,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores 80 be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations & footnotes h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,old or antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,,! ,,am]ican ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraph3 ,,) ,,! ,,reports ,,( ,,congress1 ,,& ,a ,,description ,,( ,,all ,,telegraphs ,,kn[n1 ,,employ+ ,,electricity ,,or ,,galvanism4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,eighty-,,"o ,,wood ,,engrav+s4 ,,by ,,alfr$ ,,vail1 ,,assi/ant ,,sup]9t5d5t ,,( ,,elec4 ,,mag4 ,,tel4 ,,= ,,! ,u4 ,s4 ,,can/ ,,?\ ,,s5d ,,lightn+s1 ,,t ,,!y ,,may ,,g1 ,,& ,,say ,,unto ,,!e1 ,,"h ,,we ,,are8--,,job4 8,! same pr9ciple :i* ju/ifi$ & dem&$ ! transf]5ce ( ! mail on _m *ief r\tes1 f ! horse-drawn coa* on common highways to /eam-impell$ vehicles on l& & wat]1 is equally pot5t to w>rant ! call+ ( ! electro magnetic telegraph--t la/ & mo/ wondr\s bir? ( ?is wond]-teem+ age--9 aid ( ! po/ (fice1 9 dis*>ge ( its great function ( rapidly transmitt+ correspond5ce & intellig5ce40 ,,rep4 ,,( ,,com4 ,,( ,,ways ,,& ,,means ,,( ,h4 ,r41 #ahde4 ,,philadelphia3 ,,lea ,,blan*>d4 #ahde4 ,,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahde1 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,vail1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 & = ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,am]ican ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraph4 ,,page4 ,introduction1 #g ,! ,galvanic ,batt]y1 #i ,! ,wire1 #ac ,! ,electro ,magnet1 #ac ,! ,regi/]1 #ah ,! ,correspond5t1 #bb ,! two ,dep5d5t ,circuits1 #bc ,! two ,indep5d5t ,circuits1 #bd ,! op]ation ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 #be ,! ,telegraphic ,alphabet1 #bg ,specim5 ( ! ,telegraphic ,language1 #bh ,telegraphic ,alphabets = two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six p5s1 op]at+ toge!r1 or 9 succession1 #cj ,correspond5t or ,key1 #cb ,! ,lev] ,key1 #dj ,! ,circuit ( ! ,electro ,magnet1 clos$ & brok5 by ! movem5t ( ! ,lev] itself1 act$ ^u by ! ,electro ,magnet4 ,%[+ ! rapidity ) :i* x is possible to close & break ! ,circuit1 #da ,conduct+ ,p[] & ,galvanic action ( ! ,e>?1 #dc ,six ,indep5d5t ,circuits1 ) ,six ,wires1 ea* wire mak+ an ,indep5d5t ,l9e ( ,communication1 #dd ,mode ( ,secret ,correspond5ce1 #df ,exp]im5ts made ) #ajj pairs ( ,grove's ,batt]y1 pass+ ?r\gh #afj miles ( insulat$ wire1 #ec ,! ,galvanomet] or ,galvanoscope1 #eg ,an ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5t ( support+ a ,l>ge ,b> ( ,iron )9 ! ,helix1 #ei ,application ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph to ! ,det]m9ation ( ,longitude1 #ei ,mode ( ,cross+ ,broad ,riv]s1 or o!r ,bodies ( ,wat] ,)\t ,wires1 #fj ,telegraphic ,*ess ,play+1 #fc ,improvem5t 9 ! ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e1 & ,application ( ?is ,in/rum5t to op]ate ! ,magnetic ,telegraph1 #fe ,,reports ,,( ,,congress ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraphs4 ,lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ a ,report ^u ! ,subject ( a ,sy/em ( ,telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,decemb]1 #aa1 #ahcg1 #fg ,circul> to c]ta9 ,collectors ( ! ,cu/oms1 ,comm&]s ( ,rev5ue ,cutt]s1 & o!r p]sons1 ,m>* #aj?1 #ahcg1 #fh ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,septemb] #bg1 #ahcg1 #fi ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 ,novemb] #bh?1 #ahcg1 #gc ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,editors ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 ,sept'r #d1 #ahcg1 #gd ,specim5 ( ,telegraphic ,writ+ made by ,means ( ,electricity1 at ! di/ance ( "o-?ird ( a mile1 #ge ,report ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,april #f1 #ahch1 #gf ,report ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 ,philadelphia1 ,febru>y #h1 #ahch1 #gi ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahch1 #hj ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahch1 #hb ,report ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,dec'r #cj1 #ahdb1 #hc ,a ,bill to te/ ! ,practicability ( ,e/abli%+ a ,sy/em ( ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraphs by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #hg ,lett] f ,pr(essor ,h5ry to ,pr(essor ,morse1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahdb1 #hg ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute on ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 ,sept'r #ab1 #ahdb1 #hh ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,g4 ,f]ris1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahdb1 #hi ,communication f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ ! ,report ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 ann\nc+ ! ,completion ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 betwe5 ! ,cities ( ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore1 ,june #d1 #ahdd1 #ig ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ,hon4 ,mc,clintock ,"y1 ,june #c1 #ahdd1 #ih ,lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ a ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 relative to ! ,magnetic ,telegraph1 ,decemb] #bc1 #ahdd1 #aja ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,g4 ,m4 ,bibb1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdd1 #aja ,report ( ! ,committee ( ,ways & ,means to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,m>* #c1 #ahde1 #ajg ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,telegraphs ,,employ+ ,,electricity ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,ways ,,= ,,! ,,transmission ,,( ,,intellig5ce4 ,discov]ies 9 ,electricity1 #aae ,electrical ,fea/ on ! ,s*uylkill1 #aai ,dr4 ,frankl9's ,exp]im5t 9 ,draw+ ,electricity f ! ,cl\ds1 #abj ,lomond's ,electrical ,telegraph1 7#aghg17 #aba ,reiz5's ,electric ,sp>k ,telegraph1 7#agid17 #aba ,dr4 ,salva's ,electric ,sp>k ,telegraph1 7#agih17 #abc ,discov]y ( ,galvanism1 7#agij17 #abc ,discov]y ( ! ,decomposition ( ,wat] by ! ,ag5cy ( ! ,galvanic ,pile1 #abe ,samuel ,?omas ,soemm]+'s ,voltaic ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahji17 #abf ,extract f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute 9 relation to ! ,use ( ,galvanism = ,telegraphic ,purposes1 7#ahaf17 #abh ,ronald's ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahaf17 #acj ,discov]y ( ,electro ,magnetism1 7#ahai17 #acb ,extract f a ,"w on ,electro ,magnetism1 publi%$ by ,jacob ,gre51 ,m4 ,d4 7#ahbg17 #acd ,triboaillet's ,proposition1 7#ahbh17 #ace ,fe*n]'s ,sugge/ion1 7#ahbi17 #ace ,discov]y ( ,magneto ,electricity1 7#ahca17 #ace ,saxton's ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e1 #adb ,dr4 ,page's ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e1 #ade ,pole ,*ang]1 #adi ,morse's ,am]ican ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 7#ahcb17 #aeb ,s*ill+'s ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahcc17 #aee ,gauss & ,web]'s ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 7#ahcc17 #aef ,exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,taqu9 ,ettieyhaus51 7#ahcf17 #aei ,vail's ,electro ,magnetic ,pr9t+ ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #aei ,:eat/one's ,electric ,ne$le ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #aga ,/e9heil's ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #agi ,masson's ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #ahb ,davy's ,ne$le & ,lamp ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #ahb ,alex&]'s ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahcg17 #ahd ,m4 ,amyot's ,sugge/ion ( an ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahch17 #ahf ,edw>d ,davy's ,electric ,telegraph1 7#ahch17 #ahg ,ba9's ,pr9t+ ,telegraph1 7#ahdj17 #aii ,:eat/one's ,rotat+ ,disc ,telegraph1 7#ahda17 #bjc ,,introduction4 ,! propriety ( pres5t+ to ! public a "w ( ?is "*1 seem$ desirable1 f ! frequ5t calls made ^u ! au?or = "s accurate & full description ( ! ,am]ican ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 :i* might assi/ to an intelligible compreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* x is bas$1 & ! mode ( its op]ations1 z well z descriptions ( ^? plans n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! execution ( ?is task x has be5 8 det]m9ation to sp>e no lab\r1 & to omit no?+ t c\ld enable ^? :o _h nev] se5 ! op]ation ( ! telegraph1 to obta9 a full und]/&+1 ( ! subject1 & also to judge = !mselves ( ! m]it ( ! ,am]ican inv5tion1 z comp>$ ) ^? ( ,europe4 ,= ?is purpose eighty-"o wood cuts are introduc$ to illu/rate ?is & collat]al subjects4 ,! v>i\s reports ( ,congress :i* h be5 made1 f "t to "t1 z ! subject ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph has be5 pres5t$ to !m1 h be5 embrac$ 9 ! "w4 ,!y conta9 mu* in=mation 9 relation to ! orig9 & progress ( ! inv5tion1 z well z o!r useful matt]4 ,9 ! clos+ "p ( ! "w is giv5 a synopsis ( ! e>ly discov]ies 9 electricity2 ! exp]im5t ( ,frankl91 & also ! discov]ies ( +5i\s & sci5tific g5tlem5 ( ! pres5t day4 ,! pr9cipal "p1 h[ev]1 is devot$ to a full & complete description ( ! v>i\s plans ( telegraphic communication1 by means ( electricity & galvanism1 9 ! *ronological ord] ( _! inv5tion2 by :i* x w be se51 t = priority z well z orig9ality1 ,am]ica has ! pre-em95ce1 n only at ! "t ( ! inv5tion1 b up to ! pres5t p]iod2 no?+ hav+ yet be5 br\ght =w>d t fulfils s completely ! conditions ( :at is signifi$ by ! t]m telegraph1 z t plan inv5t$ by ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,"s ( ! =eign plans ! au?or has f\nd extremely difficult to illu/rate1 )\t almo/ re-inv5t+ !m1 s imp]fectly & obscurely h !y be5 describ$4 ,! exp]im5tal l9e f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore has be5 9 successful op]ation = m ?an a ye>1 & has be5 ! means ( convey+ mu* important in=mation3 consi/+ ( messages to & f m]*ants1 memb]s ( ,congress1 (fic]s ( ! gov]nm5t1 banks1 brok]s1 police (fic]s2 p>ties1 :o by agreem5t _h met ea* o!r at ! two /ations1 or _h be5 s5t = by "o ( ! p>ties2 items ( news1 election returns1 ann\ncem5t ( dea?s1 inquiries respect+ ! heal? ( families & individuals1 ! daily proce$+s ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ord]s = goods1 inquiries respect+ ! sail+ ( vessels1 proce$+s ( cases 9 ! v>i\s c\rts1 summon+ ( witnesses1 messages 9 relation to special & express tra9s1 invitations1 ! receipt ( money at "o /ation & its paym5t at ! o!r1 = p]sons reque/+ ! transmission ( funds f debtors1 consultation ( physicians1 & messages ( e "* usually s5t by mail4 ,! au?or tru/s t ! "w w be receiv$ z "o ( a practical "*1 & furni% to ^? desir\s to acqua9t !mselves ) ! subject1 su* in=mation z !y seek4 ,,alfr$ ,,vail4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,augu/ #ah1 #ahde4 ,,! ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraph4 ,,! ,,galvanic ,,batt]y4 ,! galvanic batt]y1 ! g5]ator ( t subtle fluid1 :i* p]=ms s important a "p 9 ! op]ation ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 is z v>i\s 9 its =m & arrangem5t1 z ! v>iety ( purposes to :i* x is appli$4 ,!y all1 h[ev]1 involve ! same pr9ciple4 ,x is n our design "h to describe ! v>i\s modes ( con/ruct+ x1 b to conf9e our rem>ks m imm$iately to t us$ = ! ,telegraph4 ,! effects produc$ by ! galvanic fluid ^u ! metallic bodies1 iron & /eel1 excit+ 9 !m ! p[] ( attraction or magnetism1 its decompos+ effects ^u liquids1 resolv+ !m into _! simple elem5ts1 its effects ^u ! animal sy/em1 9 produc+ a spasmodic & sudd5 irritation1 are g5]ally well kn[n4 ,b ( ! "* ( ! fluid itself1 its own ess5ce or sub/ance1 we "k no?+4 ,9 "s ( its ph5om5a1 x resembles ! electricity ( ! heav5s2 bo? f9d a conductor 9 ! metals2 bo? exhibit a sp>k1 & bo? are capable ( produc+ %ocks1 or :5 appli$1 cause ! animal sy/em to be s5sible to !m4 ,aga91 9 o!r ( its ph5om5a x is totally unlike x4 ,! galvanic fluid is ess5tially necess>y 9 produc+ ! electro magnet2 :ile ! electricity ( ! heav5s1 or z x is g5]ally t]m$1 ma*9e electricity1 has no su* p[] = practical purposes4 ,! =m] is m d5se1 s to speak1 & m easily conf9$ to its conductors1 :ile ! latt] becomes dissipat$ & lo/ 9 ! atmosph]e long be=e x has rea*$ ! opposite extremity ( a long conductor4 ,! =m] is cont9u\s 9 its supply2 :ile ! latt] is at irregul> int]vals4 ,! =m] always ne$s a cont9u\s conductor2 :ile ! latt] w pass f "o metallic conductor to ano!r )\t t connection4 ,! latt] w\ld n subs]ve ! purposes requir$ 9 ! work+ ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 & z x is nei!r ess5tial nor antagoni/ical1 its pres5ce ^u ! galvanic conductors or wires1 at ! same "t ^? wires are be+ us$ = telegraphic communication1 does 9 no way int]rupt or confuse its op]ation2 & its pres5ce is only kn[n f ! sudd5ness ( its dis*>ge at long int]vals1 accompani$ by a bright sp>k1 ) a l\d crack1 l t ( a coa*man's :ip4 ,! mo/ simple mode ( develop+ ! galvanic fluid is 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 if a common glass tumbl] is two-?irds fill$ ) dilute muriatic acid1 & a piece ( bright z9c1 five in*es long & "o in* wide1 imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 at "o ( its ends1 slight action w be discov]$ ^u x4 ,if a slip ( copp] be !n tak51 ( ! same dim5sions1 & "o end imm]s$ 9 ! liquid1 b sep>at$ f t portion ( ! z9c imm]s$1 & n p]mitt$ to t\* x2 & ! two project+ ends ( ! z9c & copp]1 above ! liquid be br\ght 9 contact1 an active decomposition ( ! muriatic acid w appe>4 ,:ile ! two out] ends are 9 contact1 !re is t curr5t =m$ 9 ! metallic plates1 :i* is t]m$ galvanic4 ,if ! contact is brok51 ! action ceases2 if x is aga9 r5ew$1 ! action is recomm5c$4 ,ano!r v simple exp]im5t1 & )9 ! p[] ( e "o to demon/rate = !mselves1 is t ( apply+ a piece ( z9c to ! und]side ( ! tongue1 & to ! upp]side1 a silv] co91 & !n by br++ _! project+ ends 9 contact1 a s5sible & curi\s effect is exp]i5c$ ^u ! tongue4 ,x is a feeble galvanic %ock1 & is pro( ( ! pres5ce ( t fluid t]m$ galvanic4 ,we w n[ proce$ to describe ! batt]y us$ = telegraphic purposes2 ! same 9 pr9ciple1 b 9 arrangem5t m complicat$1 & f> m p[]ful ?an ^? 9 common use4 ,two di/9ct acids are employ$2 two metals & two vessels4 ,ea* "p w be describ$ sep>ately1 & !n ! :ole1 z put toge!r ready = use4 ,fir/4 ,a glass tumbl] ( ! ord9>y size is us$1 or ab\t ?ree in*es high & two in*es & ?ree qu>t]s 9 diamet]4 ,second4 ,! z9c cyl9d]1 made ( ! pure/ z9c1 & ca/ 9 an iron m\ld1 repres5t$ by figure #a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,x is ?ree in*es high1 & two in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! %ell ,i is ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 ,d is an op5+ 9 ! cyl9d]1 p>allel ) its axis1 & is ( no o!r use ?an to aid 9 ! op]ation ( ca/+ !m1 & facilitat+ ! access ( ! fluid to ! int]ior4 ,a ,a repres5ts ! body ( ! cyl9d]4 ,b is a project+ arm1 fir/ ris+ v]tically f ! %ell1 & !n project+ horizontally "o & ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,to ?is arm1 at ,c1 is sold]$ a plat9um plate ( ! ?ickness ( t9 foil1 & hang+ v]tically f ! arm ,b1 z se5 at ,o1 & ( ! =m %[n 9 ! figure4 ,?is con/itutes ! z9c cyl9d] & plat9um plate1 ! two metals us$ 9 ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,?ird4 ,! por\s cup4 ,to avoid an errone\s impression 9 ! use ( ! t]m por\s1 x w suffice to /ate1 t x is a cup ( ! =m repres5t$ by figure #b1 made ( ! same mat]ials z /one-w>e1 & bak$ )\t be+ glaz$4#a ,a repres5ts ! rim surr\nd+ ! top4 ,f ! "u side ( ! rim to ! bottom1 x is ?ree in*es long1 & "o & "o-qu>t] 9 diamet]4 ,! rim projects "o-qu>t] ( an in*1 & ! %ell ( ! cup is "o-eigh? ( an in* ?ick4 ,^! sev]al p>ts are plac$ toge!r ?us4 ,! por\s cup1 fig4 #b1 is set 9 ! holl[ ( ! z9c cyl9d]1 fig4 #a1 repres5t$ by ,h1 ) ! rim ( ! cup re/+ ^u ! top ( ! z9c at ,i4 ,! z9c cyl9d] is !n plac$ 9 ! glass tumbl]4 ,! :ole is repres5t$ 9 figure #c4 #a ,^! are made at ! ,am]ican ,pott]y1 9 ,j]sey ,city1 opposite ,new ,york4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,d repres5ts ! por\s cup1 ,f ! z9c cyl9d]1 ,g ! glass tumbl]1 ,a ! project+ arm ( ! z9c1 ,c ! plat9um plate1 & ,b ! ov]-lapp+ ( ! plat9um plate ^u ! z9c arm1 :]e x is sold]$ to x4 ,x is n[ 9 a condition to receive ! acids1 :i* are two3 fir/1 pure nitric acid1 & second1 sulphuric acid1 dilut$ 9 ! proportion ( "o "p ( sulphuric acid to twelve ( wat]4 ,fir/ fill ! por\s cup ) ! nitric acid1 to )9 "o-qu>t] ( an in* ( ! top2 !n fill ! glass ) ! dilut$ sulphuric acid1 till x rea*es to a level ) ! nitric acid 9 ! por\s cup4 ,"o glass ( ! batt]y is n[ ready = use1 & z all ! o!r memb]s ( ! batt]y are simil>ly con/ruct$1 7!re be+ _m or few1 z circum/ances require17 & are to be prep>$ & fill$ ) _! appropriate acids 9 ! same mann]1 ! above description w suffice4 ,!re rema9s1 h[ev]1 "s fur!r explanation 9 reg>d to ! extremities ( ! s]ies ( glasses1 t is1 ! mode ( connect+ ! z9c ( ! fir/ glass ) ! wire lead+ f x1 & also ! mode ( connect+ ! plat9um ( ! la/ glass ) ! wire lead+ f t end ( ! s]ies ( glasses4 ,figure #d repres5ts _! arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,! glasses be+ all sep>ately suppli$ ) _! acids1 & o!rwise prep>$1 !y are put toge!r ^u a table1 ,a ,a1 p]fectly dry1 & made ( h>d wood4 ,! fir/ memb] ( ! s]ies has sold]$ to its z9c arm a /rip ( copp]1 ,c1 :i*1 ext5d+ d[nw>d1 has its end1 previ\sly bright5$ & amalgamat$1 imm]s$ 9 a cup ( m]cury at ,n4 ,! cup be+ p]man5tly secur$ to ! table4 ,!n ! second glass is tak51 & ! plat9um1 ,b1 at ! end ( ! z9c arm1 is g5tly let fall into ! por\s cup1 s t x %all be 9 ! c5tre ( ! cup1 & rea*+ d[n z f> z its l5g?1 :5 ! glass re/s ^u ! table4 ,! ?ird glass is !n tak5 & plac$ 9 ! same mann]1 & s on to ! la/4 ,! la/ glass has1 9 its por\s cup1 ! plat9um plate1 ,d1 sold]$ to a /rip ( copp]1 ,e1 :i* is s con/ruct$ z to turn at ! top1 & admit ( ! easy introduction ( ! plat9um into ! por\s cup1 :ile ! o!r end ( ! copp]1 previ\sly prep>$ l ! copp] ( ! o!r end ( ! batt]y1 t]m9ates 9 a cup ( m]cury1 ,p4 ,! cup be+ capable ( adju/m5t1 s z to br+ ! plat9um directly ov] ! por\s cup2 is1 :5 adju/$1 secur$ p]man5tly to ! table4 ,! batt]y1 ?us arrang$1 is ready to be appli$4 ,,! ,,wire4 ,! wire us$ 9 mak+ helices = ! magnets1 & = connect+ ! telegraphic /ations1 is made ( copp] ( ! be/ quality1 & anneal$4 ,x is cov]$ ) cotton ?read1 s z to conceal e "p ( ! metallic surface1 n s mu* to prev5t corrosion or wa/e f ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 z to prev5t a metallic contact ( "o wire ) ano!r1 :5 plac$ ne> ea* o!r4 ,aft] ! wire is cov]$1 x is !n saturat$ ) %ellac1 & !n1 aga91 ) a composition ( asphaltum1 beeswax1 res9 & l9se$ oil4 ,x is n[ 9 a condition to be ext5d$ ^u ! poles4 ,t portion ( ! wire ( :i* ! helices are made is only saturat$ ) %ellac4 ,,! ,,electro ,,magnet4 ,! electro magnet is ! basis ^u :i* ! :ole inv5tion re/s 9 its pres5t con/ruction2 )\t x1 x w\ld entirely fail4 ,z x is ( s mu* importance1 a detail$ acc\nt w be giv5 ( ! con/ruction ( ! electro magnet1 z us$ = telegraphic purposes4 ,a b> ( s(t iron1 ( ! pure/ & be/ quality1 is tak5 & made into ! =m pres5t$ 9 figure #e1 :i* consi/s ( f\r p>ts1 viz4 ,a ,f & ,a ,f are ! two legs or prongs ( ! magnet1#b ( a r\nd$ =m1 & b5t at ! top1 approa*+ ea* o!r t[>ds ! c5tre1 :]e ! ends ( ea* prong1 )\t t\*+1 turn up1 & pres5t flat1 smoo? & clean surfaces1 level ) ea* o!r at ,f ,f4 ,! o!r end ( ^! prongs or legs is turn$ small] ?an ! body1 on ! end ( :i* is a screw & nut1 ,c ,c4 ,^! ends pass ?r\gh a plate ( iron1 ,b1 ( ! same quality1 at ,i & ,i1 until !y re/ ^u ! plate at ! %\ld] produc$ by turn+ !m small]4 ,!y are !n bo? p]man5tly secur$ to ! plate1 ,b1 by ! nuts1 ,c ,c1 & ! :ole becomes z "o piece4 ,?is arrangem5t is made = ! purpose ( putt+ on ! coils or tak+ !m (f ) facility4 ,! =m mo/ common = electro magnets is t ( ! horse-%oe2 & is simply a b> ( iron b5t 9 t =m4 ,e repres5ts a small flat plate ( s(t iron1 suffici5tly l>ge to cov] ! faces ( ! two prongs1 ,f & ,f1 pres5t+ on its "u side a surface clean & smoo?1 & p>allel ) ! faces1 ,f & ,f4 #b ,! t]m magnet1 "h1 is synonym\sly us$ ) ! iron = ! magnet1 z ! simple iron is n a magnet1 except :5 subject$ to ! action ( ! batt]y ?r\gh ! helices ( wire ar\nd x4 ,x w\ld confuse ! read]1 if ?is di/9ction be n kept 9 view4 ,p]man5t magnets are ^? :i* reta9 _! magnetism :5 once !y are *>g$4 ,!y are always made ( /eel1 & usually b5t 9 ! =m ( a horse-%oe4 ,sometimes !y are ( a s+le plate ( t =m1 & o!rs are con/ruct$ ) _m plates1 side by side1 fa/5$ toge!r s z to pres5t a compact magnet ( ! same =m4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ f ,electro ,magnets f ! fact1 t ! s(t iron ( ! latt] dep5ds ^u ! influ5ce ( ! galvanic fluid = its magnetism1 & reta9s x only s long z ! s(t iron is "u its influ5ce1 :ile ! =m]1 :5 once submitt$ to ! influ5ce ( ! galvanic fluid1 reta9 _! magnetism p]man5tly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,! coils or helices ( wire1 :i* surr\nd ! prongs1 ,a ,a1 necess>y to complete ! electro magnet1 consi/ ( _m turns ( wire1 fir/ runn+ side by side1 cov]+ ! =m ^u :i* ! spiral is made1 until ! desir$ l5g? ( ! coil is obta9$2 ! wire is !n turn$ back1 & w\nd ^u ! fir/ spiral1 cov]+ x1 until ! o!r end ( ! coil is rea*$1 :]e ! w9d+ began2 !n aga9 m\nt+ ^u ! second spiral1 cov]s x1 & 9 ! same mann] x is w\nd back & =?1 until ! requir$ size ( ! coil is atta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! coil is w\nd ^u a =m ( ! size 7or a little l>g]7 ( ! legs ( ! magnet1 & :5 ! coil is complet$1 ! =m is tak5 out1 leav+ an op5+ 9 ! c5tre1 ,b1 into :i* ! prongs may freely pass4 ,figure #f repres5ts a coil con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] describ$4 ,a & ,a are ! two ends ( wire :i* are br\ght out f ! coils4 ,! "o proce$s f ! c5tre ( ! coil1 & ! o!r f ! outside4 ,c & ,c are circul> wood5 heads1 on ea* end ( ! coil1 & fa/5$ to x by b9d+ wire1 runn+ f "o head to ! o!r1 ar\nd ! coil4 ,! wire us$ 9 con/ruct+ x1 z h]et(ore m5tion$1 is cov]$ 9 ! same mann] z bonnet wire1 & saturat$ or v>ni%$ ) gum %ellac4 ,?is prep>ation is necess>y1 9 ord] to prev5t a metallic contact ( ! wires ) ea* o!r4 ,su* a contact ( "s ( ! wires ) o!rs encircl+ ! iron prong1 w\ld ei!r weak5 or altoge!r de/roy ! effect int5d$ by _! _m turns4 ,if ! wires 7 b>e1 in/ead ( be+ cov]$1 ! galvanic fluid1 :5 appli$ to ! two ends1 ,a & ,a1 in/ead ( pass+ ?r\gh ! :ole l5g? ( ! wire 9 ! coil z its conductor1 w\ld pass lat]ally ?r\gh x z a mass ( copp]1 9 ! %orte/ direction x c\ld take4 ,= ?is reason1 !y require a c>eful & mo/ p]fect insulation4 ,two coils are ?us prep>$ = ea* magnet1 "o = ea* prong1 ,a & ,a1 figure #e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4 ,figure #g exhibits a view ( ! magnet2 figure #e1 ) its two coils1 ,h & ,h1 plac$ ^u ! prongs4 ,^? p>ts ( ! magnet1 n conceal$ by ! coils1 are lett]$ z 9 figure #e1 & correspond ) its description4 ,p repres5ts ! wire connect+ ! coil ,h ) ,h1 & ,a & ,a ! ends ( ! wires leav+ ! coils4 ,we n[ proce$ to expla9 ! mann] by :i* ! magnet is secur$ ^u a frame1 & ! arrangem5t ( ! armature1 ,e1 figure #g1 ^u a lev]1 s t ! motion peculi> = telegraphic writ+ may be %[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4 ,figure #h exhibits1 9 p]spective1 a view ( ! electro magnet & ! p5 lev]1 9 a condition to %[ ! effect ( ! galvanic batt]y ^u ! prongs ( ! magnet1 ,f & ,f1 & ! armature1 ,d1 & ! movem5t ( ! p5 lev] to :i* ! electro magnet is secur$4 ,a bolt1 ^u ! end ( :i* is a head or %\ld]1 passes ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! upright block1 ,c1 & betwe5 ! coils1 ,h & ,h1 & also ?r\gh ! brass brace1 ,o1 project+ a little beyond x1 ) a screw cut ^u its end4 ,! ?umb-nut1 ,p1 fitt$ to x1 is !n put on1 & ! :ole firmly held by screw+ ! ?umb-nut z f> z possible4 ,f & ,f are ! faces ( ! iron prongs1 z %[n 9 figure #g1 pres5t+ _! flat surface to ! armature1 ,d4 ,l is ! p5 lev]1 susp5d$ ^u /eel po9ts1 z its axis1 :i* pass ?r\gh its side at ,x1 & sold]$ to x4 ,ea* end ( ?is /eel c5tre is tap]$ s z to =m a %>p & delicate po9t or pivot4 ,e is a screw1 pass+ ?r\gh ! side ( ! brass /&>d1 ,g1 & pres5t+ at its end a sunk5 c5tre1 ! rev]se ( ! /eel pivot po9t at ,x4 ,!re is also ano!r screw1 simil> to ,e1 pass+ ?r\gh ! o!r side ( ! /&>d at ,g1 ) a sunk5 c5tre 9 its end4 ,by ! extremities ( ^! two screws1 to :i* ! tap]$ ends ( ! /eel c5tre is fitt$1 ! p5 lev] is susp5d$1 s z delicately to move up & d[n1 z %[n by ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,! brass /&>d1 ,g1 is secur$ to ! upright block1 ,c4 ,d is ! armature1 sold]$ to ! end ( ! brass p5 lev]1 ,l1 sep>at$ f ! faces ( ! magnet1 ,f & ,f1 ab\t ! eigh? ( an in*4 ,w is a yoke1 secur$ to ! lev] by a screw1 & :i* admits ?r\gh its l[] "p ! /eel wire spr+1 ,m ,m1 = ! purpose ( br++ d[n ! lev] :5 n act$ ^u by ! electro magnet4 ,! spr+ is secur$ to a brass /&>d at ! top1 repres5t$ by ,n4 ,r repres5ts ! ?ree /eel po9ts ( ! p51#c :i* m>k ^u ! pap] ! telegraphic *>act]s2 ea* ( :i* /rike into its own appropriate groove 9 ! /eel roll]1 ,s4 ,t & ,t are ! flanges ( ! /eel roll]1 ,s1 & :i* conf9e ! pap] z x passes betwe5 ! p5 po9ts1 ,r1 & ! /eel roll]1 ,s1 describ$ m fully h]eaft]4 ,j & ,i are two screws 9 ! horizontal cross b> atta*$ to ! /&>d1 ,g1 & are us$ = ! purpose ( adju/+ & limit+ ! p5 lev] 9 its movem5t upw>d & d[nw>d2 ! "o to prev5t ! p5 po9ts f /rik+ too deeply into ! pap] & te>+ x1 & ! o!r to prev5t ! armature f rec$+ too f> f ! faces ( ! electro magnet1 & beyond its attraction1 :5 x is a magnet4 ,k is ! connect+ wire ( ! two coils ,h & ,h4 ,a & ,b %[ ! ends ( ! wire1 "o com+ f ea* coil & pass+ ?r\gh ! /&1 & se5 bel[ at a & b4 #c ,"o m>k+ po9t w suffice4 ,hav+ expla9$ ?is arrangem5t ( ! electro magnet1 ! p5 lev]1 & ! batt]y2 ! effect ( ! latt] ^u ! =m] w n[ be describ$4 ,let "o ( ! wires f ! coils1 figure #h1--;a1 = in/ance1 be ext5d$ s f>1 t x c conv5i5tly & securely be connect$ ) ! m]cury cup1 ,n1 figure #d1 ( t pole ( ! batt]y4 ,!n take ! wire b1 figure #h1 & ext5d x also to a conv5i5t l5g?1 s z to be freely h&l$1 & connect x ) ! m]cury cup1 ,p1 figure #d1 ( ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y4 ,x w be f\nd at ! in/ant ! connection is made1 t ! lev]1 ,l1 figure #h1 w fly up 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ at ,w4 ,! iron prongs 9 ! c5tre ( ! coils1 ,h & ,h1 :i* 7 be=e p]fectly free f any attractive p[]1 h n[ become p[]fully magnetic by ! inductive influ5ce ( ! galvanic curr5t foll[+ ! circuit\s turns ( ! wire ar\nd ! iron1 s t n[ ! electro magnet is capable ( su/a9+ tw5ty or tw5ty-five p\nds weight4 ,?is magnetic p[] conc5trat$ 9 ! faces ( ! electro magnet1 ,f & ,f1 attracts to x ! armature or small iron1 ,d1 draw+ ! p5 lev] d[n on t side ( its axis1 & produc+ a rev]se motion on ! o!r side at ,l4 ,n[ take out ! wire b f ! m]cury cup1 & 9 an in/ant its magnetism is gone1 & ! lev]1 ,l1 falls by ! action ( ! spr+1 ,m4 ,if ! circuit is clos$ a second "t1 ! lev] aga9 flies up2 & if imm$iately brok51 falls4 ,9 ?is mann] x w cont9ue to op]ate 9 p]fect ob$i5ce to ! clos+ or break+ ( ! circuit4 ,if ! circuit is clos$ & brok5 9 rapid succession1 ! lev] obeys & exhibits a con/ant & rapid vibration4 ,if ! circuit is clos$ & !n brok5 aft] a %ort int]val1 ! lev] w rema9 up ! same l5g? ( "t1 ! circuit is clos$1 & falls ^u its be+ brok54 ,:atev] may be ! "t ! circuit is brok51 ! lev] w rema9 up = ! same l5g? ( "t1 & :atev] may be ! "t x cont9ues brok51 ! lev] w rema9 d[n = ! same "t4 ,suppose ! magnet is sep>at$ at ! di/ance ( "o mile f ! batt]y2 ^u manipulat+ at ! batt]y1 at t di/ance1 9 ! mann] j describ$1 ! same vibratory motion is produc$ 9 all its v>ieties1 z :5 !y 7 remov$ only a %ort di/ance4 ,sep>ate !m #aj miles1 & /ill ! same my/]i\s fluid is ob$i5t to ! pleasure ( ! op]ator 9 produc+ ! desir$ motion ( ! p5 lev]4 ,if !y 7 sep>at$ at di/ances ( #ajj or #ajjj or #ajj1jjj miles ap>t1 ! lev] w\ld d\btless obey ! manipulations ( ! op]ator1 z readily z if only di/ant a few feet4 ,"h is exhibit$ ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,morse's ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph is bas$1 & :i* gives to ! sev]al portions ( ! civiliz$ _w ! p[] ( hold+ in/antane\s communication ) ea* o!r1 ) a rapidity f> beyond :at has ev] be=e be5 atta9$4 ,z ! above explanation is giv5 only 9 ref]5ce to ! p[] ( ! electro magnet1 :5 connect$ ) ! batt]y1 & to %[ ! movem5ts ( ! p5 lev]1 we %all speak ( ! arrangem5t ( ! wires = ext5d$ l9es h]eaft]4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! electro magnet & its op]ation ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! batt]y1 we w proce$ to describe ^? v>i\s p>ts ( ! regi/]1 by :i* ! electro magnet is made subs]vi5t to ! transmission ( intellig5ce f "o di/ant po9t to ano!r4 ,figure #i repres5ts1 9 p]spective1 ! :ole ( ! regi/]1 z also ! key or correspond5t4 ,! electro magnet1 ,h & ,h1 & ! p5 lev]1 ,l1 :i* h j be5 describ$ "u figure #h1 ne$ n be recapitulat$ "h4 ,! lett]s us$ 9 figure #h1 repres5t ! same p>ts ( ! electro magnet 9 ?is figure4 ,! brass frame conta9+ ! clock "w1 or r :eel "w1 ( ! in/rum5t1 is se5 at #e & #e4 ,! :ole purpose ( ! clock "w is to draw ! pap]1#d #b1 #b1 "u ! /eel roll]1 ,s1 & ov] ! p51 ,r1 at an uni=m rate4 #d ,! pap] us$ = telegraphic writ+ is fir/ manufactur$ by ! pap] mak+ ma*9e 9 "o long cont9u\s %eet1 ( any l5g?1 ab\t ?ree feet & a half 9 wid?1 & is compactly roll$ up z x is made1 ^u a wood5 cyl9d]4 ,x is !n put into a la! & m>k$ (f 9 equal divisions ( "o & a half in*es 9 wid?2 a knife is appli$ to "o division at a "t1 & z ! roll ( pap] revolves1 ! knife cuts ?r\gh ! entire coil until x rea*es ! wood5 c5tre4 ,?is furni%es a coil ready = ! regi/]1 & is ab\t fifte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! :ole roll ( pap] furni%es1 9 ?is way1 ab\t tw5ty-eight small rolls prep>$ = use4 ,!re is also an arrangem5t 9 connection ) ! :eel "w1 by means ( :i* ! clock "w is put 9 motion & /opp$ at ! pleasure ( ! op]ator at ! di/ant /ation4 ,h[ ?is is done w n[ be expla9$4 ,^u ! %aft1 ,r1 is a brass b>rel1 ^u :i* is w\nd ! cord to :i* ! weight1 #d1 is susp5d$1 & by means ( :i* & ! int]m$iate :eels1 ! motion produc$1 is communicat$ to two roll]s 7n se5 9 ?is figure1 see fig4 #aj1 ,e ,f7 9 advance ( ! /eel groov$ roll]1 ,s4 ,^! two roll]s grasp ! pap]1 #b1 #b1 #c1 betwe5 !m1 & supply x to ! p5 at a giv5 & uni=m rate2 ! rate be+ det]m9$ by ! adju/m5t ( ! w+s ( ! fly1 connect$ ) ! tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,we w n[ describe1 by figure #aj1 ^? p>ts connect$ ) ! :eel "w1 :i* c\ld n be easily %[n 9 figure #i4 ,f & ,e repres5t1 9 outl9e1 ! two roll]s :i* grasp ! pap]1 #b & #b4 ,! roll] ,e is connect$ ) ! tra9 by a cog :eel ^u x4 ,f is n s connect$2 b is press$ h>d ^u ,e by means ( spr+s ^u ! ends ( ! axle2 ,s repres5ts ! groov$ /eel roll] b5ea? :i* ! pap]1 #b & #b1 is se5 to pass4 ,directly "u ! /eel roll] is "o ( ! /eel p5 po9ts at ,r1 ^u ! end ( ! p5 lev]2 a "p ( :i* only is %[n4 ,?us f> ! description giv5 ( ! clock "w1 relates to ^? p>ts1 by ! ag5cy ( :i* ! p5 is suppli$ ) pap]4 ,we n[ proce$ to expla9 t "p connect$ ) ! clock & p5 lev]1 by :i* ! clock is set 9 motion or /opp$ at ! option ( ! di/ant op]ator4 ,9 figure #i1 at ,r1 is se5 a small pulley ^u ! b>rel %aft ( ! clock "w2 at ,q1 is ano!r pulley1 b l>g]4 ,f ! pulley1 ,r1 is a cord1#e or b&1 #aj1 proce$+ to pulley1 ,q1 & !n return+ "u x to pulley1 ,r1 mak+ x cont9u\s4 ,?is b& communicates ! motion ( pulley1 ,r1 to ! pulley1 ,q4 ,9 figure #aj1 ^! pulleys are repres5t$ by ! same lett]s4 ,b repres5ts ! b>rel2 ! arr[1 ! direction 9 :i* x revolves :5 9 motion4 ,! arr[ at ,q %[s ! direction :i* x takes :5 motion is communicat$ to x by ,r4 ,"p ( ! pulley1 ,q1 is brok5 away 9 ord] to %[ ! arm1 ,h1 sold]$ at ! middle ( ! same sp9dle ^u :i* is ! pulley1 ,q1 & directly b5ea? ! p5 lev]1 ,l4 ,x is b5t at ,d1 s z to turn d[n & /rike ! wood5 friction :eel1 ,c1 at ! po9t1 ,p4 ,! friction :eel is secur$ ^u ! la/ sp9dle ( ! tra9 at its middle & directly "u ! lev]1 ,l4 ,f ! p5 lev]1 ,l1 is se5 a small rod ( wire1 ,a1 pass+ d[n ?r\gh ! arm1 ,h1 ) screw & nut "u x1 at ,i1 = ! purpose ( %ort5+ or l5g!n+ x4 ,x is p]mitt$ to "w free1 bo? at its connection ) ! lev] & arm4 ,?is wire is also ext5d$ & passes d[n ?r\gh ! plat=m1 :]e x op]ates ^u a hamm] = /rik+ a bell1 to apprise ! op]ator t a communication is to be s5t4 ,! sev]al p>ts be+ n[ expla9$1 _! comb9$ action is z foll[s3 #e ,! pulley & cord h be5 disp5s$ ) & two small cog :eels sub/itut$4 ,! arm1 ,h & ,d1 is a break1 :i* :5 br\ght 9 contact ) ! friction :eel1 ,c1 prev5ts ! weight ( ! clock "w f act+ ^u ! tra91 & !re is no motion4 ,by ! action ( ! magnet1 ! p5 lev]1 ,l1 is c>ri$ up 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 #c1 & takes ) x ! connect+ rod1 ,a1 & also ! break1 ,h1 ,d4 ,! break be+ ?us remov$ f ! friction :eel1 ,c1 ! clock "w comm5ces runn+ by ! p[] ( ! weight4 ,! b>rel1 ,b1 mu/ consequ5tly turn 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ^u x2 ?is motion is communicat$ by ! b& to ,q1 :i* revolves 9 ! direction ( its arr[2 consequ5tly1 if ! lev]1 ,l1 is n /ill held up by ! magnet1 ! break is desc5d+ sl[ly2 & :5 x rea*es ,p1 /ops ! motion ( ! clock tra91 unless ! p5 lev] cont9ues 9 motion1 9 :i* case ! break1 ,d1 is kept up f ! friction :eel1 ?us p]mitt+ ! clock "w to run1 until ! lev] ceases to move1 :5 ! break is gradually br\ght d[n ^u ! friction :eel1 & ! tra9 /ops4 ,by ?is contrivance1 ! op]ator at a di/ance c s control ! movem5t ( ! pap] at ! remote regi/]1 t :5 he wi%es to write1 x %all be put 9 motion1 8 p5 be suppli$ ) pap]1 & :5 he has f9i%$ 8 writ+1 ! regi/] %all /op4 ,u repres5ts 7figure #i7 ! brass /&>ds1 "o on ea* side ( ! l>ge roll ( pap]1 #a1 #a1 #a1 :i* x supports4 ,z is a wood5 hub1 ^u :i* ! roll is plac$2 & #ab1 ! /eel arbor ( ! hub1 & ^u :i* ! :ole easily revolves z ! pap]1 #b & #b1 is drawn (f by ! clock "w4 ,y is a brass spr+1 betwe5 ! hub & ! /&>d2 & keeps ! pap] /ret*$ betwe5 ! roll & ! p54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4 ,! key or correspond5t is repres5t$ by #f1 #g1 #h1 #i4 ,ano!r view ( x is m di/9ctly se5 9 figure #aa4 ,! same lett]s 9 ea*1 repres5t ! same ?+4 ,v & ,v is ! plat=m4 #h is a metallic anvil1 ) its small] end appe>+ bel[1 to :i* is sold]$ ! copp] wire c4 #g is ! metallic hamm]1 atta*$ to a brass spr+1 #i1 :i* is secur$ to a block1 #f1 & ! :ole to ! plat=m1 ,v ,v1 by screws4 ,a copp] wire passes ?r\gh ! :ole1 & is sold]$ to ! brass spr+ at #f4 ,! key or correspond5t is us$ = writ+ ^u ! regi/] at ! di/ant /ation1 & bo? x & ! regi/] are usually ^u ! same table4 ,hav+ n[ expla9$ ! ,regi/]1 ,key & ,batt]y1 we proce$ to describe ! arrangem5t ( ! conductors or wires connect+ di/ant /ations1 & ! mode by :i* ! e>?1 also1 is made a conductor ( ?is subtle fluid4 ,! t]m circuit us$ frequ5tly 9 ?is "w1 has ref]5ce to ! wire1 :i*1 comm5c+ at ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 goes to any di/ance & returns to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,:5 its go+ & return+ are cont9u\s or unbrok51 ! circuit is said to be clos$ or complete4 ,:5 x is int]rupt$1 or ! wire is disconnect$1 ! circuit is said to be brok5 or op54 ,:5 a magnet or key or batt]y is spok5 ( z be+ 9 ! circuit1 x has ref]5ce to ! use ( ! wire belong+ to ! key1 magnet or batt]y1 respectively1 z a "p ( ! circuit4 ,!re are ?ree modes ( arrang+ ! wires1 s z to communicate betwe5 two di/ant /ations4 ,two ( ^! modes are inf]ior1 z !y furni% b "o circuit = ! t]m9i1 & consequ5tly oblig+ "o /ation to wait1 :5 ! o!r is transmitt+1 bo? /ations n be+ able to telegraph at ! same "t4 ,^! two modes are call$ ! dep5d5t circuits4 ,! fir/ mode is1 :]e two wires are us$1 ( :i* figure #ab is a diagram4 ,b repres5ts ,baltimore1 & ,w ,wa%+ton2 m is ! magnet or regi/]2 k ! key1 & bat ! batt]y1 all at ! ,baltimore /ation2 m is ! magnet or regi/]2 k ! key at ! ,wa%+ton /ation4 ,! l9es1 repres5t ! wires ^u ! poles1 connect+ ! two /ations1 & are call$ ! ea/ & we/ wires4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ( ! wires & also 9 ! second1 ! key 7:i* has be5 expla9$ 9 a prec$+ figure1 #aa1 & %[n at #f & #g to be op57 mu/ be clos$ at bo? /ations1 9 ord] to complete ! circuit1 except at ! "t :5 a communication is be+ transmitt$4#f ,= ! purpose ( clos+ ! circuit at ! key1 a metallic w$ge is us$1 :i* is put 9 betwe5 ! anvil #h & ! hamm] #g1 & e/abli%es ! circuit4 ,suppos+ ! batt]y is 9 action1 & ,b has a communication = ,w3 he op5s 8 key1 by remov+ ! w$ge1 & s5ds 8 message4 ,! galvanic fluid leaves ! po9t1 ,p1 ( ! batt]y1 & goes to k1 to m1 along ! ea/ wire to k1 to m1 & back by ! we/ wire to ,n pole ( ! batt]y4 ,9 ! same mann] x proce$s along ! wires1 if ,w is writ+ to ,b4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 ! direction ( ! galvanic curr5t is ! same1 :e!r ,b or ,w is communicat+1 unless ! poles ( ! batt]y are rev]s$4 #f ,at ?is "t ! key is op5$ at ! /ation f :i* ! communication is to be s5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4 ,! second mode has b "o wire & ! gr\nd1 repres5t$ by figure #ac4 ,! use ( ! gr\nd z a conductor ( ! galvanic fluid1 betwe5 two di/ant po9ts1 is to _m a my/]y4 ,b ( ! fact !re is no "q4 ,! above diagram exhibits ! mann] 9 :i* ! ea/ wire & gr\nd 7 us$ f ! fir/ op]ation ( ! ,telegraph1 until ! close ( ! session ( ,congress1 ,june1 #ahdd4 ,9 ?is diagram1 we w m9utely foll[ ! c\rse ( ! galvanic curr5t4 ,b repres5ts ,baltimore1 & ,w ,wa%+ton2 ,c repres5ts a %eet ( copp]1 five feet long & two & a half feet wide1 to :i* a wire is sold]$ & connects ) ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y4 ,?is %eet ( copp] lies 9 ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! dock1 ne> ! depot ( ! ,baltimore & ,ohio ,rail ,road1 ,pratt /reet4 ,f ,p ( ! batt]y1 ! wire proce$s to k1 ! key1 !n to m1 ! magnet or regi/]1 !n x is ! ea/ wire to k1 ! key at ,w1 !n to m1 ! magnet or regi/]1 !n to ! copp] %eet1 ,c1 buri$ b5ea? ! brick pavem5t 9 ! dry du/ ( ! cell> ( ! capitol4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t is f ,p ( ! batt]y to k1 to m1 & along ! ea/ wire to k1 to m1 & to ,c1 :]e x is lo/ 9 ! e>?2 b reappe>s at ! copp] plate1 ,c1 at ,b1 & !nce to ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y1 hav+ complet$ its circuit4 ,x is1 !re=e1 c]ta91 t "o-half ( ! circuit is ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,f ,b to ,w ! ea/ wire is ! conductor2 & f ,w to ,b ! gr\nd is ! conductor4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t1 ! we/ wire is ?r[n out1 & is no "p ( ! circuit2 :ile ! e>? has be5 made a sub/itute = x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4 ,! la/ diagram1 z has be5 /at$1 exhibits ! plan ( ! wire & gr\nd1 z us$ = telegraphic purposes1 f its fir/ op]ation1 until ! adj\rnm5t ( ,congress 9 #ahdd1 be+ prev5t$ f complet+ ! arrangem5t ( ! ?ird mode f ! ?rong ( visitors1 t press$ to see its op]ation4 ,aft] ! close ( ! session1 ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! wires 0 made1 z %[n 9 ! diagram1 figure #ad1 by means ( :i*1 bo? /ations c\ld transmit at ! same "t1 ) "o batt]y = bo?1 & ! keys 7 n requir$ to be clos$4 ,x is call$ ! two indep5d5t circuits4 ,"h ! we/ wire is us$ = transmitt+ f ,b to ,w2 & ! ea/ wire f ,w to ,b4 ,! copp] plates at ,b & ,w rema9 z !y are describ$ 9 ! second plan4 ,bat1 ! batt]y1 at ,b is us$ 9 common = bo? circuits4 ,x is simply necess>y "h to designate ! c\rse :i* ! fluid takes :5 bo? l9es are 9 op]ation1 viz4 ,b transmitt+ to ,w2 & ,w to ,b4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! curr5t is f ,p ( ! batt]y to k1 !n ! we/ wire1 !n to m1 at ,w1 !n to ,c1 !nce ?r\gh ! gr\nd to ,c at ,b1 & !n to ! ,n1 or negative pole ( ! batt]y1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! curr5t is f ,p ( ! batt]y to m1 !n ! ea/ wire1 !n to k1 at ,w1 !nce to ,c1 !nce ?r\gh ! gr\nd to ,c at ,b1 !nce to ! ,n1 or nor? pole ( ! batt]y1 z %[n by ! arr[s4 ,?is arrangem5t1 by :i* "o batt]y is made effici5t = bo? circuits at ! same "t1 :]e two 7 =m]ly us$1 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,vail1 assi/ant sup]9t5d5t1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahdd1 & has contribut$ mu* to dim9i% ! c>e & exp5se 9 ma9ta9+ t "p ( ! app>atus ( ! telegraph4 ,"o batt]y be+ n[ us$ in/ead ( two4 ,by ! above diagram1 x w be p]ceiv$ t ! gr\nd is common to bo? circuits1 z well z ! batt]y1 & also ! wire f ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y1 to ! copp] plate1 ,c2 & f ! copp] plate1 ,c1 to ! junction ( ! two wires ne> ! two arr[s4 ,= ! purposes ( telegraphic communication !y answ] z well z ?\gh !re 7 f\r wires & two batt]ies4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! gr\nd betwe5 ,c & ,c1 a wire might be sub/itut$1 ext5d+ f ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y to ! junction ( ! wires at ! two arr[s at ,w4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! wires1 batt]y1 keys1 magnets or regi/]s at bo? /ations1 ) ! gr\nd1 z %[n 9 figure #ad1 is ! plan n[ us$ = telegraphic op]ations betwe5 ,b & ,w2 & has _m decid$ advantages ov] ! arrangem5ts ( figures #ac & #ad4 ,fir/4 ,9 bo? ( ^? arrangem5ts1 ! circuit is oblig$ to be kept clos$1 :5 nei!r /ation is at "w2 & z ! batt]y is only 9 action :5 ! circuit is clos$1 x foll[s t ! batt]y w n keep 9 action z long z :5 ! circuit is all[$ to rema9 op51 z 9 ! use ( ! ?ird plan1 figure #ae4 ,second4 ,!re is an advantage 9 disp5s+ ) ! use ( ! metallic w$ge1 :i* is liable to be =gott5 by ! op]ator4 ,?ird4 ,! att5dant may occasionally leave ! room1 & is n requir$ to be 9 con/ant wait+1 z ! clock "w is put 9 motion & /opp$ by ! op]ator at ! o!r end1 & ! message writt5 )\t 8 pres5ce4 ,b 9 ! fir/ & second arrangem5t1 ! app>atus = putt+ 9 motion & /opp+ ! clock "w1 is entirely useless4 ,! att5dant be+ oblig$ to put x 9 motion & /op x himself4 ,we w n[ proce$ to describe ! modus op]&i ( transmitt+ intellig5ce f "o /ation to ano!r2 ! arrangem5t be+ z 9 figure #ad2 k is ! key ( ! op]ator at ,baltimore1 & m repres5ts 8 regi/]1 or writ+ desk1 at ,wa%+ton2 k is ! key ( ! op]ator at ,wa%+ton1 & m 8 regi/]1 or writ+ desk1 at ,baltimore4 ,ea* has ! entire control ( 8 respective regi/]1 except+1 only1 t ea* op]ator w9ds up ! o!r's in/rum5t1 & keeps x suppli$ ) pap]4 ,x w also be borne 9 m9d1 t ea* circuit is complete1 & ev]y:]e cont9u\s1 except at ! keys1 :i* are op54 ,if1 !n1 ! hamm] is br\ght 9 sudd5 contact ) ! anvil1 & p]mitt$ z quickly z possible to break its contact by ! action ( ! spr+1 & resume its =m] position1 ! galvanic fluid1 g5]at$ at ! batt]y1 flies its r\nd ^u ! circuit1 no matt] h[ quick t contact has be5 made & brok54 ,x has made ! iron ( ! electro magnet a magnet2 :i* has attract$ to x ! armature ( ! p5 lev]2 ! p5 lev]1 by its /eel p5 po9ts1 has ind5t$ ! pap]1 & ! p5 lev] has1 also1 by ! connect+ wire ) ! break2 tak5 x f ! friction :eel2 ?is has releas$ ! clock "w1 :i*1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! weight1 has comm5c$ runn+1 & ! two roll]s h suppli$ ! p5 ) pap]4 ,b1 z only "o t\* ( ! key has be5 made1 ! clock "w soon /ops aga91 if no o!r t\*es are made1 by ! action ( ! break ^u ! friction :eel4 ,?is %[s ! :ole op]ation ( ! ,telegraph1 9 mak+ a s+le dot by a s+le t\* ( ! key4 ,9 ord] n[ to expla9 m fully ! op]ation ( ! /eel p5 po9ts ^u ! pap]1 :i* is 9 contact ) ! groov$ roll]1 let !re be made f\r t\*es at ! key2 ?is w be suffici5t to />t ! clock "w1 & all[ ! pap] to h atta9$ a uni=m rate2 !n let six t\*es be made at ! key4 ,! contact has be5 made six times & brok5 six times4 ,ea* "t x is clos$1 ! electro magnet1 z h]et(ore expla9$1 attracts to x1 ) consid]able =ce1 ! armature ( ! p5 lev]1 c>ry+ up ! /eel p5 po9ts aga9/ ! pap]1 #b1 "u ! /eel roll]1 ,s4 ,! ?ree po9ts ( ! p51 fall+ into ! ?ree correspond+ grooves ( ! roll]1 c>ry ! pap] ) !m & ind5t x1#g at ea* contact4 ,!re !n appe> ^u ! pap]1 z x passes out f "u ! roll]s1 six ind5tations1 z if x _h be5 press$ ^u by a blunt$ po9t1 su* z ! end ( a knitt+ ne$le w\ld be suppos$ to make1 :5 press$ ^u pap]1 plac$ ov] a %all[ hole1 b 9 su* a mann] z n to pass ?r\gh ! pap]1 b rais+ ! surface1 z 9 ! pr9t+ = ! bl9d4 ,^! ind5tations ( ! pap] are ! m>k+ ( ! p51 b v>i$ 9 ! mann] n[ to be describ$4 #g ,! fir/ work+ model ( ! ,telegraph 0 furni%$ ) a lead p5cil1 = writ+ its *>act]s ^u pap]4 ,?is 0 f\nd to require too mu* att5tion1 z x ne$$ frequ5t %>p5+1 & 9 o!r respects 0 f\nd inf]ior to a p5 ( peculi> con/ruction1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds sub/itut$4 ,?is p5 0 suppli$ ) ink f a res]voir atta*$ to x4 ,x answ]$ well1 s long z c>e 0 tak5 to keep up a prop] supply ( ink1 :i*1 f ! "* ( ! lett]s1 & sometimes ! rapid1 & at o!rs ! sl[ rate ( writ+1 0 f\nd to be difficult & tr\blesome4 ,& !n aga91 if ! p5 ceas$ writ+ = a little "t1 ! ink evaporat$ & left a s$im5t 9 ! p51 requir+ x to be clean$1 be=e x 0 aga9 9 writ+ ord]4 ,^! difficulties turn$ ! att5tion ( ! inv5tor to o!r modes ( writ+1 diff]+ f ! two previ\s modes4 ,a v>iety ( exp]im5ts 7 made1 & among !m1 "o ^u ! pr9ciple ( ! manifold lett] writ]s2 & :i* answ]$ ! purpose v well1 = a %ort "t4 ,?is plan 0 also f\nd objectionable1 & aft] mu* "t & exp5se exp5d$ ^u x1 x 0 ?r[n aside = ! pres5t mode ( m>k+ ! telegraphic lett]4 ,?is mode has be5 f\nd to answ] 9 e respect all t c\ld be desir$4 ,x produces an impression ^u ! pap]1 n to be mi/ak54 ,x is clean1 & ! po9ts mak+ ! impression be+ ( ! v h>de/ /eel1 d n we>1 & r5d]s ! writ+ app>atus always ready = use4 ,by exam9+ ! telegraphic alphabet1 ! *>act]s w be f\nd to be made up ( dots3 %ort & long l9es--& %ort & long spaces4 ,a s+le t\* ( ! key1 answ]s to a s+le dot on ! pap] ( ! regi/]2 :i* repres5ts ! lett]1 ,e4 ,"o t\* ( ! key prolong$1 t is1 ! contact at ! key cont9u$ = ab\t ! "t requir$ to make two dots1 produces a %ort l9e1 & repres5ts ,t4 ,a s+le t\* = ab\t ! "t requir$ to make f\r dots1 is a long l9e1 & repres5ts ,l4 ,a s+le t\* = ab\t ! "t requir$ to make six dots1 is a /ill long] l9e & repres5ts ! #j ( ! num]als4 ,if ! use ( ! key be susp5d$ = ab\t ! "t requir$ to make ?ree dots1 x is a %ort space1 us$ betwe5 lett]s4 ,if susp5d$ = ! "t requir$ to make six dots1 x is a long space1 us$ betwe5 words1 & a long] space is t us$ betwe5 s5t5ces4 ,^! are ! elem5ts :i* ent] into ! con/ruction ( ! telegraphic *>act]s1 z us$ 9 transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,! alphabet is repres5t$ by ! foll[+ comb9ation ( ^! elem5ts4 ,,alphabet4 - - - - -- -- -- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ---- -- - - - - - ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v -- - -- - - - ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d --- -- - -- ------ #e #f #g #h #i #j ,suppose ! foll[+ s5t5ce is to be transmitt$ f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore3 - - -- - - ---- ,t h e ,a m e r i c a n ,e l e c - -- - -- - - - ---- -- t r o ,m a g n e t i c ,t e l e g - - - - - - - r a p h i n v e n t e d b y - - - -- ,p r o f e s s o r ,s ,f ,b ,m o - - -- -- r s e o f ,n e w ,y o r k - - - - - - o n b o a r d o f t h e - -- - - ---- p a c k e t s h i p ,s u l ---- - - ---- ---- - l y ,c a p t ,p e l l o n - - -- - -- h e r p a s s a g e f r o m - - - - -- ,h a v r e t o ,n e w ,y o r -- - - -- - - - k ,o c t o b e r #a #h #c #b ,x is evid5t1 z ! att5dant at ,baltimore has no ag5cy 9 ! transmission ( ?is message f ,wa%+ton1 8 pres5ce1 ev51 is n absolutely requir$ 9 ! telegraph room at ,baltimore1 nor is x necess>y1 previ\sly1 to ask ! "q1 are y !re8 ,! op]ator at ,wa%+ton transmits x to ,baltimore1 :e!r ! att5dant is !re or n1 & ! telegraphic *>act]s are di/9ctly record$ ^u ! pap] ( ! ,baltimore-regi/]4 ,if he omits a lett] at ! key1 9 ,wa%+ton1 x is omitt$ on ! pap] 9 ,baltimore4 ,if he has add$ at ! key 9 ,wa%+ton1 x is also ^u ! pap] 9 ,baltimore1 no?+ m or less is m>k$ ^u x4 ,specim5 ( ! ,telegraphic ,language4 - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- -- - -- - - ---- - - ---- - -- - - - - - - -- ---- - - - - -- -- - -- ---- - ---- - -- - -- - - - - ---- ---- - ---- ---- - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - -- - -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - ---- ---- - - - -- - -- ---- - - - - - -- - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - ---- - - - -- - - - - - - - ---- - - - ---- - - -- - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - ---- - - - - - - - - ---- - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - -- - - ---- ---- -- - - ---- - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- ---- - - -- -- - - - - ---- - -- - - - -- - - - - - ---- - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - - -- - - - ---- -- - ---- - - -- - - - - -- - - -- - ---- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - ---- - - - -- - -- ---- ---- - - - - -- - -- - - -- - - - - - ---- - - - - -- ---- ---- - - - - - ---- -- - - - - -- -- -- - - -- ,f ! peculi>ity ( ! motion obta9$ at ! p5 lev] by ! action ( ! batt]y ^u ! electro magnet1 x is evid5t t a few elem5ts only are pres5t$ ^u :i* to base ! telegraphic *>act]s4 ,! motion ( ! lev]1 to :i* is atta*$ ! /eel p5 po9ts1 is vibratory2 b capable ( be+ s controll$ z to cause x to reta9 ei!r ( its positions 7t is1 up or d[n7 z long1 & at su* int]vals1 & 9 z quick succession z ! op]ator may *oose4 ,!re=e1 e sort ( comb9ation :i* dots1 l9es & spaces1 9 any succession1 & ( any l5g? c make1 are "h z mu* at ! pleasure ( ! telegraphic manipulator1 z ! ,engli% alphabet is ) ! lett] writ]4 ,s t if f ?is c\ntless v>iety1 tw5ty-six ( ! mo/ simple1 to repres5t lett]s1 & t5 to repres5t ! num]als1 %all be tak51 we come at once into possession ( ! means ( repres5t+ words & s5t5ces1 by new1 b intelligible *>act]s1 & ?r\gh !m1 c be convey$ z cle>ly1 & z concisely1 z if !y 7 giv5 viva voce1 or writt5 9 ,roman *>act]s4 ,su* is ! alphabet giv5 above4 ,?is conv5tional alphabet 0 orig9at$ on bo>d ! packet ,sully1 by ,pr(4 ,morse1 ! v fir/ elem5ts ( ! inv5tion1 & arose f ! necessity ( ! case2 ! motion produc$ by ! magnet be+ limit$ to a s+le action4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ?irte5 ye>s1 _m plans h be5 devis$ by ! inv5tor to br+ ! telegraphic alphabet to its simple/ =m4 ,! plan ( us+ ! common lett]s ( ! alphabet1 tw5ty-six 9 numb]1 ) tw5ty-six wires1 "o wire to ea* lett]1 has receiv$ its due %>e ( 8 "t & ?\ght4 ,o!r modes ( us+ ! common lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ) a s+le wire1 has also be5 "u 8 consid]ation4 ,plans ( us+ two1 ?ree1 f\r1 five & six wires to "o regi/]+ ma*9e1 h1 9 _! turn1 receiv$ proportionate /udy & delib]ation4 ,b ^!1 & _m o!r plans1 aft] mu* c>e & _m exp]im5ts1 h be5 disc>d$2 he be+ satisfi$ t !y d n possess t ess5tial elem5t1 simplicity1 :i* belongs to 8 orig9al fir/ ?