,,tr5* ,,w>f>e ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e ,a ,,manual ,,= ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,m5 ,,by ,j4 ,s4 ,,smi? ,,second ,,lieut5ant ,,) ,,! ,,briti% ,,exp$ition>y ,,=ce ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 #fha ,,fif? ,,av5ue ,,copyright1 #aiag1 ,,by ,e4 ,p4 ,,dutton ,,co4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,(fic]s ,,& ,,m5 ,,:o ,,s]v$ ,,& ,,are ,,s]v+ ,,_! ,,c\ntry ,,"u ,,ali5 ,,flags ,,introduction ,x is a safe bet t :5 ! ,g]man army />t$ = ,p>is !y _h plans = use 9 ! ev5t ( disa/]4 ,! disa/] occurr$1 & a new type ( w>f>e requir+ ! highe/ c\rage1 skill & endurance 0 born4 ,i say born because al?\gh tr5* w>f>e 0 kn[n be=e1 x di$ 9 bir? comp>$ to ?is w>1 = ! am\nt ( sci5ce1 en]gy & v>iety ( weapons us$4 ,m e>? has be5 remov$ by a comb9ation ( man1 pick & %ovel 9 mak+ ^! tr5*es ?an 0 excavat$ to make ! ,panama ,canal possible1 & 9 less "t4 ,x is my object 9 ?is book to give a fa9t idea & k ( ! tr5*es1 & to approximately expla9 ! way w>f>e is c>ri$ on1 & ,i (f] ! in=mation conta9$ h]e9 z a basic f\ndation on :i* to use ! fur!r k y w ga9 z an (fic]1 & :i*1 = obvi\s reasons1 ,i w n & _c give "h4 ,! notes are all tak5 f diff]5t c\rses ( in/ruction1 & obs]vations made dur+ ?irty-"o mon?s ( s]vice1 fifte5 ( :i* 0 sp5t on ! ,belgian & ,fr5* fronts1 bo? z private & (fic] 9 ! infantry s]vice4 ,i d n lay d[n my in=mation z exp]t & f9al by any means1 b z tr5* w>f>e *anges f day to day1 improvem5ts are made1 old ideas disc>d$1 new ones tri$1 x c be se5 t no?+ c be laid d[n z a cut & dri$ rule1 b ! pr9ciples ( tr5* build+1 g5]ally speak+1 rema9 ! same4 ,?is ,i h endeavor$ to give1 along ) a few o!r notes :i* w give an idea ( ! _m & v>i$ tasks t a second lieut5ant mu/ "k be=e he is fit to take hold ( m5 9 a place su* z ! ,we/]n ,front1 :]e !re is v seldom a *ance to rectify mi/akes1 or to exp]im5t m ?an once4 ,:5 ! ,briti% & ,fr5* armies />t$ _! retreat f ,mons1 z f> z ! ,briti% army 0 conc]n$ !y 7 hamp]$ by _! want ( k ( tr5* w>f>e z us$ 9 ! ,s\? ,african w>4 ,! m5 retir$ day by day1 h>dly /ay+ 9 "o place long en\gh to dig !mselves 94 ,at t "t = digg+ a tr5* sy/em1 "o valuable lesson 0 le>n$1 & t 01 t ! hole su* z !y _h be5 taught to make 9 j su* circum/ances z !y 7 up aga9/ !n 0 no good1 z x (f]$ !m no protection f ov]head %rapnel1 & at ! be/ ( times made a v poor %elt]4 ,?is hole us$ to be dug a little m ?an ! wid? ( a man & /raight back 8 full l5g?1 he naturally ?r[+ ! dirt 9 front ( him & ?us mak+ a little p>apet4 ,:5 ! battle ( ! ,m>ne comm5c$ & ! ,briti% & ! ,fr5* drove =w>d1 ?is valuable lesson & _m o!rs _h be5 le>n$1 s t :5 ! armies _h rea*$ ! limits ( _! endurance1 in/ead ( digg+ !mselves 9 9 ! old /yle1 a new sy/em 0 us$1 greatly assi/$ by %ell fire4 ,a r\nd hole 0 dug by ea* man to fit 8 individual size & made to suit himself4 ,"h he squatt$ & f\ght1 if necess>y1 & got :at re/ 0 possible dur+ t day1 ) ! enemies' l9e at di/ances v>y+ f #ajj to #ejj y>ds f him4 ,dur+ ! night1 ^! m5 :5 n fight+ or bo!r$ by c\nt]-attacks1 or try+ to obta9 rations1 wat] & ! _m necess>ies t a fight+ man requires1 deep5$ _! %elt]s & jo9$ !m toge!r by little n>r[ dit*es4 ,dur+ ! next day !re might be bitt] fight+1 s x w\ld be ev5 possible t o!r troops w\ld come up & relieve dur+ ! e>ly dusk4 ,! reliev$ troops w\ld retire a %ort di/ance & dig !mselves ano!r r[ ( little holes :]e !y might act z supports 9 case ! tempor>y front l9e gave4 ,dur+ t night ! holes on ! front l9e w\ld be enl>g$ until !y f9ally jo9$ & gradually )\t delib]ate int5tion ! tr5* became a p]man5t feature4 ,!n ! l9e slightly 9 ! re> became connect$ ) ! front l9e sy/em by :at 7 !n no?+ m or less ?an dit*es & ?is 0 ! bir? ( ! pres5t sy/em :i* n[ /ret*es f ! sea to ,switz]l&4 ,! tr5* sy/ems n[ g5]ally consi/ ( ?ree complete l9es or sy/ems ( tr5*es1 ea* sy/em be+ self-support+ & indep5d5t ( ! o!r4 ,! second & ?ird sy/ems are g5]ally laid ) due consid]ation to protection1 fields ( fire1 & all ! o!r tactical requirem5ts t are necess>y to su* a sy/em2 x be+ impossible 9 ! majority ( cases to keep ^! po9ts 9 m9d dur+ ! build+ ( ! fir/ or orig9al l9e4 ,^! sy/ems g5]ally run to a dep? ( six to eight miles f ! front fir+ l9e4 ,!y are s con/ruct$ t :5 a fir+ l9e has be5 brok5 ?r\gh to any great ext5t1 :at 0 =m]ly a communication tr5* at once becomes a fire tr5*1 & s]ves to br+ a heavy enfilade fire on ! troops occupy+ ! captur$ area4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! consid]ations1 argum5ts1 & notes laid d[n 9 ?is book _c1 "u /ress ( circum/ances1 always be act$ on4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t a c]ta9 am\nt ( tra9+ & ( /udy z to ! conditions gov]n+ ! sight+1 build+1 & liv+ 9 ^! tr5*es1 w cause a man1 ev5 "u great /ress ( excitem5t1 to look = & try to obta9 ! ideal z a matt] ( habit & )\t giv+ mu* "t & ?\ght to ! "q4 ,! ,art ( ,w> is 8! greate/ am\nt ( common s5se us$ 9 ! %orte/ possible "t40 ,j4 ,s4 ,s4 ,,editor',s ,,note ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,smi?1 ! au?or ( ?is book1 is an ,am]ican1 born 9 ,philadelphia1 :o enli/$ 9 ! #bi? ,vanc\v] ,battalion 9 ! fall ( #aiad4 ,he saw s]vice along ! ,belgian front1 & 9 ,augu/ #aiaf 0 giv5 a commission 9 ! ,briti% ,army4 ,he is n[ 7,june1 #aiag7 s]v+ ) ! ,briti% ,exp$ition>y ,=ce on ! ,fr5* front4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,introduction vii ,,location ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,tr5*es #a ,,dug\ts #ai ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,ro(+ ,,mat]ials #bd ,,dumps #be ,,latr9es #bg ,,revetm5ts #bh ,s& ,bags #bi ,corrugat$ ,iron #cb ,fire ,plat=ms #cd ,,trav]ses #cf ,,li/5+ ,,po/s #ch ,,obs]vation ,,po/s #dc ,loopholes = fir+ #dc ,,support ,,tr5*es ,,& ,,support ,,dug\ts #de ,,support ,,po9ts #df ,,res]ve ,,dug\ts #dg ,,second ,,l9e #dg ,,communication ,,tr5*es #dh ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em #ef ,section ,i #ef ,section ,,ii #eh ,section ,,iii #fc ,section ,,iv #fg ,,telephone ,,l9es #fh ,,recesses #fi ,,notice ,,bo>ds #gj ,,tr5* ,,dra9age #gb ,,floorbo>ds #gg ,,bru%wood ,,& ,,/raw #gi ,,work+ ,,p>ties #hj ,,reliefs #ha ,,trav]s$ ,,fire ,,tr5*es #hc ,,ob/acles ,,& ,,entanglem5ts #hd ,,l[ ,,wire ,,entanglem5ts #he ,,high ,,wire ,,entanglem5ts #hf ,,abatis #hh ,,b>ricades #hh ,,inundations #hi ,,f\gasses #hi ,,organization ,,( ,,bomb+ ,,squads #ij ,,tra9+ #ia ,,explosives #aja ,,bombs #ajc ,,p]cussion ,,bombs ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #a #ajc ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #b #aje ,rifle ,gr5ade ,no4 #c #aje ,,ignition ,,bombs ,h& ,gr5ade ,nos4 #f & #g #ajg ,h& ,gr5ade ,nos4 #h & #i #ajh ,pit*] ,h& ,gr5ade #ajh ,oval ,h& ,gr5ade #aaj ,ball ,h& ,gr5ade #aaj ,jam-pot ,bombs #aaj ,,me*anical ,,bombs ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #e or ,mills' ,gr5ade #aaa ,,gas ,,w>f>e #aac ,te> ,%ells #aaf ,,gas ,,masks ,,or ,,respirators #aai ,,duties ,,( ,a ,,platoon ,,comm&] ,,at ,,! ,,front #aba ,,go+ ,,into ,,! ,,tr5*es #abb ,,9 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e #abc ,,obs]vation #abe ,inspection #abf ,,s5tries #abg ,,rifles #abh ,,prep>atory ,,to ,,ent]+ ,,tr5*es #acj ,,tak+ ,,ov] ,,tr5*es #aca ,,snip+ #aca ,,patrols #acb ,,duties ,,( ,,an ,,(fic] #acd ,,h[ ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,em]g5cy #adj ,lewis ,gun #ada ,vick]'s ,automatic #ada ,/oppages #adb ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,fro/ ,,bites ,,& ,,tr5* ,,feet #adb ,,tr5* ,,w>f>e ,,location ,,& ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,tr5*es ,9 locat+ ! site = a def5sive fir+ l9e1 x mu/ be divid$ into ?ree sections3--fir+ l9e1 imm$iate support & res]ves4 ,9 do+ ?is sev]al oppos+ factors %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation & _! relative importance judg$ accord+ to ! special circum/ances & objects 9 view1 keep+ 9 m9d ! probable l9es & mann] ( def5se ( ! enemy1 & :e!r ! tr5*es are = p]man5t or = tempor>y use4 ,?is may be summ>iz$ "u two heads3 fir/1 ) ! object ( atta9+ ! greate/ field t c be cov]$ by def5sive fire2 &1 second1 ! greate/ security f (f5sive fire4 ,x w ev5 be f\nd t ^! two con/ructions w be 9 conflict4 ,tr5*es plac$ beh9d ! cre/ ( a hill1 say fifty to "o hundr$ & fifty y>ds f ! top1 w hamp] ! accuracy ( ! enemy's artill]y fire4 ,%oot+1 to be effective1 calls = a high rate ( accuracy1 & "h ! only obs]vations possible are f aircraft & balloons2 b ! enemy side ( ! hill w be rais$ gr\nd to ! occupants ( ! tr5*4 ,at night l>ge numb]s ( ! enemy c\ld collect !re1 & ! dang]\s space to !m w\ld m]ely be ! di/ance f y\r fire tr5* to ! cre/ ( ! hill4 ,! enemy c\ld & w\ld entr5* !mselves on _! side ( ! cre/ & by rais+ _! p>apet enjoy ! advantage ( a high] front1 :i* w\ld ev5tually lead to _! entirely controll+ ! area beh9d y\r tr5*es1 :i* are cont9ually us$ by ! relief & fatigue p>ties4 ,x is a pr9ciple t graz+ rifle fire ^u a def5sive enemy is m effective ?an plung+ fire1 b any entr5*$ position high] ?an y\r own held by an enemy gives !m a trem5d\s advantage4 ,reg>dless ( :at op9ion may be held z to ! maximum dep? ( a field ( fire requir$ to meet or repel attacks1 :e!r 9 masse or op5 ord]1 x %\ld be obvi\s t ! great] ! dep? ( ! field ( fire & ! m ext5sive ! view ( ! enemy's op]ations1 ! bett] x w be = ! def5d+ =ces4 ,protection f & localization ( artill]y fire mu/ be provid$ by ! int]nal con/ruction ( ! tr5* r ?an by a position t protects b also re/ricts ! field ( fire4 ,!re are frequ5tly f\nd 9 front ( a fir+ l9e small areas ( gr\nd :i* are n cov]$ by direct fire f y\r tr5*4 ,a flank+ fire frequ5tly c cov] ^! areas1 b 9 spite ( ?is1 !y mu/ be wat*$ con/antly by means ( li/5+ po/s or conceal$ obs]vation po/s1 :i* may be hidd5 by ! banks ( riv]s1 h$ges1 ru9$ h\ses1 or :atev] natural exi/+ concealm5t r5d]s obs]vation possible4 ,at night1 x is a safe pr9ciple to support li/5+ po/s by automatic rifles1 trip wires ) noise mak+ arrangem5ts atta*$ to !m z common s5se "u ! circum/ances dictates4 ,great c>e & caution mu/ always be tak5 to prev5t ! discov]y ( ^! li/5+ po/s by ! enemy1 & :5 discov]$1 alt]native po/s %\ld be made or great] c>e tak5 = ! protection ( ! m5 occupy+ ^! po/s1 su* z ov]head protection by me% wire aga9/ bomb+1 & ! upkeep ( a small supply ( bombs & close-range weapons 9 ! po/4 ,! important tr5*es on ! front hav+ be5 locat$ ) a view ( protect+ ! imm$iate front & ) due reg>d to _! relation1 tactically1 to ! o!r tr5*es already locat$1 ! connect+ tr5*es obvi\sly mu/ be subs]vi5t to ! m important ones4 ,e endeavor mu/ be made to avoid enfilade fires 9 ! flanks1 to give & to receive mutual support1 & 9 p>ticul> to support ^? flanks :i* are n protect$ o!rwise4 ,x is an ess5tial consid]ation 9 ! location ( all ^! tr5*es t lat]al communications c be e/abli%$1 & t supplies1 supports1 res]ves1 ammunition1 etc41 toge!r ) ! means ( retir+ if necess>y be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! di/ance f ! wat] supplies & ! possibility ( conceal+ approa*es is a fur!r gov]n+ factor1 al?\gh 9 _m cases an ideal condition _c be realiz$4 ,!n !re is ! c\nt] attack1 9 case ! fire tr5* %\ld be tak51 & ! k9d ( soil :i* is s ess5tial to its relation to bad wea!r & wat] seepage--^! also require ?\ght & /udy4 ,^! ?+s are ma9 consid]ations to be kept 9 m9d aft] a l9e has be5 settl$ on1 :e!r dur+ attack or :e!r sit+ tr5*es "u common circum/ances4 ,x is n expect$ & is n necess>y1 :5 try+ to obta9 a position dur+ attack1 to keep all ( ^! conditions 9 m9d1 b x is ess5tial t :5 ! attack has be5 f9i%$ & ?+s return to slightly m normal circum/ances1 t ^! ?+s be giv5 in/ant consid]ation & prop] action tak54 ,7 su* a ?+ z concealm5t possible1 x %\ld be ! fir/ ?+ ( importance to be kept 9 m9d4 ,li/5+ po/s1 ma*9e gun positions1 res]ve dug\ts1 company1 battalion & regim5tal headqu>t]s1 & simil> ?+s1 at "s di/ance beh9d or on fire l9es1 may be conceal$1 b fire-tr5*es are sure to be obs]v$ soon] or lat] 7mo/ly soon]7 by a]oplane & o!r means ( obs]vation1 & x is be/ t "o %\ld admit ! impracticability ( concealm5t at once & take ! prop] protective measures4 ,if opportunity = concealm5t (f]s itself1 z x may d1 accord+ to ! lay ( ! l&1 x %\ld be tak5 always4 ,x %\ld always be kept 9 m9d t "o %\ld try to place himself 9 ! position ( hav+ ! enemy's po9t ( view1 bo? f 8 tr5*es & 8 a]ial obs]vations4 ,advantage %\ld be tak5 & ev5 c>e giv5 along tr5*es to ! ext5sive cultivation ( ! we$s1 grasses1 etc41 t may gr[ rapidly 9 ! excavat$ soil4 ,x is1 & always w be1 a matt] ( mu* argum5t t tr5*es %\ld n be dug ne> h$ges1 dit*es1 roads or r[s ( trees1 on acc\nt ( easy rang+ m>k giv5 to ! enemy artill]y4 ,9 a c\ntry :]e su* ?+s are sc>ce1 ! idea may h a leg to /& on1 b c]ta9ly to ! ,we/]n ,front x does n apply4 ,x does n take artill]y a mom5t to approximate by rang+ %ot1 *eck by d$uction or addition ! range ( tr5*es 9 any area1 ev5 if ly+ along a h$ge or road4 ,! dit* or h$ge 9 "s cases w provide ! />t+ ( a tr5* & (f] fair am\nt ( cov] f fire to ! troops work+4 ,a dit* imm$iately 9 front or beh9d ! tr5* greatly helps to solve ! _m & v>i$ difficulties ( dra9age1 & :5 9 front ( a tr5*1 c be made into a =midable ob/acle1 g5]ally by ?r[+ 9 v>i$ l5g?s ( b>b$ wire4 ,tr5*es "u ! cov] ( a h$ge are v (t5 safe f a]ial obs]vation1 & ev5 :5 locat$1 snip+ & obs]vation c be c>ri$ on f !m if ! cont\rs ( ! gr\nd are favorable4 ,x is always possible to d a c]ta9 am\nt ( repair+ & mov+ ( troops only :5 unobs]v$ f ! enemy's tr5*es4 ,if advantage is n tak5 ( ^! natural protections1 su* z h$ges & trees1 !n !y mu/ be de/roy$4 ,x is obvi\s t a great deal ( labor c be lo/ & "w ?r[n away if a policy is n adopt$ & cont9u$4 ,battalions reliev+ "o ano!r up & d[n ! l9e may wa/e a trem5d\s am\nt ( labor unless ! reliev$ (fic]'s policy is expla9$4 ,if ea* comm&+ (fic] ( a reliev+ battalion is p]mitt$ to air 8 own !ories1 duplication ( "w & lack ( cont9uity w exi/4 ,!re=e1 x is ess5tial t ! (fic]s reliev+ ! tr5* be ?or\ghly in=m$ ( "w go+ on4 ,) ?is object 9 view "s ( ! (fic]s ( ! reliev+ battalion %\ld d a t\r ( duty 7ab\t #bd h\rs7 be=e _! troops take ov] ! tr5*4 ,an ,(fic] & ,non-,commission$ ,(fic] are detail$ f ea* reliev+ company = ?is duty4 ,9 ! tr5* ?is (fic] is in/ruct$ by ! s5ior (fic] pres5t1 & ! non-commission$ (fic] by ! rank+ non-commission$ (fic]1 9 ! policy to be cont9u$4 ,! comm&+ (fic] ( ! occupy+ company %\ld h a sket* map ( 8 sector ( tr5* :i* he turns ov] to ! reliev+ (fic]4 ,?is map %\ld %[ ! "w "u con/ruction2 propos$ "w2 wire def5ses2 & if possible1 ! enemies ma*9e gun emplacem5ts1 obs]vation po/s1 snip]s & "w 9 progress4 ,! notes accompany+ ! map %\ld give ! g5]al conditions conc]n+ ! "w--dep? to :i* x is safe to dig1 nature ( soil1 conditions reg>d+ dra9age1 & all in=mation 9 reg>d to ! enemies' activities dur+ ! p]iod ( occupancy4 ,9 addition1 ! reliev+ (fic] has ! tr5* di>y %[+ all ! in=mation cov]+ e m9ute detail ( ! happ5+s dur+ t company's /ay 9 ! tr5*es4 ,?is di>y is a cont9u\s record ( t p>ticul> sector & rema9s ) ! occupy+ company until x is reliev$ & !n passes into ! possession ( ! reliev+ half company1 & s on1 =m+ a cont9u\s runn+ record ( ! policy apply+ to ! upkeep & me?ods employ$ !re94 ,?is di>y1 unless x is buri$ to avoid fall+ into ! h&s ( ! enemy1 w cont9ue until ! end ( ! w>4 ,s e half company inh]its "o f 8 pr$ecessor 9 ! l9e ^u its assum+ ! obligations previ\sly assum$ by its =e-runn]1 ?us prev5t+ a duplication ( "w & assur+ cont9uity ( endeavor4 ,!re are c]ta9 obvi\s requirem5ts t h to become rules4 ,:5 requir$ to fill s&bags1 always look = ! ne>e/ excavation be+ made & fill f !re1 if di/ance p]mits4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 9 e tr5* !re is a cont9u\s revett+1 wid5+ ( communications or control tr5*es1 or driv+ ( a tunnel to a li/5+ po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,a--,p>apet ,trav]se ,b--,p>ados ,trav]se ,,trav]s$ ,,recess$ ,,tr5*4 ,inasmu* z ! "t = fill+ s&bags is nev] end+1 if "w is be+ done & ! e>? is n absolutely ne$$ = p>apet or p>ados1 ! e>?1 if dry1 %\ld be put 9 s&bags1 &1 if necess>y1 /or$ until x is ne$$4 ,! repair "w t is mo/ necess>y takes prec$5t & is ab\t z foll[s3 ,any damage to p>ados or trav]ses %\ld be imm$iately att5d$ to4 ,dur+ ! night any damage to ! wire entanglem5ts mu/ be repair$4 ,dra9age comes next 9 ord] ( importance1 & ?is involves ! digg+ ( sumps & deep5+ ( ! dra9age bottom4 ,^! are ! repairs1 b improvem5ts mu/ cont9ually be made 9 ! dug\ts & communication tr5*es4 ,! ultimate design ( a fire-tr5* dep5ds ^u its clos5ess to ! enemy4 ,:5 ! latt] are )9 #aej y>ds1 ! trav]s$ fire-tr5* %[n 9 sket* %\ld be employ$1 z x provides adequate accommodation & protection = m5 :o may at any mom5t be call$ ^u to make use ( bomb1 bayonet & bullet2 b if ! enemy tr5*es are m ?an #aej y>ds di/ant1 ! ultimate design w\ld dep5d ^u ! numb] ( ma*9e guns & automatic rifles available4 ,ea* ( ^! guns has a fir+ capacity ( ab\t #be rifles4 ,ea* gun !re=e gives a r$uction 9 ! numb] ( m5 requir$ to hold ! l9e1 & 9 consequ5ce r$uces ! am\nt ( tr5* ne$$ to protect ^! m54 ,a design1 kn[n z ! 