,,mahatma ,,g&hi ,,! ,,man ,,:o ,,became ,,"o ,,) ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,be+ ,,by ,,roma9 ,,holl& ,,translat$ ,,by ,,ca!r9e ,d4 ,,gro? ,,! ,,c5tury ,,co4 ,new ,york ,london ,,mahatma ,,g&hi ,illu/ration3 ,moh&as ,k>am*& ,g&hi ,9 connection ) ! pres5t essay ,i wi% to t5d] my affectionate ?anks to my fai?ful collaborator1 my si/]1 & to my fri5d1 ,kalidas ,nag1 ^: deep k & indefatigable k9dness h guid$ my /eps ?r\gh ! =e/ ( ,indian ?\ght4 ,i also wi% to ?ank ! publi%]1 ,s4 ,ganesan ( ,madras1 = hav+ plac$1 spontane\sly1 8 publications at my disposal4 ,,"p ,,"o ,! lit]al translation ( ,mahatma1 ! "n :i* ! p ( ,india gave to ,g&hi1 is ! great ,s\l1 maha1 great2 atma1 s\l4 ,! ^w goes back to ! ,upani%ads1 :]e x is us$ 9 speak+ ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 &1 ?r\gh communion ( ,k & ,love1 ( ^? :o become ,"o ) ,him3 ,he is ! ,"o ,lum9\s1 ,creator ( ,all1 ,mahatma1 ,always 9 ! he>ts ( ! p en%r9$4 ,reveal$ ?r\gh ,love1 ,intuition1 & ,?\ght1 ,:oev] kn[s ,him1 ,immortal becomes4444 ,tagore1 on a visit to ,a%ram1 ,g&hi's favorite retreat1 quot$ ?is /anza1 ref]r+ to ! ,apo/le4 ,,mahatma ,,g&hi ,,"p ,,"o #a ,d>k1 tranquil eyes4 ,a small frail man1 a ?9 face ) l>ge protrud+ e>s4 ,8 head cov]$ ) a little :ite cap1 8 body clo!d 9 co>se :ite clo?1 b>efoot$4 ,he lives on rice & fruit & dr9ks only wat]4 ,he sleeps on ! floor--sleeps v little1 & works incessantly4 ,8 body does n seem to c\nt at all4 ,!re is no?+ /rik+ ab\t him1 at fir/1 except 8 expression ( great pati5ce & great love4 ,w4 ,w4 ,pe>son1 :o met him 9 ,s\? ,africa 9 #aiah1 in/9ctively ?\ght ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi4 ,!re is an almo/ *ildlike simplicity ab\t him4#a ,8 mann] is g5tle & c\rte\s ev5 :5 deal+ ) adv]s>ies1#b & he is ( immaculate s9c]ity4#c ,he is mode/ & unassum+1 to ! po9t ( sometimes seem+ almo/ timid1 hesitant1 9 mak+ an ass]tion4 ,yet y feel 8 indomitable _s4 ,he makes no compromises & nev] tries to hide a mi/ake4 ,nor is he afraid to admit hav+ be5 9 ! wrong4 ,diplomacy is unkn[n to him2 he %uns oratorical effect or1 r1 nev] ?9ks ab\t x2 & he %r9ks unconsci\sly f ! great popul> demon/rations organiz$ 9 8 honor4 ,lit]ally ill ) ! multitude t adores him1#d he di/ru/s majorities & fe>s mobocracy & ! unbridl$ passions ( ! populace4 ,he feels at ease only 9 a m9ority1 & is happie/ :51 9 m$itative solitude1 he c li/5 to ! /ill small voice )94#e ,?is is ! man :o has /irr$ ?ree hundr$ million p to revolt1 :o has %ak5 ! f\ndations ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 & :o has introduc$ into human politics ! /ronge/ religi\s impetus ( ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 #b ,8 real "n is ,moh&as ,k>am*& ,g&hi4 ,he 0 born 9 a little semi-indep5d5t /ate 9 ! nor?we/]n "p ( ,india1 at ,porb&>1 ! ,:ite ,city on ! sea ( ,oman1 ,octob] #b1 #ahfh4 ,he comes ( an ard5t & active race1 :i* to ?is day has be5 split by civil /rife2 a practical race1 comm]cially ke51 :i* e/abli%$ trade relations all ! way f ,ad5 to ,zanzib>4 ,g&hi's fa!r & gr&fa!r 7 bo? lead]s ( ! p & met ) p]secution because ( _! indep5d5t _s4 ,bo? 7 =c$ to flee = safety1 _! lives 9 p]il4 ,g&hi's family 0 well-to-d & belong$ to a cultivat$ class ( society1 b x 0 n ( sup]ior ca/e4 ,8 p>5ts 7 foll[]s ( ! ,jan s*ool ( ,h9duism1 :i* reg>ds ahimsa1#f ! doctr9e ( non-injury to any =m ( life1 z "o ( its basic pr9ciples4 ,?is 0 ! doctr9e :i* ,g&hi 0 to proclaim victori\sly ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! ,jani/s believe t ! pr9ciple ( love1 n intellig5ce1 is ! road :i* leads to ,god4 ,! ,mahatma's fa!r c>$ little = weal? & mat]ial values1 & left sc>cely any to 8 family1 hav+ giv5 almo/ ev]y?+ away to *>ity4 ,g&hi's "m 0 a v dev\t woman1 a sort ( ,h9du ,/4 ,elisabe?1 fa/+1 giv+ alms to ! poor1 & nurs+ ! sick4 ,9 ,g&hi's family ! ,ramayana 0 read regul>ly4 ,8 fir/ tea*] 0 a ,brahman :o taught him to memorize ! texts ( ,vi%nu4#g ,9 lat] ye>s ,g&hi express$ regret at n be+ a bett] ,sanskrit s*ol>1 & "o ( 8 grievances aga9/ ,engli% education 9 ,india is t x makes ! natives lose ! treasures ( _! own language4 ,g&hi became1 h[ev]1 a pr(\nd /ud5t ( ,h9du scriptures1 al?\gh he read ! ,v$as & ! ,upani%ads 9 translation only4#h ,:ile /ill a boy he pass$ ?r\gh a sev]e religi\s crisis4 ,%ock$ at ! idolatr\s =m sometimes assum$ by ,h9duism1 he became1 or imag9$ he became1 an a!i/1 & to prove t religion meant no?+ to him he & "s fri5ds w5t s f> z to eat meat1 a frightful sacrilege = a ,h9du4 ,& ,g&hi ne>ly p]i%$ ) disgu/ & mortification4#i ,he 0 engag$ at ! age ( eight & m>ri$ at ! age ( twelve4#aj ,at n9ete5 he 0 s5t to ,engl& to complete 8 /udies at ! ,univ]sity ( ,london & at ! law s*ool4 ,be=e 8 leav+ ,india1 8 "m made him take ! ?ree v[s ( ,jan1 :i* prescribe ab/5tion f w9e1 meat1 & sexual int]c\rse4 ,he arriv$ 9 ,london 9 ,septemb]1 #ahhh1 & aft] ! fir/ few mon?s ( unc]ta9ty & deception1 dur+ :i*1 z he says1 he wa/$ a lot ( "t & money try+ to become an ,engli%man1 he buckl$ d[n to h>d "w & l$ a /rictly regulat$ life4 ,"s fri5ds gave him a copy ( ! ,bible1 b ! "t to und]/& x _h n yet come4 ,b x 0 dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,london t he realiz$ = ! fir/ "t ! beauty ( ! ,bhagavad ,git4 ,he 0 c>ri$ away by x4 ,x 0 ! light ! exil$ ,h9du _h be5 seek+1 & x gave him back 8 fai?4 ,he realiz$ t = him salvation c\ld lie only 9 ,h9duism4#aa ,he return$ to ,india 9 #ahia1 a r sad home-com+1 = 8 "m _h j di$1 & ! news ( h] dea? _h be5 )held f him4 ,soon aft]w>d he began practic+ law at ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,bombay4 ,he ab&on$ ?is c>e] a few ye>s lat]1 hav+ come to look ^u x z immoral4 ,b ev5 :ile practic+ law he us$ to make a po9t ( res]v+ ! "r to ab&on a case if he _h reason to believe x unju/4 ,at ?is /age ( 8 c>e] he met v>i\s p :o /irr$ 9 him a pres5tim5t z to 8 future mission 9 life4 ,he 0 influ5c$ by two m5 9 p>ticul>4 ,"o ( !m 0 ! ,uncr[n$ ,k+ ( ,bombay1 ! ,p>si ,dadabhai1 & ! o!r ,pr(essor ,gokhale4 ,gokhale 0 "o ( ! lead+ /atesm5 9 ,india & "o ( ! fir/ to introduce educational re=ms1 :ile ,dadabhai1 accord+ to ,g&hi1 0 ! real f\nd] ( ! ,indian nationali/ movem5t4 ,bo? m5 comb9$ ! highe/ wisdom & le>n+ ) ! utmo/ simplicity & g5tl5ess4#ab ,x 0 ,dadabhai :o1 9 try+ to mod]ate ,g&hi's y\?ful ardor1 gave him1 9 #ahib1 8 fir/ real lesson 9 ahimsa by tea*+ him to apply h]oic passivity--if two su* words may be l9k$--to public life by fight+ evil1 n by evil1 b by love4 ,a little lat] we w discuss ?is magic ^w ( ahimsa1 ! sublime message ( ,india to ! _w4 #c ,g&hi's activity may be divid$ into two p]iods4 ,f #ahih to #aiad its field 0 ,s\? ,africa2 f #aiad to #aibb1 ,india4 ,t ,g&hi c\ld c>ry on ! ,s\?-,african campaign = m ?an tw5ty ye>s )\t awak5+ any special comm5t 9 ,europe is a pro( ( ! incr$ible %ort-sight$ness ( our political lead]s1 hi/orians1 ?9k]s1 & believ]s1 = ,g&hi's ef=ts con/itut$ a s\l's epopee1 unequal$ 9 our times1 n only because ( ! int5sity & ! con/ancy ( ! sacrifice requir$1 b because ( ! f9al triumph4 ,9 #ahij-ia "s #aej1jjj ,indian emigrants 7 settl$ 9 ,s\? ,africa1 mo/ ( !m hav+ tak5 up abode 9 ,natal4 ,! :ite population res5t$ _! pres5ce1 & ! ,gov]nm5t enc\rag$ ! x5ophobia ( ! :ites by a s]ies ( oppressive measures design$ to prev5t ! immigration ( ,asiatics & to oblige ^? already settl$ 9 ,africa to leave4 ,?r\gh sy/ematic p]secution ! life ( ! ,indians 9 ,africa 0 made intol]able2 !y 7 burd5$ ) ov]:elm+ taxes & subject$ to ! mo/ humiliat+ police ord9ances & outrages ( all sorts1 rang+ f ! loot+ & de/ruction ( %ops & prop]ty to lyn*+1 all "u cov] ( :ite civilization4 ,9 #ahic ,g&hi 0 call$ to ,pretoria on an important case4 ,he 0 n famili> ) ! situation 9 ,s\? ,africa1 b f ! v fir/ he met ) illum9at+ exp]i5ces4 ,g&hi1 a ,h9du ( high race1 :o _h always be5 receiv$ ) ! greate/ c\rtesy 9 ,engl& & ,europe1 & :o until !n _h look$ ^u ! :ites z 8 natural fri5ds1 sudd5ly f\nd himself ! butt ( ! vile/ affronts4 ,9 ,natal1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,dut* ,transvaal1 he 0 ?r[n out ( hotels & tra9s1 insult$1 beat51 & kick$4 ,he w\ld h return$ to ,india at once if he _h n be5 b\nd by contract to rema9 a ye> 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,dur+ ^! twelve mon?s he le>n$ ! art ( self-control1 b all ! "t he long$ = 8 contract to expire1 s t he might return to ,india4 ,b :5 at la/ he 0 ab\t to leave1 he le>n$ t ! ,s\?-,african ,gov]nm5t 0 plann+ to pass a bill depriv+ ! ,indians ( ! fran*ise4 ,! ,indians 9 ,africa 7 helpless1 unable to def5d !mselves2 !y 7 completely unorganiz$ & demoraliz$4 ,!y _h no lead]1 no "o to guide !m4 ,g&hi felt t x 0 8 duty to def5d !m4 ,he realiz$ x w\ld be wrong to leave4 ,! cause ( ! dis9h]it$ ,indians became 84 ,he gave himself up to x1 & rema9$ 9 ,africa4 ,!n began an epic /ruggle betwe5 _s on "o side & gov]nm5tal p[] & brute =ce on ! o!r4 ,g&hi 0 a lawy] at ! "t1 & 8 fir/ /ep 0 to prove ! illegality ( ! ,asiatic ,exclusion ,act f ! po9t ( view ( law1 & he won 8 case despite ! mo/ virul5t opposition4 ,9 ?is connection he _h huge petitions sign$2 he organiz$ ! ,indian ,congress at ,natal1 & =m$ an association = ,indian education4 ,a little lat] he f\nd$ a pap]1 ,indian ,op9ion1 publi%$ 9 ,engli% & ?ree ,indian languages4 ,f9ally1 9 ord] to "w m efficaci\sly = 8 compatriots 9 ,africa1 he decid$ to become "o ( !m4 ,he _h a lucrative cli5tele 9 ,johannesburg 7,gokhale says ,g&hi 0 mak+ at t "t ab\t five or six ?\s& p\nds a ye>74 ,he gave x up to esp\se pov]ty1 l ,/4 ,francis4 ,he ab&on$ all ties 9 ord] to live ! life ( ! p]secut$ ,indians1 to %>e _! trials4 ,& he ennobl$ !m !reby1 = he taught !m ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance4 ,9 #aijd he f\nd$ at ,pho5ix1 ne> ,durban1 an agricultural colony along ,tol/oian l9es4#ac ,he call$ ^u 8 compatriots1 gave !m l&1 & made !m take ! solemn oa? ( pov]ty4 ,he took ^u himself ! humble/ tasks4 ,= ye>s ! sil5t colony resi/$ ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x )drew f ! cities1 gradually p>alyz+ ! indu/rial life ( ! c\ntry1 c>ry+ on a sort ( religi\s /rike aga9/ :i* viol5ce--all viol5ce--0 p[]less1 j z ! viol5ce ( imp]ial ,rome 0 p[]less aga9/ ! fai? ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians4 ,yet v few ( ^! e>ly ,*ri/ians w\ld h c>ri$ ! doctr9e ( love & =giv5ess s f> z to help _! p]secutors :5 9 dang]1 z ,g&hi did4 ,:5ev] ! ,s\?-,african /ate 0 9 s]i\s difficulties ,g&hi susp5d$ ! non-p>ticipation ( ! ,indian population 9 public s]vices & (f]$ 8 assi/ance4 ,9 #ahii1 dur+ ! ,bo] ,w>1 he organiz$ an ,indian ,r$ ,cross1 :i* 0 twice cit$ = brav]y "u fire4 ,:5 ! plague broke out 9 ,johannesburg 9 #aijd1 ,g&hi organiz$ a hospital4 ,9 #aijh ! natives 9 ,natal revolt$4 ,g&hi organiz$ & s]v$ at ! head ( a corps ( branc>di]s1 & ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,natal t5d]$ him public ?anks4 ,b ^! dis9t]e/$ s]vices did n dis>m ! hatr$ ( ! :ites4 ,g&hi 0 frequ5tly arre/$ & imprison$1#ad & %ortly aft] (ficial ?anks _h be5 pr(f]$ = 8 s]vices dur+ ! w> he 0 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t & h>d labor1 aft] be+ beat5 by ! mob & left beh9d z dead4#ae ,b no abuse1 no p]secution1 c\ld make ,g&hi r5\nce 8 ideal4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 fai? 9 x grew /rong] = 8 trials4 ,8 only reply to ! viol5ce met$ out to him 9 ,s\? ,africa 0 ! fam\s little book1 ,h9d ,sw>aj1#af publi%$ 9 #aijh4 ,?is pamphlet on ,indian home rule is ! gospel ( h]oic love4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! /ruggle la/$1 rea*+ its bitt]e/ phase f #aijg to #aiad4 ,al?\gh ! mo/ intellig5t & broad-m9d$ ,engli%m5 9 ,africa 7 oppos$ to x1 9 #aijf ! ,s\?-,african ,gov]nm5t ha/ily pass$ a new ,asiatic law4 ,?is l$ ,g&hi to organize non-resi/ance on a l>ge scale4 ,9 ,septemb]1 #aijf1 a huge demon/ration took place at ,johannesburg1 & ! assembl$ ,indians solemnly took ! oa? ( passive resi/ance4 ,! ,*9ese 9 ,africa jo9$ ! ,h9dus2 & ,asiatics ( all races1 religions1 & ca/es1 ri* & poor alike1 br\ght ! same en?usiasm & abnegation to ! cause4 ,! ,asiatics 7 ?r[n into prison by ! ?\s&1 & z ! jails 7 n l>ge en\gh1 !y 7 hurl$ into ! m9e-pits4 ,b x 0 z if ! prisons fasc9at$ ^! p :om ,g5]al ,smuts1 _! p]secutor1 call$ consci5ti\s objectors4 ,?ree times ,g&hi 0 ?r[n into jail1#ag :ile o!rs di$ z m>tyrs4 ,! movem5t grew4 ,9 #aiah x spread f ! ,transvaal to ,natal4 ,huge /rikes & mon/] meet+s1 masses ( ,h9dus m>*+ across ,transvaal1 al>m$ & excit$ public op9ion 9 ,africa & ,asia4 ,all ,india 0 /irr$ to indignation1 & ! vic]oy1 ,"l ,h>d+e1 driv5 by public op9ion1 f9ally lodg$ a prote/ aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,! indomitable t5acity & ! magic ( ! ,great ,s\l op]at$ & won out3 =ce _h to b[ d[n be=e h]oic g5tl5ess4#ah ,! man mo/ bitt]ly oppos$ to ! ,indians1 ,g5]al ,smuts1 :o 9 #aiji _h said he w\ld nev] erase f ! /atutes a measure prejudicial to ! ,indians1 confess$1 five ye>s lat]1 9 #aiad1 t he 0 glad to d away ) x4#ai ,an imp]ial commission back$ ,g&hi up on almo/ e po9t4 ,9 #aiad an act aboli%$ ! ?ree-p\nd poll-tax1 :ile ,natal 0 op5$ to all ,indians desir\s ( settl+ !re z free work]s4 ,aft] tw5ty ye>s ( sacrifice non-resi/ance 0 triumphant4 #d ,:5 ,g&hi return$ to ,india he _h ! pre/ige ( a lead]4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury ! movem5t = ,indian indep5d5ce _h be5 /eadily ga9+ gr\nd1 ,?irty ye>s be=e1 a few broadm9d$ ,engli%m51 among :om 7 ,a4 ,o4 ,hume & ,sir ,william ,w$d]burn1 _h organiz$ a ,national ,indian ,congress4 ,victorian ,lib]als1 !y _h giv5 ! ,congress a loyali/ /amp & _h tri$ to consolidate ,india's claims ) ! dem&s ( ,engl&'s sov]eignty4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ,japan's victory ov] ,russia _h awak5$ ! pride ( ,asiatic peoples1 & ,indian patriots res5t$ ,"l ,curzon's provocative attitude4 ,an extremi/ p>ty 0 =m$ 9 ! he>t ( ! ,congress1 & its m aggressive nationalism correspond$ to a g5]al s5tim5t ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,until ! w> ( #aiad1 h[ev]1 ! old con/itutional "p rema9$ "u ! lead]%ip ( ,g4 ,k4 ,gokhale1 :o 0 a great ,indian patriot1 al?\gh he believ$ 9 loyalty to ,engl&4 ,al?\gh ! ,indian ,congress1 reflect+ g5]al s5tim5t1 0 9 favor ( home rule1 or ,sw>aj1 ! v>i\s memb]s disagre$ z to ! =m ?is home rule %\ld take4 ,"s memb]s believ$ 9 coop]ation ) ,engl&2 o!rs want$ to drive ! ,engli% out ( ,india4 ,"s advocat$ ! dom9ion sy/em1 z 9 ,canada1 :ile o!rs ass]t$ t ,india %\ld aspire to become an indep5d5t nation l ,japan4 ,g&hi propos$ a solution4 ,x 0 religi\s r ?an political1 b at bottom x 0 m radical ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,! pr9ciples are to be f\nd 9 8 ,h9d ,sw>aj4 ,b z ?is solution 0 bas$ on conditions 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,g&hi realiz$ x w\ld h to be modifi$ to suit conditions 9 ,india4 ,he also realiz$ t :ile 8 /ay 9 ,s\? ,africa _h made him unfamili> ) conditions 9 ,india1 x _h prov$ :at an irresi/ible weapon ahimsa1 non-viol5ce1 c\ld be4 ,& he det]m9$1 !re=e1 to /udy conditions 9 ,india 9 ord] to adapt ! weapon ( ahimsa to !m4#bj ,at ?is "t ,g&hi felt no antagonism = ,engl&4 ,on ! contr>y1 :5 ! w> broke out 9 #aiad1 he w5t to ,london to organize an ,indian ambulance corps4 ,z he expla9$ 9 a lett] writt5 9 #aiba1 he hone/ly believ$ himself a citiz5 ( ! empire4 ,he ref]s to 8 attitude aga9 & aga91 z 9 8 lett] address$ to ,e ,engli%man 9 ,india1 publi%$ 9 #aibj4 ,no ,engli%man1 he says1 s]v$ ! ,gov]nm5t m fai?fully ?an he dur+ tw5ty-n9e ye>s ( public life4 ,he risk$ 8 life f\r times = ,engl&1 & until #aiai he s9c]ely believ$ 9 coop]at+ ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,b n[ he c d s no long]4 ,g&hi 0 n ! only "o to exp]i5ce ?is *ange ( feel+4 ,9 #aiad all ,india _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! hypocritical idealism ( ! s-call$ w> = ju/ice4 ,9 ask+ = ,india's support ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t _h held out ! mo/ brilliant hopes4 ,! grant+ ( home rule1 :i* ! p long$ =1 0 said to dep5d on ,india's attitude 9 ! w>4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiag1 ! clev] ,indian secret>y1 ,e4 ,s4 ,montagu1 promis$ ,india a gov]nm5t responsible to ! p4 ,a consultation took place1 & 9 ,july1 #aiah1 ! vic]oy1 ,"l ,*elms=d1 & ,mr4 ,montagu sign$ an (ficial report recomm5d+ con/itutional re=m 9 ,india4 ,! ,alli$ armies 7 9 a mo/ prec>i\s position 9 ! e>ly days ( #aiah4 ,on ,april #b ,lloyd ,george _h s5t an appeal to ! p ( ,india1 :ile ! w> conf]5ce1 sitt+ at ,delhi 9 ! end ( ! same mon?1 _h h9t$ t ! h\r ( ,india's indep5d5ce 0 ne>4 ,& ,india _h repli$ z "o man :ile ,g&hi promis$ ,engl& 8 loyal back+4 ,india contribut$ #ihe1jjj m5 & made trem5d\s sacrifices4 ,& %e wait$ confid5tly = ! promis$ rew>d4 ,! awak5+ 0 t]rible4 ,dang] 0 ov] 9 ! end ( #aiah1 & gone 0 ! memory ( s]vices r5d]$4 ,aft] ! sign+ ( ! armi/ice ! ,gov]nm5t saw no reason = feign+ any long]4 ,in/ead ( grant+ ! promis$ lib]ties1 x susp5d$ :atev] fre$om already exi/$4 ,! ,r[latt bills1 propos$ at ! ,imp]ial ,legislative ,c\ncil at ,delhi1 express$ an insult+ di/ru/ ( ! c\ntry :i* _h giv5 s _m pro(s ( its loyalty4 ,^! bills aim$ to e/abli% def9itively ! provisions ( ! ,def5se ,act impos$ on ,india d9+ ! w>1 & made secret police s]vices1 c5sor%ip1 & all ! tyrannical annoyances ( a real /ate ( siege into a p]man5t reality4 ,!re 0 "o bur/ ( indignation all ov] ,india4 ,! revolt began4#ba ,g&hi l$ x4 ,hi!rto ,g&hi _h be5 int]e/$ 9 social re=ms only1 devot+ himself p>ticul>ly to ! conditions ( agricultural work]s4 ,at ,kaira1 9 ! ,guj>at1 & at ,*amp>an1 9 ,beh>1 he _h almo/ unnoticeably & ) success tri$ out ! =midable weapon :i* he 0 soon to use 9 national /ruggles4 ,?is weapon 0 ! w ( active passionate non-resi/ance4 ,we w /udy x lat] "u ! "n ( ,satyagraha1 :i* ,g&hi has giv5 x4 ,until #aiai1 h[ev]1 ,g&hi did n p>ticipate actively 9 ! ,indian nationali/ movem5t4 ,hav+ be5 unit$ 9 #aiaf by ,mrs4 ,annie ,besant1 ! mo/ advanc$ elem5ts soon outdi/anc$ h] & ralli$ "u ! lead]%ip ( ! great ,h9du1 ,lokamanya ,bal ,gangadh> ,tilak1 a man ( extraord9>y en]gy1 unit+1 z 9 a triple %eaf ( iron1 a great m9d1 a /rong w1 & a high "*4 ,8 intellig5ce 0 p]haps ev5 ke5] ?an ,g&hi's1 or1 r1 x 0 m solidly n\ri%$ on old ,asiatic culture4 ,he 0 an erudite1 a ma!matician1 :o _h sacrific$ all p]sonal ambitions to s]ve 8 c\ntry4 ,l ,g&hi1 he s\ght no p]sonal recognition & long$ only = ! triumph ( 8 ideal 9 ord] to be able to retire f ! political field & g back to 8 sci5tific "w4 ,z long z he liv$ he 0 ! undisput$ lead] ( ,india4 ,:o c say :at w\ld h happ5$ if he _h n met ) an untimely dea? 9 #aibj8 ,if ,tilak _h liv$1 ,g&hi1 :o rev]$ ,tilak's g5ius1 :ile diff]+ radically f him 9 reg>d to me?ods & policies1 w\ld no d\bt h rema9$ religi\s lead] ( ! movem5t4 ,h[ magnific5tly ! p ( ,india c\ld h m>*$ on "u su* a d\ble lead]%ip6 ,!y w\ld h be5 irresi/ible1 = ,tilak 0 a ma/] ( action1 j z ,g&hi is a ma/] ( spiritual p[]4 ,b fate decid$ o!rwise4 ,x is1 p]haps1 to be regrett$1 n only = ,tilak's sake1 b = ,india's & ev5 = ,g&hi's4 ,! rle ( m9ority lead]1 ( lead] ( ! moral lite1 w\ld h be5 m 9 accordance ) ,g&hi's inmo/ desires & nature4 ,he w\ld h be5 happy to let ,tilak rule ! majority1 = ,g&hi nev] _h any fai? 9 majorities4 ,b ,tilak _h4 ,tilak1 a born ma!matician & ma/] ( action1 believ$ 9 numb]s4 ,he 0 democratic in/9ctively4 ,he 0 resolutely a politician1 :o left religi\s consid]ations aside4 ,he claim$ t politics 7 n = sadhus 7sa9ts1 pi\s m574 ,?is au/]e sci5ti/ w\ld h sacrific$ tru? to patriotism4 ,& ?is scrupul\sly hone/ & upright man1 ^: p]sonal life 0 "o ( spotless purity1 did n hesitate to say t 9 politics ev]y?+ is ju/ifi$4 ,x might be said t ,tilak's conception ( politics & t ( ! dictators ( ,mosc[ h some?+ 9 common4 ,n s ) ,g&hi's ideal4#bb ,tilak's & ,g&hi's discussions br\ght out _! diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,betwe5 m5 z s9c]e z !y !re is b\nd to be irreconcilable opposition1 s9ce _! me?ods are bas$ on _! convictions1 :i* are 9 fundam5tal opposition4 ,ea* man respect$ & rev]$ ! o!r4 ,b ,g&hi felt t if x came to ! po9t he w\ld always set tru? fir/ be=e lib]ty & ev5 be=e 8 c\ntry1 :]eas ,tilak set 8 c\ntry above ev]y?+4 ,g&hi feels t no matt] h[ great 8 love = 8 c\ntry may be1 8 fai? 9 8 ideal1 9 religion z express$ 9 ,tru?1 is great] /ill4 ,z he says on ,augu/ #aa1aibj3 ,i am w$d$ to ,india because ,i believe absolutely t %e has a mission = ! _w 444 ,my religion has no geographical limits4 ,i h a liv+ fai? 9 x :i* w transc5d ev5 my love = ,india h]self4#bc ,^! noble words give ! key to ! /ruggle :i* we n[ w describe4 ,!y prove t ! ,apo/le ( ,india is ! ,apo/le ( ! ,_w1 & t he is "o ( u4 ,! battle ! ,mahatma began fight+ f\r ye>s ago is our battle4#bd #e ,x %\ld be not$ t :5 ,g&hi /epp$ into ! political field z lead] ( ! opposition to ! ,r[latt bills1 he 0 mov$ only by a desire to sp>e ! c\ntry f viol5ce4#be ,! revolt 0 b\nd to come2 he knew !re 0 no possibility ( avoid+ x4 ,! po9t1 !re=e1 0 to turn x into non-viol5t *annels4 ,to und]/& ,g&hi's activity1 x %\ld be realiz$ t 8 doctr9e is l a huge edifice compos$ ( two diff]5t floors or grades4 ,bel[ is ! solid gr\ndwork1 ! basic f\ndation ( religion4 ,on ?is va/ & un%akable f\ndation is bas$ ! political & social campaign4 ,x is n ! ideal cont9uation ( ! invisible f\ndation1 b x is ! be/ /ructure possible "u pres5t conditions4 ,x is adapt$ to conditions4 ,9 o!r words1 ,g&hi is religi\s by nature1 & 8 doctr9e is ess5tially religi\s4 ,he is a political lead] by necessity1 because o!r lead]s disappe>1 & ! =ce ( circum/ances obliges him to pilot ! %ip ?r\gh ! /orm & give practical political expression to 8 doctr9e4 ,^! developm5ts are int]e/+1 b ! ess5tial "p ( ! edifice is ! crypt1 :i* is deep & well built & meant to uphold a v diff]5t ca!dral f ! /ructure rapidly ris+ above x4 ,! crypt alone is durable4 ,! re/ is tempor>y & only design$ to s]ve dur+ ! transition ye>s1 until ! plans = a ca!dral wor?y ( ! gr\ndwork c be work$ out4 ,an und]/&+ ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! va/ subt]ranean crypt is bas$ is ess5tial1 !re=e1 = "h ,g&hi's ?\ght f9ds its real expression4 ,x is into ! dep?s ( ?is crypt t he desc5ds e day to seek inspiration & /r5g? to c>ry on ! "w above4 ,g&hi believes 9 ! religion ( 8 p1 9 ,h9duism4 ,b he is n a s*ol>1 atta*$ to ! punctili\s int]pretation ( texts1 nor is he a bl9d believ] accept+ unque/ion+ly all ! traditions ( 8 religion4 ,8 religion mu/ satisfy 8 reason & correspond to ! dictates ( 8 consci5ce4 ,i w\ld n make a feti% ( religion & condone evil 9 its sacr$ "n4#bf ,my belief 9 ! ,h9du scripture does n require me to accept e ^w & e v]se z div9ely inspir$4 ,i decl9e to be b\nd by any int]pretation h[ev] le>n$ x may be if x is repugnant to reason or moral s5se4#bg ,nor does he look ^u ,h9duism z ! only religion1 & ?is is a v important po9t4 ,i d n believe 9 ! exclusive div9ity ( ! ,v$as4 ,i believe ! ,bible1 ! ,koran & ! ,z5d-,ave/a to be z div9ely inspir$ z ! ,v$as4444 ,h9duism is n a mission>y religion4 ,9 x !re is room = ! wor%ip ( all ! prophets 9 ! _w 444 ,h9duism tells e "o to wor%ip ,god accord+ to 8 own fai? or ,dh>ma & s x lives 9 peace ) all religions4#bh ,he sees ! errors & vices t h crept into religion ?r\gh ! c5turies1 & he br&s !m1 b he adds3 ,i c no m describe my feel+ = ,h9duism ?an = my own wife4 ,%e moves me z no o!r woman 9 ! _w c4 ,n t %e has no faults2 ,i d>e say1 %e has _m m ?an ,i see myself4 ,b ! feel+ ( an indissoluble bond is !re4 ,ev5 s ,i feel ab\t ,h9duism ) all its faults & limitations4 ,no?+ elates me s mu* z ! music ( ! ,git or ! ,ramayana by ,tulasidas1 ! only two books 9 ,h9duism ,i may be said to "k4 ,i "k t vice is go+ on to-day 9 all ! great ,h9du %r9es b ,i love !m 9 spite ( _! fail+s4 ,i am a re=m] ?r\gh & ?r\gh4 ,b my zeal nev] takes me to ! rejection ( any ( ! ess5tial ?+s ( ,h9duism4#bi ,:at are ! ess5tial ?