,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,und]scores be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate italics 9 ! orig9al text4 ,equal signs be=e & aft] a ^w or phrase indicate bold 9 ! orig9al text4 ,c>at symbol designates a sup]script4 ,small capitals h be5 conv]t$ to ,,solid capitals4 ,illu/rations h be5 mov$ s !y d n break up p>agraphs4 ,antiquat$ spell+s h be5 pres]v$4 ,typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$ b o!r v>iations 9 spell+ & punctuation rema9 unalt]$4 ,! ,,li/ ,,( ,,full ,,page ,,plates 0 add$ by ! transcrib] x is n "p ( ! orig9al text4 ,,s\? ,,k5s+ton ,,museum ,,art ,,h&books4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,no4 #b4--;,,ivories ,,anci5t ,,& ,,m$i,,val4 ,^! ,h&books are repr9ts ( ! diss]tations prefix$ to ! l>ge catalogues ( ! *ief divisions ( works ( art 9 ! ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton2 arrang$ & s f> abridg$ z to br+ ea* into a portable %ape4 ,! ,lords ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education hav+ det]m9$ on ! publication ( !m1 ! editor tru/s t !y w meet ! purpose int5d$2 namely1 to be useful1 n alone = ! collections at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 b = o!r collectors by enabl+ ! public at a trifl+ co/ to und]/& some?+ ( ! hi/ory & "* ( ! subjects treat$ (4 ,! au?orities ref]r$ to 9 ea* book are giv5 9 ! l>ge catalogues2 :]e w also be f\nd detail$ descriptions ( ! v num]\s examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,w4 ,m4 ,augu/1 #ahge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,pa/oral ,,/aff ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,) ,,figures1 ,,compos+ ,,toge!r ,a ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,! ,,nativity4 ,,g]man #ab,,? ,,c5t,y ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 7,no4 #bah-fe47 ,a4 ,a4 ,,bradbury4 ,,fecit4 ,,ivories ,,anci5t ,,& ,,m$i,,val4 ,,by ,,william ,,maskell4 ,,) ,,num]\s ,,woodcuts4 ,illu/ration ,publi%$ = ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education ,,by ,,*apman ,,& ,,hall1 #aic1 ,,piccadilly4 ,,fifty ,,copies ,,on ,,l>ge ,,pap]1 ,,) ,,additional ,,illu/rations4 ,,li/ ,,( ,,full ,,page ,,plates ,,foll[+ ,,page ,,pa/oral ,,/aff ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,) ,,figures4 ,frontispiece ,,ivory ,,c>v+4 ,,"o ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty*on ,,mel]et5se4 #cd ,,ivory ,,c>v+4 ,,circul> ,,mirror ,,cov]4 ,,date #acjj-accj4 #gd ,,ivory ,,c>v+1 ,,head ,,( ,a ,,tau ,,or ,t ,,%ap$ ,,/aff1 ,,9 ,,walrus ,,tusk1 ,,! ,,comp>tm5ts ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac4 #he ,,crosi] ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,& ,,gilt ,,metal4 #hf ,,tripty*1 ,,s]v+ ,,z ,a ,,reliqu>y ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,ab\t #adhj4 #if ,,horn ,,or ,,oliphant4 ,,ivory4 ,,byzant9e4 #aa,,? ,,c5t4 #aad ,,plaques ,,or ,,panels ,,( ,a ,,casket1 ,,"o ,a ,,fragm5t1 ,,ivory1 ,,fr5*4 #aaf ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,box1 ,,) ,,arabic ,,inscription4 ,,hispano-,,moresco4 #aah ,,li/ ,,( ,,woodcuts4 ,,page ,prehi/oric c>v+ #i ,esquimaux c>v+ #i ,prehi/oric c>v+ 9 relief #aj 0 0 9 outl9e #aa 0 0 ( ! ,mammo? #aa ,angel2 end ( f\r? c5tury #cf ,vase2 end ( six? c5tury #df ,book cov]2 ,c>lov+ian #di ,panel ( an ,engli% casket2 eigh? c5tury #ec ,ano!r panel ( ! same #ed ,/4 ,pet]'s *air #ef ,spani% ,moresque panel #eg ,c(f] pa9t$ ) m$allions #ei ,op5-"w2 two small panels #fd ,italian m>riage c(f] #fd ,"p ( a ,pr$ella1 9 bone #ff ,cov] ( a box1 ) ,morris ,danc]s #fh ,engli% comb2 elev5? c5tury #gj ,italian comb2 sixte5? c5tury #ga ,mirror case2 f\rte5? c5tury #gd ,ano!r 0 0 #ge ,*essman2 twelf? c5tury #hj 0 ?irte5? c5tury #ha ,arm ( a *air2 elev5? c5tury #hb ,two gr\ps ( *essm51 f\nd 9 ! isl& ( ,lewis #hc ,! volute ( a pa/oral /aff2 ?irte5? c5tury #hg 0 0 0 ,engli%2 twelf? c5tury #ij ,"o leaf ( a dipty* 9 v high relief2 f\rte5? c5tury #ajj ,gr\p1 a ,piet2 late f\rte5? c5tury #ajc ,pa9t] at "w on a /atuette #aje ,*aplet & beads2 & girdle1 ) ivory clasps #aab ,horn2 fifte5? c5tury #aac ,two panels 9 op5-"w2 f\rte5? c5tury #aae ,panel 9 m9ute op5-"w #aae ,leaf ( dipty*1 execut$ = bi%op ,gr&ison2 f\rte5? c5tury #aag ,,ivories ,,anci5t ,,& ,,m$i,,val4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,e description or acc\nt ( ,c>v+s 9 ,ivory ought to include simil> c>v+s 9 bone1 ( :i* la/ _m rem>kable examples are to be f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton & o!r museums4 ,! r>ity & value ( ivory frequ5tly oblig$ workm5 to use ! common] & less co/ly mat]ial4 ,9 ! /ricte/ s5se1 no sub/ance except ! tusk ( ! elephant pres5ts ! *>act]i/ic ( true ivory1 :i*1 8n[1 accord+ to ! be/ anatomi/s & physiologi/s1 is re/rict$ to t modification ( d5t9e or too? sub/ance :i*1 9 transv]se sections or fractures1 %[s l9es ( diff]5t col\rs or /ri proce$+ 9 ! arc ( a circle1 & =m+ by _! decussations m9ute curvil9e> loz5ge-%ap$ spaces40 ,^u ?is subject ! read] %\ld consult a valuable pap]1 read by pr(essor ,ow51 be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 #ahef1 & pr9t$ 9 _! j\rnal4 ,b1 besides ! elephant1 o!r animals furni% :at may also be n improp]ly call$ ivory4 ,su* z ! walrus1 ! n>:al1 & ! hippopotamus4 ,! employm5t ( walrus ivory has ceas$ among s\!rn ,european nations = a long "t2 & c>v+s 9 ! tusks ( t animal are *iefly to be f\nd among rema9s ( ! m$ival & ,c>lov+ian p]iods4 ,9 ^? ages x 0 l>gely us$ by nations ( ,sc&9avian orig9 & 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,! p ( ! nor? 7 !n unable to obta9 & may n ev5 h he>d ( ! exi/5ce ( true elephant ivory4 ,9 quality & beauty ( appe>ance walrus ivory sc>cely yields to t ( ! elephant4 ,sir ,fr$]ick ,madd5 tells u1 9 a communication publi%$ 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 t 89 ! reign ( ,alfr$1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #hij1 ,oht]e1 ! ,norwegian1 visit$ ,engl&1 & gave an acc\nt to ! k+ ( 8 voyage 9 pursuit ( ^! animals1 *iefly on acc\nt ( _! tee?4 ,! au?or ( ! ,kongs-,skugg-sio1 or ,speculum ,regale 7compos$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury71 takes p>ticul> notice ( ! walrus & ( its tee?4 ,olaus ,magnus1 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 tells u t sword-h&les 7 made f !m2 &1 some:at lat]1 ,olaus ,wormius writes1 #8! ,icel&]s are accu/om$1 dur+ ! long nights ( w9t]1 to cut out v>i\s articles f ^! tee?4 ,?is is m p>ticul>ly ! case 9 reg>d to *essm54'0 ,olaus ,wormius speaks 9 ano!r place ( r+s aga9/ ! cramp1 h&les ( swords1 javel9s1 & knives4 ,!re is /ill ano!r k9d ( real ivory--! fossil ivory--:i* is n[ ext5sively us$ 9 _m c\ntries1 al?\gh x may be difficult to decide :e!r x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts or to m$ival c>v]s4 ,9 prehi/oric ages a true elephant1 says pr(essor ,ow51 8roam$ 9 c\ntless h]ds ov] ! temp]ate & nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,am]ica40 ,?is 0 ! mammo?1 ! ext9ct ,elephas primig5ius4 ,! tusks ( ^! animals are f\nd 9 great quantities 9 ! froz5 soil ( ,sib]ia1 along ! banks ( ! l>g] riv]s4 ,almo/ ! :ole ( ! ivory turn]'s "w 9 ,russia is f ,sib]ian fossil ivory1 & ! /ory ( ! entire mammo? discov]$ ab\t half a c5tury ago emb$d$ 9 ice is well kn[n to e "o4 ,al?\gh commonly call$ fossil1 ?is ivory has n und]gone ! *ange usually und]/ood 9 connection ) ! t]m fossil1 = _! sub/ance is z well adapt$ = use z ! ivory procur$ f liv+ species4 ,) reg>d to ! tusks ( elephants1 ,african & ,asiatic ivory mu/ be di/+ui%$4 ,! fir/1 8:5 rec5tly cut1 is ( a mell[1 w>m1 transp>5t t9t1 ) sc>cely any appe>ance ( gra91 9 :i* /ate x is call$ transp>5t or gre5 ivory2 b1 z ! oil dries up by exposure to ! air1 x becomes light] 9 col\r4 ,asiatic ivory1 :5 newly cut1 appe>s m l ! ,african1 :i* has be5 long expos$ to ! air1 & t5ds to become yell[ by exposure4 ,! ,african v>iety has usually a clos] texture1 works h>d]1 & takes a bett] poli% ?an ! ,asiatic40 ,x w\ld be m]e guess+ to attempt to decide ! orig9al nature ( anci5t or m$ival ivories4 ,"t has equally h>d5$ & *ang$ ! col\r ( bo? k9ds1 :e!r ,african or ,asiatic4 ,we _c easily sugge/ any way 9 :i* ! v l>ge slabs or plaques ( ivory us$ by ! e>ly & m$ival arti/s 7 obta9$4 ,! leaves ( a dipty* ( ! sev5? c5tury1 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is1 are fifte5 in*es 9 l5g? by ne>ly six in*es wide4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum is a s+le piece :i* measures 9 l5g? sixte5 in*es & a qu>t] by m ?an five in*es & a half 9 wid?1 & 9 dep? m ?an half an in*4 ,by "s x is ?\ght t ! anci5ts knew a me?od1 :i* has be5 lo/1 ( b5d+1 s(t5+1 & flatt5+ solid pieces ( ivory2 o!rs suppose t !y 7 !n able to procure l>g] tusks ?an c be got f ! deg5]ate animal ( our own day4 ,mr4 ,mc,culloch1 9 8 diction>y ( comm]ce1 tells u t #fj lbs4 is ! av]age weight ( an elephant's tusk2 b ,holtzapffel1 a practical au?ority1 decl>es ?is to be f> too high1 & t #ae or #af lbs4 w\ld be ne>] ! av]age4 ,be ?is z x may1 pieces ( ! size above m5tion$ 7& l>g] specim5s probably exi/7 c\ld n be cut f ! bigge/ ( ! tusks pres]v$ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum2 al?\gh x weighs #ij lbs41 is eight feet elev5 in*es long1 & sixte5 in*es & a half 9 circumf]5ce at ! c5tre4 ,?is tusk is ! l>ge/ ( five :i* 7 pres5t$ to ! ,que5 by ! k+ ( ,%oa ab\t ! ye> #ahef1 & giv5 by ,h] ,maje/y to ! museum4 ,! o!r f\r weigh1 respectively1 #gf lbs41 #hf lbs41 #gb lbs41 & #eb lbs4 ,!y are all1 probably1 male tusks4 ,an enorm\s pair ( tusks1 weigh+ toge!r #cbe lbs41 0 %[n 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea2 b ^!1 heavy z !y 71 measur$ only eight feet six in*es 9 l5g?1 & did n exce$ tw5ty-two in*es 9 circumf]5ce at ! base4 ,an +5i\s mode ( expla9+ h[ ! great *ryselephant9e /atues ( ,phidias & o!r ,greek sculptors 7 made1 is propos$ & fully expla9$ 9 detail by ,quatremre ,de ,qu9cy 9 8 "w on ! art ( antique sculpture4 ,he gives sev]al plates 9 illu/ration1 m p>ticul>ly ,plate ,,xxix42 b none ( !m meet ! difficulty ( ! l>ge flat plaques4 ,! natural =m ( a tusk w\ld adapt itself easily1 s f> z reg>ds ! application ( pieces ( v consid]able size1 to ! r\nd p>ts ( ! human figure4 ,mr4 ,h5drie1 9 8 notes to ! ?ird book ( ! 8,s*$ula div]s>um artium0 ( ,!ophilus1 says t ! anci5ts _h a me?od ( s(t5+ & b5d+ ivory by imm]sion 9 diff]5t solutions ( salts 9 acid4 8,eraclius has a *apt] on ?is4 ,take sulphate ( potass1 fossil salt1 & vitriol2 ^! are gr\nd ) v %>p v9eg> 9 a brass mort>4 ,into ?is mixture ! ivory is plac$ = ?ree days & nights4 ,?is be+ done1 y w holl[ out a piece ( wood z y please4 ,! ivory be+ ?us plac$ 9 ! holl[ y direct x1 & w b5d x to y\r w40 ,! same writ] gives ano!r recipe f ! ,sloane manuscript 7( #ae? c5tury71 no4 #daf4 ,?is directs t ! +r$i5ts above m5tion$ 8are to be di/ill$ 9 equal p>ts1 :i* w\ld yield muriatic acid1 ) ! pres5ce ( wat]4 ,infus$ 9 ?is wat] half a day1 ivory c be made s s(t t x c be cut l wax4 ,& :5 y wi% x h>d5$1 place x 9 :ite v9eg> & x becomes h>d40 ,sir ,digby ,wyatt1 9 a lecture read be=e ! ,arundel society1 quotes ^! me?ods f ,mr4 ,h5drie & adds ano!r f an ,engli% manuscript ( ! #ab? c5tury3 8,place ! ivory 9 ! foll[+ mixture4 ,take two p>ts ( quick lime1 "o "p ( p\nd$ tile1 "o "p ( oil1 & "o "p ( torn t[4 ,mix up all ^! ) a lye made ( elm b>k40 ,^! v>i\s recipes h be5 tri$ 9 mod]n days1 & ! exp]im5ts1 hi!rto1 h completely fail$4 ,consid]able v>iety ( col\r w be obs]v$ 9 ! v>i\s pieces ( any l>ge collection1 & mu* diff]5ce 9 ! condition ( !m4 ,"s1 f> f be+ ! mo/ anci5t1 are greatly discol\r$ & brittle 9 appe>ance2 o!rs reta9 _! col\r almo/ 9 its orig9al purity & _! p]fect firmness ( texture1 seem+ly unaffect$ by ! long lapse ( "t4 ,! innum]able possible accid5ts to :i* c>v$ ivories may h be5 expos$ f age to age w acc\nt = ?is great diff]5ce1 & a happy =getfulness1 p]haps ow+ to a contemptu\s neglect at fir/ ( _! value & importance1 may h be5 ! cause ( ! comp>atively excell5t /ate & condition ( _m4 ,laid aside 9 treasuries ( *ur*es & mona/]ies1 or put away 9 ! *e/s & cupbo>ds ( great h\ses1 ! memory ev5 ( _! exi/5ce may h pass$ away = c5tury aft] c5tury4 ,x does n appe> t any good me?od is kn[n by :i* a discol\r$ ivory c be blea*$4 ,all r\gh usage ( c\rse m]ely injures ! piece itself1 & removes ! ext]nal surface4 ,exposure to ! light keeps ! orig9al :it5ess long]1 & 9 a few in/ances may to "s ext5t re/ore x4 ,x ne$ h>dly be obs]v$ t any o!r attempt to alt] ! exi/+ condition1 :atev] x may be1 z reg>ds ! col\r ( an antique or m$ival ivory is to be condemn$4 ,x is q a diff]5t matt] to endeav\r to pres]ve works 9 ivory :i* h suff]$ p>tial decomposition1 & :i* c be kept f utt] de/ruction only by "s k9d ( artificial treatm5t4 ,almo/ all ! fragm5ts s5t to ,engl& by ,mr4 ,lay>d f ,n9eveh 7 9 ?is /ate ( extreme fragility & decay4 ,pr(essor ,ow5 sugge/$ t !y %\ld be boil$ 9 a solution ( gelat9e4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ & f\nd to be suffici5tly effectual2 & x is to be hop$ t ! pres5t success w prove to be la/+4 8,s9ce ! fragm5ts h be5 9 ,engl&10 says ,mr4 ,lay>d1 8!y h be5 admirably re/or$ & clean$4 ,! glut9\s matt]1 by :i* ! p>ticles =m+ ! ivory are kept toge!r1 _h1 f ! decay ( c5turies1 be5 completely exhau/$4 ,by an +5i\s process x has be5 re/or$1 & ! ornam5ts1 :i* on _! discov]y fell to pieces almo/ ^u m]e exposure to ! air1 h rega9$ ! appe>ance & consi/5cy ( rec5t ivory1 & may be h&l$ )\t risk ( injury40 ,we may ?9k x to be suffici5tly /range 9 trac+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! art ( c>v+ or engrav+ 9 ivory1 t we %\ld be able easily to c>ry x1 ^u ! evid5ce ( extant examples1 to an antiquity long be=e ! ,*ri/ian era3 ?r\gh ! ,roman1 ,greek1 ,assyrian1 & ,jewi% p1 up to an age ant]ior to ! orig9 ( ^? nations by c5turies1 ! numb] ( :i* x may be difficult accurately to c\nt4 ,^! v anci5t examples are ( ! e>lie/ ,egyptian dyna/ies3 yet1 betwe5 !m & ! date ( ! e>lie/ n[ kn[n specim5s ( works ( art incis$ or c>v$ 9 ivory !re is a lapse ( "t s great t x may probably be numb]$ by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,we mu/ g back to prehi/oric man = ! pro( ( ?is2 to a p]iod e>li] ?an ! age ( iron or ( bronze2 to ! fir/--! drift--p]iod ( ! /one age4 ,we mu/ g back1 z ,sir ,john ,lubbock writes1 8to a "t s remote t ! re9de] 0 abundant 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & probably ev5 ! mammo? _h n entirely disappe>$40 ,l>tet & ,*ri/y also 79 _! valuable publication1 ! ,reliqui ,aquitanic7 make a l rem>k3 8,x re/s ) ! geologi/1 by indicat+ ! *anges :i* h occurr$ 9 ! v l& itself1 to %ad[ out ! p]iod 9 ! dim di/ance ( t f> antiquity :5 ^! implem5ts1 ! und\bt$ "w ( human h&s1 7 us$ & left !re by primval man40 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s1 9 caves at ,le ,m\/i] & at ,la ,madela9e 9 ! ,dordogne1 num]\s fragm5ts h be5 f\nd ( tusks ( ! mammo? & ( re9de]'s bone & horn1 on "s ( :i* are incis$ draw+s ( v>i\s animals1 & ^u o!rs simil> repres5tations c>v$ 9 l[ relief4 ,^! objects h be5 engrav$ 9 sev]al works by geologi/s & writ]s ^u ! important que/ions relat+ to prehi/oric p2 & copies ( !m may be f\nd 9 ,sir ,john ,lubbock's book1 8,! orig9 ( ,civilization10 already quot$ f4 ,among !m are draw+s & c>v+s ( fi%1 ( a snake1 ( an ibex1 ( a man c>ry+ a spe>1 ( a mammo?1 ( horses' heads1 & ( a gr\p ( re9de]4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock describes ^! works z %[+ 8really consid]able skill20 z 8be+ v fair draw+s20 z ! productions ( m5 to :om we mu/ give 8full cr$it = _! love ( art1 su* z x 040 ,b to speak ( !m 9 words s cold is less ?an ju/ice4 ,no "o c exam9e ! few fragm5ts :i* z yet h be5 discov]$ )\t ackn[l$g+ _! m]it1 & attribut+ !m to :at may v truly be call$ ! h& ( an arti/4 ,!re c be no mi/ake = a mom5t z to _m ( ! bea/s :i* are repres5t$4 ,aga93 ! sculptor has giv5 u1 9 a spirit$ & natural mann]1 m ?an "o *>act]i/ic quality ( 8 subject3 & we c recognise ! heav9ess & sluggi%ness ( ! mammo? z easily z ! grace & activity ( ! re9de]4 ,! results ( ! workman's lab\r are n l ! elephants & camels & lions ( a *ild's ,noah's ark--m]ely bodies ) heads & f\r legs--b !y are execut$ ) ! "r feel+ & 9 an arti/ic _s3 ! animals are c>efully drawn1 & (t5 ) mu* vig\r4 ,!re is no?+ conv5tional ab\t !m2 !y are f> beyond & utt]ly diff]5t 9 /yle f ! ugly attempts ( really civilis$ p1 su* z ! ,p]uvians or ,mexicans1 to say no?+ ( ! works ( ! savages ( ,africa or ,new ,zeal&4 ,!y are true to nature4 ,! aborig9al nations ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica mu/ c]ta9ly be spok5 ( z civilis$1 ?\gh x is curi\s to rememb] h[ great au?orities seem to diff] z to :at civilisation means4 ,macaulay1 9 8 ,life ( "l ,clive1 writ+ ) a recklessness ( /atem5t n unusual ) him :5 aim+ at "s picturesque contra/1 describes ! anci5t ,mexicans z 8savages :o _h no lett]s1 :o 7 ignorant ( ! use ( metals1 :o _h n brok5 9 a s+le animal to lab\r1 & :o wield$ no bett] weapons ?an ^? :i* c\ld be made out ( /icks1 fl9ts1 & fi%bones1 & :o reg>d$ a horse-soldi] z a mon/]40 ,b ,b]nal ,diaz1 ^: report z an eye-witness has /ood ! te/ ( ye>s ( lat] inve/igation & dispute1 describes ! appe>ance ( ! great cities f )\t z l ! en*ant$ ca/les ( romance1 & full ( great t[]s & temples4 ,& )91 8e k9d ( eatable1 e =m ( dress1 m$ic9es1 p]fumes1 ungu5ts1 furniture1 lead1 copp]1 gold1 & silv] ornam5ts wr\ght 9 ! =m ( fruit1 adorn$ ! porticoes & allur$ ! pass]-by4 ,pap]1 t great mat]ial ( civilisation1 0 to be obta9$ 9 ?is wond]ful emporium2 also e k9d ( e>!nw>e1 cotton ( all col\rs 9 ske9s1 c4 ,!re 7 (fic]s :o w5t cont9ually ab\t ! m>ket-place1 wat*+ :at 0 sold1 & ! measures :i* 7 us$40 ,if we are to take ! judgm5t ( ,"l ,macaulay z our guide 9 det]m9+ :at may be true civilisation1 we mu/ set d[n ! ,greeks 9 ! reign ( ,alex&]1 or ! ,italians 9 ! days ( ,leo ! t5?1 z 8savages10 because !y 7 ignorant ( ! electric telegraph2 or ourselves n[1 because we _c guide balloons ?r\gh ! air4 ,! sculptures & works ( art 9 ! ru9$ cities ( ,yucatan are also to be ?\ght (4 ,_m engrav+s ( !m are giv5 9 ,/eph5s's c5tral ,am]ica4 ,nor is x en\gh to say t ! prehi/oric c>v+s are m]ely true to nature4 ,_! m]it is cle>ly se5 :5 comp>$ ) ! plates ( ,indian draw+s & picture writ+s 9 ,s*oolcraft's hi/ory ( ! ,indian tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 or aga91 ( a diff]5t "* altoge!r1 ! illum9ations 9 ,indian & ,p]sian manuscripts4 ,9 "s respects ^! la/ are ( ! highe/ quality z reg>ds execution1 b ! animals are g5]ally drawn 9 a mann] purely conv5tional1 ) scant feel+ ( tru? or beauty1 & little p[] ( express+ x4 ,illu/ration ,9 %ort1 ! prehi/oric c>v+s are f ! h&s ( m5 :o 7 nei!r beg9n]s nor blund]]s 9 _! art4 ,! practis$ skill ( a mod]n wood engrav] w\ld sc>cely exce$ 9 firmness & decision1 nor 9 evid5t rapidity ( execution1 ! outl9e ( ! animals 9 ! example :i* is "h engrav$4 ,illu/ration ,o!r illu/rations are giv5 9 ord] t ! read] may comp>e !m1 & m especially ^? also j ref]r$ to above1 ) a woodcut 7on prec$+ page7 ( draw+s incis$ ^u bone by ,esquimaux ( our own days4 ,?is has be5 *os5 because !re seems to be a g5]al disposition1 9 ! way ( !ory1 to comp>e ! dwell]s 9 ! caves ( ,dordogne & ! m5 ( ! /one age ) ! ,esquimaux1 & to limit1 z x 71 ! unkn[n am\nt ( civilisation 9 ! "o by :at we h le>nt f our own exp]i5ce ( ! latt]4 ,yet1 s f> z ! draw+s & ! sculptures are conc]n$1 !re is sc>cely room = comp>ison4 ,! "w ( ! /one age is t ( a p ) :om1 if !y 7 9 all o!r respects savages1 we h no mod]n p>allel4 ,! "w ( ! ,esquimaux is t ( m5 :o imitate ) ! h& ( a *ild1 & ! success or p[] ( ^: imitation ranges exactly ) _! advance & culture 7if culture x may be call$7 9 o!r arts4 ,illu/ration ,! fir/ ( ^! illu/rations is p]haps ! be/1 z x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ delicate & graceful ( all ! fragm5ts yet discov]$4 ,x repres5ts ! pr(ile ( ! head & %\ld] ( an ibex1 c>v$ 9 l[ relief ^u a piece ( ! palm ( a re9de]'s antl]4 ,s exact & well *>act]is$ is ! sculpture1 t naturali/s h no hesitation 9 decid+ ! animal to be an ibex ( ! ,alps1 & n ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,! next is a gr\p ( re9de] drawn ^u a piece ( slate4 ,& l[] d[n ! page1 incis$ ^u a piece ( mammo? ivory1 are outl9es ( ! mammo? itself4 ,! orig9al1 r m ?an n9e in*es 9 l5g?1 is at ,p>is 9 ! museum ( ! ,j>d9 des plantes4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,!re is no discov]y ) respect to primval man--8 p[]s & capabilities1 8 possible enjoym5ts & appreciation ( ! beautiful1 8 c]ta9 inf9ite elevation z a reasonable be+ above ! bea/s ( ! field1 9 ! mo/ di/ant age & p]iod to :i* 8 exi/5ce has be5 trac$1--s full ( int]e/1 s full z yet ( unfa?om$ my/]y1 z ^! wond]ful works 9 ivory & bone4 ,x c sc>cely be suppos$ t1 by a happy accid5t1 we h light$ on ! only specim5s :i* 7 ev] execut$ ( su* great m]it2 or t !re 7 "s two or ?ree m5 only :o = a brief "t 9 ! /one age1 by a sort ( miracle1 7 able to produce "w s excell5t4 ,fur!r rese>*es & a few m =tunate 8f9ds0 may enable u to le>n mu* m ?an we n[ "k ( o!r habits1 & ! /ate ( 7:at we call7 ! b>b>ism ( ^? anci5t races 9 o!r respects4 ,nor mu/ we =get t = numb]less g5]ations aft] ^! m5 _h pass$ away _! desc5dants lo/ all ! old p[] & skill4 8,d>k ages0 came1 simil> 7al?\gh incomp>ably long] 9 duration7 to ^? :i* foll[$ ,greek or ,roman civilisation & sci5ce f ! six? to ! n9? & t5? c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,aga9 quot+ ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 we "k t 8no repres5tation1 h[ev] rude1 ( any animal has yet be5 f\nd 9 any ( ! ,dani% %ell m\nds4 ,ev5 on objects ( ! bronze age !y are s r>e t x is d\btful :e!r a s+le well-au!nticat$ in/ance c\ld be produc$40 8,ev5 curv$ l9es0 ^u ! rude & co>se pieces ( pott]y ( lat] ages 8are r>e40 ,once m3 8,v few inde$ ( ! ,briti% sepul*ral urns1 belong+ to ante-,roman times1 h ^u !m any curv$ l9es4 ,repres5tations ( animals are also almo/ entirely want+40 ,fur!r discussion & speculation ^u ?is subject w\ld "h be out ( place4 ,we mu/ leave x1 al?\gh ) great regret4 ,we mu/ pass at "o b\nd to a lat] p]iod ( "t :i*1 h[ev] long ago x may seem to u look+ back ^u x1 is nev]!less1 9 comp>ison ) ! suppos$ date ( ! m5 :o left _! ivory & bone c>v+s 9 ! caves ( ,aquita9e1 positively mod]n4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,al?\gh ! n>rative ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures does n1 ) ! exception ( ! fir/ elev5 *apt]s ( ,g5esis1 rea* back s f> z ! kn[n hi/ory ( ! k+dom ( ,egypt1 x may be be/ to m5tion1 fir/1 "s places 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 :i* ref]5ce is made to works 9 ivory4 ,k+ ,solomon1 we are told1 8made a great ?rone ( ivory1 & ov]laid x ) ! be/ gold40 8,! ivory h\se :i* ,ahab made10 is p>ticul>ly m5tion$ among 8 memorable acts4 ,! ,psalmi/ speaks ( g>m5ts br\ght 8out ( ivory palaces10 or f :at may r be translat$ w>drobes4 ,! orig9al text is 4 ,9 ! e>li] ,hebrew ! ^w meant a small h\se or palace2 9 ! lat]1--& ! #de? ,psalm is n ( e>ly date1 & 0 moreov] writt5 9 a =eign c\ntry1--x meant m commonly a w>drobe1 or :at we n[ call a ve/ry or sacri/y4 ,! prophets ,ezekiel & ,amos tell u ( 8b5*es ( ivory br\ght out ( ! isles ( ,*ittim10 ( 8horns ( ivory10 & ( 8b$s ( ivory40 ,!re are o!r evid5ces 9 ! ,bible ( ! value & high e/imation 9 :i* ivory 0 held by ! ,jews2 & its beauty ( appe>ance1 its brightness1 & smoo?ness are us$ z poetical illu/rations 9 ! ,song ( ,solomon4 ,f a v]se 9 ! fif? *apt] ( ?is la/ book we also le>n t ! ivory 0 sometimes inlaid ) preci\s /ones4 ,x is q evid5t t 9 ^? days works 9 ivory 7 reg>d$ 9 ,juda z a possession only to be acquir$ by v great & weal?y p]sons2 nor may x be too mu*1 p]haps1 to say t !y 7 look$ ^u z insignia ( royalty4 ,we may entirely agree ) ,de ,qu9cy1 9 8 book ^u ! /atue ( ,jupit] at ,olympia3 8,l'ivoire con/itua les ornam5ts di/9ctifs de la dignit royale *ez les plus anci5s peuples4 ,l'antiquit ne p>le que de sceptres et de trnes d'ivoire4 ,tels tai5t selon ,d5is d',halic>nasse les attributs de la royaut *ez les trusques4 ,a leur exemple1 ,t>qu9 eut le trne et le sceptre d'ivoire1 c40 ,b1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 !re are specim5s & rema9s ( ,egyptian works 9 ivory /ill exi/+ :i* date by _m c5turies f an e>li] "t ?an ! days ( ,solomon or ,ahab4 ,^! mu/ be1 ( c\rse1 ( excessive r>ity3 p>tly because ( _! antiquity & fragile nature2 p>tly because ( ! smallness ( _! size1 ow+ to :i* !y mu/ h be5 frequ5tly ov]look$ or ?r[n aside4 ,! collection 9 ! ,briti% museum includes "s examples1 a few ( :i*1 p>ticul>ly two dagg]s inlaid & ornam5t$ ) ivory1 are ( ! "t ( ,moses1 ab\t #a1hjj ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,sev]al *airs1 ornam5t$ 9 a l mann]1 may be attribut$ to ! sixte5? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,"s woodcuts are giv5 ( *airs & /ools ornam5t$ ) ivory1 9 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son's acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,among ! ,egyptian antiquities 9 ! ,briti% museum may also be m5tion$ ! h&le ( a mirror 9 hippopotamus ivory2 an ivory palette ( ab\t ! same p]iod2 two ivory boxes1 9 ! %ape ( wat] f[l2 & a v rem>kable figure or /atuette1 a woman1 ( p]haps ! elev5? c5tury ,b4,c42 &1 aga91 a v curi\s casket ( consid]able size b ( mu* lat] date2 probably ( ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ra3 ,roman "w & decoration4 ,?is 0 f\nd at ,memphis1 & is made ( ivory plaques laid ^u a framework ( wood4 ,! plaques are incis$ ) figures & col\r$4 ,! %ape is oblong1 ) a slop+ cov]2 x measures ab\t twelve by t5 in*es4 ,! use ( ivory = ornam5t & ! adapt+ x to works ( art mu/ h be5 kn[n by ! ,egyptians f a mo/ remote antiquity4 ,!re is a small ivory box 9 ! ,l\vre1 :i* is inscrib$ ) a prnom5 attribut$ to ! fif? dyna/y4 ,lab>te1 quot+ ,de ,r\g1 m5tions ano!r ( ! six? dyna/y3--8,on voit au muse gypti5 du ,l\vre une quantit d'objets d'os et d'ivoire4 ,ce sont de petits vases1 des objets de toilette1 des cuill]s dont le man*e e/ =m p> une femme nue1 et une bote orne d'une belle tte de gazelle4 ,la pice la plus curieuse e/ une autre bote d'ivoire trs-simple1 mais d'une excessive antiquit1 puisqu'elle porte la lg5de royale de ,m]i5-ra1 qui e/ plac v]s la sixime dyna/ie40 ,dr4 ,bir* 9 a pap] pr9t$ among ! transactions ( ! ,royal society1 on two ,egyptian c>t\*es f\nd at ,nimr\d1 ref]s to a tablet ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 :i* describes a figure ^: 8arms are to be made ( preci\s /ones1 silv] & gold1 & ! two h9d] p>ts ( ivory & ebony4 ,9 a tomb at ,!bes record is made ( a /atue compos$ ( ebony & ivory1 ) a coll> ( gold40 ,! date ( ! ,egyptian /atuette 9 ! ,briti% museum & ( num]\s small] objects 9 t & 9 ! great =eign collections1 su* z spoons1 bracelets1 coll>s1 boxes1 c41 mo/ ( :i* are e>li] ?an ! tw5ty-f\r? dyna/y & long be=e ! "t ( ,cambyses1 br+s u to ab\t ! same p]iod z ! fam\s ,assyrian ivories1 :i* 7 f\nd at ,n9eveh1 & :i* are also pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,^! 7 *iefly discov]$ 9 ! nor?-we/ palace2 & almo/ all 9 two *amb]s ( t build+4 ,we _c d bett] ?an li/5 to ! g5]al description ( !m giv5 by ,mr4 ,lay>d himself3--8,! mo/ int]e/+ are ! rema9s ( two small tablets1 "o ne>ly entire1 ! o!r mu* injur$4 ,^u !m are repres5t$ two sitt+ figures1 hold+ 9 "o h& ! ,egyptian sceptre or symbol ( p[]4 ,betwe5 !m is a c>t\*e conta9+ hi]oglyphics1 & surm\nt$ by a plume1 su* z is f\nd 9 monum5ts ( ! eighte5? & subsequ5t dyna/ies ( ,egypt4 ,! *airs on :i* ! figures are seat$1 ! robes ( ! figures !mselves1 ! hi]oglyphics & ! fea!r above1 7 enamell$ ) a blue sub/ance let into ! ivory1 & ! :ole gr\nd ( ! tablet1 z well z ! c>t\*e & "p ( ! figures1 0 orig9ally gild$1--rema9s ( ! gold leaf /ill adh]+ to !m4 ,! =ms & /yle ( art h a purely ,egyptian "*1 al?\gh !re are c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! execution & mode ( treatm5t t w\ld seem to m>k ! "w ( a =eign1 p]haps an ,assyrian1 arti/4 ,! same peculi>ities1 ! same anomalies1 *>act]ise all ! o!r objects discov]$4 ,sev]al small heads 9 frames1 support$ by pill>s or p$e/als1 mo/ elegant 9 design & elaborate 9 execution1 %[ n only a consid]able acqua9tance ) art1 b an intimate k ( ! me?od ( work+ 9 ivory4 ,scatt]$ ab\t 7 fragm5ts ( w+$ sph9xes1 ! head ( a lion ( s+ul> beauty1 human heads1 legs & feet1 bulls1 fl[]s1 & scroll "w4 ,9 all ^! specim5s ! _s ( ! design & ! delicacy ( ! workman%ip are equally to be admir$40 ,!re are altoge!r m ?an fifty ( ^! ,assyrian ivories 9 ! ,briti% museum3 a detail$ acc\nt ( ne>ly all is giv5 by ,mr4 ,lay>d 9 ! app5dix to 8 fir/ volume4 ,dr4 ,bir* says !y _c be lat] 9 date ?an ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c42 & ?9ks x highly probable t !y are mu* e>li]4 ,mr4 ,lay>d believes t ab\t ! ye> #iej ,b4,c4 is ! mo/ probable p]iod ( _! execution4 ,!re c be no d\bt t f ! ye> #ajjj ,b4,c4 d[n to ! ,*ri/ian ra !re 0 a con/ant succession ( arti/s 9 ivory 9 ! we/]n ,asiatic c\ntries1 9 ,egypt1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,italy4 ,long be=e ivory 0 appli$ 9 ,greece to ! mak+ ( bas-reliefs & /atues x 0 employ$ = a multitude ( objects ( luxury & ornam5t4 ,inf]ior to m>ble 9 :it5ess1 & ( c\rse greatly inf]ior 9 ext5t ( available surface1 ivory exce$s m>ble 9 beauty ( poli% & is less fragile1 be+ an animal sub/ance & ( true tissue & gr[?4 ,f ! "t ( ,hesiod & ,hom] num]\s allusions are to be f\nd 9 classic au?ors to v>i\s works 9 ?is mat]ial3 su* z ! decoration ( %ields1 c\*es1 & articles ( dome/ic use4 ,z to /atues1 ,pausanias tells u t1 s f> z he c\ld le>n1 m5 fir/ made !m ( wood only2 ( ebony1 cypress1 c$>1 or oak4 ,! passages f ! e>li] classics h be5 ref]r$ to1 ov] & ov] aga91 by all ! lat] writ]s on ! subject2 & x w\ld be n m]ely we>y+ b unnecess>y to repeat !m "h4 ,9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 ivory /atues ( ! ,dioscuri & o!r deities 7 made at ,sicyon & ,argos4 ,sir ,digby ,wyatt1 9 ! lecture be=e ref]r$ to1 speaks ( !m z hav+ be5 rude 9 "*1 b !re is no evid5ce left = s disp>ag+ a decision4 ,o!r works 7 /atues ( ! ,h\rs1 ( ,!mis1 & ( ,diana4 ,! names ( "s ( ! sculptors h be5 pres]v$3 among !m ,polycletus1 ,endoos ( ,a!ns1 ! bro!rs ,m$on1 & ,dorycleides4 ,! /yle 9 :i* objects ( ?is k9d 7 execut$ 0 call$ ,toreutic3 f 1 to bore ?r\gh1 to *ase1 to "w 9 relief2 signify+ *iefly work+ ! mat]ial 9 ! r\nd or 9 relief4 ,w9ckelman1 9 8 hi/ory ( art1 expla9s ! t]m at fir/ ) insuffici5t exactness3 8,phidias inv5ta cet art appel p> les anci5s toreutice1 c'e/ dire1 l'art de t\rn]40 ,9 8 second edition he corrects ?is1 & rightly says1 8la rac9e de cette dnom9ation e/ 1 clair1 di/9ct1 pi?te qui s'applique la voix4 ,c'e/ p\rquoi on donne ce nomme au travaux en relief1 p> opposition au travail en creux des pi]res prcieuses40 ,a long disquisition on ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 & its etymology1 is giv5 by ,de ,qu9cy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s ( su* toreutic works1 & ( :i* ,pausanias has left u a tol]ably accurate description1 0 ! c(f] :i* ! ,cypselid s5t z an (f]+ to ,olympia1 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,x seems to h be5 made ( c$> wood1 ( consid]able size2 ! figures rang$ 9 five r[s1 "o above ! o!r1 along ! sides :i* 7 inlaid ) gold & ivory4 ,! subjects 7 tak5 f old h]oic /ories4 ,de ,qu9cy has giv5 a l>ge plate ) a conjectural re/oration ( ! *e/2 :i* he supposes to h be5 oblong ) a r\nd$ cov]4 ,o!rs believe x to h be5 elliptical4 ,pausanias1 9 8 description ( ,greece1 m5tions ! exi/5ce 9 8 "t ( num]\s ivory /atues & ( *ryselephant9e works4 ,9 ! fir/ section ( ! sev5te5? *apt] ( ! fif? book he enum]ates t5 or fifte51 :i* he says 7 all made ( ivory & gold2 & a table ( ivory4 ,at ,meg>a he saw an ivory /atue ( ,v5us1 ! "w ( ,praxiteles2 at ,cor9?1 _m *ryselephant9e /atues2 ne> ,myc51 a /atue ( ,hebe1 ! "w ( ,naucydes2 9 ,altis1 ! horn ( ,amal!a2 & 9 ano!r treasury !re1 a /atue ( ,endymion entirely ( ivory1 except 8 robe2 at ,elis1 a /atue made ( ivory & gold1 ! "w ( ,phidias2 ne> ,tritia1 9 ,a*aias1 an ivory ?rone ) ! sitt+ figure ( a virg92 at gira1 a wood5 /atue ( ,m9]va ( :i* ! face1 h&s1 & feet 7 ivory4 ,&1 to "n no m1 a /atue ( ,m9]va1 ! "w ( ,endius1 all ( ivory1 long pres]v$ at ,tegea1 b at ! "t :5 he wrote plac$ at ! entrance ( ! new =um at ,rome1 hav+ be5 tak5 !re by ,augu/us4 ,!re are two m5 ^: travels & ! sights !y saw we _c b envy2 "o 0 ,pausanias1 ! o!r our own ,lel&4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t ,pausanias believ$ ivory to be ! horn & n ! too? ( ! elephant3 & he has a long argum5t ab\t x 9 8 fif? book1 :]e he ref]s to & m5tions ! ,celtic /ag4 ,decl>+ x to be horn1 he says t1 l ! horns ( ox51 ivory c be s(t5$ by fire & *ang$ f a r\nd to a flat %ape4 ,! fam\s *ryselephant9e /atues ( ,phidias & 8 contempor>ies 7 some:at lat] ?an ! /atues ( ! ,dioscuri & ! *e/ at ,olympia4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ 0 ! figure ( ,m9]va 9 ! ,p>!non1 :i* 0 9 height ne>ly =ty ,engli% feet4 ,x w\ld be wrong to omit all notice ( ! attempt to reproduce ?is /atue :i* 0 made by ord] ( ! late ,duc de ,luynes1 & 0 %[n 9 ! ,p>is ,exhibition ( #ahee4 8,m4 ,sim>t1 qui l'a excute1 s'e/ montr le digne int]prte de ,phidias1 et a su retr\v]1 p> ses tudes appr(ondies1 le vrai s5tim5t de l'art antique4 ,la /atue1 de trois mtres de hauteur1 e/ d'ivoire et d'arg5t3 la face1 le c\1 le bras et les pi$s1 la tte de ,mduse place sur son gide1 a9si que le torse de la ,victoire qu'elle ti5t dans la ma9 droite1 sont d'ivoire de l',inde4 ,la lance1 le b\cli]1 le casque1 et le s]p5t sont de bronze2 la tunique et l'gide d'arg5t ont t rep\sses et ciseles40 ,ev5 m colossal ?an ! figure ( ,m9]va 0 ! ,jupit] at ,olympia2 ! god 0 repres5t$ sitt+1 & rea*$ to ! height ( ab\t fifty-eight feet4 ,de ,qu9cy has "s conjectural re/orations ( ?is /atue engrav$ 9 8 book4 ,we rememb] ! de/ruction ( ^! & simil> works ) ! utmo/ regret2 & ! m s1 because t de/ruction 0 ow+ 9 _m in/ances to ! mad viol5ce ( ,*ri/ian fanatics2 ! iconocla/s ( ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! rema9s :i* we possess ev5 ( small] objects are n only ( excessive r>ity1 b !y _c ) any c]ta9ty be attribut$ to arti/s work+ 9 ,greece itself4 ,ivory & metal h p]i%$ "u conditions :i* h left un9jur$ fragile vases4 ,!re are "s examples ( c>v+s 9 ivory 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & especially 9 ! collection lately pur*as$ f signor ,ca/ellani :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,etruscan tombs4 ,_m ( ^! are p]haps ! "w ( ,greek arti/s4 ,etruscan sculpture 0 probably d]iv$ at fir/ f ,egypt3 b ! art ( ! "o 0 entirely & un*ang+ly conv5tional1 & nev] seems to v>y f a c]ta9 fix$ /yle4 ,! ,etrurian1 on ! contr>y1 soon cle>$ itself f ! bondage ( old traditions &1 ev5 :5 rude/1 0 free & attempt$ to imitate nature 9 ! repres5tation ( muscles1 hair1 & drap]ies4 ,nei!r ! beauty nor ! wond]ful _s ( ! execution ( "s ( ! ivories 9 ! ,briti% museum has be5 exce$$ or p]haps equall$ 9 any lat] "t4 ,among !m ! foll[+ ought to be p>ticul>ly m5tion$3-- ,a l>ge bu/ ( a woman1 ( ! ,roman republican p]iod1 & a small c>v+ ( ! head ( a horse1 sc>cely inf]ior to ! "w ( any ,greek arti/ ( ! be/ "t4 ,a v important head ( a ,gorgon1 z se5 on ,a!nian co9s1 ) eyes inlaid 9 gold1 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]2 probably ! button ( a woman's dress4 ,two lions1 ! heads & "p only ( ! bodies1 ly+ across ea* o!r1 v admirable & full ( "*2 & ano!r lion's head1 ! top p]haps ( ! h&le ( a mirror4 ,^! 7 *iefly discov]$1 ) num]\s o!r fragm5ts1 at ,*iusi & ,calvi4 ,at ,*iusi also 7 f\nd ! panels ( two small caskets :i* h be5 put toge!r2 bo? are ( e>ly date2 "o x may be ( ! f\r? c5tury ,b4,c4 & ,phnician 9 /yle4 ,!re is also 9 ! same case a f9e small ivory /atuette1 mu* lat]1 p]haps ( ! second c5tury3 a boy1 /ill p>tly emb$d$ 9 ! mort> or refuse 9 :i* x 0 f\nd4 ,! work]s 9 ivory dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ( our ra 71 z a class1 suffici5tly num]\s to be exempt$ by law f "s p]sonal & municipal obligations4 ,pancirolus1 9 8 8,notiti10 gives a li/ ( ^! bodies ( artific]s4 ,he m5tions z exempt1 ar*itects1 m$ical m51 pa9t]s1 & o!rs1 ) ref]5ces to ! v>i\s laws "u :i* !y 7 excus$2 & among !m are 8workm5 9 ivory1 :o make *airs1 b$s1 & o!r ?+s ( t sort40 ,nev]!less1 c>v+s 9 ivory ( ! ,roman imp]ial times be=e ,con/ant9e are extremely sc>ce4 ,9 ! sup]b collection 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum !re are two only :i* c safely be s attribut$4 ,"o is ! fragm5t1 no4 #bii2 ! o!r is ! beautiful leaf1 no4 #bab4 ,! ,briti% museum 7n to m5tion a l>ge numb] ( fragm5ts *iefly ( caskets or decorations ( furniture1 tess] & tickets ( admission to !atres & %[s1 dice1 & ! l7 possesses a few pieces1 ( :i* "o is extremely f9e 9 "* & 9 good pres]vation4 ,! subject is ,bell]ophon1 :o is repres5t$ on ,pegasus1 kill+ ! ,*imra2 & x is execut$ 9 op5 "w4 ,! age is some:at d\btful4 ,pr(essor ,we/wood places x z e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury1 & 8 judgm5t mu/ be treat$ ) great def]5ce4 ,o!rs1 ( no slight au?ority1 are indispos$ to give x an e>li] date ?an ! f\r? c5tury4 ,?is admirable ivory has some:at ( ! "* ( ! book-cov] 9 ! ,b>b]9i collection1 engrav$ by ,gori1 9 ! second volume ( 8 great "w on dipty*s4 ,t fam\s piece is n p]fect1 nor is !re any "n ^u x4 ,gori fairly argues t x repres5ts ! emp]or ,con/antius1 ab\t ! ye> #ceg4 ,! ,bell]ophon is ( f9] "w4 ,! gradual & un9t]rupt$ decl9e ( art f ! days ( ,augu/us is to be trac$ z di/9ctly 9 ! ivories :i* h be5 pres]v$ z 9 anci5t build+s4 ,b we c sc>cely agree ) ,d',ag9c\rt z reg>ds its rapidity4 ,speak+ ( sculpture g5]ally1 he says3 8,on vit celle-ci successivem5t gr&e1 noble1 augu/e s\s le pr9ce qui mrita ce nom2 lic5cieuse et obscne s\s ,tibre2 grossirem5t adulatrice s\s ,c>acalla2 extravagante s\s ,nron1 qui faisait dor] les *efs-d'uvre de ,lysippe40 ,d',ag9c\rt probably ref]s to ! b>b>ism ( ,caligula1 :o propos$ to put a head ( himself ^u ! ,olympic ,zeus by ,phidias2 or to ,claudius1 :o cut ! head ( ,alex&] out ( a picture by ,apelles1 to replace x ) 8 own4 ,suetonius has record$ ! fir/ ( ^! atrocities 7c we speak ( !m by a light] "n87 & ,pl9y ! la/4 ,9 ! collection giv5 to ! t[n ( ,liv]pool by ,mr4 ,may] !re are two v celebrat$ pieces1 possibly ( ! ?ird c5tury2 !y 7 orig9ally ! leaves ( a dipty*4 ,on "o is sculapius1 on ! o!r ,hygieia4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,f ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury d[n to ! end ( ! sixte5? we h an unbrok5 *a9 ( examples /ill exi/+4 ,individual pieces may1 p]haps1 9 _m in/ances be ( que/ionable orig9 z reg>ds ! c\ntry ( ! arti/1 &1 sometimes1 ) respect to ! exact date )9 fifty or ev5 a hundr$ ye>s4 ,b !re is no d\bt :atev] t1 increas+ 9 numb] z !y come ne>] to ! middle ages1 we c ref] to c>v$ ivories ( e c5tury pres]v$ 9 museums 9 ,engl& & abroad4 ,_! importance ) ref]5ce to ! hi/ory ( art _c be ov]rat$4 ,!re is no su* cont9u\s *a9 9 manuscripts1 or mosaics1 or gems1 or textiles1 or porcela91 or enamels4 ,p]haps1 ) ! exception ( manuscripts1 !re nev] 0 9 any ( ^! classes s l>ge a numb] execut$ nor ! dem& = !m s great4 ,! mat]ial itself or ! decorations by :i* o!r works 7 surr\nd$ v probably tempt$ p to de/roy !m2 & we may ?ank ! valueless "* ( _m a piece ( c>v$ ivory1 except z a "w ( art1 = its pres]vation to our own days4 ,! mo/ important ivories be=e ! sev5? c5tury are ! consul> dipty*s4 ,! e>lie/ :i* /ill exi/s claims to be ( ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury1 ! late/ belongs to ! middle ( ! six?4 ,any?+ d\bl$1 or d\bly fold$1 is a dipty*3 2 b ! t]m 0 *iefly appli$ to ! tablets us$ = writ+ on ) metallic or ivory /yles by ! anci5ts4 ,:5 ^! tablets _h ?ree leaves !y 7 call$ tripty*s1 & ( five or m leaves p5tapty*s or polypty*s4 ,inside1 ea* leaf 0 slightly sunk ) a n>r[ rais$ m>g9 9 ord] to hold wax2 outside1 !y 7 ornam5t$ ) c>v+s4 ,!y 7 n always ( ivory2 frequ5tly ( citron or ( "s less co/ly wood1 & = common use 7 probably ( small size1 conv5i5t = ! h& & = c>ry+ ab\t4 ,hom]1 9 ! six? book ( ! ,iliad1 speaks ( su* tablets1 & !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to !m 9 ,lat9 writ]s2 9 ,juv5al1 ,m>tial1 & o!r au?ors4 ,_m passages are to be f\nd quot$ 9 books ^u ! anci5t ,roman dipty*s4 ,x happ5s also t two anci5t specim5s h be5 f\nd4 ,bo? 7 discov]$ 9 gold m9es 9 ,transylvania1 & h be5 describ$ by ,massmann 9 a volume publi%$ at ,leipsic 9 #ahda4 ,ea* consi/s ( ?ree leaves1 "o ( fir-wood1 ! o!r ( bee*1 & ab\t ! size ( a mod]n octavo book4 ,! out] "p exhibits ! pla9 surface ( ! wood1 ! inn] "p is cov]$ ) wax surr\nd$ by a m>g94 ,! edges ( "o side are pi]c$ t !y might be fa/5$ toge!r by means ( a ?read or wire pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,! wax is n ?ick on ei!r set ( tablets2 x is ?9n] on ! bee*5 set1 9 :i* ! /ylus ( ! writ] has 9 places cut ?r\gh ! wax into ! wood4 ,!re is manuscript /ill rema9+ on bo? ( !m3 ! beg9n+ ( ! bee*5 tablets conta9+ "s ,greek lett]s4 ,! writ+ on ! o!r is 9 ,lat91 a copy ( a docum5t relat+ to a collegium4 ,! "n ( "o ( ! consuls is giv51 det]m9+ ! date to be ,a4,d4 #afi4 ,an abridg$ acc\nt ( ^! v curi\s tablets is giv5 9 ,smi?'s 8,diction>y ( antiquities0 "u ! ^w 8tabul40 ,! consul> dipty*s 7 ( mu* l>g] size ?an ^? made = ev]yday use3 g5]ally ab\t twelve in*es 9 l5g? by five or six 9 bread?4 ,dipty*s ( ?is k9d 7 "p ( ! pres5ts s5t by new consuls on _! appo9tm5t to v em95t p]sons2 to ! s5ators1 to gov]nors ( prov9ces1 & to fri5ds4 ,ea* consul probably s5t _m su* gifts1 & duplicates ( m ?an "o example h be5 pres]v$4 ,^! naturally v>i$ greatly1 n only 9 ! workman%ip b 9 ! mat]ial4 ,= p]sons 9 high /ation or au?ority ! dipty*s w\ld be c>v$ by ! be/ arti/s ( ! "t1 & if n made entirely ( "s metal v co/ly & valuable ! mat]ial w\ld be ivory1 p]haps also m\nt$ 9 gold4 ,z we f9d 9 ! fif? book ( ! lett]s ( ,symma*us 7consul1 ,a4,d4 #cia71 8,dom9o pr9cipi no/ro auro circumdatum dipty*on misi1 ct]os quoque amicos eburneis pugill>ibus et cani/ellis arg5teis honoravi40 ,= o!rs ( l[] rank or = dep5d5ts1 !y w\ld be r\ghly f9i%$ & ( bone or wood4 ,x is to ! cu/om ( s5d+ ^! dipty*s to p ( rank 9 ! prov9ces t we owe ! pres]vation ( "s /ill extant1 & :i* h be5 kept 9 ! c\ntry into :i* !y came by gift or o!rwise 9 v e>ly times4 ,g5]ally1 9 some:at lat] days1 !y 7 giv5 or bequea!d to *ur*es2 &1 hav+ be5 fir/ us$ 9 ! public s]vices1 7 aft]w>ds laid by 9 _! treasuries4 ,inside ^! (ficial dipty*s ! wax may h be5 inscrib$ ) ! ,fa/i ,consul>es or li/ ( names ( all prec$+ consuls1 clos+ ) t ( ! new magi/rate1 ! donor4 ,z ,ausonius1 himself consul 9 ! ye> #cgi1 says 9 "o ( 8 epigrams3 8,hact5us adscripsi fa/os4 ,si sors volet1 ultra ,adjiciam3 si non1 qui legis1 adjicies4 ,scire cupis1 qui sim8 titulum qui qu>tus ab imo e/ ,qure2 legis nom5 consulis ,ausonii40 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z a rule1 is matt] ( conjecture4 ,outside1 ! leaves 7 c>v$ ) v>i\s ornam5ts2 sometimes ) scrolls1 or cornucopi1 or ! bu/ ( ! new consul 9 a m$allion4 ,sometimes--& z ! dipty*s :i* we n[ possess repeat ?is /yle ! mo/ frequ5tly we may conclude x to h be5 ! usual practice at lea/ = ! m important ( ^? pres5t$--! consul 0 repres5t$ at full l5g? & sitt+ 9 ! cu%ion$ curule *air3 "o h& (t5 be+ uplift$ & hold+ ! mappa circ5sis4 ,he is clo!d 9 ! full c]emonial ve/m5ts ( 8 (fice1 z us$ :5 he 0 induct$ into x4 ,! dress itself seems to be a spl5did imitation ( t worn by ! old g5]als at ! celebration ( a triumph2 a ri*ly embroid]$ cloak 7toga picta7 ) ample folds1 b5ea? :i* is a tunic /rip$ ) purple 7trabea7 or figur$ ) palm leaves 7tunica palmata74 ,on 8 feet are %oes ( clo? ( gold 7calcei aurati71 & 9 "o h& ! consul> /aff or sceptre 7scipio7 surm\nt$ by an eagle or an image ( ,victory4 ,! conspicu\s repres5tation ( a cu%ion on ! seat ( ! *air is probably n to be ov]look$ z ( small signification or importance4 ,cu%ions 7 p]mitt$ only to c]ta9 privileg$ classes dur+ ! games ( ! circus2 & ,caligula conc$$ ! use ( cu%ions to s5ators z a graceful complim5t at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign4 ,"s w rememb] also ! advice giv5 by ,ovid1 9 8 8,art ( ,love10 to ! lov] 9 att5dance on 8 mi/ress 9 ! !atre or at public games 7he _h j be=e be5 speak+ ( ! ivory /atues c>ri$ 9 ! procession73 8,p>va leves capiunt animos4 ,fuit utile multis ,pulv9um facili composuisse manu4 ,pr(uit et t5ui v5tum movisse tabella flabello82 ,et cava sub t5]am scamna d$isse p$em40 ,n unusually 9 ! l[] "p ( ea* leaf1 9 a sep>ate comp>tm5t1 7 repres5tations ( ! %[s :i* ! consul int5d$ to give1 ( ! manumission ( slaves1 & ( ! pres5ts1 money1 bread1 c41 :i* 7 also to be di/ribut$ among ! p4 ,! s]ies ( consul> dipty*s1 hav+ ea* ( !m 9 _m cases a kn[n date1 is ( ess5tial value & importance 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 :il/ ! fa%ion ( !m la/$4 ,simil> z !y are "o to ano!r 9 c]ta9 respects1 nev]!less !re is a consid]able v>iety ( treatm5t & und\bt$ly v>i\s degrees ( excell5ce or inf]iority ( /yle & execution4 ,:5 s _m w\ld be requir$ by ! consul ( ! ye>1 x 0 impossible t all c\ld be made by good arti/s1 & probably "o or two ( ! be/ k9d 7 r\ghly copi$ by common workm54 ,x 0 suffici5t if ! g5]al "*1 dress1 or special ornam5t ( ! consul 7 repres5t$4 ,rapidly z art decl9$ dur+ ! ?ree c5turies aft] ! bir? ( ,con/ant9e1 z %[n especially 9 ^! consul> dipty*s1 we may nev]!less trace a c]ta9 gr&eur 9 ! figures & 9 ! attitudes :i* %[ t e>li] & bett] models ( antiquity 7 /ill foll[$ by ! sculptors4 ,lab>te fur!r obs]ves t ! dipty*s c>v$ at ,con/ant9ople 7 f> sup]ior to ^? :i* 7 made 9 ,italy4 ,_m ( ^! dipty*s are id5tifi$ by ! "n ( ! consul :i* is c>v$ across ! top ( "o leaf2 ! full leg5d g5]ally runn+ across bo? be+ equally divid$4 ,x has be5 said t ^! leg5ds 7z well z portions ( ! sculpture7 7 sometimes col\r$ r$4 ,we "k no extant example1 b ! foll[+ passage f ,claudian is important1 & n on t p>ticul> po9t alone3 8,tum virides p>dos1 et cet]a colligit au/ri ,prodigia1 immanesque simul ,latonia d5tes1 ,qui secti f]ro 9 tabulas auroque micantes1 ,inscripti rutilum clato consule nom51 ,p] proc]es et vulgus eant2 /upor omnibus ,indis ,plurimus ereptis elephas +lorius errat ,d5tibus40 ,we usually f9d also a pr(usion ( prop] names1 accord+ to ! fa%ion & ta/e ( ! c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople & ( ! la/ ye>s ( ! consulate4 ,foll[+ ^! names 0 a =mula :i* express$ ! /yle & dignities3 8,vir illu/ris1 comes dome/icorum equitum1 et consul ord9>ius40 ,! 8vir illu/ris0 signifi$ t ! new consul _h ei!r fill$ or 0 ( rank great en\gh to fill high (ficial positions 9 ! /ate4 ,! 8comes dome/icorum equitum0 0 8 title z comm&] ( ! bodygu>d ( ! emp]or4 ,! 8consul ord9>ius0 decl>$ ! true consul> dignity itself4 ,"s ( ! consul> dipty*s also add ! names ( ! p]sons or communities to :om !y 7 s5t4 ,?us1 ! dipty* ( ,flavius ,!odorus ,philox5us1 ,a4,d4 #ebe1 has ! foll[+ inscription 9 ,greek iambics1 "p ^u "o tablet1 "p ^u ! o!r3 8,i1 ,philox5us ! consul1 (f] ?is gift to ! wise s5ate40 ,ano!r dipty* ( ,flavius ,petrus1 ,a4,d4 #eaf1 has ?is inscription )9 a l>ge circle3 8,i1 ! consul1 (f] ^! pres5ts1 ?