,,m>vels ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,by ,,paul ,,sev]+ ,edit$ by ,,!odore ,,wat]s #aiaj ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,e>ly attempts at flight4 ,! ,dirigible4 ,pr(4 ,langley's exp]im5ts4 ,! ,wright ,bro!rs4 ,c\nt ,zeppel94 ,rec5t a]oplane records4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,primitive signall+4 ,pr9ciples ( wireless telegraphy4 ,e!r vibrations4 ,wireless app>atus4 ,! ,m>coni sy/em4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,radium ,exp]im5ts ( ,becqu]el4 ,"w ( ! ,curies4 ,discov]y ( ,radium4 ,enorm\s en]gy4 ,v>i\s uses4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,photograph+ motion4 ,edison's ,k9etoscope4 ,lumi]e's ,c9ematographe4 ,be=e ! cam]a4 ,! mission ( ! mov+ picture4 ,edison's late/ triumph4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,sky-,,scrap]s ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,built ,evolution ( ! sky-scrap]4 ,con/ruction4 ,new ,york's giant build+s4 ,dim5sions4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ocean ,,palaces ,ocean greyh\nds4 ,pres5t day float+ palaces4 ,regal appo9tm5ts4 ,pass5g] accommodation4 ,food consumption4 ,! "o ?\s& foot boat4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wond]ful ,,creations ,,9 ,,plant ,,life ,mat+ ,plants4 ,exp]im5ts ( ,burbank4 ,:at he has accompli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,late/ ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,ar*aeology ,prehi/oric "t4 ,e>lie/ records4 ,discov]ies 9 ,bible l&s4 ,am]ican explorations4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,great ,,tunnels ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,primitive ,tunnell+4 ,hoosac ,tunnel4 ,croton aqu$uct4 ,great ,alp9e tunnels4 ,new ,york subway4 ,mc,adoo tunnels4 ,h[ tunnels are built4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,electricity ,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold ,electrically equipp$ h\ses4 ,cook+ by electricity4 ,com=ts & conv5i5ces4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h>ness+ ,,! ,,wat]-,,fall ,electric en]gy4 ,high pressure4 ,trans=m]s4 ,developm5t ( wat]-p[]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,wond]ful ,,w> ,,%ips ,dim5sions1 displacem5ts1 co/ & description ( battle%ips4 ,capacity & spe$4 ,prep>+ = ! future4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,big ,,guns ,! fir/ projectiles4 ,introduction ( cannon ,high pressure guns4 ,ma*9e guns4 ,dim5sions & co/ ( big guns4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,my/]y ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,wond]s ( ! univ]se4 ,/> ,photography4 ,! inf9ity ( space4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,c ,,we ,,communicate ,,) ,,o!r ,,worlds8 ,va/ness ( ,nature4 ,/> di/ances4 ,problem ( communicat+ ) ,m>s4 ,! ,great ,beyond4 ,introduction ,! purpose ( ?is little book is to give a g5]al idea ( a few ( ! great a*ievem5ts ( our "t4 ,)9 su* a limit$ space x 0 impossible to ev5 m5tion ?\s&s m ( ! great inv5tions & triumphs :i* m>k ! ru%+ progress ( ! _w 9 ! pres5t c5tury2 !re=e1 only ^? subjects h be5 treat$ :i* appeal ) m ?an pass+ int]e/ to all4 ,= in/ance1 ! fly+ ma*9e is engag+ ! att5tion ( ! old1 ! "y & ! middle-ag$1 & soon ! :ole _w w be on ! w+4 ,radium1 ! reveal]1 is op5+ ! door to possibilities almo/ beyond human conception4 ,wireless ,telegraphy is cross+ ?\s&s ( miles ( space ) invisible feet & mak+ ! nations ( ! e>? z "o4 ',tis ! same ) ! o!r subjects1--"o & all are ( vital1 human int]e/1 & are extremely attractive on acc\nt ( _! importance 9 ! civilization ( today4 ,mighty1 sublime1 wond]ful1 z h be5 ! a*ievem5ts ( pa/ sci5ce1 z yet we are b on ! v]ge ( ! cont95ts ( discov]y4 ,:]e is ! wiz>d :o c tell :at lies 9 ! womb ( "t8 ,j z our conceptions ( _m ?+s h be5 revolutioniz$ 9 ! pa/1 ^? :i* we hold to-day ( ! cosmic processes may h to be remodel$ 9 ! future4 ,! m5 ( fifty ye>s h5ce may laugh at ! circumscrib$ k ( ! pres5t & %ake _! wise heads 9 contemplation ( :at !y w t]m our crudities1 & :i* we n[ call progress4 ,sci5ce is ev] on ! m>* & :at is new to-day w be old to-morr[4 ,we _c g back1 we mu/ g =w>d1 & al?\gh we c nev] rea* f9ality 9 aught1 we c improve on ! pa/ to enri* ! future4 ,if ?is volume creates an int]e/ & ar\ses an en?usiasm 9 ! ord9>y m5 & wom5 into ^: h&s x may come1 & /imulates !m to a /udy ( ! great ev5ts mak+ = ! enlight5m5t1 progress & elevation ( ! race1 x %all h fulfill$ its mission & s]ve ! purpose = :i* x 0 writt54 ,,*apt] ,i ,,fly+ ,,ma*9es ,e>ly ,attempts at ,flight--,! ,dirigible--,pr(essor ,langley's ,exp]im5t--,! ,wright ,bro!rs--,c\nt ,zeppel9--,rec5t ,a]oplane ,records4 ,x is h>d to det]m9e :5 m5 fir/ essay$ ! attempt to fly4 ,9 my?1 leg5d & tradition we f9d allusions to a]ial flight & f ! v dawn ( au!ntic hi/ory1 philosoph]s1 poets1 & writ]s h made allusion to ! subject1 %[+ t ! idea mu/ h e>ly tak5 root 9 ! re/less human he>t4 ,aes*ylus exclaims3 ,oh1 might ,i sit1 sublime 9 air ,:]e wat]y cl\ds ! freez+ sn[s prep>e6 ,ario/o 9 8 ,orl&o ,furioso makes an ,engli% knight1 :om he names ,a/olpho1 fly to ! banks ( ! ,nile2 n[adays ! au?ors are try+ to make _! h]oes fly to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,"s w h x t ! anci5t _w _h a civilization mu* high] ?an ! mod]n & 0 m advanc$ 9 k4 ,x is claim$ t /eam eng9es & electricity 7 common 9 ,egypt ?\s&s ( ye>s ago & t lit]ature1 sci5ce1 art1 & ar*itecture fl\ri%$ z nev] s9ce4 ,c]ta9 x is t ! ,pyramids 7 = a long "t ! mo/ solid ,skyscrap]s 9 ! _w4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 our boa/$ progress is b a case ( go+ back to fir/ pr9ciples1 ( hi/ory1 or r tradition repeat+ itself4 ,! fly+ ma*9e may n be z new z we ?9k x is4 ,at any rate ! conception ( x is old en\gh4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ,rog] ,bacon1 (t5 call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,philosophy1 ma9ta9$ t ! air c\ld be navigat$4 ,he sugge/$ a holl[ globe ( copp] to be fill$ ) e!real air or liquid fire1 b he nev] tri$ to put 8 sugge/ion into practice4 ,fa!r ,vasson1 a mission>y at ,canton1 9 a lett] dat$ ,septemb] #e1 #afid1 m5tions a balloon t asc5d$ on ! occasion ( ! coronation ( ! ,empress ,fo-,ki5 9 #acjf1 b he does n /ate :]e he got ! in=mation4 ,! balloon is ! e>lie/ =m ( air ma*9e ( :i* we h record4 ,9 #agfg a ,dr4 ,black ( ,ed9burgh sugge/$ t a ?9 bladd] c\ld be made to asc5d if fill$ ) inflammable air1 ! "n !n giv5 to hydrog5 gas4 ,9 #aghb ,cavallo succe$$ 9 s5d+ up a soap bubble fill$ ) su* gas4 ,x 0 9 ! same ye> t ! ,montgolfi] bro!rs ( ,annonay1 ne> ,lyons 9 ,france1 conceiv$ ! idea ( us+ hot air = lift+ ?+s into ! air4 ,!y got ?is idea f wat*+ ! smoke curl+ up ! *imney f ! heat ( ! fire b5ea?4 ,9 #aghc !y con/ruct$ ! fir/ successful balloon ( :i* we h any description4 ,x 0 9 ! =m ( a r\nd ball1 #aaj feet 9 circumf]5ce &1 ) ! frame weigh$ #cjj p\nds4 ,x 0 fill$ ) #bb1jjj cubic feet ( vapor4 ,x rose to a height ( #f1jjj feet & proce$$ almo/ #g1jjj feet1 :5 x g5tly desc5d$4 ,france w5t wild ov] ! exhibition4 ,! fir/ to risk _! lives 9 ! air 7 ,m4 ,pilatre de ,rozi] & ! ,m>quis de ,arl&es1 :o asc5d$ ov] ,p>is 9 a hot-air balloon 9 ,novemb]1 #aghc4 ,!y rose five hundr$ feet & travel$ a di/ance ( five miles 9 tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,decemb] ,messrs4 ,*>les & ,rob]t1 also ,fr5*m51 asc5d$ t5 ?\s& feet & travel$ tw5ty-sev5 miles 9 two h\rs4 ,! fir/ balloon asc5sion 9 ,great ,brita9 0 made by an exp]im5t] nam$ ,tytl] 9 #aghd4 ,a few mon?s lat] ,lun>di sail$ ov] ,london4 ,9 #ahcf ?ree ,engli%m51 ,gre51 ,mason & ,holl&1 w5t f ,london to ,g]many1 five hundr$ miles1 9 eighte5 h\rs4 ,! greate/ balloon exhibition up to !n1 inde$ ! greate/ ev]1 z x has nev] be5 surpass$1 0 giv5 by ,glai%] & ,coxwell1 two ,engli%m51 ne> ,wolv]hampton1 on ,septemb] #e1 #ahfb4 ,!y asc5d$ to su* an elevation t bo? lo/ ! p[] ( _! limbs1 & _h n ,coxwell op5$ ! desc5d+ valve ) 8 tee?1 !y w\ld h asc5d$ high] & probably lo/ _! lives 9 ! r>efi$ atmosph]e1 = !re 0 no compress$ oxyg5 !n z n[ to inhale into _! lungs4 ,! la/ reckon+ ( :i* !y 7 capable be=e ,glai%] lo/ consci\sness %[$ an elevation ( tw5ty-n9e ?\s& feet1 b x is suppos$ t !y asc5d$ eight ?\s& feet high] be=e ,coxwell 0 able to op5 ! desc5d+ valve4 ,9 #aija 9 ! city ( ,b]l9 two ,g]mans rose to a height ( ?irty-five ?\s& feet1 b ! two ,engli%m5 ( almo/ fifty ye>s ago are /ill giv5 cr$it = ! highe/ asc5t4 ,! l>ge/ balloon ev] s5t al(t 0 ! ,giant ( ,m4 ,nad>1 a ,fr5*man1 :i* _h a capacity ( #bae1jjj cubic feet & requir$ = a cov]+ #bb1jjj y>ds ( silk4 ,x asc5d$ f ! ,*amp de ,m>s1 ,p>is1 9 #ahec1 ) fifte5 pass5g]s1 all ( :om came back safely4 ,! longe/ flight made 9 a balloon 0 t by ,c\nt de ,la ,vaulx1 #aaic miles 9 #aije4 ,a mammo? balloon 0 built 9 ,london by ,a4 ,e4 ,gaudron4 ,9 #aijh ) ?ree o!r a]onauts ,gaudron cross$ f ! ,cry/al ,palace to ! ,belgian ,coa/ at ,o/5d & !n drift$ ov] ,nor!rn ,g]many & 0 f9ally driv5 d[n by a sn[ /orm at ,mateki ,d]evni 9 ,russia1 hav+ travel$ #a1aag miles 9 #ca-a_/b h\rs4 ,! fir/ attempt at con/ruct+ a dirigible balloon or air%ip 0 made by ,m4 ,giff>d1 a ,fr5*man1 9 #aheb4 ,! bag 0 sp9dle-%ap$ & #add feet f po9t to po9t4 ,?\gh x c\ld be /e]$ )\t drift+ ! motor 0 too weak to propel x4 ,giff>d _h _m imitations 9 ! sp9dle-%ap$ envelope con/ruction1 b x 0 a long "t be=e any good results 7 obta9$4 ,x 0 n until #ahhd t ,m4 ,ga/on ,tiss&i] con/ruct$ a dirigible 9 any way wor?y ( ! "n4 ,x 0 op]at$ by a motor driv5 by a bi*romate ( soda batt]y4 ,! motor weigh$ #aba lbs4 ,! cells held liquid en\gh to "w = #b-a_/b h\rs1 g5]at+ #a-a_/c horse p[]4 ,! screw _h two arms & 0 ov] n9e feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,tiss&i] made "s successful flights4 ,! fir/ dirigible balloon to return :5ce x />t$ 0 t kn[n z ,la ,france4 ,?is air%ip 0 also con/ruct$ 9 #ahhd4 ,! design] 0 ,comm&] ,r5>d ( ! ,fr5* ,m>9e ,corps assi/$ by ,capta9 ,krebs ( ! same s]vice4 ,! l5g? ( ! envelope 0 #agi feet1 its diamet] #bg-a_/b feet4 ,! screw 0 9 front in/ead ( beh9d z 9 all o!rs previ\sly con/ruct$4 ,! motor :i* weigh$ #bbj-a_/b lbs4 0 driv5 by electricity & develop$ #h-a_/b horse p[]4 ,! propell] 0 #bd feet 9 diamet] & only made #df revolutions to ! m9ute4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t electricity 0 us$ z a motor =ce1 & mighty possibilities 7 conceiv$4 ,9 #aija a "y ,brazilian1 ,santos-,dumont1 made a spectacul> flight4 ,m4 ,deut*1 a ,p>isian millionaire1 (f]$ a prize ( #bj1jjj = ! fir/ dirigible t w\ld fly f ! ,p>c d',a]o/at1 encircle ! ,eiffel ,t[] & return to ! />t+ po9t )9 ?irty m9utes1 ! di/ance ( su* flight be+ ab\t n9e miles4 ,dumont won ! prize ?\gh he 0 "s =ty seconds ov] "t4 ,! l5g? ( 8 dirigible on ?is occasion 0 #ajh feet1 ! diamet] #ai-a_/b feet4 ,x _h a #d-;cyl9d] petroleum motor weigh+ #baf lbs41 :i* g5]at$ #bj horse p[]4 ,! screw 0 #ac feet 9 diamet] & made ?ree hundr$ revolutions to ! m9ute4 ,f ?is "t onw>d great progress 0 made 9 ! con/ruct+ ( air%ips4 ,gov]nm5t (ficials & _m o!rs turn$ _! att5tion to ! "w4 ,factories 7 put 9 op]ation 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ,europe & by ! ye> #aije ! dirigible _h be5 fairly well e/abli%$4 ,zeppel91 ,p>seval1 ,lebaudy1 ,baidw9 & ,gross 7 cr[d+ "o ano!r = honors4 ,all _h giv5 good results1 ,zeppel9 especially _h p]=m$ "s rem>kable feats ) 8 ma*9es4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( ! dirigible balloon great c>e mu/ be tak5 to build a /rong1 z well z light framework & to susp5d ! c> f x s t ! weight w be equally di/ribut$1 & above all1 s to contrive ! gas conta9$ t "u no circum/ances c x become tilt$4 ,!re is great dang] 9 ! ev5t ( tilt+ t "s ( ! /ays susp5d+ ! c> may snap & ! con/ruction fall to pieces 9 ! air4 ,9 decid+ ^u ! %ape ( a dirigible balloon ! *ief consid]ation is to secure an end surface :i* pres5ts ! lea/ possible resi/ance to ! air & also to secure /ability & equilibrium4 ,( c\rse ! motor1 fuel & propell]s are o!r consid]ations ( vital importance4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t] on ! size ( w+ surface necess>y to su/a9 a man 9 ! air1 calculat$ f ! proportion ( weight & w+ surface 9 birds1 0 ,k>l ,me]we9 ( ,bad54 ,he calculat$ t a man weigh+ #bjj lbs4 w\ld require #abh squ>e feet4 ,9 #agha he made a sp9dle-%ap$ app>atus pres5t+ su* a surface to ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,x 0 collapsible on ! middle & "h ! op]ator 0 fa/5$ & lay horizontally ) 8 face t[>ds ! e>? work+ ! collapsible w+s by means ( a transv]se rod4 ,x 0 n a success4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #ai? ,c5tury !re 7 _m exp]im5ts ) w+ surfaces1 none ( :i* gave any promise4 ,9 fact x 0 n until #ahfe t any advance 0 made1 :5 ,francis ,w5ham %[$ t ! lift+ p[] ( a plane ( great sup]ficial area c\ld be obta9$ by divid+ ! l>ge plane into sev]al p>ts arrang$ on ti]s4 ,?is may be reg>d$ z ! g]m ( ! mod]n a]oplane1 ! fir/ glimm] ( hope to filt] ?r\gh ! d>kness ( exp]im5tation until !n4 ,:5 ,w5ham's app>atus w5t aga9/ a /rong w9d x 0 only lift$ up & ?r[n back4 ,h[ev]1 ! idea gave ?\ght to _m o!rs ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,9 #ahhe ! bro!rs ,lili5?al 9 ,g]many discov]$ ! possibility ( driv+ curv$ a]oplanes aga9/ ! w9d4 ,otto ,lili5?al held t x 0 necess>y to beg9 ) sail+ flight & fir/ ( all t ! art ( balanc+ 9 ! air mu/ be le>n$ by practical exp]im5ts4 ,he made sev]al flights ( ! k9d n[ kn[n z glid+4 ,f a height ( #ajj feet he glid$ a di/ance ( #gjj feet & f\nd he c\ld deflect 8 flight f left to "r by mov+ 8 legs :i* 7 hang+ freely f ! seat4 ,he atta*$ a light motor weigh+ only #if lbs4 & g5]at+ #b-a_/b horse p[]4 ,to su/a9 ! weight he _h to increase ! size ( 8 planes4 ,un=tunately ?is pione] 9 mod]n aviation 0 kill$ 9 an exp]im5t1 b he left mu* data beh9d :i* has help$ o!rs4 ,8 0 ! fir/ actual fly] :i* demon/rat$ ! elem5t>y laws gov]n+ real flight & blaz$ ! way = ! successful exp]im5ts ( ! pres5t "t4 ,8 example made ! glid+ ma*9e a cont9u\s p]=mance until real practical a]ial flight 0 a*iev$4 ,z f> back z #ahid ,maxim built a giant a]oplane b x 0 too cumb]some to be op]at$4 ,9 ,am]ica ! wond]ful "w ( ,pr(essor ,langley ( ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution ) 8 a]odromes attract$ worldwide att5tion4 ,langley 0 ! great orig9ator ( ! sci5ce ( a]odynamics on ?is side ( ! wat]4 ,langley /udi$ f artificial birds :i* he _h con/ruct$ & kept almo/ con/antly be=e him4 ,to ,langley1 ,*anute1 ,h]r+ & ,manly1 ,am]ica owes mu* 9 ! way ( a]onautics be=e ! ,wrights ent]$ ! field4 ,! ,wrights h giv5 ! greate/ impetus to mod]n aviation4 ,!y ent]$ ! field 9 #aijj & imm$iately a*iev$ great] results ?an any ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,!y foll[$ ! idea ( ,lili5?al to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,!y made glid]s 9 :i* ! aviator _h a horizontal position & !y us$ twice z great a lift+ surface z t hi!rto employ$4 ,! flights ( _! fir/ motor ma*9e 0 made ,decemb] #ag1 #aijc1 at ,kitty ,hawk1 ,n4,c4 ,9 #aijd ) a new ma*9e !y resum$ exp]im5ts at _! home ne> ,dayton1 ,o4 ,9 ,septemb] ( t ye> !y succe$$ 9 *ang+ ! c\rse f "o dead aga9/ ! w9d to a curv$ pa? :]e cross curr5ts mu/ be enc\nt]$1 & made _m circul> flights4 ,dur+ #aijf !y re/$ = a :ile f practical flight1 p]fect+ plans = ! future4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb]1 #aijh1 ,orville ,wright made an a]oplane flight ( "o h\r1 & a few days lat] /ay$ up "o h\r & f\rte5 m9utes4 ,wilbur ,wright w5t to ,france & began a s]ies ( rem>kable flights tak+ up pass5g]s4 ,on ,decemb] #ca1 ( t ye>1 he />tl$ ! _w by mak+ ! record flight ( two h\rs & n9ete5 m9utes4 ,x 0 on ,sept4 #ac1 #aijf1 t ,santos-,dumont made ! fir/ (ficially record$ ,european a]oplane flight1 leav+ ! gr\nd = a di/ance ( #ab y>ds4 ,on ,novemb] #ab1 ( same ye>1 he rema9$ 9 ! air = #ba seconds & travel$ a di/ance ( #bcj y>ds4 ,^! feats caus$ a great s5sation at ! "t4 ,:ile ! ,wrights 7 a*iev+ fame = ,am]ica1 ,h5ri ,f>man 0 busy 9 ,engl&4 ,on ,octob] #bf1 #aijg1 he flew #hbj y>ds 9 #eb-a_/b seconds4 ,on ,july #f1 #aijh1 he rema9$ 9 ! air = #bj-a_/b m9utes4 ,on ,octob] #ca1 same ye>1 9 ,france1 he flew f ,*alons to ,rheims1 a di/ance ( sixte5 miles1 9 tw5ty m9utes4 ,! ye> #aiji witness$ mighty /rides 9 ! field ( aviation4 ,?\s&s ( flights 7 made1 _m ( :i* exce$$ ! mo/ sangu9e anticipations4 ,on ,july #ac1 ,bl]iot flew f ,etampes to ,*evilly1 #bf miles1 9 #dd m9utes & #cj seconds1 & on ,july #be he made ! fir/ flight across ! ,briti% ,*annel1 #cb miles1 9 #cg m9utes4 ,orville ,wright made sev]al s5sational flights 9 8 biplane ar\nd ,b]l91 :ile 8 bro!r ,wilbur delight$ ,new ,york]s by circl+ ! ,/atue ( ,lib]ty & fly+ up ! ,hudson f ,gov]nor's ,isl& to ,grant's ,tomb & return1 a di/ance ( #ba miles1 9 #cc m9utes & #cc seconds dur+ ! ,hudson-,fulton ,celebration4 ,on ,novemb] #bj ,l\is ,paulhan1 9 a biplane1 flew f ,m\rmelon to ,*alons1 ,france1 & return1 #cg miles 9 #ee m9utes1 ris+ to a height ( #ajjj feet4 ,! dirigible air%ip 0 also mu* 9 evid5ce dur+ #aiji1 ,zeppel91 especially1 p]=m+ "s rem>kable feats4 ,! ,zeppel9 ,v41 subsequ5tly re-numb]$ ,no4 #a1 ( ! rigid type1 #ddf feet long1 diamet] #db-a_/b feet & capacity #ecf1jjj cubic feet1 on ,m>* #bi1 rose to a height ( #c1bhj1 & on ,april #a1 />t$ ) a crew ( n9e pass5g]s f ,fr$]ick%af5 to ,muni*4 ,9 a #ce mile gale x 0 c>ri$ beyond ,muni*1 b ,zeppel9 succe$$ 9 com+ to an*or4 ,o!r ,zeppel9 balloons made rem>kable voyages dur+ ! ye>4 ,b ! late/ a*ievem5ts 7#aiaj7 ( ! old ,g]man a]onaut h put all previ\s records into ! %ade & electrifi$ ! :ole _w4 ,8 new pass5g] air%ip1 ! ,deuts*l&1 on ,june #bb1 made a #cjj mile trip f ,fr$]ick%af5 to ,dusseldorf 9 #i h\rs1 c>ry+ #bj pass5g]s4 ,?is 0 at ! rate ( #cc4cc miles p] h\r4 ,dur+ "o h\r ( ! j\rney a spe$ ( #dc-a_/b miles 0 av]ag$4 ,! pass5g]s 7 c>ri$ 9 a mahogany f9i%$ cab9 & _h all ! com=ts ( a ,pullman c>1 b mo/ significant fact ( all1 ! trip 0 made on s*$ule & ) all regul>ity ( an express tra94 ,two days lat] ,zeppel9 eclips$ 8 own record air voyage :5 8 vessel c>ri$ #cb pass5g]s1 t5 ( :om 7 wom51 9 a #ajj mile trip f ,dusseldorf to ,ess51 ,dortmund & ,bo*um & back4 ,at "o "t on ?is occasion :ile travel+ ) ! w9d ! air%ip made a spe$ ( #ef-a_/b miles4 ,x pass$ ?r\gh a heavy %[] & =c$ its way aga9/ a /rong headw9d )\t difficulty4 ,! pass5g]s 7 all delight$ ) ! new mode ( travel1 :i* 0 v com=table4 ,?is la/ dirigible ma/]piece ( ,zeppel9 may be /yl$ ! levia?an ( ! air4 ,x is #dhe feet long ) a total lift+ p[] ( #dd1jjj lbs4 ,x has ?ree motors :i* total #ccj horse p[] & x drives at an av]age spe$ ( ab\t #cc miles an h\r4 ,a regul> pass5g] s]vice has be5 e/abli%$ & tickets are sell+ at #ej4 ,! pres5t ye> c also boa/ "s great a]oplane records1 notably by ,curtiss & ,hamilton 9 ,am]ica & ,f>man & ,paulhan 9 ,europe4 ,curtiss flew f ,albany to ,new ,york1 a di/ance ( #acg miles1 at an av]age spe$ ( #ee miles an h\r & ,hamilton flew f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia & return4 ,! fir/ night flight ( a dirigible ov] ,new ,york ,city 0 made by ,*>les ,goodale on ,july #ai4 ,he flew f ,palisades ,p>k on ! ,hudson & return4 ,f a sci5tific toy ! ,fly+ ,ma*9e has be5 develop$ & p]fect$ into a practical means ( locomotion4 ,x bids fair at no di/ant date to revolutionize ! transit ( ! _w4 ,no o!r art has ev] made su* progress 9 its e>ly /ages & e day witnesses an improvem5t4 ,! air1 ?\gh invisible to ! eye1 has mass & !re=e (f]s resi/ance to all mov+ bodies4 ,!re=e air-mass & air resi/ance are ! fir/ pr9ciples to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( an a]oplane4 ,x mu/ be built s t ! air-mass w su/a9 x & ! motor1 & ! motor mu/ be ( suffici5t p[] to ov]come ! air resi/ance4 ,a %ip pl\gh+ ?r\gh ! waves pres5ts ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance to ! wat] & s is %ap$ some:at l a fi%1 ! natural d5iz5 ( t elem5t4 ,x is diff]5t ) ! a]oplane4 ,9 ! intangible doma9 x essays to ov]come1 !re mu/ be a suffici5t surface to compress a c]ta9 volume ( air to su/a9 ! weight ( ! ma*9]y4 ,! surfaces 9 reg>d to size1 %ape1 curvature1 brac+ & mat]ial1 are all important4 ,a great deal dep5ds ^u ! curve ( ! surfaces4 ,two ma*9es may h ! same ext5t ( surface & develop ! same rate ( spe$1 yet "o may h a mu* great] lift+ p[] ?an ! o!r1 provid$ x has a m effici5t curve to its surface4 ,_m p h a fallaci\s idea t ! surfaces ( an a]oplane are planes & ?is d\bt less arises f ! ^w itself4 ,h[ev]1 ! la/ syllable 9 a]oplane has no?