file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations & s\nd record+s ( clock *imes4 ,see #fadid-;h4htm or #fadid-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #fadid_/pg#fadid-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#fadi d_/fadid-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see https3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/mod]ncloc k/udy#jj;good ,"s *>act]s might n display prop]ly 9 ?is ,,utf-#h text file 7e4g41 empty squ>es74 ,if s1 ! read] %\ld consult ! html v]sion or ! orig9al page images not$ above4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,! ,mod]n ,clock ,a ,/udy ( ,"t ,keep+ ,me*anism2 ,its ,con/ruction1 ,regulation & ,repair4 by ,,w>d ,l4 ,,goodri* ,au?or ( ! ,wat*mak]'s ,la!1 ,its ,use & ,abuse4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations & ,diagrams ,,*icago ,hazlitt ,walk]1 ,publi%]s #aije ,copyright$ #aije by ,hazlitt ,walk]4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*ap4 ,,page ,i4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,bett] ,,skill ,,among ,,clockmak]s4 #c ,,ii4 ,,! ,,natural ,,laws ,,gov]n+ ,,p5dulums4 #aj ,,iii4 ,,comp5sat+ ,,p5dulums4 #bc ,,iv4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,m]curial ,,p5dulums4 #ec ,v4 ,,regulations1 ,,susp5sions1 ,,crut*es ,,& ,,m9or ,,po9ts4 #gi ,,vi4 ,,torsion ,,p5dulums ,,= ,,f\r-,,hundr$ ,,day ,,clocks4 #ia ,,vii4 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,angul> ,,measurem5t-- ,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,draw+s4 #ih ,,viii4 ,,! ,,graham ,,or ,,dead ,,beat ,,escapem5t4 #aji ,,ix4 ,,le ,,paute',s ,,p9 ,,:eel ,,escapem5t4 #ace ,x4 ,,! ,,recoil ,,or ,,an*or ,,escapem5t4 #ada ,,xi4 ,,! ,,d5nison ,,or ,,gravity ,,escapem5t4 #aej ,,xii4 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,escapem5t ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,clocks4 #afc ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,deta*$ ,,lev] ,,escapem5t ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,clocks4 #ahd ,,xiv4 ,,plates1 ,,pivots ,,& ,,"t ,,tra9s4 #aih ,,xv4 ,,spr+s1 ,,weights ,,& ,,p[]4 #bfd ,,xvi4 ,,motion ,,"w ,,& ,,/rik+ ,,tra9s4 #bic ,,xvii4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,cuckoo ,,clocks4 #cai ,,xviii4 ,,snail ,,/rik+ ,,"w1 ,,engli%1 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,am]ican4 #ccj ,,xix4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,simple ,,& ,,p]petual ,,cal5d>s4 #cdg ,,xx4 ,,hamm]s1 ,,gongs ,,& ,,bells4 #cfg ,,xxi4 ,,electric ,,clocks ,,& ,,batt]ies4 #cgf ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,repair ,,( ,,dials4 #dbf ,,xxiii4 ,,clock ,,cas+ ,,& ,,case ,,repairs4 #ddf ,,xxiv4 ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,mak+ ,a ,,regulator4 #dfc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations #die ,,index #dig ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,necessity ,,= ,,bett] ,,skill ,,among ,,clockmak]s4 ,! ne$ = in=mation ( an exact & reliable "* 9 reg>d to ! h>d work$ & mu* abus$ clock has1 we presume1 be5 felt by e "o :o ent]$ ! trade4 ,?is in=mation exi/s1 ( c\rse1 b x is scatt]$ ?r\gh su* a wide range ( publications & is f\nd 9 !m 9 su* a fragm5t>y =m t by ! "t a workman is suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! trade to "k :]e to look = su* in=mation he no long] feels ! necessity ( acquir+ x4 ,! cont9u\s decrease 9 ! prices ( wat*es & ! consequ5t rapid increase 9 _! use has caus$ ! neglect ( ! p5dulum timekeep]s to su* an ext5t t good clock m5 are v sc>ce1 :ile bot*es are univ]sal4 ,:5 we reflect t ! av]age #8life' ( a work] at ! b5* is r>ely m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 we c readily see t in=mation by v]bal in/ruction is rapidly be+ lo/1 z ea* appr5tice ru%es ?r\gh clock "w z ha/ily z possible 9 ord] to d wat* "w & consequ5tly ea* 8wat*mak]0 kn[s less ( clocks ?an 8 pr$ecessor & is !re=e less fitt$ to in/ruct appr5tices 9 8 turn4 ,! /rik+ clock w always cont9ue to be ! timekeep] ( ! h\sehold & we are /ill dep5d5t ^u ! comp5sat+ p5dulum1 9 conjunction ) ! fix$ />s1 = ! basis ( our timekeep+ sy/em1 ^u :i* our comm]cial & legal cal5d>s & ! movem5ts ( our %ips & railroad tra9s dep5d1 s t an accurate k ( its con/ruction & behavior =ms ! ess5tial basis ( ! l>ge/ "p ( our bus9ess & social sy/ems1 :ile ! wat*es = :i* x is slight$ are !mselves regulat$ & adju/$ at ! factories by ! comp5sat$ p5dulum4 ,! rapid increase 9 ! dissem9ation ( 8/&>d "t0 & ! compulsory use ( wat*es hav+ a maximum v>iation ( five seconds a week by railway employees has s increas$ ! /&>d ( accuracy dem&$ by ! g5]al public t x is no long] possible to make c>eless "w 8g0 ) !m1 &1 if !y accept x at all1 !y are apt to make s]i\s d$uctions f _! e/imate ( ! wat*mak]'s skill & imm$iately transf] _! cu/om to "s "o :o is m ?or\gh4 ,! appr5tice1 :5 he fir/ gets an opportunity to exam9e a clock movem5t1 usually consid]s x a v my/]i\s ma*9e4 ,lat] on1 if he h&les _m clocks ( ! simple ord]1 he becomes tol]ably famili> ) ! "t tra92 b he seldom becomes confid5t ( 8 ability reg>d+ ! /rik+ "p1 ! al>m & ! escapem5t1 *iefly because ! employ] & ! old] workm5 get tir$ ( tell+ him ! same ?+s repeat$ly1 or because !y 7 simil>ly treat$ 9 _! y\?1 & consid] clocks a nuisance1 any h[1 nev] hav+ le>n$ clock "w ?or\ghly1 & !re=e be+ unable to appreciate x4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* treatm5t ! boy makes a few spasmodic ef=ts to le>n ! portions ( ! bus9ess t puzzle him1 & !n gives x up1 & !reaft] does z little z possible to clocks1 b begs cont9ually to be put on wat* "w4 ,we "k ( a %op :]e two & sometimes ?ree workm5 7! be/ 9 ! %op1 too7 are con/antly employ$ ^u clocks :i* c\ntry jewel]s h fail$ to repair4 ,if clock "w is dull !y w g ^u wat* "w 7& !y d good "w1 too71 b !y enjoy ! clocks & w d !m 9 pref]5ce to wat*es1 claim+ t !re is great] v>iety & m int]e/ 9 ! "w ?an c be f\nd 9 fitt+ factory made mat]ial into wat*es1 :i* consi/ ( a "t tra9 only4 ,two ( ^! m5 h become fam\s1 & are frequ5tly s5t = to take c>e ( complicat$ clocks1 ) musical & me*anical figure atta*m5ts1 t[]1 *imes1 etc4 ,! ?ird is mu* y\ng]1 b is rapidly p]fect+ himself1 & is already compet5t to rebuild m9ute repeat]s & o!r sorts ( ! f9] k9ds ( ,fr5* clocks4 ,he n[ totally neglects wat* "w1 say+ t ! clocks give him m money & m fun4 ,we are confid5t t ?is w\ld be also ! case ) _m ano!r ,am]ican y\? if he c\ld f9d "s "o to pati5tly in/ruct him 9 ! few indisp5sable facts :i* lie at ! bottom ( s mu* t is my/]i\s & f :i* he n[ turns 9 disgu/4 ,! object ( ^! articles is to expla9 to ! appr5tice ! my/]ies ( p5dulums1 escapem5ts1 ge>+ ( tra9s1 & ! :ole te*nical s*eme ( ^! measur]s ( "t1 9 su* a way t h]eaft] he may be able to answ] 8 own que/ions1 because he w be famili> ) ! facts on :i* !y dep5d4 ,_m workm5 9 ! trade are already incompet5t to tea* clockwork to anybody1 ow+ to ! slight+ process above ref]r$ to2 & ! frequ5t dem&s = a book on clocks h !re=e induc$ ! writ] to und]take its compilation4 ,works on ! subject--nom9ally s1 at lea/--are 9 exi/5ce1 b x w g5]ally be f\nd on exam9ation t !y are writt5 by outsid]s1 n by workm51 & t !y treat ! subject hi/orically1 or f ! /&po9t ( ! arti/ic or ! curi\s4 ,any in=mation reg>d+ ! me*anical movem5ts is fragm5t>y1 if f\nd 9 !m at all1 & !y are bett] fitt$ = ! amusem5t ( ! g5]al public ?an = ! y\? or man :o wants to "k 8h[ & :y40 ,^! facts h impell$ ! writ] to ignore hi/ory & art 9 consid]+ ! subject2 to treat ! clock z an exi/+ me*anism :i* mu/ be und]/ood & made to p]=m its functions correctly2 & to consid] cases m]ely z h\s+s ( me*anism1 reg>dless ( h[ beautiful1 /range or commonplace ^? h\s+s may be4 ,we h us$ ! ^w 8compile0 advis$ly4 ,! writ] has no new ideas or !ories to put =?1 = ! reason t ! me*anism we are consid]+ has dur+ ! la/ six hundr$ ye>s _h its ma!matics r$uc$ to an exact sci5ce2 its v>iable factors ( mat]ial & me*anical movem5ts develop$ accord+ to ! laws ( geometry & trigonometry2 its defects obs]v$ & po9t$ out2 its p]=mances *eck$ & record$4 ,to ga!r ^! facts1 illu/rate & expla9 !m1 arrange !m 9 _! prop] ord]1 & po9t out _! relative importance 9 ! :ole sum ( :at we call a clock1 is !re=e all t w be attempt$4 ,9 do+ ?is free use has be5 made ( ! obs]vations ( ,sauni]1 ,reid1 ,glasg[1 ,f]guson1 ,britt51 ,riefl] & o!rs 9 ,europe & ( ,j]ome1 ,playtn]1 ,f9n1 ,le>n$1 ,f]son1 ,h[>d & v>i\s o!r ,am]icans4 ,! "w is !re=e pres5t$ z a compilation1 :i* x is hop$ w be ( s]vice 9 ! trade4 ,9 ?us /udy+ ! mod]n ,am]ican clocks1 we use ! ^w ,am]ican 9 ! s5se ( own]%ip r ?an orig91 ! clocks :i* come to ! ,am]ican workm5 to-day h be5 made 9 ,g]many1 ,france1 ,engl& & ,am]ica4 ,! ,g]man clocks are g5]ally ^? ( ! ,s*w>tzwald 7or ,black ,=e/7 di/rict1 & diff] f o!rs 9 _! /ructure1 *iefly 9 ! foll[+ p>ticul>s3 ,! movem5t is support$ by a horizontal seatbo>d 9 ! upp] portion ( ! case4 ,! wood5 tra9s ( _m ( ! old] type in/ead ( be+ support$ by plates are held 9 position by pill>s1 & ^! pill>s are held 9 position by top & bottom bo>ds4 ,9 ! bett] class ( wood5 clocks ! pivot holes 9 ! pill>s are bu%$ ) brass tub+1 :ile ! movem5t has a brass 'scape :eel1 /eel wire pivots & lant]n p9ions ( wood1 ) /eel trundles4 ,9 all ^! clocks ! front pill>s are friction-tight1 & are ! ones to be remov$ :5 tak+ d[n ! tra9s4 ,bo? ^! & ! mod]n ,sw>tzwald brass movem5ts use a sprocket :eel & *a9 = ! weights & h expos$ p5dulums & weights4 ,! ,fr5* clocks are ( two classes1 p5dules & c>riage clocks1 & bo? are liable to develop m hidd5 crank9ess & app>5tly causeless refusals to g ?an ev] occurr$ to all ! ,engli%1 ,g]man & ,am]ican clocks ev] put toge!r4 ,!re are _m causes = ?is1 & unless a man is v new at ! bus9ess he c tell /ories ( p]v]sity1 t w\ld make a timid appr5tice want to quit4 ,yet ! ,fr5* clocks1 :5 !y d g1 are excell5t timekeep]s1 f9ely f9i%$1 & s arti/ically design$ t !y make _! neighbors seem v clumsy by comp>ison4 ,!y are f\nd 9 great v>iety1 "t1 half-h\r & qu>t]-h\r /rike1 musical & repeat+ clocks be+ a few ( ! g5]al v>ieties4 ,! p5dulums are v %ort1 to accommodate !mselves to ! arti/ic ne$s ( ! cases1 & ne>ly all h ! snail /rike in/ead ( ! c\nt :eel4 ,! c>riage clocks h wat* escapem5ts ( cyl9d] or lev] =m1 & ! escapem5t is frequ5tly turn$ at "r angle by means ( bevel ge>s1 or contrate :eel & p9ion1 & plac$ on top ( ! movem5t4 ,! ,engli% clocks f\nd 9 ,am]ica are g5]ally ( ! 8,hall0 v>iety1 hav+ heavy1 well f9i%$ movem5ts1 ) seconds p5dulum & frequ5tly ) cal5d> & *ime movem5ts4 ,!y1 l ! ,g]man1 are g5]ally fitt$ ) weights in/ead ( spr+s4 ,!re are a few ,engli% c>riage clocks1 fitt$ ) spr+s & fuzees1 ?\gh mo/ ( !m1 l ! ,fr5*1 h spr+s fitt$ 9 go+ b>rels4 ,! ,am]ican clocks1 ) :i* ! appr5tice w naturally h mo/ to d1 may be r\ghly divid$ into "t1 "t al>m1 "t /rike1 "t /rike al>m1 "t cal5d> & electric w9d+4 ,! ,am]ican factories g5]ally ea* make ab\t =ty sizes & /yles ( movem5ts1 & case !m 9 _m hundr$s ( diff]5t ways1 s t ! workman w frequ5tly f9d ! same movem5t 9 a l>ge numb] ( clocks1 & he w soon be able to det]m9e f ! *>act]i/ics ( ! movem5t :at factory made ! clock1 & ?us be able to at once turn to ! prop] catalogue if ! "n ( ! mak] be eras$1 z frequ5tly happ5s4 ,?is comp>ative /udy ( ! practice ( diff]5t factories w prove v int]e/+1 z ! movem5t comes to ! /ud5t aft] a p]iod ( prolong$ & g5]ally sev]e use1 :i* is calculat$ to br+ out any exi/+ defects 9 con/ruction or workman%ip2 & hav+ all makes ( clocks con/antly pass+ ?r\gh 8 h&s1 ea* exhibit+ a *>act]i/ic defect m frequ5tly ?an any o!r1 he is 9 a mu* bett] position to asc]ta9 ! m]its & defects ( ea* mak] ?an he w\ld be 9 any factory4 ,hav+ ?us briefly outl9$ ! k9ds ( ma*9]y us$ 9 measur+ "t1 we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! exam9ation ( ! !oretical & me*anical con/ruction ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! man :o />ts out to design & build a clock w f9d himself limit$ 9 ?ree p>ticul>s3 ,x mu/ run a specifi$ "t2 ! arbor c>ry+ ! m9ute h& mu/ turn once 9 ea* h\r2 ! p5dulum mu/ be %ort en\gh to g 9 ! case4 ,two ( ^! p>ticul>s are *angeable accord+ to circum/ances2 ! l5g? ( "t run may be ?irty h\rs1 eight1 ?irty1 sixty or n9ety days4 ,! p5dulum may be any:]e f f\r in*es to f\rte5 feet1 & ! %ort] x is ! fa/] x w g4 ,! "o def9ite po9t 9 ! "t tra9 is t ! m9ute h& mu/ turn once 9 ea* h\r4 ,we build or alt] our tra9 f ?is po9t bo? ways1 back ?r\gh *angeable int]m$iate :eels & p9ions to ! spr+ or weight =m+ ! s\rce ( p[]1 & =w>d f x ?r\gh ano!r *angeable s]ies ( :eels & p9ions to ! p5dulum4 ,n[ z ! p5dulum gov]ns ! rate ( ! clock we w comm5ce ) t & consid] x indep5d5tly4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,natural ,,laws ,,gov]n+ ,,p5dulums4 ,,l5g? ,,( ,,p5dulum4--,a p5dulum is a fall+ body & z su* is subject to ! laws :i* gov]n fall+ bodies4 ,?is /atem5t may n be cle> at fir/1 z ! p5dulum g5]ally moves ?r\gh su* a small arc t x does n appe> to be fall+4 ,yet if we take a p5dulum & raise ! ball by sw++ x up until ! ball is level ) ! po9t ( susp5sion1 z 9 ,fig4 #a1 & !n let x g1 we %all see x fall rapidly until x rea*es its l[e/ po9t1 & !n rise until x exhau/s ! mom5tum x acquir$ 9 fall+1 :5 x w aga9 fall & rise aga9 on ! o!r side2 ?is process w be repeat$ ?r\gh con/antly small] arcs until ! resi/ance ( ! air & t ( ! p5dulum spr+ %all ov]come ! o!r =ces :i* op]ate to keep x 9 motion & x f9ally assumes a position ( re/ at ! l[e/ po9t 7ne>e/ ! e>?7 :i* ! p5dulum rod w all[ x to assume4 ,:5 x /ops1 x w be 9 l9e betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! e>? 7c5t] ( gravity7 & ! fix$ po9t f :i* x is susp5d$4 ,true1 ! p5dulum bob1 :5 x falls1 falls "u control ( ! p5dulum rod & has its actions modifi$ by ! rod2 b x falls j ! same1 no matt] h[ small its arc ( motion may be1 & x is ?is influ5ce ( gravity--t =ce :i* makes any free body move t[>d ! e>?'s c5t]--:i* keeps ! p5dulum con/antly return+ to its l[e/ po9t & :i* gov]ns v l>gely ! "t tak5 9 mov+4 ,h5ce1 9 e/imat+ ! l5g? ( a p5dulum1 we mu/ consid] gravity z be+ ! prime mov] ( our p5dulum4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,dott$ l9es %[ pa? ( p5dulum4 ,! next =ces to consid] are mass & weight1 :i*1 :5 put 9 motion1 t5d to cont9ue t motion indef9itely unless br\ght to re/ by o!r =ces oppos+ x4 ,?is is kn[n z mom5tum4 ,a heavy bob w sw+ long] ?an a light "o1 because ! mom5tum /or$ up dur+ its fall w be great] 9 proportion to ! resi/ance :i* x enc\nt]s f ! air & ! susp5sion spr+4 ,z ! l5g? ( ! rod gov]ns ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* our bob is all[$ to fall1 & also controls ! direction ( its motion1 we mu/ consid] ?is motion4 ,ref]r+ aga9 to ,fig4 #a1 we see t ! bob moves along ! circumf]5ce ( a circle1 ) ! rod act+ z ! radius ( t circle2 ?is op5s up ano!r s]ies ( facts4 ,! circumf]5ce ( a circle equals #c4adaf times its diamet]1 & ! radius is half ! diamet] 7! radius 9 ?is case be+ ! p5dulum rod74 ,! areas ( circles are proportional to ! squ>es ( _! diamet]s & ! circumf]5ces are also proportional to _! areas4 ,h5ce1 ! l5g?s ( ! pa?s ( bobs mov+ along ^! circumf]5ces are 9 proportion to ! squ>es ( ! l5g?s ( ! p5dulum rods4 ,?is is :y a p5dulum ( half ! l5g? w oscillate f\r times z fa/4 ,n[ we w apply ^! figures to our p5dulum4 ,a body fall+ 9 vacuo1 9 ,london1 moves #cb4b feet 9 "o second4 ,?is di/ance has by common cons5t among ma!maticians be5 designat$ z g4 ,! circumf]5ce ( a circle equals #c4adaf times its diamet]4 ,?is is repres5t$ z 4 ,n[1 if we call ! "t t1 we %all h ! =mula3 -------------- t 7#a_/;g7 ,sub/itut+ ! "t1 "o second1 = t1 & do+ ! same ) ! o!rs1 we %all h3 7#cb4b ft47 #a ---------------------- #c4bfaf feet4 7#c4adaf7 ,turn+ ?is into its equival5t 9 in*es by multiply+ by #ab1 we %all h #ci4acic in*es z ! l5g? ( a "o-second p5dulum at ,london4 ,n[1 z ! =ce ( gravity v>ies some:at ) its di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! e>?1 we %all f9d ! value ( g 9 ! above =mula v>y+ slightly1 & ?is w give u slightly diff]5t l5g?s ( p5dulum at diff]5t places4 ,^! values h be5 f\nd to be z foll[s3 ,in*es4 ,! ,equator is #ci ,rio de ,janeiro #ci4ja ,madras #ci4jb ,new ,york #ci4ajab ,p>is #ci4ac ,london #ci4ad ,ed9burgh #ci4ae ,gre5l& #ci4bj ,nor? & ,s\? ,pole #ci4bjf ,n[1 tak+ ano!r look at our =mula1 we %all see t we may get ! l5g? ( any p5dulum by multiply+ 7:i* is #c4adaf7 by ! squ>e ( ! "t requir$3 ,to f9d ! l5g? ( a p5dulum to beat ?ree seconds3 #c #i4 #ci4acic #i #ceb4becg in*es #bi4cedd feet4 ,a p5dulum beat+ two-?irds ( a second1 or #ij beats3 77 _/ #ci4acic #d ------------------------ #ag4cieb in*es4 #i ,a p5dulum beat+ half-seconds or #abj beats3 77 #ci4acic #a ---------------------- #i4ghdh in*es4 #d ,,c5t] ,,( ,,oscillation4--,hav+ n[ briefly consid]$ ! basic facts gov]n+ ! "t ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum1 let u exam9e x /ill fur!r4 ,! p5dulum %[n 9 ,fig4 #a has all its weight 9 a mass at its end1 b we _c make a p5dulum t way to run a clock1 because ( physical limitations4 ,we %all h to use a rod /iff en\gh to transmit p[] f ! clock movem5t to ! p5dulum bob & t rod w weigh some?+4 ,if we use a comp5sat$ rod1 s z to keep x ! same l5g? 9 v>y+ temp]ature1 x may weigh a good deal 9 proportion to ! bob4 ,h[ w ?is affect ! p5dulum8 ,if we susp5d a rod f its upp] end & place along-side ( x our ideal p5dulum1 z 9 ,fig4 #b1 we %all f9d t !y w n vibrate 9 equal times if !y are ( equal l5g?s4 ,:y n8 ,because :5 ! rod is sw++ 7be+ /iff7 a "p ( its weight re/s ^u ! fix$ po9t ( susp5sion & t "p ( ! rod is consequ5tly n entirely subject to ! =ce ( gravity4 ,n[1 z ! "t 9 :i* our p5dulum w sw+ dep5ds ^u ! di/ance ( ! effective c5t] ( its mass f ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & z1 ow+ to ! diff]5ce 9 con/ruction1 ! c5t] ( mass ( "o ( our p5dulums is at ! c5t] ( its ball1 :ile t ( ! o!r is some:]e along ! rod1 !y w naturally sw+ 9 diff]5t times4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,two p5dulums ( equal l5g? b unequal vibration4 ,b1 c5t] ( oscillation = bo? p5dulums4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,our o!r p5dulum 7! rod7 is ( ! same size all ! way up & ! c5t] ( its effective mass w\ld be ! c5t] ( its weight 7gravity7 if x 7 n = ! fact :i* we /at$ a mom5t ago t "p ( ! weight is upheld & r5d]$ ineffective by ! fix$ support ( ! p5dulum rod1 all ! :ile ! p5dulum is n 9 a v]tical position4 ,if we support ! rod 9 a horizontal position1 z 9 ,fig4 #c1 by hold+ up ! l[] end1 ! po9t ( susp5sion1 ,a1 w support half ! weight ( ! rod2 if we hold x at #de degrees ! po9t ( susp5sion w hold less ?an half ! weight ( ! rod & m ( ! rod w be affect$ by gravity2 & s on d[n until we rea* ! v]tical or up & d[n position4 ,?us we see t ! =ce ( gravity pull+ on our p5dulum v>ies 9 its effects accord+ to ! position ( ! rod & consequ5tly ! effective c5t] ( its mass also v>ies ) its position & we c only calculate :at ?is mean 7or av]age7 position is by a long s]ies ( calculations & !n tak+ an av]age ( ^! results4 ,we %all f9d x simpl] to measure ! "t ( sw+ ( ! rod :i* we w d by %ort5+ our ball & cord until x w sw+ 9 ! same "t z ! rod4 ,?is w be at ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! rod1 s t ! effective l5g? ( our rod is ab\t two-?irds ( its real l5g?4 ,?is effective l5g?1 :i* gov]ns ! "t ( vibration1 is call$ ! !oretical l5g? ( ! p5dulum & ! po9t at :i* x is locat$ is call$ its c5t] ( oscillation4 ,! di/ance f ! c5t] ( oscillation to ! po9t ( susp5sion is call$ ! !oretical l5g? ( ! p5dulum & is always ! di/ance :i* is giv5 9 all tables ( l5g?s ( p5dulums4 ,?is l5g? is ! "o giv5 = two reasons3 ,fir/1 because1 x is ! timekeep+ l5g?1 :i* is :at we are aft]1 & second1 because1 z we h j se5 9 ,fig4 #c1 ! real l5g? ( ! p5dulum increases z m ( ! weight ( ! in/rum5t is put into ! rod4 ,?is expla9s :y ! heavy gridiron comp5sation p5dulum beat+ seconds s common 9 regulators & :i* measures f #ef to #fj in*es ov] all1 beats 9 ! same "t z ! wood rod & lead bob measur+ #de in*es ov] all1 :ile "o is app>5tly a ?ird long] ?an ! o!r4 ,table ,%[+ ! ,l5g? ( a ,simple ,p5dulum ,t p]=ms 9 "o h\r any giv5 numb] ( oscillations1 f #a to #bj1jjj1 & ! v>iation 9 ?is l5g? t w occasion a diff]5ce ( #a m9ute 9 #bd h\rs4 ,calculat$ by ,e4 ,g\rd94 ,l5g? ,v>iation 9 ,l5g? ,numb] ( 9 = ,"o ,m9ute 9 #bd ,oscillations p] ,h\r4 ,millimet]s4 ,h\rs 9 ,millimet]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #bj1jjj #cb4b #j4jd #ai1jjj #ce4g #j4je #ah1jjj #ci4h #j4je #ag1ijj #dj4b #j4jf #ag1hjj #dj4g #j4jf #ag1gjj #da4a #j4jf #ag1fjj #da4f #j4jf #ag1ejj #db4a #j4jf #ag1djj #db4d #j4jf #ag1cjj #dc4j #j4jf #ag1bjj #dc4e #j4jf #ag1ajj #dd4j #j4jf #ag1jjj #dd4f #j4jf #af1ijj #de4a #j4jf #af1hjj #de4g #j4jf #af1gjj #df4c #j4jf #af1fjj #df4g #j4jg #af1ejj #dg4c #j4jg #af1djj #dg4i #j4jg #af1cjj #dh4e #j4jg #af1bjj #di4a #j4jg #af1ajj #di4g #j4jg #af1jjj #ej4j #j4jg #ae1ijj #ea4j #j4jg #ae1hjj #ea4f #j4jg #ae1gjj #eb4c #j4jg #ae1fjj #eb4i #j4jg #ae1ejj #ec4f #j4jg #ae1djj #ed4c #j4jh #ae1cjj #ee4j #j4jh #ae1bjj #ee4g #j4jh #ae1ajj #ef4e #j4jh #ae1jjj #eg4c #j4jh #ad1ijj #eh4j #j4jh #ad1hjj #eh4h #j4jh #ad1gjj #ei4f #j4jh #ad1fjj #fj4d #j4jh #ad1ejj #fa4c #j4jh #ad1djj #fb4a #j4ji #ad1cjj #fc4j #j4ji #ad1bjj #fc4i #j4ji #ad1ajj #fd4h #j4ji #ad1jjj #fe4g #j4ji #ac1ijj #ff4g #j4ji #ac1hjj #fg4f #j4ji #ac1gjj #fh4f #j4ji #ac1fjj #fi4f #j4ji #ac1ejj #gj4g #j4ji #ac1djj #ga4g #j4aj #ac1cjj #gb4h #j4aj #ac1bjj #gc4i #j4aj #ac1ajj #ge4a #j4aj #ac1jjj #gf4b #j4aj #ab1ijj #gg4d #j4aa #ab1hjj #gh4f #j4aa #ab1gjj #gi4i #j4aa #ab1fjj #ha4a #j4aa #ab1ejj #hb4d #j4aa #ab1djj #hc4h #j4aa #ab1cjj #he4a #j4ab #ab1bjj #hf4e #j4ab #ab1ajj #hh4j #j4ab #ab1jjj #hi4e #j4ab #aa1ijj #ia4j #j4ab #aa1hjj #ib4e #j4ac #aa1gjj #id4a #j4ac #aa1fjj #ie4g #j4ac #aa1ejj #ig4d #j4ac #aa1djj #ii4a #j4ac #aa1cjj #ajj4i #j4ad #aa1bjj #ajb4g #j4ad #aa1ajj #ajd4e #j4ad #aa1jjj #ajf4e #j4ad #aj1ijj #ajh4d #j4ae #aj1hjj #aaj4e #j4ae #aj1gjj #aab4e #j4ae #aj1fjj #aad4f #j4af #aj1ejj #aaf4h #j4af #aj1djj #aai4a #j4af #aj1cjj #aba4d #j4ag #aj1bjj #abc4h #j4ag #aj1ajj #abf4c #j4ag #aj1jjj #abh4h #j4ah #i1ijj #aca4d #j4ah #i1hjj #acd4a #j4ah #i1gjj #acf4i #j4ai #i1fjj #aci4h #j4ai #i1ejj #adb4g #j4ai #i1djj #ade4h #j4bj #i1cjj #adh4i #j4bj #i1bjj #aeb4b #j4ba #i1ajj #aee4e #j4ba #i1jjj #aei4j #j4bb #h1ijj #afb4f #j4bb #h1hjj #aff4c #j4bc #h1gjj #agj4b #j4bc #h1fjj #agc4g #j4bd #h1ejj #agh4c #j4bd #h1djj #ahb4e #j4be #h1cjj #ahg4j #j4be #h1bjj #aia4e #j4bf #h1ajj #aif4c #j4bg #h1jjj #bja4c #j4bg #g1ijj #bjf4d #j4bh #g1hjj #baa4g #j4bi #g1gjj #bag4b #j4cj #g1fjj #bbc4j #j4cj #g1ejj #bbi4j #j4ca #g1djj #bce4b #j4cb #g1cjj #bda4g #j4cc #g1bjj #bdh4e #j4cd #g1ajj #bee4g #j4ce #g1jjj #bfb4i #j4cf #f1ijj #bgj4e #j4cg #f1hjj #bgh4f #j4ch #f1gjj #bhf4i #j4ci #f1fjj #bie4g #j4dj #f1ejj #cjd4i #j4da #f1djj #cad4e #j4dc #f1cjj #cbd4e #j4dd #f1bjj #cce4a #j4df #f1ajj #cdf4b #j4dg #f1jjj #ceg4h #j4dh #e1ijj #cgj4j #j4ej #e1hjj #chb4i #j4eb #e1gjj #cif4d #j4ed #e1fjj #daj4g #j4ef #e1ejj #dbe4h #j4eh #e1djj #ddj4a #j4fj #e1cjj #deh4e #j4fb #e1bjj #dgf4c #j4fe #e1ajj #die4b #j4fg #e1jjj #eae4b #j4gj #d1ijj #ecf4e #j4gc #d1hjj #eei4a #j4gf #d1gjj #ehc4a #j4gi #d1fjj #fjh4g #j4hc #d1ejj #fcf4a #j4hf #d1djj #ffe4c #j4ij #d1cjj #fif4g #j4ie #d1bjj #gcj4b #j4ii #d1ajj #gff4c #a4jd #d1jjj #hje4j #a4ji #c1iej #hbe4e #a4ab #c1ijj #hdf4h #a4ae #c1hej #hfi4j #a4af #c1hjj #hib4j #a4ba #c1gej #iae4i #a4be #c1gjj #idj4a #a4bh #c1fej #iff4h #a4ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,table ( ! ,l5g? ( a ,simple ,p5dulum1 7,,cont9u$47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,to ,produce 9 #bd ,h\rs #a ,m9ute4 ---------------------------- ,numb] ( ,l5g? ,loss1 ,ga91 ,oscillations 9 ,l5g!n by ,%ort5 by p] ,h\r4 ,met]s4 ,millimet]s4 ,millimet]s4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #c1fjj #j4iici #a4ch #a4cb #c1eej #a4jbba #a4db #a4cf #c1ejj #a4jeae #a4df #a4dj #c1dej #a4jhbb #a4ej #a4dd #c1djj #a4aadc #a4ee #a4dh #c1cej #a4adgg #a4fj #a4ec #c1cjj #a4ahbh #a4fd #a4eg #c1bej #a4baid #a4fi #a4fb #c1bjj #a4begh #a4ge #a4fg #c1aej #a4biha #a4hj #a4gc #c1ajj #a4cdjc #a4hf #a4gh #c1jej #a4chdf #a4ic #a4hd #c1jjj #a4dcab #a4ii #a4ij #b1ijj #a4ecaf #b4ac #b4jd #b1hjj #a4fdbi #b4bh #b4ah #b1gjj #a4gffi #b4df #b4ce #b1fjj #a4ijed #b4fe #b4ec #b1ejj #b4jfji #b4hg #b4gd #b1djj #b4bcfb #c4aa #b4ig #b1cjj #b4dcdi #c4ch #c4bd #b1bjj #b4ffab #c4gj #c4ed #b1ajj #b4ibjg #d4jf #c4hh #b1jjj #c4bbja #d4dh #d4bh #a1ijj #c4efh #j4jjej #j4jjdh #a1hjj #c4ige #j4jjee #j4jjec #a1gjj #d4deg #j4jjfb #j4jjei #a1fjj #e4jca #j4jjgj #j4jjfg #a1ejj #e4gbe #j4jjhj #j4jjgf #a1djj #f4egb #j4jjia #j4jjhg #a1cjj #g4fbb #j4jajf #j4jaja #a1bjj #h4ide #j4jabd #j4jaai #a1ajj #aj4fde #j4jadh #j4jadb #a1jjj #ab4hhj #j4jagi #j4jaga #ijj #ae4ijb #j4jbba #j4jbaa #hjj #bj4abf #j4jbhj #j4jbfh #gjj #bf4bhg #j4jcfe #j4jcej #fjj #ce4ggi #j4jdig #j4jdgf #ejj #ea4eba #j4jgaf #j4jfhe #djj #hj4ejb #j4aaai #j4ajga #cjj #adc4aae #j4aihi #j4aijc #bjj #cbb4jjh #j4ddgf #j4dbhb #ajj #a1bhh4jcd #a4gijd #a4gaca #fj #c1egg4hga #d4igcb #d4gehf #ej #e1aeb4ace #g4afac #f4heba #a #ab1hhj1ccg4icj #ag1ijc4fgjj #ag1acj4hejj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,9 ! =ego+ tables all dim5sions are giv5 9 met]s & millimet]s4 ,if x is desirable to express !m 9 feet & in*es1 ! necess>y conv]sion c be at once effect$ 9 any giv5 case by employ+ ! foll[+ conv]sion table1 :i* w prove ( consid]able value to ! wat*mak] = v>i\s purposes3 ,conv]sion ,table ( ,in*es1 ,millimet]s & ,fr5* ,l9es4 ,in*es express$ 9 ,millimet]s & ,fr5* ,l9es4 ------------------------------- ,equal to ----------------------- ,in*es4 ,millimet]s4 ,fr5* ,l9es4 ----------------------------- #a #be4ciied #aa4beiea #b #ej4giijh #bb4eaijc #c #gf4aihfb #cc4gghed #d #aja4eihaf #de4jchjf #e #abf4iigga #ef4bigeg #f #aeb4cigbe #fg4eegji #g #agg4gifgi #gh4haffj #h #bjc4aifcc #ij4jgfab #i #bbh4eiehg #aja4ccefc #aj #bec4iieda #aab4eieaf ------------------------------- ,millimet]s express$ 9 ,in*es & ,fr5* ,l9es4 -------------------------------- ,equal to -------------------- ,millimet]s4 ,in*es4 ,fr5* ,l9es4 ------------------------------ #a #j4jcicgjh #j4ddcbi #b #j4jghgdaf #j4hhfei #c #j4aahaabd #a4cbihi #d #j4aegdhcb #a4ggcah #e #j4aifheci #b4bafdh #f #j4bcfbbdg #b4feigh #g #j4bgeeiee #c4ajcjg #h #j4cadiffd #c4edfcg #i #j4cedccga #c4ihiff #aj #j4cicgjgi #d4dcbif -------------------------------- ,fr5* ,l9es express$ 9 ,in*es & ,millimet]s4 ------------------------------ ,equal to ----------------------- ,fr5* ,in*es4 ,millimet]s4 ,l9es4 ---------------------------- #a #j4jhhdad #b4beehc #b #j4aggfbh #d4eaaff #c #j4bffdda #f4gfgdi #d #j4ceebee #i4jbccb #e #j4dddjfi #aa4bgiae #f #j4ecbhhc #ac4ecdig #g #j4fbafig #ae4gijhj #h #j4gajeaj #ah4jdffc #i #j4giicbd #bj4cjbdf #aj #j4hhhach #bb4eehbi #aa #j4igfieb #bd4hadab #ab #a4jfegff #bg4jfiie ------------------------------ ,,c5t] ,,( ,,gravity4--,! wat*mak] is conc]n$ only ) ! !oretical or timekeep+ l5g?s ( p5dulums1 z 8 p5dulum comes to him ready = use2 b ! clock mak] :o has to build ! p5dulum to fit n only ! movem5t1 b also ! case1 ne$s to "k m ab\t x1 z he mu/ s di/ribute ! weight along its l5g? t x may be giv5 a l5g? ( #fj in*es or ( #dd in*es1 or any?+ betwe5 !m1 & /ill beat seconds1 9 ! case ( a regulator4 ,he mu/ also d ! same ?+ 9 o!r clocks hav+ p5dulums :i* beat o!r numb]s ?an #fj4 ,!re=e he mu/ "k ! c5t] ( 8 weights2 ?is is call$ ! c5t] ( gravity4 ,?is c5t] ( gravity is (t5 confus$ by _m ) ! c5t] ( oscillation z its real purpose is n und]/ood4 ,x is simply us$ z a />t+ po9t 9 build+ p5dulums1 because !re mu/ be a />t+ po9t1 & ?is po9t is *os5 because x is always pres5t 9 e p5dulum & x is conv5i5t to "w bo? ways f ! c5t] ( weight or gravity4 ,9 ,fig4 #b we h two p5dulums1 9 "o ( :i* 7! ball & /r+7 ! c5t] ( gravity is ! c5t] ( ! ball & ! c5t] ( oscillation is also at ! c5t] 7practically7 ( ! ball4 ,su* a p5dulum is ab\t z %ort z x c be con/ruct$ = any giv5 numb] ( oscillations4 ,! o!r 7! rod7 has its c5t] ( gravity manife/ly at ! c5t] ( ! rod1 z ! rod is ( ! same size ?r\gh\t2 yet we f\nd by comp>ison ) ! o!r t its c5t] ( oscillation 0 at two-?irds ! l5g? ( ! rod1 measur$ f ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & ! real l5g? ( ! p5dulum 0 consequ5tly "o-half long] ?an its timekeep+ l5g?1 :i* is at ! c5t] ( oscillation4 ,?is is f>!r ap>t ?an ! c5t] ( gravity & oscillation w ev] get 9 actual practice1 ! mo/ extreme di/ance 9 practice be+ t ( ! gridiron p5dulum previ\sly m5tion$4 ,! c5t] ( gravity ( a p5dulum is f\nd at t po9t at :i* ! p5dulum c be balanc$ horizontally on a knife edge & is m>k$ to measure f :5 cutt+ (f ! rod4 ,! c5t] ( oscillation ( a comp\nd p5dulum mu/ always be bel[ its c5t] ( gravity an am\nt dep5d+ ^u ! proportions ( weight betwe5 ! rod & ! bob4 ,:]e ! rod is kept z light z x %\ld be 9 proportion to ! bob ?is diff]5ce %\ld come well )9 ! limits ( ! adju/+ screw4 ,9 an ord9>y pla9 seconds p5dulum1 )\t comp5sation1 ) a bob ( eighte5 or tw5ty p\nds & a rod ( six ounces1 ! diff]5ce 9 ! two po9ts is ( no practical acc\nt1 & adju/m5ts = seconds are )9 ! screw ( any ord9>y p5dulum1 if ! screw is ! "r l5g? = safety1 & ! adju/+ nut is plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! l5g? ( ! screw ?reads :5 ! top ( ! rod is cut (f1 to place ! susp5sion spr+ by measurem5t f ! c5t] ( gravity z has be5 already describ$2 also a z9c & iron comp5sation is )9 range ( ! screw if ! comp5sat+ rods are n made 9 undue weight to ! bob4 ,! :ole weight ( ! comp5sat+ p>ts ( a p5dulum c be safely made )9 "o & a half p\nds or light]1 & c>ry a bob ( tw5ty-five p\nds or ov] )\t buckl+ ! rods1 & ! two po9ts1 ! c5t] ( gravity & ! c5t] ( oscillation1 w be )9 ! range ( ! screw4 ,!re are /ill "s o!r =ces to be consid]$ z affect+ ! p]=mance ( our p5dulum4 ,^! are ! resi/ance to its mom5tum (f]$ by ! air & ! resi/ance ( ! susp5sion spr+4 ,,b>ometric ,,error4--,if we adju/ a p5dulum 9 a clock ) an air-tight case s t ! p5dulum sw+s a c]ta9 numb] ( degrees ( arc1 z not$ on ! degree plate 9 ! case at ! foot ( ! p5dulum1 & !n />t to pump out ! air f ! case :ile ! clock is runn+1 we %all f9d ! p5dulum sw++ ov] long] arcs z ! air becomes less until we rea* z p]fect a vacuum z we c produce4 ,if we note ?is po9t & sl[ly admit air to ! case aga9 we %all f9d t ! arcs ( ! p5dulum's sw+ w be sl[ly %ort5$ until ! pressure 9 ! case equals t ( ! surr\nd+ air1 :5 !y w be ! same z :5 our exp]im5t 0 />t$4 ,if we n[ pump air into our clock case1 ! vibrations w become /ill %ort] z ! pressure ( ! air increases1 prov+ conclusively t ! resi/ance ( ! air has an effect on ! sw++ ( ! p5dulum4 ,we are accu/om$ to measure ! pressure ( ! air z x *anges 9 v>y+ wea!r by means ( ! b>omet] & h5ce we call ! *anges 9 ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum due to v>y+ air pressure ! 8b>ometric error40 ,! b>ometric error ( p5dulums is only consid]$ 9 ! v f9e/ ( clocks = a/ronomical obs]vatories1 ma/] clocks = wat* factories1 etc41 b ! resi/ance ( ! air is closely consid]$ :5 we come to %ape our bob4 ,?is is :y bobs are ei!r d\ble-convex or cyl9drical 9 %ape1 z ^! two =ms (f] ! lea/ resi/ance to ! air & 7:i* is m important7 !y (f] equal resi/ance on bo? sides ( ! c5t] ( ! bob & ?us t5d to keep ! p5dulum sw++ 9 a /raight l9e back & =?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,a1 arc ( circle4 ,b1 cycloid pa? ( p5dulum1 exagg]at$4 ,,! ,,circul> ,,error4--,z ! p5dulum sw+s ov] a great] arc x w occupy m "t 9 do+ x & ?us ! rate ( ! clock w be affect$1 if ! b>ometric *anges are v great4 ,?is is call$ ! circul> error4 ,9 anci5t times1 :5 x 0 cu/om>y to make p5dulums vibrate at lea/ fifte5 degrees1 ?is error 0 ( importance & clock mak]s tri$ to make ! bob take a cycloidal pa?1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #d1 greatly exagg]at$4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by susp5d+ ! p5dulum by a cord :i* swung betwe5 cycloidal *ecks1 b x creat$ s mu* friction t x 0 ab&on$ 9 favor ( ! spr+ z us$ to-day4 ,x has s9ce be5 prov$ t ! long & %ort arcs ( ! p5dulum's vibration are practically iso*ron\s 7) a spr+ ( prop] l5g? & ?ickness7 up to ab\t six degrees ( arc 7?ree degrees ea* side ( z]o on ! degree plate at ! foot ( ! p5dulum7 & h5ce small v>iations ( p[] 9 spr+ op]at$ clocks & also ! b>ometric error are tak5 c>e (1 except = greatly increas$ v>iations ( p[]1 or = too great arcs ( vibration4 ,"h we see ! reasons = & ! am\nt ( sw+ we c prop]ly give to our p5dulum4 ,,temp]ature ,,error4--,! temp]ature error is ! greate/ :i* we %all h to consid]4 ,x is ?is :i* makes ! comp\nd p5dulum necess>y = accurate "t1 & we %all consequ5tly give x a great am\nt ( space1 z ! me?ods ( ov]com+ x %\ld be fully und]/ood4 ,,expansion ,,( ,,metals4--,! mat]ials commonly us$ 9 mak+ p5dulums are wood 7deal1 p9e & mahogany71 /eel1 ca/ iron1 z9c1 brass & m]cury4 ,wood exp&s 4#jjjd ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f42 lead1 4#jjbh2 /eel1 4#jjaa2 m]cury1 4#jahj2 z9c1 4#jjbh2 ca/ iron1 4#jjaa2 brass1 4#jjbj4 ,n[ ! l5g? ( a seconds p5dulum1 by our tables 7#cfjj beats p] h\r7 is #j4iici met]2 if ! rod is brass x w l5g!n 4#jjb ) su* a range ( temp]ature4 ,z ?is is practically two-?\s&?s ( a met]1 ?is is a ga9 ( two millimet]s1 :i* w\ld produce a v>iation ( "o m9ute & =ty seconds e tw5ty-f\r h\rs2 consequ5tly a brass rod w\ld be a v bad "o4 ,if we take two ( ^! mat]ials1 ) z wide a diff]5ce 9 expansion ratios z possible1 & use ! lea/ v>iable = ! rod & ! o!r = ! bob1 support+ x at ! bottom1 we c make ! expansion ( ! rod c\nt]balance ! expansion ( ! bob & ?us keep ! effective l5g? ( our p5dulum con/ant1 or ne>ly s4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ! comp5sat+ p5dulum4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,comp5sat+ ,,p5dulums4 ,z ! p5dulum is ! means ( regulat+ ! "t consum$ 9 unw9d+ ! spr+ or weight cord by means ( ! escapem5t1 pass+ "o too? ( ! escape :eel at ea* end ( its sw+1 x w readily be se5 t l5g!n+ or %ort5+ ! p5dulum con/itutes ! means ( regulat+ ! clock2 ?is w\ld make ! :ole subject a v simple affair1 7 x n t ! rev]se proposition is also true2 viz42 ,*ang+ ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum w *ange ! rate ( ! clock & aft] a prop] rate has be5 obta9$ fur!r *anges are extremely undesirable4 ,?is is :at makes ! temp]ature error spok5 ( 9 ! prec$+ *apt] s vexati\s :]e close tim+ is desir$ & :y z a rule1 a well comp5sat$ p5dulum co/s m ?an ! re/ ( ! clock4 ,! sole reason = ! bus9ess exi/5ce ( wat* & clockmak]s lies 9 ! necessity ( measur+ "t1 & ! accuracy ) :i* x may be done decides 9 l>ge measure ! value ( any wat*mak] 9 8 community4 ,h5ce x is ( ! utmo/ importance t he %all provide himself ) an accurate means ( measur+ "t1 z all 8 "w mu/ be judg$ f9ally by x1 n only :ile he is work+ ^u "t-measur+ devices1 b also aft] !y h pass$ into ! possession ( ! g5]al public4 ,a good clock is "o ( ! v necess>y f\ndation elem5ts1 contribut+ v l>gely to equip ! skill$ me*anic & v]ify 8 "w4 ,)\t "s reliable means to get accurate mean "t a wat*mak] is always at sea--)\t a compass--& has to tru/ to 8 fai? & a l>ge am\nt ( guess+1 & ?is is always an emb>rassm5t1 no matt] h[ skill$ he may be 9 8 craft1 or adept 9 guess+4 ,:at ,i want to call p>ticul> att5tion to is ! unreliable & wor?less "* ( ! av]age regulator ( ! pres5t day4 ,a good clock is n necess>ily a high pric$ in/rum5t & x is )9 ! rea* ( mo/ wat*mak]s4 ,a ?or\ghly good & reliable timekeep] ( ,am]ican make is to be _h n[ 9 ! m>ket = less ?an "o hundr$ doll>s1 & ! only s]i\s *>ge t c be made aga9/ ^! clocks is t !y co/ ! consum] too mu* money4 ,any ( !m are ?irty-?ree & a ?ird p] c5t high] ?an !y %\ld be4 ,ab\t sev5ty-five doll>s w furni% a ?or\ghly good clock4 ,! av]age clock to be met ) 9 ! wat*mak]s' %ops is ! ,swiss imitation gridiron p5dulum1 p9 escapem5t1 & ^! are ( ! l[ grades z a rule2 ! be/ grades ( !m r>ely ev] get into ! ,am]ican m>ket4 ,almo/ )\t exception1 ! ,swiss regulator1 z describ$1 is :olly wor?less z a /&>d1 z ! p5dulums are only an imitation ( ! real comp5sat$ p5dulum4 ,!y are an imitation all ?r\gh1 ! bob be+ holl[ & fill$ ) scrap iron1 & ! brass & /eel rods compos+ ! comp5sat+ elem5t1 along ) ! cross-pieces or b9d]s1 are all ( ! *eape/ & poore/ description4 ,if "o ( ^! p5dulums 0 tak5 away f ! movem5t & a pla9 iron bob & wood5 rod put to ! movem5t1 9 its place1 ! possessor ( any su* clock w\ld be surpris$ to f9d h[ mu* bett] av]age rate ! clock w\ld h ! ye> ?r\gh1 al?\gh !re w\ld !n be no comp5sat+ me*anism1 or its semblance1 9 ! make-up ( ! p5dulum4 ,9 brief1 ! av]age imitation comp5sation p5dulum ( ?is p>ticul> v>iety is f> poor] ?an ! simple/ pla9 p5dulum1 su* z ! old /yle1 gr&fa!r clocks 7 equipp$ )4 ,a wood rod w\ld be f> sup]ior to a /eel "o1 or any metal rod1 z may be se5 by consult+ ! expansion data giv5 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,_m o!r p5dulums t are sold z comp5sat+ are a delusion 9 "p1 z !y d n ?or\ghly comp5sate1 because ! elem5ts compos+ !m are n 9 equilibrium or 9 due proportion to "o ano!r & to ! g5]al me*anism4 ,to all workm5 :o h a ,swiss regulator1 ,i w\ld say t ! movem5t1 if put into good condition1 w answ] v well to ma9ta9 ! motion ( a good p5dulum1 & t x w pay to ov]haul ^! movem5ts & put to !m good p5dulums t w pretty ne>ly comp5sate4 ,at lea/ a well con/ruct$ p5dulum w give a v useful & reliable rate ) su* a motor1 & be a great help & satisfaction to any man repair+ & rat+ good wat*es4 ,! facts are1 t "o ( ! good grade ( ,am]ican adju/$ wat* movem5ts w keep a mu* /eadi] rate :5 ma9ta9$ 9 "o position ?an ! av]age regulator4 ,)\t a reliable /&>d to regulate by1 !re is v little satisfaction 9 h&l+ a good movem5t & !n n be able to asc]ta9 its capabilities z to rate4 ,v _m wat* c>ri]s are bett] up 9 ! capabilities ( good wat*es ?an _m ( our ,am]ican repair]s are1 because a l>ge p] c5t ( su* p]sons h b\ght a wat* ( high grade ) a publi%$ rate1 & naturally :5 x is made to appe> to entirely lack a con/ant rate :5 comp>$ ) ! av]age regulator1 !y draw ! conclusion t ! clock is at fault1 or t ! clean+ & repair+ are4 ,_m a fair workman has lo/ 8 wat* trade1 l>gely on acc\nt ( a lack ( any k9d ( reliable /&>d ( "t 9 8 e/abli%m5t4 ,!re are v few ?+s t a repair] c d 9 ! way ( adv]tis+ & hold+ 8 cu/om]s m ?an to keep a good clock1 & furni% good wat* own]s a means ( comp>ison & ?us to confirm _! good op9ions ( _! wat*es4 ,we h along our railroads ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry a /&>d "t sy/em ( syn*roniz$ clocks1 :i* are an improvem5t ov] no /&>d ( comp>ison2 b !y _c be dep5d$ ^u z a reliable /&>d1 because !y are subject to all ! unc]ta9ties t affect ! telegraph l9es--bad s]vice1 lack ( skill1 /orms1 etc4 ,! clocks furni%$ by ^! sy/ems are n reliable 9 !mselves & !y are !re=e correct$ once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs by telegraph1 be+ automatically set to mean "t by ! me*anism = t purpose1 :i* is op]at$ by a /&>d or ma/] clock at "s designat$ po9t 9 ! sy/em4 ,n[ all ?is is good 9 a g5]al way2 b z a means to regulate a f9e wat* & use z a /&>d f day to day1 x is n adequate4 ,a /&>d clock1 to be ?or\ghly s]viceable1 mu/ always1 all ?r\gh ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 h its seconds h& at ! correct po9t at ea* m9ute & h\r1 or x is unreliable z a /&>d4 ,! reason is t ow+ to tra9 defects wat*es may v>y back & =? & ^! errors _c be detect$ ) a /&>d t is "r b once a day4 ,no man c comp>e to a c]ta9ty unless 8 /&>d is )\t v>iation1 sub/antially2 & ,i d n "k ( any way t ?is c be obta9$ s well & satisfactorily z ?r\gh ! means ( a ?or\ghly good p5dulum4 ,comp5sat+ seconds p5dulums are1 x might be said1 ! /&>d "t measure4 ,me*anically su* a p5dulum is n 9 any way difficult ( execution1 yet by f> ! great] portion ( p5dulums beat+ seconds are n at all accurate "t measures1 z indep5d5tly ( _! slight v>iations 9 l5g?1 any defects 9 ! con/ruction or fitt+ ( _! p>ts are b\nd to h a direct effect ^u ! p]=mance ( ! clock4 ,! av]age wat*mak] z a me*anic has ! ability to d ! "w prop]ly1 b he does n fully und]/& or realize :at is necess>y1 nor appreciate ! fact t little ?+s n att5d$ to w r5d] useless all 8 ef=ts4 ,! fir/ consid]ation 9 a comp5sat$ p5dulum is to ma9ta9 ! c5t] ( oscillation at a fix$ di/ance f ! po9t ( susp5sion & x does n matt] h[ ?is is accompli%$4 ,s1 also1 ! details ( con/ruction are ( little consequ5ce1 s long z ! ma9 po9ts are well look$ aft]--! p]fect solidity ( all p>ts1 ) v few ( !m1 & ! free movem5t ( all work+ surfaces )\t play1 s t ! comp5sat+ action may be con/antly ma9ta9$ at all times4 ,:]e ?is is n ! case ! /ick+1 rattl+1 b9d+ or cramp+ ( c]ta9 p>ts w give diff]5t rates at diff]5t times "u ! same v>iations ( temp]ature1 accord+ z ! p>ts "w smoo?ly & ev5ly or move only by j]ks4 ,! necess>y & useful p>ts ( a p5dulum are all t are really admissible 9 ?or\ghly good con/ruction4 ,any & all pieces atta*$ by way ( ornam5t m]ely are apt to act to ! prejudice ( ! necess>y p>ts & %\ld be avoid$4 ,9 ?is *apt] we %all give measurem5ts & details ( con/ruction = a numb] ( comp5sat$ p5dulums ( v>i\s k9ds1 z t w be ! be/ means ( arriv+ at a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! subject1 ev5 if ! read] does n desire to con/ruct su* a p5dulum = 8 own use4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,con/ruction4--,comp5sation p5dulums are con/ruct$ ^u two di/9ct pr9ciples4 ,fir/1 ^? 9 :i* ! bob is support$ by ! bottom1 re/+ on ! adju/+ screw ) its entire height free to exp& upw>d z ! rod exp&s d[nw>d f its fix$ po9t ( susp5sion4 ,9 ?is class ( p5dulums ! error ( ! bob is us$ to c\nt]act t ( ! rod & if ! bob is made ( suffici5tly expansible metal x only rema9s to make ! bob ( suffici5t height 9 proportion to its expansibility = "o error to (fset ! o!r4 ,9 ! second class ! attempt is made to leave out ( consid]ation any errors caus$ by expansion ( ! bob1 by susp5d+ x f ! c5t]1 s t its expansion d[nw>d w exactly balance its expansion upw>d & h5ce !y w balance ea* o!r & may be neglect$4 ,hav+ elim9at$ ! bob f consid]ation by ?is means we mu/ necess>ily conf9e our attempt at comp5sation to ! rod 9 ! second me?od4 ,! wood rod & lead bob & ! m]curial p5dulums are examples ( ! fir/-class & ! wood rod ) brass sleeve hav+ a nut at ! bottom & rea*+ to ! c5t] ( ! iron bob & ! common gridiron1 or comp\nd tubul> rod1 or comp\nd b> ( /eel & brass1 or /eel & z9c1 are examples ( ! second class4 ,,wood ,,rod ,,& ,,z9c ,,bob4--,we w suppose t we h "o ( ! ,swiss imitation gridiron p5dulums :i* we want to disc>d1 :ile reta9+ ! case & movem5t4 ,z ^! cases are wide & g5]ally fitt$ ) twelve-in* dials1 we %all h ab\t tw5ty in*es inside our case & we may !re=e use a l>ge bob1 l5s-%ap$1 made ( ca/ z9c1 poli%$ & lacqu]$ to look l brass4 ,! bobs 9 su* imitation gridiron p5dulums are g5]ally ab\t ?irte5 in*es 9 diamet] & sw+ ab\t five in*es 7two & a half in*es ea* side74 ,! p5dulums are g5]ally light1 convex 9 front & flatt5$ at ! re>1 & ! entire p5dulum measures ab\t #ef in*es f ! po9t ( susp5sion to ! l[] end ( ! adju/+ screw4 ,we w also suppose t we desire to *ange ! appe>ance ( ! clock z little z possible1 :ile improv+ its rate4 ,?is w mean t we desire to reta9 a l5s-%ap$ bob ( ab\t ! same size z ! "o we are go+ to remove4 ,we %all fir/ ne$ to "k ! total l5g? ( our p5dulum1 s t we c calculate ! expansion ( ! rod4 ,a seconds p5dulum measures #ci4b in*es f ! po9t 9 ! susp5sion spr+ at ! l[] edge ( ! *ops to ! c5t] ( oscillation4 ,) a l5s-%ap$ bob ! c5t] ( gravity w be practically at ! c5t] ( ! bob1 if we use a light wood5 rod & a /eel adju/+ screw & brass nut1 z ^! metal p>ts1 al?\gh %ort1 w be heavy en\gh to ne>ly balance ! susp5sion spr+ & t portion ( ! rod :i* is above ! c5t]4 ,we %all also ga9 a little 9 balance if we leave ! /eel screw long en\gh to act z an index ov] ! degree plate1 9 ! case1 at ! bottom ( ! p5dulum1 by /ripp+ ! ?read & turn+ ! end to a tap] an in* or s 9 l5g?4 ,we %all only be able to use "o-half ( ! expansion upw>ds ( our bob1 because ! c5t]s ( gravity & oscillation w be practically toge!r at ! c5t] ( ! bob4 ,we %all f9d ! c5t] ( gravity easily by balanc+ ! p5dulum on a knife edge & ?us we w be able to make an exce$+ly close guess at ! c5t] ( oscillation4 ,n[1 look+ ov] our data1 we f9d t we h a susp5sion spr+ ( /eel1 !n "s wood & /eel aga9 at ! o!r end4 ,we %all ne$ ab\t "o in* ( susp5sion spr+4 ,! spr+ w1 ( c\rse1 be long] ?an "o in*1 b we %all hold x 9 iron *ops & ! expansion ( ! *ops w equal t ( ! spr+ betwe5 !m1 s t only ! free "p ( ! spr+ ne$ be consid]$4 ,n[ f ! adju/+ screw1 :]e x leaves ! la/ p9 ?r\gh ! wood1 to ! middle position ( ! rat+ nut w be ab\t "o in*1 s we %all h two in*es ( /eel to consid] 9 our figures ( expansion4 ,n[ to get ! l5g? ( ! rod4 ,we want to keep our bob ab\t ! size ( ! o!r1 s we w try #ad in*es diamet]1 z half ( ?is is an ev5 numb] & makes easy figur+ 9 our trials4 #ci4b in*es1 plus #g 7half ! diamet] ( ! bob7 gives u #df4b in*es2 n[ we h an in* ( adju/m5t 9 our screw1 s we c disc>d ! 4#b2 ?is leaves u #df in*es ( wood & /eel = :i* we mu/ get ! expansion4 ,wood exp&s 4#jjjd ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,/eel exp&s 4#jjaa ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,lead exp&s 4#jjbh ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,brass exp&s 4#jjbj ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,z9c exp&s 4#jjbh ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,t9 exp&s 4#jjba ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,antimony exp&s 4#jjaa ( its l5g? betwe5 #cb & #bab ,f4 ,total l5g? ( p5dulum to adju/+ nut #df in*es4 ,total l5g? ( /eel to adju/+ nut #b in*es4 ,total l5g? ( wood to adju/+ nut #dd in*es4 4#jjaa #b 4#jjbb in*1 expansion ( our /eel4 4#jjjd #dd 4#jagf in*1 expansion ( our wood4 -------- 4#jaih total expansion ( rod4 ,we h #g in*es z half ! diamet] ( our bob 4#jaih #g 4#jjbh1 _/1 :i* we f9d f our tables is v close to ! expansion ( z9c1 s we w make ! bob ( t metal4 ,n[ let u *eck back2 ! upw>d expansion ( #g in*es ( z9c equals 4#jjbh #g 4#jaif in*1 z aga9/ 4#jaih in* d[nw>d expansion ( ! rod4 ,?is gives u a total diff]5ce ( 4#jjjb in* betwe5 #cb & #bab or a range ( #ahj ,f4 ,?is is a diff]5ce ( 4#jjja in* = #ij ( temp]ature & is clos] ?an mo/ p5dulums ev] get4 ,! above figures are = dry1 cle> :ite p9e1 well bak$ & %ellack$1 ) /eel ( av]age expansion1 & z9c ( new metal1 melt$ & ca/ )\t ! admixtures ( o!r metals or ! =mation ( oxide4 ,! pres5ce ( t91 lead1 antimony & o!r admixtures 9 ! z9c w\ld ( c\rse *ange ! results secur$2 s also w !re be a slight diff]5ce 9 ! expansion ( ! rod if o!r woods are us$4 ,/ill ! jewel] c f ! above get a v close approximation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,z9c bob & wood rod to replace imitation gridiron p5dulum4 ,su* a bob1 #ad in*es diamet] & #a4e in*es ?ick1 alike on bo? sides1 ) an oval hole #a 4#e in*es ?r\gh its c5t]1 see ,fig4 #e1 w\ld weigh ab\t #cj to #cb p\nds1 & w\ld h to be hung f a ca/ iron bracket1 ,fig4 #f1 bolt$ ?r\gh ! clock case to ! wall beh9d x1 s z to get a /eady rate4 ,x w\ld be ne>ly con/ant1 z ! metal is spread out s z to be quickly affect$ by temp]ature2 & ! %ape w\ld hold x well 9 its plane ( oscillation1 if bo? sides 7 ( exactly ! same curvature1 :ile ! weight w\ld ov]come m9or di/urbances due to vibration ( ! build+4 ,x w\ld require a little heavi] susp5sion spr+1 9 ord] to be iso*ron\s 9 ! long & %ort arcs & ?is ?ick5+ ( ! spr+ w\ld ne$ ! addition ( f "o & a half to two p\nds m ( driv+ weight4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,ca/ iron bracket = heavy p5dulums & movem5ts4 ,if s heavy a p5dulum is deem$ undesirable1 ! bob w\ld h to be made ( cyl9drical =m1 reta9+ ! height1 z necess>y to comp5sation1 & v>y+ ! diamet] ( ! cyl9d] to suit ! weight desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,wood rod & lead bob4 ,fig4 #h4 ,bob ( metal cas+ fill$ ) %ot4 ,,wood ,,rod ,,& ,,lead ,,bob4--,! wood %\ld be cle>1 /raight-gra9$ & ?or\ghly dri$1 !n giv5 sev]al coats ( %ellac v>ni%1 well bak$ on4 ,x may be ei!r flat1 oval or r\nd 9 section1 b is g5]ally made r\nd because ! brass cap at ! upp] end1 ! l9+ = ! crut*1 & ! f]rule = ! adju/+ screw at ! l[] end may !n be readily made f tub+4 ,= p5dulums small] ?an "o second1 ! wood is g5]ally h>d1 z x gives a firm] atta*m5t ( ! metal p>ts4 ,in*es4 ,l5g?1 top ( susp5sion spr+ to bottom ( bob #dd4e ,l5g? to bottom ( nut #de4be ,diamet] ( bob #b4j ,l5g? ( bob #aj4e ,weight ( bob1 #h lbs4 ,act+ l5g? ( susp5sion spr+ #a4j ,wid? ( spr+ 4#de ,?ickness 4#jjh ,diamet] ( rod 4#e ,! top ( ! rod %\ld h a brass coll> fix$ on x by rivet+ ?r\gh ! rod & x %\ld ext5d d[n ! rod ab\t ?ree in*es1 s z to make a firm support = ! slit to receive ! l[] clip ( ! susp5sion spr+4 ,! l[] end %\ld h a slit or a r\nd hole drill$ longitud9ally ?ree in*es up ! rod to receive ! upp] end ( ! adju/+ screw & ?is %\ld also fit snugly & be well p9n$ or rivet$ 9 place4 ,see ,fig4 #g4 ,a piece ( ?9 brass tube ab\t "o in* 9 l5g? is fitt$ ov] ! rod :]e ! crut* works4 ,9 ca/+ z9c & lead bobs1 especially ^? ( l5s-%apes1 ! jewel] %\ld n attempt to d ! "w himself1 b %\ld g to a patt]n mak]1 expla9 c>efully j :at is want$ & h a patt]n made1 z su* patt]ns mu/ be l>g] ?an ! ca/+ 9 ord] to take c>e ( ! %r9kage due to cool+ ! molt5 metal4 ,x w also be bett] to use an iron core1 well coat$ ) graphite :5 ca/+1 z ! core c be made smoo? ?r\gh\t & ! exact %ape ( ! p5dulum rod1 & !re w !n be no "w to be done on ! hole :5 ! ca/+ is made4 ,! natural %r9kage ( ! metal on cool+ w free ! core1 :i* c be easily driv5 out :5 ! metal is cold & x w !n leave a smoo?1 well %ap$ hole to :i* ! rod c be fitt$ to "w easily1 b )\t %ake4 ,l5s-%ap$ bobs1 p>ticul>ly1 %\ld be ca/ flat1 ) regi/] p9s on ! flask1 s z to get bo? sides c5tral ) ! hole1 & be ca/ ) a deep ris] l>ge en\gh to put consid]able pressure ( melt$ metal on ! ca/+ until x is *ill$1 s z to get a s\nd ca/+2 x %\ld be all[$ to rema9 9 ! s& until ?or\ghly cold1 = ! same reason1 z if cool$ quickly ! bob w h int]nal /resses :i* are liable to adju/ !mselves sometime aft] ! p5dulum is 9 ! clock & ?us upset ! rate until su* int]ior di/urbances h ceas$4 ,cyl9d]s may be ca/ 9 a l5g? ( /eel tub+1 us+ a r\nd /eel core & driv5 out :5 cold4 ,if us+ oval or flat rods ( wood1 ! adju/+ screw %\ld be flatt5$ = ab\t ?ree in*es at its upp] end1 wide en\gh to con=m to ! wid? ( ! rod2 !n saw a slot 9 ! c5t] ( ! rod1 wide & deep en\gh to j fit ! flatt5$ "p ( ! screw2 heat ! screw & apply %ellac or la! wax & press x firmly into ! slot ) ! c5t] ( ! screw 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! rod2 aft] ! wax is cold select a drill ( ! same size z ! rivet wire2 drill & rivet snugly ?r\gh ! rod1 smoo? ev]y?+ c>efully & ! job is complete4 ,if by accid5t y h got ! rod too small = ! hole1 s t !re is any play1 give ! rod ano!r coat ( %ellac v>ni% & aft] dry+ ?or\ghly1 s& pap] x d[n until x w fit prop]ly4 ,r\nd rods may be treat$ 9 ! same mann]1 b x is usual to drill a r\nd hole 9 su* a rod to j fit ! wire1 !n ins]t & rivet z be=e aft] ! wax is cold1 f9i%+ ) a f]rule or cap ( brass at ! end ( ! rod4 ,! slot = ! susp5sion spr+ is fitt$ to ! upp] end ( ! rod 9 ! same mann]4 ,,p5dulum ,,) ,,%ot4--,/ill ano!r me?od ( mak+ a comp5sat+ p5dulum1 :i* gives a light] p5dulum1 is to make a case ( light brass or /eel tub+ ( ab\t ?ree in*es diamet]4 ,fig4 #h1 ) a bottom & top ( equal weight1 s z to keep ! c5t] ( oscillation ab\t ! c5t] ( gravity1 = conv5i5ce 9 work+4 ,! bottom may be turn$ to a close fit1 & sold]$1 p9n$1 or rivet$ into ! tube4 ,x is pi]c$ at its c5t] & ano!r tube ( ! same mat]ial z ! out] tube1 ) an int]nal diamet] :i* closely fits ! p5dulum rod is sold]$ or rivet$ into ! c5t] ( ! bottom1 bo? bottom & top be+ pi]c$ = its admission & ! o!r p>ts fitt$ z previ\sly describ$4 ,! l5g? ( ! case or cani/] %\ld be ab\t #aa4e in*es s z to give room = a column ( %ot ( #aj4e in*es 7! normal comp5sat+ height = lead7 & /ill leave room = correction4 ,make a tubul> case = ! driv+ weight also & !n we h a flexible sy/em4 ,if x is necess>y to add or subtract weight to obta9 ! prop] arcs ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum1 x c be readily done by add+ to or tak+ f ! %ot 9 ! weight case4 ,fill ! p5dulum to #aj4e in*es ) ord9>y sportsm5's %ot & try x = rate4 ,if x ga9s 9 heat & loses 9 cold x is ov]-comp5sat$ & %ot mu/ be tak5 f x4 ,if x loses 9 heat & ga9s 9 cold x is "u-comp5sat$ & %ot %\ld be add$4 ,! me?ods ( calculation 7 giv5 9 full 9 describ+ ! z9c p5dulum & h5ce ne$ n be repeat$ "h1 b att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! fact t !re are ?ree mat]ials "h1 wood1 /eel or brass & lead & ea* %\ld be figur$ sep>ately s t ! la/ two may j c\nt]balance ! fir/4 ,if ! case is made light ?r\gh\t ! effect ^u ! c5t] ( oscillation w be inappreciable z comp>$ ) t ( ! lead1 b if made heavi] ?an ne$ be1 x w ex]t a m>k$ influ5ce1 p>ticul>ly if its highe/ portion 7! cov]7 be heavy1 z we !n h ! effect ( a %ift+ weight high up on ! p5dulum rod4 ,if made ( ?9 /eel ?r\gh\t & nickel plat$1 we %all h a light & h&some case = our bob4 ,if ?is is n practicable1 or if ! color ( brass be pref]r$1 x may be made ( t mat]ial4 ,! foll[+ table ( weights w be ( use 9 mak+ calculations = a p5dulum or = clock weights4 ,weight ( ,lead1 ,z9c & ,ca/ ,iron ,cyl9d]s ,"o-,half ,in* ,long4 ----------------------------------- ,weight 9 ,p\nds4 ,diamet] ---------------------- 9 ,in*es4 ,lead ,z9c ,iron --------------------------------- 4#be 4#jbj 4#jab 4#jab 4#e 4#jhj 4#jdi 4#jej 4#ge 4#ahj 4#aaa 4#aad #a4 4#cba 4#aih 4#bjd #a4be 4#ejc 4#caj 4#cai #a4e 4#gbd 4#ddg 4#dei #a4ge 4#ihd 4#fjg 4#fbd #b4 #a4bhg 4#gid 4#haf #b4be #a4fcj #a4jje #a4jcc #b4e #b4jji #b4bci #a4bgd #b4ge #b4dcd #a4ejb #a4edd #c4 #b4hig #a4ghh #a4hcg #c4be #c4djj #b4jih #b4aef #c4e #c4idd #b4dcd #b4dia #c4ge #d4ea #b4ghc #b4hfe #d4 #e4adi #c4agg #c4bfe #d4be #e4hac #c4ehg #c4fhf #d4e #f4eai #c4ibb #d4acd #d4ge #g4bfe #d4dhc #d4fjg #e4 #h4jdh #d4iff #e4ajc #e4be #h4hgb #e4dgd #e4fbf #e4e #i4gcg #f4jjh #e4age #e4ge #aj4fdc #f4efg #f4gdi #f4 #aa4eij #g4aeb #g4cej --------------------------------- ,example3--,requir$1 ! weight ( a lead p5dulum bob1 #c in*es diamet]1 #i in*es long1 :i* has a hole ?r\gh x 4#ge in* 9 diamet]4 ,! weight ( a lead cyl9d] #c in*es diamet] 9 ! table is #b4hig1 :i* multipli$ by #i 7! l5g? giv57 #bf4jg lbs4 ,!n ! weight 9 ! table ( a cyl9d] 4#ge in* diamet] is 4#ah & 4#ah #i #a4fb lbs4 ,& #bf4jg - #a4fb #bd4de1 ! weight requir$ 9 lbs4 ,,auxili>y ,,weights4--,if = any reason our p5dulum does n turn out ) a rat+ z calculat$ & we f9d aft] gett+ x to "t t x is ov]-comp5sat$1 x is a comp>atively simple matt] to turn (f a portion f ! bottom ( a solid bob4 ,by do+ ?is 9 v small portions at a "t & !n te/+ c>efully = heat & cold e "t any am\nt has be5 remov$1 we %all 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks arrive at a close approximation to comp5sation1 at lea/ z close z ! ord9>y /&>ds available to ! jewel] w p]mit4 ,?is is a matt] ( weeks1 because if ! p5dulum is be+ rat$ by ! /&>d "t :i* is telegraph$ ov] ! c\ntry daily at noon1 ! jewel]1 z soon z he gets 8 p5dulum ne>ly "r1 w beg9 to discov] v>iations 9 ! noon signal ( f 4#b to #e seconds on successive days4 ,!n x becomes a matt] ( av]ages & reason+1 ?us3 ,if ! p5dulum beats to "t on ! fir/1 second1 ?ird1 fif? & sev5? days1 x foll[s t ! signal 0 incorrect--sl[ or fa/--on ! f\r? & six? days4 ,if ! p5dulum %[s a ga9 ( "o second a week on ! majority ( ! days1 ! obs]vation mu/ be cont9u$ )\t *ang+ ! p5dulum = ano!r week4 ,if ! p5dulum %[s two seconds ga9 at ! end ( ?is "t1 we h two ?+s to consid]4 ,is ! l5g? "r1 or is ! p5dulum n fully comp5sat$8 ,we _c answ] ! second qu]y )\t a record ( ! temp]ature v>iations dur+ ! p]iod ( obs]vations4 ,to get ! temp]ature record we %all require a set ( maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s 9 our clock case4 ,!y consi/ ( m]curial !rmomet] tubes on ! ord9>y ,fahr5heit scales1 b ) a m>k] ( color$ wood or metal re/+ on ! upp] end ( ! column ( m]cury 9 ! tube4 ,! tube is n hung v]tically1 b is plac$ 9 an incl9$ position s t ! m>k w /ay :]e x is pu%$ by ! column ( m]cury4 ,?us if ! temp]ature rises dur+ ! day to #hd degrees ! m>k 9 ! maximum !rmomet] w be f\nd re/+ 9 ! tube at #hd :e!r ! m]cury is !re :5 ! read+ is tak5 or n4 ,simil>ly1 if ! temp]ature has dropp$ dur+ ! night to #dj1 ! m>k 9 ! m9imum !rmomet] w be f\nd at #dj1 al?\gh ! temp]ature may be #gj :5 ! read+ is tak54 ,aft] read+1 ! !rmomet]s are %ak5 to br+ ! m>ks back to ! top ( ! column ( m]cury & ! !rmomet]s are !n re/or$ to _! positions1 ready = ano!r read+ on ! foll[+ day4 ,^! records %\ld be set d[n on a %eet e day at noon 9 columns giv+ date1 rate1 plus or m9us1 maximum1 m9imum1 av]age temp]ature & rem>ks z to regulation1 etc41 & ) ^! data to guide u we %all be 9 a position to det]m9e :e!r to move ! rat+ nut or n4 ,if ! temp]ature has be5 fairly con/ant we c get a clos] rate by mov+ ! nut & cont9u+ ! obs]vations4 ,if ! temp]ature has be5 increas+ /eadily & our p5dulum has be5 ga9+ /eadily x is probably ov]-comp5sat$ & ! bob %\ld be %ort5$ a trifle & ! obs]vations r5ew$4 ,x is be/ to 8make ha/e sl[ly0 9 su* a matt]4 ,fir/ br+ ! p5dulum to "t 9 a con/ant temp]ature2 t w take c>e ( its prop] l5g?4 ,!n all[ ! temp]ature to v>y naturally & note ! results4 ,if ! p5dulum is "u-comp5sat$1 s t ! bob is too %ort to take c>e ( ! expansion ( ! rod1 auxili>y weights ( z9c 9 ! %ape ( wa%]s 7or %ort cyl9d]s7 are plac$ betwe5 ! bottom ( ! bob & ! rat+ nut4 ,?is ( c\rse makes necess>y a new adju/m5t & ano!r c\rse ( obs]vations all ar\nd1 b x w readily be se5 t x places a l5g? ( expansible metal betwe5 ! nut & ! c5t] ( oscillation & ?us makes up = ! defici5cy ( expansion ( ! bob4 ,z9c is g5]ally *os5 on acc\nt ( its high rate ( expansion1 b brass1 alum9um & o!r metals are also us$4 ,x is be/ to use "o ?ick wa%]1 r ?an a numb] ( ?9n] ones1 z x is important to keep ! con/ruction z solid at ?is po9t z possible4 ,,top ,,weights4--,aft] br++ ! p5dulum z close z possible by ! comp5sation & ! rat+ nuts1 a/ronom]s & o!rs requir+ exact "t get a trifle clos] rat+ by ! use ( top weights4 ,^! are g5]ally ,u-%ap$ pieces ( ?9 metal :i* are slipp$ on ! rod above ! bob )\t /opp+ ! p5dulum4 ,!y raise ! c5t] ( oscillation by add+ to ! height ( ! bob :5 !y are put on1 or l[] x :5 !y are remov$1 b !y are nev] resort$ to until long aft] ! p5dulum is clos] to "t ?an ! jewel] c get ) 8 limit$ /&>ds ( comp>ison4 ,!y are m5tion$ "h simply t _! use may be und]/ood :5 !y may be enc\nt]$ 9 clean+ sid]ial clocks4 ,m]curial p5dulums also belong to ! class ( comp5sation by expansion ( ! bobs1 b !y are s num]\s & s diff]5t t !y w be consid]$ sep>ately1 lat] on4 ,,comp5sat$ ,,p5dulum ,,rods4--,we w n[ consid] ! second class1 t 9 :i* an attempt is made to obta9 a p5dulum rod ( unv>y+ l5g?4 ,! olde/ =m ( comp5sat$ rod is und\bt$ly ! gridiron ( ei!r n9e1 five or ?ree rods4 ,z orig9ally made x 0 an accurate b exp5sive proposition1 z ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( ! brass or z9c & iron or /eel _h all to be det]m9$ individually = ea* p5dulum4 ,ea* rod _h to be siz$ accurately1 or if ?is 0 n done1 !n ea* rod _h to be fitt$ c>efully to ea* hole 9 ! cross b>s s z to move freely1 )\t %ake4 ,! rods 7 spread out = two purposes1 to impress ! public & to secure uni=m & spe$y action 9 *anges ( temp]ature4 ,! weight1 :i* increas$ rapidly ) ! increase ( diamet] ( ! rod1 made a long & l>ge seconds p5dulum1 "s ( !m measur+ z mu* z sixty-two in*es 9 l5g?1 & ne$+ a l>ge bob to look 9 proportion4 ,v>i\s attempts 7 made to ornam5t ! great expanse ( ! gridiron1 h>ps1 wrea?s & o!r =ms 9 pi]c$ metal be+ screw$ to ! b>s4 ,! next advance 0 9 sub/itut+ tubes = rods 9 ! gridiron1 secur+ an app>5tly l>ge rod t 0 at ! same "t /iff & light4 ,!n came ! era ( imitation1 9 :i* ! rods 7 made ( all brass1 ! imitation /eel portion be+ nickel plat$4 ,) ! developm5t ( plat+ !y 7 /ill fur!r *eap5$ by be+ made ( /eel1 ) ! suppos$ly brass rods plat$ ) brass & ! /eel ones ) nickel4 ,?\s&s ( su* p5dulums are 9 use to-day2 !y h ! rods rivet$ to ! cross-pieces & are simply /eel rods1 subject to *ange ( l5g? ) e *ange 9 temp]ature4 ,x does no h>m to ornam5t su* p5dulums1 z ! rods !mselves are m]ely ornam5ts1 usually all ( "o metal1 plat$ to *ange ! color4 ,z ?ree rods 7 all t 7 necess>y1 ! clockmak] :o desir$ a p5dulum t 0 comp5sat$ soon f\nd 8 mo/ easily made rod consi/$ ( a z9c b>1 wide1 ?9 & flat1 plac$ betwe5 two /eel p>ts1 l ! meat & bread ( a s&wi*4 ,?is gives a flat & app>5tly solid rod ( metal :i* if poli%$ gives a pleas+ appe>ance1 & comb9es accurate p]=mance ) *eapness ( con/ruction1 s t any wat*mak] may make x himself1 )\t exp5sive tools4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,p5dulum ) comp5sat$ rod ( /eel & z9c4 ,a1 ! l5s-%ap$ bob2 ,t ,p1 ! total l5g? ( ! comp5sat+ "p4 ,r1 ! upp] r\nd "p ( rod4 ,! side %[+ ! heads ( ! screws is ! face side & is f9i%$4 ,! screws #a1 #b1 #c1 #d hold ! ?ree pieces f sep>at+1 b d n conf9e ! front & middle sections 9 _! l5g?wise expansion along ! rod1 b are screw$ into ! back iron section1 :ile ! holes 9 ! o!r two sections are slott$ small] ?an ! screw heads4 ,! holes at ! l[] extreme ( comb9ation #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i are = adju/m5ts 9 effect+ a comp5sation4 ,! p9 at #aj is ! /eel adju/+ p91 & is only tight 9 ! front b> & z9c b>s1 be+ loose 9 ! back b>4 ,o & ,p %[ ! angles 9 ! back rod1 ,t %[s ! angle 9 ! rod at ! top1 m %[s ! p9 z plac$ 9 ! iron & z9c sections :]e !y h be5 sold]$ z describ$4 h %[s ! regulat+ nut c>ri$ by ! tube1 z describ$1 & t]m9at+ 9 ! nut ,d4 l & i %[ ! screw ( #cf ?reads4 ,! nut ,d is to be divid$ on its edge into #cj divisions4 n is ! angle ( ! back b> to :i* z9c is sold]$4 ,,flat ,,comp5sat$ ,,rod4--,"o ( ! mo/ easily made z9c & iron comp5sat+ p5dulums1 %[n 9 detail 9 ,fig4 #i1 is z foll[s3 ,a lead or iron bob1 l5s-%ap$1 t is1 convex equally on ea* side1 #i in*es diamet] & an in* & "o-qu>t] ?ick at ! c5t]4 ,a hole to be made /raight ?r\gh its diamet] in*4 ,"o-half ?r\gh ! diamet] ?is hole is to be enl>g$ to in* diamet]4 ,?is w make ! hole = half ( its l5g? in* & ! rema9+ half in* diamet]4 ,! hole mu/ h a ?9 tube1 j fitt+ x1 & #e in*es long4 ,at "o end ( ?is tube is sold]$ 9 a nut1 ) a hole tapp$ ) a tap ( ?irty-six ?reads to ! in*1 & in* diamet]1 & at ! o!r end ( ! tube is sold]$ a coll> or disc "o in* diamet]1 :i* is to be divid$ into ?irty divisions1 = regulat+ purposes1 z w be describ$ lat] on4 ,! :ole =ms a nut into :i* ! rod screws1 & ! tube all[s ! nut to be pu%$ up to ! c5t] ( ! diamet] ( ! bob1 ?r\gh ! l>ge hole1 & ! nut c be op]at$ !n by means ( ! disc at its l[] end4 ,! rod1 ( flat iron1 is 9 two sections1 z foll[s3 ,t section :i* ent]s ! bob & t]m9ates 9 ! regulat+ screw is flat = tw5ty-six in*es1 & !n r\nd$ to in* = six in*es1 & a screw cut on its end = two in*es1 to fit ! ?read 9 ! nut4 ,! upp] end ( ?is section is !n to be b5t at a "r angle1 flatwise4 ,?is angle piece w be long en\gh if only _/ in* long1 s t x cov]s ! ?ickness ( ! z9c c5t] rod4 ,! z9c c5t] rod is a b> ( ! metal1 hamm]$ or roll$1 #be in*es long1 _/ in* ?ick1 & in* wide1 & comes up aga9/ ! angle piece b5t on ! flat "p ( ! l[] section ( ! rod4 ,n[ ! upp] section ( ! rod may be an exact duplicate ( ! l[] section1 ) ! flat "p only a little long] ?an ! z9c b>1 say in*1 & ! angle turn$ on ! end1 z previ\sly describ$4 ,! balance ( ! b> may be =g$ into a rod ( _/ in* diamet]4 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! z9c b> is plac$ aga9/ ! angle piece b5t on ! upp] end ( ! l[] section ( ! rod1 ,p1 n1 ,fig4 #i1 & p9s mu/ be put ?r\gh ?is angle piece into ! end ( ! z9c b>1 to hold x 9 close contact ) ! iron b>4 ,! upp] section ( ! rod is n[ to be laid on ! opposite side ( ! z9c b>1 ) its angle at ! o!r end ( ! z9c1 b n 9 contact ) x1 say _/ in* left betwe5 ! angle & ! z9c b>4 ,n[ all is ready to clamp toge!r--! two flat iron b>s ) ! z9c betwe5 !m4 ,aft] clamp+1 tak+ c>e to h ! p9n$ end ( ! z9c 9 contact ) ! angle & ! free1 or l[] end1 remov$ f ! o!r angle ab\t _/ in*1 ?ree screws %\ld be put ?r\gh all ?ree b>s1 ) _! heads all on ! side select$ = ! front1 & "o screw may be an in* f ! top1 ano!r #c in*es f ! bottom1 & "o-half way betwe5 ! two fir/ m5tion$4 ,n[ ! rod is complete 9 its composite =m1 & !re is left only ! little detail to att5d to4 ,two flat b>s1 ) _! ends angl$ 9 "o case & r\nd$ 9 ! o!r into rods ( giv5 diamet]1 conf9+ betwe5 !m1 z describ$1 a flat b> ( wr\ght z9c ( /at$ l5g? & ( ! same ?ickness & wid? z ! iron b>s1 comprises ! active or comp5sat+ elem5ts ( ! p5dulum's rod4 ,! screws t are put ?r\gh ! ?ree b>s are ea* to pass ?r\gh ! front iron b>1 )\t ?reads 9 ! b>1 & only ! back iron b> is to h ! holes tapp$1 fitt+ ! screws4 ,all ! correspond+ holes 9 ! z9c are to be ream$ a little l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! screws1 & to be fre$ l5g?wise ( ! b>1 to all[ ( ! b>'s contract+ & exp&+ )\t be+ conf9$ 9 ?is action by ! screws4 ,at ! l[] or free end ( ! z9c b> are to be holes c>ri$ cle> ?r\gh all ?ree b>s1 :ile ! comb9ation is held firmly toge!r by ! screws4 ,^! holes are to />t at in* f ! end ( ! z9c1 & ea* c>ri$ /raight ?r\gh all ?ree b>s1 & !n broa*$ true & a /eel p9 made to accurately fit !m f ! front side4 ,^! holes may be f ?ree to five 9 numb]1 ext5d+ up to a safe di/ance f ! l[] screw4 ,! holes 9 ! back b>1 aft] bor+1 are to be ream$ l>g] ?an ^? 9 ! front b> & z9c b>4 ,^! holes & ! p9 s]ve = adju/+ ! comp5sation4 ,! p9 holds ! front b> & z9c f slipp+1 or mov+ pa/ "o ano!r at ! po9t p9n$1 & also all[s ! back b> to be free ( ! p91 & n "u ! influ5ce ( ! two front b>s4 ,! upp] end ( ! second iron section is1 z has be5 m5tion$1 =g$ into a r\nd rod ab\t _/ in* diamet]1 & ?is rod or upp] end is to receive ! p5dulum susp5sion spr+1 :i* may be "o s+le spr+1 or a comp\nd spr+1 z pref]r$4 ,n[ t ! p5dulum is all ready to balance on ! knife edge1 proce$ z 9 ! case ( ! simple p5dulum1 & asc]ta9 at :at po9t up ! rod ! spr+ mu/ be plac$4 ,9 ?is p5dulum ! rod w be heavi] 9 proportion ?an ! wood rod 0 to its bob1 & ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole w be f\nd high] up 9 ! bob4 ,h[ev]1 :]ev] 9 ! bob ! c5t] ( gravity is f\nd1 t is ! />t+ po9t to measure f to f9d ! total l5g? ( ! rod1 & ! po9t = ! spr+4 ,! heavi] ! rod is 9 relation to ! bob1 ! high] w ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! :ole rise 9 ! bob1 & ! great] w be ! total l5g? ( ! entire p5dulum4 ,9 gett+ up a rod ( ! k9d j describ$1 ! ma9 item is to get ! p>ts all s arrang$ t !re w be v little settl+ ( ! jo9ts 9 contact1 p>ticul>ly ^? :i* su/a9 ! weight ( ! bob & ! :ole dead weight ( ! p5dulum4 ,! nut 9 ! c5t] ( ! p5dulum holds ! weight ( ! bob only1 b x %\ld fit aga9/ ! %\ld] =m$ = ! purpose by ! juncture ( ! two holes1 & ! face ( ! nut %\ld be turn$ true & flat1 s t !re may n be any unev5 motion1 & only ! "o imp>t$ by ! progressive "o ( ! ?reads4 ,:5 ?is nut is put to its place = ! la/ "t1 & aft] all is f9i%$1 !re %\ld be a little tall[ put on to ! face ( ! nut j :]e x comes to a seat aga9/ ! %\ld] ( ! bob1 z ?is %\ld] be+ n v well f9i%$1 ! two surfaces com+ 9 contact1 if left dry1 might cut & te> ea* o!r1 & help to make ! nut's action slightly un/eady & unreliable4 ,a f9i%$ wa%] c be driv5 into ?is l[] hole up to ! c5t]1 friction-tight1 & s]ve z a reliable & f9i%$ seat = ! nut4 ,9 reality1 ! z9c at ! po9t ( contact1 :]e p9n$ to ! angle piece at ! top ( ! l[] section1 is ! po9t ( greate/ importance 9 ! :ole comb9ation1 & if ! jo9t betwe5 ! angle & ! end ( ! z9c b> is sold]$ ) s(t sold]1 ! result w be t ( great] c]ta9ty 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a /eady rate4 ,?is jo9t j m5tion$ c be sold]$ z foll[s3 ,file ! end ( ! z9c & ! inside surface ( ! angle until !y fit s t no appreciable space is left betwe5 !m4 ,!n1 ) a sold]+ iron1 t9 ! end ( ! z9c ?or\ghly & ev5ly1 & !n put into ! holes already made ! two /eady p9s4 ,n[ t9 9 ! same mann] ! surface ( ! angle1 & see t ! holes are free ( sold]1 s t ! z9c b> w g to its place easily2 !n betwe5 ! z9c & ! iron1 place a piece ( ?9 writ+ pap]1 s t ! flat surfaces ( ! z9c & iron may n become sold]$4 ,set ! iron b> upright on a piece ( *>coal1 & secure x 9 ?is position f any dang] ( fall+1 & !n put ! z9c to its place & see t ! p9s ent] & t ! pap] is betwe5 ! surfaces1 z describ$4 ,put ! screws into _! places1 & screw d[n on ! z9c j en\gh to hold x 9 contact ) ! iron b>1 b n s tight t ! z9c w n readily move d[n & re/ firmly on ! angle4 ,put a little sold]+ fluid on ! t9n$ jo9t1 & bl[ ) a bl[ pipe aga9/ ! iron b> 7n t\*+ ! z9c ) ! flame74 ,:5 ! sold] 9 ! jo9t beg9s to fl[1 press ! z9c d[n 9 close contact ) ! angle1 & !n cool gradually1 & if all ! po9ts describ$ h be5 att5d$ to ! jo9t w be solidly sold]$1 & ! two b>s w be z "o solid b> b5t aga9/ itself4 ,! t9n+ leaves surplus sold] on ! surfaces suffici5t to make a solid jo9t1 & to all[ "s to fl[ into ! p9 holes & also sold] ! p9 to avoid any dang] ( gett+ loose 9 aft] "t1 & helps make a mu* /rong] jo9t4 ,at ! "t ! sold] is melt$ ! z9c is suffici5tly heat$ to become q malleable1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 n to =ce x d[n aga9/ ! angle 9 mak+ ! jo9t1 or x may be di/ort$ & ru9$ at ! jo9t4 ,if c>efully done ! result w be p]fect4 ,! pap] betwe5 ! surfaces burns1 & is got rid ( 9 wa%+ to remove ! sold]+ fluid4 ,soda or ammonia w help to remove all traces ( ! fluid4 ,h[ev]1 x is be/1 z a la/ op]ation1 to put ! jo9t 9 alcohol = a m9ute4 ,?is sold]+ makes ! l[] section & ! z9c practically "o piece & )\t loose jo9t1 & ! next jo9t is t made by ! p9 p9n+ ! outside b> & ! z9c toge!r4 ,?is is necess>ily =m$ ?is way1 z 9 ?is /age ( ! op]ation we d n "k j :at l5g? ! z9c b> w be to exactly comp5sate = ! expansion & contraction ( ! balance ( ! p5dulum4 ,by ! *ang+ ( ! p9 into ! diff]5t holes1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 ,fig4 #i1 ! z9c is made relatively long] or %ort]1 & s a comp5sation is arriv$ at 9 "t aft] ! clock has be5 runn+4 ,aft] x is def9itely settl$ :]e ! p9 w rema9 to secure ! comp5sation ( ! rod1 !n t hole c h a screw put 9 to mat* ! ?ree upp] ones4 ,?is screw mu/ be tapp$ into ! front b> & ! z9c1 & be v free 9 ! back b> to all[ ( its expansion4 ,x is suppos$ t 9 ?is example giv5 ( a z9c & /eel comp5sation seconds p5dulum t !re has be5 due all[ance made 9 ! l5g?s ( ! sev]al b>s to all[ = adju/m5t to temp]ature by ! movem5ts ( ! p9 along ! c\rse ( ! sev]al holes describ$1 b ! z9c is a v unc]ta9 elem5t1 & its ultimate action is l>gely influ5c$ by its treatm5t aft] be+ ca/4 ,diff]5ces ( work+ ca/ z9c "u ! hamm] or rolls produce wide diff]5ces practically1 & !re=e mat]ially *ange ! results 9 its comb9ation ) iron 9 _! relative expansive action4 ,wr\ght z9c c be obta9$ ( any ( ! brass plate factories1 ( any dim5sions requir$1 & w be f\nd to be satisfactory = ! purpose 9 h&4 ,! adju/+ p9 %\ld be well fitt$ to ! holes 9 ! front iron b>1 & also fit ! correspond+ ones 9 ! z9c b> closely1 & if ! holes are ream$ smoo? & true ) an ,engli% clock broa*1 !n ! p9 w be slightly tap]+ & fit ! iron hole p]fectly solid4 ,aft] "o pair ( ^! holes h be5 ream$1 fit ! p9 & drive x 9 place p]fectly firm1 & !n ) ! broa* ream all ! rema9+ holes to j ! same diamet]1 & !n ! p9 w move along f "o set ( holes to ano!r ) me*anically accurate results4 ,o!rwise1 if poorly fitt$1 ! full effect w\ld n be obta9$ f ! comp5sat+ action 9 mak+ *anges 9 ! p9 f "o set ( holes to ano!r4 ,?is p91 if made ( ca/ /eel1 h>d5$ & drawn to a blue1 w on ! :ole be a v good device me*anically4 ,_m means are us$ to effect ! adju/m5ts = comp5sation1 ( m or less value1 b :atev] ! means us$1 x mu/ be kept 9 m9d t extra c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! me*anical execution fir/ class1 z on ?is v mu* dep5ds ! /eady rate ( ! p5dulum 9 aft] "t4 ,,tubul> ,,comp5sat$ ,,rods4--,!re are tubul> p5dulums 9 ! m>ket :i* h a screw sleeve at ! top ( ! z9c elem5t1 & by ?is means ! adju/m5ts are effect$1 & ?is is ?\ght to be a v accurate me*anism4 ,! mo/ common =m ( z9c & iron comp5sation is :]e ! z9c is a tube comb9$ ) "o iron tube & a c5tral rod1 z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj1 #aa1 #ab4 ,! rod is ! c5t] piece1 ! z9c tube next1 foll[$ by ! iron tube envelop+ bo?4 ,! relative l5g?s may be ! same z ^? j giv5 9 ! =ego+ example ) ! comp5sat+ elem5ts flat4 ,! relative l5g?s ( ! sev]al memb]s w be virtually ! same 9 bo? comb9ations4 ,,tubul> ,,comp5sation ,,) ,,alum9um4--,! p5dulum z se5 by an obs]v] appe>s to him z be+ a simple s+le rod p5dulum4 ,figs4 #aj & #ab are front & side views2 ,fig4 #aa is an enl>g$ view ( its p>ts1 ! upp] be+ a sectional view4 ,its pr9cipal features are3 ,! /eel rod ,s1 ,fig4 #aa1 #d mm4 9 diamet]1 hav+ at its upp] end a hook = fa/5+ to ! susp5sion spr+ 9 ! usual way2 ! l[] end has a pivot c>ry+ ! bu%+1 ,t1 :i* solidly connects ! /eel rod1 ,s1 ) ! alum9um tube1 ,a1 ! latt] be+ #aj mm4 9 diamet] & its sides #a4e mm4 9 ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,! upp] end ( ! alum9um tube is v close to ! p5dulum hook & is also provid$ ) a bu%+1 ,p1 ,fig4 #aa4 ,?is bu%+ is p]man5tly connect$ at ! upp] end ( ! alum9um tube ) a /eel tube1 ,r1 #af mm4 9 diamet] & #a mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,! out] /eel tube is ! only "o t is visible & x supports ! bob1 ! l[] "p be+ furni%$ ) a f9e ?read on :i* ! regulat+ nut1 ,o1 is movable1 at ! c5t] ( ! bob4 ,= secur+ a c5tral alignm5t ( ! /eel rod1 ,s1 at its l[e/ "p1 :]e x is pivot$1 a bu%+1 ,m1 ,fig4 #aa1 is screw$ into ! /eel tube1 ,r4 ,! l[] end ( ! /eel tube1 ,r1 projects consid]ably bel[ ! l5ticul> bob 7comp>e ,figs4 #aj & #ab72 & is also provid$ ) a ?read & regulat+ weight1 ,g 7,figs4 #aj & #ab71 ( #ajj grammes 9 weight1 :i* is only us$ 9 ! f9e regulation ( small v>iations f correct "t4 ,! /eel tube is op5 at ! bottom & ! index at its l[] end is fa/5$ to a bridge4 ,fur!rmore all ?ree ( ! bu%+s1 ,p1 ,t & ,m1 h ea* ?ree radial cuts1 :i* w p]mit ! surr\nd+ air to act equally & at ! same "t on ! /eel rod1 ,s1 ! alum9um tube4 ,a1 & ! /eel tube1 ,r1 & z ! /eel tube1 ,r1 is op5 at its l[] end1 & z !re is also a c]ta9 am\nt ( space betwe5 ! tubes1 ! /eel rod1 & ! radial op5+s 9 ! bu%+s1 !re w be a draught ( air pass+ ?r\gh !m1 :i* w all[ ! ?9-wall$ tubes & ?9 /eel rod to promptly & equally adapt !mselves to ! temp]ature ( ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fig4 #aa4 ,fig4 #ab4 ,! l5ticul> p5dulum bob has a diamet] ( #bd cm41 & is made ( r$ brass4 ,! bob is support$ at its c5t] by ! regulat+ nut1 ,o1 ,figs4 #aj & #ab4 ,t ! bob may n turn on ! cyl9drical p5dulum rod1 ! latt] is provid$ ) a longitud9al groove & work+ !re9 are ! ends ( two %\ld] screws :i* are plac$ on ! back ( ! bob above & bel[ ! regulat+ nut1 ,o2 & ?us prop]ly controll+ its movem5ts4 ,f ! =ego+ description ! action ( ! comp5sation is readily expla9$4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration ( its action we w accept ! fact t !re has be5 a sudd5 rise 9 temp]ature4 ,! /eel rod1 ,s1 & ! tube1 ,r1 w l5g!n 9 a d[nw>d direction 7includ+ ! susp5sion spr+ & ! p5dulum hook71 conv]sely ! alum9um tube1 ,a1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! /eel rod at "o end & ! /eel tube at ! o!r1 w l5g!n 9 an upw>d direction & ?us equalize ! expansion ( ! tube1 ,r1 & rod1 ,s4 ,z ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( /eel & alum9um are approximately at ! ratio ( #a3b4jcac we f9d t ) su* a p5dulum con/ruction--accurate calculations presum$--we %all h a complete & exact co9cid5ce 9 its comp5sation2 9 o!r words1 ! c5t] ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum w be "u all conditions at ! same di/ance f ! b5d+ po9t ( ! susp5sion spr+4 ,?is /yle ( p5dulum is made = a/ronomical clocks 9 ,europe & is furni%$ 9 two qualities4 ,9 ! be/ quality1 ! tubes1 /eel rod1 & ! bob are all sep>ately & c>efully te/$ z to _! expansion1 & _! coeffici5ts ( expansion fully det]m9$ 9 a laboratory2 ! bu%+s1 ,p & ,m1 are jewel$1 all p>ts be+ accurately & f9ely f9i%$4 ,9 ! second quality ! p5dulum is con/ruct$ on a g5]al calculation & f9i%$ 9 a m simple mann] )\t impair+ its ultimate effici5cy4 ,at ! upp] "p ( ! /eel tube1 ,r1 !re is a funnel-%ap$ piece 7omitt$ 9 ! draw+7 9 :i* are plac$ small lead & alum9um balls = ! f9al regulation ( ! p5dulum )\t /opp+ x4 ,! regulation ( ?is p5dulum is effect$ 9 ?ree ways3 #a4 ,! prelim9>y or co>se regulation by turn+ ! regulat+ nut1 ,o1 & s rais+ or l[]+ ! bob4 #b4 ,! f9] regulation by turn+ ! #ajj grammes weight1 g1 hav+ ! %ape ( a nut & turn+ on ! ?read$ "p ( ! tube1 ,r4 #c4 ,! precision regulation is effect$ by plac+ small lead or alum9um balls 9 a small funnel-%ap$ receptacle atta*$ to ! upp] "p ( ! tube1 ,r1 or by remov+ !m !refrom4 ,x w readily be se5 t ?is =m ( p5dulum c be us$ ) z9c or brass in/ead ( alum9um1 by alt]+ ! l5g?s ( ! inn] rod & ! comp5sat+ tube to suit ! expansion ( ! metal x is decid$ to use2 also t alt]ations 9 l5g? may be made by screw+ ! bu%+s 9 or out1 provid$ t ! tube be long en\gh 9 ! fir/ place4 ,aft] secur+ ! "r position ! bu%+s %\ld h p9s driv5 into !m ?r\gh ! tube1 9 ord] to prev5t fur!r %ift+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,m]curial ,,p5dulums4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( calculat+ ! expansive ratios ( metal :i* 7p>ticul>ly ) brass & z9c7 v>y slightly ) diff]5ces ( manufacture1 ! manufacture ( comp5sat$ p5dulums f metal rods _c be r$uc$ to cutt+ up s _m pieces & assembl+ !m f calculations made previ\sly1 s t ea* mu/ be sep>ately built & te/$4 ,:ile ?is is n a great draw-back to ! jewel] :o wants to make himself a p5dulum1 x becomes a s]i\s difficulty to a manufactur]1 & h5ce a *eap] comb9ation _h to be devis$ to prev5t ! co/ ( comp5sat$ p5dulums f s]i\sly int]f]+ ) _! use4 ,! result 0 ! p5dulum compos$ ( a /eel rod & a quantity ( m]cury1 ! latt] =m+ ! pr9cipal weight = ! bob & be+ conta9$ 9 /eel or glass j>s1 or j>s ( ca/ iron = ! heavi] p5dulums4 ,o!r metals w n s]ve ! purpose1 z !y are corrod$ by ! m]cury1 become rott5 & lose _! cont5ts4 ,m]cury has "o defici5cy :i*1 h[ev]1 is n s]i\s1 except = ! sev]e conditions ( a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,x w oxidize aft] long exposure to ! air1 :5 x mu/ be /ra9$ & a fre% quantity ( metal add$ & ! comp5sation fre%ly adju/$4 ,to an a/ronom] ?is is a s]i\s objection1 z x may int]f]e ) 8 "w = a mon?1 b to ! jewel] ?is is ( little mom5t z ! rates he dem&s w n be s]i\sly affect$ = ab\t t5 ye>s1 if ! j>s are tightly cov]$4 ,to con/ruct a reliable gridiron p5dulum w\ld co/ ab\t fifty doll>s :ile a m]curial p5dulum c be well made & comp5sat$ = ab\t tw5ty-five doll>s1 h5ce ! popul>ity ( ! latt] =m4 ,z9c w l5g!n "u sev]e v>iations ( temp]ature z ! foll[+ w %[3 ,z9c has a decid$ objectionable quality 9 its cry/all9e /ructure t ) temp]ature *anges !re is v unequal expansion & contraction1 & fur!rmore1 t ^! *anges occur sudd5ly2 ?is (t5 results 9 ! bl5d+ ( ! z9c rod1 caus+ a b9d+ to take place1 :i* naturally en\gh prev5ts ! correct work+ ( ! comp5sation4 ,x is probably n v well kn[n t z9c c *ange its l5g? at "o & ! same temp]ature1 & t ?is peculi> quality mu/ n be ov]look$4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,lake ,survey1 :i* has "u its *>ge ! triangulation ( ! great lakes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has 9 its possession a /eel met] measure1 ,r1 #ahgf2 a metallic !rmomet] compos$1 ( a /eel & z9c rod1 ea* be+ "o met] 9 l5g?1 m>k$ ,m4 ,t41 #ahgfs1 & ,m4 ,t4 #ahgfz2 & f\r metallic !rmomet]s1 us$ 9 connection ) ! base app>atus1 :i* likewise are made ( /eel & z9c rods1 ea* ( ^! be+ f\r met]s 9 l5g?4 ,all ( ^! rods 7 made by ,repsold1 ( ,hamburg4 ,comp>isons betwe5 ^! diff]5t rods %[ peculi> v>iations1 & :i* po9t to ! fact t _! l5g?s at ! same degree ( temp]ature are n con/ant4 ,= ! purpose ( det]m9+ ^! v>iations accurate inve/igations 7 und]tak54 ,! metallic !rmomet] ,m4 ,t4 #ahgf 0 remov$ f an obs]vatory room hav+ an equal temp]ature ( ab\t #b ,c4 & plac$ = "o day 9 a temp]ature ( #bd ,c41 & also = ! same p]iod ( "t 9 "o ( -#bj ,c2 x 0 !n replac$ 9 ! obs]vatory room1 :]e x rema9$ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & comp>isons 7 made dur+ ! foll[+ ?ree days ) ! /eel !rmomet] #ahgf1 :i* _h be5 left 9 ! room4 ,f ^! obs]vations & comp>isons ! foll[+ results 7 tabulat$1 :i* give ! mean l5g?s ( ! z9c rods ( ! metallic !rmomet]4 ,! slight v>iations ( temp]ature 9 ! obs]vatory room 7 also tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! calculations3 ,m4 ,t4 #ahgfs4 ,m4 ,t4 #ahgfz4 mm4 mm4 ,febru>y #af-bd - #j4jjjf #j4jaeb1 previ\s #g days at #bd;,c ,febru>y #be-bg - #j4jjag - #j4jjaa1 previ\s #a day at - #bj;,c4 ,m>* #b-d #j4jjje #j4jaed1 previ\s #a day at #bd;,c4 ,m>* #e-h - #j4jjeh - #j4jjbb1 previ\s #a day at - #bj;,c4 ,^! inve/igations cle>ly indicate1 )\t d\bt1 t ! z9c rod at "o & ! same temp]ature ( ab\t #b ,c41 is #j4jah mm4 long] aft] hav+ be5 previ\sly heat$ to #bd ,c4 ?an :5 cool$ be=e to -#bj ,c4 ,a simil> b less complete exam9ation 0 made ) ! metallic !rmomet] f\r met]s 9 l5g?4 ,^! trials 7 made by t effici5t (fic]1 ,g5]al ,com/ock1 gave ! same results1 & completely prove t 9 z9c !re are consid]able !rmal aft]-effects at "w4 ,to prove t z9c is n an effici5t metal = comp5sation p5dulums :5 employ$ = ! exact measurem5t ( "t1 a %ort calculation may be made--us+ ! above conclusions--t a z9c rod "o met] 9 l5g?1 aft] be+ subject$ to a diff]5ce ( temp]ature ( #dd ,c4 w alt] its l5g? #j4jah mm4 aft] hav+ be5 br\ght back to its initial degree4 ,= a seconds p5dulum ) z9c comp5sation ea* ( ! z9c rods w\ld require a l5g? ( #fd4i cm4 ,) ! above computations we get a diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( #j4jaag mm4 at ! same degree ( temp]ature4 ,s9ce a l5g!n+ ( ! z9c rods )\t a suitable & contemporane\s expansion ( ! /eel rods is synonym\s ) a %ort5+ ( ! effectual p5dulum l5g?1 we h1 not)/&+ ! comp5sation1 a %ort5+ ( ! p5dulum l5g? ( #j4jag mm41 :i* corresponds to a *ange 9 ! daily rate ( ab\t #j4e seconds4 ,?is w suffici5tly prove t z9c is unque/ionably n suitable = extremely accurate comp5sation p5dulums1 & z nei!r is p]man5t "u extremes ( temp]ature ! advantages ( fir/ co/ & ( correction ( error appe> to lie ) ! m]curial =m4 ,! av]age m]curial comp5sation p5dulums1 on sale 9 ! trade are (t5 only p>tially comp5sat$1 z ! m]cury is ne>ly always defici5t 9 quantity relatively1 & n high en\gh 9 ! j> to neutralize ! action ( ! rigid metallic elem5ts1 compos+ ! /ructure4 ,! tr\ble g5]ally is t ! m]cury =ms too small a proportion ( ! total weight ( ! p5dulum bob4 ,!re is a fundam5tal pr9ciple gov]n+ ^! comp5sat+ p5dulums t has to be kept 9 m9d1 & t is t "o ( ! comp5sat+ elem5ts is expect$ to j undo :at ! o!r does & s e/abli% ?r\gh ! m$ium ( physical ?+s ! condition ( ! ideal p5dulum1 )\t weight or elem5ts outside ( ! bob4 ,z iron & m]cury1 = in/ance1 h a pretty fix$ relative expansive ratio1 !n :atev] ^! ratios are aft] be+ f\nd1 mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ! p5dulum1 or ! results _c be satisfactory4 ,fir/1 !re are #ci4b in*es ( rod ( /eel to hold ! bob betwe5 ! po9t ( susp5sion & ! c5t] ( oscillation1 & x has be5 f\nd t1 con/ructively1 9 all ! ord9>y =ms ( ^! p5dulums1 ! height ( m]cury 9 ! bob _c usually be less ?an #g4e in*es4 ,second1 t 9 all seconds p5dulums ! l5g? ( ! metal is fix$ sub/antially1 :ile ! height ( ! m]cury is a v>y+ "o1 due to ! diff]+ weights ( ! j>s1 /raps1 etc4 ,?ird1 ! m]cury1 at its m9imum1 _c ) j>s ( ord9>y weight be less 9 height 9 ! j> ?an #g4e in*es1 to effectually c\nt]act :at ! #ci4b in*es ( iron does 9 ! way ( exp&+ & contract+ "u ! same exposure4 ,:oev] obs]ves ! great mass ( p5dulums ( ?is description on sale & 9 use w f9d t ! height ( ! m]cury 9 ! j> is n up to ! am\nt giv5 above = ! lea/ quantity t w s]ve "u ! mo/ favorable circum/ances ( con/ruction4 ,! less weight !re is 9 ! rod1 j> & frame1 ! less is ! height ( m]cury :i* is requir$2 b ) mo/ ( ! p5dulums made 9 ! pres5t day = ! m>ket1 ! height giv5 _c be cut %ort )\t impair+ ! quality & effici5cy ( ! comp5sation4 ,any am\nt less w h ! effect ( leav+ ! rigid metal 9 ! asc5dancy2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! p5dulum w be "u comp5sat$ & leave ! p5dulum to feel heat & cold by rais+ & l[]+ ! c5t] ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum & h5ce only p>tly comp5sat+4 ,a j> ) only six in*es 9 height ( m]cury w 9 r\nd numb]s only correct ! temp]ature error ab\t six-sev5?s4 ,,calculations ,,( ,,weights4--,z to h[ to calculate ! am\nt ( m]cury requir$ to comp5sate a seconds p5dulum1 ! foll[+ explanation %\ld make ! matt] cle> to anyone hav+ a fair k ( ari?metic only1 ?