by a natural canal1 by :i* a communication is =m$ betwe5 ! two bas9s--a circum/ance advantage\s to ! navigation & comm]ce ( bo?1 especially :]e ! junction takes place f> inl&1 z on ! ,or9oco & ,amazons 9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,rio ,negro1 "o ( ! l>ge/ afflu5ts ( ! latt]1 is unit$ to ! ,upp] ,or9oco 9 ! pla9s ( ,esm]alda by ! ,cassiqui>e--a /ream z l>ge z ! ,rh9e1 ) a velocity ( #ab feet 9 a second4 ,b>on ,humboldt obs]ves t ! ,or9oco1 s5d+ a bran* to ! ,amazons1 is1 ) reg>d to di/ance1 z if ! ,rh9e %\ld s5d "o to ! ,se9e or ,loire4 ,at "s future p]iod ?is junction w be ( great importance4 ,^! bifurcations are frequ5t 9 ! deltas ( riv]s1 b v r>e 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts4 ,! ,mahamuddy & ,godav]y1 9 ,h9do/an1 seem to h some?+ ( ! k9d2 & !re are sev]al in/ances 9 ! great riv]s ( ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula4 ,! hydraulic sy/em ( ,europe is em95tly fav\rable to inl& navigation1 small z ! riv]s are 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w2 b ! flatness ( ! great pla91 & ! l[ness ( its wat]%$1 are v fav\rable to ! con/ruction ( canals4 ,9 ! we/1 h[ev]1 ! ,alps & ,g]man m\nta9s divide ! wat]s t fl[ to ! ,atlantic on "o side1 & to ! ,m$it]ranean & ,black ,sea on ! o!r2 b 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,europe ! division ( ! wat]s is m]ely a m elevat$ ridge ( ! pla9 itself1 = 9 all pla9s su* undulations exi/1 ?\gh (t5 imp]ceptible to ! eye4 ,?is wat]%$ beg9s on ! nor!rn declivity ( ! ,c>pa?ian ,m\nta9s1 ab\t ! #bc;d m]idian1 9 a l[ range ( hills runn+ betwe5 ! s\rces ( ! ,dniep] & ! tribut>ies ( ! ,vi/ula1 f :5ce x w9ds 9 a tortu\s c\rse along ! pla9 to ! ,valdai table-l&1 :i* is its highe/ po9t1 #abjj feet above ! sea2 x !n decl9es nor?w>d t[>ds ,onega1 ab\t ! #fj? p>allel1 & la/ly turns 9 a v s]p5t9e l9e to ! s\rces ( ! ,kama 9 ! ,ural m\nta9s ne> ! #fb;d degree ( nor? latitude4 ,! wat]s nor? ( ?is l9e run into ! ,baltic & ,:ite ,sea1 &1 on ! s\? ( x1 into ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian4 ,?us1 ,europe is divid$ into two pr9cipal hydraulic sy/ems2 b s9ce ! bas9 ( a riv] compreh5ds all ! pla9s & valleys dra9$ by x & its tribut>ies f its s\rce to ! sea1 ea* c\ntry is subdivid$ into z _m natural divisions or bas9s z x has prim>y riv]s1 & ^! g5]ally comprise all ! ri* & habitable p>ts ( ! e>?1 & are ! pr9cipal c5tres ( civilization1 or are capable ( becom+ s4 ,! /reams to ! nor? ( ! g5]al wat]%$ are v num]\s2 ^? to ! s\? are ( great] magnitude4 ,! sy/ems ( ! ,volga & ,danube are ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ,europe2 ! =m] has a bas9 compris+ #fdj1jjj squ>e miles1 & is navigable ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( its c\rse ( #aijj miles4 ,x rises 9 a small lake on ! slopes ( ! ,valdai table-l&1 #eej feet above ! level ( ! ocean1 & falls into ! ,caspian1 :i* is #hc feet #g in*es bel[ ! level ( ! ,black ,sea1 s t x has a fall ( #fcc feet 9 a c\rse ( m ?an #bdjj miles4 ,x c>ries to ! ,caspian "o-sev5? ( all ! riv]-wat] ( ,europe4 ,danube dra9s #cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & receives #fj navigable tribut>ies4 ,its quantity ( wat] is ne>ly z mu* z t ( all ! riv]s t empty !mselves into ! ,black ,sea tak5 toge!r4 ,its direct c\rse is #ijj miles1 its me&]+ l9e is #bdjj4 ,x rises 9 ! ,black ,=e/ at an elevation ( #bhej feet above ! level ( ! sea1 s t x has consid]able velocity1 :i*1 z well z rocks & rapids1 imp$es its navigation 9 _m places1 b x is navigable d[nw>ds1 ?r\gh ,au/ria1 = #fjj miles1 to ,new ,orsova1 f :5ce x fl[s 9 a g5tle curr5t to ! ,black ,sea4 ,! comm]cial importance ( ^! two riv]s is mu* increas$ by _! fl[+ into inl& seas4 ,by canals betwe5 ! ,volga & ! riv]s nor? ( ! wat]%$1 ! ,baltic & ,:ite ,seas are connect$ ) ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian2 & ! ,baltic & ,black ,sea are also connect$ by a canal betwe5 ! ,don & ! ,dniep]4 ,altoge!r1 ! wat] sy/em ( ,russia is ! mo/ ext5sive 9 ,europe4 ,! :ole ( ,holl& is a collection ( deltoid isl&s1 =m$ by ! ,rh9e1 ! ,meuse1 & ! ,s*eldt--a /ructure v fav\rable to comm]ce1 & :i* has facilitat$ an ext5sive int]nal navigation4 ,! ,m$it]ranean is already connect$ ) ! ,nor? ,sea by ! canal :i* runs f ! ,rhone to ! ,rh9e2 & ?is noble sy/em1 ext5d$ ov] ! :ole ( ,france by #geia miles ( inl& navigation1 has conduc$ ma9ly to ! improv$ /ate ( t great c\ntry4 ,_m navigable /reams rise 9 ! ,spani% m\nta9s2 ( ^! ! ,tagus has dep? en\gh = ! l>ge/ %ips z high z ,lisbon4 ,its actual c\rse is #dhj miles1 b its direct l9e mu* less4 ,9 po9t ( magnitude1 h[ev]1 ! ,spani% riv]s are ( inf]ior ord]1 b canals h r5d]$ !m b5eficial to ! c\ntry4 ,italy is less fav\r$ 9 h] riv]s1 :i* only admit vessels ( small bur!n2 ^? on ! nor? are by mu* ! mo/ important1 especially ! ,po & its tribut>ies1 :i* by canals connect ,v5ice & ,milan ) v>i\s f]tile prov9ces ( ,nor!rn ,italy b :atev] advantages nature has af=d$ to ! ,italian /ates h be5 improv$ by able eng9e]s1 bo? 9 anci5t & mod]n times4 ,! application ( ! sci5ce ( hydraulics to riv]s took its rise 9 ,nor!rn ,italy1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ to su* p]fection 9 "s po9ts1 t ,*9a is ! only c\ntry :i* c vie ) x 9 ! practice ( irrigation4 ,! lock on canals 0 9 use 9 ,lomb>dy z e>ly z ! #ac? c5tury1 & 9 ! end ( ! #ae? x 0 appli$ to two canals :i* unite ! ,tic9o to ! ,adda1 by t great arti/ & philosoph] ,leon>do da ,v9ci3 ab\t ! same "t he introduc$ ! use ( ! lock into ,france4#aah ,v>i\s circum/ances comb9e to make ! ,briti% riv]s m useful ?an _m o!rs ( great] magnitude4 ,! l>g] /reams are n encumb]$ ) rocks or rapids2 !y all run into bran*es ( ! ,atlantic2 ! tides fl[ up _! *annels to a consid]able di/ance2 & above all1 ?\gh %ort 9 _! c\rse1 !y end 9 wide e/u>ies & s\nds1 capable ( conta9+ :ole navies--a circum/ance t gives an importance to /reams o!rwise insignificant1 :5 comp>$ ) ! great riv]s ( ei!r ! old or new cont95t4 ,! ,?ames1 ^: bas9 is only #ejbg squ>e miles1 & ^: l5g? is b #bdj miles1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 #bjd are navigable1 spreads its influ5ce ov] ! remote/ p>ts ( ! e>?2 its dep? is suffici5t to admit l>ge vessels ev5 up to ,london1 & ?r\gh\t its navigable c\rse a cont9u$ =e/ ( ma/s display ! flags ( e nation3 its banks1 :i* are 9 a /ate ( p]fect cultivation1 are ! seat ( ! highe/ civilization1 moral & political4 ,local circum/ances h und\bt$ly be5 fav\rable to ?is sup]ior developm5t1 b ! e>ne/ & en]getic temp]am5t ( ! ,saxon races has r5d]$ ! advantages ( _! position available4 ,! same may be said ( o!r riv]s 9 ! ,briti% isl&s1 :]e comm]cial ent]prise & activity vie ) t on ! ,?ames4 ,!re are #bgij miles ( canal 9 ,brita91 &1 includ+ riv]s1 #edcj miles ( inl& navigation1 :i*1 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( ! c\ntry1 is v great2 x is ev5 said t no "p ( ,engl& is m ?an #ae miles di/ant f wat] communication4 ,on ! :ole1 ,europe is =tunate ) reg>d to its wat] sy/ems1 & its inhabitants are = ! mo/ "p alive to ! b\nties :i* ,provid5ce has be/[$4 ,,african ,,riv]s4 ,9 ,africa ! tropical climate & ! extremes ( aridity & moi/ure give a totally diff]5t "* to its riv]s4 ,! mo/ s\!rly "p is comp>atively de/itute ( !m1 & ^? t d exi/ are ( inf]ior size1 except ! ,g>iep1 or ,orange ,riv]1 :i* has a long c\rse on ! table-l&1 b is n[h]e navigable4 ,f ! ea/]n edge ( ! table-l& ( ,s\? ,africa1 :i* is v abrupt1 rise all ^? riv]s :i* fl[ across ! pla9s ( ,mozambique & ,zangueb> to ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,( ^!1 ! ,zambesi1 or ,quillimane1 is probably ! l>ge/3 x is said to h a c\rse ( #ijj miles1 & to be navigable dur+ ! ra9s = #bjj or #cjj miles f its m\?4 ,! ,ozay1 n f> s\? ( ! equator1 is also believ$ to be ( great ext5t1 & ! ,juba1 m to ! nor?2 all ^! /reams h little wat] at _! m\?s dur+ ! dry season1 b 9 ! ra9y season !y are navigable4 ,"s ( ^? /ill f>!r nor? d n rea* ! sea at all times ( ! ye>1 b end 9 lakes & m>%es1 z ! ,ha9es & ,hawa%4 ,! fir/1 aft] com+ to )9 a small di/ance ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 runs s\?w>d p>allel to ! coa/1 & falls into a v l>ge & deep lake ab\t a degree nor? ( ! equator4 ,betwe5 ! ,hawa% & ! ,/raits ( ,bab-el-,m&eb !re is no riv] ( any note4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ! coa/1 ne> ! riv]s1 gra9 rip5s all ! ye>1 yield+ f #hj to #aej fold1 & e ea/]n vegetable production might be rais$4 ,! ,hawa% runs ?r\gh a l[ des]t c\ntry inhabit$ by ! ,dankali ,b$u9s3 t riv] is ! recipi5t ( ! wat]s :i* come f ! ea/]n declivity ( ! table-l& ( ,abyss9ia1 :ile ! ,nile receives ^? ( ! c\nt] slope4 ,! "p ( ! table-l& betwe5 ! #ah? p>allel ( s\? latitude & ! equator is ! orig9 f :5ce ! wat]s fl[ to ! ,atlantic on "o h&1 & to ! ,m$it]ranean on ! o!r4 ,^? :i* g to ! ,atlantic rise s\? ( ,lake ,n'yassi1 *iefly 9 a ridge ( no great elevation :i* runs f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e4 to ! we/ ( ! dom9ions ( ! ,cambeze1 &1 aft] fall+ 9 cascades & rapids ?r\gh ! *a9s t bord] ! table-l& on ! we/1 f]tilize ! luxuriant m>itime pla9s ( ,b5guela1 ,congo1 ,angola1 & ,lo&o4 ,! ,zaire1 or ,congo1 by mu* ! l>ge/ ( ^!1 is navigable = #adj miles1 :]e ! asc5t ( ! tide is /opp$ by cat>acts4 ,! l[] c\rse ( ?is riv] is #e or #f miles broad1 full ( isl&s1 & #afj fa?oms deep at its m\?4 ,its upp] c\rse1 l t ( mo/ ( ^! riv]s1 is unkn[n2 ! great] numb] are =dable on ! table-l&1 b1 f ! abrupt desc5t ( ! high c\ntry to ! m>itime pla9s1 none ( !m af=d access to ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! m\nta9\s edge ( ! table-l&1 ) its t]m9al projections1 ,s5egambia & ,abyss9ia1 :i* sep>ate ! nor!rn f ! s\!rn des]ts1 are ! pr9cipal s\rce ( runn+ wat] 9 ,africa4 ,v>i\s riv]s h _! orig9 9 ^! m\nta9\s regions1 ( :i* ! ,nile & ! ,nig] yield 9 size only to "s ( ! great ,asiatic & ,am]ican riv]s4 ,9 importance & hi/orical int]e/ ! ,nile is inf]ior to none4 ,two l>ge riv]s unite _! /reams to =m ! ,nile--! ,bahr-el-,abiad1 or ,:ite ,nile1 & ! ,bahr-el-,azrek1 or ,blue ,nile2 b ! latt] is s f> inf]ior to ! ,bahr-el-,abiad t x may almo/ be reg>d$ z a tribut>y4 ,! ma9 /ream has nev] be5 asc5d$ by any travell] above #d #db #db nor? latitude1 :]e a l$ge ( gneiss cross+ x arre/$ ! progress ( ! second exp$ition s5t by ! ,vic]oy ( ,egypt to discov] its s\rce4 ,bahr-el-,abiad1 or ! true ,nile1 is suppos$1 f ! report ( ! natives1 to rise1 "u ! "n ( ! ,tubiri1 at a comp>atively small di/ance f ! sea1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,mono ,mozi1 :i* is a cont9uation ( ! high plateau ( ,abyss9ia1 situate to ! nor? ( ! great ,lake ,zambze1 or ,n'yassi4 ,! natives say t x fl[s f ! lake itself2 at all ev5ts x seems to be pretty c]ta9 t its orig9 is 9 ! m\nta9\s or hilly c\ntry ( ,mono ,mozi1 a ^w :i* 9 all ! languages ( t "p ( ,africa signifies ! ,moon3 h5ce1 ! ,nile has be5 said1 s9ce ! days ( ,ptolemy1 to rise 9 ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon4 ,amid/ _m w9d+s x takes a g5]al direction t[>ds ! ,n4,e4 to ! #ad? nor!rn p>allel1 :5ce x foll[s ! same c\rse till its junction ne> ,kh>tum ) ! ,blue ,nile 9 ! pla9s ( ,s5na>4 ,! ,%oab]ri & ,godjeb1 ! *ief afflu5ts ( ! ,:ite ,nile1 come f ! ea/2 ! =m] makes a great circuit r\nd ! c\ntry ( ,b]ri be=e x falls into ! ,nile1 & ! ,godjeb1 :i* has its orig9 9 ! great =e/ already m5tion$1 9 ! ,galla c\ntry1 s\? ( ,abyss9ia1 makes a simil> spiral dt\r r\nd ,kaffa1 & "u ! "n ( ,subat jo9s ! ,nile1 :i* x enl>ges to ne>ly d\ble its size4 ,! ,abyss9ian bran* ( ! ,nile1 kn[n z ! ,bahr-el-,azrek1 or ,blue ,riv]1 rises "u ! "n ( ! ,d$hesa 9 ! ,galla c\ntry1 s\? ( ,abyss9ia1 ab\t #gc miles we/ ( ,sokka1 ! capital ( ,en>ea4 ,x spr+s f a swampy mead[ 9 ! same elevat$ pla9s :]e ! ,godjeb & o!r afflu5ts ( ! ,:ite ,nile orig9ate1 & aft] a completely spiral c\rse1 9 :i* x sep>ates ! k+doms ( ,guma & ,en>ea1 x ma9ta9s a g5]al nor?-we/]ly direction till x jo9s ! ,:ite ,nile at ,kh>tum4 ,( ! _m tribut>ies to ! ,blue ,riv]1 ! ,abi1 ! ,nile ( ,bruce1 is ! greate/ & mo/ celebrat$4 ,its s\rces are 9 a swampy mead[ ne> ,m\nt ,giesk1 9 ! di/rict ( ,skkata1 f :5ce x takes a circul> direction r\nd ! p59sula ( ,gojam1 pass+ ?r\gh ,lake ,dembea1 & receiv+ _m afflu5ts f ! m\nta9-*a9 t =ms ! cone ( ! p59sula1 & at la/ falls into ! ,d$hesa or ,bahr-el-,azrek1 9 ab\t #aa ,n4 latitude4 ,f t po9t no /ream ( any consequ5ce jo9s ei!r ! ,blue ,riv]1 or ! unit$ /reams ( ! ,blue & ,:ite ,riv]s1 till #afj miles bel[ _! conflu5ce1 :]e ! ,atb>ah1 or ,takkazie1 falls into x4 ,?is riv]1 :i* is ! pr9cipal tribut>y ( ! ,nile1 is =m$ by two bran*es4 ,! ,takkazie rises 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,la/a1 ne> ,lalbata1 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ places 9 ,abyss9ia1 rem>kable = its *ur*es hewn out ( ! liv+ rock1 & ! ,tsel>i1 :i* spr+s f ,m\nt ,bila1 ! nor!rn extremity ( ! high l& ( ,la/a1 :i* divides ! head wat]s ( ! two bran*es4 ,! unit$ /ream1 aft] w9d+ l ! o!r riv]s ( ?is c\ntry1 jo9s ! ,nile 9 #ah ,n4 latitude1 ! nor!rn limit ( ! tropical ra9s4 ,! ,abyss9ian riv]s 9 ! e>ly "p ( _! c\rse are little m ?an muddy brooks 9 ! dry season1 b dur+ ! ra9s !y inundate ! pla9s4 ,!y break f ! table-l&s ?r\gh fissures 9 ! rocky surface1 :i* are at fir/ only a few y>ds wide1 b gradually increase to sev]al miles2 ! /reams =m cat>acts f #hj to m ?an #ajj feet high1 & !n cont9ue to desc5d by a succession ( falls & rapids1 :i* decrease 9 height z !y g nor?w>ds to jo9 ! ma9 /ream4 ,! ,takkazie takes its "n ( 8,! ,t]rible0 f ! impetuosity ) :i* x ru%es ?r\gh ! *asms & ov] ! precipices ( ! m\nta9s4 ,a peculi>ity ( mo/ ( ! pr9cipal afflu5ts ( ! ,nile is _! spiral c\rse1 s t1 aft] hav+ =m$ a curve ( great] or less ext5t1 g5]ally r\nd insulat$ m\nta9 masses1 !y return ^u !mselves at a %ort di/ance f _! s\rces4 ,x is by no means improbable t ! head /ream ( ! ,nile itself takes a spiral c\rse r\nd a l(ty m\nta9 mass1 simil> to ! sn[-clad m\nta9s ( ,smi5 & ,kffa4#aai ,f ! ,takkazie d[n to ! ,m$it]ranean1 a di/ance ( #abjj miles1 ! ,nile does n receive a s+le brook4 ,! fir/ "p ( t c\rse is int]rupt$ by cat>acts1 f ! geological /ructure ( ! ,nubian des]t1 :i* consi/s ( a succession ( broad /]ile t]races1 sep>at$ by ranges ( rocks runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,ov] ^! ! ,nile falls 9 n9e or t5 cat>acts1 ! la/ ( :i* is at ,es-,s\an 7,sy5e71 :]e x ent]s ,egypt4 ,mo/ ( !m are only rapids1 :]e ea* successive fall ( wat] is n a foot high4 ,t !y 7 high] at a =m] p]iod has rec5tly be5 asc]ta9$ by ,dr4 ,lepsius1 ! v intellig5t travell] s5t by ! ,k+ ( ,prussia at ! head ( a mission to explore t c\ntry4 ,he f\nd a s]ies ( inscriptions on ! rocks at ,s5na>1 m>k+ ! height ( ! ,nile at diff]5t p]iods2 & x appe>s f ^!1 t 9 t c\ntry ! b$ ( ! riv] _h be5 #cj feet high] ?an x is n[4 ,fifte5 miles bel[ ,cairo1 & at #ij miles f ! sea1 ! ,nile is divid$ into two bran*es1 ( :i* "o1 runn+ 9 a nor!rly direction1 ent]s ! ,m$it]ranean bel[ ,rosetta2 ! o!r1 cutt+ ,l[] ,egypt into two ne>ly equal p>ts1 ent]s ! sea above ,damietta1 s t ! delta betwe5 ^! two places has a sea-coa/ ( #ahg miles4 ,! fall f ! great cat>act to ! sea is two in*es 9 a mile4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,nile1 occupy+ an area ( #ejj1jjj squ>e miles1 has an uncommon =m3 x is wide 9 ,e?iopia & ,nubia1 b = ! great] "p ( a w9d+ c\rse ( #bgej miles x is m]ely a v]dant l9e ( ! s(te/ beauty1 sudd5ly & /rongly contra/$ ) ! dre>y wa/e ( ! ,r$ ,des]t4 ,ext5d+ f ! equatorial f> into ! temp]ate zone1 its aspect is less v>i$ ?an might h be5 expect$ on acc\nt ( ! p>*$ & %[]less c\ntry x passes ?r\gh4 ,nev]!less1 f ! great elevation ( ! orig9 ( ! riv]1 ! upp] "p has a p]petual spr+1 ?\gh )9 a few degrees ( ! equator4 ,at ! foot ( ! table-l& ( ,abyss9ia ! c\ntry is cov]$ ) d5se tropical jungles1 :ile ! re/ ( ! valley is ri* soil1 ! detritus ( ! m\nta9s = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,z ! mean velocity ( ! ,nile1 :5 n 9 flood1 is ab\t two miles & a half an h\r1 a p>ticle ( wat] w\ld take tw5ty-two days & a half to desc5d f ! junction ( ! ,takkazie to ! sea2 h5ce1 ! ret>dation ( ! annual inundations ( ! ,nile 9 its c\rse is a peculi>ity ( ?is riv]1 ow+ to "s unkn[n cause t[>ds its orig9 :i* affects ! :ole /ream4 ,9 ,abyss9ia & ,s5na> ! riv] beg9s to swell 9 ,april1 yet ! flood is n s5sible at ,cairo till t[>ds ! summ] sol/ice2 x !n cont9ues to rise ab\t a hundr$ days1 & rema9s at its greate/ height till ! middle ( ,octob]1 :5 x beg9s to subside1 & arrives at its l[e/ po9t 9 ,april & ,may4 ,! height ( ! flood 9 ,upp] ,egypt v>ies f #cj to #ce feet2 at ,cairo x is #bc1 & 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! delta only #d feet4 ,anubis1 or ,sirius1 ! ,dog-/>1 0 wor%ipp$ by ! ,egyptians1 f its suppos$ influ5ce on ! ris+ ( ! ,nile4 ,accord+ to ,*ampollion1 _! cal5d> comm5c$ :5 ! heliacal ris+ ( t /> co9cid$ ) ! summ] sol/ice--! "t at :i* ! ,nile began to swell at ,cairo4 ,n[ ?is co9cid5ce made ! ne>e/ approa* to accuracy #cbia ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & z ! ris+ ( ! riv] /ill takes place precisely at ! same "t & 9 ! same mann]1 x foll[s t ! heat & p]iodical ra9s 9 ,upp] ,e?iopia h n v>i$ = #ejjj ye>s4 ,9 ! "t ( ,hipp>*us1 ! summ] sol/ice 0 9 ! sign ( ,leo1 & probably ab\t t p]iod ! fl[+ ( ! f\nta9s f ! m\?s ( lions ( basalt & granite 0 adopt$ z emblematical ( ! p\r+ =? ( ! floods ( ! ,nile4 ,! emblem is /ill common 9 ,rome1 ?\gh its orig9 is probably =gott51 & ! signs ( ! ,zodiac h mov$ backw>ds m ?an #cj4 ,! two greate/ ,african riv]s1 ! ,nile & ! ,nig]1 are dissimil> 9 almo/ e circum/ance2 ! ,nile1 dis*>g+ = ages into a sea1 ! c5tre ( comm]ce & civilization1 has be5 r5[n$ by ! e>lie/ hi/orians1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 = ! exub]ant f]tility ( its banks1 & = ! le>n+ & wisdom ( _! inhabitants1 :o h left magnific5t & imp]i%able monum5ts ( _! g5ius & p[]4 ,egypt 0 = ages ! seat ( sci5ce1 & by ! ,r$ ,sea x _h int]c\rse ) ! mo/ highly cultivat$ nations ( ! ea/ f "t immemorial4 ,! ,nig]1 on ! contr>y1 ?\gh its rival 9 magnitude1 & runn+ ?r\gh a c\ntry gl[+ ) all ! brilliancy ( tropical vegetation1 has ev] be5 inhabit$ by b>b>\s or semi-b>b>\s nations2 & its c\rse till lately 0 little kn[n1 z its s\rce /ill is4 ,9 e>ly ages1 be=e ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules _h be5 pass$1 & inde$ long aft]w>ds1 ! ,atlantic coa/ ( ,africa 0 an unkn[n region1 & ?us ! fl[+ ( ! ,nig] into t lonely ocean kept ! natives 9 _! orig9al rude /ate4 ,su* are ! effects ( local circum/ances on ! intellectual advancem5t ( man4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,nig]1 ,joliba1 or ,quorra1 are suppos$ to be on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,kong ,m\nta9s1 9 ! c\ntry ( ,bamb>ra1 m ?an #afjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,f !nce x runs nor?1 &1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,lake ,debo1 makes a wide circuit 9 ! pla9s ( ,s\dan to ,timbuctoo ?r\gh eight or n9e degrees ( latitude3 !n b5d+ r\nd1 x aga9 approa*es ! ,kong ,m\nta9s1 at ! di/ance #ajjj miles 9 a /raight l9e f its s\rce2 & hav+ ?read$ !m1 x fl[s across ! l[ l&s into ! ,gulf ( ,gu9ea1 a c\rse ( #bcjj miles4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ,s\dan x receives _m v l>ge afflu5ts f ! high l& ( ,s5egambia on ! we/1 & ! ,t*adda on ! ea/--a navigable riv] l>g] ?an itself1 probably ! outlet ( ! great lake ,t*ad1 :i* dra9s ! high l& ( ,komri1 designat$ by ! anci5ts z ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 & falls into x a little bel[ ,fundah1 aft] a c\rse ( "s hundr$ miles3 ?us1 ! ,nig] probably af=ds an un9t]rupt$ wat]-communication f ! ,atlantic to ! he>t ( ,africa4#abj ,long be=e leav+ ! pla9s ( ,s\dan x becomes a noble riv] ) a smoo? /ream1 glid+ at ! rate ( f #e to #h miles an h\r1 v>y+ 9 bread? f #a to #h miles4 ,its banks are /udd$ ) d5sely popul\s t[ns & villages1 groves ( palm-trees1 & cultivat$ fields4 ,?is great riv] divides into ?ree bran*es ne> ! head ( a delta :i* is equal 9 area to ,irel&1 int]sect$ by navigable bran*es ( ! pr9cipal /ream 9 e direction4 ,! soil is ri* m\ld1 & ! vegetation s rank t ! trees seem to gr[ out ( ! wat]4 ,! ,nun1 :i* is ! pr9cipal or c5tral bran*1 fl[s into ! sea ne> ,cape ,=mosa1 & is t :i* ! bro!rs ,l&] desc5d$4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 six riv]s :i* run into ! ,bight ( ,b591 all communicat+ ) ! ,nig]1 & ) "o ano!r4 ,! old ,calab> is ! mo/ ea/]n2 x rises 9 ! high l& ( ,calbongos1 & is unit$ to ! ,nig] by a natural canal4 ,! ,nig]1 ?r\gh\t its long w9d+ c\rse1 lies entirely )9 ! tropic ( ,canc]1 & is consequ5tly subject to p]iodical inundations1 :i* rea* _! greate/ height 9 ,augu/1 ab\t #dj or #ej days aft] ! summ] sol/ice4 ,! pla9s ( ,s\dan are !n cov]$ ) wat] & cr[d$ by boats4 ,^! f]tile regions are inaccessible to ,europeans f ! p]nici\s climate1 & dang]\s f ! savage condition ( _m ( ! tribes4 ,! coa/ ( ,gu9ea1 we/ f ! ,nig]1 is wat]$ by _m /reams1 ( no great magnitude1 f ! ,kong ,m\nta9s4 ,! table-l& ( ,s5egambia is ! orig9 ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 ! ,gambia1 ! ,s5egal1 & o!rs ( great size2 & also ( _m ( an inf]ior ord] t f]tilize ! luxuriant m>itime pla9s on ! ,atlantic4 ,_! navigable c\rse is cut %ort by a semicircul> *a9 ( m\nta9s :i* =ms ! b\nd>y ( ! high l&1 ?r\gh :i* !y ?read _! way 9 rapids & cat>acts4 ,! ,gambia rises 9 ,f\la ,toro1 & aft] a c\rse ( ab\t #fjj miles ent]s ! ,atlantic by _m bran*es connect$ by natural *annels1 suppos$ at "o "t to be sep>ate riv]s4 ,! ,s5egal1 ! l>ge/ riv] 9 ?is "p ( ,africa1 is #hej miles long4 ,x receives _m tribut>ies 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse1 & ! l[] is full ( isl&s4 ,x dra9s two lakes1 has sev]al tribut>ies1 & is unit$ to ! bas9 ( ! ,gambia by ! riv] ,n]iko4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,asiatic ,riv]s--,euphrates & ,tigris--,riv] ,sy/ems ,s\? ( ! ,himalaya-- ,*9ese ,riv]s--,sib]ian ,riv]s4 ,,! only riv] sy/em ( importance 9 ,we/]n ,asia is t ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris4 ,9 ! bas9 ( ^! celebrat$ /reams1 conta9+ an area ( #bcj1jjj squ>e miles1 imm5se m\nds ( e>?1 9 a desolate pla91 po9t out ! sites ( "s ( ! mo/ celebrat$ cities ( antiquity--( ,n9eveh & ,babylon4 ,innum]able rema9s & inscriptions1 ! records ( times v remote1 h be5 discov]$ by adv5tur\s travell]s1 & be> te/imony to ! tru? ( "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ pages ( hi/ory4 ,! ,euphrates1 & its afflu5t ! ,m]ad-,*a 7suppos$ to be ! /ream =d$1 z ! ,euphrates1 by ! ,t5 ,?\s& 9 _! retreat71 rise 9 ! he>t ( ,arm5ia1 &1 aft] runn+ #ahjj miles on ! table-l& to #ch #da ( nor? latitude1 !y jo9 ! nor!rn bran* ( ! ,euphrates1 :i* rises 9 ! ,gheul ,m\nta9s1 ne> ,erz]\m4 ,! :ole riv] !n desc5ds 9 rapids ?r\gh ! ,taurus *a91 nor? ( ,romkala1 to ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,! ,tigris rises 9 ! m\nta9s to ! ,n4 & ,w4 ( ,dy>bekir1 & aft] receiv+ sev]al tribut>ies f ! high l&s ( ,kurdi/an1 x pi]ces ! ,taurus range ab\t #ajj miles above ,mosul1 f :5ce x desc5ds 9 a tortu\s c\rse ?r\gh ! pla9 ( anci5t ,assyria1 receiv+ _m /reams f ! ,ty>i m\nta9s1 inhabit$ by ! ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians1 &1 f>!r s\?1 f ^? ( ,luri/an4 ,! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s is ri* 9 cornfields1 date-groves1 & =e/-trees4#aba ,ne> to ! city ( ,bagdad ! ,tigris & ,euphrates approa* to )9 #ab miles1 :]e !y 7 once connect$ by two great canals4 ,f ?is po9t !y run ne>ly p>allel = m ?an #ajj miles1 encircl+ ! pla9 ( ,babylon or ,s\!rn ,mesopotamia--! mod]n ,irak-,arabi4 ,! two riv]s unite at ,korna1 & =m "o /ream1 :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,%at-el-,arab1 runs = #aej miles be=e x falls into ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! banks ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 once ! seat ( an ext5sive population1 & ( art1 civilization1 & indu/ry1 are n[ ne>ly des]t$1 cov]$ ) bru%wood & grass1 dep5d5t on ! ra9s alone = t luxuriant vegetation :i*1 "u an admirable sy/em ( irrigation1 =m]ly cov]$ !m4 ,except+ ! l>ge c5tres ( population1 ,bagdad & ,mosul1 ! inhabitants consi/ ( nomade ,kurdi% tribes4 ,:at rema9s ( civilization has tak5 refuge 9 ! m\nta9s1 :]e ! few traces ( primitive & mo/ anci5t ,*ri/ianity1 "u ! misappli$ d5om9ation ( ,ne/orian ,*ri/ians1 are to be f\nd 9 ! ,ty>i range4 ,! floods ( ! riv]s are v regul> 9 _! p]iod2 beg9n+ 9 ,m>*1 !y atta9 _! greate/ height 9 ,june4 ,! ,p]sian ,gulf may be navigat$ by /eam all ! ye>1 ! ,euphrates only eight mon?s2 x might1 h[ev]1 af=d easy int]c\rse ) ea/]n ,asia1 z x did 9 =m] times4 ,! di/ance f ,aleppo to ,bombay by ! ,euphrates is #bhgj miles1 ( :i* #bgjj1 f ,bir to ,bombay1 are by wat]2 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe? ?is 0 ! common r\te to ,india1 & a fleet 0 !n kept at ,bir1 expressly = t navigation4 ,six riv]s ( ! fir/ magnitude desc5d f ! s\!rn side ( ! table-l& ( ea/]n ,asia & its m\nta9 b>ri]s1 all diff]5t 9 orig91 direction1 & "*1 :ile !y convey to ! ocean a great] volume ( wat] ?an all ! riv]s ( ! re/ ( ! cont95t conjo9tly4 ,( ^!1 ! ,indus1 ! d\ble sy/em ( ! ,ganges1 & ,brahmapootra1 & ! ?ree p>allel riv]s 9 ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 wat] ! pla9s ( s\!rn ,asia2 ! great sy/em ( riv]s t desc5d f ! ea/]n t]races ( ! table-l& irrigates ! f]tile l&s ( ,*9a2 & la/ly1 ! ,sib]ian riv]s1 n inf]ior to any 9 magnitude1 c>ry ! wat]s ( ! ,alta & nor!rn slope ( ! table-l& to ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,! h>d-f\ght battles & spl5did victories rec5tly a*iev$ by ,briti% val\r ov] a bold & well-discipl9$ foe h add$ to ! hi/orical int]e/ ( ! ,indus & its tribut>y /reams1 n[ ! b\nd>ies ( our ,asiatic t]ritories4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,indus 7 only asc]ta9$ 9 #ahab2 ! ,ladak1 ! l>ge/ bran* ( ! ,indus1 has its orig9 9 ! sn[y m\nta9s ( ,k>akorum2 & ! ,%yook1 :i* is ! small] /ream1 rises 9 ! ,k5tese or ,gangri range1 a ridge p>allel to ! ,himalaya1 :i* ext5ds along ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 nor? & we/ ( ! sacr$ lake ( ,mnas>[>4 ,^! two /reams jo9 nor?-we/ ( ,ladak & =m ! ,indus2 ! ,sutlej1 its pr9cipal tribut>y1 spr+s f ! lake ( ,rakas ,tal1 :i* communicates ) t ( ,mnas>[>1 bo? situat$ 9 a valley betwe5 ! ,himalaya & ,gangri *a9 at ! great elevation ( #ae1bjj feet4 ,^! riv]s1 f$ by /reams ( melt$ sn[ f ! nor!rn side ( ! ,himalaya1 bo? fl[ we/w>d along ! ext5sive longitud9al valley ( we/]n ,tibet4 ,! ,sutlej breaks ?r\gh ! ,himalaya ab\t ! #ge? m]idian1 & trav]ses ! :ole bread? ( ! *a91 9 frightful *asms & clefts 9 ! rocks1 to ! pla9s ( ! ,punjab2 ! ,indus1 aft] cont9u+ its c\rse on ! table-l& ?r\gh sev]al degrees ( longitude f>!r1 desc5ds ne> ! junction ( ! ,himalaya & ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 we/ ( ! valley ( ,ca%m]e1 to ! same pla94 ,?ree tribut>ies--! ,jelum or ,hydaspes1 ! ,*5ab or ,acesc9es1 & ! ,ravee or ,hydrates1 all sup]ior to ! ,rhone 9 size--fl[ f ! s\!rn face ( ! ,himalaya1 & ) ! ,sutlej 7! anci5t ,hyphasis7 jo9 ! ,indus be=e x rea*es ,mittun2 h5ce ! "n ,punjab1 8! pla9 ( ! five riv]s10 n[ "o ( ! mo/ valuable c\ntries 9 ! ,ea/4 ,f ,mittun to ! ocean1 ! ,indus1 l ! ,nile1 does n receive a s+le access>y1 f ! same cause-- ! /]ility ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x passes4 ,! ,cabul riv]1 :i* rises ne> ,guzni1 & is jo9$ by a l>g] afflu5t f ! s\!rn declivities ( ! ,h9doo ,coo%1 fl[s ?r\gh picturesque & dang]\s defiles1 & jo9s ! ,indus at ! t[n ( ,attock1 & is ! only tribut>y ( any magnitude t comes f ! we/4 ,! ,indus is n fav\rable to navigation3 = #gj miles aft] x leaves ! m\nta9s ! desc5t 9 a boat is dang]\s1 & x is only navigable = /eam-vessels ( small draught ( wat]2 yet1 f ! f]tility ( ! ,punjab1 & ! ne> approa* ( its bas9 to t ( ! ,ganges at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 x mu/ ultimately be a valuable acquisition1 & ! m especially because x comm&s ! pr9cipal roads betwe5 ,p]sia & ,india1 "o ?r\gh ,cabul & ,pe%aw]1 & ! o!r f ,h]at ?r\gh ,c&ah>4 ,! delta ( ! ,indus1 =m]ly celebrat$ = its civilization1 has long be5 a des]t2 b f ! luxuriance ( ! soil1 & ! *ange ( political circum/ances1 x may aga9 resume its pri/9e aspect4 ,x is #fj miles long1 & pres5ts a face ( #abj miles to ! sea at ! ,gulf ( ,oman1 :]e ! riv] empties itself by _m m\?s1 ( :i* only ?ree or f\r are navigable3 "o only c be ent]$ by vessels ( #ej tons1 & all are liable to *ange4 ,! tide asc5ds !m ) extraord9>y rapidity = #ge miles1 & s great is ! quantity ( mud c>ri$ by x1 & ! absorb+ viol5ce ( ! eddies1 t a vessel wreck$ on ! coa/ 0 buri$ 9 s& & mud 9 two tides4 ,! annual floods beg9 ) ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 ! ,himalaya 9 ! end ( ,april1 come to _! height 9 ,july1 & end 9 ,septemb]4 ,! l5g? ( ?is riv] is #aejj miles1 & x dra9s an area ( #djj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! second gr\p ( ,s\? ,indian riv]s1 & "o ( ! greate/1 is ! d\ble sy/em ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra4 ,^! two riv]s1 ?\gh wide ap>t at _! c\rses1 h _! s\rces little remov$ f ea* o!r1 on opposite sides ( ! c5tral ridge ( ! ,himalaya1 & :i*1 conv]g+ to a common delta1 con/itute "o ( ! mo/ important gr\ps on ! globe4 ,mr4 ,alex&] ,elliot1 ( ! ,body ,gu>d 9 ,b5gal1 son ( ,admiral ,elliot1 ) 8 fri5ds1 are ! fir/ :o h accompli%$ ! ardu\s exp$ition to ! s\rces ( ! ,ganges4 ,! riv] fl[s at once 9 a v rapid /ream n less ?an #dj y>ds across1 f a huge cave 9 a p]p5dicul> wall ( ice at ! di/ance ( ab\t ?ree m>*es f ! ,temple ( ,gungoo-tree1 to :i* ! pilgrims resort4 ,mr4 ,elliot says1 8,! view f ! glaci] 0 p]fectly amaz+2 beautiful or magnific5t is no ^w = x1--x 0 really q a/oni%+4 ,if y c\ld fancy a bird's-eye ( all ! m\nta9s 9 ! _w 9 "o clu/]1 & e "o ( !m cov]$ ) sn[1 x w\ld h>dly give y an idea ( ! sight :i* pres5t$ itself40 ,_m /reams f ! s\!rn face ( ! ,himalaya unite at ,hurdw> to =m ! great body ( ! riv]4 ,x fl[s f !nce 9 a s\?-ea/]ly direction ?r\gh ! pla9s ( ,b5gal1 receiv+ 9 its c\rse ! tribute ( #ai or #bj riv]s1 ( :i* #ab are l>g] ?an ! ,rh9e4 ,ab\t #bbj miles 9 a direct l9e f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 into :i* ! ,ganges fl[s1 ! innum]able *annels & bran*es into :i* x splits =m an intricate maze ov] a delta twice z l>ge z t ( ! ,nile4 ,! ,brahmapootra1 a riv] equal 9 ! volume ( its wat]s to ! ,ganges1 may be consid]$ z ! cont9uation ( ! ,dzangho ,t*\ or riv] ( ,lassa1 :i* rises ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,sutlej & ! ,indus1 9 long4 #hb ,e4 ,aft] wat]+ ! great longitud9al valley ( ea/]n ,tibet1 x makes a sudd5 b5d to ! s\? 9 long4 #ij ,e41 cutt+ ?r\gh ! ,himalaya *a91 z ! ,indus does at its opposite extremity betwe5 ,iskasdo & ,attock2 aft] :i* x receives sev]al tribut>ies f ! nor!rn m\nta9s ( ! ,birman empire2 b v little is kn[n ( ?is "p ( its bas94 ,! upp] "p ( ! ,brahmapootra is p>allel to ! ,himalaya *a91 until x ent]s ,upp] ,assam1 :]e1 pass+ ?r\gh ! sacr$ pool ( ,brahma-,koond1 x receives ! "n :i* x be>s 9 ! l[] "p ( its c\rse-- ,brahmapootra1 ! 8(f-spr+ ( ,brahma30 ! natives call x ! ,lahit1 ,sanscrit = ! 8,r$ ,riv]40 ,9 ,upp] ,assam1 ?r\gh :i* x w9ds #ejj miles1 & =ms "s ext5sive *annel isl&s1 x receives six v consid]able accessories1 ( :i* ! orig9 is unkn[n1 ?\gh "s are suppos$ to come f ! table-l& ( ,tibet4 ,!y are only navigable 9 ! pla9s1 b vessels ( consid]able bur!n asc5d ! p>5t /ream z f> z ,sundiva4 ,be=e x ent]s ! pla9s ( ,b5gal1 bel[ ,goyalp>a1 ! ,brahmapootra runs ) rapidity & 9 great volume1 &1 aft] receiv+ ! riv]s ( ,bhotan & o!r /reams1 bran*es ( x unite ) ^? ( ! ,ganges ab\t #dj miles f ! coa/1 b ! two riv]s ent] ! sea by diff]5t m\?s1 ?\gh !y sometimes approa* )9 two miles4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,brahmapootra is probably #hfj miles1 s t x is #ejj miles %ort] ?an ! ,ganges3 ! volume ( wat] dis*>g$ by x dur+ ! dry season is ab\t #adf1ahh cubic feet 9 a second2 ! quantity dis*>g$ by ! ,ganges 9 ! same "t1 & "u ! same circum/ances1 is #hj1jjj cubic feet4 ,9 ! p]5nial floods ! quantity ( wat] p\r$ ?r\gh ! tribut>ies ( ! ,brahmapootra f _! sn[y s\rces is incr$ible2 ! pla9s ( ,upp] ,assam are an entire %eet ( wat] f ! #ae? ( ,june to ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 & !re is no communication b by elevat$ causeways eight or t5 feet high3 ! two riv]s1 ) _! bran*es1 lay ! pla9 ( ,b5gal "u wat] = hundr$s ( miles annually4 ,!y beg9 fir/ to swell f ! melt+ ( ! sn[ on ! m\nta9s1 b1 be=e _! inf]ior /reams ov]fl[ f t cause1 all ! l[] p>ts ( ,b5gal adjac5t to ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra are "u wat] f ! swell+ ( ^! riv]s by ! ra9s4 ,! increase is arre/$ be=e ! middle ( ,augu/1 by ! cessation ( ! ra9s 9 ! m\nta9s1 ?\gh !y cont9ue to fall long] on ! pla9s4 ,! delta is trav]s$ 9 e direction by arms ( ! riv]s4 ,! ,hoogly bran*1 at all times navigable1 passes ,calcutta & ,*&]nagor2 & ! ,haur+otta arm is also navigable1 z well z ! ,ganges1 prop]ly s call$4 ,! *annels1 h[ev]1 are p]petually *ang+1 f ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 & ! prodigi\s quantity ( matt] wa%$ f ! high l&s2 ! ,ganges alone c>ries to ! sea #fjj1jjj cubic feet ( mud 9 a second1 ! effects ( :i* are p]ceptible #fj miles f ! coa/4 ,! elevation ( ! m\nta9s1 & inde$ ( ! l& g5]ally1 mu/ h be5 enorm\s1 s9ce x rema9s /ill s /up5d\s aft] ages ( su* degradation4 ,! ,sund]bunds1 a cong]ies ( innum]able riv] isl&s =m$ by ! endless /reams & n>r[ *annels ( ! riv]s1 z well z by ! ind5tations ( arms ( ! sea1 l9e ! coa/ ( ,b5gal = #ahj miles1 a wild]ness ( jungle & heavy timb]4 ,! unit$ /reams ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra dra9 an area ( #fej1jjj squ>e miles1 & !re is sc>cely a spot 9 ,b5gal m ?an #bj miles di/ant f a riv] navigable ev5 9 ! dry season4 ,^! ?ree great riv]s ( ,s\!rn ,india d n diff] m widely 9 _! physical circum/ances ?an 9 ! races ( m5 :o inhabit _! banks1 yet f _! position !y seem =m$ to unite nations ! mo/ v>i$ 9 _! aspect & spee*4 ,! tribut>ies ( ! ,ganges & ,indus come s ne> to ea* o!r at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 t a canal only two miles long w\ld unite !m1 & ?us an inl& navigation f ! ,bay ( ,b5gal to ! ,gulf ( ,oman might be e/abli%$4 ,an imm5se volume ( wat] is p\r$ 9 a s]ies ( ne>ly p>allel riv]s ( great magnitude1 & runn+ 9 ! direction ( ! m]idian ?r\gh ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 to empty !mselves into ! ocean on ei!r side ( ! p59sula ( ,malacca4 ,!y rise 9 ^? elevat$ regions at ! s\?-ea/]n angle ( ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 ! l(ty b unkn[n prov9ces ( ! ,*9ese empire1 & wat] ! great valleys t ext5d ne>ly f nor? to s\? ) p]fect uni=mity1 betwe5 *a9s ( m\nta9s no less uni=m1 :i* spread out l a fan z !y approa* ! sea4 ,sc>cely any?+ is kn[n ( ! orig9 or upp] p>ts ( ^! riv]s1 &1 ) a few exceptions1 almo/ z little ( ! l[]4 ,_! numb] am\nts to six or sev51 all l>ge1 ?\gh ?ree surpass ! re/--! ,irawady1 :i* wat]s ! ,birman empire1 & falls into ! ,bay ( ,b5gal at ! ,gulf ( ,m>taban2 ! ,m5am1 or riv] ( ,siam2 & ! riv] ,cambodja1 :i* fl[s ?r\gh ! empire ( ,annam3 ! la/ two fall into ! ,gulf ( ,siam & ! ,*9a ,sea4 ,! s\rces ( ! ,irawady are 9 ! same *a9 ( m\nta9s ) ! ea/]n afflu5ts ( ! ,brahmapootra m to ! s\?4 ,its c\rse is ?r\gh c\ntries h>dly kn[n to ,europeans1 b x seems to be navigable by boats be=e com+ to ! city ( ,am>apoora1 s\? ( :i* x ent]s ! f9e/ & ri*e/ pla9 ( ! empire1 conta9+ its f\r capital-cities4 ,!re x receives two l>ge afflu5ts1 "o f ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 :i* fl[s into ! ,irawady at ! city ( ,ava1 #ddf miles f ! sea1 ! highe/ po9t atta9$ by ! ,briti% =ces dur+ ! ,burmese w>4 ,f ,ava to its delta ! ,irawady is a magnific5t riv]1 m ?an f\r miles broad 9 "s places1 b encumb]$ ) *annel isl&s4 ,9 ?is "p ( its c\rse x receives its l>ge/ tribut>y1 & =ms 9 its delta "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive sy/ems ( int]nal navigation4 ,! ,rangoon is ! only "o ( its #ad m\?s t is always navigable1 & 9 x ! comm]ce ( ! empire is conc5trat$4 ,! int]nal communication is ext5d$ by ! junction ( ! two mo/ navigable deltoid bran*es ) ! riv]s ,sala5 & ,pegu by natural canals3 t jo9+ ! =m] is #bjj miles long2 ! canal unit+ ! latt] is only navigable at high wat]4 ,! ,m5am1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ,asiatic riv]s1 is less kn[n ?an ! ,irawady2 x comes f ! ,*9ese prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 & runs ?r\gh ! k+dom ( ,siam1 :i* x cuts into sev]al isl&s by _m div]g+ bran*es1 & ent]s ! ,gulf ( ,siam by ?ree pr9cipal arms1 ! mo/ ea/]ly ( :i* =ms ! h>b\r ( ,bangkok4 ,x is jo9$ to ! ,m5am ,kong1 or ,cambodja1 by ! small riv] ,anan-,myit4 ,! riv] ( ,cambodja has ! longe/ c\rse ( any 9 ! p59sula3 x is suppos$ to be ! ,lantsan-,kiang1 :i* rises 9 ! high l& ( ,k'ham1 9 ea/]n ,asia1 n f> f ! s\rces ( ! great ,*9ese riv]1 ! ,yang-tse-,kiang4 ,aft] transv]s+ ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,yun-nan1 :]e x is navigable1 x ru%es ?r\gh ! m\nta9 b>ri]s1 &1 on rea*+ a wid] valley ab\t #cjj miles f its m\?1 x is jo9$ to ! ,m5am by ! natural canal ( ! ,anan-,myit4 ,m to ! s\? x is said to split into bran*es :i* unite aga94 ,! anci5t capital ( ,annam is situate on ! ,cambodja1 ab\t #aej miles f ! sea2 a little to ! s\? its ext5sive delta beg9s1 projects f> into ! ocean1 & is cut 9 all directions by arms ( ! riv]1 navigable dur+ ! floods2 ?ree ( its m\?s are p]man5tly s = l>ge vessels up to ! capital4 ,! ,sang1 m to ! ea/1 is mu* %ort] ?an ! ,cambodja1 ?\gh said to be #ajjj miles long1 b ,europeans h n asc5d$ high] ?an ! t[n ( ,sai-gon4 ,ne> its m\? x s5ds (f sev]al bran*es to ! ea/]n arm ( ! ,cambodja4 ,all riv]s ( ?is "p ( ,asia are subject to p]iodical inundations1 :i* f]tilize ! pla9s at ! exp5se ( ! m\nta9s4 ,! p>allelism ( ! m\nta9-*a9s con/itutes =midable b>ri]s betwe5 ! upp] bas9s ( ! ,indo-,*9ese riv]s1 & decid$ l9es ( sep>ation betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! int]v5+ valleys2 b ?is inconv5i5ce is 9 "s degree comp5sat$ by ! natural canals ( junction & ! ext5sive wat] communication t[>ds ! m\?s ( ! riv]s4 ,f\r great sy/ems ( riv]s take _! orig9 on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! great table-l& ( c5tral ,asia1 & runn+ f we/ to ea/1 trav]se ! ,*9ese empire3--! ,hong-,kiang1 :i*1 ris+ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,yun-nan1 empties itself into ! bay ( ,canton2 ! ,yang-tse-,kiang1 or ,son ( ! ,ocean2 ! ,hoang-,ho2 & ! great riv] ( ,amur4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,hoang-,ho is #bjjj miles1 t ( ! ,yang-tse-,kiang #bijj4 ,?\gh ne> _! s\rces !y are widely sep>at$ by ! m\nta9-*a9s t bord] ! table-l&1 !y approa* z !y proce$ on _! ea/]n c\rse1 & are n m ?an #ajj miles ap>t :5 !y ent] ! ,yell[ ,sea4 ,f a map con/ruct$ by ! ,jesuit mission>ies 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 x appe>s t ! m\? ( ! ,hoang-,ho or ,yell[ ,riv] has %ift$ to ! enorm\s di/ance ( #abf leagues f its =m] position4 ,! ,yang-tse-,kiang & ! ,yell[ ,riv]1 9 ! l[] "p ( _! c\rse1 are unit$ by innum]able canals1 =m+ ! gr&e/ sy/em ( irrigation & ( int]nal navigation 9 exi/5ce4 ,! ,hoang-,ho br+s d[n s l>ge a quantity ( e>?y matt] to ! sea1 t1 l ! ,tib] ( old1 x is call$ ! 8,yell[0 ,riv]4 ,/rong tides asc5d ^! riv]s to ! di/ance ( #djj miles1 & = ! "t prev5t ! desc5t ( ! fre% wat]1 :i* =ms l>ge int]ior seas frequ5t$ by ?\s&s ( trad+-vessels1 & !y irrigate ! productive l&s ( c5tral ,*9a1 f "t immemorial ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & ! mo/ d5sely-peopl$ region ( ! globe4 ,almo/ all ! ,*9ese riv]s ( less note--& !y are num]\s--fe$ ^! giant /reams1 ) ! exception ( ! ,ta-si or ,hong-,kiang & ! ,pee-ho or ,:ite ,riv]1 :i* h _! own bas9s4 ,! =m]1 ris+ to ! ea/ ( ! t[n ( ,yun-nan1 fl[s ?r\gh ! pla9s ( ,canton ea/w>d to ! ,gulf ( ,canton1 into :i* x dis*>ges itself1 increas$ 9 its c\rse by ! ,sekiang4 ,! ,:ite ,riv]1 ris+ 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ! ,great ,wall1 becomes navigable a few miles ea/ ( ,pek91 unites ) ! ,eu-ho1 jo9s ! ,great ,canal1 &1 z ! tide asc5ds x = #hj miles1 x is cr[d$ ) %ipp+4 ,! ,amur1 ! s\rces ( :i* are p>tly 9 ! ,russian dom9ions1 ?\gh its c\rse is *iefly 9 ! ,mant*oo t]ritory ( ,*9a1 is #bjjj miles long1 includ+ its w9d+s1 & has a bas9 ( #hec1jjj squ>e miles4 ,almo/ all its tribut>ies come f t "p ( ! ,baikalian gr\p call$ ! ,yablonnoi ,khrebit by ! ,russians1 & ,kh+-,khan-,oola by ! ,*9ese4 ,! riv] ,onon1 :i* is ! p>5t /ream1 has its orig9 9 ! ,kh5tai ,khan1 a bran* ( ! latt]2 & ?\gh its c\rse is ?r\gh an un9habit$ c\ntry1 x is celebrat$ z be+ ! bir?place & ! sc5e ( ! exploits ( ,t%+is ,khan4 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! lake ( ,dalai-nor1 :i* is #baj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 x takes ! "n ( ,argun1 & =ms ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! ,*9ese & ,russians = #djj miles2 x is !n jo9$ by ! ,%ilka1 :]e x assumes ! ,tunguse "n ( ! ,amur or ,great ,riv]3 ! ,m&*oos call x ! ,sagal9 or ,black ,wat]4 ,x receives mo/ ( ! unkn[n riv]s :i* come f ! m\nta9-slopes ( ! ,great ,gobi1 & falls into ! ,pacific opposite to ! isl& ( ,sagal91 aft] hav+ trav]s$ ?ree degrees ( latitude & ?irty-?ree ( longitude4 ,?ree great riv]s1 ! ,l5a1 ! ,y5essei1 & ! d\ble sy/em ( ! ,irti% & ,oby1 n inf]ior 9 size to any ( ! riv]s ( ,asia1 c>ry (f ! wat]s ( ! ,alta *a91 & ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! nor!rn bord] ( ! great ,asiatic table-l&4 ,! ,l5a1 ^: bas9 occupies #hjj1jjj squ>e miles1 spr+s f m\nta9s nor? ( ! ,lake ( ,baikal1 & runs nor?-ea/ ?r\gh m ?an half its c\rse to ! ,sib]ian t[n ( ,yakutzk1 ! colde/ t[n on ! face ( ! e>?1 receiv+ 9 its c\rse ! ,vitim & ! ,olekma1 its two pr9cipal afflu5ts1 ! =m] f ! ,baikal m\nta9s1 ! latt] f ,/annovoi ,khrebit1 ! mo/ s\!rly "p ( ! ,aldan range4 ,nor? ( ,yakutzk1 ab\t ! #fc;d degree ( latitude1 ! ,l5a receives ! ,aldan1 its greate/ tribut>y1 :i* also comes f ! ,/annovoi ,khrebit2 x !n goes to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 betwe5 banks ( froz5 mud1 prodigi\s masses ( :i* are hurl$ d[n by ! summ] floods1 & br+ to view ! bones ( ^? huge animals ( ext9ct species :i* at "s remote p]iod _h f\nd _! n\ri%m5t 9 ^! des]t pla9s4 ,! l5g? ( ! ,l5a1 includ+ its w9d+s1 is #aijj miles4 ,a diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( ! air has be5 obs]v$ on ! banks ( ?is riv]1 on ! %ores ( ! ,sea ( ,okhotzk1 & at ,kam*atka2 :i* indicates t 9 ! di/ance ( five degrees ( latitude !re is an app>5t diff]5ce 9 ! level ( ! sea am\nt+ to #aci feet4#abb ,a simil> ph5om5on 0 obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,fo/] ne> ,cape ,horn1 & by ,sir ,james ,ross ?r\gh\t ! ,s\? ,pol> ,ocean4 ,! ,y5essei1 a mu* l>g] riv] ?an ! ,l5a1 dra9s ab\t #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & is =m$ by ! union ( ! ,great & ,little ,kem4 ,! =m] rises at ! junction ( ! ,sayansk range1 ) ! ,baikalian m\nta9s to ! nor?-we/ ( ,lake ,kassagol2 ! latt] comes f ! ,egtag or ,little ,alta1 9 q an opposite direction1 s t ^! two meet ne>ly at "r angles1 & take ! "n ( ,y5essei2 x !n crosses ! ,sagaetses range 9 cat>acts & rapids1 ent]+ ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia bel[ ! t[n ( ,krasnoj>sk4 ,bel[ ?is _m riv]s jo9 x1 *iefly ! ,ang>a f ! ,lake ,baikal2 b its greate/ tribut>ies1 ! ,upp] & ,l[] ,tunguska1 bo? l>ge riv]s f ! ,baikalian m\nta9s1 jo9 x l[] d[n1 ! fir/ to ! s\?1 ! latt] to ! nor? ( ! t[n ( ,y5iseisk1 :5ce x runs nor? to ! ,icy ,ocean1 !re =m+ a l>ge gulf1 its l5g?1 measur$ along its b$1 be+ #bejj miles4 ,! ,oby rises 9 ! ,lake ( ,toleskoi1 8! ,lake ( ,gold10 9 ,great ,t>t>y2 all ! /reams ( ! ,less] ,alta unite to swell x & its great tribut>y ! ,irti%4 ,! riv]s :i* come f ! nor!rn declivity ( ! m\nta9s g to ! ,oby1 ^? f ! we/]n side to ! ,irti%1 :i* spr+s f num]\s /reams on ! s\?-we/]n declivity ( ! ,little ,alta1 & run we/w>d into ,lake ,zaidzan1 #bjj miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,issu+ f !nce1 x takes a we/]ly c\rse to ! pla9 on ! nor? ( ,semipolat9sk4 ,9 ! pla9 x is jo9$ by ! ,tobol1 :i* crosses ! /eppe ( ! ,kirghiz ,cossacks f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 & soon unites ) ! ,oby2 ! jo9t /ream !n proce$s to ! ,arctic ,ocean 9 #fg ,n4 lat4 ,! ,oby is #bjjj miles long1 & ! bas9 ( ^! two riv]s occupies a ?ird "p ( ,sib]ia4 ,be=e ! ,oby leaves ! m\nta9s1 at a di/ance ( #abjj miles f ! ,arctic ,ocean1 its surface has an absolute elevation ( n m ?an #djj feet1 & ! ,irti%1 at ! same di/ance1 is only #gb feet high]2 bo? are consequ5tly sluggi%4 ,:5 ! sn[ melts !y cov] ! c\ntry l seas2 & z ! incl9ation ( ! pla9s 9 ! middle & l[] p>ts ( _! c\rse is n suffici5t to c>ry (f ! wat]1 ^? imm5se lakes & m>%es are =m$ :i* *>act]ize ?is portion ( ,sib]ia4 ,! b$ ( ! ,oby is v deep1 & !re are no s\nd+s at its m\?2 h5ce1 ! l>ge/ vessels might asc5d at lea/ to its junction ) ! ,irti%4 ,its _m afflu5ts also might admit %ips1 did n ! climate =m an insurm\ntable ob/acle ! great] "p ( ! ye>4 ,inde$ all ,sib]ian riv]s are froz5 annually = _m mon?s1 & ev5 ! ocean along ! ,arctic coa/s is r>ely dis5cumb]$ f ice2 !re=e ^! va/ riv]s nev] c be important z navigable /reams2 b t[>ds ! m\nta9s !y af=d wat] communication f ! /eppe ( ,issim to ! ,pacific4 ,!y ab\nd 9 fi% & wat]-f[l1 = :i* ! ,sib]ian braves ! extreme/ sev]ity ( ! climate4 ,local circum/ances h n[h]e produc$ a great] diff]5ce 9 ! human race ?an 9 ! bas9s ( ! great riv]s nor? & s\? ( ! table-l& ( ea/]n ,asia4 ,! ,indian1 fav\r$ by ! f9e/ climate1 & a soil :i* produces ! luxuries ( life1 int]sect$ ) riv]s navigable at all seasons1 & af=d+ easy communication ) ! surr\nd+ nations1 atta9$ e>ly a high degree ( civilization2 :ile ! ,sib]ian & ,samoide1 doom$ to cont5d ) ! rig\rs ( ! pol> bla/s 9 ord] to obta9 m]e exi/5ce1 h nev] ris5 beyond ! l[e/ grade ( humanity2 b cu/om s(t5s ! rig\r ( ?is /]n life1 s t ev5 "h a %>e ( happ9ess is enjoy$4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,riv] ,sy/ems ( ,nor? ,am]ica--,riv]s ( ,c5tral ,am]ica--,riv]s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ( ,au/ralia4 ,,nor? ,am]ica is divid$ into f\r di/9ct wat] sy/ems by ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! ,alleghanies1 & a table-l& :i* conta9s ! great lakes1 & sep>ates ! riv]s t fl[ into ! ,arctic ,ocean f ^? :i* g to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,?is table-l&1 :i* is a level1 n[h]e m ?an #abjj or #aejj feet above ! surface ( ! sea1 is ! wat]%$ ( ! ,mack5zie1 ! ,mississippi1 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & ( ! riv]s t fl[ into ,hudson's ,bay4 ,! ,/4 ,lawr5ce rises "u ! "n ( ! ,/4 ,l\is 9 #dg #dc ,n4 lat4 & #ic ,w4 long42 aft] jo9+ ! ,lakes ,sup]ior1 ,huron1 ,erie1 & ,ont>io1 x issues f ! la/ by ! "n ( ! ,iroquois1 &1 exp&+ 9 its nor?-ea/]ly c\rse into ,lakes ,/4 ,francis1 ,/4 ,l\is1 & ,/4 ,pet]1 x is fir/ kn[n z ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce at ,montreal1 f :5ce x runs nor?-ea/ into ! ,atlantic1 & ends 9 an e/u>y #ajj miles wide4 ,x has a bas9 ( #big1fjj squ>e miles1 ( :i* #id1jjj are cov]$ ) wat]1 exclusive ( ! _m less] lakes ) :i* x is 9 communication4 ,nor? ( ! wat]%$ !re is an endless & intricate labyr9? ( lakes & riv]s1 almo/ all connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,b ! pr9cipal /reams ( ^! ,arctic l&s are--! ,great ,fi% ,riv]1 :i* fl[s nor?-ea/ 9 a cont9u$ s]ies ( dang]\s & all b impassable rapids to ! ,arctic ,ocean at ,melville ,/rait2 ! ,copp]-m9e ,riv]1 ( mu* ! same "*1 :i*1 aft] trav]s+ _m lakes1 ent]s ! ,icy ,sea at ,george ! ,f\r?'s ,gulf2 & ! ,mack5zie ,riv]1 a /ream ( great] magnitude1 =m$ by ! conflu5ce ( ! ,peace ,riv] & ! ,a?abasca f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i*1 aft] fl[+ nor? ov] #af degrees ( latitude1 ent]s ! ,froz5 ,ocean 9 ! ,esquimaux c\ntry beyond ! ,arctic ,circle4 ,all ^! riv]s are froz5 m ?an half ! ye>1 & ! ,mack5zie1 9 consequ5ce ( its l5g? & direction f s\? to nor?1 is subject to floods l ! ,sib]ian riv]s1 because its l[] c\rse rema9s froz5 = sev]al hundr$ miles long aft] ! upp] "p is ?aw$1 & ! wat]1 f9d+ no outlet1 fl[s ov] ! ice & inundates ! pla9s4 ,s\? ( ! table-l& ! valley ( ! ,mississippi ext5ds = #ajjj miles1 & ?is greate/ ( ,nor? ,am]ican riv]s has its orig9 9 ! junction ( /reams f ! small lakes ,itaska & ,ussawa1 on ! table-l& at no great] height ?an #aejj feet above ! sea4 ,be=e _! junction ^! /reams frequ5tly spread out into %eets ( wat]1 & ! ,mississippi does ! same 9 ! upp] "p ( its c\rse4 ,?is riv] fl[s f nor? to s\? ?r\gh m degrees ( latitude ?an any o!r1 & receives s _m tribut>ies ( ! high] ord]s t x w\ld be difficult ev5 to "n !m4 ,among ^? t swell its volume f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ! ,miss\ri1 ! ,arkansas1 & ! ,r$ ,riv] are ! l>ge/1 ea* be+ 9 itself a mighty /ream1 receiv+ tribut>ies )\t numb]4 ,be=e _! junction ! ,miss\ri is a /ream mu* sup]ior to ! ,mississippi bo? 9 l5g? & volume1 & has _m afflu5ts l>g] ?an ! ,rh9e4 ,x rises 9 ab\t #dd ,n4 lat41 & runs p>tly 9 a longitud9al valley ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & p>tly at _! foot1 & dra9s ! :ole ( ! c\ntry on ! "r bank ( ! ,mississippi betwe5 ! #di? & #dj? p>allels ( nor? latitude4 ,x desc5ds 9 cat>acts ?r\gh ! m\nta9 regions1 & 9 ! pla9s x sometimes passes ?r\gh l>ge prairies & sometimes ?r\gh d5se =e/s1 9 all accompli%+ #cjjj miles 9 a v tortu\s & g5]ally s\?-ea/]n direction till x jo9s ! ,mississippi ne> ! t[n ( ,/4 ,l\is4 ,l[] d[n1 ! ,mississippi is jo9$ by ! ,arkansas1 #bjjj miles long1 ) _m tribut>ies1 & !n by ! ,r$ ,riv]1 ! =m] f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 ! latt]1 :i* rises 9 ! table-l& ( ,new ,mexico1 is f$ by riv]s f ! ,si]ra del ,sacram5to1 & ent]s ! ma9 /ream n f ! beg9n+ ( ! delta1 at ! head ( :i* ! ,mississippi s5ds (f a l>ge bran* call$ ! ,at*afalaya to ! s\?1 & !n turn+ to ! ea/ x dis*>ges itself by five m\?s at ! extremity ( a long tongue ( l& :i* /ret*es #ej miles into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 hav+ =m$ a delta consid]ably l>g] ?an t ( ! ,nile4 ,! %ore is l9$ ) %all[ salt lagoons2 ! great] "p ( ! delta is cov]$ ) wat] & unheal?y m>%es1 ! abode ( ! alligator1 & dur+ ! floods x is a muddy sea4 ,?is riv] is navigable = #bbdj miles4 ,its valley is ( v>iable wid?1 b at its greate/ wid?1 at ! junction ( ! ,:ite ,riv]1 x is #hj miles4 ,! tribut>ies f ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ?\gh mu* long]1 run ?r\gh c\ntries ( less promise ?an ^? :i* are trav]s$ by ! ,ohio & ! o!r riv]s t fl[ into ! ,mississippi on ! ea/1 :i* (f] advantages unrivall$ ev5 9 ?is wond]ful c\ntry1 only beg9n+ to be develop$4 ,! ,ohio is =m$ by ! union ( ! riv]s ,alleghany & ,monongahela1 ! latt] f ! ,laurel ridge ( ! ,alleghany *a9 9 ,virg9ia2 ! =m] comes f s\rces ne> ,lake ,erie1 & ! two unite at ,pittsburg1 f :5ce ! riv] w9ds #idh miles ?r\gh "s ( ! f9e/ /ates ( ! ,union1 till its junction ) ! ,mississippi1 hav+ receiv$ _m accessories1 six ( :i* are navigable /reams4 ,!re are "s ob/acles to navigation 9 ! ,ohio1 b !y h be5 avoid$ by canals4 ,o!r canals jo9 bo? ! ,mississippi & its bran*es ) ,lake ,erie1 s t !re is an int]nal wat] communication betwe5 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce & ! ,gulf ( ,mexico4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ! ,mississippi is #cafj miles1 b1 if ! ,miss\ri be consid]$ ! ma9 /em1 x is #dbfe1 & ! jo9t /ream dra9s an area ( ab\t a million & a qu>t] ( squ>e miles4 ,! bread? ( ! riv] n[h]e corresponds ) its l5g?4 ,at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,miss\ri ea* riv] is half a mile wide1 & aft] ! junction ( ! ,ohio x is n m4 ,a /eam] may asc5d ! ,mississippi = #bjjj miles f ,balize )\t any p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 its bread?4 ,! dep? is #afh feet :]e x ent]s ! ,gulf ( ,mexico at ,new ,orleans3 ! fall ( ! riv] at ,cape ,gir>deau is f\r in*es 9 a mile4 ,?is riv] is a rapid desolat+ torr5t load$ ) mud2 its viol5t floods1 f ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 ! high latitudes1 sweep away :ole =e/s1 by :i* ! navigation is r5d]$ v dang]\s1 & ! trees1 be+ matt$ toge!r 9 masses _m y>ds ?ick1 are c>ri$ d[n by ! spr+ floods1 & deposit$ ov] ! delta & ,gulf ( ,mexico = hundr$s ( squ>e miles4 ,nor? ,am]ica c boa/ ( two o!r great wat] sy/ems1 "o f ! ea/]n v]sant ( ! ,alleghanies1 :i* fl[s into ! ,atlantic1 & ano!r f ! we/]n v]sant ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* runs into ! ,pacific4 ,all ! /reams t fl[ ea/w>d ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ! ,atlantic are %ort1 & comp>atively small1 b ( ! highe/ utility1 because _m ( !m1 especially ^? to ! nor?1 end 9 gulfs ( va/ magnitude1 & ! :ole are s unit$ by canals t few places are n accessible by wat]--"o ( ! greate/ advantages a c\ntry c possess4 ,!re are at lea/ #bd canals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! aggregate l5g? ( :i* is #caja miles4 ,_m ( ! /reams :i* ultimately come to ! ,atlantic rise 9 ! we/]n ridges ( ! ,alleghany *a91 & trav]se its longitud9al valleys be=e leav+ ! m\nta9s to cross ! ,atlantic slope1 :i* t]m9ates 9 a precipit\s l$ge = #cjj miles p>allel to ! range4 ,by fall+ ov] ?is rocky b>ri] 9 long rapids & picturesque cascades !y af=d an enorm\s & ext5sive wat]-p[]2 & z ! riv]s are navigable f ! ,atlantic q across ! m>itime pla9s1 ^! two circum/ances h det]m9$ ! location ( mo/ ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! foot ( ?is rocky l$ge1 :i*1 ?\gh n m ?an #cjj feet high1 has _h a great] influ5ce on ! political & comm]cial int]e/s ( ! ,union ?an ! highe/ *a9s ( m\nta9s h _h 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,hudson 9 ! nor? is navigable to ,albany2 ! ,delaw>e & ,susquehanna1 end+ 9 bays1 are important riv]s2 & ! ,potomac1 :i* falls into ,*esapeake ,bay1 passes ,wa%+ton1 ! capital ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to :i* ! l>ge/ %ips c asc5d4 ,! wat]%$ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s lies at a great] di/ance f ! ,pacific ?an t ( ! ,alleghanies f ! ,atlantic2 consequ5tly ! riv]s are long]1 b !y are few1 & little kn[n2 ! l>ge/ are1 ! ,oregon or ,colombia1 & ! ,rio ,colorado4 ,! =m] has its s\rces n f> f ^? ( ! ,miss\ri & ( ! ,rio del ,norte2 & aft] an exce$+ly tortu\s s\rce1 9 :i* x receives _m tribut>ies1 x falls into ! ,pacific at ,a/oria4 ,! ,colorado is a ,mexican /ream1 :i* comes f ! ,si]ra ,v]de & falls into ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia4 ,! ,sacram5to ) its tribut>ies1 a ,cali=nian /ream1 ly+ betwe5 ! two1 & mu* inf]ior to ei!r1 has be5 br\ght into notice ( late f ! ext5sive & ri* aurif]\s c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s 9 its c\rse to ! ,bay ( ,san ,francisco on ! ,pacific4 ,on ! table-l& ( ,mexico !re is a bas9 ( cont95tal /reams1 :i*1 ris+ f spr+s on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,si]ra ,madre1 & f$ by ! p]iodical ra9s1 fl[ nor?w>d & t]m9ate 9 lakes1 :i* "p ) _! sup]flu\s wat] by evaporation4 ,( ^!1 ! ,rio ,gr&e1 :i*1 aft] a c\rse ( #cjj miles1 falls into ! ,p>ras1 is ! greate/4 ,! l>ge/ riv] 9 ! i/hmus ( ,mexico is ! ,rio de ,l]ma or ,rio ,gr&e ,santiago1 :i* rises on ! table-l& ( ,toluca1 passes ?r\gh ,lake ,*apala1 =ms num]\s cascades1 & falls into ! ,pacific aft] a c\rse ( #djj miles4 ,!re are _m /reams 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & above #aj riv]s t are navigable = "s miles2 six ( ^! fall into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico & ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & f\r into ! ,pacific4 ,( ^!1 ! ,guasacualco1 :i* trav]ses ! ,i/hmus ne>ly f sea to sea1 & :i* has by "s be5 consid]$ z ! be/ po9t = a sea canal betwe5 ! two oceans1 & ! ,montagua1 :i* rises 9 ! m\nta9s ne> ,guatemala3 ! fir/ empties itself into ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :il/ ! second fl[s into ! ,gulf ( ,honduras1 & has a long l9e ( navigation4 ,9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! ,/ate ( ,guatemala is situat$ ! ,riv] ( ,san ,juan1 :i* dra9s ! ,lakes ( ,nic>agua & ,leon1 & by :i* x is suppos$ a wat] communication c\ld be easily effect$ betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ! ,pacific4 ,! ,&es1 ! ext5sive wat]%$ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are s close to ! sea1 t !re are no riv]s ( consid]able size :i* empty !mselves into ! ,pacific2 ev5 "s ( ! /reams t rise 9 ! we/]n ,cordill]as f9d _! way to ! ea/]n pla9s4 ,! ,magdal5a1 at ! nor!rn end ( ! ,&es1 ?\gh a second>y riv] 9 ,am]ica1 is #fbj miles long4 ,x rises 9 ! c5tral *a91 at ! div]g5ce ( ! ,cordill]as ( ,suma ,paz & ,qu9diu1 & ent]s ! ,c>ibbean ,sea by v>i\s *annels2 x is navigable z f> z ,honda4 ,! ,cauca1 its only fe$] on ! left1 comes f ,popayan1 & is ne>ly z l>ge z its prim>y1 to :i* x runs p>allel ! great] "p ( its c\rse4 ,_m /reams jo9 ! ,magdal5a on ! "r1 z ! /ream :i* wat]s ! elevat$ pla9 ( ,bogota1 & =ms ! cat>act ( ,tequ5dama1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & wilde/ sc5es 9 ! ,&es4 ,! riv] ru%es ?r\gh a *asm #cj feet wide1 :i* appe>s to h be5 =m$ by an e>?quake1 & at a d\ble b\nd desc5ds #ecj feet into a d>k gloomy pool1 illum9at$ only at noon by a few feeble rays4 ,a d5se cl\d ( vap\r ris+ f x is visible at ! di/ance ( #ae miles4 ,at ! top ! vegetation is t ( a temp]ate climate1 :ile palms gr[ at ! bottom4 ,! riv] ,atrato1 p>allel to ! ,cauca & ,magdal5a1 b less consid]able1 empties itself into ! ,gulf ( ,d>i54 ,! riv]s ( ,patia1 ( ,san ,juan1 ( ,las ,esm]aldas1 & ( ,guyaquil1 all rise on ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,&es to fl[ into ! ,pacific4 ,) ^! exceptions1 all ! wat] f ! inexhau/ible s\rces ( ! ,&es nor? ( ,*ile is p\r$ into ! ,or9oco1 ! ,riv] ( ! ,amazons1 & ! ,rio de la ,plata1 :i* convey x ea/w>d across ! cont95t to ! ,atlantic4 ,9 ! f> s\?1 inde$1 !re are ! ,colorado & ,rio ,negro1 b !y are insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ^! giant floods4 ,! bas9s ( ^! ?ree riv]s are sep>at$ 9 _! l[] p>ts by ! m\nta9s & high l&s ( ! ,p>ima & ,brazil2 b ! c5tral p>ts ( ! bas9s ( all ?ree1 t[>d ! foot ( ! ,&es1 =m an ext5sive level1 & are only divid$ f "o ano!r by imp]ceptible elevations 9 ! pla9s1 b>ely suffici5t to =m ! wat]%$s betwe5 ! tribut>ies ( ^! maje/ic riv]s4 ,?is peculi> /ructure is ! cause ( ! natural canal ( ! ,cassiqui>e1 :i* jo9s ! ,upp] ,or9oco ) ! ,rio ,negro1 a pr9cipal afflu5t ( ! ,amazons4 ,ages h5ce1 :5 ! wilds are inhabit$ by civiliz$ man1 ! tribut>ies ( ^! ?ree great riv]s1 _m ( :i* are navigable to ! foot ( ! ,&es1 w1 by means ( canals1 =m a wat] sy/em inf9itely sup]ior to any t n[ exi/s4 ,! ,or9oco1 altoge!r a ,colombian riv]1 rises 9 ! ,si]ra del ,p>ima1 #bjj miles ea/ ( ! elevat$ ,peak ( ,duida1 & ma9ta9s a we/]ly c\rse to ,san ,f]n&o de ,atabapo1 :]e x receives ! ,atabapo1 & ,guavi>e1 :i* is l>g] ?an ! ,danube2 "h ends ! ,upp] ,or9oco4 ,! riv] !n =ces a passage ?r\gh ! ,si]ra del ,p>ima1 & runs due nor? = ?ree degrees ( latitude1 betwe5 banks almo/ inaccessible2 its b$ is trav]s$ by dykes1 & fill$ ) b\ld]s ( granite & isl&s clo!d ) a v>iety ( magnific5t palm-trees4 ,l>ge portions ( ! riv] are "h engulf$ 9 crevices1 =m+ subt]ranean cascades2 & 9 ?is "p are ! celebrat$ falls ( ! ,atures & ,apures1 #cf miles ap>t1 :i* are he>d at ! di/ance ( _m miles4 ,at ! end ( ?is tumultu\s "p ( its c\rse x is jo9$ by ! ,meta1 & f>!r nor? by ! ,apure1 two v l>ge riv]s1 :i* dra9 ! :ole ea/]n side ( ! ,&es 9 an ext5t ( #aj degrees ( latitude1 & !n runs ea/w>d to its m\?1 :]e x =ms an ext5sive delta & ent]s ! ,atlantic by _m *annels4 ,z ! ,upp] ,or9oco runs we/1 & ! ,l[] ,or9oco ea/1 x makes a complete circuit r\nd ! ,p>ima m\nta9s1 s t its m\? is only two degrees di/ant f ! m]idian ( its s\rces4 ,! ,cassiqui>e leaves ! ,or9oco ne> ! s\? base ( ! ,peak ( ,duida1 & jo9s ! ,rio ,negro1 a *ief tribut>y ( ! ,amazons1 at ! di/ance ( #ahj miles4 ,! ,or9oco is navigable = #ajjj miles at all seasons2 a fleet might asc5d x f ! ,dragon's ,m\? to )9 #de miles ( ,santa ,f de ,bogota4 ,x receives _m navigable riv]s1 ( :i* ! ,guavi>e1 ! ,atures1 & ! ,meta are ea* l>g] ?an ! ,danube4 ,! ,meta may be asc5d$ to ! foot ( ! ,&es2 its mean dep? is #cf feet1 & 9 _m places #hj or #ij4 ,x rises s high 9 ! ,&es t ,b>on ,humboldt says ! vegetable productions at its s\rce diff] z mu* f ^? at its conflu5ce ) ! ,or9oco1 ?\gh 9 ! same latitude1 z ! vegetation ( ,france does f t ( ,s5egal4 ,! l>g] fe$]s ( ! ,or9oco come f ! ,&es1 ?\gh _m desc5d to x f bo? sides ( ! ,p>ima1 9 consequ5ce ( its long circuit among ^! m\nta9s4 ,! bas9 ( ! ,or9oco has an area ( #cjj1jjj squ>e miles1 ( :i* ! upp] "p is imp5etrable =e/1 ! l[] is ,llanos4 ,! floods ( ! ,or9oco1 l ^? ( all riv]s entirely )9 ! torrid zone1 are v regul>1 & atta9 _! height ne>ly at ! same "t ) ^? ( ! ,ganges1 ! ,nig]1 & ! ,gambia4 ,!y beg9 to swell ab\t ! #be? ( ,m>*1 & arrive at _! full & beg9 to decrease on ! #be? ( ,augu/4 ,! inundations are v great1 ow+ to ! quantity ( ra9 t falls 9 ! wood$ regions1 :i* exce$s #ajj in*es 9 a ye>4 ,bel[ ! conflu5ce ( ! ,apure ! riv] is ?ree miles & a qu>t] broad1 b dur+ ! floods x is ?ree times z mu*4 ,by ! conflu5ce ( f\r ( its greate/ tribut>ies at ! po9t at :i* x b5ds to ! ea/1 a l[ inl& delta is =m$1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* #cfjj squ>e miles ( ! pla9 are "u wat] dur+ ! inundation4 ,! ,or9oco 9 _m places smells ( musk1 f ! numb] ( dead crocodiles4 ,upp] ,p]u is ! cradle ( ! ,amazons1 ! greate/ ( riv]s1 :i* dra9s ! *a9 ( ! ,&es f ! equator to ! #bj? p>allel ( s\!rn latitude4 ,its highe/ bran*1 :i* be>s ! "n ( ,m>aon1 issues 9 two /reams f ! ,lake ( ,laurico*a 9 ! pla9 ( ,bombon1 at a great elevation 9 ! ,&es3 x runs 9 a deep longitud9al valley f s\? to nor?1 till x bur/s ?r\gh ! ea/]n ridge at ! ,pongo de ,mans]i*e1 ne> ! t[n ( ,san ,borja1 f :5ce x foll[s an uni=m ea/]n c\rse ( ne>ly #djjj miles includ+ its w9d+s1 till x rea*es ! ,atlantic4 ,we/ ( ,san ,borja1 & on its s\!rn bank1 x receives ! ,huallaga & ,yucayali1 ! latt] a riv] ( great size :i* rises 9 ! ,&es ( ,vilcaota1 ,s4 ( ,cusco1 :]e its s\rce 0 visit$ & its position det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,p5tl&4 ,! ,amazons is suppos$ to dra9 an area ( two millions & a half ( squ>e miles1 :i* is t5 times ! size ( ,france4 ,9 "s places x has a great dep?2 x is navigable #bbjj miles f its s\rce1 & is #if miles wide at its m\?4 ,! "n ( ! riv] is ?ree times *ang$ 9 its c\rse3 x is kn[n z ! ,m>aon f its s\rce to ! conflu5ce ( ! ,yucayali2 f t po9t to its junction ) ! ,rio ,negro1 x is call$ ! ,solimoes2 & f ! ,rio ,negro till x ent]s ! ocean x is ! ,riv] ( ! ,amazons4 ,! numb]1 l5g?1 & volume ( its tribut>ies are 9 proportion to its magnitude2 ev5 ! afflu5ts ( its afflu5ts are noble /reams4 ,m ?an #bj sup]b riv]s1 navigable almo/ to _! s\rces1 p\r _! wat]s into x1 & /reams ( less importance are numb]less4 ,two ( ! l>ge/ are ! ,huallaga & ! ,yucayali3 l _! prim>y1 ! =m] has its orig9 9 ! m9+ di/rict ( ,pasco1 & aft] a long nor!rn c\rse betwe5 ! ,cordill]as x breaks ?r\gh a gorge simil> to t ( ,mans]i*e & jo9s ! ,m>aon 9 ! pla9s2 x is almo/ a mile broad above its junction4 ,! ,spani% gov]nor ( ,p]u s5t ,p$ro de ,orsoa d[n ?is riv] 9 ! ye> #aefj to se>* = ! ,lake ( ,p>ima & ! city ( ,el ,dorado4 ,! ,yucayali1 n inf]ior to ! ,m>aon itself1 is believ$ by "s em95t geograph]s to be ! true ,m>aon4 ,9 a c\rse ( #ajhj miles x is f$ by access>ies f a wide ext5t ( c\ntry1 & at its junction ) ! ma9 /ream1 ne> ! mission ( ,san ,joaqu9 de ,omaguas1 a l9e ( #ej fa?oms does n rea* ! bottom1 & 9 bread? x is m l a sea ?an a riv]4 ,by ^! /reams !re is access to ,p]u1 & !re is communication betwe5 ! ,amazons & ! mo/ di/ant regions ar\nd by o!r navigable fe$]s4 ,no?+ is kn[n ( ! riv]s t empty !mselves into ! ,amazon on its s\!rn bank1 betwe5 ! ,yucayali & ! ,madeira2 ! latt]1 :i* is its greate/ afflu5t1 comes ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,p>aguay1 ! pr9cipal access>y ( ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,! ,riv] ( ! ,amazons is n less ext5sively connect$ on ! nor?4 ,! high l&s ( ,colombia are accessible by ! ,putumayo1 ! ,japura1 & o!r great navigable riv]s2 ! ,rio ,negro1 ne>ly n9e miles broad1 a little way above its junction ) ! ,amazons1 unites x ) ! ,or9oco by ! ,cassiqui>e2 & la/ly1 ! s\rces ( ! ,rio ,branco come v ne> to ^? ( ! ,essequibo1 an indep5d5t riv] ( ,dem]>a4 ,! ma9 /ream1 f its m\? ne>ly ?r\gh\t its l5g?1 is full ( riv] isl&s1 & mo/ ( its tribut>ies h deltoid bran*es at _! junction ) x4 ,! annual floods ( ! ,amazons are less regul> ?an ^? ( ! ,or9oco1 &1 z ! two riv]s are 9 diff]5t hemisph]es1 !y occur at opposite seasons4 ,! ,amazons beg9s to rise 9 ,decemb]1 is at its greate/ height 9 ,m>*1 & its lea/ 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,! quantity ( ra9 t falls 9 ! deep =e/s trav]s$ by ?is riv] is s great t1 7 x n = ! enorm\s evaporation1 & ! /reams t c>ry x (f1 ! c\ntry w\ld be flood$ annually to ! dep? ( eight feet4 ,! ,amazons is divid$ into two bran*es at its m\?1 ( :i* "o jo9s ! ,p> s\? ( ! isl& ( ,das ,joanes or ,m>ajo1 ! o!r ent]s ! ocean to ! nor? ( x4 ,! wat] ( "s ( ! riv]s 9 equatorial ,am]ica is :ite2 9 o!rs x is ( a deep c(fee-col\r1 or d>k gre5 :5 se5 9 ! %ade1 b p]fectly transp>5t1 &1 :5 ruffl$ by a breeze1 ( a vivid gre5 l "s ( ! ,swiss lakes4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! br[n wat]s come f peat-mosses2 b x is n s 9 ,am]ica1 s9ce !y occur z (t5 9 =e/s z 9 savannahs4 ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk ?9ks !y are /a9$ by ! iron 9 ! granite2 h[ev]1 ! col\r+ matt] has n be5 *emically asc]ta9$4 ,! ,or9oco & ! ,cassiqui>e are :ite2 ,rio ,negro1 z its "n implies1 is black1 yet ! wat] does n /a9 ! rocks1 :i* are ( a dazzl+ :ite4 ,black wat]s are sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 f\nd on ! table-l&s ( ! ,&es4 ,! ,rio de la ,plata =ms ! ?ird great wat] sy/em ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! ,rio ,gr&e1 its pr9cipal /ream1 rises 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 9 ,brazil1 & runs #ejj miles on ! table-l& f nor? to s\? be=e x takes ! "n ( ,p>an4 ,= m ?an #ajj miles x is a cont9u$ s]ies ( cat>acts & rapids1 ! greate/ ( :i*1 ! ,salta ,gr&e1 is 9 ab\t #bd #e lat4 ,above ! fall ! riv] is ?ree miles broad1 :5 all at once x is conf9$ 9 a rocky pass only #fj y>ds wide1 ?r\gh :i* x ru%es ov] a l$ge ) ?und]\s noise1 he>d at ! di/ance ( _m miles4 ,! ,p>an receives ?ree l>ge riv]s on ! "r--! ,p>aguay1 ! ,pilcomayo1 & ! ,v]mejo3 all g5]ally t5d to ! s\?1 & unite at diff]5t di/ances be=e ent]+ _! prim>y at ,corri5tes4 ,! ,p>aguay1 #abjj miles long1 is ! f9e/ ( ^!3 9 its upp] "p x is s+ul>ly picturesque1 adorn$ ) palms & o!r tropical vegetation1 & its *annel isl&s are cov]$ ) orange-groves4 ,x spr+s f a *a9 ( sev5 lakes1 on ! s\!rn slopes ( ! ,campos ,p>ecis1 9 ,brazil1 & may be asc5d$ by vessels ( consid]able bur!n ?r\gh n9ete5 degrees ( latitude4 ,! ,pilcomayo & ,v]mejo bo? come f ,bolivia2 ! =m] trav]ses ! des]t ( ! ,gran ,*aco1 ! latt] ! di/rict ( ,t>ija4 ,at ,santa ,f ! ,la ,plata turns ea/w>d1 & be=e ent]+ ! ,atlantic is augm5t$ by ! ,uruguay f ! nor?1 :i* takes its "n f ! turbul5ce ( its /reams4 ,! ,rio de la ,plata is #bgjj miles long1 & = #bjj miles f its m\?1 up to ,bu5os ,ayres1 x is nev] less ?an #agj miles broad4 ,7 x n = ! fre%ness ( its wat] x might be mi/ak5 = ! ocean3 x is1 h[ev]1 %all[1 & load$ ) mud1 :i* /a9s ! ,atlantic = #bjj miles f its m\?4 ,! ,p>aguay is subject to dreadful floods4 ,9 #ahab ! atmosph]e 0 poison$ by ! putrid c>cases ( dr[n$ animals4 ,! ord9>y annual inundations ( ! ,p>an1 ! pr9cipal or upp] bran* ( ! ,la ,plata1 cov] #cf1jjj squ>e miles4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! va/ ext5t ( ! v level pla9s along ! base ( ! ,&es1 ! bas9s ( ! ?ree great riv]s are app>5tly unit$4 ,s small are ! elevations t det]m9e _! direction1 t1 ) ! exception ( a portage ( ?ree miles1 a vessel might sail f ,bu5os ,ayres 9 #ce ,s4 lat4 to ! m\? ( ! ,or9oco 9 #i ,n4 lat4 by inl& navigation4 ,! ,colorado1 :i* runs 9 a long %all[ /ream ?r\gh ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres to ! ,atlantic1 is =m$ ( two pr9cipal bran*es1 "o f ! we/1 & ! o!r f ! nor?1 :i* unite at a great di/ance f ! ,atlantic1 into :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,! ,rio ,negro or ,cusu-debu rises at a great elevation1 & sep>ates ! ,pampas f ,patagonia4 ,9 its long c\rse ?r\gh arid des]ts to ! ,atlantic x does n receive a s+le adjunct1 b x =ms a communication betwe5 t ocean & ,*ile1 z x rea*es a pass 9 ! ,&es t is free f sn[4 ,!re is "s vegetation 9 its imm$iate neighb\rhood2 x has a b> at its m\?1 & is navigable only = f\r miles above ,c>m52 x has floods twice 9 ! ye>1 "o f ! ra9s1 ! o!r f ! melt+ ( ! sn[ 9 ! ,&es4 ,"s o!r /reams f ! ,*ilian ,&es run ?r\gh1 b d n f]tilize1 ! desolate pla9s ( ,patagonia4 ,!re are v>i\s riv]s 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 unconnect$ ) ^? describ$1 :i* 9 any o!r c\ntry w\ld be e/eem$ ( a high ord]4 ,( _m :i* desc5d f ! m\nta9s ( ,guiana1 ! ,essequibo is ! l>ge/2 its g5]al wid? is a mile & a qu>t]2 its wat]1 ?\gh black1 is transp>5t2 & on its banks & ^? ( all its adjuncts ! =e/ reigns 9 imp5etrable ?ickness4 ,x rises 9 ! ,si]ra ,ac>ay1 :i* sep>ates its bas9 f t ( ! ,amazons1 &1 aft] a nor!rly c\rse1 falls into ! ,atlantic ne> #g ,n4 lat4 by an outlet #ad miles broad1 sep>at$ by ?ree l[ isl&s into f\r bran*es4 ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk1 ^: sci5tific j\rneys h made u acqua9t$ ) a c\ntry ( :i* s little 0 kn[n1 has %[n t1 by cutt+ a canal ?ree miles long betwe5 ! ,madeira & ,guapore1 an afflu5t ( ! ,mamore1 an inl& navigation might be op5$ f ,dem]>a to ,bu5os ,ayres1 ov] an ext5t ( #db degrees ( latitude1 ) ! exception ( a portage ( only #hjj y>ds 9 ! ra9y season betwe5 ,lake ,amucu & ! ,quatata1 a bran* ( ! ,rupununi1 :i* fl[s into ! ,essequibo4 ,b t is n ! only wat] communication betwe5 ,guayana & remote c\ntries1 great ?\gh ! di/ance be1 = ! ,napo1 a tribut>y ( ! ,solimoes1 (f]s communication ) ,quito1 ! ,huallaga ) ,p]u & c\ntries n f> di/ant f ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,by ! ,rio ,negro1 ! ,or9oco1 ! ,cassiqui>e1 & its tribut>y ! ,meta1 !re is un9t]rupt$ navigation to ,new ,granada & to )9 eight miles ( ,santa ,f de ,bogota4 8,if10 says ! di/+ui%$ travell] already m5tion$1 8,briti% ,guayana did n possess ! f]tility :i* is su* a di/+ui%+ feature1 ?is wat] communication alone w\ld r5d] x ( va/ importance2 b1 bless$ z x is ) abundant fruitfulness1 ?is ext5sive inl& navigation height5s its value z a ,briti% colony2 &1 if emigration suffici5t to make its res\rces available 7 prop]ly direct$ ?i!r1 ! port ( ,dem]>a w\ld rival any 9 ! va/ cont95t ( ,s\? ,am]ica40 ,x is c]ta9ly v rem>kable t ! tide ( emigration has nev] set t[>ds a c\ntry ( su* promise1 ab\nd+ 9 valuable natural productions1 & s mu* ne>] to ,great ,brita9 ?an h] colonies 9 ! ,pacific4 ,! ,p> & ,san ,francisco are ! *ief ,brazilian riv]s3 bo? rise on ! table-l&2 ! =m] results f ! union ( ! ,tocant9s & ,araguay2 x desc5ds f ! high l&s 9 rapids 9 its nor!rly c\rse1 &1 aft] runn+ #aejj miles1 jo9s ! s\!rn bran* ( ! ,amazons be=e ent]+ ! ,atlantic s\? ( ! isl& ( ,m>ajo4 ,! ,san ,francisco is only #abge miles long3 x rises 9 ! ,si]ra ,cana/ra 9 ! prov9ce ( ,m9as ,g]aes1 &1 aft] travell+ nor?w>d betwe5 m\nta9 ranges p>allel to ! coa/1 x breaks ?r\gh !m & rea*es ! ocean ab\t ! #aa? degree ( ,s4 lat4 ,z 9 ! ,appala*ian *a91 s "h1 _m riv]s come d[n ! edge ( ! table-l& to ! level m>itime pla9s ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! hi/orical r5[n & ! high civilization ( ,asia & ,europe1 _! great weal? & population1 may be attribut$ 9 a v great degree to ! facility ( transport af=d$ by _! admirable riv] sy/ems1 & /ill m to ! g5ius ( ! p :o knew h[ to avail !mselves ( !m2 ! same may be said ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 :ile ! ,indians :o h possess$ ^! c\ntries = ages nev] took advantage ( ! noble /reams ) :i* ,provid5ce _h enri*$ & embelli%$ !m4 ,,riv]s ,,( ,,new ,,holl&4 ,aft] ,am]ica1 ! l& ( ! riv] & ! flood1 ,new ,holl& appe>s 9 m ?an its usual aridity4 ,! abs5ce ( l>ge riv]s is "o ( ! greate/ imp$im5ts to ! improvem5t ( ?is cont95t4 ,:at x may possess 9 ! int]ior is n kn[n1 b x is c]ta9 t no l>ge riv] dis*>ges its wat] into ! ocean1 & mo/ ( ! small ones are absorb$ be=e !y rea* x4 ,! /reams f ! m\nta9s on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t are m]e torr5ts1 & w\ld h %ort c\rses did !y n run 9 longitud9al valleys1 z1 = example1 ! ,hawkesbury4 ,! ,murumbidgee1 ! ,la*lan1 & ! ,macqu>rie1 =m$ by ! accumulation ( m\nta9-torr5ts1 are ! l>ge/4 ,! ,murumbidgee rises 9 ! ranges we/ ( ,/4 ,george's ,lake1 &1 runn+ s\?-we/1 meets ! ,la*lan1 ( unkn[n orig91 com+ f ! ea/4 ,aft] _! junction !y run into ! ,murray1 a mu* l>g] /ream1 ?\gh only #cej feet broad1 & n m ?an #bj feet deep3 be=e ent]+ ! ocean 9 ,enc\nt] ,bay1 x passes ?r\gh ! ,alex&r9e ,m>%3 x is too %all[ ev5 = boats4 ,! ,d>l+ is suppos$ to be m]ely ! upp] "p ( ! ,murray1 probably ris+ t[>ds ! head ( ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,gulf4 ,! orig9 ( ! ,macqu>rie is unkn[n3 x is call$ ! ,fi% ,riv] betwe5 ,ba?ur/ & ,sydney2 aft] runn+ #fjj miles nor?-we/ x is lo/ 9 ! m>%es4 ,swan ,riv]1 on ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t1 has mu* ! same "*2 & f t riv] to ! ,gulf ( ,c>p5t>ia1 along ! :ole ( ! we/]n & nor!rn %ores ( ! cont95t1 !re are none4 ,! want ( wat] makes x h>dly possible to explore ! int]ior ( ?is cont95t4 ,no c\ntry /&s m 9 ne$ ( a complete sy/em ( irrigation1 :i* c\ld easily be accompli%$ f ! nature ( ! riv]s1 :i* lie 9 deep *annels1 & might be conv]t$ into canals by dams1 f :5ce ! wat] might be convey$ by *annels ov] ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 z 9 ,lomb>dy4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,lakes--,nor!rn ,sy/em ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,m\nta9 ,sy/em ( ! same--,am]ican ,lakes4 ,,! holl[s =m$ on ! surface ( ! e>? by ! gr\nd s9k+ or ris+1 e>?quakes1 /reams ( lava1 crat]s ( ext9ct volcanos1 ! int]section ( /rata1 & ^? t occur along ! edges ( ! diff]5t =mations1 are g5]ally fill$ ) wat]1 & con/itute sy/ems ( lakes1 "s salt & "s fre%4 ,_m ( ! =m] may be remnants ( an anci5t ocean left 9 ! depressions ( its b$s dur+ its retreat z ! cont95t arose4 ,almo/ all lakes are f$ by spr+s 9 _! b$s1 & !y are occasionally ! s\rces ( ! l>ge/ riv]s4 ,"s h nei!r tribut>ies nor outlets2 ! great] numb] h bo?4 ,! quantity ( wat] 9 lakes v>ies ) ! seasons ev]y:]e1 especially f ! melt+ sn[ on m\nta9-*a9s & 9 high latitudes1 & f p]iodical ra9s1 betwe5 ! tropics4 ,small lakes occur 9 m\nta9-passes1 =m$ by wat] :i* runs into !m f ! comm&+ peaks2 !y are frequ5tly1 z 9 ! ,alps1 v transp>5t1 ( a bright gre5 or azure hue4 ,l>ge lakes are common on table-l&s1 & 9 ! valleys ( m\nta9\s c\ntries1 b ! l>ge/ are on ext5sive pla9s4 ,! bas9 ( a lake compreh5ds all ! l& dra9$ by x2 consequ5tly x is b\nd$ by an imag9>y l9e pass+ ?r\gh ! s\rces ( all ! wat]s t fall into x4 ,!re are m lakes 9 high ?an 9 l[ latitudes1 because evaporation is mu* great] 9 l[ latitudes ?an 9 high1 & 9 ?is respect !re is a great analogy betwe5 ! nor!rn pla9s ( ! two pr9cipal cont95ts4 ,%eets ( wat] ( great beauty occur 9 ! m\nta9 valleys ( ! ,briti% isl&s1 ( ,norway1 & ,sw$51 c\ntries simil> 9 geological /ructure2 & besides ^! !re are two regions 9 ! old _w 9 :i* lakes p>ticul>ly ab\nd4 ,"o beg9s on ! l[ coa/ ( ,holl&1 goes r\nd ! s\!rn & ea/]n sides ( ! ,baltic1 (t5 pass+ close to its %ores1 along ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 & ?r\gh ! ,sib]ian pla9s to ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,! lakes :i* cov] s mu* ( ,f9l& & ! great lakes ( ,ladoga & ,onega lie 9 a p>allel direction2 !y occupy transv]se r5ts :i* _h tak5 place across ! palozoic /rata1 :ile ris+ 9 a direction f ,s4,w4 to ,n4,e41 betwe5 ! ,gulf ( ,f9l& & ! ,:ite ,sea2 t elevation 01 p]haps1 ! cause ( ! cavities n[ occupi$ by ^! two seas4 ,ladoga is ! l>ge/ lake 9 ?is zone1 hav+ a surface ( ne>ly #ajjj squ>e miles4 ,x receives tribut>y /reams1 & s5ds (f its sup]flu\s wat] by riv]s1 & ,onega does ! same2 b ! multitude ( small /eppe lakes among ! ,ural m\nta9s & 9 ! bas9 ( ! riv] ,obi nei!r receive nor emit riv]s1 be+ = ! mo/ "p m]e ponds1 ?\gh ( great size1 "s ( fre% & "s ( salt wat]1 ly+ close toge!r--a circum/ance :i* has n be5 acc\nt$ =3 ^? on ! l[ ,sib]ian pla9s h ! same "*4 ,! second sy/em ( lakes 9 ! old cont95t foll[s ! zone ( ! m\nta9 mass1 & compreh5ds ^? ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 ,ap5n9es1 ,asia ,m9or1 ! ,caspian1 ! ,lake ,aral1 toge!r ) ^? on ! table-l& & 9 ! m\nta9s ( c5tral ,asia4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees1 lakes are mo/ frequ5t on ! ,fr5* side2 _m are at su* altitudes z to be p]petually froz53 "o on ,mont ,p]du1 #hcic feet above ! sea1 has ! appe>ance ( an anci5t volcanic crat]4 ,!re is sc>cely a valley 9 ! ,alp9e range & its (fsets t has n a %eet ( wat]1 no d\bt ow+ to ! cavities =m$ dur+ ! elevation ( ! ridges1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 to subsid5ce ( ! soil2 ,lake ,trb1 #gbjj feet above ! level ( ! sea1 is ! mo/ elevat$4 ,!re are m lakes on ! nor? ?an on ! s\? side ( ! ,alps--! ,g]man valleys are full ( !m4 ,9 ,bohemia1 ,gallicia1 & ,moravia1 !re are no less ?an #cj1jjj %eets ( wat]1 besides great numb]s ?r\gh\t ! ,au/rian empire4 ,( ! pr9cipal lakes on ! nor!rn side ( ! ,alps1 ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 or ,lake ,leman1 is ! mo/ beautiful f its situation1 ! pure azure ( ! wat]s1 & ! sublime m\nta9s t surr\nd x4 ,its surface1 ( ab\t #bdj squ>e miles1 is #aaej feet above ! sea1 & ne> ,meill]ie x is #ajab deep4 ,! lake ( ,luc]ne is #adjj feet above ! sea1 & ! lakes ( ,bri5z #aijj feet4 ,! ,italian ,lakes are at a l[] level2 ! ,lago ,maggiore has only #fgh feet ( absolute altitude2 !y are l>g] ?an mo/ ( ^? on ! nor? ( ! ,alps1 &1 ) ! advantage ( an ,italian climate1 sky1 & vegetation1 !y surpass ! o!rs 9 beauty1 ?\gh ! m\nta9s t surr\nd !m are less l(ty4 ,^! great lakes are f$ by riv]s ris+ 9 ! glaci]s ( ! high] ,alps1 & _m l>ge riv]s issue f !m4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f mo/ ( ! lakes 9 ,l[] ,italy1 "s ( :i* are crat]s ( anci5t volcanos1 or p]haps anci5t crat]s ( elevation1 :]e ! e>? _h be5 swell$ up by subt]ranean vap\r )\t bur/+1 & _h sunk d[n aga9 into a holl[ :5 ! int]nal pressure 0 remov$4 ,9 ,syria1 ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias & ! ,dead ,sea1 sacr$ memorials to ! ,*ri/ian _w1 are situate 9 ! deepe/ cavity on ! e>?4 ,! surface ( ! ,lake ,tib]ias is #cbi feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 surr\nd$ by v]dant pla9s be>+ aromatic %rubs2 :ile ! heavy bitt] wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea1 #acab feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 is a sc5e ( indescribable desolation & solitude1 encompass$ by des]t s&s1 & bleak1 /ony1 salt hills4 ,?us1 !re is a diff]5ce ( level ( #ihc feet 9 little m ?an #fj miles1 :i* makes ! c\rse ( ! riv] ,jordan v rapid4 ,! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea is s acrid1 f ! l>ge proportion ( sal9e matt] x conta9s1 t x irritates ! sk93 x is m buoyant1 & has a great] proportion ( salt1 ?an any t is kn[n except ! small lake ( ,eltonsk ea/ ( ! ,volga4#abc ,?\gh ext5sive %eets ( wat] exi/ 9 _m p>ts ( ,asia ,m9or1 especially 9 ,bi?ynia1 yet ! *>act]i/ic feature ( ! c\ntry1 & ( all ! table-l& ( we/]n ,asia & ! adjac5t /eppes1 is ! numb] & magnitude ( ! sal9e lakes4 ,a region ( salt lakes & m>%es ext5ds at lea/ #bjj miles along ! nor!rn foot ( ! ,taurus range1 on a v elevat$ "p ( ! table-l& ( ,anatolia4 ,!re are also _m deta*$ lakes1 "s exce$+ly sal9e4 ,fi% _c live 9 ! ,lake ( ,toozla2 x is %all[1 & subject to excessive evaporation4 ,nei!r c any animal exi/ 9 ! ,lake ( ,%ahee or ,urmiah1 on ! conf9es ( ,p]sia & ,arm5ia1 #cjj miles 9 circumf]5ce3 its wat] is p]fectly cle>1 & conta9s a f\r? "p ( its weight ( sal9e matt]4 ,^! lakes are f$ by spr+s1 ra91 & melt$ sn[1 &1 hav+ no emiss>ies1 ! surplus wat] is c>ri$ (f by evaporation4 ,x is possible t ! volcanic soil ( ! table-l& may be ! cause ( ?is exub]ance ( salt wat]4 ,lake ,van1 a %eet ( salt wat] #bdj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 is sep>at$ f ! equally salt lake ,urmiah only by a l[ range ( hills2 & !re are _m pieces ( fre% wat] 9 t neighb\rhood1 possibly 9 simil> holl[s4 ,p]sia is s+ul>ly de/itute ( wat]2 ! ,lake ( ,zurrah1 on ! fronti]s ( ,afghani/an1 hav+ an area ( #ah squ>e miles1 is ! only piece ( wat] on ! we/]n "p ( ! table-l& ( ,iran4 ,x is evid5t f ! sal9e nature ( ! soil1 & ! %ells x conta9s1 t ! pla9s r\nd ! ,caspian1 ! ,lake ,aral1 & ! /eppes1 ev5 to ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 _h once =m$ "p ( ! ,black ,sea2 #eg1jjj squ>e miles ( t c\ntry are depress$ bel[ ! level ( ! ocean--a depression :i* ext5ds nor?w>ds beyond ! t[n ( ,s>atov1 #cjj miles di/ant f ! ,caspian4 ,! surface ( ! ,caspian itself1 :i* is #hc feet #g in*es bel[ ! level ( ! ocean1 is its l[e/ "p1 & has an area ( #ah1jjj squ>e miles1 ne>ly equal to ! area ( ,spa94 ,9 ,europe alone x dra9s an ext5t ( #hej1jjj squ>e miles1 receiv+ ! ,volga1 ! ,ural1 & o!r great riv]s on ! nor?4 ,x has no tide1 & its navigation is dang]\s f heavy gales1 especially f ! s\?-ea/1 :i* drive ! wat] miles ov] ! l&2 a vessel 0 /r&$ #df miles inl& f ! %ore4 ,x is #fjj feet deep to ! s\?1 b is %all[] to ! ea/ :]e x is b\nd$ by impassable swamps _m miles broad4#abd ,! ,lake ( ,eltonsk1 on ! /eppe ea/ ( ! ,volga1 has an area ( #acj squ>e miles1 & furni%es two-?irds ( ! salt consum$ 9 ,russia4 ,its wat] yields #biac p] c5t4 ( sal9e matt]1 & f ?is circum/ance is m buoyant ?an any t is kn[n4#abe ,! ,lake ( ,aral1 :i* is %all[1 is high] ?an ! ,caspian1 & has an area ( #ccgb squ>e miles2 x has its "n f ! numb] ( small isl&s at its s\!rn end1 ,aral signify+ 8isl&0 9 ! ,t>t> language4 ,nei!r ! ,caspian nor ! ,lake ( ,aral h any outlets1 ?\gh !y receive l>ge riv]s2 !y are bracki%1 &1 9 common ) all ! lakes 9 ,p]sia1 !y are decreas+ 9 ext5t1 & becom+ m salt1 ! quantity ( wat] suppli$ by tribut>ies be+ less ?an t lo/ by evaporation4 ,mo/ ( ! riv]s t are tribut>y to ! ,lake ( ,aral are dim9i%$ by canals1 t c>ry (f wat] = irrigation3 = t reason a v dim9i%$ portion ( ! wat]s ( ! ,oxus rea*es ! lake4 ,besides1 ! ,russian riv]s yield less wat] ?an =m]ly f ! progress ( cultivation4 ,! small m\nta9-lake ,sir-i-,kol1 9 ! high table-l& ( ,pam]1 f :5ce ! ,oxus fl[s1 is #ae1fjj feet above ! sea2 consequ5tly !re is a diff]5ce ( level betwe5 x & ! ,dead ,sea ( ne>ly #ag1jjj feet4 ,! small numb] ( lakes 9 ! ,himalaya is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,! ,lake ( ,ul>1 9 ! valley ( ,ca%m]e1 is ! only "o ( any magnitude2 x is b #dj miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & seems to be ! residue ( "o t _h fill$ ! :ole valley at "s e>ly p]iod4 ,!re are _m great lakes1 bo? fre% & salt1 on ! table-l&2 ! annul> =m ( ,lake ,palte1 at ! nor!rn base ( ! ,himalaya1 z repres5t$ on maps1 is unexampl$2 ! sacr$ lakes ( ,manas>[>1 9 ,great ,tibet1 & ( ,rakas ,tal1 occupy a space ( ab\t #djj squ>e miles1 9 ! c5tre ( ! ,himalaya1 betwe5 ! gigantic peaks ( ,gurla on ! s\? & ( ,kailas on ! nor?2 x is f ! we/]nmo/ ( ^! lakes 7:i* communicate ) ea* o!r71 ! ,*o ,lagan ( ! ,tibetians1 t ! ,sutlej rises1 at an elevation ( #ae1bjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,^! rem>kable lakes m>k ! po9t f ar\nd :i* all ! great riv]s ris+ 9 ! ,himalaya h _! orig94 ,tibet is full ( lakes1 _m ( :i* produce borax1 f\nd n[h]e else b 9 ,tuscany & 9 ! ,lip>i ,isl&s4 ,z mo/ ( ! great lakes on ! table-l& are 9 ! ,*9ese t]ritories1 /rang]s h n _h access to !m2 ! ,koko-nor & ,lake ,lop seem to be v l>ge2 ! latt] is said to h a surface ( #bahg squ>e miles1 & !re are o!rs n inf]ior to x 9 ! nor?4 ,! lakes 9 ! ,alta are beautiful1 l>g] & m num]\s ?an 9 any o!r m\nta9-*a94 ,!y are at diff]5t elevations on ! t]races by :i* ! table-l& desc5ds to ! flats ( ,sib]ia1 & are1 ow+ to geological ph5om5a1 ess5tially diff]5t f ^? :i* h produc$ ! ,caspian & o!r /eppe lakes4 ,!y seem to h be5 holl[s =m$ :]e ! axes ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( ! *a9 cross1 & are mo/ num]\s & deepe/ 9 ! ea/]n ,alta4 ,baikal1 ! l>ge/ m\nta9 lake1 suppos$ to owe its orig9 to ! s9k+ ( ! gr\nd dur+ an e>?quake1 has an area ( #ad1hjj squ>e miles1 ne>ly equal to ! half ( ,scotl&4 ,x lies buri$ 9 ! =m ( a cresc5t1 amid l(ty granite m\nta9s1 :i* con/itute ! edge ( ! table-l& to ! s\?1 end+ 9 ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi1 & 9 ! nor?-we/ !y gird ! %ore s closely t !y dip into ! wat] 9 _m places2 #afj riv]s & /reams fall into ?is salt lake1 :i* dra9s a c\ntry probably twice ! size ( ,brita94 ,! riv] ,ang>a1 :i* runs deep & /rong ?r\gh a crevice at its ea/]n end1 is its pr9cipal outlet1 & is suppos$ to c>ry (f b a small proportion ( its wat]4 ,its surface is #agic feet above ! sea-level1 & ! climate is z sev]e z x is 9 ,europe #aj f>!r nor?2 yet ! lake does n freeze till ! middle ( ,decemb]1 possibly f its dep?1 be+ unfa?omable ) a l9e ( #fjj feet4 ,two hundr$ & eighty ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! l>ge fre%-wat] lake ( ,oitz1 9 ,japan1 0 =m$ 9 "o night1 by a prodigi\s s9k+ ( ! gr\nd1 at ! same "t t "o ( ! highe/ & mo/ active volcanos 9 t c\ntry rose f ! dep?s ( ! e>?4 ,v ext5sive lakes occur 9 ,africa2 !re appe>s to be a great numb] on ! l[-l&s on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 9 :i* _m ( ! riv]s f ! edge ( ! table-l& t]m9ate4 ,among o!rs1 !re is ! salt lake ,assal1 #be miles we/ ( ,tadjurra1 9 ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! ,hawa% fl[s1 :i* has a depression ( m ?an #gjj feet bel[ ! level ( ! ocean1 by ,dr4 ,beke's e/imation1 :o fir/ obs]v$ t curi\s circum/ance2 b by ! actual measurem5t ( ,lieut5ant ,*ri/oph]1 x is #egj feet4 ,not)/&+ ! arid soil ( ! s\!rn table-l&1 x conta9s ! fre%-wat] lake ( ,n'yassi or ,zambeze1 "o ( ! l>ge/1 be+ "s hundr$ miles long2 &1 ?\gh n>r[ 9 proportion1 x _c be cross$ 9 a boat ( ! c\ntry 9 less ?an ?ree days1 re/+ at night on an isl&1 ( :i* !re are _m4 ,x lies betwe5 #cjj & #djj miles we/ f ! ,mozambique ,*annel1 & beg9s #bjj miles nor? ( ! t[n ( ,tete1 :i* is situate on ! riv] ,zambeze1 f :5ce x ext5ds f s\?-ea/ to nor?-we/1 possibly to )9 a degree or two ( ! equator4 ,x receives ! dra9age ( ! c\ntry to ! s\?-ea/3 b no riv] is kn[n to fl[ out ( x1 unless x be ! ,bahr-el-,abiad or ,:ite ,nile1 :i* probably rises 9 ?is lake4 ,no "o kn[s :at !re may be 9 ! unexplor$ regions ( ! ,e?iopian des]t2 b ,abyss9ia has ! l>ge & beautiful lake ( ,dembia1 situate 9 a spaci\s pla9--! gran>y ( ! c\ntry--s high above ! sea t spr+ is p]petual1 ?\gh )9 ! tropics4 ,!re are _m o!r lakes 9 ?is great project+ promontory1 s full ( riv]s1 m\nta9s1 & =e/s2 b ! l[l&s ( ,s\dan & ! c\ntry ly+ along ! base ( ! nor!rn declivity ( ! table-l& is ! region ( ,african lakes1 ( :i* ! ,t*ad1 almo/ ! size ( an inl& sea1 is 9 ! v c5tre ( ! cont95t4 ,its ext5t1 & ! size ( its bas91 are unkn[n2 x receives _m afflu5ts f ! high l&s call$ ! ,m\nta9s ( ! ,moon1 c]ta9ly all ^? t fl[ f !m ea/ ( ,born\1 & x is itself dra9$ by ! ,t*adda1 a pr9cipal tribut>y ( ! ,nig]4 ,o!r lakes ( less magnitude are kn[n to exi/ 9 ^! regions1 & !re are probably _m m t are unkn[n4 ,salt-wat] lakes are num]\s on ! nor!rn b\nd>ies ( ! great l[l& des]ts1 & _m f9e %eets ( fre% wat] are f\nd 9 ! valleys & flat t]races ( ! ,great & ,little ,atlas4 ,fre%-wat] lakes are *>act]i/ic ( ! high] latitudes ( bo? cont95ts1 b ^? 9 ! old cont95t s9k into insignificance 9 comp>ison ) ! numb] & ext5t ( ^? 9 ! new4 ,inde$ a v l>ge portion ( ,nor? ,am]ica is cov]$ ) fre% wat]2 ! five pr9cipal lakes--,sup]ior1 ,huron1 ,mi*igan1 ,erie1 & ,ont>io--) "s ( _! dep5dants1 probably cov] an area ( #id1jjj squ>e miles2 t ( ,lake ,sup]ior alone1 #cb1jjj :i* is only #ahjj squ>e miles less ?an ! :ole ( ,engl&4 ,! ,am]ican lakes conta9 m ?an half ! am\nt ( fre% wat] on ! globe4 ,! altitude ( ^! lakes %[s ! slope ( ! cont95t2 ! absolute elevation ( ,lake ,sup]ior is #fgb feet2 ,lake ,huron is #cj feet l[]2 ,lake ,erie #cb feet l[] ?an ! ,huron2 & ,lake ,ont>io is #cca feet bel[ ! level ( ,erie4 ,! riv] ,niag>a1 :i* unites ! two la/ lakes1 is #cc-a_/b miles long1 & 9 t di/ance x desc5ds #ff feet2 x falls 9 rapids ?r\gh #ee feet ( t height 9 ! la/ half-mile1 b ! upp] "p ( its c\rse is navigable4 ,! height ( ! cascade ( ,niag>a is #afb feet on ! ,am]ican side ( ! c5tral isl&1 & #aabe feet wide4 ,on ! ,canadian side ! fall is #adi feet high1 & #bajj feet wide--! mo/ magnific5t %eet ( fall+-wat] kn[n1 ?\gh _m are high]4 ,! riv] ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* dra9s ! :ole1 slopes #bcd feet betwe5 ! bottom ( ! cascade & ! sea4 ,! b$ ( ,lake ,sup]ior is #cjj feet1 & t ( ! ,ont>io #bfh feet bel[ ! surface ( ! ,atlantic1 af=d+ ano!r in/ance ( deep ind5tation 9 ! solid matt] ( ! globe4 ,"s lakes are decreas+ 9 magnitude1 ?\gh ! contr>y seems to be ! case 9 ,am]ica2 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahbe & #ahch1 ,ont>io rose ne>ly sev5 feet2 &1 accord+ to ! ,am]ican eng9e]s1 ,lake ,erie _h ga9$ sev]al feet 9 ! same "t4 ,lake ,huron is said to be ! focus ( peculi> electrical ph5om5a1 z ?und] is con/antly he>d 9 "o ( its bays4 ,! lakes nor? ( ?is gr\p are innum]able2 ! :ole c\ntry1 to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 is cov]$ ) %eets ( wat] :i* emit riv]s & /reams4 ,lake ,w9nipeg1 ,re9-de] ,lake1 ,slave ,lake1 & "s o!rs1 may be reg>d$ z ! *ief memb]s ( sep>ate gr\ps or bas9s1 ea* embrac+ a wide ext5t ( c\ntry almo/ unkn[n4 ,!re are also _m lakes on ea* side ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & 9 ,mexico !re are six or sev5 lakes ( consid]able size1 ?\gh n to be comp>$ ) ^? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are _m %eets ( wat] 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ?\gh only "o is ( any magnitude1 & ! ,lake ( ,nic>agua1 9 ! prov9ce ( t "n1 ab\t #ajj miles f ! sea1 & :i* communicates ) ! ,gulf ( ,mexico by ! ,riv] ( ,san ,juan4 ,9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,&es are int]rupt$ by pla9s & m]e hills on ! ,i/hmus ( ,tehuantepec & ( ,nic>agua1 on ea* side ( :i* !re is a s]ies ( lakes & riv]s1 :i*1 aid$ by canals1 might =m a wat] communication betwe5 ! ,atlantic & ,pacific oceans4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! l9e propos$ w\ld connect ! riv] ,guasacalco1 on ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 ) ! ,bay ( ,tehuantepec 9 ! ,pacific4 ,9 ! ,i/hmus ( ,nic>agua1 ! ,gulf ( ,san ,juan w\ld be connect$ by ! riv] ( t "n1 & ! *a9 ( ,lakes ( ,nic>agua & ,leon1 ) ! ,bay ( ,realejo or ! ,gulf ( ,fonseca1 ) ! ,gulf ( ,co/a ,rica4 ,"h ! wat]%$ is only #fae feet above ! sea1 & ( easy excavation1 & ! lake1 situate 9 an ext5sive pla91 is deep en\gh = vessels ( consid]able size4 ,a range ( lakes goes along ! ea/]n base ( ! ,&es1 b ! great] "p ( !m are m]e lagoons or m>%es1 "s v l>ge1 :i* inundate ! c\ntry to a great ext5t 9 ! "t ( ! tropical ra9s4 ,!re appe>s to be a deep holl[ 9 ! surface ( ! e>? at ! "p :]e ,bolivia1 ,brazil1 & ,p>aguay meet1 9 :i* lies ! ,lake ,x>ayos1 ext5d+ on ea* side ( ! riv] ,p>aguay1 b1 l _m ,s\? ,am]ican lakes1 x is n p]man5t1 be+ alt]nately inundat$ & dry1 or a m>%4 ,its inundations cov] #cf1jjj squ>e miles4 ,salt & fre% wat] lakes are num]\s on ! pla9s ( ,la ,plata1 & ne> ! ,&es 9 ,patagonia1 resembl+1 9 ?is respect1 ^? 9 high nor!rn latitudes1 ?\gh on a small] scale4 ,9 ! elevat$ m\nta9-valleys & table-l&s ( ! ,&es !re are _m small lakes ( ! pure/ blue & gre5 col\rs1 int5sely cold1 "s be+ ne> ! l9e ( p]petual congelation4 ,!y are g5]ally ( consid]able dep?4 ,! lake ( ,titicaca1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,bolivian ,&es1 has an area ( #bbbe squ>e miles1 ( #fj to a degree1 & is m ?an #abj fa?oms deep 9 _m places1 surr\nd$ by spl5did sc5]y4 ,?\gh #ab1hdf feet above ! level ( ! ,pacific1 & consequ5tly high] ?an ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 its %ores are cultivat$1 produc+ corn1 b>ley1 & potatoes2 & peopl$ by a l>ge aborig9al population1 inhabit+ t[ns & villages4 ,num]\s ve/iges ( ,p]uvian civilization are ev]y:]e to be met )2 & 9 ! isl& f :i* x d]ives its "n1 & :]e tradition places ! orig9 ( ! la/ ,inca dyna/y1 num]\s specim5s ( ,p]uvian ar*itecture /ill exi/4 ,! limpid transp>5cy ( ! wat] 9 lakes1 especially 9 m\nta9\s c\ntries1 is rem>kable2 m9ute objects are visible at ! bottom ?r\gh _m fa?oms ( wat]4 ,! vivid gre5 t9ts s (t5 obs]v$ 9 ,alp9e lakes may be produc$ by vegetable dyes dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 ?\gh *emical analysis has n detect$ !m4 ,lakes1 be+ ! s\rces ( "s ( ! l>ge/ riv]s1 are ( great importance = inl& navigation z well z = irrigation2 :ile1 by _! con/ant evaporation1 !y ma9ta9 ! supply ( humidity 9 ! atmosph]e s ess5tial to vegetation1 besides ! embelli%m5t a c\ntry d]ives f !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,temp]ature ( ! e>?--,temp]ature ( ! ,air--,radiation--,foci ( ,maximum ,cold--,!rmal ,equator--,its ,temp]ature1 mean & absolute-- ,iso!rmal ,l9es--,cont95tal & ,insul> ,climates--,extreme ,climates-- ,/ability ( ,climate--,decrease ( ,heat 9 ,altitude--,l9e ( ,p]petual ,sn[--,d5sity ( ! ,atmosph]e--,! ,b>omet]--,measurem5t ( ,heights-- ,v>iations 9 ,d5sity & _! ,causes--,hor>y ,v>iations--,indep5d5t ,effect ( ! dry & aque\s ,atmosph]es--,mean height ( ,b>omet] 9 diff]5t ,latitudes--,depression 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean & 9 ,ea/]n ,sib]ia--,b>ometric ,/orms--,pol> & ,equatorial ,curr5ts ( ,air-- ,trade-,w9ds--,monsoons--,l& & ,sea ,breezes--,gyration ( ! ,w9ds 9 ! ,extra-,tropical ,zones--,w9ds 9 ,middle ,european ,latitudes--,hurricanes--,! ,laws ( _! ,motion--,_! ,effect on ! ,b>omet]--,h[ to /e] cle> ( !m--,! ,/orm-,wave--,/orm-,curr5ts--,ar*$ ,squalls--,tornadoes-- ,:irlw9ds--,wat] ,sp\ts4 ,,! atmosph]e completely envelops ! e>? to ! height ( ab\t #bj miles2 x bulges at ! equator1 & is flatt5$ at ! poles1 9 consequ5ce ( ! diurnal rotation4 ,x is a mixture ( wat] 9 an invisible /ate & ( air2 b ! air is n homog5e\s2 #ajj p>ts ( x consi/ ( #gi p>ts ( hydrog5 or azotic gas1 & #ba ( oxyg51 ! s\rce ( combu/ion & animal heat4 ,besides ^!1 !re is a little ammoniacal vap\r1 & a small quantity ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i* is suffici5t to supply all ! vegetation on ! e>? ) wood & leaves4 ,no d\bt exhalations ( v>i\s k9ds asc5d into ! air1 su* z ^? :i* produce miasmata1 b !y are 9 quantities too m9ute to be detect$ by *emical analysis1 s t ! atmosph]e is f\nd to be ( ! same composition at all heights above ! sea hi!rto atta9$4#abf ,! temp]ature ( ! e>?'s surface1 & ! ph5om5a ( ! atmosph]e1 dep5d ^u ! revolution & rotation ( ! e>?1 :i* successively expose all ! p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ! air :i* surr\nds x1 to a p]petual v>iation ( ! gravitat+ =ces ( ! two great lum9>ies1 & to annual & diurnal vicissitudes ( sol> heat4 ,atmosph]ic ph5om5a are consequ5tly p]iodical & connect$ ) "o ano!r1 & _! h>mony1 & ! regul>ity ( ! laws :i* gov]n !m1 become ! m evid5t 9 proportion z ! mean values ( _! vicissitudes are det]m9$ f simultane\s obs]vations made ov] widely-ext5d$ tracts ( ! globe4 ,! fickl5ess ( ! w9d & wea!r is prov]bial1 b1 z ! same quantity ( heat is annually receiv$ f ! sun1 & annually radiat$ into space1 x foll[s t all climates on ! e>? are /able1 & t _! *anges1 l ! p]turbations ( ! planets1 are limit$1 & accompli%$ 9 fix$ cycles1 ^: p]iods are /ill 9 _m in/ances unkn[n4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! e>? & air may be affect$ by secul> v>iations ( temp]ature dur+ ! progress ( ! sol> sy/em ?r\gh space1 or f p]iodical *anges 9 ! sun's light & heat1 simil> to ^? :i* take place 9 _m ( ! fix$ />s4 ,! secul> v>iation 9 ! moon's mean di/ance w no d\bt alt] ! am\nt ( h] attractive =ce1 ?\gh probably by a quantity inappreciable 9 ! arial tides2 at all ev5ts1 v>iations aris+ f su* circum/ances c\ld only become p]ceptible aft] _m ages4 ,f exp]im5ts made by ,m4 ,pelti] x appe>s t1 if ! absolute quantity ( heat annually receiv$ by ! e>? 7 equally disp]s$ ov] its surface1 x w\ld1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 melt a /ratum ( ice #df feet deep cov]+ ! :ole globe4 ,x is evid5t t1 if s great a quantity ( heat _h be5 cont9ually accumulat$ 9 ! e>?1 in/ead ( be+ radiat$ into space1 x w\ld h be5 transmitt$ ?r\gh ! surface to ! poles1 :]e x w\ld h melt$ ! ice1 & ! torrid zone1 if n ! :ole globe1 w\ld by ?is "t h be5 un9habitable4 ,9 fact1 e surface absorbs & radiates heat at ! same "t1 & ! p[] ( radiation is always equal to ! p[] ( absorption1 =1 "u ! same circum/ances1 bodies :i* become soon w>m also cool rapidly1 & ! e>?1 z a :ole1 is "u ! same law z ! bodies at its surface4 ,al?\gh "p ( ! heat receiv$ f ! sun 9 summ] is radiat$ back aga91 by f> ! great] "p s9ks into ! e>?'s surface1 & temp]s ! sev]ity ( ! w9t]'s cold :ile pass+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e into ! e!rial regions4 ,! p[] ( ! sol> rays dep5ds on ! mann] 9 :i* !y fall1 z may be se5 f ! diff]5ce ( climates4 ,! e>? is ab\t #c1jjj1jjj ( miles ne>] to ! sun 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 b ! rays /rike ! nor!rn hemisph]e m obliquely 9 w9t] ?an 9 ! o!r half ( ! ye>4 ,diurnal v>iations ( heat are p]ceptible only to a small di/ance bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 because ! e>? is a bad conductor3 ! annual influ5ce ( ! sun p5etrates mu* f>!r4 ,at ! equator1 :]e ! heat is greate/1 x desc5ds deep] ?an else:]e ) a dim9i%+ int5sity1 b !re1 & ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! globe1 !re is a /ratum1 at a dep? v>y+ f #dj to #ajj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd1 :]e ! temp]ature nev] v>ies1 & is ne>ly ! same ) ! mean temp]ature ( ! c\ntry ov] x4 ,?is zone1 unaffect$ by ! sun's heat f above1 or by ! int]nal heat f bel[1 s]ves z an orig9 :5ce ! effects ( sol> heat are e/imat$ on "o h&1 & ! int]nal temp]ature ( ! globe on ! o!r4 ,bel[ x ! heat ( ! e>? increases1 z already m5tion$1 at ! rate ( "o degree ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] = e #ej or #fj feet ( p]p5dicul> dep?2 7 x to cont9ue increas+ at t rate1 e sub/ance w\ld be 9 a /ate ( fusion at ! dep? ( #ba miles2 hi!rto1 h[ev]1 ! exp]im5ts 9 m9es & ,artesian wells1 :5ce ! e>?'s temp]ature bel[ ! con/ant /ratum is asc]ta9$1 h n be5 ext5d$ bel[ #agjj feet4 ,m4 de ,beaumont has e/imat$ by ! !ory ( ,f\ri]1 f ! obs]vations ( ,m4 ,arago1 t ! quantity ( c5tral heat :i* rea*es ! surface ( ! e>? is capable1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ( melt+ a %ell ( ice cov]+ ! globe a qu>t] ( an in* ?ick4#abg ,! sup]ficial temp]ature ( ! e>? is great at ! equator1 x decreases gradually t[>ds ! poles1 & is an exact mean betwe5 ! two at ! #de? p>allel ( latitude2 b a multitude ( causes di/urb ?is law ev5 betwe5 ! tropics4 ,x is affect$ *iefly by ! unequal di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 by ! height above ! sea1 by ! nature ( ! soil1 & by vegetation1 s t a l9e drawn on a map ?r\gh all ! places :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! e>? is ! same w\ld be v f> f co9cid+ ) ! p>allels ( latitude1 b w\ld approximate m to !m ne> ! equator4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! temp]ature ( ! e>?'s surface is great] 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts ?an on ! sea-coa/s & isl&s1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa x is great] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,temp]ature dep5ds ^u ! prop]ty all bodies possess1 m or less1 ( p]petually absorb+ & emitt+ or radiat+ heat4 ,:5 ! int]*ange is equal1 ! temp]ature ( a sub/ance rema9s ! same2 b :5 ! radiation exce$s ! absorption1 x becomes cold]1 & vice v]s4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air is c]ta9ly rais$ by ! passage ( ! sol> heat ?r\gh x1 because x absorbs "o-?ird ( x be=e rea*+ ! e>?1 b x is *iefly w>m$ by heat transmitt$ & radiat$ f ! e>?4 ,! radiation is abundant :5 ! sky is cle> & blue1 b cl\ds int]cept x2 s t a !rmomet] rises 9 cl\dy wea!r1 & s9ks :5 ! air becomes cle> & calm2 ev5 a slight mi/ dim9i%es radiation f ! e>?1 because x returns z mu* heat z x receives4 ,! temp]ature ( ! air is subject to su* irregul>ities f ^! circum/ances1 & f ! diff]5ce 9 ! radiat+ p[]s ( ! bodies at ! surface ( ! globe1 t x is necess>y to f9d1 by exp]im5t1 ! mean or av]age w>m? ( ! day1 mon?1 & ye>1 at a great v>iety ( places1 9 ord] to h a /&>d by :i* ! temp]ature 9 diff]5t p>allels ( latitude may be comp>$4 ,! mean diurnal temp]ature ( ! air1 at any place1 is equal to half ! sum ( ! greate/ & lea/ heights ( ! !rmomet] dur+ #bd h\rs1 &1 z ! height ( ! !rmomet] is twice 9 ! c\rse ( t "t equal to ! mean temp]ature ( ! place ( obs]vation1 x might seem easy to obta9 its value2 yet t is n ! case1 = a small error 9 obs]vation produces a v great error 9 su* m9ute quantities1 s t accuracy c only be atta9$ f ! av]age ( a great numb] ( obs]vations1 by :i* ! errors1 sometimes 9 excess & sometimes 9 defect1 neutralize or balance ea* o!r4 ,! mean value ( quantities is a p[]ful aid to ! imp]fections ( our nature 9 arriv+ at tru? 9 physical inquiries1 & 9 none m ?an 9 atmosph]ic ph5om5a3 almo/ all ! c]ta9 k man has acquir$ ) reg>d to ! d5sity & temp]ature ( ! air1 w9ds1 ra91 c41 has be5 acquir$ by t me?od4 ,! mean temp]ature ( any "o mon? at ! same place diff]s f "o ye> to ano!r1 b ! mean temp]ature ( ! :ole ye> rema9s ne>ly ! same1 especially :5 ! av]age ( #aj or #ae ye>s is tak52 = al?\gh ! temp]ature 9 any "o place may be subject to v great v>iations1 yet x nev] deviates m ?an a few degrees f its mean /ate4#abh ,! motion ( ! sun 9 ! ecliptic occasions p]petual v>iations 9 ! l5g? ( ! day1 & 9 ! direction ( 8 rays ) reg>d to ! e>?2 yet1 z ! cause is p]iodic1 ! mean annual temp]ature f ! sun's motion alone mu/ be con/ant 9 ea* p>allel ( latitude4 ,= x is evid5t t ! accumulation ( heat 9 ! long days 9 summ]1 :i* is b little dim9i%$ by radiation dur+ ! %ort nights1 is balanc$ by ! small quantity ( heat receiv$ dur+ ! %ort days ( w9t] & its radiation 9 ! long fro/y & cle> nights4 ,7 ! globe ev]y:]e on a level ) ! surface ( ! sea1 & ( uni=m sub/ance1 s z to absorb & radiate heat equally1 ! mean heat ( ! sun w\ld be regul>ly di/ribut$ ov] its surface 9 zones ( equal annual temp]ature p>allel to ! equator1 & w\ld decrease regul>ly to ea* pole4 ,! di/ribution ( heat1 h[ev]1 9 ! same p>allel is v irregul> 9 all latitudes1 except betwe5 ! tropics1 f ! inequalities 9 ! level & nature ( ! surface ( ! e>?1 s t l9es drawn on a map ?r\gh all places hav+ ! same mean annual temp]ature are ne>ly p>allel to ! equator only betwe5 ! tropics2 9 all o!r latitudes !y deviate greatly f x1 & f "o ano!r4#abi ,radiation is ! pr9cipal cause ( temp]ature2 h5ce1 ! heat ( ! air is mo/ p[]fully modifi$ by ! ocean1 :i* occupies ?ree times z mu* ( ! surface ( ! globe z ! l&1 & is m uni=m 9 its surface1 & also 9 its radiat+ p[]4 ,on ! l& ! diff]5ce 9 ! radiat+ =ce ( ! m\nta9s & table-l&s f t ( ! pla9s--( des]ts f gr\nds cov]$ ) ri* vegetation--( wet l& f dry1 are ! mo/ g5]al causes ( v>iation2 ! local causes ( irregul>ity are beyond enum]ation4 ,!re are two po9ts 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 bo? 9 ! #hj? p>allel ( latitude1 :]e ! cold is m int5se ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! globe ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,"o nor? ( ,canada 9 #ajj ,w4 long4 has a temp]ature ( -#ce ( ,fahr5heit2 :ile1 at ! ,sib]ian po9t1 9 #ie ,e4 long41 ! temp]ature ( ! air is #a2 consequ5tly x is f\r & a half degrees w>m] ?an t nor? ( ,canada--a diff]5ce t has an influ5ce ev5 to ! equator1 :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! air is diff]5t 9 diff]5t longitudes4 ,! l9e ( ! maximum temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e1 or ! atmosph]ic !rmal equator1 :i* cuts ! t]re/rial equator 9 ! m]idians ( ,otaheite & ,s+apore1 passes ?r\gh ! ,pacific 9 its s\!rn c\rse1 & ?r\gh ! ,atlantic 9 its nor!rn1 has a mean temp]ature ( #hchd ( ,fahr5heit4 ,b by ! comp>ison ( _m obs]vations ! mean equatorial temp]ature ( ! air is #hbid 9 ,asia1 #heaj 9 ,africa1 & #hjif 9 ,am]ica3 ?us1 x appe>s t tropical ,africa is ! hotte/ region on e>?4 ,moreov]1 ! atmosph]e 9 ! tropical zone ( ! ,pacific1 :5 free f curr5ts1 is two degrees & a qu>t] w>m] ?an ! correspond+ zone 9 ! ,atlantic1 :i* is #hbdj4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great ext5t ( ocean1 ! iso!rmal l9es 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e co9cide m ne>ly ) ! p>allels ( latitude ?an 9 ! nor!rn4 ,9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean ! only flexure is occasion$ by ! cold ( ! s\? pol> curr5t1 :i* fl[s along ! we/]n coa/ ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! pr$om9ance ( l& & its frequ5t alt]nations ) wat]1 ! preval5ce ( p>ticul> w9ds1 irregul>ities ( ! surface1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! po9ts ( maximum cold1 cause ! iso!rmal l9es to deviate m f ! p>allels ( latitude4 ,!y make two deep b5ds nor?w>d1 "o 9 ! ,nor!rn ,atlantic & ano!r 9 ! nor!a/ ( ,am]ica1 & at la/ !y sep>ate into two p>ts1 & encircle ! po9ts ( maximum cold4 ,pr(essor ,dove has discov]$ t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! excess ( l& 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! effect produc$ by ! sun's heat accord+ z x falls on a solid or liquid surface1 !re is an annual v>iation 9 ! aggregate mean temp]ature at ! surface ( ! e>?1 ^: maximum takes place dur+ ! sun's nor!rn decl9ation1 & its m9imum dur+ its s\!rn4#acj ,places hav+ ! same mean annual temp]ature1 (t5 diff] mat]ially 9 climate3 9 "s1 ! w9t]s are mild & ! summ]s cool1 :]eas 9 o!rs ! extremes ( heat & cold prevail3 ,engl& is an example ( ! fir/2 ,quebec1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ! ,arctic regions1 are in/ances ( ! second4 ,! sol> heat p5etrates m abundantly & deep] into ! sea ?an into ! l&2 9 w9t] x pres]ves a consid]able portion ( t :i* x receives 9 summ]1 & f its saltness does n freeze s soon z fre% wat]2 h5ce1 ! ocean is n liable to ! same *anges ( temp]ature z ! l&1 & by imp>t+ its heat to ! w9ds x dim9i%es ! sev]ity ( ! climate on ! coa/s & 9 isl&s1 :i* are nev] subject to su* extremes ( heat & cold z are exp]i5c$ 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! influ5ce ( sea & l& is /rik+ly exemplifi$ 9 ! high latitudes ( ! two hemisph]es4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! unb\nd$ ext5t ( ! ocean 9 ! s\?1 ! air is s mild & moi/ t a ri* vegetation cov]s ! gr\nd1 :ile 9 ! correspond+ latitudes 9 ! nor? ! c\ntry is b>r5 f ! excess ( l& t[>ds ! ,pol> ,ocean1 :i* r5d]s ! air dry & cold4 ,a sup]abundance ( l& 9 ! equatorial regions1 on ! contr>y1 raises ! temp]ature1 :ile ! sea temp]s x4 ,pr(essor ,dove has %[n1 f a comp>ison ( obs]vations1 t nor!rn & c5tral ,asia h :at may be t]m$ a true cont95tal climate1 bo? 9 summ] & 9 w9t]--t is to say1 a hot summ] & cold w9t]2 t ,europe has a true insul> or sea climate 9 bo? seasons1 ! summ]s be+ cool & ! w9t]s mild2 & t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! climate is incl9$ to be cont95tal 9 w9t]1 & insul> 9 summ]4 ,! extremes ( temp]ature 9 ! ye> are great] 9 c5tral ,asia ?an 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & great] 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an 9 ,europe1 & t diff]5ce increases ev]y:]e ) ! latitude4 ,9 ,guiana1 )9 ! tropics1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! hotte/ & colde/ mon?s 9 ! ye> is #bb ( ,fahr5heit1 9 ! temp]ate zone x is ab\t #fj1 & at ,yakutsk 9 ,sib]ia #aadd4 ,ev5 9 places :i* h ! same latitude z 9 nor!rn ,asia1 comp>$ ) o!rs 9 ,europe or ,nor? ,am]ica1 ! div]sity is v great4 ,at ,quebec ! summ]s are z w>m z ^? 