,,/&>d ,,me?ods ,,= ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,sewage ,,f\r? ,,edition ,revis$ by committees ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association1 ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 & ref]ees ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s ,,am]ican ,,public ,,heal? ,,association #afi ,,massa*usetts ,,av5ue ,,bo/on #aibj ,copyright1 #aiag & #aibj ,by ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,f\r? ,,edition vii ,,collection ,,( ,,samples #a ,,quantity ,,( ,,wat] ,,requir$ ,,= ,,analysis #a ,,bottles #a ,,"t ,,int]val ,,betwe5 ,,collection ,,& ,,analysis #b ,,repres5tative ,,samples #c ,,physical ,,exam9ation #d ,,temp]ature #d ,,turbidity #d ,,turbidity ,,/&>d #d ,,plat9um ,,wire ,,me?od #e ,,turbidimetric ,,me?od #g ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,f95ess #h ,,color #i ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,plat9um-,,cobalt ,,/&>ds #i ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,glass ,,disks #aj ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,nessl] ,,/&>ds #aj ,,lovibond ,,t9tomet] #aa ,,odor #ab ,,cold ,,odor #ab ,,hot ,,odor #ab ,,expression ,,( ,,results #ab ,,*emical ,,exam9ation #ad ,,expression ,,( ,,results #ad ,,=ms ,,( ,,nitrog5 #ae ,,ammonia ,,nitrog5 #ae ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,di/illation #ae ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,ammonia ,,nitrog5 #af ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,ammonia ,,/&>ds #af ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds #ag ,,modification ,,= ,,sewage #ah ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,direct ,,nessl]ization #ai ,,album9oid ,,nitrog5 #bj ,,organic ,,nitrog5 #ba ,,nitrite ,,nitrog5 #bb ,,nitrate ,,nitrog5 #bc ,,ph5oldisulfonic ,,acid ,,me?od #bc ,,r$uction ,,me?od #bd ,,total ,,nitrog5 #be ,,oxyg5 ,,consum$ #be ,,recomm5d$ ,,me?od #bf ,,o!r ,,me?ods #bg ,,residue ,,on ,,evaporation #bi ,,total ,,residue #bi ,,fix$ ,,residue ,,& ,,loss ,,on ,,ignition #bi ,,susp5d$ ,,matt] #cj ,,det]m9ation ,,) ,,goo* ,,crucible #cj ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,filtration #cj ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,volume #cj ,,fix$ ,,residue ,,& ,,loss ,,on ,,ignition #cj ,,h>dness #cj ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,calculation #ca ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soap ,,me?od #ca ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soda ,,reag5t ,,me?od #cd ,,tempor>y ,,h>dness ,,by ,,titration ,,) ,,acid #cd ,,non-,,c>bonate ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soda ,,reag5t ,,me?od #cd ,,non-,,c>bonate ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soap ,,me?od #ce ,,alkal9ity #ce ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,ph5olph?ale9 #cf ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,me?yl ,,orange #cg ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,lacmoid #cg ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,ery?ros9e #cg ,,bic>bonate #cg ,,normal ,,c>bonate #ch ,,hydroxide #ch ,,alkali ,,c>bonates #ci ,,acidity #ci ,,total ,,acidity #dj ,,free ,,c>bon ,,dioxide #dj ,,free ,,m9]al ,,acids #da ,,m9]al ,,acids ,,& ,,sulfates ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9ium #da ,,*loride #da ,,iron #dc ,,total ,,iron #dd ,,colorimetric ,,me?od #dd ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,iron ,,/&>ds #de ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds #df ,,volumetric ,,me?od #df ,,dissolv$ ,,iron #dg ,,susp5d$ ,,iron #dg ,,f]r\s ,,iron #dg ,,f]ric ,,iron #dh ,,manganese #dh ,,p]sulfate ,,me?od #dh ,,bismu?ate ,,me?od #di ,,lead1 ,,z9c1 ,,copp]1 ,,& ,,t9 #ej ,,lead #ea ,,z9c #eb ,,copp] #ec ,,t9 #ed ,,m9]al ,,analysis #ef ,,residue ,,on ,,evaporation #ef ,,alkal9ity ,,& ,,acidity #ef ,,*loride #ef ,,nitrate ,,nitrog5 #ef ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,silica1 ,,iron1 ,,alum9ium1 ,,calcium1 ,,& ,,magnesium #ef ,,silica #ef ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9ium #eg ,,calcium #eg ,,magnesium #eg ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,sulfate1 ,,sodium1 ,,& ,,potassium #eh ,,sulfate #eh ,,sodium1 ,,potassium ,,& ,,li?ium #eh ,,potassium #ei ,,li?ium #fj ,,brom9e1 ,,iod9e1 ,,ars5ic1 ,,& ,,boric ,,acid #fa ,,brom9e ,,& ,,iod9e #fa ,,ars5ic #fc ,,boric ,,acid #fc ,,hydrog5 ,,sulfide #fc ,,*lor9e #fd ,,dissolv$ ,,oxyg5 #fe ,,e!r-,,soluble ,,matt] #fi ,,relative ,,/ability ,,( ,,efflu5ts #fi ,,bio*emical ,,oxyg5 ,,dem& ,,( ,,sewages ,,& ,,efflu5ts #ga ,,relative ,,/ability ,,me?od #ga ,,sodium ,,nitrate ,,me?od #gb ,,analysis ,,( ,,sewage ,,sludge ,,& ,,mud ,,deposits #gc ,,collection ,,( ,,sample #gc ,,reaction #gc ,,specific ,,gravity #gd ,,moi/ure #gd ,,volatile ,,& ,,fix$ ,,matt] #gd ,,total ,,organic ,,nitrog5 #gd ,,e!r-,,soluble ,,matt] #ge ,,f]r\s ,,sulfide #gf ,,bio*emical ,,oxyg5 ,,dem& #gf ,,analysis ,,( ,,*emicals #gg ,,reag5ts #gg ,,sulfate ,,( ,,alum9ium #gh ,,insoluble ,,matt] #gh ,,oxides ,,( ,,alum9ium ,,& ,,iron #gh ,,total ,,iron #gi ,,f]ric ,,iron #gi ,,f]r\s ,,iron #hj ,,basicity ,,ratio #hj ,,lime #hj ,,sulfate ,,( ,,iron #ha ,,insoluble ,,matt] #ha ,,iron ,,z ,,f]r\s ,,sulfate #ha ,,acidity #ha ,,soda ,,a% #hb ,,insoluble ,,matt] #hb ,,available ,,alkali #hb ,,*emical ,,bibliography #hb ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation #hi ,,microscopical ,,bibliography #ia ,,bact]iological ,,exam9ation #ib ,,app>atus #ib ,,sample ,,bottles #ib ,,pipettes #ib ,,dilution ,,bottles #ib ,,petri ,,di%es #ib ,,f]m5tation ,,tubes #ib ,,mat]ials #ic ,,wat] #ic ,,meat ,,extract #ic ,,peptone #ic ,,sug>s #ic ,,ag> #ic ,,gelat9 #ic ,,litmus #ic ,,g5]al ,,*emicals #ic ,,me?ods #ic ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,culture ,,m$ia #ic ,,titration #ic ,,/]ilization #id ,,nutri5t ,,bro? #ie ,,sug> ,,bro?s #ie ,,nutri5t ,,gelat9 #ie ,,nutri5t ,,ag> #if ,,litmus ,,or ,,azolitm9 ,,solution #if ,,litmus-,,lactose-,,ag> #ig ,,endo',s ,,m$ium #ig ,,collection ,,( ,,sample #ih ,,/orage ,,& ,,transportation ,,( ,,sample #ih ,,dilutions #ih ,,plat+ #ii ,,incubation #ii ,,c\nt+ #ii ,,! ,,te/ ,,= ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,b4 ,,coli ,,gr\p #ajj ,,presumptive ,,te/ #ajj ,,p>tially ,,confirm$ ,,te/ #aja ,,complet$ ,,te/ #ajb ,,application ,,( ,,^! ,,te/s #ajb ,,expression ,,( ,,results #ajc ,,summ>y ,,( ,,^! ,,te/s #ajd ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,results #ajf ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,fecal ,,f ,,non-,,fecal ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,b4 ,,coli ,,gr\p #ajf ,,me?yl ,,r$ ,,te/ #ajg ,,voges-,,proskau] ,,te/ #ajh ,,r\t9e ,,proc$ure ,,= ,,bact]iological ,,exam9ation #ajh ,,bact]iological ,,bibliography #aaj ,,index #aac ,,preface ,,to ,,f\r? ,,edition4 ,! ,committee on ,/&>d ,me?ods ( ,bact]iological ,wat] ,analysis 0 reorganiz$ 9 #aiah ) ! foll[+ memb]%ip3 ,f4 ,p4 ,gorham1 *airman1 ,l4 ,a4 ,rog]s1 ,w4 ,g4 ,bissell1 ,h4 ,e4 ,hasselt9e1 ,h4 ,w4 ,r$field1 ) ,m4 ,lev9e z adjunct memb]4 ,?is committee made a report 9 #aiah :i* 0 n act$ on by ! ,laboratory ,section1 & 9 #aiai made a revis$ report1 recomm5d+ c]ta9 *anges 9 ,/&>d ,me?ods1 :i* 7 adopt$ by ! section & :i* are n[ incorporat$ 9 ?is pres5t f\r? edition4 ,foll[+ are ! m important *anges3 ,new br&s ( peptone au?oriz$4 ,ph5ol ,r$ ,me?od ( ,hydrog5-ion ,conc5tration4 ,five-t5?s p] c5t ( sug> specifi$ = bro?s in/ead ( #a p] c5t4 ,/]ilization ( sug> is m$ia specifi$ 9 great] detail4 ,prep>ation ( ,endo ,m$ium4 ,syn!tic ,m$ium = ! ,me?yl ,r$ ,te/4 ,!re are no *anges 9 ! *emical me?ods 9 ?is edition4 ,,am]ican ,,public ,,heal? ,,association4 ,,laboratory ,,section4 ,,/&>d ,,me?ods ,,= ,,! ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,wat] ,,& ,,sewage4 ,compil$ & revis$ by committees ( ! ,am]ican ,public ,heal? ,association & ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society & ref]ees ( ! ,association ( ,(ficial ,agricultural ,*emi/s4 ,,collection ,,( ,,samples4 ,,quantity ,,requir$ ,,= ,,analysis4 ,! m9imum quantity necess>y = mak+ ! ord9>y physical1 *emical1 & microscopical analyses ( wat] or sewage is #b lit]s2 = ! bact]iological exam9ation1 #ajj cc4 ,9 special analyses l>g] quantities may be requir$4 ,,bottles4 ,! bottles = ! collection ( samples %all h glass /opp]s1 except :5 physical1 m9]al1 or microscopical exam9ations only are to be made4 ,jugs or metal conta9]s %all n be us$4 ,sample bottles %all be c>efully cleans$ ea* "t be=e us+4 ,?is may be done by treat+ ) sulfuric acid & potassium bi*romate1 or ) alkal9e p]manganate1 foll[$ by a mixture ( oxalic & sulfuric acids1 & by ?or\ghly r9s+ ) wat] & dra9+4 ,! /opp]s & necks ( ! bottles %all be protect$ f dirt by ty+ clo?1 ?ick pap] or t9 foil ov] !m4 ,= %ipm5t bottles %all be pack$ 9 cases ) a sep>ate comp>tm5t = ea* bottle4 ,wood5 boxes may be l9$ ) corrugat$ fibre pap]1 felt1 or simil> sub/ance1 or provid$ ) spr+ corn] /rips1 to prev5t breakage4 ,l9$ wick] baskets also may be us$4 ,bottles = bact]iological samples %all be /]iliz$ z direct$ on page #ih4 ,,int]val ,,be=e ,,analysis4 ,9 g5]al1 ! %ort] ! "t elaps+ betwe5 ! collection & ! analysis ( a sample ! m reliable w be ! analytical results4 ,"u _m conditions analyses made 9 ! field are to be comm5d$1 z data s obta9$ are frequ5tly pref]able to data obta9$ 9 a di/ant laboratory aft] ! composition ( ! wat] has *ang$4 ,! "t t may be all[$ to elapse betwe5 ! collection ( a sample & ! beg9n+ ( its analysis _c be /at$ def9itely4 ,x dep5ds on ! "* ( ! sample1 ! exam9ations to be made1 & o!r conditions4 ,! foll[+ are sugge/$ z fairly reasonable maximum limits4 ,physical & *emical analysis4 ,gr\nd wat]s #gb h\rs ,fairly pure surface wat]s #dh ,pollut$ surface wat]s #ab ,sewage efflu5ts #f ,raw sewages #f ,microscopical exam9ation4 ,gr\nd wat]s #gb h\rs ,fairly pure surface wat]s #bd ,wat]s conta9+ fragile organisms ,imm$iate exam9ation ,bact]iological exam9ation4 ,samples kept at less ?an #aj;,c #bd h\rs ,if a long] p]iod elapses betwe5 collection & exam9ation ! "t %\ld be not$4 ,if /]iliz$ by ! addition ( *lor(orm1 =maldehyde1 m]curic *loride1 or "s o!r g]micide samples = sanit>y *emical exam9ation may be all[$ to /& = long] p]iods ?an ^? indicat$1 b z ?is is a matt] :i* w v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 no def9ite proc$ure is recomm5d$4 ,if un/]iliz$ samples ( sewage1 sewage efflu5ts1 & highly pollut$ surface wat]s are analyz$ aft] great] int]vals ?an ^? sugge/$ caution mu/ be us$ 9 int]pret+ analyses ( ! organic cont5t1 :i* frequ5tly *anges mat]ially ^u /&+4 ,det]m9ations ( dissolv$ gases1 especially oxyg51 hydrog5 sulfide1 & c>bon dioxide1 %\ld be made at ! "t ( collection 9 ord] to be reasonably accurate1 9 accordance ) ! directions giv5 h]eaft] 9 connection ) ea* det]m9ation4 ,,repres5tative ,,samples4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to obta9 a sample t is truly repres5tative ( ! liquid to be analyz$4 ,) sewages ?is is especially important because m>k$ v>iations 9 composition occur f h\r to h\r4 ,satisfactory samples ( "s liquids c be obta9$ only by mix+ toge!r sev]al portions collect$ at diff]5t times or at diff]5t places--! details z to collection & mix+ dep5d+ ^u local conditions4 ,,physical ,,exam9ation4 ,,temp]ature4 ,! temp]ature ( ! sample1 if tak51 %all be tak5 at ! "t ( collection1 & %all be express$ pref]ably 9 degrees ,c5tigrade1 to ! ne>e/ degree1 or clos] if m precise data are requir$4 ,! !rmophone#aji is recomm5d$ = obta9+ ! temp]ature ( wat] at v>i\s dep?s bel[ ! surface4 ,,turbidity4 ,! turbidity ( wat] is due to susp5d$ matt]1 su* z clay1 silt1 f9ely divid$ organic matt]1 microscopic organisms1 & simil> mat]ial4 ,,turbidity ,,/&>d4#aaj ,! /&>d ( turbidity %all be t adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 namely1 a wat] :i* conta9s #ajj p>ts p] million ( silica 9 su* a /ate ( f95ess t a bright plat9um wire #a millimet] 9 diamet] c j be se5 :5 ! c5t] ( ! wire is #ajj millimet]s bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] & ! eye ( ! obs]v] is #a4b met]s above ! wire1 ! obs]vation be+ made 9 ! middle ( ! day1 9 ! op5 air1 b n 9 sunlight1 & 9 a vessel s l>ge t ! sides d n %ut out ! light s z to influ5ce ! results4 ,! turbidity ( su* wat] is arbitr>ily fix$ at #ajj p>ts p] million4 ,= prep>ation ( ! silica /&>d dry ,pe>'s 8precipitat$ full]'s e>?0 & sift x ?r\gh a #bjj-me% sieve4 ,"o gram ( ?is prep>ation 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat] makes a /ock susp5sion :i* conta9s #a1jjj p>ts p] million ( silica & :i* %\ld h a turbidity ( #a1jjj4 ,te/ ?is susp5sion1 aft] dilut+ a portion ( x ) n9e times its volume ( di/ill$ wat]1 by ! plat9um wire me?od to asc]ta9 if ! silica has ! necess>y degree ( f95ess & if ! susp5sion has ! necess>y degree ( turbidity4 ,if n1 correct by add+ m silica or m wat] z ! case dem&s4,a ,footnote ,a3 ,?is me?od ( correction v slightly alt]s ! coeffici5t ( f95ess ( ! /&>d1 b does n noticeably affect its use4 ,/&>ds = comp>ison %all be prep>$ f ?is /ock susp5sion by dilution ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,= turbidity read+s bel[ #bj1 /&>ds ( #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 & #bj %all be kept 9 cle> glass bottles ( ! same size z t conta9+ ! sample2 = read+s above #bj1 /&>ds ( #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 #gj1 #hj1 #ij1 & #ajj %all be kept 9 #ajj cc4 ,nessl] tubes approximately #bj millimet]s 9 diamet]4 ,comp>ison ) ! /&>ds %all be made by view+ bo? /&>d & sample sidewise t[>d ! light by look+ at "s object & not+ ! di/9ctness ) :i* ! m>g9s ( ! object c be se54 ,! /&>ds %all be kept /opp]$1 & bo? sample & /&>ds %all be ?or\ghly %ak5 be=e mak+ ! comp>ison4 ,9 ord] to prev5t any bact]ial or algal gr[?s f develop+ 9 ! /&>ds a small am\nt ( m]cury bi*loride may be add$ to !m4 ,,plat9um ,,wire ,,me?od4#db ,?is me?od requires a rod ) a plat9um wire #a mm4 9 diamet] ins]t$ 9 x ab\t #a in* f "o end ( ! rod & project+ f x at a "r angle at lea/ #be mm4 ,ne> ! o!r end ( ! rod1 at a di/ance ( #a4b met]s f ! plat9um wire1 a small r+ %all be plac$ directly above ! wire ?r\gh :i*1 ) 8 eye directly above ! r+1 ! obs]v] %all look :5 mak+ ! exam9ation4 ,! rod %all be graduat$ z foll[s3 ,! graduation m>k ( #ajj %all be plac$ on ! rod at a di/ance ( #ajj mm4 f ! c5t] ( ! wire4 ,o!r graduations %all be made accord+ to ,table #a1 :i* is bas$ on ! be/ obta9able data4 ,! di/ances record$ 9 ,table #a are int5d$ to be su* t :5 ! wat] is dilut$ ! turbidity read+s w decrease 9 ! same proportion z ! p]c5tage ( ! orig9al wat] 9 ! mixture4 ,^! graduations are ^? on :at is kn[n z ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey ,turbidity ,rod ( #aijb4aje ,table #a4--;,,graduation ,,( ,,turbidity ,,rod4 ,turbidity ,vani%+ dep? ( wire 7mm474 7p>ts p] million74 #g #ajie #h #iga #i #hgc #aj #gid #aa #gbi #ab #fgd #ac #fbg #ad #ehg #ae #eea #af #ebj #ag #dic #ah #dfh #ai #ddf #bj #dbf #bb #cia #bd #cfa #bf #ccf #bh #cad #cj #bif #ce #beg #dj #bbh #de #bje #ej #ahg #ee #aga #fj #aeh #fe #adg #gj #ach #ge #acj #hj #abb #he #aaf #ij #aaj #ie #aje #ajj #ajj #aaj #ic #abj #hf #acj #ha #adj #gf #aej #gb #afj #fh4g #ahj #fb4d #bjj #eg4d #bej #di4a #cjj #dc4b #cej #ch4h #djj #ce4d #ejj #cj4i #fjj #bg4g #hjj #bc4d #ajjj #bj4i #aejj #ag4a #bjjj #ad4h #cjjj #ab4a ,proc$ure4--,l[] ! rod v]tically into ! wat] z f> z ! wire c be se5 & read ! level ( ! surface ( ! wat] on ! graduat$ scale4 ,?is w indicate ! turbidity4 ,! foll[+ precautions %all be tak5 to insure correct results3 ,obs]vations %all be made 9 ! op5 air1 pref]ably 9 ! middle ( ! day & n 9 direct sunlight4 ,! wire %all be kept bright & clean4 ,if = any reason obs]vations _c be made directly "u natural conditions a pail or tank may be fill$ ) wat] & ! obs]vation tak5 9 t1 b if ?is is done c>e %all be tak5 t ! wat] is ?or\ghly /irr$ be=e ! obs]vation is made1 & no vessel %all be us$ = ?is purpose unless its diamet] is at lea/ twice z great z ! dep? to :i* ! wire is imm]s$4 ,wat]s :i* h a turbidity great] ?an #ejj %all be dilut$ ) cle> wat] be=e ! obs]vations are made1 b if ?is is done ! degree ( dilution %all be report$4 ,,turbidimetric ,,me?od4 ,sev]al =ms ( turbidimet] or diaphanomet]#gc h be5 sugge/$ = use4 ,! simple/ & mo/ satisfactory =m is ! c&le turbidimet]4#aaf ,?is consi/s ( a graduat$ glass tube ) a flat poli%$ bottom1 enclos$ 9 a metal case4 ,?is is support$ ov] an ,engli% /&>d c&le & s arrang$ t "o may look v]tically d[n ?r\gh ! tube at ! flame ( ! c&le4 ,! obs]vation is made by p\r+ ! sample ( wat] into ! tube until ! image ( ! flame ( ! c&le j disappe>s f view4 ,c>e %all be tak5 n to all[ soot or moi/ure to accumulate on ! l[] side ( ! glass bottom ( ! tube s z to int]f]e ) ! accuracy ( ! obs]vations4 ,! graduations on ! tube correspond to turbidities produc$ 9 di/ill$ wat] by c]ta9 numb]s ( p>ts p] million ( silica /&>d4 ,9 ord] to insure uni=m results x is necess>y to h ! di/ance betwe5 ! top rim ( ! c&le & ! bottom ( ! tube con/ant1 & ?is di/ance %all be #g4f cm4 or #c in*es4 ,! obs]vations %all be made 9 a d>k5$ room or ) a black clo? ov] ! head4 ,x is all[able to sub/itute = ! c&le an electric light4 ,calibrate ! app>atus to correspond ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey scale4 ,! figures 9 ,table #b on page #h are believ$ to be approximately correct = ! c&le turbidimet] b %\ld be *eck$ by ! exp]im5t]4 ,x is all[able to calibrate ! tube ( ! in/rum5t ) wat]s ( kn[n turbidity prep>$ by mak+ a s]ies ( dilutions ( ! silica /&>d ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,f ! figures obta9$ 9 calibrat+ plot a curve f :i* ! turbidity ( a sample may be read :5 ! dep? ( wat] 9 ! tube has be5 obta9$4 ,table #b4--;,,graduation ,,( ,,c&le ,,turbidimet]4 ,dep? ( liquid ,turbidity 7cm474 7p>ts p] million ( silica74 #b4c #ajjj #b4f #ijj #b4i #hjj #c4b #gjj #c4e #fej #c4h #fjj #d4a #eej #d4e #ejj #d4i #dej #e4e #djj #e4f #cij #e4h #chj #e4i #cgj #f4a #cfj #f4c #cej #f4d #cdj #f4f #ccj #f4h #cbj #g4j #caj #g4c #cjj #g4e #bij #g4h #bhj #h4a #bgj #h4d #bfj #h4g #bej #i4a #bdj #i4e #bcj #i4i #bbj #aj4c #baj #aj4i #bjj #aa4d #aij #ab4j #ahj #ab4g #agj #ac4e #afj #ad4d #aej #ae4d #adj #af4f #acj #ah4j #abj #ai4f #aaj #ba4e #ajj ,! results ( turbidity obs]vations %all be express$ 9 :ole numb]s :i* correspond to p>ts p] million ( silica & record$ z foll[s3 ,turbidity betwe5 #a;& #ejrecord$ to ne>e/unit #ea #ajj #e #aja #ejj #aj #eja #ajjj #ej #ajja great] #ajj ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,f95ess#hj ,! quoti5t obta9$ by divid+ ! weight ( susp5d$ matt] 9 ! sample by ! turbidity1 bo? express$ 9 ! same unit1 %all be call$ ! coeffici5t ( f95ess4 ,if ! quoti5t is great] ?an unity ! matt] 9 susp5sion is co>s] & if x is less ?an unity x is f9] ?an ! /&>d4 ,,color4 ,! 8color10 or ! 8true color10 ( wat] %all be consid]$ ! color t is due only to sub/ances 9 solution2 t is1 x is ! color ( ! wat] aft] ! susp5d$ matt] has be5 remov$4 ,9 /at+ results ! ^w 8color0 %all mean ! 8true color0 unless o!rwise designat$4 ,! 8app>5t color0 %all be consid]$ z includ+ n only ! true color b also any color produc$ by sub/ances 9 susp5sion4 ,x is ! color ( ! orig9al unfilt]$ sample4 ,! plat9um-cobalt me?od ( measur+ color %all be consid]$ z ! /&>d1 & ! unit ( color %all be t produc$ by #a "p p] million ( plat9um4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,plat9um-,,cobalt ,,/&>ds4#dc ,reag5ts4--,dissolve #a4bdf grams ( potassium plat9ic *loride 7,pt,cl#db,k,cl71 conta9+ #j4e gram plat9um1 & #a4jj gram cry/alliz$ cobalt *loride 7,co,cl#b4f;,h#b,o71 conta9+ #j4be gram ( cobalt1 9 wat] ) #ajj cc4 conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is solution has a color ( #ejj4 ,dilute ?is solution ) di/ill$ wat] 9 #ej cc4 ,nessl] tubes to prep>e /&>ds hav+ colors ( #j1 #e1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #be1 #cj1 #ce1 #dj1 #ej1 #fj1 & #gj4 ,keep ^! /&>ds 9 ,nessl] tubes ( su* diamet] t ! graduation m>k is betwe5 #bj & #be cm4 above ! bottom & ( su* uni=mity t !y mat* )9 su* limit t ! di/ance f ! bottom to ! graduation m>k ( ! longe/ tube %all n exce$ t ( ! %orte/ tube by m ?an #f mm4 ,protect ! tubes f du/ & light :5 n 9 use4 ,proc$ure4--,! color ( a sample %all be obs]v$ by fill+ a /&>d ,nessl] tube to ! height equal to t 9 ! /&>d tubes ) ! sample & by comp>+ x ) ! /&>ds4 ,! obs]vation %all be made by look+ v]tically d[nw>d ?r\gh ! tubes ^u a :ite or mirror$ surface plac$ at su* angle t light is reflect$ upw>d ?r\gh ! column ( liquid4 ,wat] t has a color great] ?an #gj %all be dilut$ be=e mak+ ! comp>ison1 9 ord] t no difficulties may be enc\nt]$ 9 mat*+ ! hues4 ,wat] conta9+ matt] 9 susp5sion %all be filt]$1 be=e ! color obs]vation is made1 until no visible turbidity rema9s4 ,if ! susp5d$ matt] is co>se1 filt] pap] may be us$ = ?is purpose2 if ! susp5d$ matt] is f9e1 ! use ( a ,b]kefeld filt] is recomm5d$4 ,! ,pa/eur filt] %all n be us$ z x ex]ts a m>k$ decoloriz+ action4 ,! app>5t color1 if det]m9$1 %all be det]m9$ on ! orig9al sample )\t filtration4 ,! true & ! app>5t color ( cle> wat]s or wat]s ) l[ turbidities are sub/antially ! same4 ,! results ( color det]m9ations %all be express$ 9 :ole numb]s & record$ z foll[s3 ,color betwe5 #a & #ej record$ to ne>e/ unit #ea #ajj #e #aja #bej #aj #bea #ejj #bj4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,glass ,,disks4#aje ,z ! plat9um-cobalt /&>d me?od is n well adapt$ = field "w1 ! color ( ! wat] to be te/$ may be comp>$ ) t ( glass disks held at ! end ( metallic tubes ?r\gh :i* !y are view$ by look+ t[>d a :ite surface4 ,! glass disks are individually calibrat$ to correspond ) colors on ! plat9um scale4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! glass disks us$ by ! ,u4 ,s4 ,geological ,survey give results 9 sub/antial agreem5t ) ^? obta9$ by ! plat9um det]m9ations1 & _! use is recogniz$ z a /&>d proc$ure4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,nessl] ,,/&>ds4 ,inasmu* z ! ,nessl] scale#fb & ! natural wat] scale#bbdi :i* agrees ) x except = colors less ?an #bj1 h be5 l>gely us$ 9 ! pa/1 ! old results may be conv]t$#aag into t]ms ( ! plat9um /&>d by means ( ! ratios 9 ,table #c1 b !y mu/ n be consid]$ z univ]sally applicable z ! v>iable s5sitiv5ess ( ! ,nessl] solution introduces an unc]ta9 factor4 ,table #c4--,,values ,,= ,,conv]t+ ,,colors ,,by ,,! ,,natural ,,wat] ,,scale ,,into ,,colors ,,by ,,! ,,plat9um ,,/&>d ,,9 ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million4,b ,modifi$ ,nessl] or natural #j4jj4j4ja4j4jb4j4jc4j4jd4j4je4j4jf4j4jg 4j4jh4j4ji4 wat] /&>d4 ,plat9um-cobalt /&>d color4 #j4jj #j #b #d #f #h #i #aa #ac #ae #ag 4#aj #ah #ai #bj #bj #ba #bb #bc #bd #bd #bf 4#bj #bf #bg #bg #bh #bi #bi #cj #ca #cb #cb 4#cj #cc #cd #cd #ce #ce #cf #cg #cg #ch #ch 4#dj #ci #dj #dj #da #db #db #dc #dd #de #de 4#ej #df #dg #dg #dh #dh #di #ej #ej #ea #ea 4#fj #eb #ec #ec #ed #ed #ee #ef #ef #eg #eg 4#gj #eh #eh #ei #ei #fj #fj #fa #fa #fb #fb 4#hj #fc #fd #fd #fe #ff #ff #fg #fh #fi #fi 4#ij #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gg #gh #gi #hj #a4jj #ha #hb #hb #hc #hd #hd #he #hf #hg #hg #a4aj #hh #hi #hi #ij #ia #ia #ib #ic #id #id #a4bj #ie #if #if #ig #ih #ih #ii #ajj #aja #aja #a4cj #ajb #ajc #ajc #ajd #aje #aje #ajf #ajg #ajh #ajh #a4dj #aji #aaj #aaj #aaa #aab #aab #aac #aad #aae #aae #a4ej #aaf #aag #aag #aah #aah #aai #abj #abj #aba #aba #a4fj #abb #abc #abc #abd #abe #abe #abf #abg #abh #abh #a4gj #abi #acj #acj #aca #acb #acb #acc #acd #ace #acf #a4hj #acf #acg #acg #ach #aci #aci #adj #ada #adb #adb #a4ij #adc #add #add #ade #adf #adf #adg #adh #adi #adi #b4jj #aej ,footnote ,b3 ,z]o on ! true ,nessl] scale is ab\t #ae on ! plat9um scale4 ,,lovibond ,,t9tomet]4 ,! value ( ! read+s ( t9t & %ade by ! ,lovibond t9tomet]#ffhbhc has n be5 comm5surate ) ! labor involv$1 b x is necess>y to make a record ( ! reflect$ t9t & %ade#ej ( "s wat]s4 ,! /&>d color disks us$ 9 tea*+ optics may be us$ = ! purpose4 ,proc$ure4--,! :ite disk supports ?ree movable /&>d color sectors1 r$1 yell[1 & blue1 & "o movable black sector4 ,all are m\nt$ on a device :i* c be revolv$ rapidly1 bl5d+ ! colors into a uni=m t9t or %ade4 ,a scale ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! disk is us$ to indicate ! p]c5tage ( ea* color or :ite or black 9 ! bl5d4 ,place ! sample 9 a batt]y j> on a :ite gr\nd2 adju/ ! sectors s t :5 bl5d$ ! t9t or %ade w mat* ! reflect$ t9t or %ade ( ! sample4 ,report ! p]c5tages ( r$1 yell[ blue1 :ite1 & black 9 ! bl5d$ t9t or %ade4 ,,odor4#dadecgbibaadaaeaba;c ,! obs]vation ( ! odor1 cold & hot1 ( samples ( surface wat] is important z ! odors are usually indicative ( organic gr[?s or sewage contam9ation or bo?4 ,! odor ( "s gr\nd wat]s is caus$ by ! e>?y con/itu5ts ( ! wat]-be>+ /rata4 ,! odor ( a contam9at$ well wat] is (t5 contributory evid5ce ( its pollution4 ,a /udy ( ! organisms z direct$ "u ,microscopical ,exam9ation 7p4 #ij7 is a valuable adjunct to physical & *emical exam9ation ( wat]4 ,c]ta9 odors di/+ui% or id5tify c]ta9 organisms1 z1 = example1 ! 8fi%y0 odor ( ,urogl5a1 ! 8aromatic0 or 8rose g]anium0 odor ( ,a/]ionella & ! 8pig p50 odor ( ,anaba5a4 ,obs]ve & record ! odor1 bo? at room temp]ature & at j bel[ ! boil+ po9t1 z foll[s3 ,,cold ,,odor4 ,%ake ! sample viol5tly 9 "o ( ! collect+ bottles1 :5 x is half to two-?irds full & :5 ! sample is at room temp]ature 7ab\t #bj ,c474 ,remove ! /opp] & smell ! odor at ! m\? ( ! bottle4 ,,hot ,,odor4 ,p\r ab\t #aej cc4 ( ! sample into a #ejj cc4 ,erl5mey] flask4 ,cov] ! flask ) a well-fitt+ wat* glass4 ,heat ! wat] almo/ to boil+ on a hot plate4 ,remove ! flask f ! plate & all[ x to cool n m ?an five m9utes4 ,!n agitate x ) a rot>y movem5t1 slip ! wat* glass to "o side1 & smell ! odor4 ,,expression ,,( ,,results4 ,express ! quality ( ! odor by a descriptive epi!t l ! foll[+1 :i* may be abbreviat$ 9 ! record3 a--aromatic ,c--free *lor9e d--disagreeable e--e>?y f--fi%y g--grassy m--moldy ,m--mu/y ,p--peaty s--sweeti% ,s--hydrog5 sulfide v--vegetable4 ,express ! int5sity ( ! odor by a num]al prefix$ to ! t]m express+ quality1 :i* may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,num]ical ,t]m4 ,def9ition4 value4 #j ,none4 ,no odor p]ceptible4 #a ,v ,an odor t w\ld n be detect$ ord9>ily by fa9t4 ! av]age consum]1 b t c\ld be detect$ 9 ! laboratory by an exp]i5c$ obs]v]4 #b ,fa9t4 ,an odor t ! consum] might detect if 8 att5tion 7 call$ to x1 b t w\ld n attract att5tion o!rwise4 #c ,di/9ct4 ,an odor t w\ld be detect$ readily & t might cause ! wat] to be reg>d$ ) disfavor4 #d ,decid$4 ,an odor t w\ld =ce itself ^u ! att5tion & t might make ! wat] unpalatable4 #e ,v ,an odor ( su* int5sity t ! wat] w\ld be /rong4 absolutely unfit to dr9k4 7,a t]m to be us$ only 9 extreme cases47 ,,*emical ,,exam9ation4 ,,expression ,,( ,,results4 ,! results ( *emical analyses %all be express$ 9 p>ts p] million1 :i* 9 mo/ analyses is practically equival5t to milligrams p] lit]4 ,9 "s laboratories o!r =ms ( expression h be5 us$4 ,results express$ 9 p>ts p] #ajj1jjj or 9 gra9s p] gallon may be trans=m$ to p>ts p] million1 or conv]sely1 by ! use ( ! foll[+ table3 ,table #d4--;,,factors ,,= ,,trans=m+ ,,results ,,( ,,analyses4 ,unit4 ,equival5t4 ,gra9s ,gra9s p] ,u4,s4 p] ,p>ts p],p>ts p] gallon4 ,imp]ial #ajj1jjj4 million4 gallon4 #a gra9 p] ,u4 ,s4 gallon #a4jjj #a4bj #a4ga #ag4a #a gra9 p] ,imp]ial gallon 4#hce #a4jj #a4dc #ad4c #a "p p] #ajj1jjj 4#ehe 4#gj #a4jj #aj4j #a "p p] million 4#jeh 4#jg 4#aj #a4j ,! foll[+ g5]al rules %all gov]n ! use ( significant figures 9 ! expression ( results3 #a4 ,if ! results %[ quantities great] ?an #aj p>ts p] million use no decimals2 record only :ole numb]s4 ,if ! quantities rea* hundr$s & ?