,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,picture4 ,view ( ! entrance to ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,photograph 0 tak5 look+ nor? along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,calv9 ,,coolidge ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/s ,,& ,,p>ks ,p]ry ,h4 ,m]rill1 ,director ,,v]mont ,,developm5t ,,commission ,,v]mont ,,geological ,,survey ,*>les ,g4 ,doll1 ,/ate ,geologi/ #aiei ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,calv9 ,,coolidge ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,introduction ,ea* summ] hundr$s ( eag] camp]s1 picnick]s1 hik]s & sportsm5 visit ! ,p9ney ,holl[-,bradley ,hill recreational area ( ! ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,?is area is locat$ a few miles nor? ( ,plym\?1 ,v]mont1 & is easily rea*$ via ,/ate ,r\te #ajj;,a f ei!r ,plym\? or ,bridgewat] ,corn]s 7,see index map ( ,v]mont1 geological map74 ,! excell5t camp+ & recreational facilities c\pl$ ) ! natural sc5ic beauty ( ?is region provide _m visitors ) an irresi/ible urge to return1 summ] aft] summ]1 to ?is same spot4 ,?is pamphlet is design$ = all ^? :o visit ,coolidge ,=e/ ,p>k & especially = ^? :o possess que/ion+ m9ds & a g5]al desire to le>n m ab\t ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,,geology ,h y ev] wond]$ :y ! pres5t m\nta9s & valleys are :]e !y are & h[ & :5 !y got !re8 ,has ! ?\ght pass$ ?r\gh y\r m9d t ! v rocks on :i* y /& or see ne>by h a def9ite /ory to tell8 ,! geologi/ n only wond]s ab\t su* ?+s1 b ?r\gh 8 tra9+ attempts to answ] que/ions ( ?is nature4 ,8 ev]yday job includes ! recon/ruction ( anci5t l& & sea areas ?r\gh a c>eful /udy ( ! rock record4 ,he looks at ! rock lay]s z y might ! pages ( a hi/ory book4 ,! pr(essional geologi/1 h[ev]1 comm&s _m basic geological pr9ciples & 8tools ( ! trade0 :i* p]mit him to read m accurately ! records pres]v$ 9 /one4 ,fir/1 ! basic geological pr9ciples w be expla9$ & y w be giv5 ! prop] 8tools0 = y\r adv5ture4 ,!n1 y are invit$ to travel back ?r\gh #eej million ye>s ( "t to see j :y ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k is z x is today & :at x 0 l 9 ! di/ant pa/4 ,,basic ,,pr9ciples ,,& 8,,tools0 ,to _m ( y rocks are j 8rocks0 & v little ?\ght has be5 giv5 to any hi/ory :i* might be ga9$ f _! /udy4 ,probably ev5 few] ( y realize t lit]ally billions ( ye>s ( ,e>? hi/ory c be d]iv$ directly f ! rock record4 ,mo/ geologi/s consid] ! ,e>? to be ne>ly f\r billion ye>s old ) man ent]+ ! picture a m]e million or s ye>s ago4 ,no human 0 pres5t to record ! ev5ts ( billions ( ye>s ( *ang+ l& & seas1 viol5t e>? movem5ts or ! gradual evolution ( life ?r\gh ! la/ #ejj million ye>s4 ,! /udy ( rocks & _! conta9$ evid5ce ( pa/ life (f]s ! only cl>ification = ! extremely long pa/ hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ord] to unravel ?is pa/ hi/ory ! geologi/ accepts1 ) "s res]vations1 ?ree basic pr9ciples or laws4 ,! ,law ( ,uni=mit>ianism provides an extremely important l9k ) ! pa/4 ,?is law /ates t ! physical & *emical =ces :i* are attack+ or build+ up ! surface ( ! e>? today h op]at$ 9 mu* ! same way dur+ pa/ geological "t4 ,?is means t our obs]vations ( pres5t day environm5ts1 su* z /reams1 deltas1 lakes & oceans c be appli$1 aft] slight modification1 to ! pa/ z record$ 9 ! rocks4 ,= example1 /udy ( pres5t day deltas1 su* z ! ,nile or ,mississippi ,riv] delta1 has l$ to ! discov]y ( _m pa/ deltaic deposits n[ pres]v$ z lay]s & l5ses ( rock4 ,?is di/ribution patt]n ( s&s & muds1 ! nature ( ! life =ms )9 ea* environm5t & _m o!r su* crit]ia aid ! geologi/ 9 8 int]pretations4 ,! ,law ( ,sup]position provides a physical ord] to ! _m lay]s ( rock :i* =m ! geological record4 ,comp>e1 = ! mom5t1 ! va/ numb]s ( rock lay]s 7/rata7 ) ! lay]s ( a lay]cake4 ,z a lay]cake is built up ea* individual lay] is plac$ "o ov] ano!r1 ) ! bottom or base lay] ! fir/ to be position$ & foll[$ by successively ov]ly+ lay]s4 ,if y ?9k ( ! developm5t ( ?is cake 9 t]ms ( "t1 ! base lay] is ! olde/1 ! upp]mo/ ! y\nge/4 ,! ,law ( ,sup]position foll[s ?is example & /ates t ! l[]mo/ /ratum 9 a sequ5ce ( rock /rata is ! olde/ or ! fir/ to =m1 :ile ! /ratum above is y\ng] & =m$ at a lat] "t4 ,"s res]vations d exi/2 h[ev]1 9 ! ,=e/ ,p>k "u imm$iate consid]ation ?is g5]al law does apply4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #a4 ,igne\s dike cutt+ ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation4 ,! dike is ! d>k] rock :i* tr5ds t[>d ! upp] left ( ! photograph4 ,?is dike is locat$ approximately #ajj y>ds s\? ( ! ,p9ney ,holl[ ,hi/orical ,monum5t & on ! ea/ side ( ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a4 ,! ?ird basic pr9ciple to comm& is kn[n z ! ,law ( ,faunal ,succession4 ,9 g5]aliz$ =m ?is law /ates t ea* /ratum ( rock conta9s its own di/9ct gr\p ( animal or plant rema9s1 t]m$ fossils1 & t ^! same rema9s c be recogniz$ ?r\gh\t ! _w :]ev] !y occur4 ,s9ce plants & animals *ang$ ?r\gh "t & because _! rema9s are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! _w1 x is possible to erect a worldwide "t scale bas$ ^u animal & plant evolution4 ,9 %ort1 ! fossils f\nd 9 p>ticul> rock are *>act]i/ic repres5tatives ( ! life at ! "t t rock orig9at$ & ! fossils f\nd c\ld h be5 entomb$ only at t "t4 ,"o /ratum1 !re=e1 w\ld h a total fossil assemblage q diff]5t f ! /ratum above or bel[4 ,)\t ?is "t ref]5ce *>t x w\ld be impossible to recon/ruct :at did happ5 dur+ any "o "t int]val 9 ! pa/4 ,9 addition to ^! ?ree basic laws x is necess>y to m5tion ! rudim5ts ( rock classification4 ,! geologi/ divides rocks#a into ?ree major gr\ps :i* are t]m$ ,igne\s1 ,s$im5t>y & ,metamorphic rocks4 ,igne\s rocks are ^? =m$ by ! solidification ( molt5 mat]ial4 ,?is molt5 mat]ial 0 ?ru/ into ! out] cru/ ( ! e>? f bel[ & aft] cool+ became a solid igne\s rock su* z granite1 or 9 o!r cases x fl[$ out ov] ! surface ( ! e>? 9 ! =m ( volcanic lava4 ,"s small igne\s bodies1 t]m$ dikes1 c readily be se5 along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a adjac5t to ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k 7,see photograph1 ,fig4 #a74 ,s$im5t>y rocks are =m$ 9 q a diff]5t mann] & diff] 9 g5]al appe>ance4 ,^! are :at might be consid]$ second-h& rocks4 ,!y are compos$ ( p>ticles d]iv$ f o!r rocks1 igne\s1 metamorphic or old] s$im5t>y1 :i* h be5 c>ri$ by /reams1 w9d or ice to a place ( re/ & !re cem5t$ into rock4 ,p]haps y c visualize a riv] :i*1 ?r\gh\t its c\rse1 runs ov] rocks ( _m types4 ,?is riv] w\ld pick up p>ticles ( rock f its b$ & banks & transport ^! to a lake or p]haps ! sea1 :]e ! v>i\s transport$ mat]ials w\ld settle to ! bottom 9 di/9ct lay]s4 ,! fir/ lay] deposit$ w\ld become buri$ "u ?