+s 9 :i* ,g&hi believes8 ,9 an article writt5 ,octob] #f1aiba1 ,g&hi def9es 8 conception ( ,h9duism3 #a4 ,he believes1 he says1 9 ! ,v$as1 ! ,upani%ads1 ! ,puranas & all t goes by ! "n ( ,h9du scriptures4 ,he believes1 !re=e1 9 ,avat>as & rebir?4 #b4 ,he believes 9 ! ,v>na%rama ,dh>ma#cj or ! ,discipl9e ( ! ,ca/es1 9 a s5se :i* he consid]s /rictly ,v$ic1 b :i* may n correspond to ! pres5t popul> & crude s5se4 #c4 ,he believes 9 ! protection ( ! c[ 9 a mu* l>g] s5se ?an ! popul>4 #d4 ,he does n disbelieve 9 idol wor%ip4 ,e ,occid5tal :o reads ,g&hi's ,cr$o & /ops at ^! l9es is apt to feel t !y reveal a m5tality s diff]5t f ours & s f> remov$ 9 "t & space z to make comp>ison ) our ideals impossible1 ow+ to ! lack ( a common measure4 ,b if he w read on1 he w f9d1 a few l9es bel[1 ! foll[+ words1 :i* express a doctr9e m famili> to u3 ,i believe implicitly 9 ! ,h9du aphorism t no "o truly kn[s ! ,%a/ras :o has n atta9$ p]fection 9 ,innoc5ce ,ahimsa1 ,tru? ,satya1 & ,self-,control ,brahma-,*>ya & :o has n r5\nc$ all acquisition or possession ( weal?4 ,"h ! words ( ! ,h9du jo9 ^? ( ! ,gospel4 ,& ,g&hi 0 aw>e ( _! simil>ity4 ,to an ,engli% cl]gyman :o ask$ him 9 #aibj :i* books _h influ5c$ him mo/1 ,g&hi repli$1 ,! ,new ,te/am5t4#ca ,! la/ words ( ,g&hi's ,e?ical ,religion are a quotation f ! ,new ,te/am5t1#cb & he claims t ! revelation ( passive resi/ance came to him aft] read+ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 #ahic4cc ,:5 ! cl]gyman ask$ him1 9 surprise1 if he _h n f\nd ! same message 9 ,h9du scriptures1 ,g&hi repli$ t :ile he has f\nd inspiration & guidance 9 ! ,bhagavad ,git1 :i* he rev]es & admires1 ! secret ( passive resi/ance 0 made cle> to him ?r\gh ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,a great joy well$ up 9 him1 he says1 :5 ! revelation came to him1 & aga9 :5 ! ,git confirm$ ?is revelation4#cd ,g&hi also says t ,tol/oi's ideal1 t ! k+dom ( ,god is )9 u1 help$ him mold 8 own fai? into a real doctr9e4#ce ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t ?is ,asiatic believ] has translat$ ,rusk9#cf & ,plato#cg & quotes ,?oreau1 admires ,mazz9i1 reads ,edw>d ,c>p5t]1 & t he is1 9 %ort1 famili> ) ! be/ t ,europe & ,am]ica h produc$4 ,!re is no reason :y a ,we/]n] %\ld n und]/& ,g&hi's doctr9e z well z ,g&hi und]/&s ^? ( our great m51 provid$ ! ,we/]n] w take ! tr\ble to /udy ,g&hi a little deeply4 ,x is true t ! m]e words ( ,g&hi's cre$ may surprise him1 & t two p>agraphs1 9 fact1 if read sup]ficially1 may seem s diff]5t f our m5tality z to =m an almo/ insurm\ntable b>ri] betwe5 ! religi\s ideals ( ,asia & ,europe4 ,"o ( ^! p>agraphs ref]s to c[-protection & ! o!r to ! ca/e sy/em4 ,z = ,g&hi's ref]5ce to idol-wor%ip1 x requires no special /udy4 ,g&hi expla9s 8 attitude :5 he says t he has no v5]ation = idols b believes idol-wor%ip to be "p ( human nature4 ,he consid]s x inh]5t to ! frailty ( ! human m9d1 because we all hank] aft] symbolism & mu/ ne$s mat]ialize our fai? 9 ord] really to und]/& x4 ,:5 ,g&hi says he does n disbelieve 9 idol-wor%ip1 he means no m ?an :at we c\nt5ance 9 all our rituali/ic *ur*es ( ! ,we/4 ,c[-protection1 says ,g&hi1 is ! c5tral fact ( ,h9duism4 ,he looks ^u x z "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful ph5om5a ( human evolution4 ,:y8 ,because ! c[1 to him1 is tak5 z ! symbol ( ! entire sub-human _w4 ,c[-protection means t man concludes a pact ( alliance ) 8 dumb bre?r52 x signifies frat]nity betwe5 man & bea/4 ,accord+ to ,g&hi's beautiful expression1 by le>n+ to respect1 rev]e1 an animal1 man is tak5 beyond 8 species & is enjo9$ to realize 8 id5tity ) all t lives4 ,if ! c[ 0 select$ 9 pref]5ce to o!r creatures x 0 because 9 ,india ! c[ 0 ! be/ companion1 ! giv] ( pl5ty4 ,n only did %e give ! milk b %e made agriculture possible4 ,& ,g&hi sees 9 ?is g5tle animal a poem ( pity4 ,b !re is no?+ idolatr\s ab\t ,g&hi's c[-wor%ip1 & no "o condemns m h>%ly ?an he ! feti%ism ( _m s-call$ believ]s1 :o obs]ve ! lett] ( c[-wor%ip )\t ex]cis+ a _s ( compassion = ! dumb creatures ( ,god4 ,:oev] und]/&s ! _s ( compassion & fell[-feel+ t ,g&hi w\ld h m5 feel = _! dumb bre?r51--& :o w\ld h und]/ood ?is bett] ?an ! pov]ello ,assisi8--is n surpris$ t ,g&hi lays su* /ress on c[-protection 9 8 cre$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view he is q ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t c[-protection is ! gift ( ,h9duism to ! _w4 ,to ! precept ( ! gospel1 ,love ?y neighbor z ?yself1 ,g&hi adds1 ,& e liv+ be+ is ?y neighbor4#ch ,g&hi's belief 9 ! ca/e sy/em is almo/ m difficult = a ,european or ,we/]n m9d to und]/&--x seems m =eign1 almo/1 ?an ! idea ( ! fell[%ip ( all liv+ be+s4 ,i %\ld p]haps say ,european or ,we/]n m9d ( to-day1 = :ile we /ill believe 9 a c]ta9 equality1 ,heav5 kn[s h[ we w feel 9 ! future1 :5 we become ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ! consequ5ces ( ! evolution1 democratic 9 "n only1 :i* we are und]go+6 ,i d n imag9e t at our pres5t /age ( developm5t my explanation ( ,g&hi's views w make !m seem acceptable z reg>ds ! ca/e sy/em2 nor am ,i anxi\s to h !m seem s4 ,b ,i w\ld l to make x cle> t ,g&hi's conception ( ! ca/e sy/em is diff]5t f :at we usually mean by t t]m1 s9ce he does n base x on pride or va9 notions ( social sup]iority1 b on duties4 ,i am incl9$ to ?9k he says t ! law ( h]$ity is an et]nal law1 & t any attempt to alt] x mu/ lead to utt] confusion 444 ,v>na%rama or ! ca/e sy/em1 is inh]5t 9 human nature4 ,h9duism has simply r$uc$ x to a sci5ce4 ,g&hi believes 9 f\r classes or ca/es4 ,! ,brahmans1 ! intellectual & spiritual class2 ! ! milit>y & gov]nm5tal class2 ! ,vai%yas1 ! comm]cial1 indu/rial class2 & ! ,%udras1 manual work]s & labor]s4 ,?is classification does n imply any sup]iority or inf]iority4 ,x simply /&s = diff]5t vocations4 ,^! classes def9e duties1 !y conf] no privileges4#ci ,x is aga9/ ! g5ius ( ,h9duism to arrogate to oneself a high] /atus or assign o!rs to a l[]4 ,all are born to s]ve ,god's creation1 ! ,brahman ) 8 k1 ! ,k%atriya ) 8 p[] ( protection1 ! ,vai%ya ) 8 comm]cial ability1 ! ,%udra ) 8 bodily labor4 ,?is does n mean t a ,brahman is absolv$ f bodily labor b x does mean t he is pr$om9antly a man ( k & fitte/ by tra9+ & h]$ity to imp>t x to o!rs4 ,!re is no?+ aga9 to prev5t a ,%udra f acquir+ all ! k he wi%es4 ,only he w be/ s]ve ) 8 body & ne$ n envy o!rs _! special qualities = s]vice4 ,a ,brahman :o claims sup]iority by "r ( k falls & has no k4 ,v>na%rama is self-re/ra9t & cons]vation ( economy & en]gy4444 ,g&hi's ca/e sy/em is bas$1 !re=e1 on abnegation & n on privileges4 ,x %\ld n be =gott51 moreov]1 t accord+ to ,h9duism re9c>nation ree/abli%es a g5]al equilibrium1 z 9 ! c\rse ( successive exi/5ces a ,brahman becomes a ,%udra1 & vice v]sa4 ,! ca/e sy/em1 :i* deals ) diff]5t classes ( equal rank1 be>s no relation :atsoev] to ! attitude ( ,h9dus to ! unt\*ables1 or p>iahs4 ,we w /udy lat] on ,g&hi's passionate appeals = ! p>iahs4 ,8 campaign 9 favor ( ! suppress$ classes is "o ( ! mo/ appeal+ phases ( 8 apo/le%ip4 ,g&hi reg>ds ! p>iah sy/em z a blot on ,h9duism2 x is a vile de=mation ( ! real doctr9e1 & he suff]s intol]ably by x4 ,i w\ld r be torn to pieces ?an dis[n my bro!rs ( ! suppress$ classes4444 ,i d n want to be reborn1 b if ,i h to be reborn1 ,i %\ld be unt\*able s t ,i may %>e _! sorr[s1 suff]+s & ! affronts level$ at !m 9 ord] t ,i may endeavor to free !m f _! mis]able condition4 ,& he adopts a little unt\*able girl & speaks ) emotion ( ?is *>m+ little imp ( sev5 :o rules ! h\sehold ) h] gay prattle4 #f ,i h said en\gh to %[ ,g&hi's great evangelical he>t beat+ "u 8 ,h9du cre$4 ,g&hi is a ,tol/oi 9 a m g5tle1 appeas$1 &1 if ,i d>$1 ,i w\ld say1 9 a m ,*ri/ian s5se1 = ,tol/oi is n s mu* a ,*ri/ian by nature z by =ce ( w4 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! two m5 is greate/1 or p]haps ,tol/oi's influ5ce has be5 /ronge/1 9 _! condemnation ( ,european & ,occid5tal civilization4 ,ev] s9ce ,r\sseau our ,we/]n civilization has be5 attack$ by ! free/ & broade/ m9ds ( ,europe4 ,:5 ,asia began to wake to a realization ( h] own p[] & revolt aga9/ ,we/]n oppression1 %e _h only to pe] into ,europe's own files to compile =midable records ( ! iniquity ( h] s-call$ civiliz$ invad]s4 ,g&hi did n fail to d s1 & 9 8 ,h9d ,sw>aj he cites a li/ ( books1 _m ( :i* 7 writt5 by ,engli%m51 condemn+ ,european civilization4 ,b ! docum5t to :i* !re c be no rejo9d] is t :i* ,europe h]self has trac$ 9 ! lifeblood ( races oppress$ & despoil$ 9 ! "n ( ly+ pr9ciples &1 above all1 9 ! braz5 revelation ( ,europe's lies1 gre$1 & f]ocity z unfold$ dur+ ! la/ w>1 call$ ! ,w> = ,civilization4 ,& 9 x ,europe sank to su* dep?s t 9 h] insanity %e ev5 invit$ ! peoples ( ,asia & ,africa to contemplate h] nudity4 ,!y saw h] & judg$ h]4 ,! la/ w> has %[n z no?+ else has ! ,satanic#dj nature ( ! civilization t dom9ates ,europe to-day4 ,e canon ( public morality has be5 brok5 by ! victors 9 ! "n ( virtue4 ,no lie has be5 consid]$ too f\l to be utt]$4 ,! motive beh9d e crime is n religi\s or spiritual b grossly mat]ial444 ,europe to-day is only nom9ally ,*ri/ian4 ,9 reality x is wor%ipp+ ,mammon4#da ,y w f9d s5tim5ts su* z ^! express$ aga9 & aga91 dur+ ! la/ five ye>s1 bo? 9 ,india & ,japan4 ,lead]s too prud5t to voice !m op5ly %[ by _! attitude t su* is _! inmo/ conviction4 ,?is is n ! lea/ disa/r\s result ( ! ,pyrrhic victory ( #aiah4 ,g&hi1 h[ev]1 _h se5 ! real face ( ,we/]n civilization long be=e #aiad4 ,x _h reveal$ itself to him unmask$ dur+ 8 tw5ty ye>s' campaign 9 ,s\? ,africa1 & 9 #aijh1 9 8 ,h9d ,sw>aj1 he calls mod]n civilization ! great vice4 ,civilization1 says ,g&hi1 is civilization 9 "n only4 ,9 reality x corresponds to :at anci5t ,h9duism call$ ! d>k ages4 ,x has set mat]ial well-be+ up z ! only goal ( life4 ,x scorns spiritual values4 ,x madd5s ,europeans1 leads !m to wor%ip money only1 & prev5ts !m f f9d+ peace or cultivat+ ! be/ )9 !m4 ,civilization 9 ! ,we/]n s5se means hell = ! weak & = ! work+ classes4 ,x saps ! vitality ( ! race4 ,b ?is ,satanic civilization w de/roy itself4 ,we/]n civilization is ,india's real enemy1 mu* m ?an ! ,engli%1 :o1 individually1 are n bad1 hut simply suff] f _! civilization4 ,g&hi criticizes ^? ( 8 compatriots :o w\ld want to drive out ! ,engli%1 to develop ,india !mselves1 & civilize h] accord+ to ,european /&>ds4 ,?is1 he says1 w\ld be l hav+ ! nature ( a tig] )\t ! tig]4 ,india's aim %\ld be to repudiate ,we/]n civilization4 ,9 8 arraignm5t ( ,we/]n civilization ,g&hi scores ?ree categories ( m5 p>ticul>ly3 magi/rates1 doctors1 & tea*]s4 ,g&hi's objection to tea*]s is q compreh5sible1 s9ce !y h br\ght ! ,h9dus up to scorn or neglect _! own language & to dis[n _! real aspirations2 9 fact1 ! tea*]s 9 ,india h inflict$ a sort ( national degradation on ! s*ool*ildr5 9 _! *>ge4 ,besides1 ,we/]n tea*]s appeal to ! m9d only2 !y neglect ! education ( ! he>t & ( ! "*4 ,f9ally1 !y depreciate bodily labor1 & to spread a purely lit]>y education 9 a c\ntry :]e eighty p] c5t ( ! population is agricultural & t5 p] c5t indu/rial is positively crim9al4 ,! pr(ession ( magi/rate is immoral4 ,9 ,india ! c\rts are an in/rum5t ( ,briti% dom9ation2 !y enc\rage diss5sions among ,indians1 & 9 a g5]al way !y fo/] & increase misund]/&+ & animosity4 ,!y /& = a fatt5+1 lucrative exploitation ( ! wor/ in/9cts4 ,z = ! m$ical pr(ession1 ,g&hi admits he 0 attract$ to x at fir/1 b he soon realiz$ x 0 n honorable4 ,= ,we/]n m$ical sci5ce is conc]n$ ) giv+ relief to suff]+ bodies only4 ,x does n /rive to d away ) ! cause ( suff]+ & disease1 :i*1 z a rule1 is no?+ b vice4 ,9 fact1 ,we/]n m$ical sci5ce may almo/ be said to enc\rage vice by mak+ x possible = a man to satisfy 8 passions & appetites at ! lea/ possible risk4 ,x contributes1 !re=e1 to demoralize p2 x weak5s _! w-p[] by help+ !m to cure !mselves ) black magic prescriptions in/ead ( =c+ !m to /r5g!n _! "* by discipl9>y rules = body & s\l4#db ,9 opposition to ! false m$ical sci5ce ( ! ,we/1 :i* ,g&hi has (t5 criticiz$ unfairly1 he places prev5tive m$ical sci5ce4 ,he has writt5 a little pamphlet on ! subject entitl$ ,a ,guide to ,heal?1 :i* is ! fruit ( tw5ty ye>s' exp]i5ce4 ,x is a moral z well z a !rapeutic treatise1 =1 accord+ to ,g&hi1 disease is ! result ( our ?\ghts z mu* z ( our acts4 ,he consid]s x a relatively simple matt] to e/abli% c]ta9 rules t w prev5t disease4 ,= all disease spr+s f ! same orig91 i4 e41 f neglect ( ! natural laws ( heal?4 ,! body is ,god's dwell+-place4 ,x mu/ be kept pure4 ,!re is tru? 9 ,g&hi's po9t ( view1 b he refuses a little too ob/9ately to recognize ! efficacy ( rem$ies t h really prov$ to be useful4 ,8 moral precepts are also extremely rigid4#dc #g ,b ! nucleus ( mod]n civilization1 its he>t1 s to speak1 is ma*9]y4 ,age ( iron6 ,he>t ( iron6 ,! ma*9e has become a mon/r\s idol4 ,x mu/ be done away )4 ,g&hi's mo/ ard5t desire is to see ma*9]y wip$ out ( ,india4 ,to a free ,india1 heir to ,briti% ma*9]y1 he w\ld pref] an ,india dep5d5t on ! ,briti% m>ket4 ,x w\ld be bett] to buy mat]ials manufactur$ 9 ,man*e/] ?an to set up ,man*e/] factories 9 ,india4 ,an ,indian ,rockefell] w\ld be no bett] ?an a ,european capitali/4 ,ma*9]y is ! great s9 :i* enslaves nations1 & money is a poison z mu* z sexual vice4 ,indian progressives1 h[ev]1 imbu$ ) mod]n ideas1 ask :at w\ld become ( ,india if %e 7 to h no railroads1 tramways1 or indu/ries8 ,to ?is ,g&hi asks if ,india did n exi/ be=e !y 7 inv5t$8 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s ,india has resi/$1 alone1 un%ak51 ! *ang+ flood ( empires4 ,ev]y?+ else has pass$4 ,b ?\s&s ( ye>s ago ,india le>n$ ! art ( self-control & ma/]$ ! sci5ce ( happ9ess4 ,%e has no?+ to le>n f o!r nations4 ,%e does n ne$ ! ma*9]y ( l>ge cities4 ,h] anci5t prosp]ity 0 f\nd$ on ! pl[ & ! sp9n+-:eel1 & on a k ( ,h9du philosophy4 ,india mu/ g back to ! s\rces ( h] anci5t culture4 ,n all at once1 ( c\rse1 b gradually4 ,& e "o mu/ help 9 ! evolution4#dd ,?is is ,g&hi's fundam5tal argum5t4 ,x is a v important "o1 & dem&s discussion4 ,= x /&s = a d5ial ( progress &1 virtually1 ( ,europe's sci5tific a*ievem5t4#de ,?is m$ieval conception is apt1 !re=e1 to cla% ) ! volcanic =w>d m>* ( ! human m9d & incurs ! risk ( be+ bl[n to bits4 ,b1 fir/ ( all1 x w\ld p]haps be wis] to say1 ! =w>d m>* ( a c]ta9 phase ( ! human m9d1 = if "o may believe1 z ,i believe1 9 ! symphonic unity ( ! univ]sal _s1 "o mu/ realize t x is made up ( _m diff]5t voices1 ea* "o s++ its own "p4 ,our y\?ful ,occid5t c>ri$ away by its own score1 does n realize suffici5tly t x has n always l$ ! song1 nor t its own law ( progress is subject to eclipses1 backslid+s1 & recomm5cem5ts2 t ! hi/ory ( human civilization is really a hi/ory ( human civilizations1 & t :ile )9 ! doma9 ( ea* civilization a c]ta9 progress may be disc]nible1 a progress irregul>1 *aotic1 brok51 & at times completely halt$1 x w\ld be wrong to say t ! pr$om9ance ( "o great civilization ov] ano!r necess>ily implies g5]al human progress4 ,b )\t ent]+ into a discussion z to ! ,european dogma ( progress & m]ely be>+ 9 m9d t ?is dogma1 su* z x is1 conflicts ) ,g&hi's fai?1 we mu/ realize t no conflict w weak5 ,g&hi's fai?4 ,to believe any?+ else w\ld be to %[ a total ignorance ( ! work+s ( ! ,ori5tal m9d4 ,z ,gob9eau says3 ,asiatics are mu* m ob/9ate ?an we1 9 e way4 ,!y w wait c5turies1 if necess>y1 = ! fulfilm5t ( _! ideal1 & :5 x rises triumphant aft] su* a long slumb] x does n seem to h ag$ or lo/ any ( its vitality4 ,c5turies mean no?+ to a ,h9du4 ,g&hi is prep>$ = ! triumph ( 8 cause )9 ! ye>4 ,b he is equally prep>$ = x )9 ! c\rse ( sev]al c5turies4 ,he does n =ce "t4 ,& if "t makes ha/e sl[ly1 he regulates 8 gait by its m>*4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 campaign ,g&hi f9ds ,india insuffici5tly prep>$ to und]/& & practise ! radical re=ms he wi%es to impose1 he w adapt 8 doctr9e to conditions4 ,he w bide 8 "t4 ,t is :y x is n a/oni%+ to he> ! irreconcilable enemy ( ma*9]y decl>e1 9 #aiba3 ,i w\ld n weep ov] ! disappe>ance ( ma*9]y or consid] ?is a calamity4 ,b = ! "t be+ ,i h no designs on ma*9]y z su*4#df ,or3 ,! law ( complete ,love is ! ,law ( my be+4 ,b ,i am n prea*+ ?is f9al law ?r\gh ! political measures ,i advocate4 ,i "k t any su* attempt is =$oom$ to failure4 ,to expect a :ole mass ( m5 & wom5 to obey t law all at once is n to "k its work+4#dg ,i am n a vision>y4 ,i claim to be a practical ideali/4#dh ,g&hi nev] asks m5 = m ?an !y c give4 ,b he asks = all t !y c give4 ,& ?is is mu* 9 a nation l ,india--a =midable nation1 ?r\gh its num]ical p[]1 its =ce ( duration1 & its abysmal s\l4 ,f ! v fir/ ,g&hi & ,india h =m$ a pact2 !y und]/& ea* o!r )\t words4 ,g&hi kn[s :at he c dem& ( ,india1 & ,india is prep>$ to give :atev] ,g&hi may dem&4 ,betwe5 ,g&hi & ,india !re reigns1 fir/ ( all1 absolute agreem5t z to goal3 ,sw>aj1 home rule1 = ! nation4#di ,i "k1 he says1 t ,sw>aj is ! object ( ! nation & n non-viol5ce4 ,& he adds--words amaz+ on 8 lips1 ,i w\ld r see ,india fre$ by viol5ce ?an en*a9$ l a slave to h] =eign oppressors4 ,b1 he cont9ues1 correct+ himself at once1 ?is is an impossible supposition1 = viol5ce c nev] free ,india4 ,sw>aj c only be atta9$ by s\l-=ce4 ,?is is ,india's real weapon1 ! inv9cible weapon ( love & tru?4 ,g&hi expresses x by ! t]m ,satyagraha1 :i* he def9es z tru?-=ce & love-=ce4#ej ,g&hi's g5ius reveal$ itself :51 by ! prea*+ ( ?is gospel1 he reveal$ to 8 p _! real nature & _! hidd5 /r5g?4 ,g&hi us$ ! ^w ,satyagraha 9 ,s\? ,africa to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 8 ideal & t ( passive resi/ance4 ,p>ticul> /ress mu/ be laid on ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two movem5ts4 ,no?+ is m false ?an to call ,g&hi's campaign a movem5t ( passive resi/ance4 ,no "o has a great] horror ( passivity ?an ?is tireless fight]1 :o is "o ( ! mo/ h]oic inc>nations ( a man :o resi/s4 ,! s\l ( 8 movem5t is active resi/ance--resi/ance :i* f9ds outlet1 n 9 viol5ce1 b 9 ! active =ce ( love1 fai? & sacrifice4 ,?is ?reefold en]gy is express$ 9 ! ^w ,satyagraha4 ,let n ! c[>d try to hide 8 c[>dice "u ,g&hi's bann]6 ,g&hi drives him out ( ! community4 ,bett] viol5ce ?an c[>dice6 ,:]e !re is only a *oice betwe5 c[>dice & viol5ce ,i advise viol5ce4444#ea ,i cultivate ! quiet c\rage ( dy+ )\t kill+4 ,b to him :o has n ?is c\rage ,i advise t ( kill+ & ( be+ kill$1 r ?an t ( %amefully flee+ f dang]4 ,= he :o runs away commits m5tal viol5ce2 he runs away because he has n ! c\rage to be kill$ :ile he kills4#eb ,i w\ld risk viol5ce a ?\s& times r ?an emasculation ( ! race4#ec ,i w\ld r h ,india resort to arms to def5d h] honor ?an t %e %\ld 9 a c[>dly mann] become or rema9 a helpless victim to h] own di%onor4#ed ,b ,i believe t non-viol5ce is inf9itely sup]ior to viol5ce1 =giv5ess m manly ?an puni%m5t4 ,=giv5ess adorns a soldi]4 ,ab/95ce is =giv5ess only :5 !re is p[] to puni%2 x is mean+less :5 x pret5ds to proce$ f a helpless creature4444 ,i d n believe ,india to be helpless4 ,"o hundr$ ?\s& ,engli%m5 ne$ n fright5 ?ree hundr$ million human be+s4 ,besides4 ,/r5g? does n come f physical capacity4 ,x comes f an indomitable w4 ,non-viol5ce does n mean meek submission to ! w ( ! evil-do] b ! putt+ ( "o's :ole s\l aga9/ ! w ( ! tyrant4 ,work+ "u ?is law ( our be+ x is possible = a s+le individual to defy ! :ole might ( an unju/ empire & lay ! f\ndation = t empire's fall or its reg5]ation4 ,b at ! co/ ( :at8 ,( suff]+--! great law4 ,suff]+ is ! m>k ( ! human tribe4 ,x is an et]nal law4#ee ,! "m suff]s s t h] *ild may live4 ,life comes out ( dea?4 ,! condition ( :eat gr[+ is t ! se$ gra9 %\ld p]i%4 ,no c\ntry has ev] ris5 )\t be+ purifi$ ?r\gh ! fire ( suff]+4444 ,x is impossible to d away ) ! law ( suff]+ :i* is ! "o indisp5sable condition ( our be+4 ,progress is to be measur$ by ! am\nt ( suff]+ und]gone 444 ! pur] ! suff]+1 ! great] is ! progress4#ef ,non-viol5ce 9 its dynamic condition means consci\s suff]+4444 ,i h v5tur$ to place be=e ,india ! anci5t law ( self-sacrifice1 ! law ( suff]+4 ,! ,ri%is :o discov]$ ! law ( non-viol5ce 9 ! mid/ ( viol5ce 7 great] g5iuses ?an ,newton1 great] w>riors ?an ,well+ton4 ,hav+ !mselves kn[n ! use ( arms !y realiz$ _! uselessness & taught a we>y _w t salvation lay n ?r\gh viol5ce b ?r\gh non-viol5ce4444 ,! religion ( non-viol5ce is n meant m]ely = ! ,ri%is & sa9ts4 ,x is meant = ! common p z well4 ,non-viol5ce is ! law ( our species z viol5ce is ! law ( ! brute4 ,! dignity ( man requires ob$i5ce to a high] law--to ! /r5g? ( ! _s4444 ,i want ,india to practise non-viol5ce be+ consci\s ( h] /r5g? & p[]4 ,i want ,india to recognize t %e has a s\l t _c p]i% & t c rise triumphant above e physical weakness & defy ! physical comb9ation ( a :ole _w4#eg ,exalt$ pride1 8 pr\d love ( ,india1 dem&s %e %\ld scorn viol5ce z unwor?y & be ready to sacrifice h]self4 ,non-viol5ce is h] title ( nobility4 ,if %e ab&ons x %e falls4 ,g&hi _c be> ! ?\ght4 ,if ,india made viol5ce h] cre$ ,i w\ld n c>e to live 9 ,india4 ,%e w\ld cease to evoke any pride 9 me4 ,my patriotism is subs]vi5t to my religion4 ,i cl+ to ,india l a *ild to its "m's brea/ because ,i feel t %e gives me ! spiritual n\ri%m5t ,i ne$4 ,if %e 7 to fail me1 ,i w\ld feel l an orphan1 )\t hope ( ev] f9d+ a gu>dian4 ,!n ! sn[ altitudes ( ! ,himalayas mu/ give :at re/ !y c to my ble$+ s\l4444#eh #h ,b ,g&hi does n d\bt ,india's endurance4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #aiai1 he decid$ to />t ! ,satyagraha movem5t1 ^: efficacy _h already be5 te/$ dur+ ! agr>ian revolt 9 #aiah4 ,! campaign is n at all political1 z yet3 ,g&hi is /ill a loyali/4 ,& he rema9s "o z long z he reta9s a gra9 ( fai? 9 ,engl&'s loyalty4 ,until ,janu>y1 #aibj1 he advocat$ coop]ation ) ! empire1 ev5 ?\gh ! nationali/s criticiz$ him bitt]ly !re=e4#ei ,g&hi's argum5ts are inspir$ by 8 s9c]e conviction1 & dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 campaign aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t he c\ld tru?fully assure ,"l ,hunt] t he believ$ ! disciples ( ,satyagraha to be ! mo/ loyal support]s ( ! ,con/itution4 ,only ! n>r[-m9d$ ob/9acy ( ! ,gov]nm5t =c$ ,india's moral guide f9ally to te> up ! contract ( loyalty by :i* he consid]$ himself h\nd4 ,to beg9 )1 !re=e1 ! ,satyagraha campaign takes ! =m ( con/itutional opposition to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x is a respectful appeal = c]ta9 urg5t re=ms4 ,! ,gov]nm5t is guilty ( pass+ an unju/ law4 ,! ,satyagrahi1 :o are law-abid+ p1 w disobey ?is law delib]ately1 because !y consid] x unju/4 ,if _! attitude does n conv9ce ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! necessity ( repeal+ ! law1 !y w ext5d _! disob$i5ce to o!r laws1 & ev5tually !y may cease all coop]ation ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,b h[ diff]5t is ! mean+ :i* ,india gives to ?is ^w f t :i* we 9 ! ,we/ give to x6 ,su* extraord9>y religi\s h]oism z is conta9$ 9 x6 ,z ! ,satyagrahi are n all[$ to use viol5ce 9 advanc+ _! cause 7! idea be+ t ! adv]s>y1 too1 is s9c]e1 s9ce :at seems tru? to "o p]son may seem untru? to ano!r1 :ile viol5ce nev] c>ries conviction71#fj !y mu/ rely solely on ! love-=ce t radiates f _! fai? & on _! will+ness to accept suff]+ & sacrifice joy\sly1 freely4#fa ,?is con/itutes irresi/ible propag&a4 ,) x ! cross ( ,*ri/ & 8 little flock conqu]$ ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ord] to emphasize ! religi\s "* ( ! p's will+ness to sacrifice !mselves = ! et]nal ideals ( ju/ice & lib]ty1 ! ,mahatma inaugurat$ ! movem5t by sett+ ,april #f1 #aiai1fb aside z a day ( pray]s & fa/+1 by impos+ a h>tal ( all ,india4#fc ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep4 ,?is fir/ /ep w5t "r to ! he>t ( ! p1 /irr$ _! inmo/ consci\sness4 ,= ! fir/ "t all classes ( ,india unit$ 9 ! same ideal4 ,india f\nd h]self4 ,ord] reign$ ev]y:]e4 ,at ,delhi only !re 7 a few di/urbances4#fd ,g&hi set out to quiet !m4 ,b ! ,gov]nm5t _h him arre/$ & s5t him back to ,bombay4 ,! news ( 8 arre/ caus$ riots 9 ,punjab2 at ,amrits> "s h\ses 7 loot$1 & a few p 7 kill$4 ,9 ! night ( ,april #aa ,g5]al ,dy] arriv$ ) 8 troops & occupi$ ! city4 ,ord] reign$ ev]y:]e4 ,! fifte5? 