8,t0 %ap$ fire-tr5*1 makes an adaptable basis = entr5*+ "u ^! conditions4 ,_m l5g?s ( a cont9u\s trav]s$ tr5* h no great field ( fire1 & yet1 hav+ be5 dug1 !y mu/ be held1 & unless prop]ly held & kept 9 repair1 !y naturally become a s\rce ( dang]4 ,z %[n 9 ! sket*1 a trav]s$ tr5* consi/s ( a s]ies ( fire-bays int]rupt$ by a s]ies ( trav]ses4 ,! object ( ^! be+ to localize ! effect ( %ells or bombs l&+ 9 a fire-bay1 & prev5t+ enfilade fire d[n ! l5g? ( ! tr5*1 z well z localiz+ any entry ( ! enemy into y\r l9e4 ,dim5sions v>y up & d[n ! l9e4 ,sometimes accord+ to ! lay ( ! l&1 sometimes accord+ to ! op9ions1 :ims or fancies ( ! regim5ts mak+ !m1 b ! foll[+ dim5sions %\ld be kept 9 m9d1 & x w be f\nd t !y %[ ! av]age ( ! :ole g5]al l9e on ! ,we/]n ,front4 ,fire-bays g5]ally are f #ab to #ah feet long 7def5dable by #d to #f m51 b accommodat+ #h to #ab1 :5 necess>y7 plus a #b-;ft4 cov]$ s5try box recess$ into ! trav]se & giv+ room = "o m man2 ?is dep5d+ entirely on ! en]gy & initiative ( ! m5 occupy+ ! section4 ,e trav]se av]ages #i x #i :i* includes a fairly lib]al all[ance = we> & te>1 & is ! m9imum all[ance = /opp+ enfilade fire & localiz+ fire4 ,z ! wid? f front to re> v>ies1 dep5d+ on ! am\nt ( %ell fire1 x %\ld be wide en\gh to all[ a c]ta9 am\nt ( lat]al traffic )\t int]f]+ ) ^? :o may be fir+4 ,?ree feet may be tak5 z ! maximum wid? at ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 t is1 #a = traffic & #a = ^? fir+1 ) a slope to ! sides ( f #aj to #ae degrees f p]p5dicul>1 ?us less5+ ! t5d5cy ( ! walls1 :e!r revett$ or o!rwise1 to slide 94 ,! dep? ( ! tr5*es v>ies also1 = ! same reasons t cause ! wid? to v>y4 ,recesses %\ld also be dug at v>i\s & favorable places = ! /or+ ( ammunition & bombs4 ,:5 digg+ entr5*m5ts )\t reg>d to concealm5t1 ! excavat$ soil is fir/ ( all ?r[n to ! front or enemy's side ( ! tr5*1 ?us tempor>y cov] is obta9$4 ,:5 ! entr5*m5t has rea*$ ! prop] dep? ! artificial rais+ ( ! gr\nd is level$4 ,! artificially rais$ portion is kn[n z ! p>apet4 ,on ! completion ( ! p>apet1 ! soil is ?r[n to ! re> side ( ! tr5*1 ?us =m+ ! p>ados :i* gives a protection f ! re>4 ,x is n a good policy to excavate 9 front ( ! p>apet1 b to get additional height & ?ickness z quickly z possible ?is is (t5 done4 ,unless c>efully wat*$1 m5 w dig ?is dirt f places z ne> ! p>apet z possible1 result+ 9 ! weak5+ or total und]m9+ ( ! p>apet or tr5* wall4 ,! m gradual ! =w>d slope ( ! p>apet1 ! m does x approximate z x %\ld to ! glacis ( a =t1 consequ5tly giv+ less cov] to an attack+ enemy4 ,make use ( ! dit* or holes f :i* ! dirt 0 obta9$1 z a /rong ob/acle imm$iately 9 front ( y\r tr5*1 :]e ! enemy at ! la/ mom5t may be held up to g "u a v sev]e rifle & bomb+ ef=t4 ,9 normal circum/ances1 by :i* ,i mean :5 n expos$ to an unduly vigor\s ma*9e gun or artill]y fire1 ! soil %\ld n be tak5 f 9 front ( ! tr5* 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 clos] ?an #aj to #ae feet f ! actual p>apet1 unless ! holes are adequately protect$ by trip wire1 z well z b>b$ wire4 ,cases h occurr$ :5 valuable in=mation has be5 obta9$ by ! enemy ly+ 9 holes ?us dug & n prop]ly protect$4 ,! p>apet %\ld be kept z l[ z possible & made to bl5d ) its surr\nd+s z mu* z possible4 ,?is is done by tak+ great c>e to cov] any signs :i* %[ t fre% "w has be5 done1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( actually plant+ grasses1 we$s & roots1 su* z gr[ 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood1 & giv+ e enc\ragem5t to ^? t already gr[4 ,?is greatly h9d]s ! enemy's artill]y1 z x *anges positions up & d[n ! l9e2 int]f]+ ) & h9d]+ ! obs]vations & accurate rang+ by _! =w>d obs]v+ (fic]s1 *eck+ *>ts turn$ ov] by reliev$ batt]ies4 ,bullet-pro( nature ( a p>apet naturally dep5ds on ! soil ( :i* x is compos$4 ,al?\gh x is n necess>y to memorize ! m9imum ( safety1 y %\ld keep a g5]al rule 9 y\r head4 ,! p>apet %\ld n be less ?an five feet1 reg>dless ( ! k9d ( soil4 ,:5 ! tr5* has be5 c>efully sit$ = ! actual field ( fire f a gr\nd level1 ?is ?ickness is be/ obta9$ by rais+ ! gr\nd level artificially z little z possible & gett+ ! necess>y dep? by digg+1 unless prev5t$ by moi/ure4 ,unnecess>y casualties are caus$ by ! practice ( putt+ a s+le r[ ( s& bags along ! top ( a p>apet = tempor>y purposes ( concealm5t1 z x gives a faulty idea to ! m5 9 ! tr5* z to ! real height ( ! p>apet4 ,! p>ados gives protection f ! effect ( %ell fire bur/+ beh9d ! tr5*1 & %\ld be made fire-pro( z soon z possible1 al?\gh x is n necess>y unless concealm5t is possible to level x d[n 9 a simil> mann] to ! p>apet4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x %\ld be at lea/ a foot high] ?an ! p>apet1 ?us provid+ a backgr\nd = ! p>apet4 ,x has be5 kn[n to happ5 t :5 ! occupants ( a tr5* h be5 rea*$ by ! enemy !y h vacat$ _! tr5* & us$ ! p>ados z a p>apet1 mu* to ! surprise & disgu/ ( ! enemy4 ,9 a high & irregul> p>ados1 places c\ld ev5 be f\nd :i* :5 n us$ /eadily provide unexpect$ & safe obs]vation & snip+ po/s1 b c>e mu/ be tak5 t !y are n us$ too (t54 ,if a tr5* 7 us$ m]ely = fir+1 #d feet f bottom ( tr5* to top ( p>apet w\ld be a suffici5t dep?4 ,dur+ attack1 h[ev]1 :5 fire f loopholes is too re/rict$1 exposure ( head & %\ld]s ov] ! p>apet becomes necess>y1 b x is n necess>y to expose m5 mov+ along ! tr5* & n actually fir+4 ,if ! tr5* %\ld be #g or #h deep1 y mu/ provide a plat=m at ! bottom ( ! front wall #a wide & #d f ! top ( ! p>apet4 ,?is is call$ a fire-/ep4 ,! re/ ( ! tr5* c be deep5$ to any desir$ dep?1 dep5d+ on ! en]gy display$4 ,if ( an extraord9>y dep?1 /eps mu/ be cut to ! fire plat=m4 ,9 a great _m diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,front1 especially ,belgium1 x 0 f\nd t aft] digg+ to a dep? ( "o to ?ree feet wat] 0 enc\nt]$ to su* an ext5t t x became impossible to dig any sort ( a tr5* :i* w\ld give adequate protection to ! m5 involv$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fire ,,tr5*4 ,,l9k ,,tr5*4 ,,sup]vision ,,tr5*4 ,:5 ^! conditions are run into1 brea/ "w p>apets mu/ be artificially built up above gr\nd level ) soil1 sods & s&bags1 support$ by s&bags1 hurdles or close wire nett+1 revetm5t & /akes4 ,! same pr9ciples ( ?ickness1 dep?1 wid?1 slopes1 & 9 fact ev]y?+ t applies to a dug-9 tr5*1 applies to brea/ works4 ,illu/ration3 ,a--,l9k ,tr5*1 m9imum l5g? #e ft4 8,s0 8,t0 ,,tr5*4 ,! 8,t0 tr5* has _m m advantages ?an ! few m5tion$ 9 ! op5+ ( ?is *apt]4 ,t fire-bays may be s+le1 d\ble or treble 7t is ) "o1 two or ?ree bays74 ,fire-bays 9 any l5g? up to #ae feet ) #h feet trav]ses are = fir+ purposes only1 & ! control tr5*1 sometimes kn[n z ! lat]al communication tr5*1 z its "n implies1 giv+ lat]al communications1 is us$ = t purpose only4 ,!re=e1 ! fire-bays & control tr5*es c be n>r[] ?an tr5*es :i* h to be us$ = bo? purposes1 ?us less5+ ! am\nt ( repair & revetm5t "w requir$4 ,& ! int]v5+ gr\nd betwe5 ^! fire-bays gives ! same result z a trav]se us$ 9 a trav]s$ tr5* sy/em1 & saves ! labor ( digg+ a m intricate sy/em4 ,! control tr5* gives an (fic] or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 9 *>ge ( ! ,t bays a *ance to h&le 8 m5 & fire 9 ^! bays )\t /ruggl+ ar\nd innum]able trav]ses & wa/+ "t v (t5 :5 a m9ute lo/ or ga9$ means lives lo/1 or "p ( a tr5* sy/em 9 ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,t bays may be sit$ ) due & c>eful consid]ation :ile fac+ ! enemy 9 an exi/+ tr5* sy/em4 ,?us x gives y ! advantage ( be+ able to take into consid]ation all ! requirem5ts ( ! field ( fire1 control ( isolat$ areas1 & ! obta9+ ( maximum results f enfilade fire4 ,^! ,t tr5*es may be dug out f ! old sy/em )\t undue exposure ( y\r m5 & if di/ance betwe5 ! l9es p]mits1 & x is entirely possible to con/ruct a new & g5]ally m favorable l9e ( tr5*es )9 #ajj to #bjj y>ds ( ! enemy's tr5*es4 ,int]v5+ gr\nd betwe5 ^! ,t bays mu/ be completely controll$ by entanglem5ts & mobile ma*9e guns1 or automatic rifles1 able to op]ate f diff]5t alt]nat+ recesses 9 ! control tr5*4 ,fire plat=ms %\ld be plac$ 9 recesses at int]vals 9 ! control tr5* f :i* cov]+ fire c be giv54 ,artill]y fire1 to damage a ,t tr5*1 mu/ be v accurate4 ,9 a trav]s$ tr5* a %ell de/roys n only lat]al communication1 b ! def5d]s z well1 :]eas ) a ,t %ape1 bo? fire-bays & control tr5* h to be rang$ & hit4 ,! success ( ! enemy is entirely local :5 captur+ "o ( ^! ,t-bays1 & he may be %ell$ by y\r own artill]y )\t any dang] or risks to ^? def5d+ _! ,t-bays4 ,control tr5*es %\ld be dug fir/ & zigzagg$ ) ! long] /ret*es fac+ ! enemy4 ,?is gives y ano!r fire-tr5* z well z a communication tr5*1 & is also ready = use at any "t ne$$ be=e ! ,t-bay is complet$4 ,on ! completion ( ! ,t-bay1 ! corn]s ( ! zigzagg$ tr5* mu/ be r\nd$ (f to make x easi] & quick] = ! movem5t ( troops & c>ry+ ( /ret*]s4 ,,dug\ts ,x is only "u v exceptional circum/ances t "u-cutt+ a tr5* wall is all[$1 & !n ! %elt] %\ld be cut 9 ! re> wall only4 ,^! %elt]s mu/ be c>efully sup]vis$ & wat*$ by ! (fic]1 z m5 are v (t5 c>eless1 ) ! result t ! %elt]s are dug 9 a hurry & poorly4 ,!n x ra9s1 ! %elt] falls 91 & ! m5 are no m4 ,x %\ld be high en\gh = a man to sit up /raight1 & long en\gh = him to lie d[n 91 & deep en\gh = two m5 to lie side by side4 ,x %\ld be rais$ at lea/ a foot above ! floor level 9 ! tr5* to prev5t wat] f ! tr5* floor com+ 94 ,a %elt] small] ?an ^! dim5sions is useless4 ,x has a demoraliz+ effect1 de/roy+ all activity1 m5tal & physical4 ,^! %elt]s c only be prop]ly made by cutt+ into ! re> tr5* wall ! necess>y dep? & l5g? & "r to ! top4 ,!n1 ) any mat]ial :i* is conv5i5t1 su* z corrugat$ iron1 bru%wood1 old rubb] %eets1 revet ! sides & back4 ,a corrugat$ iron ro( is support$ on po/s at a dep? ( ab\t a foot to a foot & a half bel[ ! normal level ( ! gr\nd4 ,!n1 :5 possible1 cov] ?is ) rubb] %eets4 ,if n possible to procure rubb] %eets1 simply cov] ) dirt excavat$ f %elt]1 tak+ c>e t x does n rise high] ?an y\r p>ados4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fire ,,tr5*1 ,,%[+ ,,entrance ,,to ,,%elt] ,! %elt] is ( use only 9 a n>r[ or deep tr5*4 ,note t ! floor is above ! bottom ( ! tr5*4 ,a fire-tr5*1 h[ev]1 is n a prop] place = %elt]s1 & !y are g5]ally bett] z a wea!r protection ?an a %ell-pro( %elt]4 ,ev5 ?is %\ld n be favor$ too mu*1 z x t5ds to cause ob/ruction1 delay & inconv5i5ce 9 ! pass+ ( troops4 ,! real dug\ts = ! accommodation ( m5 hold+ a l9e are g5]ally beh9d ! fire-tr5*es 9 an imm$iate support l9e1 or z 9 ! case ( ,t-bays1 9 ! control tr5* & communication tr5*es lead+ to & f !m4 ,^! are l>ge dug\ts1 hav+ a dep? ( #cj & #dj feet1 & 9 "s cases capable ( hold+ #ajj to #bej m51 g5]ally hav+ f #e to #aj exits & entrances4 ,"h ! m5 /ay dur+ bomb>dm5ts & are g5]ally safe f any calib] %ell :i* may light on top1 unless a half doz5 %\ld light 9 ! same p>ticul> spot4 ,?is "w is g5]ally ( a v skill$ & te*nical k9d4 ,plans1 draw+s & labor are sup]vis$ by ! eng9e]s1 exp]t tunnel]s be+ us$ 9 con/ruct+ "w1 al?\gh ! infantry supplies work+ p>ties to dispose ( ! dirt1 etc41 result+ f ^! excavations & to c>ry ! mat]ials & tools ne$$ & requir$ 9 ! con/ruction4 ,! design & g5]al s*eme ( a small dug\t :i* c be made by ! infantry "u ! sup]vision ( an (fic]1 )\t ! aid ( an eng9e]1 are "h giv54 ,! dug\t %\ld be approximately #f feet f floor to ro( & ab\t #h feet wide1 ) an approximate l5g? ( #ab feet1 ?us all[+ m5 to lie d[n & yet leave room = passage ?r\gh4 ,! wid? dep5ds ^u ! numb] y int5d to h occupy x4 ,ea* man requires #ah4 ,dep? to be dug bel[ gr\nd dep5ds entirely to :at ext5t y may raise ! ro( ^u ! gr\nd )\t mak+ an unduly expos$ hump :i* w at once tell ! enemy a dug\t is !re4 ,! ?ickness ( ! ro( %\ld be approximately #f feet1 con/ruct$ ) side po/s1 cross beams1 corrugat$ iron1 wat]pro( oilclo?1 s&bags & soil4 ,s&bag revetm5ts %\ld be us$ 9 ! /r5g!n+ ( side po/s4 ,:5 possible1 al?\gh h>dly ev] s1 walls %\ld be l9$ ) wat]pro( oilclo? & entrances s plac$ t !y get z mu* sun z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dug-,,out ,,) ,,ro( ,,remov$4 ,dim5sions v>iable4 ,note ! wide b]ms p]mitt+ ! use ( /rong ro( supports4 ,a lay] ( l>ge /ones to cause e>ly %ell bur/ %\ld =m "p ( ! ro(+4 ,great c>e & att5tion mu/ be giv5 to ^! dug\ts1 & ev5 ?\gh tak+ a little long] ?an seems necess>y1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t !y are sub/antially con/ruct$1 o!rwise !y are 9 a con/ant s\rce ( dang] ( cave-ins dur+ heavy %ell+ & bad wea!r4 ,n m ?an #aj m5 %\ld occupy "o ( ^! dug\ts4 ,!n1 if accid5ts happ51 y\r casualties are n s great4 ,! ro( ( ^! dug\ts %\ld be prep>$ 9 a mann] t5d+ to )/& z high %ell %ock z possible1 & = ?is purpose ! foll[+ table w\ld be ( "s use1 any "p ( :i*1 or a comb9ation ( all1 w give "s idea ( :at is requir$4 ,,resi/ance ,,( ,,ro(+ ,,mat]ials 7a7 ,%rapnel bullets--,/\t planks suitably support$ & cov]$ ) corrugat$ iron & #ab ( e>? or #c ( %+le4 7b7 ,ord9>y guns ( #c calib]--,/rong timb] support+ #d ft4 ( e>? ) a top lay] ( heavy /ones or brok5 bricks to cause e>ly %ell bur/4 7c7 ,field h[itz]s 7( less ?an #f calib]7--#ab logs1 support+ #h ft4 ( e>? ) top lay] ( heavy /ones or brok5 brick & lightly cov]$ ov] ) "s e>?4 7d7 8,jack ,johnsons0--#bj ft4 ( e>? or #aj ft4 ( cem5t concrete1 ren=c$ ) /eel & cov]$ ov] ) a cov]+ ( heavy /one or brok5 brick4 ,x is v (t5 ! case t !re is a l9e ( tr5*es ) v few dug\ts4 ,^? t exi/ are ma9ly occupi$ by fir/ aid /ations ) a m$ical (fic] 9 *>ge1 & (fic]s' headqu>t]s4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 v n>r[1 deep tr5*es1 kn[n z retirem5t tr5*es1 are dug r\ghly f #bj to #ej y>ds beh9d ! fir+ l9e1 s t e "o1 except ^? on s5try duty1 may retire !re dur+ ! heavy %ell+4 ,x is v obvi\s t excell5t communication mu/ be kept up betwe5 ?is tr5* & ! fir+ l9e4 ,,dumps ,s&bags1 corrugat$ iron1 floor bo>ds1 ladd]s1 pails1 bru%es1 rubb] boots1 p]iscopes1 b>b$ wire1 etc41 are :at are kn[n z 8tr5* /ores40 ,^! are g5]ally br\ght up by c>ry+ p>ties dur+ ! night & tak5 to "s conv5i5t spot pick$ out by :osoev] may be comm&+ t p>ticul> section ( tr5*1 ready = di/ribution 9 ! morn+4 ,?is place is kn[n z a 8tr5* dump40 ,"h e morn+ ea* junior (fic] goes to 8 company comm&] ) a reque/ = 8 /ores = ! day4 ,:5 ?is has be5 h&$ 9 & approv$ by 8 company comm&]1 he !n has a p>ty detail$ to g & collect 8 /ores4 ,^! are aga9 plac$ 9 8 p>ticul> little sector ( ! l9es & he receipts = _! c>e & prop] use2 all /ores n us$ are turn$ ov] to ! reliev+ troops & a receipt tak5 = same4 ,^! dumps mu/ be made 9 a c5tral location1 bo? z reg>ds ! company dump & ! platoon4 ,! company dump is n a p]man5t home = ! /ores or ut5sils br\ght up1 b is m]ely :at might be call$ ! di/ribut+ c5t]4 ,:5 a company comm&] turns ov] 8 tr5* /ores & ut5sils to ! reliev+ comm&]1 ! fact t he has all 8 /ores & ut5sils 9 ! company dump does n %[ m]it1 b m]ely ineffici5cy1 t ! di/ribution1 :i* %\ld h tak5 place1 has n be5 c>ri$ out1 &1 !re=e1 t "s ( ! m5 "u 8 comm& probably h n ! requir$ tools to "w ) or ! mat]ial t is necess>y to ! small units to c>ry on _! daily lives4 ,/ores %\ld n rema9 9 _! c5t] dumps4 ,b ea* platoon comm&] %\ld "k exactly h[ mu* he has 9 h&1 & h[ mu* he ne$s4 ,x is also pla9ly evid5t t 9 a scatt]+ ( dumps 9 ?is mann]1 any captur$ by ! enemy d n con/itute a 8knock out0 z f> z ! tr5* /ores are conc]n$4 ,,latr9es ,! cleanl9ess ( ! tr5*es & latr9es requires ! close/ sup]vision ( all (fic]s & non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,! bucket sy/em ( latr9es is entirely unsatisfactory4 ,! gr\nd :]e ! buckets are 9 use becomes unsanit>y1 & s does ! gr\nd 9 :i* ! cont5ts are buri$4 ,d\ble labor & c>riage is involv$1 & z (t5 z n a pollut$ soil is soon] or lat] to be f\nd 9 ! l9e ( a propos$ communication tr5*4 ,! me?od us$ 9 ! ,fr5* armies is v good & by f> ! cleane/4 ,x involves no unpleasant labor & is satisfactory4 ,a pit ab\t #ab feet deep1 #c feet wide & #ab feet long is dug 9 "s place :i* is fairly easy to get at by ^? :o are to use x4 ,g5]ally ?irty to =ty feet beh9d ! fire-tr5*es & (f "o ( ! communication tr5*es4 ,! pit is bo>d$ ov]1 ! bo>ds be+ laid across ! wid?1 t is f front to re>2 e o!r bo>d space be+ omitt$4 ,a pail ( dis9fectant is kept /&+ ne>by1 & ! deep] ! pit is1 ! bett] & long] x w rema9 9 use1 b %\ld be fill$ 9 :5 cont5ts are )9 #f feet ( ! top4 ,?is makes subsequ5t unpleasantness v unlikely4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t m5 us+ ^! places h "s protection f /ray %ells1 & are out ( sight ( ! enemy4 ,:5 possible1 !re %\ld be a refuse pail = e section ( m51 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to impress on ! m5 t !y mu/ ?r[ 9 all tea leaves1 dregs1 all scraps ( food1 & refuse 9 g5]al1 & %\ld be cov]$ ov] ) dis9fectant4 ,if ?is is n done1 ?\s&s ( flies & insects are attract$1 ) ! inevitable rats1 & disease & unsanit>y conditions w foll[4 ,t9 cans1 etc41 %\ld "u no circum/ances be ?r[n ov] ! p>apets z ! same results w occur !re4 ,,revetm5ts ,:5 fire tr5*es are to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t x is necess>y to revet !m4 ,by t ,i mean ! walls1 & especially front walls1 h to be fac$ or /r5g!n$ by s& bags1 bo>ds1 corrugat$ iron or o!r mat]ial t is ne$$4 ,?is "w to be ( any use at all mu/ h solid f\ndations & be ?or\gh f top to bottom4 ,c>eless revetm5t "w is ( no use & a s\rce ( endless labor & tr\ble4 ,all su* "w %\ld be sup]vis$ by (fic]s or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4's :o h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( su* ?+s1 & !y w be amply repaid if !y take an active "p 9 ! "w ) _! own h&s4 ,!re are sev]al =ms ( revetm5t1 accord+ to ! mat]ials available & ! conditions ( ! walls to be revett$1 b ! usual mat]ials are ! s&bags1 corrugat$ iron1 /akes1 bo>ds1 wire nett+1 etc41 & ^! c be us$ ei!r sep>ately or 9 a comb9ation4 ,all ^! mat]ials are g5]ally kept 9 eng9e] dumps1 "s little way beh9d ! fir+ l9e4 ,requisitions are made dur+ ! day by ! (fic] comm&+ ! sector ( tr5* :i* requires revett+1 & at night ! m5 are detail$ 9 c>ry+ p>ties to g d[n to ! eng9e] dumps & c>ry ^! ?