\gh small 9 value1 /ill ample 9 hon\rs1 to my s5atorial fa!rs40 ,?is is giv5 by ,m4 ,pulszky1 9 8 essay on antique ivories4 ,! same writ] quotes ! (t5-cit$ decree ( ! emp]or ,!odosius2 by :i*1 because ( ! hon\r atta*$ to ! receiv+ ( ^! dipty*s1 ! pres5t+ ( !m by anyone b ! ord9>y consuls 0 =bidd54 ,! law ought n to be omitt$ "h3 8,lex ,,xv4 ,codex ,!odosianus1 tit4 xi4 ,de exp5sis ludorum4 ,illud etiam con/itutione solidamus1 ut exceptis consulibus ord9>iis1 nulli prorsus alt]i auream sportulam aut dipty*a ex ebore d&i facultas sit4 ,cum publica celebrantur (ficia1 sit sportulis nummus arg5teus1 alia mat]ia dipty*a40 ,dur+ ! p]iod :5 ^! ivory dipty*s 7 9 use or fa%ion1 t is 7s f> z we "k7 f ! fir/ or second c5turies to ! six?1 ! (fice ( consul 0 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! emp]ors1 :o conf]r$ x on :om !y w\ld1 & assum$ x !mselves z (t5 z !y ?\ght fit4 ,augu/us 0 consul ?irte5 times2 ,vitellius proclaim$ himself p]petual consul2 ,vespasian eight times2 & ,domitian sev5te54 ,! consuls1 !re=e1 gradually became m]e ciph]s 9 ! /ate4 ,x is true t !y presid$ 9 ! s5ate & on o!r public occasions ) all ! anci5t =ms2 & ! m]e title1 d[n to ! ext9ction ( ! we/]n empire1 0 nom9ally ! mo/ exalt$ & hon\rable ( all (ficial positions4 ,! mo/ complete li/ :i* we h ( ! exi/+ consul> dipty*s is giv5 by pr(essor ,we/wood 9 a c>efully writt5 pap] read be=e ! ,ox=d ar*itectural society1 & pr9t$ 9 _! proce$+s = #ahfb4 ,^! are suppos$ to h be5 all id5tifi$1 &1 9 mo/ in/ances1 by ! inscription on ! ivory4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ /ill ackn[l$ge to a grave d\bt ab\t m ?an "o3-- ,a4,d4 #a4 ,m4 ,julius ,philippus ,augu/us4 ,9 ! ,mey] collection at ,liv]pool4 ,"o leaf #bdh #b4 ,m4 ,aurelius ,romulus ,cs>4 ,9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,"o leaf #cjh #c4 ,rufius ,probianus4 ,at ,b]l94 ,bo? leaves #cbb #d4 ,anicius ,probus4 ,9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,ao/a4 ,bo? leaves #djf #e4 ,flavius ,felix4 ,biblio?que ,impriale1 ,p>is4 ,"o leaf #dbh #f4 ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 ,9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,monza4 ,bo? leaves #dcj #g4 ,flavius ,areob9dus4 ,at ,milan1 9 ! ,trivulci collection4 ,bo? leaves #dcd #h4 ,flavius ,a/urius4 ,at ,d>m/adt4 ,"o leaf #ddi #i4 ,flavius ,aetius4 ,at ,halb]/adt4 ,"o leaf #ded #aj4 ,n>ius ,manlius ,boe?ius4 ,9 ! bibl4 ,quir9iana at ,brescia4 ,two leaves #dhg #aa4 ,!odorus ,val5tianus4 ,at ,b]l94 ,bo? leaves #eje #ab4 ,flavius ,dagalaiphus ,ariob9dus4 ,at ,lucca2 bo? leaves4 ,at ,zuri*2 bo? leaves4 ,& 9 private possession at ,dijon2 "o leaf #ejf #ac4 ,flavius ,taurus ,clem5t9us4 ,9 ! ,mey] collection at ,liv]pool4 ,bo? leaves #eac #ad4 ,flavius ,petrus ,ju/9ianus4 ,biblio?que ,impriale1 at ,p>is2 "o leaf4 ,& at ,milan1 9 ! ,trivulci collection2 bo? leaves #eaf #ae4 ,flavius ,ana/asius ,paulus ,probus ,pompeius4 ,at ,b]l92 "o leaf4 ,! o!r leaf 9 ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,biblio?que ,impriale1 ,p>is2 bo? leaves4 ,& ,v]ona2 "o leaf #eag #af4 ,flavius ,paulus ,probus ,magnus4 ,two 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y at ,p>is2 ea* "o leaf4 ,ano!r1 s attribut$1 9 ! ,may] collection at ,liv]pool2 "o leaf #eah #ag4 ,flavius ,anicius ,ju/9us ,augu/us4 ,at ,vi5na2 "o leaf #eai #ah4 ,flavius ,!odorus ,philox5us4 ,biblio?que ,impriale1 ,p>is2 bo? leaves4 ,& 9 ! ,may] collection2 "o leaf2 v d\btful #ebe #ai4 ,flavius ,anicius ,ju/9ianus ,augu/us4 ,at ,p>is #ebh #bj4 ,ruf9us ,ore/es4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,bo? leaves #ecj #ba4 ,anicius ,fau/us ,alb9us ,basilius4 ,9 ! ,uffizii1 at ,flor5ce2 "o leaf4 ,! companion leaf is 9 ! ,br]a1 at ,milan #eda ,a few rem>ks may be ( use to ! /ud5t ) ref]5ce to "s ( ^! important dipty*s4 ,! leaves ( no4 #c n[ =m ! cov]s ( a manuscript life ( ,/4 ,ludg]us4 ,?is dipty* is errone\sly nam$ by ,lab>te z ! mo/ anci5t kn[n to exi/4 ,( no4 #e1 ! o!r leaf 0 lo/ or /ol5 dur+ ! ,fr5* revolution ( #agib4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 a v high au?ority1 sugge/s t no4 #f %\ld be giv5 to ,val5t9ian ,,ii41 9 :i* case ! date w\ld be ab\t ,a4,d4 #chj4 ,! e>li] date is support$ by ! great beauty & admirable execution ( ! dipty*4 ,no4 #g has no inscription3 x be>s a monogram :i* conta9s all ! lett]s ( ! "n ,areob9dus4 ,x is engrav$ 9 ! ,!saurus ( ,gori4 ,no4 #h 0 =m]ly 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t9 at ,lige1 & x 0 long suppos$ to be lo/4 ,pr(essor ,we/wood1 h[ev]1 has f\nd ! great] portion ( "o leaf1 us$ z ! cov] ( a book ( ! gospels 9 ! royal libr>y at ,d>m/adt4 ,?is1 probably1 is n a fragm5t ( ! ,lige dipty*1 b ( ano!r ( ! same consul4 ,! two leaves are engrav$ 9 ,gori4 ,a folio volume ( m ?an #bjj pages 0 edit$ by ,hag5bu* 9 #agch1 conta9+ a numb] ( le>n$ essays on ! dipty* ( ,manlius ,boe?ius1 no4 #aj4 ,x has at ! beg9n+ engrav+s ( bo? leaves3 & ! consul is repres5t$ on "o 9 a /&+ position2 on ! o!r1 sitt+ & hold+ ! mappa 9 8 "r h&4 ,! inscription is unusually obscure3 h[ mu* s may be judg$ f ! fact t ! editor ( ! book has collect$ m ?an half a doz5 diff]5t int]pretations ( x4 ,"s ( !m are amus+4 ,! inscription on "o leaf runs ?us3 ,,n>manlboe?ivsvcet9l1 on ! o!r1 ,,expppvsecconsordetpatric4 ,! memb]s ( ! ,academy at ,p>is1 to :om ! difficulty _h be5 ref]r$1 propos$ to read 8,natales regios ,manlius ,boe?ius vir cl>issimus et inlu/ris ex propria pecunia voto suscepto edixit celebr&os consul ord9>ius et patricius40 ,b a m probable read+ is1 8,n>ius ,manlius ,boe?ius vir cl>issimus et inlu/ris1 exprfectus prtorio1 prfectus1 et comes1 consul ord9>ius et patricius40 ,aga91 aga9/ ?is la/ "s h disput$ t ! ,,ppp meant ?ree times prefect1 & ,,cc twice consul4 ,we mu/ rememb] t arti/s 9 ivory 7 driv51 because ( ! n>r[ limits at _! disposal1 to use extreme =ms ( contractions & symbols1 sc>cely intelligible ev5 9 _! own "t1 in/ead ( words3 f> m s1 inde$1 ?an 7 ! c>v]s ( inscriptions ^u monum5tal /ones1 alt>s1 & s>cophagi4 ,pr(essor ,we/wood leaves ! date ( no4 #aa d\btful3 x is rem>kable1 z repres5t+ 9 a m$allion1 betwe5 ! bu/s ( ! emp]or & empress1 ! head ( ,*ri/ ) a crucif]\s nimbus4 ,! ,p>is dipty* ( ! consul ,ana/asius 0 long kn[n z ! dipty* ( ,b\rges1 "u :i* "n x is well engrav$ 9 ,montfaucon's 8,antiquities03 & no4 #ah z ! dipty* ( ,compiegne2 hav+ be5 giv5 by ,*>les ! ,bald 9 ! n9? c5tury to ! abbey *ur* ( ,/4 ,corneille1 :]e ! leaves 7 pres]v$ until its de/ruction 9 #agij1 & 7 !n transf]r$ to ,p>is4 ,! dipty* is admirably figur$ 9 ! ,trsor de numismatique et de glyptique ( ,l5ormant1 :o ref]s also to previ\s writ]s on ?is dipty*4 ,basilius1 consul ( ,con/ant9ople1 ^: "n is atta*$ to no4 #ba1 0 ! la/ ( ! long & illu/ri\s l9e ( consuls4 ,!y _h cont9u$1 ) a few %ort int]ruptions ( ! tribunes1 = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,aft] ,basilius1 ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ took ! title1 until at l5g? x fell into oblivion4 ,! la/ consul ( ,rome 0 ,decimus ,!odorus ,paul9us1 ,a4,d4 #ecf4 ,! second leaf ( ?is dipty* has be5 id5tifi$ by pr(essor ,we/wood3 ,m4 ,pulszky believ$ x to h be5 lo/4 ,x is b a fragm5t ( ! "r w+ ( ! dipty*1 ! upp] half4 ,gori gives figures ( bo? leaves3 he decides aga9/ _! be+ ( ! same pair4 ,mr4 ,we/wood1 h[ev]1 says t 8x is c]ta9ly ! companion0 to ! leaf 9 ! ,uffizii4 ,a detail$ description & argum5ts ab\t _m ( ^! dipty*s w be f\nd 9 ! diss]tations pr9t$ by ,gori 9 8 ,!saurus4 ,o!r au?orities are ,du ,cange1 ,mabillon1 & ,montfaucon4 ,_! /atem5ts h be5 ably & briefly summ$ up 9 ! v int]e/+ pap] already m5tion$1 read be=e ! ar*itectural society ( ,ox=d1 by pr(essor ,we/wood2 & by ,m4 ,pulszky 9 8 essay on antique ivories4 ,a ,roman dipty*1 undescrib$1 is pres]v$ at ,t>ragona 9 ,spa91 & x is extremely probable t a c>eful se>* among/ ! treasures /ill rema9+ 9 ! *ur*es ( t c\ntry w\ld discov] o!rs4 ,! v le>n$ editor ( ! ,!saurus ( ,gori 7writ+ m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago7 says3 8,suspicio enim invaluit 9 locupletissimis ,hispani sacr>iis1 quo totius f]e orbis don>ia conflux]unt1 multa hujusmodi abscondi1 qu nusquam adhuc comp>u]e1 quia hact5us nec p]quisita nec curata40 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,!re are sev]al v important ,roman dipty*s & leaves ( dipty*s1 n consul>1 /ill extant2 "s also ( great] beauty ?an any ( ! examples 9 ! prec$+ li/4 ,among !m is ! dipty* 7already m5tion$7 ( sculapius & ,hygieia 9 ! ,may] collection at ,liv]pool2 & ano!r1 b small]1 ( ! same subject 9 a private collection 9 ,switz]l&4 ,?is la/ is describ$ by pr(essor ,we/wood1 :o possesses a ca/ ( x1 z 89 mu* deep] relief ?an ! ,fejrvry dipty*1 & full ( en]gy 9 ! design4 ,"h sculapius holds a palm-bran* 9 8 "r h&1 & supports 8 club1 r\nd :i* a s]p5t is tw9$1 ) 8 left2 :il/ ,hygieia holds a snake 9 h] "r h& &1 app>5tly1 a l>ge melon 9 h] left40 ,ano!r is ! dipty* ( c>d9al ,quir9i n[ at ,brescia1 hav+ on "o leaf1 z int]pret$ by ,m4 ,pulszky1 ,phdra & ,hyppolytus2 & on ! o!r ,diana & ,virbius4 ,?is is probably ( ! ?ird c5tury4 ,ano!r is ! fam\s dipty*1 long kn[n z ! ,tablets ( ,s5s1 b n[ at ,p>is 9 ! ,imp]ial libr>y & =m+ ! cov]s ( a ?irte5? c5tury manuscript1 conta9+ 8,! ,(fice ( fools10 or1 r1 ! ,(fice ( ! fea/ ( ! circumcision4 ,9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies "s *ildi% & improp] je/s & plays 7 all[$ 9 *ur*es on ! fir/ day ( ! ye>4 ,?is 8,(fice ( fools0 seems to h be5 a complete arrangem5t = ! day2 ) mass1 mat9s1 & h\rs4 ,! :ole affair 0 some?+ l 7b )\t ! rev]5tial decorum7 ! fe/ival ( ! boy-bi%op1 celebrat$ 9 m ?an "o ( our ,engli% ca!drals ab\t ! same p]iod1 & 0 probably a relic ( ! hea!n ,saturnalia4 ,^! tablets1 :i* are some:at simil> 9 /yle to ! s>cophagi ( ! ?ird c5tury1 are engrav$ by ,lab>te 9 8 album4 ,on "o leaf is repres5t$ ,bac*us 9 a c> drawn by c5taurs2 on ! o!r is ,diana 9 a *>iot drawn by two bulls4 ,bo? subjects are surr\nd$ by my?ological figures4 ,!y are engrav$ also 9 ,lacroix1 ,arts ( ! middle ages1 z an illu/ration ( book-b9d+3 & 9 ! second volume ( ! ,monum5s antiques 9dits1 by ,mill94 ,!re is a dipty* ( p]haps ! fif? c5tury 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,monza2 "o leaf repres5t+ ,calliope s\nd+ ! lyre1 & ! o!r "s unkn[n philosoph]4 ,mr4 ,oldfield1 9 8 excell5t catalogue ) v valuable notes ( ! ,arundel s]ies ( fictile ivories1 supposes ! muse to be "s ,roman lady 9 an ideal "*4 ,he objects to ,gori's sugge/ion t ! o!r leaf repres5ts a poet1 tak+ ! *>act]i/ics to be ^? c]ta9ly ( a philosoph]4 ,ano!r is 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is1 ! two leaves hav+ six muses1 ea* ( !m accompani$ by an au?or4 ,^! la/ h be5 guess$ at by ,m4 de ,witte1 :o places ! dipty* 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,nei!r ,m4 ,pulszky nor pr(essor ,we/wood is incl9$ to agree ) ^! guesses1 except t "o may p]haps be ,euripides gr\p$ ) ,melpom5e4 ,! workman%ip is rude & ! figures c>v$ 9 high relief4 ,aga91 ano!r dipty* at ,vi5na 9 ! cab9et ( antiquities1 is attribut$ to ! "t ( ,ju/9ian4 ,"o leaf has a figure repres5t+ ,rome2 ! o!r1 ,con/ant9ople4 ,! above are all nam$ 9 ! essay atta*$ to ! catalogue ( ! ,fejrvry collection by ,m4 ,pulszky2 & pr(essor ,we/wood v rightly adds to !m "o leaf ( a dipty* 9 ! possession ( c\nt ,augu/e de ,ba/>d1 ! dipty* ( ,/4 ,gall1 ! my?ological figure ( ,p5!a 9 ! museum ( ! htel ,cluny1 a p]fect dipty* 9 ! ca!dral ( ,nov>a1 & ano!r 9 ! basilica ( ,san ,gaud5zio at ! same place4 ,!re is no example among all ^! :i* surpasses 9 beauty ( execution or 9 ! int]e/ ( ! subject1 two ivory tablets :i* 7 =m]ly ! doors ( a reliqu>y 9 ! conv5t ( ,m\ti] 9 ,france1 9 ! diocese ( ,troyes4 ,:5 ,m4 ,pulszky wrote 8 essay bo? tablets 7 suppos$ to be lo/2 !y _h be5 describ$ & engrav$ 9 ! ,!saurus ( ,gori1 f ^: pr9ts alone !y 7 kn[n4 ,happily bo? s9ce h be5 recov]$4 ,! left tablet1 discov]$ a few ye>s ago at ! bottom ( a well1 is 9 ! htel ,cluny1 mu* injur$1 & ! o!r is 9 ! collection ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton leaf is probably ! mo/ beautiful antique ivory 9 ! _w4 7,see et*+47 ,ea* leaf repres5ts a ,bac*ante2 on bo? !y are /&+1 & ! ,bac*ante on ! leaf 9 ! ,engli% collection is accompani$ by an att5dant4 ,clo!d f ! %\ld]s to ! feet 9 a long tunic1 %e /&s ne> an oak-tree be=e an alt>1 on :i* a fire is light$1 & %e is 9 ! act ( dropp+ a gra9 ( inc5se f a small box held 9 h] left h&4 ,! :ole figure is extremely graceful & dignifi$1 ! expression ( ! face e>ne/ & devotional1 & ! =m ( ! figure rightly express$ b5ea? ! drap]y2 ! h&s & feet also well & c>efully c>v$4 ,on ! correspond+ leaf1 pres]v$ at ,p>is1 ! ,bac*ante has no att5dant4 ,h] drap]y falls neglig5tly susp5d$ f h] left %\ld]1 leav+ ! "r arm & brea/ expos$4 ,pr(essor ,beck] 9 8 8,gallus10 describ+ ! ,lycoris ( ,virgil's t5? eclogue1 says3 8,h] light tunica1 )\t sleeves1 _h become displac$ by h] movem5ts & slidd5 d[n ov] h] arm1 disclos+ some?+ m ?an ! dazzl+ %\ld]40 ,he adds 9 a note t 8! wide op5+ = ! neck1 & ! broad holes = ! arms1 caus$ ! tunica on e occasion ( ! p]son's /oop+ to slip d[n ov] ! arm4 ,arti/s appe> to h be5 p>ticul>ly fond ( ?is drap]y40 ,su* an arrangem5t1 or r dis>rangem5t1 ( drap]y w\ld equally happ5 :5 ! tunic 0 fa/5$ ov] ! %\ld] by a small fibula1 z x is repres5t$ ^u ! "r arm ( ! "y att5dant 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton leaf4 ,! ,p>is ,bac*ante /&s be=e an alt> on :i* a fire burns1 & holds 9 ea* h& a tor* ) ! flam+ end d[nw>ds1 z if to ext+ui% !m4 ,h] hair is gracefully b\nd ) a rib& decorat$ ) ivy leaves1 & falls d[n h] back4 ,a p9e tree1 /iff 9 design1 /&s close beh9d ! alt>2 n to be comp>$ ) ! oak-tree on ! o!r leaf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory ,,c>v+4 ,,"o ,,leaf ,,( ,,! ,,dipty*on ,,mel]et5se ,h4 #aa 94 ,w4 #d 94 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 7,no #bab'f4e7 ,w4 ,,wise ,,fecit ,?is admirable dipty* 01 p]haps1 a gift on ! occasion ( "s m>riage betwe5 memb]s ( ! two patrician families ^: names are on ! labels3 ,,nicoma*orvm4 ,,symma*orvm2 or x may possibly h =m$ ! cov] ( ! m>riage contract itself1 ! tabul nuptiales ( :i* ,juv5al speaks2 or p]haps x 0 a jo9t (f]+ to ! temple ( ,bac*us or ,cybele4 ,! la/ supposition w\ld be confirm$ if ! omitt$ ^w 0 8religio10 z sugge/$ by ,pass]i1 :o believes t ! two families took ! opportunity ( record+ ^u ?is dipty*1 on "s occasion ( importance common to bo? ( !m1 _! det]m9ation to uphold ! old hea!n wor%ip aga9/ ! doctr9es & influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 at t "t widely ext5d+4 ,be=e we pass to ! l>ge s]ies ( ivory c>v+s execut$ betwe5 ! eigh? or n9? & ! fifte5? c5turies1 !re is "o v celebrat$ piece ab\t :i* a few words may be said3 a sup]b leaf ( a dipty*1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! o!r leaf is lo/ & has probably be5 de/roy$2 nor is !re any record 7x is believ$7 f :5ce t museum obta9$ ! ivory4 ,x has be5 9 ! collection = _m ye>s4 ,illu/ration ,! plaque itself is "o ( ! l>ge/ kn[n3 m ?an sixte5 in*es 9 l5g? by ne>ly six 9 wid?4 ,! subject is an angel1 /&+ on ! highe/ ( six /eps "u an ar* support$ on two ,cor9?ian columns2 he holds a globe ) a cross above x 9 8 "r h&2 9 8 left a long /aff1 to ! top ( :i*1 z if half re/+ on x l a w>rior on 8 lance1 ! h& is rais$ above 8 head4 ,he is clo!d 9 a tunic & an ample cloak or mantle fall+ r\nd him & ov] ! %\ld]s 9 graceful folds4 ,8 head is b\nd r\nd ) a fillet1 & ! feet h s&als4 ,!re is no antique ivory c>v+ :i* surpasses ?is 9 gr&eur ( design1 9 p[] & =ce ( expression1 or 9 ! excell5ce ( its workman%ip4 ,al?\gh "s =eign writ]s are dispos$ to place ! date ( x s late z ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 we %all be m correct 9 attribut+ x1 ) ,mr4 ,oldfield1 to ! fif? or ev5 to ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,nor1 look+ at x1 c we hesitate to claim = ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian art1 aft] ,*ri/ianity 0 recognis$ by ,con/ant9e1 a place by ! side ( ! be/ works ( pagan times4 ,if we select ?is1 & ! book-cov]s 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral at ,milan1 & ! well-kn[n book-cov] 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is1 we %all f9d no we/]n "w 9 ivory to equal !m 9 quality & beauty ( workman%ip f ! fif? to ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,we owe ! pres]vation ( _m ( ^! consul> & my?ological dipty*s to ! circum/ance t :5 ! practice ( s5d+ !m z pres5ts _h 7x may be7 = "s "t be5 discont9u$1 ano!r use 0 f\nd by adapt+ !m to ,*ri/ian purposes4 ,9 "s cases ! subjects or titles ( ! dipty*s 7 alt]$2 z1 = example1 9 "o ( ! dipty*s pres]v$ at ,monza4 ,?is 0 orig9ally a consul> dipty*1 ( late "w1 co>se 9 /yle & mann] ( execution4 ,! consul is repres5t$ on ea* w+1 rais+ ! mappa circ5sis 9 ! usual way3 on "o1 h[ev]1 he is /&+2 on ! o!r he is sitt+ ^u a k9d ( ?rone4 ,on "o leaf ! top ( ! consul's head has be5 %av$1 to %[ ! cl]ical tonsure2 & 9 ! blank space ( two small panels1 imm$iately b5ea? ! ar* "u :i* he /&s1 ! title ,san,ctu,s ,,grego,rius is cut 9 high relief4 ,on ! o!r leaf above ! sitt+ consul1 on ! correspond+ panels1 ,,david ,,rex is inscrib$ 9 simil> lett]s4 ,bo? ! w+s are engrav$ by ,gori4 ,x mu/ n be omitt$ t "s late writ]s h argu$ t ?is dipty* is n a palimpse/2 t x is m]ely an imitation ( ! prec$+ consul> dipty*s1 & n e>li] ?an ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury4 ,b ! :ole "* is unlike m]e imitation2 & ! %av+ ( ! head1 ! alt]ation ( ! ornam5t$ top ( ! sceptre or /aff1 & ! cutt+ ( ! inscription on ! tablets1 might )\t difficulty h be5 made = ! requir$ & m mod]n purpose4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ lat] possessors ( consul> dipty*s 7 induc$ to make pres5ts ( !m to _! bi%ops & *ur*es2 & 9 "s in/ances1 probably1 9 ! six? c5tury1 ^? orig9ally s5t to high ecclesia/ical p]sons 7 at once transf]r$ to pi\s uses4 ,in/ead ( conta9+ ! li/s ( ! consuls1 ! dipty*s !n inclos$ ! names ( m>tyrs1 sa9ts1 or bi%ops :o 7 to be commemorat$ 9 ! public s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,^! li/s 7 read at mass3 ( ! sa9ts at t "p ( ! canon :i* is n[ kn[n z ! ,communicantes2 & ( ! dead at ! ,mem5to1 aft] ! consecration ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,frequ5t ref]5ce to ! cu/om is to be f\nd 9 ! old rituali/s1 & full in=mation & a cl\d ( au?orities on ! subject 9 ! le>n$ "w ( ,salig1 on dipty*s4 ,! leaves ( sev]al su* dipty*s /ill exi/1 & sometimes ) ! names n writt5 on wax1 b c>v$ or incis$ ^u ! ivory itself4 ,"o v rem>kable example is ! dipty*1 n[ at ,liv]pool1 ( ,flavius ,clem5t9us1 consul ,a4,d4 #eac4 ,^u ! back ( ea* leaf a long ,greek inscription has be5 incis$1 done1 beyond d\bt1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( pope ,hadrian1 ,a4,d4 #ggb1 :5 ! dipty* 0 giv5 to "s *ur* = sacr$ use4 ,! li/ ( names inscrib$1 to be pray$ =1 includes t ( ! donor4 ,! two inscriptions are to be read across bo? divisions1 & 7 engrav$ probably ^u ! ivory by "s "o n well skill$ 9 ! language4 ,!re are sev]al faults1 bo? 9 spell+ & 9 ! lett]s3 = example1 we h s2 d2 & (t5 in/ead ( 4 ,! inscription is to ?is effect3 8,let u /& well4 ,let u /& ) rev]5ce4 ,let u /& ) fe>4 ,let u att5d ^u ! holy oblation1 t 9 peace we may make ! (f]+ to ,god4 ,! m]cy1 ! peace1 ! sacrifice ( praise1 ! love ( ,god & ( ! ,fa!r & ( our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/ be ^u u1 ,am54 ,9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,adrian1 patri>* ( ! city4 ,rememb]1 ,"l1 ?y s]vant ,john1 ! lea/ prie/ ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,aga?a4 ,am54 ,rememb]1 ,"l1 ?y s]vant ,&rew ,ma*]a4 ,holy ,"m ( ,god2 holy ,aga?a4 ,rememb]1 ,"l1 ?y s]vant & our pa/or ,adrian ! patri>*4 ,rememb]1 ,"l1 ?y s]vant1 ! s9n]1 ,john ! prie/40 ,ano!r example is ! dipty* ( ,ana/asius1 ,a4,d4 #eag1 ( :i* "o leaf1 no4 #cfh1 is 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,^u ?is leaf ! portion ( a s+le ^w 8,,gisi0 is n[ alone to be deciph]$2 :5 ,wil!im saw x1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago at ,liege1 he read 8,,igisi10 & suppos$ x to be "p ( ! "n ( ,ebregisus1 ! tw5ty-f\r? bi%op ( ,tongres1 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,b ^u ! o!r leaf1 :i* is n[ pres]v$ at ,b]l91 ,gori 0 able to make out a consid]able portion4 8,(f]5tes 444 ,o 444 eorum p4 pi 444 ecclesia ca?olica quam eis dom9us adsign>e dignetur 444 faci5tes commemorationem beatissimorum apo/olorum et m>tyrum omniumque sanctorum4 ,sanct ,m>i ,virg9is1 ,petri1 ,pauli1 etc40 ,b he owns t "s ev5 ( ^! words are conjectural4 ,! dipty* ( ,ju/9ianus1 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is1 is "o m example ( ! same k9d4 ,inside are writt5 litanies ( ! n9? c5tury1 ) ! names ( sa9ts ins]t$ :o 7 p>ticul>ly rev]$ at ,autun4 ,ano!r half ( a consul> dipty* may be m5tion$1 a s+le leaf1 9 :i* in/ance ! orig9al c>v+ has n only be5 remov$ b ! ivory has be5 sawn into two pieces4 ,z x happ5s1 bo? fragm5ts are 9 ?is c\ntry--"o 9 ! ,briti% museum1 ! o!r 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 no4 #bff4 ,! two toge!r h /ill suffici5t traces left to enable u to recognise ! old design3 a consul seat$ 9 ! usual way1 "u a r\nd ar*4 ,bel[1 !re seem to h be5 ! two boys or s]vants empty+ _! sacks ( money & pres5ts4 ,?is mutilation occurr$ ab\t ! eigh? or n9? c5tury2 & ! o!r side ( ! leaf 0 !n c>v$ ) subjects tak5 f ! gospels4 ,x 0 an unnecess>y injury to de/roy & plane away ! fir/ design4 ,z ! new purpose 0 probably to decorate ! panels ( "s %r9e or book-cov]1 ! old c>v+s might h be5 conceal$ :5 ! plaques 7 inlaid1 9 ! same mann] z ! v curi\s pieces 7 treat$1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 nos4 #bec1 #bed1 & #beg4 ,x w\ld be a subject f> too ext5sive to attempt to give a hi/ory ( ! use & purpose ( dipty*s 9 ! public s]vice ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,_! orig9 is to be trac$ to ! v e>lie/ times2 p]haps to ! apo/olic age4 ,m5tion is made ( !m 9 ! liturgy ( ,/4 ,m>k4 ,gori 7or 8 au?or7 quotes also ! ecclesia/ical hi]>*y ( ,dionysius ! ,areopagite4 ,?is is c]ta9ly n ! writ+ ( ! true ,dionysius1 ! contempor>y ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,yet1 putt+ ! pseudo-,dionysius z late z ! fif? c5tury1 8 evid5ce is valuable1 & he speaks ( ! use ( dipty*s z ( ?+s long kn[n4 ,num]\s treaties & diss]tations1 ev5 long books1 h be5 writt5 on ! subject2 & x w\ld be idle "w to repeat ! names ( ! au?ors :o are ref]r$ to1 ov] & ov] aga91 by mo/ writ]s on ivory c>v+s4 ,9 fact1 ! le>n+ :i* "s ( ^! exhibit might mu* bett] h be5 %[n if _! subject _h be5 ! primitive hi/ory & practices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,except to /ate ! m]e fact ( _! use1 ! connection ( c]emonial ecclesia/ical dipty*s ) sculpture 9 ivory requires only a few rem>ks4 ,! common use ( su* dipty*s is well & %ortly summ$ up 9 a diss]tation pr9t$ by ,gori 9 8 ,!saurus4 ,! summ>y may be giv5 9 few words1 &1 moreov]1 ! diss]tation itself is writt5 9 explanation ( ! dipty* ( ! consul ,clem5t9us j m5tion$1 :i* we are n[ =tunate en\gh to possess 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,may] collection at ,liv]pool4 ,inside ! leaves1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 is an inscription 9 ,greek ( ! eigh? c5tury1 to be read dur+ mass1 desir+ ! p to be dev\t & rev]5t & to pray = ! p]sons ^: names 7 to be recit$4 ,! ,*ri/ian dipty*s 7 int5d$ = f\r purposes4 ,fir/ come ^? 9 :i* ! names ( all ! baptis$ 7 ent]$1 a k9d ( ,fa/i ecclesi1 & answ]+ to ! regi/]s kept n[ 9 e p>i%4 ,second1 ^? 9 :i* 7 record$ ! names ( bi%ops & ( all :o _h made (f]+s to ! *ur* or o!r b5efactions4 ,?is li/ includ$ ! names ( _m p]sons /ill liv+4 ,?ird1 ^? 9 :i* 7 record$ ! names ( sa9ts & m>tyrs2 &1 naturally1 9 v>i\s places ! names w\ld be p>ticul>ly ( sa9ts :o 9 _! lives _h be5 connect$ ) ! locality4 ,su* additions are ( ! utmo/ importance 9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( anci5t li/s :i* h come d[n to our own "t4 ,dipty*s ( ?is class 7 read al\d at mass1 z a sign ( ! communion betwe5 ! ,*ur* triumphant & ! ,*ur* militant on e>?4 ,f\r?1 ^? 