0 a great ,h9du fea/-day4 ,a meet+ 0 to take place at an op5 space call$ ,jallianwalla ,bagh4 ,! cr[d 0 peaceful & numb]$ _m wom5 & *ildr54 ,! night be=e ,g5]al ,dy] _h s5t out an ord] =bidd+ public meet+s1 b no "o _h he>d ab\t x4 ,! g5]al1 h[ev]1 came to ,jallianwalla ,bagh ) 8 ma*9e-guns & )\t w>n+ op5$ fire on ! def5seless mass ( p4 ,! fir+ la/$ ab\t t5 m9utes1 till ! ammunition 0 us$ up4 ,z ! gr\nds 7 surr\nd$ by high walls1 no "o c\ld escape4 ,f five to six hundr$ ,h9dus 7 kill$1 & a mu* l>g] numb] w\nd$4 ,!re 0 no "o to c>e = ! dead & w\nd$4 ,z ! result ( ! massacre1 m>tial law 0 proclaim$1 & a reign ( t]ror spread ov] ,punjab4 ,aroplanes ?rew bombs on ! un>m$ cr[ds4 ,! mo/ honorable citiz5s 7 dragg$ to c\rt1 flogg$1 & =c$ to crawl on _! knees1 & subject$ to ! mo/ %ock+ indignities4 ,x 0 z if a w9d ( madness swept ov] ! ,engli% rul]s4 ,x 0 z if ! law ( non-viol5ce1 proclaim$ by ,india1 /irr$ ,european viol5ce to fr5zy4 ,g&hi saw blood%$ & suff]+ 7 ahead4 ,b he _h n promis$ to lead 8 p to victory along a :ite road4 ,he _h w>n$ !m t ! pa? w\ld be wa%$ ) blood4 ,jallianwalla ,bagh 0 only ! beg9n+3 ,we mu/ be prep>$ to contemplate ) equanimity n a ?\s& murd]s ( innoc5t m5 & wom5 b _m ?\s&s be=e we atta9 a /atus 9 ! _w t %all n be surpass$ by any nation4444 ,we hope1 !re=e1 t all conc]n$ w take r ?an lose he>t & treat hang+ z an ord9>y affair ( life4#fe ,ow+ to ! rigor\s milit>y c5sor%ip1 ! news ( ! horrors ( ,punjab did n leak out = sev]al mon?s4 ,b :5 x did leak out#ff a wave ( indignation swept ov] ,india & al>m$ ev5 ,engli% op9ion4 ,an inve/igation 0 ord]$1 & ,"l ,hunt] presid$ ov] ! commission4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! ,national ,indian ,congress =m$ a subcommission to c>ry on inve/igations indep5d5tly ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 b along ! same l9es4 ,x 0 to ! obvi\s int]e/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 z all intellig5t ,engli%m5 realiz$1 to puni% ^? guilty ( ! massacre ( ,amrits>4 ,g&hi did n dem& z mu* z t4 ,9 8 admirable mod]ation he did n ask = ! puni%m5t ( ,g5]al ,dy] & ! guilty (fic]s4 ,:ile d5\nc+ !m1 he felt no bitt]ness & s\ght no v5geance4 ,"o be>s no ill w to a madman4 ,b "o mu/ put him :]e he c d no damage4 ,g&hi1 !re=e1 m]ely ask$ t ,g5]al ,dy] be recall$4 ,b quos vult p]d]e4444 ,be=e ! results ( ! inve/igation c\ld be publi%$1 ! ,gov]nm5t pass$ an indemnity act to protect (ficial employees4 ,?\gh ,dy] 0 remov$ f 8 po/1 he 0 rew>d$ ) money contribut$ f private s\rces4 ,:ile ,india 0 /ill 9 eff]vesc5ce aft] ! ,punjab affair1 a second conflict arose betwe5 ! ,gov]nm5t & ! p1 a m s]i\s "o ?is "t1 because x impli$ a flagrant violation ( solemn promises4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's attitude %att]$ :atev] confid5ce ,india /ill _h 9 ! good fai? ( ! ,engli% rul]s1 & br\ght on ! great revolt4 ,! ,european ,w> _h plac$ ! ,moslems ( ,india 9 a v pa9ful dilemma4 ,!y 7 torn betwe5 _! duty z loyal citiz5s ( ! empire & fai?ful foll[]s ( _! religi\s *ief4 ,!y agre$ to help ,engl& :5 %e promis$ n to attack ! sultan's or ! caliph's sov]eignty4 ,x 0 ! s5se ( ,moslem op9ion 9 ,india t ! ,turks %\ld rema9 9 ,turkey 9 ,europe & t ! sultan %\ld reta9 n only au?ority ov] ! ,holy ,places ( ,islam1 b ov] ,arabia z delimit$ by ,mohamm$an s*ol>s ) ! enclaves ( ,mesopotamia1 ,syria1 & ,pale/9e4 ,?is ,lloyd ,george & ! vic]oy solemnly promis$4 ,:5 ! w> 0 ov]1 h[ev]1 all pl$ges 7 =gott54 ,& :5 ! rumors ( ! peace t]ms to be impos$ on ,turkey began to circulate 9 #aiai1 ! ,moslems 9 ,india began to gr[ re/less1 & _! discont5t f9ally />t$ ! ,khilafat or ,califat movem5t4 ,x began ,octob] #ag1aiai 7,khilafat day71 ) an impos+ peaceful demon/ration1 :i* 0 foll[$1 ab\t a mon? lat] 7,novemb] #bd71 by ! op5+ ( an ,all-,india ,khilafat ,conf]5ce at ,delhi4 ,g&hi presid$4 ,) 8 quick glance he _h realiz$ t ! ,islamic agitation might be made into ! in/rum5t ( ,indian unity4 ,! problem ( unit+ ! v>i\s races 9 ,india 0 a mo/ difficult "o4 ,! ,engli% _h always tak5 advantage ( ! natural enmity betwe5 ,h9dus & ,moslems2 ,g&hi ev5 accuses !m ( hav+ fo/]$ x4 ,at any rate1 !y _h nev] tri$ to conciliate ! two peoples1 :o *all5g$ ea* o!r *ildi%ly4 ,to annoy ! ,mohamm$ans1 = in/ance1 ! ,h9dus us$ to make a po9t ( s++ :5 !y pass$ ! mosques :]e sil5ce %\ld reign1 :ile ! ,mohamm$ans lo/ no opportunity ( je]+ ! ,h9dus' c[-wor%ip4 ,mutual ill w & p]si/5t animosity reign$ betwe5 ! two races1 :o nev] associat$ ) ea* o!r & 7 n all[$ to int]m>ry or ev5 eat 9 common4 ,! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t re/$ sweetly on ! cu%ion ( implicit tru/ 9 ! impossibility ( ! two ev] agree+ & adopt+ a common policy4 ,:5 ,g&hi's voice1 !re=e1 proclaim$ ! id5tity ( ! ,h9du & ! ,moslem cause1 x awoke ) a />t4 ,9 an outbur/ ( g5]osity1 :i* happ5$ to be s\nd politics1 ,g&hi urg$ ! ,h9dus to d all 9 _! p[] to advance ,mohamm$an claims4 ,h9dus1 ,p>sees1 ,*ri/ians1 or ,jews1 if we wi% to live z "o nation1 ! int]e/ ( any "o ( u mu/ be ! int]e/ ( all4 ,! only decid+ consid]ation c be ! ju/ice ( a p>ticul> cause4 ,mohamm$an blood _h already mix$ ) t ( ! ,h9dus 9 ! tragic massacre ( ,amrits>4 ,! two p n[ _h to seal _! alliance1 an unconditional alliance4 ,! ,moslems 7 ! mo/ advanc$ & audaci\s elem5t 9 ,india4 ,& !y 7 ! fir/ to ann\nce1 at ?is ,khilafat ,conf]5ce1 t !y w\ld refuse to coop]ate ) ! ,gov]nm5t if _! dem&s 7 n met4 ,g&hi approv$ ( ?is measure1 b 9 8 innate horror ( go+ to extremes he refus$ at ! "t to advocate ! boycott ( ,briti% goods1 = he look$ ^u ! boycott z an expression ( weakness or ?ir/ = v5geance4 ,a second ,khilafat ,conf]5ce met at ,amrits> 9 ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aiai1 & decid$ to s5d a deputation to ,europe to in=m ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,supreme ,c\ncil ( ,india's attitude4 ,x also vot$ = ! s5d+ ( an ultimatum to ! vic]oy1 w>n+ him ( tr\ble if ! peace t]ms %\ld prove unsatisfactory4 ,f9ally a ?ird conf]5ce1 meet+ 9 ,bombay 9 ,febru>y1 #aibj1 issu$ a manife/o :i*1 9 its viol5t arraignm5t ( ,great ,brita9's policy1 0 a =]unn] ( ! com+ /orm4 ,g&hi realiz$ ! /orm 0 brew+1 & in/ead ( try+ to call x =? he did all 9 8 p[] to break its viol5ce4 ,x seem$ z if ,engl& also realiz$ ! dang]4 ,by belat$ concessions %e seem$ to be mak+ desp]ate ef=ts to av]t ! consequ5ces ( h] =m] attitude4 ,an ,indian ,re=m ,act bas$ on ! ,montagu-,*elms=d report gave ! p 9 ,india m influ5ce 9 ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t z well z 9 local adm9i/rations4 ,! k+ approv$ ! act by a proclamation ( ,decemb] #bd1 #aiai1 9 :i* he invit$ ! p ( ,india & ! function>ies to coop]ate ) ! ,gov]nm5t 9 e way1 :ile he also urg$ ! vic]oy to p>don political (f5ses & recomm5d$ a g5]al amne/y4 ,g&hi1 always ready to believe 9 ! adv]s>y's good fai?1 int]pret$ ^! measures z signify+ a sort ( tacit agreem5t to deal m ju/ly ) ,india1 & he call$ ^u ! p to welcome ! re=ms4 ,he confess$ t !y 7 insuffici5t1 b he said !y %\ld be accept$ z ! />t+-po9t = great] victories4 ,he urg$ ! conf]5ce to approve !m unres]v$ly4 ,aft] a heat$ debate ! ,national ,indian ,congress adopt$ 8 view4 ,b soon x became evid5t t ,g&hi's hopes 7 built on illusions4 ,! vic]oy did n he$ ! k+'s appeal = clem5cy1 & in/ead ( sett+ prison]s free1 ! doors ( ! jails op5$ only = executions4 ,x became evid5t t ! promis$ re=ms w\ld rema9 inop]ative4 ,on top ( ?is came ! news ( ! peace conditions impos$ on ,turkey1 ,may #ad1 #aibj4 ,9 a message to ! p ! vic]oy admitt$ !y w\ld prove disappo9t+1 b he advis$ ! ,moslems to resign !mselves to ! inevitable4 ,!n came ! publication ( ! (ficial report on ! ,amrits> massacres4 ,x 0 ! la/ /raw4 ,india's national consci\sness 0 ar\s$4 ,all ties 7 brok54 ,! ,khilafat ,committee1 meet+ at ,bombay1 ,may #bh1 #aibj1 pass$ a resolution adopt+ ,g&hi's non-coop]ation policy1 & ?is resolution 0 ratifi$ unanim\sly by ! ,moslem ,conf]5ce ( ,allahabad1 ,june #hj1 #aibj4 ,g&hi1 9 ! meantime1 wrote an op5 lett] to ! vic]oy in=m+ him t ! movem5t ( non-coop]ation w\ld beg94 ,he expla9$ :y he _h rec\rse to x1 & 8 argum5ts are wor? /udy+1 = !y prove t ev5 !n ,g&hi 0 hop+ to avoid a break ) ,engl&4 ,9 ! bottom ( 8 he>t he /ill hop$ t ! ,gov]nm5t might be br\ght to m5d its ways by purely legal me?ods3 ,! only c\rse op5 to me is ei!r 9 despair to sev] all connection ) ,briti% rule or1 if ,i /ill reta9 fai? 9 ! inh]5t sup]iority ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution1 to adopt su* means z w rectify ! wrong done & ?us re/ore confid5ce4 ,i h n lo/ fai? 9 ! sup]iority ( ! ,briti% ,con/itution & x is because ,i believe 9 x t ,i h advis$ my ,moslem fri5ds to )draw _! support f ,y\r ,excell5cy's ,gov]nm5t1 & advis$ ! ,h9dus to jo9 !m4 ,& ?is noble citiz5 ( ! empire ! bl9d pride ( ! empire spurn$4 ,footnote #a3 ,z ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews says1 ,he laughs l a *ild & adores *ildr54 ,footnote #b3 ,few c resi/ ! *>m ( 8 p]sonality4 ,8 bitt]e/ enemies become c\rte\s :5 confront$ ) 8 beautiful c\rtesy4 7,joseph ,j4 ,doke47 ,footnote #c3 ,e dep>ture f tru?1 no matt] h[ trifl+1 is intol]able to him4 7,c4 ,f4 ,&rews47 ,footnote #d3 ,he is n a passionate orator2 8 mann] is calm & s]5e & he appeals p>ticul>ly to ! intellig5ce4 ,b 8 s]5ity places ! subject he discusses 9 ! cle>e/ light4 ,! inflexions ( 8 voice are n v>i$ b !y are int5sely s9c]e4 ,he nev] makes any ge/ures ) 8 arms1 9 fact he r>ely ev5 moves a f+]4 ,b 8 lum9\s words1 express$ 9 t]se1 concise s5t5ces1 c>ry conviction4 ,he nev] ab&ons a subject be=e he feels t he has made x p]fectly cle>4 7,joseph ,j4 ,doke47 ,footnote #e3 ,"y ,india1 ,m>* #b1 #aibb4 ,! dates cit$ 9 ! motes ( ?is volume ref] to ! date ( publication ( ,g&hi's articles 9 ,"y ,india4 ,footnote #f3 ,a1 privative1 himsa1 to d evil4 ,h5ce1 ahimsa1 pr9ciple ( n h>m+ any =m ( life1 nonviol5ce4 ,x is "o ( ,h9duism's mo/ anci5t precepts1 proclaim$ by ,mahavira1 ! f\nd] ( ,janism1 by ,buddha1 z well z by ! disciples ( ,vi%nu4 ,footnote #g3 ,he att5d$ ! elem5t>y s*ool ( ,porb&> till ! age ( sev5 & !n ! public s*ool ( ,rajkot till t54 ,aft] t he w5t to ! high s*ool ( ,katyav> until1 at ! age ( sev5te51 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ahm$abad4 ,footnote #h3 ,he describ$ 8 *ildhood 9 a spee* at ! ,p>iah ,conf]5ce1 ,april #ac1 #aiba4 ,footnote #i3 ,long aft]w>d he told ,joseph ,doke ( ! angui% he _h suff]$ aft] eat+ meat4 ,he 0 unable to sleep2 he felt l a murd]]4 ,footnote #aj3 ,he is n 9 favor ( *ild m>riages1 h[ev]1 & made a campaign aga9/ !m1 on ! gr\nd t !y weak5 ! race4 ,9 exceptional cases1 h[ev]1 he says t su* unions1 seal$ be=e ! individual's "* is mold$1 may build up betwe5 husb& & wife an exceptionally beautiful relation%ip ( sympa?y & h>mony4 ,g&hi's own wife is an admirable example ( ?is4 ,mrs4 ,g&hi %>$ all h] husb&'s trials & adv]sities ) unfail+ /eadfa/ness ( purpose & indomitable c\rage4 ,footnote #aa3 ,spee* ( ,april #ac1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ab3 ,^! two m51 precursors1 h suff]$ f ! +ratitude & =getfulness ( y\ng] g5]ations4 ,_! political ideal hav+ be5 surpass$1 _! ef=ts 9 pav+ ! way h be5 deprecat$4 ,g&hi1 h[ev]1 always realiz$ _! contribution to ! cause & rema9$ true to !m1 p>ticul>ly to ,gokhale1 = :om he felt a deep & almo/ religi\s affection4 ,he frequ5tly speaks ( ,gokhale & ,dadabhai z m5 :om ,"y ,india %\ld v5]ate4 7,see ,h9d ,sw>aj1 ,lett] to ! ,p>secs1 ,"y ,india1 ,m>* #bc1 #aiba1 & ! ,confession ( ,fai?1 ,july #ac1 #aiba47 ,footnote #ac3 ,a long lett] f ,tol/oi to ,g&hi is publi%$ 9 ! ,gold5 ,numb] ( ,indian ,op9ion4 ,x 0 writt5 ,septemb] #g1 #aiaj1 %ortly be=e ,tol/oi's dea?4 ,tol/oi _h read ,indian ,op9ion1 & he 0 gratifi$ to he> ( ! ,indian non-resi/]s4 ,he prais$ _! campaign & says t non-resi/ance is ! law ( love1 an aspiration to =m "p ( ! communion ( human s\ls4 ,x is ! law ( ,*ri/ & ( all ! spiritual lead]s ( ! _w4 ,my fri5d ,paul ,bir\k(f f\nd sev]al o!r lett]s f ,tol/oi to ,g&hi 9 ! ,tol/oi ar*ives at ,mosc[4 ,he is plann+ to publi% !m 9 a volume entitl$ ,tol/oi & ! ,ori5t1 add+ !m to sev]al o!r lett]s writt5 by ,tol/oi to v>i\s great m5 ( ! ,ea/4 ,footnote #ad3 ,g&hi himself tells 9 8 quiet humor\s way ( 8 exp]i5ces 9 prison 9 a curi\s article pr9t$ 9 ! volume1 ,spee*es & ,writ+s ( ,m4 ,k4 ,g&hi1 ,natesan1 ,madras1 pp4 #aeb-agh4 ,footnote #ae3 ,9 #aijg ,g&hi 0 ! victim ( ! viol5ce ( 8 own compatriots1 = 8 mod]ation 0 ey$ ) suspicion by c]ta9 ,indians1 :ile1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 did all 9 its p[] to compromise him4 ,g&hi1 !re=e1 suff]$ f ! viol5ce ( ! oppress$ z well z ( ! oppressors4 ,footnote #af3 ,i w dwell on ,h9d ,sw>aj a little m at l5g?1 lat] on4 ,footnote #ag3 ,joseph ,j4 ,doke1 int]e/+ because ( 8 int]views ) ,g&hi1 tells 9 ! la/ *apt] ( 8 book h[1 9 #aijh1 ,g&hi 0 l$ to ! =t ( ,johannesburg 9 prison g>b & ?r[n into a cell ) ,*9ese common-law crim9als ( ! wor/ sort4 ,footnote #ah3 ,two high-m9d$ ,engli%m51 ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews & ,w4 ,w4 ,pe>son1 second$ ,g&hi's ef=ts by all means )9 _! p[]4 ,footnote #ai3 ,g&hi ref]s to ?is 9 an article dat$ ,may #ab1 #aibj4 ,footnote #bj3 ,%ortly be=e he di$1 ,gokhale1 ,g&hi's belov$ ma/]1 _h sugge/$ t ,g&hi make a trip ?r\gh ,india & /udy conditions at fir/ h&1 be=e go+ into politics4 ,& ,g&hi _h promis$ n to take an active "p 9 ! political life ( ,india = a ye>4 ,footnote #ba3 ,! ,satyagraha movem5t may be said to h begun ,febru>y #bh1 #aiai4 ,footnote #bb3 ,g&hi expla9$ 8 attitude t[>d ,bol%evism on ,novemb] #bd1 #aiba4 ,footnote #bc3 ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj3 ,g&hi prote/s aga9/ ! doctr9e ( ! sword4 ,footnote #bd3 ,humanity is "o4 ,!re are diff]5t races1 b ! high] a race ! great] its duties4 7,e?ical ,religion7 ,footnote #be3 ,novemb] #e1 #aiai4 ,footnote #bf3 ,octob] #bg1 #aibj4 ,footnote #bg3 ,octob] #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #bh3 ,all religions are l diff]5t roads lead+ to ! same goal4 7,h9d ,sw>aj47 ,all religions are f\nd$ on ! same moral laws4 ,my e?ical religion is made up ( laws :i* b9d m5 all ov] ! _w4 7,e?ical ,religion47 ,footnote #bi3 ,octob] #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #cj3 ,etymologically1 v>na1 color1 class or ca/e2 a%rama1 place ( discipl9e2 dh>ma1 religion4 ,society1 9 o!r words1 /&s = discipl9e ( ! ca/es4 ,footnote #ca3 ,febru>y #be1 #aibj4 ,9 a second l9e ,g&hi adds1 ,rusk9 & ,tol/oi4 ,footnote #cb3 ,seek ! ,k+dom ( ,god & ,8 righte\sness & all ^! ?+s %all be add$ unto y4 ,footnote #cc3 ,"y ,india1 ,febru>y #be1 #aibj4 ,footnote #cd3 ,he says to ,joseph ,j4 ,doke 9 #aijh t ,god has be5 inc>nate ?r\gh\t ! ages1 9 diff]5t =ms1 because1 z expla9$ 9 ! ,git1 ,kri%na says3 ,:5 religion falls into decad5ce & unbelief prevails1 ,i manife/ myself4 ,= ! protection ( all t is good1 & ! de/ruction ( all t is evil1 = ! e/abli%m5t ( ,dh>ma1 ,i mu/ be born & reborn1 = ev] & ev]4 ,*ri/ianism is "p ( ,g&hi's !ology4 ,*ri/ is a radiant revelation ( ,god4 ,b n ! only revelation4 ,he is n seat$ on ! ?rone alone4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! ,h9d ,sw>aj conta9s a li/ ( ab\t sixty ( ,tol/oi's works :i* ,g&hi recomm5ds to 8 foll[]s1 among !m1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,god ,is )9 ,y1 ,:at ,is ,art8 & ,:at ,%all ,we ,d8 ,he tells ,joseph ,doke t ,tol/oi influ5c$ him deeply1 b t he does n agree ) ,tol/oi's political ideals4 ,to a "q ask$ him 9 #aiba z to 8 feel+ = & op9ion ( ,c\nt ,tol/oi1 ,g&hi replies 79 ,"y ,india ( ,octob] #be1 #aiba71 ,my relation to him 0 t ( a devot$ admir] :o owes him mu* 9 life4 ,footnote #cf3 ,he 0 p>ticul>ly fond ( ,rusk9's ,cr[n ( ,wild ,olives4 ,footnote #cg3 ,apologia & ,dea? ( ,socrates1 translat$ by ,g&hi1 0 "o ( ! books confiscat$ by ! ,indian ,gov]nm5t 9 #aiai4 ,footnote #ch3 ,9 reg>d to c[-wor%ip see ,"y ,india1 ,m>* #af1 ,june #h1 ,june #bi1 ,augu/ #d1 #aibj1 & ,may #ah1 ,octob] #f1 #aiba4 ,9 reg>d to ca/es see articles ,decemb] #h1 #aibj1 & ,octob] #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ci3 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ! ,upani%ads1 = :5 ! primitive classes h>d5$ into pr\d ca/es1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ^! ,h9du scriptures express prote/ & disapproval4 ,footnote #dj3 ,a t]m (t5 us$ by ,g&hi4 ,unt\*ability is an inv5tion ( ,satan4 7,june #ai1 #aiba47 ,footnote #da3 ,septemb] #h1 #aibj4 ,footnote #db3 ,x %\ld n be =gott5 t "o ( ,g&hi's ma9 argum5ts aga9/ ! m$ical sci5ce ( ,europe is its use ( vivisection1 :i* he br&s z man's blacke/ crime4 ,footnote #dc3 ,p>ticul>ly 9 reg>d to sexual relations4 ,g&hi's doctr9e resembles t ( ,/4 ,paul 9 its rigorism4 ,footnote #dd3 ,h9d ,sw>aj4 ,footnote #de3 ,al?\gh ,g&hi does n approve ( ,european sci5ce1 he realizes ! necessity ( sci5tific a*ievem5t4 ,he admires ! dis9t]e/$ zeal & ! _s ( self-sacrifice ( ,european m5 ( sci5ce & frequ5tly calls _! abnegation great] ?an t ( ,h9du believ]s4 ,b he disapproves ! goal !y are pursu+ ev5 ?\gh he admires _! /ate ( m9d4 ,!re is an evid5t antagonism betwe5 ,g&hi & ,european sci5ce4 ,& 9 ?is connection we w see1 lat] on1 h[ ,tagore prote/s aga9/ ,g&hi's m$ievalism4 ,footnote #df3 ,janu>y #ai1 #aiba4 ,footnote #dg3 ,m>* #i1 #aibj4 ,footnote #dh3 ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj4 ,footnote #di3 ,etymology3 ,swa1 self2 raj1 gov]nm5t1 autonomy4 ,! ^w is z old z ! ,v$as1 b x 0 adopt$ by ,dadabhai1 ,g&hi's ,p>see ma/]1 :o made x "p ( ! political vocabul>y4 ,footnote #ej3 ,etymology3 ,satya1 j "r2 ,agraha1 attempt1 ef=t4 ,h5ce1 ,satyagraha1 a j ef=t1 9 ! s5se ( mean+ non-acceptation ( or resi/ance to inju/ice4 ,g&hi def9es x1 ,novemb] #e1 #aiai1 z mean+ hold+ on to tru?1 h5ce1 tru?-=ce4 ,& he adds1 ,i h also def9$ x z love-=ce or s\l-=ce4 ,footnote #ea3 ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj4 ,footnote #eb3 ,octob] #bj1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ec3 ,augu/ #d1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ed3 ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj4 ,"o ( ! rules ( ! ,satayagraha ,a%ram1 ! s*ool f\nd$ by ,g&hi1 is abs5ce ( fe>4 ,! _s mu/ be fre$ f fe> ( k+s1 nations1 ca/es1 family1 m51 wild bea/s1 & dea?4 ,x is also ! f\r? condition ( non-viol5t resi/ance 9 ! ,h9dra4 ,! o!rs are *a/ity1 pov]ty1 & tru?4 ,footnote #ee3 ,june #af1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ef3 ,augu/ #aa1 #aibj4 ,footnote #eg3 ,april #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #eh3 ,a few mon?s be=e 8 imprisonm5t ,g&hi replies to ! criticisms z to illogic ( 8 conduct4 ,8 critics je] at ! assi/ance he t5d]$ ,engl& 9 ,s\? ,africa & dur+ ! ,_w ,w>4 ,g&hi1 9 reply+1 does n try to evade ! issue4 ,he hone/ly believ$1 he says1 t he 0 a citiz5 ( ! empire2 x 0 n 8 bus9ess to judge ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he w\ld consid] x wrong = e man to look ^u himself z ju/ifi$ 9 criticiz+ ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,he _h confid5ce 9 ,engl&'s wisdom & loyalty z long z possible4 ,! ,gov]nm5t's ab]ration has de/roy$ 8 fai? 9 x4 ,let ! ,gov]nm5t take ! consequ5ces6 7,novemb] #ag1 #aiba47 ,footnote #ei3 ,april #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #fj3 ,on ! contr>y1 viol5ce degrades ! p]son :o makes use ( x4 ,! ,allies' viol5ce made !m l unto ! ,g]mans1 ^: acts !y flay$1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! w>4 7,june #i1 #aibj47 ,footnote #fa3 ,! h>de/ fib] mu/ melt 9 ! fire ( love4 ,if x does n melt x is because ! fire is n /rong en\gh4 7,m>* #i1 #aibj47 ,^? jo9+ ! ,satyagraha movem5t _h to promise to disobey ! laws decl>$ by ! ,satyagraha committee to be unju/1 to foll[ 9 ! pa? ( tru?1 & to ab/a9 f all viol5ce aga9/ ! lives1 p]sons1 or prop]ty ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,footnote #fb3 ,m>* #bc1 #aiai4 ,footnote #fc3 ,?is ,h9du/ani ^w ( ,mohamm$an orig9 means cessation ( "w4 ,footnote #fd3 ,delhi1 incid5tally1 made a mi/ake 9 ! date ( ! h>tal & celebrat$ x ,m>* #cj4 ,footnote #fe3 ,april #g1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ff3 ,g&hi1 to quiet ! eff]vesc5ce in/ead ( try+ to exploit x z an ord9>y revolution>y lead] w\ld h done1 susp5d$ ! movem5t on ,april #ah4 ,,"p ,,two #a ,on ,july #bh1 #aibj1 ,g&hi ann\nc$ t non-cop]ation w\ld be proclaim$ ,augu/ #a1 & z a prep>atory measure he ord]$ t a day ( fa/+ & pray] be held ! day be=e4 ,he _h no fe> ( gov]nm5tal fury1 b he fe>$ ! fury ( ! populace1 & he b5t e ef=t to h ord] & discipl9e reign )9 ! ,indian ranks4 ,he decl>$3 ,effective non-cop]ation dep5ds ^u complete organization4 ,disord]l9ess comes f ang]4 ,!re mu/ be no viol5ce4 ,viol5ce means retrogression 9 our case1 & useless wa/e ( innoc5t lives4 ,above ev]y?+ else1 !re mu/ be complete ord]4 ,! tactics ( non-cop]ation _h be5 def9$ two mon?s be=e by ,g&hi & ! committee ( non-cop]ation1 & !y includ$ ! foll[+ measures3 7#a7 ,surr5d] ( all titles ( honor & honor>y (fices4 7#b7 ,non-p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t loans4 7#c7 ,susp5sion by lawy]s ( practice1 & settlem5t ( c\rt disputes by private arbitration4 7#d7 ,boycott ( gov]nm5t s*ools by *ildr5 & p>5ts4 7#e7 ,boycott ( ! re=m$ ,c\ncils4 7#f7 ,non-p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t p>ties & o!r (ficial functions4 7#g7 ,refusal to accept any civil or milit>y po/4 7#h7 ,agreem5ts to spread ! doctr9e ( ,swade%i4#fg ,9 o!r words1 ! negative "p ( ! program %\ld be complet$ by con/ructive measures1 :i* w\ld lead to ! build+ up ( ! new ,india ( ! future4 ,?is program specifi$ ! fir/ /eps to be tak51 & we mu/ admire ! prud5t sagacity ( ! lead] :o1 aft] crank+ up ! enorm\s ma*9e ( ,h9du revolt1 /ops x %ort1 s to speak1 & holds x back1 pulsat+1 at ! fir/ turn1 a me?od 9 />tl+ opposition to t ( our ,european revolution>ies4 ,g&hi is n plann+ civil disob$i5ce = ! pres5t4 ,he kn[s civil disob$i5ce4 ,he has /udi$ x 9 ,?oreau1 :om he quotes 9 8 articles1 & he takes pa9s to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & non-cop]ation4 ,civil disob$i5ce1 he says1 is m ?an a m]e refusal to obey ! law4 ,x means delib]ate opposition to ! law2 x is an infraction ( ! law1 & c be c>ri$ out only by an elite1 :ile non-cop]ation %\ld be a mass movem5t4 ,g&hi means to prep>e ! masses 9 ,india = civil disob$i5ce b !y mu/ be tra9$ = x by a gradual process4 ,he kn[s t at pres5t p are n ripe = x1 & he does n want to set !m loose be=e he feels sure t !y h ma/]$ ! art ( self-control4 ,s he laun*es non-cop]ation4 ,non-cop]ation1 9 ?is fir/ /age1 does n include a refusal to pay taxes4 ,g&hi is bid+ 8 "t4 ,augu/ #a1aibj1 ,g&hi gives ! signal = ! movem5t by 8 fam\s lett] to ! vic]oy1 surr5d]+ 8 decorations & honor>y titles3 ,x is n )\t a pang t ,i return ! ,kais>-i-,h9d ,gold ,m$al grant$ to me by y\r pr$ecessor = my humanit>ian "w 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ! ,zulu ,w> ,m$al1 grant$ 9 ,s\? ,africa = my s]vices z (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! ,indian ,volunte] ,ambulance ,corps 9 #aijf1 & ! ,bo] ,w> ,m$al = my s]vices z assi/ant sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,indian ,volunte] ,/ret*]-be>] ,corps dur+ ! ,bo] ,w> ( #ahii-aijj4 ,b1 he adds1 aft] ref]r+ to ! sc5es t took place 9 ! ,punjab & ! ev5ts back ( ! ,khilafat movem5t3 ,i c reta9 nei!r respect nor affection = a ,gov]nm5t :i* has be5 mov+ f wrong to wrong 9 ord] to def5d its immorality4444 ,! ,gov]nm5t mu/ be mov$ to rep5tance4 ,i h !re=e v5tur$ to sugge/ non-cop]ation :i* enables ^? :o wi% to disassociate !mselves f ! ,gov]nm5t & :i*1 if unatt5d$ by viol5ce1 mu/ compel ! ,gov]nm5t co retrace its /eps & undo its wrongs4 ,& ,g&hi expresses ! hope t ! vic]oy w see 8 way to d ju/ice1 & t he w call a conf]5ce ( ! recogniz$ lead]s ( ! p1 & consult ) !m4 ,g&hi's example 0 imm$iately foll[$4 ,hundr$s ( magi/rates s5t 9 _! resignations1 ?\s&s ( /ud5ts left ! colleges1 ! c\rts 7 ab&on$1 ! s*ools 7 empti$4 ,! ,all-,india ,congress1 meet+ 9 special session 9 ,calcutta 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 approv$ ,g&hi's decisions by an ov]:elm+ majority4 ,g&hi & 8 fri5d ,maulana ,%aukat ,ali t\r$ ! c\ntry & met ) trem5d\s ovations ev]y:]e4 ,nev] did ,g&hi %[ himself a great] lead] ?an dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( 8 action4 ,he _h to hold back ! viol5ce t lay smold]+1 ready to leap into flame at ! slighte/ provocation4 ,g&hi fe>s & abhors mob viol5ce m ?an any?