+s up = "w ! next day4 ,,s&bags4 ,s&bags are usually available 9 l>ge quantities1 b x is well to rememb] t g5]ally only half ! numb] ind5t$ = rea* ! ind5tor4 ,! re/ g5]ally g ar\nd ! m5's feet & legs to keep !m w>m at night1 & v (t5 are us$ z a sort ( mattress 9 ! dug\ts4 ,?is %\ld n be all[$ z x creates a trem5d\s wa/age4 ,! s&bags %\ld only be ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s fill$1 ?us all[+ = ! *oke or neck end1 aft] ti$1 be+ turn$ "u ! back :5 laid 9 position4 ,?is also gives some?+ to cat* hold ( :5 lay+ & br+s ! weight to some?+ manageable1 ab\t sixty p\nds4 ,a bag ?ree-qu>t]s fill$ measures approximately #bj x #aj x #e4 ,laid s& bags are call$ head]s1 :5 laid ) bottom ( ! bag fac+ ! c5t] ( ! tr5*1 & /ret*]s1 if laid ) ! side fac+ ! tr5* z p] sket*4 ,! neck end %\ld always be tuck$ well 9 ! bag 9 ! case ( ! /ret*]2 ! side seam1 :i* is a weak spot 9 ! s&bag1 %\ld be kept f exposure1 t is1 %\ld be turn$ f ! c5t] ( ! tr5*4 ,:5 ! front wall ( a tr5* is to be revett$ & only s&bags are available1 ! wall %\ld fir/ be cut to a slope ( f #aj to #ae degrees f ! p]p5dicul>1 & ! loose soil obta9$1 if dry1 plac$ 9 ! s&bags4 ,:5 !re is an unrevett$ fire plat=m1 ?is %\ld be also cut away & put1 if dry1 9 ! s& bags4 ,a b$ %\ld !n be dug ab\t #f in*es into ! solid bottom ( ! tr5* 7disreg>d+ ! s(t mud :i* = f\ndation purposes is ( no use7 & slop+ d[n into ! p>apet at "r angles to ! slope ( ! front wall4 ,into ?is b$ place a r[ ( head]s4 ,on ?is r[ place a d\ble r[ ( /ret*]s4 ,jo9ts mu/ always be ! same mann] z brick-lay+2 t is1 c>e tak5 t ! jo9t :]e ! ends ( ! /ret*]s meet does n come imm$iately ov] ! jo9t betwe5 ! head]s & ! l[] r[4 ,s& bags %\ld n[ be beat5 d[n flat1 g5]ally ) a wood5 mallet provid$ = ?is purpose2 !n alt]nate r[s ( head]s & /ret*]s laid2 ea* lay] be+ flatt5$ out ) ! mallet until ! top ( ! p>apet is rea*$4 ,! top lay] %\ld always come out z head]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,head]s1 ,/ret*]s1 ,head]s ,tw5ty-five head]s or twelve /ret*]s1 or sixte5 mix$1 is ! av]age requir$ = revett+ e sup]ficial y>d ( tr5*4 ,! slope ( a front tr5* wall1 ev5 :5 f #aj to #ae degrees f p]p5dicul>1 is apt gradually to assume ! p]p5dicul>1 & !n fall 91 ow+ to ! s9k+ ( ! tr5* bottom or ! actual ?ru/ ( ! e>? 9 front4 ,?is c1 h[ev]1 be *eck$ by us+ #f to #h /akes driv5 well into ! front wall f\ndation1 & at ! same angle z ! front wall4 ,!n1 wir+ ! head ( ^! /akes to :at is kn[n z an an*or-/ake driv5 ab\t #aj into ! gr\nd 9 front ( ! tr5*4 ,s&bags come 9 bales ( #bej1 :i* are aga9 divid$ into bundles ( #ej ea*4 ,on a c>ry+ p>ty x is an av]age rule t ea* man c>ry #ajj s& bags4 ,,corrugat$ ,,iron4 ,g5]ally1 :5 l5g?s ( corrugat$ iron & pl5ty ( floor bo>ds & /akes are available1 ?is mat]ial is us$ = revett+ ! l[] half ( a tr5* wall1 z x removes a great _m difficulties1 su* z look+ ov] sub/antial f\ndations = s&bag revetm5ts4 ,x makes x unnecess>y to fill s&bags1 etc41 ?us sav+ a great am\nt ( "t & labor4 ,9 revett+ ) corrugat$ iron & /akes or hurdles1 cut ! slope or wall f #aj to #ae degrees f ! p]p5dicul>1 putt+ ! soil 9 ! s&bags & leav+ x 9 "s h&y place = any future use4 ,!n1 drive #f to #h /akes well into ! tr5* f\ndation & approximately #d ap>t1 ?us giv+ adequate protection to ea* piece ( corrugat$1 hav+ ! /akes at an angle ( #ae degrees at lea/1 f ! p]p5dicul>1 & #f or #h away f ! tr5* wall4 ,!n1 slide ! corrugat$1 hurdles1 or bo>ds on _! sides d[n beh9d ! /akes1 ov]lapp+ slightly ! ends & ramm+ !m well d[n into ! mud or soil 9 ! bottom1 & fill+ 9 ! space beh9d ) soil4 ,! bottom ?ird or half ( ! front wall is ?us sub/antially1 easily & quickly revett$1 & ! upp] half or rema9d] is g5]ally revett$ ) ! s&bags1 a b$ be+ dug s t ! fir/ lay] ( head]s is ab\t half its dep? bel[ ! top ( ! corrugat$4 ,if /akes %ort] ?an #f or #h h be5 us$ 9 ! revett+1 half %\ld be cut (f to :]e ! s&bag revett+ comm5ces & wir$ to an*or /akes1 driv5 into ! p>apet end ( ! b$1 & n wir$ ov] ! top ( ! p>apet1 z x t5ds to gradually pull !m upw>ds4 ,!n cov] ?is wir+ ) y\r fir/ lay] ( head]s4 ,:5 hurdles or floorbo>ds are us$ in/ead ( corrugat$ iron1 empty s&bags or simil> mat]ial mu/ be hung beh9d !m to prev5t ! soil crumbl+ ?r\gh & ?us weak5+ ! f\ndation ( ! s&bag revetm5ts4 ,corrugat$ %\ld n be us$ = revett+ ! front wall high] ?an #b1 :i* is ! wid? ( "o %eet1 z ! supply is g5]ally limit$ & c be put to m valuable use z dealt ) lat]4 ,corrugat$ iron comes 9 bundles ( ab\t #bd %eets to ! bundle1 av]ag+ #f by #c4 ,two %eets is ! av]age load = any "o man 9 a c>ry+ p>ty4 ,a front wall con/ruct$ 9 ! mann] %[n1 if prompt & imm$iate att5tion always be giv5 to repair if damage is done1 w give v little bo!r4 ,x is ! usual cu/om to con/ruct y\r fire plat=m aft] ?is revett+ "w has be5 done4 ,a tr5* %\ld be dug no deep] ?an w af=d protection to ! fir]1 a deep] passageway necessitat+ a fire plat=m1 a subsequ5t "w1 & by fir/ revett+ ! :ole front wall f bottom to top !n add+ ! fire plat=m1 ea* gets ! b5efit ( ! f\ndation ( ! o!r4 ,until ?is fire plat=m is con/ruct$1 em]g5cy me?ods may be us$ & improvis$ 9 a mom5t ) ammunition boxes1 loose s&bags & ! v>i\s o!r junk :i* accumulates 9 a tr5*4 ,,fire ,,plat=ms4 ,n[ t ! front wall has be5 revett$1 ei!r ) corrugat$ or s&bags1 ! con/ruction ( ! fire plat=m %\ld be at once />t$4 ,to />t ?is1 %ort /akes %\ld be driv5 well into ! tr5* bottom ab\t #cf f ! front wall & p>allel to ! slope ( ! front wall1 av]ag+ f #b to #c ap>t & g5]ally z sub/antial z ! l>ge revetm5t /akes1 al?\gh ?is is n ( absolute necessity4 ,:5 bru%wood is procurable1 x %\ld be us$ z a f\ndation1 putt+ x 9 aft] ! %ort /akes are driv5 & ramm+ x d[n beh9d !m4 ,?is gives y z ne>ly z possible a dry & compact f\ndation = y\r fir/ r[ ( head]s4 ,!n ?is may be cov]$ ) ano!r lot ( bru%wood1 & t aga9 by a r[ ( head]s1 & f !n ! lay] %\ld be alt]nate head]s & /ret*]s4 ,s& bags d n (f] a good plat=m aft] a heavy ra91 z !y become wet & slipp]y & ! mat]ial quickly rots1 !n !y break op5 & ! top ( y\r fire plat=m is gone4 ,to avoid ?is1 x is necess>y to use :atev] mat]ial may be at h& 9 ! cov]+ ( ! top lay]4 ,"o good way ( provid+ ?is top cov]+ :5 ! mat]ial is procurable1 is a wire nett+ us$ 9 a d\ble ?ickness4 ,x %\ld be plac$ beh9d & up aga9/ ! /akes be=e ! f\ndation is laid4 ,!n :5 ! fire plat=m is built to its prop] height1 b5d ! wire f ! top ( ! fire plat=m & fa/5 x d[n on ! sides by :atev] means are h&y4 ,us+ ?is d\ble wire nett+ makes x possible to use brick & all sorts ( g5]al tra% 9 ! con/ruction ( ! fire plat=m & gives a v good dry foot+4 ,:5 do+ t ! face ( y\r plat=m %\ld be ei!r corrugat$ %eets or bo>ds4 ,v (t5 :at are kn[n z s5try-bo>ds1 or small floor bo>ds ab\t #cf squ>e & ) additional cross pieces und]nea?1 giv+ !m a height ( ab\t a foot1 ?us rais+ !m well out ( ! mud1 are us$1 & are v h&y be=e a fire plat=m is made1 & 9 "s cases h to be us$ = small m5 aft] ! fire plat=m is made4 ,,trav]ses ,all ! walls ( ! trav]ses mu/ also be revett$1 g5]ally ) ! s&bags & 9 exactly ! same mann] z ! front walls ( a fire-bay1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep x well slop$4 ,?is leads to a less5+ ( protection af=d$ ! occupants by mak+ a great] wid? at ! top ( ! tr5*1 b x is absolutely necess>y unless y wi% y\r :ole trav]se to gradually fall 91 :5 y are 9 a position ( hav+ no protection at all4 ,! top ( ! trav]se may be & is (t5 sev]al feet high] ?an ! p>apet1 if ! fire-bay x protects is expos$ to enfilade fire f ! enemy tr5* at a high] level4 ,b :5 ?is is n ! case1 ! trav]se %\ld n be high] ?an ! p>apet or p>ados1 & %\ld slope d[n t[>ds ! enemy to give ! appe>ance ( be+ m]ely a cont9uation ( ! p>apet4 ,! trav]se %\ld nev] be less ?an #i wide1 all[+ #b = a s5try box1 al?\gh ?is s5try box is no long] g5]ally 9 use4 ,:at are kn[n z ov]head trav]ses are made g5]ally 9 a communication tr5* lead+ up to ! front l9e1 & :i* 9 c]ta9 p>ts ! enemy are able to look into4 ,^! ov]head trav]ses give to ?is p>ticul> place ! protection :i* is necess>y4 ,!y are quickly & easily made by plac+ corrugat$ iron1 logs or /rong bran*es1 or floor bo>ds1 across ! top ( ! tr5* & putt+ s& bags on ! top ( ^!4 ,:5 ! tr5* walls are weak1 or ev5 on g5]al pr9ciples1 ! sides support+ ?is ov]head trav]se %\ld be revett$ ) s&bags4 ,! s5try boxes1 al?\gh n 9 g5]al use n[1 are describ$1 m = g5]al in=mation ?an any?+ else4 ,!y are dug or recess$ 9 ! trav]se at ei!r end ( ! fire-bay & mu/ h an obs]vation slit 9 ! p>apet = use by day1 b no loophole fac+ ! enemy1 z reg>dless ( ! c>e & caution us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ^! loopholes1 !y w soon] or lat]1 g5]ally soon]1 be obs]v$ by ! enemy & ! s5try box made useless4 ,dur+ an attack ?is s5try box is nev] us$1 except = /ores or ! plac+ ( w\nd$1 z !re w always be pl5ty ( room = ! late occupant 9 ! fire-bay itself4 ,sometimes1 :5 en]gy & "t p]mit1 an enfilade fire loophole is made ?r\gh ! trav]se & fac+ ! next fire-bay1 b ?is has z mu* value = mak+ easy v]bal communication f "o fire-bay to ano!r z x has to ! *eck+ ( attack+ =ces4 ,,li/5+ ,,po/s ,z be=e m5tion$1 9 ! space betwe5 ! front l9es ( ! oppos+ armies1 :i* is kn[n z ,no ,man's ,l&1 !re are sometimes l>ge & sometimes small areas ( gr\nd1 dit*es1 /reams1 etc41 :i* _c be satisfactorily wat*$ f a fire tr5* imm$iately fac+ !m1 ow+ to ! lay ( ! l&1 h$ges1 old excavations1 build+s1 etc4 ,?is is ! case 9 a great _m in/ances reg>dless ( ! c>eful ?\ght & ! am\nt ( "t sp5t 9 sit+ a fire-tr5*1 z ! sit+ ( all tr5*es is l>gely subsidiz$ by ! tactical position ( ! flank tr5*es4 ,v (t5 a l9e ( tr5*es is tak5 up "u /ress ( circum/ances t d n p]mit ( ! obey+ ( ! rules & /&>ds set = an ideal fire-tr5*4 ,! control ( ^! areas is ess5tial to prev5t small surprise attacks1 cutt+-out p>ties & raids4 ,dur+ ! day !y are v (t5 obs]vable f a flank tr5* or high] obs]vation gr\nd 9 ! re>1 b at night ?is is n possible2 s t li/5+ or obs]vation po/s are gradually sit$ 9 front ( ! fire tr5* ) due consid]ation to ! situation 9 t imm$iate vic9ity4 ,a ru9$ %$1 %ack1 c>t1 or any o!r ?+ ( a simil> "* ly+ 9 ,no ,man's ,l& is v useful = ^! purposes if x c be rea*$ be=e ! enemy rea* x ) ! same purpose 9 m9d4 ,?is _c be us$ v long1 z its purpose is too obvi\s & peace & quietness w n la/ long1 b x w d until a m satisfactory arrangem5t c be made4 ,! li/5+ po/ is (t5 dug j inside ! out] fr+e ( y\r own b>b$ wire entanglem5ts1 & is j l>ge en\gh to all[ two m5 to /& 9 unobs]v$4 ,x %\ld be rea*$ by a v n>r[1 irregul> tr5* runn+ out f a fire-bay1 :]e x is fairly easy to secure ! maximum am\nt ( concealm5t necess>y to give protection4 ,! soil excavat$ f ^! places mu/ n be ?r[n out1 b plac$ 9 s& bags & tak5 into ! tr5* & us$ !re4 ,x is always be/ & requires v little m labor1 & gives ! maximum am\nt ( protection to y\r li/5+ po/ if communication to x be made ?r\gh a tunnel4 ,^! ?+s are b\nd to be discov]$ )9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( "t1 & :5 y "k ! position ( y\r li/5+ po/ has be5 f\nd by ! enemy1 :i* y w "k v quickly1 ow+ to ! am\nt ( bombs & rifle fire x w receive = "o or two nights1 until y c dig ano!r "o1 x is a safe ?+ to build up a small p>apet1 tak+ x d[n e morn+ be=e dawn4 ,x !n becomes necess>y to dig a new po/1 & ?is c be g5]ally done by lead+ (f f y\r old communication tr5* to "s m favorable spot4 ,:5 ! new po/ is ready = occupancy1 ! old "o %\ld be fill$ 9 ) b>b$ wire1 or completely fill$ 9 aga9 ) dirt1 & ! s&bag p>apet left to mislead z long z possible4 ,! fir/ duty ( a li/5+ po/ is to li/5 & report4 ,mo/ ( ! "w is done at night1 & no fir+ or snip+ mu/ be all[$ f x dur+ ! day4 ,patrols g5]ally come out via "o li/5+ po/ & return by ano!r1 s t all li/5+ po/s mu/ be w>n$ ( ! tr5* by :i* ! patrol w come out & ! approximate h\r ( dep>ture & return4 ,patrols %\ld nev] be s5t out )\t def9ite ord]s z to :at is requir$1 & especially z to ! li/5+ po/ !y leave & return by4 ,li/5+ po/s %\ld fire )\t *all5ge at any "o :o approa*es )9 sight1 :e!r fri5d or enemy1 unless x has be5 w>n$ t a fri5dly patrol is out1 9 :i* ev5t signals %\ld be pre-arrang$4 ,!n ! li/5+ po/ w use ! greate/ caution & %\ld *all5ge audibly :5 ! patrol is close1 & unless imm$iately satisfi$1 fire4 ,li/5+ po/s are connect$ ) ! fire tr5* by a cord or wire1 & a simple code ( tugs is arrang$1 or a bell fa/5$ to ! fire tr5* end = al>m 9 case ( em]g5cy1 & "h a s5try always /&s to get any signals t may come f ! li/5+ po/4 ,if a li/5+ po/ has n be5 w>n$ t a fri5dly patrol is out & fires on x )\t *all5ge1 ! ,l4 ,p4 is absolv$ f all blame4 ,:5 a h$ge or dit*1 :i* might easily provide cov] to ! enemy1 is runn+ p>allel ) ! fir+ tr5*1 x mu/ be controll$ at night by a ma*9e or ,lewis gun :i* is able to enfilade a frontal advance ov] op5 gr\nd lead+ to x4 ,if1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! p>allel h$ge or dit* is easily approa*$ along ei!r h$ges or dit*es runn+ at "r angles to x1 ^! angles mu/ be protect$ by ma*9e or ,lewis gun fir+ d[n !m4 ,:5 h$ges or dit*es runn+ at "r angles f ! fir+ l9e & lead+ t[>ds ! enemy are 9 a sector ( l9e1 !y %\ld be protect$ f dusk to dawn by "o or two m51 g5]ally only arm$ ) bombs to protect aga9/ surprise1 & great c>e mu/ be tak5 t no m signs ?an possible are left to ! occupancy ( ?is position ov] night4 ,,obs]vation ,,po/s ,,loopholes ,,= ,,fir+4 ,dur+ an attack1 fir+ is nev] possible ?r\gh loopholes z x is too re/rict$ to be ( any value4 ,all ! fir+ !n is done ov] ! p>apet4 ,! difficulty ( con/ruct+ new obs]vation po/s :i* are effectual & inconspicu\s = any l5g? ( "t has result$ 9 _! n be+ made 9 a p>apet1 :]e1 :5 locat$ by ! enemy1 !y are z (t5 z n a s\rce ( dang]4 ,moreov]1 promiscu\s fir+ ?r\gh loopholes by ineffici5t riflem5 is ( no value4 ,snip+ is "u ! control & sup]vision ( a snip+ (fic]1 & loopholes %\ld only be us$ by m5 appo9t$ by t (fic]4 ,!y are n us$ at night & %\ld be only us$ dur+ ! day = enfilade fire1 & be plac$ 9 ! p>apet z l[ d[n z is consi/5t ) l9e ( site4 ,a piece ( clo? or empty s&bag %\ld be hung f ! re> ( ! loophole1 s t :5 ! hole is n ob/ruct$ by ! fire1 no light c %[ ?r\gh4 ,no %ots %\ld be fir$ f ^? loopholes1 except at a def9ite t>get1 & ranges ( t>gets or spots :]e t>gets may possibly appe>1 %\ld be asc]ta9$ 9 advance1 & necess>y expos$ movem5t1 su* z )drawal ( rifle1 mu/ be v sl[ & gradual4 ,) c>e1 & :5 only us$ by a skill$ rifleman1 a loophole w be ( value = probably two weeks & good results obta9$1 b by a c>eless man ! value ( a loophole w n la/ a day & v likely result 9 casualties n only to ! man %oot+1 b to o!rs z well4 ,9 ! area f #bj to #ajj y>ds beh9d ! fire tr5*1 !re sometimes is1 al?\gh v seldom1 gr\nd mu* high] ?an ! actual fire tr5*1 s t x is safe to all[ ev5 ha/ily tra9$ m5 to use x = fir+ ov] ! heads ( ! ma9 front l9e tr5*1 al?\gh x has happ5$ t m5 9 su* a position h fir$ into _! front l9e1 ?9k+ x ! enemy l9e4 ,?is gr\nd is g5]ally us$ by build+ :at are kn[n z cov]+ fire tr5*es4 ,^! to be ( any value1 %\ld n be m ?an #bj y>ds beh9d ! front l9e1 z f>!r =w>d ?an #bj y>ds !y become affect$ by artill]y fire direct$ at ! fire tr5*es2 & f>!r back ?an #ajj y>ds ! cov]+ fire1 unless 9 ! h&s ( v skill$ & effici5t riflem51 becomes v dang]\s to ! m5 9 ! front l9e4 ,,support ,,tr5*es ,,& ,,support ,,dug\ts ,a support tr5* is usually )9 #cj to #cjj y>ds ( a fire tr5*1 & may s]ve ! purposes ( cov]+ fire tr5*es by skill$ riflem5 or an indirect ma*9e gun fire1 b _! ma9 purpose is to %elt] troops f obs]vation & %ell fire1 & ?us _! ma9 *>act]i/ics become ! size & /r5g? ( ample dug\ts4 ,troops 9 ! support dug\ts are at h& = ?ree purposes3 ,fir/ly1 replac+ ( casualties occurr+ 9 ! fire tr5*es dur+ normal times or a ho/ile attack4 ,secondly1 hold+ ! support tr5*es 9 case ! fire tr5*es are tak5 by ! enemy4 ,?irdly1 9 ! ev5t ( an attack on ! enemy's tr5*es1 lead+ ! attack by mov+ =w>d ov] ! heads ( ! occupants ( ! fire tr5*1 or if ! latt] are lead+ ! attack1 to occupy at once ! fire tr5* :5 vacat$4 ,= ?is reason x is ( va/ importance t !re are accessible & commodi\s support dug\ts & communications betwe5 ! imm$iate support tr5*es & front l9e4 ,if ?is is s !re w be less *ance ( disa/]s to supports & res]ves com+ up to make good a successful attack4 ,!re mu/ be support dug\ts ev5 9 ! ev5t ( !re be+ no support tr5*es1 & ?is is v (t5 possible ow+ to ! lay ( ! l&4 ,! /r5g? & size ( ^! dug\ts entirely dep5d on tactical consid]ations & local conditions1 :i* are g5]ally decid$ by ! /aff4 ,,support ,,po9ts ,^! =ts or /rong po9ts1 z !y are sometimes call$1 usually r\nd or squ>e1 b :i* may be any %ape be/ suit$ to ! condition ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y are plac$1 are g5]ally f #ajj to #cjj y>ds beh9d ! fire-tr5*es & supplem5t>y to ! support tr5*es4 ,ea* ( ^! /rong po9ts conta9s a p]man5t g>rison ( fir+ troops1 /rongly protect$ ) b>b$ wir+ & s&bag revetm5ts1 & well suppli$ ) ammunition1 food & wat]1 to enable !m to )/& heavy attacks4 ,dur+ an attack !y are us$ to give ov]head cov]+ fire1 & = ! control ( ammunition & o!r supplies to be s5t on to ! fir+ l9e4 ,x is a g5]al rule t if ! enemy take a fire l9e ! g>rison ( ^! support+ po9ts mu/ hold out & rema9 a ?orn 9 ! enemy's side until ! la/ man ( ! g>rison is kill$4 ,,res]ve ,,dug\ts ,^! dug\ts protect ! local res]ves f :i* supports are suppli$ & are us$ = purposes simil> to ^? = :i* ! imm$iate support dug\ts are employ$1 b on a great deal l>g] scale4 ,^! dug\ts are g5]ally ne> battalion headqu>t]s & f #ejj to #a1ejj y>ds beh9d ! fir+ l9e4 ,! *ief