\gh !re are sev]al po9ts to be consid]$ :i* r5d] x a r m complicat$ process ?an w\ld appe> at fir/ sight4 #a/4 ,! expansion 9 l5g? ( /eel & ca/ iron1 z giv5 9 ! tables 7^! tables diff] some:at 9 ! v>i\s books71 is respectively 4#jjfd & 4#jjff1 :ile m]cury exp&s 4#a 9 bulk = ! same increase ( temp]ature4 ,if ! m]cury 7 conta9$ 9 a j> :i* itself _h no expansion 9 diamet]1 !n all its expansion w\ld take place 9 height1 & 9 r\nd numb]s x w\ld exp& sixte5 times m ?an /eel1 & we %\ld only require 7neglect+ at pres5t ! all[ance to be expla9$ "u head #c7 to make ! height ( ! m]cury--reckon$ f ! bottom ( ! j> 7inside7 to ! middle ( ! column ( m]cury conta9$ !re9--"o-sixte5? ( ! total l5g? ( ! p5dulum measur$ f ! po9t ( susp5sion to ! bottom ( ! j>1 assum+ t ! rod & ! j> are bo? ( /eel1 & t ! c5t] ( oscillation is co9cid5t ) ! c5t] ( ! column ( m]cury4 ,practically 9 ^! p5dulums1 ! c5t] ( oscillation is almo/ id5tical ) ! c5t] ( ! bob4 #b;d4 ,z we _c obta9 a j> hav+ no expansion 9 diamet]1 we mu/ all[ = su* expansion z foll[s1 & z ca/ iron or /eel j>s ( cyl9drical %ape are und\bt$ly ! be/1 we w consid] t mat]ial & =m only4 ,z above /at$1 ca/ iron exp&s 4#jjff1 s t if ! orig9al diamet] ( ! j> be repres5t$ by #a1 its exp&$ diamet] w be #a4jjff4 ,n[ ! area ( any circle v>ies z ! squ>e ( its diamet]1 s t be=e & aft] its expansion ! areas ( ! j> w be 9 ! ratio ( #a to #a4jjff2 t is1 9 ! proportion ( #a to #a4jacbdc2 or 9 r\nd numb]s x w be "o-sev5ty-six? l>g] 9 area aft] expansion ?an be=e4 ,x is evid5t t ! m]cury w !n exp& sideways1 & t its v]tical rise w be dim9i%$ to ! same ext5t4 ,d$uct1 !re=e1 ! "o-sev5ty-six? f its expansion 9 bulk 7"o-t5?7 & we get "o-elev5? 7or m exactly 4#jhfgeg7 rema9+4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! actual v]tical rise 9 ! j>1 & :5 comp>$ ) ! expansion ( /eel 9 l5g? x w be f\nd to be ab\t ?irte5 & a half times great] 7m exactly #ac4eef74 ,! m]cury1 !re=e 7/ill neglect+ head ,no4 #c71 mu/ be ?irte5 & a half times %ort] ?an ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 bo? be+ measur$ z expla9$ above4 ,! p5dulum w probably be #dc4e in*es long to ! bottom ( ! j>2 b z ab\t n9e in*es ( x is ca/ iron1 :i* has a slightly great] rate ( expansion ?an /eel1 we w call ! l5g? #dd in*es1 z ! half in* add$ w make x ab\t equival5t to a p5dulum entirely ( /eel4 ,if ! height ( ! m]cury be obta9$ by divid+ #dd by #ac4e1 x w be #c4be in*es high to its c5t]1 or #f4e in*es high altoge!r2 & 7 x n = ! foll[+ circum/ance1 ! p5dulum w\ld be p]fectly comp5sat$4 #c;d4 ,! m]cury is ! only "p ( ! bob :i* exp&s upw>ds2 ! j> does n rise1 its l[] end be+ c>ri$ d[nw>d by ! expansion ( ! rod1 :i* supports x4 ,9 a well-design$ p5dulum1 ! j>1 /raps1 etc41 w be f "o-f\r? to "o-?ird ! weight ( ! m]cury4 ,assume !m to be sev5 p\nds & tw5ty-eight p\nds respectively2 !re=e1 ! total weight ( ! bob is ?irty-five p\nds2 b z x is only ! m]cury 7f\r-fif?s7 ( ?is total t rises ) an increase ( temp]ature1 we mu/ increase ! weight ( ! m]cury 9 ! proportion ( five to f\r1 ?us #f4e #e #d #h in*es4 ,or1 :at is ! same ?+1 we add "o-f\r? to ! am\nt ( m]cury1 because ! weight ( ! j> is "o-f\r? ( t ( ! m]cury4 ,eight & "o-eigh? in*es is1 !re=e1 ! ultimate height ( ! m]cury requir$ to comp5sate ! p5dulum ) t weight ( j>4 ,if ! j> _h be5 heavi]1 say "o-?ird ! weight ( ! m]cury1 !n ! latt] w\ld h to be ne>ly #h4ge in*es high4 ,if ! j> be requir$ to be ( glass1 !n we sub/itute ! expansion ( t mat]ial 9 ,no4 #b & its weight 9 ,no4 #c4 ,9 ! above me?od ( calculat+1 !re are two slight elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty3 #a/4 ,9 assum+ t ! c5t] ( oscillation is co9cid5t ) ! c5t] ( ! bob2 h[ev]1 ,i %\ld suppose t !y w\ld nev] be m ?an 4#be in* ap>t1 & g5]ally mu* ne>]4 #b;d4 ,! weight ( ! j> _c well be exactly kn[n until aft] x is f9i%$ 7i4 e41 bor$ smoo? & p>allel inside1 & turn$ outside true ) ! int]ior71 s t ! exact height ( ! m]cury _c be easily asc]ta9$ till !n4 ,i may expla9 t ! reason 79 ,nos4 #a & #b7 we measure ! m]cury f ! bottom to ! c5t] ( ! column1 is t x is its c5t] :i* we wi% to raise :5 an increase ( temp]ature occurs1 s t ! c5t] may always be exactly ! same di/ance f ! po9t ( susp5sion2 & we h se5 t #c4be in*es is ! necess>y quantity to raise x suffici5tly4 ,n[ t c5t] c\ld n be ! c5t] )\t x _h z mu* m]cury ov] x z x has "u x2 h5ce we d\ble ! #c4be & get ! #f4e in*es /at$4 ,f ! =ego+ x w be se5 t ! av]age m]cury p5dulums are bett] ?an a pla9 rod1 f ! fact t ! m]cury is free to obey ! law ( expansion1 & s1 to a c]ta9 degree1 does c\nt]act ! action ( ! balance ( ! metal ( ! p5dulum1 & ?is ) a degree ( c]ta9ty t is n f\nd 9 ! gridiron =m1 provid$ always t ! height & am\nt ( ! m]cury are correctly proportional to ! total weight ( ! p5dulum4 ,,comp5sat+ ,,m]curial ,,p5dulums4--,to comp5sate a p5dulum ( ?is k9d takes "t & /udy4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to place maximum & m9imum !rmomet]s 9 ! clock case1 s t y c tell ! temp]ature4 ,!n get ! rate ( ! clock at a giv5 temp]ature4 ,= example1 say ! clock ga9s two seconds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 ! temp]ature be+ at #gj4 ,!n see h[ mu* x ga9s :5 ! temp]ature is at #hj4 ,we w say x ga9s two seconds m at #hj ?an x does :5 ! temp]ature is at #gj4 ,9 t case we mu/ remove "s ( ! m]cury 9 ord] to comp5sate ! p5dulum4 ,to d ?is take a syr+e & soak ! cotton or :atev] makes ! suction 9 ! syr+e ) vasel9e4 ,! reason = do+ ?is is t m]cury is v heavy & ! syr+e mu/ be air-tight be=e y c take any ( ! m]cury up into x4 ,y want to remove ab\t two p5nyweights ( m]cury to e second ! clock ga9s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,n[1 aft] remov+ ! m]cury ! clock w lose "t1 because ! p5dulum is light]4 ,y mu/ !n raise ! ball to br+ x to "t4 ,y !n repeat ! same op]ation by gett+ ! rate at #gj & #hj aga9 & see if x ga9s4 ,:5 ! temp]ature rises1 if ! p5dulum /ill ga9s1 y mu/ remove m m]cury2 b if x %\ld lose "t :5 ! temp]ature rises y h tak5 out too mu* m]cury & y mu/ replace "s4 ,cont9ue ?is op]ation until ! p5dulum has ! same rate1 :e!r ! temp]ature is high or l[1 rais+ ! bob :5 y take out m]cury to br+ x to "t1 & l[]+ ! bob :5 y put m]cury 9 to br+ x to "t4 ,to comp5sate a p5dulum takes "t & /udy ( ! clock1 b if y foll[ out ^! in/ructions y w succe$ 9 gett+ ! clock to run regul>ly 9 bo? summ] & w9t]4 ,besides ! oxidation1 :i* is an admitt$ fault1 !re are two !oretical que/ions :i* h to d ) con/ruction 9 decid+ betwe5 ! metallic & m]curial =ms ( comp5sation4 ,we w pres5t ! claims ( ea* side1 !re=e1 ) ! prelim9>y /atem5t t 7= all except ! sev]e/ conditions ( accuracy7 ei!r =m1 if well made w answ] e purpose & t !re=e1 except 9 special circum/ances1 ^! objections are m !oretical ?an real4 ,! advocates ( metallic comp5sation claim t :]e !re are great diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 ! comp5sat$ rod1 ) its long b>s w answ] m quickly to temp]ature *anges z foll[s3 ,! m]curial p5dulum1 :5 9 an unheat$ room & n subject$ to sudd5 temp]ature *anges1 gives v excell5t results1 b %\ld ! opposite case occur !re w !n be obs]v$ an irregul>ity 9 ! rate ( ! clock4 ,! causes :i* produce ^! effects are v>i\s4 ,z a pr9cipal reason = su* a condition x may be /at$ t ! comp5sat+ m]cury occupies only ab\t "o-fif? ! p5dulum l5g?1 & x inevitably foll[s t :5 ! upp] /rata ( ! air is w>m] ?an ! l[]1 9 :i* ! m]cury is plac$1 ! /eel p5dulum rod w exp& at a diff]5t ratio ?an ! m]cury1 z ! latt] is influ5c$ by a diff]5t degree ( temp]ature ?an ! upp] "p ( ! p5dulum rod4 ,! natural effect w be a l5g!n+ ( ! p5dulum rod1 not)/&+ ! comp5sation1 & !re=e1 a loss ( "t by ! clock4 ,two !rmomet]s1 agree+ p]fectly1 7 plac$ 9 ! case ( a clock1 "o ne> ! po9t ( susp5sion1 & ! o!r ne> ! middle ( ! ball1 & repeat$ exp]im5ts1 %[$ a diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two !rmomet]s ( #g to #aj ,f41 ! l[] "o indicat+ less ?an ! high] "o4 ,! !rmomet]s 7 !n hung 9 ! room1 "o at tw5ty-two in*es above ! floor1 & ! o!r ?ree feet high]1 :5 !y %[$ a diff]5ce ( #g betwe5 !m4 ,! diff]5ce ( #b4e m :i* 0 f\nd inside ! case proce$s f ! heat /rik+ ! upp] "p ( ! case2 & ! wood1 ?\gh a bad conductor1 gradually increases 9 temp]ature1 :ile1 on ! contr>y1 ! cold rises f ! floor & acts on ! l[] "p ( ! case4 ,! same !rmomet]s at ! same height & di/ance 9 an unus$ room1 :i* 0 nev] w>m$1 %[$ no diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & x w\ld be ! same1 d\btless1 9 an obs]vatory4 ,f ! prec$+ x is v evid5t t ! decrease ( rate ( ! clock s9ce ,decemb] #ac proce$$ f ! rod ( ! p5dulum exp]i5c+ #g to #aj4e ,f4 great] heat ?an ! m]cury 9 ! bob1 ?us %[+ ! impossibility ( mak+ a m]curial p5dulum p]fectly comp5sat+ 9 an artificially heat$ room :i* v>ies greatly 9 temp]ature4 ,i %\ld rem>k "h t dur+ ! entire w9t] ! temp]ature 9 ! case is nev] m ?an #fh ,f41 & dur+ ! summ]1 :5 ! rate ( ! clock 0 regul>1 ! !rmomet] 9 ! case has (t5 indicat$ #gb to #gg ,f4 ,! gridiron p5dulum 9 ?is case w\ld seem pref]able1 = if ! temp]ature is high] at ! top ?an at ! l[] "p1 ! n9e comp5sat+ rods are equally affect$ by x4 ,b 9 its comp5sat+ action x is n ne>ly z regul>1 & x is v difficult to regulate x1 = 9 any room 7artificially heat$7 x is impossible to obta9 a uni=m temp]ature ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?1 & )\t t all pro(s are necess>ily inexact4 ,^! facts c also be appli$ to p5dulums situat$ 9 heat$ rooms4 ,9 ! case ( a rapid *ange 9 temp]ature tak+ place 9 ! obs]vatory rooms1 "u ! domes ( obs]vatories1 especially dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 & :i* are ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 a m]curial comp5sation p5dulum1 z g5]ally made1 is n apt to give a reliable rate4 ,let u accept ! fact1 z an example1 ( a consid]able fall 9 ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ air2 ! ?9 p5dulum rod w quickly accept ! same temp]ature1 b ) ! great mass ( m]cury to be act$ ^u ! responsive effects w only occur aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,! result w be a %ort5+ ( ! p5dulum l5g? & a ga9 9 ! rate until ! m]cury has _h "t to respond1 not)/&+ ! comp5sation4 ,o!rs :o h express$ _! views 9 writ+ seem to favor ! idea t ?is inequality 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e is unfavorable to ! accurate action ( ! m]curial =m ( comp5sation2 & h[ev] plausible & reasonable ?is idea may seem at fir/ notice1 x w n take a great am\nt ( inve/igation to %[ t1 in/ead ( be+ a disadvantage1 its exi/5ce is b5eficial1 & an important elem5t 9 ! success ( m]curial p5dulums4 ,x appe>s t ! majority ( ^? :o h propos$1 or h tri$ to improve ,graham's p5dulum h ov]look$ ! fact t diff]5t sub/ances require diff]5t quantities ( heat to raise !m to ! same temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to w>m a c]ta9 weight ( wat]1 = in/ance1 to ! same degree ( heat z an equal weight ( oil1 or an equal weight ( m]cury1 twice z mu* heat mu/ be giv5 to ! wat] z to ! oil1 & ?irty times z mu* z to ! m]cury2 :ile 9 cool+ d[n aga9 to a giv5 temp]ature1 ! oil w cool twice z quick z ! wat]1 & ! m]cury ?irty times quick] ?an ! wat]4 ,?is ph5om5on is acc\nt$ = by ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( lat5t heat t exi/s 9 v>i\s sub/ances4 ,on ! au?ority ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 z9c is heat$ & cool$ aga9 t5 & ?ree-qu>t]s times quick] ?an wat]1 brass t5 & a half times quick]1 /eel n9e times1 glass eight & a half times1 & m]cury is heat$ & cool$ aga9 ?irty times quick] ?an wat]4 ,f ! above x w be notic$ t ! diff]5ce 9 ! "t /eel & m]cury takes to rise & fall to a giv5 temp]ature is z n9e to ?irty1 & also t ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( heat t x takes to raise /eel & m]cury to a giv5 temp]ature is 9 ! ratio ( n9e to ?irty4 ,n[1 )\t ent]+ into m9ute details on ! prop]ties :i* diff]5t sub/ances possess = absorb+ or reflect+ heat1 x is pla9 t m]cury %\ld move 9 a proportionally diff]5t atmosph]e f /eel 9 ord] to be exp&$ or contract$ a giv5 di/ance 9 ! same l5g? ( "t2 & to obta9 ?is result ! am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e at ! opposite ends ( ! p5dulum mu/ v>y a little m or less accord+ to ! nature ( ! mat]ial ! m]cury j>s are con/ruct$ f4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e ( a room w g5]ally v>y accord+ to its size1 ! height ( ! ceil+1 & ! v5tilation ( ! ap>tm5t2 & if ! diff]5ce mu/ cont9ue to exi/1 x is ( importance t ! diff]5ce %\ld be uni=mly regul>4 ,we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact1 h[ev]1 t clocks hav+ ^! p5dulums1 & plac$ 9 ap>tm5ts e way favorable to an equal temp]ature1 & 9 "s in/ances1 ! clocks & _! p5dulums encas$ 9 d\ble cas+ 9 ord] to m effectually obta9 ?is result1 /ill ! rates ( ! clock %[ ! same ecc5tricities z ^? plac$ 9 less favorable position4 ,?is cle>ly %[s t _m *anges 9 ! rates ( f9e clocks are due to o!r causes ?an a *ange 9 ! temp]ature ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,/ill x mu/ be admitt$ t any *ange 9 ! condition ( ! atmosph]e t surr\nds a p5dulum is a mo/ =midable ob/acle to be ov]come by ^? :o seek to improve comp5sat$ p5dulums1 & x w\ld be ( s]vice to !m to "k all t c possibly be kn[n on ! subject4 ,! diff]5ces spok5 ( above h result$ 9 "s practical improvem5ts1 :i* are3 #a/1 ! division ( ! m]cury into two1 ?ree or f\r j>s 9 ord] to expose z mu* surface z possible to ! action ( ! air1 s t ! expansion ( ! m]cury %\ld n lag beh9d t ( ! rod1 :i* x w d if too l>ge am\nts ( x are kept 9 "o j>4 #bnd1 ! use ( v ?9 /eel j>s made f tub+1 s t ! transmission ( heat f ! air to ! m]cury may be ha/5$ z mu* z possible4 #crd1 ! increase 9 ! numb] ( j>s makes a ?9n] bob ?an a s+le j> ( ! same total weight & h5ce gives an advantage 9 decreas+ ! resi/ant effect ( air friction 9 d5se air1 !reby decreas+ some:at ! b>ometric error ( ! p5dulum4 ,! orig9al =m ( m]curial p5dulums1 z made by ,graham1 & /ill us$ 9 t[] & o!r clocks :]e extraord9>y accuracy is n requir$1 0 a s+le j> :i* =m$ ! bob & _h ! p5dulum rod ext5d+ into ! m]cury to assi/ 9 conduct+ heat to ! v>iable elem5t ( ! p5dulum4 ,x is %[n 9 section 9 ,fig4 #ac1 :i* is tak5 f a work+ draw+ = a t[] clock4 ,! p5dulum1 ,fig4 #ac1 is susp5d$ f ! head or cock %[n 9 ! figure1 & support$ by ! clock frame itself1 in/ead ( be+ hung on a wall1 s9ce ! int5tion is to set ! clock 9 ! c5t] ( ! clockroom1 & also because ! weight1 =ty p\nds1 is n too mu* = ! clock frame to c>ry4 ,! head1 ,a1 =ms a revolv+ ?umb-nut1 :i* is divid$ into sixty p>ts ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( its l[] edge1 & ! regulat+ screw1 ,b1 is ?read$ t5 to ! in*4 ,a v f9e adju/m5t is ?us obta9$ = regulat+ ! "t ( ! p5dulum4 ,! l[] end ( ! regulat+ screw1 ,b1 holds ! end ( ! p5dulum spr+1 ,e1 :i* is rivet$ betwe5 two pieces ( /eel1 ,c1 & a p91 ,c1 is put ?r\gh !m & ! end ( ! regulat+ screw1 by :i* to susp5d ! p5dulum4 ,! *eeks or *ops are ! pieces ,d1 ! l[] edges ( :i* =m ! !oretical po9t ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum4 ,^! pieces mu/ be p]fectly squ>e at _! l[] edges1 o!rwise ! c5t] ( gravity w\ld describe a cyl9drical curve4 ,! *ops are clamp$ tightly 9 place by ! setscrews1 ,d1 aft] ! p5dulum has be5 hung4 ,! l[] end ( ! regulat+ screw is squ>$ to fit ! ways & slott$ on "o side1 slid+ on a p9 to prev5t its turn+ & !re=e twi/+ ! susp5sion spr+ :5 x is rais$ or l[]$4 ,! spr+ is ?ree in*es long betwe5 its po9ts ( susp5sion1 "o & ?ree-eigh?s in*es wide1 & "o-sixtie? ( an in* ?ick4 ,its l[] end is rivet$ betwe5 two small blocks ( /eel1 ,f1 & susp5d$ f a p91 ,f1 9 ! upp] end ( ! cap1 ,g1 ( ! p5dulum rod4 ,! tubul> /eel portion ( ! p5dulum rod is sev5-eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet] & "o-?irty-second ( an in* ?ickness ( ! wall4 ,x is enclos$ at ea* end by ! solid ends1 ,g & ,l1 & is made z ne>ly air-tight z possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! comp5sation is by m]cury inclos$ 9 a ca/ iron bob4 ,! m]cury1 ! bob & ! rod toge!r weigh =ty p\nds4 ,! bob ( ! p5dulum is a ca/ iron j>1 ,k1 ?ree in*es 9 diamet] inside1 "o-qu>t] in* ?ick at ! sides1 & five-sixte5?s ?ick at ! bottom1 ) ! cap1 ,j1 screw$ into its upp] end4 ,! cap1 ,j1 =ms also ! socket = ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum rod1 ,h4 ,! rod1 ,l1 "o-qu>t] in* 9 diamet]1 screws into ! cap1 ,j1 & its l>ge end at ! same "t =ms a plug = ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum tube1 ,h4 ,! p91 ,j1 holds all ^! p>ts toge!r4 ,! rod1 ,l1 ext5ds ne>ly to ! bottom ( ! j>1 & =ms a m$ium = ! transmission ( ! *anges 9 temp]ature f ! p5dulum tube to ! m]cury4 ,! screw 9 ! cap1 ,j1 is = fill+ or empty+ ! j>4 ,! j> is f9i%$ z smoo?ly z possible1 outside & inside1 & %\ld be coat$ ) at lea/ ?ree coats ( %ellac inside4 ,( c\rse if "o 0 build+ an a/ronomical clock1 x w\ld be necess>y to boil ! m]cury 9 ! j> 9 ord] to drive (f ! lay] ( air betwe5 ! m]cury & ! walls ( ! j>1 b ) ! smoo? f9i% ! %ellac w give1 9 addition to ! good "w ( ! ma*9i/1 ! am\nt ( air held by ! j> c be ignor$4 ,! ca/ iron j> 0 decid$ ^u because x 0 saf] to h&le1 c be atta*$ m firmly to ! rod ) less multiplication ( p>ts1 & also on acc\nt ( ! weight z comp>$ ) glass1 :i* is ! only o!r ?+ t %\ld be us$1 ! glass requir+ a great] height ( j> = equal weight4 ,9 mak+ ca/ iron j>s1 !y %\ld always be c>efully turn$ inside & out 9 ord] t ! walls ( ! j> may be ( equal ?ickness ?r\gh\t2 !n !y w n ?r[ ! p5dulum out ( balance :5 !y are screw$ up or d[n on ! p5dulum rod 9 mak+ ! co>se regulation be=e tim+ by ! upp] screw4 ,! ?read on ! rod %\ld h ! cov] ( ! j> at ab\t ! c5t] ( ! ?read :5 ne>ly to "t & t portion :i* ext5ds into ! j> %\ld be %ort en\gh to p]mit ?is4 ,ignor+ ! rod & its p>ts = ! pres5t1 & call+ ! j> "o-?ird ( ! weight ( ! m]cury1 we %all f9d t ?irty p\nds ( m]cury1 at 4#di p\nds p] cubic in*1 w fill a cyl9d] :i* is ?ree in*es inside diamet] to a height ( #h4haf in*es1 aft] d$uct+ = ! mass ( ! rod ,l1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! m]cury is #fj degrees ,f4 ,m]cury exp&s "o-t5? 9 bulk1 :ile ca/ iron exp&s 4#jjff 9 diamet]3 s ! sectional area increases z #a4jjff or #a4jacb to #a1 !re=e ! m]cury w rise 4#a-4jacbdc1 or 4#jhfgeg2 !n ! m]cury 9 our j> w rise 4#gfg ( an in* 9 ! ord9>y *anges ( temp]ature1 mak+ a total height ( #i4eh in*es to provide =2 s ! j> 0 made t5 in*es long4 ,p5dulums ( ?is patt]n z us$ 9 ! high grade ,engli% clocks1 are sub/antially z foll[s3 ,rod ( /eel _/ in* diamet]2 j> ab\t #b4a in*es diamet] inside & #h in*es deep inside4 ,! j> may be wr\ght or ca/ iron & ab\t ( an in* ?ick ) ! cov] to screw on ) f9e ?read1 mak+ a tight jo9t4 ,! cov] ( ! j> is to act z a nut to turn on ! rod = regulation4 ,! ?read cut on ! rod %\ld be ?irty-six to ! in*1 & fit into ! j> cov] easily1 s t x may turn )\t b9d+4 ,) a ?irty-six ?read "o turn ( ! j> on ! rod *anges ! rate ?irty seconds p] day & by lay+ (f on ! edge ( ! cov] #cj divisions1 a scale is made by :i* movem5ts = "o second p] day are obta9$4 ,we w n[ describe 7,fig4 #ad7 ! me?od ( mak+ a m]curial p5dulum to replace an imitation gridiron p5dulum = a ,swiss1 p9 escapem5t regulator1 su* z is commonly f\nd 9 ! jewelry /ores ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 t is1 a clock 9 :i* ! p5dulum is support$ by ! plates ( ! movem5t & sw+s betwe5 ! front plate & ! dial ( ! movem5t4 ,9 ?us *ang+ our p5dulum1 we %all desire to reta9 ! upp] portion ( ! old rod1 z ! fitt+s are already 9 place & we %all save consid]able "t & labor by ?is c\rse4 ,z ! p5dulum is susp5d$ f ! movem5t1 x mu/ be light] 9 weight ?an if x 7 indep5d5tly support$ by a ca/ iron bracket1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #f1 s we w make ! weight ab\t t ( ! "o we h remov$1 or ab\t twelve p\nds4 ,if x is desir$ to make ! p5dulum heavi]1 f\r j>s ( ! dim5sions giv5 w\ld make x weigh ab\t tw5ty p\nds1 or f\r j>s ( "o in* diamet] w\ld make a ?9n] bob & "o weigh+ ab\t f\rte5 p\nds4 ,z ! sub/itution ( a diff]5t numb] or diff]5t sizes ( j>s m]ely involves *ang+ ! l5g?s ( ! upp] & l[] b>s ( ! frame1 fur!r draw+s w be unnecess>y1 ! jewel] hav+ suffici5t me*anical capacity to be able to make !m = himself4 ,i might add1 h[ev]1 t ! late ,edw>d ,h[>d1 9 build+ 8 a/ronomical clocks1 us$ f\r j>s conta9+ tw5ty-eight p\nds ( m]cury = su* movem5ts1 & ! p]fection ( 8 tra9s 0 su* t a sev5-ounce driv+ weight 0 suffici5t to propel ! ?irty p\nd p5dulum4 ,! two j>s are fill$ ) m]cury to a height ( #g in*es1 are #a in*es 9 diamet] outside & #h in*es 9 height outside4 ,! caps & foot pieces are screw$ on & :5 ! foot pieces are screw$ on = ! la/ "t ! screw ?reads %\ld be cov]$ ) a ?ick %ellac v>ni% :i*1 :5 dry1 makes ! jo9t p]fectly air-tight4 ,! j>s are be/ made ( ! f9e1 ?9 tub+1 us$ 9 bicycles1 :i* c be pur*as$ f any factory1 ( v>i\s sizes & ?ickness4 ,9 ! p5dulum %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 ! j> /ock is close to #ad wire gauge1 or ab\t #b mm4 9 ?ickness4 ,9 cutt+ ! ?reads at ! ends ( ! j>s !y %\ld be ab\t #cf ?reads to ! in*1 ! same numb] z ! ?reads on ! l[] end ( ! rod us$ to c>ry ! regulat+ nut4 ,a f9e ?read makes ! be/ job & ! tighte/ jo9ts4 ,! caps to ! j>s are turn$ up f cold roll$ %aft+1 x be+ g5]ally good /ock & f9i%es well4 ,! ?reads ne$ n be ov] _/ in*1 :i* is ample4 ,cut ! squ>e %\ld] s ! caps & foot pieces come full up & d n %[ any ?read :5 screw$ home4 ,^! j>s w hold t5 p\nds ( m]cury & ?is weight is ab\t "r = ?is p>ticul> /yle ( p5dulum4 ,! j>s complete w weigh ab\t sev5 ounces ea*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! frame is also made ( /eel & squ>e f9i%$ /ock is us$ z f> z possible & ( ! quality us$ 9 ! caps4 ,! l[] b> ( ! frame is six in*es long & in* squ>e at ! c5t] & tap]$1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,x is made light by be+ plan$ away on ! "u side1 an end view be+ %[n at #c4 ,! top b> ( ! frame1 %[n at #d1 is plan$ away also & is "o-half in* squ>e ! :ole l5g? & is six in*es long4 ,! two side rods are to b9d ! two b>s toge!r1 & ) ! f\r ?umb nuts at ! top & bottom make a /rong light frame4 ,! p5dulum describ$ is nickel plat$ & poli%$1 except ! j>s1 :i* are left half dead2 t is1 !y are fro/$ ) a s& bla/ & scrat* bru%$ a little4 ,! effect is good & makes a good contra/ to ! poli%$ p>ts4 ,! side rods are five in*es ap>t1 :i* leaves "o-half in* at ! ends outside4 ,! rod is _/ ( an in* 9 diamet] & #cc in*es long f ! bottom ( ! frame at a po9t :]e ! regulat+ nut re/s aga9/ x to ! l[] end ( ! piece ( ! usual gridiron p5dulum %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad at #aj4 ,?is piece %[n is ! usual /yle & size ( ^? 9 ! majority ( ^! clocks & is ! /&>d adopt$ by ! mak]s4 ,?is piece is #aa in*es long f ! upp] leaf ( ! susp5sion spr+1 :i* is %[n at #ab1 to ! l[] end m>k$ #aj4 ,by cutt+ out ! l[] end ( ?is piece1 z %[n at #aj1 & squ>+ ! upp] end ( ! rod1 p9n+ x into ! piece z %[n1 ! union c be made easily & any little adju/m5ts = l5g? c be made by drill+ ano!r set ( holes 9 ! rod & rais+ ! p5dulum by s do+ to ! correct po9t4 ,a rod ^: total l5g? is #cg in*es w leave #b in*es = ! prolongation bel[ ! frame c>ry+ ! regulat+ nut1 #i1 & = ! portion squ>$ at ! top1 & w !n be s long t ! rate ( ! clock w be sl[ & leave a surplus to be cut (f ei!r at ! top or bottom1 z may seem be/4 ,! screw at ! l[] end c>ry+ ! nut %\ld h #cf ?reads to ! in* & ! nut graduat$ to #cj divisions1 ea* ( :i* is equal 9 turn+ ! nut to "o m9ute 9 #bd h\rs1 fa/ or sl[1 z ! case may be4 ,! rod %\ld pass ?r\gh ! frame b>s snugly & n rattle or b9d4 ,x also %\ld h a slot cut s t a p9 c be put ?r\gh ! upp] b> ( ! frame to keep ! frame f turn+ on ! rod & yet all[ x to move up & d[n ab\t an in*4 ,! ?read at ! l[] end ( ! rod %\ld be cut ab\t two in*es 9 l5g? & :5 cutt+ (f ! rod = a f9al l5g?1 put ! nut 9 ! middle ( ! run ( ! ?read & %ort5 ! rod at ! top4 ,?is w be f\nd ! mo/ satisfactory me?od1 = :5 all is adju/$ ! nut w /& 9 ! middle ( its scope & h an equal run = fa/ or sl[ adju/m5t4 ,) ! rod ( ! full l5g? z giv51 ?is p5dulum _h to be cut at ! top ab\t "o in* to br+ to a m9ute or two 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ?is left all o!r po9ts bel[ correct$4 ,! p9 9 ! rod %\ld be adju/$ ! la/ ?+1 z ?is all[s ! rod to slide on ! p9 equal di/ances ea* way4 ,"o in* 9 ! rais+ or l[]+ ( ! frame on ! rod w alt] ! rate = tw5ty-f\r h\rs ab\t eighte5 m9utes4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to comb9e ! good qualities ( ! v>i\s =ms ( p5dulums & ?us produce an in/rum5t :i* w\ld d bett] "w "u ! sev]e exactions ( a/ronomical obs]vatories & ma/] clocks controll+ l>ge sy/ems4 ,! read] %\ld und]/& t1 j z 9 wat* "w1 ! difficulties increase enorm\sly ! ne>] we get t[>ds absolute accuracy1 & :ile anybody c make a p5dulum :i* w /ay )9 a m9ute a mon?1 x takes a v good "o to /ay )9 five seconds p] mon?1 "u ! conditions usually f\nd 9 a /ore1 & su* a p]=mance makes x totally unfit = a/ronomical "w1 :]e v>iations ( n ov] five-?\s&?s ( a second p] day are dem&$4 ,9 ord] to secure su* accuracy e possible aid is giv5 to ! p5dulum4 ,b>ometric errors are avoid$ by enclos+ x 9 an air-tight case1 provid$ ) an air pump2 ! temp]ature is c>efully ma9ta9$ z ne>ly con/ant z possible & its p]=mance is c>efully *eck$ aga9/ ! revolutions ( ! fix$ />s1 :ile v>i\s a/ronom]s *eck _! obs]vations aga9/ ea* o!r by correspond5ce1 s t ea* c get ! rate ( 8 clock by calculations ( obs]vations & ! law ( av]ages1 elim9at+ p]sonal errors4 ,"o ( ! successful attempts at su* a comb9ation ( m]cury & metallic p5dulums is t ( ,riefl]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ae1 :i* illu/rates a seconds p5dulum "o-?irtie? ( ! actual size4 ,x consi/s ( a ,mannesmann /eel tube 7rod71 bore #af mm41 ?ickness ( metal #a mm41 fill$ ) m]cury to ab\t two-?irds ( its l5g?1 ! expansion ( ! m]cury 9 ! tube *ang+ ! c5t] ( weight an am\nt suffici5t to comp5sate = ! l5g!n+ ( ! tube by heat1 or vice v]sa4 ,! p5dulum1 has fur!r1 a metal bob weigh+ sev]al kilograms1 & %ap$ to cut ! air4 ,bel[ ! bob are disc %ap$ weights1 atta*$ by screw ?reads1 = correct+ ! comp5sation1 ! numb] ( :i* may be increas$ or dim9i%$ z appe>s necess>y4 ,:]eas 9 ! ,graham p5dulum regulation = temp]ature is effect$ by alt]+ ! height ( ! column ( m]cury1 9 ?is p5dulum x is effect$ by *ang+ ! position ( ! c5t] ( weight ( ! p5dulum by mov+ ! regulat+ weights ref]r$ to1 & ?us ! height ( ! column ( m]cury always rema9s ! same1 except z x is influ5c$ by ! temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,column ,,( ,,m]cury ,fig4 #ae4 ,a correction ( ! comp5sation %\ld be effect$1 h[ev]1 only 9 case ! p5dulum is to %[ sid]eal "t1 in/ead ( mean sol> "t1 = :i* latt] x is calculat$4 ,9 ?is case a weight ( #aaj to #abj grams %\ld be screw$ on to correct ! comp5sation4 ,9 ord] to calculate ! effect ( ! comp5sation1 x is necess>y to "k precisely ! coeffici5ts ( ! expansion by heat ( ! /eel rod1 ! m]cury1 & ! mat]ial ( :i* ! bob is made4 ,! la/ two ( ^! coeffici5ts ( expansion are ( subord9ate importance1 ! two adju/+ screws = %ift+ ! bob up & d[n be+ fix$ 9 ! middle ( ! latt]4 ,a slight deviation is1 !re=e1 ( no consequ5ce4 ,9 ! calculation = all ^! p5dulums ! co-effici5t = ! bob is1 !re=e1 fix$ at #j4jjjjah1 & = ! m]cury at #j4jjjahacf1 be+ ! close/ approximation hi!rto f\nd = *emically pure m]cury1 su* z t us$ 9 ^! p5dulums4 ,! co-effici5t ( ! expansion ( ! /eel rod is1 h[ev]1 ( great] importance4 ,x is !re=e1 asc]ta9$ = e p5dulum con/ruct$ 9 ,mr4 ,riefl]'s factory1 by ! physikalis*-te*nis*e ,rei*san/alt at ,*>lott5burg1 exam9ations %[+1 9 ! case ( a l>ge numb] ( simil> /eel rods1 t ! co-effici5t ( expansion lies betwe5 #j4jjjjajcd & #j4jjjjaafb4 ,! precision ) :i* ! measurem5ts are c>ri$ out is s great t ! error 9 comp5sation result+ f a possible deviation f ! true value ( ! co-effici5t ( expansion1 z asc]ta9$ by ! ,rei*san/alt1 does n am\nt to ov] #j4jjag2 &1 z ! precision ) :i* ! comp5sation = ea* p5dulum may be calculat$ absolutely precludes any error ( consequ5ce1 ,mr4 ,riefl] is 9 a position to gu>antee t ! probable error ( comp5sation 9 ^! p5dulums w n exce$ #j4jje seconds p] diem & #a v>iation 9 temp]ature4 ,a subsequ5t correction ( ! comp5sation is1 !re=e1 sup]flu\s1 :]eas1 ) all o!r p5dulums x is necess>y1 p>tly because ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( ! mat]ials us$ are arbitr>ily assum$2 & p>tly because none ( ! =mul hi!rto employ$ = calculat+ ! comp5sation c yield an exact result1 = ! reason t !y neglect to notice c]ta9 important influ5ces1 9 p>ticul> t ( ! weight ( ! sev]al p>ts ( ! p5dulum4 ,su* =mul are bas$ on ! assumption t ?is problem c be solv$ by simple geometrical calculation1 :]eas1 its exact solution c be arriv$ at only ) ! aid ( physics4 ,?is is h>dly ! prop] place = details conc]n+ ! l5g?y & r complicat$ calculations requir$ by ! me?od employ$4 ,x is int5d$ to publi% !m lat]1 ei!r 9 "s ma!matical j\rnal or 9 a sep>ate pamphlet4 ,"h ,i w only say t ! object ( ! :ole calculation is to f9d ! all[able or requisite weight ( ! bob1 i4 e41 ! weight proportionate to ! coeffici5ts ( expansion ( ! /eel rod1 dim5sions & weight ( ! rod & ! column ( m]cury be+ giv5 9 ea* sep>ate case4 ,to ?is end ! relations ( all ! p>ts ( ! p5dulum1 bo? 9 reg>d to /atics & in]tia1 h to be asc]ta9$1 & = v>i\s temp]atures4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! p5dulums h already be5 con/ruct$1 & are n[ runn+ 9 a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,"o ( !m is 9 ! obs]vatory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago1 & o!rs are 9 ,europe4 ,! precision ( ?is comp5sation :i* 0 discov]$ by purely !oretical computations1 has be5 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by ! asc]ta9$ records ( _! runn+ at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! p5dulums1 :i* is1 ( c\rse1 almo/ :olly )\t influ5ce on ! comp5sation1 c be effect$ 9 ?ree diff]5t ways2 7#a47 ,! r\gh adju/m5t1 by screw+ ! bob up or d[n4 7#b47 ,a f9] adju/m5t1 by screw+ ! correction discs up or d[n4 7#c47 ,! f9e/ adju/m5t1 by putt+ on additional weights4 ,^! weights are to be plac$ on a cup atta*$ to a special "p ( ! rod ( ! p5dulum4 ,_! %ape & size is su* t !y c be readily put on or tak5 (f :ile ! p5dulum is sw++4 ,_! weight be>s a fix$ proportion to ! /atic mom5tum ( ! p5dulum1 s t ea* additional weight imp>ts to ! p5dulum1 = tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 an accel]ation express$ 9 ev5 seconds & p>ts ( seconds1 & m>k$ on ea* weight4 ,ea* p5dulum is accompani$ ) additional weights ( ,g]man silv]1 = a daily accel]ation ( #a second ea*1 & ditto ( alum9um = an accel]ation ( #j4e & #j4a second respectively4 ,a metal clasp atta*$ on ! re> side ( ! clock case1 may be pu%$ up to hold ! p5dulum 9 su* a way t x c receive no twi/+ motion dur+ adju/m5t4 ,fur!r1 a po9t] is atta*$ to ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum1 = read+ (f ! arc ( oscillation4 ,! ess5tial advantages ( ?is p5dulum ov] ! m]curial comp5sation p5dulums are ! foll[+3 7#a47 ,x foll[s ! *anges ( temp]ature m rapidly1 because a small am\nt ( m]cury is divid$ ov] a great] l5g? ( p5dulum1 :]eas1 9 ! old] ones ! entire 7& decid$ly l>g]7 mass ( m]cury is situat$ 9 a vessel at ! l[] end ( ! p5dulum rod4 7#b47 ,= ?is reason diff]5ces 9 ! temp]ature ( ! air at diff]5t levels h no su* di/urb+ influ5ce on ?is p5dulum z on ! o!rs4 7#c47 ,?is p5dulum is n s /rongly influ5c$ z ! o!rs by *anges 9 ! atmosph]ic pressure1 because ! pr9cipal mass ( ! p5dulum has ! %ape ( a l5s1 & !re=e cuts ! air easily4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,regulations1 ,,susp5sions1 ,,crut*es ,,& ,,m9or ,,po9ts4 ,,regulation4--,! read] w h notic$ t 9 describ+ ! v>i\s =ms ( seconds p5dulums we h specifi$ ei!r eighte5 or ?irty-six ?reads to ! in*2 ?is is because a revolution ( ! nut ) su* a ?read gives u a def9ite proportion ( ! l5g? ( ! rod1 s t x means an ev5 numb] ( seconds 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,mov+ ! bob up or d[n _/ in* makes ! clock hav+ a seconds p5dulum ga9 or lose 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs "o m9ute1 h5ce ! select+ def9ite numb]s ( ?reads has = its reason a philosophical /&po9t1 & is n a matt] ( conv5i5ce & *ance1 z seems to be ! practice ) _m clockmak]s4 ,) a screw ( eighte5 ?reads1 we %all get "o m9ute *ange ( ! clock's rate 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs = e turn ( ! nut1 & if ! nut is divid$ into sixty p>ts at its edge1 ea* ( ^! divisions w make a *ange ( ! clock's rate ( "o second 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?us by us+ a ?read hav+ a def9ite relation to ! l5g? ( ! rod regulat+ is made comp>atively easy1 & a clock c be br\ght to "t )\t delay4 ,suppose1 aft] comp>+ y\r clock = ?ree or f\r days ) "s /&>d1 y f9d x ga9s twelve seconds p] day1 !n1 turn+ ! nut d[n twelve divisions w br+ ! rate d[n to )9 "o second a day 9 "o op]ation1 if ! screw is eighte5 ?reads4 ,) ! screw ?irty-six ?reads ! nut w require mov+ j ! same numb] ( divisions1 only ! divisions are twice z long z ^? ) ! screw ( eighte5 ?reads4 ,! next ?+ is ! size & weight ( ! nut4 ,if x is to be plac$ 9 ! middle ( ! bob z 9 ,figs4 #aj1 #ab & #ae1 x %\ld project slightly beyond ! surface & its diamet] w be gov]n$ by ! ?ickness ( ! bob4 ,if x is an int]nal nut1 work$ by means ( a sleeve & disc1 z 9 ,fig4 #i1 ! disc %\ld be ( suffici5t diamet] to make ! divisions long en\gh to be easily read4 ,if ! nut is ( ! class %[n 9 ,fig4 #e1 #f1 #g1 a nut is mo/ conv5i5t1 #a in* 9 diamet]1 & cut on its edge into ?irty equal divisions1 ea* ( :i* is equal to "o second 9 *ange ( rate 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 if ! screw has ?irty-six ?reads to ! in*4 ,?is gives #c4adaf in*es ( circumf]5ce = ! ?irty divisions1 :i* makes !m long en\gh to be subdivid$ if we *oose1 ea* division be+ a little ov] "o-t5? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 s t qu>t]-seconds may be measur$ or e/imat$4 ,) "s p5dulums1 ,fig4 #ac1 ! bob rotates on ! rod1 & is 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d]1 say #h in*es long by #b in*es 9 diamet]1 & ! bob !n acts on its rod z ! nut does1 & moves up & d[n :5 turn$1 & 9 ?is =m ( bob ! divisions are cut on ! outside edge ( ! cov] ( ! bob1 & are s long t ea* "o is subdivid$ into five or t5 small] divisions1 ea* alt]+ ! clock 4#b or 4#a second p] day4 ,on ! top ( ! bob turn two deep l9es1 close to ! edge1 ab\t -in* ap>t1 & divide ! :ole diamet] into ?irty equal divisions1 & subdivide ea* ( ! ?irty into five1 & ?is w give seconds & fif?s ( seconds = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,ea* ev5 seconds division %\ld be m>k$ heavi] ?an ! fraction1 & %\ld be m>k$ f "o to ?irty ) figures4 ,j above ! cov] on ! rod %\ld slide a %ort tube1 friction-tight1 & to ?is a light index or h& %\ld be fa/5$1 ! po9t ( :i* j rea*es ! seconds circle on ! bob cov]1 & ?us indicates ! division1 its numb] & fraction4 ,! tube slides on ! rod because ! exact place ( ! h& _c be settl$ until x has be5 settl$ by exp]im5t4 ,aft] ?is x c be fa/5$ p]man5tly1 if ?\ght be/1 ?\gh z describ$ x w be all suffici5t4 ,:ile ! bob is be+ rais$ or l[]$ to br+ ! clock to its rate1 ! bob might get too f> away or too ne> to ! index & necessitate its be+ %ift$1 & if friction-tight ?is c be readily accompli%$1 & ! h& be br\ght to j co9cide ) ! divisions & look well & be a means ( accompli%+ v accurate m9ute adju/m5ts4 ,,susp5sions4--,susp5sions are ( f\r k9ds1 cord1 wire loop1 knife edges & spr+s4 ,cords are g5]ally ( loosely twi/$ silk & are seldom f\nd except 9 ! old] clocks ( ,fr5* or ,swiss con/ruction4 ,!y h be5 entirely displac$ 9 ! lat] makes ( ,european manufactures by a d\ble wire loop1 9 :i* ! p5dulum sw+s f a c5tral eye 9 ! loop1 :ile ! loop rocks ^u a r\nd /ud by means ( an eye at ea* end ( ! loop4 ,! eyes %\ld all be 9 planes p>allel to ! plane ( oscillation ( ! p5dulum1 o!rwise ! bob w take an elliptical pa? in/ead ( oscillat+ 9 a plane4 ,!y %\ld also be l>ge en\gh to roll )\t friction ^u ! /ud & c5t] ( ! loop1 z any slipp+ or slid+ ( ei!r w cause !m to soon we> out1 besides affect+ ! rate ( ! p5dulum4 ,prop]ly con/ruct$ loops w give practically no friction & make a v free susp5sion t w la/ z long z ! clock is capable ( keep+ "t1 al?\gh x seems to be a v weak & flimsy me?od ( con/ruction at fir/ sight4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 9 su* cases to keep ! bob f turn+ :5 regulat+ ! clock1 or ! effect ^u ! p5dulum w be ! same z if ! eyes 7 n p>allel4 ,knife edge susp5sions are also r>e n[1 hav+ be5 displac$ by ! spr+1 z x 0 f\nd ! vibrations 7 too free & any *ange 9 p[] introduc$ a circul> error 7,see ,fig4 #d7 by mak+ ! long sw+s 9 long] "t4 ,!y are /ill to be f\nd1 h[ev]1 & 9 repair+ clocks conta9+ !m ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3 ,! upp] surface ( ! /ud on :i* ! p5dulum sw+s %\ld c>ry ! knife edge at its highe/ po9t1 exactly c5tral ) ! l9e ( c5t]s ( ! /ud1 s t :5 ! p5dulum hangs at re/ ! /ud %all tap] equally on bo? sides ( ! c5t]1 ?us giv+ equal fre$om to bo? sides ( ! sw+4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t ! /ud is firmly fix$1 ) ! knife edge exactly at "r angles to ! movem5t1 & also to ! back ( ! case4 ,! susp5sion /ud & ! block on ! rod %\ld be long en\gh to hold ! p5dulum firmly 9 l9e1 z ! angle 9 ! top ( ! rod mu/ be ! sole means ( keep+ ! p5dulum sw++ 9 plane4 ,! /ud5t w also p]ceive ! necessity ( mak+ ! angle occupy ! prop] position on ! rod1 especially if ! latt] be flat4 ,9 repair+ ?is susp5sion x is usual to make ! plate1 fa/5 x 9 place & !n drill & file out ! hole1 z x is easi] to get ! angles exactly 9 ?is way ?an to complete ! plate & !n attempt to fa/5 x 9 ! exact position 9 :i* x %\ld be4 ,aft] fa/5+ ! plates 9 position on ! rod1 two holes %\ld be drill$1 a small "o at ! apex ( ! angle 7:i* mu/ be exactly squ>e & true ) ! rod71 & a l>g] "o bel[ x l>ge en\gh to pass ! files easily4 ,! l>g] hole c !n be enl>g$ to ! prop] size1 fil+ ! angle at ! top 9 su* a way t ! small hole fir/ drill$ =ms ! groove at ! apex ( ! angle 9 :i* ! knife edge ( ! /ud %all "w :5 x is complet$4 ,knife edge susp5sions are unfitt$ = heavy p5dulums1 z ! weight causes ! knife edge to "w into ! groove & cut x1 ev5 if ! latt] be jewel$4 ,bo? ! edge & groove %\ld be h>d5$ & poli%$4 ,,p5dulum ,,susp5sion ,,spr+s4--,next 9 importance to ! p5dulum is its susp5sion spr+4 ,?is spr+ %\ld be j /iff en\gh to make ! p5dulum sw+ 9 all its vibrations 9 ! same "t2 t is1 if ! p5dulum at "o "t swung at ! bottom ( ! j> #a in* ea* side ( ! c5t]1 & at ano!r "t x swung only #a in* ea* side1 t ! two %\ld be made 9 exactly "o second4 ,! susp5sion spr+s are a po9t 9 ! con/ruction ( a f9e p5dulum1 t !re has be5 v mu* !oriz+ on1 b ! exp]im5ts h nev] ?us f> exactly corroborat$ ! !ories & !re are no def9ite rules to g by1 b e mak] holds to t plan & con/ruction t gives 8 p>ticul> works ! be/ results4 ,a spr+ ( suffici5t /r5g? to mat]ially influ5ce ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum is ( c\rse bad1 z x necessitates m p[] to give ! p5dulum its prop] motion & h5ce !re is unnecess>y we> on ! pallets & escape :eel tee?1 & too weak a spr+ is also bad1 z x w\ld n correct any inequalities 9 ! "t ( sw+ & w\ld 9 "t break f ov]load+1 z its granul> /ructure w\ld f9ally *ange1 & rupture ( ! spr+ w\ld foll[4 ,! (fice ( a spr+ is to su/a9 ! weight )\t detrim5t to /r5g? & ela/icity1 & if s proportion$ to ! weight z to be j "r1 x w make ! long & %ort sw+s ( ! p5dulum ( equal duration4 ,:5 a p5dulum hung by a cord or knife edge in/ead ( a spr+ is regulat$ to mean "t & sw+s j two in*es at ! bottom1 any *ange 9 ! p[] t sw+s ! p5dulum w increase its movem5t or decrease x1 & 9 ei!r case ! rate w *ange1 b ) a prop] spr+ ! rate w be con/ant "u l conditions4 ,! action ( ! spr+ is ?is3 ,9 ! long sw+s ! spr+1 z x b5ds1 lifts ! p5dulum bob up a little m ?an ! arc ( ! normal circle 9 :i* x sw+s1 & consequ5tly :5 ! bob desc5ds1 9 go+ to ! c5t] ( its sw+1 x falls a little quick] ?an x does :5 held by a cord1 & ?is extra quick drop c be made to neutralize ! extra "t tak5 by ! bob 9 mak+ extra long sw+s4 ,see ,fig4 #d4 ,?is action is ! iso*ronal action ( ! spr+1 ! same t is atta9$ 9 iso*ronal hair spr+s 9 wat*es4 ,z ) ! hairspr+1 x is q necess>y t ! p5dulum spr+ be accurately adju/$ to iso*ronism & my advice to e jewel] is to ?or\ghly te/ 8 regulator1 :i* c easily be done by *ang+ ! weight or motive p[]4 ,if ! te/ %\ld prove ! lack ( iso*ronism he c adju/ x by foll[+ ^! simple rules4 ,fig4 #af is ! p5dulum spr+ or leaf4 ,if ! %ort arcs %\ld prove ! sl[e/1 make ! spr+ a trifle ?9n] at ,b2 if fa/e/1 r$uce ! ?ickness ( ! spr+ at ,a4 ,cont9ue ! te/ until ! long & %ort arcs are equal4 ,9 do+ ?is c>e mu/ be tak5 to ?9 ea* spr+ equally1 if x is a d\ble spr+1 & ea* edge equally1 if a s+le spr+1 z if "o side be left ?ick] ?an ! o!r ! p5dulum w wabble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,! cause ( a p5dulum wobbl+ is t !re mu/ be some?+ wrong ) ! susp5sion spr+1 or ! bridge t holds ! spr+4 ,if ! susp5sion spr+ is b5t or k9k$1 ! p5dulum w wabble2 or if ! spr+ %\ld be ( an unequal ?ickness x w h ! same effect on ! p5dulum2 b ! ma9 cause ( ! p5dulum wobbl+ 9 ,am]ican clocks is t ! slot 9 ! bridge t holds ! spr+1 or ! slot 9 ! slide t works up & d[n on ! spr+ 7:i* is us$ to regulate ! clock7 is n p>allel4 ,:5 ?is slot is n p>allel x p9*es ! spr+1 front or back1 & all[s x to vibrate m :]e x is ! free/1 caus+ ! p5dulum to wabble4 ,we h f\nd t by mak+ ^! slots p>allel ! wobbl+ ( ! p5dulum has ceas$ 9 mo/ all cases4 ,if ! pallet /aff is n at "r angles to ! crut*1 wobbl+ may be caus$ by ! oblique action ( ! crut*4 ,?is (t5 happ5s :5 ! movem5t is n set squ>e 9 ! case4 ,x occasionally happ5s 9 mantel clocks t ! p5dulum :5 br\ght to "t is j too long = ! case :5 too ?ick a spr+ is us$4 ,9 su* a case ?9n+ ! spr+ w require ! bob to be rais$ a little & also give a bett] motion4 ,if compell$ to make a spr+ use a piece ( ma9spr+ ab\t 4#jjg ?ick & wide = small p5dulums & ! same spr+ d\bl$ = heavi] p5dulums1 mak+ ! act+ "p ( ! spr+ ab\t #a4e in*es long4 ,! susp5sion spr+ = a r heavy p5dulum is bett] divid$1 t is1 two spr+s1 held by two sets ( clamps1 & jo9tly act+ z "o spr+4 ,! l5g? w be ! same z to ! act+ "p1 & t "p held at ea* end by ! clamps may be in* long2 total l5g?1 #a4e in*es ) in* at ea* end held 9 ! clamps4 ,^! clamps are be/ sold]$ on to ! spr+ ) v l[ fl[+ sold] s z n to draw ! temp] ( ! spr+1 & !n two rivets put ?r\gh ! :ole1 ne> ! l[] edge ( ! clamps4 ,! object ( secur+ ! clamps s firmly is s t ! spr+ may n b5d beyond ! edge ( ! clamps1 z if ?is %\ld take place ! clock w be ?r[n (f ( its rate4 ,aft] a "t ! rate w\ld settle & become /eady1 b x only causes an extra p]iod ( regulat+ t does n occur :5 ! clamps hold ! spr+ immovable at ?is po9t4 ,ab\t 9 ! c5t] ( ea* ( ! clamps1 :5 sold]$ & rivet$1 is to be a hole bor$ = a p91 :i* p9s ! clamp into ! bracket & holds ! weight ( ! p5dulum4 ,! wid? ( ?is comp\nd spr+ = a seconds' p5dulum ( av]age weight may be 4#fj in*1 f outside to outside1 ea* spr+ 4#ae in* wide4 ,?is w sep>ate ! spr+s 4#cj in* 9 ! c5t]4 ,) ?is =m ( spr+1 ! l[] end ( ea* spr+ be+ held 9 a pair ( clamps1 ! clamps w h to be let into ! top ( ! rod1 & held 9 by a /\t p91 or ! p5dulum f9i%$ ) a hook :i* w fit ! clamp4 ,9 lett+ ! clamp into ! rod1 ! clamp %\ld j g into ! mortise & be )\t side %ake1 b tilt ea* way f ! c5t] a little on ! p91 s t :5 ! p5dulum is hung x may hang p]p5dicul>1 directly 9 ! c5t] ( bo? spr+s4 ,also1 ! top pair ( clamps %\ld fit into a bracket )\t %ake1 & tilt a little on a p91 ! same z ! l[] clamps4 ,^! two po9ts1 ea* mov+ a little1 helps to take any side twi/ away1 & all[s ! :ole me*anism to sw+ 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( gravity ( ! mass f end to end4 ,) ! p>ts well made1 z describ$1 ! bob w sw+ 9 a /raight l9e f side to side1 & its pa? w be )\t any o!r motion except ! "o ( slight curvature1 due to be+ susp5d$ by a fix$ po9t at ! upp] clamp4 ,,p5dulum ,,supports4--,/ability 9 ! movem5t & 9 ! susp5sion ( ! p5dulum is v necess>y 9 all =ms ( clocks = accurate timekeep+4 ,! p5dulum %\ld be hung on a bracket atta*$ to ! back ( ! case 7see ,fig4 #f71 & n be subject to di/urbance :5 ! movem5t is clean$4 ,also ! movem5t %\ld re/ on two brackets atta*$ to ! bracket hold+ ! p5dulum & ! :ole be v firmly secur$ to ! back bo>d ( ! case4 ,screws %\ld g ?r\gh ! foot pieces ( ! brackets & into a /one or brick wall & be v firmly held aga9/ ! wall j back ( ! brackets4 ,any in/ability 9 ?is "p ( a clock is v productive ( poor rates4 ,! bracket1 to be 9 its be/ =m1 is made ( ca/ iron1 ) a l>ge foot c>ry+ all ?ree sep>ate brackets1 well screw$ to a /rong back bo>d & ! :ole secur$ to ! masonry by bolts4 ,too mu* firmness _c be atta9$1 z a lack ( x is a v great fault1 & _m a good clock is a v poor timekeep]1 due to a lack ( firmness 9 its supports & fa/5+s4 ,! late ,edw>d ,h[>d us$ to make 8 a/ronomical clocks ) a heavy ca/ iron back1 to :i* ! re/ ( ! case 0 screw$1 s t ! p5dulum %\ld n sw+ ! case4 ,any ext]nal influ5ce t vibrates a wall or f\ndation on :i* a clock is plac$1 is a di/urb+ influ5ce1 b an in/ability 9 a clock's atta*m5t to su* supports is a great] "o4 ,_m p5dulums sw+ ! case 9 :i* !y hang 7f un/able sett+ up7 & nev] get d[n to or ma9ta9 a satisfactory rate f t cause4 ,?is is also aggravat$ by ! habit ( plac+ gr&fa!r clocks on /air l&+s or o!r places subject to j>r+4 ,! writ] kn[s ( sev]al clocks :i*1 aft] be+ clean$1 kept /opp+ until rais$ (f ! floor & bolt$ to ! wall1 :5 !y at once took an excell5t rate4 ,! appe>ance ( re/+ on ! floor may be pres]v$1 if desirable1 by rais+ ! clock only half an in* or s1 j en\gh to free x f ! floor4 ,,crut*es4--,! impulse is transmitt$ to ! p5dulum f ! pallet /aff by means ( a wire1 or sl5d] rod1 fa/5$ at its upp] end to ! pallet /aff & hav+ its l[] end t]m9at+ 9 a =k 7crut*71 loop1 or b5t at "r angles s z to "w freely 9 a slot 9 ! rod4 ,x is also call$ ! v]ge wire1 ow+ to ! fact t old] writ]s & _m ( ! old] workm5 call$ ! pallet =k ! v]ge1 ?us cont9u+ ! old] nom5clature1 al?\gh ( necessity ! v]ge disappe>$ :5 ! cr[n :eel 0 disc>d$4 ,9 ord] to avoid friction at ?is v important po9t1 ! c5t]s ( bo? axes ( oscillation1 t ( ! pallet arbor & t ( ! p5dulum spr+1 :]e x b5ds1 %\ld be 9 a /raight horizontal l9e4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! c5t] ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum be high]1 !n ! =k & ! p5dulum describe two diff]5t arcs ( circles2 t ( ! p5dulum w be great] ?an t ( ! =k at _! meet+ po9t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! c5t] ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum be l[] ?an t ( ! =k1 !y w also describe two diff]5t arcs1 & t ( ! p5dulum w be small] ?an t ( ! =k at _! po9t ( meet+4 ,?is1 z c be readily und]/ood1 w cause friction 9 ! =k1 ! p5dulum go+ up & d[n 9 x4 ,?is is prev5t$ :51 z /at$ be=e1 ! c5t] ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum is 9 ! prolong$ /raight imag9>y l9e go+ ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! pivots ( ! =k1 :i* w cause ! arcs describ$ by ! =k & ! p5dulum to be ! same4 ,x w be well und]/ood f ! =ego+ t ! p5dulum %\ld nei!r be susp5d$ high] nor l[]1 nor to ! left1 nor to ! "r ( ! =k4 ,if ! c5t]s ( motion d n co9cide1 z is (t5 ! case ) *eap clocks ) recoil escapem5ts1 any r\ghness ( ! p5dulum rod :]e x slides on ! crut* w /op ! clock1 & repair]s %\ld always see to x t ?is po9t is made z smoo? z possible & be v slightly oil$ :5 sett+ up4 ,if putt+ 9 a new v]ge wire1 ! workman c always tell :]e to b5d x to =m ! loop by notic+ :]e ! rod is worn & =m+ ! loop s t x w rea* ! c5t] ( t old crut* or loop m>k on ! p5dulum rod4 ,if ! v]ge wire is too long1 x w give too great an arc to ! p5dulum if ! latt] is hung bel[ ! pallet arbor1 z is g5]ally ! case ) recoil escapem5ts ( ! *eap clocks1 & if x is too %ort !re w n be suffici5t p[] appli$ to ! p5dulum :5 ! clock gets dirty & ! oil dries1 9 :i* case ! clock w /op be=e ! spr+ runs d[n4 ,an important ?+ to look aft] :5 repair+ is 9 ! v]ge wire & loop 7! slot ! p5dulum rod goes ?r\gh74 ,aft] ! clock is set up & oil$1 put x on a level %elf2 h a special adju/$ %elf = ?is level adju/+1 "o t is absolutely correct4 ,h ! dial (f4 ,if ! beat is (f on "o side1 s t x bangs up heavily on "o side ( ! escape :eel1 b5d ! v]ge wire ! same way4 ,t w rev]se ! action & put x 9 beat4 ,s f> s good--b don't /op n[4 ,j notice :e!r if t %elf 7 tipp$ =w>d or back1 z p]haps y\r cu/om]'s may1 t ! p5dulum %\ld /ill hang plumb & free4 ,n[ if ! top ( y\r clock tips =w>d1 ! p5dulum ball incl9es to hang out t[>d ! front4 ,we w suppose y put two small w$ges "u ! back ( ! case4 ,n[ notice 9 its hang+ out :e!r ! p5dulum rod p9*es or be>s 9 ! ?roat ( ! v]ge2 or if x tips back1 see if ! rod hits ! o!r end ( ! slot4 ,?is v]ge slot %\ld be long en\gh1 ) ! rod hang+ 9 ! middle :5 adju/$ to beat on a level1 to admit ( ! clock pit*+ =w>d or back a little )\t creat+ a friction on ! ends ( ! slot4 ,?is little loop %\ld be op5 j en\gh to be nice & free2 if op5 too mu*1 y w notice ! pallet =k w make a little jump :5 c>ry+ ! ball ov] by h&4 ,?is is lo/ motion4 ,if ?is little b5d ( wire is n p>allel x may be op5$ en\gh inside1 b if pit*$ =w>d a little x w b9d 9 ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! ,v & !n ! clock w /op4 ,! clock beat & ! tipp+ out or 9 ( ! clock case1 caus+ a b9d+ or be>+ ( ! p5dulum rod 9 ?is v]ge ?roat1 does m t[>ds /opp+ clocks j repair$ ?an all o!r causes4 ,,putt+ ,,9 ,,beat4--,to put a clock 9 beat1 hang ! clock 9 su* a position t :5 ! p5dulum is at re/ "o too? ( ! escape :eel w re/ on ! c5t] ( a pallet /one4 ,screw$ on ! case ( ! clock at ! bottom ( ! p5dulum !re is1 or %\ld be1 an index m>k$ ) degrees4 ,n[1 :ile ! escape :eel too? is re/+ on ! pallet1 z expla9$ above1 ! index ( ! p5dulum %\ld po9t to z]o on ! index4 ,move ! p5dulum until ! too? j escapes & note h[ _m degrees beyond z]o ! p5dulum po9t is4 ,say x escapes #b to ! left2 n[ move ! p5dulum until ! next too? escapes--x %\ld escape #b to ! "r4 ,b let u suppose x does n escape until ! index ( ! p5dulum regi/]s #e to ! "r ( z]o4 ,9 ?is case ! rod atta*$ to ! pallets mu/ be b5t until ! escape :eel tee? escape :5 ! p5dulum is mov$ an ev5 numb] ( degrees to ! "r & left ( z]o1 :5 ! clock w be 9 beat4 ,,close ,,rat+ ,,) ,,%ot4--,v close rat+ ( a seconds' p5dulum1 accompani$ by records 9 ! book1 may be got ) ! nut alone1 b !re is ! inconv5i5ce ( /opp+ ! clock to make an alt]ation4 ,?is may be avoid$ by hav+ a small cup ! size ( a ?imble or small pill box on ! p5dulum top4 ,?is c be lift$ (f & put back )\t di/urb+ ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,9 us+ x a numb] ( small %ot1 select$ ( equal size1 are put 91 say #fj1 & ! clock br\ght z ne>ly z possible to "t by ! nut4 ,aft] a few days ! cup may be empti$ & put back1 :5 on fur!r trial ! value ( ! #fj %ot 9 seconds a day w be f\nd4 ,?is value divid$ by #fj w give ! value ( a s+le %ot1 by kn[+ :i* v small alt]ations ( rate may be made ) a def9ite approa* t[>ds accuracy1 & 9 mu* less "t ?an by putt+ 9 or tak+ out "o or m %ot at r&om4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,torsion ,,p5dulums ,,= ,,f\r-,,hundr$ ,,day ,,clocks4 ,z ?is p5dulum is only f\nd 9 ! #djj-;day1 or annual w9d1 or anniv]s>y clocks 7!y are kn[n by all ( ^! names71 x is be/ to describe ! p5dulum & movem5t toge!r1 z its relations to ! "w to be done may be m easily p]ceiv$4 ,rotat+ p5dulums ( ?is k9d--t is1 9 :i* ! bob rotates by ! twi/+ ( ! susp5sion rod or spr+--w n be> comp>ison ) vibrat+ p5dulums = accurate timekeep+4 ,!y are only us$ :5 a long p]iod betwe5 w9d+s is requir$4 ,small clocks to g = twelve mon?s ) "o w9d+ h ! torsion p5dulum ribbons ( flat /eel ab\t six in*es long1 mak+ #ae beats p] m9ute4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! beat ( su* a p5dulum dep5ds on ! p[] ( ! susp5d+ ribbon to resi/ twi/+1 & ! weight & di/ance f ! c5t] ( motion ( ! bob4 ,9 fact1 ! action ( ! bob & susp5d+ ribbon is v analog\s to t ( a balance & balance spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,9 ord] to get good "t f a clock ( ?is "*1 x %\ld be made ) a dead-beat escapem5t4 ,) su* an escapem5t !re is no motion ( ! escape :eel1 aft] ! too? drops on ! lock+ face ( ! pallet2 ! escape :eel is dead & does n move aga9 until x />ts to give ! pallet impulse4 ,?is /yle ( an escapem5t all[s ! p5dulum z mu* fre$om to vibrate z possible1 z ! =k 9 "o =m ( ?is escapem5t may leave ! pallet p9 z soon z ! latt] /rikes ! gu>d p9s1 z 9 ! ord9>y lev] escapem5t ( a wat*1 & x w rema9 9 t position until ! return ( ! =k unlocks ! escapem5t to receive ano!r impulse4 ,b1 ,fig4 #ag1 repres5ts ! escape :eel2 ,c1 ! pallet2 ,e1 pallet /aff2 ,d1 ! pallet p9 rivett$ on to ! pallet /aff ,e1 :i* works 9 ! slot or =k ,h2 ?is =k is screw$ fa/ to ! spr+4 ,! spr+ ,g is made ( a piece ( flat /eel wire & looks l a clock hairspr+ /raight5$ out4 ,g is fa/ to ! coll> ,i & re/s on a seat screw$ to ! plate ( ! clock1 z %[n at ,p2 ! spr+ is also fa/5$ to ! p5dulum ball ,o ) screws2 ! ball makes ab\t "o & "o-half revolutions ea* beat1 :i* causes ! spr+ to twi/4 ,x twi/s m at ! po9t ,s ?an x does at ,l2 z x twi/s at ,l x c>ries ! =k ) x1 s t ! latt] vibrates f "o side to ! o!r1 simil> to a =k 9 a wat*4 ,?is =k ,h c>ries ! p9 ,d1 :i* is fa/ to ! pallet /aff ,e1 f> en\gh to all[ ! tee? to escape4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,9 ! mo/ common =m ( ?is escapem5t1 see ,fig4 #ah1 ! =k does n all[ ! p9 ,d to leave ! slot ,h1 & ! beat p9s are abs5t1 ! p5dulum n be+ z highly deta*$ z 9 ! =m previ\sly m5tion$4 ,9 ?is case great c>e mu/ be tak5 to h ! edges ( ! slot1 :i* slide on ! pallet p91 smoo?1 p>allel & prop]ly bevel$1 s z n to b9d on ! p94 ,! p5dulum ball makes f eight to sixte5 vibrations a m9ute4 ,( c\rse ! numb] dep5ds ^u ! tra9 ( ! clock4 ,9 susp5d+ ! p5dulum x is necess>y to v]ify ! drop ( ! tee? ( ! escape :eel z foll[s3 ,! p5dulum is susp5d$ & ! lock+ position ( ! pallets m>k$1 tak+ z a guid+ po9t ! long1 regulat+ screw1 :i*1 fix$ transv]sely 9 ! support1 s]ves = adju/+ ! small susp5sion block4 ,an impulse ( ab\t a ?ird ( a turn is giv5 to ! p5dulum :ile obs]v+ ! escapem5t4 ,if ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum1 measur$ on ! two sides1 tak+ ! lock+ po9t z ! base1 are symmetrical1 ! drop is also equal1 & ! rate ( ! clock regul> & exact2 b if ! tee? ( ! escape :eel are unlock$ soon] on "o side ?an on ! o!r1 s t ! p5dulum 9 its sw+ passes beyond ! symmetrical po9t on "o ( ! pallets & does n rea* x on ! o!r1 x is necess>y to correct ! unequal drop4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,! susp5sion block ,b1 ,fig4 #ah1 betwe5 ! jaws ( :i* ! /eel ribbon is press$ by two screws1 has a l[] cyl9drical portion1 :i* is fitt$ 9 a hole made 9 ! seat1 & is kept immovable by ! screw ,a4 ,if ! vibration ( ! p5dulum passes beyond ! prop] po9t on ! left side1 x is necess>y to loos5 ,a & turn ! susp5sion block slightly to ! "r4 ,if ! deviation is produc$ 9 ! opposite direction1 x is necess>y to turn x to ! left4 ,^! corrections %\ld be repeat$ until ! drop ( ! escape :eel tee? on ! pallets is exactly equal on ! two sides4 ,z ! drop is (t5 di/urb$ by ! fact t ! long ?9 /eel ribbon has be5 twi/$ 9 clean+1 tak+ ap>t or h&l+ by unskill$ p]sons be=e com+ to ! wat*mak]1 x is desirable to te/ ! escapem5t aga91 :5 ! clock is put into position on ! premises ( ! buy]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,! tim+ adju/m5t ( ! p5dulum is effect$ ) ! aid ( regulat+ weights1 plac$ on ! ball4 ,by mov+ ^! away f ! c5t] by means ( a "r & left h& screw on ! c5t] ( ! disk 7see ,fig4 #ai71 ! c5trifugal =ce is augm5t$1 ! oscillations ( ! p5dulum slack5$1 & ! clock goes sl[]4 ,! contr>y effect is produc$ if ! weights are br\ght ne>] ! c5t]4 ,9 "o =m ( ball ! %ift+ ( ! regulat+ weights is accompli%$ by a comp5sat+ spr+ ( /eel & brass l ! rim ( a wat* balance1 ,fig4 #bj4 ,if necess>y to replace ! p5dulum spr+1 ! adju/m5t is comm5c$ by %ort5+ or l5g!n+ ! /eel ribbon to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,= ?is purpose ! end ( ! spr+ is all[$ to project above ! susp5sion block z a res]ve until adju/m5t has be5 complet$1 :5 x may be cut (f4 ,if ! space betwe5 ! ball & ! bottom ( ! case1 or ! bottom ( ! movem5t plates1 does n all[ ( atta9+ ?is end1 x is necess>y to increase or decrease ! weight ( ! disk1 add+ "o or sev]al plates ( metal 9 a depression made 9 ! "u side ( ! ball1 & remov+ ! plates screw$ to x1 :i* are too light4 ,!re are "s peculi>ities ( ! tra9s ( ^! clocks4 ,! cannon p9ion is provid$ ) a re-en=c+ spr+1 s]v+ z guide to ! dial "w1 on :i* x ex]cises a suffici5t pressure to assure precise work+4 ,! pressure ( ?is spr+ is important1 because if ! dial "w presses too h>d on ! p9ion ( ! m9ute :eel1 ! latt] engag+ directly ) ! escape :eel1 w\ld transmit to ! latt] all ! =ce employ$ 9 sett+ ! h&s4 ,! tee? ( ! escape :eel w\ld incur damage & ! consequ5t irregul>ity or ev5 /opp+ ( ! clock w\ld naturally foll[4 ,9 ord] t x may run = s long a "t1 ! motive =ce is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! tra9 by ! int]v5tion ( ?ree supplem5t>y :eels betwe5 ! m9ute :eel & ! b>rel1 9 ord] to avoid ! employm5t ( too l>ge a b>rel2 ! ?ird :eel is omitt$2 ! motion "w is ge>$ imm$iately ) ! arbor ( ! escape :eel4 ,x is evid5t t ! sy/em ( ! ?ree int]m$iate :eels1 ( :i* we h spok51 requires = ! motive =ce a b>rel spr+ mu* /rong] ?an t ( ord9>y clocks4 ,! po9ts :i* we h notic$ are ( ! mo/ importance ) ref]5ce to ! repair & keep+ 9 ord] ( an annual clock4 ,x v (t5 happ5s t :5 ! repair] does n und]/& ^! clocks1 irregul>ities are s\ght = :]e !y d n exi/4 ,! pivot holes are bu%$ & ! dep?+s alt]$1 :5 a m intellig5t exam9ation w\ld %[ t ! /opp+1 or ! irregul> rate ( ! clock1 proce$s only f ! condition ( ! escapem5t4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 !y are p]fectly adju/$1 a v>iation ( five m9utes a week is a close rate = !m1 & mo/ ( ^? 9 use w v>y /ill m4 ,annual clocks are enjoy+ an increas$ favor ) ! public2 _! good qualities all[ confid5ce1 ! rate be+ q regul> :5 9 prop] ord]4 ,!y are suitable = (fices2 _! sil5t runn+ recomm5ds !m = ! sick *amb]1 & ! subdu$ elegance ( _! decoration causes ! be/ ( !m to be valu$ ornam5ts 9 ! home4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,angul> ,,measurem5t--,,h[ ,,to ,,read ,,draw+s4 ,we n[ come to a po9t at :i*1 if we are to keep our p5dulum vibrat+1 we mu/ apply p[] to x1 ev5ly1 accurately & 9 small doses4 ,9 ord] to d ?is conv5i5tly we mu/ /ore up en]gy by rais+ a weight or w9d+ a spr+ & all[ ! weight to fall or ! spr+ to unw9d v sl[ly1 say 9 ?irty h\rs or 9 eight days4 ,?is br+s ab\t ! necessity ( *ang+ rot>y motion to reciprocat+ motion1 & ! sev]al devices = do+ ?is are call$ 8escapem5ts0 9 horology1 ea* be+ fur!r designat$ by ! names ( _! inv5tors1 or by "s peculi>ity ( ! devices !mselves2 ?us1 ! ,graham is also call$ ! dead beat escapem5t2 ,le ,paute's is ! p9 :eel2 ,d5nison's 9 its v>i\s =ms is call$ ! gravity2 ,hooke's is kn[n z ! recoil2 ,brocot's z ! visible escapem5t1 etc4 ,,! ,,me*anical ,,elem5ts4--,we %all und]/& ?is subject m cle>ly1 p]haps1 if we fir/ sep>ate ^! me*anical devices into _! compon5t p>ts & consid] !m1 n z p>ts ( clocks1 b z v>i\s =ms ( lev]s1 :i* !y really are4 ,?is is p]haps ! be/ place to consid] ! lev]s we are us+ to transmit ! en]gy to ! p5dulum1 z at ?is po9t we %all f9d a great] v>iety ( =ms ( ! lev] ?an 9 any o!r place 9 ! clock1 & we %all h less difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! me?ods ( calculat+ = "t & p[] by a ?or\gh prelim9>y und]/&+ ( lev]age & ! peculi>ities ( angul> or circul> motion4 ,if we take a b>1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ba1 & place "u x a fulcrum1 ,b1 !n by apply+ at ,c a giv5 =ce1 we %all be able to lift at ,d a weight ^: am\nt w be gov]n$ by ! relative di/ances ( ,c & ,d f ! fulcrum ,b4 ,if ! di/ance ,,cb is f\r times t ( ,,bd1 !n a =ce ( #aj p\nds at ,c w lift #dj p\nds at ,d1 = "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ,c moves1 m9us ! p[] lo/ by friction4 ,! rev]se ( ?is is also true2 t is1 x w take #dj p\nds at ,d to ex]t a =ce ( #aj p\nds at ,c & ! #aj p\nds w\ld be lift$ f\r times z f> z ! #dj p\nd weight 0 depress$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,if in/ead ( a weight we sub/itute o!r lev]s1 ,fig4 #bb1 ! result w\ld be ! same1 except t we %\ld move ! o!r lev]s until ! ends :i* 7 9 contact slipp$ ap>t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,if we divide our lev] & atta* ! long end to "o portion ( an axle1 z at ,a1 ,fig4 #bc1 & ! %ort end to ano!r "p ( x at ,b1 ! result w be ! same z long z ! proportions ( ! lev] are n *ang$4 ,x w /ill transmit p[] or imp>t motion accord+ to ! relative l5g?s ( ! two p>ts ( ! lev]4 ,! capacity ( our lev]s1 ,fig4 #bb1 w be limit$ by t po9t at :i* ! ends ( ! lev]s w sep>ate1 because !y are held at ! po9ts ( ! fulcrums & con/ra9$ to move 9 circles by ! fulcrums4 ,if we put m lev]s on ! same axles1 s spac$ t ano!r set w come into action z ! fir/ pair are dis5gag$1 we c cont9ue our transmission ( p[]1 ,fig4 #bd2 & if we foll[ ?is ) /ill o!rs until we c add no m = want ( room we %all h :eels & p9ions1 ! collection ( %ort lev]s =m+ ! p9ion & ! gr\p ( long lev]s =m+ ! :eel1 ,fig4 #be4 ,?us e :eel & p9ion m\nt$ toge!r on an arbor are simply a collection ( lev]s1 ea* :eel too? & its correspond+ p9ion leaf =m+ "o lev]4 ,?is expla9s :y ! =ce decreases & ! motion increases 9 proportion to ! relative l5g?s ( ! radii ( ! :eels & p9ions1 s t eight or t5 turns ( ! b>rel ( a clock w run ! escape :eel all day4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,we n[ come to ! v]ge or an*or1 & "h we h ! same sort ( lev] 9 a diff]5t =m2 ! v]ge wire1 :i* presses on ! p5dulum rod & keeps x go+ is ! long arm ( our lev]1 b in/ead ( _m !re is only "o4 ,! %ort arm ( our lev] is ! pallet1 & !re are two ( ^!4 ,!re=e we h a =m ( lev] 9 :i* !re is "o long arm & two %ort ones2 b z ! two are nev] act+ at ! same "t !y d n int]f]e ) ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,^! sy/ems ( lev]s h ano!r advantage1 :i* is t "o arm ne$ n be on ! opposite side ( ! fulcrum f ! o!r4 ,x may be on ! same side z 9 ! v]ge or at any o!r conv5i5t po9t4 ,?is enables u to save space 9 arrang+ our tra9s1 z su* a collection ( :eels & p9ions is call$1 by plac+ !m 9 any position :i*1 on acc\nt ( o!r facts1 may seem desirable4 ,,peculi>ities ,,( ,,angul> ,,motion4--,n[ our collections ( lev]s mu/ move 9 c]ta9 directions 9 ord] to be s]viceable & 9 ord] to describe ^! ?+s prop]ly1 we mu/ h names = ^! movem5ts s t we c convey our ?\ghts to ea* o!r4 ,let u see h[ !y move4 ,!y w n move v]tically 7up or d[n7 or horizontally 7sidewise71 because we h tak5 great pa9s to prev5t !m f do+ s by conf9+ ! c5tral b>s ( our lev]s 9 a fix$ position by mak+ pivots on _! ends & fitt+ !m c>efully into pivot holes 9 ! plates1 s t !y c move only 9 "o plane1 & t movem5t mu/ be 9 a circul> direction 9 t pr$et]m9$ plane4 ,consequ5tly we mu/ designate any movem5t 9 t]ms ( ! portions ( a circle1 because t is ! only way !y c move4 ,^! portions ( a circle are call$ angles1 :i* is a g5]al t]m mean+ always a portion ( a circle1 measur$ f its c5t]2 ?is w p]haps be pla9] if we consid] t :5ev] we want to be specific 9 m5tion+ any p>ticul> size ( angle we mu/ speak ( x 9 degrees1 m9utes & seconds1 :i* are ! names ( ! /&>d p>ts into :i* a circle is divid$4 ,n[ 9 e circle1 l>ge or small1 !re are #cfj degrees1 because a degree is _/? "p ( a circle1 & ?is measurem5t is always f its c5t]4 ,consequ5tly a degree1 or any angle compos$ ( a numb] ( degrees1 is always ! same1 because1 be+ measur$ f its c5t]1 su* measurem5ts ( any two circles w co9cide z f> z !y g4 ,if we draw two circles hav+ _! c5t]s ov] ea* o!r at ,a1 ,fig4 #bf1 & take a t5? "p ( ea*1 we %all h #cfj #aj #cf1 :i* we %all m>k out by draw+ radial l9es to ! circumf]5ce ( ea* circle1 & we %all f9d ?is to be true2 ! radii ( ! small] circle ,,ab & ,,ac w co9cide ) ! radii ,,ad & ,,ae z f> z !y g4 ,?is is because ea* is ! t5? "p ( its circle1 measur$ f its c5t]4 ,n[ t portion ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! circle ,,bc w be small] ?an ! same portion ,,de ( ! l>g] circle1 b ea* w be a t5? "p ( its own circle1 al?\gh !y are n ! same size :5 measur$ by a rule on ! circumf]5ce4 ,?is is a po9t :i* has bo!r$ s _m p :5 tak+ up ! /udy ( angul> measurem5t t we h tri$ to make x absurdly cle>4 ,an angle nev] means s _m feet1 in*es or millimet]s2 x always means a portion ( a circle1 measur$ f ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4 ,!re is "o feature ab\t ^! angul> 7or circul>7 measurem5ts t is ( great conv5i5ce1 :i* is t z no def9ite size is m5tion$1 b only proportionate sizes1 ! description ( ! ma*9e describ$ ne$ n be *ang$ = any size desir$1 z x w fit all sizes4 ,x ?us becomes a flexible t]m1 l ! fraction 8"o-half10 *ang+ its size to suit ! occasion4 ,?us1 "o-half ( #cjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat is #aej1jjj bu%els2 "o-half ( #aj bu%els is #e bu%els2 "o-half ( "o bu%el is two pecks2 yet ea* is "o-half4 ,x is s ) our angles4 ,!re are "s o!r t]ms :i* we %all d well to inve/igate be=e we leave ! subject ( angul> measurem5ts1 :i* are ! relations betwe5 ! /raight & curv$ l9es we %all ne$ to /udy 9 our draw+s ( ! v>i\s escapem5ts4 ,a radius 7plural radii7 is a /raight l9e drawn f ! c5t] ( a circle to its circumf]5ce4 ,a tang5t is a /raight l9e drawn outside ! circumf]5ce1 t\*+ 7b n cutt+7 x at "r angles 7#ij degrees7 to a radius drawn to ! po9t ( tang5cy 7po9t :]e x t\*es ! circumf]5ce74 ,a g5]al misund]/&+ ( ?is t]m 7tang5t7 has done mu* to h9d] a prop] compreh5sion ( ! writ]s :o h attempt$ to make cle> ! my/]ies ( ! escapem5ts4 ,its importance w be se5 :5 we recollect t ab\t ! fir/ ?+ we d 9 lay+ out an escapem5t is to draw tang5ts to ! pit* circle ( ! escape :eel & plant our pallet c5t] :]e ^! tang5ts int]sect on ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,!y %\ld always be drawn at "r angles to ! radii :i* m>k ! angles we *oose = ! work+ portion ( our escape :eel4 ,if prop]ly drawn we %all f9d t ! pallet arbor w !n locate itself at ! correct di/ance f ! escape :eel c5t] = any desir$ angle ( escapem5t4 ,we %all also discov] t x w take a diff]5t c5t] di/ance = e diff]5t angle & yet ea* diff]5t position w be ! correct "o = its angle1 ,fig4 #bg4 ,because an angle is always ! same1 no matt] h[ f> f ! c5t] ! radii def9+ x are c>ri$1 we are able to "w conv5i5tly ) l>ge draw+ in/rum5ts on small draw+s4 ,?us we c use an eight or t5 in* protractor 9 lay+ (f our angles1 s z to get ! degrees l>ge en\gh to measure accurately1 m>k ! degrees ) dots on our pap] & !n draw our l9es ) a /raight edge f ! c5t] t[>ds ! dots1 z f> z we wi% to g4 ,?us we c lay (f ! angles on a "o-in* escape :eel ) a t5 in* protractor m easily & correctly ?an if we 7 us+ a small] in/rum5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* w help u 9 und]/&+ ^! draw+s is t ! effective l5g? ( a lev] is its di/ance f ! c5t] to ! work+ po9t1 measur$ 9 a /raight l9e4 ,?us 9 a pallet ( a clock ! di/ance ( ! pallets f ! c5t] ( ! pallet arbor is ! effective l5g? ( t arm ( ! lev]1 no matt] h[ x may be curv$ = ornam5t or = o!r reasons4 ,! l9es & circles drawn to enable u to take ! necess>y measurem5ts ( angles & c5t] di/ances are call$ 8con/ruction l9es0 & are g5]ally dott$ on ! pap] to enable u to di/+ui% !m z l9es = measurem5t only1 :ile ! l9es :i* are int5d$ to def9e ! actual %apes ( ! pieces ?us drawn are solid l9es4 ,by obs]v+ ?is di/9ction we are enabl$ to %[ ! actual %apes ( ! objects & all _! angul> measurem5ts cle>ly on ! "o draw+4 ,) ^! explanations ! /ud5t %\ld be able to read cle>ly & correctly ! _m draw+s :i* foll[1 & we w n[ turn our att5tion to ! escapem5ts4 ,9 do+ ?is we %all meet ) a con/ant use ( c]ta9 t]ms :i* h a peculi> & special mean+ :5 appli$ to escapem5ts4 ,,! ,,lift is ! am\nt ( angul> motion imp>t$ to ! v]ge or an*or by ! tee? ( ! escape :eel press+ aga9/ ! pallets & pu%+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r out ( ! way1 s t ! escape :eel tee? may pass4 ,accord+ z ! angul> motion is m or less ! 8lift0 is said to be great] or less2 z ?is motion is circul>1 x mu/ be express$ 9 degrees4 ,! lift+ planes are ^? surfaces :i* produce ?is motion2 9 clocks ) p5dulums ! lift+ planes are g5]ally on ! pallets1 be+ ^? h>d & smoo?ly poli%$ surfaces ov] :i* ! po9ts ( ! escape :eel tee? slide 9 escap+4 ,9 lev] escapem5ts ! lift+ planes are frequ5tly on ! escape :eel1 ! pallets be+ m]ely r\nd p9s4 ,su* an escape :eel is said to h club tee?1 z di/+ui%$ f ! po9t$ tee? us$ :5 ! lift+ planes are on ! pallets4 ,9 ! cyl9d] escapem5t ! lift+ planes are on ! escape :eel2 !y are curv$ in/ead ( be+ /raight2 & !re is b "o pallet1 :i* is on ! lip ( ! cyl9d]4 ,9 ! =ms ( lev] escapem5t us$ 9 wat*es & "s clocks ! lift is divid$1 "p ( ! lift+ planes be+ also on ! pallets2 9 ?is case bo? sets ( planes are %ort] ?an if !y 7 entirely on "o or ! o!r1 b !y mu/ be long en\gh s t comb9$ !y w produce ! requisite am\nt ( angul> motion ( ! pallets1 s z to give ! requisite impulse to ! p5dulum or balance4 ,,! ,,drop is ! am\nt ( circul> motion1 measur$ 9 degrees1 :i* ! escape :eel has f ! in/ant ! too? escapes f "o pallet to t po9t at :i* x is /opp$ by ! o!r pallet cat*+ ano!r too?4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ! tra9 is runn+ d[n )\t imp>t+ any p[] to ! p5dulum or balance1 h5ce ! drop is entirely lo/ motion4 ,we mu/ h x1 h[ev]1 z x requires "s "t = ! o!r pallet to move f> en\gh )9 ! pit* circle ( ! escape :eel to safely cat* & /op ! next too? "u all circum/ances4 ,x is ! fre$om & safety ( ! work+ plan ( our escapem5t1 b x is advisable to keep ! drop z small z is possible ) safe lock+4 ,,! ,,lock is also angul> motion & is measur$ 9 degrees f ! c5t] ( ! pallet arbor4 ,x is ! di/ance :i* ! pallet has mov$ inside ( ! pit* circle ( ! escape :eel be=e be+ /ruck by ! escape :eel too?4 ,x is measur$ f ! edge ( ! lift+ plane to ! po9t ( ! too? :]e x re/s on ! lock+ face ( ! pallet4 ,a safe lock is necess>y 9 ord] to prev5t ! po9ts ( ! escape :eel tee? butt+ aga9/ ! lift+ planes1 /opp+ ! clock & injur+ ! tee?4 ,we want to po9t out t f ! in/ant ( escap+ to ! in/ant ( lock+ we h ! two p>ts ( our escapem5t propell$ by diff]5t & entirely sep>ate =ces & mov+ at diff]5t spe$s4 ,! pallets1 aft] hav+ giv5 impulse to ! p5dulum1 are controll$ by ! p5dulum & mov$ by x2 9 ! case ( a heavy p5dulum ball at ! end ( a #dj-;in* lev]1 ?is control is v /eady1 p[]ful & q sl[4 ,! escape :eel1 ! lighte/ & fa/e/ 9 ! tra91 is driv5 by ! weight or spr+ & moves indep5d5tly ( ! pallets dur+ ! drop1 s t safe lock+ is important4 ,x %\ld nev] be too deep1 z x w\ld increase ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum too mu*2 ?is is especially true ) %ort & light p5dulums & /rong ma9spr+s4 ,,! ,,run4--,aft] lock+ ! pallet cont9ues to move inw>d t[>ds ! escape :eel c5t] z ! p5dulum cont9ues its c\rse1 & ! am\nt ( ?is motion1 measur$ 9 degrees f ! c5t] ( ! pallet arbor1 is call$ ! run4 ,:5 ! escapem5t is prop]ly adju/$ ! lift+ planes are ( ! same l5g? on bo? pallets1 :5 !y are measur$ 9 degrees ( motion giv5 to ! pallet arbor4 ,!y may or may n be equal 9 l5g? :5 measur$ by a rule on ! faces ( ! pallets4 ,!re %\ld also be an equal & safe lock on ea* pallet1 z measur$ 9 degrees ( movem5t ( ! pallet arbor4 ,! run %\ld also be equal4 ,! reason :y "o lift+ plane may be long] ?an ! o!r & /ill give ! same am\nt ( lift is t "s escapem5ts are con/ruct$ ) unequal lock+s1 s t "o radius is long] ?an ! o!r1 & ?is1 z we expla9$ at l5g? 9 treat+ ( angles1 ,fig4 #bf1 w\ld make a diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( arc trav]s$ by ! long] arm = ! same angle ( motion4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,graham ,,or ,,dead ,,beat ,,escapem5t4 ,?is escapem5t is s-call$ because ! escape :eel rema9s 8dead0 7motionless7 dur+ ! p]iods betwe5 ! impulses giv5 to ! p5dulum4 ,x is ! orig9al or pr$ecessor ( ! well kn[n deta*$ lev] escapem5t s common 9 wat*es1 & x is surpris+ h[ _m wat*mak]s :o are fairly well po/$ on ! latt] =m exhibit a surpris+ ignorance ( ?is escapem5t z us$ 9 clocks4 ,x has l ! latt] a 8lock10 8lift0 & 8run02 ! only diff]5ce be+ t x has no 8draw10 ! control by ! v]ge wire r5d]+ ! draw unnecess>y4 ,x may be made to embrace any numb] ( tee? ( ! escape :eel1 b1 ow+ to ! peculi>ities ( angul> motion ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 see ,fig4 #bf1 ,b ,c1 ,d ,e1 ! increas$ arcs travel$ z ! pallet arms l5g!n introduce elem5ts ( friction :i* c\nt]balance & 9 "s cases exce$ ! advantage ga9$ by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! lev] us$ to propel ! p5dulum4 ,simil>ly1 ! too %ort arm$ escapem5ts 7 f\nd to cause increas$ difficulty f faulty fitt+ ( ! pivots & _! holes1 & o!r errors ( workman%ip1 :i* errors c\ld n be r$uc$ 9 ! same proportion z ! arms 7 %ort5$1 s t x has be5 det]m9$ by practice t a pallet embrac+ n9ety degrees1 or "o-f\r? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! escape :eel1 (f]s p]haps ! be/ escapem5t ( ?is nature t c be made4 ,!re=e ! factories g5]ally n[ make !m 9 ?is way4 ,b z _m clocks are com+ 9 = repair ) great] or less arcs ( escapem5t & ! repair]s mu/ fix !m satisfactorily1 we w beg9 at ! beg9n+ by expla9+ h[ to make ! escapem5t ( any angle :atev]1 f "o too? up to #adj degrees1 or ne>ly half ( ! escape :eel4 ,x is q a common ?+ = "s workm5 to imag9e t 9 mak+ an escapem5t1 ! pallets ought to take 9 a giv5 numb] ( tee?1 & t ! numb] :i* !y suppose to be "r mu/ n be dep>t$ f2 b !re seems to be no rule t necess>ily prescribes any numb] ( tee? to be us$ arbitr>ily4 ,! ne>] t ! c5t] ( motion ( ! pallets is to ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel1 ! less w be ! numb] ( tee? t w be embrac$ by ! pallets4 ,fig4 #bh is an illu/ration ( ! di/ances betwe5 ! c5t] ( motion ( ! pallets & ! c5t] ( ! :eel requir$ = #c1 #e1 #g1 #i & #aa tee? 9 a :eel ( ! same size z ! circle2 b al?\gh we h adopt$ ^! numb]s s z to make a symmetrical diagram1 any o!r numb]s t may be desirable c be us$ ) equal propriety4 ,all t is necess>y to be done to f9d ! prop] c5t] ( motion ( ! pallets is fir/ to det]m9e ! numb] ( tee? t are to be embrac$1 & draw l9es 7radii7 f ! po9ts ( ! outside ones ( ! numb] to ! c5t] ( ! :eel1 & at "r angles to ^! l9es draw o!r two l9es 7tang5ts71 & ! po9t :]e !y int]sect ea* o!r on ! l9e ( c5t]s w be ! c5t] ( motion ( ! pallets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,note ! diff]5ce 9 l5g? ( arc = ! same angle4 ,x w be se5 by ! diagram1 ,fig4 #bh1 t by ?is me?od ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( motion ( ! pallets & t ( ! scape :eel takes c>e ( itself = a giv5 numb] ( tee? & t x is great] :5 elev5 & "o-half tee? are to be embrac$ ?an = eight or = a less numb]4 ,^! %ort pallet arms are imag9$ by "s workm5 to be objectionable1 on ! supposition t x w take a heavi] weight to drive ! clock2 b x c easily be %[n t ?is objection is altoge!r imag9>y4 ,n[1 be>+ 9 m9d ! pr9ciples ( lev]age1 if ! di/ance betwe5 ! pallets & escape :eel c5t]s is v long1 z 9 ,graham's plan1 9 :i* ! pallets embrac$ #ach ( ! escape :eel1 ! value ( ! impulse receiv$ f ! scape :eel & communicat$ ?r\gh ! pallets to ! p5dulum is no d\bt great] ) a prop] l5g? ( v]ge wire1 =1 ! lift+ planes be+ long]1 ! lev]age is appli$ to ! p5dulum = a long] arc ( its vibration1 yet we mu/ n suppose t f ?is fact ! clock w g ) less weight1 = x is easy to see t ! long] ! pallet arms are ! great] w be ! di/ance ! tee? ( ! escape :eel w h to move 7run7 on ! circul> "p ( ! pallets4 ,see ,fig4 #bi4 ,! extra am\nt ( friction1 & ! consequ5t extra am\nt ( resi/ance (f]$ to ! p5dulum1 caus$ by ! extra di/ance ! po9ts ( ! tee? run on ! circul> lock+ planes ( ! pallets & back aga91 de/roys all ! value ( ! extra am\nt ( impulse giv5 to ! p5dulum 9 ! fir/ in/ance by means ( ! long arms ( ! pallets4 ,! escape :eel too? re/+ on ! lock+ plane ( ! pallet is q v>iable 9 its effective action1 & s9ce x re/s on ! pallet dur+ a "p ( ea* sw+ ( ! p5dulum & ! p5dulum is call$ on to move ! pallet back & =? "u ! too?1 any *ange 9 ! friction betwe5 ! too? & pallet is felt by ! p5dulum & :5 ! clock gets dirty & ! friction betwe5 ! too? & pallet is increas$1 ! rate ( ! clock gets sl[1 z ! friction holds ! p5dulum f mov+ z fa/ z x w\ld )\t friction4 ,n[1 z ?is friction increases by dirt & ?ick5+ ( ! oil1 all ^! =ms ( escapem5ts are subject to *anges & s *ange ! clock's rate4 ,an increase ( ! driv+ weight1 or =ce ( ! ma9spr+1 ( clocks ) dead-beat escapem5ts always t5ds to make _! rate sl[1 f ! action m5tion$4 ,x is = ?is reason t mod]ately %ort arms are us$ 9 clocks hav+ dead-beat escapem5ts ( mod]n con/ruction4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/-class mod]n mak]s ( a/ronomical clocks only embrace sev5 & "o-half tee?1 on a #cj-too? :eel1 ) ! c5t]s ( motion ( ! pallets & scape :eel proportionately ne>]1 z x c be ma!matically demon/rat$ t ) ! pallets embrac+ an arc ( #ij ! application ( ! p[] to ! p5dulum is at "r angles to ! rod & !re=e is mo/ effective4 ,,to ,,draw ,,! ,,escapem5t4--,9 ord] to make ! matt] cle>] we %[ 9 ,fig4 #cj ! successive /ages ( draw+ an escapem5t & also ! complet$ "w 9 ,figs4 #cb & #cc embrac+ diff]5t numb]s ( tee?4 ,draw a l9e1 ,a ,b1 ,fig4 #cj1 to s]ve z a basis = measurem5ts4 ,) a compass draw f "s po9t ,c on ?is l9e a circle to repres5t ! diamet] ( our escape :eel4 ,n[ we %all require to "k h[ _m tee? !re w be 9 our escape :eel4 ,!re may be #fj1 #dj1 #cc1 #cb1 #cj1 or any o!r numb] we desire to give x2 seconds p5dulums g5]ally h #cj tee? 9 ?is :eel1 because ?is all[s ! second h& to be m\nt$ directly on ! escape :eel arbor & ?us avoids complications4 ,we divide ! numb] ( degrees 9 a circle 7#cfj7 by ! numb] ( tee? we h select$1 say #cj4 #cfj #cj #ab = ea* too? & space4 ,"o-f\r? ( #cfj equals #ij & "o-f\r? ( #cj tee? equals sev5 & "o-half tee?2 ea* too? equal+ #ab degrees1 we h #ab #g #hd1 :i* gives u six degrees = drop1 to ensure ! safety ( our actions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,we n[ take #ij &1 divid+ x1 set (f #de ea* side ( our c5t] l9e & draw radii1 ,r1 f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce ( our circle2 ?is m>ks ! beg9n+s ( our pallets4 ,n[ to f9d our pallet c5t] di/ance we draw tang5ts1 ,t 7at "r angles71 f ! ends ( ^! radii t[>d ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,! po9t :]e !y int]sect on ! l9e ( c5t]s is ! pallet c5t]4 ,n[ we mu/ det]m9e h[ mu* motion we are go+ to give our p5dulum1 s t we c give ! prop] lift to our pallets4 ,f\r degrees ( sw+ is usual = a seconds p5dulum1 s we w take f\r degrees &1 divid+ x1 give two degrees ( lift to ea* pallet4 ,to d ?is we draw a l9e two degrees inside ! tang5t1 ,t 7t[>ds ! escape :eel c5t]71 f our pallet c5t] on ! ent]+ pallet side & ano!r l9e f ! pallet c5t] two degrees outside ( ! tang5t1 ,t1 on ! exit pallet side4 ,next1 f ! pallet c5t] we draw arcs ( circles cutt+ ! tang5ts1 ,t1 & ! radii1 ,r1 :]e !y int]sect2 ?is gives u ! lock+ planes on :i* ! tee? ( ! escape :eel 8run0 7slide7 dur+ ! excursions ( ! p5dulum1 if ! escapem5t is to h unequal lock+s2 if ! lock+s are to be equidi/ant 7if ! pallet arms are to be ( equal l5g?7 ! arc = ! ent]+ pallet is drawn ?ree degrees bel[ 7outside7 ! radius1 ,r1 :ile t on ! exit pallet is drawn ?ree degrees above 7inside7 ! exit radius4 ,f9ally ! lift+ planes are drawn f ! int]section ( ! arcs ( circles /ruck f ! pallet c5t] ) _! tang5ts1 ,t1 to ! l9es1 m>k+ ! limits ( ! lift1 two degrees away4 ,^! lift+ planes %\ld be at an angle ( #fj f ! radii1 ,r1 & z a tang5t is always at "r angles 7#ij7 to its radius1 !y are consequ5tly at #cj to ! tang5ts runn+ to ! pallet c5t]4 ,?us we c measure ^! angles f ei!r ! escape :eel or ! pallet c5t]1 z may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,:5 mak+ a new pallet =k1 x is mo/ conv5i5t to m>k out ! lift+ planes on ! /eel at #cj f ! tang5ts1 ,t1 z we !n d n h to bo!r ) ! escape :eel fur!r ?an to get its c5t] di/ance & ! degrees ( arc ! lift+ planes are to embrace4 ,! workman :o is n famili> ) ?is rule is apt to h 8 ideas upset at fir/ by ! angles ( incl9ation t[>d ! c5t] l9e :i* ! lift+ planes w take = diff]5t c5t] di/ances1 z ow+ to ! fact t ! tang5ts meet on ! c5t] l9e at diff]5t angles = diff]5t di/ances1 ! lift+ planes assume diff]5t positions ) reg>d to ! c5t] l9e & he may ?9k t !y d n 8look "r40 ,!y are "r1 h[ev]1 :5 drawn at #cj to _! tang5ts4 ,fig4 #ca %[s sev]al pallets ) diff]5t arcs arrang$ 9 l9e = purposes ( comp>ison1 ea* be+ drawn accord+ to ! above rule1 z measurem5ts ) a protractor w %[4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,we h n[ arriv$ at ! complete escapem5t1 hav+ f9i%$ our pallets4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 no?