\ght1 & ! "o :i* he has adopt$4 ,a detail$ acc\nt ( ^! v>i\s plans ) few] or m wires1 might be giv5 "h1 b x w suffice m]ely to pres5t ! alphabet adapt$ to a regi/]1 us+ #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 or #f wires1 ) a sep>ate p5 to ea* wire capable ( work+ toge!r1 or 9 any succession4 ,x is obvi\s t e additional p5 w give an additional elem5t to increase ! comb9ation1 & 7 !re any real advantage 9 su* an arrangem5t x w\ld h be5 adopt$ long s9ce4 ,no4 #a4 ,alphabet = two p5s1 op]at+ toge!r or 9 succession4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #e #f #g #h #i #j ,no4 #b4 ,alphabet = ?ree p5s1 op]at+ toge!r or 9 succession4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,no4 #c4 ,alphabet = f\r p5s1 op]at+ toge!r or 9 succession4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,no4 #d4 ,alphabet = five p5s1 op]at+ toge!r or 9 succession4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,no4 #e4 ,alphabet = six p5s1 op]at+ toge!r or 9 succession4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,,correspond5t ,,or ,,key4 ,! modes ( manipulation = s5d+ intellig5ce1 :i* at v>i\s times h be5 inv5t$ by ,pr(4 ,morse1 are m v>i\s ?an any o!r "p ( ! ma*9]y ( ! telegraph4 ,a few ( !m w n[ be describ$4 ,! fir/ me?od1 inv5t$ z e>ly z ! ye> #ahcb1 0 t ( us+ a type1 resembl+ saw-tee?1 set up 9 long frames1 & made to pass "u a lev]1 by means ( ma*9]y1 at a uni=m rate1 = ! purpose ( clos+ & break+ ! circuit1 9 a mann] h]eaft] to be describ$4 ,! foll[+ figure1 #ae1 repres5ts ! saw-tee? type4 ,! top ( ! n>r[ too? corresponds ) ! dots ( ! lett]s1 & ! long too?1 ) ! l9es ( ! lett]s4 ,= in/ance1 ,a1 has "o too? = a dot1 & a long too? = a l9e1 :i* is ! telegraphic lett] ,a2 !n foll[s a space at ! end ( ! type1 correspond+ ) ! %ort space betwe5 two lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4 ,^! type 7 set up 9 a cavity1 made by putt+ two pieces ( long rules ( brass plate toge!r1 side by side1 ) a /rip ( half _! wid? betwe5 !m2 s z to make ! cavity suffici5tly l>ge to receive ! type4 ,?is 0 d5om9at$ ! port rule1 & is repres5t$ 9 figure #af by ,a ,a4 ,p>ts ( ! type are se5 ris+ above ! edge ( ! rule1 & bel[ x are se5 ! cogs1 by :i*1 ) ! :eel1 ,v1 ! p9ion1 ,l1 & ! crank1 ,o1 ! port rule1 ) its type1 7 c>ri$ along at an uni=m rate 9 a groove ( ! frame1 ,k1 ,r1 "u ! %ort lev]1 ,c1 :i* has a too?1 or cam1 at its extremity4 ,j is a support1 "o on ea* side ( ! frame1 = ! axis ( ! lev]1 ,b & ,c1 at its axis1 ,i2 a & i are two brass or copp] m]cury cups1 fa/5$ to ! frame4 ,^! cups h ! negative & positive wires sold]$ to !m1 ,n & ,p4 ,d & ,h are ! ends ( "o copp] wire1 b5t at "r angles at t portion ( x fa/5$ to ! lev]1 ,b4 ,! ends ( ! copp] wire are amalgamat$1 & s adju/$1 t :5 ! lev] is rais$ at ,c1 by ! action ( its cam1 pass+ ov] ! tee? ( ! type1 ! lev]1 ,b1 is depress$1 & ! wires1 ,d & ,h1 dip into ! m]cury cups1 & ?us complete ! connection4 ,?is plan work$ well1 b 0 too inconv5i5t & unwieldy4 ,! second me?od 0 ^u ! same pr9ciple1 ) a m compact arrangem5t4 ,! type be+ put into a hopp] & c>ri$ "o by "o ^u ! p]iph]y ( a :eel1 ! tee? act+ ^u a lev] 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! figure prec$+4 ,! :eel be+ horizontal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,! ?ird plan diff]$ only 9 "o respect1 in/ead ( ! types mov+ 9 a circle1 !y 7 made to move 9 a /raight l9e4 ,figure #ag repres5ts t in/rum5t4 ,! type 7 all made ) small holes ?r\gh _! sides1 s z to correspond ) ! tee? ( ! :eel1 ,a1 driv5 by clock "w & weight4 ,k is ! side ( ! frame conta9+ ! clock "w4 ,b is ! hopp] conta9+ ! types1 ) _! tee? outw>d4 ,! hopp] is incl9$ at an angle1 s t ! type may slide d[n z fa/ z "o is c>ri$ ?r\gh ! cavity1 a & b4 ,c is a brass block to keep ! type upright1 & slid+ d[n ) !m4 ,e & ,f are two small roll]s1 ) spr+s 7n %[n7 to su/a9 ! type1 aft] ! :eel1 ,a1 has c>ri$ !m beyond its rea*4 ,g is a lev] = ! same purpose z ,c 9 figure #af4 ,d its support1 ?r\gh :i* its axis passes4 ,i is ! long lev]1 ,o1 ( ! left side figure1 to ! end ( :i*1 is ! b5t wire 9 ! m]cury cups1 ,h & ,s1 & to :i* are sold]$ ! wires1 ,p & ,n4 ,t is ! spr+ to c>ry back ! lev]1 ,o4 ,f is "o ( ! small roll]s1 & ,g ! %ort lev]4 ,at ,r may be se5 a "p ( "o ( ! type pass+2 ! too? hav+ ! %ort lev] ^u its po9t1 !reby connect+ ! circuit at ! m]cury cups1 ,h & ,s1 by ! depression ( ! long lev]1 ,o4 ,! hopp]1 ,b1 may be ( consid]able l5g?1 & at a less angle4 ,:5 a communication is to be s5t1 x is set up 9 type1 & put 9 ! hopp]4 ,! clock "w is !n put 9 motion1 & ! :eel1 ,a1 w c>ry !m d[n "o by "o4 ,9 ?is mann]1 ! cam on ! end ( ! lev]1 ,g1 w pass ov] all ! tee? ( ! type1 z 9 ! plan %[n by figure #af4 ,! f\r? plan 0 by means ( keys1 "o = ea* lett] & num]al4 ,by press+ ^u any "o ( ! keys1 x w\nd up ! clock "w ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! key be+ in/antly releas$1 & return+ gradually to its =m] position1 produc$ ! clos+ & break+ ( ! circuit requir$ to write its "* ^u ! regi/]4 ,! fif? plan is 9 "s respects simil> to ! la/1 b mu* m simple1 & requir+ less "t 9 transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,figure #ah exhibits a view ( ! key$ correspond5t1 ) its clock "w4 ,a repres5ts a top view ( x1 & ,b is a side or front view4 #a #a #a #a1 ( bo? views1 repres5t ! long cyl9d]s ( %eet brass1 cov]$ ) wood or "s insulat+ sub/ance1 except at ! black l9es1 :i* repres5t ! =m ( ! lett]s1 made ( brass1 appe>+ at ! surface ( ! cyl9d] & ext5d+ d[n & sold]$ to ! int]ior brass cyl9d]4 ,a cross section ( ! cyl9d] is se5 at ,d1 ( :i* ! blank r+ is ! brass cyl9d]1 & ! blank op5+s to ! out] circle ! metallic =ms ( ! lett] ,j1 & ! %ad$ portion ( ! circle repres5ts ! insulat+ sub/ance1 cov]+ ! :ole surface ( ! cyl9d]1 except1 :]e ! lett]-=ms project f ! int]ior4 ,x is obvi\s t e lett] & p>ts ( ea* lett] are 9 metallic connection ) ! brass cyl9d]4 ,at ea* end ( ! cyl9d] is a brass head1 ) its metallic j\rnal1 & ! j\rnal or arbor turns ^u its c5tre 9 a brass /&>d1 #ag1 secur$ to ! v]tical frame4 ,to ?is /&>d is sold]$ ! copp] wire1 ,n1 connect$ ) ! negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,!re are toge!r ?irty-sev5 lett]s & num]als ^u ! cyl9d]1 & made to correspond to ! lett]s ( ! telegraphic alphabet4 ,to ea* ( ^!1 !re is a sep>ate key1 directly ov] ! lett] cyl9d]4 ,ea* key has its button1 ) its lett]1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 c41 m>k$ ^u x1 & b5ea? ! button 9 a frame ( brass1 is a little friction roll]4 ,! key is a slip ( ?9 brass1 s z to give x ! ela/icity ( a spr+1 & is secur$ at ! ?ick] end by two screws to a brass plate1 ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! cyl9d]1 s z to embrace ! :ole numb] ( keys4 ,?is plate is also fa/5$ to ! v]tical mahogany frame4 ,at ! "r h& end ( ! brass plate is sold]$ a copp] wire1 lead+ to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 aft] hav+ made its requir$ circuit ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnet1 c4 ,x is cle>1 t if any "o ( ! keys is press$ d[n ^u any portion ( a metallic lett]1 t ! circuit is complet$2 ! galvanic fluid w pass to ! brass plate to :i*1 ,p1 wire is sold]$2 !nce along ! plate to ! spr+ or key2 !n to ! small friction roll] b5ea? ! button2 !n to t portion ( any lett] ) :i* x is 9 contact2 !n to ! int]ior brass cyl9d]1 to ! arbor2 !n to ! brass /&>d1 & along ! negative wire1 sold]$ to x1 to ! batt]y4 ,we h n[ to expla9 9 :at mann]1 ! cyl9d] is made to revolve1 at ! in/ant any p>ticul> key is press$1 s t ! metallic =m ( ! lett] may pass at an uni=m rate "u ! roll] ( ! key2 break+ & connect+ ! circuit s z to write at ! regi/]1 ) me*anical accuracy1 ! lett] int5d$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4 #d #d is ! plat=m ^u :i* ! p>ts ( ! in/rum5t are fa/5$4 #c #c is ! v]tical wood5 back1 or support1 = ! keys & brass /&>d1 #ag4 #b is ! b>rel ( ! clock "w conta9$ )9 ! frames1 #e #e4 ,) ! clock "w1 a fly is connect$ = regulat+ its motion1 & a /op1 a1 = hold+ ! fly1 :5 ! in/rum5t is n 9 use2 #f is a v f9e too? :eel1 on ! end ( ! lett] cyl9d]2 #g is also a f9e too? :eel1 on a %aft driv5 by ! clock tra94 ,9 ! front view is se51 at #i1 ano!r f9e too? :eel1 susp5d$ ^u a lev]1 ! end ( :i* lev] is se5 at #h1 figure #ah1 ,a4 #ah is a /op1 9 ! /&>d1 #ag1 to limit ! return motion ( ! cyl9d]1 :i* also has a p9 at #ah1 at "r angles ) ! =m]4 #af is a small weight1 atta*$ to a cord1 & at its o!r end1 is fa/5$ to ! cyl9d] at b4 ,! relative position ( ! ?ree f9e too? :eels1 & ! lev]1 #h1 are bett] se5 9 a section ( ! in/rum5t1 figure #ai4 ,! same figures repres5t ! same :eels z 9 ! o!r views1 ,a & ,b4 #g is ! :eel driv5 by ! weight & tra94 #f ! :eel1 on ! end ( ! cyl9d]1 to :i* motion is to be communicat$1 & #i is ! :eel1 susp5d$ ^u ! end ( ! lev]1 #h1 ( :i* #aj is its c5tre4 #a #a1 is ! brass lett]$ cyl9d]4 #aa & #ac ! buttons ( ! two keys1 "o a little 9 advance ( ! o!r4 #ad is ! spr+ & ! two friction roll]s ( ! key1 may be se5 directly "u ! buttons4 #ae is ! /op p94 #af ! small weight & cord atta*$ to ! cyl9d]1 to br+ x back aft] ea* op]ation4 #d #d is ! end view ( ! mahogany plat=m4 ,! arr[s %[ ! direction :i* ! :eels take1 :5 ! lev] is press$ ) ! ?umb ( ! left h& at #h1 s z to br+ :eel #i1 up aga9/ #g & #f1 connect+ ! two1 z %[n by ! dott$ l9es4 ,:eel1 #g1 communicat+ its motion to #i1 & #i to #f1 :i* causes ! metallic lett]s to pass "u ! roll]s 9 ! direction ( ! arr[4 ,n[1 9 ord] to use ! in/rum5t1 let x be suppos$ a lett] is to be s5t4 ,! /op1 a1 figure #ah1 ,a1 is remov$ f ! fly1 & ! clock "w is set 9 motion by ! l>ge weight4 ,!n ! ?umb ( ! left h& presses ^u ! lev]1 #h1 at ! same "t1 key1 ,r1 is press$ d[n by ! f+] ( ! "r h&1 s t ! small roll] comes 9 contact ) ! cyl9d]4 ,at ! in/ant ! roll] t\*es ! cyl9d]1 ! lett] beg9s to move "u ! small roll]1 mak+ & break+ ! circuit ) me*anical accuracy4 ,:5 ! lett] has pass$ "u ! small roll]1 ! ?umb is tak5 (f ! lev]1 #h1 & ! f+] f ! key1 ,r4 ,! cyl9d] is !n deta*$ f its ge> :eel1 #i1 & ! weight1 #af1 in/antly c>ries x back to its =m] position1 9 read9ess = ! next lett]4 ,!n ! lev]1 #h1 & ! key1 ,e1 are press$ d[n at ! same in/ant = ! next lett]1 & x is c>ri$ "u ! small roll] 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/1 :i*1 :5 f9i%$1 ! :eel1 #i1 is suff]$ to fall1 & ! cyl9d] returns to its natural position aga94 ,! same manipulation is repeat$ = ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! ^w4 ,9 ! foll[+ figure1 #bj1 is repres5t$ ! flat correspond5t4 ,x some:at resembles ! key$ correspond5t1 b )\t keys or clock "w4 ,a repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( ! lett]s1 pres5t+ a flat surface4 ,^? portions 9 ! figure1 m>k$ by black l9es & dots1 repres5t ! lett]s :i* are made ( brass4 ,t portion :i* is blank1 repres5ts ivory or "s h>d insulat+ sub/ance1 surr\nd+ ! metal ( ! lett]s4 ,z 9 ! key$ correspond5t1 ea* lett] & p>ts ( ea* lett] ext5d bel[ ! ivory & are sold]$ to a brass plate1 ! size ( ! :ole figure1 ,a4 ,a sectional view ( ?is is se5 at #a #a1 :i* is ivory1 & #b #b1 ! brass plate bel[4 ,! :ole is fa/5$ to a table1 ,b4 #e & #e is a brass plate1 call$ ! guide plate1 ) long op5+s1 repres5t$ by ! blanks1 s t :5 ! guide plate1 #e #e1 is put ov] ! =m1 ,a1 ea* op5+ is directly ov] its appropriate lett]1 & is a little long] ?an ! l5g? ( ! lett]4 #d & #d is ! wood5 frame1 to :i* ! guide plate is secur$4 ,! ends ( ?is frame are se5 9 ! sectional figure at #d #d1 & ! guide plate at #e #e4 ,! d>k portions ( :i*1 repres5t ! p>titions1 & ! blanks ! op5+s4 ,x w be obs]v$ "h t ! plate1 #e #e1 re/+ ^u ! wood5 frame #d #d1 is completely insulat$ f ! brass lett] plate #a #a1 & #b #b4 ,! blank space betwe5 !m %[+ ! sep>ation4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 necess>y t ! guide plate %\ld be connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 & ! lett] plate ) ! o!r pole4 ,= ?is purpose a brass screw1 ,f1 passes up ?r\gh ! table1 ,b1 & ?r\gh #d1 into ! guide plate #e #e4 ,! head ( ! screw has a small hole ?r\gh x1 = pass+ 9 ! end ( ! copp] wire1 ,g1 f ! batt]y1 & a tight5+ screw bel[1 by :i* a p]fect connection is made4 ,at ,d1 is ano!r screw1 pass+ ?r\gh ! table1 & into ! lett] plate1 #b #b4 ,to ! head ( ?is screw is also connect$ ano!r copp] wire1 ,e1 ext5d+ to "o ( ! poles ( ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4 ,?is in/rum5t1 :5 us$1 occupies ! place ( ! key or correspond5t1 9 ! description h]et(ore giv5 ( ! regi/]4 ,! circuit is n[ suppos$ to be complete1 except1 betwe5 ! guide plate1 #e #e1 & ! lett] plate1 #b #b4 ,n[1 if a metallic rod1 or p5cil1 ,c1 be tak51 & ! small end pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! op5+s 9 ! %ield1 above ! lett]1 its po9t w re/ ^u ! ivory2 & if x be g5tly press$ lat]ally aga9/ ! side ( ! op5+ ( ! guide plate1 at ! same "t a g5tle pressure is giv5 to x ^u ! ivory1 & !n drawn 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 #d1 x is obvi\s1 t :5 ! metallic po9t rea*es1 = in/ance1 ! %ort l9e ( lett] ,b1 ! circuit w be clos$2 & ! fluid w pass f ! batt]y along ! wire to ! screw1 ,f1 !n to ! guide plate1 along ! plate1 to ! rod1 !nce to ! metallic %ort l9e ( lett] ,b1 !nce to ! lett] plate bel[1 !nce to ! screw1 f ! screw to ! wire1 & !nce to ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! po9t has pass$ ov] ! %ort metallic l9e1 x rea*es ! ivory1 & ! circuit is brok51 !n1 :5 x comes ^u ! fir/ metallic dot1 x is aga9 complet$1 & 9 ! same mann] ! circuit w be complet$ & brok51 until ! po9t has pass$ ov] ! :ole ( ! lett]4 ,! use ( ?is in/rum5t requires great uni=mity ( "t or spe$ 9 draw+ ! po9t ov] ! lett] =m4 ,! /eel po9t ( a common ev]-po9t$ p5cil is frequ5tly us$ 9 place ( ! po9t$ rod1 ,c4 ,! sev5? plan is t h]et(ore expla9$ z be+ n[ 9 use1 ( :i* !re are sev]al v>ieties4 ,?is mode ( writ+ requires t ! op]ator %\ld be p]fectly famili> ) ! alphabet1 z he is oblig$ to spell ! ^w1 & measure ! "t1 requir$ by ! v>i\s p>ts ( ea* "* mak+ ! lett]4 ,x might seem difficult1 yet exp]i5ce has prov$ x to be sup]ior to e o!r me?od yet devis$4 ,by ?is me?od1 intellig5ce is transmitt$ fa/] ?an x c be writt5 d[n by report]s2 & aft] a little practice1 ) s p]fect a =mation ( ! *>act]s1 t me*anical accuracy c alone be comp>$ to x4 ,z ?is is ! simple/ 9 its con/ruction1 x w d\btless sup]c$e all ! o!rs4 ,we w n[ give its simple/ =m4 ,,! ,,lev] ,,key4 ,?is1 z we h said1 is ! mo/ simple =m ( ! key1 or correspond5t4 ,x is a modification ( t %[n at figure #aa4 ,! foll[+ figure1 #ba1 repres5ts a key1 :]e ! lev] is tak5 advantage ( to make a m p]fect connection1 ) less application ( p[]4 ,a key ( ! above =m has be5 us$ dur+ ! pa/ w9t] = report+ ! proce$+s ( ,congress1 & has be5 f\nd to op]ate ) ease1 ) c]ta9ty1 & ) great rapidity4 ,a ,a is ! block or table to :i* ! p>ts are secur$4 ,e repres5ts ! anvil block4 ,j ! anvil1 screw$ into ! block1 bo? ( brass4 ,b is ano!r block1 = ! /op anvil1 ,k1 & ! /&>d = ! axis ( ! lev] ,c4 ,l is ! hamm]1 & is screw$ into ! lev]1 project+ d[nw>d at ,v1 almo/ 9 contact ) ! anvil1 ,j4 ,r is ano!r screw ( ! same k9d1 b 9 contact ) ! anvil1 ,k1 :5 ! lev] ,c is n press$ ^u4 ,"u ! head ( ea* ( ^! two screws1 are tight5+ screws1 :i* p]man5tly secure ! two hamm]s1 to any adju/$ position requir$ = ! easy manipulation ( ! lev]1 ,c4 ,d is a spr+ :i* su/a9s ! arm ( ! key up1 prev5t+ ! hamm]1 ,l1 f mak+ contact ) ! anvil1 ,j1 :5 n 9 use4 ,g is a screw connect+ ) ! brass block1 ,b1 & ,f a screw connect+ ) ! block1 ,e4 ,to ^! screws ! two wires1 ,i & ,h1 ( ! batt]y are connect$4 ,n[1 9 ord] to put x 9 op]ation1 x is necess>y to br+ ! hamm]1 ,v1 9 contact ) ! anvil1 ,j1 = s long a "t1 & at su* regul> int]vals z are requir$ by ! p>ticul> lett]s ( ! communication4 ,:5 ! key is press$ d[n1 ! fluid passes f ! batt]y to ! wire1 ,h1 !n to ! screw1 ,g1 !n to ! block1 ,b1 !n to ! lev]1 ,c1 at ! axis1 ,s1 !n to its metallic anvil1 ,j1 !n to its screw1 ,f1 !n to ! wire1 ,i1 & s to ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4 ,! circuit ( ! ,electro ,magnet1 clos$ & brok5 by ! movem5t ( ! lev] itself1 act$ ^u by ! ,electro ,magnet4 ,%[+ ! rapidity ) :i* x is possible to close & break ! circuit4 ,9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* ! circuit may be clos$ & brok51 & answ]$ by ! motion ( ! lev]1 a figure1 #bb1 is "h introduc$ to expla9 its con/ruction & arrangem5t4 ,! plat=m is %[n at ,t1 & ! upright at ,s1 to :i* ! coils ( ! electro magnet1 ,a1 are secur$ by a bolt ) its ?umb-nut1 ,e4 ,d a project+ prong ( ! s(t iron1 & ,c ! armature atta*$ to ! metallic lev]1 ,b1 :i* has its axis or c5tre ( motion at ,k1 9 ! same mann] z ! electro magnet ( ! regi/]2 ,r be+ ! /&>d ?r\gh :i* ! screws pass4 ,o is ! /eel spr+ secur$ to ,r1 by a plate1 ,u1 ^u x1 & ! screw1 ,n4 ,l & ,m are adju/+ screws1 = ! purpose ( conf9+ ! motion ( ! lev]1 ,b1 )9 a c]ta9 limit4 ,p is a wire ) an eye at ! top1 ?r\gh :i* ! end ( ! /eel spr+ passes1 ) a hook at ! o!r end1 pass+ ?r\gh ! lev]4 ,! wire1 ,q1 f "o ( ! coils is connect$ ) ! plate1 ,u1 at ! top ( ! /&>d1 ,r4 ,z ! /&>d1 ,r1 is ( brass1 ! plate ,u1 ! axis ( ! lev] ( /eel1 & ! lev]1 ,b1 ( brass1 all ( !m be+ metals1 & conductors ( ! galvanic fluid1 !y are made 9 ?is arrangem5t to s]ve z conductors4 ,i is ! wire proce$+ f ! o!r coil1 & is ext5d$ to "o pole ( ! batt]y4 ,! wire1 ,h1 com+ f ! o!r pole1 is sold]$ to ! metallic spr+1 ,j1 :i* is secur$ to ! upright1 ,s1 by means ( ! adju/+ ?umb screws1 ,f & ,g4 ,?is spr+ is ext5d$ to ,j1 :]e x is 9 contact ) ! lev]1 ,b4 ,we h n[ a complete circuit4 ,comm5c+ at ,i1 :i* is connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 f !nce x goes to ! fir/ coil2 !n to ! second2 !n by ,q to ,u1 ! plate2 !n to ! /&>d1 ,r2 !n to ! /eel screw1 ,k2 !n to ! /eel axis2 & !n to ! lev] to ! po9t1 ,j2 :]e x takes ! spr+ to ,h1 ! wire runn+ to ! m]cury cup ( ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,! batt]y be+ n[ 9 action1 ! fluid flies its circuit2 ,d becomes a p[]ful magnet1 attract+ ,c to x1 :i* draws ! lev] d[n 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ,x4 ,b s9ce ,b & ,j are a "p ( ! circuit at ,v1 & s9ce1 by ! d[nw>d motion at ,x1 & ! upw>d motion at ,v1 ! circuit is brok5 at ,j1 ! consequ5ce is1 t ! curr5t mu/ cease to pass1 & ,d c no long] be a magnet4 ,h5ce ! lev] at ,v returns1 com+ aga9 9 contact ) ,j4 ,in/antly ! fluid aga9 passes & ! lev] at ,v sep>ates f ,j4 ,aga9 ! fluid ceases to pass1 & ! lev] aga9 returns4 ,by ?is arrangem5t1 !n1 ! lev] breaks & closes ! circuit1 & x does x 9 ! be/ possible mann] to %[ h[ rapidly ! magnet c be made & unmade4 ,:5 its p>ts are well adju/$1 its vibrations are s quick t no "p ( ! lev] is di/9ctly se54 ,x appe>s b\nd$ 9 size by ! limits ( its movem5t up & d[n1 & ! motion is s rapid z to produce a humm+ noise1 sometimes v>y+ ! notes to a %>p key4 ,9 ?is way x w cont9ue to op]ate s long z ! batt]y is appli$4 ,we inf] f ?is1 ! almo/ inconceivable rapidity1 ) :i* x is possible to manipulate at ! key ( ! regi/] 9 s5d+ intellig5ce1 f> surpass+ t ( ! mo/ exp]t op]ator4 ,?is arrangem5t ( ! electrome1 0 devis$ by ,mr4 ,vail 9 ! summ] ( #ahdc4h #h ,see ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 vol4 #ce1 #ahci1 pages #beh-bfg4 ,,conduct+ ,,p[] ,,& ,,galvanic ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,e>?4 ,aft] ! close ( ! session ( ,congress 9 ! spr+1 #ahdd1 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts 7 comm5c$ by ! reque/ ( ,pr(4 ,morse1 "u ! direction ( ,mr4 ,vail1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ :at am\nt ( batt]y 0 absolutely requir$ = ! practical op]ation ( ! telegraph4 ,f ! fir/ comm5cem5t ( its op]ations to ! close ( ! session1 s anxi\s 7 ! public to witness its almo/ magic p]=mances1 t "t c\ld n be tak5 to put x 9 a /ate to te/ ei!r ! size ( ! batt]y requir$1 or br+ into use all ! ma*9]y ( ! regi/]4 ,on t acc\nt1 b "o wire 0 us$ dur+ t p]iod = transmitt+ & receiv+ intellig5ce1 & ! capabilities ( ! in/rum5t 7 %[n to "s disadvantage2 requir+ ! con/ant att5dance ( ^? hav+ *>ge ( ! two t]m9i4 ,?is fir/ exp]im5t made 0 to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( cups absolutely requir$ = op]at+ ! telegraph4 ,eighty cups _h be5 ! numb] 9 use4 ,^u exp]im5t1 x 0 f\nd1 t two cups w\ld op]ate ! telegraph f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore4 ,?is success 0 m ?an _h be5 anticipat$ & urg$ on fur!r exp]im5ts1 :i* ev5tually prov$ t ! e>? itself furni%$ suffici5t galvanic p[] to op]ate ! electro magnet )\t ! aid ( a batt]y4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t1 a copp] plate 0 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & ab\t ?ree hundr$ y>ds f x1 a z9c plate 0 also buri$ 9 ! gr\nd4 ,to ea* ( ^! plates a wire 0 sold]$1 & ! ends br\ght into ! telegraph (fice1 & prop]ly connect$ ) ! key & electro magnet ( ! regi/]4 ,! batt]y n be+ 9 connection4 ,^u manipulat+ at ! key1 x 0 f\nd t ! electro magnet 0 op]at$ ^u & ! p5 ( ! regi/] record$4 ,?is l$ to ano!r exp]im5t ^u a m magnific5t scale1 & no?+ less ?an t ( us+ ! copp] plate at ,wa%+ton1 & ! z9c plate at ,baltimore1 ) ! s+le wire1 connect+ ^? di/ant po9ts1 & ! batt]y ?r[n out4 ,"h1 too1 success foll[$ ! exp]im5t1 ?\gh ) dim9i%$ effect4 ,by ! application ( a m delicate app>atus ! ,electro ,magnet#i 0 op]at$ ^u1 & ! p5 ( ! regi/]+ in/rum5t record$ its success4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts1 ! fact appe>s conclusive1 t ! gr\nd c1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( metallic plates1 con/antly g5]ate ! galvanic fluid4 #i ,frankl9 appe>s to h be5 ! fir/1 or among ! fir/1 :o us$ ! gr\nd z "p ( a conduct+ circuit 9 ! p]=mance ( electrical exp]im5ts4 ,/e9heil x appe>s 0 ! fir/ to use ! gr\nd z a conductor = magneto electricity4 ,ba91 9 #ahdj1 0 ! fir/ to use ! gr\nd z a s\rce ( electricity 9 conjunction ) its conduct+ p[]1 z a circuit4 ,pr(4 ,morse1 has s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! telegraphic l9e1 us$ ! gr\nd z half ! l9e1 ) p]fect success1 employ+ ! batt]y2 & ,mr4 ,vail1 9 an exp]im5t 9 #ahdd1 succe$$ 9 op]at+ ! electro magnet1 ) its armature atta*$ to a lev]1 )\t any batt]y4 ,six ,indep5d5t ,circuits1 ) six wires1 ea* wire mak+ an indep5d5t l9e ( communication4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,9 ! above figure1 #bc1 let ! "r h& side repres5t ,wa%+ton1 & ! left1 ,baltimore4 ,! l9es m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 & #f1 betwe5 m & k1 respectively1 repres5t ! six wires connect+ 7= example7 ,wa%+ton ) ,baltimore4 ,ea* clu/] ( black dots1 ,p & ,n1 repres5t ! batt]ies ( t l9e ^u :i* x is plac$4 ,!re are ?ree batt]ies at ,w1 & ?ree at ,b2 m #a1 m #c1 & m #e1 repres5t ! ?ree magnets1 or regi/]s1 & k #b1 k #d1 & k #f1 ! ?ree keys1 or correspond5ts1 at ,baltimore2 k #a1 k #c1 & k #e1 are ! ?ree keys1 or correspond5ts1 & m #b1 m #d1 & m #f1 ! ?ree magnets1 or regi/]s1 at ,wa%+ton4 ,c ,b is ! copp] plate at ,baltimore1 & ,c ,w1 ! copp] plate at ,wa%+ton1 "o at ea* t]m9us4 ,9 ord] to op]ate ! six l9es1 simultane\sly1 if requir$ by ! pressure ( telegraphic communications1 !re mu/ be ?ree op]ators at ea* /ation1 comm&+ _! respective keys1 & presid+ at _! respective regi/]s4 ,if ! ?ree op]ators at ,wa%+ton *oose to write 9 ,baltimore1 toge!r1 or 9 succession1 on _! respective regi/]s at ! latt] place1 ! galvanic curr5t ( ! ?ree l9es #a1 #c1 & #e1 takes ?is direction4 ,comm5c+ at ! po9t1 ,p1 ( ! ?ree batt]ies1 #a1 #c1 & #e1 at ,w1 x passes to k1 ( ! keys2 !nce along ! wires to m1 ! magnets1 #a1 #c1 & #e at ,b2 !nce to ! s+le wire1 :]e ! ?ree curr5ts jo9 9 "o to ,c ,b1 ! copp] plate2 !n ?r\gh ! gr\nd to ,c ,w1 ! o!r copp] plate2 !n up ! s+le l9e to _! respective batt]ies at ! po9t1 ,n1 hav+ ea* f9i%$ its circuit indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,if1 9 reply1 ! ?ree op]ators at ,baltimore wi% to write ^u _! regi/]s at ,wa%+ton1 ei!r toge!r1 or 9 any succession1 !y may *oose2 ! fluid leaves ! po9t1 ,p1 ( _! respective batt]ies1 at ,baltimore1 #b1 #d1 & #f2 unite 9 ! s+le wire to ,c ,b1 ! copp] plate2 !n pass ?r\gh ! gr\nd 9 ! direction ( arr[s to ,c ,w1 copp] plate at ,wa%+ton1 !n along ! s+le wire to _! respective magnets1 m1 #b1 #d1 & #f2 !n along ! ext5d$ wires to k1 #b1 #d1 & #f at ,baltimore2 & !n to ,n pole ( _! respective batt]ies4 ,9 ?is mann] six di/9ct circuits may be op]at$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 at ! same "t1 or 9 any succession1 ) only "o wire = ea*1 & ! gr\nd 9 common1 z a "p ( ! circuit4 ,x is obvi\s f ! above arrangem5t t if "o wire only1 ext5d$ betwe5 two di/ant po9ts1 w suffice to enable communications to be ex*ang$ ) ea* o!r2 t any numb] ( wires ext5d$1 w also1 ea*1 individually1 give a di/9ct & sep>ate l9e = telegraphic purposes1 indep5d5tly ( all ! o!r l9es on ! same r\te4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd ,9 figure #bd1 ! same arrangem5t ( wires is obs]v$ z respects _! numb]1 & ! situation ( ! keys & magnets2 b1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t in/ead ( six batt]ies1 "o = ea* wire1 !re is b "o1 :i* is plac$ ^u ! s+le wire1 ) :i* ! six wires jo94 ,! batt]y is repres5t$ by f\r black dots1 m>k$ ,n ,b ,p4 ,! c\rse ( ! fluid 9 ?is case is f ,p to ,c1 ! copp] plate on ! left side2 !n ?r\gh ! gr\nd to ,c1 ! copp] plate on ! "r2 !n ?r\gh ! s+le wire to any ( ! six wires1 :i* may be requir$1 !n to ! s+le wire on ! left side to ,n1 ( ! batt]y4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ?is arrangem5t !re is a division ( ! p[] ( ! batt]y1 dep5d+ ^u ! numb] ( circuits t may be clos$ at any "o in/ant4 ,= example3 if circuit #a is alone be+ us$1 !n x is work$ ) ! :ole =ce ( ! batt]y4 ,if #a & #b are us$ at ! same in/ant2 ea* ( !m employ "o-half ! =ce ( ! batt]y4 ,if #a1 #b & #c are us$1 !n ea* use "o-?ird its p[]4 ,if #a1 #b1 #c & #d1 !n ea* circuit has "o-f\r? ! p[]2 if #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e are us$1 at ! same mom5t1 !n "o-fif? is only appropriat$ to ea* circuit1 & if #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 !n ea* employ a six? "p ( ! galvanic fluid g5]at$ by ! batt]y4 ,,mode ,,( ,,secret ,,correspond5ce4 ,! great advantage :i* ?is telegraph possesses 9 transmitt+ messages ) ! rapidity ( lightn+1 annihilat+ "t & space1 w\ld p]haps be mu* less5$ 9 its usefulness1 c\ld x n avail itself ( ! application ( a secret alphabet4 ,we w n[ proce$ to describe "s ( ! v>i\s sy/ems by :i* a message may pass betwe5 two correspond5ts1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! telegraph1 & yet ! cont5ts ( t message rema9 a pr(\nd secret to all o!rs1 n except+ ! op]ators ( ! telegraphic /ations1 ?r\gh ^: h&s x mu/ pass4 ,= ?is purpose let ! telegraphic *>act]s repres5t+ p>ticul> lett]s be transpos$ & int]*ang$4 ,!n ! repres5tative ( a1 9 ! p]man5t alphabet1 may be repres5t$ by y1 or c1 or x1 9 ! secret alphabet2 & s ( e o!r lett]4 ,z !re are tw5ty-sev5 *>act]s 9 ! telegraphic alphabet1 !y c1 by transposition1 furni% six hundr$ & sev5ty-six diff]5t k9ds ( secret alphabets2 ne>ly two = e day ( ! ye>4 ,two p]sons h agre$ to use1 9 _! telegraphic correspond5ce1 ! secret alphabet4 ,f ! six hundr$ & sev5ty-six comb9ations1 !y h select$ "o = ea* day 9 ! ye>1 & giv5 ea* _! p>ticul> date4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _! bus9ess1 x becomes necess>y on ! fir/ ( ,july1 = "o to transmit important in=mation to ! o!r4 ,he !n ref]s to ! telegraphic book1 = ! alphabet belong+ to t date1 & f x writes 8 communication1 z foll[s3 ,! firm ( ,g4 ,b>l[ ,co4 h fail$4 ,he runs 8 eye along ! alphabetical column = t1 & f9ds t = ! fir/ ( ,july x is e1 t h is j1 e is n1 & 9 ! same mann]1 he proce$s ) ! rema9+ lett]s ( 8 message1 :i*1 :5 complet$1 reads z foll[s3 ,ejn /wz ys qhwkyf p iy jhan %tknr4 ,z e p]son employ+ ! telegraph has 8 "n1 occupation & place ( bus9ess regi/]$ 9 ! record book ( ! (fice1 ) 8 telegraphic numb]1 we w suppose1 t ,mr4 ,hammond1 ,build]1 #eg ,anson-/4 ,philadelphia1 s5ds ! above communication to ! (fice = ,messrs4 ,tal=d ,co4 ,lumb] ,m]*ants1 #da ,brad=d-/4 ,new ,york4 ,9 ! record1 ! =m] "n is numb]$ #ad2 & ! latt] #ca4 ,! private message is !n direct$ ?us1 ,no4 #ad to ,no4 #ca1 & reads ?us3 ,mr4 ,hammond1 c4 s5ds ! foll[+ communication to ,messrs4 ,tal=d ,co4 c4 8,! firm ( ,g4 ,b>l[ ,co4 h fail$40 ,?is message1 9 sub/itut$ *>act]s1 is copi$ at ! receiv+ /ation1 & imm$iately deliv]$4 ,! mess5g] returns ) ! foll[+3 ,syw fjhe hzyxce4 ,to :i* is prefix$ ,no4 #ca to ,no4 #ad4 ,?is is s5t to ,mr4 ,hammond1 :o1 on translat+ x1 discov]s t x mu/ be answ]$ by figures4 ,he !n ref]s to ! secret num]als1 "u ! date ( ! fir/ ( ,july1 & f9ds ! private num]als requir$ are #hig1 #cab1 add+ to x a few lett]s1 :5 x reads ?us1 ,no4 #ad to ,no4 #ca1 #hgi1 #cab rykkm4 ,if x %\ld happ51 t on ! #f? ( ,decemb]1 or #ac? ( ,may1 x 0 necess>y to s5d a private communication1 ! secret alphabets ( ^? dates are us$1 & s = any date ( ! ye>4 ,july #a/4 ,m>* #bh?4 ,decemb] #f?4 ,may #ac?4 ,a *ange to ,h ,a *ange to ,a ,a *ange to ,q ,a *ange to ,x ,b *ange to ,q ,b *ange to ,n ,b *ange to ,p ,b *ange to ,m ,c *ange to ,i ,c *ange to ,o ,c *ange to ,n ,c *ange to ,g ,d *ange to ,r ,d *ange to ,v ,d *ange to ,o ,d *ange to ,t ,e *ange to ,n ,e *ange to ,p ,e *ange to ,v ,e *ange to ,l ,f *ange to ,s ,f *ange to ,c ,f *ange to ,a ,f *ange to ,f ,g *ange to ,g *ange to ,q ,g *ange to ,c ,g *ange to ,h *ange to ,j ,h *ange to ,d ,h *ange to ,r ,h *ange to ,k ,i *ange to ,t ,i *ange to ,r ,i *ange to ,d ,i *ange to ,s ,j *ange to ,b ,j *ange to ,e ,j *ange to ,j *ange to ,n ,k *ange to ,u ,k *ange to ,s ,k *ange to ,e ,k *ange to ,z ,l *ange to ,k ,l *ange to ,f ,l *ange to ,z ,l *ange to ,j ,m *ange to ,z ,m *ange to ,t ,m *ange to ,f ,m *ange to ,p ,n *ange to ,c ,n *ange to ,g ,n *ange to ,x ,n *ange to ,e ,o *ange to ,y ,o *ange to ,u ,o *ange to ,g ,o *ange to ,u ,p *ange to ,l ,p *ange to ,h ,p *ange to ,w ,p *ange to ,i ,q *ange to ,d ,q *ange to ,b ,q *ange to ,h ,q *ange to ,v ,r *ange to ,w ,r *ange to ,i ,r *ange to ,b ,r *ange to ,b ,s *ange to ,m ,s *ange to ,s *ange to ,i ,s *ange to ,y ,t *ange to ,e ,t *ange to ,j ,t *ange to ,u ,t *ange to ,o ,u *ange to ,x ,u *ange to ,z ,u *ange to ,j ,u *ange to ,h ,v *ange to ,a ,v *ange to ,k ,v *ange to ,y ,v *ange to ,q ,w *ange to ,f ,w *ange to ,y ,w *ange to ,k ,w *ange to ,d ,x *ange to ,o ,x *ange to ,l ,x *ange to ,s ,x *ange to ,w ,y *ange to ,v ,y *ange to ,x ,y *ange to ,l ,y *ange to ,a ,z *ange to ,g ,z *ange to ,m ,z *ange to ,t ,z *ange to ,r *ange to ,p *ange to ,w *ange to ,m *ange to ,c #a *ange to #e #a *ange to #f #a *ange to #j #a *ange to #g #b *ange to #g #b *ange to #a #b *ange to #i #b *ange to #h #c *ange to #a #c *ange to #g #c *ange to #d #c *ange to #f #d *ange to #h #d *ange to #b #d *ange to #e #d *ange to #i #e *ange to #b #e *ange to #h #e *ange to #c #e *ange to #d #f *ange to #i #f *ange to #c #f *ange to #h #f *ange to #a #g *ange to #c #g *ange to #i #g *ange to #f #g *ange to #j #h *ange to #j #h *ange to #d #h *ange to #b #h *ange to #e #i *ange to #d #i *ange to #j #i *ange to #g #i *ange to #b #j *ange to #f #j *ange to #e #j *ange to #a #j *ange to #c ,! transpos$ secret alphabet is n p]fectly secure = private messages1 :5 ! message conta9s m ?an eight or t5 words4 ,x is1 !re=e1 necess>y to adopt "s ( ! foll[+ modes ( mak+ x p]fectly incompreh5sible1 & beyond ! p[] ( any p]son to decyph] x4 ,any "o or two1 or m1 ( ^! modes may be select$ & comb9$ = ?is purpose4 ,let ! foll[+ key or transpos$ alphabet1 be us$ 9 illu/rat+ ! foll[+ rules3 ,a to ,r ,f to ,x ,k to ,u ,p to ,e ,u to ,k ,z to ,m ,b ,y ,g ,b ,l ,v ,q ,p ,v ,g ,i ,c ,z ,h ,t ,m ,d ,r ,l ,w ,n ,d ,a ,i ,w ,n ,s ,f ,x ,j ,e ,s ,j ,c ,o ,q ,t ,o ,y ,h #a/4 ,let ! la/ lett] ( a ^w rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 ,rome1 transpos$1 lqde4 #b;d4 ,let ! fir/ lett] ( a ^w rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 ,rome1 transpos$1 rqds4 #c;d4 ,let ! fir/ & la/ lett] rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 ,rome1 transpos$1 rqde4 #d?4 ,let ! middle lett] ( a ^w ( #e1 #g1 #i or #aa lett]s rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 ,fir/1 transpos$1 xwrfo1 & 9 words ( #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj or #ab lett]s1 let ! two middle lett]s rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 ,rome1 transpos$1 loms4 #e?4 ,let ! fir/1 middle1 & la/ lett]s ( a ^w rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 fir/1 transpos$1 fwrft4 #f?4 ,let ! middle lett] ( words ( #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa or #ac lett]s comm5ce ! ^w1 viz4 fir/1 transpos$1 lxwfo4 #g?4 ,let ! two middle lett]s ( a ^w ( #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj or #ab lett]s comm5ce ! ^w1 viz4 ,rome transpos$1 qdls4 #h?4 ,9 a ^w ( #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab or #ad lett]s1 let ! fir/ half ( ! ^w be sub/itut$ = ! la/ half1 viz4 ,rome1 transpos$1 dslq4 #i?4 ,let e o!r entire ^w be rev]s$1 viz4 ,:at is ! news1 transpos$1 ntro fw ots fns 4 #aj?4 ,let e ?ird ^w be rev]s$4 #aa?4 ,let e f\r? ^w be rev]s$4 #ab?4 ,let e fif? ^w be rev]s$4 #ac?4 ,let ! ?ree middle lett]s ( e ^w ( #e1 #g1 #i1 #aa or #ac lett]s be rev]s$1 viz4 fir/1 transpos$1 xflwo4 #ad?4 ,let e ^w ( two or ?ree lett]s be prefix$ to ! beg9n+ ( ! foll[+ ^w1 or affix$ to ! end ( ! prec$+ ^w1 viz1 ,/ate ( ,ma9e1 transpos$1 =osqx drws4 #ae?4 ,let "o1 :]e d\ble lett]s occur 9 a ^w1 be exclud$1 viz4 w transpos$1 nwv4 #af?4 ,:]e two or m words1 ( two or ?ree lett]s1 foll[ ea* o!r1 let !m be jo9$ toge!r1 viz4 ,cotton is on ! rise1 transpos$1 zqoq wfqots lwfs4 #ag?4 ,make no sep>ation betwe5 words ( less ?an eight lett]s1 viz4 ,cotton is on ! rise1 transpos$1 zqoqwfqotslwfs4 #ah?4 ,make no sep>ation betwe5 words4 #ai?4 ,rev]se ! ord] ( ! lett]s ( ! :ole message1 viz4 ,cotton is on ! rise1 transpos$ & rev]s$1 sfwl /o q fw qoqz4 #bj?4 ,*ange ! key1 alt]nately1 e t5 or fifte5 words1 us+ two keys4 #ba/4 ,let ! two fir/ lett]s ( all words ( f\r lett]s be affix$ to ! end ( ! prec$+ ^w1 & ! rema9+ two lett]s be prefix$ to ! ^w foll[+1 viz4 /ocks h fall51 transpos$1 foqzuftr gsxrvs4 #bb;d4 ,*ange ! key irregul>ly1 ?us1 = example1 ! fir/ ?ree words transpose f "o key2 ! next ?ree words f ano!r key2 ! next ?ree f ano!r key1 & s on4 #bc;d4 ,rev]se ! t]m9ation ( ^? words end+ ) tion1 sion1 ness1 less1 tive1 ty1 ly1 ed1 c4 #bd?4 ,make a division ( long words into two4 #be?4 ,let ^? words :i* occur frequ5tly & h only two or ?ree lett]s rema9 un*ang$1 viz4 to1 a1 !1 (1 &1 =1 )1 c4 #bf?4 ,let e two words1 or e ?ree1 or e f\r1 be rev]s$4 #bg?4 ,omit "o v[el 9 e ^w4 #bh?4 ,omit ! lett] e at ! beg9n+ & end ( a ^w4 #bi?4 ,omit ! lett] i or y at ! beg9n+ & end ( a ^w4 #cj?4 ,omit ! lett] o at ! beg9n+ & end ( a ^w4 #ca/4 ,9 words ( #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj or #ab lett]s1 let ! fir/ ( ! two middle lett]s comm5ce ! ^w1 & ! la/ ( ! two middle lett]s end ! ^w4 #cb;d4 ,let t signify !2 e = ( !2 f = (2 u = y2 wi = )2 i = by2 tt = t2 ts = ?is2 fr = f2 n = no or n2 w = w2 td = to-day2 tm = to-morr[2 s = 02 % = %all2 wd = w\ld2 sd = %\ld2 cd = c\ld2 te = to !4 ,we h "h giv5 a few ( ! v>i\s modes1 by :i* a message c be made s complicat$1 t no clue w be giv5 t %all enable ! inquisitive to decyph] x4 ,o!rs may be easily devis$1 & z x is bett] t ^? us+ ! secret alphabet %\ld devise _! own modes ( transposition & rev]sion1 none o!rs ne$ be giv54 ,! foll[+ is writt5 f ! secret alphabet1 & aft]w>ds r5d]$ m obscure by "o ( ! me?ods laid d[n above4 ,! key does n accompany x4 ,:o c decyph] x8 zbpvp yslup nbguxpyu zbyi1 lovmy--yux gxp1 zlegvt lovappai lubyizlvji hozovpsg zplup cbynb zbvloxbgm ! jpgvizl nlep ibgm izgua zlnvlvlcu ! inypvnp lhlov xmlvyloi mgua1 ! pnpuzvyn wmgrhzb gzhmgibpili'pv ! itjcbpu ! gypagvlpui & ! izlveyi byxbwj wlma yu puzyla & iovsguyux ilymulc wlci1 gi[kpnzl ! bvegu cymicyhzpv zbgu zbloxbz zb' yuzpurp & i[zmp4 ,zlal egu'i wyayux hmypi gmlux ! cyop4 ,lmazyep y9lufopvpa1 ayizgunpyi l' pvbvlcu1 & ulg rpewmy klyui ! zlvy>lup4 ,hgep ibgmwp byicblip ipgvnbyux eyua byixypu4 ,zlegu ! slcpvzl oip ! hyvp ( bpgpu1 & ! lmahgwmpi1 cbynbyu mpxpuai v\lh bgvpiyux ! blvipi ( ! i\1 sppeulc ulhgwmpi1 iyunp1 elvp cluavloihgv1 bpjltpi ! myxbzuyux zlbyi vgsya ngv2 pgepibgmwp byi2 & cbpuyu hozovp agji sbymlilsbj bpveluvepuz ibymgyzp zlzbip cblwlmapiz mgci1 lu? eigep zgwmpz cyzblov hvgulmyu'i ugep zbyup1 elvip1 yuwmgryux nbgvgnzpvi ibgmhmgep4 ,! foll[+ is f ano!r key4 grvlvhmz agcxv hrvy all ! zacyavzwe rexzgvlcekz1 gvm>cyohc gradevn neelz2 rmqcyogrvcl cycgcmgvn1 grvclr$t dmyokmova ndgrvcl blvxmzeylt1 srlcaz1 ovexvglt1 xvncacyv1 olmxml1 rczgelt1 all 7 gmkorgi ndmgcy1 !y zmcdvn 9 ! adcknz1 bmlmueqv ! qkdoml2 & !y dvgbmd mg? ekgxezg4 ,lex grvcl zkudexv umbwa bohnvgm>vn dvmqvz hrc> xvy 7 to gmwvks hcgrolvmg lvzsvag1 ukghrc> !y 7 n sulxcgvnt opknov1 yehvqvlt greyoi s>myovn1 ovycqz odelcozi nxmwcyo cyzvdb kynvlzg5 by ! xmyt2 & mbgvl rmqcyo zemlvn to ! vgrvlvmd lvocyzo fzacvyav 9 elnvl grvlv to zuciv ! glqt gr 9 rvlrcorvzg lvglvmgz1 x vxsdetz1 cgsehvl 9 mzalgmcycyo ! hmtumaw1 to vrnlgr & 9 mslem>cyo odezvdt to u grmgi txmt zreh u ! lekgv x has glmqvdvn1 & ! zvalvgz x has glmqvdvn1 & ! zvalvgz x has ncx aeqvlvn1 ukg1 cbzk> isye h!mdxezg kycqvlzmd gvynvyat ( ! rkxmy zaev yavz x 0 vgvl ! nczgcyagcqv armlmayvlczgca ( glkv zacvyavz amynczsvyzv ) ! svesdv z ! svesdv z ! svesdv nczsvyzv ) !m2 glkvgrv$eotey ! aeyglmlt1 rmzyvn ( ! svezdvmz ! svesdv rmqvv frvl zrvokmlnz grvcl lvdcocey2 & grvcl lvdocey1 9 cgzgklx1 okmlnz rvl he to grvx hrvy grv$eot dmyokczrvz1 & nevzyeg zsvmwtogrvx2 he to rvlhrvg ! lvdcocey ( ! arkl>vz yvodvag rvl & avmzvz to vzgvoxrvl2 hvxkzg grvyzv to x4 uegrey rvlmaekyg & eygrvclz1 grmgzrv zsvmwz to !m rvmlz !m zgkncvz 9 lvbvlvyav to !m & wvsz grvcl z>c$z esvymz eklgvxsdvz mlv4 ,ano!r example ( ! mann] ( writ+ secret correspond5ce is "h giv51 & = ^? to decyph] :o c4 ibeg pycydc peocy5xez yndexc tcacbp bepkpaetzo pcpcgkocevd pqzpeuw bpwuaqy iatdd pctpcawu uyyc elgcvkwl tytp wlwlxgy ppe kepcuwnc ptkeb badokecy 9 vkqunwac wuatza qodazw prvsaue tpeoebztqg ckphvkwv epgyecp wzqv adyge zcgtey eppd wubk prozlwy pwzopwzieydt4 tytp wzqv tytp qznokw ptpcawu yclep tcbbcg epdptp tytz5ncyp ywzpw lccypetglydcn ezwgo eppd igwdc czgt tbzwp lhzuczp[xck1 acktepzgh tvkextpc aeptveg jezpcktncw epcgh gwvcncxc cgbtpy iatdd pvgcvcw itgzcx* qkcczn zwkkepcpwgc pzuczp[xck tzckptutzo pwcytmp1 eppd ypepcb zoypdt 9 lceppd pypvw watbc1 9 tpykpeptwzpkezyvw beyawkcyzwvnczac jiyzc1 9 geozwp dkqwy lqphyne txnl$ ppkeztuyytwz cucye zoypdt wodpdk ezdpwck tquucn2 jeppd etquucn lcqozwtzo pwvkextpe tzntntxqegy jawzwkpgcn pvkextpc xictyj kypytzpc4 ,ano!r plan = s5d+ secret intellig5ce1 is1 t ( us+ select s5t5ces1 previ\sly agre$ ^u by correspond5ts4 ,9 ?is plan1 ! fir/ lett] ( ea* ^w 9 ! s5t5ce1 comb9$1 is made ! repres5tative ( t s5t5ce1 z 9 ! foll[+ examples3 iwrom ,i w return on ,monday4 mhii ,my heal? is improv+4 %f ,/ocks h fall54 smtbop ,s5d me t5 b>rels ( pork4 ymir ,y\r message is receiv$4 dygml ,did y get my lett]8 gmlt ,give my love to4 witsotmf ,:at is ! /ate ( ! m>ket =8 *a ,cotton has advanc$4 cwycit ,call :5 y come 9 t[n4 sosn ,sails on ,saturday next4 hjaip ,has j arriv$ 9 port4 hyfmo ,h y fill$ my ord]8 wmietg ,:5 may ,i expect ! goods8 wyegfef ,w y ex*ange gold = ea/]n funds8 ,ano!r arrangem5t1 equally adapt$ to ! same purpose z ! la/1 is t ( tak+ ! fir/ lett] ( ! s5t5ces1 !n arrang+ !m 9 alphabetical ord]1 & numb]+ !m1 ?us3 a4 #a4 ,at five o'clock ,i leave = home4 a4 #b4 ,a ?und] /orm is ris+ 9 ! we/4 c4 #a4 ,c y s5d me8 c4 #b4 ,cotton has advanc$ a little to-day4 h4 #a4 ,h[ mu* h /ocks fall58 h4 #b4 ,h y receiv$ my la/ package8 h4 #c4 ,has ! ra9 done mu* damage8 t4 #a4 ,! wea!r is excessively hot4 t4 #b4 ,!re is no dem& = tobacco4 t4 #c4 ,take all !y h at t price4 t4 #d4 ,! ,eliza sails to-morr[ ) full c>go4 t4 #e4 ,! /eam] ,cal$onia has j arriv$4 w4 #a4 ,:at news does %e br+8 w4 #b4 ,:at is ! /ate ( ! m>ket = sug>8 ,^! two sy/ems h be5 f\nd to answ] 9 practice1 & 7 mu* us$ 9 telegraphic bus9ess dur+ ! la/ session ( ,congress4 ,f ,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,,art4 ,,xvi4 ,exp]im5ts made ) "o hundr$ pairs ( ,grove's batt]y1 pass+ ?r\gh "o hundr$ & sixty miles ( insulat$ wire2 9 a lett] f ,pr(4 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 to ! ,editors1 dat$ ,new ,york1 ,sept4 #d?1 #ahdc4 ,de> ,sirs--,on ! #h? ( ,augu/1 hav+ complet$ my prep>ations ( #afj miles ( copp] wire = ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 :i* ,i am con/ruct+ = ! gov]nm5t1 ,i invit$ sev]al sci5tific fri5ds to witness "s exp]im5ts 9 v]ification ( ! law ( ,l5z1 ( ! action ( galvanic electricity ?r\gh wires ( great l5g?s4 ,i put 9 action a cup batt]y ( "o hundr$ pairs1 :i* ,i _h con/ruct$1 bas$ on ! excell5t plan ( ,pr(4 ,grove1 b ) "s modifications ( my own1 economis+ ! plat9um4 ,! wire 0 reel$ ^u eighty reels1 conta9+ two miles ^u ea* reel1 s t any l5g?1 f two to "o hundr$ & sixty miles1 c\ld be made at pleasure to con/itute ! circuit4 ,my fir/ trial ( ! batt]y 0 ?r\gh ! entire l5g? ( #afj miles1 mak+ ( c\rse a circuit ( #hj miles1 & ! magnetism induc$ 9 my electro magnet1#aj :i* =m$ a "p ( ! circuit1 0 suffici5t to move ) great /r5g?1 my telegraphic lev]4 ,ev5 =ty-eight cups produc$ action 9 ! lev]1 b n s promptly or surely4 ,we !n comm5c$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts ^u decomposition1 at v>i\s di/ances4 ,! batt]y alone 7#ajj pairs7 gave1 9 ! measur+ gauge 9 "o m9ute1 #e4bj in*es ( gas4 ,:5 f\r miles ( wire 7 int]pos$1 ! result 0 #a4bj in*es2 t5 miles ( wire1 4#eg2 #bj miles1 4#cj in*es2 #ej miles1 4#jid4 ,! results obta9$ f a batt]y ( #ajj pairs are project$ 9 ! foll[+ curve3 #aj ,9 ,pr(4 ,daniel's1 ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,*emical ,philosophy1 #b;d edition1 #ahdc1 !re are ^! facts to be notic$4 ,9 ! preface1 !re are ^! words3 8,x only rema9s = me n[1 to ackn[l$ge my obligations to my fri5ds & colleagues1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,dr4 ,todd1 = _! great k9dness 9 und]go+ ! disagreeable lab\r ( revis+ & correct+ ! pro( %eets4 ,!y h !reby prev5t$ _m errors :i* w\ld h o!rwise de=m$ ! "w40 ,no /atem5t !n ( ,pr(4 ,daniel's1 p>ticul>ly 9 t "p ( 8 "w :i* relat$ especially to ,:eat/one's ,telegraph1 w\ld be all[$ to pass unnotic$ by ,mr4 ,:eat/one & we are au?oriz$ 9 consid]+ any su* /atem5t z hav+ 8 sanction4 ,we !n f9d1 page #egf1 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,+5i\s z ,pr(4 ,:eat/one's1 contrivances are1 !y w\ld h be5 ( no avail = telegraphic purposes1 )\t ! inve/igation :i* he 0 ! fir/ to make ( ! laws ( electro magnets1 :5 act$ on ?r\gh great l5g?s ( wire4 ,electro magnets ( ! greate/ p[]1 ev5 :5 ! mo/ en]getic batt]ies are employ$1 utt]ly cease to act :5 !y are connect$ by consid]able l5g?s ( wire ) ! batt]y40 ,if any ?+ 7 ne$$ to %[ t ,pr(4 ,:eat/one 0 n ! inv5tor ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 x is ?is ass]tion 7"u ! sup]vision ( ,pr(4 ,:eat/one7 made by ,pr(4 ,daniel4 ,9 #ahdc1 ,pr(4 ,:eat/one _h n made ! discov]y ^u :i* ,pr(4 ,morse bases 8 inv5tion1 viz4 t ,electro ,magnets c be made to act1 ) an inconsid]able batt]y too1 :5 ! latt] is connect$ ) ! =m] by consid]able l5g?s ( wire3 #hj miles may c]ta9ly be consid]$ z ( consid]able l5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,table con/ruct$ f ! ,curve4 ,batt]y alone #e4bj in*es4 #a mile #c4he 8 #b 8 #b4fb 8 #c 8 #a4hd 8 #d 8 #a4bj 8 #e 8 #a4je 8 #f 8 4#ib 8 #g 8 4#hj 8 #h 8 4#ga 8 #i 8 4#fd 8 #aj 8 4#eg 8 #bj 8 4#cj 8 #cj 8 4#bj 8 #dj 8 4#ad 8 #ej 8 4#jid 8 ,dur+ ! previ\s summ]1 ,i made ! foll[+ exp]im5ts1 ^u a l9e ( #cc miles1 ( numb] #ag copp] wire1 ) a batt]y ( #ej pairs4 ,9 ?is case1 ,i us$ a small /eely>d1 ) weights1 ) :i* ,i 0 enabl$ to weigh1 ) a good degree ( accuracy1 ! great] magnetic =ces1 b n ! less]1 yet suffici5tly approximat+ ! rec5t results to confirm ! law 9 "q4 ,table ( ,results4 #ej pairs ?r\gh #b miles attract$ & rais$ #i ozs4 8 #d 8 8 8 #d 8 8 #f 8 8 8 #c 8 8 #h 8 8 8 #b 8 8 #aj 8 8 8 #b 8 8 #ab 8 8 8 8 8 #ad 8 8 8 8 & ea* successive addition ( two miles1 up to #cc1 /ill gave an attractive & lift+ p[] ( "o-eigh? ( an ounce4 ,curve f ^! ,results4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4 ,a great irregul>ity is se5 betwe5 ! #aj? & #ab? miles1 :i* is due1 und\bt$ly1 to a defici5cy ( accuracy 9 ! weigh+ app>atus4 ,i take pleasure 9 s5d+ y ! foll[+ calculation ( ! law ( ! conduct+ p[] ( wires1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to my fri5d ,pr(4 ,drap]1 ( ! ,new ,york ,city ,univ]sity4 ,on ! ,law ( ! ,conduct+ ,p[] ( ,wires4 ,by ,john ,w4 ,drap]1 ,m4 ,d4 c4 c4 ,x has be5 object$1 t if ! conduct+ p[] ( wires1 = electricity 0 inv]sely z _! l5g?1 & directly z _! section1 ! transmission ( telegraphic signals1 ?r\gh long wires1 c\ld n be c>ri$ into effect1 & ev5 ! galvanic multipli]1 :i* consi/s1 ess5tially1 ( a wire mak+ sev]al convolutions r\nd a ne$le1 c\ld h no exi/5ce4 ,?is la/ objection 0 fir/ br\ght =w>d by ,pr(4 ,rit*ie1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 z an absolute pro(1 t ! law ref]r$ to is incorrect4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an exce$+ly simple me?od ( prov+ t signals may be despat*$ ?r\gh v long wires1 & t ! galvanic multipli]1 s f> f controv]t+ ! law 9 "q1 dep5ds = its v exi/5ce ^u x4 ,assum+ ! tru? ( ! law ( ,l5z1 ! quantities ( electricity :i* c be urg$ by a con/ant electromotoric s\rce ?r\gh a s]ies ( wires1 ! l5g?s ( :i* con/itute an ari?metical ratio1 w always be 9 a geometrical ratio4 ,n[ ! curve ^: ord9ates & abscissas be> ?is relation to ea* o!r1 is ! log>i?mic curve ^: equation is a x4 #a/4 ,if we suppose ! base ( ! sy/em1 :i* ! curve "u discussion repres5ts1 be great] ?an unity1 ! values ( y tak5 betwe5 x #j1 & x #a1 mu/ be all negative4 #b;d4 ,by tak+ y #j1 we f9d t ! curve w int]sect ! axis ( ! x's1 at a di/ance f ! orig91 equal to unity4 #c;d4 ,by mak+ x #j1 we f9d y to be inf9ite & negative4 ,n[1 ^! are ! prop]ties ( ! log>i?mic curve1 :i* furni% an explanation ( ! case 9 h&4 ,assum+ t ! x's repres5t ! quantities ( electricity1 & ! y's ! l5g?s ( ! wires1 we p]ceive at once1 t ^? p>ts ( ! curve :i* we h to consid]1 lie :olly 9 ! f\r? quadrant1 :]e ! abscissas are positive & ! ord9ates negative4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! batt]y curr5t passes )\t ! int]v5tion ( any ob/ruct+ wire1 its value is equal to unity4 ,b1 z successive l5g?s ( wire are cont9ually add$1 ! quantities ( electricity pass+1 und]go a dim9ution1 at fir/ rapid1 & !n m & m sl[4 ,& x is n until ! wire becomes inf9itely long t x ceases to conduct at all2 = ! ord9ate y1 :5 x #j1 is an asymptote to ! curve4 ,9 po9t ( practice1 !re=e1 :5 a c]ta9 limit is rea*$1 ! dim9ution ( ! int5sity ( ! =ces becomes v small1 :il/ ! increase 9 ! l5g?s ( ! wire is va/ly great4 ,x is1 !re=e1 possible to conceive a wire to be a million times z long z ano!r1 & yet1 ! two %all transmit quantities ( electricity n p]ceptibly diff]5t1 :5 measur$ by a delicate galvanomet]4 ,b1 "u ^! circum/ances1 if ! long wire be coil$1 s z to act z a multipli]1 its influ5ce on ! ne$le w be inexpressibly great] ?an ! "o s mu* %ort] ?an x4 ,fur!r1 f ?is we ga!r t = telegraphic despat*es1 ) a batt]y ( giv5 electromotoric p[]1 :5 a c]ta9 di/ance is rea*$1 ! dim9ution ( effect = an increas$ di/ance becomes inappreciable4 ,,! ,,galvanomet] ,,or ,,galvanoscope4 ,?is useful in/rum5t1 ! inv5tion ( :i* is bas$ ^u ,o]/$'s discov]y ( ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le1 by ! action ( conduct+ wires convey+ galvanic curr5ts1 seems to h furni%$ to mo/ ( ! inv5tors ( telegraphs1 ! ma9 spr+ ( communication4 ,x 0 a v natural sugge/ion1 z be+ ! mo/ conv5i5t & ready mode ( obta9+ ! requir$ motion1 by mak+ & break+ ! galvanic circuit4 ,?us ,/e9heil1 ,:eat/one & ,ba9 h avail$ !mselves ( ?is "o idea to effect t "p ( ! telegraphic op]ation :i* may be call$ ! galvanic1 9 contradi/9ction to ! me*anical p>ts1 :i* la/ h v>i$ consid]ably ) diff]5t op]ators4 ,! con/ruction & op]ation ( ! galvanomet] may be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! figures #bg1 #bh1 #bi4 ,a ,a1 fig4 #bh1 are two long coils ( cov]$ copp] wire1 a side view ( :i* is %[n 9 fig4 #bg4 ,^! coils are connect$ ) ! b9d+ screws1 ,l ,l1 atta*$ to ! frame1 or box1 hold+ ! coils4 ,two coils are us$ = ! conv5i5ce ( all[+ ! pivot su/a9+ ! magnetic ne$le to pass betwe5 !m2 "o coil might be us$1 by leav+ room en\gh betwe5 ! wires = a socket = ! pivot1 b ! arrangem5t1 repres5t$1 is ! mo/ readily con/ruct$4 ,a side view ( ! in/rum5t1 figure #bg1 %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! ne$les1 two ( !m be+ g5]ally us$ to increase ! op]ation ( deflection1 & to neutralize ! influ5ce ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,! pair ( ne$les is usually d5om9at$1 an a/atic ne$le1 or a ne$le )\t directive p[]2 z ! curr5t trav]s+ a conduct+ wire gives diff]5t directions to ne$les plac$ above & bel[ ! wire1 ! action ^u ! two ne$les ?us plac$ is comb9$1 by arrang+ _! poles 9 opposite directions4 ,:5 ! curr5t is 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s 9 figure #bg1 ! nor? pole ( ! ne$le1 )9 ! coil1 is c>ri$ 9 a direction f y1 z y face ! draw+1 & ! nor? pole1 )\t ! coil1 9 a contr>y direction4 ,! op]ation ^u ! s\? pole is ! rev]se4 ,*ang+ ! direction ( ! galvanic curr5t1 rev]ses ! motions4 ,x is usual to apply ! =ce ( torsion1 or ( a hair spr+1 or ( ! sup]ior weight ( "o extremity ( ! ne$le1 to act aga9/ ! deflective =ce ( ! curr5t1 & to atta* a graduat$ scale to ! in/rum5t1 fix+ x betwe5 ! upp]mo/ ne$le & ! coils z 9 figure #bi4 ,in/ead ( deflect+ ! ne$le1 ! coils !mselves may be deflect$1 z 9 ! galvanoscope ( ,pr(4 ,page1 inv5t$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcg1 & describ$ by him 9 ! #cc;d vol4 ( ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 page #cgf4 ,! object ( ?is contrivance 0 to enable him to use p[]ful magnets & light] coils4 ,?is modification ( ! galvanoscope1 ,mr4 ,ba9 has pref]r$ z ! means ( op]at+ 8 telegraph4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,an ,int]e/+ ,exp]im5t ( ,support+ a ,l>ge ,b> ( ,iron )9 ! ,helix4 ,discov]$ by ,mr4 ,vail1 ,janu>y1 #ahdd4 ,x has be5 %[n1 _m ye>s s9ce1 t a magnetic ne$le w\ld be drawn into & susp5d$ )9 a helix1 convey+ a galvanic curr5t1 & t 9 ! case ( us+ l>ge b> magnets1 ! coils or helices might be made to move ov] !m1 z 9 ,de ,la ,rives's r+s2 b 9 no in/ance1 ,i believe1 has x be5 record$1 or obs]v$1 t a b> ( iron weigh+ a p\nd or m1 c\ld be drawn up into ! helix & !re su/a9$ 9 ! air1 z x 71 )\t support4 ,if ! helix1 z %[n 9 figure #cj1 be connect$ ) f #f to #ab pairs ( ,grove's batt]y1 ! b> may be drawn up into its c5tre & !re su/a9$ 9 a v]tical position by ! action ( ! helix1 =m+ an exce$+ly int]e/+ & p>adoxical exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #cj4 ,f ! ,national ,intellig5c]4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraph ,,to ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,longitude4 ,among ! wond]ful developem5ts ( ! new telegraph1 "o has j came to light :i* w be reg>d$ 9 ! _w ( sci5ce z deeply int]e/+4 ,pr(4 ,morse sugge/$ to ! di/+ui%$ ,arago1 9 #ahci1 t ! electro magnetic telegraph w\ld be ! means ( det]m9+ ! diff]5ce ( longitude betwe5 places ) an accuracy hi!rto unatta9able4 ,by ! foll[+ lett] f ,capt4 ,*>les ,wilkes to ,pr(4 ,morse1 x w be believ$ t ! fir/ exp]im5t ( ! k9d ( :i* we h any k1 has result$ 9 ! fulfilm5t ( ! ,pr(essor's pr$iction4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,june #ac1 #ahdd4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir--,! int]e/+ exp]im5ts = obta9+ ! diff]5ce ( longitude ?r\gh y\r magnetic telegraph 7 f9i%$ ye/]day & h prov$ v satisfactory4 ,!y result$ 9 plac+ ! ,battle ,monum5t squ>e1 ,baltimore1 #a m1 4#cd sec4 4#hfh ea/1 ( ! capitol4 ,! "t ( ! two places 0 c>efully obta9$ by transit obs]vations4 ,! comp>isons 7 made ?r\gh *ronomet]s & )\t any difficulty4 ,!y 7 _h 9 ?ree days1 & _! accuracy prov$ 9 ! int]vals m>k$ & record$ at bo? places4 ,i h adopt$ ! results ( ! la/ day's obs]vations & comp>isons1 f ! elaps$ "t hav+ be5 less4 ,! diff]5ce ( ! =m] results1 f\nd 9 ! ,am]ican ,almanac1 is 4#gcb ( a second4 ,aft] ^! exp]im5ts1 ,i am well satisfi$ t y\r telegraph (f]s ! means = det]m9+ m]idian di/ances m accurately ?an 0 be=e )9 ! p[] ( in/rum5ts & obs]v]s4 ,accept my ?anks1 & ^? ( ,lieut5ant ,eld1 = y\rself & ,mr4 ,vail1 = y\r k9dness & att5tion 9 af=d+ u ! facilities to obta9 ^! results4 ,) great respect & e/eem1 y\r fri5d1 ,,*>les ,,wilkes4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,capitol1 ,wa%+ton4 ,,mode ,,( ,,cross+ ,,broad ,,riv]s1 ,,or ,,o!r ,,bodies ,,( ,,wat]1 ,,)\t ,,wires4 ,! foll[+ extract f ,pr(essor ,morse's lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 & by him submitt$ to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 ,dec4 #bc1 #ahdd1 9 relation to ?is int]e/+ subject1 w suffici5tly illu/rate x3 8,9 ! autumn ( #ahdb1 at ! reque/ ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 ,i und]took to give to ! public 9 ,new ,york a demon/ration ( ! practicability ( my telegraph1 by connect+ ,gov]nor's ,isl& ) ,ca/le ,g>d51 a di/ance ( a mile2 & = ?is purpose ,i laid my wires prop]ly insulat$ b5ea? ! wat]4 ,i _h sc>cely begun to op]ate1 & _h receiv$ b two or ?ree *>act]s1 :5 my int5tions 7 fru/rat$ by ! accid5tal de/ruction ( a "p ( my conductors by a vessel1 :i* drew !m up on h] an*or1 & cut !m (f4 ,9 ! mom5ts ( mortification1 ,i imm$iately devis$1 a plan = avoid+ su* an accid5t 9 future1 by s arrang+ my wires along ! banks ( ! riv] z to cause ! wat] itself to conduct ! electricity across4 ,! exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 0 def]r$ till ,i arriv$ 9 ,wa%+ton2 & on ,decemb] #af1 #ahdb1 ,i te/$ my arrangem5t across ! canal1 & ) success4 ,! simple fact 0 !n asc]ta9$1 t electricity c\ld be made to cross a riv] )\t o!r conductors ?an ! wat] itself2 b x 0 n until ! la/ autumn t ,i _h ! leisure to make a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! law ( its passage4 ,! foll[+ diagram w s]ve to expla9 ! exp]im5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 are ! banks ( ! riv]2 ,n1 ,p1 are ! batt]y2 ,e is ! electro magnet2 w w1 are ! wires along ! banks1 connect+ ) copp] plates1 f1 g1 h1 i1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 ?is arrangem5t is complete1 ! electricity1 g5]at$ by ! batt]y1 passes f ! positive pole1 ,p1 to ! plate h1 across ! riv] ?r\gh ! wat] to plate i1 & !nce ar\nd ! coil ( ! magnet1 ,e1 to plate f1 across ! riv] aga9 to plate g1 & !nce to ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y1 ,n4 ,! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 indicate ! di/ance along ! bank measur$ by ! numb] ( times ( ! di/ance across ! riv]4 ,! di/ance across ! canal is #hj feet2 on ,augu/ #bd?1 ! foll[+ 7 ! results ( ! exp]im5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ( ! #a/4 #b;d4 #c;d4 #d?4 #e?4 #f?4 exp]im5t1 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4 ( cups 9 batt]y1 #ad #ad #ad #g #g #g ,l5g? ( conductors1 w1 w1 #djj #djj #djj #djj #cjj #bjj ,degrees ( motion ( galvanomet]1 #cb #bdac #d #a #abd #acbi #baba #ae ,size ( ! copp] plates f1 g1 h1 i1 #e by #baf by #ahf by #ee by #be by #b #e by #b ft4 94 94 ft4 ft4 ft4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,%[+ t electricity crosses ! riv]1 & 9 quantity 9 proportion to ! size ( ! plates 9 ! wat]4 ,! di/ance ( ! plates on ! same side ( ! riv] f ea* o!r also affects ! result4 ,hav+ asc]ta9$ ! g5]al fact1 ,i 0 desir\s ( discov]+ ! be/ practical di/ance at :i* to place my copp] plates1 & n hav+ ! leisure myself1 ,i reque/$ my fri5d ,pr(essor ,gale to make ! exp]im5ts = me4 ,i subjo9 8 lett] & ! results4 ,,new ,,york1 ,novemb] #e?1 #ahdd4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir--,i s5d y1 h]e)1 a copy ( a s]ies ( results1 obta9$ ) f\r diff]5t siz$ plates1 z conductors to be us$ 9 cross+ riv]s4 ,! batt]ies us$ 7 six cups ( y\r smalle/ size1 & "o liquid us$ = ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,i made sev]al o!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 b ^! ,i mo/ rely on = uni=mity & accuracy4 ,y w see1 f inspect+ ! table1 t ! di/ance along ! %ores %\ld be ?ree times great] ?an t f %ore to %ore across ! /ream2 at lea/1 t f\r times ! di/ance does n give any increase ( p[]4 ,i int5d to repeat all ^! exp]im5ts "u m favorable circum/ances1 & w communicate to y ! results4 ,v respectfully1 ,l4 ,d4 ,,gale4 ,pr(essor ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,telegraphs4 ,s]ies ( ,exp]im5ts on f\r diff]5t sizes ( plates1 to wit3 #a/1 #ef squ>e in*es2 #b;d1 #bh squ>e in*es2 #c;d1 #ad squ>e in*es2 & #d?1 #g squ>e in*es4 ,exp]im5t #a/4--,surface ( "o face ( ! copp] plate1 #ef squ>e in*es2 batt]y1 ,morse's smalle/1 #f cups4 ,,note4--,9 all ! exp]im5ts1 f & g are /ation>y4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,di/ance f ,di/ance bank along #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? to bank4 %ore ,trial4 ,trial4 ,trial4,trial4,trial4,trial4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a #a #bb #bc #bc #bb #bb #bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #b #ca #cb #ca #ca #ca #ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #c #cf #cf #ce #ce #ce #ce ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a #d #cf scant #cf scant #cd #cd #cd #cd ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,exp]im5t #b;d4--,plates #bh squ>e in*es1 conduct$ z above4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,di/ance f ,di/ance bank along #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? to bank4 %ore ,trial4 ,trial4 ,trial4 ,trial4 ,trial4 ,trial4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #a #ah #ag #ag #ag #ag #ag ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #bg #bf #bg #bg #bg #bg ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #c #ca #ca #ca #ca #ca #ca ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #d #ca #ca #ca #ca #ca scant4 #ca ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,exp]im5t #c;d4--,plates #ad squ>e in*es1 conduct$ z ,no4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,di/ance f ,di/ance #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? bank to bank4along %ore,trial4,trial4,trial4,trial4,trial4, trial4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #a #h #h #h #h #h #h #a #b #ai #bj #ai #ai #ai #ai #a #c #bc #bc #bc #bc #bc #bc #a #d #bd #bd #bc #bc #bc #bc ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,exp]im5t #d?4--,plates #g squ>e in*es1 conduct$ z ,no4 #a4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,di/ance f ,di/ance #a/ #b;d #c;d #d? #e? #f? bank to bank4along %ore,trial4,trial4,trial4,trial4,trial4, trial4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #a #a #e #e #e #e #c #c #a #b #ae #ad #ad #ae #ae #ab #a #c #ag #ah #ag #ag #ah #ag #a #d #ah #ah #ah #ag #ag #ag ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! di/ance f bank to bank1 #cj in*es4 ,dep? ( wat]1 #ab in*es4 ,9 exp]im5t #d1 ! liquor ( ! batt]ies 0 v weak1 exhau/$ t[>ds ! la/2 & 9 trials #e & #f1 ! irregul>ities are to be attribut$ 9 "p to ! weak liquor1 & 9 "p to ! twilight h\r at :i* ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,z ! result ( ^! exp]im5ts1 x w\ld seem t !re may be situations 9 :i* ! arrangem5ts ,i h made = pass+ electricity across ! riv]s may be useful1 al?\gh exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e :e!r l(ty sp>s1 on :i* ! wires may be susp5d$1 erect$ 9 ! riv]s1 may n be deem$ ! mo/ practical4 ,! exp]im5ts made 7 b = a %ort di/ance2 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! pr9ciple 0 fully prov$ to be correct4 ,x has be5 appli$ "u ! direction ( my able assi/ants1 ,messrs4 ,vail & ,rog]s1 across ! ,susquehanna riv]1 at ,havre-de-,grace1 ) complete success2 a di/ance ( ne>ly a mile4 ,,telegraphic ,,*ess ,,play+ ,9 ord] to give "s idea ( ! accuracy ) :i* ! telegraph transmits intellig5ce1 we "h give two games ( *ess1 z play$ by di/+ui%$ g5tlem5 9 ,baltimore & 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! two games are select$ f ! sev5 play$4 ,! numb] ( moves made 9 play+ ! sev5 games1 7 #fhf1 & 7 transmitt$ )\t a s+le mi/ake or int]ruption4 ,! ,baltimoreans play$ ) ! :ite pieces1 plac$ on numb]s #eg1 #eh1 #ei1 #fj1 #fa1 #fb1 #fc1 & #fd1 figure #cb4 ,!y 7 comm5c$ ,novemb] #af?1 #ahdd4 ,b1 ,baltimore2 ,w1 ,wa%+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,fir/ ,game ( ,*ess4 ,w #ab to #bh ,b #ec 8 #cg ,w #f 8 #cj ,b #ea 8 #df ,w #g 8 #bb ,b #eb 8 #cf ,w #bh 8 #cf ,b #df 8 #cf ,w #cj 8 #ah ,b #fc 8 #df ,w #ac 8 #bj ,b #ef 8 #da ,w #i 8 #bd ,b #eh 8 #dc ,w ca/les ,b #ei to #de ,w #ad 8 #ai ,b #de 8 #ea ,w #c 8 #ba ,b #fa 8 #de ,w #bb 8 #e ,b #ee 8 #ci ,w #b 8 #ag ,b #di 8 #dh ,w #ai 8 #cj ,b #cf 8 #bi ,w #ba 8 #ac ,b #ci 8 #bf ,w #aa to #bi ,b #bf 8 #bd ,w #aj 8 #bc ,b #fb 8 #bf ,w #d 8 #c ,b #dc 8 #dj ,w #cj 8 #ce ,b #de 8 #db ,w #g 8 #i ,b #dj 8 #bc ,w #e 8 #ad ,b #bc 8 #f ,w #c 8 #f ,b ca/les #fj to #fb #fd 8 #fa ,w #ag to #cj ,b #bf 8 #ch ,w #ad 8 #e ,b #eg 8 #eh ,w #cj 8 #de;c ,b #ea 8 #de ,w #ce 8 #de ,b #db 8 #bc;c ,w #i 8 #h ,b #fa 8 #eb ,w #bg 8 #cg ,b #bd 8 #i ,b #ah 8 #cf ,b #bc 8 #g ,w gives up4 ,second ,game4 ,b #eb to #cf ,w #aa 8 #bg ,b #fb 8 #ch ,w #ac 8 #bj ,b #ec 8 #dd ,w #g 8 #bb ,b #ea 8 #ce ,w #ab 8 #ba ,b #ei 8 #de ,w #ad to #ai ,b #di 8 #dh ,w #i 8 #bd ,b #ef 8 #dj ,w #aj 8 #bc ,b #eh 8 #dc ,w #b 8 #ac ,b #fc 8 #df ,w #d 8 #ad ,b #ej to #cd ,w #ba 8 #bh ,b #cf 8 #bh ,w #bj 8 #bh ,b #ch 8 #db ,w #bb 8 #be ,b #db 8 #ef ,w #f 8 #bj ,b #dc 8 #eb ,w #ad to #d ,b #de 8 #bg ,w ca/les ,b #bg 8 #ba;c ,w #g 8 #h ,b #fa 8 #ci ,w #ac 8 #bb ,b #ci 8 #da ,w #c 8 #ba ,b #da to #ba ,w #f 8 #e ,b #ba 8 #aa ,w #d 8 #de ,b #fd 8 #fb ,w #a 8 #d ,b #eb 8 #cg ,w #bb 8 #cg ,b #df 8 #cg ,w #de 8 #cg ,b ca/les ,w #d to #b ,b #fb 8 #fa ,w #cg 8 #bg ,b #aa 8 #ad ,w #e 8 #c ,b #ad 8 #ab ,w #bg 8 #f ,b #ab 8 #ba ,w #f 8 #e ,b #cl 8 #ci ,w #be 8 #bb ,b #ci to #ec ,w #c 8 #d ,b #ce 8 #cj ,w #d 8 #fa ,b #ei 8 #fa ,w #bd 8 #be ,b #dd 8 #cg ,w #bb 8 #ci ,b #ef 8 #db ,w #b 8 #d ,b #fa 8 #fj ,w #e 8 #ac ,b #ec 8 #ce ,w #ci 8 #bd ,b #eh 8 #eg ,w #ac 8 #eb ,b #ed 8 #dc ,w #h 8 #i ,b #ce 8 #ba ,w #eb 8 #ac ,b #ba 8 #dg ,w #ac 8 #ab ,b #db to #ed ,w #d 8 #eb ,b #eg 8 #eh ,w #ab 8 #ac ,b #dh 8 #cc ,w #eb 8 #de ,b #dg 8 #ea ,w #bd 8 #aa ,b #fj 8 #fc ,w #af 8 #ag ,b #fc 8 #fb ,w #aj 8 #bd ,b #fb 8 #fj ,w #aa 8 #d ,b #ed 8 #db ,w #de 8 #eb ,b #ea 8 #df ,w #eb 8 #de ,b #df 8 #fd ,w #ac 8 #cf;c ,b #fd 8 #cf ,w #bh 8 #cf ,b #db to #ed ,w #d 8 #ba ,b #ee 8 #db ,w #de 8 #dg ,b #dc 8 #ch ,w #dg 8 #cd ,b #ch 8 #bg ,w #bc 8 #bg ,b #cg 8 #bg ,w #ba 8 #cj ,b #db 8 #ci ,w #be 8 #ci ,b #ed 8 #db ,w #bd 8 #dd;c ,b #eh 8 #eg ,w #cj 8 #cg ,b #db 8 #bh ,w #cg 8 #ed;c ,b #eg 8 #ee ,w #ed 8 #de ,b gives up4 ,improvem5t 9 ! ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e1 & ,application ( ?is ,in/rum5t to op]ate ! ,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,! magneto electric ma*9e 0 orig9ally contriv$ by ,mr4 ,saxton1 soon aft] ! ann\ncem5t ( ! int]e/+ discov]y ( ,f>aday1 t magnetism 0 capable ( excit+ electricity4 ,! conditions necess>y = obta9+ electricity 9 ?is way 71 *iefly1 ! di/urbance ( magnetic =ces 9 a b> ( s(t iron surr\nd$ by coils ( wire4 ,a numb] ( me*anical contrivances 7 resort$ to1 9 ord] to effect ?is di/urbance1 by caus+ ! b> ( iron1 ?us surr\nd$1 to approa* to & rec$e f ! poles ( p[]ful magnets2 b ! +5uity ( ,mr4 ,saxton f> exce$$ !m all1 by giv+ to ! coils & enclos$ b> a rot>y movem5t ab\t ! poles ( a ,u-=m magnet4 ,?is in/rum5t af=d$ bright sp>ks & /rong %ocks2 b ! curr5ts ( electricity ?us obta9$ c\ld n be conv]t$ to any useful purpose1 z1 9 ea* half revolution ( ! coils1 ! curr5ts 7 9 opposite directions4 ,9 #ahch1 ,pr(essor ,page publi%$ 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal an acc\nt ( an improv$ =m ( ! ma*9e1 do+ away ) _m exi/+ objections1 & fur!rmore r5d]+ x at once a useful in/rum5t1 by a contrivance = conduct+ ^! oppos+ curr5ts into "o *annel or direction1 :i* "p ( ! contrivance 0 call$ ! unitrep4 ,! curr5t produc$ 9 ?is way 0 capable ( p]=m+ ! "w to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ( ! p[] develop$ by ! galvanic batt]y2 & ! ma*9e 0 f\nd adequate to ! furni%+ ( %ocks = m$ical purposes1 = exhibit+ ! decomposition ( wat]1 furni%+ ! elem5ts oxyg5 & hydrog5 at _! respective poles1 & produc+ def9ite electro-*emical results4 ,^! two la/ results c\ld n be obta9$ )\t ! aid ( ! unitrep4 ,b1 ) ?is improvem5t1 ! in/rum5t 0 /ill want+ 9 "o prop]ty ( ! galvanic batt]y1 viz4 t prop]ty :i* *emi/s call quantity1 or t p[] ^u :i* dep5ds its ability to magnetize1 & also to heat plat9um wires4 ,?is la/ prop]ty has be5 giv5 to ! ma*9e by ! rec5t contrivance ( ,pr(essor ,page4 ,! ma*9e1 9 its novel con/ruction1 "u 8 improvem5t1 develop$ :at is call$1 by way ( di/9ction1 ! curr5t ( int5sity1 b _h a v feeble magnetiz+ p[]4 ,by a peculi> contrivance ( ! coils1 7n to be made public until 8 rights are 9 "s way secur$17 ! curr5t ( quantity is obta9$ 9 its maximum1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! int5sity is s mu* dim9i%$ t x gives sc>cely any %ock1 & decomposes feebly4 ,x has be5 successfully tri$ ) ! magnetic telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 & op]ates equally well ) ! batt]y4 ,x af=ds1 by simply turn+ a crank atta*$ to ! ma*9e1 a con/ant curr5t ( galvanic electricity2 & z !re is no consumption ( mat]ial necess>y to obta9 ?is p[]1 x w d\btless sup]s$e ! use ( ! galvanic batt]y1 :i*1 9 ! ev5t ( con/ant employm5t1 w\ld be v exp5sive1 f ! wa/e ( z9c1 plat9um1 acids1 m]cury1 & o!r mat]ials us$ 9 its con/ruction4 ,x p>ticul>ly recomm5ds itself = magnetiz+ purposes1 z x requires no k ( *emi/ry to insure ! result1 be+ m]ely me*anical 9 its action1 & is always ready = action )\t previ\s prep>ation2 ! turn+ ( a crank be+ ! only requisite :5 ! ma*9e is 9 ord]4 ,x is n liable to get out ( ord]2 does n dim9i% p]ceptibly 9 p[] :5 9 con/ant use1 & actually ga9s p[] :5 /&+ at re/4 ,x w be p>ticul>ly gratify+ to ! man ( sci5ce1 z x enables him to h always at h& a con/ant p[] = ! inve/igation ( its prop]ties1 )\t any labor ( prep>ation4 ,we notice among ! beautiful results ( ?is ma*9e1 t x *>ges an electro magnet s z to su/a9 a weight ( #a1jjj p\nds1 & x ignites to a :ite heat l>ge plat9um wires1 & may be us$ successfully = bla/+ at a di/ance2 & %\ld ,gov]nm5t ev] adopt any su* sy/em ( def5ce z to ne$ ! galvanic p[]1 x mu/ sup]s$e ! batt]y 9 t case4 ,pr(essor ,page demon/rates1 by ma!matical reason+1 t ! new contrivance ( ! coils af=ds ! v maximum ( quantity to be obta9$ by magnetic excitation4 ,report ( ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 = #ahdd4 ,,reports ,,to ,,congress ,,on ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,electro ,,magnetic ,,telegraphs4 ,lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ a ,report ^u ! subject ( a ,sy/em ( ,telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,decemb] #aa1 #ahcg4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahcg4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! honor to pres5t ?is report1 9 compliance ) ! foll[+ resolution1 :i* pass$ ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives on ! #c;d ( ,febru>y la/1 viz4 8,resolv$1 ,t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury be reque/$ to report to ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 at its next session1 ^u ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates40 ,imm$iately aft] its passage ,i prep>$ a circul>1 ) ! view ( procur+1 f ! mo/ intellig5t s\rces1 su* in=mation z w\ld enable ,congress1 z well z ! ,dep>tm5t1 to decide ^u ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs4 ,x seem$ also important to unite ) ! inquiry ! procurem5t ( su* facts z might %[ ! exp5se att5d+ diff]5t sy/ems2 ! cel]ity ( communication by ea*2 & ! useful objects to be accompli%$ by _! adoption4 ,a copy ( ! circul> is annex$1 7#a7 ,! replies h be5 num]\s1 & _m ( !m are v full & int]e/+4 ,^? deem$ mat]ial are annex$1 numb]$ #b to #ah1 inclusive4 ,f ^? communications1 & su* o!r inve/igations z ! pressure ( bus9ess has enabl$ me to make1 ,i am satisfi$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be useful to comm]ce z well z ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,x might mo/ prop]ly be made appurt5ant to ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t1 &1 dur+ w>1 w\ld prove a mo/ ess5tial aid to ! milit>y op]ations ( ! c\ntry4 ,! exp5se1 att5d+ x is e/imat$ c>efully 9 "s ( ! docum5ts annex$2 b x w dep5d mu* ^u ! k9d ( sy/em adopt$3 ^u ! ext5t & location ( ! l9es fir/ e/abli%$2 & ! *>ges made to individuals = communicat+ in=mation ?r\gh x :i* may n be ( a public "*4 ,on ^! po9ts1 z ! ,dep>tm5t has n be5 reque/$ to make a report1 no op9ion is express$2 b in=mation conc]n+ !m 0 deem$ useful z a guide 9 decid+ on ! propriety ( e/abli%+ telegraphs1 & 01 !re=e1 reque/$ 9 ! circul> be=e m5tion$4 ,_m useful sugge/ions 9 relation to ! subject w be f\nd 9 ! correspond5ce annex$1 & 9 ! books !re ref]r$ to4 ,! ,dep>tm5t w\ld take ?is occasion to express1 9 respect to ! num]\s g5tlem5 ^: views are n[ submitt$ to ,congress1 its high appreciation & s9c]e ackn[l$gm5ts = ! valuable contributions !y h made on a subject ( s mu* int]e/4 ,i rema91 v respectfully1 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,levi ,,woodbury1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,! ,hon4 ,j4 ,k4 ,,polk1 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,no4 #a4 ,circul> to c]ta9 ,collectors ( ! ,cu/oms1 ,comm&]s ( ,rev5ue ,cutt]s1 & o!r p]sons4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahcg4 ,) ! view ( obta9+ in=mation 9 reg>d to 8! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 9 compliance ) ! reque/ conta9$ 9 ! annex$ resolution ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 adopt$ at its la/ session1 ,i w ?ank y to furni% ! ,dep>tm5t ) y\r op9ion ^u ! subject4 ,if leisure p]mits1 y w\ld oblige me by po9t+ out ! mann]1 & ! v>i\s p>ticul>s1 9 :i* ! sy/em may be r5d]$ mo/ useful to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! public g5]ally4 ,x w\ld be desirable1 if 9 y\r p[]1 to pres5t a detail$ /atem5t z to ! prop] po9ts = ! location1 & di/ance ( ! /ations f ea* o!r1 ) g5]al rules = ! regulation ( ! sy/em1 toge!r ) y\r s5tim5ts z to ! propriety ( connect+ x ) any exi/+ dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & "s def9ite idea ( ! rapidity ) :i* intellig5ce c\ld ord9>ily1 & also 9 urg5t cases1 be communicat$ betwe5 di/ant places4 ,i wi% y to e/imate ! probable exp5se ( e/abli%+ & support+ telegraphs1 ^u ! mo/ approv$ sy/em1 = any giv5 di/ance1 dur+ any specifi$ p]iod4 ,x w\ld add to ! int]e/ ( ! subject if y w\ld (f] views z to ! practicability ( unit+ ) a sy/em ( telegraphs = communication 9 cle> wea!r & 9 ! day "t1 ano!r = communication 9 fogs1 by cannon1 or o!rwise2 & 9 ! night1 by ! same mode1 or by rockets1 fires1 c4 ,i %\ld be gratifi$ by receiv+ y\r reply by ! fir/ ( ,octob] next4 ,,levi ,,woodbury1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,no4 #b4 ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,,univ]sity1 ,sept4 #bg1 #ahcg4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,9 reply to ! inquiries :i* y h done me ! honor to make1 9 ask+ my op9ion 8( ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 ,i w\ld say1 9 reg>d to ! g5]al "q1 t ,i believe !re c sc>cely be two op9ions1 9 su* a community z ours1 9 reg>d to ! advantage :i* w\ld result1 bo? to ! ,gov]nm5t & ! public g5]ally1 f ! e/abli%m5t ( a sy/em ( communication by :i* ! mo/ spe$y int]c\rse may be _h betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! mail sy/em1 x seems to me1 is f\nd$ on ! univ]sally admitt$ pr9ciple1 t ! great] ! spe$ ) :i* intellig5ce c be transmitt$ f po9t to po9t1 ! great] is ! b5efit d]iv$ to ! :ole community4 ,! only "q t rema9s1 !re=e1 is1 :at sy/em is be/ calculat$1 f its complet5ess & *eapness1 to effect ?is desirable end8 ,) reg>d to telegraphs con/ruct$ on ! ord9>y pr9ciples1 h[ev] p]fect$ )9 ! limits 9 :i* !y are necess>ily conf9$1 ! mo/ p]fect ( !m are liable to "o insurm\ntable objection--!y are useless ! great] "p ( ! "t4 ,9 foggy wea!r1 & ord9>ily dur+ ! night no intellig5ce c be transmitt$4 ,ev5 :5 !y c transmit1 mu* "t is consum$ 9 communicat+ b little1 & t little n always precise4 ,hav+ inv5t$ an entirely new mode ( telegraphic communication1 :i*1 s f> z exp]im5ts h yet be5 made ) x1 promises results ( almo/ m>vell\s "*1 ,i beg leave to pres5t to ! ,dep>tm5t a brief acc\nt ( its *ief *>act]i/ics4 ,ab\t five ye>s ago1 on my voyage home f ,europe1 ! electrical exp]im5t ( ,frankl91 ^u a wire "s f\r miles 9 l5g? 0 casually recall$ to my m9d 9 a conv]sation ) "o ( ! pass5g]s1 9 :i* exp]im5t x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! electricity travell$ ?r\gh ! :ole circuit 9 a "t n appreciable1 b app>5tly in/antane\s4 ,x imm$iately occurr$ to me1 t if ! pres5ce ( electricity c\ld be made ,,visible 9 any desir$ "p ( ?is circuit1 x w\ld n be difficult to con/ruct a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,signs by :i* intellig5ce c\ld be in/antane\sly transmitt$4 ,! ?\ght1 ?us conceiv$1 took /rong hold ( my m9d 9 ! leisure :i* ! voyage af=d$1 & ,i plann$ a sy/em ( signs & an app>atus to c>ry x into effect4 ,i ca/ a species ( type1 :i* ,i _h devis$ = ?is purpose1 ! fir/ week aft] my arrival home2 & al?\gh ! re/ ( ! ma*9]y 0 plann$1 yet1 f ! pressure ( unavoidable duties1 ,i 0 compell$ to po/pone my exp]im5ts1 & 0 n able to te/ ! :ole plan until )9 a few weeks4 ,! result has realiz$ my mo/ sangu9e expectations4 ,z ,i h contract$ ) ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail to h a complete app>atus made to demon/rate at ,wa%+ton by ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahch1 ! practicability & sup]iority ( my mode ( telegraphic communication by means ( electro magnetism1 7an app>atus :i* ,i hope to h ! pleasure ( exhibit+ to y17 ,i w conf9e myself 9 ?is communication to a /atem5t ( its peculi> advantages4 ,fir/4 ,! fulle/ & mo/ precise in=mation c be almo/ in/antane\sly transmitt$ betwe5 any two or m po9ts1 betwe5 :i* a wire conductor is laid3 t is to say1 no o!r "t is consum$ ?an is necess>y to write ! intellig5ce to be convey$1 & to conv]t ! words into ! telegraphic numb]s4 ,! numb]s are !n transmitt$ ne>ly in/antane\sly1 7or if ,i h be5 rightly in=m$ 9 reg>d to "s rec5t exp]im5ts 9 ! velocity ( electricity1 two hundr$ ?\s& miles 9 a second17 to any di/ance1 :]e ! numb]s are imm$iately recognis$1 & reconv]t$ into ! words ( ! intellig5ce4 ,second4 ,! same full intellig5ce c be communicat$ at any mom5t irrespective ( ! "t ( day or night1 or /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,?is s+le po9t e/abli%es its sup]iority to all o!r modes ( telegraphic communication n[ kn[n4 ,?ird4 ,! :ole app>atus w occupy b little space1 7sc>cely six cubic feet1 probably n m ?an f\r27#aa & x may1 !re=e1 be plac$ )\t inconv5i5ce1 9 any h\se4 ,f\r?4 ,! record ( intellig5ce is made 9 a p]man5t mann] & 9 su* a =m t x c be at once b\nd up 9 volumes conv5i5t = ref]5ce1 if desir$4 ,fif?4 ,communications are secret to all b ! p]sons = :om !y are int5d$4 #aa ,x n[ occupies a space #aj in*es long1 #h in*es high1 & #e wide4 ,^! are ! *ief advantages ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph ov] o!r k9ds ( telegraphs1 & :i* mu/ give x ! pref]5ce1 provid$ ! exp5se & o!r circum/ances are reasonably favorable4 ,! newness ( ! :ole plan makes x n s easy to e/imate ! exp5se1 b an approa* to a correct e/imate c be made4 ,! pr9cipal exp5se w be ! fir/ co/ ( ! wire or metallic conductors1 7consi/+ ( f\r l5g?s17 & ! secur+ !m aga9/ injury4 ,! co/ ( a s+le copp] wire _/ ( an in* diamet]1 7& x %\ld n be ( less dim5sions17 = #djj miles1 0 rec5tly e/imat$ 9 ,scotl& to be ab\t #a1jjj /]l+1 includ+ ! sold]+s ( ! wire toge!r2 t is1 ab\t #f p] mile = "o wire1 or #bd p] mile = ! f\r wires4 ,i h rec5tly contract$ = tw5ty miles ( copp] wire1 ,no4 #ah1 at #dj c5ts p] p\nd4 ,ea* p\nd1 x is e/imat$1 conta9s #ic feet1 :i* gives a result co9cid+ ) ! ,scot* e/imate1 if #a4fj p] mile be add$ = sold]+s4 ,! prep>ation ( ! wire = be+ laid1 7if 9 ! gr\nd17 compreh5ds ! clo?+ ( ! wires ) an insulat+ or non-conduct+ sub/ance2 ! encas+ !m 9 wood1 clay1 /one1 iron1 or o!r metal2 & ! tr5*+ ( ! e>? to receive !m4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! bus9ess ,i h no exp]i5ce to guide me1 ! :ole be+ altoge!r new4 ,i c1 !re=e1 only make at pres5t a r\gh e/imate4 ,iron tubes enclos+ ! wires1 & fill$ 9 ) pit* & res91 w\ld probably be ! mo/ eligible mode ( secur+ ! conductors f injury1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x w\ld be ! mo/ co/ly4 ,iron tubes ( #a in* diamet]1 ,i le>n1 c be obta9$ at ,baltimore1 at #bh c5ts p] foot4 ,! tr5*+ w n be m ?an ?ree c5ts = #b feet1 or ab\t #ge p] mile4 ,?is e/imate is = a tr5* #c feet deep & #a wide4 ,!re is no grad+2 ! tr5* may foll[ ! track ( any road1 ov] ! highe/ hills or l[e/ valleys4 ,across riv]s1 ) bridges1 ! circuit may easily be c>ri$1 enclos$ b5ea? ! bridge4 ,:]e ! /ream1 is wide1 & no bridge1 ! circuit1 enclos$ 9 lead1 may be sunk to ! bottom4 ,if ! circuit is laid ?r\gh ! air1 ! fir/ co/ w\ld d\btless be mu* less5$4 ,?is plan ( mak+ ! circuit has "s advantages1 b !re are also "s disadvantages2 ! *ief ( :i* latt] is1 t1 be+ always 9 sight1 ! temptation to injure ! circuit to mis*iev\sly dispos$ p]sons1 is great] ?an if x 7 buri$ out ( sight b5ea? _! feet4 ,z an (fset1 h[ev]1 to ?is1 an injury to ! circuit is m easily detect$4 ,) reg>d to dang] f wantonness1 x may be suffici5t to say1 t ! same objection 0 orig9ally made 9 ! sev]al cases1 successively1 ( wat]-pipes1 gas-pipes1 & railroads2 & yet we d n he> ( wantonness injur+ any ( ^!4 ,/\t sp>s ( "s ?irty feet 9 height1 well plant$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & plac$ ab\t #cej feet ap>t1 w\ld1 9 ?is case1 be requir$1 along ! tops ( :i* ! circuit might be /ret*$4 ,fifte5 su* sp>s w\ld be want$ to a mile4 ,?is mode w\ld be z *eap1 probably1 z any o!r1 unless ! lay+ ( ! circuit 9 wat] %\ld be f\nd to be mo/ eligible4 ,a s]ies ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! practicability ( ?is mode1 ,i am ab\t to comm5ce ) ,pr(essor ,gale1 ( our univ]sity1 a g5tleman ( great sci5ce1 & to ^: assi/ance1 9 _m ( my late exp]im5ts1 ,i am greatly indebt$4 ,we are prep>+ a circuit ( tw5ty miles4 ,! result ( our exp]im5ts ,i w h ! honor ( report+ to y4 ,! o!r ma*9]y1 consi/+ ( ! app>atus = transmitt+ & receiv+ ! intellig5ce1 c be made at a v trifl+ co/4 ,! only p>ts ( ! app>atus t wa/e or consume mat]ials1 are ! batt]ies1 :i* consume acid & z9c1 & ! regi/]1 :i* consumes pap] = record+1 & p5cils or ink = m>k+4 ,! co/ ( pr9t+1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( a telegraphic diction>y1#ab %\ld p]haps also be tak5 into ! acc\nt1 z ea* (fic] ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 z well z _m o!rs1 w\ld require a copy1 %\ld ?is mode ( telegraphic communication g into effect4 ,?is diction>y w\ld conta9 a vocabul>y ( all ! words 9 common use 9 ! ,engli% language1 ) ! numb]s regul>ly affix$ to ea* ^w4 #ab ,mr4 ,francis ,o4 ,j4 ,smi? has rec5tly publi%$ a ,secret ,correspond+ ,vocabul>y adapt$ to ?is purpose4 ,! /ations 9 ! case ( ?is telegraph may be z num]\s z are desir$2 ! only additional exp5se = t purpose be+ ! add+ ( ! transmitt+ & receiv+ app>atus to ea* /ation4 ,! co/ ( support+ a sy/em ( telegraphs on ?is plan1 7:5 a circuit is once e/abli%$17 w\ld1 9 my op9ion1 be mu* less ?an on ! common plans2 yet1 = want ( exp]i5ce 9 ?is mode1 ,i w\ld n affirm x positively4 ,z to 8! propriety ( connect+ ! sy/em ( telegraphs ) any exi/+ dep>tm5t ( ,gov]nm5t10 x w\ld seem mo/ natural to connect a telegraphic sy/em ) ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t2 =1 al?\gh x does n c>ry a mail1 yet x is ano!r mode ( accompli%+ ! pr9cipal object = :i* ! mail is e/abli%$1 to wit3 ! rapid & regul> transmission ( intellig5ce4 ,if my sy/em ( telegraphs %\ld be e/abli%$1 x is evid5t t ! telegraph w\ld h b little re/ day or night4 ,! advantage ( communicat+ intellig5ce in/antane\sly 9 hundr$s ( in/ances ( daily occurr5ce1 w\ld w>rant su* a rate ( po/age1 7if x may be s call$17 z w\ld amply defray all exp5ses ( ! fir/ co/ ( e/abli%+ ! sy/em1 & ( gu>d+ x1 & keep+ x 9 repair4 ,z e ^w is numb]$1 an obvi\s mode ( rat+ might be1 a *>ge ( a c]ta9 am\nt on s _m numb]s4 ,i presume t five words c c]ta9ly be transmitt$ 9 a m9ute2 =1 ) ! imp]fect ma*9]y ,i n[ use1 ,i h record$ at t rate1 at ! di/ance ( half a mile4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i w\ld say1 t if ! p]fect+ ( ?is new sy/em ( telegraphs 7:i* may ju/ly be call$ ! ,am]ican ,telegraph1 s9ce ,i c e/abli% my claims to priority 9 ! inv5tion7 %all be ?\ght ( public utility1 & wor?y ! att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t1 ,i %all be ready to make any sacrifice ( p]sonal s]vice & ( "t to aid 9 its accompli%m5t4 ,9 ! mean "t ,i rema91 sir1 ) s9c]e respect & high p]sonal e/eem1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t1 humble s]vant1 ,,saml4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,,hon4 ,,levi ,,woodbury1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,no4 #c4 ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,! ,,city ,,( ,,new ,,york1 ,novemb] #bh1 #ahcg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,9 my lett] to y 9 answ] to ! circul> respect+ telegraphs1 :i* y did me ! honor to s5d me1 ,i promis$ to advise y ( ! result ( "s exp]im5ts ab\t to be tri$ ) my electro magnetic telegraph4 ,i in=m$ y t ,i _h succe$$ 9 m>k+ p]man5tly & intelligibly at ! di/ance ( half a mile4 ,pr(essor ,gale1 ( our univ]sity1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 ( ! ,spe$well iron-works1 ne> ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 are n[ associat$ ) me 9 ! sci5tific & me*anical p>ts ( ! inv5tion4 ,we h procur$ sev]al miles ( wire1 & ,i am happy to ann\nce to y t our success has ?us f>1 be5 complete4 ,at a di/ance ( five miles1 ) a common ,cruik%ank's batt]y ( #hg plates1 7#d by #c in*es ea* plate17 ! m>k+ 0 z p]fect on ! regi/] z 9 ! fir/ in/ance ( half a mile4 ,we h rec5tly add$ five miles m1 mak+ 9 all t5 miles1 ) ! same result2 & we h n[ no d\bt ( its effect+ a simil> result at any di/ance4 ,i also /at$ to y1 sir1 t ma*9]y 0 9 progress ( mak+1 ) :i*1 s soon z x %\ld be complet$1 ,i int5d$ to proce$ to ,wa%+ton1 to exhibit ! p[]s ( ! inv5tion be=e y & o!r memb]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,i _h hop$ to be 9 ,wa%+ton be=e ! session ( ,congress1 b ,i f9d t ! execution ( new ma*9]y is s unc]ta9 9 its "t ( completion1 t ,i %all be delay$1 probably1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 ,:at ,i wi% to le>n f y1 sir1 is1 8,h[ late 9 ! session c ,i delay my visit1 & yet be 9 season to meet ! subject ( telegraphs1 :5 x %all be pres5t$ by y\r report to ,congress80 ,i am anxi\s1 ( c\rse1 to %[ z p]fect an in/rum5t z possible1 & w\ld wi% z mu* "t = ! purpose ( p]fect+ x z c be all[$ )\t detrim5t to my int]e/s z an applicant = ! att5tion ( ,gov]nm5t to ! be/ plan ( a telegraph4 ,i am1 my de> sir1 ) ! greate/ respect & p]sonal e/eem1 ,y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,saml4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,,hon4 ,,levi ,,woodbury1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,no4 #d4 ,f ! ,new ,york ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce4 ,we h receiv$ ! foll[+ note & diagram1 ) ! explanation ( ! latt]1 f ,mr4 ,morse3 ,to ! ,editors ( ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce3 ,,g5tlem53 ,y _h ! k9dness to ass]t1 a few days ago1 my claim to ! inv5tion ( ! electro magnetic telegraph1 = :i* ,i ?ank y4 ,z to ! priority ( my inv5tion1 entirely plann$ & = ! mo/ "p execut$ z x 0 ne>ly five ye>s ago1 ,i c adduce ! ample/ pro(4 ,y ann\nc$ t ,i 0 prep>+ a %ort circuit1 to %[ to my fri5ds ! op]ation ( ! telegraph4 ,?is circuit ,i h complet$1 ( ! l5g? ( #a1gjj feet1 or ab\t "o-?ird ( a mile2 & on ,saturday1 ! #b;d in/ant1 9 pres5ce ( ,pr(essors ,gale & ,torrey ( ?is city1 & ,pr(essor ,daub5y ( ! ,ox=d 7,engli%7 ,univ]sity1 & sev]al o!r g5tlem51 ,i tri$ a prelim9>y exp]im5t ) ! regi/]4 ,x record$ ! intellig5ce suffici5tly p]fect to e/abli% ! practicability ( ! plan1 & ! sup]ior simplicity ( my mode ( communication1 ov] any ( ^? propos$ by ! pr(essors 9 ,europe4 ,x w be obs]v$ t no acc\nt has rea*$ u t any ( ! =eign propos$ electric telegraphs h z yet succe$$ 9 transmitt+ intelligible communications2 b x is m]ely ass]t$ ( ! mo/ advanc$ exp]im5t1 7! "o 9 ,london17 t 8by means ( five wires10 c4 intellig5ce 8may be convey$40 ,i h ! gratification ( s5d+ y a specim5 ( ! writ+ ( my telegraph1 ! actual transmission ( a communication made ?is morn+1 9 a m complete mann] ?an on ,saturday1 & ?r\gh ! di/ance ( "o-?ird ( a mile4 ,?9k+ x may be gratify+ to y\r read]s to see ! k9d ( writ+ :i* x p]=ms1 ,i h _h x engrav$ = y1 accompani$ ) an explanation4 ,y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,saml4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,n4 ,y4 ,city ,univ]sity1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahcg4 ,no4 #e4 ,specim5 ( ,telegraphic ,writ+ made by means ( electricity at ! di/ance ( "o-?ird ( a mile4 ,illu/ration ,! words 9 ! diagram 7 ! intellig5ce transmitt$4 ,! numb]s 79 ?is in/ance arbitr>y7 are ! numb]s ( ! words 9 a telegraphic diction>y4 ,! po9ts are ! m>k+s ( ! regi/]1 ea* po9t be+ m>k$ e "t ! electric fluid passes4 ,! regi/] m>ks b "o k9d ( m>k1 to wit1 7,v47 ,?is c be v>i$ two ways4 ,by int]vals1 ?us1 7,v ,,vv ,,vvv17 signify+ "o1 two1 ?ree1 c41 & by rev]s+1 ?us1 77 ,examples ( bo? ^! v>ieties are se5 9 ! diagram4 ,! s+le numb]s are sep>at$ by %ort1 & ! :ole numb]s by long int]vals4 ,to illu/rate by ! diagram3 ! ^w 8successful0 is fir/ f\nd 9 ! diction>y1 & its telegraphic numb]1 #bae1 is set up 9 a species ( type prep>$ = ! purpose1 & s ( ! o!r words4 ,! type !n op]ate ^u ! ma*9]y1 & s]ve to regulate ! times & int]vals ( ! passage ( electricity4 ,ea* passage ( ! fluid causes a p5cil at ! extremity ( ! wire to m>k ! po9ts z 9 ! diagram4 ,to read ! m>ks1 c\nt ! po9ts at ! bottom ( ea* l9e4 ,x w be p]ceiv$ t two po9ts come fir/1 sep>at$ by a %ort int]val f ! next po9t4 ,set #b b5ea? x4 ,!n comes "o po9t1 likewise sep>at$ by a %ort int]val4 ,set #a b5ea? x4 ,!n come five po9ts4 ,set #e b5ea? !m4 ,b ! int]val 9 ?is case is a long int]val3 consequ5tly1 ! ?ree numb]s comprise ! :ole numb]1 #bae4 ,s proce$ ) ! re/1 until ! numb]s are all set d[n4 ,!n1 by ref]r+ to ! telegraphic diction>y1 ! words correspond+ to ! numb]s are f\nd1 & ! communication read4 ,?us x w be se5 t1 by means ( ! *anges ^u t5 *>act]s1 all words c be transmitt$4 ,b !re are two po9ts rev]s$ 9 ! l[] l9e4 ,^! are ! elev5? "*1 plac$ be=e a numb]1 to signify t x is to be read z a numb]1 & n z ! repres5tative ( a ^w4 ,no4 #f4 ,mr4 ,,smi?1 f ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 made ! foll[+ ,report1 ,april #f?1 #ahch4 ,! ,committee on ,comm]ce to :om ! subject 0 ref]r$1 h _h ! same "u consid]ation1 & report3 ,on ! #c;d ( ,febru>y1 #ahcg1 ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives pass$ a resolution reque/+ ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury to report to ! ,h\se1 at its pres5t session1 ^u ! propriety ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 pursuance ( ?is reque/1 ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 at an e>ly day aft] ! passage ( said resolution1 address$ a circul> ( inquiry to num]\s sci5tific & practical individuals 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,union2 &1 on ! #f? ( ,decemb] la/1 report$ ! result ( ?is proce$+ to ! ,h\se4 ,?is report ( ! ,secret>y imbodies _m useful sugge/ions on ! necessity & practicability ( a sy/em ( telegraphic despat*es1 bo? = public & individual purposes2 & ! committee _c d\bt t ! ,am]ican public is fully prep>$1 & ev5 desir\s1 t e requisite ef=t be made on ! "p ( ,congress to consummate an object ( s deep int]e/ to ! purposes ( ,gov]nm5t 9 peace & 9 w>1 & to ! ent]prise ( ! age4 ,amid ! sugge/ions ?us elicit$ f v>i\s s\rces1 & imbodi$ 9 ! be=e-m5tion$ report ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 a plan = an electro magnetic telegraph is communicat$ by ,pr(essor ,morse1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ! city ( ,new ,york1 pre-em95tly int]e/+1 & ev5 wond]ful4 ,see ,report1 ,no4 #b4 ,?is inv5tion consi/s 9 ! application1 by me*anism1 ( galvanic electricity to telegraphic purposes1 & is claim$ by ,pr(essor ,morse & 8 associates z orig9al ) !m2 & be+ s1 9 fact1 z ! committee believe1 lett]s-pat5t h be5 secur$1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = ! inv5tion4 ,x has1 moreov]1 be5 subject$ to ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 ^u a scale ( t5 miles di/ance1 by a select committee ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ( ! city ( ,philadelphia1 & report$ ^u by t em95tly high tribunal 9 ! mo/ favorable & confid5t t]ms4 ,an ab/ract f ! report ?us made is h]eunto annex$4 ,no4 #g4 ,9 additional confirmation ( ! m]its ( 8 propos$ sy/em ( telegraphs1 ,pr(essor ,morse has exhibit$ x 9 op]ation 7by a coil ( metallic wire measur+ ab\t t5 miles 9 l5g?1 r5d]+ ! action equal to a telegraph ( half t di/ance7 to ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! sev]al heads ( ,dep>tm5ts1 to memb]s ( ,congress g5]ally1 :o h tak5 int]e/ 9 ! exam9ation1 & to a va/ numb] ( sci5tific & practical individuals f v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,union2 & all concur1 x is believ$1 & )\t a diss5t+ d\bt1 9 admiration ( ! +5i\s & sci5tific "* ( ! inv5tion1 & 9 ! op9ion t x is successfully adapt$ to ! purposes ( telegraphic despat*es1 & 9 a conviction ( its great & incalculable practical importance & usefulness to ! c\ntry1 & ultimately to ! :ole _w4 ,b x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 any "o1 7& ! inv5tor himself is mo/ s5sible ( ?is17 to attempt1 at ?is /age ( ! inv5tion1 to calculate 9 anticipation1 or to hold out promises ( :at its :ole ext5t ( capacity = usefulness may be1 9 ei!r a political1 comm]cial1 or social po9t ( view1 if ! electrical p[] ^u :i* x dep5ds = successful action %all prove to be effici5t1 z is n[ suppos$ x w1 to c>ry intellig5ce ?r\gh any ( ! di/ances ( #ej1 #ajj1 #ejj1 or m miles n[ contemplat$4 ,no su* attempt1 !re=e1 w be indulg$ 9 ?is report4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! influ5ce ( ?is inv5tion ov] ! political1 comm]cial1 & social relations ( ! p ( ?is widely-ext5d$ c\ntry1 look+ to no?+ beyond1 w1 9 ! ev5t ( success1 ( itself am\nt to a revolution unsurpass$ 9 moral gr&eur by any discov]y t has be5 made 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 f ! mo/ di/ant p]iod to :i* au!ntic hi/ory ext5ds1 to ! pres5t day4 ,) ! means ( almo/ in/antane\s communication ( intellig5ce betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant po9ts ( ! c\ntry1 & simultane\sly betwe5 any giv5 numb] ( int]m$iate po9ts :i* ?is inv5tion contemplates1 space w be1 to all practical purposes ( in=mation1 completely annihilat$ betwe5 ! ,/ates ( ! ,union1 z also betwe5 ! individual citiz5s !re(4 ,! citiz5 w be inve/$ )1 & r$uce to daily & famili> use1 an approa* to ! ,,high ,,attribute ,,( ,,ubiquity1 9 a degree t ! human m9d until rec5tly1 has h>dly d>$ to contemplate s]i\sly z belong+ to human ag5cy1 f an in/9ctive feel+ ( religi\s rev]5ce & res]ve on a p[] ( su* awful gr&eur4 ,ref]r+ to ! annex$ report ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 already adv]t$ to1 & also to ! lett]s ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 m>k$ #b1 #h & #i1 = o!r details ( ! sup]iority ( ?is sy/em ( telegraphs ov] all o!r me?ods h]et(ore r$uc$ to practice by any individual or ,gov]nm5t1 ! committee agree1 unanim\sly1 t x is wor?y to engross ! att5tion & means ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 to ! full ext5t t may be necess>y to put ! inv5tion to ! mo/ decisive te/ t c be desirable4 ,! p[] ( ! inv5tion1 if successful1 is s ext5sive = good & = evil1 t ! ,gov]nm5t alone %\ld possess ! "r to control & regulate x4 ,! mode ( proce$+ to te/ x1 z sugge/$1 z also ! relations :i* ! inv5tor & 8 associates are will+ to recognise ) ! ,gov]nm5t on ! subject ( ! future own]%ip1 use1 & control ( ! inv5tion1 are succ9ctly set =? 9 ! annex$ lett]s ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 m>k$ #h & #i4 ,! probable outlay ( an exp]im5t ^u a scale equal to fifty miles ( telegraph1 & equal to a circuit ( d\ble t di/ance1 is e/imat$ at #cj1jjj4 ,two-?irds ( ?is exp5diture w be = mat]ial1 :i*1 :e!r ! exp]im5t %all succe$ or fail1 w rema9 un9jur$1 & ( v little dim9i%$ value bel[ ! price t w be paid = x4 ,! e/imates ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 z w be se5 by 8 lett]1 m>k$ #i1 am\nt to #bf1jjj2 b1 to meet any cont+5cy n n[ anticipat$1 & to gu>d aga9/ any want ( requisite funds 9 an ent]prise ( su* mom5t to ! ,gov]nm5t1 to ! p1 & to ! sci5tific _w1 ! committee recomm5d an appropriation ( #cj1jjj1 to be exp5d$ "u ! direction ( ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury2 & to ?is end submit h]e) a bill4 ,x is believ$ by ! committee t ! subject is "o ( su* univ]sal int]e/ & importance1 t an e>ly action ^u x w be deem$ desirable by ,congress1 to enable ! inv5tor to complete 8 trial ( ! inv5tion ^u ! ext5d$ scale contemplat$1 9 season to furni% ,congress ) a full report ( ! result dur+ its pres5t session1 if t %all be practicable4 ,all :i* is respectfully submitt$4 ,,francis ,o4 ,j4 ,,smi?1 ,,jas4 ,m4 ,,mason1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,phillips1 ,,john ,t4 ,h4 ,,wor?+ton1 ,,samuel ,,cu%man1 ,,wm4 ,h4 ,,hunt]1 ,,john ,i4 ,,de ,,graff1 ,,george ,w4 ,,tol&1 ,,edw>d ,,curtis1 ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,u4 ,s4 ,h4 ,r4 ,no4 #g4 ,,hall ,,( ,,! ,,frankl9 ,,in/itute1 ,feb4 #h1 #ahch4 ,report ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute ,philadelphia4 ,! sub-committee1 f ! committee ( sci5ce & arts1 appo9t$ to exam9e ! electro magnetic telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 report3 ,t ?is in/rum5t 0 exhibit$ to !m 9 ! hall ( ! ,in/itute1 & e opportunity giv5 by ,mr4 ,morse & 8 associate1 ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail1 to exam9e x c>efully1 & to judge ( its op]ation2 & !y n[ pres5t ! foll[+ z ! result ( _! obs]vations3 99 99 99 99 ,! op]ation ( ! telegraph1 z exhibit$ to u1 0 v satisfactory4 ,! p[] giv5 to ! magnet at ! regi/]1 ?r\gh a l5g? ( wire ( t5 miles1 0 abundantly suffici5t = ! movem5ts requir$ to m>k ! signals4 ,! communication ( ?is 0 in/antane\s4 ,! "t requir$ to make ! signals 0 z %ort at lea/1 z t necess>y 9 ! ord9>y telegraphs4 ,x appe>s to ?is committee1 !re=e1 t ! possibility ( us+ telegraphs ^u ?is plan1 9 actual practice1 is n to be d\bt$2 ?\gh difficulties may be anticipat$1 :i* c\ld n be te/$ by ! trials made ) ! model4 ,"o ( ^! relates to ! insulation & protection ( ! wires1 :i* are to pass ov] _m miles ( di/ance1 to =m ! circuits betwe5 ! /ations4 ,mr4 ,morse has propos$ sev]al plans3 ! la/ be+ to cov] ! wires ) cotton ?read1 !n v>ni% !m ?ickly ) gum-ela/ic1 & enclose ! :ole 9 lead5 tubes4 ,m practical & economical means w probably be devis$2 b ! fact is n to be conceal$1 t any effectual plan mu/ be v exp5sive4 ,d\bts h be5 rais$ z to ! di/ance to :i* ! electricity ( an ord9>y batt]y c be made effici5t2 b y\r committee ?9k t no s]i\s difficulty is anticipat$ z to ?is po9t4 ,! exp]im5t ) ! wire w\nd 9 a coil1 may n1 inde$1 be deem$ conclusive2 b "o ( ! memb]s ( ! committee assi/$ 9 an exp]im5t 9 :i* a magnet 0 v s5sibly affect$ by a batt]y ( a s+le pair1 ?r\gh an insulat$ wire ( two & ?ree-qu>t] miles 9 l5g?1 ( :i* ! folds 7 f\r in*es ap>t2 & :5 a batt]y ( t5 pairs 0 us$1 wat] 0 freely decompos$4 ,an exp]im5t is said to h be5 made1 ) success1 on ! ,birm+ham & ,man*e/] rail road1 ?r\gh a circuit ( ?irty miles 9 l5g?4 ,x may be prop] to /ate1 t ! idea ( us+ electricity = telegraphic purposes has pres5t$ itself to sev]al individuals1 & t x may be difficult to settle among !m ! "q ( orig9ality4 ,! celebrat$ ,gauss has a telegraph ( ?is k9d 9 actual op]ation1 = communicat+ signals betwe5 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gtt+5 & 8 magnetic obs]vatory 9 its vic9ity4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one1 ( ,london1 has be5 = "s "t also engag$ 9 exp]im5ts on an electrical telegraph4 ,b ! plan ( ,pr(essor ,morse is1 s f> z ! committee are in=m$1 entirely diff]5t f any ( ^? devis$ by o!r individuals1 all ( :i* act by giv+ diff]5t directions to a magnetic ne$le2 & w\ld1 !re=e1 require sev]al circuits ( wire betwe5 all ! /ations4 ,9 conclusion1 ! committee beg leave to /ate _! high gratification ) ! exhibition ( ,pr(essor ,morse's telegraph1 & _! hope t means may be giv5 to him to subject x to ! te/ ( an actual exp]im5t1 made betwe5 /ations at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,! advantages :i* ?is telegraph w\ld pres5t1 if successful1 ov] e k9d h]et(ore us$1 make x wor?y ! patronage ( ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,^! are1 t ! /ations may be at a di/ance asund]1 f> exce$+ t to :i* all o!r telegraphs are limit$2 & t ! signals may be giv5 at night1 & 9 ra9s1 sn[s1 & fogs1 :5 o!r telegraphs fail4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,patt]son1 ,*airman4 ,no4 #h4 ,f ,s4 ,f4 ,b1 ,morse1 to ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,febru>y #ae1 #ahch4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! conv]sation _h ) ! committee on ! subject ( my telegraph1 ,i w\ld /ate1 t ,i ?9k x desirable t an exp]im5t1 on a some:at ext5d$ scale1 %\ld fir/ be made to te/ bo? ! practicability & ! facility ( communicat+ intellig5ce = at lea/ "o hundr$ miles4 ,! exp]im5t may proce$1 z to co/1 ) p]fect safety to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,fir/4 ,! wire = ?is di/ance1 consi/+ ( f\r l5g?s1 mak+ a total ( f\r hundr$ miles ( wire1 might be obta9$1 & receive its cov]+ ( cotton & o!r insulation4 ,?is l5g? w\ld amply suffice to asc]ta9 ! law ( ! propulsive p[] ( voltaic electricity1 & previ\s to any measures be+ tak5 = bury+ x 9 ! e>?4 ,s t1 if any un=ese5 difficulty %\ld occur fatal to its practicability1 ! wire is n consum$ or lo/4 ,if ! expect$ success is realiz$1 !n1 ,second4 ,! prep>ation ( ! wire might be comm5c$ = bury+ 9 ! e>?1 &1 be+ f\nd complete ?r\gh ! :ole r\te1 ! sev]al portrules1 regi/]s1 batt]ies1 c41 might be provid$ to put ! telegraph into complete action4 ,?is exp]im5t ( "o hundr$ miles w\ld furni% ! data f :i* to make ! e/imates ( a m g5]al ext5sion ( ! sy/em4 ,if no insurm\ntable ob/acles pres5t !mselves 9 a di/ance ( "o hundr$ miles1 none may be expect$ 9 "o ?\s& or 9 t5 ?\s& miles2 & !n w be pres5t$ = ! consid]ation ( ! ,gov]nm5t ! propriety ( completely organiz+ ! new telegraphic sy/em z a "p ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 atta*+ x to "s dep>tm5t already exi/+1 or creat+ a new "o1 :i* may be call$ = by ! accumulat+ duties ( ! pres5t dep>tm5ts4 ,x is obvi\s1 at ! slighte/ glance1 t ?is mode ( in/antane\s communication mu/ inevitably become an in/rum5t ( imm5se p[]1 to be wield$ = good or = evil1 z x %all be prop]ly or improp]ly direct$4 ,9 ! h&s ( a company ( speculators1 :o %\ld monopolize x = !mselves1 x might be ! means ( enri*+ ! corporation at ! exp5se ( ! bankruptcy ( ?\s&s2 & ev5 9 ! h&s ( ,gov]nm5t alone1 x might become a means ( work+ va/ mis*ief to ! republic4 ,9 consid]+ ^! prospective evils1 ,i w\ld respectfully sugge/ a rem$y :i* (f]s itself to my m9d4 ,let ! sole "r ( us+ ! telegraph belong1 9 ! fir/ place1 to ! ,gov]nm5t1 :o %\ld grant1 = a specifi$ sum or bonus1 to any individual or company ( individuals :o may apply = x1 & "u su* re/rictions & regulations z ! ,gov]nm5t may ?9k prop]1 ! "r to lay d[n a way communication betwe5 any two po9ts1 = ! purpose ( transmitt+ intellig5ce2 & ?us w\ld be promot$ a g5]al competition4 ,! ,gov]nm5t w\ld h a telegraph ( its own1 & h its modes ( communicat+ ) its own (fic]s & ag5ts1 indep5d5t ( private p]mission1 or int]f]5ce ) & int]ruption to ! ord9>y transmissions on ! private telegraphs4 ,?us !re w\ld be a sy/em ( *ecks & prev5tives ( abuse1 op]at+ to re/ra9 ! action ( ?is o!rwise dang]\s p[]1 )9 ^? b\nds :i* w p]mit only ! good & neutralize ! evil4 ,%\ld ! ,gov]nm5t ?us take ! telegraph solely "u its own control1 ! rev5ue d]iv$ f ! bonuses alone1 x mu/ be pla91 w be ( va/ am\nt4 ,f ! ent]pris+ "* ( our c\ntrym51 %[n 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y c>ry =w>d any new project :i* promises private or public advantage1 x is n vision>y to suppose t x w\ld n be long ere ! :ole surface ( ?is c\ntry w\ld be *annell$ = ^? n]ves :i* are to diffuse1 ) ! spe$ ( ?\ght1 a k ( all t is occurr+ ?r\gh\t ! l&2 mak+1 9 fact1 "o neighborhood ( ! :ole c\ntry4 ,if ! ,gov]nm5t is dispos$ to te/ ?is mode ( telegraphic communication by enabl+ me to give x a fair trial = "o hundr$ miles1 ,i w engage to ent] into no arrangem5ts to dispose ( my rights z ! inv5tor & pat5tee = ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to any individual or company ( individuals1 previ\s to (f]+ x to ! ,gov]nm5t = su* a j & reasonable comp5sation z %all be mutually agre$ ^u4#ac ,i rema91 sir1 respectfully1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,,smi?1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 #ac ,x is prop] t ,i %\ld "h /ate1 t ! pat5t-"r is n[ jo9tly own$1 9 unequal %>es1 by myself1 ,pr(4 ,gale ( ,new ,york ,city ,univ]sity1 & ,messrs4 ,alfr$ & ,george ,vail4 ,no4 #i4 ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,smi?4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,febru>y #bb1 #ahch4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,i h endeav\r$ to approa* a prop] e/imate ( ! exp5se att5dant on prep>+ a complete telegraphic communication = "s di/ance2 & tak+ into consid]ation ! possibility t ! exp]im5t may be conclusively tri$ be=e ! close ( ! pres5t session ( ,congress1 ,i h ?\ght t an appropriation = fifty miles ( di/ance w\ld te/ ! practicability ( ! telegraph q z satisfactorily z "o hundr$1 because ! ob/acles necess>y to be ov]come w\ld n be m proportionally 9 fifty ?an 9 "o hundr$2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! d\ble circuit necess>y 9 ! fifty miles w\ld give a s+le circuit ( "o hundr$ = ! purpose ( te/+ ! effect ( di/ance ^u ! passage ( electricity4 ,fifty miles w\ld require a less am\nt ( appropriation1 & ! exp]im5t c\ld also be soon] br\ght to a result4 ,two hundr$ miles ( wire1 or wire = two circuits = fifty miles ( di/ance1 includ+ ! cov]+ ( ! wire ) cotton1 at #ajj p] mile1 #bj1jjj ,o!r exp5ses ( prep>ation ( ! wire1 su* z ca\t*\c1 wax1 res91 t>1 ) reels = w9d+1 sold]+1 c41 say #f p] mile1 #a1bjj ,batt]ies & regi/]s1 ) type1 c41 = two /ations1 & mat]ials = exp]im5t+ on ! be/ modes ( magnets at long di/ances1 #hjj ,s]vices ( ,pr(essor ,gale 9 ! *emical dep>tm5t2 s]vices ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,vail 9 ! me*anical dep>tm5t2 s]vices ( assi/ants 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts2 my own s]vices 9 sup]9t5d+ & direct+ ! :ole--total #d1jjj ------------ ,total1 #adbf1jjj ,?is e/imate is exclusive ( exp5se necess>y to lay d[n ! wire b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,?is is unnecess>y until ! previ\s prep>ations are f\nd satisfactory4 ,i _c say :at "t w be requir$ = ! completion ( ! circuits = fifty miles4 ,if ! ord] c\ld be imm$iately giv5 = ! wire1 ,i ?9k all ! o!r matt] connect$ ) x might be complet$ s t e ?