consid]ations 9 sit+ ! positions ( ^! dug\ts are ?ree3 ,fir/3 facilities = rapid & easy transit to ! support & fire-tr5*es2 second3 concealm5t2 ?ird3 com=t4 ,com=t %\ld be second>y to ! o!r conditions affect+ ! sit+ ( ! sy/em4 ,,second ,,l9e ,?is comprises ! l9e ( fire-tr5*es1 ) cov]+ fire-tr5*es1 support tr5*es1 support dug\ts & res]ve dug\ts 79 o!r words1 x is an exact duplication ( ! front l9e sy/em71 f> en\gh beh9d ! front l9e t 9 ! ev5t ( ! fir/ sy/em be+ tak51 ! second l9e is ready to be tak5 up by ! troops driv5 out ( ! front l9e1 & receive ! support ( troops ly+ 9 brigade or divisional res]ve4 ,! di/ance ( ! second l9e beh9d ! fir/ is r\ghly a mile1 & :ile ! fir/ l9e is held1 op]ations ( ! second (t5 provide useful accommodation = ! ma*9e guns & artill]y1 bo? = fir+ purposes1 obs]vation & %elt]4 ,! "t available = sit+ & con/ruct+ second l9e sy/em1 & ! fre$om f all di/urbances :i* bo!r ! front l9e sy/em1 %\ld result 9 its be+ impregnable4 ,x is an ideal sy/em provid$ ^? responsible = its sit+ & con/ruction are ?or\ghly & practically exp]i5c$ ) fir/ l9e conditions & pr(it by t exp]i5ce & =m] mi/akes4 ,,communication ,,tr5*es ,:5 sit+ communication tr5*es1 two consid]ations come into conflict ) "o ano!r2 ! desire = protection1 & ! necessity ( rapid & easy transit4 ,x is obvi\s t a ,c4 ,t4 is ( vital importance to ! fir+ l9e 9 ! gett+ up ( support+ troops1 ammunition & /ores rapidly & )\t undue fatigue4 ,x is also obvi\s t x mu/ give z mu* protection z possible to ! troops us+ ! ,c4 ,t41 b x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! protection giv5 mu/ n int]f]e ) rapid transit by mak+ ! ,c4 ,t4 too n>r[4 ,x mu/ also be kept 9 m9d t rapid transit 9 itself gives a c]ta9 am\nt ( protection = ! simple reason t ! easi] & quick] ! transit1 ! less "t are troops delay$ 9 ! ,c4 ,t4's 9 :i* protection is requir$1 & if troops c cov] ! dang] area 9 #aj m9utes1 !y are pla9ly 9 dang] = a less p]iod ?an if x took #cj m9utes to /ruggle ov] t same area4 ,?is rapid transit1 only obta9$ by a dang]\sly wide communication tr5* f support or res]ve l9es & f dug\ts1 also makes x possible = less troops to be regul>ly on duty 9 ! fire-tr5*es1 :i* are always uncom=table & dang]\s1 especially dur+ a bomb>dm5t1 & x also enables supports & res]ves to be ru%$ up quickly :5 ! occasion dem&s4 ,x c be pla9ly se5 n[ t a compromise mu/ be effect$ betwe5 claims ( protection & rapid transit1 s t ! size & %ape ( ! ,c4 ,t4's w v>y accord+ to _! di/ance f a dang] area4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! ne>] to dang]1 ! m mu/ ! claims ( rapid transit give way to ^? ( protection4 ,disreg>d+ = ! "t be+ ! claims ( protection & only consid]+ rapid transit1 !re are ^! ?+s to be consid]$3 ,fir/1 t a ,c4 ,t4 be z %ort z possible1 mak+ use ( cont\rs1 sunk5 roads & o!r natural features to avoid digg+ z mu* z possible4 ,second1 t a ,c4 ,t4 be z /raight z possible1 :i* n only %ort5s ! di/ance b avoids turns & corn]s :i* int]f]e ) spe$ & :i* require r5ew$ ef=t at e turn4 ,^! %>p corn]s & turns mu/ always be avoid$4 ,?is c be done )\t weak5+ a tr5* or increas+ ! risk1 & e ef=t %\ld be made to save troops c>ry+ full equipm5t1 /ores1 ammunition1 or rations f unnecess>y tir+1 h9drances1 & difficulties1 su* z %>p corn]s & turns4 ,?ird1 ! ,c4 ,t4 ,j4's mu/ be z level z possible1 z !y are g5]ally slipp]y1 & incl9es or decl9es %\ld be avoid$ z !y v (t5 cause accid5ts4 ,a long] ,c4 ,t4 foll[+ ar\nd natural cont\rs is frequ5tly m advantage\s = ?is reason ?an a /raight "o ov] a hill1 :i* x is only possible to make level by an am\nt ( digg+ out ( proportion to ! result ga9$4 ,! ,c4 ,t4 mu/ be wide en\gh = requirem5ts4 ,^! diff] accord+ 7a7 to ! proximity ( ,c4 ,t4 to ! fire-tr5*es1 7b7 to ! numb] ( ,c4 ,t4's available1 & 7c7 to ! use = :i* a ,c4 ,t4 is requir$1 i4 e41 :e!r a d\ble ,c4 ,t4 7= bo? up & d[n traffic7 or a s+le ,c4 ,t4 7= traffic 9 "o direction only74 ,:5 a ,c4 ,t4 is close to ! fire-tr5*1 troops mov+ into x are practically !mselves 9 ! fire-tr5* & z ea* gr\p has probably to get to a diff]5t "p ( t fire-tr5*1 all necess>y traffic up & d[n ! fire-tr5* & di/urbance ( ! m5 occupy+ x mu/ be avoid$4 ,rapid transit c advantage\sly be obta9$ by o!r means ?an ! wid? ( ! ,c4 ,t42 by divid+ ! s+le ,c4 ,t4 at "s po9t f #cj to #fj y>ds 9 re> ( ! actual fire-tr5* into a numb] ( small n>r[ ,c4 ,t4's1 ea* lead+ to a gr\p ( #c to #f fire-bays1 & ^! may aga9 be divid$ into ^? = up & ^? = d[n traffic4 ,?is sy/em requires a fair am\nt ( ?9k+ out & all ! tr5*es %\ld be pla9ly m>k$ & nam$4 ,^! names are plac$ on notice bo>ds at ! diff]5t junctions hav+ ! prop] indications & rules direct+ ! use ( up & d[n traffic4 ,?is is & %\ld be rigidly en=c$ dur+ bo? quiet & active p]iods1 b takes on a mu* great] importance dur+ active p]iods4 ,! wid? ( ^! s+le ,c4 ,t4's runn+ close to ! fire-tr5*es %\ld be en\gh to all[ a man c>ry+ full equipm5t1 /ores1 or rations to pass along easily & )\t bump+ ! sides ) 8 equipm5t or burd52 approximately two feet at ! bottom ) ample room at all corn]s4 ,! wid? ( a s+le ,c4 ,t4 = d[n traffic only %\ld be wide en\gh to all[ = passage ( a lad5 /ret*]1 especially at ! corn]s1 z a /ret*] is a v clumsy ?+ to get ar\nd ^! corn]s & (t5 ! delay caus$ has v s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,z a ,c4 ,t4 leav+ a fire-tr5* gets f>!r away1 ! wid? %\ld be z soon z possible su* z w all[ two m5 to pass "o ano!r fully equipp$ )\t jo/l+ or scrap+ ! sides ( ! tr5*1 or approximately #d ft4 at ! bottom4 ,?is wid? ) recesses describ$ lat] all[s rapid transit = troops pass+ ea* o!r 9 quiet p>ties & all[+ a mu* great] safety 9 an em]g5cy :5 !re is no d[n traffic4 ,! front is always ref]r$ to z 8up40 ,ano!r advantage to be ga9$ 9 ! wid? ( ! ,c4 ,t4 is 9 ! fact t x is mu* easi] to keep dry & usable4 ,x p]mits lay+ ( regulation floor bo>ds1 all[+ en\gh room on ea* side ( !m = ! purpose ( dra9age1 & is a means ( prev5t+ fall+ soil f cov]+ ! floor bo>ds4 ,wat] w n dra9 (f or ?r\gh soil :i* is cont9ually trampl$ on & has become sodd5 or irregul>1 & unless ! floor bo>ds are kept free f soil1 !y soon become useless1 crook$ & immovable4 ,! wid? ( ^! tr5*es all[s ! w9d & sun to rea* ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 ?us help+ a great deal 9 keep+ x dry4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z a communication tr5* #ah in*es wide at ! bottom & #bd in*es wide at ! top2 digg+s ( ^! dim5sions are no?+ m ?an dra9s :i* 9 an em]g5cy only are /ruggl$ ?r\gh :5 pass+ 9 ! op5 is /ill m impossible1 & !y %\ld n be giv5 any consid]ation :atev] z a ,c4 ,t4 ,! features requir$ 9 a communication tr5*1 reg>dless ( ! claims ( rapid transit & only consid]+ protection1 are3 7,fir/7 ,frequ5t trav]ses or turn+s to avoid ! effect ( enfilade fire1 to localize ! effect ( a bur/+ %ell or bomb1 to make difficult a ho/ile advance d[n ! ,c4 ,t4 & to enable bomb p>ties to resi/ m easily _! advance4 7,second7 ,a tr5* t is suffici5tly n>r[ w localize ! effect ( a bur/+ %ell or bomb & m9imize ! effectiv5ess ( ho/ile fire1 :i* mu/ h a high degree ( accuracy to be effective4 ,b ! quick] ov] ! gr\nd ! %ort] ! p]iod ( dang]1 & %ell fire ( any degree ( accuracy w sub/antially n>r[ "o ( ^! n>r[] tr5*es1 damag+ ! walls & caus+ casualties & o!r ob/ructions :i* w r5d] passage impossible ) ei!r "o or two results4 ,delay caus$ at a critical mom5t1 or ! occupants try+ to obta9 a passage up ! tr5* 9 ord] to take any "p 9 ! fight+1 w\ld h to come out into ! op5 soon] ?an necess>y4 ,! %ell+ ( ! ,c4 ,t4's usually is heavi] = p]fectly obvi\s reasons dur+ an attack & :5 rapid transit ?r\gh !m is ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,a n>r[ tr5* g5]ally takes z long to dig z "o ( ! wid] type1 ow+ to ! re/rict$ area 9 :i* to "w4 7,?ird7 ,if invisibility be possible1 x is an excell5t feature1 b 9 n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e cases out ( a ?\s& x is h>dly possible4 ,an obs]v$ ,c4 ,t4 indicates ! position & direction ( supports1 /ores1 res]ves1 dug\ts1 etc4 ,?is fault c be correct$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ! c>eful use ( ! cont\rs1 dead gr\nd1 sunk5 roads1 & all natural features1 su* z woods & h$ges4 ,artificial cov] may & does assi/ concealm5t1 b soon] or lat] ho/ile a]ial obs]vation & photographs disclose ! position ( m easily conceal$ ?+s ?an an excavat$ ,c4 ,t4 ,x is frequ5tly ! %ad[ at ! bottom ( a tr5* :i* gives its position away to aircraft1 & ! n>r[] ! tr5*1 ! m prom95t is ! %ad[4 ,! soil1 :i* is g5]ally a diff]5t color f ! surface soil1 mu/ be ?r[n up on ei!r side z "t does n all[ x be+ c>ri$ away4 ,unless 9 a place ( artificial cov] ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! ,c4 ,t41 x is usually necess>y to admit ! impossibility ( concealm5t & utilize "t m pr(itably by tak+ protective measures4 ,rapid transit to a fire-tr5* is ( great] importance ?an rapid transit f a fire-tr5*1 & ! importance ( protection is great] z ! fire-tr5* & its dang]s are approa*$4 ,me?ods ( con/ruction %\ld be bas$ on ?is idea & ! argum5ts giv5 above4 ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em ,?is sket* %[s a d\ble-traffic communication tr5* lead+ 7#e ft4 wide7 f res]ves & ,h4 ,q4 to a loophol$ isl&-trav]se ab\t #cj y>ds beh9d ! support l9e4 ,at ?is isl&-trav]se1 s+le-traffic ,c4 ,t4 bran*es (f to v>i\s sectors ( ! support l9e2 ! ma9 ,c4 ,t4 lead+ on 7f #c to #d feet wide7 un9t]rupt$ ?r\gh ! support l9e to loophol$ isl&-trav]se 8,e10 ab\t #cj y>ds beh9d ! fir+ l9e4 ,at ?is isl&-trav]se ! ma9 ,c4 ,t4 breaks (f into s+le-traffic ,c4 ,t4 #c feet wide4 ,ea* leads to v>i\s sectors ( ! fir+ l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,i ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em ,,section ,i4 ,c4 ,t4 %\ld />t beh9d "o ( ! fire-tr5* trav]ses & n f a fire-bay4 ,e y>d %\ld be conte/able = approximately ! fir/ #ae to #bj y>ds4 ,?is c be effect$1 & at ! same "t ! effect ( ho/ile artill]y & rifle fire & bombs localiz$1 by a s]ies ( trav]ses #i feet squ>e1 ! tr5* be+ approximately #g feet deep & #b feet wide at ! bottom4 ,cut into ! re> ( a few ( ^! trav]ses is a n>r[ recess ?r\gh :i* "o ( ! def5d+ bomb+ p>ty may take up a position 9 ! c5t] ( ! trav]se & fire1 kneel+ or /&+1 ?r\gh a loophole at ! advanc+ enemy4 ,! recess gives him ample protection1 includ+ head cov]1 & is s cut t ! entrance is out ( alignm5t ) ! tr5* beh9d him & he w be unaffect$ by a bomb explod+ !re4 ,at ! same "t he may "w )1 & direct1 ! bomb]s beh9d him :o are bomb+ ov] ! trav]se1 & if x becomes necess>y1 !y c also take cov] 9 ! entrance to ! recess4 ,! loophole %\ld n be plac$ s high t x becomes possible = ! enemy to come =w>d "u x4 ,! mo/ dutiable arms = ! memb]s ( ! def5d+ bomb+ p>ty detail$ = ?is trav]se "w are :at are kn[n z 8close-contact weapons10 g5]ally includ+ revolv]s1 bombs1 tr5* knives1 & v (t5 a bayonet c>ri$ by pu%+ x d[n 9 ! puttee4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,ii ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em ,,section ,,ii4 ,! "t & claims ( rapid transit w n all[ ! trav]se sy/em z employ$ 9 ,section ,i to be cont9u$1 ! n>r[ s+le-traffic ,c4 ,t4's1 f we> & te> & %ell fire1 soon become wid]1 & z ! wid? w\ld all[ rapid transit to fri5d & foe alike1 x is ( ! utmo/ importance t "s means be adopt$ to deprive ! enemy ( ?is advantage4 ,moreov]1 ! enemy may h successfully advanc$ d[n on trav]s$ ,c4 ,t41 say1 at 8,c10 & our own bomb]s might /ill be fight+ 9 ano!r trav]s$ ,c4 ,t41 say1 at 8,d10 & _! ne$s dem& protection4 ,?is may be obta9$ if1 be=e ! s+le ,c4 ,t4's m]ge into ! d\ble1 ea* ( !m be q /raight = approximately #ae y>ds1 & isl&-trav]se1 8,e10 be plac$ at ! junction4 ,9 ! re> ( ?is isl&1 8,e10 is a l>ge & sub/antial recess1 into :i* "o or two ,lewis guns or automatic rifles c be plac$1 fir+ ?r\gh loopholes & r5d]+ ho/ile advance d[n bo? 8,c0 & 8,d0 communication tr5*es almo/ impossible4 ,! recess 9 8,e0 mu/ all[ ample room 9 :i* to op]ate4 ,ov]head cov] is provid$1 & "o rifle w\ld require "o long loophole1 s t x c\ld fire along ei!r ,c4 ,t4 )\t m ?an a mom5t's int]ruption4 ,9 ! case ( two rifles be+ available1 !re c\ld be two su* long loopholes1 ea* cov]+ bo? ,c4 ,t4's1 "o = kneel+ & "o = /&+4 ,! l[] loophole gives ! advantage ( x be+ impossible = any ( ! enemy to get out ( dang] b5ea? x4 ,! fact t ! trav]se is an isl& "o1 ) passageway ei!r side1 w\ld all[ fri5ds to advance r\nd ! trav]se & up 8,d0 to ! support ( fri5ds /ill fight+ !re1 & )\t ob/ruct+ ! fire direct$ f ! trav]se at enemy advanc+ d[n 8,c40 ,illu/ration3 ,,isl& ,,trav]se ,a type us$ to control long1 /raight /ret*es ( tr5*4 ,an isl&-trav]se s con/ruct$ & mann$ %\ld be unapproa*able along ei!r tr5* 8,c0 or 8,d10 b precautions mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! enemy avoid+ x by com+ out into ! op51 z 9 active mom5ts ,c4 ,t4's become z mutilat$ z fire tr5*es & ! enemy may leave ! ,c4 ,t4 be=e rea*+ ! #ae-y>d /ret* & approa* ! trav]se f above or flank4 ,9 anticipation ( ?is1 ! position 8,h0 is select$ slightly 9 re> & to flank ( ! trav]se1 & 9 ?is position "o ( ! automatic rifles may take up1 ei!r orig9ally or by retirem5t f 8,e10 & deliv] ! requir$ trav]s+ cov]+ fire across ! front ( 8,e0 & giv+ adequate protection to ! g>rison mann+ ! isl&-trav]se4 ,b>b$ wire is also g5]ally plac$ 9 op5 gr\nd su* z ?is describ$1 say1 = in/ance1 betwe5 8,k0 or 8,l0 on ei!r side ( ! #ae-y>d /ret*es to imp$e ho/ile exit & advance4 ,! ov]head trav]se j 9 front ( ! isl& gives protection aga9/ bombs ?r[n d[n on ,c4 ,t4 ,:5 cov]+ fire is n requir$1 ! position 8,h0 w =m an alt]native position %\ld ! isl&-trav]se be de/roy$ by %ell fire or tak5 by ! enemy2 b ! latt] w be ( little use to ! enemy z _! progress pass$ x is block$ by a loophole plac$ at 8,h0 & cov]+ ! tr5* 8,m0 d[n :i* !y mu/ advance4 ,x also cov]s a dummy tr5*1 %[n z 8,n10 d[n :i* !re is a fair *ance t ! enemy w\ld naturally g if a mislead+ notice 7 plac$ at ! junction ( 8,m0 & 8,n40 ,! slight turn at ! end1 8,o10 w prev5t premature k z to ! real nature ( ?is tr5*4 ,! enemy's progress may also be block$ = a %ort "t by hav+ rolls ( loop$ wire1 sometimes kn[n z conc]t9a wire1 s plac$ 9 recesses 9 ! side ( ! tr5*1 & s arrang$ t :5 a man retir+ d[n a tr5* c cat* hold ( ! roll z he passes a recess1 uncoils x z he runs1 leav+ x 9 ! tr5* 9 a badly tangl$ mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ,,iii ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em ,,section ,,iii4 ,support+ tr5*es may be at any di/ance f #cj to #cjj y>ds beh9d ! fir+ tr5*es4 ,! ,c4 ,t4 9 ?is section is con/ruct$ on ! same l9es1 or may be con/ruct$ on ! same l9es1 z ,sections ,i & ,,ii1 into :atev] proportions local conditions & practical consid]ations1 & p>ticul>ly dang]\s places1 may dictate4 ,! zigzag plan %[n 9 ! sket* is g5]ally safe to adopt1 z x all[s rapid transit ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( concession to ! claims ( protection1 m s z x approa*es ! fire tr5*es4 ,^! ,c4 ,t4's g5]ally %\ld be a s]ies ( /raight /ret*es1 zigzagg+ at acute or obtuse angles1 ! l5g? & angles gov]n$ by local conditions1 ! ext5t & direction f :i* ea* /ret* might be enfilad$1 & ! gradi5t & di/ance f dang]4 ,x has be5 %[n be=e t ! %ort] ! /ret*es & ! m acute ! angle at ! turn1 ! less is ! dang] f enfilade fire1 b ! ,c4 ,t4 ) ?is advantage requires a great] l5g? ( "t & labor 9 digg+1 z well z tak+ a great deal m "t & ef=t to pass ?r\gh x4 ,9 ord] to less5 ^! ?+s z mu* z possible1 x is always consid]$ be/ to adopt long] /ret*es & m obtuse angles z soon z possible4 ,! excavat$ soil is naturally ?r[n up on ! side fac+ ! enemy1 & ?us =m+ a p>apet4 ,x c at times be us$ z an actual fire tr5*4 ,! p>apet %\ld fulfill ! same conditions z ! p>apet ( a fire tr5*1 & :]e necess>y1 ov]head trav]ses %\ld be plac$4 ,! m ( ^! ov]head trav]ses us$1 ! long] c ! /raight run ( tr5* be4 ,:5 runn+ up-hill1 fac+ ! enemy1 x is cle>ly obvi\s t acute turns & %ort /ret*es are necess>y1 or1 if x is n f\nd advisable to use ^! & m "t c be ga9$ by digg+ ! /raight runs1 !n !y %\ld be dug deep] & a great deal ( c>e tak5 9 plac+ ! ov]head trav]ses4 ,g5]ally1 ! f>!r ! ,c4 ,t4 f ! enemy1 ! less necessity to take measures = /opp+ ho/ile advance d[n x1 b x is a safe ?+ :5 "t p]mits to loophole ! trav]ses fac+ ! long /raight /ret*es ei!r 9 an ord9>y trav]se or :5 "t p]mits ! build+ ( isl&-trav]ses1 especially at junctions4 ,su* loopholes comm& ! /raight /ret* 9 front & are rea*$ by n>r[ tr5*es v simil> to a dra9age tr5*1 z indicat$ at 8,h40 ,"h aga91 z well1 ! loopholes = at lea/ "o or two %\ld be = kneel+ fire4 ,ho/ile attacks may also be hamp]$ "h by us+ ! rolls ( loop$ wire previ\sly m5tion$1 or by frames ( b>b$ wire plac$ at ! side ( ! tr5* j beh9d ! p>apet1 s t a man retir+ d[n ! tr5* c easily pull !m d[n into ! tr5* aft] him4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t ,c4 ,t4's runn+ f fir+ l9e to support tr5*es d n ob/ruct ! fire f ! support+ tr5*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,section ,,iv ,,sket* ,,( ,,tr5* ,,sy/em ,,section ,,iv4 ,beh9d ! support tr5*es ! ,c4 ,t4 %\ld be con/ruct$ on ! trav]se pr9ciple ( ,section ,i1 s t ! same def5sive features exi/+ = ! support tr5*es z %\ld exi/ = ! fir+ l9e4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d to provide rapid transit = troops beh9d ^! support+ l9es4 ,?is is be/ done by cont9u+ ! zigzag sy/em "r ?r\gh support tr5*es z %[n4 ,:5 necess>y1 ?is ,c4 ,t4 c be block$4 ,x is always a possibility t support tr5*es may be lo/1 b n a probability4 ,!re=e1 undue weight %\ld n be giv5 aga9/ ! conv5i5ce ( adopt+ z soon z possible aga9 ! zigzag ,c4 ,t4 ( ,section ,,ii1 ! latt] supply+ all requirem5ts ( rapid transit & all[+ ! introduction ( /raight /ret*es 9 loophole trav]ses :]ev] requir$4 ,,telephone ,,l9es ,x is g5]ally f\nd t artill]y telephone l9es are laid on ! nor? & we/ side ( a ,c4 ,t42 infantry l9es on ! s\? & ea/4 ,l9es are g5]ally laid ab\t two feet f ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 picket$ int]-grooves be+ cut into ! side ( ! tr5*4 ,^! l9es mu/ be giv5 absolutely e protection possible by ! infantry & by any "o us+ ! tr5*es4 ,f> too mu* c>elessness has at times exi/$ :i* de/roy$ communication ) artill]y & infantry :5 x 0 ( vital importance t x %\ld be op54 ,infantry 9 ! tr5*es dep5d = imm$iate support ^u _! artill]y1 & if1 ?r\gh lack ( sup]vision on ! "p ( ! (fic]s 9 *>ge1 ^! l9es are de/roy$ or tempor>ily torn d[n by c>eless m5 n und]/&+ _! significance & importance1 !n t (fic] or (fic]s is guilty ( a v s]i\s crime4 ,,recesses ,^! are usually made 9 ,c4 ,t4 to all[ = ! pass+ ( troops or be>]s ( /ret*]s1 or p>ties pass+ up & d[n to ! l9e c>ry+ ! _m ?