9 :i* 7 writt5 ! names ( dead memb]s ( ! p>ticul> *ur* or di/rict1 :o hav+ di$ 9 ! true fai? & ) ! rites ( ! *ur* 7 to be rememb]$ at mass4 ,z reg>ds ! liv+1 ! cont9uance ( _! names 9 ! dipty*s 0 ( ! highe/ consequ5ce2 to be eras$ 0 equal to ! d5unciation ( !m z h]etics & unwor?y ( communion4 ,9 ! dipty*s also 7 probably sometimes add$ ! names ( p :o 7 sick or 9 tr\ble4 ,b besides ^! f\r objects = :i* ,*ri/ian dipty*s 7 made1 !re 0 ano!r :i* mu/ c]ta9ly h caus$ ! production ( _m l>ge sculptur$ works 9 ivory f ! sev5? to ! t5? c5tury3 namely1 = ! purpose ( excit+ devotion & z a means also ( tea*+ ! ignorant4 ,ivory tablets or dipty*s ( ?is description are ord]$ to be expos$ to ! p 9 ! old ,ambrosian rite = ! *ur* ( ,milan4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ relics 9 ivory 0 execut$ ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury2 ! ?rone or *air made = ,maximian1 ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na f ! ye> #edf to #eef4 ,?is is n[ pres]v$ among ! treasures ( ! ca!dral at ,rav5na1 & is engrav$ 9 ! great book ( ,du ,somm]>d1 & by ,lab>te 9 8 h&book4 ,! *air has a high back1 r\nd 9 %ape1 & is entirely cov]$ ) plaques ( ivory1 arrang$ 9 panels ri*ly c>v$ 9 high relief ) sc5es f ! gospels & ) figures ( sa9ts4 ,! plaques h bord]s ) foliat$ ornam5ts2 birds & animals1 fl[]s & fruits1 fill+ ! int]m$iate spaces4 ,du ,somm]>d names among/ ! mo/ rem>kable subjects1 ! annunciation1 ! adoration ( ! wise m51 ! flight into ,egypt1 & ! baptism ( our ,"l4 ,sir ,digby ,wyatt 79 8 lecture be=e ! ,arundel society7 says t ?is *air1 hav+ 8always be5 c>efully pres]v$ z a holy relic1 has =tunately escap$ de/ruction & desecration2 &1 b = ! beautiful t9t ) :i* "t has inve/$ x1 w\ld we> an aspect little diff]5t f t :i* x orig9ally pres5t$ 9 ! lifetime ( ! illu/ri\s prelate = :om x 0 made4 ,?is valuable object c\ld h>dly h be5 all wr\ght at "o "t1 z ,dr4 ,kugl] di/9ctly traces 9 x ! h&l+ ( ?ree diff]5t arti/s1 :o c\ld sc>cely h all liv$ at ! same p]iod4 ,"s ( ! plates resemble dipty*s4 ,?us1 ! s]ies p\rtray+ ! hi/ory ( ,joseph 9 ,egypt is q classical2 ano!r1 & less able arti/ 9 ! same /yle1 provid$ ! plates = ! back1 & 9 "o set ( five s+le figures ! ,greek artific] /&s app>5t4 ,! simple/ explanation appe>s to be t ! ?rone 0 made up by ! la/-m5tion$ arti/ out ( mat]ials provid$ = him1 & t :at 0 want+ to make x entire 0 suppli$ by him40 ,probably ! diff]5t plaques 7 c>v$ by sev]al sculptors2 b ,dr4 ,kugl]'s supposition t ! :ole *air 0 n made by contempor>y arti/s 79 %ort1 at "o "t7 is sc>cely probable4 ,speak+ ( & prais+ ! ,rav5na *air1 ,pass]i (f]s "s v useful rem>ks by way ( caution aga9/ ! ha/y conclusions :i* "s make1 :o set d[n all anci5t l>ge plaques ( ivory z hav+ be5 ! leaves ( dipty*s3 8,vidi etiam ,rav5n 9 *>tophilacio pr9cipis ecclesi s$em eburneam sancti ,maximiani episcopi qu9to seculo op]osissime ef=matam1 cujus ambitum undequaque adornant tabul eburne amplitud9is f]e sesquip$alis1 quam pl]umque ebur patitur anaglypho op]e1 et scitissima manu elaborat1 qu si disject et s+ul>es occurr5t imprud5tibus facile impon]5t1 ut int] dipty*a c5s]5tur4 ,nec i/a nom9is qu/io e/1 nam longe alia m5te explic& sunt missiles consulum tabell1 atque 9 illis expressa emblemata1 qu omnia ad consulatum ejusque pompas p]t95t1 alia v]o sculptur omnes1 qu 9 alium usum p>abantur4 ,hc obs]vatio facile prodit errorem illorum1 qui dipty*is adc5su]unt lat]culos1 nullo consule designatos1 cum mus>um1 poet>um1 ,bac*antum ac deorum imag9ibus1 qu mihi nullam aliam +]unt speciem1 quam quod aliqu&o libros contex]9t1 quibus p>]ga adlud]5t4 ,sunt prt]ea qudam imp]atorum inf]ioris vi simulacra tabellis eburneis incisa1 9 quibus nulla c>d9um ve/igia app>5t1 ut potius videatur s$es honor>ias decorasse1 quam quod dipty*orum loco ess5t1 quum prs]tim ext]ior illorum ornatus sup]ne 9 acutum des9at2 quod a dipty*orum in/ituto quam maxime abhorret40 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,ab\t ! "t :5 ! *air ( ,rav5na 0 made1 t is1 9 ! six? c5tury1 sculpture 9 ivory aga9 s5sibly decl9$4 ,! figures 9 ,byzant9e "w ( t p]iod beg9 to be *>act]is$ by %>pness & meagr5ess ( =m1 & l5g?9ess ( proportion2 9 ! heads1 h[ev]1 we yet f9d a good expression2 & especially 9 repres5tations ( our ,"l dignity & resignation4 ,! co/ume also gradually became m & m cov]$ ) ornam5ts & jewels2 al?\gh ! anci5t classical robes 7 /ill copi$1 & apo/les 7 clo!d 9 togas1 or ! virg9 9 a *lamys & tunic1 or ! magi 9 ,phrygian caps4 ,tr\bles1 moreov]1 arose1 & ab\t ! ye> #gej !re sprang up 9 ! ea/ v bitt] !ological qu>rels1 especially hav+ ref]5ce to ! lawfulness ( ! use ( images1 n only 9 *ur*es b = private devotion4 ,! _s ( ,mahometanism1 /rictly & dogmatically condemn+ )\t di/9ction1 :e!r 9 sculpture or 9 pa9t+s1 all repres5tations ( ! deity & ( man1 fir/ %[n 9 ! ne> neighb\rhood ( ! ,holy ,l&1 spread rapidly f "o c\ntry to ano!r4 ,! ,*ri/ian iconocla/s ( ,con/ant9ople1 ev5 if !y did n foll[ ! h]esy ( ,mahomet 9 ?is matt] to its fulle/ ext5t1 at lea/ equall$ x 9 hatr$ ( all holy images & sacr$ sculpture1 & 9 ! sev]ity ) :i* !y p]secut$ ! work]s & pur*as]s ( su* works4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ! eigh? c5tury ! p[] & influ5ce ( ^! fanatics rea*$ _! height1 & ) ,leo ! ,isaurian on ! ?rone receiv$ ! fulle/ support :i* an emp]or c\ld give4 ,we mu/ attribute to ! rage ( ! iconocla/s1 indiscrim9at+ 9 its fury1 n only ! de/ruction ( ,*ri/ian monum5ts & sculpture 7& especially ^? :i* 7 said to be miracul\s1 17 b ( _m ( ! mo/ important & mo/ valuable rema9s1 !n /ill exi/+1 ( ! be/ p]iods ( anci5t ,greek art4 ,?is p]secution cont9u$ = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s1 until ! reign ( ,basil ! ,mac$onian1 ,a4,d4 #hfg2 :o1 by p]mitt+ aga9 ! "r use ( images1 re/or$ to ! arts _! free ex]cise4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ^! excesses 9 ! ea/ ! we/ ( ,europe ga9$ greatly4 ,n only works ( art 7 br\ght by fugitives f ,con/ant9ople to ,france1 ,g]many1 & o!r c\ntries1 ?us furni%+ models f :i* copies c\ld be multipli$ & a bett] ta/e introduc$1 b ! workm5 & arti/s !mselves1 driv5 into exile1 came & 7 hospitably receiv$ & f\nd$ ev]y:]e new s*ools ( art4 ,*>lemagne especially1 too wise a pr9ce to ov]look ! c]ta9 b5efits & advantages :i* 7 ?us (f]$1 lib]ally patronis$ ! /rang]s & gave !m 8 assi/ance & protection ev]y:]e4 ,"s writ]s ( great au?ority ^u pa9t+s h said t ! iconocla/ emigration did n mu* influ5ce art 9 ,rome & ,italy4 ,! ,roman arti/s1 z %[n 9 ! few mosaics :i* rema91 8trod ! pa? ( decl9e1 indep5d5t 9 _! weakness4 ,to ! faults :i* _h be5 confirm$ by c5turies ( exi/5ce1 o!rs 7 sup]add$4 ,to abs5ce ( composition1 ( balance 9 di/ribution & connection betwe5 figures1 7 add$ neglect & empt9ess ( =m1 a g5]al sam5ess ( feature1 & ! total disappe>ance ( relief by %ad[4 ,/ill ! rem9isc5ce ( antique feel+ rema9$ 9 c]ta9 types1 9 a sort ( dignity ( expression & attitude1 & 9 bread? ( drap]ies1 :i*1 ?\gh def9$ by p>allel l9es1 7 /ill massive40 ,cr[e & ,cavalcaselle1 f :om ! quotation is tak51 may n int5d1 h[ev]1 to include 9 ?is /atem5t sculptures 9 ivory4 ,illu/ration ,!re are /ill rema9+1 9 ! collections bo? at home & abroad1 "s examples ( c>v$ ivories f ! fif? c5tury to ! "t ( ,*>lemagne4 ,! woodcut repres5ts "o ( ! mo/ important & rem>kable works kn[n ( ?is p]iod4 ,al?\gh !re is a great simil>ity ( /yle betwe5 ?is ivory & a silv] vase ( ! six? c5tury 9 ! ,blacas collection1 9 ! ,briti% museum1 !re is /ill difficulty 9 sugge/+ ev5 a probable date1 :i* c sc>cely be lat] ?an ! e>ly "p ( ! sev5? c5tury2 nor is x m easy to speculate on ! orig9al use ( ! vase4 ,a loose r+1 cut f ! same block ( ivory1 surr\nds ! foot2 &1 if ! vase 0 made = "s v sacr$ purpose1 we may suppose t ! r+ c>ri$ a ?9 veil to be ?r[n ov] ! :ole = fur!r security & rev]5ce4 ,! cov] is ( lat] date1 & :]e ! ivory has crack$ !re is a repair excell5tly done by "s m$ival jewell] ) a small gold *a9 :i* ext5ds f ! rim d[nw>ds ab\t two in*es4 ,?is piece is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,unlike ! vase1 :i* is good bo? 9 design & workman%ip1 ! e>ly ivories ( we/]n ,europe are rude & _m ( !m ev5 b>b>\s 9 mann] & workman%ip2 b ab\t ! ye> #hjj a sure result ( ! influx ( ,greek arti/s is to be se51 & ! /yle advanc$ ) a v evid5t progression1 subject only to a %ort int]val ( det]ioration at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,aft] ?is brief *eck !re foll[$ a di/9ct improvem5t1 impress$1 h[ev]1 ) a feel+ & type peculi> to ! elev5? & fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,we f9d ! figures calm &1 z x 71 collect$ 9 design1 b plac$ 9 /iff & unnatural positions1 ! drap]ies close & cl++ & brok5 up into num]\s little folds1 ornam5t$ also /ill m l>gely ?an be=e ) small jewels or beads4 ,! s*ool ( ! l[] ,rh9e kept itself to a c]ta9 ext5t free f ^! faults2 _! figures pres]v$ m movem5t1 _! modell+ 0 bett]1 _! drap]ies m natural & dispos$ ) great] art4 ,*ri/ianity spread gradually ?\gh sl[ly ov] we/]n ,europe f ! age ( ,*>lemagne1 &1 z x spread1 ivory 0 us$ m & m = ! decoration ( ecclesia/ical furniture1 especially ( books & reliqu>ies4 ,! adaptation ( ! l>ge tablets giv5 by ! consuls has be5 already spok5 (3 & n only 7 ! old dipty*s /ill rema9+ 9 ! sev5? or eigh? c5turies appli$ to _! new purpose = ! public s]vices ( ! *ur*1 b _m new dipty*s mu/ also h be5 provid$4 ,pyxes = ! consecrat$ & unconsecrat$ waf]s1 retables or ornam5t$ scre5s to be plac$ ^u alt>s1 holy wat] buckets1 h&les = flabella1 episcopal combs1 crozi]s1 & pa/oral /affs 7 made 9 fa/ increas+ numb]s4 ,!re is ample evid5ce1 n only f examples :i* h be5 pres]v$ d[n to our own times b f contempor>y writ]s1 ( ! l>ge ext5t to :i* ! employm5t ( ivory rea*$ 9 ! ,c>lov+ian p]iod1 f ! end ( ! eigh? to ! middle ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,eg9h>d1 writ+ to 8 son1 s5ds him a c(f] made by a contempor>y arti/1 enri*$ ) columns ( ivory aft] ! antique /yle2 ,hild[>d1 bi%op ( ,cambrai1 ,a4,d4 #gij1 ord]s a dipty* ( ivory to be made = him 9 ! twelf? ye> ( 8 pontificate3 an inv5tory ( ,l\is le ,dbonnaire1 9 #hbc1 m5tions a dipty* ( ivory1 a /atuette1 & a c(f]2 8 son-9-law1 c\nt ,ev]>d1 leaves 9 8 w writ+ tablets1 a *alice & c(f]1 an evangeli/]ium ornam5t$ ) bas-reliefs1 & a sword & belt ) simil> decorations1 all ( ivory2 ,h9cm>1 ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 9 #hde1 ord]s cov]s to be made = ! works ( ,/4 ,j]ome ) plaques ( ivory1 & also = a sacram5t>y & lection>y4 ,sev]al ( ! mo/ important ( ! exi/+ examples ( ?is fam\s ,c>lov+ian s*ool are nam$ 9 ,lab>te's useful book3 among !m1 especially1 ! dipty* pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,milan1 & ( :i* a plate is giv5 9 ! album1 pl4 xiii42 ! two plaques :i* =m ! cov] ( ! sacram5t>y ( ,metz1 n[ 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is2 & a bas-relief ( a book ( gospels at ,tongres1 9 ! diocese ( ,lige1 rem>kable = ! simplicity ( ! composition1 ! sob]ness ( its ornam5tation & correctness ( design1 all ( :i* qualities are frequ5t *>act]i/ics ( ! "w ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,georgius says t ! v anci5t tabul eburne :i* he saw 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,riqui] 9 ,pic>dy 7,c5tul5si !sauro71 & ^? giv5 to 8 *ur* by ,riculfus1 bi%op ( ,elne1 9 ,n>bonne1 ,a4,d4 #iae1 7 sacr$ dipty*s4 ,mr4 ,oldfield gives an excell5t selection ( ,c>lov+ian ivories 9 8 catalogue ( ! ca/s ( ! ,arundel society1 classes #d1 #e1 & #f4 ,illu/ration ,9 ! same p]iod we mu/ also place1 contr>y to ! judgm5t ( ,du ,somm]>d1 :o w\ld sugge/ an e>li] date1 a book cov] 9 ! public libr>y at ,ami5s1 c>v$ ) ! baptism ( ,clovis & ) two miracles ( ,remigius4 ,on ! next page is an engrav+ ( ?is plaque f ,lacroix's book on ! arts ( ! middle ages4 ,9 ! sc5e ( ! baptism ( ,clovis1 :i* occupies ! l[e/ ( ! ?ree comp>tm5ts1 ! dove is se5 desc5d+ ^u ! head ( ! k+ ) ! fam\s ampulla & sacr$ oil us$ 9 ! coronations ( ! sov]eigns ( ,france4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y p]haps to rem>k t ! holy wat] buckets above m5tion$1 p4 #dg1 are n to be conf\nd$ ) /\ps2 ! "o 0 c>ri$ by an acolyte 9 att5dance on ! prie/1 ! o!r fix$ aga9/ ! wall at ! entrance ( ! *ur*4 ,t situl or buckets 7 made ( ivory1 & = ! especial purpose j nam$1 is c]ta9 f an example pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,milan1 :i* is engrav$ 9 ! app5dix to ! ?ird volume ( ,gori's ,!saurus4 ,?is situla is ri*ly c>v$ ) scripture subjects & r\nd ! upp] bord] is incis$ ! leg5d1 8,vates ,ambrosii ,gotfr$us dat tibi sancte1 ,vas v5i5te sacram sp>g5dum ,cs>e lympham40 ,gotfr$ 0 ar*bi%op ( ,milan 9 ! ye> #ige4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,z "t w5t on1 crucifixes1 /atuettes1 tripty*s1 dipty*s1 & o!r portable helps to private devotion 7 made 9 ivory 9 great quantity2 a consequ5ce probably ( ! repeat$ travels ( m5 to ! ea/ dur+ ! crusades4 ,! t]m tripty* = religi\s tablets compos$ ( a c5tre piece & ( "o w+ on ea* side1 suffici5t 9 wid? :5 fold$ to cov] ! c5tre1 is commonly us$ 9 ! description ( v>i\s collections ( ivories1 because1 :e!r or n exactly "r1 x is p]fectly well und]/ood & fully expla9s itself4 ,inde$1 al?\gh tripty* or p5tapty* or polypty* may1 9 /rictness & 9 its fir/ signification1 mean only 7z x might happ57 ?ree or five or _m leaves fa/5$ toge!r on "o side by h+es or ?reads l ! leaves ( a book1 yet ! "n tripty* may be fairly appli$ to tablets1 two ( :i* h+e on ! outside edges ( ! opposite sides ( ! ?ird1 & are int5d$ to fold across & cov] x4 ,:]e ^! w+s are made1 9 ord] to surr\nd ! c5tre1 ( m ?an two pieces 7& 9 su* cases !y g5]ally inclose & protect also "s l>g] c>v+ or a /atuette7 ! "n %r9e seems to be m appropriate & bett] to describe ! object4 ,tripty*s are spok5 ( m ?an once by ,ana/asius1 ! au?or ( ! ,lib] ,pontificalis4 ,= example1 9 8 life ( pope ,hadrian1 ,a4,d4 #ggb1 he m5tions "o :i* _h 9 ! c5tre ! face ( our ,savi\r1 & on ea* w+ images ( angels4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ,ana/asius is s mis]ably concise 9 8 description ( ! m>vell\s works ( art :i* he enum]ates4 ,we look 9 va9 = any details or = ! "n ( a s+le arti/4 ,! use ( ivory 9 ! middle ages1 f ! eigh? to ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 0 n conf9$ to *ur* & pi\s purposes4 ,x 0 adopt$ = numb]less ?+s ( common life4 ,n = common p p]haps1 because its value & r>ity 7 too great2 b = ! daily use ( weal?y p]sons4 ,caskets & c(f]s1 horns1 hilts ( weapons1 mirror cases1 toilet combs1 writ+-tablets1 book-cov]s1 *essm5 & draughtsm51 7 ei!r made entirely ( ivory1 walrus & elephant1 or 7 l>gely inlaid & ornam5t$ ) x4 ,examples ( works ( ea* ( ^! k9ds are to be f\nd 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum2 & ) reg>d to "s ( !m x is necess>y to make a few rem>ks4 ,fir/1 to take caskets4 ,! mo/ beautiful ( ^! is no4 #adf1 a "w ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,?is is ri*ly decorat$ on ! top & ! f\r sides ) subjects tak5 f romances1 !n well kn[n & commonly read4 ,o!r caskets may be notic$1 nos4 #baf & #bddj1 :i* are ( e>li] date2 & nos4 #cja & #aj1 ( ,spani% "w 9 a rem>kable /yle1 half ,s>ac5ic1 c>ry+ d[n to ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury ! peculi> treatm5t & ornam5tation %[n 9 ! small admirably execut$ r\nd box ( ! caliph ,mo/ans] ,billah1 no4 #bag4 ,!re are _m plaques 9 ! same collection :i* probably once =m$ portions ( c(f]s or caskets2 "s ( !m rea*+ z f> back z ! n9? c5tury2 b x is n possible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y 7 made orig9ally = t purpose or n4 ,! mo/ curi\s & p]haps ! mo/ valuable old ,engli% casket exi/+ is 9 ! ,briti% museum1 :i* x w be well to notice 9 ?is place be=e we pass to o!r examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,engrav+s 7k9dly l5t by ,mr4 ,franks7 ( two portions ( x are also giv54 ,?is casket is ( ! eigh? c5tury1 n9e in*es long1 sev5 & a half 9 wid?1 & a trifle m ?an five in*es 9 height4 ,! mat]ial is n ivory1 n ev5 ( ! walrus1 b ( ! bone ( a :ale4 ,un=tunately x is imp]fect & 9 p>ts damag$2 ( ! f\r? side only a small piece rema9s4 ,! cov] & ! sides are ri*ly c>v$ 9 %>p & cle> relief ) my?ical & scripture subjects2 & ea* panel has a runic inscription )9 a broad bord]1 except ! top on :i* "o ^w only is c>v$1 8gili40 ,illu/ration ,! cov] has1 9 a s+le comp>tm5t1 m5 9 arm\r attack+ a h\se :i* is def5d$ by a man ) a b[ & arr[2 ?is panel has be5 suppos$ to ref] to "s local circum/ance1 & ! "n gili is to be read ) ! two words ^u ! f\r? side1 mean+ 8suff]s deceit0 or 8trea*]y40 ,"o side has ! my? ( ,romulus & ,remus3 ! two infants ) ! wolf 9 ! middle2 on ei!r side %eph]ds kneel+1 & a leg5d expla9+ ! subject3 8,romulus & ,remulus ,remus twa9 bro!rs outlay 7 expos$ close toge!r2 a %e wolf f$ !m 9 ,rome city40 ,! front ( ! casket has two comp>tm5ts2 9 "o1 ! giv+ up ! head ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ ^: body lies /ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd2 ! o!r has ! (f]+ ( ! wise m51 ) ! ^w 8magi0 9 runes above !m4 ,on ! back is c>v$1 above1 ! /orm+ ( ,j]usalem & ! flight ( ! ,jews1 z expla9$ by ! inscription engrav$ p>tly 9 runes1 p>tly 9 ,lat91 8,"h fight ,titus & ! ,jews4 ,"h fly f ,j]usalem its inhabitants40 ,bel[ are two o!r subjects2 ! mean+ ( !m v obscure3 to "o is atta*$ ! ^w 8doom10 to ! o!r 8ho/age20 bo? 9 runes4 ,r\nd ! :ole casket an inscription is c>v$1 commemorat+ ! tak+ ( ! :ale :i* suppli$ ! bone4 ,?is has be5 translat$1 8,! :ale's bones f ! fi%es flood ,i lift$ on ,f]g5 ,hill3 ,he 0 ga%$ to dea? 9 8 gambols1 ,z a-gr\nd he swam 9 ! %all[s40 ,illu/ration ,! "n ,f]g5 occurs 9 a *>t] ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & has be5 id5tifi$ ) ! pres5t ,f]ry-hill1 9 ! c\nty ( ,durham4 ,! hi/ory ( ! casket is v %ort1 & _c be bett] /at$ ?an 9 ! words ( ,mr4 ,/eph5s f ^: book on ,runic monum5ts1 a "w ( mu* int]e/1 ! above description is abridg$4 ,he says t x 8is "o ( ! co/lie/ treasures ( ,engli% art n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,z a specim5 ( ,nor?umbrian "w & ( ,nor?umbrian folk-spee*1 x is d\bly preci\s4 ,b we "k no?+ ( its hi/ory4 ,probably1 z ! gift ( "s ,engli% prie/ or layman1 x may h la9 = c5turies 9 ! treasury ( "o ( ! ,fr5* *ur*es1 :5ce x came into ! h&s ( a well-kn[n deal] 9 antiquities 9 ,p>is4 ,!re x 0 happily se5 & pur*as$1 "s ye>s ago1 by our di/+ui%$ ar*ologi/1 ,aug4 ,w4 ,franks1 ,esq4 ,! price giv5 = x 0 v great40 ,! casket has be5 mo/ lib]ally pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,franks to ! ,briti% museum1 & ! nation 7once m to quote ,mr4 ,/eph5s7 8is n[ 9 possession ( "o ( ! greate/ r>ities 9 ,europe40 ,!re are sev]al o!r c(f]s or caskets 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection especially wor?y ( rem>k4 ,among !m ! ,v]oli casket1 no4 #baf1 s call$ f hav+ be5 long pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,v]oli1 ne> ,rome1 f :5ce x 0 obta9$ 9 #ahfa4 ,?is is ! mo/ p]fect example kn[n ( a peculi> /yle ( art :i* prevail$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,italy f ! latt] "p ( ! elev5? to ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,at fir/ sight works ( ?is k9d might almo/ be attribut$ to a "t z e>ly z ! ?ird or f\r? c5tury1 ! imitation ( ! classic mode ( treatm5t1 z well z ! nature (t5 ( ! subjects !mselves1 fav\r+ su* a supposition4 ,!re seems to be little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !y mu/ all be plac$ at a mu* lat] date4 ,no "o is m entitl$ to be li/5$ to on any disput$ "q ab\t ! date ( ivory c>v+s ?an ,mr4 ,nesbitt4 ,he tells u1 9 a v able memoir ( ,/4 ,pet]'s *air at ,rome1 pr9t$ = ! ,society ( antiqu>ies 7speak+ on ?is v po9t71 t he agrees ) padre ,g>rucci 9 ! op9ion t works l ! ,v]oli casket date f ab\t ! elev5? c5tury4 8,!y are all *>act]is$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities & mann]isms4 ,among ^! are an exagg]at$ sl5d]ness ( limb1 a m>k$ prom95ce ( ! knee-jo9ts1 & a way ( r5d]+ ! hair by a mass ( small knobs4 ,! subjects are g5]ally tak5 f "s my?ological /ory1 & "s "w ( classical art has1 9 _m cases1 evid5tly be5 copi$ by ! ivory c>v]2 b ! /ory is (t5 misund]/ood & misrepres5t$1 & ! movem5t ( ! figures copi$ ) s mu* exagg]ation1 z (t5 to become ridicul\s4 ,animals are g5]ally repres5t$ ) great tru? & _s1 & 9 v natural attitudes4 ,! execution is usually rem>kably neat & %>p1 & ! /ate ( pres]vation ( ! ivory v good40 ,caskets ( ?is /yle & date almo/ always h ! panels surr\nd$ by ! same k9d ( bord] fill$ ) rosettes4 ,illu/ration3 ,h4 ,,cai5acc1 ,d4 ,! ivories ins]t$ 9 ! s-call$ ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]1 j ref]r$ to1 are ( great importance ^u ?is "q4 ,! woodcut %[s1 9 a g5]al way1 its pres5t condition & ! arrangem5t ( ! c>v+s1 :i* repres5t ! lab\rs ( ,h]cules3 & ! /ud5t %\ld read ,mr4 ,nesbitt's pap]1 already quot$ f4 ,!re is a v curi\s plaque 9 ! ,briti% museum :i* is also ( value ) reg>d to ! date ( su* works z ! ,v]oli casket4 ,x has be5 p]haps a book-cov]1 p]haps a panel ( a reliqu>y4 ,! *ief subject is ,*ri/ 9 glory1 c>v$ 9 ! /iff ,byzant9e mann] ( ! t5? or elev5? c5tury2 & 9 ! l[] left-h& corn] is a gr\p ( boys1 hav+ ! peculi>ities ( /yle j m5tion$4 ,mr4 ,nesbitt notices ano!r example :i* may be f\nd engrav$ 9 ! ,!saurus ( ,gori3 8a tablet 9 ! museum at ,b]l91 on :i* ,*ri/1 att5d$ by angels1 is repres5t$ 9 ! usual ,byzant9e /yle1 :ile bel[ are ! =ty sa9ts 9 v natural attitudes1 & ) mu* tru? & skill40 ,illu/ration ,! woodcut %[s ! lid ( a small casket (1 p]haps1 ! elev5? c5tury3 ,spani% "w1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! occupation by ! ,moors2 & !re are frequ5t ref]5ces to ivory c(f]s1 caskets1 & boxes1 9 inv5tories & o!r docum5ts ( ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies4 ,9 #aejb ! foll[+ entry is among ! privy purse exp5ses ( ,elizabe? ( ,york3 8,item1 ! same day ! #bh? day ( ,may to mai/res ,alianor ,johns = money by hir gev5 9 rew>d to a s]vaunt ( ! lady ,lovell = br++ a *e/ ( iv]ey ) ! passion ( our ,"l !reon3 iij s iiij d40 ,?is lady ,lovell 0 probably ! wife ( ,sir ,?omas ,lovell1 treasur] ( ! h\sehold1 & "o ( ! executors ( ! w ( ,h5ry ! sev5?4 ,six or sev5 caskets are nam$ among ! treasures ( ,l9coln ca!dral 9 ! ye> #aecf3 two 8) images r\nd ab\t40 ,9 #aeah !re belong$ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,outwi*1 ,london1 8a box ( eiv]y1 g>ny%$e ) silv]0 accord+ to 8! env5torye ( all ! h[rnam5ts0 ( t p>i%3 &1 8item1 a box ( yvory ) xj relyks !re940 ,9 #aecd1 8a litill box ( iv]y b\nd ) gymes gimmals ( silv]0 0 among ! goods ( ! guild ( ! bless$ ,virg91 at ,bo/on 9 ,l9coln%ire4 ,ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s be=e !re 0 8a lytill yvory c(yr ) relekys0 among ! goods belong+ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>y ,hill1 ,london4 ,go+ back to e>li] times--& n to quote f ,fr5* or ,g]man docum5ts :i* h be5 ref]r$ to by =eign writ]s--we f9d 9 ! inv5tory ( ! treasures belong+ to ,/4 ,paul's ca!dral 9 #abie1 8,pixis eburnea fracta 9 fundo1 cont95s unam p>vam pixidem eburneam vacuam40 8,item1 du c(fr eburne modo vacu40 ,o!r caskets are m5tion$2 "o1 small & beautiful1 ) lock & key & silv] clamps2 & sev]al pyxes1 conta9+ relics4 ,s1 aga91 !re 7 9 ! treasury at ,durham1 9 #achc1 8an ivory casket1 conta9+ a ve/m5t ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/20 8a small c(f] ( ivory1 conta9+ a robe ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t20 & o!r 8ivory caskets ) div]s relics40 ,caskets & c(f]s ( ?is p]iod 7 n uncommonly decorat$ ) small pa9t$ m$allions ( coats ( arms1 or ( figures1 z 9 ! woodcut on ! next page4 ,two examples are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 nos4 #afah & #cfi4 ,illu/ration ,!re are 9 _m collections ivory boxes ( r\nd %ape1 :i* are commonly set d[n z hav+ be5 us$ = pres]v+ ! consecrat$ ho/ 9 tab]nacles1 or = c>ry+ x to ! sick4 ,frequ5tly1 ^! may h be5 orig9ally made = t purpose2 b x is n easy always to det]m9e ! fact exactly4 ,! ^w ,pyx 9 its e>lie/ mean+ includ$ any small box or case1 & p>ticul>ly = hold+ o9tm5ts or spices2 & (t51 :5 we f9d ! ^w us$ 9 inv5tories ( ! middle ages1 x is fur!r expla9$ z conta9+ relics or o!r ?