+ else4 ,he consid]s mobocracy ! greate/ dang] t m5aces ,india4 ,he hates w>1 b w\ld r h x ?an ! insane viol5ce ( ,caliban4 ,if ,india has to a*ieve h] fre$om by viol5ce1 let x be by ! discipl9$ viol5ce nam$ w>1 n by mob revolts4 ,g&hi looks ) disfavor ^u all demon/rations & mass-meet+s1 ev5 9 celebration ( "s joy\s ev5t1 = out ( a l>ge cr[d fill$ ) noise & confusion fr5zi$ viol5ce may bur/ = no app>5t reason4 ,& he insi/s on ! necessity ( ma9ta9+ /rict discipl9e4 ,we mu/ evolve ord] out ( *aos1 he says1 introduce p's law in/ead ( mob law4 ,& ! my/ic ) ! cle>1 firm eyes1 ^: s\nd practical s5se equals t ( ! great ,european my/ics :o f\nd$ religi\s ord]s & dom9at$ ! s\ls ( m51 gives precise1 detail$ rules z to h[ to canalize ! torr5ts ( popul> meet+s & demon/rations4 ,"o great /umbl+-block1 he says1 speak+ ( ! organization ( mass-meet+s1 is t we h neglect$ music4 ,music means rhy?m1 ord]4 ,un=tunately1 9 ,india1 music has be5 ! pr]ogative ( ! few4 ,x has nev] become nationaliz$4444 ,i w\ld make compulsory a prop] s++1 9 company1 ( national songs4 ,& to t end ,i w\ld h great musicians att5d+ e congress or conf]5ce & tea*+ mass music4 ,no?+ is s easy z to tra9 mobs1 = ! simple reason t !y h no m9d1 no m$itation4 ,g&hi makes a li/ ( sugge/ions4 ,no raw volunte]s %\ld be accept$ to assi/ 9 ! organization ( ! big demon/rations4 ,none b ! mo/ exp]i5c$ %\ld be at ! head4 ,volunte]s %\ld always h a g5]al in/ruction-book on _! p]sons4 ,!y %\ld be disp]s$ among ! cr[d & %\ld le>n flag & :i/le signal+ to pass in/ructions4 ,national cries %\ld be fix$ & rais$ at ! "r mom5t4 ,cr[ds %\ld be prev5t$ f ent]+ ! railroad /ations2 !y %\ld be taught to /& back & leave a cle> passage 9 ! /reets = p & c>riages4 ,little *ildr5 %\ld nev] be br\ght out 9 ! cr[ds1 etc4 ,9 o!r words1 ,g&hi makes himself ! or*e/ra lead] ( 8 oceans ( m54#fh #b ,b :ile ! mob may break out into viol5ce1 unconsci\sly1 bl9dly1 mov$ by a sudd5 unreasonable impulse1 !re is a political faction :i* advocates viol5ce delib]ately & consci\sly4 ,_m ( ! be/ m5 9 ,india believe t national indep5d5ce c be rea*$ only by viol5t me?ods4 ,?is faction does n und]/& ,g&hi's doctr9e & does n believe 9 its political efficacy4 ,x dem&s action1 direct action4 ,g&hi receives anonym\s lett]s urg+ him to /op advocat+ non-viol5ce1 &1 worse1 o!rs imply+ cynically t 8 doctr9e ( non-viol5ce is m]ely a mask & t ! "t has n[ come to ?r[ x aside & give ! signal = battle4 ,g&hi replies vehem5tly4 ,he discusses ! argum5ts passionately4#fi ,9 a s]ies ( beautiful articles he c5sures ! doctr9e ( ! sword4 ,he d5ies t ,h9du scriptures & ! ,koran approve viol5ce4 ,viol5ce is n "p ( ! doctr9e ( any religion4 ,jesus is ! pr9ce ( passive resi/ance4 ,! ,bhagavad ,git does n prea* viol5ce1 b ! fulfilm5t ( duty ev5 at ! co/ ( "o's life4#gj ,z man has n be5 giv5 ! p[] to create1 he has n ! "r to de/roy ! smalle/ creature t lives4 ,!re mu/ be no hatr$ = any "o1 n ev5 = ! evil-do]2 b ?is does n mean t "o %\ld tol]ate evil4 ,g&hi w\ld nurse ,g5]al ,dy] if he 7 ill1 b if 8 own son liv$ a life ( %ame1 he w\ld n help him by cont9u+ to support him4 ,on ! contr>y1 my love = him w\ld require me to )draw all support f him1 al?\gh ?is might ev5 mean 8 dea?4 ,no "o has ! "r to compel ano!r by physical =ce to become good4 ,b "o is "u ! obligation to resi/ him by leav+ him1 no matt] :at may happ51 & by welcom+ him to "o's bosom if he rep5ts4#ga ,:ile ,g&hi curbs ! viol5t elem5ts1 he /imulates ! hesitat+4 ,he reassures ^? :o are afraid ( tak+ a decisive /ep3 ,nev] has any?+ be5 done on ?is e>? )\t direct action4 ,i reject$ ! ^w passive resi/ance because ( its insuffici5cy4444 ,x 01 h[ev]1 direct action 9 ,s\? ,africa :i* told1 & told s effectively t x conv]t$ ,g5]al ,smuts to sanity4 ,:at 0 ! l>g] symbiosis t ,buddha & ,*ri/ prea*$8 ,g5tl5ess & love4 ,buddha fe>lessly c>ri$ ! w> into ! enemy's camp & br\ght d[n on its knees an arrogant prie/hood4 ,*ri/ drove out ! money-*ang]s f ! temple ( ,j]usalem & drew d[n curses f heav5 ^u ! hypocrites & ! ,ph>isees4 ,bo? 7 = int5sely direct action4 ,b ev5 z ,buddha & ,*ri/ *a/5$1 !y %[$ unmi/akable g5tl5ess & love beh9d e act ( !irs4#gb ,g&hi also appeals to ! g5]osity & ! common s5se ( ! ,engli%4#gc ,he calls ! ,engli% 8 de> fri5ds & po9ts out t he has be5 _! fai?ful companion = m ?an ?irty ye>s4 ,he asks !m to make up = ! ,gov]nm5t's p]fidy1 :i* by its trea*]y has completely %att]$ 8 fai? 9 its good int5tions4 ,b he /ill believes 9 ,engli% brav]y & 9 ,engli% respect = o!r p's brav]y4 ,brav]y on ! battle-field is impossible = ,india1 b brav]y ( ! s\l rema9s op5 to u4 ,non-cop]ation means no?+ less ?an tra9+ 9 self-sacrifice4 ,i expect to conqu] y by my suff]+4 ,9 ! fir/ f\r or five mon?s' prelim9>y campaign ,g&hi 0 n try+ to p>alyze ! ,gov]nm5t ?r\gh non-cop]ation2 8 idea 0 r to lay ! f\ndation = ! build+ up ( a new ,india :i* w\ld be indep5d5t m5tally1 morally1 & economically4 ,g&hi expresses ! idea ( ,india's economic indep5d5ce by ! t]m ,swade%i1 & he takes ! ^w 9 its n>r[ & physical s5se4 ,india mu/ le>n to g )\t _m com=ts & to accept h>d%ips )\t a murmur4 ,a salut>y discipl9e1 ?is2 necess>y moral hygi5e4 ,! nation's heal? z well z its "* w b5efit !reby4 ,g&hi's fir/ move is to free ,india f ! curse ( dr9k4 ,gr\ps mu/ be =m$ to advocate temp]ance4 ,european w9es mu/ be boycott$2 liquor-deal]s mu/ be induc$ to surr5d] _! lic5ses4#gd ,all ,india respond$ to ! ,mahatma's appeal4 ,su* a /rong wave ( temp]ance swept ov] ,india t ,g&hi _h to int]f]e to prev5t ! cr[ds f sack+ & loot+ ! w9e-%ops & clos+ !m by =ce4 ,y mu/ n try to compel ano!r by physical =ce to become good1 he expla9$ to ! masses4 ,b if x 0 a relatively easy matt] to rid ,india ( ! curse ( dr9k1 x 0 mu* m difficult to provide h] ) means ( subsi/5ce4 ,if coop]ation ) ,engl& ceas$1 :at w\ld ,india live on8 ,:at w\ld %e clo! h]self 9 if ,european products 7 taboo$8 ,g&hi's solution is "o ( utmo/ simplicity & reveals ! m$ieval turn ( 8 m9d3 he und]takes to ree/abli% ! old ,indian indu/ry ( home sp9n+1 introduce ! sp9n+-:eels4 ,?is patri>*al solution ( ! social problem has naturally met ) ridicule4#ge ,b conditions 9 ,india & ,g&hi's int]pretation ( ! t]m *>ka mu/1 be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,g&hi has nev] claim$ t sp9n+ alone w\ld con/itute a means ( livelihood except = ! v poor2 b he does claim t x c\ld supplem5t agriculture dur+ ! mon?s :5 "w 9 ! fields is at a /&/ill4 ,india's problem is n !oretical1 b real & press+4 ,eighty p] c5t ( ! population ( ,india is agricultural1 & is !re=e )\t employm5t virtually f\r mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,"o t5? ( ! population is normally expos$ to fam9e4 ,! middle class is und]f$4 ,:at has ,engl& done to rem$y ^! conditions8 ,no?+4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e has aggravat$ !m1 = ,engli% manufactures h ru9$ local indu/ries1 pump$ ! res\rces ( ,india1 ble$+ ! c\ntry = m ?an sixty million rupees a ye>4 ,india1 :o gr[s all ! cotton %e requires1 is =c$ to export millions ( bales to ,japan & ,lanca%ire1 :5ce x is return$ to h] 9 ! =m ( manufactur$ calico1 :i* %e mu/ buy at exorbitant prices4 ,! fir/ ?+ = ,india to d1 !re=e1 is to le>n to d )\t ru9\s =eign goods1 & 9 ord] to d ?is %e mu/ organize work%ops ( h] own to give employm5t & food to h] p4 ,!re is no "t to lose4 ,n[1 no?+ c be organiz$ m rapidly & economically ?an ! indu/ry ( sp9n+ & weav+ at home4 ,! idea is n to induce well paid agricultural labor]s to give up _! "w & to sp91 b to urge ! unemploy$1 & all ^? :o d n h to "w = a liv+1 su* z wom5 & *ildr51 z well z all ,h9dus :o may h "s sp>e "t dur+ ! day1 to sp9 9 _! leisure h\rs4 ,g&hi ord]s1 !re=e1 7#a7 ! boycott+ ( =eign goods1 7#b7 ! tea*+ ( sp9n+ & weav+1 7#c7 ! buy+ ( h&-wov5 clo? only4 ,g&hi gives himself up tirelessly to ?is idea4 ,he says sp9n+ is a duty = all ,india4#gf ,he wants poor *ildr5 to pay = _! tuition at s*ool by a c]ta9 numb] ( h\rs ( sp9n+2 he wants e "o1 man & woman1 to contribute at lea/ "o h\r a day1 z *>ity1 to sp9n+4 ,he gives ! mo/ precise directions z to ! *oice ( cotton1 sp9n+-:eels1 etc41 & in=mation on all sorts ( te*nical details ( sp9n+ & weav+2 he gives practical advice to ^? :o wi% to buy h&-wov5 clo?1 to ! fa!rs ( l>ge families1 z well z to pupils 9 ! s*ools4 ,he expla9s1 = in/ance1 h[ "o may />t a ,swade%i %op--a %op deal+ 9 ! products ( ,h9du indu/ry--) b little capital1 make t5 p] c5t pr(its1 etc4 ,he becomes lyrical :5 he describes ! music ( ! sp9n+-:eel1#gg ! olde/ music 9 ,india1 :i* delight$ ,kahir1 ! poet-weav]1 & ,aur5g-,zeb1 ! great emp]or1 :o wove 8 own caps4 ,g&hi 0 able to fire public en?usiasm4 ,! great ladies ( ,bombay took up sp9n+4 ,h9du & ,moslem wom5 agre$ to we> only national clo?1 :i* became all ! fa%ion4 ,tagore1 too1 prais$ ?is khadd> or khadi1 z ! h&-wov5 clo? 0 call$1 :i* he said 0 9 excell5t ta/e4 ,ord]s p\r$ 94 ,"s came f z f> z ,ad5 & ,balu*i/an4 ,b ! disciples ( ,swade%i w5t a little too f> :5 !y began boycott+ =eign mat]ials1 & ev5 ,g&hi1 usually sane & well balanc$1 0 c>ri$ away4 ,9 ,augu/1 #aiba1 he ord]$ ! b9n+ ( all =eign goods 9 ,bombay1 & z 9 ! days ( ,savon>ola 9 ,flor5ce1 ,*ri/o regnante1 magnific5t family heirlooms1 priceless /uffs & mat]ials1 7 pil$ into huge heaps & dev\r$ by ! flames 9 ! mid/ ( riot\s *e]s & en?usiasm4 ,9 ?is connection "o ( ! mo/ broad-m9d$ ,engli%m5 9 ,india1 ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews1 a great fri5d ( ,rab9drana? ,tagore1 wrote a lett] to ,g&hi4 ,:ile express+ 8 great admiration = ! ,mahatma1 he deplor$ t su* valuable mat]ials %\ld h be5 burn$ in/ead ( hav+ be5 giv5 to ! poor4 ,he add$ t he believ$ ! process ( de/ruction call$ =? ! wor/ in/9cts ( ! masses1 & he prote/$ aga9/ ! outbur/s ( a nationalism :i* virtually set de/ruction up z a religi\s dogma4 ,he c\ld n help feel+ t x 0 s9ful to de/roy ! fruits ( human toil4 ,&rews _h approv$ ,g&hi's campaign & _h ev5 begun we>+ khadd> b n[ he wond]$ :e!r x 0 "r to cont9ue to d s4 ,! burn+ clo? 9 ,bombay _h %ak5 8 fai? 9 ! ,mahatma4 ,9 publi%+ ,&rews's lett] 9 ,"y ,india ,g&hi said he regrets no?+4 ,he does n be> ill w to any race :atsoev]1 nor does he dem& ! de/ruction ( all =eign goods4 ,he m]ely wants to de/roy ! goods :i* h>m ,india4 ,millions ( ,indians h be5 ru9$ by ,engli% factories1 :i*1 by tak+ "w away f ,india1 h turn$ ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( ,indians into p>iahs & m]c5>ies & _! wom5 into pro/itutes4 ,india is already incl9$ to hate h] ,briti% dom9ators4 ,g&hi does n wi% to /r5g!n ?is hatr$4 ,on ! contr>y1 he wants to side-track x1 to turn x away f p to ?+s4 ,! ,indians :o b\ght ! mat]ials are z guilty z ! ,briti% :o sold !m4 ,! mat]ials 7 n burn$ z an expression ( hatr$ = ,engl&1 b z a sign ( ,india's det]m9ation to break ) ! pa/4 ,x 0 a necess>y surgical op]ation4 ,& x w\ld h be5 wrong to give ^! poison\s mat]ials to ! poor1 = ! poor too1 h a s5se ( honor4 #c ,india's economic life mu/ fir/ be fre$ f =eign dom9ation4 ,b ! next /ep is to lib]ate ! m9d1 create a real1 indep5d5t ,indian _s4 ,g&hi wants 8 p to %ake (f ! yoke ( ,european culture1 & "o ( 8 pr\de/ a*ievem5ts is ! lay+ ( ! gr\ndwork ( a truly ,indian education4 ,"u ,engli% rule ! smold]+ emb]s ( ,asiatic culture _h la9 dormant 9 v>i\s colleges & univ]sities4 ,= m ?an =ty-five ye>s ,alig>h _h rema9$ a ,h9du-,mussulman univ]sity1 a c5t] ( ,islamic culture 9 ,india4 ,khalsa ,college 0 ! c5t] ( ,sikh culture1 :ile ! ,h9dus _h ! ,univ]sity ( ,b5>es4 ,b ^! in/itutions1 m or less antiquat$1 7 dep5d5t on ! ,gov]nm5t1 :i* subv5tion$ !m1 & ,g&hi long$ to see !m replac$ by pur] he>?s ( ,asiatic culture4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 he f\nd$ ! national ,univ]sity ( ,guj>at at ,ahm$abad4 ,its ideal 0 t ( a unit$ ,india4 ,! ,dh>ma ( ! ,h9dus & ! ,islam ( ! ,mohamm$ans 7 its two religi\s pill>s4 ,its object 0 to pres]ve ! dialects ( ,india & to use !m z s\rces ( national reg5]ation4#gh ,g&hi felt1 ) full ju/ice1 t a sy/ematic /udy ( ,asiatic culture is no less ess5tial ?an ! /udy ( ,we/]n sci5ces4 ,! va/ treasures ( ,sanskrit & ,arabic1 ,p]sian & ,pali & ,magadhi1 h to be ransack$ to discov] :]e9 lies ! s\rce ( /r5g? = ! nation4 ,! ideal is n m]ely to fe$ on or repeat ! anci5t cultures1 b to build a new culture bas$ on ! traditions ( ! pa/ & enri*$ by ! exp]i5ces ( lat] times4 ,! ideal is a syn!sis ( ! diff]5t cultures t h to come to /ay 9 ,india1 t h influ5c$ ,indian life1 & t1 9 _! turn1 h !mselves be5 influ5c$ by ! _s ( ! soil4 ,?is syn!sis w naturally be ( ! ,swade%i type1 :]e ea* culture is assur$ its legitimate place1 & n ( ! ,am]ican patt]n1 :]e "o dom9ant culture absorbs ! re/ & :]e ! aim is n t[>d h>mony1 b t[>d an artificial & =c$ unity4 ,all ,indian religions 7 to be taught4 ,! ,h9dus 7 to h an opportunity ( /udy+ ! ,koran & ! ,mussulmans ! ,%a/ras4 ,! national univ]sity excludes no?+ except a _s ( exclusion4 ,x believes t !re is no?+ unt\*able 9 humanity4 ,h9du/ani is made compulsory1 because x is ! national bl5d ( ,sanskrit1 ,h9di1 & ,p]sianiz$ ,urdu4#gi ,a _s ( indep5d5ce 0 to be fo/]$1 n only by ! me?ods ( /udy1 b by a c>eful vocational tra9+4 ,g&hi hopes to organize1 gradually1 high] s*ools t w spread education broadca/ ?r\gh\t ! t[ns & filt] x d[n to ! masses1 s t 444 ere long ! suicidal cleavage betwe5 ! educat$ & ! un$ucat$ w be bridg$4 ,& z an effect ( giv+ an indu/rial education to ! g5teel folks & a lit]>y education to ! indu/rial classes1 ! unequal di/ribution ( weal? & social discont5t w be consid]ably *eck$4 ,9 opposition to ,european educational me?ods1 :i* neglect manual pr(ici5cy & develop ! bra9 only1 ,g&hi wants manual "w to he "p ( ! curriculum ( all ! s*ools f ! l[e/ grades up4 ,he believes x w\ld be excell5t = *ildr5 to pay = _! tuition by a c]ta9 am\nt ( sp9n+4 ,9 ?is way !y w\ld le>n to e>n _! liv+ & become indep5d5t4 ,z = education ( ! he>t1 :i* ,europe neglects absolutely1 ,g&hi w\ld h /ress laid ^u x f ! v fir/4 ,b be=e ! pupils c be prop]ly tra9$1 ! "r sort ( tea*]s mu/ be provid$4 ,! object ( ! high] in/itutions :i* ,g&hi seems to look ^u z ! key/ones ( ! new education is to tra9 tea*]s4 ,^! in/itutions w be m ?an s*ools or colleges2 !y might r be call$ conv5ts1 :]e ! sacr$ fire ( ,india w be conc5trat$ 9 ord] aft]w>d to radiate ?r\gh\t ! _w1 j z 9 =m] days great religi\s pione]s radiat$ f ! ,b5$ict9e mona/]ies 9 ! ,we/1 conqu]+ s\ls & t]ritory4 ,! rules :i* ,g&hi prescribes = ! s*ool ( ,satyagrah ,a%ram1#hj or place ( discipl9e1 at ,ahm$abad1 8 model in/itution1 conc]n ! tea*]s m ?an ! pupils1 & b9d ! =m] by mona/ic v[s4 ,:]eas ^! v[s 9 ord9>y religi\s ord]s h a purely negative "*1 "h !y ?rob ) an active _s ( sacrifice & ) ! pure love t inspires ! sa9ts4 ,! tea*]s are b\nd by ! foll[+ v[s3 #a4 ,! v[ ( tru?4 ,x is n en\gh n to resort ord9>ily to untru?4 ,no deception may be practis$ ev5 = ! good ( ! c\ntry4 ,tru? may require opposition to p>5ts & eld]s4 #b4 ,! v[ ( ,ahimsa 7non-kill+74 ,x is n en\gh n to take ! life ( any liv+ be+4 ,"o may n ev5 hurt ^? :om he believes to be unju/2 he may n be angry ) !m1 he mu/ love !m4 ,oppose tyranny b nev] hurt ! tyrant4 ,conqu] him by love4 ,suff] puni%m5t ev5 unto dea? = disobey+ 8 w4 #c4 ,! v[ ( celibacy4 ,)\t x ! two =ego+ are almo/ impossible to obs]ve4 ,x is n en\gh n to look ^u woman ) a lu/ful eye4 ,animal passions mu/ be controll$1 s t !y w n be mov$ ev5 9 ?\ght4 ,if a man is m>ri$1 he w consid] 8 wife a lifelong fri5d & e/abli% ) h] ! relation%ip ( p]fect purity4 #d4 ,! control ( ! palate4 ,regulate & purify ! diet4 ,leave (f su* foods z may t5d to /imulate animal passions or are o!rwise unnecess>y4 #e4 ,! v[ ( non-/eal+4 ,x is n en\gh n to /eal :at is commonly consid]$ o!r m5's prop]ty4 ,x is !ft if we use articles :i* we d n really ne$4 ,nature provides u f day to day j en\gh & no m = our daily ne$s4 #f4 ,! v[ ( non-possession4 ,x is n en\gh n to possess & n to keep mu*1 b x is necess>y n to keep any?+ :i* may n be absolutely necess>y = our bodily wants4 ,?9k con/antly ( simplify+ life4 ,to ^! ma9 v[s are add$ a few second>y rules3 #a4 ,swade%i4 ,use no articles ab\t :i* !re is a possibility ( deception4 ,d n use manufactur$ articles4 ,labor]s suff] mu* 9 mills1 & manufactur$ articles are products ( mis]y exploit$4 ,=eign goods & goods made by complicat$ ma*9]y %\ld be taboo$ by a vot>y ( ,ahimsa4 ,use simple clo!s1 made simply 9 ,india4 #b4 ,fe>lessness4 ,he :o is act$ ^u by fe> _c foll[ tru? or ,ahimsa4 ,he mu/ be free f ! fe> ( k+s1 p1 ca/e1 families1 ?ieves1 robb]s1 f]oci\s animals1 & dea?4 ,a truly fe>less man w def5d himself aga9/ o!rs by tru?-=ce or s\l-=ce4 ,once e/abli%$ ! ma9 po9ts ( ?is iron f\ndation1 ,g&hi ref]s rapidly to ! o!r requirem5ts1 ( :i* ! two mo/ rem>kable are t ! tea*]s mu/ set ! example ( p]=m+ bodily labor1 pref]ably agricultural "w1 & t !y mu/ "k ! pr9cipal ,indian tongues4 ,z = ! pupils1 :o c ent] ! ,a%ram f ! age ( f\r up 7/ud5ts w be admitt$ at any age71 !y mu/ rema9 9 ! ,a%ram = ! :ole c\rse ( /udies1 :i* la/s ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,! *ildr5 are sep>at$ f _! p>5ts & families4 ,! p>5ts r5\nce all au?ority ov] !m4 ,! *ildr5 nev] visit _! p>5ts4 ,! pupils we> simple clo!s1 eat simple food ( a /rictly veget>ian nature1 h no holidays 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 ?\gh once a week !y are all[$ a day & a half 9 :i* to d individual creative "w4 ,?ree mon?s ( ! ye> are sp5t 9 travel+ on foot ?r\gh ,india4 ,all pupils mu/ /udy ! ,h9di & ,dravidian dialects4 ,z a second language1 !y mu/ le>n ,engli%1 & !y mu/ also famili>ize !mselves ) ! *>act]s ( ! five ,indian languages 7,urdu1 ,b5gali1 ,tamil1 ,telugu1 & ,davanagri74 ,!y are taught1 9 _! own dialect1 hi/ory1 geography1 ma!matics1 economics1 & ,sanskrit4 ,at ! same "t !y are taught agriculture & sp9n+ & weav+4 ,x goes )\t say+ t a religi\s atmosph]e p]vades ! :ole education4 ,:5 !y h complet$ _! /udies1 ! pupils are all[$ to *oose betwe5 tak+ ! v[s1 l _! tea*]s1 or leav+ ! s*ool4 ,! tuition is entirely free4 ,i h describ$ ,g&hi's educational sy/em r fully because x %[s ! high spirituality ( 8 action1 & because he consid]s ?is sy/em ! ma9spr+ ( ! :ole movem5t4 ,to build a ,new ,india1 a new s\l1 /rong & pure1 mu/ be wr\ght out ( ,indian elem5ts4 ,& ?is s\l c only be develop$ by a sacr$ legion ( apo/les :o1 l ^? ( ,*ri/1 w be z ! salt ( ! e>?4 ,g&hi1 unlike our ,european revolution>ies1 is n a mak] ( laws & ord9ances4 ,he is a build] ( a new humanity4 #d ,l all gov]nm5ts "u simil> conditions1 ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t _h no realization ( :at 0 go+ on4 ,at fir/ its attitude 0 "o ( ironical disda94 ,! vic]oy1 ,"l ,*elms=d1 *>act]iz$ ! movem5t 9 ,augu/1 #aibj1 z ! mo/ fooli% ( all fooli% s*emes4 ,b ^! heights ( com=table condesc5sion _h to be ab&on$ be=e long4 ,9 ,novemb]1 #aibj1 ! ,gov]nm5t publi%$ a surpris$ & slightly al>m$ proclamation1 :]e ?reats & pat]nal advice comm+l$1 w>n+ ! p t :ile ! lead]s ( ! movem5t _h n be5 mole/$ s f> because !y _h n prea*$ viol5ce1 ord]s _h n[ be5 giv5 to arre/ any "o :o ov]/epp$ ! b\nds & ^: words might /ir up revolt or 9 o!r ways incite to viol5ce4 ,! b\nds 7 soon ov]/epp$1 b by ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! non-cop]ation movem5t _h be5 gr[+ & ga!r+ mom5tum1 & ! ,gov]nm5t 0 beg9n+ to be s]i\sly al>m$4 ,9 ,decemb] affairs took a decid$ly dang]\s turn4 ,until !n non-viol5t non-cop]ation _h be5 look$ ^u z an exp]im5t ( a m or less tempor>y nature1 & ! ,gov]nm5t _h flatt]$ itself t :5 ! ,national ,indian ,congress met at ,nagpur = its ,decemb] session1 non-cop]ation w\ld be veto$4 ,b f> f disapprov+ ( non-cop]ation1 ! congress incorporat$ ! idea 9 ! con/itution by mak+ ! fir/ p>agraph read3 ,! object ( ! ,indian ,national ,congress is ! atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj--,home ,rule--by ! p ( ,india by all legitimate & peaceful means4 ,! congress !reupon confirm$ ! non-cop]ation resolution pass$ 9 ! special session 9 ,septemb]1 & enl>g$ ^u x4 ,:ile ! pr9ciple ( non-viol5ce 0 upheld absolutely1 ! g5]al feel+ 0 t e ef=t mu/ be made to unite all ! elem5ts 9 ,india 9 view ( a common1 su/a9$ action1 & ! congress n only call$ ^u ,h9dus & ,mussulmans to collaborate loyally1 b urg$ a rappro*em5t betwe5 ! privileg$ & suppress$ classes4 ,9 addition to ?is ! congress made fundam5tal *anges 9 ! con/itution1 :i* virtually am\nt$ to ! organization ( a repres5tative sy/em = all ,india4#ha ,! congress did n try to conceal ! fact t x reg>d$ non-cop]ation 9 its pres5t =m z a prelim9>y /ep only1 to be foll[$1 at a "t to be det]m9$ lat]1 by complete non-cop]ation1 includ+ a refusal to pay taxes4 ,until !n1 h[ev]1 & 9 ord] to pave ! way1 x urg$ t ! boycott be %>p5$1 sp9n+ & weav+ be enc\rag$1 :ile an appeal 0 s5t out to /ud5ts1 p>5ts1 & magi/rates invit+ !m to practise non-cop]ation ) great] zeal4 ,^? :o did n live up to ! decisions ( ! congress 7 to be b>r$ f public life4 ,! resolutions ( ! congress impli$ ! virtual e/abli%m5t ( a /ate )9 a /ate1 ! sett+ up ( real ,indian rule 9 opposition to ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t4 ,engl& c\ld n c\nt5ance ?is4 ,%e _h to d some?+4 ,! ,gov]nm5t _h to fight or negotiate4 ,a compromise c\ld easily h be5 rea*$ by negotiation if ! ,gov]nm5t _h be5 will+ to g half-way4 ,! congress _h decl>$ t x hop$ to rea* its goal ) ,engl&1 if possible1 b o!rwise )\t h]4 ,b z is always ! case :5 ,european politics involve =eign races1 no attempt 0 made to negotiate4 ,=ce 0 resort$ to4 ,pretexts = arm$ oppression 7 s\ght4 ,!re 0 no lack ( !m4 ,despite ! pr9ciple ( non-viol5ce e/abli%$ by ,g&hi & ! congress1 a few riots occurr$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india4 ,x is true t !y bore little or no relation to ! non-cop]ative movem5t1 b1 /ill1 !re _h be5 & 7 tr\bles4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces 7,allahabad7 !re 7 agr>ian upris+s1 revolts ( ! t5ants aga9/ ! l&[n]s1 & ! police _h to int]f]e1 & !re 0 "s blood%$4 ,soon aft]w>d ! ,akali movem5t ( ! ,sikhs1 al?\gh ( a purely religi\s "*1 adopt$ non-cop]ative me?ods1 & z a result ( ! agitation "s two hundr$ ,sikhs 7 massacr$ 9 ,febru>y1 #aiba4 ,no "o 9 good fai? c\ld h held ,g&hi or 8 disciples responsible = ?is drama ( fanaticism1 b ! ,gov]nm5t consid]$ x a good opportunity4 ,9 ,m>*1 #aiba1 ! repression began1 & x became m & m oppressive z ! mon?s pass$4 ,! ,gov]nm5t ju/ifi$ its int]v5tion by ! necessity ( protect+ ! liquor deal]s f ! fury ( ! mobs4 ,?is 0 n ! fir/ "t = ,european civilization & alcohol to m>* h& 9 h&4 ,! volunte] non-cop]ation organizations 7 dissolv$4 ,a law 0 made prohibit+ s$iti\s meet+s4 ,9 c]ta9 prov9ces ! police _h giv5 c>te blan*e 9 suppress+ ! movem5t1 :i* 0 call$ revolution>y & an>*i/ic4 ,?\s&s ( ,indians 7 arre/$1 & "s ( ,india's mo/ respect$ citiz5s 7 summ>ily jail$ & brutaliz$4 ,naturally1 ?is proc$ure /irr$ up bad blood1 & "h & !re ! p & ! con/ables cla%$4 ,"s h\ses 7 burn$ & p p\nd$4 ,?is 0 ! situation 9 ,india :5 ! committee ( ! ,all-,indian congress met at ,bezwada 9 ! end ( ,m>* to discuss civil disob$i5ce4 ,) r>e mod]ation & =esight x vot$ aga9/ x1 on ! gr\nd t ! c\ntry 0 n yet prep>$ to wield ?is d\ble-edg$ sword4 ,civil disob$i5ce w\ld be urg$ lat]4 ,= ! pres5t !re c\ld only be a sort ( civil & f9ancial mobilization4 ,mean:ile ,g&hi cont9u$ m & m actively 8 campaign = ! unity ( ,india4 ,he tri$ to unite all religions1 races1 p>ties1 & ca/es4 ,he call$ ^u ! ,p>sees1#hb ! ri*1 prosp]\s m]*ant class1 m or less ta9t$1 z he express$ x1 ) ! _s ( ,rockefell]1 & he call$ ^u ,h9dus & ,mussulmans to =m a solid alliance4 ,! relations betwe5 ,h9dus & ,mussulmans 7 cont9ually embitt]$ by prejudices1 mutual fe>1 & suspicion4 ,g&hi devot$ himself to br++ ! two races into h>moni\s collaboration1#hc & )\t advocat+ or desir+ an impossible fusion betwe5 ! two peoples1 he tri$ to unite !m 9 fri5d%ip4#hd ,8 ke5e/ ef=ts1 h[ev]1 7 giv5 to ! reg5]ation ( ! suppress$ classes1 ! p>iahs4 ,8 passionate appeals = ! p>iahs1 8 cries ( sorr[ & indignation at ! mon/r\s social iniquity :i* oppress$ !m1 w\ld1 alone1 immortalize 8 "n4 ,8 feel+ = ! outca/s dates back to 8 boyhood4 ,he tells h[1 :5 he 0 a boy1#he a p>iah us$ to come to ! h\se to d all ! co>se "w4 ,z a boy ,g&hi 0 told nev] to t\* ! p>iah )\t purify+ himself aft]w>d by ablutions4 ,he c\ld n und]/& :y1 & (t5 ask$ 8 p>5ts ab\t x4 ,at s*ool he frequ5tly t\*$ ! unt\*ables1 & 8 "m told him t he c\ld escape ! consequ5ces ( ?is unholy t\* only by t\*+ a ,mohamm$an4 ,to ,g&hi x all seem$ absurdly unfair1 cruelly unju/ifi$4 ,at ! age ( twelve he made up 8 m9d to wipe ?is /a9 (f ,india's consci5ce4 ,he plann$ to come to ! rescue ( 8 degrad$ bro!rs4 ,& nev] has ,g&hi's m9d reveal$ itself cle>] & m unbias$ ?an :5 he pleads _! cause4 ,:at _! cause means to him may be ga!r$ f ! fact t he says he w\ld give up 8 religion 7he to :om religion is ev]y?