\s&s ( p>ts record only two significant figures4 #b4 ,if ! results are betwe5 #a & #aj p>ts d n reta9 m ?an "o decimal place4 #c4 ,if ! results are betwe5 #j4a & #a "p d n reta9 m ?an two decimal places4 #d4 ,e/imates ( ammonia1 album9oid1 & nitrite nitrog5 alone ju/ify ! use ( ?ree decimals4 #e4 ,if ! results ( analyses are tabulat$ ciph]s %\ld n be add$ at ! "r ( ! decimal po9t to make ! column uni=m4 ,,=ms ,,( ,,nitrog54 ,nitrog5\s organic matt] passes ?r\gh sev]al int]m$iate comp\nds dur+ its natural decomposition1 & t :i* does n gasify ultimately =ms nitrate4 ,nitrog5 9 organic matt] is det]m9$ by ! ,kjeldahl process4#acadeh ,an indication ( ! am\nt pres5t is obta9$ by ! album9oid nitrog5 det]m9ation4#adaefgajfajg ,x has n be5 f\nd possible to diff]5tiate ! nitrog5 9 ! organic matt] t readily decomposes f t 9 /able or non-putrescible comp\nds4 ,decomposition ( organic matt] produces nitrog5 comb9$ 9 ammonia1 :i* is ! fir/ /ep betwe5 nitrog5\s organic matt] & ! completely m9]aliz$ nitrate4 ,ammonia nitrog5 may be det]m9$ by di/illation & ,nessl]ization or by direct ,nessl]ization ( ! cl>ifi$ sample4 ,! next /ep is oxidation to nitrite1 & ! f9al /ep1 oxidation to nitrate4 ,x is recomm5d$ t all =ms ( nitrog5 be report$ z ! elem5t nitrog5 7,n74 ,,ammonia ,,nitrog54 ,!re are two me?ods = e/imat+ ammonia nitrog5--di/illation & direct ,nessl]ization4 ,di/illation is recomm5d$ = mo/ wat]s & direct ,nessl]ization is recomm5d$ = sewages1 sewage efflu5ts1 & highly pollut$ surface wat]s4 ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,di/illation4#chfh;b#aaaaba ,proc$ure4--,use a metal or a glass flask connect$ ) a cond5s] s t ! di/illate may drop f ! cond5s] tube directly into a ,nessl] tube or a flask4 ,free ! app>atus f ammonia by boil+ di/ill$ wat] 9 x until ! di/illate %[s no trace ( ammonia4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done empty ! di/ill+ flask & measure into x #ejj cc4 ( ! sample1 or a small] portion dilut$ to #ejj cc4 ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,if ! sample is acid or if ! pres5ce ( urea is suspect$ add ab\t #j4e gram ( sodium c>bonate be=e di/illation4 ,omit ?is if possible z x t5ds to increase 8bump+40 ,apply heat s t ! di/illation may proce$ at ! rate ( n m ?an #aj cc4 nor less ?an #f cc4 p] m9ute4 ,collect ! di/illate 9 f\r ,nessl] tubes1 #ej cc4 to ea* tube1 or if ! nitrog5 is high 9 a #bjj cc4 graduat$ flask4 ,^! receptacles conta9 ! ammonia nitrog5 to be measur$ z h]eaft] describ$4 ,use ,nessl] tubes ( su* diamet] t ! graduation m>k is betwe5 #bj & #be cm4 above ! bottom & ( su* uni=mity ( diamet] t ! di/ance f ! bottom to ! graduation m>k ( ! longe/ tube %all n exce$ t ( ! %orte/ tube by m ?an #f mm4 ,! tubes mu/ be ( cle> :ite glass ) poli%$ bottoms4 ,,measurem5t ,,( ,,ammonia ,,nitrog54 ,! am\nt ( ammonia 9 ! di/illates may be measur$ ei!r by 7#a7 comp>ison ( ! ,nessl]iz$ di/illates ) ,nessl]iz$ solutions conta9+ kn[n quantities ( nitrog5 z ammonium *loride1 or by 7#b7 comp>ison ( ! ,nessl]iz$ di/illates ) p]man5t /&>d solutions 9 :i* ! colors ( ,nessl]iz$ /&>d ammonia solutions are duplicat$ by solutions ( plat9um & cobalt *lorides4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,ammonia ,,/&>ds4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,ammonia-free wat]4 #b4 ,/&>d ammonium *loride solution4 ,dissolve #c4hb grams ( ammonium *loride 9 ammonia-free wat] & dilute to #a lit]2 dilute #aj cc4 ( ?is to #a lit] ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,"o cc4 equals #j4jjjja gram ( nitrog54 #c4 ,nessl] reag5t4#h ,dissolve #ej grams ( potassium iodide 9 a m9imum quantity ( cold wat]4 ,add a saturat$ solution ( m]curic *loride until a slight precipitate p]si/s p]man5tly4 ,add #djj cc4 ( #ej p] c5t solution ( potassium hydroxide1 made by dissolv+ ! potassium hydroxide & all[+ x to cl>ify by s$im5tation be=e us+4 ,dilute to #a lit]1 all[ to settle1 & decant4 ,?is solution %\ld give ! requir$ color ) ammonia )9 five m9utes aft] addition & %\ld n produce a precipitate ) small am\nts ( ammonia )9 two h\rs4 ,proc$ure4--,prep>e a s]ies ( #af ,nessl] tubes conta9+ ! foll[+ am\nts ( ! /&>d ammonium *loride solution1 dilut$ to #ej cc4 ) ammonia-free wat]1 namely3 #j4j1 #j4a1 #j4c1 #j4e1 #j4g1 #a4j1 #a4d1 #a4g1 #b4j1 #b4e1 #c4j1 #c4e1 #d4j1 #d4e1 #e4j1 & #f4j cc4 ,^! solutions w conta9 #j4jjjja gram ( nitrog5 = ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! /&>d solution4 ,nessl]ize ! /&>ds & ! di/illates by add+ approximately #a cc4 ( ,nessl] reag5t to ea* tube4 ,d n /ir ! cont5ts ( ! tubes4 ,! temp]ature ( ! tubes %\ld be practically ! same z t ( ! /&>ds2 o!rwise ! colors w n be directly comp>able4#de ,all[ ! tubes to /& at lea/ #aj m9utes aft] ,nessl]iz+4 ,comp>e ! color produc$ 9 ! tubes ) t 9 ! /&>ds by look+ v]tically d[nw>d ?r\gh !m at a :ite or mirror$ surface plac$ at an angle 9 front ( a w9d[ s z to reflect ! light upw>d4 ,if ! color obta9$ by ,nessl]iz+ ! di/illates is great] ?an t ( ! d>ke/ tube ( ! /&>ds1 mix ! cont5ts ( ! tube ?or\ghly1 p\r out half ( ! liquid1 & dilute ! rema9d] to ! orig9al volume ) ammonia-free wat]2 !n make ! color comp>ison & multiply ! result by two4 ,if ! color is /ill too d>k aft] p\r+ out half ! liquid1 repeat ?is process ( division until a read+ c be made4 ,! process ( dilution may be %ort5$ by mix+ toge!r ! di/illates f "o sample be=e mak+ ! comp>ison & comp>+ an aliquot portion ) ! /&>ds4 ,aft] ! read+s h be5 record$ add ! results obta9$ by ,nessl]iz+ ea* portion ( ! entire di/illate4 ,if #ejj cc4 ( ! sample is di/ill$ ?is sum1 express$ 9 cubic c5timet]s & multipli$ by #j4jb1 w give ! numb] ( p>ts p] million ( ammonia nitrog5 9 ! sample4 ,if x cc4 ( sample is us$ multiply ! sum ( ! read+s by #aj_/x4 ,if ! ammonia is kn[n to be high ! di/illate may be collect$ 9 #bjj cc4 flasks & an aliquot "p ,nessl]iz$4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds4#fbfe ,reag5ts4--,plat9um solution4 ,dissolve #b4jj grams ( potassium plat9ic *loride 7,pt,cl#d4b,k,cl7 9 a small am\nt ( di/ill$ wat]1 add #ajj cc4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a lit]4 ,cobalt solution4 ,dissolve #ab grams ( cobalt\s *loride 7,co,cl#b4f;,h#b,o7 9 di/ill$ wat]1 add #ajj cc4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a lit]4 ,prep>e /&>ds by putt+ v>i\s am\nts ( ^! two solutions into ,nessl] tubes & dilut+ to ! #ej cc4 m>k ) di/ill$ wat] z indicat$ 9 ,table #e4 ,^! /&>ds may be kept = sev]al mon?s if protect$ f du/4 ,table #e4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,ammonia4 ,value 9 /&>d ,solution ( plat9um4 ,solution ( cobalt4 ammonium *loride4 cc4 cc4 cc4 #j4j #a4b #j4j 4#a #a4h 4#j 4#b #b4h 4#j 4#d #d4g 4#a 4#g #e4i 4#b #a4j #g4g 4#e #a4d #i4i #a4a #a4g #aa4d #a4g #b4j #ab4g #b4b #b4e #ae4j #c4c #c4j #ag4c #d4e #c4e #ai4j #e4g #d4j #ai4g #g4a #d4e #ai4i #h4g #e4j #bj4j #aj4d #f4j #bj4j #ae4j #g4j #bj4j #bb4j ,! am\nts 9 ,table #e are approximate1 & ! actual am\nt necess>y w diff] ) ! "* ( ! ,nessl] solution1 ! color s5sitiv5ess ( ! analy/'s eye1 & o!r conditions4 ,! f9al te/ ( ! /&>d is be/ obta9$ by comp>+ x ) ,nessl]iz$ /&>ds & modify+ ! t9t accord+ly4 ,su* comp>ison %\ld be made = ea* new bat* ( ,nessl] solution & %\ld be *eck$ by ea* analy/4 ,proc$ure4--,9 comp>ison ) p]man5t /&>ds1 ,nessl]ize ! di/illates 9 ! mann] above describ$ & comp>e ! result+ colors at ! end ( ab\t #aj m9utes ) ! p]man5t /&>ds4 ,! me?od ( calculat+ results is precisely ! same z ) ! ammonia /&>ds4 ,,modification ,,= ,,sewage4 ,ammonia nitrog5 & album9oid nitrog5 9 sewages1 soils1 & o!r mat]ials ( high nitrog5 cont5t may be satisfactorily det]m9$ by dilut+ ! sample ) ammonia-free di/ill$ wat] & proce$+ z describ$ 9 ! prec$+ sections1 b x is p]missible to di/ill ) /eam4#dj ,proc$ure4--,use a #bjj cc4 long-neck$ ,kjeldahl flask connect$ ) a cond5s] s t ! di/illate may drop f ! cond5s] tube directly into a ,nessl] tube or a flask4 ,connect ! ,kjeldahl flask ) a /eam g5]ator by a tube rea*+ almo/ to ! bottom ( ! flask4 ,aft] ! app>atus is fre$ f ammonia put ! sample to be te/$ into ! flask4 ,use #aj to #ajj cc4 ( ! sample accord+ to its ammonia cont5t4 ,pass ammonia-free /eam ?r\gh ! liquid 9 ! ,kjeldahl flask & collect ! di/illate 9 ! usual way4 ,x is usually conv5i5t to collect ! di/illate 9 a #bjj cc4 flask & to take an aliquot "p ( x = ,nessl]ization4 ,comp>e ) /&>ds & calculate ! nitrog5 cont5t 9 ! usual mann]4 ,?is me?od has ! advantage1 :5 ! sample is treat$ ) an alkal9e solution ( potassium p]manganate1 ( avoid+ bump+1 p]mitt+ ! assay ( solid matt]1 & yield+ ! ammonia m rapidly ?an by ! ord9>y process ( di/illation4 ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,direct ,,nessl]ization4#bage ,reag5ts4-- #a4 ,t5 p] c5t solution ( copp] sulfate 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o74 #b4 ,t5 p] c5t solution ( lead acetate 7,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4c;,h#b,o74 #c4 ,fifty p] c5t solution ( sodium hydroxide 7,na,o,h7 or potassium hydroxide 7,,koh74 ,proc$ure4--,to #ej cc4 ( ! sample to be te/$1 dilut$ if necess>y ) an equal volume ( ammonia-free wat]1 9 a %ort tube1 add a few drops ( ! copp] sulfate solution4 ,aft] ?or\ghly mix+1 add #a cc4 ( ! alkali hydroxide solution & aga9 ?or\ghly mix4 ,all[ ! tube to /& = a few m9utes1 :5 a heavy precipitate %\ld fall to ! bottom1 leav+ a colorless sup]natant liquid4 ,nessl]ize an aliquot "p4 ,comp>e ) /&>ds & compute ! ammonia nitrog5 9 ! same mann] z 9 ! di/illation proc$ure4 ,samples conta9+ hydrog5 sulfide may require ! use ( lead acetate 9 addition to ! copp] sulfate4 ,"s samples may require a few trials be=e ! "r comb9ation ( ! ?ree solutions to br+ ab\t ! be/ results c be f\nd4 ,in/ead ( add+ copp] sulfate to sewages ( high magnesium cont5t satisfactory cl>ification ( ! sample c be obta9$ by mix+ x ) ! alkali hydroxide alone4#ed ,,album9oid ,,nitrog54 ,! addition ( an alkal9e p]manganate solution to liquids conta9+ nitrog5\s organic matt] causes ! =mation ( ammonia1 :i* c be di/ill$ & det]m9$ by ,nessl]ization ( ! di/illate4 ,! nitrog5 ( ! ammonia1 ?us obta9$1 is call$ album9oid nitrog54 ,z ! ratio ( nitrog5\s organic matt] to ! ammonia obta9$ by di/illation is decid$ly v>iable#fcjge 9 sewages & o!r sub/ances conta9+ mu* nitrog5\s organic matt] album9oid nitrog5 results on su* sub/ances are less accurate#bi ?an organic 7,kjeldahl7 nitrog54 ,!re=e 9 sewage "w1 includ+ analysis ( influ5ts & efflu5ts ( purification plants & ! wat] ( highly pollut$ /reams1 x is recomm5d$ t det]m9ations ( organic nitrog5 be sub/itut$ = det]m9ations ( album9oid nitrog54 ,= gr\nd wat]s & surface wat]s conta9+ b little pollution1 ! album9oid nitrog5 is approximately "o-half ! organic nitrog52 accord+ly ! cont9uance ( album9oid nitrog5 det]m9ations = ?is class ( "w is approv$4 ,reag5ts4--,alkal9e potassium p]manganate4 ,p\r #a1bjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] into a porcela9 di% hold+ #b1ejj cc41 boil #aj m9utes1 & turn (f ! gas4 ,add #af grams ( ,c4 ,p4 potassium p]manganate & /ir until solution is complete4 ,!n add #hjj cc4 ( #ej p] c5t cl>ifi$ solution ( potassium hydroxide or an equival5t am\nt ( sodium hydroxide & en\gh di/ill$ wat] to fill ! di%4 ,boil d[n to #b1jjj cc4 ,te/ ?is solution = ammonia by mak+ a blank det]m9ation4 ,correct det]m9ations by ! am\nt ( ?is blank4 ,proc$ure4--,aft] ! collection ( ! di/illate = ammonia nitrog5 describ$ on page #ae add #ej cc4 7or m if necess>y to insure ! complete oxidation ( ! organic matt]7 ( alkal9e potassium p]manganate & cont9ue ! di/illation until at lea/ f\r portions1 & pref]ably five portions1 ( #ej cc4 ea*1 ( di/illate h be5 collect$ 9 sep>ate tubes4 ,det]m9e ! album9oid nitrog5 9 ! di/illate by ,nessl]ization4 ,if ! album9oid nitrog5 is kn[n to be high x is conv5i5t to collect ! di/illate 9 a #bjj cc4 flask & to ,nessl]ize an aliquot "p ( x4 ,dissolv$ album9oid nitrog5 may be det]m9$ 9 a sample f :i* susp5d$ matt] has be5 remov$ by filtration ei!r ?r\gh filt] pap] or ?r\gh a ,b]kefeld filt]4 ,susp5d$ album9oid nitrog5 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total & ! dissolv$ album9oid nitrog54 ,,organic ,,nitrog54#bd;b#figagfhd ,proc$ure = wat]4--,boil #ejj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a r\nd-bottom$ flask to remove ammonia nitrog54 ,?is usually causes ! loss ( #bjj cc4 ( ! sample1 :i* may be collect$ = ! det]m9ation ( ammonia nitrog54 ,add #e cc4 ( nitrog5-free conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & a small piece ( ignit$ pumice4 ,mix by %ak+ & place ov] a flame "u a hood4 ,dige/ until copi\s fumes ( sulfuric acid are giv5 (f & ! liquid f9ally becomes colorless or pale /raw color4 ,remove f ! flame1 & add potassium p]manganate cry/als 9 small portions until a heavy gre5 precipitate p]si/s 9 ! liquid4 ,cool4 ,dilute to ab\t #cjj cc4 ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,make alkal9e ) #aj p] c5t ammonia-free sodium hydroxide4 ,di/ill ! ammonia1 collect ! di/illate 9 ,nessl] tubes1 ,nessl]ize1 & comp>e ) /&>ds z describ$ 7pp4 #af-ah74 ,fir/ proc$ure = sewage#gf4--;,di/ill ! ammonia nitrog5 directly f #ajj cc4 or less ( ! sample1 dilut$ to #ejj cc4 ) nitrog5-free wat]4 ,collect ! di/illate & det]m9e ! ammonia nitrog5 9 x4 ,add #e cc4 ( nitrog5-free sulfuric acid & #a cc4 ( #aj p] c5t nitrog5-free copp] sulfate1 & dige/ ! liquid = half an h\r aft] x has become colorless or pale /raw color4 ,add #j4e gram ( potassium p]manganate cry/als to ! hot acid solution1 & dilute to #ejj cc4 ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,dilute #aj cc4 or m ( ?is liquid1 9 a ,kjeldahl di/ill+ flask1 to ab\t #cjj cc4 ) ammonia-free wat]4 ,make alkal9e ) #aj p] c5t sodium hydroxide1 di/ill1 & ,nessl]ize4 ,) "s samples direct ,nessl]ization may be us$4 7,see p4 #ai47 ,9 ?is det]m9ation c>e mu/ be tak5 to dige/ ?or\ghly1 to add potassium p]manganate to ! po9t ( precipitation1 to sample c>efully aft] dilution1 & to add en\gh sodium hydroxide to insure ! sep>ation ( ! ammonia f ! precipitat$ manganese hydroxide4 ,potassium p]manganate %\ld n be add$ dur+ dige/ion because x causes loss ( nitrog54 ,second proc$ure = sewage4--,omit ! sep>ation ( ammonia nitrog5 & det]m9e ! ammonia nitrog5 & organic nitrog5 toge!r4 ,det]m9e ! ammonia nitrog5 9 a sep>ate sample by direct ,nessl]ization z describ$ on page #ai4 ,! organic nitrog5 is equal to ! diff]5ce4 ,,nitrite ,,nitrog54#eafc;a#fdid;c#ajh ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sulfanilic acid solution4 ,dissolve #h4jj grams ( ! pure/ sulfanilic acid 9 #a1jjj cc4 ( #e ,n acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #a4jda7 or 9 #a1jjj cc4 ( wat] conta9+ #ej cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,?is is practically a saturat$ solution4 #b4 -naph?ylam9e acetate or *loride solution4 ,dissolve #e4jj grams solid -naph?ylam9e 9 #a1jjj cc4 ( #e ,n acetic acid or 9 #a1jjj cc4 ( wat] conta9+ #h cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,filt] ! solution ?r\gh wa%$ absorb5t cotton or an alundum filt]4 #c4 ,sodium nitrite /ock solution4 ,dissolve #a4a gram silv] nitrite 9 nitrite-free wat]2 precipitate ! silv] ) sodium *loride solution & dilute ! :ole to #a lit]4 #d4 ,/&>d sodium nitrite solution4 ,dilute #ajj cc4 ( solution #c to #a lit]1 !n dilute #ej cc4 ( ?is solution to #a lit] ) /]iliz$ nitrite-free wat]1 add #a cc4 ( *lor(orm1 & pres]ve 9 a /]iliz$ bottle4 ,"o cc4 #j4jjje mg4 nitrog54 #e4 ,fu*s9e solution4 #j4a gram p] lit]4 ,proc$ure4--,place 9 a /&>d ,nessl] tube #ej cc4 ( ! sample1 decoloriz$ if necess>y ) nitrite-free alum9ium hydroxide 7see p4 #db7 or a small] am\nt dilut$ to #ej cc4 ,at ! same "t prep>e 9 ,nessl] tubes a set ( /&>ds1 by dilut+ to #ej cc4 ) nitrite-free wat]1 v>i\s am\nts ( ! /&>d nitrite solution4 ,! foll[+ am\nts ( /&>d solution are sugge/$3 #j4j1 #j4a1 #j4b1 #j4d1 #j4g1 #a4j1 #a4d1 #a4g1 #b4j1 & #b4e cc4 ,add #a cc4 ( ! sulfanilic acid solution & #a cc4 ( ! -naph?ylam9e acetate or hydro*loride solution to ! sample & to ea* /&>d4 ,mix ?or\ghly & all[ to /& #aj m9utes2 !n comp>e ! sample ) ! /&>ds4 ,d n all[ ! sample to /& m ?an "o-half h\r be=e mak+ ! comp>ison4 ,if ! color ( ! sample is deep] ?an t ( ! highe/ /&>d repeat ! te/ on a dilut$ sample4 ,if #ej cc4 ( ! sample is us$ #j4ja times ! numb] ( cc4 ( ! /&>d mat*$ equals p>ts p] million ( nitrite nitrog54 ,satisfactory results c be obta9$ by us+ ei!r hydro*loric or acetic acid 9 prep>+ ! te/ solutions1 b ! spe$ ( ! reaction is m rapid if acetic acid is us$4#aab ,p]man5t /&>ds may be prep>$ by mat*+ ! nitrite /&>ds ) dilutions ( ! fu*s9e solution4 ,fu*s9e /&>ds h be5 f\nd to be suffici5tly accurate = wat]s high 9 nitrite & = sewage4 ,! /&>ds %\ld be *eck$ once a mon? & kept out ( bright sunlight4 ,,nitrate ,,nitrog54#afcfijajj ,two me?ods are recomm5d$ = ! det]m9ation ( nitrate nitrog5 9 wat]1 sewage1 & sewage efflu5ts4 ,,ph5oldisulfonic ,,acid ,,me?od4#aecb ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,ph5oldisulfonic acid4 ,dissolve #be grams ( pure :ite ph5ol 9 #aej cc4 ( pure conc5trat$ sulfuric acid4 ,add #ge cc4 ( fum+ sulfuric acid 7#ae p] c5t ,,s#c71 /ir well1 & heat = #b h\rs at ab\t #ajj;,c4 #b4 ,potassium hydroxide solution4 ,prep>e an approximately #ab ,n solution1 #aj cc4 ( :i* w neutralize ab\t #d cc4 ( ! ph5oldisulfonic acid4 #c4 ,/&>d nitrate solution4 ,dissolve #j4gb gram ( pure recry/alliz$ potassium nitrate 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,evaporate cauti\sly to dryness #aj cc4 ( ! solution on ! wat] ba?4 ,moi/5 residue quickly & ?or\ghly ) #b cc4 ( ph5oldisulfonic acid & dilute to #a lit]4 ,?is is ! /&>d solution1 #a cc4 ( :i* equals #j4jja mg4 ( nitrate nitrog54 #d4 ,/&>d silv] sulfate solution4 ,dissolve #d4d grams ( silv] sulfate free f nitrate 9 #a lit] ( wat]4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is solution is equal to #a mg4 ( *loride4 ,proc$ure4--,! alkal9ity1 *loride1 & nitrite cont5t1 & color ( ! sample mu/ fir/ be det]m9$4 ,if ! sample is highly color$ decolorize x ) fre%ly precipitat$ alum9ium hydroxide4 ,measure into an evaporat+ di% #ajj cc4 ( ! sample1 or if nitrate is v high su* volume z w conta9 ab\t #j4ja mg4 ( nitrate nitrog54 ,add suffici5t ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid ne>ly to neutralize ! alkal9ity4 ,!n add suffici5t /&>d silv] sulfate to precipitate all b ab\t #j4a mg4 ( *loride4 ,! removal ( *loride may be omitt$ if ! sample conta9s less ?an #cj p>ts p] million ( *loride4 ,heat ! mixture to boil+1 add a little alum9ium hydroxide1 /ir1 filt]1 & wa% ) small am\nts ( hot wat]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 & add #b cc4 ( ! ph5oldisulfonic acid1 rubb+ ) a glass rod to insure intimate contact4 ,if ! residue becomes pack$ or appe>s vitre\s because ( ! pres5ce ( mu* iron1 heat ! di% on ! wat] ba? = a few m9utes4 ,dilute ! mixture ) di/ill$ wat]1 & add sl[ly a /rong solution ( potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide until ! maximum color is develop$4 ,transf] ! solution to a ,nessl] tube1 filt]+ if necess>y4 ,if nitrate is pres5t a yell[ color w be =m$4 ,comp>e ! color ) t ( /&>ds#ebee made by add+ #b cc4 ( /rong potassium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide to v>i\s am\nts ( /&>d nitrate solution & dilut+ !m to #ej cc4 9 ,nessl] tubes4 ,! foll[+ am\nts ( /&>d nitrate solution are sugge/$3 #j1 #j4e1 #a4j1 #a4e1 #b4j1 #d4j1 #f4j1 #h4j1 #aj4j1 #ae4j1 #bj4j1 & #dj4j cc4 ,^! /&>ds may be kept sev]al weeks )\t det]ioration4 ,if #ajj cc4 ( wat] is us$ ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d multipli$ by #j4ja is equal to p>ts p] million ( nitrate nitrog54 ,/&>ds t w rema9 p]man5t = sev]al ye>s if /or$ 9 ! d>k may be prep>$ f tripotassium nitroph5oldisulfonate4#e ,if nitrite nitrog5 is pres5t 9 excess ( #a "p p] million x %\ld be oxidiz$ by heat+ ! samples a few m9utes ) a few drops ( hydrog5 p]oxide free f nitrate repeat$ly add$#ie or by add+ dilute potassium p]manganate 9 ! cold until a fa9t p9k coloration appe>s2 ! nitrog5 equival5t ( ! nitrite ?us oxidiz$ to nitrate is !n subtract$ f ! f9al nitrate nitrog5 read+4 ,,r$uction ,,me?od4#bdf ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sodium or potassium hydroxide solution4 ,dissolve #bej grams ( ! hydroxide 9 #a4be lit]s ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,add sev]al /rips ( alum9ium foil & all[ ! evolution ( hydrog5 to cont9ue ov] night4 ,conc5trate ! solution to #a lit] by boil+4 #b4 ,alum9ium foil4 ,use /rips ( pure alum9ium ab\t #aj cm4 long1 #f mm4 wide1 & #j4cc mm4 ?ick & weigh+ ab\t #j4e gram4 ,proc$ure4--,to #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a #cjj cc4 cass]ole add #b cc4 ( ! hydroxide solution & conc5trate by boil+ to ab\t #bj cc4 ,p\r ! cont5ts ( ! cass]ole into a te/ tube ab\t #af cm4 long & #c cm4 9 diamet]1 or ( approximately #ajj cc4 capacity4 ,r9se ! cass]ole sev]al times ) nitrog5-free wat] & add ! r9se wat] to ! liquid already 9 ! tube1 ?us mak+ ! cont5ts ( ! tube approximately #ge cc4 ,add a /rip ( alum9ium foil4 ,close ! tube by means ( a rubb] /opp] ?r\gh :i* passes a b5t glass tube ab\t #e mm4 9 diamet]4 ,put ! %ort] arm ( ! tube flu% ) ! l[] side ( ! rubb] /opp] & let ! long] arm ext5d bel[ ! surface ( di/ill$ wat] 9 ano!r te/ tube4 ,?is app>atus s]ves z a trap ?r\gh :i* ! evolv$ hydrog5 escapes freely4 ,! small am\nt ( ammonia escap+ into ! trap may be neglect$4 ,all[ ! action to proce$ = a m9imum p]iod ( f\r h\rs or ov] night4 ,p\r ! cont5ts ( ! tube into a di/ill+ flask1 dilute ) #bej cc4 ( ammonia-free wat]1 di/ill1 collect ! di/illate 9 ,nessl] tubes1 & ,nessl]ize4 ,if ! nitrate cont5t is high collect ! di/illate 9 a #bjj cc4 flask & ,nessl]ize an aliquot "p4 ,if ! sup]natant liquid 9 ! r$uction tube is cle> & colorless ! solution may be dilut$ to a def9ite volume & an aliquot "p ,nessl]iz$ )\t di/illation4 ,,total ,,nitrog54#ic ,9 sewage "w x is frequ5tly ( assi/ance to "k ! total nitrog5 cont5t4 ,?is is ord9>ily comput$ by add+ toge!r ! organic1 ammonia1 nitrite1 & nitrate nitrog51 ea* ( :i* is det]m9$ z already describ$4 ,,oxyg5 ,,consum$4#bdfghd;a#heid;f#ajaajb ,oxyg5 consum$ means ! oxyg5 t ! oxidizable comp\nds ( sewage & wat] consume :5 treat$ 9 an acid solution ) potassium p]manganate4 ,! expression is synonym\s ) oxyg5 requir$1 oxyg5 absorb$1 & oxyg5-consum+ capacity4 ,x %\ld n be confus$ ) bio*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,z ! c>bon1 n ! nitrog51 9 organic matt] is oxidiz$ by potassium p]manganate1 oxyg5 consum$ is consid]$ by "s an indication ( ! am\nt ( c>bonace\s organic matt] pres5t4 ,! det]m9ation indicates1 h[ev]1 only "p ( ! c>bon1 ! proportion v>y+ 9 diff]5t samples because ! c>bon 9 nitrog5\s matt] is n s readily oxidiz$ z t 9 c>bonace\s organic matt]4 ,fur!rmore1 x does n directly diff]5tiate ! c>bon pres5t 9 un/able organic matt] f t 9 fairly /able organic matt]1 su* z is sometimes ref]r$ to z residual humus matt]4 ,z nitrite nitrog51 f]r\s iron1 sulfide1 & o!r oxidizable m9]al sub/ances r$uce potassium p]manganate1 corrections = !m %\ld be made 9 ! det]m9ation4 ,,recomm5d$ ,,me?od4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,dilute sulfuric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid ) #c p>ts ( di/ill$ wat] & free ! solution f oxidizable matt] by add+ potassium p]manganate until a fa9t p9k color p]si/s aft] ! solution has /ood sev]al h\rs4 #b4 ,/&>d ammonium oxalate4 ,dissolve #j4hhh gram ( ! pure salt 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,"o cc4 is equival5t to #j4a mg4 ( oxyg54 ,an equival5t quantity ( oxalic acid or sodium oxalate may be us$4 #c4 ,/&>d potassium p]manganate4 ,dissolve #j4d gram ( ! cry/alliz$ salt 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,add #aj cc4 ( ! dilute sulfuric acid & #aj cc4 ( ?is solution ( potassium p]manganate to #ajj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & dige/ #cj m9utes4 ,add #aj cc4 ( ! ammonium oxalate solution1 & !n add potassium p]manganate till a p9k coloration appe>s4 ,?is de/roys ! oxyg5-consum+ capacity ( ! wat] us$4 ,n[ add ano!r #aj cc4 ( ammonium oxalate solution & titrate ) potassium p]manganate4 ,adju/ ! potassium p]manganate solution s t #a cc4 is equival5t to #a cc4 ( ammonium oxalate solution or #j4a mg4 ( available oxyg54 ,acid dige/ion4--,place 9 a flask #ajj cc4 ( ! wat]1 or1 if ! wat] is ( high organic cont5t1 a small] portion dilut$ to #ajj cc4 ,add #aj cc4 ( sulfuric acid solution & #aj cc4 ( /&>d potassium p]manganate & dige/ ! liquid exactly #cj m9utes 9 a ba? ( boil+ wat] ! level ( :i* is kept above ! level ( ! cont5ts ( ! flask4#gjga;a ,if ! quantity ( p]manganate is insuffici5t = complete oxidation repeat ! dige/ion ) a l>g] quantity2 at lea/ #e cc4 excess ( ! /&>d p]manganate %\ld be pres5t :5 ! ammonium oxalate solution is add$4 ,remove ! flask1 add #aj cc4 ( ! ammonium oxalate solution1 & titrate ) ! /&>d p]manganate until a fa9t b di/9ct color is obta9$4 ,if #ajj cc4 ( wat] is us$ ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( potassium p]manganate solution 9 excess ( ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ammonium oxalate solution is equal to p>ts p] million ( oxyg5 consum$4 ,if oxidizable m9]al sub/ances1 su* z f]r\s iron1 sulfide1 or nitrite1 are pres5t 9 ! sample corrections %\ld be appli$ z accurately z possible by suitable proc$ures4 ,direct titration ( ! acidifi$ sample 9 ! cold1 us+ a ?ree-m9ute p]iod ( dige/ion1 s]ves ?is purpose q well = pollut$ surface wat]s & fairly well = purifi$ sewage efflu5ts4 ,few raw sewages conta9+ no trade wa/es ne$ su* a correction1 b raw sewages conta9+ 8pickl+0 liquors d ne$ x4 ,if ! sample conta9s bo? oxidizable m9]al comp\nds & gase\s organic sub/ances ! latt] %\ld be driv5 (f by heat & ! sample all[$ to cool be=e apply+ ?is te/ = ! correction factor4 ,if su* corrections are made ! fact %\ld be /at$ ) ! am\nt ( correction4 ,p]iod & temp]ature ( dige/ion4--,z ! practice 9 reg>d to ! p]iod & temp]ature ( dige/ion has v>i$ widely x is difficult to comp>e ! results obta9$ at "o laboratory ) ^? obta9$ at ano!r4 ,none ( ! me?ods gives absolute results4 ,!y are all relative#bfbieg at be/4 ,dige/+ #cj m9utes at ! boil+ temp]ature is h]e9 designat$ ! recomm5d$ me?od4 ,if samples are analyz$ by any o!r me?od ! me?od %\ld be not$1 &1 repres5tative results by ! /&>d me?od %\ld be plac$ on record = purposes ( comp>ison4 ,,o!r ,,me?ods4 ,additional reag5ts4--#a4 ,potassium iodide solution4 ,t5 p] c5t solution1 free f iodate4 #b4 ,/&>d sodium ?iosulfate4 ,dissolve #a4j gram ( ! pure cry/alliz$ salt 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,/&>dize ?is solution aga9/ ! /&>d potassium p]manganate4 ,z ! ?iosulfate solution does n keep well det]m9e its actual /r5g? at frequ5t int]vals4 #c4 ,/>* indicator4 ,prep>e z direct$ 9 ! section on dissolv$ oxyg5 7pp4 #fe-ff74 #d4 ,sodium hydroxide solution4 ,dissolve #a "p ( pure sodium hydroxide 9 #b p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,c]ta9 widely practic$ deviations f ! /&>d proc$ure j describ$ are not$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 #a4 ,heat ! acidifi$ sample to boil+1 add ! p]manganate solution1 & dige/ = two m9utes#af at boil+ temp]ature4 ,?is proc$ure is facilitat$ by agitat+ ! liquid con/antly ) a small curr5t ( air to gu>d aga9/ bump+4 #b4 ,same me?od z ,no4 #a except t ! p]iod ( dige/ion is five m9utes4#aba;a #c4 ,same me?od z ,no4 #b except t ! p]manganate solution is add$ to ! acidifi$ sample :5 cold1 & dige/ion is cont9u$ five m9utes aft] ! sample rea*es ! boil+ po9t4 ,! advantage ( ?is me?od is t !re is includ$ ! oxyg5-consum+ p[] ( ! volatile matt] pres5t 9 "s sewages & sewage efflu5ts1 :i* is driv5 (f by heat & ?us escapes :5 ! te/ is made 9 accordance ) proc$ures #a & #b4 #d4 ,same me?od z ,no4 #c except t ! p]iod ( dige/ion is #aj m9utes4#fcfh;c #e4 ,dige/ion ( ! sample aft] ! acid & p]manganate solutions are add$ is c>ri$ out abroad1 especially 9 ,engl&1 at approximately ! room temp]ature1#bd;a#fi;a#id;f#ajj;a app>5tly to gu>d aga9/ decomposition#ag ( p]manganate 9 ! pres5ce ( high *loride1 = p]iods ( ?ree m9utes1 fifte5 m9utes1 & f\r h\rs2 _m obs]v]s record ! oxyg5 consum$ aft] all ?ree p]iods1 :ile "s record ! result only = ! f\r-h\r p]iod4 ,at ! end ( ! p]iod ( dige/ion1 add #j4e cc4 ( potassium iodide solution to dis*>ge ! p9k color2 mix2 titrate ! lib]at$ iod9e ) ?iosulfate until ! yell[ color is ne>ly de/roy$1 !n add a few drops ( />* solution & cont9ue titration until ! blue color is j dis*>g$4 ,! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( potassium p]manganate solution 9 excess ( ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sodium ?iosulfate solution is equal to p>ts p] million ( oxyg5 consum$4 #f4 ,dige/ion 9 alkal9e solution#ajd is pref]able to dige/ion 9 acid solution = br9es or wat]s high 9 *lor9e4 ,place 9 a flask #ajj cc4 ( ! sample1 or if x is ( high organic cont5t a small] portion dilut$ to #ajj cc4 ,add #j4e cc4 ( sodium hydroxide solution & #aj cc4 ( /&>d potassium p]manganate & dige/ exactly #cj m9utes4 ,remove ! flask1 add #e cc4 ( sulfuric acid & #aj cc4 ( ! /&>d ammonium oxalate1 & titrate ) ! /&>d potassium p]manganate z 9 ! acid dige/ion4 ,,residue ,,on ,,evaporation4 ,,total ,,residue4#af ,ignite & weigh a clean plat9um di%1 & measure into x #ajj cc4 ( ! ?or\ghly %ak5 sample4 ,evaporate to dryness on a wat] ba?4 ,!n heat ! di% 9 an ov5 at #ajc ,c4 or #ahj ,c4 = "o h\r4 ,cool 9 a desiccator & weigh4 ,! temp]ature ( dry+ %\ld be m5tion$ 9 ! report4 ,! increase 9 weight gives ! total solids or residue on evaporation4 ,if #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 0 tak5 ?is weight express$ 9 milligrams & multipli$ by #aj is equal to p>ts p] million ( residue on evaporation4 ,! residue f wat]s l[ 9 organic matt] b relatively high 9 iron may be us$1 z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 = ! det]m9ation ( iron4 ,,fix$ ,,residue ,,& ,,loss ,,on ,,ignition4#acif ,! residue f sewages & wat]s high 9 organic matt] may be ignit$ to burn (f ! organic matt]1 :i*1 ) "s volatile inorganic matt]1 con/itutes ! loss on ignition4 ,proc$ure4--,ignite ! residue 9 ! plat9um di% at a l[ r$ heat4 ,if great accuracy is desir$ ?is %\ld be done 9 an electric muffle furnace or 9 a radiator1 :i* consi/s ( a plat9um or a nickel di% l>ge en\gh to all[ an air space ( ab\t half an in* betwe5 x & ! di% )9 x1 ! inn] di% be+ support$ by a triangle ( plat9um wire laid on ! bottom ( ! out] di%4 ,a disc ( plat9um or nickel foil l>ge en\gh to cov] ! out] di% is susp5d$ ov] ! inn] di% to radiate ! heat into x4 ,! l>g] di% is heat$ to bright r$ness until ! residue is :ite or ne>ly s4 ,all[ ! di% to cool1 & moi/5 ! residue ) a few drops ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,dry ! residue 9 ! ov51 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh4 ,! fix$ residue on evaporation is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is weight & ! weight ( ! di%4 ,! loss on ignition is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total residue on evaporation & ! fix$ residue on evaporation4 ,if ! odor & color on ignition ( "s residues give helpful clues to ! "* ( ! organic matt] record !m4 ,,susp5d$ ,,matt]4#efaaj ,,det]m9ation ,,) ,,goo* ,,crucible4 ,reag5t4--,prep>e a dilute cream ( asbe/os fibre :i* has be5 f9ely %r$d$1 ?or\ghly ignit$1 treat$ ) /rong hydro*loric acid = at lea/ #ab h\rs1 & wa%$ ) di/ill$ wat] till free f acid4 ,proc$ure4--#a4 ,prep>e a mat ( ! asbe/os fibre #a_/af in* ?ick 9 a ,goo* crucible4 ,dry x 9 an ov5 at #ajc or #ahj ,c41 cool & weigh4 ,filt] #a1jjj cc4 ( samples hav+ a turbidity ( #ej p>ts p] million or less4 ,if ! turbidity is high] use suffici5t wat] to obta9 #ej to #ajj mg4 ( susp5d$ matt]4 ,dry = "o h\r at #ajc or #ahj ,c41 cool & weigh4 ,report ! temp]ature at :i* ! residue 0 dri$4 ,if #a1jjj cc4 is filt]$ ! increase 9 weight express$ 9 milligrams is equal to p>ts p] million ( susp5d$ matt]4 ,,det]m9ation ,,by ,,filtration4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total solids 9 filt]$ & unfilt]$ portions ( a sample may be us$ z a basis = calculat+ susp5d$ matt]4 ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,volume4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! volume#ifi;b ( susp5d$ matt] 9 sewages has receiv$ consid]able att5tion abroad4 ,imh(f recomm5ds ! use ( conical glass vessels hold+ #a lit] ) ! l[] portions graduat$ 9 cubic c5timet]s4 ,o!rs recomm5d c5trifuges ) s$im5t tubes4 ,,fix$ ,,residue ,,& ,,loss ,,on ,,ignition4 ,treat ! total residue f a filt]$ sample 9 ! same mann] z describ$ = ! total residue1 & obta9 ! loss on ignition due to dissolv$ matt]1 & by diff]5ce ! loss on ignition due to susp5d$ matt]4 ,,h>dness4#id;e ,a wat] conta9+ c]ta9 m9]al con/itu5ts 9 solution1 *iefly calcium & magnesium1 :i* =m insoluble comp\nds ) soap1 is said to be h>d4 ,c>bon dioxide 9 wat] increases ! solubility ( calcium & magnesium c>bonates1 =m+ bic>bonate4 ,if c>bon dioxide is remov$ f ! wat] by boil+ ! bic>bonate is decompos$ & calcium & magnesium are p>tly precipitat$4 ,! proportion ( calcium or magnesium c>bonate t a wat] c hold 9 solution dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( c>bon dioxide1 :i* 9 turn dep5ds on ! temp]ature ( ! wat] & ! proportion ( c>bon dioxide 9 ! atmosph]e ) :i* ! wat] has be5 9 contact4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! c>bon dioxide is remov$ f ! wat] by boil+ or o!rwise ! c>bonates ( calcium & magnesium are p>tly1 b n completely1 precipitat$1 & ! h>dness ( ! wat] is ?us dim9i%$ & ! wat] is s(t5$ to ! ext5t to :i* ^! sub/ances are precipitat$4 ,! h>dness ?us remov$ is call$ tempor>y h>dness4 ,! h>dness :i* /ill rema9s aft] boil+ is due ma9ly to calcium & magnesium 9 equilibrium ) sulfate1 *loride1 & nitrate1 & residual c>bonate1 & x is call$ p]man5t h>dness4 ,non-c>bonate h>dness is ! h>dness caus$ by sulfates1 *lorides1 & nitrates ( calcium1 magnesium1 iron1 & o!r metals t =m insoluble soaps4 ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,calculation4 ,! mo/ accurate me?od ( asc]ta9+ total h>dness is to compute x f ! results ( det]m9ations ( calcium & magnesium 9 ! sample4 7,see me?ods1 pp4 #eg-eh47 ,iron & o!r metals mu/ be includ$ 9 ! calculation if !y are pres5t 9 significant am\nts4 ,total h>dness z ,ca,c,o#c equals #b4e ,ca plus #d4a ,mg4 ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soap ,,me?od4#aba;b ,! det]m9ation ( h>dness by ! soap me?od r\ghly approximates ! am\nt ( calcium & magnesium 9 a wat]1 ?