9 ,p>is1 & grapes sometimes rip5 9 ! op5 air1 yet ! w9t]s are z sev]e z ^? 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,9 %ort1 l9es drawn on a map ?r\gh places hav+ ! same mean summ] or w9t] temp]ature are nei!r p>allel to "o ano!r1 to ! iso!rmal or geo!rmal l9es1 & !y diff] /ill m f ! p>allels ( latitude4#aca ,obs]vations t5d to prove t all ! climates on ! e>? are /able1 & t _! vicissitudes are only oscillations ( great] or less ext5t1 :i* vani% 9 ! mean annual temp]ature ( a suffici5t numb] ( ye>s4 ,!re may be a succession ( cold summ]s & mild w9t]s1 b 9 "s o!r c\ntry ! contr>y takes place2 ! di/ribution ( heat may v>y f a v>iety ( circum/ances1 b ! absolute quantity ga9$ & lo/ by ! :ole e>? 9 ! c\rse ( a ye> is inv>iably ! same4 ,s9ce ! air receives its w>m? *iefly f ! e>?1 its temp]ature dim9i%es ) ! height s rapidly1 t at a v small elevation ! cold becomes excessive1 z ! p]petual sn[ on ! m\nta9-tops cle>ly %[s4 ,! decrease ( heat is at ! rate ( a degree ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] = e #ccd feet4 ,! atmosph]e1 be+ a heavy & ela/ic fluid1 decreases 9 d5sity upw>ds1 accord+ to a det]m9ate law1 s rapidly1 t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! :ole air x conta9s are )9 f\r miles ( ! e>?1 & all ! ph5om5a p]ceptible to u--z cl\ds1 ra91 sn[1 & ?und]--occur )9 t limit4 ,! air ev5 on ! tops ( m\nta9s is s r>e z to dim9i% ! int5sity ( s\nd1 to affect respiration1 & to occasion a loss ( muscul> /r5g? 9 man & animals4#acb ,s9ce ! space 9 ! top ( ! tube ( a b>omet] is a vacuum1 ! column ( m]cury is susp5d$ 9 ! tube by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! surface ( ! m]cury 9 ! ci/]n3 h5ce1 e v>iation 9 ! d5sity or height ( ! atmosph]e occasions a correspond+ rise or fall 9 ! b>ometric column4 ,! actual mean pressure ( ! atmosph]e at ! level ( ! sea is #ae p\nds on ! squ>e in*2 h5ce1 ! pressure on ! :ole e>? is enorm\s4 ,! decrease 9 ! d5sity ( ! air af=ds a v accurate me?od ( f9d+ ! height ( m\nta9s above ! level ( ! sea1 :i* w\ld be v simple1 7 x n = *anges ( temp]ature :i* alt] ! d5sity & int]f]e ) ! regul>ity ( ! law ( its decrease4 ,b z ! heat ( ! air dim9i%es ) ! height above ! e>? at ! rate ( "o degree ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] = e #ccd feet1 tables are con/ruct$1 by ! aid ( :i* heights may be det]m9$ ) great accuracy4 ,9 consequ5ce ( dim9i%$ pressure also1 wat] boils at a l[] temp]ature on m\nta9-tops ?an at ! level ( ! sea1 :i* af=ds ano!r me?od ( asc]ta9+ heights4#acc ,by ! annual & diurnal revolutions ( ! e>?1 ea* column ( air is alt]nately expos$ to ! heat & cold ( summ] & w9t]1 ( day & night1 & also to v>iations 9 ! attraction ( ! sun & moon1 :i* di/urb its equilibrium1 & produce tides simil> to ^? 9 ! ocean4 ,^? produc$ by ! moon ebb & fl[ twice dur+ a lunation1 & diurnal v>iations 9 ! b>omet]1 to a v small am\nt1 are also due to ! moon's attraction4#acd ,! annual undulations occasion$ by ! sun h _! greate/ altitudes at ! equ9oxes1 & _! lea/ at ! sol/ices1 & ! diurnal v>iations 9 ! height ( ! b>omet]1 :i* accompli% _! rise & fall twice 9 #bd h\rs1 are *iefly due to ! effects ( temp]ature on ! dry air & moi/ure ( ! atmosph]e1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,dove's discov]ies1 produce indep5d5t pressures ^u ! m]curial column4 ,a quantity ( vap\r is cont9ually rais$ by ! heat ( ! sun f ! surface ( ! globe1 :i* mixes 9 an invisible /ate ) ! dry air or gase\s "p ( ! atmosph]e4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ! torrid zone1 &1 l ! heat on :i* x dep5ds1 v>ies ) ! latitude1 ! season ( ! ye>1 ! "t ( ! day1 ! elevation above ! sea1 & also ) ! nature ( ! soil1 ! l&1 & ! wat]4 ,!re is no *emical comb9ation betwe5 ! arial & aque\s atmosph]es1 !y are m]ely mix$2 & ! diurnal v>iations arise f ! sup]position ( two di/9ct diurnal oscillations1 ea* go+ ?r\gh its complete p]iod 9 #bd h\rs2 "o tak+ place 9 ! arial atmosph]e f ! alt]nate heat+ & cool+ ( ! air1 :i* produce a flux & reflux ov] ! po9t ( obs]vation2 ! o!r aris+ f ! aque\s atmosph]e1 ow+ to ! alt]nate production & de/ruction ( vap\r by ! heat ( ! day & ! cold ( ! night4 ,! diurnal v>iations ( ! vap\r h _! maximum at or ne> ! hotte/ h\r ( ! day1 & _! m9imum at or ne> ! colde/1 :i* is exactly ! conv]se ( ! diurnal v>iations ( ! dry air4 ,on ! :ole1 !re are two maxima & two m9ima heights ( ! b>omet] 9 ! c\rse ( #bd h\rs f ! comb9ations ( ^!1 b 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts f> f wat]1 :]e ! air is v dry1 !re ought to be "o maximum & "o m9imum dur+ t p]iod1 accord+ to ?is !ory4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! b>omet] atta9s its greate/ height at n9e or half-pa/ n9e 9 ! morn+2 x !n s9ks till f\r 9 ! aft]noon1 aft] :i* x aga9 rises & atta9s a second maximum at t5 or half-pa/ t5 9 ! ev5+2 x !n beg9s to fall till x rea*es a second "t its l[e/ po9t at f\r 9 ! morn+4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! height is #jaag ( an in*1 :i* gradually decreases nor? & s\?4 ,b>on ,humboldt m5tions t ! diurnal v>iations ( ! b>ometric pressure are s regul> betwe5 ! tropics1 t ! h\r ( ! day may be inf]r$ f ! height ( ! m]cury to )9 fifte5 or sixte5 m9utes1 & t x is undi/urb$ by /orm1 tempe/1 ra91 or e>?quake1 bo? on ! coa/s & at altitudes #ac1jjj feet above !m4 ,! mean height ( ! b>omet] betwe5 ! tropics at ! level ( ! sea is #cj in*es ) v little fluctuation1 b1 ow+ to ! asc5d+ curr5ts ( air f ! heat ( ! e>?1 x is less "u ! equator ?an 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,x atta9s a maximum 9 we/]n ,europe betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dj & #de2 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic ! maximum is ab\t ! #cj? p>allel1 & 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t ocean x is ne> ! tropic ( ,capricorn2 ! amplitude ( ! oscillations decreases f ! tropics to ab\t ! #gj? p>allel1 :]e ! diurnal v>iations cease4 ,!y are affect$ by ! seasons1 be+ greate/ 9 summ] & lea/ 9 w9t]4 ,x appe>s1 also1 t ! fluctuations are ! rev]se on m\nta9-tops f :at !y are on ! pla9s1 & probably at a c]ta9 height !y w\ld cease altoge!r4#ace ,x is a s+ul> fact1 discov]$ by our navigators1 t ! mean height ( ! b>omet] is an in* l[] ?r\gh\t ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean & at ,cape ,horn ?an x is at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope or ,valp>aiso3 t diff]5ce 9 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is probably connect$ ) ! p]petual gales (f ! extremity ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,m4 ,erman obs]v$ a simil> depression ne> ! ,sea ( ,okhotsk 9 ea/]n ,sib]ia4 ,besides ! small hor>y undulations1 !re are va/ waves mov+ ov] ! oceans & cont95ts 9 sep>ate & indep5d5t sy/ems1 be+ conf9$ to local yet v ext5sive di/ricts1 probably occasion$ by long-cont9u$ ra9s or dry wea!r ov] wide tracts ( c\ntry4 ,by num]\s b>ometrical obs]vations made simultane\sly 9 bo? hemisph]es1 ! c\rses ( sev]al h be5 trac$1 "s ( :i* take #bd1 o!rs #cf h\rs1 to accompli% _! rise & fall4 ,"o especially ( ^! va/ b>ometric waves1 _m hundr$s ( miles 9 bread?1 has be5 trac$ ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe1 & n its bread? only1 b also ! direction ( its front1 & its velocity1 h be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$4 ,! c\rse ( ano!r wave has be5 made out f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ?r\gh _m int]m$iate /ations1 to ! obs]vatory at ,toronto 9 ,canada4 ,s9ce e undulation has its p]fect effect indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 ea* "o is m>k$ by a *ange 9 ! b>omet]1 & ?is is beautifully illu/rat$ by curv$ l9es on pap]1 con/ruct$ f a s]ies ( obs]vations4 ,! g5]al =m ( ! curve %[s ! c\rse ( ! pr9cipal wave1 :ile small undulations 9 its outl9e m>k ! maxima & m9ima ( ! m9or oscillations4 ,al?\gh1 l all o!r waves1 ^! 9 ! atmosph]e are b wav+ =ms1 9 :i* !re is no transf] ( air1 yet w9ds arise f !m l tide-/reams 9 ! ocean1 & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el is ( op9ion t ! cross+ ( two ( ^! va/ arial waves1 com+ 9 diff]5t directions1 may g5]ate1 at ! po9t ( int]section1 ^? trem5d\s revolv+ /orms1 or hurricanes1 :i* spread desolation f> & wide4 ,! air exp&s & becomes light] ) heat1 contracts & becomes heavi] ) cold1 &1 z !re are #hb degrees ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! equatorial & pol> temp]ature1 ! light w>m air at ! equator is con/antly asc5d+ to ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 & fl[+ nor? & s\? to ! poles1 f :5ce ! cold heavy air ru%es along ! surface ( ! e>? to supply its place betwe5 ! tropics1 = ! same t5d5cy to re/ore equilibrium exi/s 9 air z 9 o!r fluids4 ,^! two sup]ficial curr5ts1 :i* h no rotatory motion :5 !y leave ! poles1 are deflect$ f _! m]idional pa?s by friction f ! cont9ually increas+ velocity ( ! e>?'s rotation1 z !y come ne>] & ne>] to ! tropics2 &1 z !y revolve sl[] ?an ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! e>? at :i* !y arrive1 ! bodies on its surface /rike aga9/ !m ) ! excess ( _! velocity1 s t ! w9d appe>s1 to a p]son :o ?9ks himself at re/1 to bl[ 9 a direction contr>y to t ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,= t reason ! curr5t f ! nor? pole becomes a nor?-ea/ w9d be=e arriv+ at ! tropic ( ,canc]1 & t f ! s\? pole becomes a s\?-ea/ w9d be=e x comes to ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 _! limit be+ ! #bh? p>allel ( latitude on ea* side ( ! equator4 ,9 fact1 ! diff]5ce ( temp]ature puts ! air 9 motion1 & ! direction ( ! result+ w9d1 at e place1 dep5ds ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! rotatory motion ( ! w9d & ! rotatory motion ( ! e>?--! :ole !ory ( ! w9ds dep5ds ^u ^! circum/ances4 ,ne> ! equator ! trade-w9ds1 nor? & s\? ( x1 s completely neutralize ea* o!r1 t f> at sea a c&le burns )\t flick]+ i4 e4 :5 x is flat calm4 ,?is zone ( calms & light breezes1 kn[n z ! ,v>iables1 :i* has a bread? ( ab\t five degrees & a half1 is subject to heavy ra9s & viol5t ?und]-/orms4 ,on acc\nt ( ! arrangem5t ( l& & wat]1 x does n co9cide ) ! equator1 b its c5tre runs along ! six? p>allel ( nor? latitude2 h[ev]1 x *anges 9 position & ext5t ) ! decl9ation ( ! sun1 b nev] crosses ! l9e4 ,?\gh ! trade-w9ds ext5d to ! #bh? degree on ea* side ( ! equator1 _! limits v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ocean1 mov+ two or ?ree degrees to ! nor? or s\?1 accord+ to ! position ( ! sun2 & 9 ! ,atlantic ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9d is less /eady ?an ! s\?-ea/4#acf ,^! p]5nial w9ds are kn[n by rec5t obs]vations to be less uni=m 9 ! ,pacific ?an 9 ! ,atlantic2 !y only bl[ p]man5tly ov] t portion betwe5 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 (f ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & ! ,m>quesas4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean ! s\?-ea/ trade-w9d bl[s f a few degrees ea/ ( ,madagasc> to ! coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 betwe5 #aj & #bh ,s4 lat4 ,! trade-w9ds are only con/ant f> f l&1 because cont95ts & isl&s int]cept !m1 & *ange _! c\rse4 ,on t acc\nt ! num]\s gr\ps ( isl&s we/w>d f ! ,m>quesas *ange ! trade-w9ds into ! p]iodical monsoons1 :i* are /eady curr5ts ( air 9 ! ,arabian ,gulf1 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ,*9a ,sea1 aris+ f dim9i%$ atmosph]ic pressure at ea* tropic alt]nately1 f ! heat ( ! sun1 !reby produc+ a regul> alt]nation ( nor? & s\? w9ds1 :i*1 comb9+ ) ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 become a nor?-ea/ w9d 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & a s\?-ea/ 9 ! s\!rn4 ,! =m] bl[s f ,april to ,octob]1 ! latt] f ,octob] to ,april2 ! *ange is accompani$ by heavy ra9 & viol5t /orms ( ?und] & lightn+4 ,! asc5t ( ! w>m air betwe5 ! tropics occasions a depression ( ! b>omet] am\nt+ to ! t5? ( an in*1 :i* is a measure ( ! =ce produc+ ! trade-w9ds4 ,9 bo? hemisph]es !re is a regul> v>iation 9 ! mean height ( ! b>omet] )9 ! zone 9 :i* ^! great arial curr5ts fl[2 x is high] at _! pol> limits1 & decreases ) extreme uni=mity t[>ds _! equatorial b\nd>ies1 ! diff]5ce 9 bo? hemisph]es be+ #jbe ( an in*4 ,! unequal temp]ature ( ! l& & sea causes sea-breezes :i* bl[ t[>ds ! l& dur+ ! day1 & l&-breezes :i* bl[ sea-w>d 9 ! night2 !y are n p]ceptible 9 ! morn+s & ev5+s1 because ! temp]ature ( ! l& & wat] is !n ne>ly ! same4 ,! trade-w9ds & monsoons are p]man5t1 dep5d+ on ! app>5t motion ( ! sun2 b x is evid5t f !ory t !re mu/ be p>tial w9ds 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?1 occasion$ by ! local circum/ances t affect ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,consequ5tly1 ! atmosph]e is divid$ into di/ricts1 bo? ov] ! sea & l&1 9 :i* ! w9ds h ne>ly ! same vicissitudes f ye> to ye>4 ,! regul>ity is greate/ t[>ds ! tropics1 :]e ! causes ( di/urbance are few]4 ,9 ! high] latitudes x is m difficult to discov] any regul>ity1 on acc\nt ( ! great] proportion ( l&1 ! diff]5ce 9 its radiat+ p[]1 & ! great] extremes ( heat & cold4 ,b ev5 !re a degree ( uni=mity prevails 9 ! succession ( ! w9ds2 = example1 9 all places :]e nor? & s\? w9ds bl[ alt]nately1 a vane ve]s ?r\gh e po9t ( ! compass 9 ! transition1 & 9 "s places ! w9d makes sev]al ( ^! gyrations 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4#acg ,! s\?-we/]ly w9ds1 s preval5t 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean betwe5 ! #cj? & #fj? degrees ( nor? latitude1 are produc$ by ! upp] curr5t be+ drawn d[n to supply ! sup]ficial curr5t :i* goes t[>ds ! equator1 &1 z x has a great] rotatory motion ?an ! e>? 9 ^! latitudes1 x produces a s\?-we/]ly w9d4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! av]age voyage f ,liv]pool to ,new ,york 9 a sail+ vessel is #dj days1 :ile x is only #bc days f ,new ,york to ,liv]pool4 ,= ! same reason ! av]age direction ( ! w9d 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,d5m>k1 ,sw$51 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 is "s po9t betwe5 s\? & we/4 ,nor?-we/]ly w9ds prevail 9 ! correspond+ latitudes ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e f ! same cause4 ,9 fact1 :5ev] ! air has a great] velocity ( rotation ?an ! surface ( ! e>?1 a w9d m or less we/]ly is produc$2 & :5 x has less velocity ( rotation ?an ! e>?1 a w9d hav+ an ea/]ly t5d5cy results4 ,?us1 !re is a p]petual *ange betwe5 ! diff]5t masses ( ! atmosph]e1 ! w>m air temp]+ ! cold ( ! high] latitudes1 & ! cold air mitigat+ ! heat ( ! l[]2 x w be %[n aft]w>ds t ! arial curr5ts are ! be>]s ( pr9ciples on :i* ! life ( ! animal & vegetable _w dep5ds4 ,hurricanes are ^? /orms ( w9d 9 :i* ! portion ( ! atmosph]e t =ms !m revolves 9 a horizontal circuit r\nd a v]tical or some:at incl9$ axis ( rotation1 :ile ! axis itself1 & consequ5tly ! :ole /orm1 is c>ri$ =w>ds along ! surface ( ! globe1 s t ! direction 9 :i* ! /orm is advanc+ is q diff]5t f ! direction 9 :i* ! rotatory curr5t may be bl[+ at any po9t2 ! progressive motion may cont9ue = days1 :ile ! w9d accompli%es _m gyrations ?r\gh all ! po9ts ( ! compass 9 ! same "t4 ,9 ! ,atlantic ! pr9cipal region ( hurricanes is to ! ea/ ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & 9 ! ,pacific x lies ea/ ( ! isl& ( ,madagasc>2 consequ5tly ! =m] is 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 ! latt] 9 ! s\!rn2 b 9 e case ! /orm moves 9 an elliptical or p>abolic curve4 ,! ,we/ ,indian hurricanes g5]ally h _! orig9 ea/w>d ( ! ,less] ,antillas or ,c>ibbean isl&s1 & ! v]tex ( _! pa? ne> ! tropic ( ,canc]1 or ab\t ! ext]ior limit ( ! nor?-ea/ trade-w9d4 ,z ! motion ( ! /orm be=e x rea*es ! tropic is 9 a /raight l9e f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 & aft] x has pass$ ! tropic f ,s4,w41 to ,n4,e41 ! b5d ( ! curve is turn$ t[>ds ,florida & ! ,c>ol9as4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean ! body ( ! /orms moves 9 an exactly opposite direction4 ,! hurricanes :i* orig9ate s\? ( ! equator1 & ^: initial pa? is f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w41 turn at ! tropic ( ,capricorn1 & !n t5d f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e41 s t ! b5d ( ! curve is turn$ t[>ds ,madagasc>4 ,! ext5t & velocity ( ! ,atlantic hurricanes are great2 ! mo/ rapid move at ! rate ( #dc miles an h\r1 ! sl[e/ #af4 ,! hurricane :i* took place on ! #ab? ( ,augu/1 #ahcj1 0 trac$ f ! ea/w>d ( ! ,c>ibbean isl&s to ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 a di/ance ( m ?an #cjjj miles1 :i* x pass$ ov] 9 six days4 ,al?\gh t ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 #ahba1 0 n s ext5sive1 its velocity 0 great]1 z x mov$ at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r4 ,small /orms are g5]ally m rapid ?an ^? ( great magnitude4 ,sometimes !y appe> to be /ation>y1 sometimes !y /op & aga9 proce$ on _! c\rse1 l wat]-sp\ts4 ,hurricanes are occasionally contemporane\s1 & s ne> to "o ano!r z to travel 9 almo/ p>allel tracks4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ,*9a seas 9 ,octob]1 #ahdj1 :5 ! two /orms met at an angle ( #dg1 & x 0 suppos$ t ! %ip ,golconda f\nd]$ 9 t spot ) #cjj p on bo>d4 ,a hurricane has be5 split or divid$ by a m\nta9 into two sep>ate /orms1 ea* ( :i* cont9u$ its new c\rse1 & ! gyrations 7 made ) increas$ viol5ce4 ,?is occurr$ 9 ! gale ( ! #be? ( ,decemb]1 #ahba1 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :5 ! ,spani% m\nta9s & ! m>itime ,alps became new c5tres ( motion4 ,by ! friction ( ! e>? ! axis ( ! /orm b5ds a little =w>d1 & ! :irl+ motion beg9s 9 ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e be=e x is felt on ! e>?3 ?is causes a cont9ual int]mixture ( ! l[] & w>m] /rata ( air ) ^? t are high] & cold]1 produc+ torr5ts ( ra91 & sometimes viol5t electric explosions4 ,! rotation z well z ! c\rse ( ! /orm is 9 a diff]5t direction 9 ! two hemisph]es1 ?\gh always alike 9 ! same4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! gyration is contr>y to ! movem5t ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 t is to say1 ! w9d revolves f ea/1 ?r\gh ! nor?1 to we/1 s\?1 & ea/ aga92 :ile 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! rotation ab\t ! axis ( ! /orm is 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,hurricanes happ5 s\? ( ! equator betwe5 ,decemb] & ,april2 9 ! ,we/ ,indies betwe5 ,june & ,octob]4 ,rotatory /orms frequ5tly occur 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 & ! typhoons ( ! ,*9a seas are real hurricanes ( great viol5ce4 ,bo? con=m to ! laws ( su* w9ds 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,! ,atlantic /orms probably rea* ,spa91 ,portugal1 & ! coa/ ( ,irel&4 ,two circul> /orms h pass$ ov] ,great ,brita91 & small ones (t5 occur betwe5 ! ,*ops ( ! ,*annel & ,madeira4 ,! revolv+ motion acc\nts = ! sudd5 & viol5t *anges obs]v$ dur+ hurricanes4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! rotation ( ! air1 ! w9d bl[s 9 opposite directions on ea* side ( ! axis ( ! /orm1 & ! viol5ce ( ! bla/ increases f ! circumf]5ce t[>ds ! c5tre ( gyration1 b 9 ! c5tre itself ! air is 9 repose3 h5ce1 :5 ! body ( ! /orm passes ov] a place1 ! w9d beg9s to bl[ mod]ately1 & increases to a hurricane z ! c5tre ( ! :irlw9d approa*es2 !n 9 a mom5t a dead & awful calm succe$s1 sudd5ly foll[$ by a r5ewal ( ! /orm 9 all its viol5ce1 b n[ bl[+ 9 a direction diametrically opposite to :at x _h be=e3 ?is happ5$ 9 ! isl& ( ,/4 ,?omas on ! #b;d ( ,augu/1 #ahcg1 :]e ! hurricane increas$ 9 viol5ce till half-pa/ sev5 9 ! morn+1 :5 p]fect /illness took place = #dj m9utes1 aft] :i* ! /orm recomm5c$ 9 a contr>y direction4 ,! bread? ( a hurricane is greatly augm5t$ :5 its pa? *anges its direction 9 cross+ ! tropic4 ,9 ! ,atlantic1 ! vortex ( "o ( ^! tempe/s has cov]$ an area f #fjj to #ajjj miles 9 diamet]4 ,! bread? ( ! lull 9 ! c5tre v>ies f #e to #cj miles3 ! height is f #a to #e miles at mo/2 s t a p]son might see ! /rife ( ! elem5ts f ! top ( a m\nta91 su* z ,t5]iffe or ,m[na ,roa1 9 a p]fect calm1 = ! upp] cl\ds are frequ5tly se5 to be at re/ dur+ ! hide\s turmoil 9 ! l[] regions4 ,! sudd5 fall ( ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] 9 latitudes habitually visit$ by hurricanes is a c]ta9 indication ( a com+ tempe/4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce ( ^! rotatory /orms1 ! air becomes r>ifi$1 &1 z ! atmosph]e is di/urb$ to "s di/ance beyond ! actual circle ( gyration or ! limits ( ! /orm1 ! b>omet] (t5 s9ks "s h\rs be=e its arrival3 x cont9ues s9k+ ! fir/ half ( ! hurricane1 & aga9 rises dur+ ! passage ( ! latt] half1 ?\gh x does n atta9 its greate/ height till ! /orm is ov]4 ,! dim9ution ( atmosph]ic pressure is great]1 & ext5ds ov] a wid] area1 9 ! temp]ate zones ?an 9 ! torrid1 on acc\nt ( ! sudd5 expansion ( ! circle ( rotation :]e ! gale crosses ! tropic4 ,z ! fall ( ! b>omet] gives w>n+ ( ! approa* ( a hurricane1 s ! laws ( ! /orm's motion af=d to ! seaman k to avoid x4 ,9 ! nor!rn temp]ate zone1 if ! gale beg9s f ! ,s4,e4 & ve]s by ,s4 to ,w41 ! %ip %\ld /e] to ! ,s4,e42 b if ! gale beg9s f ! ,n4,e4 & *anges ?r\gh ,n4 to ,n4,w41 ! vessel ought to g to ! ,n4,w4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! torrid zone1 if ! /orm beg9 f ! ,n4,e4 & ve] ?r\gh ,e4 to ,s4,e41 ! %ip %\ld /e] to ! ,n4,e42 b if x beg9 f ! ,n4,w4 & ve] by ,w4 to ,s4,w41 ! %ip %\ld /e] to ! ,s4,w41 because %e is on ! s\?-we/]n side ( ! /orm4 ,s9ce ! laws ( /orms are rev]s$ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! rules = /e]+ vessels are necess>ily rev]s$ also4#ach ,a heavy swell or /orm-wave is peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ^! tempe/s4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! hurricane ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e is s mu* dim9i%$ by rotation1 t ! m]cury 9 ! b>omet] falls f "o to two1 & ev5 two & a-half in*es4 ,on t acc\nt1 ! pressure ( ! ocean beyond ! range ( ! w9d raises ! wat] 9 ! c5tre ( ! vortex ab\t two feet above its usual level1 & proportionally to ! degree ( dim9i%$ pressure ov] ! :ole area ( ! /orm4 ,?is mass ( wat]1 or /orm-wave1 is driv5 bodily along )1 or be=e1 ! tempe/1 & rolls 9 ^u ! l& l a huge wall ( wat]4 ,x is simil> to ! e>?quake wave1 & is by no means ! heap+ up ( ! wat] aft] a long gale4 ,%ips h be5 swept by x out ( docks & riv]s1 & x has sometimes c>ri$ vessels ov] reefs & banks s z to l& !m high & dry2 ?is happ5$ to two %ips on ! coa/ ( ! ,ea/]n ,&aman isl&s1 9 #ahdd4 ,cor+a1 on ! ,corom&el coa/1 is p>ticul>ly subject to inundations f t cause4 ,9 #aghi1 ! t[n & #bj1jjj inhabitants 7 de/roy$ by a succession ( ^! great waves dur+ a hurricane1 & z _m p]i%$ !re 9 #ahci4 ,besides /orm-waves1 /orm-curr5ts are rais$1 :i* revolve ) ! rotation ( ! w9d1 & are ( ! greate/ =ce ne> ! c5tre ( ! vortex4 ,! rise ( ! sea by ! pressure ( ! surr\nd+ ocean1 & ! irresi/ible fury ( ! w9d1 makes a trem5d\s commotion 9 ! c5tre ( ! /orm1 :]e ! sea rises1 n 9 waves1 b 9 pyramidal masses3 ! noise dur+ its passage resembles ! deaf5+ ro> ( ! mo/ trem5d\s ?und]2 & 9 ! typhoons 9 ! ,*9a seas x is l numb]less voices rais$ to ! utmo/ pit* ( scream+4 ,9 g5]al1 !re is v little ?und] & lightn+2 sometimes a vivid fla% occurs dur+ ! passage ( ! c5tre1 or at ! beg9n+ ( ! /orm2 yet 9 ,b>badoes ! :ole atmosph]e has be5 envelop$ 9 an electric cl\d4 ,a ?ick lurid appe>ance1 ) d5se masses ( cl\d 9 ! horizon1 om9\s & t]rible1 are ! h>b+]s ( ! com+ tempe/4 ,! sun & cl\ds frequ5tly assume a fi]y r$ness1 ! :ole sky takes a wild & ?reat5+ aspect1 & ! w9d rises & falls ) a moan+ s\nd1 l t he>d 9 old h\ses on a w9t]'s night3 x is ak9 to ! 8call+ ( ! sea10 a melan*oly noise :i*1 9 a dead calm1 presages a /orm on "s p>ts ( ! ,engli% coa/4 ,^? int5sely viol5t gales1 ( %ort duration1 call$ ar*$ squalls1 because !y rise f an ar* ( cl\ds on ! horizon1 are n rotatory2 !y occur 9 ! ,/raits ( ,malacca1 att5d$ by fi]ce ?und] & lightn+ & a lurid phosphoresc5t gleam4 ,! nor?-we/]n gales 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 ! tornadoes on ! ,african coa/1 & ! pampros ( ! ,rio de la ,plata1 are ( ! same nature4 ,on an av]age1 a /rong gale moves at ! rate ( #dj miles an h\r1 a /orm at ab\t #ef1 & hurricanes at #ij4 ,:irlw9ds are frequ5t 9 tropical c\ntries1 especially 9 des]ts2 sometimes sev]al are se5 at "o "t 9 ! ,arabian des]ts1 ( all sizes1 f a few feet to "s hundr$ y>ds 9 diamet]4 ,!y occur 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 by night z well z by day1 & come )\t ! smalle/ notice1 root+ up trees1 ov]:elm+ c>avans1 & ?r[+ d[n h\ses2 & z !y produce wat]-sp\ts :5 !y rea* ! sea1 !y dismantle & ev5 s9k %ips4 ,! wat]-sp\ts s frequ5tly se5 on ! ocean orig9ate 9 adjac5t /rata ( air ( diff]5t temp]atures1 runn+ 9 opposite directions 9 ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e4 ,!y cond5se ! vap\r1 & give x a :irl+ motion1 s t x desc5ds tap]+ to ! sea bel[1 & causes ! surface ( ! wat] to asc5d 9 a po9t$ spiral till x jo9s t f above1 & !n x looks l two inv]t$ cones1 be+ ?9n] 9 ! middle ?an ei!r above or bel[4 ,:5 a wat]-sp\t has a progressive motion1 ! upp] & "u "p mu/ move 9 ! same direction1 & ) equal velocity1 o!rwise x breaks1 :i* frequ5tly happ5s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,evaporation--,di/ribution ( ,vap\r--,dew--,ho>-,fro/--,fog--,region ( ,cl\ds-- ,=ms ( ,cl\ds--,ra9--,di/ribution ( ,ra9--,quantity--,numb] ( ra9y ,days 9 diff]5t ,latitudes--,ra9less ,di/ricts--,sn[ ,cry/als--,l9e ( p]petual ,sn[--,limit ( ,w9t] ,sn[ on ! ,pla9s--,sleet--,hail-- ,m9ut5ess ( ! ultimate ,p>ticles ( ,matt]--,_! ,d5sities & ,=ms--,_! ,action on ,light--,col\r ( ,bodies--,col\r ( ! ,atmosph]e-- ,its ,absorption & ,reflection ( ,light--,mirage--,fog ,images--,coron & ,halos--,! ,ra9b[--,iris 9 ,dewdrops--,! ,pol>ization ( ! ,atmosph]e-- ,atmosph]ic ,electricity--,its ,v>iations--,electricity ( ,fogs & ,ra9-- ,inductive ,action ( ! ,e>?--,lightn+--,?und]--,di/ribution ( ,?und]-,/orms--,back ,/roke--,/4 ,elmo's ,fire--,phosphoresc5ce--,aurora-- ,magnetism--,t]re/rial ,magnetism--,! ,dip--,magnetic ,poles & ,equator-- ,magnetic ,int5sity--,dynamic ,equator--,decl9ation--,magnetic ,m]idian--,l9es ( equal ,v>iation--,hor>y ,v>iations--,l9e ( ,alt]nate ,hor>y ,ph5om5a--,magnetic ,/orms--,co9cid5ce ( ! ,l9es ( equal ,magnetic ,int5sity ) ,m\nta9 ,*a9s--,diamagnetism4 ,,moi/ure is evaporat$ 9 an invisible =m f e "p ( ! l& & wat]1 & at all temp]atures1 ev5 f sn[4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions t ! sn[ once entirely disappe>$ f ! volcano ( ,aconcagua1 9 ,*ile1 :i* is #bc1cjj feet high1 f evaporation "u a cl\dless sky & an excessively dry air4 ,! vap\r rises & mixes ) ! atmosph]e2 & z its pressure & d5sity dim9i% ) ! height above ! surface ( ! e>?1 9 consequ5ce ( gravitation1 !re is absolutely less moi/ure 9 ! high] ?an 9 ! l[] regions ( ! air4 ,sev5-t5?s ( ! atmosph]e re/s on ! ocean2 !re=e ! sea has ! greate/ influ5ce 9 modify+ climates & supply+ ! air ) moi/ure4 ,! evaporation is greate/ betwe5 ! tropics1 f ! excess ( heat & ! prepond]ance ( ! ocean1 & its av]age quantity decreases f !nce to ! poles4 ,ov] ! op5 sea1 9 all latitudes1 ! air is saturat$ ) moi/ure2 & 9 t ov] ! coa/s ! quantity is v great1 b x dim9i%es f ! coa/s to ! int]ior ( ! cont95ts4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 9 ! des]ts ( ,asia1 & 9 ! int]ior ( ,new ,holl&1 ! air is cont9ually dry4 ,!re is sc>cely any evaporation 9 ! des]ts ( ,africa1 & ! extreme heat1 increas$ by ! rev]b]ation ( ! s&1 opposes aque\s precipitations1 s ?is l& is doom$ to p]petual /]ility4 ,! air ov] ! /eppes ( ,sib]ia is likewise ne>ly depriv$ ( moi/ure4 ,! greate/ degree ( dryness on record is t obs]v$ by ,m4 ,erman betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,irti% & ,obi1 aft] a cont9u$ s\?-we/ w9d & a temp]ature ( #gd #g ( ,fahr5heit4 ,?r\gh\t all ! c\ntries 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e :]e obs]vations h be5 made on ! v>iations ( atmosph]ic moi/ure1 x appe>s t ! air conta9s less vap\r 9 ,janu>y ?an 9 any o!r mon? ( ! ye>1 yet at t "t !re is ! greate/ dampness2 :ile 9 ,july ! air is drie/1 & yet1 on acc\nt ( ! heat1 evaporation is ! greate/3 ! reason is1 t ! heat 9 ,july dissolves ! moi/ure & increases its ela/icity or t5sion s mu* t x becomes ins5sible1 :]eas ! cold ( w9t] cond5ses x & r5d]s x app>5t4 ,! quantity ( atmosph]ic moi/ure v>ies also ) ! h\rs ( ! day & night4 ,9 e>ly morn+ ! evaporation accumulates ne> ! surface ( ! gr\nd f ! resi/ance ( ! air above x1 b z ! sun rises above ! horizon ! w>m air desc5ds & c>ries ! vap\r ) x2 s t ! quantity ne> ! gr\nd is dim9i%$ till ev5+1 :51 on acc\nt ( ! l[ness ( ! temp]ature1 ! asc5d+ curr5ts cease1 & ! air becomes load$ ) vap\r1 & deposits its excess 9 ! %ape ( dew or ho>-fro/4 ,= 9 ! night ! e>? radiates "p ( ! heat x receiv$ dur+ ! day ?r\gh ! atmosph]e into space1 & ! temp]ature ( ! bodies on its surface s9ks bel[ t ( ! air2 & by ab/ract+ "p ( ! heat :i* holds ! humidity ( ! air 9 solution a deposition takes place4 ,if ! radiation be great1 ! dew is froz5 & becomes ho>-fro/1 :i* is ! ice ( dew4 ,cl\dy wea!r is unfav\rable = ! =mation ( dew by prev5t+ ! free radiation ( heat1 & actual contact is necess>y = its =mation1 z x is nev] susp5d$ 9 ! air l fog4 ,dew falls 9 calm s]5e nights1 b n on all sub/ances indiff]5tly2 x wets !m 9 proportion to _! p[] ( radiation1 leav+ ^? dry t radiate feebly or n at all4 ,dew is mo/ abundant on coa/s2 9 ! int]ior ( cont95ts !re is v little1 except ne> lakes or riv]s4 ,:5 dew is congeal$ into ho>-fro/ x =ms beautiful cry/als1 & ! cold :i* produces x is v hurtful to vegetation1 b a slight cov]+ pres]ves plants f its effects4 ,:5 ! atmosph]e is s saturat$ ) ! vap\r ( wat] t x is precipitat$ 9 ! air itself1 a fog is ! result1 :i* consi/s ( small globul> p>ticles ( wat]4 ,:5 dew is =m$ ! e>? is cold] ?an ! air 9 contact ) x2 b ! case is exactly ! contr>y :5 fogs take place1 ! moi/ soil be+ w>m] ?an ! air4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! soil is moi/ & w>m1 & ! air damp & cold1 ?ick & frequ5t fogs arise1 z 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! coa/s are wa%$ by a sea ( elevat$ temp]ature1 & ! excess ( ! heat ( ! ,gulf-/ream above ! cold moi/ air is ! cause ( ! p]petual fogs 9 ,newf\ndl&4 ,sup]ior to all ^! ph5om5a1 & at a consid]able height above ! e>?1 ! air is v dry1 because1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 ! vap\r asc5ds 9 a highly ela/ic & invisible /ate till x rea*es a /ratum ( air ( l[] temp]ature1 & !n x is cond5s$ into cl\ds4 ,! region ( cl\ds is a zone at a height v>y+ f "o to f\r miles above ! surface ( ! e>?1 :i* is saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,f friction & o!r causes ! curr5ts ( air 9 ! l[] p>ts ( t zone run horizontally on ea* o!r2 & z !y g5]ally diff] 9 moi/ure1 temp]ature1 & velocity1 ! cold] cond5se ! invisible vap\r 9 ! w>m]1 & make x app>5t 9 ! =m ( a cl\d1 :i* diff]s 9 no respect f a fog1 except t "o floats high 9 ! air1 :ile ! o!r re/s on ! gr\nd4 ,at mod]ate heights cl\ds consi/ ( vap\r1 b at great elevations1 :]e ! cold is sev]e1 !y are an assemblage ( m9ute cry/als ( ice4 ,!y assume ?ree prim>y *>act]s1 f :5ce f\r subord9ate =ms are d]iv$4 ,! cirrus1 or cat's-tail ( sailors1 is ! highe/2 x sometimes resembles a :ite bru%1 at o!r times x consi/s ( horizontal b&s ( sl5d] silv]y filam5ts4 ,to ^! all ,kmtz's measurem5ts assign a height ( #ai1ejj feet1 :i* is confirm$ by _! appe>ance be+ ! same :5 se5 f ! tops ( m\nta9s or f ! pla9s2 consequ5tly1 !y mu/ consi/ ( m9ute p>ticles ( ice or flakes ( sn[ float+ 9 ! high] regions ( ! zone ( cl\ds4 ,! cirri = ! mo/ "p arrange !mselves 9 p>allel b&s :i* conv]ge to opposite po9ts 9 ! horizon by ! effects ( p]spective1 & z !y travel 9 _! longitud9al direction !y appe> to be /ation>y4 ,9 ! middle & high] latitudes ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e !y t5d f s\?-we/ to nor?-ea/1 & at ! equator f s\? to nor?4 ,x is suppos$ t _! p>allel =m arises f _! be+ conductors betwe5 two foci ( electricity1 b1 :atev] ! cause ( ?is arrangem5t may be1 x is v ext5sive4 ,among ^! cl\ds1 :i* occasionally appe> l fleecy cotton or wool1 halos & p>helia are =m$1 :i* (t5 prec$e a *ange ( wea!r1 ann\nc+ ra9 9 summ]1 9 w9t] fro/ & sn[4 ,cumuli1 or summ]-cl\ds1 are r\nd$ =ms re/+ on a /raight b& 9 ! horizon1 & resemble m\nta9s cov]$ ) sn[4 ,!y are =m$ by asc5d+ curr5ts draw+ ! vap\rs into ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e2 sometimes !y rise & cov] ! :ole sky1 & 9 ! ev5+ !y frequ5tly become m num]\s & ( deep] t9t1 presag+ /orm or ra94 ,! /ratus is ! ?ird ( ! prim>y *>act]s ( cl\ds3 x is a horizontal b&1 :i* =ms at sunset & vani%es at sunrise4 ,! subord9ate v>ieties ( cl\ds are comb9ations ( ^! ?ree pr9cipal classes4#aci ,! w9ds1 ! great ag5ts 9 all atmosph]ic *anges1 c>ry ! vap\r to a di/ance1 :]e x is (t5 cond5s$ on ! tops ( m\nta9s into cl\ds :i* seem to be /ation>y1 b :i* 9 reality are only ma9ta9$ by a con/ant cond5sation ( fre% vap\r1 :i* is c>ri$ (f1 z soon z =m$1 by ! w9d1 & becomes invisible on ent]+ w>m] air4 ,:5 two masses ( air ( diff]5t temp]ature meet1 ! cold]1 by ab/ract+ ! heat :i* holds ! moi/ure 9 solution1 causes ! p>ticles to coalesce & =m drops ( wat]1 :i* fall 9 ! %ape ( ra9 by _! gravitation4 ,& :5 two /rata ( diff]5t temp]ature mov+ rapidly 9 contr>y directions come into contact1 a heavy fall ( ra9 takes place2 & z ! quantity ( aque\s vap\r is mo/ abundant 9 tropical regions1 ! drops are l>g] & ! ra9 heavi] ?an else:]e4 ,s9ce heat is ! cause ( evaporation1 ra9 is v unequally di/ribut$1 & ) x decreases f ! equator to ! poles4 ,f ! isl& ( ,otaheite ,tahiti1 9 ! ,pacific1 to ,uleaborg1 9 ,f9l&1 ! annual quantity ( ra9 t falls decreases f #aej in*es to #ac4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 m abundant 9 ! ,new ,_w ?an 9 ! ,old2 #aae in*es fall annually 9 tropical ,am]ica1 :ile 9 ! ,old ,_w ! annual fall is only #gf in*es2 s also 9 ! temp]ate zone ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! annual quantity is #cg in*es1 :ile 9 ! ,old ,cont95t x is b #ca-c_/d in*es4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! ra9s foll[ ! sun3 :5 he is nor? ( ! equator ! ra9s prevail 9 ! nor!rn tropic2 & :5 he is s\? ( t l9e1 9 ! s\!rn3 h5ce1 "o half ( ! ye> is extremely wet & ! o!r half extremely dry2 ! *ange tak+ place ne> ! equ9oxes4 ,nev]!less1 9 c\ntries situate betwe5 ! #e? & #aj? p>allels ( latitude1 nor? & s\?1 !re are two ra9y seasons1 & two dry2 "o occurs :5 ! sun passes ! z5i? 9 8 progress to ! ne>e/ tropic1 & ! o!r at 8 return1 b 9 ! latt] ! ra9s are less viol5t & ( %ort] duration4 ,al?\gh ! quantity ( wat] :i* falls betwe5 ! tropics 9 a mon? is great] ?an t ( a :ole ye> 9 ,europe1 yet ! numb] ( ra9y days increases ) ! latitude1 s t !re are fewe/ :]e ! quantity is greate/4 ,nei!r does x fall cont9ually dur+ ! ra9y season betwe5 ! tropics1 = ! sky is g5]ally cle> at sunrise1 x becomes cl\dy at t5 9 ! morn+1 at noon ! ra9 beg9s to fall1 &1 aft] p\r+ = f\r or five h\rs1 ! cl\ds vani% at sunset1 & n a drop falls 9 ! night1 s t a day ( un9t]rupt$ ra9 is v r>e4 ,at sea1 )9 ! region ( ! trade-w9ds1 x seldom ra9s1 b 9 ! n>r[ zone betwe5 !m kn[n z ! ,v>iables1 9 bo? ! great oceans1 x ra9s almo/ cont9ually1 att5d$ by viol5t ?und] & lightn+4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole region :]e ! monsoons prevail1 x is n ! sun1 directly1 b ! w9ds1 t regulate ! p]iodical ra9s4 ,t region ext5ds f ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,africa & ,madagasc> across ! ,indian ,ocean to ! nor!rn di/ricts ( ,au/ralia1 & f ! tropic ( ,capricorn to ! face ( ! ,himalaya1 ! int]ior ( ,*9a1 & ev5 to ,corea1 inclusive4 ,9 ^! c\ntries ! we/]n coa/s are wat]$ dur+ ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 :i* prevails f ,april to ,octob]2 & ! ea/]n coa/s are wat]$ dur+ ! nor?-ea/ monsoon1 :i* bl[s f ,octob] to ,april4 ,= example1 ! s\?-we/ w9d cond5ses ! vap\r on ! summit ( ! ,ghauts1 & viol5t ra9s fall daily on ! coa/ ( ,malab>1 :ile on ! ,corom&el coa/ ! sky is s]5e4 ,exactly ! contr>y takes place dur+ ! nor?-ea/ monsoon2 x ra9s on ! coa/ ( ,corom&el1 :ile !re is fair wea!r on ! ,malab> coa/1 & ! table-l& ( ! ,deccan p>takes ( bo?4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e ! ra9y season corresponds ) ! s\?-we/ monsoon1 & ! dry ) ! s\?-ea/]n4 ,betwe5 ! tropics x ra9s r>ely dur+ ! night1 & = mon?s toge!r n a drop falls2 :ile 9 ! temp]ate zone x (t5 ra9s 9 ! night1 & ra9 falls at all seasons1 ?\gh m abundantly 9 "s ?an 9 o!rs4 ,x seldom ra9s 9 summ] ?r\gh\t ! nor? ( ,africa1 ,madeira1 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ,sicily1 s\!rn ,italy1 all ,greece1 & ! nor?-we/]n "p ( ,asia2 b x falls copi\sly dur+ ! o!r seasons1 especially 9 w9t]2 consequ5tly1 t ext5sive region is call$ ! prov9ce ( w9t] ra9s4 ,! prov9ce ( autumnal ra9s includes all ,europe s\? ( ! ,c>pa?ians1 we/]n ,france1 ! delta ( ! ,rh9e1 nor!rn & we/]n ,sc&9avia1 & ! ,briti% isles2 ?r\gh\t ^! c\ntries m ra9 falls 9 autumn ?an 9 ! o!r ?ree seasons4 ,! prov9ce ( summ] ra9s comprises ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,france1 ! ,ne!rl&s 7) ! exception ( ! delta ( ! ,rh9e71 ! nor? ( ,switz]l&1 all ,g]many nor? ( ! ,alps1 ! ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 ,d5m>k1 s\!rn ,sc&9avia1 all c5tral ,europe1 & ! c\ntries beyond ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ! int]ior ( ,sib]ia1 :]e %[]s are v r>e 9 w9t]4 ,9 "s places x ra9s almo/ p]petually1 z 9 ! isl& ( ,sitka1 on ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! ye> has sometimes pass$ ) only #dj days ( fair wea!r4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 9 ,*ile & ! s\?-we/]n "p ( ,am]ica1 w9t] is ! ra9y season1 :ile on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,cordill]as ! ra9s occur 9 summ]4 ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ! extreme po9t ( ! cont95t ! two prov9ces meet1 ! p]iodical precipitation disappe>s1 & x sn[s & ra9s ?r\gh\t ! ye> 9 torr5ts4 ,at ,cape ,horn ! quantity ( ra9 :i* fell 9 #da days measur$ ne>ly #aed in*es4 ,?is excessive fall ( ra9 occurs along ! :ole we/]n %ores ( ,patagonia1 f ! ,/raits ( ,magellan to ,cape ,tres ,montes--a circum/ance fav\r$ by ! high & rugg$ coa/s1 & ! incessant we/]ly w9ds1 :i* c>ry ! vap\r exhal$ f ! ocean to be precipitat$ "h 9 ! =m ( ra94 ,s\? ,africa & ,au/ralia resemble ea* o!r 9 _! ra9y seasons1 :i* 9 bo? c\ntries take place 9 ! w9t] mon?s4 ,! annual am\nt ( ra9 at ! equator is #ie in*es1 :i* falls 9 #gh or #hj days1 giv+ an av]age ( #aad in* daily2 :ile at ,/4 ,pet]sburg ! annual am\nt is #ag in*es1 :i* falls 9 #afi days1 ! av]age be+ little m ?an ! t5? ( an in* daily4 ,! quantity ( ra9 decreases 9 asc5d+ f ! pla9s to table-l&s1 especially if ^! be edg$ by m\nta9s1 because !y precipitate ! vap\r be=e x arrives at ! high pla9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! quantity increases 9 asc5d+ f pla9s to ! tops or slopes ( rugg$ m\nta9s1 on acc\nt ( p>tial curr5ts ( air :i* cond5se ! moi/ure into cl\ds4 ,! quantity ( ra9 decreases on rec$+ f ! coa/s into ! int]ior ( cont95ts1 because m vap\r rises f ! sea ?an f ! l&4 ,! vap\r f ! ,gulf-/ream produces a great] quantity ( ra9 & fog 9 ! s\!rn c\nties ( ,engl& & ,irel& ?an t :i* falls 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! isl&s4 ,! numb] ( ra9y days dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,9 ,europe1 if ! w9d always blew f ! nor?-ea/1 x w\ld nev] ra91 because x bl[s ov] a great ext5t ( cont95t2 :]eas x w\ld nev] cease ra9+ 7 ! w9d always to bl[ f ! s\?-we/1 because x w\ld come load$ ) vap\r f ! ,atlantic4 ,h5ce1 ! greate/ quantity ( ra9 falls on ! we/ coa/s ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! coa/ ( ,sc&9avia1 ! ea/]n ,alps1 & ! c5tre ( ,portugal2 9 ! two la/ x dep5ds p>tly on ! height & s]rat$ =m ( ! m\nta9s4 ,9 we/]n ,europe x ra9s on twice z _m days z 9 ! ea/]n "p2 9 ,irel& !re are ?ree times z _m ra9y days z 9 ,italy or ,spa94 ,9 fact1 on ! we/]n side ( ,irel& x ra9s on #bjh days out ( ! #cfe4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! nor? ( ,g]many1 !re are f #aeb to #aee ra9y days 9 ! ye>2 ! numb] decreases t[>ds ! int]ior ( ! cont95t1 s t 9 ,sib]ia x only ra9s on #fj days 9 ! ye>4 ,!re are enorm\s tracts ( l& on :i* ra9 nev] falls1 & o!rs :]e x ra9s at long int]vals & 9 small quantities4 ,! mo/ ext5sive ra9less di/rict /ret*es f ! bord]s ( ,morocco ea/w>d ?r\gh ! des]t ( ,africa1 ! l[ coa/s ( ,arabia1 ,p]sia1 & ! des]t prov9ce ( ,meekran1 9 ,beloo*i/an1 occupy+ a space ( #hj degrees ( longitude & #ag ( latitude4 ,! des]t ( ,gobi1 on ! table-l& ( ,tibet1 & "p ( ,mongolia1 =m ano!r ra9less prov9ce 9 ! great cont95t2 :ile1 9 ! ,new ,_w1 ! ra9less di/ricts are--! table-l& ( ,mexico1 "p ( ,guatemala & ,cali=nia1 & ! we/]n declivity ( ! ,&es ( ,p]u1 t[>ds ! ,pacific2 9 all occupy+ a surface equal to #e1ejj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! :ole ( ! moi/ure is int]cept$ by ! ,&es ( ,p]u2 s t ra9 only occurs on ! coa/ once or twice 9 a c5tury--to ! great t]ror ( ! inhabitants :5 x does fall4 ,! abs5ce ( ra9 is "h comp5sat$ = by copi\s dews & mi/s1 t]m$ 8llovisnas40 ,s\? ,africa1 & ,au/ralia beyond ! tropics1 suff] f dr\ghts1 :i* are p]iodical 9 ,au/ralia2 !y recur 9 ! c\ntries ( ! ea/]n coa/s 9 a p]iod ( #ab ye>s1 & cont9ue #c ye>s4 ,! ,pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica are also subject to dr\ghts1 ?\gh !y d n appe> to be p]iodical1 nor d !y cont9ue m ?an a season4#adj ,:5 ! temp]ature ( ! air is ne> ! freez+-po9t or bel[ x1 sn[ falls in/ead ( ra92 b ! cold] ! air ! less moi/ure does x conta91 consequ5tly ! less sn[ falls1 :i* is ! reason ( ! comp>atively small quantity on ! high pla9s ( ! ,himalaya & ,&es4 ,sn[ sometimes assumes ! =m ( gra9s2 b is g5]ally 9 regul> cry/als ( great beauty1 v>y+ 9 =m accord+ to ! degree ( cold4 ,capta9 ,scoresby1 ^: voyages 9 ! ,pol> ,seas af=d$ him con/ant opportunities ( /udy+ !m1 ( :i* he s dilig5tly avail$ himself1 m5tions five pr9cipal k9ds ( sn[ cry/als1 ea* ( :i* _h _m v>ieties1 9 all am\nt+ to #if4 ,m4 ,kmtz1 h[ev]1 is ( op9ion t !re are sev]al hundr$4 ,sn[ nev] falls betwe5 ! tropics except on ! tops ( v high m\nta9s4 ,! mean elevation ( ! l9e ( p]petual sn[ above ! level ( ! sea 9 ^! hot regions is ab\t #ae1bjg feet1 f :5ce x decreases on bo? sides1 & at la/ grazes ! surface ( ! e>? at ! arctic & ant>ctic circles1 subject h[ev] to v>i\s flexures4 ,9 ! ,&es1 ne> ,quito1 ! l[e/ level has an elevation ( #ae1gie feet1 :i* is high] ?an ! top ( ,mont ,blanc2 f !nce x v>ies v irregul>ly1 bo? to ! nor? & s\?4 ,9 #ah ( ,n4 lat4 x desc5ds to #ad1ggb feet on ! m\nta9s ( ,mexico1 :ile on ! s\? x rises to #ah1jjj feet 9 "s p>ts ( ! we/]n ,cordill]a ( ! ,bolivian ,&es1 ow+ to ! ext5sive radiation f ! subjac5t pla9s & valleys4 ,! l9e is at an altitude ( #ag1jjj feet on ! we/]n ,cordill]a1 :5ce x s9ks to #ac1hjj feet at ,copiapo1 to #ab1ghj ne> ,valp>aiso2 x is only #hcjj 9 ! s\!rn end ( ! ,*ilian ,&es1 & #ccij 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan4 ,9 lat4 #ca ,n4 ! sn[-l9e is at an elevation ( #ab1iha feet on ! s\!rn side ( ! ,himalaya1 & at #af1fbj feet on ! nor!rn side1 :ile ,capta9 ,g]>d gives f #ah1jjj to #ai1jjj z its altitude on ! m\nta9s 9 ! middle ( ! pla9 ( ,t>t>y4 ,on ,mont ,blanc ! l9e is at ! height ( #hejj feet1 s t m\nta9 is sn[-clad = #gjjj feet bel[ its summit4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees x is #hahd feet1 & at ! isl& ( ,mag]oe x is at #bafj feet above ! ,pol> ,ocean4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 sn[ nev] falls on ! l[ l&s at ! level ( ! sea nor? ( ! #dh? p>allel ( latitude1 on acc\nt ( ! pr$om9ance ( wat]1 :]eas 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e x falls on ! pla9s mu* ne>] ! equator1 on acc\nt ( ! excess ( l&1 b its limit is a curv$ l9e1 on acc\nt ( ! alt]nations ( l& & wat]4 ,9 ! we/]n "p ( ! great cont95t1 ! s\!rn limit ( ! fall ( sn[ on ! l[ l&s ne>ly co9cides ) ! #cj? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 s t x includes all ,europe4 ,9 ! ,am]ican cont95t x foll[s ne>ly ! same l9e1 ext5d+ ?r\gh ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,*9a1 sn[ falls at ! level ( ! sea z f> s\? z ,canton2 on ! nor?-we/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 on ! contr>y1 x does n fall at t level till ab\t ! #dh? degree ( ,n4 lat4--^! are ! two extremes4 ,al?\gh ,europe lies )9 ! region ( sn[1 ! quantity t falls is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t places1 increas+ greatly f s\? to nor?4 ,on an av]age1 x sn[s only "o day & a-half at ,rome 9 ! ye>1 :ile at ,pet]sburg !re are #aga sn[y days1 b 9 t city ! quantity ( ra9 is to t ( sn[ z #ajjj to #chd4 ,sleet1 :i* is =m$ ( small p>ticles ( r\nd$ hail1 falls 9 squally wea!r 9 spr+ & autumn4 ,true hail1 :5 l>ge1 is pe>-%ap$1 & consi/s ( a nucleus ( froz5 sn[ coat$ ) ice1 & sometimes ) alt]nate lay]s ( sn[ & ice4 ,hail/ones h (t5 fall5 z l>ge z pigeons' & ev5 h5s' eggs4 ,! masses & blocks ( ice ( great size1 :i* h n unfrequ5tly fall51 appe> to h be5 =m$ ( hail/ones ( l>ge size froz5 toge!r4 ,x appe>s to be =m$ 9 ! high cold regions ( ! atmosph]e1 by ! sudd5 cond5sation ( vap\r dur+ ! cont5tion ( oppos+ w9ds1 & is intimately connect$ ) electricity1 s9ce its fall is g5]ally accompani$ ) ?und] & lightn+4 ,hail-%[]s are ( %ort duration1 exce$+ly p>tial1 & ext5d ov] a c\ntry 9 long n>r[ b&s2 "o :i* took place on ! #ac? ( ,july1 #aghh1 began 9 ! morn+ 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & rea*$ ,holl& 9 a few h\rs1 de/roy+ a n>r[ l9e ( c\ntry 9 its passage4 ,local circum/ances1 no d\bt1 h a great influ5ce on its =mation2 x occurs m frequ5tly 9 c\ntries at a little di/ance f m\nta9s ?an 9 ^? close to !m or f>!r (f1 & at all h\rs1 b mo/ frequ5tly at ! hott] "t ( ! day4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ,europe "o half ( ! hail-/orms take place 9 summ]4 ,hail is v r>e on ! tropical pla9s1 & (t5 altoge!r unkn[n1 ?\gh x frequ5tly falls at heights ( #agjj or #ahjj feet above !m4 ,if ! air is v cold ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( ! /ratum ?r\gh :i* hail falls1 x is probably increas$ 9 size dur+ its desc5t2 &1 on ! contr>y1 l>ge drops ( ra9 :i* prec$e a ?und]-/orm are suppos$ to be hail melt$ 9 its passage ?r\gh l[ w>m air4 ,,light4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! size ( ! ultimate p>ticles ( matt]1 except t !y mu/ be inconceivably small1 s9ce organiz$ be+s possess+ life & ex]cis+ all its functions h be5 discov]$ s m9ute t a million ( !m w\ld occupy less space ?an a gra9 ( s&4 ,! air is only visible :5 9 mass2 ! smalle/ globule ( /eam tells no m ( its atoms ?an ! ocean2 ! m9ute/ gra9 ( s& magnifi$ appe>s l ! fragm5t ( a rock--no me*anical division c arrive at ! indivisible4 ,al?\gh ! ultimate atoms are beyond ! p[] ( vision1 *emical comp\nds %[ t ! divisibility ( matt] has a limit1 & t ! p>ticles h diff]5t d5sities2 moreov]1 ! cleavage ( cry/all9e sub/ances gives reason to believe t !y h diff]5t =ms4#ada ,?us1 ! reason+ p[] ( man has come to ! aid ( 8 imp]fect s5se ( vision1 s t :at 7 be=e imag9>y ?+s are n[ real be+s ) def9ite weights1 & unit+ by fix$ laws4 ,?\gh no?+ _h be5 kn[n ( _! size1 _! effects 7 evid5t 9 ! p]ceptions ( sweet & s\r1 salt & bitt]1 & 9 ! endless v>ieties ( aroma 9 ! food we eat & ! liquors we dr9k4 ,moreov]1 _! diff]5t d5sities are evid5t1 z !y arise by _! buoyancy 9 ! p]fume ( ! rose1 or s9k by _! weight 9 ! heavy od\r ( mignonette4 ,e sub/ance on e>? is m]ely a tempor>y comp\nd ( ! ultimate atoms1 soon] or lat] to be resolv$ into its pri/9e elem5ts1 :i* are aga9 to be comb9$ 9 o!r =ms1 & accord+ to o!r laws2 s t lit]ally !re is no?+ new "u ! sun1 = !re is no evid5ce ( new matt] be+ add$ to ! e>?1 nor ( t :i* exi/s be+ annihilat$4 ,fire1 :i* seems utt]ly to de/roy1 only resolves bodies into _! elem5t>y p>ts1 to become :at !y 7 be=e1 ! support ( animal or vegetable life1 or to =m new m9]al comp\nds4 ,x is to ! action ( ^! p>ticles on ! light ( ! sun t nature owes all its col\rs4 ,:5 a sunbeam passes ?r\gh a glass prism#adb an oblong image ( ! sun is =m$1 consi/+ ( col\rs 9 ! foll[+ ord]--r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 & violet4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el discov]$ lav5d] rays beyond ! violet1 & d>k r$ rays ext]ior to ! r$1 :i* are n s easily br\ght into evid5ce z ! re/4 ,ev5 ! mo/ transp>5t sub/ances absorb light2 air1 wat]1 ! pure/ cry/al1 /op "s ( ! rays z !y pass ?r\gh !m4 ,a portion ( ! light is also reflect$ f ! surface ( all bodies2 7 x o!rwise1 !y w\ld be invisible4 ,we %\ld be unconsci\s ( ! pres5ce & =m ( mat]ial sub/ances beyond our rea* except by ! reflect$ rays1-- 8,! mi/ ( light f :5ce !y take _! =m ,hides :at !y are40 ,z ! same light does n come to all eyes1 ea* p]son sees 8 own ra9b[1 ! same fl[] by diff]5t rays4 ,:ite sub/ances reflect all ! light1 black sub/ances absorb all b t :i* r5d]s !m visible1 :ile col\r$ bodies decompose ! light1 absorb "s ( ! col\rs1 & reflect or transmit ! re/4 ,?us1 a violet absorbs all b ! violet rays1 :i* x reflects2 a r$ fl[] only reflects ! r$ & absorbs ! re/2 a yell[ sub/ance absorbs all b ! yell[4 ,9 ! same mann] transp>5t sub/ances1 :e!r solid or fluid1 absorb "s col\rs & transmit o!rs3 ?us1 an em]ald absorbs all b ! gre51 a ruby all b ! r$2 :]eas a diamond does n decompose ! light1 b transmits e ray alike4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 ( ! col\rs1 :e!r transmitt$ or reflect$1 are pure1 b ! sub/ance takes its hue f ! col\r t pr$om9ates4 ,! atmosph]e absorbs all ! col\rs ( ! sun's light except ! blue1 :i* is its true col\r4 ,9 c\ntries :]e ! air is pure1 ! azure ( ! sky is deep2 x is /ill m s at great elevations1 :]e ! d5sity ( ! air is less2 & its col\r is mo/ beautiful z x gradually s(t5s ! outl9es ( ! m\nta9s into extreme di/ance1 or bl5ds ! sea ) ! sky4 ,! air reflects & scatt]s "p ( ! :ite sol> beams1 :5ce ! brightness & *e]fulness ( day2 t prop]ty1 toge!r ) ! refractive p[] ( ! aque\s vap\r1 gives ! roseate hue to ! e>ly morn+1 & ! gold & sc>let t9ts to ! clos+ day4 ,7 x n = ! reflective p[] ( ! air1 ! sun & moon w\ld be l %>ply-def9$ balls ( fire 9 ! pr(\ndly black vault ( ! heav5s1 & d>k night w\ld in/antly foll[ sunset4 ,:5 ! sun is #ah degrees bel[ ! horizon1 ! air1 at ! height ( #cj miles1 is /ill d5se en\gh to reflect 8 rays1 & divide ! day f ! night by ! sol> %ades ( twilight4 ,a consid]able portion ( ! sun's light is absorb$ by ! atmosph]e3 ! loss increases ) ! d5sity & obliquity ( incid5ce & ! d5sity ( ! air4 ,x is dim9i%$ #acjj times by ! ?ickness ( ! air 9 ! horizon1 :i* enables u to look at ! sun :5 sett+ )\t be+ dazzl$4 ,mirage1 or ! delusive appe>ance ( wat]1 s frequ5t 9 des]ts1 is ow+ to ! reflection ( light betwe5 two /rata ( air ( diff]5t d5sities1 occasion$ by ! radiation ( heat f ! arid soil4 ,x is v common on ! ext5sive pla9s 9 ,asia & ,africa1 & especially 9 ,upp] ,egypt2 villages on small em95ces above ! pla9 appe> z if !y 7 built on isl&s 9 ! middle ( a lake :5 ! dry s&y gr\nd is heat$ by ! mid-day sun4 ,sometimes objects appe> d\ble1 & occasionally sev]al images appe> above "o ano!r1 "s direct & "s inv]t$2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 high latitudes1 :]e ! ,icy ,sea cools ! /ratum ( air re/+ on x4#adc ,9 ! pol> regions1 or on ! tops ( m\nta9s1 :5 ! sun is 9 ! horizon ! %ad[ ( a p]son is sometimes ?r[n on an opposite cl\d or mi/1 ! head be+ surr\nd$ by conc5tric col\r$ r+s or circles1 ! numb] v>y+ f "o to five2 ,capta9 ,scoresby saw f\r ( ^! r+s1 on "o occasion1 r\nd ! %ad[ ( 8 head1 z he /ood betwe5 ! sun & a ?ick l[ fog3 ! fir/ r+ consi/$ ( conc5tric b&s ( :ite1 yell[1 r$1 & purple2 ! second consi/$ ( conc5tric b&s ( blue1 gre51 yell[1 r$1 & purple2 ! ?ird ( gre51 :ite1 yell[i% :ite1 r$1 & purple2 & 9 ! f\r? 7 gre5i% :ite1 deep] on ! edges4 ,^! appe>ances1 call$ glories1 or fog-images1 & ! coron or small conc5tric col\r$ circles :i* surr\nd ! sun or moon :5 p>tly obscur$ by ?9 :ite cl\ds1 are ow+ to ! refraction ( ! light 9 ! aque\s p>ticles ( ! cl\d or fog4 ,! col\rs 9 ! conc5tric b&s ( ! coron1 h[ev]1 diff] f ! =ego+2 t ne>e/ ! sun is ( deep blue1 :ite1 & r$2 ! circle ext]ior to t consi/s ( purple1 blue1 gre51 pale yell[1 & r$2 b ! s]ies is v r>ely complete4 ,halos1 :i* surr\nd ! sun 9 l>ge circles1 or a complicat$ comb9ation ( circles1 are1 on ! contr>y1 suppos$ to be produc$ by ! light fall+ on m9ute cry/als ( ice susp5d$ 9 ! atmosph]e2 !y are p>ticul>ly brilliant & frequ5t 9 high latitudes4 ,x is sc>cely possible to give an idea ( ^! beautiful & s+ul> objects4 ,sometimes a l>ge col\r$ circle surr\nds ! sun or passes ?r\gh 8 c5tre1 :i* is occasionally t\*$ or cut by segm5ts ( o!rs4 ,"o se5 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg on ! #bi? ( ,june1 #agij1 consi/$ ( f\r col\r$ circles ( diff]5t sizes int]sect+ ea* o!r1 :i* 7 ei!r cut or t\*$ by segm5ts ( eight o!rs1 & at ! po9ts ( int]section mock suns or p>helia appe>$4 ,! sky is v hazy on ^! occasions4 ,mock suns1 )\t circles & halos1 are by no means uncommon r\nd bo? sun & moon1 b seldom ( t complicat$ k9d4 ,!y are situate betwe5 ! obs]v] & ! sun1 :]eas ! ra9b[ is always 9 t "p ( ! sky opposite ! sun1 because x is produc$ by refraction & reflection ( ! sun's rays 9 ! drops ( ra92 & :5 ! light is int5se & ! ra9 abundant1 !re are two conc5tric b[s1 ! prismatic col\r ( ! inn]mo/ ( :i* are ! mo/ vivid1 ! violet be+ )9 & ! r$ outside3 sometimes ! inn] edge exhibits a repetition ( col\rs 9 f9e fr+es1 9 :i* r$ & gre5 pr$om9ate4 ,! col\rs are rev]s$ 9 ! ext]ior b[1 ! violet be+ outside & ! r$ on ! inn] edge4 ,besides ^! two pr9cipal & mo/ common b[s1 sup]num]>y ra9b[s occasionally appe> )9 ! int]ior b[1 g5]ally gre5 & violet1 ?\gh !re are sometimes m or less p]fect repetitions ( all ! col\rs4 ,9 squally wea!r a ra9b[ is sometimes se5 on a blue sky :5 ra9 is fall+1 b x is g5]ally on cl\ds2 x is con/antly se5 :5 ! sun %9es on ! f9e drops ( f\nta9s & cascades4 ,z ! light ( ! moon is feeble1 lun> ra9b[s are r>e1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 col\rless4 ,9 ! e>ly morn+1 :5 ! sun ?r[s 8 slant+ beams across ! fields1 a m9iature b[1 ) all its vivid col\rs1 may be se5 9 ea* dewdrop z x hangs on ! po9ts ( ! b5d+ grass4 ,light is said to be pol>iz$ :51 aft] hav+ be5 once refract$ or reflect$1 x is r5d]$ incapable ( be+ aga9 refract$ or reflect$ at c]ta9 angles4 ,= example1 if a cry/al ( br[n t\rmal9e be cut longitud9ally into ?9 slices1 & poli%$1 ! light ( a c&le may be se5 ?r\gh a slice z if x 7 glass4 ,b if "o ( ^! slices be held p]p5dicul>ly betwe5 ! eye & ! c&le1 & a second slice be turn$ r\nd betwe5 ! eye & ! o!r plate ( t\rmal9e1 ! image ( ! c&le w vani% & come into view at e qu>t]-revolution ( ! plate1 v>y+ ?r\gh all degrees ( brightness d[n to total or almo/ total evanesc5ce1 & !n increas+ aga9 by ! same degrees z x _h decreas$4 ,?us1 ! light1 9 pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/ plate ( t\rmal9e1 is said to be pol>iz$ because x has be5 r5d]$ incapable ( pass+ ?r\gh ! second piece ( t\rmal9e 9 c]ta9 positions4 ,a ray ( light acquires ! same prop]ty if x be reflect$ f a pane ( plate-glass at an angle ( #eg degrees2 x is by t r5d]$ incapable ( be+ reflect$ by ano!r pane ( plate-glass 9 c]ta9 def9ite positions1 = ! image ( ! light vani%es & reappe>s alt]nately at e qu>t]-revolution ( ! second pane4 ,if a ?9 plate ( mica be int]pos$ :5 ! image ( ! c&le has vani%$1 ! d>kness w in/antly disappe>1 & a succession ( ! mo/ gorge\s col\rs w come into view1 v>y+ ) e incl9ation ( ! mica1 f ! ri*e/ r$s to ! mo/ vivid gre5s1 blues1 & purples4 ,! mo/ spl5did col\rs arrang$ 9 symmetrical =ms are exhibit$ by ?9 plates ( an inf9ite v>iety ( sub/ances besides mica4 ,!y display "s ( ! mo/ beautiful objects 9 nature1 & %[ diff]5ces o!rwise inappreciable 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! molecules ( cry/all9e bodies4#add ,m4 ,arago discov]$ t ! light ( ! sun is pol>iz$ by ! reflection ( ! atmosph]e1 b n equally s on e "p ( ! sky2 ! pol>ization is lea/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sun1 & greate/ at #ij f him1 = !re 8 light is reflect$ at an angle ( #de1 :i* is ! pol>iz+ angle = air4#ade ,!re are ?ree po9ts 9 ! sky :]e ! light is n pol>iz$3 "o ( ^! neutral po9ts1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,arago1 is #ah #cj above ! po9t diametrically opposite to ! sun :5 he is 9 ! horizon2 ! second neutral po9t1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,bab9et1 is #ah #cj above ! sun :5 he is ris+ or sett+2 & ! ?ird1 discov]$ by ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 is #ae or #af bel[ ! sun4 ,^! po9ts v>y ) ! height ( ! sun1 & ! two latt] rise & co9cide 9 8 c5tre :5 he is 9 ! z5i?4#adf ,n[1 ! portion ( pol>iz$ light s5t to ! eye f any "p ( a cle> sky is 9 a plane pass+ ?r\gh t po9t1 ! eye ( ! obs]v]1 & ! c5tre ( ! sun4 ,if t po9t be ! nor? pole ( ! heav5s1 x is cle> t1 z ! sun moves 9 8 diurnal c\rse1 ! plane w move ) him z an h\r circle1 & may be us$ z a dial to det]m9e ! h\r ( ! day4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 by :om t beautiful application ( ! pol>ization ( ! atmosph]e has be5 made1 has con/ruct$ a clock1 ( v simple =m1 :i* %[s ! "t ( day ) great accuracy1 & :i* has _m advantages ov] a sun-dial4 ,,electricity4 ,electricity p]vades ! e>?1 ! air1 & all sub/ances1 )\t giv+ any visible sign ( its exi/5ce :5 9 a lat5t /ate1 b1 :5 elicit$1 x exhibits =ces capable ( produc+ ! mo/ sudd51 viol5t1 & irresi/ible effects4 ,x is r\s$ f its dormant /ate by e di/urbance 9 ! *emical1 me*anical1 or calorific condition ( matt]1 & !n exp]i5ce %[s t bodies 9 "o electric /ate repel1 & 9 ano!r !y attract ea* o!r4 ,probably _! mutual attraction & repulsion arise f ! r$undancy & defect ( electricity2 9 ! fir/ case !y are said to be positively1 9 ! latt] negatively electric4#adg ,:5 !y h diff]5t k9ds ( electricity !y attract ea* o!r1 &1 :5 n oppos$1 ! electricity coalesces ) great rapidity1 produc+ ! fla%1 explosion1 & %ock1 & t ) ! m viol5ce ! great] ! t5sion or pressure ( ! electricity on ! surr\nd+ air :i* resi/s its escape4 ,equilibrium is !n re/or$1 & ! electricity rema9s lat5t till call$ =? by a new excit+ cause4 ,! electrical /ate ( sub/ances is easily di/urb$1 =1 )\t contact1 positive electricity t5ds to produce negative electricity 9 a body ne> x1 & vice v]s3 ! latt] is !n said to be electric by induction4 ,! electricity ( ! atmosph]e arises f evaporation1 & ! *emical *anges t are 9 p]petual progress on ! globe2 no electricity1 h[ev]1 is develop$ by ! evaporation ( pure wat]1 b x arises abundantly f wat] conta9+ matt] susceptible ( *emical action dur+ ! evaporation2 consequ5tly1 ! ocean is "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( atmosph]ic electricity2 combu/ion is ano!r1 & a l>ge portion arises f vegetation4 ,! air1 :5 pure1 is almo/ always positively electric2 b z ! *emical *anges on ! e>? sometimes produce positive & sometimes negative electricity1 x is subject to great local v>iations2 a pass+ cl\d or a puff ( w9d produces a *ange1 & a di/ant /orm r5d]s x negative = ! "t1 b ! e>? is always 9 a negative /ate4 ,! quantity ( electricity v>ies ) ! h\rs ( ! day & ! seasons2 x is m p[]ful 9 ! day ?an 9 ! night1 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & x dim9i%es f ! equator to ! poles4 ,x ?und]s daily 9 _m places1 9 o!rs nev]1 z on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,p]u & 9 ! ,arctic regions1 except :]e !re are viol5t volcanic explosions1 :i* always g5]ate electricity1 z 9 ,icel&4 ,:]ev] !re are no trees or high objects to conduct x to ! gr\nd1 ! quantity ( positive electricity increases ) ! height above ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,viol5t ?und]-/orms take place on ! tops ( ! ,&es & ,himalaya m\nta9s1 at heights ( #bf1fej feet above ! pla9s4 ,electricity becomes v /rong :5 dew is deposit$1 & 9 "s cases x is /rongly develop$ 9 fogs4 ,mr4 ,cross f\nd x s p[]ful on "o occasion1 t x 0 dang]\s to approa* ! app>atus = measur+ its int5sity4 ,a cont9u$ succession ( explosions la/$ ne>ly five h\rs1 & ! /ream ( fire betwe5 ! receiv+-ball & ! atmosph]ic conductor 0 too vivid to look at4 ,m4 ,pelti] has f\nd t ! common fogs aris+ f ! m]e cond5sation ( ! moi/ure 9 ! air are neutral1 b t o!rs1 :i* are produc$ by exhalations f ! e>?1 are sometimes positive1 sometimes negative2 ! subject1 h[ev]1 requires fur!r inve/igation4 ,?\gh 9 long-cont9u$ mild ra9s !re are no traces ( electricity1 yet1 :5 ra9 or sn[ falls f ! high] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 x is m or less develop$1 sometimes positive1 sometimes negative1 dep5d+ a good deal on ! direction ( ! w9d4 ,! atmosph]e be+ positively electric1 negative ra9 is suppos$ to arise f ! evaporation ( ! drops 9 pass+ ?r\gh dry air2 ! vap\r c>ries (f ! positive electricity & leaves ! drop 9 a negative /ate--a circum/ance :i* seems to be confirm$ by ! electricity ( cascades1 ne> :i* !re always is m or less negative electricity2 ! positive fl[s into ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r rema9s unit$ to ! drops ( ! cascade4 ,! inductive action ( ! e>? ^u ! cl\ds1 & ( ! diff]5t /rata ( cl\ds on ea* o!r1 produces great v>iations 9 _! electrical /ate4 ,if ra9 falls f ! l[]mo/ ( two /rata ( positively electrical cl\ds1 ! inductive action ( ! e>? r5d]s ! "u surface positive & ! upp] negative1 & ! ra9 is positive4 ,by-&-bye ! "u surface ( ! cl\d & ! e>? become neutral2 & aft] a "t ! l[] cl\d becomes *>g$ ) negative electricity by ! induction ( ! upp] /rata1 & ! ra9 is !n negatively electric4 ,cl\ds are v diff]5tly *>g$2 grey cl\ds h negative--r$1 :ite1 & orange cl\ds positive electricity2 & :5 cl\ds diff]5tly *>g$ meet1 an explosion takes place4 ,:5 ! sky is cle> & ! air calm & w>m1 a succession ( small :ite fleecy cl\ds ris+ rapidly above ! horizon1 & fly+ swiftly 9 ! v high regions ( ! atmosph]e1 is a c]ta9 presage ( a ?und]-/orm4 ,electricity ( ea* k9d is probably elicit$ by ! friction ( curr5ts ( air1 or masses ( cl\ds mov+ rapidly 9 diff]5t directions1 z 9 ?und]-/orms1 :5 small :ite cl\ds are se5 fly+ rapidly ov] ! black mass2 yet ! quick & irregul> motion ( cl\ds 9 /orms is probably ow+ to ! /rong electrical attraction & repulsion among !mselves1 ?\gh bo? may be conc]n$ 9 ^! ho/ile enc\nt]s4 ,:5 two cl\ds diff]5tly *>g$ by ! sudd5 cond5sation ( vap\r1 & driv5 by cont5d+ w9ds1 approa* )9 a c]ta9 di/ance1 ! ?ickness ( ! coat+ ( electricity increases on ! two adjac5t sides1 &1 :5 ! accumulation becomes s great z to ov]come ! co]cive pressure ( ! atmosph]e betwe5 !m1 a dis*>ge takes place :i* occasions a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! actual quantity ( electricity 9 any "p ( a cl\d is v small4 ,! int5sity ( ! fla% dep5ds ^u ! ext5t ( surface occupi$ by ! electricity1 :i* acquires its int5sity by its in/antane\s cond5sation4 ,! air1 be+ a non-conductor1 does n convey ! electricity f ! cl\ds to ! e>?1 b x acquires f !m an opposite electricity1 & :5 ! t5sion is v great ! =ce ( ! electricity becomes irresi/ible1 & an int]*ange takes place betwe5 ! cl\ds & ! e>?1 b ! motion ( ! lightn+ is s rapid t x is difficult to asc]ta9 :5 x goes f ! cl\ds to ! e>?1 or f ! e>? to ! cl\ds1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt x does bo?3 explosions h bur/ f ! gr\nd1 & p h be5 kill$ by !m4 ,:5 ! air is highly r>ifi$ by heat1 its co]cive p[] is dim9i%$1 s t ! electricity escapes f ! cl\ds 9 ! =m ( diffuse lamb5t %eets ( lightn+ )\t ?und] or ra91 frequ5tly se5 9 w>m summ] ev5+s1 sometimes ev5 ne> ! z5i?1 & q diff]5t f t %eet-lightn+ at ! horizon :i* is 9 g5]al only ! reflection ( ! =k$ lightn+ ( a di/ant /orm4 ,:5 ! quantity ( electricity develop$ by ! sudd5 cond5sation ( vap\r is v great1 ! lightn+ is always =k$2 its zigzag =m is occasion$ by ! unequal conduct+ p[] ( ! air1 by :i* x is sometimes divid$ into sev]al bran*es4 ,! au?or once saw a fla% divide into f\r p>allel /reams--a v uncommon occurr5ce4 ,occasionally1 9 v great /orms1 ! lightn+ s5ds (f lat]al bran*es4 ,x (t5 appe>s z a globe ( fire mov+ s sl[ly t x is visible = sev]al seconds1 :ile ! fla%es ( =k$ lightn+ d n la/ ! million? "p ( a second4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 :o has measur$ ! velocity ( lightn+ by exp]im5ts ( great +5uity1 f\nd t x f> surpasses ! velocity ( light1 & w\ld encircle ! globe 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,?is inconceivable velocity is beautifully exemplifi$ 9 ! electric telegraph1 by :i* ! mo/ viol5t & t]rific ag5t 9 nature is r5d]$ ob$i5t to man1 & conveys 8 ?\ghts z rapidly z !y are =m$4 ,! col\r ( lightn+ is g5]ally a dazzl+ :ite or blue1 ?\gh 9 highly r>ifi$ air x is rose-col\r or violet4 ,! sudd5 compression ( ! air dur+ ! passage ( lightn+ mu/ conv]t a great quantity ( lat5t into s5sible heat1 = heat 9 a lat5t or ins5sible /ate exi/s 9 all bodies indep5d5t ( _! temp]ature4 ,heat is absorb$ & becomes ins5sible to ! !rmomet] :5 solids become liquids1 & :5 liquids are *ang$ to vap\r2 & x aga9 becomes s5sible :5 vap\r is cond5s$1 & :5 liquids become solid4 ,:5 wat] freezes1 all ! heat t kept x liquid is giv5 out2 & :5 ice melts1 x absorbs heat f ev]y?+ ne> x4 ,! air is full ( heat 9 a lat5t /ate1 :atev] its temp]ature may be1 b x c be squeez$ out by sudd5 compression s z to k9dle t9d]4 ,e arial wave1 e s\nd1 e ^w spok5 mu/ set free an inf9itesimal quantity ( heat2 s ev]y?+ t t5ds to r>ify ! air mu/ cause x to absorb a proportional quantity4 ,! roll+ noise ( ?und] is probably ow+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! velocity ( lightn+ & t ( s\nd4 ,?und] may be reg>d$ z orig9at+ 9 e po9t ( a fla% ( lightn+ at ! same in/ant2 & z s\nd takes a consid]able "t to travel1 x w arrive fir/ f ! ne>e/ po9t2 & if ! fla% run 9 a direct l9e f a p]son1 ! noise w come lat] & lat] f ! remote po9ts ( its pa?1 9 a cont9u$ ro>4 ,%\ld ! direction ( ! fla% be incl9$1 ! succession ( s\nds w be m rapid & int5se2 & if ! lightn+ describe a circul> c\rse above a p]son1 ! s\nd w arrive at ! same in/ant f e po9t ) a /unn+ cra%4#adh ,9 pass+ to ! e>?1 lightn+ foll[s ! be/ conductors--metals by pref]5ce1 !n damp sub/ances--:i* is ! reason :y m5 & animals are s (t5 /ruck4 ,if x meets ) a bad conductor1 x %iv]s x to pieces & scatt]s ! fragm5ts to a consid]able di/ance4 ,a p[]ful fla% scatt]s gunp[d]1 :ile a feeble "o ignites x2 ! h>de/ trees are split & torn to %r$s2 :5 a tree is /ruck1 ! heat ( ! fla% conv]ts ! sap into /eam1 ! expansive =ce ( :i* %iv]s ! tree4 ,! surface ( rocks is vitrifi$ by x2 & :5 x falls on a s&y soil1 its c\rse und]gr\nd is m>k$ by vitrifi$ tubes _m feet long4 ,?und]-/orms occur daily )9 ! region ( ! ,v>iables1 :i* is also ! region ( /orms3 9 c\ntries "u ! influ5ce ( ! monsoons !y are trem5d\s at ! *anges ( ^! p]iodical w9ds2 :]e ! trade-w9ds prevail !y are h>dly kn[n1 ?\gh electrical dis*>ges are frequ5t at _! limits4 ,9 ,greece & ,italy !re are ab\t #dj ?und]-/orms annually1 :i* occur 9 spr+ & autumn1 :ile nor? ( ! ,alps !y *iefly take place 9 summ]4 ,!re are ab\t #bd 9 ! ye> on ! coa/s ( ! ,atlantic & 9 ,g]many1 b !y are mu* m frequ5t among m\nta9s ?an on pla9s4 ,9 ! int]ior ( ! old cont95t !y r>ely occur 9 w9t]1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( ! numb] happ5 9 summ]4 ,!y are ( su* r>e occurr5ce 9 high latitudes1 t 9 a resid5ce ( #f ye>s 9 ,gre5l& ,sir ,*>les ,geiseke only he>d x ?und] once4 ,"s /orms arise f ! cont5tion ( opposite curr5ts 9 ! air2 o!rs are occasion$ by curr5ts ( w>m air asc5d+ f ! e>?1 :i* are sudd5ly cond5s$ z !y ent] ! upp] regions ( ! atmosph]e1 &1 z ?is sometimes happ5s at ! hotte/ h\r ( ! day1 ^! /orms are p]iodical = _m successive days1 recurr+ always at ! same h\r4 ,sometimes !y ext5d ov] a great expanse ( c\ntry1 & ! lightn+ d>ts f all po9ts ( ! compass4 ,a p]son may be kill$ at ! di/ance ( #bj miles f ! explosion by ! back /roke4 ,if ! two extremities ( a highly-*>g$ cl\d dip t[>ds ! e>?1 !y w repel ! electricity ( ! e>?1 if x be ( ! same k9d ) _! own1 & w attract ! o!r k9d2 & if a dis*>ge %\ld take place at "o end ( ! cl\d1 ! equilibrium w in/antly be re/or$ by a fla% f t "p ( ! e>? :i* is "u ! o!r1 suffici5tly /rong to de/roy life1 & x is ! mo/ dang]\s1 ?\gh nev] s /rong z ! direct /roke4 ,:5 ?und]-cl\ds are v l[1 !re is frequ5tly no lightn+2 ! electricity produc$ by induction is s p[]ful t x escapes f po9t$ objects 9 ! %ape ( flame )\t heat1 kn[n z ,/4 ,elmo's fire4 ,^! flames are n unfrequ5tly se5 at ! topma/s ( %ips & ! extremities ( _! y>d-arms4 ,bodies betwe5 ! cl\ds & e>? may be electriz$ by induction1 & _! electricity w be se5 9 ! =m ( flame1 z %[]s ( phosphoresc5t sn[4 ,phosphoresc5ce is ascrib$ to electricity2 v>i\s sub/ances emit light :5 decay+1 z fi% & wood4 ,al?\gh _m m>9e animals are phosphoresc5t1 yet ! lum9\s appe>ance :i* ! sea (t5 assumes is n always to be attribut$ to !m1 b probably to ! decay+ animal matt] x conta9s4 ,! aurora is decid$ly an electrical ph5om5on4 ,x g5]ally appe>s soon aft] sunset 9 ! =m ( a lum9\s ar* /ret*+ m or less f ea/ to we/1 ! mo/ elevat$ po9t be+ always 9 ! magnetic m]idian ( ! place ( ! obs]v]3 across ! ar* ! coruscations are rapid1 vivid1 & ( v>i\s col\rs1 d>t+ l lightn+ to ! z5i?1 & at ! same "t flitt+ lat]ally ) incessant velocity4 ,! brightness ( ! rays v>ies 9 an in/ant3 !y sometimes surpass ! spl5d\r ( />s ( ! fir/ magnitude1 & (t5 exhibit col\rs ( admirable transp>5cy1 blood-r$ at ! base1 em]ald-gre5 9 ! middle1 & cle> yell[ t[>ds _! extremity4 ,sometimes "o1 & sometimes a quick succession ( lum9\s curr5ts run f "o end ( ! ar* or b[ to ! o!r1 s t ! rays rapidly increase 9 brightness2 b x is impossible to say :e!r ! coruscations !mselves are actually affect$ by a horizontal motion ( translation1 or :e!r ! m vivid light is convey$ f ray to ray4 ,! rays occasionally d>t f> pa/ ! z5i?1 vani%1 sudd5ly reappe>1 &1 be+ jo9$ by o!rs f ! ar*1 =m a magnific5t corona or imm5se dome ( light4 ,! segm5t ( ! sky bel[ ! ar* is q black1 z if =m$ by d5se cl\ds2 yet ,m4 ,/ruve is said to h se5 />s 9 x1 consequ5tly ! blackness mu/ be f contra/4 ,! l[] edge ( ! ar* is ev5ly def9$2 its upp] m>g9 is fr+$ by ! coruscations1 _! conv]g5ce t[>ds ! nor?1 & t ( ! ar* itself1 be+ probably an effect ( p]spective4 ,ei!r ! aurora mu/ be high above ! e>?1 or its coruscations mu/ be v ext5sive1 s9ce ! same display is visible at places wide asund]4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 se5 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & all ov] ! nor? ( ,europe at ! same "t1 sometimes ev5 z f> s\? z ,italy1 yet ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry c]ta9ly saw a ray d>t f x to ! gr\nd ne> him4 ,m4 ,/ruve1 ,admiral ,wrangel1 & o!rs :o h _h _m opportunities ( see+ ! aurora 9 high latitudes1 assign a v mod]ate elevation to x4 ,! ar* probably passes ?r\gh ! magnetic pole2 h5ce1 9 ! nor? ( ,gre5l& x lies s\? ( ! obs]v]1 & ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry saw x to ! s\? 9 ,melville ,isl&1 :i* is 9 #gj ,n4 lat42 consequ5tly x mu/ appe> 9 ! z5i? 9 "s places4 ,dr4 ,f>aday conjectures t ! electric equilibrium ( ! e>? is re/or$ by ! aurora convey+ ! electricity f ! poles to ! equator1 = x appe>s 9 ! high s\!rn latitudes1 z well z 9 ! nor!rn2 & ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,fi%] has lately sugge/$1 t1 z ! pr9cipal display ( ! aurora takes place at or ne> ! m>g9 ( ! pol> ice1 ! electricity may be convey$ by ! conduct+ p[] ( ! froz5 p>ticles :i* ab\nd 9 ! air 9 ^! latitudes1 & :i*1 be+ r5d]$ fitfully lum9\s by ! passage ( ! electricity1 produce ! ar* & ! ev]-v>y+ fla%es ( ! aurora4 ,! aurora has a p[]ful influ5ce on ! magnetic ne$le1 ev5 9 places :]e ! display is n se54 ,its vibrations seem to be sl[] or quick] accord+ z ! auroral light is quiesc5t or 9 motion1 & ! di/urbances ( ! magnetic ne$le & ! auroral displays 7 simultane\s at ,toronto1 9 ,canada1 on #ac days out ( #bd1 ! rema9+ days hav+ be5 cl\d$2 & contemporane\s obs]vations %[ t on ^! #ac days !re 7 also magnetic di/urbances at ,prague & at ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 s t ! 8occurr5ce ( aurora at ,toronto on ^! occasions may be view$ z a local manife/ation connect$ ) magnetic effects1 :i*1 :atev] may h be5 _! orig91 probably prevail$ on ! same day ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe40#adi ,,magnetism4 ,magnetism is "o ( ^? unse5 impond]able exi/5ces :i*1 l electricity & heat1 are kn[n only by _! effects4 ,x is c]ta9ly id5tical ) electricity1 =1 al?\gh x nev] comes naturally into evid5ce1 magnets c be made to exhibit all ! ph5om5a ( electrical ma*9es4 ,t]re/rial magnetism1 :i* p]vades ! :ole e>?1 is extremely complicat$2 x v>ies bo? ) reg>d to space & "t1 &1 probably1 dep5ds ^u ! heat ( ! sun1 ^u 8 motion 9 ! ecliptic1 :i* produces *anges ( temp]ature1 on galvanic curr5ts circulat+ ?r\gh ! surface ( ! globe1 & possibly on ! e>?'s rotatory motion4 ,! di/ribution ( t]re/rial magnetism is det]m9$ by ! decl9ation-ne$le1 or m>9]'s compass1 & ! dipp+-ne$le2 !y consi/ ( magnetiz$ ne$les or b>s ( /eel1 s susp5d$ t ! decl9ation-ne$le revolves 9 a horizontal direction1 & ! dipp+-ne$le moves 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,! nor? end ( ! decl9ation-ne$le or magnet po9ts to ! nor?1 & ! s\? end to ! s\?1 & x only rema9s at re/ :5 9 t position4 ,! direction ( ! ne$le is ! magnetic m]idian ( ! place ( obs]vation4 ,! nor? end ( ! dipp+-ne$le b5ds or dips bel[ ! horizon 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & ! s\? end b5ds or dips b5ea? x 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & betwe5 ! two !re is a l9e :i* encircles ! :ole e>?1 :]e ! dipp+-ne$le rema9s horizontal4 ,t l9e1 :i* is ! magnetic equator or l9e ( no dip1 crosses ! t]re/rial equator 9 sev]al places1 ext5d+ alt]nately on ea* side1 b nev] deviat+ m ?an #ab degrees f x4 ,! deviation is great] 9 t "p ( ! ,pacific :]e !re are mo/ isl&s1 & x is greate/ bo? to ! s\? & nor? 9 trav]s+ ! cont95ts ( ,africa & ,am]ica2 ?us1 x appe>s t ! configuration ( ! l& & wat] has an influ5ce on t]re/rial magnetism4 ,nor? & s\? ( ! magnetic equator ! ne$le dips m & m1 till at la/ x becomes p]p5dicul> to ! horizon 9 two po9ts1 or r l9e> spaces1 kn[n z ! nor? & s\? magnetic poles1 :i* are q di/9ct f ! poles ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,"o1 ^: position 0 det]m9$ by ,capta9 ,ross1 is 9 #gj ,n4 lat4 & #ig ,w4 long41 :ile t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 det]m9$ by ,sir ,james ,ross1 9 ! int]ior ( ,victoria ,isl&1 is 9 #gj ,s4 lat4 & #afb ,e4 long4 ,l9es ( equal dip are su* z may be drawn on a globe ?r\gh all ^? places :]e ! dipp+-ne$le makes ! same angle ) ! horizon4 ,! angle ( ! dip is n always ! same3 accord+ to ,colonel ,sab9e1 :o is ! highe/ au?ority on ?is subject1 x has be5 decreas+ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 = ! la/ fifty ye>s1 at ! rate ( ?ree m9utes annually3 x is also subject to v>iations ( %ort p]iods1 & x seems to be affect$ by %ocks ( e>?quakes1 ev5 :5 v di/ant4 ,! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce is z v>iable & ev5 m complicat$ ?an ! o!r magnetic ph5om5a3 x is measur$ by ! numb] ( vibrations made by ! decl9ation-ne$le 9 a giv5 "t4 ,x is v diff]5t 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?1 b !re are f\r po9ts 9 :i* ! int5sity is great] ?an any:]e else4 ,two ( ^! are 9 ! nor!rn & two 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e2 !y nei!r co9cide ) ! poles ( ! e>?'s rotation nor ) ! magnetic poles1 nor are !y all ( equal int5sity4 ,"o ( ^! foci ( maximum magnetic int5sity is situate 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 s\?-we/ f ,hudson's ,bay2 ano!r is 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia 9 #abj ,e4 long4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 "o ( ! po9ts ( maximum magnetic int5sity is 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic 9 #bj ,s4 lat4 & #cbd ,e4 long41 & ! o!r is situate 9 #fj ,s4 lat4 & #aca #bj ,e4 long4#aej ,9 consequ5ce ( ! unequal int5sity ( ! =ce 9 ^! #d foci1 ! decrease 9 magnetic p[] f !m t[>ds ! equator is extremely irregul>1 s t ! dynamic equator1 :i* is a l9e suppos$ to be drawn ?r\gh all ! po9ts on ! e>? :]e ! int5sity is ! lea/1 encircles ! globe 9 a wav+ l9e1 :i* nei!r co9cides ) ! geographical nor magnetic equator2 x =ms ! division betwe5 ! magnetic int5sities 9 ! two hemisph]es4 ,l9es drawn on a globe ?r\gh all ! po9ts :]e ! magnetic int5sity is ! same are s complicat$ t x is sc>cely possible to convey an idea ( !m 9 words4 ,!y =m a s]ies ( ovals r\nd ea* ( ! foci ( maximum =ce1 !n a figure ( #h 9 ea* hemisph]e hav+ a focus & its ovals 9 ea* loop1 !n !y op5 into tortu\s l9es :i* encompass ! globe1 b :i* become less s z !y approa* ! dynamic equator4 ,! complication is increas$ by ! foci 9 ! two hemisph]es be+ unsymmetrically plac$ ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 z well z by ! diff]5ce 9 _! int5sities4 ,! decl9ation or horizontal ne$le only rema9s at re/ :5 9 a magnetic m]idian1 t is1 :5 x po9ts to ! nor? & s\? magnetic poles4 ,! magnetic m]idians co9cide ) ! geographical m]idians 9 "s places1 & 9 ^! ! magnet po9ts to ! true nor? & s\?1 t is1 to ! poles ( ! e>?'s rotation4 ,b if x be c>ri$ successively to diff]5t longitudes1 x w deviate sometimes to ! ea/1 sometimes to ! we/ ( ! true nor?4 ,imag9>y l9es on ! globe1 pass+ ?r\gh all places :]e ! magnet po9ts to ! poles ( ! e>?'s rotation1 are l9es ( no v>iation2 & l9es pass+ ?r\gh all places :]e ! magnet deviates by an equal quantity f ! geographical m]idians are l9es ( equal v>iation2 !y are also v irregul>1 & =m two clos$ sy/ems or loops1--t is1 !y surr\nd two po9ts1 "o 9 nor!rn ,sib]ia & ano!r 9 ! ,pacific1 ne>ly 9 ! m]idian ( ! ,pitcairn ,isl&s & ! ,m>quesas4#aea ,! :ole magnetic sy/em is p]petually und]go+ secul> & p]iodical *anges1 :i* are s irregul> & complicat$ t half a c5tury is suffici5t to alt] ! =m & position ( all ! l9es t h be5 m5tion$4 ,! foci ( magnetic int5sity1 & ! :ole sy/em repres5t$ by ! magnetic l9es1 are mov+ along ! two hemisph]es 9 opposite directions2 ^? 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e are go+ f we/ to ea/1 & ^? 9 ! s\!rn f ea/ to we/2 & z ! foci ( maximum int5sity move ) diff]5t velocities1 ! =ms1 z well z ! places1 ( ! curves are sl[ly1 yet cont9ually1 *ang+4 ,! weak] magnetic focus 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e mov$ ?r\gh #ej degrees ( longitude 9 #bej ye>s4 ,! decl9ation is subject to p]iodic v>iations dep5d+ ^u ! position ( ! moon1 & to annual v>iations aris+ f ! motion ( ! sun 9 ! ecliptic1 z well z to hor>y v>iations correspond+ to *anges ( temp]ature f ! diurnal rotation ( ! e>?4 ,?r\gh\t ! middle latitudes ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! nor? end ( ! magnet has a mean motion f ea/ to we/ f eight 9 ! morn+ till half-pa/ "o1 x !n moves to ! ea/ till ev5+1 aft] :i* x makes ano!r excursion to ! we/1 & returns aga9 to its orig9al position at eight 9 ! morn+4 ,! ext5t ( its v>iation is great] 9 ! day ?an 9 ! night1 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,x decreases f ! middle latitudes 9 ,europe1 :]e x is #ac or #ad m9utes1 to ! equator1 :]e x is only #c or #d2 b at ! equator ! v>iations are p]=m$ ) extreme regul>ity4 ,! hor>y motions ( ! s\? end ( ! magnet 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e are accompli%$ 9 an exactly opposite direction4 ,betwe5 ^! two magnetic hemisph]es !re is a l9e pass+ ?r\gh an inf9ity ( places1 & v ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! l9e ( m9imum magnetic int5sity1 :]e ! hor>y ph5om5a ( bo? hemisph]es are comb9$1 ea* pr$om9at+ alt]nately at opposite seasons4 ,at ,/4 ,hel5a1 :i* is "o ( ! places 9 "q1 & ne>ly on ! l9e ( m9imum int5sity1 ! hor>y motion ( ! nor? end ( ! magnet corresponds 9 direction dur+ "o half ( ! ye> ) ! movem5t 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & 9 ! o!r half ( ! ye> ! direction at ! same h\rs corresponds ) t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 ! passage f ! "o to ! o!r be+ at ! equ9oxes1 :5 ! diurnal v>iations at ! usual h\rs p>take m or less ( ! *>act]i/ics ( bo? on diff]5t days4#aeb ,x ?us appe>s t !re are six po9ts on ! e>? peculi>ly rem>kable = magnetic ph5om5a1 all ( :i* are di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & f ! poles ( ! e>?'s rotation--namely1 two magnetic poles :]e ! dipp+-ne$le makes an angle ( #ij degrees ) ! horizon4 ,! magnetic equator corresponds ) ^! 9 e po9t ( :i* ! angle ( ! dip is z]o3 x encircles ! e>?1 & int]sects ! t]re/rial equator1 b does n co9cide ) x4 ,! o!r f\r po9ts are ! foci ( maximum magnetic int5sity1 & to !m ! dynamical equator or l9e ( m9imum magnetic int5sity corresponds1 also surr\nd+ ! e>? 9 an irregul> l9e1 b :i* co9cides ) nei!r ! t]re/rial nor magnetic equator4 ,besides ^!1 & ei!r p>tly or ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! l9e ( m9imum int5sity1 is t l9e :i* is suppos$ to pass ?r\gh all places :]e ! hor>y v>iations ( ! magnet p>take ( ! ph5om5a ( ea* hemisph]e alt]nately4 ,! e>?'s magnetism is subject to va/ unacc\ntable commotions or /orms ( imm5se ext5t1 :i* occur at irregul> int]vals1 & are ( %ort duration4 ,9 #ahah1 a magnetic /orm1 %[n by a viol5t agitation ( ! ne$le1 took place at ! same "t ov] #dg degrees ( longitude1 ext5d+ ?r\gh all ! c\ntries f ,p>is to ,kasan2 & on ! #be? ( ,septemb]1 #ahda1 "o ( ^! /orms 0 simultane\sly obs]v$ at ,toronto 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,prague 9 ,europe1 at ,macao 9 ,*9a1 & !re is reason to believe t x ext5d$ to ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,simil> /orms h happ5$ simultane\sly 9 ,sicily & at ,upsala 9 ,sw$52 o!rs ( less ext5t & %ort] p]iods m frequ5tly occur1 & are1 l ! great] /orms1 n to be attribut$ to any kn[n cause4 ,m4 ,neck] de ,saussure has trac$ a m>k$ co9cid5ce betwe5 ! prevail+ direction ( ! /ratifi$ masses ( ! m\nta9 *a9s & t ( ! curves ( equal magnetic int5sity4 ,! co9cid5ce is p]fect 9 ! ,ural *a91 = !re ! l9es ( =ce t5d nor? & s\?2 & !y d n deviate mu* f ! /ratification 9 ! great pla9s ( ,european ,russia4 ,!re is e reason to believe t a co9cid5ce takes place 9 ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s1 = a l9e ( equal magnetic int5sity passes p>allel to ! ,norwegian coa/4 ,9 ,scotl&1 a l9e almo/ co9cides ) ! ,grampians2 & z x becomes less nor!rly be=e rea*+ ,portugal & ,spa91 x is !re also 9 s+ul> co9cid5ce ) ! si]ras on ! table-l&2 ! ,pyr5ees1 h[ev]1 =m an exception to ! law4 ,a magnetic l9e foll[s ! break ( ! *a9 ( ! ,alps ) great precision4 ,! int]section ( two upheavals makes ^! m\nta9s alt] _! direction f ,s4,w4 & ,n4,e4 to ,e4 ne>ly1 & ne> to t *ange ! magnetic l9e takes a simil> b5d1 & co9cides ) ! ,caucasus1 ,taurus1 ,h9doo-,coo%1 ,himalaya1 & ,*9ese m\nta9s1 aft] :i* x aga9 t5ds to ! nor?1 & foll[s ! ,yablonia *a9 to ,behr+'s ,/raits4 ,9 ,africa1 ! l9es ( equal magnetic =ce co9cide ) ! ,komri1 & ) ! l(ty sea-coa/ range :i* unites ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia ) ^? at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,?r\gh\t ,nor? ,am]ica ! l9es ( equal =ce co9cide ) ! ,alleghanies1 & on ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific !y take ! direction ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ,mexico1 ! /ratifi$ rocks are p>allel to ! m\nta9s ( ,anahuac1 :i* is ! same ) ! direction ( ! magnetic curves1 & a simil> co9cid5ce takes place 9 ! ,p>ima ranges1 & 9 ! coa/-*a9 ( ,v5ezuela4 ,! ,&es1 & ! l9es ( equal magnetic int5sity1 are completely discordant1 = !y cross "o ano!r2 b l9es ( equal magnetic =ce /ret* f ! s\!rn promontories ( ,am]ica & ,asia to ! m\nta9s ( ,victoria ,l&4 ,!re is /rong presumptive evid5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! electric & magnetic curr5ts on ! =mation & direction ( ! m\nta9 masses & m9]al ve9s1 b _! sl[ p]sev]+ action on ! ultimate atoms ( matt] has be5 plac$ beyond d\bt by ! =mation ( rubies & o!r gems1 z well z v>i\s o!r m9]al sub/ances1 by voltaic electricity4 ,! exi/5ce ( electric curr5ts on ! surface ( ! e>? has be5 d$uc$ f t]re/rial magnetism1 & f ! connection betwe5 ! diurnal v>iations ( ! magnet & ! app>5t motion ( ! sun2 also f ! electro-magnetic prop]ties ( metallif]\s ve9s1 & f atmosph]ic electricity1 :i* is cont9ually pass+ betwe5 ! air & ! e>?4 ,dr4 ,f>aday's brilliant discov]ies h *ang$ ! receiv$ op9ions ) reg>d to ! magnetic prop]ties ( matt]4 ,al?\gh all bodies are magnetic1 !y %[ t x assumes a totally diff]5t =m 9 diff]5t sub/ances4 ,= example1 if a b> ( iron be freely susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 or v p[]ful horse-%oe magnet1 x w be attract$ by bo? poles1 & w re/ 9 ! direction betwe5 !m--t is1 on ! l9e ( =ce4 ,b if a b> ( bismu? be susp5d$ 9 ! same mann]1 x w be repell$ by bo? poles1 & w assume a direction at "r angles to t :i* ! iron took1 & ?us ! same =ce1 :e!r electric or magnetic1 produces opposite effects ^u ^! two metals4 ,sub/ances affect$ aft] ! mann] ( iron are magnetic--^? affect$ aft] ! mann] ( bismu? are said to be diamagnetic4 ,all sub/ances come "u "o or o!r ( ^! two classes3 ! diamagnetic are inf9itely m abundant ?an ! magnetic2 almo/ all bodies on e>? belong to t class4 ,_m ( ! metals1 acids1 oils1 sug>1 />*1 animal matt]1 flame1 & all ! gases1 :e!r light or heavy1 h ! diamagnetic prop]ty less or m1 b oxyg5 less ?an any o!r1 & t is ! reason :y atmosph]ic air is ! mo/ feebly diamagnetic ( all sub/ances at its natural temp]ature2 = :5 v hot x becomes m diamagnetic1 & if extremely cold x takes a place among ! magnetic class4 ,important results ) reg>d to ! magnetic /ate ( ! globe w und\bt$ly be d$uc$ f ?is new prop]ty ( matt]1 & ,dr4 ,f>aday's obs]vations on t subject %[ t he is n )\t su* anticipations4 8,:5 we consid] ! magnetic condition ( ! e>? z a :ole1 )\t ref]5ce to its possible relation to ! sun1 & reflect ^u ! enorm\s am\nt ( diamagnetic matt] :i* =ms its cru/2 & :5 we rememb] t magnetic curves ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( =ce1 univ]sal 9 _! pres5ce1 are pass+ ?r\gh ^! matt]s1 & keep+ !m con/antly 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 & !re=e ( action1 we _c d\bt t "s great purpose1 ( utility to ! sy/em & to u its inhabitants1 is fulfill$ by x4 ,if ! sun h any?+ to d ) ! magnetism ( ! globe1 !n x is possible t "p ( ?is effect may be due to ! action ( ! light t comes to u f t body2 & 9 t view ! air seems mo/ /rik+ly plac$ r\nd our sph]e1 inve/+ x ) a transp>5t diamagnetic1 :i*1 !re=e1 is p]meable to 8 rays1 &1 at ! same "t1 mov+ ) great velocity across !m4 ,su* conditions seem to sugge/ ! possibility ( magnetism be+ !nce g5]at$40 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,vegetation--,n\ri%m5t & ,gr[? ( ,plants--,effects ( ! diff]5t ,rays ( ! ,sol> ,spectrum--,classes--,botanical ,di/ricts4 ,,9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! globe1 a ?ird "p only ( its surface is occupi$ by l&1 & probably n m ?an a f\r? "p ( t is inhabit$ by man1 b animals & vegetables h a wid] range4 ,! great] "p ( ! l& is clo!d ) vegetation & inhabit$ by quadrup$s1 ! air is peopl$ ) birds & insects1 & ! sea teems ) liv+ creatures & plants4 ,^! organiz$ be+s are n scatt]$ promiscu\sly1 b all classes ( !m h be5 orig9ally plac$ 9 regions suit$ to _! respective wants4 ,_m animals & plants are indig5\s only 9 det]m9ate spots1 :ile a ?\s& o!rs might h support$ !m z well1 & to _m ( :i* !y h be5 transport$ by man4 ,plants extract inorganic sub/ances f ! gr\nd1 :i* are indisp5sable to br+ !m to maturity1 b ! atmosph]e supplies ! vegetable creation ) ! pr9cipal "p ( its food4 ,! black or br[n m\ld :i* is s abundant is ! produce ( decay$ vegetables4 ,:5 ! autumnal leaves1 ! spoil ( ! summ]1 fall to ! gr\nd1 & _! vitality is gone1 !y ent] into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 & conv]t x into an equal volume ( c>bonic acid gas1 :i*1 consequ5tly1 exi/s abundantly 9 e good soil1 & is ! mo/ important "p ( ! food ( vegetables4 ,?is process is sl[1 & /ops z soon z ! air 9 ! soil is exhau/$2 b ! pl\gh1 by loos5+ ! e>?1 & p]mitt+ ! atmosph]e to ent] m freely & p5etrate deep] into ! gr\nd1 accel]ates ! decomposition ( ! vegetable matt]1 & consequ5tly ! =mation ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 loos5+ & ref9+ ! m\ld1 ! common e>?-worm is ! fell[-lab\r] ) man2 x eats e>?1 &1 aft] extract+ ! nutriti\s "p1 ejects ! refuse1 :i* is ! f9e/ soil1 & may be se5 ly+ 9 heaps at ! m\? ( its burr[4 ,s in/rum5tal is ?is creature 9 prep>+ ! gr\nd1 t x is said t !re is n a p>ticle ( ! f9] vegetable m\ld t has n pass$ ?r\gh ! inte/9es ( a worm3 ?us1 ! mo/ feeble ( liv+ ?+s is employ$ by ,provid5ce to accompli% ! mo/ important ends4 ,! food ( ! vegetable creation consi/s ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg5--all ( :i* plants obta9 entirely f ! atmosph]e 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas1 wat]1 & ammonia4 ,!y imbibe ^! ?ree sub/ances1 &1 aft] hav+ decompos$ !m1 !y give ! oxyg5 to ! air1 & consolidate ! c>bon1 wat]1 & nitrog5 into wood1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit4 ,! vitality ( plants is a *emical process entirely due to ! sun's light2 x is mo/ active 9 cle> sun%9e1 feeble 9 ! %ade1 & ne>ly susp5d$ 9 ! night1 :5 plants1 l animals1 h _! re/4 ,! atmosph]e conta9s only "o two-?\s&? "p ( c>bonic acid gas1 yet t small quantity yields en\gh ( c>bon to =m ! solid mass ( all ! magnific5t =e/s & h]bs t clo! ! face ( ! e>?1 & ! supply ( t necess>y +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( ! atmosph]e is ma9ta9$ by ! brea? ( animals1 by volcanos1 & by combu/ion4 ,! gre5 p>ts ( plants con/antly imbibe c>bonic acid 9 ! day2 !y decompose x1 assimilate ! c>bon1 & return ! oxyg5 pure to ! atmosph]e4 ,z ! *emical action is feeble 9 ! %ade & 9 gloomy wea!r1 only a "p ( ! c>bonic acid is decompos$1 !n bo? oxyg5 & c>bonic acid are giv5 out by ! leaves2 b dur+ ! d>kness ( ! night a *emical action ( a diff]5t "* takes place1 & almo/ all ! c>bonic acid is return$ un*ang$ to ! atmosph]e1 toge!r ) ! moi/ure :i* is evaporat$ f ! leaves bo? night & day4 ,?us1 plants give out pure oxyg5 dur+ ! day1 & c>bonic acid & wat] dur+ ! night4 ,s9ce ! vivify+ action ( ! sun br+s ab\t all ^! *anges1 a sup]abundance ( oxyg5 is exhal$ by ! tropical vegetation 9 a cle> uncl\d$ sky1 :]e ! sun's rays are mo/ en]getic1 & atmosph]ic moi/ure mo/ abundant4 ,9 ! middle & high] latitudes1 on ! contr>y1 "u a m feeble sun & a gloomy sky1 subject to ra91 sn[1 & frequ5t atmosph]ic *anges1 c>bonic acid is giv5 out 9 great] quantity by ! less vigor\s vegetation4 ,b "h1 z ) reg>d to heat & moi/ure1 equilibrium is re/or$ by ! w9ds2 ! tropical curr5ts c>ry ! excess ( oxyg5 along ! upp] /rata ( ! atmosph]e to high] latitudes1 to give brea? & heat to m5 & animals2 :ile ! pol> curr5ts1 ru%+ along ! gr\nd1 convey ! surplus c>bonic acid to fe$ ! tropical =e/s & jungles4 ,h>mony exi/s betwe5 ! animal & vegetable creations2 animals consume ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is re/or$ by ! exhalation ( plants1 :ile plants consume ! c>bonic acid exhal$ by m5 & animals2 ! exi/5ce ( ea* is ?us due to _! reciprocal dep5d5ce4 ,few ( ! great cosmical ph5om5a h only "o end to fulfil1 !y are ! m9i/]s ( ! manifold designs ( ,provid5ce4 ,:5 a se$ is ?r[n into ! gr\nd1 ! vital pr9cipal is develop$ by heat & moi/ure1 & "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! se$ is =m$ into roots1 :i* suck up wat] mix$ ) c>bonic acid f ! soil1 decompose x1 & consolidate ! c>bon4 ,9 ?is /age ( _! gr[?1 plants d]ive _! :ole su/5ance f ! gr\nd4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! sug> & mucilage ( ! se$ appe> above ! gr\nd1 9 ! =m ( leaves or %oots1 !y absorb & decompose ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 reta9 ! c>bon = _! food1 give out ! oxyg5 9 ! day1 & pure c>bonic acid 9 ! night4 ,9 proportion z plants gr[1 !y d]ive m ( _! food f ! air & less f ! soil1 till _! fruit is rip5$1 & !n ! :ole ( _! n\ri%m5t is d]iv$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,trees are f$ f ! air aft] _! fruit is ripe till _! leaves fall2 annuals till !y die4 ,air-plants1 & sev]al species ( cactus & o!rs1 d]ive all _! food f ! atmosph]e4 ,x is wond]ful t s small a quantity ( c>bonic acid z exi/s 9 ! air %\ld suffice to supply ! :ole vegetation ( ! _w--& /ill m wond]ful t a se$1 m9ute en\gh to be waft$ invisibly by a brea? ( air1 %\ld be ! !atre ( all ! *emical *anges t make x g]m9ate4#aec ,plants absorb wat] f ! gr\nd by _! roots2 !y decompose x1 & ! hydrog5 comb9es 9 diff]5t proportions ) _! c>bonic acid to =m wood1 sug>1 />*1 gum1 vegetable1 oils1 & acids4 ,z ! gre5 p>ts comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air1 especially dur+ night1 :5 ! functions ( plants are torpid1 x is assimilat$ on ! return ( daylight1 & assi/s 9 =m+ oils1 res9s1 & acids4 ,! comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 ( ! air ) ! leaves1 & also ) ! blossom & fruit1 dur+ night1 is q unconnect$ ) ! vital process1 z x is ! same 9 dead plants4 ,an acid exi/s 9 ! juice ( e plant1 g5]ally 9 comb9ation ) an alkali4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ^! diff]5t sub/ances are produc$ at diff]5t /ages 9 ! gr[?2 = example1 />* is =m$ 9 ! roots1 wood1 /alk1 & se$1 b x is conv]t$ into sug> z ! fruit rip5s1 & ! m />* ! sweet] ! fruit becomes4 ,mo/ ( ^! new comp\nds are =m$ betwe5 ! fl[]+ ( ! plant & ! rip5+ ( ! fruit1 & inde$ !y furni% ! mat]ials = ! fl[]s1 fruit1 & se$4 ,ammonia1 ! ?ird organic con/itu5t ( plants1 is ! la/ residue f ! decay & putrefaction ( animal matt]4 ,x is volatiliz$1 & rises into ! atmosph]e1 :]e x exi/s z a gas1 b 9 s small a quantity t x is ) difficulty detect$ by *emical analysis2 yet1 z x is v soluble 9 wat]1 en\gh is br\ght to ! gr\nd by ra9 to supply ! vegetable _w4 ,ammonia ent]s plants by _! roots along ) ra9-wat]1 & is resolv$ )9 !m into its con/itu5t elem5ts1 hydrog5 & nitrog54 ,! hydrog5 aids 9 =m+ ! wood1 acids1 & o!r sub/ances be=e m5tion$2 :ile ! nitrog5 ent]s into e "p ( ! plant & =ms new comp\nds2 x exi/s 9 ! blossom & fruit be=e x is ripe1 & 9 ! wood1 z album52 x also =ms glut51 :i* is ! nutriti\s "p ( :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & all o!r c]ealia1 z well z ( escul5t roots1 z potatoes1 beet-root1 c4 ,nitrog5 exi/s abundantly 9 peas1 beans1 & pulse ( e k9d2 x ent]s into ! composition ( mo/ elem5t>y vegetable sub/ances2 9 %ort1 a plant may gr[ )\t ammonia1 b x _c produce se$ or fruit2 ! use ( animal manure is to supply plants ) ?is ess5tial article ( _! food4 ,?us1 ! decomposition & consolidation ( ! elem5t>y food ( plants1 ! =mation ( ! gre5 p>ts1 ! exhalation ( moi/ure by _! leaves1 its absorption by _! roots1 & all ! o!r circum/ances ( vegetable life1 are ow+ to ! illum9at+ p[] ( ! sun4 ,heat c be suppli$ artificially 9 our nor!rn climates1 b x is impossible to replace ! spl5d\r ( a s\!rn sun4 ,8 illum9at+ influ5ce is display$ 9 a rem>kable degree by ! cacalia ficoides2 its leaves comb9e ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e dur+ ! night1 & are z s\r z sorrel 9 ! morn+2 z ! sun rises !y gradually lose _! oxyg51 & are ta/eless at noon2 by ! cont9u$ action ( light !y lose m & m1 till t[>ds ev5+ !y become bitt]4 ,! diff]5ce ( a cle> or cl\dy sky has an imm5se effect on vegetation2 ! rip5+ ( fruit dep5ds ^u ! habitual s]5ity ( ! sky m ?an on summ] temp]ature alone4 ,! blue rays ( ! sol> spectrum h mo/ effect on ! g]m9ation ( se$2 ! yell[ rays1 :i* are ! mo/ lum9\s1 on ! gr[+ plant4 ,t is on acc\nt ( ! *emical rays1 n[ s well kn[n by _! action 9 ,dagu]reotype impressions4 ,!y are mo/ abundant beyond ! visible "p ( ! sol> spectrum1 & dim9i% ?r\gh ! violet1 blue1 & gre51 to ! yell[1 :]e !y cease4 ,!y p5etrate ! gr\nd1 & h a mu* great] influ5ce on ! g]m9ation ( se$s ?an ord9>y light or d>kness4 ,t invisible pr9ciple1 toge!r ) light1 is ess5tial to ! =mation ( ! col\r+ matt] ( leaves2 x is mo/ active 9 spr+1 & is 9 v consid]able excess comp>$ ) ! quantity ( light & heat2 b z summ] advances ! rev]se takes place2 ! calorific radiation1 or ^? hot rays correspond+ to ! extreme r$ ( ! spectrum1 :i* facilitate ! fl[]+ & =m+ ( ! fruit1 become by f> ! mo/ abundant2 & a set ( invisible rays1 :i* exi/ ne> ! po9t ( maximum heat 9 ! sol> spectrum1 are also mo/ abundant 9 summ]4 ,mr4 ,hunt f\nd t ! hot rays imm$iately beyond ! visible r$ de/roy ! col\r ( palm-leaves2 & = t reason ! glass ( ! palm-h\se at ,kew ,g>d5s is t+$ pale yell[-gre5 by oxide ( copp]1 :i* excludes ! scor*+ rays 9 "q1 ?\gh x is p]meable by ! o!r rays ( heat1 ^? ( light1 & ! *emical rays4#aed ,9 spr+ & summ] ! oxyg5 tak5 9 by ! gre5 leaves 9 ! night aids 9 ! =mation ( oils1 acids1 & ! o!r p>ts t conta9 x2 b z soon z autumn comes1 ! vitality or *emical action ( vegetables is weak5$2 & ! oxyg51 no long] giv5 out 9 ! day1 ?\gh /ill tak5 9 dur+ ! night1 becomes a m9i/] ( de/ruction2 x *anges ! col\r ( ! leaves1 & consumes !m :5 !y fall4 ,nitrog51 s ess5tial dur+ ! life ( plants1 also resumes its *emical "* :5 !y die1 & by its escape ha/5s _! decay4 ,al?\gh ! food :i* con/itutes ! mass ( plants is d]iv$ pr9cipally f wat] & ! gases ( ! atmosph]e1 fix$ sub/ances are also requisite = _! gr[? & p]fection1 & ^! !y obta9 f ! e>? by _! roots4 ,! inorganic matt]s are ! alkalis1 phosphates1 silica1 sulphur1 iron1 & o!rs4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t vegetable acids are f\nd 9 ! juices ( all ! families ( plants4 ,!y g5]ally are 9 comb9ation ) "o or o!r ( ! alkal9e sub/ances1 z lime1 soda1 pota%1 & magnesia1 :i* are z ess5tial to ! exi/5ce ( plants z ! c>bonic acid by :i* ^! acids are =m$3 = example1 v9es h pota%2 plants us$ z dyes nev] give vivid col\rs )\t x2 all legum9\s plants require x1 & only gr[ naturally on gr\nd t conta9s x4 ,none ( ! corn tribe c produce p]fect se$s unless !y h bo? pota% & phosphate ( magnesia2 nor c !y or any ( ! grasses ?rive )\t silica1 :i* gives ! h>d coat+ to /raw1 to ! be>d ( :eat & b>ley1 to grass1 canes1 & bamboos2 x is ev5 f\nd 9 solid lumps 9 ! holl[s & jo9ts ( cane1 kn[n 9 ,india by ! "n ( taba%ir4 ,to br+ ! c]ealia to p]fection1 x is indisp5sable t 9 _! gr[? !y %\ld be suppli$ ) c>bonic acid = ! plant1 silica to give x /r5g? & firmness1 & nitrog5 = ! gra94 ,phosphoric acid1 comb9$ ) an e>? or alkali1 is f\nd 9 ! a%es ( all vegetables1 & is ess5tial to _m4 ,pulse conta9 b little ( x1 & on t acc\nt are less nutriti\s ?an ! c]ealia4 ,! family ( ! crucif]1 z cabbages1 turnips1 mu/>d1 c41 conta9 sulphur 9 addition to ! sub/ances common to ! gr[? ( all plants2 ea* p>ticul> tribe has its own peculi>ities1 & requires a comb9ation suit$ to x4 ,on t acc\nt !re is (t5 a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! arboresc5t vegetation on ! same m\nta91 dep5d+ on ! nature ( ! rocks4 ,! ocean furni%es "s ( ! matt]s f\nd 9 plants2 ! prodigi\s quantity ( sea-wat] con/antly evaporat$ c>ries ) x salt 9 a volatiliz$ /ate1 :i*1 disp]s$ ov] ! l& by ! w9d1 supplies ! gr\nd ) salt & ! o!r +r$i5ts ( sea-wat]4 ,! inorganic matt]s :i* ent] plants by _! roots are c>ri$ by ! sap to e "p ( ! vegetable sy/em4 ,! roots imbibe all liquids pres5t$ to !m indiscrim9ately1 b !y reta9 only ! sub/ances !y require at ! v>i\s /ages ( _! gr[?1 & ?r[ out su* p>ts z are useless1 toge!r ) ! effete or dead matt] rema9+ aft] ! nutrim5t has be5 extract$ f x4 ,plants1 l animals1 may be poison$1 b ! p[] !y h ( expell+ delet]i\s sub/ances by _! roots g5]ally re/ores !m to heal?4 ,! fecul5t matt] injures ! soil2 besides1 aft] a "t ! gr\nd is dra9$ ( ! inorganic matt] requisite = any "o k9d ( plant3 h5ce ! necessity = a *ange or rotation ( crops4 ,a quantity ( heat is set free & also becomes lat5t 9 ! v>i\s transmutations t take place 9 ! int]ior ( plants2 s t !y1 l ! animal creation1 h a t5d5cy to a temp]ature ( _! own1 indep5d5t ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,! quantity ( electricity requisite to resolve a gra9 weight ( wat] into its elem5t>y oxyg5 & hydrog5 is equal to ! quantity ( atmosph]ic electricity :i* is active 9 a v p[]ful ?und]-/orm2 h5ce1 "s idea may be =m$ ( ! int5se en]gy ex]t$ by ! vegetable creation 9 ! decomposition ( ! va/ mass ( wat] & o!r matt]s necess>y = its su/5ance4 ,b !re mu/ be a comp5sation 9 ! consolidation ( ! vegetable food1 o!rwise a trem5d\s quantity w\ld be 9 p]petual activity4 ,x is said to be giv5 out f ! po9ts ( _! leaves1 s1 possibly1 "s "p ( ! atmosph]ic electricity may be ascrib$ to ?is cause2 b !re is reason to believe t electricity1 excit$ by ! p[] ( sol> light1 con/itutes ! *emical vitality ( vegetation4 ,! col\r+ matt] ( fl[]s is v>i\s1 if we may judge f ! effect :i* ! sol> spectrum has ^u _! express$ juices4 ,! col\r is v brilliant on ! tops ( m\nta9s & 9 ! ,arctic l&s4 ,possibly ! dim9i%$ weight ( ! air may h "s effect1 = x c sc>cely be suppos$ t b>ometrical *anges %\ld be entirely )\t influ5ce on vegetation4 ,! p]fume ( fl[]s & leaves is ow+ to a volatile oil1 :i* is (t5 c>ri$ by ! air to a great di/ance3 9 hot climates x is mo/ p[]ful 9 ! morn+ & ev5+4 ,! od\r ( ! ,humiria has be5 p]ceiv$ at ! di/ance ( ?ree miles f ! coa/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 a species ( ,tetrac]a s5ds its p]fume z f> f ! isl& ( ,cuba1 & ! aroma ( ! ,spice ,isl&s is waft$ out to sea4 ,! v>iety ( p]fumes is inf9ite1 & %[s ! innum]able comb9ations ( :i* a few simple sub/ances are capable1 & ! extreme m9ut5ess ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,9 nor!rn & mean latitudes1 w9t] is a "t ( complete re/ to ! vegetable _w1 & 9 tropical climates ! vig\r ( vegetation is susp5d$ dur+ ! dry1 hot season1 to be resum$ at ! return ( ! p]iodical ra9s4 ,! p]iodical ph5om5a ( ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ leaves1 ! fl[]+1 rip5+ ( ! fruit1 & ! fall ( ! leaf1 dep5d ^u ! annual & diurnal *anges ( temp]ature1 moi/ure1 electricity1 & p]haps on magnetism1 & succe$ ) su* p]fect h>mony & regul>ity1 t1 7 !re a suffici5t numb] ( obs]vations1 l9es might be drawn on a globe pass+ ?r\gh all places :]e ! leaves ( c]ta9 plants appe> simultane\sly1 & also = ! o!r pr9cipal phases ( vegetation4 ,9 places :]e ! same plant fl[]s on ! same day1 ! fruit may n rip5 at ! same p]iod 9 bo?2 x w\ld !re=e be int]e/+ to "k :at relation l9es pass+ ?r\gh ^? w\ld h to "o ano!r & to ! iso!rmal l9es2 m especially ) reg>d to ! plants indisp5sable to man1 s9ce ! p]iodicity ( vegetation affects 8 :ole social condition4#aee ,almo/ all plants sleep dur+ ! night2 "s %[ x 9 _! leaves1 o!rs 9 _! blossom4 ,! ,mimosa tribe n only close _! leaves at night1 b _! foot-/alks droop2 9 a clov]-field n a leaf op5s until aft] sunrise4 ,! common daisy is a famili> in/ance ( a sleep+ fl[]2 x %uts up its blossom 9 ! ev5+1 & op5s its :ite & crimson-tipp$ />1 ! 8day's eye10 to meet ! e>ly beams ( ! morn+ sun2 & !n also 8w9k+ m>y-buds beg9 to ope _! gold5 eyes40 ,! crocus1 tulip1 convolvulus1 & _m o!rs1 close _! blossoms at diff]5t h\rs t[>ds ev5+1 "s to op5 !m aga91 o!rs nev]4 ,! ivy-leav$ lettuce op5s at eight 9 ! morn+1 & closes = ev] at f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,"s plants seem to be wide awake all night1 & to give out _! p]fume !n only1 or at nightfall4 ,_m ( ! jessam9es are mo/ fragrant dur+ ! twilight3 ! ,olea fragrans1 ! ,daphne odorata1 & ! night-/ock res]ve _! sweetness = ! midnight h\r1 & ! night-fl[]+ ,c]eus turns night into day4 ,x beg9s to exp& its magnific5t sweet-sc5t$ blossom 9 ! twilight1 x is full bl[n at midnight1 & closes1 nev] to op5 aga91 ) ! dawn ( day2--^! are 8! bats & owls ( ! vegetable k+dom40#aef ,_m plants br\ght f w>m to temp]ate climates h become habituat$ to _! new situation1 & fl\ri% z if !y 7 natives ( ! soil2 su* z h be5 accu/om$ to fl[] & re/ at p>ticul> seasons *ange _! habits by degrees1 & adapt !mselves to ! seasons ( ! c\ntry t has adopt$ !m4 ,x is mu* m difficult to transf] alp9e plants to ! pla9s4 ,:e!r f a *ange ( atmosph]ic pressure or mean temp]ature1 all attempts to cultivate !m at a l[] level g5]ally fail3 x is mu* easi] to accu/om a plant ( ! pla9s to a high] situation4 ,plants are propagat$ by se$s1 (fsets1 cutt+s1 & buds2 h5ce !y1 b m especially trees1 h myriads ( seats ( life1 a cong]ies ( vital sy/ems act+ 9 conc]t1 b indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 e "o ( :i* might become a new plant4 ,9 ?is respect ! fir & p9e tribe are inf]ior to decidu\s trees1 :i* lose _! leaves annually1 because !y are n easily propagat$ except by se$s4 ,x has be5 rem>k$ t all plants t are propagat$ by buds f a common p>5t /ock h ! same duration ( life2 ?is has be5 notic$ p>ticul>ly ) reg>d to "s species ( apple-trees 9 ,engl&4 ,x appe>s t all ! g>d5 v>ieties ( fruit1 :e!r f buds1 lay]s1 or cutt+s1 we> out aft] a "t2 & t se$l+s h a great t5d5cy to rev]t to ! orig9al wild "* ( ! plant4 ,a c]ta9 s]ies ( transitions takes place ?r\gh\t ! lives ( plants1 ea* "p be+ trans=m$ & pass+ into ano!r2 a law t 0 fir/ obs]v$ by ! illu/ri\s poet ,g!4 ,= example1 ! embryo leaves pass into common leaves1 ^! into bracte1 ! bracte into sepals1 ! sepals into petals1 :i* are trans=m$ into /am5s & an!rs1 & ^! aga9 pass into ov>ies ) _! /yles & /igmas1 t are to become ! fruit & ultimately ! se$ ( a new plant4 ,plants are naturally divid$ into ?ree classes1 diff]+ mat]ially 9 organization3--,! ,cryptogamia1 ^: fl[]s & se$s are ei!r too m9ute to be easily visible1 or are hidd5 9 "s "p ( ! plant1 z 9 fungi1 mosses1 f]ns1 & li*5s1 :i* are ( ! lea/ p]fect organization4 ,next to ^! are ! monocotyl$on\s plants1 z grasses & palms1 9 :i* ! foot-/alks ( ! old leaves =m ! outside ( ! /em2 plants ( ?is class h b "o-se$-lobe1 :i* =ms "o little leaf 9 _! embryo /ate4 ,_! fl[]s & fruit are g5]ally ref]able to "s law 9 :i* ! numb] #c prevails1 z1 = example1 ! petals & o!r p>ts are ?ree 9 numb]4 ,! dicotyl$on\s plants =m ! ?ird class1 :i* is ! mo/ p]fect 9 its organization1 & by mu* ! mo/ num]\s1 includ+ ! trees ( ! =e/ & mo/ ( ! fl[]+ %rubs & h]bs4 ,!y increase by coat+s f )\t1 z trees1 :]e ! gr[? ( ea* ye> =ms a conc5tric circle ( wood r\nd ! pi? or c5tre ( ! /em3 ! se$s ( ^! plants h two lobes1 :i* 9 _! embryo /ate appe> fir/ 9 two little leaves above gr\nd1 l mo/ ( ! ,european species4 ,! p>ts ( ! fl[]s & fruit ( ?is class g5]ally h "s relation to ! numb] #e4 ,! ?ree botanical classes are di/ribut$ 9 v diff]5t proportions 9 diff]5t zones3 monocotyl$on\s plants1 su* z grasses & palms1 are mu* m r>e ?an ! dicotyl$on\s class4 ,betwe5 ! tropics !re are f\r ( ! latt] to "o ( ! grass or palm tribes1 9 ! temp]ate zones six to "o1 & 9 ! pol> regions only two to "o1 because mosses & li*5s are mo/ abundant 9 ! high latitudes1 :]e dicotyl$on\s plants are comp>atively r>e4 ,9 ! temp]ate zones "o-six? ( ! plants are annuals1 omitt+ ! cryptogamia2 9 ! torrid zone sc>cely "o plant 9 tw5ty is annual1 & 9 ! pol> regions only "o 9 ?irty4 ,! numb] ( ligne\s vegetables increases on approa*+ ! equator1 yet 9 ,nor? ,am]ica !re are #abj diff]5t species ( =e/-trees1 :]eas 9 ! same latitudes 9 ,europe !re are only #cd4 ,! social plants1 grasses1 hea?s1 furze1 broom1 daisies1 c41 :i* cov] l>ge tracts1 are r>e betwe5 ! tropics1 except on ! m\nta9s & table-l&s & on ! llanos ( equatorial ,am]ica4 ,equ9octial ,am]ica has a m ext5sive & ri*] vegetation ?an any o!r "p ( ! _w2 ,europe has n above half ! numb] ( indig5\s species ( plants2 ,asia1 ) its isl&s1 has some:at less ?an ,europe2 ,au/ralia1 ) its isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 /ill less2 & !re are few] vegetable productions 9 ,africa ?an 9 any "p ( ! globe ( ! same ext5t4 ,s9ce ! con/itution ( ! atmosph]e is v mu* ! same ev]y:]e1 vegetation dep5ds pr9cipally on ! sun's light1 moi/ure1 & ! mean annual temp]ature1 & x is also 9 "s degree regulat$ by ! heat ( summ] 9 ! temp]ate zones1 & also by exposure1 = su* plants z require w>m? are f\nd at a l[] level on ! nor? ?an on ! s\? side ( a m\nta94 ,betwe5 ! tropics1 :]ev] ra9 does n fall1 ! soil is burnt up & is z unfruitful z t expos$ to ! utmo/ rig\r ( fro/2 b :]e moi/ure is comb9$ ) heat & light1 ! luxuriance ( ! vegetation is beyond description4 ,! abundance & viol5ce ( ! p]iodical ra9s comb9e ) ! int5se light & heat to r5d] ! tropical =e/s & jungles almo/ imp]vi\s f ! rankness ( ! vegetation4 ,?is exub]ance gradually decreases ) ! di/ance f ! equator2 x also dim9i%es progressively z ! height above ! level ( ! sea increases1 s t ea* height has a correspond+ p>allel ( latitude :]e ! climates & floras are simil>1 till ! p]petual sn[ on ! m\nta9-tops1 & its c\nt]p>t 9 ! pol> regions1 h a vegetation t sc>cely rises above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,h5ce1 9 asc5d+ ! ,himalaya or ,&es f ! luxuriant pla9s ( ! ,ganges or ,amazons1 *anges take place 9 ! vegetation analog\s to :at a travell] w\ld meet ) 9 a j\rney f ! equator to ! poles4 ,?is law ( decrease1 ?