\s&s ( tons ( ov]ly+ lay]s ( s$im5t ^: weight & resultant pressure1 toge!r ) ! pres5ce ( adequate rock-cem5t+ mat]ial su* z calcium c>bonate or silica1 w\ld cause ! bottom lay] to h>d5 into rock4 ,! lay]$ appe>ance ( s$im5t>y rocks is "o ( _! mo/ *>act]i/ic features & ^! rocks are said to be b$d$ or compos$ ( _m individual b$s ( s$im5t>y rock4 ,s&/one1 compos$ ( s& size p>ticles2 %ale1 orig9ally mud2 & lime/one1 once lime-ri* mud1 are examples ( s$im5t>y rocks4 ,metamorphic rocks result :5 igne\s or s$im5t>y rocks are subject$ to abnormal heat & pressure4 ,fold+ or fault+#b ( rocks )9 ! e>?'s cru/ or deep burial b5ea? ov]ly+ rocks or s$im5ts commonly produce metamorphism4 ,! introduction ( hot fluids dur+ fold+ & fault+ greatly increase ! spe$ & degree ( metamorphic conv]sion4 ,:5 igne\s or s$im5t>y rocks are subject$ to metamorphism !y t5d to lose _! orig9al appe>ance z "s m9]als are completely *ang$ or alt]$ into new m9]als & mo/ ( ! orig9al m9]als are ori5t$ 9 "o or m pref]r$ directions4 ,! degree ( heat & pressure1 type & am\nt ( hot fluids provid$ & ! type ( rock und]go+ metamorphism w det]m9e ! nature ( ! metamorphic rock to develop4 ,p]haps ! mo/ un=tunate effect caus$ by ! metamorphism ( s$im5t>y rocks1 especially :5 consid]+ ! hi/ory record$ 9 ! rocks1 is t 9 ! majority ( cases all fossils orig9ally pres5t are ei!r de/roy$ or di/ort$ beyond recognition4 ,! abs5ce ( fossils makes age det]m9ation q difficult & h9d]s def9ition ( previ\s environm5ts4 ,! rocks se5 9 & adjac5t to ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k1 ) v few exceptions1 are metamorphic rocks :i* 7 orig9ally s$im5t>y rocks4 ,luckily ! metamorphism is slight & sev]al pages ( geologic hi/ory c /ill be read4 ,s*i/s1 phyllites & qu>tzites#c1 all metamorphic rocks1 are well display$ 9 ! ,=e/ ,p>k region4 ,! p>allel arrangem5t ( mica plates & segregation ( ! d>k] m9]als into di/9ct lay]s 9 ! s*i/s & phyllites toge!r ) ! inh]it$ s$im5t>y lay]+ 9 ! qu>tzites1 imp>t a di/9ctly visible ori5tation to ! rocks se5 9 ! ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,! p>allelism ( ! mica & segregation ( ! d>k] m9]als 9 ! s*i/s & phyllites is directly relat$ to metamorphic processes & ! measurable ori5tation is call$ foliation4 ,! orig9al s$im5t>y lay]+ ( ! qu>tzites1 little *ang$ ?r\gh ! metamorphism1 is ref]r$ to z b$d+4 ,f all indications ! foliation & b$d+ are practically p>allel 9 ?is region & s9ce mo/ ( ! rocks repres5t$ are ( ! metamorphic type1 all ori5tation features w be ref]r$ to z foliation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #b4 ,block diagram illu/rat+ ! dip & /rike ( foliation4 ,! top ( ! block is consid]$ an 8imag9>y horizontal plane40 ,! geologi/ uses ! t]ms dip & /rike to describe foliation & uses conv5tional symbols = plott+ purposes 7,see geologic map74 ,! dip ( ! foliation is ! angle betwe5 an imag9>y horizontal l9e & ! tilt or d[nw>d slope ( ! foliation4 ,! /rike is ! compass direction ( a l9e =m$ by ! dipp+ foliation plane & its int]section ) an imag9>y horizontal plane 7,see block diagram1 ,fig4 #b74 ,a glance at ! geological map w %[ t ! rocks ( ! ,p>k area consi/5tly /rike nor? to nor?we/ & dip to ! ea/4 ,if y look at ! foliation symbols :i* are plott$ on ! geologic map1 ! /raight l9e ( ! symbol indicates ! /rike & ! black triangle po9ts 9 ! direction ( ! dip4 ,! angles ( dip h n be5 includ$ on ! map2 h[ev]1 !y av]age =ty-five degrees d[n f ! horizontal & t[>d ! ea/ or "r m>g9 ( ! geological map4 ,,! ,,rocks ,,( ,,calv9 ,,coolidge ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,,& ,,! ,,/ory ,,!y ,,tell ,! rocks ( ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k c be divid$ into f\r di/9ct units or =mations#d4 ,! geologic map %[s ^! =mations z di/9ct b&s1 ea* b& repres5t+ a diff]5t =mation & its int]section ) ! gr\nd surface4 ,ea* =mation is1 s to speak1 /ack$ ^u ! next old] ) ! olde/ =m+ ! we/]n b& & ! y\nge/ on ! ea/4 ,rememb] t ^! metamorphic rock =mations 7 orig9ally s$im5t>y 9 nature & 7 deposit$ 9 a ne>ly horizontal position on ! floor on an anci5t sea4 ,! fact t !y are n[ tilt$ indicates t e>? movem5ts h tak5 place sometime aft] ! s$im5t>y rocks h>d5$ b be=e ! pres5t "t4 ,! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation1 ! olde/ =mation ( rocks se5 9 ! ,=e/ ,p>k1 0 nam$ = ! excell5t exposures ( ?is =mation 9 ,p9ney ,holl[1 a valley locat$ along ! we/]n bord] ( ,coolidge ,=e/4 ,y c readily see ?is =mation1 9 its mo/ typical developm5t1 along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a ab\t ?ree-t5?s ( a mile s\? ( ! ,p>k entrance road4 ,"h1 a hi/orical monum5t :i* commemorates ! nam+ ( ,p9ney ,holl[1 is emb$d$ 9 ?is =mation 7,see photograph1 ,fig4 #c74 ,! lean-to1 t5t plat=m & picnic areas are situat$ on ?is =mation & its rocks are easily obs]v$4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t "s ( ! ,p9ney ,holl[ rocks se5 9 ^! camp+ & picnick+ spots diff] f ! typical rocks se5 along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a4 ,9 fact1 "s ( ! rocks :i* are d>k & are class$ z phyllites1 c be confus$ ) ! ov]ly+ ,ottauque*ee rocks4 ,a transition zone1 sev]al hundr$ feet wide1 exi/s betwe5 ^! two =mations & 9 :i* ! two di/9ct rock types are int]m+l$4 ,?is 8mixture0 zone indicates t !re 0 no break 9 ! orig9al deposition ( ^! two =mations & !re=e ! rock record dur+ ?is "t is complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,,geologic ,,map ,,( ,,calv9 ,,coolidge ,,/ate ,,=e/ ,,p>k ,,index ,,map ,,( ,,v]mont ,,explanation ,,trail ,,second>y ,,road 7,,good7 ,,second>y ,,road 7,,poor7 ,,/ate ,,r\te #ajj;,a ,,/ate ,,prop]ty ,,l9e ,,cont\r ,,l9e ,,) ,,elev4 ,,/ream ,,foliation ,,=mations ,,missisquoi ,,=mation ,,be!l ,,=mation ,,ottauque*ee ,,=mation ,,p9ney ,,holl[ ,,=mation ,,topography ,,f ,u4,s4 ,,geological ,,survey ,,map ,,geology ,,by ,h4 ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation1 :i* is an e/imat$ #b1cjj or m feet ?ick1 is prim>ily compos$ ( pale-gre5 s*i/#e ) abundant :ite qu>tz lay]s & l5ses s&wi*$ betwe5 ! dom9antly gre5i% color$ rock4 ,orig9ally ^! metamorphic rocks 7 s&1 mud & s&y mud deposit$ on a relatively %all[ sea floor4 ,aft] burial ^! s$im5ts h>d5$ into ?9 lay]s & l5ses ( s&/one1 %ale1 & s&y %ale4 ,metamorphism has s9ce conv]t$ _m ( ! %ale m9]als into mica flakes & "s ( ! s&y %ales produc$ cry/als ( ! m9]al g>net4 ,! pale-gre5 color ( ! ,p9ney ,holl[ s*i/ is caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ! gre5 mica-l m9]al1 *lorite1 :i* develop$ dur+ ! process ( metamorphism4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,! ,p9ney ,holl[ ,hi/orical ,monum5t emb$d$ 9 ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation4 ,! d>k] rock consi/s ( pale-gre5 s*i/ & ! :ite areas are qu>tz lay]s & l5ses4 ,,nor? #bj ,,we/ #be ,,rods ,,f ,,?is ,,spot ,,/ood ,,! ,,log ,,cab9 ,,( ,jona?an ,p9ney ,priscilla ,grov] ,p9ney ,,:o ,,settl$ ,,"h ,a4,d4 #ahjj4 ,,"h ,,7 ,,re>$ ,,_! ,,t5 ,,*ildr5-- ,,& ,,:5 ,,! ,,second ,,g5]ation ,,came ,,!y ,,call$ ,,x ,,p9ney ,,holl[ ,no fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation ( ?is region3 h[ev]1 evid5ce f o!r p>ts ( ,v]mont indicate t ^! rocks are ( ,cambrian or p]haps ,ordovician#f age4 ,?is dates ^! rocks z approximately #ejj million ye>s old4 ,! ,ottauque*ee =mation1 next above ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation & !re=e y\ng] 9 age1 0 nam$ = ! ,ottauque*ee ,riv] along :i* ?is =mation is well expos$ & 0 fir/ /udi$ 9 detail4 ,! ,ottauque*ee ,riv] is locat$ j nor? ( ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k :]e x fl[s ?r\gh ! t[ns ( ,bridgewat] & ,bridgewat] ,corn]s4 ,y c see ?is =mation along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a approximately n9e-t5?s ( a mile nor? ( ! ,p>k entrance road4 ,"h1 ! =mation crops out on ! we/ side ( ! road1 or on y\r left if travel+ t[>d ,bridgewat] ,corn]s 7,see photograph1 ,fig4 #d74 ,a hike along ! rec5tly diamond-blaz$ ,coolidge ,=e/ trail1 :i* leads f beh9d ! ,rang]'s cab9 to ! ,picnic area1 af=ds an almo/ cont9u\s view ( ?is =mation4 ,! highly resi/ant qu>tzite lay]s )9 ! ,ottauque*ee =mation are v conspicu\s features along ?is trail z !y =m sev]al ridges tr5d+ across ! footpa?4 ,! ,ottauque*ee =mation1 e/imat$ to be #c1jjj feet ?ick1 conta9s rocks :i* contra/ %>ply ) ! und]ly+ pale-gre5 s*i/s4 ,! =mation consi/s ( alt]nat+ black phyllite & lay]s1 up to sev]al feet ?ick1 ( d>k- to light-color$ qu>tzite4 ,! black c>bonace\s color ( ! phyllites & d>k qu>tzites indicate ! pres5ce ( life1 ei!r animal or plant1 dur+ ! orig9al deposition ( ! s$im5ts =m+ ^! rocks4 ,! phyllite 01 be=e metamorphism1 a black %ale :i* =m$ f black muds ri* 9 organic matt]4 ,f /udies done 9 areas :]e black muds are accumulat+ today x seems q probable t ! ocean wat]s ( ,ottauque*ee "t 7 ( a re/rict$ nature1 t is to say1 ! wat]s 7 /agnant due to ! lack ( oxyg54 ,p9ney ,holl[ %all[ m>9e wat] conditions rema9$1 b = "s reason1 su* z a b>ri] ( isl&s or %all[ wat] s& b>s1 ! circulation ( ocean wat]s 0 h9d]$1 lead+ to ! accumulation ( /agnant organic matt] on ! ocean bottom4 ,?is organic matt] gives ! ,ottauque*ee phyllite & "s qu>tzites a d>k to black color4 ,no fossils h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,ottauque*ee =mation ( ! ,coolidge ,=e/ ,p>k1 b1 z ) ! ,p9ney ,holl[ =mation1 evid5ce f o!r areas indicates a ,cambrian or p]haps ,ordovician age = ?is =mation4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,! ,ottauque*ee =mation z expos$ approximately n9e-t5?s ( a mile nor? ( ! ,p>k entrance road & on ! we/ side ( ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a4 ,note ! massive qu>tzite lay]s above1 ! black phyllite bel[4 ,above ! ,ottauque*ee rocks lie ^? ( ! ,be!l =mation4 ,approximately #b1jjj feet ?ick1 ?is =mation is compos$ ma9ly ( pale-gre5 s*i/ ) int]lam9at$ ?9 lay]s ( :ite to gre5i% qu>tzite4 ,! rock pres5ts a di/9ct b&$ appe>ance & conta9s conspicu\s cry/als ( g>net & ! black mica1 biotite4 ,! be/ view ( ?is s*i/ is f\nd along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a & slightly ov] two miles nor? ( ! ,p>k entrance road4 ,! relatively /eep rock cliffs :i* l9e ! we/ side ( ?is road are compos$ ( ! resi/ant ,be!l =mation4 ,9 ! nor!a/ portion ( ,coolidge ,=e/ ,p>k sev]al excell5t exposures ( ?is =mation 9 contact ) ! und]ly+ ,ottauque*ee =mation c be se51 b1 to rea* ^! areas y w\ld h to leave ! beat5 trail4 ,if y are int]e/$ 9 visit+ ^! contact locations x w\ld be be/ to consult ! geologic map = approximate directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #e4 ,diagrammatic cross sections illu/rat+ ! geologic hi/ory ( ! ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,v]tical scale greatly exagg]at$4 ,patt]ns to designate =mations 9 cross section ,a are repeat$ 9 cross sections ,b & ,c4 ,a4 ,horizontal lay]s ( e>ly paleozoic s$im5t>y rocks 7 =m$4 ,?is cross section ext5ds beyond ! limits ( ! ,p>k area4 ,?icknesses ( rock =mations are approximately proportional4 ,b4 ,dur+ late ,ordovician or ,devonian "t ^! s$im5t>y lay]s 7 fold$ & ! rocks metamorphos$4 ,c4 ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k z x appe>s today4 ,a ,,missisquoi ,,=mation ,,be!l ,,=mation ,,ottauque*ee ,,=mation ,,p9ney ,,holl[ ,,=mation ,b ,c ,,%elt] ,,village ,,slack ,,hill ,! conditions "u :i* ! ,be!l =mation 0 orig9ally deposit$ are simil> to ^? :i* exi/$ dur+ ,p9ney ,holl[ "t4 ,%ale1 s&y %ale & ?9-b$d$ s&/ones =m$ "u %all[ wat] m>9e conditions2 h[ev]1 re/riction ) accompani$ organic accumulation did n occur4 ,?is =mation is ?\ght to be ( ei!r ,cambrian or ,ordovician age4 ,! ea/]nmo/1 & !re=e y\nge/ =mation to be f\nd 9 ! ,p>k area is kn[n z ! ,missisquoi =mation4 ,?is =mation1 :i* is only p>tially repres5t$ "h1 is made up ( d>k phyllite1 light blue-gray s*i/ ) conspicu\s cry/als ( g>net & biotite1 & gray qu>tzite4 ,! rocks ( ?is =mation c be se5 along ,broad ,brook :i* fl[s nor? along ! ea/]n bord] ( ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,?is =mation is consid]$ ,ordovician 9 age ) ! conditions ( deposition be+ q simil> to ^? :i* exi/$ dur+ ,ottauque*ee "t4 ,once aga9 ! ocean wat]s 7 re/rict$ & organic-ri* black muds accumulat$ 9 quantity on ! ocean floor4 ,,! ,,geologic ,,hi/ory ,! e>ly geologic hi/ory ( ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k is kn[n f ! rock =mations discuss$ 9 ! previ\s section ( ?is pamphlet4 ,! ,p9ney ,holl[1 ,ottauque*ee1 ,be!l & ,missisquoi =mations ( ,cambrian & ,ordovician age 7 deposit$1 ess5tially horizontally1 f ! %all[ seas :i* cov]$ ?is area #eej to #dej million ye>s ago 7,see cross section ,a1 ,fig4 #e74 ,dur+ "s ( ?is "t ^! seas 7 at lea/ p>tially re/rict$ z evid5c$ by ! ,ottauque*ee & ,missisquoi black phyllites4 ,o!r ,ordovician =mations 7 deposit$ on top ( ^! f\r =mations1 b h be5 completely /ripp$ away by erosion dur+ ! millions ( ye>s s9ce _! deposition4 ,"s ( ^! lat] ,ordovician s$im5ts conta9 great ?icknesses ( volcanic rocks :i* probably cov]$ ! ,coolidge ,p>k area4 ,sometime aft] ^! lat] ,ordovician rocks =m$1 great /resses )9 ! e>?'s cru/ fold$ & 9 "s places fault$ ^! old] rocks4 ,! pressure & resultant heat creat$ dur+ ^! e>? movem5ts conv]t$ ! rocks into metamorphic s*i/s1 phyllites & qu>tzites :i* are se5 today 7,see cross section ,b1 ,fig4 #e74 ,exactly :5 ^! dia/ropic ev5ts took place is /ill op5 to "q1 b !y probably occurr$ ne> ! end ( ,ordovician "t or p]haps millions ( ye>s lat] dur+ ! la/ phases ( ! ,devonian ,p]iod4 ,probably s9ce late ,paleozoic "t ! ,coolidge ,p>k area has be5 subject$ to break+-d[n r ?an build+-up processes4 ,ev5tually ?is :ole region 0 r$uc$ to a flat plane ) only a few hills1 call$ monadnocks1 ris+ above ! g5]al flatness ( ! l&scape4 ,/ill lat] 9 ! hi/ory ( ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k ?is flat plane 0 lift$ high above its =m] position & /reams began to %ape ! l& into its pres5t =m4 ,! m resi/ant rocks 7 l[]$ by ! =ces ( erosion at a mu* sl[] rate ?an ! less resi/ant types4 ,! hills & valleys :i* y see today are prim>ily ! result ( ?is g5]al uplift foll[$ by ! we>+ away ( ! s(t] rocks at a m rapid rate ?an ! h>d] rock types4 ,s9ce ! =mations tr5d 9 a nor?