\gh x actually measures ! soap-consum+ p[] ( ! wat]4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,/&>d calcium *loride solution4 ,dissolve #j4b gram ( pure calcite 7calcium c>bonate7 9 a little dilute hydro*loric acid1 be+ c>eful to avoid loss ( solution by spatt]+4 ,evaporate ! solution to dryness sev]al times ) di/ill$ wat] to expel excess ( acid4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is dilution is equival5t to #j4b mg4 ( calcium c>bonate4 #b4 ,/&>d soap solution4 ,dissolve #ajj grams ( dry :ite ,ca/ile soap 9 #a lit] ( #hj p] c5t alcohol1 & all[ ?is solution to /& sev]al days be=e /&>diz+4 ,pure potassium oleate made f lead pla/] & potassium c>bonate may be us$ 9 place ( ,ca/ile soap4 ,fir/ me?od ( /&>dization4--,dilute #bj cc4 ( ! calcium *loride solution 9 a #bej cc4 glass-/opp]$ bottle to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat] :i* has be5 rec5tly boil$ & cool$4 ,add soap solution f a burette1 #j4b or #j4c cc4 at a "t1 %ak+ ! bottle vigor\sly aft] ea* addition until a la!r rema9s unbrok5 = five m9utes ov] ! entire surface ( ! wat] :ile ! bottle lies on its side4 ,!n adju/ ! /r5g? ( ! /ock solution ) #gj p] c5t alcohol s t ! result+ dilut$ soap solution w give a p]man5t la!r :5 #f4dj cc4 ( x is prop]ly add$ to #bj cc4 ( /&>d calcium *loride solution dilut$ to #ej cc4 ,usually #ge to #ajj cc4 ( ! /ock soap solution is requir$ to make #a lit] ( ! /&>d soap solution4 ,! quantity ( calcium c>bonate equival5t to ea* cubic c5timet] ( ! /&>d soap solution consum$ 9 ! titration is indicat$ 9 ,table #f4 ,table #f4--,,total ,,h>dness ,,9 ,,p>ts ,,p] ,,million ,,( ,ca,c,o#c ,,= ,,ea* ,,t5? ,,( ,a ,,cubic ,,c5timet] ,,( ,,soap ,,solution ,,:5 #ej ,,cc4 ,,( ,,! ,,sample ,,is ,,titrat$4 ,cubic c5timet]s #j4j4 #j4a4 #j4b4 #j4c4 #j4d4 #j4e4 #j4f4 #j4g4 #j4h4 #j4i4 ( soap solution4 #j4j #j4j #a4f #c4b #a4j #d4h #f4c #g4i #i4e #aa4a #ab4g #ad4c #ae4f #af4i #ah4b #b4j #ai4e #bj4h #bb4a #bc4d #bd4g #bf4j #bg4c #bh4f #bi4i #ca4b #c4j #cb4e #cc4h #ce4a #cf4d #cg4g #ch4j #dj4c #da4f #db4i #dd4c #d4j #de4g #dg4a #dh4f #ej4j #ea4d #eb4i #ed4c #ee4g #eg4a #eh4f #e4j #fj4j #fa4d #fb4i #fd4c #fe4g #fg4a #fh4f #gj4j #ga4d #gb4i #f4j #gd4c #ge4g #gg4a #gh4f #hj4j #ha4d #hb4i #hd4c #he4g #hg4a #g4j #hh4f #ij4j #ia4d #ib4i #id4c #ie4g #ig4a #ih4fajj4jaja4e ,?is table does n provide = ! use ( s l>ge volume ( soap solution = a s+le det]m9ation z =m] ones because ! end-po9t becomes some:at obscur$ 9 ! pres5ce ( magnesium if m ?an #g cc4 is us$4 ,second me?od ( /&>dization4--,dilute #ajj cc4 ( ! /ock soap solution to #a lit] ) #gj p] c5t alcohol4 ,?is dilute solution %\ld be ( su* /r5g? t approximately #f4d cc4 ( x w give a p]man5t la!r :5 #bj cc4 ( /&>d calcium *loride solution dilut$ to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat] is titrat$ ) x4 ,det]m9e ! am\nt ( soap solution requir$ to give a p]man5t la!r ) #ej cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] & ) #e1 #aj1 #ae1 & #bj cc4 ( /&>d calcium *loride solution dilut$ to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,f9ally plot on cross-section pap] a curve %[+ ! relation ( v>i\s quantities ( soap solution to correspond+ quantities ( /&>d calcium c>bonate solution & !re=e to p>ts p] million ( h>dness4 ,proc$ure4--,measure #ej cc4 ( ! wat] into a #bej cc4 bottle & add to x soap solution 9 small quantities 9 precisely ! same mann] z describ$ "u ! /&>dization ( ! soap solution4 ,f ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( soap solution us$ obta9 f ,table #f or f ! plott$ curve ! total h>dness ( ! wat] 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate4 ,to avoid mi/ak+ ! false or magnesium end-po9t = ! true "o#ce :5 add+ ! soap solution to wat]s conta9+ magnesium salts1 read ! burette aft] ! titration is app>5tly f9i%$1 & add ab\t #j4e cc4 m ( soap solution4 ,if ! end-po9t 0 due to magnesium ! la!r w disappe>4 ,soap solution mu/ !n be add$ until ! true end-po9t is rea*$4 ,usually ! false la!r p]si/s = less ?an five m9utes4 ,if m ?an #g cc4 ( soap solution is requir$ = #ej cc4 ( ! wat] take less ( ! sample & dilute x to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat] :i* has be5 rec5tly boil$ & cool$4 ,?is /ep r$uces some:at ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( magnesium1#ajg;a :i* consumes m soap ?an an equival5t weight ( calcium4 ,at be/ ! soap me?od is n a precise te/ on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t relative am\nts ( calcium & magnesium 9 diff]5t wat]s4 ,= h>d wat]s1 especially 9 connection ) processes = purification & s(t5+1 x is advis$ t ?is me?od be n exclusively us$4 ,if ! same wat] is frequ5tly analyz$ x may be ( assi/ance to /&>dize ! soap solution aga9/ a mixture ( calcium & magnesium salts1 ! relative proportions ( :i* approximate ^? f\nd 9 ! wat]4 ,! /r5g? ( ! soap solution %\ld be det]m9$ f "t to "t1 to make sure t x has n mat]ially *ang$4 ,record all results 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate4 ,"o ,engli% degree ( h>dness1 ,cl>k's scale1 is equival5t to #a gra9 p] ,imp]ial gallon ( calcium c>bonate4 ,"o ,fr5* degree ( h>dness is equival5t to #a "p p] #ajj1jjj ( calcium c>bonate4 ,"o ,g]man degree ( h>dness is equival5t to #a "p p] #ajj1jjj ( calcium oxide1 & multipli$ by #ag4i gives p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! relations ( ^! v>i\s scales are indicat$ 9 ,table #g4 ,table #g4--;,,conv]sion ,,table ,,= ,,h>dness4 ,unit4 ,equival5t4 ,p>ts p] ,cl>k ,fr5* ,g]man million4 degrees4 degrees4 degrees4 ,"o "p p] million #a4jj #j4jg #j4aj #j4jef ,"o ,cl>k degree #ad4c #a4jj #a4dc 4#hj ,"o ,fr5* degree #aj4j 4#gj #a4jj 4#ef ,"o ,g]man degree #ag4i #a4bd #a4gh #a4jj ,,total ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soda ,,reag5t ,,me?od4#dggdhaid;d ,add /&>d sulfuric acid to #bjj cc4 ( ! sample until ! alkal9ity is neutraliz$4 7,see ,proc$ure ) me?yl orange1 p4 #cg47 ,!n apply ! non-c>bonate h>dness me?od 7pp4 #cd-ce74 ,?is me?od gives fairly satisfactory e/imates ( total h>dness ( h>d wat]s4 ,,tempor>y ,,h>dness ,,by ,,titration ,,) ,,acid4 ,det]m9e ! alkal9ity 9 pres5ce ( me?yl orange 7see p4 #cg7 9 ! orig9al sample & also 9 ! sample aft] boil+1 cool+1 re/or+ to ! orig9al volume ) boil$ di/ill$ wat]1 & filt]+4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 if any1 is ! tempor>y h>dness4 ,?is is ! mo/ accurate me?od ( det]m9+ ! tempor>y h>dness ( ord9>y wat]s4 ,iron bic>bonate is includ$ z a "p ( ! tempor>y h>dness4 ,,non-,,c>bonate ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soda ,,reag5t ,,me?od4#dggdhaid;d ,! use ( soda reag5t does n avoid entirely ! error due to solubility ( ! salts ( calcium & magnesium2 consequ5tly1 if mu* dep5ds on ! results1 z 9 wat] s(t5+1 gravimetric det]m9ations ( ! calcium & magnesium t rema9 9 solution %\ld be made & a correction %\ld be appli$ = ^? am\nts4 ,reag5t4--,prep>e soda reag5t f equal p>ts ( sodium hydroxide & sodium c>bonate4 ,x %\ld be approximately t5? normal4 ,proc$ure4--,measure #bjj cc4 ( ! sample & #bjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] into #ejj cc4 ,j5a or simil> glass ,erl5mey] flasks4 ,treat ! cont5ts ( ea* flask 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,boil #ae m9utes to expel free c>bon dioxide4 ,add #be cc4 ( soda reag5t4 ,boil #aj m9utes1 cool1 r9se into #bjj cc4 graduat$ flasks1 & dilute to #bjj cc4 ) boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,filt]1 reject+ ! fir/ #ej cc41 & titrate #ej cc4 ( ea* filtrate ) ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( me?yl orange or ery?ros9e indicator4 ,! non-c>bonate h>dness 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate is equal to #bj times ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sulfuric acid requir$ = ! soda reag5t 9 di/ill$ wat] & ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid requir$ = ! soda reag5t 9 ! sample4 ,wat] naturally conta9+ bic>bonate & c>bonate 9 excess ( calcium & magnesium requires a l>g] am\nt ( acid to neutralize ! sample aft] x has be5 treat$ ?an is requir$ to neutralize ! volume ( soda reag5t orig9ally add$4 7,see p4 #ci47 ,,non-,,c>bonate ,,h>dness ,,by ,,soap ,,me?od4 ,non-c>bonate h>dness may be calculat$ = wat]s :i* are s(t or mod]ately h>d 9 a fairly satisfactory mann] by d$uct+ ! total alkal9ity f ! total h>dness by ! soap me?od 7pp4 #ca-cd74 ,= wat]s t are v h>d1 & p>ticul>ly ^? t conta9 mu* magnesium1 ?is me?od is n advis$4 ,,alkal9ity4#aaahdgig ,! alkal9ity ( a natural wat] repres5ts its cont5t ( c>bonate1 bic>bonate1 borate1 silicate1 phosphate1 & hydroxide4 ,alkal9ity is det]m9$ by neutralization ) /&>d sulfuric acid or potassium bisulfate 9 ! pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 & ei!r me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid z indicators4 ,me?yl orange may be us$ except 9 wat]s conta9+ alum9ium sulfate or iron sulfate4 ,! relations betwe5 e/imates 9 pres5ce ( ^! indicators & ! c>bonate1 bic>bonate1 & hydroxide radicles are indicat$ 9 ,table #h4 ,! alkal9ity ( c>bonates 9 ! pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 is diff]5t f t 9 ! pres5ce ( me?yl orange1 p>tly because ( loss ( c>bon dioxide & p>tly because ( defects 9 ph5olph?ale9 z an indicator 9 su* conditions4 ,table #h4--,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,alkal9ity ,,to ,,ph5olph?ale9 ,,& ,,t ,,to ,,me?yl ,,orange1 ,,ery?ros9e1 ,,or ,,lacmoid1 ,,9 ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,bic>bonate1 ,,c>bonate1 ,,& ,,hydroxide4 ,result ( ,value ( radicle express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium titration4,c c>bonate4 ,bic>bonate4 ,c>bonate4 ,hydroxide4 ,p #j ,t #j #j ,p #a_/b,t ,t #b,p #b,p #j ,p #a_/b,t #j #b,p #j ,p #a_/b,t #j #b7,t ,p7 #b,p ,t ,p ,t #j #j ,t ,footnote ,c3 ,t ,total alkal9ity 9 pres5ce ( me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid4 ,p ,alkal9ity 9 pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale94 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sulfuric acid or potassium bisulfate4 ,a ,n_/#ej solution4 #b4 ,ph5olph?ale9 indicator4 ,dissolve #e grams ( a good quality ( ph5olph?ale9 9 #a lit] ( #ej p] c5t alcohol4 ,neutralize ) ,n_/#aj potassium hydroxide4 ,! alcohol %\ld be dilut$ ) boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 #c4 ,me?yl orange indicator4 ,dissolve #j4e gram ( a good grade ( me?yl orange 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,keep ! solution 9 ! d>k4 #d4 ,lacmoid indicator4 ,dissolve #b4j grams ( lacmoid 9 #a lit] ( #ej p] c5t alcohol4 ,dilute ! alcohol ) fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 #e4 ,ery?ros9e indicator4 ,dissolve #j4e gram ( ery?ros9e 7! sodium salt7 9 #a lit] ( fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,ph5olph?ale94 ,add #d drops ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a :ite porcela9 cass]ole or an ,erl5mey] flask ov] a :ite surface4 ,if ! solution becomes color$1 hydroxide or normal c>bonate is pres5t4 ,add ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid f a burette until ! coloration disappe>s4 ,! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid us$ multipli$ by #bj if #ej cc4 ( ! sample 0 us$1 or by #aj if #ajj cc4 0 us$4 ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,me?yl ,,orange4 ,add #b drops ( me?yl orange indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample1 or to ! solution to :i* ph5olph?ale9 has be5 add$1 9 a :ite porcela9 cass]ole or an ,erl5mey] flask ov] a :ite surface4 ,if ! solution becomes yell[1 hydroxide1 normal c>bonate1 or bic>bonate is pres5t4 ,add ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid f a burette until ! fa9te/ p9k coloration appe>s4 ,! me?yl orange alkal9ity 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate is equal to ! total numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid us$ multipli$ by #bj if #ej cc4 ( ! sample 0 us$1 or by #aj if #ajj cc4 0 us$4 ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,lacmoid4 ,add #d drops ( lacmoid indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a porcela9 cass]ole or an ,erl5mey] flask4 ,add ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid f a burette until )9 #a or #b cc4 ( ! am\nt necess>y = neutralization has be5 add$4 ,heat ! solution until bubbles ( /eam beg9 to break at ! surface4 ,remove ! di% f ! s\rce ( heat & cont9ue ! titration until a drop ( ! acid /rik+ ! surface ( ! liquid & s9k+ to ! bottom ( ! vessel produces no *ange 9 ! uni=m r$di% or purple color ( ! solution4 ,! calculation is ! same z = ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,,proc$ure ,,) ,,ery?ros9e4 ,add #e cc4 ( neutral *lor(orm & #a cc4 ( ery?ros9e indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a #bej cc4 cle> glass-/opp]$ bottle4 ,if ! *lor(orm becomes rose color$ on %ak+1 hydroxide1 bic>bonate1 or normal c>bonate is pres5t4 ,add ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid f a burette until ! *lor(orm becomes colorless4 ,a :ite surface beh9d ! bottle facilitates detection ( a trace ( color z ! end-po9t is approa*$4 ,! calculation is ! same z ) ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,,bic>bonate4 ,bic>bonate is pres5t if ! alkal9ity to ph5olph?ale9 is less ?an "o-half ! alkal9ity to me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid4 ,! alkal9ity to me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid is due entirely to bic>bonate if !re is no ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,if !re is ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity ! bic>bonate1 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate1 is equal to ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity m9us twice ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,bic>bonate1 c>bon dioxide z bic>bonate1 & half-b\nd c>bon dioxide c be calculat$ z foll[s3 ,bic>bonate 7,,hco#c7 #a4bb times ! bic>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 z bic>bonate #j4hh times ! bic>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,half-b\nd c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 #j4dd times ! bic>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,,normal ,,c>bonate4#bjid ,normal c>bonate is pres5t if ! alkal9ity to ph5olph?ale9 is great] ?an z]o b less ?an ! alkal9ity to me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid4 ,if ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity is exactly equal to "o-half ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity ! alkal9ity is due entirely to normal c>bonate4 ,if ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity is less ?an "o-half ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity normal c>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate is equal to twice ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,if ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity is great] ?an "o-half ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity ! normal c>bonate is equal to twice ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity & ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity4 ,! c>bonate1 c>bon dioxide z c>bonate1 & b\nd c>bon dioxide c be calculat$ z foll[s3 ,c>bonate 7,,co#c7 #j4f times ! normal c>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,c>bon dioxide z c>bonate 7,,co#b7 #j4dd times ! normal c>bonate express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,b\nd c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 is ! sum ( ! c>bon dioxide z c>bonate & "o-half t z bic>bonate4 ,,hydroxide4#bjid ,if hydroxide1 or cau/ic alkal9ity1 is pres5t ! alkal9ity to ph5olph?ale9 is great] ?an "o-half ! alkal9ity to me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid2 ! alkal9ity is due entirely to hydroxide if ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity is equal to ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity4 ,if ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity is m ?an half & less ?an all ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity1 hydroxide1 express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate1 is equal to twice ! ph5olph?ale9 alkal9ity m9us ! me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid alkal9ity4 ,,alkali ,,c>bonates4 ,wat]s :i* conta9 sodium or potassium c>bonates or bic>bonates conta9 all ( _! calcium & magnesium z c>bonates or bic>bonates4 ,t is1 !y possess no non-c>bonate h>dness 7sulfates1 nitrates or *lorides ( calcium & magnesium74 ,! mo/ accurate me?od is to det]m9e ! total alkal9ity by titration ) ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid1 us+ me?yl orange1 ery?ros9e1 or lacmoid z an indicator2 !n det]m9e ! calcium & magnesium cont5t2 & subtract f ! total alkal9ity ! comput$ alkal9ity due to ! calcium & magnesium express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate4 ,! rema9d] is ! alkal9ity due to c>bonates & bic>bonates ( sodium & potassium4 ,?is det]m9ation may also be made by apply+ ! me?od1 = non-c>bonate h>dness ) soda reag5t 7see p4 #ce71 & by not+ ! excess ( acid requir$ to neutralize ! alkal9e c>bonates orig9ally pres5t4 ,) pres5t in=mation z to solubilities ( ! normal c>bonates ( calcium & magnesium1 x is difficult 9 _! pres5ce to measure slight quantities ( c>bonates ( sodium or potassium4 ,,acidity4#bd;d#cg ,wat]s may h an acid reaction because ( ! pres5ce ( free c>bon dioxide1 m9]al acids1 or "s ( _! salts1 especially ^? ( iron & alum9ium4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate4 ,dissolve #a4jf grams ( anhydr\s sodium c>bonate 9 #a lit] ( boil$ di/ill$ wat] t has be5 cool$ 9 an atmosph]e free f c>bon dioxide4 ,pres]ve ?is solution 9 bottles ( resi/ant glass protect$ f ! air by tubes fill$ ) soda-lime4 ,"o cc4 is equival5t to #a mg4 ( ,ca,c,o#c4 #b4 ,n_/#bb sodium c>bonate4 ,dissolve #b4da grams ( anhydr\s sodium c>bonate 9 #a lit] ( boil$ di/ill$ wat] t has be5 cool$ 9 an atmosph]e free f c>bon dioxide4 ,pres]ve ?is solution 9 bottles ( resi/ant glass protect$ f ! air by tubes fill$ ) soda-lime4 ,"o cc4 is equival5t to #a mg4 ( ,,co#b4 #c4 ,ph5olph?ale9 indicator 7see p4 #cf74 #d4 ,me?yl orange indicator 7see p4 #cf74 ,,total ,,acidity4 ,proc$ure4--,add #d drops ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a :ite porcela9 cass]ole or an ,erl5mey] flask ov] a :ite surface4 ,add ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate until ! solution turns p9k4 ,! total acidity 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate us$ multipli$ by #bj if #ej cc4 ( ! sample 0 us$1 or by #aj if #ajj cc4 0 us$4 ,,free ,,c>bon ,,dioxide4#bjbcfahghhid;a#aah ,c>bon dioxide may exi/ 9 wat] 9 ?ree =ms--free c>bon dioxide1 bic>bonate 7pp4 #cg-ch71 & c>bonate 7p4 #ch74 ,"o-half ! c>bon dioxide z bic>bonate is kn[n z ! half-b\nd c>bon dioxide4 ,! c>bon dioxide z c>bonate plus "o-half t z bic>bonate is kn[n z ! b\nd c>bon dioxide4 ,proc$ure4--,p\r #ajj cc4 ( ! sample into a tall n>r[ vessel1 pref]ably a #ajj cc4 ,nessl] tube4 ,add #aj drops ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator1 & titrate rapidly ) ,n_/#bb sodium c>bonate1 /irr+ g5tly1 until a fa9t b p]man5t p9k color is produc$4 ,! free c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 9 p>ts p] million is equal to #aj times ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#bb sodium c>bonate us$4 ,because ( ! ease ) :i* free c>bon dioxide escapes f wat]1 p>ticul>ly :5 ! gas is pres5t 9 l>ge am\nt1 a special sample %\ld be collect$ = ?is det]m9ation1 :i* %\ld pref]ably be made at ! "t ( collection4 ,if ! analysis _c be made at ! "t ( collection approximate results ) wat] n too high 9 free c>bon dioxide may be obta9$ on samples collect$ 9 bottles completely fill$ s z to leave no air space "u ! /opp]4 ,bottl$ samples %\ld be kept1 until te/$1 at a temp]ature l[] ?an t ( ! wat] :5 collect$4 ,if m9]al acids or c]ta9 salts are pres5t correction mu/ be made4 ,at be/1 ! results ( ! titration are unc]ta9 because ! prop] end-po9t = correct results diff]s 9 color ) diff]5t types ( wat]4 ,,free ,,m9]al ,,acids4 ,proc$ure4--,add #b drops ( me?yl orange indicator to #ej or #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a :ite porcela9 cass]ole or an ,erl5mey] flask ov] a :ite surface4 ,add ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate f a burette until ! p9k coloration ( ! solution disappe>s4 ,! acidity due to free m9]al acids1 express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate1 is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate us$ multipli$ by #bj if #ej cc4 ( ! sample 0 us$1 or by #aj if #ajj cc4 0 us$4 ,,m9]al ,,acids ,,& ,,sulfates ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9ium4#bd;d#cg ,proc$ure4--,modify ! me?od = free m9]al acids by titrat+ ! wat] at boil+ temp]ature 9 ! pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator4 ,! acidity due to free m9]al acids & sulfates ( iron & alum9ium1 express$ 9 t]ms ( calcium c>bonate1 is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#ej sodium c>bonate us$ multipli$ by #bj if #ej cc4 ( ! sample 0 us$1 or by #aj if #ajj cc4 0 us$4 ,! acidity due to sulfates ( iron & alum9ium is equal to ! acidity due to m9]al acids & sulfates m9us ! acidity due to m9]al acids4 ,! acidity due to f]r\s & f]ric sulfate c be calculat$ f ! det]m9$ am\nt ( ^! salts 7pp4 #dc-dh74 ,! acidity due to alum9ium sulfate is equal to ! acidity due to total acid sulfates m9us t due to iron sulfates4 ,acidity %all be report$ 9 p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c74 ,sulfate 7,,s#d7 equals p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate multipli$ by #j4if4 ,c>bon dioxide 7,,co#b7 equals p>ts p] million ( calcium c>bonate multipli$ by #j4dd4 ,,*loride4#af ,*loride 9 wat] & sewage has its orig9 9 common salt1 f m9]al deposits 9 ! e>?1 f ocean vapors c>ri$ inl& by ! w9d1 or f pollut+ mat]ials l sewage & trade wa/es1 :i* conta9 ! salt us$ 9 ! h\sehold & 9 manufactur+4 ,comp>ison ( ! *loride cont5t ( a wat] ) t ( o!r wat]s 9 ! vic9ity kn[n to be unpollut$ frequ5tly af=ds useful in=mation z to its sanit>y quality4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! *loride normally exce$s #bj p>ts p] million because ( *loride-be>+ m9]al deposits ! *loride cont5t ( a wat] has little sanit>y significance4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,/&>d sodium *loride solution4 ,dissolve #af4dh grams ( pure fus$ sodium *loride 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,dilute #ajj cc4 ( ?is /ock solution to #a lit] 9 ord] to obta9 a /&>d solution ea* cubic c5timet] ( :i* conta9s #j4jja gram ( *loride4 #b4 ,/&>d silv] nitrate solution4 ,dissolve ab\t #b4dj grams ( silv] nitrate cry/als 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,/&>dize ?is ) ! /&>d salt solution1 & adju/1 correct+ = volume 7see p4 #dc71 s t #a cc4 w be exactly equival5t to #j4jjje gram ( *loride4 #c4 ,potassium *romate indicator4 ,dissolve #ej grams ( neutral potassium *romate 9 a little di/ill$ wat]4 ,add en\gh silv] nitrate to produce a slight r$ precipitate4 ,filt] & dilute ! filtrate to #a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 #d4 ,alum9ium hydroxide4 ,electrolyze ammonia-free wat]1 us+ alum9ium electrodes4 ,wa% ! precipitate until x is free f *loride1 ammonia1 & nitrite4 ,or dissolve #abe grams ( potassium or ammonium alum 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,precipitate ! alum9ium by add+ cauti\sly ammonium hydroxide4 ,wa% ! precipitate 9 a l>ge j> by successive additions & decantations ( di/ill$ wat] until free f *loride1 nitrite1 & ammonia4 ,proc$ure4--,add #a cc4 ( potassium *romate indicator to #ej cc4 ( ! sample 9 a #f-;in* :ite porcela9 evaporat+ di% or a #aej cc4 ,erl5mey] flask ov] a :ite surface4 ,titrate ) ! silv] nitrate solution "u simil> conditions ( volume1 light1 & temp]ature z 7 us$ 9 /&>diz+ ! silv] nitrate until a fa9t r$di% coloration is p]ceptible4 ,! detection ( ! end-po9t is facilitat$ by comp>ison ( ! cont5ts ( ! porcela9 di% ) ^? ( ano!r di% conta9+ ! same quantity ( potassium *romate indicator 9 #ej cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,"s analy/s pref] to make ! titration 9 a d>k-room provid$ ) a yell[ light4 ,! end-po9t is v %>p by electric light & also by daylight ) photographic yell[ glass4 ,! titration may be made 9 ,nessl] tubes#fh;a if ! solutions are /&>diz$ "u simil> conditions4 ,if ! am\nt ( *loride is v high use #be cc41 or ev5 a small] quantity1 dilute ! volume tak5 to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,if ! am\nt ( *loride is v l[ conc5trate #bej cc4 ( ! sample to #ej cc4 by evaporation4 ,rotate ! liquid to make sure t no residue rema9s undissolv$ on ! walls ( ! di%1 &1 if necess>y1 use a rubb]-tipp$ glass rod to assi/ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,*loride is det]m9$ by "s obs]v]s by extract+ ) hot di/ill$ wat] ! residue 9 ! plat9um di% 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! residue on evaporation & proce$+ z j describ$4 ,?is is p]missible if a little sodium c>bonate is add$ be=e evaporation to prev5t loss ( *loride ?r\gh decomposition ( magnesium *loride 9 ! residue4 ,if ! sample has a color great] ?an #cj x %\ld be decoloriz$ by %ak+ x ?or\ghly ) wa%$ alum9ium hydroxide 7#c cc4 to #ejj cc4 ( ! sample7 & all[+ ! precipitate to settle4 ,make ! det]m9ation on a portion ( ! cl>ifi$ sample1 filt]$ if necess>y4 ,if ! sample is acid1 neutralize x ) sodium c>bonate2 if hydroxide is pres5t1 add dilute sulfuric acid until ! cold liquid w j dis*>ge ! color ( ph5olph?ale94 ,if ! pres5ce ( sulfide & sulfocyanate r5d]s x necess>y1 make prop] corrections#bd;c#ajj;b or modifications 9 treatm5t4 ,make correction = ! error due to v>iations 9 ! volume ( ! liquid & precipitate by means ( ! =mula#ci ,x #j4jjc,v #j4jb1 9 :i* ,x ! correction 9 cubic c5timet]s ( silv] nitrate solution & ,v cubic c5timet]s ( liquid at ! end ( ! titration4 ,if #ej cc4 ( ! sample is titrat$ *loride 7,cl7 9 p>ts p] million is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( silv] nitrate solution multipli$ by #aj4 ,! correction to be appli$ is #j4b cc4 unless unusual accuracy is requir$4 ,,iron4#id;b#ih ,iron occurs 9 natural wat]s 9 bo? f]r\s & f]ric condition1 dep5d+ on ! s\rce ( ! sample4 ,9 gr\nd wat]s ! iron is usually 9 an unoxidiz$ & soluble condition1 sometimes comb9$ ) c>bonic or sulfuric acid1 & also 9 comb9ation ) organic matt]4 ,_m wat]s1 especially ^? t h be5 expos$ to ! air1 conta9 ! iron 9 ! =m ( a colloidal hydroxide4 ,silt-be>+ wat]s (t5 conta9 mu* iron 9 susp5sion1 usually 9 an oxidiz$ =m4 ,sewages & sewage efflu5ts1 p>ticul>ly ^? receiv+ manufactur+ wa/es1 conta9 v>i\s =ms ( iron ( diff]5t degrees ( solubility1 oxidation1 & coagulation4 ,,total ,,iron4#eifc;b ,,colorimetric ,,me?od4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,/&>d iron solution4 ,dissolve #j4g gram ( cry/alliz$ f]r\s ammonium sulfate 9 #ej cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] to :i* #bj cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid has be5 add$4 ,w>m ! solution slightly & add potassium p]manganate until ! iron is completely oxidiz$4 ,dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 ,"o cc4 ( ! /&>d solution equals #j4a mg4 ,fe4 #b4 ,potassium sulfocyanide solution4 ,dissolve #bj grams ( ! salt 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 #c4 ,dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,"o volume ( acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a4b7 & "o volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,?is %all be free f nitric acid4 #d4 ,n_/#e potassium p]manganate4 ,dissolve #f4cj grams ( ! salt 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute to #a lit]4 #e4 ,hydro*loric acid4 ,conc5trat$1 free f iron4 #f4 ,nitric acid4 ,conc5trat$1 free f iron4 #g4 ,nitric acid4 #e,n1 free f iron4 ,fir/ proc$ure4--,evaporate #ajj cc4 ( ! wat] to dryness1 or use ! residue left aft] ! det]m9ation ( residue on evaporation 7p4 #bi74 ,ignite ! residue at a l[ r$ heat tak+ c>e n to heat x hot en\gh to make ! iron difficultly soluble4 ,cool ! di% & add #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,moi/5 ! inn] surface ( ! di%4 ,w>m ! solution = two or ?ree m9utes1 & aga9 moi/5 ! inn] surface ( ! di% by p]mitt+ ! hot acid to fl[ ov] x4 ,wa% ! hot solution f ! di% into a #ej cc4 ,nessl] tube1 filt]+ if necess>y ?r\gh pap] t has be5 wa%$ ) hot wat]4 ,dilute to #ej cc41 & add #c drops ( potassium p]manganate solution4 ,add #e cc4 ( potassium sulfocyanide solution1 mix1 & comp>e ) /&>ds4 ,if x is n conv5i5t to use ! residue on evaporation & if ! sample is relatively free f organic matt]1 boil #ej cc4 ( ! sample ) #e cc4 ( #e,n nitric acid = five m9utes4 ,add a few drops ( p]manganate & #e cc4 ( potassium sulfocyanide & comp>e ) /&>ds1 us+ nitric acid 9 place ( hydro*loric acid 9 ! /&>ds4 ,?is me?od is excell5t = gr\nd wat]s4 ,! p]manganate & acid lib]ate *lor9e 9 wat] high 9 *loride1 & produce a p]man5t yell[ color :i* int]f]es ) ! det]m9ation1 unless ! sample is fir/ dilut$ to #ej cc4 ,an excess ( p]manganate1 react+ ) hydro*loric acid1 causes simil> tr\ble4 ,! am\nts ( hydro*loric acid1 #e cc41 & ( sulfocyanide1 #e cc41 %\ld be approximately measur$ because m acid light5s ! color :]eas m sulfocyanide deep5s x4 ,?is is especially important if p]man5t /&>ds are us$4 ,second proc$ure4--,= surface wat]s conta9+ small am\nts ( organic matt]1 ! me?od ( ,klut#ei is recomm5d$4 ,samples conta9+ small am\nts ( iron %\ld be conc5trat$1 if possible1 until at lea/ #j4e mg4 ( iron is pres5t 9 ! volume te/$4 ,boil ! sample 9 a beak] ) #b to #c cc4 ( conc5trat$ nitric acid free f iron1 add+ p]manganate if necess>y to de/roy ! organic matt]4 ,to ! hot liquid add ammonia 9 slight excess & w>m until ! smell ( ammonia is h>dly disc]nible4 ,filt] & wa% ) wat] at #gj to #hj ,c4 conta9+ a little ammonia4 ,dissolve ! iron 9 ! beak] & on ! filt] pap] 9 #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & wa% ) hot wat] until ! iron is all dissolv$1 collect+ ! filtrate 9 a #ej cc4 ,nessl] tube4 ,dilute to #ej cc4 ,add potassium sulfocyanide & det]m9e ! iron by comp>ison ) /&>ds4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,iron ,,/&>ds4 ,fir/ proc$ure4--,prep>e /&>ds conta9+ am\nts ( /&>d iron solution rang+ f #j4je to #d cc4 accord+ to ! quantity ( iron 9 ! sample4 ,dilute ^! am\nts ) wat] to ab\t #dj cc4 ,add #e cc4 ( dilute hydro*loric acid & #c drops ( potassium p]manganate to ea* tube & dilute to #ej cc4 ,add #e cc4 ( ! potassium sulfocyanide to ea* ( ! /&>d solutions at ! same "t t x is add$ to ! samples ( wat] "u exam9ation1 & comp>e imm$iately aft] mix+4 ,if #ajj cc4 ( ! sample is us$ ! iron 9 p>ts p] million is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! /&>d iron solution 9 ! /&>d t ! sample mat*es4 ,second proc$ure4--,= a small numb] ( det]m9ations x is m conv5i5t to run ! /&>d iron solution into a ,nessl] tube conta9+ ! acid1 di/ill$ wat]1 & potassium sulfocyanide until ! color mat*es t ( ! sample te/$4 ,:5 det]m9+ iron 9 ?ree or f\r samples ! colors may be mat*$ 9 ! ord] ( _! int5sity & ! volumes ( /&>d iron solution requir$ = ea* tube may be read f ! burette4 ,,comp>ison ,,) ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,plat9um solution4 ,dissolve #b grams ( potassium plat9ic *loride 7,pt,cl#d4b,k,cl7 9 di/ill$ wat]1 add #ajj cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,cobalt solution4 ,dissolve #bd grams ( dry cobalt\s *loride cry/als 7,co,cl#b4f;,h#b,o7 9 a small am\nt ( di/ill$ wat]1 add #ajj cc4 ( /rong hydro*loric acid1 & dilute to #a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,proc$ure4--,prep>e a s]ies ( p]man5t /&>ds by dilut+ to #ej cc4 ) di/ill$ wat] ! am\nts ( plat9um & cobalt solutions1 9 #ej cc4 ,nessl] tubes1 indicat$ 9 ,table #i4 ,comp>e ! sample ) ^! /&>ds1 & calculate ! p>ts p] million ( iron4 ,table #i4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,! ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,iron4 ,value 9 /&>d iron ,plat9um solution4 ,cobalt solution4 solution4 cc4 cc4 cc4 #j4j #j #j4j 4#a #b #a4j 4#c #f #c4j 4#e #aj #e4j 4#g #ad #g4e #a4j #bj #aa4j #a4e #bh #ag4j #b4j #ce #bd4j #b4e #ci #cb4j #c4j #ci #dc4j #c4e #dj #ee4j ,,volumetric ,,me?od4#bd;f ,"s samples ( sewage & wat] mix$ ) trade wa/es & m9e dra9age conta9 s mu* iron t x is pref]able to use ! volumetric me?od describ$ on page #eg = ! det]m9ation ( bo? total & dissolv$ iron1 r ?an to "w ) quantities small en\gh to p]mit application ( ! colorimetric me?ods j describ$4 ,if iron is pres5t 9 l>ge quantities 9 susp5sion1 z 9 "s sewages & septic tank efflu5ts1 x may be filt]$ (f & ! residue wa%$1 ignit$1 & fus$ ) potassium & sodium c>bonate4 ,! fusion is !n extract$ ) hydro*loric acid & ! iron det]m9$ z on page #eg4 ,samples conta9+ mu* organic matt] %\ld be evaporat$ to dryness ) #j4e cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & ! residue !n ignit$ be=e e/imation ( iron4 ,,dissolv$ ,,iron4 ,det]m9e1 by ! me?od describ$ = total iron1 ! iron 9 ! sample aft] filtration4 ,iron may precipitate f "s samples dur+ filtration4 ,,susp5d$ ,,iron4 ,! susp5d$ iron is ! diff]5ce betwe5 total iron 9 ! unfilt]$ sample & dissolv$ iron 9 ! filt]$ sample4 ,,f]r\s ,,iron4#bd;e ,det]m9e ! total f]r\s iron 9 an unfilt]$ sample & ! dissolv$ f]r\s iron 9 a filt]$ sample4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,/&>d iron solution4 ,dissolve #j4g gram ( cry/alliz$ f]r\s ammonium sulfate 9 a l>ge volume ( fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] to :i* #aj cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid has be5 add$ & dilute to #a lit]4 ,?is solution %\ld be fre%ly prep>$ :5 ne$$4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is /&>d solution conta9s #j4a mg4 ( ,fe4 #b4 ,potassium f]ricyanide solution4 ,dissolve #e grams ( ! salt 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,use a fre%ly prep>$ solution4 #c4 ,dilute sulfuric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( sulfuric acid1 specific gravity #a4hd1 ) #e p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,proc$ure4--,add #aj cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid to #ej cc4 ( ! sample1 remove ! susp5d$ matt] by filtration if necess>y1 & add #ae cc4 ( potassium f]ricyanide solution4 ,dilute ! solution to #ajj cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,comp>e ! color develop$ 9 ! sample ) t 9 /&>ds made at ! same "t f ! f]r\s iron solution4 ,place 9 #ajj cc4 ,nessl] tubes1 9 ! foll[+ ord]1 #ge cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 #aj cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid1 & #ae cc4 ( potassium f]ricyanide solution1 & mix well ! cont5ts ( ea* tube4 ,prep>e z _m tubes 9 ?is way z are ne$$4 ,add v>i\s quantities ( /&>d f]r\s iron solution to sev]al tubes1 mix well1 & comp>e ! result+ colors ) ! samples imm$iately4 ,,f]ric ,,iron4 ,! am\nt ( f]ric iron 9 solution & susp5sion is equal to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! total iron & ! f]r\s iron obta9$ by ! me?ods describ$4 ,,manganese4 ,if ! sample conta9s less ?an #aj p>ts p] million ( manganese1 use a colorimetric me?od 9 :i* ! mangan\s salt is oxidiz$ to p]manganate & ! color produc$ !reby is comp>$ ) t ( a /&>d solution simil>ly treat$4 ,! p]sulfate me?od & ! bismu?ate me?od are suitable4 ,if ! sample conta9s m ?an #aj p>ts p] million ( manganese x is sometimes pref]able to use a volumetric or gravimetric me?od4 ,,p]sulfate ,,me?od4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,nitric acid4 ,dilute conc5trat$ nitric acid ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,free ! dilut$ acid f br[n oxides ( nitrog5 by a]ation4 #b4 ,silv] nitrate4 ,dissolve #bj grams ( silv] nitrate 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 #c4 ,/&>d mangan\s sulfate4 ,dissolve #j4bhh gram ( pure/ potassium p]manganate 9 ab\t #ajj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,acidify ! solution ) sulfuric acid & heat to boil+4 ,add sl[ly a suffici5t quantity ( dilute solution ( oxalic acid to dis*>ge ! color4 ,cool & dilute to #a lit]4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is solution conta9s #j4a mg4 ( manganese4 #d4 ,ammonium p]sulfate4 ,cry/als1 free f *loride4 ,proc$ure4--,use an am\nt ( ! sample t conta9s n m ?an #j4b mg4 ( manganese4 ,add #b cc4 ( nitric acid & boil d[n to ab\t #ej cc4 ,precipitate ! *loride ) silv] nitrate solution1 add+ at lea/ #a cc4 9 excess4 ,%ake & heat to coagulate ! precipitate1 & filt]4 ,a sample t conta9s mu* *loride %\ld be evaporat$ ) a few drops ( sulfuric acid until :ite fumes appe> & !n dilut$ be=e ! nitric acid & silv] nitrate are add$ z direct$ above4 ,if ! sample is highly color$ by organic matt] x %\ld be evaporat$ ) sulfuric acid1 & ! residue ignit$ & dissolv$ 9 dilute nitric acid4 ,add ab\t #j4e gram ( ammonium p]sulfate cry/als & w>m ! solution until ! maximum p]manganate color is develop$4 ,?is usually takes ab\t t5 m9utes4 ,at ! same "t prep>e /&>ds by dilut+ portions ( #j4b1 #j4d1 #j4f cc41 etc4 ( ! /&>d mangan\s sulfate solution to ab\t #ej cc4 & treat+ !m exactly z ! sample 0 treat$4 ,transf] ! sample & ! /&>ds to #ej cc4 ,nessl] tubes1 & comp>e ! colors imm$iately4 ,manganese 9 p>ts p] million is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d mangan\s sulfate solution 9 ! tube t ! sample mat*es multipli$ by #ajj1 divid$ by ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ! sample us$4 ,,bismu?ate ,,me?od4#b;a#aac ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,nitric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( conc5trat$ nitric acid ) #d p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,free ! dilute acid f br[n oxides ( nitrog5 by a]ation4 #b4 ,sulfuric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid ) #c p>ts ( di/ill$ wat]4 #c4 ,dilute sulfuric acid4 ,dilute #be cc4 ( conc5trat$ acid to #a lit] ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,add en\gh p]manganate solution to color fa9tly ! dilute acid4 #d4 ,/&>d mangan\s sulfate4 ,! /&>d solution ( mangan\s sulfate prep>$ z describ$ "u p]sulfate me?od 7p4 #dh7 %\ld be us$ & ! /&>ds %\ld be prep>$ by foll[+ ! same proc$ure z is us$ = ! sample4 ,?is solution is m p]man5t ?an a solution ( potassium p]manganate1 :i* may1 h[ev]1 be us$4 ,to prep>e x dissolve #j4bhh gram ( potassium p]manganate 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 #e4 ,sodium bismu?ate4 ,pure/ dry salt4 ,proc$ure4--,use an am\nt ( ! sample t conta9s n m ?an #j4b mg4 ( manganese4 ,add #j4e cc4 ( sulfuric acid & evaporate to dryness4 ,heat until ! sulfuric acid is volatiliz$ & ignite ! residue4 ,dissolve 9 #dj cc4 ( nitric acid1 add ab\t #j4e gram ( sodium bismu?ate1 & heat until ! p]manganate color disappe>s4 ,add a few drops ( a solution ( ammonium or sodium bisulfate to cle> ! solution & aga9 boil to expel oxides ( nitrog54 ,remove f ! s\rce ( heat1 cool to #bj ,c41 aga9 add #j4e gram ( sodium bismu?ate1 & /ir4 ,:5 ! maximum p]manganate color has develop$1 filt] ?r\gh an alundum or ,goo* crucible conta9+ an asbe/os mat ignit$ & wa%$ ) potassium p]manganate4 ,wa% ! precipitate ) dilute sulfuric acid until ! wa%+s are colorless4 ,transf] ! filtrate to a #ej cc4 ,nessl] tube & comp>e ! color ( x ) t ( /&>ds prep>$ f ! potassium p]manganate solution4 ,to prep>e ! /&>ds1 dilute portions ( #j4b1 #j4d1 #j4f cc41 etc4 ( ! p]manganate solution to #ej cc4 ) dilute sulfuric acid4 ,! cont5t ( manganese is calculat$ z describ$ "u p]sulfate me?od 7p4 #di74 ,,lead1 ,,z9c1 ,,copp]1 ,,& ,,t94#gfj ,det]m9ations ( lead1 z9c1 copp]1 & t9 are important 9 c]ta9 m9+ regions & 9 places :]e ! wat] has a solv5t action on pipes & o!r conta9]s4 ,! use ( c]ta9 8g]micides0 also makes x necess>y to te/ = "s ( ^! metals4 ,lead1 z9c1 & copp] may be det]m9$ colorimetrically or electrolytically4 ,! colorimetric me?ods are n s accurate z a comb9ation ( bo?1 & are *iefly ( value z qualitative te/s4 ,x is possible to make a r\gh e/imation ( ! am\nt ( lead 9 cle> wat]s by acidify+ ) acetic acid1 saturat+ ) hydrog5 sulfide1 & comp>+ ! color produc$ ) t produc$ by /&>d lead solutions 9 ,nessl] tubes1 treat$ 9 simil> mann]4 ,?is me?od1 h[ev]1 is n applicable if ! wat] is color$ or conta9s iron4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,/&>d lead solution4 ,dissolve #a4fj grams ( lead nitrate 7,pb7,,no#c7b7 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is solution conta9s #a mg4 ( lead 7,pb74 ,z a *eck x is desirable to det]m9e lead z sulfate 9 a measur$ portion ( ?is solution4 #b4 ,/&>d copp] solution4 ,dissolve ab\t #j4h gram ( copp] sulfate cry/als 7,cu,s,o#d4e;,h#b,o7 9 wat] &1 aft] ! addition ( #a cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 ,det]m9e ! copp] 9 #ajj cc4 ( ?is solution 9 ! usual way by electrolytic deposition4 ,dilute ! solution s t #a cc4 conta9s #j4b milligram copp] 7,cu74 ,?is solution is p]man5t4 #c4 ,ammonium *loride4 ,tw5ty-five p] c5t solution4 #d4 ,ammonium acetate4 ,fifty p] c5t solution4 #e4 ,ammonium hydroxide4 7,sp4 gr4 #j4if47 #f4 ,hydrog5 sulfide4 ,saturat$ solution4 #g4 ,potassium sulfide4 ,an alkal9e solution ( potassium sulfide made by mix+ equal volumes ( #aj p] c5t potassium hydroxide & a saturat$ aque\s solution ( hydrog5 sulfide4 #h4 ,potassium oxalate4 ,cry/als4 #i4 ,potassium sulfate4 ,cry/als4 #aj4 ,alcohol4 ,n9ety-five p] c5t4 #aa4 ,alcohol4 ,fifty p] c5t4 #ab4 ,acetic acid4 ,fifty p] c5t4 #ac4 ,nitric acid4 ,conc5trat$ acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a4db74 #ad4 ,nitric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( ! conc5trat$ acid to #aj p>ts ) di/ill$ wat]4 #ae4 ,hydro*loric acid4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4bj47 #af4 ,sulfuric acid4 ,conc5trat$ acid 7,sp4 gr4 #a4hd74 #ag4 ,sulfuric acid4 ,dilute ! conc5trat$ acid ) an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 #ah4 ,urea4 ,cry/als4 ,,lead4 ,conc5trate 7#a7;,d rapidly by boil+ 9 a #g-;in* porcela9 di% ov] a free flame #c or #d lit]s ( ! sample to be te/$1 or m if v small am\nts ( ! metals are pres5t1 to a volume ( ab\t #cj cc4 ,add #aj or #ae cc4 ( ammonium *loride solution to assi/ 9 ! sep>ation ( ! sulfides1 !n add a few drops ( conc5trat$ ammonium hydroxide1 & saturate ) hydrog5 sulfide4 ,all[ to /& "s "t1 pref]ably ov] night1 add a little m ammonium hydroxide & hydrog5 sulfide1 boil ! cont5ts ( ! di% a few m9utes1 & filt]4 ,! precipitate 7#b7 may consi/ ( lead1 z9c1 copp]1 & iron sulfides & ! susp5d$ organic matt]4 ,! soluble color+ matt] is 9 ! filtrate 7#c74 ,wa% ! precipitate a few times ) hot wat]1 place ! precipitate & ! filt] pap] 9 ! orig9al di% & boil ) dilute nitric acid1 rubb+ d[n ! sides ( ! di%1 if necess>y1 to deta* any adh]+ sulfide precipitate4 ,aft] aga9 filt]+ & wa%+ sev]al times ) hot wat]1 evaporate ! filtrate & wa%+s 9 ! orig9al di% to a bulk ( #aj to #ae cc41 cool1 add #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 & heat until copi\s fumes ( sulfuric acid are evolv$4 ,footnote ,d3 ,! numb]s 9 p>5!ses ref] to tables #aj-ab1 pages #ee-ef4 ,if lead is pres5t dilute ! cont5ts ( ! di% slightly ) wat]1 & treat !m ) #aej cc4 ( #ej p] c5t alcohol1 9 :i* ! lead sulfate is insoluble4 ,all[ to /& "s "t1 pref]ably ov] night1 filt] (f ! lead sulfate1 & wa% x ) #ej p] c5t alcohol4 ,save ! filtrate = ! det]m9ation ( z9c4 ,dissolve ! precipitate ( lead sulfate by boil+ ! filt] conta9+ x 9 ammonium acetate solution 9 a porcela9 di%4 7#d74 ,filt] into a #ej cc4 ,nessl] tube & wa% ! filt] ) boil+ wat] conta9+ a little ammonium acetate4 ,divide ?is filtrate 9 halves & treat "o-half ) saturat$ hydrog5 sulfide wat] 9 ord] to get an approximation ( ! am\nt ( lead pres5t4 ,to ! o!r half1 or an aliquot portion1 if a l>ge am\nt ( lead is pres5t1 add a few drops ( acetic acid1 !n an excess ( saturat$ hydrog5 sulfide solution1 & comp>e ! color ) t ( /&>ds made by treat+ kn[n am\nts ( ! /&>d lead solution ) a little acetic acid1 ammonium acetate1 & hydrog5 sulfide4 ,,z9c4 ,if z9c is pres5t & copp] is abs5t conc5trate ! filtrate f ! lead sulfate to expel ! alcohol1 & remove ! iron by add+ an excess ( ammonium hydroxide4 ,filt]1 wa%1 & acidify ! filtrate ) sulfuric acid4 ,conc5trate ! filtrate to ab\t #aej cc4 & transf] to a weigh$ plat9um di%4 ,add #b grams ( potassium oxalate & #a4e grams ( potassium sulfate4 ,deposit ! z9c electrolytically by means ( a curr5t ( ab\t #j4c amp]e = ?ree h\rs4 ,aft] deposition is complete & :ile ! curr5t is on1 siphon (f ! solution & at ! same "t run into ! di% a /ream ( di/ill$ wat] 9 ord] to expel ! free sulfuric acid1 :i* might dissolve "s ( ! z9c if ! circuit 7 brok54 ,aft] ! acid has be5 remov$ break ! circuit1 wa% ! di% ) wat]1 !n ) #ie p] c5t alcohol1 dry at #gj ,c41 cool1 & weigh x4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is weight 7#aj7 & ! weight ( ! plat9um di% equals ! am\nt ( metallic z9c4 ,"s difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 ?is det]m9ation 9 obta9+ pure reag5ts4 ,x is !re=e advisable to make blank det]m9ations ) ea* new lot ( reag5ts & to correct ! results if necess>y4 ,if copp] also is pres5t 7#e7 conc5trate ! filtrate f ! lead sulfate until ! alcohol is expell$1 & add an excess ( ammonium hydroxide4 7#f7 ,remove any iron precipitate by filtration4 ,neutralize ! filtrate 7#g7 ) sulfuric acid1 & add #b cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & #a gram ( urea4 ,electrolyze ! solution & det]m9e copp] colorimetrically z describ$ 9 ! proc$ure = copp] 7p4 #ed74 ,aft] ! copp] has be5 deposit$ add ammonium hydroxide to ! solution conta9+ ! z9c until ne>ly all ! sulfuric acid has be5 neutraliz$1 conc5trate to slightly less ?an ! capacity ( ! plat9um di%1 add #a4e grams ( potassium sulfate & #b grams ( potassium oxalate1 & electrolyze = z9c4 ,z ?is solution is usually saturat$ ) ammonium salts due to neutraliz+ ! l>ge quantity ( sulfuric acid1 x is frequ5tly impossible to get ! z9c deposit$ firmly on ! di% be=e ! salts int]f]e by cry/allization4 ,to avoid ?is difficulty1 dilute half ! solution & electrolyze x = z9c2 or1 if ! am\nt ( z9c is v small1 precipitate ! z9c z sulfide 9 acetic acid solution1 wa%1 ignite to oxide1 & weigh ! precipitate4 ,?is difficulty w n be enc\nt]$ if copp] is abs5t z !re w !n be no excess ( ammonium salts4 ,if lead & copp] are kn[n to be abs5t & z9c alone is to be det]m9$ 7#ac71 aft] treat+ ) sulfuric acid = sep>ation ( lead1 slightly dilute ! cont5ts ( ! di%4 ,add an excess ( ammonium hydroxide to precipitate iron & filt]4 ,make ! filtrate slightly acid ) sulfuric acid1 conc5trate to ab\t #aej cc41 transf] to a weigh$ plat9um di%1 add potassium oxalate & sulfate1 & electrolyze ! solution z describ$ = deposition ( z9c4 ,,copp]4#gg ,use #a lit] ( a sample conta9+ #j4a to #a4j "p p] million ( copp]1 & proportionate am\nts = o!r conc5trations4 ,evaporate to ab\t #ge cc41 & wa% into a #ajj cc4 plat9um di%4 ,add #b cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid = cle> & s(t wat]s2 add m acid to v alkal9e wat]s to (fset ! alkal9ity2 add #e cc4 ( acid to wat]s c>ry+ mu* organic matt] or clay to insure ! =mation ( a soluble copp] salt4 ,!n place ! di% z ! anode 9 a direct curr5t circuit1 susp5d a spiral wire ca?ode 9 ! solution s t x is p>allel to & ab\t half an in* f ! bottom ( ! di%1 & close ! circuit4 ,electrolyze = ab\t f\r h\rs ) occasional /irr+1 or ov] night1 if conv5i5t4 ,! curr5t may be suppli$ by two gravity cells 9 s]ies1 yield+ a curr5t ?r\gh ! solution ( ab\t #j4jb amp]e4 ,lift out ! ca?ode )\t previ\sly op5+ ! circuit1 & imm]se ! spiral 9 a small am\nt ( dilute nitric acid previ\sly heat$ to boil+4 ,wa% (f ! wire & evaporate ! nitric acid solution to dryness on ! wat] ba?4 ,if ! pres5ce ( silv] is suspect$ add a few drops ( hydro*loric acid be=e evaporation4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 wat] & wa% x into a #ej cc4 ,nessl] tube4 ,dilute to #ej cc4 & add #aj cc4 ( ! potassium sulfide solution4 ,! color ( ! copp] sulfide develops at once & is fairly p]man5t1 la/+ at lea/ sev]al h\rs4 ,add #aj cc4 ( ! potassium sulfide solution to a simil> tube conta9+ #ej cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & !n add to x /&>d copp] solution 9 #j4b cc4 portions until ! colors ( ! two tubes mat*4 ,if #a lit] ( ! sample is us$ copp] 9 p>ts p] million is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( /&>d copp] solution requir$ to mat* ! color ( ! sample multipli$ by #j4b4 ,,t94 ,small quantities ( t9 are occasionally f\nd 9 wat]s t h pass$ ?r\gh t9 or t9-l9$ pipes4 ,?is metal1 if pres5t1 is precipitat$ ) ! iron by ammonia 9 ! lead1 z9c1 & copp] sep>ations4 ,9 ! me?od = copp] alone1 x is remov$ 9 ! same way & may be fur!r avoid$ by dissolv+ ! sulfides 9 conc5trat$ nitric acid4 ,any t9 pres5t w !n sep>ate z an insoluble comp\nd1 :i* may be ignit$ & weigh$ z ! oxide 7,sn,o#b74 ,! foll[+ s*ematic tables illu/rate ! proc$ures giv54 ,table #aj4--,,s*eme ,,= ,,! ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,lead1 ,,z9c1 ,,& ,,copp]4 #a4 ,conc5trate sample4 ,add #aj cc4 ,,nh#d;,cl1 a few drops ,,nh#d,,oh & saturate ) ,h#b,s4 ,all[ to /&1 add m ,,nh#d,,oh & ,h#b,s4 ,boil1 filt]1 & wa%4 #b4 ,dissolve ! precipitate 9 dilute ,,hno#c4 ,filt] #c4 ,reject ! & wa%4 ,evaporate to #aj or #ae cc4 ,cool4 ,add #e cc4 filtrate :i* conc5trat$ ,h#b,,s#d1 & heat until :ite fumes areconta9s ! giv5 (f4 ,dilute slightly & treat ) #aej cc4 ( #ej color+ p] c5t alcohol4 ,all[ to /&2 filt]1 & wa% ) matt]4 #ej p] c5t alcohol4 #d4 ,! precipitate #e4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! conta9s ! ,pb4 ,dissolve ,zn & ,cu4 ,conc5trate to 9 ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b expel alcohol4 ,add excess ( solution4 ,filt] into a #ej,,nh#d,,oh1 filt] & wa% cc4 ,nessl] tube & wa% precipitate4 ) wat] conta9+ ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 #f4 ,reject ! #g4 ,! filtrate conta9s ! ,divide filtrate 9 halves4precipitate ,zn & ,cu4 ,neutralize ) ,saturate "o-half ) :i* conta9s,h#b,,s#d4 ,add #aj cc4 ,h#b,s4 ,det]m9e ! ,pb ! ,fe4 conc5trat$ ,h#b,,s#d & 9 ! o!r half by #a g4 urea4 ,electrolyze = add+ ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b two h\rs ) a curr5t ( & ,h#b,s & comp>+ #j4e amp]e4 ,break circuit1 ) /&>ds conta9+ empty di% & wa%4 kn[n am\nts ( ,pb4 #h4 ,! deposit is ,cu4 #i4 ,! solution conta9s ! ,zn4 ,ne>ly ,imm]se ! ca?ode 9 a neutralize ) ,,nh#d,,oh4 ,conc5trate to small am\nt ( hot1 less ?an ! capacity ( ! di%4 ,add #b g4 dilute ,,hno#c2 wa% (f ,k#b;,c#b,o#d & #a4e g4 ,k#b,,s#d4 & evaporate to dryness4 ,electrolyze = #c h\rs ) a curr5t ( ,take up 9 wat] & wa% #j4c amp]e4 ,siphon (f solution1 break into a ,nessl] tube4 ,make circuit1 wa% ) wat]1 !n alcohol1 dry up to m>k1 & add #aj cc4at #gj ,c41 cool & weigh4 ( potassium sulfide solution4 ,comp>e ) #aj4 ,! weigh$ residue is metallic ,zn4 /&>d4 ,if l>ge am\nt is pres5t1 dry & weigh z ,cu4 ,table #aa4--,,s*eme ,,= ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,copp] ,,only4 #aa4 ,conc5trate sample to #ge cc4 ,add #b cc4 conc4 ,h#b,,s#d = cle>1 s(t wat]s & #e cc4 = alkal9e or turbid wat]s4 ,electrolyze foll[+ proc$ure 9 #g & #h4 ,table #ab4--,,s*eme ,,= ,,det]m9ation ,,( ,,z9c ,,only4 #ac4 ,foll[ s*eme = all ?ree metals z giv5 9 ,table #aj ?r\gh section #e4 ,ne>ly neutralize ! filtrate ) ,h#b,,s#d1 conc5trate to less ?an ! capacity ( ! di% & electrolyze z direct$ 9 section #i4 ,,m9]al ,,analysis4 ,,residue ,,on ,,evaporation4 ,see description ( me?od 7p4 #bi74 ,! residue %\ld be dri$ "o h\r at #ahj ,c4 ,turbid wat]s %\ld be filt]$1 & ! composition ( ! susp5d$ matt] %\ld be det]m9$ sep>ately or ! am\nt ( x report$ z susp5d$ matt]4 ,,alkal9ity ,,& ,,acidity4 ,see description ( me?od 7pp4 #ce-da74 ,,*loride4 ,see description ( me?od 7pp4 #da-dc74 ,,nitrate ,,nitrog54 ,see description ( me?od 7pp4 #bc-be74 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,silica1 ,,iron1 ,,alum9ium1 ,,calcium1 ,,& ,,magnesium4#ajdh ,,silica4 ,evaporate 9 plat9um #ajj to #a1jjj cc4 ( ! sample or suffici5t if possible to =m a residue weigh+ #j4d to #j4f gram1 & pref]ably conta9+ #j4a to #j4b gram ( calcium4 ,:5 ! residue is ne>ly dry add #a cc4 ( hydro*loric acid 7#a to #a7 &1 aft] moi/5+ ! sides ( ! di%1 evaporate to dryness4 ,dry at #ahj ,c4 & if mu* organic matt] is pres5t *> x 9 a radiator4 ,moi/5 ! residue ) dilute hydro*loric acid & expel ! excess ( acid by heat+ on ! wat] ba?4 ,add a few drops ( hydro*loric acid1 dissolve 9 hot wat]1 & filt]4 ,wa% ! residue ) hot wat]4 ,evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 repeat ! filtration1 & comb9e ! two residues4 ,if great accuracy is n requir$ ! second evaporation ) hydro*loric acid may be omitt$4 ,ignite & weigh ! insoluble residue4 ,add #b drops ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid & a little hydr(luoric acid1 volatilize ! acids1 ignite1 & weigh aga94 ,report ! loss 9 weight z silica 7,si,o#b74 ,a weight ( non-volatile matt] exce$+ #j4e mg4 %\ld be analyz$4 ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9ium4 ,heat to boil+ ! filtrate f ! insoluble residue1 oxidize ) conc5trat$ nitric acid or brom9e1 & conc5trate to ab\t #be cc4 ,add ammonium hydroxide 9 slight excess1 boil "o m9ute1 & filt]4 ,dissolve ! precipitate on ! filt] 9 a small am\nt ( hot dilute hydro*loric acid4 ,reprecipitate ) ammonium hydroxide1 filt]1 & wa%4 ,unless v accurate results are necess>y ?is solution & reprecipitation may be omitt$4 ,unite ! two filtrates = det]m9ation ( calcium4 ,ignite & weigh ! precipitate4 ,x w comprise oxides ( iron & alum9ium & phosphate4 ,if mu* phosphate is pres5t x %\ld be det]m9$ 9 a sep>ate sample & a correction = ! am\nt appli$2 o!rwise x may be neglect$4 ,det]m9e ! iron 9 ! ignit$ precipitate by fusion ) sodium or potassium pyrosulfate1 r$uction ) z9c1 & titration ) potassium p]manganate4 ,alum9ium 7,al7 is calculat$ z foll[s3 ,al #j4ec7;,fe#b,o#c ,al#b,o#c7 #a4dc ,fe ,,calcium4 ,conc5trate ! filtrate f ! sep>ation ( iron & alum9ium to ab\t #ajj cc41 & add an excess ( conc5trat$ solution ( ammonium oxalate1 little by little1 to ! hot ammoniacal solution4 ,keep ! solution w>m & /ir at int]vals till ! precipitate settles readily & leaves a cle> sup]natant liquid4 ,filt]1 dissolve ! precipitate 9 a little hot dilute hydro*loric acid1 & reprecipitate ) ammonium hydroxide & ammonium oxalate4 ,if great accuracy is n requir$ ?is solution & reprecipitation may be omitt$1 & ! fir/ precipitate may be wa%$ clean ) hot wat]#fd;a4 ,save ! filtrate = det]m9ation ( magnesium4 ,ignite ! precipitate & weigh x z calcium oxide1 #ga4e p] c5t ( :i* is ! equival5t ( calcium 7,ca72 or dissolve ! precipitate 9 hot #b p] c5t sulfuric acid & titrate ) a /&>d solution ( potassium p]manganate4 ,,magnesium4 ,acidify ) hydro*loric acid ! filtrate f ! sep>ation ( calcium & conc5trate x to ab\t #ajj cc4 ,add #bj cc4 ( a saturat$ solution ( microcosmic salt1 cool1 & make slightly b di/9ctly alkal9e by add+ ammonium hydroxide1 drop by drop4 ,all[ ! solution to /& f\r h\rs1 !n filt] & wa% ) #c p] c5t ammonium hydroxide4 ,dissolve ! precipitate1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( l>ge am\nts ( sodium or potassium1 9 a slight excess ( dilute hydro*loric acid & reprecipitate ! magnesium ) ammonium hydroxide & a few drops ( microcosmic salt solution4 ,if great accuracy is n requir$ ?is solution & reprecipitation may be omitt$4 ,ignite ! precipitate & weigh x z magnesium pyrophosphate 7,mg#b,p#b,o#g71 #ba4i p] c5t ( :i* is ! equival5t ( magnesium 7,mg474 ,if manganese is pres5t#fd;a x is precipitat$ ) ! magnesium & a correction = x %\ld be appli$ aft] hav+ det]m9$ manganese 9 a sep>ate sample4 ,! weight ( manganese pyrophosphate 7,mn#b,p#b,o#g7 is #b4eh times ! weight ( manganese4 ,,sep>ation ,,( ,,sulfate1 ,,sodium1 ,,& ,,potassium4 ,,sulfate4 ,evaporate to dryness #ajj to #a1jjj cc4 ( ! sample1 or suffici5t to obta9 a residue weigh+ #j4d to #j4f gram & conta9+ pref]ably #j4je to #j4b gram ( sodium4 ,acidify ! residue ) hydro*loric acid & remove ! silica1 iron1 & alum9ium 7pp4 #ef-eg74 ,make acid & add a hot solution ( b>ium *loride 9 slight excess to ! hot filtrate1 & w>m x1 /irr+ at int]vals = "o-half h\r1 until ! precipitate settles readily & leaves a cle> sup]natant liquid4 ,dry1 ignite1 & weigh ! precipitate ( b>ium sulfate1 #da4a p] c5t ( :i* is equal to ! cont5t ( sulfate 7,,s#d74 ,,sodium1 ,,potassium1 ,,& ,,li?ium4 ,evaporate to dryness ! filtrate f ! precipitation ( b>ium sulfate4 ,add a few cubic c5timet]s ( hot wat] & !n a saturat$ solution ( b>ium hydroxide until a slight film collects on ! top ( ! solution4 ,filt] & wa% ! precipitate ) hot wat]4 ,add to ! filtrate an excess ( ammonium hydroxide & ammonium c>bonate solution4 ,filt]1 evaporate ! filtrate to dryness1 dry1 & ignite at l[ r$ heat to expel ammonium salts4 ,repeat ! op]ations includ+ ! addition ( b>ium hydroxide until no precipitate is obta9$ by b>ium hydroxide or by ammonium hydroxide & ammonium c>bonate4 ,evaporate ! f9al filtrate to dryness 9 a weigh$ plat9um di%1 dry1 cool1 & weigh ! residue4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 a few cubic c5timet]s ( wat]1 filt]1 wa% ! filt] pap] twice ) hot wat]1 !n ignite ! filt] pap] 9 ! plat9um di%4 ,cool & weigh ! residue4 ,subtract ?is weight f ! fir/ weight includ+ ! residue4 ,! diff]5ce is ! weight ( ! *lorides ( sodium & potassium & li?ium4 ,if x is n desir$ to sep>ate sodium & potassium ! weight ( sodium & potassium z sodium may be calculat$ f ?is diff]5ce by multiply+ x by #j4cid4 ,,potassium4 ,fir/ proc$ure4--,add to ! solution ( ! *lorides ( sodium & potassium a few drops ( dilute hydro*loric acid 7#a to #c7 & #a cc4 ( #aj p] c5t plat9ic *loride 7,pt,cl#d7 = ea* #cj mg4 ( ! comb9$ *lorides4 ,evaporate to a ?ick syrup on ! wat] ba?1 !n remove di% & all[ x to come to dryness at laboratory temp]ature4 ,treat ! residue cold ) #hj p] c5t alcohol & filt]4 ,wa% ! precipitate ) #hj p] c5t alcohol until ! filtrate is no long] color$4 ,dry ! precipitate & dissolve x 9 hot wat]4 ,evaporate ! solution to dryness 9 a plat9um di% & weigh x z potassium plat9ic *loride 7,k#b,pt,cl#f74 ,! weight ( potassium 7,k7 is #af4a p] c5t ( ?is weight & ! equival5t ( potassium *loride 7,k,cl7 is #cj4g p] c5t ( ?is weight4 ,subtract ! equival5t weight ( potassium *loride f ! weight ( ! comb9$ *lorides4 ,! weight ( ! sodium is #ci4d p] c5t ( ! diff]5ce4 ,second proc$ure4#hfajc;a--,add to ! hot solution ( ! comb9$ *lorides #bj p] c5t p]*loric acid 7,h,cl,o#d7 slightly 9 excess ( ! am\nt requir$ to comb9e ) ! bases4 ,"o cubic c5timet] ( #bj p] c5t p]*loric acid is equival5t to #ij mg4 ( potassium4 ,evaporate ! solution to dryness1 dissolve ! residue 9 #aj cc4 ( hot wat] & a small am\nt ( p]*loric acid1 & aga9 evaporate to dryness4 ,repeat ! addition ( wat]1 p]*loric acid1 & evaporation until :ite fumes appe> on evaporat+ to dryness4 ,add to ! residue #be cc4 ( #if p] c5t alcohol conta9+ #j4b p] c5t ( p]*loric acid 7#a cc4 ( #bj p] c5t p]*loric acid 9 #ajj cc4 ( #ih p] c5t alcohol74 ,break up ! residue ) a /irr+ rod4 ,decant ! sup]natant liquid ?r\gh a weigh$ ,goo* crucible t has be5 wa%$ ) #j4b p] c5t p]*loric acid 9 alcohol4 ,if ! precipitate is unusually l>ge dissolve x 9 hot wat] & repeat ! evaporation ) p]*loric acid4 ,wa% ! precipitate once by decantation ) ! #j4b p] c5t p]*loric acid 9 alcohol1 transf] ! precipitate to ! crucible1 & wa% x sev]al times ) a #j4b p] c5t p]*loric acid 9 alcohol4 ,dry ! crucible at #abj-acj ,c4 = "o h\r1 cool1 & weigh x4 ,! increase 9 weight is potassium p]*lorate 7,k,cl,o#d74 ,! equival5t weight ( potassium is #bh4b p] c5t & ! equival5t weight ( potassium *loride is #ec4h p] c5t ( ! potassium p]*lorate4 ,calculate ! cont5t ( sodium by diff]5ce4 ,,li?ium4#cd ,use a l>ge quantity ( ! sample4 ,obta9 ! comb9$ *lorides ( sodium1 potassium1 & li?ium 7see pp4 #eh-ei74 ,transf] ! comb9$ *lorides to a small ,erl5mey] flask 7#ej or #ajj cc4 capacity7 & evaporate ! solution ne>ly1 b n q1 to dryness4 ,add ab\t #cj cc4 ( r$i/ill$ amyl alcohol4 ,connect ! flask1 ! /opp] ( :i* c>ries a !rmomet]1 ) a cond5s],e & boil until ! temp]ature rises approximately to ! boil+ po9t ( amyl alcohol 7#acj ,c471 %[+ t all ! wat] has be5 driv5 (f4 ,cool slightly & add a drop ( hydro*loric acid to conv]t small am\nts ( li?ium hydroxide to li?ium *loride4 ,connect ) ! cond5s] & cont9ue ! boil+ to drive (f aga9 all wat] & until ! temp]ature rea*es ! boil+ po9t ( amyl alcohol4 ,! cont5t ( ! flask at ?is "t is usually #ae to #bj cc4 ,filt] ?r\gh a small pap] or a ,goo* crucible into a graduat$ cyl9d] & note exact quantity ( filtrate1 :i* det]m9es ! subsequ5t correction4 ,wa% ! precipitate ) small quantities ( dehydrat$ amyl alcohol4 ,evaporate ! filtrate & wa%+s 9 a plat9um di% to dryness on ! /eam ba?1 dissolve ! residue 9 wat]1 & add a few drops ( sulfuric acid4 ,evaporate on a /eam ba? & expel ! excess ( sulfuric acid by g5tle heat ov] a flame4 ,repeat until c>bonace\s matt] is completely burn$ (f4 ,cool & weigh ! di% & cont5ts4 ,dissolve 9 a small quantity ( hot wat]1 filt] ?r\gh a small filt]1 wa%1 & return filt] to di%1 ignite1 & weigh4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al weight ( di% & cont5ts & ! weight ( ! di% & small am\nt ( residue equals ! weight ( impure li?ium sulfate4 ,! purity ( ! li?ium sulfate %\ld be te/$ by add+ small am\nts ( ammonium phosphate & ammonium hydroxide1 :i* w precipitate any magnesium pres5t ) ! li?ium sulfate4 ,any precipitate appe>+ aft] /&+ ov] night %\ld be collect$ on a small filt] & weigh$ z magnesium pyrophosphate1 calculat$ to sulfate1 & subtract$ f ! weight ( impure li?ium sulfate4 ,f ?is weight subtract #j4jjaac gram = e #aj cc4 ( amyl alcohol filtrate exclusive ( ! amyl alcohol us$ 9 wa%+ residue because ( ! slight solubility ( solid mix$ *lorides 9 amyl alcohol4 ,calculate li?ium f ! correct$ weight ( li?ium sulfate4 ,dissolve ! mix$ *lorides f flask & filt] ) hot wat]1 evaporate to dryness1 ignite g5tly to remove amyl alcohol1 filt] & ?or\ghly wa%2 conc5trate ! filtrates & wa%+s to #be to #ej cc4 ,footnote ,e3 ,! amyl alcohol may be boil$ (f )\t ! use ( a cond5s]1 b ! vapors are v disagreeable4 ,to ! weight ( potassium *loride add #j4jjjea gram = e #aj cc4 ( amyl alcohol us$ 9 ! extraction ( ! li?ium *loride1 :i* corrects = ! solubility ( ! potassium *loride 9 amyl alcohol4 ,calculate to potassium4 ,! weight ( sodium *loride is f\nd by subtract+ ! comb9$ weights ( li?ium *loride & potassium *loride 7correct$7 f ! total weight ( ! ?ree *lorides4 ,calculate sodium *loride to sodium4 ,,brom9e1 ,,iod9e1 ,,ars5ic1 ,,& ,,boric ,,acid4 ,evaporate to dryness a l>ge quantity ( ! sample to :i* a small am\nt ( sodium c>bonate has be5 add$4 ,boil ! residue ) di/ill$ wat]1 transf] x to a filt]1 & ?or\ghly wa% x ) hot wat]4 ,dilute ! alkal9e filtrate to a def9ite volume1 & det]m9e brom9e & iod9e1 ars5ic1 & boric acid 9 aliquot portions ( x4 ,,brom9e ,,& ,,iod9e4#aj ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sulfuric acid4 #a to #e4 #b4 ,potassium nitrite or sodium nitrite4 ,two p] c5t solution4 #c4 ,c>bon bisulfide4 ,fre%ly purifi$ by di/illation4 #d4 ,iod9e /&>ds4 ,acidify ) dilute sulfuric acid measur$ quantities ( a /&>d solution ( potassium iodide 9 small tubes4 ,add #c or #d drops ( ! potassium nitrite solution & extract ) c>bon bisulfide z 9 ! actual det]m9ation4 ,transf] to small flasks ! /&>ds f :i* ! iod9e has be5 remov$4 #e4 ,*lor9e wat]4 ,saturat$ solution4 #f4 ,brom9e /&>ds4 ,add measur$ quantities ( a /&>d solution ( a bromide to ! liquid 9 ea* ( ! small flasks f :i* ! iod9e has be5 remov$4 ,add to ea* #e cc4 ( purifi$ c>bon bisulfide1 & proce$ exactly z ) ! sample4 ,proc$ure4--,evaporate to dryness an aliquot portion ( ! alkal9e filtrate4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 #b or #c cc4 ( wat]1 & add en\gh absolute alcohol to make ! p]c5tage ( alcohol ab\t #ij4 ,boil & filt] & repeat ! extraction ( ! residue ) alcohol once or twice4 ,add #b or #c drops ( sodium hydroxide to ! comb9$ alcoholic filtrates & evaporate to dryness4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 #b or #c cc4 ( wat] & repeat ! extraction ) alcohol & ! filtration4 ,add a drop ( sodium hydroxide to ! filtrate & evaporate x to dryness4 ,dissolve ! residue 9 a little wat]4 ,acidify ?is solution ) dilute sulfuric acid1 add+ #c or #d drops excess1 & transf] x to a small flask4 ,add #d drops ( ! solution ( potassium nitrite or sodium nitrite & ab\t #e cc4 ( c>bon bisulfide4 ,%ake ! mixture until all ! iod9e is extract$4 ,sep>ate ! acid solution f ! c>bon bisulfide by filtration4 ,wa% ! flask1 filt]1 & cont5ts ) cold di/ill$ wat]1 & transf] ! c>bon bisulfide conta9+ ! iod9e 9 solution to ,nessl] tubes by means ( ab\t #e cc4 ( pure c>bon bisulfide4 ,9 wa%+ ! filt]1 dilute ! cont5ts ( ! tube to a def9ite volume1 usually #ab or #ae cc41 & comp>e ! color ) t ( kn[n am\nts ( iod9e dissolv$ 9 c>bon bisulfide 9 o!r tubes4 ,transf] to a small flask ! sample f :i* ! iod9e has be5 remov$4 ,add saturat$ *lor9e wat]1 #a cc4 at a "t1 %ak+ aft] ea* addition until all ! brom9e is fre$4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to add mu* m *lor9e ?an t necess>y to free ! brom9e1 s9ce an excess ( reag5t may =m a bromo*loride t spoils ! color reaction4 ,sep>ate ! wat] solution f ! c>bon bisulfide by filtration ?r\gh a moi/5$ filt]1 wa% ! cont5ts ( ! filt] two or ?ree times ) wat]1 & !n transf] !m to a ,nessl] tube by means ( ab\t #a cc4 ( c>bon bisulfide4 ,repeat ?is extraction ( ! filtrate twice1 us+ #c cc4 ( c>bon bisulfide ea* "t4 ,! comb9$ c>bon bisulfide extracts usually am\nt to #aa4e to #ab cc4 ,add en\gh c>bon bisulfide to ! tubes to br+ !m to a def9ite volume1 usually #ab to #ae cc41 & comp>e ! sample ) ! /&>ds4 ,if mu* brom9e is pres5t x is n always completely extract$ by ! am\nts ( c>bon bisulfide recomm5d$4 ,if ! extraction is incomplete1 !re=e1 make "o or two extra extractions ) c>bon bisulfide1 transf] ! extracts to ano!r tube1 & comp>e ! color ) t ( ! /&>ds4 ,,ars5ic4#ca ,evaporate to dryness an aliquot portion ( ! alkal9e filtrate 7p4 #fa74 ,acidify ! residue ) ars5ic-free sulfuric acid1 & subject x to ! action ( ars5ic-free z9c & sulfuric acid 9 a ,m>%-,b]zelius app>atus4 ,comp>e ! mirror obta9$ ) a mirror obta9$ f an ars5i\s oxide solution ( kn[n /r5g?4 ,,boric ,,acid4 ,evaporate to dryness an aliquot portion ( ! alkal9e filtrate 7p4 #fa71 treat ! residue ) #a or #b cc4 ( wat]1 & slightly acidify ! solution ) hydro*loric acid4 ,add ab\t #be cc4 ( absolute alcohol1 boil1 filt]1 & repeat ! extraction ( ! residue4 ,make ! filtrate slightly alkal9e ) sodium hydroxide1 & evaporate x to dryness4 ,add a little wat]1 slightly acidify ) hydro*loric acid1 & place a /rip ( turm]ic pap] 9 ! liquid4 ,evaporate to dryness on ! /eam ba?1 & cont9ue ! heat+ until ! turm]ic pap] is dry4 ,if boric acid is pres5t ! turm]ic pap] becomes *]ry r$4 ,x is n usually necess>y to det]m9e quantitatively boric acid2 ! quantitative me?od devis$ by ,goo*#cc is recomm5d$4 ,,hydrog5 ,,sulfide4#ajc ,hydrog5 sulfide %\ld be det]m9$ pref]ably 9 ! field2 ! proc$ure z f> z ! f9al titration ) sodium ?iosulfate mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ! field4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,n_/#ajj sodium ?iosulfate4 #b4 ,/&>d iod9e4 ,a ,n_/#ajj solution conta9+ potassium iodide /&>diz$ aga9/ ! ,n_/#ajj sodium ?iosulfate4 ,to /&>dize1 add #aj cc4 ( ! iod9e solution to #ejj cc4 ( boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,add ab\t #a gram ( potassium iodide1 & titrate ) ,n_/#ajj sodium ?iosulfate 9 ! pres5ce ( />* indicator4 ,"o cc4 ( ,n_/#ajj iod9e is equival5t to #j4ag mg4 ,h#b,s4 #c4 ,potassium iodide4 ,cry/als4 #d4 ,/>*4 ,a fre%ly prep>$ solution = use z indicator4 ,proc$ure4--,add #ejj cc4 ( ! sample to #aj cc4 ( ! /&>d iod9e solution & #a gram ( potassium iodide 9 a l>ge glass-/opp]$ bottle or flask4 ,if ! sample is to be collect$ f a tap lead ! wat] into ! bottle ?r\gh a rubb] tube ext5d+ to ! bottom ( ! bottle s z to elim9ate errors due to a]ation4 ,%ake ! bottle1 all[ x to /& = a few m9utes1 & !n titrate ! excess ( iod9e ) sodium ?iosulfate 9 ! pres5ce ( />* indicator4 ,hydrog5 sulfide 7,h#b,s7 9 p>ts p] million is equal to #j4cd times ! diff]5ce 9 cubic c5timet]s betwe5 ! am\nt ( iod9e solution add$ & ! am\nt ( ,n_/#ajj ?iosulfate us$ 9 ! titration4 ,,*lor9e4 ,9 wat]s t h be5 treat$ ) calcium hypo*lorite or liquid *lor9e x is frequ5tly advisable to asc]ta9 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( *lor9e4 ,z ! reag5ts :i* h be5 propos$ = its detection are n specific = *lor9e b give simil> or id5tical reactions ) oxidiz+ ag5ts or r$ucible sub/ances c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 int]pret+ ! results ( su* te/s3 nitrites & f]ric salts are ( common occurr5ce1 & *lorates also may lead to mis9t]pretation 9 wat]s treat$ ) calcium hypo*lorite4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,tolid9 solution4 ,"o gram ( o-tolid91 purifi$ by be+ recry/alliz$ f alcohol1 is dissolv$ 9 #a lit] ( #aj p] c5t hydro*loric acid4 #b4 ,copp] sulfate solution4 ,dissolve #a4e grams ( copp] sulfate & #a cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #ajj cc4 #c4 ,potassium bi*romate solution4 ,dissolve #j4jbe gram ( potassium bi*romate & #j4a cc4 ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid 9 di/ill$ wat] & dilute ! solution to #ajj cc4 ,proc$ure4--,mix #a cc4 ( ! tolid9 reag5t ) #ajj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a ,nessl] tube & all[ ! solution to /& at lea/ #e m9utes4 ,small am\nts ( free *lor9e give a yell[ & l>g] am\nts an orange color4 ,= quantitative det]m9ation comp>e ! color ) t ( /&>ds 9 simil> tubes prep>$ f ! solutions ( copp] sulfate & potassium bi*romate4 ,! am\nts ( solution = v>i\s /&>ds are indicat$ 9 ,table #ac4 ,table #ac4--,,prep>ation ,,( ,,p]man5t ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,cont5t ,,( ,,*lor9e4 ,*lor9e4 ,solution ( copp] ,solution ( potassium sulfate4 bi*romate4 ,p>ts p] million4 cc4 cc4 #j4ja #j4j #j4h 4#jb 4#j #b4a 4#jc 4#j #c4b 4#jd 4#j #d4c 4#je 4#d #e4e 4#jf 4#h #f4f 4#jg #a4b #g4e 4#jh #a4e #h4g 4#ji #a4g #i4j 4#aj #a4h #aj4j 4#bj #a4i #bj4j 4#cj #a4i #cj4j 4#dj #b4j #ch4j 4#ej #b4j #de4j ,,dissolv$ ,,oxyg54#affefhga;b#iiajj;c#abj ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sulfuric acid1 conc5trat$4 7,sp4 gr4 #a4hc-a4hd47 #b4 ,potassium p]manganate4 ,dissolve #f4cb grams ( ! salt 9 wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 #c4 ,potassium oxalate4 ,a #b p] c5t solution4 #d4 ,mangan\s sulfate4 ,dissolve #dhj grams ( ! salt 9 wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 #e4 ,alkal9e potassium iodide4 ,dissolve #gjj grams ( potassium hydroxide & #aej grams ( potassium iodide 9 wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit]4 #f4 ,hydro*loric acid4 ,conc5trat$ 7,sp4 gr4 #a4ah-a4ai74 #g4 ,sodium ?iosulfate4 ,a ,n_/#dj solution4 ,dissolve #f4b grams ( *emically pure recry/alliz$ sodium ?iosulfate 9 wat] & dilute ! solution to #a lit] ) fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,ea* cc4 is equival5t to #j4b mg4 ( oxyg5 or to #j4acie cc4 ( oxyg5 at #j;,c4 & #gfj mm4 pressure4 ,inasmu* z ?is solution is n p]man5t x %\ld be /&>diz$ occasionally aga9/ a ,n_/#dj solution ( potassium bi*romate4 ,! keep+ qualities ( ! ?iosulfate solution are improv$ by add+ to ea* lit] #e cc4 ( *lor(orm & #a4e grams ( ammonium c>bonate be=e dilut+ to ! prescrib$ volume4 #h4 ,/>* solution4 ,mix a small am\nt ( clean />* ) cold wat] until x becomes a ?9 pa/e & /ir ?is mass into #aej to #bjj times its weight ( boil+ wat]4 ,boil = a few m9utes1 !n /]ilize4 ,x may be pres]v$ by add+ a few drops ( *lor(orm4 ,collection ( sample4--,collect ! sample 9 a n>r[-neck$ glass-/opp]$ bottle ( #bej to #bgj cc4 capacity4 ,! foll[+ proc$ure %\ld be foll[$ 9 ord] to avoid entra9m5t or absorption ( atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,9 collect+ f a tap fill ! bottle ?r\gh a glass or rubb] tube ext5d+ well into ! tap & to ! bottom ( ! bottle4 ,to avoid air bubbles all[ ! bottle to ov]fl[ = sev]al m9utes1 & !n c>efully replace ! glass /opp] s t no air bubble is entra9$4 ,9 collect+ f ! surface ( a pond or tank connect ! sample bottle to a bottle ( #a lit] capacity4 ,provide ea* bottle ) a two-hole rubb] /opp] hav+ "o glass tube ext5d+ to ! bottom & ano!r glass tube ent]+ b n project+ into ! bottle4 ,connect ! %ort tube ( ! sample bottle ) ! long tube ( ! lit] bottle4 ,imm]se ! sample bottle 9 ! wat] & apply suction to ! outlet ( ! lit] bottle4 ,to collect a sample at any dep? arrange ! two bottles s t ! outlet tube ( ! lit] bottle is at a high] elevation !n ! inlet tube ( ! sample bottle4 ,l[] ! two bottles1 9 any conv5i5t =m ( cage prop]ly weight$1 to ! desir$ dep?4 ,wat] ent]+ dur+ ! desc5t w be flu%$ ?r\gh into ! lit] bottle4 ,:5 air bubbles cease ris+ to ! surface raise ! bottles4 ,f9ally replace ! p]=at$ /opp] ( ! sample bottle ) a glass /opp] 9 su* mann] z to avoid entra9+ bubbles ( air4 ,proc$ure4--,remove ! /opp] f ! bottle & add1 fir/1 #j4g cc4 ( ! conc5trat$ sulfuric acid1 & !n #a cc4 ( ! potassium p]manganate solution4 ,^! & all o!r reag5ts %\ld be introduc$ by pipette "u ! surface ( ! liquid4 ,ins]t ! /opp] & mix by inv]t+ ! bottle sev]al times4 ,aft] #bj m9utes h elaps$ de/roy ! excess ( p]manganate by add+ #a cc4 ( ! potassium oxalate solution1 ! bottle be+ at once re/opp]$ & its cont5ts mix$4 ,if a noticeable excess ( potassium p]manganate is n pres5t at ! end ( #bj m9utes1 aga9 add #a cc4 ( ! potassium p]manganate solution4 ,if ?is is /ill insuffici5t use a /rong] potassium p]manganate solution4 ,aft] ! liquid has be5 decoloriz$ by ! addition ( potassium oxalate add #a cc4 ( ! mangan\s sulfate solution & #c cc4 ( ! alkal9e potassium iodide solution4 ,all[ ! precipitate to settle4 ,add #b cc4 ( ! hydro*loric acid & mix by %ak+4 ,! proc$ure to ?is po9t mu/ be c>ri$ out 9 ! field1 b aft] ! acid has be5 add$ & ! /opp] replac$ !re is no fur!r *ange1 & ! re/ ( ! te/ may be p]=m$ )9 a few h\rs1 z conv5i5t4 ,transf] #bjj cc4 ( ! cont5ts ( ! bottle to a flask & titrate ) ,n_/#dj sodium ?iosulfate1 us+ a few cubic c5timet]s ( ! />* solution z indicator t[>d ! end ( ! titration4 ,d n add ! />* solution until ! color has become fa9t yell[1 & titrate until ! blue color disappe>s4 ,! use ( potassium p]manganate is made necess>y by high nitrite or organic matt]4 ,! proc$ure outl9$ mu/ be foll[$ 9 all "w on sewage & p>tly purifi$ efflu5ts or s]i\sly pollut$ /reams or samples ^: nitrite nitrog5 exce$s #j4a "p p] million4 ,9 te/+ o!r samples ! proc$ure may be %ort5$ by beg9n+ ) ! addition ( ! mangan\s sulfate solution & proce$+ f t po9t z outl9$1 except t only #a cc4 ( alkal9e potassium iodide ne$ be add$4 ,calculation ( ,results4--,oxyg5 %all be report$ 9 p>ts p] million by weight4 ,x is sometimes conv5i5t to "k ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s p] lit] ( ! gas at #j;,c4 temp]ature & #gfj mm4 pressure & also to "k ! p]c5tage :i* ! am\nt ( gas pres5t is ( ! maximum am\nt capable ( be+ dissolv$ by di/ill$ wat] at ! same temp]ature & pressure4 ,if #bjj cc4 ( ! sample is tak5 ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ,n_/#dj ?iosulfate us$ is equal to p>ts p] million ( oxyg54 ,corrections = volume ( reag5ts add$ am\nt to less ?an #c p] c5t & are n ju/ifi$ except 9 "w ( unusual precision4 ,to obta9 ! result 9 cubic c5timet]s p] lit] multiply ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate us$ by #j4fih4 ,to obta9 ! result 9 p]c5tage ( saturation divide ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( ?iosulfate by ! figure 9 ,table #ad opposite ! temp]ature ( ! wat] & "u ! prop] *lor9e figure4 ,! la/ column ( ,table #ad p]mits int]polation = int]m$iate *lor9e values4 ,at elevations diff]+ consid]ably f mean sea level & = accurate "w att5tion mu/ be giv5 to b>ometric pressure1 ! normal pressure 9 ! region be+ pref]able to ! specific pressure at ! "t ( sampl+4 ,! t]m 8saturation0 ref]s to a condition ( equilibrium betwe5 ! solution & an oxyg5 pressure 9 ! atmosph]e correspond+ to #aeh4h millimet]s1 or approximately "o-fif? atmosph]e4 ,! true saturation or equilibrium betwe5 ! solution & pure oxyg5 is ne>ly five times ?is value1 & consequ5tly values 9 excess ( #ajj p] c5t saturation frequ5tly occur 9 ! pres5ce ( oxyg5-=m+ plants4 ,table #ad4--,,solubility ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,9 ,,fre% ,,wat] ,,& ,,9 ,,sea ,,wat] ,,( ,,/at$ ,,degrees ,,( ,,sal9ity ,,at ,,v>i\s ,,temp]atures ,,:5 ,,expos$ ,,to ,,an ,,atmosph]e ,,conta9+ #bj4i ,,p] ,,c5t ,,( ,,oxyg5 ,,"u ,a ,,pressure ,,( #gfj ,,mm4,f 7,calculat$ by ,g4 ,c4 ,:ipple & ,m4 ,c4 ,:ipple f measurem5ts ( ,c4 ,j4 ,fox47#bgaai ,diff]5ce ,temp]ature4 ,*loride 9 sea wat] 7milligrams p] p] #ajj lit]74 p>ts ( *loride4 #j4 #ejjj4 #ajjjj4 #aejjj4 #bjjjj4 ,c4 ,dissolv$ oxyg5 9 milligrams p] lit]4 ,p>ts p] million4 #j #ad4fb #ac4gi #ab4ig #ab4ad #aa4cb #j4jafe #a #ad4bc #ac4da #ab4fa #aa4hb #aa4jc 4#jafj #b #ac4hd #ac4je #ab4bh #aa4eb #aj4gf 4#jaed #c #ac4dh #ab4gb #aa4ih #aa4bd #aj4ej 4#jadi #d #ac4ac #ab4da #aa4fi #aj4ig #aj4be 4#jadd #e #ab4hj #ab4ji #aa4ci #aj4gj #aj4ja 4#jadj #f #ab4dh #aa4gi #aa4ab #aj4de #i4gh 4#jace #g #ab4ag #aa4ea #aj4he #aj4ba #i4eg 4#jacj #h #aa4hg #aa4bd #aj4fa #i4ih #i4cf 4#jabe #i #aa4ei #aj4ig #aj4cf #i4gf #i4ag 4#jaba #aj #aa4cc #aj4gc #aj4ac #i4ee #h4ih 4#jaah #aa #aa4jh #aj4di #i4ib #i4ce #h4hj 4#jaad #ab #aj4hc #aj4bh #i4gb #i4ag #h4fb 4#jaaj #ac #aj4fj #aj4je #i4eb #h4ih #h4df 4#jajg #ad #aj4cg #i4he #i4cb #h4hj #h4cj 4#jajd #ae #aj4ae #i4fe #i4ad #h4fc #h4ad 4#jajj #af #i4ie #i4df #h4if #h4dg #g4ii 4#jjih #ag #i4gd #i4bf #h4gh #h4cj #g4hd 4#jjie #ah #i4ed #i4jg #h4fb #h4ae #g4gj 4#jjib #ai #i4ce #h4hi #h4de #h4jj #g4ef 4#jjhi #bj #i4ag #h4gc #h4cj #g4hf #g4db 4#jjhh #ba #h4ii #h4eg #h4ad #g4ga #g4bh 4#jjhf #bb #h4hc #h4db #g4ii #g4eg #g4ad 4#jjhe #bc #h4fh #h4bg #g4he #g4dc #g4jj 4#jjhc #bd #h4ec #h4ab #g4ga #g4cj #f4hg 4#jjhc #be #h4ch #g4if #g4ef #g4ae #f4gd 4#jjhb #bf #h4bb #g4ha #g4db #g4jb #f4fa 4#jjhj #bg #h4jg #g4fg #g4bh #f4hh #f4di 4#jjgi #bh #g4ib #g4ec #g4ad #f4ge #f4cg 4#jjgh #bi #g4gg #g4ci #g4jj #f4fb #f4be 4#jjgf #cj #g4fc #g4be #f4hf #f4di #f4ac 4#jjge ,footnote ,f3 ,"u any o!r b>ometric pressure1 ,b1 ! solubility c be obta9$ f ! correspond+ value 9 ! table by ! =mula3 ,s ,s7,b_/#gfj7 ,s7,b_/#bi4ib7 9 :i* ,s ,solubility at ,b or ,b1 ,s ,solubility at #gfj mm4 or #bi4ib in*es1 ,b ,b>ometric pressure 9 mm41 & ,b ,b>ometric pressure 9 in*es4 ,,e!r-,,soluble ,,matt]4#dd ,evaporate #ejj cc4 ( ! sample 9 a porcela9 evaporat+ di% to a volume ( ab\t #ej cc4 ,by means ( a rubb]-tipp$ glass rod remove to ! bottom ( ! di% ! solid matt] atta*$ to ! sides1 & add normal sulfuric acid to neutralize ! alkal9ity4 ,d n use an excess ( acid4 ,!n evaporate ! cont5ts ( ! di% to dryness4 ,treat ! dry residue ) boil+ e!r1 rubb+ ! bottom & sides ( ! di% to insure complete solution ( fat4 ,?ree extractions ) e!r are requir$4 ,filt] ! e!r solution ?r\gh a #e cm4 filt] into a weigh$ flask hav+ a wide m\?4 ,evaporate ! e!r sl[ly1 & dry ! flask at #ajj ,c4 = #cj m9utes4 ,! increase 9 weight ( ! flask gives ! am\nt ( fats1 or1 9 m precise language1 ! e!r-soluble matt]4 ,an excess ( acid gives too high results because ( ! =mation ( fatty-acid residues4 ,,relative ,,/ability ,,( ,,efflu5ts4#gh ,reag5t4--,me?yl5e blue solution4 ,a #j4je p] c5t aque\s solution ( me?yl5e blue1 pref]ably ! d\ble z9c salt or comm]cial v>iety4#fj;b ,collection ( sample4--,collect ! sample 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle hold+ approximately #aej cc4 ,if ! dissolv$ oxyg5 is l[ obs]ve precautions simil> to ^? us$ 9 collect+ samples = dissolv$ oxyg5 7p4 #ff74 ,proc$ure4--,add #j4d cc4 ( ! me?yl5e blue solution to ! sample 9 ! #aej cc4 bottle4 ,z me?yl5e blue has a slightly antiseptic prop]ty be c>eful to add exactly #j4d cc4 ,add ! me?yl5e blue solution pref]ably bel[ ! surface ( ! liquid aft] fill+ ! bottle ) ! sample4 ,if ! me?yl5e blue is add$ fir/ d n all[ ! liquid to ov]fl[ z color+ matt] w ?us be lo/4 ,incubate ! sample at #bj ,c4 = t5 days4 ,f\r days' incubation may be consid]$ suffici5t = all practical purposes 9 r\t9e plant-control "w4 ,if quick results are desir$ incubate ! sample at #cg ,c4 = five days us+ suitable /opp]s#a;a#b;a to prev5t ! loss & reabsorption ( dissolv$ oxyg54 ,! bact]ial flora at #cg ,c4 is diff]5t f t at #bj ,c4 ,! l[] temp]ature is m ne>ly ! av]age temp]ature ( surface wat]s & !re=e ! high] temp]ature %\ld be us$ only :5 quick approximate results are ess5tial4 ,obs]ve ! sample at lea/ twice a day dur+ incubation4 ,give a sample 9 :i* ! me?yl5e blue becomes decoloriz$ a relative /ability correspond+ to ! "t requir$ = r$uction 7see ,table #ae74 ,= r\t9e filt] control ord9>y room or cell> temp]ature gives fairly satisfactory results4 ,= accurate /udies1 room temp]ature incubation is v undesirable1 z ! fluctuations 9 temp]ature :i* are ord9>ily n notic$ are responsible = appreciable deviations f ! true values ( relative /ability4 ,if ! samples are incubat$ less ?an #aj days at #bj ,c4 & are n decoloriz$ place a plus sign aft] ! /ability value 9 ord] to indicate t ! /ability might h be5 high] if m "t _h be5 all[$4 ,9 apply+ ?is te/ to riv] wat]s x (t5 happ5s t ! blue color+ matt] is remov$ ei!r p>tly or completely ?r\gh absorption by ! clay :i* _m riv]s c>ry 9 susp5sion4 ,true relative /abilities _c be obta9$ = su* wat]s except by det]m9+ ! initial available oxyg5 at ! />t & ! bio*emical oxyg5 dem& on incubation at #bj ,c4 = #aj days 7pp4 #ga-gc74 ,g]micides1 su* z hypo*lorite ( lime1 if pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity1 vitiate ! results4 ,if a sample conta9s free *lor9e1 !re=e1 /ore x ab\t #b h\rs1 or until ! *lor9e is gone1 & !n add me?yl5e blue4 ,table #aegh gives ! relation betwe5 ! "t 9 days to decolorize me?yl5e blue at #bj ,c4 7t#bj7 & ! relative /ability numb] or ratio ( available oxyg5 to oxyg5 requir$ = equilibrium1 express$ 9 p]c5tage 7,s74 ,table #ae4--,,relative ,,/ability ,,numb]s4 ,"t requir$ = decolorization at ,relative /ability4 #bj ,c4 ,days4 ,p]c5tage4 #j4e #aa #a4j #ba #a4e #cj #b4j #cg #b4e #dd #c4j #ej #d4j #fj #e4j #fh #f4j #ge #g4j #hj #h4j #hd #i4j #hg #aj4j #ij #aa4j #ib #ab4j #id #ac4j #ie #ad4j #if #af4j #ig #ah4j #ih #bj4j #ii ,! !oretical relation is1 ,s #ajj 7#a #j4gidt#bj7 ,! relation betwe5 ! "t ( r$uction at #bj ,c4 & t at #cg ,c4 is approximately two to "o1 b if an obs]v] incubates at #cg ,c4 he %\ld "w out 8 own comp>ative #cg ,c4 table or factor4 ,a relative /ability ( #ge signifies t ! sample exam9$ conta9s a supply ( available oxyg5 equal to #ge p] c5t ( ! am\nt ( oxyg5 :i* x requires 9 ord] to become p]fectly /able4 ,! available oxyg5 is approximately equival5t to ! dissolv$ oxyg5 plus ! available oxyg5 ( nitrate & nitrite4 ,nitrite 9 sewage is usually s l[ z to be negligible4 ,,bio*emical ,,oxyg5 ,,dem& ,,( ,,sewage ,,& ,,efflu5ts4#fj;a#fj;c#fj;d ,,relative ,,/ability ,,me?od4 ,! relative /ability me?od may be employ$ to obta9 a measure ( ! putrescible mat]ial 9 sewages & efflu5ts 9 t]ms ( oxyg5 dem&4 ,proc$ure = efflu5ts4--,divide ! total available oxyg51 includ+ ! oxyg5 ( nitrite & nitrate1 by ! relative /ability express$ z a decimal4 ,proc$ure = sewages4--,make "o or two dilutions ) fully a]at$ di/ill$ wat] ( kn[n dissolv$ oxyg5 cont5t4 ,tap wat] may be employ$ if x is free f nitrates4 ,v>y ! relative proportions ( sewage & wat] to be employ$ to give a relative /ability ( #ej to #ge4 ,unless seals#a;b#b;b#eb;a are us$ br+ ! wat] z well z ! sewage to ! temp]ature at :i* ! mixtures are to be incubat$ be=e prep>+ ! dilutions4 ,dur+ ! manipulation avoid a]ation4 ,hav+ made ! prop] dilutions1 det]m9e ! relative /ability ( ea*4 ,calculate ! oxyg5 dem& 9 p>ts p] million by ! =mula3 ,oxyg5 dem& ,o7#a p7_/,rp ,9 ?is =mula1 ,o is ! initial dissolv$ oxyg5 ( ! dilut+ wat]1 p is ! proportion ( sewage2 & ,r is ! relative /ability ( ! mixture4 ,ord9>ily ! available oxyg5 9 crude sewages1 septic tank efflu5ts1 settl+ tank efflu5ts1 & trade wa/es c be neglect$4 ,,sodium ,,nitrate ,,me?od4 ,= ! det]m9ation ( ! bio*emical oxyg5 dem& ! sodium nitrate me?od may be us$#fj;a#fj;c#fj;d#eb;a4 ,! me?od is bas$ on ! bio*emical consumption ( oxyg5 f sodium nitrate by a sewage or pollut$ wat] dur+ an incubation p]iod ( t5 days at #bj ,c4 ,a reasonable excess ( sodium nitrate does n give a high] oxyg5 dem&1 z d high] dilutions ) a]at$ wat]4 ,! oxyg5 absorb$ f ! air 9 apply+ ! me?od to sewages is negligible4 ,reag5t4--,sodium nitrate solution4 ,dissolve #bf4ef grams ( pure sodium nitrate 9 #a lit] ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,"o cc4 ( ?is solution 9 #bej cc4 ( sewage repres5ts #ej p>ts p] million ( available oxyg54 ,! /r5g? ( ! sodium nitrate solution may be v>i$ to suit conditions4 ,proc$ure = sewages4--,ord9>ily disreg>d ! initial available oxyg5 z x is v small comp>$ ) ! total bio*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,add measur$ am\nts ( ! sodium nitrate solution to ! sewage 9 bottles hold+ approximately #bej cc4 :i* h be5 completely fill$ & /opp]$4 ,incubate = #aj days at #bj ,c4 ,a seal is n requir$ dur+ incubation4 ,! appe>ance ( a black s$im5t & ! developm5t ( a putrid odor dur+ incubation indicates t too little sodium nitrate has be5 add$4 ,me?yl5e blue solution 9 prop] proportion may be add$ at ! />t to s]ve z an indicator dur+ ! incubation4 ,dome/ic sewage usually v>ies 9 its oxyg5 dem& f #ajj to #cjj p>ts p] million1 approximately #cj p] c5t ( :i* is us$ up at #bj ,c4 9 ! fir/ #bd h\rs4 ,at ! end ( ! incubation p]iod det]m9e ! residual nitrite & nitrate4 ,det]m9e ! nitrate by ! alum9ium r$uction me?od & direct ,nessl]ization4 ,to conv]t ! nitrog5 into oxyg5 equival5ts1 multiply ! nitrite nitrog5 by #a4g & ! nitrate nitrog5 by #b4i4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! available oxyg5 add$ z sodium nitrate & t f\nd z nitrite & nitrate at ! end ( ! incubation p]iod is ! bio*emical oxyg5 dem&4 ,proc$ure = indu/rial wa/es4--,employ ! same proc$ure us+ l>g] quantities ( ! sodium nitrate solution4 ,make ! reaction alkal9e to me?yl orange & acid to ph5olph?ale94 ,adju/ an acid reaction ) sodium bic>bonate & a cau/ic alkal9e reaction ) weak hydro*loric acid4 ,if ! liquid is devoid ( sewage bact]ia se$ x ) sewage aft] adju/+ ! reaction4 ,proc$ure = pollut$ riv] wat]s4--,det]m9e ! initial available oxyg54 ,unless ! riv] wat] is badly pollut$ add #aj p>ts p] million ( sodium nitrate oxyg54 ,collect c>efully1 avoid+ a]ation1 ?ree samples 9 #bej cc4 bottles4 ,to "o sample add a def9ite quantity ( sodium nitrate solution & incubate4 ,incubate ! o!r two samples = ! det]m9ation ( ! residual free oxyg51 nitrite1 & nitrate4 ,if !re is free oxyg5 left1 ! bottle conta9+ ! sodium nitrate solution may be disc>d$4 ,if !re is no free oxyg5 det]m9e residual nitrite & nitrate z direct$ "u ! proc$ure = sewage 7p4 #gb7 & calculate ! oxyg5 dem&4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,sewage ,,sludge ,,& ,,mud ,,deposits4 ,,collection ,,( ,,sample4 ,collect a repres5tative sample ( ! mat]ial4 ,9 g5]al m ?an "o sample %\ld be tak5 f a spot & a l>ge numb] ( samples %\ld be collect$ r ?an a few l>ge samples4 ,if ! surface lay] is d>k] & a l[] lay] consi/s ( pure clay sample only ! surface lay]4 ,samples may be analyz$ ei!r sep>ately or z composites ( c>eful mixtures4 ,aft] ! sample has settl$ a few m9utes r\ghly dra9 or siphon ! excess wat]4 ,all[ sewage sludge to /& = "o h\r be=e dra9+ x free f excess wat] unless x is ess5tial to det]m9e ! moi/ure cont5t ( ! sample orig9ally collect$4 ,if sludge _c be analyz$ )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs x is bett] n to use air-tight bottles & to add small quantities ( *lor(orm & keep 9 ! ice box to ret>d decomposition4 ,at ! "t ( collection c>efully exam9e mud f ! bottom ( surface wat] = evid5ce ( sewage pollution & macroscopic & microscopic animal & plant organisms4 ,record ! pr$om9ant species4 ,note ! physical appe>ance ( ! mat]ial1 p>ticul>ly its color1 odor1 & consi/5cy4 ,express all analytical results 9 p]c5tage on a dry basis4 ,,reaction4 ,det]m9e ! reaction by dilut+ a def9ite quantity ( ! wet sludge & titrat+ by ! me?ods giv5 "u alkal9ity & acidity 7pp4 #ce-ci & #ci-da74 ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,weigh to ! ne>e/ t5? ( a gram a wide-m\!d flask ( #ajj to #cjj cc4 capacity1 accord+ to ! quantity ( mat]ial available4 ,!n completely fill ! flask ) di/ill$ wat] to ! brim & weigh x aga94 ,empty ! flask & fill x completely ) fre% sewage sludge or mud4 ,if ! mat]ial is ( su* consi/5cy t x fl[s readily fill ! flask to ! brim & weigh4 ,! specific gravity is equal to ! weight ( ! sludge or mud divid$ by ! weight ( an equal volume ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,if ! mat]ial does n fl[ readily fill ! weigh$ flask z completely z possible )\t ex]t+ pressure dur+ ! proc$ure4 ,weigh & !n fill ! flask to ! brim ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,let x /& = a few m9utes1 until trapp$ air has escap$1 !n add m wat] if necess>y & weigh4 ,subtract ! weight ( ! add$ wat] f ! weight ( ! wat] t completely fills ! flask2 ! specific gravity is equal to ! weight ( ! mat]ial divid$ by ?is diff]5ce4 ,record ! specific gravity only to ! second decimal place4 ,,moi/ure4 ,heat approximately #be grams ( sludge or mud 9 a weigh$ nickel di% on ! wat] ba? until x is fairly dry4 ,dry ! residue 9 an ov5 at #ajj ,c41 cool1 & weigh4 ,repeat to approximate con/ant weight4 ,! loss 9 weight is moi/ure4 ,,volatile ,,& ,,fix$ ,,matt]4 ,ignite1 at dull r$ heat 9 a hood1 ! residue f ! det]m9ation ( moi/ure until all ! c>bon has disappe>$4 ,cool ! residue 9 a desiccator & weigh x4 ,! residue is ! fix$ matt]4 ,! volatile matt] is ! diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! orig9al dri$ sludge & ! ignit$ sludge4 ,,total ,,organic ,,nitrog54 ,prep>ation ( sample4--,= ! det]m9ation ( organic nitrog5 & fats dry approximately #ej to #ge grams ( ! sludge or mud 9 a porcela9 di% fir/ on ! wat] ba? & f9ally 9 ! hot-wat] ov5 until all ! moi/ure has disappe>$4 ,gr9d ! dry mat]ial to a f9e p[d] & keep x 9 a glass-/opp]$ bottle4 ,reag5ts4--#a4 ,sulfuric acid4 ,conc5trat$1 nitrog5-free4 #b4 ,copp] sulfate solution4 ,t5 p] c5t4 #c4 ,potassium p]manganate4 ,cry/als4 ,fir/ proc$ure4--,weigh accurately #j4e gram ( dri$ sludge or #e4j grams ( dri$ mud & put x into a #ejj cc4 ,kjeldahl flask4 ,dige/ x ) #bj cc4 ( sulfuric acid1 or m if necess>y1 & #a cc4 ( copp] sulfate solution to assi/ ! oxidation4 ,boil = sev]al h\rs until ! liquid becomes colorless or slightly yell[4 ,oxidize ! residue ) #j4e gram ( potassium p]manganate1 & foll[ ! 8,proc$ure = ,sewage0 7pp4 #ba-bb74 ,second proc$ure4--,! foll[+ me?od is conv5i5t = r\t9e "w at sewage disposal plants4 ,aft] dige/ion z describ$ 9 ! fir/ proc$ure1 cool1 transf] to a glass-/opp]$ #ajj cc4 flask1 dilute ) di/ill$ wat] to #ajj cc41 & mix well4 ,transf] #ej cc4 ) a pipette into ano!r #ajj cc4 volumetric flask1 & make ?is portion alkal9e ) #ej p] c5t sodium hydroxide1 te/+ a drop ( ! liquid on a porcela9 plate ) ph5olph?ale9 to insure neutralization4 ,! =mation ( a floc usually indicates t neutralization is complete4 ,dilute ! solution to #ajj cc41 p\r x into a small glass-/opp]$ bottle & p]mit x to /& until ! next day4 ,nessl]ize an aliquot portion ( ! cle> sup]natant liquid1 & calculate ! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 9 ! mat]ial4 ,,e!r-,,soluble ,,matt]4 ,fats are usually det]m9$ only on sewage sludge1 b "s mud deposits conta9 small quantities due to ! pres5ce ( trade wa/es4 ,proc$ure4--,weigh #j4e to #be grams ( dry mat]ial accord+ to ! quality ( ! sludge or mud4 ,add wat] to ! weigh$ portion 9 a porcela9 di% & acidify ! mixture ) ,n_/#ej sulfuric acid 9 ! pres5ce ( litmus t9cture or azolitm9 solution z indicator4 ,avoid add+ too mu* acid z an excess gives too high results on acc\nt ( fatty acid residues4 ,evaporate ! acidifi$ mixture to dryness on ! wat] ba?1 & heat x 9 ! hot air ov5 at #ajj ,c4 two to ?ree h\rs4 ,extract ! dry residue ) boil+ e!r1 rubb+ ! sides & bottom ( ! di% to insure complete solution ( ! fat4 ,?ree extractions ) e!r are usually suffici5t4 ,filt] ! e!r solution ?r\gh a #e cm4 filt] pap] into a small flask4 ,evaporate ! e!r sl[ly1 dry ! fatty extract = half an h\r at #ajj ,c41 cool 9 a desiccator1 & weigh4 ,if x is desirable1 p>ticul>ly ) c]ta9 indu/rial wa/es1 to det]m9e ! quantity ( saponifi$ fat det]m9e ! fats ) & )\t ! addition ( acid4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! quantities f\nd by ! two det]m9ations is ! cont5t ( saponifi$ fat4 ,,f]r\s ,,sulfide4 ,! lib]ation ( hydrog5 sulfide on add+ dilute hydro*loric acid to a sludge indicates ! pres5ce ( f]r\s sulfide4 ,z f]r\s sulfide quickly oxidizes on exposure to air a quantitative det]m9ation ( ?is con/itu5t mu/ be made imm$iately aft] collection ( ! sample4 ,proc$ure4--,heat a def9ite portion ( ! sludge ) hydro*loric acid 9 a flask4 ,pass ! lib]at$ gas ?r\gh brom9e wat] or hydrog5 p]oxide4 ,det]m9e gravimetrically ! sulfate 9 ! oxidiz+ solution1 & calculate ! equival5t ( f]r\s sulfide by multiply+ ! weight ( b>ium sulfate by #j4cgf4 ,,bio*emical ,,oxyg5 ,,dem&4 ,! quantity ( riv] mud mo/ suitable = ! det]m9ation ( ! bio*emical oxyg5 dem& ranges )9 c]ta9 limits1 l>gely accord+ to ! am\nt ( oxidizable matt] pres5t4 ,= exam9ations ( riv] mud prep>e a #a p] c5t /ock susp5sion 9 di/ill$ wat] or tap wat] saturat$ ) oxyg5 & free f nitrate2 use 9 ! te/ a dilution ( ?is /ock susp5sion equival5t to a conc5tration ( #a to #aj grams p] lit] ( mud4 ,= exam9ations ( fre% sewage sludge prep>e a #a p] c5t /ock susp5sion 9 a simil> mann]1 b use 9 ! te/ a dilution equival5t to only #j4a to #a4j gram p] lit] ( wet mat]ial4 ,= exam9ations ( dri$ sludges1 :i* h und]gone m or less oxidation high] conc5trations may be requir$4 ,proc$ure4--,place a measur$ portion ( ! sample1 or ! prop] am\nt ( ! #a p] c5t /ock susp5sion ( ! sample1 9 a #cjj cc4 n>r[-m\? glass-/opp]$ bottle1 & dilute x to ! desir$ conc5tration ) wat] saturat$ ) oxyg54 ,det]m9e ! oxyg5 cont5t at #bj ,c4 ( ! wat]s t are us$ = dilution4 ,?is det]m9ation mu/ be made be=e ! mud or sludge is add$ because iron sulfide 9 ! mud or sludge rapidly consumes "p ( ! dissolv$ oxyg54 ,incubate at #bj ,c4 = five days4 ,%ortly be=e ! det]m9ation ( ! oxyg5 rema9+ 9 solution at ! end ( five days rotate ! bottle once or twice to mix its cont5ts & all[ s$im5tation = ab\t #cj m9utes4 ,siphon ! great] "p ( ! liquid ?r\gh a n>r[-bore siphon into a #aej cc4 bottle1 :i* has be5 fill$ ) c>bon dioxide4 ,reject ! fir/ #be cc4 ( ! siphon$ liquid & all[ a little to ov]fl[ at ! end ( siphon+4 ,det]m9e ! oxyg5 cont5t ( ! solution 9 ! bottle 9 ! usual way 7pp4 #fe-fh74 ,report ! oxyg5 dem& 9 p]c5tage ( ! dri$ mud or sludge4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,*emicals4 ,! foll[+ sections describe ! accept$ me?ods = ! analysis ( ! *emicals commonly us$ 9 ! treatm5t ( wat]4 ,,reag5ts4 #a4 ,di/ill$ wat]4 ,9 practically all ! te/s ( *emicals x is necess>y to use exclusively di/ill$ wat] t has be5 fre%ly boil$ to free x f c>bon dioxide & oxyg54 #b4 ,conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #a4bj4 #c4 ,hydro*loric acid1 ,n_/#b4 #d4 ,hydro*loric acid1 ,n_/#aj4 #e4 ,ammonium hydroxide4 ,r$i/ill$2 sp4 gr4 #j4ij4 #f4 ,dilute sulfuric acid4 ,dilute #a "p ( conc5trat$ sulfuric acid ) #c p>ts ( fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat]4 #g4 ,me?yl orange indicator4 ,see page #cf4 #h4 ,ph5olph?ale9 indicator4 ,see page #cf4 #i4 ,brom9e wat]4 #aj4 ,/ann\s *loride1 ,n_/#bj4 ,?is %\ld be frequ5tly /&>diz$ by titration aga9/ a /&>d iron solution4 ,"o cc4 ( ,n_/#bj /ann\s *loride is equal to #j4jjbh gram ( iron 7,fe7 e/imat$ 9 ! f]r\s /ate4 #aa4 ,sodium hydroxide1 ,n_/#a4 ,free f c>bonate4 ,?is %\ld be frequ5tly /&>diz$ by titration aga9/ a /&>d acid solution 9 pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator4 ,"o cc4 ( ,n_/#a sodium hydroxide is equal to #j4jdi gram ( sulfuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d71 or to #j4jcfde gram ( hydro*loric acid 7,h,cl74 #ab4 ,sodium hydroxide1 ,n_/#bj4 ,free f c>bonate4 #ac4 ,/&>d potassium p]manganate4 ,a ,n_/#aj solution4 ,"o cc4 ( ,n_/#aj potassium p]manganate is equal to #j4jjef gram ( iron 7,fe7 e/imat$ 9 ! f]r\s /ate4 #ad4 ,alcohol4 ,e?yl alcohol1 #ie p] c5t4 #ae4 ,sug>4 ,solid granulat$ cane sug>4 ,,sulfate ,,( ,,alum9ium4 ,det]m9e & report insoluble matt]1 alum9ium oxide 7,al#b,o#c71 f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c71 f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o71 basicity ratio1 &1 if pres5t1 free acid z ,h#b,,s#d4 ,if ! mat]ial is :at is kn[n z 8granul>0 sulfate mix x well be=e sampl+4 ,if x is 9 lump =m cru% x to to in* size1 mix1 & sample x4 ,x is unnecess>y to gr9d ! sample to a f9e p[d]1 b x is pref]able to h ! p>ticles fairly uni=m 9 size4 ,,insoluble ,,matt]4 ,treat #aj grams ( ! sample ) #ajj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] & dige/ "o h\r at boil+ temp]ature4 ,filt] ?r\gh a weigh$ ,goo* crucible & wa% ! insoluble matt] ) hot wat] fre%ly boil$ to free x f c>bon dioxide4 ,dry ! crucible to con/ant weight at #ajj ,c41 cool1 & weigh4 ,report ! p]c5tage ( insoluble matt]4 ,,oxides ,,( ,,iron ,,& ,,alum9ium4 ,dilute ! filtrate f ! det]m9ation ( insoluble matt] to #ejj cc4 ) wat] free f c>bon dioxide & ?or\ghly mix ! solution4 ,transf] #ej cc4 ( ! solution to a #bej cc4 beak]1 add ab\t #aej cc4 ( wat] & #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & heat to boil+4 ,add ammonium hydroxide 9 slight excess2 :5 ! solution has be5 almo/ neutraliz$ x is conv5i5t to add a drop ( me?yl orange indicator & !n to add ab\t #j4e cc4 ( ammonium hydroxide aft] ! solution is neutral to ! indicator4 ,dige/ at ab\t #ajj ,c4 = a few m9utes & filt]4 ,"s analy/s pref] to wa% ?is gelat9\s precipitate ) hot wat] by decantation1 & "s to wa% x ev5ly di/ribut$ ov] ! surface ( a filt] pap]2 ei!r me?od may be us$4 ,x is difficult to free x completely f impurities & x is n necess>y to d s unless unusual quantities ( calcium1 magnesium1 sodium1 or potassium are pres5t4 ,:ile ! precipitate is be+ wa%$ d n all[ x to become dry1 z x !n packs & c n be wa%$ clean4 ,aft] mo/ ( ! wat] has dra9$ dry+ ! filt] may be ha/5$ by plac+ x on a %eet ( blott+ pap]4 ,if mu* iron is pres5t completely dry ! precipitate1 remove x f ! pap]1 & ignite ! pap] sep>ately4 ,f9ally1 bla/ ! precipitate1 ) free access ( air to ! crucible1 = five or t5 m9utes1 cool1 & weigh z oxides ( iron & alum9ium 7,fe#b,o#c ,al#b,o#c74 ,subtract ! cont5t ( total iron1 express$ z f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c71 f ! weight ( ! comb9$ oxides & report ! diff]5ce z alum9ium oxide 7,al#b,o#c71 9 p]c5tage4 ,,total ,,iron4 ,z filt] alum usually conta9s #j4b to #j4c p] c5t ( iron use a #aj gram sample = ! det]m9ation ( total iron4 ,treat ! sample ) #ej cc4 ( fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] & add #e cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid & #a cc4 ( brom9e wat]4 ,evaporate ! solution to dryness1 dissolve ! residue 9 wat]1 & wa% x into a flask ) suffici5t wat] to make ! volume ab\t #ej cc4 ,add #ej cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 boil to expel oxyg51 & titrate1 z hot z possible1 ) ,n_/#bj /ann\s *loride4 ,if a #aj gram sample is us$ ! p]c5tage ( iron 7,fe7 is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( /ann\s *loride us$ multipli$ by #j4jbh1 & ! p]c5tage ( iron express$ z f]ric oxide is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( /ann\s *loride us$ multipli$ by #j4jdj4 ,,f]ric ,,iron4 ,z filt] alum usually conta9s #j4jb to #j4jd p] c5t ( f]ric iron use a #bj gram sample4 ,boil #ej cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] to expel oxyg51 add #ej cc4 ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid1 & add ! sample :ile ! solution is boil+4 ,keep x boil+ till ! sample is dissolv$4 ,! flask %\ld be kept fill$ ) c>bon dioxide dur+ ?is process by dropp+ 9 occasionally small am\nts ( sodium c>bonate4 ,:5 solution ( ! sample is complete titrate x hot imm$iately ) ,n_/#bj /ann\s *loride4 ,if a #bj gram sample is us$ ! p]c5tage ( f]ric oxide 7,fe#b,o#c7 is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( /ann\s *loride us$ multipli$ by #j4jbj4 ,,f]r\s ,,iron4 ,! cont5t ( f]r\s iron is ! diff]5ce betwe5 total & f]ric iron4 ,! p]c5tage ( f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o7 is1 !re=e1 equal to #j4ij times ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! p]c5tage ( total iron express$ z f]ric oxide & ! p]c5tage ( f]ric iron express$ z f]ric oxide4 ,report ! p]c5tage ( f]r\s oxide 7,fe,o74 ,,basicity ,,ratio4 ,transf] #ej cc4 ( ! filtrate f ! det]m9ation ( insoluble matt] to a #bjj cc4 cass]ole & dilute x to #ajj cc4 ,boil ! solution & titrate x at boil+ temp]ature ) ,n_/#a sodium hydroxide 9 pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 indicator4 ,! p]c5tage ( acidity 9 equival5t ( sulfuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d7 is equal to ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sodium hydroxide us$ multipli$ by #d4i4 ,9 ?is titration iron & alum9ium are precipitat$ z hydroxides & any free acid is neutraliz$4 ,calculate ! p]c5tage ( sulfuric acid equival5t to ! det]m9$ p]c5tages ( alum9ium oxide1 f]ric oxide1 & f]r\s oxide by ! foll[+ =mula3 #b4hh ,al#b,o#c #a4hc ,fe#b,o#c #a4cf ,fe,o4 ,if ?is p]c5tage ( acid equival5t is less ?an t f\nd by titration report ! diff]5ce z p]c5tage ( free acid4 ,if ! p]c5tage ( acid equival5t is great] ?an t f\nd by titration ! diff]5ce divid$ by #b4hh is ! p]c5tage equival5t to ! excess ( alum9ium oxide pres5t4 ,divide ?is excess by ! p]c5tage ( total alum9ium oxide & report ! quoti5t z ! basicity ratio4 ,,lime4 ,mix well ! sample1 :i* %\ld conta9 no lumps4 ,if =eign matt] is pres5t gr9d ! sample to pass a #ajj-me% sieve4 ,place #bj grams ( granulat$ cane sug> & #a gram ( ! sample 9 a #bej cc4 glass-/opp]$ bottle1 tightly /opp$1 & mix ! mass by roll+4 ,d n %ake h>d z mu* ( ! lime c\ld ?us be lo/ z du/4 ,!n add #ahg4d cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] fre%ly boil$ to expel c>bon dioxide4 ,?is makes #bjj cc4 ( sug> solution4 ,! lime is mix$ dry ) ! sug> & ! wat] add$ lat] to keep ! lime f lump+4 ,aft] %ak+ ! sug> solution "o h\r titrate #ej cc4 ( x ) ,n_/#b hydro*loric acid 9 pres5ce ( me?yl orange indicator4 ,! acid us$ is equival5t to ! c>bonate & hydroxide 9 #j4be gram ( ! sample4 ,filt] ! rema9d] ( ! sug> solution1 disc>d+ ! fir/ #be cc4 ( filtrate4 ,titrate #ej cc4 ( ! filtrate ) ,n_/#b hydro*loric acid 9 pres5ce ( me?yl orange indicator4 ,! acid us$ is equival5t to ! hydroxide 9 #j4be gram ( ! sample4 ,if a #a gram sample is us$ ! p]c5tage ( calcium oxide 7,ca,o7 is equal to #e4f times ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid us$ 9 ! second titration2 & ! p]c5tage ( calcium c>bonate 7,ca,c,o#c7 equival5t to ! c>bonate pres5t is equal to #aj times ! diff]5ce 9 cubic c5timet]s betwe5 ! results ( ! two titrations4 ,,sulfate ,,( ,,iron4 ,,insoluble ,,matt]4 ,treat #aj grams ( ! sample ) #ajj cc4 ( fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] cool$ to #cj ,c4 or less4 ,:5 solution is complete filt] ?r\gh a weigh$ ,goo* crucible1 wa%1 dry1 cool1 & weigh4 ,report ! weight ( ! residue1 9 p]c5tage1 z insoluble matt]4 ,,iron ,,z ,,f]r\s ,,sulfate4 ,dissolve #a gram ( ! sample & dilute to #bjj cc4 ) fre%ly boil$ di/ill$ wat] cool$ to #cj ,c4 or less4 ,add #e cc4 ( dilute sulfuric acid 7#a to #c7 to a #ej cc4 portion ( ! solution & titrate ) ,n_/#aj potassium p]manganate4 ,! p]c5tage ( f]r\s sulfate 7,fe,s,o#d4g;,h#b,o7 is equal to #aa4ab times ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( potassium p]manganate us$4 ,,acidity4 ,%ake #ab4be grams ( ! sample 9 a #aej cc4 bottle ) #ge cc4 ( #ie p] c5t alcohol = t5 m9utes4 ,run a blank4 ,filt] rapidly bo? sample & blank & wa% rapidly ) alcohol suffici5t to make #ajj cc4 ( filtrate4 ,titrate ) ,n_/#bj sodium hydroxide 9 pres5ce ( ph5olph?ale9 & subtract ! result ( titrat+ ! blank f t ( titrat+ ! solution ( ! sample4 ,! p]c5tage ( acidity1 express$ z sulfuric acid 7,h#b,,s#d71 is equal to #j4jb times ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( sodium hydroxide us$4 ,,soda ,,a%4 ,,insoluble ,,matt]4 ,treat #e4cje grams ( ! sample ) #bjj cc4 ( fre%ly boil$ & cool$ di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 solution is complete filt] ?r\gh an asbe/os mat 9 a weigh$ ,goo* crucible1 dry1 cool1 & weigh4 ,report ! weight ( ! residue1 9 p]c5tage1 z insoluble matt]4 ,,available ,,alkali4 ,dilute ! filtrate f ! det]m9ation ( insoluble matt] to #a1jjj cc4 & ?or\ghly mix4 ,titrate #be cc4 ( ?is dilution ) ,n_/#aj hydro*loric acid 9 pres5ce ( me?yl orange indicator4 ,! p]c5tage ( available alkali1 express$ z sodium c>bonate 7,na#b;,,co#c71 is equal to #d times ! numb] ( cubic c5timet]s ( hydro*loric acid us$4 ,,*emical ,,bibliography4 ,! subjo9$ bibliography comprises ! publications cit$ 9 ! text ( ?is report4 ,! ref]5ces are arrang$ alphabetically by au?ors' names & "u ea* au?or 9 ord] ( dates ( publication4 ,:5 diff]5t pages ( a s+le "w are cit$ lett]s are us$ 9 connection ) ! numb] t ref]s to ! "w4 ,bibliography #a3 ,,&rews1 ,l4 ,w4 ,spr5gel's me?od = colorimetric det]m9ation ( nitrates3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bf1 pp4 #chh-ia1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #a;a3 a4 ,,assoc4 ,,(f4 ,,ag4 ,,*emi/s4 ,det]m9ation ( iod9e & brom9e3 ,j4 ,a4 ,o4 ,a4 ,c41 ,vol4 #a1 ,no4 #d1 pt4 #a1 pp4 #dg-h1 #aiaf4 ,bibliography #a;b3 b4 ,,ba*mann1 ,,frank4 ,a new seal = ! prev5tion ( a]ation 9 dea]at$ liquids3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #f1 pp4 #gfd-e1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #b3 ,,b>t[1 ,,edw>d1 & ,,rodg]s1 ,j4 ,s4 ,det]m9ation ( nitrates by r$uction ) alum9ium3 ,am4 ,j4 ,public ,hygi5e1 new s]41 ,vol4 #e1 pp4 #ecf-dd1 #aiji2 also ,ill9ois ,univ4 ,bull41 ,vol4 #g1 ,no4 #b 7,wat] ,survey ,s]4 ,no4 #g71 pp4 #ad-bg1 #aiji4 ,bibliography #b;a3 a4 ,,bl9n1 ,,william4 ,det]m9ation ( manganese z sulfate & by ! sodium bismu?ate me?od3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #cd1 pp4 #acgi-ih1 #aiab4 ,bibliography #b;b3 b4 ,,buswell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,modifi$ app>atus = ! putrescibility te/3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #f1 p4 #cbe1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #c3 ,,caldwell1 ,g4 ,c4 ,a me?od 9 "p = ! sanit>y exam9ation ( wat] & = ! /atem5t ( results1 (f]$ = g5]al adoption3 ,j4 ,anal4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #c1 pp4 #cih-djc1 #ahhi4 ,bibliography #d3 ,,calk9s1 ,g4 ,n4 ,a /udy ( odors obs]v$ 9 ! dr9k+ wat]s ( ,massa*usetts3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #cee-hj1 #ahib4 ,bibliography #e3 ,,*amot1 ,e4 ,m41 & ,,pratt1 ,d4 ,s4 ,a /udy on ! ph5oldisulfonic acid me?od = ! det]m9ation ( nitrates 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ca1 pp4 #ibb-h1 #aiji2 ,vol4 #cb1 pp4 #fcj-g1 #aiaj2 & ,,r$field1 ,h4 ,w41 ,vol4 #cc1 pp4 #cff-ha1 #cha-d1 #aiaa4 ,bibliography #f3 ,,cl>k1 ,h4 ,w4 ,exp]im5ts ^u ! purification ( sewage & wat] at ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #dbg-egh1 #ahif4 ,bibliography #g3 ,,cl>k1 ,h4 ,w41 & ,,=bes1 ,f4 ,b4 ,me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( lead1 t91 z9c1 & copp] 9 dr9k+ wat]s3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #egg-he1 #ahih2 pp4 #dih-ejf1 #aijj4 ,bibliography #h3 ,,cohn1 ,a4 ,i4 ,te/s & reag5ts1 #a/ ed41 p4 #baf1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,bibliography #i3 ,,dibd91 ,w4 ,j4 ,! purification ( sewage & wat]1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #cde-ea1 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijc4 ,bibliography #aj3 ,,dole1 ,r4 ,b4 ,! quality ( ! surface wat]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #bcf1 pp4 #ae-i1 #aiji4 ,bibliography #aa3 ,,drap]1 ,h4 ,n4 ,lacmoid & c>m9ic acid z reag5ts = alkalies3 ,*em4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ea1 pp4 #bjf-g1 #ahhe4 ,bibliography #ac3 ,,dr[n1 ,t4 ,m41 & ,,m>t91 ,,h5ry4 ,det]m9ation ( organic nitrog5 9 natural wat]s by ! ,kjeldahl me?od3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #b1 ,no4 #c2 ,*em4 ,news1 ,vol4 #ei1 pp4 #bgb-f1 #ahhi4 ,bibliography #ad3 ,,dr[n1 ,t4 ,m4 ,! *emical exam9ation ( wat]s & ! int]pretation ( analyses3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass4 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #a1 ,exam9ation ( wat] supplies1 pp4 #eai-gh1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #ae3 ----4 ,report ^u ! exam9ation ( ! outlets ( sew]s & ! effect ( sewage disposal 9 ,massa*usetts3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #bhe-deb1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #af3 ----1 & ,,haz51 ,,all54 ,a report ( ! *emical "w done at ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass4 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #b1 ,purification ( sewage & wat]1 pp4 #gjg-cd1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #ag3 ,,dupre1 ,dr4 ,"s obs]vations on ! p]manganate te/ 9 wat] analysis3 ,analy/1 ,vol4 #aj1 pp4 #aah-bb1 #ahhe4 ,bibliography #ah3 ,,ellms1 ,j4 ,w4 ,a /udy ( ! relative value ( lacmoid1 ph5acetol91 & ery?ros9e z indicators 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! alkal9ity ( wat] by ,hehn]'s me?od3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ba1 pp4 #cei-fi1 #ahii4 ,bibliography #bj3 ----1 & ,,b5ek]1 ,j4 ,c4 ,! e/imation ( c>bonic acid 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #dje-ca1 #aija4 ,bibliography #ba3 ,,f>n/e9]1 ,,butt5burg1 & ,,korn1 ,leitfad5 fr die *emis*e ,unt]su*ung von ,abwass]1 ,b]l91 p4 #bj1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #bb3 ,,fitzg]ald1 & ,,foss1 ,report ,bo/on ,wat] ,bo>d1 p4 #hf1 #ahic4 ,bibliography #bc3 ,,=bes1 ,f4 ,b41 & ,,pratt1 ,g4 ,h4 ,! det]m9ation ( c>bonic acid 9 dr9k+ wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #be1 pp4 #gdb-ef1 #aijc4 ,bibliography #bd3 ,,f[l]1 ,g4 ,j4 ,sewage works analyses1 pp4 #ba-cg1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aijb2 ,bibliography #bd;a3 pp4 #ca-d2 ,bibliography #bd;b3 pp4 #eh-fj2 ,bibliography #bd;c3 pp4 #hf-i2 ,bibliography #bd;d3 pp4 #hi-ie2 ,bibliography #bd;e3 pp4 #if-g2 ,bibliography #bd;f3 pp4 #ih-ajj4 ,bibliography #bf3 ,,f[l]1 ,g4 ,j4 ,univ4 ( ,man*e/] ,lecture1 ,m>*1 #aijd1 ,pamphlet1 p4 #g4 ,bibliography #bg3 ,,fox1 ,,*>les ,j4 ,j4 ,on ! coeffici5ts ( absorption ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 di/ill$ wat] & sea wat] & ( atmosph]ic c>bonic acid 9 sea wat]3 ,trans4 ,f>aday ,soc41 ,vol4 #e1 pp4 #fh-hg1 #aiji4 ,bibliography #bi3 ----4 ,! composition ( sewage 9 relation to problems ( disposal3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #af1 pp4 #acb-afj1 #aijc4 ,bibliography #cj3 ----4 ,exp]im5ts ^u ! purification ( sewage & wat] at ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #ddg-gjj1 #ahid4 ,bibliography #ca3 ,,haywood1 ,j4 ,k41 & ,,w>n]1 ,h4 ,j4 ,ars5ic 9 pap]s & fabrics3 ,u4 ,s4 ,agri4 ,dept4 ,bur4 ,*em4 ,bull4 #hf1 pp4 #be-g1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #cb3 ,,gill1 ,a4 ,h4 ,on ! det]m9ation ( nitrates 9 potable wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #af1 pp4 #abb-cb1 #aic-g1 #ahid4 ,bibliography #cc3 ,,goo*1 ,f4 ,a4 ,a me?od = ! sep>ation & e/imation ( boric acid3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #i1 pp4 #bc-cc1 #ahhg4 ,bibliography #cd3 ----4 ,a me?od = ! sep>ation ( sodium & potassium f li?ium by ! action ( amyl alcohol on ! *lorides3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #i1 pp4 #cc-ea1 #ahhg2 also ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #dbb1 p4 #age2 also ,u4 ,s4 ,agri4 ,dept4 ,bur4 ,*em41 ,bull4 #aeb1 p4 #hj1 #aiaa4 ,bibliography #ce3 ,,gotts*alk1 ,v4 ,h41 & ,,roesl]1 ,h4 ,a4 ,action ( soap on calcium & magnesium solutions3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bf1 pp4 #hea-f1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #cf3 ,,gr&val1 ,,al41 & ,,laj\x1 ,h4 ,n\veau procd p\r la re*]*e et le dosage rapide de faibles quantits d' acide nitrique dans l'air1 l'eau1 le sol1 etc41 ,comptes r5d41 ,vol4 #aja1 pp4 #fb-e1 #ahhe4 ,bibliography #cg3 ,,h&y1 ,j4 ,o4 ,det]m9ation ( acidity or alkal9ity3 ,proc4 ,eng9e]s ,soc4 ,we/4 ,pa41 ,vol4 #ai1 p4 #gje1 #aijc4 ,bibliography #ch3 ,,h>r+ton1 ,,*>les1 & ,,ri*>dson1 ,m4 ,w4 ,a manual ( practical hygi5e1 #e? ed41 pp4 #deg-fb1 ,lea ,febig]1 ,phila4 & ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #ci3 ,,haz51 ,,all54 ,on ! det]m9ation ( *lor9e 9 wat]3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #aa1 pp4 #dji-ad1 #ahhi4 ,bibliography #dj3 ----4 ,app>atus = ! det]m9ation ( ammonias 9 s& sewage3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #ab1 pp4 #dbg-h1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #db3 ----4 ,report on ! *emical precipitation ( sewage3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass41 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #b1 ,purification ( wat] & sewage1 pp4 #gce-ia1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #dc3 ----4 ,a new color /&>d = natural wat]s3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #ad1 pp4 #cjj-aj1 #ahib4 ,bibliography #dd3 ----4 ,exp]im5ts on ! purification ( sewage at ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #cic-ddh1 #ahib4 ,bibliography #de3 ----1 & ,,cl>k1 ,h4 ,w4 ,on ! effect ( temp]ature ^u ! det]m9ation ( ammonia by ,nessl]ization3 ,am4 ,*em4 ,j41 ,vol4 #ab1 pp4 #dbe-f1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #df3 ----1 & ----4 ,on ! det]m9ation ( nitrates 9 wat]3 ,*em4 ,news1 ,vol4 #fd1 pp4 #afb-d1 #ahia4 ,bibliography #dg3 ,,hehn]1 ,,otto4 ,e/imation ( h>dness )\t soap solution3 ,analy/1 ,vol4 #h1 pp4 #gg-ha1 #ahhc4 ,bibliography #dh3 ,,hillebr&1 ,w4 ,f4 ,! analysis ( silicate & c>bonate rocks3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,bull4 #dbb1 pp4 #aac-h1 #abg-h1 #ada-f1 #bai-bj1 #bba1 #bbb1 & #bcj1 #aiaj4 ,bibliography #di3 ,,hollis1 ,f4 ,s4 ,me?ods = ! det]m9ation ( color & ! relation ( ! color to ! "* ( ! wat]3 ,j4 ,n4 ,e4 ,wat] ,works ,assoc41 ,vol4 #ac1 pp4 #id-aah1 #ahih4 ,bibliography #ej3 ,,h[e1 ,,freel&1 ,,jr4 ,a new me?od = det]m9+ ! color ( ! turbidity ( wat]3 ,eng4 ,rec41 ,vol4 #ej1 pp4 #gbj-a1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #ea3 ,,ilosvay1 ,l4 ,l'acide azoteux dans la salive et dans l'air exhal3 ,bull4 de la ,socite ,*imique1 s]4 #c1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #chh-ia1 #ahhi4 ,bibliography #eb3 ,,jackson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,p]man5t /&>ds = use 9 ! analysis ( wat]3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #ac1 pp4 #cad-bf1 #aijj4 ,bibliography #eb;a3 a4 ----1 & ,,horton1 ,w4 ,a4 ,exp]im5ts on ! putrescibility te/ = sewage & sewage efflu5ts3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #a1 pp4 #cbh-cc1 #aiji4 ,bibliography #ec3 ----1 & ,,ellms1 ,j4 ,w4 ,on odors & ta/es ( surface wat]s1 ) special ref]5ce to anaba5a1 a microscopical organism f\nd 9 c]ta9 wat] supplies ( ,massa*usetts3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #aj1 pp4 #daj-bj1 #ahig4 ,bibliography #ed3 ,,johnson1 ,g4 ,a4 ,report on sewage purification at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 made to ! *ief eng9e] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,public ,s]vice1 p4 #dg1 #aije4 ,bibliography #ee3 ,,k5dall1 ,l4 ,m41 & ,,ri*>ds1 ,e4 ,h4 ,p]man5t /&>ds 9 wat] analysis3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #ag1 pp4 #bgg-hj1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #ef3 ,,kimb]ley1 ,a4 ,e41 & ,,hommon1 ,h4 ,b4 ,! practical advantages ( ! ,goo* crucible 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! total & volatile susp5d$ matt] 9 sewage3 ,pub4 ,heal? ,pap]s & ,repts41 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #ca1 pt4 #b1 pp4 #abc-ce1 #aije4 ,bibliography #eg3 ,,k9nicutt1 ,l4 ,p4 ,quot$ by ,gage1 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bg1 p4 #cci1 #aije4 ,bibliography #eh3 ,,kjeldahl1 ,j4 ,neue ,me?ode zur ,be/immung des ,/ick/(fs 9 organis*5 ,krp]n3 ,z4 anal4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #bb1 pp4 #cff-hb1 #ahhc4 ,bibliography #ei3 ,,klut1 ,mitt4 a4 d4 ,knig4 ,prfungs1 ,vol4 #ab1 p4 #ahf4 ,bibliography #fj3 ,,lea*1 ,a4 ,e4 ,food inspection & analysis1 pp4 #dic1 #die1 & #dig1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #fj;a3 a4 ,,l$]]1 ,,ar?ur4 ,a new me?od = det]m9+ ! relative /ability ( sewage1 efflu5t1 or pollut$ riv] wat]3 ,j4 ,infect4 ,diseases1 ,vol4 #ad1 pp4 #dhb-ig1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #fj;b3 b4 ----4 ,a s]i\s fallacy ( ! 8/&>d0 me?yl5e blue putrescibility te/3 ,am4 ,j4 ,pub4 ,heal?1 ,vol4 #d 7old s]ies ,vol4 #aj71 pp4 #bda-h1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #fj;c3 c4 ----4 ,notes on ! practical application ( ! 8saltpet] me?od0 = det]m9+ ! /r5g? ( sewages3 ,am4 ,j4 ,pub4 ,heal?1 ,vol4 #e1 pp4 #ced-fa1 #aiae4 ,bibliography #fj;d3 d4 ----4 ,det]m9ation ( ! bio*emical oxyg5 dem& by ! saltpet] me?od 9 /ocky>ds1 tann]y1 & corn products wa/es3 ,j4 ,ind4 ,eng4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #ead-f1 #aiae4 ,bibliography #fa3 ,,le$s1 ,a4 ,r4 ,e/imation by titration ( dissolv$ c>bon dioxide 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ac1 pp4 #ih-i1 #ahia4 ,bibliography #fb3 ----4 ,! alt]ation ( /&>d ammonium solutions :5 kept 9 ! d>k3 ,proc4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #a1 #ahgh4 ,bibliography #fc3 ,,leffman1 ,,h5ry4 ,exam9ation ( wat]1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #df-ej1 ,p4 ,blaki/on's ,son ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #ahie2 ,bibliography #fc;a3 pp4 #dd-f2 ,bibliography #fc;b3 pp4 #eg-h4 ,bibliography #fd3 ----4 ,exam9ation ( wat]1 #g? ed41 pp4 #ce-g1 ,p4 ,blaki/on's ,son ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aiae2 ,bibliography #fd;a3 pp4 #fd-g4 ,bibliography #fe3 ,,levy1 ,d4 ,d4 ,ann4 de l',obs]vatoire de ,mont-,s\ris1 #ahhc et seq4 ,bibliography #ff3 ,,lovibond1 ,j4 ,w4 ,a description ( ! t9tomet] ) "s rem>ks on its application to *emical analysis3 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,vol4 #g1 pp4 #dbd-f1 #ahhh4 ,bibliography #fg3 ,,mallet1 ,j4 ,w4 ,wat] analysis3 ,annual ,report ,national ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #ahi-ced1 #ahhb4 ,bibliography #fh3 ,,mason1 ,w4 ,p4 ,exam9ation ( wat]1 #d? ed41 pp4 #he-i1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiaj2 ,bibliography #fh;a3 pp4 #cc-da2 ,bibliography #fh;b3 pp4 #ei-gd2 ,bibliography #fh;c3 pp4 #ajf-i4 ,bibliography #fi3 ,,mcg[an1 ,,george4 ,kjeldahl process = ! e/imation ( total nitrog5 & 7indirectly7 ( total organic nitrog53 ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal1 ,vol4 #d1 pt4 #e1 pp4 #bd-ca1 #aijd2 ,bibliography #fi;a3 pp4 #cg-da2 ,bibliography #fi;b3 pp4 #dg-h4 ,bibliography #gj3 ,,palm]1 ,a4 ,w4 ,*emical survey ( ! wat]s ( ,ill9ois1 ,report = ye>s #ahig-aijb1 pp4 #bg-h1 ,univ4 ,ill41 #aijc4 ,bibliography #ga3 ----4 ,report ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois 9 ,report ( /reams exam9ation1 ,sanit>y ,di/4 ,*icago1 p4 #fj1 ,*icago1 #aijc2 ,bibliography #ga;a3 p4 #ef2 ,bibliography #ga;b3 pp4 #fa-d4 ,bibliography #gb3 ,,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h4 ,report ( ! biologi/3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass41 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #a1 ,exam9ation ( wat] supplies1 pp4 #ehc-g1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #gc3 ,,p>melee1 ,c4 ,l41 & ,,ellms1 ,j4 ,w4 ,on rapid me?ods = ! e/imation ( ! weight ( susp5d$ matt]s 9 turbid wat]s3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ade-fd1 #ahii4 ,bibliography #gd3 ,,pfeif]1 ,j41 & ,,w>?a1 ,,pr(4 ,kritis*e ,/udi5 b] ,unt]su*ung und ,re9igung des ,kesselspeisewass]s3 ,z4 angew4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #ae1 pp4 #aic-bjg1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #ge3 ,,phelps1 ,e4 ,b4 ,a critical /udy ( ! me?ods 9 curr5t use = ! det]m9ation ( free & album9oid ammonia 9 sewage1 ,public ,heal? ,pap]s & ,reports1 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #bi1 p4 #ced1 #aijd2 ,j4 ,infect4 ,dis41 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cbg1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #gf3 ----4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! organic nitrog5 9 sewage by ! ,kjeldahl process3 ,j4 ,infect4 ,dis41 ,supp4 #a1 pp4 #bee-gb1 #aije4 ,bibliography #gg3 ----4 ,! det]m9ation ( small quantities ( copp] 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bh1 pp4 #cfh-gb1 #aijf4 ,bibliography #gh3 ----4 ,putrescibility & /ability ( sewage efflu5ts3 ,contrib4 ,sanit4 ,rese>* ,lab41 ,mass4 ,in/4 ,te*41 ,vol4 #e1 p4 #hg1 #aiji2 also ,! dis9fection ( sewage & sewage filt] efflu5ts3 ,u4 ,s4 ,geol4 ,survey ,wat]-,supply ,pap] #bbi1 pp4 #gd-hh1 #aiji4 ,bibliography #gi3 ,preface to report ( committee on ! pollution ( wat] supplies3 ,public ,heal? ,pap]s & ,reports1 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #ef-g1 #ahig4 ,report1 pp4 #eh-ajj4 ,bibliography #hj3 ,report ( committee on /&>d me?ods ( wat] analysis3 ,public ,heal? ,pap]s & ,reports1 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #bg1 pp4 #cgg-ia1 #aija4 ,bibliography #ha3 ,,proctor1 ,h4 ,r4 ,"s rec5t me?ods ( te*nical wat] analysis3 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #h-aa1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #hb3 ----4 ,on a modifi$ =m ( t9tomet] or colorimet]3 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,vol4 #ad1 pp4 #abb-d1 #ahie4 ,bibliography #hc3 ,,ri*>ds1 ,e4 ,h41 & ,,ellms1 ,j4 ,w4 ,! color+ matt] ( natural wat]s1 its s\rce1 composition1 & quantitative measurem5t3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ah1 