,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,notes ,,on ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,,by ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4,s4 ,graduate of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,college1 in affiliation with the ,university of ,toronto1 ,canada4 ,hon4 ,member of the ,ontario ,veterinary ,medical ,society4 ,ex4 ,state ,veterinarian for ,oregon4 ,ex4 ,president of the ,oregon ,state ,veterinary ,medical ,board of ,examiners4 ,author of 8,the ,veterinarian04 ,principal of the ,veterinary ,science ,association of ,america4 ,sixteen years of ,practical ,experience as a ,veterinary ,surgeon4 ,illustration3 ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,copyright #aiag by the ,,veterinary ,,science ,,association ,,of ,,america ,,preface ,this treatise on the diseases of horses has been written with the primary purpose of placing in the hands of the ,student and the ,veterinary ,profession1 a book of practical worth2 hence1 all unnecessary padding is omitted1 so that the reader may quickly grasp the knowledge of the subject or disease for which he may be seeking4 ,the treatment suggested in each case is one ,i have used and found efficient in my many years of practice4 ,if my readers will study and follow the directions carefully1 they will save themselves1 as well as their neighbors1 much unnecessary loss4 ,my confidence in this accomplishment is my reward for my labor in behalf of our faithful servant the ,horse4 ,,charles ,j4 ,,korinek1 ,v4 ,s4 ,,diseases ,,of ,,the ,,horse ,illustration ,,cause1 ,,symptoms ,,and ,,treatment ,illustration3 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,horse4 ,,location ,,of ,,parts ,,of ,,the ,,horse #a4 ,mouth4 #b4 ,nostrils4 #c4 ,nose4 #d4 ,face4 #e4 ,eye4 #f4 ,forehead4 #g4 ,ears4 #h4 ,poll4 #i4 ,throat lach4 #aj4 ,jaw4 #aa4 ,chin4 #ab4 ,windpipe4 #ac4 ,neck4 #ad4 ,crest4 #ae4 ,withers4 #af4 ,shoulder bed4 #ag4 ,chest4 #ah4 ,shoulders4 #ai4 ,forearm4 #bj4 ,knees4 #ba4 ,cannons4 #bb4 ,fetlock4 #bc4 ,pasterns4 #bd4 ,feet4 #be4 ,feather4 #be4 ,elbow4 #bf4 ,flank4 #bg4 ,heart girth4 #bh4 ,back4 #bi4 ,loin4 #cj4 ,hip bone4 #ca4 ,coupling4 #cb4 ,ribs4 #cc4 ,belly4 #cd4 ,rear flank4 #ce4 ,stifle4 #cf4 ,thigh4 #cg4 ,buttock4 #ch4 ,croup4 #ci4 ,tail4 #dj4 ,quarters4 #da4 ,lower thigh4 #db4 ,hocks4 ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,the ,,clinical ,,thermometer ,this instrument is employed for taking the internal temperature of the body1 which is most conveniently done by placing the instrument for about three minutes in the animal's rectum4 ,owing to the almost general adoption of this method1 the expression 8internal temperature0 is used as a rule to signify 8rectal temperature02 although the respective temperatures of different parts of the body vary to a slight extent4 ,the practice of placing the thermometer in the mouth1 as is the custom in human medicine1 is not suitable to animals1 owing to the danger of the patient breaking the glass instrument with the teeth4 ,the indications afforded by the clinical thermometer are valuable guides as to the state of the animal's health at the time1 or what it will shortly be4 ,thus1 in a horse at rest under ordinary conditions1 if there be a rise of three or four degrees without the animal evincing any other sign of illness1 we may be assured that disease in some form will1 after a day or two1 manifest itself in him4 ,during illness1 a temperature of1 say1 #ajf ,f4 or more points to a condition of great danger4 ,the clinical thermometer is especially useful in indicating the state of an animal during infective diseases and diseases of the organs of breathing4 ,a fall in temperature1 when it has been abnormally high1 will generally point to a favorable termination of the disease2 although in some cases it is the precursor of rapidly approaching death4 ,,temperature ,,during ,,health4 ,as a rule1 there is a daily variation in the internal temperature of a healthy animal of about #a ,f42 the maximum being attained at about #f o'clock in the evening4 ,in the adult animal1 the temperature is about #a ,f4 higher than in a very young or very old animal4 ,it is about #a ,f4 less in the female than in the male1 except when she is 8in season10 during which time it is about #b ,f4 higher than normal4 ,the temperature of well-bred animals is higher than that of common animals4 ,a rise of #d or #e ,f41 compatible with health1 may be observed in animals during violent exercise or work in hot weather4 ,the temperature of well-fed animals is higher than that of poorly-fed ones4 ,during digestion1 it rises about #a ,f41 and falls about the same amount during sleep4 ,exposure to the rays of a hot sun for a few hours may cause a rise of as much as #c ,f41 and the effects of cold and rain may equally lower it4 ,,normal ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,horse4-- ,from #b to #e years old the temperature is #ajj4f ,f4 ,from #e to #aj years old the temperature is #ajj4d ,f4 ,from #aj to #ae years old the temperature is #ajj ,f4 ,from #ae to #bj years old the temperature is #ih4d to #ajj4b ,f4 ,new born foals' temperature will run from #ajb to #ajd ,f4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,cattle4--,normal temperature is from #aja4h to #ajb ,f4 ,compared with the horse1 the daily variations are small4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,sheep ,,and ,,goats4--,in these animals the greatest variation in temperature occurs1 viz43 #ajj4i to #aje4h ,f4 ,in the majority of cases the temperature probably will be between #ajc4f and #ajd4d ,f4 ,the cause of this variation is unknown4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,swine4--,the average temperature is #ajc4c ,f41 varying from #ajj4i to #aje4d ,f4 ,,temperature ,,of ,,the ,,dog4--,the dog is subject to important variations depending on the external temperature2 it varies from #ii4e to #aja4g ,f41 although in some localities it is as high as #ajj4i to #aja4c ,f4 ,feeding will increase the temperature1 and it is also higher towards evening4 ,,pulse4 ,,pulse ,,feeling4--,pulse are usually taken at the lower jaw2 its character there being better marked than at other convenient situations4 ,the artery may be felt underneath the lower jaw1 just in front of the fleshy part of the cheek4 ,on passing the fingers of the hand over the spot1 two vessels can be distinguished lying closely together2 one1 the duct which conveys saliva from the parotid gland into the mouth2 the other1 the artery which supplies the face with blood4 ,the middle finger should be applied so as to gently press the artery against the inner surface of the bone4 ,the ball of the thumb should not be placed on the outside of the jaw1 lest the operator might mistake the pulsation of the artery of his thumb for that of the patient's artery4 ,very frequently the indication of the artery of the fore-arm is the one adopted4 ,this vessel is on the inner side of the fore-arm1 and may be felt by inserting the hand1 from the front1 between the breast and fore-arm1 and feeling for the slightly prominent head of the bone just below the elbow joint4 ,the pulse can be felt at other parts of the body1 but those mentioned are more practical4 ,,pulse4--,the pulse in the horse1 as in other animals1 is of great importance2 it tells the number and the force of the heart beats4 ,when taking pulse endeavor to keep the animal as quiet as possible1 for if you excite him1 you will find the pulse increased several beats1 and after standing some time it will again fall4 ,pulse varies in different animals2 slower in heavier horses1 quicker in highly nervous animals4 ,it may vary five or ten beats per minute1 and the animal still be in perfect health4 ,there are various kinds of pulsations1 as the result of certain diseases1 the quick1 slow1 large1 hard1 soft1 frequent and infrequent4 ,the strong1 full pulse may be present1 and consistent with good health2 exercise will change the pulse to a considerable extent4 ,but if the animal is suffering from disease1 and then the pulse is of a wiry character1 it is characteristic of the sthenic type of inflammation4 ,suppose an animal has been standing in the stable1 and is attacked with lymphangitis1 the pulse is full1 bounding1 wiry1 characteristic of inflammation of the bowels1 punctures of the feet1 inflammation of the joints1 etc4 ,the weak1 small pulse is indicative of debility1 showing inflammation of an esthetic type4 ,it may occur in influenza and catarrh4 ,the oppressed pulse is characteristic of congestion and inflammation of the lungs2 you would think the heart had great difficulty in propelling the blood forward4 ,the throbbing pulse is characteristic of inflammation in certain parts4 ,in laminitis there is1 perhaps1 the best example of the throbbing pulse1 beating quickly1 with a peculiar throbbing sensation1 especially in any inflammatory action in the vascular structures of the feet1 making the circulation difficult4 ,a slow pulse is characteristic of cerebral disease1 but if only twenty-eight or thirty you may say at once it is cerebral disease2 if it is accompanied by a comatose condition1 then it is indicative of this disease4 ,the intermitting pulse is found where the animal has suffered from some debilitating disease1 as influenza1 distemper1 catarrh1 etc4 ,although it must in some cases be looked upon with suspicion1 it is not generally very alarming1 but if there is a change for the worse1 and this pulse1 it is unfavorable4 ,the fluttering and almost imperceptible pulse indicates great change in the system1 as in the latter stages of enteritis 7inflammation of the bowels71 pleurisy1 pneumonia1 etc41 especially in enteritis2 if a case where the pulse is forty1 fifty or sixty per minute1 and changes1 and runs up to eighty or a hundred and becomes indistinct1 it is indicative of approaching dissolution4 ,these are the varieties of pulse1 and due to the manner in which disease attacks the various organs4 ,you may meet with a case at one hundred and twenty-five where it may recover1 but higher than this will no doubt prove fatal4 ,the pulse in the young is much more rapid than in the adult animal2 that of a foal at birth beats one hundred to one hundred and two per minute1 while that of a calf will go to one hundred and thirty per minute4 ,in old age the pulsation becomes reduced and the arteries much weaker4 ,the pulse rate in large animals is less than in smaller ones1 as for instance1 an elephant's pulse rate is from twenty-five to twenty-eight beats per minute4 ,the more rapid the pulse1 the greater the quantity of blood in circulation4 ,,the ,,normal ,,pulse ,,throbs ,,per ,,minute ,,of ,,domestic ,,animals-- ,per ,minute4 ,the horse #cf to #db ,cattle #de to #ej ,sheep and goats #gj to #hj ,the dog #gj to #hj ,swine #ij to #ajj ,by taking the pulse we can form some idea of the character of the disease4 ,,abortion ,,in ,,mares4 ,,cause4--,quality and quantity of food1 poorly lighted1 ventilated or drained stables1 mare falling or slipping1 sprains1 kicks1 hard1 fast work or eating poisonous vegetation4 ,,symptoms4--,mare will show signs of colic1 the outer portion of the womb will be swollen1 and if the colicky symptoms continue there will be a watery discharge and the membranes covering the foetus or foal will become noticeable4 ,the animal strains when lying down or getting up4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in comfortable quarters and blanket if chilly4 ,when colicky pains are present treat the same as for spasmodic colic4 ,to stop the straining and labor pains1 give ,tincture ,opii one ounce1 placing in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two hours4 ,one to two doses1 however1 are generally sufficient as the mare will either abort or the dangerous period will have passed4 ,keep the animal quiet and feed good nutritious food and pure water with chill taken off in small quantities but often4 ,disinfect the mare's quarters thoroughly4 ,a good general tonic should be used in this condition1 one that will strengthen and assist nature to throw off impurities from the blood1 such as ,sodium ,hyposulphite1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in drinking water4 ,,abscess4 ,,cause4--,bruises and injuries4 ,abscesses are also seen in complications with various diseases1 perhaps the most common being distemper1 laryngitis1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,symptoms will vary1 of course1 according to the development of the disease4 ,it may not be noticed at first1 but upon careful examination small tortuous lines will be observed running from the point of irritation4 ,in many cases a swelling is noticed which is hot1 painful and throbbing and enlarges rapidly4 ,in two or three days the soreness and heat gradually subside1 but the abscess continues to grow4 ,the hair falls from the affected parts and in a short time the abscess discharges1 and the cavity gradually fills up and heals by granulation4 ,,treatment4--,in all cases hasten the ripening process as much as possible by applying hot water packs or hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices4 ,it will usually be found a safe plan to encourage the full ripening of an abscess and allow it to open of its own accord1 as it will heal much better and quicker and you take no chances of infection with an instrument4 ,when opened do not squeeze the abscess to any extent1 but press gently with clean hands or cloth1 to remove the clot1 and after this simply keep open by washing the abscess with a three per cent ,carbolic ,acid solution or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts of water4 ,when an animal has abscesses it is well to give the following blood purifiers or internal antiseptics3 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce4 ,mix well and make into eight powders and give one powder twice daily in drinking water1 or place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,this prescription will prevent the absorption of impurities from the abscess into the blood4 ,,anemia4 ,,cause4--,insufficient quality and quantity of food1 insanitary surroundings1 overwork1 lack of exercise1 drains on the system from acute or chronic diseases1 worms2 and can also be brought about by excessive heat1 cold or pressure and lessening of the calibre of the arteries1 poisons in the blood1 suppurating wounds1 repeated purging or bleedings4 ,,symptoms4--,the visible mucous membranes of the nose1 eyes and mouth are pale and sometimes have a yellow appearance4 ,there is weakness1 temperature of the body is lower than normal2 pulse weak1 legs cold to the feet1 cold sweats are often present1 breathing is quickened1 especially in its last stages1 animals tire easily1 appetite and digestion become poor1 swelling of the legs and the under surface of the abdomen1 sheath and udder2 the skin becomes rough and dry4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause if possible in its first stages1 or when first noticed4 ,give a physic of ,calomel1 two scruples2 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose with capsule gun4 ,also1 administer the following3 ,arsenious ,acid1 one dram2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 three ounces1 and ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 three ounces4 ,mix well and make into twenty powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in feed1 or place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,endeavor to build up the condition of the animal by the proper quantity and quality of food4 ,give pure water to drink1 also provide sanitary conditions1 as pure air1 sunlight if possible4 ,turn out to grass when the weather is favorable4 ,this treatment should be continued until the animal shows sign of improvement4 ,however1 the administration of physics should be given with great care so as not to produce superpurgation of the bowels 7scours71 as physics in this condition would tend to weaken the animal4 ,it is to be borne in mind that pure water and nourishing food play a very important part in the treatment of ,anemia4 ,,aphthae4 7,sore mouth and tongue--,pustular ,stomatitis7 ,,cause4--,superficial eruptions of the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue4 ,frequently seen during convalescence of intermittent fever4 ,this condition may also follow diseases of the digestive system1 as ,indigestion1 etc41 due to the blood absorbing toxic materials which break out in the form of pustules about the mouth and the whole alimentary canal 7stomach and intestines74 ,,symptoms4--,the appetite is impaired1 the mouth hot1 the pulse not much affected as a rule1 the temperature is slightly elevated1 the animal is unable to masticate1 and small vesicles appear and eventually terminate into pustules and burst and discharge a small amount of pus at the parts where the sores are the deepest4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause if possible4 ,feed clean1 soft food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 vegetables1 etc4 ,for a mouth-wash dissolve the following3 ,one dram of ,copper ,sulphate1 one dram of ,chlorate of ,potash1 one dram of ,boracic ,acid in clean hot water1 and syringe out the mouth two or three times a day4 ,to the drinking water add one ounce of ,hyposulphite of ,soda twice a day4 ,where the appetite is impaired1 administer the following3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 ,pulv4 ,iron1 ,pulv4 ,nitrate of ,potash each two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times a day with capsule gun4 ,,azoturia4 ,,cause4--,this disease is usually due to work after a period of idleness1 during which the animal has been liberally fed4 ,it is found principally among highly-fed draft horses1 and never in animals which are regularly worked4 ,light breeds of horses are also susceptible to this disease4 ,,symptoms4--,attack is sudden and usually appears when the horse has traveled a short distance after having been stabled for a few days4 ,the characteristic symptoms of this disease in an animal are3 ,excitability without apparent cause2 actions seem to indicate injury of the hind quarters or loins4 ,animal has a peculiar goose-rumped look1 owing to the muscles over the quarters being violently contracted1 and are hard on pressure4 ,one hind limb is generally advanced in front of the other1 and on attempting to put weight on it1 the hind quarters will drop until at times the hocks almost touch the ground4 ,sometimes a front leg is affected4 ,the breathing is hurried4 ,animal is bathed in sweat1 and is in such agony that it will seize almost anything with its teeth4 ,although the pulse is hard and frequent1 the internal temperature1 even in severe cases1 seldom rises to any marked extent4 ,the urine is dark-red to dirty-brown color4 ,owing to the stoppage of the worm-like movement of the bowels1 there is generally constipation and retention of the urine4 ,sometimes the symptoms are milder than here described4 ,in other cases the animal soon falls to the ground and continues to struggle in a delirious1 half-paralyzed state until he dies4 ,sometimes this disease is mistaken for colic or acute indigestion1 but it can be readily distinguished by the color of the urine4 ,,treatment4--,at the first symptom1 stop and blanket the animal and let stand from one to three hours4 ,then move to the nearest shelter1 keeping the animal as quiet and comfortable as possible1 as excitement aggravates the disease4 ,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams1 in capsule1 and administer with capsule gun4 ,also1 give the following prescription3 ,potassi ,nitrate1 eight ounces2 ,sodii ,bicarbonate1 eight ounces2 ,potassi ,iodide1 one and one-half ounces4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder in drinking water every four hours1 or in capsule1 and