+ w\ld be 9 read9ess 9 ?ree mon?s4 ,mu* w dep5d on ! punctuality ) :i* contractors fulfil _! engagem5ts 9 furni%+ ! wire & o!r app>atus4 ,i rema91 sir1 v respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,f4 ,o4 ,j4 ,,smi?1 ,*airman ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce4 #ad ,?is l9e c\ld n[ be con/ruct$ = less ?an half ! sum4 ,no4 #aj4 ,mr4 ,f]ris1 f ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 made ! foll[+ ,report1 ,decemb] #cj1 #ahdb4 ,t !y reg>d ! "q1 z to ! g5]al utility ( ! telegraphic sy/em1 settl$ by its adoption by ! mo/ civiliz$ nations2 & exp]i5ce has fully demon/rat$ ! great advantages :i* may be d]iv$ f its use4 ,its capability ( spe$ily transmitt+ intellig5ce to great di/ances1 = national def5ce1 & = o!r purposes1 :]e cel]ity is desirable1 is decid$ly sup]ior to any ( ! ord9>y modes ( communication 9 use4 ,by x1 ! fir/ w>n+ ( approa*+ dang]1 & ! appe>ance ( ho/ile fleets & armies on our coa/s & bord]s1 may be ann\nc$ simultane\sly at ! mo/ di/ant po9ts ( our widely-ext5d$ empire1 ?us af=d+ "t & opportunity = conc5trat+ ! milit>y =ce ( ! c\ntry1 = facilitat+ milit>y & naval movem5ts1 & = transmitt+ ord]s suitable to ! em]g5cy4 ,9 ! comm]cial & social affairs ( ! community1 occasions frequ5tly arise 9 :i* ! spe$y transmission ( intellig5ce may be ( ! highe/ importance = ! regulation ( bus9ess transactions1 & 9 reliev+ ! anxi\s solicitude ( fri5ds1 z to ! heal? & condition ( ^? 9 ^: =tunes !y feel an int]e/4 ,! practicability ( e/abli%+ telegraphs on ! electric pr9ciple is no long] a "q4 ,:eat/one1 ( ,london1 & 8 associates1 h be5 m =tunate ?an our ,am]ican inv5tor1 9 procur+ ! means to put 8 +5i\s sy/em into practical use = two or ?ree hundr$ miles1 9 ,great ,brita92 & ! movem5ts ( ! c>s on ! ,blackwall rail road are at ?is "t direct$ ) great economy1 & p]fect safety to life & prop]ty1 by means ( 8 magnetic ne$le telegraph4 ,if a sy/em m complicat$ & less effici5t ?an ! ,am]ican telegraph is op]at$ = great di/ances 9 ,engl&1 ) su* em95t success & advantage1 !re c be no reasonable d\bt t1 if ! means be furni%$ = putt+ 9 op]ation ! sy/em ( ,pr(essor ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ( ,new ,york1 ! orig9al inv5tor ( ! electro-magnetic telegraph1 ! same1 if n great] success1 w be ! result4 ,y\r committee are ( op9ion t x is b ju/ice to ,pr(essor ,morse1 :o is alike di/+ui%$ = 8 atta9m5ts 9 sci5ce & excell5ce 9 ! arts ( design1 & :o has pati5tly devot$ _m ye>s ( unremitt+ /udy1 & freely sp5t 8 private =tune1 9 inv5t+ & br++ to p]fection a sy/em ( telegraphs :i* is calculat$ to advance ! sci5tific reputation ( ! c\ntry1 & to be em95tly useful1 bo? to ! ,gov]nm5t & ! p1 t he %\ld be furni%$ ) ! means ( compet+ ) 8 ,european rivals4 ,pr(essor ,morse bases 8 sy/em ^u ! two foll[+ facts 9 sci5ce3 ,fir/4 ,t a curr5t ( electricity w pass to any di/ance along a conductor connect+ ! two poles ( a voltaic batt]y or g5]ator ( electricity1 & produce visible effects at any desir$ po9ts on t conductor4 ,second4 ,t magnetism is produc$ 9 a piece ( s(t iron 7ar\nd :i* ! conductor1 9 its progress1 is made to pass7 :5 ! electric curr5t is p]mitt$ to fl[1 & t ! magnetism ceases :5 ! curr5t ( electricity is prev5t$ f fl[+4 ,?is curr5t ( electricity is produc$ & de/roy$ by break+ & clos+ ! galvanic circuit at ! pleasure ( ! op]ator ( ! telegraph1 :o 9 ?is mann] directs & controls ! op]ation ( a simple & compact piece ( me*anism1 /yl$ ! regi/]1 :i*1 at ! w ( ! op]ator at ! po9t ( communication1 is made to record1 at ! po9t ( reception1 legible *>act]s1 on a roll ( pap] put 9 motion at ! same "t ) ! writ+ in/rum5t4 ,^! *>act]s ! inv5tor has arrang$ into a conv5tional alphabet1 & :i* is capable ( be+ le>n$ & us$ ) v little practice4 ,pr(essor ,morse has submitt$ 8 telegraphic plan to ! sev]e scrut9y ( ,european criticism2 & ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ( ,p>is1 ! highe/ sci5tific tribunal 9 ! _w1 hail$ x ) en?usiasm & approbation1 :5 its op]ation 0 exhibit$1 & its pr9ciples expla9$ by _! di/+ui%$ p]petual secret>y1 ,m4 ,arago4 ,x appe>s1 f docum5ts produc$ by ,pr(essor ,morse1 t ! ?anks ( sev]al le>n$ bodies 9 ,france 7 vot$ to him = 8 inv5tion1 & ! l>ge m$al ( honor 0 aw>d$ to him by ! ,academy ( ,indu/ry4 ,x fur!r appe>s1 t sev]al o!r sy/ems ( telegraphs on ! electric plan 7among :i* 7 ,:eat/one's1 ( ,london1 ,/e9heil's1 ( ,muni*1 & ,masson's1 ( ,ca57 _h be5 submitt$ at v>i\s times = ! consid]ation ( ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 :o appo9t$ a commission to exam9e & report on !m all1 at ! head ( :i* commission 0 plac$ ! adm9i/rator-9-*ief ( ! telegraphs ( ,france1 7,m4 ,foy17 :o1 to a note to ,pr(essor ,morse1 ?us writes3 8,i take a true pleasure 9 confirm+ to y 9 writ+ t :i* ,i h already _h ! honor to say to y viva voce--t ,i h prom95tly pres5t$ to ,monsieur ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior y\r electro magnetic telegraph1 z be+ ! sy/em :i* pres5ts ! be/ *ance ( a practical application2 & ,i h decl>$ to him t1 if "s trials are to be made ) electric telegraphs1 ,i d n hesitate to recomm5d t !y %\ld be made ) y\r app>atus40 ,y\r committee1 9 produc+ fur!r evid5ce ( ! approbation by ! sci5tific _w ( ! sy/em ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 w\ld cite ! lett] ( ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ( ,pr9ceton ,college1 well kn[n = 8 em95t atta9m5ts 9 electrical sci5ce1 7m>k$ #aa17 9 ! app5dix ( ?is report4 ,m rec5tly1 a committee1 consi/+ ( "s ( our mo/ di/+ui%$ sci5tific citiz5s1 0 appo9t$ by ! ,am]ican ,in/itute ( ,new ,york1 to exam9e & report ^u ?is telegraph1 :o made ! report 7#ab7 9 ! app5dix4 ,9 compliance ) ! recomm5dation ( ?is report1 ! ,in/itute aw>d$ to ,pr(essor ,morse ! gold m$al4 ,besides ! evid5ce ^! te/imonials furni% ( ! excell5ce ( ,pr(essor ,morse's sy/em1 y\r committee1 z well z ! great] "p ( ! memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress1 h _h a practical demon/ration ( ! op]ation ( ! electro magnetic telegraph1 & h witness$ ! p]fect facility & extraord9>y rapidity ) :i* a message c be s5t by means ( x f "o extremity ( ! capitol to ! o!r4 ,?is rapidity is n conf9$ 9 its effects to a few hundr$ feet1 b sci5ce makes x c]ta9 t ! same effects c be produc$1 at any di/ance on ! globe1 betwe5 any two giv5 po9ts connect$ by ! conductors4 ,y\r committee h allud$ to o!r electric telegraphs2 =1 z is n uncommon 9 ! bir? ( great inv5tions1 sci5tific m9ds h1 at ne>ly ! same p]iod ( "t1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 conceiv$ & plann$ electric telegraphs2 b x is a matt] ( national pride1 t ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ electro magnetic telegraph1 by ,pr(essor ,morse1 z well z ! fir/ conception ( us+ electricity z ! means ( transmitt+ intellig5ce1 by ,doctor ,frankl91 is ! (fspr+ ( ,am]ican g5ius4 ,y\r committee beg leave to ref] to ! lett] ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 7m>k$ #ac17 9 ! app5dix1 to ,c4 ,g4 ,f]ris1 "o ( ! committee1 giv+1 at 8 reque/ a brief hi/ory ( ! telegraph s9ce x 0 be=e ,congress1 9 #ahch1 = "s int]e/+ in=mation conc]n+ x1 & = ,pr(essor ,morse's e/imate ( ! probable exp5se ( e/abli%+ 8 sy/em ( telegraphs = ?irty or =ty miles4 ,!y w\ld also ref] to ! ,h\se docum5t1 ,no4 #ae1 7,decemb] #f1 #ahcg17 & to ,h\se report1 ,no4 #gec1 7,april #f1 #ahch17 = valuable in=mation on ! subject ( telegraphs4 ,y\r committee invite special att5tion to t "p ( ,pr(essor ,morse's lett] :i* details ! plan ( a rev5ue :i* may be d]iv$ f 8 telegraphic sy/em1 :5 e/abli%$ to an ext5t suffici5t = ! purposes ( comm]cial & g5]al intellig5ce4 ,f ^! calculations1 made ^u safe data1 x is probable t an income w\ld be d]iv$ f its use by m]*ants & citiz5s m ?an suffici5t to defray ! int]e/ ( ! capital exp5d$ 9 its e/abli%m5t4 ,s invit+1 inde$1 are ! prospects ( pr(it to individual ent]prise1 t x is a matt] ( s]i\s consid]ation1 :e!r ! ,gov]nm5t %\ld n1 on ?is acc\nt alone1 seize ! pres5t opportunity ( secur+ to itself ! regulation ( a sy/em :i*1 if monopoliz$ by a private company1 might be us$ to ! s]i\s injury ( ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t1 & :i* c\ld n be prev5t$ )\t su* an int]f]5ce ) ! rights ( ! inv5tor & ( ! /ockhold]s z c\ld n be su/a9$ by ju/ice or public op9ion4 ,aft] ! ordeal to :i* ! electro magnetic telegraph sy/em has be5 subject$1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica1 & ! voice ( ! sci5tific _w 9 its favor1 x is sc>cely necess>y = y\r committee to say t !y h ! fulle/ confid5ce 9 ,pr(essor ,morse's plan1 & !y e>ne/ly recomm5d ! adoption ( x by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y deem x mo/ =tunate t no def9ite sy/em ( telegraphs %\ld hi!rto h be5 adopt$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 s9ce x enables !m to e/abli% ?is improv$ sy/em1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( y\r committee1 is decid$ly sup]ior to any o!r n[ 9 use1 possess+ an advantage ov] telegraphs dep5d+ on vision1 inasmu* z x may be us$ bo? by night & day1 9 all wea!rs1 & 9 all seasons ( ! ye>1 ) equal conv5i5ce2 &1 also1 possess+ an advantage ov] electric telegraphs h]et(ore 9 use1 inasmu* z x records1 9 p]man5t legible *>act]s on pap]1 any communication :i* may be made by x1 )\t ! aid ( any ag5t at ! place ( record+1 except ! app>atus :i* is put 9 motion at ! po9t ( communication4 ,?us1 ! record+ app>atus1 call$ ! regi/]1 may be left 9 a clos$ *amb]1 :]e x w give notice ( its comm5c+ to write1 by a bell1 & ! communication may be f\nd1 on op5+ ! ap>tm5t4 ,possess+ ^! great advantages1 & ! means ( communication n be+ liable to int]ruption by ! ord9>y cont+5cies :i* may imp$e or prev5t ! successful action ( o!r telegraphs1 ! advantages to be d]iv$ f x w soon be app>5t to ! community1 & x w become ! successful rival ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 :5 cel]ity ( communication is desir$1 & create a rev5ue f :i* ?is sy/em ( telegraphs may be ext5d$ & ramifi$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 )\t impos+ any burd5 ^u ! p or draughts on ! treasury1 beyond ! outlay = its fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! adoption ( ?is sy/em ( telegraphs by ! ,gov]nm5t1 y\r committee recomm5d ! appropriation ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s to be exp5d$ "u ! direction ( ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 9 con/ruct+ a l9e ( electro magnetic telegraphs1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,pr(essor ,sam'l ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ( su* l5g? & betwe5 su* po9ts z %all fully te/ its practicability & utility2 & = ?is purpose !y respectfully submit ! foll[+ bill3 ,a bill to te/ ! ,practicability ( ,e/abli%+ a ,sy/em ( ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraphs by ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,be x enact$ by ! ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,congress assembl$1 ,t ! sum ( ?irty ?\s& doll>s be1 & is h]eby1 appropriat$1 out ( any moneys 9 ! treasury n o!rwise appropriat$1 = te/+ ! capacity & usefulness ( ! sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs inv5t$ by ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ( ,new ,york1 = ! use ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by con/ruct+ a l9e ( said electro magnetic telegraphs1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ,pr(essor ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ( su* l5g? & betwe5 su* po9ts z %all fully te/ its practicability & utility2 & t ! same %all be exp5d$ "u ! direction ( ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 ^u ! application ( said ,morse4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,& be x fur!r enact$1 ,t ! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al be1 & he is h]eby1 au?oriz$ to pay1 out ( ! a=esaid ?irty ?\s& doll>s1 to ! said ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 & ! p]sons employ$ "u him1 su* sums ( money z he may deem to be a fair comp5sation = ! s]vices ( ! said ,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,morse & ! p]sons employ$ "u him1 9 con/ruct+ & 9 sup]9t5d+ ! con/ruction ( ! said l9e ( telegraphs au?oriz$ by ?is bill4 ,no4 #aa4 ,lett] f ,pr(essor ,h5ry to ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,,pr9ceton ,,college1 ,febru>y #bd1 #ahdb4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir3 ,i am pleas$ to le>n t y h aga9 petition$ ,congress 9 ref]5ce to y\r telegraph1 & ,i mo/ s9c]ely hope t y w succe$ 9 conv9c+ our repres5tatives ( ! importance ( ! inv5tion4 ,9 ?is y may1 p]haps1 f9d "s difficulty1 s9ce1 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 ! electro magnetic telegraph is associat$ ) ! v>i\s *im]ical projects con/antly pres5t$ to ! public1 & p>ticul>ly ) ! s*emes1 s popul> a ye> or two ago1 = ! application ( electricity z mov+ p[] 9 ! arts4 ,i h ass]t$1 f ! fir/1 t all attempts ( ?is k9d are premature1 & made )\t a prop] k ( sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,! case is1 h[ev]1 entirely diff]5t 9 reg>d to ! electro magnetic telegraph4 ,sci5ce is n[ fully ripe = ?is application1 & ,i h n ! lea/ d\bt1 if prop] means be af=d$1 ( ! p]fect success ( ! inv5tion4 ,! idea ( transmitt+ intellig5ce to a di/ance by means ( electrical action1 has be5 sugge/$ by v>i\s p]sons1 f ! "t ( ,frankl9 to ! pres5t2 b until )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 or s9ce ! pr9cipal discov]ies 9 electro magnetism1 all attempts to r$uce x to practice 7 necess>ily unsuccessful4 ,! m]e sugge/ion1 h[ev]1 ( a s*eme ( ?is k9d is a matt] = :i* little cr$it c be claim$1 s9ce x is "o :i* w\ld naturally arise 9 ! m9d ( almo/ any p]son famili> ) ! ph5om5a ( electricity2 b ! br++ x =w>d at ! prop] mom5t :5 ! developm5ts ( sci5ce are able to furni% ! means ( c]ta9 success1 & ! devis+ a plan = c>ry+ x into practical op]ation1 are ! gr\nds ( a j claim to sci5tific reputation z well z to public patronage4 ,ab\t ! same "t ) y\rself1 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ( ,london1 & ,dr4 ,/e9heil1 ( ,g]many1 propos$ plans ( ! electro magnetic telegraph1 b ^! diff] z mu* f y\rs z ! nature ( ! common pr9ciple w\ld well p]mit2 & unless "s ess5tial improvem5ts h lately be5 made 9 ^! ,european plans1 ,i %\ld pref] ! "o inv5t$ by y\rself4 ,) my be/ wi%es = y\r success1 ,i rema91 ) mu* e/eem y\rs1 truly1 ,,joseph ,,h5ry4 ,,pr(essor ,,morse4 ,no4 #ab4 ,report ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute on ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,,new ,,york1 ,septemb] #ab1 #ahdb4 ,! und]sign$1 ! committee ( arts & sci5ces ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute1 respectfully report3 ,t1 by virtue ( ! p[] ( add+ to _! numb]s1 !y call$ to _! aid ! g5tlem5 ^: names are h]eunto annex$1 ) ^? ( ! orig9al memb]s ( ! committee1 & proce$$ to exam9e ,pr(essor ,morse's electro magnetic telegraph4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ ! sci5tific pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$1 inspect$ ! me*anism by :i* ^! pr9ciples are br\ght into practical op]ation1 & se5 ! in/rum5ts 9 use 9 ! transmission & return ( v>i\s messages1 !y h come to ! conclusion t x is admirably adapt$ to ! purposes = :i* x is int5d$1 be+ capable ( =m+ words1 numb]s1 & s5t5ces1 ne>ly z fa/ z !y c be writt5 9 ord9>y *>act]s1 & ( transmitt+ !m to great di/ances ) a velocity equal to t ( light4 ,!y1 !re=e1 beg leave to recomm5d ! telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,morse = su* te/imonials ( ! approbation ( ! ,am]ican ,in/itute z may 9 its judgm5t be due to a mo/ important practical application ( high sci5ce1 br\ght into successful op]ation by ! ex]cise ( mu* me*anical skill & +5uity4 ,all :i* is respectfully submitt$4 ,,james ,,r5wick1 ,,ll4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,*em4 & ,nat4 ,phil41 ,columbia ,col41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,john ,w4 ,,drap]1 ,m4 ,d41 ,pr(4 ,*em4 & ,m941 ,univ]sity1 city ( ,new ,york4 ,,william ,h4 ,,ellet1 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(4 ,*em41 c4 ,col4 ( ,columbia1 ,s4 ,c4 ,,james ,r4 ,,*ilton1 ,m4 ,d41 ,*em41 c41 ,new ,york4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,s*aeff]1 ,associate ,pr(4 ,*em41 ,columbia ,col41 ,n4 ,y4 ,,edw>d ,,cl>k4 ,,*>les ,a4 ,,lee1 ,m4 ,d4 ,extract f ! m9utes ( ! ,in/itute3 ,resolv$1 ,t ! report be accept$1 adopt$1 & ref]r$ to ! premium committee1 & t ! record+ secret>y be direct$ to publi% ! same1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,in/itute4 ,no4 #ac4 ,lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,g4 ,f]ris4 ,,new ,,york1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahdb4 ,,de> ,,sir3 ,9 compliance ) y\r reque/1 ,i give y a slight hi/ory ( my electro magnetic telegraph1 s9ce x 0 pres5t$ = ! consid]ation ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahch4 ,dur+ ! session ( ! #be? ,congress1 a report 0 made by ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! h\se1 :i* conclud$ by unanim\sly submitt+ a bill appropriat+ #cj1jjj = ! purpose ( te/+ my sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs4 ,! pressure ( bus9ess at ! close ( t session prev5t$ any action be+ tak5 ^u x4 ,be=e ! session clos$1 ,i visit$ ,engl& & ,france1 = ! d\ble purpose ( submitt+ my inv5tion to ! te/ ( ,european criticism1 & to secure to myself "s remun]ation = my l>ge exp5ditures ( "t & money 9 elaborat+ my inv5tion4 ,9 ,france1 aft] a pat5t _h be5 secur$ 9 t c\ntry1 my telegraph fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 & its op]ation 0 %[n1 & its pr9ciples 7 expla9$1 by ! celebrat$ philosoph]1 ,arago1 9 ! session ( t di/+ui%$ body ( le>n$ m51 on ,septemb] #aj1 #ahch4 ,its reception 0 ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic "*4 ,sev]al o!r societies1 among :i* 7 ! ,academy ( ,indu/ry & ! ,philote*nic ,society1 appo9t$ committees to exam9e & report ^u ! inv5tion1 f all :i* ,i receiv$ votes ( ?anks1 & f ! =m] ! l>ge m$al ( hon\r4 ,! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t at ?is "t _h its att5tion drawn to ! subject ( electric telegraphs1 sev]al sy/ems hav+ be5 pres5t$ = its consid]ation1 f ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,france4 ,?r\gh ! k9d (fices ( our m9i/] at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 ,g5]al ,cass1 my telegraph 0 also submitt$2 & ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior 7,m4 ,montalivet7 appo9t$ a commission1 at ! head ( :i* 0 plac$ ,m4 ,alphonse ,foy1 ! adm9i/rator-9-*ief ( ! telegraphs ( ,france1 ) directions to exam9e & report ^u all ! v>i\s sy/ems :i* _h be5 pres5t$4 ,! result ( ?is exam9ation 79 :i* ! +5i\s sy/ems ( ,pr(essor ,:eat/one1 ( ,london1 ( ,pr(essor ,/e9heil1 ( ,muni*1 & ,pr(essor ,masson1 ( ,ca51 pass$ 9 review7 0 a report to ! ,m9i/] 9 favor ( m9e4 ,9 a note address$ to me by ,m4 ,foy1 :o _h express$ 8 w>me/ admiration ( my telegraph 9 my pres5ce1 he ?us writes3 8,i take a true pleasure 9 confirm+ to y 9 writ+ t :i* ,i h already _h ! honor to say to y viva voce1 t ,i h prom95tly pres5t$ 7signal7 to ,monsieur ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior y\r electro magnetic telegraph1 z be+ ! sy/em :i* pres5ts ! be/ *ance ( a practical application2 & ,i h /at$ to him t if "s trials are to be made ) electric telegraphs1 ,i hesitate n to recomm5d t !y %\ld be made ) y\r app>atus40 ,9 ,engl&1 my application = a pat5t = my inv5tion 0 oppos$ be=e ! ,attorney ,g5]al by ,pr(essor ,:eat/one & ,mr4 ,davy1 ea* ( :om _h sy/ems already pat5t$1 ess5tially l ea* o!r1 b v diff]5t f m9e4 ,a pat5t 0 d5i$ me by ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 ,sir ,john ,campbell1 on a plea :i* ,i am confid5t w n be> a legal exam9ation4 ,b !re be+ no appeal f ! ,attorney ,g5]al's decision1 nor rem$y1 except at enorm\s exp5se1 ,i am depriv$ ( all b5efit f my inv5tion 9 ,engl&4 ,o!r causes ?an imp>tial ju/ice evid5tly op]at$ aga9/ me4 ,an int]e/ = my inv5tion1 h[ev]1 sprung up volunt>ily1 & q unexpect$ly1 among ! ,engli% nobility & g5try 9 ,p>is1 &1 _h ,i possess$ ! requisite funds to prosecute my rights be=e ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t1 ,i c\ld sc>cely h fail$ to secure !m1 s p[]fully 0 ,i support$ by ?is int]e/ 9 my fav\r2 & ,i %\ld be ungrateful did ,i n take e opportunity to ackn[l$ge ! k9dness ( ! sev]al noblem5 & g5tlem5 :o volunte]$ to aid me 9 obta9+ my rights 9 ,engl&1 among ! =emo/ ( :om 7 ! ,e>l ( ,l9coln1 ! late celebrat$ ,e>l ( ,elg91 & ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,drummond4 ,i return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! spr+ ( #ahci1 "u an engagem5t ent]$ into 9 ,p>is ) ! ,russian ,c\nsellor ( ,/ate1 ! ,b>on ,alex&re de ,mey5dorff1 to visit ,/4 ,pet]sburg ) a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* savant1 ,m4 ,amyot1 = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ my telegraphic sy/em 9 t c\ntry4 ,! contract1 =mally ent]$ into1 0 transmitt$ to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 = ! signature ( ! ,emp]or1 :i* ,i 0 l$ to believe w\ld be giv5 )\t a d\bt2 &1 t no "t %\ld be lo/ 9 my prep>ations1 ! contract1 duly sign$1 0 to be transmitt$ to me 9 9 ,new ,york1 ?r\gh ! ,russian ambassador 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 f\r or five weeks1 at f>!/1 aft] my arrival home4 ,aft] wait+1 9 anxi\s susp5se1 = z _m mon?s1 )\t any intellig5ce1 ,i le>n$ indirectly t ! ,emp]or1 f causes n satisfactorily expla9$1 refus$ to sign ! contract4 ,^! disappo9tm5ts1 7n at all affect+ ! sci5tific or practical "* ( my inv5tion17 comb9$ ) ! f9ancial depression ( ! c\ntry1 compell$ me to re/ a :ile f fur!r prosecut+ my ent]prise4 ,= ! la/ two ye>s1 h[ev]1 "u _m disc\rag+ circum/ances1 f want ( ! requisite funds = m ?or\ghly inve/igat+ "s ( ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! inv5tion1 ,i h1 nev]!less1 be5 able to resolve all ! d\bts t l+]$ 9 my own m9d1 9 reg>d to ! p]fect practicability ( e/abli%+ my telegraphic sy/em to any ext5t on ! globe4 ,i say1 8d\bts t l+]$ 9 my own m9d20 ! pr9ciple1 &1 inde$1 ! only "o ( a sci5tific "*1 :i* at all tr\bl$ me1 ,i w /ate1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 resolv$3 ,at an e>ly /age ( my exp]im5ts1 ,i f\nd t ! magnetic p[] produc$ 9 an electro magnet1 by a s+le galvanic pair1 dim9i%$ rapidly z ! l5g? ( ! conductors increas$4 ,ord9>y reason+ on ?is fact w\ld lead to a conclusion fatal to ! :ole inv5tion1 s9ce at a great di/ance ,i c\ld n op]ate at all1 or1 9 ord] to op]ate1 ,i %\ld be compell$ to make use ( a batt]y ( su* a size z w\ld r5d] ! :ole plan 9 effect impracticable4 ,i 01 inde$1 aw>e1 t by multiply+ ! pairs 9 ! batt]y--t is1 increas+ ! int5sity ( its propulsive p[]1 c]ta9 effects c\ld be produc$ at great di/ances1 su* z ! decomposition ( wat]1 a visible sp>k1 & ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,b z magnetic effects1 except 9 ! latt] case1 _h n1 to my k be5 made ! subject ( c>eful exp]im5t1 & z ^! v>i\s effects ( electrical action seem$1 9 "s respects1 to be ob$i5t to diff]5t laws1 ,i did n feel entirely assur$ t magnetism c\ld be produc$ by a multiplication ( pairs suffici5tly p[]ful at a great di/ance to effect my purpose4 ,f a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* ,i made1 9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,fi%]1 dur+ ! la/ summ]1 ^u #cc miles ( wire1 ! int]e/+ fact s favorable to my telegraphic sy/em1 0 fully v]ifi$1 t :ile ! di/ance increas$ 9 an ari?metical ratio1 an addition to ! s]ies ( galvanic pairs ( plates increas$ ! magnetic p[] 9 a geometric ratio4 ,fifty pairs ( plates 7 us$ z a con/ant p[]4 ,two miles ( conductors at a "t1 f two to ?irty-?ree1 7 successively add$ to ! di/ance4 ,! weight upheld by ! magnet f ! magnetism produc$ by #ej pairs1 gradually dim9i%$ up to ! di/ance ( #aj miles2 aft] :i*1 ! addition ( miles ( wire up to #cc miles 7! ext5t to :i* we 7 able to try x7 caus$ no fur!r visible dim9ution ( p[]4 ,! weight !n su/a9$ 0 a con/ant quantity4 ,! practical d$uction f ^! exp]im5ts is ! fact t ) a v small batt]y all ! effects ,i desire1 & at any di/ance1 c be produc$4 ,9 ! exp]im5ts allud$ to1 ! fifty pairs did n occupy a space ( m ?an #h cubic in*es1 & !y compris$ b #ej squ>e in*es ( active surface4 ,! practicability ( e/abli%+ my telegraphic sy/em is ?us reliev$ f all sci5tific objections4 ,let me n[ turn y\r att5tion1 sir1 "o mom5t to a consid]ation ( ! telegraph z a s\rce ( rev5ue4 ,! imp]fections ( ! common sy/ems1 p>ticul>ly _! uselessness1 on acc\nt ( ! wea!r1 ?ree qu>t]s ( ! "t1 h conceal$ f view s natural a fruit ( a p]fect$ telegraphic sy/em4 ,s unc]ta9 are ! common telegraphs z to "t1 & s meag] 9 ! quantity ( intellig5ce !y c transmit "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances1 t ! idea ( mak+ !m a s\rce ( rev5ue w\ld n be likely to occur4 ,s f>1 inde$1 f be+ a s\rce ( rev5ue1 ! sy/ems 9 common use 9 ,europe are su/a9$ at great exp5se2 an exp5se :i*1 imp]fect z !y are1 is ju/ifi$1 9 ! view ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 by ! great political advantages :i* !y produce4 ,telegraphs ) !m are a ,gov]nm5t monopoly1 & us$ only = ,gov]nm5t purposes4 ,!y are 9 h>mony ) ! g5ius ( ^? ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! p h no advantage f !m1 except indirectly z ! ,gov]nm5t is b5efitt$4 ,7 our mails us$ solely = ! purpose ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 & private individuals =bidd5 to correspond by !m1 !y w\ld furni% a good illu/ration ( ! op]ation ( ! common ,european telegraphic sy/ems4 ,! electro magnetic telegraph1 ,i w\ld fa9 ?9k1 is m 9 consonance ) ! political in/itutions "u :i* we live1 & is fitt$1 l ! mail sy/em1 to diffuse its b5efits alike to ! ,gov]nm5t & to ! p at l>ge4 ,z a s\rce ( rev5ue1 !n1 to ! ,gov]nm5t1 few1 ,i believe1 h s]i\sly comput$ ! great pr(its to be d]iv$ f su* a sy/em ( telegraphs z ,i propose2 & yet !re are sure data already obta9$ by :i* !y c be demon/rat$4 ,! fir/ fact is1 t e m9ute ( ! #bd h\rs is available to s5d intellig5ce4 ,! second fact is1 t #ab signs1 at lea/1 c be s5t 9 a m9ute1 in/antane\sly1 z any "o may h pro( by actual demon/ration ( ! fact on ! in/rum5t n[ op]at+ 9 ! capitol4#ae #ae #ih1 p] m9ute1 c n[ be s5t1 #ahde4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! cases1 :]e su* spe$y transmission ( intellig5ce f "o di/ant city to ano!r is desirable1 are s num]\s1 t :5 once ! l9e is made = su* transmission1 x w be 9 con/ant use1 & a dem& made = a great] numb] ( l9es4 ,! p>am\nt conv5i5ce1 to comm]cial ag5ts & o!rs1 ( ?us correspond+ at a di/ance1 w au?orize a rate ( po/age proportionate to ! di/ance1 on ! pr9ciple ( rat+ po/age by ! mails4 ,to illu/rate ! op]ation ( ! telegraph 9 increas+ ! rev5ue1 let u suppose t b #ah h\rs ( ! #bd are effici5tly us$ = ! actual purposes ( rev5ue2 t #f h\rs are all[$ = repetitions & o!r purposes1 :i* is a l>ge all[ance4 ,?is w\ld give1 ^u a s+le circuit1 #ab1ifj signs p] day1 ^u :i* a rate ( po/age is to be *>g$4 ,intellig5ce ( great ext5t may be compris$ 9 a few signs4 ,suppose ! foll[+ comm]cial communication is to be transmitt$ f ,new ,york to ,new ,orleans3 ,yrs41 ,dec4 #ba1 rec4 ,buy #be bales c41 at #i1 & #cjj pork1 at #h4 ,"h are #cf signs1 :i* take ?ree m9utes 9 ! transmission f ,new ,york to ,new ,orleans1 & :i* in=ms ! ,new ,york m]*ant's correspond5t at ,new ,orleans ( ! receipt ( a c]ta9 docum5t1 & gives him ord]s to pur*ase #be bales ( cotton at #i c5ts p] p\nd1 & #cjj b>rels ( pork at #h c5ts p] p\nd4 ,?us may be complet$1 9 ?ree m9utes1 a transaction 9 bus9ess :i* n[ w\ld take at lea/ f\r or five weeks to accompli%4 ,suppose t "o c5t p] sign be *>g$ = ! fir/ #ajj miles1 increas+ ! *>ge at ! rate ( half a c5t ea* additional #ajj miles1 ! po/age ( ! above communication w\ld be #b4hh = a di/ance ( #a1ejj miles4 ,x w\ld be s5t #ajj miles = #cf c5ts4 ,w\ld any m]*ant grudge s small a sum = s5d+ su* an am\nt ( in=mation 9 s %ort a "t to su* a di/ance8 ,if "t is money1 & to save "t is to save money1 surely su* an imm5se sav+ ( "t is ! sav+ ( an imm5se sum ( money4 ,a telegraphic l9e ( a s+le circuit only1 f ,new ,york to ,new ,orleans1 w\ld realize1 !n1 to ! ,gov]nm5t1 daily1 9 ! correspond5ce betwe5 ^? two cities alone1 ov] "o ?\s& doll>s gross receipts1 or ov] #cjj1jjj p] annum4 ,b x is a well-e/abli%$ fact1 t1 z facilities ( int]c\rse increase betwe5 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 ! great] is t int]c\rse4 ,?\s&s travel1 9 ?is day ( rail roads & /eamboats1 :o nev] ?\ght ( leav+ _! homes be=e4 ,e/abli%1 !n1 ! means ( in/antane\s communication betwe5 ! mo/ di/ant places1 & ! telegraphic l9e ( a s+le circuit w v soon be insuffici5t to supply ! dem&s ( ! public--!y w require m4 ,two circuits w ( c\rse d\ble ! facilities1 & d\ble ! rev5ue2 b x is an important fact1 t ! exp5se ( aft]w>ds e/abli%+ a second1 or any numb] ( circuits1 does n proce$ on ! d\bl+ pr9ciple4 ,if a *annel = convey+ a s+le circuit be made1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ( suffici5t capacity to conta9 _m m circuits1 :i* c easily be done1 additional circuits c be laid z fa/ z !y are call$ =1 at b little m ?an ! co/ ( ! prep>$ wire4 ,! rec5t discov]y ( ,pr(essor ,fi%] & myself1 %[s t a s+le wire may be made ! common conductor = at lea/ six circuits4 ,h[ _m m we h n yet asc]ta9$4 ,s t1 to add ano!r circuit is b to add ano!r wire4 ,fifty doll>s p] mile "u ^! circum/ances1 w\ld !re=e add ! means ( d\bl+ ! facilities & ! rev5ue4 ,betwe5 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 = example1 ! :ole co/ ( lay+ su* an additional circuit w\ld be b #e1jjj1 :i* w\ld be m ?an defray$ by two mon?s' receipts only f ! telegraphs betwe5 ^? two cities4 ,!re are two modes ( e/abli%+ ! l9e ( conductors4 ,! fir/ & *eape/ is d\btless t ( erect+ sp>s ab\t #cj feet 9 height & #cej feet ap>t1 ext5d+ ! conductors along ! tops ( ! sp>s4 ,?is me?od has "s obvi\s disadvantages4 ,! exp5se w\ld be f #cej to #djj p] mile4 ,! second me?od is t ( enclos+ ! conductors 9 lead5 tubes1 & lay+ !m 9 ! e>?4 ,i h made ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! co/ ( ?is me?od3 ,wire1 prep>$1 p] mile1 #aej4jj ,lead pipe1 ) sold]+s1 #bej4jj ,deliv]y ( ! pipe & wire1 #be4jj ,pass+ wire into ! pipes1 #e4jj ,excavations & fill+ 9 ab\t #a1jjj y>ds p] mile1 or #c feet deep1 at #ae c5ts p] squ>e y>d1 #aej4jj ,lay+ d[n ! pipe1 #c4jj ------------ #ehc4jj ,"o regi/]1 ) its ma*9]y1 compris+ a galvanic batt]y ( f\r pairs ( my d\ble-cup batt]y1 #ajj4jj ,"o batt]y ( #bjj pairs1 #ajj4jj ,exp5se = ?irty n9e miles1 #bb1hcg4jj ,two regi/]s1 #bjj4jj ,two batt]ies1 #bjj4jj ,s]vices ( *ief sup]9t5d5t ( con/ruction1 p] annum1 #b1jjj4jj ,s]vices ( ?ree assi/ants1 at #a1ejj ea*1 p] annum1 #d1ejj4jj ---------------- #bi1fcg4jj ,z exp]i5ce alone c det]m9e ! be/ mode ( secur+ ! conductors1 ,i %\ld wi% ! means & opportunity ( try+ v>i\s modes1 to su* an ext5t z w demon/rate ! be/4 ,be=e clos+ my lett]1 sir1 ,i ought to give y ! pro(s ,i possess t ! ,am]ican telegraph has ! priority 9 ! "t ( its inv5tion4 ,! two ,european telegraphs 9 practical op]ation are ,pr(essor ,/e9heil's ( ,muni*1 & ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's ( ,london4 ,! =m] is adopt$ by ! ,bav>ian ,gov]nm5t2 ! latt] is e/abli%$ ab\t #bjj miles 9 ,engl&1 "u ! direction ( a company 9 ,london4 ,9 a highly int]e/+ pap] on ! subject ( telegraphs1 translat$ & ins]t$ 9 ! ,london ,annals ( ,electricity1 ,m>* & ,april1 #ahci1 ,pr(essor ,/e9heil gives a brief sket* ( all ! v>i\s projects ( electric telegraphs1 f ! "t ( ,frankl9's electrical exp]im5ts to ! pres5t day4 ,until ! bir? ( ! sci5ce ( electro magnetism1 g5]at$ by ! important discov]y ( ,o]/$1 9 #ahbj1 ( ! action ( electric curr5ts ^u ! magnetic ne$le1 ! electric telegraph 0 b a philosophic toy1 complicat$ & practically useless4 ,let x be "h notic$1 t1 aft] ?is discov]y ( ,o]/$1 ! deflection ( ! ne$le became ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! savants ( ,europe bas$ all _! attempts to con/ruct an electric telegraph4 ,! celebrat$ ,ampre1 9 ! same ye> ( ,o]/$'s discov]y1 sugge/$ a plan ( telegraphs1 to consi/ ( a magnetic ne$le1 & a circuit = ea* lett] ( ! alphabet & ! num]als--mak+ x necess>y to h "s #fj or #gj wires betwe5 ! two t]m9i ( ! telegraphic l9e4 ,?is sugge/ion ( ,ampre is d\btless ! p>5t ( all ! attempts 9 ,europe1 bo? abortive & successful1 = con/ruct+ an electric telegraph4 ,"u ?is head may be arrang$ ! ,b>on ,s*ill+'s at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 consi/+ ( #cf magnetic ne$les1 & upw>ds ( #fj metallic conductors1 & inv5t$1 x seems1 at ! same date ) my electro magnetic telegraph1 9 ! autumn ( #ahcb4 ,"u ! same head comes t ( pr(essors ,gauss & ,web]1 ( ,gtt+51 9 #ahcc1 :o simplifi$ ! plan by us+ b a s+le ne$le & a s+le circuit4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one's ( ,london1 inv5t$ 9 #ahcg1 comes "u ! same category2 he employs five ne$les & six conductors4 ,pr(essor ,/e9heil's1 also inv5t$ 9 #ahcg1 employs two ne$les & two conductors4 ,b !re 0 ano!r discov]y1 9 ! infancy ( ! sci5ce ( electro magnetism1 by ,ampre & ,arago1 imm$iately consequ5t on t ( ,o]/$1 namely3 ! electro magnet1 :i* none ( ! savants ( ,europe :o h plann$ electric telegraphs ev] ?\ght ( apply+1 until )9 two ye>s pa/1 = ! purpose ( signals4 ,my telegraph is ess5tially bas$ on ?is latt] discov]y4 ,suppos+ my telegraph to be bas$ on ! same pr9ciple ) ! ,european electric telegraphs1 :i* x is n1 m9e1 hav+ be5 inv5t$ 9 #ahcb1 w\ld /ill h ! prec$5ce1 by "s mon?s at lea/1 ( ,gauss & ,web]'s1 to :om ,/e9heil gives ! cr$it ( be+ ! fir/ to simplify & make practicable ! electric telegraph4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t all ! ,european telegraphs make use ( ! deflection ( ! ne$le to accompli% _! results1 & t none use ! attractive p[] ( ! electro magnet to write 9 legible *>act]s1 ,i ?9k ,i c claim1 )\t inju/ice to o!rs1 to be ! fir/ inv5tor ( ! electro magnet telegraph4 ,9 #ahci1 ,i visit$ ,london1 on my return f ,france1 & ?r\gh ! polite solicitations ( ! ,e>l ( ,l9coln1 %[$ & expla9$ its op]ation at 8 h\se1 on ! #ai? ( ,m>*1 #ahci1 to a l>ge company :i* he _h expressly invit$ = ! purpose1 compos$ ( ,lords ( ! ,admiralty1 memb]s ( ! ,royal ,society1 & memb]s ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t4 ,pr(essor ,:eat/one has ann\nc$ t he has rec5tly 79 #ahdj7 also inv5t$ & pat5t$ an electro magnetic telegraph1 diff]+ altoge!r f 8 inv5tion ( #ahcg1 :i* he calls 8 magnetic ne$le telegraph4 ,8 is1 !re=e1 ! fir/ ,european electro magnetic telegraph1 & 0 inv5t$1 z is p]ceiv$1 eight ye>s subsequ5t to m9e1 & "o ye> aft] my telegraph 0 exhibit$ 9 ! public mann] describ$ at ! ,e>l ( ,l9coln's resid5ce 9 ,london4 ,i am ! m m9ute 9 adduc+ ?is evid5ce ( priority ( inv5tion to y1 sir1 s9ce ,i h frequ5tly be5 *>g$ by ,europeans1 9 my own c\ntry1 ) m]ely imitat+ long kn[n ,european inv5tions4 ,x is1 !re=e due to my own c\ntry1 z well z to myself1 t 9 ?is matt] ! facts %\ld be kn[n4 ,pr(essor ,/e9heil's telegraph is ! only ,european telegraph t pr(esses to write ! intellig5ce4 ,he records1 h[ev]1 by ! delicate t\* ( ! ne$le 9 its deflections1 ) :at practical effect ,i am unable to say2 b ,i %\ld ?9k t x 0 too delicate & unc]ta91 especially z comp>$ ) ! /rong & effici5t p[] :i* may be produc$ 9 any degree by ! electro magnet4 ,i h devot$ _m ye>s ( my life to ?is inv5tion1 su/a9$ 9 _m disappo9tm5ts by ! belief t x is de/9$ ev5tually to conf] imm5se b5efits ^u my c\ntry & ! _w4 ,i am p]suad$ t :atev] facilitates int]c\rse betwe5 ! diff]5t portions ( ! human family w h ! effect1 "u guidance ( s\nd moral pr9ciples1 to promote ! be/ int]e/s ( man4 ,i ask ( ,congress ! means ( demon/rat+ its effici5cy4 ,i rema91 sir1 ) great respect1 y\r mo/ ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,sam4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,hon4 ,,*>les ,g4 ,,f]ris1 ,memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives f ! city ( ,new ,york & "o ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 to :om 0 ref]r$ ! subject ( ! exp$i5cy ( adopt+ a sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no4 #ad4 ,communication f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ ! ,report ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 ann\nc+ ! completion ( ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph betwe5 ! cities ( ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,june #f1 #ahdd4 ,ref]r$ to ! ,committee on ,comm]ce4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,june #d1 #ahdd4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! hon\r respectfully to transmit h]e)1 = in=mation ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 a report1 dat$ ! #c;d in/ant1 f ,pr(essor ,sam4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse1 ann\nc+ ! completion ( ! electro magnetic telegraph betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ! city ( ,baltimore1 z au?oriz$ by ! 8,act to te/ ! practicability ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs by ! ,unit$ ,/ates10 approv$ ! #c;d ( ,m>*1 #ahdc4 ,i beg leave to /ate1 t ! p]fect practicability ( ! sy/em has be5 fully & satisfactorily e/abli%$ by ! "w already complet$4 ,! subject is respectfully submitt$ to ! consid]ation ( ,congress = su* fur!r directions 9 ! matt] z may be deem$ exp$i5t4 ,i h ! honor to be1 v respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,mc,c,l,i,n,t,o,c,k ,,"y1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ad int]im4 ,hon4 ,,john ,w4 ,,jones1 ,speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,no4 #ae4 ,lett] f ,pr(essor ,morse to ,hon4 ,mc,clintock ,"y4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,june #c1 #ahdd4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! hon\r to report t ! exp]im5tal essay au?oriz$ by ! act ( ,congress on ,m>* #c;d1 #ahdc1 appropriat+ #cj1jjj = 8te/+0 my 8sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs1 & ( su* l5g?1 & betwe5 su* po9ts1 z %all te/ its practicability & utility10 has be5 made betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore--a di/ance ( =ty miles--connect+ ! capitol 9 ! =m] city1 ) ! rail road depot 9 ,pratt /reet1 9 ! latt] city4 ,on ! fir/ po9t propos$ to be settl$ by ! exp]im5t--to wit1 its practicability--x is sc>cely necess>y to say 7s9ce ! public demon/ration :i* has be5 giv5 ( its efficacy1 = "s days pa/1 dur+ ! session ( ! diff]5t conv5tions 9 ! city ( ,baltimore7 t x is fully prov$4 ,items ( intellig5ce ( all k9ds h be5 transmitt$ back & =?1 f ! simple s5d+ ( names1 to ! m l5g!n$ details ( ! proce$+s ( ,congress & ! conv5tions4 ,"o fact w1 p]haps1 be suffici5t to illu/rate ! effici5cy & spe$ ) :i* intellig5ce c be communicat$ by ! telegraph4 ,9 ! proce$+s ( ! democratic conv5tion at ,baltimore = ! nom9ation ( a c&idate = ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ! next election1 ! result ( ! votes 9 ! nom9ation ( ! ,hon4 ,j4 ,k4 ,polk 0 convey$ f ! conv5tion to ! telegraphic t]m9us 9 ,baltimore1 transmitt$ to ,wa%+ton1 ann\nc$ to ! hundr$s assembl$ 9 front ( ! t]m9us at ! ,capitol1 & to bo? ,h\ses ( ,congress2 ! reception ( ! news at ,wa%+ton 0 !n transmitt$ to ,baltimore1 s5t to ! conv5tion & circulat$ among its memb]s--all be=e ! nom9ation ( ! successful c&idate 0 (ficially ann\nc$ by ! presid+ (fic] ( ! conv5tion4 ,9 reg>d to ! utility ( ! telegraph1 "t alone c det]m9e & develop ! :ole capacity = good ( s p]fect a sy/em4 ,9 ! few days ( its infancy1 x has already casually %[n its usefulness 9 ! relief1 9 v>i\s ways1 ( ! anxieties ( ?\s&s2 &1 :5 su* a sure means ( relief is available to ! public at l>ge1 ! am\nt ( its usefulness becomes incalculable4 ,an in/ance or two w be/ illu/rate ?is quality ( ! telegraph3 ,a family 9 ,wa%+ton 0 ?r[n into great di/ress by a rumor t "o ( its memb]s _h met ) a viol5t dea? 9 ,baltimore ! ev5+ be=e4 ,sev]al h\rs mu/ h elaps$ ere _! /ate ( susp5se c\ld be reliev$ by ! ord9>y means ( conveyance4 ,a note 0 despat*$ to ! telegraph rooms at ! ,capitol1 reque/+ to h inquiry made at ,baltimore4 ,! mess5g] _h occasion to wait b t5 m9utes1 :5 ! prop] inquiry 0 made at ,baltimore1 & ! answ] return$ t ! rumor 0 )\t f\ndation4 ,?us 0 a wor?y family reliev$ imm$iately f a /ate ( di/ress+ susp5se4 ,an inquiry f a p]son 9 ,baltimore hold+ ! *eck ( a g5tleman 9 ,wa%+ton1 ^u ! ,bank ( ,wa%+ton1 0 s5t by telegraph1 to asc]ta9 if ! g5tleman 9 "q _h funds 9 t bank4 ,a mess5g] 0 in/antly despat*$ f ! ,capitol1 :o return$ 9 a few m9utes ) an affirmative answ]1 :i* 0 return$ to ,baltimore in/antly2 ?us e/abli%+ a confid5ce 9 a money arrangem5t1 :i* might h affect$ unfavorably 7= _m h\rs at lea/7 ! bus9ess transactions ( a man 9 good cr$it4 ,o!r cases might be giv52 b ^! are deem$ suffici5t to illu/rate ! po9t ( utility1 & to sugge/ to ^? :o w reflect ^u !m1 ?\s&s ( cases 9 ! public bus9ess1 9 comm]cial op]ations1 & 9 private & social transactions1 :i* e/abli% beyond a d\bt ! imm5se advantages ( su* a spe$y mode ( convey+ intellig5ce4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ?is fir/ l9e ( conductors1 x 0 necess>y t exp]im5ts %\ld be made to asc]ta9 ! be/ mode ( e/abli%+ !m4 ,! plan ,i fir/ sugge/$ 9 my lett] to ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury 9 #ahcg1 7see ! ,h\se report1 ,no4 #f1 ,april #f1 #ahch17 ( plac+ my conductors ^u po/s ?irty feet high1 & "s ?ree hundr$ feet ap>t1 is1 aft] exp]im5t1 prov$ to be ! mo/ eligible4 ,! objection1 s /rongly urg$ 9 ! outset1 t1 by be+ expos$ above gr\nd1 ! conductors 7 9 dang] f evil dispos$ p]sons1 _h su* weight ) me1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce on ! subject1 z e>ly to turn my :ole att5tion to ! practicability ( plac+ my conductors 9 tubes b5ea? ! e>?1 z ! be/ means ( safety4 ,! adoption ( ?is latt] mode1 = "s ?irte5 miles 9 ,engl&1 by ! projectors ( ! ,engli% telegraph1 confirm$ me 9 ! belief t ?is w\ld be be/4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to contract = lead pipe suffici5t to conta9 my conductors ?r\gh ! :ole r\te4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 has %[n t ?is mode is att5d$ ) disadvantages f> outweigh+ any advantages f its fanci$ security b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,if app>5tly m secure1 an injury once su/a9$ is mu* m difficult ( access1 & ( repair2 :ile ^u po/s1 if injury is su/a9$1 x is at once se51 & c be repair$1 ord9>ily almo/ )\t co/4 ,b ! great advantage ( ! mode on po/s ov] t b5ea? ! gr\nd1 is ! *eapness ( its con/ruction4 ,?is w be manife/ f ! foll[+ comp>ative e/imate ( ! two modes 9 ,engl& & 9 ,am]ica3 ,co/ ( ,engli% ,telegraph4 ,9 pipe1 #bhg #fs41 or #a1bge p] mile4 ,on po/s1 #adi #es41 or #ffb p] mile4 ,co/ ( ,am]ican ,telegraph1 z e/imat$ 9 ,h\se ,report1 ,no4 #ag1 #bg? ,congress1 #c;d session4 ,9 pipe1 #ehc p] mile4 ,on po/s1 f #cej to #djj p] mile4 ,^! comp>isons also %[ h[ mu* less is ! co/ ( ! ,am]ican telegraph1 ev5 at ! highe/ e/imate4 ,b ^! e/imates ( ! co/ ( con/ruction1 l>gely exce$ ! actual co/1 "u ! improv$ modes rec5tly sugge/$ by exp]im5t1 & n[ adopt$2 & ! co/ ( ! l9e betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 already con/ruct$1 involves num]\s exp5ditures ( an exp]im5tal "*1 :i* w n be incid5t to an ext5sion ( ! l9e onw>d to ,new ,york1 if t %all be deem$ desirable4 ,( ! appropriation made1 !re w rema9 9 ! treasury1 aft] ! settlem5t ( out/&+ acc\nts1 ab\t #c1ejj1 :i* may be ne$$ = cont+5t liabilities1 & = su/a9+ ! l9e already con/ruct$1 until provision by law %all be made = su* an organization ( a telegraphic dep>tm5t or bureau z %all enable ! telegraph at lea/ to support itself1 if n to become a pr(itable s\rce ( rev5ue to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,i w conclude by say+1 t ,i feel grateful = ! g5]\s confid5ce :i* ,congress has ?us f> ext5d$ t[>d me & my ent]prise2 & ,i w *e]fully af=d any fur!r & m detail$ in=mation on ! subject ( ! telegraph1 :5 desir$1 & w be prep>$ to make & execute any desirable arrangem5ts = ! ext5sion ( x t ,congress %all require4 ,) great respect1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,sam4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,mc,c,l,i,n,t,o,c,k ,,"y1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury ad int]im4 ,no4 #af4 ,lett] f ! ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 transmitt+ a lett] f ,pr(essor ,morse1 relative to ! ,magnetic ,telegraph1 ,dec'r #bc1 #ahdd4 ,,treasury ,,dep>tm5t1 ,decemb] #ag1 #ahdd4 ,,sir3 ,9 compliance ) ! reque/ made 9 y\r lett] ( ?is date1 9 behalf ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1 = in=mation f ?is dep>tm5t ^u ! subject ( 8,morse's telegraph10 ,i h ! hon\r respectfully to transmit h]e) a communication f ,pr(essor ,morse1 dat$ ! #ab? in/ant1 conta9+ specific in=mation 9 reg>d to t "w4 ,i h ! hon\r to be1 v respectfully1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,bibb1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,hon4 ,,isaac ,e4 ,,holmes1 ,*airman ( ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives4 ,no4 #ag4 ,lett] f ,pr(4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,g4 ,m4 ,bibb4 ,,wa%+ton1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahdd4 ,,sir3 ,i h ! hon\r respectfully to submit "s facts 9 relation to ! electro magnetic telegraph1 be>+ ^u ! bill n[ be=e ,congress1 report$ f ! ,committee on ,comm]ce ( ! ,h\se1 = ! ext5sion ( ! telegraphic l9e f ,baltimore to ,new ,york4 ,by a ref]5ce to docum5ts 9 ! records ( ! gov]nm5t1 x w appe>1 t ! subject ( e/abli%+ a sy/em ( telegraphs = ! use ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be51 occasionally1 = _m ye>s1 be=e ,congress2 b no?+ effective 0 ev] done 9 relation to ! matt]1 until ! ,hon4 ,levi ,woodbury1 :ile ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 by address+ circul> lett]s to v>i\s individuals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 7among :i* 0 "o to me17 drew =? f me a g5]al description ( ! advantages ( a sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs :i* ,i _h inv5t$ 9 #ahcb1 on my passage f ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,= my answ] to ?is circul> lett]1 see ,no4 #b1 tak5 f ,h\se report1 ,no4 #gec1 #be? ,congress1 second session2 & ,i ref] to x n[1 to %[ t ! ass]tions respect+ ! practicability & utility ( my sy/em h be5 fully & satisfactorily su/a9$ by ! result ( ! exp]im5tal essay1 au?oriz$ by ! gov]nm5t1 e/abli%+ ! l9e betwe5 ,wa%+ton & ,baltimore4 ,t :i* seem$ to _m *im]ical at ! "t1 is n[ completely realiz$4 ,! mo/ sceptical are conv9c$2 & ! daily & h\rly op]ations ( ! telegraph 9 transmitt+ in=mation ( any k9d are s publicly kn[n1 & ! public feel+ 9 reg>d to x s univ]sally express$1 t ,i ne$ "h only give a few in/ances ( its action1 fur!r to illu/rate its "*4 ,! facts 9 relation to ! transmission ( ! proce$+s ( ! democratic conv5tion ( ,baltimore1 9 ,may la/ are well kn[n1 & are allud$ to 9 my report to ! dep>tm5t1 ,june #c;d1 #ahdd1 ,no4 #ae4 ,s9ce ! adj\rnm5t ( ,congress 9 ,june la/1 & dur+ ! summ] & ! autumn1 ! telegraph has be5 9 con/ant read9ess = op]ation1 & !re has be5 "t to te/ _m po9ts 9 relation to x1 :i* ne$$ exp]i5ce to settle4 ,= m n[ ?an eight mon?s1 ! conductors = ! telegraph1 c>ri$ on elevat$ po/s = #dj miles1 h rema9$ undi/urb$ f ! wantonness or evil disposition ( any "o4 ,n a s+le in/ance ( ! k9d has occurr$4 ,9 sev]al in/ances1 inde$1 ! communication has be5 int]rupt$ by accid5ts1 b !n only = a v brief p]iod4 ,"o ( ^! 0 by ! great fire 9 ,pratt /reet1 ,baltimore1 :i* de/roy$ "o ( ! po/s1 & consequ5tly1 tempor>ily /opp$ ! communication2 b 9 two or ?ree h\rs ! damage 0 repair$1 & ! fir/ notice ( ! accid5t & all ! p>ticul>s 7 transmitt$ to ,wa%+ton by ! telegraph itself4 ,ano!r in/ance ( int]ruption 0 occasion$ by ! fall+ ( a tree1 :i* accid5tly fell across ! wires1 & at ! same "t across ! rail road track1 /opp+ ! c>s = a %ort "t1 & ! telegraphic communication = two h\rs4 ,except+ ! "t exclud$ by ^!1 & two or ?ree o!r simil> accid5tal int]ruptions1 & :i*1 dur+ sev5 mon?s ( its effective exi/5ce betwe5 ! two cities1 does n altoge!r am\nt to m ?an #bd h\rs1 ! telegraph has be5 ei!r 9 op]ation1 or prep>$ = op]ation1 at any h\r ( ! day or night1 irrespective ( ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,x has transmitt$ intellig5ce ( great importance4 ,dur+ ! tr\bles 9 ,philadelphia ! la/ summ]1 seal$ despat*es 7 s5t by express f ! ,mayor ( ,philadelphia to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! arrival ( ! express at ,baltimore1 ! purport ( ! despat*es transpir$2 & :ile ! express tra9 0 9 prep>ation = ,wa%+ton1 ! intellig5ce 0 s5t to ,wa%+ton by telegraph1 accompani$ by an ord] f ! presid5t ( ! rail road company to prev5t ! ,wa%+ton burd5 tra9 f leav+ until ! express %\ld arrive4 ,! ord] 0 giv5 & compli$ )4 ,! express _h a cle> track1 & ! ,presid5t & ! ,cab9et 7be+ 9 c\ncil7 _h notice bo? ( ! fact t an express 0 on its way ) important despat*es to !m1 & also ( ! nature ( ^? despat*es1 s t1 :5 ! express arriv$1 ! answ] 0 9 read9ess = ! mess5g]4 ,9 ,octob]1 a des]t] f ! ,u4,s4 %ip ,p5nsylvania1 ly+ at ,norfolk1 :o _h defraud$ also ! purs] ( ! %ip ( "s #fjj or #gjj1 0 suppos$ to h gone to ,baltimore4 ,! purs] call$ at ! telegraph (fice 9 ,wa%+ton1 /at$ 8 case1 & wi%$ to give notice 9 ,baltimore1 at ! same "t (f]+ a rew>d = ! appreh5sion ( ! culprit4 ,! "n & description ( ! (f5d]'s p]son1 ) ! (f] ( ! rew>d1 7 s5t to ,baltimore1 & 9 t5 m9utes ! w>rant 0 9 ! h&s ( ! (fic]s ( ju/ice = 8 arre/2 & 9 half an h\r f ! "t t ! purs] pr(f]r$ 8 reque/ at ,wa%+ton1 x 0 ann\nc$ f ,baltimore by ! telegraph1 8,! des]t] is arre/$2 he is 9 jail2 :at %all be done ) him80 ,to %[ ! v>iety ( ! op]ations ( ! telegraph1 a game ( draughts1 & sev]al games ( *ess1 h be5 play$ betwe5 ! cities ( ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 ) ! same ease z if ! play]s 7 seat$ at ! same table4 ,to illu/rate ! indep5d5ce ( ! telegraph ( ! wea!r1 & "t ( day1 ,i w\ld /ate t1 dur+ ! sev]e /orm ( ! #e? ,decemb]1 :5 ! night 0 int5sely d>k1 ! ra9 desc5d+ 9 torr5ts1 & ! w9d bl[+ a gale1 x seem$ m ?an ord9>ily my/]i\s to see a company ar\nd a table1 9 a w>m retir$ *amb]1 on su* a night1 9 ,wa%+ton1 play+ a game ( *ess ) ano!r company simil>ly situat$ 9 ,baltimore3 ! d>kness1 ! ra91 & ! w9d1 be+ no imp$im5t to in/antane\s communication4 ,9 reg>d to ! quantity ( intellig5ce :i* may be s5t 9 a giv5 "t1 x is p]fectly safe to say t ?irty *>act]s c be transmitt$ 9 a m9ute by a s+le in/rum5t2 & z ^! *>act]s are conv5tional signs1 !y may mean ei!r numb]s1 lett]s1 words1 or s5t5ces4 ,z an illu/ration ( ?is po9t1 ,i w /ate t ne>ly a :ole column 7m ?an sev5-eigh?s7 9 ! ,baltimore ,patriot 0 transmitt$ 9 ?irty m9utes--fa/] ?an ! report] 9 ,baltimore c\ld transcribe4 ,?is fact be>s ^u ! ability ( produc+ a rev5ue f ! telegraph2 & ,i w\ld sugge/ ! propriety ( p]mission be+ grant$ by ,congress to ! dep>tm5t1 to adju/ a t>iff ( *>ges on intellig5ce s5t by telegraph1 at su* a rate ( po/age z %all at lea/ return to ! treasury ! int]e/ ( ! capital exp5d$ 9 ! fir/ con/ruction1 & aft] ma9t5ance ( ! telegraph4 ,9 aid ( ?is view ( ! subject1 ,i beg to ref] to my lett] to ! *airman ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahdb1 ,no4 #ac4 ,s9ce t 0 writt51 exp]i5ce has %[n t t calculation is f> bel[ ! real results4 ,in/ead ( twelve signs 9 a m9ute1 ^u :i* t computation 0 bas$1 we mu/ sub/itute ?irty--a column ( a newspap] hav+ be5 transmitt$ to ,baltimore ev5 at ! rate ( ?irty-five signs 9 a m9ute4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe to set d[n ! rate at #cj signs p] m9ute2 & x is safe to d\ble ! annual receipts1 mak+ ! gross am\nt #fjj1jjj p] annum4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( exp]i5ce1 ! exp5se necess>y to con/ruct & to ma9ta9 a sy/em ( electro magnetic telegraphs1 0 ?