+s t are necess>y = ! upkeep ( t l9e4 ,x is advisable t ^! %\ld always be plac$ 9 ! same correspond+ place 9 ea* /ret*1 z %[n 9 ,,section ,,iii1 j be=e ! turn1 s t m5 "k :]e !y are to be f\nd4 ,! fir/ man ( a p>ty com+ up hav+ arriv$ at a turn1 & se5 or he>d o!rs com+ d[n1 c give necess>y protection to 8 p>ty1 & a great deal ( unnecess>y & v exasp]at+ & fatigu+ movem5ts1 & sometimes retrac+ ( /eps1 is avoid$4 ,x is also (t5 ! cause ( a great _m casualties 9 a tr5* :]e ^! recesses are n made1 z p>ties ( m5 com+ & go+ v (t51 :ile /ruggl+ to get pa/ "o ano!r ) _! loads1 are caught by heavy %ell fire4 ,! recesses %\ld be ab\t #h feet long & at lea/ #b feet wide1 & ! soil excavat$ f ^! recesses c\ld be us$ = /r5g!n+ ! p>apets ( ! ,c4 ,t4's at ^! turns4 ,g5]ally1 :5 "t all[s & en]gy p]mits1 close to ! fir+ l9e ^! recesses are made long] & deep]1 (t5times runn+ to #ab & #ah feet long by #f & #aj feet deep1 al?\gh x is n advisable to cr[d !m too mu*4 ,recesses ( ?is k9d may also be heavily ro($ & us$ z a v tempor>y %elt] = /ret*] cases1 /ores ( bombs1 ammunition1 etc4 ,at e second or ?ird /ret* 9 ^! ,c4 ,t4's1 ei!r /eps or an easy runway to ! top ( ! tr5* %\ld be made4 ,?is saves "t on a great _m occasions :5 p>ties com+ ov] ! top = spe$ & com=t f9d !mselves /opp$ & h to take to ! tr5* on %ort notice4 ,x is also good :5 a s]i\s ob/ruction occurs1 & x is necess>y to leave a ,c4 ,t4 & ent] x aga9 f>!r on4 ,,notice ,,bo>ds ,^! bo>ds %\ld be fix$ at e entrance & junction 9 a tr5* sy/em1 /at+ ! "n ( ! tr5* & ! places to :i* x leads1 & :]e !re are tr5*es expressly = up & d[n traffic1 ^! bo>ds %\ld /ate x4 ,"s p argue t su* notices assi/ ! enemy :5 !y get into our tr5*es1 b ! argum5t does n hold z x is v (t5 ! case !y d n "k ! names us$ 9 ! sectors1 z !y v>y up & d[n ! l9e1 & g5]ally !y h a v good idea ( ! sy/em !y w f9d !mselves 9 anyway1 & !re is a v small *ance t a majority ( !m w be able to read !m anyway4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ^! notice bo>ds are n us$ = :at is kn[n z 8boil+ up10 build+ fires1 9 brazi]s1 etc41 z ! abs5ce ( ^! bo>ds causes a trem5d\s am\nt ( confusion :5 new troops are com+ into ! l9e4 ,all (fic]s mu/ "k ! %orte/ r\tes f _! own headqu>t]s to ^? ( companies on _! flanks1 z well z _! own battalion headqu>t]s1 & e (fic]1 ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 & man mu/ "k ! position ( 8 imm$iate comm&]'s dug\t1 z well z 8 company headqu>t]s1 & e man mu/ "k ! "n ( ! tr5* t he is 9 & help+ to hold1 & ?is is n possible :5 ^! notice bo>ds are de/roy$4 ,,tr5* ,,dra9age ,ef=ts at dra9age1 :i* is ! greate/ tr\ble dur+ ! w9t] mon?s to troops occupy+ ! l9e1 mu/ be z sy/ematic & ?or\gh z possible4 ,t9k]+ is ( v little use & br+s no results b causes a great & tir+ exp5diture ( labor z f> z ! m5 are conc]n$1 ) no end ( "w 9 sight4 ,:5 tak+ ov] a sector ( l9e1 ! dra9age sy/em mu/ be ?or\ghly /udi$ & a l9e ( campaign mapp$ out & /rictly adh]$ to4 ,?or\gh "w 9 ! initial /ages w save any am\nt ( subsequ5t unnecess>y fatigue & labor4 ,! sy/em to be appli$ dep5ds entirely on local conditions1 b full advantage mu/ be tak5 ( ! assi/ance :i* nature af=ds4 ,wat] runn+ d[n hill is a m>vel\s fact2 nev]!less x is (t5 ov]look$4 ,field dra9s & natural /reams any:]e ne> ! tr5* mu/ be kept cle> ( ob/ructions4 ,^! are usually att5d$ to by ! ov]work$ f>m]s 9 peace times1 b z !y d n "w ne> a tr5* sy/em1 x mu/ be look$ aft] by ! army4 ,neglect ( ! natural wat]c\rses has be5 ! cause ( mu* ( ! difficulty ( dra9+ ! tr5*es !mselves4 ,dur+ ! w9t] mon?s a tr5* is nev] really dra9$4 ,a mixture 9 ! tr5*es :i* is nei!r wat] nor good1 /icky mud1 b a beautiful liquid comb9ation ( wat] & dirt1 :i* is ?ick en\gh n to run1 is =m$4 ,sometimes x becomes suffici5tly l wat] to be pu%$ or assi/$ to run d[n hill ) scrap]s1 bo>ds1 & any?+ else t is h&y4 ,sometimes x becomes suffici5tly heavy en\gh to be %ovel$ ov] ! p>apet or put into s& bags4 ,9 ei!r ( ^! cases x is only ov]come by p]si/5t labor1 b :5 ! mud is 9 its true clay$ self x is a wa/e ( "t & labor to attempt to move x1 & ! only way1 )\t a l>ge am\nt ( curs+1 is to sit tight & pray = ! sun to dry x4 ,:5 a valley or dip is close to ! side ( a ,c4 ,t4 a few n>r[ gullies ?r\gh ! side1 ( ab\t #ah in*es 9 wid?1 %\ld be made s t liquid mud c be swept along ! tr5* & on ?r\gh ! gulley to a natural fall4 ,^! little gullies or dit*es %\ld />t at a place or places :]e !re are dips 9 ! level ( ! tr5* & mu/ be dug /raight ?r\gh ! side1 z x !n becomes easi] to keep cle> & gives no ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( mud2 b if fac+ ! enemy1 x %\ld n be 9 a /raight l9e1 z x !n all[s rifle fire into ! tr5*es4 ,if no o!r way is possible1 !n ov]head trav]se or o!r means ( protection %\ld be tak5 at t po9t4 ,sometimes1 :5 x is n possible to complete ^! gullies1 !y %\ld be dug out z f> z circum/ances w p]mit & a block ( soil or v l>ge sods be put at ! junction ( ! gulley to ! tr5* & ! liquid mud dipp$ out ( ! tr5* & dump$ into ! gulley1 :]e x w be prev5t$ f runn+ into ! tr5* aga9 by ^! collections ( sods4 ,?is process is v sl[1 b conditions frequ5tly make x ! easie/ & mo/ conv5i5t way ( ridd+ ! tr5*es ( "s ( ! mud4 ,?is "w c be c>ri$ on by :at is sometimes kn[n z a 8tr5* patrol0 or ma9t5ance squad1 :i* is g5]ally detail$ f ! company 9 ! support l9e & :i* patrols ! sy/em ( tr5*es held by _! battalion dur+ ! day4 ,! ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 9 *>ge g5]ally reports s]i\s collapses to 8 company (fic]1 :o 9 turn reports x to ! eng9e]s1 :o imm$iately take /eps to h x repair$4 ,! wid? ( dra9age gullies %\ld n be less ?an #ah in*es1 ?us all[+ easy use ( bru%es issu$4 ,) ^! bru%es & adequate gullies1 v long /ret*es ( tr5* c be kept 9 excell5t condition :5 ! tr5* is wide en\gh to all[ ! dry+ effect ( w9d & sun to rea* ! bottom4 ,! "t sp5t 9 mak+ ^! gullies is sav$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,if !re be no natural valley or dip1 a sump-pit is g5]ally dug1 ! size dep5d+ on ! en]gy ( ! troops digg+ x1 b g5]ally x is ab\t #aj feet bel[ ! level ( ! tr5* x dra9s1 & any?+ f #h feet on 9 diamet]4 ,x is dug "s fair di/ance f ! tr5*es & 9 a position t w all[ ! maximum am\nt ( gullies to be l$ to x f t p>ticul> section ( ! tr5*4 ,aft] hav+ ?is sy/em work$ out1 ! next ?+ is to asc]ta9 :at p>ts ( ! re/ ( ! tr5* sy/em w n be affect$ by ?is dra9age1 & !re to dig simil> sump-pits j to ! side ( ! tr5*es dra9$1 small gullies lead+ to !m4 ,^! ne$ only be ab\t #f feet deep bel[ ! tr5* level & #d feet 9 diamet]4 ,a %ort gulley1 #ab to #ae in*es wide & #b feet long1 %\ld lead f ! tr5* to ! sump-pit1 z %[n 9 sket* ( tr5* sy/em4 ,sometimes ! sump-pit may be semi-circul> & cut into ! side ( ! tr5*1 b 9 ?is case "s b>ri] mu/ be put across x to prev5t m5 fall+ 9 :ile travel+ at night4 ,! =m] sy/em is f> m satisfactory1 & especially s :5 ! tr5* is h>dly wide en\gh to all[ ! pass+ ( traffic )\t t\*+ ! sides ( ! tr5*4 ,entrances to ^! sump-pits mu/ always be kept cle> ( all ob/ructions4 ,v (t5 a ridge ( mud f a man's foot-m>k is en\gh to put a sump-pit out ( action4 ,!y %\ld be cont9ually empti$ by pump+ ! cont5ts ov] ! p>apet1 or c>ry+ 9 pails to ! ne>e/ gulley4 ,! side sump-pits mu/ nev] be cut "u ! wall ( a tr5*4 ,on v %ort notice ! ro( w take ! place ( ! excavat$ soil & !re w be no sump-pit4 ,x is n always t pumps are available1 & ! few ( ^? :i* are1 are ( no practical use = a l5g? ( "t suffici5t to be ( any value2 9 fact1 !y h>dly repay ! fatigue entail$ 9 gett+ !m to ! tr5*es4 ,= ord9>y tr5* dra9age sev]al small pumps are ( f> m use ?an "o l>ge "o1 z ! range's limit$ by ! difficulties ( remov+ x or by ! l5g? ( pipe atta*$4 ,^! pumps1 :e!r l>ge or small1 mu/ be giv5 a l>ge & sub/antial plat=m1 plac$ 9 "s c5tral position among a numb] ( sump-pits4 ,ea* pump mu/ h n only a dis*>ge pipe1 b a suction pipe1 ! latt] be+ movable f "o pit to ano!r 9 ! pump's area )\t mov+ ! pump4 ,! plac+ ( ^! pumps mu/ be ?or\gh & sy/ematic1 & ^? sump-pits n rea*$ by pumps mu/ be kept empty by means ( pails4 ,,floorbo>ds ,al?\gh ^! are r>ely available 9 suffici5t numb]s to be laid cont9u\sly along ! entire l5g? ( ! tr5*1 x is unwise to ?r[ "o d[n on a p>ticul>ly muddy spot 9 a tr5* z a rem$y4 ,! result is t :5 x becomes cov]$ ) mud x s9ks out ( sight1 & ano!r "o is ?r[n d[n ) ! same result4 ,!n1 :5 an attempt to dra9 is made1 mu* to somebody's disgu/ !y run into a lay] ( floorbo>ds1 quit "w1 & ! tr5* nev] becomes dra9$4 ,pat*y repairs to a tr5* bottom are z aggravat+ & z useless z bad revetm5t4 ,:5 only a few floorbo>ds are available1 !n !y %\ld be laid 9 "o l5g? & t l5g? made z ne>ly p]fect z possible1 until m may be _h1 !n t l5g? cont9u$4 ,pat*+ "h & !re is ( no use & nev] leads any:]e4 ,tr5* bottoms are treat$ 9 diff]5t ways up & d[n ! l9e1 dep5d+ on localities & mat]ials on h&4 ,9 "s places ! tr5* bottom is ( concrete blocks & bricks1 ) a small tr5* dit* ( ab\t #f in*es runn+ along ! side4 ,?is is n a v happy comb9ation1 z m5 travel+ up & d[n ! tr5*es at night ) heavy loads sometimes /umble1 _! feet g 91 ! tr5* dit* becomes full ( mud & block$ up1 & y\r tr5* gradually becomes flood$ up & d[n its l5g?1 unless v great c>e is tak54 ,:]e "t & labor are available1 long l5g?s ( tr5* may be put & kept 9 good condition & ! tr5* "q p>tially solv$ if two r[s ( /\t #d-;foot /icks are driv5 well into ! bottom ( ! tr5*1 ab\t #c feet ap>t4 ,wood5 rails are !n nail$ along ! top ( ! /akes & cross-b>s nail$ & fa/5$ to ! rails4 ,?is "w mu/ be done ?or\ghly1 ?\gh1 or weak places w occur & become v dang]\s = m5 travel+ at night ) heavy loads1 z a fall ?r\gh a hole 9 "o ( ^! bottoms g5]ally means a brok5 ankle or "s o!r accid5t4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! l9e x has n be5 necess>y to use any?+ = a tr5* floor1 ! gr\nd itself be+ suffici5t1 ) a small dra9age dit* dug at ! side1 z 9 ! case ( ^? tr5* bottoms cov]$ ) cem5t & brick4 ,,bru%wood ,,& ,,/raw ,bru%wood %\ld n be plac$ 9 a tr5* bottom1 except "u v exceptional circum/ances1 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 is v seldom us$1 its value ly+ m 9 ! manufacture ( hurdles4 ,once bru%wood has be5 trodd5 into ! mud x is absolutely impossible to remove x1 & !re is no means ( remov+ ! mud & prop]ly repair+ ! tr5* bottom4 ,/raw "u no circum/ances %\ld ev] be put 9 a tr5* bottom1 & :5 put into dug\ts or %elt]s1 %\ld be cle>$ out & burn$ :]e possible 7:i* w n be 9 front l9e7 z soon z x becomes sodd5 or s\r4 ,! floor ( ! dug\ts & %elt]s mu/ be ?or\ghly clean$ ( all ?is old /raw1 s& bags & bad soil be=e fre% /raw is put 94 ,x is possible 9 l>ge dug\ts su* z are f\nd 9 res]ve & support l9es1 to make bunks out ( wire nett+ on ! same /yle z ! b]? 9 a /eam]1 & 9 a mod]n dug\t en\gh ( ^! bunks may be made to accommodate a company4 ,9 all ,g]man dug\ts ?is is ! practice1 al?\gh x is n possible 9 close proximity to ! front l9e4 ,advantage mu/ be tak5 ( :at mat]ial is at h&4 ,,work+ ,,p>ties ,! r\t9e ( a battalion :i* is do+1 = ! sake ( illu/ration1 we w say six days 9 ! tr5*es1 is r\ghly z foll[s3 ,six days are sp5t 9 :at is g5]ally kn[n z a ,brigade ,res]ve1 :i* means liv+ 9 ! res]ve dug\ts or billets1 dep5d+ on ! clos5ess ( a village to ! fir+ l9e4 ,dur+ ^! six days ! battalion supplies work+ p>ties to assi/ ! battalion hold+ ! l9e 9 ! upkeep ( its tr5*es4 ,v (t5 ?is necessitates cont9u\s "w night & day = ! m51 m especially s dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,at ! end ( ! six days !y g to ! tr5*es & are 9 turn assi/$ by ! work+ p>ties ( ! battalion reliev$4 ,^! work+ p>ties may sometimes be actually 9 ! front l9e ) ! battalion t reliev$ !m1 or on ! communication tr5*es lead+ to ! front l9e1 or on ! second l9e def5ses or res]ve & support dug\ts4 ,?is "w is c>ri$ on "u ! sup]vision ( eng9e] (fic]s g5]ally act+ "u ord]s f _! brigade & divisional comm&]s4 ,a reque/ is made daily ?r\gh ! battalion comm&] = s _m m5 to =m ! v>i\s work+ p>ties = t day & night1 & ! battalion comm&] keep+ ! brigade or division in=m$ ( 8 actual /r5g?1 protects 8 battalion f impossible allotm5ts ( "w4 ,^! work+ p>ties are !n detail$ ) ! (fic] 9 *>ge1 & he is g5]ally giv5 suffici5t notice t he may h "s idea ( ! task ahead ( him4 ,x is !n to t (fic]'s b5efit1 kn[+ ! am\nt ( m5 :o w h to d ! task & :at ! task is l1 = him to /udy out be=e leav+ = ! place :]e ! "w is to be done1 j exactly :at he int5ds to d & :at sort ( an organization x w require to d ! "w ) ! lea/ possible friction4 ,?is is absolutely ess5tial1 z naturally m5 com+ f a six days' t\r ( ! tr5*es & be+ ord]$ on a work+ task1 are n ke5 on ! job1 & :5 an (fic] has n /udi$ be=eh& :at he int5ds do+ & h[ x %all be done1 x w9ds up 9 endless confusion1 disgu/s ! m5 m ?an ev]1 & preci\s little "w is done4 ,,reliefs4 ,! total "t occupi$ 9 digg+ tr5*es is g5]ally divid$ into p>ties call$ reliefs1 usually ( f\r h\rs4 ,%ort] p]iods ?an ?is means mu* "t wa/$ 9 comm5c+ "w & 9 delays2 b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! "t sp5t on ! job & go+ to & f x w run to f #g to #aj h\rs4 ,9 digg+ tr5*es1 ! usual ext5sion is to two full paces p] man4 ,:]e !re is little probability ( attack ! foll[+ me?od may be adopt$3 ,halt p>ty ab\t f\r paces 9 re> ( ! left flank ( ! g5]al l9e ( tr5*es requir$ to be dug2 !n =m s+le rank1 m>* ahead ( p>ty to ! comm5cem5t ( task & indicate to ! fir/ man 8 task1 /epp+ (f ! next two paces = ! next man1 & s on until y h y\r p>ty all plac$4 ,?is takes a v %ort "t & is "o ( ! be/ me?ods4 ,all[ ! m5 to remove _! equipm5t1 b d n all[ !m to ?r[ x any place !y l4 ,x is a g5]al rule to place x ab\t f\r paces to ! re> ( _! task4 ,:]e attacks are possible1 rifles mu/ be kept )9 easy rea*4 ,,trav]s$ ,,fire ,,tr5*es ,! foll[+ is a me?od = ext5d+ m5 to dig by night a trav]s$ & recess$ fire tr5* :i* is n already trac$3 #a4 ,detail+ a cov]+ p>ty to gu>d aga9/ sudd5 attack4 #b4 ,ext5sion ( ! rema9d] to two paces4 #c4 ,numb] quietly d[n ! l9e by #ds4 #d4 ,nos4 #a & #d /op #b paces back 7^! m5 !n become trav]se m574 #e4 ,nos4 #b & #d drive 9 _! picks 7half way betwe5 !mselves & left-h& neighbors & 9 l9e ) _! toes74 #f4 ,front rank to m>k out tasks 7,nos4 #b & #c comm5ce f ! pick betwe5 !m & m>k out #g feet ea* way1 t is1 #b pick-h&les' di/ance74 #g4 ,re> rank m>k out tasks 7comm5c+ f pick betwe5 ,nos4 #a & #d to end ( ea* recess74 ,z soon z ?is is done ! m5 comm5ce "w1 ! (fic] go+ d[n ! l9e at once to *eck any errors be=e !y h gone too f>4 ,:ile ?is may s\nd v complicat$ x w be f\nd t aft] a little tra9+ ! m5 become accu/om$ to x & x is a v simple matt]4 ,?is me?od r5d]s unnecess>y ! giv+ ( _m ord]s 9 ! d>k once ! m5 are ext5d$1 & prev5ts a great am\nt ( confusion4 ,!re w always be a slight am\nt ( readju/m5t ( ! "w1 su* z ! wid5+ ( trav]ses1 etc41 b x is easily done aft] ! "w has be5 />t$ & ev5 aft] ! tr5* has be5 dug to "s dep?4 ,,ob/acles ,,& ,,entanglem5ts ,! purpose ( an ob/acle is to obta9 ! control ( ! enemies 9 respect to direction & spe$ dur+ an attack1 & to deflect troops into areas favorable to _! de/ruction by ! def5d]s4 ,!y break up ! unity ( action1 deflect p>ties isolat$ into ! be/ swept fields ( fire & hold !m "u close fire ( ! def5ses4 ,an ob/acle %\ld be close to ! def5d]'s position1 n m ?an #hj y>ds away at ! mo/4 ,a sy/em is n[ 9 use on ! ,we/]n ,front :]e entanglem5ts 9 front ( tr5*es are plac$ approximately #bj y>ds f ! p>apet1 z t has be5 f\nd to be ! di/ance at :i* ! deadlie/ bomb+ c be done4 ,!y %\ld be %elt]$ or scre5$1 :5 possible1 f enemy artill]y1 giv+ no cov] to ! enemy & be s plac$ z to surprise ! enemy4 ,!y %\ld n int]f]e ) any c\nt] attack necess>y to be made & h occasional gaps1 :i* may be m9$4 ,types ( ob/acles are l[ wire entanglem5ts1 _! height dep5d+ on ! condition exi/+ 9 ,no ,man's ,l&2 high wire entanglem5ts1 b>ricades1 m9es1 inundations1 etc4 ,wire plays ! important "p 9 mo/ ( ! ob/acles n[ be+ us$ on all fronts1 & is g5]ally us$1 fir/1 z a trip wire /ret*$ j above ! gr\nd1 or fa/5$ 9 loose coils to %ort pickets4 ,fl>es & al>m guns & t9 cans may be us$ 9 connection ) ?is2 second3 a simple f5ce to cause delay & confusion to ! enemy at night2 ?ird3 z a conceal$ ob/acle 9 =ds & /&+ crops or long grass2 f\r?3 z a help t[>ds mak+ h$ges & bru%wood impassable1 & z a wire entanglem5t solely4 ,! wire entanglem5ts are ! be/ ob/acles1 z !y are quickly & easily made1 are v difficult to de/roy & (f] no ob/ruction to