+67 if any "o c prove to him t unt\*ability is "o ( its dogmas4 ,! unju/ p>iah sy/em ju/ifi$1 9 8 eyes1 ev]y?+ t has be5 inflict$ on ,india by o!r nations4 ,if ! ,indians h become ! p>iahs ( ! empire1 x is retributive ju/ice1 met$ out to u by a j ,god4444 ,%\ld we ,h9dus n wa% our blood-/a9$ h&s be=e we ask ! ,engli% to wa% !irs8 ,unt\*ability has degrad$ u1 made u p>iahs 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ,ea/ ,africa1 ,canada4 ,s long z ,h9dus willfully reg>d unt\*ability z "p ( _! religion1 s long ,sw>aj is impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,india is guilty1 ,engl& has done no?+ black]4 ,! fir/ duty is to protect ! weak & helpless & nev] injure ! feel+s ( any individual4 ,we are no bett] ?an brutes until we h purg$ ourselves ( ! s9s we h committ$ aga9/ our weak] bre?r54 ,g&hi want$ ! national congress to bett] ! condition ( ! p>iah bro!rs by giv+ !m s*ools & wells1 = p>iahs 7 n all[$ to use ! public wells4 ,b until !n8 ,unable to wait ) fold$ h&s = ! privileg$ classes to condesc5d to make good _! cruelty1 ,g&hi w5t ov] to ! p>iahs4 ,he plac$ himself at _! head & tri$ to organize !m4 ,he discuss$ _! problems ) !m4 ,:at ought !y to d8 ,appeal to ! ,engli% ,gov]nm5t8 ,place !mselves at its disposal8 ,?is w\ld only mean a *ange ( slav]y4 ,ab&on ,h9duism8 7,note ! broad-m9d$ audacity ( a ,h9du believ]67 ,become ,*ri/ians or ,mohamm$ans8 ,g&hi w\ld almo/ advise !m to d s if ,h9duism really /ood = unt\*ability4 ,b x doesn't4 ,unt\*ability is only a morbid excresc5ce ( ,h9duism1 :i* mu/ be extirpat$4 ,! p>iahs mu/ organize !mselves 9 self-def5se4 ,!y might1 ( c\rse1 adopt ! pr9ciples ( non-cop]ation 9 reg>d to ,h9duism by refus+ to h any relations ) ! ,h9dus 7s+ul>ly audaci\s advice ( social revolt on ! lips ( a patriot l ,g&hi674 ,b ! difficulty is t ! p>iahs h no lead]s & _c organize !mselves4 ,! be/ ?+1 !re=e1 is = !m to jo9 ! g5]al non-cop]ation movem5t1 s9ce its object is h>mony among all classes4 ,real non-cop]ation is a religi\s act ( purification1 & no "o c take "p 9 x :o believes 9 unt\*ability4 ,g&hi 9 ?is way comb9es religion1 humanity1 & patriotism4#hf ,a c]ta9 solemnity att5d$ ! fir/ ef=ts to gr\p ! p>iahs4 ,a suppress$-classes conf]5ce took place at ,ahm$abad on ,april #ac & #ad1 #aiba4 ,g&hi presid$ at ! conf]5ce & made "o ( 8 mo/ beautiful spee*es4 ,he n only dem&$ ! suppression ( ! p>iah sy/em b urg$ ! unt\*ables to rise to ! occasion & %[ ! be/ t 0 9 !m4 ,he expects great ?+s f ! p>iahs1 he says1 9 ! social life ( reg5]at$ ,india4 ,he tries to in/ill self-confid5ce 9 !m & fill !m ) 8 own burn+ ideal4 ,9 ! suppress$ classes1 he says1 he sees trem5d\s lat5t possibilities4 ,he believes t )9 five mon?s ! unt\*able class w be able to w91 by its own m]its1 ! place x des]ves )9 ! great ,indian family4 ,g&hi _h ! joy ( see+ 8 appeal f9d e*o 9 ! he>ts ( ! p4 ,9 _m p>ts ( ,india ! p>iahs 7 emancipat$4#hg ,! day be=e 8 arre/ ,g&hi made a spee* record+ ! progress ( ! p>iah cause4 ,! ,brahmans 7 help+4 ,! privileg$ classes 7 giv+ t\*+ examples ( remorse & frat]nal love4 ,g&hi cites ! case ( a "y ,brahman :o at n9ete5 became a /reet-sweep]1 to live among ! unt\*ables4#hh #e ,) equal g5]osity ,g&hi took up ano!r great cause1 t ( wom54 ,! sexual problem is a peculi>ly difficult "o 9 ,india1 ?robb+ ) an all-p]vad+1 oppressive1 & badly direct$ s5suality4 ,*ild m>riages weak5 ! physical & moral res\rces ( ! nation4 ,! obsession ( ! fle% weighs on m5's m9ds & is an insult to woman's dignity4 ,g&hi publi%es ! compla9ts ( ,h9du wom5 at ! degrad+ attitude ( ,h9du nationali/s4#hi ,g&hi takes ! wom5's side4 ,_! prote/1 he says1 proves t !re is ano!r sore 9 ,india z bad z t ( unt\*ability4 ,b ! woman "q is n a purely ,indian problem4 ,! :ole _w suff]s f x4 ,z ) ! p>iahs1 he expects m f ! oppress$ ?an f ! oppressors4 ,he calls ^u wom5 to dem& & inspire respect by ceas+ to ?9k ( !mselves z ! objects ( mascul9e desire only4 ,let !m =get _! bodies & ent] into public life1 assume ! risks1 & suff] ! consequ5ces ( _! convictions4 ,wom5 %\ld n only r5\nce luxury & ?r[ away or burn =eign goods1 b !y %\ld %>e m5's problems & privations4 ,_m di/+ui%$ wom5 h fac$ arre/ & imprisonm5t 9 ,calcutta4 ,?is %[s ! prop] _s4 ,in/ead ( ask+ = m]cy1 wom5 %\ld vie ) m5 9 suff]+ = ! cause4 ,:5 x comes to suff]+1 wom5 w always surpass m54 ,let wom5 h no fe>4 ,! weake/ w be able to pres]ve h] honor4 ,"o :o kn[s h[ to die ne$ nev] fe>4 ,nor does ,g&hi =get ! fall5 si/]s4#ij ,he tells ( conv]sations ) !m 9 ! prov9ces ( ,&hra & ,b>isal1 :]e !y met 9 conf]5ce4 ,he spoke to !m nobly & simply1 & !y repli$1 confid$ 9 him1 & ask$ 8 advice4 ,he tri$ to sugge/ "s way 9 :i* !y might make an hone/ liv+1 & propos$ sp9n+4 ,!y agre$ to beg9 ! v next day if assur$ ( enc\ragem5t & assi/ance4 ,& !n ,g&hi turn$ to ! m5 ( ,india2 call$ ^u !m to respect wom53 ,gambl+ 9 vice has no place 9 our revolution4 ,sw>aj1 home rule1 means t we mu/ reg>d e inhabitant ( ,india z our own bro!r or si/]4 ,woman is n ! weak] sex1 b ! bett] half ( humanity1 ! nobl] ( ! two2 = ev5 to-day x is ! embodim5t ( sacrifice1 sil5t suff]+1 humility1 fai?1 & k4 ,woman's intuition has (t5 prov$ tru] ?an man's arrogant assumption ( k4 ,9 ! wom5 ( ,india1 beg9n+ ) 8 own wife1 ,g&hi always f\nd intellig5t aid & und]/&+1 & among !m he recruit$ "s ( 8 be/ disciples4 #f ,9 #aiba ,g&hi's p[] 0 at its apogee4 ,8 au?ority z a moral lead] 0 va/1 & )\t hav+ s\ght x1 almo/ ilimit$ political au?ority _h be5 plac$ 9 8 h&4 ,! p look$ ^u him z a sa9t4 ,pictures 7 pa9t$ repres5t+ him z ,sri-,kri%na4#ia ,& at ! end ( ! ye>1 9 ,decemb]1 ! ,all-,india ,national ,congress delegat$ its p[]s to him & au?oriz$ him to appo9t 8 successor4 ,he 0 ! undisput$ ma/] ( ,india's policy4 ,x 0 up to him to />t a political revolution1 if he saw fit1 or ev5 to re=m religion4 ,he did n d s4 ,he did n wi% to d s4 ,moral gr&eur8 ,moral hesitancy8 ,bo?1 p]haps4 ,x is v difficult = "o human be+ really to und]/& ano!r1 p>ticul>ly if !y belong to diff]5t races & civilizations4 ,& h[ mu* m difficult :5 a _s s deep & subtle z ,g&hi's is to be consid]$6 ,9 ! maze ( ev5ts :i* took place 9 ,india1 9 ?is tumultu\s ye>1 x is h>d to asc]ta9 :e!r ! pilot's h& did n tremble1 b1 always firm & sure1 /e]$ ! colossal %ip along ! *os5 c\rse4 ,i w try1 h[ev]1 to expla9 my feel+ 9 reg>d to ! liv+ enigma1 & ,i w d s ) ! religi\s respect :i* ,i h = ?is great man & ! s9c]ity :i* ,i owe to 8 s9c]ity4 ,if ,g&hi's p[] 0 great1 ! dang] ( abus+ x 0 equally great4 ,z ! effect ( 8 campaign1 by ! slighte/ ripple1 affect$ hundr$s ( millions ( m51 x became m & m difficult to direct ! movem5t & at ! same "t rema9 firm 9 ! mid/ ( ! turbul5t ocean4 ,a sup]human problem inde$1 to conciliate mod]ation & high-m9d$ness ) surg+1 unbridl$ mob passions6 ,! pilot1 g5tle & pi\s1 prays & relies on ,god2 b ! voice t comes to him is almo/ lo/ 9 ! ro> ( ! tempe/4 ,w x ev] rea* ! o!rs8 ,!re is no dang] ( 8 be+ swept (f 8 feet by pride4 ,no am\nt ( adoration c turn 8 head4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\nds n only 8 s5se ( fitness ( ?+s1 b 8 _s ( humility4 ,g&hi is an exception among prophets & my/ics1 = he sees no visions1 has no revelations2 he does n try to p]suade himself t he is guid$ sup]naturally1 nor does he try to make o!rs believe x4 ,radiant s9c]ity is 84 ,8 =ehead rema9s calm & cle>1 8 he>t devoid ( vanity4 ,he is a man1 l all o!r m54 ,he is n a sa9t4 ,he w n h ! p call him "o4 7,yet 8 v attitude proves t he is "o47 ,! ^w sa9t1 he says1 %\ld be rul$ out ( pres5t life4 ,i pray l e good ,h9du4 ,i believe we c all be mess5g]s ( ,god4 ,i h no special revelations ( ,god's w4 ,my firm belief is t ,he reveals himself daily to e human be+1 b t we %ut our c>s to ! /ill small voice4 444 ,i claim to be no?+ b a humble s]vant ( ,india & humanity4 ,i h no desire to f\nd a sect4 ,i am really too ambiti\s to be satisfi$ ) a sect = a foll[+1 = ,i repres5t no new tru?s4 ,i endeavor to foll[ & repres5t tru? z ,i "k x4 ,i d claim to ?r[ a new light on _m an old tru?4#ib ,p]sonally1 he is always mode/1 consci5ti\s 9 ! extreme1 incapable ( n>r[-m9d$ness :e!r z ,indian patriot or apo/le ( non-cop]ation4 ,he sanctions no tyranny1 n ev5 = ! good ( ! cause4 ,gov]nm5t oppression mu/ nev] be replac$ by non-cop]ative oppression4#ic ,g&hi w n set 8 c\ntry up aga9/ o!r c\ntries2 8 patriotism is n conf9$ to ! b\nd>ies ( ,india4 ,= me1 patriotism is ! same z humanity4 ,i am patriotic because ,i am human & humane4 ,my patriotism is n exclusive4 ,i w n hurt ,engl& or ,g]many to s]ve ,india4 ,imp]ialism has no place 9 my s*eme ( life4 ,a patriot is s mu* less a patriot if he is a lukew>m humanit>ian4#id ,b h 8 disciples always felt ?is way8 ,&1 on _! lips1 :at becomes ( ,g&hi's doctr9e8 ,&1 int]pret$ by !m1 h[ does x rea* ! masses8 ,:5 ,rab9drana? ,tagore1 aft] travel+ sev]al ye>s 9 ,europe1 return$ to ,india 9 ,augu/1 #aiba1 he 0 a/\nd$ at ! *ange 9 ! m5tality ( ! p4 ,ev5 be=e 8 return he _h express$ 8 anxiety 9 a s]ies ( lett]s s5t f ,europe to fri5ds 9 ,india4 ,_m ( ^! lett]s 7 publi%$ 9 8 ,mod]n ,review4#ie ,! controv]sy betwe5 ,tagore & ,g&hi1 betwe5 two great m9ds1 bo? mov$ by mutual admiration & e/eem1 b z fatally sep>at$ 9 _! feel+ z a philosoph] c be f an apo/le1 a ,/4 ,paul f a ,plato1 is important4 ,= on ! "o side we h ! _s ( religi\s fai? & *>ity seek+ to f\nd a new humanity4 ,on ! o!r we h intellig5ce1 free-born1 s]5e1 & broad1 seek+ to unite aspirations ( all humanity 9 sympa?y & und]/&+4 ,tagore always look$ ^u ,g&hi z a sa9t1 & ,i h (t5 he>d him speak ( him ) v5]ation4 ,:51 9 ref]r+ to ! ,mahatma1 ,i m5tion$ ,tol/oi1 ,tagore po9t$ out to me1 & ,i realize x n[ t ,i "k ,g&hi bett]--h[ mu* m clo!d 9 light & radiance ,g&hi's _s is ?an ,tol/oi's4 ,) ,g&hi ev]y?+ is nature--mode/1 simple1 pure--:ile all 8 /ruggles are hall[$ by religi\s s]5ity1 :]eas ) ,tol/oi ev]y?+ is pr\d revolt aga9/ pride1 hatr$ aga9/ hatr$1 passion aga9/ passion4 ,ev]y?+ 9 ,tol/oi is viol5ce1 ev5 8 doctr9e ( non-viol5ce4 ,on ,april #aj1 #aiba1 ,tagore wrote f ,london1 ,we are grateful to ,g&hi = giv+ ,india a *ance to prove t h] fai? 9 ! div9e _s ( man is /ill liv+4 ,despite ! misgiv+s he _h express$ z to ,g&hi's campaign1 ,tagore1 :5 he left ,france to return to ,india1 s9c]ely plann$ to back ,g&hi 9 e way4 ,& ev5 ! manife/o ( ,octob]1 #aiba1 :i* ,i w discuss lat]--! ,appeal to ,tru?1 :i* m>k$ ! break betwe5 ! two m5--beg9s ) "o ( ! mo/ beautiful tributes to ,g&hi t h ev] be5 writt54 ,g&hi's attitude to ,tagore is "o ( lov+ reg>d1 & x does n *ange ev5 :5 ! two disagree4 ,y feel t ,g&hi is loa? to ent] into polemics ) ,tagore1 & :5 c]ta9 k9d fri5ds try to embitt] ! debate by repeat+ p]sonal rem>ks1 ,g&hi bids !m be sil5t & expla9s h[ mu* he owes ,tagore4#if ,yet x 0 inevitable t ! brea* betwe5 ! two m5 w\ld wid54 ,z f> back z 9 #aibj ,tagore _h deplor$ t ! ov]fl[+ weal? ( ,g&hi's love & fai? %\ld be made to s]ve political ends1 z x _h s9ce ,tilak's dea?4 ,( c\rse ,g&hi _h n ent]$ ! political ar5a ) a light he>t4 ,b :5 ,tilak di$1 ,india 0 left )\t a political lead]1 & "s "o _h to take 8 place4 ,z ,g&hi says3#ig ,if ,i seem to take "p 9 politics1 x is only because politics to-day encircle u l ! coils ( a snake f :i* "o _c get out no matt] h[ "o tries4 ,i wi% to wre/le ) ! snake4444 ,i am try+ to introduce religion into politics4 ,b ?is ,tagore deplores4 ,writ+ ,septemb] #g1 #aibj1 he says1 ,we ne$ all ! moral =ce :i* ,mahatma ,g&hi repres5ts1 & :i* he alone 9 ! _w c repres5t4 ,t su* a preci\s treasure %\ld be ca/ out on ! frail b>k ( politics & subject$ to ! incessant la%+ ( ! waves ( conflict+ & irritat$ passions is a s]i\s mis=tune = ,india1 ^: mission1 says ,tagore1 is to awak5 ! dead to life by s\l-fire4 ,! wa/+ ( spiritual res\rces 9 problems :i*1 :5 consid]$ 9 ! light ( ab/ract moral tru?1 are unwor?y1 is to be regrett$4 ,x is crim9al to trans=m moral =ce into =ce4 ,?is is :at ,tagore felt at ! spectacul> laun*+ ( ! non-cop]ation campaign & at ! unre/ /irr$ up 9 ! "n ( ! ,khilafat cause & ! massacres ( ! ,punjab4 ,he fe>$ ! results ( ! campaign on an easily excitable mob subject to attacks ( hy/]ical fury4 ,he w\ld h lik$ to turn p's m9ds away f v5geance & dreams ( impossible r$ress2 he w\ld h _h !m =get ! irrep>able & devote all ef=ts to con/ruct+ & fa%ion+ a new s\l = ,india4 ,& al?\gh he admir$ ,g&hi's doctr9es & ! ard5t fire ( 8 _s ( self-sacrifice1 he hat$ ! elem5t ( negation conta9$ 9 non-cop]ation4 ,tagore in/9ctively recoil$ f ev]y?+ t /ood = ,no4 ,& ?is conviction leads him to comp>e ! positive ideal ( ,brahmanism1 :i* dem&s t ! joys ( life be welcom$ b purifi$1 to ! negative ideal ( ,buddhism1 :i* dem&s _! suppression4#ih ,to ?is ,g&hi replies t ! art ( elim9at+ is z vital z t ( accept+4#ii ,human progress consi/s 9 a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,! f9al ^w 9 ! ,upani%ads is a negation4 ,! def9ition ( ,brahman by ! au?ors ( ! ,upani%ads is neti1 n ?is6 ,india _h lo/ ! p[] ( say+ ,no4 ,g&hi has giv5 x back to h]4 ,we$+ is z ess5tial z s[+4 ,b ,tagore1 app>5tly1 does n believe 9 we$+4 ,9 8 poetic contemplation ( life he is satisfi$ ) ?+s z !y are1 & he f9ds 8 delight 9 admir+ _! h>mony4 ,he expla9s 8 po9t ( view 9 l9es ( great beauty1 b deta*$ f real life4 ,8 words are l ! dance ( ,nat>aja1 a play ( illusions4 ,tagore says he tries to tune 8 _s up to ! great exaltation t is sweep+ ov] ! c\ntry4 ,b he _c d s1 = 9 8 he>t1 despite himself1 is a _s ( resi/ance4 ,9 ! d>kness ( my despair1 he says1 ,i see a smile & he> a voice t says1 ',y\r place is ) ! *ildr51 play+ on ! bea*es ( ! _w1 & !re ,i am ) y4' ,tagore plays ) h>monies1 inv5ts new rhy?ms1 /rung out ?r\gh ! h\rs1 l *ildr5 danc+ 9 ! sun & laugh+ z !y disappe>4 ,all creation is happy1 ) ,tagore2 fl[]s & leaves are m]ely rhy?ms t nev] cease4 ,god ,himself is ! supreme juggl]1 :o plays ) ,"t1 toss+ />s & planets out ^u ! torr5t ( appe>ances1 & dropp+ pap] boats fill$ ) dreams into ! riv] ( ! ages4 ,:5 ,i beg ,him to let me be ,8 disciple & to let me place "s ( ! toys ( my inv5tion into "o ( 8 m]ry b>ks4 ,he smiles1 & ,i foll[ ,him1 clut*+ ! hem ( 8 g[n4 ,"h ,tagore feels he is 9 8 place4 ,b :]e am ,i1 9 a great cr[d1 squeez$ 9 at all sides8 ,& :o c und]/& ! noise ,i he>8 ,if ,i he> a song1 my sit> c cat* ! melody1 & ,i c jo9 ! *orus1 = ,i am a s+]4 ,b 9 ! mad clamor ( ! cr[d1 my voice is lo/1 & ,i become dizzy4 ,tagore has tri$1 9 ! clamor ( non-cop]ation1 to f9d a melody1 b to no avail4 ,& he says to himself3 ,if y c't m>* 9 /ep ) y\r compatriots 9 ! greate/ crisis ( _! hi/ory1 bew>e ( say+ !y are 9 ! wrong1 & y 9 ! "r6 ,b give up y\r place 9 ! ranks1 g back to y\r poet's corn]1 & be prep>$ to meet ) ridicule & public disgrace4#ajj ,s w\ld a ,goe! speak1 an ,indian ,goe!1 ,bac*us4 ,& x w\ld seem z if ,tagore's m9d is made up f n[ on4 ,! poet bids action f>ewell1 s9ce ?is action implies a negation1 & he )draws back into ! spell ( creative en*antm5t he weaves ar\nd himself4 ,b ,tagore does n only )draw4 ,z he says1 ,fate _h decid$ t he %\ld /e] 8 b>k aga9/ ! curr5t4 ,at ! "t he 0 n only ! poet b ! spiritual ambassador ( ,asia to ,europe2 he _h j return$ f ,europe1 :]e he _h ask$ p to cop]ate 9 creat+ a _w univ]sity at ,sant9iketan4 ,:at an irony ( de/9y t he %\ld be prea*+ coop]ation betwe5 ,occid5t & ,ori5t at "o end ( ! _w1 :5 at t v mom5t non-cop]ation 0 be+ prea*$ at ! o!r end6#aja ,non-cop]ation w\nd$ him d\bly1 !re=e1 9 8 "w z well z 9 8 conception ( life4 ,i believe1 he says1 9 ! real union ( ,ori5t & ,occid5t4 ,non-cop]ation cla%$ ) 8 way ( ?9k+1 = 8 m5tality1 8 ri* intellig5ce1 _h be5 n\ri%$ on all ! cultures ( ! _w4 ,all humanity's greate/ is m9e1 he says4 ,! inf9ite p]sonality ( man 7z ! ,upani%ads say7 c only come f ! magnific5t h>mony ( all human races4 ,my pray] is t ,india may repres5t ! cop]ation ( all ! peoples ( ! _w4 ,= ,india1 unity is tru?1 & division evil4 ,unity is t :i* embraces & und]/&s ev]y?+2 consequ5tly1 x _c be atta9$ ?r\gh negation4 ,! pres5t attempt to sep>ate our _s f t ( ! ,occid5t is an attempt at spiritual suicide4444 ,! pres5t age has be5 dom9at$ by ! ,occid5t1 because ! ,occid5t _h a mission to fulfill4 ,we ( ! ,ori5t %\ld le>n f ! ,occid5t4 ,x is regrettable1 ( c\rse1 t we _h lo/ ! p[] ( appreciat+ our own culture1 & !re=e did n "k h[ to assign ,we/]n culture to its "r place4 ,b to say t x is wrong to cop]ate ) ! ,we/ is to enc\rage ! wor/ =m ( prov9cialism & c produce no?+ b intellectual indig5ce4 ,! problem is a _w problem4 ,no nation c f9d its own salvation by break+ away f o!rs4 ,we mu/ all be sav$ or we mu/ all p]i% toge!r4#ajb ,9 o!r words1 j z ,goe! 9 #ahah refus$ to reject ,fr5* civilization & culture1 ,tagore refuses to bani% ,we/]n civilization4 ,:ile ,g&hi's doctr9e does n really set a b>ri] up betwe5 ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 ,tagore kn[s x w be int]pret$ z do+ s1 once ,h9du nationalism is /irr$4 ,tagore fe>s ! developm5t ( ! _s ( exclusion1 & he expla9s 8 feel+ ( d\bt & anxiety :5 8 /ud5ts at ! beg9n+ ( ! non-coop]ation movem5t came to seek 8 advice4 ,:at does ! boycott+ ( s*ools & colleges mean8 asks ,tagore4 ,t /ud5ts %all make a sacrifice--= :at8 ,n = a m complete education1 b = non-education4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ,swade%i campaign#ajc a gr\p ( "y /ud5ts told him t !y w\ld leave _! s*ools & colleges at once if he ord]$ !m to d s4 ,& :5 he refus$ to d s1 !y left him1 9 mu* irritation1 d\bt+ 8 patriotism4#ajd ,9 ! spr+ ( #aiba1 :5 ,india began boycott+ ,engli% s*ools1 ,tagore _h se5 an aggressive example ( intellectual nationalism 9 ,london4 ,dur+ a lecture ( "o ( ,tagore's fri5ds4 ,pr(essor ,pe>son1 "s ,indian /ud5ts gave v5t to misplac$ national manife/ations4 ,tagore became indignant1 & 9 a lett] address$ to ! director ( ,sant9iketan he condemn$ ?is _s ( intol]ance & held ! non-cop]ation movem5t responsible = x4 ,& to ?is accusation ,g&hi replies3 ,i d n want my h\se to be wall$ 9 on all sides & my w9d[s to be /uff$4 ,i want ! culture ( all l&s to be bl[n ab\t my h\se z freely z possible4444 ,b ,i refuse to be bl[n (f my feet by any ( !m 444 ,m9e is n a religion ( ! prison-h\se4 ,x has room = ! lea/ among ,god's creations4 ,b x is pro( aga9/ insol5t pride ( race1 religion1 or color4 ,:ile express+ 8 d\bts z to ! m]its ( an ,engli% lit]>y education1 :i* has no?+ to d ) ! build+ up ( "*1 an education :i*1 he said1 has emasculat$ ! y\? ( ,india1 ,g&hi regrett$ ! excesses m5tion$ & claim$ t 8 attitude 0 n n>r[1 z ,tagore seem$ to imply4 ,^! 7 frank & noble words1 b !y did n dis>m ,tagore's misgiv+s4 ,tagore did n d\bt ,g&hi1 b he fe>$ ! ,g&hi/s4 ,& f ! fir/ contact ) 8 p1 aft] 8 return f ,europe1 he began to fe> ! bl9d fai? :i* ! p plac$ 9 ! ,mahatma's words4 ,tagore saw ! dang] ( m5tal despotism loom ne>1 & 9 ! ,mod]n ,review ( ,octob]1 #aiba1 he publi%$ a real manife/o1 ,an ,appeal to ,tru?1 :i* 0 a cry ( revolt aga9/ ?is bl9d ob$i5ce4 ,! prote/ 0 p>ticul>ly /rong because x 0 prec$$ by a beautiful homage to ! ,mahatma4 ,aft] describ+ ! fir/ ,indian indep5d5ce movem5t 9 #aijg & #aijh1 ,tagore expla9$ t 9 ^? days ! political lead]s 7 inspir$ by a booki% ideal1 bas$ on ! traditions ( ,burke1 ,glad/one1 ,mazz9i1 & ,g>ibaldi1 & _! message c\ld be und]/ood only by ! elite4 ,!y advanc$1 9 %ort1 an ,engli%-speak+ ideal4 ,b !n came ,mahatma ,g&hi6 ,he /opp$ at ! ?re%olds ( ! ?\s&s ( dis9h]it$1 dress$ l "o ( _! own4 ,he spoke to !m 9 _! own language4 ,"h 0 tru? at la/1 & n only quotations f books6 ,mahatma1 ! "n giv5 by ! p ( ,india to ,g&hi1 is 8 real "n4 ,= :o else _h felt1 l him1 9 communion ) ! p8 ,felt t !y are ( 8 own fle% & blood8 ,at ! ,mahatma's call ! hidd5 =ces ( ! s\l h blossom$ =?1 = ! ,mahatma has made ! tru? into some?+ concrete1 visible4 ,9 ! same way1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ,india blossom$ =? to new greatness at ,buddha's call1 :5 he made m5 und]/& t !re mu/ be compassion & fell[-feel+ among all liv+ creatures4 ,india1 /irr$ to new life1 express$ h] /r5g? 9 sci5ce & weal?1 spread+ across oceans & des]ts4 ,no comm]cial or milit>y conque/s ev] spread s magnific5tly4 ,= love alone is tru?4 ,b !n ,tagore's tone *ang$4 ,! apo!osis /opp$4 ,deception foll[$4 ,9 ,europe1 across ! seas1 ,tagore felt ! quiv] ( ,india's great revival4 ,?rill$1 fill$ ) joy at ! ?\ght ( brea?+ 9 ! fluid breeze ( ! new fre$om1 he return$ to 8 home l&4 ,b on 8 arrival 8 elation fell4 ,an oppressive atmosph]e weigh$ on ! p4 ,an outside influ5ce seem$ to be be>+ d[n on !m1 gr9d+ !m & mak+ "o & all speak 9 ! same tone1 foll[ 9 ! same groove4 ,ev]y:]e ,i 0 told t culture & reason+ p[] %\ld abdicate1 & bl9d ob$i5ce only reign4 ,s simple x is to cru%1 9 ! "n ( "s outw>d lib]ty1 ! real fre$om ( ! s\l6 ,we und]/& ,tagore's misgiv+s & 8 appeal4 ,!y are ( all times & ages4 ,! la/ free m9ds ( a crumbl+ old _w voic$ !m at ! dawn ( ! new ,*ri/ianity4 ,& :5ev] we ourselves enc\nt] ! ris+ tide ( "s bl9d fai? 9 a social or national ideal we feel ! same misgiv+s /ir )9 u4 ,tagore's revolt is ! revolt ( ! free s\l aga9/ ! ages ( fai? :i* x has suscitat$1 = :ile fai? to a h&ful ( *os5 ones means supreme lib]ty1 x means only ano!r =m ( slav]y = ! masses :o are l$ by x4 ,tagore's criticism is aim$ above & beyond ! fanaticism ( ! cr[d4 ,ov] ! bl9d masses x /rikes ! ,mahatma4 ,no matt] h[ great ,g&hi may be1 isn't he tak+ ^u himself m ?an a s+le man c be>8 ,a cause z great z ,india's %\ld n be dep5d5t on ! w ( a s+le ma/]4 ,! ,mahatma is ! ma/] ( tru? & love1 b ! atta9m5t ( ,sw>aj home rule1 is va/ly complicat$4 ,! pa?s are intricate & h>d to explore4 ,emotion & en?usiasm are requir$1 b also sci5ce & m$itation4 ,all ! moral =ces ( ! nation mu/ be call$ ^u4 ,economi/s mu/ f9d practical solutions1 educators mu/ tea*1 /atesm5 pond]1 work]s "w4444 ,ev]y:]e ! desire to le>n mu/ be kept up free & unhamp]$4 ,no pressure1 ei!r op5 or hidd51 mu/ weigh on ! intellig5ce4 444 ,9 old] days1 9 our primeval =e/s1 says ,tagore1 our sages1 gurus1 9 ! pl5itude ( _! vision1 call$ on all seek]s ( tru?4444 ,:y does n our guru1 :o wants to lead u to action1 make ! same call8 ,b ! only comm& t ,guru ,g&hi s f> has laun*$ is1 ,sp9 & weave6 ,& ,tagore asks1 ,is ?is ! gospel ( a new creative age8 ,if l>ge ma*9]y con/itutes a dang] = ! ,we/1 w n small ma*9es con/itute a great] dang] = u8 ,! =ces ( a nation mu/ coop]ate1 n only ) ea* o!r1 b ) o!r nations4 ,! awak5+ ( ,india is b\nd up 9 ! awak5+ ( ! _w4 ,e nation t tries to %ut itself 9 violates ! _s ( ! new age4 ,& ,tagore1 :o has sp5t sev]al ye>s 9 ,europe1 speaks ( "s ( ! m5 he met--m5 :o h fre$ _! he>ts f ! *a9s ( nationalism 9 ord] to s]ve humanity--m5 :o con/itute ! p]secut$ m9ority ( _w citiz5s1 cives totius orbis--& he classes !m among ! sannyas9s1 t is1 ^? :o 9 _! s\l h realiz$ human unity4#aje ,& %\ld ,india alone1 asks ,tagore1 recite ! *apt] ( negation1 dwell et]nally on ! faults ( o!rs1 & /rive = ,sw>aj on a basis ( hatr$8 ,:5 ! bird is awak5$ by ! dawn1 x does n only ?9k ( food4 ,its w+s respond to ! call ( ! sky4 ,its ?roat fills ) joy\s songs to greet ! com+ day4 ,a new humanity has s5t out its call4 ,let ,india reply 9 h] own way6 ,our fir/ duty1 at dawn1 is to rememb] ,him ,:o is ,"o1 :o is indi/+ui%able ?r\gh class or color1 & :o1 by 8 v>i$ =ces1 provides1 z is necess>y1 = ! ne$s ( ea* class & ( all4 ,let u pray ,him1 :o gives wisdom1 to unite u all 9 und]/&+4#ajf ,tagore's noble words1 "s ( ! mo/ beautiful ev] address$ to a nation1 are a poem ( sunlight1 & plane above all human /ruggles4 ,& ! only criticism "o c make ( !m is t !y plane too high4 ,tagore is "r1 f ! po9t ( view ( et]nity4 ,! bird-poet1 ! eagle-siz$ l>k1 z ,he9e call$ a ma/] ( our music1 sits & s+s on ! ru9s ( "t4 ,he lives 9 et]nity4 ,b ! dem&s ( ! pres5t are imp]i\s4 ,! h\r t passes dem&s imm$iate1 if imp]fect1 relief2 b clamors = x4 ,& 9 ?is respect ,g&hi1 :o lacks ,tagore's poetic flight 7or :o1 p]haps1 z a ,boddhisattva ( pity has giv5 x up 9 ord] to live among ! dis9h]it$7 f9ds x *ild's play to reply4 ,9 8 answ] to ,tagore ,g&hi displays m passion ?an he has s f> %[n 9 ! controv]sy4 ,on ,octob] #ac1 #aiba1 9 ,"y ,india1 8 /irr+ rejo9d] appe>s4 ,g&hi ?anks ! ,great ,s5t9el#ajg = hav+ w>n$ ,india z to ! pitfalls ahead4 ,he agrees ) ,tagore t mo/ ess5tial ( all is ! ma9t5ance ( a free _s4 ,we mu/ n surr5d] our reason into anybody's keep+4 ,bl9d surr5d] to love is (t5 m mis*iev\s ?an =c$ surr5d] to ! la% ( ! tyrant4 ,!re is hope = ! slave ( ! brute1 none = t ( love4 ,tagore is ! s5t9el :o w>ns ( ! approa* ( ! enemies call$ ,bigotry1 ,le?