,a                                      
,,dictionary ,,of ,,islam               
,,being               ,a ,,cyclop,,dia  
,,of ,,the ,,doctrines1 ,,rites1        
,,ceremonies1                  ,,and    
,,customs1 ,,together ,,with ,,the      
,,technical                       ,,and 
,,theological ,,terms1 ,,of ,,the       
,,muhammadan ,,religion4                
,,by                     ,,thomas       
,,patrick ,,hughes1 ,b4,d41 ,m4,r4,a4,s4
                          ,,with        
,,numerous ,,illustrations4             
,,london3           ,w4 ,h4 ,,allen     
,,co41 #ah1 ,,waterloo ,,place1 ,,pall  
,,mall4 ,s4,w4                          
#ahhe4                                  
,,dedicated                             
7,,with ,,permission7                   
,,to     ,,the ,,right ,,reverend       
,,thomas ,,valpy ,,french1 ,d4,d41      
,,first ,,bishop ,,of ,,lahore1         
,,with ,,much ,,affection ,,and         
,,esteem1 ,,by ,,his ,,lordship',s      
,,obedient ,,servant1                   

,,thomas ,,patrick ,,hughes4            
,,preface4      ,the increased interest 
manifested in relation to all matters   
affecting the ,east1 and the great      
attention now given to the study of     
comparative religion1 seem to indicate  
that the time has come when an  attempt 
should be made to place before the      
,english-speaking people  of the world a
 systematic exposition of the doctrines 
of the ,muslim  ,faith4 ,the present    
work is intended to supply this want1 by
 giving1  in a tabulated form1 a concise
 account of the doctrines1 rites1       
ceremonies1 and customs1 together with  
the technical and theological  terms1 of
 the ,muhammadan religion4    ,although 
compiled by a clergyman who has had the 
privilege of being  engaged in          
missionary work at ,peshawar for a      
period of twenty years1  this           
,dictionary of ,islam is not intended to
 be a controversial  attack on the      
religious system of ,muhammad1 but      
rather an exposition  of its principles 

and teachings4    ,divided1 as the      
,muslim world is1 into numerous sects1  
it has been  found impossible to take   
into consideration all the minor        
differences  which exist amongst them4  
,the ,dictionary is1 for the most part1 
an  exposition of the opinions of the   
,sunni sect1 with explanations of  the  
chief points on which the ,shiah and    
,wahhabi schools of thought  differ from
 it4 ,very special attention has been   
given to the views  of the ,wahhabis1 as
 it is the ,author's conviction that    
they represent  the earliest teachings  
of the ,muslim ,faith as they came from 
,muhammad  and his immediate successors4
 ,when it is remembered that1 according 
to ,mr4 ,wilfrid ,blunt's estimate1 the 
,shiah sect only numbers some  ten      
millions out of the one hundred and     
seventy-five millions  of ,muhammadans  
in the world1 it will be seen that1 in  
compiling  a ,dictionary of             
,muhammadanism1 the ,shiah tenets must  
of necessity  occupy a secondary place  

in the study of the religion4 ,still1   
upon all  important questions of        
theology and jurisprudence1 these       
differences  have been noticed4    ,the 
present book does not profess to be a   
,biographical ,dictionary4 ,the  great  
work of ,ibn ,khallikan1 translated into
 ,english by ,slane1  supplies this4    
,but short biographical notices of      
persons connected  with the early       
history of ,islam have been given1      
inasmuch as many of  these persons are  
connected with religious dogmas and     
ceremonies2  the martyrdom of ,husain1  
for instance1 as being the foundation of
  the ,muharram ceremonies2 ,abu        
,hanifah1 as connected with a school  of
 jurisprudence2 and the ,khalifah ,umar 
as the real founder of the  religious   
and political power of ,islam4 ,in the  
biographical notice  of ,muhammad1 the  
,author has expressed his deep          
obligations to ,sir  ,william ,muir's   
great work1 the ,life of ,mahomet4      
,it is impossible for anyone to write   