+ to hold !m 9 position2 !y mu/ be rigidly held 9 position ) reg>d to ea* o!r & ! escape :eel1 consequ5tly we w make a yoke to connect !m to ! pallet arbor out ( ! same /eel1 giv+ x any desir$ %ape t w n int]f]e ) ! work+ ( ! clock4 ,two ( ! mo/ usual =ms are %[n at ,figs4 #cb & #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,let u see h[ ?is rule w "w 9 repairs4 ,suppose we h a clock br\ght 9 ) ! pallet =k miss+1 & t ! movem5t is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! pallet arbor is held by adju/able cocks :i* h be5 misplac$ or lo/1 s t we don't "k ! c5t] di/ance ( ! pallet arbor & escape :eel4 ,we %all h to make a new "p4 ,measure ! escape :eel1 gett+ its diamet] c>efully1 take half ( ?is z a radius1 & m>k out ! circle ) a f9e ne$le po9t on "s copp]1 brass or %eet /eel1 draw+ ! escapem5t z detail$ 9 ,figs4 #cj & #cb4 ,!n measure c>efully ! angles made by ! tang5ts ) ! c5t] l9e2 take ! /eel :i* is to be us$ 9 mak+ ! pallets & =k2 draw on x a c5t] l9e2 lay (f ! tang5ts & ! lift l9es2 draw ! lock+ arcs & ! lift+ planes c>efully f ! tang5ts & give ! re/ ( ! =k a symmetrical %ape4 ,use ne$le po9ts to draw ) & h y\r protractor l>ge en\gh to measure y\r angles accurately4 ,!n drill or saw out & file to y\r l9es1 except on ! lock+ & lift+ planes2 leave ^! l>ge en\gh to /& gr9d+ or poli%+ aft] h>d5+4 ,h>d52 draw to a /raw color & poli% ! planes4 ,y\r v]ge w fit if x has n w>p$ 9 h>d5+4 ,if ?is is ! case1 s(t5 ! c5t]1 keep+ ! heat away f ! pallets1 & b5d or twi/ ! arms until ! v]ge w fit ! draw+1 :5 laid on top ( x4 ,9 gr9d+ ! pallets ! =k %\ld be m\nt$ on its arbor & ! latt] held betwe5 ! c5t]s ( a r\nd+-up tool :ile ! gr9d+ is done by a lap 9 ! la!4 ,?is insures t ! planes w be p>allel to ! pallet arbor & h5ce squ>e ) ! escape :eel tee?1 s t !y w n create an end ?ru/ on ei!r escape or pallet arbor4 ,x is also ! quicke/1 easie/ & mo/ reliable way ( do+ ! job4 ,:5 clocks come 9 ) ! pallets badly cut2 s(t5 ! c5t] ( ! =k1 place ! ends betwe5 ! jaws ( a vise1 squeeze en\gh to br+ !m clos]1 m\nt 9 ! r\nd+-up tool & lap (f ! cut planes until !y are smoo? & /& at ! prop] angle2 !n poli%4 ,?is is done quickly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,draw+ escape :eel to fit a trac+ f a pallet =k4 ,c we "w ! rule backw>ds8 ,suppose we get a clock 9 :i* we h ! pallet arbor adju/able z be=e1 & we h ! pallet =k all 9 good %ape1 b we h lo/ ! escape :eel1 or x has be5 but*]$ by somebody be=e com+ to u1 s t a new "o is requir$4 ,take (f ! pallet =k2 lay x on a %eet ( brass & trace ar\nd x c>efully ) a ne$le po9t4 ,fig4 #cd4 ,m>k ! c5t] c>efully at ! pallet arbor hole & measure c>efully ! di/ance betwe5 ! pallets & m>k t c5t]4 ,draw a c5t] l9e cutt+ ^! c5t]s & ext5d+ beyond4 ,n[ draw ! tang5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! ent]+ pallet 7z %[n by ! trac+ on our brass7 to ! pallet c5t]2 d ! same ) ! exit pallet4 ,n[ take a metal squ>e & place x on "o ( ! tang5ts exactly1 ) ! end at ! beg9n+ ( ! ent]+ pallet2 trace a l9e cutt+ ! l9e ( c5t]s & we h ! radius ( our escape :eel4 ,trace a circle f ! int]section ( ! radius & ! c5t] l9e & we h ! circumf]5ce ( our escape :eel4 ,?is circle %\ld also cut ! int]section ( ! tang5t & radius on ! o!r side if x is drawn correctly2 if x does n d ?is an error has be5 made 9 ! draw+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,draw+ an escape :eel to cut4 ,! la/ draw+ %[s ! complete :eel4 ,hav+ f\nd ! diamet] & circumf]5ce ( our escape :eel x may be saw$ out & m\nt$ = :eel cutt+2 or1 if we h no :eel cutt] & mu/ make ! :eel1 we mu/ draw x on ! brass by h& ) a f9e ne$le po9t be=e proce$+ to saw x out by h&1 ,fig4 #ce4 ,say t ! :eel is to h ?irty-two tee?1 :i* is a common numb]2 !n #cfj #cb #aa z ! space betwe5 ! po9ts ( our tee?4 ,take a l>ge protractor1 "o ) ! degrees l>ge en\gh to be divid$ 7,i use a t5 in*72 place its c5t] on ! c5t] ( our escape :eel1 set (f #aa & m>k !m on ! brass ) ! ne$le po9t1 at ! edge ( ! protractor4 ,!n take a /raight edge & draw a radius f ! c5t] to ! circumf]5ce2 *ange ! /raight edge to ! o!r m>k & m>k ! po9t :]e x crosses ! circumf]5ce2 set y\r divid]s accurately by ?is m>k & space (f ! tee? on y\r circumf]5ce4 ,if !y are set at elev5 degrees & fifte5 m9utes !y w come out exactly at ! end4 ,n[ take y\r protractor & ) its c5t] at ! junction ( ! radius & circumf]5ce set (f t5 degrees & draw a l9e pa/ ! c5t] ( ! :eel2 set (f tw5ty degrees & draw ano!r l9e ! same way4 ,f ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel draw two circles j t\*+ ^! l9es4 ,outside ( ^! draw two circles def9+ ! inn] & out] edges ( ! rim ( ! :eel4 ,) ! /raight edge j t\*+ ! inn] circle draw 9 ! fronts ( ! tee?2 ^! w all be set at t5 degrees f a radius1 s t only ! extreme po9ts w t\* ! lock+ planes ( ! pallets & ?us r$uce ! friction dur+ ! run4 ,! backs ( ! tee? are m>k$ out 9 ! same way f ! tw5ty-degree circle4 ,! hub is made to co9cide ) ! t5-degree circle2 ! spokes are trac$ 9 & we are ready to beg9 saw+ out4 ,if ! workman has a :eel cutt] ! job is mu* simpl]4 ,a piece ( brass is m\nt$ on a cem5t brass ) s(t sold]1 fac$ (f1 c5t]$ & ! pit* circle1 inn] & out] edges ( ! rim & ! hub are trac$ ) ! ,t-re/ & grav]4 ,! extra metal is !n cut away & a suitable index plac$ on ! sp9dle & lock$4 ,! :eel cutt] is set up ) a f9e-too!d1 smoo? cutt+ saw on ! sp9dle1 horizontal1 ) its upp] edge at ! l9e ( c5t]s ( ! la!4 ,x is !n run out to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 turn$ upw>ds t5 degrees & ! :eel cut ar\nd1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,?is makes ! fronts ( ! tee?4 ,turn ! saw t5 degrees m & cut ! backs ( ! tee?4 ,!n turn ! saw s t x w rea* f ! front ( "o too? to ! root ( ! back ( ! next "o1 )\t t\*+ ei!r too?1 & cut r\nd aga92 ?is cuts out a triangul> piece ( wa/e metal betwe5 ! tee?4 ,turn ! saw aga9 s t x rea*es f ! bottom ( ! front ( a too? to ! top ( ! back ( ! next "o & cut ar\nd aga91 ?us remov+ ano!r portion ( ! wa/e metal1 & leav+ only a small triangle betwe5 ! tee?4 ,l[] ! saw its own ?ickness & cut ar\nd ! :eel aga91 repeat+ ! op]ation until ! wa/e metal is all remov$ & y h a smoo? circul> rim betwe5 ! tee?1 ,fig4 #cf4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,mak+ an escape :eel ) a saw1 %[+ ! successive cuts4 ,set ! saw horizontally at ! la! c5t]2 raise x "o-half ! ?ickness ( ! spokes2 set ! index p9 ( ! la! head firmly at ,o2 fe$ 9 ! saw ! ?ickness ( ! :eel & make /raight cuts across f ! circle ( ! inn] rim to ! circle m>k+ ! hub1 b n cutt+ ei!r2 set ! index p9 at #cj & repeat2 next l[] y\r saw & cut ! o!r side ( ! spokes ! same way4 ,next y c m\nt a lap 9 place ( ! saw & smoo? ! fronts & backs ( ! tee? & if y h a r ?ick disc ! out] edge ( ! rim1 betwe5 ! tee?1 may also be smoo!d4 ,if y h a good /rong pivot poli%]1 m\nt a triangul> end mill 9 ! sp9dle1 lock ! yoke1 & cut ! arcs ( circles ( ! hub & rim f edge to edge ( ! spokes1 fe$+ c>efully aga9/ ! mill ) ! h& on ! la! pulley4 ,put on y\r jewel+ tail/ock & op5 ! :eel to fit ! p9ion1 collet1 or arbor1 if !re is no collet4 ,y n[ h ! :eel all done1 except fac+ ! side t 0 sold]$ to ! cem5t brass & trimm+ up ! corn]s ( ! spokes at ! rim & hub1 & y h got x r\nd1 true & correct 9 mu* less "t ?an y c\ld h done 9 any o!r way1 :ile an imm5se am\nt ( "w ) ! file & eye-glass has be5 avoid$4 ,x is true because x 0 sold]$ 9 position at ! beg9n+ & has n be5 remov$ until f9i%$4 ,sometimes :at are kn[n f _! appe>ance z club-%ap$ tee? are us$ 9 ! :eels ( ,graham's escapem5ts4 ,p5dulums receive _! impulse f escapem5ts made 9 ?is mann] p>tly f ! lift+ planes on ! pallets1 & p>tly f ! planes on ! scape :eel4 ,! advantage ga9$ by ?is me?od is1 t :eels made 9 ?is way w "w ) ! lea/ possible drop1 & consequ5tly1 p[] is sav$2 b ! p[] sav$ is ?r[n away aga9 9 ! increas$ friction ( ! planes ( ! :eel aga9/ ^? ( ! pallets1 :i* is consid]ably m ?an :5 pla9-po9t$ tee? are us$ on ! escape :eel4 ,clock pallets are usually made ( /eel1 & on ! f9] classes ( "w jewels are (t5 set into !m to prev5t ! oil f dry+1 aft] ! same fa%ion z jewels are plac$ 9 /eel pallets 9 a lev] wat*2 b x is obvi\s t /one pallets made 9 ?is way h to be f9i%$ ) poli%]s held 9 ! h&1 & t1 except 9 factories1 !y _c be made s p]fectly regul>1 especially t pallet t is /ruck d[nw>ds1 z ! p>ticul> action ( a f9e ,graham escapem5t requires4 ,:5 great accuracy is requir$1 ! pallets are usually made ( sep>ate pieces1 & ! act+ circles gr\nd & poli%$ on laps1 runn+ 9 a la!4 ,?is me?od ( con/ruct+ pallets also all[s a means ( adju/m5t :i* 9 "s p>ticul> in/ances is v conv5i5t4 ,!re is also a plan ( mak+ jewel$ pallets adju/able1 :i* is practic$ on f9e "w1 su* z a/ronomical & ma/] clocks4 ,! pallet =k consi/s ( two pieces ( ?91 h>d1 %eet brass1 cut out 9 ! usual =m & two m\nt$ on "o arbor4 ,circul> grooves are cut 9 ! sides ( bo? plates1 at ! prop] di/ance1 & ( ! prop] size to receive ! jewels :i* are ! act+ p>ts ( ! pallets4 ,:5 jewels _c be made ( ! desir$ size1 pallets ( /eel are made1 & ! jewels are !n set into ! /eel l>ge en\gh = ! tee? ( ! :eel to act ^u4 ,! two p>ts ( ! =k are fa/5$ at a giv5 di/ance ap>t1 & ! jewels1 or pieces ( /eel1 g 9 betwe5 !m1 &1 aft] !y h be5 adju/$ to ! prop] position1 are fa/5$ by screws t pull ! frames close toge!r & press aga9/ ! edges ( ! jewels4 ,pallets made 9 ?is mann] h a v elegant appe>ance4 ,ano!r me?od is to h only "o frame1 & to h x ?ick en\gh1 :]e ! jewels h to be set 91 to all[ a groove to be cut 9 its side z deep z ! jewels 7or ! pieces ( /eel t hold ! jewels7 are broad1 & :i* are held 9 _! prop] position by screws4 ,?is sy/em ( jewel+ pallets is frequ5tly adopt$ by ! mak]s ( f9e mantel clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,brocot's visible escapem5t1 escap+ ov] #abj ) po9t$ tee?4 ,dott$ l9es on pallets %[ :]e !y are cut to avoid /opp+4 ,,brocot',s ,,visible ,,escapem5t4--,fig4 #cg repres5ts a sy/em ( mak+ & jewel+ pallets mu* us$ by ! ,fr5* 9 _! small "w1 especially 9 visible escapem5ts4 ,! act+ p>ts ( ! pallets are simply cyl9d]s1 g5]ally ( color$ /ones1 usually g>nets1 "o-half ( ea* cyl9d] be+ cut away4 ,^! cyl9d]s ext5d "s di/ance f ! front ( ! pallet frame1 & "w into ! escape :eel ! same z ! pallets ( a ,graham escapem5t--! r\nd p>ts ( ! pallets s]v+ z impulse planes4 ,! neck ( ! brass pallet frame is cut up 9 ! c5t]1 & ! wid? betwe5 ! pallets is sometimes adju/$ by a screw1 sometimes by b5d+ ! arms4 ,clock movem5ts ) ?is escapem5t1 ( a c>eful con/ruction1 w frequ5tly come = repairs1 accompani$ by ! compla9t ( con/ant /opp+ & t no attempt at closely regulat+ c succe$ ) !m1 al?\gh !y appe> to h no visible di/urb+ cause4 ,9 su* cases ! dep?+ ( ! escapem5t is g5]ally wrong4 ,) prop] dep?+ ! po9t ( ! escape :eel too? %\ld drop on ! c5t] or a little beyond ! c5t] ( ! pallet /one4 ,if x is set 9 ?is way ! clock w /op :5 w\nd1 especially if x has a /rong spr+1 z ! light p5dulum w n !n h mom5tum en\gh to unlock x aga9/ ! full p[] ( ! spr+4 ,if ! pallets are set %all[1 9 ord] to avoid ?is difficulty1 !n1 ! p5dulum w take too %ort a sw+ & ?us ! clock w h a ga9+ rate4 ,g5]ally ! p5dulum ball _c be made en\gh heavi] to correct ! defect4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,brocot's visible escapem5t escap+ ov] #ij ) a small lift on ! escape :eel tee?4 ,9 ^! movem5ts1 9 :i* ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum does n exce$ #d in*es1 ! pallet =k embraces1 g5]ally ab\t #abj1 or ! "o-?ird "p ( ! :eel2 x w be se5 t unless !re are /op works on ! b>rel ( ! ma9 spr+ no mann] ( regulat+ is possible ) ^! conditions1 9 view ( ! consid]able influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! ma9spr+ ?r\gh ! tra9 on ! v light p5dulum1 & by replac+ ?is unduly high an*or by a l[] "o1 ,i h always be5 able to produce a v satisfactory rate ) movem5ts hav+ p5dulums ( ?ree & a half to f\r in*es4 ,fig4 #ch %[s a #ij escapem5t ) a small lift on ! escape :eel tee?4 ,9 spite ( its inconte/able qualities1 ! visible escapem5t possesses "o inh]5t fault4 ,i ref] to ! =mation ( its pallets1 ! semi-circul> %ape ( :i* r5d]s unequal ! action ( ! tra9 9 giv+ impulse to ! p5dulum exce$+ #ej c5timet]s 7#bj in*es71 s9ce to make x to describe arcs ( f "o to two degrees only1 ) p5dulums ( f #fj c5timet]s to "o met] 9 l5g?1 x became necess>y to make ! an*or arms extremely long1 :i* consid]ably imp$$ ! fre$om ( action1 especially :5 ! oil became ?ick1 & ?is disposition w\ld1 !re=e1 /& 9 direct contradiction ) ! pr9ciples ( mod]n horology4 ,bo? /opp+ & ! irregul>ity ( rate c be obviat$ by *ang+ ! semi-circul> =m ( ! pallets = "o ( an incl9$ plane1 ei!r by gr9d+ a new plane or turn+ ! /ones 9 su* mann] z to (f] an incl9$ plane to ! action ( ! :eel1 analog\s to t ( ! ,graham escapem5t4 ,see ,fig4 #cg1 ! dott$ l9es on ! pallets %[+ ! portion to be gr\nd away4 ,! importance ( ?is trans=mation w readily be und]/ood2 x suffices to give to ^! planes a m or less l>ge incl9ation 9 ord] to obta9 a great] regul>ity ( lift+1 &1 at desire1 a lift+ arc m or less consid]able )\t be+ compell$ to modify ! proportions ( ! =k or to exagg]ate ! c5t] di/ance ( :eel & pallet arbor4 ,9 adju/+ an escapem5t1 p]haps x may be advisable to m5tion t mov+ ! pallets clos] toge!r1 or op5+ !m wid]1 w only adju/ ! drop on "o side1 :ile ! o!r drop c only be affect$ by alt]+ ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t]s ( ! pallets & scape :eel4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! ,fr5* me?od consi/s ( an ecc5tric bu%1 rivet$ 9 ! frame j tight en\gh to be turn$ by a screwdriv]4 ,ano!r plan1 common 9 ,am]ica1 is simply pieces ( brass 7cocks7 fa/5$ on ! sides ( ! frames4 ,! pivots ( ! pallet axis are hung 9 holes 9 ^! cocks1 & an adju/m5t ( great accuracy may be quickly obta9$ by loos5+ ! clamp+ screws4 ,lock1 drop & run %\ld be ( ! same am\nt on ea* pallet4 ,h[ev]1 we d n approve ( adju/m5ts ( any k9d1 except 9 ! v highe/ class ( clocks1 :]e !y are always likely to be "u ! c>e ( skillful p1 :o und]/& h[ to use ! adju/m5ts to obta9 nicety ( action 9 ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,9 mak+ escapem5ts1 lightness ( all ! p>ts ought to be an object always 9 view 9 ! m9d ( ! workman1 & su* mat]ials %\ld be us$ z w be/ s]ve t purpose4 ,! scape :eel1 & ! pallets & =k1 %\ld h no m metal 9 !m ?an is necess>y = /iffness4 ,! pallet arbor1 & also ! escape :eel arbor1 %\ld be left pretty ?ick :5 ! :eel & pallets are plac$ 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! plates1 to prev5t _! spr++ :5 giv+ impulse to ! p5dulum4 ,we h (t5 be5 puzzl$ to f9d out ! necessity or ! utility ( plac+ !m 9 ! c5t] betwe5 ! plates1 z !y are s g5]ally done 9 ,engli% clockwork4 ,! escapem5t acts mu* m firmly :5 x is plac$ ne> "o ( ! plates1 & x is j z easy to make x 9 ?is way z 9 ! o!r4 ,x is (t5 assum$ t ! friction ( ! tee? on ! circul> "p ( ! pallets ( a dead-beat escapem5t is small 9 am\nt & unimportant 9 its value4 ,) respect to its am\nt1 we believe x is (t5 n f> %ort ( be+ equal to "o-half ( ! comb9$ ret>d+ =ces pres5t$ to ! p5dulum2 & ) respect to its be+ unimportant1 ?is assumption is f\nd$ on ! supposition t x is always a uni=m =ce1 :5 x is easy to %[ t x is n a uni=m =ce4 ,x is v well kn[n t ! =ce transmitt$ 9 clock tra9s1 f ea* :eel to ! next1 is v f> f be+ con/ant4 ,small defects 9 ! =ms ( ! tee? ( ! :eels & ( ! leaves ( ! p9ions1 & also 9 ! dep?s to :i* !y are set into ea* o!r1 cause irregul>ities 9 ! am\nt ( p[] transmitt$ f ea* :eel to ! next2 & ! accid5tal comb9ation ( ^! irregul>ities 9 a tra9 ( f\r or five :eels1 makes ! =ce transmitt$ f ! fir/ to ! la/ exce$+ly v>iable4 ,! we>+ ( ! p>ts & ! *ange 9 ! /ate ( ! oil1 are causes ( fur!r irregul>ities2 &1 f ^! causes1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! propell+ p[] ( ! scape :eel on ! pallets is ( a v>iable am\nt1 & a m important "q = consid]ation ?an x is usually suppos$ to be4 ,to avoid ! consequ5ces ( ?is irregul> pressure ( ! scape :eel on ! pallets be+ communicat$ to ! p5dulum1 is a problem t has puzzl$ skillful me*anicians = _m ye>s2 =1 al?\gh we f9d ! ,graham escapem5t to be pron\nc$ bo? !oretically & me*anically correct1 & by "s au?orities little %ort ( p]fection1 we f9d "s ( ^! same au?orities--bo? !oretically & practically--te/ify _! dissatisfaction ) x by endeavor+ to improve on x4 ,9 ,europe ! exp]i5ce ( g5]ations & ! exp5diture ( small =tunes1 9 pursuit ( ?is improvem5t1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! gravity1 & o!r =ms ( escapem5ts1 proves ?is fact2 :ile ( late ye>s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 mu* "t & money has be5 sp5t on ! same subject1 & results h be5 rea*$ :i* h rais$ que/ions t t5 ye>s ago 7 little dream$ ( by ^? clockmak]s :o are g5]ally engag$ on ! highe/ class ( "w4 ,:ile consid]+ ?is class ( escapem5ts1 we w\ld say a few words 9 reg>d to ! sizes ( escape :eels g5]ally us$4 ,small :eels c n[ be cut z accurately z l>g] ones & !re is n[ no reason or necessity = cont9u+ ! use ( a :eel ( ! size ,graham & ,le ,paute us$1 & :i* has be5 ! size g5]ally adopt$ by mo/ ,european mak]s :o use ^! escapem5ts4 ,! ,g]mans & ,swiss make :eels mu* small] = ,graham escapem5ts ?an ! ,engli% mak]s d2 & ! ,am]ican factories make !m small] /ill4 ,on ! cont95t ( ,europe ! :eels ( ,le ,paute's escapem5t are made mu* l>g] ?an !y are made 9 ,engl& & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,no :eel1 & m especially a scape :eel1 %\ld be l>g] ?an w j give suffici5t /r5g? = ! numb] ( tee? x has to conta91 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( "w t x has to p]=m4 ,! am\nt ( "w a scape :eel has to p]=m 9 giv+ motion to ! p5dulum is ( ! lighte/ description1 & n m ?an "o-t5? ( :at x is popul>ly suppos$ to be1 :i* is %[n by its v>iation "u slight increase ( friction2 !re=e we d n consid] t we take extreme gr\nd 9 recomm5d+ :eels = ^! escapem5ts to be made ne>ly half ! size _! orig9ators made !m1 & ! pallets drawn (f 9 proportion to ! r$uc$ size ( ! :eel4 ,x is pla9 t by r$uc+ ! size ( ! :eel its in]tia w be r$uc$4 ,:5 ! tee? beg9 to act on ! incl9$ planes ( ! pallets1 ! :eel w be set 9 motion ) great] ease1 z x has a %ort] lev]age1 & ! am\nt ( ! dead friction ( ! scape :eel tee? on ! incl9$ planes & circul> "p ( ! pallets w also be proportionately r$uc$ by mak+ ! :eel small]4 ,factory exp]i5ce & exam9ation ( a l>ge numb] ( clocks 9 repair %ops h also %[n t small] & ?ick] escape :eels w we> mu* long] ?an l>g] & ?9n] ones1 z all ! we> is at ! po9ts ( ! tee? & ?is is ! portion to be protect$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,le ,,paute',s ,,p9 ,,:eel ,,escapem5t4 ,probably 9 no o!r escapem5t1 except ! lev]1 has !re be5 s _m modifications z 9 ! p9 :eel2 ?is is s to su* an ext5t t x w be f\nd by ! /ud5t t ne>ly e escapem5t ( ?is k9d :i* he w exam9e w diff] f its fell[s if x has be5 made by a diff]5t mak]4 ,!y w be f\nd to v>y 9 ! l5g?s ( ! pallet arms f ?ree-f\r?s to "o & a half times ! diamet] ( ! escape :eel2 "s ( !m w h ! long] arm ( ! pallets outside & "s inside2 "s w h ! lift = bo? pallets laid out on "o side ( ! p]p5dicul> ,p1 ,fig4 #ci1 :ile o!rs w h ! lift divid$1 ) ! p]p5dicul> 9 ! c5t]4 ,v old escapem5ts h ! pallet c5t] directly ov] ! escape :eel c5t]1 :ile ! pallet arms "w at an angle ( #de1 :ile o!rs h !m ) ! pallet c5t] plant$ on a p]p5dicul>1 tang5t to ! pit* l9e ( ! escape :eel4 ,"s h ! circul> re/ or lock+ faces ( ! pallets r\nd$ slightly to hold ! oil 9 position :ile o!rs h !m flat & /ill o!rs h !m made ( h>d /one1 poli%$4 ,m ?an half h ! p9s 9 ! escape :eel cut away = "o-half ( _! diamet]s1 leav+ ! bottoms r\nd1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci1 :ile o!rs use a wid] p9 & trim away ! bottoms also1 z 9 ,fig4 #dj1 leav+ ! lift+ surface on ! p9s n m ?an "o-f\r? ! arc ( ! circle4 ,?is is especially true ( ! l>g] escapem5ts us$ 9 t[] clocks1 ?\gh !y are also f\nd 9 regulators4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,p9 ,:eel ,escapem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,p9 ,:eel ,) ,flatt5$ ,tee?4 ,9 view ( ! wide v>iation 9 practice1 !re=e1 we h endeavor$ to pres5t 9 ,fig4 #ci a cons]vative /atem5t ( ! g5]al practice z f\nd 9 exi/+ clocks4 ,we say exi/+1 because v few ( ^! escapem5ts are made n[--none at all 9 ,am]ica--& ^? 9 use are g5]ally 9 import$ regulators1 :i* h come f ,switz]l& or ,g]many4 ,! ,wat]bury ,clock ,co4 at "o "t made ?is escapem5t = its regulators & ! ,se? ,?omas ,clock ,company made a numb] ( its e>ly t[] clocks ) x1 b bo? h discont9u$ x = "s ye>s1 & x is safe to say t any movem5t com+ into ! wat*mak]'s h&s :i* has ?is escapem5t is import$2 or if ,am]ican1 x is out ( ! m>ket4 ,le ,paute claim$ z an advantage ! fact t ! impact ( ! escape :eel tee? is d[nw>d on bo? pallets1 :]eas 9 ! gravity & recoil escapem5ts "o bl[ is /ruck upw>ds & ! o!r d[nw>ds4 ,he claim$ t by ?is means a bett] action 0 secur$ aft] ! pivot holes began to we>1 z !re 0 less lo/ motion ) bo? bl[s 9 ! same direction & any %ake w\ld n affect ! am\nt ( impulse giv5 to ! p5dulum4 ,! diff]5ce is m !oretical ?an practical1 h[ev]1 & ! escapem5t possesses "o s]i\s fault1 :i* is t ! p9s =m+ ! escape :eel tee? conduct ! oil away f ! pallets1 s t ! clock *anges its rate 9 f eight mon?s to "o ye> aft] be+ oil$ & clean$4 ,! mo/ effective means ( c\nt]act+ ?is is to r\nd ! lock+ planes ( ! pallets slightly1 s t ! oil w be held on !m by capill>y attraction4 ,ano!r me?od is to turn ! p9s s t !y are ?ick] 9 diamet] at ! po9t ( contact ) ! pallets1 b ?is is seldom tri$4 ,! be/ plan is to keep ! pallets z close z !y c be to ! face ( ! :eel )\t t\*+4 ,,to ,,draw ,,! ,,escapem5t4--,9 lay+ out ?is escapem5t ! fir/ ?+ to consid] is ! arc ( sw+ ( ! p5dulum1 because "o-half ( ! lift is on ! p9 & consequ5tly "o-half ! lift mu/ equal "o-half ! diamet] ( ! p91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,if ! p5dulum sw+s f\r degrees1 !n ! diamet] ( ea* p9 mu/ equal f\r degrees ( ! pallet movem5t4 ,?is e/abli%es ! size ( our p92 x is measur$ f ! pallet /aff hole4 ,!re are #cj ( ^! p9s = a second's p5dulum1 & unless x is a v l>ge escapem5t ! p9s _c be made less 9 diamet] ?an "o-f\r? ! di/ance betwe5 ! p9s1 or !y w be too weak & w spr+2 consequ5tly #cfj #cj #ab & #ab #d #c1 s t ?ree degrees ( ! pit* l9e ( ! escape :eel equals ! sw+ ( ! pallet =k4 ,?is e/abli%es ! relation z to size betwe5 ! escape :eel & ! op5+1 or sw+ ( ! pallet =k4 ,draw a p]p5dicul>1 ,p1 f ! pallet c5t] & on "o side ( x lay out ! lift l9es ,l1 ,l2 draw a l9e at "r angles to ! p]p5dicul> & :]e x crosses ! inn] lift l9e draw a circle t\*+ ! out] lift l9e4 ,! diamet] ( ?is circle equals ?ree degrees ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 on its pit* l9e1 & ?is multipli$ by #abj gives #cfj or ! pit* circumf]5ce ( ! escape :eel4 ,divid+ ! sum s f\nd by #c4adaf gives ! diamet] ( ! escape :eel & half ( ?is is ! radius4 ,aft] f9d+ ! radius draw ! pit* circle & set out ! o!r tw5ty-n9e tee? spac$ twelve degrees ap>t1 & drawn 9 half circles z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ci4 ,n[ to get ! ?ickness ( ! pallet arms4 ,:5 ! p9 %[n 9 action 9 ,fig4 #ci has j cle>$ ! l[] edge ( ! inn] pallet1 ! succe$+ p9 %\ld fall safely on ! upp] corn] ( ! out] pallet2 consequ5tly ! ?ickness ( ^! two arms1 ! p9 betwe5 !m1 & ! drop 7cle>ance betwe5 ! p9 & ! l[] edge ( ! upp] pallet7 %\ld j equal ! di/ance betwe5 two p9s1 f c5t] to c5t]1 or #ab ( ! escape :eel4 ,) ! fir/ or inn] lift l9e z a />t+ po9t1 draw ! l[] arcs ( ! pallets & draw ! upp] or lock+ planes f ! p]p5dicul> & ! out] lift l9e4 ,!n draw ! lift+ planes ( ! pallets by connect+ ! ends ( ^! arcs4 ,! enl>g$ view above ! escape :eel 9 ,fig4 #ci w %[ h[ ?is is done m cle>ly ?an ! ma9 draw+4 ,x is be/ to make ! pallet =k ( /eel1 9 two pieces1 screw$ to a collet on ! pallet arbor1 z ! inn] arm mu/ be b5t1 or (fset1 s t x w cle> ! p9s ( ! escape :eel1 & ! pallets %\ld lie 9 ! same plane1 z close to ! :eel z is possible )\t t\*+ x4 ,! pallets are h>d5$4 ,9 t[] clocks ! escapem5t is s l>ge t a p9 hav+ a diamet] ( ?ree degrees ( ! escape :eel gives a half p9 ( great] /r5g? ?an is necess>y = ! "w to be done & su* p9s are cut away on ! bottom1 z 9 ,fig4 #dj4 ,9 mak+ ! :eel x %\ld be drill$ 9 ! la! ) ! prop] index to divide ! :eel & ! p9s rivet$ 92 !n ! p9s are cut ) a :eel cutt] z if !y 7 tee? ( a :eel4 ,p9s %\ld be ( h>d brass4 ,c>e %\ld be us$ 9 h&l+ clocks ) ?is escapem5t :ile ! p5dulum is connect$ ) ! pallet =k1 z1 if ! motion ( ! =k %\ld be rev]s$ :ile a p9 0 on "o ( ! lift+ planes1 x w\ld b5d or break ! p94 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,recoil ,,or ,,an*or ,,escapem5t4 ,?is escapem5t1 always a favorite ) clockmak]s1 has _h a long & int]e/+ hi/ory & developm5t4 ,because x />t$ ) a sudd5ly a*iev$ reputation1 & because x is adapt$ to obta9 fair results ) ! *eape/ & consequ5tly mo/ unfavorable work+ conditions1 x has won its way into almo/ univ]sal use 9 ! *eap] classes ( clock "w2 t is to say1 x is us$ 9 ab\t n9ety p] c5t ( ! p5dulum clocks :i* are manufactur$ to-day4 ,x a*iev$ a sudd5 reputation at its bir?1 because x 0 design$ to replace ! old v]ge1 :i*1 ) its n9ety degree pallets close to ! arbor1 & work+ into ! cr[n :eel1 requir$ a v l>ge sw+ ( ! p5dulum4 ,?is necessitat$ a light ball1 a %ort rod1 requir$ a great =ce to drive x1 & made x impossible to d away ) ! circul> error1 :ile leav+ ! clock s5sitive to v>iations 9 p[]4 ,! recoil escapem5t 0 !re=e ! fir/ consid]able advance 9 accuracy1 z its use involv$ a long] & heavi] p5dulum1 %ort] arcs ( vibration & less motive p[] ?an 0 practicable ) ! v]ge2 & z ! p5dulum 0 less controll$ by ! escapem5t1 x 0 less influ5c$ by v>iations ( p[]4 ,9 ! e>ly escapem5ts ! entrance pallet 0 convex & ! exit pallet concave4 ,escapem5ts ( ?is description may /ill be met ) among ! antiquities t occasionally drift into ! repair %op4 ,lat] on bo? pallets 7 made /raight1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #da4 ,x w be se5 by /udy+ ! direction ( ! =ces t ! effect is to we> (f ! po9ts ( ! tee? v rapidly1 & = ?is reason ! pallets 7 bo? made convex 7,see ,fig4 #db71 s z to br+ ! rubb+ action ( ! recoil m on ! sides ( ! tee? & d away to a l>ge ext5t ) ! butt+ on ! po9ts :i* de/roy$ !m s rapidly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,recoil ,escapem5t ) ,/raight ,lift+ ,planes4 ,! r empirical me?ods ( lay+ out ! recoil escapem5t1 :i* h ga9$ g5]al circulation 9 works on horology1 h _h mu* to d ) bad dep?+s ( ?is escapem5t & ! consequ5t undue we> ( ! escape :eel tee? & great v>iation 9 timekeep+ ( ! movem5ts 9 :i* su* faulty dep?+s occur1 p>ticul>ly 9 eight-day movem5ts ) %ort & light p5dulums4 ,! escapem5t w inv>iably drive ! clock fa/] = an increase ( p[] & sl[] = a decrease2 an unduly great dep?+ w greatly increase ! arc ( vibration ( ! p5dulum1 z ! tra9 ex]ts pressure on ! p5dulum = a long] p]iod dur+ ! vibration2 ! consequ5ce is t in/ead ( ! p5dulum be+ z highly deta*$ z possible1 we h ! opposite /ate ( affairs & a comb9ation ( a /rong spr+1 light p5dulum & excessive dep?+ w easily make a v>iation ( five m9utes a week 9 an eight-day clock4 ,! g5]ally accept$ me?od ( lay+ out ?is escapem5t is %[n 9 ,figs4 #da & #db1 z foll[s3 8,draw a circle repres5t+ ! escape :eel2 multiply ! radius ( ! escape :eel by #a4d & set (f ?is z ! c5t] di/ance betwe5 ! pallet & escape :eel c5t]s4 ,f ! pallet /aff c5t] describe a circle ) a radius equal to half ! di/ance betwe5 escape :eel & pallet c5t]s4 ,set (f on ea* side ( ! c5t] l9e "o-half ! numb] ( tee? to be embrac$ by ! pallets & f ! po9ts ( ! outside tee? draw l9es tang5t to ! circle describ$ f ! pallet c5t]4 ,^! l9es w\ld !n =m ! faces ( ! pallets if !y 7 left flat40 ,we wond] h[ mu* in=mation ?is description & ! draw+ conveys to ! av]age read]4 ,h[ long %\ld ! pallets be8 ,:at is ! drop8 ,h[ mu* w ! escape :eel recoil ) su* a dep?+8 ,:at arc w ! pallets give ! p5dulum8 ,:y %\ld ! c5t] di/ance always be ! same 7sev5 t5?s ( ! diamet] ( ! :eel7 :e!r ! escapem5t embraces eight1 or t51 or six tee?8 ,z a matt] ( fact x %\ld n be ! same4 ,we c\ld ask a few m que/ions z to o!r details ( ?is =mula1 b x w be se5 t su* a description is practically useless to all b ^? :o are already s skill$ t !y d n ne$ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,recoil ,escapem5t ) ,curv$ ,lift+ ,planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,draw+ ! ,lock ,lift & ,recoil ( ! ,usual ,=m4 ,let u analyze ^! draw+s4 ,a little /udy ( ,figs4 #da1 #db & #dc w %[ t !re is really only "o po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m & ,fig4 #cb1 :i* %[s ! elem5ts ( ! ,graham1 or dead beat4 ,! sole diff]5ce is 9 ! fact t !re are no sep>ate lock+ planes 9 ! recoil1 ! lock+ & run tak+ place on an ext5sion ( ! lift+ planes4 ,o!rwise we h ! same elem5ts 9 our problem & x may !re=e be laid out & h&l$ 9 ! same mann]2 inde$1 if we 7 to set (f on ,fig4 #cb1 ! am\nt ( angul> motion ( ! pallet =k :i* is tak5 up by ! run ( ! escape :eel tee? on ! lock+ planes1 by draw+ dott$ l9es above ! tang5ts1 ,t1 we %\ld !n h measur$ all ! angles necess>y to intellig5tly set out ! recoil escapem5t4 ,we %\ld h ! lock at ! tang5t1 ,t1 ! lift & ! run 7or recoil7 be+ def9$ by ! l9es on ei!r side ( x1 & ! l5g? ( our runn+ & lift+ planes w\ld be f\nd = ! ent]+ pallet by draw+ a /raight l9e betwe5 ! po9ts ( ! two act+ tee? ( ! escape :eel & not+ :]e ?is l9e cut ! l9es ( recoil & lift4 ,a simil> l9e trac$ at "r angles to ?is w\ld 9 ! same way def9e ! limits ( run & lift on ! exit pallet4 ,x w !re=e be se5 t our c5t] di/ances = any desir$ angle ( escapem5t may be f\nd 9 ! same way 7,fig4 #bh71 = ei!r escapem5t1 & ?us ! me?od ( mak+ ! pallets = ! ord9>y ,am]ican clock1 ,fig4 #dc1 becomes readily intelligible4 ,! sole object ( curv+ ! pallets1 z expla9$ previ\sly1 0 to decrease ! butt+ effect ( ! run on ! po9ts ( ! tee?4 ,?is is accompli%$ 9 ,fig4 #dc by /raight planes on ! pallets & /raight sides to ! tee? ) #bj tee? on ! escape :eel2 m]ely incl9+ ! plane ( ! ent]+ pallet ab\t six degrees t[>d ! escape :eel c5t]1 ?us s]v+ all purposes1 :ile ! ga9 9 ! co/ ( manufacture by us+ /raight in/ead ( curv$ pallets & :eel tee? is v great4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,recoil ) ,curv$ ,planes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,%[+ ! ,usual ,position 9 ,*eap ,clocks & ! ,v]ge ,wire4 ,"o factory 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is turn+ out #b1jjj1jjj annually ( two movem5ts1 or ab\t #a1jjj1jjj ( ea* movem5t2 !re are f\r o!r l>g] factories & sev]al ) a less product2 s x w readily be se5 t any decrease 9 co/1 h[ev] small x may be on a s+le movem5t1 w run up enorm\sly on a ye>'s output4 ,suppose ! factory m5tion$ 7 enabl$ to save only "o-eigh? ( a c5t on "o ( its million movem5ts manufactur$ la/ ye>1 ?is w\ld am\nt to #a1bej p] ye>1 a little ov] #ajj p] mon?4 ,?us x w be se5 t close figur+ on co/s ( production is a necessity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,drum ,escapem5t4 ,fig4 #dd %[s ! me?od ( draw+ ! escapem5t accord+ to ! common s5se d$uctions giv5 above4 ,z ! me?ods ( lay+ out ! angle ( escapem5t1 lock1 lift1 & run1 7 giv5 9 detail 9 ,figs4 #bh to #cb1 !y ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,fig4 #df %[s ! escapem5t frequ5tly us$ 9 ,fr5* 8drum0 clocks & h5ce call$ ! 8,drum0 escapem5t4 ,^! are clocks fitt$ to g 9 any hole ( ! diamet] ( ! dial & h5ce !y h v %ort1 light p5dulums4 ,an attempt is made to ga9 control ov] ! p5dulum by decreas+ ! arc ( escapem5t to n m ?an two & sometimes to only "o too?4 ,?is gives an impulse to ! p5dulum only on "o-half ( ! vibrations1 ! escape :eel tee? re/+ & runn+ on ! long circul> lock+ pallet dur+ alt]nate sw+s ( ! p5dulum4 ,! idea is t ! friction ( ! long lock w t5d to r$uce ! effect ( ! extra =ce ( ! ma9spr+ :5 ! clock is fre%ly w\nd4 ,su* clocks (t5 /op :5 ! clock is ne>ly run d[n1 f defici5cy ( p[]1 & /op :5 w\nd1 because ! friction ( ! escape :eel tee? on ! lock+ plane is su* z to de/roy ! mom5tum ( ! light p5dulum4 ,all t c be done 9 su* cases is to alt] ! lock+ planes z %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 s t ! 8drum0 becomes virtually a recoil escapem5t ( two tee?4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,d5nison ,,or ,,gravity ,,escapem5t4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is escapem5t lies 9 ! fact t x aims to drive ! p5dulum by apply+ to x a fall+ weight at ea* excursion on ea* side4 ,z ! weight is lift$ by ! tra9 & appli$ to ! p5dulum on its return /roke & !re is no o!r connection1 x foll[s t ! p5dulum is m highly deta*$ ?an 9 any o!r =m ( p5dulum escapem5t4 ,?is %\ld make x a bett] timekeep]1 z ! application ( ! weight %\ld give a con/ant impulse & h5ce errors & v>iations 9 ! p[] :i* drives ! tra9 may be neglect$4 ,on t[] clocks ?is is und\bt$ly true1 z ^! clocks are int]f]$ ) by e w9d t bl[s aga9/ ! h&s1 s t a deta*$ p5dulum enables a surplus ( p[] to be appli$ to ! tra9 to meet all em]g5cies4 ,) a wat*mak]'s regulator1 h[ev]1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h e ef=t is made to favor ! clock1 vibrations1 v>iations ( temp]ature1 v>iations ( p[]1 dirt1 du/1 w9d pressure & irregul>ities ( ! me*anism are all c>efully exclud$ & ! consequ5ce is t ! special advantages ( ! gravity escapem5t are n app>5t1 = ! reason t !re are practically no v>iations = ! escapem5t to take c>e (4 ,add$ to ?is we mu/ consid] t ! d\ble ?ree-legg$ =m1 :i* is ! usual "o1 is practically an escape :eel ( b six tee?1 s t ano!r :eel & p9ion mu/ be add$ to ! tra9 & ?is1 ) ! add$ complications ( ! fan & ! heavi] driv+ weight requir$1 c\nt]balance its advantages & br+ x back to an equality ( p]=mance ) ! simpl] me*anism ( ! well made & prop]ly adju/$ dead beat escapem5t4 ,!oretically x %\ld "w f> bett] ?an ! dead beat1 z x is m deta*$2 b !ory is always modifi$ by work+ conditions & if ! v>iations are lack+ !re is no special advantage 9 con/ruct+ a me*anism to take c>e ( !m4 ,?is is ! reason :y s _m wat*mak]s h con/ruct$ = !mselves a regulator ) ?is escapem5t1 us$ 9 ! mak+ all ! c>e & skill ( :i* !y 7 capable & !n be5 disappo9t$ to f9d t x gave no bett] results ) ! same p5dulum ?an ! dead beat x 0 to replace4 ,!y _h elim9at$ all ! conditions "u :i* ! deta*$ escapem5t w\ld h %[n sup]iority4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,al?\gh ! gravity escapem5t w n give a sup]ior p]=mance "u ! mo/ favorable conditions = timekeep+1 x is di/9ctly sup]ior :5 ^! conditions are unfavorable & !re=e fully m]its its high place 9 ! e/imation ( ! horological frat]nity4 ,we h in/anc$ its value 9 t[] clock "w2 x has ano!r advantage 9 runn+ *eap & poorly made 7home made7 regulators ) r\gh & poor tra9s2 !re=e1 x is a favorite escapem5t ) wat*mak]s :o build _! own regulators :ile !y are /ill work+ at ! b5*1 be=e ent]+ into bus9ess = !mselves4 ,z ! price ( a fir/-class clock = ?is purpose is ab\t #cjj & ! *eape/ t is at all reliable is ab\t #ge1 x w be se5 t ! temptation to build a clock is v /rong & _m ( !m are built annually4 ,regulators ) ! gravity escapem5t are built by ! ,se? ,?omas ,clock ,co41 ! ,h[>d1 & "o or two o!rs 9 ?is c\ntry1 b !y are furni%$ simply to supply ! dem& & sales are nev] pu%$ = ! reasons giv5 previ\sly4 ,clocks ) ?is escapem5t are q common 9 ,engl& & _m ( !m h f\nd _! way to ,am]ica4 ,x is "o ( ! anomalies ( trade t our clockmak]s are supply+ ,europe ) *eap clocks1 :ile we are import+ practically all ! high pric$ clocks sold 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & among !m are a few hav+ ! ?ree-legg$ & f\r-legg$ gravity escapem5ts1 !re=e ! *ances are t :5 a repair] f9ds su* a clock x is likely to be ei!r ( ,engli% orig9 or homemade1 unless x be a ,g]man regulator4 ,figs4 #dg & #dh %[ plans & side views ( ! ?ree-legg$ escapem5t4 ,fig4 #dh also %[s an enl>g$ view ( ! escape :eel1 %[+ h[ ! ?ree-leav$ p9ion betwe5 ! two escape :eels1 is made :]e x is work$ out ( ! solid4 ,a1 ,b & ,c & a1 b & c %[ ! escape :eel :i* is made up ( two ?ree-arm$ :eels1 "o on ea* side ( a ?ree-leav$ p9ion m>k$ ,d & ,d 9 ! enl>g$ view ( ,fig4 #dh4 ,! pallets 9 ?is escapem5t consi/ ( ! two arms ( metal susp5d$ f po9ts opposite ! po9t ( b5d+ ( ! p5dulum spr+ & ! lift+ planes are f\nd on ! ends ( ! c5t] arms 9 ^! pallets1 :i* press aga9/ ! ?ree leaves ( ! p9ion1 :ile ! impulse p9s e & e1 ,fig4 #dg & #dh act directly ^u ! p5dulum 9 place ( ! v]ge wire4 ,! pallets act betwe5 ! :eels 9 ! same plane z ea* o!r4 ,! lift+ p9s or p9ion leaves act on ! lift+ planes aft] ! l9e ( c5t]s :5 ! long tee? or legs ( ! escape :eels h be5 releas$ f ! /ops1 ,f & ,g1 ,figs4 #dg & #dh1 :i* are plac$ "o on ea* side ( ! pallets & act alt]nately on ! :eels4 ,^! pallets are pivot$ "o on ea* side ( ! b5d+ po9t ( ! susp5sion spr+4 ,to lay out ! escapem5t1 draw a circle repres5t+ ! escape :eel diamet]1 !n draw ! l9e ( c5t]s & set (f on ! diamet] ( ! escape :eel f ea* side ( ! l9e ( c5t]s #fj ( its circumf]5ce1 ?us m>k+ ! positions = ! pallet /ops #abj ap>t4 ,draw radii f ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel to ^! positions & draw tang5ts f ! ends ( ^! radii t[>d ! c5t] l9e4 ,! po9t :]e ^! meet w be ! b5d+ po9t ( ! p5dulum spr+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,?is is cle>ly %[n at ,h1 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! po9ts ( susp5sion = ! pallets are plant$ on ! l9e ( ^! tang5ts & a little bel[ ! po9t ,h1 :]e ! tang5ts meet on ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,?is is done to avoid ! me*anical difficulty ( hav+ ! /uds = ! two pallets occupy ! same place at ! same "t4 ,! arms ( ! pallets bel[ ! /ops may be ( any l5g?1 b !y are g5]ally con/ruct$ ( ! same angle z ! upp] arms & w be all "r if drawn p>allel to ^! upp] arms4 ,!y are 9 "s in/ances cont9u$ fur!r d[n1 b ?is is l>gely a matt] ( ta/e & ! l[] portion ( ! escapem5t is g5]ally drawn s z to be symmetrical4 ,! impulse ( ! p5dulum is giv5 by hav+ p9s project+ f ! pallet arms & be>+ ^u ! p5dulum rod1 :i* p9s may be ( brass1 /eel or ivory4 ,9 ! heavi] escapem5ts !y are made ( ivory 9 ord] to avoid any *att] f contact ) ! p5dulum rod ( a heavy p5dulum4 ,^! pallets %\ld be z light z x is possible to make !m )\t hav+ !m *att] "u ! impact ( ! escape :eel arms on ! /ops4 ,!y h only to c\nt]act ! =ce ( ! p5dulum spr+ & ! resi/ance ( ! air & = light p5dulums ?is =ce is mu* less ?an is g5]ally und]/ood4 ,two ounces ( impulse w ma9ta9 a #bej-p\nd p5dulum1 b two p5nyweights is m ?an suffici5t = a fifty-p\nd p5dulum4 ,! read] c see t 9 ! case ( a p5dulum weigh+ b eight to f\rte5 p\nds1 !re w be a /ill great] proportionate drop1 z ! spr+ itself is ?9n]1 ! rod is ?9n]1 ! p5dulum ball (f]s little resi/ance to ! air & ! consequ5ce is t x is difficult to get ! pallet arms light en\gh = an ord9>y clock4 ,wat*mak]s :o make ?is escapem5t = !mselves1 to drive an eight to f\rte5 p\nd p5dulum1 g5]ally make ! escape :eel ?ree in*es diamet] & make ! escape :eel & pallet arms all f ! /eel obta9$ by buy+ an ord9>y c>p5t]'s saw4 ,! lift+ planes %\ld n be m ?an "o-eigh? its diamet] f ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel1 z :]e ?is is ! case ! circul> motion ( ! c5t] p9s w be s great t ! pallet 9 action w be ?r[n out too rapidly & w *att] :5 /rik+ ! p5dulum rod4 ,on ! o!r h& x %\ld n be less ?an "o-twelf? ( ! diamet] ( ! escape :eel1 or ! p5dulum w n be giv5 suffici5tly free sw+ & ! motion w be s sl[ t :ile su* a clock w "w "u favorable conditions1 j>r+1 %ak+ 9 w9d /orms1 etc41 w h a t5d5cy to make ! p5dulum wabble & /op ! clock4 ,f :at has be5 said above1 x w also be se5 t ! necessity = sl[ motion ( ! pallet arms unfits ?is escapem5t = use ) %ort p5dulums4 ,! action ( ! escapem5t is z foll[s3 ,! p5dulum travel+ to ! "r1 :5 x has ?r[n ! "r pallet arm suffici5tly f>1 w lib]ate ! escape :eel too? f ! /op ,g & ! p9ion1 act+ on ! lift+ plane1 w raise ! pallet arm1 all[+ ! p5dulum to cont9ue its c\rse )\t do+ any fur!r "w until x has rea*$ ne>ly its extreme po9t ( excursion1 :5 ! weight ( ! pallet w be dropp$ ^u ! p5dulum rod & rema9 !re1 act+ ^u ! p5dulum until x has pass$ ! c5t] :5 ! pallet arm w be /opp$ by ! bank+ p9 ,m2 exactly ! same proc$ure takes place on ! left side ( ! escapem5t dur+ ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum to ! left4 ,! beat p9s ,m & ,m %\ld be set s t ! impulse p9s e & e w j t\* ! p5dulum :5 ! latt] is hang+ at re/ & ! escapem5t w !n be 9 beat4 ,! /ops %\ld be cut f %eet /eel & ! lock+ faces ( ! escape :eel arms1 /ops on ! pallets1 lift+ planes ( ! pallets & ! lift+ p9s %\ld all be h>d5$4 ,9 "s ( ! v f9e escapem5ts ! faces ( ! blocks are jewel$4 ,! arms ( ! inn] "p ( ! escape :eel are usually set at equal angul> di/ances betwe5 ^? ( ! out]1 al?\gh ?is is n absolutely necess>y1 & ! lift+ p9s are set on radii to ! act+ faces ( ! arms ( "o ( ! :eels1 s z to cross ! l9e ( c5t]s at ! di/ance f ! c5t]1 n exce$+ "o-eigh? ( ! radius ( ! :eel1 = ! reasons expla9$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,f ! comp>atively great angle at :i* ! arms are plac$1 ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* !y h to be lift$ to give suffici5t impulse is less 9 ?is escapem5t ?an 9 "o ) a l>g] numb] ( tee? act+ 9 ! same plane1 z ! pallets w\ld !n hang m ne>ly upright4 ,?is is a great advantage1 z ! contact is %ort]4 ,! unlock+ is also easi] = ! same reason1 & f ! great] diamet] ( ! :eel 9 proportion to o!r p>ts ( ! escapem5t1 ! pressure on ! /ops is consid]ably less4 ,! two :eels mu/ be squ>$ on ! arbor1 s !re w be no possibility ( slipp+4 ,! lift+ p9s ,d are %\ld]$ betwe5 !m l a ?ree-too? lant]n p9ion4 ,9 small escapem5ts ! lift+ p9s are n work$ out ( ! solid arbor1 b are made z h>d5$ screws to connect ! two portions ( ! :eel4 ,9 t[] clocks ! p9ion is g5]ally made solid on ! %aft ,j1 ,fig4 #dh4 ,! :eel1 ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 is made to pass ov] ! p9ion ,d & is fitt$ to a triangul> seat1 ! size ( ! triangle ( ! leaves1 ,d1 aga9/ ! coll> on ! %aft4 ,! o!r :eel1 a1 b1 c1 is fitt$ to ! inside triangle ( ! p9ion1 s t ! leaves1 ,d1 =m a %\ld] aga9/ :i* x fits4 ,! pallets1 ,e & ,e1 also lie 9 "o plane betwe5 ! :eels1 b "o /op1 ,f1 po9ts =w>d to receive ! ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 tee? & ! o!r1 ,g1 po9ts backw>d to receive ! a1 b1 c tee? alt]nately4 ,! di/ance ( ! p5dulum top1 ,h1 or *eeks f ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel1 ,j equals ! diamet] ( ! escape :eel4 ,! lift+ p9s %\ld be s plac$ t ! "o :i* is hold+ up a pallet & ! "o :i* is to lift next w be v]tical ov] ea* o!r1 on ! l9e ( c5t]s1 ! ?ird p9 be+ on ! level ) ! c5t]1 & to "o side ( x1 see ,fig4 #dh1 enl>g$ view4 ,! fly is a v ess5tial "p ( ?is escapem5t1 z ! angul> motion ( ! escape :eel is su* t unless x 7 *eck$ x w\ld be apt to reb\nd & unlock2 consequ5tly1 a l>ge fly is always a feature ( ?is escapem5t & is m\nt$ ^u ! scape :eel arbor ) spr+ friction 9 su* a way t ! fly c cont9ue motion aft] ! scape :eel has be5 /opp$4 ,?is is provid$ = by a spr+ pressure1 ei!r l ! ord9>y spr+ atta*m5t ( ! fly ( /rik+ tra9s ( small clocks1 or z %[n 9 ,fig4 #di = t[] clocks4 ,?is fly is effective 9 proportion to its l5g? & h5ce a long n>r[ fly w be bett] ?an a %ort] & wid] "o1 z ! resi/ance ( ! air /rik+ aga9/ ! ends ( ! fly is mu* great] ! fur!r y get f ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,! pallet /ud p9s & ! impulse p9s %\ld on no acc\nt be t\*$ ) oil or o!r grease ( any k9d1 b be left dry :atev] !y are made (1 because ! slighte/ adhesion betwe5 ! impulse p9s & ! p5dulum rod is fatal to ! :ole action ( ! escapem5t4 ,c>e mu/ also be tak5 t "o pallet beg9s to lift simultane\sly ) ! re/+ ( ! o!r1 nei!r be=e nor aft]4 ,! gravity escapem5t requires a heavi] weight or =ce to op]ate ! tra9 ?an a dead beat escapem5t1 because x mu/ be /rong en\gh to be sure ( lift+ ! pallets quickly & firmly1 & also because ! escape :eel hav+ b six tee? necessitates ! use ( ano!r :eel & p9ion betwe5 ! escape & c5t] & consequ5tly ! tra9 is ge>$ back m ?an x w\ld be = a dead beat escapem5t1 ) ! seconds h& m\nt$ on ! escape :eel arbor4 ,b ) ?is =m ( escapem5t ! sup]flu\s =ce does n "w ! p5dulum & x does no h>m if ! tra9 is good en\gh n to wa/e p[] 9 gett+ ov] r\gh places left 9 cutt+ ! tee? ( ! :eels or any jamm+ f ^? :i* h unequal wid?s or spaces4 ,= ?is reason a high numb]$ tra9 is bett] ?an a l[ numb]$ "o1 z ^! defects are great] on ! tee? ( a l[ numb]$ tra9 & any defect 9 su* cases w %[ itself4 ,9 ! gravity escapem5t ! escape :eel mu/ h a little run at ! pallets be=e x beg9s to lift !m & 9 ord] to d ?is ! bank+ p9s1 ,m1 ,m = ! pallet arms to re/ on1 %\ld hold !m j cle> ( ! lift+ p9s or leaves ( ! escape :eel4 ,! escape :eel %\ld be z light z possible1 = e bl[ he>d 9 ! ma*9e means a loss ( p[] & we> ( p>ts4 ,( c\rse1 9 an escapem5t a sudd5 /op is expect$1 b ! light :eel w r$uce x to a m9imum if ! fan is l>ge en\gh4 ,p>ticul> att5tion %\ld !re=e be giv5 to ! l5g? ( ?is fan & if ! /op ( ! escape :eel seems too abrupt1 ! fan %\ld be l5g!n$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,figs4 #ej & #ea %[ ! same escapem5t ) a f\r-legg$ :eel in/ead ( ! d\ble ?ree-legg$4 ,9 ?is case1 :]e !re is b "o :eel1 ! pallets mu/ ( necessity "w on opposite sides ( ! :eel & h5ce !y are n plant$ 9 ! same plane ) ea* o!r1 b are plac$ z close to ea* side ( ! :eel z is practicable4 ,to lay out ?is escapem5t1 draw ! circle ( ! escape :eel z be=e1 make y\r l9e ( c5t]s & m>k (f on ! circle #fg on ea* side ( ! l9e ( c5t]s & draw radii to ^! po9ts1 :i* w indicate ! approximate position ( ! /ops4 ,tang5ts to ^! radii1 meet+ above ! :eel on ! l9e ( c5t]s w give ! !oretical po9t ( ! susp5sion4 ,"o set ( ! lift+ p9s is plant$ on radii to ! act+ faces ( ! tee? ( ! escape :eel4 ,! opposite set1 on ! o!r side ( ! :eel1 is plac$ midway betwe5 ! fir/ set4 ,?is secures ! lift+ at ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,! :eel turns #de at ea* beat & its arbor likewise c>ries a fly4 ,9 case ! lock+ is n secure1 ! /ops may be %ift$ a little up or d[n1 c>e be+ tak5 to keep !m #ace ap>t4 ,9 ?is way a draw may be giv5 to ! lock+ ( ! scape :eel arms simil> to ! draw ( ! pallets 9 a deta*$ lev] escapem5t & ?us any desir$ resi/ance to unlock+ may be secur$4 ,! /ops 9 ei!r escapem5t are g5]ally made ( /eel & x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! arms ( ! escape :eel %\ld leave !m )\t imp>t+ ! lea/ susp5sion ( an impulse4 ,!re=e1 ! /ops & ! ends ( ! arms %\ld be cut away 7back$ (f7 to r a %>p angle to insure cle>ance :5 ! arms are leav+ ! /ops4 ,x is also ( equal importance t ! legs ( ! :eels %\ld fall on ! /ops dead true4 ,! fit ( ea* ( ! legs %\ld be exam9$ on bo? /ops ) a p[]ful eye-glass1 s t !y %\ld be correct & also see t :5 ! unlock+ takes place ! :eel is absolutely free to turn4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,cyl9d] ,,escapem5t ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,clocks4 ,we rem>k$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t ! lift+ planes 7 sometimes on ! :eel & sometimes on ! an*or4 ,9 ano!r *apt] we po9t$ out cle>ly t ! run on ! lock+ surface ( ! pallets _h an important be>+ on ! fre$om ( ! escapem5t & h5ce on ! rate ( ! dead beat escapem5t4 ,9 consid]+ ! cyl9d] escapem5t1 s common 9 c>riage clocks1 we %all f9d t ! lift is almo/ entirely on ! curv$ planes ( ! escape :eel1 & t ! lock+ planes are greatly ext5d$1 s t !y =m ! out] & inn] surfaces ( ! cyl9d] walls4 ,?us we h "h a =m ( ! dead beat escapem5t1 :i* embraces b "o too? ( ! escape :eel & is adapt$ to op]ate a balance in/ead ( a p5dulum4 ,!re=e ! po9ts = u to consid] are z be=e1 ! am\nt ( lift1 lock1 drop & run1 & ! %apes ( our escape :eel tee? to secure ! lea/ friction1 z our lock+ surfaces 7! run7 be+ s greatly ext5d$ ?is matt] becomes important4 ,,action ,,( ,,! ,,escapem5t4--,fig4 #eb is a plan ( ! cyl9d] escapem5t1 9 :i* ! po9t ( a too? ( ! escape :eel is press+ aga9/ ! outside ( ! %ell ( ! cyl9d]4 ,z ! cyl9d]1 on :i* ! balance is m\nt$1 is mov$ ar\nd 9 ! direction ( ! arr[1 ! w$ge-%ap$ too? ( ! escape :eel pu%es into ! cyl9d]1 !reby giv+ x impulse4 ,! too? _c escape at ! o!r side ( ! cyl9d]1 = ! %ell ( ! cyl9d] at ?is po9t is r m ?an half a circle2 b its po9t locks aga9/ ! inn] side ( ! %ell & runs !re till ! balance completes its vibration & returns1 :5 ! too? :i* 0 inside ! cyl9d] escapes1 giv+ an impulse z x does s1 & ! po9t ( ! succe$+ too? is caught on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,! tee? rise on /alks f ! body ( ! escape :eel1 & ! cyl9d] is cut away j bel[ ! act+ "p ( ! exit side1 leav+ = support ( ! balance only "o-f\r? ( a circle1 9 ord] to all[ z mu* vibration z possible4 ,?is w be se5 v pla9ly on exam9+ ,fig4 #ec1 :i* is an elevation ( ! cyl9d] to an enl>g$ scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 a1 :eel2 b1 cyl9d]2 f1 /alk on :i* tee? are m\nt$4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,! ,,escapem5t4--,! escape :eel has fifte5 tee?1 =m$ to give impulse to ! cyl9d] dur+ f #bj to #dj ( its vibration ea* way4 ,l[] angles are z a rule us$ ) l>ge ?an ) small-siz$ escapem5ts2 b to secure ! be/ result ei!r extreme mu/ be avoid$4 ,9 ! escapem5t ) v slight incl9es to ! :eel tee?1 ! fir/ "p ( ! too? does no "w1 z ! too? drops on to ! lip ( ! cyl9d] "s di/ance up ! plane4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a v /eep too? is almo/ sure to set 9 action z ! oil ?ick5s4 ,! diamet] ( ! cyl9d]1 its ?ickness & ! l5g? ( ! :eel tee? are all co-relat$4 ,! size ( ! cyl9d] ) relation to ! :eel also v>ies some:at ) ! angle ( impulse1 a v high angle requir+ a slightly l>g] cyl9d] ?an a l[ "o4 ,if a cyl9d] ( av]age ?ickness is desir$ = an escapem5t ) m$ium impulse1 its ext]nal diamet] may be made equal to ! extreme diamet] ( ! escape :eel multipli$ by #j4aae4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,!n to set out ! escapem5t1 if a lift ( say #cj be decid$ on1 a circle on :i* ! po9ts ( ! tee? w fall is drawn )9 "o repres5t+ ! extreme diamet] ( ! escape :eel1 at a di/ance f x equal to #cj ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! cyl9d]4 ,midway betwe5 ^! two circles ! cyl9d] is plant$ 7see ,fig4 #ed74 ,if ! po9t ( "o too? is %[n re/+ on ! cyl9d]1 a space ( half a degree %\ld be all[$ = fre$om betwe5 ! opposite side ( ! cyl9d] & ! heel ( ! next too?4 ,f ! heel ( "o too? to ! heel ( ! next equal #bd ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel1 #cfj #ae #bd1 & f ! po9t ( "o too? to ! po9t ( ! next also equals #bd s t ! tee? may n[ be drawn4 ,!y are ext5d$ )9 ! inn]mo/ dott$ circle to give !m a little m /r5g?1 & _! tips are r\nd$ a little1 hav+ ! po9ts ( ! impulse planes on ! inn] or bas+ circle4 ,! backs ( ! tee? div]ge f a radial l9e f #ab to #cj1 9 ord] to give ! cyl9d] cle>ance1 a high angl$ too? requir+ to be cut back m ?an a l[ "o4 ,a curve ^: radius is ab\t two-?irds t ( ! :eel is suitable = r\nd+ ! impulse planes ( ! tee?4 ,! int]nal diamet] ( ! cyl9d] %\ld be su* z to all[ a little fre$om = ! too?4 ,! rule 9 fitt+ cyl9d]s is to h equal cle>ance inside & outside1 s z to equalize ! drop4 ,! act+ "p ( ! %ell ( ! cyl9d] 7:]e ! lips are plac$7 %\ld be a trifle less ?an sev5-twelf?s ( a :ole circle1 ) ! ent]+ & exit lips :i* are really ! pallets1 r\nd$ z %[n 9 ! enl>g$ plan1 ,fig4 #ee1 ! ent]+ lip or pallet r\nd$ bo? ways & ! exit pallet r\nd$ f ! inside only4 ,?is r\nd+ ( ! lips ( ! cyl9d] adds a little to ! impulse beyond :at w\ld be giv5 by ! angle on ! :eel tee? alone4 ,! diamet] ( ! escape :eel is usually half t ( ! balance1 r "u ?an ov]4 ,,size ,,( ,,cyl9d] ,,pivot4--,to e/abli% ! size ( ! pivot ) relation to its hole is app>5tly an easy ?+ to d correctly1 b to an inexp]i5c$ workman x is n s4 ,! side %ake 9 cyl9d] pivot holes %\ld be great] ?an t = ord9>y tra9 holes2 "o-six? is ! am\nt prescrib$ by ,sauni]2 ! size ( ! pivot relatively to ! cyl9d] ab\t "o-eigh? ! diamet] ( ! body ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x is v necess>y t ?is am\nt ( side %ake %\ld be correctly recogniz$2 if less ?an ! am\nt /at$1 ! escapem5t1 ?\gh p]=m+ well :ile ! oil is fre%1 fails to d s :5 x comm5ces to ?ick54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,:5 ! balance spr+ is at re/1 ! balance %\ld h to be mov$ an equal am\nt ea* way be=e a too? escapes4 ,by g5tly press+ aga9/ ! f\r? :eel ) a peg ?is may be tri$4 ,!re is g5]ally a dot on ! balance & ?ree dots on ! plate to assi/ 9 e/imat+ ! am\nt ( lift4 ,:5 ! balance spr+ is at re/1 ! dot on ! balance %\ld be opposite to ! c5t] dot on ! plate4 ,! escapem5t w !n be 9 beat1 t is1 provid$ ! dots are prop]ly plac$1 :i* %\ld be te/$4 ,turn ! balance f its po9t ( re/ till a too? j drops1 & note ! position ( ! dot on ! balance ) ref]5ce to "o ( ! out] dots on ! plate4 ,turn ! balance 9 ! opposite direction till a too? drops aga91 & if ! dot on ! balance is !n 9 ! same position ) ref]5ce to ! o!r out] dot1 ! escapem5t w be 9 beat4 ,! two out] dots %\ld m>k ! ext5t ( ! lift+1 & ! dot on ! balance w\ld !n be co9cid5t ) !m z ! tee? dropp$ :5 tri$ 9 ?is way2 b ! dots may be a little too wide or too close1 & x w !re=e be suffici5t if ! dot on ! balance be>s ! same relative position to !m z j expla9$2 b if x is f\nd t ! lift is unequal f ! po9t ( re/1 ! balance spr+ collet mu/ be %ift$ 9 ! direction ( ! lea/ lift till ! lift is equal4 ,a new m>k %\ld !n be made on ! balance opposite to ! c5tral dot on ! plate4 ,:5 ! balance is at re/1 ! bank+ p9 9 ! balance %\ld be opposite to ! bank+ /ud 9 ! cock1 s z to give equal vibration on bo? sides4 ,?is is important = ! foll[+ reason4 ,! bank+ p9 all[s ne>ly a turn ( vibration & ! %ell ( ! cyl9d] is b little ov] half a turn1 s t z ! outside ( ! %ell gets r\nd t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! escape :eel1 ! po9t ( a too? may escape & jam ! cyl9d] unless ! vibration is pretty equally divid$4 ,:5 ! bank+ is prop]ly adju/$1 br+ ! balance r\nd till ! bank+ p9 is aga9/ ! /ud2 !re %\ld !n be p]ceptible %ake betwe5 ! cyl9d] & ! plane ( ! escape :eel4 ,try ?is ) ! bank+ p91 fir/ aga9/ "o & !n aga9/ ! o!r side ( ! /ud4 ,if !re is no %ake1 ! :eel may be fre$ by tak+ a little (f ! edge ( ! passage ( ! cyl9d] :]e x f\ls ! :eel1 by means ( a sapphire file1 or a l>g] bank+ p9 may be sub/itut$ at ! judgm5t ( ! op]ator4 ,see t ! bank+ p9 & /ud are p]fectly dry & clean be=e leav+ !m3 a /icky bank+ (t5 /ops a clock :5 ne>ly run d[n4 ,cyl9d] timepieces1 aft] go+ = a few mon?s1 sometimes increase _! vibration s mu* z to p]si/5tly bank4 ,to meet ?is fault a weak] ma9spr+ may be us$1 or a l>g] balance1 or a :eel ) a small] angle ( impulse4 ,by f> ! quicke/ & be/ way is to v slightly lap ! :eel by hold+ a piece ( ,arkansas /one aga9/ ! tee?1 aft]w>ds poli%+ ) boxwood & r$ /uff4 ,s little tak5 (f ! :eel 9 ?is way z to be h>dly p]ceptible w h great effect4 ,sometimes ! escape :eel has too mu* end %ake4 ,we mu/ notice 9 ! fir/ place h[ ! tee? are act+ 9 ! cyl9d] slot4 ,suppose1 :5 ! escape :eel is re/+ ^u its bottom %\ld]1 ! cyl9d] w ride ^u ! plane ( ! :eel1 :i* w cause x to kick or give ! :eel a trembl+ motion1 !n we "k t ! cyl9d] is too l[ = ! :eel2 !re=e1 we h n only to l[] ! escape top cock 9 ord] to correct ! end %ake1 b we mu/ also drive ! bottom cyl9d] plug out a little 9 ord] to raise ! cyl9d] suffici5t to free x f ! plane ( ! :eel4 ,n[1 if ! end %ake ( ! cyl9d] is correct previ\s to ?is1 we %all n[ ei!r h to raise ! cock or drive ! top plug 9 a little4 ,b suppose ! end %ake ( ! escape p9ion is excessive1 & is1 :5 ! bottom %\ld] is re/+ on ! jewel1 a little too l[ s t ! bottom ( ! escape :eel runs f\l ( ! cyl9d] %ell2 9 ?is case we simply drive out ! /eady p9s f ! bottom escape :eel cock & file a piece (f ! cock1 leav+ x p]fectly flat :5 we h en\gh (f4 ,we !n ins]t ! /eady p9s aga91 screw x d[n1 & if ! end %ake is "r1 ! escapem5t is mo/ly free & "r also4 ,n[ let u consid] ! frictions2 !re is ! resi/ance ( ! pivots1 :i* dep5ds on _! radius1 on ! weight ( ! balance1 ! balance spr+1 ! collet1 & ! weight ( ! cyl9d]2 ^! are call$ lock+ frictions4 ,!n !re are ^? ( ! planes1 ( ! tee? ( ! :eel1 ( ! lips ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x is on ^! t ! *ange & de/ruction ( ! cyl9d] are produc$4 ,to prev5t ?is de/ruction1 x is necess>y to r5d] ! work+ p>ts ( ! cyl9d] v h>d & well poli%$1 z well z ! tee? ( ! escape :eel4 ,! oil introduc$ 9 ! cyl9d] is also a cause z 9 ! dead beat4 ,x may ?ick52 ! du/ proce$+ f ! impact ( ! escapem5t =ms ) ! oil an amalgam :i* we>s ! cyl9d]4 ,! firmness & con/ancy ( ! cyl9d] dep5d on ! pres]vation & fluidity ( ! oil4 ,!n !re are ! accid5tal frictions2 ! too close op5+ ( ! cyl9d]1 ! play ( ! balance & ( ! :eel1 ) ! ?ick5+ ( ! oil1 *anges ! arc ( vibration a good deal2 ! tee? ( ! :eel may n be suffici5tly holl[$1 s t ! cyl9d] c revolve 9 ! rema9+ space1 = ! oil ) ! du/ =ms a ?ickness :i* also *anges ! vibration4 ,! drop %\ld n be too great1 = x is increas$ by ! ?ick5+ ( ! oil & imp$es ! vibration4 ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,clocks4--,9 ?is p>ticul> escapem5t1 :5 us$ = l>g] timepieces ?an wat*es1 x is a/oni%+ ! v>iety ( me?ods :i* are employ$1 yet ! same results are expect$4 ,9 exam9+ su* clocks we w fir/ notice t ! *>iot1 cock1 etc41 are s plac$1 _m ( !m1 t ! la/ :eel 9 ! tra9 is a cr[n :eel1 h5ce x is made to "w at #ij ) ! escape :eel p9ion :i* is set at "r angles ) ! cr[n :eel p9ion1 &1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 ! cyl9d] is also set ! same way4 ,n[1 ?is arrangem5t ne$s especial c>e1 = x is q natural t :5 ! entire friction ( ! cyl9d] is only on ! bottom "p ( ! bottom pivot1 ! clock is sure to g fa/] ?an :5 ! :ole l5g? ( bo? pivots are m 9 contact ) _! jewel holes1 :i* is always ! case :5 ! cyl9d] is p>allel ) all ! p9ions1 in/ead ( /&+ ^u "o pivot only4 ,n[1 al?\gh !re mu/ ( necessity be a v great diff]5ce 9 tim+ ! clock 9 ! two diff]5t positions1 yet we f9d no diff]5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ma9spr+ or any "p ( ! tra91 :i* is a mi/ake1 = ! result is simply ?is3 ! clock w ga9 "t = ! fir/ few days aft] w9d+1 & w !n gradually g sl[] & sl[] until ! ma9spr+ is entirely exhau/$4 ,x is n v difficult to asc]ta9 :y x goes s fa/ aft] w9d+1 = !n ! :ole t5sion ( ! spr+ is on1 & z !re is n suffici5t friction on ! po9t ( "o pivot to c\nt]act ?is1 ! bank+ p9 is almo/ sure to knock1 & w cont9ue to knock = ! fir/ few days until a "p ( ! spr+'s pressure is exhau/$4 ,n[1 9 ?is case ! knock+ ( ! bank+ p9 alone w\ld cause ! clock to ga9 "t1 ev5 if ! extra t5sion ( ! ma9spr+ did n assi/ x to d s4 ,h5ce1 on ! :ole1 ! result is any?+ b satisfactory1 = su* a clock c nev] be prop]ly br\ght to "t4 ,hav+ said ?is mu* ab\t ! fault 7:i* is entirely ?r\gh ! want ( a little =e?\ght ) ! manufactur]71 ,i w give z good a rem$y z ,i c sugge/ to give ! read] an idea ( h[ ^! faults may be put to "r1 if he is will+ to sp5d ! "t ^u !m4 ,9 ! fir/ place take out ! cyl9d] & make ! bottom pivot p]fectly flat in/ead ( leav+ x ) a r\nd end1 z !y are mo/ly left1 :i* only all[s j "o "p ( ! pivot to be 9 contact ) ! end/one4 ,by leav+ ?is pivot flat on ! bottom1 !re is m surface 9 contact2 h5ce1 9 a s5se1 m friction4 ,9 "s cases ! :ole pivot left flat w\ld n be suffici5t to ret>d ! ma9spr+'s =ce2 !n we mu/ resort to o!r me?ods to effect a cure4 ,well1 our next me?od 9 ord] to try & get ! clock to be a uni=m timekeep]1 is to *ange ! ma9spr+ = "o well f9i%$ & n q s /rong z ! orig9al "o4 ,p]haps "s w say 8:y n d ?is be=e we g to ! tr\ble ( flatt5+ ! bottom pivot80 ,j ?is2 :5 a pivot is work+ only ^u ! bottom x is be/ to h a flat surface to "w ^u1 z ! balance is !n oscillat$ ) m uni=mity1 ev5 :5 ! ma9spr+ is n exactly uni=m 9 its pressure2 !re=e we d no h>m--b good--by mak+ ! bottom pivot flat1 & ?is alone w sometimes be suffici5t to cure ! fault ( ! bank+ knock+ if no?+ else4 ,to my m9d1 :5 su* /rong ma9spr+s are us$ z we g5]ally see 9 ?is class ( timepiece1 nei!r ( ! jewel holes or pivots %\ld be s small z !y usually are4 ,fancy su* small pivots z are mo/ly se5 ^u ! escape :eel p9ion be+ driv5 by su* a /rong ma9spr+4 ,if we all[ ! clock to run d[n :ile ! escape :eel is 9 place1 we are v liable to f9d "o or bo? pivots brok5 (f be=e x gets run d[n4 ,i ?9k all su* pivots ought to be suffici5tly /rong to /& ! pressure ( ! ma9spr+ ?r\gh ! tra9 ( :eels )\t com+ to grief4 ,b !re is ano!r reason :y ^! pivots are liable to get brok5 (f :ile lett+ ! tra9 run d[n3 t is1 ! badly pit*$ dep? we (t5 f9d 9 ! cr[n :eel & escape :eel p9ion4 ,we frequ5tly f9d too mu* end %ake to ! cr[n :eel :i*1 :ile re/+ "o %\ld] ( ! arbor aga9/ ! plate puts ! dep? too deep1 & on ! o!r %\ld] ! dep? is too %all[4 ,n[1 :5 ! tra9 is runn+ rapidly ?is cr[n :eel is jump+ ab\t 9 ! escape :eel p9ion1 s t ! r\ghness ( ! runn+ all helps to break (f ! escape :eel pivots4 ,! be/ way to correct ?is dep? is to notice h[ ! screws fit 9 ! cyl9d] plate--= ^! screws h to act z /eady p9s z well4 ,if ! holes :]e ! screws g ?r\gh are at all l>ge1 we !n notice :i* w\ld be ! mo/ conv5i5t side to screw x securely 9 ord] to put a collet ^u ! %\ld] ( ! cr[n :eel s t ! dep? w be "r by mak+ ! end %ake "r ) only fix+ a collet to "o %\ld]4 ,?is dep?1 :5 correct1 w also cause a m uni=m pressure ^u ! escapem5t1 & help to make ! clock keep bett] "t4 ,we are suppos+ t ?is cr[n :eel is p]fectly true1 or x is n mu* use try+ to correct ! dep? z m5tion$ above1 = ev5 if ! end %ake be ev] s exact & ! :eel tee? are out ( true1 we %all nev] get ! dep? to act z x ought1 nei!r c ! clock be dep5d$ ^u = keep+ go+1 reg>dless ( keep+ "t4 ,:5 ?is cr[n :eel is out ( true x is be/ to rivet x true1 n d z ,i h se5 x done1 plac$ 9 ! la! & topp$ true1 & !n ! tee? r\nd$-up by h&4 ,?is me?od simply means a faulty dep? aft] all1 = 9 topp+ ! tee?1 ^? tee? :i* require ! mo/ topp+ w1 :5 !y are f9i%$1 be %ort] f ! top to ! base ?an ^? :i* d n get topp$ s mu*2 !re=e1 "s ( ! tee? are long] ?an ! o!rs1 :ile ! %ort] ones are ?ick]2 = :5 ! :eel 0 orig9ally cut ! tee? 7 all cut alike4 ,^! rem>ks w apply to sev]al k9ds ( :eels2 = :5ev] a :eel is topp$ to put x true1 we may dep5d we are mak+ a v faulty :eel ( x unless we h a prop] :eel cutt+ ma*9e4 ,! cr[n :eel mu/ n be too ?ick because we w f9d ! too? to act ) ! inn] edge1 & :at is left outside only endang]s t\*+ ! p9ion leaf :i* is next to come into action4 ,make sure ! escape p9ion is n too l>ge1 :i* sometimes happ5s4 ,if x is1 x mu/ be r$uc$ 9 size1 or bett]1 put 9 a new "o4 ,! cr[n :eel holes mu/ fit nicely & ! end %ake be well adju/$4 ,d n sp>e any tr\ble 9 mak+ ?is dep? z p]fect z y are able1 z mo/ /oppages happ5 ?r\gh ! faults 9 ?is place4 ,x w\ld be advisable1 :5 sure ! dep? is correct1 to drill two /eady p9 holes ?r\gh ! escapem5t plateau into ! edge ( ! plates4 ,:5 /eady p9s are ins]t$ ?is w always ensure ! dep? be+ "r :5 put toge!r4 ,9 "s ( ^! clocks x is n only ! cr[n :eel1 b frequ5tly ! escape :eel has too mu* end %ake4 ,! =m]1 z ,i h said1 c be correct$ by mak+ a small collet t w j fit ov] pivot1 fa/5 x on friction-tight1 place ! :eel 9 ! la! & turn ! collet d[n until x is ! same size z ! o!r "p ( ! arbor1 !n run (f ! end to ! exact place = ! end %ake to be "r4 ,if x is prop]ly done & a /eel collet is us$1 x w n be detect$ t a collet has be5 put on4 ,n[1 :5 ! escape :eel end %ake is wrong we h to proce$ diff]5tly "u diff]5t circum/ances = we mu/ notice 9 ! fir/ place h[ ! tee? are act+ 9 ! cyl9d] slot4 ,see t ! cyl9d] & :eel are p]fectly upright4 ,suppose1 :5 ! escape :eel is re/+ ^u its bottom %\ld]1 ! cyl9d] w ride ^u ! plane ( ! :eel1 :i* w cause x to kick or give ! :eel a trembl+ motion1 !n we "k t ! cyl9d] is too l[ = ! :eel2 !re=e1 we h n only to l[] ! escape top cock 9 ord] to correct ! end %ake1 b we mu/ also drive ! bottom cyl9d] plug out a little 9 ord] to raise ! cyl9d] suffici5t to free x f ! plane ( ! :eel4 ,n[1 if ! end %ake ( ! cyl9d] is correct previ\s to ?is1 we %all ei!r h to raise ! cock or drive ! top plug 9 a little4 ,b suppose ! end %ake ( ! escape p9ion is excessive1 & is1 :5 ! bottom %\ld] is re/+ on ! jewel1 a little too l[ s t ! bottom ( ! escape :eel runs f\l ( ! cyl9d] %ell2 9 ?is case we simply drive out ! /eady p9s f bottom escape :eel cock & file a piece (f ! cock1 leav+ x p]fectly flat :5 we h got en\gh (f4 ,we !n ins]t ! /eady p9s aga91 screw x d[n1 &1 if ! end %ake is "r1 ! escapem5t is mo/ly free & "r also4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! :eel is free ( nei!r ! top nor bottom plug1 b %\ld ?is be ! case1 suffici5t cle>ance may be obta9$ by deep5+ ! op5+ ) a /eel poli%] & oil/one du/ or ) a sapphire file4 ,a cyl9d] ) too high an op5+ is bad1 = ! oil is drawn away f ! tee? by ! escape :eel4 ,if a cyl9d] pivot is b5t1 x may v readily be /raight5$ by plac+ a bu%+ ( a prop] size ov] x4 ,^! clocks are v good = ! novice to ex]cise 8 skill 9 ord] to ?or\ghly und]/& ! work+s ( ! horizontal escapem5t4 ,he is bett] able to see h[ ! diff]5t p>ts act ) ea* o!r ?an he is 9 ! small wat*4 ,:5 ! escape is correct he w f9d t ! plane ( ! escape :eel w "w j 9 ! c5t] ( ! small slot 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,if he w notice h[ ! tee? /& 9 ! cyl9d] :5 ! bank+ p9 is held firmly ^u ! fix$ bank+ p91 x w give him an idea ( h[ ?is %\ld be4 ,at "o side ! lip ( ! cyl9d] is j ab\t to t\* ! inside ( ! escape too?1 b ! bank+ p9 j prev5ts x f do+ s1 :ile on ! o!r side ! cyl9d] goes r\nd j f> en\gh to let ! po9t ( ! next too? j get on ! edge ( ! slot1 b x _c get 9 ow+ to ! int]v5tion ( ! bank+ p94 ,if ?is is all[$ to get 9 ! slot j "h1 we !n h :at is call$ 8a lock+10 :i* is1 9 reality1 an ov]turn$ bank+4 ,if ! o!r side is s t ! bank+ p9 does n /op x soon en\gh1 ! edge ( ! slot knocks ^u ! inside ( ! tee? & causes a trembl+ ( ! escape :eel1 & ! clock left 9 ?is =m w nev] keep v good "t4 ,we may easily rem$y ?is by tak+ (f ! hair spr+ collet2 hold+ ! cyl9d] firmly 9 ! ply]s1 & ) ! left h& turn ! balance a little outw>ds2 ?is w br+ ! bank+ p9s 9 contact be=e ! cyl9d] t\*es ! inside ( ! :eel tee?1 & all is "r1 provid+ we are c>eful 9 n do+ x too mu*2 if s1 we %all f9d ! bank+ knock--a fault :i* is q z bad1 if n worse1 ?an ! "o we are try+ to rem$y4 ,^? p>ticul>s are ! mo/ important ( any?+ 9 connection ) ! cyl9d] escapem5t4 ,yet1 z ?is k9d ( clock is n[ be+ made up at su* a l[ price1 ^! seem+ little items are frequ5tly ov]look$2 h5ce1 :5 !y get into ! h&s ( ! inexp]i5c$1 !re is (t5 m tr\ble ) !m ?an !re ne$ be if !y knew :]e to look = "s ( ! faults :i* ,i h be5 endeavor+ to br+ to light4 ,!re are sev]al o!r ?+s 9 connection ) ?is p>ticul> clock1 b we w n comm5t fur!r j n[1 b take !m up :5 we are consid]+ ! tra9s1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,9 ! meantime we w resume our /udy ( ! cyl9d] escapem5t ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to badly worn or o!rwise ill fitt+ escape :eels1 z _m times1 ! o!r po9ts be+ "r1 ! :eel & cyl9d] may be su* z to give ei!r too great or too small a balance vibration4 ,a poor motion c also be due to a r\gh or a badly poli%$ cyl9d]1 b su* a cyl9d] we r>ely f9d4 ,t ) a wrong %ape ( ! cyl9d] lips ! motion is n mu* less5$ c be se5 9 q ord9>y movem5ts1 :]e ! quality is c]ta9ly n ( ! be/ nei!r are ! lips correctly =m$1 nev]!less !y h r an excessive motion4 ,to cov] up ^! defects 9 su* movem5ts ! cyl9d] :eel tee? are purposely giv5 ! %ape z %[n at ,b 9 ,fig4 #ef1 & to give suffici5t p[] a /rong ma9spr+ is ins]t$4 ,) an excessive balance vibration we c usually conclude t x is an int5tional deception on ! "p ( ! manufactur]1 :ile a poor motion c g5]ally be ascrib$ to c>eless me?ods 9 mak+4 ,! cont9u$ ef=ts 9 mak+ improvem5ts to quick5 & *eap5 manufactur+ processes v frequ5tly result 9 ! introduction ( defects :i* are only f\nd by ! exp]i5c$ & practical wat*mak]4 ,z to ! causes :i* induce excessive balance vibrations8 ,z ?is defect is g5]ally f\nd 9 ! *eap] grades ( cyl9d] escapem5ts1 hav+ usually r small1 heavy1 & (t5 clumsy balances1 ^? :i* h balances ^: weight is probably less ?an !y ought to be1 ne$ n "h be fur!r consid]$1 & x only rema9s = u to look to ! cyl9d] or ! escape :eel = ! causes :i* produce ^! excessive vibrations4 ,x w be f\nd t ! cyl9d] is small] 9 diamet] ?an usually employ$ 9 su* a size ( clock2 ! escape :eel is naturally also small]1 & its tee? g5]ally resemble ,b1 ,fig4 #ef1 :ile ,a %[s ! correct %ape ( a too? = a :eel ( t diamet]4 ,9 us+ small cyl9d]s we c give ! escape :eel tee? a some:at great] angle ( incl9ation ?an g5]ally us$1 b t ! prop] am\nt ( incl9e is exce$$ is prov$ by ! fact t ! balance vibrates m ?an two-?irds ( a turn4 ,x c also be readily se5 t ) a too? l ,b a great] impulse mu/ be imp>t$ ?an "o ) an easy curve l ,a1 & ! impulse is /ill fur!r increas$ z ! work+ wid? ( ! too? ,b 7! lift7 is great]1 indicat$ by l9e b1 :ile ! same l9e 9 a correct wid? ( too?1 z %[n at a1 is consid]ably %ort]4 ,9 addition to :at has be5 said ( ^! escapem5ts1 we also f9d !m provid$ ) v /rong ma9spr+s to give ! necess>y p[] to a too? l ,b ) its /eeply incl9$ lift+ face or impulse angle4 ,to decrease ! great amplitude ( ! balance vibrations _m wat*mak]s simply replace ! /rong ma9spr+ ) a weak] "o4 ,b ?is proc$ure is n advantage\s z ! p[] ( ! escape :eel too? is insuffici5t to />t ! balance go+ & ?is is due to two causes4 ,fir/1 ! great angle ( ! escape :eel too?1 & secondly1 ! in]tia ( ! balance4 ,x is only by viol5tly %ak+ su* a clock t1 we are enabl$ to />t x go+4 ,& ! own] soon becomes dissatisfi$ f its frequ5t /oppage due to sett+ ( ! h&s & o!r causes s t he w be (t5 oblig$ to %ake x until x />ts go+ once m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,fig4 #eh4 ,= prop]ly correct+ ^! defects ! be/ me?od to pursue is to replace ! cyl9d] :eel ) ano!r "o1 ^: tee? are ( ! %ape z %[n at ,fig4 #ee & )\t "q a good workman w always replace ! escape :eel if ! clock is ( fair quality4 ,b if a l[ grade "o1 we w\ld h>dly be ju/ifi$ 9 go+ to ! exp5se ( putt+ 9 new :eels1 z ! l[ prices = :i* ^! clocks are sold preclude su* an alt]ation4 ,z we mu/ improve ! :eel "s way to get a fair escapem5t action we c place x 9 a la! & :ile turn+1 hold an oil /one slip aga9/ x1 we c remove ! po9t ,s1 ,fig4 #ef4 ,aft] remov+ ! po9t ! too? w n[ h ! =m z %[n at too? ,c1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,we n[ take a ?9 & r broad wat* ma9spr+1 b5d+ a "p /raight & hold+ x 9 ! l9e f f1 & revolv+ ! :eel 9 ! direction z %[n by ! arr[1 its action be+ indicat$ by figures #a to #h2 beg9n+ at ! po9t ( ! too? at #a1 at #b x comes 9 contact ) ! :ole ( ! lift+ face1 & f #c to #h only on ! project+ corn] :i* 0 left by ! oil /one slip 9 remov+ ! heel ( ! too?4 ,9 ?is way all ! tee? are act$ ^u until ! corn] is entirely remov$4 ,( c\rse oil /one du/ & oil is fir/ us$ ^u ! spr+ = gr9d+1 aft] :i* ! tee? are poli%$ ) diamant9e4 ,c>e mu/ be obs]v$ 9 us+ ! spr+ s z n to get ! end f too f> into ! too? circle1 z x w\ld cat* on ! heel ( ! prec$+ too?4 ,aft] ! =ego+ op]ation has be5 complet$ any fea!r edge rema9+ on ! po9ts ( ! tee? mu/ be remov$ ) a sapphire file & poli%$2 we w n[ h a too? z indicat$ by ,d1 ,fig4 #eg4 ,?is %ape ( too? c h>dly be said to be !oretically correct1 nev]!less x is a close approximation ( ! prop] =m ( too?1 :i* is %[n by ! dott$ l9es1 & w !n p]=m its functions mu* bett] ?an 9 its orig9al condition4 ,fig4 #eh also %[s h[ ! spr+ mu/ be mov$ f side to side--indicat$ by dott$ l9es--s t ! lift+ face w h a g5tle curve in/ead ( be+ flat2 ,r repres5ts ! too?4 ,aft] ! :eel has be5 f9i%$1 z describ$1 & aga9 plac$ 9 ! clock1 x w be f\nd t ! balance makes only two-?irds ( a turn1 & z a result ! movem5t c be easi] br\ght to "t & closely regulat$4 ,9 ! above ,i h describ$ ! cause ( excessive balance vibration1 ! me?od by :i* x c be correct$1 & 9 :at foll[s ,i %all endeavor to make cle> ! reasons = a dim9i%$ balance vibration or poor motion4 ,x has be5 probably ! exp]i5ce ( mo/ wat*mak]s to repair small cyl9d]s ( a l[ grade1 hav+ a poor motion or no motion at all1 & x w\ld h>dly be pr(itable to exp5d mu* "t 9 repair+ !m4 ,b consid]able "t is (t5 wa/$ 9 improv+ ! motion by poli%+ pivots & escape :eel tee?1 possibly replac+ ! cap jewels1 or ev5 ! hole jewels1 increas+ ! escapem5t dep? or mak+ x %all[]1 exam9+ ! cyl9d] & f9d+ no?+ defective1 & z a la/ ef=t putt+ 9 a /rong] ma9spr+4 ,b all 9 va91 ! balance seems tir$ & ) a slight pressure ^u an arm ( ! c5t] :eel x /ops entirely4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,9 ?is case1 z 9 a =m] "o1 9 fact1 x is necess>y at all times to c>efully exam9e ! cyl9d] :eel4 ,my reason = n consid]+ ! cyl9d] itself s mu* z ! :eel is t ! mak]s ( !m h made a consid]able advance 9 _! me?ods ( manufacture1 s we f9d ! cyl9d]s fairly well made & g5]ally ( ! correct size4 ,ev5 if ! cyl9d] is incorrectly siz$1 ei!r too l>ge or small1 x does n necess>ily foll[ t ! wat* w\ld h a bad motion1 z ,i h frequ5tly _h old movem5ts :]e ! cyl9d] 0 incorrectly proportion$ & yet ! motion 0 (t5 a good1 satisfactory "o4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! cyl9d] escapem5t is "o :i* admits ( ! wor/ possible con/ructive proportions & treatm5t1 z we h (t5 exam9$ su* clocks :5 left = repairs1 t1 not)/&+ _! be+ full ( dirt1 worn cyl9d]1 brok5 jewel holes1 etc41 !y h be5 runn+ until "o ( ! cyl9d] pivots has be5 completely worn away4 ,x only rema9s to look = ! s\rce ( ! tr\ble 9 ! escape :eel4 ,if we exam9e ! :eel tee? c>efully1 we %all f9d !m resembl+ ^? 9 ,fig4 #ei1 ! dott$ l9es repres5t+ ! correct %ape ( ! tee? = a :eel ( t diamet]4 ,:y d we f9d :eels hav+ su* defective tee?8 ,?is is probably due to _! rapid manufacture1 z !y v likely _h ! correct %ape :5 fir/ cut1 b by c>eless gr9d+ & poli%+ !y 7 giv5 improp] =ms1 c>eless treatm5t be+ v evid5t at too? ,f1 :i* we f9d on exam9ation has a fea!r edge at ! po9t z well z at ! heel ( ! too?4 ,if we gr9d ^! edges ( ! too? ) a ruby file1 by plac+ x 9 ! position z indicat$ by dott$ l9es h & h1 & aft]w>ds poli%+ ! too? po9t1 we w f9d t ! balance makes a bett] vibration4 ,a :eel1 hav+ tee? l ,e1 c /ill be us$1 b ! balance w h a v poor motion1 due to ! fact t ! impulse angle ( ! :eel too? is too small2 ! impulse faces ( ! tee? hav+ s small an angle1 are ne>ly incapable ( any action4 ,) a too? l ,g1 if we %\ld remove its b5t po9t at ! dott$ l9e d1 !n ! too? w\ld be too %ort1 & z ! incl9ation ( ! impulse face is incapable to produce a prop] action1 a new :eel mu/ be us$1 hav+ tee? z %[n at ,fig4 #ee4 ,! reasons :y a too?1 hav+ ! %ape z %[n at ,f & ,g 7,fig4 #ei71 w cause a bad action ( ! escapem5t & also :y 9 su* cases ) a great] =ce act+ on ! :eel1 causes a /opp+ ( ! clock1 ,i w endeavor to expla9 ) ! aid ( ! illu/ration ,fig4 #fj4 ,"h we cle>ly see ! curv$ po9ts ( ! tee? re/+ aga9/ ! out] & inn] walls ( ! cyl9d] :ile ! escapem5t is 9 action4 ,tee? ,h & ,h repres5t ! defective too?1 :ile ,k & ,k %[s a correctly =m$ too? = a :eel ( ! same size1 ! correct dep? & positions :]e ! too? /rikes ! inn] & out] walls ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x w be readily se5 t ! position ( ! too? po9t ^u ! cyl9d] 7at c7 is mo/ favorable 9 r$uc+ ! resi/ance to ! lea/ possible am\nt4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! tee? ,h & ,h ! condition is entirely diff]5t4 ,we f9d t x 0 necess>y to set ! escapem5t v deeply 9 ord] t x c\ld p]=m its functions at all1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 we h a false proportion2 ! effects be+ consid]ably increas$ by ! wor/ possible position ( ! tee? ,h & ,h1 :]e !y t\* ! cyl9d]4 ,:ile ! cyl9d] c is turn+ 9 ! direction %[n by ! arr[s i i1 ! too? does n affect ! cyl9d] to any ext5t2 b dur+ ! rev]se movem5t ( ! cyl9d]1 9 ! direction ( o o1 an excessive am\nt ( engag+ friction mu/ take place4 ,a close inspection ( ! draw+ w enable u to see t !re is a great t5d5cy ( ! cyl9d] to drag ! too? along ) x dur+ ea* ( ^! motions4 ,x is evid5t t 9 su* a case ! friction w ev5tually become s great z to lock ! escapem5t1 & if great] pressure is appli$ by any means to tee? ,h & ,h1 x is easily se5 t ?is effect w take place mu* m rapidly4 ,replac+ ! escape :eel ) "o ( correctly =m$ tee? & size is ! be/ means at our disposal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fj4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,deta*$ ,,lev] ,,escapem5t ,,z ,,appli$ ,,to ,,clocks4 ,z ! clock repair] is almo/ ( necessity a wat*mak]1 or hopes to become "o1 & z he mu/ ent] deeply into ! /udy ( all que/ions p]ta9+ to ! deta*$ lev] 9 its v>i\s =ms be=e he c make any progress at all 9 wat*mak+1 x w\ld seem unnecess>y to repeat 9 ^! pages t :i* has already be5 s well said & s p]fectly drawn1 describ$ & illu/rat$ by su* au?orities z ,moritz ,grossman1 ,britt51 ,playtn] & ! v>i\s tea*]s 9 ! horological s*ools1 to say no?+ ( an equally brilliant & m num]\s cot]ie ( writ]s among ! ,fr5*1 ,g]mans & ,swiss1 s t ! read] is ref]r$ to ^! writ]s = ! ma!matics & draw+s :i* already s fully cov] ! te*nical & !oretical prop]ties ( ! deta*$ lev] escapem5t4 ,a few words z to its adaptation to clocks may1 h[ev]1 n be out ( place4 ,anyone :o sees ! clocks ( to-day w\ld be incl9$ to suppose t ! fir/ clocks 7 con/ruct$ ) p5dulums1 because ?is is evid5tly ! mo/ simple & reliable sy/em = clocks1 & t ! employm5t ( ! balance has be5 sugge/$ by ! necessity = portable "t pieces4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n ! case1 = ! fir/ clocks _h a v]ge escapem5t ) a crude balance consi/+ ( two arms1 c>ry+ %ift+ weights = regulation4 ,! p5dulum 0 n us$ until ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! inv5tion ( ! fir/ clock4 ,aft] ! inv5tion ( ! dead beat escapem5t1 ) its great ga9 9 accuracy by ! r$uction ( ! arc ( p5dulum oscillation1 attempts 7 made to comb9e its _m virtues ) ! necess>ily l>ge vibrations ( a balance & ?us get all ! advantages ( bo? sy/ems4 ,by plac+ ! lev] on ! arbor ( ! an*or1 x 0 possible to multiply ! small angle ( impulse on ! pallets v consid]ably at ! balance1 & to make all connection betwe5 !m cease imm$iately aft] ! impulse _h be5 giv54 ,! dead beat escapem5t 0 ?us conv]t$ into ! deta*$ lev] escapem5t & ! latt] made available = bo? wat*es & clocks4 ,ano!r important feature ( ?is escapem5t is t :5 prop]ly proportion$ x w n set on ! lock+ or lift+1 b w />t to g z soon z p[] is appli$ to ! escape :eel ?r\gh ! tra94 ,?is _c be said ( ! cyl9d]1 duplex1 or det5t escapem5ts1 & x w be se5 at once t ?is has an important influ5ce ^u ! co/ ( con/ruction1 :i* mu/ always be consid]$ 9 ! manufacture ( *eap clocks 9 enorm\s quantities4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fa4 ,p9 ,escapem5t = ,clocks4 ,! lev] escapem5t ) p9s = pallets & ! lift+ planes on ! tee? ( ! escape :eel1 :i* is ! "o usually put into *eap clocks1 is f ! !oretical po9t ( view a v p]fect =m1 because its lift+ & lock+ take place at exactly ! same c5t] di/ance & at ! same angles1 :i* aga9 all[s = great] latitude 9 *eap con/ruction1 :ile /ill ma9ta9+ a reasonably accurate rate ( p]=mance4 ,^! are ! ma9 reasons :y ! p9 an*or has su* univ]sal use 9 *eap clocks4 ,z ?is escapem5t is g5]ally c5t]$ betwe5 ! plates1 bank+ p9s are disp5s$ ) by ext5d+ ! c\nt]poise end ( ! lev] f> en\gh s t its cresc5t %ap$ sides w p]=m t (fice by bank+ aga9/ ! scape :eel arbor2 see ,fig4 #fa4 ,! =k end ( ! lev] engages ) an impulse p9 c>ri$ 9 ! balance & ! balance arbor is cut away to pass ! gu>d po9t or d>t1 ?us do+ away ) ! roll] table4 ,9 o!r con/ructions ! roll] table is suppli$ 9 ! %ape ( a small brass collet :i* c>ries ! p9 & has a not* = ! gu>d po9t1 ?us mak+ a s+le roll] escapem5t4 ,! diamet] ( ! lift+ p9s is g5]ally made equal to #b degrees ( ! scape :eel1 :i* gives a lift ( #b degrees on ! pallet arms1 & ! rema9d] ( ! lift1 #f degrees1 mu/ be p]=m$ by ! lift+ planes ( ! :eel tee?4 ,! front sides ( ! :eel tee? are g5]ally made ) #ae degrees ( draw & ! lev] %\ld bank :5 ! c5t] ( ! p9 is j a little pa/ ! lock+ corn] ( ! too?4 ,o!r details ( ! p9 an*or escapem5t co9cide ) ! ord9>y pallet =m1 z us$ 9 wat*es1 & ! read] is ref]r$ = !m to ! works ( ! v>i\s au?ors m5tion$ previ\sly4 ,! tr\ble ) ! majority ( ^! clocks is 9 ! escapem5t & balance pivots1 & to ^! p>ts are we go+ to direct p>ticul> att5tion1 = (t51 be x ev] s clean1 ! balance gets up a sort ( 8cat]pill> motion0 t is truly di/ress+1 & if no m is done we may expect a 8come back0 job 9 a v %ort "t4 ,9 tak+ d[n ! movem5t ! face :eels are left 9 place1 b sometimes x may be necess>y to remove ! 8set :eel0 ( ! al>m 9 ord] to proce$ z we d4 ,remove ! screws or p9s t hold ! plates toge!r 9 ! vic9ity ( ! escapem5t1 leav+ ! o!rs1 ?\gh if screws !y may be loos5$ slightly2 pry up ! corn] ( ! plate ov] ! lev] to loos5 "o pivot ( same & let x drop away f ! scape :eel suffici5tly to let ! :eel revolve until x is lock$ by a wire or pegwood previ\sly ins]t$ 9 ! tra91 aft] :i* ! plates c be pri$ ap>t m conv5i5tly to p]mit ! lev] be+ remov$ entirely1 also ! scape :eel & ! "o next foll[+4 ,z nickel clocks diff] 9 make-up1 ! op]ator mu/1 ( c\rse1 ex]cise judgm5t z to ! "w 9 h& to accompli% ?is4 ,h ready a /raight-sid$ t9 pail1 ) cov]1 t w hold at lea/ "o-half gallon ( gasol9e & ( diamet] l>ge en\gh to receive ! l>ge/ brass clock2 remove ! wire or pegwood & imm]se ! clock into ! fluid & all[ x to run d[n2 ?is w loos5 all ! dirt & gummy oil & clean ! clock v effectually4 ,let x rema9 long en\gh = all ! dirt to settle to ! bottom ( ! pail2 !n remove & wipe z dry z possible ) a s(t rag2 by hav+ no b9d] on ! spr+ x is p]mitt$ to uncoil to its full1 & !reby remove all gummy oil betwe5 its coils4 ,n[ peg out ! holes ( ! :eels remov$ & ( ! lev] & t portion ( our "w is complete4 ,poli% or burni% ! pivots ( :eels ei!r 9 a split *uck 9 ! la!1 or by hold+ 9 a p9 vise1 re/+ ! pivot on a fil+ block 7an ivory "o is be/71 & revolv+ betwe5 ! f+]s1 us+ a smoo? back file = burni%+1 aft] ! mann] ( po9t+ up a p9 tongue1 only let ! file be held flat1 s z to ma9ta9 a cyl9drical pivot z ne>ly z possible4 ,! scape :eel is n[ poli%$1 i4 e41 ! tee?1 ) a revolv+ bri/le :eel on a poli%+ la!1 *>g$ ) k]os5e oil & tripoli4 ,?is w smoo? up ! tee? 9 f9e =m1 especially ^? :eels t "w into a lev] ) p9 pallets4 ,clean ! scape :eel by dipp+ into gasol9e to remove all ! oil & tripoli4 ,! o!r :eel may simply be bru%$ 9 ! gasol9e or dipp$ & !n bru%$ dry4 ,we n[ turn our att5tion to ! lev] & closely exam9e ! pallets ) a glass2 if !re are ! lea/ signs ( we> ^u !m !y mu/ be remov$4 ,( ! lev] ) p9 pallets x is bett] to remove ! /eel p9s & ins]t new ones4 ,see if ! holes 9 ! an*or :]e !y are ins]t$ w admit a pun* to drive !m out f ! back2 if n1 op5 ^! holes ) a drill until ! ends ( ! p9s are rea*$4 ,put a holl[ /ump ) a suffici5tly l>ge hole 9 ! /ak+ tool1 & by plac+ ! p9s 9 ! /ump !y c be driv5 out successively1 be+ sure t ! driv+ pun* is no l>g] ?an ! p9s2 drive or ins]t into _! places a c\ple ( ne$les ( ! prop] size1 & !n break (f at correct l5g?s2 ?is completes ! job 9 ?is p>ticul> /yle ( lev]4 ,) ! o!r /yle ! job is n q s easy2 ) a pair ( small r\nd-nose pli]s grasp ! brass =k close up to ! /aff & b5d x back f ! pallets till x lays p>allel ) ! /aff2 treat ! c\nt] poise ( ! =k 9 l mann]2 place a ?9 z9c lap into ! la!1 *>g$ ) fl\r ( em]y1 & ) ! f+]s hold+ ! pallets gr9d (f all :eel tee? m>ks on bo? ! impulse & lock+ faces ( ! pallets4 ,!n poli% ) a boxwood lap *>g$ ) diamant9e4 ,x is surpris+ h[ spe$ily ?is c be done if laps are at h&4 ,! only c>e necess>y is n to r\nd (f ! corn]s ( ! pallets1 & z !y are s l>ge !y c be easily held flat aga9/ ! laps ) ! ?umb & f+] z be=e /at$4 ,b5d back ! =k & c\nt]poise to _! orig9al position4 ,! =k mu/ n[ be att5d$ to2 see t no not*es are worn 9 ! horns ( ! =k by ! /eel impulse p9 9 ! balance2 if !y appe> !y mu/ be dress$ out & poli%$1 also exam9e & smoo? if necess>y ! ends ( ! horns t bank aga9/ ! balance /aff4 ,^! may seem small matt]s1 b !y are (t5 :at cause all ! tr\ble4 ,we n[ come to ! balance /aff & ! h>d5$ screws 9 :i* ! /aff vibrates2 _! irregul>ities are (t5 ! s\rce ( mu* vexation1 & !re is only "o way to g at x & t is ) a w & det]m9ation to make x "r4 ,exam9e ! po9ts ( ! /aff & see if !y are 9 _! normal %apes & are %>p & bright2 if s !y w probably d _! "w4 ,b we w suppose we h a bad case 9 h& & w !re=e treat x ?or\ghly accord+ to our me?od4 ,we f9d ! /aff is l>ge 9 diamet] & ! ends are v blunt2 ! not* 9 ! c5t] has a burr on ea* side z h>d z glass1 mak+ an admirable cause = cat*+ ! horns ( ! =k 9 "s ( ! vibrations or 9 a c]ta9 position2 also ! r\nd "p ( ! /aff back ( ! not* is r\gh & looks z if x nev] _h be5 f9i%$1 &1 9 fact1 x has n1 = x truly appe>s z if half1 if n all1 ! nickel clocks are made to be f9i%$ by ! wat*mak]4 ,remove ! hairspr+ & place ! /aff betwe5 ! jaws ( y\r b5* vise1 ) ! jaws close up to ! /aff1 b n gripp+ x1 ! balance 8hub0 re/+ on ! jaws ) ! impulse p9 also d[n betwe5 ! jaws4 ,h a block ( brass ab\t "o-f\r? in* squ>e2 re/ x on top ( ! /aff1 or on its pivot end1 if x may s be call$1 hold+ x ) ! ?umb & f+] ( ! left h&4 ,/rike ?is block ) a hamm] & drive out ! /aff2 a holl[ pun* is apt to be split 9 do+ ?is1 & z ! pivot is to be re-po9t$ no h>m w be done to ! pivot or to ! end ( ! /aff4 ,draw ! temp] s x w "w easily1 ins]t into a split *uck & turn up new po9ts2 h !m long & tap]+1 t is1 turn ! po9ts to a long slant f ! end ( ! /aff to ! body ( same1 or at lea/ twice z mu* tap] z !y g5]ally h2 poli% (f ! back ( ! not* or r\nd "p ( ! /aff ) an oil /one slip4 ,remove f ! *uck1 sme> all ov] ) p[d]$ boracic acid by fir/ wett+ ! /aff 9 wat]1 & !n heat to a bright r$ & plunge /raight into wat]2 x w n[ be :ite & h>d2 draw ! temp] f ! /aff 9 ! vic9ity ( ! not*1 leav+ ! pivot po9ts h>d z be=e2 re-ins]t into ! *uck & ) diamant9e poli% ! po9ts & also ar\nd ! /aff 9 ! vic9ity ( ! not*4 ,! draw+ ( ! temp] f ! c5t] ( ! /aff to a spr+ temp] is to make x less liable to breakage :ile driv+ on ! balance4 ,fa/5 ! /aff tight 9 ! vise & ) a r /\t brass tube1 l>ge en\gh to /ep ov] ! l>ge/ /aff1 drive on ! balance to its =m] position4 ,if ! workman has a pivot poli%] ) a l>ge lap1 ! job may be done1 )\t s(t5+ ! /aff or remov+ ! balance1 by gr9d+ ! pivots4 ,9 turn+ ! /aff we (t5 f9d x almo/ impossible to hold true4 ,we /raight5 ! be/ we c & !n turn up our pivots1 & z long z ! untru? ( ! /aff w n cause ! balance to wabble to su* an ext5t z to give u a heada*e or cause u to look cross-ey$ x w d4 ,we d n wi% to be misund]/ood or to give ! impression t we g on ! pr9ciple ( 8good en\gh02 b z gold doll>s _c be b\ght = sev5ty-five c5ts1 nei!r c a workman devote ! "t to h ev]y?+ p]fect = fifty c5ts2 & = ?is v reason d !y come 9 su* an unf9i%$ /ate f ! manufactur]s4 ,next see if ! two screws 9 :i* ! balance vibrates h prop]ly cut c\nt]s9ks2 if r\gh or irregul>1 bett] at once draw ! temp]1 re-drill ) a %>p-angl$ drill & aga9 h>d54 ,occasionally a bun* ( ^! clocks w come 9 ) bo? pivots & cones badly ru/$4 ,?is has g5]ally be5 caus$ by acid pickl+1 or "s sort ( *emical h>d5+ at ! factory2 ! acid or alkali gets into ! pores ( ! /eel & comes out aft] ! clock has be5 %ipp$4 ,!y are g5]ally made 9 su* quantities t fifty or a hundr$ ?\s& ( !m h be5 di/ribut$ be=e f9d+ out t !y 7 n "r & !n x is a matt] ( two or ?ree ye>s be=e ! factory he>s ! la/ ( x4 ,! tr\ble is attribut$ to bad oil1 or to any?+ else b ! h>d5+1 :i* is ! real cause1 & ! exp5se ( tak+ back & refitt+ ! balance arbors & cones1 pay+ freight bo? ways & /&+ ! abuse ( disgruntl$ jewel]s1 goes on until life becomes any?+ b a b$ ( roses4 ,e jewel] %\ld w>n ! factory imm$iately on f9d+ ru/ 9 ! cones ( a %ipm5t ( new clocks & n attempt to fix !m himself1 z su* a fault _c be discov]$ at ! factory & e day x cont9ues means m ?\s&s ( clocks di/ribut$ t w give tr\ble4 ,our clock is n[ ready to be put toge!r4 ,w9d up ! spr+ & slip on ! b9d]2 !n put 9 ! :eels & lev]2 !n adju/ ! balance & hairspr+ to _! prop] places1 slightly w9d ! ma9spr+ & !n see 7by br++ ei!r horn aga9/ ! /aff7 :e!r x /icks & holds ! balance2 if s1 %ort5 ! =k slightly by b5d+2 try ?is until ! balance & =k act p]fectly free & safe4 ,slightly oil ! balance pivots2 an excess w only ga!r du/ & prove detrim5tal1 z ! c\nt]s9ks =m an admirable place = hold+ ! du/4 ,n[ oil ! rema9+ p>ts & we are sadly mi/ak5 if our clock does n make a motion t w be gratify+4 ,! =ego+ process may seem t$i\s & uncall$ = & too close m5tion made ( ! less] portions ( ! "w1 b we mu/ n 8despise ! day ( small ?+s10 & z we are wat*mak]s1 we are expect$ to d ?is "w1 ev5 ?