give with capsule gun4 ,injections of soap and warm water per rectum are beneficial4 ,immerse a blanket in hot water and place over loins1 then covering with a dry blanket1 or1 if this is impossible1 apply the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces1 and rub in like a shampoo over the loins4 ,it may be necessary to draw off the urine1 which is sometimes retained4 ,allow the animal to drink often1 though in small quantities1 of pure water with the chill taken off4 ,if he is unable to stand on his feet it is well to turn him from side to side every six hours4 ,it is also advisable to fill bags with hay and place against his shoulders to prevent him from lying flat on his side1 as this may cause congestion of the lungs4 ,avoid drenching--it is dangerous4 ,should the animal show signs of uneasiness1 give one ounce of ,potassi ,bromide in the drinking water every four hours until the excitement has subsided4 ,,barrenness4 7,failure to ,breed7 ,,cause4--,contraction of the neck of the womb1 growths on or in the ovaries1 ,whites or ,leucorrhea4 ,the first is the only form of barrenness which responds readily to treatment4 ,,symptoms4--,a mare may come in heat normally1 or stay in heat continually1 or not come in heat at all4 ,,treatment4--,wash the hands in some antiseptic solution1 such as ,carbolic ,acid or ,bichloride of ,mercury1 and see that the finger-nails are smooth4 ,grease the hand and arm with vaseline and proceed to dilate the neck of the womb4 ,it may be difficult at first to insert the finger1 but the opening will gradually enlarge4 ,work slowly and carefully until three fingers may be inserted4 ,breeding should follow about three hours after the womb has been dilated4 ,,bleeding4 7,hemorrhage7 ,bleeding sometimes follows operations as castration and wounds due to various causes4 ,,treatment4--,when bleeding from a large artery1 it should be tied with a clean silk or linen thread or twisted with a pair of forceps or cauterized with a hot iron4 ,sometimes compression by the use of tightly bound bandages proves effective1 although the former appliances are more practical4 ,tincture chloride of iron1 applied to small arteries or veins1 causes the blood to clot in the arteries or veins1 and hence stops the hemorrhage4 ,it is very essential that all wounds should be treated antiseptically and ,i cannot say that ,i am in favor of washing a wound with water only in cases where the wound is very filthy1 and ,i prefer powder applications in preference to any liquid antiseptics4 ,the following will be found very effective in the treatment of the majority of wounds3 ,boracic acid1 two ounces2 iodoform1 two drams2 tannic acid1 two ounces2 calomel1 one dram2 powder finely and mix well4 ,place in sifter top can and apply two or three times daily4 ,,blood ,,poisoning4 7,septicaemia or ,pyemia7 ,,cause4--,by the popular term1 8,blood ,poison10 is meant a state of constitutional disturbance brought on by the entrance of putrid products--usually from a wound--into the blood4 ,as a rule some pressure or inoculation is necessary for the introduction of poison into the circulation2 hence1 the necessity of free drainage and thorough disinfection of the wound1 and the only hopeful cases are those in which by this means the supply of poison may be cut short4 ,,symptoms4--,it is introduced through any wound or abrasion1 whether due to injury1 disease or by an operation4 ,signs of septic poison are heat1 pain and swelling4 ,,treatment4--,it is necessary to see that the wound has good drainage1 and wash with ,carbolic ,acid1 one tablespoonful to one pint of distilled water or ,bichloride of ,mercury perhaps is the best in an infected wound4 ,apply one part to one thousand parts water4 ,also1 give internally1 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,sodii ,hyposulphite1 eight ounces4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder two or three times a day in their drinking water or in capsule1 and give with capsule gun4 ,this is an intestinal antiseptic which is very valuable in the treatment of ,blood ,poisoning4 ,feed soft1 laxative food and green grass1 if possible4 ,,bog ,,spavin4 ,,cause4--,faulty conformation1 slipping1 falling through a bridge or culvert2 large loosely built draft horses are prone to this blemish4 ,bog ,spavin is hereditary1 and you should1 therefore1 select a good type of animal for breeding purposes4 ,,symptoms4--,a puffy swelling located in front and on the inside of the hock1 varying from the size of a walnut to that of a man's fist4 ,it very seldom causes lameness1 but is a serious disfigurement and blemish4 ,,treatment4--,treatment is not satisfactory unless taken in its first stages and when the animal is young4 ,if there is heat1 pain and swelling1 apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has left the parts4 ,then use the following prescription3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 two ounces2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces1 ,gasolene1 one pint4 ,mix and shake well before applying with a nail or tooth brush twice a week4 ,i may add that ,i have derived some wonderful results in treatment of ,bog ,spavin with the above mentioned prescription in both young and old animals1 and perhaps it will be well to use it on both young and old animals in both acute and chronic forms of ,bog ,spavin4 ,,bone ,,spavin4 ,,cause4--,sprains of the hock from falling1 slipping1 jumping1 pulling1 traveling on uneven roads1 falling through bridges1 etc4 ,since ,spavin is due to causes which come into existence after birth1 it cannot be regarded as an hereditary disease4 ,hereditary predisposition1 however1 is largely accountable for its appearance4 ,in the first place1 the process of evolution in the horse1 which is a single-toed animal1 descended from a five-toed ancestor1 predisposes him to suffer from union of the bones of the hock1 just as it predisposes him to splints4 ,the weaker the bones of the hock in comparison to the weight of the body the more inclined will the animal naturally be to contract ,spavin4 ,,symptoms4--,spasmodic catching up of the spavined limb1 the moment the heel of the foot touches the ground1 something after the manner of string-halt4 ,at times the stiffness can be observed only when the animal is pushed from one side of the stall to the other4 ,spavin may often be detected when riding a horse down a steep hill from the fact that he drags the toe4 ,the time of all others when a spavined horse will be apt to show his lameness will be the day following a hard day's work1 and when he makes his first move from the stable in the morning is the proper moment for examination4 ,therefore1 you should be prepared to form judgment quickly in these cases1 for the longer the animal is trotted up and down the less lame will he generally become4 ,we may have a visible sign of ,spavin1 swelling and hardness of the part1 without lameness4 ,if there be heat and tenderness on pressure1 lameness will almost always be present4 ,a careful comparison should be made of the hocks4 ,,treatment4--,an important factor in treating ,spavin is keeping the animal quiet4 ,this can be accomplished by placing the animal in a very narrow stall1 carrying his feed and drinking water for a month or six weeks1 and apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulverized ,cantharides1 three drams2 ,turpentine1 thirty minims2 ,pine ,tar1 two drams2 lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and rub in well for twenty minutes every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,repeat this treatment again in two weeks1 and grease well with lard4 ,to cure a bone spavin it is necessary to unite two or more bones of the hock4 ,the same thing exists in bone spavin as in a fractured bone1 only we have no ragged edges like that of a fracture to unite2 but the animal must be kept quiet4 ,the younger the animal the easier the spavin is to treat1 because the bones hardened with age contain more mineral matter and less flexible animal matter4 ,while treating the animal1 feed food that is easily digested4 ,,bots4 7,gastrophilis7 ,effect of ,bots on the ,health of ,horses ,although the presence of bots inside of a horse can be of no possible advantage to him1 their presence1 when in small numbers1 as a rule produce very little or no ill effect in the horse1 but if their number be large they cannot help being a source of debility and irritation4 ,in practically all cases they produce indigestion1 especially among young horses1 also loss of condition1 colic and even death4 ,,cause4--,bot flies lay their eggs during the autumn months on the skin and hair of the horse4 ,these eggs on becoming hatched 7in from #bj to #be days7 produce small worms which irritate the skin by their movements and thus cause the horse to lick them off and to take them into his mouth1 with the result that they gain access to various parts of the intestinal canal4 ,the bot having selected its place of residence1 attaches itself to the membrane lining the stomach and intestines1 and derives its sustenance during its stay from the wound made by its hooks4 ,in the summer the larva1 after living inside the horse for about ten months1 quits its hold and is expelled with the feces4 ,having concealed itself near the surface of the ground it becomes changed into a chrysalis from which the gadfly issues after an inactive existence of from thirty to forty days4 ,the female fly becomes impregnated1 lays her eggs on those parts of the horse from which they can be most easily licked off1 and thus completes her cycle of existence4 ,,symptoms4--,membranes about the eyes and mouth are very pale1 as though the animal had lost a large quantity of blood2 they will also be subject to colicky attacks1 hair faded1 dull1 rough appearance1 appetite poor and manifests a pot belly4 ,,prevention4--,the best means of prevention are spraying your horses with the following fly repellant3 ,crude ,carbolic ,acid1 #aj2 ,oil of ,tar1 #be2 ,crude ,oil1 #fe4 ,mix thoroughly4 ,this prevents the gadfly from depositing her eggs on the animals4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food for twenty-four hours1 then administer ,oil of ,turpentine1 one ounce2 place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this in six hours with a physic consisting of ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,repeat the above treatment in a week or ten days to insure the expulsion of ,bots that might have escaped the first treatment4 ,,bronchitis4 ,,cause4--,it may be the result of debility1 constitutional diseases1 inhalation of impure air1 smoke1 or gases4 ,sometimes brought on by drenching by the escape of liquid into the windpipe2 remember1 a horse cannot breathe through his mouth4 ,it may also be caused by sudden chill1 foreign bodies in windpipe1 micro organisms1 or it may be associated with influenza1 glanders1 lung fever1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,sore throat1 loss of appetite1 thirst1 animal appears dull1 membranes of the mouth1 eyes and nose are reddened2 urine is scanty and highly colored2 cough dry and husky4 ,after two or three days the cough becomes looser and a frothy1 sticky mucus of a yellowish color is present4 ,this gradually becomes pus-like1 after which the animal seems somewhat relieved4 ,in the first stages the pulse is soft and weak1 but frequently the temperature is high1 ranging from #aje ,f4 to #ajf ,f42 the breathing is quick and more or less difficult4 ,,treatment4--,place the horse in a clean1 comfortable1 well ventilated stall1 exclude drafts1 blanket if the weather is chilly4 ,also1 hand rub the legs and bandage them4 ,inhalations from steam of hot water and ,turpentine are beneficial4 ,also administer ,chlorate of ,potassi1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,mix this with a pint of black-strap molasses and give about one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every six hours4 ,in severe attacks of ,bronchitis it is well to apply a liniment consisting of ,turpentine1 ,aqua-,ammonia ,fort41 and raw ,linseed ,oil1 each four ounces2 mix well and apply to the throat and down the windpipe once or twice a day4 ,the animal should be fed on soft food1 such as hot bran mashes1 grass1 carrots1 kale1 apples or steamed rolled oats4 ,after the acute symptoms of the disease disappear1 give ,pulverized ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,pulverized ,fenugreek ,seed1 six ounces4 ,mix and give one tablespoonful three times a day in the feed or in a gelatin capsule and administer with a capsule gun4 ,,capped ,,knee4 ,,cause4--,bruises from pawing or striking objects with the knee1 falling on the ground1 etc41 are perhaps the most common causes4 ,,symptoms4--,it may be a simple bruise1 or it may be a severe wound4 ,there is always swelling1 heat and pain present4 ,the joint becomes stiff and interferes with the movement of the leg4 ,under careful treatment the swelling and enlargement disappear4 ,,treatment4--,relieve the inflammation and clean the wound by fomenting with hot water1 to which add a few drops of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,if the wound is very large1 trim off the ragged edges with a pair of scissors and apply the following3 ,boracic ,acid1 two ounces2 ,iodoform1 one ounce2 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,powder finely1 mix and apply two or three times a day4 ,if the skin is not broken1 apply cold water or ice packs until the inflammation has subsided2 then use the following3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,camphor1 two ounces1 and ,gasolene1 eight ounces4 ,apply with nail or toothbrush every forty-eight hours until the enlargement has disappeared4 ,,capped ,,hock4 ,,cause4--,some horses have the habit of rubbing or striking their hocks against the partition of their stalls4 ,may also be produced by kicks from other horses1 or hocks may be bruised by the singletree4 ,,symptoms4--,an enlargement at the point of the hock1 which may run up along the tendons and muscles of the leg4 ,repeated injuries cause the hock to enlarge and become flabby1 and in some cases it contains a bloody serum or pus4 ,,treatment4--,do not attempt to lance the puffy swelling on the point of the hock1 as you may produce an open joint1 which is very difficult to treat1 and chances are that you would lose the animal4 ,the treatment that ,i would recommend is to find out the true cause and remove it4 ,when the puffy swelling is hot and painful1 apply cold water or ice packs4 ,when the heat and pain have subsided apply the following3 ,tincture of ,iodine1 two ounces2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces1 dissolved in one pint of ,gasolene4 ,shake the contents of the bottle before using each time and apply with a nail or toothbrush every forty-eight hours4 ,this is very penetrating and will remove the enlargement or absorb fluids that might have accumulated from the result of the bruise4 ,,castration4 ,there are few countries where this operation is not performed to any great extent4 ,under favorable conditions of health1 castration should be performed at the age of one year4 ,the safest months are ,april and ,may1 and the safest time a week or two after being turned out to pasture when he is shedding his coat4 ,do not operate upon a colt that has been kept in ill ventilated place1 but have the colt in good condition1 and the weather moderate1 neither too hot or too cold4 ,see that he has no distemper or any such disease4 ,it is necessary that the hands and instruments be thoroughly cleansed by washing them in hot water1 a little soap and a few drops of cresol4 ,if the age be above a year it is best to feed very light the day before the operation1 as there is less danger from being thrown and tied and also from the operation itself1 when the bowels are empty4 ,it is very important to ascertain whether or not the colt has ever suffered rupture1 as he must be operated upon differently4 ,examine the testicles to see that they are down4 ,generally speaking after these precautions1 so far as the animal is concerned1 he is ready for the operation4 ,there are several methods of removing the testicles and ,i will mention only the ,emasculator method4 ,this is the latest method of operation1 and gives results that are satisfactory in majority of cases4 ,in my opinion it is the best and most humane4 ,open the scrotum and allow the testicles to protrude1 being careful to make the opening sufficiently large4 ,when the testicles protrude sufficiently far from the opening in the scrotum1 pour some cresol and cotton-seed oil 7#bj drops of cresol to an ounce of cotton-seed oil7 around the cords and into the scrotum4 ,apply it thoroughly in order to prevent its healing too rapidly4 ,open the emasculator and place it around the cord1 shove up as far as possible on the cord without pulling or using force4 ,should the patient pull upon the cord it is better to suspend operation for a time until he ceases1 as the length of the cord cannot be ascertained unless it is slack when the emasculator is placed at the proper point4 ,tighten up the instrument by means of pressing the two handles together until the testicle is squeezed off4 ,this makes a peculiarly dull cut1 different from that of a sharp knife and thus has the effect of closing the end of the artery and preventing the flow of blood4 ,some veterinarians take off both testicles at the same time4 ,there is1 however1 more danger from bleeding in this way1 and ,i recommend that each be taken off separately4 ,the patient may be allowed to regain his feet as soon as the testicles are removed4 ,i desire to add again that it is absolutely necessary to see that the hands of the operator and the instruments are thoroughly cleansed both before and after the operation4 ,,bleeding ,,after ,,castration4--,frequently you will be called on to stop bleeding after veterinaries or farmers have used some obsolete method of castration1 and ,i would recommend that you use either of the following suggestions3 ,if bleeding is from the little artery in the back portion of the cord1 it will generally stop of its own accord1 but if it should continue to bleed for #cj minutes1 throw clean1 cold water against the part4 ,when bleeding is from the large artery in front of the cord1 it is considered dangerous4 ,the artery should be tied with a silk thread if possible1 or twisted with a pair of forceps4 ,occasionally the artery cannot be found1 in which case the hole in the scrotum should be plugged with a clean cloth saturated with ,tincture of ,iron1 which will clot the blood and thus close the artery4 ,,choking4 ,this term applies to obstruction of the gullet as well as that of the windpipe4 ,,cause4--,too rapid eating1 from which pieces of carrots or other roots1 or a quantity of dry food becomes lodged in the gullet4 ,although obstructions of the windpipe caused by drenching1 or from food entering the lungs1 may not prove fatal for several days1 an obstruction in the gullet will kill a horse in a very short time4 ,,treatment4--,no time should be lost in attempting to remove the obstruction from the gullet4 ,it may be dislodged by gently manipulating the gullet4 ,if unsuccessful in dislodging the obstruction in this manner1 use a probang1 an instrument made for this purpose1 or inject ,sweet or ,olive ,oil into the gullet with a hypodermic syringe1 or give hypodermic injections of ,arecoline4 ,in administering drenches with the object of dislodging obstructions in the gullet1 you must remember that the liquids used are apt to go the wrong way1 that is to say1 enter the lungs1 and give rise to lung complications1 as lung fever1 bronchitis1 etc4 ,obstructions of solid substance in the windpipe generally cause death very shortly4 ,when liquids enter the lungs1 death is not so apt to occur1 