+ :atev] to d ) a flat surface4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! ,greek planos1 w&]+1 !re=e ! entire ^w signifies an air w&]]4 ,! surfaces are really a]o curves ar*$ 9 ! re> ( ! front edge1 ?us all[+ ! support+ surface ( ! a]oplane 9 pass+ =w>d ) its backw>d side set at an angle to ! direction ( its motion1 to act ^u ! air 9 su* a way z to t5d to compress x on ! "u side4 ,aft] ! surfaces come ! rudd]s 9 importance4 ,x is ( vital consequ5ce t ! ma*9e be balanc$ by ! op]ator4 ,9 ! pres5t me?od ( balanc+ an a]oplane ! idea 9 m9d is to raise ! l[] side ( ! ma*9e & make ! high] side l[] 9 ord] t x c be quickly right$ :5 x tips to "o side f a gu/ ( w9d1 or :5 mak+ angle at a sudd5 turn4 ,to accompli% ?is1 two me?ods c be employ$4 #a4 ,*ang+ ! =m ( ! w+4 #b4 ,us+ sep>ate surfaces4 ,"o side c be made to lift m ?an ! o!r by giv+ x a great] curve or ext5d+ ! extremity4 ,9 balanc+ by means ( sep>ate surfaces1 :i* c be turn$ up or d[n on ea* side ( ! ma*9e1 ! horizontal balanc+ rudd]s are s connect$ t !y w "w 9 an opposite direction--:ile "o is turn$ to lift "o side1 ! o!r w act to l[] ! o!r side s z to /rike an ev5 balance4 ,! motors & propell]s next claim att5tion4 ,x is ! motor t makes aviation possible4 ,x 0 ow+ 9 a v l>ge measure to ! introduction ( ! petrol motor t progress became rapid4 ,hi!rto _m _h laid ! blame ( ev]y?+ on ! motor4 ,!y _h said1--give u a light & p[]ful eng9e & we w %[ y h[ to fly4 ,! fir/ v light eng9e to be available 0 ! ,anto9ette1 built by ,leon ,levavasseur 9 ,france4 ,x enabl$ ,santos-,dumont to make 8 fir/ public successful flights4 ,ne>ly all a]oplanes foll[ ! same g5]al pr9ciples ( con/ruction4 ,( c\rse a good deal dep5ds ^u ! =m ( a]oplane--:e!r a monoplane or a biplane4 ,z ^! two =ms are ! *ief ones1 z yet1 ( heavi] ?an-air ma*9es1 x w\ld be well to und]/& !m4 ,! monoplane has s+le l>ge surfaces l ! w+s ( a bird1 ! biplane has two l>ge surfaces brac$ toge!r "o ov] ! o!r4 ,at ! pres5t writ+ a triplane has be5 introduc$ into ! doma9 ( ,am]ican aviation by an ,engli% a]onaut4 ,d\btless z ! sci5ce progresses _m o!r v>iations w appe> 9 ! field4 ,mo/ ma*9es1 ?\gh fa%ion$ on simil> l9es1 possess univ]sal features4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,wright biplane is *>act]iz$ by w>p+ w+ tips & seams ( heavy con/ruction1 :ile ! surfaces ( ! ,h]r+-,curtiss ma*9e1 are slight & x looks v light & buoyant z if well suit$ to its elem5t4 ,! ,vois9 biplane is fa%ion$ aft] ! mann] ( a box kite & !re=e pres5ts v]tical surfaces to ! air4 ,f>man's ma*9e has no v]tical surfaces1 b !re are h+$ w+ tips to ! out] re>-edges ( its surfaces1 = use 9 turn+ & balanc+4 ,he also has a comb9ation ( :eels & skids or runn]s = />t+ & l&+4 ,! position to be occupi$ by ! op]ator also influ5ces ! con/ruction4 ,"s sit on top ( ! ma*9e1 o!rs und]nea?4 ,9 ! ,anto9ette1 ,la?am sits up 9 a sort ( cockpit on ! top4 ,bl]iot sits f> b5ea? 8 ma*9e4 ,9 ! late/ con/ruction ( ,santos-,dumont1 ! ,demoiselle1 ! aviator sits on ! top4 ,a]oplanes h be5 con/ruct$ = ! mo/ "p 9 ,europe1 especially 9 ,france4 ,!re may be said to be only "o factory 9 ,am]ica1 t ( ,h]r+-,curtiss1 at ,hammondsport1 ,n4,y41 z ! ,wright place at ,dayton is v small & only turns out motors & exp]im5t+ ma*9es1 & _c be call$ a regul> factory4 ,! ,wright ma*9es are n[ manufactur$ by a ,fr5* syndicate4 ,x is said t ! ,wrights w h an ,am]ican factory at "w 9 a %ort "t4 ,! ,fr5*-made a]oplanes h giv5 good satisfaction4 ,^! ma*9es co/ f #d1jjj to #e1jjj1 & g5]ally h ?ree cyl9d] motors develop+ f #be to #ce horse p[]4 ,! late/ model ( ,bl]iot kn[n z ,no4 #ab has beat5 ! "t record ( ,gl5n ,curtiss' biplane ) its #fj horse p[] motor4 ,! ,f>man ma*9e or ! model 9 :i* he made ! _w's duration record 9 8 ?ree h\r & sixte5 m9utes flight at ,rheims1 is "o ( ! be/ z well z ! *eape/ ( ! ,fr5* makes4 ,)\t ! motor x co/ b #a1bjj4 ,x has a surface tw5ty-five met]s squ>e1 is eight met]s long & sev5-&-a-half met]s wide1 weighs #adj kilos1 & has a motor :i* develops f #be to #ej horse p[]4 ,! ,wright ma*9es co/ #f1jjj4 ,!y h f\r cyl9d] motors ( #cj horse p[]1 are #ab-a_/b met]s long1 #i met]s wide & h a surface ( #cj squ>e met]s4 ,!y weigh #djj kilos4 ,9 ?is c\ntry !y co/ #g1ejj exclusive ( ! duty on =eign manufacture4 ,! impetus be+ giv5 to aviation at ! pres5t "t by ! prizes (f]$ is spurr+ ! m5-birds to _! be/ ef=ts4 ,x is prophesi$ t ! a]oplane w yet atta9 a spe$ ( #cjj miles an h\r4 ,! quicke/ travel yet atta9$ by man has be5 at ! rate ( #abg miles an h\r4 ,t 0 accompli%$ by ,m>riott 9 a rac+ automobile at ,ormond ,bea* 9 #aijf1 :5 he w5t "o mile 9 #bh #a-e seconds4 ,x is d\btful1 h[ev]1 7 x possible to a*ieve a rate ( #cjj miles an h\r1 t any human be+ c\ld resi/ ! air pressure at su* a velocity4 ,at any rate !re c be no "q z to ! a]oplane atta9+ a mu* great] spe$ ?an at pres5t4 ,t x w be useful !re c be little d\bt4 ,x is no long] a sci5tific toy 9 ! h&s ( amateurs1 b a practical ma*9e :i* is b\nd to contribute mu* to ! progress ( ! _w4 ,( c\rse1 z a mode ( transportation x is n 9 ! same class ) ! dirigible1 b x c be made to s]ve _m o!r purposes4 ,z an ag5t 9 "t ( w> x w\ld be m important ?an =t or w>%ip4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,curtiss1 made a %ort "t ago ov] ,lake ,keuka at ,hammondsport1 ,n4,y41 prove :at a mighty factor w\ld h to be reckon$ ) 9 ! m>tial a]oplane4 ,curtiss )\t any practice at all hit a mimic battle %ip fifte5 times out ( tw5ty-two %ots4 ,8 exp]im5t has conv9c$ ! milit>y & naval au?orities ( ?is c\ntry t ! a]oplane & ! a]ial torp$o con/itute a new dang] aga9/ :i* !re is no exi/+ protection4 ,a]ial (f5sive & def5sive /rategy is n[ a problem :i* dem&s ! att5tion ( nations4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,primitive ,signall+--,pr9ciples ( ,wireless ,telegraphy--,e!r ,vibrations--,wireless ,app>atus--,! ,m>coni ,sy/em4 ,at a v e>ly /age 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 man f\nd x necess>y to be able to communicate ) places at a di/ance by means ( signals4 ,fire 0 ! fir/ ag5t employ$ = ! purpose4 ,on hill-tops or o!r em95ces1 :at 7 kn[n z beacon fires 7 k9dl$ & ow+ to _! elevation ^! c\ld be se5 = a consid]able di/ance ?r\gh\t ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,^! primitive signals c\ld be pass$ on f "o po9t to ano!r1 until a l>ge region c\ld be cov]$ & _m p br\ght into communication ) "o ano!r4 ,^! fires express$ a language ( _! own1 :i* ! obs]v]s c\ld readily int]pret4 ,= a long "t !y 7 ! only me?od us$ = signall+4 ,inde$ 9 _m backw>d localities & 9 "s ( ! outly+ isl&s & among savage tribes ! cu/om /ill prevails4 ,! bu%m5 ( ,au/ralia at night "t build fires outside _! huts or kraals to attract ! att5tion ( _! foll[]s4 ,ev5 9 enlight5$ ,irel& ! k9dl+ ( beacon fires is /ill obs]v$ among ! p ( backw>d di/ricts especially on ,may ,eve & ! fe/ival ( mid-summ]4 ,on ^! occasions bonfires are lit on almo/ e hillside ?r\gh\t t c\ntry4 ,?is cu/om has be5 h&$ d[n f ! days ( ! ,druids4 ,= a long "t fires cont9u$ to be ! mode ( signall+1 b z ?is way c\ld only be us$ 9 ! night1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to adopt "s me?od t w\ld answ] ! purpose 9 daytime2 h5ce signal t[]s 7 erect$ f :i* flags 7 wav$ & v>i\s devices display$4 ,flags answ]$ ! purposes s v well t !y came into g5]al use4 ,9 c\rse ( "t !y 7 adopt$ by ! army1 navy & m]*ant m>9e & a regul> code e/abli%$1 z at ! pres5t "t4 ,! railroad introduc$ ! semaphore z a signal1 & field tactics ! heliograph or reflect+ mirror :i*1 h[ev]1 is only ( s]vice :5 !re is a /rong sunlight4 ,!n came ! electric telegraph :i* n only revolutioniz$ all =ms ( signall+ b almo/ annihilat$ di/ance4 ,messages & all sorts ( communications c\ld be fla%$ ov] ! wires 9 a few m9utes & :5 a cable 0 laid "u ! ocean1 cont95t c\ld conv]se ) cont95t z if !y 7 next door neighbors4 ,! m5 :o fir/ enabl$ u to talk ov] a wire c]ta9ly des]ve our gratitude1 all succe$+ g5]ations are _! debtors4 ,to ! man :o enabl$ u to talk to long di/ances )\t a wire at all x w\ld seem we owe a /ill great] debt4 ,b :o is ?is man ar\nd ^: br[ we %\ld tw9e ! laurel wrea?1 to ! alt> ( ^: g5ius we %\ld c>ry frank9c5se & myrrh8 ,?is is a "q :i* does n admit ( an answ]1 = to no "o man alone d we owe wireless telegraphy1 ?\gh ,h]tz 0 ! fir/ to discov] ! waves :i* make x possible4 ,h[ev]1 x is to ! m5 ^: indefatigable labors & g5ius made ! electric telegraph a reality1 t we also owe wireless telegraphy z we h x at pres5t1 = ! latt] may be consid]$ 9 _m respects ! resultant ( ! =m]1 ?\gh bo? are diff]5t 9 m$ium4 ,radio or wireless telegraphy 9 pr9ciple is z old z mank9d4 ,adam deliv]$ ! fir/ wireless :5 on awak5+ 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 he discov]$ ,eve & address$ h] 9 ! v]nacul> ( ,p>adise 9 t fam\s s5t5ce :i* translat$ 9 ,engli% reads bo? ways ! same1--,madam1 ,i'm ,adam4 ,! oral words issu+ f 8 lips creat$ a s\nd wave :i* ! m$ium ( ! air convey$ to ! tympanum ( ! p>tn] ( 8 joys & ! cause ( 8 sorr[s4 ,:5 "o p]son speaks to ano!r ! speak] causes c]ta9 vibrations 9 ! air & ^! s /imulate ! he>+ app>atus t a s]ies ( n]ve impulses are convey$ to ! s5sorium :]e ! mean+ ( ^! signals is unconsci\sly int]pret$4 ,9 wireless telegraphy ! s5d] causes vibrations n 9 ! air b 9 t all-p]vad+ impalpable sub/ance :i* fills all space & :i* we call ! e!r4 ,^! vibrations c rea* out to a great di/ance & are capable ( s affect+ a receiv+ app>atus t signals are made1 ! movem5ts ( :i* c be int]pret$ into a di/9ct mean+ & consequ5tly into ! messages ( language4 ,let u briefly consid] ! und]ly+ pr9ciples at "w4 ,:5 we ca/ a /one into a pool ( wat] we obs]ve t x produces a s]ies ( ripples :i* gr[ fa9t] & fa9t] ! f>!r !y rec$e f ! c5tre1 ! initial po9t ( ! di/urbance1 until !y fade altoge!r 9 ! surr\nd+ expanse ( wat]4 ,! succession ( ^! ripples is :at is kn[n z wave motion4 ,:5 ! clapp] /rikes ! lip ( a bell x produces a s\nd & s5ds a tremor out ^u ! air4 ,! vibrations ?us made are air waves4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! cases ! m$ium communicat+ ! ripple or wavelet is ! wat]4 ,9 ! second case ! m$ium :i* su/a9s ! tremor & communicates ! vibrations is ! air4 ,let u n[ take ! case ( a ?ird m$ium1 ! sub/ance ( :i* puzzl$ ! philosoph]s ( anci5t "t & /ill cont9ues to puzzle ! sci5ti/s ( ! pres5t4 ,?is is ! e!r1 t att5uat$ fluid :i* fills all int]-/ell> space & all space 9 masses & betwe5 molecules & atoms n o!rwise occupi$ by gross matt]4 ,:5 a lamp is lit ! light radiates f x 9 all directions 9 a wave motion4 ,t :i* transmits ! light1 ! m$ium1 is e!r4 ,by ?is means en]gy is convey$ f ! sun to ! e>?1 & sci5ti/s h calculat$ ! spe$ ( ! e!r vibrations call$ light at #ahf1djj miles p] second4 ,?us a beam ( light c travel f ! sun to ! e>?1 a di/ance ( betwe5 #ib1jjj1jjj & #ie1jjj1jjj miles 7accord+ to season71 9 a little ov] eight m9utes4 ,! fire messages s5t by ! anci5ts f hill to hill 7 e!r vibrations4 ,! great] ! fires1 ! great] 7 ! vibrations & consequ5tly !y c>ri$ f>!r to ! receiv]1 :i* 0 ! eye4 ,if a signal is to be s5t a great di/ance by light ! s\rce ( t light mu/ be correspond+ly p[]ful 9 ord] to di/urb ! e!r suffici5tly4 ,! same pr9ciple holds good 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,if we wi% to communicate to a great di/ance ! e!r mu/ be di/urb$ 9 proportion to ! di/ance4 ,! vibrations t produce light are n suffici5t 9 int5sity to affect ! e!r 9 su* a way t signals c be c>ri$ to a di/ance4 ,o!r di/urbances1 h[ev]1 c be made 9 ! e!r1 /rong] ?an ^? :i* create light4 ,if we *>ge a wire ) an electric curr5t & place a magnetic ne$le ne> x we f9d x moves ! ne$le f "o position to ano!r4 ,?is effect is call$ an electro-magnetic di/urbance 9 ! e!r4 ,aga9 :5 we *>ge an insulat$ body ) electricity we f9d t x attracts any light sub/ance indicat+ a mat]ial di/urbance 9 ! e!r4 ,?is is describ$ z an electro-/atic di/urbance or effect & x is ^u ?is t wireless telegraphy dep5ds = its op]ations4 ,! late ,g]man physici/1 ,dr4 ,he9ri* ,h]tz1 ,ph4,d41 0 ! fir/ to detect electrical waves 9 ! e!r4 ,he set up ! waves 9 ! e!r by means ( an electrical dis*>ge f an induction coil4 ,to d ?is he employ$ a v simple means4 ,he procur$ a %ort l5g? ( wire ) a brass knob at ei!r end & b5t ar\nd s z to =m an almo/ complete circle leav+ only a small air gap betwe5 ! knobs4 ,ea* "t !re 0 a sp>k dis*>ge f ! induction coil1 ! exp]im5t] f\nd t a small electric sp>k also g5]at$ betwe5 ! knobs ( ! wire loop1 ?us %[+ t electric waves 7 project$ ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,?is discov]y sugge/$ to sci5ti/s t su* electric waves might be us$ z a means ( transmitt+ signals to a di/ance ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! e!r )\t connect+ wires4 ,:5 ,h]tz discov]$ t electric waves cross$ space he unconsci\sly became ! fa!r ( ! mod]n sy/em ( radio-telegraphy1 & ?\gh he did n live to put or see any practical results f 8 wond]ful discov]y1 to him 9 a l>ge measure %\ld be accord$ ! honor ( blazon+ ! way = _m ( ! intellectual giants :o came aft] him4 ,( c\rse ^? :o w5t be=e him1 :o discov]$ ! pr9ciples ( ! electric telegraph made x possible = ! ,h]tzian waves to be utiliz$ 9 wireless4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! wond]s ( wireless telegraphy :5 we consid] t electric waves transv]se space 9 exactly ! same mann] z light waves4 ,:5 en]gy is transmitt$ ) f9ite velocity we c ?9k ( its transf]5ce only 9 two ways3 fir/ by ! actual transf]5ce ( matt] z :5 a /one is hurl$ f "o place to ano!r2 second1 by ! propagation ( en]gy f po9t to po9t ?r\gh a m$ium :i* fills ! space betwe5 two bodies4 ,! body s5d+ out en]gy di/urbs ! m$ium contigu\s to x1 :i* di/urbance is communicat$ to adjac5t p>ts ( ! m$ium & s ! movem5t is propagat$ outw>d f ! s5d+ body ?r\gh ! m$ium until "s o!r body is affect$4 ,a vibrat+ body sets up vibrations 9 ano!r body1 z = in/ance1 :5 "o tun+ =k responds to ! vibrations ( ano!r :5 bo? h ! same note or are 9 tune4 ,! transmission ( messages by wireless telegraphy is effect$ 9 a simil> way4 ,! app>atus at ! s5d+ /ation s5ds out waves ( a c]ta9 p]iod ?r\gh ! e!r & ^! waves are detect$ at ! receiv+ /ation1 by app>atus attun$ to ?is wave l5g? or p]iod4 ,! t]m electric radiation 0 fir/ employ$ by ,h]tz to designate waves emitt$ by a ,leyd5 j> or oscillator sy/em ( an induction coil1 b s9ce t "t ^! radiations h be5 kn[n z ,h]tzian waves4 ,^! waves are ! und]ly+ pr9ciples 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,x 0 f\nd t c]ta9 metal fil+s (f]$ great resi/ance to ! passage ( an electric curr5t ?r\gh !m b t ?is resi/ance 0 v mat]ially r$uc$ :5 electric waves fell ^u ! fil+s & rema9$ s until ! fil+s 7 %ak51 ?us giv+ "t = ! fact to be obs]v$ 9 an ord9>y telegraphic in/rum5t4 ,! tube ( fil+s ?r\gh :i* ! electric curr5t is made to pass 9 wireless telegraphy is call$ a coh]] signify+ t ! fil+s coh]e or cl+ toge!r "u ! influ5ce ( ! electric waves4 ,almo/ any metal w d = ! fil+s b x is f\nd t a comb9ation ( n9ety p] c5t4 nickel & t5 p] c5t4 silv] answ]s ! purpose be/4 ,! tube ( ! coh]] is g5]ally ( glass b any insulat+ sub/ance w d2 a wire ent]s at ea* end & is atta*$ to little blocks ( metal :i* are sep>at$ by a v small space4 ,x is into ?is space ! fil+s are loosely fill$4 ,ano!r =m ( coh]] consi/s ( a glass tube ) small c>bon blocks or plugs atta*$ to ! ends ( ! wires & in/ead ( ! metal fil+s !re is a globule ( m]cury betwe5 ! plugs4 ,:5 electric waves fall ^u ?is coh]]1 ! m]cury coh]es to ! c>bon blocks1 & ?us =ms a bridge = ! batt]y curr5t4 ,m>coni & sev]al o!rs h f "t to "t inv5t$ _m o!r k9ds ( detectors = ! electrical waves4 ,ne>ly all h to s]ve ! same purpose1 viz41 to close a local batt]y circuit :5 ! electric waves fall ^u ! detector4 ,!re are o!r inv5tions on :i* ! action is ! rev]se4 ,^! are call$ anti-coh]]s4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ^! is a tube arrang$ 9 a some:at simil> mann] to ! fil+s tube b ) two small blocks ( t91 betwe5 :i* is plac$ a pa/e made up ( alcohol1 t9 fil+s & lead oxide4 ,9 its normal /ate ! pa/e all[s ! batt]y curr5t to get across f "o block to ano!r1 b :5 electric waves t\* x a *emical action is produc$ :i* imm$iately breaks d[n ! bridge & /ops ! electric waves1 ! pa/e resumes its normal condition & all[s ! batt]y curr5t to pass aga94 ,!re=e by ?is arrangem5t ! signals are made by a sudd5 break+ & mak+ ( ! batt]y circuit4 ,!n !re is ! magnetic detector4 ,?is is n s easy ( explanation4 ,:5 we take a piece ( s(t iron & cont9u\sly revolve x 9 front ( a p]man5t magnet1 ! magnetic poles ( ! s(t iron piece w keep *ang+ _! position at ea* half revolution4 ,x requires a little "t to effect ?is magnetic *ange :i* makes x appe> z if a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance 0 be+ made aga9/ x4 7,if electric waves are all[$ to fall ^u ! iron1 resi/ance is completely elim9at$1 & ! magnetic poles c *ange places in/antly z x revolves47 ,f ?is we see t if we h a quickly *ang+ magnetic field x w induce or set up an electric curr5t 9 a neighbor+ coil ( wire4 ,9 ?is way we c detect ! *anges 9 ! magnetic field1 = we c place a telephone receiv] 9 connection ) ! coil ( wire4 ,9 a mod]n wireless receiv] ( ?is k9d x is f\nd m conv5i5t to replace ! revolv+ iron piece by an endless b& ( s(t iron wire4 ,?is b& is kept pass+ 9 front ( a p]man5t magnet1 ! magnetism ( ! wire t5d+ to *ange z x passes f "o pole to ! o!r4 ,?is *ange takes place sudd5ly :5 ! electric waves =m ! transmitt+ /ation1 fall ^u ! receiv+ a]ial conductor & are conduct$ r\nd ! mov+ wire1 & z ! b& is pass+ ?r\gh a coil ( insulat$ wire atta*$ to a telephone receiv]1 ?is sudd5 *ange 9 ! magnetic field induces an electric curr5t 9 ! surr\nd+ coil & ! op]ator he>s a s\nd 9 ! telephone at 8 e>4 ,! ,morse code may ?us be signall$ f ! di/ant transmitt]4 ,!re are v>i\s sy/ems ( wireless telegraphy = ! mo/ "p call$ aft] ! sci5ti/s :o develop$ or p]fect$ !m4 ,probably ! =emo/ z well z ! be/ kn[n is t :i* be>s ! "n ( ,m>coni4 ,a popul> fallacy makes ,m>coni ! discov]] ( ! wireless me?od4 ,m>coni 0 ! fir/ to put ! sy/em on a comm]cial foot+ or bus9ess basis & to lead ! way = its com+ to ! front z a mighty factor 9 mod]n progress4 ,( c\rse1 also1 ! honor ( sev]al useful inv5tions & additions to wireless app>atus mu/ be giv5 him4 ,he />t$ exp]im5t+ z f> back z #ahie :5 b a m]e boy4 ,9 ! beg9n+ he employ$ ! induction coil1 ,morse telegraph key1 batt]ies1 & v]tical wire = ! transmission ( signals1 & = _! reception ! usual fil+s coh]] ( nickel ) a v small p]c5tage ( silv]1 a telegraph relay1 batt]ies & a v]tical wire4 ,9 ! ,m>coni sy/em ( ! pres5t "t !re are _m =ms ( coh]]s1 also ! magnetic detector & o!r v>iations ( ! orig9al app>atus4 ,o!r sy/ems m or less prom95t are ! ,lodge-,muirhead ( ,engl&1 ,braun-,siem5s ( ,g]many & ^? ( ,de,forest & ,fess5d5 ( ,am]ica4 ,! electrolytic detector ) ! pa/e betwe5 ! t9 blocks belongs to ! sy/em ( ,de,forest4 ,besides ^! ! names ( ,pop(f1 ,jackson1 ,arm/rong1 ,orl+1 ,lepel1 & ,p\ls5 /& high 9 ! wireless _w4 ,a s]i\s drawback to ! op]ations ( wireless lies 9 ! fact t ! /ations are liable to get mix$ up & "s "o int]cept ! messages int5d$ = ano!r1 b ?is is be+ ov]come by ! adoption ( a special sy/em ( wave l5g?s = ! diff]5t wireless /ations & by ! use ( improv$ app>atus4 ,9 ! e>ly days x 0 q a common occurr5ce = ! receiv]s ( "o sy/em to reply to ! transmitt]s ( a rival sy/em4 ,!re 0 an all-r\nd mix-up & consequ5tly ! effici5cy ( wireless = practical purposes 0 = a good :ile look$ ^u ) m or less suspicion4 ,b z k ( wave motions develop$ & ! laws ( gov]n+ !m 7 bett] und]/ood1 ! receiv] 0 tun$ to respond to ! transmitt]1 t is1 ! transmitt] 0 made to set up a def9ite rate ( vibrations 9 ! e!r & ! receiv] made to respond to ?is rate1 j l two tun+ =ks s\nd+ ! same note4 ,9 ord] to set up z en]getic electric waves z possible _m me?ods h be5 devis$ at ! transmitt+ /ations4 ,9 "s me?ods a wire is atta*$ to "o ( ! two metal sph]es betwe5 :i* ! electric *>ge takes place & is c>ri$ up into ! air = a great height1 :ile to ! second sph]e ano!r wire is connect$ & :i* leads into ! e>?4 ,ano!r me?od is to support a regul> network ( wires f /rong /eel t[]s built to a height ( two hundr$ feet or m4 ,long di/ance transmission by wireless 0 only made possible by gr\nd+ "o ( ! conductors 