\gh p]fectly regul> ov] a wide ext5t1 is p]petually int]f]$ ) by local climate & soil4 ,f ! comb9ation ( v>i\s causes1 z ! di/ribution ( l& & wat]1 _! diff]5t p[]s ( absorption & radiation1 toge!r ) ! =m1 texture1 & clo?+ ( ! l&1 & ! prevail+ w9ds1 x is f\nd t ! iso!rmal l9es1 or imag9>y l9es drawn ?r\gh places on ! surface ( ! globe :i* h ! same mean annual temp]ature1 d n correspond ) ! p>allels ( latitude4 ,?us1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ! climate is mu* cold] ?an 9 ! correspond+ ,european latitudes4 ,quebec is 9 ! latitude ( ,p>is1 & ! c\ntry is cov]$ ) deep sn[ f\r or five mon?s 9 ! ye>1 & x has occurr$ t a summ] has pass$ !re 9 :i* n m ?an #fj days h be5 free f fro/4 ,9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 beyond ! #cd? p>allel1 ! summ]s are cold] & ! w9t]s mild] ?an 9 correspond+ latitudes ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,nei!r does ! temp]ature ( m\nta9s v>y exactly ) _! height above ! sea2 o!r causes1 z prevail+ w9ds1 diff]5ce ( radiation1 & geological /ructure1 concur 9 produc+ irregul>ities :i* h a p[]ful effect on ! vegetable _w4 ,h[ev]1 no simil>ity ( exi/+ circum/ances c acc\nt = :ole families ( plants be+ conf9$ to "o p>ticul> c\ntry1 or ev5 to a v limit$ di/rict1 :i*1 z f> z we c judge1 might h gr[n equally well on _m o!rs4 ,latitude1 elevation1 soil1 & climate1 are b second>y causes 9 ! di/ribution ( ! vegetable k+dom1 & are totally inadequate to expla9 :y !re are num]\s di/9ct botanical di/ricts 9 ! cont95ts & isl&s1 ea* ( :i* has its own vegetation1 ^: limits are mo/ decid$ :5 !y are sep>at$ by ! ocean1 m\nta9-*a9s1 s&y des]ts1 salt-pla9s1 or int]nal seas4 ,ea* ( ^! di/ricts is ! focus ( families & g5]a1 "s ( :i* are f\nd n[h]e else1 & "s are common to o!rs1 b1 ) a v few rem>kable exceptions1 ! species ( plants 9 ea* are entirely diff]5t or repres5tative4#aeg ,?is does n dep5d ^u ! diff]5ce 9 latitude1 = ! vegetation ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica is totally unlike t ( ,europe "u ! same iso!rmal l9es1 & ev5 betwe5 ! tropics ! greate/ dissimil>ity (t5 prevails "u diff]5t degrees ( longitude3 consequ5tly1 ! cause ( ?is p>tial di/ribution ( plants1 & t ( animals also1 :i* is accord+ to ! same law1 mu/ be look$ = 9 ^? e>ly geological p]iods :5 ! e>? fir/ began to be t5ant$ by ! pres5t races ( organiz$ be+s4 ,z ! l& rose at diff]5t p]iods above ! ocean1 ea* "p1 z x em]g$ f ! waves1 _h probably be5 clo!d ) vegetation1 & peopl$ ) animals1 suit$ to its position ) reg>d to ! equator1 & to ! climate & condition ( ! globe !n be+4 ,& z ! conditions & climate 7 diff]5t at ea* succe$+ geological epo*1 s ea* portion ( ! l&1 z x rose1 w\ld be *>act]iz$ by its own vegetation & animals1 & ?us at la/ !re w\ld be _m c5tres ( creation1 z at ?is day1 all diff]+ m or less f "o ano!r1 & h5ce1 alp9e floras mu/ be ( old] date ?an ^? 9 ! pla9s4 ,! vegetation & faunas ( ^? l&s t diff]$ mo/ 9 age & place w\ld be mo/ dissimil>1 :ile ! plants & animals ( su* z 7 n f> remov$ f "o ano!r 9 "t & place w\ld h correlative =ms or family lik5esses1 yet ea* w\ld =m a di/9ct prov9ce4 ,?us1 9 opposite hemisph]es1 & ev]y:]e at great di/ances1 b "u l circum/ances1 ! species are repres5tatives ( "o ano!r1 r>ely id5tical3 :51 h[ev]1 ! conditions :i* suit c]ta9 species are cont9u\s1 id5tical species are f\nd ?r\gh\t1 ei!r by orig9al creation or by migration4 ,! old] =ms may h be5 modifi$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! succe$+ conditions ( ! globe1 b !y nev] c\ld h be5 *ang$1 s9ce immutability ( species is a primordial law ( nature4 ,nei!r ext]nal circum/ances1 "t1 nor human art1 c *ange "o species into ano!r1 ?\gh ea* to a c]ta9 ext5t is capable ( accommodat+ itself to a *ange ( ext]nal circum/ances1 s z to produce v>ieties ev5 transmissible to _! (fspr+4 ,! flora ( ,ca%m]e & ! high] p>ts ( ! ,himalaya m\nta9s is simil> to t ( s\!rn ,europe1 yet ! species are repres5tative1 n id5tical4 ,9 ! pla9s ( ,t>t>y1 :]e f _! elevation ! degree ( cold is n less ?an 9 ! wa/es ( ,sib]ia1 ! vegetation ( "o might be mi/ak5 = t ( ! o!r2 ! gooseb]ry1 currant1 will[1 rhub>b1 & 9 "s places ! oak1 hazel1 cypress1 popl>1 & bir*1 gr[ 9 bo?1 b !y are ( diff]5t species4 ,! flora ne> ! sn[-l9e on ! l(ty m\nta9s ( ,europe1 & l[] d[n1 has also a p]fect family lik5ess to t 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,9 l mann] _m plants on ! high] p>ts ( ! ,*ilian ,&es are simil>1 & ev5 id5tical1 ) ^? 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 nay1 ! ,arctic flora has a c]ta9 resemblance to t ( ! ,ant>ctic regions1 & ev5 occasional id5tity ( species4 ,^! rem>kable co9cid5ces may be acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5t places hav+ be5 at an e>ly geological p]iod at ! same level above ! ocean1 & t !y cont9ue to reta9 "p ( _! orig9al flora aft] _! relative positions h be5 *ang$4 ,! tops ( ! ,*ilian ,&es 7 probably on a level ) ,ti]ra del ,fuego :5 bo? 7 cov]$ ) ! same vegetation1 & 9 ! same mann] ! l(ty pla9s ( ,t>t>y may h acquir$ _! vegetation :5 !y 7 on ! level ( s\!rn ,sib]ia4 ,9 ! _m vicissitudes ! surface ( ! globe has und]gone1 cont95ts =m$ at "o p]iod 7 brok5 up at ano!r into isl&s & deta*$ masses by inroads ( ! sea & o!r causes4 ,n[1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes has %[n t "s ( ! prim>y floras & faunas h spread widely f _! orig9al c5tres ov] l>ge portions ( ! cont95ts be=e ! l& 0 brok5 up into ! =m x n[ has1 & ?us acc\nts = ! simil>ity & sometimes id5tity ( ! plants & animals ( regions n[ sep>at$ by seas1--z1 = example1 isl&s1 :i* g5]ally p>take ( ! vegetation & fauna ( ! cont95ts adjac5t to !m4 ,tak+ = grant$ ! orig9al creation ( specific c5tres ( plants & animals1 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes has cle>ly prov$ t 8! specific id5tity1 to any ext5t1 ( ! flora & fauna ( "o area1 ) ^? ( ano!r1 dep5ds on bo? areas =m+1 or hav+ =m$1 "p ( ! same specific c5tre1 or on _! hav+ d]iv$ _! animal & vegetable population by transmission1 ?r\gh migration1 ov] cont9u\s or closely contigu\s l&1 aid$1 9 ! case ( alp9e floras1 by transportation on float+ masses ( ice40 ,by ! prec$+ laws ! limit$ prov9ces & disp]sion ( animal & vegetable life are expla9$1 b ! exi/5ce ( s+le species 9 regions v f> ap>t has n yet be5 acc\nt$ =4 ,v few ( ! exog5\s or dicotyl$on\s plants are common to two or m c\ntries f> ap>t3 among ! few1 ! ,samolus ,val]&i1 a common ,engli% plant1 is a native ( ,au/ralia2 ! ,pot5tilla trid5tata1 n f\nd 9 ,brita91 except on "o hill 9 ,angus%ire1 is common to ,arctic ,europe & ! m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 & 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s !re are m ?an #cj fl[]+ plants id5tical ) ^? 9 ,great ,brita94 ,!re are _m m in/ances ( wide diffusion among ! monocotyl$on\s plants1 especially grasses3 ! ,phleum alp9um ( ,switz]l& gr[s )\t ! smalle/ v>iation at ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 & ,mr4 ,bunbury met ) ! ,european quak+-grass 9 ! int]ior ( ! c\ntry at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 b ! cellul> or cryptogam\s class is mo/ widely diffus$--plants n susceptible ( cultivation1 ( little use to man1 & ( all o!rs ! mo/ difficult to transport4 ,! ,/icta aurata1 f\nd 9 ,cornwall1 is a native ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 & ,brazil2 ! ,tri*omanes brevisetum1 long suppos$ to be peculi> to ! ,briti% isles1 is asc]ta9$ to gr[ 9 ,madeira1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 c42 & our em95t botani/1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 f\nd #ch ,briti% li*5s & #bh ,briti% mosses 9 ,new ,holl&1 yet 9 no two p>ts ( ! _w is ! vegetation m dissimil>2 & almo/ all ! li*5s br\ght f ! s\!rn hemisph]e by ,sir ,james ,ross1 am\nt+ to #bjj species1 are also inhabitants ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & mo/ly ,european4 ,9 isl&s f> f cont95ts ! numb] ( plants is small1 b ( ^!1 a l>ge proportion occur n[h]e else4 ,9 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ( #cj fl[]-be>+ plants1 #a or #b only are native else:]e1 b 9 #fj species ( cryptogam\s plants ,dr4 ,hook] f\nd only #ab peculi> to ! isl&4 ,"s plants are m p>ticul>ly conf9$ to c]ta9 regions3 ! species ( ,c9*ona :i* furni% ! ,p]uvian b>k gr[ along ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es1 z f> z #ah ,s4 lat42 ! c$> ( ,lebanon is indig5\s on t celebrat$ m\nta9 only2 & ! ,disa gr&iflora is limit$ to a v small spot on ! top ( ! ,table-m\nta9 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 b :e!r ^! are remnants ^: k9dr$ h p]i%$ by a *ange ( physical circum/ances1 or c5tres only beg9n+ to spread1 x is impossible to say4 ,plants are disp]s$ by curr5ts3 ( #fjj plants f ! vic9ity ( ! riv] ,zaire on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 #ac are f\nd also on ! %ores ( ,guiana & ,brazil1 evid5tly c>ri$ by ! great equatorial curr5t to c\ntries cong5ial 9 soil & climate4 ,! se$s ( ! ,mimosa sc&5s1 ! ,guil&9a ,bonduc1 & ! ca%ew-nut1 are waft$ f ! ,we/ ,india isl&s to ! coa/s ( ,scotl& & ,irel& by ! ,gulf-/ream1 a climate & soil :i* d n suit !m1 !re=e !y d n gr[4 ,( all ! great ord]s1 ! species ( ,legum9os are mo/ widely disp]s$ on coa/s1 because _! se$s are n injur$ by ! wat]4 ,w9ds also waft se$s to great di/ances2 birds & quadrup$s1 & above all man1 are active ag5ts 9 disp]s+ plants4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,vegetation ( ! ,great ,cont95t--,( ! ,arctic ,isl&s--,& ( ! ,arctic & ,nor? ,temp]ate ,regions ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,,! s\!rn limit ( ! pol> flora1 on ! great cont95t1 lies mo/ly )9 ! ,arctic ,circle1 b /ret*es along ! tops ( ! ,sc&9avian m\nta9s1 & reappe>s 9 ! high l&s ( ,scotl&1 ,cumb]l&1 & ,irel&1 on ! summits ( ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 & o!r m\nta9s 9 s\!rn ,europe1 z well z on ! table-l& ( ea/]n ,asia1 & on ! high ridges ( ! ,himalaya4 ,! great ,european pla9 to ! ,ural ,m\nta9s1 z well z ! l[ l&s ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 7 at "o p]iod cov]$ by a sea full ( float+ ice & iceb]gs1 :i* made ! climate mu* cold] ?an x n[ is4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( t p]iod ! ,sc&9avian range1 ! o!r cont95tal m\nta9s1 & ^? 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 7 isl&s ( no great elevation1 & 7 !n clo!d ) ! ,arctic flora1 or a repres5tative ( x1 :i* !y /ill reta9 n[ t !y =m ! tops ( ! m\nta9-*a9s1 & at t "t bo? plants & animals 7 convey$ f "o c\ntry to ano!r by ! float+ ice4 ,x is ev5 probable1 f ! relations ( ! fauna & flora1 t ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ! v high ,european latitudes1 are ! residue ( a great nor!rn l& :i* _h sunk d[n at ! close ( ! glacial p]iod1 = !re 7 _m vicissitudes ( level dur+ t epo*4 ,at all ev5ts1 x may be presum$ t ! elevation ( ! ,arctic regions ( bo? cont95ts1 if n contemporane\s1 0 probably n f> remov$ 9 "t4 ,simil>ity ( circum/ances _h ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ,arctic regions1 s9ce !re is a rem>kable simil>ity & occasional id5tity ( species ( plants & animals 9 ! high latitudes ( bo? cont95ts1 :i* is cont9u$ along ! tops ( _! m\nta9-*a9s1 ev5 9 ! temp]ate zones2 & !re is reason to believe t ! relations betwe5 ! faunas & floras ( ,boreal ,am]ica1 ,asia1 & ,europe1 mu/ h be5 e/abli%$ t[>ds ! close ( ! glacial p]iod4 ,! flora ( ,icel& approa*es t ( ,brita91 yet only "o 9 f\r ( ! ,briti% plants are kn[n 9 ,icel&4 ,!re are #hgj species 9 ,icel&1 ( :i* m ?an half are fl[]-be>+3 ?is is a great] proportion ?an is f\nd 9 ,scotl&1 b !re are only #cb ( woody texture4 ,?is flora is scatt]$ 9 gr\ps accord+ z ! plants l a dry1 m>%y1 volcanic1 or m>9e soil4 ,_m gr[ close to ! hot-spr+s3 "s n f> f ! edge ( ! bas9 ( ! ,great ,geys]1 :]e e o!r plant is petrifi$2 & species ( ,conf]v fl\ri% 9 a spr+ said to be almo/ hot en\gh to boil an egg4 ,! gra9s _c be cultivat$ on acc\nt ( ! sev]ity ( ! climate1 b ! ,icel&]s make bread f metur1 a species ( wild corn1 & also f ! bulb\s root ( ,polygonum vivip>um2 _! greate/ delicacy is ! ,angelica ar*angelica2 ,icel& moss1 us$ 9 m$ic9e1 is an article ( comm]ce4 ,!re are #ehc species 9 ! ,f]oe isl&s1 ( :i* #bgj are fl[]+ plants3 _m ?rive !re t _c be> ! cold ( ,icel&4 ,,arctic ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,cont95ts4 ,9 ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,arctic l&s ! ye> is divid$ into "o long int5sely cold night & "o bright & f]vid day1 :i* quickly br+s to maturity ! scanty vegetation4 ,)9 ! limit ( p]petual congelation ! ,palmella nivalis 7or r$ sn[ ( ,arctic voyag]s71 a v m9ute r$ or orange-col\r$ plant1 f9ds n\ri%m5t 9 ! sn[ itself1 ! fir/ dawn ( vegetable life2 x is also f\nd col\r+ l>ge pat*es ( sn[ 9 ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,li*5s are ! fir/ vegetables t appe> at ! limits ( ! sn[-l9e1 :e!r 9 high latitudes or m\nta9-tops1 & !y are ! fir/ vegetation t takes possession ( volcanic lavas & new isl&s1 :]e !y prep>e soil = plants ( a high] ord]3 !y gr[ on rocks1 /ones1 & trees1 9 fact on any?+ t af=ds !m moi/ure4 ,m ?an #bdjj species are already kn[n2 no plants are m widely diffus$1 & none af=d a m /rik+ in/ance ( ! arbitr>y location ( species1 z !y are ( s little direct use to man t !y c\ld n h be5 dissem9at$ by 8 ag5cy4 ,! same k9d prevail ?r\gh\t ! ,arctic regions1 & ! species common to bo? hemisph]es are v num]\s4 ,"s li*5s produce brilliant r$1 orange1 & br[n dyes2 & ! tripe de ro*e1 a species ( ,gyrophora1 is a mis]able sub/itute = food1 z our intrepid c\ntryman ,sir ,john ,frankl9 & 8 brave companions exp]i5c$ 9 _! p]il\s ,arctic j\rney4 ,mosses foll[ li*5s on newly-=m$ soil1 & !y are f\nd ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! _w 9 damp situations1 b 9 greate/ abundance 9 temp]ate climates3 #hjj species are kn[n1 ( :i* a great "p inhabit ! ,arctic regions1 con/itut+ a l>ge portion ( ! vegetation4 ,9 ,asiatic ,sib]ia1 nor? ( ! #fj? p>allel ( latitude1 ! gr\nd is p]petually froz5 at a v small dep? bel[ ! surface3 a temp]ature ( #gj bel[ z]o ( ,fahr5heit is n uncommon1 &1 9 "s in/ances1 ! cold has be5 #abj bel[ z]o4 ,!n x is fatal to animal life1 especially if accompani$ by w9d4 ,9 "s places trees gr[ & corn rip5s ev5 at #gj ( nor? latitude2 b 9 ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts b\ndless swamps1 v>i$ by lakes bo? ( salt & fre% wat]1 cov] wide portions ( ?is desolate c\ntry1 :i* is buri$ "u sn[ n9e or t5 mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,z soon z ! sn[ is melt$ by ! return+ sun1 ^! ext5sive morasses are cov]$ ) co>se grass & ru%es1 :ile mosses & li*5s mix$ ) dw>f will[s clo! ! pla9s2 sal9e plants ab\nd1 & :ole di/ricts produce ,diotis c]atoides4 ,9 ,nova ,zembla & o!r places 9 ! f> nor?1 ! vegetation is s /unt$ t x b>ely cov]s ! gr\nd1 b a mu* great] v>iety ( m9ute plants ( consid]able beauty are cr[d$ toge!r !re 9 a small space ?an 9 ! alp9e regions ( ,europe :]e ! same g5]a gr[4 ,?is arises f ! weakness ( ! vegetation2 = 9 ! ,swiss ,alps ! same plant frequ5tly occupies a l>ge space1 exclud+ e o!r1 z ! d>k-blue g5tian1 ! violet-col\r$ pansy1 ! p9k & yell[ /one-crops4 ,9 ! remote nor?1 on ! contr>y1 :]e vitality is comp>atively feeble & ! se$s d n rip51 ?irty diff]5t species may be se5 cr[d$ toge!r 9 a brilliant mass1 no "o hav+ /r5g? to ov]come ! re/4 ,9 su* froz5 climates plants may be said to live betwe5 ! air & ! e>?1 = !y sc>cely rise above ! soil1 & _! roots creep along ! surface1 n hav+ p[] to ent] x4 ,all ! woody plants1 z ! ,betula nana1 ! reticulat$ will[1 ,&rom$a tetragona1 ) a few b]ry-be>+ %rubs1 trail along ! gr\nd1 nev] ris+ m ?an an in* or two above x4 ,! ,salix lanata1 ! giant ( ^! boreal =e/s1 nev] gr[s m ?an five in*es above ! surface1 :ile its /em1 #aj or #ab feet long1 lies hidd5 among ! moss1 ow+ %elt] to its l[ly neighb\r4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! vegetation ( ! ,arctic regions is ! pr$om9ance ( p]5nial & cryptogam\s plants1 & also ( ! sam5ess ( its nature2 b m to ! s\?1 :]e night beg9s to alt]nate ) day1 a diff]5ce ( species appe>s 9 longitude z well z 9 latitude4 ,a beautiful flora ( vivid col\rs adorns ^! latitudes bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia dur+ _! brief b bright & ard5t summ]1 consi/+ ( pot5tillas1 g5tians1 *ickwe$s1 saxifrages1 s$ums1 ,ranunculi1 spirz1 drabas1 artemisias1 claytonias1 & _m m4 ,su* is ! p[] ( ! sun1 & ! consequ5t rapidity ( vegetation1 t ^! plants spr+ up1 blossom1 rip5 _! se$1 & die1 9 six weeks3 9 a l[] latitude woody plants foll[ ^!1 z b]ry-be>+ %rubs1 ! glauc\s ,kalmia1 ! trail+ ,azalea & rhodod5drons4 ,! ,sib]ian flora diff]s f t 9 ! same ,european latitudes by ! ,nor? ,am]ican g5]a ,phlox1 ,mitella1 ,claytonia1 & ! pr$om9ance ( a/]s1 ,solidago1 ,spira1 milk-vet*es1 wormwood1 & ! sal9e plants goosefoot & saltworts4 ,social plants ab\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! nor!rn c\ntries1 z grass1 hea?1 furze1 & broom3 ! /eppes are an example ( ?is on a v ext5sive scale4 ,bo? 9 ,europe & ,asia !y are subject to a rigor\s w9t]1 ) deep sn[ & *ill+ bla/s ( w9d2 & z ! soil g5]ally consi/s ( a coat+ ( vegetable m\ld ov] clay1 no plants ) deep roots ?rive ^u !m2 h5ce1 ! /eppes are de/itute ( trees1 & ev5 bu%es are r>e except 9 rav9es3 ! grass is ?91 b n\ri%+4 ,hyac9?s & "s o!r bulbs1 mignonette1 asp>agus1 liquorice1 & wormwood1 gr[ 9 ! ,european /eppes2 ! two la/ are peculi>ly *>act]i/ic4 ,! ,nelumbium speciosum gr[s 9 "o spot five miles f ! t[n ( ,a/racan1 & n[h]e else 9 ! wide doma9s ( ,russia3 ! leaves ( ?is beautiful aquatic plant are (t5 two feet broad1 & its rose-col\r$ blossoms are v fragrant4 ,x is also native 9 ,india & ,tibet1 :]e x is held sacr$1 z x 0 =m]ly 9 ,egypt1 :]e x is said to be ext9ct3 x is "o ( ! _m in/ances ( a plant gr[+ 9 c\ntries f> ap>t4 ,ea* /eppe 9 ,sib]ia has its own peculi> plants2 ! ,peplis & ,camphorosma are peculi> to ! /eppe ( ! ,irti%1 & ! ,am>yllis tat>ica ab\nds 9 ! mead[s ( ea/]n ,sib]ia1 :]e ! vegetation be>s a great analogy to t ( nor?-we/]n ,am]ica3 sev]al g5]a & species are common to bo?4 ,half ! plants f\nd by ,wormskiold 9 ,kamt*atka are ,european1 ) ! exception ( eight or t51 :i* are ,am]ican4 ,few ,european trees gr[ 9 ,asiatic ,sib]ia1 not)/&+ ! simil>ity ( climate1 & mo/ ( !m disappe> t[>ds ! riv]s ,tobol & ,irti%4 ,9 ,lapl& & 9 ! high latitudes ( ,russia1 l>ge tracts are cov]$ ) bir*-trees1 b ! p9e & fir tribe are ! pr9cipal inhabitants ( ! nor?4 ,prodigi\s =e/s ( ^! are spread ov] ! m\nta9s ( ,norway & ,sw$51 & 9 ,european ,russia #bjj1jjj1jjj acres are clo!d ) ^! ,conif] alone1 or occasionally mix$ ) will[s1 popl>s1 & ald]s4 ,al?\gh soils ( pure s& & lime are absolutely b>r51 yet !y g5]ally conta9 en\gh ( alkali to supply ! wants ( ! fir & p9e tribes1 :i* require t5 times less ?an oaks & o!r decidu\s trees4 ,! ,sib]ian /eppes are b\nd$ on ! s\? by great =e/s ( p9e1 bir*1 & will[3 popl>s1 elms1 & ,t>t>ian maple ov]hang ! upp] c\rses ( ! noble riv]s :i* fl[ f ! m\nta9s to ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 & on ! banks ( ! ,y5essei ! ,p9us ,cembra1 or ,sib]ian p9e1 ) edible fruit1 gr[s #abj feet high4 ,! ,alta are cov]$ ne>ly to _! summit ) simil> =e/s1 b on _! greate/ heights ! /unt$ l>* crawls on ! gr\nd1 & ! flora is l t ( nor!rn ,sib]ia3 r\nd ! lake ,baikal ! ,p9us ,cembra gr[s ne>ly to ! sn[-l9e4 ,=e/s ( black bir* are peculi> to ,dahuria1 :]e !re are also apricot & apple trees1 & rhodod5drons1 ( :i* a species gr[s 9 ?ickets on ! hills1 ) yell[ blossoms4 ,"h1 & ev]y:]e else ?r\gh\t ?is c\ntry1 are f\nd all ! species ( ,c>agana1 a g5us entirely ,sib]ian4 ,ea* t]race ( ! m\nta9s1 & ea* /eppe on ! pla9s1 has its peculi> plants1 z well z "s common to all3 p]5nial plants are m num]\s ?an annuals4 ,if temp]ature & climate dep5d$ ^u latitude alone1 all ,asia betwe5 ! #ej? & #cj? p>allels w\ld h a mild climate2 b t is f> f be+ ! case1 on acc\nt ( ! /ructure ( ! cont95t1 :i* consi/s ( ! highe/ table-l&s & ! l[e/ pla9s on ! globe4 ,! table-l& ( ,tibet1 :]e x is n cultivat$1 has ! "* ( great /]ility1 & ! climate is z unpropiti\s z ! soil3 fro/1 sn[1 & sleet beg9 e>ly 9 ,septemb]1 & cont9ue ) little int]ruption till ,may2 sn[1 inde$1 falls e mon? 9 ! ye>4 ,! air is always dry1 because 9 w9t] moi/ure falls 9 ! =m ( sn[1 & 9 summ] x is quickly evaporat$ by ! int5se heat ( ! sun4 ,! !rmomet] sometimes rises to #add ( ,fahr5heit 9 ! sun1 & ev5 9 w9t] 8 direct rays h great p[] = an h\r or two1 s t a v>iation ( #ajj 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air has occurr$ 9 twelve h\rs4 ,not)/&+ ^! disadvantages1 !re are %elt]$ spots :i* produce mo/ ( ! ,european gra9 & fruits1 ?\gh ! natural vegetation be>s ! ,sib]ian "*1 b ! species are q di/9ct4 ,! mo/ common indig5\s plants are ,t>t>ian furze & v>i\s prickly %rubs resembl+ x1 gooseb]ries1 currants1 hyssop1 dog-rose1 dw>f s[-?i/le1 ,equisetum1 rhub>b1 luc]n1 & asaftida1 on :i* ! flocks fe$4 ,prangos1 an umbellif]\s plant1 ) broad leaves & sc5t$ blossom1 is peculi> to ,ladak & o!r p>ts ( ,tibet4 ,mr4 ,moorcr(t says x is s nutriti\s1 t %eep f$ on x become fat 9 tw5ty days4 ,!re are ?ree species ( :eat1 ?ree ( b>ley1 & two ( buck:eat1 natives ( ! l(ty table-l&1 :]e ! s>s9h is ! only fruit kn[n to be indig5\s4 ,ow+ to ! rud5ess ( ! climate trees are n num]\s1 yet on ! l[] declivities ( "s m\nta9s !re are asp5s1 bir*1 yew1 a%1 ,t>t>ic oak1 v>i\s p9es1 & ! ,pavia1 a species ( horse-*e/nut4 ,mu* ( ! table-l& ( ,t>t>y is occupi$ by ! ,great ,gobi & o!r des]ts ( s&1 ) grassy /eppes ne> ! m\nta9s2 b ( ! flora ( ^! regions we "k no?+4 ,,flora ,,( ,,brita9 ,,& ,,( ,,middle ,,& ,,s\!rn ,,europe4 ,! ,briti% isl&s af=d an excell5t illu/ration ( di/9ct prov9ces ( animals & plants1 & also ( _! migration f o!r c5tres4 ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes has det]m9$ five botanical di/ricts1 f\r ( :i* are re/rict$ to limit$ prov9ces1 :il/ ! fif?1 :i* compreh5ds ! great mass ( ,briti% plants1 is1 ev]y:]e1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) ! o!rs4 ,all ( ^!1 ) a v few d\btful exceptions1 h migrat$ be=e ! ,briti% isl&s 7 sep>at$ f ! cont95t4 ,! fir/1 :i* is ( great antiquity1 includes ! flora ( ! m\nta9 di/ricts ( ! we/ & s\?-we/ ( ,irel&1 & is simil> to t 9 ! s\? ( ,spa91 b ! m delicate plants _h be5 kill$ by ! *ange ( climate aft] ! sep>ation ( ,irel& f ! ,a/urias4 ,! flora 9 ! s\? ( ,engl& & ! s\?-ea/ ( ,irel& is diff]5t f t 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% isl&s2 x is intimately relat$ to ! vegetation ( ! ,*annel ,isl&s & ! coa/ ( ,france opposite to !m1 yet !re are _m plants 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s :i* are n indig5\s 9 ,brita94 ,9 ! s\?-we/ ( ,engl&1 :]e ! *alk-plants prevail1 ! flora is l t on ! adjac5t coa/ ( ,france4 ,! tops ( ! ,scotti% m\nta9s are ! focus ( a sep>ate flora1 :i* is ! same ) t 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,alps1 & is v num]\s4 ,scotl&1 ,wales1 & a "p ( ,irel& receiv$ ?is flora :5 !y 7 gr\ps ( isl&s 9 ! ,glacial ,sea4 ,! r>e ,eriocaulon is f\nd 9 ! ,hebrides1 9 ,connem>a1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,am]ica1 & n[h]e else4 ,"s few individuals ( ?is flora gr[ on ! summits ( ! m\nta9s 9 ,cumb]l& & ,wales4 ,! fif?1 ( m rec5t orig9 ?an ! alp9e flora1 includ+ all ! ord9>y fl[]+ plants1 z ! common daisy & primrose1 hairy ladies' smock1 upright mead[ cr[foot1 & ! less] cel&9e1 toge!r ) our common trees & %rubs1 has migrat$ f ,g]many be=e ,engl& 0 sep>at$ f ! cont95t ( ,europe by ! ,briti% ,*annel4 ,x c be di/9ctly trac$ 9 its progress across ! isl&1 b ! migration 0 n complet$ till aft] ,irel& 0 sep>at$ f ,engl& by ! ,iri% ,*annel1 & t is ! reason :y _m ( ! ord9>y ,engli% plants1 animals1 & reptiles1 are n f\nd 9 ! si/] isl&1 = ! migration ( animals 0 simultane\s ) t ( plants1 & took place betwe5 ! la/ ( ! t]ti>y p]iods & ! hi/orical epo*1 t ( man's creation3 x 0 ext5d$ also ov] a great "p ( ! cont95t4#aeh ,decidu\s trees are ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ! temp]ate zone ( ! old cont95t1 m especially ( middle ,europe2 ^! ?rive be/ 9 soil produc$ by ! decay ( ! prim>y & anci5t volcanic rocks1 :i* furni% abundance ( alkali4 ,oaks1 elms1 bee*1 a%1 l>*1 maple1 lime1 ald]1 & sycamore1 all ( :i* lose _! leaves 9 w9t]1 are ! prevail+ vegetation1 occasionally mix$ ) fir & p9e4 ,! und]gr[? consi/s ( wild apple1 *]ry1 yew1 holly1 haw?orn1 broom1 furze1 wild rose1 honeysuckle1 clematis1 c4 ,! mo/ num]\s & *>act]i/ic h]bace\s plants are ! umbellif]\s class1 z c>rot & anise1 ! campanulas1 ! ,ci*orace1 a family to :i* lettuce1 endive1 d&elion1 & s[-?i/le belong4 ,! cruci=m tribe1 z wallfl[]1 /ock1 turnip1 cabbage1 cress1 c41 are s num]\s1 t !y =m a di/+ui%+ feature 9 ! botany ( middle ,europe1 to :i* #de species ( !m belong4 ,?is family is almo/ conf9$ to ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 =1 ( #hjj kn[n species1 only #ajj belong to ! s\!rn1 ! soil ( :i* mu/ conta9 less sulphur1 :i* is indisp5sable = ^! plants4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees1 ,alps1 & o!r high l&s 9 ,europe1 ! gradation ( botanical =ms1 f ! summit to ! foot ( ! m\nta9s1 is simil> to t :i* takes place f ! ,arctic to ! middle latitudes ( ,europe4 ,! analogy1 h[ev]1 is true only :5 view$ g5]ally1 = _m local circum/ances ( climate & vegetation int]pose2 & al?\gh ! simil>ity ( botanical =ms is v great betwe5 c]ta9 zones ( altitude & p>allels ( latitude1 ! species are1 = ! mo/ "p1 diff]5t4 ,ev]gre5 trees & %rubs become m frequ5t 9 ! s\!rn c\ntries ( ,europe1 :]e ab\t a f\r? "p ( ! ligne\s vegetation nev] entirely lose _! leaves4 ,! flora consi/s *iefly ( ilex1 oak1 cypress1 hornbeam1 sweet *e/nut1 laurel1 lauru/9us1 ! apple tribe1 manna or ! fl[]+ a%1 c>ob1 jujube1 junip]1 t]eb9?s1 l5tiscus & pi/accio :i* yield res9 & ma/ic1 arbutus1 myrtle1 jessam9e 7yell[ & :ite71 & v>i\s p9es1 z ! ,p9us m>itima1 & ,p9us ,p9ea1 or /one p9e1 :i* =ms s picturesque a feature 9 ! l&scape ( s\!rn ,europe4 ,! mo/ preval5t h]bace\s plants are ,c>yophylle1 z p9ks1 ,/ell>ia1 & ar5>ias1 & also ! labiate tripe1 m9t1 ?yme1 rosem>y1 lav5d]1 ) _m o!rs1 all rem>kable = _! aromatic prop]ties1 & _! love ( dry situations4 ,_m ( ! *oice/ plants & fl[]s :i* adorn ! g>d5s & gr\nds 9 nor!rn ,europe are indig5\s 9 ^! w>m] c\ntries3 ! anemone1 tulip1 mignonette1 n>cissus1 gladiolus1 iris1 asphodel1 am>yllis1 c>nation1 c4 ,9 ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,sicily1 & ! o!r ,european %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 tropical families beg9 to appe> 9 ! arums1 plants yield+ balsams1 ole&]1 date & palmetto palms1 & grasses ( ! gr\p ( ,panicum or millet1 ,cyp]ace or s$ges1 ,aloe & ,cactus4 ,9 ?is zone ( transition !re are six h]bace\s = "o woody plant4 ,,flora ,,( ,,temp]ate ,,asia4 ,! vegetation ( we/]n ,asia approa*es ne>ly to t ( ,india at "o extremity1 & ,europe at ! o!r2 ( #bha g5]a ( plants :i* gr[ 9 ,asia ,m9or & ,p]sia1 #aji are ,european4 ,syria & ,asia ,m9or =m a region ( transition1 l ! o!r c\ntries on ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e ! plants ( ! temp]ate & tropical zones are unit$4 ,we owe _m ( our be/ fruits & sweete/ fl[]s to ^! regions4 ,! *]ry1 almond1 ole&]1 syr+a1 locu/-tree1 c41 come f ,asia ,m9or2 ! walnut1 pea*1 melon1 cucumb]1 hyac9?1 ranunculus1 come f ,p]sia2 ! date-palm1 fig1 olive1 mulb]ry1 & damask rose1 come f ,syria2 ! v9e & apricot are ,arm5ian1 ! latt] gr[s also ev]y:]e 9 middle & nor!rn ,asia4 ,! tropical =ms met ) 9 m %elt]$ places are ! sug>-cane1 date & palmetto palms1 mimosas1 acacias1 ,asclepias gigantea1 & arboresc5t ,apoc9e4 ,on ! m\nta9s s\? ( ! ,black ,sea1 ,am]ican types appe> 9 rhodod5drons & ! ,azalea pontica1 & h]bace\s plants are num]\s & brilliant 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,! table-l& ( ,p]sia1 ?\gh n s high z t ( ea/]n ,asia1 resembles x 9 ! quality ( ! soil1 :i* is *iefly clayey1 s&y1 or sal9e1 & ! climate is v dry2 h5ce1 vegetation is poor1 & consi/s ( ?orny bu%es1 acacias1 mimosas1 tam>isk1 jujube1 & asaftida4 ,=e/s ( oak cov] ! ,lusi/an m\nta9s1 b ! date-palm is ! only produce ( ! p>*$ %ores ( ! ,arabian ,gulf & ( ! oases on ! ,p]sian table-l&4 ,9 ! valleys1 :i* are beautiful1 !re are clumps ( ,ori5tal plane & o!r trees1 haw?orn1 tree-roses1 & _m ( ! odorif]\s %rubs ( ,arabia ,felix4 ,afghani/an produces ! se$less pomegranate1 acacias1 date-palms1 tam>isks1 c4 ,! vegetation has mu* ! same g5]al "* z t ( ,egypt4 ,! valleys ( ! ,h9doo ,coo% are cov]$ ) clov]1 ?yme1 violets1 & _m odorif]\s plants3 ! great] "p ( ! trees 9 ! m\nta9s are ( ,european g5]a1 ?\gh all ! species ( plants1 bo? woody & h]bace\s1 are peculi>4 ,! small legum9\s plant1 f ^: leaves & twigs ! true indigo dye is extract$1 gr[s spontane\sly on ! l[] (fsets ( ! ,h9doo ,coo%4 ,?is dye has be5 9 use 9 ,india f ! e>lie/ times1 b ! plant :i* produces x 0 n kn[n 9 ,engl& till t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,s9ce t "t x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & tropical ,am]ica1 ?\gh 9 t c\ntry !re is a species indig5\s4 ,hot arid des]ts b\nd ,india on ! we/1 :]e ! /unt$ & scor*$ vegetation consi/s ( tam>isks1 ?orny acacia1 de=m$ ,euphorbi1 & almo/ leafless ?orny trees1 %aggy ) long hair1 by :i* !y imbibe moi/ure & c>bon f ! atmosph]e4 ,indian =ms appe> ne> ,delhi1 9 ! g5]a ,flac\rtia & o!rs1 mix$ ) ,syrian plants4 ,ea/ ( ?is transition ! vegetation becomes entirely ,indian1 except on ! high] p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 :]e ,european types prevail4 ,! ,himalaya m\nta9s =m a di/9ct botanical di/rict4 ,imm$iately bel[ ! sn[-l9e ! flora is almo/ ! same ) t on ! high pla9s ( ,t>t>y1 to :i* may be add$ rhodod5drons & &rom$as1 & among ! h]bace\s plants primroses appe>4 ,l[] d[n1 va/ tracts are cov]$ ) pro/rate bamboos1 & ,european =ms become univ]sal1 ?\gh ! species are ,indian1 z g5tians1 plantagos1 campanulas1 & gale4 ,!re are ext5sive =e/s ( ,conif]1 consi/+ *iefly ( ,p9us excelsa1 ,deodora1 & ,mor9da1 ) _m decidu\s =e/ & fruit trees ( ,european g5]a4 ,a transition f ?is flora to a tropical vegetation takes place betwe5 ! altitudes ( #ijjj & #ejjj feet1 because ! ra9s ( ! monsoons beg9 to be felt 9 ?is region1 :i* unites ! plants ( bo?4 ,"h ! sc>let & o!r rhodod5drons gr[ luxuriantly2 walnuts1 & at lea/ #be species ( oak1 atta9 a great size1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,qu]cus semi-c>pifolia1 has a clean trunk f #hj to #ajj feet high4 ,g]aniums & labiate plants are mix$ 9 %elt]$ spots ) ! tropical g5]a ( ,scitam9e1 or ! g+] tribe2 bignonias & balsams1 & camellias1 gr[ on ! l[] "p ( ?is region4 ,x is rem>kable t ,indian1 ,european1 ,am]ican1 & ,*9ese =ms are unit$ 9 ?is zone ( transition1 ?\gh ! di/9ctness ( species /ill obta9s3 ! ,trio/eum1 a g5us ( ! honeysuckle tribe1 is ,am]ican2 ! ,abelia1 ano!r g5us ( ! same1 toge!r ) ! ,camellia & ,tricyrtis1 are peculi>ly ,*9ese2 ! daisy & wild ?yme are ,european4 ,a few ( ! trees & plants m5tion$ desc5d bel[ ! altitude ( #ejjj feet1 b !y soon disappe> on ! hot declivities ( ! m\nta91 :]e ! ,ery?r9a monosp]ma & ,bombax heptaphyllum are ! mo/ common trees1 toge!r ) ! ,mill+toni1 a tribe ( l>ge timb]-trees1 met ) ev]y:]e betwe5 ! ,himalaya & #aj ,n4 lat4 ,! ,%orea robu/a1 ,dalb]gia1 & ,c$rela1 a g5us alli$ to mahogany1 are ! mo/ common trees 9 ! =e/s ( ! l[] regions ( ^! m\nta9s4 ,! temp]ate regions ( ea/]n ,asia1 includ+ ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 h a vegetation totally diff]5t f t ( any o!r "p ( ! globe simil>ly situat$1 & %[ 9 a /rong po9t ( view ! di/9ct "* :i* vegetation assumes 9 diff]5t longitudes4 ,9 ,m&%uria & ! va/ m\nta9-*a9s t slope f ! ea/]n extremity ( ! high ,t>t>ian table-l& to ! f]tile pla9s 9 ,*9a1 ! =e/s & flora are g5]ally ( ,european g5]a1 b ,asiatic species2 9 ^! c\ntries ! buck?orn & honeysuckle tribes are s num]\s z to give a peculi> "* to ! vegetation4 ,mix$ ) ^! & ) roses are ?ickets ( azaleas cov]$ ) blossoms ( dazzl+ brightness & beauty4 ,! transition zone 9 ?is c\ntry lies betwe5 ! #ce? & #bg? p>allels ( nor? latitude1 9 :i* ! tropical flora is mix$ ) t ( ! nor!rn prov9ces4 ,! prevail+ plants on ! ,*9ese l[ gr\nds are ,glyc9e1 ,hydrangea1 ! camphor laurel1 ,/ill+ia sebif]a1 or wax-tree1 ,cl]od5dron1 ,hibiscus ,rosa-s95sis1 ,?uia ori5talis1 ,olea fragrans1 ! sweet blossoms ( :i* are mix$ ) ! f9] teas to give !m flav\r2 ,melia az$>a*1 or ,indian pride1 ! pap] mulb]ry1 & o!rs ( ! g5us1 & ,camellia sasanqua1 :i* cov]s hills 9 ! prov9ce ( ,kiong-si4 ,! tea-plant1 & o!r species ( ,camellia1 gr[ 9 _m p>ts2 ! f9e/ tea is ! produce ( a l[ range ( hills f betwe5 ! #cc;d & #be? p>allels1 an (fset f ! great *a9 ( ,pel+4 ,!a viridis & bohea are possibly only v>ieties ( ! same plant2 ! gre5 tea is /rong & h>dy1 ! black a small delicate plant4 ,! quality ( ! tea dep5ds ^u ! /age ( gr[? at :i* x is ga!r$2 e>ly leaves make ! be/ tea1 ^? pick$ late 9 ! season give a v co>se tea4 ,bohea gr[s 9 ! prov9ce ( ,fu-kian1 hyson 9 ,song-lo4 ,pekoe or pak-ho1 :i* means :ite d[n 9 ,*9ese1 consi/s ( ! fir/ d[ny spr\ts or leaf-buds ( ?ree-ye>s-old plants4 ,a v co/ly tea ( ?is k9d1 nev] br\ght to ,europe1 & kn[n z ! tea ( ! ,wells ( ! ,dragon1 is us$ only by p]sons ( ! highe/ rank 9 ,*9a4 ,! true ,imp]ial tea1 also1 call$ ,flos !1 :i* is n1 z 0 suppos$1 ! fl[]-buds1 b m]ely a v sup]ior quality ( tea1 seldom rea*es ,europe2 t sold "u ?is "n is really ,*usan tea flav\r$ ) blossoms ( ,olea fragrans4#aei ,! ,*9ese keep tea a ye> be=e !y use x1 because fre% tea has an intoxicat+ quality :i* produces di/urbance ( ! n]v\s sy/em l ! effect ( ,ery?roxylon ,coca on ! ,p]uvians4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance t tea & c(fee1 belong+ to diff]5t families1 natives ( diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! globe1 %\ld possess ! same pr9ciple1 & x is n less rem>kable t _! application to ! same use %\ld h be5 s e>ly discov]$ by man4 ,! tea-plant gr[s naturally 9 ,japan & upp] ,assam2 x is h>dy1 & possesses great p[] ( adaptation to climate4 ,x has lately be5 cultivat$ 9 ,brazil1 9 ,prov5ce1 & 9 ,algi]s1 b at an exp5se :i* r5d]s x unpr(itable4 ,tea comes to ,europe almo/ exclusively f ,*9a1 b ! plant ?rives s well 9 ! nor?-we/]n prov9ces ( ,india t ! ,engli% w ultimately compete ) ! ,*9ese 9 produc+ x1 especially = ! consumption ( ,tibet4 ,tea 0 fir/ br\ght to ,europe by ! ,dut* 9 #afaj2 a small quantity came to ,engl& 9 #afff1 & n[ ! annual consumption ( tea 9 ,great ,brita9 is ab\t fifty millions ( p\nds4#afj ,! climate ( ,japan is mild] ?an its latitude w\ld indicate1 ow+ to ! influ5ce ( ! surr\nd+ ocean4 ,european =ms prevail 9 ! high l&s1 z !y d g5]ally ?r\gh\t ! m\nta9s ( ,asia & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ) ! diff]5ce ( species1 z ,abies1 ,cembra1 ,/robus1 & ,l>ix4 ,! ,japanese flora is simil> to ! ,*9ese1 & !re are #cj ,am]ican plants1 besides o!rs ( ,indian & tropical climates4 ,^! isl&s1 nev]!less1 h _! own peculi> flora1 di/9ct 9 its nature2 z ! ,sophora1 ,k]ria1 ,aucuba1 ,mespilus1 & ,pyrus ,japonica1 ,rhus v]nix1 ,illicium anisatum1 or ! anise-tree1 ,daphne odorata1 ! soap-tree1 v>i\s species ( ! ,calycan?us tribe1 ! cu/>d-apple1 ! ,khair mimosa1 :i* yields ! cate*u1 ! lit*i1 ! sweet orange1 ! ,cycas revoluta1 a plant resembl+ a dw>f palm1 ) v>i\s o!r fruits4 ,_m tropical plants m+le ) ! vegetation ( ! cocoanut & fan palms4 ,?us1 ! vegetation 9 ,japan & ,*9a is widely diff]5t f t 9 ! c\ntries bord]+ ! ,m$it]ranean1 ?\gh betwe5 ! same p>allels ( latitude4 ,9 ! tropical regions ( ,asia1 :]e heat & moi/ure are excessive1 ! influ5ce ( latitude vani%es altoge!r1 & ! peculi>ities ( ! vegetation 9 diff]5t longitudes become m evid5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,flora ( ,tropical ,asia--,( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,india1 & ,arabia4 ,,tropical ,asia is divid$ by nature into ?ree di/9ct botanical regions3 ! ,malayan p59sula1 ) ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 ,india1 s\? ( ! ,himalaya1 ) ! isl& ( ,ceylon2 & ! ,arabian p59sula4 ,! two fir/ h /rong po9ts ( resemblance1 ?\gh _! floras are peculi>4 ,,flora ,,( ,,! ,,indo-,,*9ese ,,p59sula ,,& ,,! ,,indian ,,ar*ipelago4 ,_m ( ! vegetable productions ( ! p59sula beyond ! ,ganges are ! same ) ^? ( ,india1 mix$ ) ! plants ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 s t ?is c\ntry is a region ( transition1 ?\gh x has a spl5did vegetation ( innum]able native productions1 dyes ( ! mo/ vivid hues1 spices1 m$ic9al plants1 & _m ) ! sweete/ p]fume4 ,! soil 9 _m places yields ?ree crops 9 ! ye>2 ! fruits ( ,india1 & mo/ ( ^? ( ,*9a1 come to p]fection 9 ! l[ l&s4 ,! arang =ms an exception to ! extreme beauty ( ! multitude ( palms :i* adorn ! ,malayan p59sula2 ?\gh x is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( t c\ntry1 x is an ugly plant1 cov]$ ) black fibres l horsehair1 suffici5tly /rong to make cordage4 ,x is cultivat$ = ! sug> & w9e made f its juice4 ,teak is pl5tiful2 almo/ all t is us$ 9 ,b5gal comes f ! ,birman empire1 ?\gh x is less durable ?an t ( ! ,malab> coa/4 ,! ,hopea odorata is s l>ge t a canoe is made ( a s+le trunk2 ! ,gordonia integrifolia is held 9 su* v5]ation t e ,birman h\se has a beam ( x4 ,!re are sev5 species ( native oak 9 ! =e/s2 ! ,mimosa cate*u1 :i* furni%es ! t]ra japonica us$ 9 m$ic9e2 ! trees :i* produce v>ni% & /ick-lac2 ! ,glyphyria nitida1 a myrtle1 ! leaves ( :i* are us$ z tea 9 ,b5cool51 call$ by ! natives ! tree ( long life4 ,! coa/s are wood$ by ! ,h]iti]a robu/a1 a l>ge tree :i* ?rives )9 rea* ( ! tide2 bamboos ) /ems a foot & a half 9 diamet] gr[ 9 d5se ?ickets 9 ! l[ l&s4 ,! ,palmyra palm & ! ,borassus flabelli=mis gr[ 9 ext5sive groves 9 ! valley ( ! ,irawaddy3 x is a magnific5t tree1 (t5 #ajj feet high1 rem>kable = its gigantic leaves1 "o ( :i* w\ld %elt] #ab m54 ,! anomal\s trees ! ,zamias & ,cycade1 some:at l a palm ) l>ge p9nat$ leaves1 b ( a diff]5t family1 are f\nd "h & 9 tropical ,india2 ^? 9 ,am]ica are ( a diff]5t species4 ,or*ide & tree-f]ns are innum]able 9 ! woody di/ricts ( ! p59sula4 ,! vegetation ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago is gorge\s beyond description2 al?\gh 9 _m in/ances x be>s a /rong analogy to t ( ! ,malayan p59sula1 tropical ,india1 & ,ceylon1 /ill x is 9 an em95t degree peculi>4 ,! height ( ! m\nta9s causes v>iety 9 ! temp]ature suffici5t to admit ( ! gr[? ( damm> p9es1 oaks1 rhodod5drons1 magnolias1 val]ians1 honeysuckles1 bilb]ries1 g5tians1 olea/]s1 & o!r ,european ord]s ( woody & h]bace\s plants2 yet !re is n "o species 9 common4 ,palm-trees are m abundant 9 ^! isl&s ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w1 especially 9 ! ,sunda gr\p1 ! orig9 ( _m1 a few ( :i* are n[ widely spread ov] ! ea/]n c\ntries4 ,?ree species ( ,areca1 atta9+ a height ( f #dj to #ej & m feet1 are cultivat$ 9 all ! hot p>ts ( ,india2 & ,c>yota ,ur5s1 ! fruit ( :i* is acrid1 yet x yields w9e & sug>1 are all native4 ,! attempt is va9 to specify ! multitudes ( ^! graceful trees :i* =m s *>act]i/ic a feature 9 ! vegetation ( ^! tropical isl&s1 :]e a ri* moi/ soil ) int5se heat br+s !m to su* p]fection4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t monocotyl$on\s plants are g5]ally m pl5tiful 9 isl&s ?an on cont95ts1 & also t !y ext5d f>!r into ! s\!rn ?an into ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 :i* may be acc\nt$ = by ! moi/ & mild climate ( ! =m]4 ,jungle & d5se pe/il5tial woods entirely cov] ! small] isl&s & ! pla9s ( ! l>g]2 ! coa/s are l9$ ) ?ickets ( mangroves1 a matt$ vegetation ( =e/-trees1 bamboos1 & co>se grass1 entw9$ ) climb+ & creep+ plants1 & ov]gr[n by or*ide\s p>asites 9 myriads2 & ! gutta-p]*a is also a native ( ^! alluvial tracts4 ,! =e/-trees ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago are almo/ unkn[n2 teak & _m ( ! cont95tal trees gr[ !re1 b ! great] numb] are peculi>ly _! own4 ,! naturali/ ,rumphius _h a cab9et inlaid ) #djj k9ds ( wood1 ! produce ( ,amboyna & ! ,molucca isl&s4 ,sumatra1 ,java1 & ! adjac5t isl&s1 are ! region ( ! ,dryobalanops camphora1 9 ! /ems ( :i* solid lumps ( a rem>kable & co/ly k9d ( camphor are f\nd4 ,all ! trees ( t ord]1 & ( sev]al o!rs1 are peculi> to ^! isl&s1 & #gh species ( trees & %rubs ( ! ,mela/omace\s tribe gr[ !re & 9 cont95tal ,india4 ,!re are ?ickets ( ! sword-leav$ vaquois-tree & ( ! ,p&anus or screw-p9e1 a plant resembl+ ! anana1 ) a blossom l t ( a bulru%1 v odorif]\s1 & 9 "s species edible4 ,?is is ! region ( spices1 :i* are v limit$ 9 _! di/ribution3 ! ,myri/ica mos*ata 7! nutmeg & mace-plant7 is conf9$ to ! ,b&a ,isl&s1 b x is said to h be5 discov]$ lately 9 ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,amboyna & ! ,molucca gr\ps are ! focus ( ! ,c>yophyllus aromaticus1 a myrtle1 ! buds ( :i* are kn[n z cloves4 ,v>i\s species ( c9namon & cassia1 bo? ( ! laurel tribe1 toge!r ) v>ieties ( pepp]1 diff]5t f ^? 9 ,india & ,ceylon1 gr[ 9 ?is ar*ipelago4 ,all ! pepp]-plants require great heat3 !y are r>e 9 ,africa1 b pl5tiful 9 ,am]ica & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 ! common black pepp] is peculi> to ! hotte/ p>ts ( ,asia1 ext5d+ only a few degrees on ea* side ( ! equator4 ,9 #ahdb m ?an #cj1jjj1jjj p\nds weight ( pepp] 7 produc$ 9 ,sumatra alone4 ,"s ( ! mo/ excell5t fruits are indig5\s "h only1 z ! d\rio1 ! ay] ay]1 ,loquat1 ! *oapa ( ,molucca1 peculi> k9ds ( orange1 lemon1 & citron1 ) o!rs kn[n only by "n else:]e4 ,^? common to ! cont95t ( ,india are ! jambrose1 rose-apple1 jack1 v>i\s species ( bread-fruit1 mango1 mango/e51 & ! banana1 :i* is luxuriant4 ,"h ! nettle tribe assume ! mo/ p]nici\s "*1 & ! upas-tree ( ,java1 "o ( ! mo/ deadly vegetable poisons2 & ev5 ! plants resembl+ our common nettle are s acrid t ! /+ ( "o 9 ,java occasions n only pa9 b illness1 :i* la/s = days4 ,a nettle 9 ! isl& ( ,timor1 call$ by ! natives ! 8,devil's leaf10 is s poison\s t x produces long illness & ev5 dea?4 ,! *elik1 a %rub gr[+ 9 ! d5se =e/s1 produces a poison ev5 m deadly ?an ! upas4 ,"s ( ! fig g5us1 :i* belongs also to ! natural ord] ( nettles1 h acrid juices4 ,trees ( ! ca%ew tribe h a milky sap3 ! f9e japan lacqu] is made f ! juice ( ! ,/agm>ia v]niciflua4 ,b>r+tonia & palms are v spl5did "h1 ! latt] g5]ally ( peculi> species & limit$ 9 _! di/ribution1 z ! ,nipa4 ,no c\ntry is ri*] 9 club-mosses & or*ide\s plants1 :i* ov]run ! trees 9 ?\s&s 9 ! deep d>k m\nta9-=e/s1 *ok$ by huge creep+ plants1 an und]gr[? ( gigantic grasses1 ?r\gh :i* n a ray ( light p5etrates4 ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles describes ! vegetation ( ,java z 8fe>ful40 ,9 ^! =e/s ! air is heavy1 *>g$ ) dank & deadly vap\rs1 nev] agitat$ by a brea? ( w9d2 ! soil1 ( ! deepe/ black vegetable m\ld1 always moi/ & clammy1 /imulat$ by ! f]vid heat ( a tropical sun1 produces trees ^: /ems are ( a spongy texture f _! rapid gr[?1 load$ ) p>asites1 p>ticul>ly ! or*ide\s tribe1 ( :i* no less ?an #cjj species are peculi> to t isl&4 ,tree-f]ns are 9 ! proportion ( "o to tw5ty ( ! o!r plants1 & =m a l>ge portion ( ! vegetation ( ,java & all ^! isl&s2 & !re are above #bjj tropical species ( club-mosses gr[+ to ! l5g? ( #c feet1 :]eas 9 cold c\ntries !y creep on ! gr\nd4 ,! ,rafflesias1 ( :i* !re are f\r species1 are ! mo/ s+ul> productions ( ?is ar*ipelago4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y "o is common to ,java & ,sumatra1 :]e x 0 discov]$ by ,dr4 ,arnold1 & !re=e is call$ ,rafflesia ,arnoldi4 ,x is a p>asitical plant1 ) buds ! size ( an ord9>y cabbage1 & ! fl[]1 :i* smells ( c>rion1 is ( a brick-r$ col\r1 #c-a_/b feet 9 diamet]3 t f\nd by ,mr4 ,arnold weigh$ #ae p\nds1 & ! cup 9 its c5tre c\ld conta9 #ab p9ts ( liquid4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles !re are six di/9ct climates 9 ,java1 f ! top ( ! m\nta9s to ! sea1 ea* hav+ an ext5sive indig5\s vegetation4 ,no o!r c\ntry c %[ an equal abundance & v>iety ( native fruit & escul5t vegetables4 ,!re are #ajj v>ieties ( rice1 & ( fragrant fl[]s1 %rubs1 & ornam5tal trees ! numb] is inf9ite4 ,abundant z ! ,or*ide are 9 ,java1 ,ceylon1 & ! ,birmese empire1 ^! c\ntries possess v few t are common to !m all1 s local is _! di/ribution4 ,f]ns are m pl5tiful 9 ?is ar*ipelago ?an else:]e3 tree-f]ns are f\nd *iefly betwe5 or ne> ! tropics1 9 airless damp places4 ,,indian ,,flora4 ,! pla9s ( ,h9do/an are s completely %elt]$ f ! ,sib]ian bla/s by ! high table-l&s ( ,t>t>y & ! ,himalaya m\nta9s1 t ! vegetation at ! foot ( t range already assumes a tropical "*4 ,9 ! jungles & l[] ridges ( ! f]tile valley ( ,nepal1 & on ! d>k & airless recesses ( ! ,silhet =e/s1 arboresc5t f]ns & or*ide\s plants are f\nd 9 pr(usion1 sc>cely surpass$ ev5 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago--inde$ ! m>%y ,t>iyane is full ( !m4 ,! l[e/ ranges ( ! ,himalaya1 ! pe/il5tial swamp ( ! ,t>iyane1 ! alluvial ridges ( ! hills t b\nd x on ! s\?1 & _m p>ts ( ! pla9s ( ! ,ganges1 are cov]$ ) primeval =e/s1 :i* produce :ole ord]s ( l>ge timb]-trees1 frequ5tly ov]run ) p>asitical loran?s4 ,! native fruits ( ,india are _m2 ! orange tribe is almo/ all ( ,indian orig91 ?\gh "s ( ! species are n[ widely spread ov] ! w>m] p>ts ( ! o!r cont95ts & ! m di/ant c\ntries ( ,asia4 ,two or ?ree species are peculi> to ,madagasc>2 "o is f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,essequibo1 & ano!r 9 ,brazil1 :i* are ! only exceptions kn[n4 ,! ,limonia laureola gr[s on ! tops ( ! high ,asiatic m\nta9s1 :i* are cov]$ ) sn[ sev]al mon?s 9 ! ye>2 & ! wampee1 a fruit mu* e/eem$ 9 ,*9a & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 is produc$ by a species ( ?is ord]4 ,! v9e gr[s wild 9 ! =e/s2 planta91 banana1 jambrose1 guava1 mango1 mango/e51 date1 areca1 palmyra1 cocoa-nut1 & gameto-palms are all ,indian1 also ! g\rd family4 ,! ,scitam9e1 or g+] tribe1 are s num]\s1 t !y =m a di/+ui%+ & beautiful feature ( ,indian botany3 !y produce g+]1 c>damoms1 & turm]ic4 ,! fl[]s peculi> to ,india are brilliant 9 col\rs1 b g5]ally )\t od\r1 except ! rose & "s jessam9es4 ,! great] "p ( ! trees & plants m5tion$ belong also to tropical ,india1 :]e vegetation is /ill m luxuriant2 a l>ge portion ( t magnific5t c\ntry1 conta9+ #a1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 has be5 cultivat$ "t immemorial1 al?\gh va/ tracts /ill rema9 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,^? ext5sive m\nta9-*a9s :i* trav]se & surr\nd ! ,deccan are ri* 9 primeval =e/s ( /up5d\s gr[? ) d5se und]wood4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! trees are ! ,indian cotton-tree & ! ,dombeya1 :i* is ( ! same ord]2 t :i* produces ! ,tr9comalee wood1 us$ = build+ boats at ,madras2 ! r$-wood tree1 peculi> to ! ,corom&el coa/1 ! sat9-wood1 ! sup]b ,butea frondosa1 ! agallo*um tribe1 :i* yields ! odor\s wood ( aloes m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 ! ,melaleuca leucad5dron & ! ,melaleuca cajepute1 f :i* ! oil is prep>$4 ,! dragon's-blood tree is a native ( ,india1 ?\gh n exclusively1 z "s ( ! be/ specim5s gr[ 9 ,madagasc>1 :]e x is plant$ = h$ges4 ,s&]s-wood & dragon's-blood are obta9$ f ! ,pt]oc>pus s&al9us & ,draco2 ! sappan-tree gives a purple dye3 ^! are all ( ! legum9\s or bean tribe1 ( :i* !re are #deb ,indian species3 ebony gr[s 9 ^! tropical regions1 9 ,mauritius1 & ! s\? coa/ ( ,africa4 ,"s ( ! fig tribe are among ! mo/ rem>kable vegetable productions ( ,india = gigantic size & peculi>ity ( =m1 :i* r5d]s !m valuable 9 a hot climate f ! %ade :i* _! broad-spread+ tops af=d4 ,"s ?r[ (f %oots f _! bran*es1 :i* take root on rea*+ ! gr\nd1 &1 aft] increas+ 9 gir? ) wond]ful rapidity1 produce bran*es :i* also desc5d to =m new roots1 & ?is process is cont9u$ till a =e/ is =m$ r\nd ! p>5t tree4 ,mr4 ,re9w>dt saw 9 ! isl& ( ,simao a l>ge wood ( ! ,ficus ,b5jam9a :i* sprang f "o /em4 ,! ,ficus ,indica1 or banyan-tree1 is ano!r in/ance ( ?is wide-spread+ gr[?2 x is f\nd 9 ! isl&s1 b is 9 greate/ p]fection ar\nd ! villages 9 ! ,circ> m\nta9s3 !re is a tree ( x on ! banks ( ! ,n]budda1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,guz]at1 ) #cej ma9 /ems1 occupy+ an area ( #bjjj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 indep5d5t ( its bran*es1 :i* ext5d mu* f>!r4 ,! camphor g5us is mo/ly ,indian1 z well z _m m ( ! laurel tribe ( great size4 ,! banana is ! mo/ g5]ally useful tree 9 ?is c\ntry2 its fruit is food1 its leaves are appli$ to _m dome/ic purposes1 & flax fit = mak+ musl9 is obta9$ f its /em4 ,cotton is a hairy cov]+ ( ! se$s ( sev]al species ( ! mall[ tribe :i* gr[ spontane\sly 9 tropical ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica2 x is1 h[ev]1 cultivat$ 9 _m c\ntries beyond ^! limits4 ,t gr[n 9 ,*9a & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is an h]bace\s annual f #ah in*es to #b feet high3 !re are also cotton-trees1 native & cultivat$1 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,h]odotus m5tions cotton g>m5ts #dde ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & ! ,mexicans manufactur$ cotton clo? be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,palms1 ! mo/ /ately & graceful ( ! vegetable productions ( tropical regions1 are abundant 9 ,india1 9 =e/s1 9 gr\ps1 & 9 s+le trees4 ,"s species gr[ at ! limit ( p]petual sn[1 "s #ijj feet above ! sea1 o!rs 9 valleys & on ! %ores ( ! cont95t & isl&s4 ,!y decrease 9 numb] & v>iety z ! latitude increases1 & t]m9ate at ,nice1 9 #dd ,n4 lat41 _! limit 9 ! great cont95t4 ,! leaves ( "s are ( gigantic size1 & all are beautiful1 v>y+ 9 height f ! sl5d] ,calamus rotang1 #acj feet high1 to ! ,*amrops humilis1 n m ?an #ae or #bj4 ,diff]5t species yield w9e1 oil1 wax1 fl\r1 sug>1 ?read1 & rope2 weapons & ut5sils are made ( _! /ems & leaves2 !y s]ve = ! con/ruction ( h\ses2 ! cocoa-nut palm gives food & dr9k2 sago is made f all except ! ,areca cate*u1 ! fruit ( :i*1 ! betel-nut1 is us$ by ! natives = its intoxicat+ quality4 ,?\gh palms 9 g5]al are v limit$ 9 _! di/ribution1 a few species are v widely spread2 = example1 ! cocoa-nut palm1 :i* gr[s spontane\sly on ! s\!rn coa/s ( ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula & ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 f :5ce x has be5 c>ri$ to all ! int]tropical regions ( ! globe1 :]e x has be5 ext5sively cultivat$ f its usefulness4 ,s luxuriant is its gr[? 9 ,ceylon1 t 9 "o ye> ne>ly #c1jjj1jjj ( nuts 7 export$2 9 p>ts ( t isl&1 on ! ,malab> & ,corom&el coa/s1 & 9 "s di/ricts 9 ,b5gal1 ! ,borassus flabelli=mis supplies its place4 ,! isl& ( ,ceylon1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! s\!rnmo/ extremity ( ! ,indian p59sula1 is v m\nta9\s1 & rivals ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago 9 luxuriance ( vegetable productions1 &1 9 "s respects1 be>s a /rong resemblance to !m4 ,! laurel1 ! b>k ( :i* is c9namon1 is indig5\s1 & "o ( ! pr9cipal s\rces ( ! rev5ue ( ,ceylon4 ,! taleput leaves ( a species ( palm are ( su* enorm\s size1 t !y are appli$ to _m uses by ! ,c+alese2 9 anci5t times /rips ( ! leaf 7 writt5 ^u ) a %>p /yle1 & s]v$ z books4 ,! s&alwood ( ,ceylon is ( a diff]5t species f t ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s1 & its p]fume m e/eem$4 ,indigo is indig5\s1 & s is ! *oya1 ^: roots give a sc>let dye4 ,! m\nta9s produce a great v>iety ( beautiful woods us$ 9 cab9et-"w4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! di/ribution ( plants1 t ! or*ide are v num]\s 9 ?is isl&4 ,,arabian ,,vegetation4 ,! ?ird division ( ! tropical flora ( ,asia is ! ,arabian1 :i* diff]s widely f ! o!r two1 & is *iefly m>k$ by trees yield+ balsams4 ,oceans ( b>r5 s& ext5d to ! s\?1 f ,syria ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,arabia1 v>i$ only by occasional oases 9 ^? spots :]e a spr+ ( wat] has rea*$ ! surface2 !re ! preval5t vegetation consi/s ( ! grasses1 ,holcus & ,panicum dicotomum gr[+ "u ! %ade ( ! date-palm2 mimosas & /unt$ prickly bu%es appe> "h & !re 9 ! s&4 ,!re is v]dure on ! m\nta9s1 & along "s ( ! coa/s1 especially 9 ! prov9ce ( ,yem51 :i* has a flora ( its own4 ,! ,keura odorif]a1 a sup]b tree1 ) agreeable p]fume1 eight species ( figs1 ! ?ree species ( ,amyris--gilead5sis1 or balm ( ,gilead1 opobalsamum also yield+ balsam1 & ! kataf1 f :i* myrrh is suppos$ to come--are peculi> to ,arabia4 ,frank9c5se is said to be ! produce ( ! ,boswellia s]rata2 & !re are _m species ( ,acacia1 among o!rs ! ,acacia arabica1 :i* produces gum arabic4 ,! arak & tam>9d trees connect ! botany ( ,arabia ) t ( ! ,we/ ,indies1 :ile x is connect$ ) t ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope by ,/apelias1 mesembryan!mums1 & liliace\s fl[]s4 ,! "* ( ,arabian vegetation1 l t ( o!r dry hot climates1 consi/s 9 its odorif]\s plants & fl[]s4 ,arabia produces c(fee1 :i*1 h[ev]1 is n indig5\s1 b is suppos$ to h come f ! table-l& ( ,e?iopia1 & to h its "n f ! prov9ce ( ,kaffa1 :]e x =ms d5se =e/s4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,arabia 9 ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & gr[s luxuriantly 9 ,arabia ,felix1 :]e ! c(fee is ( ! highe/ flav\r4 ,mo/ ( t n[ us$ is ! prog5y ( plants rais$ f se$ & br\ght f ,mo*a to ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,am/]dam 9 #afij1 by ,van ,hoorn1 ,gov]nor ( ,batavia4 ,a plant 0 s5t to ,l\is ,,xiv41 9 #agad1 by ! magi/rates ( ,am/]dam--x 0 f ?is plant t ! fir/ c(fee-plants 7 introduc$ 9 #agag into ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,a ye> aft]w>ds ! ,dut* introduc$ c(fee-trees into ,sur9am1 f :5ce !y spread rapidly ov] ! w>m p>ts ( ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,india isl&s4 ,_m ?\s&s ( p are n[ employ$ 9 its cultivation !re1 9 ,dem]>a1 ,java1 ,manilla1 ! isle ( ,b\rbon1 & o!r places4 ,m ?an #c1jjj1jjj p\nds ( c(fee-beans are produc$1 & #ajj1jjj tons ( %ipp+ are annually employ$ 9 its transport across ! ,indian & ,atlantic ,oceans4 ,c(fee 0 n kn[n till _m c5turies aft] ! introduction ( sug>4 ,! fir/ c(fee-h\se 0 op5$ 9 ,london 9 #afeb1 & ! fir/ 9 ,france1 at ,m>seilles1 9 #afga4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,african ,flora--,flora ( ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,norfolk ,isl&1 & ( ,polynesia4 ,,! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! range ( ! ,atlas g5]ally1 may be reg>d$ z a zone ( transition1 :]e ! plants ( s\!rn ,europe are m+l$ ) ^? peculi> to ! c\ntry2 half ! plants ( nor!rn ,africa are also f\nd 9 ! o!r c\ntries on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,( #fj trees & #bdh %rubs :i* gr[ !re1 #ajj only are peculi> to ,africa1 & ab\t #ah ( ^! belong to its tropical flora4 ,!re are ab\t six times z _m h]bace\s plants z !re are trees & %rubs2 & 9 ! ,atlas m\nta9s1 z 9 o!r *a9s1 ! p]5nial plants are mu* m num]\s ?an annuals4 ,ev]gre5s pr$om9ate1 & are ! same z ^? on ! o!r %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! pomegranite1 ! locu/-tree1 ! ole&]1 & ! palmetto ab\nd2 & ! ci/us tribe give a di/9ct "* to ! flora4 ,! s&>a*1 or ,?uia articulata1 peculi> to ! nor!rn side ( ! ,atlas m\nta9s & to ,cyr5aica1 yields close-gra9$ h>d timb]1 us$ = ! ceil+ ( mosques1 & is suppos$ to be ! %ittim-wood ( ,scripture4 ,! ,atlas produces sev5 or eight species ( oak1 v>i\s p9es1 especially ! ,p9us m>itima1 & =e/s ( ! ,aleppo p9e 9 ,algi]s4 ,! sweet-sc5t$ arboresc5t hea? & ,erica scop>ia are native "h1 also 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s & ! ,azores1 :]e ! tribe ( h\se-leeks *>act]izes ! botany4 ,!re are #ecd phan]ogam\s plants1 or su* z h ! p>ts ( fructification evid5t1 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 ( ^!1 #caj are indig5\s1 ! re/ ,african3 ! ,p9us can>i5sis is peculi>1 & also ! ,dracn1 :i* gr[ 9 p]fection "h4 ,! /em ( ! ,dracna ,draco1 ( ! ,villa ,oratava 9 ,t5]iffe1 measures #df feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! base ( ! tree1 :i* is #ge feet high4 ,x is kn[n to h be5 an object ( great antiquity 9 ! ye> #adjb1 & is /ill alive1 be>+ blossoms & fruit4 ,if x be n an in/ance ( ! p>tial location ( plants1 !re mu/ h be5 int]c\rse betwe5 ,india & ! ,can>y ,isl&s 9 v anci5t times4 ,plants ) blui%-gre5 succul5t leaves are *>act]i/ic ( tropical ,africa & its isl&s2 & ?\gh ! gr\p ( ! ,can>ies has plants 9 common ) ,spa91 ,portugal1 ,africa1 & ! ,azores1 yet !re are _m species1 & ev5 g5]a1 :i* are f\nd 9 !m only2 & ! height ( ! m\nta9s causes mu* v>iety 9 ! vegetation4 ,on ! cont95t1 s\? ( ! ,atlas1 a great *ange ( soil & climate takes place2 ! dr\ght on ! bord]s ( ! des]t is s excessive t no trees c resi/ x1 ra9 h>dly ev] falls1 & ! scor*+ bla/s f ! s\? spe$ily dry up any moi/ure t may exi/2 yet1 9 consequ5ce ( :at desc5ds f ! m\nta9s1 ! date-palm =ms l>ge =e/s along _! base1 :i* supply ! inhabitants ) food1 & give %elt] to crops :i* c\ld n o!rwise gr[4 ,! date-palm1 ea* tree ( :i* yields f #aej to #afj p\nds weight ( fruit1 gr[s naturally1 & is also cultivat$1 ?r\gh nor!rn ,africa4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ to ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 ,arabia1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & to ,nice1 ! mo/ nor!rn limit ( ! palm-tribe4 ,/unt$ plants are ! only produce ( ! des]t1 yet l>ge tracts are cov]$ ) ! ,p5nisetum di*otomum1 a h>% prickly grass1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,alhagi maurorum1 is ! food ( camels4 ,! plants peculi> to ,egypt are acacias1 mimosas1 cassias1 tam>isks1 ! ,nympha ,lotus1 ! blue ,lotus1 ! ,papyrus1 f :i* probably ! fir/ sub/ance us$ = writ+ ^u 0 made1 & has left its "n to t we n[ use2 also ! ,zizyphus or jujub1 v>i\s mesembryan!mums1 & mo/ ( ! plants ( ,b>b>y gr[ "h4 ,! date-palm is n f\nd high] on ! ,nile ?an ,!bes1 :]e x gives place to ! doom-palm or ,cucif]a ,!baica1 peculi> to ?is di/rict1 & s+ul> z be+ ! only palm t has a bran*$ /em4 ,! ea/]n side ( equatorial ,africa is less kn[n ?an ! we/]n1 b ! floras ( ! two c\ntries1 "u ! same latitude1 h little aff9ity3 on ! ea/]n side ! ,rubiace1 ! ,euphorbi1 a race peculi>ly ,african1 & ! ,malvace1 are mo/ frequ5t4 ,! g5us ,danais ( ! c(fee tribe di/+ui%es ! vegetation ( ,abyss9ia1 also ! ,dombeya1 a species ( v9e1 v>i\s jessam9es1 a beautiful species ( honeysuckle2 & ,bruce says a cap]-tree gr[s to ! height ( ! elm1 ) :ite blossoms1 & fruit z l>ge z a pea*4 ,! d>oo1 or ,ficus sycomorus1 & ! arak-tree1 are native4 ,! kollquall1 or ,euphorbia antiquorum1 gr[s #dj feet high on ! pla9 ( ,bah>naga*1 9 ! =m ( an elegant bran*$ c&elabrum1 cov]$ ) sc5t$ fruit4 ,! kantuffa or ?ornby %rub1 is s great a nuisance f its sp9es1 t ev5 animals avoid x4 ,! ,ery?r9a ,abyss9ica be>s a poison\s r$ bean ) a black spot1 us$ by ! %angalla & o!r tribes = ages z a weight = gold1 & by ! wom5 z necklaces4 ,mr4 ,ro*et has lately br\ght "s se$s ( new gra9 f ,%oa1 t are likely to be a valuable addition to ,european c]ealia4 ,! vegetation ( tropical ,africa on ! we/ is kn[n only along ! coa/1 :]e "s aff9ity ) t ( ,india may be obs]v$4 ,x consi/s ( #egc species ( fl[]-be>+ plants1 & is di/+ui%$ by a rem>kable uni=mity1 n only 9 ord]s & g5]a1 b ev5 9 species1 f ! #af? degree ( ,n4 lat4 to ! riv] ,congo 9 #f ,s4 lat4 ,! mo/ preval5t are ! grasses & bean tribes1 ! ,cyp]ace ,rubiace1 & ! ,composit4 ,! ,adansonia1 or baobab ( ,s5egal1 is "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y vegetable productions2 ! /em is sometimes #cd feet 9 diamet]1 ?\gh ! tree is r>ely m ?an #ej or #fj feet high2 x cov]s ! s&y pla9s s entirely ) its umbrella-%ap$ top1 t a =e/ ( ^! trees pres5ts a compact surface1 :i* at "s di/ance seems to be a gre5 field4 ,cape ,v]de has its "n f ! numb]s t conceal ! b>r5 soil "u _! spread+ tops2 "s ( !m are v old1 &1 ) ! dragon-tree at ,t5]iffe1 are suppos$ to be ! mo/ anci5t vegetable inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,! ,p&anus c&elabrum1 in/ead ( gr[+ cr[d$ toge!r 9 masses l ! baobab1 /&s solit>y on ! equatorial pla9s1 ) its l(ty =k$ bran*es end+ 9 tufts ( long /iff leaves4 ,num]\s s$ges1 ( :i* ! ,papyrus is ! mo/ rem>kable1 give a "* to ?is region1 & cov] b\ndless pla9s1 wav+ 9 ! w9d l corn-fields1 :ile o!r places are ov]gr[n by =e/s ( gigantic grasses ) bran*+ /ems4 ,a ri* vegetation1 consi/+ ( imp5etrable ?ickets ( mangrove1 ! poison\s man*9eel1 & _m l>ge trees1 cov] ! deltas ( ! riv]s1 & ev5 gr[ s f> into ! wat]1 t _! trunks are coat$ ) %ell-fi%2 b ! pe/il5tial exhalations r5d] x almo/ c]ta9 dea? to botanize 9 ?is luxuriance ( nature4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ! soap or sapodilla trees are peculi> to ,africa2 ! butt]-tree ( ! ent]pris+ b un=tunate ,mungo ,p>k1 ! />-apple1 ! cream-fruit1 ! cu/>d-apple1 & ! wat]-v9e1 are pl5tiful 9 ,s5egal & ,si]ra ,leone4 ,! ibraculea is peculi>ly ,african2 its se$s are us$ to sweet5 bracki% wat]4 ,! safu & bread-fruit ( ,polynesia are repres5t$ "h by ! musanga1 a l>ge tree ( ! nettle tribe1 ! fruit ( :i* has ! flav\r ( ! hazel-nut4 ,a few palms h v local habitations1 z ! ,elais ,gu9e5sis1 or palm-oil plant1 f\nd only on t coa/4 ,t graceful tribe is less v>i$ 9 species 9 equatorial ,africa ?an 9 ! o!r cont95ts4 ,x appe>s t a great "p ( ! flora ( ?is portion ( ,africa is ( =eign orig94 ,! flora ( s\? ,africa diff]s entirely f t ( ! nor!rn & tropical zones1 & z widely f t ( e o!r c\ntry1 ) ! exception ( ,au/ralia & "s p>ts ( ,*ile4 ,! soil ( ! table-l& at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 /ret*+ to an unkn[n di/ance1 & ( ! ,k>oo pla9s & valleys betwe5 ! m\nta9s1 is sometimes gravelly1 b m frequ5tly is compos$ ( s& & clay2 9 summ] x is dry & p>*$1 & mo/ ( its riv]s are dri$ up2 x be>s b a few /unt$ %rubs1 "s succul5t plants & mimosas1 along ! m>g9 ( ! riv]-c\rses4 ,! sudd5 effect ( ra9 on ! p>*$ gr\nd is l magic3 x is recall$ to life1 & 9 a %ort "t is deck$ ) a beautiful & peculi> vegetation1 compreh5d+1 m ?an any o!r c\ntry1 num]\s & di/9ctly-def9$ foci ( g5]a & species4 ,twelve ?\s& species ( plants h be5 collect$ 9 ! colony ( ! ,cape 9 an ext5t ( c\ntry ab\t equal to ,g]many4 ,( ^!1 hea?s & proteas are two v conspicu\s tribes2 !re are #cjj species ( ! =m]1 & #bjj ( ! latt]1 bo? ( :i* h ne>ly ! same limit$ range1 ?\gh ,mr4 ,bunbury f\nd two hea?s1 & ! ,protea cyn>oides1 ! mo/ spl5did ( ! family 7be>+ a fl[] ! size ( a man's hat71 on ! hills r\nd ,graham's ,t[n1 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! colony4 ,^! two tribes ( plants are s limit$ t !re is n "o ( ei!r to be se5 nor? ( ! m\nta9s :i* b\nd ! ,great ,k>oo1 & by mu* ! greate/ numb] ( !m grew )9 #ajj miles ( ,cape ,t[n2 inde$ at ! di/ance ( only #dj miles ! prevail+ ,proteace are diff]5t f ^? at ! ,cape4 ,! ,leucad5dron arg5teum1 or silv]-tree1 :i* =ms groves at ! back ( ! table-m\nta91 is conf9$ to ! p59sula ( ! ,cape4 ,! beautiful ,disa gr&iflora is f\nd only 9 "o p>ticul> place on ! top ( ! table-m\nta94 ,! dry s& ( ! we/ coa/1 & ! c\ntry nor?w>d ?r\gh _m degrees ( latitude1 is ! native habitation ( ,/apelias1 succul5t plants ) squ>e leafless /ems1 & fl[]s l />-fi%1 ) ! smell ( c>rion4 ,a great portion ( ! ea/]n fronti] ( ! ,cape colony & ! adjac5t di/ricts is cov]$ ) ext5sive ?ickets ( a /rong succul5t & ?orny vegetation1 call$ by ! natives ! bu%3 simil> ?ickets occur aga9 f> to ! we/1 on ! banks ( ! riv] ,gauritz4 ,! mo/ common plants ( ! bu% are aloes ( _m species1 all exce$+ly fle%y & "s beautiful3 ! great r$-fl[]+ arboresc5t aloe1 & "s o!rs1 make a conspicu\s figure 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! colony4 ,o!r *>act]i/ic plants ( ! ea/]n di/ricts are ! spek-boem1 or ,portulac>ia afra1 ,s*otia speciosa1 & ! great succul5t euphorbias1 :i* gr[ into real trees #dj feet high1 bran*+ l a c&elabrum1 entirely leafless1 prickly1 & ) a v acrid juice4 ,! ,euphorbia mel(ormis1 ?ree feet 9 diamet]1 lies on ! gr\nd1 to :i* x is atta*$ by sl5d] fibr\s roots1 & is conf9$ to ! m\nta9s ( ,graaf ,reynet4 ,euphorbias1 9 ! ,old ,_w1 correspond ) ! ,cactus tribe1 :i* belong exclusively to ! ,new4 ,! ,zamia1 a s+ul> plant1 hav+ ! appe>ance ( a dw>f-palm1 )\t any real simil>ity ( /ructure1 belongs to ! ea/]n di/ricts1 especially to ! great tract ( bu% on ! ,caffir fronti]4 ,v>i\s species ( ,acacia are indig5\s & mu* circumscrib$ 9 _! location3 ! ,acacia horrida1 or ! :ite-?orn$ acacia1 is v common 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts & 9 ,caffirl&4 ,! ,acacia cafra is /rictly ea/]n1 gr[+ along ! m>g9s ( riv]s1 to :i* x is a great ornam5t4 ,! ,acacia det95s1 or hook-?orn1 is almo/ peculi> to ,z& valley4 ,x appe>s1 f ! in/ances m5tion$1 t ! vegetation 9 ! ea/]n di/ricts ( ! colony diff]s f t on ! we/]n1 yet _m plants are g5]ally diffus$ ( ord]s & g5]a f\nd only 9 ?is "p ( ,africa3--,ne>ly all ! #cjj species ( ! fle%y succul5t tribe ( ,mesembryan!mum1 or ,hott5tot's fig2 a great _m beautiful species ( ! ,oxalis1 or wood-sorrel-tribe2 e species ( ,gladiolus1 ) ! exception ( t 9 ! cornfields 9 ,italy & ,france2 ixias innum]able1 "o ) petals ( apple-gre5 col\r2 g]aniums1 especially ! g5us ,pel>gonium1 or /ork's bill1 almo/ peculi> to ?is locality2 _m v>ieties ( ,gnaphalium & ,x]an!mum2 ! brilliant ,/relitzia2 #acc species ( ! h\se-leek tribe1 all fle%y1 atta*$ to ! soil by a /rong wiry root1 & n\ri%$ m or less f ! atmosph]e3 ,diosmas are widely scatt]$ 9 great v>iety2 %rubby ,borag9e ) fl[]s ( vivid col\rs1 & ,or*ide ) l>ge & %[y blossoms4 ,! legum9\s plants & ,crucif] ( ! ,cape are peculi>2 inde$ all ! vegetation has a di/9ct "*1 & bo? g5]a & species are conf9$ )9 n>r[] limits ?an any:]e else1 )\t any app>5t cause to acc\nt = a disp]sion s arbitr>y4 ,not)/&+ ! peculi>ity ( "* ) :i* ! botany ( ! ,cape is s di/9ctly m>k$1 x is connect$ ) t ( v remote c\ntries by p>ticul> plants2 = example1 ( ! sev5 species ( bramble :i* gr[ at ! ,cape1 "o is ! common ,engli% bramble or blackb]ry4 ,! aff9ity ) ,new ,holl& is great]3 9 portions ( ! two c\ntries 9 ! same latitude !re are sev]al g5]a & species t are id5tical3 ,proteace are common to bo?1 s are sev]al g5]a ( ,iride1 ,legum9os1 ,ficoide1 ,myrtace1 ,diosme1 & "s o!rs4 ,! botany ( ! ,cape is connect$ ) t ( ,india1 & ev5 t ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 by a few cong5]s4 ,! vegetation ( ,madagasc>1 ?\gh simil> 9 _m respects to ! floras ( ,india & ,africa1 nev]!less is its own3 ! ,brexiace & ,*l5ace are ord]s f\nd n[h]e else3 !re are species ( ,bignonia1 ,cycade1 & ,zamias1 a few ( ! mango/e5 tribe1 & 9 ! m\nta9s "s hea?s4 ,! ,hydrogeton f5e/ralis is a s+ul> aquatic plant1 ) leaves l ! dri$ skeletons ( leaves1 hav+ no gre5 fle%y sub/ance1 & ! ,tangh9ia v55iflua1 :i* produces a poison s deadly t its se$s are us$ to execute crim9als1 & "o se$ is suffici5t4 ,"s g5]a & species are common & peculi> to ,madagasc>1 ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 & ,mauritius2 yet ( ! #afa kn[n g5]a 9 ,madagasc> only #ed gr[ on ! o!r two isl&s4 ,! ?ree isl&s are ri* 9 f]ns4 ,! ,p&anus1 or screw-p9e g5us1 ab\nds 9 ,b\rbon & ! ,mauritius1 :]e x cov]s s&y pla9s1 s5d+ (f /rong arial roots f ! /em1 :i* /rike into ! gr\nd & protect ! plant f ! viol5t w9ds4 ,( #bij g5]a 9 ,b\rbon & ,mauritius1 #aif also gr[ 9 ,india1 ?\gh ! species are diff]5t3 !re is also "s resemblance to ! vegetation ( ,s\? ,africa1 & !re is a solit>y g5us 9 common ) ,am]ica4 ,eight or t5 degrees nor? ( ,madagasc> lies ! gr\p ( ! ,sey*elles ,isl&s1 9 :i* are groves ( ! peculi> palm :i* be>s ! d\ble cocoa-nut1 or coco de m]1 ! gr[? ( ^! isl&s only4 ,its gigantic leaves are employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( h\ses1 & o!r p>ts ( ! plant are appli$ to v>i\s dome/ic purposes4 ,,flora ,,( ,,au/ralia4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t is s little kn[n1 t ! flora :i* has come "u obs]vation is conf9$ to a %ort di/ance f ! coa/2 b x is ( s /range & unexampl$ a "*1 t x might easily be mi/ak5 = ! production ( ano!r planet4 ,_m entire ord]s ( plants are kn[n only 9 ,au/ralia1 & ! g5]a & species ( o!rs t gr[ else:]e assume new & s+ul> =ms4 ,ev]gre5s1 ) h>d n>r[ leaves ( a sombre1 melan*oly hue1 are preval5t1 & !re are :ole %ad[less =e/s ( leafless trees2 ! foot-/alks1 dilat$ & set edgewise on ! /em1 supply _! place & p]=m ! functions ( nutrition2 _! alt]$ position gives !m a s+ul> appe>ance4 ,plants 9 o!r c\ntries h gl&s on ! "u side ( ! leaves1 b 9 ,au/ralia !re are gl&s on bo? sides ( ^! sub/itutes = leaves1 :i* make !m dull & lu/reless1 & ! *anges ( ! seasons h no influ5ce on ! unv>y+ olive-gre5 ( ! ,au/ralian =e/s2 ev5 ! grasses are di/+ui%$ f ! gram9e ( o!r c\ntries by a rem>kable rigidity4 ,torres ,/raits1 9 ! nor?1 only #ej miles broad1 sep>ates ?is dry1 sombre vegetation f ! luxuriant jungle-clad %ores ( ,new ,gu9ea1 :]e deep & d>k =e/s are ri* 9 m ?an ! usual tropical exub]ance--a m complete & sudd5 *ange c h>dly be imag9$4 ,! peculi>ly ,au/ralian vegetation is 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t ( ,new ,holl& di/ribut$ 9 di/9ct foci 9 ! same latitude1 a circum/ance ( :i* ! ,proteace af=d a rem>kable in/ance4 ,ne>ly "o-half ( ! kn[n species ( ^! beautiful %rubs gr[ 9 ! p>allel ( ,port ,jackson1 f :i* !y decrease 9 numb] bo? to ! s\? & ! nor?4 ,9 t latitude1 h[ev]1 !re are twice z _m species on ! ea/]n side ( ! cont95t z !re are on ! we/]n1 & f\r times z _m z 9 ! c5tre4 ,al?\gh ! ,proteace at bo? extremities ( ! cont95t h all ! *>act]s peculi> to ,au/ralia1 yet ^? on ! ea/]n coa/ resemble ! ,s\? ,am]ican species1 :ile ^? on ! we/]n side h a resemblance to ,african =ms1 & are conf9$ to ! same latitudes4 ,species ( ?is family are num]\s 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 :]e !y ?rive at ! elevation ( #cejj feet1 & also on ! pla9s4 ,! myrtle tribe =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ,au/ralian vegetation1 p>ticul>ly ! g5]a ,eucalyptus1 ,melaleuca1 ,beau=tia1 & o!rs1 ) spl5did blossoms--:ite1 purple1 yell[1 crimson3 #ajj species ( ! ,eucalypti1 mo/ ( !m l>ge trees1 gr[ 9 ,new ,holl&2 !y =m great =e/s 9 ! colony ( ,port ,jackson4 ,! leafless acacias1 ( :i* !re are #ic species1 are a prom95t feature 9 ! ,au/ralian l&scape4 ,! leaves1 except 9 v "y plants1 are m]ely foliace\s foot-/alks1 pres5t+ _! m>g9 t[>ds ! /em2 yet ^! & ! ,eucalypti =m ! d5se/ %ade ( any trees 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! g5us ,casu>9a1 ) its /range-jo9t$1 droop+ bran*es1 call$ ! m>%-oak1 holds a conspicu\s place2 x is *iefly conf9$ to ! pr9cipal p>allel ( ?is vegetation1 & produces excell5t timb]2 x gr[s also 9 ! ,malayan p59sula & ,s\? ,sea isl&s4 ,! ,oxleya xan?oxylon or yell[ wood1 "o ( ! mahogany tribe1 gr[s to great size1 & ! ,podoc>pus aspl5iifolia =ms a new g5us ( ! cone-be>+ trees4 ,"s ( ! nettle tribe gr[ #ae or ev5 #bj feet high4 ,! ,epacride1 ) sc>let1 rose1 & :ite blossoms1 supply ! place (1 & v mu* resemble1 hea?s1 :i* d n exi/ "h4 ,! purple-fl[]+ ,trem&re2 ! yell[-fl[]+ ,dill5iace2 ! ,doryan!s excelsa1 ! mo/ spl5did ( ! lily tribe1 #bd feet high1 ) a brilliant crimson blossom2 ! ,banksia1 ! mo/ ,au/ralian ( all ! ,proteace2 ) ,zamias ( new species1 are all conspicu\s 9 ! vegetation ( ,port ,jackson4 ,!re is a *ange on ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,new ,holl&4 ,! ,ca/anosp]mum ,au/rale is s pl5tiful t x furni%es ! pr9cipal food ( ! natives2 a cap]-tree ( grotesque =m1 hav+ ! colossal dim5sions ( ! ,s5egal baobab1 & extraord9>y trees ( ! fig g5us1 *>act]ize ?is region4 ,x sometimes occurs1 :5 ! se$s ( ^! fig-trees are deposit$ by birds on ! iron-b>k-tree1 or ,eucalyptus res9if]a1 t !y vegetate & enclose ! trunk ( ! tree entirely ) _! roots1 :5ce !y s5d (f enorm\s lat]al bran*es1 :i* s completely envelop ! tree1 t at la/ its top alone is visible 9 ! c5tre ( ! fig-tree1 at ! height ( #gj or #hj feet4 ,! ,p&anus g5us fl\ri%es )9 ! influ5ce ( ! sea-air4 ,!re are only six species ( palms1 equally local 9 _! habitations z else:]e1 n "o ( :i* gr[s on ! we/ side ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,arauc>ia excelsa1 or ,norfolk ,isl& p9e1 produces ! be/ timb] ( any tree 9 ?is "p ( ,au/ralia3 x1 or o!rs ( ! same g5us1 ext5ds f ! p>allel ( #bi on ! ea/ coa/ t[>ds ! equator1 & gr[s ov] an area ( #ijj squ>e miles1 includ+ ,new ,norfolk1 ,new ,cal$onia1 & o!r isl&s1 "s ( :i* h no o!r timb]-tree3 !y are suppos$ to exi/ only )9 ! influ5ce ( ! sea4 ,! ,asphodele ab\nd & ext5d to ! s\!rn extremity ( ,van ,dieman's ,l&4 ,! s\?-we/]n di/ricts ( ,new ,holl& exhibit ano!r focus ( vegetation1 less ri* 9 species ?an t ( ,port ,jackson1 b n less peculi>4 ,! ,k+ia ,au/ralis1 or grass-tree1 rises solit>y on ! s&y pla9s1 ) b>e black5$ trunks z if sca!d by lightn+1 occasion$ by ! fires ( ! natives1 & tufts ( long grassy leaves at _! extremities2 ,banksias1 p>ticul>ly ! k9d call$ wild honeysuckle1 are num]\s2 ! ,/ylidium1 ^: blossoms are ev5 m irritable ?an ! leaves ( ! s5sitive mimosa1 & plants ) dry1 ev]la/+ blossoms1 *>act]ize ! flora ( ^! di/ricts4 ,! great] "p ( ! s\!rn vegetation vani%es on ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! cont95t1 & :at rema9s is m+l$ ) ! cabbage-palm1 v>i\s species ( ! nutmeg tribe1 s&al-wood1 & o!r ,malayan =ms--a circum/ance t may h]eaft] be ( importance to our coloni/s4 ,or*ide1 *iefly t]re/rial1 are 9 great v>iety 9 ! extra-tropical regions ( ,new ,holl&1 & ! grasses am\nt to "o-f\r? ( ! monocotyl$on\s plants4 ,re$s ( gigantic size =m =e/s 9 ! m>%es1 & kang>oo-grass cov]s ! pla9s4 ,beautiful & v>i$ z ! flora is1 ,new ,holl& is by no means luxuriant 9 vegetation4 ,!re is little appe>ance ( v]dure1 ! foliage is poor1 ! =e/s (t5 %adeless1 & ! grass ?92 b 9 _m valleys ( ! m\nta9s1 & ev5 on "s p>ts ( ! pla9s1 ! vegetation is vigor\s4 ,x is n ! lea/ rem>kable circum/ance 9 ?is extraord9>y flora1 t1 ) ! exception ( a few b]ries1 !re is no edible fruit1 gra91 or vegetable indig5\s ei!r 9 ,new ,holl& or ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,! plants ( ,new ,holl& prevail 9 e "p ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 yet ! coldness ( ! climate & ! height ( ! m\nta9s p]mit g5]a ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e to be mix$ ) ! vegetation ( ! c\ntry4 ,butt]-cups1 anemones1 & polygonums ( peculi> species gr[ on ! m\nta9-tops1 toge!r ) ,proteace & o!r ,au/ralian plants4 ,! pla9s gl[ ) ! w>m gold5 fl[]s ( ! black wattle1 a ,mimosa1 emblematic ( ! isl&1 & ) ! equally bright & orange blossom ( ! gorse1 :i* p]fumes ! :ole atmosph]e4 ,only "o tree-f]n gr[s 9 ?is c\ntry2 x rises #bj feet to ! base ( ! fronds1 :i* spread into an elegant top1 produc+ a %ad[ gloomy z night-fall1 & !re are #aej species ( or*is4 ,! s\!rn extremities bo? ( ,new ,holl& & ,van ,diem5's ,l& are *>act]iz$ by ! preval5ce ( ev]gre5 plants3 b ! trees "h1 z well z 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 d n %$ _! leaves p]iodically z ) u4 ,! botany ( ,new ,zeal& appe>s to be intimately alli$ to t ( ,new ,holl&1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,s\? ,africa1 b *iefly to t ( ,new ,holl&4 ,noble trees =m imp5etrable =e/s1 #fj ( :i* yield ! f9e/ timb]1 & _m are ( k9ds to :i* we h no?+ simil>4 ,"h !re are no repres5tatives ( our oak1 bir*1 or will[1 b five species ( bee* & t5 ( ,conif] h be5 discov]$ t are peculi> to ! c\ntry4 ,!y are all alp9e1 & only desc5d to ! level ( ! sea 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! ,conif] ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e are m local ?an 9 ! nor!rn2 ( ! t5 species peculi> to ,new ,zeal& x is n c]ta9 t m ?an two or ?ree are f\nd 9 ! middle isl&1 or t any ( !m gr[ s\? ( ! #dj? p>allel4 ,! ,kauri p9e1 or ,damm>a au/ralis1 is indig5\s 9 all ! ?ree isl&s1 b x is ! only cone-be>+ tree 9 ,nor? ,isl&1 :]e x gr[s 9 hilly situations ne> ! sea1 %oot+ up ) a clean /em #fj or #ij feet1 sometimes #cj feet 9 diamet]1 ) a spread+ b ?9 top1 & g5]ally has a quantity ( transp>5t yell[ res9 imb$d$ at its base4 ,?is f9e tree does n gr[ beyond ! #ch? degree ( ,s4 lat4 ,! ,metrosid]os tom5tosa1 ) ri* crimson blossoms1 is "o ( ! greate/ ornam5ts ( ! =e/s1 & ! ,metrosid]os robu/a ! mo/ s+ul>4 ,x gr[s to a v great size1 & s5ds %oots f its trunk & bran*es to ! gr\nd1 :i* become s massive t !y support ! old /em1 :i* to all appe>ance loses its vitality2 x is 9 fact an enorm\s epiphyte1 gr[+ to1 & n f1 ! gr\nd4 ,_m ( ! small] trees are ( ! laurel tribe1 ) poison\s b]ries4 ,besides1 !re is a cabbage-palm1 ! ,areca sapida1 eld]1 ! ,fu*sia excorticata1 & o!r %rubs4 ,?is c\ntry is probably ! s\!rn limit ( ! or*ide\s plants t gr[ on trees4 ,be=e ,new ,zeal& 0 coloniz$1 ! natives liv$ *iefly on ! roots ( ! edible f]n1 ,pt]is escul5ta1 ) :i* ! c\ntry is d5sely cov]$1 mix$ ) a %rub t gr[s l a cypress1 & ! tea-plant1 :i* is a k9d ( myrtle ^: b]ries af=d an intoxicat+ liquor4 ,m ?an #adj species ( f]n are natives ( ^! isl&s1 "s ( :i* are arboresc5t & #dj feet high2 ! c\ntry is *iefly cov]$ ) ^! & ) ! ,new ,zeal& flax1 ,phormium t5ax1 :i* gr[s abundantly bo? on ! m\nta9s & pla9s4 ,! vegetation is s vigor\s on ^! volcanic isl&s t x gr[s ri*ly on ! banks ( hot spr+s1 & ev5 9 wat] too hot to be t\*$4#afa ,9 ,norfolk ,isl&1 #aeb species ( plants are already kn[n1 & _m1 no d\bt1 are yet to be discov]$4 ,! ,cape gooseb]ry or ,physalis edulis1 ! guava-tree1 pepp]1 :ite & swamp oak1 iron1 blood-wood1 & lemon trees1 are native2 also ! bread-fruit tree1 :i* blossoms1 b does n be> fruit4 ,! ,arauc>ia excelsa & "s palms are indig5\s1 & !re are ?ree times z _m f]ns z ( all ! o!r plants toge!r4 ,! multitude ( isl&s ( ,polynesia con/itute a botanical region ap>t f all o!rs1 ?\gh x is b little v>i$1 & *>act]iz$ pr9cipally by ! numb] ( syng5esi\s plants ) arboresc5t t]ms & tree-f]ns4 ,9 cont95tal ,india & ! tropical p>ts ( ,new ,holl&1 ! proportion ( f]ns to conspicu\sly-fl[]+ plants is z #a to #bf1 :ile on ! ,polynesian isl&s x is z #a to #d1 & p]haps ev5 z #a to #c4afb ,! cocoa-nut palm & ! p&anus are common to all ! isl&s1 b ! latt] ?rives only :5 expos$ to ! sea-air4 ,?is ar*ipelago produces ,tacca p9natifida1 :i* yields arr[-root2 ! ,morus papyrif]a1 ^: b>k is manufactur$ into pap]2 & "o ( ! ,dracna tribe1 f :i* an intoxicat+ liquor is made4 ,fifty v>ieties ( ! bread-fruit tree are indig5\s1 :i* produce ?ree or f\r crops annually4 ,x is mo/ abundant 9 ! ,fri5dly1 ,society1 & ,c>ol9e gr\ps1 f :5ce x has be5 tak5 to ,am]ica1 :]e x ?rives 9 v l[ latitudes4 ,! ,s&wi* gr\p is peculi> 9 ! numb] ( ,good5ias & ,lobelias2 :ile ! ,coral ,isl&s1 ^: flora is entirely borr[$1 r>ely h two species belong+ to ! same g5us2 ! fragrant suriana & sweet-sc5t$ ,t\rn=tia are among _! scanty vegetation4 ,! two species ( banana-trees :i* are natives ( s\!rn ,asia h be5 introduc$ at an unkn[n & probably e>ly p]iod into ! ,polynesian isl&s1 & all tropical c\ntries 9 ! ea/]n & we/]n hemisph]es4 ,syria is _! nor!rn limit1 :]e ! ,musa p>adisaica gr[s to #cd ,n4 lat4 ,! sweet fruit ( ^! trees produces1 on ! same ext5t ( gr\nd1 #dd times z mu* nutrim5t z ! potato1 & #acc times m ?an :eat4 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! ,s&wi* gr\p1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,juan ,f]n&ez1 & above all ! ,galapagos isl&s1 are m peculi> 9 _! floras ?an any o!r tracts ( _! size4 ,! ,galapagos ar*ipelago consi/s ( #aj pr9cipal isl&s ly+ imm$iately "u ! equator1 #fjj miles f ! coa/ ( ,am]ica4 ,!y are entirely volcanic1 & conta9 #bjjj ext9ct crat]s4 ,! vegetation is s peculi> t1 ( #ahj plants :i* h be5 collect$1 #ajj are f\nd n[h]e else2 ( #ba species ( ,composit all b "o are new1 & belong to #aj g5]a1 #h ( :i* are conf9$ to ^! isl&s exclusively4 ,?is flora has no analogy to t ( ,polynesia1 b x be>s a d\ble relation to ! flora ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! plants peculi> to ! ,galapagos isl&s are1 = ! mo/ "p1 alli$ to ^? on ! cool] "p ( ! cont95t or on high l&s1 :ile ! o!rs are ! same ) ^? t ab\nd 9 ! hot damp int]tropical regions ( ! cont95t4 ,! greate/ numb] ( peculi> plants gr[ on ! tops ( ! isl&s :]e ! sea vap\r is cond5s$1 & _m ( !m are conf9$ to "s "o islet ( ! gr\p4 ,?\gh ?is flora is s+ul>1 x is poor comp>$ ) t ( ! ,s&wi* gr\p1 or ! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s4#afc ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,am]ican ,vegetation--,flora ( ,nor?1 ,c5tral1 & ,s\? ,am]ica--,ant>ctic ,flora--,orig9 & ,di/ribution ( ! ,c]ealia--,ages ( ,trees--,m>9e ,vegetation4 ,,f simil>ity ( physical circum/ances ! arctic flora ( ,am]ica be>s a /rong resemblance to t ( ! nor!rn regions ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,?is botanical di/rict comprises ,gre5l&1 & ext5ds consid]ably to ! s\? ( ! arctic circle1 especially at ! ea/]n & we/]n ends ( ! cont95t1 :]e x rea*es ! #fj? p>allel ( ,n4 lat41 & ev5 m2 x is cont9u$ along ! tops ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s almo/ to ,mexico1 & x re-appe>s on ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s & a few o!r p>ts ( ! ,alleghanies4 ,gre5l& has a mu* m arctic flora ?an ,icel&2 ! valleys are entirely cov]$ ) mosses & m>%-plants1 & ! gloomy rocks are cas$ 9 sombre li*5s t gr[ "u ! sn[1 & ! grasses on ! pa/ure-gr\nds t l9e ! fiords are ne>ly f\r times less v>i$ ?an ^? ( ,icel&4 ,9 "s %elt]$ spots ! s]vice-tree be>s fruit1 & bir*es gr[ to ! height ( a few feet3 b ligne\s plants 9 g5]al trail on ! gr\nd4 ,! arctic flora ( ,am]ica has mu* ! same "* ) t ( ,europe & ,asia1 & _m species are common to all2 /ill m are repres5tative1 b !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! vegetation at ! two extremities ( ! cont95t2 !re are #cj species 9 ! ea/ & #bj 9 ! we/ end :i* gr[ n[h]e else4 ,! sam5ess ( "* *anges ) ! b>r5 treeless l&s at ! v]ge ( ! ,arctic region1 & ! di/ribution ( plants v>ies bo? ) ! latitude & ! longitude4 ,tak+ a broad view ( ! botanical di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re are two woody regions1 "o on ! ea/]n1 ! o!r on ! we/]n side ( ! cont95t1 sep>at$ by a region ( prairies :]e grasses & h]bace\s plants pr$om9ate4 ,! vegetation ( ^! ?ree p>ts1 s dissimil>1 v>ies ) ! latitude1 b n aft] ! same law z 9 ,europe1 = ! w9t] is mu* cold] & ! summ] w>m] on ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,am]ica ?an on ! we/]n coa/ ( ,europe1 ow+1 9 a great measure1 to ! preval5ce ( we/]ly w9ds :i* br+ cold & damp to our %ores4 ,b\ndless =e/s ( black & :ite spruce1 ) an und]gr[? ( re9de] moss1 cov] ! c\ntry s\? ( ! ,arctic region1 :i* are aft]w>ds mix$ ) o!r trees2 gooseb]ries1 /rawb]ries1 currants1 & "s o!r plants ?rive !re4 ,!re are va/ =e/s 9 ,canada ( p9es1 oak1 a%1 hickory1 r$ bee*1 bir*1 ! l(ty ,canadian popl>1 sometimes #ajj feet high & #cf feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & sug>-maple2 ! prevail+ plants are ,kalmias1 azaleas1 & a/]s1 ! =m] v]nal1 ! latt] autumnal2 solidagos & a/]s are ! mo/ *>act]i/ic plants ( ?is region4 ,! spl5d\r ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican flora is display$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 ! ,am]ican sycamore1 *e/nut1 black walnut1 hickory1 :ite c$>1 wild *]ry1 r$ bir*1 locu/-tree1 tulip-tree1 or ,liriod5dron1 ! glory ( ,am]ican =e/s1 liquid-amb>1 oak1 a%1 p9e-trees ( _m species1 gr[ luxuriantly1 ) an und]gr[? ( rhodod5drons1 azaleas1 ,&rom$as1 ,g]>dias1 ,calycan?us1 ,hydrangea1 & _m m ( woody texture1 ) an inf9ite v>iety ( h]bace\s & climb+ plants4 ,! vegetation is diff]5t on ! two sides ( ! ,alleghany m\nta9s2 ! locu/-tree1 ,canadian popl>1 ,hibiscus1 & ,hydrangea1 are mo/ common on ! we/ side2 ! ,am]ican *e/nut & ,kalmias are s num]\s on ! ,atlantic side z to give a di/9ctive "* to ! flora3 "h1 too1 aquatic plants are m frequ5t2 among ^! ! ,s>rac5ia or side-saddle fl[]1 s+ul> 9 =m1 ) leaves l pit*]s cov]$ ) a lid1 half full ( wat]4 ,! autumnal t9ts ( ! =e/s 9 ! middle ,/ates are beautiful & ( endless v>iety2 ! d>k leaves ( ! ev]gre5 p9e1 ! r$ foliage ( ! maple1 ! yell[ bee*1 ! sc>let oak1 & purple ,nyssa1 ) all _! int]m$iate t9ts1 ev] *ang+ ) ! light & di/ance1 produce an effect at sunset t w\ld a/oni% ! native ( a c\ntry ) a m sob]-col\r$ flora "u a m cl\dy sky4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ! s\!rn ,/ates1 ! vegetation assumes a diff]5t aspect1 ?\gh _m plants ( m nor!rn di/ricts are mix$ ) x4 ,trees & %rubs "h are rem>kable = broad %9+ leaves & spl5did blossoms1 z ! ,gl$its*ia1 ,catalpa1 ,hibiscus1 & all ! family ( ,magnolias1 :i* are natives ( ! c\ntry1 except+ a v few f\nd 9 ,asia & ! ,indian isl&s4 ,!y are ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! flora f ,virg9ia to ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s3 ! ,magnolia gr&iflora & ! tulip-tree are ! mo/ spl5did specim5s ( ?is race ( plants2 ! latt] is (t5 #abj feet high4 ,! long-leav$ pit*-p9e1 "o ( ! mo/ picturesque ( trees1 cov]s an arid soil on ! coa/ ( ! ,atlantic ( #fj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,! swamps s common 9 ! s\!rn ,/ates are clo!d ) gigantic decidu\s cypress1 ! aquatic oak1 swamp hickory1 ) ! magnific5t ,nelumbium luteum & o!r aquatics1 & among ! innum]able h]bace\s plants ! s+ul> ,diona muscipula1 or ,am]ican fly-trap3 ! trap is =m$ by two opposite lobes ( ! leaf1 cov]$ ) sp9es1 & s irritable1 t !y in/antly close ^u ! insect t has come to light ^u !m4 ,?is ,magnolia region corresponds 9 latitude ) ! s\!rn %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 b ! climate is hott] & m humid1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !re is a consid]able numb] ( ,mexican plants4 ,a few dw>f-palms appe> among ! ,magnolias1 & ! =e/s 9 ,florida & ,alabama are cov]$ ) ,till&sia usneoides1 an air-plant1 :i* hangs f ! b\ghs4#afd ,t5 or twelve species ( grass cov] ! ext5sive prairies or /eppes ( ! valley ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! =ms ( ! ,t>t>ian /eppes appe> to ! nor? 9 ! ,c5taurea1 ,artemisia1 ,a/ragali2 b ! ,dahlias1 no!ras1 ) _m m1 are _! own4 ,! ,helian?us & ,coreopsis1 mix$ ) "s ,european g5]a1 m>k ! middle regions2 & 9 ! s\?1 t[>ds ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ,cl>kia & ,b>tonia are mix$ ) ! ,mexican g5]a ( ,cactus & ,yucca4 ,! we/]n =e/ is less ext5sive & less v>i$ ?an ! ea/]n1 b ! trees are l>g]4 ,?is flora 9 high latitudes is b little kn[n2 ! ,?uia gigantea on ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s & ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific is #bjj feet high4 ,claytonias & currants1 ) plants ( nor!rn ,asia1 are f\nd "h4 ,f>!r we/1 ! ,p9us ,lamb]tiana is ano!r specim5 ( ! /up5d\s trees ( ?is flora2 sev5 species ( p9e are indig5\s 9 ,cali=nia1 "s ( :i* h measur$ #bjj1 & ev5 #cjj feet high1 & #hj 9 circumf]5ce4 ,capta9 ,sir ,edw>d ,bel*]1 9 8 8,voyage on ! ,pacific10 m5tions hav+ measur$ an oak #bg feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & ano!r #ah feet gir? at ! height ( #fj feet f ! gr\nd1 be=e ! bran*es began to spread4 ,?is is ! native soil ( ! currant-bu%es ) r$ & yell[ blossoms1 ( _m v>ieties ( lup9s1 ponies1 poppies1 & o!r h]bace\s plants s ornam5tal 9 our g>d5s4 ,!re are #ccb g5]a ( plants peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica1 exclusive ( ,mexico1 b no family ( any great ext5t has yet be5 discov]$ !re4 ,ab\t #afj l>ge trees yield excell5t timb]2 ! wood ( ! p9e-trees ( ! ea/]n =e/s is ( inf]ior quality to t gr[n on ! o!r side ( ! cont95t1 & bo? appe> to be less valuable ?an ! p9e-wood ( ,europe1 :i* is be/ :5 produc$ 9 a cold climate4 ,! ,p9us ,cembra & ! ,p9us unc9ata are ! mo/ e/eem$ ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! native fruits ( ,nor? ,am]ica are mo/ly ( ! nut-k9d1 & !re are _m ( ^!1 to :i* may be add$ ! ,florida orange1 ! ,*icasa plum1 ! papaw1 ! banana1 ! r$ mulb]ry1 & ! plumlike fruit ( ! p]simon4 ,!re are sev5 species ( wild grapes1 b good w9e has n hi!rto be5 produc$4 ,al?\gh ,am]ica has contribut$ s mu* to ! ornam5t ( our pleasure-gr\nds & g>d5s1 yet !re are comp>atively few ,nor? ,am]ican plants :i* h become an object ( ext5sive cultivation1 :ile ,am]ica has borr[$ l>gely f o!r p>ts ( ! globe2 ! grapes cultivat$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica are ,european2 tobacco1 ,indian corn1 & _m o!rs ( ! utmo/ comm]cial value are /rang]s to ! soil1 hav+ be5 introduc$ by ! e>lie/ inhabitants f ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* h contribut$ mu* m to g5]al utility4 ,,flora ,,( ,,mexico ,,& ,,! ,,we/ ,,indies4 ,mexico itself unites ! vegetation ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?\gh x resembles t ( ! latt] m ne>ly4 ,:ole prov9ces on ! table-l& & m\nta9s produce alp9e plants1 oaks1 *e/nuts1 & p9es spontane\sly4 ,! ,*eiro/emon1 or h&-tree1 s nam$ f ! resemblance its /igma be>s to ! human h&1 gr[s "h1 & also 9 ! ,guatemala =e/s4 ,! l[ l&s ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica h a v ri* flora1 consi/+ ( _m ord]s & g5]a peculi> to !m1 & species )\t numb]1 a great portion ( :i* are unkn[n4 ,! ,hym5ea ,c\rb>il1 f :i* ! copal ( ,mexico is obta9$1 logwood1 mahogany1 & _m o!r l>ge trees1 valuable = _! timb]1 gr[ 9 ! =e/s2 sug>-cane1 tobacco1 indigo1 ,am]ican aloe1 yam1 capsicum1 & yucca1 are indig5\s 9 ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,x is ! native region ( ! ,mela/omas1 ( :i* #fbj species are kn[n2 almo/ all ! pepp] tribe1 ! ,passiflor1 ! ornam5t & pride ( tropical ,am]ica & ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 beg9 to be num]\s 9 ^! regions4 ,! p9e-apple is entirely ,am]ican1 gr[+ 9 ! woods & savannahs3 x has be5 c>ri$ to ! ,we/ ,indies1 to ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,*9a1 & is naturaliz$ 9 all4 ,?is c\ntry has also produc$ ! *]imoya1 said to be ! mo/ exquisite ( fruits4 ,all ! vanilla t is us$ 9 ,europe comes f ! ,/ates ( ,v]a ,cruz & ,oaxaca1 on ! ea/]n slopes ( ! ,cordill]a ( ,anahuac 9 ,mexico4 ,x is native ?r\gh\t tropical ,am]ica1 gr[+ 9 hot1 damp1 %ady places4 ,hot arid tracts are cov]$ ) ! ,cactus tribe1 a family ( ,c5tral ,am]ica & ,mexico1 :i* is m widely disp]s$ ?an ! anana3 "s species be> a consid]able degree ( cold4 ,!y are social plants1 inhabit+ s&y pla9s 9 ?ickets1 & ( _m species3 _! =ms are v>i\s1 & _! blossoms beautiful4 ,a few occur at a consid]able di/ance f ! tropics1 to ! nor? & ! s\?4 ,! night-fl[]+ ,c]eus gr[s 9 all its beauty 9 ! arid p>ts ( ,*ile1 fill+ ! night air ) its p]fume4 ,! ,cactus opuntia gr[s 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & ,sir ,george ,back f\nd a small isl& 9 ! ,lake ( ! ,woods cov]$ ) x4 ,?is species has be5 br\ght to ,europe1 & n[ gr[s a common we$ on ! bord]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,9 ,mexico1 ! co*9eal insect 0 collect$ f ! ,cactus cocc9ellif] long be=e ! ,spani% conque/4 ,!re are l>ge fields ( ,am]ican aloe1 f :i* a liquor call$ pulque1 & also an ard5t _s1 are made4 ,! anci5t ,mexicans made _! hemp f ?is plant1 & also _! pap]4 ,! =e/s ( ,panama conta9 at lea/ #ig diff]5t k9ds ( trees1 :i* gr[ luxuriantly 9 a climate :]e ! torr5ts ( ra9 are s fav\rable to vegetation1 & s unfav\rable to life t ! ta9t$ air is deadly ev5 to animals4 ,! sug>-cane is a native ( bo? cont95ts2 ,columbus f\nd x wild 9 _m p>ts ( ,am]ica3 ! sweet cane is m5tion$ by ! ,prophets1 & x has gr[n "t immemorial on ! coa/s ( ,*9a & 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,its culture ranges ?r\gh\t ! torrid zone1 & to latitudes :]e ! mean temp]ature is n "u #fd ( ,fahr5heit4 ,x gr[s on ! pla9s ( ,nepaul at an absolute elevation ( #dhjj feet1 & at ! height ( f #cejj to #eajj feet 9 ! ,cordill]a ( ,new ,gr5ada4 ,x is n[ sc>cely cultivat$ 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,new ,spa91 :]e x 0 introduc$ by ! ,spani>ds1 b x is ext5sively rais$ 9 ,guiana1 ,brazil1 ! ,we/ ,india isl&s1 ! ,mauritius1 ,b\rbon1 ,b5gal1 ,siam1 ,java1 ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 & ,*9a4 ,maize or ,indian corn is believ$ to h come orig9ally f ,mexico & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,x is an annual1 requir+ only summ] heat2 its limit is #ej ,n4 9 ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & #dg ,n4 9 ,europe2 x rip5s at an elevation ( #gfjj feet 9 l[ latitudes1 & 9 ! ,l[] ,pyr5ees at ! height ( #cbhi feet4#afe ,! flora ( ea* ,we/ ,indian isl& is simil> to t ( ! cont95t opposite to x4 ,! ,myrtus pim5to1 produc+ allspice1 is common 9 ! hills2 cu/>d-apple1 guava1 ! avocado pe>1 & tobacco1 are indig5\s2 ! cabbage-palm gr[s to ! height ( #aej feet2 ! palma-real ( ,cuba is ! mo/ maje/ic ( t noble family2 & 9 ,b>badoes !re /ill exi/s a tree1 b we>+ out rapidly1 :i* has giv5 ! isl& its "n4 ,,flora ,,( ,,tropical ,,am]ica4 ,al?\gh ! flora ( tropical ,am]ica is bett] explor$ ?an t ( ,asia or ,africa1 !re mu/ /ill be ?\s&s ( plants ( :i* we h no k2 & ^? :i* h come "u obs]vation are s v>i$ & s num]\s1 t x is n possible to convey an idea ( ! peculi>ities ( ?is vegetation1 or ( ! ext5t & ri*ness ( its woodl&s4 ,! upp] ,or9oco fl[s = "s hundr$ miles *iefly ?r\gh =e/s2 & ! silvas ( ! ,amazons are six times ! size ( ,france4 ,9 ^! ! trees are colossal1 & ! vegetation s matt$ toge!r by und]wood1 creep+ & p>asitical plants1 t ! sun's rays c sc>cely p5etrate ! d5se foliage4 ,^! ext5sive =e/s are by no means uni=m2 !y diff] on ea* side ( ! equator1 ?\gh climate & o!r circum/ances are ! same4 ,v5ezuela1 ,guiana1 ! ,amazona1 & ,brazil1 are ea* ! c5tre ( a peculi> flora4 ,s p>tial is ?is spl5did vegetation1 t almo/ ea* tribut>y ( ! great riv]s has a flora ( its own3 p>ticul> families ( plants are s re/rict$ 9 _! localities1 & pr$om9ate s exclusively :]e !y occur1 t !y *ange ! appe>ance ( ! =e/4 ,?us1 f ! preval5ce ( ! ord]s ,laur9e1 ,sapotace1 & o!rs1 :i* h lea!ry1 %9+1 & entire leaves1 ! =e/s ?r\gh :i* ! ,rio ,negro1 ,cassiqui>e1 & ,tuam9e fl[1 diff] 9 aspect f ^? ( ! o!r afflu5ts ( ! ,amazons4 ,ev5 ! grassy llanos1 s uni=m 9 appe>ance1 h _! c5tres ( vegetation2 & only agree ) ! pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres 9 be+ cov]$ ) grass & h]bs4 ,9 ^! tropical regions ! flora v>ies ) ! altitude also4 ,on ! ,&es1 almo/ at ! limit ( vegetation1 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) purple1 azure1 & sc>let g5tians1 drabas1 al*emillas1 & _m o!r brilliantly-col\r$ alp9e plants4 ,?is zone is foll[$ by ?ickets ( coriace\s-leav$ plants1 9 p]petual bloom & v]dure2 & !n come ! =e/-trees4 ,arboresc5t f]ns asc5d to #gjjj feet2 ! c(fee-tree & palms to #ejjj2 & nei!r indigo nor cocoa c be cultivat$ l[] ?an #bjjj4 ,! tree yield+ cocoa1 ( :i* *ocolate is made1 gr[s wild 9 ,guiana1 ,mexico1 & on ! coa/ ( ! ,c>accas2 x is n[ cultivat$ 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ev5 to ,*ile1 also 9 ! ,can>y & ,philipp9e isl&s1 into :i* x 0 introduc$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! se$s ( its fruit1 :i* is l a cucumb]1 are ! cocoa4 ,_m p>ts ( ! coa/s ( ,v5ezuela & ,guiana are r5d]$ pe/il5tial by ! effluvia ( ! mangrove1 ,avic5nia1 & ! man*9eel1 "o ( ! ,euphorbia family1 consi/+ ( #efb species 9 tropical ,am]ica1 all hav+ milky juice1 delet]i\s 9 ! great] numb]4 ,! well-kn[n poison ,our>i is prep>$ by ! ,indians ( ,guiana f ! fruit & b>k ( ! ,/ry*nos toxic>ia1 ?an :i* nature has probably produc$ no plants m deadly4 ,?is ,our>i 7or ,w\rali7 is a creep+ plant :i* yields ! deadly juice1 ! p[]ful effect ( :i* 0 prov$ by ,mr4 ,wat]ton's exp]im5ts4 ,! ,c9*ona1 or true b>k-tree1 gr[s only on ! ,cordill]as ( ! ,&es4#aff ,"s ( its m$ic9al qualities are f\nd 9 o!r plants ( diff]5t g5]a 9 ,guiana1 z ! ,cusp>ia c>ony1 :i* produces ! ,ango/ura b>k4 ,! ,sap9dus sapon>ia1 or soap-tree1 is us$ by ! natives = wa%+4 ,capsicum1 vanilla1 ! inc5se-plant1 ! ,dipt]yx odorata1 ^: fruit is ! tonqu9-bean1 & ! cassava or m&ioc1 are natives ( ! c\ntry4 ,!re are two k9ds ( m&ioc1 a %rub ^: fle%y roots yield a f>9a eat5 by ! natives ( ,spani% ,am]ica & ,brazil3 ! root ( "o is h>mless1 b ! o!r conta9s a poison\s milky juice1 ! effects ( :i* are remov$ by cultivation or pressure4 ,x gr[s to ab\t #cj on ea* side ( ! equator1 & to #cbjj feet above ! sea-level4 ,an acre ( m&ioc is said to yield z mu* n\ri%m5t z six acres ( :eat4 ,arr[-root is native 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 x has be5 transport$ to ! ,we/ ,indies & ,ceylon4 ,! fl\r is ! produce ( ! root4 ,! plant is said to owe its "n to ! belief ( its be+ an antidote to ! poison ( ! arr[s ( ! ,indians4 ,! c[-tree1 almo/ conf9$ to ! ,cordill]a ( ! coa/ ( ,v5ezuela1 yields su* abundance ( nutriti\s milky juice t x is c>ri$ 9 g\rds1 l milk f ! c[4 ,! *ocolate-plant1 or cacao-%rub1 fruits ( ! mo/ excell5t flav\r1 plants yield+ balsam1 res91 & gum1 are num]\s 9 ! tropical regions4 ,!re ! laurel tribe assume ! "* ( maje/ic trees3 "s are s ri* 9 oil1 t x gu%es f a w\nd 9 ! b>k4 ,"o ( ^! laurels produces ! ess5tial oil :i* dissolves ca\t*\c1 or ,indian rubb]1 us$ 9 r5d]+ clo? wat]pro(4 ,planta9s ( gigantic size =m l>ge =e/s2 b palms are ! mo/ num]\s & ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! trees 9 ^! c\ntries4 ,!re are #ij species ( !m2 & !y are s local t a *ange takes place e #ej miles4 ,!y are ! greate/ ornam5t ( ! upp] ,or9oco4 ,! llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ,guiana are cov]$ ) tall grass1 mix$ ) lilies & o!r bulb\s fl[]s1 s5sitive mimosas1 & palms con/antly v>y+ 9 species4 ,no language c describe ! glory ( ! =e/s ( ! ,amazon & ,brazil1 ! endless v>iety ( =m1 ! contra/s ( col\r & size3 !re ev5 ! l>ge/ trees be> brilliant blossoms2 sc>let1 purple1 blue1 rose-col\r1 & gold5 yell[1 are bl5d$ ) e possible %ade ( gre54 ,maje/ic trees1 z ! ,bombax ceiba 7or silk-cotton tree71 ! d>k-leav$ mora ) its :ite blossoms1 ! fig1 ca%ew1 & mimosa tribes1 :i* are "h ( unwont$ dim5sions1 & a ?\s& o!r giants ( ! =e/1 are contra/$ ) ! graceful palm1 ! delicate ,acacia1 re$s ( #ajj feet high1 grasses ( #dj1 & tree-f]ns 9 myriads4 ,passiflor & sl5d] creep]s tw9e r\nd ! l[] plants1 :ile o!rs z ?ick z cables climb ! l(ty trees1 drop aga9 to ! gr\nd1 rise anew & /ret* f b\gh to b\gh1 wrea!d ) _! own leaves & fl[]s1 yet int]mix$ ) ! vividly col\r$ blossoms ( ! ,or*ide4 ,an imp5etrable & ev]la/+ vegetation cov]s ! gr\nd2 decay & dea? are conceal$ by ! exub]ance ( life2 ! trees are load$ ) p>asites :ile alive--!y become masses ( liv+ plants :5 !y die4 ,"o tw5ty-n9? "p ( ! fl[]+ plants ( ! ,brazilian =e/s are ( ! c(fee-tribe1 & ! rose-col\r$ & yell[-fl[]+ bignonias are among _! greate/ ornam5ts1 :]e all is grace & beauty4 ,?\s&s ( h]bs & trees mu/ /ill be undescrib$ :]e ea* /ream has its own vegetation4 ,! palm-trees are ! glory ( ! =e/3 #ha species ( ^! plants are natives ( ! int]tropical p>ts ( ,brazil alone2 !y are ( all sizes1 f su* z h h>dly any /em to ^? t rise #acj feet4#afg ,9 ^? p>ts ( ,brazil less fav\r$ by nature1 ! =e/s consi/ ( /unt$ decidu\s trees1 & ! b\ndless pla9s h grasses1 int]sp]s$ ) myrtles & o!r %rubs4#afh ,! =e/s on ! banks ( ! ,p>aguay & ,v]mejo are almo/ z ri* z ^? ( ! tropics4 ,noble trees furni% timb] & fruit2 ! alg>oba1 a k9d ( acacia1 produces clu/]s ( a bean1 ( :i* ! ,indians make bread1 & also a /rong f]m5t$ liquor2 ! palm & c9*ona gr[ !re2 & ! y]ba-mat1 ! leaves ( :i* are univ]sally us$ z tea 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 7 9 use be=e ! ,spani% conque/4 ,x is a species ( holly1 ) leaves five or six in*es long4 ,! s&y des]ts t[>ds ! m\nta9s are ! l& ( ! ,agave & ,cactus 9 all _! v>ieties4 ,! fibres ( ! ,agave are made into cordage by ! ,indians = fi%+-nets & o!r uses1 & ! juice af=ds !m dr9k4 ,"s l>g] species ( ,cactus give a light & durable wood2 & ! ,co*9eal insect1 :i* fe$s on !m1 is a valuable article ( comm]ce4 ,grass1 clov]1 & ,european & ,african ?i/les1 :i* h be5 introduc$1 ) a solit>y ,ombu at wide int]vals1 are ! unv>y+ features ( ! pampas2 & ?orny /unt$ bu%es1 *>act]i/ic ( all des]ts1 are ! only vegetation ( ! ,patagonian %+le4 ,b on ! m\nta9 valleys 9 ! f> s\? may be se5 ! w9t]'s b>k1 arbutus1 new species ( bee*-trees1 /unt$ b]b]ries1 & ,misod5dron1 :i* latt] is a s+ul> k9d ( p>asitical plant4 ,l>ge =e/s ( ,arauc>ia imbricata gr[ 9 ! ,&es ( ,*ile & ,patagonia4 ,?is tall & h&some p9e1 ) cones ! size ( a *ild's head1 supplies ! natives ) a great "p ( _! food4 ,x is said t ! fruit ( "o l>ge tree w ma9ta9 eighte5 p]sons = a ye>4 ,no?+ gr[s "u ^! great =e/s2 & :5 accid5tally burnt d[n 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,patagonia1 !y nev] rise aga91 b ! gr\nd !y grew on is soon cov]$ ) an imp5etrable bru%wood ( o!r plants4 ,9 ,*ile ! viol5tly /++ ,loasa appe>s fir/ 9 ^! burnt places1 bu%es gr[ aft]w>ds1 & !n comes a tree-grass1 #ah feet high1 ( :i* ! ,indians make _! huts4 ,! new vegetation t foll[s ! burn+ ( primeval =e/s is q unacc\ntable4 ,! anci5t & undi/urb$ =e/s ( ,p5nsylvania h no und]gr[?1 & :5 burnt d[n !y are succe$$ by a ?ick gr[? ( rhodod5drons4 ,! s\!rn coa/s ( ,*ile are v b>r51 & all plants exi/+ !re1 ev5 ! h]bace\s1 h a t5d5cy to assume a h>d knotty texture4 ,! /em ( ! wild potato1 :i* is indig5\s 9 ,*ile & ,p]u1 becomes woody & bri/ly z x gr[s old4 ,x is a native ( ! sea-/r&1 & is nev] f\nd naturally m ?an #djj feet above x4 ,9 its wild /ate ! root is small & bitt]2 x is "o ( _m in/ances ( ! influ5ce ( cultivation 9 r5d]+ unpromis+ plants useful to man4 ,x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,am]ica at ! "t ( its discov]y1 & is s n[1 at ! height ( f #ihjj to #ac1jjj feet above ! sea on ! ,&es1 & z high z #dhjj feet on ! ,swiss ,alps2 x does n succe$ on ! pla9s 9 hot c\ntries1 nor f>!r nor? ?an ,icel&4 ,x _h be5 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,spani>ds be=e ! "t ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh2 he br\ght x to ,engl& f ,virg9ia 9 #aehf4 ,coca1 ! ,ery?roxylon ,coca ( botani/s1 is a native ( ! tropical valleys on ! ea/]n declivity ( ! ,&es ( ,p]u & ,bolivia1 :]e x is ext5sively cultivat$ = its leaf1 ( :i* ! tree furni%es #c or #d crops annually2 ! coca-leaf1 :i* possesses nutritive & n>cotic qualities1 is *ew$ by ! aborig9es mix$ ) an alcal9e sub/ance3 x allays hung]1 & enables ! ,indian to und]go great fatigue )\t any o!r n\ri%m5t = days toge!r2 x is an article ( great trade1 & absolutely indisp5sable 9 ! m labori\s pr(ession ( ! m9]4 ,betwe5 ! s\!rn p>allels ( #ch & #de ,*ile is cov]$ ) ext5sive =e/s4 ,/ately trees ( _m k9ds1 hav+ smoo? & brightly-col\r$ trunks1 are b\nd toge!r by p>asitical plants ( ! monocotyl$on\s /ructure2 l>ge & elegant f]ns are num]\s1 & arboresc5t grasses entw9e ! trees to ! height ( #bj or #cj feet2 palm-trees gr[ to ! #cg? p>allel ( latitude1 _! s\!rn limit4 ,al?\gh ! flora1 at an elevation ( #ijjj feet on ! ,*ilian ,&es1 is almo/ id5tical ) t ( ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 yet ! climate is s mild 9 "s valleys1 especially t ( ,antuco1 t ! vegetation is semi-tropical4 ,9 x broad-leav$ & bright-col\r$ plants1 & ! mo/ fragrant & brilliant ,or*ide1 are mix$ ) ! usual alp9e g5]a4 ,dr4 ,pppig says1 t :atev] ,s\? ,africa or ,new ,holl& c boa/ ( 9 beauty1 9 v>iety ( =m1 or brilliancy ( col\r1 is rivall$ by ! flora 9 ! highe/ zone 9 ?is "p ( ! ,&es1 ev5 up to ! region ( p]petual sn[2 &1 inde$1 x be>s a /rong analogy to ! vegetation ( bo? ^! c\ntries4 ,! ,&es s completely *eck ! migration ( plants1 t almo/ ?r\gh\t _! :ole l5g? !re is no m+l+ ( ! floras on _! ea/ & we/ sides1 except at ! ,i/hmus ( ,panama1 :]e ! mahogany-tree crosses f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific side1 & 9 ! same way _m ( ! plants on ! l&s on ! ea/ are br\ght to ! we/1 & spread to ,cali=nia on "o side1 & z f> z ! dry pla9s ( ,p]u on ! o!r4#afi ,! humidity or dryness ( ! prevail+ w9ds makes an imm5se diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! c\ntries on ea* side ( ! ,&es4 ,)9 ! s\!rn tropic ! trade-w9ds come load$ ) vap\r f ! ,atlantic1 :i* is p>tly precipitat$ by ! m\nta9s ( ,brazil1 & supplies ! noble =e/s ( t c\ntry ) nev] ceas+ moi/ure1 :ile ! rema9d] is cond5s$ by ! ,&es1 s t on _! ea/]n side !re is an exub]ant vegetation1 :ile on ! we/]n declivities & 9 ! space :i* sep>ates !m f ! ,pacific !y are almo/ b>r51 & on ! pla9s & 9 ! valleys ( ,p]u1 :]e ra9 v seldom falls1 completely s1 except :]e artificial irrigation is employ$4 ,ev5 on ! ea/]n side ( ^! m\nta9s ! ri*ness ( ! vegetation gradually disappe>s ) ! increas+ height1 till at an elevation ( ab\t #ae1jjj feet arboresc5t plants vani%1 & alp9e races1 ( ! mo/ vivid beauty1 succe$2 :i*1 9 _! turn1 give place to ! grasses at ! height ( #af1ach feet4 ,above ^!1 9 ! dre>y pla9s ( ,bombon1 & o!r l&s ( ! same altitude1 ev5 ! ?9ly-scatt]$ mosses are sickly2 & at ! height ( #ba1hgh feet ! sn[-li*5 =ms ! la/ %[ ( vegetable life2 confirm+ ! obs]vation ( ,don ,ulloa1 t ! produce ( ! soil is ! !rmomet] ( ,p]u4 ,,ant>ctic ,,flora4 ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ,k]guel5's ,l& are ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ant>ctic l&s1 :i* are scatt]$ r\nd ! s\? pole at imm5se di/ances f "o ano!r4 ,on ^! ! vegetation decreases z ! latitude increases1 till at l5g? utt] desolation prevails2 n a li*5 cov]s ! dre>y /orm-beat5 rocks2 &1 ) ! exception ( a microscopic m>9e plant1 n a sea-we$ lives 9 ! gelid waves4 ,9 ! arctic regions1 on ! contr>y1 no l& has yet be5 discov]$ t is entirely de/itute ( vegetable life4 ,?is rem>kable diff]5ce does n s mu* dep5d on a great] degree ( cold 9 w9t] z on ! want ( w>m? 9 summ]4 ,9 ! high nor!rn latitudes ! p[] ( ! summ] sun is s great z to melt ! pit* betwe5 ! planks ( ! vessels2 :ile1 9 correspond+ s\!rn latitudes1 ,fahr5heit's !rmomet] does n rise above #ad at noon at a season correspond+ to our ,augu/4 ,! p]petual sn[ comes to a mu* l[] latitude 9 ! s\!rn l&s ?an x does 9 ! nor?4 ,s&wi* ,l&1 9 a latitude correspond+ to t ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 is p]petually cov]$ ) _m fa?oms ( sn[4 ,a s+le species ( grass1 ! ,aira ant>ctica1 is ! only fl[]+ plant 9 ! ,s\? ,%etl& isl&s1 :i* are no less ice-b\nd2 & ,cockburn ,isl&1 "o ( t gr\p1 9 ! #fj? p>allel1 conta9s ! la/ ve/iges ( vegetation2 :ile ! ,namesake isl&s1 9 an equally high latitude1 to ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 are inhabit$ & cultivat$2 nay1 ,s\? ,georgia1 9 a latitude simil> to t ( ,york%ire1 is always clad 9 froz5 sn[1 & only produces "s mosses1 li*5s1 & wild burnet2 :ile ,icel&1 #aj degrees ne>] ! pole1 has #hgj species1 m ?an half ( :i* are fl[]-be>+4 ,! =e/-cov]$ isl&s ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego are only #cfj miles f ! desolate ,%etl& gr\p4 ,su* is ! diff]5ce t a few degrees ( latitude c produce 9 ^! ant>ctic regions1 comb9$ ) an equable climate & excessive humidity4 ,! preval5ce ( ev]gre5 plants is ! mo/ *>act]i/ic feature 9 ! ,fuegian flora4 ,d5sely entangl$ =e/s ( w9t]'s b>k1 & two species ( bee*-trees1 gr[ f ! %ore to a consid]able height on ! m\nta9s4 ,( ^!1 ! ,fagus betuloides1 :i* nev] loses its br[ni%-gre5 leaves1 prevails almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! ev]gre5 w9t]'s b>k & ! decidu\s bee*1 :i* is v beautiful4 ,!re are dw>f species ( ,arbutus1 ! ,myrtus nummul>ia1 :i* is us$ in/ead ( tea1 besides b]b]ry1 currant1 & fu*sia2 peculi> species ( ,ranunculi1 calceol>ias1 ,c>yophylle1 cruci=m plants1 & violets4 ,wild cel]y & scurvy-grass are ! only edible plants2 & a bright yell[ fungus1 :i* gr[s on ! bee*-trees1 =ms a great "p ( ! food ( ! natives4 ,!re is a great] numb] ( plants 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ei!r id5tical ) ^? 