upon the subject of ,muhammadanism      
without being largely indebted1 not only
 to ,sir ,william ,muir's books1  but   
also to the works of the late ,mr4      
,lane1 the author of ,modern            
,egyptians1 new editions of which have  
been edited by ,mr4 ,stanley ,lane      
,poole4 ,numerous quotations from these 
volumes will be found in the  present   
work4    ,but whilst the ,author has not
 hesitated in this compilation to avail 
himself of the above and similar works1 
he has1 during a long residence  amongst
 ,muhammadan peoples1 been able to      
consult very numerous ,arabic  and      
,persian works in their originals1 and  
to obtain the assistance  of very able  
,muhammadan native scholars of all      
schools of thought  in ,islam4    ,he is
 specially indebted to ,dr4 ,f4         
,steingass1 of the ,university  of      
,munich1 the author of the              
,english-,arabic and ,arabic-,english   
,dictionaries1 for a careful revision of
 the whole work4 ,the interesting       

article on ,,writing is from the pen of 
this distinguished scholar1  as well as 
some valuable criticisms on the         
composition of the ,,qur',,an1  and a   
biographical sketch of the ,khalifah    
,umar4    ,orientalists may1 perhaps1 be
 surprised to find that ,sikhism has    
been  treated as a sect of ,islam1 but  
the ,compiler has been favoured with  a 
very able and scholarly article on the  
subject by ,mr4 ,f4 ,pincott1           
,m4,r4,a4,s41 in which he shows that the
 religion of ,nanak was really  intended
 as a compromise between ,hinduism and  
,muhammadanism1 if it  may not even be  
spoken of as the religion of a          
,muhammadan sect1--the  publication of  
which in the present work seemed to be  
most desirable4    ,at the commencement 
of the publication of the work1 the     
,author  received very valuable         
assistance from the ,rev4 ,f4 ,a4 ,p4   
,shirreff1  ,m4,a41 ,principal of the   
,lahore ,divinity ,college1 as well as  
from other  friends1 which he must      

gratefully acknowledge4    ,amongst the 
numerous suggestions which the ,author  
received for the  compilation of this   
,dictionary1 was one from a well-known  
,arabic  scholar1 to the effect that the
 value of the work would be enhanced  if
 the quotations from the ,qur'an1 and   
from the ,traditions1 were  given in    
their original ,arabic4 ,this1 however1 
seemed incompatible  with the general   
design of the book4 ,the whole structure
 of the  work is intended to be such as 
will make it available to ,english      
scholars unacquainted with the ,arabic  
language2 and1 consequently1  most of   
the information given will be found     
under ,english words rather  than under 
their ,arabic equivalents4 ,for example1
 for information  regarding the         
attributes of the ,divine ,being1 the   
reader must refer  to the ,english ,god1
 and not to the ,arabic ,,allah2 for all
 the ritual  and laws regarding the     
liturgical service1 to the ,english     
,,prayer1  and not to the ,arabic       

,,salat2 for the marriage laws and      
ceremonies1  to the ,english ,,marriage1
 and not to the ,arabic ,,nikah4 ,it is 
hoped  that1 in this way1 the           
information given will be available to  
those  who are entirely unacquainted    
with ,oriental languages1 or1 indeed1   
with ,eastern life4    ,the quotations  
from the ,qur'an have been given chiefly
 from ,palmer's  and ,rodwell's         
translations2 and those in the ,qur'anic
 narrative  of ,biblical characters     
7,,moses for example7 have been taken   
from  ,mr4 ,stanley ,lane ,poole's      
edition of ,lane's ,selections4 ,but1   
when  needful1 entirely new translations
 of quotations from the ,qur'an have    
been given4    ,the ,dictionary of      
,islam has been compiled with very      
considerable  study and labour1 in the  
hope that it will be useful to many2--to
 the  ,government official called to    
administer justice to ,muslim peoples2  
to  the ,christian missionary engaged in
 controversy with ,muslim scholars2  to 

the ,oriental traveller seeking         
hospitality amongst ,muslim peoples2  to
 the student of comparative religion    
anxious to learn the true  teachings of 
,islam2--to all1 indeed1 who care to    
know what are those  leading principles 
of thought which move and guide one     
hundred and  seventy-five millions of   
the great human family1 forty millions  
of whom  are under the rule of ,her     
,most ,gracious ,majesty the ,empress of
 ,india4      ,july #bcrd1 #ahhe4       
,transcriber's note3 ,the remainder of  
this book has only been prepared  as an 
,,html file1 which1 due to including    
numerous phrases in ,arabic1  ,hebrew1  
and ,greek script1 as well as numerous  
tables1 would be hard to  present as    
plain text4