as the animal may live several days1 and sometimes even get well4 ,they should be treated the same as for lung fever4 ,,coffin-,,joint ,,lameness4 7,navicular ,disease7 ,,cause4--,driving young animals on hard roads4 ,always found in the front feet1 owing no doubt to the fact the front feet support largely the weight of the body4 ,,symptoms4--,the symptoms are very hard to detect4 ,as a rule the animal will point the affected foot when at rest even before there is any lameness present4 ,while at work he apparently goes sound1 but when placed in the stable1 or when stopped on hard ground1 one foot will be set out in front of the other and resting on the toe4 ,it will be noticed that the animal takes a few lame steps and then goes well again4 ,again he may be lame for a day1 or he may leave the stable in the morning apparently well and sound and go lame during the day4 ,in the course of time he will develop a severe case of lameness1 which may last for five or six days4 ,these spells are intermittent and finally he becomes permanently lame1 and the more he is driven the greater the lameness1 and he steps short1 wears the toe of the shoe1 stumbles1 falls on his knees when the road is rough4 ,sometimes both front feet are affected and the shoulders will be stiff4 ,when put to work he sweats from pain2 there will be extreme heat about the foot1 and he will flinch from pressure4 ,comparatively few recoveries are made from this disease4 ,,treatment4--,first remove the shoe4 ,if the foot is inflamed1 poultice with hot bran or flaxseed meal4 ,after the inflammation disappears1 clean the foot well1 clip the hair from around the top of the hoof and use the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulverized ,cantharides1 four drams2 ,turpentine1 thirty drops2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well and apply every forty-eight hours1 rubbing in well for twenty minutes each time4 ,after three or four applications have been applied1 turn the animal out to pasture4 ,repeat this treatment again in a month or so4 ,animals affected with this disease should be put to slow and easy work on soft ground1 and carefully shod4 ,this disease is unsatisfactorily treated and only a few cases recover when the best care is taken4 ,,corns4 ,,cause4--,dry feet1 increased pressure from ill fitting shoes1 or high heeled shoes1 which tend to contract the heels and produce corns4 ,wide flat feet are predisposed to bruises which terminate in corns4 ,,symptoms4--,lameness1 or as the old saying goes1 8,the animal will go tenderfooted40 ,when standing the animal is generally very restless1 they paw their bedding behind them at night4 ,tapping or pressure on the foot will assist in locating a corn4 ,,treatment4--,discover the true cause of the corn and remove it if possible4 ,take away all pressure from over the corn and turn the animal out in some damp pasture4 ,if this cannot be done1 put on a flat 8bar0 shoe1 packing the sole of the foot with ,pine ,tar and ,oakum2 then place a leather between the foot and shoe4 ,repeat this application every two weeks1 as this will keep the sole soft and flexible1 and with proper shoeing your animal will be relieved of corns4 ,frequently coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease is mistaken for corns4 ,,constipation4 ,,cause4--,indigestible foods1 irregular feeding1 lack of1 or too much1 exercise1 insufficient secretion of digestive materials1 strictures1 ruptures1 paralysis1 worms1 folding and twisting of the intestines1 which frequently occurs in old age4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal cannot expel the contents of the intestines1 which frequently causes colicky pains4 ,death from this form of constipation is generally due to rupture of the intestines1 when due to indigestible foods or irregular feeding4 ,lack of1 or too much1 exercise seldom produces death1 although the animal may not pass any fecal matter for a week4 ,,treatment4--,give a capsule containing ,aloin1 two drams1 and ,pulverized ,ginger1 two drams1 every eighteen hours until the animal has a movement of the bowels4 ,then give the following tonic3 ,pulverized ,nux ,vomica1 two ounces2 ,pulverized ,gentian ,root1 two ounces2 ,pulverized ,fenugreek ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix well and give one tablespoonful in feed three times a day4 ,if the animal refuses to eat it in the feed1 place one tablespoonful in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,this will stimulate the worm-like movement of the bowels and strengthen the heart action4 ,give the animal all the water it will drink4 ,if the water is cold1 take the chill off by warming or adding warm water4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 such as grass1 carrots1 turnips1 potatoes and apples1 but do not feed too large a quantity at one time4 ,hot bran mashes or steamed rolled oats are very nourishing and easily digested4 ,rectal injections of ,soap and ,turpentine in small quantities1 added to warm water1 are very beneficial1 and ,i would recommend their use4 ,it is advisable to elevate the animal's hind parts when giving rectal injections1 as it will cause the animal to retain the injection much longer1 consequently it does its intended work much better4 ,if due to worms1 fast the animal for twenty-four hours and give ,barbadoes ,aloes1 three drams2 ,calomel1 one dram2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,antimony ,tartrate1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this dose should be repeated in ten days to insure the expulsion of newly hatched worms4 ,,cold4 7,nasal ,catarrh7 ,,cause4--,atmospheric changes common in the spring and fall2 animal allowed to chill when standing in a draft1 or driven when the system is in a poor condition4 ,it is also produced by inhaling irritating gases1 smoke1 drenching through the nose1 dusty hay or grain that contains infectious matter4 ,,symptoms4--,animal is stupid1 does not take food very freely1 hair stands and looks dusty1 throat becomes sore1 pulse is not greatly affected4 ,there may be a slight rise of temperature1 say #aja ,f4 to #ajc ,f4 ,after a day or two there will be a discharge of mucus from the nostrils which may be offensive to the smell4 ,there is generally an increased flow of urine4 ,the breathing is not much affected4 ,,treatment4--,make the animal as comfortable as possible by placing in a clean stall with pure air1 but avoid drafts4 ,blanket if the weather is chilly and give the following prescription3 ,chloride of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces4 ,mix these well in a pint of ,pine ,tar and place about one tablespoonful of the mixture as far back on the tongue as possible every six hours4 ,relief is very certain if this treatment is given in the first stages4 ,if not it will become chronic and terminate into nasal gleet1 or lung complications4 ,,cough4 7,acute and ,chronic7 ,as a cough is a symptom of various diseases1 these in addition to the cough should be treated4 ,,kinds ,,of ,,cough4--,many writers give several different varieties1 but for sake of convenience ,i will divide them into two forms1 namely3 ,acute and ,chronic4 ,,cause4--,acute ,coughs are generally due to sudden exposure to cold1 drafts and are the forerunning symptom of a disease of the organs of breathing4 ,chronic ,coughs are associated with1 and often a result of1 sore throat1 lung fever1 pleurisy1 bronchitis1 broken wind1 influenza1 nasal gleet1 catarrh1 glanders1 heaves and distemper4 ,,treatment4--,under each disease of which a cough is a symptom1 ,i have also prescribed to include its suppression4 ,the following prescription is reasonable in price1 yet very effective in all forms of cough3 ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,potassi ,chlorate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,powder well and mix with ,black ,strap ,molasses1 one pint2 placing container in hot water assists in dissolving contents4 ,when this is thoroughly mixed add ,pine ,tar one pint1 and place one tablespoonful well back on the tongue with a wooden paddle every three or four hours1 according to the severity of the cough4 ,sometimes a liniment applied to the throat and windpipe has a good effect1 and ,i would recommend the following on account of its penetrating qualities3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 two ounces2 ,turpentine1 two ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply twice daily1 shaking the contents of the bottle well before using4 ,,colt ,,constipation4 ,,cause4--,improper digestion of its mother's milk1 especially when overheated or not allowed to nurse enough4 ,,symptoms4--,the colt appears stupid2 does not care to move about1 but lies flat on either side and shows signs of great pain4 ,,treatment4--,give two tablespoonfuls of ,cascara ,sagrada4 ,great care must be exercised in administering the medicine to place it well back on the tongue2 do not hold the nose high or some of the liquid may enter the lungs2 it is much better to waste some of the medicine4 ,one of the most important factors in the treatment of ,colt ,constipation is rectal injections2 they relieve temperature1 gases1 and pain1 promoting the worm-like action of the bowels and liquefying their contents4 ,,colt ,,diarrhoea4 ,,cause4--,specific infection1 the action of which is favored by insanitary conditions1 irregular feeding1 or permitting the colt to nurse when the mother is overheated or out of condition4 ,,symptoms4--,frequent watery discharges1 sometimes tinged with blood1 and as the disease progresses the colt shows signs of great pain4 ,if not treated promptly1 the disease will terminate fatally in the course of six or ten days4 ,,treatment4--,determine the exact cause1 if possible1 and remove it4 ,if the colt has not been weaned1 attention should at once be given the mare1 and if anything is wrong with her1 it may be best to take the little patient away from its mother and feed it on cow's milk sweetened with sugar4 ,give two tablespoonfuls of ,castor ,oil on the tongue2 this will remove the irritant within the bowels4 ,the following prescription is a very reliable remedy3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 four drams2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 four grains4 ,mix and make into twelve powders2 give one powder on the tongue every four hours1 effecting a cure within a few days4 ,do not pull the tongue1 or hold the head too high4 ,permit the animal to swallow slowly4 ,remember that sanitary surroundings are essential in the treatment of all diseases4 ,,cracked ,,heels4 ,,cause4--,there is little doubt in my mind that ammonia1 which is so plentifully found in ill-kept stables1 is the chief cause of cracked heels4 ,the action of ammonia on the skin renders it soft and pulpy1 and diminishes its strength by separating the layers of which it is composed4 ,,symptoms4--,when inflammation is set up in the part1 the secretion of natural oil is interfered with and cracks usually occur in the place where the skin becomes wrinkled when the pastern joint is bent4 ,the discharge from cracked heels has an offensive smell4 ,in early stages there is extreme heat and swelling1 there is pain and lameness1 which usually disappear as the case becomes chronic4 ,,treatment4--,keep the affected parts clean as possible1 if there is extreme inflammation present4 ,apply hot poultice made from bran or flaxseed meal4 ,when the inflammation subsides1 apply ,zinc ,ointment twice daily4 ,before each application of the ointment1 wash with ,warm ,water and ,castile ,soap4 ,feed carrots1 green grass1 if possible1 also hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats each morning4 ,sometimes it is well to give a physic1 and ,i would recommend ,aloin1 one and one-half drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,a physic has very good effect in reducing the swelling of the legs4 ,,dentistry4 ,the art of animal dentistry has been abused by the owners of stock allowing the services of irresponsible men in the veterinary profession1 who do not look to the betterment of the animal's condition4 ,the owner of the animals1 not being able to see the condition of the animal's teeth for himself1 is persuaded into having the animal's teeth worked on regardless of whether it is needed or not4 ,the quack or transient veterinarian will pull and crack healthy1 sound teeth1 and lacerate the poor animal's mouth4 ,,how ,,to ,,examine ,,an ,,animal',s ,,teeth4--,perhaps the best method that can be applied in examining an animal's teeth or mouth is by the use of a mouth speculum4 ,there are several different makes on the market1 and some can be purchased very reasonably and will give excellent service4 ,,unnatural ,,condition ,,and ,,irritation41 ,,etc41 ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4--,after studying the anatomy thoroughly you will be able to see at once any abnormal condition of the teeth or mouth1 which are as follows3 ,,dentition begins at or soon after birth1 and continues until the horse is five years old1 and the animal suffers more or less during that time4 ,the lower animals do not appear to suffer so much in getting their first teeth1 but do suffer when getting their permanent ones1 even more1 perhaps1 than the human being4 ,hence1 we have dentition fever in the horse from three or four up to five years old--there is a weak pulse1 impaired appetite1 a staring coat1 the bowels sometimes costive1 and sometimes there is diarrhoea2 he is not able to work1 and it is hard to say what is the matter1 unless the system is affected by the irritation set up by the teeth1 for all of the organs appear to be in a healthy state4 ,such symptoms indicate that the temporary teeth are not being displaced in a proper way4 ,the same applies to cattle4 ,the food passes improperly digested1 which may be due to the state of the teeth4 ,it is well in such cases to examine the mouth1 and if you find some tooth not properly displaced1 the gums swollen1 remove it--which you can sometimes do with the thumb and finger1 or you may have to use the forceps1 which we believe the best4 ,then give a laxative1 feed on soft food1 and the animal will soon recover4 ,,irregular ,,teeth4--,the gums are sometimes irritated in connection with the molar teeth4 ,this irritation extends and affects the pharynx and larynx1 and perhaps a severe cough is the result1 called a dentition cough4 ,it is often the result of but a slight irritation at the back part of the gums--this cough may not be very severe1 but it is troublesome--or the gum may become badly swollen4 ,the best treatment is to scarify it4 ,we find tumors in the upper and lower jaw1 perhaps from the imperfect development of the teeth1 or from slight injury1 irritation1 etc4 ,they may or may not be malignant1 and are likely to extend and involve the alveoli and bone4 ,if not malignant1 and only upon the surface1 it is called epulis1 and is not very common4 ,if not malignant remove it1 and it may do well for some time2 it will return1 extend and become a hopeless case4 ,the horse frequently suffers from sharp1 projecting teeth1 which occurs more commonly in old horses1 from wearing down the teeth in an uneven manner4 ,they will be sharper on the inner edge of the lower jaw and the outer edge of the upper jaw1 which may be from faulty formation4 ,in such cases the animal has difficulty in eating1 grinds his food1 ejecting it4 ,perhaps when driving him he carries the head to one side from the bearing of the bit not being the same on both sides4 ,if the teeth are sharp in the lower jaw they lacerate the tongue2 if in the upper they lacerate the cheeks4 ,the best remedy for this is the tooth rasp1 and there is no necessity for using the mouth speculum4 ,after rasping1 feed upon soft food for a day or two4 ,there are more difficult cases where the teeth project to some extent1 generally in old horses1 due to malformation of the jaw4 ,sometimes the upper jaw extends over the lower1 and a part of the tooth is not worn down properly1 and after a time it interferes with mastication1 and the animal suffers considerably from irritation4 ,the same appears in the front teeth of the upper jaw1 but it is not so serious as the back tooth4 ,the animal may be reduced to a walking skeleton1 almost2 although the appetite appears good1 the food is thrown out4 ,you can detect by examining with the hand1 and if it is the last molar tooth it is advisable to place a twitch on the horse's nose1 and using the mouth speculum1 then remove the projecting portion of the tooth by means of the molar cutter4 ,after using the molar cutters smooth the cut surface of the tooth with a tooth rasp and feed properly1 and he will improve rapidly4 ,,ulcerated ,,or ,,caries ,,of ,,the ,,teeth4--,the lower animals do not suffer from this as much as man1 for two reasons3 their teeth are complicated1 and the mode of living4 ,sweets have a bad effect upon the teeth4 ,horses rarely suffer from toothache1 but they frequently suffer from carious teeth4 ,caries may commence either on the table surface1 root or fang1 or even in that which surrounds the teeth2 or it may result from a slight injury1 as getting a stone1 etc41 between the teeth when masticating1 or it may begin in the fang from improper development of the dentine1 which receives its nourishment from the tooth-pulp1 and when this is gone1 the tooth does not receive proper nourishment1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,in the early stages they are not very plain1 but become better developed after a time4 ,the animal will show some irritation while eating4 ,although he is hungry1 and goes ravenously to eating1 he will all at once quit masticating1 and either holds the food in the mouth or throws it out unchewed4 ,this may be due to a slight irritation of the teeth4 ,he acts something similar to the human being1 and these symptoms may be present for some time before well-marked symptoms appear4 ,but in1 it may be1 six months or a year1 certain distinct symptoms appear4 ,if it is in the table surface1 the tooth is brittle and wears down more readily and the tooth opposite to it grows longer2 he quits or rejects the food1 and a peculiar stench or fetor is present4 ,the animal falls off in condition in most cases4 ,when it is in connection with the root or fang it is different4 ,as it extends it involves the other tissues1 sets up irritation in the upper sinus of the head1 if it is in the lower jaw1 as well as the symptoms given1 you will1 perhaps1 notice a slight enlargement which extends down the lower portion of the jaw2 sinuses form and pus is discharged4 ,exercise care and judgment and you need make no great mistakes4 ,i know of horses being destroyed for glanders when only affected with ulcerated teeth4 ,,treatment4--,remove the tooth--and this is not very easily done1 but there are various ways4 ,open the mouth by means of a mouth speculum1 and1 if practical1 use the forceps4 ,the trouble with the forceps is1 they are apt to break the tooth when they are closed upon it too tight4 ,there is a root forcep which can be used in the lower jaw1 as the teeth in that are more easily removed than those in the upper jaw2 or you may remove by trephining1 and then1 by inserting a punch1 it can be driven out4 ,when you attempt to remove a tooth and it breaks down1 it will1 in many cases1 come away of itself without further treatment4 ,the first and second molars are more difficult to punch out than the others4 ,after treatment keep the animal quiet2 feed upon soft food that does not require much mastication4 ,there is a difference in treating the cavity4 ,some recommend filling it with gutta percha to prevent the food from passing into the sinus4 ,it will sometimes pass into both sinuses2 but generally there is no necessity for filling it4 ,if you trephine1 it is more