+s4 ,?us1 !re 0 9 ! ,durham treasury 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury 8item1 a too? ( ,/4 ,g5gulphus1 good = ! fall+ sickness1 9 a small ivory pyx02 & 9 ,/4 ,paul's ca!dral1 ab\t ! same "t1 two ivory pyxes1 "o conta9+ relics ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! o!r ( ,/4 ,agnes4 ,nor is ! size a sure guide to det]m9e ! d\bt3 al?\gh by _m p all small r\nd boxes ( ivory w\ld seem to be und]/ood z hav+ be5 c]ta9ly us$ = pres]v+ ! eu*>i/4 ,du ,cange quotes f ,leo ,o/i5sis1 89 pyxidulis reliqui sanctorum recondit sunt40 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re c be no "q t = _m c5turies1 & m especially 9 ! e>li] ages1 r\nd boxes ( ivory 7 9 con/ant & g5]al use = pres]v+ & c>ry+ ! ,sacram5t4 ,?us we see includ$ among/ ! prop]ty belong+ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,fai?1 "u ,/4 ,paul's1 8una cupa cuprea deaurata1 cum pyxide eburnea s9e s]ura int]ius clausa1 9 qua reponatur eu*>i/ia40 ,f ,wadd+ham1 9 ,norfolk1 ! que5's commission]s report 9 #aefe t !y h de/roy$ 8"o pyx ( yvorie1 brok5 9 peces40 ,! foll[+ also may be quot$ f ! w ( k+ ,h5ry ! sev5?1 ?\gh ! mat]ial is n specifi$3 8,=asmu* z we h (t5 to our inw>de displeasure1 se5 9 div]se *ur*es ( oure ,reame1 ! holy ,sacram5t kept 9 ful simple & inhone/ pixes1 we h commaund$ to cause to be made fur?) pixes1 9 a greate nombre1 aft] ! fa%ion ( a pixe :i* we h caus$ to be delyv]$ to !ym1 etc40 ,:51 !re=e1 we f9d a small r\nd box :i* is ornam5t$ ) subjects f ! ,gospel or ) div9e types & emblems or ! l1 we may safely call x a pyx1 9 its prop] ecclesia/ical mean+4 ,:5 an example is c>v$ ) subjects relat+ to any sa9t x may or may n h be5 made = a sacram5tal pyx3 x may inde$ h be5 *ang$ f its fir/ use z a reliqu>y & aft]w>ds employ$ = ! m sacr$ use4 ,( ?is k9d1 p]haps1 is ! v curi\s r\nd box ( ! six? c5tury ) subjects f ! life ( ,/4 ,m5nas1 exhibit$ 9 #ahga by ,mr4 ,nesbitt at a meet+ ( ! ,society ( antiqu>ies2 :i* is fur!r rem>kable z be+ ! e>lie/ kn[n repres5tation on an ivory box ( ev5ts 9 ! life ( a sa9t4 ,du ,cange gives ref]5ces to ?ree ,engli% prov9cial synods ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 z if ivory pyxes 7 di/9ctly ord]$ by _! canons4 ,b x is n s4 ,ord] is m]ely giv5 t ! ,sacram5t %\ld be res]v$ & c>ri$ to ! sick 9 prop] pyxes3 89 pyxide munda et hone/a20 aga91 8circa collum suum 9 !ca hone/a1 pyxidem def]at40 ,b ! synod ( ,exet] 9 #abhg is m precise & to our pres5t purpose1 :i* ord]s ! prie/ to c>ry ! eu*>i/ to ! sick 89 pyxide arg5tea vel eburnea40 ,we f9d f inv5tories pr9t$ by ,dugdale 9 ! ,mona/icon t 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ,a4,d4 #achd1 !re 7 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,george's1 ,w9dsor1 8una pixis nobilis eburnea1 g>nita cum lum9ibus arg5teis deauratis10 etc43 & 8una pixis de eburneo gemellato arg5teo1 cujus coop]torium frangitur40 ,9 ,l9coln ca!dral1 9 #aeeg1 8,a r\nd pix ( ivory1 hav+ a r+ ( silv]20 & two o!rs1 bo? ( ivory ) simil> b&s4 ,f\r o!r ivory pyxes are nam$ 9 ! e>li] inv5tory ( ! same ca!dral1 be=e ! spoliation 9 #aecf4 ,two o!r v important & beautiful caskets1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 are no4 #agf & no4 #bfc4 ,! subject ( ! fir/ ( ^!1 ! life ( ! bless$ ,virg91 is unusual1 al?\gh t may probably be n because x 0 unusual at ! "t b because v few examples h be5 pres]v$4 ,! panels ( ! o!r are mo/ ri*ly c>v$ & 9 ! be/ /yle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury ) sc5es f ! life ( ,/4 ,m>g>et4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,! fam\s romances ( ! middle ages suppli$ endless subjects = sculptors 9 ivory z well z = ! pa9t]1 ! illum9ator1 & ! enamell]4 ,!y may be ref]r$1 9 g5]al1 to f\r classes1 ( :i* ! fir/ & ! f\r? seem to h be5 ! fav\rite s\rces f :i* 7 tak5 ! decorations ( caskets & mirror cases4 ,!y 7-- #a4 ,^? relat+ to ,ar?ur & ! knights ( ! r\nd table4 #b4 ,^? connect$ ) ,*>lemagne & 8 palad9s4 #c4 ,! ,spani% & ,portuguese romances1 :i* *iefly conta9 ! adv5tures ( ,amadis & ,palm]94 #d4 ,:at may be t]m$ classical romances1 :i* repres5t ! h]oes ( antiquity 9 ! guise ( romantic fiction3 su*1 = example1 z ! romance ( ,virgil1 ( ,jason1 or ( ,alex&]4 ,to ^! may be add$ "o m1 ! romance ( ! ,rose1 an allegorical poem :i* 0 probably m widely read ?an any o!r ( ! "t4 ,f ?is1 realis+ an allegory1 came ! frequ5t subject ( ! siege ( ! ca/le ( ,love4 ,_m ( ! romances 7 writt5 bo? 9 prose & v]se3 ?ree spl5did volumes1 ,fr5* manuscripts ( ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,briti% museum1 conta9 ! ,sa9t ,graal & ,lancelot du ,lac4 ,! hi/ories ( ,m]l91 ,p]ceval1 ,meliadus1 ,tri/an1 & ,p]ce=e/ 7 also among/ ! mo/ popul>4 ,! ,fr5* manuscripts j ref]r$ to 7additional1 #aj1bib7 are full ( illum9ations1 "s illu/rat+ 9 an especial way ! c>v+s on ivories ( ! same date4 ,ano!r1 ( ! same "* & ( l int]e/ & value1 is 9 ! ,bodleian3 ! romance ( ,alex&]4 ,! romance ( ! ,rose 0 a dull & monoton\s poem ( p]haps t5 ?\s& l9es1 f :i* = ne>ly ?ree hundr$ ye>s its read]s1 if !y look$ at x ) pi\s & religi\s eyes1 le>nt _! maxims ( morality1 ( sci5ce1 & philosophy4 ,o!rs1 aga91 read x z m5 n[ read ,ovid's ,art ( love & saw no?+ ( its my/icism or s*ola/ic subtleties4 ,x 0 writt5 some:]e ab\t ! ye> #acjj1 &1 ) ! omission ( "s five ?\s& l9es 9 ! middle1 ,*auc]'s translation is v accurate & good4 ,x 0 frequ5tly moralis$3 9 ,france1 by ,clem5t ,m>ot2 & 9 ,engl& 7p]haps f ! ,fr5* also7 long be=e1 by ,grossete/e1 bi%op ( ,l9coln4 ,^! made ! ,rose to be ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ! t[]s & ! def5ces ( ! ca/le are ! f\r c>d9al virtues1 & holy *a/ity1 & buxomness1 & meekness4 ,! ca/le itself is ?us describ$3 8,?is is ! ca/el ( love & lisse1 ,( solace1 ( soc\r1 ( joye1 & blisse1 ,( hope1 ( hele1 ( sik]nesse1 ,& ful ( alle swetnesse40 ,among ! _m fictions :i* 7 f\nd$ on ! traditions ( k+ ,ar?ur none 7 m common or bett] kn[n ?an ^? :i* relat$ ! love adv5tures ( ,lancelot & que5 ,gu9evre2 & ( ,tri/an & ,is\de1 ! que5 ( ,m>k k+ ( ,cornwall4 ,subjects f bo? ^! tales are frequ5t on ivory caskets & mirror cases4 ,! disgrace ( ,ari/otle comes f ! romance ( ,alex&]2 & f t ( ,virgil we h ! poet 9 8 m$ival "* ( magician4 ,bo? ! poet & ! philosoph]1 9 spite ( _! great age & wisdom1 are made fools ( by ! ladies ( ! /ory4 ,"o is induc$ to c>ry 8 mi/ress on 8 back1 ! o!r is haul$ up 9 a basket to a w9d[ & left !re dangl+ at sunrise be=e all ! p4 ,we mu/ n leave caskets )\t m5tion ( ! v graceful op5 "w ) :i* ! panels ( _m ( !m 7 (t5 decorat$1 & :i* h come d[n to u 7speak+ g5]ally7 only 9 p>ts or fragm5ts4 ,two woodcuts are giv5 "h1 full size1 f a s]ies ( small panels1 =m]ly 9 ! ,meyrick collection1 :i* is1 unhappily1 n[ disp]s$4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum is ri* also 9 ! m>riage c(f]s1 z !y are commonly call$1 ( ,italian "w ( ab\t ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,c(f]s ( ?is k9d1 su*1 = example1 z ! small casket 79 ! two woodcuts7 no4 #befc1 7 seldom execut$ 9 ivory3 almo/ always 9 bone ( f9e quality1 sometimes ne>ly equal to ivory 9 delicacy ( gra9 & col\r4 ,x is probably ow+ to _! g5]al use 9 ,italy at t "t t ivory c\ld n be obta9$ 9 suffici5t quantity1 except at great co/2 = ! workman%ip is frequ5tly t ( arti/s :o mu/ h be5 ( ! highe/ em95ce z sculptors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! m>riage caskets 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum is no4 #efbd1 =m]ly 9 ! ,s\lages collection1 ( :i* !re is almo/ a duplicate 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is4 ,l5ormant1 9 ! ,trsor de glyptique1 has giv5 ?ree plates ( ! ,p>is casket & says also t ano!r1 exactly l x 0 7:5 he wrote7 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,d',assy1 ( ,meaux4 ,! l>ge/ casket ( ?is k9d 9 ,engl& is 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,julian ,goldsmid4 ,x is 9 excell5t pres]vation & well f9i%$ 9 e respect4 ,! size is c]ta9ly unusual3 two feet ?ree in*es 9 height1 two feet & a half long1 & two feet broad4 ,! sep>ate bones :i* ornam5t x are fill$ ) %ields & armorial be>+s2 t5 on ! front & back1 sev5 on ea* side4 ,! m\ld+s at ! top are ri*ly decorat$ ) bold scrolls ( foliage & animals4 ,! top ( ! c(f] & ! side m\ld+s are m>quetry1 inlaid 9 diamond-%ap$ qu>ries ) l>ge pieces ( bone4 ,a c(f] ( ! same s*ool & date1 n mu* less 9 size & ( mu* high] quality & workman%ip1 is 9 private possession at ,leam+ton1 9 ,w>wick%ire4 ,! sides are fill$ ) small /atuettes admirably execut$1 & p]haps giv+ ! hi/ory ( "s poem or romance4 ,?is is1 probably1 ! be/ example ( ,italian m>riage c(f]s 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,m4 ,l5ormant also ref]s1 z ( ! same s*ool1 to ! magnific5t ,retable de ,poissy1 9 ! museum ( ! ,l\vre1 ( :i* ,sir ,d4 ,wyatt has giv5 ! foll[+ description3 8,x 0 made = ,jean de ,b]ry bro!r ( ,*>les ,v4 & = 8 second wife1 ,jeanne1 c\ntess ( ,auv]gne4 ,!y are repres5t$ on x kneel+1 & accompani$ by _! patron sa9ts4 ,x is no less ?an sev5 feet six in*es wide1 & is "o mass ( c>v+4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree arcades1 surm\nt$ by canopies1 & support$ by angle pila/]s & a base4 ,! subjects are tak5 f ! ,new ,te/am5t & f ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts4 ,x is believ$ !re c1 r1 be no d\bt t x is ( ,italian workman%ip1 ! little figures hav+ mu* ,giottesque "* 9 _! treatm5t40 ,?is fam\s retable is1 l ! m>riage caskets1 c>v$ 9 bone4 ,illu/ration ,!re is no f9] specim5 ( ?is /yle & "w ?an ! beautiful pr$ella1 =m]ly 9 ! ,gigli-,campana collection1 n[ at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #gfaa4 ,x is1 un=tunately1 n p]fect2 ! c5tre panel is a lat] addition & ! orig9al piece has be5 lo/4 ,x is possible t !re 7 at "o "t also o!r small] panels4 ,! woodcut %[s well ! g5]al /yle ( ^! c>v+s 9 bone4 ,! ,fr5* & ,engli% caskets ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies 7 frequ5tly ornam5t$1 l ! mirror cases1 ! combs1 & ! writ+-tablets1 ) dome/ic sc5es4 ,we h ladies & g5tlem5 sometimes repres5t$ play+ at *ess or draughts or simil> games2 sometimes rid+1 or hawk+1 or hunt+2 sometimes 9 g>d5s ) birds & dogs2 sometimes danc+4 ,subjects ( ?is "* are ( great importance & int]e/1 no less valuable ?an illum9ations 9 manuscripts1 z %[+ ! dress & ! arm\r &1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! day4 ,"o o!r class ( subjects may be notic$ :i* suppli$ ! decorations ( caskets ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & :i* is f\nd occasionally on panels ( cab9ets or ! l>g] k9d ( h\sehold furniture2 namely1 morris danc]s & wom5 play+ on musical in/rum5ts4 ,g5]ally1 c>v+s ( ?is description are f\nd ^u bone3 two examples are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 no4 #dffj & no4 #fgdg4 ,!re 0 also "o 9 ! ,meyrick collection1 ( :i* a woodcut is giv5 on ! next page4 ,dome/ic subjects are ( m common occurr5ce ^u combs & mirror cases ?an on caskets2 &1 ^u ! =m]1 sc5es also f e>ly leg5ds2 occasionally1 "s circum/ance f ,scripture4 ,( ,scripture subjects ! message f ,david to ,ba?%eba is ! mo/ frequ5t2 probably1 because ,ba?%eba is repres5t$ g5]ally 9 h] ba?4 ,!re are two examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum alone3 no4 #badc & no4 #dfh4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& :y sc5es f ! old /ory ( ! f\nta9 ( ,y\? %\ld h be5 a fav\rite subject4 ,x may be obs]v$ t ! g>d5 sc5es on ivory combs rem9d u (t5 ( ! beautiful pa9t+ ( ! 8,dream ( life0 by ,orcagna1 9 ! ,campo santo1 at ,pisa4 ,illu/ration ,combs ( ivory & bone are frequ5tly f\nd 9 tombs ( ! ,roman & ,anglo-saxon p]iod 9 ,engl&2 & be=e t "t 9 ,briti% graves4 ,!y are (t5 t+$ & col\r$ gre51 f ly+ 9 contact ) metal objects4 ,a v curi\s "o1 9 ! %ape ( a h&1 0 mix$ ) ! rema9s buri$ 9 a ,pict's h\se 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&2 a d\ble too?-comb 0 f\nd on ! site ( ! ,roman /ation at ,*e/]=d1 9 ,essex2 & 7to "n no m ( ?is k9d1 = ! specim5s are v _m7 an ivory comb 0 among ! relics 9 ! tomb said to be ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 at ,durham4 ,mr4 ,ra9e also pr9ts an inv5tory 7dat$ #achc7 ( relics at ,durham1 among :i* are ! comb ( ,mala*ias ! ar*bi%op1 ! comb ( ,/4 ,boysil ! prie/1 & ! ivory comb ( ,/4 ,dun/an4 ,some:at lat] ?an ?is date is an entry 9 ! regi/] ( ! ca!dral ( ,glasg[1 :]e a preci\s burse is m5tion$ ) ! combs ( ,/4 ,k5tig]n & ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury4 ,a v curi\s comb1 b mu* mutilat$1 is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,society ( antiqu>ies4 ,x 0 exhibit$ 9 #agfd & engrav$ 9 ! #h? vol4 ( ! ,ar*ologia4 ,! /atem5t is t x 0 f\nd deeply buri$ "u a /reet 9 ,ab]de51 & suppos$ to h be5 lo/ !re 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 :o burnt ! city4 ,b ! type ( ! ornam5ts ^u x is ( an e>li] "* ?an t date4 ,! comb giv5 by que5 ,!odol9da at ! end ( ! six? c5tury to ! *ur* ( ,monza is /ill kept4 ,?is la/ w\ld be a c]emonial comb1 us$ =m]ly by a bi%op be=e celebrat+ high mass or be=e o!r great functions1 & includ$ among ! ve/m5ts & c]emonial ornam5ts ( a bi%op ( ,engl& d[n to ! reign ( ,edw>d ! six?4 8,tobalia et pect5 ad pect9&um0 7 ord]$ to be provid$ = ! consecration ( a bi%op elect1 9 ! ,s>um pontifical4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ( ^! combs n[ kn[n to exi/ is 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,s5s1 & said to be ( ! six? c5tury4 ,ano!r1 ,engli% & ( ! elev5? c5tury1 is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,x is c>v$ 9 op5 "w ) m5 & int]lac+ scroll ornam5t4 ,unhappily1 x is n p]fect4 ,a woodcut is giv5 on ! next page ( ?is v important ivory4 ,ano!r1 ri*ly c>v$ ) subjects f ! gospels1 is said to be pres]v$ at ,h>dwick c\rt1 9 ,gl\ce/]%ire4 ,su* c]emonial combs are (t5 m5tion$ 9 *ur* inv5tories & o!r ecclesia/ical docum5ts ( ! middle ages4 ,sev5 or eight are specifi$ z belong+ to ,/4 ,paul's ca!dral 9 ! ye> #abbb3 ?ree l>ge1 ?ree small2 "o 8pect5 pul*rum0 ! gift ( ,john de ,*i%ulle2 & ?ree o!rs2 all ( ivory4 ,!re 7 z _m 9 ! treasury ( ! ca!dral ( ,cant]bury1 9 #acae4 ,illu/ration ,:5 ! suppos$ tomb ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t 0 op5$ 9 #ahbg x has be5 already said t !re 0 f\nd1 among o!r relics deposit$ ) ! body ( ! sa9t1 an ivory comb4 ,?is comb has a d\ble r[ ( tee?1 divid$ by a broad pla9 b& p]=at$ 9 ! middle ) a r\nd hole = ! f+]4 ,9 size x measures six in*es & a qu>t] by five in*es4 ,! hi/orian ( ! proce$+s on t occasion says t ! comb is probably ( ! elev5? c5tury1 b he gives no reason2 & if ! grave 7 really ! grave ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! comb 0 8 & us$ by him1 c]emonially1 z bi%op4 ,illu/ration ,! examples 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection 7 all made = private use1 & ! woodcut repres5ts an ,italian specim51 no4 #badd4 ,engli% family inv5tories f ! f\rte5? to ! sixte5? c5tury1 occasionally include combs ( t k9d4 ,to "n "o only3 ! li/ ( ! effects ( ,rog] de ,mortim] at ,wigmore ca/le1 9 ! reign ( ,edw>d ! second1 specifies 8j pect5 de ebore40 ,"o half only ( ! mirror cases1 speak+ g5]ally1 has be5 pres]v$4 ,x is v r>e to f9d bo? cov]s4 ,orig9ally1 ! mirror 0 fa/5$ to "o side1 & ! o!r slid ov] x or 0 unscrew$4 ,no example ( bo? p>ts is 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 & only "o 7x is believ$7 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,p1 z "t w5t on1 probably ?\ght t an unornam5t$ side 0 n wor? tak+ c>e (4 ,we f9d ! subjects sculptur$ on mirror cases to be almo/ always sc5es f dome/ic life1 or f "s poem or romance4 ,naturally x w\ld be s4 ,! only exceptions among all ! examples at ,s\? ,k5s+ton are two1 on "o ( :i* is a repres5tation ( ! ,almighty ,fa!r & ! dead ,*ri/1 on ! o!r ! message ( ,david to ,ba?%eba4 ,! re/1 t5 or twelve 9 numb]1 h hunt+ & g>d5 sc5es1 or play]s at *ess1 or assaults on ! ca/le ( ,love4 ,s x is also ) ! l>ge collection ( ivory mirror cases 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! use ( small mirrors is to be trac$ to ! e>lie/ hi/oric p]iod1 & to be f\nd among almo/ e p ( ! _w4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t times !y 7 commonly ( metal2 & x is believ$ t none1 except ( t mat]ial1 has yet be5 f\nd 9 any tomb ( ,egypt1 or ,greece1 or ,italy4 ,^!1 unlike ! m$ival mirror1 _h g5]ally flat & broad h&les1 & ! backs 7 (t5 incis$ ) v>i\s designs1 my?ological subjects1 gods & goddesses1 or f /ories ( ! poets4 ,_m metallic mirrors h be5 f\nd 9 ,roman burial-places 9 ,engl&4 ,sev]al are describ$ 9 mod]n ar*ological publications2 "o especially curi\s1 f\nd 9 #ahbc at ,codd5ham 9 ,suffolk4 ,?is is important z an e>ly example 9 respect ( ! smallness ( its size & because x is enclos$ 9 a case4 ,x 8is a portable tr9ket1 consi/+ ( a ?9 circul> bronze case1 divid$ horizontally into two ne>ly equal portions1 :i* fit "o into ! o!r2 &1 be+ op5$1 x pres5ts a convex mirror 9 ea* face ( ! int]ior40 ,! diamet] is sc>cely m ?an two in*es1 & on "o side is ! head ( ! emp]or ,n]o4 ,anglo-saxon mirrors h seldom be5 f\nd4 ,two1 bo? discov]$ 9 a b>r[ ne> ,s&wi*1 are engrav$ 9 ! ,n5ia ,britannica4 ,mirrors 7 nev]!less commonly us$ by ladies at t "t2 & !re is a lett] pres]v$ 9 ,b$e f pope ,boniface ,,iv4 to ,e!lb]ga1 que5 ( ,edw9 ( ,nor?umbria 9 #fbe1 :]e9 he reque/s h] acceptance ( an ivory comb & a silv] mirror4 ,combs & mirrors are frequ5t on ! sculptur$ /ones ( ,scotl&2 !y occur on m ?an fifty1 accord+ to a table giv5 9 ! preface to ! admirable "w publi%$ by ! ,spald+ club2 & sev5 /ones h repres5tations ( mirror cases4 ,dr4 ,/u>t 9 a %ort pap] ^u ^! sculptures1 read be=e ! ,int]national congress ( prehi/oric ar*ology 9 #ahfh1 assigns to !m a date n lat] ?an ! sev5?1 eigh?1 or n9? c5tury1 & believes t ! figures on ! rude pill>s may be ( ev5 an e>li] date1 be=e ,*ri/ian times4 ,x is n kn[n :5 glass cov]$ at ! back ) lead 0 introduc$ 9 place ( ! e>li] metallic mirror4 ,probably "s ( ! cases :i* are 9 v>i\s collections 7 ! cov]s ( ! new mat]ial4 ,john ,peckham1 an ,engli%man1 wrote 9 ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury a treatise on optics 9 :i* he speaks n only ( /eel mirrors b (t5 ( glass mirrors1 & adds t :5 ! lead 0 scrap$ (f ! back no image 0 reflect$4 ,!re is1 or p]haps 0 #aej ye>s ago1 a curi\s coat ( arms 9 a pa9t$ w9d[ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 9 ! *ancel ( ! *ur* ( ,?ame 9 ,ox=d%ire1 on :i* 0 blazon$ a mirror 9 a case ) a h&le atta*$ to x4 8,he be>e? arg5t10 says ,guillim 9 8 ,display ( h]aldry1 8a tyg] passant1 reg>dant1 gaz+ 9 a mirror or look+-glass1 all prop]4444 ,"s report1 t ^? :o rob ! tig] ( h] "y1 use a policy to deta9 _! dam f foll[+ !m1 by ca/+ sundry look+-glasses 9 ! way1 :]eat %e use? long to gaze1 etc40 ,ladies us+ mirrors at _! toilet frequ5tly =m a subject = illu/ration 9 f\rte5? c5tury manuscripts4 ,^! mirrors are precisely ( ! usual %ape & size ( ^? :i* h come d[n to u 9 ivory4 ,sev]al may be se5 9 ! manuscript romance ( ,lancelot du ,lac 9 ! ,briti% museum3 9 "o1 a lady ly+ on a c\* holds ! mirror 9 h] h& :il/ an att5dant dresses h] hair ) a comb2 9 ano!r1 %e h]self uses bo? mirror & comb4 ,a hundr$ ye>s lat] ! same design 0 engrav$ on "o ( a pack ( c>ds1 8la damoiselle10 by 8! ,ma/] ( #adff10 n[ 9 ! national libr>y at ,p>is4 ,love sc5es1 z 9 ! et*+1 or ! siege ( ! ca/le ( ,love are subjects (t5 f\nd on mirror cases4 ,! woodcut on ?is page is copi$ f an example at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #afag4 ,ano!r copy ( ! same romance ( ,lancelot1 :i* has be5 j ref]r$ to1 has an illum9ation ( a real assault ^u a ca/le1 treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,knights place ladd]s aga9/ ! wall2 ! battlem5ts are def5d$ by ! g>rison2 ! attack is made ) cross-b[s & a catapult2 & m5 lie dead ^u ! gr\nd4 ,ano!r ( mu* int]e/ is giv5 z 8! twelf? battle0 9 ! manuscript 9 ! ,briti% museum s well kn[n z que5 ,m>y's psalt]1 writt5 ab\t ! ye> #acbj2 9 ?is1 wom5 look at ! attack ov] ! battlem5ts ( ! t[n or ca/le4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory ,,c>v+4 ,,circul> ,,mirror ,,cov]4 ,,date #acjj-accj4 7,,soltik(f ,,coll47 ,,diam #e 94 #b4,k4,m 7,no #baj4fe7 ,d4 ,,jones ,,fecit4 ,illu/ration ,knights tilt+1 or a t\rnam5t1 or ladies & g5tlem5 rid+ ?r\gh woods & prec$$ by att5dants ) dogs1 are also common subjects4 ,! contempor>y manuscripts illu/rate ! same design4 ,bo? on ! mirror cases & 9 ! illum9ations ! lady is g5]ally se5 rid+ a/ride4 ,wom5 are s repres5t$ m ?an once 9 ! romance ( ,lancelot3 = example fol4 #abj;a1 & #afc;a4 ,a que5 is rid+1 fol4 #aha;b4 ,9 que5 ,m>y's psalt]1 ! treatm5t on ! mirror cases ( p rid+ is almo/ exactly repeat$1 fol4 #bag2 aga91 #bah;b1 & #bbc;b4 ,o!r examples may be se5 9 ! ,bodleian manuscript ( ! romance ( ,alex&]1 fol4 #ajj & #acj4 ,! same cu/om la/$ 9 ,li?uania until1 at lea/1 ! ye> #ahjj4 ,!re is "o o!r ornam5tal design v common on mirror cases2 p play+ at *ess or draughts4 ,m>g>et ,pa/on writes 9 ! reign ( ,ri*>d ! ?ird to h] husb&1 & says t at ! ,*ri/mas foll[+ ! dea? ( "l ,morley 8 wid[ w\ld p]mit no amusem5ts 9 h] h\se1 8non dysgysyngs n] h>pyng n] lutyng--b pley+ at ! tabyllys & s*esse40 ,?is br+s u to an int]e/+ & important class ( c>v+s 9 ivory4 ,! date ( ! introduction ( ! games ( *ess & draughts into ,europe1 & m p>ticul>ly among ! nor!rn nations & our own ance/ors ! ,anglo-saxons1 is a hi/orical "q ^u :i* !re has be5 great dispute4 ,! game ( *ess 0 c]ta9ly play$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ! ea/1 & f !nce probably pass$ ?r\gh ! ,arabs into ,greece4 ,!re are allusions to *ess & *essm5 9 _m writ]s be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 & ^! incid5tal ref]5ces are ( m value ?an ! positive ass]tions :i* lat] au?ors1 aft] ! mann] ( _! day1 did n hesitate to advance4 ,= example ,caxton1 or r ! au?or ( ! 8,playe ( ! ,*esse40 8,?is playe fonde a phylosoph] ( ?ory5t :y* 0 nam$ 9 caldee ,ex]ces1 = :i* is z mo*e to say 9 englis% z he t l\y? ,ju/yce & mesure40 ,& ?is decision 0 n )\t due consid]ation ( ! matt]2 = j be=e we are told3 8,trewe x is t somme m5 w5e t ?is play 0 f\nd5 9 ! tyme ( ! bataylles & siege ( troye4 ,b t is n s4444 ,aft] t cam ?is playe 9 ! tyme ( ,alixaund] ! grete 9 to egypt1 & s unto alle ! p>ties t[>d ! s\?40 ,?is treatise on *ess is said to h be5 writt5 ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s be=e ,caxton liv$ by ,jacobus de ,casulis1 a ,fr5* ,dom9ican fri>1 ab\t #abij4 ,a copy is 9 ! ,briti% museum1 ,,ms4 ,h>l4 #abge2 & x 0 pr9t$ at ,milan 9 #adgi4 ,*auc] h[ev]1 9 8! ,dreame10 names n ,ex]ces b ,a?alus z ! suppos$ inv5tor ( ! game1 9 a passage wor? quot+3 8,!re) ,=tune sai?1 *eck "h1 ,& mate 9 ! mid po9t ( ! *eck]e1 ,) a pawne errant1 alas1 ,ful crafti] to playe %e 0 ,?an ,a?alus t made ! game1 ,fir/ to ! *esse1 s 0 8 "n40 ,we may1 h[ev]1 put aside ! old guesses ( e>ly writ]s1 = evid5ce /ill exi/s :i* sets at re/ all d\bt t *ess 0 kn[n & play$ 9 ,france 9 ,c>lov+ian times1 & we c und]/& easily1 !re=e1 :y m$ival poets & romance writ]s s (t5 introduc$ /ories ab\t ! game4 ,"s ivory *essm51 six 9 numb]1 7 long pres]v$ 9 ! treasury ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,d5is1 & ! old tradition 0 t !y 7 giv5 ) ! *ess-table by ,*>lemagne himself4 ,! great] numb] ( ! pieces & ! table _h be5 lo/ = _m ye>s1 z long ago z #afjj4 ,! rema9d]1 transf]r$ at ! revolution f ,/4 ,d5is1 are n[ 9 ! public libr>y at ,p>is4 ,sir ,fr$]ic ,madd51 9 a v able & le>n$ pap] 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 says ( !m3 8,! dresses & ornam5ts are all /rictly 9 keep+ ) ! ,greek co/ume ( ! n9? c5tury2 & x is impossible n to be conv9c$1 f ! g5]al "* ( ! figures1 t ^! *essm5 really belong to ! p]iod assign$ !m by tradition1 & 71 9 all probability1 execut$ at ,con/ant9ople by an ,asiatic ,greek1 & s5t z a pres5t to ,*>lemagne1 ei!r by ! empress ,ir5e1 or by h] successor ,nicephorus4444 ,"o ?