9 ! transmitt]4 ,! ,h]tzian waves 7 provid$ )\t any e>? connection & radiat$ into space 9 all directions1 rapidly los+ =ce l ! disappe>+ ripples on a pond1 :]eas ^? set up by a gr\nd$ transmitt] ) ! receiv+ in/rum5t simil>ly connect$ to e>?1 keep )9 ! imm$iate neighborhood ( ! e>?4 ,= in/ance up to ab\t two hundr$ miles a /orage batt]y & induction coil are suffici5t to produce ! necess>y e!r di/urbance1 b :5 a great] di/ance is to be spann$ an eng9e & a dynamo are necess>y to supply en]gy = ! electric waves4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t ,m>coni transmitt] ! curr5t produc$ is no long] 9 ! =m ( int]mitt5t sp>ks1 b is a true alt]nat+ curr5t1 :i* 9 g5]al cont9ues uni=mly z long z ! key is press$ d[n4 ,!re is no long] any "q t wireless telegraphy is "h to /ay4 ,x has pass$ ! juv5ile /age & is fa/ approa*+ a lu/y adolesc5ce :i* promises to be a s\rce ( great /r5g? to ! comm]ce ( ! _w4 ,already x has accompli%$ mu* = its age4 ,x has sav$ s _m lives at sea t its in/allation is no long] reg>d$ z a sci5tific luxury b a practical necessity on e pass5g] vessel4 ,practically e /eam] 9 ,am]ican wat]s is equipp$ ) a wireless /ation4 ,ev5 freight boats & tugs are up-to-date 9 ?is respect4 ,e %ip 9 ! ,am]ican navy1 includ+ colli]s & rev5ue cutt]s1 c>ries wireless op]ators4 ,s important inde$ is x consid]$ 9 ! ,navy dep>tm5t t a l9e ( %ore /ations h be5 con/ruct$ f ,ma9e on ! ,atlantic to ,alaska on ! ,pacific4 ,9 a rem>kably %ort int]val wireless has come to ex]cise an important function 9 ! m>9e s]vice4 ,?r\gh ! %ore /ations ( ! comm]cial companies1 press despat*es1 /orm w>n+s1 wea!r reports & o!r items ( int]e/ are regul>ly transmitt$ to %ips at sea4 ,capta9s keep 9 t\* ) "o ano!r & ) ! home (fice2 wrecks1 d]elicts & /orms are report$4 ,e op]ator s5ds out regul> reports daily1 s t ! home (fice c tell ! exact position ( ! vessel4 ,if %e is too f> f l& on ! "o side to be rea*$ by wireless %e is ne> en\gh on ! o!r to come )9 ! sph]e ( its op]ations4 ,wea!r has no effect on wireless1 !re=e ! "q ( meteorology does n come into consid]ation4 ,fogs1 ra9s1 torr5ts1 tempe/s1 sn[/orms1 w9ds1 ?und]1 lightn+ or any a]ial di/urbance :atsoev] _c militate aga9/ ! s5d+ or receiv+ ( wireless messages z ! e!r p]meates !m all4 ,subm>9e & l& telegraphy us$ to look on wireless1 ! y\nge/ si/]1 z ! ,c9d]ella ( _! "n1 b %e has surpass$ bo? & captur$ ! honors ( ! family4 ,x 0 9 #ahih t ,m>coni made 8 fir/ rem>kable success 9 s5d+ messages f ,engl& to ,france4 ,! ,engli% /ation 0 at ,s\? ,=el& & ! ,fr5* ne> ,b\logne4 ,! di/ance 0 ?irty-two miles across ! ,briti% *annel4 ,?is telegraphic communication )\t wires 0 consid]$ a wond]ful feat at ! "t & excit$ mu* int]e/4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ ye> ,m>coni _h s mu* improv$ 8 fir/ app>atus t he 0 able to s5d out waves detect$ by receiv]s up to ! "o hundr$ mile limit4 ,9 #aijj communication 0 e/abli%$ betwe5 ! ,isle ( ,wight & ! ,liz>d 9 ,cornwall1 a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles4 ,up to ?is "t ! only appliances employ$ 7 induction coils giv+ a t5 or tw5ty in* sp>k4 ,m>coni & o!rs p]ceiv$ ! necessity ( employ+ great] =ce to p5etrate ! e!r 9 ord] to g5]ate /rong] electrical waves4 ,oil & /eam eng9es & o!r appliances 7 call$ into use to create high frequ5cy curr5ts & ^? necessitat$ ! erection ( l>ge p[] /ations4 ,sev]al 7 erect$ at advantage\s po9ts & ! wireless sy/em 0 fairly e/abli%$ z a new ag5t ( communication4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #aija1 at ,/4 ,john's1 ,newf\ndl&1 ,m>coni by means ( kites & balloons set up a tempor>y a]ial wire 9 ! hope ( be+ able to receive a signal f ! ,engli% /ation 9 ,cornwall4 ,he _h made an arrangem5t ) ,poldhu /ation t on a c]ta9 date & at a fix$ h\r !y %\ld attempt ! signal4 ,! lett] ,s1 :i* 9 ! ,morse code consi/s ( ?ree successive dots1 0 *os54 ,m>coni fev]i%ly await$ results4 ,true en\gh on ! day & at ! "t agre$ ^u ! ?ree dots 7 click$ (f1 ! fir/ signal f ,europe to ! ,am]ican cont95t4 ,m>coni ) mu* difficulty set up o!r a]ial wires & indubitably e/abli%$ ! fact t x 0 possible to s5d electric waves across ! ,atlantic4 ,he f\nd1 h[ev]1 t waves 9 ord] to trav]se ?ree ?\s& miles & reta9 suffici5t en]gy on _! arrival to affect a telephonic wave-detect+ device mu/ be g5]at$ by no inord9ate p[]4 ,^! exp]im5ts prov$ t if /ations 7 erect$ ( suffici5t p[] transatlantic wireless c\ld be successfully c>ri$ on4 ,!y gave an impetus to ! erection ( su* /ations4 ,on ,decemb] #ba1 #aijb1 f a /ation at ,glace ,bay1 ,nova ,scotia1 ,m>coni s5t ! fir/ message by wireless to ,engl& ann\nc+ success to 8 colleagues4 ,! foll[+ ,janu>y f ,wellsfleet1 ,cape ,cod1 ,presid5t ,roosevelt s5t a congratulatory message to ,k+ ,edw>d4 ,! electric waves convey+ ?is message travel$ #c1jjj miles ov] ! ,atlantic foll[+ r\nd an arc ( =ty-five degrees ( ! e>? on a great circle1 & 7 receiv$ telephonically1 by ! ,m>coni magnetic receiv] at ,poldhu4 ,mo/ %ips are provid$ ) syntonic receiv]s :i* are tun$ to long di/ance transmitt]s1 & are capable ( receiv+ messages up to di/ances ( #c1jjj miles or m4 ,wireless communication betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica is no long] a possibility b an accompli%m5t1 ?\gh z yet ! sy/em has n be5 put on a g5]al bus9ess basis4 ,footnote3 ,z we g to press a new record has be5 e/abli%$ 9 wireless transmission4 ,m>coni1 9 ! ,arg5t9e ,republic1 ne> ,bu5os ,ayres1 has receiv$ messages f ! /ation at ,clifd51 ,c\nty ,galway1 ,irel&1 a di/ance ( #e1fjj miles4 ,! be/ previ\s record 0 made :5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates battle%ip ,t5nessee 9 #aiji pick$ up a message f ,san ,francisco :5 #d1ehj miles di/ant4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,radium ,exp]im5ts ( ,becqu]el--,"w ( ! ,curies--,discov]y ( ,radium--,enorm\s ,en]gy--,v>i\s ,uses4 ,e>ly 9 #ahif j a few mon?s aft] ,ro5tg5 _h />tl$ ! sci5tific _w by ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( ! ,x-rays1 ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,becqu]el ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ,museum 9 ,p>is ann\nc$ ano!r discov]y :i*1 if n z my/]i\s1 0 m puzzl+ & /ill cont9ues a puzzle to a great degree to ! pres5t "t4 ,/udy+ ! action ( ! salts ( a r>e & v heavy m9]al call$ uranium ,becqu]el obs]v$ t _! sub/ances give (f an invisible radiation :i*1 l ! ,ro5tg5 rays1 trav]se metals & o!r bodies opaque to light1 z well z glass & o!r transp>5t sub/ances4 ,l mo/ ( ! great discov]ies x 0 ! result ( accid5t4 ,becqu]el _h no idea ( su* radiations1 _h nev] ?\ght ( _! possibility4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,ro5tg5 rays !re 7 _m facts :i* sugge/$ t phosphoresc5ce _h some?+ to d ) ! production ( ^! rays ,x !n occurr$ to sev]al ,fr5* physici/s t ,x-rays might be produc$ if phosphoresc5t sub/ances 7 expos$ to sunlight4 ,becqu]el began to exp]im5t ) a view to te/+ ?is supposition4 ,he plac$ uranium on a photographic plate :i* _h fir/ be5 wrapp$ 9 black pap] 9 ord] to scre5 x f ! light4 ,aft] ?is plate _h rema9$ 9 ! bright sunlight = sev]al h\rs x 0 remov$ f ! pap] cov]+ & develop$4 ,a slight trace ( photographic action 0 f\nd at ^? p>ts ( ! plate directly b5ea? ! uranium j z ,becqu]el _h expect$4 ,f ?is x appe>$ evid5t t rays ( "s k9d 7 be+ produc$ t 7 capable ( pass+ ?r\gh black pap]4 ,s9ce ! ,x-rays 7 !n ! only ones kn[n to possess ! p[] to p5etrate opaque sub/ances x seem$ z ?\gh ! problem ( produc+ ,x-rays by sunlight 0 solv$4 ,!n came ! =tunate accid5t4 ,aft] sev]al plates _h be5 prep>$ = exposure to sunlight a sev]e /orm arose & ! exp]im5ts _h to be ab&on$ = ! "t be+4 ,at ! end ( sev]al days "w 0 aga9 resum$1 b ! plates _h be5 ly+ s long 9 ! d>kroom t !y 7 deem$ almo/ valueless & x 0 ?\ght t !re w\ld n be mu* use 9 try+ to use !m4 ,becqu]el 0 ab\t to ?r[ !m away1 b on second consid]ation ?9k+ t "s action might h possibly tak5 place 9 ! d>k1 he resolv$ to try !m4 ,he develop$ !m & ! result 0 t he obta9$ bett] pictures ?an ev] be=e4 ,! exposure to sunlight :i* _h be5 reg>d$ z ess5tial to ! success ( ! =m] exp]im5ts _h really no?+ at all to d ) ! matt]1 ! ess5tial ?+ 0 ! pres5ce ( uranium & ! photographic effects 7 n due to ,x-rays b to ! rays or emanations :i* ,becqu]el _h ?us discov]$ & :i* be> 8 "n4 ,!re 7 _m t$i\s & difficult /eps to take be=e ev5 our pres5t k1 incomplete z x is1 c\ld be rea*$4 ,h[ev]1 ,becqu]el's =tunate accid5t ( ! plate develop+ 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! long s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* l$ to ! discov]y ( radium :i* already has revolutioniz$ "s ( ! mo/ fundam5tal conceptions ( physics & *emi/ry4 ,x is rem>kable t we owe ! discov]y ( ?is wond]ful elem5t to a woman1 ,mme4 ,sklod[ska ,curie1 ! wife ( a ,fr5* pr(essor & physici/4 ,mme4 ,curie began h] "w 9 #ahig ) a sy/ematic /udy ( sev]al m9]als conta9+ uranium & ?orium & soon discov]$ ! rem>kable fact t !re 0 "s ag5t pres5t m /rongly radio-active ?an ! metal uranium itself4 ,%e set h]self ! task ( f9d+ out ?is ag5t & 9 conjunction ) h] husb&1 ,pr(essor ,pi]re ,curie1 made _m te/s & exp]im5ts4 ,f9ally 9 ! ore ( pit*bl5de !y f\nd n only "o b ?ree sub/ances highly radio-active4 ,pit*bl5de or uran9ite is an int5sely black m9]al ( a specific gravity ( #i4e & is f\nd 9 comm]cial quantities 9 ,bohemia1 ,cornwall 9 ,engl& & "s o!r localities4 ,x conta9s lead sulphide1 lime silica1 & o!r bodies4 ,to ! radio-active sub/ance :i* accompani$ ! bismu? extract$ f pit*bl5de ! ,curies gave ! "n ,polonium4 ,to t :i* accompani$ b>ium tak5 f ! same ore !y call$ ,radium & to ! sub/ance :i* 0 f\nd among ! r>e e>?s ( ! pit*bl5de ,debi]ne gave ! "n ,act9ium4 ,none ( ^! elem5ts h be5 isolat$1 t is to say1 sep>at$ 9 a pure /ate f ! accompany+ ore4 ,!re=e1 pure radium is a misnom]1 ?\gh we (t5 he> ! t]m us$4 ,footnote3 ,s9ce ! above 0 writt5 ,madame ,curie has ann\nc$ to ! ,p>is ,academy ( ,sci5ces t %e has succe$$ 9 obta9+ pure radium4 ,9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,debi]ne %e treat$ a decegramme ( bromide ( radium by electrolytic process1 gett+ an amalgam f :i* 0 extract$ ! metallic radium by di/illation4 ,all t has be5 obta9$ is "s "o ( its simpl] salts or comp\nds & until rec5tly ev5 ^! _h n be5 prep>$ 9 pure =m4 ,! commone/ =m ( ! elem5t1 :i* 9 itself is v f> f common1 is :at is kn[n to *emi/ry z *loride ( radium :i* is a comb9ation ( *lor9 & radium4 ,?is is a grayi% :ite p[d]1 some:at l ord9>y co>se table salt4 ,to get en\gh to weigh a s+le gra9 requires ! treatm5t ( #a1bjj p\nds ( pit*bl5de4 ,! second =m ( radium is z a bromide4 ,9 ?is =m x co/s #e1jjj a gra9 & c\ld a p\nd be obta9$ its value w\ld be ?ree-&-a-half million doll>s4 ,radium1 z we und]/& x 9 any ( its comp\nds1 c communicate its prop]ty ( radio-activity to o!r bodies4 ,any mat]ial :5 plac$ ne> radium becomes radio-active & reta9s su* activity = a consid]able "t aft] be+ remov$4 ,ev5 ! human body takes on ?is excit$ activity & ?is sometimes leads to annoyances z 9 delicate exp]im5ts ! results may be nullifi$ by ! elem5t act+ ^u ! exp]im5t]'s p]son4 ,despite ! enorm\s am\nt ( en]gy giv5 (f by radium x seems n to *ange 9 itself1 !re is no appreciable loss 9 weight nor app>5tly any microscopic or *emical *ange 9 ! orig9al body4 ,pr(essor ,becqu]el has /at$ t if a squ>e c5timet] ( surface 0 cov]$ by *emically pure radium x w\ld lose b "o ?\s&? ( a milligram 9 weight 9 a million ye>s' "t4 ,radium is a body :i* gives out en]gy cont9u\sly & spontane\sly4 ,?is lib]ation ( en]gy is manife/$ 9 ! diff]5t effects ( its radiation & emanation1 & especially 9 ! developm5t ( heat4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( mod]n sci5ce1 ! univ]se conta9s a c]ta9 def9ite provision ( en]gy :i* c appe> "u v>i\s =ms1 b :i* _c be increas$4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge e cubic millimet] ( e!r conta9s z mu* en]gy z w\ld be develop$ by a million horse p[] /ation work+ cont9u\sly f> =ty ?\s& ye>s4 ,?is ass]tion is probably bas$ on ! fact t e corpuscle 9 ! e!r vibrates ) ! spe$ ( light or ab\t #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t ! atom 0 ! smalle/ sub-division 9 nature4 ,sci5ti/s held to ! atomic !ory = a long "t1 b at la/ x has be5 explod$1 & in/ead ( ! atom be+ prim>y & indivisible we f9d x a v complex affair1 a k9d ( m9iature sol> sy/em1 ! c5tre ( a v>i$ attraction ( molecules1 corpuscles & electrons4 ,_h we held to ! atomic !ory & d5i$ small] sub-divisions ( matt] !re w\ld be no acc\nt+ = ! emissions ( radium1 = z sci5ce n[ believes ^! emissions are m]ely ! expulsion ( millions ( electrons4 ,radium gives (f ?ree di/9ct types ( rays nam$ aft] ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet--,alpha1 ,beta1 ,gamma--besides a gas emanation z does ?orium :i* is a p[]fully radio-active sub/ance4 ,! ,alpha rays con/itute n9ety-n9e p] c5t1 ( all ! rays & consi/ ( positively electrifi$ p>ticles4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( magnetism !y c be deflect$4 ,!y h little p5etrative p[] & are readily absorb$ 9 pass+ ?r\gh a %eet ( pap] or ?r\gh a few in*es ( air4 ,! ,beta rays consi/ ( negatively *>g$ p>ticles or corpuscles approximately "o ?\s&? ! size ( ^? con/itut+ ! ,alpha rays4 ,!y resemble ca?ode rays produc$ by an electrical dis*>ge inside ( a highly exhau/$ vacuum tube b "w at a mu* high] velocity2 !y c be readily deflect$ by a magnet1 !y dis*>ge electrifi$ bodies1 affect photographic plates1 /imulate /rongly phosphoresc5t bodies & are ( high p5etrative p[]4 ,! radiations are a million times m p[]ful ?an ^? ( uranium4 ,!y h _m curi\s prop]ties4 ,if a photographic plate is plac$ 9 ! vic9ity ( radium x is almo/ in/antly affect$ if no scre5 int]cepts ! rays2 ) a scre5 ! action is sl[]1 b x /ill takes place ev5 ?r\gh ?ick folds1 !re=e1 radiographs c be tak5 & 9 ?is way x is be+ utiliz$ by surg]y to view ! anatomy1 ! int]nal organs1 & locate bullets & o!r =eign sub/ances 9 ! sy/em4 ,a glass vessel conta9+ radium spontane\sly *>ges itself ) electricity4 ,if ! glass has a weak spot1 a scrat* say1 an electric sp>k is produc$ at t po9t & ! vessel crumbles1 j l a ,leyd5 j> :5 ov]*>g$4 ,radium lib]ates heat spontane\sly & cont9u\sly4 ,a solid salt ( radium develops su* an am\nt ( heat t to e s+le gram !re is an emission ( "o hundr$ calories p] h\r1 9 o!r words1 radium c melt its weight 9 ice 9 ! "t ( "o h\r4 ,z a result ( its emission ( heat radium has always a temp]ature high] by sev]al degrees ?an its surr\nd+s4 ,:5 a solution ( a radium salt is plac$ 9 a clos$ vessel ! radio-activity 9 "p leaves ! solution & di/ributes itself ?r\gh ! vessel1 ! sides ( :i* become radio-active & lum9\s4 ,radium acts ^u ! *emical con/itu5ts ( glass1 porcela9 & pap]1 giv+ !m a violet t+e1 *anges :ite phosphor\s into yell[1 oxyg5 into ozone & produces _m o!r curi\s *emical *anges4 ,we h said t x c s]ve ! surgeon 9 physical exam9ations ( ! body aft] ! mann] ( ,x-rays4 ,x has n1 h[ev]1 be5 mu* employ$ 9 ?is direction ow+ to its sc>city & prohibitive price4 ,x has giv5 excell5t results 9 ! treatm5t ( c]ta9 sk9 diseases1 9 canc]1 etc4 ,h[ev] x c h v baneful effects on animal organisms4 ,x has produc$ p>alysis & dea? 9 dogs1 cats1 rabbits1 rats1 gu9ea-pigs & o!r animals1 & und\bt$ly x might affect human be+s 9 a simil> way4 ,pr(essor ,curie said t a s+le gram ( *emically pure radium w\ld be suffici5t to de/roy ! life ( e man1 woman & *ild 9 ,p>is provid+ !y 7 sep>ately & prop]ly expos$ to its influ5ce4 ,radium de/roys ! g]m9ative p[] ( se$s & ret>ds ! gr[? ( c]ta9 =ms ( life1 su* z l>vae1 s t !y d n pass into ! *rysalis & insect /ages ( developm5t1 b rema9 9 ! /ate ( l>vae4 ,at a c]ta9 di/ance x causes ! hair ( mice to fall out1 b on ! contr>y at ! same di/ance x increases ! hair or fur on rabbits4 ,x (t5 produces sev]e burns on ! h&s & o!r portions ( ! body too long expos$ to its activity4 ,x c p5etrate ?r\gh gases1 liquids & all ord9>y solids1 ev5 ?r\gh _m in*es ( ! h>de/ /eel4 ,on a comp>atively %ort exposure x has be5 kn[n to p>tially p>alyze an electric *>g$ b>4 ,heat nor cold d n affect its radioactivity 9 ! lea/4 ,x gives (f b little light1 its lum9osity be+ l>gely due to ! /imulation ( ! impurities 9 ! radium by ! p[]ful b invisible radium rays4 ,radium /imulates p[]fully v>i\s m9]al & *emical sub/ances ne> :i* x is plac$4 ,x is an infallible te/ ( ! g5u95ess ( ! diamond4 ,! g5u9e diamond phosphoresces /rongly :5 br\ght into juxtaposition1 b ! pa/e or imitation "o gl[s n at all4 ,x is se5 t ! /udy ( ! prop]ties ( radium is ( great int]e/4 ,?is is true also ( ! two o!r elem5ts f\nd 9 ! ores ( uranium & ?orium1 viz41 polonium & act9ium4 ,polonium1 s-call$1 9 honor ( ! native l& ( ,mme4 ,curie1 is j z active z radium :5 fir/ extract$ f ! pit*bl5de b its en]gy soon less5s & f9ally x becomes in]t1 h5ce !re has be5 little exp]im5t+ or inve/igation4 ,! same may be said ( act9ium4 ,! process ( obta9+ radium f pit*bl5de is mo/ t$i\s & labori\s & requires mu* pati5ce4 ,! residue ( ! pit*bl5de f :i* uranium has be5 extract$ by fusion ) sodium c>bonate & solution 9 dilute sulphuric acid1 conta9s ! radium along ) o!r metals1 & is boil$ ) conc5trat$ sodium c>bonate solution1 & ! solution ( ! residue 9 hydro*loric acid precipitat$ ) sulphuric acid4 ,! insoluble b>ium & radium sulphates1 aft] be+ conv]t$ into *lorides or bromides1 are sep>at$ by repeat$ fractional cry/allization4 ,"o kilogram ( impure radium bromide is obta9$ f a ton ( pit*bl5de residue aft] processes cont9u$ = ab\t ?ree mon?s dur+ :i* "t1 five tons ( *emicals & fifty tons ( r9s+ wat] are us$4 ,z has be5 said ! elem5t has nev] be5 isolat$ or sep>at$ 9 its metallic or pure /ate & mo/ ( ! comp\nds are impure4 ,radium banks h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,london1 ,p>is & ,new ,york4 ,:5ev] radium is employ$ 9 surg]y = an op]ation ab\t fifty milligrams are requir$ at lea/ & ! banks let out ! am\nt = ab\t #bjj a day4 ,if pur*as$ ! price = ?is am\nt w\ld be #d1jjj4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mov+ ,,pictures ,photograph+ ,motion--,edison's ,k9etoscope--,lumi]e's ,c9ematographe--,be=e ! ,cam]a--,! ,mission ( ! ,mov+ ,picture4 ,few c realize ! ext5t ( ! field cov]$ by mov+ pictures4 ,9 ! dual capacity ( ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction !re is n a rival 9 sight4 ,z an in/ructor1 sci5ce is daily wid5+ ! sph]e ( ! motion picture = ! purpose ( illu/ration4 ,films are rapidly sup]s$+ text books 9 _m bran*es4 ,e dep>tm5t capable ( photographic demon/ration is be+ cov]$ by mov+ pictures4 ,negatives are n[ be+ made ( ! mo/ intricate surgical op]ations & ^! are tea*+ ! /ud5ts bett] ?an ! witness+ ( ! real op]ations1 = at ! critical mom5t ( ! op]ation ! picture ma*9e c be /opp$ to let ! /ud5t view ov] aga9 ! way x is accompli%$1 :]eas at ! op]at+ table ! surgeon mu/ g on ) 8 "w to try to save life & _c expla9 e /ep 9 ! process ( ! op]ation4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! mov+ picture ma*9e w p]=m a v important "p 9 ! future tea*+ ( surg]y4 ,9 ! naturali/'s doma9 ( sci5ce x is already play+ a v important "p4 ,a device = micro-photography has n[ be5 p]fect$ 9 connection ) motion ma*9es :]eby ?