needful than in pulling4 ,if food passes into the sinuses then it will be necessary to fill the hole4 ,sometimes in parrot-mouth the incisors of the lower jaw grow and irritate the mucous membrane of the opposite jaw when it is necessary to use incisor cutters or rasp them down4 ,,wolf ,,or ,,supernumerary ,,teeth4--,wolf teeth are comparatively small in size and have only one root and are found just in front of the upper molar teeth4 ,sometimes they do harm1 but that is an exception and not the rule4 ,they can be easily removed with a pair of small forceps or they may be punched out in some instances1 but ,i prefer that you use the regular wolf tooth forcep as it looks much better to the onlooker4 ,i think they interfere with the eyes1 causing them to become watery and inflamed1 due to the tooth exerting some influence upon the ophthalmic division of the fifth nerve4 ,,supernumerary ,,teeth4--,tooth substance may develop in almost any part of the body4 ,these are called supernumerary teeth and are commonly found in the testicles1 ovaries and sinuses of the head1 etc4 ,,foreign ,,body ,,lodged ,,in ,,the ,,mouth4--,a foreign body sometimes gets lodged in the mouth1 as a piece of wood1 wire from the feed1 etc41 and possibly becomes imbeded between the molar teeth1 and the animal is not able to get it out4 ,there will be difficulty in masticating2 a flow of saliva2 the animal stands with the head poked out1 as if suffering from sore throat4 ,he will partially masticate1 then try to swallow1 and perhaps eject the food4 ,these symptoms are present in sore throat1 and it is necessary to make a careful examination2 you are not likely to mistake just one case1 but if there is some other disease prevalent that presents similar symptoms1 then you are liable to make a mistake4 ,as stated before1 exercise care and judgment and you need make no great mistakes1 this applies to all diseases1 etc41 that you are called upon to treat4 ,,curb4 ,,cause4--,faulty conformation of the hind legs2 that is to say1 if a animal has crooked legs1 a slight sprain from slipping or jumping will produce ,curb4 ,in cases where an animal has well proportioned limbs1 and is afflicted with ,curb1 it is caused by a rupture of the small ligament or cord situated just back of the hock4 ,,symptoms4--,a swelling will be noticed on the back part of the hock4 ,at first the animal is lame and the enlargement is hot and painful4 ,after a few days' rest the inflammation will partially subside and the enlargement can be plainly seen4 ,when the animal is walked about he may be very lame at the start1 but this will disappear as he is moved4 ,,treatment4--,when the curb is hot and painful1 it is well to apply ice packs or cold water to the part4 ,when the inflammation subsides1 apply ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix and rub in well for twenty minutes2 repeat every forty-eight hours until three applications are made4 ,if the ,curb is of long standing it is more difficult to treat1 in which case the above treatment should be repeated again in two or three months4 ,do not use the animal in drawing heavy loads1 or drive on slippery roads1 for six months4 ,give the blister time to strengthen the ruptured tendons4 ,a high-heeled shoe is often valuable in relieving tendons of their tension4 ,,diarrhoea4 ,,cause4--,sudden change of food1 frozen food1 soft food1 unwholesome food1 stagnant water1 or drinking large quantities of water at one time1 purgative medicines1 or it may be associated with blood diseases1 lung and intestinal affections1 or produced by micro-organisms4 ,many horses1 particularly slack loined1 slight1 8washy0 animals1 purge if worked or excited1 as may be observed among race horses when taken to a race course4 ,diarrhoea may also be due to worms1 or it may be merely an effort on the part of nature to expel some irritant matter from the bowels or from the blood1 in which case it should on no account be prematurely checked4 ,,symptoms4--,frequent loose evacuations of the intestines1 with or without pronounced abdominal pain2 generally1 loss of appetite1 animal looks gaunt and the hair rough4 ,,treatment4--,keep the animal quiet1 comfortably stabled and warmly blanketed4 ,give pure water to drink1 often1 but in small quantities4 ,if the animal will eat1 feed moderately on clean food1 as rolled oats and dry bran4 ,also1 give the following prescription3 ,protan1 three ounces2 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 ten grains2 ,creosote1 one dram2 ,powdered ,ginger1 two ounces2 ,powdered ,gum ,catechu1 six drams2 ,powdered ,gum ,camphor1 one-half dram4 ,mix and make eight powders4 ,place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun1 or the same sized dose dissolved in a pint of water and used as a drench4 ,however1 be very careful when drenching an animal4 ,it is dangerous4 ,this prescription will not only check the diarrhoea1 but will tone the muscular fibres of the intestines which aid in throwing off these irritant matters from the system4 ,if the horse shows colicky pains1 administer the same treatment as that recommended for colic4 ,it is well to give the following treatment in the convalescing stages of diarrhoea3 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 four ounces ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,fenugreek ,seed1 eight ounces4 ,mix and give one heaping tablespoonful three times daily in feed4 ,this facilitates digestion by stimulating the flow of gastric juices4 ,,distemper4 ,,cause4--,distemper is placed among the germ diseases1 and is produced by the ,streptococcus of ,schutz4 ,it is contagious and a number of animals in the same stable may become affected at the same time4 ,it is supposed to attack an animal but once1 but it may be contracted a second time4 ,may occur at any time of the year4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal will first appear dull1 and show loss of appetite1 and the hair will look dull and rough4 ,there will be a watery discharge from the nose1 and in a day or so a lump will appear between the jaws2 the animal keeps his head in a peculiar position2 saliva runs from its mouth2 the pulse will be a little faster than normal4 ,the breathing will become more rapid and the lump between the jaws will get larger4 ,this lump1 or tumor1 may form in other parts of the body1 on the shoulder1 in the groin1 lungs or intestines4 ,it usually causes death if it cannot be absorbed4 ,this is called irregular distemper4 ,a determined effort should be made to draw the lump1 or tumor1 to a head as soon as possible4 ,,treatment4--,place the horse in a clean1 well-ventilated and lighted stall1 excluding all drafts1 blanket the animal1 hand rub the legs and bandage them2 give inhalations of steam from ,hot ,water and ,turpentine4 ,a good method for heating water for this purpose is to place hot stones or bricks in the water and ,turpentine4 ,this will relieve the hard breathing4 ,remember a horse cannot breathe through his mouth1 therefore1 liquid drenches are dangerous4 ,a paste made from ,potassi ,chlorate1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 two ounces1 dissolved into a pint of warm molasses and given well back on the tongue in tablespoonful doses every two or three hours is very beneficial4 ,a liniment made from equal parts of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 ,turpentine and ,sweet ,oil should be applied every morning over the enlargement that appears in the region of the throat4 ,if the enlargement fails to come to a head1 use a clean knife for lancing purposes4 ,after an attack of distemper your horse is generally run down in condition4 ,give the following3 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 eight ounces4 ,make into thirty-two powders and give one powder three times daily in feed4 ,,dropsy4 7,of the ,belly1 ,chest1 ,sheath1 ,udder and ,legs7 ,,cause4--,poor circulation2 kidneys not working properly2 lack of exercise2 diseases of the lungs1 liver1 heart1 womb or sheath4 ,mares heavy with foal often have dropsical swellings4 ,,symptoms4--,swelling seldom contains fluid1 although sometimes a sticky serum oozes through the skin2 fingers pressed against the swollen parts leave impressions4 ,,treatment4--,avoid giving physics in this condition when possible1 especially to mares with foal4 ,feed laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 green grass1 carrots1 potatoes1 etc42 also the following mixture3 ,potassi ,iodide1 two ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces2 ,chloride of ,potash1 two ounces4 ,mix and make into sixteen powders4 ,place one powder in their drinking water three times a day4 ,exercise the animal as much as possible and you will derive good results from this treatment within a week or so4 ,i may add that in the above affection it is a bad practice to apply hot applications1 as the chances are it would produce a sloughing of the skin4 ,,eczema4 ,,cause4--,anything that interferes with the healthy action of the skin1 as checked sweating1 irritation from dirty blankets or harness1 or from accumulation of dirt on the skin through want of grooming1 errors in feeding1 overheat1 or by infection4 ,in some cases the cause seems to be constitutional2 in others1 local4 ,though the disease is not parasitic in character1 it is probable that when once contracted the diseased parts may become infected4 ,,symptoms4--,slight dryness and eruptions that may affect the head1 ears1 neck1 shoulders1 flanks1 inside of thighs and root of the tail1 followed by vesicles or pimples which burst and discharge1 or the contents may be absorbed4 ,the animal will rub against the stall1 manger1 or any other object he can reach1 until the parts are very sore1 or if worked1 he will rub himself violently when unharnessed4 ,,treatment4--,give ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 one tablespoonful morning and night on their feed2 also give a physic consisting of two drams of ,aloin and two drams of ,pulverized ,ginger in gelatin capsule4 ,give at one dose4 ,one physic is all that is necessary to cool out the blood1 which will assist materially in treating ,eczema4 ,also1 apply ,zinc ,ointment twice daily over the vesicles or pimples which will appear on the skin4 ,also1 feed easily digested food if possible1 such as carrots1 apples1 grass1 hot bran mashes and steamed rolled oats1 and keep the animal clean and groom carefully with clean combs and brushes4 ,,eye ,,diseases4 ,inflammation of the ,membrane of ,nictitans ,,conjunctivitis1 or ,inflammation of the superficial structure of the eye4 ,,cause4--,direct or indirect injury to the eye1 as a blow from a whip1 dust1 sand or chaff in the eye1 or it may be due to extreme cold1 heat1 or foul air4 ,the membrane of nictation is an accessory eyelid common to all domestic animals1 the purpose of which is to remove foreign substances from the eye in much the same manner as we use the hand4 ,,symptoms4--,conjunctivitis and inflammation of the membranes of nictitans are very much the same4 ,a partial or complete closure of the eye1 and a watery discharge due to overstimulation of the lachrymal glands1 the fluid being secreted so abundantly that it is impossible for the tear duct to carry it away2 hence1 there will be a continuous overflow of tears down the horse's face4 ,the formation of a film or scum over the eye need not cause alarm if the eye shows no sign of puncture4 ,,treatment4--,examine the eye carefully and remove any foreign body with clean cloth or feather and apply the following3 ,yellow ,oxide of ,mercury1 three grains2 ,lanolin1 one ounce4 ,mix well together and apply to the eye three or four times daily4 ,avoid the use of liquid medicines1 as they are hard to apply1 and the animal throws them out by shaking the head4 ,,fistulous ,,withers4 ,,cause4--,fistulous ,withers are seen mostly in horses that have a thick neck as well as those that are very high in the withers1 or among saddle horses1 those that are very low on the withers1 the saddle here riding forward and bruising the parts4 ,they are often caused by ill-fitting collars or saddles1 by direct injury from blows1 and from the horse rolling upon rough1 sharp stones4 ,in this location1 the ulcer of the skin or a simple abscess1 if not properly and punctually treated1 may terminate into ,fistula4 ,the pus burrows and finds lodgment deep down between the muscles1 and escapes only when the sinuses become surcharged when1 during motion of the muscles1 the pus is forced to the surface4 ,,symptoms4--,these of course will vary according to the progress made by the ,fistula4 ,following an injury we may often notice soreness or stiffness of the front legs1 and upon careful examination of the withers we will see small tortuous lines running from the point of irritation downwards and backwards over the region of the shoulder4 ,the stiffness of the limbs may disappear at this time1 and heat and soreness of the parts may become less noticeable1 but the swelling of the shoulders continues to enlarge4 ,the swelling may often have the form of a running ulcer1 or its contents may dry up and leave a tumor1 which gradually develops the common characteristic of a fistulous tumor4 ,when the enlargement has an opening1 we should carefully examine the pus cavity1 as upon this condition will wholly depend our treatment4 ,,treatment4--,keep the animal as quiet as possible1 as any movements of the limbs cause the pus to spread between the lines of the muscles and form larger abscesses or tumors4 ,when the bone becomes diseased1 it is very difficult to effect a cure1 especially where the pus burrows back of the ,scapula 7,shoulder ,blade74 ,in case the abscess is newly formed1 and close to the surface1 syringing out with a solution made from ,bichloride of ,mercury1 five grains to one ounce of water1 generally causes the white fibrous tissue to slough away and the parts to heal rapidly4 ,if the abscess is deep1 and the bones become diseased1 the pus will have a very offensive odor1 and ,i would recommend free use of a knife and bone chisels to remove all diseased portions of bone or muscle4 ,,filariae4 7,thread-like ,worm7 ,,cause4--,drinking stagnant water1 or eating hay gathered from swamps or marshy land4 ,when full grown1 the worm measures from two to six inches in length2 the tail is more or less curved4 ,they are found in the lung cavity1 the heart sac1 and the intestinal cavity1 from which they sometimes descend into the sac containing the testicles4 ,animals said to have a snake in the eye have been exhibited as curiosities2 in all cases the simulated snake was nothing more than the ,filariae4 ,,symptoms4--,colicky spells2 poor appetite1 indigestion1 pot-belly1 rough coat2 swelling of the sheath1 legs1 and the lower surface of the belly4 ,,treatment4--,prevention is the only treatment1 for when the worms once enter the digestive canal1 it is impossible to remove them4 ,,founder4 7,laminitis7 ,,cause4--,overeating or drinking--in fact1 any irritation of the stomach or intestines is liable to be followed by ,founder1 owing to the similarity in the sensitive structure of the foot1 skin1 and mucous membranes4 ,horses with weak feet are predisposed to ,founder1 but it may also occur in strong-footed animals4 ,founder is also produced by driving an animal on a hot summer day and then placing in the stable where the sweat is suddenly checked by drafts1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,the horse is stiff1 and moves with great difficulty2 he will generally1 though not always1 remain standing4 ,throws weight upon the heel of the foot to relieve the toe1 and if an effort is made to back him he will drag his feet4 ,excessive heat is present at the top of the hoof1 and a throbbing of the arteries may be felt4 ,when the fore feet only are affected1 the horse will relieve them of as much weight as possible when walking by placing the hind feet well under the body1 which results in a peculiar jumping motion4 ,founder may occur in all four feet1 but the fore feet are more often affected than the hind ones4 ,mares sometimes founder after giving birth to a colt1 due to inflammation of the womb2 symptoms correspond to those of common ,founder4 ,founder may be mistaken for disease of the lungs or kidneys1 owing to the standing position and arched back4 ,,treatment4--,in all cases of ,founder1 administer ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,soda ,bicarbonate1 four ounces2 ,potassi ,nitrate1 four ounces4 ,mix and give two tablespoonfuls in drinking water every six hours4 ,if the animal will not take it in its water1 place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,find out the true cause of the disease1 if possible1 and perhaps a physic will be indicated1 containing ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams2 place it in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,if desired results are not obtained in eighteen hours1 repeat the dose until there is an action of the bowels4 ,founder following excessive irritation of the stomach and intestines1 or mares heavy with foal1 should not receive physics4 ,feed food that is easily digested1 as carrots1 kale1 apples1 potatoes1 hot bran mashes1 or steamed rolled oats1 etc4 ,it is well to elevate the hind quarters and give rectal injections of ,warm ,water and ,glycerine4 ,stand in mud or water1 or apply bags containing mud1 bran or ice2 in fact1 anything that will have a cool1 moist effect on the feet4 ,after the inflammation of the feet has subsided1 and the animal walks fairly well1 you should apply a blister containing ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,lard1 two ounces1 around the top of the hoofs1 and rub in well twice forty-eight hours apart4 ,in some cases of ,founder it is recommended to bleed the animal in the foot4 ,if this is attempted1 good disinfectants should be used1 as lock-jaw might follow4 ,,galls4 ,,cause4--,injuries from ill-fitting collars1 saddles1 harness1 hobbles and scalping-boots4 ,,treatment4--,remove the cause4 ,never wash a ,gall with water1 as this prevents its healing1 nor use oils or salves1 as they accumulate dirt1 dust and germs1 which may cause infection4 ,the following application makes a very valuable dressing for ,galls3 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,corn ,starch1 one ounce2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,iodoform1 one dram4 ,powder finely and place in sifter-top can4 ,dust on ,gall before going to work and on retiring4 ,this heals and refreshes the ,galls and wounds by forming a smooth surface over the part1 which permits it to heal while the horse works4 ,,grease ,,heel4 ,,cause4--,parasitic fungi invading cracked heels4 ,,symptoms4--,offensive discharge from the glands under the skin1 and if not properly treated1 red spots will appear1 and the yellow discharge will form a hard crust sticking to the roots of the hair4 ,,treatment4--,cleanliness is one of the most important measures4 ,also1 good nourishing food4 ,if the skin is swollen and tender1 poultice with hot ,flaxseed ,meal or bran4 ,after the swelling and tenderness have abated1 wash well with good ,castile ,soap and ,warm ,water4 ,dry with clean cloth and apply the following mixture3 ,calomel1 one dram2 ,iodoform1 one dram2 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce4 ,mix well and apply two to three times a day4 ,feed green grass1 carrots1 kale1 apples1 or potatoes if possible1 also feed hot bran mashes4 ,in all cases of ,grease ,heel give the following physic3 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in a capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,a physic has a very good effect on the blood1 which assists materially in healing the cracks and nodules that appear in ,grease ,heel4 ,,glanders ,,or ,,farcy4 ,,cause4--,due to a specific germ called the ,bacillus ,malleii1 or ,bacillus of ,glanders4 ,glanders1 or ,farcy1 is very contagious1 and is transmissible to man as well as animals4 ,cattle and sheep alone are immune4 ,the disease may be contracted at watering troughs1 stables1 horseshoeing shops1 in boats1 trains and by harness1 bits1 curry combs1 bedding1 pails1 etc41 as well as by direct contact with a diseased animal4 ,,symptoms4--,animal does not thrive although the appetite is good at times2 loss of flesh1 and is subject to sweats1 the hair looks rough1 the temperature increasing slightly1 perhaps two degrees1 a cough is generally present4 ,legs and abdomen are swollen2 discharge from the nose1 sometimes tinged with blood and very sticky1 the membranes of the nose look dusty1 and ulcers or spots are visible if closely examined4 ,the glands under the back of the ears and between the jaws are hard1 lumpy and swollen4 ,in addition to the above symptoms1 ,farcy affects the skin by producing swellings1 or nodules1 varying from the size of a pea to that of a hickory nut 7called ,farcy buds1 or ,farcy buttons71 which are found inside of the hind legs under the abdomen1 on the side of the chest1 shoulder and neck1 also around the nose1 lips and face4 ,generally there is a discharge of greenish-yellow pus1 which is very sticky4 ,glanders1 or ,farcy1 may be mistaken for nasal catarrh1 nasal gleet1 ulcerated teeth1 nettle rash1 lymphangitis1 distemper1 etc4 ,fortunately1 this dreaded disease is not very prevalent in this country1 as every precaution has been taken to stamp it out4 ,,no ,,treatment4--,if at any time you have reason to think one of your animals has the disease1 or even a neighbor's1 or a transient horse1 exhibits the symptoms1 it is your duty to report the fact to the ,state ,veterinarian at once4 ,you will do this if you have your own welfare and that of your neighborhood at heart4 ,,heaves4 7,emphysema of the ,lungs7 ,,cause4--,fast or heavy work4 ,it may follow ,lung ,fever or ,pleurisy1 or the animal may inherit weakness in the walls of the air-cells of the lungs4 ,a very common cause is feeding dusty or dirty hay1 or bulky food4 ,horses that are accustomed to eating ravenously are often victims of ,heaves4 ,,symptoms4--,disease may develop slowly or rapidly4 ,when the animal is at rest1 the air is taken into the lungs in a more or less normal manner1 but is expelled by two distinct efforts1 the abdominal muscles aiding the lungs in expiration1 as may be seen by the heaving of the flank2 the movement of the ribs in breathing is scarcely noticeable in a heavy horse4 ,a healthy animal1 when at rest1 will throw the air from the lungs in a single effort4 ,the difficulty in breathing is constant and increases in proportion to the amount of food in the stomach and intestines4 ,at the beginning of the attack there is a spasmodic cough1 which is more or less intermittent2 this develops later into a short1 weak1 suppressed cough1 as if the animal lacked strength in his chest to expel a full breath1 often accompanied by expulsion of wind from the anus1 which is somewhat protruded4 ,,treatment4--,feed good1 nourishing food1 but nothing that is of a bulky nature4 ,feed more grain and less hay1 which should be dampened with water if dusty4 ,do not feed dusty1 musty or bulky food1 but give plenty of potatoes1 apples1 kale and green grass4 ,have your druggist make up one quart of ,fowler's ,solution of ,arsenic1 omitting the ,tincture of ,lavender4 ,this is soothing to the organs of breathing1 and should be given two tablespoonfuls three times a day on the feed4 ,after a week or ten days you might increase the dose slightly4 ,although this will make the horse work much better1 do not give it with the hope of effecting a complete cure1 as very few cases recover fully from this disease4 ,,influenza4 7,pink ,eye--,epizootic ,catarrh7 ,,cause4--,influenza is a specific and infectious fever1 which shows a marked tendency to spread rapidly over a large area of country4 ,it generally appears suddenly1 without preliminary symptoms1 and may become fully developed in twenty-four hours4 ,,symptoms4--,the usual symptoms are those of ,catarrh1 although the bowels1 lungs and brain complications may be present1 either singly or combined4 ,it always gives rise to great weakness4 ,the distinguishing characteristics of ,influenza from ,distemper1 ,sore ,throat1 and other diseases affecting the organs of breathing1 are the suddenness of the attack1 rise of temperature1 varying from #ajc to #ajf ,f41 pulse feeble and fast1 and a pinkish1 swollen appearance of the inside of the eyelids4 ,the animal is dull1 in some cases almost unconscious4 ,sometimes the legs are very stiff and swollen1 and there is great difficulty in moving about4 ,,treatment4--,place the affected animal in a clean1 well ventilated stall1 avoid drafts1 give pure water to drink with chill taken off1 in small quantities but often4 ,blanket if the weather is chilly1 hand rub the legs and bandage1 give ,quinine1 two drams1 in a gelatin capsule with capsule gun every four hours4 ,in addition to the above1 administer the treatment recommended for ,acute and ,chronic ,coughs4 ,feed good1 nutritious food that has a laxative effect on the bowels1 as it is dangerous to give horses physic with this disease4 ,hot bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables are very beneficial4 ,,lampas4 ,,cause4--,in young horses it is commonly caused by cutting teeth4 ,in older animals it is usually due to indigestion4 ,,symptoms4--,a puffy swelling and redness of the gums4 ,the animal may have difficulty in eating4 ,,treatment4--,in young animals1 when cutting teeth1 let nature take its course1 but when an animal is five years or over1 place two drams of ,aloin1 and two drams of ,pulv4 ,ginger1 in a gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,then tone up the digestive organs by mixing one ounce of ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce of ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces of ,bicarbonate of ,soda4 ,make into eight powders and give one powder in feed twice daily1 or place in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,,leeches4 7,haemopis7 ,the leeches which suck the blood of the horse may be divided into two classes1 the external parasites which attach themselves to the skin of the legs and adjacent parts of the horse1 and the ,haemopis ,sanguisuga1 and others of this class1 which1 not being able to penetrate the skin1 endeavor to enter the mouth or nostrils of the horse when he is drinking or grazing in wet and leech-infected pastures4 ,they sometimes cling to the mucous membrane of the eyes4 ,the horse leech1 which lives in the water1 usually gains access to the mouth and nostrils of the animal1 when young and not more than one-tenth of an inch long4 ,they rarely go beyond the air and food passages1 generally fastening themselves to the walls of the windpipe and gullet1 where they cling till the animal dies from loss of blood or suffocation4 ,they often cause bleeding from the mouth and nostrils1 and may be seen by close examination4 ,,treatment4--,endeavor to build up the condition of the animal with suitable food4 ,also feed liberal quantities of rock salt4 ,where the leeches cling tightly to the mucous membranes of the mouth and nostrils1 it is well to cause the horse to inhale the vapor from hot water containing turpentine4 ,,lock-,,jaw4 7,tetanus7 ,,cause4--,the bacilli of ,tetanus are widely distributed and can be found in practically every part of the globe4 ,their favorite place of production1 however1 is in barn yards and marshy ground4 ,they are frequently swallowed by stock along with forage1 and can often be found in recently expelled feces4 ,the most favorable temperature for their development is about #gj ,f4 ,they act by means of extremely virulent poisons which they produce1 and which causes the terrible symptoms that are characteristic of the disease4 ,,symptoms4--,the muscles of expression are usually the first brought under the continual spasm of tetanus1 and when thus affected give the face of the animal a pinched and drawn-in appearance4 ,the other muscles of the head and those of the neck are next attacked4 ,the mouth is closed1 the nose poked out1 the head elevated4 ,the muscles of breathing1 and those of the limbs1 become contracted so that the neck is hollowed1 and the tail is raised1 the horse stands with outstretched limbs4 ,the animal shows great stiffness or rigidity in attempted movements4 ,the eyes are sunken1 and when startled or excited1 the breathing is quickened and the flanks have a wrinkled or corrugated appearance4 ,death may quickly occur from continuous spasms of the muscles of the throat4 ,another sign is the flying up of the accessory eyelid when the animal is excited4 ,,treatment4--,almost every medicine in the pharmacopoeia has been tried in the treatment of tetanus1 certain remedies meeting with great success in the hands of some practitioners1 and proving total failures in the hands of others4 ,it is1 however1 generally admitted by the members of the profession that perfect quietness is of greatest importance in the treatment of tetanus4 ,place the patient in a dry1 well ventilated1 loose box stall1 slightly darkened1 if possible1 in an out-of-the-way place1 and fill the ears with cotton-wool4 ,administer a full dose of purgative medicine 7aloes eight drams7 and follow with belladonna in a capsule or bolus4 ,the body should be lightly clothed1 and the animal placed in slings4 ,never give drench if it produces excitement4 ,when the wound can be discovered1 powerful antiseptics should be continually applied to its lowest depths4 ,arsenious acid1 chloroform1 hyoscyamus1 digitalis1 belladonna1 chloral hydrate1 morphine1 potassium bromide1 carbolic acid1 and many other medicines have been used1 and some of them have been found beneficial4 ,belladonna is probably as good as any1 and should be given freely4 ,inhalations of chloroform temporarily abate spasm1 but the reaction afterwards is usually severe4 ,medicines which can be given in the drinking-water may be administered in that way4 ,the food should consist of milk1 eggs1 beef-tea1 wine gruel1 and food of that description1 easily taken and of a very nutritious character4 ,too great care or attention cannot possibly be bestowed upon the animal4 ,the after-treatment consists of allowing a liberal quantity of good nutritious food--green food is preferable4 ,exercise daily for some time after recovery has taken place1 and the work should be light and slow for a month or two4 ,,preventive ,,treatment4--,an antitoxin serum1 if injected under the skin of a patient before a surgical operation1 or immediately after the infection of a wound1 is a most reliable safeguard against tetanus4 ,it should always be used in districts where tetanus is prevalent4 ,its value subcutaneously is solely preventive1 not curative2 and it is of no use when once the disease has gained a foothold4 ,,lung ,,fever4 7,pneumonia7 ,,cause4--,predisposition is largely accountable for this disease1 which is more common to young horses than old2 also1 changes of temperature1 introduction of foreign bodies or liquids into the trachea 7windpipe7 and the bronchial tubes1 inhalation of smoke or irritating gases1 excitement1 exposure to cold after clipping1 turning out to pasture from a warm stable1 or injury to chest or ribs from being struck with a pole1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,dullness in spirit2 animal usually shivers or trembles2 when this ceases the temperature rises to perhaps #ajc to #ajf ,f41 pulse increases to sixty or ninety per minute1 full and bounding2 breathing short and labored and abnormally quick1 increasing to perhaps fifty inspirations per minute1 whereas in health it does not exceed twelve or thirteen per minute4 ,a cough is also likely to be present1 and the animals remain standing until they are on the road to recovery1 or until death takes place4 ,other symptoms are constipation1 feces covered with mucus or slime2 urination frequent1 scanty and dark in color2 appetite poor1 but thirst great2 the eyes look glassy and the membranes have an inflamed appearance4 ,it is a good sign if the animal looks about freely4 ,when the critical stage is past the temperature and pulse gradually fall1 the appetite returns and the urine becomes more abundant1 and takes on its natural color1 the cough loosens1 and the discharge from the lungs is profuse1 and of a yellowish color1 and the breathing becomes normal4 ,,treatment4--,good care is of the utmost importance4 ,place the horse in a comfortable1 well ventilated stall1 being careful to exclude drafts4 ,hand rub and bandage the legs with woolen cloth4 ,blanket the animal1 give plenty of bedding and keep pure water before him at all times4 ,internally administer ,quinine1 two ounces2 ,iodide of ,ammonia1 two ounces2 ,ammonia ,bicarbonate1 two ounces4 ,mix well and make into sixteen powders4 ,place powder in gelatin capsule1 and give with capsule gun every four hours4 ,it is quite necessary that the above remedy should be placed in capsule1 as drugs of this nature tend to irritate the throat4 ,do not give physics1 as it is much safer to give laxative food1 as hot bran mashes1 steam rolled oats or some vegetables1 in fact anything the animal will eat1 i4 e41 that has food values4 ,it is advisable to apply over the chest the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and shake well before applying each time over the chest cavity4 ,in case the animal is constipated1 give rectal injections of soap and warm water containing a few drops of ,turpentine4 ,,mange4 7,scabies7 ,,cause4--,mange is a contagious disease1 produced by the presence of a small parasite that varies in length from a fiftieth to a hundredth of an inch1 according to the species1 of which there are three3 ,sarcoptes1 which generally affects the withers2 ,symbiotes ,communis1 affecting the legs1 and the ,psoroptes ,communis1 which affects horses about the root of the tail and mane4 ,the latter is one most commonly found affecting horses4 ,they multiply rapidly and are spread from diseased to healthy horses by their bodies coming in contact with one another1 or by corrals1 stables1 railroad cars1 etc41 recently occupied by mangy horses4 ,,symptoms4--,the mange mite attacks the skin and produces a thickness of its outer surface1 covering it with crusts and scabs1 with a consequent loss of hair4 ,intense itching accompanies the disease1 and affected horses continually bite and rub themselves4 ,psoroptic ,mange commences at the root of the tail1 or at the roots of the mane on the neck or withers1 and gradually spreads over the back1 up to the head1 over the sides1 and finally affects the entire body4 ,in cases of long standing the skin becomes ulcerated1 the animal becomes greatly weakened1 emaciated and finally dies4 ,,treatment4--,when a large number of horses are affected 7in one locality7 it is best to prepare a vat and dip them1 under the supervision of the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,animal ,industry4 ,when just a few horses become affected1 the following has proven very effective3 ,sulphur1 eight ounces2 ,oil of ,tar1 eight ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 two quarts4 ,mix and apply liberally to the parts affected4 ,a few applications are generally sufficient to eradicate the disease4 ,,lymphangitis4 ,,cause4--,this ailment is common with hard working horses1 and is caused by confining them in the stable and allowing their usual amount of food4 ,more nutriment is consumed than can be taken up by the system1 which causes an irritation4 ,it is frequently found in certain stables on ,monday morning1 hence its name--,monday ,morning ,disease4 ,,symptoms4--,swelling and lameness1 most usually affecting the hind leg instead of the thigh and extending down the leg in a hard ridge4 ,it will pit on pressure1 and cause intense pain2 the horse will have difficulty in extending the limb forward1 the swelling may surround the leg entirely4 ,pulse will be fifty to sixty per minute1 temperature #ajb to #ajd ,f41 breathing will be faster than normal4 ,the animal has great thirst1 but the appetite is very poor2 usually remains standing2 if he lies down will have great difficulty in getting up4 ,,treatment4--,in this particular disease apply hot fomentations to the affected limb or limbs1 for one hour1 then rub dry and apply ,camphorated ,liniment4 ,give ,nitrate ,potassi1 ,chlorate of ,potassi1 ,iodide ,potassi1 each four ounces4 ,mix and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in drinking water or in a gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,in most cases it is advisable to give a physic3 ,aloin1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one dram2 ,ginger1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,mud ,,fever4 ,,cause4--,horses driven over muddy roads during the day and exposed to freezing weather at night1 or driving them over muddy roads1 then washing the limbs and not drying them properly1 often produces a superficial inflammation of the legs4 ,,symptoms4--,the legs are swollen1 extremely hot and tender1 the horse is stiff1 the hair comes off the legs easily and if the cause is not removed severe complications may follow1 as the secretions of the skin become greatly affected4 ,,treatment4--,prevention4 ,horses that are driven over muddy1 wet roads should have their legs rubbed dry when stabling them for any length of time4 ,when the legs are badly swollen wash them with clean warm water and castile soap and dry them well with a clean soft cloth4 ,then apply ,zinc ,oxide ,ointment or a lotion made from ,acetate of ,lead1 one ounce2 ,zinc ,sulphate1 one-half ounce4 ,place in a quart of clean water and apply twice daily4 ,either application is very beneficial in the treatment of ,mud ,fever4 ,feed the animal wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats1 vegetables1 etc41 as they have a very good effect on the system which aids in relieving the inflammation of the skin4 ,,nasal ,,gleet4 7,chronic ,catarrh7 ,,cause4--,exposure to cold followed by neglect1 and lack of nourishing food2 bruise or fracture of the frontal bones of the head2 injury of the blood-vessels inside the bones1 or an ulcerated tooth4 ,may also be caused by tumor1 or foreign substance or liquids in the nasal cavities4 ,sometimes dried pus in the nostrils1 resulting from a cold1 will cause nasal gleet4 ,,symptoms4--,a white or yellowish discharge from one or both of the nostrils1 the quantity varying with the severity of the attack and the length of time the disease has been established4 ,if1 when tapping over the nose below the eye1 a dull sound is produced1 it is safe to conclude that the cavities are filled with pus2 to make certain1 compare the sick animal with a healthy one2 in some cases you will notice that even the bones of the nose below the eye are slightly elevated4 ,the lining of the nose may be of a red or yellow color but not ulcerated in spots1 as in ,glanders4 ,the animal may continue in good spirits and work well for a time but as the case develops he becomes lean in flesh and what is termed hide-bound4 ,always examine the teeth4 ,in a case of long standing1 the discharge has a fetid smell1 differing in this respect also from ,glanders4 ,,treatment4--,if not due to fractured bones of the head or ulcerated teeth1 the animal will1 in most cases1 recover with proper medical treatment4 ,when due to injury to the bones of the head1 tumors1 ulcerated teeth or dried pus in the nasal cavities1 it is best to remove the diseased portion with the aid of bone chisel or tephine and treat the wound antiseptically4 ,in the mild forms of nasal-gleet or chronic catarrh1 administer the following3 ,ferri ,sulphate1 ,potassi ,iodide1 ,nux ,vomica1 each four ounces4 ,mix