fire 9 view ( ! def5ses4 ,,l[ ,,wire ,,entanglem5ts4 ,/\t /icks1 #cf in*es long & #a to #b in*es 9 diamet]1 are driv5 into ! gr\nd on level at #f-;foot int]vals4 ,^! %\ld be driv5 9 at lea/ ?ree r[s s arrang$ t ! /icks 9 "o r[ are opposite ! c5t]s ( gaps 9 ! next4 ,! heads ( ! /icks are connect$ by /rong wires cross+ diagonally f #ab to #ah in*es above ! gr\nd4 ,,high ,,wire ,,entanglem5ts4 ,to be effective1 high wire entanglem5ts %\ld prev5t ! enemy f crawl+ ?r\gh x at or ne> ! gr\nd level1 & :5 possible1 %\ld be scre5$ f enemy artill]y obs]vation4 ,?is obvi\sly is utt]ly impossible z f> z wire entanglem5ts 9 front ( ! fir+ l9e is conc]n$1 b x is possible to a c]ta9 ext5t to scre5 ^! high entanglem5ts f obs]vation 9 front ( support l9es & second l9e sy/ems4 ,"u conditions exi/+ at ! front1 ! wire "w is (t5 & g5]ally1 = v good reasons1 ( a ha/y "*1 & x is be/1 !re=e1 to limit ! fir/ /age to j en\gh to =m a nucleus ( ! :ole entanglem5t1 9 ord] t ! requir$ area may be cov]$ by ob/acle be=e s]i\s int]ruption occurs4 ,to d ?is1 ! ob/acle is be/ con/ruct$ 9 two zones1 ) a small space betwe54 ,! pickets %\ld be f #e to #h feet long & av]age five in*es 9 diamet]1 be+ plac$ at irregul> di/ances & ) v>y+ heights 9 ord] to make m difficult ! passage ov] !m by means ( hurdles & planks4 ,! out] pickets %\ld be v firmly driv5 & /ay$ to prev5t ! enemy dragg+ ! ob/acle away4 ,x is also nice to drive l>ge nails into ! tops ( ! po/s ) half _! l5g? project+4 ,aft] ! po/s are driv5 91 !y are fir/ jo9$ diagonally1 t is1 f head to foot & foot to head1 by w9d+ ! wire ar\nd ea* po/ & secur+ x by /aples4 ,ea* set ( po/s %\ld be /ay$ by f\r wires4 ,!re %\ld be a trip wire #i in*es f ! gr\nd1 or ev5 less1 runn+ cont9u\sly r\nd ! out] po/s1 & ano!r "o foot f ! top ( ! middle po/s4 ,! b>b$ wire c !n be hung 9 fe/oons betwe5 ! po/s on no fix$ patt]n & fa/5$ to !m4 ,x mu/ also be fa/5$ to ! o!r wire :]e x crosses1 by %ort l5g?s ( wire especially cut be=eh&4 ,slack wires are ( m h9drance :5 cut ?an taut wires4 ,tight wires help ! enemy's advance by giv+ support to hurdles & o!r me?ods us$ to get across ^! entanglem5ts4 ,"o me?od once us$ by ! ,g]mans 0 ! c>ry+ out ( mattresses & endeavor+ to cov] ! wire ob/acles 9 t mann]1 & _h ! wire be5 taut x w\ld h be5 a success1 b z x happ5$1 x 0 n4 ,! gr\nd on ! enemy's side & )9 ! entanglem5t1 z a matt] ( c\rtesy1 is /rewn ) brok5 glass & tangl$ wire4 ,! :ole sy/em ( entanglem5t %\ld be "u well-controll$ ma*9e gun fire f special po9ts & %\ld be wide/ :]e ! fire ( ! def5d]s is lea/ effective by night4 ,!re %\ld be "o s5try at lea/ to ea* #ej y>ds ( entanglem5t4 ,,abatis4 ,a =m ( ob/acle made by trees cut d[n & laid side by side z close z possible ) _! bran*es t[>ds ! enemy is us$4 ,^! %\ld be 9 a holl[ & scre5$ f view to make x ( any value4 ,! butts ( ! trees %\ld be firmly secur$ by bury+ !m 9 ! e>?1 or by lay+ logs ( timb] across sev]al butts4 ,wire & b>b$ wire mu/ !n be int]lac$ betwe5 ! b\ghs1 :i* %\ld also be %>p5$ to po9ts on ! enemy side4 ,"s ( ! l[] bran*es may be pegg$ to ! gr\nd1 if ?\ght necess>y1 to insure ! maximum resi/ance4 ,,b>ricades4 ,^! are us$ = ! def5se ( /reets1 roads1 bridges1 etc41 & are made ( any available mat]ials1 includ+ furniture & vehicles1 ei!r ov]?r[n or ) :eels remov$1 c>ts fill$ ) e>?1 rail+s1 bales ( goods1 etc4 ,:]e trees are gr[+ along ! roadside1 fell !m across x & entangle ) wire4 ,x mu/ be kept 9 m9d1 ?\gh1 t passages are requir$ ?r\gh ^! b>ricades to all[ outpo/s to advance or retreat1 t ^! passages1 view$ f ! front1 mu/ n appe> z op5+s4 ,to avoid ?is ! b>ricade %\ld be made 9 two p>ts1 "o ov]lapp+ ! o!r4 ,sometimes1 :]e !re is a gap 9 a r[ ( h\ses1 or a %>p b5d 9 ! road1 a b>ricade may be made 9 "o "p & a passage r\nd "o end left = traffic4 ,,inundations4 ,!y may be =m$ by damm+ /reams at conv5i5t po9ts1 specially 9 ! valleys1 or by damm+ up ! ar*es ( bridges4 ,9 ! latt] case1 c>e mu/ be tak5 n to endang] ! /ability ( ! bridge4 ,! dit*es ( field works =m a good ob/acle :5 flood$4 ,de/roy$ tr5*es 9 front ( a brea/works may be fill$ ) wat]1 & ) b>b$ wire ?r[n into x1 w prove an effective ob/acle4 ,,f\gasses4 ,^! are us$ 9 connection ) ob/acles & are really l& m9es load$ ) /ones1 bricks1 etc4 ,an excavation is made 9 conical %ape ) an axis incl9$ to ab\t #dj degrees t[>d ! enemy horizon4 ,a box ( p[d] is !n plac$ 9 a recess at ! bottom & on ! box is plac$ a wood5 plat=m or %ield #c to #d in*es ?ick1 ov] :i* /ones are pil$4 ,a fuse is plac$ 9 a groove cut at ! back ( ! excavation4 ,a l9e ( lea/ resi/ance mu/ be s arrang$ t by plac+ ! excavat$ e>? on ! back edge ( ! f\gasse1 ! p[d] w act 9 ! direction ( ! axis & n v]tically4 ,a f\gasse *>g$ ) #hj p\nds ( p[d] may be con/ruct$ 9 ?is mann] to ?r[ five tons ( brick & /one ov] a surface ab\t #afj y>ds long by #abj y>ds wide4 ,all ( ! =ego+ are labors ( work+ p>ties1 z well z con/ruction ( dug\ts1 c>ry+ ( supplies1 ammunition1 etc41 dra9age & build+ ( ! tr5*es & ! _m o!r jobs beh9d ! l9es4 ,always1 no matt] h[ small ! job1 c>eful =e?\ght mu/ be giv5 to ! plann+ & arrangem5t necess>y to c>ry x out4 ,,organization ,,( ,,bomb+ ,,squads ,e infantry soldi] mu/ & does receive in/ruction 9 gr5ade ?r[+4 ,"s m5 d n possess ! temp]am5t & qualifications necess>y to make effici5t bomb]s1 & = ?is reason 9 e platoon !re %\ld be a bomb+ squad ( "o ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 & #h m51 ) a high] degree ( tra9+ & effici5cy z bomb ?r[]s ?an ! rema9d]1 al?\gh all hope mu/ n be giv5 up = ! rema9d]4 ,^! m5 are available ei!r to "w ) ! platoon or to provide a res]ve ( bomb]s = any special job1 su* z raids1 cutt+-out p>ties1 & cle>+ tr5*es j occupi$4 ,only ! v be/ m5 9 ea* platoon %\ld be *os51 tak+ into consid]ation physique1 c\rage & /ead9ess1 al?\gh x is n always ! big man physically t makes ! be/ bomb]4 ,! responsibility = ! tra9+ ( ^! m5 re/s ) ! battalion & company comm&]s4 ,,tra9+ ,! fir/ /ep is to ov]come a man's natural fe> ( ! gr5ade itself4 ,?is is only done by expla9+ h[ x is to be us$1 ! me?od ( light+ & ! l5g? ( "t tak5 = ! fuse to burn4 ,a good idea is to h "s ( ! fuses ( ! l5g? us$ light$ & ! m5 told to c\nt :ile ! fuse burns out4 ,dummy gr5ades ) fuses atta*$ c !n be introduc$ & ! m5 taught to light !m1 obs]v+ c>efully h[ long x takes = ! fuse to burn d[n to ! gr5ade4 ,! second /ep is to develop accuracy 9 ?r[+4 ,normally1 ! bomb %\ld be b[l$ ov]h&1 al?\gh x is c]ta9ly n wrong to ?r[1 b x has be5 f\nd 9 te/s t a man ?r[+ bombs has tir$ a great deal quick] ?an a man b[l+ !m ov]h&4 ,/ick gr5ades may be ?r[n ov] %ort di/ances l a d>t1 al?\gh ?is is unh&y & c only be done by a c>efully tra9$ man4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 :ile 9 ! tr5*es 9 ?r[+ p]cussion bombs1 z v (t5 a man sw++ 8 arm back to ?r[ su* a bomb has explod$ x 9 ! tr5*1 ) disa/] to himself & ^? ne> him4 ,m5 %\ld be taught to ?r[ /&+1 kneel+ & prone4 ,x %\ld be impress$ ^u !m f ! beg9n+ t if a gr5ade ) a "t fuse is dropp$ 9 ! act ( ?r[+ !re is ample "t to pick x up & ?r[ x out ( ! tr5* be=e x explodes1 b ?is mu/ be done imm$iately4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,b ,a is a diagram ( a bomb+ field :]e m5 are tra9$ 9 practice ) dummy bombs4 #a is ! t>get m>k$ on ! gr\nd & hav+ ! same g5]al plan z a fir+ t>get1 ) ,bull1 ,inn]1 ,magpie1 & ,out]1 ! score c\nt+ #e1 #d1 #c1 #b respectively1 or accord+ to ! in/ructor's ta/e4 #b is ! fir/ l9e1 #bj y>ds f ! c5t] ( ! inn] r+4 ,! m5 mu/ be tra9$ to a high degree ( accuracy at ?is range4 #c is ! second l9e1 #be y>ds f ! c5t] ( t>get4 ,!re are l9es e five y>ds back until ! #dj y>d l9e is rea*$1 :i* latt] is ! extreme range = bomb+ practice4 ,at ea* range ! m5 %\ld practice /&+1 kneel+1 & prone4 ,at #ce & #dj y>ds bomb+ f ! kneel+ & prone positions is v difficult & ! "t sp5t on practice "h %\ld n int]f]e ) ! obta9+ ( great accuracy at ! %ort] ranges4 ,at all ranges ! m5 %\ld be all[$ to ?r[ any numb] ( dummy bombs1 b %\ld n be p]mitt$ to fatigue _! arms4 ,b is a diagram %[+ ! arrangem5t = tr5* practice ) dummy bombs4 ,small tr5*es are built on ! surface ( ! gr\nd by scre5s ( wire me% cov]$ ) burlap or o!r simil> mat]ial4 #a is ! ?r[]'s tr5* & is built s high t he _c see ov] ! top4 ,f ?is he ?r[s1 us+ a p]iscope = obs]vation4 #b repres5ts "p ( a trav]se & fire-bay1 ! front "p ( :i* is ab\t #bj y>ds f ! ?r[+ tr5*4 #c is a section ( /raight tr5* ab\t #be y>ds half "r f ! ?r[]'s front4 #d is a section ( curv$ tr5* ab\t #bj y>ds half left f ! ?r[]'s front4 ,! g5]al cu/om 9 ! practice tr5*es is to give ! man any desirable numb] ( dummy bombs1 say #ah2 #f = ea* tr5*4 ,f\r out ( six are requir$ to be put 9 ,no4 #b1 & #c out ( #f 9 ,nos4 #c #d4 ,m5 mu/ n be kept at bomb+ practice too long at a "t z x spoils bo? _! int]e/ & _! aim4 ,9 tak+ a l9e ( tr5*es1 x is well to rememb] t ! attack w take place on a relatively small front by a l>ge numb] ( m51 & !re=e :5 ! tr5*es are f9ally rea*$1 !re is liable to be great ov]cr[d+ 9 !m4 ,?is c only be prev5t$ by ext5d+ !m along ! tr5*es z quickly z possible1 & is ( ! utmo/ importance z heavy casualties w result f all[+ ?is ov]cr[d+4 ,to make ?is ext5d+ possible1 x is ! duty ( ! bomb+ p>ties to "w along to bo? flanks ( ! tr5*es & take advantage ( ! tempor>y confusion ( ! enemy by obta9+ z mu* ( 8 tr5*es z possible1 ?us all[+ = ! ext5sion ( m54 ,9 a n>r[ tr5* ! only portion ( an attack+ p>ty com+ into contact ) ! enemy is ! head1 or :at is kn[n z ! ,bayonet ,man4 ,! bomb+ p>ty is compos$ ( ! foll[+3 #a4 ,bayonet man1 #b4 ,fir/ ?r[]1 #c4 ,fir/ c>ri]1 #d4 ,fir/ spade man1 #e4 ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 fir/ squad1 #f4 ,second bayonet man1 #g4 ,second ?r[]1 #h4 ,second c>ri]1 #i4 ,spade man1 9 *>ge ( second p>ty4 ,^! p>ties w "w up a tr5* until !y come to a junction1 :5 ! fir/ p>ty 9 *>ge ( ! ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 w cont9ue /raight on & ! second p>ty bran* to ! "r or left1 z ! case may be1 & z !y come on o!r p>ties keep work+ up beh9d !m1 & ! infantry gradually foll[+ tak+ possession ( ! l9e & />t+ consolidation "w at once4 ,communication ?r\gh\t ^! l5g?s ( gr5ade p>ties is v difficult ) m5 ext5d$ 9 s+le file1 & ! att5dant confusion :i* accompanies su* a /&4 ,a sy/em is requir$ :i* w enable supplies ( bombs to be pass$ up & casualties replac$ automatically4 ,?is sy/em _c be laid d[n on any cut & dri$ l9es1 b mu/ be figur$ out be=e ! attack1 ) due consid]ation be+ giv5 to ! l9e ( tr5*es to be attack$ & ! difficulties :i* w be enc\nt]$ 9 gett+ supplies to t l9e1 & x is only on ! spot t su* a sy/em c be work$ out4 ,dur+ an attack ?ree gr5ades p] man are issu$ to ea* unit detail$ to op5 ! attack1 & ^! gr5ades are turn$ ov] to ! bomb]s or us$ by ! m5 !mselves if necess>y4 ,:5 out ( gr5ades !mselves1 ! m5 take ov] ! casualty's1 & x is ! duty ( a casualty :5 he is s able to1 to leave 8 gr5ades & ammunition to ! c>e ( "s o!r man be=e 8go+ d[n40 ,small depots %\ld be e/abli%$ at frequ5t int]vals along ! tr5*es f :i* ! attack />ts1 ) c>eful consid]ation giv5 to _! safety f %ell fire1 if at all possible4 ,o!r depots mu/ be e/abli%$ 9 ! support & assembly tr5*es1 & ^! w g5]ally be suppli$ ?r\gh a c5tral /ation probably controll$ by a brigade or division4 ,be=e />t+ ! attack1 e man & p>ty %\ld h _h expla9$ !m 9 detail exactly :at is requir$ ( !m1 & g5]ally ! foll[+ sy/em is adopt$3 ,fir/ bomb+ p>ty ( gr\p-- ,two bayonet m5 to protect gr5ade ?r[]s1 ,fir/ bomb]1 ,fir/ c>ri]1 ,second bomb]1 ,second c>ri]1 ,gr\p lead] 7,n4 ,c4 ,o471 ,two bayonet m5 to protect ! gr\p lead] & ! re> ( p>ty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,second bomb+ p>ty-- ,=mation z above4 ,! head ( ! p>ty mu/ be 9 t\* ) ! re> ( ! fir/ p>ty4 ,(fic] comm&+ 9 re> ( second p>ty4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?ird & f\r? bomb+ p>ty-- ,=mation z above4 ,second 9 comm& 9 t\* ) re> ( f\r? p>ty4 ,ma*9e gun deta*m5t1 if available or consid]$ necess>y4 ,! ma*9e gunn]s are g5]ally us$ at ! re> ( a p>ty1 s t !y c br+ _! guns into action f beh9d & sweep ! top ( ! gr\nd ar\nd ! tr5*es be+ attack$1 9 ord] to prev5t an ov]l& attack on ! bomb+ p>ty4 ,9 all ^! =mations ! numb] ( m5 detail$ mu/ all[ = casualties4 ,rapidity ( movem5t is ess5tial1 z crawl+ & /alk+ w give ! wait+ enemy an advantage4 ,! lead+ bayonet m5 g5]ally move along ! tr5*1 f corn] to corn]1 9 a succession ( ru%es1 foll[$ by fir/ bomb]1 & ! ?r[] hurls z direct$ by ! bayonet man4 ,! duty ( ! bayonet man is to protect ! ?r[] & c>ri] at all co/s4 ,second bomb] & c>ri] foll[ ! lead]1 keep+ "o corn] beh9d to replace casualties4 ,ea* p>ty mu/ be reg>d$ z res]ves to ! p>ty 9 front1 & "s me?od mu/ be f\nd e "t a new attack is c>ri$ out = giv+ ! a]ial s]vice notice ( tr5*es occupi$4 ,if ! head ( a p>ty is *eck$1 t :i* has be5 ga9$ mu/ be held by ?r[+ up a b>ricade4 ,9 all attacks bomb+ p>ties are support$ by a p>ty ( s&bag m51 "u an exp]i5c$ ,n4 ,c4 ,o41 s t :ile bomb]s keep ! enemy at bay a /rong b>racade may be put up z quickly z possible4 ,?is is g5]ally done by plac+ :at is kn[n z a demolition tube ab\t #a feet f ! bottom ( ! tr5* & 9 ea* side ( ! tr5*4 ,?is w br+ d[n en\gh ( ! sides ( ! tr5* to make a good en\gh b>ricade = ! mom5t1 b great c>e mu/ be tak5 t :ile wat*+ & protect+ ! b>ricade ! enemy d n come ov]l& & drop 9 beh9d ! b>ricade1 ) disa/r\s results to ! g>rison4 ,al?\gh ! ma9 def5se ( a l9e ( tr5*es is infantry support$ by artill]y & ma*9e gun fire1 p>ties ( bomb]s %\ld be di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! front sy/em ( tr5*es4 ,! be/ position is 9 ! support tr5*es close to ! ma9 communication tr5*es1 :]e !y c make an imm$iate c\nt]-attack %\ld ! enemy succe$ 9 ga9+ a foot+4 ,a bomb+ tr5* back ab\t #bj y>ds 9 ! re> f :i* bombs may be ?r[n into ! front tr5*1 is a di/9ct advantage4 ,! bombs /or$ 9 ! tr5* %\ld be kept ready-fus$ & ) detonators ins]t$4 ,!y mu/ be di/ribut$ 9 a numb] ( dry1 enclos$1 z ne>ly z bomb-pro( depots z possible1 e/abli%$ at frequ5t int]vals along ! tr5*es4 ,a good type ( gr5ade depot is "o built 9 a 8,t0 %ap$ tr5*1 slightly (f ! ma9 tr5*4 ,,explosives ,relative /r5g?s ( explosives3 ,gunp[d] #e2 cordite #h2 dynamite #i2 guncotton #aj2 gelignite #aj2 gelat9e dynamite #aa2 bla/+ gelat9e #ab4 ,guncotton is available 9 two =ms1 wet & dry4 ,! dry1 :ile be+ utiliz$ 9 mak+ bombs1 is mo/ly us$ to explode ! wet guncotton4 ,= ?is purpose x is made up 9 "o-ounce prim]s1 :i* are p]=at$ 9 ! c5t] = a detonator4 ,^! prim]s are pack$ 9 metal cyl9d]s1 ea* conta9+ t5 ?read$ on a tape4 ,ea* case conta9s six cyl9d]s4 ,9 ?is /ate1 al?\gh n z p[]ful1 dry guncotton is mu* m dang]\s to h&le ?an wet1 be+ susceptible to bo? %ock & friction4 ,wet guncotton is t :i* has absorb$ #cj ( its weight 9 wat]1 & is made up 9 #ae-ounce slabs #f x #c x #a in*es1 & pack$ 9 t9 foil & air-tight boxes conta9+ #af slabs ea*4 ,:e!r wet or dry1 guncotton1 l o!r explosives1 c be explod$ by "o detonator1 s long z ! *>ges or slabs are 9 direct contact ) ea* o!r4 ,dynamites include ! foll[+ comp\nds3 7#a7 dynamite2 7#b7 gelignite2 7#c7 gelat9e dynamite2 7#d7 bla/+ gelat9e4 ,all ( ^! are n[ be+ us$4 ,_! advantages ov] guncotton are t1 be+ s(t & pla/ic1 !y c be us$ 9 bombs :]e x w\ld be impossible to use guncotton slabs or prim]s on acc\nt ( size & %ape4 ,dynamite & its comp\nds freeze v easily 7#db ,f471 becom+ h>d & brittle4 ,9 ?is /ate !y are exceptionally dang]\s1 & !y %\ld be ?aw$ be=e use1 b ?is process %\ld n be attempt$ by any "o o!r ?an a compet5t p]son4 ,wood5 implem5ts %\ld always be us$ = cutt+ & pi]c+ holes = detonators 9 any ( ^! explosives1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 to protect !m f damp1 z :5 wet !y become highly dang]\s4 ,dynamite explosives are usually suppli$ 9 p>*m5t c>tridges weigh+ two ounces1 & are pack$ 9 boxes ( #e or #ej p\nds4 ,lyddite & picric acid are bo? high explosives1 us$ mo/ly 9 %ells4 ,!y are easily melt$ & 9 ?is way ! %ell is fill$4 ,!y are v safe & difficult to detonate4 ,ammonal4 ,a new explosive :i* is absolutely safe to h&le1 n be+ s5sitive to %ock or ev5 bullets4 ,x does n freeze & c only be explod$ by means ( a detonator4 ,x easily absorbs moi/ure & %\ld be kept dry4 ,cordite4 ,is made 9 /r&s & is ! explosive us$ 9 small arms ammunition4 ,,bombs ,!re are ?ree k9ds ( bombs3 7#a7 p]cussion2 7#b7 ignition21 & 7#c7 me*anical4 ,x is n possible to describe e bomb 9 use "u ^! ?ree head+s1 b ! mo/ typical are select$ = description1 al?