+s are magnifi$ to a great degree4 ,by ?is means ! analysis ( a sub/ance c be bett] illu/rat$ ?an any way else4 ,= in/ance a drop ( wat] looks l a v]itable ,zoo ) t]rible look+ creatures wiggl+ & wriggl+ ?r\gh x1 & makes "o feel z if he nev] want$ to dr9k wat] aga94 ,! mov+ picture 9 its g5]al phase is ent]ta9m5t & in/ruction roll$ into "o & z su* x has sup]s$$ ! !atre4 ,x is e/imat$ t at ! pres5t "t 9 ,am]ica !re are upw>ds ( #bj1jjj mov+ picture %[s patroniz$ daily by almo/ t5 million p4 ,x is d\btful if ! !atre att5dance at ! be/ day ( ! w9t] season rea*es five millions4 ,! mov+ picture 9 importance is f> beyond ! puny functions ( com$y & trag$y4 ,! grotesque f>ce ( vaudeville & ! tawdry %[ :i* only appeals to s5tim5t at highe/ & (t5 to ! base passions at l[e/4 ,despite pruri5t opposition x is mak+ rapid headway4 ,x is ent]+ v l>gely into ! in/ructive & ! ent]ta9+ dep>tm5ts ( ! _w's curriculum4 ,millions ( doll>s are annually exp5d$ 9 ! production ( films4 ,companies ( tra9$ & practic$ actors are br\ght toge!r to enact pantomimes :i* w conc5trate )9 ! space ( a few m9utes ! mo/ ent]ta9+ & in/ructive incid5ts ( hi/ory & ! lead+ happ5+s ( ! _w4 ,at all great ev5ts1 no matt] :]e transpir+1 ! diff]5t mov+ picture companies h tra9$ m5 at ! front ready ) _! cam]as to cat* e incid5t1 e movem5t ev5 to ! w9k ( an eyela%1 s t ! /ay-at-homes c see ! %[ z well1 & ) a great deal m com=t ?an if !y _h travel$ hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 ( miles to be pres5t 9 propria p]sona4 ,h[ did mov+ pictures orig9ate8 ,:at & :5 7 ! beg9n+8 ,x is popul>ly believ$ t animat$ pictures _h _! inception ) ,edison :o project$ ! biograph 9 #ahhg1 hav+ bas$ x on t wond]ful & +5i\s toy1 ! ,zoetrope4 ,long be=e #ahhg1 h[ev]1 sev]al m5 ( inv5tive faculties _h turn$ _! att5tion to a means ( giv+ app>5t animation to pictures4 ,! fir/ t met ) any degree ( success 0 ,edw>d ,muybridge1 a photograph] ( ,san ,francisco4 ,?is 0 9 #ahgh4 ,a revolution _h be5 br\ght ab\t 9 photography by ! introduction ( ! in/antane\s process4 ,by ! use ( s5sitive films ( gelat9e bromide ( silv] emulsion ! "t requir$ = ! action ( ord9>y daylight 9 produc+ a photograph _h be5 r$uc$ to a v small fraction ( a second4 ,muybridge utiliz$ ^! films = ! photographic analysis ( animal motion4 ,beside a race-track he plac$ a batt]y ( cam]as1 ea* cam]a be+ provid$ ) a spr+ %utt] :i* 0 controll$ by a ?read /ret*$ across ! track4 ,a runn+ horse broke ea* ?read ! mom5t he pass$ 9 front ( ! cam]a & ?us tw5ty or ?irty pictures ( him 7 tak5 9 close succession )9 "o or two seconds ( "t4 ,f ! negatives secur$ 9 ?is way a s]ies ( positives 7 obta9$ 9 prop] ord] on a /rip ( s5sitiz$ pap]4 ,! /rip :5 exam9$ by means ( ! ,zoetrope furni%$ a reproduction ( ! horse's movem5ts4 ,! ,zoetrope 0 a toy famili> to *ildr52 x 0 sometimes call$ ! :eel ( life4 ,x 0 a contrivance consi/+ ( a cyl9d] "s t5 in*es wide1 op5 at ! top1 ar\nd ! l[] & int]ior rim ( :i* a s]ies ( relat$ pictures 7 plac$4 ,! cyl9d] 0 !n rapidly rotat$ & ! spectator look+ ?r\gh ! v]tical n>r[ slits on its out] surface1 c\ld fancy t ! pictures inside 7 mov+4 ,muybridge devis$ an in/rum5t :i* he call$ a ,zoopraxiscope = ! optical projection ( 8 zoetrope photographs4 ,! succession ( positives 0 arrang$ 9 prop] ord] ^u a glass disk ab\t #ah in*es 9 diamet] ne> its circumf]5ce4 ,?is disk 0 m\nt$ conv5i5tly = rapid revolution s t ea* picture w\ld pass 9 front ( ! cond5s] ( an optical lant]n4 ,! difficulties involv$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! disk pictures & 9 ! manipulation ( ! zoopraxiscope prev5t$ ! in/rum5t f attract+ mu* att5tion4 ,h[ev]1 arti/ically speak+1 x 0 ! =]unn] ( ! num]\s graphs & scopes & mov+ picture ma*9es ( ! pres5t day4 ,x 0 9 #ahhg t ,edison conceiv$ an idea ( associat+ ) 8 phonograph1 :i* _h !n a*iev$ a m>k$ success1 an in/rum5t :i* w\ld reproduce to ! eye ! effect ( motion by means ( a swift & grad$ succession ( pictures1 s t ! reproduction ( articulate s\nds z 9 ! phonograph1 w\ld be accompani$ by ! reproduction ( ! motion naturally associat$ ) !m4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! in/rum5t 0 sugge/$ to ,edison by ! zoetrope1 & ( c\rse1 he well knew :at ,muybridge _h accompli%$ 9 ! l9e ( motion pictures ( animals almo/ t5 ye>s previ\sly4 ,edison1 h[ev]1 did n employ a batt]y ( cam]as z ,muybridge _h done1 b devis$ a special =m ( cam]a 9 :i* a long /rip ( s5sitiz$ film 0 mov$ rapidly beh9d a l5s provid$ ) a %utt]1 & s arrang$ z to alt]nately admit & cut (f ! light f ! mov+ object4 ,he adju/$ ! me*anism s t !re 7 #df exposures a second1 ! film rema9+ /ation>y dur+ ! mom5t>y "t ( exposure1 aft] :i* x 0 c>ri$ =w>d f> en\gh to br+ a new surface into ! prop] position4 ,! "t ( ! %ift+ 0 ab\t "o-t5? ( t all[$ = exposure1 s t ! actual "t ( exposure 0 ab\t ! "o-fiftie? ( a second4 ,! film mov$1 reckon+ %ift+s & /oppages = exposures1 at an av]age spe$ ( a little m ?an a foot p] second1 s t a l5g? ( film ( ab\t fifty feet receiv$ betwe5 #gjj & #hjj impressions 9 a circuit ( #dj seconds4 ,edison nam$ 8 fir/ in/rum5t ! k9etoscope4 ,x came out 9 #ahic4 ,x 0 hail$ ) delight at ! "t & = a %ort p]iod 0 mu* 9 dem&1 b soon new devices came into ! field & ! k9etoscope 0 sup]s$$ by o!r ma*9es be>+ simil> names ) a l signification4 ,a v>iety ( cam]as 0 inv5t$4 ,"o consi/$ ( a film-fe$+ me*anism :i* moves ! film /ep by /ep 9 ! focus ( a s+le l5s1 ! duration ( exposure be+ f tw5ty to tw5ty-five times z great z t necess>y to move an unexpos$ portion ( ! film into position4 ,no %utt] 0 employ$4 ,z "t pass$ _m o!r improvem5ts 7 made4 ,an +5i\s ,fr5*man nam$ ,lumi]e1 came =w>d ) 8 ,c9ematographe :i* = a few ye>s gave good satisfaction1 produc+ v cr$itable results4 ,success1 h[ev]1 0 due m to ! picture ribbons ?an to ! me*anism employ$ to fe$ !m4 ,( o!r mov+ pictures ma*9es we h _h ! vitascope1 vitagraph1 magniscope1 mutoscope1 panoramagraph1 !atograph & scores ( o!rs all d]iv$ f ! two ,greek roots grapho ,i write & scopeo ,i view4 ,! vitascope is ! pr9cipal "n n[ 9 use = mov+ picture ma*9es4 ,9 all ^! in/rum5ts 9 ord] t ! film projection may be visible to an audi5ce x is necess>y to h a v int5se light4 ,a s\rce ( su* light is f\nd 9 ! electric focus+ lamp4 ,at or ne> ! focal po9t ( ! project+ lant]n cond5s] ! film is made to travel across ! field z 9 ! k9etoscope4 ,a wat] cell 9 front ( ! cond5s] absorbs mo/ ( ! heat & transmits mo/ ( ! light f ! arc lamp1 & ! small picture ?us highly illum9at$ is protect$ f injury4 ,a project+ l5s ( r %ort focus ?r[s a l>ge image ( ea* picture on ! scre51 & ! rapid succession ( ^! completes ! illusion ( life-l motion4 ,hundr$s ( pat5ts h be5 made on cam]as1 project+ l5ses & ma*9es f ! days ( ! k9etoscope to ! pres5t "t :5 cle>-cut mov+ pictures portray life s closely & s well z almo/ to deceive ! eye4 ,9 fact 9 _m cases ! c\nt]feit is tak5 = ! reality & audi5ces z mu* ar\s$ z if !y 7 look+ ^u a sc5e ( actual life4 ,we c well believe ! /ory ( ! ,iri%man1 :o on see+ ! /age villa9 abduct ! "y lady1 made a ru% at ! canvas yell+ out1--,let me at ! blackgu>d & ,i'll murd] him4 ,?\gh b fifte5 ye>s old ! mov+ picture indu/ry has s5t out its bran*es into all civiliz$ l&s & is giv+ employm5t to an army ( ?\s&s4 ,x w\ld be h>d to tell h[ _m mimic actors & actresses make a liv+ by pos+ = ! cam]a2 _! "n is legion4 ,among !m are _m pr(essionals :o receive z good a sal>y z on ! /age4 ,"s ( ! l>ge conc]ns bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica at times employ f "o hundr$ to two hundr$ h&s & ev5 m to illu/rate "s ( ! productions4 ,!y s5d _! photograph]s & actors all ov] ! _w = sett+s4 ,mo/ ( ! bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is done ne> home4 ,) trapp+ & o!r p>aph]nalia a /age sett+ c be effect$ to simulate almo/ any sc5e4 ,almo/ any?+ "u ! sun c be enact$ 9 a mov+ picture /udio1 f ! dr[n+ ( a cat to ! hang+ ( a man2 a horse race or fire al>m is n outside ! possible & ! aviator has be5 depict$ fly+ high 9 ! heav5s4 ,! places :]e ! pictures are prep>$ mu/ be adapt$ = ! purpose4 ,!y are call$ /udios & h glass ro(s & 9 mo/ ( !m a good section ( ! walls are also glass4 ,! floor space is divid$ into sections = ! sett+ or /ag+ ( diff]5t productions1 !re=e sev]al repres5tations c take place at ! same "t be=e ! eyes ( ! cam]as4 ,!re are prop]ties ( all k9ds f ! ragg$ g>m5ts ( ! begg> to k+ly erm9e & que5ly silks4 ,pa/e diamonds sp>kle 9 necklaces1 cr[ns & ti>as1 seem+ to rival ! sc9tillations ( ! ,koh9oor4 ,at ! fir/1 objections 7 made to mov+ pictures on ! gr\nd t 9 _m cases !y _h a t5d5cy to cat] to ! l[] in/9cts1 t subjects 7 illu/rat$ :i* 7 repugnant to ! f9] feel+s & appeal$ to ! gross & ! s5sual4 ,burgl>ies1 murd]s & wild we/]n sc5es 9 :i* ! villa9-h]oes triumph$ 7 (t5 %[n & no d\bt ^! _h some:at ( a p]nici\s influ5ce on susceptible y\?4 ,b all su* pictures h = ! mo/ "p be5 elim9at$ & !re is a /rict taboo on any?+ ) a degrad+ influ5ce or p>tak+ ( ! brutal4 ,prize fights are (t5 b>r$4 ,9 _m l>ge cities !re is a bo>d ( c5sor%ip to :i* ! diff]5t manufactur+ firms mu/ submit duplicates4 ,?is bo>d has to pass on all ! films be=e !y are releas$ & if ! pictures are 9 any way contr>y to morals or dec5cy or are 9 any respect unfit to be display$ be=e ! public1 !y _c be put 9 circulation4 ,?us are ! p protect$ & especially ! y\? :o %\ld be p]mitt$ to see no?+ t is n elevat+ or n ( a nature to inspire !m ) high & noble ?\ghts & ) ambitions to make ! _w bett] & bright]4 ,let u hope t ! future mission ( ! mov+ picture w be along educational & moral l9es t5d+ to uplift & ennoble our boys & girls s t !y may develop into a manhood & womanhood wor?y ! hi/ory & be/ traditions ( our c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,wiz>d ( ,m5lo ,p>k has j succe$$ aft] two ye>s ( h>d application to ! exp]im5t 9 giv+ u ! talk+ picture1 a real g5u9e talk+ picture1 :olly indep5d5t ( ! old device ( hav+ ! actors talk beh9d ! scre5 :5 ! films 7 project$4 ,by a comb9ation ( ! phonograph & ! mov+ picture ma*9e work+ 9 p]fect syn*ronism ! result is obta9$4 ,wires are atta*$ to ! me*anism ( bo? ! ma*9es1 ! "o beh9d ! scre5 & ! "o 9 front1 9 su* a way t ! two are op]at$ simultane\sly s t :5 a film is project$ a correspond+ record on ! phonograph acts 9 p]fect unison supply+ ! voice suitable to ! mov+ action4 ,m5 & wom5 pass along ! canvas1 act1 talk1 laugh1 cry & h _! be+ j z 9 real life4 ,( c\rse1 !y are immat]ial1 m]ely ! reflection ( films1 b ! "o hundr$ ?\s&? ( an in* ?ick1 yet !y give =? oral s\nds z creatures ( fle% & blood4 ,9 fact e s\nd is produc$ h>moni\sly ) ! action on ! scre54 ,an iron ball is dropp$ & y he> its ?ud ^u ! floor1 a plate is crack$ & y c he> ! crack+ j ! same z if ! mat]ial plate 7 brok5 9 y\r pres5ce4 ,an immat]ial piano appe>s ^u ! scre5 & a fle%less p]=m] disc\rses airs z real z ^? he>d on ,broadway4 ,melba & ,tettraz9i & ,c>uso & ,bonci appe> be=e y & w>ble _! night+ale notes1 z if beh9d ! footlights ) a galaxy ( beauty1 weal? & fa%ion be=e !m = an audi5ce4 ,true x is n ev5 _! a/ral bodies y are look+ at1 only _! pictur$ repres5tations1 b ! magic ( _! voices is !re all ! same & !re is su* an atmosph]e ( realism ab\t ! repres5tations t y c sc>cely believe ! actors are n pres5t 9 propriae p]sonae4 ,mr4 ,edison _h mu* /udy & labor ( exp]im5t 9 br++ 8 device to a successful issue4 ,! greate/ ob/acle he _h to ov]come 0 9 gett+ a phonograph t c\ld he> f> en\gh4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5ts ! actor _h to talk directly into ! horn1 :i* made ! "r k9d ( pictures impossible to get4 ,bit by bit1 h[ev]1 a ma*9e 0 p]fect$ :i* c\ld he> s well t ! actor c\ld move at 8 pleasure )9 a radius ( tw5ty feet4 ,t is ! ma*9e t is be+ us$ n[4 ,?is new comb9ation ( ! mov+ picture ma*9e & ! phonograph ,edison has nam$ ! k9etophone4 ,by x he has made possible ! br++ ( gr& op]a into ! hamlets ( ! ,we/1 & ?r\gh x also our lead+ /atesm5 may address audi5ces on ! m9+ camps & ! wilds ( ! prairies :]e _! feet h nev] trodd54 ,,*apt] ,v ,,sky-,,scrap]s ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,built ,evolution ( ! ,sky-scrap]--,con/ruction--,new ,york's ,giant ,build+s--,dim5sions4 ,! sky-scrap] is an ar*itectural triumph1 b at ! same "t x is v mu* ( a comm]cial ent]prise1 & x is indig5\s1 native-born to ,am]ican soil4 ,x _h its inception "h1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,new ,york & ,*icago4 ,! talle/ build+s 9 ! _w are 9 ,new ,york4 ,! mo/ notable ( ^!1 ! ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,build+ ) fifty /ories t[]+ up to a height ( sev5 hundr$ feet & ?ree in*es1 has be5 ! cr[n+ a*ievem5t ( ar*itectural art1 ! highe/ build+ yet erect$ by man4 ,h[ is x possible to erect su* build+--h[ is x possible to erect a sky-scrap] at all8 ,a p>tial answ] may be giv5 9 "o ^w--/eel4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! me?od ( build+ all ^! huge /ructures is mu* ! same4 ,massive pi]s or pill>s are erect$1 inside :i* are usually /rong /eel columns2 crosswise f column to column great gird]s are plac$ =m+ a base = ! floor1 & !n ^u ! fir/ pill>s are rais$ o!r /eel columns slightly decreas$ 9 size1 ^u :i* gird]s are aga9 fix$ = ! next floor2 & s on ?is process is cont9u$ floor aft] floor4 ,!re seems no reason :y build+s %\ld n be re>$ l ?is = ev5 a hundr$ /ories1 provid$ ! f\ndations are laid deep en\gh & broad en\gh4 ,! walls are n really ! support ( ! build+s4 ,! ess5tial elem5ts are ! columns & gird]s ( /eel =m+ ! skeleton framework ( ! :ole4 ,! masonry may assi/1 b ! pi]s & gird]s c>ry ! pr9cipal weight4 ,if1 !re=e1 ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ^! pi]s1 :i* are (t5 ( /eel & masonry comb9$1 ! imm5se importance w be se5 ( bas+ !m ^u adequate f\ndations4 ,& ?us x comes ab\t t to build high we mu/ dig deep1 :i* fact may be con/ru$ z an aphorism to fit m subjects ?an ! build+ ( sky-scrap]s4 ,to attempt to build a sky-scrap] )\t a suitable f\ndation w\ld be tantam\nt to endeavor+ to build a h\se on a m>% )\t dra9+ ! m>%1--x w\ld c\nt failure at ! v beg9n+4 ,! =mation dep5ds on ! height1 ! calculat$ weight ! frame "w w c>ry1 ! am\nt ( air pressure1 ! vibrations f ! runn+ ( int]nal ma*9es & sev]al o!r details ( less importance ?an ^? m5tion$1 b ( deep consequ5ce 9 ! aggregate4 ,in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ on ?ick walls spread ov] a consid]able area ( gr\nd1 ! sky-scrap]s are c>ri$ :olly on /eel columns4 ,?is conc5trates _m hundr$ tons ( load & develops pressure :i* w\ld cru% ! masonry & cause ! /ructures to p5etrate s(t e>? almo/ z a /one s9ks 9 wat]4 ,9 ! fir/ place ! weight ( ! propos$ build+ & cont5ts is e/imat$1 !n ! "* ( ! soil det]m9$ to a dep? ( "o hundr$ feet if necess>y4 ,9 ,new ,york ! soil is trea*]\s & difficult1 !re are und]gr\nd riv]s 9 places & l>ge deposits ( s& s t to get d[n to rock bottom or pan is (t5 a v h>d und]tak+4 ,g5]ally speak+ ! excavations are made to ab\t a dep? ( ?irty feet4 ,a lay] ( concrete a foot or two ?ick is spread ov] ! bottom ( ! pit & on x are b$d$ r[s ( /eel beams set close toge!r4 ,across ! middle ( ^! beams deep /eel gird]s are plac$ on :i* ! columns are erect$4 ,! heavy weight is ?us spread out by ! beams1 gird]s & concrete s z to cause a r$uc$ uni=m pressure on ! soil4 ,cem5t is fill$ 9 betwe5 ! beams & gird]s & pack$ ar\nd !m to seal !m ?or\ghly aga9/ moi/ure2 !n clean e>? or s& is ramm$ 9 up to ! column bases & cov]$ ) ! concrete ( ! cell> floor4 ,9 "s cases ! f\ndation loads are s num]\s t no?+ %ort ( masonry pi]s on solid rock w safely su/a9 !m4 ,to accompli% ?is v /rong airtight /eel or wood5 boxes ) flat tops & no bottoms are set on ! pi] sites at gr\nd wat] level & pump$ full ( compress$ air :ile m5 ent] !m & excavat+ ! soil1 und]m9e !m1 s !y s9k1 until !y l& on ! rock & are fill$ solid ) concrete to =m ! bases ( ! f\ndation pi]s4 ,on ! av]age ! =mation %\ld h a resi/+ p[] ( two tons to ! squ>e foot1 dead load4 ,by dead load is meant ! weight ( ! /eelwork1 floors & walls1 z di/+ui%$ f ! (fice furniture & occupants :i* come "u ! head ( liv+ load4 ,"s eng9e]s take into consid]ation ! pressure ( bo? dead & live loads gaug+ ! /r5g? ( ! f\ndation1 b ! dead load pressure ( #b tons to ! squ>e foot w d = ! reckon+1 = z a live load only ex]ts a pressure ( #fj lbs4 to ! squ>e foot x may be includ$ 9 ! =m]4 ,! columns c>ry ! entire weights includ+ dead & live loads & ! w9d pressure1 into ! foot+s1 ^! aga9 di/ribut+ ! loads on ! soil4 ,! aim is to h an equal pressure p] squ>e foot ( soil at ! same "t1 = all foot+s1 ?us insur+ an ev5 settlem5t4 ,! skeleton con/ruction n[ almo/ :olly consi/s ( wr\ght /eel4 ,at fir/ ca/-iron & wr\ght-iron 7 us$ b x 0 f\nd !y corrod$ too quickly4 ,!re are two classes ( /eel con/ruction1 ! cage & ! skeleton4 ,9 ! cage con/ruction ! frame is /r5g!n$ = w9d /resses & ! walls act z curta9s4 ,9 ! skeleton1 ! frame c>ries only ! v]tical loads & dep5ds ^u ! walls = its w9d brac+4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! w9d pressure is ab\t #cj lbs4 = e squ>e foot ( expos$ surface4 ,! /eel columns rea* f ! f\ndation to ! top1 rivet$ toge!r by plates & may be ext5d$ to an indef9ite height4 ,9 fact !re is no eng9e]+ limit to ! height4 ,! outside walls ( ! sky-scrap] v>y 9 ?ickness ) ! height ( ! build+ & also v>y 9 accordance ) ! p>ticul> k9d ( con/ruction1 :e!r cage or skeleton4 ,if ( ! cage v>iety1 ! walls1 z has be5 said1 act z curta9s & consequ5tly !y are ?9n] ?an 9 ! skeleton type ( con/ruction4 ,9 ! latt] case ! walls h to resi/ ! w9d pressure unsupport$ by ! /eel frame & !re=e !y mu/ be ( a suffici5t wid?4 ,brick & t]ra-cotta blocks are us$ = con/ruction g5]ally4 ,t]ra-cotta blocks are also mu* us$ 9 ! floor+1 & = ?is purpose h sev]al advantages ov] o!r mat]ials2 !y are absolutely fire-pro(1 !y weigh less p] cubic foot ?an any o!r k9d ( fire-pro( floor+ & !y are almo/ s\nd-pro(4 ,!y d equally well = flat & ar*$ floors4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance t ! sky-scrap] be absolutely fire-pro( f bottom to top4 ,^! great buzz+ hives ( indu/ry h\se at "o "t sev]al ?\s& human be+s & a panic w\ld entail a fe>ful calamity1 &1 moreov]1 _! height places ! upp] /ories beyond rea* ( a wat]-t[] & ! pump+ eng9es ( ! /reet4 ,! sky-scrap]s ( to-day are z firepro( z human +5uity & skill c make !m1 & ?is is say+ mu*2 9 fact1 x means t !y _c burn4 ,( c\rse fires c break out 9 rooms & ap>tm5ts 9 ! manufactur+ ( *emicals or te/+ exp]im5ts1 etc41 b ^! are easily conf9$ to n>r[ limits & readily ext+ui%$ ) ! app>atus at h&4 ,/eel columns w n burn1 b if expos$ to heat ( suffici5t degree !y w w>p & b5d & probably collapse1 !re=e !y %\ld be protect$ by heat resi/+ ag5ts4 ,no?+ c be bett] ?an t]ra-cotta & concrete = ?is purpose4 ,:5 t]ra-cotta blocks are us$ !y %\ld be at lea/ #b in*es ?ick ) an air space runn+ ?r\gh !m4 ,columns are also fire-pro($ by wrapp+ exp&$ metal or o!r metal la?+ ar\nd !m & pla/]+4 ,!n a furr+ sy/em is put on & ano!r lay] ( metal1 la?+ & pla/]+4 ,?is if well done is probably saf] ?an ! lay] ( holl[ tile4 ,! floor beams %\ld be entirely cov]$ ) t]ra-cotta blocks or concrete1 s t no "p ( !m is left expos$4 ,z mo/ (fice trimm+s are ( wood c>e %\ld be tak5 t all electric wires are well insulat$4 ,faulty in/allation ( dynamos1 motors & o!r app>atus is frequ5tly ! cause ( (fice fires4 ,! light+ ( a sky-scrap] is a mo/ elaborate arrangem5t4 ,"s ( !m use z _m lights z w\ld well supply a good siz$ t[n4 ,! ,s+] ,build+ 9 ,new ,york has #ae1jjj inc&esc5t lamps & x is safe to say ! ,metropolitan ,life ,insurance ,build+ has m ?an twice ?is numb] z ! floor area ( ! latt] is #b-a_/b times z great4 ,! eng9es & dynamos are 9 ! basem5t & s fix$ t _! vibrations d n affect ! build+4 ,z space is always limit$ 9 ! basem5ts ( sky-scrap]s direct connect$ eng9es & dynamos are g5]ally in/all$ in/ead ( belt connect$ & ! boil]s op]at$ "u a high /eam pressure4 ,besides deliv]+ /eam to ! eng9es ! boil]s also supply x to a v>iety ( auxili>y pumps1 z boil]-fe$1 fire-pump1 bl[-(f1 tank-pump & pump = =c+ wat] ?r\gh ! build+4 ,! heat+ arrangem5t ( su* a va/ area z is cov]$ by ! floor space ( a sky-scrap] has be5 a v difficult problem b x has be5 solv$ s t ! occupant ( ! tw5tie? /ory c receive an equal degree ( heat ) ! "o on ! gr\nd floor4 ,bo? hot wat] & /eam are utiliz$4 ,hot wat] heat+1 h[ev]1 is pref]able to /eam1 z x gives a mu* /eadi] heat4 ,! radiators arc proportion$ to give an av]age temp]ature ( #fe degrees ,f4 9 ea* room dur+ ! w9t] mon?s4 ,!re are automatic regulat+ devices atta*$ to ! radiators1 s if ! temp]ature rises above or falls bel[ a c]ta9 po9t ! /eam or hot wat] is automatically turn$ on or (f4 ,"s build+s are heat$ by ! exhau/ /eam f ! eng9es b mo/ h boil]s solely = ! purpose4 ,! sanit>y sy/em is ano!r important feature4 ,! supply+ ( wat] = wa%-/&s1 ! dispositions ( wa/es & ! flu%+ ( lavatories tax all ! skill ( ! me*anical eng9e]4 ,sev]al ( ^! mighty build+s call = upw>ds ( a ?