\ght to be s great z to pres5t a =midable1 if n an insurm\ntable ob/acle to its adoption4 ,b ! exp]im5t already made = #dj miles1 has %[n t ! electro magnetic telegraph is f> f be+ exp5sive1 ei!r 9 its fir/ con/ruction1 or aft] ma9t5ance1 especially :5 its va/ sup]iority ov] ! old sy/em is tak5 into consid]ation4 ,to make ?is m cle>1 ,i give an ab/ract bo? ( ! exp5ses & capacities ( ! ord9>y visual telegraphs 9 "s ( ! ,european c\ntries4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! semaphore telegraph1 e/abli%$ betwe5 ,london & ,portsm\?1 a di/ance ( #gb miles1 is ma9ta9$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t at an av]age exp5se ( #c1dje1 or #ae1aah p] annum4 ,f a return vol4 #cj1 #ahdc1 acc\nts & pap]s ( ,h\se ( ,commons ( ! numb] ( days dur+ :i* ! telegraph 0 n available1 on acc\nt ( ! wea!r1 dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 x appe>s t !re 71 9 t "t1 #cbc days 9 :i* x 0 useless1 or ne>ly "o ye> out ( ?ree6 ,b by a return made to ! admiralty ( ! numb] ( h\rs 9 ! day appo9t$ = work+ ! telegraph1 x appe>s t ! h\rs appo9t$ = ! ye> are--f #a/ ,octob] to #bh? ,febru>y1 f #aj o'clock1 a4 m41 to #c p4 m42 #e h\rs4 ,f #a/ ,m>* to #cj? ,septemb]1 f #aj a4 m41 to #e p4 m42 #g h\rs4 ,av]age numb] ( h\rs p] day1 9 ! mo/ fav\rable wea!r1 #f h\rs6 ,d$uct+ #a ye> f ! #c1 = unavailable days1 ! av]age "t p] day = ! #c ye>s w\ld be b #d h\rs4 ,s t1 = ! use ( _! telegraph = #gb miles1 & = only #d h\rs 9 ! day1 ! ,briti% gov]nm5t exp5d #ae1aah p] annum4 ,! ,fr5* sy/em ( telegraphs is m ext5sive & p]fect ?an t ( any o!r nation4 ,x consi/s1 at pres5t1 ( five great l9es1 ext5d+ f ! capital to ! extreme cities ( ! k+dom1 to wit3 ,! ,calais l9e1 f ,p>is to ,calais1 #aeb miles ,! ,/rasb\rg l9e1 f ,p>is to ,/rasb\rg1 #bee 8 ,! ,bre/ l9e1 f ,p>is to ,bre/1 #cbe 8 ,! ,t\lon l9e1 f ,p>is to ,t\lon1 #cag 8 ,! ,bayonne l9e1 f ,p>is to ,bayonne1 #dbe 8 ------------------ #a1dgd miles4 ,mak+ a total ( #a1dgd miles ( telegraphic int]c\rse4 ,^! telegraphs are ma9ta9$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t at an annual exp5se ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj ( francs1 or #bjb1jjj4 ,! :ole ext5t1 !n1 ( ! ,fr5* l9es ( telegraph is #a1dgd miles1 ) #eai /ations2 & 7if ! e/imate = six /ations1 at an av]age co/ ( #d1djj francs1 is a crit]ion = ! re/7 erect$ at a co/ ( at lea/ #hhj ea*--mak+ a total ( #def1gbj4 ,! electro magnetic telegraph1 at ! rate propos$ 9 ! bill1 to wit1 #dfa p] mile1 7& :i*1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 w con/ruct n "o l9e1 only1 b six17 c\ld be con/ruct$ ! same di/ance = #fai1ead--n "o-?ird m ?an ! co/ ( ! ,fr5* telegraphs4 ,ev5 suppos+ ea* l9e to be only z effici5t z ! ,fr5* telegraph1 /ill !re w\ld be six times ! facilities1 = n "o-?ird m co/4 ,b :5 x is consid]$ t ! ,fr5* telegraph1 l ! ,engli%1 is unavailable ! great] "p ( ! "t1 ! advantages 9 fav\r ( ! magnetic telegraph become m obvi\s4 ,an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! two sy/ems is1 t ! =eign telegraphs are all a burd5 ^u ! treasury ( _! respective c\ntries2 :ile ! magnetic telegraph proposes1 & is alone capable ( su/a9+ itself & ( produc+ a rev5ue4 ,ano!r diff]5ce 9 ! two sy/ems is1 t ! /ations 9 ! =eign telegraphs mu/ be )9 sight ( ea* o!r3 a fact :i* be>s ess5tially on ! co/ ( ma9t5ance4 ,! ,fr5* telegraph requires = ! di/ance ( #a1dgd miles1 no less ?an #eai /ations--av]ag+ "o = ab\t e ?ree miles4 ,! numb] ( /ations ( ! magnetic telegraph1 on ! contr>y1 is optional4 ,! two /ations 7"o only at ,baltimore1 & "o at ,wa%+ton7 %[ t !y may be at lea/ #dj miles ap>t2 & !re is no reason to d\bt1 f exp]im5ts ,i h made1 t #ajj miles1 or ev5 #ejj miles1 w\ld give ! same results4 ,9 ! ma9t5ance1 !re=e1 ( /ations1 ! magnetic telegraph w\ld require b #ae /ations1 7assum+ t #ajj miles is ! utmo/ limit ( transmission betwe5 two /ations :i* is n probable27 :ile ! ,fr5* requires #eai = ! same di/ance4 ,:5 to ?is are add$ ! facts t ! magnetic telegraph is at all times available1 at e h\r ( ! day or night1 irrespective ( wea!r2 t1 9 comp>ison ) ! visual telegraphs1 x communicates m ?an a hundr$-fold ! quantity ( intellig5ce 9 ! same "t2 t x is orig9ally con/ruct$ at a less co/1 7all ?+s consid]$27 t x is ma9ta9$ = less2 & t x is capable1 by a rate ( *>ges = transmitt+ intellig5ce1 n only ( defray+ all its exp5ses1 b1 if desir$1 ( produc+ a rev5ue1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to hope t :5 ^! great advantages are fully und]/ood1 my sy/em w receive t att5tion f ! gov]nm5t :i* its intr9sic public importance dem&s4 ,i h z yet said no?+ on ! telegraph z a mighty aid to national def5ce4 ,its importance 9 ?is respect is s obvi\s1 t ,i ne$ n dilate4 ,! importance g5]ally to ! gov]nm5t & to ! c\ntry1 ( a p]fect telegraphic sy/em1 c sc>cely be e/imat$ by ! %ort di/ance already e/abli%$ betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton4 ,b :5 all t transpires ( public int]e/ at ,new ,orleans1 at ,/4 ,l\is1 at ,pittsburgh1 at ,c9c9nati1 at ,buffalo1 at ,utica1 at ,albany1 at ,portl&1 at ,portsm\?1 at ,bo/on1 at ,new ,york1 at ,philadelphia1 at ,baltimore1 at ,wa%+ton1 at ,norfolk1 at ,ri*mond1 at ,*>le/on1 at ,savannah1 & at all desir$ int]m$iate po9ts1 %all be simultane\sly kn[n 9 ea* & all ^! places toge!r--:5 all ! ag5ts ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 are 9 in/antane\s communication ) head-qu>t]s--:5 ! sev]al dep>tm5ts c at once le>n ! actual exi/+ condition ( _! remote/ ag5cies1 & transmit at ! mom5t _! necess>y ord]s to meet any exig5cy--!n w "s e/imates be =m$ bo? ( ! p[]s & advantages ( ! magnetic telegraph4 ,%\ld ! gov]nm5t be n[ dispos$ to possess ! "r ( ! proprietors1 by giv+ !m a fair consid]ation1 ,i %all be ready to treat ) !m on ! t]ms ( transf]4 ,= myself1 ,i %\ld pref] t ! gov]nm5t %\ld possess ! inv5tion1 al?\gh ! pecuni>y int]e/s ( ! proprietors induce !m to lean t[>ds arrangem5ts ) private companies4 ,9 clos+ ?is report1 ,i w\ld take ! opportunity ( favorably m5tion+ to ! dep>tm5t ! effici5t att5tion to ! duties ( _! respective /ations giv5 by my assi/ants1 ,alfr$ ,vail & ,h4 ,j4 ,rog]s1 esqrs4--! =m] direct+ ! correspond5ce at ! ,wa%+ton t]m9us1 & ! latt] at ! ,baltimore t]m9us4 ,v respectfully1 sir1 y\r ob$i5t s]vant1 ,,sam4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraphs = ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,to ! ,hon4 ,,geo4 ,m4 ,,bibb1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury4 ,magnetic ,telegraph f ,baltimore to ,new ,york1 ,m>* #c1 #ahde4 ,mr4 ,,*appell1 f ! ,committee ( ,ways & ,means1 made ! foll[+ ,report4 ,! ,committee ( ,ways & ,means1 to :om 0 ref]r$ a resolution in/ruct+ said committee to inquire into ! exp$i5cy ( report+ a bill to cont9ue ! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph f ,baltimore to ,new ,york1 by way ( ,philadelphia1 beg leave to submit ! foll[+ report3 ,! au?ority giv5 by ! con/itution to ,congress to e/abli% po/ (fices & po/ roads1 s f> z x op]ates to conf] on ! gov]nm5t any p[] :i* w\ld n equally belong to x )\t t provision1 am\nts simply to mak+ ! gov]nm5t1 a public or a common c>ri] ( ! writt5 correspond5ce ( individuals1 & ( ! light] =m ( pr9t$ intellig5ce & news4 ,9 o!r words1 by virtue ( ?is clause1 ! gov]nm5t is au?oriz$ & requir$ to pursue1 on a scale comm5surate ) ! wants & ext5t ( ! c\ntry1 ! bus9ess ( receiv+1 transport+1 & deliv]+ lett]s1 newspap]s1 & pamphlets1 = all p]sons1 private1 z well z public1 & to & f any & all places 9 ! ,union4 ,& = ! s]vice ?us r5d]$1 ! gov]nm5t exacts f ! individuals s]v$1 a specific fee or comp5sation1 "u ! "n ( po/age1 = e lett] or pap] transport$ & deliv]$4 ,n[1 x is q obvi\s t bo? ! pursuit ( ?is bus9ess1 & ! exaction ( a remun]ation = x1 w\ld be altoge!r beyond ! range ( f$]al au?ority1 b = ! specially grant$ p[] to e/abli% po/ (fices & po/ roads4 ,m]e sil5ce 9 ! con/itution on ?is subject w\ld h effectually )held ! p[] f ! g5]al gov]nm5t1 & w\ld h caus$ ! bus9ess ( c>ry+ lett]s1 newspap]s1 c41 to rema9 :]e all o!r bran*es ( ! c>ry+ trade are actually left--namely1 9 ! h&s ( individual ent]prise1 subject to ,/ate legislation1 & to su* 7& no o!r7 f$]al control z is involv$ 9 ! p[] ( ,congress to regulate comm]ce among ! ,/ates4 ,! functions ?us devolv$ on ! gov]nm5t1 ( p]=m+ = ! p ! (fice ( univ]sal lett] c>ri] & news c>ri]1 is a matt] ( ! v highe/ consequ5ce 9 e light 9 :i* x c be view$4 ,! b>e fact t our ance/ors refus$ to leave x dep5d5t on individual ent]prise or ,/ate control1 & ve/$ x expressly 9 ,congress1 abundantly atte/$ _! anxi\s s5se ( its importance1 & _! conviction ( ! impracticability ( realiz+ ! requisite public advantages f x1 o!rwise ?an by giv+ x a f$]al lodgm5t & adm9i/ration4 ,_h n ^! advantages be5 reg>d$ z atta9able 9 no o!r way1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 !y 7 felt to be virtually necess>y1 ! fram]s & adopt]s ( ! con/itution1 devot$ z !y are kn[n to h be5 to ! p[] & importance ( ! ,/ates1 & jeal\sly appreh5sive ( ! undue prepond]ance ( ! f$]al bran*1 w\ld nev] h cons5t$ to engraft on t bran* a p[] s great1 s gr[+1 s p5etrat+ & p]vad+1 z t ( ! po/ (fice sy/em--a p[] involv+ ! direct ex]cise ( ! c>ry+ trade by ! gov]nm5t on a va/ scale1 & requir+1 9 ord] to its ex]cise1 ! organization & ma9t5ance ( a huge & di/9ct adm9i/rative dep>tm5t1 :i*1 9 its op]ations1 t\*es daily & intimately ! private affairs z well z public int]e/s ( ! p2 receives & exp5ds millions ( money e ye>2 & cont9ually employs1 pays1 & controls _m ?\s&s ( p]sons1 scatt]$ ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! c\ntry--?us add+ mightily to f$]al p[]1 & especially to ! influ5ce & patronage ( ! f$]al executive4 ,^! are all consequ5ces :i* result directly & necess>ily f ! be/[m5t ( ! po/ (fice p[] on ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,& inasmu* z ! gov]nm5t ?us d]ives f t p[] s great an addition to its own weight & influ5ce1 x c]ta9ly ought to be consid]$ z contract+ !refrom a correspond5tly heavy obligation to make ! p[] advantage\s & useful to ! p1 to ! utmo/ ext5t ( :i* x is capable4 ,! gov]nm5t has ev] %[n itself fully s5sible ( ?is obligation1 & alive to its fulfilm5t4 ,h5ce1 t imm5se & m9ute ma*9]y ( po/ (fices & po/ roads1 ( po/ma/]s1 contractors1 & c>ri]s1 :i* ov]spreads ! c\ntry1 & meets u ev]y:]e--all design$ & kept up = ! sole purpose ( br++ ! cont5ts ( ! mail-bag1 ) frequ5cy1 regul>ity1 & cel]ity1 ne> to ! doors ( our :ole population4 ,= _m ye>s1 no bett] or m exp$iti\s means ( conveyance c\ld be f\nd ?an horse-p[] 9 ! v>i\s =ms 9 :i* x might be appli$ on ord9>y highways4 ,b 9 ^? times1 z well z n[1 ! gov]nm5t act$ on ! pr9ciple ( n reg>d+ ev5 a heavy increase ( exp5se z an objection suffici5t to outweigh s important an object z ! regul>1 frequ5t1 & rapid transmission ( ! mail betwe5 all ! great po9ts1 & along all ! *ief art]ies ( ! c\ntry4 ,on su* r\tes1 accord+ly1 ! mail 0 kept runn+ )\t int]ruption--by night z well z by day--& at ! be/ spe$ t c\ld be secur$ by a well organiz$ & co/ly sy/em ( relays ( m51 horses1 & vehicles4 ,b1 at l5g?1 ! ev] advanc+ discov]ies & improvem5ts ( sci5ce & art ?rew into ! %ade1 z sl[ & inadequate1 all ! old & long us$ modes ( travel & transportation4 ,/eamboats & railroads bur/ ^u ! _w1 introduc+ a new & wond]ful era 9 its comm]ce & int]c\rse2 private capital & ent]prise soon built !m up1 & put !m 9 op]ation1 :5ev] a suffici5tly tempt+ prospect ( ga9 appe>$2 & all private p]sons1 z well z public dep>tm5ts1 saw pres5t$ to _! option m p]fect & exp$iti\s modes ( transportation ?an c\ld h possibly ent]$ into ! anticipations ( ! fram]s ( ! con/itution4 ,b1 ?\gh n anticipat$ or =ese51 ^! new & improv$ modes 7 z cle>ly )9 ! purview ( ! con/itution1 z 7 ! old] & less p]fect ones ) :i* our ance/ors 7 famili>4 ,& !re be+ no d\bt ent]ta9$ ei!r on ?is po9t1 or z to ! obligation ( ! gov]nm5t to lay hold ( ! be/ & mo/ rapid me?ods ( transmission :i* ! improvem5ts ( ! age put 9 its rea*1 /eam-p[] comm5d$ itself at once to adoption1 & has long be5 ext5sively employ$1 bo? on l& & wat]1 = ! c>riage ( ! mail4 ,x is n )\t full reflection t ! committee insi/ on ! pr9ciple t x 0 ! duty z well z ! "r ( ! gov]nm5t ?us to avail itself1 ev5 at heavy additional exp5se1 ( ! p[]ful ag5cy ( /eam1 = ! purpose ( accel]at+ ! mails4 ,x w\ld h be5 a gross & manife/ d]eliction to h p]mitt$ t vitally important conc]n1 ! transportation ( ! mail--a conc]n s anxi\sly intru/$ by ! con/itution to ! f$]al au?ority--x w\ld h be51 9 ! op9ion ( ! committee1 a gross & manife/ d]eliction to h p]mitt$ x to lag beh9d ! improvem5ts ( ! age1 & to be out/ripp$ by ! pace ( ord9>y travel & comm]cial communication4 ,su* is ! view :i* ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t av[$ly takes ( its own obligations1 & ^u :i* x habitually acts4 ,to be out/ripp$ by private expresses1 or by ! ord9>y l9es ( travel1 is deem$ discr$itable to ! dep>tm5t1 injuri\s to ! g5]al int]e/s ( ! c\ntry1 & a ?+1 !re=e1 n to be p]mitt$4 ,?is great & fundam5tal pr9ciple ^u :i* ! dep>tm5ts acts1 7( n be+ out/ripp$ 9 ! transmission ( correspond5ce & intellig5ce17 l$ necess>ily to subsidiz+ ! /eam-eng9e into ! s]vice ( ! po/ (fice2 & x mu/ & w lead1 ) equal c]ta9ty1 to a l adoption ( any o!r newly discov]$ ag5cy or contrivance possess+ decid$ advantage ( cel]ity ov] previ\sly us$ me?ods4 ,x is n probable1 h[ev]1 t ! gov]nm5t w ev] f9d itself call$ ^u to make any transition wid] or m /rik+ ?an t already s famili> to u--a transition f ! use ( animal p[] to ! trem5d\s eng9]y ( ! /eam-eng9e2 f common roads to iron railways2 f l& c>riage to ! conv]sion ( riv]s1 lakes1 & ! ocean itself1 into po/ roads4 ,! same pr9ciple :i* ju/ifi$ & dem&$ ! transf]5ce ( ! mail on _m *ief r\tes1 f ! horse-drawn coa* on common highways to /eam-impell$ vehicles on l& & wat]1 is equally pot5t to w>rant ! call+ ( ! electro magnetic telegraph--t la/ & mo/ wondr\s bir? ( ?is wond]-teem+ age--9 aid ( ! po/ (fice1 9 dis*>ge ( its great function ( rapidly transmitt+ correspond5ce & intellig5ce4 ,& ! only "q to be consid]$1 9 det]m9+ :e!r x ought to be s call$ 9 aid1 is a "q ( fact--namely1 :e!r said telegraph possesses1 ov] ! modes ( transmission n[ 9 use by ! dep>tm5t1 any advantages ( suffici5t value to ju/ify ! exp5se ( engraftm5t on ! sy/em4 ,its fir/ & mo/ signal advantage consi/s 9 ! truly electrical cel]ity ) :i* x transmits intellig5ce & communications ?r\gh ! greate/ di/ances4 ,x supplies1 ) a p]fection l magic1 ! fir/ & mo/ important & difficult desid]atum 9 a po/ (fice e/abli%m5t--especially 9 "o :i* has to s]ve a c\ntry s va/ z ours4 ,t desid]atum is despat*--rapidity ( transmission4 ,x is to secure ?is1 t ! gov]nm5t pays a hugely great] price = ! c>ry+ & deliv]y ( ! mails1 ?an any o!r equal quantum ( transportation co/s 9 ! _w4 ,nature seem$ to h fix$ c]ta9 limits to ! spe$ ( transmission1 :i* x seem$ impossible to pass2 & ^? limits appe>$ to be rea*$ by ! /eam-eng9e4 ,b !y h be5 utt]ly transc5d$ by ! electro magnetic telegraph1 :i* has lit]ally demoli%$ "t & space = all purposes ( correspond5ce betwe5 places connect$ by its wond]-work+ wires4 ,ano!r ine/imably important advantage ( ,pr(essor ,morse's telegraph consi/s 9 ! fulness1 precision1 & v>iety ( matt] :i* x is capable ( communicat+4 ,its alphabet conta9s repres5tatives ( all ! lett]s ( our language1 & ( all ! num]als ( ari?metic2 & !y are capable ( inf9ite comb9ation & repetition "u ! magnetic impulse4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t ! capacity ( ! in/rum5t is compet5t to ! communication ( a long disc\rse ( ! greate/ v>iety ( ?\ght & expression4 ,b1 z ! telegraph lett]s mu/ necess>ily be despat*$ along ! wire1 & m>k$ d[n1 "o by "o1 at ! /ation to :i* !y are transmitt$1 x is obvi\s t a long disc\rse mu/ occupy consid]able "t1 al?\gh ! lett]s foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! mo/ rapid succession4 ,?is br+s ! att5tion ( ! committee to a v mat]ial po9t1 namely3 ! quantum ( matt]1 or am\nt ( intellig5ce1 :i* ! in/rum5t w\ld be capable ( transmitt+ 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! ord9>y av]age ( transmission is ab\t ?irty lett]s p] m9ute along ea* wire4 ,six wires c be erect$ at an exp5se ( some:at less ?an #ejj p] mile1 :i* w\ld make ! telegraph compet5t to ! transmission ( "o hundr$ & eighty lett]s p] m9ute1 on an av]age4 ,! words ( our language are e/imat$ to av]age six lett]s to a ^w4 ,a telegraphic l9e compos$ ( six wires1 w\ld1 consequ5tly1 be able to transmit p] m9ute ?irty words fully spelt4 ,b x is :olly unnecess>y t ! words %\ld be fully spelt by ! in/rum5t4 ,by a well-contriv$ sy/em ( abbreviations1 ! numb] ( lett]s to be transmitt$1 9 ord] to communicate a giv5 numb] ( words1 is greatly dim9i%$2 &1 ( c\rse1 ! numb] ( words transmissible 9 a giv5 "t is proportionably augm5t$4 ,to su* great p]fection has ?is sy/em ( conv5tional abbreviations be5 c>ri$1 z to h enabl$ ! telegraph1 on "o occasion1 to transmit 9 ?irty m9utes1 f ,wa%+ton to ,baltimore1 congressional intellig5ce en\gh to fill a column ( ! ,baltimore ,patriot4 ,?is 0 done1 too1 ) only "o wire4 ,increase ! numb] ( wires to six1 z propos$ 9 ! bill introduc$ by ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 & x foll[s t ! capacity ( ! in/rum5t w be adequate to ! transmission ( six long newspap] columns ( matt] 9 half an h\r4 ,!n x is to be fur!r not$1 t ! telegraph is capable ( work+ ?r\gh\t ! :ole tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 )\t int]mission--9 d>kness z well z 9 daylight--9 /ormy wea!r z well z 9 s]5e--:i* w\ld enable x to communicate 9 a s+le day two hundr$ & eighty-eight long newspap] columns ( matt]4 ,all ^! facts put toge!r1 ev9ce t ! capacity ( ! in/rum5t1 9 ref]5ce n only to ! cel]ity ( its communications1 b 9 ref]5ce also to ! k9d & quantity ( matt] x c communicate 9 a giv5 "t1 is su* z to recomm5d x z a mo/ effici5t m$ium bo? ( private correspond5ce & public intellig5ce4 ,t x is capable ( be+1 & w actually be1 at no di/ant day1 ext5sively employ$ z su* a m$ium1 x seems to ! committee !re c be b little room to d\bt4 ,su* a result seems1 inde$1 to be r5d]$ altoge!r c]ta91 :51 9 addition to ! capacities ( ! in/rum5t1 we take into consid]ation its *eapness4 ,= little m ?an #ajj1jjj1 ,baltimore c be connect$ ) ,new ,york2 & = a l sum1 ,new ,york ) ,bo/on4 ,!re w\ld !n be an unbrok5 telegraphic l9e f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton2 pass+ ?r\gh ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore & ! o!r consid]able t[ns on ! r\te4 ,:at a va/ numb] ( %ort comm]cial lett]s w\ld su* a l9e be able to attract to itself1 & to despat* e day1 f> 9 advance ( ! ord9>y transportation by mail4 ,nor w\ld any dang] ( a detrim5tal divulg5ce ( _! affairs exi/ to det] m]*ants & m5 ( bus9ess f resort+ to ! telegraph2 because1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! simple exp$i5t ( a conc]t$ ciph] betwe5 di/ant correspond5ts w\ld protect _! communications ) a %ield ( secrecy imp5etrable ev5 to ! (fic]s & manag]s ( ! telegraph4 ,& 9 ! next place1 ! v nature ( _! functions w require t ^! p]sons %all be m5 ( great tru/wor?9ess1 & t !y %all moreov] be plac$ "u ! mo/ /r+5t (ficial obligations ( secrecy 9 reg>d to ! cont5ts ( private communications4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 m5 ( bus9ess ne$ no m appreh5d dang] ( improp] publicity f employ+ ! telegraph1 ?an f ! necessity ( hav+ cl]ks 9 _! c\nt+-h\ses to p5 & copy _! correspond5ce4 ,if all ^! advantages %\ld h ! effect ( attract+ to ! telegraph ! am\nt ( cu/om :i* to ! committee seems probable1 x is obvi\s t a v mod]ate t>iff ( *>ges w\ld produce income en\gh to make x a ga9ful prop]ty--at lea/ ^u su* a l9e z t f ,bo/on to ,wa%+ton4 ,x is ^u ?is gr\nd ! committee base ! belief t x is de/9$ soon to be e/abli%$ along t :ole l9e1 if n by gov]nm5t1 c]ta9ly by private capital & ent]prise2 & !n a /ate ( ?+s w imm$iately develop itself1 :i* ! p w nev] endure nor tol]ate ! gov]nm5t 9 p]mitt+ to exi/4 ,t /ate ( ?+s w\ld be t ! po/ (fice1 9 its transportation ( all correspond5ce & news1 w\ld lag n h\rs1 b days1 beh9d ! transmission ( ! same ?+s ?r\gh ano!r m$ium2 & t1 a m$ium belong+ to private individuals1 & controll$ by private views & int]e/s4 ,! importance ( prompt action 9 ! matt] on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t is fur!r app>5t f ! fact t ! inv5tion is a private pat5t$ prop]ty4 ,x is a prop]ty to ! production ( :i* ,pr(essor ,morse has devot$ ye>s ( ! highe/ ord] ( lab\r--! lab\r ( g5ius & sci5ce comb9$4 ,"u ! patronage & at ! exp5se ( ! gov]nm5t1 he has be5 enabl$ to give to ! _w1 9 ! l9e betwe5 ,baltimore & ,wa%+ton1 a visible & p]fectly triumphant demon/ration ( ! success & utility ( 8 inv5tion4 ,b ! pecuni>y rew>d1 to :i* he is s ju/ly entitl$1 rema9s yet 9 abeyance4 ,x dep5ds ^u 8 be+ successful 9 mak+ contracts ) ! gov]nm5t1 or o!rs1 = ! use ( 8 inv5tion4 ,&1 ( c\rse1 if gov]nm5t %all n spe$ily embrace ! project1 & enable him to realize a comp5sation = 8 discov]y1 he w be necessitat$ to look else:]e = 8 indemnification & rew>d4 ,&1 %\ld ! arrangem5ts into :i* he may f9d x necess>y to ent] ) private individuals or associations1 /ipulate exclusive rights 9 _! fav\r1 x is manife/ h[ greatly gov]nm5t & p w\ld lie at _! m]cy4 ,hav+ 9 _! h&s ! monopoly ( su* a m$ium ( intellig5ce on ! important l9es1 !y c\ld make su* use ( _! advantages ov] ! gov]nm5t & ! community z w\ld at l5g? enable !m to exact _! own t]ms z ! price ( ! surr5d] ( _! exclusive "r2 = ! tru? _c be too (t5 repeat$1 or too deeply impress$ 9 relation to ! subject1 t ! p w nev] submit long to ! mis*iefs & discr$it ( ! public po/ (fice transmission ( correspond5ce & intellig5ce be+ out/ripp$ by any private monopoly or e/abli%m5t :atev]4 ,! loss ( rev5ue w co-op]ate ) ! compla9ts & suff]+s ( ! p to compel ! gov]nm5t1 9 ! long run1 to d :at 7 bett] done at once--namely1 to e/abli% ! telegraph 9 connection )1 & z a bran* (1 ! po/ (fice1 on su* great l9es ( communication z ! correspond5ce & comm]ce ( ! c\ntry may indicate4 ,an accid5t has occurr$1 dur+ ! pres5t w9t]1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! po/ (fice1 to :i* ! committee beg leave to call ! att5tion ( ! ,h\se1 z illu/rative ( ! pr9ciples & policy by :i* ! ,dep>tm5t av[$ly feels itself b\nd1 z ! public organ = ! transmission ( correspond5ce & intellig5ce4 ,x is well kn[n t1 f ,bo/on to ,cov+ton1 9 ,georgia1 ! great s\!rn & ,new ,orleans mail is transport$ :olly by /eam-p[]1 ei!r on wat] or on rail roads4 ,x is c>ri$ ?is :ole di/ance 9 five days4 ,f ,cov+ton to ,mobile1 x is c>ri$ 9 /ages1 ) ! exception ( a %ort int]val ( rail road 9 approa*+ ,montgom]y1 ,alabama4 ,at ,mobile1 ! mail is aga9 committ$ to /eam-c>riage1 by sea1 to ,new ,orleans4 ,n[1 ( s mu* importance 0 a s+le day's anticipation ( ! mail deem$ 9 all ! great cities on ! r\te1 t a private express 0 e/abli%$ ) t view1 to be c>ri$ on horseback betwe5 ,cov+ton & ,montgom]y4 ,all matt] de/9$ = ! private express 0 address$ to ! ag5ts ( ! company at ,cov+ton & ,montgom]y1 accord+ z su* matt] %\ld happ5 to come f ! nor? or s\?4 ,! express c>ri] at ,cov+ton1 receiv+ 8 despat*es f ! nor!rn mail on ! arrival ( ! /eam-c>s1 deliv]$ !m at ,montgom]y to ! po/ (fice aga9 9 su* "t t !y 7 s5t f ,montgom]y to ,mobile & ,new ,orleans by mail "o day 9 advance ( ! o!r lett]s1 :i* rea*$ ,cov+ton at ! same "t4 ,! effect 01 ! anticipation ( ! nor!rn mail by "o day at ,mobile & ,new ,orleans2 & ! same op]ation1 f ,montgom]y to ,cov+ton1 result$ 9 "o day's anticipation ( ! ,mobile & ,new ,orleans mails at ,new ,york4 ,:at did ! ,po/ ,(fice ,dep>tm5t d1 "u ?is /ate ( facts8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is to be f\nd on ! records ( ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,! ,po/ma/] ,g5]al1 aft] wat*+ ^! anticipations = a %ort "t1 issu$ an ord] = _! prev5tion by ! e/abli%m5t ( a po/ (fice express betwe5 ,cov+ton & ,montgom]y1 to run alongside ! private express4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if ! gov]nm5t %all n soon e/abli% ! telegraph on public acc\nt on ! great r\tes1 x w f9d ! mails anticipat$ 9 ! hundr$-fold great] degree by ! e/abli%m5t ( private telegraphs1 :i* x w h to meet1 ei!r by pur*as+ !m out on exorbitant t]ms1 or by erect+ a rival public telegraph l9e by _! side4 ,! facts & reason+s :i* h n[ be5 submitt$1 satisfy ! committee t x is important t ! gov]nm5t %\ld lose no "t 9 occupy+1 ) a telegraph ( its own1 ! gr\nd betwe5 ,baltimore & ,new ,york4 ,! committee look to ! probability t ! l9e w aft]w>ds he progressively ext5d$ nor?w>dly1 s\?w>dly1 & we/w>dly1 on r\tes ! bus9ess & correspond5ce on :i* %all ju/ify & require telegraphic facilities ( communication4 ,ap>t f ! po/ (fice p[]1 ! gov]nm5t und\bt$ly possesses ! au?ority to e/abli% ! telegraph = its own use 9 ! transmission ( (ficial ord]s & communications4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 z well z on t gr[+ out ( ! po/ (fice p[]1 ! committee deem ! con/itutionality ( ! measure incontrov]tible4 ,! committee might easily add to ! views & argum5ts :i* !y h n[ pres5t$1 o!rs ( a highly comm&+ "*--especially ^? :i* relate to ! extreme value ( :i* ! magnetic telegraph w\ld be 9 ! em]g5cies ( w>1 & its s+ul> adapt$ness to r5d] our sy/em ( gov]nm5t easily & c]ta9ly ma9ta9able ov] ! imm5se space f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific1 :i* our t]ritory cov]s4 ,d\bt has be5 ent]ta9$ by _m patriotic m9ds h[ f> ! rapid1 full1 & ?or\gh int]communication ( ?\ght & intellig5ce1 s necess>y to a p liv+ "u a common repres5tative republic1 c\ld be expect$ to take place ?r\gh\t su* imm5se b\nds4 ,t d\bt c no long] exi/4 ,x has be5 resolv$ & put an end to =ev] by ! triumphant success ( ! electro magnetic telegraph ( ,pr(essor ,morse1 z already te/$ by ! gov]nm5t4 ,! fact t a bill has be5 long p5d+ 9 ! ,h\se1 introduc$ by ! ,committee on ,comm]ce1 = ! ext5sion ( ! telegraph f ,baltimore to ,new ,york1 r5d]s x unnecess>y = ?is committee to report a bill4 ,)\t pron\nc+ positively on ! suffici5cy ( ! provisions ( t bill1 ! committee consid] ! :ole subject wor?y ! prompt att5tion ( ,congress4 ,hav+ ?us pres5t$ _! views on ! subject ref]r$ to !m1 ! committee beg to be dis*>g$ f its fur!r consid]ation4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,telegraphs1 ,employ+ ,electricity 9 ,v>i\s ,ways = ! ,transmission ( ,intellig5ce4 ,we presume x w n be un9t]e/+ to ! read]1 to be pres5t$ ) an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s discov]ies1 9 _! *ronological ord]1 by :i* ! sci5ce ( ,electricity became kn[n to ! _w dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 & prep>$ ! way = ^? m magnific5t results1 :i* h be5 made 9 ?is ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we w endeav\r to make x z brief z is consi/5t ) ! importance ( ! subject1 to enable u to m>k ! succession ( discov]ies & improvem5ts ?r\gh two hundr$ ye>s4 ,m ?an any o!r bran* ( exp]im5tal philosophy1 t ( electricity _h be5 mo/ neglect$1 until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! attractive p[] ( amb] is m5tion$ by ,!ophra/us & ,pl9y1 & also lat] by o!rs4 #af;,9 ! ye> #afjj1 ,william ,gilb]t1 a native ( ,col*e/]1 & a ,london physician1 publi%$ a ,lat9 ,treatise1 ,de ,magnete1 9 :i* he relates a v>iety ( electrical exp]im5ts4 ,he increas$ ! li/ ( electric bodies & also ( sub/ances ^u :i* electrics c\ld act1 & not$ "s ( ! circum/ances relat+ to _! action4 ,8 !ory ( electricity 01 h[ev]1 v imp]fect4 #af ,_m ( ! facts "h giv51 are tak5 f ,prie/ley's ,"w ^u ,electricity4 ,9 #afcj1 ,nicolaus ,cabu at ,t]r>a1 repeat$ ,gilb]t's exp]im5ts & made "s progress1 increas+ ! li/ ( electrics2 z also did ,mr4 ,boyle 9 ! ye> #afgj4 ,he made "s discov]ies :i* _h escap$ ! obs]vation ( ^? :o prec$$ him4 ,cotempor>y ) ,mr4 ,boyle1 ,otto ,gu]icke1 burgoma/] ( ,magdeburg1 7! inv5tor ( ! air pump17 made "s advances4 ,he con/ruct$ a sulphur globe1 :i* he m\nt$ ^u an axis1 9 a wood5 frame1 & caus+ x to revolve1 at ! same "t rubb+ ! globe ) 8 h&1 p]=m$ a v>iety ( electrical exp]im5ts4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to discov]1 t a body once attract$ by an excit$ electric1 0 repell$ by x1 & n aga9 attract$ until x _h t\*$ "s o!r body4 ,he obs]v$ ! light & s\nd produc$ by ! electric fluid1 :ile turn+ 8 electrical ma*9e4 ,dr4 ,wall ab\t ! same "t obs]v$ ! light & s\nd produc$ by rubb+ pieces ( amb] ) wool1 & also exp]i5c$ a slight %ock4 ,he comp>$ ! s\nd & light ( ! electric fluid s produc$1 to ?und] & lightn+4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton also engag$ 9 simil> electrical exp]im5ts1 & gave an acc\nt ( !m to ! ,royal ,society 9 #afge4 ,mr4 ,hauksbee1 ^: writ+s are dat$ #agji1 di/+ui%$ himself by exp]im5ts & discov]ies 9 electrical attraction1 & repulsion1 & electric light4 ,he con/ruct$ an electrical ma*9e1 adopt+ ! glass1 in/ead ( ! sulphur globe4 ,he exp]im5t$ ^u ! subtilty & copi\sness ( ! electric light1 & likewise ^u ! s\nd & %ocks produc$ by ! fluid4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,mr4 ,hauksbee1 ! sci5ce ( electricity made b sl[ progress1 & few exp]im5ts 7 made = tw5ty ye>s4 ,9 ! ye> #agbh1 ,mr4 ,/eph5 ,grey1 a p5sion] at ! ,*>t] ,h\se1 comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts ) an excit$ glass tube4 ,he & 8 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,:eel]1 made a great v>iety ( exp]im5ts 9 :i* !y demon/rat$1 t electricity may be communicat$ f "o body to ano!r1 ev5 )\t be+ 9 contact1 & 9 ?is way1 may be conduct$ to a great di/ance4 ,mr4 ,grey aft]w>ds f\nd1 t1 by susp5d+ rods ( iron by silk or hair l9es1 & br++ an excit$ tube "u !m1 sp>ks might be drawn1 & a light p]ceiv$ at ! extremities 9 ! d>k4 ,he electrifi$ a boy susp5d$ by hair l9es2 & communicat$ electricity to a soap bubble bl[n f a tobacco pipe4 ,he electrifi$ wat]1 conta9$ 9 a di%1 plac$ ^u a cake ( ros91 & also a tube ( wat]4 ,he made "s curi\s exp]im5ts ^u a small cup ( wat]1 ov] :i*1 at ! di/ance ( an in*1 he held ! excit$ tube4 ,he obs]v$ ! wat] to rise 9 a conical %ape1 f :i* proce$$ a light2 small p>ticles ( wat] 7 ?r[n (f f ! cone1 & ! tube moi/5$4 ,mr4 ,du ,fay1 int5dant ( ! ,fr5* k+'s g>d5s1 repeat$ ! exp]im5ts ( ,mr4 ,grey 9 #agcc4 ,he f\nd t by wett+ ! pack-?read he succe$$ bett] ) ! exp]im5t ( communicat+ ! electric virtue ?r\gh a l9e #abef feet 9 l5g?4 ,he made ! discov]y ( two k9ds ( electricity1 :i* he call$ vitre\s & res9\s2 ! =m] produc$ by rubb+ glass1 & ! latt] f excit$ sulphur1 seal+ wax1 c4 ,b ?is he aft]w>ds gave up z errone\s4 ,mr4 ,grey1 9 #agcd1 exp]im5t$ ^u iron rods & gave rise to ! t]m metallic conductors4 ,he gave ! "n p5cil ( electric light to ! /ream ( electricity1 su* z is se5 to issue f an electric po9t4 ,he sugge/$ ! idea t ! electric virtue ( ! excit$ tube 0 simil> to t ( ?und] & lightn+1 & t x c\ld be accumulat$4 ,dr4 ,desaguli]s comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts 9 #agci4 ,he introduc$ ! t]m conductor to t body to :i* ! excit$ tube conveys its electricity4 ,he call$ bodies 9 :i* electricity may be excit$ by rubb+ or heat+1 electric p] se2 & non-electric :5 !y receive electricity1 & lose x at once ^u ! approa* ( ano!r non-electric4 ,9 ! ye> #agdb1 sev]al ,g]mans engag$ 9 ?is subject4 ,mr4 ,boze1 a pr(essor at ,wittemburg1 revives ! use ( ,hauksbee's globe1 in/ead ( us+ ,grey's glass tube1 & add$ to x a prime conductor4 ,mr4 ,w9ckl] sub/itut$ a cu%ion in/ead ( ! h&1 :i* _h be=e be5 employ$ to excite ! globe4 ,mr4 ,p4 ,gordon1 a ,b5$ict9e monk & pr(essor ( philosophy at ,er=d1 0 ! fir/ :o us$ a cyl9d] in/ead ( a globe4 ,) 8 electrical ma*9e he convey$ ! fluid ?r\gh wires #bjj ells 9 l5g? & kill$ small birds4 ,dr4 ,ludolf ( ,b]l91 9 ! ye> #agdd1 k9dl$ by electricity ! e!real _s ( ,frob5ius1 by ! excit$ glass tube2 ! sp>k proce$+ f an iron conductor4 ,mr4 ,boze fir$ gunp[d] by electricity4 ,mr4 ,gordon contriv$ ! electrical />4 ,mr4 ,w9ckl] contriv$ a :eel to move by ! ag5cy ( ! same fluid4 ,mr4 ,boze convey$ electricity f "o man to ano!r by a jet ( wat]1 :5 bo? 7 plac$ ^u cakes ( ros91 six paces ap>t4 ,mr4 ,gordon fir$ spirits1 by a jet ( wat]2 & ! ,g]mans inv5t$ ! electrical bells4 ,mr4 ,coll9son 9 #agde s5t to ! ,libr>y ,company ( ,philadelphia1 an acc\nt ( ^! exp]im5ts1 toge!r ) a tube1 & directions h[ to use x4 ,frankl91 ) "s ( 8 fri5ds1 imm$iately engag$ 9 a c\rse ( exp]im5ts1 ! results ( :i* are well kn[n4 ,he 0 enabl$ to make a numb] ( important discov]ies1 & to propose !ories to acc\nt = v>i\s ph5om5a1 :i* h be5 univ]sally adopt$1 & :i* bid fair to endure = ages4 ,9 ! ye> #agde1 su* 0 ! att5tion giv5 to ! subject ( electricity1 t exp]im5ts ^u x 7 publicly adv]tis$ & exhibit$ = money 9 ,g]many & ,holl&4 ,dr4 ,miles1 ( ,engl&1 9 ! same ye> fir$ phosphorus by ! application ( ! excit$ tube itself )\t ! int]v5tion ( a conductor4 ,x 0 at ?is p]iod t ,dr4 ,watson's att5tion 0 giv5 to ?is subject4 ,he fir$ air1 made inflammable by a *emical process1 & dis*>g$ a musket by ! electric fluid4 ,he made _m exp]im5ts1 "s ( :i* w be describ$ z we proce$4 ,! ye> #agde 0 made fam\s by ! discov]y ( ! ,leyd5 ,phial by ,mr4 ,cuneus a native ( ,leyd54 ,x appe>s also to h be5 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,von ,klei/1 dean ( ! ,ca!dral 9 ,cam9 ab\t ! same "t4 ,by ?is discov]y1 electricity c\ld be accumulat$ & sev]e %ocks giv54 ,mr4 ,grala?1 9 #agdf1 gave a %ock to tw5ty p]sons at once1 & at a consid]able di/ance f ! ma*9e4 ,he con/ruct$ ! electrical batt]y by *>g+ sev]al phials at once4 ,mr4 ,w9ckl]1 & also ,m4 ,monni]1 9 ,france1 transmitt$ ! electric fluid ?r\gh sev]al feet ( wat] z a "p ( ! circuit4 ,m4 ,nollet1 9 ,france1 kill$ birds & fi%es by ! dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 j>s4 ,improvem5ts 7 made by ,dr4 ,watson1 & o!rs1 9 ! ,leyd5 phial1 by coat+ ! inside & outside ( x ) t9 foil4 ,abb ,nollet gave a %ock to #ahj ( ! gu>ds 9 ! k+'s pres5ce2 & at ! gr& conv5t ( ! ,c>?usians 9 ,p>is1 ! :ole community =m$ a l9e ( #cfjj feet 9 l5g?1 by means ( wires betwe5 !m4 ,! :ole company ^u ! dis*>ge ( ! phial1 gave a sudd5 spr+ at ! same in/ant4 ,! ,fr5* philosoph]s tri$ ! same exp]im5t ?r\gh a circuit ( p]sons1 hold+ wires betwe5 !m1 two & a half miles 9 l5g?4 ,9 ano!r exp]im5t ! wat] ( ! bas9 9 ! ,tuill]ies 0 made a "p ( ! circuit4 ,m4 ,monni]1 ! y\ng]1 to discov] ! velocity ( electricity1 dis*>g$ ! ,leyd5 phial ?r\gh an iron wire #djjj feet 9 l5g?1 & ano!r #acai feet1 b c\ld n discov] ! "t requir$ = its passage4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 communicat$ 8 obs]vations1 9 a s]ies ( lett]s1 to 8 fri5d ,coll9son1 ! fir/ ( :i* is dat$ ,m>* #bh1 #agdg4 ,9 ^! he %[s ! p[] ( po9ts 9 draw+ & ?r[+ (f ! electrical matt]4 ,he also made ! gr& discov]y ( a plus & m9us1 or ( a positive & negative /ate ( electricity4 ,%ortly aft] ,frankl91 f 8 pr9ciples ( plus & m9us /ate1 expla9$1 9 a satisfactory mann]1 ! ph5om5a ( ! ,leyd5 phial4 ,dr4 ,watson & o!rs 9 ,july #ah1 #agdg1 convey$ ! electric fluid across ! ,?ames at ,we/m9/] bridge2 ! wid? ( ! riv] mak+ a "p ( ! circuit4 ,on ! #bd? ( ,july1 he tri$ ! exp]im5t ( =c+ ! electric fluid to make a circuit ) ! b5d ( ! riv]1 at ! ,new ,riv] at ,/oke1 ,new+ton4 ,he suppos$ t ! electric fluid w\ld foll[ ! riv] alone1 ?r\gh its circuit\s w9d+s1 & return by ! wire4 ,he suspect$ f ! result ( ?is exp]im5t1 t ! gr\nd also conduct$ ! fluid4 ,on ! #bh?1 he prov$ ! fact by support+ a wire #aej feet 9 l5g? ^u bak$ /icks1 us+ ! gr\nd z half ( ! circuit4 ,on ! #e?1 ( ,augu/1 he tri$ ano!r exp]im5t ( mak+ ! dry gr\nd a "p ( ! circuit = a mile 9 ext5t1 & f\nd x to conduct equally z well z wat]4 ,! la/ exp]im5t 0 tri$ at ,%oot]'s ,hill1 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ ( ! same ye>4 ,b "o %[] ( ra9 _h fall5 = ! five prec$+ weeks4 ,! wires1 two miles 9 l5g?1 7 support$ ^u bak$ /icks1 & ! dry gr\nd 0 us$ = ! return two miles ( ! circuit4 ,!y f\nd ! transmission ( ! electric fluid to be in/antane\s4 ,dr4 ,watson made _m o!r exp]im5ts :i* we mu/ pass ov]4 ,mr4 ,ellicott con/ruct$ an electromet] = measur+ ! quantity ( electricity4 ,mr4 ,maimbury1 at ,ed9burgh1 electrifi$ two myrtle trees1 dur+ ! mon? ( ,octob]1 #agdf1 :5 !y put =? small bran*es & blossoms soon] ?an o!r %rubs ( ! same k9d1 :i* _h n be5 electrifi$4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 tri$ ^u se$s1 s[$ 9 g>d5 pots ) ! same success4 ,mr4 ,jallab]t1 ,mr4 ,boze & ! ,abb ,m5on pr9cipal ( ! ,college ( ,bueil1 at ,ang]s1 tri$ ! same exp]im5ts ^u plants1 by electrify+ bottles 9 :i* !y 7 gr[+4 ,he prov$ t electrifi$ plants always grew fa/]1 & _h f9] /ems1 leaves & fl[]s ?an ^? :i* 7 n electrifi$4 ,9 ! ye> #agdh1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 & 8 fri5ds1 held an electrical fea/#ag on ! banks ( ! ,s*uylkill ne> ,philadelphia1 & z ! acc\nt is amus+1 z well z sci5tific1 we w give an acc\nt ( x z relat$ by ,frankl91 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d ,coll9son1 dat$ ,philadelphia1 #agdh4 7#a vol4 ( ,frankl9's ,works1 p4 #bjb47 8,*agr9$ a little t we h be5 hi!rto able to produce no?+ 9 ?is way ( use to mank9d2 & ! hot wea!r com+ on1 :5 electrical exp]im5ts are n s agreeable1 x is propos$ to put an end to !m = ?is season1 some:at humor\sly1 9 a p>ty ( pleasure1 on ! banks ( ! ,skuykil40 8,spirits1 at ! same "t1 are to be fir$ by a sp>k s5t f side to side ?r\gh ! riv]1 )\t any o!r conductor ?an ! wat]1 an exp]im5t :i* we "s "t s9ce p]=m$1 to ! amazem5t ( _m4 ,a turkey is to be kill$ = our d9n] by ! electrical %ock1 & roa/$ by ! electrical jack1 be=e a fire k9dl$ by ! electrifi$ bottle3 :5 ! heal?s ( all ! fam\s electricians ( ,engl&1 ,holl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many are to be drank 9 electrifi$ bump]s1#ah "u a dis*>ge ( guns f ! electrical batt]y40 #ag 8,z ! possibility ( ?is exp]im5t has n be5 easily conceiv$1 ,i %all "h describe x4 ,two iron rods1 ab\t ?ree feet long1 7 plant$ j )9 ! m>g9 ( ! riv]1 on ! opposite sides4 ,a ?ick piece ( wire1 ) a small r\nd knob at its end1 0 fix$ on ! top ( "o ( ! rods1 b5d+ d[nw>ds1 s z to deliv] commodi\sly ! sp>k ^u ! surface ( ! _s4 ,a small wire1 fa/5$ by "o end to ! h&le ( ! spoon conta9+ ! _s1 0 c>ri$ across ! riv]1 & support$ 9 ! air by ! rope commonly us$ to hold by1 9 draw+ f]ry boats ov]4 ,! o!r end ( ?is wire 0 ti$ r\nd ! coat+ ( ! bottle2 :i* be+ *>g$1 ! sp>k 0 deliv]$ f ! hook to ! top ( ! rod /&+ 9 ! wat] on t side4 ,at ! same in/ant ! rod on ! o!r side deliv]$ a sp>k into ! spoon & fir$ ! _s2 ! electric fire return+ to ! coat+ ( ! bottle1 ?r\gh ! h&le ( ! spoon & ! support$ wire connect$ ) !m40 #ah 8,an electrifi$ bump] is a small ?9 glass tumbl]1 ne>ly fill$ ) w9e1 & electrifi$ z ! bottle4 ,?is1 :5 br\ght to ! lips1 gives a %ock1 if ! p>ty be close %av$1 & does n brea! on ! liquor40 8,9 ! ye> #agdi1 ,frankl9 fir/ sugge/$ 8 idea ( expla9+ ! ph5om5a ( ?und] gu/s1 & ( ! aurora borealis1 ^u electrical pr9ciples4 ,he po9ts out _m p>ticul>s 9 :i* lightn+ & electricity agree2 9 ! same ye> he conceiv$ ! bold idea ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? ( 8 doctr9e1 by actually draw+ d[n ! lightn+1 by means ( %>p po9t$ iron rods1 rais$ into ! region ( ! cl\ds4 ,admitt+ ! id5tity ( electricity & lightn+1 & kn[+ ! p[] ( po9ts 9 repell+ bodies *>g$ ) electricity1 & 9 conduct+ ! fluid sil5tly & imp]ceptibly1 he sugge/$ ! idea ( secur+ h\ses1 %ips1 c4 f be+ damag$ by lightn+1 by rais+ po9t$ rods sev]al feet above ! mo/ elevat$ "p ( ! build+ to be protect$1 & ! o!r end desc5d+ "s feet into ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 n until ! summ] ( #ageb1 t he 0 enabl$ to complete 8 gr& discov]y by exp]im5ts40 8,:ile he 0 wait+ = ! erection ( a spire1 x occurr$ to him t he might h m ready access to ! region ( cl\ds1 by means ( a common kite4 ,he prep>$ "o by fa/5+ two cross /icks to a silk h&k]*ief1 :i* w\ld n suff] s mu* f ! ra9 z pap]4 ,to ! upright /ick 0 affix$ an iron po9t4 ,! /r+ 01 z usual1 ( hemp1 except ! l[] end1 :i* 0 silk4 ,:]e ! hemp5 /r+ t]m9at$1 a key 0 fa/5$4 ,) ?is app>atus1 on ! appe>ance ( a ?und] gu/ approa*+1 he w5t out into ! commons1 accompani$ by 8 son1 to :om alone he communicat$ 8 int5tions1 well kn[+ ! ridicule :i*1 too g5]ally = ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 awaits unsuccessful exp]im5ts 9 philosophy4 ,he plac$ himself "u a %ade1 to avoid ! ra92 8 kite 0 rais$--a ?und] cl\d pass$ ov] x--no sign ( electricity appe>$4 ,he almo/ despair$ ( success1 :51 sudd5ly1 he obs]v$ ! loose fibres ( 8 /r+ to move t[>ds an erect position4 ,he n[ pres5t$ 8 knuckle to ! key1 & receiv$ a /rong sp>k2 repeat$ sp>ks 7 drawn f ! key2 a phial 0 *>g$1 a %ock giv51 & all ! exp]im5ts made :i* are usually p]=m$ ) electricity40 8,frankl9 con/ruct$ rods s z to br+ ! lightn+ into 8 h\se1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ if x 0 ( ! positive or negative k9d4 ,he succe$$ 9 ! exp]im5t = ! fir/ "t 9 ,april1 #agec1 :5 x appe>$ t ! electricity 0 negative4 ,on ! #f? ( ,june he met ) a cl\d electrifi$ positively4 ,! discov]ies ( ,frankl9 r\s$ ! att5tion ( all ,europe1 & _m di/+ui%$ electricians repeat$ !m ) success4 ,pr(essor ,ri*man1 ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :ile mak+ "s exp]im5ts ^u ! electrical /ate ( ! atmosph]e1 0 kill$ by ! electric fluid1 ,augu/1 #agec4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 electricity 0 assidu\sly cultivat$ by a great numb] ( em95t individuals1 :o ext5d$ ! b\nd>ies ( ! sci5ce by num]\s exp]im5ts1 & by ! inv5tion ( +5i\s & useful in/rum5ts4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ^u air1 wat] & ice2 & 9 relation to ! surfaces ( electric bodies2 9 relation to ! two electrical /ates2 ^u ! deflagration ( ! metals2 decomposition ( solids & liquids10 c4 c4 ,lomond's ,electrical ,telegraph4 ,x is /at$ 9 ,"y's ,travels 9 ,france1 7#aghg1 #d? ed4 vol4 #a1 p4 #gi17 t a ,mr4 ,lomond _h inv5t$ a mode by :i*1 f 8 own room1 he held communication ) a p]son 9 a neighb\r+ *amb]1 by means ( electricity4 ,he employ$ ! common electrical ma*9e plac$ at "o /ation1 & at ! o!r an electromet] con/ruct$ ) pi? balls4 ,^! in/rum5ts 7 connect$ by means ( two wires /ret*$ f "o ap>tm5t to ! o!r2 s t1 at ea* dis*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 phial1 ! pi? balls w\ld rec$e f ea* o!r1 until !y came 9 contact ) ! return wire4 ,8 sy/em ( telegraphic correspond5ce is n relat$4 ,we mu/ suppose f ! "* ( 8 inv5tion1 hav+ b "o movem5t1 t ( ! div]g5ce ( ! balls1 & us+ an app>atus extremely delicate1 t 8 means ( communication c\ld n h be5 o!rwise ?an limit$1 & requir$ a great am\nt ( "t4 ,! only mode 9 :i* x appe>s possible = him to h transmitt$ intellig5ce1 seems to be ?is3 a s+le div]g5ce ( ! pi? balls1 succe$$ by an int]val ( two or ?ree seconds1 may h repres5t$ ,a4 ,two div]g5cies 9 quick succession1 ) an int]val foll[+1 may h repres5t$ ,b2 ?ree div]g5cies1 9 l mann]1 indicat$ ! lett] ,c2 & s on = ! rema9d] ( ! alphabet4 ,in/ead ( ^! movem5ts ( ! pi? balls repres5t+ lett]s1 !y may h indicat$ ! num]als #a1 #b1 #c1 c4 s t ) a vocabul>y ( words1 numb]$1 conduct$ 8 correspond5ce4 ,?is appe>s to be ! fir/ electrical telegraph ( :i* we h any acc\nt2 b does n appe> to h be5 us$ ^u ext5d$ l9es4 ,reiz5's ,electric ,sp>k ,telegraph4 ,9 #agid1 accord+ to ,voigt's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #i1 p4 #a1 ,reiz5 made use ( ! electric sp>k = telegraphic purposes4 ,8 plan 0 bas$ ^u ! ph5om5on :i* is obs]v$ :5 ! electric fluid ( a common ma*9e is int]rupt$ 9 its circuit by breaks 9 ! wire1 exhibit+ at ! int]rupt$ portions ( ! circuit a bright sp>k4 ,! sp>k ?us r5d]$ visible 9 its passage he appe>s to h employ$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,figure #cd is a repres5tation ( ! table ^u :i* 7 arrang$ ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 tw5ty-six 9 numb]4 ,ea* lett] is repres5t$ by /rips ( t9 foil1 pass+ f left to "r1 & "r to left1 alt]nately1 ov] a space ( an in* squ>e ^u a glass table4 ,su* p>ts ( ! t9 foil are cut out1 z w repres5t a p>ticul> lett]4 ,?us1 x w be se5 t ! lett] ,a is repres5t$ by ^? portions ( ! t9 foil :i* h be5 tak5 out1 & ! rema9+ portions answ] z ! conductor4 ,p & ,n repres5t ! positive & negative ends ( ! /rips1 z !y pass ?r\gh ! table & reappe>1 "o on ea* side ( ! small dot at ,a4 ,^? two l9es :i* h a dot betwe51 are ! ends ( ! negative & positive wire belong+ to "o ( ! lett]s4 ,n[ if a sp>k f a *>g$ receiv] is s5t ?r\gh ! wires belong+ to lett] ,a1 t lett] w pres5t a bright & lum9\s appe>ance ( ! =m ( ! lett] ,a4 8,z ! passage ( ! electric fluid ?r\gh a p]fect conductor is unatt5d$ ) light1 & z ! light or sp>k appe>s only :]e imp]fect conductors are ?r[n 9 its way1 h5ce ! appe>ance ( ! light at ^? int]rupt$ po9ts ( ! t9 foil2 ! glass ^u :i* ! conductors are pa/$1 be+ an imp]fect conductor4 ,! in/ant ! dis*>ge is made ?r\gh ! wire1 ! sp>k is se5 simultane\sly at ea* ( ! int]ruptions1 or breaks1 ( ! t9 foil1 con/itut+ ! lett]1 & ! :ole lett] is r5d]$ visible at once40 ,?is table is plac$ at "o /ation1 & ! electrical ma*9e at ! o!r1 ) #gb wires inclos$ 9 a glass tube connect+ ! two /ations4 ,he c\ld h op]at$ ) equal effici5cy by us+ #cg wires hav+ "o wire = a common communicat+ wire1 or ) #cf wires by sub/itut+ ! gr\nd = 8 common wire4 ,x does n appe> t x 0 ev] te/$ to any ext5t4 ,dr4 ,salva's ,electric ,sp>k ,telegraph4 ,9 #agih1 ,dr4 ,salva1 9 ,madrid1 con/ruct$ a simil> telegraph1 z t sugge/$ by ,reiz51 7see ,voigt's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #aa1 p4 #d47 ,! ,pr9ce ( ,peace witness$ 8 exp]im5ts ) mu* satisfaction1 & ! ,infant ,don ,antonio engag$ ) ,dr4 ,salva 9 improv+ 8 in/rum5ts4 ,x is /at$ t 8 exp]im5ts 7 conduct$ ?r\gh _m miles4 ,no description ( 8 plans appe> to h be5 giv5 to ! public4 ,orig9 ( ,galvanism4 ,galvanism takes its "n f ,galvani1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ,bologna1 :o discov]$ x 9 ! ye> #agij4 ,z ! acc\nt ( ! circum/ances att5d+ ! discov]y ( ?is useful & wond]ful ag5t1 may n be un9t]e/+ to ! read]1 we ins]t x "h z relat$ 9 ! 