-nor?-we/ direction1 ! hills & valleys are also ori5t$ 9 ?is g5]al direction1 z ! diff]5t resi/ive qualities ( ! rocks are pres5t$ 9 ?is patt]n4 ,! /ory is n complete )\t m5tion ( ! la/ modify+ influ5ce to affect ?is region4 ,approximately "o million ye>s ago ! fir/ ( p]haps ?ree glacial advances began4 ,^! l>ge glacial masses1 t]m$ cont95tal glaci]s1 sl[ly advanc$ s\?w>d ov] ! nor!rn sections ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & cov]$ a va/ region ) a ?ick %eet ( ice4 ,z ^! ice masses rode ov] ! ,coolidge ,p>k region !y t5d$ to r\nd-(f irregul> features ( ! l&scape & to fill 9 c]ta9 l[ regions ) _! transport$ rock debris4 ,! r smoo? outl9es ( ! hills 9 ,coolidge ,=e/ ,p>k & ! s& & gravel deposits s app>5t adjac5t to ne>by /reams tell ! /ory ( ^! glacial advances & subsequ5t )drawals4 ,o!r evid5ce ( ! ov]rid+ ice is se5 9 ! pres5ce ( scrat* m>ks1 t]m$ glacial /riae1 :i* 7 produc$ by fragm5ts ( rock z !y 7 dragg$ by ! mov+ ice across ! und]ly+ rocks4 ,along ! ea/ bank ( ,broad ,brook & approximately two hundr$ y>ds s\? ( ! bridge at ,five ,corn]s1 abundant glacial /riae are cle>ly display$4 ,! ori5tation ( ^! /riae indicates t ! glaci] produc+ !m mov$ f nor? nor?-we/ to ! s\? s\?-ea/4 ,s9ce ! recession ( ! la/ ice %eet1 :i* took place sev]al ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! g5]al appe>ance ( ! ,coolidge ,p>k region has *ang$ v little4 ,! /reams h cut _! valleys some:at deep] & "s ( ! glacial s&s & gravels h be5 r$i/ribut$4 ,a few ?\s& ye>s ago ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k look$ q ! same z x does today 7,see cross section ,c1 ,fig4 #e74 ,,side ,,trips ,,( ,,geological ,,int]e/ ,gold ,pann+ ,!re are sev]al locations imm$iately adjac5t to ! ,calv9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k :]e "s gold c /ill be obta9$ f /ream s&s & gravels4 ,! ab&on$ t[n ( ,five ,corn]s (f]s ! p>k visitor ample *ance to 8try 8 luck40 ,9 fact1 sev]al local p /ill obta9 small gold nuggets & a good deal ( gold du/ f ! /reams 9 ! vic9ity ( ,five ,corn]s 7,see geologic map = geographic location74 ,o!r possible 8pann+0 locations w\ld include ,read+ ,pond ,brook1 ,buffalo ,brook & ,k+dom ,brook4 ,! gold :i* is f\nd is probably d]iv$ f ne>by gold-be>+ qu>tz ve9s4 ,! equipm5t ne$$ = an aft]noon ( pann+ is relatively simple to obta94 ,a wide1 r %all[ pan ) g5tly slop+ sides is really all t is ne$$4 ,gravel & s&1 :i* y f9d conc5trat$ on ! up/ream side ( natural rock riffles 9 ! /ream b$ %\ld be plac$ toge!r ) wat] 9 y\r pan4 ,!n ! pan %\ld be rotat$ & ! light] rock mat]ials decant$4 ,! heavy gold w be conc5trat$ 9 ! bottom ( ! pan4 ,asbe/os & ,talc ,= y :o might be int]e/$ 9 m9]al collect+ x is sugge/$ t a trip to an old pit ne> ,five ,corn]s might prove rew>d+4 ,walk d[n ,broad ,brook f ! bridge at ,five ,corn]s until y locate ! fir/ small tribut>y ent]+ on y\r left4 ,turn left up ?is tribut>y & cont9ue to walk = approximately "o hundr$ y>ds4 ,on y\r left y w see ! rema9s ( a pit dug into ! side ( ! /ream bank :i*1 at ?is location1 is l9$ ) rocks ( ! ,ottauque*ee =mation4 ,y w quickly note ! fibr\s asbe/os 9 ! walls ( ?is pit2 