\gh x does n foll[ t !y are all 9 use at ! pres5t "t1 b w give a fairly good idea ( :at is requir$4 ,,p]cussion ,,bombs4 #a4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #a4 #b4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #b1 =m]ly kn[n z ,mexican ,h& ,gr5ade4 #c4 ,rifle gr5ade ,no4 #c1 =m]ly kn[n z ,hale's ,rifle ,gr5ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,gr5ade ,,no4 #a4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #a consi/s ( a brass case screw$ on to a block ( wood1 to :i* is fix$ a small cane h&le ab\t half way up ! case4 ,outside x is a ca/ iron r+ s]rat$ into #af p>ts4 ,! upp] end is cov]$ by a moveable cap ) a /rik] p9 9 ! c5t]4 ,on ! cap are ! words 8,remove10 8,travel10 & 8,fire0 9 duplicate4 ,^! are m>k$ 9 r$ & c be made to correspond ) r$ po9t]s pa9t$ on case4 ,to prep>e a bomb1 turn cap s t po9t] is at 8,remove10 take (f cap1 ins]t detonator 9 hole & turn x to ! left until ! spr+ on ! flange is releas$ & goes into position "u ! p92 replace cap & turn to 8,travel10 :i* is a safety position4 ,:5 ! bomb is to be ?r[n1 turn cap to 8,fire0 & !n remove safety p94 ,?is bomb explodes on impact1 & to insure its fall+ on ! head1 /ream]s are atta*$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t /ream]s d n get entangl$4 ,! bomb mu/ be ?r[n well into ! air4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #b is simil> to ! above1 except t a special detonator is screw$ 9 f ! head1 & t ! /rik] p91 9 ?is case1 is at ! bottom4 ,! detonator hav+ be5 ins]t$ 9 ! bomb is ready = ?r[+ z soon z ! safety p9 has be5 drawn4 ,rifle ,gr5ade ,no4 #c1 m commonly kn[n z ,hale's ,rifle ,gr5ade1 consi/s ( a s]rat$ /eel case fill$ ) ,t4,n4,t4 & a composite explosive4 ,at ! bottom ( ! case is a brass r+ fitt$ ) w9d vanes1 :i* keeps 9 place two small /eel reta9+ plugs1 secur+ ! /rik]4 ,9 ord] to prep>e ?is gr5ade = fir+1 ! /eel rod atta*$ mu/ be put d[n ! bore ( ! rifle4 ,! safety p9 is !n )drawn1 ! coll> pull$ d[n & ! w9d vane giv5 a slight turn4 ,! rifle is !n load$ ) a special c>tridge conta9+ #dc /r&s ( cordite4 ,:5 *>g+ ! rifle ! bolt mu/ be well pu%$ home4 ,:5 ! rifle is fir$1 ! explosion ( ! c>tridge spe$s ! gr5ade on its way & ! air pass+ ?r\gh w9d vanes causes ! r+ m5tion$ above to unscrew1 & ! two reta9+ plugs to fall out4 ,! /rik] is n[ free1 & :5 ! gr5ade rea*es its de/9ation & comes 9 contact ) ! gr\nd ! %ock compresses ! creep spr+ & ! ne$le ( ! /rik] is =c$ into ! detonator1 explod+ ! gr5ade4 ,special screw-9 detonators are suppli$ ) ?is gr5ade1 z well z 9 ,gr5ade ,no4 #b1 & c>e %\ld be tak5 n to mix ! two detonators1 z ! ,rifle ,gr5ade ,detonator is slightly long]1 & if fix$ 9 ! wrong gr5ade w cause premature explosion & mu* sadness4 ,^! gr5ades h an accurate range ( f #bej to #cej y>ds4 ,,ignition ,,bombs4 ,! foll[+ bombs come "u ?is head+3 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #f4--;,gr5ade light friction patt]n4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #g--;,gr5ade heavy friction patt]n4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #h--;,=m]ly kn[n z d\ble-cyl9d] light patt]n4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #i4--;,=m]ly kn[n z d\ble-cyl9d] heavy patt]n4 ,battye ,h& ,gr5ade4 ,pit*] ,h& ,gr5ade4 ,oval ,h& ,gr5ade4 ,ball ,h& ,gr5ade4 ,h& ,gr5ades ,nos4 #f & #g consi/ ( metal cases fill$ ) ,t4,n4,t & a composite explosive & are exactly alike1 except t ,no4 #g conta9s %rapnel bullets or scrap iron1 :ile ,no4 #f conta9s only explosive4 ,at ! top ( ea* case is a place to fix ! friction ignit]1 :i* is suppli$ sep>ately4 ,:5 ^! bombs are to be us$1 detonator fuse & ignit] are put 9 & firmly fix$4 ,be=e ?r[+ ! becket on1 head ( ignit] %\ld be pull$ sm>tly (f4 ,h& ,gr5ades ,nos4 #h & #i are simil> to ! above1 except t ! fuse is light$ by a ,nobel ,pat5t ,light]#a4 ,! ,battye ,gr5ade consi/s ( a groov$ ca/ iron cyl9d] fill$ ) explosive4 ,! top is clos$ by a wood5 plug pi]c$ c5trally = ins]tion ( detonator & fire4 #a ,! ,nobel light] consi/s ( two c>dbo>d tubes1 "o fitt+ ov] ! o!r4 ,inside ! top end ( ! out] tube !re is a lay] ( friction composition2 fix$ to ! top end ( ! inn] tube is a =k$ brass friction head1 :i* is held 9 position by a safety p9 fa/5$ ?r\gh bo? tubes4 ,inside ! o!r end ( ! inn] tube is a small copp] b&1 into :i* ! fuse is fitt$4 ,at ! jo9t ( ! two tubes !re is a n>r[ tape b& ) a loose end4 ,to light ! fuse1 pull (f tape & safety p91 !n press d[n out] tube & turn slightly4 ,?is light] has a five-second fuse atta*$4 ,! ,pit*] ,h& ,gr5ade is v simil> to ! ,battye1 only diff]5t 9 t x is slightly heavi] & hav+ a diff]5t pat5t light]4 ,?is light] is some:at complicat$ & special in/ructions %\ld be giv5 be=e ! gr5ade is us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,gr5ade ,,no4 #g4 ,,ball ,,h& ,,gr5ade4 ,! ,oval ,h& ,gr5ade is an egg-%ap$ ca/ iron receptacle fill$ ) ammonal4 ,"o egg has a /eel plug & ! o!r a flang$ brass plug bor$ c5trally1 to :i* a holl[ copp] tube is fix$ to take ! detonator4 ,?is gr5ade is set (f by a ,brock fuse & light]#b4 #b ,! ,brock light] consi/s ( a mat*-head & fuse comb9$4 ,! head consi/s ( a small c>dbo>d cup fill$ ) friction composition & cov]$ ) wat]pro( pap]4 ,) ?is type ( light] an armlet cov]$ ) mat* composition is worn by ! bomb] on ! left =e>m4 ,to ignite fuse1 fir/ pull (f wat]pro( pap] & !n /rike head aga9/ armlet4 ,"t ( fuse #e seconds4 ,! ,ball ,h& ,gr5ade consi/s ( a ca/ iron sph]e1 #c in*es 9 diamet]1 fill$ ) ammonal & clos$ by a screw$ /eel plug :i* has atta*$ to x a cov]$ tube to take detonator 9 ! c5t] ( gr5ade4 ,x is also light$ by a ,brock light]4 ,,jam-,,pot ,,bombs4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! w> x 0 f\nd necess>y to make bombs on ! spot4 ,! mat]ial us$ 0 g5]ally a jam t9 fill$ ) %rapnel bullets1 scrap iron1 p[d]$ glass & grass1 etc4 ,?is 0 explod$ by #b "o-ounce prim]s1 two ounces gelignite1 bla/5e or ammonal1 & detonat$ by a ,no4 #f or #g detonator1 to :i* 0 atta*$ a five-second fuse4 ,! "t c\ld be regulat$ by l5g? ( fuse4 ,,me*anical ,,bombs4 ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #e1 kn[n z ,mills' ,h& ,gr5ade4 ,mills' ,h& ,gr5ade ,no4 #e weighs ab\t "o & "o-half p\nds & is 9 con/ant & /eady use at ! front1 be+ ! be/ kn[n ( all gr5ades4 ,x consi/s ( an oval ca/ iron case1 conta9+ explosives & s]rat$ to provide num]\s missiles on detonation4 ,9 ! c5t] is a spr+ /rik+ p91 kept back by a lev] or h&le1 :i*1 9 its turn1 is held 9 position by a safety p94 ,illu/ration3 ,,h& ,,gr5ade ,,no4 #e 7,,mills74 ,detonators & p]cussion caps connect$ by a %ort l5g? ( fuse are suppli$ ) ^! bombs4 ,:5 ! bomb is to be us$ ! bottom is unscrew$ & ! comb9$ detonator & p]cussion cap is ins]t$ 9 ! space provid$ = x1 ! p]cussion cap be+ plac$ 9 ! bor+ "u ! /rik+ p94 ,:5 ?is is done ! bottom is screw$ on aga9 z tightly z possible1 us+ ! special spann] provid$ = ?is 9 ea* box4 ,be=e ?r[+1 ! safety p9 is remov$ & ! bomb held ) ! lev] 9 ! palm ( ! h&4 ,:5 ! bomb is actually ?r[n ! lev] or h&le is releas$2 ?is releases ! spr+1 :i* =ces /rik] d[n on to ! p]cussion cap1 ignites fuse1 sets (f detonator & explodes bomb4 ,,gas ,,w>f>e ,! use ( poison\s & asphyxiat+ gases1 :i* 0 fir/ adopt$ by ! ,g]mans 9 ! ,ypres sali5t 9 ,april ( #aiae1 is n[ becom+ an accept$ fact 9 ! pres5t w>4 ,x is to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 be=e "o e day ( 8 life 9 or ne> ! tr5*es4 ,e "o %\ld !re=e be well acqua9t$ ) ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* gases are us$ 9 an attack1 z well z precaution>y me?ods to be tak5 9 c\nt]act+ its effects :ile on ! def5se4 ,9 an attack !re are only two me?ods :i* c be us$--emanation & %ells & gr5ades4 ,! emanation me?od c only be employ$ "u v favorable circum/ances & 9 a few cases :]e r a long *ance 0 tak51 x react$ v badly on ! enemy4 ,! fir/ ?+ to make a gas attack successful mu/ be a favorable breeze ( ab\t five miles an h\r1 z if ! w9d bl[s any fa/] x does n give ! gas a *ance to settle d[n into ! tr5*es4 ,! object ( ?is gas is to create a poison\s & irritant atmosph]e1 & ?is is accompli%$ ei!r by a gas =c$ ?r\gh tubes 9 ! direction ( ! enemy1 or a liquefi$ gas /or$ 9 cyl9d]s "u v high pressure4 ,to be successful1 z be=e m5tion$1 ! w9d mu/ be a /eady breeze ( n mu* ov] #e miles p] h\r1 no ra91 & ! elem5t ( surprise mu/ figure v l>gely4 ,! gas us$ mu/ be heavi] ?an air & n all[ ( be+ held back by any protective measures tak5 by ! enemy4 ,if ! w9d is too /rong1 x is obvi\s t any gas employ$ w be c>ri$ too quickly ov] ! enemy's tr5*es1 s t x _c settle to any degree :i* w all[ ( its obta9+ ! desir$ effect4 ,if ! w9d is too light1 x w be c>ri$ up into ! air by local eddies1 or may ev5 be bl[n back4 ,= ^! reasons x is impossible to fix a def9ite h\r = gas attacks1 z ev]y?+ dep5ds on ! w9d4 ,ars5ic & phosphorus comp\nds are us$ 9 ! tube me?od1 & _! pres5ce c be detect$ at once by ! smell ( g>lic4 ,%\ld su* gases get into y\r own tr5*es1 *loride ( lime scatt]$ freely ab\t w disp]se !m4 ,! gases us$ 9 liquid =m f cyl9d]s are a mixture ( *lor9e & o!r matt] annoy+ to ! ord9>y infantry (fic] & soldi]4 ,if successful 9 surpris+ ! enemy1 _! tr5*es %\ld be cle>$ at once1 b if ! elem5t ( surprise is n !re & "t is giv5 = def5sive measures to be tak51 ! effect is lo/4 ,9 an assault foll[+ a gas attack1 m5 %\ld always we> smoke helmets = at lea/ #cj m9utes aft] ! gas dissem9ation has ceas$1 & ! assault+ p>ty mu/ h ! /ricte/ ord]s n to remove _! helmets until ! (fic] 9 *>ge has giv5 ! comm&4 ,9 ! %ell & gr5ade me?od ( dissem9ation1 %ells & bombs are us$ conta9+ liquid gas1 or a sub/ance :i* gives (f irritant fumes4 ,x is easy to tell a gas %ell :5 x lights z x comes d[n1 ! same z a 8dud0 %ell2 t is1 "o :i* does n explode1 ! out] cas+ ( ! %ell simply collaps+4 ,! liquid soaks into ! gr\nd1 & m5 %\ld be w>n$ aga9/ /&+ ov] ?is gr\nd & inhal+ any ( ! fumes1 :i* are v slight & r h>d to notice b v p[]ful & ) v quick action4 ,:5 a man ?9ks he has inhal$ any ( ?is gas he %\ld at once be made to lie d[n1 n und]go any ex]cise :atev]1 & z soon z possible h him c>ri$ out on a /ret*] to ! dress+ /ation4 ,te> %ells1 :i* are us$ 9 great pr(usion dur+ an attack1 are = ! mom5t bl9d+ 9 _! effect1 caus+ sm>t+ ( ! eyes & a great am\nt ( wat]+4 ,?is effect is only = a m9ute1 & ! m5 mu/ be impress$ ) ! fact t if !y cont9ue mov+ =w>d in/ead ( sitt+ d[n & rubb+ _! eyes1 x w pass (f almo/ at once4 ,^! %ells are also greatly us$ aga9/ ! artill]y dur+ heavy bomb>dm5ts4 ,adequate protection is furni%$ 9 ! %ape ( goggles to fit ov] ! eyes1 z ! gas has no o!r effect :atev]4 ,z 9 o!r bran*es ( milit>y art1 ! be/ means ( le>n+ def5se is to h a ?or\gh k ( attack4 ,?us1 direction ( w9d mu/ always be not$1 & if favorable = an enemy attack1 special obs]v]s mu/ be plac$ to give w>n+ & surprise gu>d$ aga9/ 9 e way4 ,s5tries are specially plac$ 9 ! tr5*1 & (t5 9 li/5+ po/s1 to get e>ly w>n+s ( an imp5d+ attack4 ,if a s5try at a li/5+ po/ discov]s t a gas attack is be+ made1 he at once w>ns ! s5try at ! end ( 8 cord or wire1 giv+ a pre-arrang$ signal4 ,?is s5try passes ! al>m on a ,/rombon horn1 :i* is some?+ simil> to a ,klaxton1 & w automatically give a w>n+ :i* c be he>d = #c or #d miles1 & :i* la/s ab\t a m9ute4 ,:5 a horn is n 9 use1 g5]ally %ell cases are hung 9 ! tr5*es4 ,^! are beat on by ! s5try :o is w>n$ & tak5 up all along ! l9e4 ,x is !n ! duty ( t s5try n = ! in/ant to put on 8 gas helmet1 b to proce$ along ! front l9e wak+ all ! occupants ( dug\ts1 etc41 :o may be sleep+ 9 ! area gu>d$ by him4 ,e man )\t exception /&s to 9 8 tr5* ) 8 helmet on & w n rent] dug\ts until fir/ giv5 p]mission by (fic] or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ,^! attacks are g5]ally c>ri$ out1 :5 possible1 j be=e dawn or dur+ ! middle ( ! night1 & ! only w>n+ giv5 be=e ! actual gas rea*es a tr5*1 is a slight hiss+ s\nd :i* is made & c be easily he>d z ! gas escapes f ! cyl9d]4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 :5 ! w9d is favorable = an attack t ?is s\nd be li/5$ =4 ,any man w\nd$ dur+ a gas attack mu/ n be plac$ 9 a dug\t or on ! bottom ( a tr5*1 & ev5 if consid]able %ell fire be go+ on x is f> bett] t he be laid out 9 ! op5 on ! top ( ! gr\nd1 :]e he w h a f> bett] *ance ?an ly+ 9 ! bottom ( ! tr5* or 9 a dug\t4 ,aft] gas has pass$ ?r\gh a tr5* sy/em1 & be=e ! (fic] ?9ks t x is safe to remove ! helmets1 ! tr5*es mu/ be spray$ ) a ma*9e kn[n z ,v]m]al ,spray]4 ,a man ) ?is spray] on 8 back & we>+ 8 helmet1 sl[ly trav]ses ! tr5* work+ ! spray4 ,?is small tank on 8 back is *>g$ ) no?+ m or less ?an 8hypo0 7sodium hyposulphite71 ab\t #f p\nds ( :i* is dissolv$ 9 a bucket ( wat] & a h&ful ( ord9>y wa%+ soda add$4 ,g>d5 syr+es & buckets may be us$ if spray]s are n available1 b _! effect is n s quick4 ,:5 ! (fic] ?9ks t ! tr5* has be5 spray$ suffici5tly & all gas has gone1 he may !n all[ ! m5 to take (f _! helmets1 b n to rent] _! dug\ts until !y h be5 ?or\ghly clean$4 ,?is is sometimes done by fann+ ! gas out1 sometimes by build+ a fire & smok+ x out1 & by ! use ( ! spray]4 ,great c>e mu/ be tak5 t no "o ent]s until e la/ ve/ige ( gas is gone1 & x is g5]ally well t ! m$ical (fic] %\ld inspect infect$ dug\ts be=e all[+ ! m5 to return4 ,,gas ,,masks ,,or ,,respirators ,! ,box ,respirator at pres5t 9 use on ! ,we/]n ,front is ! late/ improvem5t1 & pro( aga9/ any gas t s f> has be5 us$1 b %\ld su* a ?+ happ5 t a man be caught )\t 8 box respirator1 any ( ! foll[+ improvis$ me?ods are good3 #a4 ,wet & r+ out any wool5 article1 su* z a /ock+1 muffl] or cap com=t]1 s z to =m a ?ick pad l>ge en\gh to cov] ! nose & m\?1 & press firmly ov] bo?4 #b4 ,place 9 a sc>f1 /ock+ or h&k]*ief1 a pad ( ab\t ?ree h&fuls ( damp e>?1 & tie firmly ov] ! nose & m\?4 #c4 ,a wet cap com=t] w be f\nd useful z additional protection1 especially aga9/ c]ta9 gases o!r ?an *lor9e4 #d4 ,a cap com=t] wett$ ) wat] & soda solution or tea1 fold$ into eight folds & firmly held ov] ! nose4 #e4 ,a sock fold$ f\rfold simil>ly wett$ & held or ti$4 ,if ! sock or com=t] has be5 soak$ 9 soda solution x w act effici5tly :5 dry1 ?\gh1 if possible1 x %\ld be moi/4 ,! sp>e tapes f puttees may be us$ = ty+ on ! sock or cap com=t]4 #f4 ,any loose fabric1 su* z a sock1 s&bag1 wool5 sc>f or com=t]1 soak$ 9 ur9e1 !n wrung out suffici5tly to all[ ( free brea?+ & ti$ tightly ov] ! nose & m\?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r clo?s1 ! flannel wai/b&s issu$ = w9t] use c\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,e (fic] def5d+ a tr5* aga9/ an enemy gas attack %\ld endeavor to collect in=mation :5ev] possible to be s5t to headqu>t]s reg>d+ ! capture ( app>atus us$ by ! enemy ei!r = dissem9at+ or protection f gas4 ,if a gas %ell attack is made1 unexplod$ %ells or portions ( !m %\ld be s5t2 ! "t ( day1 duration ( attack1 color1 ta/e or smell ( gas us$1 effect on ! eyes1 brea?+1 & all o!r symptoms %\ld be not$4 ,new gases may be us$ at any "t1 & spe$y in=mation greatly helps ! adopt+ ( protective measures4 ,! area ( ! gas attack is v l>ge & w sometimes cov] z f> back z #ab to #ae miles beh9d ! l9es1 al?\gh at t po9t x is n g5]ally dang]\s1 b = ?ree to f\r miles ! gas has a kill+ p[]1 & precaution %\ld be tak5 any:]e )9 t l5g? ( ! fir+ l9e ! same z ?\gh 9 ! fir+ l9e4 ,ano!r nuisance result+ f a gas attack is ! :olesale slaught] ( rats & o!r animals t infe/ ! tr5*es1 & :ile a v unpleasant job1 /eps %\ld at once be tak5 to ga!r ^! bea/s up & bury !m 9 "s place1 obvi\sly = sanit>y reasons4 ,,duties ,,( ,a ,,platoon ,,comm&] ,,at ,,! ,,front ,,g5]al ,,notes3 ,! selection & tra9+ ( section comm&]s is ( ! highe/ importance1 & a comm&] mu/ assure himself t ! man select$ has ! confid5ce ( ! m5 z well z 8 own4 ,a platoon comm&] %\ld "k 8 m5 & all ab\t !m1 & keep a record 9 a book arrang$ 9 sections always kept up-to-date4 ,?is is easy to say1 b h>d] to d1 :5 ! platoon *anges day by day4 ,he %\ld "k 8 drill & be capable ( mov+ ! platoon into any position easily & by ! %orte/ possible r\te4 ,he %\ld "k h[ to organize a task allott$ to him1 su* z deliv]+ ov] a work+ p>ty1 plac+ a l9e ( s5tries1 arrang+ po/s & reliefs1 & occupy+ a l9e ( tr5*es4 ,he %\ld be able to assume responsibility = all tr5* /ores1 bombs1 p]iscopes1 etc41 h&$ ov] to him4 ,he %\ld "k ! geography ( 8 battalion tr5*es1 ! position ( company & battalion headqu>t]s1 & keep tra9$ guides at h& :o c f9d _! way to all important po9ts by day or night4 ,,go+ ,,into ,,! ,,tr5*es ,platoons g5]ally ent] by n m ?an two sections at a "t1 ?us m9imiz+ ! dang] f %ell fire & delay at entrance to communication tr5*es4 ,be=e leav+ billets1 platoon comm&]s %\ld expla9 fully to s]geants & sections comm&]s ! ext5t ( tr5* to be tak5 ov] & ! /eps to be tak5 9 case !y are caught by %ell+ or rapid fire go+ up to ! tr5*es4 ,arrangem5ts %\ld also be made t if casualties occur among ! soldi]s1 relief w proce$ z arrang$4 ,,9 ,,! ,,fir+ ,,l9e ,on reliev+ ! fire tr5*es1 ! m5 %\ld make no noise1 & rifles mu/ be c>ri$ s t !y d n %[ ov] ! p>apet4 ,?is is necess>y ev5 if enemy's tr5*es are at a di/ance1 z !re is always ! possibility ( a li/5+ or obs]vation po/ be+ q ne>4 ,ea* man %\ld pair (f ) "o ( ! p>ty occupy+ ! tr5* & f9d out f him any po9ts :i* may be useful4 ,a comm&] %\ld consult ! (fic] or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 9 *>ge ( ! outgo+ p>ty & obta9 ! fulle/ in=mation possible 9 connection ) ! position4 ,p>ticul> po9ts on :i* in=mation %\ld be obta9$ f ! outgo+ (fic] are g5]ally3 7a7 behavior ( enemy dur+ p]iod prec$+ relief & any po9t 9 _! l9e requir+ special in=mation1 su* z enemy may h cut wire z ?\gh prep>+ to attack2 7b7 ma*9e gun implacem5t may be suspect$ at "s p>ticul> po9t2 7c7 any?+ asc]ta9$ by patrols ab\t gr\nd betwe5 fir+ l9es1 ?us avoid+ unnecess>y reconnoissance2 7d7 any /&+ arrangem5t = patrols at night1 includ+ po9t at :i* wire c be/ be pass$1 gr\nd to be patroll$1 or place :]e !y c lie "u cov]2 7e7 any p>ts ( tr5* f :i* x is n safe to fire4 ,su* positions are apt to occur 9 w9d+ tr5*es1 & are n always recognizable 9 ! d>k2 7f7 special features ( tr5*1 rec5t improvem5ts1 "w n complet$1 dang]\s po9ts 7on :i* enemy ma*9e guns are tra9$ at night71 useful loopholes = obs]vation2 7g7 places f :i* wood & wat] c be safely obta9$2 7h7 am\nt ( ammunition1 numb] ( picks1 %ovels & empty s&bags 9 t section ( ! l9e4 ,in=mation on ^! po9ts _c always be giv5 by ^w ( m\?4 ,writt5 notes & plans %\ld1 !re=e1 be h&$ ov] to a platoon comm&] tak+ ov] = ! fir/ "t4 ,9 ! meantime ! incom+ p>ty %\ld fix bayonets & all g tempor>ily on s5try at po/s tak5 ov]4 ,occasional %ots %\ld be fir$1 s t ! enemy's suspicions may n be r\s$4 ,! outgo+ p>ty !n />ts back1 & :5 cle>1 ! reliev+ p>ty %\ld be numb]$ (f & s5tries po/$ & dug\ts allott$4 ,:5 practicable s5tries %\ld be tak5 f ! dug\t close/ to 8 po/4 ,by day ! numb] ( s5tries v>ies1 b %\ld n be less ?an "o 9 six4 ,! platoon s]geant is responsible = *ang+ s5tries1 :o are g5]ally n on duty m ?an "o h\r at a "t1 unless "u exceptional circum/ances4 ,:5 ! maximum am\nt ( labor mu/ be obta9$ f ! battalion hold+ ! l9e1 s5try duty is ( any l5g? t fits 9 ) work+ arrangem5ts4 ,e man mu/ see t he has a good cle> position = all directions4 ,section comm&]s mu/ satisfy !mselves t m5 h done ?is & report$ su*4 ,:5 ^! arrangem5ts are complet$1 ^w mu/ be quietly pass$ d[n = m5 n on s5try to /& cle>1 & !y are all n 9 t position aga9 until ! 