+ is c]ta91 t ^! *essm51 f _! size & workman%ip1 mu/ h be5 design$ = no ignoble p]sonage3 &1 f ! decid$ /yle ( ,greek art1 x is a m natural inf]5ce to suppose !m pres5t$ to ,*>lemagne by a sov]eign ( ! l[] empire1 ?an t !y came to him z an (f]+ f ! ,moori% pr9ces ( ,spa91 or ev5 f ! caliph ,h>\n al ,ras*id1 :o gave _m co/ly gifts to ! emp]or ( ! we/40 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,india museum almo/ a complete set ( ivory *essm5 is pres]v$1 p]haps ! mo/ anci5t examples n[ kn[n to exi/3 old] ev5 ?an ! *essm5 f ,/4 ,d5is4 ,^! 7 f\nd ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 mix$ ) a quantity ( brok5 pott]y1 human bones1 & o!r relics1 among/ ! ru9s ( "s h\ses excavat$ on ! site ( ! city ( ,brahmunabad 9 ,s9d1 :i* 0 de/roy$ by an e>?quake 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,! pieces are turn$2 pla9 9 "*1 )\t ornam5t4 ,sev]al are 9 a v fragile /ate1 hav+ p]i%$ 9 ! same way z ! ,assyrian ivories2 & an attempt %\ld be made to re/ore1 if possible1 "s ( ! lo/ sub/ance4 ,a few fragm5ts ( a *essbo>d 7 also f\nd1 incis$ ) small circles1 n int]lac+4 ,! *essm5 & ! squ>es ( ! bo>d are black & :ite3 ivory & ebony4 ,! k+s & que5s are ab\t ?ree in*es high2 ! pawns "o in*2 & ! o!r pieces are ( diff]5t int]m$iate heights4 ,co9s 7 also f\nd ( ! caliphs ( ,bagdad1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #gej4 ,! m$ival *ronicles1 poems1 & romances are full ( ref]5ces to ! game4 ,! anonym\s au?or ( ! hi/ory ( ,ramsey mona/]y1 writ+ ab\t ! ye> #aajj1 tells u t bi%op !ric com+ late "o night to k+ ,canute f\nd him /ill play+ *ess1 8regem adhuc scaccorum ludo longioris tdia noctis relevantem inv5it40 ,/rutt quotes ?is passage 9 8 sports & pa/imes2 & ,sir ,f4 ,madd5 adds ! foll[+ translation f a ,fr5* manuscript ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is mu* to our pres5t purpose1 9 illu/ration ( ! leg5ds :5ce ! subjects ( mirror decorations 7 d]iv$3-- 8,org> 0 play+ at ! *ess1 ,a game he _h le>n$ ( ! ,danes2 ,) him play$ ! fair ,el/rue?1 ,a fair] maid5 0 n "u heav540 ,! /ory is ( a mission f k+ ,edg> to e>l ,org> 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,*auc] aga9 tells u h[ 8,!y danc5 & !y play at *es & tables20 & 9 ! m]*ant's second tale he describes a *essbo>d3-- 8,s :5 !y _h ydyn$1 ! clo? 0 up ytake1 ,a *es !r 0 ybr\ght =?2 444 ,! *es 0 all ( ivory1 ! meyne fre% & new1 ,ipul%id & ypikid1 ( :ite1 asure1 & blue40 ,a v curi\s passage occurs 9 a book orig9ally writt5 9 ,fr5*1 9 ,april #acga1 & translat$ ab\t ! reign ( ,h5ry ! six?3 a copy is 9 ! ,briti% museum2 ,h>l4 #agfd4 8,!re 0 a g5tille knight's daught] t wrat!d atte ! tables ) a g5till man t 0 riot\s & comb]\s & hadd an evelle h$e1 & ! debate 0 on a po9t t he plaide1 t %e saide t x 0 wronge3 & s ! wordes & ! debate rose s t %e saide t he 0 a lewde ignorant fole1 & ?ane lo/ ! game 9 *id+40 ,*ess-tables & *essm5 are (t5 specifi$ 9 wills & inv5tories4 ,! inv5tory ( ! effects ( ,sir ,rog] de ,mortim]1 ref]r$ to m ?an once1 speaks ( a c(f] conta9+ 8j famil' de ebore pro scacc>io20 & among ! jewels 9 ! w>drobe book ( ,edw>d ! fir/ occur 8una familia de ebore pro lud5do ad scacc>ium10 & 8una familia pro scacc>io de jaspide et cri/allo40 ,! 8familia0 9 ^! entries is ! same z ! 8meyne0 9 ,*auc]'s l9es j above2 t is1 ! ret9ue1 ! company1 or ! set ( dome/ics4 ,illu/ration ,to quote f "o w2 ,sir ,william ,compton 9 8 w1 dat$ #aebc bequea!d to ,h5ry ! eigh? 8a little *e/ ( ivory :]e( "o lock is gilt1 ) a *essbo>d "u ! same1 & a pair ( tables ^u x1 & all su* jewels & treasures z are enclos$ !re940 ,! mo/ complete set ( anci5t ivory *essm5 n[ rema9+ 0 f\nd 9 ! isle ( ,lewis1 9 ,scotl&1 ab\t ! ye> #ahca1 & mo/ ( !m are n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,!y are all ( "o "*1 simil> to ! accompany+ woodcut1 :i* is engrav$ f ano!r walrus-ivory *essman1 also 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & :i* 0 obta9$ "s few ye>s ago f a private collection4 ,x w\ld be m prop] to speak ( ! ,lewis *ess pieces z sev]al sets1 = !re are "s pieces en\gh = five or six4 ,!y are sixty-sev5 9 numb]--six k+s1 five que5s1 ?irte5 bi%ops1 f\rte5 knights1 n9ete5 pawns1 & t5 7s-call$7 w>d]s1 :i* took ! place ( ! mod]n rook or ca/le4 ,?is l>ge collection 0 discov]$ by a lab\r] digg+ a s&bank1 & e piece is accurately describ$ 9 detail by ,sir ,f4 ,madd5 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,society ( antiqu>ies 9 #ahcb4 ,!y are all c>v$ out ( walrus ivory4 ,^u ?is mat]ial ,sir ,fr$]ic obs]ves t 8! e/imation 9 :i* ! tee? ( ! walrus 7 held by ! nor!rn nations r5d]$ !m a pres5t wor?y ( royalty2 & ?is circum/ance is confirm$ by a tradition pres]v$ 9 ! curi\s saga ( ,krka ! crafty1 :o liv$ 9 ! t5? c5tury40 ,! saga itself is believ$ to h be5 writt5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 8,x is !re relat$1 t ,gunn]1 prefect ( ,gre5l&1 wi%+ to conciliate ! fav\r ( ,h>ald ,h>draad1 k+ ( ,norway 7,a4,d4 #ajej71 s5t him ! ?ree mo/ preci\s gifts ! isl& c\ld produce4 ,^! 71 #a1 a :ite be>2 #b1 a *ess-table1 or set ( *essm51 exquisitely c>v$2 #c1 a skull ( ! ,ro/ungr 7or walrus7 ) ! tee? fa/5$ 9 x1 & ornam5t$ ) gold40 ,! be/ ,icel&ic s*ol>s take ! t]m ,tan-,tabl 9 ! s5se ( *essm5 made ( ! tee? ( ! walrus4 ,illu/ration ,*essm5 7 occasionally made ( consid]ably l>g] size4 ,!re is a good example ( ?is k9d 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 no4 #hihg2 & ano!r1 ( :i* a woodcut is giv51 is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,?is la/ rem>kable piece 0 pres5t$ 9 #ahef1 by ,sir ,h5ry ,cole4 ,sc>cely less common ?an *essm5 are small r\nd pieces1 g5]ally ( ! tusk ( ! walrus1 :i* 7 us$ = a game probably l ! mod]n game ( draughts1 & to :i* frequ5t allusion is f\nd 9 m$ival books "u ! "n ( 8tables40 ,! mirror cases give u sev]al repres5tations ( p engag$ at ?is game1 usually a lady & a g5tleman4 ,!re seem to h be5 few] pieces us$ ?an 9 our own days1 & a small] bo>d or table4 ,^! draughtsm5 are almo/ all ( ! elev5?1 twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies2 & ! subjects m5 & animals1 ) scroll ornam5t int]lac+4 ,occasionally a s+le bird or a dragon fills ! c5tre space4 ,"s ( ! decorations ( ! old *ur* ( ,%obdon 9 ,h]e=d%ire 7pull$ d[n ab\t #ajj ye>s ago7 7 simil> to ! c>v+s ^u ! draughtsm5 & o!r works ( t k9d4 ,^! also 7 ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,"o pill> 0 ornam5t$ ) a s]ies ( small m$allions ti$ toge!r1 exactly l ! old draughtsm54 ,!y are engrav$1 f fragm5ts ( ?ree ( ! pr9cipal ar*es /ill pres]v$1 9 ! fir/ volume ( ! ,ar*ological j\rnal4 ,illu/ration ,?is /yle ( ornam5t is %[n to great advantage ^u ! arm ( a *air ( ! elev5? or twelf? c5tury1 =m]ly 9 ! ,meyrick collection2 c>v$ f two tusks ( ! walrus4 ,x is n easy to decide 9 :at c\ntry ?is v important ivory 0 work$4 ,"o half ( x is giv5 9 ! accompany+ woodcut4 ,! "n1 arm ( a *air1 mu/ be tak5 z a probable supposition4 ,t x is "o ( a pair is app>5tly c]ta93 = 9 ! c5tre on "o side is an eagle1 on ! o!r a w+$ lion2 two ( ! f\r symbols ( ! ,evangeli/s4 ,^! are deeply sunk & enclos$ 9 ornam5tal bord]s1 exactly simil> to ! draughtsm5 ( ! same p]iod4 ,! sides f ! c5tres to ! ends are ri*ly c>v$ 9 admirable /yle & workman%ip ) an int]lac+ scroll ornam5t1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* are tw9$ m5 & fabul\s animals4 ,! ends h1 = t]m9ations1 ! heads ( lions design$ ) mu* _s4 ,on ! "u side1 :i* is left p]fectly flat1 are incis$ "s small crosses1 compos$ ( ! well-kn[n little circles call$ ! bone ornam5t4 ,!re are o!r good examples ( ! same /yle ( decoration ^u ! specim5s ( ! anci5t ,tau 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum4 ,9 all ( ^!1 ?\gh ! m5 & animals are grotesque yet !y h life & movem5t1 & ! foliage & bran*es ) :i* !y are tw9$ & int]m+l$ are well execut$4 ,! te*nical m]it ( ! c>v+1 deep 9 relief & (t5 cut cle> f ! solid sub/ance ( ! ivory1 is v rem>kable4 ,illu/ration3 ,,two ,,gr\ps ,,( ,,! ,,*essm5 ,,f\nd ,,9 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,lewis4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,al?\gh x is impossible to ent] 9 detail into any hi/ory ( an object s well kn[n1 by "n at lea/1 z ! pa/oral crook ( a bi%op1 x may yet be n )\t int]e/ to (f] a few rem>ks ^u x 9 explanation ( ! v>ieties ( %ape ( old ivory crozi]s /ill exi/+1 & z a subject n )\t int]e/ 9 our own days to _m p4 ,! ,tau1 spok5 ( 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is b a =m ( ! pa/oral /aff1 adopt$ 9 m ?an "o c\ntry ( we/]n ,europe e>ly 9 ! middle ages4 ,! mo/ anci5t %ape ( ! episcopal /aff is f\nd repres5t$ 9 ! catacombs2 a %ort h&le1 ) a pla9 boss or oval knob b5t aside at ! top l ! pagan lituus4 ,sometimes 9 ! catacombs we also f9d ! tru] =m ( a %eph]d's crook1 a pla9 b complete curve at ! extremity4 ,! ,tau is commonly se5 & giv5 )\t app>5t di/9ction to bi%ops & abbots 9 manuscripts ( ! eigh? & n9? c5turies1 ab\t :i* p]iod !re came 9 ano!r fa%ion1 unpleas+ & h>dly intelligible 9 its design1 :]e ! crook is b slightly b5t & ext5d$ almo/ horizontally f ! /aff itself4 ,"o m %ape1 & m r>e1 0 a d\ble pla9 crook l horns jo9$ toge!r4 ,aft] all ^! came ! admirable design1 ( :i* ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum possesses "o or two spl5did examples1 :]e9 ! volute is c>ri$ half r\nd aga9 & frequ5tly conta9s )9 ! circle o!r ornam5ts or gr\ps ( figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ivory ,,c>v+1 ,,head ,,( ,a ,,tau ,,or ,t ,,%ap$ ,,/aff1 ,,9 ,,walrus ,,tusk1 ,,! ,,comp>tm5ts ,,conta9+ ,,! ,,signs ,,( ,,! ,,zodiac4 #ab? ,,c5t 7,,soltik(f ,,coll7 ,l1 #e ,,9 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 7,no #bae '#fe7 ,f4 ,a4 ,,slocombe ,,fecit ,! extremities ( ! ,taus 7 (t5 holl[$1 to receive relics4 ,! beautiful ,tau n[ at ,k5s+ton1 engrav$ 9 ! et*+1 %[s ! old recesses2 b ! cry/al ends are lo/4 ,x is ( ?is ,tau t a le>n$ au?or writes z foll[s1 9 ! ,mlanges ar*ologiques3--8,avant de quitt] ce beau monum5t1 je f]ai obs]v] la ri*e ciselure du treillis sp>ant les signes4 ,il e/ pe9e croyable que *aque petite p]le d'ivoire le long des entrelacs en*sse une pi]re prcieuse1 et que les yeux des animaux sont a9si =ms40 ,a v f9e ivory ( ! same admirable k9d & /yle is pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y at ,r\51 probably ( e>li] date1 ( ! t5? c5tury2 & ano!r is 9 ! ,cluny museum1 unusually simple 9 %ape & pla9 9 ornam5t1 :i* 0 f\nd at ,/4 ,g]ma9-des-,prs 9 ! tomb ( ,mor>d1 abbot ( t mona/]y f #iij to #ajad4 ,9 ! et*+ is ano!r ,tau1 also at ,k5s+ton4 ,ivory ,taus are ( great r>ity4 ,!y 7 gradually sup]s$$ t[>ds ! end ( ! twelf? c5tury by t =m :i*1 ) c]ta9 v>ieties ( ornam5t1 has cont9u$ d[n to our own times4 ,! mo/ common mode ( treat+ ! volute itself 0 to imitate a s]p5t2 & ! t]m9ation ( ! crook 0 ! head ( ! s]p5t1 sometimes ) widely-exp&$ jaws4 ,x may appe> unreasonable t ! s]p5t 0 s con/antly us$ z a religi\s emblem 9 su* a way2 b ! symbol 0 c]ta9ly adopt$ 9 ,*ri/ian art & ) sev]al pi\s significations f ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,z ! *ief decoration ( a bi%op's pa/oral /aff x might be reg>d$ z an emblem ( prud5ce1 or z a record ( ! rod ( ,moses1 :i* 0 *ang$ into a s]p5t & de/roy$ ^? :i* _h be5 ca/ d[n by ! magicians2 or aga91 z an emblem ( ! subtlety or wisdom requir$ 9 a rul] ov] ,*ri/'s flock4 ,:5 ! s]p5t is also *a9$ or entangl$1 !n1 p]haps1 ! triumph ( ! ,*ur* ov] ,satan is symbolis$2 or ! conte/ itself betwe5 ! two1 :5 ! head & op5 jaws seem to be on ! po9t ( clos+ ov] ! lamb & cross1 z 9 ! pa/oral /aff ( ! ,a%molean museum at ,ox=d4 ,once m1 ! triumph w\ld be %[n :5 our ,"l 9 glory is repres5t$ )9 ! sweep ( ! s]p5t's body4 ,x is also probable t ! m5 twi/$ & tw9$ ) s]p5ts & animals & bran*es ( trees1 9 ! old] examples1 7 meant to typify ! /ruggle aga9/ ! evil influ5ces ( ! _w1 ! fle%1 & ! devil4 ,! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ! _w is ( a class ( ornam5t :i* 0 l>gely introduc$ t[>ds ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & :i* includ$ o!rs ( a l "*3 su* z1 especially1 ! ,crucifixion 7z 9 ! et*+7 or ! ,virg9 /&+ ) ! ,*ild 9 h] arms1 sometimes att5d$ by angels1 or ! adoration ( ! ,magi2 &1 a little lat]1 ! coronation ( ! ,virg92 or ! de/ruction ( ! dragon by ! ar*angel ,mi*ael4 ,! au?or ( ! pap] 9 ! ,mlanges d'ar*ologie speaks ( a pa/oral /aff ( ivory hav+ 8! ,coronation0 s e>ly z ! "t ( ,/4 ,gauti]1 abbot ( ,/4 ,m>t9 de ,pontoise ab\t #ajgj1 to :om x is attribut$4 ,an engrav+ ( x is 9 t publication2 & x is wor?y ( especial notice because1 al?\gh ( wood1 ! h&le is n only enri*$ ) decorations l ! h&le ( ! fan at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 no4 #cgc & ! correspond+ piece 9 ! ,briti% museum1 b ! ornam5ts are plac$ )9 exactly simil> small squ>e comp>tm5ts4 ,sometimes ! volutes ( crozi]s 7 fill$ m]ely ) foliage & twi/$ bran*es2 b ^! 7 m commonly ( copp] or silv]1 = ! fur!r purpose ( be+ enamell$4 ,we mu/ n fail to obs]ve h[ clev]ly 9 _m ( ! m$ival ivory heads ( bi%ops' /affs ! volute is occupi$ by a d\ble subject1 plac$ back to back1 s t "o ( ! two might face ! p z x 0 borne along4 ,^! are g5]ally1 on "o side ! ,crucifixion1 on ! o!r ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,! figures /&+ ^u ! "o side on ei!r h& ( ! cross are c>v$ on ! rev]se z angels 9 att5dance on ! ,virg94 ,?is is well %[n 9 ! woodcut1 f a pa/oral /aff ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 pres]v$ 9 ! ca!dral at ,metz4 ,illu/ration3 ,,crosi] ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,& ,,gilt ,,metal4 ,,fr5* ,,xiv ,,c5t4 7#gieb7 ,w ,m ,mc,g,i,l,l ,illu/ration ,9 remote times ! pa/oral /aff ( a bi%op 0 usually made ( wood2 at lea/1 we may suppose s f ! je/ ( ,guy ,coquille3-- 8,au temps pass du sicle d'or1 ,crosse de bois1 vque d'or2 ,ma9t5ant1 *angeant les lois1 ,crosse d'or1 vque de bois40 ,^! l9es are n1 p]haps1 all 9 je/1 = ! wood5 /aff ( ,/4 ,erh>d exi/s at ,ratisbonne3 & ano!r is 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,ursula at ,cologne4 ,! two ,b5$ict9es 9 _! fam\s travels 7z record$ 9 ! 8,voyage littraire07 come to ,mauri5ne1 & tell u3 8,n\s vmes aussi dans le trsor une croce d'yvoire3 c> les anci5s vques aimoi5t mieux employ] leur arg5t s\lag] les pauvres1 qu'en des ornem5s va9s et sup]flus40 ,!y saw o!r ivory pa/oral /affs be=e _! j\rneys end$3 "o at ,m>seilles1 9 ! abbey ( ,/4 ,victor2 & "o ( ! elev5? c5tury at ,/4 ,sav91 9 ! diocese ( ,t>bes2 ano!r1 wor?y ( special m5tion1 at ,cluny3 8,la croce de ,s4 ,hugue1 qui e/ de bois c\v]t de feuilles d'arg5t1 dont le dessus e/ d'yvoire40 ,9 lat] days ! use ( wood 0 g5]ally limit$ to ! /affs & crozi]s :i* 7 buri$ 9 _! graves ) ar*bi%ops & bi%ops1 abbots & abbesses4 ,a few ( ^! h be5 f\nd3 "o1 v rem>kable & 9 a fair /ate ( pres]vation1 9 ,we/m9/] abbey 9 ! tomb ( bi%op ,lyndwood1 ! great canoni/4 ,?is is n[ 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! op5+ ( ?is tomb1 ) engrav+s1 is pr9t$ 9 "o ( ! volumes ( ! ,ar*ologia4 ,probably ! pa/oral /aff m5tion$ 9 ! w ( ,ri*>d ,m>tyn bi%op ( ,/4 ,david's1 :o di$ ab\t ! ye> #adih1 0 ( wood4 ,he bequea!d to ! *ur* ( ,lyde 8! cross-h$ t ,oliv] ! jo9] made40 ,inscriptions are sometimes f\nd ^u ivory pa/oral /affs4 ,= example on t ( ,/4 ,aunon1 ar*bi%op ( ,cologne3 8,/]ne resi/5tes1 /antes rege1 tolle jac5tes20 o!rs on ^? ( ,/4 ,saturn9 at ,t\l\se1 & ( ,o?o1 bi%op ( ,hilde%eim4 ,! old ,s>um pontificals ord]1 9 ! fir/ rubric = consecrat+ a bi%op1 t ! baculus pa/oralis %\ld be provid$ ) ! o!r necess>y episcopal ornam5ts & ve/m5ts2 & ! /aff is deliv]$ to ! new bi%op 9 ! c\rse ( ! (fice4 8,quum datur baculus dicat ord9ator1 ,accipe baculum pa/oralis (ficii10 etc41 & ! purpose is fur!r allud$ to z ! c]emony proce$s4 ,! symbolism ( ! %ape & ornam5ts ( ! ivory pa/oral /affs is cle>ly expla9$ by ,hugo ,/4 ,victor3 8,episcopo1 dum regim5 ecclesi committitur1 baculus quasi pa/ori traditur1 9 quo tria notantur1 qu significatione non c>5t1 recurvitas1 virga1 cuspis2 significatio hoc c>m9e cont9etur3-- 8,attraho peccantes1 ju/os rogo1 pungo vagantes1 ,(ficio triplici s]vio pontifici40 ,x rema9s only to notice t ! ,pope uses nei!r pa/oral /aff nor crozi]1 nor is x deliv]$ to him at 8 consecration1 if at 8 election he be only a simple prie/4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t he %\ld c>ry "o 9 ! diocese ( ,treves because ,/4 ,pet] gave 8 own to ! fir/ bi%op ( t place1 :]e x is pres]v$ z a fam\s relic4 ,?is tradition is m5tion$ by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as3 8,et ideo 9 dicesi ,trev]5si papa baculum portat1 et non 9 aliis40 ,an engrav+ is giv5 7p4 #ij7 ( ! head ( a pa/oral /aff1 r m ?an five in*es 9 height1 n only unusual & rem>kable 9 /yle b probably ( ,engli% "w4 ,?is 0 pres]v$ 9 ! ,meyrick collection & is c>v$ f bone4 ,! outside ( ! upright "p & ! volute are decorat$ ) pi]c$ "w1 n[ slightly mutilat$4 ,inside ! volute1 :i* t]m9ates ) ! op5 m\? ( a s]p5t1 is a man 9 a grotesque position1 8 feet )9 ! s]p5t's jaws4 ,a ri* int]lac$ scroll decorates bo? sides ( ! head ( ! /aff4 ,illu/ration ,x is p]haps n to be wond]$ at t a ,tau %\ld be1 z we "k x is1 among/ ! mo/ r>e ( ornam5ts or ut5sils 9 ivory :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,! e>ly & total disuse ( !m w\ld h naturally l$ to _! de/ruction & loss1 sometimes wilful1 sometimes accid5tal4 ,b t ! pa/oral /aff 7t is1 ! head ( x7 %\ld be ( almo/ equal r>ity is less easily to be expla9$4 ,few collections possess a good example2 /ill few] m ?an "o4 ,nev]!less1 9 ,engl& alone pa/oral /affs mu/ h be5 almo/ )\t numb] at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & al?\gh _m 7 probably ( metal1 silv] or copp] enamell$ & hav+ "s intr9sic value1 yet an equal or p]haps great] numb] 7 ( ivory4 ,n m]ely bi%ops b ! heads ( religi\s h\ses1 abbots & abbesses1 c>ri$ !m z (ficial tok5s ( _! rank & dignity4 ,we f9d frequ5t m5tion ( !m 9 ! old inv5tories4 ,= example1 at ,/4 ,paul's1 9 #abie2 8,item1 baculus cum cambuca eburnea1 cont95te agnum40 8,item1 baculus de peciis eburneis1 et summitate cry/all9a10 etc4 8,cambuca0 is a ^w (t5 us$ 9 ! middle ages = ! /aff itself2 d]iv$1 p]haps1 f 1 ,i b5d4 ,yet num]\s z !y mu/ once h be51 ! heads ( ,engli% pa/oral /affs are n[ among ! r>e/ ( ivory c>v+s4 ,x is true t no4 #bih at ,s\? ,k5s+ton c1 ) "s k9d ( probability1 be attribut$ to an ,engli% arti/ & may h be5 us$ 9 ,engl&2 b no o!r 9 t collection c be ref]r$ to4 ,! almo/ complete de/ruction 9 ,engl& ( all ecclesia/ical ornam5ts--books1 ve/m5ts1 reliqu>ies1 & ! l--9 ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury w acc\nt = ! extreme r>ity ( !m 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,b x is v difficult to expla9 ! reason :y s few %\ld /ill be f\nd 9 ,france1 or ,g]many1 or ,italy4 ,! bi%op's pa/oral /aff1 aga91 has n dropp$ out ( use l ! pax or ! flabellum4 ,!re are examples ( ! pax 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 nos4 #bdf & #bdg4 ,x 0 us$ 9 ! middle ages at high mass & sometimes at l[ mass also1 = s5d+ ! kiss ( peace f ! celebrant1 fir/ to ! deacon & subdeacon or to ! acolyte1 aft]w>ds to ! p4 ,) reg>d to ! cu/om 9 ,engl&1 prov9cial & diocesan /atutes repeat aga9 & aga9 ! obligation ^u p>i%es to provide ! pax1 8osculatorium0 or 8ass] ad pacem10 equally ) ! prop] ve/m5ts or books or o!r furniture ( ! alt>4 ,! rubrics ( ! ,s>um missal--! use mo/ l>gely obs]v$ 9 ,engl& be=e ! reign ( que5 ,elizabe?--direct ! prie/1 imm$iately aft] ! ,agnus ,dei1 to kiss ! outside rim ( ! *alice 9 :i* 0 ! ,sacr$ ,blood1 & !n to give ! pax to ! deacon :o deliv]$ x 9 regul> ord] to ! m9i/]s & *ori/]s 9 ! sanctu>y4 ,ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! correct text ( ! plays ( ,%akespe>e is ( ! highe/ int]e/ to e ,engli%man2 & w s]ve1 x is hop$1 z "s excuse = a few words by way ( rem>k ^u a passage :]e he alludes to a pax4 ,! un=tunate ,b>dolph came to an untimely end on acc\nt ( x3 8,=tune is ,b>dolph's foe1 & fr[ns on him3 ,= he ha? /ol5 a pax3 & hang'd mu/'a be4 ----,exet] ha? giv5 ! doom ( dea?1 ,= pax ( little price40 ,,h5ry ,v41 act iii41 sc4 #e4 ,until lately ! editors ( ,%akspe>e pr9t$ pyx on ! em5dation 7s-call$7 ( ,!obald4 ,johnson1 :o approv$ ! new read+1 in=ms u 9 8 note ^u ! place t ! two words 8signifi$ ! same ?+40 ,z f> z ,b>dolph 0 conc]n$ x matt]$ n2 he _h 8convey$0 a sacr$ ?+ &1 z ,hol9%$ tells u1 ! k+ w\ld n move on till ! ?ief 0 hang$4 ,! qu>tos ( #afjj & #afjh 7& also ! ?ree folios7 read pax3 8he ha? /olne a packs20 8a packs ( pettie price10 9 bo? editions4 ,%akspe>e v well knew t a pax expos$ or left c>elessly on an alt> 0 mu* m likely to be /ol5 ?an a pyx1 :i* w\ld be tak5 inf9itely great] c>e ( & lock$ up 9 ! tab]nacle4 ,ev5 ,dr4 ,johnson 0 ignorant ^u "s subjects2 & ! way 9 :i* editors 8em5d0 _! au?ors is some?+ m>vell\s4 ,:5 ,%akspe>e liv$1 & :5 ! qu>tos 7 pr9t$1 p _h n =gott5 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! pax & ! pyx2 & _m ev5 c\ld /ill rememb] :5 t n[ my/]i\s ?+1 ! pax1 _h be5 br\ght d[n to !m 9 ! s]vices ( ! ,*ur* f ! alt>4 ,! introduction ( ! pax in/ead ( ! old practice ( mutual salutation 0 n until ab\t ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! e>lie/ m5tion 9 ,engl& occurs 9 a c\ncil held at ,york1 ,a4,d4 #abej1 "u ar*bi%op ,walt] ,gray1 :]e x is call$ 8osculatorium40 ,a l ord] 0 made 9 ! prov9ce ( ,cant]bury1 at ! c\ncil ( ,m]ton1 #acje1 direct+ e p>i% to provide 8tabulas pacis ad osculatorium40 ,sev]al figures ( ! pax are giv5 9 works relat+ to ! subject2 & we f9d x almo/ always repres5t$ z "p ( ! furniture ( an alt> 9 ! woodcut :i* (t5 prec$es ! s]vice = adv5t sunday1 9 ! pr9t$ editions ( ! ,salisbury missal f ab\t #aejj to #aeeg4 ,le ,brun has an int]e/+ disquisition on ! pax3 & he tells u 9 a note t 9 its turn x also fell into disuse1 because ( qu>rels ab\t prec$5cy :i* 7 occasion$ among ! p4 ,le ,brun is borne out by ,*auc] :o1 9 ! ,p>son's ,tale1 speak+ ( ! pr\d man expla9s t 8also he await$ to sit1 or els to g above him 9 ! waie1 or kisse paxe1 or be enc5c$ be=e 8 neighb\r1 etc40 ,occasionally1 paxes 9 ivory h inscriptions ^u !m4 ,"o ( ! ?ree 9 ! ,liv]pool museum has ! appropriate pray]1 8,da pacem ,dom9e 9 diebus no/ris40 ,two exhibit$ at ,norwi* 9 #ahdg _h leg5ds4 ,on "o1 ! ,annunciation1 8,ave ,m>ia20 on ! o!r1 ! ,nativity ) ! %eph]ds1 8,gloria 9 excelsis ,deo1 et 9 t]ra pax1 etc40 ,notices ( ! pax are common 9 mona/ic & *ur* inv5tories4 ,9 ! ,rites ( ,durham abbey we are told t !y possess$ 8a m>vel\s faire booke1 :i* _h ! epi/les & gospels 9 x1 ! :i* booke _h on ! outside ( ! cov]+e ! picture ( our ,savi\r ,*ri/ all ( silv]--:i* booke did s]ve = ! paxe 9 ! masse40 ,a book :i* an abbot ( ,gla/onbury gave to 8 *ur* !re probably answ]$ ! same purpose2 & o!r !n exi/+ examples might be ref]r$ to4 8,unum textum arg5teum et auratum cum crucifixo1 ,m>ia1 et ,johanne1 spl5didus emalatum40 ,a m$ival ,engli% pax made ( wood does n n[1 probably1 exi/3 b !re is a curi\s entry 9 ! inv5tory ( *ur* goods belong+ to ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,pet] ,*eap1 9 ! ye> #adca2 8item iij lyttel pax br$s ( tre40 ,_m su* wood5 paxes are m5tion$ z hav+ be5 burnt 9 ! diocese ( ,l9coln 9 #aeff by ! royal commission]s3 8a paxe ( wood0 at ,ba/on1 ano!r at ,dunsbie1 ano!r at ,haconbie4 ,we h a rem>kable illu/ration ( ! late use ( ! pax 9 ,engl& 9 "o ( ! injunctions issu$ by ! k+'s visitors to ! cl]gy )9 ! dean]y ( ,donca/]1 9 ! fir/ ye> ( ,edw>d ! six?1 & pr9t$ by ,burnet 9 8 ,records3 8,! cl]k 0 ord]$ at ! prop] "t to br+ d[n ! pax1 & /&+ )\t ! *ur* door to say ^! words al\d to ! p4 ,?is is a tok5 ( joyful peace :i* is betwixt ,god & m5's consci5ce1 etc40 ,! 