9 ,great ,brita91 or repres5tatives ( !m1 ?an exi/s 9 any o!r c\ntry 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! sea-p9k1 or ?rift1 ! common sloewort1 a primula f>9osa1 & at lea/ #cj o!r fl[]+ plants1 ) almo/ all ! li*5s1 #dh mosses1 & _m o!r plants ( ! cryptogam\s k9ds1 are id5tically ! same2 :ile ! numb] ( g5]a common to bo? c\ntries is /ill great]1 &1 ?\gh unkn[n 9 ! int]m$iate latitudes1 reappe> "h4 ,h]mite ,isl&1 we/ f ,cape ,horn1 is a =e/-l&1 cov]$ ) w9t]'s b>k & ! ,fuegian bee*es2 & is ! mo/ s\!rn spot on e>? on :i* arboresc5t vegetation is f\nd4 ,an alp9e flora1 _m ( ! species ( ,european g5]a1 gr[s on ! m\nta9s1 succe$$ high] up by mosses & li*5s4 ,mosses are exce$+ly pl5tiful ?r\gh\t ,fuegia2 b !y ab\nd 9 ,h]mite ,isl& m ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry1 & are ( s+ul> & beautiful k9ds4 ,al?\gh ! ,falkl& ,isl&s are 9 a l[] latitude ?an ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 n a tree is to be se54 ,! ,v]onica elliptica1 resembl+ a myrtle1 :i* is extremely r>e1 & conf9$ to ,we/ ,falkl&1 is ! only l>ge %rub2 a :ite-fl[]+ plant l ! a/]1 ab\t f\r feet high1 is common2 :ile a bramble1 a cr[b]ry1 & a myrtle1 be>+ no resemblance1 h[ev]1 to ! ,european species1 trail on ! gr\nd1 & af=d edible fruit4 ,! balsam bog1 or ,bolax glob>ia1 & grasses1 =m ! only conspicu\s feature 9 ! botany ( ^! isl&s2 &1 toge!r ) ru%es & ,dactylis cspitosa1 or ,tussack grass1 cov] !m1 almo/ to ! exclusion ( o!r plants4 ,! ,bolax gr[s 9 tuft$ hemisph]ical masses1 ( a yell[-gre5 col\r1 & v firm sub/ance1 (t5 f\r feet high1 & z _m 9 diamet]1 f :5ce a /rong-smell+ res9\s sub/ance exudes1 p]ceptible at a di/ance4 ,?is plant has umbellif]\s fl[]s1 & belongs to ! c>rot ord]1 b =ms an ant>ctic g5us q peculi>4 ,! ,tussack grass is ! mo/ useful & ! mo/ s+ul> plant 9 ?is flora4 ,x cov]s all ! small isl&s ( ! gr\p1 l a =e/ ( m9iature palm-trees1 & ?rives be/ on ! %ores expos$ to ! spray ( ! sea4 ,ea* tussack is an isolat$ plant1 occupy+ ab\t two squ>e y>ds ( gr\nd4 ,x =ms a hillock ( matt$ roots1 ris+ /raight & solit>y out ( ! soil1 (t5 six feet high & f\r or five 9 diamet]2 f ! top ( :i* x ?r[s out a ?ick grassy foliage ( blades1 six feet long1 droop+ on all sides1 & =m+1 ) ! leaves ( ! adjac5t plants1 an ar* ov] ! gr\nd b5ea?1 :i* yields %elt] to sea-lions1 p5gu9s1 & petrels4 ,cattle are exce$+ly fond ( ?is grass1 :i* yields annually a mu* great] supply ( excell5t fodd] ?an ! same ext5t ( gr\nd w\ld d ei!r ( common grass or clov]4 ,bo? ! ,tussack-grass & ! ,bolax are f\nd1 ?\gh sp>+ly1 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego2 inde$1 ! vegetation ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s consi/s *iefly ( ! m\nta9 plants ( t c\ntry1 & ( ^? t gr[ on ! arid pla9s ( ,patagonia2 b x is kept close to ! gr\nd by ! fi]c5ess ( ! t]rific gales t sweep ov] ^! ant>ctic isl&s4 ,peculi> species ( ,european g5]a are f\nd "h1 z a calceol>ia1 wood sorrel1 & a yell[ violet2 :ile ! %eph]d's purse1 c>dam9e hirsuta1 & ! primula f>9osa1 appe> to be id5tical ) ^? at home4 ,9 all1 !re are sc>cely #abj fl[]+ plants1 includ+ grasses4 ,f]ns & mosses are few1 b li*5s are 9 great v>iety & abundance1 among :i* _m are id5tical ) ^? 9 ,brita94 ,9 ! same hemisph]e1 f>1 f> remov$ f ! ,falkl& gr\p1 ! ,auckl& ,isl&s lie 9 ! boi/]\s ocean s\? ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,!y are cov]$ ) d5se & all b imp5etrable ?ickets ( /unt$ trees1 or r %rubs1 ab\t #bj or #cj feet high1 gn>l$ by gales f a /ormy sea4 ,!re is no?+ analog\s to ^! %rubs 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e2 b ! ,v]onica elliptica1 a native ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ,new ,zeal&1 is "o ( !m4 ,fifte5 species ( f]ns f9d %elt] "u ^! trees1 & _! fall5 trunks are cov]$ ) mosses & li*5s4 ,eighty fl[]+ plants 7 f\nd dur+ ! /ay ( ! discov]y %ips1 ( :i* #ef are new2 & half ( ! :ole numb] are peculi> to ?is gr\p & to ,campbell's ,isl&4 ,"s ( ! mo/ beautiful fl[]s gr[ on ! m\nta9s1 o!rs are mix$ ) ! f]ns 9 ! =e/s4 ,a beautiful plant 0 discov]$1 l a purple a/]1 a ,v]onica1 ) l>ge spikes ( ultram>9e col\r2 a :ite "o1 ) a p]fume l jessam9e2 a sweet-smell+ alp9e ,hi]o*loe2 & 9 "s ( ! valleys ! fragrant & bright-yell[ blossoms ( a species ( asphodel 7 s abundant t ! gr\nd look$ l a c>pet ( gold4 ,a s+ul> plant gr[s on ! sea-%ore1 hav+ bun*es ( gre5 waxy blossoms ! size ( a *ild's head4 ,!re are also ant>ctic species ( ,european g5]a1 z beautiful r$ & :ite g5tians1 g]aniums1 c4 ,! vegetation is *>act]iz$ by an exub]ance ( ! f9] fl[]+ plants1 & an abs5ce ( grasses & s$ges2 b ! l&scape1 ?\gh picturesque1 has a sombre aspect1 f ! preval5ce ( br[ni%-leav$ plants ( ! myrtle tribe4 ,campbell's ,isl& lies #abj miles to ! s\? ( ! ,auckl& gr\p1 & is mu* small]1 b f ! m v>i$ =m ( its surface x is suppos$ to produce z _m species ( plants4 ,dur+ ! two days ! discov]y %ips1 "u ! comm& ( ,sir ,james ,ross1 rema9$ !re1 betwe5 #bjj & #cjj 7 collect$1 ( :i* #ff 7 fl[]+ plants1 #ad ( :i* 7 peculi> to ! c\ntry4 ,_m ( ! ,auckl& ,isl& plants 7 f\nd "h1 yet a great *ange _h tak5 place2 #cd species _h disappe>$ & 7 replac$ by #bj new1 all peculi> to ,campbell's ,isl& alone1 & "s 7 f\nd t hi!rto _h be5 suppos$ to belong to ,ant>ctic ,am]ica only4 ,9 ! ,auckl& gr\p only "o-sev5? ( ! plants are common to o!r ,ant>ctic l&s1 :il/ 9 ,campbell's ,isl& a f\r? are natives ( o!r longitudes 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean4 ,! flora ( ,campbell's ,isl& & ! ,auckl& gr\p is s intimately alli$ to t ( ,new ,zeal&1 t x may be reg>d$ z ! cont9uation ( ! latt]1 "u an ,ant>ctic "*1 ?\gh de/itute ( ! bee* & p9e trees4 ,!re is a consid]able numb] ( ,fuegian plants 9 ! isl&s "u consid]ation1 ?\gh #djjj miles di/ant2 & :5ev] _! flora diff]s 9 ! small] plants f t ( ,new ,zeal&1 x approximates to t ( ,ant>ctic ,am]ica3 b ! trees & %rubs are entirely dissimil>4 ,! relation betwe5 ?is vegetation & t ( ! nor!rn regions is b slight4 ,! ,auckl& gr\p & ,campbell's ,isl& are 9 a latitude correspond+ to t ( ,engl&1 yet only ?ree indig5\s plants ( our isl& h be5 f\nd 9 !m1 namely1 ! ,c>dam9e hirsuta1 ,montia1 & ,callitri*e4 ,?is is ! utmo/ s\!rn limit ( tree-f]ns4 ,p]haps no spot 9 ei!r hemisph]e1 at ! same di/ance f ! pole1 is m b>r5 ?an ,k]guel5 ,isl&s1 ly+ 9 a remote "p ( ! s\? pol> ocean4 ,only #ah species ( fl[]+ plants 7 f\nd !re1 :i* is less ?an ! numb] 9 ,melville ,isl&1 9 ! ,arctic ,seas1 & ?ree times less ?an ! numb] ev5 9 ,spitzb]g54 ,! :ole kn[n vegetation ( ^! isl&s only am\nts to #aej1 includ+ sea-we$s4 ,! ,pr+lea1 a k9d ( cabbage1 acceptable to ^? :o h be5 long at sea1 is peculi> to ! isl&1 & grass1 toge!r ) a plant simil> to ! ,bolax ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 cov]s l>ge tracts4 ,ab\t #bj mosses1 li*5s1 c41 are only f\nd 9 ^! isl&s1 b _m ( ! o!rs are also native 9 ! ,european ,alps & nor? pol> regions4 ,x is a v rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! di/ribution ( plants1 t !re %\ld be s mu* analogy betwe5 ! floras ( places s f> ap>t z ,k]guel5 ,isl&s1 ! gr\ps s\? f ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ,s\? ,georgia1 & ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,,orig9 ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,c]ealia4 ,! plants :i* ! e>? produces spontane\sly are ?us conf9$ )9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 & few ( !m w\ld survive a *ange ( circum/ances2 nev]!less1 ,provid5ce has end[$ ^? mo/ ess5tial to man ) a great] flexibility ( /ructure1 s t ! limits ( _! production c be ext5d$ by culture beyond :at h be5 assign$ to !m by nature4 ,! grasses yield+ ! gra9s are especially fav\r$ 9 ?is respect1 ?\gh _! ext5sion dep5ds ^u ! k & indu/ry ( man2 no gra9 w be cultivat$ :]e x c be procur$ f a =eign m>ket at less exp5se2 s t ) reg>d to useful plants !re is an artificial z well z a natural b\nd>y4 ,! cultivation ( plants 9 g>d5s & hot-h\ses is entirely artificial1 & dep5ds on luxury & fa%ion4 ,t>t>y & ,p]sia are presum$ to h be5 ! orig9al c\ntries ( :eat1 rye1 & oats2 b ^! gra9s h be5 s long 9 use t x is impossible to trace _! orig9 ) c]ta9ty4 ,b>ley gr[s spontane\sly 9 ,t>t>y & ,sicily1 probably ( diff]5t species4 ,^? plants :i* produce ! gra9s mu/ h _h a m ext5d$ location ?an any o!r1 & !y c endure ! greate/ extremes ( heat & cold4 ,9 high nor!rn latitudes :eat is protect$ f ! inclem5cy ( w9t] by s[+ x 9 spr+1 or if s[n 9 autumn a coat+ ( sn[ def5ds x3 ! pol> limit is ! iso!rmal l9e ( #eg #b1 & :eat w n =m se$ )9 less ?an #bj or #bc ( ! equator4 ,9 ,am]ica ! nor!rn limit is unkn[n1 ! c\ntry be+ un9habit$2 b at ,cumb]l& ,h\se1 9 ! v middle ( ! cont95t1 "o ( ! /ations ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company1 9 #ed ,n4 lat41 !re are fields ( :eat1 b>ley1 & maize4 ,:eat ?rives luxuriantly 9 ,*ile & ,rio de la ,plata1 & at elevations ( #hejj & #aj1jjj feet above ! sea4 ,x ev5 produces gra9 on ! banks ( ! ,lake ,titicaca 9 ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es at ! absolute height ( #ab1gie feet 9 %elt]$ situations1 & good crops ( b>ley are rais$ 9 t elevat$ region4 ,b>ley be>s cold bett] ?an any ( ! gra9s1 yet nei!r x nor any o!r w gr[ 9 ,icel&4 ,x is successfully cultivat$ 9 ! ,f]oe ,isl&s1 ne> ,cape ,nor?1 ! extreme po9t ( ,norway1 ne> ,ar*angel on ! ,:ite ,sea1 & 9 ,c5tral ,sib]ia to betwe5 #eh & #ei ,n4 lat4 ,rye is only cultivat$ :]e ! soil is v poor1 & agriculture little und]/ood1 yet a ?ird ( ! population ( ,europe lives on rye-bread1 *iefly inhabitants ( ! middle & especially ( ! nor!rn p>ts2 its limit is ab\t ! #fg? p>allel ( ,n4 latitude4 ,oats are sc>cely kn[n 9 middle & s\!rn ,europe2 9 ! nor? !y are ext5sively cultivat$ to ! #fe? degree ( ,n4 latitude4 ,rice is ! food ( a great] numb] ( human be+s ?an any o!r gra92 x has be5 cultivat$ f su* high antiquity t all traces ( its orig9 are lo/4 ,x conta9s a great] proportion ( nutriti\s matt] ?an any ( ! ,c]ealia1 b1 s9ce x requires excessive moi/ure1 & a temp]ature ( #gc #d at lea/1 its cultivation is limit$ to c\ntries betwe5 ! equator & ! #de? p>allel4 ,indian corn & millet are mu* cultivat$ 9 ,europe s\? ( ! #de? & #dg? p>allels1 & =m an important article ( food 9 ,france1 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,india1 & ,am]ica4 ,buck-:eat is ext5sively cultivat$ 9 nor!rn ,europe & ,sib]ia & ! table-l&s ( c5tral ,asia2 x is a native ( ,asia1 f :5ce x 0 br\ght into ,europe 9 ! #ae? c5tury4 ,! c]ealia af=d "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable examples ( numb]less v>ieties aris+ f ! se$ ( "o species4 ,9 ,ceylon alone !re are #afj v>ieties ( rice1 & at lea/ #cj ( ,panicum4 ,! endless v>ieties :i* may be rais$ f ! se$ ( "o plant is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! fl[]-g>d53 ! rose af=ds above #adjj2 ! v>ieties ( ! pansy1 calceol>ia1 tulip1 auricula1 & primrose are )\t end1 & (t5 diff] s mu* f ! p>5t plant t x seems almo/ impossible !y %\ld h _h a common orig93 x seems difficult to believe t r$ cabbage1 caulifl[]1 & _m o!rs1 %\ld h sprung f ! sea-kale or ,brassica ol]acea1 s totally dissimil> f any ( !m1 ) its bitt] sea-gre5 curly leaves4 ,fa%ion *anges s mu* ) reg>d to plants t x is sc>cely possible to =m ev5 an approximation to ! numb] kn[n to be 9 cultivation2 new plants are introduc$ f a =eign c\ntry1 & are apt to take ! place ( "s ( ! old]1 :i* are neglect$ & sometimes lo/2 ( #abj1jjj plants :i* are kn[n to exi/ on ! e>?1 n m ?an #ae1jjj are believ$ to be 9 cultivation4 ,x is suppos$ t plants capable ( be>+ a great range ( temp]ature w\ld exi/ ?r\gh long] geological p]iods ?an ^? m limit$ 9 _! endurance ( vicissitudes ( temp]ature1 & x appe>s t 9 _m in/ances at lea/ ! exi/5ce ( v>ieties dep5ds on ! life ( ! plant f :5ce !y orig9at$2 ! actual duration ( individuals is a subject :i* has n be5 suffici5tly /udi$1 ?\gh ! progress ( physiological botany has giv5 ! means ( do+ s )\t de/roy+ ! plant4 ,s9ce =e/-trees increase by coat+s f )\t1 ! gr[? ( ea* ye> =m+ a conc5tric circle ( wood r\nd ! pi? or c5tre ( ! /em1 ! age ( a tree may be asc]ta9$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( r+s 9 a transv]se section ( ! trunk1 ea* r+ repres5t+ a ye>4 ,moreov]1 ! progress ( ! gr[? is kn[n by comp>+ ! bread? ( ! r+s1 :i* are broad] 9 a fav\rable ?an 9 an unfav\rable season1 ?\gh ?is may dep5d also1 9 "s measure1 on ! quality ( ! soil :i* ! roots h come to 9 _! d[nw>d gr[?4 ,if ! numb] ( conc5tric r+s 9 a transv]se section has %[n ! age ( a tree1 & its gir? has be5 asc]ta9$ by measurem5t1 an approximation to ! age ( any o!r tree ( ! same k9d /ill gr[+1 "u simil> circum/ances1 maybe det]m9$ by comp>ison4 ,9 ?is way ! age ( _m rem>kable trees has be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! yew atta9s a great] age ?an any o!r tree 9 ,europe4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,de ,c&olle ?is tree increases 9 gir? ! twelf? "p ( an in* 9 a ye> dur+ ! fir/ #aej ye>s1 & r less 9 ! next hundr$1 ! increase probably decreas+ progressively4 ,by t e/imate a yew at ,f\nta9e ,abbey 0 reckon$ by ,p5nant to be #abad ye>s old2 "o at ,cr[hur/1 9 ,surrey1 0 #adjj ye>s old :5 measur$ by ,evelyn2 x has be5 %[n by ! same me?od t a yew at ,fo!rngill1 9 ,scotl&1 0 betwe5 #bejj & #bhjj ye>s old2 & "o at ,braburn1 9 ,k5t1 mu/ h be5 #cjjj ye>s old3 ^! are ! vet]ans ( ,european vegetation4 ,! cypress rivals ! yew 9 longevity1 & may p]haps surpass x4 ,!re is a cypress 9 ! palace g>d5 at ,gr5ada :i* _h be5 celebrat$ 9 ! "t ( ! ,moors1 & 0 /ill kn[n 9 ! ye> #aggf1 z ,cipres della ,reg9a ,sultana1 because a sultana met ) ,ab5c]rages "u its %ade4 ,oaks come next 9 ord]3 !y are suppos$ to live #aejj or #afjj ye>s4 ,"o 9 ,welbec ,lane1 m5tion$ by ,evelyn1 0 computat$ to be #adjj ye>s old4 ,*e/nut-trees are kn[n to live #ijj ye>s2 lime-trees h atta9$ #ejj or #fjj ye>s 9 ,france2 & bir*es are suppos$ to be equally durable4 ,"s ( ! small] & less conspicu\s ,european plants p]haps rival ^! giants ( ! =e/ 9 age3 hea?s1 & ! alp9e will[1 :i* cov]s ! gr\nd ) its leaves1 al?\gh x is really a subt]ranean tree spread+ to a va/ di/ance1 are long liv$4 ,ivy is ano!r example ( ?is3 !re is "o ne> ,montpelli]1 six feet 9 gir?1 :i* mu/ be #dhe ye>s old4 ,a li*5 0 wat*$ = =ty ye>s )\t ! appe>ance ( *ange4 ,! antiquity ( ^! ,european vegetables s9ks into insignificance :5 comp>$ ) ! celebrat$ baobab1 or ,adansonia digitata1 9 ,s5egal3 tak+ z a measure ! numb] ( conc5tric r+s c\nt$ on a transv]se incision made = ! purpose 9 ! trunk ( t enorm\s tree1 x 0 prov$ to be #eaej ye>s old2 yet ,b>on ,humboldt consid]s a cypress 9 ! g>d5 ( ,*apultepec to be /ill old]2 x _h already rea*$ a great age :5 ,montezuma 0 on ! ?rone ( ,mexico1 9 #aebj4 ,^! two trees are probably ! mo/ ag$ organiz$ be+s on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,eight olive-trees on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives are suppos$ to be #hjj ye>s old2 x is at lea/ c]ta9 t !y exi/$ prior to ! tak+ ( ,j]usalem by ! ,turks4 ,!re is "s d\bt z to ! age ( ! l>ge/ c$> on ,lebanon2 x is n9e feet 9 diamet]1 & has probably exi/$ #hjj or #ijj ye>s4 ,!re are two c$>-trees 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5 at ,*elsea :i* 7 m5tion$ #fjj ye>s ago4 ,! age ( palms & o!r monocotyl$on\s plants is asc]ta9$ by a comp>ison ( _! height ) ! "t :i* ea* k9d takes to gr[4 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle ?us e/imates t ! ,cocos ol]acea1 or cabbage-palms1 may live #fjj or #gjj ye>s1 :ile ! cocoa-nut palm lives f #hj to #ccj ye>s4 ,mr4 ,babbage has made an approximation to ! age ( peat-mosses f ! conc5tric r+s ( ! trees f\nd 9 !m4 ,,m>9e ,,vegetation4 ,a vegetable _w lies hid b5ea? ! surface ( ! ocean1 altoge!r unlike t on l&1 & exi/+ "u circum/ances totally diff]5t ) reg>d to light1 heat1 & pressure1 yet su/a9$ by ! same means4 ,c>bonic acid & ammonia are z ess5tial1 & metallic oxides are z indisp5sable1 to m>9e vegetation z !y are to l&-plants4 ,sea-wat] conta9s ammonia1 & some?+ m ?an a twelve-?\s&? "p ( its weight ( c>bonate ( lime1 yet t m9ute portion is suffici5t to supply all ! %ell-fi% & coral-insects 9 ! sea ) mat]ials = _! habitations1 z well z food = vegetation4 ,m>9e plants are m exp]t *emi/s ?an we are1 = ! wat] ( ! ocean conta9s r less ?an a million? "p ( its weight ( iod9e1 :i* !y collect 9 quantities impossible = u to obta9 o!rwise ?an f _! a%es4 ,sea-we$s fix _! roots to any?+--to /one1 wood1 & to o!r sea-we$s3 !y mu/1 !re=e1 d]ive all _! n\ri%m5t f ! wat]1 & ! air x conta9s2 & ! vital =ce or *emical en]gy by :i* !y decompose & assimilate ! sub/ances fit = _! ma9t5ance is ! sun's light4 ,m>9e plants1 :i* are v num]\s1 consi/ ( two gr\ps--a jo9t$ k9d1 :i* include ! ,conf]v1 or plants hav+ a ?read-l =m2 & a jo9tless k9d1 to :i* belong dulse1 lav]1 ! k9ds us$ = mak+ kelp1 vegetable glue1 iod9e1 t 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ( :i* ! sea-swall[s make _! edible ne/s1 & all ! gigantic species :i* gr[ 9 subm>9e =e/s1 or float l gre5 mead[s 9 ! op5 sea4 ,fl[]-be>+ sea-we$s are v limit$ 9 _! range1 :i* dep5ds ^u ! dep? ( wat] & ! nature ( ! coa/s2 b ! cryptogamic k9ds are widely disp]s$1 "s species are ev5 f\nd 9 e climate f pole to pole4 ,no d\bt ! pol> curr5ts at ! surface1 & ! /ratum ( uni=m temp]ature l[] d[n1 are ! highways by :i* ^! cosmopolites travel4#agj ,!re are few] vegetable prov9ces 9 ! seas ?an on l&1 because ! temp]ature is m uni=m1 & ! disp]sion ( ! plants is n s mu* int]f]$ ) by ! v>i\s causes :i* di/urb x on l&4#aga ,m>9e vegetation v>ies bo? horizontally & v]tically ) ! dep?1 & x seems to be a g5]al law ?r\gh\t ! ocean t ! light ( ! sun & vegetation end toge!r2 x consequ5tly dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! sun & ! transp>5cy ( ! wat]2 s diff]5t k9ds ( sea-we$s affect diff]5t dep?s1 :]e ! weight ( ! wat]1 ! quantity ( light & heat1 suit !m be/4 ,"o great m>9e zone lies betwe5 ! high & l[ wat] m>ks1 & v>ies 9 species ) ! nature ( ! coa/s1 b exhibits simil> ph5om5a ?r\gh\t ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,9 ! ,briti% seas1 :]e1 ) two exceptions1 ! :ole flora is cryptogamic1#agb ?is zone does n ext5d deep] ?an #cj fa?oms1 b is divid$ into two di/9ct prov9ces1 "o to ! s\? & ano!r to ! nor?4 ,! =m] includes ! s\!rn & ea/]n coa/s ( ,engl&1 ! s\!rn & we/]n coa/s ( ,irel&1 & bo? ! *annels2 :ile ! nor!rn flora is conf9$ to ! ,scotti% seas & ! adjac5t coa/s ( ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,! second ,briti% zone beg9s at l[-wat] m>k1 & ext5ds bel[ x to a dep? f #g to #ae fa?oms4 ,x conta9s ! great tangle sea-we$s1 gr[+ 9 m9iature =e/s1 mix$ ) fuci1 & is ! abode ( a ho/ ( animals4 ,a coral-l sea-we$ is ! la/ plant ( ?is zone1 & ! l[e/ 9 ^! seas1 :]e x does n ext5d bel[ ! dep? ( #fj fa?oms1 b 9 ! ,m$it]ranean x is f\nd at #gj or #hj fa?oms1 & is ! l[e/ plant 9 t sea4 ,! same law prevails 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 :]e "o set ( sea-we$s is nev] f\nd l[] ?an #bj feet bel[ ! surface2 ano!r only 9 ! zone betwe5 ! dep?s ( #e & #cj feet2 & ano!r betwe5 #ae & #ce feet4 ,9 ^! two la/ zones !y are mo/ num]\s2 at a great] dep? ! k9ds cont9ue to v>y1 b _! numb]s decrease4 ,! se$s ( ea* k9d float at ! dep? mo/ g5ial to ! future plant2 !y mu/ !re=e be ( diff]5t weights4 ,! di/ribution 9 ! ,egean ,sea 0 f\nd by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes to be p]fectly simil>1 only t ! vegetation is diff]5t1 & ext5ds to a great] dep? 9 ! ,m$it]ranean ?an 9 m nor!rn seas4#agc ,he also obs]v$ t sea-we$s gr[+ ne> ! surface are m limit$ 9 _! di/ribution ?an ^? t gr[ l[] d[n1 & t ) reg>d to vegetation dep? corresponds ) latitude1 z height does on l&4 ,?us1 ! flora at great dep?s1 9 w>m seas1 is repres5t$ by k9dr$ =ms 9 high] latitudes4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! same laws ( di/ribution prevail ?r\gh\t ! ocean & e sea4 ,sea-we$s adh]e firmly to ! rocks be=e _! fructification1 b !y are easily deta*$ aft]w>ds1 :i* acc\nts = "s ( ! va/ fields ( float+ we$s2 b o!rs1 ( gigantic size & wide di/ribution1 are suppos$ to gr[ unatta*$ 9 ! wat] itself4 ,!re are p]man5t b&s ( sea-we$ 9 our ,briti% ,*annel & 9 ! ,nor? ,sea1 ( ! k9d call$ ,fucus ,filum1 :i* gr[ abundantly on ! we/]n coa/s ( ! ,*annel1 & !y lie 9 ! direction ( ! curr5ts1 9 b$s #ae or #bj miles long1 & n m ?an #fjj feet wide4 ,^! b&s mu/ oscillate ) ! tides betwe5 two correspond+ zones ( re/1 "o at ! turn ( ! flood1 & ! o!r at ! turn ( ! ebb4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! ,fucus natans or ,s>gassum baccif]um gr[s on rocks at ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #dj nor? & s\? ( ! equator1 &1 :5 deta*$1 is drift$ uni=mly to p>ticul> spots :i* nev] v>y1 or :e!r x is propagat$ & gr[s 9 ! wat]2 b ! mass ( t plant1 we/ ( ! ,azores1 occupies an area equal to t ( ,france1 & has n *ang$ its place s9ce ! "t ( ,columbus4 ,fields ( ! same k9d cov] ! sea at ! ,bahama ,isl&s & o!r places1 & two new species ( x 7 discov]$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic seas4 ,! ,macrocy/is pyrif]a & ! ,lam9>ia radiata are ! mo/ rem>kable ( m>9e plants = _! gigantic size & ! ext5t ( _! range4 ,!y 7 met ) on ! ,ant>ctic coa/s two degrees ne>] ! s\? pole ?an any o!r vegetable production1 =m+1 ) "o rem>kable exception1 ! utmo/ limit ( vegetable life 9 ! s\? pol> seas4 ,! ,macrocy/is pyrif]a exi/s 9 va/ deta*$ masses1 l gre5 mead[s1 9 e latitude f ! s\? pol> ocean to ! #de? degree ,n4 lat4 9 ! ,atlantic1 & to ! %ores ( ,cali=nia 9 ! ,pacific1 :]e !re are fields ( x s imp5etrable1 t x has sav$ vessels driv5 by ! heavy swell t[>ds t %ore f %ipwreck4 ,x is nev] se5 :]e ! temp]ature ( ! wat] is at ! freez+ po9t1 & is ! l>ge/ ( ! vegetable tribe1 be+ occasionally #cjj or #djj feet long4 ,! ,lam9>ia ab\nds (f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean4 ,^! two species =m great "p ( a b& ( sea-we$ t girds ,k]guel5 ,isl&s s d5sely1 t a boat c sc>cely be pull$ ?r\gh x2 & !y are f\nd 9 great abundance on ! coa/s ( ! ,falkl& gr\p1 & also 9 va/ fields 9 ! op5 sea1 hundr$s ( miles f any l&3 _h x ev] gr[n on ! di/ant %ores1 x mu/ h tak5 ages to travel s f>1 drift$ by ! w9d1 curr5ts1 & ! s& ( ! seas4 ,! r$1 gre51 & purple lav]s ( ,great ,brita9 are f\nd on ! coa/s ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 &1 ?\gh "s ( ! nor!rn we$s are n f\nd 9 ! int]v5+ w>m seas1 !y reappe> "h4 ,! ,lessonia is ! mo/ rem>kable m>9e plant 9 ?is gr\p ( isl&s4 ,its /ems1 mu* ?ick] ?an a man's leg1 & f #h to #aj feet long1 fix !mselves by clasp+ fibres to ! rocks beyond ! high-wat] m>k4 ,_m bran*es %oot upw>ds f ^! /ems1 f :i* long leaves droop into ! wat] l will[s4 ,!re are imm5se subm>9e =e/s (f ,patagonia & ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 atta*$ to ! rocks at ! bottom4 ,^! plants are s /rong & buoyant1 t !y br+ up l>ge masses ( /one2 &1 z !y gr[ slant+1 & /ret* along ! surface ( ! sea1 !y are sometimes #cjj feet long4 ,! quantity ( liv+ creatures :i* inhabit ^! m>9e =e/s & ! p>asitical we$s atta*$ to !m is inconceivable1 !y absolutely teem ) life4 ,( ! species ( m>9e plants :i* are /rictly ant>ctic1 includ+ ^? 9 ! seas ( ,van ,diem5's ,l& & ,new ,zeal&1 ,dr4 ,hook] has id5tifi$ "o-fif? ) ! ,briti% ,alg4 ,! high latitudes ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean are n s de/itute ( vegetation z 0 at fir/ believ$4 ,mo/ m9ute objects1 altoge!r invisible to ! nak$ eye1 except 9 mass1 & :i* 7 tak5 = silice\s %ell$ animalcules ( ! infusoria k9d1 prove to be vegetable4 ,!y are a species ( ! ,diatomace1 :i*1 f _! multitudes1 give ! sea a pale o*re\s br[n col\r4 ,!y increase 9 numb]s ) ! latitude1 up to ! highe/ po9t yet atta9$ by man1 &1 no d\bt1 af=d ! supply ( food to _m ( ! m9ute animals 9 ! ant>ctic seas4 ,g5]a & species ( ?is plant exi/ 9 e sea f ,victoria ,l& to ,spitzb]g54 ,x is "o ( ! rem>kable in/ances ( a great end be+ effect$ by small means2 = ! dea? ( ?is ant>ctic vegetation is =m+ a subm>9e bank betwe5 ! #gf? & #gh? p>allels ( s\? latitude1 & f ! #afe? to ! #afj? we/]n m]idian4 ,great pat*es ( ,conf]v are occasionally met ) 9 ! high seas4 ,b&s sev]al miles long1 ( a r$di%-br[n species1 l *opp$ hay1 occur (f ,bahia1 on ! coa/ ( ,brazil2 ! same plant is said to h giv5 ! "n to ! ,r$ ,sea2 & diff]5t species are common 9 ! ,au/ralian seas4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,di/ribution ( ,insects4 ,,?ree hundr$ ?\s& insects are kn[n3 "s ) w+s1 o!rs )\t2 "s are aquatic1 o!rs are aquatic only 9 ! fir/ /age ( _! exi/5ce1 & _m are p>asitical4 ,"s l& insects are c>nivor\s1 o!rs fe$ on vegetables2 "s ( ! c>nivor\s tribe live on dead1 o!rs on liv+ animals1 b !y are n half s num]\s z ^? t live on vegetables4 ,"s *ange z !y are develop$2 9 _! fir/ /age !y eat animal food1 & vegetables :5 !y come to maturity4 ,insects ma9ta9 ! balance among ! species ( ! vegetable creation by prev5t+ ! t5d5cy t plants h to encroa* on "o ano!r4 ,! /rong] w\ld extirpate ! weak]1 & ! l>g] w\ld de/roy ! small]1 7 x n *eck$ by insects :i* live on vegetables4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m plants w\ld be extirpat$ by insects 7 ^! n dev\r$ by o!r insects & spid]s4 ,( ! #hjjj or #ijjj ,briti% insects ! greate/ "p are c>nivor\s1 & !re=e keep ! o!rs )9 due b\nds4 ,insects increase 9 k9ds & 9 numb]s f ! poles to ! equator3 9 a resid5ce ( #aa mon?s 9 ,melville ,isl&1 ,sir ,edw>d ,p>ry f\nd only #f species1 because li*5s & mosses d n af=d n\ri%m5t = ! insect tribes1 ?\gh x is probable t e o!r k9d ( plant gives food & %elt] to m ?an "o species2 x is ev5 said t #dj diff]5t insects are qu>t]$ ^u ! common nettle4 ,! increase ( insects f ! poles to ! equator does n take place at ! same "t ev]y:]e4 ,! pol> regions & ,new ,holl& h v few specifically & individually2 !y are m abundant 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 ,*ile1 & 9 ! pla9s we/ ( ! ,brazils2 ,nor? ,am]ica has few] species ?an ,europe 9 ! same latitude1 & ,asia has few v>ieties ( species 9 proportion to its size2 ,caffr>ia1 ! ,african & ,indian isl&s1 possess ne>ly ! same numb] ( species2 b by f> ! ri*e/ ( all1 bo? 9 species & numb]s1 are c5tral & int]tropical ,am]ica4 ,beetles are an exception to ! law ( increase t[>ds ! equator1 z !y are inf9itely m num]\s 9 species 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e ?an 9 equatorial c\ntries4 ,! location ( insects dep5ds ^u t ( ! plants :i* yield _! food2 &1 z almo/ ea* plant is peopl$ ) inhabitants peculi> to itself1 insects are di/ribut$ ov] ! e>? 9 ! same mann] z vegetables2 ! gr\ps1 consequ5tly1 are (t5 conf9$ )9 n>r[ limits1 & x is extraord9>y t1 not)/&+ _! p[]s ( locomotion1 !y (t5 rema9 )9 a p>ticul> compass1 ?\gh ! plants1 & all o!r circum/ances 9 _! imm$iate vic9ity1 appe> equally fav\rable = _! habitation4 ,! insects ( ea/]n ,asia & ,*9a are diff]5t f ^? 9 ,europe & ,africa2 ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates diff] specifically f ! ,briti%1 ?\gh !y (t5 approa* v ne>2 & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica ! equ9octial di/ricts ( ,new ,gr5ada & ,p]u h di/9ct gr\ps f ^? 9 ,guiana4 ,?\gh insects are di/ribut$ 9 c]ta9 limit$ gr\ps1 yet mo/ ( ! families h repres5tatives 9 all ! great regions ( ! globe1 & "s id5tical species are inhabitants ( c\ntries f> f "o ano!r4 ,! ,vanessa ,c>dui1 or 8,pa9t$ ,lady ,butt]fly10 is f\nd 9 all ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe & 9 ,au/ralia2 & "o1 :i* nev] c\ld h be5 convey$ by man1 is native 9 s\!rn ,europe1 ! coa/ ( ,b>b>y1 & ,*ile4 ,x is evid5t f ^! circum/ances t n only ea* gr\p1 b also ea* p>ticul> species1 mu/ h be5 orig9ally creat$ 9 ! places !y n[ inhabit4 ,m\nta9-*a9s are a complete b>ri] to insects1 ev5 m s ?an riv]s3 n only l(ty m\nta9s l ! ,&es divide ! k9ds1 b !y are ev5 diff]5t on ! two sides ( ! ,col de ,t5de 9 ! ,alps4 ,ea* soil has k9ds peculi> to itself1 :e!r dry or moi/1 cultivat$ or wild1 mead[ or =e/4 ,/agnant wat] & m>%es are g5]ally full ( !m2 "s live 9 wat]1 "s run on its surface1 & e wat]-plant af=ds food & %elt] to _m diff]5t k9ds4 ,! ea/ w9d seems to h consid]able effect 9 br++ ! insect or 9 develop+ ! eggs ( c]ta9 species2 = example1 ! aphis1 kn[n z ! blight 9 our c\ntry1 lodges 9 myriads on plants1 & %rivels up _! leaves aft] a cont9u$ ea/ w9d4 ,!y are almo/ z de/ructive z ! locu/1 & sometimes d>k5 ! air by _! numb]s4 ,cat]pill>s are also v de/ructive2 ! cat]pill> ( ! ,y mo? w\ld soon ru9 ! vegetation ( a c\ntry 7 x n a prey to "s o!r4 ,insects sometimes multiply sudd5ly to an enorm\s ext5t1 & decrease z rapidly & z unacc\ntably4 ,temp]ature1 by its influ5ce on vegetation1 has an indirect effect on ! insects t are to fe$ ^u plants1 & extremes ( heat & cold h m influ5ce on _! locality ?an ! mean annual temp]ature4 ,?us1 9 ! pol> regions ! mosquito tribes are m num]\s & m annoy+ ?an 9 temp]ate c\ntries1 because !y pass _! e>ly /ages ( exi/5ce 9 wat]1 :i* %elt]s !m1 & ! %ort b hot summ] is g5ial to _! brief span ( life4 ,9 "s in/ances height corresponds ) latitude4 ,! ,p>nassius ,apollo1 a butt]fly native 9 ! pla9s ( ,sw$51 is also f\nd 9 ! ,alps1 ! ,pyr5ees1 & a closely-alli$ species 9 ! ,himalaya4 ,! ,p>nassius ,smyn!us1 true to ! habitat ( ! g5us1 has rec5tly be5 f\nd on ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,"s insects require sev]al ye>s to arrive at _! p]fect /ate2 !y lie buri$ 9 ! gr\nd 9 ! =m ( grubs3 ! cock-*af] comes to maturity 9 #c ye>s1 & "s ,am]ican species require a mu* long] "t4 ,insects d n atta9 _! p]fect /ate till ! plants !y are to fe$ ^u are ready = !m4 ,h5ce1 9 cold & temp]ate climates _! appe>ance is simultane\s ) vegetation2 & z ! ra9y & dry seasons )9 ! tropics correspond to our w9t] & summ]1 insects appe> !re aft] ! ra9s1 & vani% 9 ! heat3 ! ra9s1 if too viol5t1 de/roy !m2 & 9 c\ntries :]e t occurs1 !re are two p]iods 9 ! ye> 9 :i* !y are mo/ abundant--"o be=e & "o aft] ! ra9s4 ,x is also obs]v$ 9 ,europe t insects decrease 9 ! heat ( summ]1 & become m num]\s 9 autumn3 ! heat is ?\ght to ?r[ "s into a /ate ( torpor1 b ! great] numb] p]i%4 ,x is n kn[n t any insect dep5ds entirely ^u only "o species ( plant = its exi/5ce1 or :e!r x may n h rec\rse to cong5]s %\ld its habitual plant p]i%4 ,:5 p>ticul> species ( plants ( ! same family occur 9 places widely ap>t1 insects ( ! same g5us w be f\nd on !m1 s t ! exi/5ce ( ! plant may (t5 be inf]r$ f t ( ! insect1 &1 9 sev]al in/ances1 ! conv]se4 ,:5 a plant is tak5 f "o c\ntry to ano!r 9 :i* x has no cong5]s1 x is n attack$ by ! insects ( ! c\ntry3 ?us1 our cabbages & c>rots 9 ,cay5ne are n injur$ by ! insects ( t c\ntry1 & ! tulip-tree & o!r magnolias are n mole/$ by our insects2 b if a plant has cong5]s 9 its new c\ntry1 ! inhabitants w soon f9d _! way to ! /rang]4 ,! common fly is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal ( insects1 yet x 0 unkn[n 9 "s ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&s till x 0 c>ri$ !re by %ips f ,europe1 & x has n[ become a plague4 ,! mosquito & culex are spread ov] ! _w m g5]ally ?an any o!r tribe2 !y are ! torm5t ( m5 & animals f ! poles to ! equator by night & by day3 ! species are num]\s1 & _! location p>tial4 ,9 ! ,arctic regions ! ,culex ,pipi5s1 :i* passes two-?irds ( its exi/5ce 9 wat]1 sw>ms 9 summ] 9 myriads3 ! lake ,myvatr1 9 ,icel&1 has its "n f ! legions ( ^! torm5tors t cov] its surface4 ,!y are less num]\s 9 c5tral ,europe1 ?\gh "o species ( mosquito1 ! ,simulium columbas*5se1 :i* is v small1 appe>s 9 su* cl\ds 9 p>ts ( ,hung>y1 especially ! ,bannat ( ,temesw>1 t x is n possible to brea! )\t swall[+ _m3 ev5 cattle & *ildr5 h di$ f !m4 ,9 ,lapl& !re is a plague ( ! same k9d4 ,( all places on e>? ! ,or9oco & o!r great riv]s ( tropical ,am]ica are ! mo/ obnoxi\s to ?is plague4 ,! acc\nt giv5 by ,b>on ,humboldt is really fe>ful3 at no season ( ! ye>1 at no h\r ( ! day or night1 c re/ be f\nd2 :ole di/ricts 9 ! upp] ,or9oco are des]t$ on acc\nt ( ^! insects4 ,diff]5t species foll[ "o ano!r ) su* precision1 t ! "t ( day or night may be kn[n accurately f _! humm+ noise1 & f ! diff]5t s5sations ( pa9 :i* ! diff]5t poisons produce4 ,! only respite is ! int]val ( a few m9utes betwe5 ! dep>ture ( "o gang & ! arrival ( _! successors1 = ! species d n mix4 ,on "s p>ts ( ! ,or9oco ! air is "o d5se cl\d ( poison\s insects to ! height ( #bj feet4 ,x is s+ul> t !y d n infe/ riv]s t h black wat]1 & ea* :ite /ream is peopl$ ) its own k9ds2 ?\gh rav5\s = blood1 !y c live )\t x1 z !y are f\nd :]e no animals exi/4 ,9 ,brazil ! quantity ( insects is s great 9 ! woods1 t _! noise is he>d 9 a %ip at an*or "s di/ance f ! %ore4 ,v>i\s g5]a ( butt]flies & mo?s are v limit$ 9 _! habitations1 o!rs are disp]s$ ov] ! _w1 b ! species are almo/ always diff]5t4 ,bees & wasps are equally univ]sal1 yet ea* c\ntry has its own4 ,! common honey-bee is ! only ,european insect directly useful to man2 x 0 introduc$ into ,nor? ,am]ica n _m ye>s ago1 & is n[ spread ov] ! cont95t3 x is n[ naturaliz$ 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& & ,new ,zeal&4 ,european bees1 ( :i* !re are _m species1 g5]ally h /+s2 ! ,au/ralian bee1 l a black fly1 is )\t a /+2 & 9 ,brazil !re are #cj species ( /+less bees4 ,fire-flies are mo/ly tropical1 yet !re are f\r species 9 ,europe2 9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re are ?ree species1 & s brilliant t _! pale gre5 light is se5 at ! di/ance ( #bjj paces4 ,! silkworm comes f ,*9a1 & ! co*9eal insect is a native ( tropical ,am]ica3 !re are _m species ( x 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,coccus ,lacca is ,indian1 ! ,coccus ,ilicis lives 9 ,italy1 & !re is "o 9 ,pol&1 b nei!r ( ^! h be5 cultivat$4 ,scorpions "u v>i\s =ms are 9 all w>m climates2 #b or #c species are peculi> to ,europe1 b !y are small 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 tropical c\ntries3 "o 9 ,brazil is six in*es long4 ,z 9 mosquitos1 ! poison ( ! same species is m active 9 "s situations ?an 9 o!rs4 ,at ,cumana ! /+ ( ! scorpion is little fe>$1 :ile t ( ! same species 9 ,c>?ag5a causes loss ( spee* = _m days4 ,ants1 ,=micid 7,hym5opt]a71 are univ]sally di/ribut$1 b ( diff]5t k9ds4 ,ne> great riv]s !y build _! ne/s above ! l9e ( ! annual inundations4 ,! insects call$ :ite ants1 belong+ to a diff]5t g5us & family ,t]mitid 7,neuropt]a71 are s de/ructive 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 t ,b>on ,humboldt says !re is n a manuscript 9 t c\ntry a hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!re are upw>ds ( #abjj species ( spid]s & _! allies kn[n2 ea* c\ntry has its own1 v>y+ 9 size1 col\r1 & habits1 f ! huge bird-cat*+ spid] ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 to ! almo/ invisible ,european gossam] float+ 9 ! air on its silv]y ?read4 ,_m ( ?is f]oci\s family are aquatic2 & spid]s1 ) "s o!r insects1 are said to be ! fir/ inhabitants ( new isl&s4 ,! migration ( insects is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s circum/ances relat+ to !m3 !y sometimes appe> 9 great flights 9 places :]e !y nev] 7 se5 be=e1 & !y cont9ue _! c\rse ) p]sev]ance :i* no?+ c *eck4 ,?is has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! migration ( crawl+ insects3 cat]pill>s h attempt$ to cross a /ream4 ,c\ntries ne> des]ts are mo/ expos$ to ! invasion ( locu/s1 :i* deposit _! eggs 9 ! s&1 &1 :5 ! "y are hat*$ by ! sun's heat1 !y em]ge f ! gr\nd )\t w+s2 b z soon z !y atta9 maturity1 !y obey ! impulse ( ! fir/ w9d1 & fly1 "u ! guidance ( a lead]1 9 a mass1 ^: front keeps a /raight l9e1 s d5se t x =ms a cl\d 9 ! air1 & ! s\nd ( _! w+s is l ! murmur ( ! di/ant sea4 ,!y take imm5se flights1 cross+ ! ,mozambique ,*annel f ,africa to ,madagasc>1 :i* is #abj miles broad3 !y come f ,b>b>y to ,italy1 & a few h be5 se5 9 ,scotl&4 ,ev5 ! w&]+ tribes ( locu/s diff] 9 species 9 diff]5t des]ts1 foll[+ ! univ]sal law ( organiz$ nature4 ,insects1 n habitually migratory1 sometimes migrate 9 great flocks4 ,9 #ahdg lady-birds or cocc9ell & ! bean aphis arriv$ 9 imm5se multitudes at ,ramsgate & ,m>gate f ! cont95t1 9 f9e calm wea!r1 & a mass ( ! ,vanessa c>dui flew ov] a di/rict 9 a column f #aj to #ae y>ds wide1 = #b h\rs successively4 ,:y ^! butt]flies %\ld simultane\sly take w+ 9 a flock is unacc\ntable1 = _h x be5 = want ( food !y w\ld probably h sep>at$ 9 que/ ( x4 ,9 #ahdg ! cabbage butt]fly came 9 a mass f ! coa/ ( ,france to ,engl&4 ,dragon-flies migrate 9 a simil> mann]4 ,pr(essor ,ehr5b]g has discov]$ a new _w ( creatures 9 ! ,infusoria1 s m9ute t !y are invisible to ! nak$ eye4 ,he f\nd !m 9 fog1 ra91 & sn[1 9 ! ocean1 9 /agnant wat]1 9 animal & vegetable juices1 9 volcanic a%es & pumice1 9 opal1 9 ! du/y air t sometimes falls on ! ocean2 & he detect$ #ah species #bj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 peat-e>?1 :i* 0 full ( microscopic live animals3 !y exi/ 9 ice1 & are n kill$ by boil+ wat]4 ,?is l[e/ ord] ( animal life is mu* m abundant ?an any o!r1 & new species are f\nd e day4 ,magnifi$1 "s ( !m seem to consi/ ( a transp>5t vesicle1 & "s h a tail3 !y move ) great alacrity1 & %[ intellig5ce by avoid+ ob/acles 9 _! c\rse3 o!rs h silice\s %ells4 ,language1 & ev5 imag9ation1 fails 9 ! attempt to describe ! inconceivable myriads ( ^! invisible inhabitants ( ! ocean1 ! air1 & ! e>?3 !y no d\bt become ! prey ( l>g] creatures1 & p]haps bloodsuck+ insects may h rec\rse to !m :5 o!r prey is want+4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,di/ribution ( ,m>9e ,animals 9 g5]al--,fi%es--! ,m>9e ,mammalia-- ,phoc1 ,dolph9s1 & ,:ales4 ,,be=e ,sir ,james ,ross's voyage to ! ,ant>ctic regions1 ! pr(\nd & d>k abysses ( ! ocean 7 suppos$ to be entirely de/itute ( animal life2 n[ x may be presum$ t no "p ( x is un9habit$1 s9ce dur+ t exp$ition live creatures 7 fi%$ up f a dep? ( #fjjj feet4 ,b z mo/ ( ! l>g] fi% usually frequ5t %all[ wat] ne> ! coa/s1 deep seas mu/ =m b>ri]s z impassable to ! great] numb] ( !m z m\nta9s d to l& animals4 ,! pol>1 ! equatorial ocean1 & ! inl& seas1 h ea* _! own p>ticul> inhabitants2 almo/ all ! species & "s ( ! g5]a ( ! m>9e creation are diff]5t 9 ! two hemisph]es1 & ev5 9 ea* p>ticul> sea2 & "u simil> circum/ances ! species are = ! mo/ "p repres5tative1 ?\gh n ! same4 ,id5tity ( species1 h[ev]1 does occur1 ev5 at ! two extremities ( ! globe1 = liv+ animals 7 br\ght up f ! pr(\nd dep?s ( ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean :i* ,sir ,james ,ross recogniz$ to be ! v same species :i* he _h (t5 met ) 9 ! ,arctic seas4 8,! only way !y c\ld h got f ! "o pole to ! o!r mu/ h be5 ?r\gh ! tropics2 b ! temp]ature ( ! sea 9 ^! regions is su* t !y c\ld n exi/ 9 x unless at a dep? ( ne>ly #bjjj fa?oms4 ,at t dep? !y might pass f ! ,arctic to ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean )\t a v>iation ( #e degrees ( temp]ature2 :il/ any l& animal1 at ! mo/ fav\rable season1 mu/ exp]i5ce a diff]5ce ( #ej degrees1 &1 if 9 w9t]1 no less ?an #aej degrees ( ,fahr5heit's !rmomet]20--a /rong presumption t m>9e creatures c exi/ at ! dep? & "u ! enorm\s pressure ( #ab1jjj feet ( wat]4 ,! /ratum ( con/ant temp]ature 9 ! ocean may inde$ af=d ! means ( migration f pole to pole to ^? :i* live 9 %all[] wat]1 z !y w\ld only h to desc5d to a dep? ( #gbjj feet at ! equator4 ,! great curr5ts1 no d\bt1 (f] pa?s = fi% )\t any sudd5 *ange ( temp]ature3 ! inhabitants ( ! ,ant>ctic ,sea may come to ! coa/s ( ,*ile & ,p]u by ! cold /ream t fl[s along !m f ! s\? pol> ocean1 &1 on ! contr>y1 tropical fi% may travel by ! ,gulf-/ream to ! middle & high latitudes 9 ! ,atlantic1 b few w leave ei!r "o or o!r to inhabit ! adjac5t seas1 on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce ( heat4 ,nev]!less1 quantities ( m$us or sea-nettles are br\ght by ! ,gulf-/ream to fe$ ! :ales at ! ,azores1 ?\gh ! :ales !mselves nev] ent] ! /ream1 on acc\nt ( its w>m?4 ,! =m & nature ( ! coa/s h great influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( fi%es2 :5 !y are uni=mly ( ! same geological /ructure1 s z to af=d ! same food & %elt]1 ! fi% are simil>4 ,_! di/ribution is also det]m9$ by climate1 ! dep? ( ! sea1 ! nature ( ! bottom1 & ! influx ( fre% wat]4 ,! ocean1 ! mo/ v>i$ & mo/ wond]ful "p ( ! creation1 absolutely teems ) life3 8?+s innum]able1 bo? great & small1 are !re40 ,! =ms are n to be numb]$ ev5 ( ^? )9 our rea*2 yet1 num]\s z !y are1 few h be5 f\nd exempt f ! laws ( geographical di/ribution4 ,! discol\r$ portions ( ! ocean g5]ally owe ! t9ts !y assume to myriads ( insects4 ,9 ! ,arctic seas1 :]e ! wat] is pure transp>5t ultram>9e col\r1 p>ts ( #bj or #cj squ>e miles1 #aejj feet deep1 are gre5 & turbid f ! quantity ( m9ute animalcules4 ,capta9 ,scoresby calculat$ t x w\ld require #hj1jjj p]sons1 work+ unceas+ly f ! creation ( man to ! pres5t day1 to c\nt ! numb] ( insects conta9$ 9 #b miles ( ! gre5 wat]4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ be ! am\nt ( animal life 9 ! pol> regions1 :]e "o-f\r? "p ( ! ,gre5l& ,sea1 = #aj degrees ( latitude1 consi/s ( t wat]6 ,^! animalcules are ( ! m$usa tribe1 mix$ ) o!rs t are monili=m4 ,"s m$us are v l>ge1 float+ l jelly2 & al?\gh app>5tly c>ri$ at r&om by ! waves1 ea* species has its def9ite location1 & ev5 organs ( locomotion4 ,"o species comes 9 spr+ f ! ,gre5l& seas to ! coa/ ( ,holl&2 & ,b>on ,humboldt met ) an imm5se %oal ( !m 9 ! ,atlantic1 migrat+ at a rapid rate4 ,dr4 ,pppig m5tions a /ratum ( r$ wat] ne> ,cape ,pil>es1 #bd miles long & #g broad1 :i*1 se5 f ! ma/-head1 appe>$ d>k-r$1 b on proce$+ x became a brilliant purple1 & ! wake ( ! vessel 0 rose-col\r4 ,! wat] 0 p]fectly transp>5t1 b small r$ dots c\ld be disc]n$ mov+ 9 spiral l9es4 ,! v]milion sea (f ,cali=nia is no d\bt ow+ to a simil> cause1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 f\nd r$ & *ocolate-col\r$ wat] on ! coa/ ( ,*ile ov] spaces ( sev]al squ>e miles full ( microscopic animalcules1 d>t+ ab\t 9 e direction1 & sometimes explod+4 ,infusoria are n conf9$ to fre% wat]2 ! bottom ( ! sea sw>ms ) !m4 ,silice\s-coat$ infusoria are f\nd 9 ! mud ( ! coral isl&s "u ! equator2 & #fh species 7 discov]$ 9 ! mud 9 ,erebus ,bay1 ne> ! ,ant>ctic pole4 ,^! m9ute =ms ( organiz$ be+1 invisible to ! nak$ eye1 are int5sely & ext5sively develop$ 9 bo? ( ! pol> oceans1 & s]ve = food to ! high] ord]s ( fi% 9 latitudes beyond ! limits ( ! l>g] vegetation1 ?\gh !y !mselves probably live on ! microscopic plant already m5tion$1 :i* ab\nds 9 all seas4 ,"s are peculi> to ea* ( ! pol> seas1 "s are common to bo?1 & a few are di/ribut$ ext5sively ?r\gh\t ! ocean4 ,! enorm\s prodigality ( animal life supplies ! place ( vegetation1 s scanty 9 ! ocean 9 comp>ison ) t :i* clo!s ! l&1 & :i* probably w\ld be insuffici5t = ! supply ( ! m>9e creation1 7 ! defici5cy n made up by ! sup]abundant l& vegetation & insects c>ri$ to ! sea by riv]s4 ,! fi% t live on sea-we$ mu/ be> a small] proportion to ^? t are pr$aci\s ?an ! h]bivor\s l& animals d to ! c>nivor\s4 ,fi% c]ta9ly are mo/ voraci\s2 none are )\t _! enemies2 !y prey & are prey$ ^u2 & !re are two :i* dev\r ev5 ! live coral1 h>d z its coat+ is2 nor does ! coat ( mail ( %ell-fi% protect !m4 ,:atev] ! proportion may be :i* pr$atory fi% be> to h]bivor\s1 ! quantity ( bo? mu/ be enorm\s1 =1 besides ! infusoria1 ! great =e/s ( fuci & sea-we$ are ev]y:]e a mass ( inf9itely v>i$ =ms ( be+1 ei!r p>asitical1 fe$+ on !m1 seek+ %elt] among !m1 or 9 pursuit ( o!rs4 ,! obs]vations ( ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes 9 ! ,egean ,sea %[ t dep? has great influ5ce 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( m>9e animals4 ,f ! surface to ! dep? ( #bcj fa?oms !re are eight di/9ct regions 9 t sea1 ea* ( :i* has its own vegetation & inhabitants4 ,! numb] ( %ell-fi% & o!r m>9e animals is great] specifically & individually betwe5 ! surface & ! dep? ( #b fa?oms ?an 9 all ! regions bel[ tak5 toge!r1 & bo? decrease d[nw>ds to ! dep? ( #aje fa?oms2 betwe5 :i* & ! dep? ( #bcj only eight %ells 7 f\nd2 & animal life ceases 9 t "p ( ! ,m$it]ranean at #cjj fa?oms4 ,! *anges 9 ! diff]5t zones are n abrupt2 "s ( ! creatures ( an "u region always appe> be=e ^? ( ! region above vani%2 & al?\gh !re are a few species ! same 9 "s ( ! eight zones1 only two are common to all4 ,^? ne> ! surface h =ms & col\rs belong+ to ! inhabitants ( s\!rn latitudes1 :ile ^? l[] d[n are analog\s to ! animals ( nor!rn seas2 s t 9 ! sea dep? corresponds ) latitude1 z height does on l&4 ,moreov]1 ! ext5t ( ! geographical di/ribution ( any species is proportional to ! dep? at :i* x lives2 consequ5tly1 ^? liv+ ne> ! surface are less widely disp]s$ ?an ^? inhabit+ deep wat]4 ,pr(essor ,=bes also discov]$ sev]al %ells liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean t h hi!rto only be5 kn[n z fossils ( ! t]ti>y /rata2 & also t ! species lea/ abundant z fossils are mo/ num]\s alive1 & ! conv]se2 h5ce1 ! =m] are ne> _! maximum1 :ile ! latt] are approa*+ to ext9ction4 ,^! v important exp]im5ts1 x is true1 7 conf9$ to ! ,m$it]ranean2 b analog\s results h be5 obta9$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,biscay & 9 ! ,briti% seas4 ,!re are f\r zones ( dep? 9 our seas1 ea* ( :i* has its own inhabitants1 consi/+ ( %ell-fi%1 cru/ace1 corall9es & o!r m>9e creatures4 ,! fir/ zone lies betwe5 high & l[-wat] m>ks1 consequ5tly x is %all[ 9 "s places & #cj feet deep 9 o!rs4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e x pres5ts ! same ph5om5a2 b ! animals v>y ) ! nature ( ! coa/1 accord+ z x is ( rock1 gravel1 s&1 or mud4 ,9 ! ,briti% seas ! animals ( ?is littoral or coa/ zone are di/ribut$ 9 ?ree gr\ps t diff] decid$ly f "o ano!r1 ?\gh _m are common to all4 ,"o occupies ! seas on ! s\!rn %ores ( our isl&s & bo? *annels2 a middle gr\p has its c5tre 9 ! ,iri% seas2 & ! ?ird is conf9$ to ! ,scotti% seas1 & ! adjac5t coa/s ( ,engl& & ,irel&4 ,! second zone ext5ds f ! l[-wat] m>k to a dep? bel[ x ( f #g to #ae fa?oms1 & is cr[d$ ) animals liv+ on & among ! sea-we$s1 z radiat$ animals1 %ell-fi%1 & _m zoophites4 ,9 ! ?ird zone1 :i* is bel[ t ( vegetable life1 m>9e animals are m num]\s & ( great] v>iety ?an 9 any o!r4 ,x is p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ by arboresc5t creatures1 t seem to take ! place ( plants1 c>nivor\s mollusca1 toge!r ) l>ge & peculi> radiata4 ,x ranges f ! dep? ( #ae to #ej fa?oms4 ,! la/ zone is ! region ( /rong] corals1 peculi> mollusca1 & ( o!rs t only inhabit deep wat]4 ,?is zone ext5ds to ! dep? ( #ajj fa?oms or m4 ,except 9 ! ,ant>ctic seas1 ! sup]ior zone ( %ell-fi% is ! only "o ( :i* any?+ is kn[n 9 ! great oceans1 :i* h num]\s special prov9ces4 ,_m1 l ! h>p1 are tropical2 o!rs1 z ! nautilus & ! pe>l-oy/]1 are ne>ly s2 ! latt] ab\nds ?r\gh\t ! ,p]sian ,gulf & on ! coa/s ( ,borneo & ,ceylon1 :i* are ?\ght to produce ! f9e/ pe>ls4 ,!re are _m also 9 ! ,c>ibbean ,sea1 & 9 ! ,pacific1 & especially 9 ! ,bay ( ,panama1 b :e!r ! species are diff]5t is n kn[n4 ,"s %ells are exce$+ly limit$ 9 _! di/ribution1 z ! ,haliotis gigantea1 :i* is peculi> to ! sea ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ne>ly all ! species ( mollusc\s animals 9 ! seas ( ! two temp]ate zones are di/9ct1 yet ! :ole species 9 "o be>s a /rong analogy to t 9 ! o!r2 bo? diff] widely f ^? 9 ! tropical & arctic oceans2 &1 "u ! same latitude1 species v>y ) ! longitude4 ,! ea/ & we/ coa/s ( tropical ,am]ica h only "o %ell-fi% 9 common2 & ^? ( bo? diff] f ! %ell-fi% 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific & ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 :i* =ms a di/9ct region4 ,not)/&+ ! _m def9ite m>9e prov9ces1 ! same species are occasionally f\nd 9 regions widely sep>at$4 ,a few ( ! %ell-fi% ( ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago are ! same ) ^? ( ! ,philipp9e isl&s1 ?\gh s f> ap>t4 ,! ea/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 :i* is poor 9 %ell-fi%1 has a consid]able numb] 9 common ) ! coa/s ( ,europe4 ,! ,cypra moneta lives 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! seas ( ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,mauritius1 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 ,*9a1 & ! ,s\? ,seas ev5 to ,otaheite2 & ! ,jan?9a frangilis1 ! animal ( :i* is ( a beautiful violet-col\r1 floats on ! surface 9 e tropical & temp]ate sea4 ,mollusca h a great] p[] ( locomotion ?an is g5]ally believ$4 ,"s migrate 9 _! l>va /ate1 be+ furni%$ ) lobes :i* enable !m to swim freely4 ,! l>va ( ! scalop is capable ( migrat+ to di/ant regions2 ! argonauta spreads its sail & swims along ! surface4 ,! num]\s species ( ,zoophytes :i* con/ruct ! ext5sive coral banks & atolls are *iefly conf9$ to ! tropical seas ( ,polynesia1 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies3 ! family is repres5t$ by a v few species 9 our seas1 & 9 ! ,m$it]ranean !y are small] & diff]5t1 g5]ally1 f ^? 9 ! torrid zone4 ,! l>g] & m active inhabitants ( ! wat]s obey ! same laws ) ! re/ ( ! creation1 ?\gh ! prov9ces are 9 "s in/ances v ext5sive4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson obs]ves t !re is "o va/ prov9ce 9 ! ,pacific1 ext5d+ #db degrees on ea* side ( ! equator1 betwe5 ! m]idians includ+ ,au/ralia1 ,new ,zeal&1 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 ,*9a1 & ,japan1 9 :i* ! g5]a are ! same2 b at its extremities ! ,arctic & ,ant>ctic g5]a are m+l$ ) ! tropical =ms4 ,_m species1 h[ev]1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,indian ,ocean range z f> nor? z ,japan1 f :i* circum/ance x is presum$ t a curr5t sets 9 t direction4 ,! middle portion ( ?is prov9ce is va/ly ext5d$ 9 longitude1 = v _m species ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 & ! ,mauritius range to ! ,indian & ,*9a ,seas1 to ^? ( nor!rn ,au/ralia & all ,polynesia2 s 9 ?is imm5se belt1 :i* embraces ?ree-f\r?s ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! globe1 & #fj degrees ( latitude1 ! fi% are v ne>ly alike1 ! cont9u\s *a9s ( isl&s 9 ! ,pacific be+ fav\rable to _! disp]sion4 ,few ( ! ,pacific fi% ent] ! ,atlantic2#agd & f ! dep? & want ( isl&s 9 x ! great bulk ( species is diff]5t on its two sides4 ,nor? ( ! #dd? p>allel1 h[ev]1 ! numb] common to bo? %ores increases4 ,! salmon ( ,am]ica is id5tical ) t ( ! ,briti% isles1 ! coa/s ( ,norway & ,sw$52 ! cod-fi% is ! same1 z well z sev]al o!rs ( ! cod family4 ,! ,cottus or bullhead tribe are also ! same on bo? sides ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & !y increase 9 numb]s & v>iety on approa*+ ! ,arctic seas4 ,! same occurs 9 ! nor!rn ,pacific1 ?\gh ! g5]ic =ms diff] f ^? 9 ! ,atlantic4 ,f ! ne> approa* ( ! ,am]ican & ,asiatic coa/s at ,behr+'s ,/raits1 ! fi% on bo? sides are ne>ly alike1 d[n to ! ,sea ( ,okhotsk on "o side & to ,admiralty ,inlet on ! o!r4 ,! ,japan ,sea & ! neighb\r+ coa/s ( ,*9a are frequ5t$ by fi% hav+ nor!rn =ms1 :i* are !re m+l$ ) _m species common to ! temp]ate & w>m p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,species ( ! g5us ,gadus or ,cod reappe> 9 ! s\!rn seas v l ^? ( ! nor!rn2 & two v rem>kable ,gre5l& g5]a1 :i* inhabit deep] wat]1 & are seldom tak5 except :5 ?r[n up by a /orm1 h be5 discov]$ on ! coa/s ( ,new ,zeal& & ,s\? ,au/ralia1 :]e ! fi% diff] b little f ^? 9 ! seas ( ,van ,diem5's ,l&4 ,sev]al g5]a are peculi> to ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & range ?r\gh\t ! :ole circle ( ! high latitudes4 ,! %>ks ( ! ,*9a seas are1 = ! mo/ "p1 id5tical ) ^? ( ,au/ralia3 ! c>tilag9\s fi% to :i* !y belong h a mu* wid] range ?an ^? :i* h be5 "u consid]ation4 ,! ,briti% isl&s lie betwe5 two great prov9ces ( fi%es--"o to ! s\?1 ! o!r to ! nor?--f ea* ( :i* we h occasionally visitors4 ,! c5tre ( ! fir/ is on ! coa/s ( ! ,spani% p59sula1 ext5d+ into ! ,m$it]ranean2 t on ! nor? has its c5tre ab\t ! ,%etl& ,isl&s2 b ! gr\p peculi>ly ,briti%1 & f\nd n[h]e else1 has its focus 9 ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 mix$ ) fi% f ! seas b\nd+ ! we/]n %ores ( c5tral ,europe1 :i* =m a di/9ct gr\p4 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,can9o has %[n t !re are #hec species ( ,european fi%1 ( :i* #baj live 9 fre% wat]1 #fdc are m>9e1 & #fj ( ^! g up riv]s to spawn4 #ddd ( ! m>9e fi% inhabit ! ,m$it]ranean1 #baf are ,briti%1 & #aga are peculi> to ! ,sc&9avian seas2 s t ! ,m$it]ranean is ri*e/ 9 v>iety ( species4 ,9 x !re are peculi> %>ks1 sword-fi%1 dolph9s1 an*ovies1 & six species ( scomb] or tunny1 "o ( ! l>ge/ ( edible fi%1 = :i* fi%]ies are e/abli%$ on ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,france1 9 ,s>d9ia1 ,elba1 ! ,/raits ( ,mess9a1 & ! ,adriatic4 ,f\r ( ! species are f\nd n[h]e else b 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,rays ( num]\s species are p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 especially ! two torp$os1 :i* h ! p[] ( giv+ an electric %ock1 & ev5 ! electric sp>k4 ,! ,m$it]ranean has two or ?ree ,am]ican species1 #da fi% 9 common ) ,madeira1 "o 9 common ) ! ,r$ ,sea1 & a v few seem to be ,indian4 ,"s ( ^! fi% mu/ h ent]$ ! ,m$it]ranean be=e x 0 sep>at$ f ! ,r$ ,sea by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez2 b geological *anges h _h v great influ5ce on ! di/ribution ( fi%es ev]y:]e4 ,tak+ salt & fre%-wat] fi% toge!r1 !re are #ajj species common to ,italy & ,brita92 & al?\gh ! communication ) ! ,black ,sea is s direct1 !re are only #bg fi% common to x & ! ,m$it]ranean2 b ! ,black ,sea =ms a di/rict by itself1 hav+ its own peculi> fi%2 & ^? 9 ! ,caspian ,sea diff] entirely f ^? 9 e o!r "p ( ! globe4 ,! isl& ( ,madeira1 solit>y amid a great expanse ( ocean1 has _m species4 ,!y am\nt 9 numb] to half ( ^? 9 ,brita92 & ne>ly z _m are common to ,brita9 & ,madeira z to t isl& & ! ,m$it]ranean2 s t _m ( our fi% h a wide range 9 ! ,atlantic4 ,! ,m$it]ranean c]ta9ly surpasses ! ,briti% & ,sc&9avian seas 9 v>iety1 ?\gh x is f> inf]ior to ei!r 9 ! quantity or quality ( useful fi%4 ,cod1 turbot1 haddock1 tusk1 l+1 h]r+1 & _m m1 are bett] 9 nor!rn seas ?an else:]e1 & sev]al exi/ !re only4 ,! great] numb] ( fi% us$ by man z food frequ5t %oal wat]4 ,! coa/ ( ,holl&1 our own %ores1 & o!r p>ts ( ! ,nor? ,sea :]e ! wat] is %all[1 teem ) a nev]-end+ supply ( excell5t fi% ( _m k9ds4 ,va/ numb]s are greg>i\s & migratory4 ,cod arrive 9 ! %all[ p>ts ( ! coa/ ( ,norway 9 ,febru>y1 9 %oals _m y>ds deep1 & s closely cr[d$ toge!r t ! s\nd+-lead c h>dly pass betwe5 !m3 #af1jjj1jjj h be5 caught 9 "o place 9 a few weeks4 ,9 ,april !y return to ! ocean4 ,h]r+s come 9 a/oni%+ quantities 9 w9t]4 ,! pr9cipal cod fi%]ies are on ! banks ( ,newf\ndl& & ! ,dogg]-bank4 ,!y1 l all animals1 frequ5t ! places to :i* !y h be5 accu/om$4 ,h]r+s come to ! same places = a s]ies ( ye>s1 & !n des]t !m1 p]haps f hav+ exhau/$ ! food4 ,pil*>ds1 mack]el1 & _m o!rs1 may be m5tion$ among ! greg>i\s & migratory fi%4 ,%>ks l deep wat]4 ,!y are f\nd ( diff]5t species 9 all tropical & temp]ate seas2 &1 al?\gh always dang]\s1 !y are m f]oci\s 9 "s places ?an 9 o!rs1 ev5 ( ! same species4 ,mo/ lakes h fi% ( peculi> species1 z ! lake ,baikal4 ,! fi%es ( ! great int]alp9e ,lake ( ,titicaca am\nt to #g or #h species1 & belong to g5]a only f\nd 9 ! high] regions ( ! ,&es4 ,9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican lakes !re is a ?ick-scal$ fi%1 analog\s to ^? ( ! e>ly geological eras2 & ! gill>oo tr\t1 :i* is rem>kable 9 hav+ a gizz>d1 is f\nd 9 ,irel& only4 ,pike & salmon are ! only species ( fre%-wat] fi% common to ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! pike is1 h[ev]1 unkn[n we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! common salmon does n exi/ beyond #de ( ,n4 lat4 on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & x is probably conf9$ )9 simil> limits on ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,asia4 ,x is said to be an inhabitant ( all ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! old _w f ! entrance ( ! ,bay ( ,biscay to ,nor? ,cape1 & along ! arctic %ores ( ,asia & ,kamt*atka to ! ,sea ( ,okhotsk1 includ+ ! ,baltic1 ,:ite ,sea1 ,gulf ( ,k>a1 & o!r inlets4 ,o!r k9ds ( ! ,salmon tribe are pl5tiful 9 ! e/u>ies ( ,kamt*atka & on ! opposite coa/ ( ,am]ica d[n to ,oregon1 b app>5tly !y d n ext5d to ,*9a4 ,salmon g up riv]s to spawn1 & make extraord9>y leaps ov] imp$im5ts ( rocks or walls1 9 ord] to rea* ! suitable places = deposit+ _! eggs4 ,=ty-f\r fi% inhabit ! ,briti% lakes & riv]s1 & #ej ^? ( ,sc&9avia1 ( ! v be/ k9ds4 ,! fre%-wat] fi% ( nor!rn climates are bett] ?an ^? ( ! s\!rn4 ,ea* tropical riv] has its own species ( fi%4 ,! fre%-wat] fi% ( ,*9a agree ) ^? ( ,india 9 g5]ic =ms1 b n 9 species2#age & ^? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & ,s\? ,am]ica diff] f ^? 9 ,india & ,*9a4 ,sea-fi%1 9 imm5se quantities1 frequ5t ! e/u>ies ( riv]s ev]y:]e4 ,! m\? ( ! ,mississippi is full ( fi%2 & ! quantity at ! m\? ( ! ,don1 9 ! ,sea ( ,az(1 is prodigi\s4 ,!re are "s s+ul> analogies betwe5 ! inhabitants ( ! sea & ^? ( ! l&4 ,_m ( ! m$us1 two corall9es1 ! ,physalia1 or ,portuguese man-(-w>1 ( sailors1 & "s o!rs1 /+ l a nettle :5 t\*$4 ,a cuttle-fi%1 at ! ,cape de ,v]de isl&s1 *anges col\r l ! *ameleon1 assum+ ! t9t ( ! gr\nd "u x4 ,h]r+s1 pil*>ds1 & _m o!r fi%1 z well z sea insects1 are lum9\s4 ,! m$usa tribe1 ! species ( :i* are num]\s1 h ! faculty ( %$d+ light 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,9 w>m climates1 especially1 ! sea seems to be on fire1 & ! wake ( a %ip is l a vivid flame4 ,probably fi% t g bel[ ! dep?s to :i* ! light ( ! sun p5etrates are end[$ ) ?is faculty2 & %oals ( lum9\s insects h be5 se5 at a consid]able dep? bel[ ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,! gl[-worm1 "s beetles1 & fire-flies1 %9e ) ! same pale-gre5 light4 ,b among ! t]re/rial inhabitants !re is no?+ analog\s to ! prop]ty ( ! ,gymnotus electricus ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! trembl]1 or ,silurus electricus1 ( ! ,african riv]s1 & ! diff]5t species ( ! torp$o ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* possess ! faculty ( giv+ ! electric %ock4 ,! m>9e mammalia1 :i*1 z _! "n indicates1 suckle _! "y1 =m two di/9ct families--! ,phoc or seals1 & ! ,cetacea or :ales1 & porpoises3 :il/ fi% brea! by means ( gills1 :i* sep>ate ! air dissolv$ 9 ! wat]1 ! m>9e mammalia possess lungs & brea! z ! t]re/rial quadrup$s2 !y are oblig$ to come to ! surface f "t to "t1 consequ5tly1 to inhale ! air4 ,! fir/ family consi/s ( ! seal tribe1 & is mo/ abundant 9 ! pol> regions2 !y live exclusively on fi%1 are c>nivor\s1 & are seldom f\nd at a great di/ance f ! l& or ice isl&s4 ,to ?is division belong ! common seal & ! walrus 9 our nor!rn hemisph]e2 :il/ ! g5us ,ot>ia or sea-lion1 ) diff]5t =ms & *>act]s1 & :i* atta9s 9 g5]al a great] size1 is only f\nd 9 high s\!rn latitudes4 ,! family ( ,cetacea consi/s ( ?ree great g5]a3 ! manati & dugong1 :i* live 9 or ne> ! e/u>ies ( tropical riv]s1 are h]bivor\s2 ! dolph9s or porpoises1 :i* are c>nivor\s1 provid$ ) long jaws & num]\s tee?1 & are f\nd 9 almo/ e latitude & 9 e sea2 & ! :ales1 :i*1 unprovid$ ) cutt+ tee?1 are furni%$ ) :alebone ins]t$ 9 ! upp] jaw1 ! extreme filam5ts ( :i* are de/9$ z a k9d ( net to cat* ! m9ute m>9e animals :i* =m _! food4 ,! m>9e ,cetacea brea! by an op5+ 9 ! c5tre ( ! head1 call$1 9 :ales1 ! bl[]1 correspond+ to ! nose ( t]re/rial quadrup$s1 & :i* also s]ves to expel ! wat] tak5 into ! m\? ) ! food1 9 ! =m ( jets1 :i*1 9 ! :ale tribe1 v>ies 9 height & =m accord+ to ! species4 ,! favorite haunts ( ! seal tribe are ! pol> oceans & des]t isl&s 9 high latitudes1 :]e !y bask 9 hundr$s on ! sunny %ores dur+ ! brief summ] ( ^! inhospitable regions1 & become an easy prey to man1 :o has ne>ly extirpat$ ! race 9 _m places4 ,a million are annually kill$ 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic alone4 ,sev5 species are natives ( ! ,arctic1 ,atlantic1 & ,pol> ,oceans2 ! ,gre5l& seal1 ! be>d$ or great seal1 & ! ,phoca lepor9a are f\nd also 9 ! high latitudes ( ! ,nor!rn ,pacific4 ,! ,phoca oceanica is only 9 ! ,:ite ,sea & ! sea at ,nova ,zembla1 & ! ,phoca sagura on ! coa/ ( ,newf\ndl&4 ,! sea-lion is to be f\nd on all ! coa/s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific1 b _! pr9cipal ga!r+ is on ! isl& ( ,/4 ,george1 "o ( ! ,pruibil(f gr\p1 9 lat4 #ef ,n4 ,! common seal is #f or #g feet long1 ) a face l t ( a dog1 & a l>ge intellig5t eye4 ,x is easily tam$1 & 9 ! ,orkney isl& x is s mu* dome/icat$ t x foll[s its ma/]1 & helps him to cat* fi%4 ,?is seal migrates 9 h]ds f ,gre5l& twice 9 ! ye>1 & returns aga9 to its =m] haunts2 !y probably come to ! coa/s ( ,europe & ! ,briti% isl&s at ! "t ( _! migrations1 b ! ,phoca vitul9a is a con/ant inhabitant ( our %ores4 ,"s ( ! seal tribe h a v wide range1 z ! fur species1 ,arctocephalus urs9us1 ( ! ,falkl& isl&s1 :i* at "o "t frequ5t$ ! s\!rn coa/s ( ,new ,holl& 9 multitudes1 b !y & ?ree o!r species h n[ become sc>ce1 f ! indiscrim9ate slaught] ( old & "y4 ,sir ,james ,ross f\nd "s ( ! isl&s 9 ! ,ant>ctic seas ov]run ) ! sea-elephant1 ,phoca elephant9a1 & !y captur$ a new species ( seal )\t ext]nal e>s4 ,! ,walrus1 a grim-look+ creature1 ) tusks #b feet long1 b5t d[nw>ds1 & its nose cov]$ ) transp>5t bri/les1 has a body l t ( a seal1 #bj feet long1 ) a coat ( %ort grey or yell[ hair4 ,x sleeps on ! float+ ice1 fe$s on sea-we$ & m>9e animals1 & nev] leaves ! ,arctic seas4 ,! manati & dugong =m ! fir/ gr\p ( ! family ( ! ,cetacea2 !y are exclusively h]bivor\s1 & inhabit ne> ! m\?s ( ! great tropical riv]s4 ,! lamant9 or manatus ( two species is f\nd 9 ! ,amazon & ,or9oco1 & 9 "s riv]s ( ,we/]n ,africa4 ,9 ! =m]1 :]e x is kn[n z ! sea-c[1 its body is r\nd l a w9e-bag1 & sometimes atta9s a l5g? ( #ab or #ae feet2 x br[ses 9 h]ds on ! h]bage at ! bottom ( /reams2 & :5 attack$1 ! "m def5ds h] "y at ! sacrifice ( h] own life4 ,! dugong is an inhabitant ( ! ea/]n ar*ipelago1 & ( ! %all[ p>ts ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 :]e x also fe$s on sea-we$2 x is m a m>9e animal ?an ! lamant91 z x is sc>cely ev] se5 9 fre% wat]4 ,! dugong is s h>mless & tame z to all[ itself to be h&l$4 ,:5 x suckles its "y x sits upright1 :i* has giv5 rise to ! fable ( ! ,m]maid4 ,?is animal1 l ! lamant91 w sacrifice its life = its "y1 & is1 h5ce1 among ! ,malays1 held z ! type ( mat]nal affection4 ,! animal call$ ! ,manatus sept5trionalis1 :i* frequ5ts ! ,arctic seas1 is v little kn[n1 & probably n "o ( ! h]bivor\s ,cetacea4 ,! second gr\p or g5us ( ! ,cetacea consi/s ( ^? ( pr$atory habits2 !y live on fi%1 &1 consequ5tly1 h %>p & num]\s tee?1 su* z porpoises1 dolph9s1 & sp]maceti :ales or ,ca*alots2 !y h1 l all ! animals ( ?is family1 sp\t+ no/rils 9 ! upp] "p ( ! head4#agf ,! common porpoise is se5 sp\t+ & tumbl+ on ! surface ( all ! seas ( ,europe2 %oals ( !m g 9 pursuit ( h]r+s & mack]el1 & ev5 swim up ! riv]s 9 *ase ( salmon4 ,!y h m ! =m ( fi% ?an ! seal tribe1 & h a dorsal f94 ,! sev]al species ( ,dolph9s1 s rem>kable = _! voracity & = ! swiftness ( _! motions1 ow+ to ! symmetry ( _! =m & ! wid? ( _! horizontally-plac$ tail1 are se5 9 almo/ e latitude4 ,! :ite dolph91 eat5 by ! ,icel&]s1 is #ah feet long1 & migrates f ! ,atlantic to ,gre5l& 9 ! end ( ,novemb]4 ,! ,grampus1 ,delph9us ,orca1 ne>ly alli$ to ! kill] ( ! ,s\? ,sea :al]s1 is fi]ce & voraci\s1 (t5 #bj feet long1 roams 9 num]\s %oals1 prey+ ^u ! l>g] fi%1 & ev5 attack+ ! :ale4 ,! ,gr9d or black dolph9 has be5 kn[n to run a%ore 9 hundr$s 9 ! bays ( ,f]oe1 ,orkney1 & ,%etl&4 ,?is seems to be ! same or ne>ly alli$ to ! black fi% :i* 0 met ) 9 va/ numb]s by ,sir ,james ,ross 9 ! ,ant>ctic seas3 !y _h s little fe>1 t !y d>t$ bel[ ! %ip on "o side & came up at ! o!r4 ,! :ite porpoise1 ,delph9us p]onii1 ( ! s\!rn :al]s1 is a r>e & elegant species ( dolph9 :i* *iefly inhabits ! high s\!rn latitudes1 b has be5 se5 at ! equator 9 ! ,pacific4 ,!y are ab\t six feet long1 ! h9d] "p ( ! head1 ! back1 & ! flukes ( _! tail are black1 & all ! re/ ( ! pure/ :ite4 ,! ,n>:al1 or sea-unicorn 7,monodon monoc]os71 has no tee?1 b a tusk ( f9e ivory wrea!d ) a spiral groove ext5d+ #h or #aj feet /raight f ! head2 9 g5]al !re is only "o tusk1 b !re are always ! rudim5ts ( ano!r1 & occasionally bo? gr[ to an equal l5g?4 ,! old n>:als are :ite ) blacki% spots1 ! "y are d>k-col\r$4 ,?is s+ul> creature1 :i* is ab\t sixte5 feet long )\t ! tusks1 swims ) great swiftness4 ,mr4 ,scoresby has se5 #ae or #bj at a "t play+ r\nd 8 %ip 9 ! ,arctic seas1 & cross+ _! long tusks 9 all directions z if !y 7 f5c+2 !y are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4 ,! sp]maceti :ale1 ! ,ca*alot or ,physet] ,macrocephalus1 belong+ to ! family ( ! pr$ace\s sp\t]s1 is "o ( ! mo/ =midable inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,its av]age size is #fj feet long & #dj feet 9 circumf]5ce2 its head1 equal to a ?ird ( its l5g?1 is extremely ?ick & blunt 9 front1 ) a ?roat wide en\gh to swall[ a man4 ,! proportionally small swimm+ paws or pectoral f9s are at a %ort di/ance beh9d ! head1 & ! tail1 :i* is a horizontal triangle #f or #g feet long1 & #ai feet wide1 ) a not* betwe5 ! flukes1 is ! *ief organ ( progressive motion & def5ce4 ,x has a hump ( fat on its back1 is ( a d>k col\r1 b ) a v smoo? clean sk94 ,^! sp]m :ales h two no/rils on ! top ( _! head1 ?r\gh :i* !y ?r[1 at ea* expiration1 a succession ( jets l smoke1 at int]vals ( #ae or #bj m9utes1 aft] :i* !y toss _! tails high 9 ! air & g head =emo/ to va/ dep?s1 :]e !y rema9 = a consid]able "t1 & !n return aga9 to ! surface to brea!4 ,! jet or sp\t is f #f to #h feet high1 & consi/s ( wat] mix$ ) air1 expir$ f ! lungs4 ,?is :ale has sp]m-oil & sp]maceti 9 e "p ( its body1 b ! latt] is *iefly 9 a va/ res]voir 9 its head1 :i* makes x v buoyant1 & amb]gris is sometimes f\nd 9 ! inside ( ! body1 suppos$ to be ! produce ( disease4 ,^! huge mon/]s1 occasionally #ge feet long1 g 9 great h]ds ( #ejj or #fjj1 or s*ools1 z ! :al]s call !m4 ,females ) _! "y1 & two or ?ree old males1 g5]ally =m "o company1 & ! "y males ano!r1 :ile ! old males fe$ & hunt s+ly4 ,! sp]m :ales swim gracefully & equally1 ) _! head above ! wat]2 b :5 a troop ( !m play on ! surface ( ! wat]1 "s ( ^! unc\? & gigantic creatures leap ) ! agility ( a salmon sev]al feet into ! air1 & fall d[n aga9 heavily ) a trem5d\s cra% & noise l a cannon1 driv+ ! wat] up 9 l(ty columns capp$ ) foam4 ,! fi%]y ( ! sp]m :ale is att5d$ ) great dang]2 n only ! w\nd$ animal1 b its companions :o come to its aid1 sometimes fight desp]ately1 kill+ ! :al]s & toss+ !m into ! air ) a sweep ( _! trem5d\s tails1 or bit+ a boat 9 two4 ,9 #ahbj1 ! ,am]ican :al] ,essex 0 wreck$ 9 ! ,pacific by a sp]m :ale2 x fir/ gave ! %ip s sev]e a bl[ t x broke (f "p ( ! keel1 !n1 retreat+ to a di/ance1 x ru%$ furi\sly1 & ) its enorm\s head beat 9 a portion ( ! planks1 & ! p _h j "t to save !mselves 9 ! boats :5 ! vessel fill$4 ,!y (t5 lie & li/5 :5 suspici\s ( mis*ief4 ,no "p ( ! aque\s globe1 except ! ,arctic seas1 is free f _! visits2 !y h be5 se5 9 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,adriatic1 9 ! ,briti% ,*annel1 & ev5 9 ! e/u>y ( ! ,?ames1 b _! *ief resort is ! deepe/ p>ts ( ! w>m] seas )9 or ne> ! tropics1 & 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 :]e !y fe$ on float+ mollusc1 ! sepia or cuttle-fi%1 c4 ,! second & la/ g5us ( ! ,cetacea are :alebone :ales1 su* z ! ,gre5l& :ale & rorquals4 ,in/ead ( tee?1 ! upp] jaws ( ^! animals are furni%$ ) plates & filam5ts ( :alebone1 :i* are moveable1 & are adapt$ to reta91 z 9 a net1 ! m$us & o!r small m>9e animals t are ! food ( ^! colossal inhabitants ( ! deep4 ,! common ,gre5l& species1 ,balna ,my/icetus1 0 =m]ly mu* m num]\s1 b x is n[ *iefly conf9$ to ! v high nor!rn latitudes2 h[ev]1 %\ld x be ! same ) ! :ale f\nd 9 su* multitudes 9 %all[ wat] on ! coa/s ( ! ,pacific & 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean by ,sir ,james ,ross1 x mu/ h a v wide range1 b x is m probable t ea* pole has its own species4 ,! ,gre5l& :ale is f #fe to #gj feet long1 b !y are s mu* p]secut$ t !y probably nev] live long en\gh to come to _! full size4 ,! head is v l>ge1 b ! op5+ ( ! ?roat is s n>r[ t x c only swall[ small animals4 ,x has no dorsal f93 ! swimm+ paws are ab\t n9e feet long1 & ! flat tail is half-moon %ap$ & not*$ 9 ! middle4 ,x has two sp\ts or no/rils1 ?r\gh :i* x ?r[s jets l puffs ( smoke "s y>ds high4 ,x only rema9s two or ?ree m9utes on ! surface to brea!1 & !n goes "u wat] = five or six4 ,! back & tail are velvet-black1 %ad$ 9 "s places into grey1 ! re/ is :ite3 "s are piebald4 ,! capture ( ?is :ale is (t5 att5d$ ) mu* cruelty1 f _! affection = _! "y2 inde$ ! cu/om ( kill+ ! calf 9 ord] to capture ! "m has ru9$ ! fi%]y 9 sev]al places1 especially 9 ,new ,zeal&1 :]e !re 7 eight species ( :ales 9 va/ abundance4 ,rorquals are also :alebone :ales1 diff]+ f ! common :ale 9 ! m elongat$ =m ( ! head4 ,"o species is f #hj to #ajj feet long1 ! l>ge/ ( m>9e animals4 ,! bottle-nos$ :ale1 a small] species1 0 exce$+ly num]\s 9 ! ,arctic seas2 9 ! ye> #ahji1 #aajj 7 /r&$ 9 ,huel-fiord 9 ,icel&4 ,?is :ale travels to l[] latitudes 9 pursuit ( h]r+s & o!r fi%4 ,x _h be5 caught on ! coa/ ( ,norway z e>ly z ! ye> #hij1 & probably long be=e4 ,! fir/ nor!rn navigators 7 n attract$ by ! :ale z an object ( comm]ce1 b /umbl$ ^u x 9 _! se>* = a nor?-we/ passage to ! ,pacific4 ,! hump-back$ :ale1 ,balna gibbosa1 a rorqual #cj or #dj feet long1 is met ) 9 small h]ds 9 ! int]tropical & s\!rn regions ( ! ,pacific & ,atlantic2 x is seldom mole/$ by ! :al]s1 & is v dang]\s = boats1 f ! habit x has ( leap+ & ris+ sudd5ly to ! surface4 ,none ( ! s5ses ( ! :ale tribe are v acute2 ! :alebone :ales alone h ! s5se ( smell+1 &1 al?\gh ! sp]m :ale is imm$iately aw>e ( a companion be+ h>poon$ at a v great di/ance1 !y d n he> well 9 air1 & none h voice4#agg ,! exi/5ce ( creatures 9 ! ocean resembl+ enorm\s s]p5ts has be5 ann\nc$ at diff]5t times = m ?an a c5tury1 b has nev] be5 au!ntically e/abli%$4 ,acc\nts ( su* mon/]s hav+ be5 se5 9 ! nor!rn seas1 9 ! fiords ( ,norway & ,sw$51 _h be5 giv5 to ! _w by ,eg$e & ,pantoppidan3 by ! latt] m on he>say evid5ce ?an f 8 own obs]vation4 ,b1 z 9 e in/ance1 ! pret5d$ sea-s]p5t 0 repres5t$ to possess ei!r ! bl[-holes ( ! ,cetacea or ! head & mane ( a seal1 x 0 evid5t ! cr$ulity ( our ,sc&9avian neighb\rs _h conv]t$ "s well-kn[n animals into ! incompreh5sible m>9e mon/]s ( _! imag9ation4 ,! same may be said ( ! sea-s]p5t repres5t$ to h be5 /r&$ on "o ( ! ,orkney ,isl&s 9 #ahjh1 ( :i* a "p ( a skeleton is pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 & :i*1 :5 exam9$ by ! naturali/1 prov$ to belong to a l>ge species ( %>k2 & ( t fall5 9 ) (f ! coa/ ( ,halifax 9 #ahcc1 by "s ,briti% (fic]s engag$ on a fi%+ exp$ition4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! sea-s]p5t 0 look$ ^u !re=e z "o ( ^? creations ( t imag9ative cr$ulity1 s frequ5tly ent]ta9$ by ignorant seaf>+ p]sons1 & _h ceas$ to attract any att5tion except occasionally by an illusion to x 9 "s ,transatlantic newspap]2 :5 x has be5 aga9 reviv$ by no less a p]son ?an ! comm&] ( "o ( h] ,maje/y's %ips1 :o has consid]$ its discov]y by him to be wor?y ( a report to ! ,lords ( ! ,admiralty4 ,! (fic] 9 "q1 ,capta9 ,m',quhae1 ( h] ,maje/y's %ip ,ddalus1 /ates t1 on ! #f? ( ,augu/1 #ahdh1 be+ 9 lat4 #bd #dd ,s41 long4 #i #bb ,e41 consequ5tly n f> f ! s\?-we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 he descri$ 9 broad daylight1 & at a %ort di/ance1 an animal ) ! head ( a s]p5t & at lea/ #fj feet long1 pass+ 8 %ip to ! s\?-we/w>d at ! rate ( #ae miles an h\r4 ,pr(essor ,ow51 aft] a c>eful & imp>tial consid]ation ( all ! details giv5 ( ?is /range app>ition1 has %[n to ! satisfaction ( e unbiass$ m9d t ! animals se5 by ! (fic]s ( ! ,ddalus 0 probably a l>ge species ( s\!rn seal1 & p]haps ! ,ot>ia ,proboscidea4 ,! g5us ,ot>ia is long] 9 proportion ?an our ,arctic seals1 & its =e flapp]s be+ situat$ f>!r back1 ! neck ( ! animal becomes long]1 & is g5]ally1 9 ! act ( swimm+1 rais$ out ( ! wat]1 z se5 & repres5t$ by ,capta9 ,m',quhae 9 8 draw+4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 supposes t ?is seal _h be5 c>ri$ f its usual haunts 9 or ne> ! ,ant>ctic circle on an iceb]g1 :i* hav+ melt$ away 9 ^! middle latitudes1 ! animal 0 oblig$ to f9d its way back by its own locomotive p[]s2 an op9ion r5d]$ ! m likely1 :5 we consid] t x 0 mak+ = ! ne>e/ l&1 :]e su* animals are kn[n to live1 ,g\gh ,isl& & ,tri/an d',acunha1 f :i* x 0 di/ant ab\t #aejj miles1 or #d days' j\rney1 at ! rate & 9 ! direction x is repres5t$ by ,capta9 ,m',quhae to h be5 progress+ :5 se5 f 8 %ip4 ,?is /atem5t ( ! appe>ance !re=e ( ! sea-s]p5t 9 #ahdh adds no?+ to our c]ta9ty z to ! exi/5ce ( su* mon/]s2 :il/ x %[s h[ easy x is1 = ev5 well-in=m$ p]sons1 to raise up imag9>y be+s out ( animals well-kn[n to ! naturali/4 ,! g5]al public1 always fond ( ! m>vell\s & extraord9>y1 is too prone to cr$it su* /ories1 & too ready to admit ! exi/5ce ( be+s1 h[ev] oppos$ to all ! kn[n laws ( organic co-exi/5ces4 ,to p]sons ready to give cr$it to ! ass]tions ( ^? ignorant ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( zoology1 x w\ld be a loss ( "t = ! naturali/ to endeav\r to expla9 h[ impossible x is t ! head & jaws ( a s]p5t1 ) ! sk9 & mane ( a seal1 & ! bl[-hole ( a porpoise1 c\ld ev] be f\nd unit$ 9 ! same animal4 ,z well might "o try to reason ) a believ] 9 gho/s & fairies on ! non-exi/5ce ( ^? creations ( a disord]$ imag9ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,di/ribution ( ,reptiles--,frogs & ,toads--,snakes1 ,saurians1 & ,tortoises4 ,,reptiles1 m ?an any o!r class ( animals1 %[ ! p>tial di/ribution ( animat$ be+s1 because1 be+ unable to travel to any great di/ance1 !y h rema9$ 9 ! places :]e9 !y 7 orig9ally /ation$2 & z !y inhabit des]ts1 =e/s1 & uncultivat$ gr\nd1 !y h n be5 di/urb$ by man1 :o has only de/roy$ "s individuals1 b has n dim9i%$ ! numb] ( species1 :i* is probably ! same z ev] x 04 ,few ( ! mammalia hyb]nate1 or fall into a torpid /ate 9 w9t]1 except ! be>1 m>mot1 bats1 & "s o!rs4 ,_! fat supplies ! c>bon consum$ by ! oxyg5 dur+ _! feeble & imp]ceptible respiration1 & is wa/$ by ! "t ! w>m wea!r returns1 :i* r\ses !m f _! le?>gy1 ?9 & ext5uat$4 ,b reptiles1 be+ cold]-blood$1 bury !mselves 9 ! gr\nd1 & hyb]nate dur+ ! w9t] 9 cold & temp]ate climates4 ,9 hot c\ntries1 !y fall into a /ate ( torpor dur+ ! dry season1 s t !y h no occasion to w&]1 ei!r on acc\nt ( temp]ature or want ( su/5ance2 & ! few t d migrate 9 que/ ( food always return to _! old haunts4 ,z ! blood ( reptiles receives only a small "p ( ! oxyg5 !y inhale1 little heat & /r5g? are g5]at$2 consequ5tly !y are cold-blood$1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 sluggi% 9 _! motions1 :i*1 h[ev]1 are m v>i$ ?an 9 quadrup$s2 b z "s reptiles1 su* z tortoises & liz>ds1 brea! m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 !re are1 consequ5tly1 great diff]5ces 9 _! en]gy & s5sibility4 ,! ord] ( ,reptiles is divid$ by naturali/s into f\r classes1 comm5c+ 9 ! asc5d+ ord]3--#a4 ,batracians or frogs1 toads1 & salam&]s2 #b4 ,ophidians or s]p5ts2 #c4 ,saurians1 liz>ds1 *ameleons1 crocodiles2 & #d4 ,emydians or tortoises1 & turtles4 ,) v few exceptions !y are ovip>\s2 !y p>take ( bo? t]re/rial & aquatic =ms1 & _m are amphibi\s3 !y all increase 9 numb]s t[>ds ! equator1 & few live 9 cold climates2 b !y c endure a cold w9t] bett] ?an a cool summ]4 ,frogs & salam&]s inhabit ! banks ( ! ,m',k5zie riv] 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e ! mean temp]ature is betwe5 #g & #h ( ,fahr5heit2 ! !rmomet] 9 w9t] ev5 s9ks to #ij bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,! s\!rn limit ( reptiles1 s f> z x is kn[n1 is 9 #ej ,s4 lat41 :]e a frog 0 f\nd on ! banks ( ! riv] ,santa ,cruz4 ,! numb] ( species ( reptiles 9 ! torrid zone is at lea/ d\ble t 9 ! temp]ate2 ,au/ralia has few] ?an ,europe1 & ( all places 9 ! ,old ,_w1 ,java is ri*e/ 9 reptiles4 ,am]ica possesses m ?an half ( all ! species1 ! maximum be+ 9 ,brazil1 b ev]yone ( !m is peculi> to t cont95t alone4 ,! ,batra*ians approa* ne>e/ to ! nature ( fi%es1 & =m a l9k betwe5 l& & wat] animals4 ,z tadpoles !y h tails & no feet1 b :5 full-gr[n !y g5]ally acquire feet & lose _! tails4 ,besides1 9 t e>ly /age !y are aquatic & brea! by gills1 l fi%es2 b 9 a /ate ( maturity !y brea! by lungs l quadrup$s1 ?\gh "s ( ! g5]a always reta9 _! gills & tails1 & "s nev] acquire feet4 ,^! animals h ! p[] ( ret>d+ & accel]at+ _! respiration )\t /opp+ ! circulation ( _! blood1 s t !y c resi/ heat & cold to a c]ta9 degree--a p[] mo/ rem>kable 9 ! salam&]1 :i* =ms "p ( ?is class1 s v>i$ 9 appe>ance & nature4 ,"s1 z toads & frogs1 imbibe a quantity ( wat]1 :i* is evaporat$ ?r\gh _! sk9 m or less quickly4 ,?is keeps !m at ! temp]ature ( ! m$ium !y live 91 & ! air !y inhale ?r\gh ! sk9 is z necess>y to _! exi/5ce z t :i* !y brea!4 ,! gr\p ( toads & frogs consi/s ( f\r families1 :i* h f\r feet1 b )\t tails2 namely1 frogs1 hylas or ra9ettes1 toads1 & pip4 ,frogs1 :i* are amphibi\s1 h no nails on _! toes1 & _! h9d legs are long] ?an ! =e1 & webb$1 consequ5tly bett] fitt$ = swimm+ & jump+1 :i* !y d by leaps4 ,!re are #af g5]a1 & above #ej species1 s t !y are m num]\s & m v>i$ ?an any o!r reptile4 ,( ! hyla or tree-frog !re are #fj species1 all ( ! mo/ vivid & brilliant t9ts1 & sev]al col\rs are frequ5tly unit$ on ! same animal4 ,!y mo/ly live on high trees1 & _! webb$ feet h little cu%ions at ! po9ts ( _! toes1 =m+ a k9d ( suck]1 by means ( :i* !y c squeeze out ! air f "u _! feet1 &1 by ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 !y adh]e firmly to ! "u side ( ! smoo!/ leaf1 exactly on ! same pr9ciple by :i* flies walk on ! ceil+ ( a room4 ,! bufo1 or toad1 is ! uglie/ ( ! race2 _m are hide\s1 ) swoll5 bodies1 w>t-l excresc5ces1 & obtuse toes4 ,!y seldom g into wat]1 b frequ5tly m>%y1 damp places1 & only crawl1 :]eas ! frog & hyla leap4 ,!y are mu* few] ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two families2 only #cj species are kn[n4 ,! pip are also toads ( a /ill m disgu/+ =m1 & are di/+ui%$ f _! cong5]s by n hav+ an ext5sile tongue4 ,all ^! reptiles produce noises1 :i* are exce$+ly v>i$2 !y croak 9 conc]t1 foll[+ a lead]1 & :5 he is tir$ ano!r takes 8 place4 ,"o ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican frogs croaks 9 b&s2 "o b& beg9s1 ano!r answ]s1 & a ?ird replies1 till ! noise is he>d at a great di/ance2 a pause !n takes place1 aft] :i* ! croak+ is r5ew$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 m5tions a little musical hyla at ,rio de ,janeiro1 :i* croaks a k9d ( h>mony 9 diff]5t notes4 ,toads & frogs are f\nd 9 almo/ all p>ts ( ! e>?1 ?\gh v unequally & p>tially di/ribut$4 ,am]ica has m ?an all ! o!r c\ntries tak5 toge!r1 & ,europe ! fewe/4 ,six species ( frogs1 "o ra9ette1 & two toads1 are ,european2 & all1 except f\r ( ! frogs1 are also f\nd 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,! ,rana tempor>ia lives at ! height ( #ggjj feet 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ne> ! sn[-l9e on ! ,alps4 ,! law ( circumscrib$ di/ribution is /rongly m>k$ 9 ,asia2 = ( t5 species ( frogs peculi> to t cont95t1 ?ree only are 9 ! ma9l&1 two are conf9$ to ,japan1 &1 ( ! five t are ,javanese1 "o is also common to ,ambo9a1 & ! o!r f\r to ,b5gal4 ,! eight species ( ra9ettes1 or tree-frogs1 are /ill m limit$ 9 _! domicile2 five ( !m are 9 ,java only1 & "o 9 ,japan2 & ! ,hyla viridis is 9 ,asia ,m9or4 ,!re are n9e species ( toad peculi> to ,asia4 ,none ( ^! reptiles exi/ 9 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 nor 9 any ( ! innum]able isl&s 9 ,oceanica1 & !re are v few 9 ,au/ralia1 b all peculi>4 ,9 ,africa !re are eight species ( frogs1 two or ?ree ( ra9ettes1 & two ( toads4 ,"o ( ! two species ( pipa1 m horrid 9 appe>ance ?an any toad1 is v common at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & !re only4 ,! great ext5t ( m>%es1 riv]s1 & =e/s1 toge!r ) ! heat ( ! climate1 make ,am]ica ! v home ( reptiles ( ?is k9d1 & !re !y gr[ to a great] size ?an any:]e else3 #bc species ( frog1 #bg species ( tree-frog or ra9ette1 & #ba ( toads1 are indig5\s 9 t cont95t1 n "o ( :i* is ! same ) any ( ^? 9 ! ,old ,_w2 & mo/ ( ^? 9 ,s\? ,am]ica are diff]5t f ^? 9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 ?\gh !y are sometimes replac$ by analog\s k9ds4 ,all ^! reptiles h abodes1 ) fix$ dem>cations1 (t5 ( small ext5t4 ,! pipa1 or toad ( ,sur9am1 is ! mo/ horrid ( ! tribe2 ! ,bufo agua1 ( ,brazil1 #aj or #ab in*es long1 & ! ,rana pipi5s1 ( ,c>ol9a1 are ! l>ge/4 ,! second family ( ?is class ( reptiles h tails & feet1 z ! salam&]s1 :i* are v l liz>ds 9 _! g5]al =m1 hav+ a long r\nd or flatt5$ tail & f\r feet4 ,"s are t]re/rial1 & "s are aquatic2 ! =m] are kn[n z salam&]s or newts1 ! latt] z tritons4 ,bo? are met ) 9 ,europe1 b ! great] numb] are ,am]ican4 ,! amphibi\s g5]a ( ,amphiuma ,m5opoma & ,syr51 possess+ bo? lungs & gills1 are ,am]ican2 ! latt] are peculi> to ! m>%es & rice-gr\nds ( ,c>ol9a1 & ! ,axolotl is only f\nd 9 ! ,lake ( ,mexico3 !y are v l eels ) two feet4 ,! ,proteus angu9us1 ( a light fle%-col\r1 has f\r little feet & a flat tail1 & has be5 f\nd n[h]e b 9 ! d>k subt]rane\s cav]ns 9 ,c>niola4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( ?is ord] ( ,batra*ians are ! ,ccili1 ( :i* !re are only eight species1 all inhabitants ( ! w>m p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,!y h a cyl9drical body1 )\t feet or neck1 & move exactly z ! s]p5t1 s !y seem to =m ! l9k betwe5 ^! reptiles & ! class ( frogs & toads4 ,!re are s]p5ts 9 all hot & temp]ate c\ntries1 b !y ab\nd mo/ 9 int]tropical regions4 ,java conta9s #ef species1 :i* is a great] numb] comp>atively ?an any o!r c\ntry1 :ile 9 ,borneo n "o has be5 f\nd4 ,^? 9 ,japan are peculi>4 ,:]ev] snakes exi/1 !re also are "s ( ! v5om\s k9ds1 b !y are few]1 specifically & individually1 ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,( #bfc species1 only #eg are v5om\s1 or ab\t "o 9 five1 al?\gh t proportion is n ev]y:]e ! same4 ,9 /]ile1 op5 c\ntries1 ! proportion ( v5om\s snakes is great] ?an 9 ^? t are cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,?us1 9 ,new ,holl&1 sev5 out ( t5 species are poison\s2 & 9 ,africa1 "o ( e two or ?ree individuals is noxi\s4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! numb] ( h>mless individuals is tw5ty times z great z ! numb] ( ! poison\s4 ,! ?ree great families ( v5om\s s]p5ts are ! colubri=m or add]-%ap$ snakes1 sea-s]p5ts1 & ! triangul>-head$ snakes4 ,! add]-=m$ snakes are divid$ into ?ree g5]a1 ! elaps1 :i* are sl5d] l a cord1 ) a small head1 & ( brilliant col\rs4 ,!re are f\r species 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 ( :i* two are conf9$ to ,guiana1 & "o to ,sur9am1 :ile ! o!r is f\nd ev]y:]e f ,brazil to ,c>ol9a4 ,!re is only "o 9 ,africa1 ?ree 9 ,au/ralia1 & ! re/ are 9 limit$ di/ricts 9 tropical ,asia1 especially 9 ,sumatra & ,java2 & an entire g5us is f\nd only 9 ,india1 & ! isl&s ( ,ceylon & ,java4 ,! hood$ snakes 7or ,cobra ,capello7 are ! be/ kn[n ( ?is family1 especially ! spectacl$ or danc+ snake ( ! ,indian juggl]s1 :i* is common ev]y:]e f ,malab> to ,sumatra1 & two o!r species are only f\nd 9 ,sumatra & ,java4 ,! ?ree or f\r ,african species are *iefly at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & on ! ,gold ,coa/2 b ! mo/ celebrat$ is t g5]ally kn[n z ! ,egyptian asp1 :i* has be5 tam$ by magicians ( anci5t & mod]n times1 & is frequ5tly figur$ 9 ,egyptian monum5ts2 x d]ives "s ( its celebrity f ,cleopatra's dea?4 ,two ( ! family inhabit ,new ,holl&1 "o ( :i* is spectacl$1 l1 b ( a diff]5t species f1 t 9 ,india4 ,all ! sev5 species ( sea-snakes are v v5om\s1 & m f]oci\s ?an any o!r4 ,!y frequ5t ! ,indian ,ocean 9 %oals f ,malab> to ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s & ! ,bay ( ,b5gal2 !y nev] ent] fre% wat]4 ,! ?ird v5om\s family consi/s ( ! triangul>-head$ s]p5ts1 rattle-snakes1 & vip]s4 ,! fir/ are ( a hide\s aspect1--a l>ge head1 broad at ! base l a he>t1 a wide m\?1 ) _! hook$ poison\s fangs /rongly develop$4 ,!y quietly wat* _! prey till x is )9 rea*1 !n d>t ^u x1 & inflict ! deadly w\nd 9 a mom5t2 ! yell[ vip] ( ! ,fr5* ,we/ ,india isl&s1 ! ,trigonocephalus lanceolatus1 be+ among/ ! dang]\s snakes 9 exi/5ce4 ,"o species 9 ! ,old ,_w is to be met ) ev]y:]e f ,ceylon to ! ,phillipp9e ,isl&s2 "o is a native 9 ,sumatra1 ,timor1 & ,celebes2 ! re/ are n>r[ly limit$ 9 _! abode2 two are conf9$ to ,java alone4 ,ceylon1 ,sumatra1 ,japan1 & ,t>t>y1 h ea* a species ( ^! s]p5ts peculi> to itself4 ,! rattle-snakes are all ,am]ican--two 9 ! w>m di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & two 9 ! int]tropical p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,"o ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 has a h>d horn at ! end ( its tail1 in/ead ( a rattle1 & sometimes gr[s to ! l5g? ( #aj feet1 be+1 ) ! ,trigonocephalus1 ! longe/ ( ! v5om\s snakes4 ,vip]s come f>!r nor? ?an any o!r ( ! noxi\s tribe3 two are ,asiatic1 ?\gh "o is also common to ,africa1 :i*1 h[ev]1 has f\r peculi> to itself2 & ! only v5om\s s]p5ts 9 ,europe are ?ree species ( vip]1 "o ( :i* is also spread ov] ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,asia & ,africa4 ,! common vip] inhabits all c5tral ,europe & temp]ate ,asia1 ev5 to ,lake ,baikal1 9 ! ,alta ,m\nta9s3 x is also f\nd 9 ,engl& & ,sw$51 b x does n g f>!r we/ ?an ! ,se9e1 nor does x pass ! ,alps4 ,"o :i* frequ5ts dry soils1 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ,europe1 is 9 ,/yria1 ,greece1 ,dalmatia1 & ,sicily2 & ! aspic vip]1 :i* lives on rocky gr\nd1 inhabits ,france betwe5 ! ,se9e & ! ,pyr5ees1 ,switz]l&1 ,italy1 & ,sicily4 ,!re are six families ( innocu\s s]p5ts1 consi/+ ( num]\s species4 ,f\r ( ! families are t]re/rial2 _! species are v limit$ 9 _! domicile1 ! great] numb] be+ conf9$ to "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,ceylon1 or to circumscrib$ di/ricts 9 tropical ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,n9e or t5 species are ,european1 "s ( :i* are also f\nd 9 ,asia & ,africa4 ,tree-s]p5ts ( v>i\s g5]a & num]\s species live only 9 ! great tropical =e/s ( ,asia & ,am]ica1 especially 9 ! latt]4 ,!y are long & sl5d]1 ! head = ! mo/ "p end+ 9 a %>p po9t1 & g5]ally gre51 ?\gh !re are "s ( bright] col\rs2 _m ( ^! s]p5ts are fi]ce1 ?\gh n v5om\s2 "s fe$ on birds1 :i* !y wat* hang+ by ! tail f a b\gh4 ,9 all temp]ate & w>m c\ntries ab\nd+ 9 lakes & riv]s1 fre%-wat] snakes are num]\s2 "s live 9 ! wat]1 b !y mo/ly inhabit ! banks ne> x2 !y are excell5t swimm]s1 & may be se5 cross+ lakes 9 %oals4 ,am]ica is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 !m1 !re are sev]al 9 ,europe & ,asia1 b !y are r>e 9 ,africa1 & none h be5 yet discov]$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! g5us ,boa is peculi>ly ,am]ican1 ?\gh "s small] 9 size & diff]+ 9 species are f\nd 9 ,asia4 ,! boa con/rictor1 g5]ally f #i to #ae feet long1 lives 9 ! great tropical =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e x (t5 wat*es its prey hang+ f ! b\ghs ( trees4 ,two ( small] size h simil> habits1 & two are aquatic1 "o ( :i* is sometimes #bj feet long1 & ano!r #f feet2 ! latt] inhabits banks ( ! riv]s f ! ,amazons to ,sur9am2 & a species is f\nd at ! foot ( ! ,&es ( ,quito1 z high z #cjjj feet4 ,py?ons are ! l>ge/ snakes ( ! ea/]n _w1 :]e !y repres5t ! boas ( ! we/]n2 "o species1 :i* sometimes atta9s ! l5g? ( #bj feet1 is spread f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 ?r\gh\t int]tropical ,asia1 to ,java & ,*9a4 ,ano!r1 only #ad feet long1 is conf9$ to ,malacca & "s ( ! ,sunda ,isl&s4 ,two o!rs are f\nd only 9 ! isl&s ( ,timor & ,sap>ua1 & "o 9 ,new ,holl&4 ,!re are only two species ( ,acro*ordi1 :i*1 l boas & py?ons1 twi/ !mselves r\nd _! victims & cru% !m to dea?3 "o aquatic1 peculi> to ,java2 ! o!r is a l& snake1 f\nd ev]y:]e ?r\gh ,india to ,new ,gu9ea4 ,! ,we/ ,indian isl&s h ! snakes ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & "s peculi>2 ! snakes ( c5tral ,am]ica are little kn[n4 ,saurians h repres5tatives 9 e w>m & temp]ate climate4 ,! crocodile1 f its size & f]ocity1 claims ! fir/ place4 ,!re are ?ree g5]a ( ?is family1 all amphibi\s1 liv+ 9 riv]s1 or 9 _! e/u>ies3 ! ,crocodile1 prop]ly speak+1 common to ! old & new cont95ts2#agh ! ,alligator or ,caiman1 peculi> to ,am]ica2 & ! ,gavial1 :i* comes ne>] to ! =m ( c]ta9 fossil crocodiles ?an any o!r1 is limit$ to ! ,ganges & o!r great riv]s ( ,india4 ,! v>i\s species ( crocodiles are conf9$ to local habitations3 ?ree are ,asiatic2 two ,african1 "o ( :i* is only 9 ,si]ra ,leone2 two are peculi> to ,madagasc>2 & 9 ,am]ica !re are two species ( crocodiles & five ( alligators4 ,! ,am]ican crocodiles inhabit ! e/u>ies ( great riv]s1 a species is to be met ) :i* asc5ds z high z #cjjj feet at ! base ( ! ,&es ( ,quito4#agi ,! alligators ( ! ,mississippi1 & ( ! riv]s & m>%es ( ,c>ol9a1 are m f]oci\s ?an ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 attack+ m5 & animals2 !y only prey 9 ! night2 :ile 9 ! wat]1 l all _! cong5]s1 !y _c swall[ _! food1 b !y dr[n ! animal !y h caught1 hide x "u wat] till x is putrid1 & !n br+ x to l& to eat x4 ,locality has consid]able influ5ce on ! nature & habits ( ^! animals2 9 "o spot !y are v dang]\s1 :ile 9 ano!r1 at no great di/ance1 !y are c[>dly4 ,alligators are r>ely m ?an #ae feet long1 & are se5 9 l>ge h]ds bask+ on ! banks ( riv]s2 _! cry is l ! ro> ( a bull2 9 a /orm !y bell[ l\dly1 & are said to be mu* afraid ( "s ( ! :ale family t asc5d ! great ,am]ican riv]s4 ,! female wat*es h] eggs & h] "y = mon?s1 nev] los+ sight ( !m2 b ! male dev\rs _m ( !m :5 !y g into ! wat]4 ,all animals ( ?is class are cov]$ ) scales2 ^? ( ! crocodile family are h>d1 horny1 (t5 osse\s1 & imp5etrable4 ,liz>ds are *iefly di/+ui%$ f crocodiles by hav+ a long1 ?91 =k$ tongue l t ( ! vip]2 by _! rapid motions1 small] size1 & by "s peculi>ities ( =m4 ,! monitors1 :i* are entirely conf9$ to ! old cont95t1 h ! tail compress$ lat]ally1 :i* enables !m to swim rapidly3 & !y are furni%$ ) /rong %>p tee?4 ,_m species inhabit ,africa & ,india1 especially ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago3 ! t]re/rial crocodile ( ,h]odotus is common on ! des]ts :i* surr\nd ,egypt2 & an aquatic species 9 ! ,nile1 :i* dev\rs ! crocodile's eggs1 is (t5 repres5t$ on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts4 ,ano!r gr\p ( ! monitor family is peculi>ly ,am]ican2 "s ( ! species inhabit+ ! m>%es 9 ,guiana are #f feet long4#ahj ,liz>ds are v common2 m ?an #fc species are ,european1 ( :i* #ag inhabit ,italy1 & "o lives on ! ,alps at an elevation ( #dejj feet2 ! iguanians1 :i* diff] f !m only 9 ! =m ( ! tongue1 are s num]\s 9 g5]a & species1 t x w\ld be 9 va9 to attempt to foll[ all _! ramifications1 :i* are nev]!less di/ribut$ accord+ to ! same laws ) o!r creatures3 b ! dragons1 only f\nd 9 ,india1 are too s+ul> to be pass$ ov]4 ,! dragon is 9 fact a liz>d ) w+s ( sk91 :i* are spread along its sides & atta*$ to its =e & h9d feet1 l ^? ( ! bat1 &1 ?\gh !y d n enable x to fly1 !y act l a p>a*ute :5 ! animal leaps f b\gh to b\gh 9 pursuit ( insects4 ,nocturnal liz>ds ( _m species inhabit ! hot c\ntries ( bo? cont95ts2 !y are n unlike salam&]s1 b !y h %>p claws1 :i* !y c draw 9 & conceal l ^? ( a cat1 & seize _! prey4 ,"o ( ?is species1 ! ,gecko1 climbs on walls 9 all ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,*ameleons are frequ5t 9 nor!rn ,africa2 & sev]al species inhabit diff]5t di/ricts & isl&s 9 ,asia3 ! only ,european species is f\nd 9 ,spa92 x is common to ,nor? ,africa4 ,! anolis1 :i* lives on trees1 replaces ! *ameleon 9 ! hot regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica & 9 ! ,antilles1 hav+ ! prop]ty common to *ameleons ( *ang+ its col\r1 b x is a m nimble & beautiful animal4 ,9 ,new ,holl&1 :]e ev]y?+ is anomal\s1 !re is a liz>d ) a leaf-%ap$ tail4 ,sk9ks resemble s]p5ts 9 =m1 b ) f\r v %ort feet & %>p nails on _! claws2 !y burr[ 9 ! s&s ( ,africa & ,arabia3 !re is a species ( gigantic black & yell[ sk9k 9 ,new ,holl&1 & ^? 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago are gre51 ) blue tails4 ,two anomal\s saurians ( ! g5us ,amblyrh9*us 7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago4 ,"o f\nd only 9 ! c5tral isl&s is t]re/rial1 & 9 _m places x has und]m9$ ! gr\nd ) its burr[s2 ! o!r is ! only liz>d kn[n t lives on sea-we$ & inhabits ! sea2 x is ab\t f\r feet long1 & hide\sly ugly1 ) feet p>tially webb$1 & a tail compress$ lat]ally4 ,x basks on ! bea*1 & 9 its m>9e habits & food x resembles1 on a small scale1 ! huge mon/]s ( a =m] creation4 ,tortoises are cov]$ ) a %ell or buckl]1 b _! head1 legs1 & tail are free1 cov]$ ) a wr9kl$ sk91 & ! animal c draw !m into ! %ell :5 al>m$4 ,! head is sometimes def5d$ by a regul> %ield1 & ! jaws1 in/ead ( tee?1 h a horny case4 ,! upp] buckl] is r\nd$1 & =m$ ( eight pairs ( plates symmetrically dispos$1 & (t5 v beautiful2 ! "u %ell is flat1 & consi/s ( f\r pair ( bones & "o 9 ! c5tre4 ,"o family ( tortoises is t]re/rial1 two o!rs are amphibi\s1 "o ( :i* lives 9 fre% wat]1 ! o!r 9 tropical & w>m seas4 ,!re are m l& tortoises 9 ,africa ?an 9 all ! re/ ( ! _w1 bo? specifically & individually4 ,!y ab\nd also 9 ! great ,sunda ,isl&s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & especially ,brazil4 ,!re are a few ,european species1 ( :i* ! common tortoise 7,te/udo ,grca71 :i* is f\nd 9 all ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean1 is ! l>ge/1 be+ ab\t a foot long2 x lives on insects & vegetables1 & burr[s 9 ! gr\nd 9 w9t]4 ,"s ( ! ,ea/ ,indian species are enorm\sly l>ge1 above ?ree feet long1 & rem>kable = ! beautiful di/ribution ( _! col\rs2 c]ta9 species are peculi> to ,brazil1 "o to ,dem]>a1 & "o to ,nor? ,am]ica2 b p]haps ! l>ge/ kn[n species is t ( ! ,galapagos ,isl&s1 ! ,te/udo ,indicus1 :i* atta9s #ejj or #fjj p\nds 9 weight4 ,!re are two families ( ! fre% wat] tortoises t live 9 ponds & dit*es4 ,! emys is v num]\s 9 ,am]ica2 !re are #ae species peculi> to ! nor!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 & f\r to ! s\!rn3 only "o has be5 f\nd 9 ,africa1 two 9 ,europe1 & eight 9 ,asia4 ,! ,emys caspia1 9 ,asia ,m9or1 foll[s a lead]1 & plunges into ! wat] :5 al>m$4 ,! ,*elyd are f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s4 ,! trionyx1 or fre%-wat] turtle1 lives 9 ! great riv]s & lakes 9 w>m c\ntries2 !re are two species peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica2 !y are v l>ge & voraci\s1 dev\r+ birds1 reptiles1 & "y crocodiles1 & (t5 are a prey to old ones4 ,"o is peculi> to ! ,nile1 "o to ! ,euphrates2 !re are f\r species 9 ! ,ganges1 :i* are con/antly se5 eat+ ! bodies ( ! natives t are ?r[n into ! sacr$ /ream2 "o ( ^! turtles (t5 weighs #bdj p\nds4 ,! />r$ trionyx is 9 ! riv]s ( ,java only1 & ano!r k9d is common also to ! riv]s ( ,borneo & ,sumatra4 ,! ,*elonians1 or sea-turtles1 live 9 ! seas ( ! torrid & temp]ate zones1 to ! #ej? p>allel ( latitude1 "s eat+ alg1 & o!rs small m>9e animals4 ,diff]5t species are f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,! gre5 turtle1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties1 inhabits ! int]tropical ,atlantic2 !y may be se5 eat+ sea-we$ at ! bottom ( ! wat] along ! coa/s1 & !y come 9 great %oals to ! m\?s ( riv]s to lay _! eggs 9 ! s& f di/ances ( _m hundr$ miles4 ,?is turtle is (t5 six or sev5 feet long1 & weighs #fjj or #gjj p\nds2 x is mu* e/eem$ = food1 b ! %ell is ( no value4 ,! hawk's-bill turtle1 :i* yields ! tortoise-%ell1 is caught among ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 & on ! nor?-we/]n coa/ ( ,new ,gu9ea4 ,!re is also a fi%]y 9 ! we/]n hemisph]e at ,haiti & ! ,caiman ,isl&s1 b ! %ell is less valuable ?an t f ! ea/4 ,!re are two species 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* are only valu$ = ! oil4 ,) respect to ! :ole class ( reptiles x may be obs]v$1 t n "o species is common to ! ,old & ,new ,_w1 & few are common to ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica2 ^? 9 ,new ,holl& are altoge!r peculi>2 &1 z f> z is at pres5t kn[n1 ) ! exception ( ,m>ianne ,isl&s1 !re are nei!r toads1 frogs1 nor snakes 9 any ( ! isl&s ( ,oceanica1 ?\gh ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago ab\nds 9 !m2 nei!r are !y f\nd 9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 nor 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,five species ( reptiles only appe> to h exi/$ 9 ,irel& be=e its geological sep>ation f ,engl&--a liz>d1 a frog1 a toad1 & two tritons4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,di/ribution ( ,birds 9 ! ,arctic ,region--,9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,ant>ctic ,regions4 ,,m ?an #fjjj species ( birds are kn[n1 :i* are arrang$ 9 six natural ord]s or gr\ps1 namely1 ,birds ( prey--or vultures1 eagles1 hawks2 ,climb]s1 includ+ p>rots & woodpeck]s2 ,song/]s1 ! mo/ num]\s ( all ! six2 ,gall9ace\s birds1 includ+ our dome/ic f[ls1 p>tridges1 gr\se1 & pheasants2 ,wad]s--h]ons1 snipes1 curlews2 & ,swimm]s1 or web-foot$ birds4 ,next to tropical ,am]ica1 ,europe is ri*e/ 9 species3 ! greate/ numb] ( birds ( prey inhabit ,europe & ,am]ica1 :i* la/ surpasses e c\ntry 9 ! numb] ( song/]s & climb]s4 ,!re is great simil>ity 9 ! birds ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! old & new cont95ts1 & _m are id5tical4 ,t[>ds ! s\?1 ! =ms diff] m & m1 till 9 ! tropical & s\? temp]ate zones ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 !y become entirely diff]5t1 :ole families & g5]a (t5 be+ /ation>y )9 v n>r[ limits4 ,"s birds1 h[ev]1 are almo/ univ]sal1 especially birds ( prey1 wad]s1 & sea-f[l4 ,! bald buzz>d is to be met ) 9 e c\ntry f ,europe to ,au/ralia2 ! ,*9ese gos%awk inhabits ! ,am]ican cont95t1 & e /ation betwe5 ,*9a & ! we/ coa/ ( ,europe2 ! p]egr9e falcon lives 9 ,europe1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia2 ! common & purple h]ons are indig5\s 9 ! old cont95t & ! new2 & ! flam+o ( diff]5t species fi%es 9 almo/ e tropical riv]1 & 9 ! ,&es to ! height ( #ac1jjj feet4 ,_m ( ! sea-f[l also are widely spread3 ! wagel-gull is at home 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn oceans4 ,capta9 ,bee*y's %ip 0 accompani$ by p9tadoes1 or ,cape pigeons1 dur+ a voyage ( #ejj miles 9 ! ,pacific2 & ev5 ! common h\se-sp>r[ is z mu* at home 9 ! villages 9 ,b5gal z x is 9 ,brita94 ,_m m in/ances might be giv51 b !y d n int]f]e ) ! g5]al law ( special di/ribution4 ,birds migrate to v great di/ances 9 se>* ( food1 pass+ ! w9t] 9 "o c\ntry & ! summ] 9 ano!r1 _m bre$+ 9 bo?4 ,9 cold climates1 insects die or hyb]nate dur+ w9t]2 betwe5 ! tropics !y ei!r p]i% or sleep 9 ! dry season3 s t1 9 bo? cases1 insect-eat+ birds are compell$ to migrate4 ,:5 ! gr\nd is cov]$ ) sn[1 ! want ( corn & se$s =ces ^? k9ds ^: food is vegetable to seek x else:]e2 & 9 tropical c\ntries ! annual inundations ( ! riv]s regulate ! migrations ( birds t fe$ on fi%4 ,"s migrate s+ly1 "s 9 gr\ps1 o!rs 9 flocks ( ?\s&s2 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 ! old & ! "y birds g sep>ately4 ,^? t fly 9 company g5]ally h a lead]1 & su* z fly 9 small] numb]s obs]ve a c]ta9 ord]4 ,wild swans fly 9 ! =m ( a w$ge1 wild geese 9 a l9e4 ,"s birds are sil5t 9 _! flight1 o!rs utt] con/ant cries1 especially ^? t migrate dur+ night1 to keep ! flock toge!r1 z h]ons1 goat-suck]s1 & rails4 ,birds ( passage 9 conf9em5t %[ ! mo/ insurm\ntable disquietude :5 ! "t ( migration draws ne>4 ,! ,canadian duck ru%es impetu\sly to ! nor? at ! usual p]iod ( summ] flight4 ,r$brea/s1 goldf9*es1 & orioles1 br\ght f ,canada to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5 "y1 d>t nor?w>ds1 z if guid$ by ! compass1 z soon z !y are set at lib]ty4 ,birds return to ! same place ye> aft] ye>4 ,/orks & swall[s take possession ( _! =m] ne/s1 & ! times ( _! dep>ture are exact ev5 to a day4 ,v>i\s ,european birds sp5d ! w9t] 9 ,asia & ,africa2 :ile _m natives ( ^! c\ntries come to c5tral ,europe 9 summ]4 ,! birds ( passage 9 ,am]ica are m num]\s1 bo? 9 species & individually1 ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,ducks1 geese1 & pigeons migrate 9 myriads f ! sev]ity ( ! nor!rn w9t]s2 & :5 !re is a failure ( gra9 9 ! s\?1 diff]5t families ( birds g ! nor?4 ,! ,virg9ian p>tridge crosses ! ,delaw>e & goes to ,p5nsylvania :5 gra9 is sc>ce 9 ,new ,j]sey2 b x is s heavy on ! w+1 t _m fall into ! riv]1 & end ! j\rney by swimm+4 ,! same ?+ happ5s to ! wild turkey1 :i* is caught 9 hundr$s z x arrives wet on ! banks ( ! ,ohio1 ,miss\ri1 & ,mississippi4 ,^! birds are n fitt$ = long flight by _! /ructure1 because _! bones h few] ( ^? air-cells :i* give buoyancy to ! fea!r$ tribes4 ,! numb] ( air-cells is greate/ 9 birds t h to su/a9 a cont9u$ & rapid flight2 probably ! extremes are to be met ) 9 ! swift & ! o/ri*--! "o ev] on ! w+1 ! o!r nev]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! o/ri* is 9 ! muscles ( its legs2 :ile ! muscles on ! brea/ ( ! swift weigh m ?an all ! re/ ( ! body2 h5ce1 x flies at ! rate ( #ajj miles an h\r easily4 ,! wild duck & wild pigeon fly betwe5 #djj & #ejj miles 9 a day4 ,! /ork1 & "s o!r migratory birds1 d n halt till ! end ( _! j\rney4 ,_m sea-f[l are nev] se5 to re/2 & all ! eagles1 vultures1 & hawks are birds ( /rong flight1 & capable ( su/a9+ !mselves at heights beyond ! rea* ( less buoyant creatures4 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,arctic ,,& ,,european ,,birds4 ,! birds ( ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica are bett] kn[n ?an ^? ( any "p ( ! globe4 ,new species are con/antly discov]$ 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,s\? ,am]ica2 & ext5sive regions 9 ! ,ea/ are yet unexplor$3 h[ev]1 ab\t #fjjj h already be5 describ$4 ,!re are #ejc species ( birds 9 ,europe1 _m ( :i* are di/ribut$ ov] ,asia & ,africa1 )\t any app>5t v>iation2 & #ajj ( our ,european species are also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,( ^!1 #ij are l&-birds1 #bh wad]s1 & #fb wat]-f[l2 among :i* are mo/ ( ! m>9e birds ( nor!rn ,europe1 :i*1 l all sea-f[l1 h a wid] range4 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r?s ( ! species1 & a mu* l>g] proportion ( individuals1 ( ! birds ( ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 & ,f]oe1 are m or less aquatic1 & _m ( ! rema9d] are only occasional visitors4 ,( ! few small birds1 ! great] numb] are ,briti%2 b _m t reside con/antly 9 ,brita9 are migratory 9 ,icel& & ,f]oe1 & all ! small birds leave ,gre5l& 9 w9t]4 ,! ,aquila albicilla1 or fi%+ eagle1 is ! l>ge/ bird ( ^! nor!rn isl&s2 x fe$s on salmon & tr\t1 & builds its ne/ on ! bolde/ crags4 ,! j]-falcon1 or ,falco ,isl&icus1 ?\gh native1 is r>e ev5 9 ,icel&4 ,! sn[y owl lives ne> ! glaci]s 9 ! int]ior ( ,gre5l&1 & is sometimes se5 9 ,orkney4 ,p>ticul> k9ds ( gr\se are peculi> to high latitudes1 z ! pt>migan or :ite gr\se4 ,! ,columba neas lives on all ! rocky coa/s ( ,europe1 & x is also an ,am]ican bird4 ,! cr[ family are inhabitants ( e "p ( ! globe4 ,! common cr[ is v g5]ally di/ribut$2 ! c>rion-cr[ & jackdaw are all ov] ,europe & ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,roy/on cr[ is ! only "o ( ! g5us )9 ! ,arctic circle1 & b a summ] visitor4 ,! magpie is ev]y:]e 9 ,europe4 ,! ,jay1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful birds ( its tribe1 is f\nd 9 ,europe1 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ,*9a4 ,! rav5 is ev]y:]e1 f ,gre5l& to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & f ,hudson's ,bay to ,mexico2 x is capable ( endur+ ! extremes ( heat & cold1 & is l>g]1 /rong]1 & m rav5\s 9 ! ,arctic isl&s ?an any:]e else4 ,x is said to de/roy lambs1 & to drive ! eid]-ducks f _! ne/s to take _! eggs or "y3 !y unite 9 flocks to *ase intrud+ birds f _! abode4 ,wad]s are m num]\s ?an l&-birds 9 ! ,arctic regions4 ,! snipe & ! gold5 plov] are m]e visitors2 & ! oy/]-cat*] rema9s all ! ye> 9 ,icel&3 x makes its ne/ ne> /reams1 & wages w> ) ! cr[ tribe4 ,! h]on1 curlew1 plov]1 & mo/ ( ! o!r wad]s1 emigrate2 s&-pip]s & ! wat]-ousel rema9 all ! ye> r\nd4 ,web-foot$ birds1 be+ clo!d ) d[n & oily fea!rs1 are be/ able to resi/ ! cold ( a pol> climate4 ,! ,cygnus musicus1 or :i/l+ swan1 is ! l>ge/ migratory bird ( ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,x is #e feet long f ! tip ( ! bill to ! end ( ! tail1 & #h feet f tip to tip ( ! w+s3 its plumage is pure :ite1 t+$ orange or yell[ on ! head4 ,"s ( !m w9t] 9 ,icel&2 & 9 ! long ,arctic night _! song is he>d1 z !y pass 9 flocks3 x is l ! notes ( a viol94 ,v>i\s species ( ! duck tribe live 9 ! f> nor?1 9 prodigi\s multitudes4 ,! mall>d1 suppos$ to be ! orig9 ( our tame duck1 is ev]y:]e 9 ! ,arctic l&s4 ,!re are two species ( eid]-duck3 ! k+ duck1 or ,somat]ia spectabilis1 "o ( ^!1 is widely disp]s$ ov] ! isl&s & coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 & all ! ,arctic l& & isl&s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 ,europe its mo/ s\!rn build+-place is ! ,f]n ,isl&s on ! coa/s ( ,nor?umb]l&2 9 ,am]ica x nev] goes s\? ( ,new ,york4 ,x lives 9 ! op5 sea 9 w9t]1 & resorts to ! coa/ :5 ! grass beg9s to gr[4 ,! duck makes h] ne/ ( sea-we$1 l9$ ) d[n f h] brea/4 ,! isl&]s take ! eggs & d[n twice 9 ! season2 b !y d n kill ! old birds1 because ! d[n ( a dead duck is ( no value1 hav+ lo/ its ela/icity4 ,! ?ird "t ! drake repairs ! ne/ ) d[n f 8 brea/3 ! birds are all[$ to hat* _! brood2 &1 z soon z ! "y c fe$ !mselves1 !y are tak5 out to sea by ! duck4 ,!y atta9 maturity 9 #d ye>s1 & !n measure #b feet f tip to tip ( ! w+4 ,! same c\ple has be5 kn[n to frequ5t a ne/ #bj ye>s1 & ! ,icel&]s ?9k ! eid]-duck lives to #ajj4 ,! cormorant1 :i* lives on fi%1 is univ]sal 9 ! nor!rn seas1 & is sc>cely ev] eat5 by ! natives4 ,x sits s+ly1 or sometimes 9 flocks1 on ! rocks1 wat*+ ! fi% ) its ke5 eye3 x plunges aft] !m1 & pursues !m = ?ree or f\r m9utes "u wat]4 ,auks are v num]\s1 especially ! razor-bill$ auk1 or p5gu92 b ! great auk1 :i* is incapable ( flight ) its little w+s1 is n[ ne>ly ext9ct 9 ! ,arctic isl&s4 ,! t]n1 or sea-swall[1 is se5 ev]y:]e 9 ^! seas1 skimm+ along ! surface ( ! wat]1 cat*+ mollusca & small fi%4 ,gulls ( _m species1 & 9 c\ntless numb]s1 are inhabitants ( ! ,arctic regions1 :il/ 9 ! ,ant>ctic !y are repres5t$ by ! equally num]\s g5us ( ,procell>ia1 ( :i* ! ,"m-,c>y's-*ick5 or /ormy petrel is ! type4 ,no birds are m widely disp]s$ ?an ^! two g5]a4 ,!y are at home1 & brave ! /orm1 9 e latitude & 9 e sea2 b ^? 9 ! nor? are said to be l>g] & m num]\s ?an else:]e4 ,!re are n9e or t5 species 9 ! ,arctic regions1 & ! mo/ num]\s ( ^! probably are ! kittywakes1 ! "y ( :i* cov] ! rocks 9 ,icel&1 pack$ s close toge!r t #ej are kill$ at a %ot4 ,! skua is "o ( ! bolde/ & mo/ rapaci\s ( birds1 =m+ a l9k betwe5 gulls & birds ( prey4 ,x lives by robb+ o!r birds1 & is s audaci\s t x =ces ! gulls to disgorge ! fi% !y h swall[$1 & has be5 se5 to kill a puff9 at a s+le bl[4 ,its head-qu>t]s are 9 ,f]oe1 ,%etl&1 & ! ,hebrides1 :]e x hat*es its brood1 & attacks animals if !y come ne> !m4 ,a few species ( petrel inhabit ! ,arctic seas1 b ! ,s\? ,pacific & ! ,ant>ctic seas are ! fav\rite resort ( ?is g5us4 ,!y take _! "n f ! faculty !y h ( walk+ on ! wat]1#aha :i* !y d by ! aid ( _! flat webb$ feet & widely-ext5d$ w+s4 ,! /ormy petrels1 consi/+ ( sev]al di/9ct species1 conf\nd$ by sailors "u ! "n ( tempe/-bird or ,"m-,c>y's-*ick51 are ! mo/ widely diffus$1 ab\t ! size ( a swall[1 & ne>ly ( ! same col\r z ! latt]2 _! flight is rapid2 !y %elt] !mselves f ! /orm 9 ! holl[ ( a wave1 & g to l& only at ! bre$+ season4 ,x is obs]v$ t all birds liv+ on isl&s fly aga9/ ! w9d :5 !y g to sea1 s z to h a fair w9d :5 !y return home tir$4 ,! direction ( ! prevail+ w9ds1 consequ5tly1 has great influ5ce on ! *oice ( _! abode3 = example1 ! #be bird-rocks1 or ,vogel-b]g1 9 ,f]oe1 face ! we/ or nor?-we/2 & no bird frequ5ts ! cliffs fac+ ! ea/1 ?\gh ! situation is to all appe>ance equally good2 a pref]5ce acc\nt$ = by ! preval5ce ( we/]ly w9d 9 ^! latitudes4 ,mo/ m>9e birds are greg>i\s4 ,!y build _! ne/s on ! same rock1 & live 9 society4 ,( ?is a curi\s in/ance occurs on ! rocks 9 "q4 ,! ,fugle-b]g lies 9 a frightful *asm among ! cliffs ( ,we/man%avn 9 ,f]oe4 ,! *asm is encompass$ by rocks #ajjj feet high1 & myriads ( sea-f[l clu/] r\nd ! top ( ! crags2 b diff]5t k9ds h sep>ate habitations2 & no race or individual leaves 8 own qu>t]s1 or v5tures to intrude ^u 8 neighb\rs4 ,^u "s l[ rocks1 sc>cely ris+ above ! surface ( ! wat]1 sits ! glossy cormorant2 ! pr$atory skuas1 on a high] %elf1 are anxi\sly reg>d$ by myriads ( kittywakes on ne/s 9 cr[d$ r[s along ! %elv+ rock above1 ) no?