well and make into thirty-two capsules4 ,give one capsule three times daily and feed food that is nourishing and easily digested4 ,,navel ,,string ,,infection4 7,umbilical ,pyemia7 ,,cause ,,and ,,nature4--,while the unborn foal 7foetus7 is in the womb of its mother1 it is surrounded by enveloping membranes which constitute the afterbirth on delivery4 ,these membranes are attached to the wall of the womb and are connected to the foetus by means of the navel-string 7umbilical cord7 which is provided with two arteries and a vein for the nourishment of the young creature and for the removal of its waste products4 ,it also has a narrow canal 7the urachus7 which serves to remove the urine of the foetus2 in fact the subsequently formed bladder takes its origin from a dilation of the urachus4 ,under normal conditions when the foal is born1 respiration takes place1 the umbilical arteries and veins become quickly blocked up1 urine is discharged through the urethra 7which communicates with the penis or vagina1 as the case may be71 the foal enjoys a separate existence and the wound caused by the division of the umbilical cord leaves a scar which is known as the navel4 ,it is usually supposed that the germ of navel-string infection gains admittance into the body through the exposed surface before the wound is closed4 ,however1 ,i am of the opinion that the mother is the bearer of the infection in a great many cases for in the uterine secretions of mares whose foals fell with navel-string infection1 the same characteristic germs were found as were present in the joints of the affected foals4 ,the infectious material is1 by the act of covering1 conveyed from mare to mare1 so that the mucous membranes of the womb becomes the habitat of the specific germ4 ,by inoculation of these germs into the blood stream of foals an illness is produced which in the smallest particular cannot be distinguished from that arising in naturally affected foals4 ,it is a strange fact that when the infected germs are transmitted by the mother1 their presence does not produce any disturbance in her4 ,this is a very common malady in most places4 ,i have known several instances on particular farms where they were unable to raise either foals or calves1 but if the mother were removed to another farm immediately after or before foaling1 the foal or calf lived and was reared without difficulty1 and although constitutional debility plays an important part1 the presence of specific germs constituting an infected area is1 ,i believe1 the most important factor in producing this disease4 ,according to my observation1 about seventy-five per cent of the cases die within the first three weeks after birth4 ,this high rate of mortality would be considerably diminished if proper treatment was adopted4 ,,symptoms4--,the attack usually comes on during the second or third week after birth and almost always before the closure of the navel opening1 which1 in affected animals1 will be found to be in a wet and suppurating condition4 ,occasionally foals two or three months old which have the urachus closed and are in an apparently healthy condition contract this disease in a form of painful swelling of the joints4 ,the first symptoms are generally dullness2 more or less fever2 lameness which is often attributed to rheumatism or to injury caused by the mare treading on foal2 the disinclination to move or even to stand4 ,upon examination the patient will be found to have a soft1 gelatinous swelling of one or more of the joints of which the hock1 elbow1 fetlock1 stifle and hip usually manifest the enlargement most clearly4 ,these swellings are hot and painful to the touch2 they tend to suppurate and frequently cause intense lameness4 ,in very rare cases open urachus may exist without any joint inflammation4 ,in this disease1 inflammation of the joints and open urachus are almost always co-existent4 ,animals that recover from a bad attack are seldom worth the trouble of rearing1 because as a rule their constitution becomes permanently impaired and one or more of their joints becomes stiffened by the attack4 ,,treatment4--,in the treatment of this disease1 we have to attend to constitutional disturbances1 inflamed joints1 open urachus and complications such as constipation and diarrhoea4 ,the comfort of our little patient must be studied under all circumstances4 ,if the weather be at all cold it should be covered by a warm sheet4 ,should the foal have any difficulty in rising from the recumbent position1 an attendant should assist it to rise and see that it is regularly fed4 ,it is only in extreme cases that the animal refuses to suck its dam4 ,during warm weather1 and especially if the ground is dry1 such a patient is always better off for a little sunshine1 but on no account must it be left out during extreme heat1 as in this state it is very liable to sunstroke4 ,the best food for the mare is grass1 which during the day1 she can generally have4 ,the inflamed joints of the foal should be rubbed lightly with the following1 after being thoroughly mixed3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,vaseline1 two ounces1 every forty-eight hours1 which1 when applied to the skin1 appears to have a well-marked antiseptic action on the underlying tissues4 ,an inflamed joint should on no account be bathed with warm water1 fomented or poulticed because the application of moist heat would be the best possible means for promoting the development of the infective germs which are the cause of the local and general disturbance4 ,the open navel-string should not be ligatured because that operation is generally followed by an increased inflammation of the part1 and by an aggravation of the other symptoms apparently on account of this outlet for deleterious products becoming blocked up4 ,if the navel-string has been ligatured and is in an inflamed state1 the ligature should be removed without delay4 ,if the foal is constipated give two or three ounces of ,castor ,oil2 also1 administer the following3 ,zinc ,sulphocarbolates1 one-half dram2 ,hyposulphite of ,soda1 four ounces4 ,mix and make into thirty-two powders4 ,give one powder well back on the tongue every four hours4 ,as a supplement to the food1 we may give brown sugar or treacle1 both of which are easily digested and are very nourishing4 ,four or five eggs daily will also aid in keeping up the strength4 ,,navel ,,rupture4 7,umbilical ,hernia7 ,,cause4--,hereditary predisposition is well marked in this complaint4 ,it may exist at birth1 but so-called congenital rupture may very probably be the result of the pulling which the navel-string underwent at the time of foaling4 ,however1 umbilical hernia usually occurs during the first two or three months after birth2 that is to say1 while the opening at the navel is becoming obliterated and the tissues at that place are becoming consolidated4 ,they can1 however1 appear later and may result from more or less violent strains sustained when the foals are jumping or playing4 ,at other times these strains are induced by intestinal irritation accompanied by diarrhoea or constipation with straining4 ,but1 however the strain may take place1 the abdominal muscles contract and push the intestines towards the wall of the belly4 ,then if they find an opening or even a weak spot1 like the ring of the navel while it is undergoing the process of becoming blocked up1 they select it and a rupture is produced4 ,,symptoms4--,this rupture1 the situation of which clearly shows its character1 may vary in size from that of a hen's egg to that of an ostrich's egg4 ,if pressed upon with the hand1 especially if the animal is placed on its back1 the rupture will disappear1 to return1 however1 when the pressure is removed4 ,if it be composed of intestines it will be soft and elastic when the bowels are empty1 but when they are full of semi-solid food they will be doughy4 ,in any event1 the tumor will feel elastic when composed of intestines1 but when formed of its connecting membranes1 will naturally not vary in consistence4 ,if intestines be present1 movements and abdominal rumblings may be detected in it4 ,this rupture rarely gives rise to serious consequences because its contents are composed of large intestines and omentum1 either of which is1 in this position1 not liable to become strangulated4 ,it may1 however1 become engorged and inflamed from injury4 ,its existence naturally depreciates the value of an animal suffering from it4 ,,treatment4--,in the majority of cases1 they will disappear of their own accord in two or three months4 ,in case the rupture shows no signs of diminishing in size it is well to apply a bandage around the abdomen4 ,,open ,,joint4 ,,cause4--,injuries such as a kick from a sharp shoe1 wire cuts1 punctures from snags1 or from probing a wound near a joint4 ,open joint is one of the most serious accidents that may happen to a horse1 for the sufferer is apt to die from the ensuing constitutional disturbance1 and even if he recovers the joint will1 in all probability1 be permanently stiff4 ,,symptoms4--,if the joint is opened or severely injured the wound will have an ordinary appearance except that there may be a flow of joint oil from the injured oil sack4 ,however1 the discharge gradually becomes more unhealthy until finally it is mixed with pus and blood and assumes a fetid odor4 ,after two or three days the joint swells and becomes very painful and a high fever sets in4 ,in unfavorable cases the animal dies from exhaustion very shortly1 or at best recovers with a permanently stiff joint4 ,,treatment4--,never probe a wound near a joint4 ,if the injury is small and noticed immediately1 apply ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,vaseline1 two ounces4 ,mix and rub in well over the wound4 ,this will set up sufficient inflammation to close the opening and kill any infection that may be present1 as it possesses powerful antiseptic properties4 ,if the wound is large1 wash with ,bichloride of ,mercury1 one part to one thousand parts distilled water4 ,the wound should be washed twice a day with this solution4 ,then dust the wound with ,tannic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,iodoform1 one ounce2 ,boracic ,acid1 one ounce2 ,calomel1 one dram4 ,mix and place in sifter top can and apply this after washing each time4 ,then bandage the wound by first placing clean absorbent cotton over the wound4 ,do not attempt to syringe a solution into an opening or some of the solution may gain entrance into the joint4 ,keep the animal as quiet as possible and feed laxative food4 ,,palesade ,,worm4 7,strongulus ,armatus7 ,this parasite thrives on marshy ground and is commonly found in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,the body of the worm is gray in color1 more or less stiff and straight and thicker in the front than in the hind part2 it varies in length1 the male measuring from three-fourths of an inch to one inch and the female from one to two inches4 ,it may occur in an adult or an immature state4 ,in the former it implants itself on the mucous membrane of the large intestines by means of its armed mouth1 while in the latter it lives in cysts underneath the mucous membrane of the intestines and is sometimes found in the brain1 testicles and liver4 ,the immature worms which do not issue directly from the cysts get into the arteries and are carried by the force of the blood to all parts of the body4 ,,symptoms4--,same as in ,red ,worm with the exception of colicky pains caused by the worms blocking the arteries which carry blood to the intestines1 thus interfering with the process of digestion4 ,where the worms enter the arteries of the limbs it results in lameness4 ,it is a good plan to examine animals once or twice a year to insure them against this pest4 ,,treatment4--,same as for ,red ,worm4 ,,pleurisy4 ,,cause4--,exposure to sudden changes of temperature1 confinement in ill-ventilated1 damp stables1 wounds penetrating the chest1 fractured ribs1 heart diseases4 ,it also occurs in conjunction with ,bronchitis1 ,influenza1 etc4 ,,symptoms4--,generally only one side of the lungs is affected and that being the right1 although it may affect both sides at the same time4 ,first you will notice the animal distressed1 uneasy1 shivering1 the affected side is painful to pressure of the hand4 ,the breathing is short and quick1 and the flanks heave--which shows that the animal tries to breathe as much as possible1 by the action of the muscles of the abdomen and not by the movement of the ribs4 ,the nostrils are dilated4 ,there is usually a short1 dry1 painful cough present1 which is repressed by the animal as much as possible1 so as not to shake the inflamed parts4 ,often when expelling air from the lungs the horse gives a painful grunt especially when made to move4 ,the pulse is generally hard and faster than usual4 ,the temperature in early stages may rise from #ajd to #ajf ,f4 ,if the ear is applied to the affected side a dry crackling or friction sound can be heard2 a groove along the lower portion of the ribs will extend back to the flank4 ,within two or three days the pulse will be softer and weaker1 temperature will fall to #aja or #ajb ,f4 and there will be fluids form and the painful short breathing will disappear4 ,the liquids may now undergo absorption if properly treated1 and the case terminate favorably in a week or ten days4 ,frequently large quantities of fluid accumulate in the chest cavity that cannot be absorbed1 the breathing becomes more difficult1 short and quick1 pulse becomes weak and rapid and the animal dies from exhaustion4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in a comfortable1 roomy stall2 blanket if the weather is chilly1 permit fresh air1 but no drafts1 as this is very important4 ,apply a paste made from ,mustard and cold water over the chest cavity4 ,internally1 administer ,ammonium ,iodide1 ,chlorate of ,potash1 ,nitrate of ,potash1 each four ounces4 ,make into thirty-two powders and give one powder every two or three hours in gelatin capsule and administer with capsule gun4 ,the diet is a proper means of keeping up the animal and is very important4 ,coax the animal to eat grass or vegetables1 hot bran mashes or steam rolled oats4 ,if there is a cough present1 give the same treatment as recommended for ,acute and ,chronic ,coughs4 ,,pin ,,worm1 ,,thread ,,or ,,maw ,,worm4 7,oxyuris ,curvilis7 ,this worm when full grown is about one and three-quarter inches in length2 its tail is thin and whip-like and head thick and terminating in a curve somewhat resembling the crook of a stick4 ,the presence of these parasites may be detected by a light-yellow substance 7the eggs of the worms7 which adheres to the skin below the anus4 ,pin ,worms like ,round ,worms frequently come away with the feces4 ,,treatment4--,dissolve four tablespoonfuls ,common ,salt in one gallon of warm water and inject it into the rectum4 ,when this has been expelled1 follow with an injection per rectum of ,turpentine1 four ounces1 to one-half gallon ,linseed ,oil4 ,elevate the horse's hind quarters so as to retain the injection longer4 ,this will expel the worms and their eggs that cling to the walls of the rectum4 ,the worms sometimes make their way so far forward that it is impossible to reach them with an injection4 ,in this case treat same as for ,round worms4 ,where there is irritation produced about the tail the horse continually rubs and it is well to apply ,mercurial ,ointment to both tail and the anus4 ,,poll ,,evil4 ,poll ,evil is so-called because it occurs in the region of the poll4 ,it is not a constitutional disease1 but comes1 no doubt1 from well marked causes1 as from inflammation set up and involving the bones and muscles in the region of the poll1 and perhaps of the larger ligament4 ,owing to the low vitality of the parts and the action of the head in taking food1 etc41 the pus is apt to burrow deep into the muscle4 ,,cause4--,direct or indirect injury4 ,a common cause is striking the head against a low doorway or an ill-fitting halter or bridle4 ,,symptoms4--,swelling just back of the ears on one or both sides of the head4 ,the animal stands with the nose out2 slight heat in the parts1 pain on pressure4 ,in the first stages1 it is merely inflammatory action4 ,the second stage is suppuration1 or there may be great swelling in some cases when there is but little pus formed4 ,in other cases there is profuse suppuration and the pus makes its way out and discharges to the surface and sinuses are formed1 which extend in various directions4 ,any abscess in this region is called ,poll ,evil4 ,,treatment4--,when the enlargement is first noticed in the region of the poll1 ,i would advise the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 four drams2 ,lard1 four ounces1 rub in well over the enlargement and perhaps this will prevent sinuses from forming1 but when the cases are long standing and so-called pipes are formed1 ,i would advise removing all diseased material and treat as an ordinary wound4 ,,petechial ,,fever4 7,purpura ,haemorrhagica7 ,,cause4--,constitutional weakness following some debilitating disease such as ,distemper1 ,pink ,eye1 ,catarrh and even following operations1 when an animal becomes weak from want of exercise1 in which case it generally appears during his recovery4 ,it is not infectious and cannot be transmitted by inoculations4 ,,symptoms4--,there is a slight swelling of the limbs1 most likely to be about the hocks4 ,the swelling may disappear by exercising1 but will soon return4 ,the swellings present a very abrupt appearance1 nearly the same as if a string were tied around the limbs and swell very quickly1 and symptomatic of ,purpura4 ,exudations take place in which1 if on white limbs1 you will see little red spots1 from which a liquid is oozing4 ,the swelling is very painful and the entire limb may be swollen4 ,small vesicles appear on the limbs and also in the mucous membranes1 and it is well to look at the mucous membranes before giving your opinion1 as you will1 no doubt1 detect these spots1 which may extend into the lungs4 ,these spots increase and may run into each other4 ,the mucous membranes of the nose may become a mass of corrupt matter4 ,the upper lip may hang pendulous1 which is due to the want of nervous stimulus4 ,if the nostrils are swollen very badly1 there is difficulty in breathing and if the animal is not able to take food1 the symptoms are considered very bad4 ,the pulse varies much in some cases2 although the swelling is very great1 the pulse may not be more than forty or fifty per minute4 ,the temperature is elevated one to three degrees above normal1 there may be a cough and a brownish colored discharge from the nostrils4 ,the mouth and eyes become affected and1 together with the discharge from the nose1 the horse is a loathsome looking object4 ,in milder cases the appetite is retained1 or the animal may take food one day and the next refuse it4 ,the bowels are constipated as a general rule in the first stages of the disease and the urine may be of a dark color1 may even contain blood4 ,there may be a peculiar dropsical swelling of these petechial spots or it may show itself in connection with the eyes and there may be blood extravasation without outer symptoms4 ,this disease may effect the bowels1 liver1 lungs1 etc4 ,the animal usually stands1 perhaps from the difficulty in moving the limbs4 ,it is necessary to watch the case closely1 for flies will attack him and he will be filled with maggots4 ,sloughing may take place2 the entire sheath or patches upon the body may slough off and there may be paralysis of the penis4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in a clean1 light1 comfortable stall4 ,if the weather is cold1 blanket4 ,the following medicine is recommended because of its particular effect on the blood in this disease3 ,chlorate of ,potash1 eight ounces2 ,iodide of ,potash1 eight ounces2 ,quinine ,sulphate1 eight ounces4 ,make into thirty-two capsules and give one capsule every six hours4 ,also administer one ounce capsules filled with ,spirits of ,turpentine three or four times a day4 ,moisten the capsules with ,sweet ,oil and give with capsule gun4 ,feed hot bran mashes containing two or three ounces of pure ,flaxseed meal4 ,also1 feed vegetables1 green grass1 if possible4 ,,quittor4 7,fistula of the ,foot7 ,,cause4--,injuries4 ,horses working on rough stony roads are subject to punctures1 pricks1 bruises1 corns1 treads1 etc41 which end in pus formation which does not get a pendant opening and destroys the tissues with which it comes in contact4 ,finally it bursts1 forms sinuses and pipes1 as commonly called1 at the top of the hoof4 ,,symptoms4--,extreme lameness1 heat1 pain and swelling will show themselves about the top of the hoof4 ,as a rule a ,quittor develops slowly and is more or less painful during the first stages4 ,after the sinus is formed and the pus discharges1 the inflammation generally subsides4 ,its healing process is often delayed due to the diseased portion of the cartilages inside the horny hoof4 ,,treatment4--,apply ,flaxseed or hot ,bran poultices to relieve the inflammation and hasten the formation of sinuses or pipes4 ,then with an ordinary syringe inject the following3 ,silver ,nitrate1 ten grains2 ,water1 one ounce4 ,inject fifteen to twenty drops twice daily4 ,keep the food clean and the animal as quiet as possible4 ,it is very disagreeable1 as stated before1 and the healing is very slow1 but this must be naturally expected1 as we are unable to provide the sinuses with good drainage4 ,,red ,,worm4 7,strongylus ,tetracanthus7 ,the ,red ,worm varies in length from one-third to three and one-quarter inches1 and is sometimes white1 though it usually appears to be red because of the blood it contains4 ,this parasite is found in all parts of the world4 ,its favorite haunt is marshy land4 ,,symptoms4--,paleness of all visible membranes1 eyes watery and inflamed1 swelling of the sheath1 legs1 and lower surface of the belly2 fetid diarrhoea1 dullness1 debility1 emaciation1 rough coat1 and the presence of worms in the feces4 ,the worms when first passed are bright red in color but after being exposed to the air they turn dark and may easily escape the notice of the casual observer4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food for twenty-four hours1 then place the following drugs in a gelatin capsule3 ,calomel1 two drams1 ,barbadoes ,aloes1 three drams2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams4 ,give with capsule gun4 ,also place the following tonic in their feed3 ,pulv4 ,quassia1 one ounce2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 two ounces4 ,mix and make sixteen powders4 ,give one powder two or three times a day in the feed4 ,,rheumatism4 ,,cause4--,exposure to cold rains1 drafts1 lying on damp ground when the blood is in poor condition4 ,also due to over-stimulating food4 ,,symptoms4--,lameness1 swelling or soreness which may shift from one place to another1 then finally locate in or near one of the joints of the limbs4 ,,treatment4--,take away all grains and feed laxative foods such as potatoes1 carrots1 apples1 kale and good hay4 ,if the weather is warm turn out to pasture1 but confine in warm stable at night4 ,it is advisable to give a physic1 as ,aloin1 two drams2 ,gentian1 one dram2 ,ginger1 one dram4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give at one dose with capsule gun1 as its action on the blood has a very good effect4 ,when the swellings are painful1 apply ,camphorated ,liniment once or twice daily4 ,also1 administer the following tonic3 ,potassi ,iodide1 one ounce2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,chlorate of ,potash1 two ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 one ounce2 ,ferri ,sulphate1 one ounce2 ,pulv4 ,anise ,seed1 four ounces4 ,mix well and make into twenty powders4 ,give one powder three times a day in bran or place in capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,,ring ,,bone4 ,,cause4--,faulty conformation--a narrow or straight pastern joint is considered faulty4 ,be very careful in selecting a sire when breeding1 as faulty conformation is hereditary4 ,ringbone may also result when young animals are put to work on hard roads1 or running in stony pastures sometimes produces ,ringbone before the bones have become properly hardened4 ,other causes are injury to tendons or ligaments1 bruised joints1 blows1 calking1 or picking up a nail4 ,,symptoms4--,lameness will manifest itself when the horse first starts out in the morning2 this may become less noticeable or even disappear temporarily as the animal works4 ,they gradually grow lamer and examination will disclose an enlargement at or around the top of the hoof4 ,this may appear in one or more feet1 but the front feet are more often affected4 ,,treatment4--,if the ,ringbone is very much inflamed1 reduce the heat by applying cold water or ice packs to the part4 ,clip off all hair from around the top of the hoof and rub in well for twenty minutes the following3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 two drams2 ,turpentine1 one dram2 ,pine ,tar1 two drams1 and mix in two ounces of ,lard4 ,apply the ointment every two days for a week and repeat same treatment in two weeks4 ,keeping the animal as quiet as possible will hasten its recovery4 ,if the animal is comparatively young1 recovery is certain1 although the enlargement may never disappear4 ,,round ,,worm4 7,ascaris ,megalcephala7 ,resembles the ,earth ,worm somewhat in shape1 yellowish-white in color1 stiff and elastic4 ,when full grown1 it varies in length from six to sixteen inches4 ,these worms are usually found in the small intestines1 although they sometimes invade the stomach1 and when numerous seriously disturb the animal's health4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal's general health is affected as is evident from the morbid state of his appetite1 rough coat1 pot-belly1 liability to colic and slight diarrhoea4 ,some of these worms are often expelled with the feces4 ,as they increase in number1 they block up the small intestines1 giving rise to colic1 and may in time kill the horse4 ,they sometimes cause perforation of the bowels4 ,,treatment4--,withhold all food from eighteen to twenty-four hours1 then administer the following3 ,ferri ,sulphate1 two drams2 ,antimony ,tartrate1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,quassia1 two drams4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,follow this from six to eight hours with ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams1 and give as above directed4 ,it is a good plan to repeat the above treatment in ten days to insure the removal of any worms which may have survived the first treatment4 ,,scrotal ,,rupture4 7,inguinal ,hernia7 ,,cause4--,abnormal size of the upper ring through which a part of the intestines or its connecting membrane descends into and through the canal leading from the abdomen to the scrotal cavity4 ,there is little danger of strangulation from this form of rupture which may occur at birth and disappear with age4 ,a careful examination should therefore be made of the scrotum before castration4 ,,symptoms4--,in most cases1 this condition is easily detected4 ,the scrotum will be somewhat enlarged4 ,sometimes the intestines will become strangulated and colicky symptoms appear4 ,when a young male colt shows signs of colic1 examine him for ,scrotal ,rupture4 ,,treatment4--,the trouble usually disappears with age although in some cases it is well to operate4 ,where colicky symptoms are present1 roll the colt on its back1 manipulating the scrotum4 ,diet carefully4 ,,shoe ,,boil4 ,,cause4--,injuries1 bruises or pressure when lying on a rough floor4 ,sharp heeled shoes and kicks also have a tendency to produce it4 ,,symptoms4--,a hot painful swelling of the ,elbow joint when first noticed4 ,when neglected1 it takes on a white fibrous or callous growth4 ,,treatment4--,first remove the cause4 ,do not lance the enlargement2 let it come to a head of its own accord1 by applying ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 three drams2 ,lard1 two ounces4 ,mix well together and apply twice a week4 ,when the swelling is hot and painful it is well to apply cold water or ice packs before applying the above mentioned prescription4 ,,splints4 ,,cause4--,this disease is chiefly produced by trotting or running on hard ground1 etc4 ,it is evident that horses with high knee action and heavy bodies are more liable to this disease4 ,jumping is also a common cause of splints1 but the more accustomed a horse is to jumping the less liable he is to throw splints1 because practice teaches the animal to regulate his movements so as to more or less diminish the disagreeable if not actually painful effect of concussion4 ,,symptoms4--,a splint is detected by grasping the horse's leg with the fingers upon one side and the thumb upon the other1 and tracing the inner and outer splint bones from their heads downward to their tapering extremities4 ,any actual enlargement will at once arrest the hand2 any rising or irregularity will create suspicion and lead to close examination4 ,horses1 especially young ones which have lately been put to work1 not infrequently develop splints before any swelling appears4 ,for this reason1 in examining a case of obscure lameness1 particularly if the animal is young1 do not fail to look for the sign of splint lameness1 namely2 that the lameness is abnormally greater at a trot than at a walk and that the animal usually fails to bend the knees freely and grows worse with exercise4 ,the last mentioned condition is also present with corns1 but an examination of the foot will determine the question of their existence4 ,in young horses splints are sometimes mistaken for coffin-joint lameness or navicular disease4 ,to avoid this error1 it should be remembered that1 when brought on by navicular disease1 the action of the limb improves with exercise2 also that horses of five years of age or less very rarely suffer from coffin-joint disease4 ,some horses1 owing to unusual development of the inner splint bones of the fore legs may appear to have splints1 although careful examination may prove both limbs to be free from any bony deposit4 ,when deciding such a point1 note if the two inner splint bones are of the same size4 ,any swelling perceptible in a limb recently affected with splint-lameness is usually attended by heat and pain4 ,,treatment4--,if there is heat present1 foment with hot or cold water2 when heat has subsided1 apply the following ointment3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,turpentine1 twenty drops2 ,lard two ounces1 and mix4 ,apply every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,rub in for twenty minutes each time4 ,during this treatment use the horse for slow work on soft roads1 etc4 ,as a rule the splints will not disappear at once1 but gradually4 ,i may add that common splints are not considered an unsoundness4 ,,spasmodic ,,colic4 ,,cause4--,horses seem to be predisposed to this form of colic on account of the great length of their intestines which are apt to be telescoped1 twisted or their circular muscular fibers spasmodically contracted4 ,perhaps the principal cause is a change of food1 sudden change of temperature1 constipation1 drinking cold or too large a quantity of water1 especially if the animal is warm2 overloading the stomach with frozen or mouldy food4 ,worms frequently produce colic4 ,,symptoms4--,if the animal is tied it will become uneasy1 paw1 point its nose to the flank1 twitch the tail1 lie down and get up frequently4 ,if the animal is loose it will walk around1 paw1 kick at its belly with the hind feet1 make attempts to lie down1 roll on its back and remain in that position for a while4 ,the pulse increases with the pain1 temperature rises from one-half to one degree1 breathing labored and fast1 the animal sweats in spots1 there may be diarrhoea present1 but this does not frequently occur4 ,unfavorable symptoms of spasmodic colic are cold legs to the feet1 points of the ears cold1 trembling of the muscles1 cold sweats1 mucous membranes of the nose1 mouth and eyes have a dark color due to the congestion4 ,,treatment4--,in all cases of spasmodic colic1 except where there is diarrhoea present or mares heavily in foal1 give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams4 ,place in gelatine capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,it is advisable to give rectal injection of ,warm ,water and ,glycerine4 ,they are soothing and cooling to the intestinal canal4 ,also give the following prescription3 ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,carbonate of ,ammonia1 four ounces2 ,asafoetida1 four ounces4 ,make into six powders2 place one powder in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every two hours until relieved4 ,the former prescription removes the cause as it is a physic4 ,the latter contains medicines blended so as to counteract the spasmodic contractions of the bowels4 ,it is also a heart stimulant1 just what is needed in colic to keep up the animal's vitality4 ,beware of colic remedies that are given in drop doses4 ,they contain drugs to relieve the pain only and do not remove the cause4 ,when their effects are worn off1 the disease has progressed2 the animal's heart action has been weakened and chances are that the animal will die4 ,if drenching is resorted to1 it must be done with great precaution4 ,remember a horse cannot breathe through its mouth4 ,,side ,,bones4 ,,cause4--,the chief causes of ,side ,bones are3 ,deprivation of frog pressure1 injuries1 high heeled shoes1 the use of which is almost entirely confined to draft horses4 ,a high heeled shoe prevents the frog from resting on the ground which is its natural support4 ,,symptoms4--,enlargement just above the hoof1 usually affecting the front feet1 or may affect only one side of one of the feet4 ,the pain which produces the lameness is due to pressure on the soft tissues between the newly formed side bone and the hoof4 ,sometimes the enlargement has a tendency to spread the hoof4 ,in such a case the lameness is not so severe4 ,,treatment4--,clip the hair from over the ,side ,bone and rasp the foot below the enlargement1 so that the hoof will be flexible on pressure from the fingers4 ,then apply the following to both the enlargement and the rasped surface of the hoof3 ,red ,iodide of ,mercury1 two drams2 ,pulv4 ,cantharides1 four drams4 ,mix well in two ounces of ,lard and apply every forty-eight hours until three applications have been applied4 ,if you must work the animal1 put it to some easy work where it has soft ground to walk upon4 ,,staggers4 7,forage ,poisoning--,inflammation of the ,brain7 7,cerebral ,meningitis7 ,,cause4--,certain plants or stagnant water are most commonly instrumental in producing staggers2 frequently seen in the early autumn months when the grass in the pastures becomes dry and certain forage remains green which contains toxic principles4 ,these plants are ravenously eaten by horses on account of being green and tender4 ,this is one of the common causes of the disease1 although moldy1 indigestible or highly nitrogenous foods are frequently productive of staggers4 ,this form of staggers is not contagious1 although what produces staggers in one horse will also produce it in another4 ,in this way several horses may become affected with staggers at the same time4 ,inflammation of the brain may occur as a complication of some infectious or digestive disease4 ,other causes are blows on the head1 tumors in or on the brain1 which naturally cause the animal to stagger1 as the brain controls the horse's power of locomotion4 ,,symptoms4--,these vary to a certain extent1 but a careful observer will detect some trouble connected with the nervous system1 as the animal walking unsteadily1 stepping high and keeping the legs spread apart1 bracing itself to keep from falling4 ,there is also great depression1 dullness and sleepiness with little or no inclination to move about4 ,the head may be placed against a wall or fence and the legs kept moving as if the horse were trying to walk4 ,as the disease progresses and no attempts are made to relieve it1 they will become fractious1 nervous1 easily excited1 pawing and eventually fall1 keeping the feet moving as if walking1 throwing their heads about in a delirious manner and eventually death follows4 ,the horse as a rule eats and drinks ravenously when the first signs of staggers are noticed1 but in its latter stages the tongue and gullet become paralyzed and although the animal attempts to eat and drink he cannot swallow4 ,the pulse varies4 ,it is strong1 but subnormal when the first symptoms of staggers are noticed1 that is to say1 it is as slow as twenty to twenty-five beats per minute4 ,as the disease progresses1 however1 it becomes weaker and faster4 ,constipation frequently accompanies this disease1 also paleness tinged with yellow about the mucous membranes of the mouth and eyes4 ,in many instances ,i believe that the poisonous forage eaten by horses depresses the heart action to such an extent that it results in the brain not receiving the proper blood supply1 causing dizziness or staggers4 ,,treatment4--,place the animal in a clean1 dark stall1 keeping the surroundings as quiet as possible4 ,in its first stages it is easily treated1 but as the horse becomes easily excited and his swallowing becomes difficult1 treatment becomes more difficult4 ,when the first signs are noticed1 administer a physic as3 ,aloin1 two or three drams2 ,ginger1 two or three drams1 according to the size of the animal4 ,place in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,this physic removes the irritant from the intestines and prevents its absorption into the blood4 ,also administer the following3 ,bromide of ,potassium1 twelve ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 four ounces2 ,iodide of ,potash1 three ounces4 ,make into twenty-four capsules and give one capsule every four hours4 ,my method of administering medicine to animals places me in a position to treat them and compel them to take the medicine even though paralysis may exist4 ,when animals will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes1 steamed rolled oats and vegetables and give small quantities1 but not often1 of clean fresh water4 ,it is necessary to give stimulants and tonics as soon as they are on the road to recovery1 as ,pulv4 ,nux ,vomica1 four ounces2 ,pulv4 ,gentian ,root1 four ounces2 ,sulphate of ,iron1 two ounces4 ,make into sixteen capsules and give one capsule three times daily4 ,,stifle ,,joint ,,lameness4 7,dislocation of the ,patella7 ,although dislocations are infrequent1 this is the most common form which occurs in the horse4 ,,cause4--,young loose jointed horses are predisposed to dislocation of the stifle on account of the comparative want of strength of their ligaments4 ,they are much more liable to this accident than older horses1 especially if they are in poor health or in rough hilly pastures2 the nature of which would naturally make them susceptible to this injury1 which1 however1 may take place as a result of accident at any age4 ,young horses that suffer1 off and on from dislocation1 often lose their liability with increasing strength and age4 ,this dislocation may be partial or complete4 ,in the former instance and the most common is where the patella1 or the little stifle bone that glides in the groove composed of the lower hip and upper thigh bones1 has become partially dislocated or removed from its natural position4 ,,symptoms4--,when the dislocation is complete the affected limb is drawn forward1 while the