8*ur* door0 "h means ! door 9 ! scre5 :i* 9 ^? days divid$ ! *ancel f ! body ( ! *ur*4 ,z 9 ,*auc]1 :]e he says ( ! wife ( ,ba? 8,husb&s at ! *ur* door _h %e _h five40 ,9 ,engl& be=e ! *ange ( religion 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! m>riage c]emony 0 p]=m$ outside ! *ancel1 sometimes at ! great door ( ! *ur* itself2 & !n all proce$$ t[>ds ! sanctu>y = mass & communion4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful z well z "o ( ! mo/ r>e objects 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection is "p ( ! h&le ( an ecclesia/ical fan1 or flabellum4 ,x is1 probably1 "o half ( a h&le2 & ano!r half1 s ne>ly alike t x is a "q :e!r x does or does n belong to ! same h&le1 is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,! fan is /ill us$ 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ! ea/1 :]e ! purpose & b5efit ( x 9 ord] to keep (f flies f ! sacr$ vessels1 or on acc\nt ( ! heat1 are obvi\s4 ,b 9 ! we/1 except p]haps = "p ( ! ye> 9 ,italy1 ! fan 0 a k9d ( fa%ion &1 hav+ no symbolism1 an unmean+ introduction f ! ori5tal rite4 ,! v>i\s *ur*es ( ,france & ,engl& _h dropp$ ! use ( x be=e ! sixte5? c5tury2 b we h pl5ty ( evid5ce t ! fan 0 commonly adopt$ 9 ! ?irte5? & ! twelf?4 ,illum9ations 9 two ( ! manuscripts 9 ! public libr>y at ,r\5 are v cle> 9 ?is matt]4 ,"o repres5ts ! deacon rais+ ! flabellum1 a circul> fan ) a long h&le1 ov] ! head ( ! prie/ /&+ at ! alt>4 ,9 ! o!r1 ! deacon is 9 ! act ( wav+ ! fan1 hold+ x by a %ort h&le1 ov] ! head ( a bi%op :o is elevat+ ! ,ho/4 ,a v curi\s flabellum1 suppos$ to be ( ! n9? c5tury1 is describ$ by ,du ,somm]>d2 x _h long be5 pres]v$ 9 ! abbey ( ,t\rnus1 s\? ( ,*alons1 & 0 said to be 9 ! possession ( ,m4 ,c>raud ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! fan ( que5 ,!odol9da1 ( purple vellum ) ivory h&le1 giv5 by h] to ! ca!dral ( ,monza is /ill pres]v$ !re4 ,o!r examples are1 p]haps1 /ill exi/+2 two or ?ree are m5tion$ by writ]s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,inv5tories ( *ur*es & mona/]ies include ! fan4 ,9 "o ( ,ami5s1 ab\t #acjj1 is 8flabellum factum de s]ico et auro ad repell5das muscas40 ,ano!r1 ( ! ,sa9te ,*apelle at ,p>is1 #acfc1 gives 8,item1 duo flabella1 vulg>it] nuncupata muscalia1 ornata p]lis40 ,nor ought we to omit "s entries ( ! same k9d 9 ,engli% inv5tories4 ,9 "o1 ( ! ca!dral ( ,salisbury1 9 #acad1 are 8ij flabella de s]ico et p]gam5o40 ,! *ur* ( ,/4 ,fai?1 9 ! crypt ( ,/4 ,paul's1 possess$ among its ornam5ts 9 #abih 8unum muscatorium de p5nis pavonum40 ,/ill m to our pres5t purpose 0 ! fan giv5 to a *antry 9 ! ca!dral ( ,ro*e/]1 by bi%op ,hanno1 9 #acdf2 8unum flabellum de s]ico cum virga eburnea30 or ! 8flabellum de s]ico0 nam$ 9 ! inv5tory ( ! prop]ty ( ,rob]t ,bilton1 bi%op ( ,exet]1 9 #accj4 ,john ,newton1 treasur] ( ,york m9/]1 gave to t *ur* ab\t ! ye> #adjj a spl5did fan1 :i* 0 9 ! treasury !re :5 ev]y?+ ( ! k9d 0 de/roy$ by ! commission]s ( ,edw>d ! six?3 8,manubrium flabelli arg5teum deauratum1 ex dono ,joh4 ,newton1 cum ymag9e episcopi 9 f9e enamel$1 pond' v4 unc40 ,x is n at all improbable t fans 7 us$ 9 ,engl& at mass ev5 9 p>o*ial or c\ntry *ur*es until a late p]iod4 ,! foll[+ entry occurs 9 ! acc\nts ( ! *ur*w>d5s ( ,walb]swick1 9 ,suffolk3 a paym5t 9 ! ye> #adic = 8a bessume ( pekok's fe!rs1 iv4 d40 ,c>e mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 n to set d[n all works 9 ivory :i* are simil> to no4 #cgc z hav+ be5 ! h&les ( ecclesia/ical fans4 ,o!r *ur* c]emonies requir$ ut5sils ( ! same k9d2 ?\gh1 probably1 !y 7 seldom if ev] s pr(usely decorat$ & enri*$ ) c>v+4 ,= example1 holy-wat] spr9kl]s w\ld (t5 h _h ivory h&les2 & "o is specifi$ z belong+ to ,/4 ,paul's 9 #abie1 8asp]sorium de ebore40 ,m ?an ?is2 :ip h&les1 :i* we see on mirror cases & 9 illum9ations1 & o!r l ?+s 7 made & ornam5t$ = secul> purposes4 ,he>ne gives a copy ( a curi\s inscription on ! h&le ( a :ip f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,alban4 ,x commemorates ! gift ( f\r horses to ! monks ( t h\se f ,gilb]t ( ,newca/le4 ,he>ne leaves ! date ( ! h&le d\btful1 b is dispos$ to put x ab\t ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! wife ( ,rog] de ,mortim] ( ,wigmore ca/le 9 ,h]e=d%ire _h1 among o!r valuable ?+s z specifi$ 9 ! inv5tory tak5 9 ,edw>d ! second's reign 7be=e quot$7 8item1 j sc\rgiam de ebore40 ,! et*+ repres5ts a v beautiful reliqu>y1 ,fr5* "w ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 9 ! ,k5s+ton museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tripty*1 ,,s]v+ ,,z ,a ,,reliqu>y ,,9 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,ab\t #adhj4 ,,entire ,,wid? ,,op5$ #aj 94 ,s4,k4,m4 7,no #dccf7 ,d4 ,,jones ,,fecit4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum is ri* 9 ivory /atuettes3 _m ( !m are v beautiful1 al?\gh none is equal to a l>ge sitt+ figure ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,briti% museum or to two or ?ree ( ! f9e/ 9 ! collections at ,p>is4 ,almo/ all ( ^! /atuettes repres5t ! ,virg9 & ,*ild2 naturally1 ?is w\ld be a subject mo/ frequ5tly 9 dem& = private oratories4 ,almo/ always ! ,virg9 be>s ! tok5s ( h] spiritual glory & privileges4 ,to adopt ! words ( a ,fr5* writ] on ano!r class ( ivory c>v+s1 8,la ,vi]ge mre et re9e porte glorieuse les trois signes de son incomp>able gr&eur2 la fleur de sa puret immacule1 le fruit bni qui1 lo9 de fltrir1 a embelli sa fleur2 et la c\ronne qui a consomm ses privilges en c\ronnant ses v]tus40 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! /atuettes ( ! latt] "p ( ! ?irte5? & ?r\gh\t ! f\rte5? c5tury are pure & religi\s 9 /yle1 ) an admirable expression ( love & rev]5ce 9 ! figures1 p]fectly natural4 ,!re are two or ?ree examples 9 ! collections at ,s\? ,k5s+ton & ! ,briti% museum1 :i* may well claim all ! praise :i* ,m4 ,lab>te gives to a gr\p ( ! coronation ( ! ,virg9 & to a ,virg9 & ,*ild1 bo? n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,he speaks ( ! simplicity ( ! composition2 ! ref9em5t & tru?fulness ( ! =ms2 ! appropriate inflexions ( ! body & limbs2 ! imitation ( real life2 ! j expression giv5 to ! faces2 & ! natural developm5t & treatm5t ( ! drap]ies4 ,s1 aga91 we may quote 8 exact words1 & say ( m ?an "o /atuette 9 ^! great collections3 8,quelle puret dans le dess91 quelle noblesse dans la pose1 quelle f9esse dans le modle1 quelle ampleur et quelle lgance dans la disposition de la drap]ie6 ,cette /atuette montr quel haut degr de p]fection tait p>v5ue la sculpture *rti5ne la f9 du quatorzime sicle40 ,! seals atta*$ to m$ival de$s are important illu/rations ( ! mode ( treatm5t ( ! subject ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 s common 9 ! /atuettes ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,take1 = in/ance1 "s 9 ! ,bodleian libr>y4 ,! seal ( ! prior & conv5t ( ,wyrmeseye 7,wormegay7 9 ,norfolk1 atta*$ to a de$ ( #acdg1 has a seat$ ,virg9 suckl+ ! ,*ild1 h] "r h& uplift$4 ,ano!r ( ! conv5t ( ,ca/le ,acre1 #abij1 a simil> subject4 ,ano!r1 ( "o ( ! p>ties to a de$ ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 #acgf1 has ! ,virg9 sitt+1 fac+1 & hold+ ! ,*ild /&+ on h] lap1 a sceptre 9 h] "r h&2 ano!r1 %[+ ! peculi> twi/ ( ! figure 7pres5tly to be notic$7 is on ! seal ( ! conv5t ( ,we/ ,acre1 9 ,norfolk4 ,!re are sev]al also 9 ! ,briti% museum3 especially a v f9e seal ( ,s\?wick ,priory1 e>ly f\rte5? c5tury2 ! ,virg9 sitt+ & suckl+ ! ,infant1 "u a canopy ( a s+le ar*2 ano!r1 ! same subject1 ?irte5? c5tury1 ( ,os5ey abbey2 ano!r1 same date1 ( ,els+ ,spittle priory1 ! ,virg9 /&+ ) ! *ild "u a ri* canopy4 ,sometimes ivory /atuettes are /ill f\nd plac$ "u canopies & ) %utt]s or w+s to fold r\nd !m1 s z ei!r to make %r9es = an oratory or1 portable1 to be c>ri$ by ! own]s on _! j\rneys4 ,m (t51 examples ( ?is k9d are n f9i%$ 9 ! back or are /ill left atta*$ to ! gr\nd ( ! block ( ivory1 c>v$ h[ev] 9 v high relief4 ,! %r9e no4 #dfhf1 is a good specim54 ,:5 s treat$1 ! %utt]s are ri*ly decorat$ on ! inside ) sc5es f ! gospels1 usually relat+ to ! ,nativity or to ! ,passion ( our ,"l4 ,( ?is /yle 7 ! %r9es or tripty*s at ,l9coln1 9 #aecf3 8,a tab]nacle ( two leaves1 gemmels h+es & lock ( silv]1 conta9+ ! coronation ( our ,lady20 & 8item1 a tab]nacle ( ivory /&+ ^u f\r feet ) two leaves1 ) "o image ( our ,lady 9 ! middle1 & ! salutation ( our ,lady 9 "o leaf1 & ! nativity ( our ,lady 9 ! o!r40 ,!re are two rem>kable & important illum9ations 9 ! manuscript psalt] ( que5 ,m>y1 :i* has be5 m ?an once ref]r$ to 7p4 #gd74 ,9 "o is a %r9e1 op51 ) ! decorations usual e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! c5tre is divid$ into two comp>tm5ts4 ,above is ! ,annunciation2 ! ,bless$ ,virg9 & an angel2 ea* "u a po9t$ ar*1 cusp$ & crocket$4 ,bel[1 is ! ,visitation2 ,elizabe? & ! ,virg9 meet "u a gateway & embrace4 ,! w+s are fill$ ) sa9ts1 ea* /&+ "u a po9t$ ar*4 ,?is illum9ation prec$es ! psalt]1 foll[+ ! cal5d>1 aft] ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory4 ,! o!r repres5ts a tripty*3 9 ! middle is ! ,virg9 & ,*ild2 %e is sitt+ & giv+ ,him ! brea/2 two angels /& by1 sw++ c5s]s2 9 ea* w+ is an angel ) a c&le/ick4 ,! m$ival arti/ may h drawn ^! ) examples n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum be=e him z 8 models4 ,figures c>v$ 9 su* deep relief z almo/ to be /atuettes occasionally b v r>ely occur 9 dipty*s4 ,a rem>kable specim5 0 9 ! ,meyrick collection2 an illu/ration is giv5 7p4 #ajj7 ( "o ( ! leaves4 ,probably no dipty* exi/s 9 any collection equall+ ?is 9 ! dep? to :i* ! figures h be5 cut 9 relief4 ,ea* is br\ght out f ! backgr\nd ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,on ! o!r leaf is ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 ,an inscription is incis$ ^u ! book :i* our ,"l holds 9 ,8 left h&3 8,ego su4 dns4 ds tuus ,ic4 xpc4 qi4 creavi r$emi salvabo te40 ,bo? figures h great grace & dignity2 & ! drap]ies are arrang$ ) unusual simplicity & bread?4 ,illu/ration ,!re 0 also ano!r v curi\s mode ( c>v+ /atuettes ( ! ,virg91 ( :i* extant specim5s are extremely r>e1 & none 7x is believ$7 is to be f\nd 9 ,engl&4 ,!re is "o1 well kn[n1 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 engrav$ 9 ! useful book ( ,m4 ,viollet le ,duc1 dictionnaire de mobili] ,franais4 ,x is a sitt+ figure ( our ,lady1 :o is hold+ ! ,infant on h] knees4 ,! front "p is divid$ d[n ! middle & two w+s fall back on h+es1 leav+ a c5trepiece & =m+ a tripty* ( ! usual "*4 ,!re are sc5es f ! ,passion on ! w+s1 & ! ,crucifixion is c>v$ ^u ! c5tre4 ,! date ( ! ivory is e>ly 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b ! fa%ion ( ?is k9d ( /atuette c be trac$ to a mu* e>li] "t4 ,an entry 9 an inv5tory ( ! *ur* ( ,notre ,dame at ,p>is 9 #acdc m5tions "o3 8qudam alia ymago eburnea valde antiqua scisa p] m$ium et cum ymag9ibus sculptis 9 app]tura1 que solebat poni sup] magnum alt>e40 ,occasionally /atuettes are m5tion$ 9 ,engli% inv5tories2 ?us 9 ! inv5tory ( ,rog] de ,mortim]1 a c(f] is includ$1 conta9+ ) o!r ?+s 8j p>vam imag9em beat ,virg9is de ebore40 ,aga91 8a lityll longe box ( yv]y ) an ymage ( our lady ( yv]y !re9 closyd0 is nam$ among ! goods belong+ 9 #aecd to ! guild ( ,/4 ,m>y ! ,virg9 at ,bo/on1 9 ,norfolk4 ,a v f9e /atuette ( ,engli% "w1 m ?an n9e in*es 9 height1 has be5 = "s ye>s on loan to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum2 x belong$ to ! late ,mr4 ,hope ,scott1 & 0 =m]ly ,"l ,%rewsbury's4 ,! ,virg9 is 9 a sitt+ position & holds a l>ge fl[] 9 h] "r h&4 ,%e we>s a cr[n "u :i* is ! veil1 & h] drap]y falls ov] h] knees to ! feet 9 heavy & deeply-c>v$ folds4 ,! face ( ! ,virg9 is v beautiful & full ( affectionate expression2 ! head also ( ! ,*ild is unusually good4 ,! ends ( ! ?rone are c>v$ 9 relief1 ea* ) a figure ( a female sa9t sitt+ "u a bold decorat$ canopy4 ,_m portions ( ! orig9al gild+ rema9 ^u ! hair & on ! bord]s ( ! ve/m5ts4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n /atuette 0 9 ! possession ( ! late ,mr4 ,alex&] ,b>k]2 & ?is is n only rem>kable = its size & height b is graceful 9 design1 & f ! h& ( a good arti/4 ,x is ,fr5*1 probably ( ! ,burgundian s*ool1 & ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! ,bless$ ,virg9 is /&+1 c>ry+ ! ,*ild2 bo? hold 9 "o h& a fruit1 p]haps an apple4 ,! figures are ve/$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! /atuette no4 #dfhe at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & ! drap]ies h gild$ bord]s ) a runn+ scroll2 ! l9+s ( ! robes ( bo? are pa9t$ d>k blue4 ,! hair ( ! ,virg9 & ( ! ,infant has be5 gild$4 ,! p]p5dicul> height ( ?is /atuette is tw5ty-?ree in*es1 & ! extreme wid? at ! base six in*es4 ,! figure is holl[ z f> z ! tusk 0 s1 & slopes to ! left 9 accordance ) its natural gr[?4 ,! height to ! girdle is fifte5 in*es1 & ! ,infant sitt+ on ,8 "m's arm measures sev5 & a half in*es4 ,f ! *9 to ! top ( ! head ( ! ,virg9 is ?ree in*es4 ,! tusk curves inw>ds at ! wai/ two in*es f a l9e fall+ f ! back ( ! head to ! l[e/ "p ( ! drap]y :i* cov]s ! feet4 ,e "o mu/ h rem>k$ ! b5d or twi/ s (t5 giv5 to /atues1 c>v$ f /one1 ( ! ,virg9 & ( female sa9ts :i* fill ! ni*es ( *ur*es & ca!drals built 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,! necessity :i* oblig$ ! workman 9 ivory to foll[ ! natural =m ( ! tusk 9 all /atuettes ( su* a size1 or ( ne>ly s great a size1 z t :i* has be5 j describ$1 c]ta9ly did n press ^u sculptors ^: mat]ial 0 /one & comp>atively unlimit$4 ,b ! position _h p]haps become1 z x 71 a fa%ion1 & ! /yle conv5tional & pleas+ to eyes accu/om$ daily to see /atues s lean+ aside 9 _! own oratories4 ,! same slope or twi/ is to be se5 (t5 9 ! figure ( ! ,virg9 9 ! c5tre ( ! volute ( ! head ( a pa/oral /aff2 :]e1 s f> z abundance ( mat]ial 0 conc]n$1 !re 0 n ! lea/ necessity = any deviation f an upright into an unnatural attitude4 ,aga91 9 /atuettes 9 silv] or o!r metal3 z1 = example1 9 ! silv] ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum2 & 9 ano!r1 also silv]1 /&+ on ! cov] ( an oblong reliqu>y1 & said to repres5t ,jeanne d',evreux1 que5 ( ,france4 ,?is la/ is among ! collections ( ! ,l\vre4 ,be=e we pass on to ano!r "q1 x is impossible n to make a few rem>ks ^u "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & affect+ ( all ! works 9 ivory :i* h come d[n to u f m$ival times4 ,?is is a piece1 small 9 size & c>v$ ^u bo? sides1 :i* has probably be5 9 ! volute ( a bi%op's pa/oral /aff4 ,on "o side is a gr\p ( our ,"l 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ge?semane1 pray+ 9 ,8 agony1 & ) ! apo/les ly+ asleep bel[4 ,on ! o!r is a second gr\p1 a ,piet2 ! bless$ ,virg9 seat$ & hold+ ! dead body ( our ,"l ^u h] lap4 ,a woodcut is giv5 ( ?is important sculpture4 ,p]haps !re are few works ( ,mi*ael ,angelo :i* h be5 m prais$1 or :i* h excit$ m en?usiasm ?an 8 gr\p ( ! same subject 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,we w li/5 = a m9ute to two or ?ree writ]s :o h especially drawn att5tion to 8 fam\s ,piet4 ,illu/ration ,"o says3 8,! celebrat$ ,piet n[ adorns ! fir/ "r-h& *apel on ent]+ ! great door ( ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,x consi/s ( two figures1 ! ,virg9 ,"m1 seat$ 9 a dignifi$ attitude1 & support+ on h] knees a dead ,*ri/1 ,:om %e reg>ds ) inexpressible rev]5ce1 t5d]ness1 & grief4444 ,its t\*+ pa?os1 its dignifi$ conception1 & its ma/]ly execution1 are inconte/able40 ,a ,fr5* critic writes3 8,cette ,piet fut la premire uvre de ,mi*el ,ange qui l'leva au premi] rang et apprit son nom t\s les *os du monde civilis20 & ! same au?or fur!r speaks ( ! gr\p z hav+ be5 8! conception0 ( ! arti/1 & 8a creation0 ( 8 imag9ation4 ,ano!r writes3 8,:5 ?is gr\p 0 f9i%$ x 0 univ]sally admir$10 & goes on to /ate t 8"o ( ! great sculptors ( ! pres5t day1 our fell[-c\ntryman ,gibson1 express$ himself 9 t]ms ( high admiration40 ,once m2 a writ] ^u ! ,tuscan s*ool3 8,9 ?is admirable gr\p ! dead body ( our ,"l lies ^u ! lap ( ! ,madonna1 :ile h] left h& is half op5$ & slightly turn$ back1 ) a ge/ure :i* c>ries out ! pity+ expression ( h] face4 ,! ,*ri/ %[s a purity ( /yle & deep feel+1 comb9$ ) a gr&eur :i* ,mi*el ,angelo drew f himself alone40 ,! same writ] tells u a few pages be=e3 8,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o 0 an enemy to tradition 9 art1 z well z to a positive imitation ( nature1 took a pa? diametrically oppos$ to t foll[$ by ! conv5tionali/s1 ! reali/s1 & ! wor%ipp]s ( ! antique40 ,we entirely diss5t f ! unmeasur$ laudation "h giv5 to ! fam\s /atue at ,/4 ,pet]'s4 ,let ! praise ( orig9ality ( conception1 z well z ( m]it ( execution 7s f> z ! size ( 8 mat]ial w\ld p]mit7 be giv5 :]e x is due1 to ! sculptor ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :o di$ a hundr$ ye>s be=e ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 born4 ,nay1 m ?an ?is2 an unprejudic$ comp>ison w %[ t :]e ! "w ( ! great ,italian diff]s f ! e>li] ,piet1 x diff]s = ! worse4 ,9 ! ivory ! position ( ! head & ! cold /iffness ( ! limbs are m dea?-l & m solemn ?an 9 ! m>ble4 ,9 ! ivory also ! ,"m seems to be ?9k+ m ( ! pa/ pa9s & suff]+s ( h] ,div9e ,son ?an ( h] own sorr[s3 t5d]ly %e supports ! ,savi\r's head ) h] "r h&1 &1 z x 71 /ill cl+s to ,him & draws ,him to h] ) ! o!r2 n1 z 9 ! m>ble at ,rome1 /ret*+ out & op5+ h] h& z if to %[ h] mis]y & ! t]rible ext5t ( h] b]eavem5t4 ,! m$ival arti/ rememb]$ t ! sad cry ( ! prophet 9 ! book ( ,lam5tations ref]r$ n to ,8 "m b to ,*ri/3 8,0 !re ev] any sorr[ l unto my sorr[80 ,x 0 a common practice 9 ! middle ages to col\r /atuettes &1 inde$1 also o!r ?+s1 su* z tripty*s1 dipty*s1 & ! cov]s ( writ+-tablets4 ,traces ( ?is col\r+ are /ill visible on _m examples4 ,! robes & ve/m5ts 7 pa9t$ r$ or blue1 ) bord]s ( a diff]5t col\r & (t5 diap]$ ) patt]ns 9 gold4 ,! int]e/+ illu/ration 7opposite7 ( a pa9t] at "w ^u a /atuette1 an illum9ation 9 a ,fr5* manuscript ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 is copi$ f ,m4 ,lab>te's "w on ! indu/rial arts4 ,illu/ration ,mod]n ta/e runs g5]ally1 ) reg>d to ?is "q1 9 opposition to ! old2 b we are n1 !re=e1 hurri$ly to decide aga9/ col\r z altoge!r b>b>\s or improp]4 ,sculpture1 p ?\ght 9 =m] days1 ga9$ an improv$ effect by su* additional help1 & c]ta9ly ! use ( col\r 0 an attempt to give a m real appe>ance & m true to nature4 ,! c>v]s 9 ivory c\ld moreov] 7if !y _h kn[n ! fact7 h appeal$ to ! be/ p]iod ( ! ,greek s*ool2 to ! works ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,! *ryselephant9e /atues 9 ! temples ( ,a!ns & ,olympia _h ! same "* ( ornam5t & v>iety ( mat]ial4 ,writ]s on art :o hold t ! legitimate prov9ce ( sculpture is simply to repres5t by =m are incl9$ to condemn any addition ( col\r z int]f]+ ) t def9ition4 ,!y say t if sculpture be pa9t$ x is a mixture ( two arts3 z x is also if a picture be reliev$ or rais$ 9 any "p2 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,byzant9e pictures by ,italian pa9t]s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,b x by no means foll[s t su* a mixture is necess>ily false 9 ta/e2 r x mu/ be left to ! judgm5t & decision ( ! "t & ( ! c\ntry = :i* ! sculptures are made4 ,a rec5t contributor to an art p]iodical1 writ+ ( imitation ( nature 9 /atues by col\r1 dogmatises )\t d\bt or hesitation & ev5 goes s f> z to say t su* /atues are 8n to be reg>d$ z sculpture4 ,nor c ^? repres5tations ( ! human =m :i* are made to c\nt]feit life itself1 & dress$ x may be 9 ! actual attire ( ! p]son p\rtray$1 be spok5 ( z sculpture4 ,reg>d$ f ! sculptor's po9t ( view1 su* productions c only be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( tricks1 or1 at ! be/1 ( clev] =g]ies ( nature40 ,criticism su* z ?is seems to want ! "r quality ( discretion4 ,al?\gh x is q true t ! works ( ! ,greek sculptors1 dur+ ! two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s ( ! greate/ p]fection to :i* ! art ( sculpture has ev] rea*$1 are n to be prais$ z ! greate/ & mo/ successful ( all /atues because !y 7 col\r$ or o!rwise made to imitate reality2 yet ! int5tion 0 good1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! univ]sal dem& & feel+ ( a p wond]fully fitt$ by nature1 education1 & exp]i5ce to come to a "r conclusion on ! matt]4 ,we are unaccu/om$ 9 our own days to /atues except ^? :i*1 :e!r drap$ or undrap$1 are left 9 ! orig9al pure :it5ess ( ! ivory or m>ble2 we ?9k t no?+ is to be s mu* approv$ z :at we call simplicity4 ,we may be "r1 n only z to :at we hold to be pleas+ to ourselves1 b z to :at ought to be pleas+ to & held to be correct by e "o & 9 e age4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may n be "r aft] all2 & a little m caution & hesitation might be advisable be=e we condemn1 m]ely z a matt] ( ab/ract ta/e1 a practice :i* seems to h recomm5d$ itself to almo/ e p ( ! _w1 z 9 "s way 9 accordance ) ! common s5tim5t ( humanity itself2 :i* 0 accept$ by highly civilis$ nations f ! days ( ! ,egyptian & ,assyrian k+s d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian ra2 & :i* c appeal 9 its support to arti/s ^: works h ev] be5 ackn[l$g$ to be ! ma/]pieces ( ! _w4 ,x has j be5 said t ! great works ( ,phidias & 8 pupils are n to be prais$ m]ely because !y 7 col\r$ nor because no mode ( enri*m5t1 gold or jewels or ivory or enamell+1 0 grudg$ z be+ too co/ly 9 ord] to adorn !m4 ,s1 aga91 ! use ( col\rs is n to be condemn$ because ! /atues ( "s v anci5t nations are co>se & rude1 or because ! idols ( ! old ,mexicans or ( ! savages ( ,africa & ,new ,zeal& are made by x ev5 m hide\s ?an !y w\ld o!rwise be4 ,! wide-spread obs]vance ( ! practice is ! po9t to be consid]$2 & ! fact t x re/s ^u "s deep-seat$ & univ]sal feel+ 9 ! m9d ( all m51 ( all c\ntries1 & ( almo/ e age4 ,reg>d$ z a mode ( h&+ d[n to future g5]ations ! memory ( mu* :i* w\ld h be5 lo/ = want ( x1 :o c compla9 ( ! c>eful col\r+ ( m$ival tombs & monum5ts8 ,we are indebt$ to x = exact details ( dresses & jewelry & arm\r3 ab\t :i* !re c !re=e be no long] any dispute1 & :i* give ! answ] at once to _m difficulties & _m int]e/+ subjects ( inquiry4 ,n[adays we %\ld almo/ %udd] at a /atue pa9t$ & col\r$ to imitate ! musl9s & silks worn 9 ,hyde ,p>k by wom51 & ! v>i\s coats & tr[s]s ( ! m54 ,b five hundr$ ye>s h5ce "s ( our desc5dants w\ld be grateful if1 9 spite ( our own prejudices1 we _h giv5 !m ev5 "o /atue among ! _m ( our ,que5 or ( ! pr9ce ,consort1 n left 9 ! b>e uncol\r$ sil5ce ( ! m>ble4 ,crucifixes 9 ivory ( ! middle ages are extremely r>e2 !y may rema9 /ill 9 use 9 "s *ur*es abroad1 b :e!r abroad or at home !y are seldom f\nd 9 ! collection ( any museum4 ,!re is "o1 al?\gh a fragm5t yet v beautiful1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection3 no4 #bab4 ,! figure is repres5t$ aft] dea?2 b ! /ill suff]+ expression ( ! droop+ head1 ! /ra9$ muscles across ! brea/ %[+ ! ribs1 &1 z x 71 ! /ruggle ( ! legs contract$ 9 ! la/ agony1 are admirably giv54 ,! eyes are clos$1 ! =ehead drawn ) pa91 ! m\? op54 ,! body is clo!d ) a g>m5t cross$ 9 :ite folds ov] ! lo9s & fall+ to ! knees4 ,x is greatly to be regrett$ t ?is beautiful figure has be5 s mutilat$4 ,! conception ( ! arti/ is full ( true feel+ & devotion1 & 8 treatm5t ( ! subject an excell5t example ( ! "r union ( conv5tionality ) en\gh ( :at is real4 ,z ) reg>d to ! heads ( pa/oral /affs1 s also x is n easy to say :y m$ival crucifixes %\ld be s uncommon3 =1 al?