pp4 #fh-ha1 #ahif4 ,bibliography #hd3 ,,rideal1 ,,samuel4 ,sewage1 #b;d ed41 pp4 #ch-dj1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aija2 ,bibliography #hd;a3 pp4 #ca-d4 ,bibliography #he3 ,royal ,commission on ,sewage ,disposal1 ,te/imony1 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #cbf-cg1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #hf3 ,,s*oll1 ,,cl>5ce4 ,! p]*loric me?od ( det]m9+ potassium z appli$ to wat] analysis3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #cf1 pp4 #bihe-i1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #hg3 ,,seyl]1 ,c4 ,a4 ,notes on wat] analysis3 ,*em4 ,news1 ,vol4 #gj1 pp4 #hb-c1 #ajd-e1 #aab-d1 #adj-a1 #aea-b1 & #ahg1 #ahid4 ,bibliography #hh3 ----4 ,! e/imation ( c>bonic acid 9 natural wat]s3 ,analy/1 ,vol4 #bb1 pp4 #cab-i1 #ahig4 ,bibliography #hi3 ,,sm>t1 ,,*as4 ,report ( ! committee on pollution ( wat] supplies3 ,public ,heal? ,pap]s & ,reports1 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #bj1 pp4 #gb-hb1 #ahie2 ,bibliography #hi;a3 pp4 #dei-eaf4 ,bibliography #ij3 ,,spr5gel1 ,,h]mann4 ,ueb] die ,erk5nung d] ,salpet]sare3 ,ann4 ,physik und ,*emie1 ,vol4 #aba1 pp4 #ahh-ia1 #ahfd4 ,bibliography #ia3 ,/&>d me?ods ( wat] analysis3 ,sci5ce1 new s]41 ,vol4 #ab1 pp4 #ijf-ae1 #aijj4 ,bibliography #ib3 ,,/e>ns1 ,f4 ,p41 & ,,dr[n1 ,t4 ,m4 ,discussion ( special topics relat+ to ! quality ( public wat] supplies3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass41 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #a1 ,exam9ation ( wat] supplies1 pp4 #gdj-i1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #ic3 ,,/reet1 ,j4 ,p4 ,report on nitrog53 ,9 ,proc4 ,assoc4 ,(f4 ,agri4 ,*emi/s2 ,u4 ,s4 ,agri4 ,dept4 ,bur4 ,*em4 ,bull4 #di1 pp4 #ab-be1 #ahig4 ,bibliography #id3 ,,sutton1 ,,francis4 ,volumetric analysis1 #aj? ed41 pp4 #gb-d1 ,p4 ,blaki/on's ,son ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aiaa2 ,bibliography #id;a3 pp4 #ii-aja2 ,bibliography #id;b3 pp4 #bci & #dgg2 ,bibliography #id;c3 pp4 #dgj-a2 ,bibliography #id;d3 pp4 #dgi-hc2 ,bibliography #id;e3 p4 #dgc1 #dgi-hc2 ,bibliography #id;f3 pp4 #dhd-h4 ,bibliography #ie3 ,,tatlock1 ,r4 ,r41 & ,,?ompson1 ,r4 ,t4 ,! analysis ( wat]s & _! *anges 9 composition :5 employ$ 9 /eam rais+3 ,j4 ,soc4 ,*em4 ,ind41 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #dbh-ca1 #aijd4 ,bibliography #if3 ,,?omas1 ,g4 ,e41 & ,,hall1 ,c4 ,a4 ,new app>atus 9 wat] analysis3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bd1 pp4 #ece-i1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #ig3 ,,?omson1 ,r4 ,t4 ,use ( litmus1 me?yl orange1 ph5acetol91 & ph5olph?ale9 z indicators3 ,*em4 ,news1 ,vol4 #dg1 pp4 #abc-g1 #ahhc4 ,bibliography #ih3 ,,?omson1 ,,&rew4 ,colorimetric me?od = det]m9+ small quantities ( iron3 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #dg1 pp4 #dic-g1 #ahhe4 ,bibliography #ii3 ,,?re%1 ,j4 ,c4 ,a new me?od ( e/imat+ ! oxyg5 dissolv$ 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #eg1 pp4 #ahe-ie1 #ahij4 ,bibliography #ajj3 ----4 ,! exam9ation ( wat] & wat] supplies1 p4 #bjj1 ,philadelphia1 #aijd2 ,bibliography #ajj;a3 p4 #bai2 ,bibliography #ajj;b3 p4 #aie2 ,bibliography #ajj;c3 p4 #bhb4 ,bibliography #aja3 ,,tidy1 ,c4 ,m4 ,! process = det]m9+ ! organic purity ( potable wat]s3 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ce1 pp4 #df-ajf1 #ahgi4 ,bibliography #ajb3 ,,tiemann1 ,,f]d9&1 & ,g,,rtn]1 ,,augu/4 ,h&bu* d] ,wss]1 #d? ed41 pp4 #bee-h1 ,fri$ri* ,vieweg und ,sohn1 ,brauns*weig1 #ahie4 ,bibliography #ajc3 ,,treadwell1 ,f4 ,p4 translat$ by ,hall1 ,w4 ,t41 ,analytical ,*emi/ry1 #c;d ed41 ,vol4 #b1 pp4 #fhg-fhh1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa2 ,bibliography #ajc;a3 pp4 #ej-c4 ,bibliography #ajd3 ,,trommsdorff1 ,,hugo4 ,be/immung d] ,organis*5 ,sub/anz53 ,zeit4 ,anal4 ,*em41 ,vol4 #h1 p4 #cdd1 #ahfi4 ,bibliography #aje3 ,u4 ,s4 ,,geological ,,survey4 ,measurem5t ( color & turbidity ( wat]1 ,=m #i-ahb1 ,wa%+ton1 #aijb4 ,bibliography #ajf3 ,,wanklyn1 ,j4 ,a4 ,v]ification ( ,wanklyn1 ,*apman1 & ,smi?'s wat] analyses on a s]ies ( artificial wat]s3 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bj1 pp4 #eia-e1 #ahfg4 ,bibliography #ajg3 ----4 ,wat] analysis1 #aj? ed41 pp4 #cc-e1 ,kegan1 ,paul1 ,tr5*1 ,trbn]1 ,co41 ,ltd41 ,london1 #ahif2 ,bibliography #ajg;a3 pp4 #ajf-g4 ,bibliography #ajh3 ,,w>+ton1 ,,rob]t4 ,note on ! appe>ance ( nitr\s acid dur+ evaporation ( wat]3 ,j4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #ci1 pp4 #bbi-cd1 #ahha4 ,bibliography #aji3 ,,w>r51 ,h4 ,e41 & ,,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c4 ,! !rmophone1 a new in/rum5t = det]m9+ temp]atures3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #h1 pp4 #abe-eb1 #ahie4 ,bibliography #aaj3 ,,we/1 ,f4 ,d4 ,! prep>ation ( /&>ds = ! det]m9ation ( turbidity ( wat]3 ,proc4 ,ill4 ,wat] ,supply ,assoc41 ,vol4 #f1 pp4 #di-ea1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #aaa3 ,,we/on1 ,r4 ,s4 ,app>atus = ! det]m9ation ( ammonia 9 wat] by ! ,wanklyn me?od1 & total nitrog5 by ! ,kjeldahl me?od3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bb1 pp4 #dfh-gc1 #aijj4 ,bibliography #aab3 ----4 ,! det]m9ation ( nitrog5 z nitrites 9 wat]s3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bg1 pp4 #bha-g1 #aije4 ,bibliography #aac3 ----4 ,! det]m9ation ( manganese 9 wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #bi1 pp4 #ajgd-h1 #aijg4 ,bibliography #aad3 ,,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c4 ,! obs]vation ( odor z an ess5tial "p ( wat] analysis3 ,public ,heal? ,pap]s & ,reports1 ,am4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 ,vol4 #be1 pp4 #ehg-ic1 #ahii4 ,bibliography #aae3 ----4 ,! microscopy ( dr9k+ wat]1 #c;d ed41 pp4 #ahf-bje1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,bibliography #aaf3 ----1 & ,,jackson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! me?ods us$ = ! measurem5t ( ! turbidity ( wat]3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #ac1 pp4 #bgd-id1 #aijj4 ,bibliography #aag3 ----1 & o!rs4 ,! decolorization ( wat]3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,soc4 ,civil ,eng41 ,vol4 #df1 pp4 #ada-ha1 #aija4 ,bibliography #aah3 ----1 & ,,p>k]1 ,h4 ,n4 ,on ! am\nt ( oxyg5 & c>bonic acid dissolv$ 9 natural wat]s & ! effect ( ^! gases ^u ! occurr5ce ( microscopic organisms3 ,trans4 ,am4 ,microscopical ,soc41 ,vol4 #bc1 pp4 #ajc-dd1 #aija4 ,bibliography #aai3 ----1 & ,,:ipple1 ,m4 ,c4 ,solubility ( oxyg5 9 sea wat]3 ,j4 ,am4 ,*em4 ,soc41 ,vol4 #cc1 pp4 #cfb-e1 #aiaa4 ,bibliography #abj3 ,,w9kl]1 ,l4 ,w4 ,die ,be/immung des im ,wass] gel/5 ,sau]/(fes3 ,b]41 pp4 #bhdc-ed1 #ahhh4 ,bibliography #aba3 ,,woodman1 ,a4 ,g41 & ,,norton1 ,j4 ,f4 ,air1 wat]1 & food1 #d? ed41 pp4 #gb-h1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiad2 ,bibliography #aba;a3 pp4 #he-g2 ,bibliography #aba;b3 pp4 #ij-a1 #baf1 & #bca2 ,bibliography #aba;c3 pp4 #ajf-h4 ,,microscopical ,,exam9ation4 ,! microscopical exam9ation ( wat] consi/s ( ! enum]ation ( ! k9ds ( microscopic organisms 7,plankton71 & an e/imation ( _! quantity4 ,x may s]ve any "o or m ( ! foll[+ purposes3 7#a7 ,to expla9 ! pres5ce ( objectionable odors & ta/es4 7#b7 ,to indicate ! progress ( ! self purification ( /reams4 7#c7 ,to indicate ! pres5ce ( sewage contam9ation4 7#d7 ,to expla9 ! *emical analysis4 7#e7 ,to id5tify ! s\rce ( a wat]4 7#f7 ,to aid 9 ! /udy ( ! food ( fi%1 %ellfi%1 & o!r aquatic organisms4 ,! t]m 8,microscopic ,organisms0 %all include all organisms microscopic or b>ely visible to ! nak$ eye1 ) ! exception ( ! bact]ia4 ,x includes ! diatomaceae1 *lorophyceae1 cyanophyceae1 fungi1 protozoa1 rotif]a1 cru/acea1 bryophyta1 & spongidae f\nd 9 wat]4 ,fragm5ts ( organic matt]1 silt1 m9]al matt]1 zoglea1 etc41 %all be consid]$ z amorph\s matt]4 ,! record+ ( amorph\s matt] usually s]ves no useful purpose & %all n be consid]$ a "p ( ! /&>d me?od4 ,app>atus4--#a4 ,a cyl9drical funnel ab\t two in*es 9 diamet] at ! top1 ) a /raight side = n9e in*es1 n>r[$ ov] a di/ance ( ?ree in*es to a bore ( "o-half in* 9 diamet]1 & t]m9at+ 9 a /raight portion ( ?is diamet] two & "o-half in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! capacity ( ?is funnel is #ejj cc4 ,x %all be provid$ at ! bottom ) a tightly fitt+ rubb] /opp] ) a s+le p]=ation & a disk ( silk bolt+ clo? ov] ! hole ab\t ?ree eigh?s ( an in* 9 diamet]4 #b4 ,a c\nt+ cell consi/+ ( a brass rim closely cem5t$ to a plate ( optical glass4 ,! %ape & size ( ?is cell are n ess5tial b its dep? %all be "o millimet]4 ,a conv5i5t capacity is ab\t "o cubic c5timet]4 #c4 ,an ocul> micromet] rul$ z foll[s3 ,! ocul> micromet] is commonly ( su* a size t ) a #af mm4 objective & a suitable tube l5g?1 ! l>ge/ squ>e cuts (f "o squ>e millimet] on ! /age4 ,proc$ure4--,filt] #bej cc4 ( ! wat] 7m or less accord+ to ! cle>ness ( ! sample7 ?r\gh a "o-half in* lay] ( qu>tz s& 7wa%$ & scre5$ betwe5 #fj & #abj me% sieves7 support$ by ! disk ( bolt+ clo? & rubb] /opp] at ! bottom ( ! funnel4 ,suction may be appli$ to ha/5 ! filtration4 ,remove ! /opp] & cat* ! plug ( s& & its entra9$ organisms 9 a small beak] or te/ tube1 wa%+ d[n ! inside ( ! funnel into ! beak] ) #e cc4 ( clean 7pref]ably di/ill$7 wat]4 ,agitate ! mixture ( s&1 wat]1 & organisms to deta* ! latt] f ! s& gra9s1 & quickly decant ! wat] & ! organisms 9 susp5sion to a te/ tube4 ,if desir$ ! s& may !n be aga9 wa%$ ) #e cc4 wat] & ! wa% wat] add$ to ! fir/ portion4 ,cov] ! cell p>tially ) a cov] glass1 & by means ( a pipette run ! conc5trate "u ! cov] glass until ! cell is completely fill$4 ,cov] & place on ! microscope /age 9 a horizontal position = exam9ation4 ,c\nt ! organisms 9 tw5ty fields1 i4 e41 tw5ty cubic millimet]s1 e/imat+ _! areas 9 t]ms ( ,/&>d ,units4 ,! ,/&>d ,unit is ! smalle/ squ>e 9 ! ocul> micromet]1 & repres5ts an area #bj #bj1 or #djj squ>e microns on ! /age4 ,results %all be express$ 9 ! numb] ( ,/&>d ,units ( ea* k9d ( micro-organism p] cc4 & also ! total numb] ( /&>d units ( all k9ds p] cc4 ,! g5]al directions z to significant figures giv5 "u ,turbidity %all apply also to ! microscopical exam9ation4 ,caution4--,_m micro-organisms1 especially "s ( ^? caus+ odors1 are s fragile t !y are brok5 up 9 filtration1 especially if ! agitation ( ! filtrate is too vigor\s4 ,a direct exam9ation ( a fre% sample is !re=e a useful supplem5t>y proc$ure4 ,= ! same reason ! conc5trate %\ld n /& long be=e exam9ation4 ,also "s organisms are c>ri$ by specific gravity to ! top ( ! cell :i* %\ld be scrut9iz$ z well z ! bottom lay] ea* "t4 ,x is always bett] to exam9e ! micro-organisms 9 ! field :5 possible1 & = ?is purpose ! sl+ filt] has be5 devis$ consi/+ ( a metal funnel slung to a pivot$ h&le1 ) a disk ( wire gauze 9 ! deta*able l[] end to support ! s&4 ,filtration is ha/5$ by imp>t+ a :irl+ motion to ! :ole & utiliz+ ! c5trifugal =ce ?us g5]at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ocul> ,,micromet]4 ,,microscopical ,,bibliography4 a4 ,,kean1 ,a4 ,l4 ,a new me?od = ! microscopical exam9ation ( wat]3 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #acb1 #ahhi2 ,eng4 ,news1 pp4 #ba1 #bgf1 #ahhi4 b4 ,,s$gwick1 ,w4 ,t4 ,rec5t progress 9 biological wat] analysis3 ,j4 ,n4 ,e4 ,wat] ,works ,assoc41 ,vol4 #d1 pp4 #ej-fd1 #ahhi4 c4 ----4 ,a report ( ! biological "w ( ! ,lawr5ce ,exp]im5t ,/ation3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass41 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #b1 ,purification ( sewage & wat]1 pp4 #gic-hfb1 #ahij4 d4 ,,p>k]1 ,g4 ,h4 ,report ^u ! organisms1 except+ ! bact]ia f\nd 9 ! wat]s ( ! ,/ate3 ,exam9ations by ! ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal? ( wat] supplies ( ,mass41 #ahhg-ij1 pt4 #a1 ,exam9ation ( wat] supplies1 pp4 #egi-fbj1 #ahij4 e4 ,,raft]1 ,g4 ,w4 ,! microscopical exam9ation ( potable wat]1 ,d4 ,van ,no/r& ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 7,conta9s bibliography47 f4 ,,calk9s1 ,g4 ,n4 ,! microscopical exam9ation ( wat]3 ,report ,mass4 ,/ate ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 pp4 #cig-dba1 #ahib4 g4 ,,jackson1 ,d4 ,d4 ,on an improvem5t 9 ! ,s$gwick-,raft] me?od = ! microscopical exam9ation ( dr9k+ wat]3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #i1 pp4 #bga-d1 #ahif4 h4 ,,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c4 ,exp]i5ce ) ! ,s$gwick-,raft] me?od at ! ,biological ,laboratory ( ! ,bo/on ,wat] ,works3 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 ,vol4 #i1 pp4 #bge-i1 #ahif4 i4 ----4 ,microscopy ( dr9k+ wat]1 #c;d ed41 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 7,conta9s bibliography47 ,,bact]iological ,,exam9ation4 ,i4 ,,app>atus4 #a4 ,sample ,bottles4--,any size1 %ape or quality ( bottle may be us$ = a bact]ial sample1 provid$ x holds a suffici5t am\nt to c>ry out all ! te/s requir$ & is su* t x may be prop]ly wa%$ & /]iliz$ & w keep ! sample uncontam9at$ until ! analysis is made4 ,f\r- or eight-ounce1 gr\nd-glass-/opp]$ bottles are recomm5d$4 ,^! %\ld be protect$ by be+ wrapp$ 9 pap]1 or _! necks cov]$ ) t9 foil1 & %\ld be plac$ 9 prop] boxes = transportation4 #b4 ,pipettes4--,pipettes may be ( any conv5i5t size or %ape provid$ x is f\nd by actual te/ t !y deliv] accurately ! requir$ am\nt 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y are us$4 ,! error ( calibration %all 9 no case exce$ #b p] c5t4 ,protect+ ! pipettes ) a cotton /opp] is recomm5d$4 #c4 ,dilution ,bottles4--,bottles = use 9 mak+ dilutions %\ld pref]ably be ( tall =m1 ( su* capacity z to hold at lea/ twice ! volume ( wat] actually us$4 ,close-fitt+ gr\nd-glass /opp]s are pref]able1 b tight fitt+ cotton /opp]s may be us$1 provid$ due c>e is tak5 to prev5t contam9ation & to avoid loss ( volume ?r\gh wett+ ( ! /opp] be=e mix+ has be5 accompli%$4 #d4 ,petri ,di%es4--,petri di%es t5 c5timet]s 9 diamet] %all be us$ ) glass or por\s tops#baa z pref]r$4 ,! bottoms ( ! di%es %all be z flat z possible s t ! m$ium %all be ( uni=m ?ickness ?r\gh\t ! plate4 #e4 ,f]m5tation ,tubes4--,any type ( f]m5tation tube#bjc may be us$ provid$ x holds at lea/ ?ree times z mu* m$ium z ! am\nt ( wat] to be te/$4 ,,ii4 ,,mat]ials4 #a4 ,wat]4--,di/ill$ wat] %all be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( all culture m$ia & reag5ts4 #b4 ,meat ,extract4--,liebig's meat extract %all be us$ 9 place ( meat infusion4 ,o!r br&s may be sub/itut$ = ,liebig's :5 comp>ative te/s h %[n t !y give equival5t results4 #c4 ,peptone4--,arm\r's1 ,dige/ive ,f]m5ts ,company's1 ,fair*ild's1 or any o!r peptone :i* gives equival5t results may be us$4 #d4 ,sug>s4--,all sug>s us$ %all be ( ! highe/ purity obta9able4 #e4 ,ag>4--,! ag> us$ %all be ( ! be/ quality & %all be dri$ = "o-half h\r at #aje ,c4 be=e weigh+4 ,mu* ( ! ag> on ! m>ket conta9s consid]able am\nts ( sea salts4#bbabbebbh ,^! may be remov$ by soak+ 9 wat] & dra9+ be=e use4 #f4 ,gelat94--,! gelat9 us$ %all be ( light color1 %all conta9 n m ?an a trace ( ars5ic1 copp]1 sulfides1 & %all be free f pres]vatives1 & ( su* a melt+ po9t t a #aj p] c5t4 /&>d nutri5t gelat9 %all h a melt+ po9t ( #be ,c4 or ov]4 ,gelat9 %all be dri$ = "o-half h\r at #aje ,c4 be=e weigh+4 #g4 ,litmus4--,reag5t litmus ( highe/ purity 7n litmus cubes7 or azolitm9 7,kahlbaum7 %all be us$ = all m$ia requir+ a litmus indicator4 #h4 ,g5]al ,*emicals4--,special ef=t %all be made to h all ! o!r +r$i5ts us$ = culture m$ia *emically pure4 ,,iii4 ,,me?ods4 #a4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,culture ,,m$ia4 a4 ,adju/m5t ( ,reaction4 aa4 ,ph5ol ,r$ ,me?od = adju/m5t to a hydrog5-ion conc5tration ( ,p,h #f4h-h4d4 ,)draw #e cc4 ( ! m$ium1 dilute ) #e cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 & add #e drops ( a solution ( ph5ol r$ 7ph5ol sulphone ph?ale974 ,?is solution is made by dissolv+ #j4jd grams ( ph5ol r$ 9 #cj cc4 ( alcohol & dilut+ to #ajj cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,titrate ) a #a3aj dilution ( a /&>d solution ( ,na,o,h 7:i* ne$ n be ( kn[n normality7 until ! ph5ol r$ %[s a slight b di/9ct p9k color4 ,calculate ! am\nt ( ! /&>d ,na,o,h solution :i* mu/ be add$ to ! m$ium to rea* ?is reaction4 ,aft] ! addition *eck ! reaction by add+ #e drops ( ph5ol r$ to #e cc4 ( ! m$ium & #e cc4 ( wat]4 bb4 ,titration ) ph5olph?ale94 7,= ! conv5i5ce ( ^? :o wi% to reta9 ! use ( ?is me?od = ! pres5t x is giv5 "h1 b x is recomm5d$ t z soon z possible ! m accurate me?od ( det]m9+ ! hydrog5-ion conc5tration be sub/itut$47 ,9 a :ite porcela9 di% put #e cc4 ( ! m$ium to be te/$1 add #de cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,boil briskly = "o m9ute4 ,add #a cc4 ( ph5olph?ale9 solution 7#e grams ( comm]cial salt to "o lit] ( #ej p] c5t4 alcohol74 ,titrate imm$iately ) a n_/#bj solution ( sodium hydrate4 ,a fa9t b di/9ct p9k color m>ks ! true end-po9t4 ,?is color may be precisely describ$ z a comb9ation ( #be p] c5t4 ( r$ 7wave l5g? approximately #feh7 ) #ge p] c5t4 ( :ite z %[n by ! disks ( ! /&>d color top made by ! ,milton ,bradley ,educational ,co41 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,all reactions %all be express$ ) ref]5ce to ! ph5olph?ale9 neutral po9t & %all be /at$ 9 p]c5tages ( normal acid or alkali solutions requir$ to neutralize !m4 ,alkal9e m$ia %all be record$ ) a m9us 7-7 sign be=e ! p]c5tage ( normal acid ne$$ = _! neutralization & acid m$ia ) a plus 77 sign be=e ! p]c5tage ( normal alkali solution ne$$ = _! neutralization4 ,! /&>d reaction = culture m$ia = wat] analysis %all be #a4j p] c5t41 z det]m9$ by te/s ( ! /]iliz$ m$ium4 ,z ord9>ily prep>$1 bro? & ag> w be f\nd to h a reaction betwe5 #j4e & #a4j4 ,= su* m$ia no adju/m5t %all be made4 ,! reaction ( m$ia conta9+ sug> %all be neutral to ph5olph?ale94 ,:5ev] reactions o!r ?an ! /&>d are us$1 x %all be s /at$4 b4 ,/]ilization4 ,all m$ia & dilution wat] %all be /]iliz$ 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 ,all air mu/ be =c$ out ( ! autoclav be=e ! pressure is all[$ to rise4 ,z soon z possible aft] /]ilization ! m$ia %all be remov$ f ! autoclav & cool$ rapidly4 ,rapid & imm$iate cool+ ( gelat9 is imp]ative4 ,m$ia %all be /]iliz$ 9 small conta9]s1 & ^! mu/ n be closely pack$ toge!r4 ,no "p ( ! m$ium %all be m ?an #b4e cm4 f ! outside surface ( ! glass4 ,all glassw>e %all be /]iliz$ 9 ! dry ov5 at #agj ,c4 = at lea/ #a h\rs4 c4 ,nutri5t ,bro?4 ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 #a4 ,add #c grams ( beef extract & #e grams ( peptone to #a1jjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 #b4 ,heat sl[ly on a /eam ba? to at lea/ #fe ,c4 #c4 ,make up lo/ weight & adju/ ! reaction to a fa9t p9k ) ph5ol r$1 or if ! ph5olph?ale9 titration is us$1 & ! reaction is n already betwe5 #j4e & #a1 adju/ to #a4 #d4 ,cool to #be ,c4 & filt] ?r\gh filt] pap] until cle>4 #e4 ,di/ribute 9 te/-tubes1 #aj cc4 to ea* tube4 #f4 ,/]ilize 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 d4 ,sug> ,bro?s4 ,sug> bro?s %all be prep>$ 9 ! same g5]al mann] z nutri5t bro? ) ! addition ( #j4e p] c5t4 ( ! requir$ c>bohydrate j be=e /]ilization4 ,! removal ( muscle sug> is unnecess>y z ! beef extract & peptone are free f any f]m5table c>bohydrates4 ,! reaction ( sug> bro?s %all be a fa9t p9k ) ph5ol r$ or1 if on titration ) ph5olph?ale9 ! reaction is n already betwe5 neutral & #a1 adju/ to neutral4 ,/]ilization %all be 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs41 provid$ ! total "t ( exposure to heat is n m ?an "o-half h\r2 o!rwise a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( ! requir$ c>bohydrate %all be made 9 di/ill$ wat] & /]iliz$ at #ajj ,c4 = #a h\rs1 & ?is solution %all be add$ to /]ile nutri5t bro? 9 am\nts suffici5t to make a #j4e p] c5t4 solution ( ! c>bohydrate & ! mixture %all !n be tub$ & /]iliz$ at #ajj ,c4 = #cj m9utes1 or x is p]missible to add by means ( a /]ile pipette directly to a tube ( /]ile neutral bro? en\gh ( ! c>bohydrate to make ! requir$ #j4e p] c5t4 ,! tubes s made %all be incubat$ at #cg ,c4 = #bd h\rs z a te/ = /]ility4 e4 ,nutri5t ,gelat94 ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 #a4 ,add #c grams ( beef extract & #e grams ( peptone to #a1jjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] & add #ajj grams ( gelat9 dri$ = "o-half h\r at #aje ,c4 be=e weigh+4 #b4 ,heat sl[ly on a /eam ba? to #fe ,c4 until all gelat9 is dissolv$4,g ,footnote ,g3 ,! solution ( ! gelat9 w be facilitat$ by all[+ x to soak 9 ! cold "o-half h\r be=e heat+4 #c4 ,make up lo/ weight & adju/ ! reaction to a fa9t p9k ) ph5ol r$1 or if ! ph5olph?ale9 titration is us$1 & ! reaction is n already betwe5 #j4e & #a1 adju/ to #a4 #d4 ,filt] ?r\gh clo? & cotton until cle>4 #e4 ,di/ribute 9 te/-tubes1 #aj cc4 to ea* tube1 or 9 l>g] conta9]s z desir$4 #f4 ,/]ilize 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 f4 ,nutri5t ,ag>4 ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 #a4 ,add #c grams ( beef extract1 #e grams ( peptone & #ab grams ( ag>1 dri$ = "o-half h\r at #aje ,c4 be=e weigh+1 to #a1jjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,boil ov] a wat] ba? until all ag> is dissolv$1 & !n make up ! loss by evaporation4 #b4 ,cool to #de ,c4 9 a cold wat] ba?1 !n w>m to #fe ,c4 9 ! same ba?1 )\t /irr+4 #c4 ,make up lo/ weight & adju/ ! reaction to a fa9t p9k ) ph5ol r$1 or if ! ph5olph?ale9 titration is us$1 & ! reaction is n already betwe5 #j4e & #a1 adju/ to #a4 #d4 ,filt] ?r\gh clo? & cotton until cle>4 #e4 ,di/ribute 9 te/-tubes1 #aj cc4 to ea* tube1 or 9 l>g] conta9]s1 z desir$4 #f4 ,/]ilize 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 g4 ,litmus or ,azolitm9 ,solution4 ,! /&>d litmus solution %all be a #b p] c5t4 aque\s solution ( reag5t litmus4 ,p[d] ! litmus1 add to ! wat] & boil = five m9utes4 ,! solution usually ne$s no correction 9 reaction & may be at once di/ribut$ 9 flasks or te/-tubes & /]iliz$ z is culture m$ia4 ,x %\ld give a di/9ctly blue plate :5 #a cc4 is add$ to #aj cc4 ( neutral culture m$ium 9 a ,petri di%4 ,! /&>d azolitm9 solution %all be a #a p] c5t4 solution ( ,kahlbaum's azolitm94 ,add ! azolitm9 p[d] to ! wat] & boil = five m9utes4 ,! solution may ne$ to be correct$ 9 reaction by ! addition ( sodium hydrate solution s t x w be approximately neutral & w give a di/9ctly blue plate :5 #a cc4 is add$ to #aj cc4 ( neutral culture m$ium 9 a ,petri di%4 ,x may be di/ribut$ 9 flasks or te/-tubes & /]iliz$ z is culture m$ia4 h4 ,litmus-lactose-ag>4 ,litmus-lactose-ag> %all be prep>$ 9 ! same mann] z nutri5t ag> ) ! addition ( #a p] c5t4 ( lactose j be=e /]ilization4 ,! reaction %all be a fa9t p9k ) ph5ol r$1 or1 if on titration ) ph5olph?ale9 ! reaction is n already betwe5 neutral & #a1 adju/ to neutral4 ,"o cc4 ( /]iliz$ litmus or azolitm9 solution %all be add$ to ea* #aj cc4 ( ! m$ium j be=e x is p\r$ into ! ,petri di%1 or ! mixture may be made 9 ! di% itself4 i4 ,endo's ,m$ium4#bjibadbae ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 #a4 ,add #e grams ( beef extract1 #aj grams ( peptone & #cj grams ( ag> dri$ = "o-half h\r at #aje ,c4 be=e weigh+1 to #a1jjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,boil on a wat] ba? until all ! ag> is dissolv$ & !n make up ! loss by evaporation4 #b4 ,cool ! mixture to #de ,c4 9 a cold wat] ba?1 !n w>m to #fe ,c4 9 ! same ba? )\t /irr+4 #c4 ,make up lo/ weight1 titrate1 & if ! reaction is n already betwe5 neutral & #a adju/ to neutral4 #d4 ,filt] ?r\gh clo? & cotton until cle>4 #e4 ,di/ribute #ajj cc4 or l>g] kn[n quantities 9 flasks l>ge en\gh to hold ! o!r +r$i5ts :i* are to be add$ lat]4 #f4 ,/]ilize 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 #g4 ,prep>e a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( basic fu*s9 9 #ie p] c5t4 alcohol1 all[ to /& #bj h\rs1 decant & filt] ! sup]natant fluid4 ,?is is a /ock solution4 #h4 ,:5 ready to make plates melt #ajj cc4 ( ag> 9 /ream+ /eam or on a wat] ba?4 ,dissolve #a gram ( lactose 9 #ae cc4 ( di/ill$ wat]1 us+ heat if necess>y4 ,dissolve #j4be gram anhydr\s sodium sulphite 9 #aj cc4 wat]4 ,to ! sulphite solution add #j4e cc4 ( ! fu*s9 /ock solution4 ,add ! fu*s9-sulphite solution to ! lactose solution & !n add ! result+ solution to ! melt$ ag>4 ,! lactose us$ mu/ be *emically pure & ! sulphite solution mu/ be made up fre%4 #i4 ,p\r plates & all[ to h>d5 ?or\ghly 9 ! incubator be=e use4 #b4 ,,collection ,,( ,,sample4 ,samples = bact]ial analysis %all be collect$ 9 bottles :i* h be5 cleans$ ) great c>e1 r9s$ 9 clean wat]1 & /]iliz$ ) dry heat = at lea/ "o h\r & a half at #agj ,c41 or 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes or long] aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 ,great c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ to h ! samples repres5tative ( ! wat] to be te/$ & to see t no contam9ation occurs at ! "t ( fill+ ! sample bottles4 #c4 ,,/orage ,,& ,,transportation ,,( ,,samples4 ,because ( ! rapid & (t5 ext5sive *anges :i* may take place 9 ! bact]ial flora ( bottl$ samples :5 /or$ ev5 at temp]atures z l[ z #aj ,c41 x is urg$1 z ( importance1 t all samples be exam9$ z promptly z possible aft] collection4 ,! "t all[$ = /orage or transportation ( a bact]ial sample betwe5 ! fill+ ( ! sample bottle & ! beg9n+ ( ! analysis %\ld be n m ?an six h\rs = impure wat]s & n m ?an twelve h\rs = relatively pure wat]s4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( /orage1 ! temp]ature %all be kept z ne> #aj ,c4 z possible4 ,any deviation f ! above limits %all be s /at$ 9 mak+ reports4 #d4 ,,dilutions4 ,dilution bottles %all be fill$ ) ! prop] am\nt ( tap wat] s t aft] /]ilization !y %all conta9 exactly #i cc4 or #ii cc4 z desir$4 ,! exact am\nt ( wat] c only be det]m9$ by exp]im5t ) ! p>ticul> autoclav 9 use4 ,if desir$1 ! #i cc4 dilution may be measur$ out f a flask ( /]ile wat] ) a /]ile pipette4 ,dilution bottles %all be /]iliz$ 9 ! autoclav at #ae lbs4 7#abj ,c47 = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae lbs4 ,! sample bottle %all be %ak5 vigor\sly #be times & #a cc4 )drawn & add$ to ! prop] dilution bottles z requir$4 ,ea* dilution bottle aft] ! addition ( ! #a cc4 ( ! sample1 %all be %ak5 vigor\sly #be times be=e a second dilution is made f x or be=e a sample is remov$ = plat+4 #e4 ,,plat+4 ,all sample & dilution bottles %all be %ak5 vigor\sly #be times be=e samples are remov$ = plat+4 ,plat+ %all be done imm$iately aft] ! dilutions are made4 ,"o cc4 ( ! sample or dilution %all be us$ = plat+ & %all be plac$ 9 ! ,petri di%1 fir/4 ,t5 cc4 ( liquefi$ m$ium at a temp]ature ( #dj ,c4 %all be add$ to ! #a cc4 ( wat] 9 ! ,petri di%4 ,! cov] ( ! ,petri di% %all be lift$ j en\gh = ! introduction ( ! pipette or culture m$ium1 & ! lips ( all te/-tubes or flasks us$ = p\r+ ! m$ium %all be flam$4 ,9 mak+ litmus-lactose-ag> plates1 #a cc4 ( /]ile litmus or azolitm9 solution %all be add$ to ea* #aj cc4 ( culture m$ium ei!r 9 ! ,petri di% or be=e p\r+ into ! ,petri di%4 ,! m$ium & sample 9 ! ,petri di% %all be ?or\ghly mix$ & uni=mly spread ov] ! bottom ( ! ,petri di% by tilt+ or rotat+ ! di%4 ,all plates %all be solidifi$ z rapidly z possible aft] p\r+ & gelat9 plates %all be plac$ imm$iately 9 ! #bj ,c4 incubator & ! ag> plates 9 ! #cg ,c4 incubator4 ,endo plates %all be made by plac+ "o loopful ( ! mat]ial to be te/$ on ! surface ( ! plate & di/ribut+ ! mat]ial ) a /]ile loop or glass rod4 #f4 ,,incubation4 ,all gelat9 plates %all be incubat$ = #dh h\rs at #bj ,c4 9 a d>k1 well-v5tilat$ incubator 9 an atmosph]e practically saturat$ ) moi/ure4#bbg ,all ag> plates %all be incubat$ = #bd h\rs at #cg ,c4 9 a d>k1 well-v5tilat$ incubator 9 an atmosph]e practically saturat$ ) moi/ure4 ,glass cov]$ plates %all be inv]t$ 9 ! incubator4 ,any deviation f ! above describ$ me?od %all be /at$ 9 mak+ reports4 #g4 ,,c\nt+4 ,9 prep>+ plates1 su* am\nts ( ! wat] "u exam9ation %all be plant$ z w give f #be to #bej colonies on a plate2#bjb & ! aim %\ld be always to h at lea/ two plates giv+ colonies betwe5 ^! limits4 ,:]e x is possible to obta9 plates %[+ colonies )9 ^! limits1 only su* plates %\ld be consid]$ 9 record+ results1 except :]e ! same am\nt ( wat] has be5 plant$ 9 two or m plates1 ( :i* "o gives colonies )9 ^! limits1 :ile ! o!rs give less ?an #be or m ?an #bej4 ,9 su* case1 ! result record$ %\ld be ! av]age ( all ! plates plant$ ) ?is am\nt ( wat]4 ,ord9>ily x is n desirable to plant m ?an #a cc4 ( wat] 9 a plate2 !re=e1 :5 ! total numb] ( colonies develop+ f #a cc4 is less ?an #be1 x is obvi\sly necess>y to record ! results z obs]v$1 disreg>d+ ! g5]al rule giv5 above4 ,c\nt+ %all 9 all cases be done ) a l5s ( #b diamet]'s magnification1 #c,x4 ,! ,engrav]'s ,l5s ,no4 #adf made by ! ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,company fills ! requirem5ts1 & is a conv5i5t l5s = ! purpose4 #h4 ,,! ,,te/ ,,= ,,! ,,pres5ce ,,( ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,b4 ,,coli ,,gr\p4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! ,b4 coli gr\p be consid]$ z includ+ all non-spore-=m+ bacilli :i* f]m5t lactose ) gas =mation & gr[ arobically on /&>d solid m$ia4 ,! =mation ( #aj p] c5t4 or m ( gas 9 a /&>d lactose bro? f]m5tation tube )9 #bd h\rs at #cg ,c4 is presumptive evid5ce ( ! pres5ce ( memb]s ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p1 s9ce ! majority ( ! bact]ia :i* give su* a reaction belong to ?is gr\p4 ,! appe>ance ( arobic lactose-splitt+ colonies on lactose-litmus-ag> or ,endo's m$ium plates made f a lactose bro? f]m5tation tube 9 :i* gas has =m$ confirms to a consid]able ext5t ! presumption t gas-=mation 9 ! f]m5tation tube 0 due to ! pres5ce ( memb]s ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p4 ,to complete ! demon/ration ( ! pres5ce ( ,b4 coli z above def9$1 x is necess>y to %[ t "o or m ( ^! arobic plate colonies consi/s ( non-spore-=m+ bacilli :i*1 :5 inoculat$ into a lactose bro? f]m5tation tube1 =m gas4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ! /&>d te/s = ! ,b4 coli gr\p be ei!r 7,a7 ! ,presumptive1 7,b7 ! ,p>tially ,confirm$1 or 7,c7 ! ,complet$ te/ z h]eaft] def9$1 ea* te/ be+ applicable "u ! circum/ances specifi$4 ,a4 ,,presumptive ,,te/4 #a4 ,inoculate a s]ies ( f]m5tation tubes ) appropriate graduat$ quantities ( ! wat] to be te/$4 ,9 e f]m5tation tube !re mu/ always be at lea/ ?ree times z mu* m$ium z ! am\nt ( wat] to be te/$4 ,:5 necess>y to exam9e l>g] am\nts ?an #aj cc4 z _m tubes z necess>y %all be inoculat$ ) #aj cc4 ea*4 #b4 ,incubate ^! tubes at #cg ,c4 = #dh h\rs4 ,exam9e ea* tube at #bd & #dh h\rs1 & record gas-=mation4 ,! records %\ld be su* z to di/+ui% betwe53 7a7 ,abs5ce ( gas-=mation4 7b7 ,=mation ( gas occupy+ less ?an t5 p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( ! clos$ arm4 7c7 ,=mation ( gas occupy+ m ?an t5 p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( ! clos$ arm4 ,m detail$ records ( ! am\nt ( gas =m$1 ?