foot from the pastern down is drawn backward1 and the animal may throw weight on it when made to move1 which is accomplished with great difficulty4 ,when the dislocation is partial1 the symptoms are about the same as mentioned1 only the limb is less rigid4 ,if the horse is moved1 the stifle makes a clicking sound4 ,in this form both limbs may be affected4 ,,treatment4--,in partial dislocation1 the stifle bone may be replaced by drawing the leg forward1 and with the hand pressing in on the stifle4 ,in complete dislocation1 tie a rope around the pastern of the affected leg1 then draw the rope through a collar placed around the horse's neck and draw forward as far as possible and tie4 ,then press with both hands inward4 ,after the stifle is placed back into position use the following liniment3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,raw ,linseed ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply well over the stifle joint once or twice a day for two or three days4 ,feed nourishing food and put the animal to slow1 easy work or turn out to good pasture4 ,in chronic cases of ,stifle ,joint ,lameness1 treatment is of no value1 therefore1 care for the animal as soon as the catch in the walk or lameness appears4 ,,string-,,halt4 ,cause4--,several theories have been put forth as to the cause of ,string-,halt which is generally supposed to be a nervous disease2 a condition opposite to paralysis4 ,the exact cause of this disease is hard to determine1 but it is likely to occur in highly nervous horses4 ,it sometimes follows an injury which may have irritated the nerves in some way4 ,i believe that castration causes it in many instances1 due to the severe struggle when being thrown1 or pulling down severely on the spermatic cord when removing the testicle4 ,,symptoms4--,spasmodic contraction of one or both limbs4 ,this sign varies1 as sometimes it is very violent1 while in others it may be so slight that it is hard to detect when stepping the horse forward1 but on backing or turning the horse around the signs are easily noticed4 ,all symptoms are better marked in the winter than in the summer1 as some show it in the winter that do not show it in the summer at all4 ,,treatment4--,the feeding of laxative foods that are easily digested relieves ,string-,halt in many instances4 ,,sore ,,throat4 7,pharyngitis--,laryngitis7 ,,cause4--,exposure to cold weather or rain when the animal is not accustomed to it2 drenching with irritating medicines or inhaling irritating smoke or gases4 ,,symptoms4--,at first the animal generally chills1 the legs and ears are cold1 but eventually they become very warm as the temperature increases1 coughing1 grinding of the teeth1 saliva oozing from the mouth2 the animal will hold its head in a stiff straight position1 moving it as little as possible4 ,there will be great difficulty in masticating and swallowing1 as the food will come from the mouth in the form of wads1 and as this soreness of the throat progresses food will also come from the nostrils4 ,this is a bad sign1 as extensive inflammation is no doubt present4 ,water1 also1 runs through the nostrils freely when the animal attempts to drink1 due to the swollen condition of the throat4 ,the animal forces the water back into the mouth1 but is unable to swallow and hence the water gushes out through the nostrils4 ,the animal evinces great pain when pressure is applied from the outside and he breathes with great difficulty4 ,although the pulse is not much affected at this stage1 the temperature is elevated from one to two degrees above normal4 ,the urine becomes scanty and highly colored1 the eyes congested and discharging4 ,eventually the throat becomes greatly swollen and abscesses may form and discharge4 ,as a rule constipation is associated with this disease4 ,,treatment4--,mild attacks of sore throat are easily treated1 but when serious cases develop1 treatment is unsuccessful4 ,place the animal in a clean1 comfortable stall2 permit as much fresh air as possible1 but avoid all drafts4 ,if the weather is chilly1 blanket the animal1 hand rub the legs and bandage with woolen cloths or bandages4 ,administer a mixture made from ,chlorate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,nitrate of ,potash1 three ounces2 ,tannic ,acid1 one-half ounce2 ,molasses1 one-half pint2 ,pine ,tar1 one-half pint4 ,mix well and place about one tablespoonful on the tongue every two hours in severe cases2 in mild attacks1 give less frequently4 ,when they will eat1 feed food that is easily digested1 as hot wheat bran mashes and steamed rolled oats containing two or three ounces of pure ground flaxseed4 ,it is always necessary to apply strong liniments to the throat1 as they relieve inflammation and stimulate the formation of an abscess4 ,the following liniment will be found very beneficial3 ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 six ounces2 shake well and apply two or three times daily4 ,if the swelling is extreme between the jaws1 so as to interfere with the animal's breathing1 it is well to lance the abscess if a soft spot can be found4 ,just cut through the skin with a knife2 then use a clean blunt instrument to locate the pus cavity4 ,otherwise1 severe hemorrhage may be produced4 ,,surfeit4 7,nettle-,rash--,urtecaria7 ,,cause4--,the usual cause of ,surfeit is supposed to be due to a character of food consumed which upsets the animal's digestive organs1 the skin being continuous with the mucous membranes lining the intestinal canal4 ,a disturbance of one structure is readily communicated to the other4 ,apparently1 owing to the extremely dry nature of the forage during the greater part of the year1 horses in the ,united ,states frequently suffer from ,surfeit4 ,,symptoms4--,surfeit is a term applied to an eruption of small irregular humps or boils which are more or less painful to the touch and which break out suddenly as a rule on the horse's body and neck1 and in rare cases on the legs4 ,a favorite seat of ,surfeit is the parts covered with the harness or saddle and along the neck and withers4 ,surfeit is very troublesome and annoys both the horse and driver1 especially when the horse perspires1 as he will rub violently when coming in contact with any object4 ,,treatment4--,give two to four ounces of ,epsom ,salts in hot wheat bran mashes every morning4 ,feed as much sloppy food as possible1 vegetables1 etc4 ,avoid feeding dry woody hay1 as it irritates the intestines and aggravates the disease4 ,,sweeney4 7,atrophy7 ,,cause4--,an ill fitting collar1 one tug longer than the other1 striking an object when pulling1 like a stone or a corner of a building1 slipping1 kicks1 or the animal may have a splint1 sprain1 ringbone1 sidebone1 coffin-joint lameness1 curb1 corns1 stifle lameness1 in fact anything that tends to make an animal favor the use of certain muscles4 ,it is not a disease1 just a lack in the development of the muscles1 which waste away or shrink when not used as nature provided4 ,for instance1 perhaps you have had or have seen persons that had a fractured leg or arm the muscles of which through lack of use had wasted away 7,atrophy71 until they were used normally for sometime1 when the muscles again came back to their normal size4 ,,symptoms4--,first locate the cause4 ,the animal may be very lame although ,i have seen ,sweeneys where lameness was very hard to detect1 being those which were usually due to ill fitting collars4 ,remember you can have a ,sweeney of the hip as well as the shoulder1 and keep in mind the above mentioned cases4 ,,treatment4--,when you have an animal affected with ,sweeney1 find the true cause and remove it if possible4 ,unless the ,sweeney is a chronic one1 it is successfully treated with ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and apply well over wasted muscles once a day4 ,if the application is too irritating1 as some horses have thinner skins than others1 it is advisable to add more ,sweet ,oil than above mentioned4 ,,tapeworm4 7,taenia7 ,these worms have been found in the horse1 but so rarely that they need not be considered4 ,,thoroughpin4 ,,cause4--,generally due to some irritation of the hock joint such as severe sprains from animal jumping1 slipping1 kick or falling through a culvert or bridge or it is frequently hereditary2 so be very careful in choosing a sire when breeding4 ,,symptoms4--,sometimes there is lameness when the ,thoroughpin is first noticed1 but it will gradually disappear as soon as the inflammation ceases4 ,there will be a puffy1 soft enlargement which occurs at the upper and back part of the hock1 beneath the great tendons4 ,generally both sides are enlarged and puffy1 but occasionally it happens that one side only is involved4 ,thoroughpin is also a forerunner of ,bog ,spavin1 as they generally are connected2 as you are aware the hock contains joint oil as all other joints do1 retained in place by a thin1 white fibrous membrane4 ,irritation of the hock joint tends to develop an extra large quantity of joint oil1 and the hock is less protected by tendons where a ,thoroughpin or ,bog ,spavin occurs--hence those puffy swellings are filled with joint oil and are connected4 ,if you press on one side of a ,thoroughpin1 you will see the other side bulge out4 ,if you press on a ,bog ,spavin and there is a ,thoroughpin present1 you will see it bulge on either side of the ,thoroughpin--or vice versa4 ,,treatment4--,if on an old horse and the ,thoroughpin is of long standing1 treatment is unsatisfactory1 but on the other hand1 if the animal is young it can be successfully treated with ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces2 ,gasolene1 one pint4 ,mix well and rub in with nail or tooth brush twice a week4 ,keep the animal quiet as possible1 as the results will be accomplished much sooner4 ,never attempt to open or lance a puffy swelling about a joint1 as it contains joint oil4 ,the result would be an open joint4 ,,thrush4 ,,cause4--,the two main causes of ,thrush are lack of pressure on the frog and the decomposing effect of filth and fermentation of organic matter which accumulates in the cleft of the frog4 ,,symptoms4--,the animal in some cases is lame2 there will be a swelling accompanied by a very fetid discharge2 in some cases the frog has practically rotted away2 there will be more or less inflammation in the foot4 ,the legs may even swell4 ,thrush is more frequently found in the hind feet because of the manure and filth with which they must come in contact4 ,,treatment4--,cut away all loose pieces of horn from over the frog and apply a ,flaxseed meal poultice and leave it on for twenty-four hours1 after which wash well with ,soap and warm water4 ,then apply ,calomel to the groove in the frog4 ,keep the foot clean4 ,do not allow the animal to stand in filth4 ,,wind ,,colic4 7,flatulent ,colic7 ,,cause4--,this dangerous form of ,colic is a distension of the bowels with gas1 resulting generally from the decomposition of undigested food in the bowels4 ,it sometimes follows ,spasmodic ,colic1 in which there is first spasms due to the irritations set up by the presence of undigested matter1 and subsequently this food decomposes and forms gas4 ,i may conclude that ,flatulent or ,wind ,colic is usually caused by errors in feeding and watering horses4 ,perhaps the animal has been given large quantities of rank grass1 watery roots1 which on account of its moist nature is quickly swallowed without being properly masticated4 ,,symptoms4--,the signs resemble those of ,spasmodic ,colic1 except that they are less violent4 ,in most cases there is general accumulation of gas1 the abdomen distended to a considerable size before the animal shows signs of uneasiness4 ,in cases where the animal swells on the right side1 it is the large intestines filled with gas4 ,in other cases where both sides are equally swollen1 the stomach and small intestines contain gas4 ,the horse's back will have an arched appearance1 passing gas from the anus frequently1 and the horse will make attempts to vomit4 ,in some cases actual vomiting takes place4 ,this is a bad sign1 as rupture of the stomach usually occurs at this stage4 ,,treatment4--,give ,aloin1 two drams2 ,ginger1 two drams1 in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun4 ,however1 this is a physic and should not be given to mares heavily in foal4 ,also apply to the abdominal cavity liniment consisting of ,aqua ,ammonia ,fort41 four ounces2 ,oil of ,turpentine1 four ounces2 ,sweet ,oil1 four ounces4 ,mix and rub in well over the abdomen4 ,to mares heavy with foal1 apply the above liniment and give rectal injections of ,glycerine and warm water frequently4 ,the following remedy should be administered to all cases of ,colic1 including mares heavy with foal3 ,aromatic ,spirits of ,ammonia1 six ounces2 ,turpentine1 six ounces4 ,mix well together and place one ounce in gelatin capsule and give with capsule gun every hour4 ,puncturing the intestines is advisable in some cases to relieve them of gas4 ,this requires a special instrument for the purpose and no one should attempt to perform the operation unless they know the anatomy of the part1 as the arteries of the intestines may be penetrated1 and produce internal hemorrhage or infection of the intestines1 or abscesses may follow4 ,,wind ,,galls4 ,,cause4--,by concussions from fast work on hard roads and from sprains from slipping4 ,,symptoms4--,when concussions alone are responsible1 the suspensory ligament and the back tendons will at first be in a normal condition1 and the swelling will probably be confined to both the inside and outside of the leg and may be felt in the form of a puffy swelling on each side of the fetlock by placing the fore finger and the thumb on the joint4 ,in more serious cases resulting from sprains1 the vacant space between the back tendons and the suspensory ligament may also become filled with fluids4 ,in other words1 a ,wind ,gall has formed4 ,in some cases the animal may be lame4 ,,treatment4--,when there is heat present apply cold1 wet packs until the heat disappears4 ,then apply ,tincture of ,iodine1 one ounce2 ,gum ,camphor1 two ounces2 to one pint of ,gasolene4 ,apply every three days with nail or tooth brush4 ,shake contents of the bottle well each time before applying4 ,i may add that this is a very difficult blemish to treat and is not always successful1 so do not be discouraged if the enlargements do not disappear1 but the above prescription has proven the most successful of any treatment ,i have personally used in my private practice4 ,,wounds4 ,wounds caused by external injuries have a general resemblance1 and whether clean-cut1 punctured1 lacerated1 poisonous1 gunshot1 etc41 require practically the same treatment4 ,,treatment4--,wash with a ,carbolic solution1 one tablespoonful to one pint of distilled water4 ,,sewing ,,of ,,wounds4--,i cannot say that ,i am in favor of sewing wounds unless they are gaping or wide open4 ,after the wound is washed1 dust with ,iodoform1 ,boracic ,acid and ,tannic ,acid1 each one ounce4 ,powder finely and place in a sifter top can and apply twice daily4 ,cord or heavy thread may be used for sewing the wound after being saturated in a ,carbolic ,acid solution1 using a large needle4 ,if the animal is vicious1 place a twitch on his nose or it may be necessary to throw him4 ,,index ,abortion1 #aj ,abscess1 #aj ,acute ,cough1 #bi ,anemia1 #aa ,aphthae1 #ac ,ascaris ,megalcephala1 #ga ,atrophy1 #hc ,azoturia1 #ac ,barrenness1 #ae ,bleeding1 #af ,blood ,poisoning1 #af ,bog ,spavin1 #ag ,bone ,spavin1 #ah ,bots1 #ai ,brain ,inflammation1 #gg ,bronchitis1 #bj ,capped ,hock1 #bb ,capped ,knee1 #bb ,caries ,teeth1 #ce ,castration1 #bc ,catarrh1 ,chronic1 #eg ,catarrh1 ,epizootic1 #di ,catarrh1 ,nasal1 #bi ,cerebral ,meningitis1 #gg ,choking1 #be ,chronic ,catarrh1 #eg ,chronic ,cough1 #bi ,clinical ,thermometer1 #e ,coffin ,joint ,lameness1 #bf ,cold1 #bi ,colic1 ,flatulent1 #he ,colic1 ,spasmodic1 #ge ,colic1 ,wind1 #he ,colt ,constipation1 #cj ,colt ,diarrhoea1 #ca ,conjunctivitis1 #db ,constipation1 #bg ,constipation1 ,colt1 #cj ,corns1 #bg ,cough1 ,acute1 #bi ,cough1 ,chronic1 #bi ,cracked ,heels1 #cb ,curb1 #cg ,dentistry1 #cb ,diarrhoea1 #ch ,diarrhoea in ,colt1 #ca ,diseases of the ,eye1 #db ,dislocation of the ,patella1 #gi ,distemper1 #ci ,dropsy1 ,belly1 #dj ,dropsy1 ,chest1 #dj ,dropsy1 ,legs1 #dj ,dropsy1 ,sheath1 #dj ,dropsy1 ,udder1 #dj ,eczema1 #da ,emphysema of the ,lungs1 #dh ,epizootic ,catarrh1 #di ,eye ,diseases1 #db ,failure to ,breed1 #ae ,farcy1 #dg ,fever1 ,petechial1 #fg ,filariae1 #dd ,fistula of the ,foot1 #fh ,fistulous ,withers1 #dc ,forage ,poisoning1 #gg ,founder1 #dd ,flatulent ,colic1 #he ,galls1 #df ,gastrophilis1 #ai ,glanders1 #dg ,grease ,heels1 #df ,haemopis1 #ej ,heaves1 #dh ,heels1 ,cracked1 #cb ,hemorrhage1 #af ,hernia1 ,inguinal1 #gb ,hernia1 ,umbilical1 #fa ,hock1 ,capped1 #bb ,how to ,examine ,teeth1 #cc ,infection of the ,navel ,string1 #eh ,inguinal ,hernia1 #gb ,inflammation of the ,brain1 #gg ,inflammation of the ,eye1 #db ,influenza1 #di ,irregular ,teeth1 #cc ,knee1 ,capped1 #bb ,laminitis1 #dd ,lampas1 #ej ,laryngitis1 #ha ,leeches1 #ej ,lockjaw1 #ea ,lung ,fever1 #ec ,lymphangitis1 #ee ,mange1 #ed ,maw ,worm1 #fe ,meningitis1 #gg ,mud ,fever1 #ef ,nasal ,catarrh1 #bi ,nasal ,gleet1 #eg ,navicular ,disease1 #bf ,navel ,rupture1 #fa ,navel ,string ,infection1 #eh ,nettle-rash1 #hb ,normal ,pulse ,throbs1 #i ,normal ,temperature1 #f ,open ,joint1 #fb ,oxyuris ,curvilis1 #fe ,palesade ,worm1 #fc ,patella ,dislocation1 #gi ,petechial ,fever1 #fg ,pharyngitis1 #ha ,pin ,worm1 #fe ,pink-eye1 #di ,pleurisy1 #fd ,pneumonia1 #ec ,poisoning1 ,forage1 #gg ,poll ,evil1 #ff ,pulse1 #g ,purpura ,haemorrhagica1 #fg ,pyemia1 #af ,quittor1 #fh ,red ,worm1 #fi ,rheumatism1 #gj ,ring ,bone1 #ga ,round ,worm1 #ga ,rupture1 ,scrotal1 #gb ,scabies1 #ed ,scrotal ,rupture1 #gb ,septicaemia1 #af ,shoe ,boil1 #gc ,side ,bones1 #gf ,spasmodic ,colic1 #ge ,spavin1 ,bog1 #ag ,spavin1 ,bone1 #ah ,splints1 #gc ,sore ,throat1 #ha ,staggers1 #gg ,stifle ,joint ,lameness1 #gi ,string-halt1 #hj ,strongulus ,armatus1 #fc ,strongylus ,tetracanthus1 #fi ,supernumerary ,teeth1 #cf ,surfeit1 #hb ,sweeney1 #hc ,taenia1 #hd ,tapeworm1 #hd ,teeth1 ,irregular1 #cc ,teeth1 ,supernumerary1 #cf ,teeth1 ,ulcerated1 #ce ,teeth1 ,wolf1 #cf ,temperature ,during ,health1 #f ,tetanus1 #ea ,thermometer1 ,clinical1 #e ,thoroughpin1 #hd ,thread ,worm1 #dd ,thrush1 #he ,ulcerated ,teeth1 #ce ,umbilical ,hernia1 #fa ,umbilical ,pyemia1 #eh ,urtecaria1 #hb ,use of the ,clinical ,thermometer1 #e ,wind ,colic1 #he ,wind ,galls1 #hg ,wolf ,teeth1 #cf ,worm1 ,maw1 #fe ,worm1 ,palesade1 #fc ,worm1 ,pin1 #fe ,worm1 ,red1 #fi ,worm1 ,round1 #ga ,worm1 ,thread1 #dd ,wounds1 #hg ,transcriber's ,note ,there were a number of printing errors with this book1 where lines were transposed or printed on the wrong page entirely4 ,page #i1 the line 8ones1 as for instance1 an elephant's pulse rate is from0 was originally printed on page #ce in the middle of a sentence3 8,the ani- ones1 as for instance1 an elephant's pulse rate is from mal falls off in condition in most cases40 ,page #aa1 some erroneously inserted text has been removed3 8or hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices4 ,it is com- hot bran1 flaxseed or vegetable poultices ,it will usually0 ,the last line of page #eb possibly be bestowed upon the animal4 ,the after-treat- was originally printed as the first line of page #ec1 and the first line of page #ec ment consists of allowing a liberal quantity of good nu- appeared in its place4 ,these have been reversed in order4 ,in the index1 the entry for 8,worm1 ,pin0 was originally printed under ,m1 and indeed the entries on the various types of 8,worm0 were all out of alphabetical order1 so this has been fixed4 ,a few other minor typographical errors were also corrected4