8,libr>y ( ,useful ,k40 8,x happ5$ 9 ! ye> #agij1 t 8 wife1 be+ consumptive1 0 advis$ to take1 z a nutritive article ( diet1 "s s\p made ( ! fle% ( frogs4 ,sev]al ( ^! animals1 rec5tly sk9n$ = t purpose1 7 ly+ on a table 9 ! laboratory1 close to an electrical ma*9e1 ) :i* a pupil ( ! ,pr(essor 0 amus+ himself 9 try+ exp]im5ts4 ,:ile ! ma*9e 0 9 action1 he *anc$ to t\* ! b>e n]ve ( ! leg ( "o ( ! frogs ) ! blade ( ! knife t he held 9 8 h&2 :5 sudd5ly ! :ole limb 0 ?r[n into viol5t convulsions4 ,galvani 0 n pres5t :5 ?is occurr$1 b receiv$ ! acc\nt f 8 lady :o _h witness$1 & _h be5 /ruck ) ! s+ul>ity ( ! appe>ance4 ,he lo/ no "t 9 repeat+ ! exp]im5t3 9 exam9+ m9utely all ! circum/ances connect$ ) x1 & 9 det]m9+ ^? on :i* its success dep5d$4 ,he asc]ta9$ t ! convulsions took place only at ! mom5t :5 ! sp>k 0 drawn f ! prime conductor1 & ! knife 0 at ! same "t 9 contact ) ! n]ve ( ! frog4 ,he next f\nd t o!r metallic bodies might be sub/itut$ = ! knife1 & v ju/ly inf]r$ t !y ow$ ?is prop]ty ( excit+ muscul> contractions to _! be+ good conductors ( electricity4 ,f> f be+ satisfi$ ) hav+ arriv$ at ?is conclusion1 x only s]v$ to /imulate him to ! f>!r inve/igation ( ?is curi\s subject2 & 8 p]sev]ance 0 at l5g? rew>d$ by ! discov]y1 t simil> convulsions might be produc$ 9 a frog1 indep5d5tly ( ! electrical ma*9e1 by =m+ a *a9 ( conduct+ sub/ances betwe5 ! outside ( ! muscles ( ! leg1 & ! crural n]ve4 ,galvani _h previ\sly ent]ta9$ ! idea1 t ! contractions ( ! muscles ( animals 7 9 "s way dep5d5t on electricity2 & z ^! new exp]im5ts appe>$ /rongly to fav\r ?is hypo!sis1 he ) great +5uity appli$ x to expla9 !m4 ,he comp>$ ! muscles ( a liv+ animal to a ,leyd5 phial1 *>g$ by ! accumulation ( electricity on its surface1 :ile he conceiv$ t ! n]ve belong+ to x1 p]=m$ ! function ( ! wire communicat+ ) ! int]ior ( ! phial1 :i* w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be *>g$ negatively4 ,9 ?is /ate1 :5ev] a communication 0 made by means ( a sub/ance ( high conduct+ p[] betwe5 ! surface ( ! muscle & ! n]ve1 ! equilibrium w\ld be in/antly re/or$1 & a sudd5 contraction ( ! fibres w\ld be ! consequ5ce4 8,galvani 0 ?us ! fir/ to discov] ! reason ( t peculi> convulsive effect :i* we n[ obta9 f ! ,galvanic batt]y1 & he attribut$ x to a modification ( electricity4 ,x 0 left to ano!r to con/ruct an in/rum5t :i* w\ld give a con/ant & increas$ effect1 & develop ?is extraord9>y fluid4 ,:atev] %>e accid5t may h _h 9 ! orig9al discov]y ( ,galvani1 x is c]ta9 t ! inv5tion ( ! ,pile1 an in/rum5t :i* has mo/ mat]ially contribut$ to ! ext5sion ( our k 9 ?is bran* ( physical sci5ce1 0 purely ! result ( reason+4 8,pr(essor ,volta1 ( ,pavia1 9 #ahjj1 0 l$ to ! discov]y ( its prop]ties by deep m$itation on ! developem5ts ( electricity at ! surface ( contact ( diff]5t metals4 ,we may ju/ly reg>d ?is discov]y z =m+ an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( galvanism2 & s9ce t p]iod1 ! t]ms ,voltaism1 or ,voltaic electricity1 h be5 (t51 9 hon\r ( ?is illu/ri\s philosoph]1 us$ to designate t p>ticul> =m ( electrical ag5cy4 8,he _h be5 l$ by !ory to conceive t ! effect ( a s+le pair ( metallic plates might be increas$1 indef9itely1 by multiply+ _! numb]1 & dispos+ !m 9 pairs1 ) a less p]fect conduct+ sub/ance betwe5 ea* pair4 ,= ?is purpose he provid$ an equal numb] ( silv] co9s1 & ( pieces ( z9c1 ( ! same =m & dim5sions1 & also circul> discs ( c>d1 soak$ 9 salt wat]1 & ( some:at less diamet] ?an ! metallic plates4 ,( ^! he =m$ a pile or column z %[n 9 figure #ce1 9 :i* ?ree sub/ances1 silv]1 z9c1 & wet c>d1 d5ot$ by ! lett]s ,s1 ,z1 ,i1 7 made to succe$ "o ano!r 9 ! same regul> ord] ?r\gh\t ! s]ies4 ,! efficacy ( ?is comb9ation realiz$ ! mo/ sangu9e anticipations ( ! discov]]4 ,if ! upp]mo/ disc ( metal 9 ! column be t\*$ ) ! f+] ( "o h&1 previ\sly wett$1 :ile a f+] ( ! o!r h& is appli$ to ! l[]mo/ disc1 a di/9ct %ock is felt 9 ! arms1 simil> to t f a ,leyd5 phial1 or /ill m ne>ly resembl+ t f an electrical batt]y1 weakly *>g$4 ,^! discs are support$ by two l>ge discs1 a & i1 ( wood1 "o at ! bottom & ! o!r at ! top ( ! pile1 ) ?ree glass rods1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 at equal di/ances ar\nd ! pile1 b n t\*+ x1 & are cem5t$ into ! wood5 base & cov]4 ,p repres5ts ! wire connect+ ! silv] disc1 & ,n t connect+ ! z9c40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! ,decomposition ( ,wat]4 8,! *emical ag5cy ( galvanism1 ex]t$ on fluid conductors1 plac$ 9 ! circuit betwe5 ! poles ( ! batt]y1 is v rem>kable4 ,among ! simple/ ( its effects is ! resolution ( wat] into its two gase\s elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog54 ,! discov]y ( ?is fact is due to ! unit$ rese>*es ( ,mr4 ,ni*olson & ,mr4 ,c>lisle1 & 0 "o ( ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( ! inv5tion ( ! pile by ,volta4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t mode ( exhibit+ ! decomposition ( wat] by ! ,voltaic batt]y1 is to fill1 ) wat]1 a glass tube2 to ea* end ( :i*1 a cork has be5 fitt$ s z to conf9e ! wat]1 & to introduce into ! tube two metallic wires1 by pass+ "o1 at ea* end1 ?r\gh ! cork :i* closes x1 all[+ ! extremities ( ! wires1 t are 9 ! wat]1 to come s ne> ea* o!r z to be sep>at$ by an int]val ( only a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,! wires be+ !n respectively made to communicate ) ea* ( ! two poles ( a ,voltaic batt]y1 ! foll[+ ph5om5a w ensue4 ,if ! wire connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y consi/s ( an oxidable metal1 x is rapidly oxidat$ by ! wat] surr\nd+ x2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 a /ream ( m9ute bubbles ( hydrog5 gas arises f ! surface ( ! o!r wire1 :i* is 9 connection ) ! negative pole4 ,b if we employ wires made ( a metal :i* is n susceptible ( oxidation by wat]1 su* z gold or plat9a1 gas w be extricat$ f bo? ! wires1 &1 by means ( a prop] app>atus may be collect$ sep>ately40 ,we %all n[ see t ^! two discov]ies1 viz4 ! ,voltaic pile1 & ! decomposition ( wat] by ! ag5cy ( ! =m] are ! bases ( a plan = telegraphic purposes4 ,samuel ,?omas ,soemm]+'s ,description ( 8 ,voltaic ,electric ,telegraph1 inv5t$ 9 #ahji4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 8,! fact t ! decomposition ( wat] may be produc$ ) c]ta9ty & in/antane\sly1 n only at %ort1 b at great di/ances f ! ,voltaic pile1 & t ! decomposition may be su/a9$ = a consid]able "t1 sugge/$ to me ! idea1 t x might be made subs]vi5t = ! purposes ( transmitt+ intellig5ce 9 a mann] sup]ior to ! plan 9 common use1 & w\ld sup]s$e !m4 ,my engagem5ts 7 su* t ,i h only be5 able to te/ ! practicability ( my plan ^u a small scale1 & h]e) submit1 = ! ,academy's publication1 an acc\nt ( ! exp]im5t4 8,my telegraph 0 con/ruct$ & us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,9 ! bottom ( a glass res]voir1 figure #cf1 ( :i* ,a ,a is a sectional view1 are #ce gold5 po9ts1 or p9s1 pass+ up ?r\gh ! bottom ( ! glass res]voir1 m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c4 #be ( :i* are m>k$ ) ! #be lett]s ( ! ,g]man alphabet & ! t5 num]als4 ,! #ce po9ts are ea* connect$ ) an ext5d$ copp] wire1 sold]$ to !m1 & ext5d+ ?r\gh ! tube1 ,e1 to ! di/ant /ation2 are !re sold]$ to ! #ce brass plates1 ^u ! wood5 b>1 ,k ,k4 ,?r\gh ! front end ( ea* ( ! plates1 !re is a small hole1 ,i1 = ! reception ( two brass p9s1 ,b & ,c2 "o ( :i* is on ! end ( ! wire connect+ ! positive pole1 & ! o!r ! negative pole ( ! ,voltaic column1 ,o4 ,ea* ( ! #ce plates are arrang$ ^u a support ( wood1 ,k ,k1 to correspond ) ! arrangem5t ( ! #ce po9ts at ! res]voir1 & are lett]$ accord+ly4 ,:5 ?us arrang$1 ! two p9s f ! column are held1 "o 9 ea* h&1 & ! two plates be+ select$1 ! p9s are !n put into _! holes & ! communication is e/abli%$4 ,gas is evolv$ at ! two di/ant correspond+ po9ts 9 an in/ant4 ,= example1 ,k & ,t4 ,! peg on ! hydrog5 pole1 evolves hydrog5 gas1 & t on ! oxyg5 pole1 oxyg5 gas4 8,9 ?is way e lett] & num]al may be indicat$ at ! pleasure ( ! op]ator4 ,%\ld ! foll[+ rules be obs]v$1 x w enable ! op]ator to communicate z mu* if n m1 ?an c be done by ! common telegraph4 8,fir/ ,rule4 ,z ! hydrog5 gas evolv$ is great] 9 quantity ?an ! oxyg51 !re=e1 ^? lett]s :i* ! =m] gas repres5ts1 are m easily di/+ui%$ ?an ^? ( ! latt]1 & mu/ be s not$4 ,= example1 9 ! words ak1 ad1 em1 ie1 we indicate ! lett]s ,a1 a1 e1 i1 by ! hydrog52 k1 d1 m1 e1 on ! o!r h&1 by ! oxyg5 poles4 8,second ,rule4 ,to telegraph two lett]s ( ! same "n1 we mu/ use a unit1 unless !y are sep>at$ by ! syllable4 ,= example1 ! "n anna1 may be telegraph$ )\t ! unit1 z ! syllable an1 is fir/ indicat$ & !n na4 ,! "n nanni1 on ! contr>y1 _c be telegraph$ )\t ! use ( ! unit1 because na is fir/ telegraph$1 & !n comes nn1 :i* _c be indicat$ 9 ! same vessel4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be possible to telegraph ev5 ?ree or m lett]s at ! same "t by increas+ ! numb] ( wires f #be to #ej1 :i* w\ld v mu* augm5t ! co/ ( con/ruction & ! c>e ( att5dance4 8,?ird ,rule4 ,to indicate ! conclusion ( a ^w1 ! unit #a mu/ be us$4 ,!re=e1 x is us$ ) ! la/ s+le lett] ( a ^w1 be+ made to foll[ ! end+ lett]4 ,x mu/ also be prefix$ to ! lett] comm5c+ a ^w1 :5 t lett] foll[s a ^w ( two lett]s only4 ,= example3 ,sie lebt mu/ be repres5t$ ,si1 e#a1 le1 bt1 t is ! unit #a mu/ be plac$ aft] ! fir/ e4 ,er lebt1 on ! contr>y1 mu/ be repres5t$4 ,er1 #al1 eb1 t#a2 t is1 ! unit #a is plac$ be=e ! l4 ,in/ead ( us+ ! unit1 ano!r signal may be introduc$1 ! cross to indicate ! sep>ation ( syllables4 8,suppose n[ ! decompos+ table is situat$ 9 "o city1 & ! p9 arrangem5t 9 ano!r1 connect$ ) ea* o!r by #ce cont9u\s wires1 ext5d$ f city to city4 ,!n ! op]ator1 ) 8 ,voltaic column & p9 arrangem5t at "o /ation1 may communicate intellig5ce to ! obs]v] ( ! gas at ! decompos+ table ( ! o!r /ation4 8,! metallic plates ) :i* ! ext5d$ wires are connect$ h conical %ap$ holes 9 _! ends2 & ! p9s atta*$ to ! two wires ( ! ,voltaic column are likewise ( a conical %ape1 s t :5 !y are put 9 ! holes1 !re may be a close fit1 prev5t oxidation & produce a c]ta9 connection4 ,x is well kn[n t slight oxidation ( ! p>ts 9 contact w int]rupt ! communication4 ,! p9 arrangem5t might be s contriv$ z to use p]man5t keys1 :i* = ! #ce plates or rods w\ld require #gj p9s4 ,! fir/ key might be = hydrog5 ,a2 ! ?ird key = hydrog5 ,b2 ! f\r? key = oxyg5 ,b1 & s on4 8,! prep>ation & managem5t ( ! ,voltaic column is s well kn[n1 t little ne$ be said except t x %\ld be ( t durability z to la/ m ?an a mon?4 ,x %\ld n be ( v broad surfaces1 z ,i h prov$1 t six ( my usual plates 7ea* "o consi/+ ( a ,brabant doll>1 felt1 & a disc ( z9c1 weigh+ #eb gra9s7 w\ld evolve m gas1 ?an five plates ( ! great batt]y ( our ,academy4#ai ,z to ! co/ ( con/ruction1 ?is model :i* ,i h _h ! hon\r to exhibit to ! ,royal ,academy1 co/ #cj flor9s4 ,"o l9e consi/+ ( #ce wires1 laid 9 glass or e>!n pipes1 ea* wire insulat$ ) silk1 mak+ ea* wire #bb1hbg ,p>isian feet1 or a ,g]man mile1 or a s+le wire ( #ghh1hhe feet 9 l5g?1 might be made = less ?an #bjjj flor9s1 z appe>s f ! co/ ( my %ort "o40 #ai ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,muni*4 ,extract f ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,frankl9 ,in/itute1 vol4 #bj1 page #cbe4 8,to ! =ego+ notice1 we app5d an article publi%$ 9 ,?ompson's ,annals ( ,philosophy1 vol4 #g1 page #afb1 #a/ s]ies1 ,febru>y1 #ahaf4 ,?is article is f ! p5 ( ,dr4 ,john ,r$man ,coxe1 ( ,philadelphia1 & x is believ$ t ! idea ( ! employm5t ( galvanism1 = a telegraph :i* x sugge/s1 0 !n orig9al4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! hi/ory ( ! progress ( electricity1 z evolv$ by ! ord9>y ma*9e1 are aw>e t exp]im5ts _h be5 made ) a view to its employm5t = a simil> purpose2 b f ! inh]5t difficulties ( ! subject1 ! project _h be5 ab&on$4 8,x is n pret5d$1 t ! /ate ( our k on ! subject ( galvanism1 0 su* at ! "t ! =ego+ sugge/ion 0 made1 z w\ld h enabl$ any p]son to apply x practically2 ?is1 if done1 w be due to ! rec5t discov]ies on ! subject ( electro magnetism2 a subject :i* has be5 v successfully pursu$ by ! philosoph]s ( our own c\ntry1 & p>ticul>ly by ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ( ,pr9ceton4 ,z "s ( ! philosoph]s ( ,europe are disput+ ^u ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( proposition = ! employm5t ( ,galvanic electricity1 telegraphically1 we h ?\ght t x w\ld n be altoge!r inopportune1 or un9t]e/+1 to publi% ! article above ref]r$ to4 8,use ( ,galvanism z a ,telegraph3 9 an extract ( a ,lett] f ,dr4 ,j4 ,r$man ,coxe1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,philadelphia4 8,i obs]ve 9 "o ( ! volumes ( y\r ,annals ( ,philosophy1 a proposition to employ galvanism1 z a solv5t1 = ! ur9>y calculus1 b :i* has be5 v prop]ly1 ,i ?9k1 oppos$ by ,mr4 ,armig]4 ,i m]ely notice ?is1 z x gives me ! opportunity ( say+1 t a simil> idea 0 ma9ta9$ 9 a !sis1 ?ree ye>s ago1 by a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 contemplat$ ?is important ag5t1 z a probable means ( e/abli%+ telegraphic communications1 ) z mu* rapidity1 & p]haps less exp5se1 ?an any hi!rto employ$4 ,i d n "k h[ f> exp]im5t has det]m9$ galvanic action1 to be communicat$ by means ( wires2 b !re is no reason to suppose x conf9$1 z to limits1 c]ta9ly n z to "t4 ,n[1 by means ( app>atus1 fix$ at c]ta9 di/ances1 z telegraphic /ations1 by tubes1 = ! decomposition ( wat]1 & ( metallic salts1 c4 regul>ly rang$1 su* a key might be adopt$ z w\ld be requisite to communicate words1 s5t5ces1 or figures1 f "o /ation to ano!r1 & s on to ! end ( ! l9e1 ,i w take ano!r opportunity to enl>ge ^u ?is1 z ,i ?9k x might s]ve _m useful purposes2 b l all o!rs1 x requires "t to mature4 ,z x takes up little room1 & may be fix$ 9 private1 x might1 9 _m cases1 ( besieg$ t[ns1 c4 convey useful intellig5ce1 ) sc>cely a *ance ( detection by ! enemy4 ,h[ev] fanciful 9 speculation1 ,i h no d\bt t soon] or lat]1 x w be r5d]$ useful 9 practice40 8,i h ?us1 my de> sir1 v5tur$ to encroa* ^u y\r "t1 ) "s crude ideas1 t may s]ve to elicit "s useful exp]im5ts 9 ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,:5 we consid] :at wond]ful results h aris5 f ! fir/ trifl+ exp]im5ts ( ! junction ( a small piece ( silv] & z9c 9 s %ort a p]iod1 :at may n be expect$ f ! fur!r ext5sion ( galvanic electricity3 ,i h no d\bt ( its be+ ! *iefe/ ag5t1 9 ! h&s ( nature1 ( ! mighty *anges t occur ar\nd u4 ,if ! metals are comp\nd bodies1 :i* ,i d\bt n1 w n ?is active pr9ciple comb9e ^? con/itu5t 9 num]\s places1 s z to expla9 _! metallic =mation8 & if su* con/itu5ts are 9 !mselves a]i=m1 may n galvanism reasonably t5d to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( metals 9 situations to :i* _! specific gravities c]ta9ly d n entitle u to look = !m80 ,ronald's ,electric ,telegraph1 inv5t$ 9 #ahaf4 ,f ! ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 #g? edition1 page #ffb4 8,m4 ,cavllo sugge/$ ! idea ( convey+ intellig5ce by pass+ a giv5 numb] ( sp>ks ?r\gh an insulat$ wire 9 giv5 spaces ( "t2 & "s ,g]man & ,am]ican au?ors h propos$ to con/ruct galvanic telegraphs by ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,mr4 ,ronalds1 :o has devot$ mu* "t to ! consid]ation ( ?is =m ( ! telegraph1 proposes to employ common electricity to convey intellig5ce along insulat$ & buri$ wires1 & he prov$ ! practicability ( su* a s*eme1 by insulat+ eight miles ( wire on 8 lawn at ,hamm]smi?4 ,9 ?is case ! wire 0 insulat$ 9 ! air by silk /r+s4 ,b he also made ! trial ) #ebe feet ( buri$ wire2 ) ?is view he dug a tr5* f\r feet deep1 9 :i* he laid a tr\gh ( wood two in*es squ>e1 well l9$ )9 & )\t ) pit*2 & )9 ?is tr\gh 7 plac$ ?ick glass tubes1 ?r\gh :i* ! wire ran4 ,! junction ( ! glass tubes 0 surr\nd$ ) %ort] & wid] tubes ( glass1 ! ends ( :i* 7 seal$ up ) s(t wax4 8,mr4 ,ronalds n[ fix$ a circul> brass plate1 figure #cg1 ^u ! second arb\r ( a clock :i* beat dead seconds4 ,?is plate 0 divid$ into tw5ty equal p>ts1 ea* division be+ work$ by a figure1 a lett]1 & a prep>atory sign4 ,! figures 7 divid$ into two s]ies ( ! units1 & ! lett]s 7 arrang$ alphabetically1 omitt+ ,j1 ,q1 ,u1 ,w1 ,x & ,z4 ,9 front ( ?is 0 fix$ ano!r brass plate z %[n 9 figure #ch1 :i* c\ld be occasionally turn$ r\nd by ! h&1 & :i* _h an ap]ture l t %[n 9 ! figure at ,v1 :i* w\ld j exhibit "o ( ! figures1 lett]s & prep>atory signs1 = example1 #i1 v1 & ready4 ,9 front ( ?is plate 0 susp5d$ a pi? ball electromet]1 ,b1 ,c1 figure #ch1 f a wire ,d1 :i* 0 insulat$1 & :i* communicat$ on "o side ) a glass cyl9d] ma*9e1 & on ! o!r side ) ! buri$ wire4 ,at ! fur!r end ( ! buri$ wire1 0 an app>atus exactly ! same z ! "o n[ describ$1 & ! clocks 7 adju/$ to z p]fect syn*ronism z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4 ,,fig4 #ch4 8,h5ce x is manife/1 t :5 ! wire 0 *>g$ by ! ma*9e at ei!r end1 ! electromet]s at bo? ends div]g$1 & :5 x 0 dis*>g$1 !y collaps$1 at ! same in/ant4 ,consequ5tly1 if x 0 dis*>g$ at ! mom5t :5 a giv5 lett]1 figure1 & sign on ! l[] plate1 figure #cg1 appe>$ ?r\gh ! ap]ture1 figure #ch1 ! same figure1 lett] & sign w\ld appe> also at ! o!r clock2 s t by means ( su* dis*>ges at "o /ation1 & by m>k+ d[n ! lett]s1 figures & signs1 se5 at ! o!r1 any requir$ words c\ld be spelt4 8,an electrical pi/ol 0 connect$ ) ! app>atus1 by :i* a sp>k might pass ?r\gh x :5 ! sign prep>e 0 made1 9 ord] t ! explosion might excite ! att5tion ( ! sup]9t5d5t1 & obviate ! necessity ( close wat*+4 8,prep>atory signs4 ,a1 prep>e2 ,v1 ready2 ,s1 repeat s5t5ce2 ,p1 repeat ^w2 ,n1 f9i%2 ,l1 annul s5t5ce2 ,i1 annul ^w2 ,g1 note figures2 ,e1 note lett]s2 ,c1 diction>y40 ,electro ,magnetism4 ,we h n[ to notice a discov]y1 :i* =ms ! basis ( ^? mod]n telegraphs 9 :i* ! pr9ciple ( electro magnetism is adopt$4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f ! 8,libr>y ( ,useful ,k10 9 relation to ! discov]y3 8,! real discov]] ( ! magnetic prop]ties ( electric curr5ts ,m4 ,o]/$1 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,cop5hag54 ,9 a "w :i* he publi%$ 9 ! ,g]man1 ab\t ! ye> #ahac1 on ! id5tity ( *emical & electrical =ces1 he _h ?r[n out conjectures conc]n+ ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ! electric1 galvanic & magnetic fluids1 :i* he conceiv$ might diff] f "o ano!r only 9 _! respective degrees ( t5sion4 ,if galvanism1 he argu$1 be m]ely a m lat5t =m ( electricity1 s magnetism may possibly be no?+ m ?an electricity 9 a /ill m lat5t =m2 & he1 !re=e1 propos$ x z a subject wor?y ( inquiry1 :e!r electricity employ$ 9 ?is1 its mo/ lat5t =m1 might n be f\nd to h a s5sible effect ^u a magnet4 ,x is difficult cle>ly to und]/& :at he meant by ! expression ( lat5t /ates1 z appli$ to electricity1 b x may be suffici5t = u to "k1 t 9 ! v>i\s endeav\rs he subsequ5tly made to v]ify 8 conjectures1 he 0 l$ to su* =ms ( exp]im5t z af=d$ decisive indications ( ! influ5ce ( ,voltaic curr5ts on ! magnetiz$ ne$le4 ,yet1 ev5 aft] he _h succe$$ ?us f>1 x 0 a matt] ( extreme difficulty to det]m9e ! real direction ( ?is action1 & x 0 n till ! close ( ! ye> #ahai1 t 8 p]sev]ance 0 at l5g? rew>d$ by complete success4 8,! fir/ acc\nt ( 8 discov]y t appe>$ 9 ,engl& is conta9$ 9 a pap]1 :i* he himself communicat$1 9 ,?ompson's ,annals ( ,philosophy1 = ,octob]1 #ahbj1 vol4 #af1 page #bgc2 & 9 :i* ! foll[+ exp]im5ts are describ$4 ,! two poles ( a p[]ful ,voltaic batt]y 7 connect$ by a metallic wire1 s z to complete ! galvanic circuit4 ,! wire :i* p]=ms ?is (fice he call$ ! unit+ wire2 & ! effect1 :atev] x may be1 :i* takes place 9 ?is conductor1 & 9 ! space surr\nd+ x1 dur+ ! passage ( ! electricity1 he designates by ! t]m electric conflict1 f an idea t !re takes place "s cont9u$ collision & neutralization ( ! two species ( electric fluids1 :ile circulat+ 9 opposite curr5ts 9 ! app>atus4 ,!n tak+ a magnetic ne$le1 prop]ly balanc$ on its pivot1 z 9 ! m>9]'s compass1 & all[+ x to assume its natural position 9 ! magnetic m]idian1 he plac$ a /raight portion ( ! unit+ wire horizontally above ! ne$le1 & 9 a direction p>allel to x2 & !n complet$ ! circuit1 s t ! electric curr5t pass$ ?r\gh ! wire4 ,! mom5t ?is 0 done1 ! ne$le *ang$ its position1 its ends deviat+ f ! nor? & s\? t[>ds ! ea/ & we/1 accord+ to ! direction 9 :i* ! electric curr5t fl[$1 s t by rev]s+ ! direction ( ! curr5t ! motion ( ! ne$le 0 also rev]s$4 ,! g5]al law he express$ z foll[s3 #8,t end ( ! ne$le :i* is situat$ next to ! negative side ( ! batt]y1 or t[>ds :i* ! curr5t ( positive electricity is foll[+1 imm$iately moves to ! we/w>d4' 8,! deviation ( ! ne$le is ! same1 :e!r ! unit+ wire1 in/ead ( be+ imm$iately above ! ne$le1 be plac$ some:at to ! ea/ or we/ ( x1 provid$ x cont9ue p>allel to & also above x4 ,?is %[s t ! effect is n ! result ( a simple attractive or repulsive influ5ce1 = ! same pole ( ! magnetic ne$le :i* approa*es ! unit+ wire1 :5 plac$ on its ea/ side1 rec$es f x :5 plac$ on its we/ side40 #bj8,soon aft] ?is important discov]y ( ,o]/$'s 0 made1 ,m4 ,ampre e/abli%$ ! second fundam5tal law ( electro magnetism1 t ! two conduct+ wires f ! poles ( ! batt]y1 :5 conv5i5tly susp5d$1 attracts ea* o!r :5 !y transmit electrical curr5ts mov+ 9 ! same direction1 & repel ea* o!r :5 ! curr5ts :i* !y transmit h opposite directions4 #bj ,encyclop$ia ,britannica1 vol4 #ba1 p4 #fhf4 8,on ! #be? ,sept4 #ahbj1 ,m4 ,arago communicat$ to ! ,fr5* ,in/itute ! important discov]y t ! electrical curr5t possesses1 9 a v high degree ! p[] ( develop+ magnetism 9 iron or /eel4 ,sir ,h4 ,davy communicat$ a simil> fact to ,dr4 ,wolla/on on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #ahbj1 & ,dr4 ,seebeck laid be=e ! ,royal ,academy ( ,b]l9 a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! same subject4 8,m4 ,arago f\nd t ! unit+ wires ( a p[]ful ,voltaic batt]y attracts iron fil+s (t5 ) su* =ce z to =m a coat+ ar\nd ! wire t5 or twelve times ?ick] ?an itself4 ,?is attraction1 z he f\nd1 did n orig9ate 9 any magnetism previ\sly possess$ by ! iron fil+1 :i* he asc]ta9$ w\ld n adh]e to iron1 & t x 0 n a case ( common electrical attraction1 0 evid5t f ! fact t copp] & brass fil+s 7 n attract$ by ! unit+ wire4 ,m4 ,arago likewise f\nd1 t ! iron fil+s began to rise be=e !y came 9 contact ) ! unit+ wire2 & h5ce he drew ! conclusion1 t ! electric curr5ts conv]t$ ea* small piece ( iron into a tempor>y magnet4 ,9 foll[+ out ?is view1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] conv]t$ l>ge pieces ( iron into tempor>y magnets & also small /eel ne$les into p]man5t ones1 7by employ+ ! helix47 ,sir ,h4 ,davy & ,dr4 ,seebeck obta9$ analog\s results )\t kn[+ :at _h be5 previ\sly done 9 ,france4 8,a galvanomet] 0 fir/ con/ruct$ by ,pr(essor ,s*weigg]1 ( ,halle1 v soon aft] ! fir/ discov]y ( electro magnetism1 & by him call$ an electro magnetic multipli]40 ,9 ! ye> #ahbj1 ,ampre pr$ict$ ! possibility ( mak+ ! deflection ( ! magnetic ne$le1 by ! ag5cy ( ! galvanic fluid1 s]ve ! purposes ( transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,9 page #ai ( 8 memoir1 he ?us resolves ! problem3 8,z _m magnetic ne$les z !re are lett]s ( ! alphabet10 he says1 8:i* may be put 9 action by conductors2 :i* may be made to communicate successively ) ! batt]y by means ( keys2 :i* may be press$ d[n at pleasure1 might give place to a telegraphic correspond5ce :i* w\ld surm\nt all di/ance & w\ld be z prompt z writ+ spee* to transmit ?\ght40 8,! next /ep 9 ! progress ( discov]y1 0 t ( mak+ magnets ( extraord9>y p[] by means ( a galvanic batt]y4 ,?is seems to h be5 fir/ accompli%$ by ,pr(4 ,moll1 ( ,utre*t1 & ,pr(essor ,h5ry1 ( ,pr9ceton1 :o 0 able to lift ?\s&s ( p\nds weight by 8 app>atus40 ,! foll[+ ,extract is tak5 f a ,"w on ,electro ,magnetism publi%$ by ,jacob ,gre51 ,m4 ,d4 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ,jeff]son ,m$ical ,college1 #ahbg4 8,9 ! v e>ly /age ( electro magnetic exp]im5ts1 x _h be5 sugge/$1 t an in/antane\s telegraph might be con/ruct$ by means ( conjunctive wires1 & magnetic ne$les4 ,! details ( ?is contrivance are s obvi\s1 & ! pr9ciples on :i* x is f\nd$ s well und]/ood1 t !re 0 only "o "q :i* c\ld r5d] ! result d\btful4 ,?is 01 :e!r by l5g!n+ ! conjunctive wires1 !re w\ld be any dim9ution 9 ! electrical effect ^u ! ne$le4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion1 t ! electrical fluid1 f a common electrical batt]y1 may be transmitt$1 )\t any s5sible dim9ution1 in/antane\sly1 ?r\gh a wire ?ree or f\r miles 9 l5g?4 ,at ! philosophical d9n]1 z x has be5 call$1 got up a numb] ( ye>s ago by "s g5tlem5 ( ,philadelphia1 on ! banks ( ! ,s*uylkill1 x may be recollect$ t ,dr4 ,frankl9 kill$ a turkey ) ! electric %ock1 transmitt$ across ! riv]1 a di/ance ( m ?an half a mile2 & ,dr4 ,watson1 :o 0 also at ! pa9s ( mak+ "s exp]im5ts ( ?is k9d1 ass]ts t ! electric %ock 0 transmitt$1 in/antane\sly1 ?r\gh ! l5g? ( #ab1bgf feet4 ,_h x be5 f\nd true t ! galvanic fluid c\ld be transmitt$ 9 a mom5t ?r\gh a great ext5t ( conduct+ wire1 )\t dim9i%+ its magnetic effect !n no "q c\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ z to ! practicability & importance ( ! sugge/ion adv]t$ to above1 ) reg>d to ! telegraph4 ,mr4 ,b>l[1 ( ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 :o has made a numb] ( successful exp]im5ts & inve/igations 9 electro magnetism1 fully asc]ta9$ t !re 0 s s5sible a dim9ution ) only #bjj feet ( wire1 z to conv9ce him at once ( ! impracticability ( ! s*eme4 ,triboaillet's ,proposition4 #ba8;,9 #ahbh1 ,m4 ,victor ,triboaillet de ,sa9t ,am& propos$ to e/abli% a correspond5ce f ,p>is to ,brussels1 by plac+ along ! highway1 & at "s feet deep1 a metallic wire1 ab\t a l9e or a l9e & a half diamet]4 ,he recomm5d$ to cov] ! wire ) %ellac1 ^u :i* 0 to be w\nd silk1 v dry1 :i* %\ld be cov]$ 9 _! turn ) a coat+ ( res94 ,! :ole 0 !n to be put into glass tubes c>efully lut$ up ) a res9\s sub/ance & secur$ by a la/ envelope 9 ! e>?1 !n v>ni%$ ov] & h]metically seal$4 ,!n1 by means ( a p[]ful batt]y1 he w\ld communicate ! electricity to ! conduct+ wire1 :i* w\ld transmit ! curr5t to ! opposite po9t to an electroscope1 de/9$ to r5d] s5sible ! slighte/ influ5ce1 & left to ea* "o to adopt at pleasure ! numb] ( motions to express ! words or lett]s :i* !y might ne$40 #ba ,report ( ,academy ( ,indu/ry1 ,p>is4 ,fe*n]'s ,sugge/ion4#bb 8,fe*n]1 9 8 manual ( galvanism1 7,voss1 #ahbi1 page #bfi17 rem>k$1 t ! electro magnetic effects ( ! galvanic curr5t w\ld be f> m appropriate = ! giv+ ( signs ?an ,soemm]+'s plan by ! decomposition ( wat]40 ,he sugge/$ t wires1 hav+ tw5ty-f\r multiplicators %\ld be ext5d$ betwe5 ,leipsic & ,dresd51 & !re connect$1 alt]nately1 ) a galvanic column1 = telegraphic purposes4 ,inde$1 he v5tur$ to prophecy1 t probably h]eaft] su* a connection betwe5 ! c5tral po9t ( a k+dom1 & diff]5t prov9ces might be arrang$ z !re 0 exi/+ 9 animal bodies1 betwe5 ! c5tral po9t ( organic /ructure ( p>ticul> memb]s & n]ves4 #bb ,polyte*nic ,c5tral ,j\rnal1 #ahch4 ,magneto ,electricity4 ,we come n[ to give an acc\nt ( a new bran* 9 ! sci5ce ( electricity1 viz4 magneto electricity2 :i* ,dr4 ,f>aday 0 ! fir/ to discov] 9 ! ye> #ahca4 ,z ?is species ( electricity has be5 appli$ to sev]al ( ! plans ( electric telegraphs1 :i* we %all describe1 x is desirable t "s acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( its discov]y1 & ( ! in/rum5t by :i* x is g5]at$4 ,! foll[+ is an extract f 8,daniell's ,introduction to ,*emical ,philosophy0 #b;d edition1 ,london1 #ahdc4 8,! ph5om5a ( electro magnetism are produc$ by electricity 9 motion2 accumulat$ electricity1 :5 n 9 motion1 ex]ts no magnetic effects4 ,dr4 ,f>aday e>ly felt conv9c$ t 8z e electric curr5t is accompani$ by a correspond+ int5sity ( magnetic action at "r angles to ! curr5t1 good conductors ( electricity1 :5 plac$ )9 ! sph]e ( ?is action1 %\ld h a curr5t induc$ ?r\gh !m1 or "s s5sible effect produc$1 equival5t 9 =ce to su* a curr5t40 ,^! consid]ations1 ) _! consequ5ce1 ! hope ( obta9+ electricity f ord9>y magnetism1 /imulat$ him to inve/igate ! subject exp]im5tally1 & he 0 rew>d$ by an affirmative answ] to ! "q propos$4 ,he ?us became1 l ,o]/$1 ! f\nd] ( an entirely new bran* ( natural philosophy4 8,if a wire connect+ ! two ends ( a delicate galvanomet] be plac$ p>allel & close to ! wire connect+ ! poles ( a ,voltaic batt]y1 no effect w be produc$ ^u ! ne$le1 h[ev] p[]ful ! curr5t may be4 ,if ! po9ts oppos$ 9 ! two wires be multipli$ by coil+ ! "o1 z a helix1 )9 ! convolutions ( ! o!r1 coil$ 9 ! same way1 bo? be+ cov]$ ) silk to prev5t metallic contact1 /ill no effect w be disc]nible s long z ! curr5t is un9t]rupt$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! curr5t ( ! batt]y is /opp$ by break+ ! circuit1 ! ne$le is mom5t>ily deflect$1 z by a wave ( electricity pass+ 9 ! same direction z t ( ! ma9 curr5t4 ,^u all[+ ! ne$le to come to a /ate ( re/1 & !n r5ew+ ! contact1 a simil> impulse w be giv5 to x 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,:ile ! curr5t cont9ues1 ! ne$le returns to its /ate ( re/1 aga9 to be deflect$ 9 ! fir/ direction by /opp+ ! curr5t4 ,motion may be accumulat$ to a consid]able am\nt 9 ! ne$le1 by mak+ & break+ ! contacts ) ! batt]y 9 correspond5ce ) its sw+4 ,! same effects are produc$ :51 ! curr5t be+ un9t]rupt$1 ! conduct+ wire is made sudd5ly to approa* or rec$e f ! wire ( ! galvanomet]4 ,z ! wires approximate1 !re w be a mom5t>y curr5t induc$ 9 ! direction contr>y to ! induc+ curr5t2 & z ! wires rec$e1 an induc$ curr5t 9 ! same direction z ! induc+ curr5t4 8,z ?is ,volta electric induction is obvi\sly produc$ by ! transv]se action ( ! ,voltaic curr5t1 9 "o case1 by ! me*anical motion ( ! wire1 & 9 ! o!r at ! mom5ts ( g5]ation & annihilation ( ! curr5t1 ,dr4 ,f>aday ?\ght t ! sudd5 induction & cessation ( ! same magnetic =ce 9 s(t iron1 ei!r by ! ag5cy ( a ,voltaic curr5t1 or by t ( a common magnet1 ought to produce ! same results4 ,he con/ruct$ a comb9ation ( helices 7#h7 ^u a holl[ cyl9d] ( pa/ebo>d3 !y consi/$ ( l5g?s ( copp] wire1 conta9+1 altoge!r1 #bbj feet2 f\r ( ^! 7 connect$ end to end1 & !n ) ! galvanomet]4 ,! o!r int]v5+ f\r 7 also connect$ end to end1 & !n ) ! ,voltaic batt]y4 ,9 ?is =m a slight effect 0 produc$ ^u ! ne$le by mak+ & break+ contact4 ,b :5 a s(t iron cyl9d]1 sev5-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick & twelve in*es long1 0 introduc$ into ! pa/ebo>d tube1 surr\nd$ by ! helices1 ! induc$ curr5t affect$ ! galvanomet] p[]fully4 ,:5 ! iron cyl9d] 0 replac$ by an equal cyl9d] ( copp]1 no effect beyond t ( ! helices alone 0 produc$4 8,simil> effects 7 !n produc$ by ord9>y magnets4 ,! holl[ helix _h all its elem5t>y helices connect$ ) ! galvanomet]1 & ! s(t iron cyl9d] hav+ be5 introduc$ into its axis1 a c\ple ( b> magnets 7 arrang$ ) _! opposite poles 9 contact1 s z to resemble a horse-%oe magnet1 & contact 0 !n made betwe5 ! o!r poles & ! ends ( ! iron cyl9d]1 by :i* x 0 conv]t$1 = ! "t1 into a magnet2 by break+ ! magnetic contacts1 or rev]s+ !m1 ! magnetism ( ! iron cyl9d] c\ld be de/roy$ or rev]s$ at pleasure4 ,^u mak+ magnetic contact1 ! ne$le 0 deflect$2 cont9u+ ! contact1 ! ne$le became indiff]5t1 & resum$ its fir/ position2 on break+ contact1 x 0 aga9 deflect$1 b 9 ! opposite direction to ! fir/ effect1 & !n x aga9 became indiff]5t4 ,:5 ! magnetic contacts 7 rev]s$1 ! deflections 7 rev]s$4 ,! actual contacts ( ! magnets ) ! s(t iron is n ess5tial to ! success ( ^! exp]im5ts1 = _! ne> approximation induces suffici5t magnetism 9 ! cyl9d] to g5]ate ! electric curr5t1 :i* affects ! ne$le4 ,! fir/ rise ( ! magnetic =ce induces ! electric wave 9 "o direction2 its sudd5 decl9e1 9 ! opposite4 ,me*anical motion ( a p]man5t magnetic pole 9 "o direction1 across ! coils ( ! helix1 w produce ! same effect z ! sudd5 induction ( ! magnetism 9 ! s(t iron1 & its motion 9 ! opposite direction w cause a correspond+ effect ) its annihilation1 :5 ! s(t iron cyl9d] is remov$ f ! helix1 & "o end ( a cyl9drical magnet ?ru/ into x1 ! ne$le is deflect$ 9 ! same way z if ! magnet _h be5 =m$1 by ei!r ( ! two prec$+ processes4 ,be+ left 91 ! ne$le w resume its fir/ position1 & !n be+ )drawn1 ! ne$le w be deflect$ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,on sub/itut+ a small holl[ helix1 =m$ r\nd a glass tube1 = ! galvanomet]1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 & introduc+ a /eel ne$le1 x w be conv]t$ into a magnet1 provid$ c>e be tak5 n to expose x to ! opposite action ( ! rev]se curr5t2 & if ! cont9uity ( ! conduct+ wire be brok51 at ! mom5t :5 ! second>y electric wave is pass+ ?r\gh x1 a bright sp>k may be obta9$4 8,! connection ( electro magnetical & magneto electrical ph5om5a may be exhibit$ 9 a v /rik+ way1 by employ+ any ( ! app>atus1 by :i* ! rot>y motions ( ! magnet or conduct+ wire1 are produc$ by a curr5t ( electricity1 to g5]ate electric curr5ts by ! me*anical rotations ( ! magnet or wire4 ,= ?is purpose1 ! galvanomet] may be sub/itut$ = ! batt]y1 & :5 ! wire is made to turn r\nd ! pole ( ! magnet1 or ! pole ( ! magnet r\nd ! wire1 9 "o direction1 ! ne$le w be deflect$ to "o side2 & to ! o!r by ! opposite rotation4 ,no?+ c be bett] %[n t magneto electric is ! conv]se ( electro magnetic action4 8,dr4 ,f>aday by rotat+ a copp] disc betwe5 ! poles ( a horse-%oe magnet1 produc$ a con/ant curr5t ( electricity 9 "o direction1 & deflect$ ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet]2 "o wire be+ connect$ ) ! disc1 & ! o!r ) ! arb\r4 ,by turn+ ! disc 9 "o direction1 ! circuit w pass f ! axis to ! circumf]5ce2 by turn+ x 9 ! opposite direction1 ! curr5t w fl[ f ! circumf]5ce to ! axis40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4 ,figure #ci repres5ts a side view ( ! in/rum5t4 ,b %[s ! copp] disc p]man5tly secur$ ^u its axis1 & :i* is turn$ by means ( ! crank1 ,e4 ,g repres5ts "o ( ! /&>ds :i* support ! axis4 ,h is ! plat=m ^u :i* ! v>i\s p>ts are arrang$4 ,! edge1 ,c1 ( ! copp] disc1 is amalgamat$ s z to make a p]fect connection ) ! amalgamat$ segm5t1 a1 to :i* is sold]$ a wire1 ,i1 lead+ to ! galvanomet]4 ,t portion ( ! disc1 ,b1 :i* is %ad$1 is n amalgamat$4 ,j is ! o!r wire proce$+ f ! galvanomet]1 & bo? x & ! axis are amalgamat$1 at ! po9ts ( connection4 ,a is ! p]man5t magnet1 ) its poles on ea* side ( ! copp] disc1 ,b1 opposite ! amalgamat$ portion ( ! rim4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4 ,figure #dj1 repres5ts a top view ( ! in/rum5t1 ,h is ! plat=m2 ,c ! disc2 a ! segm5t2 ,a ! p]man5t magnet2 ,j ! wire atta*$ to ! axis1 ,p2 ,g & ,g are ! two /&>ds4 ,e ! crank2 & ,i ! wire atta*$ to ! segm5t a4 ,mr4 ,saxton1#bc 9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,luk5s1 dat$1 ,london1 ,april #ad?1 #ahcb1 aft] describ+ ,dr4 ,f>aday's rotat+ disc1 figures #ci & #dj1 says1 8,i h made ?is exp]im5t 9 a diff]5t way1 & succe$$ satisfactorily4 ,! me?od 0 z foll[s3 ,a coil ( wire wrapp$ ) silk1 simil> to t us$ 9 ! galvanomet]1 0 atta*$1 by ! ends1 to ! wires ( ! galvanomet]4 ,on pass+ ?is roll1 backw>d & =w>d1 ^u "o ( ! poles ( a horse-%oe 7p]man5t7 magnet1 or plac+ x ^u & remov+ x f ei!r pole1 ,i h made ! ne$le ( ! galvanomet] to sp9 r\nd rapidly40 ,figure #da1 repres5ts ,mr4 ,saxton's plan4 #bc ,we "h introduce to ! read] our +5i\s & sci5tific c\ntry man1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,saxton1 =m]ly ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates m9t1 ,philadelphia1 b n[ connect$ ) ! ,dep>tm5t ( weights & measures1 at ,wa%+ton1 :o inv5t$ ! fir/ ,rot>y ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e1 & :i* has n[ be5 ext5sively adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4 ,n & ,s repres5t ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! horse-%oe p]man5t magnet4 ,c is ! coil ( wire1 w\nd r\nd a spool ( an oblong %ape1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( :i* !re is an op5+ suffici5tly l>ge to admit ei!r ( ! prongs ( ! magnet ?r\gh x4 ,a & ,b are ! ends ( ! wire leav+ ! coil1 & are connect$ ) ! galvanomet]4 ,mr4 ,saxton on ! #b;d ( ,may1 #ahcb1 obta9$ ! sp>k by ! foll[+ arrangem5t ( ! p]man5t magnet & ! helix ( wire r\nd ! armature4 ,9 relation to ?is in/rum5t1 he ?us writes to ,mr4 ,luk5s1 ( ,philadelphia1 dat$1 ,london1 ,may #aa?1 #ahcb4 ,j\r4 ,frank4 ,int4 vol4 #ac1 p4 #fg4 8,s9ce my la/ ,i h he>d ( a me?od ( produc+ a sp>k f a magnet1 discov]$ ,i ?9k by an ,italian4#bd ,?is exp]im5t ,i made at once ^u a l>ge horse-%oe magnet1 :i* ,i am mak+ = ,mr4 ,p]k9s & 8 p>tn]s4 ,"o ( y\r l>ge magnets w answ] ! same purpose4 ,make a cyl9d] ( s(t iron ( an in*1 or ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 9 diamet]1 & ( ! usual l5g? ( ! keep]2 place two discs ( brass or wood ^u ?is cyl9d]1 & at su* a di/ance ap>t t !y w conv5i5tly pass betwe5 ! poles ( ! magnet2 betwe5 ^! w9d1 say fifty feet ( bobb9 wire1 :i* may be ( iron cov]$ ) cotton2 let ! ends ( ?is coil be b5t ov] ! ends ( ! cyl9d] & br\ght d[n until !y t\* ! poles ( ! magnet4 ,! ends %\ld be ( su* a l5g?1 t on br++ ! cyl9d] to ! magnet1 "o ( ! ends w t\*1 :5 ! cyl9d] is ab\t half an in* f ! magnet1 & ! o!r at "o-f\r? ( an in*4 ,! cyl9d] be+ ?us arrang$1 & 9 contact ) ! magnet1 on draw+ x sudd5ly away a sp>k w pass betwe5 ! end ( ! wire1 & ! pole ( ! magnet40 #bd ,m4 ,m4 ,nobili & ,ant9ori4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4 ,figure #db repres5ts ! in/rum5t z fir/ con/ruct$ by ,mr4 ,saxton1 9 ,london4#be ,a & ,b are ! ends ( ! helix1 surr\nd+ ! cyl9drical b> ( s(t iron betwe5 ,e & ,f1 fill+ ! cavity :i* has be5 =m$ out ( ! solid iron4 ,! size ( b> betwe5 ! coll>s ,e & ,f1 ?us =m$1 is ! same z ! projections ,h & ,g4 ,! wire1 a1 proce$s f ! outside ( ! coil & makes a suitable contact ^u ! prong1 ,a1 ( ! magnet3 b proce$s f ! bottom ( ! coil1 :]e ! w9d+ comm5c$ & makes a simil> contact ^u ! prong1 ,b1 ( ! p]man5t magnet4 ,"o wire ext5ds a little fur!r ^u ! magnet ?an ! o!r1 s t ! %ort] "o may break its connection soon] ?an ! long]4 ,h & ,g are projections f ! sides ( ! armature1 to :i* ! h&le1 ,d1 is secur$4 ,let ! armature1 ) its helix1 be held up aga9/ ! ends ( ! prongs ( ! p]man5t magnet2 & ! wires a & b1 9 p]fect contact ) _! respective prongs1 z %[n 9 ! figure2 if1 :ile 9 ?is condition1 ! keep] is sudd5ly )drawn1 a sp>k w appe> at ! end ( ! %ort wire1 z x breaks its contact ) ! prong ( ! magnet4 #be ,mr4 ,saxton on ! #c;d ( ,may exhibit$ 8 app>atus1 & ! mode ( obta9+ ! sp>k to ,dr4 ,rit*ie1 ,messrs4 ,?omas ,gill1 ,john ,isaac ,hawk5s & ,/eadman ,:itwell4 ,on ! #h? ( ,may he loan$ x to ,dr4 ,rit*ie1 :o publicly exhibit$ x at a lecture1 at ! ,london ,univ]sity1 & also at ! ,london ,in/itution1 ,f9sbury4 ,mr4 ,saxton1 h[ev]1 0 /ill fur!r successful1 ! foll[+ ye>1 9 c>ry+ out an idea :i* occurr$ to him on ! #f? ( ,decemb]1 #ahcb1 ( produc+ ! same ph5om5a1 ) a m conv5i5t & p[]ful rotat+ in/rum5t4#bf ,?is new arrangem5t he 0 able to te/ on ! #bj? ( ,june1 #ahcc1 & obta9$ ! sp>k4 ,on ! #bb;d1 he made an unsuccessful attempt1 9 ! pres5ce ( ,pr(4 ,rog]s1 ( ,philadelphia1 at ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,on ! #cj? ( ,june he exhibit$ x at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,cambridge1 be=e ,dr4 ,f>aday1 ,dr4 ,brew/]1 ,pr(4 ,=bes1 ,dr4 ,dalton1 & _m o!r di/+ui%$ & sci5tific g5tlem54 ,! exp]im5ts made by x 7 ! exhibition ( ! sp>k1 giv+ %ocks1 c4 ,on ! ?ird ( ,july1 ,mr4 ,saxton succe$$ 9 decompos+ wat]1 by add+ a little sulphuric acid1 & on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 he ignit$ & melt$ plat9um wire4 #bf ,9 relation to ?is in/rum5t1 ,pr(4 ,daniell makes ! foll[+ rem>ks3 8,aft] ,dr4 ,f>aday's discov]y ( ,volta electric & magneto electric induction1 _m +5i\s contrivances 7 made = exalt+ ! effects & facilitat+ exp]im5ts4 ,! mo/ complete arrangem5t n[ 9 use1 0 ! orig9al comb9ation ( ,mr4 ,saxton40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4 ,figure #dc exhibits a side view ( ! in/rum5t3 a1 a1 a1 is a comp\nd p]man5t magnet1 consi/+ ( ?ree /eel plates1 put toge!r1 side by side4 ,b & ,c are two wood5 supports1 ^u ! plat=m ,a ,a4 ,to ^! supports ! magnet is p]man5tly secur$1 by a yoke1 ,s1 ?r\gh :i* pass two screws into ! wood5 supports bel[4 ,m is a cross b>1 into :i*1 & at "r angles ) x1 are screw$ two arms ( r\nd s(t iron1 ,r1 ab\t five-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]1 ! :ole =m+ ! armature or keep] ( ! magnet4 ,^u ^! two project+ arms1 are plac$ two coils1 ,d & ,d1 ( copp] wire1 insulat$ ) silk4 ,! :ole is v securely fa/5$ ^u ! /eel sp9dle1 ,n1 :i* has its j\rnals 9 ! supports1 ,b & ,b4 ,on ! end ( ! sp9dle1 ,n1 ne> ! curve ( ! magnet1 !re is a small b& pulley1 ,f1 :i* is driv5 by ! b& or cord ( ! l>ge :eel1 ,e1 & ! crank1 ,j4 ,! axis ( ! l>ge :eel passes ?r\gh a long socket1 ,l1 9 ! top ( ! column1 ,h2 on "o end ( ! axis ! b& :eel is fa/5$ & on ! o!r ! crank4 ,by ?is arrangem5t a v rapid & quiet rot>y motion is giv5 to ! armature4 ,9 ! column1 ,h1 !re is a socket1 into :i* ! /em ( ! upp] "p ( ! column1 ,g1 is fitt$1 :i* admits ( ! l>ge :eel be+ rais$ or l[]$1 s z to prev5t ! b& f slipp+1 & :5 prop]ly adju/$ x is secur$ by ! screw1 ,i4 ,o is an ivory hub1 slid+ ov] t "p ( ! sp9dle imm$iately project+ beyond ! cross b>1 ,m4 ,^u ?is ivory hub is a copp] disc1 ,c1 ) a socket1 n3 b1 is a ne$le made ( plat9um1 :i*1 ) its socket1 m1 is nicely fitt$ ^u ! end ( ! /eel sp9dle1 s z to be adju/$ to any requir$ angle ) ! armature1 & :5 adju/$ to reta9 its position4 ,! two ends ( ! two coils1 :i* leave ! c5tre ( ! helices1 are made to =m a contact ) ! s(t iron arms1 ,r ,r1 pass+ ?r\gh ! coils1 ,d & ,d1 ?us mak+ ! circuit complete ) ! ne$le b1 ^u ! end ( ! sp9dle1 ,n1 by a cont9u\s metallic connection ( ! arms1 ) ! cross b>1 ,m1 & ?r\gh ! cross b> to ! sp9dle1 ,n1 9 contact ) ! ne$le1 b4 ,! two ends ( ! two coils1 leav+ ! outside ( ! helices1 are jo9$ 9 "o1 & z !y pass ?r\gh ! cross b>1 ,m1 are insulat$ f x1 by a piece ( ivory1 ins]t$ 9 ! cross b>4 ,! unit$ wire !n passes into & ?r\gh ! ivory hub1 e1 =m+ a p]fect contact ) ! copp] disc1 c1 und]nea? its socket1 n3 d1 is a cup ( m]cury1 9 :i* ! copp] disc1 c1 is always imm]s$1 & ! ne$le1 b1 twice 9 e revolution ( ! armature4 ,! cup1 d1 is s con/ruct$ z to rise & fall1 by means ( a /em1 i1 slid+ v]tically into a socket1 e1 ( its support1 & is secur$ to its position by ! screw1 h4 ,9 ?is way1 its prop] height = break+ & clos+ ! circuit may be easily obta9$1 :5 ! armature is rotat+4 ,! prop] position = ! ne$le1 b1 is t 9 :i* x is j leav+ ! m]cury1 z ! keep] arrives at ! position1 9 :i* its magnetism is neutraliz$4 ,?is position is se5 at ,x1 :]e ,d & ,d are ! sides ( ! coils2 c ! copp] disc2 m ! cross b> ( ! armature2 ,r ! arm pass+ ?r\gh ! coil2 & b ! ne$le1 at t angle :i* x requires1 :5 ! armature is v]tical or at its neutral position4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ne$le is j leav+ ! m]cury1 d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4 ,figure #dd repres5ts a top view4 ,n & ,s repres5t ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! p]man5t magnet4 ,n & ,n is ! sp9dle1 p>allel ) ! prongs ( ! magnet1 & equidi/ant f !m2 ,l is ! socket ( ! b& :eel2 ,d & ,d ! horizontal position ( ! coils2 ,m is ! cross b>2 b ! ne$le2 c ! copp] disc1 & m & n _! respective sockets2 o ! ivory hub2 d ! cup ( m]cury2 ,a ! plat=m2 & ,s & ,s ! yoke ?r\gh :i* pass two screws to secure ! magnet to ! wood5 support bel[4 ,:5 ! armature is made to rotate1 x becomes a tempor>y magnet1 by ! laws ( magnetic induction1 :5ev] ! arms c>ry+ ! helices come opposite to ! poles ( ! p]man5t magnet1 & :5 ^! s(t iron arms h rea*$ ! po9t at "r angles to ! magnet1 or v]tical1 _! magnetism = an in/ant is de/roy$1 & are z in/antane\sly rev]s$ f :at !y 7 be=e rea*+ t po9t4 ,!y are also magnetic1 j 9 t proportion z !y rec$e f or approa* to ! poles ( ! p]man5t magnet4 ,h5ce1 fir/1 "o arm is ! s\? pole1 :5 oppos$ to ! nor? pole ( ! magnet2 & ! o!r arm a nor? pole1 :5 oppos$ to ! s\? pole ( ! magnet4 ,b :5 !y h made a half revolution on _! axis1 f _! fir/ position1 _! magnetism is rev]s$4 ,! arm :i* 0 a s\? pole1 has become a nor? pole2 & ! arm t 0 a nor? pole has become a s\? pole4 ,?us1 by ! rotation ( ! armature1 direction ( ! induc$ curr5t 9 ! arms1 become *ang$1 z (t5 z !y are alt]nately br\ght opposite ! poles ( ! p]man5t magnet1 :i* is twice 9 e revolution ( ! armature4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 by ! laws ( magneto induction1 t z (t5 z ! arms become magnetic1 !y induce correspond+ opposite electric curr5ts 9 ! wire surr\nd+ ^? arms1 provid$ ! circuit ( ! coils is complete4 ,! disc1 :i* is 9 metallic connection ) two ends ( ! wire leav+ ! coils1 7"o f ea* coil17 is always imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury ( ! cup4 ,! ne$le1 h[ev]1 :i* is 9 connection ) ! o!r two wires f ! two coils1 7"o f ea* coil17 is n always imm]s$1 b only :5 ! armature is at a c]ta9 position 9 relation to ! p]man5t magnet4 ,! circuit !n c only be clos$ :5 ! ne$le is imm]s$1 z well z ! disc4 ,^u inspect+ ! figure1 x w be f\nd t ! ne$le is imm]s$ at ! "t ! arms are pass+ ! poles ( ! magnet1 & t :5 !y arrive at ! v]tical or neutral position1 ! ne$le has j brok5 its connection ) ! m]cury1 & at t in/ant ! sp>k is obs]v$4 ,pr(essor ,daniell obs]ves1 t 8by means ( ?is magneto electrical ma*9e1 all ! well kn[n effects ( ,voltaic curr5ts may be v commodi\sly produc$4 ,:5 ! communication is made betwe5 ! sp9dle & ! revolv+ disc1 by means ( a f9e plat9um wire1 in/ead ( ! dipp+ po9ts1 ! wire may be ma9ta9$ at a r$ heat2 al?\gh ! effect be+ produc$ by alt]nat+ curr5ts 9 opposite directions1 a k9d ( pulsation1 or int]mission ( ! light1 may be disc]n$4 ,^u mak+ ! communication betwe5 ! two m]cury cups1 by means ( copp] cyl9d]s grasp$ 9 ! h&s1 a cont9u$ pa9ful contraction ( ! muscles ( ! arm takes place1 :i* de/roys volunt>y motion1 &1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 is p]fectly intol]able4 8,! g5]al expression ( ^! ph5om5a may be ?us /at$3 :5ev] a piece ( metal is pass$1 ei!r be=e a s+le pole1 or betwe5 ! opposite poles ( a magnet1 or be=e electro magnetic poles1 :e!r f]rug9\s or n1 s z to cut ! magnetic curves1 7or l9es1 :i* w\ld be m>k$ out by a spontane\s arrangem5t ( iron fil+s17 electrical curr5ts are produc$ across ! metal1 transv]se to ! direction ( motion40 ,dr4 ,page's ,magneto ,electric ,ma*9e4 ,?is important in/rum5t also dep5ds1 = its action1 ^u ! pr9ciple discov]$ by ,dr4 ,f>aday1 t electricity 0 develop$ 9 conduct+ bodies1 :5 !y 7 mov$ 9 a c]ta9 direction1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( p]man5t magnets4 ,s9ce ! beautiful & +5i\s inv5tion :i* ,mr4 ,saxton 0 ! fir/ to make1 no valuable improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ?is ma*9e1 except ^? introduc$ by ,pr(essor ,page4 ,! fir/ important *ange 9 ! ma*9e1 0 ! adaptation ( 8 pole *ang] to ! ma*9e1 9 place ( ! break pieces1 :i* 7 us$ 9 all ! modifications up to t "t2 & ano!r equally useful improvem5t1 consi/$ 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! p]man5t magnets & armatures4 ,previ\s to ?is la/ improvem5t1 ^! ma*9es 7 con/ruct$ ) a s+le p]man5t magnet1 & "o or m revolv+ armatures1 necess>ily involv+ great disadvantages4 ,page's improvem5ts 7 complet$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahch1 & %ortly aft] publi%$ 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ to sugge/ ! comb9ation ( sev]al ma*9es "u "o me*anical movem5t1 z ! be/ mode ( augm5t+ p[] 9 ?is way4 ,! comb9$ ma*9e1 describ$ 9 ,daniell's ,introduction to ,*emical ,philosophy1 z inv5t$ by ,:eat/one1 ab\t two ye>s s9ce1 is ! same z t describ$1 & repres5t$ by ,dr4 ,page 9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal 9 #ahch4 ,9 ! same publication1 ,dr4 ,page describ$ ! arrangem5t ( ! p]man5t magnets & armatures1 z %[n 9 ! annex$ figures4 ,! adaptation ( ! pole *ang]1 :i*1 9 connection ) ?is ma*9e1 is call$ ! ,unitrep1 ,dr4 ,page has giv5 to ! public4 ,b z he has nev] all[$ ! improvem5t1 :i* consi/s 9 ! use ( two or m p]man5t magnets & /raight armatures1 to be sold ) 8 k & cons5t1 he int5ds to claim a pat5t = ! same2 x hav+ be5 decid$ by our c\rts1 t ! publication ( an inv5tion by ! inv5tor1 does n affect 8 "r to a pat5t1 provid$ he does n all[ ! inv5tion to be sold & us$4 ,! figures #de1 #df & #dg1 exhibit "o ( ,page's ma*9es ) 8 e>ly improvem5ts4 ,figure #de1 is a side elevation ( ! ma*9e4 ,figure #df1 is a top view4 ,figure #dg1 are views ( ! revolv+ armatures & coils4 ,9 ,figure #de1 repres5t+ a side view ( ! ma*9e1 ,b & ,b are ! comp\nd p]man5t /eel magnets1 compos$ ( six b>s ea* ( ! ,u =m1 m\nt$ ^u ! brass pill>s1 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 ,p1 :i* are fa/5$ into ! common plat=m ( ! :ole ma*9e4 ,?r\gh ! plat=m !re pass /\t rods1 ,r & ,r1 & upw>ds ?r\gh two brass /raps1 above ! magnets1 ,b & ,b4 ,^! /raps or yokes secure ! magnets f any motion by means ( ! screw nuts4 ,a is a circul> case ( pa/ebo>d1 conta9+ ! armatures & coils4 ,h is a b& :eel surr\nd+ ! case1 = me*anical connection ) any s\rce ( p[] t may be us$ to keep ! ma*9e 9 motion4 ,i & ,i are two metallic /uds1 ) an ap]ture pass+ v]tically f ! top1 to ! dep? ( an in*1 = ! reception ( connect+ wires1 & !n1 by means ( a screw at its side1 to make a p]fect contact4 ,!re are two o!r /uds directly beh9d !m4 ,g & ,j are ! two pulley :eels1 ) _! b& & crank1 by :i* a rapid rot>y motion is giv5 to ! armatures & coils4 ,^! pulleys are support$ by ! /&>d4 ,f ! bottom ( ! /uds ,i & ,i1 z also f ^? directly beh9d !m1 proce$ wires :i* are c>ri$ along bel[ ! plat=m1 & pass up ?r\gh x betwe5 ! pilli>1 ,p1 & ! revolv+ armatures1 to ! %aft2 !re be+ "o on ea* side ( ! axis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,figure #df1 repres5ts a top view ( ! in/rum5t4 ,a is ! case conta9+ ! armatures & coils1 & ,h ! b& :eel4 ,n1 ,s & ,n1 ,s1 are ! nor? & s\? poles ( ! p]man5t magnets4 ,s & ,s are ! yokes by :i* ! magnets are secur$ to ! plat=m1 & ! screws ne> ! poles ( ! magnets are = ! purpose ( sett+ ! magnets to any requir$ position1 lat]ally1 & secur+ !m 9 x4 ,m & ,m are ! tops ( ! two pilli>s1 :i* support ! %aft ( ! armatures & coils4 ,! be>+s are s made z to all[ ! app>atus to revolve ) z little friction z possible3 #c & #c repres5t ! set screws aga9/ ! ends ( ! %aft1 = adju/+ ! ends ( ! p]man5t magnets2 by :i* means1 ! armatures may be all[$ to pass v ne> ! ends ( ! magnets )\t t\*+4 #f1 #g1 #h1 & #i are ! receiv+ /uds1 by :i* ! wires f any o!r in/rum5t may be connect$ ) ! ma*9e4 ,! wire1 a1 9 contact ) ! unitrep1 z be=e /at$1 is cont9u$ & sold]$ to ! receiv+ /ud1 #f2 9 ! same mann]1 c1 also 9 contact ) ! unitrep1 is connect$ ) #g2 & also #c ) #h2 & a ) #i4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! wires1 a1 c1 #c1 & a1 =m _! contact ) ! %aft1 is se5 at ,n & ,p1 figure #de1 ( :i* #e & #e repres5t a section ( ! %aft & unitrep4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,figure #dg repres5ts ! revolv+ armatures & coils1 ) ! case tak5 (f4 ,c & ,c are ! two coils ( insulat$ copp] wire1 surr\nd+ two /raight b>s ( s(t iron1 repres5t$ 9 ! end view by ,d & ,d4 ,e is ! %aft4 ,! two armatures & coils are secur$ to ! two brass /raps ,f1 :i* are !mselves fa/5$ ^u ! %aft4 ,! armatures are all[$ to project ?r\gh ! /raps ab\t ! sixte5? ( an in*4 ,on ea* end ( ! %aft is atta*$ an unitrep1 consi/+ ( two cyl9drical segm5ts ( silv]1 z se5 at #e & #e1 figure #de2 insulat$ f ea* o!r1 & secur$ to a cyl9d] ( ivory or wood1 ^u ! %aft1 s z to revolve ) x4 ,! t]m9ations ( ! coils ( wire ^u ! armatures1 are sold]$ to ! segm5ts ( silv]1 & z ! unitrep turns1 x br+s opposite ends ( ! wires1 alt]nately1 ^u ! /ation>y wires or conductors1 ,p & ,n3 79 figure #df !y are repres5t$ by a & c1 & #c & a47 ,! oppos+ curr5ts ( ! coils1 9 ea* half revolution1 are1 by ?is contrivance1 made to =m "o cont9u\s curr5t4 ,h5ce1 ! "n unitrep 7to turn toge!r47 ,!re be+ two unitreps1 & correspond+ conduct+ wires1 & screw cups1 ! induc$ curr5ts f ! two coils may be comb9$ 9 sev]al ways1 aft] ! mann] ( comb9+ sep>ate batt]ies4 ,let ! wires bel[ ! base bo>d be all prop]ly connect$ ) ! receiv+ cups1 z h]et(ore describ$4 ,!n let ! wire f #f1 7repres5t$ by dots17 to k1 be connect$ ) ! wire #i & m2 & also ! wire #g & l1 ) ! wire #h & #j4 ,let "o ( ! unit$ wires be connect$ ) "o wire leav+ ! coil ( an electro magnet2 & ! o!r unit$ wire be jo9$ to ! o!r wire ( ! electro magnet ( ! telegraph1 or any o!r in/rum5t design$ to op]ate by a galvanic batt]y4 ,:5 ?is prep>ation is f9i%$1 if ! armatures & coils are made to revolve rapidly1 a p[]ful curr5t is =m$ 9 ! induc$ coils1 ,c & ,c1 figure #dg1 capable ( p]=m+ all ! exp]im5ts g5]ally made by means ( ! galvanic batt]y4 ,dr4 ,page has made a v important discov]y 9 connection ) ?is ma*9e1 n n[ to be made kn[n2 b1 suffice x to say1 ! s+le ma*9e :i* he has n[ 9 8 possession1 on ,*ri/mas day1 #ahdd1 op]at$ ,morse's telegraph1 ?r\gh ! circuit ( #hj miles2 half ?is circuit be+ wire1 ! o!r half ! e>?4 ,?is ma*9e makes an electro magnet su/a9 #ajjj p\nds1 & melts a plat9um wire "o-=tie? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,! ,pole ,*ang]4 ,we introduce "h a description ( an in/rum5t us$ = rev]s+ ! direction ( ! galvanic curr5t1 & :i* is appli$ 9 ! op]ation ( sev]al k9ds ( electric telegraphs4 ,!re is a v>iety ( modes by :i* ! same object is atta9$1 b z ?is appe>s ! mo/ simple1 we h *os5 x 9 pref]5ce to o!rs4 ,! foll[+ figures1 #dh1 #di & #ej1 are ?ree views ( ! in/rum5t z x appe>s :5 look+ d[n ^u x1 9 its ?ree *anges4 ,fir/1 t 9 :i* ! curr5t is brok5 & ! ne$le v]tical4 ,second1 9 :i* ! circuit is clos$ & ! ne$le deflect$ to ! "r4 ,?ird1 9 :i* ! circuit is clos$ & ! ne$le deflect$ to ! left4 ,ea* figure has1 9 connection ) ! pole *ang]1 ! batt]y1 or any o!r g5]ator ( ! electric fluid1 repres5t$ by ,n & ,p1 & ! galvanomet] repres5t$ by ,g4 ,9 ea* ( ! figures1 ! circles numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 & #h1 repres5t cups1 fill$ ) m]cury1 let into ! wood ( ! plat=m1 & made p]man5t4 ,! small p>allel l9es t]m9at+ 9 ^! cups1 repres5t copp] wires or conductors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,a1 figure #dh1 repres5ts a horizontal lev] ( wood1 or "s insulat+ sub/ance1 ) its axis support$ by two /&>ds1 ,b & ,c1 by :i* x c easily vibrate4 ,d repres5ts an ivory ball1 m\nt$ ^u a rod1 ins]t$ 9 ! lev]1 & ext5d+ a few in*es above x4 ,x s]ves z a h&le1 by :i* to direct ! elevation or depression ( ei!r end ( ! lev]4 ,bo? ends ( ! lev] bran* out1 pres5t+ two arms ea*4 ,?r\gh ea* arm passes a copp] wire1 insulat$ f ea* o!r4 ,! left h& bran*es support ! wires :i* connect ! m]cury cups1 #a & #d1 & #b & #c1 toge!r4 ,! "r h& bran*es support ! wires :i* connect ! cups #e & #g1 & #f & #h1 toge!r4 ,! ends ( ^! wires directly ov] ! m]cury cups are b5t d[n1 s t !y may freely ent] _! respective vessels :5 requir$4 ,! o!r wires are p]man5tly secur$ to ! plat=m4 ,! position ( ! lev] is n[ horizontal1 & ! b5t ends ( ! wires1 :i* x c>ries1 are s adju/$1 t none ( !m t\* ! m]cury1 consequ5tly1 !re is no connection =m$ betwe5 ! batt]y & galvanomet]1 & ! ne$le is v]tical4 ,! ivory ball1 x w be obs]v$1 is directly ov] ! c5tre ( ! axis1 & 9 t position requir$ to break ! circuit4 ,?us1 ! wires1 #b & #c1 #a & #d1 #e & #g1 #f & #h1 are ea* out ( ! m]cury1 & ! circuit be+ brok5 ! fluid _c pass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,figure #di repres5ts ^? connections :i* are =m$ :5 ! left h& side ( ! lev] is depress$1 imm]s+ 9 ! m]cury ^? wires support$ by x4 ,! ball & lev] are omitt$ = ! bett] inspection ( ! wires4 ,n[ ! circuit is clos$1 & ! curr5t is pass+ f ,p1 ( ! batt]y1 to ! m]cury cup1 #a2 !n along ! cross wire to #d2 to #h2 to ! coils ( ! multipli]1 deflect+ ! ne$le to ! "r2 !n to #g2 to #c2 !n along ! cross wire1 7:i* is n 9 contact ) wire #a & #d17 to #b2 to ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y4 ,! arr[s also %[ ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! cups #e & #g1 & #f & #h are n n[ 9 connection1 & consequ5tly ! curr5t _c pass along ! wires #a & #e1 & #b & #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,n[1 if ! ball1 ,d1 is c>ri$ to ! "r1 a new set ( wires1 figure #ej1 are imm]s$1 & ^? repres5t$ 9 figure #di1 z 9 connection1 are tak5 out ( _! cups4 ,! fluid n[ passes f ,p1 ( ! batt]y1 to ! m]cury cup1 #a2 to #e2 to #g2 to ! coils ( ! multipli]1 deflect+ ! ne$le to ! left2 !n x passes to cup #h2 to #f2 to #b2 & !n to ! ,n pole ( ! batt]y2 ! arr[s repres5t+ ! direction ( ! curr5t4 ,x w n[ be f\nd1 t ! cups1 #b & #c1 & #a & #d are n 9 connection1 & consequ5tly ! curr5t _c pass along ! wires1 #c & #g1 & #d & #h4 ,?us1 x w appe>1 t by c>ry+ ! ball1 ,d1 to ! left1 ! ne$le is deflect$ to ! "r2 !n1 by c>ry+ ! ball to ! "r1 ! ne$le is deflect$ to ! left2 & t :5 ! ball is br\ght to ! v]tical position1 ! ne$le is v]tical4 ,^! ?ree *anges ent] into ! plans ( sev]al electric telegraphs1 :i* are to be h]eaft] describ$4 ,pr(essor ,morse's ,am]ican ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 inv5t$1 #ahcb4 ,to our read]s ! pr9ciples & arrangem5t ( ,morse's telegraph h be5 fully expla9$ 9 ! =m] "p ( ?is "w4 ,we %all "h pres5t "s ( ! evid5ce ( ! "t ( its inv5tion4 ,extract f a lett] f ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,morse to ! ,hon4 ,levi ,woodbury1 ,secret>y ( ! ,treasury1 dat$ ,sept4 #bg?1 #ahcg4 8,ab\t five ye>s ago1 on my voyage home f ,europe1 ! electrical exp]im5t ( ,frankl91 ^u a wire "s f\r miles 9 l5g?1 0 casually recall$ to my m9d1 9 a conv]sation ) "o ( ! pass5g]s1 9 :i* exp]im5t x 0 asc]ta9$ t ! electricity travell$ ?r\gh ! :ole circuit 9 a "t n appreciable1 b app>5tly in/antane\s4 ,x imm$iately occurr$ to me1 t if ! pres5ce ( electricity c\ld be made ,,visible 9 any desir$ "p ( ?is circuit1 x w\ld n be difficult to con/ruct a ,,sy/em ,,( ,,signs by :i* intellig5ce c\ld be in/antane\sly transmitt$4 ,! ?