\gh tr\blesome & ! pay small2 we %\ld also be> 9 m9d t if we only make a nickel clock run & keep fair "t1 x w be a l>ge adv]tisem5t1 & possibly repay t5fold4 ,x takes only an h\r to d ?is job complete1 :ile 9 _m cases only ! balance /aff ne$s att5tion4 ,sometimes su* a clock w be app>5tly all "r me*anically b w cont9ue to lose "t2 !n x is probable t ! balance does n make ! prop] numb] ( vibrations1 :i* causes ! clock to lose "t4 ,!re is "o way to tell ?is1 :i* w soon locate ! tr\ble3 c\nt ! tra9 to asc]ta9 ! numb] ( vibrations ! balance %\ld make 9 "o m9ute4 ,y d ?is by c\nt+ ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! c5t] :eel1 :i* we w say is #dh2 ?ird :eel #dh2 f\r? :eel1 #de2 escape1 #ae4 ,multiply all tee? toge!r1 :i* give u #dh #dh #de #ae #a1eee1bjj4 ,n[ c\nt ! leaves 9 ! ?ird :eel p9ion1 :i* is #f2 f\r?1 #f2 escape1 #f4 ,multiply ^! toge!r1 #f #f #f #baf2 n[ divide ! leaves into ! tee?1 #a1eee1bjj #baf #g1bjj1 :i* is ! numb] ( :ole vibrations "s ,ansonia al>m clocks make 9 "o h\r4 ,divid+ #g1bjj by #fj gives u #abj1 ! numb] ( vibrations p] m9ute4 ,n[ ! balance mu/ make #abj vibrations 9 "o m9ute1 c\nt+ ! balance go+ "o way4 ,if ! balance only vibrates #aah1 ! clock w lose "t & ! hairspr+ mu/ be tak5 up or made %ort]1 until x makes ! requir$ numb] ( vibrations4 ,if x %\ld vibrate #abb ! clock w\ld ga9 & ! hairspr+ %\ld be let out4 ,f9d out ! numb] ( vibrations y\r balance %\ld make & "w accord+ly2 & if y f9d t ! balance makes ! prop] numb] ( vibrations 9 "o m9ute1 !n ! tr\ble mu/ lie 9 ! c5t] po/1 :i* has n en\gh friction to c>ry ! h&s & dial :eels1 or ! :eel t ge>s into ! h\r :eel & regulates ! al>m h& is too tight & holds back ! h&s4 ,y %\ld f9d "s tr\ble ab\t ^! :eels or c5t] po/1 = :]e a balance makes ! prop] numb] ( vibrations 9 "o m9ute1 ! m9ute h& _c help go+ ar\nd if ev]y?+ else is correct4 ,fig4 #fb illu/rates ! escapem5t ( ! ,we/]n ,clock ,manufactur+ ,company = _! *eap lev]s4 ,x has h>d5$ /eel pallets plac$ 9 a m\ld & ! =k ca/ ar\nd !m1 ?us insur+ exact plac+ ( ! pallets1 & ! company claim t !y ?us secure a deta*$ lev] escapem5t ) all ! advantages ( h>d5$ & poli%$ pallets at a m9imum co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fb4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,dauph91 ( ,cassel1 ,g]many1 on page #chg ( ,d] ,deuts*e ,uhrma*] ,zeitung1 #aije1 has describ$ a s]i\s fault ( "s ( ! *eap ,am]ican al>m clocks 9 ! dep?+s ( ! escapem5ts & h[ he rem$i$ x by *ang+ ! position ( ! p9s4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ,mr4 ,dauph9 did n /ate ! measurem5ts ( ! p>ts z ne>ly z possible 9 ?is article & also give ! manufactur]'s "n1 simply to enable o!rs n z skill$ z he is to d :at ,i w\ld d 9 su* a case2 namely1 to return x to ! jobb] & get a new & correct movem5t 9 its /ead free ( *>ge4 ,! ,am]ican clock manufactur]s are v lib]al 9 ?is respect & nev] hesitate to take back a movem5t t 0 n correct :5 x left ! factory1 ev5 :5 ! cu/om]1 9 ! attempt to correct x1 has spoil$ x2 spoil$ or n1 x goes to ! wa/e pile anyway1 :5 x rea*es ! factory4 ,i s]i\sly d\bt ! ability ( ! av]age wat* repair] to correctly *ange ! position ( ! p9s z sugge/$2 & to *ange ! c5t] ( action ( ! lev] is c]ta9ly a desp]ate job4 ,i h]e) give a correct draw+ ( an escape :eel & lev]1 su* z are us$ 9 ! above cit$ clocks1 made f measurem5ts ( ! p>ts ( a clock4 ,! draw+ is1 ( c\rse1 enl>g$4 ,! measurem5ts are3 ,escape :eel1 actual diamet]1 #ah4aa mm42 orig9al diamet]1 #ag mm42 lev]1 f p9 to p91 outside1 #i4c mm42 di/ance ( c5t]s ( :eel & lev]1 #aj4j mm4 ,i f\nd t all ^! measurem5ts almo/ exactly agree ) ,grossmann's tables1 & ,i d n d\bt at all t !y 7 tak5 f !m4 ,!re is only "o mi/ake visible1 :i* is 9 ! %ape ( ! escape tee?1 & ,i fail to see :y ?is 0 ov]look$ by ^? 9 *>ge at ! factory2 ! draw is insuffici5t4 ,x is only f sev5 to eight degrees1 :5 x %\ld be fifte5 degrees4 ,i %[ ?is at too? ,a1 9 ! draw+1 :]e y c see bo? dott$ l9es1 measur+ ! angle ( draw2 l9e ,c z x is & l9e ,b z x %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fc4 ,not)/&+ ! defici5t draw1 ?is escapem5t w "w safely z long z ! pivot holes are n too l>ge1 or worn sideways2 b if y want to make x safe y %\ld file ! lock+ faces ( tee? slightly "u2 ev5 if y d n make a model job1 y h rem$i$ ! fault4 ,make a disk ( #ah4aa mm4 diamet]1 put x on ! arbor ( ! :eel & lay a /raight edge f ! po9t ( ! too? to ! c5t] ( ! disk1 s z to see h[ mu* x ne$s to be fil$ away4 ,ev5 if ?is und]cutt+ is n v true x w g4 ,,to ,,measure ,,:eels ,,) ,,odd ,,numb]s ,,( ,,tee?4--,?is is a job t s frequ5tly comes to ! wat*mak] :o has to replace :eels or p9ions t ! foll[+ simple me?od %\ld be g5]ally appreciat$4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! radius ( a circle1 ,r1 ,fig4 #fd1 equals ! v]s$ s9e ,e 7dott$7 plus ! cos9e ,b4 ,if we /& su* a :eel on ! po9ts ( ! tee?1 ,a ,c1 & measure x we %all get ! l5g? ( ! l9e ,t ,b only1 :5 :at we really ne$ is ! l5g? ( ! l9es ,t ,b ,e1 to give u ! real diamet] = our :eel1 & ,e we f9d has be5 cut away1 s t we _c measure x4 ,say x is a #ae-too? escape :eel1 !n by /&+ ! old :eel up on ! anvil ( a v]tical micromet]1 re/+ x on two ( its tee?1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fd1 ! measur+ screw c be br\ght 9 contact ) ! too? diametrically opposite ! space betwe5 ! two tee? on ! anvil1 & a measurem5t tak51 :i* w be less ?an ! full diamet] by ! v]s$ s9e ( #ab degrees 7half ! angle includ$ betwe5 two adjo9+ tee?74 ,by br++ ea* too? 9 succession to ! top1 su* a :eel c\ld be measur$ 9 fifte5 diff]5t directions1 :i* w\ld v>y slightly1 ow+ to ! fact t "s ( ! tee? may be b5t a little1 b ! mean ( ^! measures %\ld be :at ! :eel w\ld measure 7 ! tee? 9 _! orig9al %ape4 ,if a too? 0 badly b5t ! ?ree measures 9 :i* x 0 involv$ c\ld be reject$1 & ! mean ( ! o!r twelve measures tak5 z ! correct value & f\nd to be1 we w say1 #j4gcb in*4 ,consult+ a table ( natural s9es ! cos9e ( #ab degrees is f\nd to be #j4ighae1 :i* subtract$ f #a gives #j4jbahe z ! v]s$ s9e4 ,multiply+ ?is by #j4cf in* 7practically "o-half ( our measur$ #j4gcb7 to get ! approximate radius ( ! :eel1 we get #j4jjh in*1 ! am\nt to be add$ to ! micromet] measurem5t 9 ord] to get ! diamet] ( ! blank4 ,at fir/ sight x may appe> l a vici\s pr9ciple t we mu/ "k ! radius ( ! :eel be=e we c det]m9e ! value ( ! correction 9 "q1 b we only ne$ to "k ! radius approximately 9 ord] to det]m9e ! correction v closely1 an error ( _/ in* 9 ! assum$ value ( ! radius produc+ an error ( only #j4jja in* 9 ! value ( ! correction4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fd4 ,gett+ ! full diamet]4 ,?is me?od c ( c\rse be appli$ to all :eels & p9ions to get ! size ( ! blank2 ) o!r :eels ?an escape :eels1 :]e ! pit* l9e & ! full diamet] d n co9cide1 ! add5dum may be subtract$ f ! full diamet] to get ! pit* l9e4 ,,cutt]s ,,= ,,clock ,,tra9s4--,9 cutt+ escape :eels or o!rs ) wide space betwe5 ! tee?1 x is a matt] ( "s difficulty ) _m p to enable !m to set ! cutt] prop]ly4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,sweet calls att5tion to ! fact t if a cutt] be set s t its c5t] t\*es ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel to be cut1 said cutt] w be 9 ! prop] position = "w4 ,= in/ance1 if an escape :eel is to be cut1 x is suffici5t to set ! cutt] 9 su* a mann] t t portion ( ! cutt] =m+ ! bottom ( ! cut t\* ! circumf]5ce ( ! blank at ! c5t] ( ! cutt]4 ,x may !n be back$ (f & f$ 9 ) ! c]ta9ty ( be+ prop]ly plac$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,plates1 ,,pivots ,,& ,,"t ,,tra9s4 ,be=e go+ fur!r ) ! me*anism ( our clocks we w n[ consid] ! means by :i* ! v>i\s memb]s are held 9 _! positions1 namely1 ! plates4 ,l mo/ o!r p>ts ( ! clock ^! h und]gone v>i\s *anges4 ,!y h be5 made ( wood1 iron & brass & h v>i$ 9 %apes & sizes s mu* t a great deal may be told conc]n+ ! age ( a clock by exam9+ ! plates4 ,mo/ ( ! wood5 clocks _h wood5 plates4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican movem5ts 7 simply bo>ds ( oak1 maple or pe> ) ! holes drill$ & bu%$ ) brass tubes--full plates4 ,! ,s*w>zwald movem5ts 7 g5]ally made ) top & bottom bo>ds & /an*ions1 mortis$ 9 betwe5 !m to c>ry ! tra9s1 :i* 7 always /raight-l9e tra9s4 ,! re> /an*ions 7 glu$ 9 position & ! front ones fitt$ friction-tight1 s t !y c\ld be remov$ 9 tak+ d[n ! clock4 ,?is gave a c]ta9 conv5i5ce 9 repair+1 z1 = in/ance1 ! c5t] 7"t7 tra9 c\ld be tak5 d[n )\t di/urb+ ! h\r or qu>t] tra9s1 or vice v]sa4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made s9ce to reta9 _! conv5i5ce ) brass plates1 b x has always add$ s mu* to ! co/ ( manufacture t x _h to be ab&on$4 ,! old] plates 7 ca/1 smoo!d & !n hamm]$ to compact ! metal4 ,! mod]n plate is roll$ mu* h>d] & /iff] & x may consequ5tly be mu* ?9n] ?an 0 =m]ly necess>y4 ,! prop] ?ickness ( a plate dep5ds entirely ^u its use4 ,:]e ! movem5t re/s ^u a seat bo>d 9 ! case & c>ries ! weight ( a heavy p5dulum atta*$ to "o ( ! plates !y mu/ be made /iff en\gh to furni% a rigid support = ! p5dulum1 & we f9d !m ?ick1 heavy & ) l>ge pill>s1 well support$ at ! corn]s1 s z to be v /iff & solid4 ,an example ( ?is may be se5 9 t class ( regulators :i* c>ry ! p5dulum on ! movem5t4 ,:]e ! p5dulum is light ! plates may !re=e be ?91 z ! only o!r reason necess>y = ?ickness is t !y may provide a prop] l5g? ( be>+ = ! pivots1 plus ! necess>y c\nt]s9k+ to reta9 ! oil4 ,9 heavy ma*9]y x is unusual to provide a l5g? ( box or j\rnal be>+ ( m ?an ?ree times ! diamet] ( ! j\rnal4 ,9 mo/ cases a l5g? ( twice ! diamet] is m ?an suffici5t2 9 clock & o!r light "w a 8squ>e0 be>+ is en\gh2 t is "o 9 :i* ! l5g? is equal to ! diamet]4 ,9 clocks ! pivots are ( v>i\s sizes & s an av]age mu/ be f\nd4 ,?is is accompli%$ by us+ a plate ?ick en\gh to furni% a prop] be>+ = ! l>g] pivots & c\nt]s9k+ ! pivot holes = ! small] pivots until a squ>e be>+ is obta9$4 ,?is c\nt]s9k+ is %ap$ 9 su* a mann] z to reta9 ! oil & z m ( x is done on ! small] & fa/] mov+ pivots1 :]e !re is ! greate/ ne$ ( lubrication1 ! arrangem5t works out v nicely1 & x w be se5 t ) all ! light] clocks v ?9 plates may be employ$ :ile /ill reta9+ a prop] l5g? ( be>+ 9 ! pivot holes4 ,! side %ake = pivots %\ld be f 4#jjb to 4#jjd ( an in*2 ! latt] figure is seldom exce$$ except 9 cuckoos & o!r clocks hav+ expos$ weights & p5dulums4 ,"h mu* great] fre$om is necess>y z ! movem5t is expos$ to du/ :i* ent]s freely at ! holes = p5dulum & weight *a9s1 s t su* a clock w\ld /op if giv5 ! ord9>y am\nt ( side %ake4 ,we are afraid t _m manufactur]s ( ! ord9>y ,am]ican clock aim to use z ?9 brass z possible = plates )\t pay+ too mu* att5tion to ! l5g? ( be>+4 ,if a hole is c\nt]sunk x w reta9 ! oil :5 a flat surface w n4 ,! idea ( c\nt]s9k+ to obta9 a %ort] be>+ w apply bett] to ! f9e clocks ?an to ! ord9>y4 ,9 ord9>y clocks ! pivots mu/ be long] ?an ! ?ickness ( ! plates = ! reason t freight is h&l$ s r\ghly t %ort pivots w pop out ( ! plates & cause a lot ( damage1 provid$ ! spr+s are w\nd :5 ! r\gh h&l+ occurs4 ,x w be se5 by ref]5ce to ,*apt] ,,vii 7! me*anical elem5ts ( ge>+71 ,figs4 #ba to #be1 t a :eel & p9ion are m]ely a collection ( lev]s adapt$ to cont9u\s "w1 t ! tee? may be reg>d$ z sep>ate lev]s com+ into contact ) ea* o!r 9 succession2 ?is br+s up two po9ts4 ,! fir/ is necess>ily ! relative proportions ( ^? lev]s1 z ^u ^! w dep5d ! p[] & spe$ ( ! motion produc$ by _! action4 ,! second is ! %apes & sizes ( ! ends ( our lev]s s t !y %all p]=m _! "w ) z little friction & loss ( p[] z possible4 ,,to ,,get ,,c5t] ,,di/ances4--,z ! radii & circumf]5ces ( circles are proportional1 x foll[s t ! l5g?s ( our radii are m]ely ! l5g?s ( our lev]s 7,see ,fig4 #bd71 & t ! two comb9$ 7! radius ( ! :eel1 plus t ( ! p9ion7 w be ! di/ance at :i* we mu/ pivot our lev]s 7our /affs or arbors ( our :eels7 9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! desir$ proportions ( _! revolution4 ,consequ5tly we c "w ?is rule backw>ds or =w>ds4 ,= in/ance if we h a :eel & p9ion :i* mu/ "w toge!r 9 ! proportion ( #g to #a2 !n #g #a #h & if we divide ! space betwe5 c5t]s into #h spaces we w h "o ( ^! spaces = ! radius ( ! pit* circle ( ! p9ion & #g = ! pit* circle ( ! :eel1 ,fig4 #fe4 ,?is is indep5d5t ( ! numb] ( tee? s long z ! proportions be obs]v$2 ?us our p9ion may h eight tee? & ! :eel sixty1 #fj #h #g4e1 or #ge #aj #g4e1 or #ij #ab #g4e1 or any o!r comb9ation ( tee? :i* w make ! correct proportion betwe5 !m & ! c5t] di/ances4 ,! reason is t ! tee? are add$ to ! :eel to prev5t slipp+1 & if !y did n agree ) ea* o!r & also ) ! proportionate di/ance betwe5 c5t]s !re w\ld be tr\ble1 because ! desir$ proportion c\ld n be ma9ta9$4 ,n[ we c also "w ?is rule backw>ds4 ,say we h a :eel ( #hj tee? & ! p9ion has #aj leaves b !y d n "w toge!r well 9 ! clock4 ,tri$ 9 ! dep?+ tool !y "w smoo?ly4 #hj #aj #h1 consequ5tly our c5t] di/ance mu/ be z #h & #a4 #h #a #i2 ! :eel mu/ h #h p>ts & ! p9ion #a "p ( ! radius ( ! pit* circle ( ! :eel4 ,measure c>efully ! diamet] ( ! pit* circle ( ! :eel2 half ( t is ! pit* radius1 & n9e-eigh?s ( ! pit* radius is ! prop] c5t] di/ance = t :eel & p9ion4 ,say we h lo/ a :eel2 ! p9ion has #ab tee? & we "k ! arbor %\ld g sev5 & "o-half times to "o ( ! miss+ :eel2 we h our c5t] di/ances e/abli%$ by ! pivot holes :i* are n worn2 :at size %\ld ! :eel be & h[ _m tee? %\ld x h8 #ab #g4e #ij1 ! numb] ( tee? necess>y to conta9 ! tee? ( ! p9ion #g4e times4 #g4e #a #h4e1 ! sum ( ! c5t] di/ances2 ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion c be closely measur$2 !n #g4e times t is ! pit* radius ( ! miss+ :eel ( #ij tee?4 ,o!r illu/rations ) o!r proportions c\ld be add$ indef9itely b we h1 we ?9k1 said en\gh to make ?is po9t cle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fe4 ,spac+ (f c5t] di/ances2 c1 c5t] ( :eel2 e1 pit* circle2 d1 d$5dum2 b1 add5dum2 a1 c5t] ( p9ion4 ,,conv]sion ,,( ,,numb]s4--,!re is "o o!r po9t :i* sometimes tr\bles ! /ud5t :o attempts to foll[ ! expositions ( ?is subject by le>n$ writ]s & t is ! fact t a ma!matician w take a totally diff]5t set ( numb]s = 8 examples1 )\t expla9+ :y4 ,if y don't "k :y y get confus$ & fail to foll[ him4 ,x is done to avoid ! use ( cumb]some fractions4 ,to use a homely illu/ration3 ,say we h "o foot1 six in*es = our :eel radius & #d4e in*es = our p9ion radius4 ,if we turn ! foot into in*es we h #ah in*es4 #ah #d4e #d1 :i* is simpl] to "w )4 ,n[ ! same ?+ c be done ) fractions4 ,9 ! above in/ance we got rid ( our l>g] unit 7! foot7 by turn+ x into small] units 7in*es7 s t we _h only "o k9d ( units to "w )4 ,! same ?+ c be done ) fractions2 = in/ance1 9 ! previ\s example we c get rid ( our mix$ numb]s by turn+ ev]y?+ into fractions4 ,eighte5 in*es equals #cf halves & #d4e equals #i halves2 !n #cf #i #d4 ,?is is call$ ! conv]sion ( numb]s & is done to simplify op]ations4 ,= in/ance 9 wat* "w we may f9d x conv5i5t to turn all our figures into ?\s&s ( a millimet]1 if we are us+ a millimet] gauge4 ,say we h ! proportions ( #g4e to #a to ma9ta91 !n turn+ all into halves1 #g #b #ae & #a #b #b4 #ae #b #ag p>ts = our c5t] di/ance1 ( :i* ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion takes #b p>ts & t ( ! :eel #ae4 ,,! ,,%apes ,,( ,,! ,,tee?4--,! second "p ( our problem1 z /at$ above1 is ! %apes ( ! ends ( our lev]s or ! tee? ( our :eels1 & "h ! fir/ consid]ation :i* /rikes u is t ! tee? ( ! :eels approa* ea* o!r until !y meet2 roll or slide ^u ea* o!r until !y pass ! l9e ( c5t]s & !n are drawn ap>t4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[ t z ! tee? are long] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 c5t]s & are securely held f slipp+ at _! c5t]s1 ! out] ends mu/ ei!r roll or slide aft] !y come 9 contact & t ?is action w be mu* m sev]e :ile !y are be+ driv5 t[>ds ea* o!r ?an :5 !y are be+ drawn ap>t aft] pass+ ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,?is is :y ! engag+ friction is m damag+ ?an ! dis5gag+ friction & x is ?is butt+ action :i* uses up ! p[] if our tee? are n prop]ly %ap$ or ! c5t] di/ances n "r4 ,g5]ally speak+ ?is butt+ causes s]i\s loss ( p[] & cutt+ ( ! tee? :5 ! pivot holes are worn or ! pivots cut1 s t !re is a side %ake ( half ! diamet] ( ! pivots1 & bu%+ or clos+ ! holes1 or new & l>g] pivots are !n necess>y4 ,?is is = common "w4 ,= f9e "w ! c5t] di/ances %\ld be re/or$ long be=e ! we> has rea*$ ?is po9t4 ,if we take two circul> pieces ( any mat]ial ( diff]5t diamet]s & arrange !m s t ea* c revolve ar\nd its c5t] ) _! edges 9 contact1 !n apply p[] to ! l>g] ( ! two1 we f9d t z x revolves its motion is imp>t$ to ! o!r1 :i* revolves 9 ! opposite direction1 &1 if !re is no slipp+ betwe5 ! two surfaces1 ) a velocity z mu* great] ?an t ( ! l>g] disc z its diamet] is exce$$ by t ( ! l>g] "o4 ,we h1 !n1 an illu/ration ( ! action ( a :eel & p9ion z us$ 9 timepieces & o!r me*anisms4 ,x w\ld be impossible1 h[ev]1 to prev5t slipp+ ( ^! smoo? surfaces on ea* o!r s t p[] 7or motion7 w\ld be transmitt$ by !m v irregul>ly4 ,!y simply repres5t ! 8pit*0 circles or circles ( contact ( ^! two mobiles4 ,if n[ we divide ^! two discs into tee? s spac$ t ! tee? ( "o w pass freely into ! spaces ( ! o!r & add su* an am\nt to ! diamet] ( ! l>g] t ! po9ts ( its tee? ext5d inside ! pit* circle ( ! small]1 a di/ance equal to ab\t #a times ! wid? ( "o ( its tee?1 & to ! small] s t its tee? ext5d inside ! l>g] "o-half ! wid? ( a too?1 ! ends ( ! tee? be+ r\nd$ s z n to cat* on ea* o!r & ! c5t]s ( revolution be+ kept ! same di/ance ap>t1 on apply+ p[] to ! l>g] ( ! two x w be set 9 motion & ?is motion w be imp>t$ to ! small] "o4 ,bo? w cont9ue to move ) ! same relative velocity z long z suffici5t p[] is appli$4 ,o!r pairs ( mobiles may be add$ to ^! to inf9ity1 ea* addition requir+ ! application ( increas$ p[] to keep x 9 motion4 ,^! pairs ( mobiles z appli$ to ! con/ruction ( timepieces are usually v unequal 9 size & ! l>g] is designat$ z a 8:eel0 :ile ! small]1 if hav+ less ?an #bj tee?1 is call$ a 8p9ion0 & its tee? 8leaves40 ,n[ :ile we h e/abli%$ ! pr9ciple ( a tra9 ( :eels z us$ 9 v>i\s me*anisms1 our ge>+ is v defective1 = :ile cont9u\s motion may be transmitt$ ?r\gh su* a tra91 we w f9d t to d s requires ! application ( an impell+ =ce f> 9 excess ( :at %\ld be requir$ to ov]come ! in]tia ( ! mobiles1 & ! am\nt ( friction unavoidable 9 a me*anism :]e "s ( ! p>ts move 9 contact ) o!rs4 ,?is excess ( p[] is us$ 9 ov]com+ a friction caus$ by improp]ly %ap$ tee?1 or :5 =m$ ?us ! tee? ( ! :eel come 9 contact ) ^? ( ! p9ion & beg9 driv+ at a po9t 9 front ( :at is kn[n z ! 8l9e ( c5t]s10 i4 e41 a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t]s ( revolution ( bo? mobiles1 & z _! motion cont9ues ! driv5 too? slides on ! "o impell+ x t[>d ! c5t] ( ! :eel4 ,:5 ?is l9e is rea*$ ! action is rev]s$ & ! po9t ( ! driv+ too? beg9s slid+ on ! p9ion leaf 9 a direction away f ! c5t] ( ! p9ion1 :i* action is cont9u$ until a po9t is rea*$ :]e ! /raight face ( ! leaf is on a l9e tang5tial to ! circumf]5ce ( ! :eel at ! po9t ( ! too?4 ,x !n slips (f ! too?1 & ! driv+ is tak5 up on ano!r leaf by ! next succe$+ too?4 ,! slid+ action :i* takes place 9 front ( ! l9e ( c5t]s is call$ 8engag+10 t aft] ?is l9e has be5 pass$ 8dis5gag+0 friction4 ,n[ we "k t 9 ! con/ruction ( timepieces1 friction & excessive motive p[] are two ( ! mo/ pot5t factors 9 produc+ di/urbances 9 ! rate1 & t1 :ile "s friction is unavoidable 9 any me*anism1 t :i* we h j describ$ may be almo/ entirely done away )4 ,let u exam9e c>efully ! action ( a :eel & p9ion1 & we w see t only t "p ( ! :eel too? is us$1 :i* is outside ! pit* circle1 :ile ! portion ( ! p9ion leaf on :i* x acts is ! /raight face ly+ inside ?is circle1 !re=e x is to giv+ a correct %ape to ^! p>ts we mu/ devote our att5tion4 ,if we =m our p9ion leaves s t ! portion ( ! leaf inside ! pit* circle is a /raight l9e po9t+ to ! c5t]1 & give t portion ( ! :eel too? ly+ outside ! pit* circle 7call$ ! add5da1 or ogive ( ! too?7 su* a degree ( curvature t dur+ its entire action ! /raight face ( ! leaf w =m a tang5t to t po9t ( ! curve :i* x t\*es1 no slid+ action :atev] w take place aft] ! l9e ( c5t]s is pass$1 & if our p9ion has t5 or m leaves1 ! 8add5da0 ( ! :eel is ( prop] height1 & ! leaves ( ! p9ion are n too ?ick1 !re w be no contact 9 front ( ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,) su* a dep? ! only friction w\ld be f a slight adhesion ( ! surfaces 9 contact1 a factor too small to be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ t a hypocycloid ( half ! pit* circle is a /raight l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,g5]at+ an epicycloid curve = a cut p9ion4 ,d1 g5]at+ circle4 ,dott$ l9e epicycloid curve4 ,note h[ ! %ape v>ies ) ! ?ickness ( ! too?4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an ideal dep?4 ,h[ %all we obta9 ! same results 9 practice8 ,x is comp>atively an easy matt] to s %ape our cutt]s t ! /raight faces ( our p9ion leaves w be /raight l9es po9t+ to ! c5t]1 b to secure j ! prop] curve = ! add5da ( our :eel tee? requires r a m complicat$ manipulation4 ,?is curve does n =m a segm5t ( a circle1 = x has no two radii ( equal l5g?1 & if cont9u$ w\ld =m1 n a circle1 b a spiral4 ,to g5]ate ?is curve1 we w cut f c>dbo>d1 wood1 or %eet metal1 a segm5t ( a circle hav+ a radius equal to t ( our :eel1 on ! pit* circle1 & a small] circle ^: diamet] is equal to ! radius ( ! p9ion1 on ! pit* circle4 ,to ! edge ( ! small circle we w atta* a p5cil or metal po9t s t x w trace a f9e m>k4 ,n[ we lay our segm5t flat on a piece ( draw+ pap]1 or %eet metal & cause ! small circle to revolve ar\nd its edge )\t slipp+4 ,we f9d t ! po9t 9 ! edge ( ! small circle has trac$ a s]ies ( curves ar\nd ! edge ( ! segm5t4 ,^! curves are call$ 8epicycloids10 & h ! peculi> prop]ty t if a l9e be drawn ?r\gh ! g5]at+ po9t & ! po9t ( contact ( ! two circles1 ?is w always be at "r angles to a tang5t ( ! curve at its po9t ( int]section4 ,x is ?is prop]ty to :i* x owes its value z a %ape = ! act+ surface ( a :eel too?1 = x is ow+ to ?is t a too? ^: act+ surface is b\nd$ by su* a curve c impel a p9ion leaf ?r\gh ! entire lead ) little slid+ action betwe5 ! two surfaces4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! curve on :i* we w =m ! add5da ( our :eel tee?4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff1 ! :eel has a radius ( fifte5 in*es & ! p9ion a radius ( "o & "o-half1 & ^! two measurem5ts are to be add$ toge!r to f9d ! di/ance ap>t ( ! two :eels2 #af4e in*es is !n ! di/ance t ! c5t]s ( revolution are ap>t ( ! :eels4 ,n[1 ! tee? & leaves jo9tly act on "o ano!r to ma9ta9 a sure & equable relative revolution ( ! pair4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff1 ! p9ion has its leaves radial to ! c5t]1 inside ( ! pit* l9e ,d1 & ! ends ( ! leaves1 or ^? p>ts outside ( ! pit* l9e1 are a half circle1 & s]ve no purpose until ! dep?+s are *ang$ by we>1 z !y nev] come 9 contact ) ! :eel2 ! :eel tee? only t\* ! radial "p ( ! p9ion & t occurs :olly )9 ! pit* l9e4 ,s 9 all p9ions above #aj leaves 9 numb] ! add5dum or curve is a ?+ ( no mom5t1 except z x may be too l>ge or too long4 ,9 _m l>ge pieces ( ma*9]y ! p9ions1 or small driv5 :eels1 h no add5dum or ext5sion beyond _! pit* diamet] & !y s]ve e end j z well4 ,9 wat*es !re is s mu* space or %ake all[$ betwe5 ! tee? & p9ions t ! end ( a leaf becomes a necessity to gu>d aga9/ ! p9ion's recoil+ out ( "t & /rik+ its %>p corn] aga9/ ! :eel tee? & s m>r+ or cutt+ !m4 ,9 a simil> pair ( :eels 9 ma*9]y !re are v close fits us$ & ! %ake betwe5 tee? is v slight & does n all[ ( recoil1 butt+1 or 8runn+ out ( "t40 ,runn+ out ( "t is ! sudd5 /opp+ & sett+ back ( a p9ion aga9/ ! opposite too? f ! "o j 9 contact or propell+4 ,?is1 ) p9ions ( suppress$ ends1 is a fault & x is av]t$ by ma9ta9+ ! ends4 ,! :eel too? drives ! p9ion by com+ 9 contact ) ! /raight flank ( ! leaf at ! l9e ( c5t]s1 t is a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t]s ( ! two :eels2 c5t]s ( revolution4 ,! curve or end ( ! :eel too? outside ( ! pit* l9e is ! only "p ( ! too? t ev] t\*es ! p9ion & x is ! "p "u friction f pressure & slipp+4 ,at ! fir/ po9t ( contact ! too? drives ! p9ion ) ! greate/ =ce1 z x is !n us+ ! %orte/ lev]age x has & is press+ on ! longe/ lev] ( ! leaf4 ,z ?is action proce$s1 ! too? is act$ on by ! p9ion leaf f>!r out on ! curve ( ! :eel too?1 ?us l5g!n+ ! lev] ( ! :eel & at ! same "t ! too? ?us acts ne>] to ! c5t] ( ! p9ion by t\*+ ! leaf ne>] its c5t] ( revolution4 ,by ^! jo9t actions x w appe> t ! :eel fir/ drives ) ! greate/ =ce & !n z its own lev]age l5g!ns & its =ce consequ5tly decreases1 x acts on a %ort] lev]age ( ! p9ion1 z ! end ( a too? is ne>] to ! c5t] ( ! p9ion1 or on ! %orte/ p9ion lev]age1 j z ! too? is ab\t ceas+ to act4 ,! action is ?us %[n f ! above to be a v>iable "o1 :i* />ts ) a maximum ( =ce & ends ) a m9imum4 ,practically ! v>iable =ce 9 a tra9 is n recogniz$ 9 ! escapem5t1 z ! o!r :eels & p9ions mak+ up ! tra9 are also 9 ! same relations ( maximum & m9imum =ces at ! same "t1 & ?us ?is !oretical & virtual v>iability ( tra9 =ce is to a great ext5t neutraliz$ at ! active or escap+ end ( ! movem5t4 ,!re is ano!r action betwe5 ! too? & leaf t is n easy to expla9 )\t some:at elaborate sket*es ( ! act+ p>ts1 & z ?is is n consi/5t ) su* an article1 we may dismiss x1 & m]ely /ate t x is ! "o ( ma9ta9+ ! relative angul> velocities ( ! two :eels at all times dur+ _! jo9t revolutions4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff w be se5 ! tee? ( ! :eel1 _! heights1 wid?s & spac+1 & ! epicycloidal curves4 ,also ! same features ( ! p9ion's con/ruction4 ,! curve on ! end ( ! :eel tee? is ! only curve 9 action dur+ ! rotation betwe5 :eel & p9ion4 ,ea* flank 7bo? tee? & leaves7 is a /raight l9e to ! c5t] ( ea*4 ,a too? is compos$ ( two memb]s--! pill> or body ( ! too? inside ( ! pit* l9e & ! cycloid or curve1 :olly outside ( ?is l9e4 ,! p9ion also has two memb]s1 ! radial flank :olly inside ( ! pit* l9e1 & its add5dum or circle outside ( ?is l9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ff4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff w be se5 a too? on ! l9e ( c5t]s ,a ,b1 j com+ 9 action aga9/ ! p9ion's flank & also "o j ceas+ action4 ,x w be se5 t ! too? j ent]+ is 9 contact at ! jo9t pit*es1 or radii1 ( ! two :eels1 & t :5 ! too? has run its c\rse & ceas$ to act1 t x w be repres5t$ by too? #b4 ,!n ! exit contact w be at ! dott$ l9e o o4 ,f ?is may be se5 j h[ f> ! too? has1 9 its excursion1 %ov$ along ! leaf ( ! p9ion & by ! di/ance ! l9e o o1 is f ! :eel's pit* l9e ,g1 at ?is too?4 ,no4 #b1 is %[n ! ext5t ( contact ( ! :eel too?4 ,by ^! dott$ l9es1 !n1 x may be se5 t ! too? has be5 "u friction = ne>ly its :ole curve's l5g?1 :ile ! p9ion's flank w h be5 "u friction contact = less ?an half ?is di/ance4 ,9 brief1 ! too? has mov$ ab\t _/ ( its curv$ surface along ! /raight flank 4#ce ( ! surface ( ! p9ion leaf4 ,f ?is relative frictional surface may be se5 ! reason :y a p9ion is apt to be pitt$ by ! :eel tee? & cut away4 ,9 any case x %[s ! relation betwe5 ! two friction surfaces4 ,9 "p a :eel too? rolls z well z slides along ! leaf1 b :atev] roll+ !re may be1 ! p9ion is also equally favor$ by ! same action1 :i* leaves ! proportions ( individual friction /ill ! same4 ,9 ,fig4 #ff may be se5 ! spaces ( ! tee? & p9ion4 ,! tee? are ap>t1 equal to _! own wid? & ! dep?s ( ! spaces are ! same measurem5t ( _! wid?--t is1 ! too? 7inside ( ! pit* l9e7 is a pill> z wide z x is high & a space betwe5 two tee? is ( l proportions & ext5t ( surface4 ,! dep? ( a space betwe5 two tee? is only = cle>ance & may be made mu* less1 z may be se5 by ! p9ion leaf1 z ! end ( ! circle does n come half way to ! bottom ( a space4 ,! dott$ l9e1 o o1 %[s ! po9t at :i* ! too? comes out ( action & ! po9t$ end outside ( ?is l9e might be cut (f )\t int]f]+ ) any function ( ! too?4 ,!y g5]ally are r\nd$ (f 9 common clock "w4 ,! p9ion is #c in*es diamet] & is divid$ into twelve spaces & twelve leaves2 ea* leaf is two-fif?s ( ! wid? ( a space & too?4 ,t is "o-twelf? ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! p9ion is divid$ into five equal p>ts & ! leaf occupies two & a space ?ree ( ^! p>ts4 ,! space mu/ be great] ?an ! wid? ( a leaf1 or ! end ( a leaf w\ld come 9 contact ) a too? be=e ! l9e ( c5t]s & cause a jamm+ & butt+ action4 ,also ! space is ne$$ = dirt cle>ance4 ,z wat* tra9s actuat$ by a spr+ d n h any res]ve =ce !re mu/ be all[ance made = ob/ructions betwe5 ! tee? ( a tra9 & s a l>ge latitude is all[$ 9 ?is respect1 m ?an 9 any ma*9]y ( l>ge calib]4 ,z w be se5 by ,fig4 #ff1 ! spans betwe5 ! leaves are deep1 mu* m s ?an is really necess>y1 & a space at ,o ,c %[s ! bottom ( a space1 cut on a circle :i* /r5g!ns a leaf at its root & is ! be/ practice4 ,hav+ det]m9$ ! =m ( our curve1 our next /ep w be to get ! prop] proportions4 ,sauni] recomm5ds t 9 all cases too? & space %\ld be ( equal wid?1 b a m mod]n practice is to make ! space slightly wid]1 say "o-t5? :]e ! curve is epicycloidal4 ,:5 ! tee? are cut ) ! ord9>y ,swiss cutt]s1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 _c be epicycloidal1 x is be/ to make ! spaces "o-sev5? wid] ?an ! too?4 ,?is proportion w be correct except 9 ! case ( a t5-leaf p9ion1 :51 if we wi% to be sure ! driv+ w beg9 on ! l9e ( c5t]s1 ! tee? mu/ be z wide z ! spaces2 b 9 ?is case ! p9ion leaf is made proportionately ?9n]1 s t ! requisite fre$om is ?us obta9$4 ,! height ( ! add5da ( ! :eel tee? above ! pit* circle is usually giv5 z "o & "o-eigh? times ! wid? ( a too?4 ,:ile ?is is approximately correct1 x is n entirely s1 = ! reason t z we use a circle ^: diamet] is equal to ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion = g5]at+ ! curve1 ! height ( ! add5da w\ld be diff]5t on ! same :eel = ea* diff]5t numb]$ p9ion4 ,s t if a :eel ( #fj 7 cut to drive a p9ion ( #h1 ! curve ( ?is too? w\ld be f\nd too flat if us$ to drive a p9ion ( #aj4 ,n[1 s9ce ! pit* diamet] ( ! p9ion is to ! pit* diamet] ( ! :eel z ! numb] ( leaves 9 ! p9ion are to ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! :eel1 9 ord] to secure p]fect tee?3 we mu/ adopt = ! height ( ! add5da a c]ta9 proportion ( ! radius or diamet] ( ! p9ion x is to drive1 ?is proportion dep5d+ on ! numb] ( leaves 9 ! p9ion4 ,a c>eful /udy ( ! exp]im5ts on ?is subject ) models ( dep?s con/ruct$ on a l>ge scale1 %[s t ! proportions giv5 bel[ come ! ne>e/ to p]fection4 ,:5 ! p9ion has six leaves ! spaces %\ld be twice ! wid? ( ! leaves & ! dep? ( ! space a little m ?an "o-half ! total radius ( ! p9ion4 ,! add5da ( ! p9ion %\ld be r\nd$1 & %\ld ext5d outside ! pit* circle a di/ance equal to ab\t "o-half ! wid? ( a leaf4 ,! add5da ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be epicycloidal 9 =m & %\ld ext5d outside ! pit* circle a di/ance equal to five-twelf?s ( ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion4 ,) ^! proportions1 ! too? w beg9 driv+ :5 "o-half ! ?ickness ( a leaf is 9 front ( ! l9e ( c5t]s1 & !re w be engag+ friction f ?is po9t until ! l9e ( c5t]s is rea*$4 ,?is _c be avoid$ ) l[ numb]$ p9ions )\t introduc+ a tra9 ( evils m productive ( faulty action ?an ! "o we are try+ to ov]come4 ,!re w be no dis5gag+ friction4 ,:5 a p9ion ( sev5 is us$1 ! spaces ( ! p9ion %\ld be twice ! wid? ( ! leaves1 & ! dep? ( a space ab\t ?ree-fif?s ( ! total radius ( ! p9ion4 ,! add5da ( ! p9ion leaves %\ld be r\nd$1 & %\ld ext5d outside ! pit* circle ab\t "o-half ! wid? ( a leaf4 ,! add5da ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be epicycloidal1 & ! height ( ea* too? above ! pit* circle equal to two-fif?s ( ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion4 ,!re is less engag+ friction :5 a p9ion ( sev5 is us$ ?an ) "o ( six1 z ! driv+ does n beg9 until two-?irds ( ! leaf is pa/ ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,!re is no dis5gag+ friction4 ,) an eight-leaf p9ion ! space %\ld be twice z wide z ! leaf1 & ! dep? ( a space ab\t "o-half ! total radius ( ! p9ion4 ,! add5da ( ! p9ion leaves %\ld be r\nd$ & ab\t "o-half ! wid? ( a leaf outside ! pit* circle4 ,! add5da ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be epicycloidal1 & ! height ( ea* too? above ! pit* circle equal to sev5-tw5tie?s ( ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion4 ,) a p9ion ( eight !re is /ill less engag+ friction ?an ) "o ( sev51 z ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! wid? ( a leaf is pa/ ! l9e ( c5t]s :5 ! driv+ beg9s4 ,z !re is no dis5gag+ friction1 a p9ion ( ?is numb] makes a v satisfactory dep?4 ,a p9ion ) n9e leaves is sometimes1 ?\gh seldom1 us$4 ,x %\ld h ! spaces twice ! wid? ( ! leaves1 & ! dep? ( a space "o-half ! total radius4 ,! add5da %\ld be r\nd$1 & its height above ! pit* circle equal to "o-half ! wid? ( ! leaf4 ,! add5da ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be epicycloidal1 & ! height ( ea* too? above ! pit* circle equal to ?ree-sev5?s ( ! total radius ( ! p9ion4 ,) ?is p9ion ! driv+ beg9s v ne> ! l9e ( c5t]s1 only ab\t "o-fif? ( ! wid? ( a leaf be+ 9 front ( ! l9e4 ,a p9ion ( t5 leaves is ! l[e/ numb] ) :i* we c entirely elim9ate engag+ friction1 & to d s 9 ?is case ! prop] proportions mu/ be rigidly adh]$ to4 ,! spaces on ! p9ion mu/ be a little m ?an twice z wide z a leaf2 a leaf & space w occupy #cf ( arc2 ( ?is #aa %\ld be tak5 = ! leaf & #be = ! space4 ,! add5da %\ld be r\nd$ & %\ld ext5d ab\t half ! wid? ( a leaf outside ! pit* circle4 ,! dep? ( a space %\ld be equal to ab\t "o-half ! total radius4 ,= ! :eel1 ! tee? %\ld be equal 9 wid? to ! spaces1 ! add5da epicycloidal 9 =m1 & ! height ( ea* too? above ! pit* circle1 equal to two-fif?s ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion4 ,a p9ion hav+ elev5 leaves w\ld give a bett] dep?1 !oretically1 ?an "o ( t51 z ! leaves ne$ n be made q s ?9 to ensure its n com+ 9 action 9 front ( ! l9e ( c5t]s4 ,x is seldom se5 9 wat* or clock "w1 b if ne$$ ! same proportions %\ld be us$ z ) "o ( t51 except t ! leaves may be made a little ?ick] 9 proportion to ! spaces4 ,a p9ion hav+ twelve leaves is ! l[e/ numb] ) :i* we c secure a !oretically p]fect action1 )\t sacrific+ ! /r5g? ( ! leaves or ! requisite fre$om 9 ! dep?s4 ,9 ?is p9ion1 ! leaf %\ld be to ! space z two to ?ree1 t is1 we divide ! arc ( ! circumf]5ce ne$$ = a leaf & space into five equal p>ts1 & take two ( ^! p>ts = ! leaf1 & ?ree = ! space2 dep? ( ! space %\ld be ab\t "o-half ! total radius4 ,! add5da ( ! :eel tee? %\ld be epicycloidal1 & ! height ( ea* too? above ! pit* l9e equal to two-sev5?s ! pit* radius ( ! p9ion4 ,z ! numb] ( leaves is increas$ up to tw5ty1 ! wid? ( ! space %\ld be decreas$1 until :5 ?is numb] is rea*$ ! space %\ld be "o-sev5? wid] ?an ! leaf4 ,z ^! numb]s are us$ *iefly = w9d+ :eels 9 wat*es1 :]e consid]able /r5g? is requir$1 ! bottoms ( ! spaces ( bo? mobiles %\ld be r\nd$4 ,,circul> ,,pit*4 ,,diametral ,,pit*4--,9 l>ge ma*9]y x is usual to take ! circumf]5ce & divide by ! numb] ( tee?2 ?is is call$ ! circul> pit*1 or di/ance f po9t to po9t ( ! tee?1 & is useful = describ+ tee? to be cut out z patt]ns = ca/+4 ,b = all small :eels x is m conv5i5t to take ! diamet] & divide by ! numb] ( tee?4 ,?is is call$ ! diametral pit*1 & :5 ! diamet] ( a :eel or p9ion :i* is int5d$ to "w into x is desir$1 su* diamet] be>s ! same ratio or proportion z ! numb] requir$4 ,bo? diamet]s are = _! pit* circles4 ,z ! tee? ( ea* :eel project f ! pit* circle & ent] into ! o!r1 an addition ( correspond+ am\nt is made to ea* :eel2 ?is is call$ ! add5dum4 ,z ! size ( a too? ( ! :eel & ( a too? ( ! p9ion are ! same1 ! am\nt ( ! add5dum is equal = bo?2 consequ5tly ! outside diamet] ( ! small] :eel or p9ion w be great] ?an ! ari?metical proportion betwe5 ! pit* circles4 ,z ! diamet]s are measur$ presumably 9 in*es or p>ts ( an in*1 ! numb] ( a :eel ( giv5 size is divid$ by ! diamet]1 :i* gives ! numb] ( tee? to ea* in* ( diamet]1 & is call$ ! diametral pit*4 ,9 all newly-design$ ma*9]y a :ole numb] is us$ & ! sizes ( ! :eels calculat$ accord+ly1 b :51 z 9 repair+1 a :eel ( any size has any numb] ( tee?1 ! diametral numb] may h an additional fraction1 :i* does n affect ! pr9ciple b gives a little m tr\ble 9 calculation4 ,take = example a clock ma9 :eel & c5t] p9ion3 ,assum+ ! :eel to be exactly ?ree in*es 9 diamet] at ! pit* l9e1 & to h n9ety-six tee?1 ! result w be #if #c #cb1 or #cb tee? to ea* in* ( diamet]1 & w\ld be call$ #cb pit*4 ,a p9ion ( #h to ge> ) ?is :eel w\ld h a diamet] at ! pit* l9e ( #h ( ^! ?irty-seconds ( an in* or _/ ( an in*4 ,b possibly ! :eel might n be ( su* an easily manageable size4 ,x might1 say1 be #c4be in*es1 9 :i* case1 #if be+ ! numb] ( ! :eel & #h ( ! p9ion1 ! ratio is _/ or _/1 s _/ ( #c4be #j4bgj1 ! pit* diamet] ( ! p9ion4 ,^! two examples are giv5 to indicate alt]native me?ods1 ! mo/ conv5i5t ( :i* may be us$4 ,aft] arriv+ at ! true pit* diamet]s ! matt] ( ! add5dum arises1 & x is = ?is t ! diametral numb] is specially useful1 z 9 e case :5 figur+ by ?is sy/em1 :atev] ! numb] ( a :eel or p9ion1 two ( ! pit* numb]s are to be add$4 ,?us ) ! #cb pit*1 ! outside diamet] ( ! :eel w be #c 94 _/1 & if ! p9ion _/ _/ _/4 ,) ! o!r me?od ! same exactness is m difficult ( atta9m5t1 b = practical purposes x w be ne> en\gh if we use _/ ( an in* = ! add5dum1 :5 ! result w be #c4be _/ or #c _/ #c2 94 ne>ly & ! p9ion #j4bgj _/ #j4bgj 4#jfff #j4ccff2 or to "w by ( an in* is ne> en\gh1 giv+ ! outside diamet] ( ! p9ion a small am\nt less ?an ! !oretical1 :i* is always advisable = p9ions :i* are to be driv54 ,we repres5t by ,figs4 #fg to #ga a :eel ( sixty tee? ge>+ ) a p9ion ( six leaves4 ,! :eel1 ^: pit* diamet] is repres5t$ by ! l9e mm is ! same 9 ea* figure4 ,! p9ion1 :i* has = its pit* diamet] ! l9e kk1 is 9 ,fig4 #fg1 ( a size proportion$ to t ( ! :eel1 & its c5t] is plac$ at ! prop] di/ance2 t is to say1 ! two pit* diamet]s are tang5tial4 ,9 ,fig4 #fh ! same p9ion1 ( ! prop] size1 has its c5t] too f> (f2 ! dep?+ is too %all[4 ,9 ,fig4 #fi x is too deep4 ,figs4 #gj & #ga repres5t ge>+ 9 :i* ! pit* circles are 9 contact1 z ! !ory requires1 b ! size ( ! p9ions is incorrect4 ,if ! :eels & p9ion actuat$ ea* o!r by simple contact ! velocity ( ! p9ion ) ref]5ce to t ( ! :eel w\ld n be absolutely ! same2 b ! ratio ( ! tee? be+ ! same1 ! same ratio ( motion obta9s 9 practice1 & !re is necess>ily bad work+ ( ! tee? ) ! leaves4 ,we w obs]ve :at passes 9 ea* ( ^! cases1 & ref] to ! suitable rem$ies = obta9+ a passable dep?+ & a comp>atively good rate1 )\t ! necessity ( repairs at a co/ out ( all proportion ) ! value ( ! article repair$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fg4 ,fig4 #fg repres5ts ge>+ ( :i* ! :eel & p9ion are well proportion$ & at ! prop] di/ance f ea* o!r4 ,its movem5t is smoo?1 b x has little drop or none at all4 ,by exam9+ ! tee? h1 h1 ( ! :eel1 x is se5 t !y are l>g] ?an ! int]val betwe5 !m4 ,) a cutt] ,,ff1 introduc$ betwe5 ! tee?1 !y are r$uc$ at d1 d1 :i* gives ! necess>y drop )\t *ang+ ! functions1 s9ce ! pit* circles mm & kk h n be5 modifi$4 ,! drop1 ! play betwe5 ! too? d & ! leaf a1 is suffici5tly increas$ = ! work+ ( ! ge>+ ) safety4 ,we h ! same pair 9 ,fig4 #fh1 b "h _! pit* circles d n t\*2 ! dep?+ is too %all[4 ,! drop is too great & butt+ is produc$ betwe5 ! too? h & ! leaf r1 :i* c be readily felt4 ,! rem$y is 9 *ang+ ! c5t] di/ance1 by clos+ ! holes1 if worn1 or mov+ "o ne>] ! o!r4 ,b 9 an ord9>y clock ?is :eel may be replac$ ) a l>g] "o1 ^: pit* circle rea*es to e4 ,! proportions ( ! pair are modifi$1 b n suffici5tly to produce inconv5i5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fh4 ,x may also answ] to /ret* ! :eel1 if x is ?ick en\gh to be suffici5tly increas$ 9 size4 ,a cutt] %\ld !n be select$ = r\nd+-up :i* w all[ ! full wid? to ! too? z at p2 b if x is n possible to enl>ge ! :eel en\gh1 a little ( ! wid? ( ! tee? may be tak5 (f1 z is se5 at h1 :i* w dim9i% ! butt+ ) ! leaf r4 ,too great dep?+1 ,fig4 #fi1 c g5]ally be recogniz$ by ! lack ( drop4 ,:5 ! tee? ( ! :eel are n>r[1 ! drop may appe> to be suffici5t4 ,:5 ! tra9 is put 9 action ! dep?+ t is too great produces scrat*+ or butt+ & ! 'scape :eel trembles4 ,?is results f ! fact t ! po9ts ( ! tee? ( ! :eel t\* ! core ( ! p9ion & cause x to butt aga9/ ! leaf foll[+ ! "o engag$1 z is visible at r 9 ,fig4 #fi4 ,x %\ld be notic$ t 9 ?is figure ! pit* circles mm & kk ov]lap ea* o!r1 in/ead ( be+ tang5tial4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #fi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gj4 ,to correct ?is ge>+1 ! cutt] %\ld act only on ! add5da ( ! tee? ( ! :eel1 s z to dim9i% !m & br+ ! pit* circle mm to n4 ,! dots 9 ! tee? d1 d1 %[ ! correct$ ge>+4 ,x is se5 t !re w be1 aft] ?is *ange1 ! necess>y drop1 & t ! end ( ! too? d w n t\* ! leaf r4 ,9 ! two prec$+ cases we h consid]$ :eels & p9ions ( accurate proportion1 & ! defects ( ! ge>+ proce$+ f ! wrong c5t] di/ances4 ,we w n speak ( ! ge>+ 9 :i* ! p9ion is too small4 ,! only !oretic rem$y 9 ?is case1 z 9 t ( too l>ge a p9ion1 is to replace ! defective piece2 b 9 practice1 :5 "t & money are to be sav$1 advantage mu/ be tak51 "o way or ano!r1 ( :at is 9 exi/5ce4 ,! buzz+ produc$ :5 ! tra9 runs 9 a ge>+ ) too small a p9ion proce$s f ! fact t ea* too? has a slight drop be=e engag+ ) ! correspond+ leaf4 ,if we exam9e ,fig4 #gj1 x w be easy to see h[ ?is drop is produc$4 ,! :eel revolv+ 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[1 x c be se5 t :5 ! too? h leaves ! leaf r1 ! foll[+ too?1 p1 does n engage ) ! correspond+ leaf1 s2 ?is too? w !re=e h "s drop be=e rea*+ ! leaf4 ,a friction may ev5 be produc$ at ! end or add5dum ( ! too? p aga9/ ! foll[+ leaf v4 ,to obta9 a fair dep?+ )\t replac+ ! p9ion1 ! :eels c be pass$ to ! r\nd+-up ma*9e1 hav+ a cutt] :i* w take (f only ! po9ts ( ! tee?1 z is indicat$ 9 ! figure2 ! result may be obs]v$ by ! dott$ l9es4 ,! too? h be+ %ort]1 x w leave ! leaf r ( ! p9ion :5 ! latt] is 9 ! dott$ position2 t is to say1 a little soon]4 ,at ?is mom5t ! too? p is 9 contact ) ! leaf s1 & !re is no risk ( friction aga9/ ! leaf v4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to t\* only ! add5dum ( ! too? s z n to weak5 ! tee?4 ,! circumf]5ce i w be t ( a p9ion ( accurate size1 & if ! p9ion is replac$1 x w be necess>y to dim9i% ! :eel s t its pit* circle %all be tang5tial ) i4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ga4 ,) too small a p9ion a passable ge>+ c g5]ally be produc$4 ,9 any case /oppage c be prev5t$4 ,?is is n s easy :5 ! p9ion is too l>ge4 ,9 ,fig4 #ga1 ! p9ion has z its pit* circle ! l9e k1 in/ead ( i1 :i* w\ld be ne>] ! size ) ref]5ce to t ( ! :eel4 ,?is is purposely drawn a little small = cle>ness ( illu/ration4 ,! ess5tial defect ( su* a ge>+ c be se52 ! butt+ produc$ betwe5 ! too? p & ! leaf s w cause /oppage4 ,h[ %all ?is defect be correct$ )\t replac+ ! p9ion8 ,to rem$y ! butt+ z f> z possible1 "s wat*mak]s slope ! tee? ( ! :eel by dec5t]+ ! cutt] on ! r\nd+-up ma*9e4 ,at ,,ff ! cutt] is se5 work+ betwe5 ! tee? d & d4 ,x is evid5t t :5 ! :eel becomes small] x is necess>y to /ret* x out1 & to make use ( ! cutt] aft]w>ds4 ,h[ev]1 ! mo/ rational me?od is to leave ! tee? /raight1 & to give !m ! sl5d]e/ =m possible1 aft] hav+ enl>g$ ! :eel or hav+ replac$ x ) ano!r4 ,! motive =ce ( ! :eel be+ suffici5tly weak1 ! size ( ! tee? may be r$uc$ )\t fe>4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is to suppress ! butt+4 ,success w be ! easie/ :5 ! tee? are ?9n]4 ,9 conclusion1 we recomm5d v]ification ( all suspect$ ge>+s by ! dep?+ tool1 :i* is easi] & sur] ?an by ! clock itself4 ,"o c see bett] by ! tool ! work+ ( ! tee? ) ! leaves1 & c =m a bett] idea ( ! defect to be correct$4 ,) ! aid ( ! illu/rations t h be5 giv5 x c be readily notic$ :e!r ! dep?+ is too deep or too %all[1 or ! p9ion too l>ge or too small4 ,! defects m5tion$ are ( less consequ5ce 9 a p9ion ( sev5 leaves1 & !y are correct$ m readily4 ,) p9ions ( high] numb]s ! dep?+s w be smoo!r1 provid$ suffici5t c>e has be5 tak5 9 ! *oice ( ! r\nd+-up cutt]s4 ,,r\nd+-,,up ,,:eels4--,x is frequ5tly obs]v$ t "y wat*mak]s1 & 7regretfully be x said7 "s ( ! old] & m exp]i5c$ ones1 are r c>eless :5 fitt+ :eels on p9ions4 ,9 _m cases ! :eel is simply held 9 ! f+]s & ! hole op5$ ) a broa*1 & 9 do+ ?is no special c>e is tak5 to keep ! hole truly c5tral & ( correct size to fit ! p9ion snugly1 & %\ld x be op5$ a little too l>ge x is rivet$ on ! p9ion :e!r conc5tric or n4 ,_m suppose ! r\nd+-up tool w !n make x correct )\t fur!r tr\ble & )\t suffici5t ?\ght ( ! irregul>ities ensu+ :5 us+ ! tool4 ,to make ! subject p]fectly cle> ! subjo9$ b r exagg]at$ sket* is %[n1 ,fig4 #gb4 ,( c\rse1 x is seldom requir$ to r\nd-up a :eel ( twelve tee?1 & ! ecc5tricity ( ! :eel w\ld be h>dly z great z %[n2 nev]!less1 assum+ su* a case to occur ! draw+ w exactly indicate ! imp]fections aris+ f ! use ( a r\nd+-up tool4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gb4 ,presum+ f ! draw+ t ! :eel1 z %[n by dott$ l9es1 _h orig9ally be5 cut ) its c5t] at m1 b ?r\gh c>eless fitt+ _h be5 plac$ on ! p9ion at o1 & consequ5tly is v mu* out ( r\nd :5 te/$ 9 ! calip]s1 & to correct ?is defect x is put 9 ! r\nd+-up tool4 ,! cutt] comm5ces to remove ! metal f too? #g1 x be+ ! highe/1 next ! neighbor+ tee? #f & #h1 !n #e & #i1 & s on until too? #a comes 9 contact ) ! cutt]4 ,! :eel is n[ r\nd4 ,b h[ ab\t ! size ( ! tee? & ! pit*8 ,! result ( ! action ( ! cutt] is %[n by ! sectionally l9$ :eel4 ,_m w ask h[ su*1 a result is possible1 z ! cutt] has act$ equally ^u all ! tee?4 ,nev]!less1 a little /udy ( ! action ( ! r\nd+-up cutt] w soon make x pla9 :y su* faults arise4 ,naturally ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? ?r\gh ! action ( ! cutt] w be equal1 b z ! cutt] is compell$ to remove consid]able metal f ! po9t ( greate/ ecc5tricity1 i4 e41 at too? #g & ! adjo9+ tee?1 to make ! :eel r\nd1 & ! pit* circle be+ small] ! tee? become ?9n]1 z ! space betwe5 ! tee? rema9s ! same4 ,at too? #a no metal 0 remov$1 consequ5tly x rema9s 9 its orig9al condition4 ,! pit* f ea* side ( too? #a becomes less & less to too? #g1 & ! tee? ?9n]1 & ! ?icke/ too? is always f\nd opposite ! ?9ne/4 ,9 ! case ( a :eel hav+ a l>ge numb] ( tee? & ! ecc5tricity ( :i* is small1 su* faults z describ$ _c be readily se51 f ! fact t !re are _m tee? & ! slight *ange 9 ea* is s gradual t ! only way to detect ! diff]5ce is by comp>+ opposite tee?4 ,& ?is ecc5tricity becomes a s]i\s matt] :5 !re are b few tee?1 z be=e expla9$1 especially :5 r$uc+ an escape :eel4 ,! only prop] c\rse to pursue is to cem5t ! :eel on a *uck1 by putt+ x 9 a /ep *uck or 9 any suitable mann] s t x c be tru$ by its p]iph]y & !n op5+ ! hole truly4 ,?is me?od is foll[$ by all exp]t workm54 ,a clos] exam9ation ( ! draw+ tea*es u t an ecc5tric :eel ) po9t$ tee?--z cycloidal tee? are mo/ly left 9 ?is condition :5 plac$ 9 ! r\nd+-up tool1 w n be made r\nd1 because :5 ! cutt] has j po9t$ ! correct too? 7too? ,no4 #a 9 ! draw+7 x w necess>ily %ort5 ! ?9n] tee?4 ,nos4 #f1 #g1 #h1 i4 e41 ! pit* circle w be small] 9 diamet]4 ,we c1 !re=e1 und]/& :y ! r\nd+-up tool does n make ! :eel r\nd4 ,z we h be=e obs]v$1 :5 r\nd+-up an ecc5trically rivet$ :eel1 ! ?icke/ too? is always opposite ! ?9ne/1 b ) a :eel :i* has be5 /ret*$ ! case is some:at diff]5t4 ,mo/ :eels :5 /ret*$ become angul>1 z ! arcs betwe5 ! arms move outw>d 9 a great] or less degree1 :i* c be improv$ to "s ext5t by c>efully hamm]+ ! :eel ne> ! arms1 b "s inequalities w /ill rema94 ,9 /ret*+ a :eel ) five arms we !re=e h five high & z _m depress$ p>ts on its p]iph]y4 ,if ?is :eel is n[ r\nd$-up ! five high p>ts w conta9 ?9n] tee? ?an ! depress$ portions4 ,not)/&+ t ! /ret*+ ( :eels1 ?\gh objectionable1 is (t5 unavoidable on acc\nt ( ! l[ price ( repairs1 x c]ta9ly ought n to be ov]done4 ,be=e plac+ ! :eel 9 ! r\nd+-up tool x %\ld be te/$ 9 ! calip]s & ! l[ places c>efully /ret*$ s t ! :eel is z ne>ly r\nd z c be made be=e ! cutt] acts ^u x4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to m5tion t ! r\nd+-up tool w n equalize ! tee? ( a badly cut :eel1 & fur!r %\ld !re be a burr on "s ( ! tee? :i* has n be5 remov$1 ! action ( ! guide & cutt] 9 ent]+ a space w n move ! :eel ! same di/ance at ea* too?1 ?us produc+ ?ick & ?9 tee?4 ,f :at has be5 said x w\ld be wrong to conclude t ! r\nd+-up tool is a useless "o2 on ! contr>y1 x is a practical & indisp5sable tool1 b to r5d] good s]vice x mu/ be correctly us$4 ,9 ! use ( ! r\nd+-up tool ! foll[+ rules are to be obs]v$3 #a4 ,9 a new :eel enl>ge ! hole aft] tru+ ! :eel f ! outside & /ake x conc5trically on its p9ion4 #b4 ,9 a rivett$ b untrue :eel1 /ret* ! deep] portions until x runs true1 !n r$uce x 9 ! r\nd+-up tool4 ,! bett] me?od is to remove ! :eel f its p9ion1 bu% ! hole1 op5 conc5trically ) ! outside & rivet1 z previ\sly m5tion$ 9 a prec$+ p>agraph4 ,b if ! old rivet+ _c be turn$ s t x c be us$ aga9 x is be/ to turn x entirely away1 mak+ ! p9ion %aft conical t[>ds ! pivot1 & aft] hav+ bu%$ ! :eel1 drill a hole ! prop] size & drive x on ! p9ion4 ,! :eel w be !n j z secure z :5 rivett$1 z 9 do+ ! latt] ! :eel is (t5 di/ort$4 ,) a v ?9 :eel all[ ! bu% to project some:at1 s t x has a secure hold on ! p9ion %aft & _c "w loose4 #c4 ,%\ld !re be a fea!r edge on ! tee?1 ?is %\ld be remov$ ) a scrat* bru% be=e r\nd+ x up1 b if = "s reason ?is _c well be done1 !n place ! :eel ^u ! re/ ) ! fea!r edge ne>e/ ! latt] s t ! cutt] does n come imm$iately 9 contact ) x4 ,if ! fea!r edge is only on "o side ( ! too?--:i* is (t5 ! case--place ! :eel 9 ! tool s t ! guide w turn x f ! opposite side ( ! too?2 ! guide w n[ move ! :eel ! correct di/ance = ! cutt] to act uni=mly4 ,( c\rse1 9 e case ! guide1 cutt] & :eel1 mu/ be 9 correct position to ensure good "w4 #d4 ,to obta9 a smoo? surface on ! face ( ! tee? a high cutt] spe$ is requir$1 & = ?is reason x is advantage\s to drive ! cutt] sp9dle by a foot :eel4 ,,mak+ ,,s+le ,,p9ions4--,!re are two ways ( mak+ clock p9ions2 "o is to take a solid piece ( /eel ( ! l5g? & diamet] ne$$ & turn away ! surplus mat]ial to leave ! arbor & ! p9ion head ( suitable dim5sions2 ! o!r way is to make ! head & ! arbor ( sep>ate pieces2 ! head drill$ & fix$ on ! arbor by friction4 ,! latt] plan saves a lot ( "w1 & ! cutt+ ( ! tee? may be easi]4 ,"o me?od is z good z ! o!r1 z ! =ce on ! tra9 is v slight & ! p9ion head may be driv5 s tightly on ! arbor z to be p]fectly safe )\t any o!r fa/5+1 provid$ ! arbor is giv5 a v small tap]1 4#jja in* 9 f\r in*es4 ,! /eel = ! arbor may be *os5 ( su* a size z to require v little turn+1 & h>d5$ & temp]$ to a full or pale blue be=e comm5c+ turn+ x1 b ! piece int5d$ = ! p9ion head mu/ be ?or\ghly anneal$1 or x may be f\nd impossible to cut ! tee? )\t de/roy+ a cutt]1 :i*1 be+ valuable1 is wor? tak+ c>e (4 ,p9ions = ord9>y "w are n h>d5$2 z !y are left s(t by ! manufactur]s x w\ld be nons5se = ! repair] to put 9 "o h>d5$ p9ion 9 a clock :]e all ! o!rs 7 s(t4 ,p9ions on f9e "w are h>d5$4 ,turn+ is done betwe5 c5t]s to insure tru?4 ,be=e comm5c+ "w on ! p9ion blanks x is advisable to try ! cutt]s on brass rod1 turn$ to ! exact size1 & if ! rod is s(t en\gh x w be f\nd t ! cutt] w make ! spaces be=e x is h>d5$1 :i* is a v important advantage1 admitt+ ( correction 9 ! =m ( ! cutt] if requir$2 only two or ?ree tee? ne$ be cut 9 ! brass to enable "o to see if !y are suitable1 & if f\nd s1 or aft] an alt]ation ( ! cutt]1 ! entire numb] may be cut r\nd & ! brass p9ion made use ( = te/+ its accuracy z to size & %ape by lay+ ! :eel along ) x on a flat plate1 hav+ /uds plac$ at ! prop] c5t] di/ance4 ,by ?is means ! utmo/ ref9em5t may be made 9 ! diamet] ( ! brass p9ion1 :i* w !n s]ve z a gauge = ! diamet] ( ! /eel p9ions1 x be+ recollect$1 z m5tion$ 9 a previ\s p>agraph1 t a slight v>iation 9 ! diamet] ( a p9ion may be made to c\nt]balance a slight deviation f ma!matical accuracy 9 ! =m ( ! :eel tee?1 su* z is liable to occur ow+ to ! smallness ( ! tee? mak+ x impracticable to actually draw ! true curves1 ! only way ( gett+ !m be+ to draw !m to an enl>g$ scale on pap]1 & copy !m on ! cutt] z truly z possible by ! eye4 ,suppos+ ! cutt] has be5 prop]ly %ap$1 h>d5$ & complet$ & ! /eel p9ion heads all turn$ to ! diamet] ( ! brass gauge1 ! cutt+ may be proce$$ ) )\t fe> ( spoil+1 or fur!r loss ( "t :i* might be sp5t 9 cutt+ ! long p9ion leaves2 & ev5 :at is ( m importance 9 "w :i* does n all[ ( any imp]fection1 remov+ ! temptation1 :i* might be /rong1 to let a p9ion g1 kn[+ x to be less p]fect ?an x %\ld be4 ,assum+ ! p9ion tee? to be satisfactorily cut1 ! next op]ation w be h>d5+ & temp]+4 ,a good way ( do+ ?is is to enclose "o at a "t 9 a piece ( gas pipe1 fill+ up ! space ar\nd ! p9ion ) some?+ to keep ! air (f ! "w & prev5t any ( ! products ( combu/ion attack+ ! /eel & s injur+ ! surface4 ,common soap alone answ]s ! purpose v well1 or x may h p[d]$ *>coal mix$ ) x2 also ! addition ( common salt helps to keep ! /eel clean & :ite4 ,! heat+ %\ld be sl[1 giv+ "t = ! p9ion & ! outside ( ! tube to bo? acquire ! same heat4 ,ov]-heat+ %\ld be c>efully avoid$1 or !re w be scal+ ( ! surfaces1 injuri\s to ! /eel1 & requir+ "t & labor to poli% (f4 ,!re is no bett] way ( h>d5+ ?an by dipp+ ! pipe ) ! p9ion enclos$ 9 pla9 cold wat]1 or if ! p9ion %\ld drop out ( ! tube into ! wat] x w d all ! same4 ,to be sure ! h>d5+ is satisfactory x w be z well n to tru/ to ! clean :ite color likely to result f ?is treatm5t1 b try bo? ends & ! c5t] ) a file4 ,aft] all ?is has be5 successfully accompli%$ ! p9ions w require temp]+1 ! long arbors /raight5+1 & ! tee? poli%+4 ,! drill$ p9ion heads1 if h>d5$ at all by ! me?od la/ m5tion$1 w1 on acc\nt ( _! %ort l5g?s1 be equally h>d5$ all ov]1 b if ! p9ion & arbor %\ld be all 9 "o piece c>e w be ne$$ to ensure equal heat+ all ov]1 or "o "p may be burnt & ano!r s(t4 ,also1 to gu>d aga9/ b5d+ ! long arbors1 ! pack+ 9 ! tube w ne$ to be c>efully done1 s z to produce equal pressure all ov]2 o!rwise1 :ile ! /eel is r$ hot1 & consequ5tly s(t en\gh to b5d1 ev5 by its own weight1 x may get di/ort$ be=e dropp+ 9 ! wat]4 ,a long ?9 rod l ?is almo/ inv>iably b5ds if heat$ on an op5 fire unless equally support$ all along2 if h>d5$ s1 a little t9 tray may be b5t up1 fill$ ) p[d]$ *>coal1 & ! p9ion b$d$ ev5ly 9 x4 ,ei!r ?is way or ) a tube ! long arbor may get b5t be=e be+ qu5*$2 b if ! arbor1 ?\gh kept /raight up to ?is po9t1 %\ld happ5 to be dropp$ sideways into ! wat] ! side cool$ fir/ w\ld contract mo/4 ,to avoid ?is1 ! arbor %\ld be dropp$ endways1 z v]tically z possible4 ,,temp]+ ,,! ,,p9ions4--,= common *eap "w ! usual & quicke/ way is :at is call$ 8blaz+ (f40 ,t is done ei!r by dipp+ ea* piece s+ly 9 ?ick oil & sett+ ! oil on fire1 all[+ x to burn away1 or plac+ a numb] ( pieces 9 a suitably siz$ pan1 cov]+ ) oil1 & burn+ x4 ,! result is ! same ei!r way1 ! me?od be+ simply a matt] ( conv5i5ce regulat$ by ! numb] ( pieces to be temp]$ at "o "t4 ,z ! result ( blaz+ (f is to "s ext5t unc]ta91 & ! p9ions apt to be too s(t1 x w be advisable to adopt ! process ( blu+1 by :i* ! temp] desir$ may be produc$ ) m accuracy4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d w be to clean ! surface ( ! arbor all along on "o side2 ! p9ion head may be left alone4 ,z ! p9ion head w\ld get ov]heat$ be=e ! arbor _h rea*$ ! blue color1 if ! piece 7 simply plac$ on a blu+ pan or a lump ( hot iron1 x w be necess>y to provide a lay] ( "s s(t sub/ance to b$ ! p9ion on2 iron1 /eel or brass fil+s answ] well because ! heat is soon uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! mass1 & by judici\sly mov+ ! lamp an equable temp] may be got all along1 z det]m9$ by ! color4 ,!re is ano!r & v sure way ( gett+ a uni=m temp]1 9 us+ :i* !re is no ne$ to poli% ! arbors4 ,! heat ( lead at ! po9t ( fusion happ5s to be j ab\t ! same z t requir$ = ! temp]+ ( ?is "w2 s if a ladle full ( lead is available ea* p9ion may be buri$ 9 x = a few seconds1 hold+ x d[n b5ea? ! molt5 surface ) hot pli]s4 ,! temp] suitable is indicat$ by a pale blue1 a little s(t] ?an = spr+s1 & a piece ( poli%$ /eel set float+ on ! lead w indicate :e!r ! heat is suitable2 if f\nd too great "s t9 may be add$1 :i* w cause ! metal to melt at a l[] temp]ature4 ,ov]-heat+ ! metal mu/ be avoid$3 x %\ld g no high] ?an ! b>e melt+ po9t4 ,,/raight5+ ,,b5t ,,arbors4--,:5 all c>e has be5 tak5 9 ! h>d5+1 ! long pieces ( wire are /ill apt to become b5t m or less1 & ?is is especially ! case ) solid p9ions2 s be=e proce$+ fur!r ! pieces mu/ be got true1 or z ne>ly s z possible1 & x w be f\nd impracticable to d ?is by simple b5d+ :5 ! /eel is temp]$4 ,if ! piece is plac$ betwe5 c5t]s 9 ! la! & rotat$ sl[ly1 ! holl[ side w be f\nd2 ?is side mu/ be kept upp]mo/ :ile ! /eel is held on a smoo? anvil1 & ! p5e1 or *isel-%ap$1 end ( a small hamm] appli$ crossways ) g5tle bl[s1 /epp+ ev5ly along s t ea* portion ( ! /eel is /ruck all along ! "p :i* is holl[2 ?is w /ret* ! holl[ side1 &1 by c>eful work+1 try+ ! tru? f "t to "t1 ! piece c be got z true z may be wi%$1 & probably keep s dur+ ! subsequ5t turn+ & f9i%+1 ?\gh x is advisable to keep wat* on x1 & if x %[s any t5d5cy to spr+ out ( tru? aga91 repeat ! /rik+ process1 :i* %\ld always be done g5tly & 9 su* a way z to %[ no hamm] m>ks4 ,hav+ got ! pieces suffici5tly true 9 ?is way1 ea* arbor may h a collet ( suitable size driv5 on to x = p]man5cy1 & z ! collets w probably be a little out ( tru? !y may h a f9i%+ cut tak5 all ov] !m & receive a f9al poli%4 ,,poli%+4--,to poli% ! /eel arbors aft] turn+1 a flat metal poli%]1 iron or /eel1 is us$2 ?is ) em]y or oil/one du/ & oil produces a true surface1 ) a %>p corn] at ! %\ld]2 ! poli%] w require frequ5t fil+ on ! flat & ! edge to keep x 9 %ape ) a %>p corn]1 & a gra9 cross+ l ! cuts on a file to hold ! gr9d+ mat]ial4 ,! poli%+ ( arbors is n done ) ! object ( mak+ !m %9e1 b to get !m smoo? & true1 s !re is no ne$ ( us+ any f9] /uff ?an em]y or oil/one du/4 ,an old way to poli% ! leaves 0 to use a simple metal poli%] ( a suitable ?ickness1 plac+ ! p9ion on a cork or piece ( wood1 or ev5 hold+ x 9 ! f+]s2 work+ away at a too? at a "t until a good en\gh poli% 0 obta9$2 b ?is me?od1 :ile be+ satisfactory z to results1 0 also t$i\s & v sl[4 ,x 0 9 "s cases assi/$ by hav+ guide p9ions fitt$ tight on "o or bo? ends ( ! arbors to prev5t r\nd+ ( ! tee?1 ! poli%] re/+ 9 ! guide & ! too? to be poli%$4 ,on ! ,am]ican la!s an accessory is provid$ call$ a 8wig wag40 ,?is is a rod fa/5$ at "o end to a pulley by a crank p9 ne> its circumf]5ce2 ! pulley be+ rotat$ by a belt f ! c\nt] %aft pulleys causes ! rod to move rapidly backw>ds & =w>ds4 ,on ! o!r end ( ! rod a long n>r[ piece ( lead or t9 is fix$1 ! p9ion be+ fitt$ by its c5tres into a simple frame held 9 ! slide re/ s t x c be rotat$ too? by too?2 ! lead soon gets cut to ! =m ( ! tee?1 & ! poli%+ is quickly effect$4 ,ano!r way is to take s(t p9e or basswood1 %ape x r\ghly to ab\t ! =m ( space betwe5 two tee? & use x z a file1 ) em]y & oil or oil/one du/4 ,! wood is soon cut to ! exact %ape ( ! tee?1 & !n makes a quick & p]fect job4 ,! p9ion is held 9 ! jaws ( ! vise & ! wood5 poli%] us$ z a file ) bo? h&s4 ,:]e !re is mu* poli%+ to d a simple tool1 :i* a workman c =m = himself1 produces a result :i* is all t c be desir$4 ,x consi/s ( an arbor to "w betwe5 ! la! c5tres1 or a screw *uck = wood1 ) a r\nd block ( s(t wood1 ( a good diamet]1 fix$ on x1 & turn$ true & squ>e across2 ?is w get a spiral groove cut 9 x by ! corn]s ( ! p9ion leaves4 ,! p9ion is set betwe5 c5tres 9 a hold] 9 ! slide re/1 ) ! hold] set at a slight angle1 s t1 in/ead ( circul> grooves be+ cut 9 ! wood a screw w be =m$1 ! angle be+ f\nd by trial4 ,on ! wood block be+ rotat$ & suppli$ ) f9e em]y ! p9ion w be f\nd to rotate1 &1 be+ drawn backw>ds & =w>ds by ! slide re/1 c be poli%$ /raight1 :ile ! circul> action ( ! poli%] w cause ! sides ( ! p9ion leaves to be made q smoo? & entirely free f ridges4 ,if x %\ld be desir$ to face ! p9ions1 l wat* p9ions1 x may be done 9 ! same way1 by cutt+ holl[s s z to leave only a f9e r+ r\nd ! bottoms ( ! tee?1 & us+ a holl[ poli%] ) a flat end held 9 ! f+]s :ile ! p9ion is rotat+4 ,a common c>tridge %ell ) a hole l>g] ?an ! arbor drill$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! head makes a f9e poli%] = squ>e fac+ on ! ends ( p9ions1 :ile a /ick ( s(t wood w readily adapt itself to m\ld$ ends4 ,! p9ion heads be+ f9i%$ & got q true1 ! arbors may be turn$ true & poli%$4 ,x is n advisable to turn ! arbors small2 !y w be bett] left ?ick s z to be /iff & solid1 z ! weight s ne> ! c5t] is ( no importance1 ! velocity on ! small circumf]5ce 9 />t+ & /opp+ be+ also inappreciable4 ,! ?ickness ( ! arbors :5 ! p9ion heads are drill$ is det]m9$ by ! necessity ( hav+ suffici5t body inside ! bottoms ( ! tee?2 b :5 solid !y may ) advantage be left ?ick]2 h[ev]1 !re is no absolute size4 ,! ends on :i* ! collets = hold+ ! :eels are to be fix$ may be turn$ to ! same tap] z ! broa* :i* w be us$ = op5+ ! collet holes1 :ile ! o!r ends may be /raight4 ,none ( ! :eels 9 a f9e clock %\ld be rivet$ to ! p9ion heads2 ev5 ! c5t] :eel1 :i* goes q up to ! p9ion head1 is g5]ally fix$ on a collet4 ,! collets are made f brass cut (f a r\nd rod1 ! outside diamet]s be+ j inside ! edges ( ! :eel hubs1 & a %\ld] turn$ to fit accurately into ! c5t] hole ( ea* :eel4 ,^! collets %\ld fir/ h _! holes broa*$ to fit _! arbors1 all[+ a little = driv+ on1 z !y may be made tight en\gh 9 ?is way )\t sold]+4 ,be c>eful to keep ! broa* oil$ to prev5t /ick+ if y want a smoo? r\nd hole4 ,! holes 9 ! :eels be+ made1 ea* collet may be turn$ to a little ov] its f9al size all ov]1 & !n driv5 on to its place on ! p9ion1 s t a f9al turn+ may be made to ensure exact tru? f ! arbors' own c5t]s4 ,:5 ! collets are ?us f9i%$ 9 _! places on ! arbors1 & ! :eels fitt$ to !m1 if x is a f9e clock1 su* z a regulator1 a hole may be drill$ ?r\gh ea* :eel & its collet to take a screw1 ! holes 9 ! collet tapp$1 ! holes 9 ! :eels enl>g$ to all[ ! screw to pass freely ?r\gh1 & a c\nt]s9k made to ea*1 s t ! screws1 :5 f9i%$1 may be flu% ) ! :eels4 ,"o hole hav+ be5 ?us made & ! :eel fix$ ) a screw1 ! o!r two holes c be made s z to be true1 :i* w\ld n be s well accompli%$ if all ! holes 7 attempt$ at once4 ,! spac+ ( ! ?ree screws w be accurate en\gh if ! :eel arms be tak5 z a guide4 ,if all ?is has be5 correctly done1 ! :eels w g to _! places q true1 bo? 9 ! r\nd & ! flat1 & may be tak5 (f = poli%+1 & replac$ true ) c]ta9ty1 any numb] ( times4 ,! poli%+ ( ! pivots %\ld be z f9e z possible2 all %\ld be well burni%$1 to h>d5 !m & make !m z smoo? z possible if x is a common job2 if a f9e "o ) h>d5$ arbors ! pivots may be gr\nd & poli%$ z 9 wat* "w2 if ! workman has a pivot poli%] & "s ?9 squ>e edg$ laps ?is is a %ort job & %\ld be done be=e cutt+ (f ! c5t]s & r\nd+ ! ends ( ! pivots4 ,dur+ all ?is "w ! :eels1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 w be remov$ f ! p9ions1 & may n[ be aga9 tempor>ily screw$ on1 ! poli%+ ( !m be+ def]r$ till ! la/1 z o!rwise !y w\ld be liable to be scrat*$4 ,,lant]n ,,p9ions4--,! lant]n p9ion is little und]/ood outside ( clock factories & h5ce x is g5]ally und]rat$1 especially by wat*mak]s & ^? work+ g5]ally 9 ! f9] bran*es ( me*anics4 ,x w nev] be displac$ 9 clock "w1 h[ev]1 on acc\nt ( ! foll[+ specific advantages3 #a4 ,x (f]s ! greate/ possible fre$om f /oppage ow+ to dirt gett+ into ! p9ions1 z if a piece l>ge en\gh to jam & /op a clock ) cut p9ions1 gets into ! lant]n p9ion1 x w ei!r fall ?r\gh at once or be pu%$ ?r\gh betwe5 ! r\nds ( ! p9ion by ! too? ( ! :eel & h5ce w n int]f]e ) its op]ation4 ,x is !re=e excell5tly adapt$ to run "u adv]se circum/ances1 su* z ! majority ( common clocks are subject$ to4 #b4 ,)\t giv+ ! reasons x is demon/rable t z smoo? a motion may be got by a lant]n p9ion z by a solid radial p9ion ( twice ! numb]1 & t ! =ce requir$ to ov]come ! friction ( ! lant]n is !re=e mu* less ?an ) ! o!r4 ,x foll[s t su* p9ions c be us$ ) advantage 9 ! con/ruction ( all *eap & r\ghly con/ruct$ clocks :i* are daily turn$ out 9 ?\s&s to sell at a l[ price4 #c4 ,we h be=e po9t$ out ! enorm\s advantages ( small sav+s p] movem5t 9 clock factories :i* are turn+ out an annual product ( millions ( clocks1 & )\t go+ into details1 x is suffici5t to ref] to ! fact t :]e eight or t5 millions ( clocks are to be made annually ! diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( keep+ up ! drills & o!r tools = lant]n p9ions ov] ! co/ ( simil> "w on ! cutt]s = solid p9ions is suffici5t to h a m>k$ influ5ce ^u ! co/ ( ! goods4 ,!n ! rapidity ) :i* !y c be made & ! consequ5t smallness ( ! plant z comp>$ ) t :i* mu/ be provid$ = turn+ out an equal numb] ( cut p9ions is also a factor4 ,!re are o!r features1 b ! above w be suffici5t to %[ t x is unlikely t ! lant]n p9ion w ev] be displac$ 9 ! majority ( common clocks4 ,f sev5ty-five to n9ety p] c5t ( ! clocks n[ made h lant]n p9ions4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 lant]n & cut p9ions me*anically is t z !re is no radial flank = ! curve ( ! :eel too? to press aga9/ 9 ! lant]n p9ion ! driv+ is all done on or aft] ! l9e ( c5t]s1 except 9 ! small] numb]s1 & h5ce ! engag+ or butt+ friction is entirely elim9at$ :5 ! p9ion is driv51 z is always ! case 9 clock "w4 ,:]e ! p9ion is ! driv]1 h[ev]1 ?is condition is rev]s$ & ! driv+ is all be=e ! l9e ( c5t]s1 s t x makes a v bad driv] & ?is is ! reason :y x is nev] us$ z a driv+ p9ion4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 b>s x f use 9 a l>ge class ( ma*9]y4 ,! actual mak+ ( lant]n p9ions w be f\nd to (f] no difficulties to ^? :o possess a la! ) divid+ arrangem5ts1 a slide re/1 & a drill hold] or pivot poli%] to be fix$ on x4 ,! pit* circle1 be+ ?r\gh ! c5t]s ( ! p9s1 c be got ) great accuracy by sett+ ! drill po9t fir/ to ! c5t] ( ! la!1 read+ ! division on ! graduat$ head ( ! slide re/ screw1 & mov+ ! drill po9t outw>ds to ! exact am\nt ( ! semi-diamet] ( ! pit* circle4 ,?is presupposes ! slide re/ screw be+ cut to a def9ite /&>d1 z ! in* or ! met]1 & all measurem5ts ( :eels & p9ions be+ work$ out to ! same /&>d1 ! *oice ( ! /&>d be+ immat]ial4 ,if ! slide re/ screw is n /&>diz$ ! pit* circle may be trac$ ) a grav] & ! drill set to c5t] on ! l9e s trac$4 ,! heads ( ! p9ions may be made ei!r ( two sep>ate discs1 ea* drill$ sep>ately1 & c>efully fitt$ on ! arbor s t ! p9s may be exactly p>allel ) ! arbor2 or1 ( "o solid piece bor$ ?r\gh ! c5t]1 turn$ d[n deep en\gh 9 ! middle1 & ! drill s5t "r ?r\gh ! p9 holes = bo? sides at "o op]ation4 ,! =m] way w be necess>y :5 ! numb] ( p9s is small1 b ! latt] is bett] :5 ! numb]s are l>ge en\gh to all[ ( consid]able body 9 ! c5t]4 ,9 ei!r case x is advisable to drill only "p way ?r\gh "o %r\d & to close ! holes 9 ! o!r ) a ?9 brass wa%] press$ on ! arbor & turn$ up to look l "p ( ! %r\d aft] ! p9s are fitt$ 9 ! holes4 ,?is makes a mu* neat] way ( clos+ ! holes ?an rivet+ & takes b a mom5t :]e only "o or two p9ions are be+ made4 ,!re is no ess5tial proportion = ! ?ickness ( ! p9s or r\nds4 ,9 ma!matical inve/igations ^! are always tak5 at fir/ z m]e po9ts ( no ?ickness at all2 !n ! diamet]s are increas$ to workable proportions1 & ! wid? ( ! :eel too? correspond+ly r$uc$ until !re is a fre$om or a little %ake4 ,if mu* p[] has to be transmitt$1 ! p9s1 or 8/aves10 z !y are call$ 9 l>ge "w1 h to be /rong en\gh to /& ! /ra91 b1 z ! /ra9 9 clockwork is v small1 ! p9s ne$ n be ne>ly z ?ick z ! bread? ( a :eel too?4 ,9 mod]n factory practice ! cu/om is to h ! diamet] ( ! r\nds equal to ! ?ickness ( ! leaf ( a cut p9ion ( simil> size1 ! measurem5t be+ tak5 at ! pit* circle ( ! cut p9ion4 ,z we h already giv5 ! proportions obs]v$ 9 good practice on cut p9ions !y ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,ano!r practice is to h :eel tee? & spaces equal2 :5 ?is is done ! spac+ ( all p9ions above six leaf is to h ! r\nds occupy ?ree p>ts & ! space five p>ts4 ,9 "s old *ur* clocks1 lant]n p9ions 7 mu* us$1 9 _m cases ) ! p9s pivot$ & work+ freely 9 ! ends1 or1 z !y call$ !m1 8%r\ds10 b ?is 0 a mi/ake1 & !y are nev] made s n[4 ,a simple way = clock repair "w is to get "s ( ! temp]$ /eel drill rod ( exactly ! ?ickness desir$1 hold "o end by a split *uck 9 ! la!1 let ! o!r end run free1 & poli% ) a bit ( f9e em]y pap] clipp$ r\nd x ) ! f+]s1 :5 ! wire w be ready = driv+ ?r\gh ! p9ion heads1 ! holes be+ made small en\gh to provide = ! r\nds be+ firmly held4 ,! drill may be made ( ! same wire4 ,! %r\ds may be made ei!r ( brass or /eel2 ! latt] ne$ n be h>d5$1 &1 :5 ! r\nds are all 9 place & cut (f1 ! ends may be poli%$ z desir$4 ,9 ! case ( a c5t] :eel1 :]e ! p9ion is close up to ! :eel1 & space _c be sp>$1 ! collet on :i* ! :eel is m\nt$ may =m "o end ( ! p9ion head4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gc4 ,lant]n p9ion %[+ pit* circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gd4 ,g5]at+ epicycloid curve = lant]n p9ion above2 comp>e ) curve = cut p9ion ( same size pit* circle1 page #bjf4 ,,! ,,:eel ,,tee?4--,! same pr9ciples ( calculation belong to ^! & solid-cut p9ions1 ! only diff]5ce be+ t ! r\nd p9s require :eel tee? ( a diff]5t %ape f ^? suit$ to p9ion leaves ) radial sides4 ,bo? are d]iv$ f epicycloidal curves2 ! curve us$ = lant]n p9ions is d]iv$ f a circle ( ! same size z ! pit* circle ( ! p9ion1 :ile ! curve = :eel tee? to drive radial-sid$ leaves is d]iv$ f a circle ( half t diamet]1 s t ! :eel tee? 9 ! =m] are m po9t$ ?an 9 ! latt]4 ,!re also is a f>!r diff]5ce2 z 0 expla9$ 9 detail :5 treat+ ( cut p9ions1 ! curve ( ! :eel too? presses ^u ! radial flank ( ! leaf inside its pit* circle4 ,n[ !re is no radial flank 9 ! lant]n & ! curve is g5]at$ f a circle ( twice ! diamet]1 s t x is twice z long--long en\gh to int]f]e--s x is cut (f 7r\nd$7 j beyond ! useful portion ( ! work+ curve ( ! :eel too?4 ,pill>s & arbors are simple p>ts1 yet mu* co/ly ma*9]y is us$ 9 mak+ !m4 ,! wire f :i* !y are made is br\ght to ! factories 9 l>ge coils1 & is /raight5$ & cut into l5g?s by ma*9es4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* wire is /raight5$ 9 a ma*9e is exactly ! same z a slightly curv$ piece ( wire is made /raight 9 ! la! by hold+ ! side ( a turn+ tool betwe5 ! revolv+ wire & ! la! re/1 :i* is an op]ation mo/ ( our read]s mu/ h practic$4 ,! rapid revolution ( ! wire aga9/ ! turn+ tool causes its highe/ side to yield1 till f9ally x presses on ! turn+ tool equally all r\nd1 & is consequ5tly /raight4 ,h[ev]1 9 /raight5+ wire by ma*9es ! wire is n made to revolve1 b rema9s /ation>y :ile ! /raight5+ app>atus revolves ar\nd x4 ,wire-/raight5+ ma*9es are usually made 9 ! =m ( a holl[ cyl9d]1 hav+ arms project+ f ! inside t[>ds ! c5t]4 ,! cyl9d] is op5 at bo? ends1 & ! arms are adju/able to suit ! diff]5t ?icknesses ( wire4 ,! wire is pass$ ?r\gh ! ends ( ! cyl9d]1 & comes 9 contact ) ! arms inside4 ,a rapid rot>y motion is !n giv5 to ! cyl9d]1 :i* /raight5s ! wire 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]1 z x is drawn ?r\gh1 )\t leav+ any m>ks on x :5 ! ma*9e is prop]ly adju/$4 ,! long spiral l9es t are sometimes se5 on ! wire "w ( clocks is caus$ by ?is want ( adju/m5t2 & !y are produc$ 9 ! same way z broad circul> m>ks w\ld be made 9 s(t iron wire if ! side ( ! turn+ tool 0 held too h>d aga9/ x :5 /raight5+ x 9 ! la!4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ge4 ,a ,slide ,gauge ,la!4 ,aft] ! wire has be5 /raight5$ x is cut (f into ! requir$ l5g?s1 & ?is op]ation is wor?y ( notice4 ,if ! ?ick sizes ( wire t are us$ 7 to be cut by ! aid ( a file or a *isel1 ! ends w\ld n be squ>e1 & "s "t & mat]ial w\ld be lo/ 9 ! op]ation ( squ>+ !m2 & z economy ( mat]ial z well z economy ( labor is a feature 9 ,am]ican clock manufacture1 wire ( all sizes is %e>$ or brok5 (f into l5g?s1 by be+ f$ ?r\gh r\nd holes 9 ! %e>s1 :i* act ! same z :5 a /eady p9 is brok5 :5 a cock or bridge gets a sudd5 bl[ on ! side1 or 9 ! same mann] z pat5t cutt+ ply]s "w4 ,! wire is n b5t 9 ! op]ation1 & bo? ends ( x are smoo? & flat4 ,! wire = ! pill>s is !n tak5 to a ma*9e to h ! po9ts made & ! %\ld]s =m$ = ! frames to re/ aga9/4 ,?is ma*9e is con/ruct$ l a ma*9i/'s b5* la!1 ) two head/ocks4 ,!re is a live sp9dle runn+ 9 bo? heads4 ,9 ! ends ( ^! sp9dles1 t po9t t[>ds ! c5t] ( ! la!1 cutt]s are fa/5$1 & ! "o is %ap$ s t x w =m ! end & %\ld] ( ! pill> t is to be rivet$1 :ile ! o!r is %ap$ s z to =m ! %\ld] & po9t t is to be p9n$4 ,betwe5 ^! two revolv+ cutt]s !re is an arrangem5t1 work$ by a screw 9 ! end ( a h&le1 = hold+ ! wire f :i* ! pill> is to be made1 9 a firm & suitable position4 ,! cutt]s are !n made to act simultane\sly on ! ends ( ! wire by a lev] act+ on ! sp9dles1 & ! po9ts & %\ld]s are 9 ?is way =m$ 9 a v rapid mann]1 all ( ! same l5g? & diamet]4 ,^! ma*9es are 9 "s po9ts automatic4 ,! pieces ( wire are arrang$ 9 quantities 9 a long n>r[ fe$ box t incl9es t[>ds ! la!1 & ! me*anism = hold+ ! wire is s arrang$ t :5 its hold is loos5$ on ! newly made pill>1 ! pill> drops out into a box b5ea?1 & a fre% piece ( wire drops 9 & occupies its place4 ,9 _m ( ! factories1 "s clocks are manufactur$ hav+ screws 9 place ( p9s to keep ! frames toge!r1 & ! pill>s ( ^! clocks are made 9 a diff]5t mann] ?an t we h j describ$4 ,! wire t is us$ is n cut into %ort l5g?s1 b a turret la! ) a holl[ sp9dle is us$1 ?r\gh :i* ! wire passes1 & is held by a *uck1 :5 a little m ?an j ! l5g? t is necess>y to make ! pill> projects ?r\gh ! *uck4 ,! revolv+ turret head ( ! la! has cutt+ tools project+ f x at sev]al po9ts4 ,"o tool is adapt$ to bore ! hole = ! screw1 & :5 x is bor$ ! next tool taps ! hole to receive ! screw1 :ile ano!r =ms ! po9t & %\ld]2 & aft] t end ( ! pill> is complet$ ano!r tool atta*$ to ! slide ( ! la! =ms ! o!r %\ld]1 prep>es t end = rivet+1 & cuts x (f at ! same "t4 ,"o ?\s& ( ^! pill>s are 9 ?is mann] made 9 a day on ea* ma*9e4 ,! screws t screw into !m are made on automatic screw ma*9es4 ,! late/ improvem5ts 9 ?is direction be+ to fir/ turn ! blanks & !n roll ! ?reads on ?read roll+ ma*9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gf4 ,slide ,gauge ,tools & ,rack4 ,! p9ion arbors1 aft] !y h be5 cut to l5g?1 are c5t]$ on "o end by a mill+ ma*9e hav+ a conical cutt] made = ! purpose4 ,! collets = ! p9ion heads1 & ! "o to fa/5 ! :eel by1 are pun*$ out ( %eet brass1 & a hole is drill$ 9 _! c5t]s a little small] ?an ! wire2 & to drive !m on1 9 mo/ in/ances1 is all t is necess>y to hold !m4 ,at "o "t x 0 ! practice to drive ^! collets by h&4 ,"o 0 plac$ on ! po9t ( ! arbor1 & ! po9t 0 !n plac$ ov] a piece ( /eel1 ) a s]ies ( holes 9 x ( su* dep?s t ! collets w\ld be 9 _! prop] position on ! arbor :5 ! po9t 0 driv5 to ! bottom ( ! hole1 b ?is me?od has n[ be5 sup]s$$ by automatic ma*9]y1 :i* w be describ$ lat]4 ,x is impossible to give an intelligible description ( ^! ma*9es )\t draw+s4 ,all we c say at pres5t is t !y p]=m _! "w 9 a v rapid & effective mann]1 & are 9 use by all ! l>g] clock factories4 ,! b>rels ( weight clocks are mo/ly made f brass ca/+s1 & slight projections are rais$ on ! surface ( _! arbors by sw$g+1 s z to prev5t ! arbors f gett+ loose 9 ! b>rels aft] repeat$ w9d+ ( ! clock4 ,?is sw$g+ & all ! o!r op]ations 9 mak+ arbors us$ to be done on sep>ate ma*9es2 b ! l>ge/ companies n[ use a p[]ful & compreh5sive ma*9e t works automatically1 & /raight5s any size ( wire necess>y to be us$ 9 a clock1 cuts x to ! l5g?1 c5t]s x1 & also sw$ges ! projections on ! b>rel arbors1 or any ( ! o!r arbors t may be necess>y4 ,a roll ( wire is plac$ on a reel at "o end ( ! ma*9e1 fir/ pass+ ?r\gh a /raight5+ app>atus1 & aft]w>ds to t portion ( ! ma*9e :]e ! cutt+1 sw$g+ & c5t]+ are execut$1 & ! f9i%$ arbors drop into a box plac$ ready to receive !m4 ,! sav+ effect$ by ! use ( ?is ma*9e is v great1 & 9 "s in/ances am\nts to a ?\s& p] c5t ov] ! me?od ( /raight5+1 cutt+1 sw$g+ & c5t]+ on diff]5t ma*9es1 at diff]5t op]ations4 ,bor+ ! holes 9 ! arbors ( ! lock+ "w1 to receive ! small] wires1 & ! p9 holes 9 ! po9ts ( ! pill>s1 is done by small twi/-drills1 run by small v]tical drill presses4 ,! "w is held 9 adju/able frames "u ! drill1 & :5 m ?an "o hole has to be bor$ ?is frame is mov$ backw>d or =w>d betwe5 horizontal slides to ! desir$ di/ance1 :i* is regulat$ by an adju/able /op1 s t e hole 9 ea* piece is exactly 9 ! same position4 ,9 arbors :]e holes h to be bor$ at "r angles to ea* o!r1 ! arbor is turn$ r\nd to ! desir$ position by means ( an index4 ,! holes 9 ! lock+ "w arbors are bor$ j ! size to fit ! wire t is to g into !m1 & ^! small wires are easily & rapidly fa/5$ 9 place by hold+ !m 9 a clamp made = ! purpose1 & rivet+ !m ei!r ) a hamm] or ) a hamm] & pun*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gg4 ,automatic ,p9ion ,mak+ ,ma*9e ( ! ,dav5port ,ma*9e ,company4 ,,! ,,slide ,,gauge ,,la!4--,! sy/em ( turn+ ) ! slide gauge la!1 =m]ly adopt$ = lant]n p9ions 9 ! clock factories1 w\ld seem to ! wat*mak] ( a peculi>ly novel nature4 ,! turn+ tools are n held 9 ! h&1 9 ! mann] g5]ally practic$1 nei!r are !y held 9 ! ord9>y slide re/1 b are us$ by a comb9ation ( bo? me?ods1 :i* secures ! /ead9ess ( ! "o plan & ! rapidity ( ! o!r4 ,adju/able knees are fa/5$ to ! head & tail /ocks ( ! la!1 ,figs4 #ge & #gf1 :i* answ] ! purpose ( a re/2 bo? ! p]p5dicul> & horizontal p>ts ( ^! knees be+ fa/5$ p]fectly p>allel ) ! c5t]s ( ! la!4 ,a /raight1 r\nd piece ( iron1 ( equal ?ickness1 & hav+ a few in*es 9 ! c5t] ( a squ>e %ape1 mortis$ = ! reception ( cutt]s1 is laid on ^! knees1 & answ]s ! purpose ( a h&le to hold ! cutt+ tools4 ,two h&les w ?us hold eight tools1 "o set = brass & "o = /eel4 ,on e side ( ! squ>e "p ( ?is iron b>1 or :at we w n[ call ! turn+ tool h&le1 a numb] ( cutt+ tools are fa/5$ by set screws1 & ! me?od ( us+ !m is z foll[s3 ,! op]ator holds ! tool h&le ) bo? h&s on to ! knees t are fa/5$ to ! head & tail /ocks ( ! la!1 ) ! turn+ tool t is desir$ to be us$ po9t+ t[>ds ! c5t]1 & x is all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! "w runn+ 9 ! la! 9 ! usual mann] practic$ 9 turn+4 ,fig4 #gf is f a photo furni%$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,smi? ( ! ,smi? ,novelty ,co41 ,hopewell1 ,n4 ,j41 & %[s ! tools 9 ! rack1 :i* is w\nd ) lea!r s t ! tools may be rapidly ?r[n 9 place )\t injury4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gh4 ,%[+ ,successive ,/eps 9 ,turn+ on ,automatic ,p9ion ,mak+ ,ma*9e4 ,/ock advanc$4 ,fir/ collet driv54 ,second collet driv54 ,?ird collet driv54 ,%\ld] turn$4 ,fir/ sides fac$4 ,second sides fac$4 ,pivots turn$4 ,pivots burni%$4 ,cut (f4 ,if a pla91 /raight piece ( "w is to be turn$1 ! tool is adju/$ 9 ! h&le s t ! "w w be ( ! prop] diamet] :5 ! r\nd p>ts ( ! h&le come 9 contact ) ! p]p5dicul> "p ( ! knees or re/2 & :ile ! h&le is ?us held & mov$ g5tly along 9 ! corn]s ( ! knees1 ) ! tool slid+ on ! ,t-re/1 ! "w is easily turn$ p]fectly p>allel1 smoo? & true4 ,sometimes a r\gh+ cut is tak5 by hold+ ! b> loosely & !n a f9i%+ cut is made ) ! same tool by hold+ x firmly 9 place4 ,9 turn+ a p9ion arbor1 = in/ance1 ! wire hav+ be5 previ\sly /raight5$ & cut to l5g? & c5t]$1 & ! brass collets to make ! p9ion & to fa/5 ! :eel hav+ be5 driv5 on1 "o end is held 9 ! la! by a spr+ *uck fa/5$ to ! sp9dle ( ! la!1 :ile ! o!r end works 9 a c5t] 9 ! o!r head4 ,"o turn+ tool is %ap$ & adju/$ 9 ! h&le = ! purpose ( turn+ ! brass collets = ! p9ion to ! prop] diamet]1 ano!r turns ! sides ( ! brass "w1 :ile o!rs are adapt$ = ! arbors1 pivots1 & s on1 p9s be+ plac$ 9 holes 9 ! ,t-re/ to act z /ops = ! tools4 ,aft] ! brass "w has be5 turn$1 ! positions ( ! %\ld]s ( ! pivots are m>k$ ) a /eel gauge1 & by simply turn+ r\nd ! h&le ( ! turn+ tool till ! prop] %ap$ po9t pres5ts itself1 ea* op]ation is accompli%$ rapidly1 & ! cutt+ is s smoo? t ev5 = ! pivots all t is necess>y to f9i% !m is simply to br+ !m 9 contact ) a small burni%]4 ,! article is n tak5 f ! la! dur+ ! :ole process ( turn+1 & :5 complet$ ! c5t]s are brok5 (f1 hav+ be5 previ\sly m>k$ pretty deep at ! prop] place ) a cutt+ po9t4 ,five hundr$ to #a1bjj arbors p] day1 p] man1 is ! usual output4 ,all ! p9ions1 arbors1 & b>rels--9 fact e "p ( an ,am]ican clock movem5t t requires turn+--7 =m]ly done 9 ?is mann]1 at long r[s ( la!s 9 rooms1 & by workm5 set ap>t = ! purpose4 ,b p]haps x may be well to m5tion t 9 ! ma*9e %ops ( ^! factories1 :]e !y make ! tools1 ! ord9>y me?ods ( turn+ ) ! common h& tool1 & by ! aid ( ord9>y & special slide re/s1 are practic$ ! same z x is among o!r ma*9i/s4 ,9 ! l>ge factories automatic turret ma*9es are n[ com+ into use & ^! are %[n 9 ,figs4 #gg1 #gh & #gi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #gi4 ,automatic ,p9ion ,drill ( ! ,dav5port ,ma*9e ,company4 ,! lant]n p9ions ( an ,am]ican clock h long be5 a my/]y to ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! me?od ( _! manufacture1 & ! usual accuracy 9 ! position ( ! small wires or 8r\nds10 comb9$ ) great *eapness1 has (t5 be5 a subject ( rem>k4 ,! holes = ! wires 9 ^! p9ions are drill$ 9 a ma*9e con/ruct$ z foll[s3 ,an iron b$ ) two heads on x1 ,fig4 #hj1 "o ( :i* is s con/ruct$ t by pull+ a lev] ! sp9dle has a motion l5g?wise z well z ! usual circul> motion1 & on ! po9t ( ?is sp9dle1 :i* is driv5 at #bb1jjj revolutions1 ! drill is fa/5$ t is to bore ! holes 9 ! p9ions2 ! o!r head has an arbor pass+ ?r\gh x ) an index plate atta*$1 hav+ holes 9 ! plate1 & an index f+] atta*$ to a /rong spr+ go+ into ! holes1 ! same z 9 a :eel cutt+ eng9e2 on ?is head1 & on ! end ( x t faces ! drill1 !re is a frame fa/5$ 9 :i* ! p9ion t is to be bor$ is plac$ betwe5 c5t]s1 & is c>ri$ r\nd ) ! arbor ( ! index plate1 9 ! same mann] z a piece ( "w is c>ri$ r\nd 9 an ord9>y la! by means ( a dog1 or c>ri]2 only 9 ! p9ion drill+ ma*9e ! c>ri] is s con/ruct$ t !re is no %ake 9 any way betwe5 ! p9ion & ! index arbor4 ,?is head is c>ri$ on a slide hav+ a motion at "r angles to ! sp9dle ( ! o!r head1 by :i* means ! pit* diamet] ( ! propos$ p9ion is adju/$4 ,! head is mov$ 9 ! slide by an accurately cut screw1 to :i* a micromet] is atta*$ t enables ! workman to make an alt]ation 9 ! diamet] ( a p9ion z small z ! "o-?\s&? "p ( an in*4 ,! drill t bores ! holes is ! ord9>y flat-po9t$ drill1 & has a %\ld] on its /em t /ops ! progress ( ! drill :5 x has gone ?r\gh ! fir/ "p ( ! p9ion head & ne>ly ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,all op]ators make _! own drills & ! limits ( error are = pit* diamet] 4#jjje in*2 error ( size ( drills 4#jjja4 ,! read] c see t ^! m5 mu/ "k some?+ ( drill mak+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hj4 ,p9ion ,drill+ ,ma*9e4 ,! action ( ! ma*9e is simple4 ,! p9ion1 aft] x has be5 turn$1 pivot$ & dogg$1 is plac$ 9 its position 9 ! ma*9e1 & by pull+ a lev]1 ! drill1 :i* is runn+ at a spe$ ( ab\t #bb1jjj revolutions a m9ute1 comes 9 contact ) ! brass heads ( ! p9ion & bores ! "o ?r\gh & ! o!r ne>ly ?r\gh4 ,! lev] is !n let g1 & a spr+ pulls ! drill back2 ! index is turn$ r\nd a hole1 & ano!r hole bor$ 9 ! p9ion1 & s on till all ! holes are bor$4 ,an ord9>y exp]t workman1 ) a good ma*9e1 w bore ab\t f\rte5 hundr$ ( m$ium-siz$ p9ions 9 a day4 ,! wires or 8r\nds0 are cut f drill rod & are put into ! holes by h& by girls :o become v exp]t at x4 ,?is is call$ 8fill+40 ,we h already /at$ t ! holes are only bor$ p>tly ?r\gh "o ( ! pieces ( ! brass1 & aft] ! wire has be5 put 91 ! holes are rivet$ ov]1 & 9 ?is mann] ! wires are fa/5$ s t !y _c come out4 ,"s factories close ! holes by a ?9 brass wa%] =c$ on ! arbor1 in/ead ( rivet+4 ,figs4 #gg1 #gh & #gi %[ ! automatic p9ion turn+ ma*9e & its processes 9 successive op]ations4 ,^! ma*9es are us$ by mo/ ( ! l>ge clock manufactur]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "s ( ! ,european conc]ns also4 ,!y are entirely automatic1 w make #a1ejj p9ions p] day1 z an av]age1 & "o man c run f\r ma*9es4 ,fig4 #gi %[s an automatic p9ion drill+ ma*9e1 :i* takes up ! "w :]e x is left by ! ma*9e %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg4 ,?is ma*9e w drill #d1jjj to #e1jjj p9ions p] day accord+ to ! size hole & ! numb] ( holes4 ,! op]ator places ! p9ions 9 ! special *a9 %[n 9 ! front ( ! ma*9e1 f :i* ! transport arms c>ry !m to ! sp9dle1 :]e !y are drill$ & :5 complet$ drop out4 ,"o op]ator c fe$ ?ree ( ^! ma*9es4 ,,mak+ ,,solid ,,p9ions4--,! solid /eel p9ions are n h>d5$1 b are made ( ,bessem] /eel1 :i* c\ld only be case h>d5$--a ?+ h>dly ev] done4 ,! process ( mak+ ^! p9ions is z foll[s3 ,rods ( ,bessem] /eel are cut into suitable l5g?s4 ,! pieces obta9$ are po9t$ or c5t]$ on bo? ends4 ,! /ock n ne$$ = ! p9ion head is cut away1 leav+ ! arbors slightly tap]+1 = ! purpose ( fa/5+ !m by ?is means 9 a hole on ! cutt+ ma*9e4 ,on ! end ( ! arbor ( ! index plate are two deep cuts across its c5t]1 & at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,^! cuts are ( ! same %ape t w\ld be made by a knife edg$ file4 ,! effect ( ^! cuts is to produce a tap] hole 9 ! end ( ! arbor1 ) f\r %>p corn]s4 ,into ?is hole ! end ( ! arbor ( ! p9ion or rat*et t is to be cut is plac$1 & a spr+ c5t] presses on ! o!r end1 & ! %>p corn]s 9 ! hole hold ! "w firm en\gh to prev5t x f turn+ r\nd :5 ! tee? are be+ cut4 ,! m>ks t are to be se5 on ! %\ld] ( ! back pivot ( ! arbor t c>ries ! m9ute h& ( a ,yankee clock is an illu/ration ( ?is me?od ( hold+ ! p9ion :5 ! leaves are be+ cut1 & no injuri\s effects arise f x4 ,! conv5i5ce ! plan af=ds = fa/5+ "w 9 ! eng9e enables tw5ty-five hundr$ ( ^! p9ions to be cut 9 a day1 "o at a "t4 ,! p9ion head is cut subject to ! prop] divid+ plate by a splitt+ circul> saw1 & by a mill+ tool 7runn+ 9 oil7 = =m+ ! %ape ( ! leaves1 bo? ( :i* tools are g5]ally c>ri$ on ! same arbor1 bo? be+ %ift$ into _! prop] places by an adju/+ atta*m5t4 ,p9ion leaves ( ! bett] class are g5]ally %ap$ by two succe$+ mill+ cutt]s1 ! second "o ( :i* does ! f9i%+1 obviat+ any o!r smoo?