>gy1 ,intol]ance1 ,ignorance1 & ,in]tia4 ,b ,g&hi does n feel t ,tagore's misgiv+s are ju/ifi$4 ,! ,mahatma always appeals to reason4 ,x is n true t ,india is mov$ by bl9d ob$i5ce only4 ,if ! c\ntry decid$ to adopt ! sp9n+-:eel1 ?is has be5 only aft] consid]able reflection4 ,tagore speaks ( pati5ce & is satisfi$ ) beautiful songs4 ,b !re is w>4 ,let ! poet lay d[n 8 lyre6 ,let him s+ :5 x is ov]6 ,:5 a h\se is on fire1 all mu/ g out & take up a bucket to qu5* ! fire4 ,:5 all ab\t me are dy+ = want ( food1 ! only occupation p]missible = me is to fe$ ! hungry4 ,india is a h\se on fire4 ,x is dy+ ( hung] because x has no "w to buy food )4 ,khulna is />v+4 ,! ,c$$ ,di/ricts are pass+ successively ?r\gh a f\r? fam9e4 ,orissa is a l& suff]+ f *ronic fam9e4 ,india is gr[+ daily poor]4 ,! circulation ab\t h] feet & legs has almo/ /opp$4 ,& if we d n take c>e %e w collapse altoge!r4444 ,to a p fami%+ & idle ! only acceptable =m 9 :i* ,god c d>e appe> is "w & promise ( food z wages4 ,god creat$ man to "w = 8 food & said t ^? :o ate )\t "w 7 ?ieves4 ,we mu/ ?9k ( millions :o to-day are less ?an animals1 almo/ 9 a dy+ /ate4 ,hung] is ! argum5t t is draw+ ,india to ! sp9n+-:eel4 ,! poet lives = ! morr[1 & w\ld h u d likewise4 ,he pres5ts to our admir+ gaze ! beautiful picture ( ! birds 9 ! e>ly morn+ s++ hymns ( praise z !y so> into ! sky4 ,^? birds _h _! day's food & so>$ ) re/$ w+s 9 ^: ve9s new blood _h fl[n ! previ\s night4 ,b ,i h _h ! pa9 ( wat*+ birds :o = want ( /r5g? c\ld n be coax$ ev5 into a flutt] ( _! w+s4 ,! human bird "u ! ,indian sky gets up weak] ?an :5 he pret5d$ to retire4 ,= millions x is an et]nal vigil or an et]nal trance4 ,i h f\nd x impossible to soo! suff]+ pati5ts ) a song f ,kabir4444 ,give !m "w t !y may eat6 ,:y %\ld ,i1 :o h no ne$ to "w = food1 sp98 may be ! "q ask$4 ,because ,i am eat+ :at does n belong to me4 ,i am liv+ on ! spoliation ( my c\ntrym54 ,trace ! c\rse ( e co9 t f9ds its way into y\r pocket1 & y w realize ! tru? ( :at ,i write4 ,e "o mu/ sp94 ,let ,tagore sp91 l ! o!rs4 ,let him burn 8 =eign clo!s2 t is ! duty to-day4 ,god w take c>e ( ! morr[4 ,z x says 9 ! ,git1 ,d "r6 ,d>k & tragic words ^!6 ,"h we h ! mis]y ( ! _w ris+ up be=e ! dream ( art & cry+1 ,d>e d5y me exi/5ce6 ,:o does n sympa?ize ) ,g&hi's passionate emotion & %>e x8 ,& yet1 9 8 reply s pr\d & s poignant1 !re is nev]!less some?+ t ju/ifies ,tagore's misgiv+s3 sileat poeta1 impos+ sil5ce on ! p]son :o is call$ ^u to obey ! imp]i\s discipl9e ( ! cause4 ,obey )\t discussion ! law ( ,swade%i1 ! fir/ comm& ( :i* is1 ,sp96 ,no d\bt1 9 ! human battle1 discipl9e is a duty4 ,b1 un=tunately1 ^? :o are intru/$ ) en=c+ ?is discipl9e1 ! ma/]'s lieut5ants1 may be n>r[-m9d$ m54 ,!y may mi/ake ! discipl9e *os5 to atta9 ! ideal = ! ideal itself4 ,discipl9e fasc9ates !m by its rigidity1 = !y are ( ! k9d :o feel at ease only on ! n>r[ pa?4 ,!y look ^u ,swade%i z ess5tial1 n z a means to an end1 b 9 itself4 ,9 _! eyes x acquires an almo/ sacr$ "*4 ,"o ( ,g&hi's disciples1 pr(essor at ! s*ool t lies ne>e/ 8 he>t1 ! ,satyagraha ,a%ram ( ,s>b>mati at ,ahm$abad1 ,mr4 ,d4 ,b4 ,kalelk>1 writes a ,gospel ( ,swade%i1 :i* ,g&hi1 9 a preface1 /amps ) 8 approval4#ajh ,?is book1 or pamphlet1 is address$ to ! man 9 ! /reet4 ,let u exam9e ! cre$ z x is taught by "o ( ^? :o dr9k at ! v s\rce ( ! unpollut$ doctr9e3 ,n[ & !n ,god is inc>nat$ on e>? to r$eem ! _w4 ,8 inc>nation ne$ n necess>ily be 9 human =m4444 ,he may be manife/ 9 an ab/ract pr9ciple or 9 an ideal :i* uplifts ! _w4444 ,8 late/ inc>nation is 9 ! ,gospel ( ,swade%i444 ,! apo/le realizes t ?is /atem5t may cause a smile if ,swade%i is to be int]pret$ z mean+ ! boycott ( =eign goods only4 ,?is is only a p>tial application ( ,swade%i1 :i* is a va/ religi\s pr9ciple t w rid ! _w ( /rife & hatr$ & lib]ate humanity4 ,its qu9tess5ce may be f\nd 9 ! ,indian scriptures3 ,y\r own religi\s ,dh>ma--t is to say1 y\r own religi\s de/9y or salvation--?\gh imp]fect1 is ! be/4 ,! fulfilm5t ( ,dh>ma = :i* y 7 n int5d$ is always fraught ) dang]4 ,he alone atta9s happ9ess :o fulfils ! task laid out = him4 ,! fundam5tal law ( ,swade%i spr+s f fai? 9 ,god1 :o has provid$1 9 all et]nity1 = ! happ9ess ( ! _w4 ,?is ,god has plac$ ea* human be+ 9 ! environm5t be/ suit$ = ! fulfilm5t ( 8 task4 ,a man's "w & 8 aspirations %\ld be suit$ to 8 position 9 ! _w4 ,we _c *oose our culture any m ?an our bir?1 family1 or c\ntry4 ,we mu/ accept :at ,god has giv5 u2 we mu/ accept tradition z com+ f ,god & reg>d x z a /rict duty to live up to x4 ,to r5\nce tradition w\ld be s9ful4 ,f ^! premises x foll[s t ! inhabitant ( "o c\ntry %\ld n conc]n himself ) o!r c\ntries4 ,! foll[] ( ,swade%i nev] takes ^u himself ! va9 task ( try+ to re=m ! _w1 = he believes t ! _w is mov$ & always w be mov$ accord+ to rules set by ,god4444 ,"o mu/ n expect ! p ( "o c\ntry to provide = ! ne$s ( ano!r1 ev5 = philan?ropic reasons1 & if x 7 possible1 x w\ld n be desirable4444 ,! true foll[] ( ,swade%i does n =get t e human be+ is 8 bro!r1 b t x is incumb5t on him to fulfil ! task 8 p>ticul> environm5t has laid d[n = him4 ,j z we mu/ "w out our salvation 9 ! c5tury 9 :i* we are born1 we %\ld s]ve ! c\ntry 9 :i* we are born4 ,! emancipation ( our s\l %\ld be s\ght ?r\gh religion & our own culture4 ,is x1 h[ev]1 p]missible = a nation to take advantage ( all opportunities to develop its res\rces ( comm]ce & indu/ry8 ,inde$ n4 ,an unwor?y ambition to wi% to develop ,india's manufactures6 ,x w\ld be ask+ p to violate _! ,dh>mas6 ,x is z crim9al to export "o's products z to import ^? ( o!rs4 ,= proselytism is repell5t to ! _s ( ,swade%i4 ,& ! logical conclusion ( ?is !ory1 r />tl+ to a ,european1 is t x is z s9ful to export goods z ideas4 ,if ,india has be5 bitt]ly humiliat$ 9 hi/ory1 x is z puni%m5t = ! crimes ( ance/ors :o trad$ ) anci5t ,egypt & ,rome1 a crime delib]ately repeat$ by all succe$+ g5]ations4 ,e nation1 e class1 %\ld rema9 true to its own duty1 live on its own res\rces1 & be inspir$ by its own traditions4 ,we %\ld avoid be+ intimate ) ^? ^: social cu/oms are diff]5t f ours4 ,we %\ld n m+le 9 ! lives ( m5 or peoples ^: ideals are diff]5t f ours4444 ,e man is a brook4 ,e nation is a riv]4 ,!y mu/ foll[ _! c\rse1 cle> & pure1 till !y rea* ! ,sea ( ,salvation1 :]e all w bl5d4 ,:at is ?is b ! triumph ( nationalism8 ,! n>r[e/ & mo/ unpollut$8 ,/ay at home1 %ut all doors1 *ange no?+1 hold on to ev]y?+1 export no?+1 buy no?+1 uplift & purify body & _s6 ,a gospel1 inde$1 ( m$ieval monks6#aji ,& ,g&hi1 ( ! broad m9d1 lets 8 "n be associat$ ) x6 ,tagore's bewild]m5t1 :5 met ) ^! vision>ies ( reaction>y nationalism1 is compreh5sible4 ,no wond] he 0 tak5 back by ^! apo/les1 :o w\ld rev]se ! m>* ( c5turies1 %ut ! free s\l 9 a cage1 & burn all bridges communicat+ ) ! ,we/4#aaj ,z a matt] ( fact1 ,g&hi's doctr9e really implies no?+ ( ! sort4 ,z may be se5 f 8 reply to ,tagore1 he says1 ,swade%i is a message to ! _w4 ,! _w exi/s2 !re=e1 ,g&hi reckons ) x1 & does n repudiate proselyt+4 ,non-cop]ation1 he says1 is n direct$ aga9/ ! ,engli% or ! ,we/4 ,our non-cop]ation is direct$ aga9/ mat]ial civilization & its att5dant gre$ & exploitation ( ! weak4 ,9 o!r words1 x combats ! errors ( ! ,we/ & w\ld !re=e be b5eficial to ! ,we/ also4 ,our non-cop]ation is a retirem5t )9 ourselves4 ,a tempor>y retirem5t to enable ,india to ga!r up h] =ces be=e plac+ !m at ! s]vices ( humanity4 ,india mu/ le>n to live be=e %e c aspire to die = humanity4 ,g&hi does n =bid cop]ation ) ,europe provid$ ! s\nd ideal :i* he sets up = all m5 is adh]$ to4 ,g&hi's real doctr9e is mu* broad]1 mu* m human1 mu* m univ]sal#aaa ?an t express$ 9 ! ,gospel :i* he has approv$4 ,:y did ,g&hi l5d 8 "n to ?is ,gospel8 ,:y does he let 8 magnific5t ideal1 a message = ! :ole _w1 be imprison$ )9 ! n>r[ bonds ( an ,indian !ocracy8 ,bew>e ( disciples6 ,! pur] !y are1 ! m p]nici\s4 ,god pres]ve a great man f fri5ds :o only grasp "p ( 8 ideal6 ,9 codify+ x1 !y de/roy ! h>mony :i* is ! real bless+ ( 8 liv+ s\l4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,:ile ! disciples :o live ne> ! ma/] are at lea/ t+$ by 8 noble spirituality1 :at ab\t ! disciples ( 8 disciples1 & ! o!rs1 ! masses to :om ! doctr9e comes m]ely z vague & brok5 e*oes8 ,h[ mu* & :at d !y absorb ( ! gospel ( spiritual purification & creative r5\ncem5t8 ,un=tunately1 to !m ! doctr9e appe>s 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y & mat]ial =m1 9 a sort ( ,messianic wait+ = ! adv5t ( ,sw>aj1 home rule1 by ! sp9n+-:eel6 ,?is is ! negation ( all progress4 ,x's ! old fuori ,b>b>i4 ,tagore is al>m$1 & n )\t reason1 at ! viol5ce ( ! apo/les ( non-viol5ce1 & ev5 ,g&hi is n absolutely free f x4 ,g&hi says t he w\ld )draw f ! field if he felt hatr$ = ! ,engli%1 = "o mu/ love "o's enemies :ile hat+ _! de$s1 hate ,satanism :ile lov+ ,satan4 ,! di/9ction1 h[ev]1 is a little too subtle = ! av]age man to grasp4 ,& :5 at ea* session ( ! congress ! lead]s dwell ) fi]y eloqu5ce on ! crimes & trea*]y ( ! ,engli%1 ang] & rancor pile up beh9d ! sluices2 & bew>e :5 ! sluices bur/6 ,:5 ,g&hi1 expla9+ :y he advocates ! burn+ ( preci\s /uffs 9 ,bombay 9 ,augu/1 #aiba1 says to ,&rews1 ,tagore's fri5d1 t ,he is transf]r+ ill w f m5 to ?+s1#aab he does n realize t ! fury ( ! masses is ga!r+ impetus1 & t in/9ctively ^! masses reason1 ,?+s fir/1 m5 next6 ,he does n =esee t 9 ?is same ,bombay1 less ?an ?ree mon?s aft]w>d1 m5 w be kill+ m54 ,g&hi is too mu* ( a sa9t2 he is too pure1 top free f ! animal passions t lie dormant 9 man4 ,he does n dream t !y lie !re1 cr\*+ )9 ! p1 dev\r+ 8 words & ?riv+ on !m4 ,tagore1 m cle>-sight$1 realizes ! dang] ! non-cop]ators are skirt+ :5 !y innoc5tly lay b>e ! crimes ( ,europe1 pr(ess non-viol5ce1 & simultane\sly plant 9 p's m9ds ! virus :i* w inevitably break 9 viol5ce6 ,b ?is !y d n realize1 ^! apo/les ^: he>ts are free f hatr$4 ,b he :o w\ld lead m5 9 action mu/ "k ! he>t-beats ( ! o!rs1 n m]ely 8 own4 ,bew>e ! mob6 ,cave canem6 ,! moral precepts ( a ,g&hi w n be able to curb x4 ,! only way1 p]haps1 to prev5t x f runn+ wild1 ! only way1 p]haps1 ( mak+ x yield docilely to ! au/]e discipl9e ( ! ma/]1 w\ld be = him to pose z an inc>nat$ god1 z ^? :o pa9t him z ,sri-,kri%na secretly hope he w d4 ,b ,g&hi's s9c]ity & 8 humility prev5t him f play+ ! role4 ,& !n1 plan+ above ! ro>+ human ocean alone1 rema9s ! s+le voice ( ! pure/ ( m51 b only a man4 ,h[ long w x be he>d8 ,gr&iose & tragic wait+6 ,footnote #fg3 ,etymologically1 swa1 self1 oneself2 de%i1 c\ntry4 ,h5ce1 national indep5d5ce4 ,! non-cop]ators usually int]pret x 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( economic indep5d5ce4 ,x w be se51 fur!r on1 ! sort ( social gospel :i* ,g&hi's foll[]s make out ( ! idea4 7,gospel ( ,swade%i47 ,footnote #fh3 ,septemb] #h & #bd1 ,octob] #bj1 #aibj4 ,footnote #fi3 ,augu/ #aa & #be1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gj3 ,at lea/ s ,g&hi int]prets ! texts4 ,d>e a ,european v5ture t he f9ds 9 ! ,bhagavad ,git s]5e indiff]5ce to viol5ce p]petrat$ & suff]$8 ,footnote #ga3 ,augu/ #be1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gb3 ,may #ab1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gc3 ,to ,all ! ,engli% 9 ,india1 ,octob] #bg1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,april #bh1 #aibj2 ,june #h1 ,septemb] #a1 #aiba4 ,9 8 ,lett] to ! ,p>sees1 ! bus9ess p1 he begs !m to /op sell+ alcohol 7,m>* #bc1 #aiba74 ,9 8 ,lett] to ! ,mod]ates1 ,june #h1 #aiba1 he asks !m to help him c>ry ?is po9t1 ev5 if !y d n agree ) ! o!r po9ts ( 8 program4 ,he also wages w> on drugs1 n>cotics1 & opium d5s4 ,footnote #ge3 ,g&hi himself realizes t _m w je]4 ,b1 he asks1 did ! sew+-ma*9e d away ) ! ne$le8 ,! sp9n+-:eel's utility has n be5 lo/4 ,on ! contr>y1 no?+ is m useful at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,sp9n+ is a national necessity1 & con/itutes ! only possible means ( subsi/5ce = millions ( />v+ p4 7,july #ba1 #aibj47 ,footnote #gf3 ,febru>y #b1 #aiba4 ,footnote #gg3 ,july #ba1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gh3 ,novemb] #ag1 #aibj4 ,footnote #gi3 ,engli% is n exclud$1 nor any o!r ,european language1 b x is res]v$ = ! high] grades1 at ! end ( ! s*ool program4 ,9 all grades1 h[ev]1 ,indian dialects are us$4 ,g&hi dreams ( a high] /ate ( univ]sal exi/5ce :]e all diff]5ces w p]si/1 n z divisions b z diff]5t facets4 ,footnote #hj3 ,a%ram1 place ( discipl9e1 h]mitage4 ,footnote #ha3 ,at ! ,nagpur session ( ! congress "s #dgbf delegates 7 pres5t1 & among !m 7 #dfi ,mohamm$ans1 #fe ,sikhs1 #e ,p>sees1 #b ,unt\*ables1 #djgi ,h9dus & #ajf wom54 ,! new con/itution provid$ t a delegate %\ld be *os5 = e #ejjj inhabitants1 :i* w\ld make a total ( #fage delegates4 ,! ,national ,indian ,congress 0 to meet once a ye>1 r\nd ,*ri/mas4 ,! committee ( ! congress consi/+ ( #hej memb]s w\ld act z executive body1 en=c+ ! resolutions ( ! congress & c>ry+ out its policies4 ,betwe5 ! sessions ( ! congress ! committee 0 to h ! same au?ority z ! congress4 ,)9 ! committee an executive bo>d ( fifte5 memb]s 0 to be> ! same relation to ! congress committee t a m9i/]ial cab9et be>s to p>liam5t4 ,?is bo>d c\ld be dissolv$ by ! congress committee4 ,! ,congress ( ,nagpur drew up ! plans = a hi]>*y ( committees ( prov9cial congresses1 repres5t+ tw5ty-"o prov9ces & twelve languages1 & plac$ "u !m local committees 9 ea* village or gr\p ( villages4 ,x advis$ ! =mation ( a b& ( national work]s to be call$ ! ,indian ,national ,s]vice to be f9anc$ out ( funds call$ ! ,all-,india ,tilak ,memorial ,sw>aja ,fund4 ,e adult1 male or female1 possess+ #d annas 0 giv5 ! "r to vote1 provid$ he _h sign$ ! cr$o ( ! con/itution4 ,:oev] has atta9$ ! age ( tw5ty-"o & has sworn adh]5ce to ,article ,i ( ! ,con/itution & agre$ to uphold ! rules & by-laws ( ! con/itution is eligible4 ,footnote #hb3 ,m>* #bc1 #aiba4 ,footnote #hc3 ,octob] #f1 #aibj2 ,may #aa & #ah1 ,july #bh1 ,octob] #bj1 #aiba4 ,footnote #hd3 ,9 cit+ 8 fri5d%ip ) ! ,mussulman ,maulana ,moham$ ,ali1 ,g&hi claims t bo? m5 rema9 true to _! respective fai?s4 ,g&hi w\ld n give 8 daught] 9 m>riage to "o ( ,ali's sons1 nor w\ld he %>e ! meals ( 8 fri5d2 & ! same is true ( ,maulana ,moham$ ,ali4 ,b ?is does n prev5t bo? m5 f be+ fond ( ea* o!r1 respect+ ea* o!r1 & rely+ on ea* o!r4 ,g&hi does n say t int]m>riage betwe5 ,h9dus & ,mussulmans1 & ! fact ( eat+ toge!r1 %\ld necess>ily be condemn$1 b he says !y are impossible at ! pres5t "t4 ,x w take at lea/ a c5tury = ! two peoples to rea* su* a /age ( fusion4 ,a policy purport$ practical %\ld n attempt to c>ry su* a re=m4 ,g&hi does n object to x b consid]s x premature4 ,! only important ?+1 = ! pres5t1 is = ! two peoples to respect ea* o!r & rema9 loyal to ea* o!r4 ,"h1 too1 ,g&hi %[s 8 s5se ( realities4 7,octob] #bj1 #aiba47 ,footnote #he3 ,spee* made ,april #bg1 #aiba4 ,footnote #hf3 ,octob] #bg1 #aibj4 ,footnote #hg3 ,9 ! end ( ,april1 #aiba1 unt\*ability beg9s to dim9i%4 ,9 _m villages ! p>iahs are all[$ to live among o!r ,h9dus & to enjoy ! same rights4 7,april #bg1 #aiba47 ,9 o!r regions1 h[ev]1 _! condition rema9s deplorable1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,madras4 7,septemb] #bi1 #aiba47 ,! "q is includ$ 9 ! program ( ! ,national ,assemblies ( ,india f ?is "t on4 ,! ,congress ( ,nagpur1 9 ,decemb]1 #aibj1 _h already express$ ! desire ( see+ unt\*ability wip$ out4 ,footnote #hh3 ,april #bg1 #aiba4 ,footnote #hi3 ,july #ba1 #aiba1 & ,octob] #f1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ij3 ,july #ba1 ,augu/ #aa1 ,decemb] #af1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ia3 ,g&hi prote/s aga9/ ?is 9 ,"y ,india ( ,june1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ib3 ,may #ab1 #aibj2 ,may #be1 ,july #ac1 ,augu/ #be1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ic3 ,decemb] #h1 #aibj4 ,footnote #id3 ,m>* #af1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ie3 ,lett]s f ,abroad4 ,! ?ree lett]s ( ,m>* #b1 #e1 & #ac 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,review 9 ,may1 #aiba4 ,! ,appeal to ,tru? 0 writt5 aft] ,tagore's return to ,india & publi%$ 9 ! ,mod]n ,review ,octob] #a1 #aiba4 ,! two m51 h[ev]1 did n discuss _! views 9 polemical writ+s only4 ,!y met & _h a long int]view1 b nei!r has publi%$ any comm5t on _! meet+4 ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews1 h[ev]1 :o 0 pres5t1 has told u :at ! talk 0 ab\t & ref]r$ to ! argum5ts us$ by ,tagore & ,g&hi to back up _! diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,footnote #if3 ,febru>y #i1 #aibb4 ,9 ?is article1 call$ ,too ,sacr$ = ,publication1 ,g&hi dwells on 8 long fri5d%ip ) ,tagore4 ,g&hi 0 a frequ5t visitor at ,tagore's home at ,sant9iketan1 & consid]$ x z a retreat4 ,:ile he 0 9 ,engl& 8 *ildr5 _h _! home !re4 ,footnote #ig3 ,may #ab1 #aibj4 ,footnote #ih3 ,m>* #e1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ii3 ,june #a1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,m>* #e1 #aiba4 ,footnote #aja3 ,m>* #f1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,m>* #ac1 #aiba4 ,develop$ 9 article 9 ! ,mod]n ,review ( ,novemb]1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,! fir/ ,indian home rule campaign1 9 ,b5gal1 9 #aijg-jh4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,m>* #e1 #aiba4 ,footnote #aje3 ,^? :o h r5\nc$ _! p]sonal life 9 ord] to br+ a unity to mank9d4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,p>aphrase ( ! fir/ /anza ( ! ,upani%ads4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,title ( ! article ( ,octob] #ac1 #aiba4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,! ,gospel ( ,swade%i1 ,madras1 #aibb4 ,footnote #aji3 ,9 ?is ,gospel1 h[ev]1 are words ( great moral =ce & beauty4 ,ex]t no v5geance4 ,t :i* is pass$ is pass$4 ,! pa/ _c be call$ back2 x is "p ( et]nity & man has no rec\rse aga9/ x4 ,d n try to ex]t reprisals z puni%m5t = pa/ inju/ice & (f5ce6 ,let ! dead pa/ bury its dead4 ,act 9 ! liv+ pres5t1 he>t )9 & ,god o'erhead4 ,! cold purity ( ! glaci]s bl[s ?r\gh ! book1 f "o end to ! o!r4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,tagore 0 p>ticul>ly s5sitive to su* writ+s s9ce !re _h sprung up a sort ( rivalry betwe5 ,g&hi's ,a%ram 7:]e ?is ,gospel 0 writt57 & ,tagore's ,sant9iketan1 a rivalry :i* bo? m5 tri$ to smoo? out4 ,9 an article publi%$ ,febru>y #i1 #aibb1 ,g&hi1 9 ,"y ,india1 compla9s t a j\rnali/ misquot$ him1 mak+ him say ?+s ab\t 8 ,a%ram :i* might be con/ru$ z criticisms ( ,tagore's ,sant9iketan4 ,g&hi expresses 8 respect = ,tagore's s*ool & adds1 r humor\sly1 t if he _h to det]m9e ! sup]iority ( "o s*ool ov] ! o!r1 he w\ld vote = ,sant9iketan1 9 spite ( ! discipl9e ( ,a%ram4 ,sant9iketan is ! old] bro!r1 old] 9 age z well z 9 wisdom1 b1 says ,g&hi1 ,let ! disciples ( ,sant9iketan bew>e ! gr[? ( little ,a%ram6 ,footnote #aaa3 ,to my m9d ,g&hi is z univ]sal z ,tagore1 b 9 a diff]5t way4 ,g&hi is a univ]sali/ ?r\gh 8 religi\s feel+2 ,tagore is intellectually univ]sal4 ,g&hi does n exclude any "o f ! communion ( pray] & daily duties1 j z ! fir/ apo/les did n diff]5tiate betwe5 ,jews & ,g5tiles b impos$ ! same moral discipl9e on bo?4 ,?is is :at ,g&hi aspires to d1 & h]e9 lies 8 n>r[ness2 n 9 8 he>t1 :i* is z l>ge z t ( a ,*ri/1 b 9 8 _s ( intellectual asceticism & r5unciation4 7,& ?is1 too1 is ( a ,*ri/67 ,g&hi is a univ]sali/ ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:ile v5]at+ him1 we und]/& & approve ,tagore4 ,footnote #aab3 ,septemb] #a1 #aiba4 ,,"p ,,?ree #a ,9 #aiba ! non-cop]ation movem5t evolv$ rapidly4 ,! :ole ye> 0 "o ( unc]ta9ty1 expectancy1 & viol5t outbreaks4 ,g&hi inevitably reflect$ its oscillations4 ,= a long "t ho/ility _h be5 gr[+1 & x broke out 9 op5 revolt at ! ,gov]nm5t's brutally oppressive measures4 ,!re 7 riots at ,malegaon1 9 ! di/rict ( ,nasik1 & at ,giridih1 9 ,beh>4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,may1 #aiba1 !re 7 s]i\s cla%es 9 ,assam4 ,twelve ?\s& coolies /opp$ "w 9 ! tea-g>d5s1 & 7 attack$ by ,gurkhas draft$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 & 9 ea/]n ,b5gal ! railroad & /eam%ip work]s organiz$ a two mon?s' /rike 9 prote/4 ,g&hi did all 9 8 p[] to calm ! eff]vesc5ce4 ,9 ,may he _h a long conv]sation ) ! vic]oy1 ,"l ,read+1 & he also us$ 8 influ5ce ) ! ,ali bro!rs1 :o 7 said to be /irr+ up viol5ce by _! inflammatory spee*es4 ,g&hi 0 able to p]suade 8 ,moslem fri5ds to refra9 f directly or indirectly advocat+ viol5ce4 ,! non-cop]ation movem5t1 h[ev]1 grew m & m p[]ful z "t w5t on4 ,! ,moslem elem5t 9 p>ticul> became audaci\s4 ,at ,k>a*i1 ,july #h1 = in/ance1 ! ,all-,india ,khilafat ,conf]5ce1 aft] reit]at+ ! ,moslem claims1 decl>$ t no ,mussulman %\ld s]ve 9 ! ,engli% ,army or assi/ 9 recruit+4 ,9 fact1 ! conf]5ce ev5 w5t s f> z to ?reat5 to proclaim a republic 9 ,india & advocate civil disob$i5ce at ! ,decemb] session ( ! ,national ,congress if ! ,gov]nm5t did n *ange its ho/ile attitude to ! ,angora lead]s4 ,a little lat]1 on ,july #bh1 ! committee ( ! ,national ,congress 7! fir/ congress committee elect$ accord+ to ! new con/itution7 sitt+ at ,bombay decid$ to boycott ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales1 ^: visit 0 ann\nc$1 & decl>$ a boycott on all =eign mat]ials1 to become effective be=e ,septemb] #cj4 ,x also took /eps to int5sify & regulate national sp9n+ & weav+1 & urg$ ! organization ( a m vigor\s campaign aga9/ ! dr9k evil1 despite ! ,gov]nm5t's support ( ! deal]s4 ,less audaci\s ?an ! ,mussulmans ( ! ,khilafat ,conf]5ce1 h[ev]1 ! congress committee disav[$ revolution>y t5d5cies & disapprov$ civil disob$i5ce1 approv+ a m2 /r5u\s propag&a 9 favor ( non-viol5ce4 ,9 ,augu/ a brutal revolt ( ! ,moplahs took place1 & la/$ sev]al mon?s4 ,) ,maulana ,moham$ ,ali1 ,g&hi decid$ to g f ,calcutta to ,malab> to try to quiet x4 ,b ! ,gov]nm5t arre/$ ,maulana ,moham$ & 8 bro!r ,maulana ,%aukat ,ali z well z sev]al o!r ,moslem notables1 accus+ !m ( hav+ vot$ = civil disob$i5ce at ! ,khilafat ,conf]5ce4 ,at ! news ( ! ,ali bro!rs' arre/1 ! ,c5tral ,khilafat ,committee1 sitt+ at ,delhi1 ratifi$ unanim\sly ! resolutions ( ! ,khilafat ,conf]5ce4 ,hundr$s ( demon/rations1 held all ov] ,india1 confirm$ ! p's approval ( !m4 ,on ,octob] #d1 ,g&hi ann\nc$ t he consid]$ 8 cause h\nd up ) t ( ! ,mussulmans4 ,9 a manife/o approv$ by fifty prom95t memb]s ( ! ,all-,india ,congress ,g&hi decl>$ t e citiz5 0 entitl$ to express 8 views on non-cop]ation1 add+ t no ,indian1 :e!r civil function>y or soldi]1 %\ld s]ve a ,gov]nm5t :i* has br\ght ab\t ! moral1 political1 & economical degradation ( ,india4 ,he set up non-cop]ation ) su* a ,gov]nm5t z an imp]ative duty4 ,! ,ali bro!rs' trial took place at ,k>a*i4 ,) _! fell[-accus$1 !y 7 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,to ?is s5t5ce ,india repli$ ) r$\bl$ vigor4 ,g&hi's manife/o 0 ratifi$ by ! ,committee ( ! ,all-,india ,congress on ,novemb] #d at ,delhi4 ,& ca/+ ! die1 ! committee au?oriz$ e prov9ce1 on its own responsibility1 to proclaim civil disob$i5ce1 beg9n+ ) a refusal to pay taxes4 ,resi/]s1 h[ev]1 7 fir/ to swe> complete ob$i5ce to ! ,swade%i program1 includ+ h& sp9n+1 & take ! v[ ( non-viol5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 "u ,g&hi's direction ! committee tri$ to comb9e resi/ance aga9/ ! ,gov]nm5t ) discipl9e & self-sacrifice4 ,to make ! dis9t]e/$ "* ( ! movem5t cle>4 ,resi/]s 7 in=m$ t nei!r !y nor _! families w\ld receive any pecuni>y aid f ! committee4 ,! great disob$i5ce 0 ab\t to become effective :51 on ,novemb] #ag1 ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales l&$ at ,bombay4 ,! boycott 0 c>ri$ out by ! l[] & ! middle classes2 b ! ri*1 ! ,p>sees & (ficial p]sonages1 ignor$ ! ord] completely4 ,_! attitude creat$ su* fury among ! populace t ! masses /orm$ ! h\ses ( ! ri*1 loot+ & sack+ homes & prop]ty1 sp>+ no "o1 n ev5 ! wom54 ,_m 7 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,?is 0 ! only case ( viol5ce1 h[ev]4 ,ev]y:]e else1 all ov] ,india1 ! prescrib$ h>tal took place 9 ! mid/ ( almo/ religi\s quiet & ord]4 ,!re 7 no di/urbances ( any k9d4 ,b ! news ( ! ,bombay riots w\nd$ ,g&hi l an arr[ %ot 9 8 he>t4 ,z soon z he he>d ( !m he ru%$ to ! spot1 & :5 ! riot]s *e]$ him 8 mortification knew no b\nds4 ,he call$ ! cr[d angrily to ord] & comm&$ x to disp]se4 ,he decl>$ t ! ,p>sees 7 ju/ifi$ 9 celebrat+ ! pr9ce's arrival if !y wi%$1 &1 9 any ev5t1 no?