\s& lavatories4 ,9 consid]+ ! sky-scrap] we %\ld n =get ! role play$ by ! electric elevator4 ,)\t x ^! build+s w\ld be practically useless1 z f> z ! upp] /ories are conc]n$4 ,! labor ( /air climb+ w\ld leave !m unt5ant$4 ,no "o w\ld be will+ to climb t51 tw5ty or ?irty flights & tackle a day's "w aft] ! ex]tion ( do+ s4 ,to climb to ! fiftie? /ory 9 su* a mann] w\ld be well-nigh impossible or only possible by relays1 & aft] "o w\ld arrive at ! top he w\ld be s physically exhau/$ t bo? m5tal & manual endeavor w\ld be out ( ! "q4 ,!re=e ! elevator is z necess>y to ! skyscrap] z are doors & w9d[s4 ,inde$ 7 x n = ! introduction ( ! elevator ! bus9ess sections ( our l>ge cities w\ld /ill consi/ ( ! five & six /ory /ructures ( our fa!r's "t in/ead ( ! t[]+ edifices :i* n[ lift _! heads among ! cl\ds4 ,reg>d$ less ?an half a c5tury ago z an unnecess>y luxury ! elevator to-day is an imp]ative necessity4 ,sky-scrap]s are equipp$ ) bo? express & local elevators4 ,! express elevators d n /op until ab\t ! t5? floor is rea*$4 ,!y run at a spe$ ( ab\t t5 feet p] second4 ,!re are two types ( elevators 9 g5]al use1 "o lift+ ! c> by cables f ! top1 & ! o!r ) a hydraulic plung] act+ directly ^u ! bottom ( ! c>4 ,! =m] are op]at$ ei!r by electric motors or hydraulic cyl9d]s & ! latt] by hydraulic rams1 ! cyl9d]s ext5d+ ! full height ( ! build+ into ! gr\nd4 ,am]ica is pre-em95tly ! l& ( ! sky-scrap]1 b ,engl& & ,france to a degree are foll[+ along ! same l9es1 ?\gh no?+ z yet has be5 erect$ on ! o!r side ( ! wat] to equal ! t[]+ triumphs ( ar*itectural art on ?is side4 ,9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w is space at su* a premium z 9 ,new ,york ,city1 !re=e1 ,new ,york p] se may be reg>d$ z ! true home ( ! tall build+1 al?\gh ,*icago is n v mu* beh9d ! ,metropolis 9 ?is respect4 ,z figures are m eloqu5t ?an words 9 description ! foll[+ data ( ! two giant /ructures ( ! ,we/]n ,_w may be int]e/+4 ,! ,s+] ,build+ at ! corn] ( ,broadway & ,lib]ty ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city1 has a total height f ! basem5t floor to ! top ( ! flag/aff ( #gdb feet2 ! height f /reet to ro( is #fab feet1 #a in*4 ,!re are #da /ories4 ,! weight ( ! /eel 9 ! entire build+ is #i1bjj tons4 ,x has #af elevators1 #e /eam eng9es1 #e dynamos1 #e boil]s & #bh /eam pumps4 ,! l5g? ( ! /eam & wat] pip+ is #e miles4 ,! cubical cont5ts ( ! build+ comprise #ff1iej1jjj cubic feet1 !re are #daa1jjj squ>e feet ( floor area or ab\t #i-a_/b acres4 ,! weight ( ! t[] is #ah1cjj tons4 ,little dang] f a collapse w be appreh5d$ :5 x is le>n$ t ! columns are securely bolt$ & caissons :i* h be5 sunk to rock-b$ #hj feet bel[ ! curb4 ,! o!r campanile :i* has excit$ ! wond] & admiration ( ! _w is ! colossal pile kn[n z ! ,metropolitan ,build+4 ,?is occupies ! entire squ>e or block z we call x f #bcrd ,/4 to #bd? ,/4 & f ,madison to ,f\r? ,av5ue4 ,x is #gjj feet & #c in*es above ! sidewalk & has #ej /ories4 ,! ma9 build+ :i* has a frontage ( #bjj feet by #dbe feet is t5 /ories 9 height4 ,x is built 9 ! e>ly ,italian r5aissance /yle ! mat]ials be+ /eel & m>ble4 ,! ,campanile is c>ri$ up 9 ! same /yle & is also ( m>ble4 ,x /&s on a base measur+ #ge by #hc feet & ! ar*itectural treatm5t is *a/e1 ?\gh sev]e1 b em95tly agreeable to ! /up5d\s proportions ( ! /ructure4 ,! t[] is q diff]5t f t ( ! ,s+] ,build+4 ,x has twelve wall & eight int]ior columns connect$ at e f\r? floor by diagonal braces2 ^! columns c>ry #a1hjj p\nds to ! l9e> foot4 ,! w9d pressure calculat$ at ! rate ( #cj lbs4 to ! squ>e foot is enorm\s & is provid$ = by deep wall gird]s & knee braces :i* transf] ! /ra9 to ! columns & to ! f\ndation4 ,! av]age cross section ( ! t[] is #ge by #he feet1 ! floor space ( ! entire build+ is #a1jhj1jjj squ>e feet or ab\t #be acres4 ,! t[] ( ?is surpass+ cl\d-pi]c+ /ructure c be se5 = _m miles f ! surr\nd+ c\ntry & f ! bay x looks l a giant s5t9el 9 :ite wat*+ ! mighty city at its feet & proclaim+ ! ceaseless activity & progress ( ! ,we/]n ,_w4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,ocean ,,palaces ,ocean ,greyh\nds--,pres5t ,day ,float+ ,palaces--,regal ,appo9tm5ts--,pass5g] ,accommodation--,food ,consumption--,! ,"o ,?\s& ,foot ,boat4 ,! /rides ( naval ar*itecture & m>9e eng9e]+ h be5 m>vel\s )9 ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,to-day huge levia?ans glide ov] ! waves ) a swiftness & safety deem$ absolutely impossible fifty ye>s ago4 ,9 view ( ! luxuri\s accommodations & pr9cely surr\nd+s to be f\nd on ! mod]n ocean palaces1 x is int]e/+ to look back n[ almo/ a hundr$ ye>s to ! "t :5 ! ,savannah 0 ! fir/ /eam%ip to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,true ! voyage ( ?is pione] ( /eam f ,savannah to ,liv]pool 0 n mu* ( a success1 b %e manag$ to crawl across ! sails v mat]ially aid+ ! eng9es1 & h]ald$ ! dawn ( a new day 9 transatlantic travel4 ,no o!r /eamboat attempt$ ! trip = almo/ tw5ty ye>s aft]1 until 9 #ahch ! ,great ,we/]n made ! run 9 fifte5 days4 ,?is revolutioniz$ wat] travel & set ! :ole _w talk+4 ,x 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! pass+ ( ! sail+ %ip & 0 an ev5t = rejoic+4 ,9 ! old wood5 hulks ) _! lazily flapp+ w+s1 wait+ = a breeze to /ir !m1 m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 huddl$ toge!r l s _m animals 9 a p51 _h to sp5d weeks & mon?s on ! voyage betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,!re 0 little or no room = sanitation1 ! space 0 cr[d$1 deadly g]ms lurk$ 9 e cranny & crevice1 & consequ5tly hundr$s di$4 ,to _m inde$ ! sail+ %ip became a float+ he>se4 ,9 ^? times1 & !y are n s remote1 a voyage 0 dread$ z a calamity4 ,only necessity compell$ ! und]tak+4 ,x 0 n travel = pleasure1 = pleasure "u su* circum/ances & amid su* surr\nd+s 0 impossible4 ,! poor emigrants :o 7 compell$ ?r\gh /ress & pov]ty to leave _! homes = a =eign c\ntry fe>$ n toil 9 a new l&1 b !y fe>$ ! long voyage ) its att5d+ horrors & dang]s4 ,dang]\s x 01 = mo/ ( ! sail+ vessels 7 unseawor?y & :5 a /orm swept ! wat]s1 !y 7 z *ildr5's toys1 at ! m]cy ( w9d & wave4 ,:5 ! pass5g] /epp$ on bo>d he always _h ! dread ( a wat]y grave be=e him4 ,h[ diff]5t to-day4 ,dang] has be5 elim9at$ almo/ to ! vani%+ po9t & ! mighty mon/]s ( /eel & oak n[ cut ?r\gh ! waves 9 /orms & hurricanes ) z mu* ease z a duck swims ?r\gh a pond4 ,f ! "t ! ,great ,we/]n 0 laun*$1 /eam%ips sail+ betwe5 ,am]ican & ,engli% ports became an e/abli%$ in/itution4 ,soon aft] ! ,great ,we/]n's fir/ voyage a /urdy ,new ,engl& ,quak] f ,nova ,scotia nam$ ,samuel ,cun>d w5t ov] to ,london to try & int]e/ ! ,briti% gov]nm5t 9 a plan to e/abli% a l9e ( /eam%ips betwe5 ! two c\ntries4 ,he succe$$ 9 rais+ #bgj1jjj p\nds1 & built ! ,britannia1 ! fir/ ,cun>d vessel to cross ! ,atlantic4 ,?is 0 9 #ahdj4 ,z %ips g n[ %e 0 a small craft inde$4 ,h] gross tonnage 0 #a1aed & h] horse p[] #gej4 ,%e c>ri$ only fir/-class pass5g]s & ^! only to ! limit ( "o hundr$4 ,!re 0 n mu* 9 ! way ( accommodation z ! qu>t]s 7 cramp$1 ! /at]ooms small & ! sanitation & v5tilation defective4 ,x 0 on ! ,britannia t ,*>les ,dick5s cross$ ov] to ,am]ica 9 #ahdb & he has giv5 u 9 8 usual /yle a p5 picture ( 8 impressions abo>d4 ,he /at$ t ! saloon rem9d$ him ( no?+ s mu* z ( a he>se1 9 :i* a numb] ( half-/>v$ /ew>ds attempt$ to w>m !mselves by a glimm]+ /ove1 & t ! /at]ooms s-call$ 7 boxes 9 :i* ! bunks 7 %elves spread ) pat*es ( fil?y b$-clo?+1 some:at aft] ! /yle ( a mu/>d pla/]4 ,?is criticism mu/ be tak5 ) a little res]vation4 ,dick5s 0 a pessimi/ & always c5sori\s & z he _h be5 fet$ & fea/$ ) ! fat ( ! l&1 he expect$ t he %\ld h be5 ent]ta9$ 9 k+ly qu>t]s on %ipbo>d4 ,b because ?+s did n come up to 8 expectations he dipp$ 8 p5 9 vitriol & began to criticise4 ,at any rate ! ,britannia 9 h] day 0 look$ ^u z ! ne plus ultra 9 naval ar*itecture1 ! v acme ( m>9e eng9e]+4 ,! highe/ spe$ %e develop$ 0 eight & "o-half knots or ab\t n9e & ?ree-qu>t]s miles an h\r4 ,%e cov]$ ! passage f ,liv]pool to ,bo/on 9 f\rte5 & "o-half days1 :i* 0 !n reg>d$ z a m>vell\s feat & "o :i* 0 proclaim$ ?r\gh\t ,engl& ) triumph4 ,= a long "t ! ,britannia rema9$ ,que5 ( ! ,seas = spe$1 b 9 #aheb ! ,atlantic record 0 r$uc$ to n9e & a half days by ! ,arctic4 ,9 #ahgf ! ,city ( ,p>is cut d[n ! "t to eight days & f\r h\rs4 ,twelve ye>s lat] 9 #ahgi ! ,arizona /ill fur!r r$uc$ x to sev5 days & eight h\rs4 ,9 #ahha ! ,alaska1 ! fir/ vessel to receive ! title ( ,ocean ,greyh\nd1 made ! trip 9 six days & tw5ty-"o h\rs2 9 #ahhe ! ,umbria b\nd$ ov] 9 six days & two h\rs1 9 #ahij ! ,teutonic ( ! ,:ite ,/> l9e came across 9 five days1 eighte5 h\rs & tw5ty-eight m9utes1 :i* 0 consid]$ ! limit = _m ye>s to come4 ,x 0 n long h[ev]1 until ! ,cun>d l[]$ ! colors ( ! ,:ite ,/>1 :5 ! ,lucania 9 #ahic br\ght ! record d[n to five days & twelve h\rs4 ,= a doz5 ye>s or s ! limit ( spe$ hov]$ r\nd ! five-&-a-half day m>k1 ! laurels be+ %>$ alt]nately by ! vessels ( ! ,cun>d & ,:ite ,/> ,companies4 ,!n ! ,g]mans ent]$ ! field ( competition ) /eam]s ( f #ad1ejj to #bj1jjj tons regi/] & f #bh1jjj to #dj1jjj horse p[]4 ,! ,deuts*l& soon began sett+ ! pace = ! ocean greyh\nds1 :ile o!r vessels ( ! ,nor? ,g]man ,lloyd l9e t won transatlantic honors 7 ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,,ii41 ,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse1 ,kronpr9z ,wilhelm & ,kronpr9zess9 ,cecilie1 all rem>kably fa/ boats ) e mod]n luxury abo>d t sci5ce c\ld devise4 ,^! vessels are equipp$ ) wireless telegraphy1 subm>9e signall+ sy/ems1 wat]-tight comp>tm5ts & e o!r safety appliance kn[n to m>9e skill4 ,! ,kais] ,wilhelm d] ,grosse rais$ ! /&>d ( ,g]man supremacy 9 #aijb by mak+ ! passage f ,*]b\rg to ,s&y ,hook light%ip 9 five days & fifte5 h\rs4 ,9 #aiji1 h[ev]1 ! si/] /eam%ips ,mauretania & ,lusitania ( ! ,cun>d l9e l[]$ all previ\s ocean records1 by mak+ ! trip 9 a little ov] f\r & a half days4 ,!y h be5 keep+ up ?is spe$ to ! pres5t "t1 & are univ]sally reg>d$ z ! fa/e/ & be/ equipp$ /eam%ips 9 ! _w1--! v la/ ^w 9 ocean travel4 ,on h] la/ mid-,septemb] voyage ! ,mauretania has brok5 all ocean records by mak+ ! passage f ,que5/[n to ,new ,york 9 #d days #aj h\rs & #dg m9utes4 ,b !y are closely pursu$ by ! ,:ite ,/> greyh\nds su* z ! ,oceanic1 ! ,celtic & ! ,c$ric1 /eam%ips ( _w wide fame = s]vice1 appo9tm5ts1 & equipm5t4 ,yet at ! pres5t writ+ ! ,cun>d ,company has ano!r vessel on ! /ocks1 to be nam$ ! ,falconia :i* 9 measurem5ts w eclipse ! o!r two & :i* !y are confid5t w make ! ,atlantic trip inside f\r days4 ,! ,:ite ,/> ,company is also build+ two imm5se boats to be nam$ ! ,olympic & ,titanic4 ,!y w be #hdj feet 9 l5g? & w be ! l>ge/ %ips afloat4 ,h[ev]1 x is said t freight & pass5g]-room is be+ m consid]$ 9 ! con/ruction ?an spe$ & t !y w aim to l[] no records4 ,ea* w be able to accommodate #e1jjj pass5g]s besides a crew ( #fjj4 ,all ! great l9]s ( ! pres5t day may ju/ly be /yl$ ocean palaces1 z f> z luxuries & g5]al appo9tm5ts are conc]n$1 b z ! ,mauretania & ,lusitania are be/ kn[n1 a description ( ei!r ( ^! w convey an idea to /ay-at-homes ( ! regal magnific5ce & spl5dors ( ! float+ hotels :i* mod]n sci5ce places at ! disposal ( ! travel+ public4 ,?\gh si/] %ips & model$ on simil> l9es1 ! ,mauretania & ,lusitania diff] some:at 9 con/ruction4 ,( ! two ! ,mauretania is ! m typical %ip z well z ! m popul>4 ,?is mod]n triumph ( ! naval ar*itect & m>9e eng9e] 0 built by ! firm ( ,swan1 ,hunt] ,co4 at ,wells5d on ! ,tyne 9 #aijg4 ,! foll[+ are h] dim5sions3 ,l5g? ov] all #gij feet4 ,l5g? betwe5 p]p5dicul>s #gfj feet4 ,bread? #hh feet4 ,dep?1 m\ld$ #fj4e feet4 ,gross tonnage #cb1jjj4 ,draught #cc4e feet4 ,displacem5t #ch1jjj tons4 ,%e has accommodation space = #efc fir/ cab91 #ejj second cab91 & #a1cjj ?ird class pass5g]s4 ,%e c>ries a crew ( #cij eng9e]s1 #gj sailors1 #cej /ew>ds1 a c\ple ( score ( /ew>desses1 #ej cooks1 ! (fic]s & capta91 besides a m>itime b&1 a doz5 or s telephone & wireless telegraph op]ators1 editor & pr9t]s = ! wireless bullet9 publi%$ on bo>d & two att5dants = ! elevator4 ,! type ( eng9e is :at is kn[n z ! ,p>sons ,turb9e4 ,!re are #bc d\ble end$ & #b s+le end$ boil]s4 ,! eng9es develop #fh1jjj horse p[]2 !y are f$ by #aib furnaces2 ! heat+ surface is #aei1jjj squ>e feet2 ! grate surface is #d1jfj squ>e feet2 ! /eam pressure is #aie lbs4 to ! squ>e in*4 ,! highe/ spe$ atta9$ has be5 almo/ #bf knots or #cj miles an h\r4 ,at ?is rate ! numb] ( revolutions is #ahj to ! m9ute4 ,! coal daily consum$ by ! fi]y maw ( ! furnaces is enorm\s4 ,on "o trip betwe5 ,liv]pool & ,new ,york m ?an #g1jjj tons is requir$ :i* is a consumption ( ov] #a1ejj tons daily4 ,!re are n9e decks1 sev5 ( :i* are above ! wat] l9e4 ,cortic9e has be5 l>gely us$ = deck cov]+1 in/ead ( wood z x is mu* light]4 ,on ! boat deck :i* ext5ds ov] ! great] "p ( ! c5tre ( ! %ip are locat$ sev]al ( ! beautiful en suite cab9s4 ,abaft ^! at ! =w>d end are ! gr& ,entrance ,hall1 ! ,libr>y1 ! ,music-,room & ! ,l\ng+-,room & ,smok+-,room = ! fir/ cab9 pass5g]s4 ,!re is spl5did prom5ad+ space on ! boat deck :]e pass5g]s c ex]cise to _! he>ts' cont5t & also indulge 9 games & sports ) all ! fre$om ( field life4 ,_m life boats sw+ on davits & in/ead ( be+ a h9drance or ob/acle1 act z %ades f ! sun%9e & z breaks f ! w9d4 ,9 ! space = fir/-class pass5g]s are arrang$ a l>ge numb] ( cab9s4 ,:at are kn[n z ! regal suites are on bo? port & />bo>d1 & along ea* side ( ! ma9 deck are m en suite rooms4 ,on ! %elt] deck !re are no fir/-class cab9 qu>t]s4 ,at ! =w>d end ( ?is deck are ! v p[]ful ,napi] eng9es = work+ ! an*or ge>4 ,abaft ?is on ! />bo>d side is ! g5]al l\ng+ room = ?ird-class pass5g]s1 :ile on ! port-side is _! smok+ room ) a companion way lead+ to ! ?ird-class d9+ saloon bel[ & to ! ?ird-class cab9s on ! ma9 & l[] decks4 ,! ?ird-class galleys are accommodat$ on ! ma9 deck h\se & close by is a set ( ! refrig]at+ ma*9]y us$ 9 connection ) ! rooms = ! /orage ( supplies = ! kit*5 dep>tm5t4 ,! side ( ! %ip = a consid]able di/ance aft ( ?is is plat$ up to ! prom5ade deck level s t ! ?ird-class pass5g]s h n only conv5i5t rooms b a protect$ prom5ade4 ,abaft ?is prom5ade is ano!r op5 "o4 ,inde$ ! accommodations = ! ?ird class are z good z :at ! fir/-class 7 accu/om$ to on mo/ ( ! l9]s "s doz5 ye>s ago4 ,to ! left ( ! gr& /aircase on ! deck h\se is a *ildr5's d9+ saloon & nurs]y4 ,on ! top deck are d9+ saloons = all ?ree classes ( pass5g]s1 t = ! ?ird be+ =w>d1 = ! fir/ amid%ips & = ! second ne> ! /]n2 #dgj fir/-class pass5g]s c be seat$ at a "t1 #bej second class & m ?an #ejj ( ! ?ird class4 ,! ma9 deck is giv5 up entirely to /at]ooms4 ,! :ole ( ! l[] deck =w>d is also arrang$ = ?ird-class /at]ooms4 ,! firem5 & o!r eng9e room & /okehold work]s are locat$ 9 rooms above ! ma*9]y ) sep>ate entrances & exits to & f _! "w4 ,prom5ade & ex]cise space is provid$ = !m on ! %elt] deck :i* is f5c$ (f f ! space ( ! second & ?ird class pass5g]4 ,amid%ips is a coal bunk] ) a comp>tm5t "u ! eng9es = ! /orage ( supplies4 ,! coal trimm]s are accommodat$ alongside ! eng9e cas+ & abaft ?is are ! mailrooms ) accommodation = ! /ew>ds & o!r help]s4 ,! orlop or eigh? deck is devot$ entirely to ma*9]y ) coal bunk]s on ea* side ( ! boil]s to provide aga9/ ! effect ( collisions4 ,! g5]al s*eme ( color ?r\gh\t ! %ip is pleas+ & h>moni\s4 ,! wood = ! mo/ "p is oak & mahogany4 ,!re are ov] #ej1jjj squ>e feet ( oak 9 p>quet floor+4 ,all ! c>v+ & trac+ is done 9 ! wood1 no sup]positions or /ucco "w :atev] be+ us$ to %[ reliefs4 ,! gr& /airway %[s ! ,italian r5aissance /yle ( ! #af? c5tury2 ! panels are ( ,fr5* walnut2 ! c>v+ ( columns & pila/]s is ( v>i\s designs b ! aggregate is pleas+ 9 effect4 ,! ,libr>y ext5ds across ! deck h\se1 #cc by #ef feet2 ! walls ( ! deck h\se are b[$ out to =m bay w9d[s4 ,:5 y fir/ ent] ! ,libr>y ! effect is z ?\gh y 7 look+ at %imm]+ m>ble1 ?is is ow+ to ! lightness ( ! panels :i* are sycamore /a9$ 9 light gray4 ,! mantelpiece is ( :ite /atu>y m>ble4 ,! great sw+ doors :i* admit y1 h bevell$ glass panels set 9 bronze cas+s4 ,! *airs h mahogany frames done 9 light plu%4 ,! fir/ class l\ng+ room is probably ! mo/ arti/ic z well z ! mo/ sumptu\s ap>tm5t 9 ! %ip4 ,! panels are ( beautiful +ra9$ mahogany dully poli%$ a ri* br[n4 ,! :ite ceil+ is ( simple design ) boldly c>v$ m\ld+s & is support$ by columns emboss$ 9 gold ( exquisite workman%ip4 ,"s ( ! panels are ( curi\sly wov5 tape/ries1 ! fruit ( ori5tal looms4 ,*&eli]s ( beautiful design 9 ri* bronze & cry/al dep5d f ! ceil+4 ,! curta9s1 hang+ ) _! s(t folds aga9/ ! dull gold ( ! c>v$ curta9boxes1 are ( a *>m+ cream silk & ) _! fl[] bord]s l5d a tone bo? sumptu\s & ref9$4 ,! c>pet is ( a sl5d] trellis design ) blui% p9k roses trail+ ov] a pe>l grey gr\nd & =ms a p]fect foil to ! spl5did furniture4 ,! *airs are ( poli%$ bee* cov]$ ) #ah? c5tury brocade4 ,! smok+-room ( ! fir/-class is done 9 ri* oak c>v+ ) an inlaid bord] ar\nd ! panels4 ,an unusual feature 9 ! ma9 "p ( ! room is a jube passageway ext5d+ ! :ole l5g? & divid$ into recesses ) divans & c>d tables4 ,writ+ tables may be f\nd 9 seclud$ nooks free f int]ruption4 ,! w9d[s ( unusual size1 are semicircul> & give a home-l appe>ance to ! room4 ,! d9+ saloon is 9 light oak ) all c>v+s work$ 9 ! wood4 ,a *ildr5's nurs]y (f ! ma9 /airway 9 ! deck h\se is done 9 mahogany4 ,enamel$ :ite panels depict ! old favorite ( ! ,f\r & ,tw5ty ,blackbirds bak$ 9 a ,pie4 ,an air ( delicate ref9em5t & ri* luxury hangs ab\t ! regal rooms4 ,a suite consi/s ( draw+-room1 d9+-room1 two b$rooms1 ba?room & a private corridor4 ,! draw+- & d9+-rooms ( ^! suites are panel$ 9 ,ea/ ,india sat9-wood1 probably ! h>de/ & mo/ durable ( all timb]4 ,! b$rooms are 9 ,georgian /yle f9i%$ 9 :ite ) sat9 hang+s4 ,! special /at]ooms are also f9i%$ 9 ri* woods on :ite & gold & h damask & silk hang+s & drap]ies4 ,an idea ( ! ri*ness & magnific5ce ( ! int]ior decorations may be obta9$ :5 x is le>n$ t ! co/ ( ^! decorations exce$$ ?ree million doll>s4 ,! galleys1 pantries1 bak]y1 confection]y & ut5sil clean+ rooms ext5d ! full l5g? ( ! %ip4 ,electricity plays an important "p 9 ! cul9>y dep>tm5t4 ,electric motors mix d\gh1 run grills & roa/]s1 clean knives & manipulate plate racks & o!r articles ( ! kit*54 ,! ma9 cook+ range = ! saloon is #bd by #h feet1 heat$ by coal4 ,!re are f\r /eam boil]s & #ab /eam ov5s4 ,!re are ext5sive cold /orage comp>tm5ts & refrig]at+ *amb]s4 ,9 connection ) ! commiss>iat dep>tm5t x is int]e/+ to note ! food supply c>ri$ = a trip ( ?is float+ c>avans>y4 ,"h is a li/ ( ! lead+ supplies ne$$ = a trip1 b !re are hundr$s ( o!rs too num]\s to m5tion3 ,=ty ?\s& p\nds ( fre% beef1 #a1jjj lbs4 ( corn$ beef1 #h1jjj lbs4 ( mutton1 #hjj lbs4 ( lamb1 #fjj lbs4 ( veal1 #ejj lbs4 ( pork1 #d1jjj lbs4 ( fi%1 #b1jjj f[ls1 #ajj geese1 #aej turkeys1 #cej ducks1 #djj pigeons1 #bej p>tridges1 #bej gr\se1 #bjj pheasants1 #hjj quail1 #bjj snipe1 #ce tons ( potatoes1 #ge hamp]s ( vegetables1 #ejj qu>ts ice ream1 #c1ejj qu>ts ( milk1 #cj1jjj eggs & 9 addition _m ?\s& bottles ( m9]al wat] & spiritu\s liquors4 ,! heal? ( ! pass5g]s is c>efully gu>d$ dur+ ! voyage4 ,! sci5ce ( !rmodynamics has be5 br\ght to z great p]fection z possible4 ,n alone is ! heat+ ?or\ghly up to mod]n sci5ce requirem5ts b ! v5tilation z well1 by means ( !rmo tanks1 suction valves & exhau/ fans4 ,all f\l air is expell$ & fre% curr5ts s5t ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! %ip4 ,!re is an electric g5]at+ /ation abaft ! ma9 eng9e room conta9+ f\r turbo-g5]ators ea* ( #cge kil[atts capacity4 ,!re are m ?an #e1jjj electric lights & e room is connect$ by an electric pu%-bell4 ,!re is a telephone ex*ange ?r\gh :i* "o c be connect$ ) any dep>tm5t ( ! vessel4 ,:5 9 h>bor1 ei!r at ,liv]pool or ,new ,york1 ! wires are connect$ to ! ,city ,c5tral ex*ange s t ! %ips c be communicat$ ) ei!r by local or long di/ance telephone4 ,by means ( wireless telegraphy voyag]s c communicate ) fri5ds dur+ almo/ ! entire trip & le>n ! news ( ! _w ! same z if !y 7 on l&4 ,a bullet9 is publi%$ daily on bo>d giv+ news ( ! lead+ happ5+s ( ! _w4 ,!re is a p]fect fire al>m sy/em on bo>d ) fire ma9s on ea* side ( ! %ip f :i* connections are tak5 to e sep>ate dep>tm5t4 ,!re are boxes ) hydrant & valve 9 ea* room & a sy/em ( break glass fire al>ms ) a drop indicator box 9 ! *>troom & also "o 9 ! eng9e-room to notify 9 case ( any outbreak4 ,! sanitation is all t c\ld be desir$4 ,!re are flu% lavatories on all decks 9 m>ble & onyx & ) all ! sanit>y contrivances 9 app>atus ( ! be/ design4 ,! vessel is propell$ by f\r screws1 rotat$ by turb9e eng9es & ! p[] develop$ is equal to t ( #fh1jjj horses4 ,n[ #fh1jjj horses plac$ head to tail 9 a s+le l9e w\ld rea* a di/ance ( #ij miles or z f> z f ,new ,york to ,philadelphia2 & if ! /e$s 7 h>ness$ tw5ty abrea/ !re w\ld be no few] ?an #c1djj r[s ( p[]ful horses4 ,su* is ! /eam%ip ( to-day b !re is no d\bt t ! ?\s& foot boat is com+1 :i* probably w cross ! ,atlantic ocean 9 less ?an f\r days if n 9 ?ree4 ,b ! "q is1 :]e %all we put h]1 t is1 :]e %all we dock h]8 ,to build a ?