+4 ,= v *eap "w ! arbors receive no fur!r f9i%4 ,! %ap+ ( ! pivots1 done by an automatic la!1 f9i%es ! job4 ,figure #ha %[s an automatic p9ion cutt+ ma*9e :i* has ext5sive use 9 clock factories = cutt+ p9ions up to "o-half in* diamet] & also ! small] :eels4 ,= :eels ! "w is h&l$ 9 /acks suit$ to ! trav]se ( ! ma*9e1 ! "w be+ treat$ z if ! /acks 7 long brass p9ions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ha4 ,automatic ,:eel & ,p9ion ,cutt]s4 ,:eels are cut 9 two ways1 on automatic :eel cutt]s z j describ$ & on eng9es conta9+ p>allel sp9dles = ! cutt]s1 c>ri$ 9 a yoke :i* rises & falls1 s t x cle>s ! "w :ile ! c>riage is return+ to ! />t+ po9t on ea* trip & engages x on ! outw>d trip4 ,! cutt]s are ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet] & rapidly driv52 ! fir/ is a saw1 ! second a r\gh+ cutt]1 & ! ?ird a f9i%+ cutt]4 ,! c>riage is driv5 by a rack & p9ion op]at$ by a crank 9 ! h&s ( ! workman & /reams ( soda wat] are us$ on ! cutt]s & "w to c>ry away ! heat1 z brass exp&s rapidly "u heat1 & if ! /ack 7 cut dry ! cut w\ld get deep] z ! cutt+ proce$$1 ow+ to ! expansion ( ! brass1 & h5ce ! f9i%$ :eel w\ld n be r\nd :5 cold1 if _m tee? 7 be+ cut4 ,! /acks ( :eels are ab\t f\r in*es 9 l5g? & ! slide ?us travels ab\t tw5ty in*es 9 ord] to cle> ! ?ree arbors & engage ) ! %ift] = ! index4 ,! la/ :eel ( ! /ack has a v l>ge burr =m$ by ! cutt]s z !y leave ! brass & ?is :eel is remov$ f ! /ack :5 ! arbor is tak5 out & plac$ aside to h ! burrs remov$ by rubb+ on em]y pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hb4 ,:eel ,cutt+ ,eng9e4 ,?is is "o ( ! few in/ances 9 :i* automatic ma*9]y has be5 unable to displace h& labor1 z ! "w is done s quickly t ! "t ( ! att5dant w\ld be ne>ly all tak5 up 9 plac+ & remov+ ! /acks1 & s ! fe$+ is done by him z well4 ,ab\t #ce1jjj :eels p] day c be ?us cut by "o man1 ) girls to /ack ! blanks on ! arbors1 & an automatic fe$ w\ld n release ! man f att5dance on ! ma*9e1 s t ! majority ( clock :eels are cut to-day z !y 7 =ty ye>s ago4 ,/ill1 "s ( ! factories are add+ an automatic fe$ to ! c>riage 9 ! belief t ! increas$ ev5ness ( fe$ w give a m accurately cut :eel1 a proposition :i* ! m5 mo/ vigor\sly d5y4 ,su* a ma*9e1 !y say1 to be truly automatic1 mu/ take its /acks ( :eels f a magaz9e & dis*>ge ! "w :5 done1 s t "o att5dant c\ld look aft] a numb] ( ma*9es4 ,?is w\ld result 9 economy1 z well z accuracy1 b has n be5 done ow+ to ! great v>iations 9 sizes ( :eels & numb]s ( tee? requir$ 9 clock "w4 ,figure #hb %[s "o ( ^! ma*9es1 a photograph ( :i* 0 tak5 especially = u by ! c\rtesy ( ! ,se? ,?omas ,clock ,company at _! factory 9 ,?oma/on1 ,conn4 ,ab\t e t5 ye>s "s factory decides to try /amp+ out ! tee? ( :eels at ! same "t !y are be+ blank$2 ?is c1 ( c\rse1 be done by simply us+ a m exp5sive pun* & die1 & at fir/ x looks v attractive2 b x is soon f\nd t ! co/ ( keep+ up su* exp5sive dies makes ! :eels co/ m ?an if regul>ly cut & = reasons ( economy ! return is made to ! old] & bett] look+ cut :eels4 ,aft] an acid dip to remove ! scale on ! %eet brass1 foll[$ by a dip 9 lacqu]1 to prev5t fur!r t>ni%1 ! :eels are rivet$ on ! p9ions 9 a specially con/ruct$ jig :i* keeps !m c5tral dur+ ! rivet+ & :5 f9i%$ ! tru? ( e :eel & its p9ions & pivots are all te/$ be=e !y are put into ! clocks4 ,! total wa/e on all processes 9 mak+ :eels & p9ions is f two to five p] c5t1 s t x w readily be se5 t accuracy is dem&$ by ! inspectors4 ,european writ]s h (t5 f\nd fault ) ne>ly ev]y?+ else ab\t ! ,yankee clock1 b !y all unite 9 agree+ t ! cutt+ & c5t]+ ( :eels1 p9ions & pivots 7& ! dep?+7 are p]fect1 :ile ! clocks ( ,g]many1 ,france1 ,switz]l& & ,engl& 7p>ticul>ly ,france7 leave mu* to be desir$ 9 ?is respect2 & mu* ( ! reputation ( ! ,yankee clock 9 ,europe comes f ! fact t x w run "u conditions :i* w\ld /op ^? ( ,european make4 ,we give h]e) a table ( clock tra9s z usually manufactur$1 f :i* lo/ :eels & p9ions may be easily id5tifi$ by c\nt+ ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions :i* rema9 9 ! movem5t & ref]r+ to ! table4 ,x w also assi/ 9 gett+ ! l5g?s ( miss+ p5dulums by c\nt+ ! tra9s & ref]r+ to ! correspond+ l5g? ( p5dulums4 ,?us1 ) #hd tee? 9 ! c5t] :eel1 #gj 9 ! ?ird1 #cj 9 ! escape & #g-leaf p9ions1 ! clock is #abj beat & requires a p5dulum #i4gh in*es f ! bottom ( susp5sion to ! c5t] ( ! bob4 ,,to ,,calculate ,,clock ,,tra9s4--,britt5 gives ! foll[+ rule3 ,divide ! numb] ( p5dulum vibrations p] h\r by twice ! numb] ( escape :eel tee?2 ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( turns ( escape :eel p] h\r4 ,multiply ?is quoti5t by ! numb] ( escape p9ion tee?1 & divide ! product by ! numb] ( ?ird :eel4 ,?is quoti5t w be ! numb] ( times ! tee? ( ?ird :eel p9ion mu/ be conta9$ 9 c5t] :eel4 ,clock ,tra9s & ,l5g?s ( ,p5dulums4 ,vibrations ,l5g? ( ,escape ( ,p5dulum ,p5dulum ,:eels ,p9ions ,:eel --,m94 9 ,in*es ---------------------------------------- ------------ #abj #ij #ge #aj #aj #i ,d\ble 99#cj #aef4ef #c legg$ #abj #ij #ij #aj #i #i ,d4 99#dj #hh4jg #abh #abj #af #cj #fj #ci4ad #aab #aje #ad #cj #fj #ci4ad #if #ij #ab #cj #fj #ci4ad #hj #ge #aj #cj #fj #ci4ad #fd #fj #h #cj #fj #ci4ad #fh #fd #h #cj #fh #cj4di #gj #fd #h #cj #gj #bh4ge #gb #fd #h #cj #gb #bg4ag #ge #fj #h #cb #ge #be4je #gb #fe #h #cb #gh #bc4ae #ge #fd #h #cb #hj #bb4ja #hd #fd #h #cj #hd #ai4ig #hf #fd #h #cj #hf #ai4jf #hh #fd #h #cj #hh #ah4ai #hd #gh #g #bj #hi4a #ag4gb #hj #gb #h #cj #ij #ag4ci #hd #gh #g #ba #ic4f #af4jh #id #fd #h #cj #id #ae4id #hd #gh #h #bh #ie4e #ae4de #ajh #ajj #ab #aj #cb #if #ae4bh #hd #hd #i #h #cj #ih #ad4ff #hd #gh #g #bb #ih #ad4ff #hd #gh #h #bi #ih4i #ad4da #hj #hj #h #cj #ajj #ad4ji #he #gb #h #cb #ajb #ac4ed #hd #gh #h #cj #ajb4d #ac4dd #hd #gh #g #bc #ajb4e #ac4d #aje #ajj #aj #cj #aje #ab4gh #hd #gh #h #ca #aje4h #ab4ei #hd #gh #g #bd #ajg #ab4c #if #gb #h #cj #ajh #ab4jh #hd #gh #h #cb #aji4b #aa4hb #hh #hj #h #cj #aaj #aa4fd #hd #gg #g #be #aaj #aa4fd #hd #gh #g #be #aaa4d #aa4ce #hd #hj #h #cb #aab #aa4bb #hd #gh #h #cc #aab4f #aa4aa #if #gf #h #cj #aad #aj4hb #aae #ajj #aj #cj #aae #aj4fe #hd #gh #g #bf #aae4i #aj4di #if #hj #h #cj #abj #i4gh #hd #gj #g #cj #abj #i4gh #hd #gh #g #bg #abj4c #i4gc #ij #hd #h #ca #abb #i4df #hd #gh #g #bh #abd4h #i4jb #ajj #hj #h #cj #abe #i4ja #ij #hd #h #cb #abf #h4hg #ajj #if #aj #dj #abh #h4ei #hd #gh #g #bi #abi4c #h4db #ajj #gh #h #cb #acj #h4cd #hd #gg #g #cj #acb #h4jh #hd #gh #g #cj #acc4g #g4i #ij #ij #h #cb #ace #g4gc #hd #gh #g #ca #ach4b #g4ch #hd #hj #h #dj #adj #g4ah #abj #ga #h #cb #adb #f4ii #hd #gh #g #cb #adb4f #f4ic #ajj #hg #h #cb #ade #f4fi #hd #gh #g #cc #adg4a #f4e #ajj #if #h #cj #aej #f4bf #hd #gh #g #cd #aea4f #f4a #if #ie #h #cb #aeb #f4ji #hd #gg #g #ce #aed #e4id #ajd #if #h #cj #aef #e4gh #hd #gh #g #ce #aef #e4gh #abj #if #i #h #cj #afj #e4e #hd #gh #g #cf #afj4e #e4dg #hd #gh #g #cg #afd4i #e4ae #acb #ajj #i #h #bg #afe #e4ag #hd #gh #g #ch #afi4d #d4hh #abh #ajb #h #be #agj #d4hg #hd #gh #g #ci #agc4h #d4fe #cf #cf #ce #f #be #age #d4f #hd #gg #g #dj #agf #d4ee #hd #gh #g #dj #agh4c #d4dc #de #cf #cf #f #bj #ahj #d4ce #dg #cf #cf #f #bj #ahh #c4ii 99 ,^! are good examples ( turret clock tra9s2 ! great :eel 7#abj tee?7 makes 9 bo? in/ances a rotation 9 ?ree h\rs4 ,f ?is :eel ! h&s are to be driv54 ,?is may be done by means ( a p9ion ( #dj ge>+ ) ! great :eel1 or a pair ( bevel :eels be>+ ! same proportion to ea* o!r 7?ree to "o7 may be us$1 ! l>g] "o be+ fix$ to ! great :eel arbor4 ,! arrangem5t w\ld 9 ea* case dep5d ^u ! numb] & position ( ! dials4 ,! d\ble ?ree-legg$ gravity escape :eel moves ?r\gh #fj at ea* beat1 & !re=e to apply ! rule giv5 = calculat+ clock tra9s x mu/ be treat$ z an escape :eel ( ?ree tee?4 ,take a p5dulum vibrat+ #e1djj times an h\r1 escape :eel ( #cj1 p9ions ( #h1 & ?ird :eel ( #gb4 ,!n #e1djj #fj #ij4 ,& #ij #h #gb #aj4 ,t is1 ! c5t] :eel mu/ h t5 times z _m tee? z ! ?ird :eel p9ion1 or t5 times #h #hj4 ,! c5t] p9ion & great :eel ne$ n be consid]$ 9 connection ) ! re/ ( ! tra91 b only 9 relation to ! fall ( ! weight1 or turns ( ma9spr+1 z ! case may be4 ,divide ! fall ( ! weight 7or twice ! fall1 if d\ble cord & pulley are us$7 by ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel 7tak5 at ! c5t] ( ! cord72 ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( turns ! b>rel mu/ make4 ,take ?is numb] z a divisor1 & ! numb] ( turns made by ! c5t] :eel dur+ ! p]iod f w9d+ to w9d+ z ! divid5d2 ! quoti5t w be ! numb] ( times ! c5t] p9ion mu/ be conta9$ 9 ! great :eel4 ,or if ! numb]s ( ! great :eel & c5t] p9ion & ! fall ( ! weight are fix$1 to f9d ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel1 divide ! numb] ( turns ( ! c5t] :eel by ! proportion betwe5 ! c5t] p9ion & ! great :eel2 take ! quoti5t obta9$ z a divisor1 & ! fall ( ! weight z a divid5d 7or twice ! fall if ! pulley is us$71 & ! quoti5t w be ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel4 ,to take an ord9>y regulator or #h-;day clock z an example--#aib 7numb] ( turns ( c5t] p9ion 9 #h days7 #ab 7proportion betwe5 c5t] p9ion & b>rel :eel7 #af 7numb] ( turns ( b>rel74 ,!n if ! fall ( ! cord #dj in*es1 #dj #b #af #e1 :i* w\ld be circumf]5ce ( b>rel at ! c5t] ( ! cord4 ,if ! numb]s ( ! :eels are giv51 ! vibrations p] h\r ( ! p5dulum may be obta9$ by divid+ ! product ( ! :eel tee? multipli$ toge!r by ! product ( ! p9ions multipli$ toge!r1 & divid+ ! quoti5t by twice ! numb] ( escape :eel tee?4 ,! numb]s g5]ally us$ by clock mak]s = clocks ) less ?an half-second p5dulum are c5t] :eel #hd1 ge>+ ) a p9ion ( #g2 ?ird :eel #gh1 ge>+ ) a p9ion ( #g4 ,! product obta9$ by multiply+ toge!r ! c5t] & ?ird :eels #hd #gh #f1eeb4 ,! two p9ions multipli$ toge!r #g #g #di4 ,!n #f1eeb #di #acc4g4 ,s t = e turn ( ! c5t] :eel ! escape p9ion turns #acc4g times4 ,or #acc4g #fj #b4bbi1 :i* is ! numb] ( turns 9 a m9ute ( ! escape p9ion4 ,! l5g? ( ! p5dulum1 & !re=e ! numb] ( escape :eel tee?1 9 clocks ( ?is class is g5]ally decid$ ) ref]5ce to ! room to be _h 9 ! clock case1 ) ?is re/riction1 ! escape :eel %\ld n h less ?an #bj nor m ?an #dj tee?1 or ! p]=mance w n be satisfactory4 ,! l5g? ( ! p5dulum = all escape :eels )9 ?is limit is giv5 9 ! prec$+ table4 ,! l5g? !re /at$ is ( c\rse ! !oretical l5g?1 & ! ready rule adopt$ by clockmak]s is to measure f ! c5t] arbor to ! bottom ( ! inside ( ! case1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! greate/ l5g? ( p5dulum :i* c be us$4 ,= in/ance1 if f ! c5t] arbor to ! bottom ( ! case is #aj in*es1 !y w\ld decide to use a #aj-;in* p5dulum1 & cut ! escape :eel accord+ly ) ! numb] ( tee? requir$ z %[n 9 ! table4 ,b !y w\ld make ! p5dulum rod ( su* a l5g? z j to cle> ! bottom ( ! case :5 ! p5dulum 0 fix$ 9 ! clock4 ,9 ! clocks j ref]r$ to ! b>rel or fir/ :eel has #if tee?1 & ge>s ) a p9ion ( eight4 ,mon? clocks h an int]m$iate :eel & p9ion betwe5 ! great & c5t] :eels4 ,?is extra :eel & p9ion mu/ h a proportion to ea* o!r ( #d to #a to enable ! #h-;day clock to g #cb days f w9d+ to w9d+4 ,! weight w h to be f\r times z heavy1 plus ! extra friction1 or if ! same weight is us$ !re mu/ be a proportionately long] fall4 ,six-mon?s clock h two extra :eels & p9ions betwe5 ! great & c5t] :eels1 "o pair hav+ a proportion ( #d to #a & ! o!r ( #f to #a4 ,b !re is an enorm\s am\nt ( extra friction g5]at$ 9 ^! clocks1 & !y are n to be recomm5d$4 ,! pivot holes & all ! o!r holes 9 ! frames1 are pun*$ at "o op]ation aft] ! frames h be5 blank$ & flatt5$4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! press1 & a l>ge die hav+ pun*es 9 x ( ! prop] size & 9 ! "r position = ! holes1 comes d[n on ! frame & makes ! holes ) great rapidity & accuracy4 ,^! holes are f9i%$ aft]w>ds by a broa*4 ,9 "s k9ds ( clocks1 :]e "s ( ! pivot holes are v small1 ! small holes are simply m>k$ ) a %>p po9t 9 ! die1 & aft]w>ds drill$ by small v]tical drills4 ,^! ma*9es are v conv5i5t = bor+ a numb] ( holes rapidly4 ,! drill is rotat$ ) great spe$1 & a jig or plate on :i* ! "w re/s is mov$ upw>ds t[>ds ! drill by a movem5t ( ! op]ator's foot4 ,all ! bor+1 c\nt]s9k+1 etc41 9 ,am]ican clocks1 is done ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ^! drills4 ,b5d+ ! small wires = ! lock+ "w1 ! p5dulum ball1 etc41 is rapidly effect$ by =m+4 ,z no objectionable m>ks h be5 made on ! surface ( ei!r ! ?ick or small] wires dur+ any process ( con/ruction1 all t is necess>y to f9i% ! iron "w is simply to clean x well1 :i* is done 9 a v effective mann] by plac+ a quantity ( "w 9 a revolv+ tumbl+ box1 :i* is simply a b>rel conta9+ a quantity ( sawdu/4 ,mill+ ! w9d+ squ>es on b>rel arbors is an +5i\s op]ation4 ,! ma*9e = mill+ squ>es & simil> "w is made on ! pr9ciple ( a :eel cutt+ eng9e4 ,! "w is held 9 a frame1 atta*$ to :i* is a small index plate1 l t ( a cutt+ eng9e4 ,9 ! ma*9e two l>ge mills or cutt]s1 ) tee? 9 !m l a file1 are runn+1 & ! "p to be squ>$ is mov$ 9 betwe5 ! revolv+ cutt]s1 :i* op]ation imm$iately =ms two sides ( ! squ>e4 ,! "w is !n drawn back1 & ! index turn$ r\nd1 & 9 a l mann] ! o!r two sides ( ! squ>e are =m$4 ,! cutt+ sides ( ! mills are a little bevell$1 s t !y w produce a slight tap] on ! squ>es4 ,w9d+ keys h %[n great improvem5ts4 ,"s manufactur]s orig9ally us$ ca/ iron ones1 b ! squ>es 7 nev] good 9 !m1 & brass ones 7 adopt$4 ,at fir/ ! squ>es 7 made by fir/ drill+ a hole & driv+ a squ>e pun* 9 ) a hamm]2 & to make ! squ>es 9 eighte5 hundr$ keys by ?is me?od 0 consid]$ a good day's "w4 ,re/less ,yankee +5uity1 h[ev]1 has contriv$ a device by :i* tw5ty or tw5ty-five ?\s& squ>es c be made 9 a day1 :ile at ! same "t !y are bett] & /raight] squ>es ?an ^? by ! old me?od2 b we are n at lib]ty to describe ! process at pres5t1 b only to /ate t x is done by :at ma*9i/s call drill+ a squ>e hole4 ,p5dulum rods are made f s(t iron wire1 & ! spr+s on ! ends roll$ out by roll]s4 ,two op]ations are necess>y4 ,! fir/ r\ghs ! spr+ out on roll]s ( ecc5tric %ape1 & ! spr+ is aft]w>ds f9i%$ on pla9 smoo? roll]s4 ,! p5dulum balls 9 ! be/ clocks are made ( lead1 on acc\nt ( its weight1 & ca/ 9 an iron mold 9 ! same mann] z lead bullets1 at ! rate ( ab\t eighte5 hundr$ a day4 ,a movable m&rel is plac$ 9 ! mold to produce ! hole t is 9 ! c5t] ( ! ball4 ,! balls are aft]w>ds cov]$ ) a %ell ( brass1 poli%$ ) a blood/one burni%]4 ,! v>i\s cocks us$ 9 ^! clocks are all /ruck up f %eet brass1 & ! p9s 9 ! :eels 9 ! /rik+ "p are all sw$g$ into _! %ape f pla9 wire4 ,! h&s are die /ruck out ( %eet /eel1 & aft]w>ds poli%$ on em]y belts1 & blu$ 9 a furnace4 ,all ! little pieces ( ^! clocks are rivet$ toge!r by h&1 & ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! movem5t1 :5 complete1 are put toge!r by workm5 cont9ually employ$ 9 t dep>tm5t4 ,al?\gh ! greate/ vigilance is us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! diff]5t p>ts to see t !y are p]fect1 :5 !y come to be put toge!r !y are subject$ to ano!r exam9ation1 & aft] ! movem5ts are put 9 ! case ! clocks are put to ! te/ by actual trial be=e !y are pack$ ready = ! m>ket4 ,z a g5]al rule1 all ! diff]5t op]ations are done by workm5 employ$ only at "o p>ticul> bran*2 & 9 ! l>ge/ factories f ?irty to fifty ?\s& clocks ( all classes may be se5 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( con/ruction4 ,su* is a description ( ! ma9 po9ts 9 :i* ! manufacture ( ,am]ican clock movem5ts diff]s f ^? manufactur$ by o!r sy/ems4 ,all admit t ^! clocks p]=m ! duties = :i* !y are design$ 9 an admirable mann]1 :ile !y require b little c>e to manage1 & :5 out ( ord] b little skill is necess>y to repair !m4 ,( late ye>s !re has be5 a gr[+ dem& = ornam5tal mantel-piece clocks 9 metallic cases ( sup]ior quality1 & l>ge numb]s ( ^! cases ( bo? bronze & gold f9i% are be+ manufactur$1 :i*1 = beauty ( design & f9e execution1 9 _m in/ances rival ^? ( ,fr5* production4 ,! %apes ( ! ord9>y ,am]ican movem5ts 71 h[ev]1 unsuitable = "s patt]ns ( ! highe/ class ( cases1 & ! full plate1 r\nd movem5ts ( ! same size z ! ,fr5*1 b ) improvem5ts 9 !m t 9 "s respects r5d] !m m simple ?an ! ,fr5*1 are n[ manufactur$4 ,exactly ! same sy/em is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ^! clocks t is practic$ 9 mak+ ! ord9>y ,am]ican movem5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,spr+s1 ,,weights ,,& ,,p[]4 ,we see by ! prec$+ calculations t !re is "o def9ite po9t 9 ! "t tra9 ( a clock2 ! c5t] arbor1 :i* c>ries ! m9ute h&1 mu/ revolve once 9 "o h\r2 f ?is po9t we may v>y ! tra9 bo? ways1 t[>d ! escape :eel to suit ! l5g? ( p5dulum :i* we desire to use1 & t[>d ! b>rel to suit ! l5g? ( "t we want ! clock to run4 ,! c5t] arbor is !re=e g5]ally us$ z ! po9t at :i* to beg9 calculations1 & x is also = ?is reason t ! numb] ( tee? 9 ! c5t] :eel is ! />t+ po9t 9 tra9 calculations t[>d ! escape :eel1 :ile ! c5t] p9ion is ! />t+ po9t 9 calculations ( ! l5g? ( "t ! weight or spr+ is to drive ! clock4 ,mo/ writ]s on horology ignore ?is po9t1 because x seems self-evid5t1 b its omission has be5 ! cause ( mu* my/ification to s _m /ud5ts t x is bett] to /ate x 9 pla9 t]ms1 s t ev5 tempor>y confusion may be avoid$4 ,sometimes !re is a second fix$ po9t 9 a "t tra92 ?is occurs only :5 !re is a seconds h& to be provid$ =2 :5 ?is is ! case ! seconds h& mu/ revolve once e m9ute4 ,if x is a seconds p5dulum ! h& is g5]ally c>ri$ on ! escape :eel & ! relation ( revolutions betwe5 ! h\r & seconds :eels mu/ !n be z "o is to sixty4 ,?is might be accompli%$ ) a s+le :eel hav+ sixty times z _m tee? z ! p9ion on ! seconds arbor2 b ! :eel w\ld take up s mu* room1 on acc\nt ( its l>ge circumf]5ce1 t ! movem5t w\ld become unwieldy because !re w\ld be no room left = ! o!r :eels2 s x is *eap] to make m :eels & p9ions & !reby get a small] clock4 ,n[ ! be/ practical me?od ( divid+ ?is motion is by giv+ ! :eels & p9ions a relative velocity ( sev5 & a half & eight1 because #g4e #h #fj4 ,?us if ! c5t] :eel has #hj tee?1 ge>+ into a p9ion ( #aj1 ! p9ion w be driv5 eight times = ea* revolution ( ! c5t] :eel1 :ile ! ?ird :eel1 ) #ge tee?1 w drive its p9ion ( #aj leaves #g4e times1 s t ?is arbor w g #g4e times eight1 or #fj times z fa/ z ! c5t] :eel4 ,if ! clock has no seconds h& ?is second fix$ po9t is n pres5t 9 ! calculations & o!r consid]ations may !n gov]n4 ,^! are g5]ally ! secur+ ( an ev5 motion1 ) tee? ( :eels & p9ions prop]ly me%+ into ea* o!r1 )\t incurr+ undue exp5se 9 manufacture by mak+ too _m tee? 9 ! p9ions & consequ5tly 9 ! :eels4 ,= ^! reasons p9ions ( less ?an sev5 or m ?an t5 leaves are r>ely us$ 9 ! common clocks1 al?\gh regulators & f9e clocks1 :]e ! dep?+ is important1 frequ5tly h #ab1 #ad or #af leaves 9 ! p9ions1 z is also ! case ) t[] clocks1 :]e ! increas$ size ( ! movem5t is n z important z a smoo?ly runn+ tra94 ,clocks )\t p5dulums1 c>riage clocks1 locomotive lev]s & nickel al>ms1 also h diff]5t tra9s1 _m ( :i* h ! six leaf p9ion1 ) its att5dant evils1 9 _! tra9s4 ,,weights4--,weights h ! great advantage ( driv+ a tra9 ) uni=m p[]1 :i* a spr+ does n accompli%3 ,!y are !re=e always us$ :]e exactness ( "t is ( m importance ?an compactness or portability ( ! clock4 ,9 mak+ calculations = a weight movem5t1 ! fir/ consid]ation is t z ! coils ( ! cord mu/ be side by side ^u ! b>rel & ea* takes up a def9ite am\nt ( space1 a ?ick] movem5t 7) long] arbors7 w be necess>y1 z ! b>rel mu/ give a suffici5t numb] ( turns ( ! cord to run ! clock ! desir$ "t & ! l5g? ( ! b>rel1 ) ! :eel & ma9ta9+ p[] all m\nt$ ^u ! "o arbor1 w det]m9e ! ?ickness ( ! movem5t4 ,if ! clock is to h /rik+ tra9s _! b>rels w g5]ally be ( m turns & consequ5tly long] ?an ! "t b>rel & 9 t case ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates is gov]n$ by ! l5g? ( ! longe/ b>rel & its me*anism4 ,! c5t] :eel1 ^u ! arbor ( :i* sits ! canon p9ion ) ! m9ute h&1 mu/1 s9ce ! h& has to accompli% its revolution 9 "o h\r1 also revolve once 9 an h\r4 ,:51 !re=e1 ! p9ion ( ! c5t] arbor has #h leaves & ! b>rel :eel #add1 !n ! #h p9ion leaves1 :i* makes "o revolution p] h\r1 w\ld require ! advanc+ ( #h tee? ( ! b>rel :eel1 :i* is equal to ! eighte5? "p ( its circumf]5ce4 ,b :5 ! eighte5? "p 9 its advanc+ consumes #a h\r1 !n ! entire b>rel :eel w consume #ah h\rs to accompli% "o revolution4 ,if1 n[1 #aj coils ( ! weight cord 7 laid ar\nd ! b>rel1 ! clock w\ld !n run #aj #ah #ahj h\rs1 or #g days1 be=e x is run d[n4 ,ref]r+ to :at 0 said 9 a previ\s *apt] on :eels be+ m]ely comp\nd lev]s1 x w be se5 t z we ga9 motion we lose p[] 9 ! same ratio4 ,we %all also see t by work+ ! rule backw>ds we may arrive at ! am\nt ( =ce ex]t$ on ! p5dulum by ! pallets4 ,if we multiply ! circumf]5ce ( ! escape :eel 9 in*es by ! numb] ( its revolutions 9 "o h\r we w get ! numb] ( in*es ( motion ! escape :eel has 9 "o h\r4 ,n[ if we multiply ! weight by ! di/ance ! b>rel :eel travels 9 "o h\r & divide by ! fir/ numb] we %all h ! =ce ex]t$ on ! escape :eel4 ,x w be simpl] to turn ! weight into gra9s be=e />t+1 z ! division is less cumb]some4 ,ano!r way is to f9d h[ _m times ! escape :eel revolves to "o turn ( ! b>rel & divide ! weight by t numb]1 :i* w give ! proportion ( weight at ! escape :eel1 or r w\ld d s if !re 7 no p[] lo/ by friction4 ,x is usual to e/imate t ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! p[] is us$ up 9 frictions ( tee? & pivots1 s t ! am\nt actually us$ = propulsion ( ! p5dulum is v small1 be+ m]ely suffici5t to ov]come ! b5d+ mom5t ( ! susp5sion spr+ & ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,x is = ?is reason t clocks ) f9ely cut tra9s & jewel$ pivots1 ?us hav+ little tra9 friction1 w run ) v small weights4 ,! writ] kn[s ( a ,h[>d regulator ) jewel$ pivots & pallets runn+ a #ad-p\nd p5dulum ) a five-ounce driv+ weight4 ,( c\rse ?is is an extreme in/ance & 0 ! result ( an exp]im5t by an exp]t wat*mak] :o want$ to see :at he c\ld d 9 ?is direction4 ,usually ! me?od adopt$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( weight t is necess>y = a movem5t is to hang a small t9 pail on ! weight cord & fill x ) %ot suffici5t to b>ely make ! clock keep "t4 ,:5 ?is po9t has be5 det]m9$1 !n weigh ! pail ( %ot & make y\r driv+ weight f eight to sixte5 ounces heavi]4 ,9 do+ ?is be sure ! clock is 9 beat & t x is ! lack ( p[] :i* /ops ! clock2 ! latt] po9t c be readily det]m9$ by add+ or tak+ out %ot f ! pail until ! am\nt ( weight is det]m9$4 ,! extra weight is !n add$ z a res]ve p[]1 to c\nt]act ! increase ( friction produc$ by ! ?ick5+ ( ! oil4 ,_m clock b>rels h spiral grooves turn$ 9 !m to assi/ 9 keep+ ! coils f rid+ on ea* o!r1 z :]e su* rid+ occurs ! rid+ coils are f>!r f ! c5t] ( ! b>rel ?an ! o!rs1 :i* gives !m a long] lev]age & great] p[] :ile !y are unw9d+1 s t ! p[] ?us becomes irregul> & affects ! rate ( ! clock1 sl[+ x if ! escapem5t is dead beat & mak+ x g fa/] if x is a recoil escapem5t4 ,clock cords %\ld be atta*$ to ! b>rel at ! end :i* is ! f>!/ f ! p5dulum1 s t z !y unw9d ! weight is c>ri$ away f ! p5dulum4 ,?is is done to avoid sympa!tic vibrations ( ! weight z x passes ! p5dulum1 :i* int]f]e ) ! timekeep+ :5 !y occur4 ,if ! weight _c be br\ght f> en\gh away to avoid vibrations a %eet ( glass may be drill$ at its f\r corn]s & fix$ ) screws to po/s plac$ 9 ! back ( ! case at ! po9t :]e vibration occurs1 s t ! glass is betwe5 ! p5dulum rod & ! weight1 b does n int]f]e ) ei!r4 ,?is looks well & cures ! tr\ble4 ,we h1 h]et(ore1 be5 speak+ ( weights :i* hang directly f ! b>rel1 z 0 ! case ) ! old] clocks ) long cases1 s t ! weight _h pl5ty ( room to fall4 ,:]e ! cases are too %ort to all[ ( ?is me?od1 rec\rse is _h to hang+ ! weight on a pulley & fa/5+ "o end ( ! cord to ! seat bo>d4 ,?is involves d\bl+ ! am\nt ( weight & also tak+ c>e t ! end ( ! cord is fa/5$ f> en\gh f ! slot ?r\gh :i* x unw9ds s t ! cords w n twi/1 z !y are likely to d if !y are ne> toge!r & ! cord has be5 twi/$ too mu* :ile putt+ x on ! b>rel4 ,twi/+ weight cords are a frequ5t s\rce ( tr\ble :5 new cords h be5 put on a clock4 ,! pulley is ano!r s\rce ( tr\ble1 especially if wire cords 7picture cords7 or cables are us$4 ,wire cable %\ld n be b5t 9 a circle small] ?an =ty times its diamet] if flexibility is to be ma9ta9$1 h5ce pulleys :i* 7 all "r = gut or silk frequ5tly prove too small :5 wire is sub/itut$ & k9ks1 twi/$ & brok5 cables frequ5tly result f ?is cause4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! heavy weight ( /rik+ tra9s ( hall & *im+ clocks1 :]e d\ble pulleys are us$1 & also leads to tr\ble by jamm+ & cutt+ ! cables & dropp+ ( ! weights 9 t[] clocks :]e a new cable ( l>g] size is us$ to replace an old "o :i* has become unsafe f ru/1 or cut by ! %eaves4 ,weight cords on ! /rik+ side ( a clock %\ld always be left long en\gh s t !y w n run d[n & /op be=e ! "t tra9 has /opp$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) ! old ,engli% hall clocks1 z _m ( !m w drop or pu% _! ga!r+ racks free ( ! ga!r+ p9ion "u su* conditions & !n :5 ! clock is w\nd x w g on /rik+ cont9u\sly until ! dial is tak5 (f & ! rack replac$ 9 me% ) ! ga!r+ p9ion4 ,z clocks are usually w\nd at night1 ! wat*mak] c see ! di/urbance t w\ld be caus$ 9 a h\se 9 ! 8wee sma' h\rs0 by su* a clock go+ on a rampage & /rik+ cont9u\sly4 ,,oil+ ,,cables4--,clock cables1 if ( wire & small 9 size1 %\ld be oil$ by dipp+ 9 vasel9e ?9n$ ) b5z9e ( good quality4 ,bo? b5z9e & vasel9e mu/ be free f acid1 z if ! latt] is pres5t x w attack ! cable4 ,?is ?9n+ w p]mit ! vasel9e to p]meate ! entire cable & :5 ! b5z9e evaporates x w leave a ?9 film ( vasel9e ov] e wire1 ?us prev5t+ ru/4 ,t[] clock cables %\ld be oil$ ) a good m9]al oil1 well soak$ into !m to prev5t ru/+4 ,gut clock cords1 :5 dry & h>d1 are be/ treat$ ) clock oil1 b olive oil or sp]m oil w also be f\nd good to s(t5 & pres]ve !m4 ,new cords %\ld always be oil$ until !y are s(t & flexible4 ,if ! weight is "u t5 p\nds silk cords are pref]able to gut or wire z !y are v s(t & flexible4 ,9 putt+ on a new cable or weight cord ! c\rse ( ! weight & cord %\ld be closely wat*$ at all po9ts1 to see t !y rema9 free & d n *afe or b9d any:]e & also t ! coils run ev5ly & freely1 side by side2 sometimes1 especially ) wire1 a new cable gets k9k$ by rid+ ! fir/ "t ( w9d+ & is !n v difficult to cure ( ?is s]i\s fault4 ,ano!r po9t to wat* is to see t ! position ( ! cord :5 w\nd up w n cause an end ?ru/ ^u ! b>rel1 :i* w int]f]e ) ! timekeep+ if x is ov]w\nd1 s t ! weight is jamm$ aga9/ ! seatbo>d2 ?is frequ5tly happ5s ) c>eless w9d+1 if !re is no /op "w4 ,to det]m9e ! l5g?s ( clock cords or weights1 we may h to approa* ! "q f ei!r end4 ,if ! clock be br\ght 9 )\t ! cords1 we fir/ c\nt ! numb] ( turns we c get on ! b>rel4 ,?is may be done by measur+ ! l5g? ( ! b>rel & divid+ x by ! ?ickness ( ! cord1 if ! b>rel is smoo?1 or by c\nt+ ! grooves if x be a groov$ b>rel4 ,next we calip] ! diamet] & add ! ?ickness ( "o cord1 :i* gives u ! diamet] ( ! b>rel to ! c5t] ( ! cords1 :i* is ! real or work+ diamet]4 ,multiply ! di/ance s f\nd by #c4adaef1 :i* gives ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel1 or ! l5g? ( cord = "o turn ( ! b>rel4 ,multiply ! l5g? ( "o turn by ! numb] ( turns & we h ! l5g? ( cord on ! b>rel1 :5 x is fully w\nd4 ,if ! cord is to be atta*$ to ! weight1 measure ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( b>rel to ! bottom ( ! seat bo>d & leave en\gh = ty+4 ,if ! weight is on a pulley x w g5]ally require ab\t twelve in*es to rea* f ! b>rel ?r\gh ! slot ( ! seat bo>d1 ?r\gh ! pulley to ! po9t ( fa/5+4 ,to get ! fall ( ! weight1 /& x on ! bottom ( ! case & measure ! di/ance f ! top ( ! po9t ( atta*m5t to ! bottom ( ! seat bo>d4 ,?is w g5]ally all[ ! weight to fall )9 two in*es ( ! bottom & ?us keep ! cable tight :5 ! clock runs d[n2 ?us avoid+ k9ks & ov]-rid+ :5 we w9d aga9 aft] all[+ ! clock to run d[n4 ,if ! weight has a pulley & d\ble cord1 measure f ! top ( ! pulley to ! seatbo>d1 ) ! weight on ! bottom1 & !n d\ble ?is measurem5t = ! l5g? ( ! cord4 ,?is measure is multipli$ by z _m times z !re are pulleys 9 ! case ( additional %eaves4 ,/rik+ tra9s are frequ5tly run ) two coils or lay]s ( cord1 on ! b>rel1 "t tra9s nev] h b "o4 ,n[1 hav+ ! greate/ available l5g? ( cord det]m9$ accord+ ei!r ( ! above conditions1 we c det]m9e ! numb] ( turns = :i* we h room on our b>rel & divide ! l5g? ( cord by ! numb] ( turns4 ,?is w give u ! l5g? ( "o turn ( ! cord on our b>rel & ?us hav+ f\nd ! circumf]5ce x is easy to f9d ! diamet] :i* we mu/ give our b>rel 9 suit+ a movem5t to giv5 dim5sions ( ! case4 ,?is is frequ5tly done :]e ! factory may want a movem5t to fit a p>ticul> /yle & size ( case :i* has prov$ popul>1 or :5 a wat*mak] desires to make a movem5t = :i* he has1 or w buy1 a case already made4 ,z to t[] clock cables1 gett+ ! l5g? ( cable on ! b>rel is1 ( c\rse1 ! same z giv5 above1 b ! re/ ( x is an individual problem 9 e case1 z cables are l$ s diff]5tly & ! l5g? ( fall v>ies s t only ! pr(essional t[] clock m5 are fitt$ to make ! measurem5ts = new "w & !y require no in/ruction f me4 ,x might be well to add1 h[ev]1 t 9 ! t[] clocks by f> ! great] "p ( ! cable is always outside ! clock & only ! inn] end coils & uncoils ab\t ! b>rel4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! out] ends ( ! cables are s g5]ally neglect$ by wat*mak]s 9 *>ge ( t[] clocks & all[$ to cut & ru/ until !y drop _! weights4 ,c>etak]s ( t[] clocks %\ld rememb] t ! inn] ends ( cables are always ! be/ ends2 ! p>ts t ne$ wat*+ are ^? 9 ! %eaves or lead+ to ! %eaves4 ,t[] clocks %\ld h ! cables m>k$ :]e to /op to prev5t ov]w9d+4 ,9 *a9 drives = ! weights ( cuckoo & o!r clocks ) expos$ weights1 we h g5]ally a /eel sprocket :eel ) convex guid+ surfaces ea* side ( ! sprocket & project+ flanges ea* side ( ! guides2 "o ( ^! flanges is g5]ally ! rat*et :eel4 ,! rat*et :eel1 guide1 sprocket1 guide & flange1 =m a built-up :eel :i* is loose on ! arbor & is p9n$ close to ! great :eel1 :i* is driv5 by a click on ! :eel work+ into ! rat*et ( ! drive4 ,x mu/ be loose on ! arbor1 because ! clock is w\nd by pull+ ! sprocket & rat*et backw>d by means ( ! *a9 until ! weight is rais$ cle> up to ! seat bo>d4 ,!re are no squ>es on ! arbors1 :i* h ord9>y pivots at bo? ends1 & ! great :eel is fa/ on ! arbor4 ,! diamet] ( ! convex portion ( ! :eel ea* side ( ! sprocket is ! diamet] ( ! b>rel1 & ! *a9 %\ld fit s t alt]nate l9ks w fit nicely 9 ! tee? ( ! sprocket2 :]e ?is is n ! case !y w miss a l9k occasionally & ! weight w !n fall until ! *a9 cat*es aga91 :5 x w /op ) a j]k2 b5t or jamm$ l9ks 9 ! *a9 w d ! same ?+4 ,sometimes a light *a9 on a heavy weight w /ret* or spread ! l9ks en\gh to make _! action faulty4 ,if exam9ation %[s a t5d5cy to op5 ! l9ks1 !y %\ld be sold]$2 if !y are /ret*+1 a heavi] *a9 ( correct l5g?s ( l9ks %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,twi/$ *a9s are ano!r *>act]i/ic fault & are usually ! result ( b5t or jamm$ l9ks4 ,a close exam9ation ( su* a *a9 w g5]ally reveal sev]al l9ks 9 succession :i* are n q flat & c>eful /raight5+ ( ^! l9ks w g5]ally cure ! t5d5cy to twi/4 ,,ma9spr+s ,,= ,,clocks4--,!re are _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ma9spr+s = clocks & ^? = wat*es4 ,!y diff] 9 size1 /r5g?1 numb] ( coils & 9 _! effect on ! rates ( ! clock4 ,wat* spr+s are practically all = #cj-;h\r lev] escapem5ts1 ) a few cyl9d]1 duplex & *ronomet] escapem5ts4 ,if a fusee wat* happ5s into a %op n[adays x is s r>e z to be a curiosity wor? /opp+ "w to look at4 ,! clocks range all ! way f #cj h\rs to #djj days 9 l5g? ( "t betwe5 w9d+s & include lev]1 cyl9d]1 duplex1 dead beat1 half dead beat1 recoil & o!r escapem5ts4 ,fur!rmore "s ( ^!1 ev5 ( ! same =m ( escapem5ts1 w v>y s 9 weight & ! consequ5t influ5ce ( ! spr+ t :at w pass 9 "o case w give a wildly erratic rate 9 ano!r in/ance4 ,_m ( ! small ,fr5* clocks h su* small & light p5dulums t v nice managem5t ( ! /op works is necess>y to prev5t ! clock f ga9+ wildly :5 w\nd or /opp+ altoge!r :5 half run d[n4 ,no?+ w cause a clock ) a cyl9d] escapem5t to v>y 9 "t m ?an a set or gummy ma9spr+1 = x w ga9 "t :5 fir/ w\nd & lose :5 half run d[n1 or :5 !re is b little p[] on ! tra94 ,9 su* a case exam9e ! ma9spr+ & see t x is nei!r gummy nor set4 ,if x is set1 put 9 a new spr+ & y c probably br+ x to "t4 ,) a clock x dep5ds entirely on ! k9d ( escapem5t t x conta9s1 :e!r x runs fa/] or sl[]1 ) a /rong] spr+2 if y put a /rong] ma9spr+ 9 a clock t conta9s a recoil escapem5t ! clock w ga9 "t1 because ! extra p[]1 transmitt$ to ! pallets w cause ! p5dulum to take a %ort] arc1 !re=e ga9 "t1 :]e ! rev]se occurs 9 ! dead-beat escapem5t4 ,a /rong] spr+ w cause ! dead-beat p5dulum to take a long] arc & !re=e lose "t4 ,if a p5dulum is %ort & light ^! effects w be mu* great] ?an ) a long & heavy p5dulum4 ,at all clock factories !y te/ ! ma9spr+s = p[] & to see t !y unw9d ev5ly2 ^? t d are m>k$ ,no4 #a1 & ^? t d n are call$ 8seconds40 ,! seconds are us$ only = ! /rik+ side ( ! clocks1 :ile ! p]fect ones are us$ = ! runn+1 or "t side4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a seconds' spr+ w be put on ! "t side & w cause ! clock to v>y 9 a mo/ erratic way4 ,?is *ang+ ( spr+s is v (t5 done by c>eless or ignorant workm5 9 clean+ & !n !y _c locate ! tr\ble4 ,all ma9spr+s = bo? clocks & wat*es %\ld be smoo? & well poli%$4 ,prop] att5tion to ?is "o item w save _m doll>s' wor? ( "t 9 exam9+ movem5ts to try to detect ! cause ( v>iations4 ,a r\gh ma9spr+ 7t is1 an em]y f9i%$ ma9spr+7 w lose "o-?ird ( its p[] f coil friction1 & 9 c]ta9 in/ances ev5 "o-half4 ,! deceptive feature ab\t ?is to ! wat*mak] is t ! clock w take a good motion ) a r\gh spr+ fully f\nd1 b w fall (f :5 p>tly unw\nd1 & ! consequ5ce is t he f9ds a good motion :5 ! spr+ is put 9 & w\nd1 & he aft]w>d neglects to exam9e ! spr+ :5 he exam9es ! rate z faulty4 ,! be/ spr+s are *eap en\gh1 s t only ! be/ quality %\ld be us$1 z x is easy = a wat*mak] to lose ?ree or f\r doll>s' wor? ( "t look+ = faults 9 ! escapem5t1 tra9 & ev]y:]e else1 except ! b>rel1 :5 he has ins]t$ a r\gh1 ?ick1 poorly made spr+4 ,! mo/ t he c save on ! *eap] qualities ( spr+s is ab\t five c5ts p] spr+ & we w ask any wat*mak] h[ long x w\ld take to lose five c5ts 9 exam9ation ( a movem5t to see :at is defective4 ,"h is some?+ :i* y c try y\rself at ! b5*4 ,take a r\gh wat* ma9spr+2 coil x small en\gh to be grasp$ 9 ! h& & !n press on ! spr+ ev5ly & /eadily4 ,y w f9d x difficult to make ! coils slide on "o ano!r z ! inn] coils get small]2 !y w /ick toge!r & give way by j]ks4 ,n[ op5 y\r h& sl[ly & y w feel ! spr+ uncoil+ 9 an abrupt1 j]ky way1 sometimes ex]t+ v little pressure on ! h&1 at o!r times a great deal4 ,a dirty1 gummy spr+ w d ! same ?+4 ,n[ take a clean1 well poli%$ spr+ & try x ! same way2 notice h[ mu* m ev5 & /eady is ! pressure requir$ to move ! coils ^u ea* o!r1 ei!r 9 compress+ or exp&+4 ,n[ oil ! well poli%$ spr+ & try x aga94 ,y w f9d y n[ h some?+ t is in/antly respond+1 ev5ly & smoo?ly1 to e v>iation ( pressure4 ,y c also compress ! spr+ two or ?ree turns f>!r ) ! same =ce4 ,?is is :at goes on 9 ! b>rel ( e clock or wat*2 y h m]ely be5 us+ y\r h& z a b>rel & feel+ ! action ( ! spr+s4 ,n[ a well f9i%$ ma9spr+ t is gummy is z irregul> 9 its action z ! wor/ ( ! spr+s describ$ above1 yet v few wat*mak]s w take out ! spr+s ( a clock if !y are 9 a b>rel4 ,"o ( !m once said to me1 8,:y1 :o ev] takes out spr+s8 ,i'll bet ,i clean a hundr$ clocks be=e ,i take out ! spr+s ( "o ( !m60 ,yet ?is same man _h !n a clock :i* _h come back to him & :i* 0 ! cause ( ! conv]sation4 ,!re mu/ be 9 ?is c\ntry ov] #be1jjj f9e ,fr5* clocks 9 exp5sive m>ble or onyx cases1 :i* 7 giv5 z w$d+ pres5ts to _! own]s1 & :i* h nev] run prop]ly & 9 _m in/ances _c be made to run by ! wat*mak]s to :om !y 7 tak5 :5 !y /opp$4 ,let me give ! hi/ory ( "o ( !m4 ,x 0 an eight-day ,fr5* m>ble clock :i* co/ #be 7:olesale7 9 ,/4 ,l\is & 0 giv5 z a w$d+ pres5t4 ,?ree mon?s lat] x /opp$ & 0 tak5 to a wat*mak] well kn[n to be skillful & :o _h a f9e run ( exp5sive wat*es con/antly com+ to him4 ,he clean$ ! clock1 took x home & x ran ?ree h\rs6 ,x came back to him ?ree times2 dur+ ^! p]iods he w5t ov] ! movem5t repeat$ly2 e :eel 0 te/$ 9 a dep?+ tool & f\nd to be r\nd3 all ! tee? 7 exam9$ sep>ately "u a glass & f\nd to be p]fect2 ! p9ions 7 subject$ to ! same c>eful scrut9y2 ! dep?+s 7 tri$ ) ea* :eel & p9ion sep>ately2 ! pivots 7 te/$ & f\nd to be "r2 ! movem5t 0 put 9 its case & exam9$ !re2 x w\ld run all "r on ! wat*mak]'s b5*1 b n 9 ! home ( its own]4 ,x w\ld /op e "t x 0 mov$ 9 du/+ ! mantel4 ,he became disgu/$ & took ! clock to ano!r wat*mak]1 a railroad "t inspector2 same results4 ,9 ?is way ! clock mov$ ab\t = ?ree ye>s2 :5ev] ! own] he>d ( a man :o 0 acc\nt$ m ?an ord9>ily skillful he took him ! clock & wat*$ him 8fall d[n0 on x4 ,f9ally x came into ! h&s ( an ex-presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,horological ,society4 ,he made x run ?ree weeks4 ,:5 he f\nd ! clock _h /opp$ aga9 he refus$ pay = x4 ,?ree mon?s lat] he call$ & got ! clock1 kept x = ?ree weeks1 br\ght x back )\t explanation & lo1 ! clock ran6 ,x w\ld ev5 run consid]ably out ( beat6 ,:5 ask$ :at he _h done to ! clock1 he m]ely laugh$ & said 8,wait40 ,a ye> lat] ! clock 0 /ill go+ satisfactorily & he expla9$4 8,t 0 ! fir/ "t ,i ev] got any?+ ,i c\ldn't fix & x made me a%am$4 ,i kept ?9k+ x ov]4 ,f9ally "o night 9 b$ ,i got to consid]+ :y a clock w\ldn't run :5 !re 0 no?+ ! matt] ) x4 ,! only reason ,i c\ld see 0 lack ( p[]4 ,next morn+ ,i got ! clock & put 9 new ma9spr+s1 ! be/ ,i c\ld f9d4 ,! clock 0 cur$6 ,none ( ^! o!r m5 :o _h ! clock took out ! spr+s4 ,!y came to me all gumm$ up1 :ile ! re/ ( ! clock 0 clean1 bright & 9 p]fect ord]4 ,i clean$ ! spr+s & return$ ! clock2 x ran ?ree weeks4 ,:5 ,i took x back ,i put 9 /rong] spr+s1 because ,i f\nd !m a little s(t on te/+ !m4 ,if any ( y\r fri5ds h ,fr5* clocks t won't g1 s5d !m to me40 ,?ree-qu>t]s ( ! tr\ble ) ,fr5* clocks is 9 ! spr+ box2 ma9spr+ too weak1 gummy or set2 /op works n prop]ly adju/$1 or left (f by "s numskull :o ?\ght he c\ld make ! clock keep "t )\t x :5 ! mak] c\ldn't2 ma9spr+ r\gh1 s t x uncoils by j]ks2 spr+ too /rong1 s t ! small & light p5dulum _c control x4 ,^! w acc\nt = f> m cases ?an ! 8flat :eel0 /ory t s (t5 comes to ! front to acc\nt = a failure on ! "p ( ! workman4 ,( c\rse he mu/ say some?+ to 8 boss to acc\nt = 8 failure & ! 8:eels out ( r\nd0 & 8! faulty dep?+0 h be5 /&>d excuses = ,fr5* clocks = a c5tury4 ,( c\rse !y d occur1 b n ne>ly z (t5 z !y are cr$it$ )1 & ev5 !n su* a clock may be made to p]=m cr$itably if ! spr+s are "r4 ,ano!r s\rce ( tr\ble is buckl$ spr+s1 caus$ by "s workman tak+ !m out or putt+ !m 9 ! b>rel )\t a ma9spr+ w9d]4 ,!re are _m m5 :o w tell y t !y nev] use a w9d]2 !y c put any spr+ 9 )\t x4 ,p]haps !y c1 b !re comes a day :5 !y get a s(t spr+ t is too wide = ?is treatm5t & !y /ret* "o side ( x1 or b5d1 or k9k x1 & !n comes coil friction ) its att5dant evils4 ,^! may n %[ ) a heavy p5dulum1 b !y are c]ta9 to d s if x happ5s to be an eight-day movem5t ) light p5dulum or balance1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly true ( a cyl9d]4 ,all spr+s %\ld be clean$ by soak+ 9 b5z9e or gasol9e & rubb+ ) a rag until all ! gum is (f !m be=e !y are oil$4 ,heavy spr+s may be wip$ by wrapp+ "o or two turns ( a rag ar\nd !m & pu%+ x ar\nd ! coils4 ,! spr+ %\ld be well clean$ & dri$ be=e oil+4 ,a quick way ( clean+ is to w9d ! spr+s cle> up2 /ick a peg 9 ! escape :eel2 remove ! pallet =k2 plunge ! :ole movem5t into a pail ( gasol9e l>ge en\gh to cov] x2 let x /& until ! gasol9e has soak$ into ! b>rels2 remove ! peg & let ! tra9s run d[n4 ,! coils ( ! spr+ w scrub ea* o!r 9 unw9d+2 ! pivots w clean ! pivot holes & ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions w clean ea* o!r4 ,!n take ! clock ap>t = repairs4 ,spr+s :i* are n 9 b>rels %\ld be w\nd up & spr+ clamps put on !m be=e tak+ d[n ! clock4 ,ab\t six sizes ( ^! clamps 7f #b in*es to in*7 are suffici5t = ord9>y "w4 ,rancid oil is also ! cause ( _m 8come-backs40 ,workm5 w buy a l>ge bottle ( good oil & leave x /&+ uncork$1 or 9 ! sun1 or too ne> a /ove 9 w9t] "t1 until x spoils4 ,us$ 9 ?is condition x w dry or gum 9 a mon? or two & ! clock comes back1 if ! own] is p>ticul>2 if n1 he simply tells 8 fri5ds t y c't fix a clock & !y _h bett] g else:]e ) _! wat*es4 ,= clock ma9spr+s1 clock oil1 su* z y buy f mat]ial deal]s1 is recomm5d$ provid$ x is int5d$ = ,fr5* ma9spr+s4 ,if ! lubricant is ne$$ = co>se ,am]ican spr+s1 mix "s vasel9e ) ref9$ b5z9e & put x on lib]ally4 ,! b5z9e w dissolve ! vasel9e & w help to convey ! lubricant all ov] ! spr+1 leav+ no "p unt\*$4 ,! liquid w !n evaporate1 leav+ a ?9 coat+ ( vasel9e on ! spr+4 ,x is be/ to let spr+s d[n1 ) a key made = ! purpose4 ,x is a key ) a l>ge1 r\nd1 wood5 h&le1 :i* fills ! h& ( ! wat*mak] :5 he grasps x4 ,plac+ ! key on ! arbor squ>e1 ) ! movem5t held securely 9 a vise1 w9d ! spr+ until y c release ! click ( ! rat*et ) a screwdriv]1 wire or o!r tool2 hold ! click free ( ! rat*et & let ! h&le ( ! key turn sl[ly r\nd 9 ! h& until ! spr+ is d[n4 ,be c>eful n to release ! pressure on ! key too mu*1 or x w get away f y if ! spr+ is /rong1 & w damage ! movem5t4 ,?is is :y ! h&le is made s l>ge1 s t y c hold a /rong spr+4 ,x is ( great importance1 if we wi% to avoid v>iable coil friction1 t ! spr+ %\ld w9d1 f ! v />t+1 conc5trically2 i4 e41 t ! coils %\ld comm5ce to w9d 9 regul> spirals1 equidi/ant f ea* o!r1 ar\nd ! arbor4 ,9 v _m cases we f9d1 :5 we comm5ce to w9d a spr+1 t ! inn]mo/ coil bulges out on "o side1 caus+1 f ! v beg9n+1 a great] friction ( ! coils on t side1 ! out] ones press+ h>d aga9/ x z y cont9ue to w9d1 :ile on ! out] side ( ! arbor !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by q a little space betwe5 !m1 & t ?is bulge 9 ! fir/ coil is ov]come & becomes conc5tric to ! arbor only aft] ! spr+ is m ?an half way w\nd up4 ,?is necess>ily produces great] & m v>iable coil friction4 ,:5 a spr+ is put into ! b>rel ! inn]mo/ coil %\ld come to ! c5t] ar\nd ! arbor by a gradual sweep1 />t+ f at lea/ "o turn ar\nd away f ! o!r coils4 ,in/ead ( t1 we m (t5 f9d x lay+ close to ! out] coils to ! v end1 & end+ abruptly 9 ! curl 9 ! s(t end t is to be next ! arbor4 ,:5 ?is is ! case 9 a spr+ ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 x is ma9ly due to ! mann] ( fir/ w9d+ x f its /raight into a spiral =m4 ,to obviate x1 ,i g5]ally w9d ! fir/ coils1 say two or ?ree1 on a c5t] 9 ! w9d]1 a trifle small] ?an ! regul> "o1 :i* is to be ( ! same diamet] ( ! arbor c5t] 9 ! b>rel4 ,y w f9d t ! sub/itution ( ! regul> c5t]1 aft]w>ds1 w n undo ! extra b5d+ ?us produc$ on ! inn] coils1 & t ! spr+ w abut by a m gradual sweep at ! c5t]1 & w9d m conc5trically4 ,! =m ( spr+ =m]ly us$ ) a fusee 9 ,engli% c>riage clocks & m>9e *ronomet]s is a spr+ tap]+ slightly 9 ?ickness f ! inn] end = a di/ance ( two full coils1 ! ?ickness increas+ z we move away f ! end1 !n cont9u+ ( uni=m ?ickness until )9 ab\t a coil & a half f ! o!r end1 :5 x aga9 increases 9 ?ickness by a gradual tap]4 ,! increase 9 ! ?ickness t[>ds ! out] end w cause x to cl+ m firmly to ! wall ( ! b>rel4 ,! be/ sub/itute = ?is tap] on ! outside is a brace add$ to "s ( ! spr+s imm$iately back ( ! hole4 ,) ?is brace1 & ! core ( ! w9d+ arbor cut spirally1 excell5t results are obta9$ ) a spr+ ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,some?+1 too1 c be done to improve ! action ( a spr+ t has no brace1 by hook+ x prop]ly to ! b>rel4 ,! hole 9 ! spr+ on ! outside %\ld nev] be made close to ! end2 on ! contr>y1 !re %\ld be f a half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* left beyond ! hole4 ,?is end portion w act z a brace4 ,:5 ! spr+ is d[n1 ! inn]mo/ coil ( x %\ld =m a gradual spiral curve t[>ds ! c5t]1 s z to meet ! arbor )\t =c+ x to "o side or ! o!r4 ,?is curve c be improv$ ^u1 if n correct1 ) suitably %ap$ pli]s2 or x c be approximat$ by w9d+ ! inn]mo/ coils fir/ on an arbor a little small] 9 diamet] ?an ! b>rel arbor itself4 ,ano!r & v important factor 9 ! developm5t ( ! =ce ( ! spr+ is ! prop] l5g? & ?ickness ( x4 ,= any diamet] ( b>rel !re is b "o l5g? & "o ?ickness ( spr+ t w give ! maximum numb] ( turns to w9d4 ,?is is condition$ by ! fact t ! volume :i* ! spr+ occupies :5 x is d[n mu/ n be great] nor less ?an ! volume ( ! empty space ar\nd ! arbor into :i* x is to be w\nd1 s t ! out]mo/ coil ( ! spr+ :5 fully w\nd w occupy ! same place :i* ! inn]mo/ occupies :5 x is d[n4 ,9 a b>rel1 ! diamet] ( ^: arbor is "o-?ird t ( ! b>rel1 ! condition is fulfill$ :5 ! measure across ! coils ( ! spr+ z x lays aga9/ ! wall ( ! b>rel1 is #j4ci ( ! empty space1 or1 tak+ ! diamet] ( ! b>rel z a comp>ison1 #j4abc ( ! latt]2 9 o!r words1 ne>ly "o-eigh? ( ! diamet] ( ! b>rel4 ,?is is ! wid? t w give ! greate/ numb] ( turns to w9d1 :atev] may be ! l5g? or ?ickness ( any spr+4 ,if n[ we desire a spr+ to w9d a giv5 numb] ( turns1 !re is b "o ?ickness & "o l5g? ( x t w p]mit x to d s4 ,! ?ickness rema9+ ! same1 if we make ! spr+ long] or %ort]1 we r$uce ! numb] ( turns x w w9d2 m rapidly by mak+ x %ort]1 less s by mak+ x long]4 ,x is !re=e n only useless1 b detrim5tal1 to put into a b>rel a great] numb] ( coils1 or turns1 ?an are necess>y1 n only because x w r$uce ! numb] ( turns ! b>rel w w9d1 b x w produce great] coil friction by fill+ up ! space ) m coils ?an are necess>y4 ,a ma9spr+ 9 ! act ( uncoil+ 9 its b>rel always gives a numb] ( turns equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( coils 9 ! up & ! d[n positions4 ,?us1 if #ag be ! numb] ( coils :5 ! spr+ is run d[n1 & #be ! numb] :5 aga9/ ! arbor1 ! numb] ( turns 9 uncoil+ w be #h1 or ! diff]5ce betwe5 #ag & #be4 ,! cause ( breakage is usually1 t ! inn] coils are put to ! greate/ /ra91 & !n ! slighte/ flaw 9 ! /eel1 a speck ( ru/1 grooves cut 9 ! edges ( ! spr+ by all[+ a screwdriv] to slip ov] !m1 or an unequal effect ( *ange ( temp]ature1 causes ! fracture1 & leaves ! spr+ free to uncoil itself ) v great rapidity4 ,n[ ?is sudd5 uncoil+ means t ! :ole en]gy ( ! spr+ is exp5d$ on ! b>rel 9 a v small fraction ( a second4 ,9 reality ! spr+ /rikes ! inn] side ( ! rim ( ! b>rel1 a viol5t bl[ 9 ! direction ! spr+ is turn+1 t is1 backw>ds2 ?is is due to ! ma9spr+'s in]tia & its v high mean velocity4 ,! velocity is no?+ at ! out] end1 :]e ! spr+ is fix$1 b rises to ! maximum at ! po9t ( fracture1 & ! k9etic en]gy at v>i\s po9ts ( ! spr+ c\ld no d\bt be calculat$ ma!matically or o!rwise4 ,= in/ance1 take a go+ b>rel spr+ ( eight & a half turns1 break+ close up to ! c5t] :ile fully w\nd4 ,a po9t 9 ! spr+ at ! fracture makes eight turns 9 ! opposite direction to :i* x 0 w\nd1 a po9t at ! middle f\r turns1 & a po9t at ! out] end no?+1 an effect simil> to ! :ole mass ( ! spr+ mak+ f\r turns backw>ds4 ,at its greate/ velocity x is sudd5ly /opp$ by ! b>rel1 :eel tee? engag+ its p9ion2 ?is /oppage or collision is :at breaks c5t] p9ions1 ?ird pivots1 :eel tee?1 etc41 unless _! ela/icity1 or "s int]pos$ contrivance1 c safely absorb ! /or$-up en]gy ( ! ma9spr+1 ! spr+ be+1 z e "o kn[s1 ! heavie/ mov+ "p 9 an ord9>y clock1 except :]e ! b>rel is exceptionally massive4 ,,/op ,,works4--,/op works are devices t are b little und]/ood by ! majority ( workm5 9 ! trade4 ,!y are add$ to a movem5t = ei!r "o or bo? ( two di/9ct purposes3 ,fir/1 z a safety device1 to prev5t injury to ! escape :eel f ov] w9d+1 or to prev5t undue =ce com+ on ! p5dulum by jamm+ ! weight aga9/ ! top ( ! seat bo>d & caus+ a v>iation 9 "t 9 a f9e clock2 or1 second1 to use z a compromise by utiliz+ only ! middle portion ( a long & p[]ful spr+1 :i* v>ies too mu* 9 ! am\nt ( its p[] 9 ! up & d[n positions to get a good rate on ! clock if all ! =ce ( ! spr+ 7 utiliz$ 9 driv+ ! movem5t4 ,) weight clocks1 ! /op "w is a safety device & %\ld always be set s t x w /op ! w9d+ :5 ! b>rel is fill$ by ! cord2 consequ5tly ! way to set !m is to w9d until ! b>rel is b>ely full & set ! /ops ) ! f+]s lock$ s z to prev5t any fur!r action ( ! arbor 9 ! direction ( ! w9d+ & ! cord %\ld !n be long en\gh to p]mit ! weight to be free4 ,!n unw9d until )9 half a coil ( ! knot 9 ! cord :]e x is atta*$ to ! b>rel & see t ! weight is also free at ! bottom ( ! case1 :5 ! /ops aga9 come into action4 ,?is w all[ ! full capacity ( ! b>rel to be us$4 ,:5 /op "w is f\nd on a spr+ b>rel1 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! b>rel conta9s m spr+ ?an is be+ w\nd & unw\nd 9 ! op]ation ( ! clock & x !n becomes important to "k h[ _m coils are ?us held "u t5sion1 s t we may put x back correctly aft] clean+4 ,w9d up ! spr+ & !n let x sl[ly d[n ) ! key until ! /op "w is lock$1 c\nt+ ! numb] ( turns1 & writ+ x d[n4 ,!n hold ! spr+ ) ! lett+ d[n key & take a screw driv] & remove ! /op f ! plate2 !n c\nt ! numb] ( turns until ! spr+ is d[n & also write t d[n4 ,!n take out ! spr+ & clean x4 ,y may f9d su* a spr+ w give sev5te5 turns 9 ! b>rel )\t ! /op "w on1 :ile x w give b t5 ) ! /op "w2 also t ! arbor turn$ f\r revolutions aft] y remov$ ! /op4 ,!n ! spr+ ran ! clock f ! f\r? to ! f\rte5? turns & !re 7 f\r coils unus$ ar\nd ! arbor1 t5 to run ! clock & ?ree unus$ at ! out] end ar\nd ! b>rel4 ,?is w\ld indicate a %ort & light p5dulum or balance1 :i* is v apt to be erratic "u v>iations ( p[]1 & if ! rate 0 compla9$ ( by ! cu/om] y c look = tr\ble unless ! be/ adju/m5t ( ! spr+ is secur$4 ,put ! spr+ back by w9d+ ! f\r turns & putt+ on ! /op "w 9 ! lock$ position2 !n w9d4 ,if ! clock ga9s :5 up & loses :5 d[n1 %ift ! /op works half a turn backw>ds or =w>ds & note ! result1 mak+ *anges ( ! /op until y h f\nd ! po9t at :i* !re is ! lea/ v>iation ( p[] 9 ! up & d[n positions4 ,if ! v>iation is /ill too great a ?9n] spr+ mu/ be sub/itut$4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( /op "w1 ! mo/ common be+ :at is kn[n z ! ,g5eva /op1 a ,maltese cross & a f+] su* z is commonly se5 on wat*es4 ,= wat*es !y h five not*es1 b = clocks !y are made ) a great] numb] ( not*es1 accord+ to ! numb] ( turns desir$ = ! arbor4 ,! f+] piece is m\nt$ on a squ>e on ! b>rel arbor & ! /> :eel on ! /ud on ! plate4 ,9 sett+ !m see t ! f+] is 9 l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! /> :eel :5 ! /op is lock$1 or !y w n "w smoo?ly4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( /opwork :i* is us$ 9 "s ,am]ican clocks1 & z !re is no friction ) x1 & no fe> ( /ick+1 nor any d\bt ( ! c]ta9ty ( its action1 x is p]haps ! mo/ suitable = regulators & o!r f9e clocks :i* h _m turns ( ! b>rel 9 w9d+4 ,?is /op is simple & sure4 ,x consi/s ( a pair ( :eels ( any numb]s ) ! ratio ( odd numb]s z #g & #f1 #i & #aj1 #ae & #af1 #cj & #cb1 #de & #dh1 etc42 ! small] :eel is squ>$ on ! b>rel arbor & ! l>g] m\nt$ on a /ud on ! plate4 ,^! :eels are bett] if made ) a l>g] numb] ( tee?4 ,on ea* :eel a f+] is plant$1 project+ a little beyond ! outsides ( ! :eel tee?1 s t :5 ! f+]s meet !y w butt securely4 ,! meet+ ( ^! f+]s _c take place at e revolution because ( ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb]s ( ! tee? ( ! :eels2 !y w pass )\t t\*+ e "t till ! cycle ( turns is complet$1 z "o :eel goes r\nd say sixte5 times :ile ! o!r goes fifte51 & :5 ?is occurs ! f+]s w engage & s /op fur!r w9d+4 ,:5 ! clock has run d[n sixte5 turns ( ! b>rel ! f+]s w aga9 meet on ! opposite side1 & s ! b>rel w be all[$ to turn backw>ds & =w>ds = sixte5 revolutions1 be+ /opp$ by ! f+]s at ea* extreme4 ,:5 9 action ! f+]s may butt ei!r at a "r or an obtuse angle1 only n too obtuse1 z ?is w\ld put a /ra9 on1 t5d+ to =ce ! :eels ap>t4 ,if pref]r$ ! f+]s may be made ( /eel1 b ?is is n necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hc4 ,,ma9ta9+ ,,p[]s4--,a/ronomical clocks1 wat*mak]'s regulators & t[] clocks are1 or at lea/ %\ld be1 fitt$ ) ma9ta9+ p[]4 ,a good t[] clock %\ld n v>y 9 its rate m ?an five to t5 seconds a week4 ,_m ( !m1 :5 favorably situat$ & c>efully t5d$1 d n v>y ov] five to t5 seconds p] mon?4 ,x requires f five to ?irty m9utes to w9d ! "t tra9s ( ^! clocks & ! read] c easily see :]e ! rate w\ld g if ! p[] 7 remov$ f ! p5dulum = t l5g? ( "t2 h5ce a ma9ta9+ p[] t w keep ne>ly ! same pressure on ! escape :eel z ! weight does1 is a necessity4 ,a/ronomical clocks & f9e regulators h s little tra9 friction1 especially if jewel$1 t :5 ! b>rel is turn$ backw>ds 9 w9d+ ! friction betwe5 ! b>rel head & ! great :eel is suffici5t to /op ! tra91 or ev5 run x backw>ds1 injur+ ! escape :eel &1 ( c\rse1 de/roy+ ! rate ( ! clock2 !re=e !y are provid$ ) a device t w prev5t su* an occurr5ce4 ,ord9>y clocks d n h ! ma9ta9+ p[] because only ! b>rel arbor is rev]s$ 9 w9d+1 & t rev]sal is nev] = m ?an half a turn at a "t1 z ! p[] is ?r[n back on ! tra9 e "t ! w9d] lets g ( ! key to turn 8 h& ov] = ano!r grip4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #he4 ,figs4 #hc1 #hd & #he %[ ! v>i\s =ms ( ma9ta9+ p[]s1 :i* diff] only 9 _! me*anical details4 ,9 all ( !m ! ma9ta9+ p[] consi/s ( two rat*et :eels1 two clicks & ei!r "o or two spr+s2 ! spr+s v>y 9 %ape accord+ to :e!r ! great :eel is provid$ ) spokes or left ) a web4 ,if ! great :eel has spokes ! spr+s are atta*$ on ! outside ( ! l>ge rat*et :eel s t !y w press on opposite spokes ( ! great :eel & are ei!r /raight1 curv$ or coil$1 accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! mak] ( ! clock & ! am\nt ( room4 ,if made ) a web a circul> recess is cut 9 ! great :eel1 see ,fig4 #hc1 wide & deep en\gh = a s+le coil ( spr+ wire :i* has its ends b5t at "r angles to ! plane ( ! spr+ & "o end slipp$ 9 a hole ( ! rat*et & ! o!r 9 a simil> hole 9 ! recess ( ! great :eel4 ,a circul> slot is cut at "s portion ( ! recess 9 ! great :eel :]e x w n int]f]e ) ! spr+ & a screw 9 ! rat*et works back & =? 9 ?is slot1 limit+ ! action ( ! spr+4 ,/ops are also provid$ = ! spokes ( ! great :eel 9 ! case ( /raight1 curv$ or coil$ spr+s1 ,figs4 #hd & #he4 ,^! /ops are set s z to give an angul> movem5t ( two or ?ree tee? ( ! great :eel 9 ! case ( t[] clocks & f six to eight tee? 9 a regulator4 ,! spr+s %\ld ex]t a pressure on ! great :eel ( j a little less ?an ! pull ( ! weight on ! b>rel2 !y w !n be compress$ all ! "t ! weight is 9 action1 & ! /ops w !n transmit ! p[] f ! l>ge rat*et to ! great :eel1 :i* drives ! tra94 ,bo? ! great :eel & ! l>ge rat*et :eel are loose on ! arbor1 be+ p9n$ close to ! b>rel1 b free to revolve4 ,a small] rat*et1 hav+ its tee? cut 9 ! rev]se direction f ^? ( ! l>g] "o1 is fa/ to ! end ( ! b>rel4 ,a click1 call$ ! w9d+ click1 on ! l>g] rat*et acts 9 ! tee? ( ! small] "o dur+ ! w9d+1 hold+ ! two rat*ets toge!r at all o!r times4 ,a long] click1 call$ ! det5t click1 is pivot$ to ! clock plate1 & drags idly ov] ! tee? ( ! l>g] rat*et :ile ! clock is be+ driv5 by ! weight & ! ma9ta9+ spr+s are compress$4 ,:5 ! p[] is tak5 (f by ! rev]sal ( ! b>rel 9 w9d+1 ! friction betwe5 ! sides ( ! two rat*ets & great :eel w\ld cause !m to also turn backw>d1 if x 7 n = ?is det5t click1 ) its end fa/ to ! plate1 :i* drops into ! tee? ( ! l>ge rat*et & prev5ts x f turn+ backw>d4 ,we n[ h ! l>ge rat*et held motionless by ! det5t click on ! clock plate & ! compress$ spr+s :i* are c>ri$ betwe5 ! l>ge rat*et & ! great :eel w !n beg9 to exp&1 driv+ ! loose great :eel until _! =ce has be5 exp5d$1 or until w9d+ is complet$1 :5 !y w aga9 be compress$ by ! pull ( ! weight4 ,9 "s t[] clocks curv$ p9s are fix$ to opposite spokes ( ! great :eel & coil$ spr+s are w\nd ar\nd ! p9s1 ,fig4 #he2 eyes 9 ! l>ge rat*et engage ! out] ends ( ! p9s & compress ! spr+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hf4 ,! clicks = ma9ta9+ p[]s %\ld n be %ort1 & ! plant+ %\ld be done s t l9es drawn f ! b>rel c5t] to ! click po9ts & f ! click c5t]s to ! po9ts1 w =m an obtuse angle1 l ,b1 ,fig4 #hf1 giv+ a t5d5cy = ! rat*et too? to draw ! click t[>ds ! b>rel c5t]4 ,! clicks %\ld be nicely =m$1 h>d5$ & temp]$ & poli%$ all ov] ) em]y4 ,long1 ?9 spr+s w be ne$$ to keep ! w9d+ clicks up to ! rat*et tee?4 ,! rat*et :eel mu/ run freely on ! b>rel arbor1 be+ c>ri$ r\nd by ! clicks :ile ! clock is go+1 & /&+ /ill :ile ! weight is be+ w\nd up4 ,x is reta9$ at ?is "t by a long det5t click m\nt$ on an arbor hav+ its pivots fitt$ to holes 9 ! clock frame4 ,! same rem>k z to plant+ applies to ?is click z well z ! o!rs1 & to all clicks hav+ simil> objects2 b z ?is click has its own weight to cause x to fall no spr+ is requir$4 ,to prev5t x ly+ heavily on ! :eel1 caus+ we>1 friction & a dim9ution ( driv+ p[]1 x is z well to h x made light4 ,!re is no absolute utility 9 fix+ ! click to its collet ) screws1 b if done1 x c be tak5 (f to be poli%$1 & ! appe>ance w be m workmanlike4 ,?is click %\ld h its po9t h>d5$ & temp]$1 z !re is consid]able we> on x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hg4 ,if ! great :eel has spokes ! be/ =m = ! two spr+s = keep+ ! tra9 go+ :il/ be+ w\nd is t ( ! lett] ,u1 z %[n to ! left ( ,fig4 #hd1 "o end enl>g$ = ! screw & /eady p9 & ! blade tap]+ all along t[>ds ! end :i* is free4 ,! spr+s may be made /raight & b5t to ! =m :ile s(t1 !n h>d5$ & temp]$ to a full blue4 ,!y are be/ :5 z l>ge z ! space betwe5 two arms ( ! ma9 :eel w all[4 ,:5 screw$ on ! l>ge rat*et ! backs ( bo? %\ld be> exactly aga9/ ! respective arms ( ! ma9:eel1 & a pair ( p9s is put 9 ! rat*et1 s t any opposite pair ( ! ma9:eel arms may re/ ^u !m :5 ! spr+s are set up by ! clock weight4 ,! /r5g? ( ! spr+s c be adju/$ by trial1 r$uc+ !m till ! weight ( ! clock sets !m up easily to ! bank+ p9s4 ,!re are two me?ods ( keep+ ! loose :eels aga9/ ! end ( ! b>rel1 :ile all[+ !m to turn freely dur+ w9d+2 "o is a slid+ plate ) a keyhole slot1 ,fig4 #hg1 to slip 9 a groove on ! arbor1 z is g5]ally adopt$ 9 su* h\se clocks z h fuzees1 z well z on ! b>rels ( old-fa%ion$ weight clocks2 ! o!r is a collet exactly ! same z on wat* fuzees4 ,!y are bo? suffici5tly effective1 b p]haps ! latt] is ! be/ ( ! two1 because ! collet may be fitt$ on ! arbor ) a pipe1 & be+ turn$ true on ! broad inside face1 gives a l>g] & /eadi] surface = ! ma9:eel to "w aga9/1 :]eas ! =m] only has a small be>+ on ! %\ld] ( ! small groove 9 ! arbor1 :i* fitt+ is liable to we> & all[ ! ma9 & ! o!r loose :eel to wobble sideways1 displac+ ! contact ) ! det5t click & caus+ ! ma9:eel to t\* ! collet ( ! c5t] :eel if v ne> toge!r2 s1 on ! :ole1 a collet1 z on a wat* fuzee1 seems ! bett] arrangem5t1 :]e !re is pl5ty ( room = x on ! arbor4 ,!re is an old] =m ( ma9ta9+ p[] :i* is sometimes met ) 9 t[] clocks & :i* is sometimes imitat$ on a small scale by jewel]s :o are us+ a *eap regulator & wi% to add a ma9ta9+ p[] :]e !re is no room betwe5 ! b>rel & plates = ! rat*ets & great :eel4 ,! ma9ta9+ p[]1 ,fig4 #hh1 consi/s ( a %aft1 ,a1 a /raight lev]1 ,b1 a segm5t ( a p9ion1 ,c1 a curv$1 d\ble lev]1 ,d1 a weight1 ,e4 ,! %aft1 ,a1 slides endwise to engage ! tee? ( ! p9ion segm5t ) ! tee? ( ! great :eel4 ,no4 #b1 ! /raight lev] has a h&le at bo? ends to assi/ 9 ?r[+ ! p9ion out or 9 & a %ield at ! out] end to cov] ! end ( ! w9d+ %aft1 ,no4 #c1 :5 ! key is n on x4 ,! curv$ lev] is d\ble1 & ! p9ion segm5t turns loosely betwe5 ! halves & on ! %aft1 ,a2 x is held up 9 its place by a light spr+1 ,f2 ! weight1 ,e1 is also held betwe5 ! two halves ( ! d\ble lev]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hh4 ,ma9ta9+ ,p[]4 ,! action is z foll[s3 ,! end ( ! lev]1 ,b1 cov]s ! end ( ! w9d+ %aft s t x is necess>y to raise x be=e putt+ ! key on ! w9d+ %aft2 x is rais$ till x /rikes a /op1 & !n pu%$ 9 till ! p9ion segm5t engages ) ! go+ :eel ( ! tra91 :5 ! weight1 ,e1 act+ ?r\gh ! lev]s1 furni%es p[] to drive ! clock tra9 :ile ! go+ weight is be+ w\nd up4 ,( c\rse ! weight on ! ma9ta9+ p[] mu/ be s proportion$ to ! lev]age t x w be equal to ! p[] ( ! go+ b>rel & its weight1 a simple proposition 9 me*anics4 ,! numb] ( tee? on ! p9ion segm5t1 ,c1 is suffici5t to ma9ta9 p[] = fifte5 m9utes1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! lev]1 ,b1 w come d[n & aga9 cov] ! end ( ! w9d+ %aft2 or1 x may be pump$ out ( ge> & dropp$ d[n4 ,9 case x is =gott51 ! spr+1 ,f1 w all[ ! segm5t to pass out ( ge> ( itself & w simply all[ x to give a click z x slips ov] ea* too? 9 ! go+ :eel2 if ?is 7 n provid$ =1 x w\ld /op ! clock4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,motion ,,"w ,,& ,,/rik+ ,,tra9s4 ,motion "w is ! "n giv5 to ! :eels & p9ions us$ to make ! h\r h& g once ar\nd ! dial :ile ! m9ute h& goes twelve times4 ,"h a few prelim9>y obs]vations w d mu* t[>d cle>+ up ! op]ations ( ! tra9s4 ,! read] w recollect t we />t$ at a fix$ po9t 9 ! "t tra91 ! c5t] arbor :i* mu/ revolve once p] h\r1 & increas$ ?is motion by mak+ ! l>g] :eels drive ! small] 7p9ions7 until we rea*$ sixty or m revolutions ( ! escape :eel to "o ( ! c5t] arbor4 ,?is ge>+ to increase spe$ is call$ 8ge>+ up0 & 9 x ! p9ions are always driv5 by ! :eels4 ,9 ! case ( ! h\r h& we h to obta9 a sl[+ effect & we d s by mak+ ! small] :eels 7p9ions7 drive ! l>g] ones4 ,?is is call$ 8ge>+ back0 & x is ! only place 9 ! clock :]e ?is me?od ( ge>+ occurs4 ,we drew att5tion to a common usage 9 ! ge>+ up ( ! "t tra9s--t ( mak+ ! relations ( ! :eels & p9ions #h to "o & #g4e to "o2 #g4e #h #fj4 ,s we f9d a l usage 9 our motion "w1 viz41 #c to "o & #d to "o2 #c #d #ab4 ,say ! cannon p9ion has twelve tee?2 !n ! m9ute :eel g5]ally has #cf1 or ?ree to "o1 & if ! m9ute :eel p9ion has #aj1 ! h\r :eel w h #dj1 or f\r to "o4 ,( c\rse1 any numb]s ( :eels & p9ions may be us$ to obta9 ! same result1 s long z ! tee? ( ! :eels multipli$ toge!r give a product :i* is twelve times t ( ! p9ions multipli$ toge!r2 b ?ree & f\r to "o h be5 settl$ ^u1 j z ! usage 9 ! tra9 became fix$1 & = ! same reasons2 t is1 ^! proportions take up ! lea/ room & may be made ) ! lea/ mat]ial4 ,also1 ! p9ion ) ! greate/ numb] ( tee?1 be+ ! l>g]1 is usually select$ z ! cannon p9ion1 z x gives m room to be bor$ out to receive ! cannon1 or pipe4 ,if plac$ outside ! clock plate1 ! m9ute :eel & p9ion revolve on a /ud 9 ! clock plate2 b if plac$ betwe5 ! frames1 !y are m\nt$ on arbors l ! o!r :eels4 ,! me?od ( m\nt+ is m]ely a matt] ( conv5i5ce 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! tra9 & is v>i$ accord+ to ! am\nt ( room 9 ! movem5t1 or conv5i5ce 9 assembl+ ! movem5t at ! factory1 little att5tion be+ paid to o!r consid]ations4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #hi4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,! cannon p9ion is loose on ! c5t] arbor & beh9d x is a spr+1 call$ ! c5t] spr+1 or 8friction10 ,figs4 #hi & #ij1 :i* is a disc t is squ>$ on ! arbor at its c5t] & presses at ?ree po9ts on its out] edge aga9/ ! side ( ! cannon p9ion2 or x may be two or ?ree coils ( brass wire4 ,?is c5t] spr+ ?us produces friction en\gh on ! cannon to drive x & ! h\r h&1 :ile p]mitt+ ! h&s to be turn$ backw>d or =w>d )\t int]f]+ ) ! tra94 ,9 ,fr5* mantel clocks ! c5t] spr+ is disp5s$ ) & a portion ( ! pipe is ?9n$ & press$ 9 s z to produce a friction betwe5 ! pipe & ! c5t] arbor :i* is suffici5t to drive ! h&s2 ?is is simil> to ! friction ( ! cannon p9ion 9 a wat*4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ia4 ,9 "s old ,engli% h\se clocks ) snail /rike1 ! cannon p9ion & m9ute :eel h ! same numb] ( tee? = conv5i5ce 9 lett+ (f ! /rik+ "w by means ( ! m9ute :eel1 :i* ?us turns once 9 an h\r4 ,:]e ?is is ! case ! h\r :eel & its p9ion be> a proportion to ea* o!r ( twelve to "o2 usually !re is a p9ion ( six leaves engag+ a :eel ( #gb tee?1 or sev5 & eighty-f\r are sometimes f\nd4 ,9 t[] clocks1 :]e ! /rik+ is n dis*>g$ by ! motion "w1 ! cannon p9ion is tight on its arbor & ! motion "w is simil> to t ( wat*es4 ,see ,fig4 #ia4 ,! cannon p9ion drives ! m9ute :eel1 :i*1 toge!r ) its p9ion1 revolves loosely on a /ud 9 ! clock plate1 or on an arbor betwe5 ! frames4 ,! me%+ ( ! m9ute :eel & cannon p9ion %\ld be z deep z is consi/5t ) p]fect fre$om1 z %\ld also t ( ! h\r :eel & m9ute p9ion 9 ord] to prev5t ! h\r h& f hav+ too mu* %ake1 z ! m9ute :eel & p9ion are loose on ! /ud & ! h\r :eel is loose on ! cannon1 s t a %all[ dep?+ "h w give consid]able back la%1 :i* is especially noticeable :5 w9d+4 ,! h\r :eel has a %ort pipe & runs loosely on ! cannon p9ion 9 ord9>y clocks4 ,9 qu>t]-/rike cuckoos a diff]5t tra9 is employ$ & ! :eels = ! h&s are bo? on a long /ud 9 ! plate & bo? h pipes2 ! m9ute :eel has #cb tee? & c>ries f\r p9s on its "u side to let (f ! qu>t]s4 ,! h\r :eel has #fd tee? & works close to ! m9ute :eel1 its pipe surr\nd+ ! m9ute :eel pipe1 & held 9 position by a screw & nut on ! m9ute pipe4 ,a :eel ( #dh & a p9ion ( #h tee? are m\nt$ on ! sprocket arbor ) a c5t] spr+ = a friction1 ! :eel ( #dh me%+ ) ! m9ute :eel ( #cb & ! #h-leaf p9ion ) ! h\r :eel ( #fd4 ,x w be recollect$ t ! sprocket :eel takes ! place ( ! b>rel 9 ?is clock & !re is no c5t] arbor z x is commonly und]/ood4 ,! sprocket arbor 9 ?is case turns once 9 an h\r & a half1 h5ce x requires #dh tee? to drive ! m9ute :eel ( #cb once 9 an h\r1 z x turns "o-?ird ( a revolution 7or #af tee?7 e half h\r4 ,! sprocket arbor1 turn+ once 9 an h\r & a half1 makes eight revolutions 9 twelve h\rs & its p9ion ( eight leaves work+ 9 ! h\r :eel ( #fd tee? turns ! h\r h& once 9 twelve h\rs4 ,9 ord9>y rack & snail /rik+ "w ! snail is g5]ally m\nt$ on ! pipe ( ! h\r :eel1 s t x w always agree ) ! position ( ! h\r h& & ! /rik+ w ?us be 9 h>mony ) ! position ( ! h&s4 ,,/rik+ ,,tra9s4--,x is only natural1 aft] f9d+ c]ta9 fix$ relations 9 ! calculations ( "t tra9s & motion "w1 t we %\ld look = a simil> po9t 9 /rik+ tra9s1 well assur$ t we %all f9d x "h also4 ,x is evid5t t ! clock mu/ /rike ! sum ( ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #i1 #aj1 #aa1 #ab1 or #gh bl[s ( ! hamm]1 9 /rik+ f noon to midnight2 ?is w be repeat$ f midnight to noon1 mak+ #aef bl[s 9 #bd h\rs1 & if x is a #cj-;h\r clock1 six h\rs m mu/ be add$2 bl[s = ^! w be #ba m1 mak+ a total ( #agg bl[s ( ! hamm] = a #cj-;h\r /rike tra94 ,! hamm] is rais$ by p9s set 9 ! edge ( a :eel1 call$ ! p9 :eel1 & z "o p9 mu/ pass ! hamm] tail = e bl[1 x is evid5t t ! numb] ( p9s 9 ?is :eel w gov]n ! numb] ( revolutions x mu/ make = #agg bl[s1 s t "h is ! base or />t+ po9t 9 our /rik+ tra94 ,if !re are #ac p9s 9 ! p9 :eel1 x mu/ revolve #ac4e times = #agg bl[s2 if !re are #h p9s1 !n ! :eel mu/ revolve #bb4abe times 9 giv+ #agg bl[s2 consequ5tly ! p9ions & :eels back to ! spr+ or b>rel mu/ be arrang$ to give ! prop] numb] ( revolutions ( ! p9 :eel ) a reasonable numb] ( turns ( ! spr+ or weight cord1 & x is g5]ally desirable to give ! same1 or ne>ly ! same1 numb] ( turns to bo? "t & /rik+ b>rels4 ,if x is an eight-day clock ! calculation is a little diff]5t4 ,!re are #aef bl[s e #bd h\rs2 !n z ! majority ( 8eight-day0 clocks are really calculat$ to keep "t = sev5 & a half days1 al?\gh !y w run eight1 we h3 #aef #g4e #a1jgj bl[s 9 #g4e days4 ,) #ac p9s we h #a1jgj #ac #hj & _/?s revolutions 9 ! #g4e days4 ,if n[ we put an #h-leaf p9ion on ! p9 :eel arbor & #hd tee? 9 ! great :eel or b>rel1 we w get #aj4e turns ( ! p9 :eel = e turn ( ! spr+ or b>rel2 consequ5tly eight turns ( ! spr+ w be en\gh to run ! clock = ! requir$ "t1 z su* clocks are w\nd e sev5? day4 ,figur+ =w>d f ! p9 :eel1 we f9d t we %all h to lock our /rik+ tra9 aft] a /at$ numb] ( bl[s ( ! hamm] ea* h\r2 ^! p]iods increase by regul> /eps ( "o bl[ e h\r1 s t we mu/ h our lock+ me*anism 9 position to act aft] ! passage ( ea* p91 :e!r x is !n us$ or n2 s ! p9ion t me%es ) ! p9 :eel1 & c>ries ! lock+ plate or p9 on its arbor mu/ make "o revolution e "t x passes a p94 ,if ?is is a #f-leaf p9ion1 ! p9s on ! p9 :eel mu/ !re=e be #f tee? ap>t2 or an #h-leaf p9ion mu/ h ! p9s #h tee? ap>t2 & vice v]sa4 ,= great] conv5i5ce 9 regi/]+1 ! p9s are set 9 a radial l9e ) ! spaces ( ! tee? 9 ! p9 :eel1 z ?is all[s u to measure f ! c5t] ( ! p9ion leaf4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! calculation ( an h\r /rik+ tra9 is a simple matt]2 b if half h\rs are also to be /ruck f ! tra91 x w *ange ^! calculations4 ,= a #cj-;h\r tra9 #bd mu/ be add$ to ! #aef bl[s = #bd h\rs1 #ahj bl[s be+ requir$ to /rike h\rs & half h\rs = #bd h\rs4 ,^! bl[s may be provid$ = by m turns ( ! spr+1 or diff]5t numb]s ( ! :eels & p9ions1 :i* w\ld !n also v>y ! spac+ ( ! p9s4 ,half h\rs may also be /ruck directly f ! c5t] arbor1 by putt+ an extra hamm] tail on ! hamm] arbor1 fur!r back1 :]e x w n int]f]e ) ! hamm] tail = ! p9 :eel1 & putt+ a cam on ! c5t] arbor to op]ate ?is second hamm] tail4 ,?is simplifies ! tra91 z x enables ! use ( a %ort] spr+ or small] :eels :ile provid+ a *eap & c]ta9 means ( /rik+ ! half h\rs4 ,half-h\r tra9s are frequ5tly provid$ ) a sep>ate bell ( diff]5t tone = ! half h\rs1 z ) only "o bell ! clock /rikes "o bl[ at #ab3cj1 #a & #a3cj1 mak+ ! "t a matt] ( d\bt to "o :o li/5s )\t look+1 z frequ5tly happ5s 9 ! night4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ib4 ,eight ,day ,h\r & ,half ,h\r ,/rike4 ,fig4 #ib %[s an eight-day1 ,se? ,?omas movem5t1 :i* /rikes ! h\rs on a c\nt :eel tra9 & ! half h\rs f ! c5t] arbor4 ,all ! :eels1 p9ions1 arbors1 p9s1 lev]s & hooks are correctly %[n 9 prop] position1 b ! front plate has be5 left (f = great] cle>ness4 ,! read] w !re=e be requir$ to rememb] t ! escape :eel1 pallets1 crut*1 p5dulum & ! /ud = ! p5dulum susp5sion are really fix$ to ! front plate1 :ile 9 ! draw+ !y h no visible means ( support1 because ! plate is left (f4 ,! "t tra9 occupies ! "r-h& side ( ! movem5t & ! /rik+ tra9 ! left h&4 ,runn+ up ! "r-h& f ! spr+ to ! escape :eel1 we f9d an extra :eel & p9ion :i* is provid$ to secure ! eight days' run4 ,we also see t :at w\ld ord9>ily be ! c5t] arbor is up 9 ! "r corn] & does n c>ry ! h&s2 fur!r1 ! tra9 is b5t ov] at a "r angle1 9 ord] to save space & get ! escape :eel 9 ! c5t] at ! top ( ! movem5t4 ,! /rik+ tra9 is also cr[d$ d[n out ( a /raight l9e1 ! lock+ cam be+ to ! "r ( ! p9 :eel & ! w>n+ :eel & fly z close to ! c5t] z possible4 ,?is leaves "s space betwe5 ! p9 :eel & ! int]m$iate :eel ( ! "t tra9 & "h we f9d our c5t] arbor1 driv5 f ! int]m$iate :eel by an extra p9ion on ! m9ute :eel arbor1 ! m9ute :eel me%+ ) ! cannon p9ion on ! c5t] arbor4 ,?is re>rang+ ( tra9s to save space is frequ5tly done & (t5 %[s consid]able +5uity & skill2 x also w _m times s]ve to id5tify ! mak] ( a movem5t :5 its orig9 is a matt] ( d\bt & we ne$ "s mat]ial1 s t ! plant+ ( tra9s is n only a matt] ( int]e/1 b %\ld be /udi$1 z famili>ity ) ! me?ods ( v>i\s factories is frequ5tly ( s]vice to ! wat*mak]4 ,fig4 #ic is ! upp] portion ( ! same /rik+ tra91 drawn to a l>g] scale = ! sake ( cle>ness4 ,x also %[s ! c5t] arbor1 bo? hamm] tails & ! /op on ! hamm] arbor1 :i* /rikes aga9/ ! bottom ( ! front plate to prev5t ! hamm]-spr+ f ?r[+ ! hamm] out ( rea* ( ! p9s4 ,! p9 :eel1 ,r1 & c\nt :eel1 ,e1 are m\nt$ close toge!r & are ab\t ! same size1 s t !y are %[n brok5 away = a "p ( _! circumf]5ces = great] cle>ness 9 expla9+ ! action ( ! lock+ hook1 ,c1 & ! lock+ cam1 ,d4 ,fig4 #id %[s ! same p>ts 9 ! /rik+ position1 be+ %[n z j ab\t to /rike ! la/ bl[ ( #ab4 ,simil> p>ts h simil> lett]s 9 bo? figures4 ,! c\nt :eel1 ,e1 is loose on a /ud 9 ! plate1 conc5tric ) ! arbor ( ! p9 :eel1 ,r4 ,! pivot ( ,r runs ?r\gh ?is /ud4 ,! sole (fice ( ! c\nt :eel is to regulate ! di/ance to :i* ! lock+ hook ,c1 is all[$ to fall4 ,! c\nt hook1 ,a1 & ! lock+ hook1 ,c1 are m\nt$ on ! same arbor1 ,b1 s t !y move 9 unison4 ,if ,a is all[$ to fall into a deep slot ( ! c\nt :eel1 ,c w fall f> en\gh to engage ! lock+ face ( ! cam ,d & /op ! tra91 z 9 ,fig4 #ic4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 ,a drops on ! rim ( ! :eel1 ,c w be held out ( ! lock+ position z ,d comes ar\nd 7see ,fig4 #id71 & ! tra9 w keep on runn+4 ,x w be se5 t aft] pass+ ! lock+ not*1 ,d1 ,fig4 #id1 w 9 its turn raise ! hook ,c1 :i* w ride on ! edge ( ,d1 & hold ,a cle> ( ! c\nt :eel until ! lock+ not* ( ,d is aga9 rea*$1 :5 a deep not* 9 ! :eel w all[ ,c to cat*1 z 9 ,fig4 #ic1 unless ,c is /opp$ by ,a fall+ on ! rim ( ! :eel1 z 9 ,fig4 #id4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ic4 ,upp] ,portion ( ,/rik+ ,tra9 ,lock$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #id4 ,/rik+ ,tra9 ,unlock$ & ,runn+4 ,"o leaf1 ,f1 ( ! p9ion ( ! lock+ arbor /icks out f> en\gh to engage ) ! c\nt :eel tee? & rotate ! :eel "o too? = ea* revolution ( ,d1 s t ,f =ms a "o-leaf p9ion simil> to t ( a rack /rik+ tra94 ,"h we h our c\nt+ me*anism2 ,f & ,d g ar\nd toge!r2 ,f moves ,e "o too? e revolution4 ,a holds ,c out ( action 7,fig4 #id7 until ,a rea*es a deep slot1 :5 ,c /ops ! tra9 by engag+ ,d 7,fig4 #ic74 ,! c\nt :eel1 ,e1 mu/ h friction en\gh on its /ud s t x w /ay :]e ! p9 ,f leaves x1 :5 ,f goes out ( action & ?us x w be 9 ! "r position to suitably engage ,f on ! next revolution4 ,too mu* friction ( ! c\nt :eel on its /ud w use too mu* p[] = ,f to move x & ?us sl[ ! tra92 if !re is too little friction "h ! c\nt :eel may get 9 su* a position t ,f w get /all$ on ! top ( a too? & /op ! tra94 ,! c\nt hook1 ,a1 mu/ /rike exactly 9 ! middle ( ! deep slots1 )\t t\*+ ! sides ( ! slots 9 ent]+ or leav+1 z to d ?is w\ld %ift ! position ( ! c\nt :eel if ! rubb+ 7 suffici5t1 or x might prev5t ,a f fall+ 7z ,a & ,c are bo? v light7 & ! clock w\ld g on /rik+4 ,if ! hook ,a does n /rike ! middle ( ! spaces betwe5 ! tee? ( ! c\nt :eel1 x w gradually encroa* on a too? & pu% ! :eel =w>d or back1 ?us dis>rang+ ! c\nt4 ,_m a clock has /ruck #ac = #ab 9 ?is way because ! hook 0 a little out4 ,?is did n occur 9 ! small] numb]s because ! action 0 n cont9u$ long en\gh to all[ ! hook to rea* a too?4 ,! p91 ,f1 %\ld also me% fairly & freely 9 ! tee? ( ! c\nt :eel1 or a simil> defect is likely to occur4 ,:5 repair+ or mak+ new c\nt hooks1 ,a1 ,figs4 #ic & #id1 !y mu/ be ( su* a l5g? t !y w ent] ! slots on a l9e radial ) ! c5t] ( ! :eel4 ,! prop] l5g? & direction are %[n at ,a1 ,fig4 #ie1 :ile ,b & ,c are wrong4 ,) hooks l ei!r ,b or ,c y c set or b5d ! hook to /rike "r at "o & z y turn ! clock ahead ! hook does n fall 9 f> en\gh & at twelve x only /rikes elev54 ,!n if y b5d ! same hook to /rike "r at twelve x w /rike two at "o & z y turn ! clock ahead x w /rike "r at ab\t five or sev54 ,a1 ,fig4 #ie1 be+ ( ! prop] l5g? & %ape w give no tr\ble4 ,_m ( ! c\nt :eels ( ! old] clocks 7 divid$ by h& & are n z accurate z !y %\ld be2 :5 a :eel ( ?is k9d is f\nd & a new :eel _c be sub/itut$ 7because ! clock is an antique & mu/ h ! orig9al p>ts pres]v$7 x w sometimes require nice managem5t ( ! hook ,a to obta9 correct /rik+4 ,a little manipulation ( ! p9ion1 ,f1 ,fig4 #ic is sometimes desirable also1 if ! c\nt :eel is v bad4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ie4 ,! prop] l5g? ( ! c\nt hook4 ,! lock+ face ( ! cam1 ,d1 mu/ also be on a l9e radial to its c5t]1 or x w ei!r unlock too easily & g (f on ! slighte/ j> or movem5t ( ! clock1 or ! face w h too mu* draw & ! hook ,c w n be unlock$ :5 ! clock is fully w\nd1 & ! spr+ pressure is greate/4 ,9 ?is case ! clock w n /rike :5 fully w\nd1 b w d s :5 p>tly run d[n1 & z ! c\nt :eel tra9 /rikes 9 rotation1 )\t reg>d to ! position ( ! h&s1 y w h irregul> /rik+ ( a mo/ puzzl+ sort4 ,repairs to ?is not* are sometimes requir$1 :5 ! corn] has become r\nd$1 & ! be/ way to make !m is to cut a new face on ! cam ) a %>p grav]1 be+ c>eful to keep ! face radial ) its c5t]4 ,because ! c\nt :eel /rikes ! h\rs 9 rotation1 reg>dless ( ! position ( ! h&s1 if ! h&s are turn$ backw>ds pa/ ! figure #ab on ! dial ! /rik+ w be ?r[n out ( h>mony ) ! h&s4 ,to rem$y ?is ! c\nt hook1 ,a1 has an eye on its re> end & a wire1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib1 hangs d[n to :]e x c be rea*$ ) ! h& :5 ! dial is on4 ,pull+ ?is wire w lift ,a & ,c & cause ! clock to /rike2 by ?is means ! clock may be /ruck ar\nd until ! position ( ! /rik+ tra9 agrees ) t ( ! h&s4 ,:]e ?is wire is n pres5t ! /rik+ is correct$ by turn+ ! h&s back & =? betwe5 ,,ix & ,,xii until ! prop] h\r is /ruck4 ,n[ we come to ! releas+ me*anism1 :i* causes ! clock to /rike at /at$ times4 ,i1 ,figs4 #ic & #id1 is an arbor pivot$ betwe5 ! plates & c>ry+ ?ree lev]s1 ,h1 ,k & ,j1 9 diff]5t positions on ! arbor4 ,h is directly "u ! c\nt hook1 ,a1 & lifts ,a & ,c :5ev] ,j is pu%$ f> en\gh to "o side by ,l on ! c5t] arbor1 :i* revolves once an h\r4 ,?us ,l1 ?r\gh ,j1 ,h & ,a1 ,c1 unlocks ! tra9 once e h\r4 ,:5 ,c is ?us lift$ ! tra9 runs until ! w>n+ p91 ,o1 ,figs4 #ic & #id1 /rikes aga9/ ! lev] ,k1 :i* is on ! same arbor ) ,h & ,j4 ,?is prelim9>y run ( ! tra9 makes a little noise & is call$ 8w>n+10 z ! noise notifies u t ! tra9 is 9 position to comm5ce /rik+4 ,! lev] ,k & ! w>n+ p91 ,o1 !n hold ! tra9 until ,l has be5 c>ri$ out ( action ) ,j & releas$ x1 :5 ,o w pu% ,k out ( its pa? at e revolution & ! clock w /rike4 ,! half h\rs are /ruck by ,l press+ ! %ort hamm] tail1 ,g1 & ?us rais+ & releas+ ! hamm] once an h\r4 ,9 sett+ up ! /rik+ tra9 aft] clean+1 place ! p9 :eel s t ! hamm] tail1 ,g1 may be ab\t "o-f\r? ( ! di/ance f ! next p91 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ic2 ?is all[s ! tra9 to get well "u way be=e meet+ ) any resi/ance & w insure its /rik+ :5 ne>ly run d[n4 ,if ! hamm] tail is too close to ! p91 x might /op ! tra9 :5 !re is b little p[] on4 ,!n place ,d 9 ! lock$ position1 ) ,a 9 a deep slot ( ! c\nt :eel & ,c 9 ! not* ( ,d4 ,next place ! w>n+ :eel ) its p91 ,o1 on ! opposite side ( its arbor f ! lev] ,k1 see ,fig4 #ic4 ,?is is done to make sure t :5 x is unlock$ = 8w>n+0 ! tra9 w run f> en\gh to get ! corn] ( ! lock1 ,d1 safely1 pa/ ,c1 s t x w n all[ ,c to fall into ! not* aga9 & lock ! tra9 :5 ,j1 ,k & ,h are releas$ by ,l4 ,?is is ! rule foll[$ 9 assembl+ ^! clocks at ! factories & is simple1 correct & easily und]/ood4 ,a /udy ( ^! po9ts 9 ,fig4 #ic w enable any "o to set up a tra9 correctly be=e putt+ ! front plate on4 ,if ! workman gets a clock t has be5 but*]$ by "s "o :o did n und]/& x 7& !re are _m su*71 he may f9d t :5 correctly set up ! clock does n /rike on ! #fj? m9ute ( ! h\r2 9 su* a case a little b5d+ ( ,j1 9 or out z ! case may be1 w usually rem$y ! tr\ble4 ,! same ?+ may h to be done to ! hamm] tails1 ,g & ,g1 or ! /op on ! hamm] arbor4 ,if bo? hamm] tails are out ( position1 b5d ! /op2 if "o is "r1 let ! /op alone & b5d ! o!r tail4 ,a r\gh1 set or gummy spr+ w cause irregul> /rik+4 ,9 su* a case ! clock w /rike "p ( ! bl[s & !n /op & f9ally g on aga9 & complete ! numb]4 ,mu* "t has be5 lo/ 9 exam9+ ! tee? ( :eels & p9ions 9 su* cases :5 ! tr\ble lay 9 ! spr+4 ,too /rong a spr+ w make ! movem5t /rike too fa/2 too weak a spr+ w make x /rike sl[1 especially 9 ! latt] "p ( ! day or week1 :5 x has ne>ly run d[n4 ,too small a fan1 or a fan t is loose on its arbor1 w all[ ! clock to /rike too fa/4 ,if ?is fan is badly out ( balance x w prev5t ! tra9 f />t+ :5 !re is b little p[] on4 ,!re is a class ( clocks :i* h ! c\nt :eel tight on ! arbor1 outside ! clock plate4 ,_m ( !m are on mu* tight] ?an !y %\ld be4 ,9 su* a case take an alcohol lamp & heat ! :eel ev5ly1 especially ar\nd ! hub2 ! brass w exp& twice z mu* z ! /eel & ! :eel may !n be driv5 (f )\t injury4 ,fig4 #if %[s ano!r typical ,am]ican eight-day tra91 made by ! ,gilb]t ,clock ,company1 & /rik+ ! half h\rs f ! tra94 ,"h we notice1 on comp>+ ) ,fig4 #ib1 t !re are _m po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,fir/ ! not*es on ! c\nt :eel are twice z wide z !y are 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,?is means t half h\rs are /ruck on ! tra92 ?is w be expla9$ lat]4 ,next !re are two complete sets ( not*es on ! :eel1 :i* %[s t ! :eel turns only once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 :]eas ! o!r makes two revolutions 9 t "t4 ,!re are no tee? on ! c\nt :eel1 s t x mu/ be fa/ to its arbor1 :i* is t ( ! great :eel & spr+1 :ile ,fig4 #ib has a sep>ate /ud & x is loose4 ,! :eel be+ on ! spr+ arbor & go+ once 9 #bd h\rs1 !re mu/ be "o turn ( spr+ = ea* #bd h\rs :i* ! tra9 runs4 ,!re is no p9 :eel 9 ,fig4 #if1 b in/ead ( ?is two p9s are cut out ( ! lock+ cam to raise ! hamm] tail z !y pass4 ,!re are also two lock+ not*es 9 ! lock+ cam4 ,! cams on ! c5t] arbor are /amp$ out ( brass %eet1 :ile ^? ( ,fig4 #ib 7 ( wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #if4 ,half h\rs /ruck on ! tra94 ,turn+ to ! enl>g$ view 9 ,fig4 #ig & comp>+ x ) ,fig4 #ic1 we f9d fur!r diff]5ces4 ,! lev]s ,k & ,j are "h made ( "o piece ( brass1 :ile ! o!rs 7 sep>ate & ( wire4 ,! lift+ lev]1 ,h1 is flatt5$ at its out] end 9 ,fig4 #ic1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #ig x is b5t at "r angles & pass$ "u ! c\nt hook1 ,a4 ,! hook1 ,c1 ,fig4 #ig1 is add$ to ! arbor1 ,b1 z a safety device1 9 case ! lock+ hook %\ld fail to ent] its slot 9 ! cam1 ,d4 ,x is %[n z hav+ j /opp$ ! w>n+ p9 9 ,fig4 #if4 ,!re is b "o hamm] tail1 ,g1 & ! hamm] /op acts aga9/ ! /ud = ! hamm]-spr+1 in/ead ( aga9/ ! bottom ( ! front plate1 z 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,! fir/ important diff]5ce "h is 9 ! position ( ! c\nt hook1 ,a4 ,9 ,figs4 #ib & #ic ! hook mu/ be exactly 9 ! middle ( ! slot1 or !re w be tr\ble4 ,9 tra9s /rik+ half h\rs f ! tra91 we mu/ nev] all[ ! hook to occupy ! middle ( ! slot1 or we w h m tr\ble ?an we ev] dream$ (4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! c\nt hook mu/ ent] ! slot close to 7b n t\*+7 ! side ( ! slot :5 ! clock /ops /rik+2 !n :5 ! half h\r is /ruck ! c\nt :eel w move a little & ! hook mu/ drop back into ! same slot )\t t\*+2 ?is br+s x close to ! opposite side ( ! same slot & ! next movem5t w l& ! hook safely on top ( ! :eel = ! /rokes ( ! h\r4 ,fig4 #if %[s its position aft] /rik+ ! half h\r & ready to /rike ! h\r ( two4 ,fig4 #ig %[s x dropp+ back aft] /rik+ two4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ig4 ,half h\r /rike on ! c\nt :eel4 ,9 sett+ up ?is tra91 see t ! c\nt hook4 ,a1 goes into ! slot ( ! c\nt :eel close to1 b n t\*+1 "o side ( ! slot 9 ! c\nt :eel1 &1 aft] plac+ ! int]m$iate1 ins]t ! lock+ cam1 ,d1 s t x engages ! lock+ hook2 !n put 9 ! w>n+ :eel ) ! w>n+ p91 ,o1 safely to ! left ( ! hook ,c1 ,fig4 #ig1 s t x _c get pa/ t hook aft] /rik+4 ,plac+ ! :eel ) its w>n+ p9 six or eight tee? to ! left ( ! edge ( ! bottom plate is g5]ally ab\t "r4 ,! action ( ! lev]s1 ,h1 ,j1 ,k1 ! hamm] tail1 ,g1 & ! cam1 ,l1 9 /rik+ ! h\rs is ! same z t already describ$ 9 detail = ,figs4 #ic & #id1 h5ce ne$ n be repeat$ "h4 ,l /rikes ! half h\rs by be+ en\gh %ort] ?an ,l to raise ! hooks = "o revolution1 b n q s high z = ! h\rs4 ,! cams ,l1 ,l are friction-tight on ! c5t] arbor & may be %ift$ on ! arbor to regi/] ! /rik+ on ! #fj? m9ute1 if desir$4 ,:5 ! h&s & /rike d n agree1 turn ! m9ute h& back & =w>d betwe5 ,,ix & ,,xii1 ?us /rik+ ! clock ar\nd until x agrees ) ! h&s4 ,sometimes1 if ! w>n+ p9 is n f> en\gh away1 an eight-day clock w /rike all "r = a numb] ( days & !n comm5ce to ga9 or lose on ! /rik+ side4 ,x ei!r does n /rike at "s h\rs1 or half h\rs1 or x may /rike sometimes bo? h\r & half h\r be=e /opp+4 ,take ! movem5t out ( ! case & put ! h&s on2 !n move ! m9ute h& ar\nd sl[ly until ! clock w>ns4 ,look c>efully & be sure !re is no dang] ( ! clock /rik+ :5 x w>ns4 ,if ?is looks secure1 !n move ! h& to ! h\r1 mak+ x /rike2 say x is go+ to /rike #i o'clock2 :5 x has /ruck eight times1 /op ! tra9 ) y\r f+] & let ! :eels run v sl[ :ile /rik+ ! la/ "o1 & :5 ! rod drops into ! la/ not* /op ! tra9 aga9 & hold x !re4 ,= ! /rik+ "p to be correct1 ! w>n+ p9 on ! :eel wants to be ab\t "o-f\r? ( a revolution away f ! rod :5 ! clock has /ruck ! la/ "t1 or z soon z ?is rod falls d[n f> en\gh to cat* ! p94 ,! object ( ?is is s !re is no *ance ( ! w>n+ p9 gett+ pa/ ! rod at ! la/ /roke2 ?is x is liable to d if ! p9 is too close to ! rod :5 ! rod drops4 ,if y w exam9e ! clock z above1 n only :5 x /rikes ,,ix1 b all ! h\rs f ,i to ,,xii1 y w g5]ally f9d ! fault4 ,( c\rse1 if ! p9 is too close to ! rod :5 ! rod drops1 y mu/ lift ! plates ap>t & *ange ! :eel s t ! w>n+ p9 & ! rod w be z expla9$4 ,,%ip',s ,,bell ,,/rik+ ,,"w4--,( all ! c\nt :eel /rik+ "w :i* comes to ! wat*mak]1 ! %ip's bell is mo/ apt to give him tr\ble4 ,?is g5]ally arises f ignorance z to :at ! sy/em ( bells on %ipbo>d consi/s ( & h[ !y %\ld be /ruck4 ,if he goes to "s nautical fri5d1 he he>s ( long & %ort 8wat*es0 or 8full wat*es0 & 8dog wat*es40 ,if he insi/s on details1 he gets ! in=mation t a 8wat*0 is n a horological me*anism1 b a p]iod ( duty = a "p ( ! crew4 ,!n he is told ( ! 