+ visible b ! heads ( ! mo!rs almo/ t\*+ "o ano!r2 ! auks & guillemots are seat$ a /age high] on ! n>r[ %elves1 9 ord] z on a p>ade1 ) _! :ite brea/s fac+ ! sea1 & 9 absolute contact4 ,! puff9s =m ! summit ( ?is fea!r$ pyramid1 p]*$ on ! highe/ /ation1 & sc>cely disc]nible f its height1 if !y did n betray !mselves by fly+ backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,"s ( ^! tribes h a wat* po/$ to look out = _! safety2 & su* confid5ce has ! flock 9 8 vigilance1 t if he is tak5 ! re/ are easily caught4 ,:5 ! :ole take flight1 ! e> is /unn$ by _! discordant screams4 ,! great] "p ( ! m>9e birds ( ! ,arctic seas are inhabitants also ( ! nor!rn coa/s ( ! cont95t ( ,europe & ( ! ,briti% isl&s4 ,no "p ( ,europe is ri*] 9 birds ?an ,brita91 bo? 9 species & numb]s ( individuals2 & ! l>g] game is s abundant1 t no "o ?9ks ( eat+ night+ales & r$brea/s4 ,( ! #ejc species ( ,european birds1 #bgg are native 9 our isl&s4 ,! common gr\se1 ! yell[ & pi$ wagtails1 & ! ,engli% />l+1 are f\nd n[h]e else4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! ,briti% birds came f ,g]many be=e ! sep>ation ( our isl& f ! cont95t1 & _m ( %ort flight nev] rea*$ ,irel&4 ,! pt>migan & cap]cailzie came f ,norway4 ,!re are five ,european vultures3 ! lemm]gey] ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees builds its ne/ 9 ! mo/ inaccessible p>ts ( ! m\nta9s1 & is seldom se52 x lives also 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,abyss9ia & on ! ,mongolian /eppes4 ,t5 eagles are ,european2 "o is peculi> to ,s>d9ia2 & sev]al ( !m are common 9 ,am]ica3 ! gold5 eagle is "o2 t beautiful bird1 :i* once gave a *>act]i/ic wildness to our ,scot* m\nta9s1 & ! di/+ui%+ fea!r to ! bonnet ( our *iefta9s1 is n[ ne>ly extirpat$4 ,! osprey or fi%+ eagle is equally an inhabitant ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 & s are "s ( our num]\s hawks2 among o!rs ! j] or g5til falcon has be5 s mu* de/roy$1 t x is n[ r>e ev5 9 ,icel&1 its native place3 !re are /ill a few 9 ,scotl&1 & sev]al are caught 9 _! migratory flight ov] ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & reclaim$ by ! exp]t falcon]s = ! n[ ne>ly obsolete sport ( falconry4 ,! owl tribe is num]\s1 & _m ( !m are v h&some4 ,! ,bubo maximus1 ! great owl1 ! l>ge/ ( nocturnal birds1 inhabits ! =e/s ( middle & s\!rn ,europe2 x is r>e 9 ,france & ,engl&1 ?\gh n uncommon 9 ,irel& & ,orkney3 9 ,italy a small owl is tam$ & us$ z a decoy4 ,owls1 eagles1 & hawks1 h repres5tatives 9 e c\ntry1 b ( diff]5t species4 ,! two species ( ,european ,goatsuck]s migrate to ,africa 9 w9t]2 _! peculi> cry may be he>d on a moonlight night :5 a l>ge flock takes w+ = ! j\rney4 ,sev]al ( our swall[s g to ,africa3 bo? our k+fi%]s are ,african1 & only visit u 9 summ]2 "o1 ! ,alc$o ispida1 is a native ( ,l[] ,egypt & ! %ores ( ! ,r$ ,sea4 ,"s ( ! #g species ( ,european creep+ birds1 or c]?ias1 creep on ! trunks & bran*es ( trees 9 se>* ( insects2 o!rs pursue _! prey cl++ to ! face ( rocks & walls1 support$ by ! /iff ela/ic fea!rs ( ! tail3 ! hoopoe1 an inhabitant ( s\!rn ,europe1 is also a creep]1 b x pursues small reptiles & insects on ! gr\nd4 ,! ,fr+ill or ?ick-bill$ birds are by mu* ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ( ,europe2 to !m belong our f9e/ song/]s4 ,! sylvias h s(t beaks1 & fe$ on insects & worms2 ! night+ale1 ! r$brea/1 ! wr51 ! smalle/ ( ,european birds1 ! w>bl]s1 :ite-?roat1 & o!rs1 are ( ?is family ,?ick-bill$ birds live on se$1 z ! common sp>r[1 ! gold1 & o!r f9*es1 l9nets1 bunt+s1 & crossbeaks4 ,f\r species ( fly-cat*]s are peculi> to ,europe1 & five species ( %rikes4 ,rav5s1 cr[s1 jays1 & magpies are ev]y:]e2 ! ,alp9e cr[ & nutcrack] are f\nd 9 c5tral ,europe only4 ,comp>$ ) ,am]ica ! />l+ family is poor1 & ! woodpeck] race /ill m s1 yet we h six species1 "s ( :i* are v beautiful4 ,!re is only "o cuckoo entirely ,european1 ! o!r two k9ds only come accid5tally1 & all are birds ( passage4 ,!re are f\r species ( ! pigeon tribe2 ! r+dove frequ5ts ! l>* =e/s1 & is migratory2 ! /ockdove also leaves u 9 ,octob]2 ! biset or rock pigeon1 suppos$ to be ! orig9 f :i* ! inf9ite v>iety ( our dome/ic pigeons has sprung1 flies 9 flocks1 & makes its flimsy ne/ on trees & rocks2 x is also f\nd 9 ! ,da-ouria "p ( ! ,alta *a94 ,( gall9ace\s birds !re are _m2 ! only native pheasant is 9 ! s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ! cont95t2 & ! cap]cailzie1 ext9ct 9 ! ,briti% =e/s1 inhabits _m p>ts ( ,europe2 9 ,sc&9avia especially x is pl5tiful z f> z ! p9e-tree gr[s1 :i* is ne>ly to ,nor? ,cape1 & also 9 ! ,russian =e/s4 ,! hazel gr\se frequ5ts ! p9e & asp5 =e/s 9 c5tral & nor!rn ,europe1 :]e ! black cock also is pl5tiful4 ,five species ( gr\se & six ( p>tridges af=d abundance ( game2 f\r ( ! latt] are conf9$ to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t1 & s are ! s& & p5tail$ gr\se1 :i* =m a sep>ate family2 ! =m] inhabits ! /]ile pla9s ( ,&alusia & ,granada1 & ! latt] ! /ony uncultivat$ p>ts ( ,france1 s\!rn ,italy1 & ,sicily4 ,! ,ortigis ,gibralt>ica is a peculi> bird alli$ to ! gr\se family1 f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,europe only4 ,european wad]s are v num]\s1 & among !m !re are specim5s ( all ! g5]a2 woodcocks1 snipes1 plov]s1 curlews1 & grebes1 are v abundant1 & h]ons ( v>i\s species2 ?ree ( !m are egrets or cre/$ h]ons1 & ! common h]on n[ assembles on ! tops ( trees unmole/$1 s9ce ! progress ( agriculture has r5d]$ ! c\ntry unfit = hawk+4 ,sev]al cranes & /orks1 & two species ( ibis1 are ,european3 a species ( flam+o is met ) 9 ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ! cont95t1 & 9 ! m>emme on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,italy4 ,_m ( ! wad]s1 h[ev]1 migrate 9 w9t]4 ,! /ork1 s great a fav\rite 9 ,holl& t x is specially protect$1 is a w&]]2 x retires to ,asia ,m9or1 & on ! return ( summ] resumes its old ne/ on a *imney-top1 bre$+ 9 bo? c\ntries4 ,ab\t #aci species ( ,european birds ei!r live 9 ! m elevat$ p>ts ( ! ,alps1 or cross !m 9 _! annual migrations4 ,!y g5]ally take _! flight by ! great ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! pass ( ,/4 ,!odule1 ! ,simplon1 & ,/4 ,go?>d4 ,europe is p>ticul>ly ri* 9 web-foot$ birds2 !re are ?ree species ( wild swans1 f\r ( wild geese1 & m ?an #cj ( ! duck tribe1 includ+ ! inhabitants ( ! ,arctic seas4 ,,birds ,,( ,,asia ,,& ,,! ,,indian ,,ar*ipelago4 ,european birds are widely spread ov] ,asia2 mo/ ( ! ,arctic sea-f[l frequ5t its nor!rn coa/s3 betwe5 #ej & #fj ,european birds are also ,sib]ian1 & !re are above #gj ,european species 9 ,japan & ,corea1 :i* probably are also inhabitants ( ,sib]ia & ! ,alta ,m\nta9s1 & sev]al are id5tical ) ! birds ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 s t ! same aff9ity prevails 9 ! fea!ry tribes ( ! ,arctic regions z 9 ! vegetable productions4 ,asia ,m9or is a c\ntry ( transition1 & _m ,european birds are mix$ ) ^? ( w>m] regions1 z ! ,halcyon smyrn5sis1 a l>ge bird ) gorge\s plumage1 id5tical ) ! great ,b5gal k+fi%]1 g5]al ?r\gh\t ,india4 ,european birds also inhabit ! ,caucasus1 ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 & ,p]sia4 ,moreov]1 ^! w>m] climates are ! w9t]-qu>t]s ( v>i\s ,european species4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or1 & especially 9 ,arm5ia1 ! numb] & v>iety ( birds is v great2 l>ge eagles1 vultures1 falcons1 buzz>ds1 quails1 p>tridges1 />l+s1 h]ons1 /orks1 cranes1 legions ( ,arctic grebes1 swans1 wild geese1 ducks1 & pelicans1 are natives ( ^! c\ntries2 besides s++-birds1 ! night+ale1 ! con/ant !me ( ! poet's song1 ab\nds 9 ,p]sia3 hawks are tra9$ = hunt+ de] 9 t c\ntry1 & ! ,asiatic p>tridges1 or francol9s1 m vividly col\r$ ?an ours1 diff] also 9 hav+ beaks fitt$ = digg+ up bulb\s roots1 :i* is _! food 9 ! des]ts4 ,f>!r ea/ ! types become m ,indian2 ! great p59sulas on ea* side ( ! ,ganges are ! habitations ( ! mo/ peculi> & ! mo/ gorge\s ( birds4 ,_m species1 & "s entire g5]a1 ( k+fi%]s are "h1 ( ! gaudie/ col\r+2 ! plumage ( ! fly-cat*]s has ! ri*e/ metallic lu/re2 & ! %rikes1 ( a sob] hue ) u1 are !re deck$ 9 ! brighte/ col\rs2 ! drongo has a coat ( ultram>9e1 & ! calyptom5e has "o ( em]ald gre54 ,! l>ge-beak$ climb+-birds are s+ul>ly h&some4 ,! great gre5 p>rot1 s easily taught to speak1 has inhabit$ ! ,indian =e/s & ! banks ( ! ,ganges "t out ( m9d1 ) a ho/ ( cong5]s ( e col\r2 n "o species ( ^!1 or inde$ ( ! :ole p>rot tribe1 is common to ,asia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 or ,au/ralia1 nor ev5 to any two ( ^! great cont95ts4 ,!y are vividly col\r$ 9 ,india1 b ! cuckoo tribe rivals !m2 sev]al g5]a ( ^! birds exi/ n[h]e else1 z ! l>ge-beak$ ,malcahos1 ! ,c\cals ) _! /iff fea!rs1 & ! ,c\r\c\s or ,trogons1 dress$ 9 v]milion & gold2 ! la/1 h[ev]1 also inhabit o!r tropical climates4 ,ea/]n ,asia is di/+ui%$ by ! v>iety ( its gall9ace\s birds & ! gorge\sness ( _! plumage4 ,to ?is c\ntry we owe our dome/ic f[ls2 & two species ( peacock are wild 9 ! woods ( ,india & ,ceylon4 ,! ,polyplectron1 ! only bird ( its k9d1 & ! ,tragopons1 are ,indian2 & "s ( ! mo/ brilliant birds ( ! ,ea/ are among ! pheasant tribe1 ( :i* five species are peculi> to ,*9a & ,tibet4 ,!re are v>i\s species ( ! pheasant 9 ! ,himalaya1 & "o ^: fea!rs h a metallic lu/re4 ,! gold1 ! silv]1 & ,reeves' pheasant1 ! tail-fea!rs ( :i* are f\r feet long1 belong to ,*9a4 ,! ,lophophorus refulg5s1 & "s o!rs ( t g5us1 are altoge!r ,indian4 ,! pigeons also are v spl5did 9 _! plumage2 !y mo/ly belong to ,*9a & ,japan2 ^? 9 ! ,birman empire are gre54 ,x w\ld be va9 to enum]ate ! f9e birds t range 9 ! =e/s1 or fi% 9 ! riv]s1 ( ! ,asiatic cont95t1 yet ! birds ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago f> surpass !m 9 spl5d\r ( plumage2 ^! isl&s inde$ are ! abode ( ! mo/ gorge\sly array$ birds 9 exi/5ce4 ,ev5 9 ,java & ,sumatra1 ?\gh mo/ simil> to ,india 9 _! w+$ inhabitants1 !re are _m peculi>1 especially #ab or #ac species ( ! climb+ tribe1 & sev]al ( ! honey-suck+ k9d2 b ! dissimil>ity increases ) ! di/ance1 z 9 ,new ,gu9ea & its isl&s1 :]e ! honey-suck+ g5]a are develop$ 9 novel =ms & sumptu\s plumage4 ,9 ! v>i\s isl&s ( ! ar*ipelago !re are altoge!r at lea/ #ae g5]a1 ) _! num]\s species1 f\nd !re only4 ,!re are ! ,cassicans1 :i* resemble jays1 ) plumage ( metallic lu/re2 ! only two species ( ,pirolls1 "o bright violet1 ! o!r ( brilliant gre52 v>i\s species ( ,buc]os ) l>ge horn$ beaks1 ,orioles ( vivid col\rs1 ! swall[ t builds ! edible ne/1 ! mo/ num]\s & spl5did ,sylvias1 & all ! species b "o ( ! ,phil$ons or honey-suck+ birds ) tongues t end 9 a bru%4 ,birds ( ,p>adise ( _m k9ds inhabit ,new ,gu9ea & ! neighb\r+ ,moluccas & ,aroo ,isl&s4 ,!y are birds ( passage1 & *ange _! qu>t]s ) ! monsoon4 ,! k+ bird ( p>adise has two long sl5d] filam5ts f ! tail1 end+ 9 a curl$ flat web ( em]ald gre51 & ! male ( ! gre5 species has long fl[+ plumes f ! sides ( 8 body1 :i* give him a magnific5t appe>ance4 ,! pigeons are peculi>ly beautiful & num]\s1 b limit$ 9 _! abode4 ,! ,g\roa1 or great cr[n$ pigeon1 ! l>ge/ ( its tribe1 is an inhabitant ( ,borneo4 ,ea* isl& has its own species ( ,l\ries1 :i* exi/ n[h]e else2 _m peculi> p>oquets & cockatoos1 c\r\c\s or trogons1 c\cals1 & ! b>bu1 ) huge beaks1 are all peculi> to ^! isl&s4 ,ev5 ! p>tridges h ?r[n aside _! grave col\rs & assum$ ! vivid hues ( ! tropics1 z ! gre5 & tuft$ ,cryptonyx4 ,b ! o!r gall9ace\s birds f> surpass !m1 z ! fire & ! ,argus pheasant1 & two or ?ree species /ill m spl5did1 ) a ho/ ( o!r birds already kn[n1 & multitudes :i* ,europeans nev] h se51 9 ! deep jungles & imp5etrable =e/s ( ^! unexplor$ isl&s4 ,! ,cass[>y1 a bird ak9 to ! o/ri*1 )\t ! p[] ( fly+1 b fleet 9 its c\rse1 has a wide range 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ! s\?-ea/]n p59sula ( ,asia1 &1 ?\gh de/itute ( beauty1 is int]e/+ f its peculi> location & ! "* ( ! :ole race4 ,,african ,,birds4 ,a great numb] ( ,european birds are also inhabitants ( ,africa1 & _m migrate !re 9 w9t]1 yet ! birds ( ?is cont95t are v peculi> & *>act]i/ic2 ^? 9 ! nor? & nor?-ea/1 & at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 are be/ kn[n1 b ! great] "p ( tropical ,africa is /ill unexplor$4 ,x may be obs]v$1 g5]ally1 t ! tropical birds diff] f ^? ( nor? ,africa1 b are1 ) a few exceptions1 ! same ) ^? 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t1 & ! :ole ( ,africa1 s\? ( ! des]t1 diff]s 9 species f ^? ( nor? & we/]n ,africa & f ,europe4 ,moreov]1 !re is a /rong analogy1 ?\gh no aff9ity1 betwe5 ! birds ( ,africa & ,am]ica 9 ! same p>allels ( latitude2 !re is n a s+le p]*+ bird common to ! two1 ?\gh "s ( ! rapaci\s are 9 bo?4 ,!re are #ei species ( birds ( prey1 ( :i* a few are also ,european4 ,! ,secret>y-bird is ! mo/ s+ul> ( ?is ord]3 x preys ^u s]p5ts at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ,abyss9ia1 & o!r p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,africa possesses at lea/ #cjj species ( ! pass]9e ord]1 ( :i* #aj g5]a1 ) all _! species1 are peculi>ly its own4 ,! swall[s are m beautiful ?an ours1 especially ! ,cecropis /riata1 ) two tail-fea!rs twice z long z its body4 ,_m k+fi%]s1 ! mo/ beautifully col\r$ ( _! brilliant race1 frequ5t ! lakes & riv]s3 f\r species ( ,hoopoes1 "o ( :i* visits ,europe 9 summ]1 are natives2 & ! honey-birds1 ! repres5tatives ( ! humm+-birds ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are peculi>ly ,african4 ,!y ab\nd at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :]e ! nect>ies ( proteas & o!r plants produce ! sacc*>9e juice :i* is _! food4 ,! ,malurus ,africanus1 & _m o!r s++-birds1 = ! mo/ "p unkn[n else:]e1 inhabit ! =e/s4 ,! can>y-bird is conf9$ to ! ,can>y ,isl&s2 its song diff]s ev5 9 two adjac5t di/ricts3 !re are1 h[ev]1 o!r in/ances ( ?is4 ,! ,capirote1 also indig5\s 9 ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 is a f9] song/]1 b x _c be tam$4 ,v>i\s %rikes are peculi> to ,africa1 b ! species kn[n z ! gr& ,b>atra is conf9$ to ! ,azores4 ,!re are sev]al birds ( ! rav5 tribe1 or ne>ly ak9 to !m3 z ! ,lampratornis sup]ba2 ano!r ) purple w+s1 ! ,buphaga1 ! only bird ( its g5us2 & sev]al species ( ! ,calaos4 ,! weav+-bird1 or ,loxia textor1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! gram9ivor\s tribe2 x weaves its ne/ ) grass & twigs v dext]\sly2 "o br\ght to ,europe wove a quantity ( ?read among ! wires ( its cage1 ) great assiduity1 into a /rong texture4 ,! ,wid[-bird1 ! ,cali\s1 ! blue bee-eat]1 & all ! fly-cat*+ t\rac\s1 ) _m species ( woodpeck]s1 are f\nd n[h]e else4 ,! p>rots & p>oquets1 :i* sw>m 9 ! tropical =e/s1 f ! size ( a h5 to t ( a sp>r[1 are ( orig9al =ms4 ,! ,trogons1 or ,c\r\c\s1 ! mo/ beautiful ( ! l>ge-beak$ climb+-birds1 are ! same z 9 ,asia2 b ! ,b>bu & ! f\r species ( ,b>bicans are altoge!r ,african1 & s are "s ( ! cuckoos4 ,among ! latt] are two species ( ! ,cuculus indicator1 s nam$ f indicat+ :]e ! bees h _! ne/s2 "o is peculi> to ,abyss9ia1 ! o!r to ! int]ior at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope2 & mock+-birds are spread ov] a wide ext5t ( ?is cont95t4 ,!re are at lea/ #ac species ( ,african pigeons2 & to ,africa we are indebt$ = ! gu9ea-f[l1 ( :i* !re are ?ree or f\r k9ds3 x w&]s 9 flocks ( hundr$s among ! bru%wood on ! banks ( riv]s & lakes 9 ,numidia & all ! tropical regions1 & !y are ev5 m abundant 9 ,madagasc>4 ,_m gr\se & p>tridges are peculi>1 especially ! ,gangas1 ( :i* !re are five species2 "s g 9 coveys1 & o!rs trav]se ! des]ts 9 flocks ( _m hundr$s4 ,! s&-gr\se1 "o ( ?is family1 is mu* m abundant on ! arid des]ts ( nor? ,africa ?an 9 ,europe2 & ! p>tridges ( ?is c\ntry are francol9s1 :i* fe$ on bulb\s roots4 ,! ,o/ri* takes ! wide range ( ,africa & ,arabia2 ! bird ( ! des]t1 & bu/>ds1 also w&]]s 9 ! pla9s1 are num]\s3 ! mo/ peculi> are ! rhaad & ! ,otis kori1 9 s\? ,africa1 five feet high1 & rem>kable = ! brilliancy ( its eye4 ,wad]s ( inf9ite v>iety inhabit ! riv]s1 lakes1 & m>%es-- woodcocks1 snipes1 plov]s1 /orks1 cranes1 h]ons1 & spoonbills4 ,! mo/ peculi> are ! ,dromes & ,m>ab\s1 ^: fea!rs =m a consid]able article ( comm]ce2 ! cream-col\r$ plov]1 ! ,scorpus or ombrette1 ! wat]-tread] ( ,abyss9ia1 & ! ,tantalus tribe1 among :i* is ! ibis 7,tantalus ibis71 held sacr$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 s frequ5tly f\nd 9 mummies 9 ! catacombs1 & repres5t$ on _! monum5ts4 ,swimm+-birds are no less num]\s3 ! ,b]nicla cyanapt]a is a goose peculi> to ,%oa2 ! rhyn*ops & pelicans1 sev]al ( ! duck k9d1 or birds alli$ to !m1 are f\nd n[h]e else4 ,,birds ,,( ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,( #dga species ( ,nor? ,am]ican birds1 ab\t #ajj are also f\nd 9 ,europe1 ! great] numb] ( :i* are wat]-f[l1 & ^? common to ! nor!rn coa/s ( bo? cont95ts4 ,! sea-f[l on ! ,nor? ,pacific & ,behr+'s ,/raits are v mu* ! same ) ^? 9 ! ,gre5l& seas & ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 b ! great ,auk or p5gu91 ) fea!rless w+s1 /ill exi/s on ! ,nor? ,pacific1 & ! l>ge :ite albatross1 seldom se5 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic1 frequ5ts ,behr+'s ,/raits & ! we/]n coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica 9 imm5se flocks4 ,x is almo/ univ]sal 9 ! ,pacific & 9 ! /ormy regions t[>ds ! s\!rn pole4 ,l ! ,"m-,c>y's-*ick51 x is a bird ( ! tempe/1 sail+ calmly on its huge w+s 9 ! mo/ trem5d\s gales1 & foll[+ a %ip a :ole day )\t re/+ on ! waves3 x is ! l>ge/ ( w+$ sea-f[ls2 "s measure #ad feet f tip to tip ( ! w+s4 ,!re is no vulture common to ! two cont95ts1 b !re are five eagles1 half ( ! o!r birds ( prey1 a f\r? "p ( ! cr[ tribe1 sev]al wad]s & web-foot$ birds :i* inhabit bo?2 yet ! g5]al "* ( ,nor? ,am]ican birds is diff]5t f t ( ,european3 #ha ,am]ican g5]ic =ms & two families are n f\nd 9 ,europe4 ,! humm+-birds are altoge!r ,am]ican2 only f\r species are 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 "o ( ^! is migratory1 & ano!r is common to ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! p>rot family1 di/ribut$ ) g5]ic diff]5ces 9 almo/ all tropical c\ntries1 has b "o repres5tative "h1 :i* lives 9 ! =e/s ( ! ,c>ol9as4 ,europe has no?+ analog\s to ^! two families4 ,x is s+ul> t a c\ntry ) s _m riv]s & lakes %\ld possess only "o k+fi%]4 ,! woods are fill$ ) _m species ( creep+ birds1 & !re are #fh peculi> species ( sylvias & fly-cat*]s2 among o!rs ! ,todus viridis1 :i* =ms a g5us by itself4 ,rav5s1 cr[s1 pies1 & jays ab\nd1 & !re are #ac species ( />l+s4 ,! f9* tribe are v num]\s1 & !re are #af species ( woodpeck]s1 z might be expect$ 9 a c\ntry cov]$ ) =e/s4 ,( pigeons !re are eight species1 b individually !y are innum]able1 especially ! ,columba migratoria1 :i* passes ov] ,canada & ! nor!rn ,/ates 9 myriads = successive days twice 9 ! ye>4 ,! p\ltry-y>d is indebt$ to ,nor? ,am]ica = ! dome/ic turkey1 :i* !re ranges wild 9 its native woods1 & atta9s great size4 ,!re are no p>tridges1 prop]ly speak+1 & ( #ac ,am]ican species ( gr\se1 ?ree are probably ,european1 a family :i* exi/s 9 e c\ntry "u diff]5t =ms4 ,! va/ expanse ( wat] & m>%y gr\nd makes ,nor? ,am]ica ! home ( wat]-f[l & wad]s )\t end4 ,mo/ ( ! wad]s & gram9ivor\s birds are migratory2 9 w9t] !y f9d no food nor? ( ! great lakes1 :]e ! gr\nd is froz5 upw>ds ( six mon?s 9 ! ye>4 ,_m pass ! w9t] 9 ,cali=nia1 z /orks & cranes2 wild geese cov] acres ( gr\nd ne> ! sea1 & :5 !y take w+ _! clang is he>d f> (f4 ,ev5 gulls & o!r nor!rn sea-f[l come to ! coa/s ( ,cali=nia1 & inde$ to ! %ores ( all ! nor? & temp]ate ,pacific4 ,x may be said g5]ally t1 ) reg>d to ! web-foot$ tribe1 ,nor? ,am]ica possesses specim5s ( all ! g5]a ( ! old _w1 & _m peculi>ly its own4 ,! table-l& ( ,mexico has "s peculi> =ms1 & "s species ( swimm+-birds f\nd only 9 m nor!rn latitudes2 b1 except ! ,ampelid1 !re are repres5tatives ( e gr\p ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,birds ,,( ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,! t5ants ( ! air 9 ,s\? ,am]ica diff] m f ^? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica ?an ^! d f ! birds ( ,europe3 !re are n m ?an #ej or #fj species 9 common4 ,s\? ,am]ica has a great] v>iety ( orig9al =ms ?an any o!r c\ntry2 m ?an #be g5]a1 ) all _! species1 inhabit t c\ntry only2 ( ! pass]9e family alone !re are at lea/ #ajjj species1 all peculi> to x4 ,! vultures are ( diff]5t g5]a f ^? 9 ,europe2 ! ,condor ( ! ,&es is ! l>ge/ ( ^!2 x frequ5ts ! highe/ p9nacles ( ! ,&es 9 summ]1 & builds its ne/ at ! height ( #ae1jjj feet & m above ! sea2 & ,b>on ,humboldt saw x :eel+ 9 circles at ! elevation ( #bb1jjj feet4 ,x inhabits ! ,&es f ! ,/raits ( ,magellan to #g ,n4 lat41 b x nev] crosses ! i/hmus ( ,panama1 ! condor ( ,cali=nia be+ a small] bird4 ,x roams ov] ! pla9s ( ,patagonia ev5 to ! m\? ( ! ,rio ,negro1 & 9 w9t] x desc5ds 9 gr\ps to fe$ on ! pla9s & sea-%ore2 &1 l all ! vulture race1 x possesses ! faculty ( descry+ a dead or dy+ animal f a v great di/ance4 ,al?\gh ! condor lives pr9cipally on dead animals & c>rion1 x w sometimes attack live animals2 its habits are ^? ( our ord9>y vulture2 mu* exagg]ation has f\nd its way into books z to its size & f]ocity2 ! mo/ rem>kable po9t 9 its hi/ory is ! great v]tical ext5t 9 :i* x is kn[n to live1 f ! level ( ! sea1 to an elevation ( #bb1jjj feet4 ,! ,vultur papa1 or k+ ( ! vultures1 an inhabitant ( ! tropical regions1 is rem>kable = ! bright blue & v]milion col\r ( ! head & neck2 ! black vulture lives 9 l>ge assemblages on ! tops ( high trees 9 ! sylvas ( ,brazil2 ano!r num]\s species prey on animals 9 ! llanos4 ,_m o!r rapaci\s birds are peculi> to ?is cont95t2 ! burr[+ owl1 s common 9 ! ,pampas & ,*ile1 is "o ( ^!4 ,! ,gua*]o =ms a g5us by itself2 x is ( ! size ( a common f[l1 ) ! =m & beak ( a vulture1 & is ! only in/ance kn[n ( a nocturnal bird fe$+ on fruit4 ,x is conf9$ to a limit$ di/rict 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cumana1 & %uns ! day2 incr$ible numb]s h tak5 possession ( a d>k cav]n 9 ! valley ( ,c>ipe1 :]e !y are kill$ 9 ?\s&s e ye> by ! ,indians = _! fat4 ,! ,tr\pials repres5t our ,orioles1 ! ,b>atras & ,bec>des our %rikes1 :ile ! ,tang>as p>take ( ! =m bo? ( ! %rike & pie1 :i* la/1 ) all ! re/ ( ! cr[ family1 h v>i\s repres5tatives 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,swall[s1 or birds alli$ to !m1 are num]\s1 & _m t live on ! honey$ juice ( fl[]s1 l ! humm+-bird1 s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,s\? ,am]ica3 #aej species ( humm+-birds1 f ! size ( a wr5 to t ( an humble-bee1 adorn ! tropical regions ( ,brazil & ,guiana4 ,?is family1 s entirely ,am]ican1 has a range f ! ,/raits ( ,magellan to ! #ch? p>allel ( ,n4 lat43 x may be met ) 9 ! =e/s on ! m\nta9 ( ,orizaba1 at an elevation ( #aa1jjj feet above ! sea2 & "s beautiful species ( x at /ill great] heights 9 ! ,&es ( ,bolivia & ,new ,gr5ada4 ,!re is only "o ,s\? ,am]ican humm+-bird :i* is also p]man5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & only two are f\nd 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica3 _m ( !m are migratory2 !y come 9 multitudes to nor? ,*ile 9 summ]1 & disappe> 9 w9t]4 ,! climb+-birds1 ) l>ge bills1 are mo/ly conf9$ to ! tropical =e/s1 :i* sw>m ) peculi> races ( p>rots1 p>oquets1 & macaws4 ,x is a rem>kable circum/ance 9 ! di/ribution ( birds t !re %\ld be #dj species ( p>rots 9 ! torrid zone ( ,am]ica1 & only ?ree species on ! opposite coa/ ( ,africa1 ?\gh ! climate is simil> & ! vegetation ne>ly z luxuriant4 ,p>rots range f ! ,/raits ( ,magellan to ! #db;d p>allel ( ,n4 lat42 :]e ! ,eid]-duck1 :i* is a peculi>ly ,arctic bird1 beg9s4 ,!re are :ole families ( birds 9 tropical ,am]ica n to be se5 else:]e3 z ! vividly-col\r$ ,t\can1 ) its huge beak2 ! ,arauc>i1 :i* lives on ! fruit ( ! ,arauc>ia2 "s peculi> species ( ! gorge\s trogons or c\r\c\s2 ! ,tomalias1 birds relat$ to ! cuckoo tribe2 & ! ,jacm>s1 :i* repres5t ! woodpeck]s4 ,! gall9ace\s family is totally diff]5t f t ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican =e/s2 ! ,guan or p5elope repres5ts our pheasants1 ! diff]5t species ( ,crax or ,alectors ! wild turkey1 :i* !y equal 9 size & brilliancy ( plumage2 :il/ ! num]\s species ( ,t9am\s & cognate g5]a fill ! place ( ! gr\se1 quails1 & p>tridges ( ! old cont95t4 ,s\? ,am]ica furni%es two species ( gall9ace\s birds ( a v peculi> "*--! ,c>iama ( ,brazil1 l to ! secret>y-bird ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope 9 its =m & its habits ( de/roy+ reptiles2 & ! ,kami*i1 :i* possesses "o or m %>p triangul> spurs at ! po9t ( ea* w+1 a dreadful in/rum5t ( attack & def5ce1 su* z is possess$ by no o!r bird4 ,! ?ree-to$ or ,am]ican o/ri*1 or ,/ru?io ,rhea1 ranges1 l all its cong5]s1 ov] a wide ext5t ( c\ntry4 ,x is f\nd f ! silvas ( ,brazil to ! ,rio ,negro1 :i* b\nds ! ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres on ! s\?1 & 9 "s ( ! elevat$ pla9s ( ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,cordill]as2 :ile ! ,/ru?io ,d>w9ii has ! pla9s ( ,patagonia to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan = its resid5ce4 ,! wat]-f[l & wad]s 9 ?is l& ( riv]s are beyond numb]2 millions ( flam+oes1 spatules1 cormorants1 h]ons1 fi%+ falcons1 & scissor-beaks1 foll[ ! fi% t g up ! riv]s to spawn2 nor are gulls want+ :]e fi% are to be f\nd3 a little sn[-:ite h]on walks on ! back & ov] ! head ( ! crocodile :ile x sleeps4 ,! wat]-f[l are almo/ all peculi>2 ! few t are except$ are ,nor? ,am]ican4 ,eight or n9e g5]a belong+ to ! w>m climates ( ! old _w are "h "u new =ms1 & ! numb] ( specific =ms ( ! same g5us is great] ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,! beautiful r$ ,ibis or ,tantalus rub] inhabits ,cay5ne2 ! ,ardea helias & scolopax are ! mo/ beautiful ( ! h]on tribe1 f _! v>iegat$ plumage4 ,ducks migrate 9 imm5se flocks1 alt]nately betwe5 ! ,or9oco & ! ,amazons1 on acc\nt ( ! great] supply ( fi% af=d$ by ! floods ( ^! riv]s1 :i* take place at int]vals ( six mon?s f ea* o!r4 ,betwe5 ! tropics ! vicissitudes ( dr\ght & humidity h mu* influ5ce on ! migration ( birds1 because ! supply ( _! food dep5ds ^u ^! *anges4 ,if any?+ m 7 requir$ to %[ ! p>tial location ( birds1 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago might be m5tion$3 ( #bf specim5s %ot by ,mr4 ,d>w91 #be 7 peculi>1 ?\gh be>+ a /rong resemblance to ,am]ican types2 "s birds 7 ev5 conf9$ to p>ticul> isl&s2 & ! gulls1 "o ( ! mo/ widely disp]s$ families1 are peculi>4 ,b on ?is comp>atively rec5t volcanic gr\p1 only #ejj miles di/ant f ! coa/ ( ,am]ica1 ev]y?+ is peculi>--birds1 plants1 reptiles1 & fi%2 & ?\gh "u ! equator1 none h brilliant col\rs4 ,! coa/s ( ,p]u & nor!rn ,*ile are n ri* 9 birds1 b 9 s\!rn ,*ile !re are _m humm+-birds1 p>rots1 flam+oes1 peculi> ducks & geese2 & !re comm5ces t inconceivable quantity ( sea-f[l t sw>m on ! seas & coa/s ( ! ,ant>ctic regions4 ,! black scissor-bill1 or ,rhyn*ops nigra1 has be5 se5 to =m a d5se mass sev5 miles long2 %ags fly 9 an unbrok5 l9e two miles4 ,pelicans1 t]ns1 petrels1 & _m o!rs1 cov] ! l[ isl&s & coa/s ( ! ma9l&1 & ^? ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,9 ! ,ant>ctic & ,s\!rn seas ,petrels take ! place ( our gulls2 sev5 species ( !m inhabit ^! high s\!rn latitudes 9 prodigi\s numb]s4 ,two rem>kable species ( ?is g5us are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn ,ocean--! ,giant ,petrel 7,p4 gigantea71 equal to ! albatross 9 size1 & resembl+ x 9 its mode ( life--x sometimes becomes p]fectly :ite2 & ! ,equ9octial ,petrel 7,p4 equ9octialis71 a beautiful bird z l>ge z our dome/ic f[l1 & ( a jet black col\r4 ,a flock ( :at 0 suppos$ to be ! "y ( ! species kn[n z ! ,p9tado or ,cape pigeon 7,procell>ia cap5sis7 0 e/imat$ to h be5 f six to t5 miles long1 & two or ?ree miles broad1 absolutely d>k5+ ! air dur+ ! two or ?ree h\rs !y 7 fly+ ov] ! ,discov]y %ips4 ,! sn[y petrel1 a mo/ elegant bird1 nev] leaves ! ice1 & consequ5tly is nev] se5 nor? ( ! ,ant>ctic circle 9 summ]4 ,?ree species ( ! s\!rn ,p5gu9 7,apt5odytes7 inhabit ^! seas2 ! ,a4 ,pata*onica1 ! l>ge/ ( sea-f[ls1 is a r>e &1 = ! mo/ "p1 solit>y bird1 lives on ! pack ice1 & weighs f #fj to #gj p\nds4 ,! o!r two species are small] & greg>i\s2 !y cr[d ! sn[-clad isl&s 9 ! high s\!rn latitudes 9 myriads2 e l$ge ( rock sw>ms ) !m1 & on ! %ore ( ,possession ,isl&1 close to ,victoria ,l&1 x 0 difficult to pass ?r\gh ! multitudes4 ,!y are f9e1 bold birds1 peck+ & snapp+ ) _! %>p bills at ^? :o v5ture among !m4 ,!y c sc>cely walk1 &1 _! w+s be+ m]ely rudim5t>y1 !y _c fly2 !y skim along ! sn[1 & swim rapidly1 ev5 "u wat]1 resembl+ m a fi% or a seal ?an a bird 9 _! movem5ts1 & ! noise !y make baffles all description4 ,two species ( albatross bre$ 9 ! ,ant>ctic isl&s2 a k9d ( skua gull1 :i* robs _! ne/s2 & a goose :i*1 l ! eid]-duck1 makes its ne/ ) ! d[n f its brea/4 ,a v curi\s bird1 =m+ z x 7 a passage betwe5 ! gall9ace\s birds & wad]s1 ! ,*ionis or ,vag9alis ,alba1 is only f\nd ne> ! s\!rn extremity ( ?is cont95t3 x is ( a milky :ite1 & ( ! size ( our dome/ic pigeon1 & (t5 takes refuge on ! y>ds ( %ips (f ,cape ,horn & ,/at5 ,l&2 x lives *iefly on a small species ( cuttle-fi%4 ,few l& birds are met ) )9 ! ,ant>ctic circle3 !re are b sev5 or eight species 9 ! ,auckl& ,isl&s1 mo/ly ,new ,zeal& birds2 among o!rs1 ! tooa or tui1 & an olive-col\r$ creep]1 ! *ori/]s ( ! woods4 ,"o only 0 f\nd 9 ,campbell ,isl&4 ,_m g5]ic =ms are ! same at ! two extremities ( ! globe1 yet ) di/9ct specific diff]5ces4 ,sea-f[ls are m excursive ?an o!r birds1 b ev5 !y conf9e !mselves )9 def9ite limits1 s t ! coa/s may be kn[n f _! w+$ inhabitants4 ,,au/ralian ,,birds4 ,! ,au/ralian birds are1 9 _m respects1 z s+ul> z ! quadrup$s & plants ( t c\ntry3 a :ite falcon is among its birds ( prey1 a black swan among its wat]-f[l1 & ( #de g5]a1 #ce are purely ,au/ralian4 ,! pass]es are s orig9al1 t _m new g5]a h be5 f\nd4 ,! ,cassican1 a h&some bird ( bright col\rs1 approa*+ some:at to ! cr[ family1 ! ,*\calcyon1 ! gold5 & black oriole1 & "o species ( ,phil$on1 are peculi>ly ,au/ralian4 ,! ,m5ura sup]ba1 or lyre-bird1 f ! resemblance its outspread tail be>s to ! =m ( ! anci5t lyre1 is ! only bird ( its g5us1 & ! only "o :i* approa*es ! "* ( ! gall9ace\s family1 ( :i* none h be5 discov]$ 9 ! ,au/ralian cont95t4 ,"h are _m specific k9ds ( cuckoos1 z ! ,c\cal & ! ,scy?rops1 ! only bird ( t g5]a4 ,woodpeck]s !re are none4 ,! p>rots1 p>oquets1 & cockatoos1 :i* live 9 num]\s societies1 are all peculi>1 especially ! black cockatoo1 :i* is f\nd "h only2 x is n s greg>i\s1 b ev5 m suspici\s ?an ! :ite cockatoos1 :i* h a s5t9el to w>n !m ( dang]4 ,*i\s1 ) huge bills l ! t\can sat9-birds1 pigeons & doves ( peculi> =ms1 ab\nd2 & ! ,c]eopsis goose is no less peculi> among ! web-foot$ tribe4 ,! des]t pla9s ( ?is great cont95t are allott$ to ! ,emu1 a l>ge /ru?i\s bird1 l its cong5] ! cass[>y incapable ( flight1 & once v pl5tiful1 b n[ 9 progress ( be+ extirpat$ or driv5 by ! coloni/s to ! unexplor$ regions ( ! int]ior4 ,! ,apt]yx1 a bird ( ! same family1 /ill l+]s 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b x is on ! v]ge ( ext9ction1 & probably owes its exi/5ce to its nocturnal & burr[+ habits4 ,x is "o ( ^? anomal\s creatures t p>takes ( ! "* ( sev]al o!rs2 its head is 9 %ape some?+ l t ( ! ibis1 ) a long sl5d] bill1 fitt$ = digg+ into ! gr\nd = worms & grubs2 its legs & feet resemble ^? ( ! common f[l1 ) a f\r? toe or spur beh9d1 9 :i* x diff]s f its cong5]s2 & its w+s1 if w+s !y c be call$1 are exce$+ly small4 ,9 a specim51 ^: body measur$ #ai in*es1 ! w+s1 /ripp$ ( ! fea!rs1 7 only an in* & a half long1 end+ 9 a h>d horny claw ?ree in*es long4 ,! comp>atively small w+s are *>act]i/ic ( ! :ole family3 ! rhea & o/ri* h ! l>ge/1 :i*1 ?\gh unavail+ 9 flight1 mat]ially aid _! progress 9 runn+2 ! w+s ( ! emu & apt]yx s]ve only z weapons ( def5ce3 ! :ole tribe also def5d !mselves by kick+4 ,no animals h a m rem>kable geographical di/ribution ?an ?is family1 or %[ m di/9ctly ! decid$ limits )9 :i* animals h orig9ally be5 plac$4 ,^! huge birds c nei!r fly nor swim1 consequ5tly !y c\ld n h pass$ ?r\gh ! air or ! ocean to di/ant cont95ts & isl&s4 ,!re are five di/9ct g5]a1 to ea* ( :i* v ext5sive & widely sep>at$ c\ntries h be5 allott$3 ! ,o/ri* is spread ov] ,africa1 f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ! des]ts ( ,arabia2 two species ( ! ,rhea range ov] ! pla9s ( ! ,pampas & ,patagonia1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica2 ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia is ! abode ( ! ,emu2 ! ,cass[>y roves ov] "s ( ! l>ge isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 & ! ,apt]yx dwells 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,dodo1 a v l>ge bird ( ! /ru?i\s k9d1 extirpat$ by ! ,dut* navigators1 once inhabit$ ,mauritius & ! adjac5t isl& ( ,don ,rodriguez4 ,! rema9s ( a v num]\s gr\p ( ext9ct /ru?i\s birds h be5 rec5tly discov]$ imb$d$ 9 ! v rec5t geological deposits ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,"o ( its g5]a1 ! ,d9ornis1 has sev]al species1 ! l>ge/ ( :i*1 ! ,d4 giganteus1 atta9s a height ( #aa feet1 or d\ble t ( ! l>ge/ o/ri*2 ano!r1 ! ,palapt]yx1 upw>ds ( #i feet4 ,f ! position 9 :i* ^! bones are f\nd1 z well z f _! /ate ( pres]vation1 !y c sc>cely be consid]$ z fossil1 al?\gh belong+ to species :i* h become ext9ct4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 has describ$ no less ?an six species ( d9ornis1 & f\r ( palapt]yx2 & lat] discov]ies 9 ! colony w probably add sev]al to ^! numb]s4 ,no bett] example c be cit$ z elucidat+ ! c]titude ( ! d$uctions ( ! comp>ative anatomi/ ?an :at l$ to ! fir/ discov]y ( ?is extraord9>y gr\p ( birds4 ,a small portion ( a bone1 :i* f its dim5sions appe>$ to h belong$ r to a quadrup$ ( ! size ( an ox ?an to a bird1 0 submitt$ to ,mr4 ,ow52 he boldly pron\nc$ x1 f its /ructure1 to belong to a bird ( ! o/ri* k9d--a decision t 0 soon abundantly confirm$ by ! subsequ5t discov]y n only ( ! bones ( ! bird1 b ( its eggs4 ,! bones ( ano!r ext9ct bird1 ! ,ne/or1 h be5 f\nd1 mix$ ) ^? ( ! ,d9ornis4 ,x _h be5 some?+ betwe5 an owl & a p>rot1 b m ne>ly alli$ to ! latt]4 ,!re are two species liv+ ( ! ne/or1 "o 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ano!r 9 ,philip ,isl&1 only five miles 9 ext5t1 & x is f\nd 9 no o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! ,notornis1 an ext9ct race1 closely alli$ to ! wat]-h51 ( ! size ( a bu/>d1 _h also be5 an anci5t inhabitant ( ^! isl&s1 :]e birds did & d exi/1 almo/ to ! entire exclusion ( quadrup$s & reptiles3 an ext9ct species ( dog1 & a rat /ill exi/+1 are ! only l& animals :i* %>$ 9 ^! ext5sive t]ritories ) multitudes ( ! fea!r$ race4#ahb ,! o/ri* family live on vegetables2 ! =m ( ^? t _h _! home 9 ,new ,zeal& w\ld lead to ! conclusion t !y _h f$ on ! edible roots ( ! f]n :i* cov]s t c\ntry2 & z no quadrup$ except+ a rat is indig5\s 9 ,new ,zeal&1 ?\gh #gjj miles long1 & 9 _m places #ij wide1 ^! birds c\ld h _h no enemy b man1 ! mo/ =midable ( all4 ,! beautiful & sprightly ,tui1 or p>son-bird1 native 9 ,new ,zeal&1 is jet black ) a :ite tuft on its brea/1 & s imitative t x c be taught to repeat :ole s5t5ces4 ,!re are p>rots & p>oquets1 va/ numb]s ( pigeons1 f9e w>bl]s1 _m small birds1 & a great v>iety ( wat]-f[l1 among/ o!rs a cormorant1 :i*1 ?\gh web-foot$1 p]*es on ! trees t ov]hang ! /reams & sea1 wat*+ = fi%2 & a sn[-:ite frigate-bird1 t p\nces on !m f a great height 9 ! air4 ,altoge!r1 !re are at lea/ #hd species ( birds t inhabit ^! isl&s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,di/ribution ( ,mammalia ?r\gh\t ! ,e>?4 ,,c>bonic acid1 wat]1 & ammonia1 conta9 ! elem5ts necess>y = ! support ( animals1 z well z ( vegetables4 ,!y are suppli$ to ! gram9ivora 9 ! vegetable food1 :i* is conv]t$ into animal sub/ance by _! vital functions4 ,vitality 9 animals1 z 9 vegetables1 is ! p[] !y h ( assimilat+ _! food1 a process indep5d5t ( volition1 s9ce x is c>ri$ on dur+ sleep1 & is ! cause ( =ce4 ,animals inhale oxyg5 ) ! air !y brea!2 "p ( ! oxyg5 comb9es ) ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! food1 & is exhal$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas4 ,) e ef=t1 ) e brea?1 & ) e motion1 volunt>y or involunt>y1 at e in/ant ( life1 a "p ( ! muscul> sub/ance becomes dead1 sep>ates f ! liv+ "p1 comb9es ) ! rema9+ portion ( inhal$ oxyg51 & is remov$4 ,food1 !re=e1 is necess>y to comp5sate = ! wa/e1 to supply n\ri%m5t1 & to re/ore /r5g? to ! n]ves1 on :i* all vital motion dep5ds2 = by ! n]ves volition acts on liv+ matt]4 ,food w\ld n be suffici5t to make up = ?is wa/e1 & consequ5t loss ( /r5g?1 )\t sleep2 dur+ :i* volunt>y motion ceases1 & ! undi/urb$ assimilation ( ! food suffices to re/ore /r5g?1 & to make up = ! involunt>y motion ( brea?+1 :i* is also a s\rce ( wa/e4 ,! p]petual comb9ation ( ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e ) ! c>bon ( ! food1 & ) ! effete sub/ance ( ! body1 is a real combu/ion1 & is suppos$ to be ! cause ( animal heat1 because heat is con/antly giv5 out by ! comb9ation ( c>bon & oxyg52 &1 )\t a con/ant supply ( food1 ! oxyg5 w\ld soon consume ! :ole animal1 except ! bones4 ,gram9ivor\s animals inhale oxyg5 9 brea?+1 &1 z vegetable food does n conta9 s mu* c>bon z animal food1 !y require a great] supply to comp5sate = ! wa/+ influ5ce ( ! oxyg52 !re=e1 cattle are con/antly eat+4 ,b ! nutriti\s p>ts ( vegetables are id5tical 9 composition ) ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! blood2 & f blood e "p ( ! animal body1 & ev5 a portion ( ! bones1 is =m$4 ,c>nivor\s animals h n pores 9 ! sk91 !re=e _! supply ( oxyg5 is f _! brea? only2 &1 z animal food conta9s a great] quantity ( c>bon1 !y d n require to eat s (t5 z animals t fe$ on vegetables4 ,! re/lessness ( c>nivor\s animals :5 conf9$ 9 a cage is ow+ to ! sup]abundance ( c>bon 9 _! food4 ,!y move ab\t cont9ually to quick5 respiration1 & by t means procure a supply ( oxyg5 to c>ry (f ! r$undant c>bon4 ,! quantity ( animal heat is 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( ! oxyg5 inspir$ 9 equal times4 ,! heat ( birds is great] ?an t ( quadrup$s1 & 9 bo? x is high] ?an ! temp]ature ( amphibi\s animals & fi%es1 :i* h ! colde/ blood4 ,on ^! subjects we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,liebig1 :o has ?r[n s mu* light on ! important sci5ces ( animal & vegetable *emi/ry4 ,! mammalia consi/ ( n9e ord]s ( animals1 :i* diff] 9 appe>ance & 9 _! nature2 b !y agree 9 ! "o attribute ( suckl+ _! "y4 ,^! ord]s are--! ,quadrumana1 animals :i* c use _! =e feet z h&s1 z monkeys & ,apes2 ,*eiropt]a1 animals ) w+$ arms1 z bats2 ,c>nivora1 t live on animal food1 z ! lion1 tig]1 be>1 c42 ,rod5tia1 or gnaw]s1 z beav]s1 squirrels1 mice2 ,ed5tata or too?less animals or m prop]ly want+ c]ta9 tee?1 z ! can9es or incisors1 z anteat]s & armadilloes2 ,pa*yd]mata1 or ?ick-sk9n$ animals1 z ! elephant1 ! horse2 ,rum9antia1 animals t *ew ! cud1 z camels1 lamas1 giraffes1 c[s1 %eep1 de]2 ,m>supialia1 possess+ a p\* 9 :i* ! "y is receiv$ aft] bir?2 & ,cetace1 z :ales & dolph9s4 ,! animal creation1 l ! vegetable1 v>ies correspond+ly ) height & latitude2 ! *anges ( species 9 asc5d+ ! ,himalaya1 = in/ance1 are simil> to :at a travell] w\ld meet ) 9 8 j\rney f a s\!rn to a high nor!rn latitude4 ,! numb] ( l& animals increases f ! frigid zones to ! equator1 b ! law is rev]s$ ) reg>d to ! m>9e mammalia1 :i* ab\nd mo/ 9 high latitudes4 ,tak+ a broad view ( ! di/ribution ( ! n9e ord]s ( mammalia1 x may be obs]v$ t ! tropical =e/s are ! *ief abode ( ! monkey tribe3 ,asia is ! home ( ! ape1 especially ! isl&s ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 z f> z ! mo/ ea/]ly m]idian ( ,timor1 beyond :i* !re are none4 ,!y ab\nd ?r\gh\t ,africa f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ,gibralt>1 :]e ! ,b>b>y ape or magot is f\nd3 ano!r species ( magot inhabits ! isl& ( ,niphon1 ! nor!rn limit ( monkeys at ! ea/]n extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,! bats t live on fruits are *iefly met ) 9 tropical & w>m climates1 especially 9 ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago2 ! common bats1 :i* live on insects1 & are s num]\s 9 species z to =m m ?an a ?ird ( ! :ole family1 are f\nd ev]y:]e except 9 arctic ,am]ica4 ,! ,vampire is only met ) 9 tropical ,am]ica4 ,c>nivor\s mammalia are di/ribut$ all ov] ! globe1 ?\gh v unequally3 9 ,au/ralia !re are only f\r species1 two ( :i* are bats2 !re are only #ac 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & #bg 9 ! ,oceanic region2 :ile 9 ! tropical regions ( ,am]ica !re are #aji1 9 ,africa #acj1 & 9 ,asia #aff species ( c>nivora2 & s rapid is _! increase t[>ds ! tropical regions1 t !re are ne>ly ?ree times z _m 9 ! tropical z 9 ! temp]ate zones4 ,) reg>d to ! ,gnaw]s or ,rod5ts1 species ( ! same gr\p frequ5tly h a wide range 9 ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 p>allels ( latitude1 b :5 !y are inhabitants ( high m\nta9-ridges !y foll[ ! direction ( ! *a91 :atev] t may be1 & gr\ps conf9$ to high latitudes (t5 appe> aga9 at great elevations 9 l[ latitudes4 ,! ,ed5tata are p>ticul>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e !re are ?ree times z _m species z !re are 9 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralia1 tak5 toge!r4 ,9 ! ?ree latt] c\ntries !y only occur at int]vals1 b 9 ,am]ica !y ext5d f ! tropic ( ,canc] to ! pla9s ( ,patagonia4 ,?ick-sk9n$ & rum9at+ animals are v abundant 9 ! old cont95t1 especially 9 ,asia & ,africa2 !y are also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b 9 ! s\!rn "p ( t cont95t !re is only ! ,tapir1 & 9 ,au/ralia !re are none4 ,! m>supialia are conf9$ to ,au/ralia & ,am]ica4 ,! di/ribution ( animals is guid$ by laws analog\s to ^? :i* regulate ! di/ribution ( plants1 insects1 fi%es1 & birds4 ,ea* cont95t1 & ev5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same cont95t1 are c5tres ( zoological families1 :i* h always exi/$ !re1 & n[h]e else2 ea* gr\p be+ almo/ always specifically diff]5t f all o!rs4 ,food1 security1 & temp]ature h no influ5ce1 z prim>y causes1 9 ! di/ribution ( animals4 ,! pla9s ( ,am]ica are n less fit = re>+ ox5 ?an ! mead[s ( ,europe2 yet ! common ox 0 n f\nd 9 t cont95t at ! "t ( its discov]y2 & ) reg>d to temp]ature1 ?is animal ?rives on ! llanos ( ,v5ezuela & ! pampas ( ,brazil z well z on ! /eppes 9 ,europe4 ,! horse is ano!r example3 orig9ally a native ( ! des]ts ( ,t>t>y1 he n[ roams wild 9 h]ds ( hundr$s ( ?\s&s on ! grassy pla9s ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh unkn[n 9 t cont95t at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion4 ,all animals1 h[ev]1 are n s flexible 9 _! con/itutions1 = mo/ ( !m w\ld p]i% f *ange ( climate4 ,! /ations :i* ! diff]5t families n[ occupy mu/ h be5 allott$ to !m z ea* "p ( ! l& rose above ! ocean2 & because !y h f\nd 9 ^! /ations all t 0 necess>y = _! exi/5ce1 _m h nev] w&]$ f !m1 not)/&+ _! p[]s ( locomotion2 :ile o!rs h migrat$1 b only )9 c]ta9 b\nds4 ,in/9ct leads animals to migrate :5 !y become too num]\s2 ! rat 9 ,kamt*atka1 accord+ to ,p5nant1 sets out 9 spr+ 9 great multitudes1 & travels #hjj miles1 swimm+ ov] riv]s & lakes2 & ! ,lapl& m>mot or lemm+1 native 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,kol51 migrates 9 b&s1 once or twice 9 #be ye>s1 to ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 :i* !y ent] & are dr[n$2 o!r b&s g ?r\gh ,sw$i% ,lapl& & p]i% 9 ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia4 ,?us1 nature provides a rem$y aga9/ ! ov] increase ( any "o species1 & ma9ta9s ! balance ( ! :ole4 ,a tempor>y migration = food is n uncommon 9 animals4 ,! wild ass1 a native ( ! des]ts ( ,great ,t>t>y1 9 summ] fe$s to ! ea/ & nor? ( ! lake ( ,aral1 & 9 autumn !y migrate 9 ?\s&s to ! nor? ( ,india1 & ev5 to ,p]sia4#ahc ,! rum9at+ animals t dwell 9 ! inaccessible p>ts ( ! ,himalaya desc5d to _! l[] declivities 9 se>* ( food 9 w9t]2 & = ! same reason ! re9de] & musk-ox leave ! ,arctic sn[s4 ,! ,arctic regions =m a di/rict common to ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 ! animals inhabit+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ^! cont95ts are sometimes id5tical1 (t5 v simil>2 9 fact1 !re is no g5us ( quadrup$s 9 ! ,arctic regions t is n f\nd 9 ! ?ree cont95ts1 ?\gh !re are only #bg species common to all1 & ^! are mo/ly fur-be>+ animals4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone ( ,europe & ,asia1 :i* =ms an un9t]rupt$ region1 id5tity ( species is occasionally met )1 b1 = ! mo/ "p1 m>k$ by su* v>ieties 9 size & col\r z might be expect$ to arise f diff]5ce ( food & climate4 ,! same g5]a are sometimes f\nd 9 ! int]tropical p>ts ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 b ! same species nev]2 mu* less 9 ! s\? temp]ate zones ( ^! cont95ts1 :]e all ! animals are diff]5t1 :e!r birds1 bea/s1 insects1 or reptiles2 b 9 simil> climates analog\s tribes replace "o ano!r4 ,europe has no family & no ord] peculi>ly its own1 & _m ( its species are common to o!r c\ntries2 consequ5tly ! great zoological di/ricts1 :]e ! subject is view$ on a broad scale1 are ,asia1 ,africa1 ,oceanica1 ,am]ica1 & ,au/ralia2 b 9 ea* ( ^! !re are small] di/ricts1 to :i* p>ticul> g5]a & families are conf9$4 ,yet :5 ! regions are n sep>at$ by l(ty m\nta9-*a9s1 act+ z b>ri]s1 ! races are 9 mo/ cases bl5d$ toge!r on ! conf9es betwe5 ! two di/ricts1 s t !re is n a sudd5 *ange4 ,,european ,,quadrup$s4 ,! "* ( ! animals ( temp]ate ,europe has be5 m *ang$ by ! progress ( civilization ?an t ( any o!r qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,_m ( its orig9al inhabitants h be5 extirpat$1 & new races introduc$2 b x seems always to h _h v>i\s animals capable ( be+ dome/icat$4 ,! wild cattle 9 ! p>ks ( ! ,duke ( ,hamilton & ! ,e>l ( ,tank]ville are ! only remnants ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! ,briti% =e/s1 ?\gh !y 7 spread ov] ,europe1 & p]haps 7 ! p>5t /ock f :i* ! ,european cattle ( ! pres5t "t h desc5d$2 ?\gh ! ,auro*s1 a race ne>ly ext9ct1 & f\nd only 9 ! =e/s ( ,li?uania & ! ,caucasus1 may h "s claim to ! p$igree4 ,bo? races are suppos$ to h come f ,asia4 ,! ,m\flon1 :i* exi/s 9 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia1 is said to be ! p>5t /ock ( our dome/ic %eep4 ,! pig1 ! goat1 ! fall[-de]1 & r$-de]1 h be5 reclaim$1 & also ! re9de]1 :i* _c /rictly be call$ ,european1 s9ce x also inhabits ! nor!rn regions ( ,asia & ,am]ica4 ,! cat is ,european2 &1 altoge!r1 eight or t5 species ( tam$ quadrup$s h sprung f native animals4 ,!re are /ill ab\t #ahj wild l&-animals 9 ,europe3 #de ( ^! are also f\nd 9 we/]n ,asia1 & n9e 9 nor!rn ,africa4 ,! mo/ rem>kable are ! re9de]1 elk1 r$ & fall[ de]1 ! roe-buck1 glutton1 lynx1 polecat1 sev]al wild-cats1 ! common & black squirrels1 ! fox1 wild bo>1 wolf1 ! black & ! br[n be>1 eight species ( weasels1 & sev5 ( mice4 ,! ott] is common2 b ! beav] is n[ f\nd only on ! ,rh9e1 ! ,rhone1 ! ,danube1 & "s o!r l>ge riv]s2 rabbits & h>es are num]\s2 ! h$gehog is ev]y:]e2 ! porcup9e 9 s\!rn ,europe only2 ! *amois & ibex 9 ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees4 ,_m species ( ^! animals are widely di/ribut$ ov] ,europe1 g5]ally ) v>iations 9 size & col\r4 ,! *amois ( ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 ?\gh ! same 9 species1 is slightly v>i$ 9 appe>ance2 & ! fox ( ! mo/ nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe is l>g] ?an t 9 ,italy1 ) a ri*] fur1 & some:at diff]5t col\r4 ,"s animals nev] desc5d bel[ a c]ta9 height1 z ! ibex & *amois1 :i* live on high] gr\nd ?an any ( _! ord]1 be+ usually f\nd betwe5 ! region ( trees & ! l9e ( p]petual sn[1 :i* is ab\t #hijj feet on ! s\!rn1 & #hbjj on ! nor!rn declivities ( ! ,alps4 ,! common /ag does n g above #gjjj feet1 & ! fall[-de] n m ?an #fjjj1 above ! level ( ! sea3 ^! two1 h[ev]1 desc5d to ! pla9s1 ! =m] nev] d4 ,! be>1 lynx1 & ! /oat asc5d ne>ly to ! limit ( p]petual sn[4 ,"s ,european animals are mu* circumscrib$ 9 _! locality4 ,! i*neumon is peculi> to ,egypt2 ! m\flon is conf9$ to ,corsica & ,s>d9ia2 !re are a weasel & bat :i* inhabit ,s>d9ia only2 & ,sicily has sev]al peculi> species ( bats & mice4 ,!re is only "o species ( monkey 9 ,europe1 :i* lives on ! rock ( ,gibralt>1 & is suppos$ to h be5 br\ght f ,africa4 ,all ! indig5\s ,briti% quadrup$s n[ exi/+1 toge!r ) ! hyna1 tig]1 be>1 & wolf1 ^: bones h be5 f\nd 9 cav]ns1 are also f\nd 9 ! same /ate 9 ,g]many4 ,irel& 0 sep>at$ by ! ,iri% ,*annel be=e all ! animals _h migrat$ across ,engl&2 s t our squirrel1 mole1 polecat1 dorm\se1 & _m small] quadrup$s1 nev] rea*$ ! si/] isl&4 ,mr4 ,ow5 has %[n t ! ,briti% horse1 ass1 hog1 ! small] wild ox1 ! goat1 roe1 beav]1 & _m small rod5ts1 are ! same species ) ^? :i* _h co-exi/$ ) ! mammo?1 ! great nor!rn hippopotamus1 & two k9ds ( rh9oc]os long ext9ct4 ,s t a "p only ( ! mod]n t]ti>y fauna has p]i%$1 f :5ce he inf]s t ! cause ( _! de/ruction 0 n a viol5t univ]sal cata/rophe f :i* none c\ld escape4 ,! ,bos longifrons 0 co-exi/5t ) man4 ,,asiatic ,,quadrup$s4 ,asia has a great] numb] & a great] v>iety ( wild animals ?an any c\ntry1 except ,am]ica1 & also a l>g] proportion ( ^? t are dome/icat$4 ,?\gh civiliz$ f ! e>lie/ ages1 ! de/ruction ( ! animal creation has n be5 s great z 9 ,europe1 ow+ to ! inaccessible height ( ! m\nta9s1 ! ext5t ( ! pla9s & des]t1 &1 n lea/1 to ! imp5etrable =e/s & jungles1 :i* af=d !m a safe retreat3 #bhh mammalia are ,asiatic1 ( :i* #ahh are common to x & o!r c\ntries2 ^!1 h[ev]1 *iefly belong to ! temp]ate zone4 ,asia ,m9or is a di/rict ( transition f ! fauna ( ,europe to t ( ,asia4 ,!re ! *amois1 ! b\quet91 ! br[n be>1 ! wolf1 fox1 h>e1 & o!rs1 are m+l$ ) ! hyna1 ! ,angora goat1 :i* be>s a valuable fleece1 ! ,argali or wild %eep1 ! :ite squirrel2 & ev5 ! ,b5gal royal tig] is sometimes se5 on ,m\nt ,ar>at1 & is n uncommon 9 ,az]bijan & ! m\nta9s 9 ,p]sia4 ,arabia is inhabit$ by ! hyna1 pan!r1 jackal1 wolf1 & musk-de]4 ,antelopes & monkeys are f\nd 9 ,yem5 & ,ad54 ,mo/ ( ^! are also indig5\s 9 ,p]sia4 ,! wild ass1 ,onagra1 a h&some spirit$ animal ( great spe$1 & s %y t x is sc>cely possible to come ne> x1 w&]s 9 h]ds ov] ! pla9s & table-l&s ( c5tral ,asia4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! ,indian des]t1 & especially 9 ! ,run ( ,cut*--8! wild]ness & ! b>r5 l&s are 8 dwell+0--& 9 ! mo/ elevat$ regions ( ,t>t>y & ,tibet1 on ! %ores ( ! sacr$ lakes ( ,manas>[> & ,raka/al1 at a height ( m ?an #ae1bej feet above ! sea4#ahd ,! table-l&s & m\nta9s :i* divide ea/]n ,asia almo/ into pol> & tropical zones1 produce z great a di/9ction 9 ! "* ( its indig5\s fauna4 ,! sev]ity ( ! climate 9 ,sib]ia r5d]s ! sk9s ( its num]\s fur-be>+ animals m valuable4 ,^! are re9de]1 elks1 wolves1 ! l>ge :ite be>1 t lives among ! ice on ! ,arctic %ores1 sev]al o!r be>s1 ! lynx1 v>i\s k9ds ( m>t5s & cats1 ! common1 ! blue1 & ! black fox1 ! erm9e1 & sable4 ,! fur ( ^! la/ is mu* e/eem$1 & is only equall$ by t ( ! sea-ott]1 :i* inhabits ! %ores on bo? sides ( ! nor!rn ,pacific4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,j]boa1 :i* burr[s 9 s&y des]ts1 on ! table-l& & else:]e1 all ! ,asiatic species ( gnaw]s are conf9$ to ,sib]ia4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! is ! fly+ squirrel4 ,! ,alta ,m\nta9s teem ) wild animals1 besides _m ( ^? m5tion$4 ,!re are l>ge /ags1 be>s1 "s peculi> weasels1 ! argali1 & ! wild %eep4 ,! wild goat ( ! ,alps is f\nd 9 ! ,sayansk "p ( ! *a92 ! glutton & musk-de] 9 ! ,baikal2 & 9 ,da-,ouria ! r$-de] & ! ,antelope ,saiga4 ,! ,b5gal tig] & ! ,felis ,irbis1 a species ( pan!r1 w&] f ! ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s to ! ,alta *a9 & s\!rn ,sib]ia3 ! ,tig] is met ) ev5 on ! banks ( ! ,obi1 & also 9 ,*9a1 ?\gh 9 ! nor!rn regions x diff]s consid]ably f ! same species 9 ,b5gal2 ?us x c be> a mean annual temp]ature ( f #ha ( ,fahr5heit to ! freez+ po9t4 ,! ,tapir1 & _m ( ! animals ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 are f\nd 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ! ,*9ese empire2 b its fauna is little kn[n4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 probable t 9 ! nor!rn p>ts x resembles t ( ! ,alta m\nta9s & ,sib]ia4 ,! animals ( ,japan h a /rong analogy to ^? ( ,europe3 _m are id5tical1 or slightly v>i$1 z ! badg]1 ott]1 mole1 common fox1 m>t51 & squirrel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a l>ge species ( be> 9 ! isl& ( ,jezo resembles ! grizzly be> 9 ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,a *amois 9 o!r p>ts ( ,japan is simil> to ! ,antelope montana ( ! same m\nta9s3 & o!r animals native 9 ,japan are ! same ) ^? 9 ,sumatra2 s t its fauna is connect$ ) t ( v di/ant regions4 ,a few animals are peculi> to ! high cold pla9s ( ! table-l& ( ea/]n ,asia3 ! dziggetai1 a v fleet animal1 resembl+ bo? ! horse & ! ass1 is peculi> to ^! ,t>t>ian /eppes2 x is probably ! same species z ! ,kiang ( ,tibet1 :i* inhabits at v great heights1 & has be5 se5 on ! banks ( ! sacr$ lake ( ,manas>[>1 at an elevation ( #ae1bej feet1 by ,lieut5ant ,/ra*ey3 two species ( antelopes inhabit ! pla9s ( ,tibet1 congregat+ 9 imm5se h]ds1 ) s5t9els s vigilant t x is sc>cely possible to approa* !m4 ,! ,dz]an1 or yell[ goat1 :i* is bo? swift & %y1 & ! h&some ,t>t> ox1 are native 9 ^! wilds2 also ! %awl-wool goat & ! manul1 f :i* ! ,angora cat1 s mu* admir$ 9 ,p]sia & ,europe1 is desc5d$4 ,mo/ ( ! animals t live at su* heights _c exi/ 9 less elevat$ & w>m] regions1 exhibit+ a /rik+ in/ance ( ! limit$ di/ribution ( species4 ,goats & %eep be/ endure ! ?9 air & great cold ( high l&s3 ! ,ca%m]e goat & ,argoli %eep br[se on ! pla9s ( ,tibet at elevations ( f #aj1jjj to #ac1jjj feet2 ! rass1 a %eep ) /raight spiral horns1 lives on ! table-l&s ( ,pam]1 :i* are #ae1jjj feet above ! sea2 & also ! kut*-g>1 a species ( %eep :i* is ab\t ! height ( a ye>-old colt1 ) f9e-curl+ horns3 !y congregate 9 flocks ( _m hundr$s1 & are hunt$ by ! ,kirghis4 ,! rum9at+ animals ( ,asia are m num]\s & excell5t ?an ^? ( any o!r "p ( ! _w2 #fd species are native1 & #df ( ^! exi/ !re only4 ,!re are sev]al species ( wild ox52 "o 9 ! ,birmese empire1 & on ! m\nta9s ( nor?-ea/]n ,india1 ) spiral twi/$ horns4 ,! buffalo is native 9 ,*9a1 ,india1 ,borneo1 & ! ,sunda ,isl&s2 x is a l>ge animal1 =midable 9 a wild /ate1 b dome/icat$ univ]sally 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 introduc$ into ,italy 9 ! six? c5tury1 & l>ge h]ds n[ graze 9 ! l[ m>%y pla9s ne> ! sea4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( ox5 h be5 dome/icat$ 9 ,india "t immemorial3 ! h&some ,indian ox1 ) a hump on ! %\ld]1 has be5 v5]at$ by ! ,brahm9s = ages2 ! beautiful :ite silky tail ( ! dome/icat$ ox ( ,t>t>y1 us$ 9 ! ,ea/ to drive away flies1 0 adopt$ z ! ,turki% /&>d2 & ! common ,indian ox diff]s f all o!rs 9 ! great spe$ ( its c\rse4 ,"s o!r species ( cattle h be5 tam$1 & "s are /ill wild 9 ,india1 ,java1 & o!r ,asiatic isl&s4 ,! ,ca%m]e goat1 :i* be>s ! %awl-wool1 is ! mo/ valuable ( ! endless v>ieties ( goats & %eep ( ,asia2 x is kept 9 l>ge h]ds 9 ! great valleys on ! nor!rn & s\!rn declivities ( ! ,himalaya1 & 9 ! upp] regions ( ,bhotan1 :]e ! cold climate is cong5ial to x4 ,! ,bactrian camel1 ) two humps1 is /rong1 r\gh1 & hairy1 & is said to occur 9 a wild /ate 9 ! des]t ( ,%amo3 x is ! camel ( c5tral ,asia1 nor? ( ! ,himalaya & ,taurus1 also ( ! ,crimea & ! c\ntries r\nd ! ,caucasus4 ,! common or ,arabian camel ) "o hump is a native ( ,asia1 ?\gh only kn[n n[ 9 a dome/icat$ /ate2 x has be5 introduc$ into ,africa1 ,italy1 ! ,can>y isl&s1 & ev5 into ! elevat$ regions ( ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es4 ,! be/ come f ! prov9ce ( ,nej$ 9 ,arabia1 :i*1 on t acc\nt1 is call$ ! 8"m ( camels40 ,! camel ( ,oman is rem>kable = beauty & swiftness4 ,t5 species ( antelopes & tw5ty ( de] are peculi> to ,asia3 two species ( antelopes h already be5 m5tion$ z peculi> to ! table-l&s1 ! o!rs are di/ribut$ 9 ! ,asiatic ar*ipelago4 ,! g5u9e musk-de] 7,mos*us mos*if]us7 inhabits ! m\nta9\s c\ntries ( c5tral & s\?-ea/]n ,asia1 betwe5 ,*9a & ,t>t>y1 ! regions r\nd ,lake ,baikal1 ! ,alta m\nta9s1 ,nepaul1 ,bhotan1 ,tibet1 & ! adjac5t c\ntries ( ,*9a & ,tonqu94 ,asia possesses ab\t t5 native species ( ,pa*yd]mata1 includ+ ! elephant1 horse1 ass1 :i* h be5 dome/icat$ f ! "t ( ! e>lie/ scriptural records4 ,! horse is suppos$ to h exi/$ wild 9 ! pla9s ( c5tral ,asia1 z ! drom$>y 9 ,arabia2 ?\gh n[ !y are only kn[n z dome/ic animals4 ,! ,arabian & ,p]sian horses h ackn[l$g$ excell5ce & beauty1 & f ^! our be/ ,european horses are desc5d$2 ! ,african horse1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors1 is probably ( ! same race4 ,! elephant has long be5 a dome/ic animal 9 ,asia1 ?\gh x /ill roams wild 9 =midable h]ds ?r\gh ! =e/s & jungles at ! foot ( ! ,himalaya1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,india1 ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 & ! isl&s ( ,sumatra & ,ceylon2 ! hunt+ elephant is e/eem$ ! mo/ noble4 ,a "o-horn$ rh9oc]os is a native ( cont95tal ,asia4 ,!re are #fj g5]a ( ,asiatic c>nivor\s animals1 ( :i* ! royal tig] is ! h&some/ & ! mo/ =midable3 its fav\rite habitation is 9 ! jungles ( ,h9do/an1 ?\gh x w&]s ne>ly to ! limit ( p]petual sn[ 9 ! ,himalaya1 to ! ,p]sian & ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 to ,sib]ia & ,*9a4 ,leop>ds & pan!rs are common1 & !re is a maneless lion 9 ,guz]at3 ! ,*itta1 us$ 9 hunt+1 is ! only "o ( ! pan!rs capable ( be+ tam$4 ,! hyna is f\nd ev]y:]e1 except+ ! ,birman empire1 9 :i* !re are nei!r wolves1 hynas1 foxes1 nor jackals4 ,!re are f\r species ( be>s 9 ,india2 t ( ,nepaul has valuable fur3 ! wild bo>1 hog1 & dogs ( endless v>iety1 ab\nd4 ,! ,ed5tata h only two repres5tatives 9 ,india1 bo? manis or pangol9s2 :i* diff] f all o!rs except ! ,african1 9 be+ cov]$ ) imbricat$ scales4 ,( ^! ! %ort-tail$ pangol91 or scaly anteat]1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,deccan1 ,b5gal1 ,nepaul1 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ,*9a1 & ,=mosa4 ,! ,indian ,ar*ipelago & ! ,indo-,*9ese p59sula =m a zoological prov9ce ( a v peculi> nature1 be+ alli$ to ! faunas ( ,india1 ,au/ralia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 yet hav+ animals exclusively its own4 ,! royal tig] is 9 great abundance 9 ! ,malay p59sula1 & also ! black v>iety ( ! pan!r1 leop>d1 wild cats1 multitudes ( elephants1 ! rh9oc]os ( all ?ree species1 ! ,malayan tapir1 _m de]1 ! ,babir\ssa hog1 & ano!r species ( t g5us4 ,"s gr\ps ( ! isl&s h sev]al animals 9 common1 ei!r id5tical or ) slight v>iations1 t are altoge!r want+ 9 o!r isl&s1 :i*1 9 _! turn1 h creatures ( _! own4 ,_m species are common to ! ar*ipelago & ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ! cont95t1 or ev5 to ,*9a1 ,b5gal1 ,h9do/an1 & ,ceylon4 ,fly+ quadrup$s are a di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is ar*ipelago1 ?\gh "s d n absolutely fly1 b1 by an ext5sion ( ! sk9 ( _! sides to _! legs1 :i* s]ves z a p>a*ute1 !y take long leaps4 ,nocturnal fly+ squirrels1 ( sev]al species1 are common to ! ,malayan p59sula & ! ,sunda ,isl&s1 especially ,java2 & ?ree species ( fly+ ,lemurs inhabit ,sunda1 ,malacca1 & ! ,pelew ,isl&s4 ,besides ^!1 !re are ! frugivor\s bats1 :i* really fly1 diff]+ f bats 9 o!r c\ntries by liv+ exclusively ^u vegetable food4 ,! edible r\ssette1 or kalong1 "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n1 appe>s 9 flocks ( hundr$s1 & ev5 ?\s&s1 9 ,java1 ,sumatra1 & ,b&a3 ! ,pt]opus fun]eus1 ano!r ( ^! l>ge bats1 assembles 9 z great numb]s4 ,a hundr$ & eighty species ( ! ape & monkey tribe are entirely ,asiatic3 monkeys are f\nd only on ! coa/ ( ,india1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ! ,sunda ,isl&s2 ! long-arm$ apes or gibbons are 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s & ! ,malayan p59sula4 ,! ,simayang1 a v l>ge ape ( ,sumatra & ,b5cool51 goes 9 l>ge troops1 foll[+ a lead]1 & makes a h[l+ noise at sunrise & sunset t is he>d miles (f4 ,sumatra & ,borneo are ! peculi> abode ( ! ,orang-outang1 :i*1 9 ! ,malay language1 means ! 8man ( woods10 :i*1 except p]haps ! ,*impanzee ( ,africa1 approa*es ne>e/ to man4 ,x has nev] spread ov] ! isl&s x inhabits1 ?\gh !re seems to be no?+ to prev5t x1 b x f9ds all t is necess>y )9 a limit$ di/rict4 ,! orang-outang & ! long-arm$ apes h extraord9>y muscul> /r5g?1 & sw+ f tree to tree by _! arms4 ,! ,malays h giv5 ! "n ( orang1 or man1 to ! :ole tribe1 on acc\nt ( _! intellig5ce z well z _! =m4 ,a two-horn$ rh9oc]os is peculi> to ,java1 ( a diff]5t species f ! ,african1 also ! ,felis macrocelis1 & a v l>ge be>2 !re are only two species ( squirrels 9 ,java1 :i* is rem>kable1 z ! ,sunda ,isl&s are ri* 9 !m4 ,! royal tig] ( ,india & ! elephant are f\nd only 9 ,sumatra1 & ! babir\ssa lives 9 ,borneo2 b ^! two isl&s h _m quadrup$s 9 common1 z a leop>d1 ! "o-horn$ rh9oc]os1 ! black antelope1 "s graceful m9iature creatures ( ! de] k9d1 ! ,tapir1 also f\nd 9 ,malacca1 besides a wild bo>1 an inhabitant ( all ! m>%y =e/ f ,borneo to ,new ,gu9ea4 ,9 ! l>g] isl&s de] ab\nd1 "s z l>ge z ! elk1 probably ! ,hippelaphus ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,anoa1 a rum9at+ animal ab\t ! size ( a %eep1 a species ( antelope1 %y & savage1 goes 9 h]ds 9 ! m\nta9s ( ,celebes1 :]e _m =ms ( animals /rang]s to ! ,sunda ,isl&s beg9 to appe>1 z "s sorts ( phalang]s1 or p\*$ quadrup$s4 ,^! new =ms become m num]\s 9 ! ,moluccas1 :i* are inhabit$ by fly+ phalang]s & o!r p\*$ animals1 ) scaly tails4 ,! phalang]s are nocturnal1 & live on trees4 ,9 ,new ,gu9ea !re are kang>oos1 ! spott$ phalang]1 ! pel&oe1 ! ,new ,gu9ea hog1 & ! ,papua dog1 said to be ! orig9 ( all ! native dogs 9 ,au/ralia & ,oceanica1 wild or tame4 ,! fauna ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s is analog\s to t 9 ! ,sunda ,isl&s4 ,!y h sev]al quadrup$s 9 common ) ,india & ,ceylon1 b !re are o!rs :i* probably are n f\nd 9 ^! localities4 ,,african ,,quadrup$s4 ,! opposite extremes ( aridity & moi/ure 9 ! ,african cont95t h _h great influ5ce 9 ! nature & di/ribution ( its animals2 & s9ce by f> ! great] "p consi/s ( pla9s utt]ly b>r5 or cov]$ by tempor>y v]dure1 & wat]$ by incon/ant /reams t fl[ only a few mon?s 9 ! ye>1 fleet animals1 fitt$ to live on arid pla9s1 are f> m abundant ?an ^? t require ri* vegetation & mu* wat]4 ,! latt] are *iefly conf9$ to ! int]tropical coa/s1 & especially to ! l>ge jungles & deep =e/s at ! nor!rn declivity ( ! table-l&1 :]e sev]al g5]a & _m species exi/ t are n f\nd else:]e4 ,africa has a fauna 9 _m respects insulat$ f t ( e o!r "p ( ! globe2 = al?\gh ab\t #ajj ( its quadrup$s are common to o!r c\ntries1 !re are #bej species its own4 ,sev]al ( ^! animals1 especially ! l>g] k9ds1 are di/ribut$ ov] ! :ole table-l& f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope to ! highl&s ( ,abyss9ia & ,s5egambia )\t ! smalle/ v>iety1 & _m are slightly modifi$ 9 col\r & size4 ,rum9at+ animals are v num]\s1 ?\gh few h be5 dome/icat$3 ( ^!1 ! ox ( ,abyss9ia & ,born\ is rem>kable f ! extraord9>y size ( its horns1 :i* are sometimes #b feet 9 circumf]5ce at ! root2 & ! ,galla ox ( ,abyss9ia has horns #d feet long4 ,!re are _m ,african v>ieties ( buffalo2 t at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope is a l>ge1 fi]ce animal1 w&]+ 9 h]ds 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 ev5 to ,abyss9ia3 ! fle% ( ! :ole race is ta9t$ ) ! od\r ( musk4 ,! ,african %eep & goats1 ( :i* !re are _m v>ieties1 diff] f ^? ( o!r c\ntries2 ! wool ( all is co>se1 except t ( ! ,m]9o %eep1 said to h be5 introduc$ into ,spa9 by ! ,moors f ,morocco4 ,no c\ntry has produc$ a rum9at+ animal simil>1 or ev5 analog\s1 to ! ,giraffe1 or ,camelop>d1 :i* ranges widely ov] s\? ,africa f ! nor!rn banks ( ! ,g>eep1 or ,orange riv]1 to ! ,great ,des]t2 x is also f\nd 9 ,dongola & 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,x is a g5tle1 timid animal1 :i* has be5 se5 9 troops ( #ajj4 ,! e>lie/ record we h ( x is 9 ! sculptur$ monum5ts ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 & x is well kn[n t x 0 br\ght to ,rome to grace ! triumph ( a victori\s emp]or4 ,africa may truly be said to be ! l& ( ! g5us ,antelope1 :i* is f\nd 9 e "p ( x1 :]e x repres5ts ! de] ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica4 ,diff]5t species h _! peculi> localities1 :ile o!rs are widely disp]s$1 sometimes ) & sometimes )\t any s5sible v>iety ( size or col\r4 ,! great] numb] are inhabitants ( ! pla9s1 :ile a few p5etrate into ! =e/s4 ,sixty species h be5 describ$1 ( :i* at lea/ #bf are f\nd nor? ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & 9 ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,!y are ( e size1 f ! pigmy antelope n l>g] ?an a h>e1 to ! ,caama1 :i* is z l>ge z an ox4 ,timidity is ! univ]sal "* ( ! race4 ,mo/ species are greg>i\s2 & ! numb] 9 a h]d is f> too great ev5 to guess at4 ,l all animals t fe$ 9 gr\ps1 !y h s5t9els2 & !y are ! easy prey ( s _m c>nivor\s animals1 t _! safety requires ! precaution4 ,at ! head ( _! enemies is ! lion1 :o lurks among ! tall re$s at ! f\nta9 to seize !m :5 !y come to dr9k4 ,!y are graceful 9 _! motions1 especially ! spr+-buck1 :i* goes 9 a compact troop2 & 9 _! m>* !re is con/antly "o :i* ga!rs its sl5d] limbs toge!r & b\nds into ! air4 ,africa has only two species ( de]1 bo? belong+ to ! ,atlas3 "o is ! common fall[-de] ( ,europe4 ,! #ch species ( rod5tia1 or gnaw+ quadrup$s1 ( ?is cont95t1 live on ! pla9s2 & _m ( !m are leap+ animals1 z ! ,j]boa cap5sis4 ,squirrels are comp>atively r>e4 ,!re are "s species ( ! horse peculi> to s\? ,africa2 ( ^! ! gaily-/rip$ ,zebra & ! m sob]-col\r$ ,quagga w&] 9 troops ov] ! pla9s1 (t5 9 company ) o/ri*es4 ,an alliance betwe5 creatures diff]+ 9 nature & habits is n easily acc\nt$ =4 ,! two-horn$ rh9oc]os ( ,africa is diff]5t f t ( ,asia3 !re are c]ta9ly ?ree1 & probably five1 species ( ^! huge animals peculi> to ! table-l&4 ,dr4 ,smi? saw #aej 9 "o day ne> ! #bd? p>allel ( s\? latitude4 ,! hippopotamus is exclusively ,african3 multitudes inhabit ! lakes & riv]s 9 ! int]tropical & s\!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t2 ^? t inhabit ! ,nile & ,s5egal appe> to =m diff]5t species4 ,an elephant1 diff]+ 9 species f t ( ,asia1 is s num]\s1 t #bjj h be5 se5 9 a h]d ne> ,lake ,t*ad4 ,!y are n dome/icat$ 9 ,africa1 & are hunt$ by ! natives = _! tusks4 ,! ,phaco*re1 or ,e?iopian hog1 & a species ( ,hyrax1 are among ! ,pa*yd]mata ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! monkey tribe is f\nd 9 all ! hot p>ts ( ,africa3 peculi> g5]a are allott$ to p>ticul> di/ricts4 ,except a few 9 ,asia1 ! family ( gu5ons is f\nd 9 no "p ( ! _w b ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ! coa/s ( ,loango & ,gu9ea1 :]e !y sw>m4 ,! species are num]\s1 & v>y mu* 9 size & col\rs3 ! cynocephalus1 or blue-head$ baboon1 ) a face l t ( a dog1 is l>ge1 f]oci\s1 & dang]\s4 ,"o species ( ^! baboons inhabits ,gu9ea1 o!rs ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! table-l&1 & "o is met ) ev]y:]e f ,s5na> to ,cafr>ia4 ,a rem>kable long-e>$ k9d is f\nd 9 ,abyss9ia2 ! m&rills1 :i* belong to ! same g5us1 are conf9$ to c5tral ,africa4 ,! magot or ,b>b>y ape is 9 nor? ,africa2 & ! only macac 9 ?is cont95t inhabits ! m\nta9s 9 ! high c\ntry ( s\!rn ,abyss9ia1 #hjjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! ,african species ( ?umbless apes are met ) 9 ! tropical c\ntries on ! we/ coa/1 :]e ! ,colobus comosus1 or k+ ( ! monkeys1 also lives1 s call$ by ! natives f its beautiful fur & s+ul> head ( hair2 ano!r ( ^! is peculi> to ! l[ l&s ( ,gojam1 ,kulla1 & ,damot4 ,! ,*impanzee1 :i* s ne>ly approa*es ! human =m1 inhabits ! =e/s ( s\? ,africa f ,cape ,negro to ! ,gambia4 ,liv+ 9 society l all apes & monkeys1 :i* are em95tly sociable1 x is v intellig5t & easily tam$4 ,a new species ( ,african ,*impanzee1 equall+ 9 size ! ,orang-outang1 has be5 rec5tly describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow53 x is probably ! l>ge/ ( ! quadrumana1 & by all acc\nts ! mo/ dang]\s & f]oci\s4 ,b>on ,humboldt obs]ves t all apes resembl+ man h an expression ( sadness2 t _! gaiety dim9i%es z _! intellig5ce increases4 ,africa possesses ! cat tribe 9 great v>iety & beauty2 lions1 leop>ds1 & pan!rs are num]\s ?r\gh\t ! cont95t2 s]vals & viv]r9e cats are 9 ! torrid di/ricts2 & ! lion ( ! ,atlas is said to be ! mo/ =midable ( all4 ,9 no c\ntry are foxes s abundant4 ,v>i\s species inhabit ,nubia1 ,abyss9ia1 & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! corsac is peculi> to ! ,cape4 ,! long-e>$ fox1 ! famel ( ,kord(an1 & "s o!rs1 are f\nd 9 ,africa only4 ,!re are also v>i\s species ( dogs1 ! hyna1 & ! jackal4 ,! hynas hunt 9 packs1 attack ! lion & pan!r1 & easily de/roy !m4 ,two species ( ,ed5tata are ,african--! long-tail$ manis1 & ! ,a>d-v>k1 or e>?-hog3 ! fir/ is cov]$ ) scales1 ! latt] ) co>se long hair2 !y burr[ 9 ! gr\nd & fe$ on ants4 ,great flocks ( a l>ge migratory vampire-bat frequ5t ! ,slave-coa/4 ,altoge!r !re are #bf species ( ,african bats4 ,multitudes ( antelopes ( v>i\s species1 lions1 leop>ds1 pan!rs1 hynas1 jackals1 & "s o!r c>nivora1 live 9 ! oases ( ! great nor!rn des]ts2 j]boas1 & endless species ( leap+ gnaw]s1 rats1 & mice burr[ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! dryness ( ! climate & soil keeps ! coats ( ! animals clean & glossy2 & x has be5 obs]v$ t tawny & grey t9ts are ! prevail+ col\rs 9 ! fauna ( ! nor? ,african des]ts1 n only 9 ! birds & bea/s1 b 9 reptiles & insects4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! cont9u\s des]t ext5d+ f ,nor? ,africa ?r\gh ,arabia to ,p]sia & ,india1 _m analog\s species ( animals exi/ 9 ^? c\ntries3 9 "s in/ances !y are ! same1 or v>ieties ( ! same1 species1 z ! ass1 ! dziggeti1 antelopes1 leop>ds1 pan!rs1 jackals1 & hynas4 ,! fauna on ! ea/]n side ( ! great isl& ( ,madagasc> is analog\s to t ( ,india2 on ! we/]n side x resembles t ( ,africa1 ?\gh1 z f> z x is kn[n1 x seems to be a di/9ct c5tre ( animal life4 ,x has no rum9at+ animals2 & ! monkey tribe is repres5t$ by ! ,lemures & ! ,galagos1 :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ?is fauna4 ,a frugivor\s bat1 ! size ( a common f[l1 =ms an article ( food4 ,,am]ican ,,quadrup$s4 ,no species ( animal has yet be5 extirpat$ 9 ,am]ica1 :i* is ! ri*e/ zoological prov9ce1 possess+ #ecg species ( mammalia1 ( :i* #dhj are its own2 yet no c\ntry has contribut$ s little to ! /ock ( dome/ic animals4 ,) ! exception ( ! ,llama & ,alpaca1 & ! turkey1 & p]haps "s %eep & dogs1 ,am]ica has furni%$ no animal or bird s]viceable to man1 :ile x has receiv$ f ,europe all its dome/ic animals & its civiliz$ inhabitants4 ,arctic ,am]ica possesses mo/ ( ! valuable fur-be>+ animals t are 9 ,sib]ia2 & !y 7 v pl5tiful till ! unsp>+ de/ruction ( !m has driv5 ^? yet rema9+ to ! high latitudes1 :]e ! hunt]s t foll[ !m are expos$ to great h>d%ips4 ,ne>ly #f1jjj1jjj ( sk9s 7 br\ght to ,engl& 9 "o ye>1 mo/ ( :i* 7 tak5 9 ! =e/ regions2 ! b>r5 gr\nds are inhabit$ by ! ,arctic fox1 ! pol> h>e1 by ! br[n & ! :ite be>1 a =midable animal :i* (t5 lives on ! ice itself4 ,! re9de] lives on ! li*5s & mosses ( ^! b>r5 gr\nds1 & w&]s to ! %ores ( ! ,pol> ,ocean3 its s\!rn limit 9 ,europe is ! ,baltic ,sea1 9 ,am]ica x is ! latitude ( ,quebec4 ,"s ( ! fur-be>+ quadrup$s ( ^! des]ts nev] pass ! #fe? degree ( ,n4 lat42 ! great] numb] live 9 ! nor!rn =e/s1 z ! black be>1 racoon1 badg]1 ! erm9e1 & f\r or five o!r memb]s ( ! weasel tribe1 ! r$ fox1 ! pol> & br[n lynxes1 ! beav]1 ! musqua% or musk-rat1 ( :i* half a million are kill$ annually1 & ! moose-de]1 ^: nor!rn range ends :]e ! asp5 & will[s cease to gr[4 ,! grizzly be>1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ f]oci\s ( its k9d1 inhabits ! range ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s to ,mexico1 z well z ! we/]n savannahs4 ,! prairie-wolf1 ! grey fox1 ! ,virg9ian h>e1 live 9 ! prairies2 ! ,wapiti1 a l>ge /ag1 inhabits ^? on bo? sides ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s2 & ! ,prongbuck1 an antelope fleet] ?an a horse1 roams ?r\gh\t ! we/]n "p ( ! cont95t1 & migrates to ,cali=nia & ,mexico 9 w9t]4 ,! musk-ox & %aggy bison are peculi> to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! musk-ox travels to ,p>ry's ,isl&s 9 ! ,arctic regions1 yet x nev] has be5 se5 9 ,gre5l& or on ! nor?-we/]n side ( ! cont95t4 ,! %aggy bison goes s\? to ! ,arkansas1 roams 9 h]ds ( ?\s&s ov] ! prairies ( ! ,mississippi & on bo? sides ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,x nev] w&]s f>!r nor? ?an ! #cj? p>allel1 ! s\!rn limit ( ! musk-ox4 ,a m>mot kn[n z ! prairie-dog is univ]sal4 ,!re are at lea/ eight v>ieties ( ,am]ican dogs1 sev]al ( :i* are natives ( ! f> nor?4 ,! lagopus1 or isatis1 native 9 ,spitzb]g5 & ,gre5l&1 is f\nd 9 all ! ,arctic regions ( ,am]ica & ,asia & 9 "s ( ! ,kurile ,isl&s4 ,dogs are employ$ to draw sl$ges 9 ,newf\ndl& & ,canada2 & ! ,esquimaux travel drawn by dogs z well z by re9de]4 ,! dogs are /rong & docile4 ,! ,esquimaux dogs 7 mute till !y le>n$ to b>k f dogs 9 our discov]y %ips4 ,!re are #ac species ( ! rum9at+ g5us 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 includ+ ! bison1 ! musk-ox ( ! ,arctic regions1 ! big-horn$ %eep1 & ! goat ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,! horse1 n[ roam+ wild 9 innum]able h]ds ov] ! pla9s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 unkn[n !re till ! ,spani% conque/4 ,! quadrup$s ( ! temp]ate zone are di/ribut$ 9 di/9ct gr\ps3 ^? ( ! /ate ( ,new ,york1 consi/+ ( ab\t #dj species1 are diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,arctic regions1 & also f ^? ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia2 :ile 9 ,texas ano!r assemblage ( species prevails4 ,! ,racoon1 ! ,coatimondi1 & ! ,k9kaj\ are all natives ( ! s\!rn ,/ates4 ,!re are #aah species ( rod5tia or gnaw+ animals 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 rats1 mice1 squirrels1 beav]s1 c41 _m ( :i*1 especially 9 ! nor?1 appe> to be id5tical ) ^? 9 ! high latitudes ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,! g5]a ( v diff]5t latitudes are (t5 repres5tative b nev] id5tical4 ,squirrels ab\nd 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 ! grey squirrel is f\nd 9 ?\s&s4 ,!re are #ba species ( ,opossum 9 ?is cont95t1 a family ( ! p\*$ animals :i* are s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ,au/ralia4 ,( ^!1 ! ,virg9ian opossum inhabits ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,am]ican cont95t betwe5 ! great ,canadian lakes & ,p>aguay1 & also ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 :]e x is call$ ! manitu2 & two o!r animals ( t ord] live 9 ,mexico4 ,!re is a porcup9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canadian =e/s :i* climbs trees4 ,! bats are diff]5t f ^? 9 ,europe1 &1 except+ two1 are v local4 ,9 ,cali=nia !re are ounces1 polecats1 ! ,b]5da 7an animal peculi> to t c\ntry71 & a de] ( rem>kable size & spe$4 ,! high l& ( ,mexico =ms a v decid$ l9e ( division betwe5 ! fauna ( ,nor? & t ( ! ,s\? ,am]ica2 yet "s ,nor? ,am]ican animals are se5 beyond x1 p>ticul>ly two ( ! be>s1 & "o ( ! ott]s1 :i* inhabits ! cont95t f ! icy ocean to beyond ,brazil4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,puma1 ,jagu>1 ,opossum1 ,k9kaj\1 & ,pecc>i1 h cross$ ! b>ri] f ,s\? ,am]ica to ,cali=nia & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! v>i$ & ext5sive regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica !re are sev]al c5tres ( a peculi> fauna1 accord+ z ! c\ntry is m\nta9\s or level1 cov]$ ) =e/ or grass1 f]tile or des]t1 b ! mammalia are inf]ior 9 size to ^? ( ! old _w4 ,! l>ge/1 mo/ p[]ful1 & p]fect animals ( ?is class are conf9$ to ! old cont95t4 ,! ,s\? ,am]ican quadrup$s are on a small] scale1 m feeble & m g5tle2 _m ( !m1 z ! too?less gr\p & ! slo?s1 are ( anomal\s & less p]fect /ructure ?an ! re/ ( ! animal creation1 b ! fauna ( ,s\? ,am]ica is s local & s peculi>1 t ! species ( five ( ! t]re/rial ord]s1 :i* are indig5\s !re1 are f\nd n[h]e else4 ,! monkey tribe are 9 myriads 9 ! =e/s ( tropical ,am]ica & ,brazil1 b !y nev] g nor? ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 nor f>!r s\? ?an ! ,rio de la ,plata4 ,!y diff] widely f ^? 9 ! old _w1 be>+ less resemblance to ! human race1 b !y are m g5tle & lively1 &1 not)/&+ _! agility1 are (t5 a prey to ! vulture & puma4 ,!re are two great ,am]ican families ( f\r-h&$ animals--! sapaj\s ) preh5sile tails1 by :i* !y susp5d !mselves1 & sw+ f b\gh to b\gh4 ,"s ( ^! inhabitants ( ! woods are v noisy1 especially ! ,argualis1 a l>ge ape ^: bawl+ is he>d a mile (f4 ,! h[l]s are g5]ally v l>ge1 & h a wid] range ?an any ( ! g5us2 "o species1 ! ,mycetus rufimanus or beelzebub1 asc5ds ! ,&es to ! height ( #aa1jjj feet4 ,! cebus or weep]s1 :i* are frequ5tly br\ght to ,europe1 belong also to ?is family2 ! g5us has a great] numb] ( species ?an any o!r 9 ! ,new ,_w1 b a v n>r[ location2 !y are mo/ abundant 9 ,guiana4 ,! saquis or bu%y-tail$ monkeys =m ! o!r great ,am]ican family4 ,! fox-monkey sleeps dur+ ! day2 x frequ5ts ! deepe/ =e/s f ! ,or9oco to ,p>aguay4 ,squirrel-monkeys inhabit ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 & ! night-monkeys1 ) v l>ge eyes1 live 9 ,guiana & ,brazil4 ,! m>mosets are pretty little animals1 easily tam$1 especially ! ,midas leon9a1 n m ?an #g or #h in*es long4 ,"s ,am]ican monkeys h no ?umb1 o!rs h a v]satile ?umb on bo? _! h&s & feet4 ,9 ! ,new ,_w ! monkey tribe inhabit ! cont95t f ,honduras to beyond ,brazil1 9 ?\s&s1 yet ea* k9d has its own peculi> location4 ,! =e/s are also inhabit$ by opossums1 a family ( ! m>supial tribe1 or animals ) p\*es1 9 :i* !y c>ry _! "y2 !y are analog\s to ^? :i* =m ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,au/ralian fauna1 b ( di/9ct g5]a & species4 ,few ( ^! animals are l>g] ?an a rat1 & !y mo/ly live on trees1 except "o k9d :i* is aquatic1 f\nd ne> ! small /reams f ,honduras to ,brazil4 ,a species 9 ,sur9am c>ries its "y ^u its back2 ! elegant opossum is v num]\s on ! we/ side ( ! ,&es1 & !re only4 ,all ! opossums & ! yassacks ( ?is c\ntry h ?umbs on _! h9d feet1 opposite to ! toes1 s t !y c grasp2 !y are1 moreov]1 di/+ui%$ f ! ,au/ralian family by a long preh5sile tail1 & by great] agility4 ,! num]\s tribe ( sapaj\ monkeys1 ! ant-eat]s1 ! k9kaj\1 & a species ( porcup9e1 h also grasp+ tails1 a prop]ty ( _m ,s\? ,am]ican animals4 ,five g5]a & #bj species ( ! ,ed5tata are *>act]i/ic ( ?is cont95t1 & exclusively conf9$ to ,s\? ,am]ica3 !y are ! slo?s ( two k9ds1 ! ai & unau2 ! ,armadilloes1 ,*lamyphores1 & ,anteat]s4 ,! animals ( ^! five g5]a h v diff]5t habits3 ! slo?s1 z _! "n implies1 are ! mo/ inactive ( animals2 !y inhabit ! =e/s f ! s\!rn limit ( ,mexico to ,rio de ,janeiro1 & to ! height ( #cjjj feet on ! ,&es 9 ! region ( palms & scitam9e4 ,( ^!1 ! common slo? or ,ai ranges f ,honduras to ,brazil2 :ile ! ,unau1 ! l>g] ( ! two1 is conf9$ to ,guiana4 ,! ,armadillo1 9 its coat ( mail1 is 9 p]petual motion1 & c outrun a man 9 spe$4 ,!y live on all ! pla9s & table-l&s ( ,s\? ,am]ica ev5 to ,p>aguay4 ,! "o-b&$ armadillo rolls itself up l a ball2 ! n9e-b&$ species is eat5 by ! natives2 ! giant armadillo1 #c feet long1 inhabits ! =e/s only4 ,mo/ species ( ^! animals are nocturnal1 & burr[ 9 ! e>? 9 ! ,pampas4 ,! *lamyphores are also burr[+ animals1 peculi> to ! prov9ce ( ,cuyo on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,*ilian ,&es2 !y h ! faculty ( sitt+ upright4 ,! ant-eat]1 l>g] ?an a ,newf\ndl& dog1 ) %ort] legs1 def5ds itself aga9/ ! jagu> ) its p[] claws2 x inhabits ! swampy savannahs & damp =e/s f ,columbia to ,p>aguay1 & f ! ,atlantic to ! foot ( ! ,&es2 its fle%1 l t ( "s o!r ,am]ican animals1 has a flav\r ( musk4 ,! little ant-eat] has a preh5sile tail1 & lives on trees 9 ! tropical =e/s1 fe$+ on ! l>v ( bees1 wasps1 honey1 & ants2 ano!r ( simil> habits lives 9 ,brazil & ,guiana4 ,! cat tribe 9 ,s\? ,am]ica is beautiful & p[]ful3 ! ,puma1 ! lion ( ,am]ica1 is f\nd bo? 9 ! m\nta9s & ! pla9s1 9 great numb]s2 s diff]5t are its habits 9 diff]5t places1 t 9 ,*ile x is timid & flies f a dog2 9 ,p]u x is bold1 ?\gh x r>ely attacks a man4 ,! ,jagu>1 :i* inhabits ! l[] =e/s1 is v abundant1 & s f]oci\s t x has be5 kn[n to spr+ ^u ,indians 9 a canoe2 hunt+ z x sometimes does 9 troops1 x has be5 kn[n to de/roy ! inhabitants ( entire ,indian villages2 x is "o ( ! few ,s\? ,am]ican animals t cross ! ,i/hmus ( ,d>i51 be+ f\nd 9 ,cali=nia1 on ! t]ritory ( ! ,mississippi1 & has be5 se5 9 ,canada4 ,! vampire is a v l>ge bat1 mu* dread$ by ! natives1 because x ent]s _! huts at night1 &1 ?\gh x seldom attacks human be+s1 x w\nds calves & small animals1 :i* sometimes die f ! loss ( blood4 ,! o!r ?ree ,s\? ,am]ican bats are h>mless4 ,! only rum9at+ animals t exi/$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica prior to ! ,conque/ 7 ! f\r species ( ! g5us ,au*5ia--! ,llama1 ! ,alpaca1 ! ,vicua1 & ! ,guanco3 ! ?ree fir/ are exclusively conf9$ to ! cold] & m elevat$ regions ( ! ,p]uvian ,&es2 ! la/ has a wid] geographical range1 ext5d+ to ! pla9s ( ,patagonia1 & ev5 to ! s\!rnmo/ extremity ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,llama inhabits ! high valleys ( ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es1 its fav\rite region be+ 9 ! valley ( ! lake ( ,titicaca3 x 0 ! only bea/ ( bur!n possess$ by ! aborig9es2 h5ce1 we f9d x :]ev] ! ,incas c>ri$ _! conque/s & civilization1 f ! equator to beyond ! s\!rn tropic4 ,x is /ill ext5sively employ$ by ! ,indian z a bea/ ( bur!n1 & its wool1 ?\gh co>se1 is us$ by ! aborig9es3 l all dome/ic animals1 x v>ies 9 col\r2 its fle% is nause\s1 black1 & ill ta/$4 ,! ,alpaca1 or paco1 a g5tle & h&some animal1 al?\gh m closely alli$ to ! llama ?an any ( its cong5]s1 is a di/9ct species3 x inhabits at /ill m elevat$ places ?an ! llama1 its fav\rite haunts be+ on ! /reams desc5d+ f ! sn[y peaks3 x is only f\nd 9 a dome/ic /ate2 x is re>$ = its wool1 :i* is extremely f9e1 silky1 & long1 & :i* n[ be>s a high price1 f its introduction into "s ( our f9e/ wooll5 tissues4 ,! vicua is only f\nd 9 ! wild /ate1 9 ! pla9s on ! ,&es1 z high z #aejj feet3 its wool is mu* priz$ = its f95ess4 ,! animal has a %rill :i/le2 x is easily dome/icat$4 ,! ,guanco1 by "s naturali/s consid]$ errone\sly z ! p>5t /ock ( ! llama & alpaca1 is also only f\nd 9 ! wild /ate3 x is se5 z f> nor? z lat4 #ab ,s41 is v abundant & 9 l>ge flocks on ! ,bolivian & ,*ilian ,&es1 & has be5 se5 z f> z ! s\!rn extremity ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,all ^! animals fe$ on a species ( co>se wiry grass call$ i*u4#ahe ,sev]al species ( de] are f\nd 9 ! tropical regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 & a rem>kable species1 ) fragile hair l t ( ! roebuck1 ! c]vus 7,&ium71 z high z #aa1jjj feet 9 ! ,&es4 ,! rod5tia1 or gnaw]s1 ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are v num]\s2 !re are #ib 9 ,brazil alone3 !re are only #h species ( squirrels & #fd species ( rats & mice1 "s ( :i* are v peculi>4 ,! ag\tis repres5t our h>es 9 ! pla9s ( ,patagonia1 9 ,p>aguay1 c41 & ext5d z f> z ,guiana4 ,! family ( ! cavias1 or gu9ea-pigs1 are f\nd 9 ,brazil1 & "s species 9 ! great table-l&s ( ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es2 ! ,e*ymys1 or sp9y rat1 is an inhabitant ( ! %ores ( ! ,rio de la ,plata & ,p>aguay2 ! ,vizca*a ( ! pampas1 a burr[+ animal1 inhabits ! great pla9 ( ,bu5os ,ayres2 an animal be>+ ! same "n is frequ5t 9 ! rocky di/ricts ( ! ,&es1 z high z #ae1jjj feet above ! sea2 & ! beautiful ,*9*illa1 ne>ly alli$ to ! latt]1 ^: fur is s highly e/eem$1 inhabits ! same regions at ! same great elevations 9 ! ,&es ( ,p]u1 ,bolivia1 & ,*ile3 ! be/ fur ( ! *9*illa is collect$ 9 ! ,bolivia prov9ce ( ,potosi1 & 9 ! ,*ilian prov9ce ( ,copiabo4 ,! l>ge/ ( all ! rod5tia1 ! ,cabiai 7,myopotamus71 inhabits ! banks ( ! great riv]s ( tropical ,am]ica1 :]e its habits resemble1 accord+ to "s travell]s1 ^? ( ! hippopotamus4 ,! ,paca1 ! next 9 size1 is less aquatic 9 its habits1 & lives 9 ! d5se =e/s ( ,brazil & ,p>aguay4 ,x is v rem>kable t 9 a c\ntry :i* has ! mo/ luxuriant vegetation !re %\ld n be "o species ( holl[-horn$ rum9ants1 z ! ox1 %eep1 goat1 or antelope2 & x is /ill m extraord9>y t ! exi/+ animals ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* are s ne>ly alli$ to ! ext9ct inhabitants ( ! same soil1 %\ld be s inf]ior 9 size n only to !m1 b ev5 to ! liv+ quadrup$s ( ,s\? ,africa1 :i* is comp>atively a des]t4 ,! quantity ( vegetation 9 ,brita9 at any "o "t exce$s ! quantity on an equal area 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa t5-fold1 yet ,mr4 ,d>w9 has comput$ t ! weight ( #aj ( ! l>ge/ s\? ,african quadrup$s is #bd times great] ?an t ( ! same numb] ( quadrup$s ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 = 9 ,s\? ,am]ica !re is no animal ! size ( a c[1 s t !re is no relation betwe5 ! bulk ( ! species & ! vegetation ( ! c\ntries !y inhabit4 ,! l>ge/ animals indig5\s 9 ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s are ! ,ag\ti1 ! ,raccoon1 ! ,h\tias1 a native ( ! =e/s ( ,cuba2 ! ,didelph\s c>nivora & ! ,k9kaj\ are common also to ! cont95t3 ! k9kaj\ is a solit>y in/ance ( a c>nivor\s animal ) a preh5sile tail4 ,,au/ralian ,,quadrup$s4 ,au/ralia is n f>!r sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! _w by geographical position ?an by its productions4 ,its animals are creatures by !mselves1 ( an entirely unusual type2 few 9 species1 & /ill few] individually1 if ! va/ ext5t ( c\ntry be tak5 into consid]ation2 & !re has n be5 "o l>ge animal discov]$4 ,!re are only #ec species ( l& quadrup$s 9 ,new ,holl&1 & !re is n a s+le example ( ! rum9at+ or pa*yd]mat\s animals1 s useful to man1 among !m2 !re are no native horses1 ox51 or %eep1 yet all ^! ?rive & multiply on ! grassy /eppes ( ! c\ntry1 :i* seem to be s well suit$ to !m4 ,!re are none ( ! monkey tribe2 inde$ !y c\ld n exi/ 9 a c\ntry :]e !re is no fruit4 ,( ! species ( indig5\s quadrup$s1 #dj are f\nd n[h]e else1 & #ach are m>supial or p\*$ animals1 di/+ui%$ f all o!rs by _! "y be+1 z x 71 prematurely born & n\ri%$ 9 ! p\* till !y are mature4#ahf ,?\gh all ! memb]s ( ?is num]\s family agree 9 ?is circum/ance1 !y are dissimil> 9 appe>ance1 int]nal /ructure1 9 _! tee? & feet1 consequ5tly 9 _! habits2 two g5]a live on vegetable food1 "o set are gnaw]s & ano!r too?less4 ,! ,kang>oo & ! kang>oo-rat walk on _! h9d legs1 & g by b\nds1 aid$ by _! /rong tail2 ! rat holds its food 9 its h&s l ! squirrel2 ! opossum walks on all f\rs2 ! phalang]s live on trees1 & sw+ by _! bu%y tail1 "s burr[ 9 ! s&2 ! fly+ opossum or ,phalang]1 peculi>ly an ,au/ralian animal1 lives on ! leaves ( ! gum-tree2 by exp&+ ! sk9 ( its sides x supports itself 9 ! air 9 its leaps f b\gh to b\gh4 ,sev]al ( ! g5]a come out at night only1 a *>act]i/ic ( _m ,au/ralian animals4 ,! p\*$ tribe v>y 9 size f t ( a l>ge dog to a m\se2 ! kang>oos1 :i* are ! l>ge/1 are easily dome/icat$1 & are us$ = food by ! natives4 ,"s g 9 l>ge h]ds 9 ! m\nta9s1 o!rs live 9 ! pla9s2 h[ev]1 !y h become sc>ce ne> ! ,briti% colonies1 &1 ) all o!r native animals1 are likely to be extirpat$4 ,9 ,van ,diem5's ,l& !y are less p]secut$2 sev]al species exi/ !re4 ,! kang>oos1 ( :i* !re are #dj species1 are m widely disp]s$ ?an any ( ! m>supial animals ( ! old _w4 ,!y exi/ n only 9 ,new ,holl& & ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 b also 9 ,new ,gu9ea & ,java4 ,"s are limit$ )9 n>r[ b\nds3 ! b&$ kang>oo1 ! h&some/ ( 8 tribe1 is f\nd only 9 ! isl&s ( ,%>k's ,bay1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia4 ,! ,wombat is peculi> to ,au/ralia1 ! isl&s 9 ,bass's ,/rait1 & ,van ,diem5's ,l&2 to :i* ! two l>ge/ c>nivor\s m>supials peculi>ly belong1 call$ by ! natives ! tig] hyna1 & ! native devil2 bo? are nocturnal1 pr$atory1 & f]oci\s4 ,a wild dog 9 ! woods1 ^: habits are f]oci\s1 is1 ) ! tig] hyna1 ! l>ge/ c>nivor\s animal 9 ,au/ralia4 ,! gnaw+ animals are aquatic & v peculi>1 b ! ed5tata ( ,new ,holl& are q anomal\s2 ( ^! !re are two g5]a1 ! ,orni?orhyn*us1 or duck-bill$ mole1 & ! ,e*idna3 !y are ! l9k t connects ! ed5tata ) ! p\*$ tribe1 & mammal ) ovip>\s animals4 ,! orni?orhyn*us is ab\t #ad in*es long1 & cov]$ ) ?ick br[n fur2 its head is simil> to t ( a quadrup$1 end+ 9 a bill l t ( a duck3 x has %ort furry legs ) half-webb$ feet1 & ! h9d feet are arm$ ) %>p claws4 ,x inhabits burr[s on ! banks ( riv]s1 :i* h two entrances1 "o above1 ! o!r bel[ ! level ( ! wat]1 :i* x seldom leaves1 fe$+ on insects & se$s 9 ! mud4 ,! e*idna is simil> 9 its g5]al /ructure to ! orni?orhyn*us1 b entirely diff]5t 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 be+ cov]$ ) quills l ! porcup9e2 x is also a burr[+ animal1 sleeps dur+ w9t]1 & lives on ants 9 summ]4 ,a s+ul> analogy exi/s betwe5 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ?is respect1 t ! liv+ animals ( ! two c\ntries are /amp$ ) ! type ( _! anci5t geological inhabitants1 :ile 9 ,engl& & else:]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! exi/+ & ext9ct g5]ations ( be+s is mo/ decid$4 ,au/ralia & ,s\? ,am]ica seem /ill to reta9 "s ( ^? conditions t 7 peculi> to ! mo/ anci5t eras4 ,?us1 ea* tribe ( ! innum]able families t inhabit ! e>?1 ! air1 & ! wat]s1 has a limit$ sph]e4 ,h[ wond]ful ! quantity ( life t n[ is1 & ! myriads ( be+s t h appe>$ & vani%$6#ahg ,du/ has return$ to du/ ?r\gh a long succession ( ages1 & has be5 cont9ually rem\ld$ into new =ms ( exi/5ce--n an atom has be5 annihilat$2 ! fate ( ! vital sp>k t has animat$ x1 ) a vividness sometimes approa*+ to reason1 is "o ( ! deep my/]ies ( ,provid5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,! ,di/ribution1 ,condition1 & future ,prospects ( ! ,human ,race4 ,,m ?an #hjj1jjj1jjj ( human be+s are scatt]$ ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 ( all nations & k9dr$s & tongues1 & 9 all /ages ( civilization1 f a high /ate ( moral & intellectual culture1 to savages b little above ! animals t cont5d ) !m = ! dom9ion ( ! des]ts & =e/s ?r\gh :i* !y roam4 ,?is va/ multitude is divid$ into nations & tribes1 diff]+ 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 "*1 language1 & religion4 ,! mann] 9 :i* !y are di/ribut$1 ! aff9ities ( /ructure & language by :i* !y are connect$1 & ! effect t climate1 food1 & cu/oms may h _h 9 modify+ _! ext]nal =ms1 or _! moral & m5tal p[]s1 are subjects ( mu* m difficulty ?an ! geographical disp]sion ( ! l[] classes ( animals1 inasmu* z ! immortal _s is ! *ief ag5t 9 all t conc]ns ! human race4 ,! progress ( ! univ]sal m9d 9 pa/ ages1 its pres5t condition1 & ! future prospects ( humanity1 r\se ! deep sympa?ies ( our nature1 = ! high b my/]i\s de/9y ( ! myriads ( be+s yet to come1 :o1 l ourselves1 w be subject = a few brief ye>s to ! joys & sorr[s ( ?is transi5t /ate1 & fell[-heirs ( et]nal life h]eaft]4 ,not)/&+ ! extreme div]sity1 p]sonal & m5tal1 9 mank9d1 anatomi/s h f\nd t !re are no specific diff]5ces--t ! hide\s ,esquimaux1 ! ref9$ & intellectual ,caucasian1 ! ?ick-lipp$ ,negro1 & ! fair blue-ey$ ,scannavian1 are m]e v>ieties ( ! same species4 ,! human race =ms five great v>ieties m>k$ by /rong di/9ctive *>act]s4 ,_m nations are includ$ 9 ea*2 di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by diff]5t languages1 mann]s1 & m5tal qualities1 yet be>+ su* a resemblance 9 g5]al physiognomy & appe>ance z to ju/ify a classification app>5tly anomal\s4 ,! ,caucasian gr\p ( nations1 :i* includes ! h&some/ & mo/ intellectual portion ( mank9d1 inhabit all ,europe1 except ,lapl&1 ,f9l&1 & ,hung>y2 !y occupy ,nor? ,africa1 z f> z ! #bj? p>allel ( nor? latitude1 ,arabia1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,p]sia1 ! ,himalaya to ! ,brahmapootra1 all ,india betwe5 ^! m\nta9s & ! ocean1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^! nations are rem>kable = a beautifully-%ap$ small head1 regul> features1 f9e hair1 & symmetrical =m4 ,! ,greeks1 ,georgians1 & ,circassians are models ( p]fection 9 =m1 especially ! la/1 :i* is assum$ z ! type ( ?is class ( mank9d2 ( :i* x is evid5t t col\r is n a *>act]i/ic1 s9ce !y are ( all %ades1 f ! fair & florid1 to ! cle> d>k br[n & almo/ black4 ,?is family ( nations has always be51 & /ill is1 ! mo/ civiliz$ portion ( ! human race4 ,! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an1 ! ,egyptians1 ,arabians1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 7 9 anci5t times :at ! ,european nations are n[4 ,! cause ( ?is rem>kable developm5t ( m5tal p[] is1 no d\bt1 natural disposition1 = ! diff]5ce 9 ! capabilities ( nations seems to be z great z t ( individuals4 ,! orig9 ( spontane\s civilization & sup]iority may g5]ally be trac$ to ! tal5t ( "s ma/]-_s ga9+ an asc5dancy ov] 8 c\ntrym54 ,natural causes h also comb9$ ) m5tal--mildness ( climate1 f]tility ( soil2 riv]s & inl& seas1 by af=d+ facility ( int]c\rse1 fav\r$ ent]prise & comm]ce2 & ! d\ble-riv] sy/ems 9 ,asia br\ght di/ant nations toge!r1 & s(t5$ ^? ho/ile antipa?ies :i* sep>ate p1 multiply languages1 & r$uce all to b>b>ism4 ,! g5ius ( ?is family ( nations has l$ !m to pr(it by ^! natural advantages2 :]eas ! ,am]ican ,indians are at ?is day w&]+ z b>b>\s hordes 9 "o ( ! f9e/ c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,an orig9al simil>ity or ev5 id5tity ( _m spok5 languages may be adv]t$ to z facilitat+ communication & m5tal improvem5t among ! ,caucasian v>iety 9 v anci5t times4 ,! ,mongol-,t>t> family =ms ! second gr\p ( nations4 ,!y occupy all ,asia nor? ( ! ,p]sian table-l& & ( ! ,himalaya2 ! :ole ( ,ea/]n ,asia f ! ,brahmapootra to ,behr+'s ,/raits1 toge!r ) ! ,arctic regions ( ,am]ica nor? ( ,labrador4 ,?is family includes ! ,t\rkomans1 ,mongol & ,t>t> tribes1 ! ,*9ese1 ,indo-,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ! ,esquimaux1 & ! ,hung>ians1 n[ locat$ 9 ! v he>t ( ,europe4 ,^! nations are di/+ui%$ by broad skulls & high *eek-bones1 small black eyes obliquely set1 long black hair1 & a yell[ or sall[ olive complexion2 "s are good-look+1 & _m are well-made4 ,a portion ( ?is family is capable ( high culture1 especially ! ,*9ese1 ! mo/ civiliz$ nation ( ea/]n ,asia1 al?\gh !y nev] h atta9$ ! excell5ce ( ! ,caucasian gr\p1 probably f _! exclusive social sy/em1 :i* has sep>at$ !m f ! re/ ( mank9d1 & kept !m /ation>y = ages2 ! peculi>ity & difficulty ( _! language h also t5d$ to insulate !m4 ,! ,kalmuks1 :o lead a pa/oral w&]+ life on ! /eppes ( c5tral ,asia1 & ! ,esquimaux1 h wid] doma9s ?an any o!r ( ?is set ( nations4 ,! ,kalmuks are r a h&some p1 &1 l all :o lead a savage life1 h acute s5ses ( see+ & he>+4 ,! inhabitants ( ,f9l& & ,lapl& are ne>ly alli$ to ! ,esquimaux1 :o are spread ov] all ! high latitudes ( bo? cont95ts--a dim9utive race1 equally ugly 9 face & =m4 ,malayan nations occupy ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,*a?am ,isl&1 ! ,society gr\p1 & sev]al o!r ( ! ,polynesian isl&s1 toge!r ) ! ,phillip9es & ,=mosa4 ,!y are v d>k1 ) lank co>se black hair1 flat faces1 & obliquely set eyes4 ,end[$ ) great activity & +5uity1 !y are mild & g5tle1 & f> advanc$ 9 ! arts ( social life1 9 "s places2 9 o!rs1 f]oci\s & v9dictive1 d>+ & pr$atory2 & f _! m>itime position & skill1 !y are a migratory race4 ,sev]al bran*es ( ?is class ( nations _h a v e>ly indig5\s civilization1 ) an orig9al lit]ature 9 peculi> *>act]s ( _! own4 ,! ,e?iopian nations are widely disp]s$2 !y occupy all ,africa s\? ( ! ,great ,des]t1 half ( ,madagasc>1 ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia1 ,m9danao1 ,gilolo1 ! high l&s ( ,borneo1 ,sumbawa1 ,timor1 & ,new ,irel&4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]s ( ?is gr\p are1 a black complexion1 black woolly or frizzl$ hair1 ?ick lips1 project+ jaws1 high *eek-bones1 & l>ge prom95t eyes4 ,a great v>iety1 h[ev]1 exi/s 9 ?is jetty race3 "s are h&some bo? 9 face & figure1 especially 9 ,e?iopia2 & ev5 9 ,we/]n ,africa1 :]e ! ,negro tribes live1 !re are gr\ps 9 :i* ! di/9ctive *>act]s are less exagg]at$4 ,?is great family has n yet atta9$ a high place among nations1 ?\gh by no means incapable ( cultivation2 "p ( ,e?iopia appe>s to h made consid]able progress 9 civilization 9 v anci5t times4 ,b ! =midable des]ts1 s ext5sive 9 "s p>ts ( ! cont95t1 & ! un:olesome climate 9 o!rs1 h cut (f int]c\rse ) civiliz$ nations2 &1 un=tunately1 ! infam\s traffic 9 slaves1 to ! disgrace ( ,*ri/ianity1 has made ! nations ( tropical ,africa m b>b>\s ?an !y 7 be=e3 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! ,f\lahs & o!r tribes :o 7 conv]ts to ,mahomm$anism #djj ye>s ago1 h n[ l>ge comm]cial t[ns1 cultivat$ gr\nds1 & s*ools4 ,! ,au/ralians & ,papuans1 :o inhabit ! ea/]n isl&s m5tion$1 are ! mo/ degrad$ ( ?is d>k race1 & inde$ ( all mank9d4 ,! ,am]ican race1 :o occupy ! :ole ( t cont95t f #fb ,n4 lat4 to ! ,/raits ( ,magellan1 are almo/ all ( a r$di% br[n or copp] col\r1 ) long black hair1 deep-set black eyes1 aquil9e nose1 & (t5 ( h&some sl5d] =ms4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica !y live by hunt+1 are av]se to agriculture1 sl[ 9 acquir+ k1 b extremely acute1 brave1 & fond ( w>1 &1 ?\gh rev5geful1 are capable ( g5]osity & gratitude4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica _m are half-civiliz$1 b a great] numb] are /ill 9 a /ate ( utt] b>b>ism4 ,9 a family s widely scatt]$ great div]sity ( "* prevails1 yet ?r\gh\t ! :ole !re is a simil>ity ( mann]s & habits :i* has resi/$ all ! effects ( "t & climate4 ,ea* ( ^! five gr\ps ( nations1 spread ov] va/ regions1 is acc\nt$ "o family2 & if !y are s by physical /ructure1 !y are /ill m s by language1 :i* expresses ! univ]sal m9d ( a p1 modifi$ by ext]nal circum/ances1 ( :i* none h a great] influ5ce ?an ! geographical features ( ! c\ntry !y inhabit--an influ5ce t is deepe/ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society4 ,! remnants ( anci5t poetry 9 ! s\? ( ,scotl& p>take ( ! g5tle & pa/oral "* ( ! c\ntry2 :ile ,celtic v]se1 & ev5 ! spok5 language ( ! ,highl&]1 are full ( poetical images ( w> & /]n m\nta9 sc5]y4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$ 9 ! noble /ra9s ( ,hom]1 & 9 ! h]oic poems ( ! e>ly ,h9dus1 :i* reflect ! l(ty & sublime "* ( ea/]n sc5]y4#ahh ,z civilization advances1 & man becomes m intellectual1 language keeps pace 9 ! progress4 ,new words & new expressions are add$1 z new ideas occur & new ?+s are inv5t$1 till at la/ language itself becomes a /udy1 is ref9$ & p]fect$ by ! introduction ( g5]al t]ms4 ,! improvem5t 9 language & ! developm5t ( ! m9d h be5 ! same 9 all nations :i* h arriv$ at any degree ( ref9em5t1 & %[s ! id5tity ( human nature 9 e c\ntry & climate4 ,! art ( pr9t+ p]petuates a tongue1 & great au?ors immortalize x2 yet language is ev] *ang+ to a c]ta9 degree1 ?\gh x nev] loses traces ( its orig94 ,*auc] & ,sp5s] h become obscure2 ,%akespe>e requires a gloss>y = ! mod]n read]2 & 9 ! few ye>s t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica h exi/$ z an indep5d5t nation1 ! colloquial language has deviat$ f ! "m-tongue4 ,:5 a nation deg5]ates1 x is split by jeal\sy & w> into tribes1 ea* ( :i*1 9 process ( "t1 acquires a peculi> idiom1 & ?us ! numb] ( dialects is increas$1 ?\gh !y /ill reta9 a simil>ity2 :]eas :5 masses ( mank9d are unit$ into great political bodies1 _! languages by degrees assimilate to "o common tongue1 :i* reta9s traces ( all to ! late/ ages4 ,! =m ( ! dialects n[ spok5 by "s savage tribes1 z ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 be>s ! m>ks ( a once high] /ate ( civilization4 ,m ?an #bjjj languages are spok51 b few are indep5d5t2 "s are connect$ by words hav+ ! same mean+1 "s by grammatical /ructure1 o!rs by bo?2 inde$ ! p]man5cy ( language is s great1 t nei!r ages ( conque/1 nor mix+ ) o!r nations1 h oblit]at$ ! native idiom ( a p4 ,! ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,g]man reta9 traces ( ! common language spok5 be=e ! ,roman conque/1 & ! ,celtic tongue /ill exi/s 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,by a comp>ison ( _! dialects1 nations f> ap>t1 & diff]+ 9 e o!r respect1 are discov]$ to h sprung f a common1 ?\gh remote orig94 ,?us1 all ! num]\s languages spok5 by ! ,am]ican ,indians1 or r$ m51 are simil> 9 grammatical /ructure3 an intimate analogy exi/s 9 ! languages ( ! ,esquimaux nations :o inhabit ! arctic regions ( bo? cont95ts4 ,dialects ( "o tongue are spok5 ?r\gh\t ,nor? ,africa1 z f> s\? z ! oasis ( ,siwah on ! ea/1 & ! ,can>y ,isl&s on ! we/4 ,ano!r gr\p ( cognate idioms is common to ! inhabitants ( ,equatorial ,africa1 :ile all ! s\!rn "p ( ! cont95t is inhabit$ by p ^: languages are connect$4 ,! monosyllabic spee* ( ! ,*9ese & ,indo-,*9ese %[s t !y are ! same p2 & all ! insul> nations ( ! ,pacific d]iv$ _! dialects f "s tribes on ! cont95t ( ,india & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,cognate tongues are spok5 by ! ,t>t>s1 ,m&t*\x1 ,f9s1 ,lapl&]s1 _m ( ! ,sib]ian nations1 & by ! ,hung>ians4 ,! ,p]sian1 ,arabic1 ,greek1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 & ,celtic tongues are connect$ by grammatical /ructure1 & words expressive ( ! same objects & feel+s1 ) ! ,sanscrit1 or sacr$ language ( ,india2 consequ5tly1 ! nations inhabit+ t va/ ext5t ( c\ntry f ! m\?s ( ! ,ganges to ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! coa/ ( ,sc&9avia & ,icel&1 mu/ h _h ! same orig94 8,! words t fall ?\ghtlessly f our lips 9 ! daily vocations ( life are no idle s\nds1 b magic symbols :i* pres]ve = ev] ! fir/ migrations ( ! race1 & ^: antiquity makes ,greece & ,rome appe> b ( ye/]day40 ,! numb] ( languages spok5 f ! ,ganges to ,sc&9avia1 diff]+ s widely f "o ano!r1 is a pro( ( ! /r5g? ( individual "* 9 nations1 :i* c s p[]fully impress its peculi>ities on ! same "m tongue4 ,9 fact e nation1 z well z e individual1 has its own physical1 moral1 & intellectual organization1 :i* influ5ces its language & its :ole exi/5ce4 ,9 ! ,indo-,g]manic nations1 :i* h be5 dom9ant = ages1 civilization has be5 progressive1 ?\gh n )\t int]ruptions4 ,provid5ce has end[$ ^! nations ) ! ri*e/ & mo/ ornam5tal gifts4 ,imag9ation has be5 lib]ally grant$1 & embodi$ 9 all t is sublime & beautiful 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 pa9t+1 & poetry4 ,9 /r5g? ( intellect & speculation1 9 philosophy1 sci5ce1 laws1 & ! political pr9ciples ( society1 !y h be5 pre-em95t4 ,! prevail+ races ( mank9d n[ inhabit+ ,europe are ! ,teutonic1 ,celtic1 & ,sclavonian4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! cont95t ^! races are mix$1 b ! blood is purely ,teutonic ?r\gh\t ,icel&1 ,sc&9avia1 r\nd ! ,gulf ( ,bo?nia1 9 ,d5m>k1 ,g]many1 & ! ea/ ( ,engl& f ,portsm\? to ! ,tyne4 ,pure ,celtic blood is conf9$ to ! ,basque ,prov9ces 9 ,spa91 ! s\? & s\?-we/ ( ,france1 a "p ( ! ,grisons & ,switz]l&1 & "s "p ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,sclavonian blood is widely disp]s$ 9 middle ,russia1 f ! ,ural ,m\nta9s to ! we/ ( ! ,valdai table-l&1 & f ,novogorod to ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,don4 ,! ?ree races h be5 mu* improv$ by mixture1 9 appe>ance1 en]gy1 & v]satility ( m9d4 ,x is extraord9>y t nations %\ld lose _! vitality )\t any app>5t cause2 ?r\gh\t ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago !re is no long] any "o great ,malayan nation1 9 ,europe pure ,celtic blood has be5 on ! decl9e = tw5ty c5turies1 & ev5 ! mix$ ,celtic v>iety has n increas$ 9 proportion to ! ,teutonic1 al?\gh = #bjjj ye>s !y h be5 expos$ to ! same ext]nal circum/ances4 ,at pres5t ! ,teutonic race1 includ+ ! inhabitants ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ! ,briti% colonies1 consid]ably outnumb] ! ,celtic1 ?\gh its numb]s 7 f> inf]ior 9 anci5t times4 ,! ,teutonic v>iety has subdu$ & ev5 ext]m9at$ ! o!r v>ieties 9 its progress t[>ds ! we/2 x is und\bt$ly ! mo/ vigor\s1 bo? 9 body & m9d1 ( all mank9d1 & seems de/9$ to conqu] & civilize ! :ole _w4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 :atev] ! cause may be1 t ! ,celts are inv>iably ,ca?olic1 :ile ! ,teutonic population is incl9$ to ,prote/antism4 ,v>i\s o!r races inhabit ,europe1 mu* inf]ior 9 numb]s to ^? above m5tion$1 ?\gh occasionally mix$ ) !m1 z ! ,turks1 ,f9s1 ! ,samoj$es1 :o live on ! %ores ( ! ,:ite ,sea & 9 ! nor?-ea/ ( ,russia1 & ! ,hung>ians1 ! high] class ( :i* are a f9e race ( m51 & on a p> ) ! mo/ civiliz$ ( ! ,european nations4 ,!re are _m mix$ ,t>t> tribes1 *iefly 9 ! s\? & ea/ ( ! ,russian t]ritories2 also ,jews & ,gipsies1 :o live among all nations1 yet mix ) none4#ahi ,! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 are ( ,celtic & ,teutonic orig94 ,! ,celtic blood is pure/ 9 ,cornwall & ! ,scilly ,isl&s1 9 ,wales1 & ! ,isle ( ,man3 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl& & ! ,hebrides x is m mix$ ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 z pla9ly appe>s f ! frequ5cy ( r$ hair & blue eyes4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ,irel& !re is pure ,celtic blood1 b ?r\gh\t ! great] "p ( t c\ntry x is mix$1 al?\gh ! ,celtic "* pr$om9ates2 b 9 ,ul/]1 :]e ! e>lie/ colony settl$1 ! blood is purely ,teutonic4 ,9 ,irel& ! diff]5ce 9 ! organization ( ! two races is /rongly m>k$3 plac$ "u ! same circum/ances1 ! ,teutonic "p ( ! population has prosp]$1 :i*1 un=tunately1 has n be5 ! case ) ! ,celtic4#aij ,! dialects spok5 9 ! ,celtic di/ricts are closely alli$ to ! ,semitic languages ( ,asia1 & to "o ano!r4 ,! ,corni% is worn out1 ! ,manx is ne>ly s1 & ! ,gaelic is decl9+ fa/ 9 ! highl&s ( ,scotl&4 ,! ,roman invasion _h no effect on ! ,anglo-,saxon or old ,engli%1 a language ( ,teutonic orig91 b ! ,normans 9 anci5t times _h alt]$ x consid]ably1 & 9 mod]n times ! ,engli% tongue has un=tunately be5 corrupt$ by ! introduction ( ,fr5*1 ,lat91 & ,lat9iz$ words4 ,scot* spok5 ?r\gh\t ! ,l[l&s ( ,scotl& is a language indep5d5t ( ! ,engli%1 ?