\s& foot pi] to accommodate h]1 appe>s l a good answ] to ?is "q1 b ! great difficulty is t !re are ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t regulations re/rict+ ! l5g? ( pi]s to #hjj feet4 ,dock+ space along ! %ore ( ,new ,york h>bor is too valuable to p]mit ! %ip be+ b]!d p>allel to ! %ore1 !re=e vessels mu/ dock at "r angles to ! %ore4 ,"s provisions mu/ soon be made & ! regulations z to dock l5g?s revis$4 ,! ?\s& foot] may be "h 9 a c\ple ( ye>s or s4 ,9 ! meantime ! two #hdj foot]s are already on ! /ocks at ,belfa/ & are expect$ to arrive e>ly 9 #aiaa4 ,be=e !y come *anges & improvem5ts mu/ be made 9 ! dock+ & h>bor facilities ( ! port ( ,new ,york4 ,if high] spe$ is dem&$1 increas$ size is ess5tial1 s9ce ) ev5 ! be/ result e #ajj horse-p[] add$ involves an addition to ma*9]y weight ( approximately #ad tons & to ! area occupi$ ( ab\t #dj squ>e feet4 ,to accompli% ?is ! %ip mu/ be z mu* l>g] 9 proportion4 ,! %ip design] has to "w )9 circumscrib$ limits4 ,if he c\ld make 8 vessel ( any dep? he might build mu* l>g] & !re w\ld be !oretically no limit to 8 spe$3 #dj knots an h\r might be obta9$ z easily z ! pres5t maximum ( #bf1 b 9 design+ 8 %ip he mu/ rememb] t 9 ! h>bors ( ,new ,york or ,liv]pool ! *annels are n mu* beyond #cj feet 9 dep?4 ,high spe$ necessitates p[]ful eng9es1 b if ! eng9es be too l>ge !re w n be space en\gh = coal to fe$ ! furnaces4 ,if ! bread? ( ! %ip is increas$ ! spe$ is dim9i%$1 :ile on ! o!r h&1 if too p[]ful eng9es are put 9 a n>r[ vessel %e w break h] back4 ,! prop] proportions mu/ be c>efully /udi$ z reg>ds l5g?1 bread?1 dep? & weight s t ! vessel w d]ive ! greate/ spe$ f h] eng9es4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wond]ful ,,creations ,,9 ,,plant ,,life ,mat+ ,plants--,exp]im5ts ( ,burbank--,:at he has ,accompli%$4 ,9 ,cali=nia lives a wond]ful man4 ,he has succe$$ 9 do+ m ?an mak+ two blades ( grass gr[ :]e grew b "o4 ,ye>ly1 daily 9 fact1 ?is wiz>d ( plant life is play+ tricks on old ,"m ,nature1 trans=m+ h] vegetable *ildr5 into diff]5t %apes & mak+ !m no long] recognizable 9 _! orig9al =ms4 ,l ! fairies 9 ,iri% my?ology1 ?is man /eals away ! plant babies1 b in/ead ( leav+ sickly elves 9 _! places1 he br+s into ! _w exce$+ly heal?y or lu/y y\ng/]s :i* gr[ up into a full maturity1 & develop traits ( "* sup]ior to ! ones !y supplant4 ,= in/ance he took away ! ugly1 ?orny insipid cactus & replac$ x by a beautiful smoo? juicy "o :i* is n[ mak+ ! we/]n des]ts blossom z ! rose4 ,! "n ( ?is man is ,lu!r ,burbank ^: fame z a creator ( new plants has become _w wide4 ,! basic pr9ciple ( ,burbank's plant magic comes "u two heads1 viz43 bre$+ & selection4 ,he mates two diff]5t species 9 su* a way t !y w propagate a type p>tak+ ( ! natures ( bo? b sup]ior to ei!r 9 _! qualities4 ,9 ord] to effect ! be/ results f mat+1 he is *oice 9 8 selection ( species--! be/ is tak5 & ! wor/ reject$4 ,x is a univ]sal law t ! bad c nev] produce ! good2 consequ5tly :5 good is desir$1 z is univ]sally ! case1 bad mu/ be elim9at$4 ,9 8 me?od1 ,burbank gives ! good a *ance to ass]t itself & at ! same "t takes away all opportunity f ! bad4 ,s t ! latt] _c ?rive b mu/ decay & pass out ( be+4 ,he takes two plants--!y may be ( ! same species1 b z a g5]al rule he pref]s to exp]im5t ) ^? ( diff]5t species2 he p]ceives t nei!r "o 9 its pres5t surr\nd+s is putt+ =? :at is naturally expect$ f x1 t ea* is ei!r retrograd+ 9 ! scale ( life or /&+ /ill = lack ( enc\ragem5t to g =w>d4 ,he kn[s t back ( ^! plants is a long hi/ory ( evolutions f primitive beg9n+s to _! pres5t /age j z 9 ! case ( man himself4 ',tis a f> cry f ! cliff-dwell] wield+ 8 /one-axe & roam+ nude ?r\gh ! fields & =e/s aft] 8 prey--! wild bea/--to ! lordly creature ( to-day--! product ( long ages ( civilization & culture1 yet high z ! /ate is to :i* man has be5 br\ght1 9 _m cases he is hemm$ 9 & surr\nd$ by circum/ances :i* preclude him f putt+ =? ! be/ t is 9 him & %[+ 8 full possibilities to ! _w4 ,! philosoph] is (t5 hidd5 9 ! pl\ghman & _m a poor labor] toil+ 9 corduroys & fu/ian at ! docks1 9 ! mills1 or sweep+ ! /reets may h z good a bra9 z ,edison1 b has n ! opportunity to develop x & %[ its capabilities4 ,! same analogy is applicable to plant life4 ,"u adv]se conditions a plant or vegetable _c put =? its be/ ef=ts4 ,9 a scrawny1 impov]i%$ soil1 & exhau/$ atmosph]e1 lack+ ! con/itu5ts ( nurture1 ! plant w become dw>f$ & unproductive1 :]eas on good gr\nd & 9 good air1 :i* h ! succul5t prop]ties to n\ri% x ! be/ results may be expect$4 ,! soil & ! air1 !re=e1 f :i* are d]iv$ ! con/itu5ts ( plant life1 are indisp5sably necess>y1 b !y are n ! primal pr9ciples ^u :i* t life dep5ds = its be+4 ,! basis1 ! f\ndation1 ! orig9 ( ! life is ! se$ :i* g]m9ates 9 ! soil & evolves itself into ! plant4 ,a dead se$ w n g]m9ate1 a contam9at$ se$ may1 b ! plant x produces w n be a heal?y "o & x w only be aft] a long s]ies ( transplant+s1 ) pati5ce & c>e1 t at l5g? a really s\nd plant w be obta9$4 ,! same pr9ciple holds good 9 reg>d to ! human plant4 ,x is h>d to (fset an evil ance/ry4 ,! contam9ation goes on f g5]ation to g5]ation1 j z 9 ! case ( ! notori\s ,juke family :i* co/ ,new ,york ,/ate hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 consequ5ce ( crim9ality & idiocy4 ,x requires almo/ a miracle to div]t an individual sprung f a corrupt /em into a heal?y1 moral c\rse ( liv+4 ,!re mu/ be "s p[]ful =ce br\ght to be> to make him break ! ligatures :i* b9d him to ance/ral nature & enable him to come =? on a plane :]e he w be susceptible to ! influ5ce ( :at is good & noble4 ,su* c be done & has be5 accompli%$4 ,burbank is accompli%+ su* miracles 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 9 fact he is recreat+ species z x 7 & develop+ !m to a full fruition4 ,( c\rse z 9 ! case ( ! conv]sion ( a s9n] f 8 evil in/9cts1 mu* opposition is met & ! progress at fir/ is sl[1 b f9ally ! plant becomes fix$ 9 its new ways & />ts =w>d on its new c\rse 9 life4 ,x requires pati5ce to await ! developm5t ,burbank is a man ( inf9ite pati5ce4 ,he has be5 five1 t51 fifte51 tw5ty ye>s 9 produc+ a desir$ blossom1 b he consid]s himself well rew>d$ :5 8 object has be5 obta9$4 ,?\s&s ( exp]im5ts are go+ on at ! same "t1 b 9 ea* case ye>s are requir$ to a*ieve results1 s sl[ is ! "w ( selection1 ! reject+ ( ! seem+ly wor?less & ! et]nal *oos+ ( ! be/ specim5s to cont9ue ! exp]im5ts4 ,:5 two plants are unit$ to produce a ?ird1 no human intellig5ce c pr$ict j :at w be ! result ( ! union4 ,!re may be no result at all2 h5ce x is t ,burbank does n dep5d on "o exp]im5t at a "t4 ,if he did ! labors ( a life-"t w\ld h little to %[ = _! "w4 ,9 bre$+ lilies he has us$ z high z five hundr$ ?\s& plants 9 a s+le te/4 ,su* an imm5se quantity gave him a great v>iety ( selection4 ,he cull$ & reject$1 & cull$ & reject$ until he made 8 f9al selection = ! la/ te/4 ,sometimes he is v mu* disappo9t$ 9 8 anticipations4 ,= in/ance1 he m>ks out a c]ta9 life = a fl[] & bre$s & selects to t end4 ,= a "t all may g accord+ to 8 plans1 b sudd5ly "s new trait develops :i* knocks ^? plans all out ( ge>4 ,! new fl[] may h a long] /em & n>r[] leaves ?an ei!r p>5t1 :ile a %ort] /em & broad] leaves are ! desid]atum4 ,! exp]im5t] is disappo9t$1 b n di%e>t5$2 he ca/s ! fl[] aside & makes ano!r selection f ! same species & aga9 goes ahead1 until 8 object is atta9$4 ,x may be ask$ h[ two plants are unit$ to procure a ?ird4 ,! act is bas$ on ! procreative law ( nature4 ,plant-bre$+ is simply accompli%$ by sift+ ! poll5 ( "o plant ^u ! /igma ( ano!r1 ?is act--poll5ation--result+ 9 f]tilization1 ,nature 9 h] own my/]i\s ways br++ =? ! new plant4 ,9 ord] to get an idea ( ! ,burbank me?od1 let u consid] "s ( 8 mo/ fam\s exp]im5ts1 = in/ance1 t 9 :i* by unit+ ! potato ) ! tomato he has produc$ a new v>iety :i* has be5 v aptly nam$ ! pomato4 ,mr4 ,burbank1 f ! beg9n+ ( 8 wond]ful c>e]1 has exp]im5t$ mu* ) ! potato4 ,x 0 ?is vegetable :i* fir/ br\ght ! plant wiz>d into worldwide prom95ce4 ,! ,burbank potato is kn[n 9 all l&s :]e ! tub] =ms an article ( food4 ,x has be5 introduc$ into ,irel& & promises to be ! salvation ( t di/ress$ isl& ( :i* ! potato con/itutes ! /aple diet4 ,! ,burbank potato is ! h>die/ ( all v>ieties & 9 ?is respect is well suit$ = ! cold] climates ( ! ,temp]ate ,zone4 ,ap>t f ?is potato :i* be>s 8 "n1 ,mr4 ,burbank has produc$ _m o!r v>ieties4 ,he has bl5d$ wild v>ieties ) tame ones1 gett+ v satisfactory results4 ,mr4 ,burbank believes t a little wild blood1 s to speak1 is (t5 necess>y to give tone & vigor to ! tame elem5t :i* has be5 long runn+ 9 ! same *annels4 ,probably x 0 ,em]son1 8 favorite au?or1 :o gave him ! cue = ?is idea4 ,em]son po9t$ out t ! city is recruit$ f ! c\ntry4 ,! city w\ld h di$ out1 rott$ & explod$ long ago1 wrote ! ,new ,engl& sage1 b t x 0 re9=c$ f ! fields4 ,x is only c\ntry t came to t[n day be=e ye/]day1 t is city & c\rt to-day4 ,9 ,burbank's gre5h\ses are mat$ all k9ds ( wild & tame v>ieties ( potatoes1 produc+ crosses & comb9ations truly wond]ful z reg>ds %ape1 size1 & color4 ,"o ( ! mo/ palatable potatoes he has produc$ is a mag5ta color approa*+ crimson1 s di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t t :5 ! tub] is cut1 no matt] f :at angle1 x pres5ts conc5tric geometric figures1 "s hav+ a resemblance to human & animal faces4 ,be=e ent]+ on any exp]im5t to produce a new creation1 ,burbank always takes into consid]ation ! practical end ( ! exp]im5t1 t is1 :at ! value ( ! result w be z a practical factor 9 comm]ce1 h[ mu* x w b5efit ! race4 ,he does n exp]im5t = a pa/ime or a novelty1 b = a purpose4 ,8 object 9 reg>d to ! potato is to make x a ri*]1 bett] vegetable = a food supply & also to make x m important = o!r purposes 9 ! comm]ce ( ! nations4 ,! av]age potato consi/s ( sev5ty-five p] c5t4 wat] & tw5ty-five p] c5t4 dry matt]1 almo/ all ( :i* is />*4 ,n[ />* is a v important article f a manufactur+ /&po9t1 b only "o-f\r? ( ! potato is available = manufactur+1 ! o!r ?ree-f\r?s1 be+ wat]1 is practically wa/e matt]4 ,n[ if ! wat] c\ld be driv5 out to a great ext5t & />*y matt] increas$ x is easy to und]/& t ! potato w\ld be mu* increas$ 9 value z an article ( manufacture4 ,burbank has n ov]look$ ?is fact 9 8 potato exp]im5ts4 ,he has demon/rat$ t x is z easy to bre$ potatoes = a l>g] am\nt ( />*1 & he has really develop$ tub]s :i* conta9 at lea/ tw5ty-five p] c5t4 m />* ?an ! normal v>ieties2 9 o!r words1 he has produc$ potatoes :i* yield fifty p] c5t4 ( />* in/ead ( tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates uses ab\t #ab1jjj1jjj wor? ( />* e ye>1 *iefly obta9$ f ,indian corn & potatoes4 ,:5 ! potato is made to yield d\ble ! am\nt ( />*1 z ,burbank has prov$ x c yield & m1 x w be und]/ood :at a l>ge "p x c be made to play 9 ?is important manufacture4 ,also = ! production ( alcohol ! potato is ga9+ a prom95t place4 ,! potato />* is conv]t$ into maltose by ! dia/ase ( malt1 ! maltose be+ easily act$ ^u by f]m5t = ! actual production ( ! alcohol4 ,!re=e an increase 9 ! />* ( ! potato = ?is purpose alone is mu* to be desir$4 ,( c\rse ! *ief prom95ce ( ! potato w /ill consi/ 9 its adaptability z an article ( food4 ,burbank does n ov]look ?is4 ,he has produc$ & is produc+ potatoes ) bett] flavor1 ( l>g] & uni=m size & :i* give a mu* great] yield to ! area4 ,palatability 9 ! end decides ! p]man5ce ( a food1 & ! ,burbank productions possess ?is quality 9 a high degree4 ,burbank labor$ long & /udi$ e *>act]i/ic ( ! potato be=e attempt+ any exp]im5ts ) ! tomato4 ,?\gh closely relat$ by family ties1 ! potato & ! tomato seem$ to h no aff9ity = ea* o!r :atev]4 ,9 _m o!r in/ances x has also be5 f\nd t two v>ieties :i* f a c]ta9 relation might naturally be expect$ to amalgamate easily h be5 repellant to ea* o!r & refus$ to unite4 ,9 8 fir/ exp]im5t 9 try+ to cross ! potato & tomato1 ,burbank produc$ tomatoes f ! se$s ( plants poll5at$ f potato poll5 only4 ,he next produc$ :at he call$ a]ial potatoes ( v peculi> twi/$ %apes f a potato v9e graft$ on a ,pond]osa or l>ge tomato plant4 ,!n rev]s+ ?is op]ation he graft$ ! same k9d ( tomato plant ^u ! same k9d ( potato plant & produc$ und]gr\nd a /range-look+ potato ) m>k$ tomato *>act]i/ics4 ,he saw he 0 on ! "r road to ! production ( a new v>iety ( vegetable1 b be=e exp]im5t+ fur!r along ?is l9e he cross$ two di/9ct species ( tomatoes & obta9$ a mo/ ornam5tal plant1 diff]5t f ! p>5t /ems1 ab\t twelve in*es high & fifte5 in*es across ) l>ge unusual leaves & produc+ clu/]s ( uni=m globul> fruit1 ! :ole giv+ a mo/ pleas+ & unique appe>ance4 ,! fruit 7 m palatable ?an ! ord9>y tomatoes1 _h bett] nutritive qualities & 7 m suitable = pres]v+ & cann+4 ,v pleas$ ) ?is result he w5t back to 8 exp]im5ts ) ! potato-tomato1 & succe$$ 9 produc+ ! mo/ wond]ful & unique fruit 9 ! _w1 "o :i* by a happy comb9ation ( ! two names1 he has aptly call$ ! pomato4 ,x may be consid]$ z ! evolution ( a potato se$-ball4 ,x fir/ appe>s z a t9y gre5 ball on ! potato top & z ! season progresses x gradually enl>ges & f9ally develops into a fruit ab\t ! size & %ape ( ! ord9>y tomato4 ,! fle% is :ite & ! m>r[1 :i* conta9s b a few t9y :ite se$s1 is exce$+ly pleasant to ! ta/e1 possess+ a comb9ation ( sev]al diff]5t fruit flavors1 ?\gh x _c be id5tifi$ ) any "o4 ,x may be eat5 ei!r raw or cook$ aft] ! mann] ( ! common tomato4 ,9 ei!r case x is mo/ palatable1 b especially s :5 cook$4 ,x is exceptionally well adapt$ to pres]v+ purposes4 ,! production ( su* a fruit f a vegetable is "o ( ! cr[n+ triumphs ( ! ,cali=nia wiz>d4 ,probably x is ! mo/ novel ( all ! wond]ful crosses & comb9ations he has giv5 to ! _w4 ,x w\ld be impossible "h to g into detail 9 reg>d to "s ( ! o!r wond]s accompli%$ 9 ! plant _w by ?is mod]n magician4 ,!re is only space to m]ely m5tion a few m ( 8 successful a*ievem5ts4 ,he has giv5 ! improv$ ?ornless & spiculess cactus1 food = man & bea/1 conv]t+ x into a beautifi] & reclaim] ( des]t wa/es2 ! plum-cot :i* is an amalgamation ( ! plum & ! apricot ) a flavor sup]ior to bo?2 _m k9ds ( plums1 "s )\t pits1 o!rs hav+ ! ta/e ( ,b>tlett pe>s1 & /ill o!rs giv+ out a fragrance z sweet z ! rose2 sev]al v>ieties ( walnuts1 "o ) a %ell z ?9 z pap] & :i* 0 s easily brok5 by ! birds t ,burbank _h to rev]se 8 exp]im5t some:at 9 ord] to get a ?ick] %ell2 ano!r walnut has no tann9 9 ! meat1 :i* is ! cause ( ! disagreeable flavor ( ! ord9>y fruit2 ! _w-fam$ ,%a/a daisy1 :i* is a comb9ation ( ! ,japanese daisy1 ! ,engli% daisy & ! common field daisy1 & :i* has a blossom sev5 in*es 9 diamet]2 a dahlia depriv$ ( its unpleasant odor & ! sc5t ( ! magnolia blossom sub/itut$2 a gladiolus :i* blooms ar\nd ! entire /em l a hyac9? in/ead ( ! old way on "o side only2 _m k9ds ( lilies ) *alices & petals diff]5t f ! ord9>y1 & exhal+ p]fumes z v>i$ z ^? ( ,ori5tal g>d5s2 a poppy ( su* dim5sion t x is f t5 to twelve in*es across its brilliant bloom2 an am>yllis br$ up f a c\ple ( in*es to ov] a foot 9 diamet]2 sev]al k9ds ( fruit trees :i* )/& fro/ 9 bud & 9 fl[]2 a *e/nut tree :i* be>s nuts 9 eighte5 mon?s f ! "t ( se$-plant+2 a :ite blackb]ry 7p>adoxical z x may appe>71 a r>e & beautiful fruit & z palatable z x is beautiful2 ! primusb]ry1 a union ( ! raspb]ry & ! blackb]ry2 ano!r wond]ful & delici\s b]ry produc$ f ! ,cali=nia dewb]ry & ! ,cu?b]t-raspb]ry2 pieplants f\r feet 9 diamet]1 be>+ e day 9 ! ye>2 prunes1 ?ree1 f\r1 & five times z l>ge z ! ord9>y & enri*$ 9 flavor2 blackb]ries )\t _! prickly ?orns & hundr$s ( o!r comb9ations & crosses ( fruits & fl[]s too num]\s to m5tion4 ,he has improv$ plums1 pe>s1 apples1 apricots1 qu9ces1 pea*es1 *]ries1 grapes1 9 %ort1 all k9ds ( fruit :i* gr[ 9 our latitude & _m ev5 t h be5 introduc$4 ,he has develop$ hundr$s ( v>ieties ( fl[]s1 improv+ !m 9 color1 h>d9ess & yield4 ,?us he has n only add$ to ! food & manufactur+ products ( ! _w1 b he has enri*$ ! ae/hetic side 9 8 beautiful fl[] creations4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,late/ ,,discov]ies ,,9 ,,ar*aeology ,prehi/oric ,"t--,e>lie/ ,records--,discov]ies 9 ,bible ,l&s-- ,am]ican ,explorations4 ,= ! e>lie/ civilization & culture we mu/ g to t "p ( ! _w1 :i* accord+ to ! g5]al belief1 is ! cradle ( ! human race4 ,! civilization ( ! ,mesopotamian pla9 is n only ! olde/ b ! fir/ :]e man settl$ 9 great city communities1 "u an ord]ly gov]nm5t1 ) a develop$ religion1 practic+ agriculture1 erect+ dwell+s & us+ a syllabifi$ writ+4 ,all mod]n civilization _h its s\rce !re4 ,= #f1jjj ye>s ! cunei=m or w$ge-%ap$ writ+ ( ! ,assyrians 0 ! lit]>y script ( ! :ole civiliz$ anci5t _w1 f ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean to ,india & ev5 to ,*9a1 = ,*9ese civilization1 old z x is1 is bas$ ^u t :i* obta9$ 9 ,mesopotamia4 ,9 ,egypt1 too1 at an e>ly date 0 a high =m ( neoli?ic civilization4 ,six ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 a :ite-sk9n$1 blond-hair$1 blue-ey$ race dwelt !re1 built t[ns1 c>ri$ on comm]ce1 made wov5 l95 clo?1 tann$ lea!r1 =m$ beautiful pott]y )\t ! :eel1 cut /one ) ! la! & design$ ornam5ts f ivory & metals4 ,^! 7 succe$$ by ano!r great race :i* probably migrat$ into ,egypt f ,arabia4 ,among !m 7 w>riors & adm9i/rators1 f9e me*anics1 artisans1 arti/s & sculptors4 ,!y left u ! ,pyramids & o!r magnific5t monum5tal tombs & great masses ( ar*itecture & sculptur$ columns4 ,( c\rse1 !y decl9$ & pass$ away1 z all ?+s human mu/2 b !y left beh9d !m evid5ces to tell ( _! pre/ige & p[]4 ,! sci5ti/s & geologi/s ( our day are busy une>?+ ! rema9s ( ! anci5t peoples ( ! ,ea/]n _w1 :o />t$ ! waves ( civilization bo? to ! ,ori5t & ! ,occid5t4 ,va/ /ores ( k are be+ accumulat$ & almo/ e day sees "s anci5t treasure trove br\ght to light4 ,especially 9 ,biblical l&s is ! explor] busy une>?+ ! relics ( ! mighty pa/ & ?r[+ a flood ( light ^u incid5ts & sc5es long cov]$ by ! du/ ( c5turies4 ,babylon1 ! mightie/ city ( anci5t times1 celebrat$ 9 ! ,bible & 9 ! e>lie/ human records z ! greate/ c5tre ( s5sual spl5dor & s9ful luxury ! _w has ev] se51 is at la/ be+ explor$ 9 ! mo/ ?or\gh mann] by ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1 ( :i* ! ,kais] is patron4 ,babylon rose to its greate/ glory "u ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! mo/ fam\s mon>* ( ! ,babylonian ,empire4 ,at t p]iod x 0 ! great c5tre ( arts1 le>n+ & sci5ce1 a/ronomy & a/rology be+ patroniz$ by ! ,babylonian k+s4 ,! city f9ally came to a t]rible end "u ,bel%azz>1 z relat$ 9 ! ,bible4 ,! palace ( ! impi\s k+ has be5 uncov]$ & its great piles ( masonry laid b>e4 ,! great hall1 :]e ! "y prophet ,daniel read ! h&writ+ on ! wall1 c n[ be se54 ,! palace /ood on elevat$ gr\nd & 0 ( maje/ic dim5sions4 ,a w9d+ *>iot road l$ up to x4 ,! l[] "p 0 ( /one & ! upp] ( burn$ bricks4 ,all ar\nd on ! outside ran arti/ic sculptures ( m5 hunt+ animals4 ,! doors 7 massive & ( bronze & swung inw>d1 betwe5 colossal figures ( w+$ bulls4 ,f ! hall a /airway l$ to ! ?rone room ( ! ,k+1 :i* 0 decorat$ ) gold & preci\s /ones & f9i%$ 9 _m colors4 ,! hall 9 :i* ! infam\s banquet 0 held 0 #adj feet by #dj feet4 ,= a ceil+ x 0 spann$ by ! c$>s ( ,lebanon :i* exhal$ a sweet p]fume4 ,at night a myriad lights l5t brilliancy to ! sc5e4 ,!re 7 ov] #bjj rooms all gorge\sly furni%$1 mo/ ( !m devot$ to ! inmates ( ! k+'s h>em4 ,! ru9s z se5 to-day impress ! visitor & excite wond] & admiration4 ,! ,g]mans h also uncov]$ ! great gate ( ,i%t> at ,babylon1 :i* ,nebu*adnezz> erect$ 9 honor ( ! goddess ( love & w>1 ! mo/ r5[n$ ( all ! my?ical deities ( ! ,babylonian ,pan!on4 ,x is a d\ble gateway ) int]ior *amb]s1 flank$ by massive t[]s & 0 erect$ at ! end ( ! ,sacr$ ,road at ! nor!a/ corn] ( ! palace4 ,its mo/ unique feature consi/s 9 ! s*eme ( decoration on its walls1 :i* are cov]$ ) r[ ^u r[ ( bulls & dragons repres5t$ 9 ! brilliant enamell$ bricks4 ,"s ( ^! creatures are flat & o!rs rais$ 9 relief4 ,^? 9 relief are be+ tak5 ap>t to be s5t to ,b]l91 :]e !y w be aga9 put toge!r = exhibition4 ,! friezes on ?is gate ( ,i%t> are among ! f9e/ examples ( enamell$ brickwork t h be5 uncov]$ & take _! place beside ! ,lion ,frieze f ,s>gon's palace at ,khorsabad & ! /ill m fam\s ,frieze ( ,ar*es ( ,k+ ,d>ius 9 ! ,p>is ,l\vre4 ,! ,g]man p>ty h already e/abli%$ ! claim ( ,h]odotus z to ! ?ickness ( ! walls ( ! city4 ,h]odotus e/imat$ !m at two hundr$ royal cubits 7#cdh feet7 high & fifty royal cubits 7#hf-a_/b feet7 ?ick4 ,at places !y h be5 f\nd ev5 ?ick]4 ,s wide 7 !y t on ! top a f\r-horse *>iot c\ld easily turn4 ,! hang+ g>d5s ( ,babylon1 said to h be5 built to please ,amytis ! consort ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 7 class$ z among ! ,sev5 ,wond]s ( ! ,_w4 ,t]races 7 con/ruct$ #dej feet squ>e1 ( huge /ones :i* co/ millions 9 t /oneless c\ntry4 ,^! 