8morn+ wat*10 8fir/ dog wat*10 8aft]noon wat*10 8second dog wat*10 8(f wat*10 8on wat*10 etc4 ,n[ ! %ip's bell clock does n agree ) ^! 8wat*es0 & 0 nev] int5d$ to d s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is simply a clock /rik+ half h\rs f "o to eight & !n repeat+ ?r\gh ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! /rik+ is peculi>ly tim$ & is an imitation ( ! me?od 9 :i* ! h\rs are /ruck on ! bell ( ! %ip4 ,z ?is bell is also us$ = o!r purposes1 su* z toll+ 9 fogs1 fire al>ms1 *ur* s]vices1 etc41 x w readily be se5 t a diff]5t me?od ( /rik+ = ea* purpose is desirable to avoid misund]/&+ ( signals4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ih4 ,%ips bell clock4 ,! me?od ( /rik+ = "t is to give ! bl[s 9 c\ples1 ) a %ort int]val betwe5 ! /rokes ( ! c\ples & ?ree times t int]val betwe5 ! c\ples4 ,odd /rokes are treat$ z a portion ( ! next c\ple & sep>at$ accord+ly1 ?us3 #ab3cj p4 m4 ,"o ,bell1 ,o #a3jj p4 m4 ,two ,bells1 ,o ,o #a3cj p4 m4 ,?ree ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o #b3jj p4 m4 ,f\r ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o ,o #b3cj p4 m4 ,five ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o #c3jj p4 m4 ,six ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o #c3cj p4 m4 ,sev5 ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o #d3jj p4 m4 ,eight ,bells1 ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,o ,aft] /rik+ eight bells ! clock repeats1 al?\gh ! %ip's bell is g5]ally /ruck 9 accordance ) ! two dog wat*es 7:i* are ( two h\rs' duration ea*7 be=e comm5c+ ! ev5+ wat* 7#h to #ab p4 m474 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! clock %\ld /rike eight at #ab m41 #d p4 m41 #h p4 m41 #ab p4 m41 #d a4 m41 & #h a4 m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,! p9s on ! c\nt :eel ( ! %ips bell clock4 ,9 ord] to /rike ! bl[s 9 pairs two hamm]s are necess>y1 see ,fig4 #ih2 ^! hamm]s are plac$ close toge!r1 b n 9 ! same plane4 ,! p9 :eel has tw5ty p9s1 see ,figs4 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj2 "s ( ^! p9s are %ort] ?an ! o!rs1 s t !y d n op]ate "o ( ! hamm] tails4 ,^! are %[n graphically 9 ,fig4 #ajj2 :]e ! two oblong m>ks at figure #a repres5t ! tops ( ! hamm] tails %[n 9 ,fig4 #ii4 ,x w be se5 by /udy+ ,fig4 #ajj t ) ! :eel mov+ f left to "r1 ! inside hamm] tail w be op]at$ = "o bl[1 :ile ! out] hamm] tail w n be op]at$ at all1 ?us giv+ b "o bl[1 or 8bell40 ,at ! next movem5t ( ! p9 :eel1 ! outside hamm] w be op]at$ by ! long p9 & ! inside hamm] by ! %ort p91 ?us giv+ "o bl[ ( ea* hamm]1 or 8two bells40 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ii4 ,enl>g$ view ( /rik+ "w1 %ips bell clock4 ,we n[ h ^! hamm] tails advanc$ along ! :eel s t ! outside "o is opposite ! figure #c 9 ! draw+1 :ile ! o!r is opposite ! figure #b1 ) "o p9 betwe5 !m4 ,! next movem5t ( ! p9 :eel advances !m s t ! outside hamm] w pass ! next %ort p9 & consequ5tly t hamm] w miss "o bl[ & ! pair w !re=e /rike ?ree--"o by ! outside hamm] & two by ! inside4 ,x ?us goes on until ! cycle is complet$1 eight bl[s be+ /ruck ) ! la/ f\r p9s4 ,! /rik+ 9 pairs is effect$ by hav+ ! two hamm] tails close toge!r1 s t ! p9s w op]ate bo? hamm] tails quickly & !re w !n be an int]val ( "t :ile ! :eel br+s =w>d ! next p9s4 ,?is is s spac$ t ! int]val betwe5 pairs is ?ree times t betwe5 ! bl[s ( a pair & ! hamm] tails %\ld n be b5t out ( ?is position1 or if f\nd s !y %\ld imm$iately be re/or$ to x4 ,toll+ ! bells1 in/ead ( /rik+ !m prop]ly1 is v bad =m at sea & g5]ally leads to puni%m5t if p]si/$ 91 s t ! jewel] w readily p]ceive t 8 m>9e cu/om]s are v p>ticul> on ?is po9t1 & he %\ld g any l5g? to obta9 ! prop] int]vals 9 /rik+4 ,! p9 :eel moves =w>d "o p9 = ea* c\ple ( bl[s or p>ts ( a c\ple1 ! odd bl[s be+ secur$ by ! failure ( ! bl[ :5 ! hamm] tail passes ! %ort p94 ,?us x moves z f> = "o bell z = two bells2 z f> = ?ree bells z = f\r1 etc4 ,! result is t ! c\nt :eel has no odd numb]s on x1 b in/ead two #b's1 two #d's1 two #f's & two #h's2 ! fir/ two are c\nt$ on ! c\nt :eel1 b only "o is /ruck on ! p9 :eel1 ow+ to ! %ort p92 ?is is repeat$ at ?ree1 five & sev51 :5 f\r1 six & eight are c\nt$ on ! :eel1 b ! la/ bl[ fails ( deliv]y1 ow+ to ! %ort p9 9 ! p9 :eel at ^! positions4 ,! c5t] arbor c>ries two p9s1 ,l & ,l1 to unlock ! tra9 ?r\gh ! lev] ,j1 z x is really a half h\r /rik+ clock4 ,! c\nt hook1 ,a2 lock+ hook1 ,c2 c\nt :eel1 ,e2 p9s1 ,p1 & o!r p>ts h simil> lett]s = simil> p>ts z 9 ! prec$+ figures & ne$ n be fur!r expla9$1 z ! me*anism is o!rwise simil> to ! ,se? ,?omas movem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,clean+ ,,& ,,repair+ ,,cuckoo ,,clocks4 ,! cuckoos are 9 a class by !mselves = sev]al reasons1 all ( :i* h to d ) _! con/ruction & %\ld !re=e be und]/ood by ! wat*mak]4 ,!y are b\ght z timepieces by b two classes ( p3 ^? :o 7 us$ to !m 9 _! =m] homes 9 ,europe & buy !m = s5tim5tal reasons2 & ^? :o admire f9e wood c>v+s z works ( art & desire to possess a f9ely c>v$ cuckoo clock = ! reasons :i* gov]n 9 ! pur*ase ( pa9t+s & /atu>y1 bronzes1 & o!r art objects4 ,= ?is reason cuckoos h nev] be5 a success :5 attempts h be5 made to *eap5 _! production by ! use ( imitations ( wood c>v+ 9 composition or metal4 ,! use ( cuckoos 9 pla9 cases1 ) spr+s in/ead ( weights1 has also be5 attempt$ ) ! idea ( !reby secur+ an inclos$ movem5t1 z 9 ord9>y clocks2 b :ile x (f]s advantages 9 cleanl9ess & protection ( ! movem5t1 su* clocks h nev] become popul>1 z !y h lo/ _! "* z works ( art by be+ enclos$ 9 pla9 cases1 or h become r erratic 9 rate by ! sub/itution ( spr+s = weights4 ,! use ( expos$ weights & p5dulum necessitates op5+s 9 ! bottom ( ! case ?r\gh :i* ! du/ ent]s freely & ?is makes necess>y unusual side %ake1 end %ake & fre$om ( dep?+ ( ! :eels & p9ions & also ! use ( lant]n p9ions & an am\nt ( driv+ weight 9 excess ( t necess>y = protect$ movem5ts1 z !re mu/ be en\gh weight to pull ! cuckoo movem5t ?r\gh ob/ructions :i* w\ld /op ! ord9>y movem5t4 ,repair]s !re=e %\ld n attempt to close worn holes z snugly z 9 ! ord9>y movem5ts1 z :5 ?is is done ! clock g5]ally /ops ab\t ?ree weeks aft] x has left ! %op & a 8comeback0 is ! result4 ,light5+ ! driv+ weights w h ! same result1 z ! movem5t mu/ h suffici5t p[] to pull x ?r\gh :5 dirty4 ,z ! plates & :eels are g5]ally ( ca/ metal1 cutt+ ( pivots f runn+ dry is frequ5t 9 old clocks1 & :]e x is necess>y to close ! holes c>e mu/ be tak5 n to ov]do x4 ,ano!r po9t :]e repair]s fail is 9 n poli%+ ! pivots4 ,_m wat*mak]s seem to ?9k t any k9d ( a pivot w d = a clock1 al?\gh !y take great c>e ( !m 9 _! wat*work4 ,r\gh & dry pivots w cut ! holes 9 a clock plate deep en\gh to w$ge ! pivots 9 ! holes l a /uck ream] & /op a clock j aft] x has be5 repair$1 :5 if !y _h be5 prop]ly poli%$ ! job w\ld n h come back4 ,! high prices ( wood c>v+ 9 ,am]ica & ! necessity = its g5u95ess1 z expla9$ above1 has result$ 9 mak+ x necess>y to sp5d z little z possible = ! movem5ts2 h5ce we ord9>ily f9d a total lack ( f9i% on ! movem5ts1 & ?is1 ) ! great fre$om ev]y:]e evid5t 9 its con/ruction & ! app>5t excess ( angul> motion ( ! lev]s1 comb9e to give x an appe>ance ( r\ghness :i* surprises ^? :o see !m b r>ely4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly sugge/$ by wat*mak]s t if ! cases only 7 import$ & ! movem5ts 7 made by ! ,am]ican factories bett] results %\ld be obta9$1 9 appe>ance at lea/4 ,!y =get t ! bell[s1 pipes & birds1 ) _! wires1 are p>ts ( ! movem5ts & ! co/ ( hav+ ^! portions made 9 ?is c\ntry is prohibitive1 s t ! :ole movem5t is import$4 ,arrangem5ts are n[ be+ made by at lea/ "o firm to h ! frames & :eels made ( %eet metal by automatic ma*9]y1 in/ead ( be+ ca/ & f9i%$ 9 ! usual way1 & :5 ?is is done ! appe>ance ( ! movem5ts w be greatly improv$1 s t ,am]ican wat*mak]s w reg>d !m ) a m k9dly eye4 ,s f> z is kn[n to ! writ] all cuckoo movem5ts are import$1 al?\gh "o firm is do+ a l>ge & con/antly gr[+ trade 9 su* clocks ) cases made 9 ,am]ica4 ,!re are a numb] ( import+ firms :o sell to jobb]s1 l>ge retail]s & clock companies only1 & z ! l>ge ,am]ican clock manufactur]s all li/ & c>ry cuckoos ! clocks f9d _! way to ! consum] ?r\gh _m & devi\s *annels4 ,probably m are sold 9 o!r ways ?an ?r\gh ! retail]s = ! reason t ! av]age retail] does n und]/& ! cuckoos & is reluctant to /ock !m1 !reby delib]ately avoid+ a l>ge am\nt ( bus9ess f :i* he might make a h&some pr(it4 ,"u ! g5]al t]m ,cuckoos are li/$ sev]al k9ds ( movem5ts1 all hav+ bell[s1 pipes & mov+ figures1 su* z ! cuckoo1 cuckoo & quail1 trumpet]1 etc41 ) or )\t ! regul> hamm]s & gongs ( ! ord9>y movem5ts4 ,figs4 #aja & #ajb %[ front & back views ( a "t tra9 9 ! c5t] ) quail /rike tra9 on ! left & cuckoo /rike tra9 at ! "r4 ,! positions ( arbors1 lev]s1 dep?+s ( tra9s1 etc41 are exact1 b ! movem5t plates h be5 left (f = great] cle>ness1 s t ! arbors appe> to be )\t support4 ,! positions ( ! pill>s are %[n by ! %ad$ circles above & bel[ ! tra9s 9 ,fig4 #aja4 ,! p>ts h ! same lett]s 9 bo? ,figs4 #aja & #ajb1 al?\gh z ! movem5t is turn$ ar\nd to %[ ! re> 9 #ajb1 ! quail tra9 appe>s on ! "r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aja4 ,front ,view ( ,quail & ,cuckoo ,/rike ,movem5t4 ,,names ,,( ,,p>ts4 ,a--,quail c\nt :eel4 ,b--,quail /rik+ cam4 ,c--,m9ute :eel4 ,d--,quail lift+ lev]4 ,e--,quail c\nt hook4 ,f--,quail lock+ arm4 ,g--,quail bird /ick2 also call$ bird hold]4 ,h--,quail bell[s arm4 ,i--,quail bell[s lift+ lev]4 ,j--,quail gong hamm]4 ,k--,quail w>n+ lev]4 ,l--,quail lift+ p94 ,m--,quail bird /ick lev]4 ,n--,quail hamm] lev]4 ,o--,quail ,lift+ p9 :eel4 ,p--,cuckoo lift+ lev]4 ,q--,cuckoo w>n+ lev]4 ,r--,cuckoo lift+ p94 ,s--,cuckoo lock+ arm4 ,t--,cuckoo c\nt hook4 ,u--,cuckoo /rik+ cam4 ,v--,cuckoo lift+ p9 :eel4 ,w--,cuckoo c\nt :eel4 ,x--,cuckoo bell[s lift+ lev]4 ,y--,cuckoo hamm]4 ,z--,cuckoo bird /ick2 also call$ bird hold]4 ,s--,cuckoo bird /ick lev]4 ,9 exam9+ a movem5t ! /ud5t discov]s a peculi>ity ( cuckoo frames1 :i* is t ! pivot holes = sev]al ( ! arbors ( ! /rik+ lev]s h slots fil$ into !m1 rea*+ to ! edges ( ! frames & n>r[] ?an ! full diamet] ( ! pivot holes4 ,?is is because su* arbors h lev]s rivet$ into !m :i* mu/ function 9 front1 betwe5 & at ! re> ( ! plates & 9 sett+ up ! movem5t ! slots are necess>y to all[ ! end lev]s to pass ?r\gh ! holes4 ,su* arbors z h slots on ! front plates are ins]t$ & plac$ 9 _! prop] positions be=e sett+ ! tra9 :eels ) :i* !y function4 ,! o!rs are fir/ ins]t$ 9 ! back plate & turn$ to position :ile putt+ on t plate4 ,bo? quail & cuckoo tra9s are set up v simply & surely by obs]v+ ! foll[+ po9ts3 ,9 ! quail tra91 :5 ! quail bell[s lev]1 ,h1 is j releas$ f a p9 9 ! p9 :eel1 ,o1 ! lock+ lev]1 ,f1 mu/ j fall into ! slot ( ! lock+ cam1 ,b2 ! w>n+ p9 %\ld !n be ne> ! fly p9ion & ! c\nt hook1 ,k1 drop freely into ! c\nt :eel1 ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajb4 ,re> ,view ( ,quail & ,cuckoo ,movem5t4 ,on ! cuckoo side we f9d two lev]s1 ,x2 ! upp] "o ( ^! op]ates ! l[ note ( ! cuckoo call & ! l[] "o ! high note4 ,:5 ?is upp] lev] is releas$ f a p9 9 ! p9 :eel1 ! cuckoo lock+ lev]1 ,s1 mu/ drop into its lock+ cam1 ,u1 & ! c\nt hook1 ,t1 drop into its c\nt :eel1 :ile ! w>n+ p9 mu/ be ne> ! fly p9ion4 ,aft] ! run has /opp$ & ! tra9s are fully lock$ ! w>n+ p9s w be z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajb2 b at ! mom5t ( lock+ !y %\ld be z describ$ above4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,turn+ to ,fig4 #aja1 we f9d ! m9ute :eel1 ,c1 has f\r p9s project+ f its re> surface4 ,?is revolves once p] h\r & consequ5tly ! p9s raise ! lift+ lev]1 ,d1 e fifte5 m9utes4 ,"h is a po9t t frequ5tly is productive ( tr\ble4 ,! read] w readily see t if ! h&s ( a cuckoo are turn$ backw>d ! p9s 9 ! m9ute :eel w b5d ?is wire1 ,d1 & d]ange ! /rik+1 z ! w>n+ lev] is also atta*$ to ! same arbor4 ,nev] pu% ! h&s backw>d on a cuckoo clock2 always pu% !m =w>d4 ,if ! /rik+ & h&s d n regi/] ! same "t1 take (f ! weights ( ! /rik+ tra9s2 !n pu% ! h&s =w>d until !y regi/] ! h\r :i* ! tra9s /ruck la/4 ,z !re is no p[] on ! tra9s !y w n be op]at$1 ! only action be+ ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! lev]1 ,d1 z ! p9s pass4 ,:5 ! h&s po9t to ! h\r la/ /ruck by ! tra9s1 put on ! /rik+ weights aga9 & pu% ! h&s =w>d1 all[+ "t = ea* /rik+1 until ! clock has be5 set to ! correct "t4 ,^u ! lift+ lev]1 ,d1 be+ rais$ suffici5tly ! w>n+ lev]1 ,e1 on ! same arbor is lift$ into ! pa? ( ! w>n+ p9 & at ! same "t unlocks ! tra9 by press+ aga9/ ! lift+ p91 ,l1 9 ! lock+ lev]1 ,f4 ,! lock+ lev]1 ,f1 c\nt hook1 ,k1 & ! bird hold] lev]1 ,m1 are all on ! same arbor & !re=e "w 9 unison4 ,:5 ,d drops1 ,e releases ! w>n+ p9 & ! tra9 />ts4 ,! p9 :eel has p9s on bo? sides1 ! re> p9s op]ate ! gong hamm]1 ,n1 ,j2 ! front p9s op]ate ! quail bell[s1 ,i1 ,h4 ,! ris+1 & fall+ ( ! unlock+ lev]1 ,f1 op]ates ! bird hold]1 ,g1 ?r\gh ,m & ! wire 9 ! bell[s top tilts ! tail ( ! bird & flutt]s ! w+s4 ,:5 ! f\r? qu>t] has be5 /ruck1 ! p9s %[n 9 ! quail c\nt :eel1 ,a1 op]ate ! h\r lift+ lev]1 ,p1 & ! action ( t tra9 becomes simil> to t ( ! qu>t] tra9 j describ$1 ) ! diff]5ce t !re are two bell[s lev]s1 ,x1 = ! high & l[ notes ( ! cuckoo1 :]eas !re is b "o = ! quail4 ,!re are sev]al adju/m5ts necess>y to wat* on ^! clocks4 ,! wires to op]ate ! bell[s f ! lev]s ,x & ,h may be s long t ! bell[s :5 /ret*$ to its full capacity may n all[ ! tails ( ,x & ,h to cle> ! p9s ( ! p9 :eels & ?us /op ! tra9s4 ,! p9s %\ld cle> safely ) ! bell[s fully op5$4 ,! lev]s ,m & ,s1 :i* op]ate ! bird hold]s1 ,g & ,z1 may be turn$ 9 _! arbors s z to be f>!r f or clos] to ! bird hold]2 ?is regulates ! op5+ & clos+ ( ! doors & ! appe>ance ( ! birds2 if !re is too mu* movem5t ! birds may be s5t s f> out t !y w n return1 b w /ay out & /op ! tra9s4 ,mov+ ,s & ,m t[>ds ! bird hold]s1 ,z & ,g1 w less5 ! am\nt ( ?is motion & ! contr>y movem5t w increase x4 ,ano!r important s\rce ( tr\ble--because g5]ally unsuspect$--is ! fly4 ,! fly on a cuckoo tra9 mu/ be tight2 a loose fly w cause too rapid /rik+ & all[ ! tra9 to ov]run1 mak+ wrong /rik+1 or 9 a v bad case x w n /op until run d[n4 ,:5 ?is happ5s turn y\r att5tion to ! fly & make sure t x is tight be=e do+ any b5d+ ( ! lev]s1 & also see to ! position ( ! w>n+ p94 ,sometimes ! front ( ! case 7:i* is also ! dial7 w w>p & cause pressure on ! ends ( ! lev] arbors & ?us int]f]e ) _! prop] work+4 ,be sure t ! arbors are free at bo? ends4 ,:5 replac+ worn p9s 9 ! /rik+ tra9s1 c>e %\ld be tak5 to get !m ! "r l5g?1 z on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( end %ake 9 ^! movem5ts !y may slip pa/ ! lev]s )\t op]ation1 if too %ort1 or f\l ! o!r p>ts ( ! tra9 if too long4 ,= ! same reasons b5d+ ! lev]s %\ld only be done aft] exhau/+ ! o!r s\rces ( error & !n be und]tak5 v sl[ly & cauti\sly4 ,! notes ( a cuckoo are ,a & ,f1 j bel[ middle ,c2 ^! %\ld be s\nd$ cle>ly & ) consid]able volume4 ,if !y are %ort & husky 9 tone x may be due to holes 9 ! bell[s1 too %ort /roke ( bell[s1 removal ( ! bell[s weights1 ,e1 ,fig4 #ajc1 dirt 9 ! orifices ( ! pipes1 or cracks 9 ! pipes4 ,holes 9 ! bell[s1 if small & n 9 ! folds ( ! kid1 may be m5d$ by be+ glu$ up ) pap] or kid1 or a piece ( c\rt pla/] :i* is ?9 en\gh to n int]f]e ) ! op]ation ( ! bell[s4 ,if mu* worn a new bell[s %\ld be sub/itut$4 ,cracks 9 ! pipes may be m5d$ ) pap]4 ,! orifice ( ! pipe1 if dirty1 may be clean$ ) a piece ( ma9spr+ fil$ v ?9 & smoo? & c>efully ins]t$1 z any wid5+ or r\gh5+ ( ?is slit w int]f]e ) ! tone4 ,sometimes a clock comes 9 :i* has be5 spoil$ 9 ?is reg>d1 !n x becomes necess>y to remove ! out] portion or lip1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ajc1 ( ! slot 7:i* is glu$ 9 position7 & make a new inn] lip1 ,b1 or file ! old "o smoo? aga94 ,! prop] %ape is %[n 9 ,b1 ,fig4 #ajc1 :ile ,c & ,d %[ improp] %apes :i* int]f]e ) ! tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajc4 ,cuckoo bell[s & pipe4 ,a1 out] lip2 ,b1 inn] lip2 ,c1 ,d1 incorrect =ms ( lip4 ,mu* "t & money has be5 sp5t 9 try+ to avoid ! inh]5t defects ( ?is portion ( ! clock2 sometimes ! lips w swell or w>p & close ! orifice2 sometimes !y w %r9k & make x too wide2 9 ei!r case a loss ( purity ( tone is ! result4 ,brass tubes1 if ?9 en\gh to be *eap1 give a brassy tone to ! notes2 compositions ( lead1 t9 & antimony 7organ pipe metal7 are readily ca/1 b give a s(t]1 dull] tone ( less volume ?an ! wood4 ,celluloid lips to a wood5 tube 7 at fir/ ?\ght to be a great success1 b 7 f\nd to w>p z !y got old]4 ,bone lips are co/ly2 s !re is no?+ at pres5t t seems likely to displace well season$ wood1 :]e discrim9at+ lov]s ( music & art dem& purity & correctness ( tone1 reasonably accurate "t1 arti/ic sculptural effects & durability1 all 9 "o article--a high class cuckoo clock4 ,:5 s5d+ a clock home aft] repair+1 ea* ( ! *a9s %\ld be ti$ toge!r ) /r+s j outside ! bottom ( ! case s t !y w n slip (f ! sprockets & ! cu/om] %\ld be in/ruct$ to hang ! clock 9 its accu/om$ position be=e cutt+ ! /r+s & atta*+ ! weights4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,snail ,,/rik+ ,,"w1 ,,engli%1 ,,fr5* ,,& ,,am]ican4 ,:ile ! majority ( snail /rik+ movem5ts made 9 ,am]ica are on ! ,fr5* sy/em1 because !y are *eap] :5 made 9 t way1 /ill ?is sy/em is s cond5s$ & s difficult to illu/rate1 ) all its me*anism pack$ 9 a small space betwe5 ! plates1 t ! /ud5t w ga9 a mu* bett] idea ( ! rack & snail & its pr9ciples by fir/ mak+ a /udy ( an ,engli% snail /rik+ clock1 :i* has ! :ole ( ! c\nt+ & releas+ lev]s plac$ outside ! front plate1 :]e !y c occupy all ! room t may be necess>y4 ,! calculation & plant+ ( ! /rik+ tra9 d n diff] f ^? us+ ! c\nt :eel1 up to & includ+ ! s+le too!d p9ion or ga!r+ pallet4 ,! /opp+ ( ! tra9 aft] /rik+ is diff]5t & ! c\nt+ is divid$1 be+ dep5d5t ^u f\r pieces act+ 9 conjunction 9 an h\r /rike ( ! simple/ ord]1 :i* numb] may run to a doz5 9 a repeat+ clock4 ,z ! c\nt :eel sy/em _h ! defect ( gett+ out ( h>mony ) ! h&s :5 ! latt] are turn$ backw>d1 s ! snail sy/em has its defects1 :i* are ! displacem5t ( ! rack & failure to /op ! /rik+ 9 "s clocks if ! /rik+ tra9 runs d[n be=e ! "t side & is !n rew\nd1 & a mo/ puzzl+ inaccuracy ( c\nt+1 result+ f slight we> & inaccuracy ( adju/m5t4 ,we m5tion ^! ?+s "h because !y h an influ5ce on ! con/ruction ( ! clock & an advance k ( !m w s]ve to make cle>] "s ( ! /atem5ts :i* foll[4 ,,h\r ,,& ,,half-,,h\r ,,snail ,,/rik+ ,,"w4--,fig4 #ajd is a view ( ! front plate ( an ,engli% fusee /rik+ clock1 on ! rack pr9ciple4 ,! go+ tra9 occupies ! "r & c5t] & ! /rik+ tra9 ! left h&4 ,! position ( ! tra9s is indicat$ 9 dott$ l9es1 ! tra9s hav+ b>rels & fusees z %[n by ! squ>$ arbors1 all ! dott$ "w be+ betwe5 ! clock plates1 & t 9 full l9es be+ plac$ on ! outside ( ! front plate1 "u ! dial4 ,! connection betwe5 ! go+ tra9 & ! /rik+ "w is by means ( ! motion :eel on ! c5t] arbor1 & connection is made betwe5 ! /rik+ tra9 & ! c\nt+ "w by ! ga!r+ pallet1 ,f1 :i* is fix$ to ! arbor ( ! la/ :eel b "o ( ! /rik+ tra91 & also by ! w>n+ piece1 :i* is %[n 9 black on ! boss ( ! lift+ piece1 ,a4 ,?is w>n+ piece goes ?r\gh a slott$ hole 9 ! plate1 & dur+ ! int]val betwe5 w>n+ & /rik+ /&s 9 ! pa? ( a w>n+ p9 9 ! la/ :eel ( ! /rik+ tra94 ,! motion :eel on ! c5t] arbor1 turn+ once 9 an h\r1 ge>s ) ! m9ute :eel1 ,e1 :i* has an equal numb] ( tee?4 ,!re are two p9s opposite ea* o!r & equidi/ant f ! c5t] ( ! m9ute :eel1 :i* 9 pass+ raise ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 e half h\r4 ,except = a few m9utes be=e ! clock /rikes1 ! /rik+ tra9 is kept f runn+ by ! tail ( ! ga!r+ pallet2 ,f1 re/+ on a p9 9 ! rack1 ,c4 ,j be=e ! h\r1 z ! boss ( ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 lifts ! rack hook ,b1 ! rack ,c1 impell$ by a spr+ 9 its tail1 falls back until ! p9 9 ! l[] arm ( ! rack is /opp$ by ! snail1 ,d4 ,?is occurs be=e ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 is releas$ by ! p9 9 ! m9ute :eel1 ,e1 & 9 ?is position ! w>n+ piece /ops ! tra94 ,exactly at ! h\r ! p9 9 ! m9ute :eel1 ,e1 gets pa/ ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 :i* !n falls1 & ! tra9 is free4 ,= e bl[ /ruck by ! hamm] ! ga!r+ pallet1 ,f1 :i* is really a "o-too!d p9ion1 ga!rs up "o too? ( ! rack1 ,c1 :i* is !n held1 too? by too?1 by ! po9t ( ! hook1 ,b4 ,aft] ! p9ion1 ,f1 has ga!r$ up ! la/ too?1 its tail is caught by ! p9 9 ! rack1 :i* /ops & locks ! tra91 & ! /rik+ ceases4 ,! snail1 ,o1 is m\nt$ on a twelve-too!d /> :eel1 plac$ on a /ud 9 ! plate1 s t a p9 9 ! motion :eel on ! c5t] arbor moves x "o too? = ea* revolution ( ! motion :eel1 & x is !n held 9 position by ! click & spr+ z %[n4 ,! p91 9 mov+ ! /> :eel1 presses back ! click1 :i* n only keeps ! /> :eel /eady1 b also completes its =w>d motion aft] ! p9 has pu%$ ! too? pa/ ! project+ c5t] ( ! click4 ,! /eps ( ! snail are arrang$ s t at "o o'clock x p]mits only suffici5t fall ( ! rack = "o too? to be ga!r$ up1 & at e succe$+ h\r gives ! rack an additional motion equal to "o extra too?4 ,x w be se5 t :]e a /> :eel is us$ a cord or wire atta*$ to ,a & run outside ! case1 s t ,a may be lift$1 w cause ! clock to repeat ! h\r :5ev] desir$4 ,! l[] arm ( ! rack1 ,c1 & ! l[] arm ( ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 are made ( brass1 & ?91 s z to yield :5 ! h&s ( ! clock are turn$ back2 ! l[] extremity ( ! lift+ piece1 ,a1 is a little wid]1 & b5t to a slight angle ) ! plane ( ! arm1 s z n to butt z x comes into contact ) ! p9 :5 ?is is be+ done4 ,if ! clock is n requir$ to repeat1 ! snail may be plac$ ^u ! c5t] arbor1 in/ead ( on a /ud ) a /> :eel z %[n1 & ?is is g5]ally done ) ! *eap] class ( h\r /rik+ clocks2 b ! position ( ! snail is n !n s def9ite1 ow+ to ! backla% ( ! motion :eels1 s t x w n repeat correctly1 z ! p9 ( ! rack may fall on a slope ( ! snail &1 besides1 a small] snail mu/ be us$1 unless x is br\ght out to cle> ! nose ( ! m9ute :eel cock1 or bridge if "o be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,h\r & half h\r snail /rik+ "w ) fusee tra94 ,,half-,,h\r ,,/rik+4--,! usual way ( gett+ ! clock to /rike "o at ! half-h\r1 is by mak+ ! fir/ too? ( ! rack1 ,c1 l[] ?an ! re/1 & plac+ ! second p9 9 ! m9ute :eel1 ,e1 a little ne>] ! c5t] ?an ! h\r p91 s t ! rack hook1 ,b1 is lift$ free ( ! fir/ too? only at ! half h\r4 ,b ?is adju/m5t is too delicate aft] "s we> has occurr$ & ! action is !n liable to fail altoge!r or to /rike ! full h\r1 f ! p9 gett+ b5t or f unev5 we> ( ! p>ts4 ,! arrangem5t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd is g5]ally us$ 9 ,engli% "w1 z x is mu* saf]4 ,"o arm ( a bell-crank lev] re/s on a cam fix$ to ! m9ute :eel1 ,e4 ,?is arm is %ap$ s t j be=e ! half-h\r ! o!r extremity ( ! bell-crank lev] cat*es a p9 plac$ 9 ! rack1 ,c1 & p]mits x to release ! tra9 & fall ! di/ance ( b "o too?4 ,?is is ! position %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,aft] ! half-h\r has /ruck1 ! cam c>ries ! hook free f ! p9 9 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aje4 ,rack1 %[+ me?od ( gett+ sizes ( snail /eps accord+ to di/ance f ! rack c5t] to ! p9 9 ! rack tail4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,h\r ,,snail4--,! l5g? ( ! rack tail1 f ! c5t] ( ! /ud hole 9 ! rack to ! c5t] ( ! p91 %\ld be equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! /ud hole & ! c5t] ( ! snail4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! radius ( ! top & ! radius ( ! bottom /ep ( ! snail may be obta9$ by gett+ ! angul> di/ance ( twelve tee? ( ! rack f c5t] to p94 ,see ,a ,b1 ,c ,d1 ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #aje1 :i* %[ ! total di/ances = twelve /eps ( ! snail = rack tails ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,divide ! circumf]5ce ( a piece ( brass into twelve p>ts & draw radial l9es z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,ea* ( ^! spaces is devot$ to a /ep ( ! snail4 ,draw circles repres5t+ ! top & bottom /ep4 ,divide ! di/ance1 ,a ,b or ,e ,f1 ,fig4 #aje1 betwe5 ^! two circles1 into elev5 equal p>ts1 & at ea* division draw a circle :i* w repres5t a /ep ( ! snail4 ,! rise f "o /ep to ano!r %\ld be slop$ z %[n1 s z to raise ! p9 9 ! rack arm if ! /rik+ tra9 has be5 all[$ to run d[n1 & x %\ld be re/+ on ! snail :5 x is desir$ to turn ! h&s back4 ,! rise f ! bottom to ! top /ep is bevell$ (f1 s z to pu% ! p9 9 ! rack arm on "o side1 by spr++ ! ?9 brass ( ! arm & all[ x to ride ov] ! snail if x is 9 ! way :5 ! clock is go+4 ,x %\ld also be curv$ to avoid int]f]5ce ) ! p94 ,clockmak]s mak+ new snails :5 repair+ g5]ally m>k (f ! snail on ! clock itself aft] ! re/ ( ! /rik+ "w is 9 position4 ,a /eel po9t] is fix$ 9 ! hole ( ! l[] rack arm1 & ! /> :eel jump$ =w>d twelve tee? 7"o at a "t7 by means ( ! p9 9 ! motion :eel4 ,aft] ea* jump a l9e is m>k$ on ! blank snail ) ! po9t] 9 ! rack arm by mov+ ! rack arm4 ,^! twelve l9es correspond to ! twelve radial l9es 9 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,! motion :eel is !n turn$ suffici5tly to c>ry ! p9 9 x free ( ! /> :eel & leave ! /> :eel & blank snail q free on _! /ud4 ,! rack hook is plac$ 9 ! fir/ too? ( ! rack1 & :ile ! po9t] 9 ! rack arm is press$ on ! blank snail1 ! latt] is rotat$ a little1 s t a curve is trac$ on x4 ,! rack hook is !n plac$ 9 ! second1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! succe$+ tee? consecutively1 & ! op]ation repeat$ till ! twelve curves are m>k$4 ,!re is "o advantage 9 m>k+ (f ! snail 9 ?is way4 ,%\ld !re be any inaccuracy 9 ! division ( ! tee? ( ! rack1 ! /eps ( ! snail are ?us v>i$ to suit x4 ,?is frequ5tly occurs 9 old clocks :i* h _h new racks fil$ up by h& by "s wat*mak]4 ,ref]5ce to ! draw+1 ,fig4 #aje1 w %[ t ! rack is laid out z a segm5t ( a :eel ) tee? occupy+ two degrees ea*1 ) a few tee? add$ = safety4 ,f\rte5 to sixte5 tee? are g5]ally provid$1 = ! foll[+ reasons3 ,if ! fir/ too? is us$ to /rike ! half h\rs1 x may 9 "t become worn s t x c no long] be /ret*$ to its prop] l5g?4 ,9 su* cases mov+ ! p9 two degrees ne>] ! rack tee? w all[ u to use ! tee? f ! second to ! ?irte5? 9 /rik+ twelve1 :i* makes a *eap & easy repair1 z comp>$ to ins]t+ a new too? or mak+ a new rack4 ,weight driv5 snail clocks %\ld h ! weight cords ( ! /rik+ side long en\gh s t ! /rik+ tra9 w n run d[n be=e ! "t tra91 z 9 su* a case ! rack tail is pu%$ to "o side by ! progress ( ! snail 7:i* is c>ri$ on ! "t tra9 & is /ill runn+72 !n ! rack w drop cle> out ( rea* ( ! ga!r+ pallet & :5 ! /rik+ tra9 is w\nd t tra9 w cont9ue /rik+ until x runs d[n1 or ! dial is remov$ & ! rack replac$ 9 me% ) ! ga!r+ pallet4 ,?is happ5s ) %ort racks & ) l>ge1 old-fa%ion$ snails4 ,by leav+ a few m tee? 9 ! rack ! rack tail w /rike ! /ud1 or h\r :eel sleeve1 be=e ! rack tee? get out ( rea* ( ! ga!r+ pallet4 ,_m wat*mak]s put a /ud or p9 9 ! plate to /op ! rack f fall+ beyond ! twelf? /ep1 to prev5t tr\bles ( ?is k9d4 ,! rack tail is friction-tight on its arbor & %\ld be adju/$ s t ! prop] too? %all come 9 me% ) ! ga!r+ pallet = ea* /ep ( ! snail1 or irregul> /rik+ w result4 ,su* a clock may /rike "o1 two1 ?ree & f\r correctly & !n /rike six = five1 or sev5 or n9e = eight1 or ?irte5 = twelve1 or x may /rike "o or two h\rs wrong & ! re/ correctly4 ,?is is because ! ga!r+ pallet1 ,f1 ,fig4 #ajd1 does n c>ry ! rack tee? safely pa/ ! edge ( ! rack hook1 ,b1 ow+ to ! tail ( ! rack n be+ prop]ly adju/$4 ,! tee? %\ld all be c>ri$ safely pa/ ! edge ( ! hook & !n be dropp$ back a little z ! hook engages2 ?is is ! m necess>y to wat* ) h&-made racks & snails1 or aft] putt+ 9 a new1 & !re=e l>g]1 p9 9 ! rack tail to replace "o :i* is badly worn4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajf4 ,lay+ out /eps ( snail4 ,! snail %\ld be put on s t ! p9 9 ! rack tail w /rike ! c5t] ( ea* /ep1 or !re is dang] ( irregul> /rik+1 or ( failure to /rike twelve1 ow+ to ! p9 /rik+ ! surface ( ! cam midway betwe5 "o & twelve & ?us prev5t+ ! rack f fall+ ! requisite numb] ( tee?4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! clock w jam & /op4 ,! rack hook1 ,b1 ,fig4 #ajd1 %\ld be lift$ f> en\gh s t ! rack w fall cle> ( ! hook )\t ! tee? cat*+ & mak+ a rattl+ noise z !y pass ! hook4 ,9 _m old h\r /rikes ! fir/ too? ( ! rack is left long] ?an ! re/ to ensure ?is fre$om ( passage :5 ! rack is releas$4 ,! ga!r+ pallet1 ,f1 is ! weake/ memb] ( ! sy/em & w be v likely to be split or worn out 9 clocks br\ght 9 = repair4 ,x %\ld be squ>$ on its arbor1 or p9n$1 b _m are n4 ,if split1 & ! arbor is r\nd1 :]e ! pallet is put on1 x may cause irregul> /rik+ by op5+ on ! arbor & p]mitt+ ! tra9 to run :5 ! tail /rikes ! p9 9 ! rack4 ,a new "o %\ld be made s z to lift "o too? & a v little ( ! next "o at ea* revolution4 ,x is necess>y to cause ! ga!r+ pallet to lift a little m ?an "o too? ( ! rack1 & let x fall back aga91 to insure t "o w always be lift$2 because if su* 0 n ! case ! clock w\ld /rike irregul>ly1 & w\ld also be liable sometimes to /rike on cont9ually till x ran d[n4 ,if ! /rik+ "p is lock$ by ! tail ( ! ga!r+ pallet cat*+ on a p9 9 ! rack1 ! tail %\ld be ( a %ape t w be/ prev5t ! rack f fall+ back :5 ! clock w>ns = /rik+ ! next h\r2 & ( c\rse ! act+ faces ( ! pallet mu/ be p]fectly smoo? & poli%$4 ,! tee? ( ! rack may require dress+ up 9 "s cases & to all[ ?is to be done ! rack may be /ret*$ a little at ! /em1 ) a smoo?-fac$ hamm]1 on a smoo? anvil2 or1 if x wants mu* /ret*+1 take ! p5e ( ! hamm] & /rike on ! back1 ) ! front ly+ on ! smoo? anvil4 ,! po9t ( ! rack hook1 ,b1 w probably be mu* worn1 & :5 dress+ x up x w be safe to keep to ! orig9al %ape or angle4 ,! po9t ( ! rack hook is always broad] ?an ! rack1 & ! m>k worn 9 x w be ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ickness2 s en\gh w be left to %[ :at ! orig9al %ape or angle 04 ,aft] clean+1 p>ticul>ly if x be ,fr5*1 look = dots on ! rims ( ! :eels1 & = p9ions ) "o end ( "o leaf fil$ (f slant+ly4 ,:5 putt+ x toge!r1 place ! p9 :eel 7t is ! "o ) ! p9s7 & ! p9ion x engages ) s t ! leaf ( ! p9ion 7:i* y w f9d fil$ slant+ at "o extremity7 ent]s betwe5 ! two tee? ( ! :eel1 opposite :i* y w f9d a c\nt]sunk m>k1 on ! side ( ! :eel4 ,see also t ! ga!r+ pallet1 ,f1 :i* lifts ! rack1 does s at ! same "t t ! gong hamm] falls4 ,!n place ! h\r & m9ute :eels & cannon p9ion s t ! c\nt]sunk m>ks on ea* l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,neglect ( ! m>ks on a m>k$ tra9 g5]ally means t y w h to take ! clock d[n aga9 & set x up prop]ly be=e x w run2 !re=e pay att5tion to ^! m>ks ! fir/ "t4 ,,qu>t] ,,*im+ ,,snail ,,/rikes4--,fig4 #ajg %[s ! c\nt+ me*anism & tra9s ( an ,engli%1 fusee1 qu>t]-/rike "w4 ,! "t tra9 occupies ! c5t]1 ! h\r /rik+ tra9 ! left & ! *im+ tra9 ! "r4 ,all ! tra9 :eels are betwe5 ! plates & are dott$ 9 z 9 ,fig4 #ajd1 :ile ! c\nt+ me*anism is on ! front plate1 beh9d ! dial & is drawn 9 full l9es1 to %[ t x is outside4 ,,go+ ,,tra94 ,fusee ,:eel #if ,p9ion #h ,c5t] ,:eel #hd ,p9ion #g ,?ird ,:eel #gh ,p9ion #g ,,/rik+ ,,tra94 ,fusee ,:eel #hd ,p9ion #h ,p9 ,:eel1 #h p9s 9 ,p9 ,:eel #fd ,p9ion #h ,pallet ,:eel #gj ,p9ion #g ,w>n+ ,:eel #fj ,fly ,p9ion #g ,,*im+ ,,tra94 ,fusee ,:eel #ajj ,p9ion #h ,second ,:eel #hj ,p9ion #h ,pallet ,:eel #fd ,p9ion #h ,*im+ ,:eel #dj ,w>n+ ,:eel #ej ,fly ,p9ion #h ,! read] w see a m>k$ resemblance betwe5 ! h\r & "t tra9s ( ,fig4 #ajd & ! same tra9s ( ,fig4 #ajg4 ,! h\r rack hook 9 #ajg1 h[ev]1 is hung f ! c5t] & ! h\r w>n+ lev] is rais$ by a spr+ in/ead ( a lift+ piece4 ,! m9ute :eel ( ,fig4 #ajg c>ries a snail ( f\r /eps1 correspond+ to ! f\r tee? ( ! qu>t] rack1 & ! tail ( ! qu>t] rack is b5t upw>ds t[>ds ! rack1 to engage ) ! qu>t] snail4 ,! qu>t] rack c>ries a p9 :i* projects on bo? sides ( ! rack2 "o side ( ?is p9 /ops ! tail ( ! qu>t] ga!r+ pallet & !re=e locks ! tra9 z fully describ$ 9 ,fig4 #ajd4 ,! o!r side ( ! same p9 acts on ! tail ( ! h\r w>n+ lev]1 s t :5ev] ! qu>t] rack falls ! h\r w>n+ lev] is releas$ & its spr+ moves x into ! pa? ( ! h\r w>n+ p94 ,?is goes on :e!r ! h\r rack hook is releas$ or n4 ,beh9d ! qu>t] snail1 !re are f\r p9s 9 ! m9ute :eel2 ^! p9s raise ! qu>t] lift+ piece1 :i* raises ! qu>t] rack hook & ! qu>t] w>n+ lev] at ! same "t1 ?us w>n+ & dropp+ ! qu>t] rack2 z soon z ! lift+ piece drops1 ! w>n+ lev] & rack hook are releas$ & ! qu>t] tra9 />ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajg4 ,qu>t] *im+ snail /rike1 ,engli% fusee movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ajh4 ,eight day snail half h\r /rike1 ,fr5* sy/em1 /rik+ tra9 lock$4 ,"o1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r qu>t]s are *im$ accord+ to ! position ( ! qu>t] snail1 :i* turns ) ! m9ute :eel4 ,at ! "t = /rik+ ! h\r 7:5 ! qu>t] rack is all[$ to fall its greate/ di/ance71 ! p9 9 x falls aga9/ ! b5t arm ( ! h\r rack hook1 & releases ! h\r rack & h\r w>n+ lev]4 ,z ! la/ too? ( ! qu>t] rack is ga!r$ up1 ! p9 9 ! qu>t] rack pulls ov] ! h\r w>n+ lev]1 & lets (f ! h\r /rik+ tra94 ,! position ( ! pieces 9 ! draw+ is z !y w\ld be directly aft] ! h\r 0 /ruck4 ,figs4 #ajh1 #aji & #aaj are ?ree views ( ! ,new ,hav5 eight-day snail /rike1 :i* is on ! ,fr5* sy/em4 ,z ne>ly all ,am]ican /rikes utilize ?is sy/em & ! "w is betwe5 ! plates1 ?is may be consid]$ a typical ,am]ican snail /rike4 ,z w be se5 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 by ! two p9s at ! c5t] arbor1 imm$iately beh9d ! snail1 ?is is a half-h\r /rike2 & z ! rack hook has = its l[] /ep a little m ?an twice ! dep? ( ! o!r /eps 9 ! snail1 x w readily be p]ceiv$ t ?is rack hook may be pu%$ almo/ out & ?us release ! tra9 )\t dropp+ ! rack4 ,?is is ! me?od pursu$ 9 /rik+ half h\rs4 ,figs4 #aji & #aaj %[ ! p>ts m cle>ly ?an 9 #ajh4 ,!y are drawn a little l>g] ?an actual size & we w discov] t ! rack is ! only portion ( ?is sy/em t works by gravity1 all ! o!rs be+ spr+ op]at$4 ,we see "h ! p9s ,j ,k1 :i* are us$ to pu% out ! lev] ,m suffici5tly f> s t ! upp] portion1 :i* is b5t at "r angles to =m a /op1 w free ! w>n+ p9 ,o & all[ ! tra9 to run4 ,! rack hook & ! lock+ lev] ,l are m\nt$ on ! same arbor & are kept 9 position by a coil$ spr+ on ! arbor until !y are pu%$ out by ! l[] projection at ! upp] end ( ,m = ei!r ! half-h\r or h\r /rike4 ,z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji1 ! lev] ,m & ! rack hook are pu%$ out by ,j f> en\gh to pass ! w>n+ p9 ,o & to unlock ! tra91 :i* is normally lock$ by ! p9 ,n & ! lev] ,l4 ,g is ! ga!r+ pallet1 :i* is a long p9 9 a lant]n p9ion z 9 ! ord9>y c\nt :eel /rike4 ,h is ! hamm] tail & ,p ! p9 :eel2 ,r is ! rack & ,t ! rack tail4 ,! rack arm is curv$ to pass ! c5t] arbor :5 dropp+ = twelve & ! rack tail is b5t t[>d ! tee? 9 ord] t x may admit ( a long] rack 9 a small movem5t1 ?us p]mitt+ ( a l>ge snail & consequ5tly less liability ( dis>rangem5t4 ,! same necessity ( ! prop] adju/m5t ( ! rack tail ,t ) ! snail exi/s z has already be5 spok5 ( 9 reg>d to ! ,engli% =m ( ! snail /rike4 ,9 ,fig4 #aaj w be se5 ! rack dropp$ cle> ) ! tail re/+ cle> ( ! snail at "o /roke f ! snail4 ,9 o!r words1 ! tra9 is n[ 9 position to give elev5 m /rokes1 hav+ /ruck ! fir/ /roke ( twelve4 ,by comp>ison ) ,fig4 #aji1 x w be se5 t ! spr+ actuat$ arm ,m has be5 ?r[n =w>d s t its dog is re/+ on ! c5t] arbor1 aft] hav+ be5 releas$ f ! h\r p9 ,k4 ,?is holds ,m out ( ! way ( ! w>n+ p9 ,o & ! rack hook & all[s ! p>ts to op]ate z fully describ$ ) ! ,engli% rack4 ,! ga!r+ pallet ,g mu/ h z _m tee? z !re are tee? betwe5 ! p9s 9 ! p9 :eel ,p4 ,! tra9 is lock$ by ,l com+ 9 contact ) ,n1 ! lock+ p9 on ! :eel on ! same arbor z ! ga!r+ pallet4 ,9 sett+ ?is tra9 up1 x %\ld /op s t ! w>n+ p9 ,o %\ld be ne> ! fly4 ,z all ! p>ts are op]at$ by spr+s on ! arbor1 z %[n by ! hamm]-spr+ ,h1 x w be se5 t ?is /rike me*anism w "w 9 any position1 :ile t :i* is op]at$ by gravity mu/ be kept upright4 ,a loose fly w cause ! clock to /rike too fa/ & may cause x to /rike wrong4 ,c>eless adju/m5t ( ! rack tail ,t ) ! snail w also induce wrong c\nt+1 al?\gh ?is is some:at easi] to adju/ ?an ! ,engli% =m ( /rike4 ,! hook %\ld safely cle> ! rack tee? j z ! ga!r+ pallet ,g lets g ( a too?4 ,if att5tion is paid to ?is po9t 9 adju/+ ! rack tail !re w g5]ally be little tr\ble4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aji4 ,tra9 ab\t to /rike ! half h\r2 ! hook ,l free ( ! tra91 :i* is held by ! w>n+ p9 ,o2 "o /roke w be giv5 :5 ,m drops4 ,! cam be>+ ! p9s ,j ,k on ! c5t] arbor may be %ift$ ) a pair ( pli]s to secure accurate regi/] ( h&s & /rike1 z is ! case ) mo/ ,am]ican /rikes4 ,9 putt+ 9 ! p9 :eel x %\ld be set s t ! p9s may h a little run be=e /rik+ ! hamm] tail1 z ?is hamm] tail is v %ort1 & if ! spr+ is /rong ! p9s may n be able to lift ! hamm] tail )\t suffici5t run to get ! tra9 ?or\ghly "u motion4 ,! half-h\r /rike %\ld also be te/$ s t ! p9 ,j w release ! w>n+ p9 ,o f ! lev] ,m )\t releas+ ! rack hook f ! rack1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aji4 ,! p>ts ( ! tra9 :5 at re/ w be readily disc]n$ 9 ,fig4 #ajh1 :]e ! hook ,l has lock$ ! tra9 by ! p9 ,n & ! fre$om betwe5 ! p9s & ! hamm] tail is ab\t :at x %\ld be4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaj4 ,tra9 unlock$ & runn+4 ,note position ( ,l & ,m4 ,! relative position ( ! lock+ lev] ,l & ! rack hook is also v cle>ly %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajh2 t is1 :5 ! rack hook is press$ cle> home at ! l[] not* ( ! rack1 ! lev] ,l %\ld safely lock ! tra9 & ! lev] ,m be re/+ ) its l9k aga9/ ! c5t] arbor4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,simple ,,& ,,p]petual ,,cal5d>s4 ,9 tak+ up ! /udy ( cal5d> "w ! fir/ ?+ t ! /ud5t obs]ves is ! irregul>ity ( motion ( ! v>i\s memb]s4 ,e o!r portion ( a clock has = its ma9 object ! atta9m5t ( ! nice/ regul>ity ( motion1 :ile ! cal5d> mu/ necess>ily h irregul> motion4 ,! h& ( ! day ( ! mon? proce$s ar\nd its dial regul>ly f #a to #bh & !n jumps to #a 9 ,febru>y ( "s ye>s1 :ile x cont9ues to #bi 9 o!rs2 sometimes x revolves regul>ly f #a to #ca = sev]al revolutions & !n jumps f #cj to #a4 ,:at is ! reason ( ?is8 ,if ! moon's phases are %[n !y d n agree ) ! *anges ( ! mon? :eels1 b keep ga9+ on !m1 :ile if an 8equation ( "t0 is %[n1 we h a h& t moves irregul>ly back & =? f ! ,figure ,,xii at ! c5t] ( its dial4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is ga9+ & los+8 ,9 ord] to und]/& ?is me*anism prop]ly we %all h to fir/ "k :at x is int5d$ to %[ & ?is br+s u to ! /udy ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cal5d>4 ,! e>? revolves ab\t its axis ) a circul> motion2 x revolves ab\t ! sun ) an elliptical motion4 ,?is means t ! e>? w move ?r\gh a great] angul> di/ance1 measur$ f ! sun's c5t]1 9 a giv5 "t at "s portions ( its j\rney ?an x w d at o!rs2 at times ! sun describes an arc ( #eg m9utes ( ! ecliptic2 at o!r times an arc ( #fa m9utes 9 a day2 h5ce ! sun w be directly ov] a giv5 m]idian ( ! e>? 7noon7 a little soon] at "s p]iods ?an at o!rs4 ,n[ ! "t at :i* ! sun is directly ov] ! giv5 m]idian is app>5t noon1 or sol> noon4 ,z be=e /at$1 ?is is irregul>1 :ile ! motion ( our clocks is regul>1 consequ5tly ! sun crosses ! m]idian a little be=e or a little aft] twelve by ! clock ea* day1 v>y+ f #ae m9utes be=e twelve to #ae m9utes aft] twelve by ! clock4 ,! be/ we c d "u ^! circum/ances is to divide ^! diff]5ces ( ga9+ or los+1 take ! av]age or mean ( !m & regulate ! clock to keep mean "t4 ,"h !n we h two times--! irregul> app>5t "t & ! regul> mean app>5t "t4 ,! am\nt to be add$ to or subtract$ f ! mean 9 ord] to get ! sol> or actual app>5t "t is call$ ! equation ( "t & ?is is %[n by ! equation h& on an a/ronomical or p]petual cal5d> clock4 ,! moon revolves on its axis ) a circul> motion & x revolves ab\t ! e>? ) an elliptical motion1 ! e>? be+ at "o focus ( ! ellipse2 z ?is c\rse does n agree ) t ( ! sun1 b is %ort]1 x keeps ga9+ s t ! lun> mon?s d n agree ) ! sol>4 ,c]ta9 />s are s f> away t !y app>5tly h no motion ( _! own & are call$ fix$2 h5ce 9 obs]v+ !m ! only motion we c disc]n is ! circul> motion ( ! e>?4 ,we c set our clocks by wat*+ su* />s & a complete revolution ( ! e>?1 measur$ by su* a />1 is call$ an a/ronomical or sid]eal day4 ,?is is ! "o us$ 9 comput+ all our "t4 ,x is %ort] ?an ! mean sol> day by #c m9utes #ef seconds4 ,a ye> is def9$ z ! p]iod ( "o complete revolution ( ! e>? ab\t ! sun1 return+ to ! same />t+ po9t 9 ! heav5s4 ,by tak+ diff]5t />t+ po9ts we are l$ to diff]5t k9ds ( ye>s4 ,! po9t g5]ally tak5 is ! v]nal equ9octial po9t1 & :5 measur$ ?us x is call$ ! tropical ye>1 :i* gives u ! seasons4 ,x is #bj m9utes %ort] ?an ! sid]ial ye>4 ,a sid]ial ye> is ! p]iod ( a complete revolution ( ! e>? ab\t ! sun4 ,?is p]iod is v approximately #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 #i m9utes1 #i4e seconds ( mean "t4 ,"h we see an important diff]5ce betwe5 ! sid]ial & ! civil ye> ( #cfe days1 & x is ?is diff]5ce1 :i* mu/ be acc\nt$ = someh[1 t causes ! irregul>ities 9 our cal5d> "w4 ,= ord9>y & bus9ess purposes ! public dem&s t ! ye> %all conta9 an exact numb] ( days & t x %\ld be> a simple relation to ! recurr5ce ( ! seasons4 ,= ?is reason ! civil ye> has be5 introduc$4 ,! ,roman emp]or1 ,julius ,caes>1 ord]$ t ?ree successive ye>s %\ld h #cfe days ea* & ! f\r? ye> %\ld h #cff days4 ,! f\r? ye>1 conta9+ #cff days1 is call$ a leap ye>1 because x leaps ov]1 or ga9s1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! civil & sid]ial "t ( ! prec$+ ?ree ye>s4 ,= conv5i5ce ! leap ye> 0 designat$ z any ye> ^: numb] is exactly divisible by #d4 ,?is is call$ ! ,julian cal5d>4 ,b z a sid]ial ye> is #cfe days1 #f h\rs1 #i m9utes1 #i4e seconds ( mean "t1 ! addition ( "o day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs w\ld n exactly balance ! two cal5d>s2 !re=e ,pope ,gregory ,,xiii41 9 #aehb1 ord]$ t e ye> ^: numb] is a multiple ( #ajj %all be a ye> ( #cfe days1 unless ! numb] ( ! ye> is divisible by #djj1 :5 x %all be a leap ye> ( #cff days4 ,! cal5d> con/ruct$ 9 ?is way is call$ ! ,gregorian cal5d>1 & is ! "o 9 common use4 ,its error is v small & w am\nt to only #a day1 #e h\rs1 #cj m9utes 9 #d1jjj ye>s4 ,! revolution ( ! moon ar\nd ! e>? 9 relation to ! />s1 takes place 9 #bg days1 #g h\rs & #dc m9utes ?is is call$ a sid]ial mon?4 ,b dur+ ?is p]iod ! e>? has advanc$ along ! plane ( its pa? ab\t ! sun & ! moon mu/ make up ?is di/ance 9 ord] to return to ! same po9t 9 relation to ! sun4 ,?is p]iod is call$ a synodic mon?4 ,its av]age l5g? is #bi days1 #ab h\rs1 #dd m9utes1 #b4i seconds4 ,hav+ n[ und]/ood ^! diff]5ces we %all be able to intellig5tly exam9e ! v>i\s cal5d> me*anisms on ! m>ket & und]/& ! reasons = _! app>5t dep>tures f regul> me*anical progression1 z ! equation ( "t gives u ! diff]5ce betwe5 real & mean app>5t1 or sol> "t2 we regulate our clocks by means ( sid]ial "t2 ! irregul> procession ( #cj & #ca days makes ! civil cal5d> agree ) ! seasons1 or ! tropical ye>1 & ! rema9d] ( ! discrepancy betwe5 civil & sid]ial "t is made up 9 ,febru>y at ! p]iod :5 x is ( ! lea/ consequ5ce4 ,,simple ,,cal5d> ,,"w4--,fig4 #aaa %[s ! ,am]ican me?od ( mak+ a simple cal5d>1 ! example %[n be+ drawn f a movem5t ( ! ,wat]bury ,clock ,company z a typical example4 ,no attempt is made "h to %[ ! day ( ! week or ! mon?4 ,! days ( ! mon? are %[n by a s]ies ( numb]s f #a to #ca1 arrang$ conc5trically ) ! "t dial & ! curr5t day is indicat$ by a h& ( diff]5t color1 c>ri$ on a pipe outside ! pipe ( ! h\r h& on ! c5t] arbor4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaa4 ,simple cal5d> on "t tra94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aab4 ,cal5d> "w = gr&fa!r clocks4 ,9 ord] to accompli% ?is ! motion "w = ! h&s is m\nt$ inside ! frames1 ! h\r pipe & c5t] arbor be+ suitably l5g!n$4 ,9 ! ,figure ,a is ! cannon p9ion2 ,b1 ! m9ute :eel2 ,c1 ! m9ute p9ion2 ,d1 ! h\r :eel at ! re> end ( ! h\r pipe2 ?is pipe projects ?r\gh ! frame & =ms a be>+ 9 ! frame = ! c5t] arbor4 ,friction-tight on ! h\r pipe1 9 front ( ! front plate1 is ! p9ion ,e1 :i* drives a :eel ,f ( twice z _m tee?4 ,?is :eel ,f is m\nt$ loosely on a /ud & has a p9 :i* me%es ) ! tee? ( a rat*et :eel ,g4 ,g is c>ri$ at ! bottom end ( a pipe :i* fits loosely on ! h\r pipe & c>ries ! cal5d> h& ,h "u ! h\r h& & close to ! dial4 ,! p9ion on ! h\r pipe revolves once 9 twelve h\rs4 ,! :eel ,e has twice z _m tee? & w !re=e revolve once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,x moves ! rat*et ,g "o too? at ea* revolution2 !re=e ! h& ,h moves "o space e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re are #ca tee?1 s t ! h& mu/ be set =w>d e "t x rea*es ! #bh? & #bi? ( ,febru>y & ! #cj? ( ,april1 ,june1 ,septemb] & ,novemb]4 ,?is is ! simple/ & *eape/ ( all ! cal5d>s1 occupies ! lea/ space & is frequ5tly atta*$ to nickel al>m clocks = t reason4 ,a simple cal5d> "w (t5 met ) 9 old clocks ( ,european orig9 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aab4 ,ge>+ ) ! h\r :eel is a :eel1 ,a1 hav+ twice its numb] ( tee?1 & turn+ !re=e once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,a ?ree-arm$ lev] is plant$ j above ?is :eel2 ! l[] arm is slott$ & ! :eel c>ries a p9 :i* works 9 ?is slot1 s t ! lev] vibrates to & fro once e tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,! ?ree upp] :eels1 ,b1 ,c & ,d 9 ! draw+1 repres5t ?ree /> :eels4 ,b has sev5 tee?1 correspond+ to ! days ( ! week2 ,c has #ca tee?1 = ! days ( ! mon?2 & ,d has #ab tee?1 = ! mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,ea* c>ries a h& 9 ! c5t] ( a dial on ! o!r side ( ! plate4 ,e "t ! upp] arms ( ! lev] vibrate !y move =w>d ! day ( ! week1 ,b1 & ! day ( ! mon?1 ,c1 :eels ea* "o too?4 ,! extremities ( ! two upp] lev]s are jo9t$ s z to yield on ! return vibration1 & are br\ght into position aga9 by a weak spr+4 ,!re is a p9 9 ! :eel1 ,c1 :i*1 by press+ on a lev] once e revolution1 actuates ! mon? ( ! ye> :eel1 ,d4 ,?is la/ lev] is also jo9t$1 & is press$ on by a spr+ s z to return to its orig9al position4 ,ea* ( ! /> :eels has a click kept 9 contact by means ( a spr+4 ,= mon?s ) less ?an #ca days1 ! day ( ! mon? h& has to be %ift$ =w>d4 ,,p]petual ,,cal5d> ,,"w4--,figs4 #aac1 #aad1 #aae1 %[ a p]petual cal5d> :i* gives ! day ( ! week1 day ( ! mon? & ! mon?1 mak+ all *anges automatically at midnight1 & %[+ ! #ca days on a dial b5ea? ! "t dial1 by means ( a h&1 & ! days ( ! week & ! mon? by means ( cyl9d]s op]at+ beh9d slots 9 ! dial on ea* side ( ! c5t]4 ,?is is also a ,wat]bury movem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aac4 ,p]petual ,cal5d> ,movem5t4 ,a p9ion on ! h\r pipe engages a :eel1 ,a1 hav+ twice ! numb] ( tee? & m\nt$ on an arbor :i* projects ?r\gh bo? plates4 ,! re> end ( ?is arbor c>ries a cam1 ,b1 on :i* rides ! end ( a lev]1 ,c1 :i* is pivot$ to ! re> frame4 ,! lev] is atta*$ to a wire1 ,d1 :i* op]ates a slid+ piece1 ,e1 :i* is weight$ at its l[] end4 ,! cam1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 revolves once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 drops its lev] at midnight & ! weight on ,e pulls x d[n4 ,e be>s a spr+ pawl1 ,f1 :i* on its way d[n1 raises ! spr+ actuat$ reta9+ click1 ,h1 & !n moves ! #ca-too!d :eel ,g "o not*4 ,?is :eel is m\nt$ on ! arbor :i* c>ries ! h& &1 ( c\rse1 advances ! h&4 ,ly+ on top ( ! :eel1 ,g1 is a cam1 ,i1 pivot$ to ,g ne> its circumf]5ce & hav+ an arm rea*+ t[>d ! mon?s cyl9d] & ano!r rea*+ t[>ds ! "r leg ( ! pawl1 ,h1 :ile x is cut away 9 ! c5t]1 s z to cle> ! c5t] arbor c>ry+ ! h&4 ,trace ?is cam1 ,i1 c>efully 9 ,figs4 #aac & #aad1 z its action is vital4 ,! l[] arm ( ?is cam is %[n m cle>ly 9 ,fig4 #aad4 ,x projects above ! :eel & engages ! long tee?1 ,j1 & ! cam1 ,k1 m\nt$ on ! ye> cyl9d] arbor2 :]e ! l[] arm ( ,i /rikes "o ( ^! tee? x %oves ! upp] arm outw>d1 s t x /rikes ! reta9+ end ( ! pawl1 ,h1 & holds x up1 & ! desc5d+ pawl1 ,f1 may !n pu% ! :eel1 ,g1 =w>d = m ?an "o too?4 ,! upp] end ( ,i is broad en\gh to cov] ?ree tee? ( ! :eel1 ,g1 :5 pu%$ outw>d1 & ! slot 9 ,e is long en\gh s t ,f may desc5d f> en\gh to pu% ,g =w>d ?ree tee? at once1 unless x is /opp$ by ,h fall+ into a too?1 s t ! position ( ,i1 :5 x is hold+ up ,h & ! extra drop ?us giv5 to ,e s]ve to op]ate ! jumps ( #cj to #a1 #bh to #a & #bi to #a ( ! h& on ! dial4 ,! tee?1 ,j1 ,fig4 #aad1 op]ate = two not*es1 ?us mak+ ! *anges f #cj to #a4 ,! wide too?1 ,m1 & cam1 ,k1 act+ toge!r1 make ! *ange = ,febru>y f #bh to #ca4 ,! #bi? day is add$ by ! movem5t ( ! cam1 ,k1 n>r[+ ! act+ surface once 9 f\r ye>s1 z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aad4 ,! mon?s *ange ge>4 ,look+ at ,fig4 #aad we see an ord9>y /op works f+]1 m\nt$ on ! mon?s arbor & engag+ a f\r-arm$ maltese cross on ! :eel4 ,beh9d ! :eel is a circul> cam 7%[n dott$ 97 ) "o-f\r? ( its circumf]5ce cut away2 ! pivot holds ! cam & cross rigidly toge!r :ile p]mitt+ !m to revolve loosely 9 ! :eel4 ,! cam1 ,k1 lies close to ! :eel & is press$ aga9/ ! cam on ! cross by a spr+1 s t ord9>ily ! full wid? ( ,m & ,k act z "o piece on ! end ( ! cam1 ,i1 :i* ?us is press$ aga9/ ! reta9+ pawl1 ,h1 dur+ ! passage ( ?ree tee?1 mak+ ! jump f #bh to #a ea* ( ^! ?ree ye>s4 ,! f\r? revolution ( ! maltese cross br+s ! cut portion ( its cam to op]ate on ,k & all[s ,k to move beh9d ,m1 ?us n>r[+ ! act+ surface s t ,i only cov]s two tee? 7#cj & #ca7 = e f\r? revolution ( ! mon?'s cyl9d]1 ?us mak+ ! leap ye> e f\r? ye>4 ,! mon?s cyl9d] is kept 9 position by ! two-arm$ pawl1 ,n1 engag+ ! tee?1 ,l1 :i* /& at #ij degrees f ! :eel1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aac4 ,atta*$ to ! be>+ = ! week cyl9d] 7n %[n7 is "o revolution ( a screw track1 or worm1 surr\nd+ ! arbor = ! h&4 ,atta*$ to ! arbor is a f+]1 ,o1 held taut by a spr+ & engag+ ! track1 ,p4 ,! revolution ( ! arbor raises ,o on ,p until x slips (f1 :5 ,o1 drawn d[nw>d by its spr+1 raises ! pawl1 ,n1 drops on "o ( ! tee?1 ,l1 & revolves ! cyl9d] "o not*4 ,q is a %ift] = rais+ ! pawl1 ,h1 & all[+ ! h& to be set4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aae4 ,! weeks *ange ge>4 ,fig4 #aae %[s ! inn] end ( ! cyl9d] = ! days ( ! week4 ,!re are two sets ( ^! & f\rte5 tee? on ! sprocket1 ,r1 s z to get ! two cyl9d]s approximately ! same size 7!re be+ #ad days & #ab mon?s on ! respective cyl9d]s74 ,s is a pawl ^: upp] end is =k$ s z to embrace a too? & hold ! cyl9d] 9 position4 ,t is a hook1 c>ri$ on ! slid+ piece1 ,e1 :i* sw+s outw>d 9 its upw>d passage z ,e is rais$ & on its d[nw>d c\rse raises ! pawl1 ,s1 & revolves ! sprocket1 ,r1 "o too?1 ?us *ang+ ! day ( ! week at ! same "t ! h& is advanc$4 ,to set ! cal5d>1 raise ! pawl1 ,n1 & revolve ! ye> cyl9d] until ,m & ,k are at _! n>r[e/ wid?2 t is1 a leap ye>4 ,!n give ! ye> cyl9d] z _m additional turns z !re are ye>s s9ce ! la/ leap ye>1 /opp+ on ! curr5t mon? ( ! curr5t ye>4 ,= in/ance1 if x is two ye>s & f\r mon?s s9ce ! #bi? ( ,febru>y la/ occurr$1 give ! cyl9d] #b & _/ turns :i* %\ld br+ y to ! curr5t mon?1 raise ! %ift]1 ,q1 & set ! h& to ! curr5t day4 ,!n raise ! pawl1 ,s1 & set ! week cyl9d] to ! curr5t day4 ,place ! h\r h& on ! movem5t s t ! cam w drop ,e at midnight4 ,fig4 #aaf %[s ! dial ( ,brocot's cal5d> "w1 :i*1 ) or )\t ! equation ( "t & ! lunations1 is to be met ) 9 _m gr&fa!r1 hall & a/ronomical clocks4 ,we w assume t all ( ^! features are pres5t1 9 ord] to completely cov] ! subject4 ,x consi/s ( two circul> plates ( :i* ! front plate is ! dial & ! re> plate c>ries ! movem5t1 arrang$ on bo? sides ( x4 ,all c5t]s are !re=e conc5tric & we h m>k$ !m all ) ! same lett]s = bett] id5tification 9 ! v>i\s views z ! inn] plate is turn$ ab\t to %[ ! rev]se side1 ?us rev]s+ ! position ( "r to left 9 "o view ( ! inn] plate4 ,fig4 #aag %[s ! :eel = ! phases ( ! moon1 :i* is m\nt$ on ! outside ( ! inn] plate imm$iately beh9d ! op5+ 9 ! dial4 ,! d>k circles h ! same color z ! sky ( ! dial & ! re/ is gilt1 :ite or cream color to %[ ! moon z 9 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! position ( ?is plate is also %[n 9 ,fig4 #abj4 ,by ! dott$ circles1 ab\t ! c5t] ,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,dial ( ,brocot's ,cal5d>4 ,! inn] side conta9+ ! me*anism = indicat+ ! days ( ! week & ! days ( ! mon? is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aah4 ,! cal5d> is actuat$ by means ( a p91 ,c1 fix$ to a :eel ( ! movem5t :i* turns once 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! mann] previ\sly describ$ ) ,fig4 #aac4 ,two clicks1 ,g & ,h1 are pivot$ to ! lev]1 ,m4 ,g1 by means ( its weight$ end1 see ,fig4 #aai1 is kept 9 contact ) a rat*et :eel ( #ca tee?1 & ,h ) a rat*et :eel ( #g tee?4 ,z a "p ( ^! clicks & :eels is conceal$ 9 ,fig4 #aah1 !y are %[n sep>ately 9 ,fig4 #aai4 ,:5 ! lev]1 ,m1 is mov$ to ! left z f> z x w g by ! p91 e1 ! clicks1 ,g & ,h1 slip "u ! tee?2 _! beaks pass on to ! foll[+ too?2 :5 e has mov$ out ( contact ! lev]1 ,m1 falls quickly by its own weight1 & makes ea* click leap a too? ( ! respective :eels1 ,b ( #g & ,a ( #ca tee?4 ,! arbors ( ^! :eels pass ?r\gh ! dial 7,fig4 #aaf71 & h ea* an index :i*1 at e leap ( its own :eel1 indicates on its special dial ! day ( ! week & ! day ( ! mon?4 ,a roll1 or click1 kept 9 position by a suffici5t spr+1 keeps ea* :eel 9 its place dur+ ! int]val ( "t :i* sep>ates two consecutive leaps4 ,?is motion cle>ly provides = ! indication ( ! day ( ! week1 & w\ld be also suffici5t = ! days ( ! mon? if ! index 7 %ift$ by h& at ! end ( ! %ort mon?s4 ,to secure ! prop] regi/ration ( ! mon?s ( #cj days1 = ,febru>y ( #bh dur+ ?ree ye>s1 & ( #bi 9 leap ye>1 we h ! foll[+ provision3 ,! arbor1 ,a1 ( ! day ( ! mon? :eel goes ?r\gh ! circul> plate1 & on ! o!r side is fix$ 7see ,fig4 #abj7 a p9ion ( #aj leaves4 ,?is p9ion1 by means ( an int]m$iate :eel1 ,i1 works ano!r :eel 7c5t]$ at ,c7 ( #abj tee?1 & consequ5tly turn+ once 9 a ye>4 ,! arbor ( ?is la/ :eel be>s an index indicat+ ! "n ( ! mon?1 ,g1 ,fig4 #aaf4 ,! arbor1 ,c1 goes ?r\gh ! plate1 & at ! o!r end1 ,c1 ,fig4 #aah1 is fix$ a little :eel ge>+ ) a :eel hav+ f\r times z _m tee?1 & :i* is c5t]$ on a /ud 9 ! plate at ,f4 ,?is :eel is p>tly conceal$ 9 ,fig4 #aah by a disc ,v1 :i* is fix$ to x1 & ) ! :eel makes "o turn 9 f\r ye>s4 ,on ?is disc1 ,v1 are made #bj not*es1 ( :i* ! #af %all[e/ correspond to ! mon?s ( #cj days2 a deep] not* corresponds to ! mon? ( ,febru>y ( leap ye>1 & ! la/ ?ree deepe/ to ! mon? ( ,febru>y common ye>s 9 ea* qu>t]n>y p]iod4 ,! uncut portions ( ! disc correspond to ! mon?s ( #ca days 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! :eel1 ,a1 ( #ca tee?1 has a p9 7i7 plac$ be=e ! too? :i* corresponds to ! #bh? ( ! mon?4 ,on ! lev]1 ,m1 is pivot$ freely a bell-crank lev] 7,n71 hav+ at ! extremity ( ! l[] arm a p9 7o7 :i* leans its own weight ^u ! edge ( ! disc1 ,v1 or ^u ! bottom ( "o ( ! not*es1 accord+ to ! position ( ! mon?1 & ! upp] arm ( ,n is !re=e high] or l[] accord+ to ! position ( ! p91 o1 ^u ! disc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aag4 ,dial ( ,moon's ,phases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aah4 ,brocot's ,cal5d>2 ,re> ,view ( ,cal5d> ,plate %[+ ,f\r ,ye> ,:eel & ,*ange ,me*anism4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aai4 ,*ange ,me*anism beh9d ! ,f\r ,ye> ,:eel 9 ,fig4 #aah ,x w be easy to see t :5 ! p91 o1 re/s on ! cont\r ( ! disc ! upp] arm1 ,n1 ( ! bell-crank lev] is z high z possible1 & out ( contact ) ! p9 z x is dott$ 9 ! figure1 & !n ! #ca tee? ( ! mon? :eel w ea* leap successively "o division by ! action ( ! click1 ,g1 z ! lev]1 ,m1 falls backw>d till ! #ca/ day4 ,b :5 ! p91 o1 is 9 "o ( ! %all[ not*es ( ! plate1 ,v1 correspond+ to ! mon?s ( #cj days1 ! upp] arm1 ,n1 ( ! bell-crank lev] w take a l[] position1 & ! incl9ation t x w h by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! lev]1 ,m1 w on ! #cj? br+ ! p91 i1 9 contact ) ! bottom ( ! not*1 j z ! lev]1 ,m1 has accompli%$ two-?irds ( its =w>d movem5t1 s ! la/ ?ird w be employ$ to make ! :eel #ca advance "o too?1 & ! h& ( ! dial by consequ5ce m>ks ! #ca/1 ! quick return ( ! lev]1 ,m1 z x falls putt+ ?is h& to ! #a/ by ! action ( ! click1 ,g4 ,if we suppose ! p91 o1 is plac$ 9 ! %all[e/ ( ! f\r deep not*es1 t "o = ,febru>y ( leap ye>1 ! upp] end ( ! arm1 ,n1 w take a position l[] /ill1 & on ! #bi? ! p91 i1 w be met by ! bottom ( ! not*1 j z ! lev] has made "o-?ird ( its =w>d c\rse1 s ! o!r two-?irds ( ! =w>d movem5t w s]ve to make two tee? ( ! :eel ( #ca jump4 ,!n ! h& ( ! dial1 ,a1 ,figs4 #aaf & #aah1 w indicate #ca1 & ! ord9>y quick return ( ! lev]1 ,m1 ) its det5t1 ,g1 w put x to ! #a/4 ,la/ly1 if1 z x is repres5t$ 9 ! figure1 ! p91 o1 is 9 "o ( ! ?ree deepe/ not*es1 correspond+ to ! mon?s ( ,febru>y 9 ord9>y ye>s1 ! p9 w be 9 ! bottom ( ! not* on ! #bh? j at ! mom5t ! lev] beg9s its movem5t1 & ?ree tee? w pass be=e ! return ( ! lev] makes ! h& leap f ! #ca/ to ! #a/4 ,! p91 o1 easily gets out ( ! %all[ not*es1 :i*1 z w be se51 are slop$ away to facilitate its do+ s4 ,to help x out ( ! deep] not*es !re is a weight$ f+] 7j7 on ! arbor ( ! annual :eel4 ,?is f+]1 hav+ an angul> movem5t mu* l>g] ?an ! "o ( ! disc1 ,v1 puts ! p91 o1 out ( ! not* be=e ! not* has s5sibly *ang$ its position4 ,,phases ,,( ,,! ,,moon4--,! phases ( ! moon are obta9$ by a p9ion ( #aj1 ,fig4 #abj1 on ! arbor1 ,b1 :i* ge>s ) ! :eel ( #hd tee?1 fix$ on ano!r ( #ge1 :i* la/ ge>s ) a :eel ( #aac1 mak+ "o revolution 9 ?ree lunations4 ,by ?is means !re is an error only ( 4#jjjjh day p] lunation4 ,on ! :eel ( #aac is fix$ a plate on :i* are ?ree discs color$ blue1 hav+ betwe5 !m a di/ance equal to _! diamet]1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aag1 ^! discs slipp+ "u a circul> ap]ture made 9 ! dial1 produce ! successive appe>ance ( ! phases ( ! moon4 ,,equation ,,( ,,"t4--,on ! arbor ( ! annual :eel1 ,c1 ,figs4 #aaf1 #aah1 #abj1 is fix$ a brass cam1 ,y1 on ! edge ( :i* leans ! p91 s1 fix$ to a circul> rack1 ,r4 ,?is rack ge>s ) ! c5tral :eel1 ,k1 :i* c>ries ! h& = ! equation4 ,t h& faces ,,xii ! #ae? ( ,april1 #ad? ( ,june1 #a/ ( ,septemb] & ! #be? ( ,decemb]4 ,at ^? dates ! p91 s1 is 9 ! position ( ! f\r dots m>k$ on ! cam1 ,y4 ,! %ape ( ! cam1 ,y1 mu/ be su* z w lead ! h& to indicate ! diff]5ce betwe5 sol> & mean "t1 z giv5 9 ! table ( ! ,nautical almanac4 ,to set ! cal5d> fir/ see t ! return ( ! lev]1 ,m1 be made at ! mom5t ( midnight4 ,to adju/ ! h& ( ! days ( ! week1 ,b1 look at an almanac & see :at day be=e ! actual date !re 0 a full or new moon4 ,if x 0 new moon on ,?ursday1 x w\ld be necess>y1 by means ( a small button fix$ at ! back1 on ! arbor ( ! h& ( ! :eel1 ,b1 ( ! week1 to make z _m returns z requisite to obta9 a new moon1 ?is h& po9t+ to a ,?ursday2 aft]w>d br+ back ! h& to ! actual date1 pass+ ! numb] ( divisions correspond+ to ! days elaps$ s9ce ! new moon4 ,to adju/ ! h& ( ! day ( ! mon?1 ,a1 see if ! p91 o1 is 9 ! prop] not*4 ,if = ! leap ye>1 x is 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y 9 ! %all[e/ ( ! f\r deep not*es 7o72 if = ! same mon? ( ! fir/ ye> aft] leap ye>1 !n ! p9 %\ld be1 ( c\rse1 9 ! not*1 ,i1 & s on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abj4 ,brocot's ,cal5d]3 ,:eels & ,p9ions "u ! ,dial ) _! ,numb] ( ,tee?4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,hamm]s1 ,,gongs ,,& ,,bells4 ,j z ! tone ( a piano dep5ds v l>gely ^u ! condition ( ! felts on ! hamm]s :i* /rike ! wires1 s does ! tone ( a clock gong or bell dep5d on its hamm] action4 ,! deep1 s(t1 resonant tone 9 ei!r in/ance dep5ds on ! vibration be+ produc$ by some?+ s(t] ?an metal4 ,ord9>ily ?is condition is rea*$ by fac+ ! hamm] ) lea!r4 ,! second ess5tial is t ! hamm] %all imm$iately reb\nd1 cle> ( ! bell1 s z n to int]f]e ) ! vibrations x has set up 9 ! bell1 wire or tube4 ,z ! lea!r gets h>d] ! tone becomes h>%] & 8t9ny10 sometimes *ang+ to ano!r mu* high] tone & entirely de/roy+ ! h>mony4 ,! rem$y is ei!r to oil ! lea!r on ! hamm]s1 or if !y are mu* worn to sub/itute new & ?ick] lea!rs until ! tone is suffici5tly mell[$1 s t a vigor\s bl[ w /ill produce a mell[ tone ( suffici5t c>ry+ p[]4 ,a piece ( r\nd lea!r belt+ w be f\nd v conv5i5t = ?is purpose4 ,! sup]iority ( a *im+ clock lies 9 its hamm] action4 ,if ?is me*anism is n p]fect1 only inf]ior results c be obta9$4 ,! p]fect hamm] is ! "o t acts ) ! smalle/ /ra9 & is op]at$ ) ! lea/ p[]4 ,heavy weights create a trem5d\s /ra9 on ! me*anism & br+ disa/r\s results :5 "o ( ! susp5d+ cords break4 ,! me?od ( lift+ ! hamm] is "o ( importance1 & ! action ( ! hamm]-spr+ is b seldom "r on old clocks br\ght 9 = repairs1 especially if x be a spr+ b5t ov] to a "r angle at its po9t4 ,if !re are two spr+s1 "o to =ce ! hamm] d[n aft] ! clock has rais$ x up1 & ano!r %ort] "o1 fa/5$ on to ! pill>1 to act z a c\nt]-spr+ & prev5t ! hamm] f j>r+ on ! bell1 !re w seldom be any difficulty 9 repair+ x2 & ! only op]ation necess>y to be done is to file worn p>ts1 poli% ! act+ p>ts1 set ! spr+s a little /rong]1 & ! ?+ is done4 ,b if !re is only "o spr+ "s fur!r att5tion w be necess>y1 because ! action ( ! "o spr+ answ]s ! purpose ( ! two previ\sly m5tion$1 & to arrange x s t ! hamm] w be lift$ ) ! greate/ ease & !n /rike on ! bell ) ! greate/ =ce1 & )\t j>r+1 requires "s exp]i5ce4 ,t "p ( ! hamm]-/em :i* ! spr+ acts on %\ld nev] be fil$ or b5t beyond ! c5t] ( ! arbor1 z is sometimes done1 because 9 su* a case ! hamm]-spr+ has a slid+ motion :5 x is 9 action1 & "s ( ! =ce ( ! spr+ is !reby lo/4 ,! po9t ( ! spr+ %\ld also be made to "w z ne> to ! c5t] ( ! arbor z x is possible to get x1 & ! flat end ( ! spr+ %\ld be at a "r angle ) ! edge ( ! frame1 & t "p ( ! hamm]-/em t /rikes aga9/ ! flat end ( ! spr+ %\ld be =m$ ) a curve t w /op ! hamm] 9 a p>ticul> position & prev5t x j>r+ on ! bell4 ,?is curve c only be det]m9$ by exp]i5ce2 b a curve equal to a circle six in*es 9 diamet] w be ne>ly "r4 ,! action ( ! p9 :eel on ! hamm] tail is also ( importance4 ,! act+ face ( ! hamm] tail %\ld be 9 a l9e ) ! c5t] ( ! p9 :eel1 or a v little above x1 b nev] bel[ x1 = !n x becomes m difficult = ! clock to lift ! hamm]1 & ! hamm] tail %\ld be ( su* a l5g? z to drop f ! p9s ( ! p9 :eel1 & :5 x /ops be ab\t ! di/ance ( two tee? ( ! :eel f ! next p94 ,?is all[s ! :eel-"w to ga9 a little =ce be=e lift+ ! hamm]1 :i* is sometimes desirable :5 ! clock is a little dirty or ne>ly run d[n4 ,we might also m5tion t 9 sett+ ! hamm]-spr+ to "w ) great] =ce x is always well to try & /op ! fly ) y\r f+] :5 ! clock is /rik+1 & if ?is c be done x indicates t ! hamm] spr+ is /rong] ?an ! /rik+ p[] ( ! clock c be>1 & x ought to be weak5$1 because ! /rik+ "p w be sure to /op :5ev] ! clock gets ! lea/ dirty4 ,gong wires are also ! cause ( faulty tones4 ,9 ! factories ^! are made by coil+ wires ( suitable l5g?s & sections on arbors 9 a la!4 ,!y are !n heat$ to a dull r$ & h>d5$ by dipp+ 9 wat] or oil4 ,aft] cool+ !y are tru$ 9 ! r\nd & ! flat l a wat* hairspr+ & !n drawn to a blue temp]4 ,! tone comes ) ! temp]+1 & if !y are aft]w>ds b5t beyond ! po9t :]e !y w spr+ back to %ape ! tone is int]f]$ )4 ,_m repair]s1 n be+ aw>e ( ?is fact1 h ru9$ ! tone ( a gong wire :ile try+ to true x up by b5d+ ) pli]s4 ,:5 ! own] is p>ticul> ab\t ! tone ( ! clock1 a new gong %\ld always be put 9 if ! old "o is badly b5t4 ,! wires are sold]$ to _! c5t]s & if !y are at all loose !y %\ld be refa/5$ 9 ! same mann] if x c be done )\t draw+ ! temp] ( ! wire4 ,:5 ?is _c be done a plug ( sold] may be driv5 9 betwe5 ! wire & ! side ( ! hole s z to /op all vibration or ! sold] already 9 place may be driv5 d[n s z to make all tight1 z any vibration at ?is po9t w int]f]e ) ! tone4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aba4 ,! p9s 9 ! *im+ b>rels4 ,,tun+ ,,! ,,bells4--,bells only v slightly out ( tone (f5d ! musical e>1 & !y may easily be correct$ to ! ext5t ( half a tone4 ,to %>p5 ! tone make ! bell %ort] by turn+ away ! edge ( x if x be a %ell1 or by cutt+ (f if x be a rod or tube2 to flatt5 ! tone1 ?9 ! back bas9-%ap$ "p ( ! bell by turn+ "s (f ! outside4 ,bells :i* are crack$ give a poor s\nd because ! edges ( ! crack int]f]e ) ea* o!r :5 vibrat+4 ,!y may be repair$ by saw+ ?r\gh ! crack to ! end ( x1 s t ! edges w n t\* ea* o!r :5 vibrat+4 ,if !re is dang] ( ! crack ext5d+ fur!r into ! bell1 fir/ drill a r\nd hole 9 ! solid metal j beyond ! end ( ! crack1 & !n saw ?r\gh into ! hole2 ?is w g5]ally prev5t any fur!r tr\ble4 ,,m>k+ ,,! ,,*ime ,,b>rel4--,! *ime b>rel 9 small clocks is ( brass & %\ld be z l>ge 9 diamet] z c be conv5i5tly got 94 ,to m>k (f ! positions ( ! p9s = ! ,cambridge *imes1 fir/ put ! b>rel 9 ! la! & trace circles r\nd ! b>rel at di/ances ap>t correspond+ to ! positions ( ! hamm] tails4 ,!re are five *imes ( f\r bells ea* = e rotation ( ! b>rel1 & a re/ equal to two or ?ree notes betwe5 ea* *ime4 ,assum+ ! re/ to be equal to ?ree notes1 divide ! circumf]5ce ( ! b>rel into ?irty-five equal p>ts by means ( an index plate1 & draw l9es at ^! po9ts across ! b>rel ) ! po9t ( ! tool by mov+ x ) ! slide re/ screw4 ,call ! hamm] = ! highe/ note ,d1 & t = ! l[e/ note ,f4 ,!n ! fir/ p9 is to be ins]t$ :]e "o ( ! l9es across ! b>rel crosses ! fir/ circle2 ! second p9 :]e ! next l9e crosses ! second circle2 ! ?ird p9 :]e ! ?ird l9e crosses ! ?ird circle & ! f\r? p9 :]e ! f\r? l9e crosses ! f\r circle1 because ! notes ( ! fir/ *ime are 9 ! ord]1 ,d1 ,c1 ,bb1 ,f4 ,!n miss ?ree l9es = ! re/4 ,! fir/ note ( ! second *ime is ,bb & ! p9s = x w consequ5tly be ins]t$ :]e ! fir/ l9e aft] ! re/ crosses ! ?ird circle1 & s on4 ,:]e two or m notes on ! same bell come s close z to make x difficult to /rike !m prop]ly1 x is usual to put 9 ano!r hamm]1 z x %[n 9 ,fig4 #aba1 :]e !re are two ,fs4 ,9 f9e clocks ! p9s are ( v>y+ l5g?s s z to /rike ! hamm]s on ! bells ) v>y+ =ce & ?us give m expression to ! music4 ,! foll[+ gives ! ,cambridge ,*imes1 :i* are us$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,great ,clock4 ,!y are f\nd$ on a phrase 9 ! op5+ symphony ( ,h&el's air1 8,i "k t my ,r$eem] live?10 & 7 arrang$ by ,dr4 ,crot* = ! clock ( ,great ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,cambridge1 9 #agic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abb4 ,we/m9/] *imes4 ,9 ,europe ^! *im+ clocks are sometimes v elaborate1 z ! foll[+ description ( a set ( bells 9 ,belgium w %[3 8,s f> z ! exp]i5ce ( ! writ] goes ! ,belgian c>illons are inv>iably con/ruct$ on "o prevail+ plan1 ) ! exception t ! metal us$ = ! cyl9d] is g5]ally brass2 "h1 h[ev]1 x is ( /eel1 & consi/s ( a l>ge b>rel measur+ #d feet #b in*es 9 wid? & #c feet #f in*es 9 diamet]1 its surface be+ pi]c$ ) horizontal l9es ( small squ>e holes ab\t in* squ>e4 ,!re are l9es ( #fj ( ^! 9 ! wid? ( ! b>rel1 :ile !re are #abj l9es ( !m r\nd ! circumf]5ce1 mak+ a total ( #g1bjj holes4 ,! drill+ ( ^!1 ( c\rse1 takes place :5 ! cyl9d] is made1 &1 s f> z ?is "p is conc]n$1 ! b>rel is complete be=e x is br\ght to ! t[]4 8,into ^! squ>e holes are fix$ ! #8p9s1' adju/$ on ! inside ( ! cyl9d] by nuts4 8,! p9s are ( /eel ( f9ely graduat$ sizes1 correspond+ ) ! value ( ! notes ( music4 ,"s idea ( ! precision obta9able may be ga!r$ by ! fact1 z ! c>illonneur told ! writ]1 t !re 7 no less ?an #bd grades ( p9s1 s z to insure ! greate/ accuracy ( /rik+ ! bells4 8,ov] ! cyl9d] are #fj /eel lev]s ) /eel nibs2 ^! are lift$ by ! #8p9s' &1 connect$ by wires ) ! hamm]s1 /rike ! bells4 8,! #ce bells are furni%$ ) #gb hamm]s1 :i* are fix$ z ord9>y clock-hamm]s outside ( ! bells2 ?ree ( ! bells 79 ! r+ ( eight7 h a s+le hamm] only1 ! limit$ space 9 ! #8cage' mak+ x impossible to put m1 :ile o!rs are suppli$ ) two or ?ree apiece = use 9 rapidly repeat+ notes ( ! music4 ,on a visit "s ye>s ago to ! c>illon at ,mal9es1 ! writ] notic$ t "s ( ! bells !re _h no less ?an five hamm]s apiece4 8,obvi\sly1 ?\gh !re are #gb hamm]s 9 connection ) ! c>illon1 only #fj1 correspond+ ) ! numb] ( lev]s1 c be us$ at "o "t2 ^! are select$ accord+ to ! requirem5t ( ! tune2 9 case ( new tunes1 ! wires c easily be adju/$ s z to br+ o!r hamm]s & bells into use4 8,! feature ( ! ,belgian c>illons is t in/ead ( ! s+le notes ( ! air be+ /ruck z ) ! old famili> #8*imes' h>moniz$ tunes ( great intricacy are r5d]$ ) *ords ( ?ree1 f\r or ev5 five bells /rik+ at "o "t4 8,! cyl9d] "h is capable ( #abj #8measures' ( music1 b z1 a matt] ( fact x is subdivid$ s t half a revolution plays e h\r4 8,a m>* is1 z a rule1 play$ at ! odd h\rs1 & ! national air at ! ev51 b ! bells are sil5t aft] #i p4 m4 & />t aga9 at #h a4 m4 8,! motive p[] is suppli$ by a weight ( #h cwt41 & is controll$ by a p[]ful fly ( f\r fans arti/ically =m$ to repres5t swans4 ,x may be m5tion$ t ! keybo>d = h&-play+ consi/s ( ?irty-five keys ( wood & elev5 p$als2 ^!1 z inde$ ! :ole app>atus ( ?is "p1 are entirely sep>ate f ! automatic c>illon2 9 ?is in/ance ! keys connect ) ! clapp]s ( ! bells & h no association ) ! hamm]s4 ,! p$als are connect$ ) ! elev5 l>ge/ bells & are supplem5t>y to ! h\r key40 ,,tubul> ,,*imes are tubes ( bell metal1 cut to ! prop] l5g?s to secure ! desir$ tones & g5]ally1 b n always1 nickel plat$4 ,z !y take up mu* room 9 ! clock1 !y are g5]ally susp5d$ f hooks at ! top ( ! back bo>d ( ! case1 be+ atta*$ to ! hooks by loops ( silk or gut cords1 pass$ ?r\gh holes drill$ 9 ! wall ( ! tubes ne> ! top ends4 ,! h\r tube1 be+ long & l>ge1 g5]ally ext5ds ne>ly to ! bottom ( a six-foot case1 :ile ! o!rs range upw>ds1 %ort5+ accord+ to ! increase ( pit* ( ! notes :i* !y repres5t4 ,?is makes x necess>y to place ! movem5t on a seat bo>d & hang ! p5dulum f ! front plate ( ! movem5t1 s t su* clocks h1 z a rule1 comp>atively light p5dulums4 ,on acc\nt ( ! position & ! great spread ( ! tubes1 ! *im+ cyl9d] & hamm]s are plac$ on top ( ! movem5t1 p>allel ) ! plates1 & op]at$ f ! /rik+ tra9 by means ( bevel ge>s or a contrate :eel4 ,! hamm]s are plac$ v]tically on spr+ hamm] /alks & connect$ ) ! *im+ cyl9d] lev]s by silk5 cords4 ,?is gives great fre$om ( hamm] action & results 9 v p]fect tones4 ,! hamm]s mu/ ( c\rse be ea* opposite its own tube & ?us !y are r f> ap>t1 :i* necessitates a long cyl9d]4 ,?is gives room = sev]al sets ( *imes on ! same cyl9d] if desir$1 z a v slight horizontal movem5t ( ! cyl9d] w\ld move ! p9s out ( action ) ! lev]s & br+ ano!r set into action or cause ! *imes to rema9 sil5t4 ,practically all ( ! manufactur]s ( 8hall0 or *im+ clocks import ! movem5ts & supply ,am]ican cases1 hamm]s & bells4 ,! reason is t !re is s little sale = !m 7f a factory /&po9t7 t "o factory c\ld supply ! _w ) movem5ts = ?is class ( clocks )\t work+ ov]time1 & !re=e x w\ld be useless to make up ! tools = !m :5 !y c be b\ght )\t incurr+ t exp5se4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,electric ,,clocks ,,& ,,batt]ies4 ,electric clocks may be divid$ into ?ree k9ds1 or pr9cipal divisions4 ,( ! fir/-class are ^? 9 :i* ! p5dulum is driv5 directly f ! armature by electric impulse1 or by means ( a weight dropp+ on an arm project+ f ! p5dulum4 ,9 ?is case ! entire tra9 ( ! clock consi/s ( a rat*et :eel & ! dial "w4 ,! second class comprises ! regul> tra9 f ! c5t] to ! arbor4 ,?is class has a spr+ on ! c5t] arbor1 w\nd m or less frequ5tly by electricity4 ,9 ?is case ! aim is to keep ! spr+ con/antly w\nd1 s t ! t5sion is almo/ z ev5ly divid$ z ) ! ord9>y weight clock1 su* z is us$ 9 jewel]s' regulators4 ,! ?ird sy/em uses a weight on ! end ( a lev] connect$ ) a rat*et :eel on ! c5t] arbor & does away ) spr+s4 ,"o type ( ea* ( ^! clocks w be describ$ s t jewel]s may compreh5d ! pr9ciples on :i* ! ?ree types are built4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abc4 ,gillette ,clock 7,p5dulum ,driv574 ,9 ! ,gillette ,electro-,automatic1 :i* belongs to ! class fir/ m5tion$1 ! ord9>y clock pr9ciple is rev]s$4 ,in/ead ( ! works driv+ ! p5dulum1 ! p5dulum drives ! tra91 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a pawl & rat*et me*anism on ! c5t] arbor4 ,! p5dulum is kept sw++ by means ( an impulse giv5 e beat by an electromagnet4 ,?is impulse is caus$ by ! weight ( ! armature z x falls away f ! magnet ends1 ! curr5t be+ us$ solely to pull back & re-set ! armature = ! next impulse4 ,any v>iation 9 ! curr5t1 !re=e1 does n affect ! regulation ( ! clock1 z ! p[] is obta9$ f gravity only1 by means ( ! fall+ weight4 ,ref]r+ to ! draw+s1 ,figs4 #abc & #abd1 x is se5 t ea* "t ! p5dulum sw+s ! tra9 is pu%$ "o too? =w>d4 ,a cam is c>ri$ by ! rat*et 7c5t]7 arbor 9 :i* a slot is provid$ at a position equival5t to e fif? too? ( ! rat*et4 ,into ?is slot drops ! end ( a lev]1 releas+ at its o!r end ! armature prop4 ,?us at ! next beat ( ! p5dulum ! armature is releas$ & 9 its d[nw>d sw+ impulses ! p5dulum1 giv+ x suffici5t mom5tum to c>ry x ov] ! succe$+ five sw+s4 ,! action ( ! life-giv+ armature is entirely disconnect$ & indep5d5t ( ! clock me*anism4 ,x acts on its own accord :5 releas$ e t5? beat & automatically gives its impulse & re-sets itself4 ,x is provid$ ) a d\ble-act+ contact spr+ 7see ,fig4 #abe7 :i* 8flips0 a contact leaf f "o adju/able contact screw to ! o!r z ! action ( ! armature causes ! spr+ to pass ov] its dead c5t]4 ,?us1 :5 ! armature rea*es ! l[e/ po9t 9 its drop 7,figs4 #abf & #abg7 ! leaf snaps aga9/ ! "r contact screw1 ! circuit is complet$1 ! magnet en]giz$ & ! armature drawn up4 ,z ! armature rises above a c]ta9 po9t1 ! dead c5t] ( ! flipp] spr+ is aga9 cross$ & ! leaf snaps back aga9/ ! po/ at ! left4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ! armature prop has slipp$ "u ! end ( ! armature & reta9s x until ! "t comes = ! next impulse4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abd4 ,side ,view4 ,9 adju/+ ! me*anism ( ?is type ( clock ! increas+ p5dulum sw+ %\ld cat* & pu% ! rat*et be=e ! buff] /rikes & lifts ! armature f ! prop4 ,! adju/m5t ( ! 8flipp]0 contact screws 7) _/ in* play7 %\ld be su* t z ! armature falls ! contact leaf w be ?r[n & ! armature drawn up at a po9t j beyond ! half way position 9 ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum4 ,! p[] ( ! impulse c be regulat$ by turn+ ! adju/+ po/ ) pli]s1 ?us v>y+ ! t5sion ( ! armature spr+1 ! pull ( :i* re9=ces ! weight ( ! armature4 ,c>e %\ld be tak51 h[ev]1 t ! t5sion is n beyond ! 8quick action0 p[] ( ! electromagnet4 ,x is mu* bett] to ease up ! movem5t 9 o!r ways be=e putt+ too great a load on ! life ( ! batt]y4 ,! electrical contacts on ! leaf & screw are plat9um tipp$ to prev5t burn+ by ! electric sp>k+ at ! 8make0 & 8break40 ,?is sp>k+ is also mu* r$uc$ by means ( a resi/ance coil plac$ 9 s]ies connection ) ! magnet coil1 ,fig4 #abg1 to r$uce ! am\nt ( curr5t us$4 ,if ?is coil is remov$ or disconnect$ ! con/ant sp>k+ & heat w\ld soon burn out ! contact tips4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to see t ! batt]ies are dat$ & ! batt]y connections are clean at ! "t ( slid+ 9 a new batt]y4 ,! bru% :i* makes connection ) ! c5t] or c>bon po/ ( ! batt]y is insulat$ ) mica f ! framework ( ! case4 ,! o!r connection is made f ! contact ( ! uncov]$ z9c case ( ! batt]y ) ! metal clock case surr\nd+ x4 ,! contact po9ts %\ld be bright & smoo? to insure good contacts4 ,^! clocks ne$ b little clean+ ( ! works z no oil :atev] is us$1 except at "o place1 viz41 ! armature pivot4 ,oil %\ld nev] be us$ on ! tra9 be>+s1 or o!r p>ts4 ,?is clock ran successfully on ! elevat$ railway plat=ms ( ! loop 9 ,*icago :]e no o!r p5dulum clock c\ld be op]at$ on acc\nt ( ! con/ant %ak+4 ,9 consid]+ ! electrical sy/ems ( ^! clocks1 let u comm5ce ) ! batt]ies4 ,:ile und\bt$ly great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! pres5t =m ( dry batt]y !y are /ill v f> f giv+ entire satisfaction4 ,practically all ( !m are ( "o k9d1 :i* is t :i* produces electricity at #a volts f z9c1 c>bon & sal-ammoniac1 ) a depol>iz] add$ to ! elem5ts to absorb ! hydrog54 ,! *emical action ( su* a batt]y is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abe4 ,! wat] 9 ! electrolite comes 9 contact ) ! z9c & is decompos$ !reby1 ! oxyg5 be+ tak5 f ! wat] by ! z9c1 =m+ oxide ( z9c & leav+ ! hydrog5 9 ! =m ( m9ute bubbles atta*$ to ! z9c4 ,z ?is1 if all[$ to /&1 w\ld %ut (f ! wat] f rea*+ ! z9c1 *emical action w\ld !re=e soon cease & :5 ?is happ5s ! batt]y is said to be pol>iz$ & no curr5t c be _h f x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abf4 ,! ,electric ,contact4 ,fig4 #abg4 ,! ,wir+ ,sy/em4 ,9 ord] to take c>e ( ! hydrog5 & ?us insure ! con/ant action ( ! batt]y1 oxide ( manganese is add$ to ! cont5ts ( ! cell1 g5]ally z a mixture ) ! c>bon elem5t4 ,manganese has ! prop]ty ( absorb+ oxyg5 v rapidly & ( giv+ x (f q easily4 ,!re=e :ile ! hydrog5 is be+ =m$ on ! z9c1 x becomes an easy matt] = x to leave ! z9c & take its prop] quantity ( oxyg5 f ! manganese & aga9 =m wat]1 :i* is aga9 decompos$ by ! z9c4 ,z long z ?is cycle ( *emical action takes place ! batt]y w cont9ue to give good satisfaction1 & usually :5 a batt]y gives out x is because ! depol>iz] is exhau/$1 = ! reason t ! c>bon is n affect$ at all & ! z9c elem5t =m+ ! conta9] is pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to outla/ ! *emical action ( ! total mass4 ,!re are great diff]5ces 9 ! v>i\s makes ( batt]ies2 also 9 ! me?ods ( _! con/ruction4 ,x w\ld seem to be an easy matt] = a *emi/ to figure out exactly h[ mu* depol>iz] w\ld s]ve ! purpose = a giv5 quantity ( z9c & c>bon & !re=e to make a batt]y :i* %\ld give an exact p]=mance t c\ld be anticipat$4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 ?is is n ! case1 ow+ to ! v>i\s conditions4 ,!re are ?ree qualities ( manganese 9 ! m>ket2 ! ,japanese1 :i* is ! be/ & mo/ co/ly2 ! ,g]man1 :i* comes second1 & ! ,am]ican1 :i* is ! *eape/ & v>ies 9 quality s mu* z to be m or less a matt] ( guesswork4 ,we mu/ rememb] t 9 mak+ batt]ies = ! price at :i* !y are n[ sold on ! m>ket we are oblig$ to take mat]ials 9 comm]cial quantities & comm]cial qualities & _c dep5d ^u ! *emically pure mat]ials ) :i* ! *emi/s' !ories are always =mulat$4 ,?is !re=e introduces sev]al elem5ts ( unc]ta9ty4 ,9 practice ! ,japanese manganese w /& up = a f> long] "t ?an any o!r t is kn[n & x is us$ 9 all special batt]ies :]e quality & l5g? ( life are consid]$ ( m importance ?an ! price4 ,! ,g]man manganese comes next4 ,!n comes a mixture ( ,am]ican & ,g]man manganese1 & f9ally ! ,am]ican manganese1 :i* is us$ 9 mak+ ! *eap] batt]ies :i* are sort$ aft]w>ds1 z we %all expla9 f>!r on4 ,^! batt]ies are seal$ aft] hav+ be5 made 9 l>ge quantities1 say five ?\s& or t5 ?\s& 9 ! lot1 & kept = ?irty days1 aft] :i* !y are te/$4 ,! batt]ies :i* are likely to give %ort-life w %[ a local action & consequ5t r$uction ( output 9 ?irty days4 ,!y are1 !re=e1 sort$ out1 mu* z eggs are c&l$ on be+ receiv$ 9 a /orage w>eh\se1 = ! reason t aft] a cell has be5 made & put toge!r x w\ld co/ m to f9d out :at 0 ! matt] ) x & rem$y t ?an x w\ld to make a new cell4 ,_m ( ! batt]y manufactur]s1 !re=e1 make up _! batt]ies ) an attempt to rea* ! highe/ /&>d4 ,!y are sort$ = grade 9 ?irty days & ^? :i* h atta9$ ! po9t desir$ are label$ z ! factories' be/ batt]y & are sold at ! highe/ prices4 ,! o!rs h be5 grad$ d[n exclusively & label$ diff]5tly until ^? :i* are positively kn[n to be %ort-liv$ are run out & dispos$ ( z ! factories' *eape/ product "u /ill ano!r label4 ,:5 buy+ batt]ies always look to see t ! tops are n crack$1 z if ! seal on ! cell is brok51 *emical action induc$ f contact ) ! air z ! batt]y dries out1 w rapidly det]iorate ! depol>iz] & sulphate ! z9c1 bo? ( :i* are ( c\rse a con/ant draft on ! life ( ! batt]y1 :i* conta9s only a /at$ quantity ( en]gy 9 ! beg9n+4 ,always exam9e ! t]m9al connections to see t !y are tight & solid4 ,batt]ies :5 made up are always dat$ by ! factory1 b ?is does ! pur*as] little good1 z ! dates are 9 codes ( lett]s1 figures1 or lett]s & figures1 & are con/antly *ang$ s t ev5 ! deal]s :o are h&l+ ?\s&s ( !m are unable to read ! code4 ,?is is done because _m p are prone to blame ! batt]y = o!r defects 9 ! electrical sy/em & _m :o are us+ great quantities w\ld f9d an inc5tive to swit* ! cov]s on :i* ! dates appe> if !y knew :at x meant4 ,?is is p]haps r h>% language1 b a good _m m5 w\ld be tempt$ to s5d back a b>rel ( old batt]ies e n[ & !n ) ! cov]s %[+ t !y _h n la/$ ?ree mon?s1 if !y c\ld read ^! signatures4 ,practically ! only means ! jewel] has ( obta9+ a good cell1 ) long life1 is to buy !m ( a l>ge electrical supply h\se1 pay+ a good price = !m & mak+ sure t t h\se has trade en\gh 9 t batt]y to insure _! be+ cont9u\sly suppli$ ) fre% /ock4 ,! position ( ! batt]y also has to d ) ! l5g? ( life or am\nt ( its output4 ,?us a batt]y ly+ on its side w n give m ?an sev5ty-five p] c5t ( ! output ( a batt]y :i* is /&+ ) ! z9c & c>bon elem5ts p]p5dicul>4 ,squ>e batt]ies w n give ! satisfaction t ! r\nd cell does4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 practice by trials ( num]\s %apes & proportions t ! ord9>y size ( #b #f in*es w give bett] satisfaction ?an "o ( a diff]5t %ape--wid] or %ort]1 or long] & ?9n]2 t is = ! am\nt ( mat]ial :i* x conta9s4 ,! batt]y :i* has prov$ mo/ successful 9 gas eng9e ignition "w is #c #h in*es4 ,t ma9ta9s ! same proportions z above1 or v ne>ly s1 b ow+ to local action x w give on clock "w only ab\t fifty p] c5t long] life ?an ! small] size4 ,x has be5 a m or less common exp]i5ce ) pur*as]s ( electric clocks to f9d t ! batt]ies :i* came ) ! clock f ! factory ran = two or ?ree ye>s 7?ree ye>s n be+ at all uncommon7 & t !y 7 !n unable to obta9 batt]ies :i* w\ld /& up to ! "w = m ?an ?ree weeks1 up to six mon?s4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ! quality & fre%ness ( ! batt]y b\ght1 z outl9$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #abh4 ,fig4 #abi4 ,9 consid]+ ! re/ ( ! electrical circuit1 we f9d ?ree me?ods ( wir+ commonly us$ & also a f\r? :i* is j n[ com+ into use4 ,! majority ( electric clocks are w\nd by a magnet :i* v>ies 9 size f ?ree to six ohms2 bridg$ ar\nd ! contact po9ts1 !re has g5]ally be5 plac$ a resi/ance spool :i* v>ies 9 size f t5 to tw5ty-five times ! numb] ( ohms 9 ! armature magnets4 ,see ,fig4 #abh4 ,?is practically makes a clos$ circuit on :i* we are us+ a batt]y design$ = op5 circuit "w4 ,if we use an electromagnet ) a v s(t iron core1 we w ne$ a small am\nt ( curr5t1 b e "t we break ! contact1 we w h a v high c\nt] electro-motive =ce1 leap+ ! air gap made :ile break+ ! contact & !re=e burn+ ! contact po9ts4 ,if our magnet is con/ruct$ s z to use ! lea/ curr5t1 by v c>eful w9d+ & v s(t iron cores1 ?is c\nt] electro-motive =ce w be at its greate/ :ile ! draft on ! batt]y is at its smalle/4 ,if ! magnet cores are made ( h>d] iron1 ! c\nt] electro-motive =ce w be mu* less2 b on ! o!r h& mu* m curr5t w be ne$$ to d a giv5 quantity ( "w ) a magnet ( ! second description2 & ! consequ5ce is t :ile we save our contact po9ts to "s ext5t1 we deplete ! batt]y m rapidly4 ,if we put 9 ! highe/ possible resi/ance--t ( air--9 mak+ & break+ our contacts1 we use curr5t f ! batt]y only to d useful "w2 b we also h ! sp>k f ! c\nt] electro-motive =ce 9 a =m :i* w de/roy our contact po9ts m quickly4 ,if we r$uce ! resi/ance by ins]t+ a ,g]man silv] wire coil ( say sixty ohms on a six-ohm magnet circuit1 we h !n ) two dry batt]ies 7! usual numb]7 ?ree volts ( curr5t 9 a six-ohm magnet dur+ "w & ?ree volts ( curr5t 9 a sixty-six ohm circuit :ile ! contacts are brok51 ,fig4 #abh4 ,divid+ ! volts by ! ohms1 we f9d t "o tw5ty-second ( an amp]e is con/antly fl[+ ?r\gh su* a circuit4 ,we are !re=e us+ a dry batt]y 7an op5 circuit batt]y7 on clos$ circuit "w & we are draw+ f ! life ( our batt]y con/antly 9 ord] to save our contact po9ts4 ,x !n becomes a "q :i* we are go+ to sacrifice1 or :at sort ( a compromise may be made to obta9 ! necess>y "w f ! magnet & at ! same "t get ! longe/ life ( ! contact po9ts & ! batt]ies4 ,mo/ ( ! e>li] electric clocks manufactur$ h f9ally arrang$ su* a circuit z has be5 describ$ above4 ,! ,g]mans put 9 a second contact betwe5 ! batt]y & ! resi/ance ) a little l>g] angul> motion ?an ! fir/ or pr9cipal contact1 s t ! contact is !n fir/ made betwe5 ! batt]y & resi/ance spool1 ,b1 ,fig4 #abi1 !n betwe5 ! two contact po9ts ( ! %unt1 ,a2 ,fig4 #abi1 to ! electromagnet1 & aft] ! "w is done !y are brok5 9 ! rev]se ord]1 s t ! resi/ance is made fir/ & brok5 aft] ! pr9cipal contact4 ,?is involves j twice z _m contact po9ts & x also involves m or less burn+ ( ! second contact4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acj4 ,fig4 #aca4 ,! ,am]ican manufactur]s seem to pref] to wa/e m or less curr5t r ?an to introduce additional contact po9ts1 z !y f9d t ^! become corrod$ 9 "t ) ev5 ! be/ arrangem5ts & !y desire z few ( !m z possible 9 _! movem5ts1 pref]r+ r to /& ! draft on ! batt]y4 ,"o ,am]ican manufactur] ins]ts a resi/ance spool ( #fj ohms 9 p>allel ) a magnet ( sev5 ohms 7#c ohms = ea* magnet spool7 z 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,he /ates t ! c\nt] electro-motive =ce is ?us dissipat$ 9 ! resi/ance :5 ! contact is brok51 z ! resi/ance ?us becomes a sort ( cond5s]1 & almo/ entirely does away ) heat+ & burn+ ( ! contacts1 :ile keep+ ! circuit op5 :5 ! batt]y is do+ no "w4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to ! writ] by sev]al eng9e]s ( high atta9m5ts & l>ge exp]i5ce t :at %\ld be us$ 9 ! above comb9ation is a cond5s] 9 place ( a resi/ance spool1 z !re w\ld !n be no exp5diture ( curr5t except = "w4 ,"o ( ! clocks *ang$ to ?is sy/em j be=e ! failure ( its manufactur]s1 b z less ?an f\r hundr$ clocks 7 made ) ! cond5s]s 7,fig4 #aca71 ! po9t 0 n conclusively demon/rat$4 ,x %\ld also be borne 9 m9d t ! cond5s] has be5 va/ly improv$ )9 ! la/ twelve mon?s4 ,) ! cond5s] x w be obs]v$ t !re is an absolutely op5 circuit :ile ! armature is do+ no "w & t !re=e ! batt]y %\ld la/ t mu* long]1 ,figs4 #acj & #aca4 ,z to ! co/ ( ! cond5s]s z comp>$ ) resi/ance spools1 we are n in=m$1 b imag9e t ) ! batt]ies la/+ s mu* long] & ! clock consequ5tly giv+ s mu* bett] satisfaction1 a slight additional co/ 9 manufacture by *ang+ f resi/ance to cond5s]s w\ld be welcom$1 if x add$ to ! l5g? ( life & ! surety ( op]ation4 ,electric clocks co/ m to make ?an spr+ or weight clocks & sell = a high] price & a few c5ts additional p] movem5t w\ld be a v small premium to pay = an increase 9 effici5cy4 ,! repair] :o takes d[n & reassembles "o ( ^! clocks v (t5 ignorantly makes a lot ( tr\ble = himself4 ,_m ( ! old] clocks 7 built 9 su* a way t ! magnets c\ld be %ift$ = adju/m5t1 in/ead ( be+ put 9 ) /eady p9s to hold !m accurately 9 place4 ,! retail jewel] :o repairs "o ( ^! clocks is apt to get !m out ( position 9 assembl+4 ,! armature %\ld come d[n squ>ely to ! magnets1 b %\ld n be all[$ to t\*1 z if ! iron ( ! armature t\*es ! poles ( ! magnet x w freeze & reta9 its magnetism aft] ! curr5t is brok54 ,"s manufactur]s avoid ?is by plat+ _! armatures ) copp] or brass & ?is has puzzl$ _m retail]s :o f\nd an electromagnet app>5tly attract+ a piece ( metal :i* is g5]ally und]/ood to be non-magnetic4 ,! me?od (f]s a good & p]man5t means ( insulat+ ! iron ( ! armature f ! magnet poles :ile all[+ _! close contact & z ! /r5g? ( a magnet increases 9 proportion to ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! poles & ! armature1 x w be se5 t all[+ ! armature to ?us approa* z closely z possible to ! poles greatly increases ! pull ( ! magnet at its f9al po9t4 ,if :5 sett+ !m up ! magnet & armature d n approa* ea* o!r squ>ely1 ! armature w t\* ! poles on "o side or ano!r & soon we> ?r\gh ! copp] or brass plat+ design$ to ma9ta9 _! sep>ation & !n we w h freez+ ) its accompany+ tr\bles4 ,a v good te/ to det]m9e ?is is to place a piece ( wat* pap]1 cig>ette pap] or o!r ?9 tissue on ! poles ( ! magnet be=e ! nak$ iron armature is drawn d[n4 ,!n make ! connection1 hold ! armature & see if ! pap] c be )drawn4 ,if x _c ! armature & poles are t\*+ & means %\ld be tak5 to sep>ate !m4 ,?is is sometimes done by driv+ a piece ( brass into a hole drill$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! pole ( ! magnet2 or by sold]+ a ?9 foil ( brass on ! armature4 ,z long z ! sep>ation is /eadily ma9ta9$ ! object s\ght is accompli%$1 no matt] :at means is us$ to atta9 x4 ,ano!r po9t ) clocks :i* h _! armatures mov$ 9 a circul> direction is to see t ! magnet is s plac$ z to give ! lea/ possible fre$om betwe5 ! armatures & ! circul> poles ( ! magnet1 b t !re mu/ be an air-gap betwe5 ! armature & magnet poles4 ,9 ^? clocks :i* w9d a spr+ by means ( a lev] & rat*et work+ into a f9e-too!d rat*et :eel1 or are driv5 by a weight$ lev]1 !re is an additional po9t to gu>d aga9/4 ,if ! weight lev] is ?r[n too f> up1 ei!r "o ( two ?