+ ju/ifi$ viol5ce4 ,! cr[d li/5$ to ,g&hi 9 sil5ce1 b f>!r (f ! tumult broke out aga94 ,! wor/ elem5ts seem$ to h sudd5ly em]g$ f ! e>?1 & tw5ty ?\s& m51 t[]+ 9 rage & hatr$1 _c be br\ght back to reason all at once4 ,/ill1 ! riot]s rema9$ localiz$ 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 & ! de/ruction 0 n half s great z t caus$ by ! mo/ insignificant revolution>y outbreak 9 ,europe4 ,g&hi1 h[ev]1 issu$ angui%$ appeals to ! citiz5s ( ,bombay & to ! non-cop]ators1 & decl>$ t su* incid5ts prov$ t ! masses 7 n yet ripe = civil disob$i5ce4 ,!re=e he susp5d$ ! ord] proclaim+ x4 ,to puni% himself = ! viol5ce ( 8 foll[]s1 he impos$ ^u himself a religi\s fa/ ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs e week4 ,! ,european resid5ts 9 ,india 7 less al>m$ by ! ,bombay riots ?an by ! /rik+ unanim\sness ( ! sil5t h>tal ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,!y urg$ ! vic]oy & ! ,gov]nm5t to act1 & a s]ies ( oppressive measures 7 impos$ 9 ! v>i\s prov9ces4 ,an old law1 aim$ at an>*i/s & secret societies1 dat+ f ! upris+s ( #aijh1 0 une>!d1 & made to s]ve aga9/ ! volunte] associations ( ! ,congress & ( ! ,khilafat4 ,arre/s 7 made by ! ?\s&1 :i* only result$ 9 br++ ?\s&s ( new recruits to regi/] z volunte]s1 :o 7 !n tra9$ by ! prov9cial committees4 ,9 ! meantime a h>tal 0 set = ,decemb] #bd1 ! date ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's visit to ,calcutta4 ,t day ! pr9ce pass$ ?r\gh a sil5t1 absolutely des]t$ city4 ,! revolution seem$ to be smold]+ ev]y:]e1 ready to bur/ into flame :5 ! ,indian ,national ,congress met at ,ahm$abad4 ,!re 0 ab\t x ! impressive solemnity ( ! tats-,gnraux on ! eve ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 #aghi4 ,! presid5t ( ! congress _h j be5 imprison$4 ,! discussions 7 brief4 ,! congress aga9 proclaim$ its fai? 9 non-cop]ation & invit$ all citiz5s to regi/] z volunte]s & to be prep>$ to face arre/4 ,x also urg$ ! p to organize mass-meet+s ev]y:]e2 & aft] express+ ! op9ion t civil disob$i5ce is a weapon equally effective & m humane ?an arm$ rebellion1 x mov$ t civil disob$i5ce be adopt$ z soon z ! masses _h grasp$ ! real _s ( non-viol5ce4 ,realiz+ t _m ( ! memb]s w\ld be arre/$ at ! close ( ! session1 ! congress delegat$ its p[]s to ,g&hi1 inve/+ him ) a dictature de facto & au?oriz+ him to appo9t 8 successor4 ,?is made ,g&hi sole ma/] ( ,india's policy4 ,! congress limit$ 8 au?ority on "o po9t only1 & ?is 0 t he %\ld agree to no *ange 9 ! national cre$ nor make peace ) ! ,gov]nm5t )\t ! cons5t ( ! congress committee4 ,a fraction ( ! assembly tri$ to pass a resolution approv+ viol5ce1 if necess>y to br+ ab\t ,india's indep5d5ce1 b ?is resolution 0 reject$ by ! majority1 :i* believ$ 9 ,g&hi's pr9ciples4 ,! ensu+ weeks reveal$ ! religi\s en?usiasm :i* swept ov] ,india4 ,tw5ty-five ?\s& m5 & wom5 joyfully surr5d]$ !mselves to prison gu>ds4 ,& back ( !m1 ?\s&s ( o!rs /ood ready to give !mselves up to prove _! fai? 9 ! cause ( ,india4 #b ,aga9 ,g&hi believ$ ! c\ntry 0 ripe = civil disob$i5ce en masse4 ,! signal 0 to be giv5 9 a model di/rict1 at ,b>doli1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bombay4#aac ,"h ,g&hi's ideas _h always be5 und]/ood & foll[$4 ,9 an op5 lett] to ! vic]oy1 dat$ ,febru>y #i1 #aibb1 ,g&hi set =? 8 program4 ,! lett] is a c\rte\s1 b cle>1 decl>ation ( w>4 ,g&hi says he is ! lead] ( ! non-cop]ation movem5t1 & he claims responsibility = x4 ,b>doli w be ! fir/ unit ( non-viol5t mass revolt aga9/ a gov]nm5t :i* has brutally infr+$ ^u fre$om ( ! press1 ( association1 & ( spee*4 ,g&hi gives ,"l ,read+ sev5 days 9 :i* to ann\nce a *ange ( policy4 ,if ! vic]oy w n or _c see su* an incr$ibly simple issue1 civil disob$i5ce w be proclaim$4#aad ,sc>cely _h ! lett]1 to ! vic]oy be5 despat*$ :5 !re occurr$ an outbreak m viol5t ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,dur+ a procession at ,*auri-,*aura1 9 ! di/rict ( ,gorakhpur1 or1 r1 aft] ! procession _h pass$1 "s /raggl]s 7 int]f]$ ) & abus$ by ! con/ables4 ,attack$ by ! mob1 ! con/ables op5$ fire1 & :5 !y exhau/$ _! ammunition !y retir$ to ! ?ana 7! police b>racks7 = safety4 ,! mob set fire to ! ?ana4 ,9 va9 ! besieg$ begg$ = m]cy4 ,!y 7 pitilessly massacr$ & burn$4 ,z ! provocation _h come f !m1 h[ev]1 & z no non-cop]ation volunte] _h _h a h& 9 ! attack1 ,g&hi w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 disclaim+ all responsibility = ! outrage4 ,b he _h really become ! consci5ce ( ,india4 ,! crime ( a s+le "o ( 8 p cut him to ! quick4 ,he took ^u himself all ! s9s ( 8 p4 ,8 horror 0 su* t on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 & = ! second "t1 he /opp$ ! civil-disob$i5ce movem5t t he _h j laun*$4 ,! situation 0 va/ly m complicat$ ?an aft] ! ,bombay riots1 & only a few days be=e he _h s5t 8 ultimatum to ! vic]oy4 ,h[ c\ld he retract x )\t mak+ 8 program seem illogical & ev5 ridicul\s8 ,satan1 z ,g&hi says1 =bade x4 ,realiz+ t ,satan's voice 0 ! voice ( pride1 he decid$ to retract ! manife/o4 ,& on ,febru>y #af1aibb1 !re appe>$ 9 ,"y ,india "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y human docum5ts ev] writt54 ,x is ,g&hi's mea culpa1 8 public confession4 ,f ! dep?s ( 8 mortification words ( ?anks swell to 8 lips1 ( ?anks to ,god = hav+ humbl$ him3 ,god has be5 abundantly k9d to me4 ,he has w>n$ me = ! ?ird "t t !re is n z yet 9 ,india t tru?ful & non-viol5t atmosph]e :i*1 & :i* alone1 c ju/ify mass disob$i5ce1 :i* c be at all describ$ z civil1 :i* means g5tle1 tru?ful1 humble1 kn[+1 wilful1 yet lov+1 nev] crim9al & hateful4 ,he w>n$ me 9 #aiai :5 ! ,r[latt ,act agitation 0 />t$4 ,ahm$abad1 ,viramvrag1 & ,kh$a err$4 ,i retrac$ my /eps1 call$ x a ,himalayan miscalculation1 humbl$ myself be=e ,god & man1 & /opp$ n m]ely mass civil disob$i5ce1 b ev5 my own4444 ,! next "t x 0 ?r\gh ! ev5ts ( ,bombay t ,god gave me a t]rific w>n+4 ,he made me eyewitness4444 ,i ann\nc$ my int5tion to /op ! mass civil disob$i5ce :i* 0 to be imm$iately />t$ 9 ,b>doli4 ,! humiliation 0 great] ?an t 9 #aiai4 ,b x did me good & ,i am sure t ! nations ga9$ by ! /opp+4 ,india /ood = tru? & non-viol5ce by ! susp5sion4 ,b ! bitt]e/ humiliation 0 /ill to come4444 ,god spoke cle>ly ?r\gh ,*auri-,*aura4444 ,& :5 ,india claims to be non-viol5t & hopes to m\nt ! ?rone ( lib]ty ?r\gh non-viol5t means1 mob viol5ce ev5 9 answ] to grave provocation is a bad augury4444 ,non-viol5t atta9m5t ( self-gov]nm5t presupposes a non-viol5t control ov] ! viol5t elem5ts 9 ! c\ntry4 ,non-viol5t non-cop]ators c only succe$ :5 !y h succe$$ 9 atta9+ control ov] ! hooligan ( ,india4444 ,!re=e1 on ,febru>y #aa1 at ,b>doli1 he put 8 d\bts & tr\bles be=e ! work+ committee ( ! congress4 ,!y did n all agree ) him4 ,b nev]1 he said1 has a man be5 'bless$1' p]haps1 ) colleagues & associates s consid]ate & =giv+4 ,!y sympa?iz$ ) 8 scruples & cons5t$1 at 8 reque/1 to susp5d ! ord] ( civil disob$i5ce1 urg+ at ! same "t t all organizations /rive to create an atmosph]e ( non-viol5ce4 ,i "k t ! dra/ic rev]sal ( practically ! :ole ( ! aggressive program may be politically uns\nd & unwise1 b !re is no d\bt t x is religi\sly s\nd4 ,! c\ntry w h ga9$ by my humiliation & confession ( error4 ,! only virtue ,i want to claim is tru? & non-viol5ce4 ,i lay no claim to sup]human p[]s4 ,i want none4 ,i we> ! same corruptible fle% t ! weake/ ( my fell[-be+s we>1 & am !re=e z liable to err z any4 ,my s]vices h _m limitations1 b ,god has up to n[ bless$ !m 9 spite ( ! imp]fections4 ,= confession ( error is l a broom t sweeps away dirt & leaves ! surface clean] & bright]4 ,i feel /rong] = my confession4 ,& ! cause mu/ prosp] = ! retrac+4 ,nev] has a man rea*$ 8 de/9ation by p]si/5ce 9 deviation f ! /raight pa?4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ,*auri-,*aura _c affect ,b>doli4 444 ,i h no d\bt :atsoev] on t acc\nt4 ,! p ( ,b>doli are1 9 my op9ion1 ! mo/ peaceful 9 ,india4 ,b ,b>doli is b a speck on ! map ( ,india4 ,its ef=t _c succe$ unless !re is p]fect cop]ation f ! o!r p>ts4444 ,j z ! addition ( a gra9 ( ars5ic to a pot ( milk r5d]s x unfit z food s w ! civility ( ,b>doli prove unacceptable by ! addition ( ! deadly poison f ,*auri-,*aura4444 ,! latt] repres5ts ,india z mu* z ,b>doli4 ,*auri-,*aura is1 aft] all1 an aggravat$ symptom4 ,9 civil disob$i5ce !re %\ld be no excitem5t4 ,civil disob$i5ce is a prep>ation = mute suff]+4 ,its effect is m>vel\s1 ?\gh unp]ceiv$ & g5tle4444 ,! trag$y ( ,*auri-,*aura is really ! index-f+]4 ,x %[s ! way ,india may easily g if dra/ic precautions be n tak54 ,if we are n to evolve viol5ce out ( non-viol5ce1 x is q cle> t we mu/ ha/ily retrace our /eps & ree/abli% an atmosph]e ( peace1 & n ?9k ( />t+ mass civil disob$i5ce until we are sure ( peace be+ reta9$ 9 spite ( mass civil disob$i5ce be+ />t$ & 9 spite ( gov]nm5t provocation4444 ,let ! oppon5t glory 9 our humiliation & s-call$ defeat4 ,x is bett] to be *>g$ ) c[>dice ?an to be guilty ( d5ial ( our oa? & s9 aga9/ ,god4444 ,& ! apo/le wants to r$eem ! blood %$ by o!rs3 ,i mu/ und]go p]sonal cleans+4 ,i mu/ become a fitt] in/rum5t able to regi/] ! slighte/ v>iation 9 ! moral atmosph]e ab\t me4 ,my pray]s mu/ h deep] tru? & humility4 ,= me !re is no?+ s cleans+ z a fa/4 ,a fa/ und]tak5 = full] self-expression1 = atta9m5t ( ! _s's supremacy ov] ! fle%1 is a mo/ p[]ful factor 9 "o's evolution4444#aae ,& he imposes on himself a cont9u\s five days' fa/4 ,he does n want 8 co-work]s to foll[ 8 example4 ,he mu/ puni% himself4 ,i am 9 ! unhappy position ( a surgeon prov$ skill-less to deal ) an admitt$ly dang]\s case4 ,i mu/ ei!r abdicate or acquire great] skill4 ,8 fa/ is p5ance & puni%m5t = him & = ! riot]s ( ,*auri-,*aura :o s9n$ ) 8 "n on _! lips4 ,g&hi w\ld l to suff] = !m alone1 b he advises !m to h& !mselves volunt>ily to ! ,gov]nm5t & to make a clean confession1 = !y h injur$ ! cause !y meant to s]ve4 ,i w\ld suff] humiliation1 e torture1 absolute o/racism1 & dea? itself to prev5t ! movem5t f becom+ viol5t or a precursor ( viol5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( humanity's spiritual progress c po9t to few pages z noble z ^!4 ,! moral value ( su* an action is incomp>able1 b z a political move x 0 disconc]t+4 ,g&hi himself admits x might be call$ politically uns\nd & unwise4 ,x is dang]\s to assemble all ! =ces ( a nation & to hold ! nation1 pant+1 be=e a prescrib$ movem5t1 to lift "o's arm to give ! f9al comm&1 & !n1 at ! la/ mom5t1 let "o's arm drop & ?rice call a halt j z ! =midable ma*9]y has be5 set 9 motion4 ,"o risks ru9+ ! brakes & p>alyz+ ! impetus4 ,!re=e1 :5 ! congress committee held its session at ,delhi1 ,febru>y #bd1 #aibb1 ,g&hi met ) great opposition4 ,! resolutions ( ! work+ committee ( ,b>doli1 approv$ on ! elev5?1 7 n ratifi$ )\t discussion4 ,! non-cop]ators split into two camps4 ,g&hi claim$ t be=e civil disob$i5ce c\ld be laun*$ ! p mu/ be bett] prep>$1 & he submitt$ a con/ructive program4 ,b _m memb]s 7 irritat$ at ! sl[ progress ( ! indep5d5ce movem5t1 & !y prote/$ aga9/ ! susp5sion ( civil disob$i5ce4 ,g&hi's me?ods1 !y claim$1 7 /ifl+ ! nation's ardor4 ,a vote ( c5sure aga9/ ! work+ committee 0 propos$1 & x 0 sugge/$ t its resolutions be annull$4 ,9 ! end1 h[ev]1 ,g&hi triumph$4 ,b he suff]$ ke5ly1 = he realiz$ t ! majority 0 n back+ him s9c]ely2 he knew t m ?an "o ( ^? :o vot$ = him call$ him dictator beh9d 8 back4 ,he knew t1 at bottom1 he no long] reflect$ ! s5tim5t ( ! c\ntry4 ,& ) 8 undaunt$ s9c]ity he admits ?is1 ,m>* #b1 #aibb3 ,!re is s mu* und]curr5t ( viol5ce1 bo? consci\s & unconsci\s1 t ,i 0 actually & lit]ally pray+ = a disa/r\s defeat4 ,i h always be5 9 a m9ority4 ,9 ,s\? ,africa ,i />t$ ) practical unanimity1 rea*$ a m9ority ( sixty-f\r & ev5 sixte51 & w5t up aga9 to a huge majority4 ,! be/ & ! mo/ solid "w 0 done 9 ! wild]ness ( m9ority4444 ,i "k t ! only ?+ t ! ,gov]nm5t dreads is ?is huge majority ,i seem to comm&4 ,!y little "k t ,i dread x ev5 m ?an !y4 ,i h become lit]ally sick ( ! adoration ( ! un?9k+ multitude4 ,i w\ld feel c]ta9 ( my gr\nd if ,i 0 spat ^u by !m4 ,a fri5d w>n$ me aga9/ exploit+ my dictator%ip4 ,i h begun to wond] if ,i am n unconsci\sly all[+ myself to be exploit$6 ,i confess t ,i h a dread ( x z ,i nev] _h be=e4 ,my only safety lies 9 my %amelessness4 ,i h w>n$ my fri5ds ( ! committee t ,i am incorrigible4 ,i %all cont9ue to confess blund]s ea* "t ! p commit !m4 ,! only tyrant ,i accept 9 ?is _w is ! /ill small voice )94 ,& ev5 ?\gh ,i h to face ! prospect ( a m9ority ( "o1 ,i humbly believe ,i h ! c\rage to be 9 su* a hopeless m9ority4 ,t to me is ! only tru?ful position4 ,b ,i am a sadd] &1 ,i hope1 a wis] man to-day4 ,i see t our non-viol5ce is sk9-deep4 ,we are burn+ ) indignation4 ,! ,gov]nm5t is fe$+ x by its ins5sate acts4 ,x seems almo/ z if ! ,gov]nm5t wants to see ?is l& cov]$ ) murd]1 arson1 & rap9e 9 ord] to be able once m to claim exclusive ability to put !m d[n4 ,?is non-viol5ce1 !re=e1 seems to be due m]ely to our helplessness4 ,x almo/ appe>s z if we are nurs+ 9 our bosoms ! desire to take rev5ge ! fir/ "t we get ! opportunity4 ,c true volunt>y non-viol5ce come out ( ?is seem+ =c$ non-viol5ce ( ! weak8 ,is x n a futile exp]im5t ,i am conduct+8 ,:at if1 :5 ! fury bur/s1 n a man1 woman1 or *ild is safe & e man's h& is rais$ aga9/ 8 fell[-be+8 ,( :at avail is x1 !n1 if ,i fa/ myself to dea? 9 ! ev5t ( su* a cata/rophe com+ to pass8 ,let u be tru?ful4 ,if x is by =ce t we wi% to ga9 ,sw>aj1 let u drop non-viol5ce & (f] su* viol5ce z we may4 ,x w\ld be a manly1 hone/1 & sob] attitude1 & no "o c !n accuse u ( ! t]rible *>ge ( hypocrisy4#aaf ,if1 9 spite ( all my w>n+s444 ! majority did n believe 9 our goal1 al?\gh !y accept$ x )\t a s+le mat]ial *ange1 ,i w\ld ask !m to realize _! responsibility4 ,!y are n b\nd to ru% to civil disob$i5ce1 b to settle d[n to ! quiet "w ( con/ruction4 ,if we d n take c>e1 we are likely to be dr[n$ 9 ! wat]s ^: dep? we d n "k4444 ,^? :o d n believe 9 ! cre$ %\ld surely retire f ! congress4 ,&1 turn+ to ! m9ority1 ,g&hi adds3 ,! patriotic _s dem&s loyal & /rict adh]5ce to non-viol5ce & tru?4 ,^? :o d n believe 9 !m %\ld retire f ! congress organization4 ,!re is bitt] sadness1 b a pr\d manl9ess1 9 ^! =ceful words4 ,x 0 ! night 9 ,ge?semane4 ,g&hi's arre/ 0 imm95t4 ,:o kn[s :e!r1 9 8 he>t1 he did n look ^u imprisonm5t z a deliv]y8 #c ,g&hi _h = a long "t be5 expect+ to be arre/$4 ,ev] s9ce ,novemb] #aj1 #aibj1 all 8 affairs _h be5 9 ord] & he himself prep>$4 ,he _h dictat$ 8 in/ructions to ! p 9 8 article1 ,if ,i ,am ,arre/$4 ,he ref]r$ to ?is possibility aga9 9 an article dat$ ,m>* #i1 #aibb1 :5 ! rumor ( 8 arre/ aga9 cropp$ up4 ,he says he does n fe> ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,riv]s ( blood %$ by ! ,gov]nm5t _c fright5 me4 ,! only ?+ he fe>s is t ! p may be c>ri$ away at ! news ( 8 arre/4 ,?is w\ld be a disgrace to him4 ,i desire t ! p %\ld ma9ta9 p]fect self-control & consid] ! day ( my arre/ a day ( rejoic+4 ,! ,gov]nm5t believes t ,i am ! s\l ( all ?is agitation & t if ,i am remov$ x w be left 9 peace4 ,! only ?+ t rema9s is = x to measure ! /r5g? ( ! p4 ,let ! p pres]ve p]fect peace & calmness4 ,x is a matt] ( no pride or pleasure to me1 b ( humiliation1 t ! ,gov]nm5t refra9 f arre/+ me = fe> ( an outbreak ( univ]sal viol5ce4 ,let ! p c>ry out ! :ole con/ructive program4 ,let !re be no h>tals or demon/rations1 no coop]ation ) ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,let c\rts & s*ools be boycott$4 ,let1 9 %ort1 ! program ( non-cop]ation be pursu$ 9 absolute ord] & discipl9e4 ,if ! p c live up to ?is program1 !y w w94 ,o!rwise !y w face disa/]4 ,:5 ev]y?+ 0 9 read9ess1 ,g&hi w5t to 8 *]i%$ retreat at ! ,a%ram ( ,s>b>mati1 ne> ,ahm$abad1 to await1 9 quiet m$itation & surr\nd$ by 8 belov$ disciples1 ! com+ ( ! con/ables4 ,he long$ = imprisonm5t4 ,9 8 abs5ce ,india w\ld affirm h] purpose ) great] /r5g?4 ,&1 z he says1 imprisonm5t w\ld give him a quiet & physical re/1 :i* he p]haps des]v$4#aag ,! con/ables arriv$ on ! night ( ,m>* #aj4 ,news _h rea*$ ! ,a%ram ( _! com+4 ,! ,mahatma 0 ready1 & plac$ himself at _! disposal4 ,on ! way to prison he met ,maulana ,hasrat ,mohani1 a ,mohamm$an fri5d :o _h come f f> to give him a la/ embrace4 ,bank]1 ! editor ( ,"y ,india1 0 s5t to jail along ) ! ma/]4 ,g&hi's wife 0 all[$ to accompany h] husb& z f> z ! prison gates4 ,at noon ( ,saturday1 ,m>* #ah1 ,g&hi's ,great ,trial#aah began be=e ,mr4 ,c4 ,n4 ,broomsfield1 di/rict & session judge ( ,ahm$abad4 ,x 0 a manife/ation ( r>e nobility & high-m9d$ness4 ,judge & accus$ vi$ ) ea* o!r 9 *ivalr\s c\rtesy4 ,nev] 9 ! /ruggle did ,engl& rise to m magnanim\s imp>tiality4 ,judge ,broomsfield t day made up = _m faults ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,s9ce mu* has be5 writt5 ab\t ! trial1 ,i w only summ>ize ! ma9 po9ts4 ,:y _h ! ,gov]nm5t at la/ arre/$ ,g&hi8 ,:y1 aft] contemplat+ ?is move = m ?an two ye>s1 did x *oose ! v mom5t :5 ! ,mahatma _h quell$ ! mob movem5t & :5 he seem$ to /& z ! only b>ri] aga9/ viol5ce8 ,0 x act+ 9 ab]ration8 ,or did x wi% to l5d confirmation to ,g&hi's t]rible words3 ,x seems almo/ z if ! ,gov]nm5t wants to see ?is l& cov]$ ) murd]1 arson1 & rap9e 9 ord] to be able to claim exclusive ability to put !m d[n8 ,! ,gov]nm5t 0 9 a v difficult position4 ,x respect$ & fe>$ ,g&hi4 ,x w\ld h lik$ to treat him g5tly4 ,b ,g&hi did n treat ! ,gov]nm5t g5tly4 ,! ,mahatma condemn$ viol5ce1 b 8 non-viol5ce 0 m revolution>y ?an any viol5ce4 ,! v same day t he /opp$ civil disob$i5ce = ! mass1 or r ! day be=e ! session ( ! congress at ,delhi1 on ,febru>y #bc1 he wrote "o ( ! mo/ m5ac+ articles to ,great ,brita9's p[]4 ,an insol5t telegram f ,"l ,birk5head & ,mr4 ,montagu _h /ruck ,india z a bl[4#aai ,9 a bur/ ( indignation ,g&hi took up ! *all5ge3 ,h[ c !re be any compromise :il/ ! ,briti% lion cont9ues to %ake 8 gory claws 9 our faces8 ,! ,briti% ,empire1 :i* is bas$ ^u organiz$ exploitation ( physically weak] races & ^u a cont9u\s exhibition ( brute =ce1 _c live if !re is a j ,god rul+ ! univ]se4444 ,x is high "t t ! ,briti% p 7 made to realize t ! fight t 0 comm5c$ 9 #aibj is a fight to ! f9i%1 :e!r x la/s "o mon? or "o ye> or _m mon?s or _m ye>s4 ,i %all only hope & pray t ,god w give ,india suffici5t humility & suffici5t /r5g? to rema9 non-viol5t to ! end4 ,submission to ! insol5t *all5ges t are cabl$ is n[ an utt] impossibility4 ,g&hi 0 indict$ on ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ?is article & 9 two o!r articles1 ! "o dat$ ,septemb] #ai1 #aiba1 & ! o!r ,decemb] #ae1 #aiba4 ,! fir/ ref]r$ to ! arre/ ( ! ,ali bro!rs1 & ! second 0 a reply to a spee* ( ,"l ,read+4 ,bo? ( !m conta9 ! same decl>ation ( fight to ! f9i%4 ,we want ,sw>aj1 we want ! ,gov]nm5t to yield to popul> w4 ,we ask = no qu>t] & expect none4 ,! accusation1 !re=e1 *>g$ t ,g&hi _h prea*$ disaffection t[>d ! ,gov]nm5t & _h op5ly in/igat$ o!rs to ov]?r[ x4 ,g&hi spoke 9 8 own def5se4 ,he plead$ guilty to all *>ges4 ,! advocate-g5]al1 ,sir ,j4 ,t4 ,/rangman ( ,bombay1 claim$ t ! ?ree articles cit$ by ! accusation 7 n isolat$1 b 7 "p ( a g5]al campaign pursu$ = two ye>s 9 view ( ov]?r[+ ! ,gov]nm5t1 & he quot$ passages f ,g&hi's articles4 ,he paid tribute to ,g&hi's high "*4 ,b ?is only s]v$ to l5d au?ority to ! articles & to increase _! h>mful influ5ce4 ,he held ,g&hi responsible = ! blood%$ at ,bombay & at ,*auri-,*aura4 ,x 0 true t ,g&hi prea*$ non-viol5ce1 b he also prea*$ disaffection4 ,he 0 !re=e responsible = ! viol5ce committ$ by ! p4 ,g&hi ask$ p]mission to speak4 ,! torm5t z to :at 0 "r & wrong1 ! angui%1 ! d\bts1 ! m5tal & spiritual /ruggle ( ! la/ weeks z to :i* c\rse he %\ld pursue & ! effect x w\ld h on ! p1 _h be5 cle>$ away4 ,he _h recov]$ ! s]5ity ( 8 s\l4 ,he accept$ ev]y?+ t _h tak5 place & ev]y?+ t 0 to take place z a necessity :i* he might regret1 b :i* he w\ld h to be>4 ,he agre$ ) ! advocate-g5]al4 ,yes1 he 0 responsible4 ,he 0 responsible = ev]y?+4 ,he _h prea*$ disaffection = a mu* long] "t ?an ! accusation _h /at$4 ,he assum$ responsibility = ! tr\bles at ,madras1 = ! diabolical crimes ( ,*auri-,*aura1 & ! mad outrages ( ,bombay4 ,! le>n$ advocate-g5]al is q "r :5 he says t z a man ( responsibility1 a man hav+ receiv$ a fair %>e ( education1 hav+ _h a fair %>e ( exp]i5ce ( ?is _w1 ,i %\ld h kn[n ! consequ5ces ( e "o ( my acts4 ,i knew t ,i 0 play+ ) fire1 ,i ran ! risk1 & if ,i 0 set free1 ,i w\ld /ill d ! same4 ,i felt ?is morn+ t ,i w\ld h fail$ 9 my duty if ,i did n say :at ,i say "h j n[4 ,i want$ to avoid viol5ce1 ,i want to avoid viol5ce4 ,non-viol5ce is ! fir/ article ( my fai?4 ,x is also ! la/ article ( my cre$4 ,b ,i _h to make my *oice4 ,i _h ei!r to submit to a sy/em :i* ,i consid]$ _h done an irrep>able h>m to my c\ntry or incur ! risk ( ! mad fury ( my p bur/+ =? :5 !y und]/ood ! tru? f my lips4 ,i "k t my p h sometimes gone mad4 ,i am deeply sorry = x & ,i am !re=e "h to submit n to a light p5alty1 b to ! highe/ p5alty4 ,i d n ask = m]cy4 ,i d n plead any ext5uat+ act4 ,i am "h1 !re=e1 to invite & *e]fully submit to ! highe/ p5alty t c be inflict$ ^u me = :at 9 law is a delib]ate crime & :at appe>s to me to be ! highe/ duty ( a citiz54 ,! only c\rse op5 to y1 ,judge1 is ei!r to resign y\r po/ or inflict on me ! sev]e/ p5alty4 ,aft] ?is p[]ful improvisation1 :]e ! scruples ( a religi\s _s are balanc$ by ! h]oic firmness ( a political lead]1 ,g&hi read a writt5 decl>ation address$ to ! public 9 ,india & ,engl&4 ,he ow$ x to !m1 he said1 to expla9 :y1 f a /an* loyali/ & cop]ator1 he _h become an uncompromis+ disaffectioni/ & non-cop]ator4 ,he dwelt on 8 public life f #ahic on4 ,he po9t$ out all he _h to suff]1 z an ,indian1 f ! ,briti% sy/em1 & he told ( 8 ceaseless attempts = tw5ty-five ye>s to re=m x4 ,he believ$ ob/9ately t ?is c\ld be accompli%$ )\t sep>at+ ,india & ,engl&4 ,9 spite ( all deceptions1 he rema9$ a /an* cop]ator till #aiai4 ,b s9ce !n outrages & crimes h surpass$ all measure4 ,& in/ead ( mak+ up = inju/ices1 ! ,gov]nm5t1 z if 9 defiance to ! _s ( ,india1 has honor$1 p5sion$1 & rew>d$ its guilty s]vants4 ,! ,gov]nm5t itself has sev]$ all ties4 ,g&hi has come to ! conclusion t ev5 if ! desir$ re=ms 7 n[ propos$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 !y w\ld be h>mful4 ,! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,briti% ,india is bas$ on ! exploitation ( ! masses4 ,laws are made 9 view ( /r5g!n+ ?is exploitation4 ,! adm9i/ration ( ! law is pro/itut$ consci\sly or unconsci\sly = ! b5efit ( ! exploit]4 ,a subtle1 b effective1 sy/em ( t]rorization & an organiz$ display ( =ce h emasculat$ ! p & induc$ 9 !m ! habit ( simulation4 ,india is />v+1 ru9$1 degrad$2 & _m claim t be=e ,india becomes capable ( self-gov]nm5t on ! dom9ion plan g5]ations w h to pass4 ,engl& has done m h>m to ,india ?an any previ\s sy/em4 ,non-cop]ation ) evil is a duty4 ,g&hi' has done 8 duty4 ,b :]eas 9 ! pa/ non-cop]ation has be5 delib]ately express$ 9 ! =m ( viol5ce inflict$ on ! evildo]1 viol5ce hav+ be5 ! supreme weapon1 ,g&hi has giv5 8 p ! new1 b indomitable1 arm ( non-viol5ce4 ,& !n came ! *ivalr\s mat* betwe5 ,judge ,broomsfield & ! ,mahatma4 ,mr4 ,g&hi1 y h made my task easy 9 "o way by plead+ guilty to ! *>ges2 nev]!less :at rema9s1 namely ! det]m9ation ( a j s5t5ce1 is p]haps z difficult a proposition z a judge 9 ?is c\ntry c\ld h to face4444 ,x w\ld be impossible to ignore ! fact t 9 ! eyes ( millions ( y\r c\ntrym5 y are a great patriot & a great lead]4 ,ev5 ^? :o diff] f y 9 politics look ^u y z a man ( high ideals & ( noble & ev5 sa9tly life4444 ,b x is my duty to judge y z a man subject to ! law4444 ,!re are probably few p 9 ,india :o d n s9c]ely regret t y %\ld h made x impossible = any ,gov]nm5t to leave y at lib]ty4 ,b x is s4 ,i am try+ to balance :at is due to y aga9/ :at appe>s to me to be necess>y 9 ! int]e/ ( ! public4 ,) great c\rtesy he consult$ ! accus$ z to ! s5t5ce :i* %\ld be impos$4 ,y w n consid] x unreasonable1 ,i ?9k1 to be class$ ) ,mr4 ,tilak1 s5t5c$ twelve ye>s previ\sly to six ye>s4 ,if ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,india %\ld make x possible = ! ,gov]nm5t to r$uce ! p]iod & release y1 no "o w be bett] pleas$ ?an ,i4 ,g&hi did n all[ ! judge to outdo him 9 c\rtesy4 ,he claim$ x 0 8 pr\de/ privilege & honor to h 8 "n associat$ ) t ( ,tilak4 ,s f> z ! s5t5ce itself 0 conc]n$1 he consid]$ x z light z any judge c\ld impose on him1 & z f> z ! :ole proce$+s 7 conc]n$1 he said t he c\ld n h expect$ great] c\rtesy4#abj ,! trial 0 ov]4 ,g&hi's fri5ds fell at 8 feet1 sobb+4 ,! ,mahatma took leave ( !m1 smil+4 ,& ! door ( ! jail ( ,s>bamati clos$ beh9d him4#aba #d ,ev] s9ce ! great apo/le's voice has be5 sil5t4 ,8 body is wall$ 9 z 9 a tomb4 ,b nev] did a tomb act z a b>ri] to ?\ght1 & ,g&hi's invisible s\l /ill animates ,india's va/ body4 ,peace1 non-viol5ce1 suff]+1#abb is ! only message t has come f ! prison4 ,! message has be5 he>d4 ,f "o end ( ! c\ntry to ! o!r ! wat*word has be5 pass$4 ,?ree ye>s e>li] ,india w\ld h be5 swept by blood%$ at ,g&hi's arre/4 ,! m]e report ( its hav+ tak5 place caus$ riots among ! population 9 #aibj4 ,b ! s5t5ce ( ,ahm$abad 0 receiv$ ) religi\s solemnity4 ,?\s&s ( ,indians ) s]5e joyfulness h&$ !mselves ov] to prison gu>ds4 ,non-viol5ce & suff]+--"o example m amaz+ ?an ! o!rs--may s]ve to %[ to :at dep?s ! div9e words h p5etrat$ into ! _s ( ! nation4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! ,sikhs h always be5 look$ ^u z "o ( ! mo/ w>like races 9 ,india4 ,l>ge numb]s ( !m s]v$ 9 ! army dur+ ! w>4 ,la/ ye> grave diss5sions arose among !m4 ,to our ,we/]n eyes ! cause seems insignificant4 ,z ! result ( a religi\s eff]vesc5ce1 "o ( ! ,sikh sects1 ! ,akalis1 wi%$ to purify ! sanctu>ies4 ,! latt] _h fall5 into ! h&s ( gu>dians ( ill repute :o refus$ to be put out4 ,= legal reasons ! ,gov]nm5t took _! def5se4 ,& 9 ,augu/1 #aibb1 began ! daily m>tyrdom ( ,guru-,ka-,bagh4#abc ,! ,akalis adopt$ ! doctr9e ( non-resi/ance4 ,a ?\s& ( !m settl$ ne> ! sanctu>y1 :ile f\r ?\s& took up abode 9 ! ,gold5 ,temple at ,amrits>1 t5 miles away4 ,e day "o hundr$ f among ! f\r ?\s&1 mo/ ( !m m5 ( milit>y age1 _m ( :om s]v$ 9 ! w>1 left ! ,gold5 ,temple1 aft] tak+ ! v[ ( rema9+ true to ! pr9ciples ( non-viol5ce 9 ?\ght z well z action1 & ( rea*+ ,guru-,ka-,bagh or be+ br\ght back unconsci\s4 ,among ! gr\p ( ! ?\s& volunte]s tw5ty-five made ! same v[ e day4 ,n f> f ! sanctu>y ! ,briti% con/ables wait$ at ! bridge ) iron-tipp$ rods to /op ! manife/ation4 ,& e day a gruesome sc5e took place4 ,&rews1 ,tagore's fri5d1 describes x un=gettably 9 8 ,akali ,/ruggle4#abd ,) a wrea? ( small :ite fl[]s ar\nd _! black turbans1 ! ,akalis arriv$ sil5tly be=e ! con/ables1 & at a di/ance ( ab\t a y>d !y /opp$ & began to pray1 sil5tly1 motionlessly4 ,! con/ables1 9 ord] to drive !m away1 prodd$ !m ) ! iron-tipp$ rods1 jabb+ h>d] & h>d] till blood began to fl[ & ! ,sikhs fell unconsci\s4 ,^? :o c\ld get to _! feet w\ld beg9 to pray aga91 until !y 7 beat5 into unconsci\sness l ! o!rs4 ,&rews did n he> a s+le cry1 nor did he see a defiant glance4 ,ne>-by1 a cr[d ( spectators1 _! faces t5se ) angui%1 pray$ sil5tly4 ,i c\ld n help ?9k+1 ,&rews says1 ( ! %ad[ ( ! cross4 ,! ,engli% describ$ ! sc5e 9 _! pap]s & express$ amazem5t4#abe ,x seem$ incompreh5sible to ! ,briti%1 al?\gh !y _h to admit t ! absurd sacrifice prov$ t ! idea ( non-cop]ation & non-viol5ce 0 ga9+ gr\nd & t ! p ( ! ,punjab _h be5 won ov] to ! doctr9e4 ,&rews1 ^: g5]\s _s & pure idealism enabl$ him to p5etrate ! s\l ( ,india1 says t "h he saw1 l ,goe! at ,valmy1 ! dawn ( a new era4 ,a new h]oism1 /eel$ by suff]+1 has ris51 a w> ( ! _s4 ,x w\ld seem z if ! p ( ,india h liv$ up to ,mahatma's _s m fai?fully ?an ^? ^: mission x 0 to guide !m4 ,i h already spok5 ( ! opposition to ,g&hi at ! session ( ! congress committee at ,delhi tw5ty days be=e ! ma/] 0 arre/$4 ,?is opposition /ill manife/$ itself :5 ! committee met aga91 at ,luckn[1 ,june #g1 #aibb4 ,! program ( pati5t wait+ & sil5t recon/ruction advocat$ by ,g&hi 0 bitt]ly criticiz$1 & a motion 0 made to proclaim civil disob$i5ce4 ,a commission 0 appo9t$ to inquire into conditions & det]m9e :e!r ! c\ntry might be call$ ripe = civil disob$i5ce4 ,! commission travel$ all ov] ,india1 & 9 ! autumn s5t 9 a disc\rag+ report4 ,n only 0 civil disob$i5ce call$ impractical = ! pres5t1 b half ! memb]s w5t to su* extremes ( cons]vatism z to sugge/ t ,g&hi's me?ods ( non-cop]ation be ab&on$ & a new ,sw>aj or home rule p>ty be =m$ )9 ! gov]nm5t c\ncils4 ,g&hi's doctr9e 01 9 o!r words1 attack$ by ^? :o believ$ 9 viol5ce1 z well z by ^? :o believ$ 9 prud5ce4 ,india1 h[ev]1 did n accept ! commission's report4 ,9 its annual meet+ at ! end ( ,decemb]1 #aibb1 ! ,national ,indian ,congress en]getically proclaim$ its allegiance to ! p]secut$ ma/] & 8 doctr9e ( non-cop]ation4 ,by #agdj votes to #hij x reject$ all p>ticipation 9 gov]nm5t c\ncils4 ,z = ^? :o believ$ 9 viol5ce1 !y 7 few & f> betwe5 & _h little influ5ce4 ,! session clos$ ) a unanim\s resolution urg+ t ! political /rike ord]$ by ,g&hi be kept up4 ,a resolution boycott+ ,engli% mat]ials1 h[ev]1 0 turn$ d[n1 9 ord] n to antagonize ,european workm54 ,b ! ,mussulman conf]5ce ( ! ,khilafat1 z usual m audaci\s ?an ! congress1 vot$ = ! boycott by a l>ge majority4 ,"h we mu/ /op ! record ( ! ,g&hi/ movem5t4 ,despite a few inevitable backslides due to ! abs5ce ( ! ma/] & 8 be/ disciples1 imprison$ l himself 7especially ! ,ali bro!rs71 ! movem5t has successfully pass$ ?r\gh ! trials ( ! fir/ unguid$ ye>4 ,& ! ,engli% press1 at ! close ( ! session ( ! congress ( #aibb at ,gaya1 expresses surprise & disappo9tm5t at ! progress ( ! movem5t4#abf #e ,& :at w n[ come8 ,w ,engl&1 wis] = pa/ exp]i5ces1 "k h[ to mold ! aspirations ( ! p ( ,india8 ,& w ?is p rema9 true to its ideal8 ,nations h %ort memories1 & ,i %\ld h b slight fai? 9 ,india's p[] to rema9 true to ! ,mahatma's tea*+ if 8 doctr9es 7 n an expression ( ! deepe/ & mo/ anci5t long+s ( ! race4 ,= if !re is su* a ?+ z g5ius1 great by its own /r5g? :e!r or n x corresponds to ! ideals ( its surr\nd+s1 !re c be no g5ius ( action1 no lead]1 :o does n inc>nate ! in/9cts ( 8 race1 satisfy ! ne$ ( ! h\r1 & requite ! ye>n+ ( ! _w4 ,mahatma ,g&hi does all ?is4 ,8 pr9ciple ( ,ahimsa 7non-viol5ce7 has be5 inscrib$ 9 ! _s ( ,india = m ?an two ?\s& ye>s4 ,mahavira1 ,buddha1 & ! cult ( ,vi%nu h made x ! sub/ance ( millions ( s\ls4 ,g&hi has m]ely transfus$ h]oic blood into x4 ,he call$ ^u ! great %ad[s1 ! =ces ( ! pa/1 plung$ 9 mortal le?>gy1 & at ! s\nd ( 8 voice !y came to life4 ,9 him !y f\nd !mselves4 ,g&hi is m ?an a ^w2 he is an example4 ,he inc>nates ! _s ( 8 p4 ,bless$ ! man :o is a p1 8 p1 entomb$1 & !n resuscitat$ 9 him6 ,b su* resurrections are nev] haphaz>d4 ,if ! _s ( ,india n[ surges =? f temples & =e/s1 x is because x holds ! message = :i* ! _w is sigh+4 ,?is message c>ries f> beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ,india4 ,india alone c\ld =mulate x1 b x consecrates ! nation's greatness z mu* z its sacrifice4 ,x may become its cross4 ,= x w\ld seem z if a p mu/ he sacrific$ 9 ord] to give new life to ! _w4 ,! ,jews 7 sacrific$ to _! ,messiah1 :om !y _h borne = c5turies 9 _! ?\ghts1 & :om !y did n recognize :5 ,he f9ally fl[]$ on ! blood-/a9$ cross4 ,m =tunate1 ,india has recogniz$ h] ,messiah1 & joy\sly ! p m>* to ! sacrifice :i* is to set !m free4 ,b1 l ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 !y d n all und]/& ! real mean+ ( _! lib]ation4 ,= a long "t ! ,*ri/ians await$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! adv5iat regnum tuum4 ,9 ,india !re are _m :o d n see beyond ,sw>aj1 home rule4 ,incid5tally1 ,i imag9e t ?is political goal w soon be rea*$4 ,europe1 bl$ by w>s & revolutions1 impov]i%$ & exhau/$1 despoil$ ( h] pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( ,asia1 :i* %e =m]ly oppress$1 _c long resi/ on ,asiatic soil ! aspirations ( ! awak5$ peoples ( ,islam1 ,india1 ,*9a1 & ,japan4 ,b ?is w\ld mean little1 no matt] h[ ri* & new might be ! h>monies :i* a few m nations w\ld br+ to ! human symphony2 ?is w\ld mean little1 if ! surg+ _s ( ,asia did n become ! vehicle = a new ideal ( life & ( dea?1 &1 :at is m1 ( action1 = all humanity1 & if x did n br+ a new viaticum to pro/rate ,europe4 ,! _w is swept by ! w9d ( viol5ce4 ,?is /orm :i* ravages ! h>ve/ ( our civilization did n break out f a cle> sky4 ,c5turies ( brutal national pride1 :ett$ by ! idolatr\s ideology ( ! ,revolution1 spread by ! empty mock]y ( democracies1 & cr[n$ by a c5tury ( inhuman indu/rialism1 rapaci\s plutocracy1 & a mat]iali/ic sy/em ( economics :]e ! s\l p]i%es1 /ifl$ to dea?1 7 b\nd to culm9ate 9 ^! d>k /ruggles :]e ! treasures ( ! ,we/ succumb$4 ,x is n en\gh to say all ?is 0 inevitable4 ,!re is a 9 x4 ,ea* p kills ! o!r 9 ! "n ( ! same pr9ciples :i* hid ! same covet\sness & ,ca9i% in/9cts4 ,all--be !y nationali/s1 ,fasci/s1 ,bol%evi/s1 memb]s ( ! oppress$ classes1 memb]s ( ! oppress+ classes--claim t !y h ! "r to use =ce1 :ile refus+ ?is "r to o!rs4 ,half a c5tury ago might dom9at$ "r4 ,to-day ?+s are f> worse4 ,might is "r4 ,might has dev\r$ "r4 ,9 ! old crumbl+ _w1 no refuge1 no hope1 no great light4 ,! *ur* gives innocu\s advice1 virtu\s & dos$1 c>efully word$ s z n to antagonize ! mighty4 ,besides1 ! *ur* nev] sets ! example--ev5 :5 giv+ advice4 ,weak pacifi/s bray langui%+ly1 & y feel t !y hesitate & fumble1 talk ab\t a fai? !y no long] believe 94 ,:o w prove ?is fai?8 ,& h[1 9 an unbeliev+ _w8 ,fai? is prov$ by action4 ,?is is ! great message to ! _w1 or1 z ,g&hi puts x1 ,india's message--self-sacrifice4 ,& ,tagore has repeat$ ! same inspir$ words1 = on ?is pr\d pr9ciple ,tagore & ,g&hi agree4 ,i hope ?is _s ( sacrifice w gr[1 & also ! w to suff]4444 ,?is is real lib]ty4 ,no?+ is high]1 n ev5 national indep5d5ce4 ,! ,we/ has an un%akable belief 9 =ce & mat]ial weal?2 !re=e no matt] h[ mu* x cries = peace & dis>mam5t1 its f]ocity w cry /ill l\d]4444 ,we1 9 ,india1 mu/ %[ ! _w :at ?is tru? is :i* n only makes dis>mam5t possible b transmutes x into /r5g?4 ,! fact t moral =ce is a /rong] p[] ?an brute =ce w be prov$ by an un>m$ p4 ,! evolution ( life %[s t x has gradually ca/ (f its =midable armature ( scales & c>apaces & a mon/r\s quantity ( fle% until man 0 evolv$ :o conqu]$ brute =ce4 ,! day w come :5 a weak1 noble man absolutely un>m$ w prove t ! meek %all inh]it ! e>?4 ,x is logical t ,mahatma ,g&hi1 weak ( body & )\t mat]ial res\rces1 %\ld prove ! unconqu]able /r5g? ( ! meek & ! humble hidd5 9 ! he>t ( ! outrag$ & de/itute humanity ( ,india4 ,india's de/9y is b\nd up 9 ,n>ayana & n 9 ,n>ayani-s5a1 9 s\l =ce & n muscle4 ,x mu/ uplift human hi/ory1 transport x f ! confus$ valley ( mat]ial /ruggles to ! high plateaux ( spiritual battles4 ,al?\gh we may delude ourselves ?r\gh phrases acquir$ f ! vocabul>y ( ! ,we/1 ,sw>aj1 home rule1 is n really our goal4 ,our battle is a spiritual battle1 a fight = humanity4 ,we mu/ emancipate man f ! me%es he has wov5 ar\nd him1 free him f ! organizations ( national selfi%ness4 ,we mu/ p]suade ! butt]fly t ! fre$om ( ! sky is bett] ?an ! %elt] ( ! cocoon4 ,9 ,india we h no ^w = nation4 ,:5 we loan ! ^w f o!r peoples x is n suit$ to u1 = we %\ld ally ourselves ) ,n>ayana1 ! ,supreme ,be+1 & our victory w be ! victory = ,god's _w4444 ,if we c defy ! p[]ful1 ! ri*1 ! arm$1 by %[+ ! _w ! p[] ( ! immortal _s1 ! ca/le ( ! giant ,fle% w crumble into no?+ness4 ,& !n man w f9d real ,sw>aj4 ,we1 ! mis]able outca/s ( ! ,ori5t1 we mu/ conqu] fre$om = all humanity4444 ,our object1 ,g&hi has said1 is fri5d%ip ) ! :ole _w4 ,non-viol5ce has come to m51 & x w rema94 ,x is ! annunciation ( peace on e>?4 ,! peace ( ! _w is f> (f4 ,we h no illusions4 ,we h se51 abundantly1 dur+ ! c\rse ( half a c5tury1 ! hypocrisy1 ! c[>dice1 & ! cruelty ( mank9d4 ,b ?is does n prev5t u f lov+ mank9d4 ,= ev5 among ! wor/ !re is a nescio quid ,dei4 ,we "k ! mat]ial ties t weigh on tw5tie?-c5tury ,europe1 ! cru%+ det]m9ism ( economic conditions :i* hem x 92 we "k t c5turies ( passions & sy/ematiz$ error h built a cru/ ab\t our s\ls :i* ! light _c pi]ce4 ,b we also "k :at miracles ! _s c "w4 ,hi/orians1 we h se5 its glory bright5 skies ev5 d>k] ?an our own4 ,we1 :o live b a day1 h caught 9 ,india ! s\nd ( ! tamb\r ( iva1 ! ,ma/] ,danc] :o veils 8 dev\r+ eye & gu>ds 8 /eps to save ! _w f plung+ into ! abyss4#abg ,! ,realpolitik] ( viol5ce1 :e!r revolution>y or reaction>y1 ridicule our fai?1 & reveal !reby _! ignorance ( deep reality4 ,let !m je]6 ,i h ?is fai?4 ,i "k x is scorn$ & p]secut$ 9 ,europe1 & t 9 my own l& we are b a h&ful--are we ev5 a h&ful8--:o believe 9 x4 ,& ev5 if ,i 7 ! only "o to believe 9 x1 :at w\ld x matt]8 ,! true *>act]i/ic ( fai? is n to d5y ! ho/ility ( ! _w1 b to recognize x & to believe 9 spite ( x6 ,fai? is a battle4 ,& our non-viol5ce is ! mo/ desp]ate battle4 ,! way to peace is n ?r\gh weakness4 ,we d n fight viol5ce s mu* z weakness4 ,no?+ is wor? :ile unless x is /rong1 nei!r good nor evil4 ,absolute evil is bett] ?an emasculat$ goodness4 ,moan+ pacifism is ! dea?-knell ( peace2 x is c[>dice & lack ( fai?4 ,let ^? :o d n believe1 :o fe>1 )draw6 ,! way to peace leads ?r\gh self-sacrifice4 ,?is is ,g&hi's message4 ,! only ?+ lack+ is ! cross4#abh ,e "o kn[s t _h x n be5 = ! ,jews1 ,rome w\ld n h giv5 x to ,*ri/4 ,! ,briti% ,empire is no bett] ?an anci5t ,rome4 ,! impetus has be5 giv54 ,! s\l ( ,ori5tal peoples has be5 mov$ 9 its deepe/ fib]s1 & its vibrations are felt ! :ole _w ov]4 ,! great religi\s app>itions ( ! ,ori5t are rul$ by a rhy?m4 ,"o ?+ is c]ta93 ei!r ,g&hi's _s w triumph1 or x w manife/ itself aga91 z 7 manife/$1 c5turies be=e1 ! ,messiah & ,buddha1 till !re f9ally is manife/$1 9 a mortal half-god1 ! p]fect inc>nation ( ! pr9ciple ( life :i* w lead a new humanity on to a new pa?4 ,footnote #aac3 ,"o hundr$ & =ty villages1 #hg1jjj inhabitants4 ,footnote #aad3 ,a note 9 ,"y ,india ( ! same date is ev5 m explicit4 ,if ! vic]oy does n answ]1 civil ob$i5ce w be proclaim$ ev5 if aga9/ ! w ( ! majority4 ,footnote #aae3 ,:at light ^! words ?r[ on ! my/]i\s p[] ( ?is s\l :]e all ! emotions ( hit p are inscrib$6 ,footnote #aaf3 ,g&hi _h come to realize t "s ( ! majority memb]s :o vot$ = non-viol5ce look$ ^u x1 9 _! he>ts1 z a political exp$i5t pav+ ! way1 cov]tly1 to viol5ce4 ,!y spoke suavely1 he says1 ( deliv]+ non-viol5t bl[s4 ,g&hi _h n grasp$ ! dang]1 z ,tagore _h1 long be=e4 ,b he 0 horror-/ruck4 ,&1 m h>%ly ?an ,tagore1 he d5\nc$ & attack$ ! majority's attitude4 ,footnote #aag3 ,m>* #i1 #aibb4 ,footnote #aah3 ,! ,great ,trial1 ,"y ,india1 ,m>* #bc1 #aibb4 ,footnote #aai3 ,if ! exi/5ce ( our ,empire 7 *all5g$1 ! dis*>ge ( responsibilities ( ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t to ,india prev5t$ & dem&s 7 made 9 ! v mi/ak5 belief t we contemplat$ retreat f ,india1 !n ,india w\ld n *all5ge ) success ! mo/ det]m9$ p 9 ! _w :o once aga9 w\ld answ] ) all ! vigor & det]m9ation at its comm&4 ,footnote #abj3 ,mr4 ,bank]1 ! editor ( ,"y ,india1 :o1 dur+ ! trial1 _h foll[$ ! ma/]'s example & acquiesc$ 9 all 8 /atem5ts1 0 s5t5c$ to a f9e & imprisonm5t = "o ye>4 ,footnote #aba3 ,mrs4 ,ka/uribai ,g&hi in=m$ ! p ( ,india ( ! s5t5ce impos$ on ,g&hi1 9 a v beautiful message1 urg+ !m 9 peace & quiet to conc5trate on c>ry+ out ,g&hi's con/ructive program4 ,g&hi did n rema9 9 ! prison ( ,s>bamati1 :]e he 0 well treat$1 b 0 transf]r$ to an unkn[n jail & !n to ,y]avda1 ne> ,poona4 ,accord+ to a /atem5t made by ,n4 ,d4 ,h>dik]1 ,g&hi 9 ,prison1 ,unity1 ,may #ah1 #aibb1 :i* we are unable to v]ify1 ,g&hi has be5 plac$ 9 a cell l ! common-law crim9als1 & is all[$ no privileges ( any k9d4 ,x is claim$ t 8 delicate heal? has suff]$ ?r\gh ?is regime4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews1 speak+ ( ,g&hi's imprisonm5t1 told me t ! ,mahatma 0 happy 9 prison & t he _h ask$ 8 fri5ds n to visit him4 ,he is purify+ himself1 he prays & feels conv9c$ t 9 ?is way he is work+ 9 ! mo/ efficaci\s way = ,india4 ,incid5tally ,mr4 ,&rews /ates t ! ,g&hi/ p>ty 9 ,india has ga9$ /r5g? by ! ,mahatma's imprisonm5t4 ,india believes 9 ,g&hi ) m f]vor ?an ev] be=e4 ,x p]si/s 9 look+ ^u him z an inc>nation ( ,sri-,kri%na1 :o 0 also subject$ to ! trial ( imprisonm5t4 ,& ,g&hi1 9 jail1 has m effectively prev5t$ ! explosion ( t viol5ce :i* he fe>$ ?an if he _h be5 at lib]ty4 ,footnote #abb3 ,on ,augu/ #c1 #aibb1 ,unity publi%$ a ,lett] f ,prison :]e ,g&hi speaks ab\t ! evils ( mod]n civilization4 ,! lett] seems apocryphal to me4 ,i %\ld imag9e x a summ>y ( extracts writt5 "s "t ago1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,h9d ,sw>aj4 ,footnote #abc3 ,guru-,ka-,bagh is a sanctu>y 7,gurdw>a7 ab\t t5 miles f ,amrits>4 ,footnote #abd3 ,! ,akali ,/ruggle1 by ,&rews1 pr(essor at ,sant9iketan4 ,publi%$ 9 ! ,sw>aiya ( ,madras & "u sep>ate cov]4 ,septemb] #a1 #aibb4 ,footnote #abe3 ,man*e/] ,gu>dian ,weekly1 ,octob] #ac1 #aibb4 ,footnote #abf3 ,an article by ,blan*e ,watson1 9 ,unity1 ,novemb] #af1 #aibb1 enum]ates ! advantages :i* ,india has won by h] fight ( non-viol5t resi/ance4 ,?is article claims t ! int]nal rev5ues ( ,india h decreas$ "s sev5ty million doll>s1 & t ! boycott ( ,engli% goods has caus$ ,engl& to lose1 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le ye>1 "s tw5ty million doll>s4 ,%e claims t at t "t ab\t ?irty ?\s& ,indians 7 imprison$1 & t ! gov]nm5tal ma*9]y 0 entirely upset4 ,b ,blan*e ,watson1 :o is a f]v5t admir] ( ,g&hism1 has1 p]haps1 an unconsci\s t5d5cy to exagg]ate its successes4 ,o!r te/imony w\ld seem to be less enc\rag+ & w\ld seem to prove t ! _s ( self-sacrifice is balk$ by ! selfi% attitude ( ! weal?y & ( bus9ess p1 :ile _m ( ^? :o resign$ f gov]nm5t po/s 9 ! fir/ flu% ( en?usiasm h n[ return$ to "w4 ,x w\ld n be human to believe any?+ else4 ,9 e revolution _m lag on beh9d1 or retrace _! /eps4 ,! po9t is to det]m9e :e!r1 or n1 on ! :ole1 ! movem5t is on ! increase or ! decrease4 ,9 ?is connection x is int]e/+ to ref] to a description publi%$ 9 ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian ,weekly1 ,febru>y #af1 #aibh4 ,! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian1 ^: intellig5t lib]alism is well kn[n1 b :i* nev]!less repres5ts c]ta9 p[]ful int]e/s directly imp]il$ by ! non-cop]ation movem5t1 rec5tly organiz$ an inve/igation ( conditions 9 ,india4 ,! conclusion "o draws aft] read+ ! results ( ?is inquiry1 9 spite ( a v natural t5d5cy to discr$it ! movem5t1 is t ! situation is s]i\s & causes grave misgiv+s4 ,! la/ article 7,febru>y #af1 #aibc7 tries to prove t ,g&hi's tactics h be5 prov$ ineffective & t ! non-cop]ation movem5t mu/ be reorganiz$4 ,b ! article goes on to say t ! _s ( non-cop]ation is gr[+4 ,ev]y:]e !re are traces ( di/ru/ ( ! =eign ,gov]nm5t & ard5t hope ( gett+ rid ( x4 ,! mo/ cultivat$ p 9 ,india & ! inhabitants ( ! l>ge cities agree on ?is po9t4 ,! ryot1 or peasant1 is only slightly affect$ by ! movem5t1 b conditions are su* 9 ! villages t )9 a %ort "t he w h to take sides4 ,! army /ill seems immune1 b recruits come f ! villages1 & soon] or lat] !y w be contam9at$4 ,! non-cop]ation movem5t is frequ5tly mo/ int5se among ! be/ & ! mo/ mod]ate elem5ts4 ,^! elem5ts disapprove revolution>y me?ods1 b _! disapproval is n %>$ by ! re/ ( ! c\ntry4 ,! writ] claims t x w take ab\t t5 ye>s = ,india really to br+ ab\t effective civil disob$i5ce4 ,b 9 ! meantime ! situation w gr[ m & m s]i\s4 ,x is impossible to hold ! ,indians 9 *eck by ?reat5+ !m ) imprisonm5t4 ,!y no long] fe> x4 ,h>%] co]cive measures mu/ be resort$ to1 & ?is w /ir up hatr$4 ,!re is only "o peaceful solution--if x is n already too late--& t is = ,engl& to take ! initiative ( mak+ ,indian re=ms4 ,no half-measures1 l ^? ( #aiai1 & n appli$ till la/ ye>6 ,!y are n suffici5t1 & !re is no "t to lose4 ,engl& mu/ call a ,national ,indian ,conv5tion :]e all p>ties & int]e/s 9 ,india w be repres5t$--,g&hi & 8 disciples z well z ,indian pr9ces & ,european capitali/s1 ,mohamm$ans1 ,h9dus1 ,p>sees1 ,eurasians1 ,*ri/ians1 p>iahs--all mu/ jo9 9 a conv5tion & draft a con/itution = an autonom\s ,india )9 ! empire & draw up ! l9es ( su* a home rule4 ,?is is ! only way to avoid ! break+ up ( ! empire4 ,i d n "k h[ ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,india & ,briti% bureaucracy look ^u ! ,man*e/] ,gu>dian's sugge/ion1 & ,i h>dly believe t ,g&hi & 8 non-cop]ators w\ld agree to sit 9 a conv5tion ) ,european & ,indian capitali/s4 ,b "o ?+ is sure1 & t is t no "o que/ions1 any m1 ,india's "r to home rule4 ,x mu/ come 9 "o way or ano!r4 ,& no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! *ange ( ,engl&'s attitude to ,india s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,g&hi/ movem5t4 ,! ,european no long] scorns ! ,indian b treats him ) consid]ation4 ,ev]ybody agrees t x is a mi/ake to employ ! viol5t me?ods :i* 7 ! fir/ ! ,gov]nm5ts resort$ to 9 =m] days4 ,f a spiritual & m5tal po9t ( view1 ,india is already victori\s4 ,footnote #abg3 ,fragm5t ( ! olde/ ,invocation ( iva1 9 ! play ,mudra-,rak%a%a 7#djj7 by ,vi%akadatta4 ,footnote #abh3 ,?is is ! /&po9t ( ! consci5ti\s objectors 9 ,engl&1 :i* is spread+ little by little to o!r c\ntries4 ,,bibliography ,,&rews1 ,c4 ,f41 ,to ! ,/ud5ts1 #aiba1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,doke1 ,,joseph ,j41 ,m4 ,k4 ,g&hi1 an ,indian ,patriot 9 ,s\? ,africa1 ) an introduction by ,"l ,amp?ill1 #aiji1 ,indian ,*ronicle1 ,london4 ,,g&hi1 ,,mahatma1 ,a ,guide to ,heal?1 #aiba1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,g&hi1 ,,mahatma1 ,h9d ,sw>aj 7,indian ,home ,rule71 #aiba1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,g&hi1 ,,mahatma1 ,nee?i ,dh>ma 7,e?ical ,religion71 ) an introduction by ,j4 ,h4 ,holmes1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,g&hi1 ,,mahatma1 ,spee*es & ,writ+s 7#ahif-aibb71 ) an introduction by ,c4 ,f4 ,&rews & a biographical sket*1 #aibb1 ,natesan1 ,madras4 ,,g&hi1 ,,mahatma1 ,"y ,india 7#aiai-bb71 ) an introduction by ,babu ,raj5dra ,prasad1 #aibb1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,a collection ( articles writt5 by ,g&hi = 8 pap]1 ,"y ,india4 ,,holmes1 ,j4 ,h41 ,moh&as ,k>am*& ,g&hi 7introduction to ,e?ical ,religion74 ,,kalelk>1 ,,pr(essor1 ,! ,gospel ( ,swade%i1 #aibb4 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,g&hi1 ,m4 ,k41 ,a ,sket* ( ,8 ,life & ,8 ,"w 79 ! collection1 ,biographies ( ,em95t ,indians1 ,natesan1 ,madras74 ,,pe>son1 ,w4 ,w41 ,! ,dawn ( a ,new ,age1 #aibb1 ,s4 ,ganesan1 ,madras4 ,,ray1 ,,saty&ra1 ,mahatma ,g&hi 79 ,! ,_w ,to-,morr[1 ,novemb]1 #aibb74 ,,s\v5ir ( ! ,passive ,resi/ance ,movem5t 9 ,s\? ,africa 7#aijf-ad71 ,gold5 ,numb] ( ,indian ,op9ion publi%$1 #aiad1 at ,pho5ix1 ,natal4 ,?is numb]1 publi%$ by ! presses ( ,g&hi's ,tol/oian colony at ,natal1 gives ! mo/ valuable & complete set ( docum5ts--articles & photographs--connect$ ) ! ,passive ,resi/ance movem5t 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,x is also useful to consult ! files ( ,"y ,india1 ,g&hi's pap]1 :i* is /ill publi%$ at ,ahm$abad1 8 son be+ editor-publi%]4 ,! ,mod]n ,review1 publi%$ by ,ram\na ,*att]jee at ,calcutta4 ,rab9drana? ,tagore uses ,! ,mod]n ,review to give voice to 8 op9ions4 ,! ,unity magaz9e ( ,*icago is 9 close t\* ) ! ,g&hi/ movem5t & 9 ard5t sympa?y ) x4 ,! editor1 ,john ,haynes ,holmes1 has writt5 ! preface to ! ,indian ,edition ( ,e?ical ,religion4