\gh ( ! same /ock2 x is d]iv$ f ! l[ ,g]man1 ! ,frisian1 ,dut*1 & ,flemi%1 & diff]s widely f ! ,anglo-,saxon4 ,no circum/ance 9 ! natural _w is m inexplicable ?an ! div]sity ( =m & col\r 9 ! human race4 ,x _h already begun 9 ! ant$iluvian _w1 = 8!re 7 giants 9 ! l& 9 ^? days40 ,no direct m5tion is made ( col\r at t "t1 unless ! m>k set ^u ,ca91 8le/ any "o f9d+ him %\ld kill him10 may allude to x4 ,p]haps1 also1 x may be inf]r$ t black p dwelt 9 ,e?iopia1 or ! l& ( ,cu%1 :i* means black 9 ! ,hebrew language4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! diff]5ce n[ exi/+ mu/ h aris5 aft] ! flood1 consequ5tly all mu/ h orig9at$ ) ,noah1 ^: wife1 or ! wives ( 8 sons1 may h be5 ( diff]5t col\rs1 = aught we "k4 ,_m in/ances h occurr$ 9 mod]n times1 ( alb9os & r$-hair$ *ildr5 hav+ be5 born ( black p>5ts1 & ^! h transmitt$ _! peculi>ities to _! desc5dants = sev]al g5]ations1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r pure-blood$ :ite p h _h p]fectly black (fspr+4 ,! v>ieties are mu* m likely to h aris5 f ! effects ( climate1 food1 cu/oms1 & civilization ^u migratory gr\ps ( mank9d2 & ( su*1 a few in/ances h occurr$ 9 hi/orical times1 limit$1 h[ev]1 to small numb]s & p>ticul> spots2 b ! great mass ( nations _h receiv$ _! di/9ctive *>act]s at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! p]man5cy ( type is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances1 & proves ! l5g? ( "t necess>y to produce a *ange 9 national /ructure & col\r4 ,a nation ( ,e?iopians exi/$ #cdej ye>s ago1 :i* emigrat$ f a remote c\ntry & settl$ ne> ,egypt1 & !re mu/ h be5 black p be=e ! age ( ,solomon1 o!rwise he w\ld n h allud$ to col\r1 ev5 poetically4 ,! national appe>ance ( ! ,e?iopians1 ,p]sians1 & ,jews1 has n v>i$ = m ?an #cjjj ye>s1 z appe>s f ! anci5t ,egyptian pa9t+s 9 ! tomb ( ,rhameses ! ,great1 discov]$ at ,!bes by ,belzoni1 9 :i* ! c\nt5ance ( ! mod]n ,e?iopian & ,p]sian c be readily recogniz$1 & ! ,jewi% features & col\r are id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,israelites daily met ) 9 ,london4 ,civilization is suppos$ to h great influ5ce on col\r1 hav+ a t5d5cy to make ! d>k %ade m g5]al1 & x appe>s t1 9 ! cross+ ( two %ades1 ! (fspr+ takes ! complexion ( ! d>k] & ! =m ( ! fair]4 ,b z !re is no in/ance ( a new v>iety ( mank9d hav+ be5 e/abli%$ z a nation s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 !re mu/ ei!r h be5 a great] en]gy 9 ! causes ( *ange be=e t "t1 or1 brief z ! span ( man on e>? has be51 a wrong e/imate ( "t antec$5t to ! ,*ri/ian p]iod mu/ h made x %ort]4#aia ,d>kness ( complexion has be5 attribut$ to ! sun's p[] f ! age ( ,solomon to ?is day--8,look n ^u me1 because ,i am black1 because ! sun ha? look$ ^u me20 & !re c be no d\bt t1 to a c]ta9 degree1 ! op9ion is well f\nd$4 ,! invisible rays 9 ! sol> beams1 :i* *ange vegetable col\rs1 & h be5 employ$ ) su* rem>kable effect 9 ! ,dagu]reotype1 act ^u e sub/ance on :i* !y fall1 produc+ my/]i\s & wond]ful *anges 9 _! molecul> /ate--man n except$4#aib ,o!r causes mu/ h be5 comb9$ to occasion all ! v>ieties we n[ see1 o!rwise e nation betwe5 ! tropics w\ld be ( ! same hue1 :]eas ! sooty ,negro inhabits equatorial ,africa1 ! ,r$ man equ9octial ,am]ica1 & bo? are mix$ ) fair] tribes4 ,9 ,asia1 ! ,rohillas1 a fair race ( ,affghan extraction1 inhabit ! pla9s nor? ( ! ,ganges3 ! ,b5galee & ! m\nta9e]s ( ,nepaul are d>k1 & ! ,mahrattas are yell[4 ,! complexion ( man v>ies ) height & latitude2 "s ( ! inhabitants ( ! ,himalaya & ,h9doo ,koo% are fair1 & ev5 a r$-hair$ race is f\nd on ! latt]4 ,!re are fair-hair$ p ) blue eyes 9 ! ,ruddhua m\nta9s 9 ,africa4 ,! ,kabyles1 t inhabit ! c\ntry beh9d ,tunis & ,algi]s1 are simil> 9 complexion to ! nations 9 high nor!rn latitudes4 ,?is correspond5ce1 h[ev]1 only ma9ta9s ) reg>d to ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 = x is a well-kn[n fact t ! v>ieties ( ! num]\s species 9 ! great s\!rn cont95ts are mu* m simil> 9 physical *>act]s to ! native races ( ! torrid zone1 ?an any ( ! aborig9al p ( ! nor!rn regions4 ,ev5 suppos+ t div]sity ( col\r is ow+ to ! sun's rays only1 x is sc>cely possible to attribute ! ?ick lips1 ! woolly hair1 & ! entire diff]5ce ( =m1 ext5d+ ev5 to ! v bones & skull1 to any?+ b a concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 n omitt+ ! invisible influ5ce ( electricity1 :i* p]vades e "p ( ! e>? & air--& possibly t]re/rial magnetism4 ,! flexibility ( man's con/itution enables him to live 9 e climate1 f ! equator to ! ev]-froz5 coa/s ( ,nova ,zembla & ,spitzb]g51 & t *iefly by 8 capability ( be>+ ! mo/ extreme *anges ( temp]ature & diet1 :i* are probably ! pr9cipal causes ( ! v>iety 9 8 =m4 ,x has already be5 m5tion$ t oxyg5 is inhal$ ) ! atmosph]ic air1 & also tak5 9 by ! pores on ! sk92 "p ( x comb9es *emically ) ! c>bon ( ! food1 & is expir$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid gas & wat]2 t *emical action is ! cause ( vital =ce & heat 9 man & animals4 ,! quantity ( food mu/ be 9 exact proportion to ! quantity ( oxyg5 inhal$1 o!rwise disease & loss ( /r5g? w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 ,s9ce cold air is incessantly c>ry+ (f w>m? f ! sk91 m ex]cise is requisite 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 9 cold climates ?an 9 w>m2 consequ5tly1 m c>bon is necess>y 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt]1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! *emical action t g5]ates heat1 & to w>d (f ! de/ructive effects ( ! oxyg51 :i* incessantly /rives to consume ! body4 ,animal food1 w9e1 & spirits1 conta9 _m times m c>bon ?an fruit & vegetables1 !re=e animal food is mu* m necess>y 9 a cold ?an 9 a hot climate4 ,! esquimaux1 :o lives by ! *ace1 & eats #aj or #ab p\nds weight ( meat & fat 9 #bd h\rs1 f9ds x n m ?an en\gh to keep up 8 /r5g? & animal heat1 :ile ! indol5t inhabitant ( ,b5gal is suffici5tly suppli$ ) bo? by 8 rice diet4 ,clo?+ & w>m? make ! necessity = ex]cise & food mu* less1 by dim9i%+ ! wa/e ( animal heat4 ,hung] & cold unit$ soon consume ! body1 because x loses its p[] ( resi/+ ! action ( ! oxyg51 :i* consumes "p ( our sub/ance1 :5 food is want+4 ,h5ce1 nations inhabit+ w>m climates h no great m]it 9 be+ ab/emi\s1 nor are ^? guilty ( committ+ an excess :o live m freely 9 cold] c\ntries4 ,! arrangem5t ( ,div9e ,wisdom is to be admir$ 9 ?is z 9 all o!r ?+s1 =1 if man _h only be5 capable ( liv+ on vegetable food1 he nev] c\ld h _h a p]man5t resid5ce beyond ! latitude :]e corn rip5s4 ,! ,esquimaux1 & all ! inhabitants ( ! v high latitudes ( bo? cont95ts1 live entirely on fi% & animal food4 ,:at effects ! diff]5ce ( food may h ^u ! intellect is n kn[n4 ,a nation or tribe driv5 by w>1 or any o!r cause1 f a w>m to a cold c\ntry1 or ! contr>y1 w\ld be =c$ to *ange _! food bo? 9 quality & quantity1 :i* 9 ! lapse ( ages might produce an alt]ation 9 ! ext]nal =m & int]nal /ructure4 ,! probability is /ill great]1 if ! entire *ange t a few ye>s produces 9 ! matt] ( :i* ! human frame is compos$ be consid]$4 ,at e in/ant dur+ life1 ) e motion1 volunt>y & involunt>y1 ) e ?\ght & e ex]cise ( ! bra91 a portion ( our sub/ance becomes dead1 sep>ates f ! liv+ "p1 comb9es ) "s ( ! inhal$ oxyg51 & is remov$4 ,by ?is process x is suppos$ t ! :ole body is r5ew$ e #g ye>s2 individuality1 !re=e1 dep5ds on ! _s1 :i* reta9s its id5tity dur+ all ! *anges ( its e>?ly h\se1 & sometimes ev5 acts indep5d5tly ( x4 ,:5 sleep is re/or+ exhau/$ nature1 ! _s is (t5 awake & active1 cr[d+ ! ev5ts ( ye>s into a few seconds1 &1 by its unconsci\sness ( "t1 anticipates et]nity4 ,e *ange ( food1 climate1 & m5tal excitem5t1 mu/ h _! influ5ce on ! reproduction ( ! mortal frame2 & ?us a ?\s& causes may co-op]ate to alt] :ole races ( mank9d plac$ "u new circum/ances1 "t be+ grant$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! effects ( manual lab\r & ! ef=ts ( ! bra9 appe>s 9 ! intellectual c\nt5ance ( ! educat$ man1 comp>$ ) t ( ! peasant1 ?\gh ev5 he is occasionally /amp$ ) nature's own nobility4 ,! mo/ savage p are also ! uglie/4 ,_! c\nt5ance is de=m$ by viol5t unsubdu$ passions1 anxiety1 & suff]+4 ,deep s5sibility gives a beautiful & v>i$ expression1 b e /rong emotion is unfav\rable to p]fect regul>ity ( feature2 & ( t ! ,greeks 7 well aw>e :5 !y gave t calmness ( expression & repose to _! unrivall$ /atues4 ,! ref9+ effects ( high culture1 &1 above all1 ! ,*ri/ian religion1 by subdu+ ! evil passions1 & enc\rag+ ! good1 are m ?an any?+ calculat$ to improve ev5 ! ext]nal appe>ance4 ,! c\nt5ance1 ?\gh p]haps ( less regul> =m1 becomes expressive ( ! amiable & b5evol5t feel+s ( ! he>t1 ! mo/ captivat+ & la/+ ( all beauty4#aic ,?us1 an inf9ite assemblage ( causes may be assign$ z hav+ produc$ ! endless v>ieties 9 ! human race2 b ! fact rema9s an inscrutable my/]y4 ,b amid/ all ! physical vicissitudes man has und]gone1 ! species rema9s p]man5t2 & let ^? :o ?9k t ! diff]5ce 9 ! species ( animals & vegetables arises f div]sity ( conditions1 consid]1 t no circum/ances :atev] c degrade ! =m ( man to t ( ! monkey--or elevate ! monkey to ! =m ( man4 ,animals & vegetables1 be+ ! s\rces ( man's su/5ance1 h _h ! *ief influ5ce on 8 de/9y & location1 & h induc$ him to settle 9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w :]e he c\ld procure !m 9 greate/ abundance4 ,:]ev] ! *ace or ! spontane\s productions ( ! e>? supply him ) food1 he is completely savage1 & only a degree fur!r advanc$ :]e he plants ! palm & ! banana2 :]e gra9 is ! pr9cipal food1 indu/ry & intellig5ce are mo/ p]fectly develop$1 z 9 ! temp]ate zone4 ,on t acc\nt ! c5tres ( civilization h g5]ally be5 det]m9$1 n by a hot1 b by a g5ial climate1 f]tile soil1 by ! vic9ity ( ! sea-coa/ or great riv]s1 af=d+ ! means ( fi%+ & transport1 :i* la/ has be5 "o ( ! *ief causes ( ! sup]iority ( ,europe & ,s\!rn ,asia4 ,! m9]al treasures ( ! e>? h be5 ! means ( assembl+ great masses ( m5 9 ,sib]ia & ! table-l& ( ! ,&es1 & h giv5 rise to _m great cities1 bo? 9 ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w4 ,nations inhabit+ elevat$ table-l&s & high ung5ial latitudes h be5 driv5 !re by w>1 or oblig$ to w&] f c\ntries :]e ! population exce$$ ! means ( liv+--a cause ( migration to :i* bo? language & tradition be> te/imony4 ,! belief 9 a future /ate1 s univ]sal1 %[n by respect = ! dead1 has no d\bt be5 transmitt$ f nation to nation4 ,! ,am]ican ,indians1 driv5 f _! hunt+-gr\nds1 /ill make pilgrimages to ! tombs ( _! fa!rs2 & ^! tribes alone1 ( all unciviliz$ mank9d1 wor%ip ! ,great ,_s z ! invisible ,god & ,fa!r ( all--a degree ( ab/ract ref9em5t :i* c\ld h>dly h sprung up spontane\sly among a rude p1 & :i* mu/ h be5 transmitt$ f races :o held ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,x is probable t ,am]ica _h be5 peopl$ f ,asia be=e ! sep>ation ( ! cont95ts by ,behr+'s ,/raits1 & !re is reason to believe t ! location ( v>i\s races ( mank9d1 n[ insulat$1 may h tak5 place be=e ! sep>ation ( ! l&s by m$it]ranean seas2 :il/ o!rs1 previ\sly insulat$1 may be n[ unit$ by ! dry+ up ( inl& seas1 z ^? :i* cov]$ ! ,sah>a des]t1 & ! great holl[ r\nd ! ,caspian ,sea1 ( :i* x & ! ,black ,sea are probably ! remnants4 ,m4 ,b\ has obs]v$ t m\nta9 *a9s runn+ ne>ly ea/ & we/ e/abli% mu* m /rik+ diff]5ces among nations ?an ^? :i* ext5d f nor? to s\?--a circum/ance confirm$ by obs]vation ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! ,sc&9avian ,alps h n prev5t$ ! c\ntries on bo? sides f be+ occupi$ by p ( a common desc5t2 :ile ! feeble b>ri] ( ! ,*eviot ,hills1 betwe5 ,engl& & ,scotl&1 & ! mod]ate elevation ( ! ,highl& m\nta9s1 h prev5t$ ! amalgamation ( ! ,anglo-,saxons & ! ,celts1 ev5 9 a p]iod ( high civilization4 ,! ,franks & ,belgians are di/9ct1 ?\gh sep>at$ by hills ( /ill less elevation4 ,= ! same reason ! ,spani>ds & ,italians diff] f> m f _! neighb\rs on ! o!r side ( ! ea/]n & we/]n *a9s1 ?an ! ,spani>ds d f ! ,portuguese1 or ! ,pi$montese f ! ,prov5als4 ,a simil> di/9ction prevails ?r\gh\t ,asia2 & 9 ,am]ica1 :]e all ! pr9cipal *a9s run nor? & s\?1 !re is b "o copp]-col\r$ race ?r\gh\t ! cont95t1 :i* /ret*es ov] m climates ?an ,europe & ,africa1 or ev5 ?an ,asia & ,au/ralia1 unit$4 ,x is along *a9s runn+ nor? & s\? t ! fusion ( languages takes place1 & n along ^? ( an ea/]ly & we/]ly direction4 ,f ,pol&1 = in/ance1 !re are int]m$iate ins5sible gradations ?r\gh ,g]many into ,france2 :ile 9 cross+ f a ,g]man di/rict ( ! ,alps to ! valleys ( ,italy1 diff]5t tribes & diff]5t languages are sep>at$ by a s+le m\nta94 ,ev5 w>s & conque/ h ev] be5 m easy 9 "o direction ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! fauna & flora on ! two sides ( ! great table-l& & m\nta9s ( ,asia is a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! influ5ce :i* high l&s runn+ ea/ & we/ h on natural productions1 & ?us1 bo? directly & indirectly1 !y affect ! di/ribution ( mank9d4 ,! circum/ances :i* ?us det]m9e ! location ( nations1 & ! fusion or sep>ation ( _! languages1 mu/1 conjo9tly ) moral causes1 op]ate p[]fully on _! "*4 ,! m9ds ( mank9d1 z well z _! fate1 are influ5c$ by ! soil on :i* !y are born & br$4 ,! natives ( elevat$ c\ntries are atta*$ to _! m\nta9s2 ! ,dut* are z mu* atta*$ to _! mead[s & canals2 & ! savage1 acqua9t$ only ) ! discom=ts ( life1 is unhappy :5 br\ght among civiliz$ man4 ,e>ly associations nev] entirely leave u1 h[ev] mu* our position 9 life may alt]1 & /rong atta*m5ts are =m$ to places :i* g5]ate 9 u habits diff]+ f ^? ( o!r c\ntries4 ,! ,baltic & ,m$it]ranean ,seas h _h no inconsid]able %>e 9 civiliz+ ,europe2 "o comb9$ ) a cold & gloomy climate1 ! o!r ) a w>m & gl[+ sky1 h develop$ dissimil> *>act]s 9 ! temp]am5t & habits ( ! surr\nd+ nations1 orig9ally dissimil> 9 race4 ,! *>ms ( climate1 & ! ease ) :i* ! necess>ies ( life are procur$1 7 fav\rable to ! developm5t ( imag9ation 9 ! m s\!rn nations1 & to an indol5t enjoym5t ( _! advantages4 ,9 ! nor?1 on ! contr>y1 ! task impos$ ^u man 0 h>d]1 & p]haps m fav\rable to /r5g? ( "*4 ,! ,dut* owe _! indu/ry & p]sev]ance to _! unceas+ /ruggle aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ocean2 ! ,briti% are indebt$ to _! insul> position = _! m>itime disposition1 & to ! smallness ( _! c\ntry & ! ri*ness ( _! m9es1 = _! manufactur+ & coloniz+ habits2 ! milit>y prop5sities ( ! ,fr5*1 to ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ _! indep5d5ce among ! surr\nd+ nations1 z well z to ambition & ! love ( fame4 ,?us1 ext]nal circum/ances mat]ially modify ! "* ( nations1 b ! orig9al prop5sities ( race are nev] eradicat$1 & !y are n[h]e m prom95t ?an 9 ! progress ( ! social /ate 9 ,france & ,engl&4 ,! vivacity & speculative disposition ( ! ,celt appe> 9 ! rapid & viol5t *anges ( gov]nm5t & 9 ! succession ( !oretical exp]im5ts 9 ,france2 :ile 9 ,brita9 ! delib]ate sl[ness1 prud5ce1 & accurate p]ceptions ( ! ,teuton are manife/ 9 ! gradual improvem5t & /ead9ess ( _! political arrangem5ts4 8,! preval5t political s5tim5t ( ,great ,brita9 is und\bt$ly cons]vative1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 ) a p[]ful "u-curr5t ( democratic t5d5cies4 ,?is gives great p[] & /r5g? to ! political & social body ( ?is c\ntry1 & makes revolutions by physical =ce almo/ impossible4 ,x c be said1 )\t assumption or pret5sion1 t ! body politic ( ,brita9 is 9 a s\nd] /ate ( heal? ?an any o!r 9 ,europe2 & t ^? "k v little ( ?is c\ntry1 :o1 l$ away by :at !y see 9 ,france1 always dream ( viol5t & revolution>y *anges 9 ! con/itution4 ,great ,brita9 is ! only c\ntry 9 ,europe :i* has _h ! good =tune to h all h] in/itutions work$ out & fram$ by h] 9 a /rictly organic mann]--t is1 9 accordance ) organic wants1 :i* require diff]5t conditions at diff]5t & successive /ages ( national developm5t--& n by !oretical exp]im5ts1 z 9 _m o!r c\ntries :i* are /ill 9 a /ate ( excitem5t consequ5t ^u ^! exp]im5ts4 ,! social "* ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 besides ! features :i* !y h 9 common ) o!r nations ( ,teutonic orig91 is1 on ! :ole1 dome/ic1 res]v$1 ari/ocratic1 & exclusive40#aid ,9 speculat+ ^u ! effects ( ext]nal circum/ances1 & on ! orig9al dispositions ( ! diff]5t races ( mank9d1 ! /ation>y & un*ang$ condition is a curi\s ph5om5on 9 ! hi/ory ( nations4 ,! inhabitants ( ,h9do/an h n advanc$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod2 nei!r h ! ,*9ese4 ,! ,p]uvians & ,mexicans _h arriv$ at a consid]able degree ( civilization1 at :i* !y became /ation>y1 nev] hav+ avail$ !mselves ( _! f9e c\ntry & noble riv]s2 & _! conqu]ors1 ! ,spani>ds1 deg5]at$ into ! same apa?y ) ! conqu]$4 ,! unacc\ntable gipsies h = ages ma9ta9$ _! peculi>ities 9 all c\ntries2 s h ! ,jews & ,arm5ians1 :o by ! p]sev]ance ) :i* !y h adh]$ to _! language & in/itutions1 h resi/$ ! influ5ce ( physical impressions4 ,! influ5ce ( ext]nal circum/ances on man is n great] ?an 8 influ5ce on ! mat]ial _w4 ,he _c create p[]1 x is true1 b he dext]\sly avails himself ( ! p[]s ( nature to subdue nature4 ,air1 fire1 wat]1 /eam1 gravitation1 8 own muscul> /r5g?1 & t ( animals r5d]$ ob$i5t to 8 w1 are ! in/rum5ts by :i* he has conv]t$ ! des]t into a g>d51 dra9$ m>%es1 cut canals1 made roads1 turns ! c\rse ( riv]s1 cle>$ away =e/s 9 "o c\ntry1 & plant$ !m 9 ano!r4 ,by ^! op]ations he has alt]$ ! climate1 *ang$ ! c\rse ( local w9ds1 increas$ or dim9i%$ ! quantity ( ra91 & s(t5$ ! rig\r ( ! seasons4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/rabo1 ! cold 9 ,france 0 s int5se1 t x 0 ?\ght impossible to rip5 grapes nor? ( ! ,cev5nes3 ! ,rh9e & ! ,danube 7 e w9t] cov]$ ) ice ?ick en\gh to be> any weight4 ,man's influ5ce on vegetation has be5 imm5se1 b ! mo/ important *anges _h be5 effect$ 9 ! ant$iluvian ages ( ! _w4 ,ca9 0 a till] ( ! gr\nd4 ,! olive1 ! v9e1 & ! fig-tree h be5 cultivat$ "t immemorial3 :eat1 rice1 & b>ley1 h be5 s long 9 an artificial /ate1 t _! orig9 is unkn[n2 ev5 maize1 :i* is a ,mexican plant1 0 9 use among ! ,am]ican tribes be=e ! ,spani% conque/2 & tobacco 0 already us$ by !m to allay ! pangs ( hung]1 to :i* ^? :o dep5d ^u ! *ace = food mu/ be expos$4 ,mo/ ( ! ord9>y cul9>y vegetables h be5 kn[n = ages1 & x is rem>kable t 9 ^! days1 :5 our g>d5s are adorn$ ) innum]able native plants 9 a cultivat$ /ate1 few new gra9s1 vegetables1 or fruits h be5 reclaim$2 ! old h be5 produc$ 9 inf9ite v>iety1 & _m br\ght f =eign c\ntries3 yet !re mu/ exi/ _m plants capable ( cultivation1 z unpromis+ 9 _! wild /ate z ! turnip or c>rot4 ,"s families ( plants are m susceptible ( improvem5t ?an o!rs1 &1 l man himself1 c be> almo/ any climate4 ,"o k9d ( :eat gr[s to #fb ,n4 latitude2 rye & b>ley are h>di]1 & succe$ /ill f>!r nor?2 & few c\ntries are absolutely )\t grass4 ,! cruci=m tribe ab\nds 9 useful plants1 inde$ t family1 toge!r ) ! solanum1 ! papilionace\s & umbellif]\s tribes1 furni% mo/ ( our vegetables4 ,_m plants1 l animals1 are ( "o col\r only 9 _! wild /ate1 & _! blossoms are s+le4 ,art has introduc$ ! v>iety we n[ see 9 ! same species1 &1 by *ang+ ! an!rs ( ! wild fl[]s into petals1 has produc$ d\ble blossoms3 by art1 too1 _m plants1 natives ( w>m c\ntries1 h be5 naturaliz$ 9 cold] climates4 ,few useful plants h beautiful blossoms--b if utility 7 ! only object1 ( :at pleasure %\ld we be depriv$6 ,ref9em5t is n want+ 9 ! inmates ( a cottage cov]$ ) roses & honeysuckle2 & ! little g>d5 cultivat$ amid/ a life ( toil1 tells ( a peaceful home4 ,among ! objects :i* t5d to ! improvem5t ( our race1 ! fl[]-g>d5 & ! p>k adorn$ ) native & =eign trees h no small %>e3 !y are ! greate/ ornam5ts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 & ! love ( a c\ntry life1 :i* is s /rong a passion1 is *iefly ow+ to ! law ( primog5iture1 by :i* ! head ( a family is secur$ 9 ! possession & transmission ( 8 undivid$ e/ate1 & !re=e ea* g5]ation takes pride & pleasure 9 adorn+ ! home ( its =efa!rs4 ,animals yield m readily to man's influ5ce ?an vegetables1 & c]ta9 classes h great] flexibility ( disposition & /ructure ?an o!rs4 ,^? only are capable ( be+ p]fectly reclaim$ t h a natural t5d5cy = x1 )\t :i* man's endeav\rs w\ld be unavail+4 ,?is pr$isposition is greate/ 9 animals :i* are greg>i\s & foll[ a lead]1 z elephants1 dogs1 horses1 & cattle d 9 _! wild /ate2 yet ev5 among ^! "s species are refractory1 z ! buffalo1 :i* c only be reg>d$ z half-reclaim$4 ,! can9e tribe1 on ! contr>y1 are capable ( ! greate/ atta*m5t1 n ! dog only1 man's fai?ful companion1 b ev5 ! wolf1 & especially ! hyna1 g5]ally believ$ to be s f]oci\s4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( _m mon?s1 a hyna :i* _h be5 ! fell[-pass5g] ( a fri5d ( ! au?or's 9 a voyage f ,india1 recogniz$ 8 voice be=e he came 9 sight1 & on see+ him x %[$ ! greate/ joy1 lay d[n l a dog & lick$ 8 h&s4 ,he _h be5 k9d to x on ! voyage1 & no animal =gets k9dness1 :i* is ! sure/ way ( reclaim+ !m4 ,!re _c be a great] mi/ake ?an ! h>% & cruel means by :i* dogs & horses are too commonly tra9$2 b x is long be=e man le>ns t 8 p[] is m5tal1 & t x is 8 intellect alone t has giv5 him dom9ion ov] ! e>? & its inhabitants1 ( :i* s _m f> surpass him 9 physical /r5g?4 ,! useful animals 7 reclaim$ by ! e>ly inhabitants ( ,asia1 & x is v rem>kable1 not)/&+ ! ent]prise & activity ( ! pres5t times1 t among ! multitudes ( animals t inhabit ,am]ica1 ,c5tral & ,s\!rn ,africa1 ,au/ralia & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 #d only h be5 dome/icat$1 yet _m may be capable ( becom+ useful to man4 ,( #ce species1 ( :i* we possess "o or m dome/ic races1 #ca are natives ( ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,nor? ,africa2 ^! c\ntries are f> f be+ exhau/$1 & a complete hemisph]e is yet unexplor$4 ,an attempt has be5 made to dome/icate ! ,llama1 ! ,dziggetai1 ,zebra1 & "s species ( ,indian de]1 b ! success is ei!r d\btful or ! attempt has n be5 foll[$ up4 ,little has be5 left = mod]n nations b ! improvem5t ( ! species1 & 9 t !y h be5 v successful4 ,! v>iety ( horses1 dogs1 cattle1 & %eep is beyond numb]4 ,! =m1 col\r1 & ev5 ! disposition1 may be mat]ially alt]$1 & ! habits engraft$ are transmitt$ to ! (fspr+1 z in/9ctive prop]ties indep5d5t ( education4 ,dome/ic f[ls g 9 flocks on _! native meads :5 wild4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 in/ances ( solit>y birds be+ tam$ to an extraord9>y degree1 z ! rav51 "o ( ! mo/ sagaci\s4 ,man's necessities & pleasure h be5 ! cause ( great *anges 9 ! animal creation--& 8 de/ructive prop5sity ( /ill great]4 ,animals are int5d$ = our use1 & field-sports are advantage\s by enc\rag+ a d>+ & active _s 9 "y m51 b ! utt] de/ruction ( "s races1 9 ord] to protect ^? de/9$ = 8 pleasure1 is too selfi%4 ,animals soon acquire a dread ( man1 :i* becomes in/9ctive & h]$it>y2 9 newly-discov]$ un9habit$ c\ntries1 birds & bea/s are s tame z to all[ !mselves to be caught2 :ales sc>cely got out ( ! way ( ! %ips t fir/ navigat$ ! ,arctic ,ocean1 b n[ !y univ]sally h a dread ( ! common enemy3 :ales & seals h be5 extirpat$ 9 v>i\s places2 sea-f[l & birds ( passage are n likely to be ext+ui%$1 b _m l& animals & birds are vani%+ be=e ! advance ( civilization4 ,dra9age1 cultivation1 cutt+ d[n ( =e/s1 & ev5 ! introduction ( new plants & animals1 de/roy "s ( ! old1 & alt] ! relations betwe5 ^? t rema94 ,! inaccessible cliffs ( ! ,himalaya & ,&es w af=d a refuge to ! eagle & condor1 b ! "t w come :5 ! mighty =e/s ( ! ,amazons & ,or9oco w disappe> ) ! myriads ( _! joy\s inhabitants4 ,! lion1 ! tig]1 & ! elephant w be kn[n only by anci5t records4 ,man1 ! "l ( ! creation1 w extirpate ! noble creatures ( ! e>?--b he himself w ev] be ! slave ( ! cank]-worm & ! fly4 ,cultivation may less5 ! sc\rge ( ! insect tribe1 b ,god's great army w ev]1 f "t to "t1 appe> sudd5ly--no "o kn[s f :5ce2 ! grub w take possession ( ! gr\nd1 & ! locu/ w come f ! des]t & de/roy ! faire/ prospects ( ! h>ve/4 ,?\gh ! unreclaim$ portion ( ! animal creation is fall+ be=e ! progress ( improvem5t1 yet man has be5 bo? ! volunt>y & ! involunt>y cause ( ! introduction ( new animals & plants into c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 n natives4 ,! ,spani% conqu]ors little ?\ght t ! desc5dants ( ! few cattle & horses !y all[$ to run wild1 w\ld resume ! orig9al "* ( _! species1 & roam 9 hundr$s ( ?\s&s ov] ! savannahs ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,:]ev] man is1 civiliz$ or savage1 !re also is ! dog1 b he too has 9 "s places resum$ 8 native /ate & habits1 & hunts 9 packs4 ,dome/ic animals1 gra91 fruit1 vegetables1 & ! we$s t gr[ ) !m1 h be5 convey$ by coloni/s to all settlem5ts4 ,birds & insects foll[ c]ta9 plants into c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 nev] se5 be=e4 ,ev5 ! inhabitants ( ! wat]s *ange _! abode 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( man4 ,fi%1 natives ( ! riv]s on ! coa/ ( ! ,mexican ,gulf1 h migrat$ by ! canals to ! he>t ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 & ! mytilus polymorphus1 a %ell-fi% br\ght to ! ,london ,docks 9 ! timb]s ( %ips f ! bracki% wat]s ( ! ,black ,sea & its tribut>y /reams1 has spread into ! int]ior ( ,engl& by ! ,croydon & o!r canals4 ,! influ5ce ( man on man is a p[] ( ! highe/ ord]1 f> surpass+ t :i* he possesses ov] inanimate or animal nature4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 z a collective body1 & n z an individual1 t he ex]cises ?is influ5ce ov] 8 fell[-creatures4 ,! free-w ( man1 nay1 ev5 8 mo/ caprici\s passions1 neutralize ea* o!r1 :5 l>ge numb]s ( m5 are consid]$4 ,pr(essor ,quetelet has mo/ ably prov$1 t ! great] ! numb] ( individuals1 ! m completely does ! w ( ea*1 z well z all individual peculi>ities1 moral or physical1 disappe>1 & all[ ! s]ies ( g5]al facts to pr$om9ate1 :i* dep5d ^u ! causes by :i* society exi/s & is pres]v$4 ,! uni=mity ) :i* ! numb] ( m>riages 9 ,belgium occurr$ 9 #bj ye>s1 places ! neutralization ( ! free-w ( ! individual man beyond a d\bt1 & is "o ( _m in/ances ( ! importance ( av]age quantities 9 arriv+ at g5]al laws4 ,c]ta9ly no ev5t 9 a man's life dep5ds m ^u 8 free w ?an 8 m>riage1 yet x appe>s f ! records 9 ,brussels1 t ne>ly ! same numb] ( m>riages take place e ye>1 9 ! t[ns z well z 9 ! c\ntry1 &1 moreov]1 t ! same con/ancy prevails 9 ea* prov9ce1 ?\gh ! numb]s ( ! p are s small1 t accid5tal causes might be m likely to affect ! g5]al result ?an :5 ! numb]s are l>g]4 ,9 fact ! :ole affair passes z if ! inhabitants ( ,belgium _h agre$ to contract ne>ly ! same numb] ( m>riages annually1 at ea* /age ( life4 ,"y p may possibly be 9 "s degree "u ! control ( p>5ts1 b !re c be no re/ra9t on ! free w ( m5 ( #cj & wom5 ( #fj ye>s ( age1 yet ! same numb] ( su* incongru\s m>riages d annually take place betwe5 m5 & wom5 at ^? unsuitable ages--a fact :i* almo/ exce$s belief4 ,! day fix$ = a w$d+ is ( all ?+s mo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! w ( ! p>ties1 yet ev5 "h !re is regul>ity 9 ! annual recurr5ce4 7,see ,table on next page47 ,) reg>d to crimes also1 ,m4 ,quetelet obs]ves t ! same numb] ( crimes ( ! same description are committ$ annually1 ) rem>kable uni=mity1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? crimes :i* w\ld seem mo/ likely to baffle all attempt at pr$iction4 ,! same regul>ity occurs 9 ! s5t5ces pass$ on crim9als3 9 ,france1 9 e hundr$ trials !re 7 sixty-"o convictions regul>ly1 ye> aft] ye>4 ,=getfulness1 z well z free-w1 is "u con/ant laws3 ! numb] ( undirect$ lett]s put into ! po/-(fice 9 ,london & 9 ,p>is is v ne>ly ! same ye> aft] ye> respectively--9 ,london !y am\nt to #bjjj3 s t ev5 ! deviations f free-w proves ! g5]ality & ! con/ancy ( ! laws t gov]n u4 ,sci5tific discov]ies & social comb9ations1 :i* put 9 practice great social pr9ciples1 are n )\t a decid$ influ5ce2 b ^! causes ( action com+ f man1 are plac$ out ( ! sph]e ( ! free-w ( ea*3 s t individual impulse has less to d ) ! progress ( mank9d ?an is g5]ally believ$4 ,:5 society has arriv$ at a c]ta9 po9t ( advancem5t1 c]ta9 discov]ies w naturally be made2 ! g5]al m9d is direct$ t way1 & if "o individual does n hit ^u ! discov]y1 ano!r w4 ,!re=e1 on ! disputes & discussions ( diff]5t nations = ! hon\r ( p>ticul> inv5tions or discov]ies1 z = example ! /eam-eng9e1 a n>r[ view ( ! subject is tak52 !y prop]ly belong to ! age 9 :i* !y are made1 )\t d]ogat+ f ! m]its ( ^? b5efactors ( mank9d :o h less5$ 8 toil or increas$ 8 com=t by ! ef=ts ( _! g5ius4 ,! "t _h come = ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & pr9t+ 0 inv5t$2 & ! same obs]vation is applicable to _m objects 9 ! physical1 z well z to ! moral _w4 ,9 ! pres5t di/urb$ /ate ( society ! "t is come = ! t]m9ation ( ! feudal sy/em1 :i* w be swept away by ! =ce ( public op9ion1 ?\gh individuality m]ges 9 ^! g5]al movem5ts4 ,! foll[+ ,table1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( /ati/ical docum5ts1 0 =m$ by ,pr(essor ,quetelet f ! ,regi/] ( ,m>riages at ,brussels3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,m>riages ,,9 ,,belgium ,,9 ,,! ,,ye>s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- #ahda #ahdb #ahdc #ahdd #ahde ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,wom5 ( #cj ye>s ( age & "u #ab1ghh #ab1dbb #ab1cfh #ac1jbd #ac1aeg ,m5 ( #cj ye>s ( ,wom5 f #cj to #de #b1fcj #b1fbf #b1djf #b1cge #b1dch age & "u1 to ,wom5 f #de to #fj #ic #aba #abe #abi #ajb ,wom5 f #fj upw>ds #g #f #h #e #h ,wom5 ( #cj & "u #f1abb #e1hjc #e1fag #d1idh #e1haj ,m5 f #cj to #ce ,wom5 f #cj to #de #e1eca #e1cif #e1ajj #e1bje #d1iha inclusive1 to ,wom5 f #de to #fj #ebi #edb #dgi #dic #ecb ,wom5 f #fj upw>ds #ah #ab #ah #ba #ba ,wom5 ( #cj & "u #cgf #cdf #chj #cee #cdf ,m5 f #de to #fj ,wom5 f #cj to #de #hif #hgi #hif #iea #iic inclusive1 to ,wom5 f #de to #fj #dfa #ddg #dcc #dfb #dfj ,wom5 f #fj upw>ds #bc #ai #bi #cf #bh ,wom5 ( #cj & "u #dh #ce #de #da #cf ,m5 f #fj & ,wom5 f #cj to #de #aci #adg #acc #aai #abe above1 to ,wom5 f #de to #fj #aec #agj #acg #aab #ade ,wom5 f #fj upw>ds #fb #eb #dh #ej #ca ---------------------------------------- ,annual ,numb] ( ,m>riages #bi1hgf #bi1jbc #bh1bbj #bi1cbf #bi1baj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---- ,?\gh ea* individual is acc\ntable to ,god = 8 conduct1 x is evid5t t ! great laws :i* regulate mank9d are altoge!r indep5d5t ( 8 w1 & t lib]ty ( action is p]fectly compatible ) ! g5]al design ( ,provid5ce4 8,a m pr(\nd /udy ( ! social sy/em w h ! effect ( limit+ m & m ! sph]e 9 :i* man's free-w is ex]cis$1 = ! ,supreme ,be+ c\ld n grant him a p[] :i* t5ds to ov]?r[ ! laws impress$ on all ! p>ts ( creation3 ,he has trac$ its limits1 z ,he has fix$ ^? ( ! ocean40 ,man is em95tly sociable2 he will+ly gives up "p ( 8 free-w to become a memb] ( a social body2 & x is ?is portion ( ! individuality ( ea* memb] ( t body1 tak5 9 ! aggregate1 :i* becomes ! directrice ( ! pr9cipal social movem5ts ( a nation4 ,x may be great] or less1 good or bad1 b x det]m9es ! cu/oms1 wants1 & ! national _s ( a p2 x regulates ! sum ( _! moral /ati/ics2 & x is 9 t mann] t ! cultivation or savag5ess1 ! virtues or ! vices1 ( individuals h _! influ5ce4 ,x is ?us t private morality becomes ! base ( public morality4 ,! m man advances 9 civilization ! great] w be 8 collective influ5ce1 = k is p[]2 & at no "t did ! m5tal sup]iority ( ! cultivat$ races produce su* *anges z !y d at pres5t1 because !y h ext5d$ _! influ5ce to ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! e>? by emigration1 colonization1 & comm]ce4 ,9 civiliz$ society ! numb] ( p 9 ! c\rse ( "t exce$s ! means ( su/5ance1 :i* compels "s to emigrate2 o!rs are induc$ by a _s ( ent]prise to g to new c\ntries1 "s = ! love ( ga91 o!rs to fly f oppression4 ,! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w op5$ a wide field = emigration4 ,spa9 & ,portugal1 ! fir/ to avail !mselves ( x1 acquir$ dom9ion ov] "s ( ! f9e/ p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :i* !y h ma9ta9$ till lately a *ange ( times has r5d]$ _! colonies indep5d5t /ates4 ,lib]al op9ions h spread into ! int]ior ( t cont95t1 9 proportion to ! facility ( communication ) ! cities on ! coa/s1 f :5ce ,european ideas are dissem9at$4 ,( ?is ,v5ezuela & ,*ile are in/ances1 :]e civilization & prosp]ity h advanc$ m rapidly ?an 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! ,&es are high] & ! di/ance f ! sea great]4 ,civilization has be5 imp$$ 9 _m ( ! small] /ates by w>1 & ^? broils inevitable among p unaccu/om$ to free in/itutions4 ,brazil w\ld h be5 fur!r advanc$ b = slav]y1 t /a9 on ! human race1 :i* corrupts ! ma/] z mu* z x debases ! slave4 ,"s ( ! native ,s\? ,am]ican tribes h spontane\sly made consid]ably progress 9 civilization 9 mod]n times2 o!rs h b5efit$ by ! ,spani% & ,portuguese coloni/s2 & _m h be5 br\ght into subjection by ! ,jesuits1 :o h in/ruct$ !m 9 "s ( ! arts ( social life4 ,b ^! ,indians are n m religi\s ?an _! neighb\rs1 &1 f ! re/ra9t to :i* !y h be5 subject1 h lo/ vig\r ( "* )\t improv+ 9 intellect2 s t n[ !y are ei!r /ation>y or retrograde4 ,ext5sive regions are /ill ! abode ( m5 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( b>b>ism3 "s ( ! tribes inhabit+ ! silvas ( ! ,or9oco1 ,amazons1 & ,uruguay are cannibals4 ,! arrival ( ! coloni/s 9 ,nor? ,am]ica seal$ ! fate ( ! r$ m54 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,union1 too late awak5$ to ! j claims ( ! anci5t proprietors ( ! l&1 h rec5tly1 b va9ly1 attempt$ to save ! remnant4 ,! :ite man1 l an irresi/ible torr5t1 has already rea*$ ! c5tre ( ! cont95t2 & ! native tribes n[ retreat t[>ds ! f> we/1 & w cont9ue to retreat1 till ! ,pacific ,ocean arre/s !m1 & ! animals on _! hunt+-gr\nds are ext]m9at$4 ,! almo/ univ]sal dislike ! ,indian has %[n = ! arts ( peace has be5 "o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( 8 decl9e1 al?\gh ! ,*]okee tribe1 :i* has lately migrat$ to ! we/ ( ! ,mississippi1 is a rem>kable exception2 ! great] numb] ( !m are indu/ri\s plant]s or me*anics2 !y h a republican gov]nm5t1 & publi% a newspap] 9 _! own language1 9 a "* lately inv5t$ by "o ( t nation4 ,no "p ( ! _w has be5 ! sc5e ( great] iniquity ?an ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s--& t p]petrat$ by ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ,europe4 ,! native race has long be5 swept away by ! /rang]1 & a new p1 cruelly torn f _! homes1 h be5 made ! slaves ( h>d task-ma/]s4 ,if ! odi\s p>ticipation 9 ?is guilt has be5 a /a9 on ! ,briti% "n1 ! abolition ( slav]y by ! univ]sal acclamation ( ! nation w ev] =m "o ( ! brighte/ pages 9 _! hi/ory1 s full ( glory3 nor w x be ! less s1 t ju/ice 0 comb9$ ) m]cy1 by ! millions ( money grant$ to indemnify ! proprietors4 ,x is deeply to be lam5t$ t our bre?r5 on ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic h n foll[$ ! example ( _! fa!rl&2 b 9 limit$ mon>*ies ! voice ( ! p is li/5$ to1 :ile republican gov]nm5ts are m apt to become its slave4 ,! ,nor!rn ,/ates h nobly decl>$ e man free :o sets 8 foot on _! t]ritory--& ! "t w come :5 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates w sacrifice int]e/ to ju/ice & m]cy4 ,x seems to be ! design ( ,provid5ce to supplant ! savage by civiliz$ man 9 ! cont95t ( ,au/ralia z well z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ?\gh e ef=t has be5 made to prev5t ! ext9ction ( ! natives4 ,mo/ ( ! tribes 9 t cont95t are z l[ 9 ! scale ( mank9d z ! cannibal ,fuegians1 :om ,capta9 ,fitzroy s g5]\sly1 b s ineffectually1 attempt$ to reclaim4 ,"s ( ! ,new ,holl&]s are fai?ful s]vants = a "t1 b !y almo/ always f9d ! re/ra9t ( civiliz$ life irksome1 & return to _! =m] habits1 ?\gh truly mis]able 9 a c\ntry :]e ! means ( exi/5ce are s scanty4 ,animals & birds are v sc>ce1 & !re is no fruit or vegetable = ! su/5ance ( man4 ,slav]y has be5 a great] imp$im5t to ! improvem5t ( ,africa ?an ev5 ! physical disadvantages ( ! c\ntry--! great arid des]ts & un:olesome coa/s4 ,a spontane\s civilization has aris5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,africa1 9 :i* !re has be5 consid]able progress 9 agriculture & comm]ce2 b civiliz$ man has be5 a sc\rge on ! ,atlantic coa/1 :i* has ext5d$ its baneful influ5ce into ! he>t ( ! cont95t1 by ! enc\ragem5t x has giv5 to w>f>e among ! natives = ! capture ( slaves1 & = ! introduction ( ,european vices1 unr$eem$ by ,*ri/ian virtues4 ,n[ t ,france & ,engl& h unit$ 9 ! suppression ( ?is odi\s traffic1 "s hopes may be ent]ta9$ t _! colonies may be b5eficial to ! natives1 & t o!r nations may foll[ _! example1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !y h be5 anticipat$ by ?ree ,mahomm$an sov]eigns2 ! ,sultan has aboli%$ ! slave m>ket 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,ibrahim ,pa%a on 8 return f ,france & ,engl& gave fre$om to 8 bondsm5 9 ,egypt1 & ! ,bey ( ,tunis has aboli%$ slav]y 9 8 dom9ions4 ,! ,fr5* are zeal\s 9 improv+ ! p 9 ,algi]s1 b ! con/ant w>f>e 9 :i* !y h be5 embroil$ ev] s9ce _! conque/ mu/ r5d] _! success 9 civiliz+ ! natives at lea/ remote4 ,! inhabitants ( ^? ext5sive & magnific5t c\ntries 9 ! ea/]n seas t h long be5 coloniz$ by ! ,dut* h made b little progress "u _! rule4 ,! ,briti% colony at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope has _h consid]able influ5ce on ! neighb\r+ rude nations1 :o n[ beg9 to adopt m civiliz$ habits4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,som]ville visit$ ,litako1 ! natives = ! fir/ "t saw a :ite p]son & a horse1 & 7 scantily clo!d ) sk9s4 ,:5 ,dr4 ,smi? visit$ !m #bj ye>s aft]w>ds1 he f\nd ! *ief m5 m\nt$ on horseback1 we>+ hats made ( ru%es1 & an attempt made to imitate ,european dress4 ,colonization has n[h]e produc$ su* happy results z among ! amiable & cultivat$ inhabitants ( ,india1 :o are s5sible ( ! b5efits !y d]ive f ! imp>tial adm9i/ration ( j & equal laws1 ! f\ndation ( s*ools & colleges1 & ! wide ext5sion ( comm]ce4 ,all ! causes ( emigration h op]at$ by turns on ! inhabitants ( ,brita91 & v>i\s circum/ances h concurr$ to make _! colonies p]man5t4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 t :i* n _m ye>s ago 0 a ,briti% colony has become a great indep5d5t nation1 occupy+ a l>ge portion ( ! cont95t4 ,! ,au/ralian cont95t & ,new ,zeal& w 9 aft] ages be peopl$ by a ,briti% race1 & w become c5tres ( civilization :i* w spread its influ5ce to ! utt]mo/ isl&s ( ! ,pacific4 ,^! spl5did isl&s1 possess+ e advantage ( climate & soil1 ) a population 9 _m p>ts f> advanc$ 9 ! arts ( civiliz$ life1 indu/ry1 & comm]ce1 ?\gh 9 o!rs savage1 w 9 "t come 9 = a %>e ( ! g5]al improvem5t4 ,! success t has att5d$ ! noble & unaid$ ef=ts ( ,sir ,j4 ,brooke 9 ,borneo1 %[s h[ mu* ! influ5ce ( an active & b5evol5t m9d c 9 a %ort "t effect4 ,! colonies on ! cont95t ( ,india are already c5tres f :i* ! culture ( ,europe is spread+ ov] ! ,ea/4 ,comm]ce has n less influ5ce on mank9d ?an colonization1 ) :i* x is intimately connect$2 & ! n>r[ limits ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s h r5d]$ x necess>y = its inhabitants to ex]t _! indu/ry4 ,! ri*es ( our m9es 9 coal & metals1 :i* produce a ye>ly income ( #bd1jjj1jjjl4 /]l+1 is a pr9cipal cause ( our manufactur+ & comm]cial weal?2 b ev5 ) ^! natural advantages1 m is due n only to our tal5ts & ent]prise1 b to our high "* = fai? & hon\r4 ,e c\ntry has its own peculi> productions1 & by an unre/ra9$ int]*ange ( ! gifts ( ,provid5ce ! condition ( all is improv$4 ,! exclusive jeal\sy ) :i* comm]ce has hi!rto be5 fett]$1 %[s ! l5g? ( "t t is necess>y to we> out ! effects ( ^? selfi% passions :i* sep>at$ nations :5 !y 7 yet b>b>\s4 ,x requir$ a high degree ( cultivation to break d[n ^? b>ri]s consecrat$ by _! antiquity2 & ! accompli%m5t ( ?is important *ange ev9ces ! rate at :i* ! pres5t age is advanc+4 ,a new era 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w began :5 ,*9a 0 op5$ to ,european int]c\rse2 b _m ye>s mu/ pass be=e ,european influ5ce c p5etrate t va/ empire1 & eradicate ^? illib]al prejudices by :i* x has s long be5 gov]n$4 ,two important triumphs yet rema9 to be a*iev$ ov] physical difficulties by ! sci5ce & en]gy ( man1 namely1 ! junction ( ! ,pacific & ,atlantic ,oceans at ! ,i/hmus ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & ! union ( ! ,r$ ,sea ) ! ,m$it]ranean at t ( ,suez4 ,! fir/ seems to be on ! eve ( accompli%m5t1 &1 9 conjunction ) ! treasures ) :i* ! aurif]\s di/rict ( ,cali=nia is said to ab\nd1 may br+ ab\t a complete revolution 9 ! tide ( affairs2 & t c\ntry1 hi!rto s completely sep>at$ f ! re/ ( ! _w & s little kn[n1 w become a new c5tre ( civilization1 ^: influ5ce w be diffus$ ov] ! wide ,pacific to ! %ores ( ! ea/]n cont95t2 ! expectation ( ,columbus w !n be realiz$--( a passage to ! ,ea/ ,indies by ! ,atlantic4 ,%\ld ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,sea be unit$ by a wat] communication1 ,alex&ria1 ,v5ice1 & ! o!r m>itime cities ( s\!rn ,europe may rega91 at lea/ 9 "p1 ! m]cantile position :i* !y lo/ by ! discov]y ( ,vasco da ,gama4#aie ,! advantages ( colonization & comm]ce to ! less civiliz$ "p ( ! _w are incalculable1 z well z to ^? at home1 n only by furni%+ an ex*ange = manufactures1 important z ?is is1 b by ! imm5se accession ( k ( ! e>? & its inhabitants1 t has be5 ?us atta9$4 ,! hi/ory ( =m] ages exhibits no?+ to be comp>$ ) ! m5tal activity ( ! pres5t4 ,/eam1 :i* annihilates "t & space1 fills mank9d ) s*emes = advantage or def5ce3 b h[ev] m]c5>y ! motives = ent]prise may be1 x is in/rum5tal 9 br++ nations toge!r4 ,! facility ( communication is rapidly assimilat+ national "*4 ,society 9 mo/ ( ! capitals is =m$ on ! same model2 & z ! /udy ( mod]n languages is n[ consid]$ a "p ( polite education1 & e well-educat$ p]son speaks m ?an "o mod]n tongue1 "o ( ! great b>ri]s to ! assimilation ( "* among/ nations w be remov$4 ,sci5ce has nev] be5 s ext5sively & s successfully cultivat$ z at ! pres5t "t3 ! collective wisdom & exp]i5ce ( ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica is n[ br\ght to be> on subjects ( ! highe/ importance 9 annual meet+s1 :]e ! common pursuit ( tru? is z b5eficial to ! moral z to ! intellectual "*1 & ! noble objects ( inve/igation are no long] conf9$ to a philosophic few1 b are becom+ widely diffus$ among all ranks ( society1 & ! mo/ enlight5$ gov]nm5ts h giv5 _! support to measures t c\ld n h be5 o!rwise accompli%$4#aif ,simultane\s obs]vations are made at num]\s places 9 bo? hemisph]es on electricity1 magnetism1 on ! tides & curr5ts ( ! air & ! ocean1 & ^? my/]i\s vicissitudes ( temp]ature & moi/ure1 :i* bless ! lab\rs ( ! husb&man "o ye>1 & blight !m 9 ano!r4 ,! places ( ! nebul & fix$ />s1 & _! motions1 are kn[n ) unexampl$ precision1 & ! mo/ ref9$ analyses embrace ! mo/ v>i$ objects4 ,?ree new satellites & six new planets h be5 discov]$ )9 f\r ye>s1 & "o ( ^! "u circum/ances ! mo/ unprec$5t$4 ,9 ! f> heav5s1 f di/urbances 9 ! motions ( ,uranus :i* c\ld n be acc\nt$ =1 an unkn[n & unse5 body 0 decl>$ to be revolv+ on ! utmo/ v]ge ( ! sol> sy/em2 & x 0 f\nd 9 ! v region ( ! heav5s po9t$ out by analysis4 ,on e>?1 ?\gh hundr$s ( miles ap>t1 t invisible mess5g]1 electricity1 in/antane\sly conveys ! ?\ghts ( ! invisible _s ( man to man--results ( sci5ce sublimely transc5d5tal4 ,va9 w\ld be ! attempt to enum]ate ! improvem5ts 9 ma*9]y & me*anics1 ! canals & railroads t h be5 made1 ! h>b\rs t h be5 improv$1 ! l& t has be5 dra9$1 ! bridges t h be5 con/ruct$2 & n[1 al?\gh ,brita9 is inf]ior to none 9 _m ?+s1 & sup]ior to all 9 "s1 "o ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ eng9e]s decl>es t we are sc>cely beyond ! ?re%old 9 improvem5t2 to /& /ill is to retrograde1 human +5uity w always keep pace ) ! un=ese51 ! increas+ wants ( ! age4#aig 8,:o kn[s :at may yet be 9 /ore = our use2 :at new discov]y may aga9 *ange ! tide ( human affairs2 :at hidd5 treasures may yet be br\ght to light 9 ! air or 9 ! ocean1 ( :i* we "k s little2 or :at virtues !re may be 9 ! h]bs ( ! field1 & 9 ! treasures ( ! e>?--h[ f> its hidd5 fires1 or /ores ( ice1 may yet become available--ages c nev] exhau/ ! treasures ( nature or ! tal5t ( man40#aih ,x w\ld be difficult to foll[ ! rapid c\rse ( discov]y ?r\gh ! complicat$ mazes ( magnetism & electricity2 ! action ( ! electric curr5t on ! pol>iz$ sun-beam1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( mod]n discov]ies1 lead+ to relations hi!rto unsuspect$ betwe5 t p[] & ! complex assemblage ( visible & invisible influ5ces on sol> light1 by "o ( :i* nature has rec5tly be5 made to pa9t h] own lik5ess4 ,x is impossible to convey an idea ( ! rapid succession ( ! v>i$ & curi\s results ( *emi/ry1 & its application to physiology & agriculture2 moreov]1 di/+ui%$ works h lately be5 publi%$ at home & abroad on ! sci5ce ( m9d1 :i* has be5 s successfully cultivat$ 9 our own c\ntry4 ,geography has assum$ a new "*1 by t unwe>i$ se>* = accurate k & tru? t m>ks ! pres5t age1 & physical geography is altoge!r a new sci5ce4 ,! _s ( nautical & geographical discov]y1 begun 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 by ^? illu/ri\s navigators :o _h a new _w to discov]1 is at ?is day z en]getic z ev]1 ?\gh ! results are less brilliant4 ,nei!r ! long gloomy night ( a pol> w9t]1 nor ! dang]s ( ! ice & ! /orm1 det] our gallant seam5 f seek+ a bett] acqua9tance ) 8?is ball ( e>?10 ev5 "u its mo/ fr[n+ aspect2 & t1 = hon\r1 :i* !y are z eag] to seek ev5 9 ! cannon's m\?4 ,nor h o!r nations ( ,europe & ,am]ica be5 )\t _! %>e 9 ^! bold adv5tures4 ,! scor*+ sun & deadly swamps ( ! tropics z little prev5t ! travell] f collect+ ! animals & plants ( ! pres5t creation1 or ! geologi/ f inve/igat+ ^? ( ages long gone by4 ,man daily indicates 8 bir?right z "l ( ! creation1 & compels e l& & sea to contribute to 8 k4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ mod]n travell]s1 foll[+ ! noble example ( ,b>on ,humboldt1 ! patri>* ( physical geography1 take a m ext5d$ view ( ! subject ?an ! e>? & its animal & vegetable inhabitants af=d1 & include 9 _! rese>*es ! pa/ & pres5t condition ( man1 ! orig91 mann]s1 & languages ( exi/+ nations1 & ! monum5ts ( ^? t h be54 ,geography has _h its d>k ages1 dur+ :i* ! situation ( _m great cities & spots ( celebrity 9 sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory _h be5 entirely lo/ sight (1 :i* are n[ discov]$ by ! le>n+ & assiduity ( ! mod]n travell]4 ,( ?is1 ,italy1 ,egypt1 ! ,holy ,l&1 ,asia ,m9or1 ,arabia1 & ! valleys ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 ) ! adjac5t m\nta9s ( ,p]sia1 are rem>kable in/ances1 n to m5tion ! va/ region ( ! ,ea/1 & ! remote c5tres ( aborig9al civilization 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! int]e/+ discov]ies ( ,mr4 ,lay>d1 :o possess$ e acquirem5t t c\ld r5d] a travell] compet5t to accompli% s ardu\s an und]tak+1 h br\ght to light ! long-hidd5 treasures ( ! anci5t ,n9eveh1 :]e its own peculi> /yle ( art _h exi/$ ant]ior to t ( ,egypt4#aii ,9 _m p>ts ( ! _w ! ru9s ( cities ( extraord9>y magnitude & ar*itecture %[ t !re are wide regions ( ^: orig9al inhabitants we "k no?+4 ,! ,&es ( ,p]u & ,mexico h rema9s ( civiliz$ nations be=e ! age ( ! ,incas4 ,mr4 ,p5tl& has f\nd num]\s rema9s ( ,p]uvian monum5ts 9 e "p ( ! great valley ( ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es1 & _m p>ts ( ! imp]ial capital ,cusco1 little *ang$ f :at !y 7 at ! d[nfall ( ,atahualpa4 ,mr4 ,/eph5s has f\nd 9 ! woods ( ,c5tral ,am]ica ! ru9s ( great cities1 adorn$ ) sculpture & pictorial writ+s1 ve/iges ( a p f> advanc$1 :o _h once cultivat$ ! soil :]e ^! entangl$ =e/s n[ gr[4 ,picture-writ+s h be5 discov]$ by ,sir ,rob]t ,s*omburgk on rocks 9 ,guiana1 spread ov] an ext5t ( #cej1jjj squ>e miles1 simil> to ^? f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 ,sib]ia4 ,magnific5t build+s /ill exi/ 9 good pres]vation all ov] ea/]n ,asia1 & _m 9 a ru9\s /ate belong to a p]iod f> beyond writt5 record4 ,anci5t lit]ature has furni%$ a subject ( /ill m int]e/+ rese>*1 f :i* x is evid5t t ! m9d ( man is ess5tially ! same "u v diff]5t circum/ances3 e nation f> advanc$ 9 civilization has _h its age ( poetry1 ! drama1 romance1 & philosophy1 ea* /amp$ ) ! "* ( ! p & times1 & /ill m ) _! religi\s belief4 ,our pr(\nd ,ori5tal s*ol>s h made kn[n to ,europeans ! ref9$ ,sanscrit lit]ature ( ,h9do/an1 its s*ools ( philosophy & a/ronomy1 its dramatic writ+s & poetry1 :i* are orig9al & beautiful1 & to ^! ! le>n$ 9 ,greece & ,italy h contribut$4 ,! ri*es ( ,*9ese lit]ature1 & _! valuable geography1 7 introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,fr5* ,jesuits ( ! la/ c5tury1 & foll[$ up ) success by ! ,fr5* & ,engli% philosoph]s ( ! pres5t3 to ,france we also owe mu* ( our k ( ! poetry & lett]s ( ,p]sia2 & f ! "t t ,dr4 ,"y deciph]$ ! inscriptions on ! ,rosetta ,/one1 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics & picture-writ+ h be5 /udi$ by ! le>n$ ( ,france1 ,engl&1 & ,italy1 & we h reason to expect mu* new in=mation f ! m rec5t rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,lepsius ( ,b]l94 ,! ,g]mans1 inde$1 h left few subjects ( anci5t lit]ature unexplor$1 ev5 to ! language writt5 at ,babylon & ,n9eveh--! mo/ successful attempt to deciph] :i* is due to a di/+ui%$ c\ntryman ( our own1 ,colonel ,rawl9son4 ,! press has ov]fl[$ ) an unprec$5t$ quantity ( lit]ature1 "s ( /&>d m]it1 & mu* m t is ephem]al1 suit$ to all ranks1 on e subject1 ) ! aim1 9 our own c\ntry at lea/1 to improve ! p1 & to advocate ! cause ( morality & virtue4 ,all ?is m5tal en]gy is b an effect ( ^? laws :i* regulate human affairs1 & include 9 _! g5]ality ! v>i\s *anges t t5d to improve ! condition ( man4 ,! f9e arts d n keep pace ) sci5ce1 ?\gh !y h n be5 altoge!r left beh9d4 ,pa9t+1 l poetry1 mu/ come spontane\sly1 because a feel+ = x dep5ds ^u innate sympa?ies 9 ! human brea/4 ,no?+ ext]nal c\ld affect u1 unless !re 7 correspond+ ideas )92 poetically con/itut$ m9ds ( ! highe/ organization are mo/ deeply impress$ ) :atev] is excell5t4 ,all are n gift$ ) a /rong p]ception ( ! beautiful1 9 ! same way z "s p]sons _c see c]ta9 col\rs1 or he> c]ta9 s\nds4 ,^? elevat$ s5tim5ts :i* con/itute g5ius are giv5 to few2 yet some?+ ak91 ?\gh inf]ior 9 degree1 exi/s 9 mo/ m54 ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh culture may n inspire g5ius1 x *]i%es & calls =? ! natural p]ception ( :at is good & beautiful1 & by t means improves ! tone ( ! national m9d1 & =ms a c\nt]poise to ! all-absorb+ useful & comm]cial4 ,hi/orical pa9t+ is successfully cultivat$ bo? 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,! ,g]mans h modell$ _! s*ool on ! true /yle ( ! anci5t ma/]s4 ,!y h become _! rivals 9 ri*ness & beauty ( col\r+1 & are n surpass$ 9 vividness ( imag9ation1 nor 9 v>iety & sublimity ( composition1 :i* is poetry ( ! highe/ ord] embodi$4 ,sculpture & ar*itecture are also m>k$ by t elevat$ & pure ta/e :i* di/+ui% _! o!r works ( art4#bjj ,fr5* arti/s1 foll[+ 9 ! same /eps1 h produc$ hi/orical works ( great m]it4 ,pictures ( g5re & sc5es ( dome/ic life h be5 pa9t$ ) mu* expression & beauty by our own arti/s2 & ,briti% l&scapes1 l "s pa9t$ by ,g]man arti/s1 are n m]e portraits ( nature1 b pictures ( high poetical feel+1 & ! excell5ce ( _! composition has be5 ackn[l$g$ all ov] ,europe1 by ! popul>ity ( ! engrav+s :i* illu/rate _m ( our mod]n books4 ,! enc\ragem5t giv5 to ?is bran* ( art at home may be ascrib$ to ! ta/e = a c\ntry life s g5]al 9 ,engl&4 ,wat]-col\r pa9t+1 :i* is entirely ( ,briti% gr[?1 has n[ become a fav\rite /yle 9 e c\ntry1 & is br\ght to ! highe/ p]fection 9 our own4 ,! ,italians h _h ! m]it ( re/or+ sculpture to ! pure /yle :i* x _h lo/1 & t gift$ p h produc$ "s ( ! noble/ specim5s ( mod]n art4 ,! greate/ g5ius ( 8 "t left ! sn[s ( ! f> ,nor? to sp5d 8 days 9 ,rome1 ! head-qu>t]s ( art2 & our own sculptors ( em95t tal5ts h e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,rome1 :]e !y f9d a m cong5ial _s ?an 9 _! own c\ntry1 9 :i* ! compositions ( ,flaxman 7 n appreciat$ till !y _h become ! admiration ( ,europe4 ,muni* c boa/ ( "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( mod]n sculpture & ar*itecture4 ,! ,op]a1 "o ( ! mo/ ref9$ ( !atrical amusem5ts 9 e capital city 9 ,europe1 displays ! excell5ce & p[] ( ,italian melody1 :i* has be5 transmitt$ f age to age by a succession ( great compos]s4 ,g]man music1 p>tak+ ( ! le>n$ "* ( ! nation1 is ri* 9 orig9al h>mony1 :i* requires a cultivat$ ta/e to und]/& & appreciate4 ,italy is ! only c\ntry t has _h two poetical eras ( ! highe/ ord]2 &1 great z ! ,lat9 p]iod 01 t ( ,dante 0 m orig9al & sublime4 ,! ,g]mans1 s em95t 9 e bran* ( lit]ature1 h also be5 great z poets2 ! p[] ( ,goe!'s g5ius w r5d] 8 poems z p]man5t z ! language 9 :i* !y are writt54 ,france is1 z x long has be51 ! abode ( ! ,comic ,muse2 & al?\gh t nation c claim great poets ( a m s]i\s ca/1 yet ! language & ! habits ( ! p are m suit$ to ! gay ?an ! grave /yle4 ,?\gh ! ,briti% may h be5 inf]ior to o!r nations 9 "s bran*es ( ! f9e arts1 yet poetry1 immeasurably ! greate/ & mo/ noble1 r$eems1 & m ?an r$eems u4 ,! nation t produc$ ! poetry ( ,*auc]1 ,sp5s]1 ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 ) all ! brilliant tra91 d[n ne>ly to ! pres5t "t1 mu/ ev] hold a di/+ui%$ place1 z an imag9ative p4 ,%akespe>e alone w\ld /amp a language ) immortality4 ,! ,briti% novels /& high among works ( imag9ation1 & !y h g5]ally _h ! m]it ( advanc+ ! cause ( morality4 ,_h ,fr5* noveli/s att5d$ m to ?is1 _! k ( ! human he>t & ! brilliancy ( _! composition w\ld h be5 m appreciat$4 ,poetry ( ! highe/ /amp has fl$ be=e ! utilit>ian _s ( ! age2 yet !re is z mu* tal5t 9 ! _w1 & imag9ation too1 at ! pres5t "t1 z at any =m] p]iod1 ?\gh direct$ to diff]5t & m important objects1 because ! :ole aspect ( ! moral _w is alt]$4 ,! p]iod is come = "o ( ^? important *anges 9 ! m9ds ( m5 :i* occur f "t to "t1 & =m great epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,! :ole ( civiliz$ ,europe c\ld n h be5 r\s$ to ! en?usiasm :i* l$ !m to emb>k 9 ! ,crusades by ! prea*+ ( ,pet] ! ,h]mit1 unless ! p _h be5 prep>$ = x3 m5 7 ready = ! ,re=mation be=e ! impulse 0 giv5 by ,lu!r2 & ,pius ,,ix4 m]ely appli$ ! mat* to a tra9 already laid4 ,^! are ! b>ometric /orms ( ! human m9d4 ,! pres5t /ate ( transition has be5 imp]ceptibly 9 progress1 aid$ by _m concurr+ circum/ances1 among :i* ! increas+ intellig5ce ( ! l[] ord]s1 & /eam-travell+1 h be5 ! mo/ effici5t4 ,! latt] has assi/$ em95tly 9 ! diffusion ( k1 & has probably accel]at$ ! crisis ( public affairs on ! ,cont95t1 by giv+ ! inhabitants ( diff]5t c\ntries opportunities ( int]c\rse1 & comp>+ _! conditions4 ,no inv5tion t has be5 made = ages has s levell+ a t5d5cy1 :i* accords b too well ) ! pres5t disposition ( ! p4 ,! _s ( emancipation1 s peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ?is c5tury1 appe>s 9 all ! relations ( life1 political & social4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe x has %ak5 ! :ole fabric ( society1 subv]t$ law & ord]1 & ru9$ ?\s&s1 9 ord] to ?r[ d[n ! crumbl+ rema9s ( ! feudal sy/em4 ,! same emancipat+ _s :i* has ?r[n "y & old into a /ate ( insubord9ation & rebellion abroad1 has be5 quietly b gradually alt]+ ! relations ( social & dome/ic life at home4 ,p>5t & *ild no long] /& 9 ! same relation to "o ano!r2 ev5 at an e>ly age boys assume ! "* & indep5d5ce ( m51 :i* may p]haps fit !m soon] = tak+ _! %>e 9 ! affairs ( ! _w2 = x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t1 :e!r f e>ly indep5d5ce or "s o!r cause1 no c\ntry has produc$ m y\?ful & able /atesm5 ?an our own2 b1 at ! same "t1 x places !m on a less amicable & m dang]\s position1 by depriv+ !m ( ! advice & exp]i5ce ( ! ag$1 to :i* ! same def]5ce is no long] paid4 ,! work+ man consid]s 8 int]e/ to be at v>iance ) t ( ! manufactur]1 & ! atta*m5t ( s]vants to _! ma/]s is ne>ly z ext9ct 9 ,brita9 z vassalage4 ,ambition1 to a great ext5t1 p]vades ! inf]ior & middle grades ( society1 & s few are satisfi$ ) ! condition 9 :i* !y 7 born1 t ! pressure upw>ds is enorm\s4 ,! num]\s in/ances ( m5 ris+ f an inf]ior rank to ! highe/ (fices 9 ! ,/ate enc\rages ! endeav\r to rise 9 society1 :i* is "r & natural1 if pursu$ by legitimate means1 b ! levell+ disposition s preval5t abroad is p]nici\s z x is impracticable4 ,s long z m5 are end[$ ) diff]5t dispositions & diff]5t tal5ts1 s long w !y diff] 9 condition & =tune1 & ?is is z /rongly m>k$ 9 republics z 9 any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t2 = man1 ) all 8 attempts to lib]ate himself f nature's ord9ances1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( equal laws & civil rights1 nev] c escape f !m--inequality ( condition is p]man5t z ! human race4 ,h5ce1 f necessity we mu/ fulfil ! duties ( ! /ation 9 :i* we are plac$1 be>+ 9 m9d t1 :ile ,*ri/ianity requires ! poor to endure _! lot ) pati5ce1 x imposes a heavy responsibility on ! ri*4 ,9 ,brita91 respect = ! lab\r+ classes1 toge!r ) active b5evol5ce1 =m ! c\nt]poise to ! evil prop5sities ( ?is /ate ( transition2 a b5evol5ce :i* is n conf9$ to alms-giv+1 b :i* consi/s 9 ! e>ne/ desire to contribute ) en]gy to ! sum ( human happ9ess4 ,9 proportion z t disposition is diffus$ among ! high] classes1 & ! m !y c conv9ce ! l[] ord]s t !y h an ard5t desire to af=d !m e s\rce ( happ9ess & com=t t is 9 _! p[]1 s mu* soon] w ! transi5t evils pass away1 & an improv$ /ate ( ?+s w comm5ce2 k9dly & confid+ feel+s w !n take ! place ( coldness & mi/ru/4 ,! cont9ual increase ( t dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce & lib]al s5tim5t1 :i* 9 our own c\ntry is ! mo/ hopeful & consol+ feature ( ! age1 manife/s itself 9 ! frequ5cy ) :i* plans = ameliorat+ ! condition ( ! l[] classes are br\ght be=e ,p>liam5t2 9 ! societies =m$ = _! relief2 & 9 ! _m in/itutions e/abli%$ = _! b5efit & com=t4 ,?ree ( ! mo/ b5eficial sy/ems ( mod]n times are due to ! b5evol5ce ( ,engli% ladies--! improvem5t ( prison discipl9e1 sav+s-banks1 & banks = l5d+ small sums to ! poor4 ,! success ( all has exce$$ e expectation1 & ^! admirable in/itutions are n[ adopt$ by sev]al =eign c\ntries4 ,! importance ( popul> & agricultural education is becom+ an object ( att5tion to ! m enlight5$ gov]nm5ts2 & "o ( ! greate/ improvem5ts 9 education is1 t tea*]s are n[ fitt$ = _! duties1 by be+ taught ! art ( tea*+4 ,! g5tl5ess ) :i* in/ruction is convey$ no long] blights ! joy\s days ( y\?1 b1 on ! contr>y1 enc\rages self-education1 :i* is ! mo/ effici5t4 ,! sy/em ( infant-s*ools1 e/abli%$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe & ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica1 is rapidly improv+ ! condition ( ! p4 ,! in/ruction giv5 9 !m is suit$ to ! /ation ( ! s*ol>s1 & ! moral lessons taught are (t5 reflect$ back on ! un$ucat$ p>5ts by _! *ildr54 ,moreov]1 ! p]sonal int]c\rse ) ! high] ord]s1 & ! k9dness :i* ! *ildr5 receive f !m1 /r5g!n ! bond ( reciprocal good feel+4 ,s9ce ! abolition ( ! feudal sy/em1 ! sep>ation betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] classes ( society has be5 increas+2 b ! g5]\s ex]tions ( individuals1 ^: only object is to d good1 is n[ beg9n+ to correct a t5d5cy t1 un*eck$1 might h l$ to ! wor/ consequ5ces to all ranks4 ,we le>n f /ati/ical reports t ! pa9s tak5 by individuals & associations are n )\t _! effect ^u ! "* ( ! nation4 ,= example1 dur+ ! elev5 ye>s t prec$$ #ahdf1 9 :i* ! crim9al returns indicat$ ! intellectual condition ( p]sons accus$1 !re 7 #ca c\nties 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 :i* n "o educat$ woman 0 call$ be=e a c\rt ( law1 9 a population ( #b1fag1fec females4#bja ,crime has g5]ally decreas$ 9 proportion to ! religi\s & moral education ( ! p3 ! improvem5t 9 ! morality ( ! factory-*ildr5 is imm5se s9ce ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ inspectors to sup]9t5d _! heal? & education2#bjb & inde$ ! improvem5t 9 ! condition ( ! :ole population appe>s f ! bills ( mortality1 :i* unque/ionably prove t ! duration ( human life is cont9ually increas+ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita94#bjc ,! volunt>y sacrifices t h be5 made to relieve ! necessities ( a fami%+ nation ev9ce ! humane disposition ( ! age4 ,b x is n "o p>ticul> & extraord9>y case1 h[ev] admirable1 t m>ks ! g5]al progress--x is n 9 ! e>?quake or ! /orm1 b 9 ! /ill small voice ( consolation he>d 9 ! cab9 ( ! wret*$1 t is ! prom95t feature ( ! *>ities ( ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! b5evol5t ( all ranks seek = di/ress 9 ! abodes ( pov]ty & vice1 to aid & to re=m4 ,no language c d ju/ice to ! m]it ( ^? :o devote !mselves to ! re=mation ( ! *ildr5 :o h hi!rto w&]$ neglect$ 9 ! /reets ( great cities2 9 ! unpromis+ task !y h lab\r$ ) pati5ce1 undismay$ by difficulties t might h disc\rag$ ! mo/ det]m9$--b !y h _h _! rew>d1 !y h succe$$4#bjd ,! language ( k9dness & sympa?y1 nev] be=e he>d by ^! *ildr5 ( crime & wret*$ness1 is sav+ multitudes f p]dition4 ,b x w\ld require a volume to enum]ate ! ex]tions t are mak+ = ! accommodation1 heal?1 & improvem5t ( ! p1 & ! devotion ( high & l[ to ! introduction ( new e/abli%m5ts & ! amelioration ( ! old4 ,noble & lib]al s5tim5ts m>k ! proce$+s ( public assemblies1 :e!r 9 ! cause ( nations or ( individuals1 & ! sev]ity ( our p5al laws is mitigat$ by a mild] sy/em4 ,happily ?is lib]al & b5evol5t _s is n conf9$ to ,brita91 x is univ]sal 9 ! ,/ates ( ! ,am]ican ,union1 & x is spread+ widely ?r\gh ! m civiliz$ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,no retrograde movem5t c n[ take place 9 civilization2 ! diffusion ( ,*ri/ian virtues & ( k ensures ! progressive advancem5t ( man 9 ^? high moral & intellectual qualities t con/itute 8 true dignity4 ,b mu* yet rema9s to be done at home1 especially 9 religi\s in/ruction & ! prev5tion ( crime2 & millions ( our fell[-creatures 9 bo? hemisph]es are /ill 9 ! l[e/ grade ( b>b>ism4 ,ages & ages mu/ pass away be=e !y c be civiliz$2 b if !re be any analogy betwe5 ! p]iod ( man's duration on e>? & t ( ! fraile/ plant or %ell-fi% ( ! geological p]iods1 he mu/ /ill be 9 8 infancy2 & let ^? :o d\bt ( 8 indef9ite improvem5t comp>e ! fir/ revolution 9 ,france ) ! la/1 or ! /ate ( ,europe 9 ! middle ages ) :at x is at pres5t4 ,=1 not)/&+ ! di/urb$ condition ( ! ,cont95t1 & ! mi/ak5 means ! p employ to improve _! position1 crime is less frequ5t & less atroci\s ?an x 0 9 =m] times1 & ! univ]sal indignation x n[ raises is a /rong indication ( improvem5t4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 m5 :o seem to h liv$ be=e _! "t 7 =m]ly prosecut$ & puni%$ = op9ions :i* are n[ sanction$ by ! legislature1 & ackn[l$g$ by all4 ,! moral disposition ( ! age appe>s 9 ! ref9em5t ( conv]sation4 ,selfi%ness & evil passions may possibly ev] be f\nd 9 ! human brea/1 b ! progress ( ! race w consi/ 9 ! increas+ p[] ( public op9ion1 ! collective voice ( mank9d regulat$ by ! ,*ri/ian pr9ciples ( morality & ju/ice4 ,! individuality ( man modifies 8 op9ions & belief2 x is a "p ( t v>iety :i* is a univ]sal law ( nature2 s t !re w probably always be a diff]5ce ( views z to religi\s doctr9e1 :i*1 h[ev]1 w become m spiritual1 & fre] f ! ta9t ( human infirmity2 b ! p[] ( ! ,*ri/ian religion w appe> 9 pur] conduct1 & 9 ! m g5]al practice ( mutual =be>ance1 *>ity1 & love4 ,,app5dix4 ,table ( ! ,heights above ! ,sea ( "s ( ! ,pr9cipal ,m\nta9 ,*a9s4 ,,europe4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,mont ,,blanc #ae1gci ,alps1 ,p4#bje ,p4 ,s4#bjf ,monte ,rosa #ae1baj ,alps1 ,l4 ,p4 ,s4 ,mont ,c]v9 #ad1hcf ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,f9/]rhorn #ad1jbf ,alps1 ,b4 ,ei*man4 ,jungfrau #ac1fgb ,alps1 ,b4 ,ei*man4 ,le ,gant du ,m4 ,blanc #ac1ghf ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,mont ,comb9 #ad1abd ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,mont ,isran #ac1bgb ,alps1 ,g4 ,p4 ,s4 ,monte ,viso #ac1eii ,alps1 ,c4 ,p4 ,s4 ,ortl] ,spitz #ab1hea ,alps1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,le ,gr& ,riobur5t #aa1jfc ,alps1 ,m4 ,p4 ,s4 ,drey ,h]rn ,spitz #aj1abb ,alps1 ,c>4 ,a4 ,s4 ,mont ,t]gl\ #i1chf ,alps1 ,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,passes ( ! ,alps3-- ,col du ,gant #aa1bchbjg ,alps1 ,p4 ,saussure4 ,col de ,/4 ,!odule #aa1ahe ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d #h1agc ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,la ,furka #h1gad ,alps1 ,l4 ,s4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,mont ,moro #h1icg ,alps1 ,l4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,le ,tav]nette #i1hbg ,alps1 ,c4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,mont ,isran #i1aif ,alps1 ,g4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,col des ,f5tres #i1eha ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ! ,/elvio #i1agg ,alps1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,b]n>d9o #g1jae ,alps1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pass ( ! ,splug5 #f1idf ,alps1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,/4 ,go?>d #f1hjh ,alps1 ,r4 ,s4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,mont ,c5is #f1ggb ,alps1 ,g4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,simplon #f1egh ,alps1 ,l4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,t5de #f1aei ,alps1 ,m4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,mont ,g5vre #f1aai ,alps1 ,c4 ,p4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,br5n] #d1fei ,alps1 ,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,pass ( ,pontebba #c1fbe ,alps1 ,j4 ,a4 ,s4 ,malahite ,peak #aa1afh ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4#bjh ,mont ,p]du ,peak #aj1iid ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mabor1 ,cyl9d] ( #aj1hii ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,maladetta1 ,cyl9d] ( #aj1hhf ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,vignemale1 ,cyl9d] ( #aj1hbj ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,pic du ,midi #i1edj ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,canig\ #i1acg ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,passes ( ! ,pyr5ees3-- ,pass or ,port d',oo #i1hdc ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,pass or ,port d',e/aube #h1djb ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,pass or ,port de ,gav>nie #g1fed ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,pass or ,port de ,t\rmalet #g1adc ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,pic de ,sancy #f1ahh ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,plomb du ,cantal #f1jic ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mont ,mez5 #e1gie ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,puy de ,dme #d1hjf ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,ballon des ,vosges #d1fhh ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mont ,v5t\x #f1bfc ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mula*aen #aa1dhc ,spa9 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,si]ra de ,gr$os #aj1eeb ,spa9 ,bory4 ,e/rella #g1ebf ,spa9 ,franz9i4 ,siete ,picos #g1bdd ,spa9 ,bauza4 ,pea ,laza #h1bbb ,spa9 ,bauza4 ,el ,gador #f1ege ,spa9 ,rojas4 ,monte ,corno1 or ,gran ,sasso #i1eba ,italy1 d',italia ,ap5n9es ,monte ,vell9o #g1hea ,italy1 ,m4 de ,prony4 ,ap5n9es ,t]m5illo ,gr&e #g1bab ,italy1 ,s*[4 ,ap5n9es ,monte ,am>o di ,majella #i1aac ,italy1 ,s*[4 ,ap5n9es ,monte ,cimone #f1ige ,italy1 ,s*[4 ,ap5n9es ,mont ,amiata #e1gid ,tuscany ,s*[4 ,/4 ,ore/e or ,soracte #b1adj ,campagna ,s*[4 ( ,rome4 ,passes ( ! ,app5n9es3-- ,pass ( ,noviordi ,giovi #a1eej ,s*[4 ,pass ( ,la ,bo*etta #b1eej ,s*[4 ,pass ( ,pietramala #c1bid ,s*[4 ,isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean3-- ,monte ,rotondo #h1gfg ,corsica ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,monte d',oro #h1gja ,corsica ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,monte ,g5]>g5ta #f1jjd ,s>d9ia ,la ,m>mora4 ,m\nt ,etna #aj1hgd ,sicily ,w4 ,h4 ,smy?4 ,pizzo di ,cane #f1eji ,sicily ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,m\nt ,eryx #c1hid ,sicily ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,/romboli #b1fhg ,lip>i ,isles ,de ,bor*4 ,greece & ,morea3-- ,m\nt ,guiona #h1ech ,peyti]4#bji ,p>nassus #h1jfh ,peyti]4 ,taygetus1 ,mont ,/4 ,elias #g1ijd ,peyti]4 ,mont ,olonas #g1bic ,peyti]4 ,mont ,kelmos #g1gbf ,peyti]4 ,mont ,a?os #f1ggh ,de ,bor*4 ,mont ,helicon #e1gch ,peyti]4 ,delphi #e1gbe ,peyti]4 ,mont ,hymettus #c1cgh ,peyti]4 ,c5tral ,europe3-- ,ruska ,joyana #i1iab ,e4 ,c>pa?s4 ,malte ,brun4 ,budos*1 ,transylvania #i1eic ,e4 ,c>pa?s4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,surrul #i1eic ,m\nt ,tatra2 highe/ po9t #h1ebd ,w4 ,c>pa?s4 ,wahl5b]g4 ,m\nt ,tatra2 ,csabi ,peak #h1cad ,w4 ,c>pa?s4 ,wahl5b]g4 ,m\nt ,tatra2 ,lomnitz #h1hfa ,w4 ,c>pa?s4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,ries5hoppe1 9 ! ,ries5geb]ge #e1cid ,g]many ,hor54 ,feldb]g1 9 ! ,s*w>zwald #d1fge ,g]many ,fr5* ,eng9e]s4 ,bel*5b]g1 9 ! ,s*w>zwald #d1fdb ,g]many ,fr5* ,eng9e]s4 ,k&elb]g1 9 ! ,s*w>zwald #d1afj ,g]many ,bohn5b]g]4 ,s*neeb]g1 ,geis5gebirge #d1ghd ,g]many ,kammkoppel1 ,geis5gebirge #d1bfe ,g]many ,*>p5ti]4 ,sonn5w]bel1 9 ! ,erzgebirge #d1abd ,g]many ,ra*elb]g1 9 ! ,bhm]wald #d1efa ,g]many ,/]nb]g4 ,/e9b]g1 ,moravia #c1eaa ,g]many ,david4 ,brock51 ,h>tz #c1feh ,g]many ,za*4 ,s*neeb]g1 9 ! ,fi*telgebirge #c1dfa ,g]many ,goldfuss4 ,blessb]g1 9 ! ,?ur+]wald #b1gdh ,g]many ,za*4 ,glockn]1 9 ! ,?ur+]wald #b1bca ,g]many ,za*4 ,gross ,feldb]g1 9 ! ,taunus *a9 #b1gge ,g]many ,s*midt4 ,l[5b]g1 9 ! ,sieb5gebirge #b1jbd ,g]many ,nose4 ,norway & ,sw$53-- ,skagtlt5d ,lat4 #fa #bd #h1aja ,sc&9avian ,keilhau4 ,m\nta9s ,koldet9d #g1bbd ,sc&9avian ,keilhau4 ,m\nta9s ,sognefield #g1ahb ,sc&9avian ,hagel/am4 ,m\nta9s ,mugnafield ,lat4 #fa #bj #g1bae ,sc&9avian ,=sell4 ,m\nta9s ,s*neehattan ,lat4 #fb #bj #h1abj ,sc&9avian ,eism>k4 ,m\nta9s ,pighttan ,lat4 #fb #b #f1ghh ,sc&9avian ,hagel/am4 ,m\nta9s ,sulitelma ,lat4 #fg #e #f1agh ,sc&9avian ,wahl5b]g4 ,m\nta9s ,langfield ,lat4 #fa #ec #f1eih ,sc&9avian ,hagel/am4 ,m\nta9s ,meld]sk9 ,lat4 #fj #j #d1hei ,sc&9avian ,von ,bu*4 ,m\nta9s ,lyng5 ,m\nta9s ,lat4 #fi #cj #d1cjj ,sc&9avian ,von ,bu*4 ,m\nta9s ,great ,brita93-- ,b5 ,nevis #d1chj ,scotl& ,jameson4 ,cairnt\l1 ,ab]de5%ire #d1bbc ,scotl& ,playfair4 ,b5 ,avon1 ,ab]de5%ire #c1ica ,scotl& ,playfair4 ,b5 ,m1 ,grampians #c1hai ,scotl& ,playfair4 ,s*ehalli51 ,grampians #c1ead ,scotl& ,playfair4 ,sn[don #c1eeg ,wales ,roy4 ,cad] ,idris #c1eej ,wales ,roy4 ,c>n ,llewellyn #c1dga ,wales ,roy4 ,cross ,fell1 ,cumb]l& #c1chc ,engl& ,jameson4 ,helvyll51 ,cumb]l& #c1cac ,engl& ,jameson4 ,skiddaw1 ,cumb]l& #c1jch ,engl& ,dr4 ,"y4 ,s*unn] ,fell1 ,york%ire #b1chh ,engl& ,smi?4 ,coni/on ,fell1 ,lanca%ire #b1ege ,engl& ,smi?4 ,*eviot ,hills #b1feg ,engl& ,smi?4 ,p5tl& ,hills #a1hgh ,scotl& ,playfair4 ,curran ,tual1 ,k]ry #c1dab ,irel& ,nimmo4 ,sleib ,donn>d #c1adf ,irel& ,nimmo4 ,neph91 ,mayo #b1fdd ,irel& ,jameson4 ,m\rne ,m\nta9s1 ,d[n #b1dic ,irel& ,jameson4 ,b5 ,m1 ,isle ( ,mull #c1ajj ,hebrides ,jameson4 ,hecla1 ,isle ( ,s4 ,ui/ #c1jjb ,hebrides ,b\4 ,cu*ull91 ,isle ( ,skye #b1iie ,hebrides ,m',cullo*4 ,m\nt ,rona #c1eic ,%etl& ,la+4 ,icel& & ,f]oe3-- ,snfials1 ,jokull #e1aae ,icel& ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,hecla #c1cbd ,icel& ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,skal+efield1 ,isle ,/romoe #b1agb ,f]oe ,/e94 ,,asia4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,himalaya ,*a93-- ,kun*++a1 ,w4 "p #bh1agh ,sikim ,col4 ,waugh4#baj ,kun*++a1 ,e4 ,peak #bg1hbf ,sikim ,col4 ,waugh4 ,dwalag>i #bf1hfb ,nepaul ,webb4 ,juwahir #be1fgj ,kumaon ,h]b]t4 ,jumoo #be1cab ,sikim ,waugh4 ,jumnautri #be1ejj ,nepaul ,webb4 ,dhaibun #bd1gdj ,nepaul ,webb4 ,kabroo #bd1jje ,sikim ,waugh4 ,*amal>i #bc1ibi ,tibet ,waugh4 ,p[hunry #bc1agf ,sikim ,waugh4#baj ,momonangli1 or ,gurla #bc1ejj ,tibet ,/ra*ey4#baa ,api ,peak #bb1gii ,nepaul ,webb4 ,peak ,no4 #ab #bc1bfc ,betwe5 ! ,webb4 ,peak ,no4 #ac #bb1cac ,kali & ,e4 ,webb4 ,peak ,no4 #bc #bb1gbg bran* ( ,webb4 ,peak ,no4 #be #bb1bgg ! ,ganges4 ,webb4 ,/4 ,george's ,peak #bb1ejj ,betwe5 ,webb4 ,/4 ,patrick's ,peak #bb1fch ! ,ganges ,webb4 ,gung\tri ,pyramid #ba1bai & ,sutlej4 ,webb4 ,j[nlee ,peak 7highe/7 #ba1idj ,kumaon ,webb4 ,kailas ,peak #ba1jjj ,tibet ,/ra*ey4 ,kohibaba #ag1ije ,h9doo ,cu% ,burnes4 ,peak ,n4 ( ,cabul #bj1bcb ,h9doo ,cu% ,burnes4 ,passes ( ! ,himalaya3-- ,k>okorum ,pass #ah1fjj ,tibet ,dr4 ,?omson#bab ,p>angla ,pass #ah1ejj ,tibet ,cunn+ham4 ,kronbrung ,pass #ah1cac ,tibet ,g]>d4 ,langpya ,dhura or ,doora ,ghaut #ag1gej ,tibet ,/ra*ey4 ,lipu ,lek ,pass #af1hhd ,tibet ,manson4 ,niti ,ghaut ,pass #af1had ,tibet ,g]>d4 ,p>alaha ,pass #af1ejj ,tibet ,webb4 ,%atool ,pass #ae1ejj ,tibet ,webb4 ,elbr\z #ah1dic ,caucasus ,fuss4 ,kasbeck #af1ecj ,caucasus ,a4 ,c4#bac ,demav5d #ad1fie ,p]sia ,?omson4 ,ar>at #ag1aab ,p]sia ,p>rot4 ,argu #ac1aig ,asia ,m9or ,a4 ,c4 ,bel\kha #aa1jfb ,altai ,a4 ,c4 ,m\nt ,lebanus #i1eag ,syria ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,m\nt ,horeb #h1eic ,syria ,rppell4 ,m\nt ,s9ai #g1dih ,syria ,rppell4 ,jebel ,s]bal #f1gfj ,syria ,rppell4 ,kam5 ,peak #e1cig ,ural ,a4 ,c4 ,tremel ,peak #e1jga ,ural ,a4 ,c4 ,,africa1 ,,& ,,isl&s ,,9 ,,! ,,atlantic4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,m\nt ,atlas 7,milts97 #aa1djj ,morocco ,wa%+ton4 ,m\nt ,abba ,j>rat #ac #aj ,n #ae1jjh ,abyss9ia ,rppell4 ,m\nt ,buahat #ac #ab ,n #ad1cfb ,abyss9ia ,rppell4 ,kilim&j>o #d #j ,s #bj1jjj ,abyss9ia 9 ,ans4 ( ,phil4 7d\btful47 ! ,mtns4 ( ! ,moon4 ,table ,m\nta9 #c1haf ,cape ( ,good ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,hope4 ,pico ,ruivo #f1jef ,madeira ,vidal4 ,peak ( ,teyde1 ,t5]iffe #ab1agb ,can>ies4 ,von ,bu*4 ,*ahorra1 ,t5]iffe #i1hhe ,can>ies4 ,von ,bu*4 ,pico de ,cruz1 ,palma #g1gcj ,can>ies4 ,vidal4#bad ,los ,pexos1 ,great ,can>y #f1djj ,can>ies4 ,vidal4 ,alto ,g>aona1 ,gom]a #d1djj ,can>ies4 ,vidal4 ,san ,anton1 ,f]ro #c1ijg ,can>ies4 ,vidal4 ,asses' ,e>s1 ,fue/av5tura #b1ggj ,can>ies4 ,vidal4 ,peak ( ,fogo #i1aed ,cape ,v]de ,deville4 ,isl&s4 ,pico1 ,isl& ( ,san ,antonio #h1hae ,cape ,v]de ,capt4 ,k+4 ,isl&s4 ,pico1 ,isl& ( ,pico #g1fac ,azores ,vidal4 ,pico de ,v>a1 ,isl& ( ,/4 ,mi*ael's #c1egj ,azores ,vidal4 ,caldeira de ,/a4 ,b>b>a1 ,t]ceira #c1ejj ,azores ,vidal4 ,pico de ,san ,jorje #c1dih ,azores ,vidal4 ,morro ,gordo1 ,flores #c1jhg ,azores ,vidal4 ,caldeira de ,corvo #b1dfj ,azores ,vidal4 ,,am]ica4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,nor? ,am]ica3-- ,m\nt ,/4 ,elias #af1gge ,n4 ,am]ica ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,popocatepetl #ag1gag ,mexico ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,orizaba #ag1cgd ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,iztacihuatl #ae1gje ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,nevado ( ,toluca #ae1edb ,mexico ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,si]ra ,nevada #ae1agj ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,p]ote ,m\nt #ac1dac ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,fair ,wea!r ,m\nta9 #ad1ibe ,n4 ,am]ica ,jorullo #d1bfe ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,volcan de ,fuego1 we/ peak #ac1afj ,guatemala ,basil ,hall4 ,volcan de ,fuego1 ea/ peak #ac1jej ,guatemala ,basil ,hall4 ,irasu1 or ,volcano ( ,c>tago #aa1dhj ,guatemala ,phys4 ,atlas4 ,we/ ,indies3-- ,blue ,m\nta9s #g1bgg ,jamaica ,la ,s\ffrire #e1ajh ,guadal\pe ,montagne ,pelee #d1dcb ,m>t9ique ,monni]4 ,m\nt ,g>on #d1cgj ,/4 ,v9c5t's ,*i%olm4 ,s\? ,am]ica3-- ,la ,silla de ,c>accas #h1fjj ,v5ezuela ,humboldt4 ,c]ro de ,duida #h1bhj ,v5ezuela ,humboldt4 ,roraima ,lat4 #e #cj ,n4 #g1dej ,guiana ,s*omburgk4 ,m\nta9s ( ,santa ,m>?a #ai1jjj8 ,new ,gr5ada ,pla9s ( ,bogota #h1gcj ,new ,gr5ada ,humboldt4 ,volcano ( ,tolima #ah1jbj ,&es ( ,humboldt4 ,n4 ,gr5ada ,volcano ( ,purace #ag1jcd ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ,cumbal #ae1fbj ,n4 ,gr5ada ,b\s+ault4 ,&es ( ! ,cayambe #ai1ece ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,antisana #ai1acg ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,cotopaxi #ah1hge ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,p9*9*a #ae1ibd ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,*imborazo #ba1dbd ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,ill9issa #ag1chj ,equator ,b\gu]4 ,&es ( ! ,tunguragua #af1dbd ,equator ,humboldt4 ,&es ( ! ,sangai #af1ach ,equator ,la ,condam9e4 ,vilcaota ,m\nt #ag1ebe ,p]u ,p5tl&4#bae ,apu-,cunuranu #ag1eij ,p]u ,p5tl& ,gu>acoota ,peak1 ,sn[l9e #af1big ,p]u ,p5tl& ,cololo ,lat4 #ad #eh #ag1icj ,bolivia ,volcano ( ,arequipa #bj1cbj ,p]u ,p5tl& ,qu5uta ,lat4 #ag #da #ah1gfe ,p]u ,p5tl& ,*ipicani #ai1gde ,p]u ,p5tl& ,pom>ape #ba1gjj ,p]u ,p5tl& ,p>9acota #bb1jcj ,p]u ,p5tl& ,sahama #bb1cej ,p]u ,p5tl& ,gualateiri ,lat4 #ah #bc #ba1ifj ,p]u ,p5tl& ,ancohuma1 ,s4 ,peak #ba1bhf ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,ancohuma1 ,n4 ,peak #ba1jdc ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,*a*acomani1 ,n4 ,peak #bj1cee ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,angel ,peak ,lat4 #af #aj #bj1aae ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,supawasi1 or ,huayna ,potosi #bj1bfj ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,cacaca ,lat4 #af #be #ah1baj ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,la ,mesada1 ,s4 ,peak #ai1cef ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,illimani1 ,s4 ,peak #ba1adj ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,m\nt de las ,litanias #ad1ejj ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,m\nt ,miriquiri ,peak ,lat4 #ag #af1ajj ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,c]ro1 or ,m\nta9 ( ,potosi #af1aeb ,bolivian ,p5tl& ,&es ,c]ro1 or ,m\nta9 ( ,bolivian ,*orolque1 ne> ,tupisa #af1eej ,&es ,r$head4 ,aconcagua ,m\nta9 #bc1iaj ,*ile#baf ,fitzroy & ,bee*ey ,tupungato #ae1jjj ,*ile ,antuco #af1jjj ,*ile ,fitzroy ,vill>ica #af1jjj ,*ile ,fitzroy ,volcano ( ,osorno1 or #g1eej ,*ile ,fitzroy ,llanquihue ,yanteles #h1jcj ,*ile ,fitzroy ,m9*9madava ,volcano #h1jjj ,*ile ,fitzroy ,m\nt ,/okes #f1djj ,patagonia ,fitzroy ,m\nt ,burney #e1hjj ,patagonia ,fitzroy ,m\nt ,s>mi5to #f1ijj ,ti]ra del ,fitzroy ,fuego ,m\nt ,d>w9 #f1hjj ,ti]ra del ,fitzroy ,fuego ,passes ( ! ,&es3 ,rumihuasi #af1afj ,p]u ,gaye4 ,altos de ,tol$o #ae1gij ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,pacuani #ae1cdj ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,*ullunquiani #ae1afj ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,vilcaota1 or la ,raya #ad1ebj ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,gualillas #ad1gej ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,p>amo d',assay #ae1ebh ,equator ,humboldt4 ,guanacas #ad1gjh ,equator ,b\gu]4 ,pass ( ,qu9diu #aa1ejb ,n4 ,gr5ada ,humboldt4 ,pass ( el ,almorsad]o #ab1hej ,n4 ,gr5ada ,humboldt4 ,pass ( ,la ,cumbre #ab1dej ,*ile ,p5tl&4 ,pass ( ,peuqu5es #ac1baj ,*ile ,dr4 ,gillies4 ,pass ( el ,portillo #ad1cfe ,*ile ,humboldt4 ,m\nta9s ( ,brazil3 ,itambe #e1ifj ,es*wege4 ,vill>ica *a91 ,si]ra da ,pi$ade #e1hcj ,es*wege4 ,itacolumi #e1gej ,es*wege4 ,,isl&s ,,9 ,,! ,,pacific1 ,,polynesia1 ,,au/ralasia1 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 highe/ po9t #h1cdj ,phys4 ,atlas4 ,m\nt ,ambotism5e #aa1ejf ,madagasc> ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,adam's ,peak #f1aeb ,ceylon ,m\nt ,slamat or ,tajal #aa1icj ,java ,junghuhn4 ,m\nt ,sumbung #aa1jcj ,java ,junghuhn4 ,m\nt ,g\nnong ,pasama1 or ,ophir #ac1hdj ,sumatra ,raffles4 ,volcano ( ,matua #d1ejj ,kurile ,is4 ,phys4 ,atlas4 ,peak ( ,unimak #h1eic ,aleutian ,is4 ,phys4 ,atlas4 ,m[na ,kea #ac1iec ,s&wi* ,is4 ,wilkes4 ,m[na ,roa #ac1gfj ,s&wi* ,is4 ,wilkes4 ,tobreon\ #ab1bej ,otaheite ,phys4 ,atlas4 ,m\nt ,well+ton1 or ,kosciusco #f1ejj ,new ,holl& ,/relizki4 ,m\nt ,l9dsay ,lat4 #bh #bj ,s4 #e1gjj ,new ,holl& ,mit*ell4 ,m\nt ,canobolas ,lat4 #cc #be #d1eea ,new ,holl& ,mit*ell4 ,m\nt ,edgecumbe #i1fcj ,new ,zeal& ,bidwell4 ,m\nt ,egmont #h1hdj ,new ,zeal& ,dieff5ba*4 ,tong>iro ,m\nta9 #f1bjj ,new ,zeal& ,dieff5ba*4 ,m\nt ,erebus #ab1djj ,ant>ctic ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross4 ,m\nt ,t]ror #aj1hhj ,l&s ,sir ,j4 ,c4 ,ross4 ,,lakes ,,& ,,inl& ,,seas4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,sirikol1 s\rce ( ! ,oxus #ae1fcj ,pameo ,wood4 ,manas>[> & ,raikas ,?al #ae1bej ,tibet ,/ra*ey4 ,*umur>i ,lake #ae1jjj ,tibet ,cunn+ham4 ,titicaca #ab1hdg ,p]u-,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,baikal #a1ece ,asia ,a4 ,c4 ,lake ( ,van #eff ,turkey 9 ,a4 ,c4 ,asia ,aral #cf ,asia ,a4 ,c4 ,caspian ,sea1 bel[ ! level ( ! ,ocean #hb ,asia ,r4 ,survey4 ,dead ,sea1 bel[ ! ,ocean #a1cab ,syria ,symond4 ,lake ,sup]ior #eif ,n4 ,am]ica ,lake ( ,luc]ne #a1djg ,switz]l& ,es*man4 ,lake ( ,g5eva #a1bcj ,switz]l& ,es*man4 ,,heights ,,( ,,"s ,,rem>kable ,,inhabit$ ,,places4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,names ( ,places1 ,m\nta9s1 c4 ,heights ,c\ntries ,au?orities4 9 ,engli% 9 :i* ,feet4 situat$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,rumihuasi1 ,po/ ,/ation #ae1edb ,&es ( ,p]u ,gaye4 ,ayavir9i1 ,po/ ,/ation #ad1ifj ,p]u ,gaye4 ,pati1 ,po/ ,/ation #af #je #ad1djj ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,apo ,po/ ,/ation #af #ac,s4 #ad1cgf ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,anco*allani1 f>m #ag #ce #ad1fhc ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,tacora1 village #ag #dg #ac1fij ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,calam>ca #af #ed #ac1fej ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,antisana1 f>m #ac1ded ,equator ,humboldt4 ,potosi1 city #ac1ccj ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,puno1 city #ab1hgj ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,oruro1 city #ab1ded ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,la ,paz1 city #ab1bbf ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,miquipampa1 village #aa1hgj ,p]u ,humboldt4 ,cusco1 city #aa1chd ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,quito1 capital ( ! ,equator #i1edc ,humboldt4 ,*uquisaca1 capital ( ,bolivia #i1cdc ,bolivia ,p5tl&4 ,bogota1 capital ( ,new ,gr5ada #h1gcj ,n4 ,gr5ada ,humboldt4 ,mexico #g1egj ,mexico ,humboldt4 ,arequipa1 city #g1heb ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,highe/ villages on ,s4 side ( ! ,himalaya #ac1jjj ,kumon ,/ra*ey4 ,ladak #i1iie ,tibet ,a4 ,c4 ,niti1 village #aa1dgc ,kumon ,webb4 ,d>jeel+1 t[n #g1afe ,sekim ,waugh4 ,himalaya ,cabool #f1chb ,afghani/an ,burnes4 ,k&ah> #e1efc ,afghani/an ,humboldt4 ,teh]an #d1acg ,p]sia ,a4 ,c4 ,ka%mir1 city #e1hah ,ka%mir ,hugel4 ,hospital ( ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d #h1aaj ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,hospital ( ,/4 ,go?>d #f1hjh ,alps1 ,p4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,/4 ,v]an1 village #f1fic ,alps1 ,c4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,breuil1 village #f1ehd ,alps1 ,p4 ,p4 ,s4 ,b>ges1 village #d1jgb ,pyr5ees ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,brianon1 t[n #d1bhe ,alps1 ,m4 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,madrid1 city #a1iid ,spa9 ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,mni*1 city #a1gfd ,bav>ia ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,g5eva1 city #a1dej ,switz]l& ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,lima1 city #ebj ,p]u ,p5tl&4 ,vi5na1 city #dcf ,au/ria ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,milan1 city #dbj ,lomb>dy ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,p>is1 ,obs]vatory #bac ,france ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,rome1 ,capitol #aea ,italy ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,b]l9 #aca ,prussia ,a4 ,b4 ,l4 ,,gloss>y4 ,a,,bies4 ,lat4 ,a fir-tree4 ,specific "n ( a tree4 ,,abyssi,,nica4 ,lat4 ,abyss9ian2 belong+ or relat+ to ,abyss9ia4 ,,aca,,cia4 ,gr4 ake1 a po9t1 & akios1 n subject to worms3 a ?orny tree4 ,a g5us ( ! family ,legum9s & ord] ,mims4 ,ab\t #cjj species are enum]at$2 _m ( !m yield gum4 ,,aca,,cia ,,ara,,bica4 ,arabian acacia4 ,,aca,,cias4 ,trees belong+ to ! g5us acacia4 ,a,,cid4 ,a t]m giv5 by *emi/s to ^? comp\nd bodies :i* unite ) salifiable bases to =m salts3 = example1 a comp\nd ( sulphur & oxyg51 call$ sulphuric acid1 unites ) magnesia & =ms a salt nam$ sulphate ( magnesia1 or ,epsom salts4 ,,aci,,dul\s4 ,s\ri%2 possess+ acid prop]ties4 ,,acro*o,,rdi4 ,lat43 plural ( acro*ordus4 ,,acro*o,,rdus4 ,f ! ,greek akro*ordon1 a w>t4 ,a g5us ( non-v5em\s ophidians1 ^: bodies are entirely cov]$ by scales resembl+ w>ts3 ^! scales1 or r squam\s tub]cles1 are small1 num]\s1 rhomboidal1 & surm\nt$ by a small horn or po9t1 m or less %>p4 ,,adanso,,nia4 ,a g5us ( plants nam$ 9 honor ( ,mi*el ,adanson1 a fam\s ,fr5* botani/1 born 9 #agbg4 ,adansonia digitata4 ,s\r g\rd4 ,monkeys' bread or ,baobab tree ( ,s5egal1 :i* is consid]$ ! l>ge/ or r ! broade/ tree 9 ! _w4 8,sev]al measur$ by ,adanson1 7 f sixty-eight to sev5ty-eight feet 9 circumf]5ce1 b n extraord9>ily high4 ,! trunks 7 f twelve to fifte5 feet high1 be=e !y divid$ into _m horizontal bran*es1 :i* t\*$ ! gr\nd at _! extremities2 ^! 7 f =ty-five to fifty-five feet long1 & 7 s l>ge t ea* bran* 0 equal to a mon/r\s tree2 & :]e ! wat] ( a neighbor+ riv] _h wa%$ away ! e>?1 s z to leave ! roots ( "o ( ^! trees b>e & op5 to ! sight1 !y measur$ #aaj feet long1 )\t includ+ ^? p>ts ( ! roots :i* rema9$ cov]$4 ,x yields a fruit :i* resembles a g\rd1 & :i* s]ves = vessels ( v>i\s uses2 ! b>k furni%es a co>se ?read1 :i* !y =m into ropes1 & into clo? ) :i* ! natives cov] _! middle f ! girdle to ! knees2 ! small leaves supply !m ) food 9 "t ( sc>city1 :ile ! l>ge ones are us$ = cov]+ _! h\ses1 or1 by burn+1 = ! manufacture ( good soap4 ,at ,si]ra ,leone ?is tree does n gr[ l>g] ?an an or*>d apple tree40 ,l\don4 ,a,,dit4 ,lat4 adeo1 ,i approa*4 ,a horizontal %aft or passage 9 a m9e1 ei!r = access1 or = c>ry+ (f wat]4 ,,africa,,nus4 ,lat4 ,african2 belong+ or relat+ to ,africa4 ,,agallo,,*um4 ,f ! ,gr4 aggalomai1 to become spl5did4 ,a res9\s1 aromatic wood1 burn$ by ! ,*9ese & ,japanese = ! sake ( its agreeable od\r1 f ! ,exccaria aggallo*a4 ,aloes wood4 ,a,,gam\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 a1 privative1 & gamos1 m>riage4 ,hav+ no sex4 ,a,,gate4 ,a "n giv5 to all v>ieties ( qu>tz :i* h n a vitre\s aspect2 are compact1 semi-transp>5t1 & ^: fracture resembles t ( wax4 ,agates are ( v>i\s colors & admit ( a f9e poli%4 ,accord+ to ,!ophra/es & ,pl9y1 ! "n comes f ! riv] ,a*ates 9 ,sicily1 n[ ! ,drillo1 on ! banks ( :i* ! fir/ agates 7 f\nd4 ,,agla,,ia4 ,f ! ,gr4 ,aglaia1 beauty1 elegance4 ,a g5us ( plants1 trees or %rubs1 ( :i* !re are five or six species 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java4 ,! odorata is "o4 ,a,,gua4 ,spani%4 ,wat]4 ,,aira4 ,f ! ,gr4 aira1 a t>e1 cockle we$4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,gramne1 or grasses1 ( ! tribe ( ,av5ce4 ,hair-grass4 ,a4 ant>ctica4 ,ant>ctic hair-grass4 ,,air-,,plants4 ,a "n giv5 to c]ta9 p>asitic plants :i* 7 suppos$ to be n\ri%$ by ! air alone1 )\t contact ) ! soil4 ,!re are "s species :i* w live _m mon?s susp5d$ by a /r+ 9 a w>m ap>tm5t4 ,,alba1 ,,albus1 ,lat4 ,:ite4 ,,album1 ,,albi,,no4 ,spani%4 ,f ! ,lat4 albus1 :ite4 ,appli$ to individuals ( ! human race1 7& ext5d$ also to "s o!r animals71 :o h :ite hair2 ! iris1 p9ki% or v pale2 & ! eyes unable to be> mu* light4 ,alb9os are mo/ frequ5t 9 ! negro race2 b x does n seem to be true t !re are tribes ( ,alb9os 9 any "p ( ! _w4 ,,al,,bum54 ,f ! ,lat4 albus1 :ite4 ,a *emical t]m1 appli$ to an imm$iate organic pr9ciple1 :i* con/itutes ! *ief "p ( ! :ite ( egg4 ,animal & vegetable album5 are ne>ly ! same 9 composition4 ,,al,,cal9e4 ,hav+ prop]ties ( an alkali4 ,,al*emi,,llas or ,,al*emi,,lla4 ,arabic4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,rosce4 ,! ,a4 vulg>is1 common ladies' mantle4 ,a,,lga4 ,lat4 ,sea-we$4 ,a,,lg4 ,plural ( alga4 ,"n ( a sub-class ( crytgam\s plants1 :i* is subdivid$ into ?ree families3 ! ,phyce1 or subm]g$ sea-we$s2 ! ,li*5s1 or em]g$ sea-we$1 & ! ,byssace1 or amphibi\s sea-we$s4 ,! alg or sea-we$s are gam\s plants :i* live 9 ! air1 on ! surface or at ! bottom ( fre% or salt wat]2 !y are rem>kable = _! cellul> or filam5t\s /ructure into :i* no vessels ent]4 ,,alha,,gi4 ,arabic4 ,g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,! alhagi maurorum gr[s 9 ! des]ts ( ,egypt2 a sweet1 gummy sub/ance exudes f ! b>k 9 =m ( small yell[i% gra9s1 :i*1 x appe>s1 0 ! manna ! ,hebrews ate :ile 9 ! des]ts ( ,arabia ,petria4 ,,al,,kali or ,,al,,cali4 ,a *emical t]m =m]ly appli$ to pota% & soda3 x n[ embraces ! oxides ( potassium1 sodium1 li?ium1 b>ium1 /rontium & calcium1 metals :i* decompose wat] at ord9>y temp]atures & absorb1 t is1 comb9e ) its oxyg51 giv+ out heat & flame4 ,a,,loe4 ,"n ( a g5us ( plants :i* includes v _m species4 ,! inspissat$ juice ( sev]al ( ^! species con/itutes ! v>ieties ( ! m$ic9e call$ ,soccotr9e1 ,b>badoes aloes1 c4 ,,allu,,vial4 ,( ! nature ( alluvium4 ,,allu,,vion1 ,f ! ,lat4 alluo1 ,i wa% ^u4 ,gravel1 ,,alluvium1 s&1 mud & o!r transport$ matt]1 wa%$ d[n by riv]s & floods ^u l&s n p]man5tly subm]g$ b5ea? wat]4 ,a deposit =m$ ( transport$ matt]4 ,,alpi,,num1 ,lat4 ,alp9e2 belong+ or relat+ to ! ,alps4 ,,alpi,,nus1 ,,alu,,m9um or ,,alumi,,nium4 ,f alum51 alum4 ,! mettaloid :i* =ms ! basis ( alum2 ( alum9a or pure argil4 ,,am>y,,llis4 ,f ! ,gr4 am>usso1 to be respl5d5t4 ,a nymph 9 anci5t my?ology4 ,"n ( a g5us ( plants1 =m+ ! type ( ! family ( ,am>yllde1 compos$ ( ab\t sixty species4 ,g5]ally !y are bulb\s plants1 rem>kable = ! size & beauty ( _! fl[]s4 ,,amblyrhi,,n*us4 ,f ! ,gr4 amblus1 obtuse1 & rug*os1 sn\t4 ,"n ( a g5us ( iguanian reptiles4 ,a,,me?y/4 ,f ! ,gr4 ami?u/os1 n drunk4 ,! anci5ts gave ?is "n to a /one 9 :i* ! w9e r$ col\r 0 temp]$ ) violet4 ,a violet v>iety ( hyal9e qu>tz4 ,,ammo,,nia4 ,a col\rl\s gas ( a peculi>1 pung5t od\r4 ,x causes dea? :5 respir$2 & its /rong alcal9e reaction di/+ui%es x f all o!r ela/ic fluids4 ,x is lib]at$ f all its *emical comb9ations by ! alkalis4 ,spirits ( h>t%orn is a solution ( ?is gas4 ,,ammoni,,acal4 ,( ! nature ( ammonia4 ,,am,,monite4 ,f ! ,lat4 ,ammon1 a "n ( ,jupit]4 ,a fossil s call$ f a suppos$ resemblance to ! horns engrav5 on ! heads ( ,jupit] ,ammon4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl& call$ snake-/ones4 ,ammonites are fossil %ells1 roll$ ^u ! same plane1 consi/+ ( a s]ies ( sep>ate *amb]s1 l ! nautilus4 ,,amor,,ph\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 a1 privative1 & morphe1 =m4 ,)\t def9ite or regul> %ape4 ,,ampe,,lid4 ,lat4 7ampelis71 "n ( a family ( birds 9 ! tribe ( d5tir/res4 ,,ampeli,,de4 ,f ! ,gr4 ampelos1 a v9e4 ,"n ( ! family ( ,phan]gam\s plants1 :i* includes ! v9e4 ,,amphi,,bi\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 amphibios1 two-liv$4 ,hav+ ! faculty ( liv+ 9 two elem5ts4 ,,amphiu,,ma4 ,f ! ,gr4 amphi1 bo?1 on all sides1 & uma1 t :i* has be5 moi/5$4 ,a g5us ( ,batra*ians 9 :i* lungs b no bron*i exi/ ?r\gh life4 ,amphiuma m5opoma4 ,a k9d ( ,batra*ian :i* resembles ! ,salam&]4 ,x is f\nd 9 ,l\isiana4 ,a,,mplitude4 ,9 a/ronomy d5otes ! angul> di/ance ( a cele/ial body1 at ! "t x rises or sets1 f ! ea/ or we/ po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,x is sometimes us$ to designate ! horizontal di/ance a projectile rea*es :5 ?r[n f a gun4 ,,amy,,ris4 ,f ! ,gr4 amuros1 n p]fum$4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants1 :i* is ! type ( ! family ( ,amyride :i* is alli$ to ! family ( turp5t9es4 ,amyris gileadensis4 ,! ,balm ( ,gilead4 ,amyris kataf4 ,! myrrh tree4 ,amyris opobalsamum4 ,! opobalsam1 or balsam ( ,mecca4 ,,ana,,nas4 ,portuguese4 ,p9e-apple4 ,g5us ( ! family ,bromelice1 & type ( ! tribe ,anance4 ,,&ro,,m$a4 ,my?ological "n ( a con/ellation4 ,g5us ( ! family ,ericce1 & type ( ! tribe ,&romde or ,&rom$as4 ,,ange,,lica ,,ar*5ge,,lica4 ,g>d5 ,angelica4 ,root & se$s us$ 9 m$ic9e z an aromatic /imulant4 ,,angui,,nus4 ,lat4 ,( ! nature ( a snake2 belong+ or relat+ to a snake4 ,,ane,,roid ,,b>o,,met]4 ,consi/s ( a cyl9d] ( copp] ) a v ?9 & corrugat$ end1 p>tially exhau/$ ( air & h]metically seal$4 ,! effect ( ! v>y+ pressure ( ! atmosph]e on ! ?9 end is magnifi$ by a sy/em ( lev]s1 s z to affect ! index ( a dial l t ( a wat* or clock4 ,?is is a ,fr5* inv5tion1 b 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ye> #ahdd4 ,see ,b>met]4 ,,anima,,lcula4 ,lat4 ,animalcule4 ,,anima,,lcul4 ,lat4 plural ( ,animlcula4 ,,anima,,lcule4 ,a dim9utive animal4 ,a t]m us$ to designate animals s small t !y _c be se5 by ! unassi/$ eye4 ,,anisa,,tum4 ,,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to anise$4 ,specific "n ( ! tree :i* produces />-anise$4 ,,ano,,lis4 ,a k9d ( ,saurian1 call$ anoli 9 ! ,antilles4 ,also call$1 long-to$ liz>d1 or dactyloa4 ,,an,,nual4 ,f ! ,lat4 annus1 a ye>4 ,ye>ly4 ,a plant :i* rises f ! se$1 rea*es p]fection1 & p]i%es )9 a ye>1 is t]m$ an annual4 ,,anta,,rctica4 ,lat4 ,ant>ctic4 ,,antelope ,,monta,,na4 ,m\nta9 ,antelope4 ,a4 rupicapra4 ,*amois4 ,a4 c]vicapra4 ,common antelope4 ,a4 dorcas4 ,gazelle4 ,a4 gazella4 ,algazel4 ,a4 mhorr4 ,mhorr4 ,a,,n!r4 ,f ! ,gr4 an!ra1 a fl[]y h]b4 ,9 botany3 ! ess5tial "p ( ! /am54 ,! small yell[i% body1 comp>$ to a dim9utive leaf fold$ on itself1 :i* cr[ns ! /am51 & 9 :i* ! poll5 is =m$4 ,,antiquo,,rum4 ,lat4 ,( ! anci5ts4 ,a,,phis4 ,gr4 ,a plant-l\se2 a v9e-frett]4 ,a,,phides4 ,plural ( aphis4 ,,apocy,,ne4 ,f ! ,gr4 apo1 f> f1 & knon1 dog4 ,hav+ ! virtue ( driv+ away dogs1 ! plant :i* kills dogs4 ,botanical "n ( a family ( plants ( :i* ! g5us apocynum is ! type4 ,a,,pt5ody,,tes4 ,f ! ,gr4 apt51 )\t w+s1 & dutes1 div]4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,apt5odytes patagonica4 ,a species ( ,p5gu94 ,a,,pt]yx4 ,f ! ,gr4 apt]os1 )\t w+s4 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,,aque\s ,,rocks4 ,are ^? =m$ by deposits f wat]4 ,,aquila4 ,lat4 ,an eagle4 ,aquila albicilla4 ,! fi%+ eagle4 ,,arauca,,ria4 ,f ,arauco4 ,"n ( a dep>tm5t or di/rict ( ,*ile :]e ! fir/ species 0 se54 ,"n ( a g5us ( ! family ( conif]s4 ,araucaria excelsa4 ,! ,norfolk ,isl& p9e4 ,,arbu,,tus4 ,lat4 ,a %rub4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,arctoce,,phalus4 ,f ! ,gr4 arktos1 a be>1 kephale1 head4 ,"n ( a g5us ( mammals4 ,,arde,a4 ,lat4 ,a ,h]on4 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,ardea helias4 ,! ,sun ,bird4 ,a,,rea ,,( ,,subsid5ce4 ,a geological expression us$ to designate a space :i* has settl$4 ,,are,,ca4 ,cabbage-tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,palm4 ,areca cate*u4 ,! m$ic9al or betel-nut palm4 ,,ar5a,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 ar5a1 s&4 ,s&y2 ( ! nature ( s&4 ,,arg5,,teum4 ,lat4 ,silv]y2 relat+ to silv]4 ,,arg5ti,,f]\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 arg5tum1 silv]1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,conta9+ silv]4 ,,argilla,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 argilla1 clay or argil4 ,( ! nature ( clay4 ,,argonau,,ta4 ,lat4 ,f ! ,gr4 argo1 "n ( a vessel1 & nautes1 a navigator4 ,"n ( a g5us ( cephalopd\s mollusks4 ,,armadi,,llo4 ,spani%4 ,dim9utive ( armado1 arm$4 ,"n ( a mammal ( ! family ( ed5tta or ed5tates4 ,,aroma,,ticus4 ,lat4 ,aromatic2 spicy4 ,,ar,,s5ic4 ,a metal ( a %9+1 /eel gray col\r4 ,heat$ 9 contact ) atmosph]ic air1 x rapidly absorbs oxyg51 & =ms ars5i\s acid1 :i* is ! poison commonly call$ ars5ic1 or rat's bane4 ,ars5ic is f\nd 9 its metallic /ate1 9 ! =m oxide or ars5i\s acid1 or :ite ars5ic2 & comb9$ ) sulphur1 =m+ orpim5t1 & realg>4 ,,arteme,,si4 ,a tribe ( plants1 ( :i* ! g5us ,artemsia ,,artemesias4 is ! type4 ,_m ( !m are us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,,arte,,sian4 ,f ,artois1 "n ( a prov9ce ( ,france :]e especial att5tion has be5 giv5 to a means ( obta9+ wat]1 :i* consi/s 9 bor+ v]tical p]=ations ( small diamet] 9 ! ext]ior cru/ ( ! e>?1 frequ5tly ( great dep?4 ,^! are t]m$ ,artesian wells4 ,,articula,,ta4 ,lat4 ,f articulus1 a jo9t or articulation4 ,hav+ jo9ts or articulations4 ,,ascle,,pias4 ,a "n ( ,esculapius4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants4 ,asclepias gigantea4 ,mud> ( ! ,h9doos4 ,! milky juice is v cau/ic2 ! b>k ( ! root z well z ! juice are us$ 9 m$ic9e by ! ,asiatics4 ,,asphalt4 ,f ! ,gr4 a1 privative1 & sphalto1 ,,asphaltum4 ,i slip1 or asphaltos1 bitum54 ,us$ anci5tly z a cem5t4 ,a black brittle bitum51 f\nd on ! surface & banks ( ! ,dead ,sea1 h5ce call$ ! ,asphaltic lake4 ,,asphode,,le4 ,"n ( a family ( phan]gam\s plants4 ,,assi,,milate4 ,f ! ,lat4 ad1 & simil>e1 to r5d] simil>4 ,assimilation is ! act by :i* liv+ bodies appropriate & trans=m into _! own sub/ance1 matt]s ) :i* !y may be plac$ 9 contact4 ,9 man1 assimilation is a function ( nutrition4 ,,asple,,niifo,,lia4 ,comp\nd ( aspl5ium1 a g5us ( f]ns1 & folia1 leaves4 ,hav+ leaves resembl+ ^? ( ! asplnium4 ,a,,/]4 ,f ! ,gr4 a/]1 a />4 ,a "n giv5 to ! plant by ! ,greeks 9 allusion to ! radiate =m ( ! fl[]s4 ,"n ( a g5us ( plants :i* =ms ! type ( ! a/]oides or a/]s-- lit]ally1 />-fl[]s4 ,,a/ra,,gali4 ,lat4 plural ( ,a/ragalus4 ,,a/ra,,galus4 ,lat4 ,"n ( a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( legum9s4 ,,atoll4 ,a *aplet or r+ ( coral1 enclos+ a lagoon or portion ( ! ocean 9 its c5tre4 ,,aucu,,ba4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rhamnoides4 ,!re ,,auku,,ba4 is b "o species1 :i* gr[s 9 ,japan4 ,aucuba ,japonica4 ,,au*e,,nia4 ,f ! ,gr4 au*5ios1 belong+ to ! head or neck4 ,lat4 "n ( a g5us ( mammals1 ! ,llama4 ,also1 a g5us ( colept]\s insects4 ,,auri,,cula4 ,lat4 ,little e>4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,primulce4 ,,auri,,f]\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 aurum1 gold1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,gold-be>+ conta9+ gold4 ,,auro*s4 ,an alt]ation ( ! ,g]man ,au]o*s1 wild-bull4 ,_! race is n[ almo/ ext9ct2 a few individuals are f\nd 9 ! =e/s ( ,li?uania1 c4 ,,au/ra,,le4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! s\?4 ,,au/ra,,lis4 ,,aza,l,a4 ,f ! ,gr4 azalea1 burn$4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,ericce4 ,,aze,,d>a*4 ,f ! ,arab4 ,azad>a*t1 a "n giv5 by ,avic5na to a plant4 ,,azote4 ,f ! ,gr4 a1 privative & zoon1 ,,azotic ,,gas4 life4 ,! "n giv5 by *emi/s to a gas1 n[ also call$ nitrog51 :i* w support nei!r respiration nor combu/ion4 ,x con/itutes sev5ty-n9e p] c5t4 ( ! atmosph]e1 & ent]s into ! composition ( all animal matt]1 except fatty sub/ances1 & into a c]ta9 numb] ( proximate vegetable pr9ciples4 ,,baccife,,rum4 ,lat4 ,comp\nd ( bacca1 a b]ry1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,b]ry-be>+4 ,specific "n ( a plant4 ,,balance ,,( ,,torsion1 or ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,a ma*9e inv5t$ by ,c\lomb = measur+ ! int5sities ( electric or magnetic =ces1 by e/abli%+ an equilibrium betwe5 !m & ! =ce ( torsion4 ,,bal,,na4 ,lat4 ,a :ale4 ,"n ( a g5us ( mammals1 belong+ to ! ord] ,cetcea4 ,balna my/ecetus4 ,! common :ale4 ,balnu gibbosa4 ,a k9d ( :ale :i* has five or six protub]ances on its back4 ,,ban,,ksia4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,protece4 ,,bao,,bab4 ,see ,adansonia4 ,,ba,,rium4 ,f ! ,gr4 b>us1 heavy4 ,a metal obta9$ f b>ytes by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,,b>omet]4 ,f ! ,gr4 b>os1 weight1 & metron1 a measure4 ,an in/rum5t = measur+ ! weight ( atmosph]ic air4 ,,b>ometric4 ,belong+1 or relat+ to ! b>omet]4 ,,b>ometrical4 ,,b>r+to,,nia4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,myrtce1 & ! type ( ! tribe ( ,b>r+tni4 ,,ba,,salt4 ,an ,e?iopian ^w4 ,a black or blui% gray rock1 h>d] ?an glass1 v t5aci\s1 & consequ5tly difficult to break3 x is homog5\s 9 appe>ance al?