+s w happ54 ,! weight lev] may be ?r[n up to n9ety degrees & become balanc$ if ! butt+ po/ is left (f or wrongly replac$2 ! p[] w !n be tak5 (f ! clock1 if x is driv5 directly by weight1 s t a butt+ po/ %\ld meet ! lev] at ! highe/ po9t & insure t x w n g beyond ?is & ?us lose ! effici5cy ( ! weight4 ,9 ! cases :]e a spr+ on ! c5t] arbor is int]pos$ betwe5 ! arbor & ! rat*et :eel1 x %\ld be det]m9$ j h[ _m tee? are necess>y to be op]at$ :5 w9d+1 z if a clock is w\nd once an h\r & ! aim is to w9d a complete turn 7:i* is ! am\nt ! arbor has run d[n7 if ! lev] is all[$ to vibrate "o or two tee? beyond a complete turn1 x w readily be se5 t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ! spr+ w w9d itself s tightly z to break or become set4 ,?is 0 a frequ5t fault ) ! ,dulaney clock & has n be5 gu>d$ aga9/ suffici5tly 9 "s o!rs :i* use ! f9e rat*et too? = w9d+4 ,:5 su* a clock is f\nd ! prop] numb] ( tee? %\ld be asc]ta9$ & ! re/ ( ! me*anism adju/$ to see t j t numb] ( tee? w be w\nd4 ,if less is w\nd !re w come a "t :5 ! spr+ w run d[n & ! clock w /op4 ,if too mu* is w\nd ! spr+ w ev5tually become set & ! clock w /op4 ,!re=e su* movem5ts %\ld be exam9$ to see t ! prop] am\nt ( w9d+ occurs at ea* op]ation4 ,( c\rse :]e a spr+ is w\nd & !re are b f\r not*es 9 ! rat*et :eel & ! screw /op is accurately plac$ to /op ! action ( ! armature1 ov] action w n h>m ! spr+1 provid$ x w n g to ano!r qu>t]1 z if ! armature c>ries ! rat*et :eel fur!r ?an x %\ld1 ! smoo? circumf]5ce betwe5 ! not*es w let x drop back to its prop] not*4 ,!re are a l>ge numb] ( clocks on ! m>ket :i* w9d once p] h\r4 ,^! diff] f ! o!rs 9 t !y d n dep5d ^u a s+le movem5t ( ! armature = an in/antane\s w9d+4 ,?us if ! batt]ies are weak x may take tw5ty seconds to w9d4 ,if ! batt]ies are /rong & new x may w9d 9 six seconds4 ,9 ?is respect ! clock diff]s radically f ! o!rs1 & :ile we h n p]sonally _h !m "u te/1 we are in=m$ t on acc\nt ( w9d+ once p] h\r ! batt]ies w la/ v mu* long] ?an w\ld be expect$ proportionately f ^? :i* w9d at p]iods ( great] frequ5cy4 ,! reason assign$ is t ! long] p]iod all[s ! batt]y to dispose ( its hydrog5 on ! z9c & ?us to rega9 its en]gy mu* m completely betwe5 ! successive dis*>ges & h5ce c give a m effective quantity ( curr5t = h\rly dis*>ge ?an ^? :i* are dis*>g$ sev]al times a m9ute1 or ev5 sev]al times an h\r4 ,x is only prop] to add t ! manufactur]s ( clocks w9d+ e six or sev5 m9utes dispute ?is ass]tion4 ,ano!r po9t is und\bt$ly 9 ! increas$ l5g? ( life ( ! contacts2 b speak+ g5]ally ! electric clock may be said n[ to be wait+ = fur!r improvem5ts 9 ! batt]ies4 ,^? :o h _h ! greate/ exp]i5ce ) batt]ies1 z ! telephone companies1 telegraph companies & o!r public s]vice corporations1 h g5]ally disc>d$ _! use 9 favor ( /orage batt]ies & dynamos :]ev] possible & :]e ?is is n possible !y h inspect$ !m cont9u\sly & regul>ly4 ,9 ?is respect "o po9t w be f\nd ( great s]vice4 ,:5 putt+ 9 a new set ( batt]ies 9 any electrical piece ( ma*9]y1 write ! date 9 p5cil on ! batt]y cov]1 s t y1 or ^? :o come aft] y1 "s "t lat]1 w "k ! exact l5g? ( "t ! batt]y has be5 9 s]vice4 ,?is is frequ5tly ( importance1 z x w det]m9e v l>gely :e!r ! batt]y is play+ out too soon1 or :e!r faults are be+ *>g$ to ! batt]y :i* are really due to o!r portions ( ! app>atus4 ,nev] put toge!r any piece ( electrical app>atus )\t see+ t all p>ts are solidly 9 position & are clean2 always look c>efully to connections & see t ! insulation is p]fect s t %ort circuits w be impossible4 ,all contacts mu/ be kept smoo? & bright & contact mu/ be made & brok5 )\t any wav]+ or unc]ta9ty4 ,fig4 #acb %[s ! completely wir$ movem5t ( ! ,am]ican ,clock ,company's weight driv5 movem5t1 :i* may be accept$ z a type ( ?is class ( movem5ts--weight driv51 w9d+ e sev5 m9utes4 ,! tra9 is a /raight-l9e "t tra91 f ! c5t] arbor to ! dead beat escapem5t1 ) ! webs ( ! :eels n cross$ out4 ,x is wir$ ) ! wire f ! batt]y z9c screw$ to ! front plate ,h & t f ! batt]y c>bon to an insulat$ block ,g4 ,fig4 #acc %[s an enl>g$ view ( ! c5t] arbor4 ,^u ?is arbor are secur$ 7friction-tight7 two sev5-not*$ /eel rat*ets1 ,e1 & c>ri$ loosely betwe5 !m are two weight$ lev]s pivot$ loosely on ! c5t] arbor4 ,ea* lev] is provid$ ) a pawl engag+ 9 ! not*es ( ! ne>e/ rat*et1 z %[n4 ,! weight$ lev] has a circul> slot cut 9 x1 conc5tric ) ! c5t] hole & also has a portion ( its circumf]5ce at ! arbor cut away1 ?us =m+ a cam4 ,betwe5 ^! two lev]s is a connect+ l9k ,d ) a p9 9 its upp] end1 :i* p9 projects into ! circul> slots ( ! weight lev]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acc4 ,! lev] ,f is pivot$ to ! front plate ( ! clock & c>ries at "r angles a bevel$ arm :i* projects ov] ! rat*ets ,e1 b is ord9>ily prev5t$ f dropp+ into ! not*es by rid+ on ! circumf]5ces ( ! weight$ lev]s4 ,:5 "o lev] has dropp$ d[n & ! o!r has rea*$ a horizontal position ! cut portions ( ! circumf]5ces ( ^! lev]s w be opposite ! upp] not* ( ! rat*ets & w all[ ! b> project+ f ,f to drop into ! not*es4 ,?is all[s ,f & ,g to connect & ! magnet ,a is en]giz$1 pulls ! armature ,b1 ! arms ,c ,d1 & ?us lifts ! lev] ?r\gh ! p9 9 ,d pull+ at ! end ( ! circul> slot4 ,z ! lev] flies upw>d1 ! cam-%ap$ portion ( its circumf]5ce raises ! arm out ( ! not*es1 ?us sep>at+ ,f & ,g & break+ ! circuit4 ,a spr+ plac$ above ,e keeps its arms press$ con/antly ^u ,e 9 position to drop4 ,! wir+ ( ! magnets is %[n 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acd4 ,! upp] contact 7c>ri$ 9 ,f7 is a piece ( plat9um ) its l[] edge cut at an angle ( fifte5 degrees & bevel$ to a knife edge4 ,! l[] po9t ( ?is bevel comes into contact fir/ & is ! la/ to sep>ate :5 break+ connection1 s t any sp>k+ :i* may take place w be conf9$ to "o edge ( ! contacts :ile ! re/ ( ! surface rema9s clean4 7,see ,fig4 #acd47 ,ord9>ily !re is v little corrosion f burn+ & ?is is con/antly rubb$ (f by ! slid+ ( ! surfaces ^u ea* o!r4 ,! l[] contact1 ,g1 consi/s ( a brass block m\nt$ ^u an insulat+ plate ( h>d rubb]4 ,! block is 9 two pieces1 screw$ toge!r1 & ea* piece c>ries a plat9um tipp$ /eel spr+4 ,^! spr+s are s set z to press _! plat9um tips aga9/ ea* o!r directly b5ea? ! upp] contact4 ,! upp] & l[] plat9um tips engage ea* o!r ab\t "o-sixte5? in* at ! "t ( mak+ contact4 ,! l[] block be+ 9 two pieces1 ! spr+s may be tak5 ap>t = clean+1 or to adju/ _! t5sion4 ,! latt] %\ld be slight & %\ld 9 no case exce$ t :i* is ex]t$ by ! spr+ 9 ,f1 or ! upp] knife edge w n be =c$ betwe5 ! two l[] spr+s4 ,! p9 on :i* ,f is pivot$ & t be>+ on ! spr+ above x mu/ be clean & bright & nev] be oil$1 z x is ?r\gh ^! t ! curr5t passes to ! upp] contact 9 ! end ( ,f4 ,! contacts are1 ( c\rse1 nev] oil$4 ,! two weight$ lev]s %\ld be p]fectly free on ! c5t] arbor & _! support+ pawls %\ld be p]fectly free on ! %\ld] screws 9 ! lev]s4 ,_! spr+s %\ld be /rong en\gh to secure quick action ( ! pawls4 ,?is fre$om & spe$ ( action are important1 z ! lev]s are ?r[n upw>d v quickly & may reb\nd f ! butt+ po/ )\t engag+ ! rat*ets if ! pawls d n "w quickly4 ,! project+ arm1 ,c1 ( ! armature1 ,b1 has pivot$ to x1 a l9k1 ,d1 :i* projects upw>d & supports at its upp] end a cross p94 ,! l9k %\ld n be tight 9 ! slot ( ,c1 b %\ld fit closely on ! sides1 9 ord] to keep ! cross p9 at ! top ( ,d p>allel ) ! c5t] /aff ( ! clock4 ,?is cross p9 projects ?r\gh ,d an equal di/ance on ei!r side1 ea* end respectively pass+ ?r\gh ! slot ( ! correspond+ lev]1 ! total l5g? ( ?is p9 be+ ne>ly equal to ! di/ance betwe5 ! rat*ets4 ,:5 ! electric circuit is clos$1 & ! magnets en]giz$1 ,b1 ,c & ,d are drawn d[nw>d2 ! weight$ end ( "o ( ! lev]s :i* runs ! clock1 be+ at ?is "t at ! limit ( its d[nw>d movem5t1 see ,fig4 #ace1 ! opposite or slott$ end ( said lev]1 is !n at its highe/ po9t1 & ! d[nw>d pull 9 ! slot by "o end ( ! above describ$ crossp9 :i* ent]s x w ?r[ ! weight$ end ( ! said lev] upw>d4 ,! direct action ( ! magnets raises ! lev] ne>ly to ! horizontal position1 & ! mom5tum acquir$ c>ries x ! rema9d] ( ! di/ance4 ,by ?is arrangem5t ( /opp+ ! d[nw>d pull ( ! p9 :5 ! asc5d+ lev] rea*es ! horizontal1 all dang] ( di/urb+ ! o!r lev] ,a is avoid$4 ,! position is su* t ! top ( ! asc5d+ lev] weight is ab\t ev5 ) ! c5t] ( ! o!r weight :5 ! direct pull ceases4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ace4 ,be=e />t+ ! clock raise ! lev] weights s t "o lev] is act+ ^u a high] not* ( ! rat*et ?an ! o!r4 ,!y are design$ to rema9 ab\t =ty-five degrees ap>t1 s z to raise only "o lev] at ea* action ( ! magnet4 ,?is ma9ta9s an equal weight on ! tra91 :i* w\ld n be ! case if !y 7 all[$ to rise & fall toge!r2 keep+ ! lev]s sep>at$ also r$uces ! am\nt ( lift or pull on ! batt]y & uses less curr5t1 :i* is an item :5 ! batt]y is ne>ly run d[n4 ,if ^! lev]s are f\nd toge!r x indicates t ! batt]y is weak1 ! contacts dirty1 mak+ irregul> w9d+1 or ! pawls are work+ improp]ly4 ,see t ! lev]s rise promptly & ) suffici5t =ce4 ,aft] "o ( !m has ris5 /op ! p5dulum & see t ! butt+ po/ is correctly plac$1 s t !re is no dang] ( ! lev] w$g+ "u ! po/ & /ick+ !re1 or caus+ ! lev] to reb\nd too mu*4 ,! butt+ po/ is set "r :5 ! clock leaves ! factory & seldom ne$s adju/m5t unless "s "o has t9k]$ ) x4 ,! "t tra9 %\ld be oil$ z ) ! ord9>y movem5ts1 also ! pawls on ! lev]s4 ,! lev] bu%+s %\ld be clean$ be=e oil+ & !n well oil$ 9 ord] to avoid friction on ! c5t] arbor f ! d[nw>d pull ( ! magnets :5 rais+ ! lev]s4 ,9 ord] to clean ! lev]s drive out ! tap] p9 9 ! c5t] arbor & remove ! front rat*et1 :5 ! lev]s w slip (f4 ,9 putt+ !m back c>e %\ld be us$ to see t ! not*es ( ! rat*ets are opposite ea* o!r4 ,oil ! edges ( ! rat*ets & ! armature p9s4 ,d n "u any circum/ances oil ! contact po9ts1 ! p9s or spr+s ( ! b> ,f1 z ?is w de/roy ! pa? ( ! curr5t & ?us /op ! clock4 ,^! p9s mu/ be kept clean & bright4 ,,h\rly ,,w9d+ ,,clocks4--,!re are probably m ( ^! 9 ,am]ica ?an ( all o!r electric k9ds put toge!r 7we believe ! pres5t figures are some?+ l #ace1jjj71 s t x w n be unreasonable to give consid]able space to ?is v>iety ( clocks4 ,practically all ( !m are made by ! ,self ,w9d+ ,clock ,company & are connect$ ) ! ,we/]n ,union wires1 be+ w\nd by indep5d5t batt]ies 9 or ne> ! clock cases4 ,?ree patt]ns ( ^! clocks h be5 made & we w describe all ?ree4 ,z !y are all practically 9 ! same sy/em1 x w probably be bett] to fir/ make a simple /atem5t ( ! wir+1 :i* is rigidly adh]$ to by ! clock company 9 putt+ out ^! goods4 ,all wires runn+ f ! batt]y to ! w9d+ magnets ( ! movem5t are br[n4 ,all wires runn+ f ! syn*roniz+ magnet to ! syn*roniz+ l9e are blue4 ,ma/] clocks & sub-ma/] clocks h :ite wires = receiv+ ! ,wa%+ton signal & ! relay = clos+ ! syn*roniz+ l9e w1 h wires ( blue & :ite plaid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acf4 ,by rememb]+ ?is sy/em x is comp>atively easy = a man to "k :at he is do+ ) ! wires1 ei!r inside or outside ( ! case4 ,= cal5d> clocks !re are1 9 addition1 two :ite wires runn+ f ! cal5d> to ! extra cell ( batt]y4 ,!re is also "o o!r peculi>ity1 9 t ^! clocks are arrang$ to be w\nd by h& :5ev] run d[n 7or :5 />t+ up7 by clos+ a swit* key1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 screw$ to ! inside ( ! case4 ,?is is practically an op5 swit*1 held op5 by ! spr+ 9 ! brass plate1 except :5 x is press$ d[n to ! l[] button4 ,! e>lie/ movem5t ( :i* any consid]able numb] 7 s5t out 0 t ( ! rot>y w9d+ f a ?ree-pole motor1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #acg4 ,ea* ( ^! magnet spools is ( two ohms1 ) twelve ohms resi/ance1 plac$ 9 p>allel ) ! w9d+ ( ea* set ( magnet spools1 ?us mak+ a total ( n9e spools = ! ?ree-pole motor4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #acg4 ,on ! front end ( ! armature drum arbor is a commutator hav+ six po9ts1 correspond+ to ! six armatures 9 ! drum4 ,!re are ?ree magnets m>k$ ,o1 ,p & ,x2 ea* magnet has its own bru% m>k$ ,o1 ,p & ,x4 ,:5 an armature approa*es a magnet 7see ,fig4 #acg7 ! bru% makes contact ) a po9t ( ! commutator1 & rema9s 9 contact until ! magnet has done its "w & ! next magnet has come into action4 ,:5 prop]ly adju/$ ! bru% ,o w make contact :5 armatures #a & #b are 9 ! position %[n1 ) ,no4 #b a little ne>] ! core ( ! magnet ?an ,no4 #a2 & x w break contact :5 ! armature has advanc$ into ! position %[n by armature ,no4 #c1 ! front edge ( ! armature be+ ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in* f ! corn] ( ! core1 armature ,no4 #d be+ entirely out ( circuit1 z bru% ,x is n t\*+ ! commutator4 ,! back /op spr+1 ,s1 ,fig4 #acg1 mu/ be adju/$ s t ! bru% ,o is 9 full contact ) a po9t ( ! commutator :5 ! motor is at re/1 ) a too? ( ! rat*et t\*+ ! end ( ! spr+1 ,s4 ,sometimes ! back /op spr+1 ,s1 becomes brok5 or b5t4 ,:5 ?is occurs x is usually f ov]w9d+4 ,x mu/ be repair$ by a new spr+1 or by /raight5+ ! old "o by burni%+ ) a screwdriv]4 ,set ! spr+ s t x w cat* ab\t half way d[n ! la/ too?4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! action ( ! motor we come n[ to ! means ( tempor>ily clos+ ! circuit & keep+ x clos$ until su* "t z ! spr+ is w\nd a suffici5t am\nt to run ! clock = "o h\r2 z ! spr+ is on ! c5t] arbor ?is requires "o complete turn4 ,?is is ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ?is sy/em ( clocks & is n possess$ by any ( ! o!rs4 ,x v>ies 9 con/ruction 9 ! v>i\s movem5ts1 b 9 all its =ms x ma9ta9s ! ess5tial prop]ties ( hold+ ! curr5t on to ! circuit until su* "t z ! spr+ has be5 w\nd a suffici5t quantity1 :5 x is aga9 =cibly brok5 by ! action ( ! clock4 ,?is is t]m$ ! 8knock away10 & exi/s 9 all ( ^! movem5ts4 ,to />t ! motor ! circuit is clos$ by a plat9um tipp$ arm1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ach1 loosely m\nt$ on ! c5t] arbor1 & c>ri$ ar\nd by a p9 project+ f ! c5t] :eel until ! arm is upright1 :5 x makes contact ) ! insulat$ plat9um tipp$ bru%1 ,b4 ,a c>ries 9 its front an ivory piece :i* projects a trifle above ! plat9um top1 s t :5 ,b drops (f ! ivory x w make contact ) ! plat9um on ,a firmly & sudd5ly4 ,?is contact !n rema9s clos$ until ! spr+ b>rel is turn$ a full revolution1 :5 a p9 9 ! b>rel cov] br+s up ! 8knock-away10 ,c1 :i* moves ! arm1 ,a1 =w>d f "u ! bru%1 ,b1 & breaks ! circuit4 ,! bru%1 ,b1 %\ld lie firmly on its bank+ piece1 & %\ld be s adju/$ t :5 x leaves ! arm1 ,a1 x w drop ab\t "o-?irty-second ( an in*4 ,adju/$ 9 ?is way x insures a good1 firm contact4 ,! angle at ! top ( ! bru%1 ,b1 mu/ n be too abrupt1 s z to ret>d ! action ( ! clock :ile ! contact is be+ made4 ,wire ,no4 #h connects ! spr+ contact1 ,b1 to "o ( ! b9d+ plates at ! left h& side ( ! case2 & wire ,no4 #f connects ! motor1 ,m1 to ! o!r4 ,to ^! b9d+ plates are atta*$ br[n wires t lead "o to ea* end ( ! batt]y4 ,:5 ! clock is q run d[n1 x is w\nd by press+ ! swit* key1 ,fig4 #acf1 f :i* a wire runs to ! plate4 ,! swit* key %\ld n be p]man5tly connect$ to its contact screw1 ,j4 ,see t all wires are 9 good condition & all connections tight & bright4 ,! ma9 spr+ is w\nd by a p9ion on ! armature drum arbor1 ?r\gh an int]m$iate :eel & p9ion to ! :eel on ! spr+ b>rel4 ,at /at$ times--say once 9 eighte5 mon?s or two ye>s--all clocks %\ld be ?or\ghly clean$ & oil$1 & at ! same "t inspect$ to be sure !y are 9 good ord]4 ,nev] let ! self-w9d+ clocks run d[n backw>d1 z ! arm1 ,a1 ,fig4 #ach1 w be c>ri$ back aga9/ ! bru%1 ,b1 & b5d x out ( adju/m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ach4 ,to clean ! movem5t1 take x f ! case1 take out ! an*or & all[ x to run d[n g5tly1 s z n to break ! p9s1 !n remove ! motor4 ,take (f ! front plate & sep>ate all ! p>ts4 ,nev] take (f ! back plate 9 ^! clocks4 ,wa% ! plates & all p>ts 9 a good quality ( b5z9e1 pegg+ out ! holes & lett+ !m dry ?or\ghly be=e reassembl+4 ,! motor mu/ n be tak5 ap>t1 b may be wa%$ 9 b5z9e1 by us+ a small bru% freely ab\t ! be>+s1 commutator & bru%es4 ,put oil 9 all ! pivot holes1 b n s mu* t x w run4 ,! motor be>+s & ! pallets ( ! an*or %\ld also be oil$4 ,inspect c>efully to see t ! c5t] w9d+ contact is "r & t ! motor is )\t any dead po9ts4 ,du/ out ! case & put ! movem5t 9 place4 ,be=e putt+ on ! dial try ! w9d+ by means ( ! swit*1 ,fig4 #acf1 to be sure t x is "r2 also see t ! disc on ! cannon socket is 9 ! "r position to op5 ! lat* at ! h\r1 & aft] ! dial & h&s are on move ! m9ute h& =w>d pa/ ! h\r & !n backw>d g5tly until x is /opp$ by ! lat*4 ,?is w prove t ! h& is on ! squ>e correctly4 ,on acc\nt ( ! liability ( ! motor to get out ( adju/m5t & fail to w9d1 f ! %ift+ ( ! spr+s & bru%es1 "u c>eless adju/m5t1 v>i\s attempts h be5 made to improve ?is feature ( ^! clocks & ! company is n[ putt+ out ne>ly altoge!r "o ( ! two vibrat+ motors1 %[n 9 ,figs4 #aci & #adj4 ,9 ,/yle ,c1 ,fig4 #aci1 ! h\rly contact = w9d+ is ! same z 9 ! clock ) ! ?ree-magnet motor1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ach4 ,! magnet spools are twelve ohms & ! resi/ance coil is eighty ohms1 plac$ 9 p>allel1 z describ$ 9 ,fig4 #acj4 ,! vibrat+ motor1 ,fig4 #aci1 is made ) a pair ( magnets & a vibrat+ armature4 ,! ma9 spr+ is w\nd by ! =w>d & backw>d motion ( ! armature1 "o end ( ! connect+ rod1 #h1 be+ atta*$ to a lug ( ! armature1 #b1 & ! o!r to ! w9d+ lev]1 #aj4 ,?is lev] has spr+ ends1 to avoid %ock & noise4 ,z ! w9d+ lev] is mov$ up & d[n1 ! pawl1 #i1 turns ! rat* :eel1 #aa1 & a p9ion on ! rat* :eel arbor turns ! spr+ b>rel until ! w9d+ is complet$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aci4 ,! contact = op]at+ ! motor is made by ! brass spiral spr+1 #c1 :i* is atta*$ to ! insulat$ /ud1 #d1 & ! plat9um p91 #e1 :i* is c>ri$ on a spr+ atta*$ to ! clock plate4 ,z ! armature moves =w>d ! break p91 ,a1 9 ! end ( ! armature lifts ! contact spr+1 #c1 ?us break+ ! circuit4 ,! acquir$ mom5tum c>ries ! armature =w>d until x /rikes ! upp] bank+ spr+1 #f1 :5 x returns rapidly to its orig9al position1 bank+ on spr+ #g1 by :i* "t contact is aga9 made betwe5 spr+s #c & #e & ! vibration is repeat$ until ! clock is w\nd "o turn ( ! b>rel & ! circuit is brok5 at ! c5t] w9d+ contact4 ,fig4 #adj1 ,/yle ,f1 is a simil> motor s f> z ! vibrat+ armature & ! w9d+ is conc]n$1 b ! w9d+ lev] is pivot$ directly on ! arbor ( ! w9d+ :eel & op]ates v]tically f an arm & /ud on ! armature %aft1 work+ 9 a =k ( ! w9d+ lev]1 #h1 ,fig4 #adj4 ,x w be se5 t ! tra9 & ! motor w9d+ me*anism are comb9$ 9 "o set ( plates4 ,! motor is ( ! oscillat+ type & its con/ruction is su* t all its p>ts may be remov$ )\t dissembl+ ! clock tra94 ,,con/ruction ,,( ,,! ,,motor4--,! con/ruction ( ! motor is v simple1 hav+ only "o pair ( magnets1 b two sets ( make & break contacts1 "o set ( :i* is plac$ on ! front & ! o!r on ! back plate ( ! movem5t1 ?us ensur+ a m reliable op]ation ( ! motor1 & r$uc+ by fifty p] c5t ! possibility ( its fail+ to w9d4 ,! c5t] w9d+ contact also diff]s f ^? us$ 9 ! ?ree-magnet motors & =m] /yles ( vibrat+ motor movem5ts4 ,! c5t] w9d+ contact piece1 #ac1 has no ivory & no plat9um4 ,! h\rly circuit is n clos$ by ! curr5t pass+ ?r\gh ?is piece1 b x acts by br++ ! plate contact spr+1 #af1 9 metallic connection ) ! insulat$ c5t] w9d+ contact spr+1 #ag1 bo? ( :i* are plat9um tipp$4 ,x w ?us be se5 t no accumulation ( dirt1 oil or gum ar\nd ! c5t] arbor or ! tra9 pivots w h any effect 9 prev5t+ ! curr5t f pass+ f ! motor to ! h\rly circuit clos]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adj4 ,! op]ation is z foll[s3 ,z ! tra9 revolves1 ! p91 #ab1 securely fa/5$ to ! c5t] arbor1 9 its h\rly revolution engages a p9 on ! c5t] w9d+ contact piece1 #ac4 ,?is piece z x revolves pu%es ! plate contact spr+1 #af1 upw>d1 br++ x 9 metallic connection ) ! c5t] w9d+ contact spr+1 #ag1 :i* is fa/5$ to a /ud on an insulat$ b9d+ po/1 #ah1 !reby1 clos+ ! h\rly circuit4 ,! curr5t passes f ! b9d+ po/1 #ah1 ?r\gh ! batt]y 7or any o!r s\rce ( curr5t supply7 to b9d+ po/ #ai1 to :i* is connect$ "o end ( ! motor magnet wire4 ,! curr5t passes ?r\gh ^! magnets to ! insulat$ /ud1 #d4 ,to ?is /ud ! spiral contact spr+1 #c1 is fa/5$ & ! curr5t passes f ?is spr+ to ! plate contact spr+1 #e1 !nce ?r\gh ! movem5t plate to plate contact spr+1 #af1 & f !re ?r\gh spr+1 #ag1 back to ! batt]y4 ,! ma9 spr+ is w\nd by ! =w>d & backw>d motion ( ! armature1 #b4 ,to ?is armature is connect$ ! w9d+ lev]1 #h4 ,z ! w9d+ lev] is oscillat$1 ! pawl1 #i1 turns ! rat*et :eel1 #aa1 & a p9ion on ! rat*et :eel arbor turns ! w9d+ :eel until ! p91 #ae1 connect$ to x engages ! knock-away piece1 #ad1 revolv+ x until x /rikes ! p9 on ! c5t] w9d+ contact piece1 #ac1 & pu%es x f "u ! plate contact spr+1 !reby break+ ! electric circuit & complet+ ! h\rly w9d+4 ,! prop] position ( ! contact spr+s is cle>ly indicat$ 9 ,fig4 #adj4 ,! spr+1 #af1 %\ld always assume ! position %[n !reon4 ,:5 ! c5t] w9d+ contact piece1 #ac1 comes 9 metallic connection ) ! plate contact spr+1 #af1 ! end ( ?is spr+ %\ld /& ab\t "o-?irty-second ( an in* f ! edge ( ! incl9e4 ,! c5t] w9d+ contact spr+1 #ag1 %\ld always cle> ! plate contact spr+ "o-?irty-second ( an in*4 ,:5 ! two spr+s t\* !y %\ld be p]fectly p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,,adju/m5ts ,,( ,,! ,,armature4--,9 /yles ,c & ,f1 :5 ! armature1 #b1 re/s on ! bank+ spr+1 #g1 its front edge %\ld be 9 l9e ) ! edge ( ! magnet core4 ,! upp] bank+ spr+1 #f1 mu/ be adju/$ s t ! front edge ( ! armature w be "o-sixte5? ( an in* f ! corn] ( ! magnet core :5 x t\*es ! spr+4 ,:5 ! contact spr+1 #c1 re/s on ! plat9um p91 #e1 x %\ld po9t to ab\t ! c5t] ( ! magnet core1 ) ! plat9um p9 at ! middle ( ! plat9um piece on ! spr+4 ,to adju/ ! t5sion ( ! spiral contact spr+1 #c1 take hold ( ! po9t ) a light pair ( tweez]s & pull x g5tly =w>d1 lett+ x drop "u ! p94 ,x %\ld take ! position %[n by ! dott$ l9e1 ! top ( ! spr+ be+ ab\t "o-?irty-second ( an in* bel[ ! plat9um p94 ,if f any cause x has be5 put out ( adju/m5t x c be correct$ by c>efully b5d+ "u ! tweez]s1 or ! nut1 #d1 may be loos5$ & ! spr+ remov$4 ,x may !n be b5t 9 its prop] %ape & replac$4 ,! hole 9 ! brass hub to :i* ! spr+ is fa/5$ has a flat side to x1 fitt+ a flat on ! insulat$ contact /ud4 ,if ! contact spr+ is b5t to ! "r position x may be tak5 (f & put back at any "t )\t *ang+ ! adju/m5t1 or a defective spr+ may readily be replac$ ) a new "o4 ,:5 ! armature t\*es ! upp] bank+ spr+ ! spiral contact spr+1 #c1 %\ld cle> ! plat9um p91 #e1 ab\t "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,bo? contacts on front & back plates 9 /yle ,f are adju/$ alike4 ,! circuit break p9s 8,a0 on ! armature %\ld raise bo? spiral contact spr+s at ! same in/ant4 ,if = any reason ! motor magnets h become displac$ !y may readily be readju/$ by loos5+ ! f\r yoke screws hold+ !m to ! movem5t plates4 ,hold ! armature aga9/ ! upp] bank+ spr+1 move ! magnets =w>d 9 ! elongat$ slot1 #bj1 until ! ends ( ! magnet cores cle> ! armature by "o-sixty-f\r? ( an in*1 !n tight5 d[n ! f\r yoke screws4 ,connect ! motor to ! batt]y & see t ! armature has a /eady vibration & does n t\* ! magnet core4 ,! adju/m5t %\ld be su* t ! armature c sw+ pa/ ! magnet core "o-eigh? to ?ree-sixte5?s ( an in*4 ,,description ,,( ,,syn*roniz]4--,at pr$et]m9$ times a curr5t is s5t ?r\gh ! syn*roniz] magnet1 ,d1 ,fig4 #ada1 :i* actuates ! armature1 ,e1 to :i* are atta*$ ! lev]s1 ,f & ,g1 mov+ !m d[n until ! po9ts on ! lev]1 ,g1 engage ) two projections1 #d & #e1 on ! m9ute disc2 & lev] ,f engages ) ! he>t-%ap$ cam or roll on ! seconds arbor sleeve1 caus+ bo? ! m9ute & second h&s to po9t to ,,xii4 ,^! magnet spools are w\nd to twelve ohms1 ) an eighty-ohm resi/ance 9 p>allel4 ,on ! lat*1 ,l1 is a p91 ,i1 arrang$ to drop "u ! hook1 ,h1 & prev5t any action ( ! syn*roniz+ lev]s1 except at ! h\r4 ,a p9 9 ! disc on ! cannon socket unlocks ! lat* ab\t two m9utes be=e ! h\r & closes x aga9 ab\t two m9utes aft] ! signal4 ,?is is to prev5t any accid5tal 8cross0 on ! syn*roniz+ l9e f di/urb+ ! h&s dur+ ! h\r4 ,m is a light spr+ atta*$ to ! syn*roniz+ frame to help />t ! armature back aft] ! h&s are set4 ,! wires f ! syn*roniz+ magnet are connect$ to b9d+ plates at ! "r-h& side ( ! clock & f ^! b9d+ plates ! blue wires1 ,nos4 #i & #aj1 pass out at ! top ( ! case to ! syn*roniz+ l9e4 ,if ! clock gets out ( ! syn*roniz+ range x g5]ally indicates v c>eless regulation4 ,! clock is regulat$ by ! p5dulum1 z 9 all o!rs1 b !re is "o peculi>ity 9 t ! p5dulum regulat+ nut has a *eck nut4 ,if ! clock ga9s "t turn ! l>ge regulat+ nut "u ! p5dulum bob slightly to ! left4 ,if ! clock loses "t turn ! nut slightly to ! "r4 ,loos5 ! small *eck nut "u ! regulat+ nut be=e turn+ ! regulat+ nut1 & be sure to tight5 ! *eck nut aft] mov+ ! regulat+ nut4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! friction ( ! seconds h& is v c>efully adju/$ at ! factory1 be+ weigh$ by hang+ a small /&>d weight on ! po9t ( ! h&4 ,if x becomes too light & ! h& drives or slips backw>d1 los+ "t1 x c be made /rong] by lay+ x on a piece ( wood & rubb+ ! inn] sides ( ! po9ts ) a smoo? screw driv]1 & if too heavy & ! clock w n set :5 ! syn*roniz+ magnets are actuat$1 ! po9ts ( ! spr+ 9 ! friction may be /raight5$ a little4 ,if ! seconds h& sleeve does n hold on ! seconds socket1 p9* x a little ) pli]s4 ,if ! seconds h& is loose on ! sleeve put on a new "o or sold] x on ! "u side4 ,9 /yle ,f ! syn*roniz+ lev]1 he>t-%ap$ seconds socket & cams on ! cannon sockets are ! same z 9 ! old /yle movem5ts1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ada4 ,! diff]5ce is 9 ! syn*roniz+ magnets & ! way !y op]ate ! syn*roniz+ lev]4 ,! magnet has a flat end$ core in/ead ( be+ ecc5tric l ! =m] ones4 ,! armature is also made ( flat iron & is pivot$ to a /ud fa/5$ to ! syn*roniz+ frame4 ,! armature is connect$ to ! syn*roniz+ lev] by a connect+ rod & pitman screws4 ,a sector has an oblong slot1 all[+ ! armature to be l[]$ or rais$ "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! syn*roniz+ lev] is plac$ on a /eel /ud fa/5$ to ! front plate & held 9 position by a brass nut4 ,! syn*roniz+ magnets are #ab ohms ) #hj ohms resi/ance & are fa/5$ to a yoke :i* is screw$ to ! syn*roniz+ frame by f\r iron screws4 ,! holes 9 ! syn*roniz+ frame are made oblong1 all[+ ! yoke & magnets to be rais$ or l[]$ "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,! spr+ on top ( ! armature is us$ to ?r[ x back quickly & also acts z a diamagnetic1 prev5t+ ! armature f freez+ to ! magnets4 ,a screw 9 ! /ud is us$ to screw up aga9/ ! magnet head1 prev5t+ any spr+ t might take place on ! armature /ud4 ,b9d+ po/s are screw$ to ! syn*roniz+ frame & ! ends ( ! magnet coils are fa/5$ !reto ) metal clips4 ,! blue wires 9 ! clock case are coil$ & h a metal clip sold]$ to !m4 ,!y connect direct by ^! clips to ! b9d+ po/s1 ?us mak+ a firm connection1 & are n liable to oxidize4 ,) ! v>i\s po9ts ( adju/m5t a pair ( magnets burn$ out or o!rwise defective may readily be replac$ 9 f five to t5 m9utes4 ,:5 replac+ a pair ( syn*roniz+ magnets proce$ z foll[s3 ,remove ! old pair & !n loos5 all f\r screws 9 ! yoke1 pu%+ x up aga9/ ! tops ( ! oblong holes1 !n tight5 d[n lightly4 ,fa/5 ! new pair ( magnets to ! yoke ) ! inn] ends ( ! coils %[+ at ! outside ( ! movem5t4 ,press ! armature upw>d until ! syn*roniz+ lev] locks tightly on ! cannon socket & ! he>t-%ap$ cams1 !n loos5 ! magnet yoke screws & press ! magnets d[n on ! spr+ on top ( ! armature4 ,!n tight5 ! yoke screws on ! front plate & see t ! back ( ! magnets cle>s ! armature by "o-hundr$? ( an in* 7! ?ickness ( a wat* pap]71 :5 ! screws 9 ! back ( ! yoke c be set d[n firmly4 ,! adju/m5t screw may !n be turn$ up until x presses lightly aga9/ ! magnet head4 ,:5 curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh ! magnets & held !re ! armature mu/ cle> ! magnets )\t t\*+4 ,! magnet coils mu/ !n be connect$ to _! respective b9d+ po/s by slipp+ ! metal clips sold]$ to !m "u ! rubb] bu%+1 mak+ a metallic connection ) ! b9d+ plates4 ,fa/5 ^! screws d[n tight to insure good connections4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adb4 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,clock4--,is a f9ely f9i%$ movem5t ) m]curial p5dulum t beats seconds & a ,g]ry gravity escapem5t4 ,at ! left & ne> ! c5t] ( ! movem5t is a device = clos+ ! syn*roniz+ circuit once ea* h\r4 ,! device consi/s ( a /ud on :i* is an insulator hav+ two insulat$ spr+ f+]s1 ,c & ,d1 "o above ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #adb1 except at ! po9ts :]e !y are cut away to lie side by side on an insulat$ support4 ,on ^! f+]s1 & ne> ! insulator1 are two plat9um pieces1 ,e & ,f1 s adju/$ z to be held ap>t1 except at ! "t ( syn*roniz+4 ,a projection1 ,b1 f ! insulator re/s on ! edge ( a disc on ! c5t] arbor4 ,at t5 seconds be=e ! h\r1 a not* 9 ?is disc all[s ! spr+ to draw ! support d[nw>d1 leav+ ! po9ts ( ! f+]s1 ,c & ,d1 re/+ on ! rais$ "p ( ! rubb] cam on ! escape arbor4 ,! end ( ! f+]1 ,c1 is made %ort] ?an t ( ,d1 & at ! fifty-n9? second1 ,c drops & closes ! circuit by ,e /rik+ ,f4 ,at ! next beat ( ! p5dulum ! long f+] ,d drops & op5s ! circuit aga94 ,! w9d+ is ! same z 9 ! regul> self-w9d+ clocks1 ! motor wire & seconds contact be+ connect$ to ! b9d+ plates at ! left1 f :i* br[n wires lead up to ! batt]y4 ,two wires f ! syn*roniz+ device are connect$ to ! b9d+ plates at ! left1 f :i* blue wires run out to ! l9e4 ,be=e connect+ ! clock to ! l9e x mu/ be run until x is well regulat$1 & also to le>n if ! contacts are work+ correctly4 ,regulate at fir/ by ! nut at ! bottom ( ! rod until x runs ab\t "o second sl[ 9 #bd h\rs 7a full turn ( ! nut w *ange ! rate ab\t "o-half m9ute p] day74 ,! manufactur]s s5d ) ea* clock a set ( auxili>y p5dulum weights1 ! l>ge/ weigh+ "o gram1 ! next 9 size five decigrams & ! smalle/ two decigrams2 ^! weights are to make ! f9e regulations by plac+ "o or m ( !m on ! little table t is fa/5$ ab\t ! middle ( ! p5dulum rod4 ,! five decigram weight w make ! clock ga9 ab\t "o second p] day1 & ! o!r weights 9 proportion4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to di/urb ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum1 z a *ange ( ! arc *anges ! rate4 ,to />t ! clock aft] x is regulat$1 /op x1 ) ! second h& on ! fiftie? second2 move ! h&s =w>d to ! h\r at :i* ! signal comes f ! obs]vatory2 !n press ! m9ute h& back g5tly until x is /opp$ by ! ext5sion on ! h\r contact1 ,fig4 #adb1 & beat ! clock up to ! h\r4 ,?is ensures ! h\r contact be+ 9 position to s5d ! syn*roniz+ signal4 ,a good way to />t x ) obs]vatory "t is ) all ! h&s po9t+ to ! 8signal0 h\r2 hold ! p5dulum to "o side & :5 ! signal comes let x g4 ,) a little practice x c be />t$ v ne>ly correct4 ,clocks n lett]$ 9 ! bottom ( ! case mu/ be w\nd be=e />t+ ! p5dulum4 ,to d ?is press ! swit* %[n 9 ,fig4 #acf1 :i* is on ! left side ( ! case & "u ! dial4 ,cont9ue ! pressure until ! w9d+ ceases4 ,!n set ! h&s & />t ! p5dulum 9 ! usual way4 ,if ! bell is n want$ to r+1 b5d back ! hamm]4 ,,second>y ,,dials4--,"o ( ! mo/ deceptive bran*es ( clock "w is ! second>y dial1 or 8m9ute jump]40 ,t5 ye>s ago x 0 ! rule = all manufactur]s ( electric clocks to put out "o or m patt]ns ( second>y dials4 ,!oretically x 0 a p]fect s*eme1 z ! second>y dial ne$$ no tra91 c\ld be *eaply in/all$ & c\ld be op]at$ )\t tr\ble f a ma/] clock1 s t all dials w\ld %[ exactly ! same "t4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 x prov$ a v deceptive arrangem5t4 ,! clocks 7 subject to two classes ( error4 ,"o 0 t x 0 extremely difficult to make any me*anical arrangem5t 9 :i* ! h&s w\ld n drive too f> or slip backw>d :5 ! me*anism 0 releas$ to advance ! m9ute h&4 ,! second class ( errors arose f faulty contacts at ! ma/] clock & v>iation 9 ei!r quantity or /r5g? ( curr5t4 ,ano!r & probably ! wor/ feature 0 t all su* classes ( app>atus record _! own errors & !reby !mselves provide ! /ronge/ evid5ce = condemnation ( ! sy/em4 ,clocks c\ld be w\nd once an h\r ) "o-sixtie? ( ! *ance ( error ( ^? w\nd once p] m9ute1 & !y c\ld be w\nd h\rly & syn*roniz$ daily ) _/? ( ! l9e tr\bles ( a m9ute sy/em4 ,! m9ute jump]s c\ld n be syn*roniz$ )\t co/+ z mu* to build & in/all z an ord9>y self-w9d+ clock1 ) p5dulum & "t tra91 & aft] try+ !m = ab\t t5 ye>s ne>ly all ! companies h sub/itut$ self-w9d+ "t tra9 clocks ) a syn*roniz+ sy/em4 ,!y h app>5tly conclud$ t1 s9ce x seems too mu* to expect ( "t app>atus t x w "w p]fectly "u all conditions1 ! next ?+ to d is to make ! individual units run z close to "t z is comm]cially practicable & !n correct ! errors ( ^? units *eaply & quickly f a c5tral po9t4 ,x is = ^! reasons t ! second>y dial has practically disappe>$ f s]vice1 al?\gh x 0 at "o "t 9 ext5sive use by su* companies z ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,company1 ! ,po/al ,telegraph & ! l>ge build+s 9 :i* ext5sive clock sy/ems h be5 in/all$4 ,fig4 #adc %[s "o =m ( second>y dial :i* involves a screw & a worm ge> on ! c5t] arbor1 :i*1 x w be se51 is adapt$ to be turn$ ?r\gh "o m9ute int]vals )\t ! c5t] arbor ev] be+ releas$ f its me*anism4 ,?is worm ge> 0 describ$ 9 ! ,,am]ican ,,jewel] ab\t fifte5 ye>s ago1 :5 pat5t$ by ! ,/&>d ,electric ,"t ,company 9 connection ) _! motor-driv5 t[] clocks1 & modifications ( x h be5 us$ at v>i\s times by o!r companies4 ,! worm ge> & screw sy/em %[n 9 ,fig4 #adc has ! fur!r advantage t x is suitable = l>ge dials1 z ! screw may be run 9 a box ( oil = dials above f\r feet & = t[] clocks & outside "w4 ,?is w readily be se5 to be an important advantage 9 ! case ( l>ge h&s :5 !y are load$ ) sn[ & ice1 requir+ m p[] to op]ate !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adc4 ,m9ute jump]4 ,a1 armature2 ,m1 magnets2 ,w1 worm ge> on c5t] arbor2 ,b1 oil box = worm2 ,r1 f\r too!d rat*et4 ,all second>ies op]ate by means ( an electromagnet rais+ a weight1 ! weight g5]ally =m+ ! armature2 ! fall ( ! weight !n op]ates ! h&s by gravity4 ,direct action ( ! curr5t 9 su* cases is impracticable1 z ! spe$ ( />t+ ) an electric curr5t w\ld cause ! ma*9e to te> itself to pieces4 ,?is screw ge> is ! only comb9ation kn[n to u t w prev5t ! h&s f slipp+ or driv+ by & r$uces ! errors ( ! second>y sy/em to ^? ( "o class1 namely1 imp]fections 9 ! contact ( ! ma/] clock1 insuffici5t quantity or /r5g? ( curr5t1 or accid5tal 8crosses0 & burn+s4 ,! s]ies arrangem5t ( wir+ second>ies 0 =m]ly greatly favor$ by all ( ! manufactur]s1 b x 0 f\nd t if any?+ happ5$ to "o clock x /opp$ ! lot ( !m2 & :]e m ?an fifty 7 9 s]ies1 ! necess>y voltage became s high t x 0 impracticable to run ! clocks ) m9ute contacts4 ,! mod]n sy/em1 !re=e1 is to arrange !m 9 multiples1 v mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( inc&esc5t lamps1 !n if "o clock goes wrong ! o!rs are n affect$4 ,or if ! curr5t is insuffici5t to op]ate all1 only ^? :i* are f>!/ away w\ld g out ( "t4 ,v mu* small] electromagnets w d ! "w ?an are g5]ally us$ = x1 & ! economy ( curr5t 9 su* cases is wor? look+ aft]1 z ) sixty contacts p] h\r batt]ies rapidly play out if ! curr5t us$ is at all excessive4 ,:]e dry batt]ies are us$ on second>ies c>e %\ld be tak5 to get ^? :i* are design$ = gas eng9e ignition or o!r heavy "w4 ,wet batt]ies1 ) ! z9cs well amalgamat$1 w give mu* bett] satisfaction z a rule & if ! plant is at all l>ge x %\ld be op]at$ f /orage cells ) an eng9e] to look aft] ! batt]y & keep x *>g$1 unless curr5t c be tak5 f a cont9u\sly *>g$ light+ ma94 ,?is c be readily done 9 su* in/ances z ! specifications call = 9 ! new cu/om h\se 9 ,new ,york1 namely1 "o ma/] clock & #afj second>y dials4 ,,electric ,,*imes4--,!re h lately come into ! m>ket sev]al devices = obta9+ *imes :i* all[ ! sep>ation ( ! *imes & ! timekeep+ app>atus1 connection be+ made by means ( electricity4 ,9 _m respects ?is is a popul> device4 ,x all[s1 = in/ance1 a full set ( p[]ful tubul> *imes1 six feet or m 9 l5g?1 to be plac$ 9 front ( a jewelry /ore1 :]e !y (f] a con/ant adv]tisem5t1 n only ( ! /ore itself1 b ( ! fact t *im+ clocks may be obta9$ !re4 ,x also all[s ( ! completion by /rik+ ( a /reet clock :i* is furni%$ ) a "t tra9 & s]ves at once z timepiece & sign4 ,_m ( ^! h tubul> *imes 9 :i* ! h\r bell is six feet 9 l5g? & ! o!rs correspond+ly small]4 ,!y h also be5 made ) bells ( ! usual %ape1 :i* are gr\p$ on po/s1 or hung 9 racks & op]at$ electrically4 ,x may also be us$ z a %ip's bell outfit by mak+ a few m9or *anges 9 ! controll]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #add4 ,*imes ( bells 9 rack4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ade4 ,*imes ( bells ) resonators4 ,fig4 #add %[s a peal ( bells 9 :i* ! rack is ?irty-six in*es long & ! height ( ! l>ge/ bell is eight in*es1 & ! total weight ?irty p\nds4 ,?is1 z w readily be se51 c be plac$ above a doorway or any o!r conv5i5t position = op]ation2 or x may be enclos$ 9 a lattice on ! ro(1 if ! build+ is n ov] two /ories 9 height4 ,! lattice "w w protect ! bells f ! wea!r & at ! same "t let out ! s\nd4 ,fig4 #ade %[s ! same app>atus ) resonators atta*$4 ,^! are holl[ tubes :i* s]ve z s\nd+ bo>ds1 l>gely increas+ ! s\nd & giv+ ! effect ( mu* l>g] bells4 ,fig4 #adf %[s a tubul> *ime & ! electrical connections f ! clock to ! controll] & to ! hamm]s1 :i* are op]at$ by electromagnets1 s t a heavy lead5 hamm] /rikes a solid bl[ at ! tops ( ! tubes4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adf4 ,tubul> electric *imes4 ,! dials ( su* clocks conta9 electrical connections & ! m9ute h& c>ries a bru% at its out] end4 ,! contact is %[n 9 enl>g$ view 9 ,fig4 #adg1 by :i* x w be se5 t ! metal is insulat$ f ! dial by means ( h>d rubb] or o!r insulat+ mat]ial1 s t ! bru% on ! m9ute h& w drop sudd5ly & firmly f ! insulator to ! metallic contact :5 ! m9ute h& rea*es fifte51 ?irty1 =ty-five or sixty m9utes4 ,!re is a common return wire1 ei!r screw$ to ! frame ( ! clock1 or atta*$ to ! dial1 :i* s]ves to close ! v>i\s circuits & to give f\r /rokes ( ! *imes at ! qu>t]1 eight at ! half1 twelve at ! ?ree-qu>t]1 & sixte5 at ! h\r1 foll[$ by ! h\r /rike4 ,! friction on ! c5t] arbor is ( c\rse adju/$ s z to c>ry ! m9ute h& )\t slipp+ at ! contacts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adg4 ,enl>g$ view ( connections on dial4 ,by ?is means a full *ime clock may be _h at mu* less co/ ?an if ! :ole app>atus _h to be self-conta9$ & ! facilities ( sep>ation betwe5 ! *imes & ! timekeep+ app>atus1 z h9t$ above1 gives _m advantages4 ,= in/ance1 ! same clock & controll] may op]ate tubes inside ! room & bells outside1 or vice v]sa4 ,^! are op]at$ by wet or dry batt]ies pur*as$ at local electrical supply h\ses1 & ! wir+ is done ) pla9 cov]$ bell wire1 or !y may be op]at$ by curr5t f a light+ circuit1 suitably r$uc$1 if ! curr5t is con/antly on ! ma9s4 ,z a full *ime ) sixte5 notes at ! h\r /rikes m ?an a ?\s& times a day1 consid]able c>e %\ld be tak5 to obta9 only ! be/ batt]ies :]e ^! are us$1 z aft] ! public gets us$ to ! *imes ! deal] w be greatly annoy$ by ! numb] ( p ask+ = !m if !y are /opp$ tempor>ily4 ,!re has lately develop$ a t5d5cy to avoid ! set tunes1 su* z ! ,we/m9/] & ! ,:itt+ton *imes1 & to s\nd ! notes z complete full notes1 su* z ! fir/1 ?ird & fif? ( ! octave = ! fir/1 second & ?ird qu>t]s1 foll[$ by ! h\r /rike4 ,?is all[s !m to be /ruck 9 any ord] & = a small] *ime r$uces ! co/ consid]ably4 ,! tubes us$ are roll$ ( bell metal & v>y 9 pit* ) ! manufacture1 s t ! only way to obta9 satisfactory tones is to cut y\r tubes a little long & !n tune !m by cutt+ (f aft]w>ds1 ! tone dep5d+ ^u ! ?ickness ( ! wall ( ! tube & its l5g?4 ,! bells are tun$ by turn+ f ! rim or f ! upp] portions z x is desir$ to raise or l[] ! tone1 & if ! resonators are us$ !y are tun$ 9 unison ) ! bells4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adh4 ,connections & contacts on front ( clock dial4 ,( ! ord9>y bells1 ,fig4 #add1 ! dim5sions run3 ,fir/1 height f\r in*es1 diamet] #e2 second1 height f\r in*es1 diamet] #e in*es2 ?ird1 height #d in*es1 diamet] #e in*es2 f\r?1 height #d in*es1 diamet] #e in*es2 fif?1 height #d in*es1 diamet] #f in*es4 ,= ! tubes ! approximate l5g? is six feet = ! longe/ tube & ! total weight ( ! *imes is #dc p\nds4 ,= ! controll] ! size is n9e by elev5 by six in*es1 ) a weight ( t5 p\nds4 ,! h\r /rike may be _h sep>ately f ! *imes if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #adi4 ,connections & wir+ on back ( clock dial4 ,?is makes an easily divisible sy/em & "o t is becom+ v popul> ) retail jewel]s & to "s ext5t ) _! cu/om]s4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,con/ruction ,,& ,,repair ,,( ,,dials4 ,probably no portion ( ! clock is m important ?an ! dial & x is app>5tly = ?is reason t we f9d s little v>iation 9 ! m>k+4 ,! public refuses to accept any?+ 9 ! way ( ornam5tation :i* int]f]es ) legibility & ab\t all t may be attempt$ is a little flat ornam5t 9 light colors :i* w n obscure ! sight ( ! h&s1 z x is 9 reality ! angle made by ! two h&s :i* is read in/ead ( ! figures4 ,9 pro( ( ?is may be cit$ ! _m adv]tis+ dials 9 :i* "o lett] takes ! place ( ea* "* ^u ! dial & ( ! t[] clocks 9 :i* ! h\rs are indicat$ m]ely by black5$ *>act]s1 be+ no?+ less ?an an oblong blot* on ! dial4 ,?\s&s ( p w pass su* a dial )\t ev] notic+ t ! regul> *>act]s d n appe>4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to *ange ! colors & ! sizes & %apes ( ! *>act]s b comp>atively few are successful4 ,a black dial ) gold *>act]s & h&s is g5]ally accept$1 or a cream dial ) black h&s1 b any fur!r exp]im5ts are dang]\s except 9 ! cases ( t[] clocks1 :i* may h gold h&s on any light color$ dial1 or a glass dial4 ,9 all su* cases legibility is ! ma9 factor s\ght & ! bright metal is f> pla9] = h&s & *apt]s ?an any?+ t may be sub/itut$ = !m4 ,9 t[] clocks ! rule is to h "o foot ( diamet] ( ! dial = e t5 feet ( height4 ,?us a clock situat$ "o hundr$ feet above ! gr\nd level %\ld h a t5 foot dial4 ,on v l>ge dials ?is rule is deviat$ f a little1 b n mu*4 ,all dials1 except ^? ( t[] clocks1 %\ld be fa/5$ to ! movem5t1 r ?an to ! case4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true :]e a seconds h&1 ) ! small op5+ = ! seconds h& sleeve1 makes any twi/+ or w>p+ ( ! case & consequ5t %ift+ ( ! dial liable to rub ! dial aga9/ ! sleeve at ! seconds h& & ?us int]f]e ) ! timekeep+4 ,! writ] has 9 m9d a case 9 :i* a l>ge numb] ( f9e clocks 7 in/all$ 9 a new brick & /one build+4 ,!y 7 f9ely f9i%$ & no soon] _h !y be5 hung on ! damp walls ?an ! cases comm5c$ to swell & twi/4 ,x 0 necess>y ?ree times to s5d a man to move ! dials :i* _h be5 atta*$ to ^! clocks4 ,z !re 7 ab\t ?irty clocks x w be se5 t ?is 0 exp5sive4 ,aft] ! walls _h dri$ out ! cases began to g back to ! positions 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally1 z ! moi/ure evaporat$ f ! cases1 & ! dials _h consequ5tly to be mov$ ?r\gh ano!r s]ies4 ,all told x took some?+ l a week's "w = "o man to %ift ^! dials half a doz5 times dur+ ! fir/ n9e mon?s ( _! in/allation4 ,if ^! dials _h be5 fa/5$ on pill>s on ! movem5ts1 ! %r9k+ & swell+ ( ! cases w\ld n h affect$ !m4 ,x is = ?is reason t dials are inv>iably fa/5$ on ! movem5ts ( all high class clocks4 ,! *>act]s on clock dials are /ill v l>gely ,roman1 ! num]als be+ kn[n z *apt]s4 ,attempts h be5 rec5tly made to sub/itute ,arabic figures & 9 su* cases ! ,arabic figures rema9 upright ?r\gh\t ! s]ies1 :ile ! *apt]s inv>iably po9t ! foot ( ! ,roman num]al t[>d ! c5t] ( ! dial4 ,?is makes ! ,roman num]als f ,,iiii to ,,viii upside d[n1 :ile 9 ! ,arabic num]als ?is inv]sion does n occur4 ,! proportions g5]ally sanction$ by usage h be5 f\nd1 aft] measur+ clock dials1 all ! way f two to eighte5 in*es1 & may be giv5 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,) a radius ( #bf mm4 ! m9ute circle is #a mm4 ,! m>g9 betwe5 m9ute circles & *apt]s is #a mm4 ,! *apt]s are #h mm4 ,! wid? ( ! ?ick /ems ( ! lett]s are mm4 ,! wid? ( an ,x is #d mm4 & ! slant+ ( ,x's & ,v's is tw5ty degrees f a radius ( ! dial4 ,! lett]s %\ld be proportion$ z foll[s3 ,! bread? ( an ,i & a space %\ld equal "o-half ! bread? ( an ,x1 t is1 if ! ,x is "o-half in* broad1 ! ,i w be ?ree-sixte5?s in* broad & ! space betwe5 lett]s "o-sixte5? in*1 ?us mak+ ! ,i plus "o space equal to "o-qu>t] in* or half ! bread? ( an ,x4 ,! ,v's %\ld be ! same bread? z ! ,x's4 ,aft] ! lett]s h be5 laid (f 9 p5cil1 outl9e !m ) a rul+ p5 & fill 9 ) a small camel's hair bru%1 us+ gloss black pa9t ?9n$ to ! prop] consi/5cy to "w well 9 ! rul+ p54 ,us+ ! rul+ p5 to outl9e ! lett]s gives %>p /raight edges1 :i* w\ld be impossible ) a bru% 9 ! h&s ( an inexp]i5c$ p]son4 ,= t[] clocks ! *apt]s & m9utes toge!r w take up "o-?ird ( ! radius ( ! dial2 ! figures two-?irds ( ?is1 or two-n9?s ( ! radius1 & ! m9utes two-?irds ( ! rema9+ "o-n9? ( ! radius1 ) e fif? m9ute m /rongly m>k$ ?an ! re/4 ,we (t5 he> /ories conc]n+ ! ,,iiii 9 place ( ,,iv4 ,! /ory usually told is t ,l\is ,,xiv ( ,france 0 inspect+ a clock made = him by a celebrat$ wat*mak] ( t day & rem>k$ t ! ,,iv 0 an error4 ,x %\ld be ,,iiii4 ,!re 0 no disput+ ! ,k+ & s ! wat*mak] took away ! dial & _h ! ,,iiii engrav$ 9 place ( ,,iv1 & t x has ?us rema9$ 9 defiance ( all tradition4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,l4 ,gordon1 ( ! ,se? ,?omas ,clock ,co41 has ! foll[+ to say conc]n+ ?is /ory & ?us furni%es ! only plausible explanation we h ev] se5 = ! cont9uance ( ?is manife/ error 9 ! ,roman num]al ( ! dial3 8,t ! attempt has be5 made to use ! ,,iv = ! f\r? h\r on clock dials1 any "o mak+ a /udy ( !m may obs]ve4 ,! dials on ! ,big ,b5 clock 9 ! t[] ( ! ,p>liam5t build+s1 ,london1 :i* may be said to be ! mo/ celebrat$ clock 9 ! _w1 h ! ,,iv m>k1 & ! dial on ! ,h]ald build+ 9 ,new ,york ,city also has x4 8,t ! ,,iiii m>k has come to /ay all mu/ admit1 & if s !re mu/ be a good & suffici5t reason4 ,art writ]s tell u t pictures mu/ h a balance 9 ! plac+ & prom95ce ( ! sev]al subjects4 ,mo/ conv5tional =ms are equally balanc$ ab\t a c5t] l9e or a c5tral po9t4 ,( ! latt] class ! well kn[n trefoil is a common example4 8,a clock or wat* dial ) ,roman num]als has ?ree po9ts :]e ! num]als are heavi]1 at ! ,,iiii1 ,,viii & ,,xii4 ,=tunately ^! heavi] num]als come at po9ts equally spac$ ab\t ! c5t] ( ! dial & ab\t a c5t] l9e p]p5dicul> to ! dial4 ,( ^! ?ree heavy num]als ! light] ( !m comes at ! top & x is especially necess>y t ! o!r two1 :i* are plac$ at opposite po9ts 9 relation to ! c5t] l9e1 %\ld be balanc$ z ne>ly z possible4 ,z ! ,,viii is ! heavi] & _c be *ang$1 ! balanc+ figure mu/ be made to correspond z ne>ly z possible1 & if m>k$ z ,,iv1 x w n d s ne>ly z effectively z if ! usual ,,iiii is us$40 ,x is comp>atively an easy matt] to make a metal dial ei!r ( z9c1 copp] or brass1 by lay+ out ! dial z indicat$ above ) ,roman *apt]s & num]als1 aft] fir/ v>ni%+ ! metal ) asphaltum4 ,?is may be drawn ^u ) ne$le po9ts :i* cut ?r\gh ! asphaltum & make a firmly def9$ l9e on ! metal4 ,x is be/ to lay out y\r dial 9 lead p5cil & !n take a metal /raight edge & a ne$le po9t & trace ?r\gh on ! p5cil m>ks4 ,mi/akes may be pa9t$ out ) asphaltum1 s t ! job becomes easy4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done a comp>atively dull grav] may be us$ to cut or scrape away ! asphaltum :]e ! metal is to be et*$ & !n ! plate may be laid 9 a tray1 a solution ( *loride ( iron p\r$ on & rock+ ! tray w rapidly eat away ! metal1 =m+ sunk5 l9es :]ev] ! copp] or brass is n protect$ by ! asphaltum4 ,?is furni%es a r\gh surface on ! et*$ portions1 :i* enables ! fill+ to /ick mu* bett] ?an if x 7 smoo?4 ,9 trac+ ! circles a pair ( heavy1 /iff1 c>p5t]s' compasses w s]ve :]e ! wat*mak] has n a la! l>ge en\gh to sw+ ! dial4 ,9 all su* cases x is be/ to />t ) a prick-pun*$ c5t]1 trac+ ! m9ute circles & ! s]ifs ( ! *apt]s ) ! compasses & !n d y\r fur!r division & m>k+ by lead p5cil1 foll[$ ) ! ne$le & !n by ! acids4 ,x %\ld be done be=e ! holes are bor$ = ! m9ute & seconds c5t]s1 z y !n h an exact c5t] to m>k f & c g back to x _m times4 ,?is w be necess>y 9 divid+ ! m9ute or seconds circle by h& 7)\t an index on ! la!71 z "o ( ! te/s ( true division consi/s 9 hav+ all m>ks l9$ up ) a /raight edge plac$ across ! c5t]4 ,?us ,,ix & ,,iii %\ld be 9 l9e ) ! c5t]2 ,,vi & ,,xii2 ,x & ,,iiii2 ,i & ,,vii1 etc4 ,x w readily be se5 t = su* purposes ( ref]5ce ! c5t] %\ld n be pun*$ too l>ge4 ,if x is desirable to ornam5t ! dial1 ! desir$ ornam5t may be drawn on 9 ! pla9 surface ?r\gh ! asphaltum & et*$ at ! same "t z ! *apt]s & degrees4 ,or *apt]s & ornam5t may be drawn1 pi]c$ ) a saw1 engrav$1 fil$ up & back$ up ) a pla9 plate ( ano!r color4 ,gold ornam5t & silv] backgr\nd looks well4 ,practically all ! clocks hav+ seconds h&s c>ry t h& 9 su* a position z to p>tially obscure ! ,,xii1 ) ! exception ( wat*mak]s' regulators1 & ^!1 if !y h sep>ate h\r1 m9ute & seconds circles1 are made l>ge en\gh to occupy ! space betwe5 ! c5t] & ! m9ute circle1 plac+ ! h\r circle betwe5 ! c5t] & ! ?irtie? m9ute2 ! seconds betwe5 ! c5t] & ! sixtie? m9ute4 ,! reason = ?is is t 9 ! wat*mak]s' regulators ! h\rs are almo/ a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 m9utes are seldom ref]r$ to2 ! real comp>ison 9 wat* regulation comes on ! seconds h&4 ,= ?is reason ! seconds h& is made z l>ge z possible & ! *apt]s be+ plac$ on ! h\r circle by !mselves1 ! seconds circle may occupy almo/ ! entire di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! dial & ! m9ute circle4 ,!y are plac$ "o above ! o!r because 9 regulators ! "t tra9 is ne>ly always a /raight-l9e tra91 :i* br+s ! seconds arbor v]tically ov] ! c5t] arbor1 & consequ5tly ! c5t]s ( ! dials mu/ be plac$ on a v]tical l9e4 ,:5 ! engrav+ has be5 prop]ly done on a flat dial x is desirable to fill x ) black 9 ord] to make x legible4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods by :i* ?is may be done4 ,! mo/ durable is to make a black enamel & if x is a valuable clock ! movem5t is g5]ally wor? a f9e dial4 ,! foll[+ =mula w furni% a good black enamel3 ,silice\s s& #ab p>ts ,calc9$ borax #bj p>ts ,glass ( antimony #d p>ts ,saltpetre #a "p ,*alk #b p>ts ,p]oxide ( ,manganese #e p>ts ,f9e ,saxony ,cobalt #b p>ts ,! enamel is gr\nd into co>se p>ticles l s&1 & ! incis$ l9es fill$ ) x1 aft] :i* ! brass or copp] plate is heat$ r$ hot to fuse ! enamel4 ,two or ?ree fir+s may be necess>y to completely fill ! l9es2 aft] fill+ !y are /on$ (f level ) ! surface ( ! dial4 ,jewel]'s enamel may be pur*as$ ( mat]ial deal]s & us$ = ! dials4 ,black asphaltum mix$ ) a little wax or pit*1 or ev5 wat*mak]s' cem5t1 us$ to fa/5 /affs & p9ions into a la! = turn+1 is also us$ on ^! dials & ) a suffici5t proportion ( wax or pit* x prev5ts %r9k+ & =ms a v satisfactory dial ) ! s+le exception t x _c be clean$ ) b5z9e or hot pota%1 :i* w dissolve ! enamel4 ,%oemak]s' heel ball is also us$ = repair jobs4 ,9 ord] to make ei!r ( ^! /ick1 ! brass or copp] plate is heat$ up s z to 8hiss0 z w a laundry flat iron :5 t\*$ ) a wett$ f+]1 & a cem5t /ick is rubb$ ov] ! lett]s to fill !m2 ! excess ( fill+ c be scrap$ (f ) an ivory scrap] :5 at ! "r temp]ature--a little bel[ ! boil+ po9t ( wat]4 ,su* fill$ lett]s c be lacqu]$ ov] by go+ v quickly ov] ! "w s z n to dissolve ! %ellac 9 ! cem5t4 ,ano!r way is to fill ! lett]s ) black lacqu]4 ,= quick repairs ?is is probably z good z any4 ,_m ( ! old gr&fa!r clocks h be5 fill$ 9 ) a putty made ) copal v>ni% & "s black pigm5t4 ,all putties %r9k 9 dry+ & consequ5tly crack & f9ally fall out4 ,! wax & pit* are n subject to ^! disadvantages4 ,if ! plates are to be poli%$1 poli%+ %\ld prec$e ! fill+ 9 ( ! lett]s1 else ! "w may h to be done all ov] aga94 ,black seal+ wax & alcohol are also us$1 appli$ z a pa9t ) a f9e bru%4 ,if ! dial is to be silv]$ or gilt ! black+ %\ld be done fir/1 & if to be electroplat$ ! black+ %\ld be :at is kn[n z ! 8plat]s' resi/10 :i* is compos$ *iefly ( asphaltum & pit* dissolv$ 9 turp5t9e4 ,x is also call$ 8/opp+-(f0 v>ni%1 & has l>ge use 9 ! plat+ e/abli%m5ts to prev5t deposition ( metal :]e x is n desir$4 ,! repair] :o gets _m gr&fa!r clocks w (t5 f9d t x is necess>y to repa9t ! dial1 g5]ally because ( a too vigor\s scrubb+1 or because ( cracks or scal+1 :i* ! own] may dislike4 ,x is always be/1 h[ev]1 to be cauti\s 9 su* matt]s1 z _m p value su* a clock *iefly on acc\nt ( its visible evid5ces ( age & su* cracks =m g5]ally a l>ge proportion ( su* evid5ce4 ,!re=e x is be/ nev] to t\* an antique dial unless ! own] desires x4 ,su* dials are usually %eet-iron1 & tol]ably smoo?1 s ! metal w ne$ b a few coats ( pa9t to prep>e x4 ,= gr\nd coats1 take good1 ord9>y :ite-lead or z9c :ite1 gr\nd ) oil1 & if x has mu* oil mix$ ) x p\r x (f & add spirits ( turp5t9e & ,japan dry]--a teaspoonful ( dry] = e half p9t ( pa9t4 ,! te/ = ! pa9t hav+ ! "r am\nt ( oil left 9 x is1 x %\ld dry )\t any gloss4 ,rub e coat y apply ) f9e s& pap]1 aft] x is p]fectly dry1 be=e apply+ ! next coat ( pa9t4 ,= ! f9al coat1 lay ! dial flat & g ov] x ) ,fr5* z9c :ite4 ,?is coat dries v sl[1 & = a p]son n us$ to su* "w1 is h>d to manage4 ,! next be/ 7& = ord9>y clock or wat* mak+ ! be/7 = ! la/ pure :ite coat is to take a d\ble tube ( ,w9dsor ,newton's ,kremnitz :ite1 ?9n$ ) a little turp5t9e4 ,su* tubes z arti/s use are ! k9d4 ,apply ?is la/ :ite coat ) a flat1 camel's hair bru%4 ,! tube-:ite %\ld h turp5t9e en\gh add$ to cause x to fl[ freely1 & s9k flat & smoo? aft] ! bru%4 ,! lett]s or figures %\ld be pa9t$ ) ivory-black1 :i* is also a tube color4 ,?is black is mix$ ) a little ,japan1 rubb+ v>ni% & turp5t9e1 & ! lett]+ is done ) a small1 sign writ]'s p5cil4 ,any fl[]s or ornam5ts are pa9t$ on at ! same "t2 & aft] !y are dry ! dial %\ld be v>ni%$ ) ,ma/ic or ,dam> v>ni% or :ite %ellac4 ,all k9ds ( coa* 7,copal7 v>ni% are too yell[4 ,pa9t$ dials on z9c w bli/] & crack (f if subject$ to extremes ( heat & cold1 unless !y are pa9t$ ) z9c :ite in/ead ( lead = all :ite coats4 ,! reason is ! great diff]5ce 9 expansion betwe5 lead pa9t & metallic z9c4 ,?is case is simil> to t ( us+ an iron oxide to pa9t iron "w ( bridges1 %ips1 etc41 :]e o!r oxides w *ip & scale (f4 ,! metal dials on ^! old clocks 7 silv]$ by h&4 ,:5 y get su* a dial1 discolor$ & t>ni%$1 x c be clean$ 9 cyanide & resilv]$1 )\t s5d+ x to an electroplat]1 by ! foll[+ =mula3 ,dissolve a /ick ( nitrate ( silv] 9 half a p9t ( ra9 wat]2 add two or ?ree tablespoonfuls ( common salt1 :i* w at once precipitate ! silv] 9 ! =m ( a ?ick1 :ite curd1 call$ *loride ( silv]4 ,let ! *loride settle until ! liquid is cle>2 p\r (f ! wat]1 tak+ c>e n to lose any *loride2 add m wat]1 ?or\ghly /ir & aga9 p\r (f1 repeat+ till no trace ( salt or acid c be p]ceiv$ by ! ta/e4 ,aft] dra9+ (f ! wat] add to ! *loride ab\t two heap$ tablespoonfuls ea* ( salt & cream ( t>t>1 & mix ?or\ghly into a pa/e1 :i*1 :5 n 9 use1 mu/ n be expos$ to ! light4 ,to silv] a surface ( engrav$ brass1 wa% ! surface clean ) a /iff bru% & soap4 ,heat x en\gh to melt black seal+ wax1 :i* rub on ) a /ick ( wax until ! engrav+ is entirely fill$1 c>e be+ tak5 n to burn ! wax4 ,) a piece ( flat pumice-/one1 & "s pulv]iz$ pumice-/one & pl5ty ( wat]1 gr9d (f ! wax until ! brass is expos$ 9 e "p1 ! /on+ be+ con/antly 9 "o direction4 ,f9i% by lay+ an ev5 & /raight gra9 across ! brass ) blue or wat] ( ,ayr /one4 ,take a small quantity ( pulv]iz$ pumice-/one on ! h&1 & slightly rub 9 ! same direction1 :i* t5ds to make an ev5 gra92 ! h&s mu/ be entirely free f soap or grease4 ,r9se ! brass ?or\ghly1 & be=e x dries1 lay x on a clean bo>d1 & g5tly rub ! surface ) f9e salt1 us+ a small wad ( clean musl94 ,:5 ! surface is ?or\ghly cov]$ ) salt1 put ^u ! wad ( clo?1 done up ) a smoo? surface1 a suffici5t quantity ( ! pa/e1 say to a dial ?ree in*es 9 diamet] a piece ( ! size ( a m>ble1 :i* rub ev5ly & quickly ov] ! entire surface4 ,! brass w assume a greyi%1 /reak$ appe>ance2 add quickly to ! clo? cream ( t>t> moi/5$ ) wat] into a ?9 pa/e2 cont9ue rubb+ until all is ev5ly :it5$4 ,r9se quickly "u a copi\s /ream ( wat]2 & 9 ord] to dry x rapidly1 dip into wat] z hot z c be borne by ! h&s1 & :5 heat$1 hold+ ! brass by ! edges1 %ake (f z mu* ( ! wat] z possible1 & remove any rema9+ drops ) clean1 dry clo?4 ,! brass %\ld !n be heat$ g5tly ov] an alcohol lamp1 until ! wax gli/5s )\t melt+1 :5 x may be cov]$ ) a ?9 coat ( _s v>ni%1 laid on ) a broad camel's hair bru%4 ,! v>ni% or lacqu] mu/ be q light color$--dilut$ to a pale /raw color4 ,x is n[ possible to buy silv] plat+ solutions :i* c be us$ )\t batt]y & !y w produce ! same effect z ! =mula j giv54 ,if !y happ5 to be 9 /ock = ! repair+ ( jewelry !y may be us$ 9 clean+ ! dials1 b z ?is is liable to fall into ! h&s ( _m :o are f> f su* conv5i5ces1 we furni% ! orig9al recipe1 :i* c be execut$ any:]e ! mat]ials c be obta9$4 ,if ! dial is ( brass1 v good effects h be5 produc$ by /opp+ (f portions ( ! dial 9 an ornam5tal patt]n be=e silv]+1 & !n lacqu]+ aft] remov+ ! resi/4 ,b = a pla9 black & brass dial a dip ( /rong sulphuric acid two p>ts1 r$ fum+ nitr\s acid "o "p1 & wat] "o "p1 mix$ 9 ! op5 air & dipp$ or fl[$ ov] ! dial1 =ms :at is kn[n z ! plat]s' bright dip4 ,aft] dipp+ ! article %\ld at once be r9s$ 9 hot wat] & dri$1 & lacqu]$ at once ) a lacqu] ( light gold color4 ,?is makes a v neat & durable f9i%4 ,! sat9 effect may be obta9$ on a dial by prolong+ ! acid dip & o!rwise proce$+ z be=e4 ,_m ( ^! dials 7 ( z9c & all t applies to brass or copp] may be also execut$ 9 z9c1 b 9 plat+ x w be f\nd necess>y to plate two or ?ree times1 z ! s+le coat+ w app>5tly disappe> into ! z9c unless x is giv5 a heavy deposit ( copp] 9 a plat+ ba?4 ,:]e x is desir$ to obta9 a bright gold color1 ! gold plat+ solutions n[ sold = ! color+ ( jewelry may also be us$ on ei!r ( ^! metals4 ,= ! reasons giv5 above1 h[ev]1 !y are n v successful on a z9c base4 ,_m ( ! *eap clocks h pap] dials glu$ on a z9c plate & :5 ! dial is soil$ ! repair] cleans !m up by pa/+ ano!r dial on top ( ! orig9al4 ,^! dials are made on :at is kn[n z li?ographic label pap]2 t is pap] :i* is wat]pro( on "o side1 s t x w n %r9k or swell :5 damp5$4 ,9 addition to ! li?ograph coat+ !y are g5]ally giv5 a v>ni% ( celluloid by ! clock manufactur]s1 ?us mak+ !m practically wat]pro(4 ,!y are v *eap & ! repair] w f9d t he w obta9 9 pre/ige f su* new dials f> m ?an !y co/4 ,t>ni%$ metal dials are be/ clean$ by a dip ( cyanide ( potassium1 ( ab\t ! same /r5g? z t us$ = clean+ silv]4 ,if ! t>ni%$ p>ts h be5 gild$1 h[ev]1 ! cyanide %\ld be excessively weak4 ,m9+ m5 use a cyanide solution = ! recov]y ( gold1 :i* is only two-t5?s ( "o p] c5t cyanide1 & ?is w collect all ! gold f ore t runs f #aj to #ae to ! ton1 ! pulp 9 su* cases be+ left 9 ! solution f sev5ty to n9ety h\rs4 ,! ord9>y cyanide dip = ! jewel] is "o ounce to ?irty-two ( wat]1 :ile ! m9]'s solution is two-t5?s ( an ounce to "o hundr$ ounces ( wat]4 ,y c see t ) ! /rong cyanide solution ! gilt surface w all be tak5 (f unless v rapid dipp+ is /rictly foll[$ by ?or\gh wa%+4 ,a novelty :i* keeps p]iodically com+ to ! front1 say ab\t once e t5 ye>s1 is ! lum9\s dial4 ,?is is done by pa9t+ ! dial ) phosphorus or a phosphoresc5t p[d]4 ,!n :5 x is plac$ 9 ! light x w absorb light & give x (f 9 ! d>k until ! evaporation ( ! phosphorus4 ,! composition & manufacture ( ?is phosphoresc5t p[d] is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,take #ajj p>ts by weight ( c>bonate ( lime & phosphate ( lime1 produc$ by calc9ation ( sea-%ells1 especially ^? ( ! tridacna & cuttlefi% bone1 & #ajj p>ts by weight ( lime1 r5d]$ *emically pure by calc9ation4 ,^! +r$i5ts are well mix$ toge!r1 aft] :i* #be p>ts ( calc9at$ sea salt are add$ !reto1 sulphur be+ aft]w>d incorporat$ !re) to ! ext5t ( f #be to #ej p] c5t ( ! entire mass1 & a color+ matt] is appli$ to ! composition1 :i* color+ matt] consi/s ( f #c to #g p] c5t ( ! entire mass ( a p[d] compos$ ( a mono-sulphide ( calcium1 b>ium1 /rontium1 magnesium or o!r sub/ance :i* has ! prop]ty ( becom+ lum9\s 9 ! d>k1 aft] hav+ be5 impregnat$ ) light4 ,aft] ^! +r$i5ts are well mix$1 ! composition is ready = use4 ,its application to clock dials is made ei!r by incorporat+ suitable v>ni% !re)1 su* z copal1 & apply+ ! mixture ) a bru% to ! surface ( ! dial1 or by ! production ( a dial :i* has a self-lum9\s prop]ty1 imp>t$ to x dur+ its manufacture4 ,?is is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,f #e to #bj p] c5t ( ! composition obta9$ & =m$ z above describ$1 is incorporat$ ) ! glass :ile x is 9 a fus$ /ate1 aft] :i* ! glass s prep>$ is mold$ or bl[n into ! %ape or article requir$4 ,ano!r process consi/s ( spr9kl+ a quantity ( ! composition ov] ! glass article :ile hot1 & 9 a semi-pla/ic /ate1 by ei!r ( :i* processes a self-lum9\s prop]ty w be imp>t$ to ! article s treat$4 ,:]e enamel dials are *ipp$ ! cracks may be hidd5 by fir/ press+ ! cracks v slightly op5 & wa%+ out4 ,!n "w 9 a colorless cem5t to fill ! crack1 all[ to dry & /one d[n4 ,:]e holes h be5 left by ! *ipp+1 melt equal p>ts ( scrap$ pure :ite wax & z9c :ite & let x cool4 ,w>m ! dial slightly & press ! cold wax into ! defective places & scrape (f ) a %>p knife & x w leave a :ite & lu/r\s surface4 ,if too h>d add wax2 if too s(t add "s z9c :ite4 ,,v>ni% ,,= ,,dials1 ,,etc4--,a h&some v>ni% = ! dials ( clocks1 wat*es1 etc41 may be prep>$ by dissolv+ blea*$ %ellac 9 ! pure/ & be/ alcohol4 ,x (f]s ! same resi/ance to atmosph]ic influ5ce t common %ellac does4 ,9 select+ blea*$ %ellac = ?is purpose be c>eful to get t :i* w dissolve 9 alcohol1 z "s ( x be+ blea*$ ) /rong alkalies1 is !reby r5d]$ insoluble 9 alcohol4 ,! %ellac :5 dissolv$ %\ld be ( a cle> light amb] color 9 ! bottle & ?is w be invisible on :ite pap] :5 dry4 ,colorless celluloid lacqu]1 kn[n to jewel]s z 8silv] lacqu]0 on acc\nt ( its be+ us$ to prev5t t>ni% on f9i%$ holl[ w>e1 also makes a good v>ni% to apply to dials1 ei!r metallic or pa9t$4 ,x is be/ to h x ?91 fl[ x on ! dial & !n level ! dial to dry4 ,success 9 ! repair+ ( a brok5 enamel$ clock dial w greatly dep5d ^u ! practical skill ( ! op]ator1 z well z ( a k ( ! process4 ,if x is only desir$ to repair a *ipp$ place on a dial1 a fusible enamel ( ! "r t9t %\ld be procur$ f a deal] 9 wat*mak]s' mat]ials1 :i*1 ) ord9>y c>e1 may be fus$ on ! *ipp$ place on ! dial s z to give x a workmanlike appe>ance :5 f9i%$ (f4 ,! place to receive ! enamel %\ld be well clean$1 & ! moi/ enamel spread ov] ! place 9 a ?91 ev5 lay]2 &1 aft] all[+ x to dry1 ! dial may be held ov] a _s lamp until ! new enamel beg9s to fuse1 :5 x may be smoo!d d[n ) a knife4 ,! dial1 aft] ?is op]ation1 is left to cool1 :5 any excess ( enamel may be remov$ by means ( a corundum file1 & subsequ5tly poli%$ ) putty p[d] 7oxide ( t974 ,! +r$i5ts ( enamel1 aft] be+ fus$ into a mass1 are all[$ to cool1 !n cru%$ to p[d] & well wa%$ to get rid ( impurities1 & ! result+ f9e p[d] =ms ! raw mat]ial = enamel+4 ,x is appli$ to ! object to be enamel$ 9 a pla/ic condition1 & is r$uc$ to enamel by ! aid ( heat1 be+ fir/ ?or\ghly dri$ by g5tle heat1 & !n fus$ by a /rong] "o4 ,! foll[+ is a good :ite enamel = dials3 ,silv] s&1 #c ounces2 r$ lead1 #c ounces2 oxide ( t91 #b ounces2 saltpet]1 ounce2 borax1 #b ounces1 fl9t glass1 #a ounce2 manganese p]oxide1 #b gra9s4 ,! basis ( ne>ly all enamels is an easily fusible colorless glass1 to :i* ! requir$ opacity & t9ts are giv5 by ! addition ( v>i\s metallic oxides1 & ^!1 on be+ fus$ toge!r1 =m ! diff]5t k9ds ( vitre\s sub/ances us$ by enamel work]s z ! raw mat]ial 9 ! art ( enamel+4 ,! h&s ( timekeep]s are wor?y ( m att5tion ?an is frequ5tly be/[$ ^u !m by wat* & clockmak]s4 ,_! %ape & g5]al arrangem5t1 & ! neatness ( _! execution is (t5 tak5 by ! g5]al public z an index to ! "* ( ! entire me*anism t moves !m2 & "s are apt to suppose t :5 c>e is n be/[$ on ! p>ts ( ! timepiece :i* are mo/ se51 mu* c>e _c be expect$ to h be5 ex]cis$ on ! p>ts ( ! wat* or clock :i* are invisible to ! g5]al view4 ,al?\gh we are n prep>$ to fully endorse ! op9ion t :5 ! h&s ( timepieces are imp]fect 9 _! execution1 or 9 _! g5]al arrangem5t1 all ! me*anism mu/ ( necessity be imp]fect also2 /ill we ?9k t 9 _m in/ances !re is room = improv+ ! h&s ( timepieces1 & we desire to direct m att5tion to ?is subject by ! workm54 ,9 ! g5]al arrangem5t ( ! h&s ( wat*es & clocks1 di/9ctness ( obs]vation %\ld be ! great po9t aim$ at1 & ev]y?+ t has a t5d5cy to lead to confusion %\ld be c>efully avoid$4 ,clocks t h a numb] ( h&s radiat+ f "o c5t]1 & mov+ r\nd "o circle--z = in/ance1 c5t] seconds1 days ( ! mon?1 equation ( "t1 al>ms & h&s = o!r purposes--may %[ a good deal ( me*anical skill on ! "p ( ! design] & mak] ( ! timepiece2 b s _m h&s mov+ toge!r ar\nd "o circle1 al?\gh !y may be ( diff]5t colors1 causes confusion1 & requires consid]able ef=t to make out :at ! diff]5t h&s po9t to 9 a dim light1 & ?is confusion is frequ5tly increas$ by ! necessity = a c\nt]poise be+ atta*$ to "s ( ! h&s4 ,z a rule timekeep]s %\ld be s arrang$ t nev] m ?an ! h\r & m9ute h& %\ld move f "o c5t] on ! dial4 ,!re may be special occasions :5 x is necess>y or conv5i5t to h c5t] seconds to l>ge dials2 b ^! occasions are r>e1 & we are talk+ ab\t ! h&s ( timekeep]s 9 ev]yday use = ! ord9>y purposes ( life1 & also = sci5tific uses4 ,9 a/ronomical clocks & wat*mak]s' regulators we f9d ! h\r1 m9ute & second h&s mov+ on sep>ate circles on ! same dial2 & ! *ief reason = ?is arrangem5t is to prev5t mi/akes 9 read+ ! "t4 ,9 *ronomet]s1 especially ^? measur+ sid]eal "t1 ! h\r h& is frequ5tly suppress$1 & ! h\rs are indicat$ by a /> :eel1 or r+1 ) figures engrav$ on x1 t %[ ?r\gh a hole 9 ! dial4 ,h\r & m9ute h&s %\ld be %ap$ s t ! "o c be easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r )\t any ef=t on ! "p ( ! obs]v]4 ,probably a /raight m9ute h&1 a little swell$ ne> ! po9t1 & a spade h\r h&1 are ! %apes be/ adapt$ = ?is purpose1 especially if ! h&s h to be look$ at f a di/ance4 ,!re are occasions1 h[ev]1 :5 a spade h& _c be us$ ) propriety4 ,9 small wat*es & clocks hav+ ornam5tal cases1 h&s ( o!r designs are desirable1 b :atev] be ! patt]n us$1 or :atev] color ! h&s may be made1 x %\ld ev] be rememb]$ t :ile a design 9 h>mony ) ! case is p]fectly admissible1 ! sole use ( h&s is to m>k ! "t di/9ctly & readily4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( ! h\r & m9ute h&s is also an important po9t 9 r5d]+ ! "o easily di/+ui%$ f ! o!r4 ,! extreme po9t ( ! h\r h& %\ld ext5d s z to j cov] ! edge ( ! inside end ( ! num]als & ! extreme po9t ( ! m9ute h& %\ld cov] ab\t two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( ! m9ute divisions4 ,h&s made ( ?is l5g? w be f\nd to m>k ! h\rs & m9utes ) great pla9ness1 & ! rule w be f\nd to "w well 9 dials ( all sizes4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! extreme po9ts ( ! h&s %\ld be n>r[4 ,! po9t ( ! h\r h& %\ld nev] be broad] ?an ! ?icke/ /roke ( any ( ! num]als1 & ! extreme po9t ( ! m9ute h& nev] broad] ?an ! bread? ( ! m9ute l9es2 & 9 small "w x is well to file ! ends ( ! h&s to a f9e po9t4 ,! ends ( m9ute h&s %\ld 9 e in/ance be b5t into a %ort1 graceful curve po9t+ t[>d ! dial1 & z close to x z w j all[ ! po9t ( ! h& to be free4 ,! m9ute h&s ( m>9e *ronomet]s are inv>iably b5t 9 ?is mann]1 & ! h&s ( ^! in/rum5ts are usually models ( neatness & di/9ctness4 ,balanc+ h&s by means ( a c\nt]poise is a subject :i* requires "s att5tion 9 ord] to effect ! p]fect poise ( ! h& )\t detract+ any?+ f its di/9ctness4 ,9 wat* "w1 & ev5 9 ord9>y clock "w1 x seldom happ5s t any ( ! h&s except ! seconds require to be balanc$1 & !n !re is only "o h& mov+ r\nd ! same circle1 z is ! case ) seconds h&s 9 g5]al4 ,we h become s accu/om$ to look+ at seconds h&s ) project+ tails t we are apt to reg>d ! appe>ance ( ! h&s to be incomplete )\t ! usual tail2 b we mu/ rememb] t ! prim>y object 9 view 9 hav+ a tail to a seconds h& is to c\nt]poise x1 n to improve ! looks ( ! h& itself4 ,pois+ becomes an actual necessity = a h& plac$ on s s5sitive a "p z ! f\r? :eel ( a wat*1 or on ! scape :eel ( a f9e clock4 ,:5 only "o h& moves 9 ! same circle1 l a seconds h&1 ! c\nt]poise may be effect$ by means ( a project+ tail )\t 9 any way detract+ f a di/ant read+ ( ! h&s1 provid+ ! tail is n made too long1 & x is made ( su* a patt]n t ! "o end c easily be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r4 ,9 m9ute & h\r h&s1 h[ev]1 x is diff]5t4 ,^! two h&s move r\nd ! same circle1 & a c\nt]poise on ! m9ute h& is liable at a di/ance to be mi/ak5 = ! h\r h&4 ,! m9ute h&s ( l>ge timepieces frequ5tly require to be balanc$1 especially if ! dial be l>ge 9 comp>ison to ! size ( ! movem5t2 & 9 v l>ge or t[] clocks1 :atev] may be ! size ( ! movem5t1 x becomes an absolute necessity to balance ! h&s4 ,9 our op9ion1 tails %\ld nev] be made on m9ute h&s1 :5 !y c be avoid$1 & 9 cases :]e tails _c be disp5s$ )1 !y %\ld inv>iably be color$ ! same z ! gr\nd ( ! dial4 ,9 almo/ e in/ance1 h[ev]1 m9ute h&s may be balanc$ 9 ! inside1 z is usual ) t[] clocks4 ,a great _m clocks us$ = railway & simil> purposes 9 ,europe h _! m9ute h&s balanc$ 9 ?is mann]1 & ! plan works admirably2 = 9 addition to r5d]+ ! h&s m di/9ct1 ! clocks require less p[] to keep !m go+ ?an :5 ! h&s are balanc$ f ! outside4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aej4 ,%[+ c\nt]poise on arbor ( m9ute h& 9 t[] clock4 ,t[] clock h&s are g5]ally made ( copp]1 elliptical 9 section1 be+ made up ( two circul> segm5ts braz$ toge!r at ! edges1 ) int]nal diaphragms to /iff5 !m4 ,! m9ute h& is /raight & p]fectly pla91 ) a blunt po9t4 ,at ! c5t] ( ! dial ! wid? ( ! m9ute h& is "o-?irte5? ( its l5g?1 tap]+ to ab\t half z mu* at ! po9t4 ,! h\r h& is ab\t ! same wid?1 end+ j %ort ( ! dial figure & t]m9at+ 9 a palm or ornam5t4 ,! ext]nal c\nt]poises are "o-?ird ! l5g? ( ! m9ute h&1 & ( su* a %ape t !y w n be conf\nd$ ) ei!r ( ! h&s2 a cyl9d]1 pa9t$ ! same color z ! dial1 & load$ ) lead1 makes a good c\nt]poise4 ,?is c\nt]poise may be p>tly on ! inside ( ! dial if x is desir$ to keep x invisible1 b x %\ld n be omitt$1 z x saves a good deal ( p[]1 prev5ts ! twi/+ ( ! arbors1 & also assi/s 9 ov]com+ ! action ( ! w9d on ! h&s4 ,two-?irds ( ! c\nt]poise weight may be inside1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #aej4 ,,to ,,blue ,a ,,clock ,,h& ,,or ,a ,,spr+4--,to blue a piece ( /eel t is ( "s l5g?1 a clock h& = example1 clockmak]s place x ei!r on ignit$ *>coal1 ) a hole 9 ! c5t] = ! socket1 & :it5$ ov] its surface1 z ?is indicates a degree ( heat t is approximately uni=m1 or on a curv$ blu+ tray p]=at$ ) holes l>ge en\gh to admit ! socket4 ,! c5t] w become violet or blue soon] ?an ! re/1 & z soon z x assumes ! requisite t9t1 ! h& mu/ be remov$1 hold+ x ) tweez]s by ! socket1 or by ! aid ( a l>ge siz$ arbor pass$ ?r\gh x2 ! l[] side ( ! h& is !n plac$ on ! edge ( ! *>coal or blu+ tray1 & remov$ by gradually slid+ x (f t[>d ! po9t1 m or less sl[ly1 accord+ to ! progress made ) ! color+2 ) a little practice1 ! workman w soon be enabl$ to secure a uni=m blue ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & ev51 if necess>y1 to ret\* p>ts t h n assum$ a suffici5tly deep t9t4 ,in/ead ( a blu+ tray1 a small mass ( iron1 ) a slightly r\nd$ surface & heat$ to a suitable temp]ature1 c be employ$2 b ! color mu/ n =m too rapidly1 & ?is is liable to occur if ! temp]ature ( ! mass is excessive4 ,nor %\ld ?is temp]ature be unev5ly di/ribut$4 ,a spr+1 aft] be+ :it5$1 c be blu$ 9 ! same way4 ,hav+ fix$ "o end1 x is /ret*$ by a weight atta*$ to ! o!r end1 & ! hot iron is !n pass$ along x at su* a spe$ t a uni=m color is secur$4 ,( c\rse1 ! hot iron might be fix$ & ! spr+ pass$ ov] x4 ,a lamp may be us$1 b its employm5t involves m att5tion & dext]ity4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,clock ,,cas+ ,,& ,,case ,,repairs4 ,,precision ,,clock ,,cases4--,! cas+ ( a precision clock is only second>y 9 importance to ! comp5sation ( its p5dulum4 ,! be/ con/ruction ( an effici5t case c be asc]ta9$ only by mo/ c>eful /udy ( ! conditions "u :i* ! clock is expect$ to be a /&>d timekeep]1 & (t5 ! entire high accuracy s\ght by ref9$ con/ruction is sacrific$ by an ineffici5t case & m\nt+4 ,! objects ( cas+ a precision clock are z foll[s3 a4 ,to protect ! me*anism f ! effects ( du/ & dirt4 b4 ,to avoid *anges ( temp]ature & b>ometric pressure4 c4 ,to provide an enclos$ space 9 :i* ! gas m$ium 9 :i* ! p5dulum sw+s %all h any *emical con/itution1 ( any hygroscopic condition4 d4 ,!re mu/ be provid$ ready means ( see+ & *ang+ ! condition ( ! p5dulum1 electric app>atus1 movem5t1 etc41 )\t di/urb+ ! case except locally4 ,n[ if we hold ! above consid]ations 9 view we c readily see t ca/ iron1 wood & glass1 ) jo9ts ( wa% lea!r 7:i* is kept s(t by a wax cem5t :i* does n become rancid ) age71 are ! pref]able mat]ials4 ,! advantages ( us+ ca/ iron = ! pill> or body ( ! case are t x c be ca/ 9 su* a %ape z to require v little f9i%+ aft]w>ds1 & t only su* z plan+ p>allel surfaces 9 iron plan+ ma*9es4 ,x makes a /iff column = m\nt+ ! p5dulum :5 x re/s ^u a masonry f\ndation f bel[4 ,plates ( glass c be clamp$ aga9/ ! plan$ surfaces ( iron pi]s 7by putt+ wax$ wa% lea!r betwe5 ! glass & ! iron7 s z to make air-tight jo9ts )\t difficulty4 ,! mass ( iron symmetrically surr\nd+ ! /eel p5dulum is ! safe/ protection ! clock c h aga9/ casual magnetic di/urbances4 ,9 ! language ( electricians x 8%ields0 ! p5dulum4 ,suppose1 !n1 we adopt z ! fir/ type ( precision clock case :i* our pres5t k sugge/s1 t ( an iron cyl9d] or rectangul> box re/+ on a masonry pi]1 & :i* has a table top to :i* ! massive p5dulum bracket is firmly bolt$4 ,?is type admits ( ! weights be+ dropp$ 9 small cyl9d]s outside ( ! ca/ iron cyl9d] or box4 ,^! weight cyl9d]s1 ( c\rse1 end 9 ! table top ( ! clock case above & 9 ! project+ base ( ! flange ( ! clock case bel[4 ,) ?is con/ruction x is a simple matt] to cov] ! movem5t ) a glass case1 pref]ably made rectangul>1 ) glass sides1 ends & top1 ) metal cem5t$ jo9ts4 ,! metal bottom1 edges ( ?is rectangul> box c be gr\nd to fit ! plane surface ( ! top ( ! clock case4 ,!n1 by cov]+ ! bottom edges ) su* a wax z 0 us$ 9 mak+ ! glass plates fit ! iron case 9 front or back1 we c secure an air-tight jo9t at ! junction ( ! rectangul> top glass case ) iron case4 ,9 practice ! wax to be us$ may be made by melt+ toge!r & /irr+ equal p>ts ( vasel9e & beeswax4 ,! proportions may be v>i$ to give a diff]5t consi/5cy ( wax1 & x may be pa9t$ on ) a bru% aft] w>m+ ov] a small flame4 ,if ! clock case w be expos$ to a comp>atively high temp]ature1 say #ie ,f41 !n ! beeswax c be #c p>ts to #a ( vasel9e4 ,! good quality ( ?is cem5t wax is t x does n *ange ) age1 or at lea/ = sev]al ye>s1 is v clean1 & c be wip$ (f completely ) k]os5e1 or turp5t9e1 or b5z9e4 ,9 all jo9ts meant to be air-tight1 ! use ( rubb] pack+ is to be avoid$4 ,x answ]s well en\gh at ! />t1 b aft] sev]al mon?s x is sure to crack & leak air4 ,by an air-tight jo9t ,i d n mean a jo9t :i* w n leak air "u any pressure :i* may be appli$4 ,x is n necess>y t our p5dulum %\ld vibrate 9 a vacuum2 all we want is t ! pressure inside ! clock case %\ld be uni=m2 t x %\ld n v>y ) ! b>omet] outside4 ,9 actual practice we f9d x be/ to h ! pressure inside ! case z ne>ly z possible equal to ! av]age atmosph]ic pressure outside4 ,n[1 if ! b>omet] 9 a giv5 locality nev] s9ks bel[ #bg4e in*es1 x is n necess>y t ! vacuum 9 ! clock case be less ?an t repres5t$ by #bi4e in*es ( m]cury pressure4 ,s1 too1 if x 7 desirable to h ! pressure inside ! case great] ?an t outside1 ow+ to "s special =m ( jo9t :i* made ! clock case less liable to leak out ?an to leak 91 x might be t an inside pressure w\ld be effici5t at #ca in*es ( m]cury4 ,by n hav+ ! inside pressure v>y b slightly f ! outside1 ! actual pressure ( air w n exce$ "o in* ( m]cury1 or1 say1 p\nd pressure to ! squ>e in*4 ,?is is a pressure :i* causes q an insignificant /ra9 ^u any jo9t4 ,!re are objections1 h[ev]1 to ! use ( air 9 an enclos$ space = precision clocks & s ! attempt has be5 made to use hydrog54 ,air is1 comp>atively speak+1 heavy4 ,x is #ad times z heavy z hydrog5 gas1 = in/ance4 ,! p5dulum1 !re=e1 9 mov+ ?r\gh its arc has to pu% aside #ad times z mu* weight z x w\ld h to 9 case x 7 surr\nd$ by hydrog54 ,!n :at might be call$ ! 8case friction0 is great] ?an if we us$ hydrog54 ,by 8case friction0 ,i mean resi/ance & a di/urbance to ! p5dulum dep5d+ on ! effect ( ! curr5ts ( air produc$ by driv+ ! air be=e ! p5dulum aga9/ ! sides & front ( ! case4 ,x is a well-e/abli%$ obs]vation t small1 cramp$ cases di/urb ! clock's rate m ?an l>ge1 roomy ones4 ,?is is because ! air1 hav+ no room to g be=e ! p5dulum1 is cu%ion$ up aga9/ ! side ( ! case at ea* p5dulum sw+1 & acts z a resi/+ spr+ aga9/ ! sw+ ( ! p5dulum4 ,by ! "t ! p5dulum has rea*$ ! end ( its vibration ! air has escap$ upw>ds & d[nw>ds p]haps s t x no long] has its spr+ p[] to re/ore ! loss ( en]gy to ! p5dulum4 ,?is 8case friction0 is mo/ p]nici\s 9 its action :5 associat$ ) free fall+ weights 9 ! clock case4 ,clock weights %\ld always fall 9 sep>ate comp>tm5ts1 & nev] 9 su* a mann] t !y c affect ! space 9 :i* ! p5dulum sw+s4 ,b ?is is a digression to expla9 ! t]m 8case friction0 9 its use 9 horology4 ,precision clocks1 almo/ )\t exception1 h electric break-circuit atta*m5ts )9 ! case4 ,mo/ ( ^! break-circuits are con/ruct$ s t !re is a small sp>k e "t ! circuit is brok54 ,! effect ( su* a sp>k 9 air is to conv]t a small portion ( ! air 9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! sp>k into nitr\s acid gas4 ,aft] sev]al mon?s !re might be a consid]able quantity ( ?is gas 9 ! case1 ) ! c]ta9 result ( ru/+ ! nic] p>ts ( ! escapem5t4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to run a clock 9 an almo/ complete vacuum ( air2 b ! volume to be exhau/$ is s l>ge1 & ! leakage is s sure to occur aft] a "t1 t ! attempt is n[ pretty g5]ally ab&on$4 ,x w be inf]r$ f :at has prec$$ t a full atmosph]e ( hydrog5 w\ld only (f] "o-f\rte5? ! resi/ance to ! p5dulum t air w\ld1 & all ! di/urbances aris+ f ! surr\nd+ m$iums w\ld be only "o-f\rte5? = hydrog5 ( t :i* we w\ld expect = air4 ,e consid]ation1 !re=e po9ts to ! use ( hydrog5 z ! m$ium ) :i* to fill our clock cases4 ,x is in]t1 x =ms no comp\nds "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric sp>k1 ! case friction is no great] ?an w\ld exi/ if we made an air vacuum ( only ab\t #a in* ( m]cury1 & hydrog5 gas may be readily prep>$4 ,! me?od f dilute sulphuric acid & scrap z9c is ! h&ie/1 & x w be f\nd describ$ 9 almo/ any *emi/ry textbook or encyclop$ia4 ,%\ld ! horologi/ wi% to "k some?+ ( ! *emi/ry ( ! process1 )\t previ\s /udy1 he w f9d x describ$ 9 v simple language 9 any prim>y *emi/ry4 ,! practical details ( fill+ a clock case ) hydrog5 gas ,i h n yet work$ out4 ,x is evid5t t s9ce hydrog5 is #ad times light] ?an air1 t by atta*+ a small tube to ! s\rce ( hydrog5 & to ! top ( ! clock case1 & ano!r small outlet tube at ! bottom ( ! clock case1 t by gravity alone ! hydrog5 w\ld fill ! upp] "p ( ! case & drive ! air be=e x out at ! bottom4 ,! hydrog5 %\ld be dry4 ,to insure ?is x %\ld pass ?r\gh a tube conta9+ quicklime1 :i*1 if x is a foot long & two in*es 9 diamet]1 w be suffici5t4 ,no burn+ light or electric sp>k mu/ be put into ! case :ile fill+1 because ! mixture ( hydrog5 ) ! air is v explosive :5 ignit$4 ,great c>e mu/ be us$ 9 mak+ all jo9ts :5 attempt+ to ma9ta9 an atmosph]e ( hydrog5 z x leaks readily ?r\gh ! pores ( wood iron & all jo9ts4 ,x is1 !re=e1 bett] to treat ! case friction z a con/ant elem5t & simply keep x con/ant4 ,! above discussion has n consid]$ ! temp]ature "q4 ,x is important t ! *anges ( temp]ature 9 a clock case %\ld be z sl[ z possible & z small z possible4 ,pr(essor ,rog]s1 ( ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory1 has %[n t su* b>s z are us$ 9 p5dulum rods ( clocks are (t5 sev]al h\rs 9 tak+ up air temp]atures _m degrees diff]5t f t 9 :i* !y 7 sw++4 ,we h at ! top ( ! p5dulum a ?9 spr+ = susp5sion ^: temp]ature decides its molecul> friction2 !n we h ! p5dulum rod1 & la/ly ! l>ge bob1 all ( :i* take up any new temp]ature ) diff]5t degrees ( sl[ness4 ,n[ obvi\sly no comp5sation c be made to act unless ! temp]atures are ! same = all p>ts ( ! p5dulum1 & v>y at ! same rate4 ,a numb] ( ye>s ago1 !re 0 a long discussion z to ! temp]ature at ! top & bottom ( clock cases4 ,x 0 %[n t ?is regul>ly am\nt$ to sev]al degrees 9 ! be/ clocks4 ,x 0 to less5 ?is diff]5ce t at ! ,h>v>d ,college ,obs]vatory ! ,bonds built a deep well 9 ! cell>1 purpos+ to put ! clock at its bottom4 ,! idea 0 a good "o1 & 7 x n = ! difficulty 9 gett+ at clocks 9 wells1 & keep+ wat] out1 x w\ld d\btless f9d favor :]e ! utmo/ accuracy is desir$4 ,a bett] plan is to run ! clock at a high temp]ature1 say #ie to #ajj ,f4 ,! oil is m liquid1 ! temp]ature c be m easily ma9ta9$1 x c all take place 9 light$1 dry rooms1 & ! means = do+ ?is we %all n[ consid]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aea4 ,section ?r\gh clock room ( ! ,wal?am ,wat* ,company4 ,our iron case mu/ n[ be h\s$ 9 ano!r outside case1 :i* _h bett] be ( wood1 ) glass w9d[s = see+ ! clock face4 ,a s+le ?ickness ( wood w\ld conduct heat too rapidly4 ,x mu/ !re=e be made ( two ?icknesses1 ) an air space betwe54 ,if ! air space is left unfill$1 ! circulation ( ! air soon causes ! inn] wood5 lay] to be ( ! same temp]ature z ! out]4 ,x is necess>y to prev5t ?is circulation ( air !re=e by means ( "s sub/ance :i* is a non-conductor ( heat & :i* w prev5t ! air f circulat+4 ,! v be/ ?