8,/& to0 h\rs1 g5]ally ! h\r ne>e/ dusk & ! h\r be=e dawn4 ,aft] d>k1 unless ! moon is bright1 rifles %\ld be kept 9 a fir+ position on ! p>apet1 & all m5 n on duty %\ld keep rifles ) bayonets fix$ :ile 9 ! tr5*4 ,,obs]vation4 ,cont9u\s survey ( ! enemy's l9es ?r\gh disguis$ /eel loopholes %\ld be made :5 ! tr5*es are be+ held = any l5g?y p]iod1 & su* loopholes mu/ always be sideways4 ,sites may be *os5 by day1 & made & disguis$ by night4 ,two /eel loopholes ab\t #c y>ds ap>t enable a man ) level$ rifle to wait by "o :ile ano!r ) field glasses wat*es = t>get ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,an obs]v] wat*+ p]si/5tly ?r\gh glasses 9 complete security %\ld make himself s famili> ) ! look ( ! opposite tr5*es z to enable him to obs]ve any alt]ation 9 ! enemy's wire entanglem5ts1 or notice imm$iately if a new sap has be5 run out f ! enemy tr5*es "u cov] ( night4 ,he %\ld wat* po9ts suspect$ ( be+ ma*9e gun implacem5ts1 & especially at night :5 ! fla%es c be detect$4 ,obs]v]s %\ld be told :at m>ks1 etc41 to look = on m5 expos+ !mselves1 & any result ( ^! obs]vations at once report$ to ! (fic] or ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 ,,inspection4 ,a platoon comm&] %\ld make frequ5t exam9ation ( tr5*es2 at lea/ once daily1 g ar\nd ) platoon s]geant & section comm&]s & decide on ! necess>y "w to be done4 ,section comm&]s are responsible = c>ry+ x out4 ,be=e h&+ ov] a tr5*1 a platoon comm&] %\ld make a rigor\s inspection to see t x is z clean z possible & t latr9es are left 9 a satisfactory /ate4 ,?is includes ! removal ( old t9s1 pap]1 scraps ( food1 etc41 :i* %\ld be buri$ or burn$1 if possible4 ,empty c>tridges %\ld also always be kept cle>$ out1 z !y get imb$d$ 9 tr5* floors & h9d] subsequ5t digg+4 ,,s5tries ,if ! enemy is close1 s5tries %\ld be suppli$ ) a small p]iscope to fix on /icks or bayonets4 ,magaz9es mu/ be kept z full z possible4 ,s5tries are n all[$ to look ov] ! p>apet by day1 b by night !y mu/ keep a cont9u\s look\t4 ,%ots %\ld be fir$ ev5 :5 no lights are %[+1 on ! *ance ( cat*+ ho/ile patrols or work+ p>ties4 ,! be/ "t to wat* across ,no ,man's ,l& is exactly ! m9ute t ! enemy s5d up a ,v light1 z !re is little dang] ( "o be+ se51 ! real dang] com+ :5 ! ,v light is com+ d[n beh9d y4 ,s5tries %\ld n reply to bur/s ( rapid fire on ! "r or left1 unless !y h a def9ite object to fire at4 ,arrangem5ts are usually made = comm&]s ( two or ?ree neighbor+ platoons to divide ! night betwe5 #aj ,p4,m4 & ! "t = 8,/&+ to0 betwe5 !m4 ,! platoon comm&] on duty 9 ea* wat* %\ld patrol ! l9e con/antly & satisfy himself t ! prop] numb] ( s5tries are on duty & keep+ a suffici5t look\t2 also t !y h good fir+ positions4 ,9 ea* platoon ! s]geant & section comm&]s keep wat* simil>ly 9 turns dur+ ! night1 & are responsible = ! relief ( s5tries4 ,!y also visit s5tries e h\r4 ,x is a rule :i* mu/ be /rongly en=c$1 t e s5try mu/ *all5ge ea* p]son pass+ him1 z x has (t5 happ5$ t enemy (fic]s ) m d>+ ?an common s5se & speak+ flu5t ,engli%1 h come into ! tr5*es & walk$ up & d[n )\t be+ mole/$1 :i* 0 only made possible by s5tries n *all5g+ e "o pass+ 8 po/4 ,,rifles ,rifles %\ld be inspect$ e morn+ 9 ! tr5*es by ! platoon comm&]1 & at o!r times dur+ ! day by ! s]geant or section comm&]1 & x %\ld be impress$ on ! m5 t ammunition mu/ be kept clean or ! rifles are apt to jam4 ,! pr9cipal defects ( a rifle 9 ! tr5*es are3 7a7 ,mud 9 ! bolt1 ow+ to rifle be+ re/$ on wet p>apet or dropp$ on wet gr\nd4 ,to rem$y ?is a bolt cov] is us$1 or :5 n obta9able1 an old sock pull$ ov] ! bolt action gives ! desir$ result4 7b7 ,muddy ammunition1 result+ 9 mud 9 *amb]4 ,rem$y3 ,prohibit plac+ ( ammunition on gr\nd & provide prop] boxes = x4 7c7 ,mud 9 muzzle result+ f rifles be+ pu%$ into ! sides ( ! tr5*4 ,rem$y3 ,c>eful & frequ5t inspection4 ,rifle b>rels mu/ be fre$ f mud be=e fir+1 or !y w be injur$4 7d7 ,/ick+ ( c>tridges ow+ to dirt 9 *amb] & magaz9e4 ,rem$y3 ,! keep+ clean ( bo?4 7e7 ,ru/ 9 ! lock & insuffici5t oil+4 ,rem$y3 ,bolt & magaz9e te/$ daily4 ,c>tridges nev] to be kept 9 ! *amb]4 ,x is a /&>d rule t nev] f ! "t m5 ent] ! tr5*es until !y g out1 reg>dless ( :at !y are do+1 does _! equipm5t come (f1 n ev5 to lie d[n to sleep4 ,dur+ work+ p]iods :i* take ! m5 to ! tr5*es1 _! equipm5t & rifles mu/ always be c>ri$ ) !m4 ,,prep>atory ,,to ,,ent]+ ,,tr5*es ,?+s to be tak5 note ( be=e ent]+3 7a7 ,*eck p]iscopes1 wire cutt]s1 field glasses1 wat] c>ri]s1 /ret*]s1 field dress+s1 em]g5cy rations1 smoke helmets1 rifles1 id5tity discs1 s&bags1 ammunition4 7b7 ,see t wat] bottles are fill$4 7c7 ,ea* (fic] to h an ord]ly4 7d7 ,magaz9es to be *>g$ & bayonets fix$ & unfix$ be=eh& to insure prop] work+4 ,:5 tak+ ov] ! tr5*es1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is3 7a7 ,asc]ta9 position ( (fic]s' dug\ts4 7b7 ,arrange telephones4 7c7 ,*eck /ores1 tools1 & res]ve ammunition1 & its position4 7d7 ,obta9 r\gh sket* ( front & numb] ( trav]ses to be mann$4 7e7 ,see t entanglem5ts 9 front ( tr5*es are absolutely intact4 7f7 ,arrange = wat] & ration p>ties & f9d out position ( latr9es4 ,,tak+ ,,ov] ,,tr5*es ,on arrival ea* s5try is to h a p]iscope1 ! :ole company to /& at arms1 & ea* platoon to h its own ammunition res]ve & all m5 "k :]e ?is is4 ,x is ( ! greate/ importance t e detail & portion ( tr5* tak5 ov] be kn[n1 & also ! adjo9+ tr5*es z f> z !y affect ! tr5*es held4 ,accurate sket*es ( ! tr5* %\ld be made1 & p]iscopes1 prismatic compasses & rul$ notebooks are requir$4 ,g5]al scale is r\ghly in* to #aj y>ds4 ,dra9s mu/ be wat*$ & e ef=t made to keep tr5*es dry4 ,:5 l>ge tr5* mort> batt]ies ( ! enemy are active1 m5 mu/ be told (f to wat* = ^! bombs1 z !y are easily se51 & _m casualties may be prev5t$ by timely w>n+ ( _! com+4 ,! fire tr5*es %\ld conta9 z few m5 z possible1 & "w %\ld be done at night1 ! m5 re/+ by day4 ,,snip+ ,ea* company g5]ally has specially select$ m5 told (f z snip]s4 ,/rict discipl9e is necess>y4 ,!y are g5]ally on duty by day & excus$ f night "w1 & x is ! rule t !y are ei!r told (f to a def9ite po/ or giv5 :at is kn[n z a rov+ commission4 ,^! m5 mu/ be exp]t 9 build+ loopholes ( all k9ds by day or night1 use ( telescopic sights1 p]iscopes1 etc41 ! selection & judg+ ( good snip+ positions1 ei!r = use 9 front or beh9d fire tr5*es2 exp]t 9 judg+ di/ances1 9 aim+ & trigg] press+1 9 lay+ fix$ rifles = night fir+1 & 9 ! fix+ & lay+ ( rifle batt]ies4 ,,patrols ,patroll+ bo? day & night is ( great importance1 & g5]ally dur+ ! night ea* unit hold+ a front l9e s5ds out sev]al small patrols :i* frequ5tly obta9 in=mation ( great value & at ! same "t c\nt] ! enemy's ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,^! patrols g5]ally consi/ ( an (fic] & f\r to six m51 accord+ to ! job 9 view4 ,sometimes on highly important "w1 x is ?ree (fic]s & suffici5t ord]lies to c>ry any valuable in=mation obta9$ quickly back to a pre-arrang$ headqu>t]s4 ,bombs1 revolv]s & tr5* dagg]s are ! only weapons ( any value on ^! patrols4 ,!y frequ5tly c>ry out small op]ations1 su* z raid+ p>ties1 cutt+ out p>ties1 etc41 obta9+ f prison]s tak5 9 ?is way in=mation z to :at enemy troops are oppos+ !m 9 ! l9e4 ,:5 a patrol is out e man 9 ! section ( fir+ l9e conc]n$ mu/ be w>n$1 z well z ! li/5+ po/s1 & ?is _c be done too c>efully4 ,x is n a suffici5t w>n+ to tell ! s5try on duty at ! "t a patrol goes out1 z m5 _c all be tru/$ to pass on in/ructions1 & g5]ally ^w is quietly pass$ d[n ! l9e by an ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 or (fic] 9 p]son1 & nev] pass$ f man to man4 ,at ! same "t c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t all fir+ does n cease1 z ?is is undesirable1 obvi\sly ar\s+ ! enemy's suspicions t some?+ is go+ on4 ,:5 ^! patrols h to lie out 9 try+ conditions dur+ w9t] mon?s1 special dug\ts %\ld be kept ready = !m on _! return4 ,,duties ,,( ,,an ,,(fic] ,"s ( ! que/ions an (fic] %\ld ask himself on tak+ ov] a tr5* & keep 9 m9d dur+ 8 /ay !re1 are3 #a4 ,i am "h = two purposes--to d z mu* damage z possible to ! enemy & to hold my "p ( ! l9e at all co/s4 ,am ,i do+ ev]y?+ possible to insure my be+ able to d ?is8 #b4 ,d ,i worry ! enemy z mu* z ,i might1 & are ! p]iscope rifles1 rifle gr5ades1 catapults & patrols at my disposal organiz$ 9 ! be/ way to effect ?is purpose8 #c4 ,am ,i do+ all ,i c to make my "p ( ! l9e z /rong z possible8 #d4 ,%\ld ! enemy succe$ 9 gett+ into any "p ( my l9e1 w ,i be able to at once br+ up a section ( bomb]s = imm$iate c\nt]-attack8 #e4 ,d ,i connect prop]ly ) units on my "r & left8 ,d ,i "k ! position ( ! ne>e/ support1 & ! position ( all ma*9e guns 9 my vic9ity1 z well z _! l9es ( fire8 #f4 ,does e man "k 8 fir+ position1 & c he fire f x ov] ! p>apet at ! foot ( our wire8 #g4 ,d ,i d my be/ to prev5t m5 expos+ !mselves ne$lessly8 ,h ,i asc]ta9$ & w>n$ all my m5 ( ! places 9 my "p ( ! l9e1 includ+ communication tr5*es1 :i* are expos$ to ! fire ( ho/ile snip]s8 #h4 ,are my s5tries 9 ! "r places8 ,are !y prop]ly po/$ by ,n4 ,c4 ,o4's & h !y receiv$ prop] in/ructions8 ,are ! s5tries visit$ at frequ5t int]vals8 #i4 ,h ,i always got a man ready to take messages to company headqu>t]s8 ,d ,i realize t ,i %\ld at once report any in=mation ,i may obta9 ab\t ! enemy1 & t su* in=mation may be ( ! greate/ use to ! highe/ comm&]s8 #aj4 ,d all my m5 "k _! duties 9 case ( attack1 especially ! bomb]s8 ,if ! enemy succe$s 9 work+ into my l9e at any po9t1 h[ c ,i be/ arrange = c\nt]-attack+ him8 #aa4 ,are !re any suitable places 9 my "p ( ! l9e :i* snip]s c use8 ,h ,i po9t$ out to section comm&]s ! portions ( ! enemy's tr5* :i* ea* "o is responsible = keep+ "u fire1 & :]e ! enemy's loopholes are8 #ab4 ,d ,i ?or\ghly und]/& ! be/ me?od ( relief & br++ up ( ration & wat] supplies1 & d my m5 come up into ! tr5*es 9 absolute sil5ce8 #ac4 ,d my m5 "k _! way ab\t ! tr5*es 9 v>i\s r\tes to company & battalion headqu>t]s8 #ad4 ,am ,i acqua9t$ ) ! arrangem5ts = access to ! artill]y & = ask+1 if necess>y1 = _! imm$iate support8 ,d ,i "k ! location ( ! ne>e/ telephone8 #ae4 ,am ,i do+ my be/ to collect in=mation ab\t ! enemy1 8 def5ses1 8 activities & movem5ts1 & especially ab\t 8 patrols at night8 ,:at po9ts 9 my front p>ticul>ly require patroll+8 #af4 ,are my li/5+ patrols prop]ly detail$8 #ag4 ,:i* is my be/ way to get ?r\gh ! p>apet 9 ord] to g t[>ds ! enemy8 #ah4 ,d ,i "k ! la/ ord] reg>d+ ! use ( ,s4 ,o4 ,s41 gas & ,zeppel9 messages1 & d ,i "k exactly :at messages to s5d8 #ai4 ,are ! arrangem5ts 9 case ( gas attack complete & kn[n to all ranks8 ,d ,i "k ! gong position1 & does ! s5try "k ! ord]s z to s\nd+ x8 #bj4 ,h my m5 always got _! gas helmets on _! p]son & are !y 9 good ord]8 #ba4 ,are my p>apets & trav]ses bullet-pro( ev]y:]e8 #bb4 ,is my wire /rong en\gh & am ,i do+ all ,i c to prev5t my tr5*es f fall+ 98 #bc4 ,am ,i do+ all ,i c to dra9 my tr5*es8 #bd4 ,h my m5 got wea!r-pro( places to sleep 98 #be4 ,are ! tr5*es z clean & sanit>y z !y might be8 ,are live ammunition & empty %ells prop]ly collect$8 ,h ,i made all possible arrangem5ts = ! collection ( refuse & d ! m5 realize t x mu/ n be ?r[n ov] ! p>apets or 9 ! sump-pits = sanit>y reasons8 #bf4 ,:]e are my small ammunition & bomb /ores1 & are !y "u cov] f wea!r8 #bg4 ,are all my rifles & ammunition clean & 9 good ord]1 & h all my m5 rifle cov]s8 ,are _! magaz9es always *>g$8 #bh4 ,am ,i do+ all ,i c to prev5t my m5 f gett+ tr5* feet8 ,h my m5 greas$ _! feet be=e ent]+ ! tr5*es1 & h !y a pair ( sp>e dry socks to *ange8 ,d my m5 we> gum boots :5 x is n necess>y8 ,h ,i made all possible arrangem5ts = dry+ socks8 #bi4 ,are ! ord]s z to we>+ equipm5t c>ri$ out8 #cj4 ,are my m5 us+ z firewood notice bo>ds or wood f ! def5se or f ! eng9e] or tr5* /ores8 #ca4 ,are my m5 dr9k+ wat] f any b au?oriz$ s\rces8 #cb4 ,d ,i "k ! "n ( e ,n4 ,c4 ,o4 & man 9 my platoon1 & d !y "k m9e8 #cc4 ,d ,i insure t my m5 get suffici5t sleep8 #cd4 ,h ,i suffici5t p]iscopes & are !y 9 good ord]8 #ce4 ,almo/ always rememb] t ,i am "h = two purposes4 ,d z mu* damage to ! enemy ) ! m9imum am\nt ( casualties result+ f retaliation1 & to hold my "p ( ! l9e at all co/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,emplacem5t ,a type ( front l9e emplacem5t ) :i* an infantry (fic] %\ld be famili>1 b :i* are con/ruct$ by & are entirely "u ! control ( ,ma*9e ,gun ,companies4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,fire ,a ,,ma*9e ,,gun ,,9 ,,case ,,( ,,em]g5cy ,z a ma*9e gun textbook is v dry1 & x is difficult = a man :o is n ( a me*anical turn ( m9d to obta9 ! mo/ elem5t>y k ( ! action f a book1 (fic]s %\ld lose no "t 9 gett+ 9 t\* ) a ma*9e gun (fic] & le>n f actual exp]i5ce1 h[ to load1 fire & rectify simple /oppage4 ,,lewis ,,gun4 ,to load1 put a full magaz9e on ! magaz9e po/ ) ! cock+ h&le =w>d4 ,pull back cock+ h&le to its fulle/ ext5t1 & raise tang5t sight unless ! t>get is )9 #bjj y>ds4 ,to fire1 press ! trigg] & ! gun w cont9ue to fire z long z pressure on ! trigg] is ma9ta9$4 ,x w only /op :5 7a7 ! magaz9e is empti$2 7b7 /oppage is set up4 ,to rem$y ?is 7#a7 take (f empty magaz9e & put on full "o1 reload relay & fire2 7#b7 cock+ h&le /ops 9 "o ( ?ree positions4 ,to rem$y ?is "o mu/ h a ?or\gh k ( rem$y+ ( /oppages4 ,,vick]',s ,,automatic4 ,to load1 pass ! brass tack ( belt ?r\gh fe$ plug 7"r to left71 pull back crank h&le & pull belt to ! left2 release h&le & belt2 repeat ?is process & ! gun is load$4 ,v]tical adju/m5t = sight+ is obta9$ by mov+ elevat+ :eel on quadrant ( tripod1 horizontal adju/m5t by tapp+ ! re> cross-piece4 ,! clamp+ h&le is 9 front ( ! cross-b& ( ! tripod4 ,to fire1 raise safety cat* ) fir/ or second f+] 7! safety cat* is a /rip ( /eel :i* is "u ! ?umb-piece or d\ble button7 & press ! ?umb-piece4 ,! gun w n[ fire until pressure is releas$ or until a /oppage occurs4 ,,/oppages4 ,!re are f\r common /oppages1 di/+ui%$ by ! position ( ! crank h&le4 ,rem$y3 7#a7 ,pull crank h&le back & belt to ! left1 let g crank h&le2 7#b7 op5 re> cov]1 take out lock1 remove b5t c>tridge f face ( lock2 7#c7 hit crank h&le d[n4 ,if x w n g1 lift x a little1 pull belt & hit aga92 7#d7 raise crank h&le1 pull belt1 let g ( crank4 ,if n effective1 !n put 9 ! sp>e lock1 b unload fir/4 ,to disable gun1 remove lock & fuse f fire belt ?r\gh ! bree* cas+4 ,,prev5tion ,,( ,,fro/ ,,bite ,,& ,,tr5* ,,feet ,^! conditions are g5]ally caus$ by long /&+ 9 cold wat] & mud1 or ! cont9u\s we>+ ( wet socks1 boots & puttees1 & ! conditions are accel]at$ :5 ! blood circulation 9 ! feet & legs is int]f]$ ) by ! use ( tight puttees1 or any?+ calculat$ to cause con/riction ( ! l[] limbs4 ,!y c be prev5t$ or dim9i%$ by con/ant improvem5t ( tr5*es & r$uc+ ! "t sp5t 9 ! tr5*es z f> z ! g5]al situation w p]mit by battalion arrangem5ts2 by insur+ t m5 ent]+ ! tr5*es are w>mly clad 9 dry boots1 socks1 tr\s]s & puttees1 & t be=e ent]+1 ! m5's legs & feet are ?or\ghly rubb$ ) :ale oil4 ,provisions are made = ! m5 on com+ out ( ! tr5*es to get w>m %elt]s1 hot foods & facilities = wa%+ ! feet & dry+ wet clo!s1 & all along ! l9e j beh9d ! tr5*es s\p kit*5s are kept :]e ! m5 may /op on ! way to billet & get hot s\p1 etc4 ,! arrangem5ts made :5 a battalion is go+ into ! tr5*es are r\ghly z foll[s3 ,! m5's feet & legs are wa%$ & dri$ & !n ?or\ghly rubb$ ) :ale oil & dry socks put on4 ,a second pair ( dry socks is c>ri$ by ea* man1 & :5 x is possible1 battalion arrangem5ts are made = wet socks to be br\ght d[n f ! tr5*es "o night & dry ones ex*ang$1 ?is tak+ place e night4 ,?is is g5]ally manag$ by ! m5 *ang+ 9 ! e>ly morn+1 ! relief p>ty = t night tak+ d[n ! wet socks & br++ 9 ! dry = ! next morn+4 ,hot wat] mu/ nev] be us$1 nor ! feet held ne> a fire4 ,:]e necess>y1 & circum/ances p]mit1 long gum boots are put on on ent]+ ! tr5*1 :ile ! m5's feet are /ill dry1 & tak5 (f z soon z !y prep>e to leave & h&$ ov] z tr5* /ores4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! l9e1 :]e conditions are v favorable1 battalion re/ po/s are =m$ z close to ! fir+ l9e z p]missible1 & m5 %[+ signs ( suff]+ f exposure are frequ5tly att5d$ to4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,punctuation1 hyph5ation1 & spell+ 7 made consi/5t :5 a pr$om9ant pref]5ce 0 f\nd 9 ! orig9al book2 o!rwise !y 7 n *ang$4 ,m ?an tw5ty possible spell+ & grammatical errors 9 ! orig9al text 7 f\nd b n *ang$4 ,simple typographical errors 7 correct$2 unbalanc$ quotation m>ks 7 rem$i$ :5 ! *ange 0 obvi\s1 & o!rwise left unbalanc$4 ,! hi]>*ical /ructure ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts does n always mat* ! /ructure ( ! ma9 text4 ,transcrib] has n *ang$ ?is4 ,illu/rations 9 ?is e,book h be5 position$ betwe5 p>agraphs & outside quotations4 ,! descriptions ( ! ,nobel & ,brock light]s on pages #ajh & #aaj 7 treat$ z footnotes by ! ,transcrib]1 :o add$ appropriate an*ors to !m 9 ! text4