\ght1 ?us conceiv$1 took /rong hold ( my m9d1 9 ! leisure :i* ! voyage af=d$1 & ,i plann$ a sy/em ( signs & an app>atus to c>ry x into effect4 ,i ca/ a species ( type1 :i* ,i _h devis$ = ?is purpose1 ! fir/ week aft] my arrival home2 & al?\gh ! re/ ( ! ma*9]y 0 plann$1 yet1 f ! pressure ( unavailable duties1 ,i 0 compell$ to po/pone my exp]im5ts1 & 0 n able to te/ ! :ole plan until )9 a few weeks4 ,! result has realiz$ my mo/ sangu9e expectations40 ,! foll[+ lett]s 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,comm]ce1 f ! orig9als n[ 9 possession ( ,pr(4 ,morse4 ,lett] ( ! ,hon4 ,w4 ,c4 ,rives4 ,,s5ate ,,*amb]1 ,septemb] #ba/1 #ahcg4 ,,my ,,de> ,,sir1--,i hope y w f9d 9 my multipli$ & oppressive engagem5ts "h1 an apology = n hav+ soon] answ]$ y\r inquiry on ! subject ( y\r ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph4 ,i reta9 a di/9ct recollection ( y\r hav+ expla9$ to me ! conception ( ?is +5i\s inv5tion1 dur+ our voyage f ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! ye> #ahcb1 & t x 01 m ?an once1 ! subject ( conv]sation betwe5 u1 9 :i* ,i sugge/$ difficulties :i* y met & solv$ ) great promptitude & confid5ce4 ,i beg leave to assure y1 t x w\ld give u all great pleasure to r5ew1 9 p]sonal int]c\rse at home1 ! agreeable s\v5irs ( our acqua9tance1 & fri5dly relations abroad4 ,i rema9 ) great respect1 ,y\r mo/ obd't s]v't1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,rives4 ,,pr(4 ,s4 ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse4 ,lett] ( ,capt4 ,william ,w4 ,pell1 ( ! packet %ip ,sully4 ,,new ,,york1 ,sept4 #bg?1 #ahcg4 ,,de> ,,sir--,on my arrival "h ,i receiv$ y\r lett]1 call+ ^u my recollection = :at 0 said on ! subject ( an electric telegraph1 dur+ ! passage f ,havre1 on bo>d ( ! %ip ,sully1 9 ,octob]1 #ahcb4 ,i am happy to say1 ,i h a di/9ct remembrance ( y\r sugge/+1 z a ?\ght newly occurr$ to y1 ! possibility ( a telegraphic communication be+ effect$ by electric wires4 ,z ! passage progress$1 & y\r idea develop$ itself1 x became frequ5tly a subject ( conv]sation4 ,difficulty aft] difficulty 0 sugge/$ z ob/acles to its op]ation1 :i* y\r +5uity /ill labor$ to remove1 until y\r inv5tion1 pass+ f its fir/ crude /ate ?r\gh diff]5t grades ( improvem5t1 01 9 seem+1 matur$ to an available in/rum5t1 want+ only patronage to p]fect x1 & call x into reality2 & ,i s9c]ely tru/ t circum/ances may n deprive y ( ! rew>d due to ! inv5tion1 :i*1 :atev] be its s\rce 9 ,europe1 is ) y at lea/1 ,i am conv9c$1 orig9al4 ,:5 y obs]v$ to me a few days be=e leav+ ! %ip1 8well1 ,capta91 :5 y he> ( ! telegraph "o ( ^! days1 z ! wond] ( ! _w1 rememb] ! discov]y 0 made on bo>d ! good %ip ,sully10 ,i1 !n1 little ?\ght1 ,i %\ld ev] be call$ ^u to ?r[ into ! scale1 my mite ( te/imony 9 support ( y\r claims to priority ( inv5tion1 = :at seem$ s />tl+ a novelty4 ,) my respects & be/ wi%es1 ,i subscribe myself1 ,,william ,w4 ,,pell4 ,,samuel ,f4 ,b4 ,,morse1 ,,esq4 ,a subsequ5t lett] f ,capta9 ,pell1 dat$ ,febru>y #a/1 #ahch1 aft] hav+ se5 ! op]ation ( ! telegraph at ! ,univ]sity1 has ! foll[+ p>agraph3 8,:51 a few days s9ce1 ,i exam9$ y\r in/rum5t1 ,i recogniz$ 9 x ! pr9ciples & me*anical arrangem5ts1 :i*1 on bo>d1 ,i _h he>d y s frequ5tly expla9 ?r\gh all _! developm5ts40 ,f a lett] n[ 9 possession ( ! au?or1 & address$ to him by ,pr(4 ,morse1 we make ! foll[+ extract3 8,9 #ahbf1 ! lectures1 be=e ! ,new ,york ,a!neum1 ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,dana1 :o 0 my p>ticul> fri5d1 gave to me ! fir/ k ev] possess$ ( electro magnetism2 & "s ( ! prop]ties ( ! electro magnet2 a k :i* ,i made available 9 #ahcb z ! basis ( my own plan ( an electro telegraph4 ,i claim to be ! orig9al sugge/or & inv5tor ( ! electric magnetic telegraph1 on ! #ai? ( ,octob]1 #ahcb1 on bo>d ! packet %ip ,sully1 on my voyage f ,france to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! inv5tor ( ! fir/1 really practicable telegraph on ! electric pr9ciple4 ,! plan !n conceiv$ & drawn out 9 all its ess5tial *>act]i/ics1 is ! "o n[ 9 successful op]ation4 ,all ! telegraphs 9 ,europe1 :i* are practicable1 are bas$ on a diff]5t pr9ciple1 &1 )\t an exception1 7 inv5t$ subsequ5tly to m9e4 8,! ?\ght occurr$ to me1 9 a g5]al conv]sation1 z seat$ at ! table ) ! pass5g]s1 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts ( ,frankl9 to asc]ta9 ! velocity ( electricity ?r\gh ?ree or f\r miles4 ,! ?\ght at once occurr$ to me t electricity might be made ! means ( convey+ intellig5ce1 & t a sy/em ( signs might easily be devis$ = ! purpose4 ,i ought1 p]haps1 to say1 t ! conception ( ! idea ( an electric telegraph1 0 orig9al ) me at t "t1 & ,i suppos$ t ,i 0 ! fir/ t _h ev] associat$ ! two words toge!r1 nor 0 x until my inv5tion 0 complet$1 & _h be5 successfully op]at$ ?r\gh t5 miles1 t ,i1 = ! fir/ "t1 le>n$1 t ! idea ( an electric telegraph _h be5 conceiv$ by ano!r4 ,to me x 0 orig9al1 & its total dissimil>ity f all ! inv5tions & ev5 sugge/ions ( o!rs1 may be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,i _h n ! remote/ h9t f o!rs1 till my :ole inv5tion 0 9 successful op]ation4 ,i employ$ myself 9 ! wakeful h\rs ( ! night1 z well z 9 ! t$i\s h\rs ( ! day1 9 devis+ ! signs1 adapt+ !m to a s+le circuit ( wire1 & 9 con/ruct+ ma*9]y :i* %\ld record ! signs ^u pap]1 = ,i ?\ght ( no plan %ort ( a mode ( record+40 ,on ! second ( ,septemb]1 #ahcg1 ! au?or1 ) sev]al o!rs1 witness$ ! fir/ exhibition ( ?is electric telegraph1 & soon aft] became a p>tn] ) ! inv5tor4 ,imm$iate /eps 7 tak5 = con/ruct+ an in/rum5t = ! purpose ( exhibit+ its p[]s be=e ! memb]s ( ,congress4 ,?is 0 done at ! ,spe$well ,iron ,works1 ,morri/[n1 ,n4,j4 & exhibit$ 9 op]ation ) a circuit ( two miles4 ,a few days aft]1 x 0 aga9 exhibit$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 = sev]al days1 to a l>ge numb] ( invit$ ladies & g5tlem54 ,! circuit at ?is "t 0 increas$ to t5 miles4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is exhibition ! in/rum5ts & t5 miles ( wire 7 tak5 to ,wa%+ton1 & cont9u$ 9 op]ation = sev]al mon?s1 9 ! room ( ! ,committee on ,comm]ce at ! capitol4 ,its hi/ory & progress1 aft] ?is p]iod1 may be ga!r$ f ! prec$+ docum5ts1 pr9t$ by ord] ( ,congress4 ,s*ill+ ,electric ,telegraph4 ,we make ! foll[+ extract 9 relation to ,s*ill+'s telegraph f ! ,polyte*nic ,c5tral ,j\rnal1 ,nos4 #ca1 #cb1 #ahch3 8,b>on ,s*ill+1 ( ,caun/adt1 a ,russian ,c\nsellor ( ,/ate1 likewise occupi$ himself ) telegraphs by electricity1 7see ,allgem ,bauztg1 #ahcg1 ,no4 #eb1 p4 #ddj17 & _h ! m]it ( hav+ pres5t$ a mu* simpl] contrivance1 & ( remov+ "s ( ! difficulties ( ! e>li] plans4 ,he reckon$ _m v>iations to ! "r1 or left1 foll[+ 9 a c]ta9 ord] = a telegraphic sign1 z1 inde$1 9 ?is mann]1 ! ne$le 0 /rongly v>i$1 & only came to re/ gradually1 aft] _m repeat$ vibrations2 he introduc$ a small rod ( plat9um1 ) a scoop1 :i* dipp$ into a vessel ( quicksilv]1 plac$ b5ea? ! ne$le1 & by ! *eck giv51 *ang$ ! vibration ( ! ne$le into sudd5 j]ks4 ,9 ord] to apprise ! att5dant ( a telegraphic despat*1 he loos$ an al>m4 ,h[ mu* ( ?is contrivance 0 ,s*ill+'s own1 or :e!r a portion ( x 0 n an imitation ( ,gauss & ,web]1 ! au?or _c decide1 b t ,s*ill+ _h already exp]im5t$1 probably ) a m imp]fect app>atus1 be=e ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 & /ill lat] be=e ,emp]or ,ni*olas1 is affirm$ by ! docum5ts quot$40 ,f ! report ( ! 8,academy ( ,indu/ry10 ,p>is1 ,febru>y1 #ahci1 we make ! foll[+ extract1 9 relation to ! same subject3 8,at ! end ( ! ye>1 #ahcb1 & 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahcc1 ,m4 ,le ,b>on de ,s*ill+ con/ruct$1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 an electric telegraph1 :i* consi/$ 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( plat9um wires1 insulat$ & unit$ 9 a cord ( silk1 :i* put 9 action1 by ! aid ( a species ( key1 #cf magnetic ne$les1 ea* ( :i* 7 plac$ v]tically 9 ! c5tre ( a multipli]4 ,m4 de ,s*ill+ 0 ! fir/ :o adapt$ to ?is k9d ( app>atus1 an +5i\s me*anism1 suitable = s\nd+ an al>m1 :i*1 :5 ! ne$le turn$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! correspond5ce1 0 set 9 play by ! fall ( a little ball ( lead1 :i* ! magnetic ne$le caus$ to fall4 ,?is telegraph ( ,m4 de ,s*ill+1 0 receiv$ ) approbation by ! ,emp]or1 :o desir$ x e/abli%$ on a l>g] scale1 b ! dea? ( ! inv5tor po/pon$ ! ent]prise indef9itely40 ,dr4 ,/e9heil 9 8 article 8^u telegraphic communication10 publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,annals ( ,electricity1 /ates1 8t ! exp]im5ts in/itut$ by ,s*ill+1 by ! deflection ( a s+le ne$le1 seems mu* bett] contriv$1 ?an ! arrangem5t :i* ,davy has propos$1 9 :i* illum9at$ lett]s are %[n by ! removal ( scre5s plac$ 9 front ( !m40 ,x w\ld appe>1 t ! ,fr5* report is ei!r incorrect1 or t ,m4 de ,s*ill+ _h two plans 9 contemplation4 ,8 plan z intimat$ 9 ! fir/ & ?ird extracts1 is t ( us+ a s+le ne$le 9 ! =m ( a galvanomet]1 by means ( :i* he made 8 signals1 = in/ance1 "o deflection to ! "r might d5ote e2 two i2 ?ree b3 "o deflection to ! left t2 two s2 ?ree v4 ,8 code ( signals w\ld !n be devis$ 9 ?is mann]3 rl ,a rrrl ,k llr ,u rrr ,b lrrr ,l lll ,v rll ,c lrl ,m rlrl ,w rrl ,d lr ,n lrlr ,x r ,e rlr ,o rllr ,y rrrr ,f llrr ,p rlrr ,z llll ,g lllr ,q rrlr rlll ,h lrr ,r lrrl g on rr ,i ll ,s lrll /op rrll ,j l ,t llrl f9i% rlrlr #a lrlrl #f rrlrr #b rrllr #g rlllr #c rllrr #h lrrrl #d llrll #i lrrll #e llrrl #j ,if1 h[ev]1 8 plan 0 t ascrib$ to him1 by ! ,academy ( ,indu/ry1 ( us+ #cf ne$les & #gb wires1 x 0 exce$+ly complicat$ & exp5sive1 & 0 simil> to t inv5t$ by ,mr4 ,alex&]1 ) ! exception t ,s*ill+ us$ twice ! numb] ( wires4 #bg,! ,electro ,magnetic ,telegraph1 ( ,c\nsellor ,gauss & ,pr(essor ,william ,web]1 inv5t$ at ,gtt+51 #ahcc4 ,! deflection ( ! magnetic b>1 by means ( ! multipli]1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! galvanic fluid1 excit$ by ! magneto electric ma*9e1 is ! basis ( _! plan4 #bg ,f ! ,polyte*nic ,c5tral ,j\rnal1 #ahch1 ,nos4 #ca1 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,figure #ea repres5ts a side view ( ! app>atus1 us$ at ! receiv+ /ation3 a1 a is a side view ( ! multipli]1 compos$ ( #cj1jjj feet ( wire1 7almo/ #e miles17 ^u a table1 ,b3 n1 s is ! magnetic b>1 weigh+ #cj p\nds1 f :i* rises a v]tical /em1 o1 ^u :i* is a rod at "r angles1 support+ a mirror1 ,h1 on "o end1 & at ! o!r a metallic ball1 ,i1 z a c\nt]act+ weight to t ( ! mirror4 ,! magnetic b> is susp5d$ by a small wire1 fa/5$ to ! v]tical /em1 & at ! top is w\nd r\nd ! spiral ( ! screw1 i1 :i* turns 9 ! /&>ds1 h & h1 ^u ! plat=m1 ,a1 & :i* is secur$ to ! ceil+4 ,9 ! /&>ds1 h1 !re is cut a female screw1 ( ! same gradation z t ^u :i* ! wire is w\nd4 ,by ?is means1 ! magnetic b> may be rais$ or let d[n1 by turn+ ! screw1 )\t tak+ ! b> f its c5tral position 9 ! multipli]3 g is a screw = fa/5+ ! spiral %aft1 :5 prop]ly adju/$4 ,p & ,n are ! two ends ( ! wire ( ! multipli]4 ,g is a /& = support+ ! spy-glass1 ,d1 & also ! case1 ,e1 into :i* slides ! scale1 ,f4 ,! mirror1 ,h1 is at "r angles ) ! magnetic b>1 & pres5ts its face to ! spy-glass1 ,d1 z also to ! scale at ,e4 ,x is s adju/$1 t ! reflection ( ! scale at ,e1 f ! mirror1 may be di/9ctly se5 by ! spy-glass4 ,if ! magnetic b> turns ei!r to ! "r or left1 ! mirror mu/ move ) x1 & if a p]son is obs]v+ x ?r\gh ! spy-glass1 ! scale w appe> to move at ! same "t1 !reby pres5t+ to ! eye ( ! obs]v] ano!r "p ( ! scale ?an t se5 :5 ! b> is n deflect$4 ,! figures on ! scale w %[ 9 :at direction ! b> has turn$1 & ?us r5d] x di/9ct to ! obs]v]1 ! only app>5t object ( ! mirror1 spy-glass & scale4 ,= ! purpose ( g5]at+ ! galvanic fluid1 !y use ! magneto electric ma*9e4 ,_! plan1 be+ unwieldy & difficult to op]ate1 is omitt$1 & 9 its /ead1 we introduce t =m ( x1 inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,page1 :i* has already be5 describ$ 9 figures #de1 #df & #dg4 ,!re is also requir$ = ! purpose ( mak+ ! desir$ deflections ( ! magnetic b>1 a commutator1 or pole *ang]1 su* z we h describ$ 9 figures #dh1 #di & #ej4 ,figure #ea repres5ts t portion ( ! app>atus at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! magneto electric ma*9e1 & ! pole *ang]1 prop]ly connect$1 are ! in/rum5ts ( ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,two wires1 or "o wire & ! gr\nd1 =m ! circuit betwe5 ^! two /ations4 ,! ma*9e is put 9 op]ation by turn+ ! crank1 & ! p]son s5d+ ! intellig5ce is /ation$ at ! commutator1 & directs ! curr5t ?r\gh ! ext5d$ wires to ! multipli] ( ! receiv+ /ation1 s z to deflect ! b> to ! "r or left1 9 any succession he may *oose1 or susp5d its action = any l5g? ( "t4 8,b 9 ! app>atus = obs]vation1 ! obs]v] looks into ! spy-glass1 & writes up ! k9d & results ( ! v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le4 ,9 ord] to h a control ( ! record]1 let !re be a good numb] ( spy-glasses direct$ t[>ds ! same mirror1 9 :i* obs]v]s may wat* indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,suppose t five v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le signifies a lett]4 ,l d5otes a v>iation to ! left1 & ,r to ! "r4 ,!n1 might r r r r r d5ote ,a2 r r r r l d5ote ,b2 r r r l r d5ote ,c2 r r l r r d5ote ,d2 & s on4 ,9 ! :ole1 we obta91 by ! diff]5t arrangem5ts ( ! five1 :i* are made ) ! two lett]s1 ,r & ,l1 #cb diff]5t telegraphic signs1 :i* may answ] = lett]s & numb]s1 & ( :i* we c select ^? :]e ! mo/ *anges are introduc$ betwe5 r & l1 z ! mo/ common lett]s1 9 ord]1 9 ! be/ possible mann]1 to notice ! con/ant v>iations ( ! magnetic ne$le40 ,! foll[+ w\ld be ! alphabetical signs1 z arrang$ f ! above directions3 ,a r r r r r ,i or ,y l l r l l ,r r r r l l ,b r r r r l ,k l r r r l ,s or ,z r r l r l ,c r r r l r ,l r l r r r ,t l l r l r ,d r r l r r ,m r r l l l ,u r l l l r ,e r l r l r ,n l l l l l ,v l r r l l ,f l r r r r ,o l r l l l ,w l l l l r ,g or ,j l r l r r ,p l r l r l ,h r l r r l ,q l l r r r ,num]als4 #a r l l l l #f r l l r r #b r r l l r #g l l l r l #c r l r l l #h l l r r l #d r l l r l #i l r r l r #e l l l r r #j l r l l r ,x w be se51 t1 by repres5t+ ! lett]s & num]als ) ^! v>i\sly comb9$ deflections ( ! ne$le1 words & s5t5ces may be transmitt$4 ,at ! end ( ea* lett] !re is a susp5sion ( ! action ( ! b> = a %ort "t1 & at ! end ( a ^w1 a /ill long] pause4 ,?is plan ( an electric telegraph 0 tri$ = a di/ance ( "o mile & a qu>t]1 9 ,gtt+54 ,( its fur!r success1 we are n in=m$4 ,exp]im5t ( ,messrs4 ,taqu9 ,ettieyhaus54#bh 8,messrs4 ,taqu9 & ,ettieyhaus5 made exp]im5ts ) a telegraphic l9e ov] two /reets 9 ,vi5na1 #ahcf4 ,! wires pass$ ?r\gh ! air & "u ! gr\nd ( ! ,botanic g>d540 ,no o!r acc\nt appe>s to h be5 giv5 ( _! exp]im5ts ?an t quot$ above4 #bh ,f ! ,polyte*nic ,c5tral ,j\rnal1 #ahch4 ,electro ,magnetic ,pr9t+ ,telegraph1 inv5t$ by ,alfr$ ,vail1 ,septemb]1 #ahcg4 ,soon aft] my connection ) ,pr(essor ,morse z cop>tn]1 & at ! "t ,i 0 con/ruct+ an in/rum5t = exhibit+ ! advantages ( 8 telegraph to a committee ( ,congress1 x occurr$ to me1 t a plan might be devis$1 by means ( :i* ! lett]s ( ! alphabet c\ld be employ$ 9 record+ telegraphic messages4 ,i imm$iately gave x my att5tion1 & produc$ ! foll[+ plan3 ,figure #eb repres5ts a front & side view ( ! in/rum5t4 ,figure #ee is a top view4 ,figure #ef is a back view4 ,! same p>ts are repres5t$ by ! same lett]s 9 ! ?ree views4 ,9 figure #eb1 ,q1 ,q is ! plat=m ^u :i* ! :ole in/rum5t is plac$4 ,m & ,m are wood5 blocks support+ p>ts ( ! in/rum5t1 ,k is ! helix ( ! s(t iron b>1 ,h1 pass+ ?r\gh its c5tre1 & !re is ano!r coil & b> directly beh9d ?is2 ! two mak+ ! electro magnet4 ,g is its armature1 fa/5$ to ! lev]1 ,f1 ,f1 :i* has its axis at ,i1 7se5 9 figure #ee1 at ,x1 ,x47 ,r is a brass /&>d = support+ ! lev]1 ,f1 ^u its axis1 by means ( two pivot screws3 a & a are two screws pass+ v]tically1 ?r\gh ! /&>d1 ,r1 = limit+ ! motion ( ! lev]1 ,f1 ,f4 ,j is a spiral spr+1 at its upp] end1 fa/5$ to ! lev]1 ,f1 & at its l[] end passes ?r\gh ! screw1 ,l1 by :i* x is adju/$1 s z to )draw ! armature f ! magnet1 aft] x has ceas$ to attract1 & = o!r purposes1 h]eaft] to be expla9$4 ,n & ,o is a brass frame1 conta9+ ! type :eel1 ,b1 & ! pulley1 ,e & ,u4 ,p & ,p repres5t ! edge ( a n>r[ /rip ( pap]1 pass+ betwe5 ! type :eel & pulley1 ,e4 ,d is ! pr9t]1 :i*1 at ! bottom1 =ms a jo9t ) ! end ( ! lev] ,f & r4 ,b repres5ts tw5ty-f\r metallic p9s1 or spr+s1 project+ at "r angles f ! side ( ! type :eel2 ea* p9 correspond+ 9 its di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! type :eel1 to its respective hole1 repres5t$ by dots ^u1 ! index1 ,c2 s t if ! p9 is put 9 any "o ( ! holes1 ! type :eel1 9 its revolution1 w br+ its correspond+ p9 9 contact ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,!re are #bd holes correspond+ to ! foll[+ lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ,q1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 ,u1 ,v1 ,w1 ,x1 & ! types are lett]$ accord+ly4 ,! cog :eels1 ,t & ,s1 are a "p ( ! tra9 ( ! clock4 ,! lev]1 ,f1 ,f1 has two motions1 "o up & ano!r d[n1 & bo? are employ$ by an atta*m5t at ! end ( ! lev]1 r1 & 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 figures #ec & #ed repres5t a front & end view ( ! roll]1 ,e1 & pr9t]1 ,d1 7figure #eb17 enl>g$4 ,d is ! pr9t]1 figure #ec1 ( ! =m %[n by ,d1 7figure #ed47 ,e is ! roll] ov] :i* ! pap]1 ,p1 is c>ri$4 ,a is ! front ( ! type hav+ e>s1 h1 h1 project+ f ea* side4 ,?r\gh ! sides ( ! pr9t]1 ,d1 ,d1 a rod1 ,u1 passes1 9 ord] to give m firmness to ! frame4 ,! rod projects a little on ea* side ( ! frame at ,j1 ,j4 ,^! projections slide 9 a long groove 9 ! frames1 ,n & ,o1 figure #eb1 by :i* ! pr9t] is kept 9 its position1 & all[$ freely to move up & d[n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! upp] p>ts ( ! frame1 ,d1 ,d1 ext5ds ov] ! top ( ! roll]1 ,e1 & ne>ly t\* ea* o!r1 b are s f> sep>at$1 z to let ! type1 ,a1 ( ! type :eel1 9 its revolution1 freely pass betwe5 !m3 d1 d1 are ! sides ( ! jo9t1 :i* are connect$ ) ! lev]1 ,f1 fig4 #eb4 ,f ! con/ruction ( ?is "p1 x w appe> t if ! pr9t]1 ,d1 is br\ght d[n by ! action ( ! magnet ^u ! lev]1 ! two projections1 k1 k1 w come 9 contact ) ! e>s1 h1 h1 & br+ ! type 9 contact ) ! pap] ^u ! roll]1 ,e1 & produce an impression4 ,9 figure #ed is %[n a rat*et :eel1 i1 on ! end ( ! roll]1 ,e1 a cat*1 e1 & spr+1 c1 adapt$ to ! rat*et4 ,^u ! release ( ! lev]1 ,f1 fig4 #eb1 ! spr+1 ,j1 w c>ry d[n ! lev] on t side ( its axis1 & up at r1 :i* w cause ! roll]1 ,e1 to turn1 & consequ5tly ! pap]1 ,p1 to advance s mu* by ! action ( ! cat*1 e1 ^u ! rat*et :eel1 z w be suffici5t = pr9t+ ! next lett]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,,fig4 #ed4 ,figure #ee repres5ts a top view ( ! ma*9e4 ,s is ! b>rel ^u :i* is w\nd a cord1 su/a9+ a weight :i* drives ! clock tra91 & ^u ! same %aft ) x is a cog :eel driv+ ! p9ion1 m1 on ! %aft1 ,t2 & on ! same %aft1 ,t1 is ano!r cog :eel1 driv+ ! p9ion1 n1 ( ! type :eel %aft1 ,i4 ,k & ,k1 are ! helices ( ! l>ge magnet1 ( :i* ,h & ,h are ! s(t iron arms4 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 ,m1 are ! blocks :i* support ! in/rum5t4 ,f & ,f is ! lev]1 a & a its adju/+ screws2 x & x its axis2 k & k are ! two upp] coils ( ! two electro magnets at ! back "p ( ! in/rum5t = purposes h]eaft] to be describ$2 x is ! wire sold]$ to ! plate buri$ 9 ! gr\nd2 p is ! wire proce$+ to ! batt]y2 c is ! connect+ wire ( ! two electro magnets1 k & k2 w is ! support ( ! p5dulum2 v is ! escapem5t :eel2 ,a is ! type :eel2 ,d & ,d is ! pr9t]1 & ,b ! roll] ov] :i* ! pap]1 ,p1 is c>ri$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,figure #ef repres5ts a back view ( ! in/rum5t2 k1 k & k1 k are ! coils ( two electro magnets1 surr\nd+ ! s(t iron b>s1 d1 d & d1 d2 b & b are ! flat b>s ?r\gh :i* d1 d & d1 d pass1 & are fa/5$ toge!r by ! screw nuts c1 c & c1 c4 ,! "r h& electro magnet is fa/5$ to ! blocks1 ,m & ,m1 by ! support1 f & f2 f :i* proce$s a bolt pass+ betwe5 ! coils1 k & k1 & ! block1 h1 ) a ?umb-nut ^u x1 by :i* ! :ole is p]man5tly secur$4 ,9 ! same mann] ! left h& magnet is secur$ to ! block1 ,m4 ,r is ! outside portion ( ! brass frame conta9+ ! clock "w4 ,w is a /&>d fa/5$ to ,r1 = support+ ! p5dulum1 ,y4 ,x1 ,y1 & l are p>ts common to a *ronomet] = measur+ ! "t1 viz4 ! escapem5t & p5dulum4 ,! escapem5t :eel has #bd tee?1 correspond+ 9 numb] ) ! type on ! :eel1 & su* is ! arrangem5t ( ! p>ts1 t :5 ! p5dulum is ^u ! po9t ( return1 ei!r on ! "r or left h&1 a type is directly ov] ! pap]1 & ! armature1 g1 is ne> ! face ( "o or ! o!r ( ! magnets2 s t1 if an impression is to be made ) ! type1 ?us br\ght to ! pap]1 ! p5dulum1 ,y1 is ready to be held by ! magnet at ! same "t f mak+ ano!r sw+ until ! type has p]=m$ its (fice1 :i* w be h]eaft] expla9$4 ,a %[s ! type z !y are arrang$ on ! :eel4 ,! types are squ>e1 & move freely 9 a groove1 cut out ( ! brass type :eel4 ,at #a & #b are se5 flat brass r+s1 :i* are screw$ to ! :eel1 & ov] ! types1 conf9+ !m to _! prop] places4 ,z is a spiral spr+1 ( :i* !re is "o to ea* type1 by means ( :i* ! type is br\ght back to its =m] position1 aft] x is releas$ by ! pr9t]4 ,?r\gh ea* type !re is a p91 aga9/ :i* ! inn] end ( ! spiral spr+ re/s4 ,! out] end ( ! spr+ re/s aga9/ ! circul> plate4 ,w repres5ts ! wire f ! upp] helix1 sold]$ to ! metallic frame1 ,r4 ,! two helices ( ! left h& magnet are jo9$ toge!r1 & f ! bottom helix ! wire proce$s to ! l[] coil ( ! "r h& magnet4 ,^! two helices are likewise connect$1 & ! wire leaves ! upp] coil at x4 ,?us ! wire is cont9u\s f w to x4 ,f x1 ! wire is cont9u$ to a copp] plate1 buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,! frame1 ,r1 be+ brass1 ! arbor ( ! type :eel1 & ! :eel itself1 & ea* be+ 9 metallic contact1 !y answ] z a cont9u\s conductor ) ! wire1 w1 = ! galvanic fluid4 ,! index1 c1 figure #eb1 is insulat$ f ! frame1 ,n1 be+ made ( ivory4 ,!re is ins]t$ 9 ! ivory1 a metal plate1 conta9+ ! holes1 to :i* is sold]$ a wire1 q1 connect$ ) ! back coil1 ,k4 ,! two helices be+ connect$1 ! wire ( ! front helix comes (f at p1 & f !nce is connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y2 f ! o!r pole1 x is ext5d$ to ! di/ant /ation1 & is !re connect$ ) a simil> in/rum5t4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! circuit is cont9u\s1 except betwe5 ! type :eel & ! metal plate 9 ! ivory4 ,:5 nei!r /ation is at "w1 ! batt]ies ( bo? are ?r[n out1 & _! circuits1 reta9+ 9 !m ! magnets ( bo? /ations1 are clos$4 ,= ?is purpose1 !re is an in/rum5t at ea* /ation1 resembl+ 9 "s respects ! pole *ang]1 figures #dh1 #di & #ej4 ,if "o ( ! /ations wi% to transmit by rev]s+ 8 circuit in/rum5ts1 ! batt]y is in/antly br\ght into ! circuit4 ,?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! clock "w & weight1 & ! p5dulum1 bo? in/rum5ts are vibrat+ toge!r1 & _! type :eels are s adju/$1 t :5 ,a type1 ( "o /ation1 is v]tical1 ! ,a type1 ( ! o!r /ation1 is also v]tical4 ,n[1 suppose "o /ation wi%es to transmit to ! o!r1 ! ^w ,bo/on1 = example3 he fir/ br+s 8 batt]y 9 ! circuit1 !n places a metallic p9 9 ! hole ( 8 index1 ,c1 m>k$ = ! lett] ,b4 ,:5 ! type :eel %all h br\ght r\nd ! p91 correspond+ to ! type1 ,b1 on ! :eel1 its p9 w come 9 contact ) ! ins]t$ p9 ( ! index1 & in/antly ! circuit is e/abli%$4 ,! fluid1 pass+ ?r\gh ! coils ( ! magnets1 on ea* side ( ! p5dulum1 w hold x1 & also pass+ ?r\gh ! coils1 ,k1 w br+ d[n ! lev]1 ,f1 ,f1 & ) x1 ! pr9t]1 ,d1 :i*1 z h]et(ore describ$1 9 figures #ec & #ed1 w br+ ! type1 ) consid]able =ce1 aga9/ ! pap]4 ,! in/ant ! two p9s h come 9 contact ) ! mov+ p91 x is tak5 out & put 9 ! hole1 ,o1 :5 ! same op]ation is p]=m$1 & 9 l mann] = ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! ^w4 ,! p9 c be s arrang$1 z to be ?r[n out ! in/ant a complete contact is made4 ,! rapidity ( ?is pr9t+ process w\ld be z foll[s3 ,suppose ! p5dulum makes two vibrations 9 a second2 t is1 x goes f "r to left 9 half a second1 & returns 9 half a second4 ,s9ce1 !n1 a s+le lett] is br\ght to ! v]tical position1 ready to be us$ if ne$$1 at ! end ( ea* vibration1 x is cle>1 t two lett]s are br\ght to ! v]tical position e second1 or #abj1 e m9ute4 ,?is is n1 h[ev]1 ! actual rate ( pr9t+2 =1 9 ! ^w ,bo/on1 ! type :eel1 aft] ,b is pr9t$ ^u ! pap]1 mu/ make s mu* ( a revolution z w br+ ! lett] ,o to ! pap]4 ,?is w require #ab vibrations ( ! p5dulum2 ,s w require #d2 ,t1 #a2 ,o1 #ah1 & ,n1 #bb2 equal to #eg1 to :i* add #f1 ! "t requir$ to pr9t ea* lett]1 w make x #fc4 ,?is1 divid$ by #b1 gives #ca seconds1 ! "t necess>y to pr9t #f lett]s4 ,if we n[ take an ord9>y s5t5ce1 & e/imate1 9 ! same mann]1 ! "t requir$ to pr9t x at ! di/ant /ation1 we %all be able to f9d :at numb] ( lett]s x c pr9t p] m9ute4 8,!re w be a decl>ation ( w> 9 a few days1 by ?is gov]nm5t1 aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ord]s h j be5 receiv$ to h all ! public ar*ives remov$ to ,jalapa1 :i* is sixty miles 9 ! int]ior1 = safe keep+40 ,"h are #ahd lett]s1 & w\ld require #bbff vibrations1 to :i* add #ahd1 ! numb] ( lett]s w\ld give #bdej half seconds1 equal to #abbe seconds1 ! "t requir$ = pr9t+ ! message2 or ov] #bj m9utes2 ! rate be+ six & two-?irds seconds = ea* lett]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a vocabul>y is us$1 ) ! words numb]$1 & in/ead ( us+ ! #bf lett]s ( ! alphabet on ! type :eel1 we sub/itute ! #aj num]als1 9 _! place1 we r$uce ! "t requir$ = a revolution ( ! :eel1 & x is cle> t ?is same message may be transmitt$ 9 mu* less "t4 ,! foll[+ numb]s repres5t ! words ( ! same message1 9 ! numb]$ vocabul>y3 #dhfhg1 #edgag1 #dafe1 #a1 #abahe1 #cdafb1 #edjgh1 #becic1 #a1 #ahieb1 #aaicd1 #fagg1 #dhgff1 #baiej1 #aajf1 #dhfeb1 #eaggi1 #dfecb1 #cddge1 #bbiia1 #bhecf1 #dcba1 #djbed1 #dijhe1 #bbiia1 #acia1 #dhfeb1 #cijhg1 #chde1 #dabgh1 #dijhe1 #bhecf1 #edecf1 #bhffh1 #dejjh1 #cafcd1 #becic1 #dhfeb1 #bgcbf1 #aihfe1 #dbhac1 #bheib4 ,"h are #db numb]s1 & #aif figures4 ,to #aif add #db1 ! spaces requir$1 & we h #bch impressions to make1 to write ! s5t5ce ?us repres5t$4 ,by calculation1 we f9d !re is requir$1 9 ord] to br+ ea* num]al & space 9 its prop] succession1 to ! v]tical position1 #afbd vibrations ( ! p5dulum1 :i*1 at ! rate ( two to ! second1 gives ! "t requir$ to transmit ! message at #hab seconds1 or ne>ly #ac m9utes1 be+ at ! rate ( #ah lett]s p] m9ute4#bi ,if1 h[ev]1 ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum are increas$ at ! rate ( #d 9 a second1 !n ! "t requir$ = ! transmission ( ! message w\ld be almo/ #g m9utes1 & at ! rate ( #cf lett]s p] m9ute4#cj ,if x be increas$ to #f vibrations p] second1 !n ! "t w\ld be #d m9utes1 & at ! rate ( #ee impressions p] m9ute4 #bi ,a day's "w ( a fair compositor 9 sett+ up type is #f1jjj ems1 equival5t to #ab1jjj pieces1 9 t5 h\rs1 or #bj pieces p] m9ute4 ,a v quick & exp]t compositor may set up #aj1jjj 9 ! same "t1 equal to #bj1jjj pieces1 or #cc pieces p] m9ute4 ,"o em is equival5t to ab\t two pieces4 #cj ,! au?or has rec5tly devis$ a new plan = pr9t+ ) type1 9 :i* ! p5dulum movem5t is disp5s$ )1 & ! motion ( ! type :eel is dep5d5t ^u ! control & gov]nm5t ( c]ta9 app>atus at ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,?is controll+ "p is capable ( giv+ to ! type :eel a mo/ rapid movem5t1 & f an e/imate made f "s actual te/s1 ! numb] ( lett]s capable ( be+ pr9t$1 are increas$ mu* beyond ! =m] plan1 tak+ ! message already us$ z an example4 ,/ill he consid]s x inf]ior to t mode1 n[ adopt$ by ,pr(essor ,morse4 ,! modes ( us+ ! ,engli% lett] = record+ telegraphic messages are v>i\s1 & !y may be class$1 z1 ,fir/1 ,^? :i* are rapid 9 transmission2 exp5sive 9 con/ruction1 & complicat$ 9 ma*9]y4 ,second1 ,! less rapid 9 transmission2 economical 9 con/ruction1 & simple 9 its ma*9]y4 ,?ird1 ,! sl[ 9 transmission2 less exp5sive ?an ! fir/ class 9 con/ruction2 b complicat$ 9 its ma*9]y4 ,to ! fir/ class1 belong ^? us+ #bf types2 "o = ea* ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 & #ac ext5d$ wires1 f /ation to /ation1 ) m or less batt]y4 ,^! types are arrang$ 9 a r[1 directly ov] ! pap] :i* receives ! impression1 & consequ5tly require a /rip ( pap] "s #d or #e in*es broad4 ,ea* type is furni%$ ) an electro magnet & lev]1 answ]+ z a hamm] to br+ d[n ! types ^u ! pap]4 ,z ! types are arrang$ 9 a /raight l9e1 !y w\ld pres5t ! foll[+ ord]3 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z - - - - - - - ,p ,r - - - - - ,i - ,n - - ,t - - - - ,i - ,n - - - - - ,g - - - - ,t - ,e - - ,l - - - ,e ,g - - ,r ,a - - ,p ,h ,"h we h ! /yle ( ?is k9d ( pr9t+4 ,by spell+ ! lett]s on ! fir/ l9e1 !n on ! second1 & s on1 ! words 8,pr9t+ ,telegraph0 c be made out4 ,^? lett]s :i* foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! ^w1 & also foll[ ea* o!r 9 ! alphabet1 are plac$ ^u ! same l9e1 b :5 a lett] occurs prec$+ ! la/1 a new l9e mu/ be tak51 o!rwise ! ^w _c be read4 ,x w appe>1 t 9 ?is mode1 sometimes two or ?ree1 or f\r lett]s1 may be pr9t$ at "o & ! same in/ant1 :]e !y succe$ ea* o!r 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,?is plan is extremely rapid = "o in/rum5t1 b extremely sl[ = ?irte5 wires4 ,suppos+ two su* in/rum5ts are us$ ^u a l9e ( #dj miles1 & suppose ! wire to co/ p] mile1 fifty doll>s4 ,! exp5se = wire alone w\ld be #bf1jjj4 ,!re are o!r exp5ses :i* we w omit 9 ?is1 z well z ^? plans :i* w be describ$ h]eaft]4 ,let x be assum$1 9 ord] to make equal comp>ison ?r\gh\t1 t ! numb] ( successive motions ( ! type lev]1 9 ^! v>i\s plans ab\t to be giv51 are #d to a second4 ,b z ?is in/rum5t may make1 ) two or m ( its lev]s1 two or m impressions p] m9ute1 let x be #h in/ead ( #d p] second4 ,x w !n be capable ( transmitt+ #dhj lett]s p] m9ute4 ,) all ?is1 !re are _m disadvantages1 :i* w be develop$ z we proce$4 ,"u ! same class1 !re is ano!r plan1 us+ ! #bf types ^u ! ends ( z _m lev]s1 ea* lev] employ+ ! electro magnet1 & ! l9e consi/+ ( #ac wires4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t ! types are made to /rike 9 any succession requir$ by ! message1 at ! same po9t ^u ! pap]1 fall+ back & resum+ _! fir/ position1 aft] hav+ pr9t$ _! lett]1 9 ord] to all[ ! next type to occupy ! same po9t previ\sly occupi$ by ! o!r4 ,! pr9t+ ( ?is plan w appe> on pap] z ord9>y pr9t+4 ,?us1 ,,pr9t+ ,,telegraph4 ,if we suppose t #d hamm]s1 c>ry+ type1 c /rike ! same po9t 9 a second1 & ea* resume _! orig9al position 9 succession1 ?us pass+ ea* o!r )\t collision1 x may pr9t at ! rate ( #bdj lett]s p] m9ute4#ca ,! in/rum5t w\ld be a complicat$ "o & subject to d]angem5t4 #ca ,mr4 ,vail inv5t$ an in/rum5t ) ?is arrangem5t #af ye>s ago1 = ! purpose ( pr9t+ spee*es z fa/ z deliv]$4 ,to ! second class1 belong all ^? :i* pr9t 9 lett]s ( an hi]oglyphical "*4 ,! fir/ plan is t employ+ "o wire & "o motion4 ,"u ?is head1 is t ( ,pr(4 ,morse's4 ,he employs b "o wire & "o electro magnet = pr9t+1 :i* has b "o motion4 ,suppose ?is to be capable ( op]at+ ) ! same spe$ z ! prec$+1 viz4 f\r motions p] second4 ,! telegraphic alphabet z adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,morse require = ea* lett] ! foll[+ numb] ( motions ( ! type or p5 lev]1 z l9es require "t 9 proportion to _! l5g?1 !y are s e/imat$3 ,a #c1 ,b #e1 ,c #d1 ,d #d1 ,e #a1 ,f #d1 ,g #e1 ,h #d1 ,i #b1 ,j #f1 ,k #e1 ,l #e1 ,m #d1 ,n #c1 ,o #c1 ,p #e1 ,q #e1 ,r #d1 ,s #c1 ,t #b1 ,u #d1 ,v #e1 ,w #e1 ,x #e1 ,y #e1 ,z #e4 ,if we take ! /&>d numb] ( types = ea* lett] con/itut+ x pr9t]'s case1 consid]+ ,z z #b1 we %all h ,a #he1 ,b #af1 ,c #cj1 ,d #dd1 ,e #abj1 ,f #be1 ,g #ag1 ,h #fd1 ,i #hj1 ,j #d1 ,k #h1 ,l #dj1 ,m #cj1 ,n #hj1 ,o #hj1 ,p #ag1 ,q #e1 ,r #fb1 ,s #hj1 ,t #ij1 ,u #cd1 ,v #ab1 ,w #bj1 ,x #d1 ,y #bj1 ,z #b4 ,! :ole numb] ( lett]s are #aagg4 ,! numb] ( motions requir$ to transmit !m w\ld be #cdbj1 to :i* add1 "o motion = ! "t requir$ to space a s+le lett]1 & we h #deig motions1 made 9 pr9t+ #aagg lett]s :i* w make ! av]age numb] ( motions to ea* lett] #c_/1 ne>ly #d4 ,let x be #fj p] m9ute4 ,exp5se = "o wire ( #dj miles1 #bjjj4 ,second plan1 is t :]e two wires are us$1 two magnets1 two type lev]s1 & ! telegraphic *>act]s1 su* z are repres5t$ 9 table #a1 page #cj4 ,! fir/ ?ree lett]s require ?ree motions ea*2 ! next #af1 require #b ea*1 & ! la/ #g1 require #c ea*4 ,tak+ ! #aagg lett]s1 ! motions requir$ to transmit !m 9 ! *>act]s ( ?is alphabet1 w\ld be1 #baie #aagg = spaces & w\ld equal #ccgb1 :i* divid$ by #aagg1 w\ld give ! av]age numb] ( motions at #b_/ = ea* lett]1 ne>ly ?ree or #hj p] m9ute4 ,co/ ( wire #djjj4 ,?ird plan1 is t us+ ?ree wires1 ?ree magnets1 ?ree type lev]s & ! telegraphic *>act]s repres5t$ 9 table second1 page #cj4 ,! sev5 fir/ w\ld require "o motion ea*1 & ! rema9d] two ea*4 ,tak+ #aagg lett]s1 ! motions requir$ to transmit !m1 w\ld be #aiag #aagg = spaces1 & w\ld equal #cjid motions1 :i*1 divid$ by #aagg1 w\ld give ! av]age numb] ( motions #b_/ = ea* lett]1 ne>ly #b1 or #he lett]s p] m9ute4 ,co/ ( wire #fjjj4 ,f\r? plan consi/s 9 us+ f\r wires1 f\r electro magnets1 f\r type lev]s1 & ! telegraphic *>act]s ( ! ?ird table4 ,! fir/ sixte5 lett]s require ! "t ( b "o motion ea*2 ! rema9d]1 two ea*4 ,us+ #aagg lett]s1 ! motions requir$ to transmit !m w\ld be #aejf #aagg = spaces1 & w\ld equal #bfhc1 :i* divid$ by #aagg1 w\ld give ! av]age numb] ( motions #b_/ = ea* lett]1 ne>ly #b1 or #ajc lett]s p] m9ute4 ,co/ ( wire #hjjj4 ,fif? plan1 is t ( us+ five wires1 five electro magnets1 five type lev]s1 & ! telegraphic *>act]s ( ! #d? table4 ,! *>act]s w\ld require "o motion ea*1 equal to #aagg #aagg = spaces1 & w\ld equal #bced1 :i*1 divid$ by #aagg1 w\ld give ! av]age numb] ( motions1 #b = ea* lett]1 or #abj lett]s p] m9ute4 ,co/ ( wire #aj1jjj4 ,we n[ come to ! ?ird class1 9 :i* #bf types are us$1 arrang$ ^u ! p]iph]y ( a :eel1 9 alphabetical ord]1 & require to be br\ght to "o c]ta9 po9t1 :]e ! pap] is ready to receive ! impression ( ! type1 by ano!r arrangem5t1 di/9ct f ! type :eel & its ma*9]y4 ,( ?is plan1 is t :i* has be5 already describ$ 9 figures #eb1 #ee & #ef4 ,! e/imate is !re c>ri$ out1 at #d motions p] second1 gives #cf lett]s p] m9ute4 ,co/ ( wire #bjjj4 ,! foll[+ table w %[ ! comp>ative value ( ^! v>i\s me?ods3 ,lett]s p] ,co/4 ,numb] ( ,on ,morse's ,no4 m9ute4 wires4 plan4 #a/ ,class4 #a/ plan1 #dhj #bf1jjj #ac #ghj #a #b;d 8 #bdj #bf1jjj #ac #ghj #b #b;d ,class4 #a/ plan1 #fj #b1jjj #a #fj #c #b;d 8 #hj #d1jjj #b #abj #d #c;d 8 #he #f1jjj #c #ahj #e #d? 8 #ajc #h1jjj #d #bdj #f #e? 8 #abj #aj1jjj #e #cjj #g #c;d ,class4 #a/ plan1 #cg #b1jjj #a #fj #h ,we f9d by comp>ison t ,morse's plan1 ,no4 #c1 ( us+ a s+le wire1 ) a s+le in/rum5t1 produces #fj *>act]s p] m9ute2 :ile ,no4 #a1 ) #ac wires1 & "o in/rum5t1 produces #dhj *>act]s p] m9ute4 ,let1 h[ev]1 ! #ac wires be multipli$ by #fj1 7! numb] ( *>act]s :i* a s+le in/rum5t ( ! plan1 ,no4 #c1 c transmit17 ! numb] ( *>act]s :i* #ac wires1 ) #ac in/rum5ts w\ld !n produce1 are #ghj or #cjj m ?an ! s+le in/rum5t1 ) #ac wires4 ,! same comp>isons may be made ) ! o!r plans1 & x w be f\nd t no advantage c be ga9$ by _! adoption4 ,all electro magnetic telegraphs require z _! basis1 ! adoption ( ! electro magnet1 :]e record+ ! intellig5ce is an object1 & x w\ld seem1 mu/ be appli$ 9 a mann] equival5t to t mode adopt$ by ,pr(4 ,morse2 t is1 ! application ( ! armature to a lev]1 & its s+le movem5t produc$ by clos+ & break+ ! circuit4 ,x is1 !re=e1 safe to assume1 t :atev] improvem5t 9 "o plan may be made to increase ! rapidity ( ! movem5ts ( ^? p>ts ( ! telegraph :i* belong to ! electro magnet1 are equally applicable to any o!r plan1 provid$ too mu* complication1 already exi/+1 does n c\nt]act & defeat ! improvem5t4 ,"s plans1 h[ev]1 use an extra ag5t besides ! electro magnet1 :i* is employ$ = measur+ ! "t ( ! revolution ( ! type :eel1 & ! electro magnet is only call$ 91 occasionally1 to make ! impression4 ,9 su* plans ! rapidity ( communication dem&s ! comb9$ action1 alt]nately1 ( bo? magnets4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 increases ! complication1 & mu/ c]ta9ly be consid]$ a dep>ture f o!r m simple arrangem5ts4 ,:atev] w r$uce ! in]tia ( me*anical movem5ts & br+ !m to act ) an approximate velocity1 at lea/ ( ! fluid itself1 w increase ! rapidity ( transmission4 ,! m ! in/rum5t is encumb]$ ) ! sluggi% movem5ts ( mat]ial bodies1 ! less rapid1 inevitably1 mu/ be its op]ation1 ev5 :]e sev]al co-op]at+ ag5ts are assi/+1 9 _! respective sph]es1 to increase ! rapidity ( ! motion4 ,su* is ! case ) ! sev]al k9ds ( lett] pr9t+ telegraphs3 v weighty bodies1 comp>atively speak+1 are set 9 motion1 /opp$1 aga9 set 9 motion1 & along ) ?is irregul> motion1 o!r p>ts p]=m _! functions4 ,!re mu/ be a c\rtesy obs]v$ among !mselves1 or matt]s d n move on z h>moni\sly z c\ld be desir$4 ,?is is n always ! case1 especially :]e "t is ! great "q at issue4 ,all pr9t+ telegraphs :i* use type1 arrang$ ^u ! p]iph]y ( a :eel1 mu/ h1 ( necessity1 ^! sev]al movem5ts1 viz4 ! irregul> revolution ( ! type :eel1 /opp+ & />t+ at e division or lett]2 ! movem5t ( ! ma*9]y1 call$ ! pr9t]2 ! irregul> movem5t ( ! pap]1 at int]vals1 to accommodate itself to ! lett] to be pr9t$2 ! movem5t ( ! ink+ app>atus1 or :at is n an improvem5t 9 cleanl9ess1 pap] ( ! "* us$ by ! manifold lett] writ]4 ,s _m mov+ p>ts1 are s _m imp$+ causes to increas$ rapidity1 & are1 to all int5ts & purposes1 a complication4 ,! requirem5ts ( a p]fect in/rum5t are3 economy ( con/ruction1 simplicity ( arrangem5t1 & me*anical movem5ts1 & rapidity ( transmission4 ,to use "o wire is to r$uce x to ! l[e/1 possible economy4 ,if !re is b "o movem5t1 & t has all ! advantages :i* accuracy ( con/ruction1 simplicity ( arrangem5t & lightness1 c be/[ ^u x1 we might ju/ly inf] t x appe>$ r$uc$ to its simple/ =m4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ by ,pr(essor ,morse has b a s+le movem5t1 & t motion ( a vibratory "*2 is light & susceptible ( ! mo/ delicate /ructure1 by :i* rapidity is insur$2 ! pap] is cont9u\s 9 its movem5t1 & requires no aid f ! magnet to c>ry x4 ,! only object t c be obta9$ by us+ ! ,engli% lett]s1 in/ead ( ! telegraphic lett]s1 is1 t ! "o is 9 common use1 ! o!r is n4 ,! "o is z easily read z ! o!r1 ! advantage !n is fanciful & is only to be indulg$ 9 at ! exp5se ( "t1 & complication ( ma*9]y1 increas+ ! exp5se1 & produc+ _! inevitable accompanim5ts1 liability ( d]angem5t1 c>e ( att5dance1 & loss ( "t4 ,:eat/one's ,electric ,ne$le ,telegraph1 inv5t$ 9 #ahcg4 ,! foll[+ description is tak5 f a pamphlet1 publi%$ by ,t4 ,s4 ,hodson1 #ae ,cross /reet1 ,hallon ,g>d51 ,london1 #ahci1 = ! proprietors4 ,x is unnecess>y to copy ! legal & te*nical wordy mass ( ! specification1 embrac+ fifty-n9e pages ( closely pr9t$ matt] ( octavo size4 ,a full description w be giv51 ) ! accompany+ figures1 s z to enable ! read] fully to compreh5d ,mr4 ,:eat/one's plan4 ,8 arrangem5t requires ! s]vice ( five galvanomet]s1 9 e respect simil>ly con/ruct$ z t describ$ by ! figures #bg1 #bh & #bi4 ,figure #eg is a repres5tation ( 8 dial1 :i* is also a cov]+ to ! case conta9+1 9 ! int]ior1 ! five galvanomet]s & _! wires1 7%[n at ! op5+ 9 ! dial bo>d17 & numb]$1 #a1 #a2 #b1 #b2 #c1 #c2 #d1 #d1 & #e1 #e4 ,! coils ( ! multipli]s are secur$ ) _! ne$les to ! case1 hav+ ea* ext]ior ne$le project+ beyond ! dial1 s z to be expos$ to view4 ,( ! wires f ! coils1 five are repres5t$ z pass+ out ( ! side ( ! case1 on ! left h&1 & are numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ,! o!r five wires pass out on ! "r h&1 & are numb]$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! wires ( ! same numb] z ! galvanomet]1 are ^? :i* belong to x1 & are cont9u\s4 ,?us ! wire #a1 on ! left h&1 proce$s to ! fir/ coil ( galvanomet] #a1 !n to ! second coil1 & !n com+ (f1 passes out ( ! case1 & is numb]$ #a1 on ! "r h&4 ,s ( ! o!r wires1 ?us numb]$4 ,! dial has p]man5tly m>k$ ^u x1 at prop] di/ances & angles1 tw5ty ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 viz4 ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,k1 ,l1 ,m1 ,n1 ,o1 ,p1 ,r1 ,s1 ,t1 ,v1 ,w1 ,y4 ,on ! m>g9 ( ! l[] half ( ! dial are m>k$ ! num]als1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i & #j4 ,! lett]s ,c1 ,j1 ,q1 ,u1 ,x1 ,z1 are n repres5t$ on ! dial1 unless "s six ( ^? already !re are made to su/a9 two *>act]s ea*1 ( :i* ! specification is sil5t4 ,ea* ne$le has two motions2 "o to ! "r1 & ! o!r to ! left4 ,= ! designation ( any ( ! lett]s1 ! deflection ( two ne$les are requir$1 b = ! num]als1 "o ne$le only4 ,! lett] int5d$ to be not$ by ! obs]v]1 is designat$1 9 ! op]ation ( ! telegraph1 by ! jo9t deflection ( two ne$les1 po9t+ by _! conv]g5ce to ! lett]4 ,= example1 ! ne$les1 #a & #d1 cut ea* o!r1 by ! l9es ( _! jo9t deflection1 at ! lett] ,v1 on ! dial1 :i* is ! lett] int5d$ to be obs]v$ at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,9 ! same mann] any o!r lett] ^u ! dial may be select$ = obs]vation4 ,suppose ! fir/ ne$le to be v]tical1 z ! ne$les #b1 #c & #e1 !n ne$le #d be+ only deflect$1 po9ts to ! num]al #d1 z ! numb] design$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4 ,we w n[ proce$ to describe ! arrangem5t ( ! spr+s & buttons ^u ! plat=m1 ,c1 ,c1 figure #eh1 7repres5t+ a top view17 by ! op]ation ( :i*1 any two ne$les may be deflect$ to designate a lett]1 or "o ne$le to designate a num]al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,! numb]s #f1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e1 repres5t keys ( ?9 brass1 & ela/ic1 & are ea* fa/5$ to a wood5 support1 ,d1 ,d1 by means ( two screws4 ,^! keys are cont9u$ "u & project beyond1 ! brass b>1 ,l & ,l1 :i* is support$ by two /&>ds1 ,r & ,r4 ,:5ev] ^! keys are n press$ ^u1 !y are ea* 9 metallic contact ) ! b>1 ,r & ,r4 ,! numb]s #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 c4 repres5t ivory buttons ) a metallic /em b5ea? !m1 pass+ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! spr+1 or key1 & on ! l[] side ( ! spr+ ! /em is enl>g$1 s z to =m a k9d ( hamm]1 design$ to make a metallic contact ) ! two brass b>s1 b5ea? ! spr+s1 & repres5t$ z support$ by ! /&>ds1 ,n & ,n & ,p & ,p4 ,ea* ( ! buttons h a small wire spiral spr+1 to :i* !y are fa/5$1 & ! small spr+ is itself fa/5$ to ! l>g] spr+4 ,o repres5ts ! galvanic batt]y1 ) its poles 9 connection ) ! two metallic b>s1 ,n & ,p4 ,figure #ei repres5ts a side view ( ! key arrangem5t4 ,f is ! plat=m4 ,e ! wood5 support ( ! six keys4 ,h is ! l>g] spr+1 or key1 secur$ to ! support by screws1 h4 ,! spr+ is obs]v$ to project beyond ! metallic cross b>1 ,l1 aft] pass+ b5ea? x4 ,r is ! support ( ! cross b>1 ,l4 ,n & ,o are two ( ! ivory buttons1 ^u _! spiral spr+s1 a & c4 ,bel[ ! button1 ,o1 is a %\ld]1 =m$ at i1 ^u ! /em :i* passes ?r\gh ! spr+1 ,h1 & ano!r %\ld] is =m$ by ! hamm]1 u1 bel[ ! spr+4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t two buttons ( ! same key are nev] us$ at ! same "t4 ,if ! button1 ,o1 is to be press$ d[n1 ! weak] spr+1 c1 w p]mit x to desc5d until ! upp] %\ld] comes 9 contact ) ! l>g] spr+1 ,h1 :5 m pressure is appli$1 & t spr+ is br\ght d[n1 break+ its contact ) ! metallic cross b>1 ,l1 until ! hamm]1 u1 comes 9 contact ) ! metallic plate1 n1 ^u ! support1 ,k1 & z ! plate1 n1 is connect$ ) ,n pole ( ! batt]y1 ! connection is =m$ ) x4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be notic$1 t ! button1 ,n1 n be+ press$ ^u1 w n1 7?\gh x desc5ds ) ! l>g] spr+17 be br\ght 9 contact ) ! o!r plate ^u ! support1 ,j1 & connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! batt]y4 ,to ! end ( ea* spr+1 a wire1 ,s1 is sold]$1 ! purpose ( :i* w be %[n h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4 ,figure #fj repres5ts an end view ( ! key arrangem5t2 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 are ! buttons1 ,m & ,m ! metallic cross b>1 b5ea? :i* are se5 ! ends ( ! six l>g] spr+s1 #f1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e4 ,r & ,r are ! supports ( ! b>1 ,m & ,m4 ,g is ! plat=m4 ,w is ! support ( ! metallic plates1 ) :i* ! hamm]s ( ! little keys1 or buttons1 come 9 contact4 ,s ! wire lead+ to ! batt]y4 ,hav+ %[n ! sev]al p>ts ( ,mr4 ,:eat/one's plan1 we w proce$ to describe ! arrangem5t ( two t]m9i1 z prep>$ = transmitt+ intellig5ce4 ,figure #fa repres5ts ! arrangem5t ( "o /ation1 :i* we may suppose to be ,,padd+ton4 ,figure #fb repres5ts ! plan ( ! o!r /ation1 :i* we w suppose to be ,,sl\gh4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ^! two places is eighte5 miles4 ,9 figure #fa1 x w be se51 t a wire is sold]$ to ! end ( ea* ( ! spr+s #f1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d & #e1 & are respectively connect$ ) ! five wires ( ! dial1 & ! common communicat+ wire1 numb] #f1 :i* does n pass ?r\gh ! dial1 nor is connect$ ) any ( ! galvanomet]s4 ,on ! "r h& side ( ! dial1 ! wires are ext5d$ until !y are %[n z brok54 ,f ?is po9t to ! opposite "o1 figure #fb1 :]e ! wires appe> also z int]rupt$1 we may suppose #ah miles to int]v5e4 ,! wires "h proce$ to ! dial ( ! ,sl\gh /ation1 mak+ _! prop] connections ) _! respective galvanomet]s1 & f !nce are cont9u$ & sold]$ to _! spr+s ( ! key arrangem5t1 ) ! exception ( wire1 numb] #f1 :i* passes direct to ! key1 #f1 )\t go+ ?r\gh ! dial case4 ,9 bo? figures1 is repres5t$ ! batt]y1 ,o1 consi/+ ( six cups4 ,! wire f "o pole ( ! batt]y is connect$ ) ! ,n metallic plate1 ! o!r wire ) ! ,p metallic plate4 ,:ile none ( ! buttons are press$ d[n1 ! batt]y is n 9 action1 & x w also be obs]v$ t ! circuits are all complete4 ,! action ( ! keys1 !n1 is ?is1 by a s+le op]ation to break ! circuit =m$ ) ! cross b>1 ,l1 ,l1 &1 at ! same "t1 br+ into ! circuit1 ! batt]y1 ,o4 ,! foll[+ numb]s1 repres5t+ ! buttons1 are ^? necess>y to be press$ d[n1 9 ord] to signal ! lett]s & num]als on ! dial3 ,lett]s4 ,= ,a1 buttons #aj & #ag4 ,= ,m1 buttons #i & #ab4 8 ,b1 8 #aj 8 #ae4 8 ,n1 8 #aa 8 #ad4 8 ,d1 8 #ab 8 #ag4 8 ,o1 8 #ac 8 #af4 8 ,e1 8 #aj 8 #ac4 8 ,p1 8 #ae 8 #ah4 8 ,f1 8 #ab 8 #ae4 8 ,r1 8 #i 8 #ad4 8 ,g1 8 #ad 8 #ag4 8 ,s1 8 #aa 8 #af4 8 ,h1 8 #aj 8 #aa4 8 ,t1 8 #ac 8 #ah4 8 ,i1 8 #ab 8 #ac4 8 ,v1 8 #i 8 #af4 8 ,k1 8 #ad 8 #ae4 8 ,w1 8 #aa 8 #ah4 8 ,l1 8 #af 8 #ag4 8 ,y1 8 #i 8 #ah4 ,num]als4 ,= #a1 buttons #g & #aj4 ,= #f1 buttons #h & #i4 8 #b1 8 #g 8 #ab4 8 #g1 8 #h 8 #aa4 8 #c1 8 #g 8 #ad4 8 #h1 8 #h 8 #ac4 8 #d1 8 #g 8 #af4 8 #i1 8 #h 8 #ae4 8 #e1 8 #g 8 #ah4 8 #j1 8 #h 8 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4 ,,padd+ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4 ,,sl\gh4 ,! direction ( ! curr5t1 :5 ! lett] ,v is to be signall$1 is ?is3 press+ d[n ! buttons1 #i & #af1 at ! ,padd+ton /ation1 ! fluid leaves ! batt]y1 ,o1 along ! wire to ! cross b>1 ,p2 !n to ! hamm] ( ! button1 #af2 !n to ! spr+1 #d2 !n along wire1 #d1 to ! galvanomet]1 #d1 & ?r\gh x1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( ! ne$le to ! left2 !n along ! ext5d$ wire1 #d1 to ! dial1 & galvanomet]1 #d1 ( ! ,sl\gh /ation1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( t ne$le to ! left2 !n to wire1 #d1 leav+ ! dial1 to key1 #d2 !n to ! cross b>1 ,l & ,l2 & along ! cross b> to key1 #a2 !n to wire1 #a2 !n to galvanomet]1 #a2 & ?r\gh x1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( ! ne$le to ! "r2 !nce x proce$s along ! ext5d$ wire1 #a1 to ! ,padd+ton /ation2 ent]+ ! dial to ! galvanomet]1 #a1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( ! ne$le to ! "r2 !n along wire1 #a1 to ! key1 #a2 !n to button1 #i2 !n to ! cross b>1 ,n1 b5ea?2 & !n to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 ,o4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! ne$les ( bo? /ations1 ?us deflect$1 po9t to ! same lett]1 ,v4 ,9 ,mr4 ,:eat/one's arrangem5t1 b "o p]son c transmit at ! same "t1 al?\gh he uses six ext5d$ wires4 ,"o mu/ wait :ile ! o!r is transmitt+4 ,if a num]al is to be signall$1 x is obvi\s1 t b "o galvanomet] is ne$$4 ,we w1 !re=e1 suppose t ! ne$le1 #a1 is v]tical4 ,let ! buttons1 #g & #af1 be press$ d[n1 at ! ,padd+ton /ation4 ,! curr5t !n leaves ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 ,o1 to ! cross b>1 ,p2 !n to ! key1 #d2 !n along wire1 #d1 to galvanomet]1 #d1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( ! ne$le to ! left2 f !nce to ! ,sl\gh /ation to galvanomet]1 #d1 deflect+ ! l[] half ( ! ne$le to ! left2 !n to wire1 #d2 !n to key1 #d2 !n to ! cross b>1 ,l & ,l1 & along x to key1 #f2 !n to wire1 #f1 & along ! ext5d$ wire to ! ,padd+ton /ation1 to key1 #f2 !n to ! cross b> b5ea? ! button1 #g2 !n to ! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 ,o4 ,! ne$les1 #d & #d1 ( bo? /ations1 are simultane\sly deflect$1 s z to po9t to ! figure1 #d1 on ! m>g9 ( ! dial4 ,9 ?is mann] ! circuits requir$ = ea* lett] & num]al may be trac$ out4 ,n[1 suppose ! message to be s5t f ! ,padd+ton /ation to ! ,sl\gh /ation1 is ?is1 8,,we ,,h ,,met ,,! ,,enemy ,,& ,,!y ,,are ,,ours40 ,! op]ator at ,padd+ton presses d[n ! buttons1 #aa & #ah1 = signaliz+ ^u ! dial ( ! ,sl\gh /ation1 ! lett] ,w4 ,! op]ator !re1 :o is suppos$ to be con/antly on ! wat*1 obs]ves ! two ne$les po9t+ at ,w4 ,he writes x d[n1 or calls x out al\d1 to ano!r1 :o records x1 tak+1 accord+ to a calculation giv5 9 a rec5t acc\nt1 two seconds at lea/ = ea* signal4 ,!n ! buttons1 #aj & #ac1 are press$ d[n1 & ! ne$les are obs]v$ to po9t at ,e2 & s = ! rema9+ lett]s ( ! s5t5ce1 ,u except$1 :i* has no lett] on ! dial4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,mr4 ,:eat/one's plan1 is1 ! employm5t ( six wires = "o indep5d5t l9e ( communication4 ,! use ( five galvanomet]s1 ) _! ne$les1 by ! deflection ( :i*1 #cj lett]s & num]als are po9t$ out4 ,! messages are n record$ by ! in/rum5t itself1 b x is necess>y t a p]son be con/antly obs]v+ ! successive movem5ts ( ! ne$les1 & note !m d[n z !y po9t to ! signal4 ,?is plan 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahcg1 & z ,pr(4 ,:eat/one took out lett]s-pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 #ahdj1 = ?is arrangem5t1 x is a fair inf]5ce1 t at t "t1 ?is 0 8 simple/ & mo/ p]fect me?od4 ,/e9heil's ,electric ,telegraph4 ,description ( ! magneto electrical telegraph1 erect$ betwe5 ,muni* & ,bog5haus51 9 #ahcg1 by ,dr4 ,/e9heil1#cb ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,natural ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,muni*1 tak5 f ! ,annals ( ,electricity1 ,magnetism & ,*emi/ry1 conduct$ by ,william ,/urgeon1 ,london1 ,april1 #ahci4 #cb ,/e9heil 9 ! acc\nt he gives ( 8 own telegraph1 says1 8,gauss m5tions a communication f ,humboldt1 accord+ to :i* ,belanc\rt1 9 #agih1 e/abli%$ a communication betwe5 ,madrid & ,aranjuez1 a di/ance ( #bf miles1 by means ( a wire1 ?r\gh :i* a ,leyd5 j> us$ to be dis*>g$1 :i* 0 int5d$ to be us$ z a telegraphic signal40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4 ,a1 ,a repres5ts a v]tical section1 ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! coil ( copp] wire4 ,c is ! int]ior brass frame1 r\nd :i* ! wire is w\nd4 ,b & ,b are ! sides ( ! frame2 ,i1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i are f\r brass tubes1 sold]$ to ! int]ior brass frame1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! coil to its ext]ior1 ) a screw cut 9 ! end ( ea*2 ,d & ,d are two p]man5t magnets movable on _! axis1 a & b4 ,^! sp9dles1 a & b1 on ea* side ( ! magnets1 pass up ! holl[ ( ! tubes1 & hav+ _! ends po9t$1 ent] ! c5tre cavity ( ! f\r ?umb screws1 ,j1 ,j1 ,j1 ,j1 by :i* !y are support$1 & delicately adju/$1 s z to move easily & freely4 ,l & ,l are ! ends ( ! wire leav+ ! coil4 ,h & ,k are two ink hold]s1 atta*$ to ! magnets1 :i* w be expla9$ h]eaft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4 ,figure #fd repres5ts a horizontal section ( ! coil1 & magnets ,d & ,d1 z above describ$1 toge!r ) ! o!r arrangem5ts ( ! in/rum5t = receiv+ intellig5ce4 ,! magnetic b>s are s situat$ 9 ! frame ( ! multipli]1 t ! nor? pole1 ,n1 ( ! "o1 is pres5t$ to ! s\? pole1 ,s1 ( ! o!r4 ,to ! ends :i* are ?us pres5t$ to ea* o!r1 b :i*1 ow+ to ! influ5ce !y mutually ex]t1 _c well be br\ght ne>]1 !re are screw$ on two slight brass arms1 support+ little cups1 ,h & ,k4 ,^! little cups1 :i* are meant to be fill$ ) pr9t+ ink1 are provid$ ) extremely f9e p]=at$ beaks1 t are r\nd$ (f 9 front4 ,:5 pr9t+ ink is put into !m1 x ins9uates itself into ! tube ( _! beaks1 ow+ to capill>y attraction2 & )\t runn+ out1 =ms at _! ap]tures1 a projection ( a semiglobul> %ape4 ,^! little cups are se5 at ,h & ,k1 & 9 figure #fc at ,h & ,k4 ,! horizontal section %[s1 also1 ! position ( ! magnets 9 ! in/rum5t1 ) ! beaks ( ! p5s ne> ! cont9u\s b&1 or ribbon ( pap]1 ,e1 :i* is br\ght 9 front ( ! p5s v]tically f bel[1 ov] a small roll]1 ,f4 ,! pap] is suppli$ f a l>ge roll on a wood5 cyl9d]1 ^u :i* is a cog :eel1 & connect$ ) a tra9 ( :eels & a vane1 to regulate ! rate ( supply4 ,! pap] is drawn along be=e ! p5 by be+ w\nd ^u a cyl9d]1 ,t1 conceal$ by ! pap]1 & on ! same %aft ) ! b>rel1 ,m1 ^u :i* is w\nd a cord support+ a weight1 ,n1 bel[4 ,! %aft is support$ 9 ! /&>ds1 o & o1 :i* are fa/5$ to a plate ( brass1 ,p & ,p1 also secur$ to ! plat=m ( ! in/rum5t4 ,! b>rel revolves 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ^u x4 ,:5 ! electricity is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! coil ( ! indicator1 bo? magnetic b>s1 ,d & ,d1 make an ef=t to turn 9 a simil> direction ^u _! v]tical axis1 a & b4 ,"o ( ! cups ( ink1 !re=e1 advances t[>ds ! pap]1 :ile ! o!r rec$es4 ,to limit ?is action1 two plates1 ,v & ,v1 are fa/5$ at ! opposite ends ( ! free space1 all[$ = ! play ( ! b>s1 & aga9/ :i* ! o!r ends ( ! b>s press4 ,only ! end ( "o b> c1 !re=e1 />t out f )9 ! multipli] at a "t1 ! o!r be+ reta9$ 9 its place4 ,9 ord] to br+ ! magnetic b>s back to _! orig9al position1 z soon z ! deflection is complet$1 rec\rse is _h to two small movable magnets1 a portion ( :i* is se5 at ,n & ,s1 ^: di/ance & position are to be v>i$ till !y produce ! desir$ effect4 ,?is position mu/ be det]m9$ by exp]im5t1 inasmu* z x dep5ds ^u ! int5sity ( ! curr5t call$ into play4 ,hav+ describ$ ! in/rum5t1 its op]ation is z foll[s3 ,at ! transmitt+ /ation is ! pole *ang]1 su* z we h describ$ 9 figures #dh1 #di & #ej1 & ! magneto electric ma*9e su* z is describ$ 9 figures #de1 #df1 & #dg1 & are prop]ly connect$1 & 9 ! circuit ) ! in/rum5t ( ! receiv+ /ation1 su* z we h j describ$4 ,= "o s+le circuit1 "o wire ext5ds f ! transmitt+ to ! receiv+ /ation1 ! return half ( ! circuit is ! e>?4 ,?us ! curr5t passes f ! g5]ator along ! ext5d$ wire to ! receiv+ /ation1 & to ! copp] plate1 !n returns ?r\gh ! gr\nd to ! copp] plate ( ! transmitt+ /ation1 to ! pole *ang] & ! magneto electric ma*9e4 ,?us ! circuit is complete4 ,x is cle>1 f :at has prec$$1 t :5 ! pole *ang] is ?r[n to ! left side1 7! ma*9e be+ 9 op]ation17 ! fluid is made to pass 9 ! direction ( ! arr[s1 %[n at ,p & ,n4 ,!n ! ,n pole ( ! left h& magnet advances ) its p51 ,k1 to ! pap]1 ,e1 & a dot is made1 & ! ,s pole ( ! "r h& magnet rec$es ) its p51 ,h1 f ! pap]1 until ! o!r end ( ! magnet /rikes ! /op1 ,v4 ,n[1 if ! lett] to be =m$1 requires two dots 9 succession f ! same p51 ! circuit is brok51 & ! fix$ magnets1 ,n & ,s1 br+ back ! deflect+ magnets1 ,d & ,d1 to _! =m] position1 :5 ! pole *ang] is aga9 ?r[n to ! left1 & ! magnets are deflect$ 9 ! same mann] z at fir/4 ,?us two dots are m>k$ ^u ! pap]1 on ! "r h& l9e4 ,b1 n[1 let ! pole *ang] be ?r[n to ! "r h& side1 & ! curr5t is rev]s$4 ,! ,n pole ( ! left h& magnet1 ) its p51 ,k1 rec$es f ! pap] until x /rikes ! /op1 ,v1 & ! ,s pole ( ! "r h& magnet1 ) its p51 ,h1 advances to ! pap] & makes its dot ^u x on ! left h& l9e4 ,! pole *ang] is !n in/antly br\ght to ! middle position1 & ! magnets resume _! natural place1 by ! assi/ance ( ! /ation>y magnets1 ,n & ,s4 ,! sign :i* has be5 m>k$ ^u ! pap] dur+ ?is op]ation is & repres5ts #i4 ,! foll[+ repres5ts ,mr4 ,/e9heil's telegraphic alphabet3 ,a ,b ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,,* ,,s* ,i ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,r ,s ,t ,v ,w ,z #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h #i #j ,masson's ,electric ,telegraph4 8,9 #ahcg1 ,m4 ,masson1 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,ca51 made trial ( an electric telegraph1 at ! college ( t city1 = a di/ance ( ab\t #fjj metres4 ,he employ$1 = develop+ ! galvanic curr5t1 an electro magnetic app>atus1 simil>1 on ! contr>y1 to t ( ,mr4 ,pixii1 & made x act on magnetic ne$les plac$ at two ends ( ! circuit4 ,s9ce t "t1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,masson has endeav\r$ to simplify & gradually improve 8 app>atus40#cc #cc ,report ( ! ,academy ( ,indu/ry1 ,p>is1 #ahci4 ,davy's ,ne$le & ,lamp ,telegraph4 ,! foll[+ extracts f ! ,london ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 vol4 #bh1 page #bif & #cbg1 #ahcg1 is all ! description we are able to f9d 9 relation to x3 8,!re is a case1 :i* may s]ve z a desk to use 9 writ+ d[n ! intellig5ce convey$2 & 9 ?is1 !re is an ap]ture ab\t sixte5 in*es long1 & ?ree or f\r wide1 fac+ ! eyes1 p]fectly d>k4 ,on ?is ! signals appe> z lum9\s lett]s1 or comb9ations ( lett]s1 ) a neatness & rapidity almo/ magical4 ,! field ( view is s conf9$1 t ! signals c be easily caught & copi$ d[n )\t ! necessity ev5 ( turn+ ! head4 ,att5tion1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is call$ by ?ree /rokes on a little bell2 ! t]m9ation ( ea* ^w is indicat$ by a s+le /roke4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ difficulty 9 decyph]+ :at is int5d$ to be communicat$40 ,extract f page #cbg4 8,9 front ( ! oblong tr\gh1 or box1 describ$ by y\r correspond5t1 a lamp is plac$1 & t side ( ! box next ! lamp is ( gr\nd glass1 ?r\gh :i* ! light is transmitt$ = ! purpose ( illum9at+ ! lett]s4 ,! oblong box is op5 at ! top1 b a plate ( glass is int]pos$ betwe5 ! lett]s & ! spectator1 ?r\gh :i* ! latt] reads (f ! lett]s z !y are successively expos$ to 8 view4 ,at ! opposite side ( ! room1 a small key bo>d is plac$1 7simil> to t ( a piano =te1 b small]17 furni%$ ) twelve keys2 eight ( ^! h ea* ?ree lett]s ( ! alphabet on _! upp] surfaces1 m>k$ ,a1 ,b1 ,c2 ,d1 ,e1 ,f2 & s on4 ,by depress+ ^! keys 9 v>i\s ways1 ! signals or lett]s are produc$ at ! opposite desk1 z previ\sly describ$1 h[ ?is is affect$ is n describ$ by ! inv5tor1 z he intimat$ t ! con/ruction ( c]ta9 p>ts ( ! app>atus mu/ rema9 ,,secret4 ,by ! side ( ! key bo>d1 !re is plac$ a small galvanic batt]y1 f :i* proce$s ! wire1 #be y>ds 9 l5g?1 pass+ r\nd ! room4 ,along ?is wire ! %ock is pass$1 & op]ates ^u t "p ( ! app>atus :i* discloses ! lett]s or signals4 ,! %ock is di/ribut$ z foll[s3 ,! und]side ( ! signal keys are ea* furni%$ ) a small project+ piece ( wire1 :i*1 on depress+ ! keys1 is made to ent] a small vessel1 fill$ ) m]cury1 plac$ "u ! out] ends ( ! r[ ( keys2 a %ock is in/antly communicat$ along ! wire1 & a lett]1 or signal1 is z in/antly disclos$ 9 ! oblong box4 ,by att5tively look+ at ! effect produc$1 x appe>$ z if a d>k slide 7 )drawn1 !reby disclos+ ! illum9at$ lett]4 ,a slight vibration ( ! 7app>5t7 slide1 occasionally obscur+ ! lett]1 indicat$ a great delicacy ( action 9 ?is "p ( ! contrivance1 & al?\gh n di/9ctly po9t$ out by ! inv5tor1 is to be acc\nt$ = 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 :5 ! two ends ( ! wire ( ! galvanic app>atus are br\ght toge!r1 ov] a compass ne$le1 ! position ( ! ne$le is imm$iately turn$1 at "r angles1 to its =m] position2 & aga91 if ! ne$le is plac$ ) ! nor? po9t s\?w>d1 & ! ends ( ! wire aga9 br\ght ov] x1 ! ne$le is aga9 =c$ r\nd to a position at "r angles to its orig9al "o4 ,?us1 x w\ld appe>1 t ! slide or cov] ov] ! lett]s1 is pois$ simil>ly to ! common ne$le1 & t by ! depression ( ! keys1 a %ock is giv5 9 su* a way z to cause a motion f "r to left1 & vice v]sa1 disclos+ ^? lett]s1 imm$iately1 "u ! ne$le s op]at$ ^u40 ,alex&]'s ,electric ,telegraph1 f ! 7,scotsm57 ,me*anic's ,magaz9e1 ,nov4 #ahcg4 8,a model to illu/rate ! nature & p[]s ( ?is ma*9e 0 exhibit$ on ,w$nesday ev5+ at ! ,society ( ,arts 9 ,ed9burgh4 ,! model consi/s ( a wood5 *e/1 ab\t five feet long1 ?ree feet wide1 ?ree feet deep at ! "o end1 & "o foot at ! o!r4 ,! wid? & dep? 9 ?is model are ^? :i* w\ld probably be f\nd suitable 9 a work+ ma*9e1 b x w be und]/ood t ! l5g? 9 ! ma*9e may be a hundr$ or a ?\s& miles1 & is limit$ to five feet 9 ! model1 m]ely = conv5i5ce4 ,?irty copp] wires ext5d f end to end ( ! *e/1 & are kept ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,at "o end 7:i*1 = di/9ction's sake1 we %all call ! s\? end7 !y are fa/5$ to a horizontal l9e ( wood5 keys1 precisely simil> to ^? ( a piano =te2 at ! o!r1 or nor? end1 !y t]m9ate close to ?irty small ap]tures1 equally di/ribut$ 9 six r[s ( five ea*1 ov] a scre5 ( ?ree feet squ>e1 :i* =ms ! end ( ! *e/4 ,"u ^! ap]tures on ! outside1 are pa9t$1 9 black pa9t1 ^u a :ite gr\nd1 ! tw5ty-six lett]s ( ! alphabet1 ) ! necess>y po9ts1 ! colon1 semicolon1 & full po9t1 & an a/]isk1 to d5ote ! t]m9ation ( a ^w4 ,! lett]s occupy spaces ab\t an in* squ>e4 ,! wood5 keys1 at ! o!r end1 h also ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 pa9t$ on !m 9 ! usual ord]4 ,! wires s]ve m]ely = communication1 & we %all n[ describe ! app>atus by :i* !y "w4 ,?is consi/s1 at ! s\? end1 ( a pair ( plates1 z9c & copp]1 =m+ a galvanic tr\gh1 plac$ "u ! keys2 & at ! nor? end1 ( ?irty /eel magnets1 ab\t f\r in*es long1 plac$ close beh9d ! lett]s pa9t$ on ! scre54 ,! magnets move horizontally on axes1 & are pois$ )9 a flat r+ ( copp] wire1 =m$ ( ! ends ( ! communicat+ wires4 ,on _! nor? ends !y c>ry small squ>e bits ( black pap]1 :i* project 9 front ( ! scre51 & s]ve z op]cula1 or cov]s1 to conceal ! lett]s4 ,:5 any wire is put 9 communication ) ! tr\gh at ! s\? end1 ! galvanic influ5ce is in/antly transmitt$ to ! nor? end2 & 9 accordance ) ! well kn[n law1 discov]$ by ,o]/$1 ! magnet at ! end ( t wire in/antly turns r\nd to ! "r or left1 be>+ ) x ! op]culum ( black pap]1 & unveil+ a lett]4 ,:5 ! key1 ,a1 = in/ance1 is press$ d[n ) ! f+] at ! s\? end1 ! wire atta*$ to x is imm$iately put 9 communication ) ! tr\gh2 & at ! same in/ant1 lett] ,a1 at ! nor? end is unveil$1 by ! magnet turn+ to ! "r1 & )draw+ ! op]culum4 ,:5 ! f+] is remov$ f ! key1 x spr+s back to its place2 ! communication ) ! tr\gh ceases2 ! magnet resumes its position1 & ! lett] is aga9 cov]$4 ,?us by press+ d[n ) ! f+]1 9 succession1 ! keys correspond+ to any ^w or "n1 we h ! lett]s =m+ t ^w1 or "n1 exhibit$ at ! o!r end2 ! "n ,,victoria1 = in/ance1 :i* 0 ! maid5 ef=t ( ! telegraph on ,w$nesday ev5+40 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4 ,! above description is all t we h be5 able to obta9 9 relation to ?is plan ( an electric telegraph & "h introduce1 figure #fe1 to illu/rate x4 ,! #cj ne$les are repres5t$ on ! scre51 ea* c>ry+ a %ade1 :i* conceals ! lett] :5 ! ne$le is v]tical4 ,! ne$le belong+ to ! lett] ,f1 is1 h[ev]1 deflect$1 & ! lett] is expos$4 ,! scre5 is suppos$ to be at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,to ! left h& ( ! scre51 #cj wires1 e1 e1 are se5 jo9$ to "o1 a2 ! o!r #cj wires1 d1 d1 are se5 bel[ ! scre54 ,^! wires may be suppos$ to ext5d _m miles1 & to be jo9$ ) _! correspond+ wires1 c1 & also v1 v1 ( ! transmitt+ /ation1 :]e x w be obs]v$1 ! wire1 c1 connects ) ! batt]y at "o pole1 & f ! o!r pole a wire is cont9u$ & sold]$ to ! metallic plate1 o1 o1 :i* ext5d "u all ! #cj keys1 i1 i4 ,^! keys are ea* insulat$1 at _! extremity1 by be+ fa/5$ to a wood5 /&>d1 ,l1 ,l1 to :i* a wire is sold]$4 ,n[1 suppose ! key1 ,f1 is press$ d[n1 7! six? key f ! left17 ! fluid !n passes f ! batt]y1 ,b1 ?r\gh ! wire to o1 ! plate2 !n to ! key 9 contact ) x2 !n to its wire1 m>k$ by ! arr[2 !nce ?r\gh ! ext5d$ wire to its correspond+ wire at ! receiv+ /ation1 d5ot$ by ! arr[2 !n ?r\gh ! coils ( ! multipli]1 deflect+ ! ne$le1 ,f2 !n returns ?r\gh its wire1 at ! left1 to ! common wire1 a2 !n ?r\gh ! ext5d$ wire to ,c1 & ! batt]y1 ( ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,9 ?is mann] any lett] ^u ! scre5 may be indicat$4 ,extract f ! ,report ( ! ,academy ( ,indu/ry1 9 ref]5ce to a sugge/ion ( ,m4 ,amyot ( an ,electric ,telegraph4 8,m4 ,amyot ann\nc$1 9 a lett] address$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 9 ,april1 #ahch1 t he also propos$ to con/ruct an electric telegraph4 ,x 0 to consi/ ( a s+le curr5t1 :i* w\ld move a s+le ne$le1 :i* ne$le w\ld ( itself write on pap]1 ) ma!matical precision1 ! correspond5ce :i* might be transmitt$ to ! o!r extremity1 by a simple :eel on :i* x %\ld be writt5 by means ( po9ts1 diff]5tly spac$1 ! same z !y are on ! b>rels ( portable organs4 ,9 ord] to s5d any news !n1 he requir$ to write1 by means ( movable *>act]s1 :i* mu/ be con/ruct$ 9 a c]ta9 mann]1 & imm$iately x w\ld be repeat$ & transcrib$ at ! place :]e he wi%$ to address x1 on pap]1 :i* c\ld be put into ! h&s ( p]sons specially employ$ to transmit despat*es4 ,b all t me?od ( execution1 :i* x seems ought to move is clock "w1 n hav+ be5 suffici5tly describ$ by ! au?or1 ! mo/ vague unc]ta9ty yet reigns z to ! true con/ruction ( t app>atus1 :i* appe>s to u to h be5 = ,m4 ,amyot1 r ! occasion1 ?an ! end1 ( ?is communication2 = inde$ he attempt$ to make ! possibility admitt$ ( e/abli%+ a univ]sal telegraphic language ( 8 inv5tion40 ,edw>d ,davy's ,electric ,telegraph4#cd ,! foll[+ description ( ,mr4 ,davy's telegraph is tak5 f 8 specification & draw+s1 publi%$ 9 ! ,rep]tory ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions4 ,al?\gh ! specification has giv5 ! basis ( 8 plan1 yet ! description conta9$ !re91 & ! draw+s repres5t+ 8 plan1 are s obscure & defici5t1 t to h giv5 x to ! public 9 t =m1 w\ld h repres5t$ x z p]fectly impracticable4 ,he has fail$ to /ate ! numb] ( signals :i* x is capable ( giv+4 ,he has committ$ great errors 9 ! arrangem5t ( 8 wires = produc+ signals4 ,he has introduc$ two keys1 :i* produce ! same signals z two o!rs 9 ! same arrangem5t4 ,he has employ$ ?ree ext5d$ wires = communicat+ f "o /ation to ano!r /ation1 & by 8 arrangem5t ( !m1 c\ld n h obta9$ m ?an f\r signals4 ,he has also v obscurely describ$ 8 escapem5t1 by :i* 8 m>k+ cyl9d] is made to advance "o division at a "t = receiv+ ! signals4 ,?is latt] difficulty1 h[ev]1 we h be5 enabl$ to cle> up1 by a description ( x 9 a "w publi%$ by ,mr4 ,ba94 ,not)/&+ ! imp]fections & obscurities ( 8 specification & draw+s1 we h endeav\r$ to c>ry out 8 plan1 & give x a practical %ape1 p]haps1 z ,mr4 ,davy orig9ally design$ x4 #cd ,f ! ,rep]tory ( ,pat5t ,inv5tions1 ,no4 lxvii4 ,new ,s]ies1 ,london1 ,july1 #ahci4--,seal$1 ,july #d?1 #ahhh4 ,z x is n[ describ$1 !re are #bf signals1 or m>ks1 indicat+ lett]s4 ,! employm5t ( f\r wires in/ead ( ?ree1 or if ,mr4 ,davy *ooses to use = ! common communicat+ wire ! gr\nd1 :i* is p]fectly practicable1 x w r$uce ! numb] to ?ree1 ! numb] he has specifi$4 ,we h introduc$ "o key m1 & s arrang$ ! two sup]flu\s keys z to make !m available4 ,) ?is prelim9>y1 we w proce$ ) ! description4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,figure #ff repres5ts a top view ( ! arrangem5t ( ! wires1 m]cury cups1 & batt]ies ( ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,! close p>allel l9es repres5t ! wires1 ( :i* ,d1 ,a1 ,b & ,c are ^? :i* proce$ to ! receiv+ /ation4 #a1 #b & #c are ! ?ree batt]ies1 ( :i*1 ,p & ,n are _! respective poles4 ,! small circles =m$ at ! t]m9ation ( ! wires1 & m>k$ #g1 #a1 #aj1 #b1 #bj1 c4 are m]cury cups1 9 :i* ! t]m9at+ wires are imm]s$4 ,! wires #a & #bj1 & #b & #aj1 c4 :i* cross ea* o!r1 are n 9 contact1 b p]fectly insulat$4 ,! wires %[n 9 ?is figure1 are all secur$ p]man5tly1 ) _! m]cury cups1 to "o common base bo>d4 ,! lett]s ,h1 ,j1 ,k1 ,m1 ,o & ,u repres5t ! places ( ! six f+] keys1 us$ 9 transmitt+ signals4 ,!re is1 also1 ano!r key at #g1 = unit+ ! wire1 ,d & ,d4 ,9 ?is figure1 h[ev]1 ! keys !mselves are omitt$1 9 ord] to r5d] m cle> ! arrangem5t ( wires "u & ar\nd !m4 ,ano!r figure1 #fg1 is "h introduc$ to illu/rate ! plan ( "o set ( wires & _! two keys4 ,9 figure #fg is repres5t$1 9 a top view1 ! two wood5 keys1 ,a & ,b1 & _! axes1 at ,e & ,f4 ,g is ! batt]y1 ( :i*1 #i is ! positive pole1 & #aj ! negative pole4 ,! small circles1 m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g & #h repres5t ! m]cury cups4 ,c & ,c1 & also1 ,d1 are ! ext5d$ wires4 ,! keys1 ,a & ,b1 h ea* two wires1 pass+ at "r angles ?r\gh ! wood5 lev]4 ,! wires ( ! key1 ,a1 are m>k$ #a & #b1 & #e & #f1 & ^? ( ! key1 ,b1 are m>k$ #c & #d1 & #g & #h4 ,^! wires1 directly ov] ! m]cury cups1 are b5t d[n a conv5i5t l5g?1 s z to become imm]s$ 9 ! cups1 :5 ! lev] is depress$1 & rise out ( !m1 :5 ! lev] is elevat$4 ,n[1 if ! key1 ,a1 is depress$1 ! cup1 #a1 is br\ght 9 connection ) cup #b2 & #e is connect$ ) #f1 by ! wires1 support$ by ! lev]1 be+ imm]s$ 9 ! m]cury2 & ! key1 ,b1 n be+ depress$1 !re is no connection ( ! cup #c ) #d2 or #g ) #h4 ,at ,x & ,x1 "u ! lev]1 are spr+s1 :i* keep ! lev] elevat$2 &1 consequ5tly1 ! wires out ( ! cups1 :5 ! keys are n press$ d[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4 ,figure #fh repres5ts a side view ( ! lev]1 or key1 ,a1 & its axis at ,e4 ,r is ! plat=m support+ ! /&>d ( ! axis2 ! /ation>y wires2 ! batt]y1 ,g2 & ! m]cury cups1 a1 a & #aj4 ,x is ! spiral spr+1 = ! purpose ( c>ry+ back ! lev]1 aft] ! f+] is tak5 (f & su/a9+ x 9 its elevat$ position4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! spiral1 passes a rod1 ) a head ^u x at ! top ( ! lev]1 to limit its upw>d motion4 ,at its l[] end1 ! rod is secur$ 9 ! plat=m1 ,r4 #d & #h are ! two wires support$ by ! lev]1 ,a1 & are se5 to project d[n directly ov] ! m]cury cups1 a & a1 s t by depress+ ! key1 !y bo? ent] ! cups & =m a metallic connection4 ,! key1 ,b1 figure #fg1 has ! same fixtures & is simil>ly arrang$ z ! key1 ,a1 repres5t$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4 ,figure #fi repres5ts a top view ( die arrangem5t ( multipli]s at ! receiv+ /ation4 ,r1 ,r & ,r2 ,r1 ,r1 & ,r are six magnetic ne$les1 or b>s1 ea* ( :i* move freely ^u a v]tical axis pass+ ?r\gh _! c5tres4 ,! l[] po9t ( _! axes is imm]s$ 9 cups ( m]cury1 9 :i* also t]m9ate ! wires1 ,i1 ,i1 ,i & ,l1 ,l1 ,l4 ,! wires1 ,d1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 are ^? com+ f ! transmitt+ /ation4 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 ea* ent] ! ne$le arrangem5t1 & fir/ pass+ f left to "r1 ov] ! magnetic b>s1 ,r1 ,r & ,r1 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 !n d[n & "u & r\nd1 mak+ _m turns1 leave ^! ?ree ne$les & pass "u ! ne$les1 ,r1 ,r & ,r1 & 9 l mann] f "r to left r\nd !m1 mak+ a numb] ( turns1 !n pass (f & unite toge!r1 9 ! wire1 #i1 :i* is a cont9uation ( ,d4 ,?is wire is call$ ! common communicat+ wire1#ce & ! wires1 ,a1 ,b & ,c are call$ signal wires4 ,at "r angles1 !re projects f ea* magnetic b>1 a metallic tap]$ arm1 :i* re/s aga9/ ! /uds1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 ,v1 :5 ! ne$le is undi/urb$4 ,b :5 ! ne$les are made to move 9 ! direction1 to c>ry ! arms to ! left1 !y are br\ght 9 contact ) ! metallic /ops1 ,s1 ,s1 ,s & ,t1 ,t1 ,t4 ,to ea* ( ^! /ops1 x w be obs]v$1 a wire is sold]$1 & cont9u$ respectively f ,s1 ,s1 ,s to #a1 #c1 #e1 & f ,t1 ,t1 ,t to #b1 #d1 #f4 ,x w also be obs]v$1 t f ea* ( ! m]cury cups bel[ ! magnetic b>s1 ! wires1 ,i & ,l1 & ,i & ,l1 & ,i & ,l1 proce$ & unite 9 pairs at1 ,l1 ,l1 ,l2 ^! ?ree unit$ wires are !n cont9u$1 & ! :ole are jo9$ 9 "o at #h4 ,! wires1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 are cont9u$1 9 a mann] h]eaft] to be describ$1 & are connect$ ) "o pole ( a batt]y4 ,! wire1 #h1 is also cont9u$ & connect$ ) ! o!r pole4 ,s t if any "o ( ! ne$les %\ld be made to move its arm to ! left1 !reby com+ 9 contact ) its metallic /op1 ! circuit w\ld be complete & ! curr5t w\ld pass along ! wire1 #a1 = example1 to ! metallic /op1 !n to ! arm1 & to ! magnetic b>2 !n to ! axis2 !n to ! m]cury2 !n to ! wire1 ,i1 & !nce to ! wire1 #h4 ,9 ! same mann] ! curr5t w\ld pass if any o!r arm 0 br\ght aga9/ its metallic /op4 ,all ! wires repres5t$ 9 ?is figure are p]man5tly secur$ 9 _! places ^u a common plat=m4 #ce ,a1 ,b & ,c are also1 occasionally1 common communicat+ wires4 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! comb9$ op]ation ( ! keys & ne$les1 figure #gj is "h introduc$4 ,! "r h& figure1 is ! same z figure #fi1 & ! left h& ! same z figure #ff4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,transmitt+ ,"p ( ,receiv+ ,/ation4 ,/ation4 ,! wires1 ,d1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 are deta*$ f _! correspond+ wires ( ! transmitt+ /ation1 & x may be imag9$ t _m miles ( wire int]v5e & connect ! two4 ,9 ! left h& figure1 ^? m]cury cups above & bel[1 #a & #aj1 are jo9$ by two wires pass+ ?r\gh a mov+ lev]1 9 ! same mann] z has be5 describ$ 9 figure #fg4 ,we w1 !re=e1 call ! key1 c>ry+ ^! two connect+ wires1 ,h4 ,9 l mann] ! key = ! cups above & bel[ ! numb]s1 #b & #bj1 is call$ ,j2 = #c & #cj1 is ,k2 = #d & #dj1 is ,m2 = #e & #ej is ,o2 = #f & #fj1 is ,u4 ,! key :i* connects ! two m]cury cups on ! "r & left ( numb] #g1 ( ! wire1 ,d1 is call$ #g4 ,!re are #g keys2 two = ea* batt]y1 #a1 #b & #c1 & ea* wire1 ,a1 ,b & ,c2 & "o = ! common wire1 ,d4 ,x w n[ appe>1 t if ! key1 ,u & #g1 are depress$1 ! cups above & bel[1 numb]s #f & #fj2 & ! cups on ea* side ( numb] #g1 w be connect$ toge!r s t ! curr5t leav+1 ,p1 or ! positive pole ( ! batt]y1 #c1 goes to ! l[] cup1 #ej2 !n by ! /ation>y cross wire to upp] cup1 #f2 !n passes to l[] cup1 #f1 by ! wire support$ by ! lev]1 ,u1 :i* is n[ press$ d[n1 & its ends imm]s$ 9 ! two cups2 !n along ! wire1 ,d1 to ! left h& cup1 #g2 !n to ! "r h& cup1 #g1 by ! wire support$ by ! lev]1 #g1 & :i* is imm]s$ 9 ! two cups2 !n ?r\gh ! ext5d$ wire to ,d1 ( ! receiv+ /ation2 !n ?r\gh #i1 to ! two multiply+ coils ( ! wire1 ,c1 deflect+ ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 to ! "r1 aga9/ ! /op1 ,v2 & ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 to ! left aga9/ ! metallic /op1 ,s1 z indicat$ by ! arr[ at ,s2 !n along ! ext5d$ wire1 back to ! l[] cup1 #fj1 ( ! transmitt+ /ation2 !n to upp] cup1 #fj1 ?r\gh ! wire support$ by ! lev]1 ,u2 !n to ,n1 ! negative pole ( ! batt]y1 #c4 ,x w be obs]v$ ( ! two ne$les1 ,r & ,r1 9 ! circuit ( ! same wire1 ,c1 t if ,r is deflect$ to ! "r aga9/ ! /op1 ,v1 !n ,r w be deflect$ to ! left aga9/ ! metallic /op1 ,s4 ,! curr5t1 to produce ^! deflections1 be+ ?r\gh ! wire ,c1 9 ! contr>y direction to t indicat$ by ! arr[ ( ! wire1 ,c4 ,b if ,r is deflect$ to ! left aga9/ ! metallic /op1 ,t1 !n ,r w be deflect$ to ! "r aga9/ ! /op1 ,v4 ,! curr5t to produce ^! deflections1 w !n be ?r\gh ! wire1 ,c1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ ( t wire4 ,! same effect is produc$ ^u ! two o!r pairs ( ne$les ( ! wires1 ,a & also ,b4 ,^! contr>y movem5ts ( ! two ne$les1 :5 a curr5t is pass+1 are produc$ by ! coils be+ s w\nd1 7see figure #fi17 t ! wire passes r\nd "o ne$le 9 a contr>y direction to :at x does r\nd ! o!r4 ,if1 n[1 we depress ! keys1 ,o & #g1 ! cups above & bel[1 #e & #ej1 & on ea* side ( numb] #g1 w be connect$4 ,! fluid w !n pass f ,p or positive pole ( ! batt]y1 #c1 to ! l[] cup1 #ej2 !n ?r\gh ! key wire to upp] cup1 #ej2 !n along ! ext5d$ wire1 ,c to ! receiv+ /ation2 !n ?r\gh ! coils ( ! multipli]s1 deflect+ ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 to ! left aga9/ ! metallic /op1 ,t2 & ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 to ! "r aga9/ ! /op1 ,v1 z indicat$ by ! arr[ at ,v2 !n to wire1 #i & ,d2 !n along ! ext5d$ wire back to ! transmitt+ /ation1 to ! "r h& cup1 #g2 !n by ! key wire to ! left h& cup1 #g2 !n to wire1 ,d2 !n to upp] cup1 #e2 & ?r\gh ! key wire to l[] cup1 #e2 !n by ! cross wire to upp] cup1 #fj1 & !n to ,n1 or negative pole ( ! batt]y4 ,we h n[ %[n ! r\te ( ! curr5t1 :5 ! keys1 ,u & #g2 & ! keys1 ,o & #g1 7 depress$4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t :5 ! keys1 ,u & #g 7 us$1 ! curr5t ?r\gh ! wire1 ,d1 0 f left to "r2 & :5 ! keys1 ,o & #g1 7 us$1 ! curr5t 0 f "r to left4 ,?us1 by means ( ! six keys1 ! curr5t ( ea* batt]y may be made to pass 9 ei!r direction ?r\gh ! common communicat+ wire1 ,d4 ,by ! keys1 ,u1 ,m1 ,j1 ) #g1 ! curr5t is made to pass f left to "r along ! wire1 ,d4 ,by ! keys1 ,o1 ,k1 ,h1 ) #g1 ! curr5t is made to pass f "r to left along ! wire1 ,d4 ,by ^! six keys1 all ^? v>i\s deflections ( ! six ne$les are produc$1 :i* are necess>y to close ! circuit ( su* ( ! wires1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ) ! wire1 #h1 z are requir$ = m>k+ ! signals desir$1 on an in/rum5t n[ to be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4 ,figure #ga repres5ts a top view ( t "p ( ! in/rum5t at ! receiv+ /ation1 by :i* ! signals are record$4 ,! sev5 wires on ! left ( ! figure are a cont9uation ( ^? wires1 m>k$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 & #h1 9 figure #gj4 ,! fir/ six pass ?r\gh a wood5 support1 b & b1 & t]m9ate ^u ! edge ( ! plat9um r+s1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a & a1 =m+ a metallic contact4 ,! six plat9um r+s surr\nd a wood5 insulat+ cyl9d]1 t1 :i* revolves ^u axes 9 ! /&>ds1 h & i4 ,! r+s are broad :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! wood5 roll]1 & are bevell$ to an edge :]e !y come 9 contact ) ! six wires4 ,y repres5ts a comp\nd batt]y1 ) "o pole ( :i*1 wire #h1 f ! ne$le arrangem5t1 figure #gj1 is connect$1 & f ! o!r pole ! wire proce$s to ! electro magnet1 ,z1 ,z2 x !n passes on & is br\ght 9 connection ) ! metallic cyl9d]1 d1 at ! po9t1 g4 ,! cyl9d]1 d1 revolves ^u axes1 & is support$ 9 ! /&>ds1 k & l4 ,to ! cyl9d] is atta*$ a b>rel1 n1 ^u :i* is w\nd a cord1 support+ ! weight1 e1 by :i* ! cyl9d] is made to revolve4 ,c1 ,c1 repres5ts a prep>$ fabric1 su* z calico1 7impregnat$ ) hydriodate ( potass & muriate ( lime17 & is plac$ betwe5 ! plat9um r+s1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 a1 & ! metallic cyl9d]1 d2 o is a cog :eel ^u ! end ( ! axis ( ! cyl9d]1 d1 & is connect$ ) o!r ma*9]y1 omitt$ "h1 b %[n 9 figure #gb1 :i* is a side elevation ( "p ( figure #ga3 o is ! cog :eel1 7figure #gb17 on ! arbor ( ! cyl9d]1 d4 ,b & ,b1 are ! two sides ( ! frame conta9+ ! clock "w1 & is secur$ to ! plat=m1 ,r3 d is a "p only ( ! metallic cyl9d]1 ^u :i* is se5 a portion ( ! prep>$ fabric1 ,k4 ,! cog :eel1 o1 drives ! p9ion1 ,a1 on ! %aft ( ! fly vane1 ,g4 ,m is an end view ( ! electro magnet1 7repres5t$ by ,z1 ,z1 9 figure #ga17 ( :i* ,n & ,p are ! two ends ( ! wire compos+ ! helix4 ,d is its armature1 con/ruct$ s z to move ^u an axis repres5t$ by two small circles4 ,to ! armature are connect$1 & capable ( mov+ ) x1 two arms1 ,e & ,i1 :i* project1 s z to come 9 contact ) ! pallet1 a1 ( ! fly1 ,g4 ,f is a spiral spr+1 "o end ( :i* is fa/5$ to ! armature1 ,d1 & ! o!r passes ?r\gh a v]tical hole 9 ! screw1 ,s1 9 ! b>1 ,t1 by :i* ! armature is held up 9 ! position n[ se51 :5 n attract$ by ! electro magnet4 ,n[1 if ! wires1 ,n & ,p1 connect$ ) batt]y1 ,y1 7figure #ga17 h _! circuit clos$1 ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ! helix ( ! magnet1 ,m1 br+s d[n ! armature1 ,d1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 :i* raises ! arm1 ,i1 aga9/ :i* ! pallet1 a1 ( ! fly vane1 is re/+1 & releases ! fly4 ,x !n makes a half revolution & is aga9 arre/$ by ! pallet aga9/ ! l[] arm1 ,e1 & ! cyl9d]1 d1 ) its fabric1 has advanc$ a half division4 ,if ! circuit is n[ brok51 ! armature1 ,d1 is c>ri$ up by ! spr+1 ,f1 at ! same "t ! arm1 ,e1 releases ! pallet1 a1 & ! fly makes ano!r half revolution1 & is aga9 /opp$ by ! arm1 ,i4 ,! cyl9d] has n[ made ano!r advance ( half a division1 :i*1 toge!r1 makes a :ole division ! fabric has advanc$4 ,! purposes = :i* ?is is design$ w n[ be describ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4 ,figure #gc repres5ts a top view ( ! :ole app>atus ( ! receiv+ /ation4 ,! fabric1 ,c1 ,c1 is m>k$ 9 equal divisions across x1 & 9 six equal divisions1 9 ! directions ( its l5g?1 ?us m>k+ x into squ>es4 ,ea* plat9um r+1 a1 a1 a1 c4 7:5 ! in/rum5t is n 9 op]ation17 is 9 contact ) ! fabric at ! middle ( ! squ>es across ! fabric4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! wires #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f are 9 connection ) ! batt]y1 ,y1 & ! circuit complete1 except at ! arms ( ! ne$les4 ,suppose1 = example1 ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 ( ! wire1 ,c1 is br\ght up aga9/ ! /op ( ! wire1 #e1 at ,s2 ! circuit is !n clos$1 & ! curr5t leaves ! batt]y1 & passes to ! electro magnet1 7caus+ ! cyl9d] & fabric to move half a division17 !n to ! metallic cyl9d]1 d2 !n ?r\gh ! fabric1 c1 c1 re/+ ^u ! cyl9d]1 7:]e x is 9 contact ) ! plat9um r+1 a1 ( ! wire1 #e17 !n to ! plat9um r+2 !n to wire #e2 !n to ! metallic /op1 ,s2 !n to ! arm ( ! ne$le1 ,r1 along its axis to ! m]cury2 !n to ! wire1 ,i2 !n to wire1 #h1 & to ! o!r pole ( ! batt]y1 ,y4 ,?us a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! prep>$ fabric1 & a m>k produc$ !reon1 9 ! middle ( its squ>e4 ,if ! circuit is n[ brok51 ! cyl9d] moves ano!r half division1 :i* w br+ ! r+s to ! c5tre ( ! squ>es1 ready = ! next signal4 ,b "o batt]y1 ,y1 is us$ = all ! six circuits1 =m$ ) ! wire1 #h2 s t1 :5 ?ree ( ! circuits are clos$ at ! same in/ant1 z w be %[n h]eaft]1 ! curr5t passes ?r\gh ! ?ree wires ( _! respective circuits1 mak+ ea* _! appropriate m>k ^u ! fabric4 ,we n[ proce$ to describe ! mann] ( op]at+ ) ! two in/rum5ts1 at _! respective /ations3 &1 fir/1 we mu/ "h designate ea* ne$le by its own peculi> m>k ( ref]5ce4 ,let ! two ne$les ^u ! wire1 ,a1 be d5ot$ by1 ,a1 ,s & ,a1 ,t2 ^? ( ! wire1 ,b1 by ,b1 ,s & ,b1 ,t2 & ^? ( ! wire1 ,c1 by ,c1 ,s & ,c1 ,t4 ,x w appe> obvi\s1 f ! =ego+ description1 t b "o ne$le ( ea* wire1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 c be made to close its circuit at ! same in/ant4 ,h[ev]1 two ne$les1 or ?ree ne$les ( diff]5t wires1 may close _! circuits at ! same in/ant1 b no high] numb] ?an ?ree4 ,! v>i\s comb9ations ( "o m>k1 two m>ks1 & ?ree m>ks1 ^u ! same r[ ( six cross divisions ( ! fabric1 con/itute ! *>act]s repres5t+ lett]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,,london4--,transmitt+ ,/ation4 ,figure #gd repres5ts ! transmitt+ /ation1 :i* may be suppos$ to be ,london1 & figure #ge1 ! receiv+ /ation1 :i* may be at ,birm+ham1 ) f\r wires ext5d+ f /ation to /ation1 or ?ree only1 if ! gr\nd be sub/itut$ = ! wire1 ,d1 ,d4 ,! wires1 ,d1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 are suppos$ to be unit$ ) ,d1 ,a1 ,b & ,c1 respectively4 ,n[1 if we depress ! keys1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 we %all1 = ea* key1 h ! foll[+ deflections ( ! two ne$les1 belong+ to ea* key4 ,no4 #a4 ,! keys1 ,h1 #g1 moves ! arm1 ,a1 ,s1 to ! "r1 ,a1 ,t1 to ! left4 8 ,j1 #g1 8 ,a1 ,s1 8 left1 ,a1 ,t1 8 "r4 8 ,k1 #g1 8 ,b1 ,s1 8 "r1 ,b1 ,t1 8 left4 8 ,m1 #g1 8 ,b1 ,s1 8 left1 ,b1 ,t1 8 "r4 8 ,o1 #g1 8 ,c1 ,s1 8 "r1 ,c1 ,t1 8 left4 8 ,u1 #g1 8 ,c1 ,s1 8 left1 ,c1 ,t1 8 "r4 ,^! are all ! v>i\s deflections :i* x is possible to give ! six ne$les4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 :i* deflect to ! "r1 n clos+ ! circuit1 produce no effect1 & are ( no acc\nt4 ,we w1 !re=e1 omit !m1 & simply give ! table1 ?us3 ,no4 #b4 ,! keys1 ,h1 #g1 move ! arm ,a1 ,t1 to ! left4 ,no4 #a4 8 ,j1 #g1 8 ,a1 ,s1 8 8 #b4 8 ,k1 #g1 8 ,b1 ,t1 8 8 #c4 8 ,m1 #g1 8 ,b1 ,s1 8 8 #d4 8 ,o1 #g1 8 ,c1 ,t1 8 8 #e4 8 ,u1 #g1 8 ,c1 ,s1 8 8 #f4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,,birm+ham4--,receiv+ ,/ation4 ,9 ! foll[+ table1 ! fir/ column repres5ts ! keys1 :i* :5 depress$1 produce a deflection ( ! ne$les1 7repres5t$ 9 ! columns1 second1 ?ird & f\r?17 by means ( _! batt]ies1 & ?us clos+ ! circuit ( ! wires1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 by :i* ! fluid1 is made to pass ?r\gh ! prep>$ fabric1 & m>k ^u its space1 or spaces1 numb]$ #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e & #f1 9 ! fif? column4 ,9 ! six? column are ! lett]s :i* ! m>ks ^u ! fabric are int5d$ to repres5t4 ,keys4 ,ne$les4 ,ne$les4 ,ne$les4 ,spaces on ,fabric4 ,lett]s4 ,h1 #g1 ,a1 ,t1 - - #a1 ,a4 ,j1 #g1 ,a1 ,s1 - - #b1 ,b4 ,k1 #g1 ,b1 ,t1 - - #c1 ,c4 ,m1 #g1 ,b1 ,s1 - - #d1 ,d4 ,o1 #g1 ,c1 ,t1 - - #e1 ,e4 ,u1 #g1 ,c1 ,s1 - - #f1 ,f4 ,h1 ,k1 #g1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,t1 - #a1 #c1 ,g4 ,j1 ,m1 #g1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,s1 - #b1 #d1 ,h4 ,k1 ,o1 #g1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,t1 - #c1 #e1 ,i4 ,m1 ,u1 #g1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,s1 - #d1 #f1 ,j4 ,h1 ,o1 #g1 ,a1 ,t1 ,c1 ,t1 - #a1 #e1 ,k4 ,j1 ,u1 #g1 ,a1 ,s1 ,c1 ,s1 - #b1 #f1 ,l4 ,h1 ,m1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,s1 - #a1 #d1 ,m4 ,j1 ,k1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,t1 - #b1 #c1 ,n4 ,k1 ,u1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,s1 - #c1 #f1 ,o4 ,m1 ,o1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,t1 - #d1 #e1 ,p4 ,h1 ,u1 ,a1 ,t1 ,c1 ,s1 - #a1 #f1 ,q4 ,j1 ,o1 ,a1 ,s1 ,c1 ,t1 - #b1 #e1 ,r4 ,h1 ,k1 ,o1 #g1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,t1 #a1 #c1 #e1 ,s4 ,j1 ,m1 ,u1 #g1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,s1 #b1 #d1 #f1 ,t4 ,h1 ,k1 ,u1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,s1 #a1 #c1 #f1 ,u4 ,j1 ,m1 ,o1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,t1 #b1 #d1 #e1 ,v4 ,h1 ,m1 ,u1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,s1 #a1 #d1 #f1 ,w4 ,j1 ,k1 ,u1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,s1 #b1 #c1 #f1 ,x4 ,h1 ,m1 ,o1 ,a1 ,t1 ,b1 ,s1 ,c1 ,t1 #a1 #d1 #e1 ,y4 ,j1 ,k1 ,o1 ,a1 ,s1 ,b1 ,t1 ,c1 ,t1 #b1 #c1 #e1 ,z4 ,telegraphic ,lett]s4 #a #b #c #d #e #f ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ,u ,v ,w ,x ,y ,z ,! above repres5ts ! telegraphic *>act]s m>k$ ^u ! prep>$ fabric4 ,! spaces are numb]$ f ! top4 ,! fir/ six ( ! telegraphic lett]s require ea* a signal wire1 & ! common wire1 ,d1 ) "o batt]y4 ,! next six require ea* two signal wires1 ) two batt]ies1 ^: jo9t curr5ts pass 9 ! same direction on ! common wire1 ,d4 ,! next six require ea* two signal wires only1 ) two batt]ies1 jo9$ toge!r s z to =m a comp\nd batt]y4 ,! negative pole ( "o1 connect$ ) ! positive pole ( ! o!r4 ,! next two require ea* ?ree signal wires1 ) ?ree batt]ies1 ^: jo9t curr5ts pass 9 ! same direction along ! common wire1 ,d4 ,! next six require ea*1 ?ree signal wires only1 ) ?ree batt]ies4 ,"o ( ! signal wires ) its batt]y is us$ z a common wire = ! o!r two4 ,h5ce ! curr5t ( ! two batt]ies ( ! two signal wires unite 9 "o1 & are connect$ ) ! batt]y ( ! common wire z a comp\nd batt]y4 ,) :at rapidity ^! lett]s may be =m$1 does n appe>1 or to :at ext5t ! plan has be5 c>ri$ out4 ,ba9's ,pr9t+ ,telegraph4 ,! foll[+ description ( ,mr4 ,ba9's plan ( :at he calls an electro magnetic pr9t+ telegraph1 is tak5 f a "w entitl$1 8,an acc\nt ( "s rem>kable applications ( ! electric fluid to ! useful arts1 by ,alex&] ,ba94 ,edit$ by ,john ,f9laison1 ,esq4 ,london1 #ahdc40 ,x appe>s f ?is "w t ,mr4 ,ba9's plan 0 inv5t$ 9 #ahdj1 & ! foll[+ c]tificate is giv5 9 ref]5ce to ! date ( its fir/ op]ation4 ,,p]ceival ,,/reet1 ,,cl]k5well1 ,aug4 #bh1 #ahdb4 ,,de> ,,sir--,9 ref]5ce to y\r application1 ,i recollect visit+ y at y\r ap>tm5ts 9 ,wigmore /reet1 e>ly 9 ,july1 #ahdj1 :5 y %[$ me ! model ( y\r electro magnetic pr9t+ telegraph1 ) :i* y pr9t$ my "n at ! "t4 ,y also %[$ me a model ( y\r electro magnetic clock1 & expla9$ to me ! pr9ciples & utility ( !m4 ,i rema91 de> sir1 y\rs1 respectfully1 ,,rob]t ,c4 ,,p9k]ton4 ,to ,,mr4 ,,alex&] ,,ba94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,,portsm\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,,london4 ,figures #gf & #gg exhibit ! arrangem5ts ( ,mr4 ,ba9's telegraph4 ,bo? figures are ! same1 repres5t+ "o z be+ at ,portsm\?1 & ! o!r at ,london4 ,! same lett]s w ref] to ei!r in/rum5t3 d1 i & h1 repres5t ! signal dials1 insulat$ f ! ma*9e4 ,x is a h& or po9t]4 ,! small dots repres5t twelve holes 9 ! dial1 correspond+ ) ! twelve signals1 & two blanks1 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #j4 ,u is a simil> hole ov] ! />t+ po9t ( ! h&1 ,x4 ,r is a coil ( wire1 freely susp5d$ on c5tres4 ,k & ,k1 is a comp\nd p]man5t magnet1 plac$ )9 ! coil1 & immovably fix$ ^u ! frame ( ! ma*9e4 ,j & ,j are sections ( simil> p]man5t magnets4 ,s is a spiral spr+1 7& !re is ano!r on ! opposite side17 :i* conveys ! electric curr5t to ! wire coil1 & at ! same "t leaves ! coil free to move 9 ob$i5ce to ! magnetic influ5ce4 ,s long z ! electricity is pass+1 ! wire coil cont9ues to be deflect$1 b ! in/ant ! electric curr5t is brok51 ! spr+s1 ,s1 br+ back ! coil to its natural position4#cf ,l is an arm fix$ to1 & c>ri$ by ! wire coil1 ,r & ,r1 to /op ! rotation ( ! ma*9]y4 ,b is a ma9 spr+ b>rel1 act+ on ! tra9 ( :eels1 ,g1 ,h & ,i1 :i* communicate motion to ! gov]nor1 ,w1 & ! h&1 ,x4 ,on ! arbor ( ! :eel1 ,h1 is fix$ a type :eel1 ,c1 at a little di/ance f ! pap] cyl9d]1 ,a1 on :i* ! messages are to be impr9t$4 ,p is a second ma9 spr+ b>rel1 ) its tra9 ( :eels1 ,m1 ,o4 ,q1 is a fly1 or vane4 ,on ! arbor ( ! :eel1 o1 !re is a crank1 ,v1 & two pallets1 a & b1 :i* prev5t ! tra9 ( :eels f rotat+1 by com+ 9 contact ) ! lev]1 ,z4 ,:5 ! telegraph is n at "w1 a curr5t ( electricity is con/antly pass+ f ! ,portsm\? plate1 buri$ 9 ! gr\nd1 ?r\gh ! moi/ure ( ! e>?1 to ! plate 9 ! gr\nd at ! ,london /ation4 ,f ! copp] plate ( t /ation ! electric curr5t passes up ?r\gh ! freely susp5d$ multiply+ coil1 ,r & ,r1 7:i* x deflects to ! horizontal position17 into ! ma*9]y1 & !nce to ! dial1 by means ( a metal p91 ins]t$ 9 ! hole1 ,u2 f ! dial x passes by a s+le insulat$ conduct+ wire1 #a1 susp5d$ 9 ! air1 back to ! fir/ ma*9e2 trav]s+ :i*1 x passes ?r\gh ! freely susp5d$ multipli$ coil1 ,r & ,r1 :i* x deflects1 also1 to ! horizontal position to ! plate f :5ce x />t$1 & ?us completes ! circuit4 #cf ,mr4 ,ba9 means1 by ! deflect$ position ( ! coil1 7:5 ! curr5t is pass+17 its horizontal position1 z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,its natural position1 7:5 ! curr5t is brok517 is ! elevation ( ! left h& end ( ! coil1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 c>ri$ up by ! p[] ( ! spr+1 at ! c5tre ( ! coil4 ,?is action ( ! spr+ is ov]come1 :5 ! curr5t is pass+1 to su* a degree1 z to br+ ! coil to ! horizontal position z repres5t$ 9 ! figure4 8,:5 a communication is to be transmitt$ f ei!r end ( ! l9e 7"o /ation only be+ able to transmit at a "t17 ! op]ator draws out ! metal p9 f ! hole1 ,u1 9 ! dial ( 8 ma*9e2 ! electric circuit is !n brok51 & ! ends ( ! multiply+ coils1 ,r & ,r1 at bo? /ations are c>ri$ upw>ds1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 by ! =ce ( ! spiral spr+s4 ,! arms1 ,l1 atta*$ to ! two coils1 mov+ to ! "r1 release ! lev]1 ,y1 :i* leaves ! ma*9]y free to rotate1 & z ! mov+ & regulat+ p[]s are ! same at bo? places1#cg ! ma*9es g accurately toge!r2 t is1 ! h&s ( bo? ma*9es pass ov] simil> signals at ! same in/ant ( "t1 & simil> types are cont9ually br\ght opposite to ! pr9t+ cyl9d]s at ! same mom5t4 ,an inspection ( ! :eel "w w %[1 t ?is movem5t w h caus$ ! gov]nor1 ,w1 to make sev]al revolutions1 & ! div]g5ce ( ! balls1 9 ob$i5ce to c5trifugal =ce1 w h rais$ "o end ( ! lev]1 ,z1 & depress$ ! o!r1 :i* all[s ! pallet1 a1 to escape2 b ! rotation ( ! arbor is /ill oppos$ by contact ) ! second pallet1 b4 ,! op]ator hav+ ins]t$ ! metal p9 9 ! hole1 "u ! signal :i* he wi%es to communicate1 ! mom5t ! h& ( ! dial comes 9 contact ) x1 ! circuit is aga9 complet$1 & bo? ma*9es are /opp$ in/antly4 ,! gov]nor balls1 collaps+1 depress ! left h& end ( ! lev]1 ,z1 cle> ! pallet1 b1 & ?is all[s ! crank sp9dle1 ,v1 to make "o revolution4 #cg ,x is absolutely necess>y to ! c]ta9 & accurate p]=mance ( ! two ma*9es1 t _! movem5ts %\ld be syn*ronical1 or else a diff]5t figure1 or signal1 f t int5d$ by ! op]ator at ! transmitt+ /ation1 may be giv5 at ! receiv+ /ation4 8,! motion ( ! crank by means ( ! crank rod1 ,t1 act+ on ! lev]1 ,e1 presses ! type aga9/ ! pap] cyl9d]1 ,a1 & leaves an impress ^u ! pap]2 at ! same "t1 a spr+1 e1 atta*$ to an arm ( ! lev]1 ,e1 takes into a too? ( ! small rat*et :eel1 ,d1 on ! sp9dle ( ! long p9ion1 ,f1 :i* takes into & drives ! cyl9d] :eel2 s t ! crank app>atus1 go+ back to its =m] position1 aft] impress+ a lett]1 moves ! signal cyl9d] =w>d1 & pres5ts a fre% surface to ! action ( ! next type4 ,z ! cyl9d] moves r\nd1 x has also a spiral motion upw>d1 :i* causes ! message to be pr9t$ 9 a cont9u\s spiral l9e until ! cyl9d] is fill$4#ch ,9 ord] to m>k1 9 a di/9ct & legible mann]1 ! lett]s pr9t$ by ! app>atus1 two ?icknesses ( rib&1 saturat$ ) pr9t+ ink & dy$1 are support$ by two roll]s s z to int]pose betwe5 ! type :eel & ! cyl9d]2 7! roll]s are n %[n 9 ! figure1 to prev5t confusion47 ,if a second copy ( ! message1 ?us simultane\sly pr9t$ at two di/ant places1 is desir$ at ei!r1 a slip ( :ite pap] is plac$ betwe5 ! rib&s to receive ! impr9t at ! same "t z ! cyl9d]40 #ch ,?is contrivance = mov+ ! pap] is exactly simil> to t 9 ,pr(4 ,morse's fir/ model ( 8 telegraph1 made 9 #ahcg1 = ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,figure #gh repres5ts a top view ( ! coil & magnets ( ,mr4 ,ba9's ma*9e4 ,b is ! comp\nd p]man5t magnet1 ) six b>s4 ,n is ! nor? pole1 & ,s ! s\? pole4 ,a1 ,a are ! sides ( ! brass frame conta9+ ! coils2 ,c1 ,c are ! spiral spr+s on ea* side3 a & a is ! axis ( ! coil3 o1 o1 is a "p ( ! frame conta9+ ! clock "w1 7n %[n 9 ?is figure17 support+ "o c5tre ( ! coil1 & ,i & ,i a support = ! o!r c5tre4 ,n & ,p are ! wires1 "o ( :i* is 9 connection ) ! gr\nd1 & ! o!r ) ! ext5d$ wire4 ,:5 ! circuit is clos$1 & ! curr5t f ,p pole ( ! batt]y is 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ above1 & !n ?r\gh ! coil to ! o!r pole1 ,n1 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ bel[2 ! end1 ,d1 ( ! coil1 w be depress$1 & ! end1 ,u1 w rise2 rev]se ! curr5t & ! effect is ! elevation ( ! end1 ,d1 ( ! coil1 & ! depression ( ! end1 ,u4 ,:eat/one's ,rotat+ ,disc ,telegraph1 inv5t$1 #ahda4 ,figure #gi repres5ts t portion ( ! in/rum5t :i* belongs to ! transmitt+ /ation1 ( :i*1 ,k1 is a circul> disc1 ) ! alphabet & num]als1 m>k$ 9 two conc5tric circles ^u x3 a are h&les project+ f its rim1 "o to e lett]1 by means ( :i*1 ! disc is turn$ ^u its axis1 & br\ght to t position1 b1 requir$ = signaliz+ a lett]4 ,o is a side view ( ! disc1 ,k3 t is ! rim ( ! disc1 ) its hold]s3 h is a portion ( ! axis ( ! disc1 %[n z brok5 (f3 c repres5ts a silv] b& surr\nd+ a pulley1 or hub1 ^u ! axis1 & directly beh9d ! disc4 ,^u ! hub are metallic ribs1 b1 p>allel ) its axis1 correspond+ 9 numb] to ! lett]s on ! dial4 ,ea* rib =ms a metallic contact ) ! silv] b&1 c1 & are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by pieces ( ivory1 fa/5$ to ! hub4 ,bo? ! ribs & ivory pieces are made p]fectly smoo? & ev5 ^u _! surface3 e is a metallic spr+ ) a portion ( x press+ aga9/ t portion ( ! hub betwe5 ! silv] b&1 c1 & ! disc1 t1 9 su* a mann] t :5 ! disc is turn$1 ! metallic ribs & ivory pieces %all alt]nately come 9 contact ) x4 ,to ?is spr+ is sold]$ a wire connect$ ) "o pole ( ! batt]y1 g1 & f ! o!r pole proce$s ! wire1 n3 d is ano!r metallic spr+1 simil> to e1 b press+ only ^u ! silv] b&1 ) :i* x is always 9 contact1 & to :i* a wire1 p1 is sold]$4 ,:5ev] ! spr+1 e1 is 9 contact ) any ( ! metallic ribs1 !re is a cont9u\s connection f n to p1 viz4 f p1 to ! spr+ 9 contact ) ! silv] b&1 c1 !nce to ! rib ) :i* ! spr+1 e1 is 9 contact2 !n to ! spr+1 e1 !n to ! batt]y1 g1 & !n to ! wire1 n4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! disc1 ,o1 %\ld be turn$1 s t ! spr+1 e1 is 9 contact ) ! ivory1 !n ! circuit is brok5 at t po9t1 & 9 ?is mann] ! circuit is alt]nately brok5 & clos$ z ! :eel1 ,o1 is turn$ f "o lett] to ano!r by means ( ! h&les at t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,figure #hj repres5ts a side elevation ( ! dial & clock "w ( ! receiv+ /ation4 ,a repres5ts an edge view ( ! electro magnet1 f :i* proce$ ! two wires1 v & i1 :i* connect ) ! wires1 n & p1 ( figure #gi4 ,j & ,j is ! brass frame conta9+ ! :eel "w1 ,c & ,e2 ! p9 :eel1 ,d2 ! dial plate1 ,i2 & ! b>rel1 ,b1 :i* is driv5 by a weight & cord4 ,9 ! side ( ! :eel1 ,d1 are p9s project+ f ! rim1 p>allel ) ! axis1 & are equal 9 numb] to ! divisions1 or lett]s1 ^u ! dial1 ,i4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 plac$ alt]nately on ea* side ( ! rim4 ,f is ! armature ( ! magnet1 fa/5$ ^u a horizontal rod1 slid+ freely ?r\gh ! /&>ds1 #a & #b4 ,g repres5ts a spr+1 fa/5$ to ! frame1 ,j1 & :i* c>ries back ! armature1 ,f1 :5 ! magnet has ceas$ to attract x4 ,f ! armature !re ext5ds d[nw>d an arm1 ,k1 :i*1 z x approa*es ! p9 :eel1 ,d1 pres5ts two arms1 or pallets1 "o on ea* side ( ! :eel4 ,^! pallets are s arrang$ ) reg>d to ! p9s1 t if "o pallet releases a p9 on "o side ( ! :eel1 ! same movem5t w cause ! o!r pallet on ! o!r side1 to arre/ ! motion ( ! :eel by its /rik+ aga9/ ! next alt]nate p94 ,h & ,i is an edge view ( ! circul> dial1 enclos$ 9 a case1 ) a s+le op5+ at ,o1 s t only "o lett] at a "t c be se54 ,?is dial1 ,i1 is 9 e respect m>k$ z ! disc 9 figure #gi4 ,figure #ha repres5ts ! two in/rum5ts4 ,o ! transmitt+ in/rum5t1 & ! "r h& figure ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,! wires1 v & i1 are respectively connect$ ) p & n4 ,x w be obs]v$1 t ! armature1 ,f1 is n attract$1 & t ! "r h& pallet is *eck+ ! p9 :eel1 s t ! dial is /ation>y4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! disc1 t1 is turn$ s t ! circuit is complet$1 by ! contact ( ! spr+1 e1 ) "o ( ! ribs1 in/antly ! armature is attract$ by ! electro magnet1 :i* w c>ry ! "r h& pallet away f ! p9 :eel1 & :i* w !n move by ! action ( ! weight ^u ! b>rel1 ,b1 until x is *eck$ by ! left h& pallet1 :i* _h advanc$ to ! :eel at ! same "t ! o!r rec$$4 ,?is s+le op]ation has mov$ ! disc "o division & ! armature is /ill attract$4 ,n[ let ! disc1 o1 be turn$ until ! spr+1 e1 has be5 pass$ by ! rib1 & is 9 contact ) ! ivory only1 in/antly ! curr5t ceases2 ! armature1 ,f1 rec$es f ! magnet by ! action ( ! spr+1 ,g2 ?is has tak5 ! left h& pallet f ! p9 :eel1 :i* is p]mitt$ to move until ! next p9 /rikes aga9/ ! "r h& pallet4 ,?is has n[ br\ght ano!r lett] 9 front ( ! ap]ture at ,h4 ,?us x w be se51 t ! design ( ?is in/rum5t is to br+ into view1 at ! ap]ture su* lett]s z are requir$ 9 transmitt+ a message4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4 ,suppose lett] ,a1 is at ! po9t1 b1 ( ! disc2 & lett] ,a ( ! dial is opposite ! op5+2 ! in/rum5t is n[ ready to transmit1 & let ! lett]1 ,i1 be ! fir/ ( ! message4 ,! op]ator g5tly turns ! disc r\nd 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 s t ea* "t ! circuit is brok5 a new lett] appe>s at ! dial1 & ea* "t x is clos$ by ! op]ation ( ! pallets1 9 *eck+ & releas+ ! p9 :eel4 ,?is is its op]ation until ! lett]1 ,i1 has rea*$ ! po9t1 b1 :5 a %ort pause is made4 ,! next lett]1 ,h1 requires b "o movem5t ( ! disc1 !n foll[s1 ,a2 !n1 ,v2 & !n1 ,e4 ,9 relation to ?is in/rum5t1 ,pr(essor ,daniell says3 8,we c only fur!r briefly allude to two ( ! mo/ important modifications ( ?is inv5tion1 :i* ,pr(4 ,:eat/one has made = specific purposes4 ,by sub/itut+ = ! pap] disc1 on ! circumf]5ce ( :i* ! lett]s are pr9t$1 a ?9 disc ( brass1 cut f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5tre1 s z to =m #bd spr+s1 on ! extremities ( :i*1 types1 or pun*es1 are plac$1 & add+ a me*anism ! det5t ( :i*1 act$ on by an electro magnet1 causes a hamm] to /rike ! pun* aga9/ a cyl9d]1 r\nd :i* are roll$1 alt]nately1 sev]al %eets ( :ite pap]1 & ( ! black5$ pap] us$ 9 ! manifold writ+ app>atus1 he has be5 enabl$ to obta91 )\t pres5t+ any resi/ance to ! type :eel1 sev]al di/9ct pr9t$ copies at ! same "t ( ! message transmitt$40#ci #ci ,daniell's ,introduction to ,*emical ,philosophy1 page #ehj1 #b;d ,edition1 ,london1 #ahdc ,mr4 ,:eat/one has rec5tly s modifi$ 8 telegraph z to use two ne$les1 or galvanomet]s1 & two ext5d$ wires1 ) ! gr\nd z half ! circuit = ! two wires4 ,he has ?us adopt$ ,,pr(4 ,,morse',s plan ( us+ ! gr\nd z a common conductor = two or m wires4 ,he1 h[ev]1 /ill requires two wires = "o indep5d5t l9e ( communication2 "o /ation only be+ able to communicate at a same "t4 ,he has no mode ( record+ 8 message1 b dep5ds ^u ! wat*ful eye ( ! att5dant4 ,8 code ( signals are bas$ ^u ,s*ill+'s plan1 h]et(ore describ$1 page #aee1 & also ,gauss & ,web]'s1 page #aef1 f :om he seems to h obta9$ 8 idea4 ,! two ne$les1 or galvanomet]s1 /& side by side1 "o ( :i* is call$ ! left ne$le & ! o!r ! "r ne$le4 ,^! two ne$les are plac$ directly 9 front ( ! p]son :o transmits4 ,!re are1 also1 9 front1 two h&les1 "o = ea* h&1 ) :i* ! op]ator transmits a message1 clos+ & break+ ! circuit ( ! two wires4 ,8 signals are made ?us3 ,! upp] half ( ! left h& ne$le mov+ to ! left twice1 gives1 a2 ?ree times1 b2 once to ! "r & once to ! left1 c2 once to ! left & once to ! "r1 d2 &1 9 l mann]1 = ! o!r lett]s ( ! alphabet1 z %[n 9 ! table :i* foll[s4 ,left ,h& ,ne$le4 ,"r ,h& ,ne$le4 ll1 ,a4 r1 ,e4 l1 ,h4 lr1 ,m4 lll1 ,b4 rr1 ,f4 ll1 ,i4 r1 ,n4 rl1 ,c4 rrr1 ,g4 lll1 ,k4 rr1 ,o4 lr1 ,d4 rl1 ,l4 rrr1 ,p4 ,jo9t ,action ( ,bo? ,ne$les4 l1 l1 ,r4 ll1 ll1 ,s4 lll1 lll1 ,t4 rl1 rl1 ,u4 r1 r1 ,w4 rr1 rr1 ,x4 rrr1 rrr1 ,y4 r1 complet$4 ll1 rr1 ,i und]/&1 or yes4 rl1 rl1 ,i d n und]/&1 or no4 rl1 rl1 #a4 lr1 lr1 #b4 r1 r1 #c4 l1 l1 #d4 rl1 rl1 #e4 lr1 lr1 #f4 r1 r1 #g4 l1 l1 l1 l1 #h4 ll1 ll1 ll1 ll1 #i4 r1 r1 r1 r1 #j4 ,mr4 ,:eat/one does n appe> to be aw>e ( all ! advantages ( ?is1 8 late/ plan ( us+ two ne$les & two wires1 s9ce "s ( 8 signals = ! num]als1 are repetitions ( 8 lett] signals1 & require f\r deflections ( a s+le ne$le1 ) a pause betwe5 ! two fir/ deflections1 & ! two la/1 & = "s o!r signals he requires z _m z ?ree deflections ( a signal ne$le4 ,he has likewise1 app>5tly1 = want ( simple signals1 omitt$ ! lett]s1 ,j1 ,q1 ,v1 ,z4 ,he c\ld ) p]fect ease1 obta9 f 8 two wires & two ne$les1 sixty-f\r diff]5t signals1 requir+ ! "t ( only two deflections1 ea*1 & us+ b "o h& = manipulat+ f\r keys1 in/ead ( bo? h&s1 z 9 8 pres5t plan4 ,! au?or has demon/rat$ x by actual exp]im5t4