+ to be us$ 9 ?is connection is cotton batt+1 :i* has be5 pick$ out until x is z light & fibr\s z possible4 ,!n if ! doors & w9d[s ( ! wood5 case are made ( two ?icknesses ( extra ?ick glass1 & are firmly clamp$1 by screws ?r\gh _! sa%es or "s o!r means1 to ! frame ( ! case1 we h ! be/ =m possible = our complet$ case ( ! type ,i h describ$4 ,x n[ rema9s to provide a lay] ( hot wat] pipes inside ! clock room1 heat$ by circulat+ hot wat] f ! outside4 ,! flame "u ! wat] tank outside1 :e!r ( gas or k]os5e1 to be automatically rais$ or l[]$ by any su* !rmo/at arrangem5ts z are 9 common use ) *ick5 incubators1 :5 ! temp]ature v>ies f ! po9t desir$4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! volume ( wat] _h bett] be consid]able1 if !re is consid]able diff]5ce 9 ! annual v>iations ( temp]ature accord+ to ! seasons4 ,?us 9 ,massa*usetts or ,ill9ois ! temp]ature is likely to v>y f -#cj ,f4 to #aaj ,f41 & ! heat+ arrangem5ts mu/ be suitable to take c>e ( ?is v>iation4 ,! ,wal?am ,wat* ,company's clock room is an excell5t example ( ! means tak5 to secure uni=mity ( temp]ature & abs5ce ( vibration4 ,! clock room1 :i* is locat$ 9 ! basem5t ( "o ( ! build+s1 is built ) a d\ble %ell ( holl[ tile brick4 ,! out] %ell re/s ^u ! floor ( ! basem5t1 & its ceil+ is )9 two or ?ree in*es ( ! basem5t ceil+4 ,! inn] %ell is #aj feet squ>e & #h feet 9 height1 measur$ f ! level ( ! cell> floor4 ,!re is an #ah-;in* space betwe5 ! walls ( ! inn] & out] %ell & a #i-;in* space betwe5 ! two ceil+s4 ,on ! front ( ! build+ ! walls are ?ree feet ap>t to accommodate ! v>i\s sci5tific in/rum5ts1 su* z ! *ronograph1 b>omet]1 !rmo/at1 level-te/]1 etc4 ,! inn] h\se is c>ri$ d[n f\r feet bel[ ! floor ( ! basem5t1 & re/s ^u a f\ndation ( gravel4 ,! walls ( ! inn] h\se bel[ ! floor level consi/ ( two ?icknesses ( brick ) an air space betwe51 & ! :ole ( ! excavat$ portion is l9$1 sides & bottom1 ) %eet lead1 c>efully sold]$ to r5d] x wat]tight4 ,at ! bottom ( ! excavation is a lay] ( #ab in*es ( s&1 & ^u ?is are built up ?ree solid brick pi]s1 measur+ #c feet #f in*es squ>e 9 plan by #c feet 9 height1 :i* =m ! f\ndation = ! ?ree pyramidal pi]s t c>ry ! ?ree clocks4 ,! int]ior walls & ceil+s & ! pi]s = ! clocks are f9i%$ 9 :ite glaz$ til+4 ,! object ( ! lead l9+1 ( c\rse1 is to ?or\ghly exclude moi/ure1 :ile ! b$ ( s& s]ves to absorb all waves ( vibration t are communicat$ ?r\gh ! gr\nd f ! v>i\s mov+ ma*9]y ?r\gh\t ! works4 ,at ! level ( ! basem5t floor a light grat+ provides a plat=m = ! use ( ! clock att5dants4 ,al?\gh ! plac+ ( ! clock room 9 ! cell> & ! provision ( a complete air space ar\nd ! inn] room w\ld1 9 itself1 af=d excell5t insulation aga9/ ext]nal *anges ( temp]ature1 ! inn] room is fur!r safegu>d$ by plac+ 9 ! out] #ah-;in* space betwe5 ! two walls a lamp :i* is electrically connect$ to1 & controll$ by1 a !rmo/at4 ,! !rmo/at consi/s ( a composite /rip ( rubb] & metal1 :i* is held by a clamp at its upp] end & curves to "r or left "u temp]ature *anges1 op5+ or clos+1 by contact po9ts at ! l[] end ( ! !rmo/at1 ! electrical circuit :i* regulates ! flame ( ! lamp4 ,! !rmo/at is set s z to ma9ta9 ! space betwe5 ! two %ells at a temp]ature :i* %all insure a con/ant temp]ature ( #ga degrees 9 ! inn] clock h\se4 ,?is x does ) su* success t !re is less ?an half a degree ( daily v>iation4 ,! two clocks t /& side by side 9 ! clock room s]ve to keep civil "t1 t is to say1 ! local "t at ! works4 ,! clock to ! "r c>ries a twelve-h\r dial & is kn[n z ! mean-"t clock4 ,by means ( electrical connections x s5ds "t signals ?r\gh\t ! :ole works1 s t ea* op]ative at 8 b5* may "t 8 wat* to seconds4 ,! o!r clock1 kn[n z ! a/ronomical clock1 c>ries a tw5ty-f\r-h\r dial1 & may be connect$ to ! works1 if desir$4 ,^! two clocks s]ve z a *eck "o ^u ! o!r4 ,!y 7 made at ! works & !y h run 9 p]iods ( ov] two mon?s ) a v>iation ( less ?an #j4c ( a second1 or _/ "p ( a day4 ,! ?ird clock1 :i* /&s to ! re> ( ! o!r two1 is ! sid]eal clock4 ,x is us$ 9 connection ) ! obs]vatory "w1 & s]ves to keep sid]eal or /> "t4 ,! rate1 z obs]v$ at ! ,wal?am works1 r>ely exce$s "o-t5? ( a second p] day4 ,t is to say1 ! sid]eal clock w v>y only "o second 9 t5 days1 or ?ree seconds 9 a mon?4 ,! v>iation1 z f\nd1 is correct$ by add+ or subtract+ weights to or f ! p5dulum1 ! weights us$ be+ small disks1 g5]ally ( alum9um4 ,summ+ up1 !n1 we f9d t ! great accuracy obta9$ 9 ?is clock room is due to ! c>eful elim9ation ( ! v>i\s elem5ts t w\ld ex]cise a di/urb+ influ5ce4 ,*anges ( temp]ature are r$uc$ to a m9imum by insulation ( ! clock h\se )9 an air space1 9 :i* ! temp]ature is automatically ma9ta9$ at an ev5 rate4 ,*anges ( humidity are controll$ by ! specially design$ walls1 by ! lead %ea?+ ( ! f\ndation pit1 by ! pres]vation ( an ev5 temp]ature1 & by plac+ boxes ( hygroscopic mat]ial )9 ! inn] *amb]4 ,errors due to vibration are elim9at$ by plac+ ! clocks on massive masonry pi]s :i* /& ^u a b$ ( s& z a %ock-absorb+ m$ium4 ,! a/ronomical clock is inclos$ 9 a b>ometric case1 fitt$ ) an air pump1 by :i* ! air may be exhau/$ & ! p5dulum & o!r mov+ p>ts reliev$ f b>ometric di/urbances4 ,= x mu/ be und]/ood t v>iation 9 b>ometric pressure means a v>iation 9 ! d5sity ( ! air1 & t ! spe$ ( ! p5dulum mu/ necess>ily be affect$ by su* *anges ( d5sity4 ,,re/or+ ,,old ,,cases4--,v (t5 ! wat*mak] gets a clock :i* he kn[s w be va/ly improv$ by v>ni%1 b n kn[+ h[ to take (f ! old v>ni% he simply gives x a little s& pap] or rubs x (f ) oil & lets x g at t4 ,v>ni%+ su* a clock ?9ly ) equal p>ts ( boil$ oil & turp5t9e & all[+ x to dry w (t5 re/ore ! transp>5cy ( ! v>ni%2 if unev5 results are obta9$ a second coat may be necess>y4 ,_m ( ^! old clocks h n be5 v>ni%$ = s _m ye>s t ! cov]+ ( ! wood looks l a *eap br[n pa9t4 ,to remove ?is 9 ! ord9>y way means endless labor1 & if ! case is inlaid ) color$ patt]ns ( v5e]s1 :i* are p>tly loos5$ by ! glue dry+ out1 ! repair] is afraid to t\* x = fe> he w only make matt]s worse 9 ! attempt to bett] !m4 ,9 ! case ( an old clock ( inlaid m>quetry1 if ! pieces ( v5e] h become p>tly loos5$1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to make a ?91 fre% glue4 ,"w ! glue "u ! v5e] & !n clamp x d[n tightly ) a piece ( oil$ pap]1 or wax$ pap]1 laid betwe5 ! glue & ! bo>d us$ to clamp ) & ! :ole firmly set d[n tight ) screws or screw clamps4 ,to make wax$ pap] dissolve p>af9e wax 9 b5z9e & fl[ or bru% on ! pap] & let dry4 ,aft] ! glue has h>d5$ comes ! "w ( remov+ ! v>ni%4 ,to d ?is y w ne$ "s v>ni% remov]1 :i* c ei!r be b\ght at ! pa9t /ore1 or made z foll[s3 ,,v>ni% ,,remov]4--,9 do+ su* "w ! trick is to make sure t no?+ put on ! case w injure x1 z a clock "o hundr$ ye>s old _c be replac$4 ,!re=e1 if y are suspici\s z to ! v>ni% remov]s y c pur*ase1 & d n want to take *ances1 y may make "o ( wood alcohol & b5zole1 or coal t> naph?a4 ,be sure y d n get petroleum naph?a1 :i* is common gasol9e4 ,! coal t> naph?a is a wood product4 ,! wood alcohol is also a wood product & ! v>ni%es us$ ^u furniture are vegetable gums1 s t x w readily be se5 t y are putt+ no?+ on ! antique ) :i* x 0 n associat$ 9 its natural /ate4 ,equal p>ts ( b5zole & wood alcohol w dissolve gums in/antane\sly1 s t if ! oil has dri$ out ( ! v>ni% s mu* t ! v>ni% has become opaque & only ! ros9s are left1 ! application ( ?is fluid ) a bru% w cause in/ant solution1 mak+ ! gums boil up & =m a loose cru/ ^u ! surface ( ! wood1 z ! liquid evaporates1 :i* x does v rapidly4 ,v>ni%es conta9+ %ellac & "s o!r gums are r h>d to dissolve & :]e an ob/9ate v>ni% is enc\nt]$ x may be well to use wax 9 ! v>ni% remov]4 ,?is is done by %av+ or *opp+ "s p>af9e wax1 dissolv+ x 9 ! b5zole1 & :5 x is cle> & transp>5t1 add ! wood alcohol4 ,^u ! addition ( ! alcohol ! wax imm$iately curdles s t ! fluid becomes milky4 ,9 ?is condition x is readily bru%$ ^u any surface & :5 ! wax /rikes ! air x congeals & =ms a cru/ :i* holds ! liquid und]nea? & enables x to d its "w in/ead ( evaporat+4 ,! wax also s]ves ! purpose ( all[+ ! workman to see j :]e he is putt+ 8 fluid & ( hold+ x 9 position ^u v]tical surfaces or ceil+s1 r\nd mold+s1 c>v$ "w & o!r places f :i* x w quickly run (f4 ,only en\gh wax %\ld be add$ to make x spread readily ) ! bru% & aft] soak+ x w be an easy matt] to take a pa9t]'s putty knife1 a case knife1 or a scrap] & lay+ x ne>ly flat on ! wood remove all ! v>ni% at "o op]ation1 wip+ (f ! knife z fa/ z x becomes too full4 ,aft] ! bulk ( ! v>ni% is (f "s ( ! fluid1 )\t ! wax1 may be us$ ^u a clo? to g ov] & smoo? up by remov+ ! spots & /ripes ( v>ni% left by ! knife1 or 9 mold+s1 etc41 :]e ! knife _c be appli$1 & we h our b>e wood1 :i*1 aft] dry+ & s& pap]+1 is ready = a fre% coat ( ,,xxx coa* v>ni%1 :i* %\ld dry 9 #bd h\rs & h>d5 9 a week4 ,a v little "w & practice 9 ?is w enable ! workman to rapidly & *eaply clean up & repair antiques 9 su* a way t x w add greatly to 8 reputation4 ,to re/ore ! gloss ( poli%$ wood x is n always ! be/ plan to employ true furniture poli%4 ,! majority ( ! s-call$ poli%es = wood are bas$ on a mixture ( boil$ l9se$ oil & %ellac v>ni%1 made by dissolv+ %ellac 9 alcohol 9 ! proportion ( f\r ounces ( %ellac to a p9t ( alcohol4 ,a little ( ! dissolv$ %ellac is p\r$ on to a canton-flannel rag1 a few drops ( ! boil$ l9se$ oil are plac$ on ! clo?1 & ! wood to be poli%$ is rubb$ vigor\sly4 ,ab\t half an ounce ( camphor gum dissolv$ ) ! %ellac 9 ! alcohol w greatly facilitate ! op]ation ( poli%+4 ,a s(t wool5 rag1 moi/5$ ) olive oil & vigor\sly rubb$ on dull v>ni%$ surfaces1 l old clock cases1 w bright5 ! surface wond]fully4 ,"s workm5 add a few drops ( a /rong solution ( camphor gum 9 alcohol to ! olive oil4 ,! poli%+ ( cases is accompli%$ by apply+ sev]al coats ( ! be/ coa* pa9t]s' rubb+ v>ni%1 :51 aft] p]fect dry+1 ! surface is rubb$ ) a felt or a canton-flannel rag1 fold$ flat1 us+ wat] & ! f9e/ pulv]iz$ pumice-/one4 ,?is op]ation smoo?s ! surfaces4 ,! f9al poli%+ ( su* "w is done by rubb+ ) rott5 /one & olive oil ) ! smoo? side ( canton flannel4 ,to remove ! la/ traces ( sme> caus$ by ! oil1 an old1 s(t l95 clo? & rye fl\r is us$4 ,( c\rse1 f9e "w l we see on new cases ( f9e quality is n likely to be produc$ by "o :o is unaccu/om$ to x2 a man mu/ s]ve a good1 long appr5tice%ip 9 ! v>ni% f9i%+ bus9ess be=e he is compet5t = x2 & ev5 !n "s poli%]s fail to obta9 ! f9e results a*iev$ by o!rs4 ,! great dang] is t ! rubb] w cut ?r\gh ! v>ni% & expose ! b>e wood on edges1 corn]s & ev5 9 spots on plane surfaces1 be=e he has remov$ ! lumps & /reaks ( v>ni% on adjac5t portions ( ! "w4 ,:5ev] ! v>ni% is flat & smoo? 9 any spot1 y mu/ /op rubb+ !re4 ,black wood clocks :i* h become smok$ & dull %\ld h ! cases rubb$ ) boil$ oil & turp5t9e on a piece ( s(t wool5 rag2 aft]w>ds poli% (f ) a dry rag4 ,if ! gloss has be5 de/roy$ x w h to be v>ni%$4 ,fl[ ! v>ni% well on & use #a-;in* bru% & be c>eful to get ! v>ni% on ev5 & s z n to trickle4 ,?is is easy if y are c>eful to keep ! v>ni% ?9 & d n g ov] ! v>ni% a second "t aft] spread+ x on4 ,?9 ) turp5t9e & put v little on ! case2 x is already smoo? & a m]e film w give ! gloss4 ,= :ite fill+ on ! engrav+ on black cases use ,*9ese :ite or get a good :ite enamel at a pa9t /ore4 ,gild+ on wood cases is done by mix+ a little yell[ dry color ) ?9 glue & pa9t+ ! cases ) ! mixture2 ! color lets y see :at y are do+4 ,:5 ! glue has dri$ until x is 8tacky10 lay gold leaf on ! pa9t$ portions & smoo? d[n ) cotton4 ,if y h any holes d n attempt to pat* !m4 ,x is easi] & quick] to put on ano!r %eet ( gold leaf ov] ! fir/ "o4 ,aft] ! gold is dry1 x may be burni%$ ) a blood/one or smoo? /eel burni%]1 or x may be left dead4 ,f9i% ) colorless lacqu]1 v ?9 & smoo?4 ,imitation gold leaf1 kn[n to ! trade z ,dut* ,metal1 may be sub/itut$ = ! gold leaf1 if ! latt] is ?\ght to be too exp5sive1 b 9 su* cases be sure to h ! metal well cov]$ ) ! lacqu]1 z unless ?is is done x w black5 9 two or ?ree ye>s--sometimes 9 two or ?ree mon?s4 ,bronze p[d] may be appli$ to ! glue size ) a tuft ( cotton & well rubb$ 9 until flat & smoo?2 !n lacqu] & dry4 ,nev] put on bronze pa9t1 = ! foll[+ reason3 ,if we exam9e ! bronze "u a microscope we %all f9d t x is compos$ ( flat scales l fi% scales2 if mix$ z a pa9t !y w be f\nd ly+ at all angles 9 ! pa9t$ "w--_m /&+ on edge4 ,su* scales reflect ! light away f ! eye & make ! "w look dull & r\gh4 ,if we rub ^! dry scales 9 g5tly on ! /icky size1 we w lay !m all d[n flat & smoo?1 s t ! "w w gli/5 all ov] ) an ev5 color4 ,always lacqu] bronz$ "w--yell[ lacqu] be+ ! be/--& put on pl5ty ( lacqu]4 ,metal ornam5ts1 :5 discolor$1 %\ld be remov$ f ! case1 dipp$ 9 boil+ lye to remove ! lacqu]1 scrat* bru%$1 dipp$ 9 ammonia to bright51 r9s$ 9 hot wat] & dri$ 9 sawdu/4 ,!y may !n be lacqu]$ ) a gold lacqu]1 or plat$ 9 "o ( ! gold plat+ solutions sold by deal]s = plat+ )\t a batt]y & !n lacqu]$1 if bright4 ,if !y are ( oxidiz$ f9i% clean+ & lacqu]+ is g5]ally all t is necess>y4 ,oxidiz$ metal cases1 if badly discolor$1 %\ld be s5t to an electroplat] to be ref9i%$1 z ! production ( smoo? & ev5 f9i%es on su* cases1 requires m skill ?an ! clock repair] possesses1 & he !re=e c\ld n d a good job1 ev5 if he _h ! necess>y mat]ials & =mul4 ,m>ble cases are made ( slabs1 cem5t$ toge!r4 ,_m workm5 use pla/] ( p>is by m]ely mix+ x ) wat]1 ?\gh we r ?9k x bett] to use glue 9 ! mix+1 z pla/] s mix$ w n set z quickly z t mix$ ) wat]4 ,aft] ! case is cem5t$ ) ! pla/]1 ! workman c g ov] ! jo9t ) a bru% & wat] colors1 & ) a little c>e %\ld be able to turn out a job 9 :i* ! jo9t w n be noticeable4 ,ano!r cem5t mu* us$ = m>ble is compos$ ( ! :ite ( an egg mix$ ) fre%ly slak$ lime1 b x has ! disadvantage ( sett+ v quickly4 ,m>ble case mak]s use a cem5t compos$ ( tall[1 brick du/1 & res9 melt$ toge!r1 & x sets z h>d z /one at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,x (t5 happ5s t ! m>ble case ( a mantel clock is injur$ by "s accid5t & its corn]s are g5]ally ! fir/ to suff]4 ,if ! break is n s great z to w>rant a new case or a new "p ! repair] may make ! case a little small] or file until ! edges are reproduc$1 aft] :i* ! poli% is re/or$4 ,proce$ z foll[s3 ,take (f f ! damag$ "p z mu* z is necess>y by means ( a file1 tak+ c>e h[ev]1 n to alt] ! orig9al %ape ( ! case4 ,n[ gr9d (f ! piece work$ ) ! file ) a suitable piece ( pumice-/one & wat] & cont9ue ! gr9d+ next ) a wat] /one until all ! scrat*es h disappe>$1 pay+ special att5tion to ! corn]s & cont\rs4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done take a h>d ball ( l951 moi/5 x1 & /rew ov] x ei!r tripoli or f9e em]y & proce$ to poli% ! case ) ?is4 ,f9i% ! poli%+ ) ano!r l95 ball1 us+ on x /ill f9] em]y & r\ge4 ,n[ dry ! case & f9i% ! poli%+ ) a mixture ( beeswax & oil ( turp5t9e4 ,?is me?od may be employ$ = all k9ds ( m>ble1 or onyx & alaba/] cases4 ,9 cases :]e ! fractures are v deep1 s t ! object _c be made mu* small] )\t ru9+ ! %ape1 ! damag$ p>ts may be fill$ ) a cem5t1 prep>$ f f9ely p[d]$ m>ble du/ & a little is+lass & wat]1 or fi% glue w answ] v well4 ,/ir ?is into a ?ick pa/e1 :i* fill into ! deep places & p]mit to dry2 aft] dry+1 correct ! %ape & poli% z describ$4 ,if ! pieces :i* h be5 brok5 (f are at h& !y may be cem5t$ 9 place aga94 ,wet ! pieces ) a solution ( wat] & silicate ( pota%1 ins]t !m 9 place & let !m dry = =ty-eight h\rs4 ,if ! case is made ( :ite m>ble use ! :ite ( an egg & a little ,vi5na lime1 or common lime w answ]4 ,,to ,,poli% ,,m>ble ,,clock ,,cases4--,x frequ5tly becomes ! duty ( ! repair] to re/ore & poli% m>ble clock cases1 & we w\ld recomm5d him to make a ?9 pa/e ( ! be/ beeswax & spirits ( turp5t9e1 clean ! case well f du/1 etc41 !n slightly cov] x ) ! pa/e1 & ) a h&ful ( clean cotton1 rub x well1 us+ abundant friction1 f9i% (f ) a clean old l95 rag1 :i* w produce a brilliant black poli%4 ,= light color$ m>ble cases1 mix quicklime ) /rong soda wat]1 & cov] ! m>ble ) a ?ick coat+4 ,clean (f aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & poli% well ) f9e putty p[d]4 ,,to ,,remove ,,oil ,,spots ,,f ,,m>ble4--,oil spots1 if n too old1 are easily remov$ f m>ble by repeat$ly cov]+ !m ) a pa/e ( calc9$ magnesia & b5z9e1 & bru%+ (f ! magnesia aft] ! dissipation ( ! oil2 ?is may h to be repeat$ sev]al times4 ,ano!r recipe reads z foll[s3 ,slak$ lime is mix$ ) a /rong soap solution1 to ! consi/5cy ( cream2 ?is is plac$ ^u ! oil spot1 & repeat$ until x has disappe>$4 ,9 place ( ?is mixture1 ano!r "o may be us$1 consi/+ ( an ox gall1 #abe gra9s ( soapmak]'s wa/e lye & #fb grams ( turp5t9e1 ) pipe clay1 to ! consi/5cy ( d\gh4 ,,cutt+ ,,clock ,,glasses4--,y w sometimes want a new glass = a clock4 ,i get a lot ( old #e #g negatives & scald ! film (f 9 pla9 hot wat]1 r9se well & dry4 ,n[ ,i lay my clock bezel on a piece ( pap] & trace ar\nd ) a p5cil1 inside measure4 ,n[ remove ! bezel & trace ano!r circle ar\nd ! outside ( ?is circle ab\t "o-eigh? in*4 ,n[1 lay ! pap] on a good1 solid1 smoo? surface1 glass on top1 & ) a common :eel glass-cutt] foll[ ar\nd ! outside l9e1 free h&$1 und]/&4 ,! pap] ) m>k$ circle on is "u ! glass1 & y c see "r ?r\gh ! glass :]e to foll[ ) ! cutt]4 ,n[ cut ! m>g9s ( glass s z to r\ghly break out to "o-half in* ( y\r circle cut1 runn+ ! cuts out on ! side1 !n c>efully break out4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,"s ,,h9ts ,,on ,,mak+ ,a ,,regulator4 ,( all ! in/rum5ts us$ by a wat*mak] 9 ! prosecution ( 8 bus9ess1 !re is probably none m important ?an 8 regulator4 ,its purpose is to divide "t into seconds1 & x is ! /&>d by :i* ! practical results ( 8 labors are te/$2 ! guide :i* all ! o!r timekeep]s 9 8 possession are made to foll[ & ! arbitrator :i* settles all disputes reg>d+ ! p]=mance ( 8 wat*es4 ,no regulator has yet be5 con/ruct$ t conta9s )9 itself e elem5t = produc+ absolutely accurate timekeep+4 ,at int]vals !y mu/ all be correct$ f "s ext]nal s\rce1 su* z comp>ison ) ano!r timekeep]1 ! error ( :i* is kn[n1 or by ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 :5 in/rum5ts = t purpose are available4 ,be=e beg9n+ to make a regulator1 ! prud5t wat*mak] w fir/ reflect on ! v>i\s plans ( con/ruct+ all ! v>i\s details ( an accurate timekeep]1 & select ! plan :i*1 9 8 op9ion1 or 9 ! op9ion ( ^? :om he may consult on ! subject1 w be/ accompli% ! object he has 9 view4 ,9 =m] ye>s a regulator case 0 made ) ! sole object ( accommodat+ ! requirem5ts ( ! regulator1 & e detail 9 ! con/ruction ( ! case 0 made subs]vi5t to ! necessities ( ! clock4 ,! pla91 well made cases ( =m] ye>s are n[ almo/ disc>d$ = ^? ( m pret5ti\s design4 ,if ! g5]al *ange 9 ! public ta/e dem&s s mu* display1 !re c be no objection4 ,x is p]fectly h>mless to ! clock1 if ! design]s & mak]s ( ! cases w\ld only rememb] t n>r[ wai/s or n>r[ necks on a case1 al?\gh "p ( an elegant design1 d n af=d ! necess>y room = ! weight & fre$om ( ! p5dulum2 t ! doors & o!r op5+s 9 ! case mu/ be con/ruct$ ) a view to exclude du/2 & t ! back %\ld be made ( ?ick1 well-season$ h>dwood1 su* z oak or maple1 s z to af=d ! means ( obta9+ z firm a support = ! p5dulum z possible4 ,:5 a regulator case is kn[n to h be5 made by an inexp]i5c$ p]son1 :i* sometimes happ5s1 or :5 we already h a case1 x is always ! safe/ c\rse = ^? :o make ! clock to exam9e ! case p]sonally & see ! exact accommodation !re is = ! clock4 ,sometimes1 :5 we "k be=eh&1 we c1 )\t violat+ any pr9ciple1 v>y ! con/ruction a little1 s z to make ! weight cle> ! woodwork ( ! inside ( ! case1 & 9 o!r respects complete ! regulator 9 a m workmanlike mann] by mak+ ! necess>y alt]ations 9 ! clock at ! beg9n+ ( its con/ruction1 in/ead ( aft] x has be5 once f9i%$ agreeably to "s /]eotyp$ arrangem5t4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! me*anism ( an ord9>y regulator is a simple op]ation comp>$ ) "s o!r horological in/rum5ts ( a m complex "*4 ,we are n limit$ 9 room to ! same ext5t z 9 a wat*1 & ! p>ts be+ few 9 numb] a regulator is m easily plann$ ?an timekeep]s hav+ /rik+ or automatic me*anism = o!r purposes comb9$ ) !m2 yet x (t5 happ5s t ! inexp]i5c$ make s]i\s blund]s 9 plann+ a regulator1 &1 z ! clock approa*es completion1 _m errors make !mselves visible1 :i* might h be5 avoid$ by ! ex]cise ( a little m =e?\ght4 ,x may be t1 :5 ! dial is be+ engrav$1 ! circles d n come 9 ! "r position1 or ! weight comes too close to ! p5dulum1 or ! case1 or ! cord comes aga9/ a pill>1 or o!r faults ( great] or less importance appe>1 all ( :i* might h be5 obviat$ by tak+ a m compreh5sive view ( ! subject be=e beg9n+ to make ! clock4 ,! be/ way to d ?is is to draw a plan & side & front elevations to a scale4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,! position :i* ! b>rel & great :eel %\ld occupy is wor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation4 ,9 mo/ ( ! *eap regulators1 z well z 9 a few ( a m exp5sive ord]1 ! b>rel is plac$ 9 a direct l9e bel[ ! c5t] :eel1 z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aeb4 ,?is arrangem5t admits ( a v compact movem5t1 & x also all[s ! weight to hang exactly 9 ! c5t] ( ! case1 :i* "s ?9k looks bett] ?an :5 x hangs at ! side1 especially :5 !re is a glass door 9 ! body ( ! case4 ,b :ile a weight hang+ 9 ! c5t] ( a case may be m pleas+ to ! eye ?an :5 x hangs at ! side1 ?is is an in/ance :]e looks c1 ) great propriety1 be sacrific$ = utility1 because :5 ! weight hangs 9 ! c5t] x comes too close to ! p5dulum1 & is v liable to di/urb its motion4 ,9 pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 let any read] :o has a regulator ) a light p5dulum & a comp>atively l>ge weight hang+ 9 front ( x1 closely wat* ! l5g? ( ! arc ! p5dulum vibrates :5 ! weight is newly w\nd up & :5 x is d[n opposite ! p5dulum ball1 & he w obs]ve t ! l5g? ( vibration ( ! p5dulum v>ies f five to fifte5 m9utes ( arc1 accord+ to ! position 9 :i* ! weight is plac$2 t ! p5dulum w vibrate l>g] arcs :5 ! weight is above or bel[ ! ball ?an :5 x is opposite x2 & if ! clock has a t5d5cy to /op f any cause1 t x w g5]ally d s m readily :5 ! weight is opposite ! p5dulum ball ?an :5 x is 9 any o!r position4 ,= ?is reason ,i w\ld disp5se ) ! symmetrical looks ( ! weight hang+ 9 ! c5t] ( ! case1 :i*1 aft] all1 is only a matt] ( ta/e1 & con/ruct ! movem5t s t ! weight w hang at ! side1 & z1 f> away f ! p5dulum z possible4 ,fig4 #aec is int5d$ to repres5t ! effect :i* plac+ ! b>rel at ei!r side has on ?r[+ ! weight away f ! p5dulum4 ,a is ! c5t] :eel2 ,b & ,c are ! great :eels & b>rels ) weights hang+ f !m2 ,d is ! p5dulum4 ,x w be notic$ by ! diagram t ! weight at ! left ( ! p5dulum is exactly ! diamet] ( ! b>rel f>!r away f ! p5dulum ?an ! weight on ! "r4 ,on close inspection x w also be obs]v$ t on ! b>rel ,c ! =ce ( ! weight is appli$ betwe5 ! axis ( ! b>rel & ! tee? ( ! :eel1 :ile on ! b>rel ,b ! axis ( ! b>rel lies betwe5 ! po9t :]e ! =ce is appli$ & ! po9t :]e ! tee? act on ! p9ion2 consequ5tly a little m ( ! effective =ce ( ! weight is consum$ by ! extra am\nt ( pressure & friction on ! pivots ( ! b>rel ,b ?an !re is 9 ,c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aec4 ,not)/&+ ?is disadvantage1 ,i w\ld = a regulator recomm5d ! b>rel to be plac$ at ! left side ( ! c5t] :eel1 because ! weight may !reby be l$ a suffici5t di/ance f ! p5dulum 9 a simple mann]4 ,if we place ! b>rel at ! "r1 & !reby secure ! greate/ effective =ce ( ! weight1 & !n lead ! weight to ! side by a pulley1 we w lose a great deal m by ! friction ( ! pulley ?an we ga9 by ! prop] application ( ! weight4 ,9 a regulator ) a ,graham escapem5t b little =ce is requir$ to keep x go+1 & !re is usually accommodation = an abundance ( p[]2 !re=e we _c use a little ( ?is sup]abundant available =ce to bett] advantage ?an by plac+ ! b>rel at ! left side ( ! clock1 & !reby ?r[ ! weight a suffici5t di/ance f ! p5dulum 9 ! simple/ mann]4 ,! escapem5t we assume to be ! old dead beat1 z = timekeep+ x is equal to a gravity escapem5t :ile possess+ advantages undesirable to sacrifice = a d\btful improvem5t4 ,! advantages x possesses ov] any =m ( gravity escapem5t are3 x has few] pieces & n s _m :eels2 x takes v mu* less p[] to drive2 is n liable to fail 9 action :ile w9d+1 if ! ma9ta9+ p[] %\ld be r weak2 :ile = c\nt+1 seconds & e/imat+ fractions1 its cle>1 def9ite1 & equable beat has great sup]iority ov] ! complication ( noises made by a gravity escapem5t4 ,full directions = mak+ ?is & o!r escapem5ts h already be5 giv51 b 9 a regulator !re are "s consid]ations :i* w n be enc\nt]$ 9 connection ) ! escapem5ts ( ord9>y clocks1 :]e f9e timekeep+ is n expect$4 ,we h previ\sly /at$ t ! c5t] ( susp5sion ( ! p5dulum %\ld be exactly 9 l9e ) ! axis ( ! escapem5t & we w n[ endeavor to /ate pla9ly h[ important ?is is 9 a f9e clock & ! reasons = x4 ,mr4 ,*>les ,frod%am1 ! not$ ,engli% *ronomet] mak]1 has conduct$ a s]ies ( c>eful exp]im5ts & ! results 7 communicat$ 9 a report to ! ,briti% ,horological ,society1 z foll[s3 ,:5 we talk ( deta*$ escapem5ts1 or any escapem5t appli$ to a p5dulum1 x is necess>y to be> 9 m9d t !re is always "o-?ird at ! lea/ ( ! p5dulum's vibration dur+ :i* ! arc ( escapem5t is intimately mix$ up ) ! vibration1 ei!r 9 lock+1 unlock+1 or 9 giv+ impulse2 !re=e1 :atev] inh]5t faults any escapem5t may possess are con/antly mix$ up 9 ! result2 ! words 8deta*$ escapem5t0 c h>dly be appli$ :5 ! entire arc ( vibration is only two degrees2 or1 9 o!r words1 :at "p ( ! vibration is left )\t ! influ5ce ( ! escapem5t8--at mo/ "o degree4 ,9 *ronomet]s ! arc ( vibration is f t5 to fifte5 times great] ?an ! arc ( escapem5t4 ,! dead-beat escapem5t has be5 accus$ ( int]f]+ ) ! natural iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum by its extreme friction on ! circul> re/s1 crut*1 & difficulty ( unlock+1 etc41 all ( :i* we %all %[ is only s :5 improp]ly made4 ,:5 ! dead-beat escapem5t has be5 ma!matically con/ruct$1 & is /rictly correct 9 all its be>+s1 its vibrations are f\nd to be iso*ron\s = arcs ( diff]5t ext5t f #j4ge ( a degree to #b4ej degrees2 injuri\s friction does n !n exi/2 ! run up on ! lock+ has no influ5ce1 nor is !re any friction at ! crut*2 oil is n absolutely necess>y1 except at ! pivots2 & !re is no unlock+ resi/ance nor any incl9ation to repel or attract ! :eel at its lock+s4 ,! g5]al mode ( mak+ ?is escapem5t is v defective & indef9ite1 & entirely de/roys ! naturally iso*ron\s vibration ( ! p5dulum4 ,! foll[+ is ! usual rate ( ! same p5dulum's p]=mance 9 ! diff]5t arcs ( vibration ) an escapem5t z g5]ally con/ruct$ aft] empirical rules3 ,arc ( vibration #c rate p] diem #i4j seconds4 ,arc ( vibration #b rate p] diem #f4j seconds4 ,arc ( vibration #b rate p] diem #c4e seconds4 ,arc ( vibration #a rate p] diem #a4e seconds4 ,arc ( vibration #a rate p] diem #j4j seconds4 ,?us = a *ange ( vibration ( #a1 we h a daily error ( #c4e4 ,no *ange ( susp5d+ spr+ w alt] inh]5t me*anical errors de/ructive ( ! laws ( motion4 ,) clocks made 9 ! usual mann]1 :e!r y apply a long or %ort spr+1 /rong or weak1 broad or n>r[1 y w n remove "o fraction ( ! error2 s ! soon] ! fallacy ( rely+ ^u ! susp5d+ spr+ to cure me*anical errors is explod$ ! bett]4 ,t ! susp5d+ spr+ plays a mo/ important "p mu/ be admitt$1 s9ce1 :5 susp5d$ by a spr+1 a p5dulum is kept 9 motion by a few gra9s only1 :]eas1 if support$ on ord9>y pivots1 #bjj lbs4 weight w\ld n drive x #b beyond its arc ( escapem5t1 s great w\ld be ! friction at ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,! conditions on :i* alone ! vibrations ( ! p5dulum w be iso*ron\s are ! foll[+3 #a4 ,t ! p5dulum be at "t ) & )\t ! clock1 9 :i* /ate x is iso*ron\s 8susp5d$ by a spr+40 #b4 ,t ! crut* & pallets %all ea* travel at ! same precise angul> velocity z ! p5dulum1 :i* c only happ5 :5 ! arc ea* is to describe is 9 direct proportion to its di/ance f ! c5t] ( motion1 t is1 f ! pallet axis4 #c4 ,t ! angul> =ce communicat$ by ! crut* to ! p5dulum %all be equal on bo? sides ( ! quiesc5t po9t2 or1 9 o!r words1 t ! lead ( ea* pallet %all be ( ! same precise am\nt4 #d4 ,t any numb] ( degrees m>k$ by ! crut* or pallets %all correspond ) ! same numb] ( degrees %[n by ! lead ( ! p5dulum1 z m>k$ by ! index on ! degree plate4 #e4 ,t ! v>i\s vibrations ( ! p5dulum be driv5 by a motive weight 9 /rict accordance ) ! !oretical law2 t is1 if a #e-lb4 weight cause ! p5dulum to d\ble its arc ( escapem5t ( #a1 & consequ5tly drive x #b1 all ! int]m$iate arcs ( vibration %all 9 practice accord ) ! !ory ( increas+ or dim9i%+ _! arcs 9 ! ratio ( ! squ>e roots ( ! motive weight4 ,to accompli% ! =ego+ conditions1 !re is b "o fix$ po9t or l9e ( di/ance betwe5 ! axis ( ! escape :eel & t ( ! pallet1 & t dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( tee? embrac$ by ! pallets & only "o po9t 9 :i* ! pallet axis c be plac$ f :i* ! sev]al l9es ( ! escapem5t c be correctly trac$ & prop]ly con/ruct$ ) equal angles1 & equal rectangul> lock+s on bo? sides1 s t ea* "p travels ) ! same degree ( angul> velocity1 :i* are ! ?ree ess5tial po9ts ( ! escapem5t4 ,mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion has be5 express$ ^u ! con/ruction ( ! pallets1 z to :e!r ! lock+s or circul> re/s %\ld be at equal di/ances f ! pallet axis1 ) arms & impulse planes ( unequal l5g?1 or at unequal di/ances f ! pallet axis1 ) arms & impulse planes ( equal l5g?4 ,9 ! latt] case ! lock+ on "o side is ?ree degrees above1 & on ! o!r ?ree degrees bel[ ! rectangle1 :]eas 9 ! =m] ! too? on bo? sides reposes at "r angles to ! l9e ( pressure2 b ! l5g? ( ! impulse planes is unequal4 ,:5 an escapem5t is correctly made ^u ei!r plan1 ! results are v simil>4 ,x is possible to obta9 equal angles by a false c5t] ( motion or pallet axis2 b !n ! arcs ( repose w n be equal4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ( s mu* consequ5ce z t ( hav+ de/roy$ ! conditions ,nos4 #b1 #c1 #d2 = ev5 at correct c5t]s1 if ! angles are n drawn (f correctly by ! protractor1 & precisely equal to ea* o!r1 ! iso*ron\s vibrations ( ! p5dulum w be de/roy$1 & unequal arcs w no long] be p]=m$ 9 equal times2 ! quiesc5t po9t is n ! c5t] ( ! vibration1 except :5 ! driv+ =ces are equal on bo? sides ( ! natural quiesc5t po9t ( ! p5dulum at re/4 ,n[ ?is is ! v pi? ( ! subject1 & :i* few w\ld be incl9$ to look = ) any hope ( f9d+ 9 x ! solution ( ?is important "q1 ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum4 ,"o w\ld naturally suppose t unequal arcs on ! two sides ( ! v]tical l9es w\ld n s]i\sly affect ! rate ( ! clock1 b w\ld be equal & contr>y1 & consequ5tly a balance ( errors1 & s !y probably are = ! same fix$ vibration1 b n = any o!r2 because diff]5t angles are driv5 ) diff]5t velocities1 ! %ort angle has a quick] rate ( motion ?an ! long4 ,five p\nds motive weight w multiply ?ree times ! p5dulum's vibration ov] an arc ( escapem5t ( #j4ge2 b ! same p5dulum1 ) an arc ( escapem5t ( #a1 w\ld require #aa4bj lbs4 to treble its vibration2 ! times ( ! vibration v>y 9 ! same ratio z ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! diff]5ces ( ! angles ( ea* pallet1 comp>$ ) ! spaces pass$ ov]4 ,f ?is x w be se5 t ! exact b5d+ po9t ( ! p5dulum spr+ %\ld be opposite ! axis ( ! =k arbor :5 regulat+ ! clock & ?is may h to be det]m9$ by trial1 rais+ or l[]+ ! plates by screws 9 ! arms ( ! susp5d+ brackets until ! prop] position is f\nd1 :5 ! movem5t may be clamp$ firmly 9 position by ! b9d+ screws1 see ,fig4 #aeh4 ,on common clocks ! crut* is simply rivet$ on its collet & b5t z requir$ to set ! clock 9 beat1 b = a fir/-class clock a m ref9$ arrangem5t is usually adopt$4 ,!re are o!r plans1 b p]haps none s ?or\ghly s\nd & conv5i5t z ! foll[+4 ,! crut* itself is made ( a piece ( flat /eel cut away s z to leave a r\nd boss at ! bottom = ! =k1 & a r\nd boss at ! top to fit on a collet on ! pallet arbor1 a "p project+ above to be embrac$ betwe5 a pair ( oppos+ screws4 ,on ! collet is fix$ a ?9 brass plate ) two lugs project+ backw>ds f ! frame1 ^! lugs be+ drill$ & tapp$ to receive ! oppos+ screws 9 a l9e4 ,! boss ( ! crut* lies flat aga9/ ?is plate1 & is held up to x by a removable collet4 ,! collet may be p9n$ across or fitt$ keyhole fa%ion1 9 ei!r case s z to hold ! crut* firmly1 all[+ x to move ) a little /iffness "u ! influ5ce ( ! screws4 ,) ?is arrangem5t ! adju/m5t to beat may be made ) ! utmo/ delicacy by slack+ "o screw & advanc+ ! o!r1 tak+ c>e t 9 ! end !y are well set home s z to make ! crut* practically all "o piece ) ! arbor4 ,mill$ heads are mo/ conv5i5t = ^! screws1 & be+ plac$ at ! top !y are easily got at4 ,! crut* %\ld always be fitt$ ) a =k to embrace ! p5dulum rod1 z ?is ensures ! impulse be+ giv5 directly ?r\gh ! c5t]1 & ) ! same object ! act+ sides ( ! =k %\ld be truly squ>e to ! frame4 ,a slot 9 ! p5dulum rod ) a p9 act+ 9 x is nev] s sure ( be+ correct1 z1 al?\gh ! surfaces may be r\nd$1 x is v unlikely t ! po9ts ( contact w be truly 9 ! plane ( ! axis ( ! rod4 ,! slighte/ error 9 ?is respect w t5d to cause wobbl+ ( ! bob1 al?\gh1 to avoid ?is1 great att5tion mu/ also be giv5 to ! susp5sion spr+1 ! p9 on :i* x hangs1 & ! p9 & ! hole at ! top ( ! p5dulum rod4 ,all ^! po9ts mu/ be 9 a true l9e1 & ! spr+ symmetrical on bo? sides ( ! l9e 9 ord] t ! impulse may be giv5 exactly opposite ! c5t] ( ! mass1 o!rwise wobbl+ mu/ occur1 al?\gh p]haps ( an am\nt s small z to be difficult ( detection1 & ?is is n a matt] ( small importance1 z x has an effect on ! rate :i* c\ld be ma!matically demon/rat$4 ,! frames ( _m regulators are made too l>ge & heavy4 ,9 "s cases !re may be good reasons = mak+ !m l>ge & heavy1 b 9 mo/ in/ances1 & especially :5 ! p5dulum is n susp5d$ f ! movem5t1 x w\ld be mu* bett] to make ! frames light] ?an we frequ5tly f9d !m4 ,v l>ge frames pres5t a massive appe>ance1 & convey an idea ( /r5g? altoge!r out ( proportion to ! "w a regulator is requir$ to p]=m4 ,!y are m difficult & m exp5sive to make ?an light] ones1 & aft] !y are made !y are m tr\blesome to h&le1 & ! pivots ( ! p9ions are 9 great] dang] ( be+ brok5 :5 ! clock is be+ put toge!r ?an :5 !y are mod]ately light4 ,9 a clock su* z we h "u consid]ation1 :]e ! frame is n to be us$ z a support = ! p5dulum1 b simply to conta9 ! v>i\s p>ts :i* con/itute ! movem5t1 ! ?ickness ( ! frames may ) propriety be det]m9$ on ! basis ( ! diamet] ( ! majority ( ! pivots :i* "w into ! holes ( ! frames4 ,! l5g? ( ! be>+ surface ( a pivot w1 accord+ to circum/ances1 v>y f "o to two & a half times ! diamet] ( ! pivot4 ,! majority ( ! pivots ( our regulator w n be m ?an 4#je or 4#jf ( an in* 9 diamet]2 consequ5tly a frame #j4ae ( an in* ?ick w all[ a suffici5t l5g? ( be>+ = ! great] portion ( ! pivots1 & w also all[ = c\nt]s9ks to be made = ! purpose ( hold+ ! oil4 ,if ?9 plates are us$ "o or two ( ! l>g] pivots %\ld be run 9 bu%es plac$ 9 ! frame1 z describ$ 9 ,fig4 #aee4 ,! l5g? & bread? ( ! frame1 & also its %ape1 %\ld be det]m9$ solely on ! basis ( utility4 ,!re c be no bett] %ape = ! purpose ( a regulator ?an a pla9 oblong1 )\t any attempt :atev] at ornam5t4 ,= our regulator a frame n9e in*es long & sev5 in*es broad w all[ ample accommodation = ev]y?+1 z may be se5 on ref]r+ to ,fig4 #aeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aed4 ,! plates are made ( v>i\s alloys3 ca/-brass1 nickel-silv]1 & h>d-roll$ %eet brass4 ,x is difficult to make plates ( ca/-brass :i* w\ld be ev51 free f specks1 etc41 b ca/ plates may v well be made ( ornam5tal patt]ns & bu%+s ( brass rod ins]t$1 or !y may be jewel$ z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aed1 #aee1 #aef4 ,nickel1 or ,g]man silv]1 makes a f9e plate1 b x is difficult to drill ! small holes ?r\gh plates ( f\r-t5?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 on acc\nt ( ! peculi> t\ghness ( ! metal1 s t bu%+s are necess>y4 ,! be/ mat]ial :]e ! holes are to be 9 ! plates is f9e1 h>d-roll$ %eet brass2 x %\ld h ab\t #d oz4 ( lead to ! #ajj lbs41 :i* w make x 8*ip free10 z clockmak]s t]m x1 r5d]+ x easy to drill2 ! metal is s f9e & cond5s$ to t ext5t by roll+1 t ! holes c be made ) ! greate/ degree ( p]fection4 ,! _m improvem5ts 9 tools & ma*9]y h effect$ great *anges & improvem5ts 9 clock-mak+4 ,x once 0 q a difficult task to drill ! small holes 9 ! plates ) ! ord9>y drills & la!s2 n[ we lay ! plates aft] !y are sold]$ toge!r at ! edges 7:i* is pref]able to p9n+71 on ! table ( an upright drill1 & ) "o ( ! mod]n twi/-drills ! task is r5d]$ a v easy "o4 ,aft] ! pivot holes are drill$1 we run ?r\gh f ea* side a r\nd broa*1 f9i%$ l5g?wise & h>d5$1 :i* acts z a f9e ream]1 /raight5+ & poli%+ ! holes exquisitely4 ,a little oil %\ld be us$ on ! ream] to prev5t /ick+4 ,! me?od ( fitt+ up ! pivot holes inv5t$ by ,le,roy1 a ,fr5* clockmak] ( "s note1 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aed4 ,x is a sectional view ( ! plate at ! pivot hole4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 in/ead ( c\nt]s9k+ = ! oil1 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,a is a h>d5$ /eel plate c\nt]bor$ into ! clock plate ,b1 & held 9 its place by ! screws4 ,!re %\ld be a small space betwe5 ! /eel plate & ! cr[n ( ! ar* = ! oil4 ,aft] ! clock has be5 put toge!r x is laid d[n on its face or side1 a drop ( oil is put to ! pivot end1 & ! /eel plate imm$iately put on2 & ! oil w at once assume ! %ape ( ! %ad$ spot 9 ! draw+1 be+ held 9 ! position at ! c5t] ( ! pivot by capill>y attraction1 until x is exhau/$ by ! pivots2 ! /eel plates also gov]n ! end play ( ! p9ions4 ,! pivot ends be+ all[$ to t\* ! plates occasionally1 ! %\ld]s ( ! p9ions are turn$ away into a curve1 &1 ( c\rse1 d n be> aga9/ ! plate1 z 9 mo/ clocks4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aee4 ,glass plates may be us$ in/ead ( /eel1 or rose cut ?9 g>nets1 or sapphires1 ) ! flat sides smoo?ly poli%$1 may be b\ght ( mat]ial deal]s & set 9 bezels l a cap jewel4 ,!y are v h>d & smoo? = ! pivot ends1 & ! /ate ( ! oil at ! pivots c be se5 at any "t4 ,clocks fitt$ up 9 ?is mann] h be5 runn+ _m ye>s )\t oil+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aef4 ,:5 fitt$ up 9 ?is way ! plates may be ?ick]4 ,we h made ! clock plates ab\t f\r-t5?s ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* all[s ( c\nt]bor+1 & admits ( long be>+s = ! b>rel arbor1 :i* are s liable to be worn d[n 9 ! holes by ! weights2 & ! pivots ( ! p9ions1 by be+ a little long]1 d n mat]ially increase ! friction4 ,9 fir/-class clocks1 :5 all ! mat]ials are z h>d z possible1 ! :eels & p9ions high numb]$1 ! tee?1 p9ions1 pivots1 & holes smoo?1 true1 & well poli%$1 ! am\nt ( we> is v slight1 especially if ! driv+ weight has no useless excess4 ,yet !re are advantages 9 hav+ "s p>ts jewel$1 su* z ! pallets & ! f\r escapem5t holes4 ,! co/ ( su* jewel+ is n an objection1 :ile ! dim9i%$ friction ( ! smoo?1 h>d surfaces is wor? ! extra outlay4 ,! holes c be set 9 ! bu%es describ$ 9 ,fig4 #aef1 ! end /ones be+ *eap semi-preci\s /ones1 ei!r rose cut or r\nd4 ,= jewel+ ! pallets1 dovetail$ slots may be made s t ! /ones w be ( a w$ge %ape2 !re is no ne$ = cutt+ ! slots "r ?r\gh z 9 lev] wat* pallets4 ,! /ones w be held m firmly if %ap$ z w$ges ly+ on a b$ ( ! /eel & expos+ only ! circul> re/+ curve & ! driv+ face4 ,! slots c be fil$ out & ! /ones gr\nd on a copp] lap to fit1 fix$ ) %ellac & press$ firmly home :ile w>m4 ,! gr9d+ & poli%+ ( ! act+ surfaces are done exactly z describ$ = h>d /eel1 only us+ diamond p[d] in/ead ( em]y4 ,! be/ /ones are pale milky sapphires1 su* z are useless z gems1 ?is k9d ( /one be+ ! h>de/4 ,! holes may be mu* %ort] :5 jewel$1 z ! am\nt ( be>+ surface requir$ ) /ones is less ?an ) brass2 ?is results 9 less adhesion ?r\gh ! oil1 & less v>iation ( =ce ?r\gh its *anges ( consi/5cy4 ,! 'scape :eel may also be ?9n] ) simil> results1 & less weight to be mov$ besides4 ,s ! advantages ( jewel+ are wor? consid]ation4 ,x is important to f9i% ! :eels & p9ions be=e drill+ any holes 9 ! plates & !n to def9itely locate ! holes aft] trial 9 ! dep?+ tool4 ,= ! clockmak]'s use ! next 9 value to ! :eel cutt+ eng9e is a /rong & rigid dep?+ tool1 = x is by means ( ?is in/rum5t t ! prop] c5t] di/ances ( :eels & p9ions c be asc]ta9$1 & all errors 9 sizes ( :eels & p9ions1 & %apes ( tee?1 are at once detect$ be=e ! holes are drill$ 9 ! plates4 ,9 fact1 ?is tool becomes = ! mom5t ! clock itself2 & if ! workman w consid] t z ! :eels & p9ions p]=m 9 ! tool = ! little "t he is te/+ !m1 s !y w cont9ue to run dur+ ! life ( ! clock1 he w n be too ha/y 9 all[+ :eels to g z correct :5 a hundr$? ( an in* l>g] or small]1 & ano!r te/1 w\ld1 p]haps1 make ! pit*+ p]fect4 ,!re are v>i\s k9ds ( dep?+ tools 9 use1 b _m ( !m are objectionable = ! reason t ! c5t]s are s long t ! m>k+ po9ts on _! out] ends1 are too f> f ! po9t :]e ! pit*+ or dep?+ is be+ te/$1 & ! slighte/ error 9 ! p>allelism ( ^! c5t]s is1 ( c\rse1 multipli$ by ! di/ance1 s t x may be a s]i\s diff]5ce4 ,hav+ exp]i5c$ "s tr\ble f ?is cause1 we made an in/rum5t ) v %ort c5t]s1 on ! pr9ciple t ! m>k+ po9ts1 or c5t]s1 %\ld be z ne> ! te/+ place z possible4 ,we succe$$ 9 mak+ "o ) a diff]5ce ( only ?ree-f\r?s ( an in*1 :i* 0 s exact t we _h no fur!r tr\ble4 ,x 0 made on ! ,sector plan1 b upright1 s t ! "w "u inspection1 :e!r :eels & p9ions1 or escapem5ts1 c\ld be obs]v$ closely1 & ) a glass1 if necess>y4 ,x is v important t ! po/s or pill>s & side-plates ( clocks %\ld be made & put toge!r 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann]2 ! po/s %\ld be turn$ exact to l5g? & h l>ge %\ld]s1 turn$ true1 s t ! plates1 :5 put toge!r )\t screws %\ld fit accurately1 = if !y d n1 :5 ! screws are driv51 "s ( ! pivots w be cramp$4 ,we pref] iron = ! po/s1 x be+ /iff]1 & bett] reta9+ ! screw ?reads 9 ! ends1 :i* 9 brass are liable to /rip unless long & deep holes are tapp$4 ,/eel pill>s %\ld be blu$ aft] be+ f9ely f9i%$1 ?us pres5t+ a pleas+ contra/4 ,! plate screws %\ld also be ( /eel1 ) l>ge flat heads1 turn$ up true1 & hav+ a wa%] next to ! plate4 ,brass pill>s are favor$ by _m & are easi] turn$ 9 a small la!1 b !y %\ld be mu* l>g] ?an ! /eel ones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aeh4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aei4 ,:5 ! pill>s are made ( brass r\nd rod ( prop] diamet] is ! be/ /ock4 ,if ?is _c be procur$1 a patt]n is turn$ f wood1 & a little l>g] 9 e respect ?an ! pill> is desir$ to be4 ,if !re is to be any ornam5t put on ! pill>1 x is nev] made on ! patt]n1 because x makes x m difficult to ca/1 & besides1 ! ornam5tation w\ld all be spoil$ 9 ! hamm]+4 ,! patt]n mu/ be turn$ smoo?1 & ! f9] x is ! bett] w be ! ca/+4 ,aft] ! ca/+ is receiv$ ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to hamm] ! brass1 & !n c5t] ! holes1 because x w be se5 f ,fig4 #aei t !re are holes = screws at ea* end ( ! pill>4 ,holes ( ab\t 4#bj ( an in* are !n bor$ 9 ! ends ( ! pill>s1 & %\ld be deep1 because deep holes d no h>m & greatly facilitate ! tapp+ = ! screws4 ,aft] ! holes are tapp$1 run 9 a bottom+ tap & !n c\nt]s9k !m a little1 to prev5t ! pill> f go+ out ( tru? 9 ! turn+4 ,x w dep5d a great deal on ! conv5i5ces :i* belong to ! la! ! pill>s are turn$ 9 z to h[ !y w be held 9 ! la! & turn$4 ,if ! holes 9 ! ends ( ! pill>s h be5 bor$ & tapp$ true1 & if ! la! has no k9d ( a *uck or face plate ) dogs1 suitable = hold+ rods1 ! be/ way is to cat* a piece ( /\t /eel wire 9 ! *uck & turn x true1 cut a true screw on x1 & on ?is screw "o end ( ! pill>1 & run ! o!r end 9 a male c5t]4 ,h[ev]1 if ! screws are n all p]fectly true1 & ! c5t]s ( ! la! n p]fectly 9 l9e1 ?is plan w n "w well1 & x w be necess>y to cat* a c>ri] on to ! pill> & turn x betwe5 two male c5t]s4 ,! dial feet are precisely ! same z ! pill>s1 only small]4 ,^! dial feet are int5d$ to be fa/5$ 9 ! frame by a screw1 ! same z ! pill>s2 b x w be obs]v$ t ! screw :i* is int5d$ to hold ! dial on ! pill> is small]4 ,! dial feet w be turn$ 9 precisely ! same mann] z ! pill>s4 ,= f9i%+ ! pla9 surfaces ( ! pill>s & dial feet1 an old #f or #g-;in* smoo? file makes a good tool4 ,! end ( ! file is gr\nd flat1 squ>e or slightly r\nd$1 & p]fectly smoo?4 ,! smoo!r ! cutt+ surface ! smoo!r ! "w done by x w be4 ,x is difficult to convey ! idea to ! inexp]i5c$ h[ to use ?is tool successfully4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 a good la! is necess>y1 or at lea/ "o t all[s ! "w to run free )\t any %ake4 ,9 ! second place1 ! tool mu/ be gr\nd p]fectly squ>e1 t is1 x is n to be gr\nd at an angle l an ord9>y cutt+ tool4 ,!n ! re/ ( ! la! mu/ be smoo? on ! top1 & ! op]ator mu/ h confid5ce 9 himself1 because if he ?9ks t he _c turn p]fectly smoo?1 x w be a long "t be=e he is able to d x4 ,a tool = turn+ ! r\nd$ "p ( ! pill>1 if a patt]n ( ?is /yle is decid$ on1 is made by bor+ a hole1 ! size ( ! desir$ curve1 9 an old file1 or 9 a piece ( flat /eel1 & smoo?+ ! hole ) a broa* & !n fil+ away ! /eel4 ,! %\ld]s %\ld be smoo? & flat1 or a v little und]cut1 & ! ends ( ! pill>s %\ld be r\nd$ z is %[n 9 ,fig4 #aei1 because r\nd$ po9ts assi/ greatly 9 mak+ ! frames g on to ! pill>s sure & easy1 & greatly less5 ! dang] ( break+ a pivot :5 ! clock is be+ put toge!r4 ,:5 a wa%] is us$ ! po9ts ( ! pill>s project half ! ?ickness ( ! wa%] ?r\gh ! frames1 ! hole 9 ! wa%] be+ l>ge en\gh to g on to ! po9ts ( ! pill>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afj4 ,figure #afj is an outl9e ( ! cock requir$ = ! pallet arbor1 & ! only cock t w be requir$ = ! regulator4 ,x is cu/om>y1 9 "s in/ances1 to use a cock = ! scape :eel & also = ! h\r :eel arbors1 b = ! scape :eel arbor ,i consid] t a cock %\ld nev] be us$ :5 x c be avoid$4 ,! idea ( us+ a cock = ! scape :eel arbor is to br+ ! %\ld] ( ! pivot ne> to ! dial & !reby make ! small pivot t c>ries ! seconds h& s mu* %ort]2 & s f> ?is is good1 b !n ! di/ance betwe5 ! %\ld]s ( ! arbor be+ great]1 :5 a cock is us$ ! arbor is m liable to spr+ & cause ! scape :eel to imp>t an irregul> =ce to ! p5dulum ?r\gh ! pallets4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,i pref] n to use a cock except :5 ! design ( ! case is su* t long dial feet are necess>y1 & r5d]s ! use ( a cock indisp5sable4 ,9 ! pres5t in/ance1 h[ev]1 ! dial feet are no long] ?an is j necess>y to all[ = a w9d+ squ>e on ! b>rel arbor1 & !re=e a cock = ! scape :eel is sup]flu\s4 ,x is bett] to use a long light socket = ! seconds h& ?an put a cock on ! scape :eel arbor 9 ord9>y cases4 ,except = ! purpose ( uni=mity a cock on ! h\r :eel is always sup]flu\s1 al?\gh its pres5ce is comp>atively h>mless4 ,! front pivot ( ! h\r :eel axis c always be left ?ick & /rong en\gh %\ld ! design ( ! case require ! dial feet to be extra long4 ,= ! pallet arbor1 h[ev]1 a cock is always necess>y1 & x %\ld always be made high en\gh to all[ ! back =k to be br\ght z ne> to ! p5dulum z possible1 s z to prev5t any possibility ( its twi/+ :5 ! p[] is be+ communicat$ f ! pallets to ! p5dulum4 ,?is cock %\ld be made ab\t ! same ?ickness z ! frames1 & ab\t half an in* broad4 ,make ! patt]n out ( a piece ( h>d wood1 ei!r 9 "o solid piece or by fa/5+ a numb] ( pieces toge!r4 ,! patt]n %\ld be made a little heavi] ?an ! cock is requir$ to be :5 f9i%$1 & x %\ld also be made slightly bevell$ to all[ x to be easily drawn f ! s& :5 prep>+ ! m\ld = ca/+4 ,aft] x is ca/ ! brass %\ld be hamm]$ c>efully1 & !n fil$ squ>e1 flat1 & smoo?4 ,screws are bett] & *eap] :5 pur*as$1 b !y may be made ( /eel or brass rod by any workman :o is provid$ ) a set ( f9e taps & dies4 ,if pur*as$ !y %\ld be h>d5$1 poli%$ & blu$ be=e us+ !m 9 ! regulator4 ,! ?reads ( screws v>y 9 proportion to ! size ( ! screw & ! mat]ial f :i* x is made4 ,a screw ) f #cb to #dj turns to ! in*1 & a ?read ( ! same %ape z ! f9e dies = sale 9 ! tool %ops make1 is well adapt$ = ! l>ge screws 9 a regulator4 ,h[ev]1 x is n ?reads ( ! screws ,i desire to call att5tion to s mu*1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! ?reads are ( prim>y importance4 ,x is ! %ape ( ! heads & ! po9ts :i* is too (t5 neglect$4 ,a ?read1 or a ?read & a half1 cut d[n on ! po9t ( a screw1 w all[ x to ent] easi] ?an :5 ! po9t is flat1 r\nd1 or %ap$ l a c5t]4 ,?is is n a new idea = mak+ ! po9ts ( screws1 b ! plan is ei!r n kn[n to _m1 or x is n practic$ to ! ext5t x ought to be4 ,! %ape ( ! head ( a screw %\ld also always be bas$ on utility1 & ! %ape t w admit ( a slit into x t w we> well %\ld be select$4 ,a r\nd head ought nev] to be us$1 because a head ( ?is %ape does n pres5t ! same am\nt ( surface to ! screwdriv] t a squ>e head does4 ,x is ! extreme end ( ! slit t is mo/ effective1 & 9 r\nd-head$ screws ?is "p is cut away & ! value ( ! head = we>+ by ! use ( ! screwdriv] is ! same z if ! head ( ! screw 0 s mu* small]4 ,a *amf]$ head may suit ! ta/es ( "s p bett] ?an a p]fectly flat head1 b 9 a head ( ?is %ape ! slit mu/ be cut deep] ?an 9 a squ>e head1 because ! *amf]$ "p ( ! head is ( little or no use = ! screwdriv] to act aga9/4 ,! slits %\ld always be cut c>efully 9 ! c5t] ( ! head & ! sides ( ! slit fil$ p]fectly flat ) a ?9 file & ! slight burr fil$ (f ! edge to prev5t ! top ( ! head gett+ bruis$ by ! action ( ! screwdriv]4 ,! %ape ( ! slit :i* is be/ adapt$ = we>+ is "o slightly tap]$1 ) a r\nd bottom4 ,! r\nd bottom gives great] /r5g? to ! head1 & prev5ts ! heads ( small screws f splitt+4 ,i h dwelt at "s l5g? on ^! little details because a prop] att5tion to !m goes a long way 9 ! mak+ ( a clock 9 a workmanlike mann]1 & x is desirable t ! practical details %\ld be z m9ute z possible4 ,! con/ruction ( ! b>rel is a subject :i* requires a great] am\nt ( consid]ation ?an is sometimes be/[$ ^u x4 ,we (t5 meet ) regulator b>rels :i* h consid]able m brass put into !m ?an is necess>y4 ,! value ( ?is extra metal is ( little or no consequ5ce4 ,x is ! unnecess>y pressure ! weight ( x causes on ! b>rel pivots1 & ! consequ5t increase ( friction1 :i* is objectionable4 ,= ?is reason ! weight ( ! b>rel1 z well z ! weight ( e o!r "p ( ! clock t moves on pivots1 %\ld be made no heavi] ?an is absolutely necess>y to secure ! requir$ am\nt ( /r5g?4 ,9 e in/ance1 except :5 ! diamet] is requir$ to be v small1 ! b>rel %\ld be made ( a piece ( ?9 brass tub+ ) two ends ( ca/-brass fa/5$ into x4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #afa4 ,figure #afa is a sectional view ( ! ends ( a b>rel2 ! diagram on ! "r is ! end :]e ! great :eels re/ aga9/1 & ! "o on ! left is ! o!r end4 ,! insides ( bo? ^! ends are precisely ! same1 b ! outsides diff] a little4 ,x w be obs]v$ t !re is a little projection ne> ! hole on ! outside ( ! front end4 ,?is projection is left ) ! view ( mak+ ! hole 9 ! c5t] long]1 & !reby caus+ ?is end to take a firm] hold on ! b>rel arbor4 ,! back end1 or ! end t ! great :eels re/ aga9/1 & :]e ! rat*et tee? are cut1 is %ap$ precisely l ! diagram on ! "r ( ,fig4 #afa4 ,if y _c get brass plate ( suffici5t ?ickness = ! ends ( ! b>rel !y mu/ be ca/4 ,! patt]ns = ^! b>rel ends %\ld be made )\t any hole 9 ! c5t]1 & 9 e way heavi] & ?ick] ?an !y are to be :5 f9i%$1 because x is difficult to obta9 good & solid ca/+s :5 ! patt]ns are made ?91 al?\gh x is by no means impossible to make !m s4 ,l all brass ca/+s us$ = ! clockmak]'s purpose1 !y %\ld be c>efully hamm]$1 &1 al?\gh ^! pieces are ( an irregul> %ape1 !y c be easily hamm]$ regul>ly ) ! aid ( n>r[-fac$ hamm]s or pun*es1 & ) ! ex]cise ( a little pati5ce4 ,aft] hamm]+1 ! ca/+s %\ld be plac$ on a face plate 9 ! la!1 & ! tube :i* is to =m ! top "p ( ! b>rel fitt$ easy & )\t %ake on to ! flanges & ! o!r p>ts ( ! ca/+s turn$ d[n to ! requir$ ?ickness1 & a hole a little less ?an #j4c ( an in* diamet] bor$ 9 ! c5t] ( ea* be=e x is remov$ f ! face plate4 ,! tube :i* is to =m ! top ( ! b>rel %\ld be no heavi] ?an is j necess>y to cut a groove = ! cord1 & = ?is regulator x %\ld be #a4e in* diamet] outside measurem5t1 #a4e in* long1 & turn$ p]fectly true on ! ends4 ,! hole 9 ! front end ( ! b>rel1 :i* is ! end ne>e/ to ! dial1 %\ld be broa*$ a little f ! inside1 & ! o!r end broa*$ a little l>g] f ! outside4 ,! reason = broa*+ ! holes 9 ?is mann] is to cause ! ?icke/ "p ( ! b>rel arbor to be at ! place :]e ! great :eels "w1 because1 9 mak+ a b>rel = a regulator1 x w g5]ally be f\nd t ! arbor requires to be ?icke/ 9 ?is p>ticul> place4 ,! arbor %\ld be made f a piece ( f9e ca/ /eel a little m ?an #j4c ( an in* ?ick1 & n less ?an f\r in*es long4 ,x is always well to h ! /eel long en\gh4 ,?is /eel %\ld be c>efully c5t]$ & turn$ true1 & ( ! same size & tap] z ! holes 9 ! b>rel ends4 ,x is n necess>y t ! b>rel arbor %\ld be h>d5$ & temp]$1 except on special occasions4 ,9 mo/ cases x w la/ z long z any o!r "p ( ! clock if x is left s(t1 & x is mu* easi] to make :5 s(t4 ,be=e fitt+ ! arbor to ! b>rel ends x is well to place ! ends into ! tube t is to =m ! top ( ! b>rel1 because a bett] fit c be made 9 ?is way ?an :5 ea* is fitt$ sep>ately4 ,:5 ! arbor has be5 fitt$1 a good & conv5i5t way ( fa/5+ x toge!r is1 to use s(t sold]4 ,x c be easily heat$ to ! requir$ degree ( heat ) ! bl[-pipe4 ,a v little sold] is suffici5t = ! purpose1 & if ! jo9ts h be5 well fitt$ ! sold] w n %[ :5 ! "w is f9i%$4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to notice t ! sold] adh]es to ! arbors prop]ly4 ,p]haps x w\ld be well to m5tion "h t1 %\ld ! clockmak] n h access to a cutt+ eng9e ) conv5i5ces atta*$ to x = cutt+ ! b>rel rat*et aft] ! b>rel has be5 put toge!r1 ! rat*et %\ld be cut fir/4 ,:5 ! diff]5t pieces :i* con/itute a b>rel h be5 fa/5$ toge!r ! brass "w has next to be turn$ true1 & ! grooves cut = ! cord to run 94 ,x is be/ n to turn any?+ (f ! arbor till ! grooves are cut1 because !y are usually cut smoo!r :5 ! arbor is /rong4 ,! mo/ important po9ts to notice :5 turn+ a b>rel is to be sure t ! top is ( equal diamet] f ! "o end to ! o!r1 & t ! be>+ :]e ! great :eels re/ aga9/ are p]fectly true1 because1 if ! top ( a b>rel is ( unequal ?ickness1 ! weight w pull ) unequal =ce z x runs d[n1 & if ! be>+ on ! end be out ( tru? ! great :eels w also be v liable to get out ( tru?1 z _! position on ! b>rel is alt]$ by w9d+ ! clock up4 ,! %ape ( ! outside ( ! b>rel ends1 z is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #afa1 w be f\nd to be good & s]viceable4 ,,aa is ! be>+ = ! great :eels to re/ aga9/2 ,,bb is :]e ! rat*et tee? are to be cut4 ,!re mu/ be a little turn$ (f ! face ( ,,bb1 z is %[n 9 ! diagram1 s z to prev5t ! great :eel f rubb+ on ! tee?4 ,! space betwe5 ,,aa & ! b>rel arbor is turn$ smoo?4 ,al?\gh x is by no means an absolute necessity to h a groove cut 9 ! top ( ! b>rel1 yet x is extremely desirable t !re %\ld be "o1 s t ! cord may always be guid$ ) c]ta9ty z ! clock is w\nd up4 ,x has long be5 a disput$ "q :e!r ! cord %\ld be fa/5$ at ! front end ( ! b>rel & w9d t[>ds ! back1 or :e!r x %\ld be fa/5$ at ! back & w9d t[>ds ! front4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is any violation ( pr9ciple1 s f> z ! regul>ity ( ! p[] is conc]n$1 :e!r ! cord runs "o way or ! o!r4 ,i und]/& x to be solely a "q ( keep+ ! weight cle> ( ! case & ! p5dulum ball4 ,9 ord9>y con/ruct$ regulator cases ?is object w be be/ atta9$ by cutt+ ! screw s t ! cord c be fa/5$ at ! front ( ! b>rel & w9d t[>ds ! back2 because 9 mak+ x 9 ?is way1 ! weight is ! l5g? ( ! b>rel f>!r away f ! front ( ! case :5 x is w\nd up1 & ab\t ! same di/ance f>!r away f ! p5dulum ball :5 x is ne>ly run d[n1 ?an if ! cord 0 fa/5$ at ! back end ( ! b>rel & w\nd t[>ds ! front4 ,! cutt+ ( ! groove is usually done 9 an ord9>y screw cutt+ la!4 ,9 mak+ ! pivots on a b>rel x is ! usual cu/om to make ! back pivot small] ?an ! front "o b1 ) all due respect = ?is "t-honor$ cu/om1 ,i w\ld direct a little att5tion to ! philosophy ( cont9u+ to make ! b>rel pivots ( a regulator 9 ?is mann]4 ,friction v>ies ) pressure2 a l>ge pivot has a great] am\nt ( friction ?an a small] "o1 because ! pressure on ! slid+ surface ( ! revolv+ body is f>!r away f ! c5t] ( motion 9 "o case ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,9 regulators :]e ! b>rel pivots are ( a diff]5t size1 ! effective =ce ( ! weight w v>y slightly accord+ z ! weight is fully w\nd up or ne>ly run d[n4 ,9 "o in/ance ! pressure ( ! weight is m directly on ! l>ge pivot ?an x is on ! small] "o2 & 9 ! o!r in/ance ! pressure is m directly on ! small pivot ?an x is on ! l>g] "o1 & :5 ! weight is half w\nd up1 or half run d[n1 ! pressure is equal on bo? pivots4 ,9 ! c5t] p9ion & 9 "s ( ! o!r arbors ( a clock1 x is sometimes necess>y to make "o pivot consid]ably l>g] ?an ! o!r2 b 9 ^! cases ! diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! pivots does n affect ! regul>ity ( ! transmission ( ! p[]1 because ! pressure t turns ! :eel is always at ! same po9t4 ,9 a regulator b>rel1 h[ev]1 ! pressure ( ! cord & weight %ifts gradually f "o end ( ! b>rel to ! o!r1 z ! clock runs d[n1 & :5 ! pivots are ( unequal ?ickness ! p[] is transmitt$ ne>ly z irregul> z if ! top ( ! b>rel 0 slightly conical & bo? pivots ( ! same size4 ,= ! above reason1 ,i ?9k1 t x w be pla9 to all t 9 a f9e clock bo? ( ! b>rel pivots %\ld be made ( an equal diamet]4 ,! front pivot %\ld be made no l>g] ?an is absolutely necess>y = a w9d+ squ>e1 & :5 we take ! fact into consid]ation t a f9e clock ) a ,graham escapem5t requires consid]able less p[] to keep x 9 motion ?an an eight-day m>9e *ronomet] does1 we may safely conclude t ! w9d+ squ>es ( _m regulators ( ! ,graham class might be made small]4 ,a pivot ab\t #j4b ( an in* w secure a suffici5t am\nt ( /r5g?4 ,= ! reasons m5tion$ above1 ! back pivot %\ld be exactly ! same diamet]1 & al?\gh ! effects ( friction w be slightly great] :5 bo? pivots are ( an equal size1 /ill ! =ce ( ! weight w be transmitt$ m regul>ly1 :i* is ! object aim$ at4 ,:]e ! plates are bu%$ a l5g? ( two to ?ree diamet]s is long en\gh = ! pivot holes4 ,! /op works1 ma9ta9+ p[]s & g5]al arrangem5t ( ! great :eel1 rat*ets & clicks1 h be5 s fully describ$ & illu/rat$ on pages #bhb to #bij1 ,figs4 #hc to #hg1 t x w\ld be useless duplication to repeat !m "h1 & ! read] is !re=e ref]r$ to ^? pages1 = full p>ticul>s4 ,?is is also ! case ) ! purely me*anical op]ations ( cutt+ ! :eels & p9ions1 h>d5+1 poli%+1 /ak+1 etc42 all h be5 fully treat$2 b !re are "s fur!r consid]ations :i* may be m5tion$ "h4 ,! practical value ( mak+ p9ions ) v high numb]s is v mu* ov]-rat$4 ,i "k ( two clocks situat$ 9 ! same build+ t are comp>$ e o!r day by transit obs]vation4 ,!y bo? h ,graham escapem5ts & m]curial p5dulums1 & are equally well fitt$ up1 & z f> z ! eye c detect1 !y are ab\t equally well made 9 all ! ess5tial po9ts1 ) only ?is diff]5ce3 "o clock has p9ions ( eight1 & ! o!r p9ions ( sixte5 leaves1 yet = two ye>s "o clock ran ab\t equally z well z ! o!r4 ,9 fact1 if !re 0 any diff]5ce1 x 0 9 favor ( ! clock ) ! eight-leav$ p9ions4 ,9 giv+ ?is example1 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood to be plac+ little value on high numb]$ p9ions4 ,i "k t 9 "s in/ances !y c be us$ to advantage4 ,! idea t ,i want to illu/rate at pres5t is1 t x is n 9 ?is direction t we are to se>* = ! means ( improv+ ! rates ( regulators4 ,a p9ion z l[ z elev5 leaves c be made s t ! action ( ! too? w beg9 at or beyond ! l9e ( c5t]s2 b z elev5 is an inconv5i5t numb] to use 9 clockwork1 we may ) great propriety decide ^u twelve z be+ a suffici5t numb] ( leaves = all ! p9ions us$ 9 a regulator hav+ a ,graham escapem5t4 ,9 arrang+ ! size ( ! :eels 9 a regulator1 ! diamet]s ( ! c5t] & ?ird :eels are det]m9$ by ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! m9ute & ! c5t] ( ! seconds h& circle on ! dial4 ,z ! dials ( regulators are usually engrav$ aft] ! dial plates h be5 fitt$1 & z ! position ( ! holes 9 ! dial = ! c5t] & scape :eel pivots to come ?r\gh det]m9es ! size ( ! seconds circle1 x may be well to m5tion "h t1 = a twelve-in* dial1 two & a half in*es is a good di/ance = ! c5t] ( ! m9ute circle to be f ! c5t] ( ! seconds circle4 ,consequ5tly ! c5t] & ?ird :eels mu/ be made ( su* a diamet] z w raise ! scape :eel arbor two & a half in*es f ! c5t] arbor1 & ! o!r :eels mu/ be made proportionally l>g]1 accord+ to ! numb] ( tee? !y conta94 ,we all "k :at a difficult matt] x is to make a cutt] t w cut a too? ( ! prop] %ape2 b :5 ! cutt] is once made & c>efully us$1 we also "k t x w cut or f9i% a great numb] ( :eels )\t injury4 ,= ?is reason1 ^? :o are contemplat+ mak+ only "o1 or at mo/ b a few regulators1 w f9d ! "w w be greatly simplifi$ by mak+ ! :eels ( a diamet] proportionate to ! numb] ( tee? !y conta91 & = all practical purposes ! cutt] t cuts or f9i%es ! tee? ( "o :eel w be suffici5tly accurate = ! o!rs4 ,if we make all ! p9ions ) ! same numb] ( leaves !y w also all be ne>ly ( ! same diamet]1 & may be cut1 or r ! cutt+ op]ation may )\t any great impropriety be f9i%$ ) "o cutt]4 ,an op9ion prevails among a c]ta9 class ( workm5 t ! tee? ( ! great :eel & leaves ( ! c5t] p9ion %\ld be made l>g] & /rong] ?an ! o!r :eels & p9ions1 because !re is a great] /ra9 ^u !m ?an on ! o!r4 ,h[ev] reasonable ?is idea may seem1 a little consid]ation w %[ t 9 ! case ( a regulator1 ) a ,graham escapem5t1 :]e s little motive p[] is requir$ to keep x 9 motion1 an arrangem5t ( ?is nature is altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,! smalle/ tee? ev] us$ 9 any class ( regulators are /rong en\gh = ! great :eel2 & if !re be a great] am\nt ( /ra9 on ! tee? ( ! great :eel 9 comp>ison ) ! tee? ( ! ?ird :eel1 = example1 !n make ! great :eel itself proportionately ?ick]1 z is usually done1 accord+ to ! extra am\nt ( /ra9 t x is to be>4 ,! tee? ( :eels & ! leaves ( p9ions we> m f imp]fect con/ruction ?an f any want ( a suffici5t am\nt ( metal 9 !m4 ,if we assume ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( ! m9ute & ! c5t] ( ! seconds circle to be #b in*es1 & also assume t ! clock w h a seconds p5dulum1 & all ! p9ions h #ab leaves1 & ! b>rel make "o turn 9 #ab h\rs1 !n ! foll[+ is ! diamet] ! :eels w require to be1 s t ! tee? may all be cut ) "o cutt]1 & also ! numb] ( tee? = ea* :eel3 ,great :eel #add tee?4 ,diamet] #c4dj in*es = ! pit* circumf]5ce4 ,h\r :eel #add tee?4 ,diamet] #c4dj in*es = ! pit* circumf]5ce4 ,c5t] :eel #if tee?4 ,diamet] #b4bf in*es = ! pit* circumf]5ce4 ,?ird :eel #ij tee?4 ,diamet] #b4aa in*es = ! pit* circumf]5ce4 ,scape :eel #cj tee?4 ,diamet] #a4ge in*es = ! pit* circumf]5ce4 ,! numb] ( arms or crosses to be put 9 a :eel is usually decid$ by ! ta/e ( ! p]son mak+ ! clock4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r view ( ! subject1 :i* ,i w\ld l to m5tion4 ,) ! same weight ( metal a :eel w be /rong] ) six arms ?an ) f\r or five1 & z lightness1 comb9$ ) /r5g?1 %\ld be ! object aim$ at 9 mak+ :eels1 ,i pref] six arms to f\r or five = ! :eels ( a regulator4 ,figs4 #aeg & #aeh are front & side elevations ( ! propos$ regulator movem5t1 %[+ ! size & position ( ! :eels1 ! size ( ! frames1 ! positions ( ! pill>s1 dial feet1 etc4 ,! dott$ l>ge circul> l9es on ,fig4 #aeg %[ ! position ! h\r1 m9utes1 & seconds circles w occupy on ! dial4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y rules ( draw+1 ! dott$ l9es w\ld inf] t ! movem5t is 9 front ( ! dial1 & p]haps x may be necess>y to expla9 t 9 ! pres5t in/ance ^! l9es are made dott$ solely ) ! view ( mak+ ! diagram m di/9ct1 & are n int5d$ to repres5t ! dial to be at ! back ( ! movem5t4 ,a is ! b>rel1 ,b is ! great :eel1 :i* turns once 9 twelve h\rs2 ,c is ! h\r :eel1 :i* works into ! great :eel1 & also turns once 9 twelve h\rs2 ,d is ! c5t] :eel1 :i* turns once 9 an h\r1 & c>ries ! m9ute h&2 ,e is ! ?ird :eel1 & ,f is ! scape :eel1 :i* turns once 9 a m9ute & c>ries ! seconds h&2 ,g is ! pallets2 ,h ! pill>s1 & ,i is ! dial feet2 ,j is ! ma9ta9+ p[] click1 & ,k %[s ! position ( ! cord4 ,nei!r ! h\r or great :eels project ov] ! edge ( ! frame1 & x w be obs]v$ t a clock ( ?is arrangem5t is rem>kable = its simplicity1 hav+ only f\r :eels & ?ree p9ions1 ) ! addition ( ! scape :eel & ! b>rel rat*ets4 ,!re are no motion or dial :eels1 ! :eel ,c turn+ once 9 #ab h\rs1 c>ry+ ! h\r h&4 ,! size & %ape ( ! frames & ! position ( ! pill>s1 all[s ! dial feet to be plac$ s t ! screws :i* hold ! dial w appe> 9 symmetrical positions on ! dial4 ,=m]ly ! t]m 8a/ronomical0 0 appli$ to clocks :i* indicat$ ! motions & times ( ! e>?1 moon1 & o!r cele/ial bodies1 b at pres5t we may take x z indicat+ su* z are us$ 9 a/ronomical obs]vatories4 ,9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s !y are ! same z fir/-class wat*mak]s' regulators1 ! mo/ obvi\s dep>ture be+ t ! h\r h& is made to revolve only once a day1 ! dial be+ divid$ into tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is only requires an int]m$iate :eel & p9ion 9 ! motion "w1 &1 assum+ ! h\r h& to be driv5 f ! c5t] arbor1 !re w be ! usual h\r & m9ute :eels & cannon p9ion4 ,! mo/ suitable ratio = ^! are & _/1 &1 z any numb]s1 be+ multiples1 may be us$1 !y may z well be select$ s z to be cut ) ! same tools z ! :eels ( ! tra94 ,two p9ions ( #bj & :eels ( #hj & #abj suit v well2 #bj #hj & #bj #abj _/ _/ _/ _/1 & ! h&s w bo? g 9 ! same direction4 ,"s a/ronomical clocks %[ mean sol>1 & o!rs sid]eal "t2 ?is requires no /ructural alt]ation1 m]ely a little %ort5+ ( ! p5dulum 9 ! latt] case1 :i* c be done ) ! regulat+ nut4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,a ,add5dum1 #bjb1 #bah1 #bbj ,angul> ,motion1 #ajc1 #aab ,automatic ,p9ion ,cutt]1 #bde1 #bdg 8 8 ,drill1 #bdi 8 ,:eel & ,p9ion ,cutt]1 #bed ,c ,cal5d>1 ,simple1 #cea 8 ,p]petual1 #ced1 #cef1 #ceh ,c5t] ,di/ances1 #aje1 #aaa1 #bjb ,*imes1 ,lay+ out1 #cgj1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe ,*imes ,we/m9/]1 #cgb ,click1 ,position (1 #bhh ,cock1 #dhb ,comp5sat$ ,rod1 ,/eel & ,z9c1 #db ,c\nt]-pois+ ,h&s1 #ddc ,c\nt hook1 ,position1 (1 #cje ,c\nt ,:eel ,/rik+ ,tra91 #cjb1 #cjc1 #caa1 #cad1 #cae1 #caf1 #cbb1 #cbd ,cuckoo ,bell[s & ,pipe1 #cbh ,d ,d$5dum1 #bjb ,dial ,"w1 #bie ,diamet]s ( ,:eels1 ,gett+1 #aif ,e ,eight-day ,c\nt ,:eel1 ,"t & ,/rik+ ,tra9s1 #bii1 #cji ,eight-day ,snail ,/rike1 #cdb ,electric ,*imes1 #dba1 #dbb1 #dbc1 #dbd1 #dbe ,electric ,clocks1 ,p5dulum ,driv51 #cgg1 #cgi1 #cha1 #chb ,electric ,clocks1 ,weight ,driv51 #cid1 #cie1 #cif1 #cih ,epicycloid1 #bjf1 #bai1 #bci ,escape ,:eel1 ,cutt+1 #abb1 #abd 8 8 ,draw+ to fit ,pallets1 #abj ,escapem5t1 ,an*or1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg 8 ,brocot's ,visible1 #abg1 #abi 8 ,cyl9d]1 #afd1 #afe1 #aff1 #afg1 #agg1 #agi1 #aha1 #ahc 8 ,dead ,beat1 #aag1 #aah 8 ,drum1 #adh 8 ,gravity1 #aeb1 #aed1 #aeg1 #aei1 #afa 8 ,p91 #ahe1 #aid 8 ,p9 ,:eel1 #acf1 #acg 8 ,recoil1 #adb1 #add1 #ade1 #adf1 #adg 8 to draw !1 #aad ,f ,friction ,spr+s1 #bid ,g ,gr&fa!r clocks1 #ceb ,h ,hypocycloid1 #bjf ,k ,keyhole ,plates1 #bhi ,l ,lev] ,escapem5t = ,clocks1 #aic ,lev]s1 ! ,elem5ts (1 #ii1 #ajj1 #aja ,m ,ma9ta9+ ,p[]s1 #bhe1 #bhf1 #bhg1 #bia ,p ,pallets1 ,draw+1 #aaf ,p5dulum ,brackets1 #cb 8 ,m]curial1 #fg1 #ga1 #ge 8 ,torsion1 #ib1 #ic1 #id1 #ie 8 ,oscillation (1 #aj1 #ad1 #ba 8 ,rieffl]1 #ej1 #ge ,p]petual ,cal5d> ,clocks1 #ced1 #cef1 #ceh 8 ,brocot1 #cfj1 #cfb1 #cfc1 #cfd1 #cff ,p9ion ,drill1 #bea ,pit* ,diamet]1 #bjb1 #bah1 #bai1 #bbj1 #bci ,plate1 ,jewel+1 #dge1 #dgf ,po/s1 #dhj ,precision ,clock ,room1 #deb ,q ,qu>t] ,*im+ ,snail ,tra9s1 #cda ,quail & ,cuckoo ,tra91 #cbb1 #cbd ,r ,rack1 ,division (1 #cce ,regulator ,tra9s1 #dfe1 #dfg1 #dgi ,r\nd+-,up ,:eels1 #bbj1 #bbd ,s ,second>y ,dials1 #daf ,self ,w9d+ ,clocks1 #djj1 #dja1 #djd1 #djf1 #djh1 #dab ,%ip's ,bell ,tra91 #cad1 #cae1 #caf ,slide ,gauge ,la!1 #bda 8 8 ,tools1 #bdc ,snail1 ,lay+ ,out1 #ccg 8 ,/rik+ ,tra9s1 #ccc1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cdf ,susp5sion ,spr+s1 #hd ,syn*roniz+ ,clocks1 #dab1 #dae ,w ,:eel ,cutt+ ,eng9e1 #bee ,wir+ ,sy/ems1 #chf1 #chh ,wood ,rod & ,lead ,bob1 #cc ,z ,z9c ,bob & ,wood ,rod1 #cca ,,index4 ,a ,add5dum1 #bjb ,air1 ,pressure (1 #bj ,alum9um1 ,comp5sation )1 #dh ,an*or ,escapem5t1 #ada ,angul> ,measurem5t1 ,peculi>ities (1 #ajb ,app>5t ,"t1 #cdh ,arbors1 ,poli%+ ,/eel1 #bcb 8 ,/raight5+ ,b5t1 #bca ,arc ( ,escapem5t1 #ic1 #aji1 #aae1 #abg1 #ach1 #ade1 #aec1 #afd1 #ahf1 #dfi ,armatures1 ,adju/m5t (1 #chi1 #dji ,a/ronomical ,clocks1 #dic 8 ,day1 #cdh ,auxili>y ,weights1 #cg ,b ,balance1 ,vibrations (1 #ahj ,bank+1 #ij1 #aef1 #afj1 #agj1 #agf ,b>ometric ,error1 #bj ,b>rels1 #bdd1 #bfg1 #dfe1 #dhe 8 ,*im+1 #cgj ,batt]ies1 #chj 8 ,dat+1 #cib 8 ,grad+1 #chd 8 ,mak+1 #chc 8 ,position (1 #che 8 ,wir+1 ,me?ods (1 #che ,beat1 to put a ,clock 91 #hi ,bells1 #cfi 8 ,%ips1 #cae ,brocot's ,cal5d>1 #cei 8 ,visible ,escapem5t1 #abg1 #abh ,bu%+1 #dgf ,c ,cables1 ,clock1 #bfi 8 ,l5g?s (1 #bga ,calculations ( ,weights1 #eg ,cal5d>s1 #cdg 8 ,brocot's1 #cei 8 ,gregorian1 #cdi 8 ,julian1 #cdi 8 ,p]petual1 #cec 8 ,simple1 #cej ,c>illons1 #cgb ,case ,friction1 #ddh 8 ,temp]ature1 #dej ,cases1 #ddf 8 ,gild+1 #dei 8 ,m>ble1 #dfj 8 8 to ,poli%1 #dfa 8 ,poli%+1 #deg 8 ,precision ,clock1 #ddg 8 ,regulator1 #dfc 8 ,re/or+ old1 #dee ,cem5t = ,m>ble1 #dfj 8 = ,dials1 #dch ,c5t] ,di/ances1 #aaj1 #bjj 8 ( ,gravity1 #ah 8 ( ,oscillation1 #ac 8 ,spr+s1 #if1 #bid ,*a9 ,drives1 #bga ,*eap ,clocks1 to clean1 #ahg ,*ime ,b>rels1 to m>k1 #cga ,*imes1 #cci1 #cgj 8 ,cambridge1 #cgb 8 ,c>illon1 #cgb 8 ,electric1 #dbj 8 ,tubul>1 #cgd1 #dbb ,circle1 ,pit*1 #bjb ,circul> ,error1 #ba 8 ,pit*1 #bae ,clean+ ,*eap ,clocks1 #ahg ,clocks1 ,a/ronomical1 #dic 8 ,cuckoo1 #cai1 #cba 8 ,design+1 #h 8 ,f\r-hundr$ day1 #ia ,clocks1 ,glass (1 #dfb 8 ,repeat+1 #ccb 8 ,room1 #deb ,cock1 #dhb ,collets1 #bcd ,comp5sat$ ,p5dulum ,rods1 #dj 8 ,rod1 ,flat1 #da 8 ,rods1 ,tubul>1 #dh ,comp5sation1 #dej ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums1 #bc 8 8 ,bracket =1 #cb ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums1 ,pr9ciples ( ,con/ruction1 #bg ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums ) %ot1 #cf ,comp5sat+ ,p5dulums1 ,wood ,rod & ,lead ,bob1 #cb ,comp5sation ,p5dulums1 ,wood ,rod & ,z9c ,bob1 #bh ,comp5sation ,p5dulums1 ,alum9um1 #dh ,cones1 ,ru/+ (1 #aij ,con/ruction ( ,dials1 #dbf ,contacts1 ,dial1 #dbc1 #dbe 8 ,electric1 #cif ,contrate ,:eel1 #aga1 #cge ,conv]sion1 ,table (1 #ah ,cords1 #bfh 8 ,l5g?s (1 #bgj ,c\nt ,hook1 #cja1 #cjd1 #caj 8 ,:eel1 #cja1 #cjd1 #cae 8 8 ,tra91 #cjj ,cr[n ,:eel1 #aga ,crut*es1 #hg1 #dgb ,cuckoo1 ,adju/m5ts (1 #cbf 8 ,bell[s1 #cbh 8 ,clock1 ,names ( ,p>ts1 #cbc 8 ,motion ,"w1 #bif 8 ,repair+1 #cbg ,cutt]s = ,clock ,tra9s1 #aif 8 ,sett+1 #aig ,cycloid1 #ba ,cyl9d] ,clocks1 ,exam9ation (1 #aga ,cyl9d]1 ,end ,%ake1 #agj 8 8 ,proportion (1 #adi 8 ,side ,%ake1 #afg 8 ,tee?1 ,%ape (1 #ahc ,cyl9d]s1 ,weight (1 #cg ,d ,day1 ,a/ronomical1 #cdh 8 ,sid]eal1 #cdh 8 ,sol>1 #cdh ,d$5dum1 #bjb ,d5nison ,escapem5t1 #aej ,depol>iz]s1 #cha ,dep?+1 #bjj 8 ,tool1 #dgg ,design+ ,clocks1 #h ,deta*$ ,lev] ,escapem5t1 #ahd ,dials1 ,con/ruction (1 #dbf 8 ,contacts1 #dbc1 #dbe 8 ,enamel =1 #dca 8 ,phosphoresc5t1 #dcg 8 ,repair+1 #dcb1 #dch 8 ,second>y1 #dag 8 to ,clean1 #dcf 8 8 ,silv]1 #dcd 8 ,v>ni% =1 #dch ,di/ances1 ,c5t]1 #bjj ,draw+s1 to read1 #ih ,draw ( ,tee?1 #aid ,drill1 ,p9ion1 #bdi1 #bea ,drop1 #ajg ,e ,effect ( ,temp]ature1 #fb ,eight ,day ,tra9s1 #bii ,electric ,*imes1 #dbj 8 ,clocks1 #cgf 8 8 ,syn*roniz+1 #djj1 #dac 8 ,contacts1 #cif ,elem5ts1 ,me*anical1 #ih ,enamel = ,dials1 #dca ,end ,%ake1 ( ,cyl9d]1 #agj1 #age ,end ,/ones1 #dgg ,epicycloid1 #bjf ,equation ( ,"t1 #cfe ,error1 ,b>ometric1 #bj 8 ,circul>1 #ba 8 ,temp]ature1 #bb ,escape ,:eel1 ,sizes (1 #aji1 #acc1 #aee1 #afd 8 8 ,to make1 #aji1 #abj1 #ace1 #ach1 #aej1 #aee1 #afb1 #afd ,escapem5t1 ,brocot's1 #abg1 #abh 8 ,cyl9d]1 #afc 8 ,d5nison1 #aej 8 ,deta*$ ,lev]1 #ahd 8 ,drum1 #adh 8 ,graham1 #aji 8 ,gravity1 #aej1 #afa 8 ,le ,paute's ,p9 ,:eel1 #ace 8 ,p91 #ahe1 #aic 8 ,recoil1 #ada 8 ,to draw ,graham1 #aac 8 8 ,p9 ,:eel1 #ach 8 8 ,gravity1 #aeb 8 ,we/]n ,clock ,mfg4 ,co41 #aic ,exam9ation ( ,cyl9d]s1 #aga ,expansion ( ,metals1 #bb ,f ,fan1 #cjh1 #cbf ,fly = ,gravity ,escapem5t1 #aeh ,frames1 ,mak+1 #bfa 8 ,?ickness (1 #dgd ,f\r-hundr$ ,day ,clocks1 #ia ,friction1 ,dis5gag+1 #bjc 8 ,engag+1 #bjc 8 ( ,tee?1 #acb 8 ,spr+s1 #bid ,g ,ga!r+ ,pallet1 #cch1 #cdd ,gild+1 #dei ,gong ,wires1 #cfi ,graham ,escapem5t1 #aji1 #dfg ,gravity1 ,c5t] (1 #ah 8 ,escapem5t1 #aej ,gregorian ,cal5d>1 #cdi ,h ,half ,h\r ,/rik+ ,"w1 #ccd1 #cdb1 #cde ,hamm]s1 #cfg 8 ,h>d5+1 #aih1 #dhj1 #dhb 8 ,spr+s1 #cfh 8 ,tail1 #bih1 #cja ,h&s1 #dci 8 ,proportions (1 #ddj 8 ,to ,balance1 #ddb 8 ,to ,blue1 #ddd ,h\r ,rack1 #cce 8 ,snail1 #bif1 #ccd 8 ,/rike1 #cdb 8 ,:eel1 #if1 #bic1 #bif1 #cbe ,hypocycloid ,curves1 #bjf ,i ,iron1 ,expansion (1 #eg ,in=mation1 ,ne$ =1 #c ,iso*ronism1 #dfi ,j ,jewel+1 #dge1 #dgg ,jewels1 ,pallet1 #abf ,julian ,cal5d>1 #cdi ,l ,lant]n ,p9ions1 #bce ,la!1 ,slide ,gauge1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bdf ,laws ( ,p5dulums1 #aa ,lead1 #bb1 #cb ,leap ,ye>1 #cdi ,l5g? ( ,pivots1 #aii ,le ,paute's ,escapem5t1 #ace ,lev]age ( ,:eels1 #ii ,lift1 #ajf ,lift+ ,cam1 #cja1 #cca 8 ,piece1 #cca 8 ,planes1 #aaf 8 ,p9s1 #ahf ,lock1 #ajg ,lock+ ,hook1 #cja ,los+ ,"t1 #aib ,lunation1 #cfe ,m ,magnets1 ,arrangem5t (1 #cgh1 #chf1 #chi1 #cie1 #dja1 #djf ,ma9spr+s1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhb 8 ,breakage (1 #bha 8 ,buckl$1 #bgg 8 ,clean+1 #bgg 8 ,clock1 #bhh 8 ,coil ,friction1 #bgg 8 ,fusee1 #bgi 8 ,importance ( ,clean+1 #bgd 8 ,l5g? (1 #bhj 8 ,loss ( ,p[]1 #bgd 8 ,ma9ta9+ ,p[]1 #bhe1 #bia 8 ,oil+1 #bgh 8 ,/op ,works1 #bhb ,ma9ta9+ ,p[]s1 #bhe ,mean ,app>5t ,"t1 #cdh ,mean ,"t1 #cdh ,measur+ ,:eels1 #aie ,measurem5t1 ,angul>1 #ajb ,me*anical ,elem5ts1 #ih ,m]curial ,p5dulums1 #ec1 #fj1 #fi 8 8 ,= ,t[] ,clocks1 #fe ,m]cury1 #ec1 #ef1 #ff1 #gj ,metals1 ,expansion (1 #bb 8 ,weight (1 #cg ,millimet]s ,comp>$ ) ,in*es1 #ah ,m9ute ,jump]s1 #dag 8 ,:eels1 #if1 #bic1 #bif1 #cbe ,mon? ,clocks1 #bfj 8 ,sid]eal1 #cdi 8 ,synodic1 #cej ,moon1 ,phases (1 #cfe 8 ,tra91 #cfe ,motion ,"w1 #if1 #bic1 #bif1 #cbe ,n ,ne$ = ,in=mation1 #c ,numb]s1 ,conv]sion (1 #bja ,nut1 ,rat+1 #db1 #ej1 #ff ,o ,oil+ ,cables1 #bfi ,oscillation1 ,c5t] (1 #ac ,ov]bank+1 #ij1 #aef1 #afj1 #agj1 #agf ,p ,pallet ,jewels1 #abf ,pallets1 #ajf1 #aae1 #aba1 #abf1 #acj1 #ace1 #aci1 #ada1 #add1 #adi1 #aec1 #ahf1 #aic1 #dgj ,pallets1 ,to make1 #aai1 #abf ,p5dulum1 ,iso*ron\s1 #dgj 8 ,l5g?s1 ,table (1 #aj1 #af 8 ,rieffl]1 #di1 #ge 8 ,rods1 #bfb 8 8 ,comp5sat$1 #dj 8 ,comp5sat+1 #bc 8 ,electric ,driv51 #cgf 8 ,laws (1 #aa 8 ,m]curial1 #ec1 #fj1 #fi 8 ,sid]eal1 #dic 8 ,torsion1 #ia ,p]petual ,cal5d>1 #cec ,phases ( ! ,moon1 #cfe ,pill>s1 ,mak+1 #bdj ,p9ion ,drill1 ,automatic1 #bdi1 #bea 8 ,mak+1 #bbg1 #beb 8 8 ,ma*9e1 ,automatic1 #bde1 #bdg 8 ,canon1 #bic1 #bid1 #bie 8 ,dep?+1 #bjf1 #baj1 #bag 8 ,fac+1 #bcc 8 ,h>d5+1 #bbi 8 ,lant]n1 #bce 8 ,temp]+1 #bcj 8 ,to ,draw1 #bjf ,p9 ,escapem5t1 #ahe1 #aic 8 ,:eels1 #big1 #cja1 #cbg 8 8 ,escapem5t1 #ace 8 8 8 ,to ,draw1 #ach ,pit*1 ,add5dum1 #baf 8 ,circle1 #bjb 8 ,circul>1 #bae 8 ,diametral1 #baf ,pivots1 #dhh 8 ,l5g? (1 #aii 8 ,proportions (1 #afg1 #agc1 #aii1 #dgd 8 ,side ,%ake1 #aii ,planes1 ,lift+1 #aaf ,plates1 ,clock1 #aih 8 ,?ickness (1 #dgd ,pois+ ,balance ,/affs1 #ahi1 #aij ,poli%+ ,/eel ,arbors1 #bcb ,po/s1 ,clock1 #dgh ,p[]1 #bfd1 #bfe1 #bff1 #bfg 8 ,ma9ta9+1 #bhe ,putt+ 9 ,beat1 #hi ,r ,rack1 ,division (1 #cce 8 ,/rik+ ,"w1 #cca ,rat*et1 #bhh ,rat+ ,nut1 #db1 #ej1 #ff 8 ,) ,%ot1 #ij ,read+ ,draw+s1 #ih ,repeat+ ,clocks1 #ccb ,recoil ,escapem5t1 #ada ,regulation1 #gi ,regulator ,tra9s1 #dib ,regulators1 ,mak+1 #dfc ,repair+ ,dials1 #dcb1 #dch ,resi/ance ,spools1 #chh ,rieffl] ,p5dulum1 #di1 #ge ,r\nd+-,up1 #agd1 #bba1 #bbc 8 8 ,rules =1 #bbf ,run1 #ajh ,ru/+ ( ,cones1 #aij ,s ,screws1 ,clock1 #dhc ,second>y ,dials1 #dag ,self-w9d+ ,clocks1 #cgf ,%ip ,bells1 ,/rik+1 #cac ,%ot1 ,rat+ )1 #ij ,sid]eal ,day1 #cdh 8 ,mon?1 #cdi 8 ,p5dulums1 #dic 8 ,ye>1 #cdi ,side ,%ake1 ,cyl9d]1 #afg 8 8 ,= ,pivots1 #aii ,silv]+ ,dials1 #dcd ,simple ,cal5d>1 #cej ,sizes ( ,tee?1 #baa1 #bac1 #bcg 8 8 ,:eels1 #bja ,slide ,gauge ,la!1 #bda1 #bdc1 #bdd ,snail1 #bif1 #ccf 8 ,division (1 #ccg 8 ,fr5* ,sy/em1 #cdb 8 ,qu>t] ,/rik+ ,"w1 #cci 8 ,/rik+ ,"w1 #ccj1 #cdj ,sol> ,day1 #cdh ,sp>k+1 to ,prev5t1 #chf ,spr+s1 ,c5t]1 #bid 8 ,clock1 #bgc1 #bhh1 #cjg 8 ,friction1 #bid 8 ,hamm]1 #cfh 8 ,ma91 #bgb1 #bgc1 #bgd1 #bgg1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #cjg ,squ>es1 ,mill+1 #bfa ,/&>ds1 ,importance (1 #bf ,/> ,:eel1 #ccb1 #cce ,/eel1 ,expansion (1 #eg ,/op ,works1 #bhb ,/raight5+ ,b5t ,arbors1 #bca ,/rik+ f ,c5t] ,arbor1 #bih 8 ,to ,correct1 #cjf1 #cjg 8 ,tra9s1 #big1 #cjh1 #cac1 #cbc1 #ccj 8 8 ,half ,h\r1 #bih1 #cjh1 #cac 8 8 ,sett+ ,up1 #cjg1 #caj1 #cci 8 8 ,to ,calculate1 #big 8 8 ,rack1 #cca 8 ,"w1 ,repeat+1 #ccb 8 8 ,snail1 #ccj1 #cdj ,supports1 ,p5dulum1 #hf ,susp5sion1 #ha1 #ic 8 ,spr+s1 #hb1 #ic ,syn*roniz+1 #djj1 #dac ,synodic ,mon?1 #cej ,t ,table1 ,l5g?s ( ,p5dulum1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #cd1 #beh 8 ( ,expansions1 #cj 8 ,in*es1 ,millimet]s & ,fr5* ,l9es1 #ah 8 8 ,"t ,tra9s1 #beh1 #cci1 #cdj1 #dib 8 8 ,weights & ,metals1 #cg ,tang5t1 #ajd ,tee?1 ,friction (1 #acb 8 ,%ape ( ,cyl9d]1 #ahc 8 ,%apes (1 #bjc 8 ,sizes (1 #baa1 #bac1 #bcg ,temp]ature1 ,effect (1 #fb 8 ,error1 #bb ,temp]+1 #bbi ,"t1 ,app>5t1 #cdh 8 ,equation (1 #cfe 8 ,los+1 #aib 8 ,mean1 #cdh ,to ,draw ,an*or ,escapem5t1 #adc1 #ade1 #adg ,top ,weights1 #ci ,torsion ,p5dulums1 #ia ,t[] ,clock1 ,cables1 #bfi 8 8 ,dials1 ,sizes (1 #dbf 8 8 ,gravity ,escapem5t =1 #aej 8 8 ,h&s1 #ddb 8 8 ,ma9ta9+ ,p[]s1 #bhe1 #bia 8 8 ,motion ,"w1 #bie 8 8 ,p5dulums1 #fe 8 8 ,/op ,works1 #bhg 8 8 ,susp5sion1 #fe 8 8 ,"t ,tra9s1 #beh ,tra9s1 #ccj 8 ,electric1 #chi 8 ,regulator1 #dib 8 ,table (1 #beh 8 ,to ,calculate1 #beg1 #bfd1 #big ,tropical ,ye>1 #cdh ,tubul> ,*imes1 #cgd1 #dbb ,turn+ ,tools1 #dha ,v ,v>ni% = ,dials1 #dch 8 ,remov]1 #def ,vibrations ( ,balance1 #ahj ,w ,w>n+1 #cjf1 #cab 8 ,p91 #cjf1 #cab 8 ,:eel1 #cjf1 #cab ,weight ,cords1 #bfh ,weight ( ,lead1 ,z9c & ,ca/ ,iron ,cyl9d]s1 #cg ,weights1 #bfe1 #cai 8 ,auxili>y1 #cg 8 ,calculations (1 #bg 8 ,top1 #ci ,:eel ,contrate1 #aga1 #cge 8 ,cr[n1 #aga 8 ,h\r1 #bif 8 ,cutt+1 #bed 8 ,lev]age (1 #ii 8 ,measur+1 #aie 8 ,m9ute1 #if1 #bic1 #bif1 #cbe 8 ,sizes (1 #bja1 #dij 8 ,/amp+1 #bef 8 ,/>1 #ccb1 #cce 8 ,/ret*+1 #bbf ,wires1 ,gong1 #cfi ,y ,ye>1 #cdh 8 ,leap1 #cdi 8 ,sid]eal1 #cdi 8 ,tropical1 #cdh ,z ,z9c1 #ed ,big ,b5 ,illu/ration ,,big ,,b5 is ! fir/ & only al>m sold exclusively to jewel]s4 ,he is )\t exception ! f9e/ sleepmet] made--! be/ look+1 ! be/ built1 ! be/ runn+4 ,big ,b5 is a beautiful ?9 model al>m clock /&+ #g in*es tall & m\nt$ 9 a re9=c$ triple plat$ case4 ,he is fitt$ ) big /rong easy w9d+ keys1 clean cut heavy h&s & a l>ge op5 w9some dial1 di/9ctly visible across ! l>ge/ room4 ,big ,b5 r+s j :5 y want & ei!r way y want1 int]mitt5tly = fifte5 m9utes1 cont9u\sly = t51 & he r+s ) a jolly full-tone r+ t w ar\se ! dr[sie/ sleep]4 ,big ,b5 is rigidly inspect$1 six days factory tim$ & te/$4 ,he works only = jewel]s & !n only = c]ta9 jewel]s--^? t agree to sell him = n less ?an #b4ej4 ,we pay 8 railroad f>e on all ord]s = a doz5 or m1 we br& him ) y\r "n 9 lots ( #bd4 ,height #g in*es4 ,dial #d in*es4 ,int]mitt5t or ,long ,al>m4 ,deal]s' names pr9t$ free on dials 9 lots ( #bd4 ,freight all[$ on ord]s = "o doz5 or m4 ,we/]n ,clock ,mfg4 ,co4 ,new ,york ,la ,salle1 ,ill9ois ,*icago ,,horological ,,dep>tm5t--,bradley ,polyte*nic ,in/itute ,illu/ration ,,?is entire build+ us$ exclusively = in/ruction 9 wat*work1 jewelry1 engrav+ & optics1 is ?or\ghly equipp$ ) all mod]n tools = use 9 connection ) ! "w z requir$ 9 any up-to-date jewelry /ore4 ,compet5t in/ructors z heads ( ea* dep>tm5t & sev]al assi/ants1 s t all may be kept busy4 ,if y w\ld l to get all or any "o ( ! bran*es m5tion$ above1 x w pay y to inve/igate ,bradley4 ,) our increas$ facilities we c take c>e ( all :o wi% to come4 ,don't put (f till tomorr[ or next week ! s5d+ ( a po/ c>d address$ to ,,horological1 ,dept4 ,a41 ,peoria1 ,ill41 ask+ = "o ( our late/ books tell+ all ab\t ,mod]n ,me?ods z appli$ at ?is truly great in/itution4 ,,self ,,w9d+ ,,clock ,,co4 ,,new ,,york ,self ,w9d+ ,syn*roniz$ ,clocks1 ,prim>y & ,second>y ,clock ,sy/ems1 = ,railroads1 ,public & ,(fice ,build+s1 ,hotels1 ,univ]sities1 ,colleges1 ,s*ools & ,private ,resid5ces4 ,self ,w9d+ ,program ,in/rum5ts1 ,jewel]s' ,regulators1 ,bank ,clocks1 ,t[]1 ,po/ & ,bracket ,clocks4 ,mak+ ,clocks to ,ar*itects' designs a specialty4 ,h\rly signals ( correction f ! ,u4 ,s4 ,obs]vatory at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ov] ! l9es ( ! ,we/]n ,union ,telegraph ,co4 ,illu/ration ,,mey] ,,jewelry ,,co4 ,kansas ,city 33 ,mo4 ,= ,ru% ,ord]s ,tools1 ,mat]ials & ,optical ,goods ,,mey] ,,jewelry ,,co4 ,kansas ,city 33 ,mo4 ,illu/ration ,9 #ahed ,wal?am ,wat*es awak5$ ,europe to ! fact t ! ,am]ican me?od ( manufactur+ produces ! be/ wat*es4 ,s9ce t "t ! burd5 ( pro( has be5 successfully c>ri$ by #ag1jjj1jjj ,,wal?am ,,wat*es all repres5t+ ! highe/ /age ( ! wat*mak]s' art4 ,h[>d ,clocks ,are mod]n 9 ! s5se t !y are ! be/ timekeep]s 9 ! _w al?\gh we h be5 mak+ !m s9ce #ahdb1 :5 our bus9ess 0 e/abli%$ by ,edw>d ,h[>d4 ,we gu>antee satisfaction & respectfully solicit y\r bus9ess4 ,! ,e4 ,h[>d ,clock ,co4 ,,bo/on1 ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,*icago ,mak]s ( ,clocks b only ( ! highe/ grade 9 _! respective l9es ,jewel]s' regulators1 electric clocks1 h\se & (fice clocks1 locomotive & eng9e room clocks1 m>9e clocks1 programme clocks1 po/ or side walk clocks1 t[] clocks1 wat*man clocks1 employees' "t record]s4 #e ,+]soll-,tr5ton -- to ,! ,be/ ,sev5 ,jewel ,wat* #ae ,,gu>ante$ ,illu/ration ,! fir/ wat* gu>antee ev] issu$ 0 t plac$ on ! *eape/ wat* ev] made--! ,doll> ,wat*--n9ete5 ye>s ago4 ,= ^? n9ete5 ye>s :ile sell+ ne>ly n9ete5 million ,+]soll wat*es1 we h be5 ask+3 8,:y are exp5sive1 jewel$ wat*es n gu>ante$80 ,! ,+]soll-,tr5ton is ! fir/ & only ,illu/ration high grade #g-;jewel wat* made complete & cas$ 9 "o factory2 & !re=e1 ! only "o t c be gu>ante$ by its mak]s2 o!rs are assembl$ f movem5ts made 9 "o factory & cases f ano!r1 by ! deal]1 (t5 a compet5t jewel]1 b (t51 too1 )\t facilities su* z ! adju/+ & tim+ sy/ems exi/+ 9 our complete wat* factory4 ,! 8,i-,t0 has all features ( ! mo/ rec5t1 co/ly wat*es1 :i* secure accuracy4 8,i-,t0 gold-fill$ cases conta9 gold en\gh to outlive _! gu>antees4 ,sold only ?r\gh responsible jewel]s1 :o buy direct4 ,if n on sale 9 y\r t[n we w s5d1 prepaid express1 on receipt ( price4 ,,+]soll ,,wat*es ,= sev5te5 ye>s !re has be5 b "o /&>d 9 ev]yday wat*es2 8,+]solls0 h popul>iz$ ! v use ( wat*es4 ,"o fri5d says1 8,!y h made ! doll> fam\s40 ,!y h nev] be5 s wor?y ( _! great reputation z to-day4 ,fully gu>ante$4 ,!y include2 ,! ,doll> ,wat*2 ! 8,eclipse0 at #a4ej2 ! new ?9 model 8,junior0 at #b4jj2 & ! 8,midget0 ladies' size at #b4jj4 ,sold by #fj1jjj deal]s or po/-paid by u4 ,,rob]t ,h4 ,,+]soll ,,bro4 ,new ,york ,*icago ,london ,san ,francisco ,,! ,,great ,,am]ican ,,catalogue ,h y add$ ?is ,salesman to y\r sell+ =ce8 ,pur*as+ ,goods f ! ,great ,am]ican ,catalogue insures pre/ige & ! confid5ce y\r cu/om]s w be/[ ^u y w be app>5t 9 increas$ patronage4 ,our ,catalogue meets ) cordial approbation ( old /&-by cu/om]s :o are 9 a position to judge ( ! m]itori\s results obta9$ ?r\gh con/ant use1 z ! be/ pur*as+ m$ium4 ,please p]mit u to s5d y a copy4 ,! ,oskamp-,nolt+ ,co4 ,no4 #daa-dac-dae-dag ,,elm ,,/4 ,c9c9nati 33 33 33 ,ohio4 ,,moseley ,illu/ration ,made ,cont9u\sly ,imitat$--b = ov] #cj ye>s ,,nev] ,,equal$ ,! ,/&>d ( ,excell5ce ,no?+ is ov]look$ 9 _! manufacture & no exp5se is sp>$ to make !m ,,"r4 ,! ,g5u9e ,moseley ,la! ( to-day is ! result ( ye>s ( pa9/ak+1 sy/ematic & skill$ endeavor to satisfy ! exact+ requirem5ts ( ! mo/ critical & exp]i5c$ workm54 ,moseley ,*ucks are ( ! be/ quality1 & are made 9 all sizes2 cov]+ e ne$ ( ! ,wat*mak] & ,repair]4 ,^! ,*ucks & ,la!s 7 manufactur$ by u = ye>s "u ! direct sup]vision ( ,,*as4 ,s4 ,,moseley1 ! inv5tor ( ! 8,split ,*uck0 & 8,draw-n-,sp9dle40 ,moseley ,la!s & ,atta*m5ts1 ) pl5ty ( ,moseley ,*ucks are ! secret ( rapid & accurate "w4 ,!y increase y\r e>n+ p[] by enabl+ y to d m "w 9 a day4 ,z an inve/m5t !y pay big divid5ds4 ,write y\r ,,jobb] = ! ,,new ,,moseley ,,catalog--,,in/ruction--,,ref]5ce ,,book ,no4 #aa 8,,y ,,ne$ ,,x ,,e ,,day40 8,,!re',s ,,no ,,la! ,,l ,,! ,,moseley0 ,clock ,tools & ,clock ,mat]ials =m an important & ext5sive item ( /ock 9 our ,tool & ,mat]ial ,dep>tm5t1 at ,,prices ,,t ,,defy ,,competition ,illu/ration ,no4 #bigi4 ,clock ,ma9 ,spr+ ,w9d]4 ,nickel plat$1 #j4ej ,9 ,clock ,spr+s1 we keep ! be/ poli%$ only2 our /ock consi/+ ( all ! mo/ desirable wid?s on ! m>ket4 ,if y d n possess our l>ge ,tool & ,mat]ial ,catalogue1 k9dly s5d u y\r bus9ess c>d & procure "o4 ,we c save y "t1 money & annoyance2 we are anxi\s to make y\r acqua9tance1 z we treat our cu/om]s ) ! utmo/ c\rtesy & att5tion4 ,a trial ord] solicit$4 ,otto ,"y ,co4 ,:olesale ,jewel]s & ,import]s & ,jobb]s ,diamonds1 ,wat*es1 ,clocks1 ,jewelry1 ,tools1 ,mat]ials & ,optical ,goods4 ,heywor? ,build+1 ,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,! 8,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts0 0 add$ by ! transcrib]4 ,x 0 n "p ( ! orig9al text4