h[ev]1 if y wi% to collect specim5s ( ?is m9]al be extremely c>eful & avoid /&+ b5ea? any ov]hang+ rock mat]ial4 ,talc1 :i* feels 8soapy0 to ! t\*1 is also abundant 9 ?is imm$iate area4 ,?is asbe/os & talc occur 9 a l5ticul>-%ap$ body :i* is p]haps eight hundr$ feet wide & ( an undet]m9$ l5g?4 ,x is n c]ta9 :5 ^! m9]als =m$2 h[ev]1 x 0 probably 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! region4 ,g>net ,good specim5s ( g>net c be f\nd 9 ! rocks ( ! ,be!l =mation4 ,^! g>nets are n ( gem quality b /ill (f] good collect+ = ! amateur m9]alogi/4 ,good collect+ localities exi/ along ,/ate ,highway #ajj;,a & at sev]al diff]5t spots )9 ! ,p>k itself4 ,a hike along ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,p>k w\ld int]sect sev]al excell5t collect+ spots4 ,v]mont ,m>ble ,company ,exhibit1 ,proctor1 ,v]mont ,if "t p]mits1 or a ra9y day arrives1 a visit to ! ,v]mont ,m>ble ,company ,exhibit 9 ,proctor1 ,v]mont1 is highly recomm5d$4 ,m>ble is a metamorphic rock :i* 0 orig9ally s$im5t>y 9 nature4 ,lime muds h>d5$ into lime/ones & !n1 conv]t$ by metamorphism1 became m>ble4 ,! m>ble exhibit at ,proctor1 t]m$ 8,! l>ge/ ,m>ble ,exhibit 9 ! ,_w10 displays ov] #ajj v>ieties ( m>ble & igne\s rock1 granite4 ,fossils c be se5 9 "s ( ! v>ieties ( m>ble1 :i* demon/rates t "u c]ta9 conditions recognizable fossils d occur 9 metamorphic rocks4 ,mo/ ( ! m>ble se5 9 ?is exhibit is qu>ri$ ne>by2 h[ev]1 = safety reasons visitors are n all[$ to ent] ! qu>ries4 ,x is int]e/+ to note t ^! m>bles are ab\t ! same age z ! rocks se5 9 ,coolidge ,/ate ,=e/ ,p>k4 ,footnotes #a;,a rock1 = ^? desir+ a m te*nical def9ition1 is any relatively h>d1 naturally occurr+1 comb9ation ( m9]als :i* =m an ess5tial "p ( ! e>?4 ,m9]als are compos$ ( "o or m *emical elem5ts1 su* z oxyg5 or silicon1 t =m 9 nature4 #b;,a fault is a break or fracture 9 ! rocks ( ! e>?'s cru/ :]e "o side ( ! fracture moves 9 "s direction relative to ! o!r side4 ,"s rec5t e>?quakes 9 ,cali=nia & ,nevada h produc$ visible faults :]e1 = in/ance1 roads 7 cut & "o side displac$ sev]al y>ds f ! o!r4 #c,mo/ ( ! m9]al gra9s :i* make up a s*i/1 a metamorphos$ %ale or s&y %ale1 c be se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 & ! p>allel to subp>allel arrangem5t ( platy or flaky m9]als1 su* z ! abundant mica1 is ! mo/ obvi\s feature4 ,9 bright sunlight a s*i/ pres5ts a v %9y1 almo/ silv]y appe>ance :i* is caus$ by ! reflection ( sunlight f ! _m p>allel mica plates4 ,a phyllite has mu* ! same m9]al composition z t ( a s*i/2 h[ev]1 ! individual m9]al gra9s are too small to be se5 )\t ! aid ( a magnify+ glass4 ,z ) ! s*i/1 a phyllite :5 view$ 9 direct sunlight1 appe>s %9y4 ,qu>tzites are metamorphos$ s&/ones :i* h be5 fus$ into great h>dness ?r\gh ! application ( heat & pressure4 #d;,a geologic =mation consi/s ( a gr\p ( simil> rocks1 or sequ5ce ( rocks1 :i* c be easily di/+ui%$ f adjac5t rocks & ^: di/ribution c be plott$ on a map4 #e,m te*nically ?is s*i/ is t]m$ a *lorite-s]icite-qu>tz s*i/4 #f,! geologi/ divides geologic "t into f\r major sections1 designat$ ,eras4 ,^! ,eras are 9 turn subdivid$ into ,geologic ,p]iods :i* are ( %ort] "t duration4 ,! ,cambrian ,p]iod is ! olde/ ( ! ,paleozoic ,era & began "s #eej million ye>s ago4 ,! ,ordovician ,p]iod is ! next olde/ ( ! ,paleozoic ,era & />t$ ab\t #ddj million ye>s ago & end$ close to #cfj million ye>s ago4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4