\gh !re mu/ h be5 hundr$s wilfully de/roy$ & brok5 9 ,engl& 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! same reason does n apply to o!r c\ntries1 :]e ! dem& & ! supply bo? = ! *ur*es & = private use mu/ h be5 cont9ual & almo/ )\t limit4 ,!re are num]\s records /ill rema9+ 9 our public (fices & 9 ! munim5t-rooms ( _m dioceses1 :i* leave u 9 no d\bt z to ! ext5t & complet5ess ( ! de/ruction ( ! furniture & goods ( ,engli% *ur*es & ca!drals f ! ye> #aeej to #aegj4 ,9 ! v valuable s]ies ( returns made by ! commission]s = ! c\nty ( ,l9coln1 ! li/s ( items are g5]ally summ$ up1 8) ! re/ ( ! tra% & tromp]ie w* app]taynid to ! popi% s]vice40 ,ev5 ) respect to objects = :i* "o w\ld h suppos$ t "s slight rev]5ce w\ld h /ill be5 felt1 su* z crucifixes & alt>s1 we h entries l ! foll[+ 9 "o p>i% alone3 8,item ij alt> /ones2 :i* is defacid & layd 9 high waies & s>ve? z bridges = %eepe & cattall to g on20 9 ano!r1 8,item1 iij alt> /ones brok5 & defacid1 ?one ! "o solde vnto ,?omas ,woodcr(t1 :o turn$ x to a ce/ron bottom1 ?o!r ab\te ! m5d+ ( ! *ur* wall & ! ?irde sett 9 a fire h]!40 ,an unusually good & l>ge ivory crucifix is pres]v$ 9 ! ,ca?olic *apel 9 ,spani% ,place1 ,london4 ,x 0 giv5 to ! *apel ab\t ?irty ye>s ago b = "s "t reta9$ by ! late c>d9al ,wiseman1 by ^: p]mission x 0 %[n 9 ! ,great ,exhibition ( #ahea4 ,! date is1 p]haps1 late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 ,spani% "w2 ab\t a foot 9 height2 & ! arms ( ! susp5d$ body are less ext5d$ ?an 9 ! m$ival times4 ,! figure is col\r$ ) great c>e to imitate life2 blood fl[s f ! w\nds1 & ! /reams :]e !y meet are jewell$ ) small rubies4 ,! fle% ( ! knees is brok5 & mangl$4 ,excell5t z ?is crucifix is z a m]e "w ( art1 x utt]ly fails 9 call+ =? expression ( pure religi\s s5tim5t4 ,! reality ( treatm5t 9 ! figure ( our dy+ ,"l is too ne> tru?1 & is at ! same "t untrue4 ,s f> z x has left ! old type x has lo/ p[] to influ5ce devotion4 ,! e>li] conv5tional crucifix1 :i* left all to ! imag9ation & nev] aim$ at p]fectly repres5t+ a man dy+ on a cross1 0 immeasurably m fitt+ & m rev]5tial4 ,! dipty*s ( ! middle ages = public & private devotion h be5 already spok5 (4 ,b besides ^!1 two leaves occur n unfrequ5tly :i* are /rictly dipty*s & 7 us$ = ! same purpose z ! pugill>es 9 ! old days ( imp]ial ,rome4 ,s+le plaques are v common1 & n only are !y usually small 9 size b may almo/ always be di/+ui%$ f dipty*s ( ! religi\s class by ! =m ( ! rev]se or inside page ( ea* leaf4 ,?is has be5 holl[$ out to a slight dep?1 leav+ a n>r[ rais$ rim or bord]2 & wax 0 spread ov] ! depress$ portion1 = writ+ ^u ) a po9tel or /ylus2 ! o!r end ( :i* 0 flatt5$ to erase )4 ,we ?us f9d br\ght d[n ?r\gh fifte5 hundr$ ye>s ! practice ( ! days ( ,ovid3 8,et m$itata manu componit v]ba trem5ti2 ,dextra t5et f]rum1 vacuam t5et alt]a c]am4 ,incipit1 et dubitat3 scribit1 damnatque tabellas3 ,et notat1 et delet1 etc40 ,! subjects sculptur$ on ! outside ( dipty*s ( ?is k9d g5]ally also give ano!r & a suffici5t di/9ction1 be+ p]haps "s dome/ic sc5e or a /ory f a romance1 z ^u combs or mirror cases4 ,b ?is is n always s3 = writ+-tablets occasionally are f\nd ) subjects tak5 f ! ,holy ,scriptures4 ,a few examples ( ^! writ+-tablets h be5 pres]v$ :i* h sev]al leaves ( ivory inside2 al?\gh 9 mo/ in/ances ! pla9 leaves h be5 lo/ & ! cov]s alone rema94 ,a v f9e & complete set1 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ) f\r inn] leaves is engrav$ by ,montfaucon 79 8 great "w ,l',antiquit explique7 f 8 own collection1 :i* _h sc5es c>v$ on x f ! romance ( ,alex&]4 ,montfaucon describes !m c>efully3 8,notre cab9et en a de cette d]nire matire 7d'ivoire71 dont les deux c\v]tures out des bas-reliefs d'un gt b>b>e4 ,les bords des tabletes sont relevez de t\s les ctez3 ces bords relevez laiss5t un petit creux p\r y plac] une cire prp>e1 laquelle levant un peu le page r5doit une face unie et de niveau avec les bords2 on appelloit ces tabletes tabell c]at4 ,on gravoit sur cette cire prp>e ce qu'on v\loit crire1 et l'on effaoit ce qu'on avoit ecrit1 ou en y passant =tem5t dessus l'autre ct du /yle1 qu& la matire toit plus gluante4 ,c'e/ ce que les anci5s appelloi5t /ylum v]t]e1 etc40 ,judg+ f ! engrav+ 9 ,montfaucon's own book1 x w\ld seem t ^! tablets 7 ! "w ( a good arti/ & ( ! be/ "t ( t p>ticul> /yle2 & t x 0 h>d to speak ( !m z 8d'un gt b>b>e40 ,ivory writ+-tablets 7 us$ 9 ! middle ages 9 ,engl& by p ( all ranks1 & are m5tion$ 9 inv5tories & wills4 ,*auc] tells u ( ! prea*+ fri>'s companion3 8,8 felaw _h a /aff tipp$ ) horn1 ,a pair ( tables all ( ivory1 ,& a po9tel ypoli%$ feti%ly1 ,& wrote alway ! names1 z he /ood ,( alle folk t gaue hem any good-- --,or geve u ( y\r braun1 if ye h any1 ,a dagon ( y\r blanket1 leve dame1 ,our su/] d]e1 lo "h ,i write y\r "n40 ,a *>act]i/ic illu/ration occurs 9 ,%akespe>e1 9 ! second "p ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! f\r?4 ,! ar*bi%op ( ,york says3 8 444 ! k+ is we>y ,( da9ty & su* pick+ grievances2 ,& !re=e w he wipe 8 tables clean1 ,& keep no tell-tale to 8 memory40 ,x is to be obs]v$ t 9 ^! quotations bo? ,*auc] & ,%akespe>e call ^! dipty*s by ! "n 8tables10 a ^w :i* _h sev]al mean+s =m]ly 9 ,engl&4 ,we h se5 already t ! game ( draughts 0 s call$1 & x 0 also frequ5tly appli$ 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies to c>v+s 9 alaba/] or to pa9t+s on bo>ds 9 *ur*es4 ,9 #adeh money 0 bequea!d to ! *ur* ( ,dunwi* 9 ,suffolk1 8ad novam tabulam de alaba/ro de hi/oria sanct ,m>g>et10 & a 8table ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,ynde0 0 left 9 #aeaj by ,rob]t ,cl]k to ,batfield *ur*1 9 ,norfolk4 ,an int]e/+ pap] 9 ! ,ar*ologia1 read be=e ! ,society ( antiqu>ies 9 #ahdc by ,mr4 ,alb]t ,way1 on ! fam\s gold5 ,tabula ( ,basle may also be ref]r$ to4 ,! writ] concludes by express+ 8 wi% t su* a monum5t1 !n 9 private h&s1 8c\ld be deposit$ 9 a national collection10 & he compla9s t 8,engl& alone1 ( all ! c\ntries ( we/]n ,europe1 possesses no national collection :i* exhibits a s]ies ( specim5s illu/rative ( ! "* & progress ( ! arts ( ! middle ages1 & ( ! ta/e & usages ( our ance/ors40 ,happily1 ?is is a compla9t :i* _c be made n[4 ,*aplets ( ivory beads = private devotion 7 v common 9 ! middle ages1 & are (t5 m5tion$ 9 lett]s & o!r docum5ts4 ,"s good examples /ill exi/ 9 v>i\s collections4 ,! woodcut on ! next page repres5ts a set1 & a girdle ) ivory clasps1 9 ! collection ( ,m4 ,a*ille ,jub9al4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,*aplet ,,( ,,beads ,,& ,,girdle ,,( ,,an ,,abbess3 ,,sixte5? ,,c5tury4 ,ano!r class ( small works 9 ivory 0 to be f\nd 9 ,engl& f an e>ly p]iod1 namely seals4 ,"s h be5 pres]v$4 ,"o is 9 ! ,a%molean at ,ox=d2 oval1 ( ! ar*deaconry ( ,m]ione?1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury2 ano!r1 walrus ivory1 ( ! abbey ( ,/4 ,alban is 9 ! ,briti% museum4 ,rob]t ,fabyan ! *ronicl]1 9 8 w dat$ #aeaa leaves to "o ( 8 sons 8t o!r signet ( gold1 ) my pun*eon ( ivory & silv]40 ,illu/ration ,!re are sev]al v f9e horns 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection1 m especially no4 #gied1 engrav$ 9 ! accompany+ woodcut1 & :i* is unequall$ by any o!r ( its k9d kn[n4 ,! /yle & workman%ip are r>e2 "o1 probably by ! same h&1 0 lately 9 ! possession ( a noble ,engli% family4 ,! horns :i* we f9d frequ5tly m5tion$ 9 m$ival wills & inv5tories are hunt+ horns4 ,= example1 ,sir ,john de ,foxle 9 #acgh leaves to ! k+ 8 great bugle horn1 ornam5t$ ) gold4 8,! ivory horn ( ,/4 ,oswald ! k+0 0 pres]v$ at ,durham 9 ! ye> #achc4 ,ne> ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 7 two ivory horns kept 9 ! treasury ( ,/4 ,paul's3 8,item1 cornu eburneum gravatum be/iis et avibus1 magnum4 ,item1 aliud cornu eburneum planum et p>vum40 ,a common t]m anci5tly 9 ,engl& = ^! horns 0 8olifant10 f ! "n !n usually giv5 to ! elephant2 = in/ance1 ! amus+ /ory 9 ! old life ( ,/4 ,clem5t 9 ,caxton's ,gold5 ,leg5d3 8,:5 ,b>nabe came to ,rome pre*ynge ye fay? ( ,jesu ,*ri/1 ! philosoph]s mock$ hym & despys$ hys pr$icacyon & 9 scorne put to hym ?is que/yon say5ge1 ,:at is ye cause ye culex :y*e is a lytell bee/ ha? vj4 feet & two wynges & an olyphaunte :y*e ys a grete bee/ ha? b f\re feete & no wynges10 etc4 ,/4 ,b>nabas repli$ t x 0 a fooli% "q & ne$$ no answ]--! m especially z !y knew n ! ,creator & mu/ necess>ily1 !re=e1 be ignorant ab\t 8 creatures4 ,!re is only "o horn at ,s\? ,k5s+ton :i* c be reg>d$ z hav+ be5 a t5ure horn4 ,x is possible t no4 #giec 7see ! et*+7 may h be5 a horn ( t k9d4 ,sev]al ( ^! t5ure horns are /ill pres]v$ 9 ,engl& & 7 %[n 9 ! loan exhibition ( #ahfb4 ,among !m ! mo/ fam\s are ! horn ( ,ulphus1 9 ! treasury at ,york2 ! horns giv5 by ,h5ry ! fir/ to ! ca!dral at ,c>lisle2 & ! ,pusey horn4 ,! ivory hunt+ horn 7s-call$7 ( ,*>lemagne is kept at ,aix la ,*apelle2 & ano!r said to h be5 ,rol&'s 9 ! ca!dral at ,t\l\se4 ,x w be obs]v$ by ^? :o exam9e ! catalogue ( ! ivories 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum t m are attribut$ to ! f\rte5? c5tury ?an to any o!r1 & ?is w\ld be correct ) reg>d also to ! collection 9 ! ,briti% museum1 or at ,liv]pool1 or abroad4 ,sculpture 9 ivory 0 v g5]al & greatly patronis$ at t "t2 &1 ) ! exception ( a v few examples ( ,roman art "u ! emp]ors1 !re are no c>v+s exi/+ :i* equal ^? made f ab\t ! ye> #abhj to #acej1 ei!r 9 tru? & gracefulness ( design or 9 excell5ce ( workman%ip4 ,we f9d also 9 c>v+s ( t p]iod ! be/ examples ( ! v beautiful op5 or pi]c$ "w :i* has be5 already spok5 (3 & an illu/ration has be=e be5 giv5 7p4 #fd7 f a s]ies ( small panels 9 ! ,meyrick collection4 ,no apology w be requir$ = add+ "h two m woodcuts f ivories ( ! same "*4 ,bo? are engrav$ ( ! exact size ( ! orig9als4 ,"o ( ^! conta9s two comp>tm5ts f ! spl5did plaque1 no4 #cff1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton collection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,horn ,,or ,,oliphant4 ,,ivory4 ,,byzant9e4 #aa,,? ,,c5t4 #be ,,94 ,,diam4 #e ,,94 7,,soltik(f ,,coll47 ,s4 ,k4 ,m4 7,no #giec4-'fb47 ,a4 ,a4 ,,bradbury4 ,,fecit4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! o!r is a complete r[ f a book cov] 9 ! ,briti% museum3 divid$ into ?irty comp>tm5ts1 ea* an in* by ?ree qu>t]s ( an in*4 ,x is impossible 9 a woodcut to d m ?an attempt to give "s idea ( ! m>vell\s delicacy & excell5ce ( ! panel itself1 :i* is beyond all comp>ison ! v f9e/ ivory exi/+ ( its peculi> s*ool4 ,small1 ev5 m9ute1 z ! divisions are1 !y pla9ly tell ! /ory :i* ea* is int5d$ to convey2 al?\gh 9 "s ( !m !re are z _m z sev5 or eight figures1 f9i%$ ) admirable di/9ctness & p]fection4 ,! subjects 9 ?is r[ are ! (f]+ ( ,/4 ,joa*im2 8 dep>ture into ! des]t2 ! message ( ! angel to ,/4 ,joa*im2 ! message to ,/4 ,anne2 ! meet+ ( ,/4 ,joa*im & ,/4 ,anne at ! gate2 & ! bir? ( ! ,bless$ ,virg94 ,! et*+ repres5ts "s beautiful panels 9 op5 "w1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,no?+ is m difficult ?an ! det]m9ation ( ! p>ticul> c\ntry 9 :i* _m ( ! ivories ( m$ival times 7 c>v$4 ,all ackn[l$ge ?is1 & !y ! mo/ readily :o h _h ! wide/ exp]i5ce & ! be/ opportunities ( exam9ation4 ,x has long be5 a cu/om to set d[n almo/ e ivory ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies z ,flemi% or ,fr5*1 leav+ b few except ! ,italian m>riage caskets to ! cr$it ( o!r c\ntries4 ,b 7n to speak ( ,g]many7 !re c be no "q t c>v+s 9 ivory 7 !n mu* s\ght aft] & b\ght 9 ,engl&1 & t !re mu/ h be5 num]\s ,engli% arti/s4 ,two unque/ionable examples ( ! ,engli% s*ool ( ! f\rte5? c5tury are 9 ! ,briti% museum3 a tripty* :i* 0 c>v$ = ,gr&ison1 bi%op ( ,exet]2 & "o leaf ( a dipty* :i* 0 also made = ! same great prelate1 & /ill reta9s slight traces ( ! pa9t+ ( 8 coat ( arms4 ,a woodcut is giv5 7p4 #aag7 ( ! s+le leaf4 ,g5]ally1 we may agree ) ,sir ,digby ,wyatt1 :o says 9 ! v int]e/+ & able lecture to :i* ref]5ce has be5 already made 7p4 #e71 t 8a peculi> nez retr\ss1 a dimpl$1 p\t+1 & yet smil+ m\?1 a g5]al g5tillesse ( treatm5t1 & a brilliant yet rapid mode ( te*nical execution1 /amp ! ,fr5* "w ) an almo/ unmi/akable "*4 ,to ! ,engli% /yle may be assign$ a position midway betwe5 ! ,fr5* & ! second ,italian mann]4 ,x does n exhibit ! gaiety & t5d]ness ( ! =m]1 nor has x q ! gr&eur ( ! latt]1 b x is m>k$ by a sob] e>ne/ness ( expression 9 s]i\s action :i* nei!r ( ^? /yles possesses40 ,we may fur!r obs]ve t ! ,engli% s*ool _h less ( ! monotony & mann]ism :i* are ! d]ogatory features ( cont95tal examples ( ! same p]iod2 9 fact1 ,engli% go?ic ivories h bo? a purity & a v>iety ( treatm5t on a p> ) ! admirable *>act]i/ics ( contempor>y ar*itecture 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plaques ,,or ,,panels ,,( ,a ,,casket1 ,,"o ,a ,,fragm5t1 ,,ivory1 ,,fr5*1 #ad? ,,c5t4 ,s4,k4,m 7,n'#bhd'cdb'fg7 ,f4 ,a4 ,,slocombe ,,fecit4 ,illu/ration ,! names ( m$ival arti/s 9 ivory are almo/ entirely unkn[n4 ,sir ,digby ,wyatt & ,lab>te say t !y h be5 able to meet ) ! "n ( "o only1 t ( ,jean ,lebraelli]1 :o 0 c>v] to ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 & is m5tion$ 9 ! inv5tory ( t mon>* z hav+ execut$ 8deux grans tableaux d'yvoire des troys ,m>ies40 ,we may v5ture to add ! "n ( "o o!r1 ! c>v] ( a pax 9 ! ,briti% museum1 ,jehan ,nicolle2 ^: "w1 unlike ! 8tables0 ( ,lebraelli]1 =tunately /ill exi/s4 ,8 "n is incis$ ^u ! pax 9 capital lett]s2 !re is also a %ield1 be>+ a hamm] beh9d two cross$ swords4 ,v few ,spani% ivories ( ! middle ages c be ref]r$ to1 & ^? :i* we possess h a v di/9ct ,moori% or ,arabic "* ab\t !m4 ,!y are g5]ally caskets or boxes 7see ! et*+71 & "s are /ill to be f\nd 9 ! treasuries ( *ur*es 9 ,spa94 ,/rangely en\gh1 x is said t !re are m rema9+ 9 ! nor? & nor?-we/ ( ,spa91 :]e ! ,moors did n obta9 any p]man5t foot+1 ?an 9 ! s\?2 9 ,&alusia or ,granada4 ,probably ?is is ow+ n only to ! circum/ance t :5 tak5 to o!r p>ts ( ! c\ntry !y 7 reg>d$ z valuable curiosities1 b also m especially because ( ! natural prejudice 9 ! s\? aga9/ keep+ works ( ,moori% art & manufacture z reliqu>ies or pyxes1 or = any religi\s use4 ,9 ! nor? ( ,spa9 !re seems to h be5 no ob/acle 9 ! way ( enclos+ relics ( a ,*ri/ian sa9t 9 c(f]s ^u :i* ,arabic inscriptions _h be5 c>v$ 9 hon\r ( ,allah & 8 prophet4 ,b we mu/ rememb] t ^! inscriptions 7 9 an unkn[n language4 ,"s ( ! anci5t ,spani% ivories are z old z ! days ( ! ,cordovan caliphs 9 ! n9? & t5? c5turies2 a fact :i* we are n[ able to decide f ! ,arabic inscriptions4 ,b :]e su* evid5ce is want+ !re is sc>cely any guide to direct u 9 fix+ ! date3 ! ivories may h be5 c>v$ at almo/ any "t d[n to ! conque/ ( ,granada by ,f]d9& & ,isabella4 ,moori% art1 l ! ,egyptian or ,*9ese1 *ang$ b little f age to age2 ! old process & ! old patt]ns 7 h&$ d[n1 unalt]$1 f fa!r to son2 & ivory c>v+s may h be5 made 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,spa9 by ,moori% workm5 z late ev5 z ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x c sc>cely be out ( place1 be=e we end1 to add "o ^w ( w>n+ ) reg>d to =g]ies ( ivory c>v+s4 ,^! are sometimes s well done t ev5 exp]i5c$ p]sons might be deceiv$4 ,g5]ally1 ! p]iod *os5 = imitations is :at is commonly call$ ! ,c>lov+ian1 or a little e>li]2 = n only are g5u9e pieces r>e & valuable1 b be+ (t5 co>se & rude 9 /yle are m easily to be execut$4 ,=g]ies ( consul> dipty*s h be5 frequ5tly made2 & ) reg>d to "o ( ^! x is well to place on record ! foll[+ facts :i* h be5 k9dly suppli$ by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,franks1 ( ! ,briti% museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>v$ ,,ivory ,,box1 ,,) ,,arabic ,,inscription4 ,,hispano-,,moresco4 ,h #c ,,diam3 #d ,,93 ,,ab\t #ifa4 ,s4,k4,m47,no #bag3fe47 ,m4 ,,sullivan ,,fecit4 8,! leaf ( ! dipty* ( ! consul ,ana/asius1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum1 0 exhibit$ to ! ,society ( antiqu>ies1 ,m>* #aj1 #ahfd1 & describ$ by me 9 ! proce$+s ( ! society 7#bnd s]ies1 vol4 #b1 p4 #cfd7 z ! dipty*on ,leodi5se4 ,! o!r leaf 0 kn[n to h be5 = "s ye>s 9 ! museum at ,b]l94 ,x 0 !re=e ) consid]able surprise t 9 ! c\rse ( ! summ] ( #ahfd1 ,i f\nd exhibit$ 9 ! ,muse de la ,porte de ,hal at ,brussels a l>ge ivory dipty* purport+ to be ! dipty*on ,leodi5se4 ,hav+ be5 ask$ by a fri5d at ,brussels my op9ion on ! rec5t acquisition ( ! ,belgian gov]nm5t1 ,i v5tur$ to express "s d\bts 9 ! pres5ce ( a g5tleman :o prov$ to be at ! head ( ! commission1 at ^: recomm5dation ! pur*ase _h be5 made4 8,i advis$ t ! ivories %\ld be tak5 out ( ! wood5 frames into :i* !y 7 fix$1 & t ! inscriptions kn[n to h be5 on ! g5u9e dipty* %\ld be s\ght =4 ,on ?is be+ done1 ! falsity ( ! dipty* became evid5t1 ! ivory at ! back be+ fre% & n holl[$ out = ! reception ( wax4 8,an action 0 !reupon br\ght aga9/ ! v5dor1 a deal] at ,lige1 & aft] "s delay ! am\nt paid by ! ,belgian gov]nm5t 7#hjj7 0 recov]$4 ,! dipty* _h be5 copi$ f ! engrav+ 9 ,wil!m's "w1 & n f ! orig9al leaves1 & ?is acc\nt$ = v>i\s errors 9 ! details40 ,x seems /range t ! ,belgian au?orities %\ld h b\ght at s great a sum ivories fix$ 9 wood5 frames1 )\t "s suspicion or at lea/ )\t exam9ation4 ,! ,lige deal]1 h[ev]1 is n ! only "o :o has attempt$ impositions ( ?is k9d4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago !re 7 f\r or five l>ge ivories1 ( spl5did appe>ance1 9 ! h&s ( "s ,london deal]s4 ,"o 0 a tripty*2 ano!r a dipty*2 a ?ird a comb2 & a f\r? 0 a huge %r9e ) fold+ %utt]s & a tall ri*ly decorat$ canopy1 l ! spire ( a ca!dral1 cov]+ a /atuette ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild4 7,! /atuette 0 probably g5u9e47 ,^! ivories purport$ to be ( ! f\rte5? c5tury b 7 all new1 & out ( "o %op or manufactory4 ,! =g]y 9 "s respects 0 successful2 b 9 e piece !re 0 a di/9ct "* & mann] ( execution--! same exactly 9 all ( !m--:i* prov$ _! fals5ess4 ,sev]al 7 trac$ back to a deal] at ,ami5s2 & x is n n[ kn[n :at has become ( any ( !m4 ,! great %r9e hav+ be5 sold to an ,engli% collector = #ejj 0 return$2 & n v long ago 0 /ill to be se5 9 a %op w9d[ 9 ! ,/r& & said to be1 z if to make confusion worse conf\nd$1 an ivory c>v+ ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,?is1 :il/ x w\ld %[ p]haps ignorance on ! "p ( ! possessor1 w\ld be an argum5t t he might be innoc5t ( k ( ! =g]y4 ,! public in/itutions 9 ,engl& 9 :i* important ivories may be f\nd are ! ,briti% museum1 ! ,a%molean & ,bodleian at ,ox=d1 & ! museum giv5 to ! t[n ( ,liv]pool ) noble lib]ality by ,mr4 ,joseph ,may]4 ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t sc>cely any addition has be5 made to ! ivories 9 ! ,a%molean s9ce ! "t :5 !y 7 orig9ally collect$ by ,elias ,a%mole ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago2 & !y are ( especial int]e/ & value1 ?\gh n _m 9 numb]1 because !y c reasonably claim ) sc>cely an exception to be ( ,engli% workman%ip4 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! o!r ?ree great collections _h also be5 ga!r$ toge!r be=e !y became ! prop]ty ( ! nation4 ,! ,liv]pool ivories 7 *iefly obta9$ f ! repres5tatives ( ! late ,gabriel ,fejrvry2 &1 9 l mann]1 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton museum--begun ab\t ! ye> #ahec & gradually enri*$ by ! acquisition ( "s r>e ,spani% ivories & "s ( ! be/ pieces f ! ,soltik(f collection1 select$ ) excell5t judgm5t by ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,rob9son--has receiv$ f "t to "t dur+ ! la/ f\r or five ye>s _m l>ge & important additions f ! collection made by ,john ,webb1 ,esq4 ,m ?an two-?irds ( ! ivories 9 ! ,briti% museum1 & c]ta9ly a l>ge numb] ( ! mo/ valuable1 _h also be5 previ\sly collect$ by a private p]son4 ,,! ,,end4 ,,index4 ,,page ,abbreviations ( leg5ds1 #cj sculapius & ,hygieia1 #cb ,all l>ge plaques n orig9ally dipty*s1 #db ,angel1 on leaf ( dipty*1 9 ,briti% museum1 #ce ,arm ( *air1 #hb ,arti/s 9 ivory1 9 middle ages1 #aag ,a%mole collection1 #abj ,assyrian ivories1 #ae ,b>dolph1 hang$ = /eal+ a pax1 #ib ,beck]'s ,lycoris1 #cd ,bell]ophon1 #ba ,book cov] ( n9? c5tury1 #dh ,casket ( ,arabic "w1 #eg 0 f ,memphis1 #ad 0 ,runic1 9 ,briti% museum1 #eb 0 f ,v]oli1 #ee 0 9 inv5tories1 #fj ,caxton1 8playe ( ! *esse01 #gf ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet] at ,rome1 #ef 0 at ,rav5na1 #da ,*alice1 c41 ( n9? c5tury1 #dh ,*>lemagne1 8 patronage ( ,greek arti/s1 #de ,*essm51 9 *ronicles & poems1 #gh 0 e>lie/ date1 #gh 0 date ( inv5tion1 #gf 0 9 inv5tories1 #gi 0 f\nd 9 ,lewis1 #hj ,*ryselephant9e /atues1 #ah 0 ( ! duc de ,luynes1 #ai 0 conjectural re/oration1 #ai ,civilisation ( anci5t nations1 #h ,c(f]1 s5t by ,eg9h>d1 #dg 0 9 inv5tories1 #eg ,col\r 9 sculpture1 #ajd ,combs1 dome/ic1 #fg 0 9 inv5tories1 #ga 0 pontifical1 #fi ,consul1 decl9e ( ! (fice1 #ca 0 ! la/1 #ca ,consul> dipty*s1 #bc1 c4 ,co/ume 9 e>ly ,greek ivories1 #dd ,crucifixes1 #ajg 0 9 ,spani% ,place1 #ajh ,cup1 or vase1 9 ,briti% museum1 #df ,cu%ions1 ! mean+ 9 consul> dipty*s1 #be ,david & ,ba?%eba on combs1 c41 #fg ,decl9e ( art 9 ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 #ba 0 aft] ,con/ant9e1 #bf 0 aft] six? c5tury1 #dd ,de/ruction ( religi\s objects 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 #ajh ,dipty* ( ,boe?ius1 #bi 0 at ,brescia1 #cb 0 ( ,compiegne1 #cj 0 ecclesia/ical1 #cg 0 ecclesia/ical--_! purpose1 #dj 0 ) ,greek inscriptions1 #ch 0 mutilat$ & palimpse/1 #ci 0 ( ,ju/9ian1 #ch 0 f\nd 9 ,transylvania1 #bc ,dome/ic sc5es1 #fg 0 works 9 ivory1 #eb ,draughtsm51 #ha ,dress & decorations ( consuls on dipty*s1 #be ,ecclesia/ical works 9 ivory1 #dg ,egyptian ivories1 #ad ,engli% ivories1 #aaf1 #abj ,etruscan ivories1 #ai 8,familia0 ( *essm51 #gi ,fea/ ( ,fools1 #cc ,fejrvry collection1 #aba ,flabellum 9 inv5tories1 #ie 0 ( ,!odol9da1 #ie 0 its use1 #id ,=g]ies 9 ivory1 #aah ,fossil ivory1 #b ,grecian ivories1 #af ,h&le ( fan1 #hf 0 ( holy wat] spr9kl]1 #if 0 ( :ip1 #if ,horns1 = hunt+1 #aac 0 t5ure1 #aad ,iconocla/ fanatics1 #dd ,id5tification ( consul> dipty*s1 #bf ,importance ( works 9 ivory1 #bb ,improvem5t 9 art aft] sev5? c5tury1 #de ,ivory1 ,african & ,asiatic1 #c 0 its *>act]i/ics1 #a 0 mode ( s(t5+1 #d 0 mu* employ$ 9 #ad? c5tury1 #aad 0 v>iations ( col\r1 #e ,jehan ,nicolle1 #aag ,jewi% ivories1 #ac ,jupit]1 at ,olympia1 #ai ,ladies rid+1 #ge ,leg5ds on consul> dipty*1 col\r$ r$1 #bf ,li/ ( consul> dipty*s1 #bh ,lycoris1 describ$1 #cd ,mammo? ivory1 #b ,manumission ( slaves1 #be ,m>riage caskets1 #fd ,mey] collection1 #abj 8,meyne10 its mean+1 #gi ,m9]va1 ( ! ,p>!non1 #ah ,mirrors1 #ga 0 9 illum9ations1 #gc ,moori% ivories1 #aah ,morris danc]s1 #fh ,n9eveh ivories re/or$1 #f ,oliphant1 expla9$1 #aac ,op5-"w 9 ivory1 #fc 0 o!r examples1 #aae ,pa/oral /aff1 ) inscription1 #hh 0 n us$ by ! ,pope1 #hi 0 ( great r>ity1 #ij 0 ( ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ord]$ 9 ,s>um pontifical1 #hi 0 ( wood1 #hg ,pausanias1 acc\nt ( ,greek /atues1 #ag1 #ah 0 believ$ ivory to be horn1 #ai ,pax inscriptions1 #ic 0 inv5tories1 #ic 0 late use 9 ,engl&1 #id 0 ord]$ 9 ,s>um missal1 #ia 0 its use1 #ia 0 :y disus$1 #ic 0 ( wood1 #ic ,piet1 ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ajc 0 9 ,briti% museum1 #ajb ,plaques ( ivory1 l>ge size1 #c 0 n orig9ally dipty*s1 #db ,prehi/oric ivories1 #f ,pugill>es1 #aji ,pyx1 9 inv5tories1 #eg 0 ( ,/4 ,m5nas1 #fj 0 v>i\s uses1 #fj ,rav5na *air1 #da ,retable ( ,poissy1 #fe ,roman ivories1 #ba 0 ivory sculptors exempt f c]ta9 obligations1 #ba ,romance ( ! ,rose1 #fc 0 subjects1 #fb ,seals 9 ,briti% ,museum1 #aaa 0 illu/rat+ /atuettes1 #ih ,s]p5t1 z an emblem1 #he ,%r9e1 expla9$1 #ea 0 9 illum9ations1 #ii ,siege ( ! ,ca/le ( ,love1 #gd ,spani% ivories1 #aah ,/atuette1 col\r$1 #aje ,/atuette 9 inv5tories1 #ajj 0 ! l>ge/ kn[n1 #aja 0 op5+ on h+es1 #ajj 0 "u canopies1 #ih 0 v f9e examples1 #ig ,/yle ( ,engli% art1 #aaf 8,symma*orvm10 ! omitt$ ^w1 #ce ,tab]nacles1 at ,l9coln1 #ii ,tables expla9$1 #aaa ,tablets ( ,m\ti]1 #cd 0 ( ,s5s1 #cb 0 = writ+ on1 #aji 8,tan-tabl10 its mean+1 #ha ,tau1 expla9$1 #hd 0 r>ity1 #he ,toreutic1 its mean+1 #ag ,tripty*s expla9$1 #ea 0 9 illum9ations1 #ii 0 m5tion$ by ,ana/asius1 #ea ,tusks1 size & weight1 #d ,v]oli casket1 probable date1 #ee ,volute1 ) d\ble subject1 #hg ,webb collection1 #aba ,:ip-h&les1 #if ,,*>les ,,dick5s ,,& ,,evans1 ,,cry/al ,,palace ,,press4