7 support$ by c\ntless columns1 ! talle/ ( :i* 7 #afj feet high4 ,on top ( ! /ones 7 lay]s ( brick1 cem5t$ & cov]$ ) pit*1 ov] :i* 0 p\r$ a lay] ( lead to make all absolutely wat]-tight4 ,f9ally1 on ! top ( ?is1 e>? 0 spread to su* a dep? t ! l>ge/ trees _h room = _! roots4 ,! trees 7 plant$ 9 r[s =m+ squ>es & betwe5 !m 7 fl[] g>d5s4 ,9 fact1 ^! g>d5s con/itut$ an ,ed5 9 ! air1 :i* has nev] s9ce be5 duplicat$4 ,new discov]ies h be5 rec5tly made conc]n+ ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 ! con/ruction ( :i*1 z describ$ 9 ! ,book ( ,g5esis1 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable occurr5ces ( ! fir/ /age ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! t[] 0 squ>e & n r\nd1 z repres5t$ by all ,bible illu/rators1 includ+ ,dore4 ,! ru9s cov] a space ( ab\t #ej1jjj squ>e feet & are ab\t t5 miles f ! site ( ,babylon4 ,! ru9s ( ! celebrat$ synagogue ( ,cap]naum1 believ$ to be ! v "o 9 :i* ! ,savi\r prea*$1 h be5 une>!d & _m o!r ,biblical sites ar\nd ! anci5t city h be5 id5tifi$4 ,cap]naum 0 ! home ( ,jesus dur+ ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 ,galilean m9i/ry & ! sc5e ( _m ( 8 mo/ wond]ful miracles4 ,! site ( ,cap]naum is n[ kn[n z ,tell ,hum4 ,!re are ru9s scatt]$ ab\t ov] a radius ( a mile4 ,! excavat+ :i* reveal$ ! ru9s ( ! synagogue 0 done "u sup]vision ( a ,g]man ar*aeologi/ nam$ ,kohl4 ,?is synagogue 0 compos$ ( :ite lime/one blocks br\ght f a di/ance & 9 ?is respect diff]5t f ! o!rs :i* 7 built ( ! local black volcanic rock4 ,! c>v+s une>!d 9 ! ru9s are v beautiful & mo/ ( !m 9 high relief "w1 repres5t+ trail+ v9es1 /ately palms1 clu/]s ( dates1 roses & acan?us4 ,v>i\s animal designs are also %[n & "o ( ! fam\s sev5-bran*$ c&le/icks :i* accompani$ ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant4 ,mo/ ( ! incid5ts at ,cap]naum m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible 7 connect$ ) ! synagogue1 ! ru9s ( :i* h j be5 uncov]$4 ,! c5turion :o came to plead ) ,jesus ab\t ! s]vant 0 ! man :o built ! synagogue 7,luke ,,vii3#a-aj74 ,9 ! synagogue1 ,jesus heal$ ! man ) ! unclean _s 7,m>k ,i3#ba-bg74 ,9 ?is synagogue1 ! man ) ! )]$ h& receiv$ heal? on ! ,sabba? ,day 7,mat!w ,,xii3#aj-ac74 ,jairus1 ^: daught] 0 rais$ f ! dead1 0 a rul] ( ! synagogue 7,luke ,,viii3#c7 & x 0 9 ?is same synagogue ( ,cap]naum t ,jesus prea*$ ! disc\rse on ! bread ( life 7,john ,,vi3#bf-ei74 ,! hill ne> ,cap]naum :]e ,jesus f$ ! multitude ) five loaves & two fi%es is also id5tifi$4 ,! /on+ ( ,/4 ,/eph5 & ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul are two great ev5ts ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :i* l5d additional int]e/ to ! explorations n[ be+ c>ri$ on at ! anci5t ,city ( ,damascus4 ,damascus lays claim to be+ ! mo/ anci5t city 9 ! _w & its appe>ance su/a9s ! claim4 ,unlike ,j]usalem & _m o!r anci5t cities1 x has nev] be5 completely de/roy$ by a conqu]or4 ,! ,assyrian mon>*1 ,tigla? ,piles]1 swept d[n on x1 #b1gjj ye>s ago1 b he did n succe$ 9 wip+ x out4 ,o!r cities came into be+ long aft] ,damascus1 !y fl\ri%$1 fad$ & pass$ away2 b ,damascus /ill rema9s mu* ! same z 9 ! e>ly "t4 ,among ! fam\s places :i* h be5 id5tifi$ 9 ?is anci5t city is ! h\se ( ,ananias ! prie/ & ! place 9 ! wall :]e ,paul 0 let d[n by a basket is po9t$ out4 ,! sc5e ( ! conv]sion ( ,/4 ,paul is %[n & also ! ,/reet call$ ,/raight ref]r$ to 9 ,acts ,,ix3,,ii4 ,j]usalem1 bir?place & cradle ( ,*ri/ianity1 (f]s a va/ & int]e/+ field to ! ar*aeologi/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( rec5t discov]ies relates to ! build+ kn[n z ,david's ca/le4 ,major ,cond]1 a ,briti% eng9e] 9 *>ge ( ! ,pale/9e survey1 has prov$ t ?is build+ is actually a "p ( ! palace ( ,k+ ,h]od :o ord]$ ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts 9 ord] to encompass ! de/ruction ( ! ,infant ,savi\r4 ,! tomb ( ,hiram is ano!r relic discov]$ at ! village ( ,hunaneh on ! road f ,saf$ to ,tyre2 x recalls ! days ( ,david4 ,hiram 0 ,k+ ( ,tyre 9 ! "t ( ,david4 ,! tomb is a lime/one /ructure ( extraord9>y massiv5ess ,un=tunately ! ,mosque ( ,om> /&s on ! site ( ,solomon's ,temple & !re is no hope ( digg+ !re4 ,z = ! palace ( ,solomon1 x %\ld be easy to f9d ! f\ndations1 = ,j]usalem has be5 rebuilt sev]al times ^u ! ru9s ( e>li] p]iods & va/ anci5t rema9s mu/ be /ill buri$ !re4 ,! "w is be+ pu%$ vigor\sly at pres5t & ! future %\ld br+ to light _m int]e/+ relics4 ,at la/ ! real site ( ! ,crucifixion may be f\nd ) _m mem5toes ( ! ,savi\r1 & ! ,apo/les4 ,pr(essor ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ! fam\s ,engli% ar*aeologi/1 has rec5tly explor$ ! ,s9aitic p59sula & has f\nd _m relics ( ! ,hebrews' passage ?r\gh ! c\ntry dur+ ! ,exodus & also _m ( a /ill e>li] p]iod4 ,he f\nd a rem>kable numb] ( alt>s & tombs belong+ to a v e>ly =m ( religion4 ,on ! ,m\nt :]e ,moses receiv$ ! tables ( ! law is a mona/]y erect$ by ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian #ebc ,a4,d4 ,al?\gh ! conqu]+ wave ( ,islam has swept ov] ! p59sula1 leav+ x b>e & desolate1 ?is mona/]y /ill survives1 ! only ,*ri/ian l&m>k1 n only 9 ,s9ai b 9 all ,arabia4 ,! orig9al tables ( /one on :i* ! ,comm&m5ts 7 writt51 7 plac$ 9 ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant & tak5 all ?r\gh ! ,wild]ness to ,pale/9e & f9ally plac$ 9 ! ,temple ( ,solomon4 ,:at became ( x :5 ! ,temple 0 plund]$ & de/roy$ by ! ,babylonians is n kn[n4 ,clay tablets h be5 f\nd at ,n9eveh ( ! ,creation & ! ,flood z kn[n to ! ,assyrians4 ,^! tablets =m$ "p ( a great epic poem ( :i* ,nimrod1 ! mighty hunt]1 0 ! h]o4 ,explor]s are n[ look+ = ! palace ( ,nimrod1 also t ( ,s5na*]ib1 ! ,assyrian mon>* :o besieg$ ,j]usalem4 ,! latt] despoil$ ! ,temple ( _m ( its treasures & x is believ$ t 8 palace1 :5 f\nd1 may reveal ! ,tables ( ! ,law1 ! ,ark ( ! ,cov5ant1 ! ,sev5-bran*$ c&le/ick1 & _m ( ! gold5 vessels us$ 9 ,israeliti% wor%ip4 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 bir?place ( ,abraham1 fa!r & f\nd] ( ! ,hebrew race1 is a ri* field = ! ar*aeologi/ to pl\gh4 ,"s tablets h already be5 discov]$1 b !y are only a m]e sugge/ion z to future possibilities4 ,x is believ$ by "s em95t inve/igators t we owe to ,abraham ! e>ly "p ( ! ,book ( ,g5esis describ+ ! ,creation1 ! ,t[] ( ,babel & ! ,flood1 & ! que/ ( ar*aeologi/s is to f9d1 if n ! orig9al tablets1 at lea/ "s valuable records :i* may be buri$ 9 ?is neighborhood4 ,excavators connect$ ) ! ,am]ican ,s*ool at ,j]usalem are busy at ,sam>ia & !y believe !y h uncov]$ portions ( ! great temple ( ,baal1 :i* ,k+ ,ahab erect$ 9 honor ( ! wick$ deity #hij ,b4,c4 ,:5 ! rema9s ( ?is temple are fully uncov]$ x w be le>n$ j h[ f> ! ,israelites =sook ! wor%ip ( ! true ,god = t ( ,baal4 ,! ,g]mans h begun "w on ! site ( ,j]i*o1 once ! royal capital ( ,canaan1 & hi/oric *iefly f ! fact t ,jo%ua l$ ! ,israelites up to its walls1 report$ to be impregnable1 b :i* fell d[n at ! bla/ ( ! trumpet4 ,great piles h be5 une>!d "h :i* x is ?\ght =m$ a "p ( ! orig9al masonry4 ,"o excavator believes he has une>!d ! ru9s ( ! h\se ( ,rahab1 ! woman :o %elt]$ ,jo%ua's spies4 ,ano!r ?9ks he has discov]$ ! site ( ! translation ( ,elijah1 ! ,prophet1 f :5ce he 0 c>ri$ up to heav5 9 a fi]y *>iot4 ,e ,*ri/ian w be int]e/$ 9 le>n+ :at is to be f\nd 9 ,naz>e? :]e ,jesus sp5t 8 boyhood4 ,ar*aeologi/s h locat$ ! ,f\nt ( ! ,virg91 & ! rock f :i* ! infuriat$ inhabitants attempt$ to hurl ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,l& ( ,go%5 :]e ! ,israelites 9 a /ate ( s]vitude work$ = ! oppress+ ,ph>aoh 7,rameses ,,ii71 excavators h f\nd bricks made )\t /raw z m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 und\bt$ly ! "w ( ,hebrew slaves1 also glaz$ bead necklaces4 ,!y are look+ = ! ,h\se ( ,amran1 ! fa!r ( ,moses1 :]e ! great lead] 0 born4 ,! site ( ,arbela1 :]e ,alex&] ! ,great won 8 mightie/ victory ov] ,d>ius1 has be5 discov]$4 ,x is a s]ies ( m\nds on ! ,we/]n bank ( ! ,tigris riv] betwe5 ,n9eveh & ,bagdad4 ,all ! treasures ( ,d>ius 7 tak5 & ,alex&] erect$ a great palace4 ,bronze swords1 cups & pieces ( sculpture h be5 une>!d & x is suppos$ !re are va/ /ores ( o!r rema9s await+ ! tool & pati5ce ( ! excavator4 ,! fam\s ,sultan ,salad9 took up 8 resid5ce "h 9 #aahd & d\btless _m relics ( 8 royal "t w be discov]$4 ,! rema9s ( ! city ( ,pumbadi?a h be5 id5tifi$ ) ! imm5se m\nd ( ,abn> "s tw5ty miles f ,babylon1 on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,?is 0 ! c5tre ( ,jewi% s*ol>%ip dur+ ! ,babylonian exile4 ,"o ( ! great s*ools 9 :i* ! ,talmud 0 compos$ 0 locat$ "h4 ,! great psalm1 ,by ! wat]s ( ,babylon1 we sat d[n & wept4 0 also compos$ on ?is spot1 & "h1 too1 ,j]emiah & ,isaiah ?und]$ _! impassion$ eloqu5ce4 ,brok5 tombs & a few inscrib$ b[ls h be5 br\ght to light4 ,probably ! orig9al scrolls ( ! ,talmud w be f\nd "h4 ,sev]al curi\sly wr\ght vases & ru9s h be5 also une>!d4 ,sev]al monum5ts be>+ inscriptions :i* are sorely puzzl+ ! ar*aeologi/s h rec5tly be5 une>!d at ! site ( ,boghaz-,k5i :i* 0 ! anci5t1 if n orig9al capital1 ( ! my/]i\s p call$ ! ,hittites :o h be5 = s long a worry to ,bible /ud5ts4 ,ar*aeology has n[ reveal$ ! secret ( ?is p4 ,!re is no d\bt !y 7 ( ,mongolian orig91 z ! monum5ts j discov]$ repres5t !m ) slant eyes & pigtails4 ,no "o z yet has be5 able to read ! inscriptions4 ,!y 7 great w>riors1 great build]s & influ5c$ ! fate ( _m ( ! anci5t nations4 ,9 _m o!r places ?r\gh\t ^! l&s1 deep /ud5ts ( ,biblical lore are pu%+ on ! "w ( excavation & daily add+ to our k conc]n+ ! peoples & nations 9 :om po/]ity mu/ ev] take a vital int]e/4 ,a %ort "t ago1 ,pr(essor ,do]pfeld ann\nc$ to ! _w t he _h discov]$ on ! isl& ( ,i?aca1 (f ! we/ coa/ ( ,greece1 ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,ulysses1 ,hom]'s half-my?ical h]o ( ! ,odyssey4 ,! ,g]man ar*aeologi/ has trac$ ! diff]5t rooms ( ! palace & is conv9c$ t "h is ! v place to :i* ! h]o return$ aft] 8 w&]+s4 ,ne> x sev]al graves 7 f\nd f :i* 7 exhum$ silv] amulets1 curi\sly wr\ght necklaces1 bronze swords & metal ornam5ts be>+ date #b1jjj ,b4,c41 :i* is ! date at :i* inve/igators lay ! ,siege ( ,troy4 ,if ! ru9s be really ^? ( ! palace ( ,ulysses1 "s int]e/+ ?+s may be f\nd to ?r[ a light on ! ,hom]ic epic4 ,z ! s*oolboys "k1 :5 ,ulysses set sail f ,troy = home1 adv]se w9ds waft$ him to ! coa/ ( ,africa & he beat ar\nd 9 ! adjac5t seas & visit$ isl&s & sp5t a consid]able "t meet+ _m k9ds ( curi\s & weird adv5tures1 dally+ at "o "t ) ! lotus-eat]s1 at ano!r brav+ ! ,cyclops1 ! "o-ey$ mon/]s1 until he arriv$ at ,i?aca :]e he b5t 8 b[ & slew ! suitors ( ,p5elope1 8 h>ass$ wife4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica are m\nds1 e>?works1 burial sites1 %ell heaps1 build+s ( /one & adobe1 pictographs sculptur$ 9 rocks1 /one implem5ts1 objects made ( bone1 pott]y & o!r rema9s :i* ar\se ! en?usiasm ( ! ar*aeologi/4 ,z ! dead 7 usually buri$ 9 ,am]ica1 inve/igators try to locate ! anci5t cemet]ies because1 besides skeletons1 !y usually conta9 implem5ts1 pott]y & ornam5ts :i* 7 buri$ ) ! corpses4 ,! mo/ *>act]i/ic implem5t ( e>ly man 9 ,am]ica 0 ! groov$ axe1 :i* is n f\nd 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,/one implem5ts are pl5tiful ev]y:]e4 ,knives1 arr[-po9ts & p]=ators ( *ipp$ /one are f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! cont95t4 ,beads & %ells & pott]y are also f\nd 9 almo/ e ,/ate4 ,! antiquity ( man 9 ,europe has be5 det]m9$ 9 a l>ge measure by ar*aeological rema9s f\nd 9 caves occupi$ by him 9 diff]5t ages1 b ! exploration ( caves 9 ,nor? ,am]ica has s f> fail$ to reveal traces ( diff]5t degrees ( civilization4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,great ,,tunnels ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,primitive ,tunnel+--,hoosac ,tunnel--,croton ,aqu$uct--,great ,alp9e ,tunnels--,new ,york ,subway--,mc,adoo ,tunnels--,h[ ,tunnels are ,built4 ,! art ( tunnel con/ruction ranks among ! v olde/ 9 ! _w1 if n ! olde/1 = almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( 8 adv5t on ! e>? man has be5 tunnel+ & bor+ & mak+ holes 9 ! gr\nd4 ,ev5 9 pre-hi/oric "t1 ! ages ( :i* we h nei!r record nor tradition1 primitive man scoop$ out = himself holl[s 9 ! sides ( hills1 & m\nta9s1 z is evid5c$ by geological =mations & by ! fossils t h be5 une>!d4 ,! =m+ ( ^! holl[s & holes 0 no indication ( a sup]ior intellig5ce b m]ely manife/$ ! in/9cts ( nature 9 seek+ protection f ! fury ( ! elem5ts & safety f ho/ile =ces su* z ! onslaughts ( ! wild & t]rible bea/s t !n exi/$ on ! e>?4 ,! ,cave ,dwell]s 7 real tunnel]s1 inasmu* z 9 con/ruction ( _! rude dwell+s !y divid$ !m into sev]al comp>tm5ts & 9 mo/ cases *ose ! base ( hills = _! op]ations1 bor+ "r ?r\gh f side to side z rec5t discov]ies h v]ifi$4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians built ext5sive tunnels = ! tombs ( _! dead z well z = ! temples ( ! liv+4 ,:5 a k+ ( ,!bes asc5d$ ! ?rone he imm$iately gave ord]s = 8 tomb to be cut out ( ! solid rock4 ,a sep>ate passage or gall]y l$ to ! tomb along :i* he 0 to be borne 9 dea? to ! f9al re/+ place4 ,"s ( ! tunnels lead+ to ! mausoleums ( ! anci5t ,egyptian k+s 7 upw>ds ( a ?\s& feet 9 l5g?1 hewn out ( ! h>d solid rock4 ,a simil> cu/om prevail$ 9 ,assyria1 ,mesopotamia1 ,p]sia & ,india4 ,! e>ly ,assyrians built a tunnel "u ! ,euphrates riv] :i* 0 #ab feet wide by #ae high4 ,! c\rse ( ! riv] 0 div]t$ until ! tunnel 0 built1 !n ! wat]s 7 turn$ into _! =m] *annel1 !re=e x 0 n really a subaque\s tunnel4 ,! s9k+ ( tunnels "u wat] 0 to be "o ( ! triumphs ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,unque/ionably ! ,romans 7 ! greate/ eng9e]s ( anci5t times4 ,mu* ( _! masonry "w has )/ood ! dis9tegrat+ h& ( "t & is z solid & /rong to-day z :5 fir/ erect$4 ,! ,fire-sett+ me?od ( tunnel+ 0 orig9at$ by !m1 & !y also develop$ ! famili> pr9ciple ( prosecut+ ! "w at sev]al po9ts at ! same "t by means ( v]tical %afts4 ,!y heat$ ! rock to be excavat$ by great fires built aga9/ ! face ( x4 ,:5 a v high temp]ature 0 rea*$ !y turn$ /reams ( cold wat] on ! heat$ /one ) ! result t great portions 7 dis9tegrat$ & fell (f "u ! action ( ! wat]4 ,! ,romans be+ good *emi/s knew ! effect ( v9eg> on lime1 !re=e :5 !y enc\nt]$ calc>e\s rock in/ead ( wat] !y us$ v9eg> :i* v readily split up & dis9tegrat$ ?is k9d ( ob/ruction4 ,! "w ( tunnel+ 0 v sev]e on ! labor]s1 b ! ,romans did n c>e1 = ne>ly all ! workm5 7 slaves & reg>d$ 9 no bett] light ?an s _m cattle4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notable tunnels con/ruct$ by ! old ,romans 0 t betwe5 ,naples & ,pozzuoli ?r\gh ! ,posilipo ,hills4 ,x 0 excavat$ ?r\gh volcanic tufa & 0 #c1jjj feet long1 #be feet wide1 & ( ! po9t$ ar* /yle4 ,! longe/ ( ! ,roman tunnels1 #c-a_/b miles1 0 built to dra9 ,lake ,fuc9o4 ,x 0 driv5 ?r\gh calc>e\s rock & is said to h co/ ! labor ( #cj1jjj m5 = #aa ye>s4 ,only h& labor 0 employ$ by ! anci5t p 9 _! tunnel "w4 ,9 s(t gr\nd ! tools us$ 7 picks1 %ovels & scoops1 b = rock "w !y _h a great] v>iety4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians besides ! hamm]1 *isel & w$ges _h tube drills & saws provid$ ) cutt+ edges ( corundum or o!r h>d gritty mat]ial4 ,= c5turies !re 0 no progress 9 ! art ( tunnel+4 ,on ! contr>y !re 0 a decl9e f ! e>li] con/ruction until late 9 ! #ag? c5tury :5 gunp[d] came into use z an explosive 9 bla/+ rock4 ,! fir/ application ( gunp[d] 0 probably at ,malpas1 ,france1 #afgi-afha1 9 ! con/ruction ( ! tunnel on ! l9e ( ! ,langu$oc ,canal #eaj feet long1 #bb feet wide & #bi feet high4 ,x 0 n until ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ! art ( tunnel con/ruction1 ?r\gh s&1 wet gr\nd or "u riv]s 0 und]tak5 s z to come rightly "u ! head ( practical eng9e]+4 ,9 #ahjc a tunnel 0 built ?r\gh v s(t soil = ! ,san ,qu5t9 ,canal 9 ,france4 ,timb]+ or /rutt+ 0 employ$ to support ! walls & ro( ( ! excavation z fa/ z ! e>? 0 remov$ & ! masonry l9+ 0 built closely foll[+ x4 ,f ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ?is tunnel 7 develop$ ! v>i\s sy/ems ( s(t gr\nd subt]ranean tunnel+ 9 practice at ! pres5t day4 ,! fir/ tunnel ( any ext5t built 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 t kn[n z ! ,auburn ,tunnel ne> ,auburn1 ,pa41 = ! wat] transportation ( coal4 ,x 0 sev]al hundr$ feet long1 #bb feet wide & #ae feet high4 ,! fir/ railroad tunnel 9 ,am]ica 0 also 9 ,p5nsylvania on ! ,allegh5y-,portage ,railroad1 built 9 #ahah-ahba4 ,x 0 #ija feet long1 #be feet wide & #ba feet high4 ,:at may be call$ ! epo* mak+ tunnel1 ! con/ruction ( :i* fir/ introduc$ high explosives & p[] drills 9 ?is c\ntry1 0 ! ,hoosac 9 ,massa*usetts comm5c$ 9 #ahed & aft] _m int]ruptions br\ght to completion 9 #ahgf4 ,x is a d\ble-track tunnel ne>ly #e miles 9 l5g?4 ,x 0 quickly foll[$ by ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,erie tunnel ?r\gh ,b]g5 ,hill ne> ,hobok51 ,n4,j4 ,?is tunnel 0 comm5c$ 9 #ahee & f9i%$ 9 #ahfa4 ,x is #d1djj feet long1 #bh feet wide & #ba feet high4 ,o!r rem>kable eng9e]+ feats ( ?is k9d 9 ,am]ica are ! ,croton ,aqu$uct ,tunnel1 ! ,hudson ,riv] ,tunnel1 & ! ,new ,york ,subway4 ,! great rock tunnels ( ,europe are ! f\r ,alp9e cuts kn[n z ,mont ,c5is1 ,/4 ,go?>d1 ! ,arlb]g & ! ,simplon4 ,! ,mont ,c5is is probably ! mo/ fam\s because at ! "t ( its con/ruction x 0 reg>d$ z ! greate/ eng9e]+ a*ievem5t ( ! mod]n _w1 yet x is only a simple tunnel #h miles long1 :ile ! ,simplon is a d\ble tunnel1 ea* bore ( :i* is #ab-a_/d miles4 ,! *ief eng9e] ( ! ,mont ,c5is tunnel 0 ,m4 ,sommeil]1 ! man :o devis$ ! fir/ p[] drill ev] us$ 9 su* "w4 ,9 addition to ! p[] drill ! build+ ( ?is tunnel induc$ ! inv5tion ( app>atus to suck up f\l air1 ! air compressor1 ! turb9e & sev]al o!r contrivances & appliances 9 use at ! pres5t "t4 ,great /rides 9 mod]n tunnel+ develop$ ! %ield & br\ght metal l9+ into s]vice4 ,! %ield 0 inv5t$ & fir/ us$ by ,sir ,m4 ,i4 ,brunel1 a ,london eng9e]1 9 excavat+ ! tunnel "u ! ,riv] ,?ames1 begun 9 #ahbe & f9i%$ 9 #ahda4 ,9 #ahfi ano!r ,engli% eng9e]1 ,pet] ,b>l[1 us$ an iron l9+ 9 connection ) a %ield 9 driv+ ! second tunnel "u ! ,?ames at ,london4 ,f a use ( ! %ield & metal l9+ has gr[n ! pres5t sy/em ( tunnel+ :i* is n[ univ]sally kn[n z ! %ield sy/em4 ,great advancem5t has be5 made 9 ! pa/ few ye>s 9 ! nature & composition ( explosives z well z 9 ! =m ( motive p[] employ$ 9 bla/+4 ,p[]ful *emical compositions1 su* z nitroglyc]9e & its comp\nds1 su* z dynamite1 etc41 h supplant$ gunp[d]1 & electricity1 is n[ almo/ inv>iably ! fir+ ag5t4 ,x also s]ves _m o!r purposes 9 ! "w1 illum9ation1 supply+ p[] = hoi/+ & excavat+ ma*9]y1 driv+ rock drills1 & op]at+ v5tilat+ fans1 etc4 ,9 ?is field1 9 fact1 z ev]y:]e else 9 ! me*anical arts1 ! electric curr5t is play+ a lead+ "p4 ,to ! ,engli% eng9e]1 ,pet] ,b>l[1 above m5tion$1 mu/ be giv5 ! cr$it ( br++ into use ! fir/ really s]viceable circul> %ield = s(t gr\nd tunnel+4 ,9 #ahfc he took out a pat5t = su* a %ield ) a cyl9drical ca/ iron l9+ = ! complet$ tunnel4 ,( c\rse ,james ,h5ry ,grea!ad v mat]ially improv$ ! %ield1 s mu* s inde$ t ! pres5t sy/em ( tunnel+ by means ( circul> %ields is call$ ! ,grea!ad n ! ,b>l[ sy/em4 ,grea!ad & ,b>l[ ent]$ into a p>tn]%ip 9 #ahfi4 ,!y con/ruct$ ! tunnel "u ! ,t[] ( ,london #a1cej feet 9 l5g? & sev5 feet 9 diamet] :i* p5etrat$ compact clay & 0 complet$ )9 a p]iod ( elev5 mon?s4 ,?is 0 a rem>kable record 9 tunnel build+ = ! "t & won = ^! em95t eng9e]s a _w wide fame4 ,f !nce=? _! sy/em came into vogue 9 all s(t soil & subaque\s tunnel+4 ,except = ! developm5t 9 /eel app>atus & ! introduction ( electricity z a motive ag5t1 !re has n be5 su* a great improvem5t on ! ,grea!ad %ield z "o w\ld naturally expect 9 ?irty ye>s4 ,! me?od ( excavat+ a tunnel dep5ds altoge!r on ! nature ( ! ob/ruction to be remov$ = ! passage4 ,9 ! case ( solid rock ! "w is sl[ b simple2 dry1 h>d1 firm e>? is mu* ! same z rock4 ,! difficulties ( tunnel+ lie 9 ! s(t gr\nd1 subaque\s mud1 silt1 quicks&1 or any trea*]\s soil ( a %ift+1 un/eady composition4 ,:5 ! rock is to be remov$ x is cu/om>y to beg9 ! "w 9 sections ( :i* !re may be sev5 or eight4 ,fir/ "o section is excavat$1 !n ano!r & s on to completion4 ,! ord] ( ! sections dep5ds ^u ! k9d ( rock & ^u ! "t allott$ = ! job & sev]al o!r circum/ances kn[n to ! eng9e]4 ,if ! fir/ section attack$ be at ! top imm$iately b5ea? ! ar* ( ! propos$ tunnel1 next to ! ov]ly+ matt]1 x is call$ a head+1 b if ! fir/ cutt+ takes place at ! bottom ( ! rock to =m ! base ( ! tunnel x is call$ a drift4 ,driv+ a head+ is ! mo/ difficult op]ation ( rock tunnel+4 ,sometimes a head+ is driv5 a c\ple ( ?