\gh desirable = purposes ( /udy1 are n necess>y = c>ry+ out ! /&>d te/s prescrib$4 #c4 ,! =mation )9 #bd h\rs ( gas occupy+ m ?an t5 p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( ! clos$ arm ( f]m5tation tube con/itutes a positive presumptive te/4 #d4 ,if no gas is =m$ 9 #bd h\rs1 or if ! gas =m$ is less ?an t5 p] c5t4 7#aj71 ! incubation %all be cont9u$ to #dh h\rs4 ,! pres5ce ( gas 9 any am\nt 9 su* a tube at #dh h\rs con/itutes a d\btful te/1 :i* 9 all cases requires confirmation4 #e4 ,! abs5ce ( gas =mation aft] #dh h\rs' incubation con/itutes a negative te/4 7,an arbitr>y limit ( #dh h\rs' obs]vation d\btless excludes f consid]ation occasional memb]s ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p :i* =m gas v sl[ly1 b = ! purposes ( a /&>d te/ ! exclusion ( ^! occasional sl[ gas-=m+ organisms is consid]$ immat]ial47 ,b4 ,,p>tially ,,confirm$ ,,te/4 #a4 ,make "o or m ,endo's m$ium or lactose-litmus-ag> plates f ! tube :i*1 aft] #dh h\rs' incubation1 %[s gas =mation f ! smalle/ am\nt ( wat] te/$4 7,= example1 if ! wat] has be5 te/$ 9 am\nts ( #aj cc41 #a cc41 & #j4a cc41 & gas is =m$ 9 #aj cc41 & #a cc41 n 9 #j4a cc41 ! te/ ne$ be confirm$ only 9 ! #a cc4 am\nt47 #b4 ,incubate ! plates at #cg ,c41 #ah to #bd h\rs4 #c4 ,if typical colon-l r$ colonies h develop$ ^u ! plate )9 ?is p]iod1 ! confirm$ te/ may be consid]$ positive4 #d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 no typical colonies h develop$ )9 #bd h\rs1 ! te/ _c yet be consid]$ def9itely negative1 s9ce x n infrequ5tly happ5s t memb]s ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p fail to =m typical colonies on ,endo's m$ium or lactose-litmus-ag> plates1 or t ! colonies develop sl[ly4 ,9 su* case1 x is always necess>y to complete ! te/ z direct$ "u 8,c0 #b & #c4 ,c4 ,,complet$ ,,te/4 #a4 ,f ! ,endo's m$ium or lactose-litmus-ag> plate made z prescrib$ "u 8,b10 fi% at lea/ two typical colonies1 transf]r+ ea* to an ag> slant & a lactose bro? f]m5tation tube4 #b4 ,if no typical colonies appe> ^u ! plate )9 #bd h\rs1 ! plate %\ld be re9cubat$ ano!r #bd h\rs1 aft] :i* at lea/ two ( ! colonies consid]$ to be mo/ likely ,b4 coli1 :e!r typical or n1 %all be transf]r$ to ag> slants & lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes4 #c4 ,! lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes ?us inoculat$ %all be incubat$ until gas =mation is not$2 ! incubation n to exce$ #dh h\rs4 ,! ag> slants %all be incubat$ at #cg ,c4 = #dh h\rs1 :5 a microscopic exam9ation %all be made ( at lea/ "o culture1 select+ "o :i* corresponds to "o ( ! lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes :i* has %[n gas-=mation4 ,! =mation ( gas 9 lactose bro? & ! demon/ration ( non-spore-=m+ bacilli 9 ! ag> culture %all be consid]$ a satisfactory complet$ te/1 demon/rat+ ! pres5ce ( a memb] ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p4 ,! abs5ce ( gas-=mation 9 lactose bro? or failure to demon/rate non-spore-=m+ bacilli 9 a gas-=m+ culture con/itutes a negative te/4 ,,application ,,( ,,presumptive1 ,,p>tially ,,confirm$1 ,,& ,,complet$ ,,te/s4 ,a4 ,! ,presumptive ,te/4 #a4 ,:5 def9itely positive1 t is %[+ m ?an #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( gas 9 #bd h\rs1 is suffici5t3 7a7 ,z appli$ to all except ! smalle/ gas-=m+ portion ( ea* sample 9 all exam9ations4 7b7 ,z appli$ to ! smalle/ gas-=m+ portion 9 ! exam9ation ( sewage or ( wat] %[+ relatively high pollution1 su* t its fitness = use z dr9k+ wat] does n come into consid]ation4 ,?is applies to ! r\t9e exam9ations ( raw wat] 9 connection ) control ( ! op]ation ( purification plants4 #b4 ,:5 def9itely negative1 t is %[+ no gas 9 #dh h\rs1 is f9al & !re=e suffici5t 9 all cases4 #c4 ,:5 d\btful1 t is %[+ gas less ?an #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 7or none7 9 #bd h\rs1 ) gas ei!r m or less ?an #aj p] c5t4 9 #dh h\rs1 mu/ always be confirm$4 ,b4 ,! ,p>tially ,confirm$ ,te/4 #a4 ,:5 def9itely positive1 t is1 %[+ typical plate colonies )9 #bd h\rs1 is suffici5t3 7a7 ,:5 appli$ to confirm a d\btful presumptive te/ 9 cases :]e ! latt]1 if def9itely positive1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t4 7b7 ,9 ! r\t9e exam9ation ( wat] supplies :]e a suffici5t numb] ( prior exam9ations h e/abli%$ a satisfactory index ( ! accuracy & significance ( ?is te/ 9 t]ms ( ! complet$ te/4 #b4 ,:5 d\btful1 t is1 %[+ colonies ( d\btful or negative appe>ance 9 #bd h\rs1 mu/ always be complet$4 ,c4 ,! ,complet$ ,te/4 ,! complet$ te/ is requir$ z appli$ to ! smalle/ gas-=m+ portion ( ea* sample 9 all cases o!r ?an ^? not$ z exceptions "u ! 8presumptive0 & ! 8p>tially confirm$0 te/s4 ,! complet$ te/ is requir$ 9 all cases :]e ! result ( ! confirm$ te/ has be5 d\btful4 #i4 ,,expression ,,( ,,results4 ,9 ord] to avoid fictiti\s accuracy & yet to express ! num]ical results by a me?od consi/5t ) ! precision ( ! "w1 ! numb]s ( colonies ( bact]ia p] cubic c5timet] %all be record$ z foll[s3#bab ,numb] ( bact]ia p] cc4 ,f #a to #ej %all be record$ z f\nd #ea #ajj to ! ne>e/ #e #aja #bej #aj #bea #ejj #be #eja #a1jjj #ej #a1jja #aj1jjj #ajj #aj1jja #ej1jjj #ejj #ej1jja #ajj1jjj #a1jjj #ajj1jja #ejj1jjj #aj1jjj #ejj1jja #a1jjj1jjj #ej1jjj #a1jjj1jja #aj1jjj1jjj #ajj1jjj ,?is applies to ! gelat9 c\nt at #bj ,c4 & to ! ag> c\nt at #cg ,c4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,/eps ,,involv$ ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,presumptive1 ,,p>tially ,,confirm$ ,,& ,,complet$ ,,te/s ,,= ,b4 ,,coli4 ,/eps 9 proc$ure4 ,fur!r proc$ure requir$4 ,i4 ,inoculate lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes2 incubate #bd h\rs at #cg ,c42 obs]ve gas-=mation 9 ea* tube4 #a4 ,gas-=mation1 #aj p] c5t4 or m2 con/itutes positive presumptive te/4 7a7 ,= o!r ?an smalle/ portion ( any sample %[+ gas at ?is "t1 & = all portions1 includ+ smalle/1 ( sewage & raw wat] ?is te/ is suffici5t4 ,none 7b7 ,= smalle/ gas-=m+ portion1 except 9 exam9ations ( sewage & raw wat]4 ,,iii #b4 ,gas-=mation less ?an #aj p] c5t4 9 #bd h\rs2 inconclusive4 ,,ii ,,ii4 ,incubate an additional #bd h\rs1 mak+ a total ( #dh h\rs' incubation2 obs]ve gas-=mation4 #a4 ,gas-=mation1 any am\nt2 con/itutes d\btful te/1 :i* mu/ always be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,,iii #b4 ,no gas-=mation 9 #dh h\rs2 con/itutes f9al negative te/4 ,none ,,iii4 ,make plate f smalle/ gas-=m+ portion ( sample "u exam9ation2 incubate #ah to #bd h\rs2 obs]ve colonies4 #a4 ,"o or m colonies typical 9 appe>ance4 7a7 ,if only 8p>tially confirm$0 te/ is requir$,none 7b7 ,if complet$ te/ is requir$1 select two typical colonies = id5tification4 ,v #b4 ,no typical colonies4 ,,iv ,,iv4 ,replace plate 9 incubator = an additional #ah to #bd h\rs2 !n1 :e!r colonies appe> typical or n1 select at lea/ two ( ^? :i* mo/ ne>ly resemble ,b4 coli4 ,v ,v4 ,transf] ea* colony fi%$ to3 #a4 ,lactose bro? f]m5tation tube2 incubate n m ?an #dh h\rs at #cg ,c4 ,obs]ve gas-=mation4 ,none #b4 ,ag> slant2 incubate #dh h\rs at #cg ,c4 7a7 ,if gas =m$ 9 lactose bro? tube inoculat$ ) correspond+ culture ,,vi 7b7 ,if no gas =m$ 9 correspond+ lactose bro? tube1 te/ is complet$ & negative4 ,none ,,vi4 ,make /a9$ cov]-slip or slide prep>ation1 & exam9e microscopically4 #a4 ,if prep>ation %[s non-spore-=m+ bacilli 9 app>5tly pure culture1 demon/ration ( ,b4 coli is complet$4 ,none #b4 ,if prep>ation fails to %[ non-spore-=m+ bacilli or %[s !m mix$ ) spore-be>+ =ms or bact]ia ( o!r morphology4 ,,vii ,,vii4 ,replate1 to obta9 assur$ly pure culture1 select sev]al colonies ( bacilli & repeat /eps ,v & ,,vi4 ,9 ord] t te/s = ,b4 coli may h quantitative significance1 ! foll[+ g5]al pr9ciples & rules %\ld be obs]v$3 ,ord9>ily n less ?an ?ree portions ( ea* sample %\ld be te/$1 ! portions be+ ev5 decimal multiples or fractions ( a cubic c5timet]2 = example1 #aj cc41 #a cc41 #j4a cc41 4#ja cc41 etc4 ,x is ess5tial t ! dilutions %\ld be su* t ! l>ge/ am\nt gives a positive te/ 7unless ! wat] is su* z to give negative te/s 9 #aj cc471 & ! smalle/ dilution1 a negative result4 ,to insure ?is result1 x is (t5 necess>y to plant f\r or five dilutions1 especially 9 ! exam9ation ( a sample ( entirely unkn[n quality4 ,! quantitative value ( a s]ies ( te/s is lo/1 unless all or at lea/ a l>ge proportion ( ! smalle/ dilutions te/$ h giv5 negative results4 ,9 report+ a s+le te/1 x is pref]able m]ely to record results z obs]v$1 indicat+ ! am\nts te/$ & ! result 9 ea*1 r ?an to attempt expression ( ! result 9 numb]s ( ,b4 coli p] cc4 ,9 summ>iz+ ! results ( a s]ies ( te/s1 h[ev]1 x is desirable1 = ! sake ( simplicity1 to express ! results 9 t]ms ( ! numb]s ( ,b4 coli p] cc41 or p] #ajj cc4 ,to conv]t results ( f]m5tation te/s to ?is =m1 ! result ( ea* te/ is record$ z indicat+ a numb] ( ,b4 coli p] cc4 equal to ! reciprocal ( ! smalle/ decimal or multiple fraction ( a cubic c5timet] giv+ a positive result4 ,= example1 ! result3 #aj cc4 2 #a cc4 2 #j4a cc4 -2 w\ld be record$ z indicat+ "o ,b4 coli p] cc4 ,an exception %\ld be made 9 ! case :]e a negative result is obta9$ 9 an am\nt l>g] ?an ! smalle/ portion giv+ a positive result2 = example1 9 a result su* z3 #aj cc4 2 #a cc4 -2 #j4a cc4 4 ,9 su* case1 ! result %\ld be record$ z indicat+ a numb] ( ,b4 coli p] cc4 equal to ! reciprocal ( ! dilution next l>g] ?an ! smalle/ "o giv+ a positive te/1 ?is be+ a m probable result4 ,:]e te/s are made 9 am\nts l>g] ?an #a cc41 giv+ av]age results less ?an "o ,b4 coli p] cc41 x is m conv5i5t to express results 9 t]ms ( ! numb]s ( ,b4 coli p] #ajj cc4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ! me?od ( record+ & av]ag+ results ( ,b4 coli te/s3 ,result ( ,te/s 9 ,am\nts ,designat$4 ,indicat$ ,numb] ( ,b4 coli4 #aj cc4 #a cc4 #j4a cc4 4#ja cc4 p] cc4 p] #ajj cc4 #j4a #aj4 #a4j #ajj4 #aj4j #a1jjj4 #ajj4j #aj1jjj4 #aj4j #a1jjj4 ---------- ---------- ,totals 7= e/imat+ av]ages7 #aba4a #ab1aaj4 ,av]age ( #e te/s #bd4j #b1dbb4 ,! above me?od ( express+ results is n ma!matically altoge!r correct4 ,! av]age numb] ( ,b4 coli p] cc41 z ?us e/imat$1 is n precisely ! mo/ probable numb] calculat$ by application ( ! !ory ( probability4#bbj ,to apply ?is !ory to a correct ma!matical solution ( any consid]able s]ies ( results involves1 h[ev]1 ma!matical calculations s complex z to be impracticable ( application 9 g5]al practice4 ,! simpl] me?od giv5 is !re=e consid]$ pref]able1 s9ce x is easily appli$ & ! results s express$ are readily compreh5sible4 ,9 ord] t results z report$ may be *eck$ & c>efully valuat$1 x is necess>y t ! report %\ld %[ n only ! av]age numb] ( ,b4 coli p] cc41 b also ! numb] ( samples exam9$2 &1 = ea* dilution1 ! total numb] ( te/s made1 & ! numb] 7or p] c5t47 positive4 #aj4 ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,results4 ,:ile x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is report to sugge/ ! prop] int]pretation ( results obta9$ by ! use ( ! me?ods h]e9 specifi$ z /&>d1 ! committee feels t a ^w ( caution %\ld be giv5 reg>d+ ! significance ( ! pres5ce 9 a wat] ( memb]s ( ! ,b4 coli gr\p z def9$ 9 ?is report4 ,rec5t "w seems to indicate t ! ,b4 coli gr\p z h]e9 def9$ consi/s ( organisms ( bo? fecal & non-fecal orig94 ,!re=e c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 judg+ ! sanit>y quality ( a wat] solely f ! det]m9ation ( ! pres5ce ( memb]s ( ! gr\p4 #aa4 ,,diff]5tiation ,,( ,,fecal ,,f ,,non-,,fecal ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,b4 ,,coli ,,gr\p4 7#a7 ,at lea/ #aj cultures %\ld be us$4 ,if possible ^! %\ld be subcultur$ f plates made direct f ! wat] s9ce all ( ! cultures obta9$ by plat+ f f]m5tation tubes may be desc5dants ( a s+le cell 9 ! wat]4 ,if cultures f wat] plates are n available ^? obta9$ f plates made z prescrib$ "u ,b 7p4 #aja7 may be us$4 7#b7 ,inoculate ea* culture into dextrose potassium phosphate bro?1,h adonite bro?1 & gelat94 ,= additional confirmatory evid5ce inoculation may be made into tryptophane bro?1,i & sac*>ose bro?4 ,! dextrose bro? mu/ be incubat$ at #cj4 ,o!r sug> bro?s may be incubat$ at #cj or #cg z conv5i5t4 ,gelat9 %\ld be incubat$ at #bj4 ,footnote ,h3 7a7 ,peptone ,m$ium = ! ,me?yl ,r$ ,te/4 ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 #a4 ,to #hjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] add #e grams ( ,proteose-,peptone1 ,difco41 or ,witte's ,peptone 7o!r peptones %\ld n be sub/itut$71 #e grams c4 p4 dextrose1 & #e grams dipotassium hydrog5 phosphate 7,k#b;,,hpo#d74 ,a dilute solution ( ! ,k#b;,,hpo#d %\ld give a di/9ct p9k ) ph5olph?ale94 #b4 ,heat ) occasional /irr+ ov] /eam = tw5ty m9utes4 #c4 ,filt] ?r\gh fold$ filt] pap]1 cool to #bj ,c4 & dilute to #a1jjj cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 #d4 ,di/ribute #aj cc4 portions 9 /]iliz$ te/-tubes4 #e4 ,/]ilize by ! int]mitt5t me?od = #bj m9utes on ?ree successive days4 ,footnote ,i3 ,tryptophane ,bro? = ,indol ,te/4 ,to #a1jjj cc4 ( di/ill$ wat] add #j4c gram tryptophane1 #e grams dipotassium hydrog5 phosphate 7,k#b;,,hpo#d71 & #a gram peptone4 ,heat until +r$i5ts are ?or\ghly dissolv$1 tube 7#f to #h cc471 & /]ilize 9 autoclave = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure rea*es #ae p\nds4 ,"s ,am]ican peptones are /&>diz$ to conta9 a uni=m am\nt ( tryptophane4 ,if su* peptone is us$ ! tryptophane 9 ! above =mula may be omitt$ & ! peptone increas$ to #e grams4 7#c7 ,aft] #dh h\rs record gas =mation 9 adonite & sac*>ose bro?s4 ,det]m9e indol =mation 9 tryptophane bro? by add+ drop by drop1 to avoid mix+ ) ! m$ium1 ab\t #a cc4 ( a #b p] c5t4 alcoholic solution ( p-dime?yl amido-b5zaldehyd1 !n a few drops ( conc5trat$ hydro*loric acid4 ,! pres5ce ( indol is indicat$ by a r$ color :i* is soluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,!re may be "s unconv]t$ tryptophane /ill pres5t :i* w give a di/9ctly blue color :i* is insoluble 9 *lor(orm4 ,a mixture ( ! two w be ei!r blue or violet4 ,if f su* a mixture ( colors ! r$ ( indol be extract$ ) *lor(orm pro( ( ! pres5ce ( indol w be complete4 7#d7 ,aft] #e days apply me?yl r$ te/ & ,voges-,proskau] te/ to dextrose bro?4 ,me?yl ,r$ ,te/4,j ,indicator solution4--,dissolve #j4a gram me?yl r$ 9 #cjj cc4 alcohol & dilute to #ejj cc4 ) di/ill$ wat]4 ,footnote ,j3 7b7 ,syn!tic ,m$ium = ! ,me?yl ,r$ ,te/4 ,to ,make ,"o ,lit]4 ,dissolve #g grams ,na#b;,,hpo#d 7anhydr\s7 or #h4h grams ,na#b;,,hpo#d4b;,h#b,o1 #b grams ,k,hphthalate1 #a gram asp>tic acid1 & #d grams dextrose 9 ab\t #hjj cc4 ( w>m di/ill$ wat]4 ,:5 solution is complete1 cool & make up to #a lit] at room temp]ature4 ,heat 9 an autoclave = #ae m9utes aft] ! pressure has rea*$ #ae p\nds1 provid$ ! total "t ( exposure to heat is n m ?an "o-half h\r4 ,! hydrog5-ion conc5tration ( ! m$ium is fix$ by ! composition4 ,x %\ld be v close to ,p,h #g4j1 slightly r$ ) ph5ol r$4 ,all mat]ials %\ld be recry/alliz$ or if us$ f /ock furni%$ by manufactur]s1 %\ld be c>efully exam9$4 ,! di-sodium hydrog5 phosphate may be us$ ei!r z ! anhydr\s salt obta9$ by dessication 9 vacuo at #ajj ,c4 or else z ! salt conta9+ two molecules ( wat] ( cry/allization4 ,?is is obta9$ by expos+ ! recry/alliz$ ,na#b;,,hpo#d4ab;,h#b,o = two weeks4 ,use #j4hh p] c5t4 ( ,na#b;,,hpo#d4b;,h#b,o4 ,proc$ure 9 te/4--#a4 ,to #e cc4 ( ea* culture add #e drops ( me?yl r$ solution4 #b4 ,record di/9ct r$ color z me?yl r$ 1 di/9ct yell[ color z me?yl r$ -1 & int]m$iate colors z 84 ,voges-,proskau] ,te/4#baf ,to ! rema9+ #e cc4 ( m$ium add #e cc4 ( a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( potassium hydroxide4 ,all[ to /& ov] night4 ,a positive te/ is indicat$ by an eos9 p9k color4 7#e7 ,gelat9 tubes %\ld n be pron\nc$ negative until !y h be5 incubat$ at lea/ #ae days4 ,! foll[+ gr\p reactions indicate ! s\rce ( ! culture ) a high degree ( probability3 ,me?yl r$ ,b4 coli ( fecal orig94 ,voges-,proskau] ,gelat9 ,adonite ,indol1 usually ,sac*>ose1 usually ,me?yl r$ ,b4 arog5es ( fecal orig94 ,voges-,proskau] ,gelat9 ,adonite ,indol1 usually ,sac*>ose ,me?yl r$ ,b4 arog5es1 probably n ( fecal orig94 ,voges-,proskau] ,gelat9 ,adonite ,indol1 usually ,sac*>ose ,me?yl r$ ,b4 cloacae1 may or may n be ( fecal orig94 ,voges-,proskau] ,gelat9 ,adonite ,indol1 usually ,sac*>ose #ab4 ,,r\t9e ,,proc$ure ,,= ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,samples ,,( ,,wat]4 ,fir/ ,day3 #a4 ,prep>e dilutions z requir$4 #b4 ,make two 7#b7 gelat9 plates f ea* dilution1 & incubate at #bj ,c4 #c4 ,make two 7#b7 ag> plates f ea* dilution1 & incubate at #cg ,c4 #d4 ,inoculate lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes ) appropriate am\nts = ,b4 coli te/s1 inoculat+ two 7#b7 tubes ) ea* am\nt4 ,note3--,:]e repeat$ te/s are made ( wat] f ! same s\rce1 z is cu/om>y 9 ! control ( public supplies1 x is n necess>y to make duplicate plates or f]m5tation tubes 9 ea* dilution4 ,x is suffici5t1 9 su* circum/ances1 to make duplicate plates only f ! dilution :i* w mo/ probably give f #be to #bej colonies p] plate4 ,second ,day3 #a4 ,c\nt ! ag> plates made on ! fir/ day4 #b4 ,record ! numb] ( lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes :i* %[ #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 or m ( gas4 ,note3--,9 case only ! presumptive te/ = ,b4 coli is requir$1 f]m5tation tubes %[+ m ?an #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( gas at ?is "t may be disc>d$4 ,?ird ,day3 #a4 ,c\nt gelat9 plates made on fir/ day4 #b4 ,record ! numb] ( additional f]m5tation tubes :i* %[ #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 or m ( gas4 #c4 ,make a lactose-litmus-ag> or ,endo's m$ium plate f ! smalle/ portion ( ea* sample %[+ gas4 ,incubate plate at #cg ,c4 ,note3--,9 case ! smalle/ portion 9 :i* gas has be5 =m$ %[s less ?an #aj p] c5t4 7#aj7 ( gas1 x is well to make a plate also f ! next l>g] portion1 s t1 9 case ! smalle/ portion gives a negative end result x may /ill be possible to demon/rate ,b4 coli 9 ! next l>g] dilution4 ,f\r? ,day3 #a4 ,exam9e ,endo's m$ium or lactose-litmus-ag> plates4 ,if typical colonies h develop$1 select two & transf] ea* to a lactose bro? f]m5tation tube & an ag> slant1 bo? ( :i* are to be incubat$ at #cg ,c4 #b4 ,if no typical ,b4 coli colonies are f\nd1 incubate ! plates ano!r #bd h\rs4 ,fif? ,day3 #a4 ,select at lea/ two colonies1 :e!r typical or n1 f ! ,endo's m$ium or lactose-litmus-ag> plates :i* h be5 incubat$ an additional #bd h\rs2 transf] ea* to a lactose bro? f]m5tation tube & an ag> slant1 & complete ! te/ z = typical colonies4 #b4 ,exam9e lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes inoculat$ f plates on ! previ\s day4 ,tubes 9 :i* gas has be5 =m$ may be disc>d$ aft] ! result has be5 record$4 ,^? 9 :i* no gas has =m$ %\ld be incubat$ an additional #bd h\rs4 ,six? ,day3 #a4 ,exam9e lactose bro? f]m5tation tubes re9cubat$ ! previ\s day4 #b4 ,exam9e microscopically ag> slants correspond+ to lactose f]m5tation tubes inoculat$ f plate colonies & %[+ gas-=mation4 ,,bact]iological ,,bibliography4 ,bibliography #bja3 ,,bovie1 ,w4 ,t4 ,a ,direct ,read+ ,pot5tiomet] = ,measur+ & ,record+ bo? ! ,actual & ! ,total ,reaction ( ,solutions4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,rese>*1 #cc1 #aiae-af1 #bie4 ,bibliography #bjb3 ,,bre$1 ,r4 ,s4 & ,,dott]r]1 ,w4 ,d4 ,! ,numb] ( ,colonies ,all[able on ,satisfactory ,ag> ,plates4 ,j\r4 ( ,bact41 #a1 #aiaf1 #cba4 ,bibliography #bjc3 ,,br[ne1 ,w4 ,w4 ,a ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ! ,smi? ,f]m5tation ,tube & ! ,inv]t$ ,vial 9 ! ,det]m9ation ( ,sug> ,f]m5tation4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,public ,heal?1 #c1 #aiac1 #gja4 ,bibliography #bjd3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 ,an ,hydrog5 ,electrode ,vessel4 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #bc1 #aiae1 #dge4 ,bibliography #bje3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 ,! 8,reaction0 ( ,bact]iological ,culture ,m$ia4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ag1 #aiae1 #aji4 ,bibliography #bjf3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 ,! ,f9al ,hydrog5 ,ion ,conc5trations ( ,cultures ( ,bacillus ,coli4 ,sci5ce1 n4 s4 #db1 #aiae1 #ga4 ,bibliography #bjg3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,lubs1 ,h4 ,a4 ,hydrog5 ,electrode ,pot5tials ( ,ph?alate1 ,phosphate1 & ,borate ,buff] ,mixtures4 ,j\r4 ,biol4 ,*em41 #be1 #aiaf1 #dgi4 ,bibliography #bjh3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,lubs1 ,h4 ,a4 ,! ,diff]5tiation ( ,bact]ia ( ! ,colon-,arog5es ,family by ! ,use ( ,indicators4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ag1 #aiae1 #afj4 ,bibliography #bji3 ,,endo1 ,s4 ,ueb] e9 ,v]fahr5 zum ,na*weis d] ,typhusbacill5 ,c5tbl4 f4 ,bakt4 ,er/e ,abt41 #ce1 #aijc-d1 #aji4 ,bibliography #baj3 ,,gillespie1 ,l4 ,j4 ,! ,reaction ( ,soil & ,measurem5ts ( ,hydrog5 ,ion ,conc5tration4 ,j\r4 ,wa%4 ,acad4 ( ,sci5ces1 #f1 #aiaf1 #g4 ,bibliography #baa3 ,,hill1 ,h4 ,w4 ,por\s ,tops = ,petri ,di%es4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,rese>*1 #ac1 #aijd1 #ic4 ,bibliography #bab3 ,,hill1 ,h4 ,w4 ,! ,ma!matics ( ! ,bact]ial ,c\nt4 ,public ,heal? ,reports & ,pap]s1 #cc1 #aijg1 #aaj4 ,bibliography #bac3 ,,itano1 ,a4 ,! ,relation ( ,hydrog5 ,ion ,conc5tration ( ,m$ia to ! ,proteolytic ,activity ( ,bacillus ,subtilis4 ,bullet9 #afg1 #aiaf1 ,mass4 ,agric4 ,ex4 ,/ation4 ,bibliography #bad3 ,,k5dall1 ,a4 ,i4 & ,,walk]1 ,a4 ,w4 ,! ,isolation ( ,bacillus ,dys5t]iae f ,/ools4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 ,rese>*1 #bc1 #aiaj1 #dha4 ,bibliography #bae3 ,,k9y\n1 ,j4 ,j4 & ,,deit]1 ,l4 ,v4 ,on ! ,prep>ation ( ,endo's ,m$ium4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,public ,heal?1 n4 s4 #b1 #aiab1 #igi4 ,bibliography #baf3 ,,lev9e1 ,m4 ,on ! ,significance ( ! ,voges-,proskau] ,reaction4 ,j\r4 ( ,bact]iology1 #a1 #aiaf1 #aec4 ,bibliography #bag3 ,,lubs1 ,h4 ,a4 & ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 ,on ,"s ,new ,indicators = ! ,colorimetric ,det]m9ation ( ,hydrog5-ion ,conc5tration4 ,j\r4 ,wa%4 ,acad4 ( ,sci5ces1 #e1 #aiae1 #fji4 ,bibliography #bah3 ,,mccl5don1 ,j4 ,f4 ,new ,hydrog5 ,electrodes & ,rapid ,me?ods ( ,det]m9+ ,hydrog5 ,ion ,conc5trations4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiology1 #ch1 #aiae1 #ahj4 ,bibliography #bai3 ,,mccl5don1 ,j4 ,f4 ,a ,direct ,read+ ,pot5tiomet] = ,measur+ ,hydrog5 ,ion ,conc5trations4 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ( ,physiology1 #ch1 #aiae1 #ahf4 ,bibliography #bbj3 ,,mccrady1 ,m4 ,h4 ,! ,num]ical ,int]pretation ( ,f]m5tation-tube ,results4 ,j\r4 ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ag1 #aiae1 #ahc4 ,bibliography #bba3 ,,noyes1 ,h4 ,a4 ,ag> ,ag> = ,bact]iological ,use4 ,sci5ce1 n4 s4 #dd1 #aiaf1 #gig4 ,bibliography #bbb3 ,,rog]s1 ,l4 ,a41 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,davis1 ,b4 ,j4 ,! ,colon ,gr\p ( ,bact]ia4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ad1 #aiad1 #daa4 ,bibliography #bbc3 ,,rog]s1 ,l4 ,a41 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,evans1 ,a4 ,c4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,bact]ia ( ! ,colon ,type ,f\nd 9 ,bov9e ,feces4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ae1 #aiad1 #ii4 ,bibliography #bbd3 ,,rog]s1 ,l4 ,a41 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,evans1 ,a4 ,c4 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ,bact]ia ( ! ,colon ,type ,occurr+ on ,gra9s4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #ag1 #aiae1 #acg4 ,bibliography #bbe3 ,,smi?1 ,h4 ,m4 ,! ,seawe$ ,indu/ries ( ,japan4 ,bullet9 ( ! ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies1 #bd1 #aijd1 #ace4 ,bibliography #bbf3 ,s,,r5s51 ,s4 ,p4 ,l4 ,enzym/udi54 ,bio*em4 ,zts*r41 #ba1 #aiji1 #aca & #bja4 ,bibliography #bbg3 ,,:ipple1 ,g4 ,c4 ,on ! ,necessity ( ,cultivat+ ,wat] ,bact]ia 9 an ,atmosph]e ,saturat$ ) ,moi/ure4 ,te*4 ,qu>t41 #ab1 #ahii1 #bgf4 ,bibliography #bbh3 ,,:ittak]1 ,h4 ,a4 ,! ,s\rce1 ,manufacture & ,composition ( ,comm]cial ,ag>-ag>4 ,j\r4 ,am]4 ,pub4 ,heal? ,assoc41 n4 s4 #a1 #aiaa1 #fcb4 ,bibliography #bbi3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,lubs1 ,h4 ,a4 ,! colorimetric det]m9ation ( ! hydrog5-ion conc5tration ( bact]iological culture m$ia4 ,j\r4 ,wa%4 ,acad4 ,sci5ces1 #f1 #aiaf1 #dhc4 ,bibliography #bcj3 ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 & ,,lubs1 ,h4 ,a4 ,! colorimetric det]m9ation ( hydrog5-ion conc5tration & its application 9 bact]iology4 ,j\r4 ( ,bact41 #b1 #aiai1 #a & #aji4 ,bibliography #bca3 ,,coh51 ,b4 & ,,cl>k1 ,w4 ,m4 ,! gr[? ( c]ta9 bact]ia 9 m$ia ( diff]5t hydrog5-ion conc5trations4 ,j\r4 ( ,bact41 #d1 #aiai1 #dji4 ,bibliography #bcb3 ,,f5nel1 ,e4 ,a4 & ,,fi%]1 ,m4 ,a4 ,adju/m5t ( culture m$ium reactions4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #be1 #aiai1 #ddd4 ,bibliography #bcc3 ,,jones1 ,h4 ,m4 ,a rapid hydrog5-ion electrode me?od = ! det]m9ation ( hydrog5-ion conc5trations 9 bact]ial cultures or o!r turbid or color$ solutions4 ,j\r4 ( ,inf4 ,diseases1 #be1 #aiai1 #bfb4 ,,index4 ,a4 ,acidity1 det]m9ation (1 #ci4 ,acids1 m9]al1 #da4 ,ag>1 nutri5t1 #id1 #if4 lactose-litmus1 #ig4 ,alkali c>bonates1 #ci4 ,alkal9ity1 det]m9ation (1 #ce4 ,album9oid nitrog51 #bj4 ,alum9ium sulfate1 det]m9ation (1 #da4 analysis (1 #gh4 ,alum9ium & iron1 det]m9ation (1 #eg4 ,ammonia nitrog51 det]m9ation (1 #ae4 ,app>atus1 bact]iological1 #ic4 ,application ( colon gr\p te/s1 #ajb4 ,ars5ic1 det]m9ation (1 #fc4 ,azolitm9 solution1 #if4 ,b4 ,bacillus arog5es1 reactions1 #ajh4 cloacae1 reactions1 #ajh4 coli1 reactions1 #ajh4 ,b4 coli gr\p1 te/s1 #ajj4 application (1 #ajb4 fecal & non-fecal1 #ajf4 summ>y ( te/s1 #ajd4 ,bact]iological exam9ation1 #ic4 bibliography1 #aaj4 ,basicity ratio1 #hj4 ,bibliography1 bact]iological1 #aaj4 *emical1 #hb4 microscopical1 #ia4 ,bio*emical oxyg5 dem&1 #ga4 9 sludge & mud1 #gf4 ,bismu?ate me?od 7,mn71 #di4 ,boric acid1 #fc4 ,bottles1 sample1 #a1 #ic4 dilution1 #ic4 ,brom9e & iod9e1 det]m9ation (1 #fa4 ,bro?1 nutri5t1 #ie4 sug>1 #ie4 ,c4 ,calcium1 det]m9ation (1 #eg4 ,c>bon dioxide1 det]m9ation (1 #dj4 ,*emical analysis1 wat] & sewage1 #a4 bibliography1 #hb4 ,*emicals1 analysis (1 #gg4 ,*loride1 det]m9ation (1 #da4 ,*lor9e1 det]m9ation (1 #fd4 ,coeffici5t ( f95ess1 #h4 ,collection ( samples1 bact]iological1 #ic4 *emical1 #a4 ,colon gr\p1 te/s 7see 8,b4 coli071 #ajj4 ,color1 det]m9ation (1 #i4 ,copp]1 det]m9ation (1 #ec1 #ee4 ,c\nt+ 7bact]ial71 #ii4 ,cultural *>act]s ( colon gr\p1 #ajh4 ,culture m$ia1 #id4 azolitm9 solution1 #if4 ,endo's m$ium1 #ig4 litmus-lactose-ag>1 #ig4 litmus solution1 #if4 me?yl r$ te/1 #ajg4 nutri5t ag>1 #if4 nutri5t bro?1 #ie4 nutri5t gelat91 #if4 /]ilization1 #ie4 sug> bro?1 #ie4 titration1 #id4 tryptophane bro?1 #ajg4 ,d4 ,dilution 7bact]iological71 #ih4 ,dissolv$ oxyg51 #fe4 ,e4 ,efflu5ts1 relative /ability (1 #fi4 bio*emical1 oxyg51 dem& (1 #ga4 ,endo's m$ium1 #ig4 ,ery?ros9e indicator1 #cf4 ,e!r--soluble matt]1 #fi4 9 sludge & mud1 #ge4 ,evaporation1 #bi4 ,expression ( results 7see "u 8,results074 ,f4 ,fat1 det]m9ation (1 #fi1 #ge4 ,fecal & non-fecal memb]s1 colon gr\p1 #ajf4 ,f]m5tation tubes1 #ic4 ,f]r\s sulfide 9 sludge & mud1 #gf4 ,f]r\s iron1 det]m9ation (1 #dg4 ,f]ric iron1 det]m9ation (1 #dh4 ,f95ess1 coeffici5t (1 #h4 ,g4 ,gelat9 m$ia1 #id1 #if4 ,h4 ,h>dness1 det]m9ation (1 #cj4 bic>bonate1 #cg4 c>bonate1 #ch4 hydroxide1 #ch4 non-c>bonate1 #cd4 tempor>y1 #cd4 ,hydrog5 sulfide1 det]m9ation (1 #fc4 ,hydrog5-ion det]m9ation1 #id4 ,i4 ,ignition1 loss on1 #cj4 ,incubation1 #ii4 ,indol te/1 bro? =1 #ajg4 ,indicators1 #cf1 #id1 #ajg4 ,iod9e & brom9e1 det]m9ation (1 #fa4 ,iron & ,alum9ium1 sep>ation1 #eg4 analysis (1 #gi4 ,iron1 det]m9ation (1 #dc4 /&>ds1 #de4 sulfate1 det]m9ation (1 #da4 analysis (1 #ha4 ,l4 ,lacmoid indicator1 #cf4 ,lead1 det]m9ation (1 #ea1 #ee4 ,lime1 analysis (1 #hj4 ,li?ium1 det]m9ation (1 #fj4 ,litmus reag5t1 #id4 lactose-ag>1 #ig4 solution1 #if4 ,m4 ,manganese1 det]m9ation (1 #dh4 ,mat]ials1 bact]iological1 #ic4 ,meat extract1 #ic4 ,m$ia1 culture 7see 8,culture m$ia071 #id-g1 #ajg4 ,me?yl orange indicator1 #cg4 ,me?yl r$ m$ia1 #ajg4 te/1 #ajg4 ,microscopical bibliography1 #ia4 exam9ation1 #hi4 ,m9]al analysis1 #ef4 ,moi/ure 9 sludge & mud1 #gd4 ,mud deposits1 analysis1 #gc4 ,n4 ,nessl]'s reag5t1 color /&>ds1 #aj4 ammonia det]m9ation1 #ai4 ,nitrog51 #ae4 ammonia1 #ae4 album9oid1 #bj4 ,nitrog51 9 sludge & mud1 #gd4 nitrate1 #bc4 nitrite1 #bb4 organic1 #ba4 total1 #be4 ,nutri5t m$ia 7see 8,culture m$ia071 #id1 #ajg4 ,o4 ,odor1 #ab4 ,organic nitrog51 #ba4 ,oxyg5 consum$1 #be4 dem&1 bio*emical1 #ga4 dissolv$1 #fe4 9 fre% & sea wat] 7table71 #fh4 ,p4 ,peptone1 au?oriz$ br&s1 #ic4 ,p]sulfate me?od 7,mn71 #dh4 ,petri di%es1 #ic4 ,ph5oldisulfonic acid me?od 7nitrate71 #bc4 ,ph5olph?ale9 indicator1 #cf1 #id4 ,physical exam9ation1 #d4 ,pipettes1 bact]iological1 #ic4 ,plat+1 bact]iological1 #ii4 ,plat9um-cobalt color /&>d1 #i4 wire turbidity1 #e4 ,potassium1 det]m9ation (1 #ei4 ,presumptive te/s1 colon gr\p1 #ajb4 ,r4 ,reactions ( colon gr\p1 #ajh4 ,reaction ( culture m$ia1 #id4 ( sludge & mud1 #gc4 ,r$uction me?od 7nitrate71 #bd4 ,relative /ability me?od1 #ga4 ,residue on evaporation1 #bi4 ,results1 expression (1 bact]iological1 #ajc4 *emical exam9ation1 #ad4 color1 #h4 odor1 #ab4 ,results1 int]pretation ( 7bact]iological71 #ajf4 ,r\t9e proc$ure 7bact]iological71 #ajh4 ,s4 ,samples1 bact]ial1 #ic4 bottles1 #a4 *emical1 #a4 int]val be=e analysis (1 #b4 quantity requir$1 #a4 repres5tative1 #c4 sludge & mud1 #gc4 ,sewage sludge1 analysis1 #gc4 ,silica1 det]m9ation (1 #ef4 ,soda a%1 analysis (1 #hb4 ,soap me?od 7h>dness71 #ca4 ,sodium & potassium1 #eh4 ,solids1 total1 fix$1 volatile1 #bi4 ,specific gravity ( sludge & mud1 #gd4 ,/ability1 relative1 ( efflu5ts1 #fi4 me?od1 relative1 #ga4 ,/&>ds1 ammonia1 #ag4 *lor9e1 #fe4 color1 #i4 h>dness1 #cb4 iron1 #de4 ,nessl]1 color1 #aj4 plat9um-cobalt1 #aj4 turbidity1 #d4 ,/]ilization ( m$ia1 #ie4 ,/orage ( samples1 #b1 #ih4 ,sug>s = m$ia1 #id4 ,sug> bro?s1 #ie4 ,sulfate1 ,k & ,na1 #eh4 ,susp5d$ matt]1 #cj4 ,t4 ,t91 det]m9ation (1 #ed1 #ee4 ,t9tomet]1 ,lovibond1 #aa4 ,titration ( m$ia1 #id4 ,total nitrog51 #be4 residue on evaporation1 #bi4 ,tryptophane bro?1 #ajg4 ,turbidity1 #d4 coeffici5t ( f95ess1 #h4 plat9um wire me?od1 #e4 rod1 graduation1 #f4 /&>d1 #d4 turbidimetric me?od1 #g4 turbidomet]1 graduation1 #h4 ,v4 ,voges-,proskau] te/1 #ajg4 ,volatile matt]1 #bi4 9 sludge & mud1 #gd4 ,z4 ,z9c1 #eb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #b4 ,ar*aic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #c4 ,! ,*emical ,bibliography 0 re=matt$ 9 footnote /yle4 #d4 ,! ,bact]iological ,bibliography 0 re=matt$ 9 footnote /yle & ! numb]+ 0 increas$ by #bjj4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4