\gh ess5tially compos$ ( pyrox5e & feldsp>1 ) a l>ge proportion ( oxide ( iron or titanium4 ,basalt is consid]$ by all geologi/s to be a product ( igne\s =mation4 ,,basa,,ltic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to basalt4 ,,batra,,hcian4 ,f ! ,gr4 batra*os1 a frog4 ,! "n giv5 by naturali/s to ^? reptiles :i* resemble frogs 9 _! organization4 ,batrahcians =m ! f\r? ord] 9 ! class ( ,reptiles4 ,,beaufo,,rtia4 ,"n ( a g5us ( ! family ( ,myrtce1 nam$ 9 honor ( ,m>y1 ! ,du*ess ( ,beau=t1 :o enc\rag$ ! /udy ( ,botany4 ,,belem,,nites4 ,f ! ,gr4 belemnon1 a d>t4 ,a g5us ( fossil dibran*iate cephalopods1 ! %ells ( :i* are *amb]$ & p]=at$ by a siphon1 b int]nal4 ,!y are long1 /raight & conical2 & commonly call$ 8?und] /ones40 ,,b5jami,,na4 ,lat4 ,b5jam94 ,a g5us ( plants2 also ! specific "n ( a plant4 ,,b]ni,,cla4 ,g5]ic "n ( a k9d ( goose1 hav+ a %ort beak4 ,b]nicla cyanapt]a4 ,! goose ( ,%oa4 ,,b],,yl4 ,a m9]al alli$ to ! em]ald4 ,x is transp>5t1 ( a pale gre5 col\r1 & 9 ,brazil x is sometimes sold "u ! "n ( em]ald4 ,,bete,l4 ,! leaf ( ! betel or ,siriboa pepp]4 ,,be,,tula4 ,lat4 ,bir*4 ,"n ( a g5us ( plants4 ,betula nana4 ,dw>f bir*4 ,,betul,,ides4 ,f betula1 a bir*-tree1 ! ,gr4 eidos1 resemblance4 ,specific "n ( a plant4 ,,bigno,,nia4 ,a g5us ( plants nam$ 9 honor ( ! ,abbey ,bignon1 ! ,libr>ian ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,,bis,,mu?4 ,f ! ,g]m4 ,wismu?4 ,a brittle1 yell[i% :ite metal4 ,,bi,,tum54 ,a combu/ible m9]al1 compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,,bixa ,,orleana4 ,a plant :i* produces a col\r+ matt]1 call$ annotto4 ,,boa4 ,"n ( a g5us ( non-v5em\s reptiles4 ,,bohea4 ,specific "n ( a tea-plant4 ,,bombax4 ,f bombux1 "o ( ! ,greek names ( cotton4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,malvce4 ,bombax heptaphyllum4 ,a k9d ( cotton-tree4 ,bombax ceiba4 ,! cotton-wood tree1 mu* valu$ = mak+ canoes4 ,,bonduc4 ,a synonym ( ! ,guil&9a4 ,specific "n ( a plant4 ,,bora,,cic ,,acid4 ,an acid obta9$ f borax1 consi/+ ( boron & oxyg54 ,,bora,,ssus4 ,f ! ,gr4 borassos1 a date4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,palms4 ,borassus flabelli=mus4 ,! fan-leav$ palm4 ,,bo,,rate4 ,! salt result+ f a comb9ation ( boracic acid & a salifiable base1 z ! borate ( soda4 ,,bo,,rax4 ,t9kal4 ,a natural comp\nd ( soda & boracic acid4 ,,boron4 ,a simple or undecomposable sub/ance1 ! basis ( boracic acid & borax4 ,,bori,,*?ys4 ,f ! ,fr4 borgne1 "o-ey$ or bl9d1 & ! ,gr4 i*?us1 a fi%4 ,,borragi,,ni4 ,"n giv5 by ,jussieu to a gr\p ( plants4 ,,borr],,ia4 ,f ,borr]a1 "n ( a man4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,rubice4 ,,boswe,,llia4 ,a g5us nam$ 9 honor ( ,dr4 ,john ,boswell4 ,boswellia s]rata4 ,! olibanum tree4 ,,botany4 ,f ! ,gr4 botane1 plant4 ,! bran* ( natural hi/ory :i* embraces ! k & /udy ( plants4 ,,botanic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to botany4 ,,bos4 ,lat4 ,an ox4 ,a g5us ( rum9at+ mammals1 embrac+ sev]al species4 ,bos aurus4 ,! ,urus4 ,bos caff]4 ,cape buffalo4 ,bos bubalus4 ,common buffalo4 ,bos ,am]icanus4 ,! ,bison4 ,bos mos*atus4 ,! ,musk ox4 ,bos gruni5s4 ,! ,yak4 ,,b\ld]s1 or ,,b[ld]s4 ,r\nd$ masses ( /one ly+ ^u ! surface or loosely imb$d$ 9 ! soil4 ,,b\ld] ,,=mation1 or ,erratic block =mation4 ,a geological t]m appli$ to a "p ( ! diluvial drift4 ,see ,rus*5b]g]'s ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,,brac,,te4 ,lat4 ,bracts4 ,floral leaves1 diff]5t 9 col\r f o!r leaves4 ,,bras,,sica4 ,lat4 ,cabbage4 ,,breccia4 ,italian4 ,a rock compos$ ( an agglut9ation ( angul> fragm5ts4 ,:5 ! fragm5ts are roll$ pebbles1 x con/itutes a conglom]ate rock1 call$ pudd+ /one4 ,,brevise,,tum4 ,lat4 ,brevis1 %ort1 & setum1 a bri/le4 ,a specific "n4 ,,brexia4 ,f ! ,gr4 brexis1 ra93 9 allusion to ! protection f ra9 af=d$ by its ample foliage4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,brexice4 ,,bubo4 ,lat4 ,an owl4 ,a specific z well z g5]ic "n4 ,bubo maximus4 ,a k9d ( owl4 ,,bu,,fo4 ,lat4 ,a toad4 ,bufo ,agua4 ,a ,brazilian toad4 ,,bupha,,ga4 ,lat4 ,f ! ,gr4 b\s1 an ox1 & phago1 ,i eat4 ,a g5us ( birds1 :i* includes ! ,african beef-eat]4 ,,bursa4 ,lat4 ,a sack1 a purse or p\*4 ,,bu,,tea4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,papillionce1 nam$ 9 honor ( ,john1 ,c\nt ( ,bute1 a cultivator ( botanic sci5ce4 ,butea frondosa yields a gum 7butea7 :i* has be5 conf\nd$ ) ,k9o4 ,,cac,,ti4 ,lat4 ,plural ( cactus4 ,,cac,,tus4 ,f ! ,gr4 kaktos1 sp9y plant4 ,"n ( a g5us ( ! family ( ,cactce4 ,cactus cocc9ellif]4 ,! co*9eal cactus4 ,cactus opuntia4 ,indian fig4 ,,caca,,lia4 ,"n ( a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,compsit4 ,sev]al species are useful z condim5ts4 ,,ca*alot1 or ,,ca*elot4 ,fr4 ,"n ( ! sp]maceti :ale4 ,us$ to designate a v>iety ( ! ord] ( cetceans1 :i* has tee? 9 bo? jaws4 ,,cocc9e,,llif]4 ,f cocc9ella 7! dim9utive ( ! ,lat4 cocc9us1 crimson17 a g5us ( coleopt]\s insects1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,a specific "n4 ,,cad,,mium4 ,a :ite metal1 mu* l t94 ,its ores are associat$ ) ^? ( z9c4 ,discov]$ 9 #ahah4 ,,ca,,duc\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 cado1 ,i fall4 ,9 ,botany :5 a "p is tempor>y1 & soon disappe>s or falls (f1 x is said to be caduc\s4 ,c,,ci,,li4 ,f ! ,lat4 ccus1 bl9d4 ,a tribe ( ,batra*ians4 ,c,,espito,,sa4 ,lat4 ,f cspes1 turf or sod4 ,belong+ or relat+ to turf4 ,,cafe9e4 ,fr4 ,9 *emi/ry ! "n ( ! proximate pr9ciple ( c(fee4 ,,cajapute1 ,a ,malay "n = a gre5i%1 volatile oil us$ z ,,cajaputa1 a rem$y 9 rheumatism1 c4 ,,ca,,lamus4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,palms4 ,calamus draco4 ,an ,ea/ ,indian plant :i* yields an a/r+5t sub/ance call$ ,dragon's blood4 ,calamus rotan ,! rattan plant4 ,,calca,,re\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 calx1 calcis1 lime4 ,belong+ to or relat+ to lime4 ,calc>e\s rocks are ^? ( :i* lime =ms a pr9cipal "p4 ,,calceola,,ria4 ,f ! ,lat4 calceolus1 a little %oe4 ,a rem>kable g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,scrophul>ice4 ,,cal,,cium4 ,f ! ,lat4 calx1 calcis1 lime4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 #ahjg1 :i* unit$ ) oxyg5 =ms oxide ( calcium or lime4 ,,callitri,,*e4 ,f ! ,gr4 kalli?rix1 hav+ luxuriant hair4 ,a g5us ( aquatic plants4 ,also ! "n ( a g5us ( ,am]ican monkeys4 ,,calo,,ric4 ,f ! ,lat4 caleo1 ,i am w>m4 ,! t]m us$ by *emi/s to designate ! matt] ( heat4 ,,calori,,fic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to caloric4 ,,calyca,,n?us4 ,f ! ,gr4 kalux1 a calyx1 & an?os1 fl[]4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,calycan?ce4 ,,calyp,,tom5e4 ,f ! ,gr4 kaluptos1 conceal$1 & m5o1 ,i rema94 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,,cam,,brian ,,sy/em4 ,f ,cambria 9 ,wales4 ,a "n giv5 by geologi/s to ! l[e/ s$im5t>y rocks1 *>act]iz$ by fossil rema9s ( animals1 l[e/ 9 ! scale ( organization1 su* z corall9es1 c4 ,x is also call$ ! ,s*i/ose sy/em1 on acc\nt ( its slaty nature4 ,,camel,,lia4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,aurantice1 nam$ 9 honor ( ,kamel1 a botani/4 ,x conta9s ! tea plants4 ,camellia sasanqua4 ,lady ,bank's ,camellia4 ,camellia odorif]a4 ,sweet smell+ ,camellia4 ,,campa,,nula4 ,f ! ,lat4 campana1 a bell1 f ! %ape ( its corolla4 ,a g5us ( phan]gam\s plants ( ! family ( ,campanulce1 ( :i* x is ! type4 #ahb species are describ$4 ,,camphor,,sma4 ,f ! ,lat4 camphora1 camphor1 & ! ,gr4 osme1 od\r4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,*5opodce4 ,,campho,,ra4 ,lat4 ,camphor4 ,belong+ or relat+ to camphor4 ,,can>ie,,nsis4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,can>y isl&s4 ,,c&ela,,brum4 ,lat4 ,a c&le/ick4 ,,ca,,n9e4 ,f ! ,lat4 canis1 a dog4 ,tee? :i* resemble ^? ( a dog are s call$2 ! can9e tee? ( ! upp] jaw 9 man are commonly call$ ! eye-tee?4 ,,ca\,,t*\c4 ,gum ela/ic2 ,india-rubb]1 a sub/ance obta9$ f ! ,jatropha ela/ica1 ! ,ficus indica & ! ,urceola ela/ica4 ,,cape,,nsis4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,,c>aga,,na4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,,c>,,bon4 ,f ! ,lat4 c>bo1 *>coal4 ,a *emical elem5t or undecompos$ body4 ,! diamond is pure c>bon4 ,x is ! basis ( an?racite1 & ( all ! v>ieties ( m9]al coal1 & is "o ( ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( all organic bodies4 ,,c>bo,,nic ,,acid4 ,a comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,,c>,,bonate4 ,any comp\nd ( c>bonic acid & a salifiable base1 z c>bonate ( lime1 c>bonate ( soda4 ,,c>boni,,f]\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 c>bo1 coal1 f]o1 ,i be>1 coal-be>+2 conta9+ c>bon4 ,9 geology ! t]m is appli$ to ^? /rata :i* conta9 coal1 & to ! p]iod :5 ! coal measures 7 =m$4 ,,c>dam9e4 ,gr4 ,"n ( a plant4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( crucf]4 ,lady's smock4 ,c>dam9e hirsuta4 ,hairy ,c>dam9e4 ,,c>dui4 ,lat4 ,g5itive case ( c>duus1 a ?i/le4 ,specific "n ( a butt]fly4 ,,c>ni,,vora4 ,f ! ,lat4 c>o1 c>nis1 fle%1 & voro1 ,i eat4 ,"n ( a family ( ,mammals4 ,,c>tila,,g9\s ,,fi%es4 ,a t]m us$ to designate t division ( ! class ( fi%es :i* includes only ^? hav+ c>tilag9\s in/ead ( bony skeletons4 ,,c>yo,,phyllus4 ,lat4 ,a g>d5 p9k4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( c>yophylle4 ,c>yophyllus aromaticus4 ,! clove-tree4 ,,c>yo,,ta4 ,a g5us ( ,palms ( equatorial ,asia4 ,! c>yota ur5s d]ives its specific "n f a burn+ s5sation its fruit imp>ts :5 eat54 ,,ca,,spia4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,,cas,,sia4 ,f ! ,gr4 kassia1 c9namon4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,! g5us conta9s m ?an #cjj species4 ,,ca,,/anospe,,rrnum4 ,f ! ,gr4 ka/anon1 *e/nut1 & sp]ma1 fruit4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,,casu>i,n4 ,a family ( plants sep>at$ f t ( ! cnif]s4 ,! casu>in are f\nd 9 ,new ,holl&1 & 9 ,india1 & are rem>kable = ! abs5ce ( leaves4 ,,cata,,lpa4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ! ,bignonice4 ,,cat,,e*u4 ,an a/r+5t extract1 us$ 9 m$ic9e4 ,,cat',s ,,eye4 ,a beautiful silici\s m9]al1 p5etrat$ by fibres ( asbe/os1 :i*1 :5 poli%$1 reflects an effulg5t1 pe>ly light1 mu* resembl+ ! mutable reflections f ! eye ( a cat4 ,,caule,,rpa4 ,f ! ,gr4 kaulos1 a /em1 & erpo1 ,i creep4 ,a g5us ( alg ( ! family ( ,zoosp]me4 ,!re are ab\t #ce species ( caulrpa1 :i* inhabit equatorial seas4 ,! caulerpa prolif]a belongs to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,,ca,,via4 ,g5us ( mammals ( ! family ( rod5ts1 includ+ ! gu9ea-pig4 ,,ce,,bus4 ,lat4 ,"n ( a g5us ( monkeys2 ! m>moset4 ,,cecro,,pis4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,c$re,,la4 ,g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,c$relce4 ,,cei,,ba4 ,synonym ( ,bombax1 cotton4 ,specific "n ( a k9d ( cotton4 ,,c5ta,,urea4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,synan?re ,cyanre & type ( ! tribe ( ,c5tarie4 ,,c]ati,,tes4 ,f ! ,gr4 k]atetes1 horn$4 ,a g5]ic "n ( c]ta9 insects4 ,,c]ato,,des4 ,f ! ,gr4 k]atodes1 =m$ ( horns4 ,a g5us ( mollusks4 ,,c],,eal4 ,f ! ,lat4 ,c]es1 corn4 ,appli$ to grasses :i* produce ! bread corns2 z :eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 rice1 c4 ,,c]ea,,lia4 ,lat4 ,"n ( a tribe ( grasses4 ,,c]eo,,psis4 ,f ! ,gr4 k]os1 wax1 & opsis1 aspect4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ( palmp$es & family ( lamellir/res4 ,x is m>k$ by a wax-l membrane on ! beak4 ,c]eopsis /riata4 ,a k9d ( goose4 ,,ce,,rium4 ,nam$ aft] ! planet ,c]es4 ,a :ite brittle metal discov]$ 9 #ahjc1 by ,his+] & ,b]zelius4 ,,c],,?ia4 ,lat94 ,"n ( a g5us ( pass]9e birds1 commonly call$ creep]s4 ,,c],,vus4 ,lat94 ,a /ag4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,,ceta,,cea4 ,f ! ,gr4 ketos1 a :ale4 ,a g5us ( pisci=m mammals t h f9s 9 place ( feet1 & inhabit ! sea4 ,"n ( an ord] ( aquatic mammals4 ,,*alk4 ,e>?y c>bonate ( lime4 ,,*amb]$ ,,%ells4 ,a t]m us$ to designate ^? %ells ( mollusks :i* are divid$ int]nally into cells or *amb]s by p>titions4 ,,*am,,rops4 ,f ! ,gr4 *amai1 on ! gr\nd1 & rops1 a bru%4 ,"n ( a g5us ( palms4 ,*amrops humilis4 ,! dw>f fan palm4 ,,*eiro,,pt]a4 ,f ! ,gr4 *eir1 h&1 & pt]on1 a w+2 signify+ ! h& has become a w+4 ,"n ( a family ( mammals1 includ+ ! bats4 ,,*eiros,,temon4 ,f ! ,gr4 *eir1 h&1 & /emon1 filam5t4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,/]culice1 & tribe ( bombce4 ,,*elo,,nian4 ,f ! ,gr4 *elone1 a tortoise4 ,appli$ to reptiles resembl+ tortoises4 ,,*el,,yd4 ,f ! ,gr4 *elus1 a tortoise4 ,a tribe ( reptiles ( ! family ,emydes4 ,,*lam,,yphore4 ,f ! ,gr4 *lamus1 a cloak1 & ph]o1 ,i be>4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! tribe ( armadillos4 ,,*l5a,,ce4 ,f ! ,gr4 *la9a1 a cloak4 ,a tribe ( plants1 native 9 ,madagasc>4 ,,*loa,,n!s4 ,f ! ,gr4 *loros1 gre5i% yell[1 & an?os1 fl[]4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( *loan?ce4 ,,*lori,,tic4 ,f ! ,gr4 *loros1 gre54 ,belong+ or relat+ to *lorite1 an e>?y m9]al f\nd 9 ! cavities ( slate rocks4 ,,*rome1 ,,*ro,,mium4 ,f ! ,gr4 *roma1 col\r4 ,a :iti% brittle metal1 discov]$ by ,vauquel9 9 #agig4 ,9 union ) oxyg5 x =ms *romic acid4 ,,ci*ora,,ce4 ,f ! ,gr4 ki*ore1 *i*ory4 ,a tribe ( plants ( ! family ( ,compsit4 ,,ci,,rri4 ,plural ( cirrus4 ,,ci,,rro-,,cumulus4 ,a sond]cl\d2 a k9d ( cl\d4 ,! cirro-cumulus is int]m$iate betwe5 ! cirrus & cumulus1 & is compos$ ( small well def9$ masses closely arrang$4 ,,ci,,rro-,,/ratus4 ,a wanecl\d4 ,! cirro-/ratus1 int]m$iate betwe5 ! cirrus & /ratus1 consi/s ( horizontal masses sep>at$ into gr\ps1 ) :i* ! sky is sometimes s mottl$ z to sugge/ ! idea ( resemblance to ! back ( a mack]el4 ,,ci,,rrus4 ,lat4 ,a t5dril4 ,a k9d ( cl\d4 ,appli$ to c]ta9 app5dages ( animals2 z ! be>d f ! end & sides ( ! m\? ( c]ta9 fi%es4 ,! cirrus cl\d consi/s ( fibres or curl+ /reaks :i* div]ge 9 all directions4 ,x occupies ! highe/ region1 & is frequ5tly ! fir/ cl\d :i* is se5 aft] a cont9uance ( cle> wea!r4 ,,ci,,/us4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ci/ce4 ,,cla,,rkia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! tribe ( epilbi4 ,,clay-,,slate4 ,a rock :i* resembles clay or %ale1 b is g5]ally di/+ui%$ by its /ructure2 ! p>ticles hav+ be5 re-arrang$1 & exhibit+ :at is call$ slaty cleavage4 ,x is "o ( ! metamorphic rocks4 ,,clayto,,nia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,portulce-cal&rne4 ,,cleavage4 ,! me*anical division1 ! lam9 ( rocks & m9]als1 to %[ ! con/ant direction 9 :i* !y may be sep>at$4 ,,cl]ode,,ndron4 ,f ! ,gr4 kl]os1 accid5t1 & d5dron1 tree4 ,9 allusion to its accid5tal effects 9 m$ic9e4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,v]b5ce-,lantne4 ,,coal ,,measures4 ,! geological =mation 9 :i* coal is f\nd4 ,,co,,balt4 ,f ! ,g]m4 kobold1 a devil1 ,a brittle metal ( a r$di% gray col\r4 ,its ores are always associat$ ) ars5ic4 ,,cobra ,,capello4 ,portu4 cobra1 snake1 & capello1 a cawl or hood4 ,hood snake1 a v5om\s s]p5t4 ,,coca4 ,que*ua or aborig9al ,p]uvian ^w4 ,specific "n ( ! g5us ,ery?rxylum4 ,,cocc9e,,lla4 ,f ! ,gr4 kokk9os1 sc>let4 ,a g5us ( coleopter\s insects3 commonly call$ ,lady birds4 ,,coc,,cus4 ,f ! ,gr4 kokkos1 a se$ :i* dyes sc>let4 ,a g5us ( insects ( ! ord] ,hempt]a4 ,coccus lacca4 ,a species ( co*9eal insect4 ,coccus ilicus4 ,gre5 oak co*9eal4 ,,co,,cos4 ,gr4 ,a g5us ( palms2 ! cocoanut4 ,cocos ol]acia4 ,! oil cocoanut4 ,,codi,,um4 ,f ! ,gr4 kodion1 a fleece4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! tribe siphne4 ,codium bursa & ,codium flabelli=me are species4 ,,colo,,bus4 ,f ! ,gr4 kolobos1 mutilat$4 ,a g5us ( monkeys :i* belong to ! old _w4 ,colobus comosus4 ,a hairy monkey4 ,,colu,,bri=m4 ,f ! ,lat4 colub]1 a s]p5t1 an add]1 & =ma1 %ape4 ,add]-%ape4 ,,colum,,ba4 ,lat4 ,a pigeon4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,columba migratoria4 ,wild pigeon4 ,,colum,,bium4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 a m9]al f\nd 9 ,massa*usetts by ,mr4 ,ha*ett1 9 #ahja4 ,,colu,,mn>4 ,9 ! =m ( columns4 ,,combu,,/ion4 ,! comb9ation ( two bodies accompani$ by ! extrication ( heat & light4 ,:5 a body rapidly comb9es ) oxyg51 = example1 ) a dis5gagem5t ( heat & light1 x is said to und]go combu/ion4 ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,! comp>ative /udy ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! bodies ( diff]5t animals4 ,,compo,,site4 ,a family ( monopetal\s plants4 ,,conductor4 ,^? sub/ances :i* possess ! prop]ty ( transf]r+ caloric or heat1 & electricity1 are t]m$ conductors ( heat or caloric1 & conductors ( electricity4 ,,confe,,rv4 ,tribe ( plants ( ! family ( ,zosprme4 ,x includes _m sea-we$s4 ,,con,,g5]4 ,f ! ,lat4 con1 )1 & g5us1 race4 ,species belong+ to ! same g5us1 are t]m$ cong5]s4 ,,conglo,,m]ate4 ,f ! ,lat4 conglom]o1 ,i heap toge!r4 ,any rock compos$ ( pebbles cem5t$ toge!r by ano!r m9]al sub/ance1 ei!r calc>e\s1 silici\s or argillace\s4 ,,co,,nif]4 ,f ! ,lat4 conus1 a cone1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,a tree or plant :i* be>s cones1 su* z p9es1 fir-trees1 c4 ,,coni,,f]4 ,a family ( plants :i* includes ! conif]s4 ,,co,,ral4 ,f ! ,gr4 koreo1 ,i ornam5t1 & als1 ! sea4 ,! h>d calc>e\s support =m$ by c]ta9 polypi4 ,,cora,,ll9e4 ,belong+ or relat+ to coral4 ,,coralli,,ne4 ,! corall9es1 a tribe ( calcif]\s polypi4 ,,coreo,,psis4 ,f ! ,gr4 koris1 a bug1 & opsis1 aspect4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,cor,,dia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,cordice4 ,x conta9s ab\t #aej species4 ,,coria,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 corium1 ! hide ( a bea/4 ,lea!ry4 ,,coro,,na4 ,lat4 ,a cr[n4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,coro,n4 ,plural ( corona4 ,,coru,,ndum4 ,a cry/alliz$ or massive m9]al ( extreme h>dness1 almo/ opaque1 & ( a r$di% col\r4 ,x is alli$ to ! sapphire1 & is compos$ ( ne>ly pure alm9a4 ,,cot,,tus4 ,a g5us ( fi%es4 ,,coty,,l$on4 ,f ! ,gr4 katul$on1 a se$-lobe4 ,,cotyle,,don\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a cotyl$on or se$ lobe4 ,,cra,,t]4 ,lat4 ,a great cup or b[l4 ,! m\? ( a volcano4 ,,crate,,ri=m4 ,9 =m ( a crat]4 ,,crat]i,,f]\s4 ,conta9+ crat]s4 ,,creta,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 creta1 *alk4 ,( ! nature ( *alk1 relat+ to *alk4 ,,cr9oi,,de4 ,f ! ,gr4 kr9on1 a lily1 & eidos1 resemblance4 ,a family ( radiate animals4 ,,crop ,,out4 ,:5 a rock1 9 place1 em]ges on ! surface ( ! e>?1 x is said to crop out4 ,,cro,,ton4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,euphorbice4 ,,crucife,r4 ,f ! ,lat4 crux1 crucis1 a cross1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,a family ( plants :i* h fl[]s 9 =m ( a ,maltese cross4 ,,cru,,ci=m4 ,9 %ape ( a cross4 ,,cru/a,,cea4 ,f ! ,lat4 cru/a1 a cru/4 ,a class ( articulat$ animals4 ,,cru/a,,cean4 ,an animal ( ! class ( cru/acea2 a crab4 ,,cryptoga,,mia4 ,f ! ,gr4 kruptos1 conceal$1 & gamos1 m>riage4 ,a class ( plants1 :i* are propagat$ )\t app>5t se$s4 ,,cryto,,gam\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to crytogmia4 ,,crypto,,nyx4 ,f ! ,gr4 kruptos1 conceal$1 & onux1 a nail4 ,a g5us ( birds2 also1 a g5us ( insects4 ,,cry/,,al4 ,f ! ,gr4 kru/allos1 ice4 ,?is t]m 0 orig9ally appli$ to ^? beautiful transp>5t v>ieties ( silica or qu>tz kn[n "u ! "n ( rock-cry/al4 ,:5 sub/ances pass f ! fluid to ! solid /ate1 !y frequ5tly assume ^? regul> =ms :i* are g5]ally t]m$ cry/als4 ,a cry/al is any inorganic solid ( homog5e\s /ructure1 b\nd$ by natural planes & "r l9es1 symmetrically arrang$4 ,,crys,,tall9e4 ,relat+ to1 or resembl+ cry/als4 ,,cry/alliza,,tion4 ,! process by :i* cry/als are =m$4 ,,cucife,,ra ,,!bai,,ca4 ,a palm ( ,egypt :i* gr[s to ! height ( #bj feet4 ,also kn[n z ! g5us ,hyphne1 f ! ,gr4 ,hupha9o1 ,i entw9e4 ,a fan-leaf palm ( ! tribe ( ,borassne4 ,,cu,,culus4 ,lat4 ,a cuckoo4 ,a g5us ( pass]9e birds4 ,,cu,,lex4 ,lat4 ,a gnat4 ,a g5us ( insects ( ! family ( ,dipt]a1 & type ( ! tribe ( ,culcides3 culex pipi5s1 ! common gnat4 ,,cu,,muli4 ,plural ( cumulus4 ,,cu,,mulo-,,/ra,,tus4 ,twa9 cl\d3 x p>takes ( ! appe>ance ( ! cumulus & /ratus4 ,,cu,,mulus4 ,a =m ( cl\d4 ,a convex aggregate ( wat]y p>ticles1 increas+ upw>ds f a horizontal base1 & assum+ m or less ( a conical figure4 ,,cur,,vid5s4 ,lat4 ,curvus1 b5t1 & d5s1 too?4 ,hav+ a b5t too?4 ,,cuspa,,ria4 ,a g5us ( plants1 nam$ aft] ! tree :i* yields ! ,angu/ura b>k4 ,,cyanap,,t]a4 ,f ! ,gr4 kuanos1 blue1 & pt]on1 w+4 ,a specific "n4 ,,cyan]oi,,des4 ,f ! ,gr4 kuanos1 blue1 & eidos1 resemblance4 ,a family ( m$us4 ,,cy,,cas4 ,a g5us ( plants1 ! type ( ! family cycde4 ,cycas revoluta4 ,n>r[-leav$ cycas4 ,,cyca,,de4 ,a family ( plants alli$ to ! cnif]s4 ,,cycada,,ce\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! cycde4 ,,cy,,clas4 ,f ! ,gr4 kuklos1 a circle4 ,a g5us ( ga/]opods4 ,,cygnus4 ,lat4 ,a swan4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,cygnus musicus4 ,! :i/l+ swan4 ,,cynoce,,phalus4 ,f ! ,gr4 kuon1 a dog1 & kephale1 head4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,dog head$ monkey or baboon4 ,,cyp]a,,ce4 ,"n ( a family ( h]bace\s plants4 ,,cyp,r,a4 ,f ! ,gr4 kupris1 ,v5us4 ,a c[ry4 ,a g5us ( mollusks4 ,cypra moneta4 ,! money c[ry4 ,,cypri,,nid4 ,f ! ,gr4 kupr9os1 a c>p4 ,"n ( a family ( fi%es4 ,,cy/osei,,ri4 ,f ! ,gr4 ku/is1 a vesicle1 & seira1 a *a94 ,a tribe ( sea-we$s4 ,,dac,,tylis4 ,f ! ,gr4 daktulos1 a f+]4 ,a g5us ( ! family ( ,gramne4 ,dactylis cspitosa4 ,tussock grass4 ,,dahlia4 ,aft] ,dahl1 a ,sw$i% botani/4 ,g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,compsit4 ,,dalbe,,rgia4 ,aft] ,dalb]g1 a ,sw$i% botani/4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce1 & ( ! tribe ( ,dalb]gi4 ,,daman4 ,alt]ation ( ! ,arabic ^w ,ghannem1 ! "n ( an animal4 ,specific "n ( a mammal4 ,,danais4 ,g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rubice4 ,,daph,,ne4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,daphnce4 ,,d>wi,,nii4 ,! "n ( ,d>w9 lat9iz$4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,d>w94 ,,dasy,,urid4 ,f ! ,gr4 dasus1 ?ick1 hairy1 & oura1 tail4 ,a family ( mammals4 ,,debris4 ,fr4 ,wreck1 ru9s1 rema9s4 ,9 geology ! t]m is appli$ to l>ge fragm5ts1 to di/+ui% !m f detritus1 or ^? :i* are pulv]iz$4 ,,deci,,du\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 decido1 ,i fall (f4 ,appli$ to plants ^: leaves fall (f 9 autumn1 to di/+ui% !m f ev]gre5s4 ,,dec,,l9ation ( any cele/ial body1 is ! angul> di/ance ( ! body1 nor? or s\?1 f ! equator4 ,,de9o!,,rium4 ,f ! ,gr4 de9os1 t]rible1 & !reion1 wild bea/4 ,a g5us ( fossil pa*yd]ms4 ,,delesse,,ri4 ,prop] "n4 ,tribe ( plants ( ! family ( ,floride4 ,,delphi,,nus4 ,lat4 ,dolph94 ,a g5us ( aquatic mammals4 ,,del,,ta4 ,! ,gr4 lett] 4 ,! triangul> deposits1 %oals or isl&s1 at ! m\?s ( riv]s are call$ deltas4 ,,del,,toid4 ,f ! ,gr4 lett] & eidos1 resemblance4 ,resembl+ ! lett] delta4 ,,d5uda,,tion4 ,f ! ,lat4 d5udo1 ,i /rip4 ,a removal ( a "p ( ! l&1 s z to lay b>e ! inf]ior /rata4 ,,deoda,r4 ,a k9d ( p9e tree4 ,,de,,position4 ,f ! ,lat4 depono1 ,i let fall4 ,9 geology ! fall+ to ! bottom ( matt]s susp5d$ or dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,,devonian ,,sy/em4 ,s call$ because x is l>gely develop$ 9 ,devon%ire1 ,engl&4 ,x is synonym\s ) ! old r$ s& =mation4 ,x is compos$ at fir/ ( pudd+ /one1 & !n passes into s&/one1 ) :i* x alt]nates at diff]5t places4 ,,de,,t95s4 ,lat4 ,deta9+2 t :i* has ! p[] to deta94 ,,de,,tritus4 ,a geological t]m appli$ to deposits compos$ ( v>i\s sub/ances :i* h be5 comm9ut$ by attrition4 ,! l>g] fragm5ts are usually t]m$ debris2 ^? :i* are pulv]iz$1 z x 71 con/itute detritus4 ,s& is ! detritus ( silici\s rocks4 ,,diamagnetic4 ,if a b> ( iron be susp5d$ betwe5 ! poles ( an electro-magnet1 x w be attract$ by bo? poles on ! l9e ( =ce4 ,b if a b> ( bismu? be susp5d$ 9 ! same mann]1 x w be repell$ by bo? poles1 & re/ at "r angles to ! l9e ( =ce4 ,sub/ances :i* are attract$ by bo? poles ( an electro-magnet are said to be magnetic1 & ^? :i* are repell$ by bo? poles are t]m$ diamagnetic4 ,,di*oto,,ma1 ,f ! ,gr4 di*a1 divid$1 & tomos1 ,,di*oto,,mu1 section4 ,9 zoology ?is t]m is appli$ to a species ,,di*oto,,mus1 ( ! g5us ,iris1 ! body ( :i* is bifurcate4 ,9 botany x is appli$ to ! /em1 bran*es1 p$uncles1 leaves1 hairs1 /yles1 c41 :5 !y are bifurcat$ 9 =m4 ,,dicoty,,l$on4 ,f ! ,gr4 dis1 two1 & kotul$on1 se$ lobe4 ,a d\ble se$ lobe4 ,,dicotyle,,don\s4 ,relat+ to dicotyl$on2 hav+ a d\ble se$ lobe4 ,,didel,,ph\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 dis1 d\ble1 & delphus1 womb4 ,appli$ to opossums & o!r m>supial mammals4 ,,didel,,phis4 ,a g5us ( m>supial mammals4 ,,didel,,phid4 ,a tribe ( m>supial mammals4 ,,digita,,ta4 ,lat4 ,digitate2 spread out l ! f+]s4 ,,d9o,,rnis4 ,f ! ,gr4 de9os1 great1 t]rible1 & ornis1 a bird4 ,a g5us ( fossil1 or ext9ct birds4 ,,dio,,tis4 ,f ! ,gr4 ditos1 hav+ two e>s3 ref]r+ to ! fl[]4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( helian?ce4 ,,dislocation4 ,displacem5t4 ,9 geology :]e /rata or ve9s h be5 displac$ f ! position :]e fir/ deposit$ or =m$1 !y are said to be dislocat$4 ,,di,,sa4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,or*ide4 ,disa gr&iflora4 ,l>ge-fl[]$ ,disa4 ,,dio,,sma4 ,f ! ,gr4 dios1 div9e1 & osme1 smell4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,diosme4 ,,dill5ia,,ce4 ,prop] "n4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,dion,a4 ,"o ( ! names ( ,v5us4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,dros]cea4 ,diona muscipula4 ,v5us' ,fly-trap4 ,,dip,,t]yx4 ,f ! ,gr4 dis1 d\ble1 & pt]ux1 a w+1 9 allusion to ! two app5dages ( ! calyx4 ,tonqu9 ,bean4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,dipt]yx odorata4 ,sweet-sc5t$ ,tonqu9 ,bean4 ,,dic,,tyota4 ,f ! ,gr4 dictuon1 a net4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,phyce1 & tribe ( dictyte4 ,,dictyo,,nema4 ,f ! ,gr4 dictuon1 a net1 & nema1 a filam5t4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,phyce4 ,,dip4 ,9 geology direction ( ! incl9ation ( /rata4 8,to take a dip10 is to measure ! degree t a /ratum incl9es or dips f a horizontal l9e4 ,,dis,,integrate4 ,f ! ,lat4 de1 privative1 & integ]1 a :ole4 ,to sep>ate or break up an aggregate into p>ts4 ,,d,,lomite4 ,magnesian m>ble1 or granul> magnesian c>bonate ( lime4 ,nam$ aft] ,dolomieu4 ,,dombe,,ya4 ,9 honor ( ,joseph ,dombey4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,byttn]icea3 x is f\nd 9 ,madagasc> & ! ,isle ( ,b\rbon4 ,,dorsige,,ra4 ,lat4 ,f dorsum1 ! back1 a ridge1 & g]o1 ,i c>ry or we>4 ,a specific "n4 ,,dorya,,n!s4 ,f ! ,gr4 doru1 doratos1 a lance1 & an!sis1 a fl[]+4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,am>yllidce4 ,,draba4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,crucif]4 ,,drac,,na4 ,lat4 ,a g5us ( ,saurians4 ,,drac,n4 ,plural ( ,dracna4 ,,dryoba,,lanops4 ,f ! ,gr4 drus1 os1 an oak1 balanos1 an acorn1 & ops1 aspect4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,dipt]ocrpe4 ,dryobalanos camphora4 ,! camphor tree ( ,sumatra4 ,,dyna,,mic4 ,f ! ,gr4 dunamis1 p[]1 =ce4 ,belong+ or relat+ to dynamics4 ,,dynamics4 ,! doctr9e ( =ces z exhibit$ 9 mov+ bodies :i* are at lib]ty to obey ! impulses communicat$ to !m4 ,! motions ( cele/ial bodies 9 _! orbits1 or ( a /one fall+ freely ?r\gh ! air1 are embrac$ 9 ! /udy ( dynamics4 ,,di,,dymium4 ,a metal discov]$ rec5tly by ,mos&]4 ,,e>?s4 ,=m]ly *emi/s1 believ+ !m to be simple bodies1 includ$ ! foll[+ sub/ances "u ! "n ( e>?s3 ,b>yta1 ,/rontia1 ,lime1 ,magnesia1 ,alum9a or clay1 ,silica1 ,gluc9a1 ,zirconia1 & ,yttria4 ,rese>* has %[n t all h metallic or metalloid bases4 ,,e*id,,na4 ,greek "n ( a mon/]1 suppos$ to h ! body ( a beautiful woman1 & ! tail ( a s]p5t4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! family ( ,monotrema4 ,e,,*imys4 ,f ! ,gr4 e*9os1 sp9y1 & mus1 a rat4 ,a g5us ( mammals2 a sort ( rat f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,,ecliptic4 ,9 ,a/ronomy ! great circle ( ! heav5s :i* ! sun appe>s to describe 9 8 annual revolution4 ,,ed5ta,,ta4 ,f ! ,lat4 e1 )\t1 & d5s1 too?3 )\t tee?4 ,an ord] ( mammals :i* are de/itute ( tee?4 ,e,,dulis4 ,lat4 ,eatable2 t :i* may be eat54 ,,efflore,,sc5ce4 ,! pulv]ul5t cov]+ =m$ on ! surface ( sal9e sub/ances f :i* ! atmosph]e has remov$ ! wat] ( cry/allization4 ,:5 sal9e sub/ances give up _! wat] ( cry/alization to ! air1 !y are said to effloresce4 ,,elais4 ,f ! ,gr4 elaia1 ! olive4 ,a g5us ( plants ,,el,,is4 ( ! family ( ,palms4 ,! ,elais ,gu9eaensis yields ! ,palm oil4 ,,elaps4 ,gr4 ,"n ( a s]p5t4 ,a g5us ( ophidians4 ,,electricity4 ,f ! ,gr4 elektron1 amb]1 ! sub/ance 9 :i* x 0 fir/ obs]v$4 ,! prop]ty acquir$ by glass & res9 f friction to attract light sub/ances4 ,electricity exi/s 9 all bodies1 & becomes manife/1 at lea/ p>tially1 :5ev] ! natural /ate ( equilibrium ( _! molecules is di/urb$ by any cause4 ,,electro-,,magnetism4 ,! ph5om5a produc$ :5 a curr5t ( electricity is trav]s+ any sub/ance1 or :5 electricity is 9 motion1 magnetism is at ! same "t develop$4 ,,electro-,,magnet4 ,an app>atus = exhibit+ ! ph5om5a ( electro-magnetism4 ,,elec,,tricus4 ,lat4 ,electric4 ,belong+ to1 or relat+ to electricity4 ,,ellip,,tica4 ,lat4 ,elliptic4 ,e,,lephas4 ,lat4 ,gr4 "n ( ! elephant4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! ord] ( pa*ydemus4 ,,elephanti,,na4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to an elephant2 elephant9e4 ,,em,,bryo4 ,f ! ,gr4 embruon1 f1 bru ,i bud =?4 ,a g]m at ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t4 ,e,,m]ald4 ,a m9]al ( a beautiful gre5 col\r1 mu* valu$ = ornam5tal jewelry4 ,x consi/s ( silica1 alum9a1 gluc9a1 oxide ( *romium1 :i* is ! col\r+ matt]1 & a trace ( lime4 ,e,,mys4 ,lat4 ,f ! ,gr4 emus1 a wat] tortoise4 ,a g5us ( reptiles ( ! family ( emydians4 ,,emy,,dians4 ,a family ( reptiles ( ! ord] ( ,*elnia4 ,,encri,,nites4 ,f ! ,gr4 kr9on1 a lily4 ,a g5us ( fossil ,e*9od]ms4 ,! skeleton ( ?is animal is said to consi/ ( n less ?an #bf1jjj sep>ate pieces4 ,e,,oce,,ne4 ,f ! ,gr4 es1 dawn1 & ka9os1 rec5t4 ,9 geology a "n = ! old] t]ti>y =mation1 9 :i* ! fir/ dawn1 z x 71 ( exi/+ species1 appe>4 ,,epacri,,de4 ,f ! ,gr4 epi1 ^u1 & akros1 an elevat$ place1 a hill4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,ep,,iphyte4 ,f ! ,gr4 epi1 ^u1 & phutos1 a plant4 ,appli$ to plants :i* gr[ ^u o!r plants4 ,,equ9octia,,lis4 ,lat4 ,equ9octial4 ,,equise,,tum4 ,f ! ,lat equus1 a horse1 & seta1 hair4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( equisitce4 ,,equus4 ,lat4 ,a horse4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,,er,,bium4 ,a metal1 rec5tly discov]$4 ,,erica4 ,a g5us ( plants ( :i* !re are #dbi species4 ,,eri,,ocaulon4 ,f ! ,gr4 erion1 wool1 & kaulon1 /em or /alk4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( eriocaulne4 ,,ery?ri,,na4 ,f ! ,gr4 eru?ros1 r$4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,,ery?rox,,ylon4 ,f ! ,gr4 eru?ros1 r$1 & xulon1 wood4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,esc>pm5t4 ,f ! ,ital4 sc>pa1 %>p1 =m$ f ! ,lat4 c>p]e1 to cut4 ,! /eep face (t5 pres5t$ by ! abrupt t]m9ation ( /rata :]e subjac5t b$s crop out f b5ea? !m4 ,,escul5ta4 ,lat4 ,escul5t4 ,,eucaly,,pti4 ,lat4 ,plural ( eucalyptus4 ,,eucaly,,ptus4 ,f ! ,gr4 eu1 well1 & kaluptos1 cov]$4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myrtce4 ,,eupho,,rbia4 ,gr4 ,"n ( a plant4 ,a g5us ( plants ( :i* !re are #cjj species4 ,,exce,,lsa4 ,lat4 ,noble1 tall1 /ately4 ,,exco,,rtica4 ,lat4 ,)\t b>k4 ,,ex,,og5\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 ex1 f1 & ge9omai1 ,i gr[4 ,appli$ to plants :i* gr[ by successive ext]nal additions to _! wood4 ,,ext5sile4 ,hav+ ! p[] to ext5d itself4 ,,exu,,vi4 ,lat4 ,! sl\ghs or ca/ sk9s1 or ca/ %ells ( animals4 ,,fa,,gus4 ,lat4 ,bee*4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,am5tce4 ,,falco4 ,lat4 ,falcon4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,falco isl&icus4 ,! ,g]falcon4 ,,family4 ,9 natural hi/ory ! t]m is appli$ to an assemblage ( sev]al g5]a :i* resemble ea* o!r 9 _m respects4 ,,f>,,ina4 ,lat4 ,meal4 ,,f>,,inha4 ,portu4 ,meal1 fl\r4 ,,f>9o,,sa4 ,lat4 ,meally2 belong+ or relat+ to meal4 ,,fauna4 ,all animals ( all k9ds peculi> to a c\ntry con/itute ! fauna ( t c\ntry4 ,,felis4 ,lat1 ,a cat4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! family ( c>nivra4 ,felis irbis4 ,! pan!r4 ,,f5e/ra,,lis4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a w9d[ or op5+4 ,,f],,bium4 ,a rec5tly discov]$ metal4 ,,f]ns4 ,! filices2 an ord] ( cryptogmic plants4 ,,fi,,cus4 ,lat4 ,a fig4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,morce4 ,,ficoide4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,mesembryan!me1 ( :i* !re are ab\t #bjj species4 ,,ficoides4 ,! family ( ,mesembryn?me4 ,ficoides ,,ficoide4 is appli$ z a specific "n4 ,,flac\r,,tia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,flac\rtice4 ,,flabel,,li=me4 ,f ! ,lat4 flabellum1 a fan1 & =ma1 =m4 ,fan-%ap$4 ,,flora4 ,lat4 ,"n ( ! ,goddess ( ,fl[]s4 ,all ! plants ( all k9ds belong+ to a c\ntry con/itute ! flora ( t c\ntry4 ,,flo,,rida4 ,belong+ or relat+ to fl[]s2 or relat+ to ! ,/ate ( ,florida4 ,,foci4 ,lat4 ,plural ( focus4 ,,focus4 ,lat4 ,a he>?4 ,9 optics ! t]m describes ! po9t or space :]e ! rays ( light are conc5trat$ by a l5s4 ,! apex ( a cone ( rays ( light1 or ( heat1 =m$ by a l5s1 or concave mirror4 ,,folia,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 folium1 a leaf4 ,leafy4 ,hav+ ! =m ( leaves4 ,,foot/alks4 ,9 botany ! /alks ( fl[]s1 or ( leaves4 ,,fossil4 ,f ! ,lat4 fodio1 ,i dig4 ,any organic body1 or ! traces ( any organic body1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 :i* has be5 buri$ 9 ! e>? by natural causes4 ,,fossili,,f]\s4 ,conta9 fossils4 ,,=mi,,cid4 ,f ! ,lat4 =mica1 an ant1 & ! ,gr4 eidos1 resemblance4 ,a family ( insects ( ! family ( ,hym5pt]a4 ,,frond4 ,also1 frons4 ,a "n appli$ to ! leaves ( palms1 & ( cryptgam\s plants4 ,,frondo,,sa4 ,lat4 ,full ( gre5 leaves4 ,,fra,,grans4 ,lat4 ,fragrant2 odor\s4 ,,fra,,gilis4 ,lat4 ,fragile2 easily brok54 ,,fr+i,,ll4 ,lat4 fr+illa1 a *af9*4 ,a family ( birds1 ! mo/ num]\s ( ! gr\p ( coniro/res1 or ?ick bill$ birds4 ,,fucca4 ,"n ( a g5us ( aquatic plants4 ,,fuci4 ,lat4 ,plural ( fucus4 ,,fucus4 ,lat4 ,sea-we$4 ,a g5us ( aquatic plants4 ,,fu*sia4 ,aft] ,leon>d ,fu*s1 a physician ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,function4 ,f ! ,lat4 fungor1 ,i act4 ,! action ( an organ1 or sy/em ( organs4 ,,fungi4 ,lat4 ,plural ( fungus4 ,,fungus4 ,lat4 ,a mu%room4 ,,fune,,reus4 ,lat4 ,fun]al3 belong+ to a dead body4 ,,ga,,dus4 ,lat4 ,a codfi%4 ,,gall9a,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 gallena1 a h54 ,relat+ to birds ( ! ord] ( ,gall9ce4 ,,gale,,na4 ,f ! ,gr4 gal5e1 lead ore4 ,a m9]al compos$ ( sulphur & lead3 a natural sulphuret ( lead4 ,,gal,,vanism4 ,f ,galvani1 a di/+ui%$ ,italian philosoph]4 ,t bran* ( electrical sci5ce 9 :i* electricity is made manife/ by ! m$iate contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,also1 ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by liv+ animal matt] :5 plac$ betwe5 ! poles or extremities ( an app>atus = %[+ electricity by ! m$iate contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,,galva,,nic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to galvanism4 ,,gangea,,ticus4 ,lat4 ,gangeatic2 belong+ or relat+ to ! riv] ,ganges4 ,,g>de,,nia4 ,aft] a prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rubice2 x conta9s "s =ty species4 ,! ,g>d5ia gr&iflora is ! ,cape ,jasm94 ,,g>,,net4 ,a m9]al consi/+ ( silicates ( alum9a1 lime1 iron1 & manganese4 ,x occurs imb$d$ 9 mica-slate1 granite1 & gneiss1 & occasionally 9 lime/one1 *lorite-slate1 s]p5t9e1 & lava4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( g>net4 ,,gas4 ,f ! ,g]m4 gei/1 _s4 ,! "n giv5 to all p]man5tly ela/ic fluids1 or airs1 diff]5t f ! atmosph]ic air4 ,,gase\s4 ,( ! nature ( gas4 ,,g5re4 ,fr4 ,g5us1 k9d1 mann]1 /yle4 ,9 pa9t+ x is appli$ to signify ! repres5tation ( c]ta9 k9ds ( objects1 z l&scapes1 views1 animals1 plants1 fl[]s1 sc5es 9 common life4 ,pictures ( g5re1 !n1 are pictures ( a g5us or k9d z to subject2 z l&scapes1 m>9e views1 fl[] pieces1 /ill-life1 c4 ,,ge,,n]a4 ,lat4 ,plural ( g5us4 ,,g5us4 ,lat4 ,a k9dr$1 bre$1 race or family4 ,,ge,,ology4 ,f ! ,gr4 ge1 ! e>?1 & logos1 disc\rse4 ,t bran* ( natural hi/ory :i* treats ( ! /ructure ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,x is divid$ into descriptive geology2 dynamic geology1 :i* treats ( ! =ces by :i* ! surface ( ! e>? has be5 modifi$2 practical & economic geology1 embrac+ ! application ( geological sci5ce to m9+1 road-mak+1 ar*itecture1 & agriculture4 ,,geo!r,,mal4 ,f ! ,gr4 ge1 ! e>?1 & !rmos1 heat1 temp]ature4 ,relat+ to ! temp]ature ( ! e>?4 ,,g]a,,rdia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,scrophulrie4 ,,g]m9a,,tion4 ,! process ( ! developm5t ( ! se$1 & ! embryo :i* x conta9s4 ,,gey,,s]s4 ,f an ,icel&ic ^w1 signify+ rag+ or ro>+4 ,celebrat$ sp\t+ f\nta9s ( boil+ wat] 9 ,icel&4 ,,gibbosa4 ,lat4 ,gibb\s2 hav+ protub]ances or bun*es4 ,,gibralta,,rica4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,gibralt>4 ,,gigan,,tea4 ,lat4 ,gigantic1 huge4 ,,gigan,,teus4 ,,gileade,,nsis4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,gilead4 ,,gla,,cial4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ice4 ,,gla,,ci]s4 ,fr4 ,masses or b$s ( ice =m$ 9 high m\nta9s1 d]iv$ f ! sn[s or lakes froz5 by ! cont9u$ cold ( ^? regions4 ,,gladio,,lus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,iride4 ,,gl&4 ,an organ =m$ = ! purpose ( secret+ a peculi> fluid4 ,,glau,,c\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 glaukos1 blue4 ,appli$ to ! blui% & pulv]ul5t aspect :i* c]ta9 plants pres5t1 su* z ! leaves ( cabbages1 c4 ,also us$ to signify ! bloom ( ! color ( cabbage leaves1 sometimes obs]v$ on poli%$ bodies4 ,,gl$i,,ts*ia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s1 nam$ 9 honor ( ,j4 ,g4 ,gl$its*1 a ,g]man botani/4 ,x includes ! ,honey & ,swamp locu/ trees among its species4 ,,globba,,ria4 ,f ! ,lat4 globum1 a ball4 ,a g5us ( insects3 also a specific "n4 ,,gluci,,num4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 gluc9a 9 #agih by ,vauquel94 ,,glu,,t54 ,lat4 ,! viscid ela/ic sub/ance :i* rema9s :5 :eat fl\r is wrapp$ 9 a co>se clo?1 & wa%$ "u a /ream ( wat]1 s z to c>ry (f ! />* & soluble matt]s4 ,x exi/s 9 _m plants & 9 animals4 ,x is ! basis ( glue4 ,,glyce,,ria4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( gramine1 & ! tribe ,fe/ucce4 ,,gly,,c9e4 ,f ! ,gr4 glukus1 sweet4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,,gnapha,,lium4 ,f ! ,gr4 gnaphalion1 ! cotton tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,composit4 ,,gneiss4 ,g]m4 ,a rock resembl+ granite4 ,x is compos$ *iefly ( feldsp> & mica1 & is m or less slaty 9 its /ructure4 ,gneiss is us$ = build+ & flagg+4 ,,gold4 ,! mo/ valuable & longe/ kn[n ( ! metals4 ,,goode,,nia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,good5ice4 ,,gordo,,nia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,gordonie4 ,,gr&iflora4 ,lat4 ,l>ge-fl[]$4 ,,grami,,ne4 ,lat4 ,grasses4 ,a family ( monocotyldon\s plants1 conta9+ ab\t #cjjj species4 ,,granivor\s4 ,appli$ to animals :i* fe$ ^u gra9s1 ,,granivora4 especially to pass]9e birds4 ,,gr,,ca4 ,lat4 ,greek4 ,,gra,,nul>4 ,compos$ ( gra9s4 ,,granite4 ,a rock :i* is a cry/al9e aggregate ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & mica4 ,,granitic4 ,( ! nature ( granite4 ,,gre5/one4 ,a r\gh v>iety ( trap-rock1 consi/+ *iefly ( hornbl5de4 ,,grit4 ,a co>se-gra9$ s&/one4 ,,guil&i,,na4 ,a prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,guil&9a ,bonduc1 ! oval-leav$ ,nick]-tree4 ,,gu9ea5,,sis4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,gu9ea4 ,,gum4 ,a vegetable product1 :i* is ta/eless & inodor\s1 & is di/+ui%$ by be+ soluble 9 wat]1 & insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,gum arabic1 = example4 ,,gymno,,tus4 ,f ! ,gr4 gumnos1 nak$1 & ntos1 back4 ,a g5us ( fi%es4 ,,gypsum4 ,native sulphate ( lime4 ,x is conv]t$ into pla/] ( ,p>is by heat4 ,,gyro,,phora4 ,f ! ,gr4 guros1 a circle1 & ph]1 ,i give4 ,a g5us ( cryptgam\s plants4 ,,habitat4 ,lat4 ,he inhabits4 ,us$ to designate ! place 9 :i* animals & plants are naturally f\nd4 ,,halio,,tis4 ,f ! ,gr4 als1 ! sea1 & ous1 ! e>4 ,a g5us ( mollusks4 ,,ha,,lcyon4 ,f ! ,gr4 alkuon1 a k+-fi%]4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,helia,,n?us4 ,f ! ,gr4 elios1 ! sun1 & an?os1 fl[]2 sunfl[]4 ,,heli,,acal4 ,f ! ,gr4 elios1 ! sun4 ,relat+ to ! sun4 ,:5 a /> rises s z to be visible 9 morn+ twilight be=e ! appe>ance ( ! sun1 x is said to rise heliacally4 ,,hep,,taphyllum4 ,f ! ,gr4 epta1 sev51 & phulon1 a leaf4 ,sev5-leav$4 ,a specific "n4 ,,h]ba,,ce\s4 ,9 botany1 ,h]b-l2 t p]i%es e ye>4 ,an annual /em4 ,n woody4 ,,h]bivo,,ra4 ,lat4 ,h]bivor\s4 ,,h]bivo,,r\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 h]ba1 a plant1 & vor>e1 to eat4 ,plant eat+4 ,appli$ to animals :i* fe$ *iefly or exclusively on plants or h]bs4 ,,h]itie,,ra4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,/]culice4 ,,hib]nate4 ,f ! ,lat4 hib]n>e1 to w9t]4 ,animals :i* retire & sleep ?r\gh\t ! w9t]1 are said to hib]nate4 ,,hibi,,scus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,malvce4 ,,hi]o*,,loa4 ,f ! ,gr4 i]os1 sacr$1 & *loa1 h]b4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,gramine4 ,,hippopo,,tamus4 ,f ! ,gr4 ippos1 a horse1 & potamos1 riv]4 ,riv] ,horse4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,,hirsu,,ta4 ,lat4 ,hirsute2 cov]$ ) s(t hairs4 ,,hol,,cus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,gramine4 ,,hopea1 or ,,hoppea4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,ho,,rrida4 ,lat4 ,horrid2 sp9y4 ,,ho,,r>y4 ,f ! ,lat4 hora1 an h\r4 ,! motion ( a cele/ial body1 or ! space x moves ?r\gh 9 an h\r1 is t]m$ its hor>y motion4 ,,horse-,,%oe ,,magnet4 ,a magnet 9 =m ( a horse-%oe4 ,,humi,,ria4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( humorice4 ,!y inhabit tropical ,am]ica4 ,,hydran,,gea4 ,f ! ,gr4 udr1 wat]1 & aggos1 a vessel4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,saxifragce1 & tribe ( ,hydrange4 ,,hydrau,,lic4 ,f ! ,gr4 udr1 wat]1 & aulos1 a pipe4 ,relat+ to liquids 9 motion4 ,hydraulics is t bran* ( natural philosophy or physics :i* treats ( ! =ce ( wat] & o!r liquids 9 motion4 ,,hydro/a,,tic4 ,f ! ,gr4 udr1 wat]1 & /a1 ,i /&4 ,relat+ to wat] 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,hydro/atics is ! sci5ce :i* treats ( ! equilibrium & pressure ( wat] & o!r liquids4 ,,hy,,drog54 ,f ! ,gr4 udr1 wat]1 & g5nae91 to g5]ate4 ,a colorless1 ta/eless1 inodor\s gas1 "o "p ( :i*1 by weight1 comb9$ ) eight p>ts ( oxyg5 =ms wat]2--comb9$ ) sulphur x con/itutes sulphurett$ ,hydrog52--& ) c>bon1 c>burett$ ,hydrog51 ! gas us$ = illum9ation4 ,,hydrogeton4 ,a synonym ( ,ouviraudra4 ,a g5us ( aquatic plants4 ,,hyla4 ,f ! ,gr4 ule1 wood1 a tree4 ,a tree frog4 ,,hym5,a4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,papilionce4 ,a res9\s tree ( tropical ,am]ica4 ,,hym5o,,pt]a4 ,f ! ,gr4 um51 a membrane1 & pt]on1 w+4 ,sy/ematic "n ( a class ( insects1 *>act]iz$ by membran\s w+s4 ,,hy,,rax4 ,f ! ,gr4 urax1 a %rew m\se4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,,ian?9a4 ,see ,jan?9a4 ,i,,bex4 ,lat4 ,a wild goat4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,i,,bis4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,igne\s ,,rocks4 ,are ^? rocks ^: /ructure is attributable to ! influ5ce ( heat1 su* z granite & basalt4 ,!y are di/9ct f /ratifi$ rocks1 or ^? =m$ by deposits f wat]4 ,i,,guana4 ,a reptile ( ! liz>d tribe4 ,,igua,,nian4 ,appli$ to ,saurians :i* resemble ! iguana4 ,,igua,,nodon4 ,f iguana1 & ! ,gr4 od\s1 too?4 ,a g5us ( ext9ct or fossil reptiles ( gigantic size discov]$ 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&4 ,i,,lex4 ,lat4 ,! ,holly4 ,,ili,,cis4 ,lat4 ,( ! ,holly2 belong+ or relat+ to ! holly4 ,,illi,,cium4 ,f illicio to attract2 f its agreeable p]fume4 ,! anise$ tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,magnolice4 ,,im,,bricate4 ,laid "o ov] ano!r l tiles4 ,,inconspicuus4 ,lat4 ,n conspicu\s or rem>kable4 ,,incisor4 ,f ! ,lat4 incido ,i cut4 ,appli$ to ^? tee? :i* occupy ! ant]ior or c5tre ( ! upp] & l[] jaws1 because !y are us$ = cutt+ ! food4 ,,inca4 ,designation ( ! aborig9al ,p]uvian pr9ces2 us$ z a specific "n4 ,also1 a g5us ( insects4 ,,indica--,,indicus4 ,lat4 ,indian3 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,india4 ,,indica,,tor4 ,lat4 ,indicator2 "o :o po9ts out4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,infuso,,ria4 ,animals ( infusions2 microscopic animalcules4 ,,infuso,,rial4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,infusoria4 ,,inorganic4 ,)\t organs or organization4 ,,insect4 ,f ! ,lat4 91 into1 seco1 ,i cut4 ,appli$ to animals ^: bodies are cut1 z x 71 into ?ree p>ts--head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,,irid,e4 ,a family ( monocotyldon\s plants4 ,,iridium4 ,f ! ,lat4 iris1 ! ra9b[4 ,a grey1 brittle1 v infusible metal1 :i* is f\nd associat$ ) ! ores ( plat9um4 ,,isatis4 ,f ! ,gr4 isaz1 ,i r5d] equal4 ,woad4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,crucif]4 ,also ! "n ( a species ( dog4 ,,isla,,ndicus4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,icel&4 ,,iso,,geo,,!rmal4 ,f ! ,gr4 isos1 equal1 ge1 ! e>?1 & !rmos1 heat4 ,appli$ to l9es :i* are suppos$ to pass ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! e>?'s /ructure on ! surface :]e ! mean heat is ! same4 ,,iso!,,rmal4 ,f ! ,gr4 isos1 equal1 & !rmos1 heat4 ,iso!rmal l9es are suppos$ to pass ?r\gh all places :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! air is ! same4 ,,iso!rial4 ,f ! ,gr4 isos1 equal1 & !reios1 hav+ ! heat ( summ]4 ,iso!rial l9es are suppos$ to be drawn ?r\gh all places hav+ ! same mean summ] temp]ature4 ,,iso*i,,m5al4 ,f ! ,gr4 isos1 equal1 & *eima1 w9t]4 ,iso*im5al l9es pass ?r\gh all places :]e ! mean w9t] temp]ature is ! same4 ,,ixia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,iride4 ,,jan?i,,na4 ,f ! ,gr4 ian?9os1 violet4 ,a g5us ( mollusks4 ,,japo,,nica--,,japo,,nicus4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,japan4 ,,jasp]4 ,a silici\s m9]al ( v>i\s colors2 sometimes spott$1 b&$ or v>iegat$4 ,x takes a f9e poli%4 ,,j]bo,a4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! family ( ,rod5ts1 or gnaw]s4 ,,jura,,ssic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,jura m\nta9s4 ,appli$ to a sy/em ( rocks ( ! middle second>y geological p]iod4 ,also t]m$ oolitic4 ,,ka,,lmia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,ericce4 ,,k],,ria4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rosce4 ,,ke,,urva4 ,synonym ( ,p&anus4 ,,k+,,ia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,joncce1 f\nd 9 ,new ,holl&4 ,k+ia au/ralis2 ! grass tree4 ,,labia,t4 ,f ! ,lat4 labium1 lip2 9 allusion to ! =m ( ! corolla4 ,a family ( dicotyldon\s plants4 ,,lago,,pus4 ,f ! ,gr4 lags1 a h>e1 & p\s1 foot3 h>e-foot$4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ,gall9ce4 ,,lam,,ant94 ,! manatus4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! ord] ( ,cetcea4 ,,lam9a,,ria4 ,a g5us ( aquatic plants ( ! family ( ,phyce4 ,,lamprato,,rnis4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,lampratornis sup]ba4 ,a k9d ( rav54 ,,lana,,ta4 ,lat4 ,woolly4 ,,lanceola,,tus4 ,lat4 ,lanceolate2 lance-%ap$4 ,,l&slip1 or ,,l&slide4 ,9 geology1 ! removal ( a portion ( l& d[n an incl9$ surface1 f its atta*m5t be+ loos5$ by ! action ( wat] b5ea?1 or by an e>?quake4 ,,lanta,,nium4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 #ahdj by ,mos&]4 ,,lapis ,,lazuli4 ,a m9]al belong+ to ! alum9\s silicates1 ( an azure blue col\r4 ,,laureo,,la4 ,specific "n ( a plant4 ,,lauri,,ne4 ,f laurus1 laurel1 "o ( ! g5]a4 ,,laurea,,ce4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,lat5t ,,heat4 ,heat n indicat$ by ! !rmomet]1 ^u :i* ! liquid & ari=m conditions ( bodies dep5d1 & :i* becomes s5sible dur+ ! conv]sion ( vap\r into liquids1 & ( liquids into solids4 ,,la,,rva4 ,lat4 ,a mask4 ,! fir/ /ate ( an insect aft] leav+ ! egg4 ,,la,,rv4 ,lat4 ,plural ( l>va4 ,,la,,va4 ,9 geology1 sub/ances :i* fl[ 9 a melt$ /ate f a volcano4 ,lavas v>y 9 consi/5ce & texture4 ,,legum9o,s4 ,f ! ,lat4 legum51 a bean4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,legu,,m9\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! ,legum9ose4 ,,leoni,,na4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a lion4 ,,lepori,,na4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a h>e4 ,,lepido,,pt]a4 ,f ! ,gr4 lepis1 a scale1 & pt]on1 a w+1 scaly w+s4 ,an ord] ( insects *>act]iz$ by scaly w+s4 ,,lesso,,nia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants2 also a g5us ( birds4 ,,leucade,,ndron4 ,f ! ,gr4 leukos1 :ite1 & d5dron1 tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,protece4 ,,lias4 ,prov9cial corruption ( ! ^w lay]s4 ,9 geology1 a division ( ! second>y =mation4 ,x is also call$ ! ,liassic1 ,jurassic1 & ,oolitic sy/em ( rocks4 ,,li,,*5s4 ,an ord] ( cryptgam\s plants4 ,!y include v>i\s mosses4 ,,lilia,,ce\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! lily4 ,,lilia,,ce4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,llanos4 ,span4 ,planes4 ,,limo,,nia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,aurantice4 ,,limb4 ,9 botany1 ! spread+ "p or bord] ( a leaf or petal4 ,9 a/ronomy1 ! out]mo/ edge ( ! sun or moon4 ,,li,,riode,,ndron4 ,f ! ,gr4 leirion1 a lily1 & d5dron1 a tree4 ,! tulip tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,magnolice4 ,,li,,?ium4 ,a metal4 ,,lo,,asa4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,loasce4 ,,lobe4 ,a t]m appli$ 9 botany to ! m or less pr(\nd divisions ( a leaf1 corolla1 or o!r "p ( a plant4 ,,lobelia,,ce4 ,9 honor ( ,lobel1 a botani/4 ,a family ( dicotyldon\s plants4 ,,longifrons4 ,lat4 ,hav+ a long front or =ehead4 ,,lophobra,,n*es4 ,f ! ,gr4 lophos1 a tuft1 or cre/1 & bran*ia1 gills4 ,an ord] ( fi%es4 ,,lophopho,,rus4 ,f ! ,gr4 lophos1 a tuft1 & phoros1 be>]4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ,gall9ce4 ,,lora,,n?us4 ,f ! ,gr4 lron1 a lea!r /rap1 & an?os1 fl[]4 ,loran?4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,loran?ce4 ,,lo,,tus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,,loxia4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,lu,,teum4 ,lat4 ,yell[2 dirty2 made ( clay4 ,a specific "n4 ,,macroce,,phalus4 ,f ! ,gr4 makros1 l>ge1 & kephale1 head4 ,a g5us ( insects4 ,! specific "n ( a mammal4 ,,macrocy,,/is4 ,f ! ,gr4 makros1 l>ge1 & ku/is1 bladd]4 ,a g5us ( aquatic plants ( ! family ( ,phyce4 ,gigantic sea-we$s f\nd 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,,macr\,,r\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 makros1 great1 & oura1 tail4 ,hav+ a long or l>ge tail4 ,,magnet4 ,load/one is ! natural magnet1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( attract+ iron4 ,artificial magnets are prep>$ s z to possess ! peculi> attractive prop]ties ( ! load/one4 ,,mag,,netism4 ,! sci5ce :i* inve/igates ! ph5om5a pres5t$ by natural & artificial magnets1 & ! laws by :i* !y are connect$4 ,,magne,,sium4 ,a silv]y :ite metal obta9$ f magnesia4 ,,magne,,sian4 ,conta9+ magnesia4 ,,magno,,lia4 ,"n ( ,magnol1 a ,fr5* botani/4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,magnolice4 ,,ma,,la*ite4 ,a m9]al2 native gre5 c>bonate ( copp]4 ,,mal,,lotus4 ,a g5us ( fi%es ( ! family ( ,salmones4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,euphorbice4 ,a synonyme ( ! g5us ,rottl]a4 ,,malu,,rus4 ,a g5us ( pass]9e birds4 ,,mam,,mal4 ,any animal t suckles its "y4 ,,mamma,,lia4 ,f ! ,lat4 mamma1 a brea/4 ,! "n ( ! class ( mammals or animals :i* suckle _! "y4 ,,mammi,,f]4 ,same z mammalia4 ,,mana,,ti4 ,lat4 ,plural ( manatus4 ,,mana,,tus4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,! ,lamant94 ,,mangane,,se4 ,a metal4 ,,m>iti,,ma4 ,lat4 ,m>itime2 relat+ to ! sea4 ,,m>l4 ,argillace\s c>bonate ( lime4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( m>l4 ,,m>su,,pial4 ,f ! ,lat4 m>supium1 a p\*4 ,any animal hav+ a peculi> p\* 9 front or on ! abdom54 ,,mas,,todon4 ,f ! ,gr4 ma/os1 a nipple1 & od\s1 a too?4 ,a g5us ( ext9ct mammals alli$ to ! elephant4 ,,ma,,trix4 ,9 geology1 ! /ony sub/ance or b$ 9 :i* metallic ores & cry/al9e m9]als are emb$d$4 ,! gangue4 ,,mauri,,tia4 ,lat4 ,belong+ to ! isl& ( ,m>itius4 ,,mauro,,rum4 ,lat4 ,( ! ,moors4 ,,maximus4 ,,maxima4 ,lat4 ,! greate/4 ,,maximum4 ,,m$u,,sa4 ,a g5us ( m>9e animals ( ! class ,acalepha4 ,,mega!,,rium4 ,f ! ,gr4 megas1 great1 & !rion1 bea/4 ,"n ( a fossil quadrup$4 ,,melaleu,,ca4 ,f ! ,gr4 melas1 black1 & leukos1 :ite4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myrtce4 ,,mela,,/oma4 ,f ! ,gr4 melas1 black1 & /oma1 op5+4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,mela/omce4 ,,mel,,ia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,melice4 ,,mel(o,,rmis4 ,f ! ,lat4 melo1 a melon1 & =ma1 %ape4 ,melon-%ap$4 ,,m5opoma4 ,f ! ,gr4 m5os1 /rong1 & poma1 cov]4 ,a g5us ( reptiles ( ! family ( ,salam&]s4 ,specific "n ( a batra*ian4 ,,m5ura4 ,a g5us ( pass]9e birds4 ,! ,m5ura sup]ba1 ! lyre-bird4 ,,m]cury4 ,quicksilv]4 ,a metal :i* is liquid at ! ord9>y temp]ature4 ,,mese,,m]yan,,!mum4 ,f ! ,gr4 mesembria1 ! mid-day1 & an!mum1 fl[]+1 because ! fl[]s usually exp& at t "t4 ,! fig m>ygold4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,ficoides4 ,,me,,sa4 ,span4 ,a table4 ,,mespilus4 ,f ! ,gr4 mesos1 half1 & pil1 bullet1 ! fruit resembl+ a half ball4 ,! m$l>4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rosce4 ,,met,,alloid4 ,lit]ally1 resembl+ metal4 ,! metals obta9$ f ! alkalis & e>?s are call$ metalloids4 ,,metalli,,f]\s4 ,conta9+ metal1 or metals4 ,,metamor,,phic4 ,f ! ,gr4 meta1 indicat+ *ange1 & morphe1 =m4 ,metamorphic rocks are ^? :i* are evid5tly ( me*anical orig91 b ow+ to ! presum$ action ( heat1 h und]gone *ange4 ,alt]$ rocks4 ,,metrosi,,d]os4 ,f ! ,gr4 metra1 he>t ( a tree1 & sid]on1 iron1 9 allusion to ! h>dness ( its wood4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myrtce4 ,,metur4 ,a species ( wild corn :i* gr[s 9 ,icel&4 ,,mia,,sma4 ,f ! ,gr4 mia91 ,i contam9ate4 ,appli$ ,,mia,,smata4 to any emanation f animal or vegetable sub/ances1 or f ! e>?1 :i* may prejudicially influ5ce ! heal? ( ^? p]sons :o may be expos$ to x4 ,,mi,,ca4 ,f ! ,lat4 mico1 ,i %9e4 ,a m9]al1 g5]ally f\nd 9 ?9 ela/ic lam91 s(t1 smoo?1 & ( v>i\s colors & degrees ( transp>5cy4 ,x is "o ( ! con/itu5ts ( granite4 ,,mica-,,s*i/4 ,g]m4 7,gr4 s*i/os1 slaty1 easily split47 ,mica-slate4 ,a lamell> rock compos$ ( qu>tz1 ord9>ily grayi%1 & a great quantity ( brilliant lamell ( mica arrang$ 9 scales1 or ext5d$ leaves4 ,,mi,,das4 ,"n ( a g5us ( monkeys2 also1 ( a g5us ( reptiles4 ,,migrato,,ria4 ,lat4 ,migrat+4 ,,mill+to,,nia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,bignonice4 ,,millepo,,ra4 ,f mil1 a ?\s&1 & pori1 holes4 ,a g5us ( /ony polyps1 or corall9es4 ,,mimo,,sa4 ,f ! ,lat4 mimus1 a com$ian1 9 allusion to its num]\s v>ieties4 ,a g5us1 & a tribe ( plants4 ,,mi,,oc5e4 ,f ! ,gr4 mein1 less1 & ka9os1 rec5t4 ,9 geology a "n ( a gr\p ( rocks ( ! t]ti>y p]iod4 ,,mi,,nimum4 ,lat4 ,! lea/4 ,,mira,,ge4 ,fr4 ,a k9d ( natural optical illusion1 aris+ f ! unequal refraction ( ! l[] /rata ( ! atmosph]e4 ,! illusive appe>ance ( wat] 9 des]ts is expla9$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,,misod5dron4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,loran?ce4 ,,mite,,lla4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,saxafragce4 ,,mollusk4 ,f ! ,lat4 mollis1 s(t4 ,appli$ to c]ta9 s(t animals :i* inhabit %ells1 z oy/]s4 ,,mollu,,sca4 ,a bran* ( ! animal k+dom4 ,,mollu,,sc\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to mollusks4 ,,molyb,,d5um4 ,a :ite1 brittle metal4 ,,monocotyle,,don4 ,f ! ,gr4 monos1 s+le1 & kotul$on1 se$-lobe4 ,a s+le se$-lobe4 ,,monocotyle,,don\s4 ,relat+ to monocotyl$on4 ,,mono,,c]os4 ,f ! ,gr4 monos1 s+le1 & k]as1 horn4 ,hav+ "o horn4 ,,mo,,nodon4 ,f ! ,gr4 monos1 s+le1 & od\s1 too?4 ,"n ( a g5us ( aquatic mammals4 ,! ,n>:al4 ,,mone,,ta4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to money4 ,,moni,,li=m4 ,f ! ,lat4 monile1 a necklace4 ,9 =m ( a /r+ ( beads1 necklace-l4 ,,mo,,nitor4 ,a g5us ( ,saurian reptiles4 ,,monospe,,rma4 ,f ! ,gr4 monos1 s+le1 sp]ma1 se$4 ,"o-se$$4 ,a specific "n4 ,,mon,,tia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,portulce4 ,,mori,,nda4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rubice4 ,,mora9es4 ,longitud9al deposits ( /ony detritus f\nd at ! bases1 & along ! edges ( all ! great glaci]s4 ,,mo,,rus4 ,mulb]ry4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,urtice4 ,,mosasau,,rus4 ,f ,meuse1 "n ( a riv]1 & ! ,gr4 sauros1 a liz>d4 ,a g5us ( fossil reptiles4 ,,mos,,*us4 ,f ! ,gr1 mos*os1 musk4 ,a g5us ( mammals4 ,,mos*i,,f]us4 ,lat4 ,musk be>+2 conta9+ musk4 ,,mosses4 ,crytgam\s p>asites ( ! family ( ,lycopodec4 ,,mu,,cilage4 ,a mixture ( gum & wat]4 ,,mural4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a wall4 ,,musa4 ,! banana4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,musce4 ,,mus*elkalk4 ,g]man4 ,%ell lime/one4 ,,musci,,pula4 ,lat4 ,a fly trap or m\se trap4 ,,musicus4 ,lat4 ,relat+ to music2 musical4 ,,mycetus4 ,"n ( a g5us ( monkeys4 ,,myopo,,tamus4 ,f ! ,gr4 mus1 a rat1 & potamos1 a riv]4 ,a g5us ( gnaw+ mammals4 ,,myri,,/ica4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myri/ace2 ,my/ritica mos*ata1 ! nutmeg tree4 ,,myrtus4 ,myrtle4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myrtace4 ,,nana4 ,f ! ,gr4 nanos1 a dw>f4 ,a specific "n4 ,,na,,p?a4 ,a limpid bitum54 ,,n>ci,,ssus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,am>yllide4 ,,na,,trium4 ,a metal4 ,,natron4 ,a subc>bonate ( soda4 ,,nect>y4 ,t "p ( a fl[] :i* produces honey4 ,,nelum,,bium4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,nymphce4 ,sacr$ ,bean4 ,,ne/or4 ,an ext9ct bird4 ,,neuro,,pt]a4 ,f ! ,gr4 neuron1 a n]ve1 & pt]on1 w+4 ,an ord] ( insects4 ,,new ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,9 geology1 a sy/em ( rocks ( ! second>y =mation4 ,,nickel4 ,a :ite metal4 ,x is ! basis ( 8,g]man ,silv]40 ,,nigra4 ,lat4 ,black4 ,,nimbus4 ,a ra9 cl\d4 ,,ni,,tida4 ,lat4 ,neat1 clean1 bright4 ,,nitrog54 ,a simple1 p]man5tly ela/ic fluid or gas1 :i* con/itutes f\r-fif?s ( ! atmosph]e1 & is ! basis ( nitric acid4 ,,niva,,lis4 ,lat4 ,sn[y4 ,,non-,,conductor4 ,appli$ to sub/ances :i* d n possess ! prop]ty ( transmitt+ electricity1 or heat4 ,,notacan?us4 ,f ! ,gr4 ntos1 back1 & akan?a1 a sp9e4 ,a g5us ( fi%es4 ,,noto!rium4 ,a fossil g5us ( m>supial mammals4 ,,notornis4 ,an ext9ct bird4 ,,nummula,,ria4 ,f ! ,lat9 nummus1 a co94 ,a family ( ,mollusks4 ,nummulites4 ,,nymph,a4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,nymphace4 ,,nyssa4 ,f ! ,gr4 nuss1 ,i prick4 ,a g5us ( plants4 ,,obsi,,dian4 ,a glassy lava4 ,volcanic glass4 ,,ocean,,ica4 ,lat4 ,relat+ to ! ocean4 ,,o5o,,!ra4 ,f ! ,gr4 o9os1 w9e1 & !r1 ,i hunt4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,o5o!race4 ,synonym ( onagr>i4 ,,odora,,ta4 ,lat4 ,odor\s4 ,,odoratissi,,ma4 ,lat4 ,v1 or mo/ odor\s4 ,,odori,,f]a4 ,lat4 ,odorif]\s4 ,o,,lea4 ,lat4 ,olive4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,oleace4 ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 ,a sy/em ( rocks ( ! second>y =mation4 ,o,,olite4 ,f ! ,greek on1 an egg1 & li?os1 /one4 ,a granul> v>iety ( c>bonate ( lime1 frequ5tly call$ roe/one4 ,o,,pal4 ,a brittle m9]al1 *>act]iz$ by its iridesc5t reflection ( light4 ,x consi/s ( silica ) ab\t t5 p] c5t4 ( wat]4 ,o,,pales,,c5t4 ,resembl+ opal4 ,,ophi,,dian4 ,f ! ,gr4 ophis1 a s]p5t2 appli$ to reptiles ( ! ord] ( ,ophidia4 ,,ophice,,phalus4 ,f ! ,gr4 ophis1 s]p5t1 & kephale1 head4 ,s]p5t-head4 ,a g5us ( acn?opt]ygian1 or bony-f9n$ fi%es4 ,,or,,*is4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,or*ide1 nam$ f mo/ ( ! species be+ m>k$ by two tub]cles4 ,,or*id,,e\s4 ,relat+ to ! g5us or*is4 ,,organ4 ,f ! ,gr4 organon1 an in/rum5t4 ,"p ( an organiz$ be+1 de/9$ to ex]cise "s p>ticul> function2 = example1 ! e>s are ! organs ( he>+1 ! muscles are ! organs ( motion4 ,,orga,,nic4 ,relat+ to an organ4 ,organic rema9s1 are ! fossil rema9s ( organiz$ be+s4 ,,organiza,,tion4 ,! mode or mann] ( /ructure ( an organiz$ be+4 ,,organiz$4 ,compos$ ( organs2 hav+ a mode ( /ructure4 ,,ori5ta,,lis4 ,lat4 ,ea/]n4 ,belong+ to ! ,ea/4 ,,ori5ta,,le4 ,,orni?oryn,,*us4 ,f ! ,gr4 ornis1 orni?os1 a bird1 & rug*os1 a beak4 ,a g5us ( mammals1 hav+ ! beak ( a duck4 ,,or,,tygis4 ,f ! ,gr4 ortux1 a quail4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,os,,mium4 ,f ! ,gr4 osme1 od\r4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 #ahjc1 by ,t5nant4 ,,oscilla,,tion4 ,! act ( mov+ backw>ds & =w>ds l a p5dulum4 ,,ota,,ria4 ,f ! ,gr4 t>ion1 a small e>4 ,a g5us ( amphibi\s mammals1 ( ! tribe ( seals4 ,,out ,,crop4 ,9 geology1 ! em]g5ce ( a rock 9 place1 at ! surface4 ,o,,v>y4 ,9 botany1 t "p ( a fl[] 9 :i* ! "y se$s are conta9$4 ,,oxa,,lis4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,oxalide4 ,,oxle,,ya4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,c$relace4 ,,oxyg54 ,! vivify+ gas :i* con/itutes ab\t "o-fif? ( ! atmosph]e1 ! pres5ce ( :i* is ess5tial to life4 ,,ozo,,ne4 ,f ! ,gr4 oz1 ,i smell ( some?+4 ,! odor\s matt] p]ceiv$ :5 electricity passes f po9t$ bodies into ! air4 ,,pa*yd],,mata4 ,f ! ,gr4 pa*us1 ?ick1 & d]ma1 sk94 ,an ord] ( mammals--,pa*yd]ms4 ,,padi,,na4 ,same z ,zonria1 a beautiful m>9e plant4 ,pad9a pavonia1 or ,zonaria pavonia4 ,turkey fea!r4 ,,palap,,t]yx4 ,f ! ,gr4 palaios1 anci5t1 & apt]yx1 =m$ f ! ,gr4 a1 privative1 & pt]on1 w+1 w+less4 ,"n ( a g5us ( fossil birds1 discov]$ rec5tly 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,,pal,,o!,,rium4 ,f ! ,gr4 palaios1 anci5t1 & !rion1 bea/4 ,a fossil g5us ( pa*yd]mat\s mammals4 ,,pal,,onto,,logy4 ,f ! ,gr4 palaios1 anci5t1 & on1 a be+ or creature1 & logos1 disc\rse4 ,t bran* ( zoological sci5ce :i* treats ( fossil organic rema9s4 ,,pal,,ozoic4 ,f ! ,gr4 palaios1 anci5t1 & zoe1 life4 ,relat+ to anci5t life2 belong+ or relat+ to fossils4 ,,palma ,,rea,l4 ,spani%4 ,royal ,palm4 ,,palla,,dium4 ,a :ite1 h>d1 v maleable & ductile metal1 :i* is susceptible ( a f9e poli%4 ,x is m difficult to melt ?an gold4 ,,palmel,,la4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,conf]vce4 ,palmella nivalis1 a plant ( ! sn[y regions1 :i* gives color to ! sn[ amid/ :i* x gr[s4 ,protococcus is ! r$ sn[ plant4 ,,p&a,,nus4 ,f ! ,malay "n ( ! tree1 p&ang4 ,screw-p9e4 ,a g5us ( plants1 ( ! family ( ,p&anc4 ,p&anus c&elabrum4 ,c&le/ick screw-p9e4 ,,p&a,,na4 ,relat+ to1 or resembl+ ! ,screw-p9es4 ,,pa,,nicum4 ,panic-grass4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,gram9e4 ,panicum miliaceum1 millet1 a gra9 us$ = fe$+ p\ltry 9 ,engl&4 ,,papa4 ,spani%4 ,pope4 ,specific "n ( a vulture4 ,,papy,,rus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,cyp]ace4 ,! ,papyrus antiquorum yields ! sub/ance us$ z pap] by ! anci5t gyptians4 ,,papyri,,f]a4 ,f papyrus1 a sort ( pap]1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,pap]-be>+4 ,,p>helia4 ,plural ( p>helion4 ,,p>helion4 ,f ! ,gr4 p>a1 =1 elios1 ! sun1 ,a mock sun4 ,a meteor :i* consi/s 9 ! simultane\s appe>ance ( sev]al suns1 8fanta/ic images ( ! true "o40 ,,p>adisa,,ica4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,p>adise4 ,a specific "n4 ,,p>na,,ssus4 ,a g5us ( lepidopt]\s insects ( ! tribe ( ,p>nassid4 ,,pass,,er9es4 ,f ! ,lat4 ,pass]1 a sp>r[1 "n ,,pass,,eres4 ( a v>i$ & ext5sive ord] ( birds1 n ,,pass]9e ,,birds4 easily *>act]iz$4 ,,passiflora4 ,abbreviation ( flos1 fl[]1 & passionis1 ( ! passion4 ,passion-fl[]1 s call$ f a suppos$ resemblance betwe5 its floral organs1 & ! in/rum5ts ( ! ,passion ( our ,savi\r4 ,an ext5sive & beautiful g5us ( plants4 ,,patago,,nica4 ,lat4 ,relat+ to ,patagonia4 ,specific "n ( a p5gu94 ,,pavo,,nia4 ,=m$ f ! ,lat91 pavo1 a peacock4 ,a specific "n4 ,,peat4 ,! natural accumulation ( vegetable matt] on ! surface ( l&s n 9 a /ate ( cultivation2 always moi/ to a great] or less degree1 v>y+1 accord+ to ! k9d ( plants to ! decay ( :i* ! =mation ( peat is due4 ,,pelo,,pium4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,pr(4 ,h4 ,rose4 ,,pel>go,,nium4 ,f ! ,gr4 pel>gos1 a /ork4 ,/ork's bill4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,g]anice4 ,,pela,,sgic4 ,aft] a my?ological "n ( ,jupit]4 ,,p5,,dulum4 ,f ! ,lat4 p5do1 ,i hang4 ,a weight susp5d$ at ! end ( a rod1 s t x may vibrate f side to side 9 a plane1 is call$ a p5dulum4 ,,p5nise,,tum4 ,f ! ,lat4 p5na1 a fea!r or p51 & seta1 a bri/le4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,gramine4 ,,pep,,lis4 ,gr4 ,wat]-purslane4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,salicri4 ,,p],,mian4 ,aft] ! anci5t k+dom ( ,p]mia4 ,a "n appli$ by ,mr4 ,mur*ison to a sy/em ( rocks1 consi/+ ( an ext5sive gr\p ( fossilif]\s /rata1 int]m$iate1 9 _! geological position1 betwe5 ! ,c>bonif]\s & ,triassic sy/ems1 ! latt] be+ ! upp] portion ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one =mation4 ,,p]turbation4 ,9 a/ronomy1 ! deviation ( a cele/ial body f ! elliptic orbit :i* x w\ld describe1 if act$ ^u by no o!r attractive =ce ?an t ( ! sun1 or c5tral body ab\t :i* x revolves4 ,,pe,,tal4 ,f ! ,gr4 petalon1 a leaf4 ,a "p ( ! corolla ( a fl[] analog\s to a leaf4 ,,petro,,leum4 ,f ! ,gr4 petros1 a rock1 & ! ,lat4 oleum1 oil4 ,rock-oil1 (t5 call$ ,b>badoes t>4 ,a br[n1 liquid bitum51 f\nd 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,europe1 c4 ,,phaco,,*,,re4 ,fr4 ,f ! ,gr4 phake1 a w>t1 & ,,phaco,,*,,rus4 ,lat4 *oiros1 a hog4 ,ag5us ( mammals ( ! ord] ( pa*yd]mata2 alli$ to ! hogs4 ,,phala,,ng]4 ,f ! ,gr4 phalagx1 a phalanx4 ,a g5us ( m>supial or p\*-be>+ mammals4 ,,phan]oga,,mia4 ,f ! ,gr4 phan]os1 evid5t1 & gamos1 m>riage4 ,phan]gam\s plants4 ,appli$ to plants hav+ di/9ct fl[]s4 ,,phi,,l$on4 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,,phi,,lemon4 ,,phle,,um4 ,cat's tail grass4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,gramine4 ,,phlox4 ,gr4 ,flame4 ,a g5us ( beautiful plants ( ! family ( ,polemonice4 ,,pho,c4 ,lat4 ,plural ( phoca4 ,,pho,,ca4 ,lat4 ,a seal4 ,a g5us ( aquatic mammals1 embrac+ ! common seal or ,phoca vitul9a2 ! ,h>p seal or ,p4 oceanica2 ! ,h>e-tail$ seal or ,p4 lagura2 ! sea-lion2 sea-wolf2 sea-elephant2 sea-c[2 c41 c4 ,,pho,,nolite4 ,f ! ,gr4 phone1 ,i res\nd1 & li?os1 a /one4 ,cl9k/one4 ,a k9d ( compact basalt :i* is sonor\s :5 /ruck4 ,,phor,,mium4 ,f ! ,gr4 phormos1 a basket4 ,flax-lilly4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,asphodle4 ,phormium t5ax1 ,iris-leav$ flax-lilly ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,,phos,,phorus4 ,f ! ,gr4 phos1 light1 & ph]1 ,i be>4 ,a simple sub/ance :i* is highly inflammable4 ,,phospho,,ric ,,acid4 ,a comp\nd ( phosphorus & oxyg51 hav+ ! prop]ties ( acids4 ,,phos,,phates4 ,comp\nds ( phosphoric acid ) salifiable bases1 z soda1 are t]m$ phosphates2 ,phosphate ( soda1 = example4 ,,phosphore,,sc5ce4 ,emission ( light f sub/ances at common temp]atures1 or bel[ a r$ heat4 ,,phosphoresc5t4 ,hav+ ! prop]ty ( emitt+ light )\t s5sible heat4 ,,physa,,lia4 ,f ! ,gr4 phuse1 a vesicle4 ,a g5us ( ,,physa,,lis4 animals ( ! family ( ,acalepha4 ,! ,portuguese man-(-w> belongs to ?is g5us4 ,,physa,,lis4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,solance4 ,physalis edulis1 ! ,cape gooseb]ry4 ,,physe,,t]4 ,a bl[]4 ,"n ( a g5us ( mammals ( ! family ( ,cetacea4 ,,pime,,nto4 ,allspice2 ,jamaica pepp]4 ,,p9nate4 ,f ! ,lat4 p9natus1 fea!r$4 ,hav+ leaflets arrang$ along ea* side ( a common petiole1 l ! fea!r ( a quill4 ,,p9nati,,fida4 ,lat4 ,p9natifid4 ,a leaf is s call$ :5 x is divid$ into lobes f ! m>g9 ne>ly to ! midrif4 ,,p9us4 ,lat4 ,a p9e-tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,conif]4 ,p9us abies4 ,! ,norway ,spruce4 ,p9us can>i5sis4 ,! ,can>y p9e4 ,p9us cembra4 ,! ,riga balsam tree2 ! ,cembran or ,sib]ian p9e4 ,p9us excelsa4 ,! l(ty or ,nepal p9e4 ,p9us m>itima4 ,! m>itime p9e4 ,p9us p9ea4 ,! ,/one p9e4 ,,pipi5s4 ,lat4 ,peep+ l a *ick54 ,,pipa4 ,a g5us ( batra*ian reptiles4 ,a k9d ( toad4 ,,plat,,ina4 ,! dim9utive ( ! ,spani% plata1 silv]4 ,,plat,,inum4 ,a metal ( a /eel gray col\r1 approa*+ to ! :ite col\r ( silv]1 to :i* resemblance x owes its "n4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ,*oco1 "o ( ! prov9ces ( ,columbia1 & br\ght to ,europe 9 #agda1 by ,don ,antonio de ,ulloa4 ,,plei,,oc5e4 ,f ! ,gr4 pleion1 m1 & ka9os1 ,,pli,,oc5e4 rec5t4 ,a t]m appli$ by geologi/s to ! new] t]ti>y =mation1 because !re is f\nd fossiliz$ 9 x a great] numb] ( exi/+ ?an ( ext9ct species4 ,,plumb-,,l9e4 ,f ! ,lat4 plumbum1 lead4 ,an in/rum5t1 ,,plummet4 consi/+ ( a /r+ ) a weight1 usually ( lead1 atta*$ to a /raight /aff1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! direction ( gravitation1 or ! p]p5dicul> to ! horizon4 ,,pluto,,nic ,,rocks4 ,un/ratifi$ cry/al9e rocks1 probably =m$ at great dep?s b5ea? ! surface by igne\s fusion4 ,volcanic rocks are =m$ ne> ! surface4 ,,podoca,,rpus4 ,f ! ,gr4 p\s1 podos1 ! foot1 & k>pos1 fruit4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,conif]4 ,,pol>iz$ ,,light4 ,light s modifi$ z to possess poles1 or sides1 hav+ opposite prop]ties4 ,,pol>iza,,tion4 ,light1 by reflexion1 by pass+ ?r\gh cry/als possess+ ! p[] ( d\ble refraction1 becomes modifi$1 s t x does n pres5t ! same ph5om5a ( transmission & reflection1 z light :i* _h n be5 pol>iz$4 ,,polyg,,onum4 ,f ! ,gr4 polus1 _m1 & gonu1 a knee or jo9t4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,polygonace4 ,polygonum virip>um1 ,alp9e ,bi/ort4 ,,polymo,,rpha4 ,lat4 ,f ! ,gr4 polus1 _m1 & morphe1 =m4 ,_m-%ap$4 ,a specific "n4 ,,po,,lypi4 ,lat4 ,plural ( polypus4 ,,polyple,,ctron4 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,,pol,,ypus4 ,f ! ,gr4 polus1 _m1 & p\s1 foot4 ,a g5us ( radiate animals4 ,,pon,,tica4 ,f pontus1 ! sea4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ! sea4 ,,pontop,,pida,,na4 ,synonym ( ,c\r\pita4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,myrtce1 ,lecy?ide4 ,a l>ge tree ( ,guiana4 ,,ponto,,phidan4 ,f ! ,lat4 pontus1 ! sea1 & ! ,gr4 ophis1 a s]p5t4 ,! sea s]p5t4 ,,portulaca,,ria4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,portulace4 ,! ,purslane-tree4 ,portulacaria afra4 ,! ,african purslane-tree4 ,,porphyri,,tic4 ,( ! nature ( porphyry4 ,,porphyry4 ,f ! ,gr4 porphura1 purple4 ,orig9ally appli$ to a r$ rock f\nd 9 ,egypt4 ,a compact feldspa?ic rock conta9+ dissem9at$ cry/als ( feldsp>1 ! latt] :5 poli%$ =m+ small angul> spots1 ( a light color1 ?ickly spr9kl$ ov] ! surface4 ,! rock is ( v>i\s colors1 d>k gre51 r$1 blue1 black1 c4 ,,portl& ,,b$4 ,a "n giv5 by geologi/s to ! sup]ior division ( ! upp] olite or lias sy/em4 ,! 8,portl& /one0 is a k9d ( lime/one f\nd 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl&4 ,9 ?is s]ies ( /rata is a silici\s s& kn[n z ! 8,portl& ,s&40 ,,potas,,sium4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 pota% by ,sir ,h4 ,davy 9 #ahjg4 ,,pot5ti,,lla4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rosce4 ,c9quefoil4 ,pot5tilla trid5tata4 ,trifid-leav$ c9quefoil4 ,,pre,,h5sile4 ,f ! ,lat4 preh5d]e1 to lay hold (4 ,hav+ ! faculty to lay hold (4 ,appli$ to ! tails ( ^? monkeys1 = example1 :i* h ! p[] to susp5d !mselves by ! tail4 ,,pr$a,,ce\s4 ,liv+ on prey4 ,,prim>y ,,=mation4 ,a t]m appli$ by geologi/s to designate ! diff]5t rocks :i* 7 =m$ prior to ! creation ( plants & animals4 ,,primig5ius4 ,lat4 ,orig9al2 fir/ ( its k9d4 ,,pri,,mum ,,mo,,bile4 ,t :i* fir/ imp>ts motion4 ,,prim,,ula4 ,lat4 ,a primrose4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( primulce4 ,primula f>9osa1 ! ,bird's-eye primrose4 ,,prism4 ,a solid b\nd$ by ?ree planes1 two ( :i* are equal4 ,,prismatic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to a prism4 ,,probosci,,dian4 ,f ! ,gr4 proboskis1 a proboscis or trunk4 ,appli$ to mammals ( ! family :i* includes ! elephant4 ,,procella,,ria4 ,f ! ,lat4 procella1 a tempe/ at sea4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! family ( ,palmip$es4 ,,proli,,f]a4 ,=m$ f proles1 a race or /ock1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,prolific4 ,,pro,,tea4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,protece4 ,protea cyan]oides1 ,arti*oke-fl[]$ protea4 ,,pro,,teus4 ,a g5us ( reptiles4 ,,pt]oca,,rpus4 ,f ! ,gr4 pt]on1 a w+1 & k>pos1 fruit4 ,! pods h membran\s w+s4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,pt]oc>pus santal9us4 ,! r$ saund]s tree4 ,,pte,,ris4 ,gr4 ,"n ( ,f]n4 ,a g5us ( cryptgam\s plants4 ,brake4 ,pt]is escul5ta4 ,edible f]n4 ,,pt]opus4 ,f ! ,gr4 pt]on1 w+1 & p\s1 foot4 ,a g5us ( mammals ( ! tribe ( bats1 t]m$ ,r\ssettes4 ,,pu,,ma4 ,a "n ( ! c\gu> or ,am]ican ,lion4 ,,pyroge,,n\s4 ,f ! ,gr4 pur1 fire1 & ge9omai1 ,i beget4 ,appli$ to rocks :i* owe _! orig9 to ! action ( fire1 z granite4 ,,py,,rus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,rosce4 ,a pe>-tree4 ,,pyri,,f]a4 ,lat4 ,f pyrus1 a pe>1 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,,py?on4 ,a g5us ( reptiles4 ,,quadruma,,na4 ,=m$ f ! ,lat4 quatuor1 f\r1 & manus1 h&4 ,an ord] ( mammals *>act]iz$ by hav+ f\r h&s4 ,,qua,,rtz4 ,g]m4 ,rock cry/al4 ,,qu>tzose4 ,( ! nature ( qu>tz4 ,,quicksilv]4 ,a metal :i* is fluid at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,also call$ m]cury4 ,,radia,,ta4 ,lat4 ,radiate2 ! "n ( a class ( zophytes4 ,,ra,,diate4 ,f ! ,lat4 radius1 a ray4 ,furni%$ ) rays2 hav+ rays4 ,,radia,,tion4 ,! emission ( ! rays ( light1 or ( heat1 f a lum9\s or a heat$ body4 ,,raffle,,sia4 ,aft] ,sir ,t4 ,raffles4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rafflesice1 :i* are p>asites1 gr[+ on ! roots ( dicotyl$on\s plants4 ,! fl[]s ( "s ( !m are enorm\sly l>ge2 ! ,rafflesia arnoldi are said to be ?ree feet 9 diamet]4 ,,ra9e,,tte4 ,fr4 ,a tree-frog4 ,,ranun,,culus4 ,f ! ,lat4 rana1 a frog1 because ! species inhabit humid places4 ,cr[-foot4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,ranunculce4 ,,ranun,,culi4 ,lat4 ,plural ( ranunculus4 ,,ra,,na4 ,lat4 ,a frog4 ,a g5us ( reptiles4 ,,refra,,ction4 ,f ! ,lat4 refractus1 brok54 ,! deviation ( a ray ( light f its rectil9e> c\rse1 caus$ by pass+ ?r\gh a transp>5t sub/ance4 ,! degree ( refraction dep5ds ^u ! d5sity ( ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! ray ( light passes4 ,,refu,,lg5s4 ,lat4 ,%9+ brightly2 refulg5t4 ,,re,,ptile4 ,f ! ,lat4 rep]e1 to crawl4 ,a t]m appli$ to any animal t moves naturally ^u its belly1 or on v %ort legs1 z s]p5ts1 c4 ,,repti,,lia4 ,! class ( reptiles3 x comprises ^? v]tebrate animals :i* h cold blood1 an arial respiration1 & an incomplete circulation4 ,,res5ife,,ra4 ,lat4 ,conta9+ res94 ,,revolu,,ta4 ,lat4 ,turn$ back2 tumbl$4 ,,rhea4 ,synonyme ( ,/ru?io1 an o/ri*4 ,,rho,,dium4 ,f ! ,gr4 rodon1 a rose1 on acc\nt ( ! rose r$ color ( "s ( its salts4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 ! ye> #ahjc by ,wolla/on4 ,,rhodode,,ndron4 ,f ! ,gr4 rodon1 a rose1 & d5dron1 a tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,ericce4 ,,rhodome,,lia4 ,f ! ,gr4 rodon1 a rose1 & melas1 black4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,phyce4 ,,rhus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,t]eb9tce4 ,rhus v]nix4 ,! v>ni% ,suma*4 ,,rhyn*ops4 ,f ! ,gr4 rug*ops1 a beak4 ,a g5us ( birds3 ! skimm]s or scissor-bills4 ,,rock-,,salt4 ,common salt f\nd 9 masses or b$s 9 ! new r$ s&/one4 ,,rod,,entia4 ,f ! ,lat4 rod]e1 to gnaw4 ,an ord] ( mammals4 ,,rod5ts4 ,animals ( ! ord] ,rod5tia4 ,,ror,,qual4 ,a k9d ( :alebone :ale4 ,,ro,,sa4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rosce4 ,rosa s95sis4 ,! ,*9ese rose4 ,,ru,,b]4 ,lat4 ,r$4 ,,rubia,,ce4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,ru,,by4 ,a cry/aliz$ gem ( v>i\s %ades ( r$4 ,,rufima,,nus4 ,lat4 ,r$-h&$4 ,,ru,,m9ant4 ,an animal t *ews ! cud4 ,,rum9a,,ntia4 ,an ord] ( mammals :i* are *>act]iz$ by *ew+ ! cud4 ,,ru,,m9ati4 ,to *ew ! cud4 ,,sa,,l9es4 ,natural deposits ( salt2 salt spr+s4 ,,sa,,lix4 ,lat4 ,will[4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,salicine ,salix lanata4 ,woolly will[4 ,,salt4 ,a comb9ation ( an acid ) "o or m bases4 ,,samo,,lus4 ,f ! ,celtic1 san1 salut>y1 & mos1 pig4 ,salut>y to pigs4 ,brook-we$4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,primulce4 ,samolus val]andi4 ,common brook-we$4 ,,s&>a,,*4 ,a "n giv5 by ! ,arabs to an odor\s res94 ,,s&ali,,nus4 ,lat4 ,s&al-l4 ,,s&/one4 ,any rock consi/+ ( aggregat$ gra9s ( s&4 ,,sapa,,j\4 ,fr4 ,a g5us ( monkeys4 ,,sapi,,ndus4 ,abbreviation ( sapo1 soap1 & indicus1 ,indian soap4 ,soap-b]ry4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,sap9dce4 ,sapindus saponaria4 ,common soap-b]ry4 ,,sapona,,ria4 ,lat4 ,soapy4 ,,sapota,,ce4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,sa,,pphire4 ,a v h>d gem consi/+ ess5tially ( cry/aliz$ alum9a4 ,x is ( v>i\s colors2 ! blue v>iety be+ usually call$ sapphire2 ! r$1 ! ori5tal ruby2 ! yell[1 ! ori5tal topaz4 ,,sa,,quis4 ,a g5us ( monkeys4 ,,sakis4 ,,s>ga,,sum4 ,f ! ,span4 s>gazo1 sea-l5tils4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,phyce4 ,,s>race,,nia4 ,aft] ,dr4 ,s>raz94 ,! side-saddle fl[]1 or pit*] plant4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,s>racnie4 ,,sau,,rian4 ,f ! ,gr4 sauros1 a liz>d4 ,appli$ to animals ( ! liz>d tribe4 ,,sauroid4 ,f ! ,gr4 sauros1 a liz>d1 & eidos1 resemblance4 ,resembl+ a liz>d4 ,,sca,,nd5s4 ,lat4 ,climb+4 ,,s*i/4 ,f ! ,gr4 s*i/os1 split4 ,slate4 ,,s*i/o,,se4 ,slaty4 ,,s*ot,,ia4 ,aft] ,s*ott1 a ,dut* g>d5]4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,legum9s4 ,s*otia speciosa4 ,small-leav$ ,s*otia4 ,,sci,,tame,,ne4 ,a family ( plants4 ,,scie,,ria4 ,f ! ,gr4 skl]os1 h>d4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,cyp]ce4 ,,sco,,lopax4 ,a g5us ( birds3 a h]on4 ,,scopa,,ria4 ,f scopa1 a broom4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,scrophul>ine4 ,,sco,,ri4 ,volcanic c9d]s4 ,c9d]s & slags ( basaltic lavas ( a r$di% br[n & black color4 ,,scoria,,ce\s4 ,( ! nature ( scori4 ,,sco,,ri=m4 ,9 =m ( scori4 ,,scy,,?rops4 ,f ! ,gr4 sku?rops1 sad4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ( climb]s4 ,a cuckoo4 ,,seams4 ,?9 lay]s or /rata int]pos$ betwe5 o!rs4 ,,second>y ,,=mation4 ,9 geology ! =mation :i* is next 9 ord] to ! transition =mation4 ,,se,,cul>4 ,f ! ,lat4 seculum1 a c5tury4 ,secul> elevations are ^? :i* take place gradually & imp]ceptibly1 ?r\gh a long p]iod ( "t4 ,secul> tides are ^? :i* are dep5d5t ^u ! secul> v>iation ( ! moon's mean di/ance f ! e>?4 ,,se,,dim5t4 ,f ! ,lat4 s$eo1 ,i sit4 ,t :i* subsides or settles to ! bottom ( any liquid4 ,,s$ime,,nt>y4 ,belong+ or relat+ to s$im5t4 ,,sebife,,ra4 ,lat4 ,conta9+ tall[4 ,,se$-,,lobe4 ,! envelope 9 :i* ! se$ 9 plants is =m$4 ,,sele,,nite4 ,a v>iety ( gypsum1 or sulphate ( lime4 ,,se,,mitic4 ,appli$ to ! languages ( ! desc5dants ( ,sem1 or ! ,ori5tals4 ,,se,,pal4 ,t "p ( ! calyx ( a fl[] :i* resembles a leaf4 ,,se,,pia4 ,a k9d ( pa9t prep>$ f ! cuttle fi%4 ,a g5us ( mollusks4 ,,s],,p5t9e4 ,a magnesian rock ( v>i\s colors1 & (t5 speckl$ l a s]p5t's back4 ,x is g5]ally d>k gre54 ,,se,,pt5triona,,lis4 ,lat4 ,nor!rn4 ,,s],,rate4 ,f ! ,lat4 s]ra1 a saw4 ,too!d l a saw4 ,,s]ra,,ta4 ,lat4 ,s]rate4 ,,%aft4 ,a cyl9drical holl[ space1 or pit1 9 m9es1 made = ! purpose ( extract+ ores1 c4 ,,%ale4 ,an indurat$ slaty clay1 or clay-slate4 ,,%+le4 ,loose1 wat]-worn gravel & pebbles4 ,,%ore,a4 ,synonym ( ,vatica4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,diptrocrpe4 ,,si]ra4 ,span4 ,a m\nta9 *a94 ,,si,,lex4 ,f ! ,gr4 *alis1 a pebble4 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( qu>tz1 rock-cry/al1 & o!r silici\s m9]als4 ,,si,,lica4 ,silici\s e>?3 ! oxide ( silicon 7! elem5t>y basis ( ,silica17 con/itut+ almo/ ! :ole ( silex or fl9t4 ,x comb9es ) _m ( ! metallic oxides1 & is = ?is reason sometimes call$ silicic acid4 ,,si,,licate4 ,a comp\nd ( silicic acid & a base4 ,plate-glass & w9d[-glass are silicates ( soda & potassa2 & fl9t-glass is a simil> comp\nd ) a l>ge addition ( silicate ( lead4 ,,sili,,ci\s4 ,conta9+ silica4 ,,sili,,cifi$4 ,petrifi$ or m9]aliz$ by silici\s e>?4 ,,silt4 ,! "n giv5 to ! s&1 clay1 & e>?1 :i* accumulate 9 runn+ wat]s4 ,,sili,,cium4 ,! metalloid :i* =ms ! basis ( silica4 ,,silurian ,,sy/em4 ,s]ies ( rocks =m]ly kn[n z ! greywacke s]ies4 ,s call$ aft] ! ,silures or ,siluri1 ! anci5t ,britons :o inhabit$ ! region :]e ^! /rata are mo/ di/9ctly develop$4 ,!y are entirely ( m>9e orig94 ,,silu,,rus4 ,a g5us ( fi%es ( ! family ( ,silurida4 ,,silva4 ,a =e/1 or woods4 ,,simu,,lium4 ,f ! ,lat4 simulo1 ,i feign4 ,a g5us ( insects ( ! ord] ( ,dipt]a4 ,,s9e,,nsis4 ,lat4 ,*9ese2 belong+ or relat+ to ,*9a4 ,,s9,,t]4 ,g]m4 ,a scale4 ,calc>e\s s9t] is a v>iety ( c>bonate ( lime compos$ ( successive conc5tric lay]s4 ,silici\s s9t] is a v>iety ( common opal4 ,,sipho,,nia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,euphorbice4 ,,slate4 ,a well kn[n rock :i* is divisible into ?9 plates or lay]s4 ,,smyn?us1 or ,,sm9?us4 ,f ! ,gr4 sm9?os1 rat4 ,a g5us ( rod5t mammals4 ,,smyrne,,nsis4 ,lat4 ,belong+1 or relat+ to ,smyrna4 ,,sol> ,,spe,,ctrum4 ,lat4 ,spectrum1 an image4 ,9 optics ! "n giv5 to an elongat$ image ( ! sun =m$ on a wall or scre5 by a beam ( undecompos$ light1 receiv$ ?r\gh a small hole1 & refract$ by a prism4 ,,solfata,,ra4 ,italian4 ,a volcanic v5t emitt+ sulphur & sulphur\s comp\nds4 ,,solida,,g4 ,gold5-rod4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,compsit4 ,,s,,mate,,ria4 ,synonym ) platypus4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,sopho,,ra4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ,legum9s4 ,,sp>4 7,g]m4 ,spa?47 ,appli$ to c]ta9 cry/aliz$ m9]al sub/ances1 :i* easily break into cubic1 prismatic1 or o!r =ms4 ,,sp>,,ry4 ,( ! nature ( sp>4 ,,spe,,cies4 ,a k9d2 a subdivision ( g5us4 ,ext9ct species is a t]m appli$ to ^? k9ds ( organiz$ be+s1 :e!r plants or animals1 :i* are n f\nd liv+ ^u ! face ( ! e>?4 ,,speci,,fic4 ,relat+ to species4 ,,specific ,,weight1 or ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,! relative weight ( "o body ) t ( ano!r ( equal volume4 ,,specio,,sa4 ,,specio,,sus4 ,lat4 ,h&some4 ,a ^w us$ z a specific "n4 ,,specio,,sum4 ,,spe,,cul> ,,iron4 ,a k9d ( iron ore ( granul> /ructure1 & metallic lu/re1 sometimes %9+4 ,,specta,,bilis4 ,lat4 ,visible1 rem>kable1 noteable4 ,,spica,,ta4 ,lat4 ,hav+ spikes2 e>$ l corn4 ,,sp9e,,lle1 or ,,sp9e,l4 ,fr5*4 ,a sub-species ( ruby4 ,,spir,a4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rosce4 ,,spores4 ,! se$s ( li*5s1 & crytgam\s plants4 ,,sporu,,les4 ,! dim9utive ( spores4 ,,spuma,,ce\s4 ,f ! ,lat4 spuma1 foam4 ,foamy4 ,,/agma,,ria4 ,f ! ,gr4 /agma1 a drop4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,anac>dice4 ,/agmaria v]niciflua1 a tree ( ,sumatra1 f ! b>k ( :i* exudes an extremely acrid juice4 ,?is juice quickly dries 9 ! air1 becomes black1 & is sold at a high price2 x is employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( a v>ni%4 ,! ,sumatrans consid] x dang]\s to sit or sleep 9 ! %ade ( ?is tree4 ,,/a,,m54 ,lat4 ,! male app>atus ( a fl[]4 ,,/ape,,lia4 ,prop] "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,asclepide4 ,,/>*4 ,a vegetable sub/ance :i* exi/s 9 _m tub]\s roots1 ! /alks ( palms1 & 9 ! se$s ( ! c]eal grasses4 ,,/ep,,pe4 ,fr41 f ! ,lat4 /ipes1 a l&m>k4 ,a t]m appli$ to ! ,savanahs ( ,t>t>y1 ( ! ,crimea1 c41 & salt des]ts ( ,nor!rn ,asia4 ,,/i,,gma4 ,! sup]ior1 t]m9at+ "p ( ! pi/il ( a fl[]4 ,,/ill9,,gia4 ,aft] ,dr4 ,/ill+fleet4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,euphorbice4 ,/ill+ia sebif]a4 ,! tall[ tree ( ,*9a4 ,,/ra,,ta4 ,lat4 ,plural ( /ratum1 a lay]1 a b$4 ,,/ratifica,,tion4 ,an arrangem5t 9 b$s or lay]s4 ,,/ra,,tifi$4 ,arrang$ 9 /rata4 ,,/ra,,tus4 ,a k9d ( cl\d3 x consi/s ( horizontal lay]s1 & includes fogs & mi/s2 its "u surface usually re/s ^u ! l& or sea1 & x is !re=e ! l[e/ ( ! cl\ds4 ,,/relit,,zia4 ,aft] ,que5 ,*>lotte1 ( ! family ( ,meckl5burgh ,/relitz4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,musce4 ,,/ri4 ,lat4 ,dim9utive *annels or creases4 ,,/ria,,ta4 ,lat4 ,/riat$2 m>k$ ) /ri4 ,,/ron,,tium4 ,a metalloid f\nd 9 ! e>? call$ /rontia4 ,,/ru,,?io4 ,lat4 ,an o/ri*4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,/ru,,!\s4 ,( ! nature ( an o/ri*4 ,,/ry*,,nos4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,apocyne4 ,/ry*nos toxicaria4 ,! poison /ry*nos4 ,,/yle,,dium4 ,f ! ,gr4 /ulos1 a column4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,/ylide1 f\nd 9 ,new ,holl&4 ,,sublima,,tion4 ,! process by :i* volatile sub/ances are rais$ by heat1 & aga9 cond5s$ into ! solid =m4 ,! sub/ances s obta9$ are call$ sublimates4 ,,sub ,,soil4 ,an "u soil4 ,,sub ,,/ra,,ta4 ,lat4 ,plural ( sub/ratum1 an "u lay] or b$4 ,,sul,,phuret4 ,a comp\nd ( sulphur ) ano!r solid1 z ) iron1 =m+ sulphuret ( iron4 ,,sul,,phurett$4 ,conta9+ sulphur2 z hydrog51 conta9+ sulphur1 is call$ sulphurett$ hydrog54 ,,supe,,rba4 ,lat4 ,sup]b1 elegant4 ,,suria,,na4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,surine2 x 0 =m]ly ( ! ,rosce4 ,,sycomo,,rus4 ,lat4 ,! ,sycamore2 appli$ also z a specific "n4 ,,sy,,enite & ,,si,,enite4 ,a granite rock f ,sy5e or ,si5a 9 ,egypt4 ,x consi/s ( qu>tz1 feldsp>1 & hornbl5de4 ,x is t\gh] ?an granite4 ,,syl,,via4 ,"n ( a g5us ( birds4 ,,syng5e,,sia4 ,f ! ,gr4 sun1 toge!r1 & ge9omai1 to gr[4 ,l9nean "n ( a class ( plants4 ,,tac,,ca4 ,malay4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,arode4 ,tacca p9natifida4 ,! ,salep tree4 ,,tang,,h9ia4 ,f ! ,madagasc> "n1 ,tangh+4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,apocyne4 ,tangh9ia v5eniflua yields an active poison :i* is us$ to cause dea?1 "u judicial s5t5ce1 by ! natives ( ,madagasc>4 ,,tanta,,lium4 ,a metal1 rem>kable = its insolubility 9 acids4 ,,tan,,talus4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! family ( ,h]ons4 ,,tata,,rica4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,t>t>y4 ,,telesco,,pic4 ,relat+ to ! telescope2 telescopic objects are ^? :i* may be se5 by ! aid ( a telescope4 ,,tellu,,rium4 ,a r>e metal1 f\nd 9 ! gold m9es ( ,transylvania4 ,,temp]a,,ture4 ,a def9ite degree ( s5sible heat4 ,,tempora,,ria4 ,lat4 ,tempor>y2 relat+ to "t4 ,,te,,nax4 ,lat4 ,t5aci\s4 ,,t],,mes4 ,a g5us ( insects ( ! ord] ( ,neuropt]a1 & family ( ,t]mitid4 ,:ite ants4 ,,t]ra ,,japo,,nica4 ,an a/r+5t m$ic9al gum1 obta9$ f ! ,accia cate*u4 ,,t]ti>y ,,=mation4 ,a s]ies ( s$im5t>y rocks :i* are sup]ior to ! prim>y & second>y1 & di/+ui%$ by ! fossil rema9s f\nd 9 !m4 ,,te/a,,ce4 ,f te/a1 a %ell4 ,te/ceans2 animals provid$ ) an ext]nal %elly cov]1 compos$ *iefly ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,,te/a,,ce\s4 ,consi/+ ( c>bonate ( lime & animal matt]4 ,,te/u,,d4 ,lat4 ,tortoise4 ,a g5us ( reptiles ( ! ord] ( ,*elonians4 ,,tetrace,,ra4 ,f ! ,gr4 tett>as1 f\r1 & k]as1 a horn4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,dill5ce4 ,,te,,trago,,na4 ,f ! ,gr4 tetra1 f\r1 & gonos1 angle4 ,hav+ f\r angles2 appli$ z a specific "n4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,portulce4 ,,!,a4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! tribe ( ,camelle4 ,!a bohea1 ,bohea tea2 ,!a viridis1 ,gre5 tea4 ,,!,,ine4 ,! proximate pr9ciple ( tea4 ,,!r,,mal4 ,f ! ,gr4 !rmos1 heat4 ,w>m2 belong+ or relat+ to heat4 ,,?o,,rium4 ,a metal obta9$ f ,?or9a1 an e>?y sub/ance4 ,,?u,,ia1 also ,,?u,,ja4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,conif]4 ,?uia articulata4 ,jo9t$ arbor vit4 ,t4 ori5talis2 ,*9ese arbor vit4 ,t4 s&>a*1 ,%ittim wood4 ,,tidal4 ,relat+ to tides4 ,tidal wave is ! elevation ( ! wat] ( ! ocean1 produc$ by ! attraction ( ! moon4 ,,till&,,sia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,bromelice4 ,,tita,,nium4 ,a metal discov]$ 9 #agha1 by ,w4 ,gregor1 9 a f]rug9\s s&4 ,,to,,dus4 ,a g5us ( birds ( ! ord] ( ,pass]94 ,,to,,paz4 ,a cry/aliz$ m9]al1 h>d] ?an qu>tz1 ( a yell[ w9e color4 ,,torsion ,,balance4 ,see1 ,,balance4 ,,t\,,rmal9e4 ,a m9]al sub/ance consi/+ ( a ,boro-silicate ( alum9e1 h>d] ?an qu>tz1 b n z h>d z topaz4 ,,t\rnfo,,rtia4 ,aft] ,t\rne=t4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,borragine4 ,,tra,,*yte4 ,f ! ,gr4 tra*us1 r\gh4 ,a v>iety ( lava4 ,a feldspa?ic rock1 :i* (t5 conta9s glassy feldsp> & hornbl5de4 ,:5 ! feldsp> cry/als are ?ickly & uni=mly dissem9at$1 x is call$ tra*ytic porphyry4 ,,trap4 ,f ! ,sw$i% trappa1 a flight ( /airs1 because trap rocks frequ5tly occur 9 l>ge tabul> masses ris+ "o above ano!r l ! successive /eps ( a /air-case4 ,appli$ to c]ta9 igne\s rocks compos$ ( feldsp>1 angite1 & hornbl5de4 ,,tra,,ppean4 ,belong+ to trap rocks4 ,,trema,,ndra4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,tremndrea4 ,,trias4 ,f ! ,lat4 tres1 ?ree4 ,synonym ( ! trissic sy/em ( rocks1 consi/+ ( ! ,bunt] s&/e91 ! ,mus*elkalk1 & ,keup]1 a gr\p ( s&y m>ls ( v>iegat$ colors4 ,,tri*o,,manes4 ,f ! ,gr4 tri*os1 hair1 & mania1 madness1 excess4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! class ( ,crytogamia4 ,tri*omanes brevisetum4 ,%ort-/yl$ tri*manes4 ,,tricy,,rtis4 ,f ! ,gr4 treis1 ?ree1 & kurtis1 a sack or p\*4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,melan?ce4 ,,trid5ta,,ta4 ,lat4 ,?ree-too!d2 hav+ ?ree tee?4 ,,tri,,gonoce,,phalus4 ,f ! ,gr4 treis1 ?ree1 gonos1 an angle1 & kephale1 head4 ,a g5us ( v v5em\s s]p5ts4 ,trigonocephalus lanceolatus4 ,lance-head vip]4 ,,tri,,lobite4 ,f ! ,lat4 tres1 ?ree1 & lobus1 lobe4 ,a g5us ( fossil cru/ceans4 ,,trio,,nyx4 ,f ! ,gr4 treis1 ?ree1 & onux1 a nail4 ,a g5us ( ,*elonians4 ,,trio,,/eum4 ,f ! ,gr4 treis1 ?ree1 & o/eon1 a bone1 a nut4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,caprifolice4 ,,tu,,fa4 ,italian4 ,a volcanic rock1 compos$ ( an agglut9ation ( fragm5t$ scori4 ,,tung,,/54 ,sw$i%4 ,heavy /one4 ,a metal :i* is h>d1 :ite1 brittle1 & difficult to fuse4 ,,tu,,rquoise4 ,a blue m9]al f\nd 9 ,p]sia2 its color dep5ds on ! pres5ce ( oxide ( copp]4 ,,um,,bel4 ,a =m ( infloresc5ce1 9 :i* sev]al p$uncles exp& s z to produce a fl[] some:at resembl+ a p>asol :5 op54 ,,umbelli,,f]4 ,f umbel1 scre51 & f]o1 ,i be>4 ,"n ( a family ( plants4 ,,umbelli,,f]\s4 ,belong+ or relat+ to ,umbellif]4 ,,unc9a,,ta4 ,lat4 ,f uncus1 a hook4 ,hook$2 hav+ hooks4 ,,upheaval4 ,! elevation ( l& by e>?quakes4 ,,ura,,nium4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,klapro?1 9 #aghi4 ,,ursi,,nus4 ,lat4 ,belong+ or relat+ to be>s4 ,u,,sneoides4 ,f usne1 a k9d ( li*51 & ! ,gr4 eidos1 resemblance4 ,resembl+ ! usne4 ,u,,r5s4 ,lat4 ,burn+4 ,,va,,cuum4 ,f ! ,lat4 vacuus1 empty4 ,a portion ( space void ( matt]4 ,,vag9a,,lis4 ,lat4 ,f vag9a1 a %ea?4 ,a g5us ( birds4 ,,vana,,dium4 ,a silv]y :ite metal1 discov]$ orig9ally by ,del ,rio1 9 #ahja1 b n admitt$ until #ahcj4 ,,vane,,ssa4 ,a g5us ( butt]flies4 ,vanessa c>dui1 ! pa9t$ lady butt]fly4 ,,v]o,,nica4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,scropul>n4 ,,ve,,rtebra4 ,f ! ,lat4 v]t]e1 to turn4 ,a jo9t or bone ( ! sp9e4 ,v]tebral column1 is ! sp9e or back bone4 ,,v],,tebrate4 ,hav+ v]tebr1 or a sp9e4 ,,v]ticose4 ,:orl-l4 ,,v5e,,niflua4 ,lat4 ,fl[+ ) poison4 ,,v]ni,,ciflua4 ,lat4 ,fl[+ ) v>ni%4 ,,v],,nix4 ,lat4 ,v>ni%4 ,,villo,,sus4 ,lat4 ,velvety4 ,,vi,,ridis4 ,lat4 ,gre54 ,,vi,,tex4 ,*a/e-tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,v]b5ce4 ,,vit,,rifi$4 ,f ! ,lat4 vitrea1 glass4 ,conv]t$ into glass4 ,,vituli,,na4 ,f ! ,lat4 vitulus1 a sea calf4 ,belong+ or relat+ to seals4 ,,vivipa,,rum4 ,lat4 ,vivip>\s4 ,,volca,,nic4 ,belong+ or relat+ to volcanoes4 ,,volta,,ic4 ,appli$ to electricity produc$ aft] ! mann] ( ,volta1 an ,italian philosoph]4 ,,vultur ,,papa4 ,! k+ ( vultures4 ,,wat]%$4 ,! g5]al declivity ( ! face ( a c\ntry :i* det]m9es ! direction ( ! fl[+ ( wat]4 ,,weald4 ,"n ( a "p ( ,k5t & ,surrey 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,weald5 clay & ,weald5 deposit are f\nd 9 ?is "p ( ,engl&4 ,,xan?ox,,ylum4 ,f ! ,gr4 xan?os1 yell[1 xulon1 wood4 ,too?-a*e tree4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rutce4 ,,x]a,,n!mum4 ,f ! ,gr4 x]os1 dry1 & an?os1 fl[]4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,composit4 ,,y]ba ,,mate4 ,spani% "n ( ! ,ilex p>agu5sis4 ,,ytt,,rium4 ,a metal discov]$ by ,whl]1 9 #ahbh2 x is ( a d>k gray color & brittle4 ,,yuc,,ca4 ,adam's ne$le4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,lilice4 ,x yields an escul5t root4 ,,za,,mia4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,cycde4 ,,zanni*e,,llia4 ,aft] ,zanni*ella1 a ,v5etian apo!c>y4 ,pond we$4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,naiades4 ,,zirco,,nium4 ,a metal f\nd 9 zirconia1 an e>?1 discov]$ by ,klapro? 9 #aghi4 ,,zi,,zyphus4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,rhamni4 ,z4 jujuba1 yields ! jujube fruit4 ,,zo/e,,ra4 ,f ! ,gr4 zo/]1 a rib&4 ,sea-wrack grass4 ,a g5us ( plants ( ! family ( ,fluviales4 ,,zo,,ology4 ,f ! ,gr4 zoon1 an animal1 & logos1 a disc\rse4 ,t bran* ( ,natural ,hi/ory :i* treats ( animals4 ,,zo,,ophyte4 ,f ! ,gr4 zoon1 an animal1 & phuton1 a plant4 ,an animal )\t v]tebr1 or extremities1 t atta*es itself to solid bodies1 & seems to live & vegetate l a plant4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,abyss9ia1 #hi2 dim5sions (1 ib42 table-l&1 ib42 m\nta9s1 ib42 geological /ructure1 ib4 ,acidul\s spr+s1 #aec4 ,admiralty1 its enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce1 #dfc4 ,afghani/an1 flora (1 #cbj4 ,africa1 ext5t & area1 #he2 height ( table-l&1 ib42 int]ior ( cont95t1 #hf2 wid? at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ib42 we/]n m\nta9s1 #hg2 ! koroos1 ib42 we/]n coa/1 ib42 f]tile tract across ! cont95t1 #hi1 #ij2 des]ts1 #ij1 #ia2 analogy ( ,s\!rn ,africa to ! ,deccan1 #ib2 e>?quake1 #aed4 ,africa1 riv]s (1 #bah-bbd2 ! ,g>iep1 or ,orange ,riv]1 #bah2 ! ,zambesi1 #bai2 ! ,ha9es1 ib42 ! ,hawa%1 ib42 ! ,zaire1 ib42 ! ,nile1 ib4-#bbc2 ! ,:ite ,nile1 #bbj2 its afflu5ts1 ib42 ! ,blue ,nile1 ib42 its tribut>ies1 ib42 ! ,takkazie1 ib42 ,abyss9ian riv]s1 #bba2 c\rse ( ! ,nile1 ib42 its bas91 #bbb2 velocity1 ib42 inundations1 ib42 anci5t r5[n (1 ib42 ! ,nig]1 #bbc2 b>b>\s /ate ( its nations1 ib42 its s\rces & c\rse1 #bbc2 its afflu5ts1 ib42 its bran*es1 ib42 inundations1 #bbd2 ! ,gambia1 ib42 ! ,s5egal1 ib4 ,africa1 flora (1 #ccj2 quadrup$s (1 #dbc2 birds (1 #djb4 ,agassiz1 ,m41 on a =m] glaci] 9 ,*am\ni1 #ec4 ,ag\ti1 #dcb4 ,aconcagua1 volcano (1 #ie4 ,ai1 species ( slo?1 #dbi4 ,airy1 ,mr41 #af2 #dfb4 ,alector1 g5us ( birds1 #djg4 ,alleghanies1 *a9 (1 #abh1 #abi2 area1 ib42 sc5]y1 ib42 bran*es1 #abi2 vegetation on1 #cdb4 ,alligators1 #chi4 ,alpaca or ,paco1 #dca2 on naturalization (1 9 ,europe1 ib4 ,alp9e vegetation1 #cah4 ,alps1 !1 #di2 high] ,alps1 _! ext5t1 ib42 elevation ( c5tral ridge (1 ib42 wid? ( ! *a91 #ej2 ice 91 #eb2 flora (1 #cac4 ,altai ,m\nta9s1 #fe2 l5g? & bread? ( ! *a91 ib42 =m1 ib42 geology (1 #ff4 ,alluvial deposits by riv]s1 #cc4 ,amblyrh9*us1 g5us ( reptiles1 #cia4 ,amboyna1 its vegetation1 #cbe4 ,am]ica1 l5g? & =m ( ! cont95t1 #ic2 its natural divisions1 ib42 climate1 ib42 m\nta9s1 ib42 mean height (1 #ace4 ,am]ica1 riv]s (1 #bcd-bdd2 ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 #bce2 ,arctic /reams1 ib42 ! ,mississippi1 #bce1 #bcf2 its s\rces1 #bce2 its tribut>ies1 ib42 ! ,miss\ri1 ib42 ! ,arkansas1 ib42 ! ,r$ ,riv]1 ib42 ! ,ohio1 #bcf2 l5g? ( ! ,mississippi1 ib42 floods1 #bcg2 riv]s ( ! ,alleghany *a91 ib42 ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ib42 ,mexican riv]s1 ib42 riv]s ( ! ,&es1 #bch2 ! ,or9oco1 its rise & c\rse1 #bci2 tribut>ies1 ib42 area ( its bas91 #bdj2 floods1 ib42 ! ,amazons1 its rise & c\rse1 ib42 its bas91 ib42 tribut>ies1 #bda2 floods1 ib42 bran*es1 ib42 col\r ( ,am]ican riv]s1 #bdb2 ! ,rio de la ,plata1 its rise1 ib42 tribut>ies1 ib42 l5g?1 ib42 floods & inundations1 #bdc2 ! ,colorado1 #bdc2 ! ,rio ,negro1 ib42 ! ,essequibo1 ib42 navigation ( ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 ib42 ! ,p>1 #bdd2 ! ,san ,francisco1 ib4 ,am]ica1 cont95tal isl&s (1 #aci4 ,am]ican quadrup$s1 #dbf2 birds1 #djd1 #dje2 races ( man1 #dch4 ,am]ica peopl$ f ,asia1 #ddh4 ,am]ica1 ,c5tral1 its dim5sions1 #aad2 m\nta9s1 ib42 climate & vegetation1 #aaf2 volcanos1 ib42 geology1 #aah4 ,am]ica1 ,c5tral1 flora (1 #cdd4 ,am]ica1 ,nor?1 its dim5sions & /ructure1 #aai2 m\nta9s1 #aai-abc1 #abh-abi2 pla9s1 #abc1 #acj2 progressive ext9ction ( aborig9es1 #aca2 geological notice1 #aca-acc2 volcanic action1 #aca2 fossil mammalia1 ib42 analogy ( ! geology ( ,nor? ,am]ica ) t ( ,europe1 #acb-acc2 mean height ( ! cont95t1 #ace2 coalfields1 #ahd1 #ahe2 flora (1 #cda4 ,am]ica1 ,s\?1 l5g? & wid?1 #ic2 its m\nta9s1 #id-aje2 l[ l&s1 #aje-aad2 _! ext5t & area1 #aje2 geology1 #aji-aad2 volcanic rema9s1 #aji1 note2 upheav+s & subsid5ces1 #aab2 mean height ( ! cont95t1 #acd2 e>?quakes1 #aed2 tropical flora (1 #cdf4 ,ammonia1 its use 9 vegetation1 #cja4 ,amphiuma1 #chf4 ,amucu1 lake1 #ajd4 ,anatolia1 table-l& & m\nta9s (1 #ef4 ,&es1 *a9 (1 #ic-ajc2 ,patagonian ,&es1 #id2 ,*ilian ,&es1 #ie2 ,p]uvian ,&es1 #if2 f]tility & popul\sness (1 ib42 anci5t civilization1 ib42 ,bolivian ,&es1 ib41 #ig2 ?ree ranges ( ! *a91 #ih2 ,&es ( ,cund9am>ca & ,m]ida1 #ajj2 passes ( ! ,&es1 elevations (1 #aja2 climate & temp]ature1 #ajb2 developm5t ( volcanic =ce 9 ! ,&es1 #aji1 #aaj2 geology (1 #aaa1 #aac2 coal f\nd 91 #aaa2 volcanic products1 #aab2 sea-%ells 91 ib42 alt]nate elevation & depression (1 #aab1 #aac2 volcanos 9 eruption 9 #ahce1 #aab2 ,&es ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 #aad1 #aae4 ,an]oid b>omet]1 #bfa4 ,ang>a1 a ,sib]ian riv]1 #bej4 ,angora goat1 #dah4 ,animat$ be+s1 new races (1 accompany great geological *anges 9 ! /rata1 #cd2 _! anci5t geographical di/ribution1 #ce4 ,anj\1 ,lieut5ant1 8 voyage1 #gf1 note4 ,anoa1 !1 #dbb4 ,anolis1 g5us ( reptiles1 #cij4 ,ant>ctic l&s1 #afe-afg4 ,ant-eat]s1 #dbj4 ,antelopes ( ,asia1 #dbj2 ( ,africa1 #dbd4 ,antelope ,saiga1 #dai4 ,antelope1 ,prongbuck1 or ,am]ican1 #dbg4 ,anti-,libanus1 height (1 #hc4 ,ants1 #cfg4 ,ants1 :ite1 _! ravages1 ib4 ,antuco1 vegetation at1 #cej4 ,ap5n9es1 _! ext5t1 #ea4 ,apt5odytes1 s\!rn p5gu91 #djh4 ,apt]yx1 anomal\s bird1 #daj4 ,arabia1 p59sula (1 #ha1 #hb2 elevation ( table-l&1 #ha2 m\nta9s1 #hb4 ,arabia ,felix1 #hb4 ,arabia ,petrea1 #hc4 ,arabia1 flora (1 #cbi4 ,arabians1 #dcg4 ,arago1 ,m41 on pol>iz$ light1 #bhd4 ,aral1 lake (1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,ar>at1 ,m\nt1 #ef1 #dah4 ,arauc>i1 a bird1 #djg4 ,arauc>ia1 g5us ( plants1 #cdi4 ,arctic l&s1 #aei-afg4 ,ardea helias1 #djh4 ,areca tree & nut1 #cbd4 ,argali %eep1 #dah4 ,armadilloes1 #dbi4 ,arm5ia1 pla9s (1 #ef4 ,arr[-root1 #cdg4 ,artesian wells1 #aeb1 #baj4 ,asia1 mean height (1 #acd2 volcanos (1 #aeb2 e>?quakes 91 #aec4 ,asia1 riv]s (1 #bbd1 #bcd2 sy/em ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 area ( its bas91 #bbd2 rise & c\rse ( ! ,euphrates1 #bbe2 ( ! ,tigris1 ib42 _! junction1 ib42 anci5t & pres5t /ate ( _! banks1 ib42 ! ,indus1 its s\rces1 #bbf2 its tribut>ies1 ib42 its navigation1 #bbg2 its delta1 ib42 l5g? & area1 ib42 ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra1 s\rces (1 #bbh2 _! tribut>ies1 ib42 l5g?1 #bbh1 #bbi2 inundations1 #bbi2 bran*es1 ib42 dra9age1 ib42 ! ,irawady1 #bcj2 ! ,m5am1 ib42 ! ,cambodja1 ib42 ! ,sang1 #bca2 ! ,hoang-,ho1 ib42 ! ,yang-tse-,kiang1 ib42 ! ,hong-,kiang1 #bcb2 ! ,:ite ,riv]1 ib42 ! ,amur1 ib42 ! ,l5a1 ib42 ! ,y5essei1 #bcc2 ! ,oby & ,irti%1 ib42 great diff]5ce 9 ! inhabitants ( ! bas9s ( ,asiatic riv]s1 #bcd4 ,asia1 flora (1 #cai2 quadrup$s (1 #dag2 birds (1 #djj4 ,asp1 ,egyptian1 a snake1 #chg4 ,ass1 wild1 or onagra1 #dah4 ,assal1 lake (1 #bej4 ,assam1 ,upp]1 its m\nta9s1 #fd4 ,assam1 tea-plant 91 #cbb4 ,assyrian wild]ness1 #hd4 ,atlantic ,ocean1 volcanic isl&s (1 #adj2 its size1 #ahi4 ,atlantic ,pla91 #acj4 ,atlantic ,slope1 #acj4 ,atlas m\nta9s1 #df4 ,atmosph]e influ5tial 9 modify+ ! di/ribution ( light & heat1 #ae4 ,atolls1 #adb-ade2 description (1 #adc2 diamet]1 #add2 atolls ( ! ,pacific1 ib42 ( ! ,*9a ,sea1 ib42 ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 #ade2 great ext5t ( atolls1 #adh4 ,au*5ia1 g5us ( llamas1 #dcj4 ,auckl& ,isl&s1 flora (1 #cec4 ,auro*s1 or wild ox1 #daf4 ,aurora1 !1 #bij2 =m & height (1 #bia2 effect on ! magnetic ne$le1 ib4 ,au/ralia1 cont95t (1 #acf-aci4 ,au/ralia1 riv]s (1 _! insignificance1 #bdd2 ! ,murray1 ib42 ! ,macqu>rie1 ib42 ,swan ,riv]1 ib4 ,au/ralia1 flora (1 #ccf2 quadrup$s (1 #cdd2 birds (1 #cji2 human races1 #dch4 ,axolotl1 a ,mexican reptile1 #chf4 ,az]bijan1 #dah4 ,b4 ,babbage1 ,mr41 on age ( peat-mosses1 #ceh4 ,babir\ssa hog1 #dba4 ,back1 ,sir ,george1 #dfc4 ,bahama ,isl&s1 #aah4 ,bahr-el-,abiad1 or ,:ite ,nile1 #bea4 ,see ,nile4 ,bahr-el-,azrek1 or ,blue ,nile4 ,see ,nile4 ,baikal m\nta9s1 #ii4 ,baily1 ,mr41 #ai2 & note4 ,balkan1 #ej4 ,baltic ,sea1 its area1 #bjg2 bas91 ib42 dep?1 ib42 climate1 ib42 influ5ce on ,european civilization1 #ddi4 ,b>atra1 !1 #djc4 ,b>bican1 a g5us ( birds1 #djc4 ,b>+1 ,sir ,francis1 #dfc4 ,b>ley1 orig9 & cultivation (1 #cef4 ,b>omet]1 use 9 det]m9+ heights1 #bfa2 h[ affect$ by /orms1 #bfi2 hor>y visitations (1 #bfb2 an]oid1 #bfa1 note4 ,b>r5 ,gr\nd1 !1 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #abi4 ,b>ri]-reefs1 #ade2 notice ( a reef (f ! nor?-ea/ coa/ ( ,au/ralia1 #adf4 ,batra*ians1 an ord] ( reptiles1 #chd2 _! di/ribution1 #che4 ,be>1 #dag1 #dai4 ,be>1 ! grizzly1 #dbg4 ,beau=t1 ,admiral ,sir ,francis1 #dfc4 ,beaumont1 ,m4 ,elie de1 ext5sion ( ,von ,bu*'s views1 #ci1 note2 p>allelism ( contempor>y *a9s1 #dc4 ,bee*ey1 ,capta91 8 measurem5t ( ! height ( ! ,nevado ( ,aconcagua1 #ie4 ,bees1 di/ribution (1 #cff4 ,beke1 ,dr41 travels 9 ,africa1 #hi4 ,beloot ,tagh1 or ,cl\dy ,m\nta9s1 #ei4 ,b5guela1 #hh4 ,b5 ,nevis1 its elevation1 #ga4 ,besbor\gh1 ,e>l (1 #dfc4 ,bessel1 ,m41 8 measurem5t ( ! e>?'s radii1 #af2 8 results comp>$ ) ^? ( ,mr4 ,airy1 #ag2 ) ,colonel ,sab9e's1 #ag1 note4 ,birds1 classification (1 #cib2 geographical di/ribution (1 #cic2 migration (1 ib42 greg>i\s1 #cig2 ,briti%1 #cih2 ,european1 #cid2 ,asiatic1 #djj2 ,african1 #djb2 ,nor? ,am]ican1 #djd2 ,s\? ,am]ican1 #dje2 ,au/ralian1 #dji2 ( ,new ,zeal&1 #daj2 fossil f ,new ,zeal&1 #daj4 ,bison1 !1 a species ( ox1 #dbg4 ,black ,sea1 its area1 #bjg2 bas91 ib42 dep?1 ib4 ,blue ,m\nta9s1 #aag4 ,boa1 a g5us ( s]p5ts1 #chh4 ,bo>1 wild1 #daf4 ,bombon1 pla91 its height1 #ih4 ,borax1 lakes (1 9 ,tibet1 #bej4 ,borneo1 g5]al features1 products1 & climate (1 #adc2 population (1 #dch4 ,b\1 ,m41 8 d$uctions f a comp>ison ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! l&1 #db2 nature's fundam5tal types few1 #dc2 int]ruptions 9 cont95ts & m\nta9-*a9s1 #de2 ,sc&9avian m\nta9 sy/em1 #gj4 ----1 ,dr41 on ! influ5ce ( *a9s ( m\nta9s on ! diff]5ce ( nations1 #ddh4 ,brazil1 table-l&1 its =m1 #ajd2 b\nd>ies1 ib42 soil1 #aje2 flora (1 #cdh4 ,bri5z1 lake (1 #bdg4 ,brita91 flora (1 #cag4 ,briti% m\nta9s1 geology (1 #ga4 ,briti% population1 #ddc4 ,brooke1 ,sir ,j41 at ,borneo1 #dfj4 ,bu*1 ,von1 ! /ructure ( ! globe1 #ci1 note2 notice ( m\nta9s 9 ,g]many1 #dd2 classification ( isl&s1 #aci2 b\nd>y ( ! ,au/ralian cont95t1 #ada4 ,buns51 ,*evali]1 on ! antiquity ( ! ,egyptian dyna/ies1 #ddd1 note4 ,buphaga1 a g5us ( birds1 #djc4 ,c4 ,caama antelope1 #dbd4 ,cabiai1 or myopotamus1 #dcc4 ,ca*alot1 or sp]maceti :ale1 #cgi4 ,calbongos1 #hh4 ,camel1 ,bactrian1 #dbj2 ,arabian1 or drom$>y1 ib4 ,camellia1 c\ntry (1 #cba4 ,campbell's ,isl&1 #ced4 ,campos ,p>ecis1 des]t (1 #aje4 ,canadas1 !1 products1 #abg2 ice-/orms #abh2 wa/e-l&1 ib4 ,cape ,negro1 #hg4 ,cape pigeons1 or p9tadoes1 #cic4 ,c>iama1 a gall9ace\s bird1 #djg4 ,c>ibbean ,sea1 #bji4 ,c>ol9e ,ar*ipelago1 #add4 ,c>pa?ian m\nta9s1 #di4 ,c>nivor\s quadrup$s1 #dad4 ,ca%m]e1 flora (1 #caj4 ,ca%m]e1 goat1 #dai4 ,casius1 ,m\nt1 height (1 #hc4 ,caspian ,sea1 its depression1 #gc4 ,caspian ,sea1 #bdh4 ,cassican1 g5us ( birds1 #dja4 ,cass[>y1 #djb4 ,caucasus1 !1 #ee4 ,caucasian race ( mank9d1 #dcf2 its di/ribution1 ib4 ,cav5di%1 ,mr41 #ai4 ,cebus1 an ,am]ican monkey1 #dbi4 ,celtic races ( man1 #dda4 ,c]ealia1 geographical di/ribution (1 #cee4 ,c]eopsis1 a ,new ,holl& bird1 #daj4 ,c]ro ,duida1 height (1 #ajd4 ,cetacea1 division (1 #cgg4 ,ceylon1 isl& (1 #hj2 flora (1 #cbi4 ,*ameleons1 #cij4 ,*amois1 #dag1 #dai4 ,*>p5ti]1 ,m41 8 measurem5t ( ! base ( ! ,pyr5ees1 #acd1 note4 ,*eiropt]a1 or bats1 #dad4 ,*elonians1 or turtles1 #cib4 ,*elyd1 #cia4 ,*]okee ,indians1 #deh4 ,*ile1 its climate1 #ie2 gr\p ( volcanic v5ts1 #aaj2 rise ( ! coa/1 #aac2 vegetation (1 #cdi4 ,*impanzee1 #dbb1 #dbe4 ,*9a1 great productiv5ess (1 #gh2 area ( its alluvial pla91 ib42 ext5t ( great canal (1 ib42 climate1 ib42 fire-hills & fire-spr+s (1 #aeb2 flora (1 #cba4 ,*9*illa1 #dcb4 ,*9ese empire1 ext5t ( m\nta9s 91 #ei4 ,*9ese population1 #dcg4 ,*ionis1 an ant>ctic bird1 #dji4 ,*i\s1 #daj4 ,*iquisaca1 #ig4 ,*itta1 ! hunt+ leop>d1 #dba4 ,*lamyphores1 #dbi4 ,*oco1 *a9 (1 #ajj4 ,c9*ona1 or ,p]uvian-b>k tree1 #caa2 #cdg4 ,circassians1 #dcf4 ,civilization1 effects (1 #dci2 greate/ 9 ! vic9ity ( ! sea1 #deg4 ,climate dur+ ! ,eoc5e p]iod1 #bi2 excessive cold ( ! ,pleioc5e p]iod1 #ca4 ,climate alt]$ by cultivation1 #dea4 ,cl\ds1 =mation & height (1 #bgd2 diff]5t names giv5 to1 ib4 ,coal1 diffusion (1 #aha-ahf2 quantity consum$ & export$ annually by ,great ,brita91 #ahd1 note2 quantity produc$ 9 ,france 9 #ahda1 ib42 quantity rais$ 9 "o ye>1 ib41 note2 annual value ( coal1 #ahd4 ,coalfields1 great ext5t (1 #cf4 ,coa/s1 ext5t & =m (1 #dj2 comp>ative ext5t (1 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! globe1 #da4 ,cobra capello1 or hood$ snake1 #chg4 ,coca 7,ery?roxylon71 #cej4 ,cocc9eal insect1 #cff4 ,ccili1 g5us ( reptiles1 #chf4 ,c(fee-plant1 & hi/ory (1 #ccj4 ,cold1 regions :]e greate/1 #beh4 ,colima1 volcanic cone1 #aba4 ,colobus1 g5us ( ,lemurid1 #dbe4 ,colombian ,ar*ipelago4 ,see ,we/ ,indian ,isl&s4 ,condor1 !1 #djf4 ,conif]1 family ( plants1 #cfb4 ,cont95t1 ! great1 =m (1 #de2 its high l&s1 #df1 #fi2 ,european portion ( its m\nta9s1 #dg2 ext5t & bread? ( high l&s betwe5 ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,pacific1 #ee2 area ( its high l&1 #gc2 s\!rn l[ l&s1 #gg2 great ext5t ( des]t1 #ib2 cont95tal isl&s (1 #adj4 ,cont95ts1 =ces t rais$ !m1 _! mode ( action1 #cg2 area ( ! great cont95t1 #ch2 relative ext5t ( cont95ts & isl&s1 ib42 elevation ( cont95ts1 #da2 int]ruptions 91 #de2 mean height (1 #acc2 height ( _! c5tres ( gravity1 #ace4 ,cont95tal isl&s describ$1 #aci4 ,copp]1 diffusion (1 #agh4 ,coral =mations1 f\r k9ds (1 #adc4 ,coral reefs1 #adf4 ,cotopaxi1 height (1 #ii4 ,c\cals1 g5us ( birds1 #dja4 ,c\c\1 #djg4 ,c\r\c\1 species ( bird1 #dja4 ,crat] ( elevation1 def9ition (1 #dh1 note4 ,crax alector1 #djg4 ,crime1 decrease (1 by education1 #dga4 ,crocodiles 9 g5]al1 #chi2 ( ! ,nile1 ib42 ( ! ,ganges1 ib4 ,cryptogamia1 #cjf4 ,cuba1 area & coa/-l9e1 #aah2 height ( its m\nta9s1 ib4 ,culture1 its influ5ce on ! human =m1 #ddg4 ,curr5ts1 causes (1 #aig2 direction & velocity1 ib42 great oceanic curr5ts1 #aih2 ,gulf-/ream1 #aii2 bread? ( curr5ts1 ib42 c\nt]-curr5ts1 #bjj2 p]iodical curr5ts1 ib42 effect ( curr5ts on voyages1 #bja4 ,cusco1 city1 #ih2 reliques ( ! ,incas1 ib4 ,cu%1 or l& ( ,e?iopia1 #ddc4 ,cut*1 riv] (1 #ha4 ,cuvi]1 ,b>on1 #cj1 #cb1 #dfc4 ,cuyo1 a prov9ce ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 #dcj4 ,d4 ,daman1 or ,hyrax1 #dbe4 ,dang]\s ,ar*ipelago1 #add4 ,da\ria m\nta9s1 #ff4 ,da\ria1 flora (1 #caf4 ,d>w91 ,mr41 8 speculations on p]fect animals f\nd buri$ 9 ,sib]ia1 #cb2 8 #8,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica' quot$1 #aab2 on r$ wat] on ! coa/ ( ,*ile1 #cgj2 on reptiles ( ,galapagos1 #cia2 on ,aconcagua ,peak1 #bgb4 ,dasyurus1 a g5us ( c>nivora1 #dcd4 ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do1 8 hydraulic op]ations1 #bag1 note4 ,davy1 ,sir ,humphry1 8 discov]y ( metalloids1 #afh2 8 safety-lamp1 #agc1 note4 ,day & night1 unequal duration (1 #ae4 ,dead ,sea1 depression (1 #hd1 note4 ,dead ,sea1 #bdg4 de ,c&olle1 ,m41 on botanical regions1 note1 #cjh2 on gr[? ( trees1 #ceh4 ,deccan1 table-l& (1 #gi2 its height & composition1 #hj2 /ructure1 ib42 soil1 ib4 ,de]1 ,asiatic1 #dba4 ,de la ,be*e1 ,sir ,h5ry1 on metallif]\s deposits1 #agj1 #dfc4 ,dembia lake1 #bea4 ,deodora p9e1 #cbj4 ,desaguad]o1 table-l& or valley (1 its dim5sions1 #if2 its area1 #ig4 ,d9ornis1 a fossil bird1 #daj4 ,dip ( ! horizon1 #ag4 ,di/ance e/imat$ f kn[n height ( an object1 #ag4 ,dodo1 an ext9ct bird1 #daj4 ,dogs1 ,am]ican1 #dbg4 ,dolph9s1 #cgh4 ,dome/ic animals1 numb] ( species1 #deb4 ,donny1 ,m41 8 exp]im5ts ) boil+ wat]1 #afc4 ,d\glas1 ,mr41 8 acc\nt ( an eruption ( ! volcano ( ,kirawah 9 #ahcd1 #aea4 ,dove1 ,pr(essor1 on mean temp]atures1 #bei4 ,dragon liz>d1 #cij4 ,dry ,riv]1 #hf4 ,dugong1 !1 #cgg4 ,dz]an goat1 #dai4 ,dziggetai1 !1 #dah1 note4 ,e4 ,e>?1 !1 its insignificance 9 space1 #ac2 in/ability ( its %ell1 #ad2 its int]nal fires1 ib42 *anges :i* h br\ght ab\t its pres5t /ate1 ib42 its future de/ruction1 ib42 its di/ance f ! sun1 #ae2 its annual & diurnal revolutions1 ib42 its position 9 ! sol> sy/em1 ib42 incl9ation ( ! axis1 ib42 its relative magnitude1 ib42 its oblat5ess1 note1 ib42 its figure & d5sity d$uc$ f ! p]turbations 9 ! motions ( ! moon1 ib42 its curvature1 #af2 modes ( det]m9+ its =m & size1 ib42 its radii1 ib42 its circumf]5ce & diamet]1 ib42 exp]im5t to asc]ta9 ! value ( its mass1 #ah2 its mean d5sity1 #ai2 increase 9 d5sity t[>ds ! c5tre1 ib42 con/itution ( its surface1 ib42 an idea ( its /ructure obta9$ f m9+1 ib42 its antiquity1 #cd2 unequal arrangem5t ( l& & wat]1 #cg1 #ch2 anci5t int]nal action1 #ace4 ,e>?quakes1 #aec-aeg2 causes (1 #aed2 propagation ( ! %ocks ib42 effect on ! sea1 #aee2 elevation ( ! gr\nd1 ib42 s\nd ( ! explosion1 rate ( progression (1 ib42 velocity ( ! great oceanic wave1 #aef2 comp>ative de/ructiv5ess ( e>?quakes1 #aeg2 frequ5cy ( small %ocks1 ib42 ext5t ( undulations1 ib42 rapidity ( de/ruction1 ib42 p>tial %ocks1 ib42 effects ( e>?quakes on ! configuration ( ! c\ntry1 #aeh4 ,eagles1 #cie4 ,ea/ ,india ,company1 its enc\ragem5t ( sci5ce1 #dfc4 ,e*idna1 #dce4 ,ed5tata1 #dad2 ,s\? ,am]ican1 #dbi4 ,eg$e1 ,m41 on sea-s]p5ts1 #cha4 ,ehr5b]g1 ,m41 microscopic %ells discov]$ by1 #ce4 ,eid] duck1 !1 #djg4 ,eoc5e p]iod1 ! globe & its inhabitants dur+1 #bi4 ,elburz1 elevation (1 #ef4 ,electricity 9 g5]al1 #bhe2 ( ! atmosph]e1 #bhf4 ,elephants1 fossil1 multitudes (1 9 ,sib]ia1 #cf4 ,elephants1 ,asiatic1 #dba2 ,african1 #dbd4 ,elk1 !1 #daf4 ,elliot1 ,mr4 ,alex&]1 8 exp$ition to ! s\rces ( ! ,ganges1 #bbh4 ,el-,teh1 des]t (1 #hb4 ,eltonsk1 lake (1 #bdh4 ,emigration1 its effects 9 ,great ,brita91 #dei4 ,emu1 ,au/ralian cass[>y1 #daj4 ,emys1 fre%-wat] tortoise1 #cia4 ,encircl+ reefs1 #ade4 ,engl&1 e>?quakes 91 #aed2 its coalfields1 #ahb4 ,equator1 protub]ant matt] at1 influ5ces & is influ5c$ by ! moon's motion1 #ag1 note4 ,erebus1 ,m\nt1 #aff4 ,erie1 lake1 #bea4 ,erman1 ,m41 on evaporation1 #bgc4 ,esp5hao1 *a9 (1 #aje4 ,esquimaux1 #dcg4 ,e?iopian races1 #dch4 ,etna1 mann] ( its explosions1 #aec4 ,europe1 mean height & area (1 #acd4 ,european m\nta9s1 frequ5cy ( deep lakes 91 #ej2 geological notice1 #ec4 ,evaporation 9 diff]5t regions1 #bgb4 ,f4 ,factory lab\r1 #dab1 note4 ,falkl& ,isl&s1 vegetation (1 #ceb4 ,famel1 #dbe4 ,f>aday1 ,dr41 on auroras1 #bia2 on magnetic prop]ties ( matt]1 #bif4 ,f]oe ,isl&s1 #gj4 ,fi*telb]ge1 area (1 #dh4 ,f9ns1 !1 #ddb4 ,fire1 subt]ranean lakes ( liquid1 #ad2 volcanic1 its ag5cy 9 ! =mation ( rocks1 #bj4 ,firefly1 !1 #cff4 ,fi%es1 geographical di/ribution1 #cgc2 migration (1 #cge2 fre%-wat]1 ib4 ,fitzroy1 ,capta91 #ddg2 note1 #dei4 ,floras ( diff]5t c\ntries1 #cab4 ,fogs1 h[ produc$1 #bgc4 ,fonseca ,bay1 #beb4 ,=bes1 ,pr(essor ,e41 on ,briti% fauna & flora1 #ca1 note2 on glaci]s1 #ec2 on prim>y floras1 #caj2 on ,egean fuci1 #cfj2 on ! influ5ce ( dep? on m>9e animals1 #cgj2 on ! ,m$it]ranean1 #cga4 ,=mosa1 population (1 #dch4 ,fossil rema9s1 imm5se quantity (1 #ce4 ,f\lahs1 an ,african nation1 #dch4 ,f\ri]'s !ory ( c5tral heat1 #bef4 ,fox1 !1 #daf4 ,fox1 ,mr41 on metallif]\s deposits1 #agj4 ,france1 its high l&s1 #dh2 mean height ( its flat prov9ces1 #gc2 mean elevation (1 #acd4 ,frankl91 ,sir ,john1 #dfd4 ,fr+ill1 g5us ( birds1 #cih4 ,frogs1 #chd4 ,fuci1 or sea-we$s1 #cfa4 ,fuegians1 #cib4 ,fuego1 volcano del1 #aae4 ,future /ate1 a univ]sal belief 91 #ddh4 ,g4 ,galago1 g5us ( ,lemurid1 #dbf4 ,galapagos isl&s1 flora (1 #cda2 birds (1 #djh2 mollusca (1 #cgb4 ,ganges1 valley ( !1 #gi2 soil1 ib42 flatness1 ib4 ,g>dn]1 ,mr41 8 computation ( ! ext5t ( dry l&1 #ch1 note4 ,gecko1 a species ( liz>d1 #cij4 ,gems1 diffusion (1 #ahf4 ,g5eva1 lake (1 #bdg4 ,geography1 ,physical1 def9ition (1 #ac2 effects ( ! intellectual sup]iority ( man among its mo/ important subjects1 ib42 connection betwe5 x & geological /ructure ( c\ntries1 #db4 ,geology1 outl9e (1 #ai-cf4 ,georgian race1 #dcf4 ,g]>d1 ,capta91 8 e/imate ( ! mean height ( ! ,himalaya1 #fa2 notices ( its vegetation1 #fc2 sn[-l9e1 ib42 height ( ! sn[-l9e on m\nta9s ( ,middle ,asia1 #ace1 note4 ,g]boa1 or ,j]boa1 #dai4 ,geys]s1 #afb2 ,great ,geys]1 #afc2 ,/rokr1 ib4 ,giant petrel1 #djh4 ,gibbon1 a g5us ( monkeys1 #dbb4 ,gibralt>1 ,/rait1 dep? (1 #df4 ,gipsies1 numb] (1 #ddb4 ,giraffe1 #dbc4 ,glaci]s1 #eb2 _! rate ( motion 9 ! ,alps1 ib42 _! composition1 ib42 _! enorm\s pressure1 ib4 ,glutton1 #dag4 ,goatsuck]s1 #cih4 ,gobi1 ,great1 area & elevation (1 #fi2 climate1 ib42 mean height1 #acd4 ,gobi1 des]t (1 #bej4 ,gold1 diffusion (1 #agd4 ,gonung-,api1 volcanic isl& (1 #adi4 ,go?>d1 ,/41 pass (1 #ej4 ,guasacalco riv]1 #beb4 ,g\gh's ,isl&s1 #bhb4 ,grampian hills1 #ga4 ,grampus1 #cgi4 ,gran ,*aco1 des]t (1 #ajg4 ,gran ,sasso d',italia1 height (1 #ea4 ,gravitation1 v>iations 9 its int5sity1 #ah4 ,great ,c5tral ,pla9 ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 see ,mississippi1 valley (4 ,great ,nor!rn ,pla91 #gc2 its soil1 ib42 geology1 #gg4 ,grecian m\nta9s1 #ea4 ,greeks1 #dcf4 ,gre5l&1 #aei2 flora (1 #cda4 ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 #dfb4 ,gua*]o1 !1 #djf4 ,guan1 a gall9ace\s bird1 #djg4 ,guanco1 #dca4 ,guatemala1 table-l& (1 #aae2 f]tility1 ib42 elevation1 ib42 volcanos1 ib4 ,gu9ea1 flora (1 #cdh4 ,gu9ea1 ,nor?1 #hh4 ,gu9ea1 ,new1 its size1 #ada2 height ( its m\nta9s1 #adb4 ,gulf ( ,mexico1 #bji4 ,gurla1 m\nta9 (1 #bdi4 ,h4 ,hail1 h[ =m$1 #bhj4 ,haiti 7,san ,dom+o71 dim5sions1 #aag2 its m\nta9s1 ib4 ,halos1 #bhc4 ,haudramaut1 dep? ( loose s& 91 #hb2 tradition conc]n+1 ib4 ,hebrides1 #ga4 ,heckla1 m\nt1 #afa4 ,heights ( places1 table (1 #dge4 ,hel5a1 ,/41 #bie4 ,h]mit ,isl&1 #ceb4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 on cause ( revolv+ /orms1 #bfd4 ,himalaya1 *a91 g5]al /ructure1 #fj2 mean height1 ib42 height ( its peaks1 ib42 passes (1 #fb2 climate1 #fc2 range ( vegetation1 ib42 geology (1 #fd4 ,h9doo ,coo%1 #fj1 #bif2 passes (1 #fb4 ,h9do/an1 pla9s (1 _! ext5t1 #gi2 p59sula1 ib4 ,hippelaphus ( ,ari/otle1 #dbb4 ,hippopotamus1 #dbd4 ,holl&1 depression (1 #gc4 ,holl&1 ,new1 l5g? & bread?1 #acf2 climate1 ib42 coa/s1 ib42 m\nta9-*a91 #acg2 l5g? & av]age height ( m\nta9s1 ib42 riv]s1 #ach4 ,see ,au/ralia1 riv]s (4 ,hook]1 ,sir ,william ,j41 #dfc1 note4 ,hook]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d41 on m>9e plants1 #cei1 note2 on ,ant>ctic ,alg1 #cfb4 ,hopk9s1 ,mr41 8 !ory ( fissures1 #dd4 ,horizon1 its dip1 #ag4 ,horse1 #dba2 v>ieties (1 ib41 #dbg4 ,h\tias1 a gnaw+ animal1 #dcc4 ,human races1 #dcf2 p]man5cy ( type1 #ddd2 discrepancy ( _! col\r1 #dde4 ,human con/itution1 its flexibility1 #dde4 ,humboldt1 ,b>on1 8 #8,cosmos1' #e2 on ! incl9ation ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 #db2 e/imate ( ! mean height ( ! ,himalaya1 #fa2 on ! silvas ( ! ,amazons1 #ajg2 on ! influ5ce ( table-l&s & m\nta9s on ! mean height ( cont95ts1 #acc2 e/imate ( height ( mean cre/ ( ! ,pyr5ees1 #acd1 note2 measurem5ts ( highe/ peaks & mean heights ( sev]al m\nta9-*a9s1 #ace1 note2 notice ( an e>?quake at ,riobamba 9 #agig1 #aeg2 8 /atem5t ( ! quantity ( ! preci\s metals br\ght to ,europe f ,am]ica1 #agf2 on riv]-floods1 #bae4 ,humm+ birds1 #djf4 ,hunt]1 ,john1 #dfc4 ,huron1 lake1 #bej4 ,hurricanes1 #bfg4 ,hydraulic sy/ems ( ,europe1 #baf2 divisions1 ib42 sy/em ( ! ,volga1 ib42 ,danube1 ib42 orig9 ( ! application ( hydraulics to riv]s1 #bag2 sy/em ( ,brita91 #bah4 ,hydrog51 influ5ce on vegetation1 #cja4 ,hydrographic ,(fice1 ,admiralty1 #dfc4 ,hyna1 ,asiatic species1 #dca2 ,african species1 #dbe4 ,hyla1 or tree-frog1 #che4 ,hyrax1 or ,daman1 #dbe4 ,hyrcanian m\nta9s1 #dh4 ,i4 ,ibex1 or wild goat1 #dag4 ,ibis1 ! r$1 #djh4 ,ice1 quantity 9 ! ,alps1 #eb2 riv]s (1 ib4 ,ice1 pol>1 #bjc2 area (1 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 ib42 nor? pol> ice1 ib42 pack$ ice1 #bjd2 iceb]gs1 ib42 col\rs ( ice1 #bje4 ,ice m\nta9s1 #fg4 ,icel&1 #aff2 ice m\nta9s1 #afa2 glaci]s1 ib42 des]t1 ib42 volcanos1 ib42 eruptions1 ib42 geys]s1 #afc2 fiords1 #afd2 products1 ib42 climate1 ib42 /orms1 ib4 ,i*neumon1 a c>nivor\s quadrup$1 #dag4 ,india1 flora (1 #cbj4 ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 isl&s (1 #ada2 _! importance1 #adb2 surveys ( _! coa/s1 ib42 flora (1 #cbf4 ,indian des]t1 #ha4 ,indo-,*9ese p59sula1 #gh2 its population1 #dcg4 ,insects1 geographical di/ribution (1 #cfc2 numb] (1 ib42 migration (1 #cfg4 ,iran1 plateau (1 see ,p]sia4 ,irel&1 its sc5]y1 #ga2 coal di/ricts1 #ahc4 ,iron1 diffusion (1 #ahb2 quantity manufactur$ 9 ,brita9 9 #ahdd1 #ahc1 note2 uses1 #ahd1 note2 value (1 9 ,france1 9 #ahch1 ib41 note4 ,isatis fox1 #dbg4 ,isl&s1 _! relative ext5t to t ( ! cont95ts1 #ch2 classification (1 #aci4 ,iso!rmal l9es1 #beh4 ,itambe1 m\nta91 height (1 #aje4 ,j4 ,jackal1 #dbe4 ,jagu>1 or ,am]ican tig]1 #dbh4 ,jamaica1 its area1 #aag2 m\nta9s1 ib42 ext5t ( coa/1 #aah2 temp]ature1 ib4 ,jan ,may5's ,l&1 #afd4 ,japan1 flora (1 #cba4 ,japanese1 #dcg4 ,java1 volcanos (1 #adi2 height ( volcanic m\nta9s1 ib42 de/ruction ( a m\nta9 9 #aggb1 ib42 "* ( ! coa/1 ib42 8,valley ( ,dea?10 #aec4 ,jebel ,h\ra1 #hb4 ,jebel ,okkd>1 height (1 #hb4 ,jewi% population ( ,europe1 #ddb4 ,john/on1 ,mr4 ,kei?1 8 ,physical ,atlas1 #e2 #dc1 note4 ,jordan1 valley (1 its f]tility1 #hd2 its depression1 ib4 ,jordan1 riv]1 #bdg4 ,jorullo1 volcanic cone1 its sudd5 appe>ance1 #aba4 ,jukes1 ,mr41 8 description ( ! roll+ ( ! bill[s along ! great ,au/ralian b>ri]-reef1 #adf4 ,jura1 elevation (1 #ej4 ,k4 ,kailas ,peak1 #bdi4 ,kalmuks1 #dcg4 ,kami*i1 a gall9ace\s bird1 #djg4 ,kamt*atka1 flora (1 #cae4 ,kang>oo1 #dcd4 ,kang>oo rat1 #dcd4 ,kelat1 elevation (1 #eh4 ,k]guel5's ,l&1 vegetation (1 #cee4 ,keys]l+1 ,c\nt1 #fg1 note4 ,kh+-han m\nta9s1 #ei4 ,kiang1 wild ass ( ,tibet1 #dai4 ,k+fi%]s1 #cih4 ,k9kaj\1 !1 #dbh4 ,kirawah1 volcano (1 #aea2 eruption 9 #ahcd1 ib4 ,kirghiz1 /eppes (1 #ge4 ,koko-nor lake1 #bej4 ,komb/'s e?nographic map1 #ddc1 note4 ,kosciusko1 m\nt1 height (1 #acg4 ,k\rdi/an m\nta9s1 #ef4 ,ku5-lun 7or ,*9ese7 m\nta9s1 #ei4 ,kurile ,isl&s1 volcanic v5ts (1 #aea4 ,l4 ,laccadive ,ar*ipelago1 #ade4 ,ladak1 #cag4 ,ladoga1 lake (1 #bdf4 ,lagoons & ,lagoon ,isl&s1 #adc2 describ$1 #adf2 !ories ( _! =mation1 ib42 & note1 #adg4 ,l&1 dry1 its area1 #cg2 its proportion to ! ocean1 #ch1 note2 relative quantity 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn hemisph]es1 #ch2 & 9 ! v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ib42 unexplor$1 ib42 pol> l&s1 ib42 t5d5cy ( l& to assume a p59sul> =m1 #ci2 outl9e ( ! l&1 ib42 *anges 9 its level1 #aeh4 ,languages v>y+1 #ddj2 numb] (1 ib42 d]ivation & comp>ison (1 ib42 spok5 9 ,brita91 #ddc4 ,la ,paz1 city1 #ig4 ,lapl&1 flora (1 #cae4 ,lasi/n m\nta9s1 #eg4 ,latitude1 s9e (1 #ag1 note4 ,lay>d1 ,mr41 8 antiqu>ian rese>*es1 #bbe1 note4 ,lead1 diffusion (1 #agf4 ,lebanon1 m\nta9s (1 #hc4 ,lei?>t1 ,mr41 #afi1 note4 ,lemurs1 #dbb1 #dbf4 ,leon or ,managua1 lake (1 #beb4 ,leop>d1 #dba4 ,life1 duration (1 9 diff]5t classes ( society1 #dej1 note4 ,light1 compos$ ( diff]5t rays1 #bhj2 its prop]ties1 #bha2 absorb$ by ! atmosph]e1 #bhb2 pol>iz$1 #bhd2 influ5ce on vegetation1 #cja4 ,lightn+1 #bhh4 ,lion1 !1 #dbe4 ,litako1 9 ,s\? ,africa1 #dei4 ,liz>ds1 #cij4 ,llama1 #dcj2 on its naturalization 9 ,europe1 #dca1 note4 ,llanos ( ! ,or9oco & ,v5ezuela1 #ajh2 area (1 ib42 "*1 ib42 climate1 ib42 floods & conflagrations1 #aji2 temp]ature1 ib4 ,locu/s1 flights (1 #cfg4 ,locks on canals1 e>ly use (1 #bag2 _! application by ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ib4 ,lophophorus1 a bird1 #dja4 ,lop lake1 #bej4 ,l\don1 ,alex41 ,esq41 acc\nt ( ! 8,valley ( ,dea?10 9 ,java1 #aec4 ,l\rie1 a g5us ( p>rots1 #djb4 ,loxa1 m\nta9-knot (1 #ih4 ,luc]ne1 lake (1 #bdg4 ,lyell1 ,sir ,*>les1 8 !ory ( ! =mation ( rocks1 #bj2 division ( t]ti>y /rata1 #bh2 on ! ,alleghany m\nta9s1 #abh2 on ! fossilif]\s rocks ( nor!rn ,europe & ,am]ica1 #acb2 on ! coal fields ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #ahe2 on mollusca 9 ! temp]ate zones1 #cgb2 on ! numb] ( exi/+ species ( animals1 #cha4 ,lyn*1 ,lieut41 relative height ( ,dead ,sea & ,j]usalem2 analysis ( ,dead ,sea1 #bdh1 note4 ,lyn*1 ,lieut41 exp$ition to ! ,dead ,sea1 #hd1 note4 ,lynx1 !1 #daf4 ,m4 ,mac,cormick1 ,rob]t1 ,esq41 8 description ( ! fir/ view ( ,victoria ,l&1 #afe4 ,mace plant1 #cbe4 ,madagasc>1 #hg2 fauna (1 #dbf2 inhabitants (1 #dch4 ,mag]oe ,isl&1 #bgi4 ,maggiore lake1 #bdg4 ,magnetism1 #bia4 ,magnetic poles ( ! e>?1 #bib4 ,magnetic int5sity1 =ce (1 #bic4 ,magnetic ne$le1 h\rly v>iation (1 ib4 ,magnetic v>iation or decl9ation1 #bid4 ,magnetic /orms1 #bie4 ,magnetic =ce1 l9es ( equal1 #bif4 ,magnolias1 region (1 #cdc4 ,maize1 or ,indian corn1 orig9 & culture (1 #cde4 ,malab>1 ext5t & height ( its m\nta9s1 #hj4 ,malayan races ( man1 #dch4 ,maldive ,ar*ipelago1 its dim5sions1 #ade2 size ( its atolls1 ib4 ,malurus ,africanus1 #djc4 ,mammalia1 division into gr\ps1 #dac2 geographical di/ribution1 #dad2 migration (1 #dae2 in/9ct (1 ib4 ,man1 division into races1 #dcf2 8 influ5ce on ! mat]ial _w1 #dej4 ,manasa1 or ,manas>[>1 lake (1 #fg2 height (1 #dah4 ,manatus1 or lamant91 #cgg4 ,m&%ur1 its aspect1 #gh4 ,m&%uria1 #cba4 ,manfr$i on ! rate ( rise 9 ! b$ ( ! ocean1 #cd4 ,mango1 a fruit1 #cbg4 ,manis1 #dba1 #dbe4 ,mank9d1 numb]s (1 #dcf4 ,m>ab\s crane or /ork1 #djd4 ,m>9e animals 9 g5]al1 #cgj4 ,m>9e mammalia1 classification (1 #cgf4 ,m>9e vegetation1 #ceh4 ,m>riage1 av]age numb] (1 annually1 #dee4 ,m>supial1 or p\*$ quadrup$s1 #dcd4 ,m>t9eau1 ,miss1 h] #8,j\rney to ,egypt & ,syria' quot$1 #aeb4 ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 volcanos (1 #aeb2 its area1 #bjg2 s\rces ( supply1 ib42 dep?1 ib42 tides & curr5ts1 #bjh2 b$1 ib42 coa/s1 ib42 its influ5ce on ,european civilization1 #ddi4 ,mioc5e p]iod1 ! globe & its inhabitants dur+1 #bi4 ,mekram1 des]t (1 #ha4 ,m5opoma1 g5us ( reptiles1 #chf4 ,m5ura1 or lyre-bird1 #dji4 ,m]idian1 t]re/rial1 #af2 area (1 measur$ by ,m4 ,bessel1 ib42 l5g? ( a degree (1 ib42 measurem5t ( an arc at ,quito1 #ii4 ,metals1 li/ (1 #afh1 note2 diffusion (1 #agd4 ,metallif]\s ,deposits1 #afi1 c42 direction (1 #agj2 peculi> to p>ticul> rocks1 #aga4 ,metalloids1 li/ (1 #afh1 note4 ,mexico1 table-l& & m\nta9s1 #abj2 dim5sions1 ib42 city (1 ib42 volcanos1 #aba2 ,b>ancas1 #abb2 vegetation1 ib42 flora1 #cdd4 ,midas ,leon9a1 a g5us ( monkeys1 #dbi4 ,midd5dorf1 ,m41 #fg1 note4 ,millet1 its cultivation1 #cef4 ,m9danao1 population (1 #dch4 ,m9es1 mode ( op5+1 #agb2 dra9age1 ib42 v5tilation1 #agc2 access1 ib42 dep?1 ib4 ,m9]al produce ( ,europe1 value (1 9 #ahbi1 #ahc1 note2 proportion furni%$ by ,engl&1 ib41 note4 ,m9]al ve9s1 p>allelism (1 #dc2 fill+ (1 #afi2 ri*e/ ne> ! surface1 #agj1 note4 ,mirage1 #bhb4 ,mississippi1 valley ( !1 its area1 #abc2 table-l&1 ib42 g5]al "*1 #abd2 s\!rn des]t1 ib42 m>%es1 ib42 ! ,gr& ,sal9e1 ib42 prairies1 ib42 =e/s1 #abe2 ,upp] ,valley ( !1 #abf1 #agg2 new /ates1 #abe2 pr9cipal lakes1 ib4 ,mit*ell1 ,mr41 on ! causes ( e>?quakes1 quot$1 #aee4 ,mongol ,t>t> races1 #dcg4 ,mongolia1 its situation1 #fj2 little kn[n1 #fi4 ,monitor1 g5us ( reptiles1 #chi2 fossil1 #cij4 ,monkeys1 ,am]ican1 #dbh2 ,african1 #dbe4 ,monocotyl$on\s plants1 #cjf4 ,monsoons1 #bff4 ,mont ,blanc1 its height1 #di2 quantity ( ice on1 #eb4 ,moon1 !1 its influ5ce on1 & di/ance f ! e>?1 #ae2 its p]turbations %[ ! compression at ! poles1 ib42 inequality 9 its motions produc$ by matt] at ! e>?'s equator1 #ag1 note4 ,moon1 !1 m\nta9s (1 #hh4 ,moorcr(t1 ,mr41 elevation ( ! sacr$ lake ,manasa1 #fg4 ,moose-de]1 or elk1 #dbe4 ,mora9es1 #eb4 ,mosasaurus1 #cij1 note4 ,mosc[1 height (1 #gc4 ,mosquito1 !1 #cfe4 ,m\nta9s1 =ms (1 #da2 _! declivity1 #db2 contemporane\s upheaval ( p>allel m\nta9-*a9s1 #dc2 int]ruptions 91 #de2 table ( ! heights ( ! pr9cipal m\nta9s ( ! globe1 #dge4 ,m\nta9-*a9s1 assum$ =m (1 #abi1 note2 a b>ri] to insects1 #cfd4 ,m\flon1 #daf4 ,m[na ,roa m\nta91 #bfi4 ,m',quhae1 ,capt41 #chb4 ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,j41 on ! geology ( ! ,altai *a91 #ff2 obs]vations on ,sib]ia1 #fg1 note2 rese>*es 9 ! ,ural m\nta9s1 #gb2 on ! geology ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 #gg4 ,museum1 ,briti%1 improv$ /ate (1 #dfb4 ,museum1 ( ,practical ,geology1 #dfc4 ,museum1 ,hunt]ian1 #dfc4 ,musk-de]1 ,mos*us1 #dbj4 ,musk-ox1 #dbg4 ,musk-rat1 or musqua%1 #dbg4 ,mycetus1 or ,beelzebub monkey1 #dbi4 ,mysore1 table-l& (1 height1 #hj2 soil1 ib4 ,myvatr1 #cfe4 ,n4 ,n>:als1 or ,monoc]os1 #cgi4 ,negro tribes1 #dch4 ,nej$1 prov9ce ( ,arabia1 #dbj4 ,newf\ndl&1 population (1 #acj2 di/ance f ,irel&1 ib4 ,new ,irel&1 p (1 #dch4 ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s1 #afe4 ,new ,zeal&1 flora1 #cch2 fauna #daa2 birds1 #daj2 inhabitants1 #dch4 ,nevado ( ,aconcagua1 height (1 #ie4 ,nevado ( ,cayamb1 height (1 #ii4 ,niag>a1 lake & fall (1 #bea4 ,nic>agua1 pla9 & lake1 area (1 #aae2 lake & i/hmus1 #beb4 ,nile1 valley (1 #ia2 riv]1 #bai4 ,nilgh]ry m\nta9s1 height (1 #hj4 ,niti or ,netee ,pass1 #fb4 ,nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! air1 #cjj2 9 plants1 ib4 ,nitrn1 valley (1 its conv5ts1 #ia4 ,norway1 "* ( its coa/1 #gj4 ,notornis1 fossil bird1 #daa4 ,nova ,zembla1 flora (1 #cad4 ,nutmeg1 ! plant1 #cbe4 ,n'yassi1 lake1 #hf4 ,o4 ,ocean1 ! proportion x be>s to ! l&1 #cg2 mean dep? (1 #ace2 its b$1 #ahh2 size1 ib42 s&banks1 #ahi2 pressure1 #aij2 col\r1 ib42 saltness1 #aia2 tides1 ib42 waves1 #aib2 curr5ts1 #aig2 temp]ature1 #bja2 pol> ice1 #bjc2 inl& seas1 #bjf2 ag5cy ( ! ocean 9 *ang+ ! surface ( ! e>?1 #bji4 ,oitz1 lake (1 #bej4 ,okhotsk1 sea (1 #bfc4 ,oman1 height ( its m\nta9s1 #ha4 ,onega1 lake1 #bdf4 ,ont>io1 lake (1 #bea4 ,opossum1 #dbh1 #dbi4 ,orange ,riv]1 #he4 ,orang-outang1 #dbb4 ,ori5tal plateau4 ,see ,tibet4 ,or9oco1 riv]1 #ajc2 its cat>acts1 ib42 region ( ,upp] ,or9oco1 its f]tility1 #ajd4 ,orni?orhyn*us1 #dce4 ,oscillations ( ! ,p5dulum4 ,see ,p5dulum4 ,o/ri*1 ! ,african1 #djd2 ! ,am]ican1 #daj4 ,otaheite1 #ade4 ,ott]1 !1 #dag4 ,ow51 ,pr(essor1 8 discov]ies z a geologi/1 #cj2 on sea-s]p5t1 #chb2 on ,briti% fossil quadrup$s1 #dag1 #dfc4 ,o:yhee1 its volcanos1 #aea4 ,owls1 #cih4 ,ox1 v>ieties (1 #dbj4 ,oxyg51 its influ5ce on vegetation1 #cja4 ,p4 ,paca1 #dcc4 ,pacayo1 ,volcano de1 #aae4 ,pa*yd]mata1 #dac4 ,pacific ,ocean1 isl&s (1 #adj2 volcanic isl&s 91 #adh2 great volcanic zone 91 #adi2 areas ( elevation & subsid5ce 9 its b$1 ib42 its size1 #ahi4 ,palapt]yx1 fossil bird1 #daa4 ,palms1 di/ribution (1 #ccc4 ,palte1 lake (1 #bdi4 ,pam]1 table-l&1 #dbj4 ,pampas ( ,bu5os ,ayres1 #ajf2 _! elevation1 ib42 floods1 #ajg2 conflagrations1 ib42 geology1 #aac4 ,pampros hurricanes1 #bga4 ,panama1 pla9s (1 ext5t1 #aae4 ,p&anus1 g5us ( plants1 #add4 ,pangol91 or manis1 #dba4 ,panicum1 g5us ( ,c]ealia1 #cef4 ,pan!rs1 #dba4 ,p>adise1 birds (1 #djb4 ,p>ima1 m\nta9 sy/em (1 #ajc2 ,si]ra del ,p>ima1 ib42 musical rock 91 ib4 ,p>ry1 ,sir ,edw>d1 #dfd4 ,p>ry's ,m\nta9s1 #aff4 ,passages across ! ,atlantic1 #bfg4 ,patagonia1 des]t (1 #ajf2 climate1 ib42 geology1 #aac4 ,pecc>i1 or ,s\? ,am]ican hog1 #dbh4 ,pelasgic ,isl&s1 description (1 #adj4 ,pelti]'s exp]im5ts on ! heat ( ! e>?1 #bee4 ,p5dulum1 #ag2 its oscillations influ5c$ by gravitation1 ib42 v>iations 91 #ah2 exp]im5ts )1 = asc]ta9+ compression at ! poles1 #ag2 affect$ by volcanic isl&s1 ib4 ,p5gu9s1 s\!rn 7,apt5odytes71 #djh4 ,p59sulas1 _! s\?w>d t5d5cy1 #dj2 =m1 ib4 ,p5tl&1 ,mr4 8 measurem5ts ( ,cordill]as & m\nta9s ( ! ,&es1 #ig1 note2 & ( _! passes1 #aja1 note2 8 discov]y ( a volcanic crat] 9 ! valley ( ! ,yucay1 #aji1 note2 & ( fossil %ells 9 ,bolivia & ,p]u1 #aab1 note2 on measurem5t ( highe/ peaks & mean heights ( sev]al m\nta9-*a9s1 #ace1 note2 on hor>y v>iation ( ! b>omet]1 #bfe2 on fi%es ( ,lake ( ,titicaca1 #cge2 on ! naturalization ( ! ,llama tribe1 #dca4 ,pepp]-tree1 #cbe4 ,p]fume ( fl[]s1 cause (1 #cjd4 ,p]sia1 table-l& ( 7,plateau ( ,iran71 area & elevation (1 #ee2 ext5t ( ,p]sian m\nta9s1 #eg2 great salt des]t1 #eh2 flora1 #cai4 ,petra1 appe>ance ( its site1 #hc4 ,petrel1 /ormy1 !1 #cig4 ,petrel1 g5us1 or ,procell>i1 #cig1 #djh4 ,phaco*re1 or ,african hog1 #dbe4 ,phalang]1 #dcd4 ,pheasants1 diff]5t species (1 #dja4 ,phil$on1 g5us ( birds1 #dja4 ,phoc1 or seals1 #cgg4 ,physalia1 #cgf4 ,physet]s1 or ca*alots1 #cgi4 ,pi*9*a1 height (1 #ajj4 ,planets1 _! magnitude relative to t ( ! e>?1 #ae2 _! influ5ce on ! e>?'s motion1 ib4 ,plants1 division (1 #cjf2 propagation (1 #cje2 sleep (1 ib42 n\ri%m5t (1 #cjj2 elem5ts (1 #cja2 geographical di/ribution (1 #cjf4 ,pleioc5e p]iod1 ! e>? & its inhabitants dur+1 #cj2 *anges dur+1 #ca2 discov]ies ( p]fect animals buri$ 9 ?is p]iod1 #cb4 ,pppig1 ,dr41 8 #8,travels' quot$1 #id1 #agf2 on r$ wat] ( ! ocean1 #cgj4 ,pole1 ,nor?1 reasons = ! exi/5ce ( sea at1 #bjc4 ,poles1 compression at1 asc]ta9$ by p]turbations 9 ! moon's motions1 #ae2 by oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 #ag4 ,polynesia1 flora (1 #dja4 ,polyplectron1 g5us ( birds1 #djg4 ,pontoppidan1 or sea-s]p5t1 #cha4 ,popocatepetl1 m\nta91 #aba4 ,porcup9e1 #dag4 ,porpoise1 g5us (1 #cgi4 ,port]1 ,g4 ,r41 ,esq41 8 #8,progress ( ! ,nation' quot$1 #ahd1 note4 ,porto ,rico1 dim5sions & climate1 #aag4 ,portugal1 flora (1 #cai4 ,potato1 c\ntry (1 #cej4 ,potosi1 ! height (1 #ig1 note2 city (1 its elevation1 #ig2 its m9es1 #age4 ,prairies1 ,n4 ,am]ican1 #abg1 note4 ,prairie-dog1 a m>mot1 #dbg4 ,prairie wolf1 #dbg4 ,prongbuck antelope1 #dbg4 ,prongos1 #cae4 ,proteus angu9us1 #chf4 ,puma1 or ,am]ican lion1 #dbh4 ,punjab1 #hj4 ,pyr5ees1 flora (1 #cah4 ,py?on1 g5us ( snakes1 #chh4 ,q4 ,quadrumana1 or monkeys1 #dac4 ,quadrup$s1 ,european1 #daf2 ,asiatic1 #dag2 ,african1 #dbc2 ,am]ican1 #dbf2 ,au/ralian1 #dcc4 ,quagga1 species ( horse1 #dbd4 ,quebec1 summ] (1 #bfj4 ,quicksilv]1 diffusion (1 #agh4 ,quito1 valley (1 #ii2 dim5sions1 ib42 city ( ,quito1 #ajj2 monum5ts ( ! ,incas1 ib4 ,quotlamba m\nta9s1 #hg4 ,r4 ,races ( mank9d1 #dcf2 inhabit+ ,europe1 #dda4 ,racoon1 #dbg4 ,radii ( ! e>? measur$ by ,m4 ,bessel1 #af4 ,raka/al lake1 #bdi4 ,ra91 cause (1 & di/ribution1 #bge4 ,ra9s1 p]iodical1 #bge2 c\ntries )\t1 #bgh4 ,ra9b[s1 #bhc4 ,rattle-snakes1 #chg4 ,realejo ,bay1 #beb4 ,r$field1 ,w4 ,c41 on /orms1 #bgj1 note4 ,rei*1 ,m41 mean d5sity ( ! e>? z asc]ta9$ by ! torsion balance1 #ai1 note4 ,reid1 ,colonel1 on /orms1 #bgj4 ,re9-de] ,lake1 #beb4 ,reptiles1 classification (1 #chc2 geographical di/ribution (1 #che4 ,rh9oc]os ( ,asia1 #dbb2 ( ,java1 ib42 ( ,africa1 #dbd4 ,rhyncops1 or scissor-bill bird1 #djh4 ,rice1 cultivation (1 #cef4 ,ri*>dson1 ,dr4 ,sir ,j41 8 acc\nt ( ! fauna ( ,nor? ,am]ica quot$1 #aca1 #dfd4 ,riv]s1 orig9 (1 #bab2 c\rse (1 ib42 velocity1 #bac2 junction ( riv]s1 ib42 influ5ce ( w9d & fro/1 #bad2 deltas1 ib42 tides1 ib42 floods1 ib42 inundations1 #bae2 heads ( riv]s1 ib4 ,rocks1 _! division into f\r classes1 #ai2 plutonic rocks1 ib42 volcanic rocks1 #bj2 metamorphic rocks1 ib42 aque\s rocks1 #ba2 pi]c$ by lava1 ib42 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's !ory conc]n+1 #bj2 =ms (1 #db2 height ( calc>e\s rocks 9 ! ,alps1 #ec4 ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 #abb4 ,rod5tia1 or gnaw]s1 #dad2 ,am]ican1 #dcb4 ,rog]s1 ,h4 ,d41 ,esq41 8 #8,physical ,geography ( ,nor? ,am]ica' quot$1 #acj4 ,rorqual1 a species ( :ale1 #cha4 ,ross1 ,sir ,james1 8 acc\nt ( a gale1 #bje1 #dfd4 ,rum9at+ animals1 #dac4 ,russell1 ,j4 ,scott1 ,esq41 8 #8,!ory ( ,waves' quot$1 #aie1 note4 ,rye1 cultivation (1 #cef4 ,s4 ,sab9e1 ,colonel1 exp]im5ts ) ! p5dulum1 #ah1 & note2 mean height ( ! ,himalaya1 #fa2 on t]re/rial magnetism1 #bid1 #dfd4 ,saquis1 bu%-tail$ monkeys1 #dbi4 ,sahama1 tra*ytic dome (1 its height1 #aaa4 ,sah>a des]t1 #ij4 ,salam&]s1 #chf4 ,salt1 diffusion (1 #ahf4 ,samoj$es1 #ddb4 ,s&]s-wood1 #cbg4 ,s&wi* ,l&1 vegetation1 #cea4 ,santa ,m>?a1 gr\p (1 #ajj4 ,s>atov1 #bdh4 ,saurians1 ord] (1 #chi4 ,saussure1 ,neck]1 on direction ( /ratifi$ masses1 #bie4 ,solimaun *a91 #ei4 ,sc&9avian m\nta9 sy/em1 #fi2 ext5t & elevation1 #gj2 "p ( ! same sy/em z ^? ( ,f]oe1 ,brita91 ,irel&1 & nor!a/]n ,irel&1 ib4 ,s*omburgk1 ,sir ,rob]t1 on wat]-communication 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 #bdc4 ,s*ools1 ragg$1 #dgc4 ,sclavonian races1 #dda4 ,scorpions1 #cff4 ,scotl&1 its m\nta9s1 #ga2 direction (1 ib42 table-l&1 height (1 ib42 lakes1 ib42 e>?quakes1 #aed2 coal-measures1 #ahc4 ,scy?rops1 g5us ( birds1 #dji4 ,sea1 its mean dep?1 #ag2 rise & fall (1 aft] an e>?quake1 #aee4 ,sea1 ,alps ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 #abb4 ,sea s]p5ts1 pret5d$1 #bhb4 ,sea snakes1 #chg4 ,secret>y-bird1 !1 #djb4 ,s$gwick1 ,mr41 m\nta9s ( ,we/morel&1 #dd4 ,se$1 mode ( developm5t1 #cjj4 ,s]p5ts1 or ophidians1 #chf2 v5om\s1 ib42 innocu\s1 #chh2 tree1 ib4 ,%ahee ,lake1 #bdh4 ,sib]ia1 its area1 #ge2 m9]al ri*es1 ib42 soil1 ib42 climate1 ib42 flora1 #cad4 ,sicily1 plants (1 #cai4 ,si]ra d ,m>1 #ajd4 ,si]ra dos ,v]t5tes1 #aje4 ,si]ra ,madre1 #abb4 ,silk-worms1 #cff4 ,silvas ( ! ,amazons1 #ajg2 d5se vegetation1 ib42 area ( woodl&1 ib42 ,humboldt's description (1 ib42 geology (1 #aad4 ,silv]1 diffusion (1 #age4 ,simayang1 a species ( ape1 #dbb4 ,s9ai1 ,m\nt 7,jebel ,h\ra71 its height1 #hb2 gr\p ( ,s9ai1 ib4 ,s9e ( ! latitude1 #ag1 note4 ,sir-i-,kol1 lake (1 #bdi4 ,skapt> ,jokull1 eruption (1 9 #aghc1 #afa4 ,sk9k1 a species ( liz>d1 #cij4 ,skua gull1 #cif4 ,slave-lake1 #beb4 ,slave-trade1 its evil effects1 #dei4 ,sleet1 nature (1 #bhc4 ,smy?1 ,capta91 ,r4 ,n41 report ( s\nd+s1 #df1 note4 ,snae ,bra51 area (1 #gj4 ,sn[1 h[ produc$1 #bgh2 =m ( its cry/als1 #bgi4 ,sn[-l9e1 its height on m\nta9s 9 diff]5t latitudes1 #bgi4 ,sol> sy/em1 #ae1 note4 ,s\dan1 #bea4 ,s\? magnetic pole1 its situation1 #aff4 ,s5egambia1 #hi4 ,s\? ,%etl&1 vegetation1 #ceb4 ,s\? ,wales1 ,new "* ( ! c\ntry1 #acg2 /ructure1 #aci4 ,spa91 its m\nta9s1 #dg2 table-l&1 area (1 ib42 plants (1 #cai4 ,spid]s1 numb]s (1 #cfg4 ,spitzb]g51 #afj4 ,spr+s1 _! orig91 #bji2 int]mitt5t1 #baj2 temp]ature1 #baa2 hot spr+s1 ib42 m$ic9al spr+s1 ib42 sal9e spr+s1 ib4 ,squalls1 ar*$1 #bga4 ,squirrels1 fly+1 #dbb4 ,/eam-p[]1 am\nt (1 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahcc1 #agb1 note4 ,/4 ,elias1 ,m\nt1 height (1 #abc4 ,/elvio1 pass (1 its height1 #ej4 ,/eppes ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 #gd2 great ext5t (1 ib42 climate1 ib42 soil1 ib42 atmosph]e1 #ge4 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 riv]1 #ab4 ,/onefield slate1 #bf4 ,/orms1 rotatory1 #bfh2 waves1 #bgj4 ,/rata1 prim>y fossilif]\s1 #ba2 ,cambrian1 #ba2 l[] ,silurian1 ib42 upp] ,silurian1 #bb2 second>y fossilif]\s1 ib42 ,devonian1 ib42 c>bonif]\s1 #bc2 m\nta9 lime/one1 ib42 magnesian lime/one1 #bd2 new r$ s&/one1 #be2 oolite1 ib42 cretace\s /rata1 #bg2 t]ti>y /rata1 divid$ by ,sir ,*>les ,lyell into ,eoc5e1 ,mioc5e1 & ,pleioc5e1 #bh2 b\ld] =mation1 #cb2 p>allel direction ( contempor>y /rata1 #dc4 ,/rata1 t]ti>y1 ( ! ,alps1 height (1 #ec4 ,/ra*ey1 ,lieut41 j\rneys1 #ag4 ,sudetes1 !1 #dh4 ,suez1 project$ canal (1 #dfa4 ,sulphur1 diffusion (1 #ahf4 ,sumatra1 "* ( ! isl&1 #aej4 ,sumbawa1 population (1 #dch4 ,summa ,paz1 ,si]ra de la1 #ajj4 ,sun1 8 mass1 #ae4 ,sup]ior1 ,lake1 #bea4 ,symonds1 ,major ,a41 on ! depression ( ! ,dead ,sea1 #hd1 note4 ,syr51 g5us ( reptiles1 #chf4 ,syria1 its soil1 #hd2 det]ioration ( ! c\ntry1 ib42 %r9k+ ( ! /rata1 ib4 ,swamps1 area (1 9 ,d5m>k1 #gd4 ,t4 ,table-l&s1 _! soil & climate1 #de4 ,table ,m\nta9 7,cape ,t[n71 its height1 #hf4 ,tang>as1 ,am]ican birds1 #djf4 ,tapir1 ,indian or ,malayan1 #dai2 ,am]ican1 #dad4 ,t>gatabai1 volcanic range (1 #aeb4 ,t>t>y1 flora (1 #cba4 ,t>iyani1 tract (1 #fj4 ,taurus m\nta9s1 #bif4 ,taylor1 ,mr41 description ( an ice-/orm 9 ,canada1 #abg4 ,taylor1 ,john1 ,esq41 on ! ,corni% m9es1 #agb1 note4 ,t*ad1 riv] & lake1 #bea4 ,tea1 cultivation & v>ieties (1 #cba4 ,tehuantepec1 i/hmus (1 #aaf1 #beb2 bay1 ib4 ,temp]ature ( ! ocean1 #bja2 /ratum ( con/ant temp]ature1 #bjb2 l9e ( maximum temp]ature1 ib4 ,temp]ature ( ! e>?1 #bed2 mean at any place1 #beg2 highe/ obs]v$1 #beh4 ,t]ror1 ,m\nt1 #aff4 ,teutonic races1 #ddb4 ,!an-,t*an1 volcanic *a9 (1 #aeb4 ,?ian-%an1 or ,cele/ial ,m\nta9s1 #ei1 etc4 ,?omas1 ,/41 isl&1 #bfi4 ,?und] /orms1 #bhf2 causes (1 #bhg4 ,tib]ias1 ,lake1 #bdg4 ,tibet1 table-l& ( 7,ori5tal plateau71 its area & altitude1 #ee2 its =m & situation1 #eh2 its wid?1 #fi2 mean height1 #acd4 ,tibet1 flora (1 #caf4 ,tides1 influ5ce ( ! sun & moon ^u1 #aia2 spr+ tides1 #aib2 neap-tides1 ib42 frequ5cy ( tides1 ib42 _! succession1 ib42 m>g9al tide1 ib42 heights ( tides1 #aic2 v>iation 91 ib42 velocity1 ib42 /ream1 #aid4 ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 acc\nt (1 #id1 #aje2 geology1 #aac2 flora (1 #ceb4 ,tig]1 royal1 c\ntry (1 #dba4 ,t91 diffusion (1 #agh4 ,t9am\s1 an ,am]ican bird1 #djg4 ,titicaca1 lake (1 #ig2 area & height1 #bec4 ,toads1 #chd4 ,tobolsk1 elevation (1 #acd4 ,tomboro1 volcanic eruption (1 9 #ahae1 #aej4 ,toozla ,lake1 #bdh4 ,tortoises1 #cia4 ,trade-w9ds1 #bfe4 ,tragopons1 an ,ea/ ,indian bird1 #dja4 ,trees1 gr[? (1 #ceg2 age (1 ib4 ,trigonocephalus1 or yell[ ape1 #chg4 ,tripe de ,ro*e1 #cad4 ,tri/an d',acunha1 isl&1 #bhb4 ,trogon1 #dja4 ,tr\pials1 #djf4 ,trb1 lake (1 #bdg4 ,trionyx1 #cia4 ,tui1 a ,new ,zeal& bird1 #dab4 ,tnngut1 or ,*9ese ,t>t>y1 its geographical position1 #fj4 ,turks1 #ddb4 ,turtles1 #cib4 ,tuscany1 e>?quakes 91 #aed4 ,tussack grass1 #cec4 ,u4 ,uleaborg1 #bge4 ,ul>1 lake1 #bdi4 ,unau slo?1 !1 #dbi4 ,unit$ ,/ates t]ritory1 area (1 #acj4 ,ural ,m\nta9s1 #gb2 ext5t1 ib42 height1 ib42 m9]al ri*es1 ib42 geology1 #gc4 ,urmiah ,lake1 #bdh4 ,v4 ,valmiki1 au?or ( ! ,ramayana1 #dci1 note4 8,valley ( ,dea?10 #aec4 ,vampire-bats1 #dbj4 ,van1 lake1 #eg1 #bdh4 ,van ,dieman's ,l&1 area (1 #ach2 m\nta9s1 ib42 soil1 ib42 /ructure1 #aci2 flora1 #ccg4 ,vanessa ,c>dui1 a butt]fly1 #cfd4 ,vanilla ,epid5dron1 #cde4 ,v>iables1 !1 #bfe4 ,vegetation1 mode (1 #bih2 effects (1 on ! atmosph]e1 #bii4 ,v]agua1 ,cordill]a (1 its height1 #aae4 ,v]neuil1 ,m4 de1 #fg1 note4 ,v]mejo riv]1 #cdi4 ,victoria ,l&1 #afe2 ice cliffs1 ib42 m\nta9s1 ib42 its appe>ance describ$1 ib4 ,vicua1 #dcj2 its naturalization1 ib4 ,vip]s1 #chg4 ,vultures1 ,european1 #cih2 ,am]ican1 #djd4 ,volcanic eruptions1 frequ5cy (1 #aec4 ,volcanic isl&s1 #adh4 ,volcanos1 eruptions (1 #bj2 active volcanos1 #aeb4 ,w4 ,wales1 e>?quakes 91 #aed4 ,waves1 causes (1 #add2 height1 #aie2 gr\nd-swell1 ib42 bill[s1 ib42 surf1 #aif2 =ce ( waves1 ib4 ,weald5 clay1 #bg4 ,w$dell1 ,dr41 on ,c9*ona1 #cdg1 note2 on bre$ ( alpaca & vicuna1 #dca4 ,w]n]1 law ( p>allelism ( m9]al ve9s1 #dc4 ,we/]n ,asia1 its table-l&s & m\nta9s1 #ee4 ,we/ ,indian isl&s1 #aaf2 ,less] ,antillas 7gr\p71 ib42 ,great] ,antillas1 #aag2 ,bahamas1 #aah2 /ructure1 ib4 ,:ales1 #chj4 ,:eat1 v>ieties & cultivation1 #cee4 ,:irlw9ds1 #bga4 ,wilkes1 ,capt4 ,c41 discov]y ( ,ant>ctic ,cont95t1 #afg4 ,w9ds1 !ory (1 #bfd2 trade1 #bfe4 ,w9nipeg ,lake1 #beb4 ,wombat1 #dcd4 ,wrangel1 ,admiral1 on ! climate ( ,sib]ia1 #gf2 8 attempt to rea* ! ,nor? ,pole1 ib41 note4 ,x4 ,x>ayos ,lake1 #beb4 ,y4 ,yablonnoi ,khrebet1 #ff4 ,yablonnoi ,m\nta9s1 #bif4 ,yakutsk1 8! colde/ t[n on ! e>?10 #gg1 #bfj4 ,yb]a1 swamp1 its area1 #ajg4 ,y5esei1 flora (1 #caf4 ,z4 ,zambeze1 lake1 ,africa1 #bej4 ,zeal&1 ,new1 its m\nta9s1 #ada2 coa/1 ib42 g5]al "*1 ib4 ,zebra1 #dbd4 ,z5es1 _! bread?1 #af4 ,zung>y1 or ,m+olia1 its situation1 #fj4 ,zurrah1 lake1 #bdh4 ,footnotes ,footnote #a3 8,cosmos10 by ,alex&] ,von ,humboldt1 translat$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,colonel ,e4 ,sab9e1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,second ,edition4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #b3 ,alex&] ,kei? ,john/on's 8,physical ,atlas10 #dto41 9 ,mon?ly ,numb]s4 ,ed9burgh1 #ahdi4 ,publi%$ by ,lea ,blan*>d1 ,philadelphia1 #ahej4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,sol> ,sy/em3-- ,m]cury1 ne>e/ ! ,sun1 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,v5us1 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,! ,e>?4 ,m>s1 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,flora1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h9d 9 #ahdg4 ,ve/a1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,olb]s 9 #ahjg4 ,iris1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h9d 9 #ahdg4 ,metis1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,graham 9 #ahdh4 ,hebe1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h5cke 9 #ahdg4 ,a/ra1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h5cke 9 #ahde4 ,juno1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,h>d+ 9 #ahjd4 ,c]es1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,piazza 9 #ahja4 ,pallas1 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,olb]s 9 #ahjb4 ,jupit]1 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,saturn1 kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,uranus1 discov]$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el 9 #agha4 ,neptune1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,le ,v]ri] & ,mr4 ,adams 9 #ahdf4 ,footnote #d3 ,! compression ( ! e>? is ! flatt5+ at ! poles4 ,its num]ical value is equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! equatorial & pol> diamet]s1 express$ 9 feet or miles4 ,! am\nt ( compression1 oblat5ess at ! poles1 is measur$ by ! ratio ( ! diff]5ce ( ! equatorial & pol> diamet]s to ! equatorial diamet]1 :i* is te*nically t]m$ ! oblat5ess4 ,! foll[+ are ! dim5sions ( ! e>? 9 miles3 ,miles4 ,diamet]4 ,radius at ! equator #cifbf #gibeb ,radius at ! pole #cidif #ghiib ,diff]5ce ( equatorial & pol> radii #acj #bfj ,mean radius1 or at #de ,latitude #ciefa #giabb ,mean l5g? ( a degree #fije ---- ,! f\r? "p ( a m]idian #fbadb ---- ,footnote #e3 ,! !oretical inve/igation ( ! figure ( ! e>?1 ! me?od employ$ = measur+ arcs ( ! m]idian1 & t ( f9d+ ! =m ( ! e>? f ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 are giv5 9 ! 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces10 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #g? ,section1 #g? edition4 ,footnote #f3 ,a p5dulum :i* oscillates #hf1djj times 9 a mean day at ! equator1 w d ! same at e po9t ( ! e>?'s surface if its l5g? be increas$ progressively to ! pole z ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,! s9e ( ! latitude is a p]p5dicul> l9e drawn f any po9t ( a t]re/rial m]idian to ! equatorial radius ( ! e>?4 ,t l9e express$ 9 feet or miles1 & multipli$ by itself1 is ! squ>e ( ! s9e ( ! latitude4 ,gravitation increases f ! equator to ! poles accord+ to t law1 & ! l5g? ( ! degrees augm5ts v ne>ly 9 ! same ratio4 ,footnote #g3 ,! compression d$uc$ by ,m4 ,bessel f arcs ( ! m]idian is #a_/bii2 t d$uc$ by ,colonel ,sab9e f 8 exp]im5t ) ! p5dulum is #a_/bhhg4 ,o!r p5dulum exp]im5ts h giv5 a compression ( #a_/bihb & #a_/bffd4 ,! protub]ant matt] at ! e>?'s equator produces inequalities 9 ! moon's motions1 f :5ce ! compression ( ! e>? is f\nd to be #a_/cjeje2 & al?\gh ! reciprocal action ( ! moon on ! protub]ant matt] at ! e>?'s equator does n actually give ! compression1 x proves t x mu/ be betwe5 #a_/bgi & #a_/egc4 ,co9cid5ces s ne> & s rem>kable1 aris+ f su* diff]5t me?ods1 %[ h[ ne>ly ! irregul> figure ( ! e>? has be5 det]m9$4 ,! inequalities 9 ! motions ( ! moon & e>? allud$ to are expla9$ 9 ,sections #e & #aa 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces40 ,footnote #h3 ,x is cle> t ! mean d5sity ( ! e>? may be f\nd f ! attraction ( ! plumb-l9e by m\nta9s1 or by ! irregul>ity 9 ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 b ! torsion balance is a mu* m s5sible in/rum5t ?an ei!r4 ,! d5sity det]m9$ by ,m4 ,rei* diff]s f t f\nd by ,mr4 ,baily by only "o tw5ty-eigh? "p4 ,footnote #i3 ,if a l9e be drawn f ! nor?-ea/]n coa/ ( ,nor? ,am]ica )9 ! limit ( float+ ice1 & if x be cont9u$ across ! s\!rn half ( ,irel& & ,engl&1 & prolong$ ea/w>d s z to /rike aga9/ ! ,ural m\nta9s1 x w m>k ! b\nd>y ( ! ,european portion ( ! ,glacial ,sea4 ,x subm]g$ "p ( ,russia to ! dep? ( #ajjj feet4--,essay on ! ,briti% ,fauna & ,flora1 by ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes1 9 ! 8,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita910 vol4 i4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sir ,james ,ross & ,capta9 ,wilkes met ) iceb]gs cov]$ ) mud & /ones 9 ! ant>ctic seas1 & ev5 9 #ff #e lat4 ,"o block se5 by ,sir ,james ,ross 0 e/imat$ to weigh _m tons4--,ant>ctic ,voyages4--,n>rative ( ,unit$ ,/ates ,explor+ ,exp$ition4 ,by ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n44 ,footnote #aa3 ,acc\nt ( ! ,ganges & ,brahmapootra1 by ,major ,r5nell4--8,phil4 ,trans410 #agha4 ,sir ,george ,/aunton's ,embassy to ,*9a4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 ,leons de ,gologie1 #a vol41 #hvo4 ,! latt] "w conta9s a v elaborate essay on alluvial deposits by riv]s1 c4 ,footnote #ab3 ,lieut4 ,anj\'s ,pol> ,voyage4 ,footnote #ac3 ,see ,/ati/ics ( ,coal4 ,by ,ri*>d ,c[l+ ,taylor4 ,philadelphia1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #ad3 ,! au?or's geological in=mation re/s on ! au?ority ( ^? di/+ui%$ au?ors ^: works are 9 ! h&s ( e "o1 namely1 ,b>on ,cuvi]1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,sir ,h5ry de la ,be*e1 ,pr(essor ,ow51 & ! ,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,footnote #ae3 ,! proportions ( l& to wat] ref]r$ to 9 ! text 7 e/imat$ by ,mr4 ,g>dn]4 ,accord+ to 8 computation1 ! ext5t ( l& is ab\t #cg1fgc1jjj squ>e ,briti% miles1 indep5d5tly ( ,victoria ,cont95t discov]$ by ,*>les ,wilkes1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n42 & ! sea occupies #aaj1hdi1jjj4 ,h5ce1 ! l& is to ! sea z #a to #d ne>ly4 ,! unexplor$ region )9 ! ,arctic ,circle is ab\t #g1fbj1jjj squ>e miles4 ,footnote #af3 ,?is v g5]al view ( ! /ructure ( ! globe orig9at$ *iefly ) ! celebrat$ ,g]man geologi/ ,von ,bu*1 & has be5 mu* ext5d$ & develop$ by ,m4 ,elie de ,beaumont1 "o ( ! mo/ philosophical ( mod]n geologi/s4 ,footnote #ag3 ,m4 ,b\4 ,footnote #ah3 ,! au?or avails h]self ) mu* pleasure ( an opportunity ( express+ h] admiration ( ! accuracy1 ext5t1 & execution ( ,mr4 ,kei? ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas1 & ( ! valuable in=mation conta9$ 9 ! lett]press :i* accompanies x1 :i* has af=d$ h] ! greate/ assi/ance4 ,z ,mr4 ,john/on is publi%+ a small & *eap edition ( 8 ,atlas1 well fitt$ to illu/rate ^! volumes1 ! necessity ( ins]t+ 9 !m any simil> maps1 :i* 0 at "o "t contemplat$1 is obviat$4 ,footnote #ai3 8,on ! ,p>allel ,l9es ( ,simultane\s ,elevation 9 ! ,weald ( ,k5t & ,sussex10 by ---- ,hopk9s1 ,esq4 ,footnote #bj3 ,m4 ,b\4 ,footnote #ba3 ,by ! s\nd+s ( ,capta9 ,smy?1 ,r4 ,n41 ! ,/rait is #ifj fa?oms deep betwe5 ,gibralt> & ,ceuta1 & v>y+ f #afj to #ejj 9 ! n>r[e/ "p4 ,footnote #bb3 ,a crat] ( elevation is a m\nta91 g5]ally dome-%ap$1 ^: top has sunk into a crat] or holl[1 aft] ! int]nal =ce :i* rais$ x 0 )drawn1 b f :i* no lava has issu$4 ,dome-%ap$ m\nta9s owe _! =m to int]nal pressure1 probably f lava1 b :i* h n sunk into a crat]4 ,footnote #bc3 ,pr(essor ,=bes on ,glaci]s4 ,footnote #bd3 ,dr4 ,b\4 ,footnote #be3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,footnote #bf3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #bg3 ,sir ,john ,malcolm on ,p]sia1 & ,mr4 ,mori]'s ,travels4 ,footnote #bh3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cj3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #ca3 ,sir ,rod]ick ,i4 ,mur*ison4 ,footnote #cb3 ,f ! obs]vations ( ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 ,m4 ,midd5dorf1 ,m4 de ,v]neuil1 & ,c\nt ,keys]l+1 x appe>s also t ! l[ l& ( ,sib]ia has be5 ext5d$ s9ce ! exi/+ species ( %ell-fi% inhabit$ ! nor!rn seas2 a circum/ance t mu/ h r5d]$ ! ,sib]ian climate /ill m sev]e1 & mat]ially affect$ t ( ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe & ,asia4 ,footnote #cc3 ,9 #ahbj1 ,admiral 7!n ,lieut5ant7 ,wrangel travell$ f ! m\? ( ! ,kolyma to ,behr+'s ,/raits on sl$ges drawn by dogs1 & made a bold b va9 attempt to rea* ! ,nor? pole4 ,lieut5ant ,anj\1 at ! same "t1 sail$ f ! m\? ( ! ,jana riv]1 rea*$ #gf-a_/b degrees ( nor? latitude1 & pass$ r\nd ! gr\p ( ! ,new ,sib]ian ,isl&s4 ,footnote #cd3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #ce3 ,f ,miss ,m>t9eau's spirit$ & picturesque acc\nt ( h] j\rney to ,egypt & ,syria4 ,footnote #cf3 ,by ! trigonometrical measurem5t ( ,major ,an?ony ,symonds1 confirm$ by ,fr5* au?orities1 & adopt$ by ,b>on ,humboldt1 ! depression ( ! ,dead ,sea is1 z /at$ 9 ! text1 #acjj feet2 b ,,mm4 ,b]t\ & ,russig] made x out to be #achh by ! b>omet]4 ,see ,lieut4 ,molyneux's pap] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,= a v int]e/+ & reliable acc\nt ( ! riv] ,jordan & its valley1 ! read] is direct$ to a 8,n>rative ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' ,exp$ition to ! ,riv] ,jordan & ! ,dead ,sea1 by ,w4 ,f4 ,lyn*1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 ,comm&] ( ! ,exp$ition40 ,philadelphia1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #ch3 ,e/imat$ f ,n4,e4 to ,s4,w41 ! proportion ( ! two slopes ( ! ,abyss9ian table-l& is z #abf to #a4 ,footnote #ci3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #dj3 ,! ,voyage ( ,capta9 ,k+1 ,r4 ,n41 ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,j\rnal ( a ,naturali/10 ,dr4 ,pppig's 8,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica10 are ! au?orities = ! acc\nt ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego1 ,patagonia1 & ,*ile2 ,b>on ,humboldt1 ,mr4 ,p5tl&1 ,drs4 ,pppig & ,mey] ( ,b]l91 = ,p]u & ! ,&ean ,*a9 to ! ,i/hmus ( ,panam4 ,footnote #da3 ,?is great height has be5 d$uc$1 adopt+ ! position ( ! ,peak z fix$ by ,capta9 ,fitz ,roy1 & employ+ ! angles ( elevation obs]v$ by ,capta9 ,bee*ey ne> ,valp>aiso4 ,footnote #db3 ,dr4 ,pppig's ,travels4 ,footnote #dc3 ,! celebrat$ silv] m9es ( ,potosi 7 =m]ly work$ to ! v summit ( t metallif]\s m\nta91 #af1aej feet above ! sea level4 ,footnote #dd3 ,b>on ,humboldt & ,mr4 ,p5tl&4 ,footnote #de3 ,! bread? ( ! table-l&1 & ! two ,cordill]as ( ! ,bolivian ,&es giv5 9 ! text1 0 measur$ by ,mr4 ,p5tl&2 he also det]m9$ ! heights ( ,illimani to be #ba1aej feet2 ( ,supwasi or ,huayna ,potosi1 #bj1bfj feet2 & ( ,ancohuma or ! ,nevado ( ,sorata1 #ba1bij feet4 ,footnote #df3 ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,footnote #dg3 ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,footnote #dh3 ,x appe>s by ! measurem5ts ( ,mr4 ,p5tl& 9 ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es1 t _m ( _! passes are high] ?an 9 ! equatorial portion ( ! *a94 ,! passes ( ,rumihuasi1 on ! high road f ,cusco to ,arequipa1 ( ,tol$o 7betwe5 ,arequipa & ,puno71 ( ,gualillas & ,*ullunquiani 7betwe5 ,arica & ,la ,paz71 all 9 ! ,we/]n ,cordill]a1 atta9 ! respective elevations ( #af1afj1 #ae1gij1 #ad1gej1 & #ae1afj feet2--:il/ 9 ! ,ea/]n or ,bolivian ,cordill]a ! passes ( ,*alla 7betwe5 ,oruro & ,co*abamba71 ( ,pacuani 7betwe5 ,la ,paz & ,corico71 ( ,pumapa*eta 7betwe5 ! lake ( ,titicaca & ! afflu5ts to ! ,amazon71 ( ,vilcaoto 7betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,collao & t ( ! riv] ,yucay71 rise to heights ( #ac1fjj1 #ae1cej1 #ac1fjj1 & #ad1ebj ,engli% feet4 ,footnote #di3 ,dr4 ,pppig4 ,footnote #ej3 ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,footnote #ea3 ,b>on ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative4 ,footnote #eb3 ,capta9 ,k+1 ,r4 ,n41 & ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,footnote #ec3 ,sir ,woodb9e ,p>i% on ,bu5os ,ayres1 & ,sir ,francis ,head's ,j\rney ov] ! ,pampas4 ,footnote #ed3 ,mr4 ,p5tl& f\nd a v p]fect volcanic crat]1 ) well-m>k$ curr5ts ( lava issu+ f x--a r>e occurr5ce 9 ! high] crat]s ( ! ,&es--ne> to ,san ,p$ro de ,ca*a1 9 ! valley ( ! ,yucay 7lat4 #ad #ab1 long4 #ga #ae ,w41 & at an elevation ( #ab1jjj feet71 ne> to ! ru9s ( ! ,temple ( ! ,+a ,viraco*a1 a monum5t & a locality celebrat$ 9 ,p]uvian leg5d1 ! ne>e/ po9t ( ! sea-coa/ be+ #age miles di/ant4 ,x is probable t _m ( ! mo/ celebrat$ m9+ di/ricts ( ,alto ,p]u--,potosi1 = in/ance1 situat$ 9 a porphyry--h be5 upheav$ at a v rec5t p]iod4 ,mod]n volcanic rocks are n want+ 9 ! valley ( ! ,desaguad]o2 volcanic conglom]ates exi/ 9 ! deep rav9es r\nd ! city ( ,la ,paz4 lat4 #af #cj2 & ! m\nta9 ( ,litanias1 :i* furni%es ! build+-/one = t ,bolivian city 7lat4 #af #db1 long4 #fh #ai-a_/b71 is compos$ ( a mo/ p]fect tra*yte1 & rises to a height ( #ad1ejj feet above1 & at a di/ance ( #afj miles f ! ,pacific4 ,footnote #ee3 ,dr4 ,pppig4 ,footnote #ef3 ,mr4 ,p5tl& f\nd fossil %ells ( ! ,silurian p]iod at a height ( #ag1ejj feet1 on ! ,bolivian ,nevado ( ,antakua1 lat4 #af #ba1 & ^? ( ! c>bonif]\s lime/one z high z #ad1bjj 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,upp] ,p]u4 ,footnote #eg3 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal ( ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,footnote #eh3 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,j\rnal ( ,travels 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,footnote #ei3 ,john/on's ,physical ,atlas4 ,footnote #fj3 ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,footnote #fa3 ,notes on ! ,nor?-we/1 or ,valley ( ! ,upp] ,mississippi4 ,by ,wm4 ,j4 ,a4 ,brad=d4 ,new ,york1 #ahdf4 ,footnote #fb3 ,mr4 ,taylor4 ,footnote #fc3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,footnote #fd3 ,a *a9 ( m\nta9s is assum$ to be a ?ree-sid$ horizontal prism1 ^: height is ! mean elevation ( ! *a91 & ! base ! mean l5g? & bread? ( ! same1 or ! area on :i* ! *a9 /&s1 & ?us its mass may be comput$ approximately4 ,x is evid5t t a table-l& mu/ h a great] effect on ! mean height ( a cont95t ?an a *a9 ( m\nta9s1 =1 suppos+ bo? to be ( ! same base & altitude1 "o w\ld be exactly d\ble ! o!r2 & ev5 if ! m\nta9s be ! high] ( ! two1 _! upp] p>ts conta9 mu* less solid matt] ?an _! l[] on acc\nt ( ! int]vals & deep valleys betwe5 ! peaks4 ,footnote #fe3 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ! 8,physical ,geography ( ,nor? ,am]ica0 by ,h4 ,d4 ,rog]s1 ,esq41 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = mu* valuable in=mation4 ,footnote #ff3 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson on ! ,fauna ( ! ,high ,latitudes ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,footnote #fg3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell4 ,footnote #fh3 ,?is rem>kable analogy betwe5 ! fossil rema9s ( ! ,silurian sy/ems 9 ! ,old & ,new ,_w has be5 m p>ticul>ly %[n by ! rese>*es ( ,messrs4 de ,v]neuil & ,%>pe4 ,footnote #fi3 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,*>p5ti]1 ! area ( ! base ( ! ,pyr5ees is #agbj squ>e ,engli% miles4 ,z ! mean elevation ( ! passes gives ! mean height ( ! m\nta9s1 ,b>on ,humboldt e/imat$ f ! height ( #bc passes ov] ! ,pyr5ees t ! mean cre/ ( t *a9 is #giij feet high1 :i* is #cjj feet high] ?an ! mean height ( ! ,alps1 ?\gh ! peaks 9 ! ,alps h a great] elevation ?an ^? ( ! ,pyr5ees 9 ! ratio #a-d_/aj to #a4 ,footnote #gj3 ,! ,russian ,academicians ,,mm4 ,fuss & ,bunge1 f\nd by b>ometrical measurem5t ! mean height ( t "p ( ! ,ea/]n ,asiatic table-l& ly+ betwe5 ,lake ,baikal & ! ,great ,wall ( ,*9a to be only ab\t #fifj feet4 ,! smallness ( ?is mean is ow+ to holl[s 9 ! table-l&1 especially 9 ! des]t ( ! ,great ,gobi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,by ! m5suration & computation ( ,b>on ,humboldt & ,mr4 ,p5tl&1 ! elevation ( ! highe/ peaks1 & ! mean heights ( ! ,himalaya1 ( ! equatorial & ,bolivian ,&es & ! ,alps1 are z foll[s3-- ,peaks4 ,mean ,height4 ,himalaya #be1gjj #ae1fgj ,&es betwe5 #e ,n4 & #b ,s4 lat4 #ba1dbj #aa1chj ,ea/]n ,cordill]a ,betwe5 #ah #ba1bjj #ae1bej ,we/]n ,cordill]a & #ae ,s4 lat4 #bb1cjj #ad1ijj ,alps #ae1fff #g1cec ,h[ev]1 ! ,peak ( ,dhawalagh9i is c]ta9ly #bh1jjj feet high4 ,capta9 ,g]>d gives #ah1jjj or #ai1jjj feet z ! height ( ! sn[-l9e on ! m\nta9s 9 ! middle ( ! ,asiatic table-l&1 & #cj1jjj feet z ! absolute elevation ( ! ,ku5-lun1 b ,colonel ,sab9e obs]ves t ^! measures want confirmation4 ,footnote #gb3 ,memoirs ( ,c\nt ,/rzelecki4 ,footnote #gc3 ,c\nt ,/rzelecki4 ,footnote #gd3 ,m4 ,von ,bu*4 ,footnote #ge3 ---- ,mansel1 ,esq4 ,footnote #gf3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ,coral ,reefs4 ,footnote #gg3 ,supplem5t to ! ,obs]vations on ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 by ,*>les ,babbage1 ,esq4 ,footnote #gh3 ,by ,mr4 ,jukes1 ,naturali/ to ! ,survey+ ,voyage ( ,capta9 ,blackwood1 ,r4 ,n41 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,footnote #gi3 ,ano!r !ory relative to ! =mation ( ! lagoon isl&s is1 t ! coral circuit is b ! edge ( a subm>9e elevation crat]1 on :i* ! coral animals h rais$ _! edifice4 ,?is view1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by ,von ,bu* & ,capta9 ,bee*y1 to :om we are indebt$ m ?an to any o!r navigator = positive in=mation & admirable surveys ( ! coral isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 receives corroboration f ! p]fect con=mity 9 %ape betwe5 _m ( ! lagoon isl&s ( ! ,gambi] gr\p & ! kn[n elevation crat]s1 & f ! circum/ance ( a lagoon isl& hav+ be5 se5 to rise 9 #ahbe1 9 lat4 #cj #ad1 accompani$ ) smoke1 & communicat+ s high a temp]ature to ! surr\nd+ sea z r5d]$ x impossible to l&4--,see ,bee*y's ,voyages1 & ,pppig's ,reise4 ,footnote #hj3 ,few books h m int]e/ ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9's on ,coral ,reefs & ,volcanic ,isl&s1 to :i* ! au?or is mu* indebt$4 ,consult also ,capta9 ,bee*y's ,voyages1 & 8 beautiful *>ts ( ! ,coral ,isl&s 9 ! ,pacific4 ,footnote #ha3 ,by ! ,nautical ,survey 9 #ahdh4 ,footnote #hb3 ,sir ,/am=d ,raffles on ,java4 ,footnote #hc3 ,mr4 ,d>w9 on ,volcanic ,isl&s4 ,footnote #hd3 ,mr4 ,d\glas's ,voyage to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 9 #ahcc-d4--;,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society ( ,london4 ,footnote #he3 ,lett] f ,alex4 ,l\don1 ,esq41 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,london4 ,footnote #hf3 ,mit*ell on ! ,causes ( ,e>?quakes1 9 ,philosophical ,transactions = #agfj4 ,footnote #hg3 ,capta9 ,graah's ,survey 9 #ahbc-d1 & ,dr4 ,p+el1 #ahcj-b4 ,footnote #hh3 ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 #hvo4 ,see also ,mr4 ,d>w9's obs]vations on ! same subject1 9 ! voyage ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle4 ,footnote #hi3 ,rem>ks on ! ,ant>ctic ,cont95t & ,s\!rn ,isl&s1 by ,rob]t ,mac,cormick1 ,esq41 ,surgeon ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,erebus4 ,footnote #ij3 ,capta9 ,cook discov]$ ,s&wi* ,l& 9 #aggb-e4--;,capta9 ,smi?1 ( ! brig ,william1 discov]$ ,new ,s\? ,%etl& 9 #ahai4--;,capta9 ,bill+%aus5 discov]$ ,pet]'s ,isl&1 & ! coa/ ( ,alex&] ! ,fir/4--,capta9 ,w$del discov]$ ! ,s\!rn ,orcades4--,capta9 ,bisco discov]$ ,end]by's ,l& & ,graham's ,l& 9 #ahcb1 ,admiral d',urville ,la ,t]re d',adelie 9 #ahda2 & ,sir ,james ,ross ,victoria ,l& 9 ! same ye>4 ,footnote #ia3 ,! au?or owes mu* in=mation on ,briti% m9es to two publications on ! ,m9+ ,di/rict ( ! ,nor? ( ,engl&1 by ,j4 ,sop)1 ,esq41 ,civil ,eng9e]1 & ,mr4 ,lei?>t1 ,m9e ,ag5t4 ,on ! ,corni% m9es %e has d]iv$ mu* in=mation f ! writ+s ( ,john ,taylor1 ,esq41 & ,sir ,*>les ,lemon1 ,b>t42 f a /ore ( valuable mat]ials conta9$ 9 ! 8,progress ( ! ,nation10 by ,g4 ,r4 ,port]1 ,esq42 f ! ,/ati/ical ,j\rnal2 & on ! g5]al di/ribution ( m9]als ov] ! globe1 f ! 8,p5ny ,cyclopdia10 & v>i\s o!r s\rces4 ,footnote #ib3 ,! metals are gold1 silv]1 plat9um1 copp]1 lead1 t91 iron1 z9c1 ars5ic1 bismu?1 antimony1 nickel1 quicksilv]1 manganese1 cadmium1 c]ium1 cobalt1 iridium1 uranium1 *rome1 lantanium1 molybd5um1 columbium1 osmium1 palladium1 pelapium1 tantalum1 tellurium1 rhodium1 titanium1 vanadium1 tung/51 dydynium1 f]bium1 erbium4 ,! ?ree la/ are little kn[n4 ,sir ,humphry ,davy discov]$ t lime1 magnesia1 alum9e1 & o!r simil> sub/ances1 are metals comb9$ ) oxyg54 ,!re are ?irte5 ( ^! metalloids1 namely--calcium1 magnesium1 alum9um1 gluc9um1 ?orium1 yttrium1 zirconium1 /rontium1 b>ium1 li?ium1 natrium1 potassium1 & silicium4 ,footnote #ic3 ,?is subject is ably discuss$ by ,mr4 ,lei?>t 9 8 "w1 already m5tion$1 on ! =mation & fill+ ( metallic ve9s4 ,mr4 ,lei?>t is an in/ance ( ! intellig5ce t prevails among m9]s1 not)/&+ ! scanty opportunities ( acquir+ t k :i* !y are g5]ally s eag] to obta94 ,he 0 a work+ m9]1 ^: only education 0 at a ,sunday-s*ool4 ,footnote #id3 ,m9]al ve9s are g5]ally ri*] ne> ! surface ?an at great dep?s3 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! m9es ( ! preci\s metals 9 ,am]ica1 :]e ! greate/ quantities ( ore h be5 f\nd ne> ! surface--a fact t may be expla9$ by suppos+ ! m9]al sub/ances br\ght by sublimation f ! int]ior ( ! e>?1 & deposit$ :]e ! temp]ature 0 l[e/ at or ne> ! surface 9 ! rocks among :i* !y are situat$4 ,footnote #ie3 ,rotation alone produces electrical curr5ts 9 ! e>?4--8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces10 page #cfd1 #g? edition4 ,footnote #if3 ,j4 ,taylor1 ,esq41 on ,corni% m9es4 ,footnote #ig3 ,! total am\nt ( /eam-p[] 9 ,great ,brita9 9 #ahcc 0 equal to t ( #b1jjj1jjj ( m54--,j4 ,taylor1 ,esq41 on ,corni% ,m9es4 ,footnote #ih3 ,! spl5did discov]y ( ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 t flame does n pass ?r\gh f9e wire-gauze1 prev5ts ! fatal explosion ( inflammable air 9 ! m9es1 by :i* ?\s&s ( lives h be5 lo/4 ,by means ( a light enclos$ 9 a wire-gauze lant]n1 a m9] n[ works ) safety surr\nd$ by fire-damp4 ,to ! hon\r ( ! illu/ri\s au?or ( ?is discov]y1 be x obs]v$ t x 0 n1 l t ( gunp[d] & o!rs1 ! un=ese5 result ( *ance by new comb9ations ( matt]1 b ! solution ( a "q bas$ on sci5tific exp]im5t & induction1 :i* x requir$ ! g5ius ( a philosophic m9d l 8 to arrive at4 ,footnote #ii3 ,suppos+ ! b>omet] to be #cj in*es on ! level ( ! sea4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,note to ! ,engli% translation ( ,kosmos1 by ,colonel ,sab9e1 on ! dep?s bel[ ! surface ( ! e>? atta9$ by man4 ,footnote #aja3 ,dr4 ,pppig's 8,travels 9 ,*ile & ,p]u40 ,footnote #ajb3 ,dr4 ,pppig4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,con/ruct$ "u ! direction ( ,?omas ,sop)1 ,esq4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,sir ,*>les ,lemon1 ,b>t4 ,footnote #aje3 ,m4 ,erman's 8,travels 9 ,sib]ia40 ,footnote #ajf3 ,9 #ahda !re 7 #aif1iba p]sons employ$ 9 ! m9es ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,9 ! ye> #ahbi ! value ( ! m9]al produce ( ,europe1 includ+ ,asiatic ,russia1 b exclusive ( manganese1 am\nt$ to-- ,gold & ,silv] #a1idc1jjj ,o!r metals #bh1eai1jjj ,salts #g1fdj1jjj ,combu/ibles #ah1jej1jjj ---------- ,total #ef1adh1jjj ,engl& contribut$ m ?an half ?is am\nt1 namely1-- ,silv] #bh1ejj ,copp] #a1cfi1jjj ,iron #aa1bib1jjj ,lead #gfj1jjj ,t9 #ecf1jjj ,salts #gef1bej ,vitriol #cc1fjj ,alum #cc1jjj ,coal #ac1jjj1jjj ---------- ,total #bh1gaf1gej --ne>ly #bi1jjj1jjj /]l+4--,john ,taylor1 ,esq41 on ! ,corni% ,m9es4 ,at pres5t !re are #cd1jjj1jjj ( tons ( coals consum$ 9 ,great ,brita9 annually1 besides ! quantity export$ to our colonies & to =eign c\ntries1 am\nt+ to ne>ly #b1jjj1jjj ( tons4 #h1jjj1jjj ( tons are consum$ 9 our iron-f\ndries alone4 ,betwe5 #ejj1jjj & #fjj1jjj tons are us$ 9 mak+ gas4 ,! iron made 9 ,brita9 9 #ahdd am\nt$ to #a1djj1jjj tons4 ,iron is n[ appli$ to _m uses in/ead ( timb]1 especially 9 %ip-build+3 betwe5 ! ye>s #ahcj & #ahdg1 #aej iron vessels 7 laun*$ 9 ,brita94 #be ( ! /eam%ips ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company are ( iron4 ,! produce ( our copp]-m9es has increas$ ?reefold )9 ! la/ #fj ye>s4 ,! quantity ( t9 has also increas$ f our own m9es1 & also f ! ext5sive importation ( t metal f ,banca1 :]e ! c\ntry yield+ /ream-t9 ext5ds f #g ,n4 lat4 to #c ,s4 lat4 ,! ye>ly produce am\nts to #cjj tons ( pure metal4-- 8,progress ( ! ,nation1 9 its ,social & ,comm]cial ,relations1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury10 by ,g4 ,r4 ,port]1 ,esq41 #b;d edition4 ,9 ,france !re are #fb coal-m9es1 :i* yield$ #c1daj1bjj tons 9 #ahda1 & 9 #ahch ! #ab iron di/ricts 9 t c\ntry yield$ to ! value ( #d1ige1dbdl4 ,! ,briti% coal & metal import$ into ,france am\nt$ to #a1bbb1bbhl4--,progress ( ! ,nation4 ,belgium is next to ,brita9 z a ,european coal c\ntry4 ,9 ,brita9 ! coalfields occupy "o-tw5tie? "p ( ! area ( ! c\ntry--9 ,belgium "o tw5ty-second "p--9 ,france "o two hundr$ & t5? "p ( its area4 ,! quantity ( coal rais$ 9 "o ye> is1 accord+ to 8,! ,/ati/ics ( ,g]many10 by ,r4 ,valpy1 ,esq4-- ,9 ,brita9 #cdg1jjj1jjj tons ,belgium #d1jjj1jjj ,france #c1ghc1jjj ,g]many #c1jjj1jjj ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! quantity & value ( coal produc$1 9 ! six pr9cipal coal c\ntries 9 ! _w1 9 ! ye> #ahde3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,tons ( ,(ficial e/imat$ value at ,ord] ,squ>e ,fuel ,relative ! places ( production4 9 ,,c\ntries4 miles ( rais$ 9 p>ts ( ---------------------------- #ahde4 ,coal ! ye> #ajjj4 ,unit$ ,/ates ,engli% =mations4 #ahde4 ,doll>s4 ,/]l+4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- #a ,great ,brita9 #aa1hei #ca1ejj1jjj #fdb #de1gch1jjj #i1dej1jjj #b ,belgium #eah #d1ifj1jgg #aja #g1fhi1ijj #a1ffj1jjj #c ,unit$ ,/ates #acc1acb #d1djj1jjj #hi #f1fej1jjj #a1cgc1ifc #d ,france #a1gai #d1ada1fag #hd #g1ffc1jjj #a1fjc1ajf #e ,prussian ,/ates ,n def9$ #c1ejj1jjj #gj #d1abb1ide #hef1cgj #f ,au/rian ,/ates ,n def9$ #fei1cdj #ad #hjj1jjj #afe1bij ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,total #di1afa1jcd #ajjj #gb1ffc1hde #ae1ajh1gbi ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,! coal trade appe>s to be increas+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,!re are no au!ntic data f :i* ! increas+ production ( bitum9\s coal 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c be exactly d$uc$1 b :at we h %[ t x is v rapid4 ,! production ( an?racite may be said to be entirely conf9$ to ! ,/ate ( ,p5nsylvania1 :i* possesses a num]\s & int]e/+ gr\p ( coal bas9s1 ( v>i\s sizes & *>act]s4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbj1 ! an?racite coal trade comm5c$ ) #cfe tons2 9 #ahbg x rea*$ #dh1jdg tons2 9 #ahcg1 #hha1jbf tons1 & advanc$ to #c1jjj1jjj tons 9 #ahdg4 ,! foll[+ table exhibits ! production ( smelt$ or manufactur$ iron 9 diff]5t c\ntries 9 ! ye> #ahde3-- #a4 ,great ,brita9 #b1bjj1jjj #b4 ,unit$ ,/ates #ejb1jjj #c4 ,france #ddh1jjj #d4 ,russia #djj1jjj #e4 ,zollv]e91 or ,prussian ,/ates #cjj1jjj #f4 ,au/ria #aij1jjj #g4 ,belgium #aej1jjj #h4 ,sw$5 #ade1jjj #i4 ,spa9 79 #ahda7 #bf1jjj #aj4 ,all o!r ,european c\ntries #ej1jjj --------- #d1daa1jjj ,! rapid increase 9 ! numb] ( railroads & locomotive eng9es1 & ! numb] ( /eam vessels employ$ 9 comm]ce1 augm5ts ! dem&1 proportionally1 = iron & fuel4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( #ahdg1 ! l5g? ( railroad complet$ & p>tly f9i%$ 9 ! pr9cipal c\ntries ( ,europe & ,am]ica 0 #bj1jjj miles1 only a few ?\s& miles less ?an ! entire circumf]5ce ( ! globe4#ajh ,footnote #ajh3 8,/ati/ics ( ,coal40 ,by ,ri*>d ,c[l+ ,taylor1 ,philadelphia1 #ahdh4 ,footnote #aji3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's 8,travels 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica40 ,footnote #aaj3 ,= ! reason ( ?is secul> v>iation 9 ! ,moon's di/ance1 see page #db ( 8,! ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces40 ,footnote #aaa3 ,e undulat+ motion consi/s ( two di/9ct ?+s--an advanc+ =m & a molecul> movem5t4 ,! motion ( ea* p>ticle is 9 an ellipse ly+ :olly 9 a v]tical plane1 s t1 aft] ! mom5t>y di/urbance dur+ ! passage ( ! wave1 !y return to _! places aga94--8,!ory ( ,waves10 by ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq4 ,footnote #aab3 ,j4 ,scott ,russell1 ,esq41 on ,waves4 ,footnote #aac3 ,bee*y's ,voyage to ! ,pacific4 ,footnote #aad3 ,by ,capta9 ,albre*t's s\nd+s4 ,footnote #aae3 ,by ! measurem5t ( ,m4 ,lepre 9 ! ,fr5* exp$ition to ,egypt4-- 8,annales du ,bureau de ,longitude10 #ahcf4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,proce$+s ( ! ,royal ,geological ,society1 vol4 ii41 p4 #baj4 ,footnote #aag3 ,b>on ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative4 ,footnote #aah3 ,leon>do da ,v9ci 0 appo9t$ ,director ( ,hydraulic ,op]ations 9 ,lomb>dy by ! ,duke ( ,milan1 & dur+ ! "t he 0 pa9t+ ! 8,la/ ,supp]0 he complet$ ! ,canal ( ,m>tesana1 ext5d+ f ! ,adda to ,milan1 & improv$ ! c\rse ( ! latt] riv] f :]e x em]ges f ! ,lake ( ,como to ! ,po4 ,by means ( ! ,naviglio ,gr&e1 ! ,m>tesana canal e/abli%es a wat] communication betwe5 ! ,adda & ! ,tic9o1 ! ,lakes ( ,como & ,maggiore4 ,footnote #aai3 ,dr4 ,beke on ! ,nile & its afflu5ts4 ,footnote #abj3 ,capta9 ,w4 ,all51 ,r4 ,n4 ,footnote #aba3 ,x is 9 ! space compris$ betwe5 two ( ! ea/]n tribut>ies ( ! ,tigris1 ! ,khaus & ! ,great ,zab1 or ,ab\ ,selman ( ! ,arabs1 t ! ext5sive ru9s ( ,koyunjik1 ,khorsabad1 & especially ( ,nimr\d1 are situat$1 ! la/ ( :i* h be5 s satisfactorily id5tifi$ ) ! capital ( ,assyria--! anci5t ,n9eveh--by our ent]pris+ & tal5t$ c\ntryman ,mr4 ,lay>d1 to ^: ex]tions1 "u circum/ances ( peculi> difficulty1 surr\nd$ by e privation1 our national ,museum is indebt$ = t magnific5t collection ( ,assyrian monum5ts :i* at ?is mom5t =ms ! admiration ( ! ,briti% public4 ,x is to be hop$ t our ,gov]nm5t w foll[ up ! rese>*es comm5c$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d1 & t sev]al ( ! gigantic sculptures remov$ by him1 ) su* p]sev]ance & lab\r1 to ,bussorah1 w ere long be add$ to ! ri*es ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,see ,mr4 ,lay>d's "w on 8,n9eveh & its ,rema9s10 #b vols4 #hvo41 & 8 illu/rat$ "w 9 folio--! =m] "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ n>ratives ev] publi%$ on ! antiquities ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,footnote #abb3 ,m4 ,erman4 ,footnote #abc3 ,lieut5ant ,w4 ,f4 ,lyn*1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 has rec5tly publi%$ an int]e/+ & valuable n>rative ( an exp$ition to ! ,dead ,sea & ,riv] ,jordan4 ,accord+ to 8 measurem5ts & surveys1 ! level ( ! ,dead ,sea is #a1cafg feet bel[ t ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! city ( ,j]usalem is #b1faje feet above ! latt]1 & #c1ibgbd feet above ! =m] sea4 ,! greate/ dep? ( ! ,dead ,sea is #acjh feet4 ,lieut5ant ,lyn* /ates ! d5sity ( ! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea to be #aac1 t ( di/ill$ wat] be+ #a4 ,footnote #abd3 ,! wat] ( ,lake ,eltonsk conta9s *loride ( calcium4 ,footnote #abe3 ,! wat] ( ! ,dead ,sea1 accord+ to ,lieut5ant ,lyn*1 conta9s #bfdb p] c5t4 ( sal9e +r$i5ts1 "o ( :i* is *loride ( magnesium4 ,footnote #abf3 ,pr(essor ,s*o5be9 ( ,basle attributes ! peculi> smell1 :5 bodies are /ruck by lightn+1 to a pr9ciple exi/+ 9 ! atmosph]e1 :i* he calls ozone1 lib]at$ by ! decompos+ action ( electricity1 & possess+ ! same electrical *>act]s z brom9e1 *lor9e1 & iod9e4 ,he ascribes ! lum9\s appe>ance ( ! ocean to ! action ( t pr9ciple on ! animal matt] x conta9s4 ,footnote #abg3 ,annales des ,sci5ces ,gologiques1 p> ,m4 ,rivire1 #ahdb4 ,footnote #abh3 ,! mean ( any numb] ( unequal quantities is equal to _! sum divid$ by _! numb]3 ?us ! mean temp]ature ( ! air at any place dur+ a ye> is equal to ! sum ( ! mean temp]ature ( ea* mon? divid$ by #ab4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 w only give an approximate value2 !re=e1 to asc]ta9 ! mean annual temp]ature at any place accurately1 ! mean ( a numb] ( ye>s mu/ be tak54 ,footnote #abi3 ,l9es drawn on a map or globe ?r\gh all places :]e ! mean annual temp]ature is ! same are iso!rmal l9es4 ,footnote #acj3 ,= example1 ,pr(essor ,dove has f\nd t ! mean temp]ature ( ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y1 at ,toronto 9 ,canada1 add$ to ! mean temp]ature ( ! same mon?s at ,hob>t ,t[n 9 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 exce$s ! sum ( ! mean temp]ature ( ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 at ! same places1 add$ toge!r1 by #bbg ( ,fahr5heit4 ,simil> results1 ?\gh v>y+ 9 am\nt1 7 obta9$ = _m correspond+ places 9 ! two hemisph]es1 :i* e/abli%es ! law giv5 9 ! text4 ,footnote #aca3 ,9 ! same mann] z iso!rmal l9es are suppos$ to pass ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! globe :]e ! mean temp]ature ( ! air is ! same1 s ! isogeo!rmal l9es are suppos$ to pass ?r\gh all places :]e ! mean heat ( ! gr\nd is ! same3 ! iso!rial l9es are suppos$ to be drawn ?r\gh all places hav+ ! same mean summ] temp]ature2 & ! iso*im5al l9es pass ?r\gh all places :]e ! mean w9t] temp]ature is ! same4 ,! practice ( repres5t+ to ! eye ^! l9es on a map or t]re/rial globe is ( ! greate/ use 9 foll[+ & und]/&+ ! complicat$ ph5om5a ( temp]ature & magnetism4 ,footnote #acb3 ,if ! heights above ! e>? increase by equal quantities1 z a foot or a mile1 ! d5sities ( ! /rata ( air1 or ! heights ( ! b>omet] :i* are proportional to !m1 w decrease 9 geometrical progression3 = example1 if ! height ( ! b>omet] at ! level ( ! sea be #biibb in*es1 x w be #adifa in*es at ! height ( #ah1jjj feet1 or "o-half z great2 x w be "o-f\r? z great at ! height ( #cf1jjj feet1 "o-eigh? at ! height ( #ed1jjj feet1 & s on4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a v +5i\s little in/rum5t1 call$ ! ,an]oid ,b>omet]1 has be5 lately inv5t$ 9 ,france2 :i*1 at ! same "t t x =ms an exact & v portable wea!r-glass1 9 ! common acceptation ( t t]m1 may be employ$ ) consid]able accuracy 9 asc]ta9+ diff]5ces ( level4 ,al?\gh n to be comp>$1 z an in/rum5t ( precision1 ) ! ord9>y m]curial b>omet]1 x is inf9itely m portable1 & gives ) promptitude & accuracy small diff]5ces ( level4 ,a fri5d ( ! au?or's has rec5tly te/$ x 9 ! latt] respect on "s ( our railways1 & f\nd t obs]vations made ) x c>efully w give1 on a l9e ( #bjj miles 9 ext5t1 ! relative levels ( ! diff]5t /ations )9 a few feet4 ,! obs]vations c be made 9 a c\ple ( m9utes4 ,! g5tleman 9 "q writes to u1 t he consid]s ! ,an]oid ,b>omet] w prove a v useful in/rum5t to ! geological & ! botanical travell]4 ,see1 = a description ( ?is in/rum5t1 a pamphlet rec5tly publi%$ at #hd1 ,/r&1 by ,mr4 ,e4 ,j4 ,d5t1 on ! ,con/ruction & ,uses ( ! ,an]oid ,b>omet]4 ,london1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #acd3 ,! moon's orbit is v mu* elongat$1 s t h] di/ance f ! e>? v>ies consid]ably1 & consequ5tly h] attractive =ce4 ,moreov]1 h] attraction v>ies ) ! rotation ( ! e>?1 :i* br+s h] twice 9 #bd h\rs 9 ! m]idian ( any place1 once 9 ! sup]ior & once 9 ! inf]ior m]idian2 b h] action on ! atmosph]e is mu* inf]ior to t ( ! heat ( ! sun4 ,footnote #ace3 ,mr4 ,p5tl& has1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es1 at elevations betwe5 #aa1jjj & #ad1jjj feet1 ! hor>y oscillations ( ! b>omet] z regul>1 & ne>ly z ext5sive1 z on ! level ( ! sea 9 ! same latitude4 ,footnote #acf3 ,lieut5ant ,maury1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy1 is l$ to believe t !re is a region )9 ! limit ( ! ,n4,e4 trade-w9ds1 9 ! ,atlantic1 9 :i* ! prevail+ w9ds are f ! s\? & we/3 ?is region is some:at 9 ! %ape ( a w$ge1 ) its base t[>ds ! coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 ! equator & #aj ,n4 lat41 & betwe5 ! m]idians ( #aj & #be ,w4 long4 ,9 ?is space1 9 :i* ! law ( ! trade-w9ds is rev]s$1 !re are great atmosph]ic di/urbances1 viol5t squalls1 sudd5 gu/s ( w9d1 ?und]1 /orms1 heavy ra9s1 baffl+ airs1 & calms4 ,footnote #acg3 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 a nor? w9d sets out ) a less rotatory motion ?an ! places h at :i* x successively arrives1 consequ5tly x ve]s ?r\gh all ! po9ts ( ! compass f ,n4 to ,n4,e4 & ,e4 ,if a s\? w9d %\ld n[ spr+ up1 x w\ld gradually ve] f ,s4 to ,s4,w4 & ,w41 because its rotatory velocity w\ld be great] ?an t ( ! places x successively comes to4 ,! comb9ation ( ! two w\ld cause a vane to ve] f ,e4 to ,s4,e4 & ,s42 b ! rotation ( ! e>? w\ld n[ cause ! s\? w9d to ve] r\nd f ,s4 to ,s4,w4 & ,w42 & %\ld a nor? w9d n[ arise1 its comb9ation ) ! we/ w9d w\ld br+ ! vane r\nd f ,w4 to ,n4,w4 & ,n4 aga94 ,at ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory ! w9d makes five gyrations 9 t direction 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,9 ,europe x is ! cont5tion ( ! ,n4,e4 & ,s4,w4 w9ds :i* causes ! rotation ( ! w9d1 & ! pr9cipal *anges ( wea!r1 ! ,s4,w4 be+ w>m & moi/1 ! ,n4,e4 cold & dry1 except :]e x comes ov] ! ,g]man ,ocean4 ,footnote #ach3 ,9 all hurricanes hi!rto obs]v$1 ! s9k+ ( ! m]cury1 & ! increase ( ! w9d1 h be5 m or less regul>ly progressive till )9 ?ree or f\r h\rs' sail ( ! c5tre ( ! /orm2 & 9 "o class !y h cont9u$ s ev5 to ! c5tre2 :ile 9 ano!r class1 & by f> ! mo/ t]rible1 ! depression ( ! m]cury has be5 sudd5 & excessive :5 )9 t di/ance ( ! c5tre1 & ! viol5ce ( ! tempe/ f> beyond ! av]age4 ,:5 a %ip is )9 #ej or #fj miles ( ! c5tre1 ! /orm has ! ma/]y1 & seaman%ip is ( little avail4 ,rules = avoid+ ?is calamity1 & = manag+ a %ip :5 involv$ 9 a hurricane1 are fully expla9$ 9 ! 8,sailor's ,horn-,book = ! ,laws ( ,/orms10 by ,h4 ,pidd+ton1 ,esq41 ,presid5t ( ! ,m>9e ,c\rts ( ,inquiry at ,calcutta4 ,! foll[+ approximate table is giv5 by him1 to s]ve z a guide till bett] data %all be obta9$3-- ,av]age fall ( ! ,di/ance ( a %ip f ! b>omet] p] h\r4 c5tre ( ! /orm1 9 miles4 ,f #jjbj to #jjfj ,f #bej to #aej ,f #jjfj to #jjhj ,f #aej to #ajj ,f #jjhj to #jabj ,f #ajj to #hj ,f #jabj to #jaej ,f #hj to #ej ,! rate ( fall p] h\r d\bles aft] ! /orm has la/$ six h\rs1 & )9 ?ree h\rs ( ! c5tre ( ! hurricane ! m]cury w fall f\r times z fa/1 if x be ( ! viol5t class4 ,colonel ,james ,capp] discov]$ ! rotatory motions ( /orms1 & ,w4 ,c4 ,r$field1 ,esq41 ( ,new ,york1 0 ! fir/ :o det]m9$ _! laws4 ,colonel ,reid1 ,gov]nor ( ,b>badoes1 & ,dr4 ,?om1 ( ! #hf? regim5t1 h also writt5 on ! subject4 ,footnote #aci3 ,! f\r subord9ate =ms ( cl\ds are ! cirro-/ratus1 compos$ ( little b&s ( filam5ts1 m compact ?an ! cirrus1 =m+ horizontal /rata1 :i* seem to be num]\s ?9 cl\ds :5 9 ! z5i?1 & at ! horizon a long n>r[ b&4 ,! cumulo-/ratus consi/s ( ! summ]-cl\d1 l sn[y m\nta9s heap$ on "o ano!r1 :i* at sunrise h a black or blui% t9t at ! horizon1 & pass into ! nimbus1 or ra9-cl\d1 :i* has a uni=m grey t9t1 fr+$ at ! edges2 & ! f\r? is ! cirro-cumulus1 a comb9ation ( filam5ts & heap$-up cumuli or summ]-cl\ds4 ,footnote #adj3 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! *>t ( ! di/ribution ( ra9 9 ! ,physical ,atlas ( ,alex&] ,kei? ,john/on1 ,esq41 :]e ! value ( ! practice ref]r$ to 9 note p4 #bg is %[n4 ,footnote #ada3 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces0 = an acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,dalton's !ory ( def9ite proportions1 & ! relative weight ( atoms4 ,footnote #adb3 ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! #ah? section ( ! 8,physical ,sci5ces0 = reflection1 refraction1 & absorption ( light1 & to ! #ai? section = ! con/itution ( ! sol> light & col\rs4 ,footnote #adc3 ,= ! cause ( mirage1 see ! 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces40 ,footnote #add3 ,= ph5om5a & !ory ( pol>iz$ light1 see section #ba1 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces40 ,footnote #ade3 ,e sub/ance1 :e!r solid or fluid1 has its own pol>iz+ angle4 ,footnote #adf3 ,! read] is ref]r$ to a plate 9 8,john/on's ,physical ,atlas0 %[+ ! ph5om5a ( ! pol>ization ( ! atmosph]e4 ,footnote #adg3 ,see sections #bh & #bi ( ! 8,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces30 on ,electricity4 ,footnote #adh3 ,s\nd travels at ! rate ( #aabj feet 9 a second 9 air at ! temp]ature ( #fb ( ,fahr5heit2 s if t numb] be multipli$ by ! seconds elaps$ betwe5 ! fla% ( lightn+ & ! ?und]1 ! result w be ! di/ance 9 feet at :i* ! /roke took place4 ,footnote #adi3 ,colonel ,sab9e's ,notes to 8,kosmos40 ,footnote #aej3 ,! foci are all ( diff]5t int5sities2 t 9 ! ,s\? ,atlantic1 discov]$ by ,m4 ,erman1 has ! lea/ int5sity ( ! f\r1 & ! o!r 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 discov]$ by ,sir ,james ,ross1 has ! greate/2 tak+ #a z ! unit at ! magnetic equator 9 ,p]u1 _! int5sities are z #bjga & #jgjf4 ,9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e ! ,am]ican focus is m int5se ?an t 9 ,sib]ia1 :i* is mov+ f we/ to ea/1 :ile ! m9or focus 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e is mov+ f ea/ to we/4 ,footnote #aea3 ,! au?or is indebt$ to ! admirable & pr(\nd inve/igations ( ,colonel ,sab9e = almo/ all %e kn[s on ! subject ( t]re/rial magnetism4 ,9 ^!1 & 9 8 notes on ! ,engli% translation ( 8,kosmos10 ! read] w f9d all t is mo/ int]e/+ on ! subject4 ,9 8 own works !re are plates ( ! c\rse ( ! diff]5t magnetic l9es m5tion$ 9 ! text4 ,footnote #aeb3 ,at ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! nor? end ( ! ne$le rea*es its ea/]n extreme 9 ,may1 ,june1 ,july1 & ,augu/1 & ne>ly at ! same h\rs x rea*es its we/]n extreme 9 ,novemb]1 ,decemb]1 ,janu>y1 & ,febru>y4 ,! passage f "o to ! o!r takes place at1 or soon aft]1 ! equ9oxes 9 ,m>* & ,april1 ,septemb] & ,octob]4-- ,colonel ,sab9e's ,notes to 8,kosmos40 ,footnote #aec3 ,! sporules or se$s ( ! fungi are s m9ute t ,m4 ,freis c\nt$ above t5 millions 9 a s+le plant ( ! recticul>ia maxima3 !y 7 s subtile t !y 7 l smoke4 ,footnote #aed3 ,! sol> spectrum1 or col\r$ image ( ! sun1 =m$ by pass+ a sunbeam ?r\gh a prism1 is compos$ ( a v>iety ( invisible z well z visible rays4 ,! *emical rays are mo/ abundant beyond ! violet end ( ! spectrum1 & decrease ?r\gh ! violet1 blue1 & gre51 to ! yell[1 :]e !y cease4 ,! rays ( heat are 9 excess a little beyond ! r$ end1 & gradually decrease t[>ds ! violet end4 ,besides ^! !re are two insulat$ spots at a consid]able di/ance f ! r$1 :]e ! heat is a maximum4 ,7 ! rays ( heat visible1 !y w\ld exhibit diff]5ces z di/9ct z ! col\r$ rays1 s v>i$ are _! prop]ties accord+ to _! position 9 ! spectrum4 ,!re are also peculi> rays :i* produce phosphoresc5ce1 o!rs ^: prop]ties are n q made out1 & probably _m undiscov]$ influ5ces2 = "t has n yet fully reveal$ ! sublimity ( t creation1 :5 ,god said1 8,let !re be light--& !re 0 light40 ,footnote #aee3 ,pr(essor ,quetelet is desir\s t ! p]iodical ph5om5a ( vegetation %\ld be obs]v$ at a numb] ( places1 9 ord] to e/abli% a comp>ison betwe5 ! p]iods at :i* !y take place2 & = t purpose he gives a li/ ( ! commone/ plants1 z lilac1 laburnum1 eld]1 bir*1 oak1 horse-*e/nut1 pea*1 pe>1 crocus1 daisy1 c41 :i* he himself obs]ves annually at ,brussels4 ,footnote #aef3 ,d&elion op5s at five or six 9 ! morn+1 & %uts at n9e 9 ! ev5+2 ! goat's-be>d wakes at ?ree 9 ! morn+1 & %uts at five or six 9 ! aft]noon4 ,! orange-col\r$ ,es*oltzia is s s5sitive t x closes dur+ ! passage ( a cl\d4 8,! m>igold t goes to b$ wi' ! sun1 & ) him rises weep+10 ) _m m1 are in/ances ( ! sleep ( plants4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,m4 de ,c&olle e/abli%$ #bj botanical regions1 & ,pr(essor ,s*[ ! same numb]2 b ,pr(essor ,m>tius1 ( ,muni*1 has divid$ ! vegetation ( ! globe into #ea prov9ces1 namely1 #e 9 ,europe1 #aa 9 ,africa1 #ac 9 ,asia1 #c 9 ,new ,holl&1 #d 9 ,nor? & #h 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 besides ,c5tral ,am]ica1 ! ,antillas1 ! ,ant>ctic ,l&s1 ,new ,zeal&1 ,van ,diem5's ,l&1 ,new ,gu9ea1 & ,polynesia4 ,to ^!1 o!r divisions might be add$1 z ! ,galapagos1 :i* is s /rongly def9$4 ,b>on ,humboldt gives ! foll[+ concise view ( ! di/ribution ( plants1 bo? z to height & latitude3-- ,! equatorial zone is ! region ( palms & bananas4 ,! tropical zone is ! region ( tree-f]ns & figs4 ,! subtropical zone1 t ( myrtles & laurels4 ,! w>m temp]ate zone1 t ( ev]gre5 trees4 ,! cold temp]ate zone1 t ( ,european or decidu\s trees4 ,! sub>ctic zone1 t ( p9es4 ,! arctic zone1 t ( rhodod5drons4 ,! pol> zone1 t ( alp9e plants4 ,upp] ,limit ( ,trees on ,m\nta9s4--,! upp] limit ( trees is di/+ui%$ by ! ,escalloni1 on ! ,&es ( ,quito1 at ! height ( #aa1ejj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 tropical ,mexico1 ! upp] limit ( trees1 at ! height ( #ab1ghi feet1 is di/+ui%$ by ! ,p9us occid5talis4 ,9 ! temp]ate zone ! limit ( trees is m>k$ by ! ,qu]cus ,semic>pifolia1 at #aa1ejj feet1 on ! s\? side ( ! ,himalaya1 & by ! ,betula ,alba1 on ! nor? side1 at ! height ( #ad1jjj feet3 ! same bir* =ms ! limit on ! ,caucasus1 at ! elevation ( #fcid feet4 ,on ! ,pyr5ees & ,alps ! limit is m>k$ by ! ,conif] or p9e tribe3 on ! ,pyr5ees by ! ,p9us unc9ata1 at ! height ( #aj1hgj feet2 on ! s\? side ( ! ,alps by ! l>*1 at ! elevation ( #fgjj feet2 & by ! ,p9us abies1 at #ehhc feet1 on ! nor?4 ,9 ,lapl&1 ! ,betula ,alba =ms ! upp] limit ( trees1 at ! height ( only #aiah feet4 ,! upp] ,limit ( ,%rubs4--,9 ! ,&es ( ,quito ! ,bej>ias are ! %rubs t atta9 ! greate/ height1 & t]m9ate at #ac1dbj feet above ! sea-level4 ,! junip]1 ,salix1 & ,ribes1 or currant tribe1 =m ! upp] limit ( ,%rubs on ! s\? side ( ! ,himalaya1 at ! height ( #aa1ejj feet4 ,! tama1 or ,g5i/a v]sicolor1 a species ( broom1 fl\ri%es at ! height ( #ag1jjj feet on ! nor? side1 & vegetation is prolong$ to ne>ly #ah1jjj feet4 ,! ,rhodod5dron =ms ! upp] limit ( %rubs on ! ,caucasus1 at #hhbe feet2 9 ! ,pyr5ees x gr[s to #hcab feet2 9 ! ,alps to #gdhj feet2 & 9 ,lapl& x =ms ! upp] limit ( %rubs at an elevation ( #cjjj above ! ,arctic ,ocean4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,! ,briti% flora conta9s at lea/ #cjjj species4 ,footnote #aei3 ,! plants ) :i* ! ,*9ese give flav\r to tea are ! ,olea fragrans1 ,*loran?us inconspicuus1 ,g>d5ia florida1 ,aglaia odorata1 ,mogorium sambac1 ,vitex spicata1 ,camellia sasanqua1 ,camellia odorif]a1 ,illicium anisatum1 ,magnolia yulan1 ,rosa indica odoratissima1 turm]ic1 oil ( ,bixa orellana1 & ! root ( ! ,flor5t9e iris4 ,! pr9ciples ( caffe9e & !9e are1 9 all respects1 id5tical4 ,footnote #afj3 ,davis on ,*9a4 ,footnote #afa3 ,dr4 ,mantel4 ,footnote #afb3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]4 ,footnote #afc3 ,! ,euphorbia & ,borr]ia are ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! l[ gr\nds 9 ! ,galapagos isl&s2 :ile ! ,scl]ia1 croton1 & ,cordia m>k ! high gr\nds4 ,composit & ,campanulace di/+ui% ,/4 ,hel5a & ,juan ,f]n&ez4 ,! prevail+ plants 9 ! ,s&wi* gr\p are ! ,good5iace & ,lobeliace2 & 9 ,new ,zeal& f]ns & club-mosses prevail1 almo/ to ! exclusion ( ! grasses4--,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]4 ,footnote #afd3 ,( #bhia species ( fl[]-be>+ plants 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re are #che f\nd also 9 nor!rn & temp]ate ,europe4 ,footnote #afe3 ,9 ! bas9 ( ,titicaca 9 ,p]u-,bolivia1 ,mr4 ,p5tl& has se5 a v>iety ( maize rip5 z high z #ab1hjj feet4 ,footnote #aff3 ,dr4 ,w$dell1 a v di/+ui%$ botani/1 :o has rec5tly return$ f an exploration ( ! di/ricts ( ! ,&es :i* furni% ! ,p]uvian b>k ( comm]ce1 has discov]$ sev]al new species ( ,c9*ona1 ! total numb] ( :i*1 accord+ to 8 beautiful monography1 n[ am\nts to #ba4 ,footnote #afg3 ,pr(essor ,m>tius1 ( ,muni*1 9 8 great "w on ,palms1 has describ$ #ejj1 accompani$ ) excell5t col\r$ plates4 ,x is suppos$ t ! numb] ( species ?r\gh\t ! _w am\nts to #ajjj4 ,footnote #afh3 ,!re are innum]able po9ts ( analogy betwe5 ! vegetation ( ! ,brazils1 equ9octial ,africa1 & ,india3 b ! numb] ( species common to ^! ?ree cont95ts is v small4 ,footnote #afi3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]4 ,footnote #agj3 ,! cosmopolite ulv are ! ,ent]omorpha1 ,codium1 c4 ,footnote #aga3 ,dr4 ,j4 ,d4 ,hook] has divid$ ! m>9e vegetation into t5 prov9ces3--! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 f ! pole to ! #fj? p>allel ( nor? latitude2--! ,nor? ,atlantic1 betwe5 ! #fj? & #dj? p>allels1 :i* is ! prov9ce ( ! deless>i & fucus prop]2-- ! ,m$it]ranean1 :i* is a sub-region ( ! w>m] temp]ate zone ( ! ,atlantic1 ly+ betwe5 ! #dj? & #bc;d nor!rn p>allels2-- ! tropical ,atlantic1 9 :i* s>gassum1 rhodomelia1 corall9ia1 & siph9ea ab\nd2--! ant>ctic ,am]ican region1 f ,*ile to ,cape ,horn1 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & ! :ole circumpol> ocean s\? ( ! #ej? s\!rn p>allel2--! ,au/ralian & ,new ,zeal& prov9ce1 :i* is v peculi>1 be+ *>act]iz$1 among o!r g5]ic =ms1 by cy/oseiri & fuce2--! ,indian ,ocean & ! ,r$ ,sea2--& ! la/1 :i* comprises ! ,japan & ,*9a ,seas4 ,!re are sev]al undet]m9$ botanical m>9e prov9ces 9 ! ,pacific & else:]e4 ,footnote #agb3 ,! ,briti% fl[]+ sea-we$s are ! ,zo/]a & ,zani*ellia4 ,footnote #agc3 ,! vegetation at diff]5t dep?s 9 ! ,egean ,sea is z di/9ctly m>k$ z t at diff]5t heights on ! declivity ( a m\nta94 ,! coa/ plants are ! ,pad9a pavonia & ,dictyota di*otoma4 ,a great] dep? is *>act]iz$ by ! vividly gre5 & elegant fronds ( ! ,caul]pa prolif]a1 probably ! prasium ( ! anci5ts2 associat$ ) x are ! curi\s sponge-l ,codium ,bursa1 & f\r or five o!rs4 ,! ,codium flabelli=me1 & ! r>e & curi\s vegetable net call$ ,microdictyon umbilicatum1 *>act]ize dep?s ( #cj fa?oms4 ,! ,dictyom5ia1 ) /iff purple corkscrew-l fronds1 & "s o!rs1 g z l[ z #ej fa?oms1 beyond :i* no flexible sea-we$s h be5 f\nd4 ,! coral-l ,millepora polymorpha take _! place1 & range to ! dep? ( #ajj fa?oms1 beyond :i* !re is no trace ( vegetable life1 unless "s ( ! m9ute & microscopic infusorial bodies liv+ !re be reg>d$ z plants4-- 8,travels 9 ,lycia10 by ,lieut5ant ,spratt1 ,r4 ,n41 & ,pr(essor ,e4 ,=bes4 ,footnote #agd3 ,! notocan?us & macr\rus are ! deep-wat] fi% 9 ! arctic regions2 !y also inhabit ! seas ( ,new ,zeal&4 ,! ,pacific fi% t ent] ! ,atlantic are "s ( ! mack]el tribe1 %>ks1 & lophobran*es4 ,! g5]a mo/ preval5t 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e are ! noto!mia1 bori*?ys1 & h>pagif]4 ,! same species ( ^! g5]a are f\nd 9 ! seas ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ,cape ,horn1 ! ,auckl& ,isl&s1 & ,k]guel5's ,l&4--,dr4 ,ri*>dson4 ,footnote #age3 ,! ,*9ese fre%-wat] fi% are cypr9id1 ophicephali1 & silurid-- g5]a :i* agree closely ) ^? 9 ,india1 ?\gh ! species are diff]5t4 ,footnote #agf3 ,! c>nivor\s ,cetacea1 ) two rem>kable exceptions1 inhabit ! ocean--! ,delph9us ,inca1 ( ! ,amazons & its afflu5ts2 & ! ,d4 ,gangeticus1 ( ! ,ganges4 ,footnote #agg3 ,capta9 ,scoresby's 8,arctic ,voyages40 ,footnote #agh3 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ species ( ?is division is ! crocodile ( ! ,nile1 :i* probably is to be met ) 9 ! we/]n bran* ( t riv]1 ! ,bahr-el-,abiad1 z high z #djjj feet4 ,imm5se numb]s ( ?is species1 ( e size & age1 are f\nd embalm$ 9 ! catacombs ( ! anci5t ,egyptians1 :i* are p]fectly id5tical ) ! exi/+ species1 & (f]+ ano!r pro( ( ! important fact fir/ ann\nc$ by ,cuvi]1 f 8 exam9ation ( ! mummies ( ! ibis1 t no animal1 9 its wild /ate1 _h pres5t$ ! lea/ *ange1 )9 ! longe/ hi/orical p]iods4 ,footnote #agi3 ,mr4 ,p5tl& in=ms me t crocodiles are f\nd 9 "s ( ! riv]s ( ,bolivia at a mu* great] elevation4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,animals ( a gigantic size1 & alli$ to ! liz>d family1 =m]ly inhabit$ ! latitudes ( ,brita94 ,a mon/] 7! ,mosasaurus7 mu* surpass+ ! l>ge/ liv+ crocodile is f\nd 9 our ,sussex *alk-b$s2 & an animal alli$ to ! ,iguana1 ! iguanodon ( ,mantell1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! /rata ^u :i* ! *alk reposes 9 ! weald ( ,sussex1 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 c4 ,"s bones ( ! iguanodon w\ld indicate an animal m ?an #ej feet long4 ,footnote #aha3 ,petrel1 f ,/4 ,pet]4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! e>? ! same conditions :i* regulat$ ! di/ribution ( ! anci5t fauna & flora /ill prevail4 ,! flora ( ! c>bonace\s epo* is p]fectly simil> to t ( ,new ,zeal&1 :]e f]ns & club-mosses are s abundant2 & ! fauna ( t anci5t p]iod _h be5 repres5tative ( t :i* rec5tly prevail$ 9 ^! isl&s1 s9ce foot-pr9ts ( colossal birds h be5 discov]$ 9 ! r$ s&/one ( ,connecticut4 ,! age ( reptiles ( ! ,weald5 & o!r second>y p]iods is repres5tative ( ! fauna ( ! ,galapagos isl&s1 :i* *iefly consi/s ( tortoises & creatures ( ! liz>d or crocodile family2 & ! cycadace\s plants & m>supial animals ( ! oolite are repres5tative ( ! flora & fauna ( ,au/ralia4 ,! colossal birds :i* prevail$ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 almo/ to ! entire exclusion ( reptiles & quadrup$s1 la/$ to a v late p]iod2 !y diff]$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! beak & skull f e class ( birds1 rec5t or fossil4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,p]haps no quadrup$ 9 ! wild /ate w be f\nd to h s wide a v]tical range ( habitat z ?is animal4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! pla9s ( ,t>t>y1 9 ! valley ( ! ,tigris1 at a v few feet above ! sea-level1 & 9 ! mo/ elevat$ pla9s ( ! ,himalaya1 at elevations exce$+ #ae1cjj feet4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ! wild ,ass ( ! ?ree c\ntries m5tion$ 9 ! text belongs to ! same species4 ,! ,kiang ( ,tibet appe>s to be ! same z ! ,dziggetai 7,equus ,hemonus7 ( ,pallas1 :i* is met ) ?r\gh\t c5tral ,asia2 b ! species f\nd 9 ! ,run ( ,cut* is ( a diff]5t col\r & =m3 :il/ ! "o neighs l a horse1 ! o!r brays l an ass2 9 "o ! /rip$ col\r ( ! zebra family exi/s 9 ! "y1 & n 9 ! second4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,! att5tion ( ! sci5tific _w 9 ,france has be5 rec5tly direct$ to ! advantages t might arise f ! naturalization ( ! ,llama tribe 9 ,europe1 & especially ( its two mo/ useful species1 ! ,llama & ! ,alpaca4 ,m4 ,j4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 a zoologi/ ( "s note1 b r c>ri$ away by !oretical views 9 a bran* ( sci5ce :]e obs]vation1 & obs]vation alone1 ought to be our guide1 & ignorant p]haps ( :at _h be5 done 9 ,engl& on ! same subject1 :]e ! exp]im5t _h long s9ce be5 tri$1 & ) v inadequate success1 has pres5t$ lately "s pap]s to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces on ?is subject4 ,we _c imag9e1 ev5 if ! naturalization ( ! ,llama on a l>ge scale 0 possible1 :at b5efit c\ld arise f x to our agriculturi/s4 ,! wool ( ! llama is co>se1 & s inf9itely inf]ior to ! commone/ qualities ( %eep's wool1 t 9 its native c\ntry x is seldom us$ = any o!r purpose ?an ! manufacture ( ropes1 ( a r\gh c>pet+ & pack+-clo?1 & = ! co>se/ app>el ( ! poor ,indian4 ,z to its use z a bea/ ( burd51 :il/ ! llama eats z mu* z ! ass1 x does n c>ry m ?an "o half :at he c1 & c sc>cely travel "o half ( ! same daily di/ance2 besides1 ! female llama is useless 9 ?is respect4 ,! fle% ( ! llama1 z above /at$1 is greatly bel[ t ( all our dome/ic animals1 ev5 ( ! ,italian buffalo4 ,z to ! ,alpaca1 x is v d\btful if1 liv+ z x does 9 an extremely dry1 elevat$1 equable1 & cle> atmosph]e1 x w\ld ev] become accu/om$ to ! damp & v>iable climate ( our nor!rn latitudes1 or to t ( ! great ,european *a9s ( m\nta9s1 ! ,alps & ! ,pyr5ees1 & if x did1 t its wool w\ld n be greatly det]iorat$4 ,z to ! vicua1 x is purely a wild species1 & has hi!rto resi/$ all ! ef=ts ( ! aborig9es1 ! mo/ pati5t & docile ( ! human race1 to r5d] x prolific 9 its own climate & 9 dome/icity4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! dome/ication ( ! sev]al species ( ,au*5ia 9 ,europe w\ld be a co/ly & useless exp]im5t1 on ! l>ge scale on :i* x is propos$ to try x2 inde$1 ?is w appe> evid5t :5 x is kn[n t 9 ! ,p]u-,bolivian ,&es ! llama & alpaca are daily disappe>+ to make room = ! m useful & pr(itable bre$ ( ! common ,european %eep1 :il/1 z a bea/ ( burd51 ! ass is ev]y:]e tak+ its place4 ,connect$ ) ?is subject1 a v s+ul> fact1 &1 if well e/abli%$1 a v curi\s "o1 has be5 ann\nc$ by ,m4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 on ! au?ority ( "o ( our c\ntrym51 ,dr4 ,w$del1 rec5tly return$ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 t a cross-bre$ betwe5 ! ,alpaca & ! ,vicua _h be5 obta9$1 & t ! mules f ?is cross-bre$ 7 capable ( reproduc+ ?is newly-creat$ species1 ! wool ( :i* is repres5t$ to be ( a valuable quality4 ,n[1 if !re exi/s 9 zoological sci5ce a fact cle>ly e/abli%$1 x is ?is3 t )9 hi/orical p]iods no new species ( v]tebrate animal has be5 creat$--9 fact1 ! great law ( ! immutability ( species4 ,! rema9s ( ! sev]al wild animals :i* h be5 buri$ = m ?an #cj c5turies 9 ! catacombs ( ,egypt1 & 9 ! ru9s ( ,n9eveh1 are p]fectly id5tical ) ^? n[ exi/+ 9 ! mo/ m9ute details ( _! anatomical /ructure4 ,we h exam9$1 9 ! case ref]r$ to1 ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,m4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire 9 support ( 8 fav\rite doctr9e1 & we d n by any means consid] x suffici5t to %ake ! conclusions arriv$ at by all ! great zoologi/s ( pa/ & pres5t times--by ! ,cuvi]s1 ! ,humboldts1 & ! ,ow5s ( our own p]iod--on ! impossibility ( ! production ( a new species ( animals1 or ! immutability ( species 9 ! animal creation4 ,contradictions to ?is law we "k h be5 br\ght =w>d by writ]s ( ! !oretical s*ool ( naturali/s1 to support fav\rite !ories ( _! au?ors2 b we believe su* dang]\s doctr9es are f\nd$ on ! vag>ies ( a s*ool :i* h ev] plac$ 9 natural hi/ory obs]vation 9 ! back1 & ! dreams ( imag9ation 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,footnote #ahf3 ,!re are #h families1 #ad g5]a1 & #abc species ( m>supial animals1 am\nt+ to ab\t "o-twelf? ( all ! mammalia4 ,! opossum is ,am]ican2 ! sev5 o!r families are inhabitants ( ,au/ralia & ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago4 ,( ! ,didelphid or opossum family !re are #ba species1 all inhabitants ( ,am]ica2 ! ,virg9ian opossum is ab\t ! size ( a cat1 ! o!r species are n l>g] ?an rats or mice4 ,a pretty k9d 9 ,sur9am1 ! ,d4 dorsig]a1 is s nam$ because x c>ries its "y on its back1 :i* hold on by _! preh5sile tails twi/$ r\nd t ( ! "m3 ano!r species is aquatic1 & 9 its habits resembles ! ott]4 ,! ,dasyurid & ,phalang]s are nocturnal3 ! ,dasyurid & wombats burr[4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell e/imates ! numb] ( exi/+ species ( animals & vegetables1 indep5d5t ( ! infusoria1 to be betwe5 "o & two millions1 :i* mu/ surely be "u ! m>k1 consid]+ ! enorm\s quantity ( animal life 9 ! ocean1 to ! am\nt ( :i* we h n ev5 an approximation4 ,if ! microscopic & infusorial exi/5ce be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 ! surface ( ! globe may be view$ z "o mass ( animal life--p]petually dy+--p]petually r5ew$4 ,a drop ( /agnant wat] is a _w )9 itself1 an epitome ( ! e>? & its successive geological races4 ,a v>iety ( microscopic creatures appe>1 & die2 9 a few days a new set succe$s2 ^! vani% & give place to a ?ird set1 ( diff]5t k9ds f ! prec$+2 & ! dbris ( all rema9 at ! bottom ( ! glass4 ,! ext9ction ( ^! creatures takes place )\t any app>5t cause1 unless a great] degree ( putresc5ce ( ! wat] be to !m :at ! mighty geological cata/rophes 7 to be+s ( high] organization--! introduction ( ! new is n m my/]i\s 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,valmiki1 ! ,h9du poet1 is suppos$ to h be5 contempor>y ) ,hom]1 if n 8 pr$ecessor3 8 great "w is ! 8,ramayana10 an h]oic poem ( ! highe/ ord]1 f\r cantos ( :i* h be5 translat$ by ,gasp>e ,gorresco1 an ,italian4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,prit*>d1 ! f\r great dyna/ies ( languages 9 ! old cont95t are--! ,indo-,european or ,indo-,g]manic1 n[ call$ ! ,arian or ,iranian languages2 ! ,turanian or ,ugro-,t>t>ian1 ! language ( high ,asia2 ! ,*9ese & ,indo-,*9ese1 or ,monosyllabic2 & ! ,syro-,arabian or ,semitic languages4 ,! ?ree fir/ are common to ,europe & ,asia2 ! f\r?1 common to ,africa & "s p>ts ( ,asia ne> ,africa4 ,! ,arians are ! anci5t ,m$es & ,p]sian2 ! ,ugrians are ! ,f9s1 ,lapl&]s1 ,hung>ians1 & _m ,sib]ian nations4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,,european ,,population4 ,pure blood4 ,teutonic #eb1jjj1jjj ,sclavonian #ej1jjj1jjj ,celtic #ab1jjj1jjj ,magy> #i1jjj1jjj ,f9s & ,samoj$es #c1jjj1jjj ,t>t> #b1jjj1jjj ,jews #b1jjj1jjj ----------- ,total ,european population ( pure blood #acj1jjj1jjj ,mix$ blood 9 ,europe4 ,teutonic ,celtic #bb1jjj1jjj ,teutonic ,sclavonian #f1jjj1jjj ,teutonic mix$ ) ,walloons 9 ,belgium #a1bjj1jjj ,teutonic ,nor?m5 9 ,norm&y #a1ejj1jjj ,celtic 9 its diff]5t crosses #ef1jjj1jjj ,sclavonian #f1jjj1jjj ,lettons #b1jjj1jjj ,turks #d1jjj1jjj ,turco-,tat>-,sclavonic 9 c5tre1 s\?-ea/1 & ea/ ( ,russia #b1fjj1jjj ,kalmuk1 betwe5 ! riv]s ,volga & ,ural #cjj1jjj ----------- ,! numb] ( p ( mix$ blood 9 ,europe #aja1fjj1jjj ,! total population ( ,europe1 pure & mix$1 am\nts to ab\t #bcb millions1 includ+ #fjj1jjj ,gipsies4 ,! ,teutonic population 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica & 9 ! ,briti% colonies am\nts to #bj millions2 s t ! total numb] ( p ( ,teutonic blood is r m ?an #ajj millions4--,notes accompany+ ! ,e?nographic ,map ( ,europe1 by ,dr4 ,gu/af ,komb/3 8,phys4 ,atlas40 ,footnote #aij3 ,,population ,,or ,,great ,,brita9 ,,& ,,irel&4 ,on an av]age ! pure-blood$ population am\nts to ,teutonic 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & 9 ! ea/ & nor?-ea/ ( ,irel& #aj1jjj1jjj ,celtic 9 ,cornwall1 ,wales1 ! ,scotti% ,highl&s1 & ,irel&4 #f1jjj1jjj ---------- ,! pure-blood$ inhabitants am\nts to #af1jjj1jjj ,mix$ blood4 ,mixture 9 :i* ! ,teutonic blood pr$om9ates #f1jjj1jjj ,mixture 9 :i* ! ,celtic blood pr$om9ates #d1jjj1jjj ---------- #aj1jjj1jjj ,9 all #bf1jjj1jjj ( inhabitants4 ,notes accompany+ ! ,e?nographic ,map ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 by ,gu/af ,komb/3 8,phys4 ,atlas40 ,! fe> t ,brita9 may be ru9$ by ov] population may be allay$ by consid]+ t we are ignorant ( ! imm5se treasures & inexhau/ible res\rces ( ! natural _w--t ! +5uity ( man is inf9ite1 & w cont9ually discov] new p[]s & innum]able comb9ations t w furni% s\rces ( weal? & happ9ess to millions4 ,footnote #aia3 ,f ! discrepancies 9 ! *ronological sy/ems x is evid5t t ! actual p]iod ( man's creation is n accurately kn[n4 ,! ,*evali] ,buns5 has asc]ta9$1 f monum5tal inscriptions1 t ! successive ,egyptian dyna/ies may be trac$ back to ,m]es1 #cfdj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & f ! high /ate ( civilization dur+ ! reign ( t pr9ce1 prov$ by ! magnific5ce ( ! works ?us execut$1 he inf]s t ! ,egyptians mu/ h exi/$ #ejj ye>s previ\s to _! consolidation into "o empire by him1 :i* goes back to ! r5ew$ p]iod ( man's creation4 ,comp>$ ) geological p]iods1 man is ( v rec5t creation1 z appe>s f ! va/ ext5t ( un9habit$ l&1 b :i* w\ld require ages & ages to p1 ev5 if ! increase ( population 7 z rapid z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,footnote #aib3 ,d>k-col\r$ sub/ances absorb m ( ! sun's heat ?an light-col\r$ ones2 !re=e1 ! black sk9s ( ! natives ( tropical climates absorb m heat ?an fair sk9s1 b1 f "s unkn[n cause1 ! black sk9 is protect$ f a degree ( heat t w\ld bli/] a fair "o4 ,footnote #aic3 ,! c\nt5ances ( ! ,fuegians br\ght to ,engl& 9 #ahcj by ,capta9 ,fitzroy improv$ greatly 9 expression by _! int]c\rse ) civiliz$ m51 b !y _h n return$ to _! savage bre?r5 m ?an a ye> be=e _! :ole appe>ance 0 completely *ang$2 ! look ( intellig5ce !y _h acquir$ 0 gone2 & :5 comp>$ ) lik5esses t _h be5 tak5 ( !m :5 9 ,engl&1 !y 7 n to be recogniz$ z ! same p]sons4 ,footnote #aid3 ,john/on's 8,physical ,atlas40 ,! av]age age ( a nation1 or ! mean duration ( life1 has a consid]able influ5ce on ! "* ( a p4 ,! av]age age ( ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales is #bf ye>s #g mon?s4 ,by ! c5sus1 ! av]age age ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica is #bb ye>s #b mon?s4 ,9 ,engl& !re are #acfe p]sons 9 e #aj1jjj1 :o h atta9$ #ej ye>s ( age1 & consequ5tly ( exp]i5ce2 :ile1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 only #hcj 9 ea* #aj1jjj h arriv$ at t age3 h5ce1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! moral pr$om9ance ( ! "y & passionate is greate/4 ,9 ,irel& !re are #ajej p]sons 9 e #aj1jjj ( ! population1 above #ej ye>s ( age1 to ex]cise ! influ5ce ( _! age & exp]i5ce ^u ! community--an influ5ce t w dim9i% ) ! progress ( emancipation4 ,footnote #aie3 ,x is s+ul> t ! ,briti% %\ld1 = ye>s1 h possess$ su* ext5sive t]ritories 9 ,asia )\t hav+ explor$ _! m9]al weal?4 ,p]haps ! quantity ( gold rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia & ,africa may call ! att5tion ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company to ! subject4 ,"s ( ! ri*e/ m9+ di/ricts are 9 c\ntries :]e prim>y =mations h be5 cross$ or di/urb$ by volcanic action2 & z t is em95tly ! case along ! ea/]n coa/ ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 f ,aracan to ! p59sula ( ,malacca1 m9es ( ! preci\s metals w mo/ likely be f\nd on t fronti]1 possibly 9 ,siam & ! ,birman empire4 ,! int]ior ( ! ,deccan has also be5 greatly di/urb$ by anci5t volcanos2 & z t c\ntry is said to be> a /rong analogy 9 /ructure to ,s\? ,africa1 x may also resemble x 9 ! production ( gold4 ,! aurif]\s t]ritory 9 ,cali=nia appe>s to be at lea/ #djj miles long & #ajj broad4 ,footnote #aif3 ,9 br++ to a close a "w :i* may 9 "s measure be consid]$ a k9d ( ,rsum ( ,natural k1 x may n be ei!r out ( place or irrelevant to our subject to allude m p>ticul>ly to ! enc\ragem5t ( late ye>s grant$ to sci5tific inve/igation by our own ,gov]nm5t4 ,x mu/ be confess$ t ,great ,brita9 = a long "t rema9$ beh9d ! nations ( ! cont95t 9 fo/]+ sci5tific ent]prise & rese>*2 & if ,engl& has rivall$ 9 mo/ bran*es ( natural k1 & surpass$ 9 "s1 e o!r p1 x has aris5 m f individual ex]tion1 & t _s ( association :i* =ms s happy a *>act]i/ic ( our race1 & :i* has 9 our political in/itutions s ma9ly contribut$ to our national greatness & prosp]ity1 ?an f any direct enc\ragem5t f our rul]s4 ,:il/ ,france & o!r cont95tal nations 7 end[+ ! vot>ies ( sci5ce1 7 lavi%+ money on sci5tific exp$itions1 & f\nd+ in/itutions :i* w h& d[n ! names ( _! sov]eigns to po/]ity z ! b5efactors ( mank9d1 ,engl& _h done little 9 ! same track beyond fitt+ out ^? memorable exp$itions ( ,cook1 &1 subsequ5tly1 ^? ( ,vanc\v] & ,fl9d]s1 & ! support grant$ to our great national ,obs]vatory1 :i*1 "u ! direction ( ,bradley1 ,maskelyne1 ,pond1 & ,airy1 has atta9$ a degree ( celebrity & utility unequall$ by any a/ronomical f\ndation 9 anci5t or mod]n times4 ,! conclusion ( a long w>1 9 op5+ ! sci5tific repositories ( ! cont95t to our c\ntrym51 %[$ u h[ mu* our great in/itutions1 ) ! above solit>y exception1 7 beh9dh&1 n only 9 ext5t & utility1 b 9 ! lib]ality ) :i* !y 7 conduct$4 ,possess+ z we did ! mo/ ample means1 f our imm5se colonial possessions & our widely-ext5d$ comm]ce1 to add to ! /ock ( our k 9 natural hi/ory1 our collections 7 inf9itely beh9d ^? ( ! great /ates ( ! cont95t1 & sc>cely on a p> ) ^? ( ! sov]eigns ( a second & ev5 ?ird rate importance4 ,a bett] sy/em 0 l\dly call$ =1 & a bett] sy/em has be5 adopt$4 ,our great national collection ( ! ,briti% ,museum--& ,i "h ref] m p>ticul>ly to its sci5tific & antiqu>ian dep>tm5t1 = !re is /ill mu* room = improvem5t 9 ! lit]>y--has 9 a few ye>s1 ?anks to ! lib]ality ( ,p>liam5t & ! ex]tions ( its tru/ees & (fic]s1 become equal 9 e respect1 & sup]ior 9 _m1 to any simil> in/itution on ! cont95t4 ,two e/abli%m5ts h be5 creat$ )9 ! la/ doz5 ( ye>s :i* reflect ! greate/ hon\r on ! /atesm51 ,sir ,f4 ,b>+1 !n ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 & ! late ,e>l ( ,besbor\gh1 z *ief ,commission] ( ! ,woods & ,=e/s1 :o fo/]$ !m 9 _! infancy1 & on ! tal5t$ individuals :o _h be5 select$ to c>ry out ! enlight5$ views ( ! ,gov]nm5t--! ,museum ( ,practical ,geology1 a designation t conveys a v inadequate idea ( ! ext5t ( its attributes or ( its utility1 & ! ,royal ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,kew4 ,to ! fir/ ! public is already indebt$ = su* a geological survey & map ( ! empire z nev] _h be5 plann$ or execut$ 9 any o!r c\ntry--only a small in/alm5t1 h[ev]1 ( great s]vices :i* ! nation & geological sci5ce are likely to d]ive f ! lab\rs ( ,sir ,h4 ,delabe*e & 8 collaborators4 ,! ,royal ,g>d5s at ,kew1 "u ! direction ( ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]1 lose no?+ :5 comp>$ ) ! mo/ celebrat$ e/abli%m5ts ( ! k9d1 anci5t or mod]n3 nev] 0 public money bett] be/[$1 or 9 a way to convey m useful in/ruction & gratification to ! great mass ( ! community4 ,:il/ e ,g]man univ]sity _h its ,museum ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 :5 ! gov]nm5t ( revolution>y ,france _h plac$ at ! disposal ( ,cuvi] ample means to lay ! basis ( t sci5ce ( :i* he 0 to be consid]$ ! f\nd]1 an em95t surgeon1 ,john ,hunt]1 animat$ by ! love ( sci5ce alone1 & unaid$ by 8 ,gov]nm5t1 0 r5d]+ a simil> s]vice to ,great ,brita91 9 lay+ ! f\ndation ( t ,museum :i* s ju/ly be>s 8 hon\r$ "n4 ,?anks to ! lib]ality ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & to ! well-judg$ appreciation ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons1 ! ,hunt]ian ,collection has become ! prop]ty ( ! nation1 & has receiv$ su* additions & ameliorations z n to be beh9d any ( ^? ( ! cont95t2 :il/ 9 po9t ( arrangem5t1 facilities grant$ = /udy1 & real practical utility1 x inf9itely surpasses !m all4 ,to x we pr9cipally are indebt$ = ! introduction ( ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy into ?is c\ntry1 & = ! possession ( "o ( its greate/ mod]n expositors1 ,pr(essor ,ow54 ,x may appe> invidi\s1 at a "t :5 e dep>tm5t ( our ,gov]nm5t is %[+ itself s desir\s ( promot+ ! cause ( sci5ce1 to po9t to any 9 p>ticul>3 /ill we _c refra9 f mak+ special m5tion ( "o to :i* sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & m p>ticul>ly t bran* ( x :i* =ms ! pr9cipal object ( ?is "w1 & our be/ national int]e/s1 owe a deep & la/+ debt ( gratitude--! ,hydrographic dep>tm5t ( ! ,admiralty2 :i*1 "u its pres5t able *ief1 ,sir ,francis ,beau=t1 has atta9$ a degree ( em95ce unequall$ by t ( any o!r m>itime c\ntry4 ,! ,admiralty has pr(it$ ( a long peace to ext5d our k ov] almo/ e region ( ! globe1 conf]r+ !reby an imm5se s]vice on geographical sci5ce1 & plac+ 9 ! h&s ( our national & comm]cial m>9e a collection ( *>ts & nautical in/ructions unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( navigation = _! ext5t & exactitude4 ,ano!r bran* ( inquiry1 closely connect$ ) ,hydrography & ,navigation1 :i* x requir$ ! enc\ragem5t ( a gov]nm5t to in/itute1 ! inve/igation ( ! laws ( t]re/rial magnetism & meteorology1 has be5 v lib]ally provid$ = by ,p>liam5t1 & mo/ ably c>ri$ out1 "u ! direction ( ,colonel ,sab9e1 by ! e/abli%m5t ( special obs]vatories 9 our widely ext5d$ colonies1 & by ! publication & di/ribution ( _! results4 ,! sev]al m>itime exp$itions und]tak5 s9ce ! peace 9 a purely sci5tific view reflect ! highe/ cr$it on ! dep>tm5ts ( ! ,gov]nm5t ) :i* !y h orig9at$1 z !y d on ! em95t individuals1 _m ( :om /ill live to enjoy _! well-m]it$ fame1 :o h c>ri$ out _! c\ntry's wi%es4 ,! names ( ,p>ry1 ,frankl91 ,back1 ,james ,c4 ,ross1 & ,ri*>dson1 w be pres]v$ 9 ! memory ( po/]ity long aft] ! ephem]al glory ( _! pr(essional c>e] w h be5 =gott54 ,al?\gh x is to ! projectors ( su* an alt]$ /ate ( ?+s1 & to ! /atesm5 :o enc\rag$ & br\ght x ab\t1 t our fir/ ackn[l$gem5t is due1 our ?anks mu/ be also express$ to t bran* ( ! legislature :i*1 hold+1 z x rightly does1 ! public purse1 has s lib]ally come =w>d ^u e occasion1 :5 solicit$1 9 grant+ ! means to promote sci5tific ent]prise4 ,! vot>y ( sci5ce !re=e owes to ! ,h\se ( ,commons ! expression ( 8 unm+l$ gratitude4 ,b1 9 pay+ t j tribute to ! m9i/]s ( ! ,cr[n & to ,p>liam5t1 we mu/ n pass ov] 9 sil5ce ! enc\ragem5t :i* sci5ce has 9 e dep>tm5t met ) f ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,lords ( an imm5se t]ritory1 ! ,c\rt ( ,directors1 & its repres5tatives 9 ,india1 h always %[n !mselves ready to contribute 9 a mo/ lib]al _s to ! ext5sion ( our k ( _! widely ext5d$ empire4 ,! trigonometrical surveys ( ,india1 ! e/abli%m5t ( obs]vatories1 ! end[m5t ( colleges & ( sci5tific societies1 ! =mation ( collections ( natural hi/ory at great exp5se1 & :i* x di/ributes to all ^? :o are likely to make good use ( !m1 ! publication ( works on physical rese>*es1 on natural hi/ory1 ( a/ronomical obs]vations1 be/[$ ) s lib]al a h& to m5 ( sci5ce1 ! =mation ( su* a map ( its ext5d$ dom9ions & ( *>ts ( its coa/s z w\ld d hon\r to any gov]nm5t1 mu/ place ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 ! fir/ rank ( ^? mighty pot5tates ( ! e>? to :om sci5ce w bo? n[ & 9 aft] ages feel plac$ "u ! mo/ la/+ obligations4 ,connect$ ) our ,ori5tal empire1 x is due to "s ( ! native sov]eigns ( ,india to /ate t !y h n be5 beh9dh& 9 imitat+ ! lib]al example ( _! p[]ful protectors4 ,two native pr9ces1 ! ,rajah ( ,travancore & ! ,k+ ( ,oude1 h at v great exp5se e/abli%$ a/ronomical obs]vatories 9 _! t]ritories1 furni%$ ) ,european in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ delicate con/ruction1 & plac$ "u ! direction ( ,european (fic]s amply end[$ & provid$ =4 ,! p59sula ( ,india at ! pres5t mom5t possesses f\r a/ronomical obs]vatories little beh9d ^? ( ,europe z reg>ds ! means ( obs]vation2 until v lately !re did n exi/ "o public obs]vatory 9 ! :ole ext5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,a national obs]vatory 0 e/abli%$ at ,wa%+ton 9 ! ye> #ahdc4 ,footnote #aig3 ,sir ,john ,r5nie4 ,footnote #aih3 ,*>les ,babbage1 ,esq4 ,footnote #aii3 ,we le>n1 on clos+ ! pres5t volume1 t ?is di/+ui%$ travell]1 ?r\gh ! lib]ality ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t1 is aga9 ab\t to proce$ to ! =m] field ( 8 ex]tions4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,! works ( ,cornelius & ,kaulba* be> te/imony to ! ju/ice ( ! obs]vations 9 ! text4 ,9 draw+1 no?+ c be m beautiful--9 composition1 no?+ c be m v>i$ or sublime4 ,! 8,de/ruction ( ,j]usalem10 by ,kaulba*1 9 :i* a p[]ful g5ius has comb9$ ! tru? ( ! hi/orian ) ! imag9ation ( ! poet1 & execut$ ) ! h& ( a ma/]1 might be> comp>ison ev5 ) ! ,italian s*ool = col\r+4 ,footnote #bja3 ,tw5ty ( ^! c\nties 7 9 ,engl& & #aa 9 ,wales1 & s few crimes took place among educat$ wom5 9 ! o!r c\nties dur+ ! #aa ye>s m5tion$1 t ! annual proportion ( accusations aga9/ educat$ females 0 only #a 9 #a1cdi1jei4 ,dur+ ! ye> #ahdf only #dh educat$ p]sons 7 convict$ ( crimes out ( ! :ole population ( ,engl& & ,wales1 & none 7 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,& dur+ ! ye>s #ahde & #ahdf !re 7 #ae c\nties 9 ,engl& & #aa 9 ,wales 9 :i* no well-educat$ p]son 0 convict$ ( any crime4 ,! numb] ( accusations among educat$ p]sons 9 ,scotl& is great]1 because education is m g5]al1 & because ! quantity ( ard5t spirits us$ 9 ,scotl& is five times great] ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,crime is v mu* bel[ ! av]age 9 ! m9+ di/ricts1 & x is /ill less frequ5t 9 ,wales & 9 ! m\nta9\s c\ntry 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,! accompli%m5ts ( a well-educat$ p]son 9 ^! /ati/ical records consi/ m]ely 9 be+ able to read & write flu5tly4--8,london ,/ati/ical ,j\rnal40 ,footnote #bjb3 ,e factory-*ild is limit$ to #dh h\rs ( lab\r 9 ! week1 & ! *ildr5 mu/ by law att5d s*ool at lea/ two h\rs a-day = six days out ( ! sev51 besides a ,sunday-s*ool--"o p5ny be+ d$uct$ out ( ea* %ill+ ( wages = education4 ,! inspectors h ! p[] ( e/abli%+ s*ools :]e want$1 & ( dismiss+ incompet5t tea*]s4 ,! engagem5t ( factory-*ildr5 9 ,brita9 la/s till !y are #ac1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates x ends at #ae ye>s ( age4--8,/ati/ical ,j\rnal40 ,footnote #bjc3 ,! av]age duration ( ! life ( sov]eigns is great] 9 mod]n ?an 9 anci5t times1 b x is /ill l[] ?an any o!r class ( mank9d4 ,! mo/ fav\rable av]age = !m is #gjje ye>s2 = ! ,engli% ari/ocracy x is #gafi2 = ! ,engli% g5try1 #gdjj2 = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 #gcfb2 = ,engli% lit]>y & sci5tific m5 x is #gbaj2 = ! army & navy1 #gaii2 & = ! pr(essions ( ! f9e arts1 #gaae4--8,london ,/ati/ical ,j\rnal40 ,footnote #bjd3 ,!re are #fb ,ragg$ ,s*ools 9 ,london1 & ,gov]nm5t und]takes to s5d annually to ! colonies #aej ( su* ( ! s*ol>s z *oose to g4--8,london ,/ati/ical ,j\rnal40 ,footnote #bje3 ,! lett]s affix$ indicate ! p>ts ( ! ,alps to :i* ea* locality belongs--,m41 ,m>itime2 ,c41 ,cottian2 ,g41 ,grecian2 ,p41 ,p5n9e2 ,l41 ,lepont9e2 ,b41 ,b]nese1 or ,helvetian2 ,r41 ,rhetian2 ,j41 ,julian2 ,c>41 ,c>niac4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,! au?orities on :i* ^! heights are giv5 are--! ,pi$montese ,surveys 7,p4 ,s471 z publi%$ 9 #ahde1 9 ! ,"w entitl$ 8,le ,alpi *e c+ono l',italia10 #a vol4 #hvo42 ! ,au/rian ,survey 7,a4 ,s471 z giv5 9 ! spl5did ,maps1 publi%$ by ! ,au/rian ,gov]nm5t1 ( ! ,regno ,lomb>do-,v5eto1 9 #hd %eets2 & ! ,swiss ,trigonometrical ,survey1 by ,ei*man1 #a vol4 #dto41 #ahdf4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,! fir/ eight passes are only fit = foot-pass5g]s1 & 9 c]ta9 seasons = mules2 ! rema9+ elev5 (f] c>riage-roads1 & are g5]ally op5 at all seasons ( ! ye>1 ) ! exception ( ! ,/elvio4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,heights tak5 f ! li/ publi%$ 9 ! ,fr5* 8,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes10 conv]t$ f metres into ,engli% feet4 ,footnote #bji3 ,heights det]m9$ by ! ,fr5* exp$ition "u ,capta9s ,peyti] & ,boblaye1 & publi%$ 9 ! 8,connaissance des ,temps0 = #ahci4 ,footnote #baj3 ,! heights 9 ! ,sikim ,himalaya are ! results ( ! obs]vations ( ,colonel ,waugh1 ,director ( ! ,trigonometrical ,survey ( ,india4 ,see 8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal10 ,nov4 #ahdh4 ,footnote #baa3 ,= ,lieut4 ,/ra*ey's obs]vations dur+ 8 v int]e/+ j\rney to ! ,sacr$ ,lakes ( ,manas>[>1 c41 see 8,j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal10 ,aug4 #ahdh4 ,footnote #bab3 ,see ,hook]'s 8,j\rnal ( ,botany10 ,may1 #ahdi4 ,footnote #bac3 ,! heights foll[$ by ! lett]s ,a4 ,c4 h be5 tak5 f ,humboldt's 8,asie ,c5trale40 ,footnote #bad3 ,! heights giv5 on ,capta9 ,vidal's au?ority are tak5 f ! elaborate ,admiralty ,surveys ( ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies1 & ,azores1 p>tly execut$ "u 8 direction2 ! latt] n yet publi%$4 ,footnote #bae3 ,! heights giv5 9 ?is table on ,mr4 ,p5tl&'s au?ority h be5 tak5 f 8 ,map ( 8,! ,laguna ( ,titicaca1 & ( ! ,valleys ( ,yucay1 ,collao1 & ,desaguad]o10 publi%$ 9 #ahdh4 ,footnote #baf3 ,z /at$ 9 ! text1 vol4 i41 p4 #aee4 ,! height "h assign$ to ! ,peak ( ,aconcagua diff]s #gjj feet f t giv5 by ,capta9 ,fitzroy4 ,a re-calculation1 h[ev]1 ( 8 elem5ts has l$ u to adopt a mu* great] elevation = ! giant ( ! ,*ilian ,&es ?an giv5 by t tal5t$ (fic]4 ,capta9 ,fitzroy's obs]vations place ! summit ( ! ,peak ( ,aconcagua1 :i* on 8 *>t is incorrectly designat$ z a volcano1 9 lat4 #cb #ch #cj1 long4 #gj #jj #cj ,w41 or #bc #bc ,n41 & #ajj #de ,e4 ( ,valp>aiso1 or its ne>e/ di/ance ab\t #hh #i-aj geographical miles4 ,f a /ation ne> ,capta9 ,fitzroy's1 at ,valp>aiso1 ,capta9 ,bee*y f\nd ! angle ( elevation ( ,aconcagua1 by sev]al v c>eful obs]vations1 to be #a #ee #de1 ! di/ance f ?is /ation to ! ,peak be+ #hhgd geographical miles4 ,f a discussion ( all ^! data1 ! compil] ( ?is table has d$uc$ = ! height ( ,aconcagua #bc1iaj feet above ! sea4 ,transcrib]'s ,note ,?is book uses inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation1 :i* 7 reta9$ 9 ! ebook v]sion4 ,"s corrections h be5 made to ! text1 includ+ normaliz+ punctuation & capitilization1 replac+ ditto m>ks ) ! text !y repres5t1 & correct+ ! spell+ ( ,index entries to mat* ! spell+ 9 ! ma9 text4 ,:]e incorrect page numb] ref]5ces 7 f\nd 9 ! ,index1 ^! 7 correct$4 ,sev]al in/ances ( ,ant>tic or ant>tic 7 *ang$ to ,ant>ctic or ant>ctic4 ,fur!r corrections are not$ bel[3 p4 #h3 ,m>atime ,*a9 - ,m>itime ,*a9 p4 #ae3 ,william ,h]s*ell - ,william ,h]s*el ,footnote #g3 e>?'s equaor - e>?'s equator ,footnote #g3 ,! inequalties - ,! inequalities ,footnote #g3 ,connection ( ,physical ,sci5ces - ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces p4 #bc3 f ! /rata 7 !y ab\nd - f ! /rata :]e !y ab\nd p4 #bf3 mosily ( ext9ct g5]a - mo/ly ( ext9ct g5]a p4 #bi3 horizonial position - horizontal position ,footnote #i3 m>k ! b\nd]y - m>k ! b\nd>y p4 #cb3 specificially ! same - specifically ! same p4 #ch3 p]petural fire - p]petual fire p4 #de3 ,imm$iately c\nect$ - ,imm$iately connect$ p4 #dg3 m\nta9s ( ?is foam - m\nta9s ( ?is =m p4 #ea3 ,! *a9s t]m9ates - ,! *a9s t]m9ates p4 #eb3 h be5 p]mam5t - h be5 p]man5t p4 #eb3 tranv]se valleys - transv]se valleys p4 #ec3 9 ! giaci]s ( ! ,&es - 9 ! glaci]s ( ! ,&es p4 #fb3 ,h9do ,coo% - ,h9doo ,coo% p4 #ff3 t rocks & pill>s rises - t rocks & pill>s rise p4 #fi3 wond]+ ,kirghi - w&]+ ,kirghi p4 #gc3 greographical miles - geographical miles p4 #gg3 rema9s ( animals t no long] exi/s - rema9s ( animals t no long] exi/ p4 #hj3 mo/ no!rn "p - mo/ nor!rn "p p4 #hh3 s9ks abrubtly - s9ks abruptly p4 #hi3 tops ( ! monnta9s - tops ( ! m\nta9s p4 #ib3 suceptible ( cultivation - susceptible ( cultivation p4 #ic3 are connnect$ by - are connect$ by p4 #ii3 once equal to ,*imboroza 9 height - once equal to ,*imborazo 9 height p4 #ajd3 :i* is situate - :i* is situat$ p4 #abj3 ?\gh\t its l5g? - ?r\gh\t its l5g? p4 #aba3 ,mexico & x lake - ,mexico & its lake p4 #abc3 ,culf ( ,cali=nia - ,gulf ( ,cali=nia p4 #abg3 ! =e/s consi/s ( - ! =e/s consi/ ( p4 #aca3 a consid]able int]vals - a consid]able int]val p4 #acb3 ov] wide area - ov] wide areas p4 #acb3 !y cccupy a tract - !y occupy a tract p4 #acf3 idea c be =mad - idea c be =m$ p4 #acf3 ,tropic ( ,capricon - ,tropic ( ,capricorn p4 #acf3 frem ,new ,holl& - f ,new ,holl& p4 #adj3 along ! ! :ole coa/ - along ! :ole coa/ p4 #adb3 no!rn %ores - nor!rn %ores p4 #adc3 x seldem rises - x seldom rises p4 #adg3 ( ! ! cru/ - ( ! cru/ p4 #aec3 ,hot sp+s - ,hot spr+s p4 #aed3 fall ( ! b>omet]1 frogs1 & unusual sultr9ess - all ( ! b>omet]1 fogs1 & unusual sultr9ess p4 #aef3 are cont9n$ aft] - are cont9u$ aft] p4 #aeh3 on :i* !y moor _! boots - on :i* !y moor _! boats p4 #afh3 ( ^! mettalloids - ( ^! metalloids ,footnote #ih3 ! un=se5 result - ! un=ese5 result ,footnote #ii3 ,supppos+ - ,suppos+ p4 #age3 ,rio de ,janeira - ,rio de ,janeiro ,footnote #aab3 ,j4 ,scott ,russel - ,j4 ,scott ,russell p4 #aie3 ! waves becomes high] - ! waves become high] p4 #aig3 :]e x n s - 7 x n s p4 #aii3 clos+ quote position assum$ 444 to summ] heat20 p4 #bjf3 ! ,alantic virtually ent]s - ! ,atlantic virtually ent]s p4 #bai3 ! ,nile recieves - ! ,nile receives p4 #bbf3 a great] volumne ( wat] - a great] volume ( wat] p4 #bbh3 covor$ ) sn[ - cov]$ ) sn[ p4 #bcd3 ins]sect$ ) riv]s - int]sect$ ) riv]s p4 #bdb3 bran*es z its m\? - bran*es at its m\? p4 #bea3 _c br cross$ - _c be cross$ p4 #bfg3 ,c>ribean isl&s - ,c>ibbean isl&s p4 #bgc3 :]eas ! ! cold - :]eas ! cold p4 #bha3 only resolve bodies - only resolves bodies p4 #bhe3 pol>ization ( ! atmosphese - pol>ization ( ! atmosph]e p4 #bhf3 positive elctricty increases - positive electricity increases p4 #bif3 two upheavels makes - two upheavals makes p4 #bih3 comb9ation )t he oxyg5 - comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 p4 #cae3 ,nor? ,am]ian - ,nor? ,am]ican p4 #cae3 :i* are ,am]cian - :i* are ,am]ican p4 #caf3 ,! !momet] sometimes rises - ,! !rmomet] sometimes rises p4 #cbb3 ,rosa indica odoratissima1 tum]ic1 oil ( ,bixa orellana - ,rosa indica odoratissima1 turm]ic1 oil ( ,bixa orellana p4 #ccg3 crimson blosssom - crimson blossom p4 #cdd3 9 ! ,guatimala =e/ - 9 ! ,guatemala =e/ p4 #cdd3 logwood1 mohogony1 & _m o!r - logwood1 mahogony1 & _m o!r p4 #cdi3 :i* cones ! - ) cones ! p4 #ceb3 ( ! cyptogam\s k9ds - ( ! cryptogam\s k9ds p4 #ceb3 aboresc5t vegetation - arboresc5t vegetation p4 #ceh3 tranv]se incision - transv]se incision p4 #cfb3 & alse 9 va/ fields - & also 9 va/ fields p4 #cga3 _! are eight di/9ct regions - !re are eight di/9ct regions p4 #cgd3 ( ! mack>el tribe - ( ! mack]el tribe p4 #chc3 ,emydians or tortoises1 & turtle - ,emydians or tortoises1 & turtles p4 #chd3 & & =m a l9k - & =m a l9k p4 #chf3 f ,bazil to ,c>ol9a - f ,brazil to ,c>ol9a p4 #cij3 at an elevavation ( - at an elevation ( p4 #cia3 ,te/uno ,grca - ,te/udo ,grca p4 #cib3 ! ,indian ,arcipelago - ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago p4 #cie3 ,m ?an ?ree-f\r? ( ! species - ,m ?an ?ree f\r?s ( ! species p4 #cie3 ,aquilla albicilla - ,aquila albicilla p4 #cif3 cat*+ moluscas & small fi% - cat*+ mollusca & small fi% p4 #cii3 alli$ to to ! gr\se family - alli$ to ! gr\se family p4 #dja3 ,oriols ( vivid col\rs - ,orioles ( vivid col\rs p4 #djg3 ,/raits ( ,magell5 - ,/raits ( ,magellan p4 #daj3 unexplor$ regions ( ! inf]ior - unexplor$ regions ( ! int]ior p4 #dac3 ! re/lessness ( c>niv]\s animal - ! re/lessness ( c>niv]\s animals p4 #dbj3 also ( ! ,crim]a - also ( ! ,crimea p4 #dbb3 :i* s]ves z a p>*ute - :i* s]ves z a p>a*ute p4 #dbe3 a new speeies ( - a new species ( p4 #dbg3 kn[n z ! pr>ie-dog - kn[n z ! prairie dog p4 #dcd3 a *>act]i/]ic ( _m - a *>act]i/ic ( _m ,footnote #ahf3 wombats bnrr[ - wombats burr[ p4 #deb3 are abs\tely )\t grass - are absolutely )\t grass p4 #deg3 kn[lege is p[] - k is p[] p4 #deg3 ides are dissem9at$ - ideas are dissem9at$ p4 #deh3 /ation>y or retrogade - /ation>y or retrograde p4 #dff3 anci5t ,n9evah - anci5t ,n9eveh p4 #dgb3 ye>s t prece$$ - ye>s taht prec$$ p4 #dgc3 p>ticl> & extraord9>y - p>ticul> & extraord9>y ,footnote #bjh3 ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,laugitutdes - ,annuaire du ,bureau des ,longitudes p4 #ejj3 opposums & o!r m>supial - opossums & o!r m>supial p4 #ejf3 soluble 9 al*ol - soluble 9 alcohol p4 #ejg3 ,! annise$ tree - ,! anise$ tree p4 #ejh3 ,synonyne ( ,p&anus - ,synonym ( ,p&anus p4 #eah3 ,erom ! ,gr4 - ,f ! ,gr4 p4 #eai3 ,fram ! ,gr4 - ,f ! ,gr4 p4 #ebj3 a g5u ( mollusks - a g5us ( mollusks p4 #ebj3 ,smybnensis - ,smyrnensis p4 #ebd3 ,grom ! ,gr4 - ,f ! ,gr4