\s& feet ahead ( ! o!r sections4 ,9 s(t rock x is (t5 necess>y to use timb] props z ! "w proce$s & foll[ up ! excavat+ by l9+ ro( & sides ) brick1 /one or concrete4 ,! rock is dislodg$ by bla/+1 ! holes be+ drill$ ) compress$ air1 wat] =ce or electricity1 &1 z has be5 said1 p[]ful explosives are us$1 nitroglyc]9e or "s nitro-comp\nd be+ ! mo/ common4 ,_m *>ges c be electrically fir$ at ! same "t4 ,if ! tunnel is to be long1 %afts are sunk at int]vals 9 ord] to attack ! "w at sev]al places at once4 ,sometimes ^! %afts are l9$ & left op5 :5 ! tunnel is complet$ = purposes ( v5tilation4 ,9 s(t gr\nd & subaque\s soil ! %ield is ! *ief app>atus us$ 9 tunnel+4 ,! mo/ up-to-date appliance ( ?is k9d 0 t us$ 9 con/ruct+ ! tunnels connect+ ,new ,york ,city ) ,new ,j]sey "u ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,x consi/$ ( a cyl9drical %ell ( /eel ( ! diamet] ( ! excavation to be made4 ,?is 0 provid$ ) a cutt+ edge ( ca/ /eel made up ( assembl$ segm5ts4 ,)9 ! %ell 0 arrang$ a v]tical bulkhead provid$ ) a numb] ( doors to p]mit ! passage ( workm51 tools & explosives4 ,! %ell ext5d$ to ! re> ( ! bulkhead =m+ :at 0 kn[n z ! tail4 ,! l9+ 0 erect$ )9 ?is tail & consi/$ ( /eel plates l9$ ) masonry4 ,! :ole arrangem5t 0 9 effect a gigantic circul> biscuit cutt] :i* 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,! tail ?us cont9ually envelop$ ! la/ con/ruct$ portion ( ?is p]man5t l9+4 ,! actual excavation took place 9 advance ( ! cutt+ edge4 ,! me?od ( accompli%+ ?is1 v>i$ ) conditions4 ,at times ! mat]ial w\ld be rock = a few feet f ! bottom1 ov]laid ) s(t e>?4 ,9 su* case ! latt] w\ld be fir/ excavat$ & !n ! ro( w\ld be support$ by tempor>y timb]s1 aft] :i* ! rock portion w\ld be attack$4 ,:5 ! workm5 _h excavat$ ! mat]ial 9 front ( ! %ield x 0 pass$ ?r\gh ! heavy /eel plate diaphragm 9 c5t] ( ! %ell out to ! re> & ! %ield 0 !n mov$ =w>d s z to br+ its front aga9 up to ! face ( ! excavation4 ,z ! %ell 0 v unwieldy1 weigh+ ab\t eighty tons1 &1 moreov]1 z ! friction or pressure ( ! surr\nd+ mat]ial on its side _h to be ov]come x 0 a v difficult matt] to move x =w>d & a great =ce _h to be exp5d$ to d s4 ,?is =ce 0 ex]t$ by means ( hydraulic jacks s devis$ & plac$ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ( ! diaphragm z to pu% aga9/ ! complet$ /eel plate l9+ ( ! tunnel4 ,!re 7 sixte5 ( ^! jacks employ$ ) cyl9d]s eight in*es 9 diamet] & !y ex]t$ a pressure ( f "o ?\s& to f\r ?\s& p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,by su* means ! %ield 0 pu%$ ahead z soon z room 0 made 9 front = ano!r move4 ,! purpose ( ! %ield is to prev5t ! inru% ( wat] & s(t mat]ial :ile excavat+ is go+ on2 ! diaphragm ( ! %ields acts z a bulkhead & ! op5+s 9 x are s devis$ z to be quickly clos$ if necess>y4 ,! ext5sion ( ! %ield 9 front ( ! diaphragm is design$ to prev5t ! fall+ or fl[+ 9 ( ! expos$ face ( ! new excavation4 ,! ext5sion ( ! %ell back f ! diaphragm is = ! purpose ( af=d+ opportunity to put 9 place ! f9i%$ tunnel l9+ :atev] x may be1 masonry1 ca/-iron1 ca/-iron & masonry1 or /eel plates & masonry4 ,:]e ! mat]ial is saturat$ ) wat] z is ! case 9 all subaque\s tunnel+ x is necess>y to use compress$ air 9 connection ) ! %ield4 ,! int5sity ( air pressure is det]m9$ by ! dep? ( ! tunnel bel[ ! surface ( ! wat] above x4 ,! tunnel]s "w 9 :at are call$ caissons to :i* !y h access ?r\gh an air lock4 ,9 _m cases quick transition f ! compress$ air 9 ! caisson to ! op5 air at ! surface results fatally to ! work]s4 ,! caisson disease is popul>ly call$ ! b5ds a k9d ( p>alysis :i* is m or less baffl+ to m$ical sci5ce4 ,"s m5 are able to be> a great] pressure ?an o!rs4 ,x dep5ds on ! natural /am9a ( ! work] & 8 /ate ( heal?4 ,! fur!r d[n ! great] ! pressure4 ,! normal atmosph]ic pressure at ! surface is ab\t f\rte5 p\nds to ! squ>e in*4 ,m5 9 normal heal? %\ld be able to /& a pressure ( sev5ty-six p\nds to ! squ>e in* & ?is w\ld call = a dep? ( #agh feet "u wat] surface1 :i* f> exce$s any dep? work$ "u compress$ air4 ,= a long "t "o hundr$ feet 7 reg>d$ z a maximum dep? & at t dep? m5 7 n p]mitt$ to "w m ?an an h\r 9 "o %ift4 ,! ord9>y subaque\s tunnel pressure is ab\t =ty-five p\nds & ?is corresponds to a head ( #ajd feet4 ,9 work+ 9 ! ,hudson ,tunnels ! pressure 0 sc>cely ev] above ?irty-?ree p\nds1 yet _m suff]$ f ! b5ds4 ,:at is call$ a freez+ me?od is n[ propos$ to ov]come ! wat] 9 s(t e>? tunnel+4 ,its *ief feature is ! excavat+ fir/ ( a small c5tral tunnel to be us$ z a refrig]at+ *amb] or ice box 9 freez+ ! surr\nd+ mat]ial solid s t x c be dug out or bla/$ out 9 *unks ! same z rock4 ,x is v d\btful h[ev]1 if su* a plan is feasible4 ,! greate/ p>tly subaque\s tunnels 9 ! _w are n[ to be f\nd 9 ! vic9ity ( ,new ,york4 ,! fir/ to be op5$ to ! public is kn[n z ! ,subway & ext5ds f ! nor!rn limits ( ! ,city 9 ,we/*e/] ,c\nty to ,brooklyn4 ,! olde/1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,new ,york tunnels c\nt+ f its orig9 is ! ,mc,adoo tunnel f ,*ri/oph] ,/reet1 9 ,manhattan ,bor\gh1 "u ! ,hudson to ,hobok54 ,?is 0 begun 9 #ahhj & cont9u$ at int]vals z funds c\ld be obta9$ until #ahij1 :5 ! "w 0 ab&on$ aft] ab\t two ?\s& feet _h be5 con/ruct$4 ,= a numb] ( ye>s ! tunnel rema9$ full ( wat] until x 0 f9ally acquir$ by ! ,hudson ,companies :o complet$ & op5$ x to ! public 9 #aijh4 ,ano!r tunnel to ! foot ( ,cortl&t ,/reet 0 con/ruct$ by ! same conc]n & op5$ 9 #aiji4 ,bo? tunnels consi/ ( p>allel b sep>ate tubes4 ,! railway tunnels to c>ry ! ,p5nsylvania ,r4 ,r4 "u ! ,hudson into ,new ,york & !nce "u ! ,ea/ ,riv] to ,long ,isl& h be5 f9i%$ & are great triumphs ( eng9e]+ skill besides mak+ ,new ,york ! mo/ p]fectly equipp$ city 9 ! _w z f> z transit is conc]n$4 ,! greate/ propos$ subaque\s tunnel is t int5d$ to connect ,engl& ) ,france "u ! ,engli% ,*annel a di/ance ( tw5ty-"o miles4 ,"t & aga9 ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t has reject$ proposals ?r\gh fe> t su* a tunnel w\ld af=d a ready means ( invasion f a =eign enemy4 ,h[ev]1 x is almo/ sure to be built4 ,ano!r project$ ,briti% tunnel is "o :i* w l9k ,irel& & ,scotl& "u ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,if ?is is c>ri$ out !n inde$ ! ,em]ald ,isle w be "o ) ,brita9 9 spite ( h] unwill+ness = su* a close association4 ,engl& already possesses a fam\s subaque\s tunnel 9 t kn[n z ! ,sev]n tunnel "u ! riv] ( t "n4 ,x is f\r & a half miles long1 al?\gh x 0 built l>gely ?r\gh rock4 ,wat] gave mu* tr\ble 9 its con/ruction :i* occupi$ ?irte5 ye>s f #ahgc to #ahhf4 ,pumps 7 employ$ to raise ! wat] ?r\gh a side head+ connect+ ) a %aft tw5ty-n9e feet 9 diamet]4 ,! greate/ am\nt ( wat] rais$ concurr5tly 0 tw5ty-sev5 million gallons 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs b ! pumps _h a capacity ( sixty-six million gallons = ! same "t4 ,! greate/ tunnel 9 ,europe is ! ,simplon :i* connects ,switz]l& ) ,italy "u ! ,simplon ,pass 9 ! ,alps4 ,x has two bores twelve & "o-f\r? miles ea* & at places x is "o & "o-half miles bel[ ! surface4 ,! ,/4 ,go?>d also connect+ ,switz]l& & ,italy "u ! l(ty peak ( ! ,col de ,/4 ,go?>d is n9e & "o-f\r? miles 9 l5g?4 ,! ?ird great ,alp9e tunnel1 ! ,arlb]g1 :i* is six & "o-half miles long1 =ms a "p ( ! ,au/rian railway betwe5 ,innsbruck & ,blu$5z 9 ! ,tyrol & connects we/w>d ) ! ,swiss railroads & s\?w>d ) ^? ( ,italy4 ,two great tunnels at ! pres5t "t are be+ con/ruct$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 "o ( ^! :i* is pi]c+ ! backbone ( ! ,rockies is on ! ,atlantic & ,pacific railway4 ,x beg9s ne> ,georget[n1 w pass "u ,gray's peak & come out ne> ,decatur1 ,colorado1 9 all a l5g? ( twelve miles4 ,! o!r ,am]ican und]tak+ is a tunnel "u ! fam\s ,pike's ,peak 9 ,colorado :i* :5 complet$ w be tw5ty miles long4 ,x c cle>ly be se5 t 9 ! way ( tunnel eng9e]+ ,uncle ,sam is n a :it beh9d 8 ,european competitors4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,electricity ,,9 ,,! ,,h\sehold ,electrically ,equipp$ ,h\ses--,cook+ by ,electricity--,com=ts & ,conv5i5ces4 ,sci5ce has n[ press$ ! invisible wiz>d ( electricity into do+ almo/ e h\sehold duty f clean+ ! w9d[s to cook+ ! d9n]4 ,!re are _m h\ses n[ s ?or\ghly equipp$ ) electricity f top to bottom t "o s]vant is able to d :at =m]ly requir$ ! s]vice ( sev]al1 & 9 "s h\ses s]vants seem to be ne$$ h>dly at all1 ! mi/resses do+ _! own cook+1 iron+1 & wa%+ by means ( electricity4 ,9 respect to tak+ advantage ( electricity to p]=m ! duties ( ! h\sehold our fri5ds 9 ,europe 7 ahead ( u1 ?\gh ,am]ica is pre-em95tly ! l& ( electricity--! natal home ( ! sci5ce4 ,we are wak+ up1 h[ev]1 to ! dome/ic utility ( ?is ag5t & ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry at pres5t !re are numb]s ( homes 9 :i* electricity is employ$ to p]=m almo/ e task automatically f fe$+ ! baby to ! crimp+ ( my lady's hair 9 h] sc5t$ b\doir4 ,!re is n[ no long] any use = *imneys on electrically equipp$ h\ses1 = ! fires h be5 elim9at$ & all heat & light drawn f ! electric /reet ma9s4 ,a description ( "o ( ^! h\ses is mo/ int]e/+ z %[+ :at really c be accompli%$ by ?is wond]ful s\rce ( p[]4 ,be=e ! visitor to su* a h\se rea*es ! gate or front door 8 approa* is made kn[n by an annunciator 9 ! hall1 :i* is connect$ ) a hidd5 plate 9 ! entrance pa?1 :i* :5 press$ by ! feet ( ! visitor *>ges ! wire ( ! annunciator4 ,a voice comes ?r\gh ! horn ( a phonograph ask+ him :at he wi%es & tell+ him to reply ?r\gh ! telephone :i* hangs at ! side ( ! door4 ,:5 he has made 8 wants kn[n1 if he is welcome or desir$1 !re is a click & ! door op5s4 ,z he ent]s an electrically op]at$ door mat cleans 8 %oes & if he is aw>e ( ! equipm5ts ( ! h\se1 he c h 8 clo!s bru%$ by an automatic bru% atta*$ to ! hat-rack 9 ! hall4 ,an escalator or endless /airway br+s him to ! fir/ floor :]e he is met by ! ho/ :o conducts him to ! d5 sacr$ to himself4 ,if he wi%es a prepr&ial cig>1 ! ho/ t\*es a segm5t ( ! wall1 app>5tly no diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ! surr\nd+ surface1 & a complete cig> outfit %oots out to )9 rea* ( ! gue/4 ,:5 ! gong ann\nces d9n] he is conduct$ to ! d9+ hall :]e probably ! uses to :i* electricity c be put are bett] exemplifi$ ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! h\se4 ,betwe5 ?is room & ! kit*5 !re is a p]fect electric und]/&+4 ,! ap>tm5ts are s arrang$ t electric dumbwait] s]vice is op]at$ betwe5 ! c5tre ( ! d9+ table itself & ! s]v+ table 9 ! kit*54 ,! latt] is equipp$ ) an electric range provid$ ) electrically heat$ ov5s1 broil]s1 vegetable cook]s1 saucepans1 di%es1 etc41 suffici5t = ! prep>ation ( ! mo/ elaborate h\se banquet4 ,! *ef or cook 9 *>ge ( ! kit*5 prep>es ea* di% 9 its prop] ov5 & has x ready wait+ on ! electric elevator at ! appo9t$ "t :5 ! ho/ & 8 gue/ or gue/s1 or family1 z ! case may be1 are seat$ at ! d9+ table4 ,! ho/ or :oev] presides at ! head ( ! table m]ely t\*es a button conceal$ on ! side ( ! mahogany & ! elevator in/antly appe>s ?r\gh a trap-door 9 ! table1 :i* is ord9>ily clos$ by two silv] cov]s :i* look l a tray4 ,9 ?is way ! di% seem+ly miracul\sly appe>s "r on top ( ! table4 ,:5 ea* gue/ is s]v$ x returns to ! kit*5 by ! way x came & a second c\rse is br\ght on ! table 9 a simil> mann] & s on until ! d9n] is fully s]v$4 ,fruits & fl[]s ta/efully arrang$ adorn ! c5tre ( ! d9+ table & m9ute electric inc&esc5t lamps ( v>i\s colors are conceal$ 9 ! roses & petals & ^! give a v pretty effect1 especially at night4 ,b5ea? ! table no?+ is to be se5 b two nickel-plat$ b>s :i* s]ve to guide ! elevators4 ,d[n 9 ! kit*5 ! cook+ is c>ri$ on almo/ me*anically by means ( an electric clock controll+ ! heat+ circuits to ! v>i\s ut5sils4 ,! cook1 kn[+ j h[ long ea* di% w require to be cook$1 turns on ! curr5t at ! prop] "t & !n sets ! clock to automatically disconnect t ut5sil :5 suffici5t "t1 s _m m9utes to ! p\nd1 has elaps$4 ,:5 ?is occurs a little electric bell r+s1 call+ att5tion to ! fact1 t ! heat has be5 %ut (f4 ,ano!r kit*5 accessory is a rotat+ table on :i* are m\nt$ v>i\s h\sehold ma*9es su* z meat *opp]s1 cream :ipp]s1 egg beat]s & o!r app>atus all electrically op]at$4 ,!re is also an electric di%wa%] & dry] & plate rack manipulator :i* places ! di%es 9 position :5 clean & dri$4 ,! advantages ( cook+ by electricity are app>5t to all :o h te/$ !m4 ,food cook$ 9 an electric bak+ ov5 is mu* sup]ior ?an :5 cook$ by any o!r me?od because ( ! bett] heat regulation & ! utt] cleanl9ess1 !re be+ absolutely no du/ :atev] z 9 ! case :5 coal is us$4 ,! electric ov5 does n increase ! temp]ature nor does x exhau/ ! pure air 9 ! room by burn+ up ! oxyg54 ,! "t requir$ = cook+ is ab\t ! same z ) coal4 ,! p]fect cleanl9ess ( an electric plate w>m] is suffici5t to w>rant its use4 ,x keeps di%es at a uni=m temp]ature & ! food does n get scor*$ & become t\gh4 ,/eaks prep>$ on electric gridirons & broil]s are really delici\s z !y are ev5ly done ?r\gh\t & reta9 all ! natural juices ( ! meat2 !re is no odor ( gas or ( ! fire & portions done to a crisp :ile o!rs are raw on ! inside4 ,9 toa/+ !re is no dang] ( ! bread burn+ on "o side m ?an on ! o!r1 or ( its burn+ on ei!r side & a c\ple ( doz5 slices c be done toge!r on an ord9>y in/rum5t at ! same "t4 ,! electric disk/ove1 flat on ! top1 l a ball cut 9 two1 c be also utiliz$ z a toa/] or = heat+ any kettles or pots or vessels ) flat bottoms4 ,v appetiz+ waffles are made ) electric waffle irons1 because ! bottom & top irons are uni=mly heat$1 s t ! irons cook ! waffles f bo? sides at ! same "t4 ,electric potato peel+ ma*9es consi/ ( a /ation>y cyl9d] op5$ at ! top = ! reception ( ! potatoes & hav+ a revolv+ disk at ! bottom4 ,! cyl9d] has a r\gh surface or is coat$ ) diamond fl9t1 s t :5 ! disk revolves ! potatoes are ?r[n aga9/ ! sides ( ! cyl9d] & ! sk9 is scrap$ (f4 ,!re is no deep cutt+ z :5 peel$ by a knife1 !re=e1 mu* wa/e is avoid$4 ,:ile ! potatoes are be+ scrap$1 a /ream ( wat] plays ^u !m tak+ away ! sk9s & ?or\ghly cleans+ ! tub]s4 ,among o!r electric labor sav]s connect$ ) ! cul9>y dep>tm5t may be m5tion$ floor-scrubb]s1 di%-wa%]s1 c(fee-gr9d]s1 meat *opp]s1 d\gh-mix]s & cutl]y-poli%]s1 all ( :i* give complete satisfaction at a paltry co/ & save mu* "t & labor4 ,a small motor c drive any ( ^! in/rum5ts or sev]al c be atta*$ & run by ! same motor4 ,! op]ation ( an ord9>y snap swit* w supply en]gy to electric wat]-heat]s atta*$ to ! kit*5 boil] or to ! faucet4 ,! in/antane\s wat] heat] also purifies ! wat] by kill+ ! bact]ia conta9$ 9 x4 ,! electric tea kettle makes a brew to *>m ! he>t ( a connossieur4 ,9 fact all cook+ done by electricity :e!r x is ! fry+ ( an egg or ! roa/+ ( a /eak is sup]ior 9 e way to ! old me?ods & :at acc5tuates its use is ! cleanl9ess ) :i* x c be p]=m$4 ,& x %\ld be tak5 into consid]ation t 9 electric cook+ !re is no b5d+ ov] hot /oves & ranges or a /uffy evil smell+ smoky atmosph]e1 b on ! contr>y1 fre% air1 cleanl9ess & coolness :i* make cook+ n ! drudg]y x has ev] be51 b a real pleasure4 ,let u take a glance at ! laundry 9 ! electrically equipp$ h\se4 ,!re is a l>ge tub ) a wr+] atta*$ to x & a simple me*anism by :i* a small motor c ei!r be connect$ ) ! tub or ! wr+] z requir$4 ,! wa%+ is p]=m$ entirely by ! motor & 9 a way prev5ts ! we> & te> associat$ ) ! old me?od ( scrubb+ & rubb+ done at ! exp5se ( mu* elb[ grease4 ,! motor turns ! tub back & =? & 9 ?is way ! soapy wat] p5etrates ! clo!s1 ?us remov+ ! dirt )\t injur+ or te>+ ! fabric4 ,9 ! old way1 ! clo!s 7 mov$ up & d[n 9 ! wat] & torn & worn 9 ! process4 ,by ! new way x is ! wat] :i* moves :ile ! clo!s rema9 /ation>y4 ,:5 ! clo!s are ?or\ghly wa%$1 ! motor is atta*$ to ! wr+] & !y are pass$ ?r\gh x2 !y are completely dri$ by a specially con/ruct$ electric fan4 ,:atev] g>m5ts are to be iron$ are sep>at$ & f$ to a /eel roll mangle op]at$ by a motor :i* gives !m a beautiful f9i%4 ,! electric flat iron plays also an important "p 9 ! laundry z x is clean & nev] gets too hot nor too cold & !re is no ru%+ back to repl5i% ! heat]s4 ,"o is n oblig$ to rema9 9 ! room ) a hot /ove1 & suff] ! inconv5i5ces4 ,no heat is felt at all f ! iron z x is all conc5trat$ on ! bottom surface4 ,x is a regul> bless+ to ! laundress especially 9 hot wea!r4 ,!re is a gr[+ dem& 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry = ^! electric flat-irons4 ,electricity plays an important role 9 ! p>lor & draw+-room4 ,! electric fireplace ?r[s out a ruddy gl[1 a p]fect imitation ( ! wide-op5 old-fa%ion$ fireplaces ( ! days ( our gr&mo!rs4 ,!re are small grooves at c]ta9 sections 9 ! floor+ ov] :i* *airs & c\*es c be br\ght to a desir$ position4 ,:5 ! ma/] drops into 8 favorite *air by ! fireplace if he wi%es a tune to soo! 8 jangl$ n]ves1 !re is an electric atta*m5t to ! piano & he c adju/ x to get ! air ( 8 *oice )\t hav+ to ask any "o to play = him4 ,9 ! draw+-room an electric f\nta9 may be play+1 its jets reflect+ ! prismatic colors ( ! ra9b[ z ! wat]s fall 9 iridesc5t sp>kle among ! lights4 ,su* a f\nta9 is compos$ ( a small electric motor & a c5trifugal pump1 ! latt] be+ plac$ 9 ! int]ior ( a bas9 & connect$ directly to ! motor %aft4 ,! pump receives ! wat] f ! bas9 & conveys x ?r\gh pipes & a numb] ( small nozzles ?us produc+ cascades4 ,! wat] fall+ ^u an art glass dome1 b5ea? :i* are small inc&esc5t lamps1 returns to ! bas9 & !nce aga9 to ! pump4 ,!re is no necessity ( fill+ ! f\nta9 until ! wat] gets l[ ?r\gh evaporation4 ,:5 ! lights are n 9 color$ glass1 ! wat] may be color$ & ?is gives ! same effect4 ,to produce ! play ( ! f\nta9 & its effects1 x is only necess>y to connect x to any circuit & turn on ! swit*4 ,! dome revolves by means ( a jet ( wat] driv5 aga9/ flanges on ! "u side ( ! rim ( ! dome & 9 ?is way beautiful & prismatic effects are produc$4 ,! motor is noiseless 9 op]ation4 ,9 addition to ! pretty effect ! f\nta9 s]ves to cool & moi/5 ! air ( ! room4 ,! sleep+ *amb]s are ?or\ghly equipp$4 ,n only ! rooms may be heat$ by electricity b ! b$s !mselves4 ,an electric pad consi/+ ( a flexible resi/ance cov]$ ) s(t felt is connect$ by a conductor cord to a plug & is us$ = heat+ b$s or if ! occupant is suff]+ f rheumatism or indige/ion or any inte/9al pa9 ?is pad c be us$ 9 ! place ( ! hot wat] bottle & gives great] satisfaction4 ,!re is a heat controll+ device & ! circuit c be turn$ on or (f at w4 ,!re are _m m curi\s devices 9 ! electrically equipp$ h\se :i* c\ld !y h be5 exhibit$ a g5]ation or s ago1 w\ld h condemn$ ! own] z a sorc]] & necromanc] ( ! d>k ages1 b :i* n[ only place him 9 ! category ( ! sm>t ones :o are up to date & take advantage ( ! sci5ce & progress ( ! "t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h>ness+ ,,! ,,wat]-,,fall ,electric ,en]gy--,high ,pressure--,trans=m]s--,developm5t ( ,wat]-p[]4 ,! electrical transmission ( p[] is exemplifi$ 9 ev]y?+ :i* is bas$ on ! g5]ation ( electricity4 ,! ord9>y electric light is p[] com+ f a g5]ator 9 ! build+ or a public /reet-dynamo4 ,h[ev]1 :5 we talk 9 g5]al t]ms ( electric transmission we mean ! transmission ( en]gy on a l>ge scale by means ( ov]head or und]gr\nd conductors to a consid]able di/ance & ! trans=mation ( ?is en]gy into light & heat & *emical or me*anical p[] to c>ry on ! processes ( "w & indu/ry4 ,:5 ! p[] or en]gy is convey$ a long di/ance f ! g5]ator1 say ov] #cj miles or m1 we usually speak ( ! sy/em ( supply z long di/ance transmission ( electric en]gy4 ,9 _m cases p[] is convey$ ov] di/ances ( #bjj miles & m4 ,:5 wat] p[] is available z at ,niag>a1 ! di/ance to :i* electric en]gy c be transmitt$ is consid]ably increas$4 ,! di/ance to a great ext5t dep5ds on ! co/ ( coal requir$ = g5]ation at ! di/ribut+ po9t & on ! am\nt ( en]gy dem&$ at ! receiv+ po9t4 ,( c\rse ! f>!r ! di/ance ! high] mu/ be ! voltage pressure4 ,electrical eng9e]s say t "u prop] conditions electric en]gy may be transmitt$ 9 l>ge quantity to a di/ance ( #ejj miles & m at a pressure ( ab\t #agj1jjj volts4 ,if su* "r conditions be e/abli%$ !n ,new ,york1 ,*icago & sev]al o!r ( our l>ge cities c get _! p[] f ,niag>a4 ,9 our cities & t[ns :]e ! curr5t has only to g a %ort di/ance f ! p[] h\se1 ! conductors are g5]ally plac$ 9 cables und]gr\nd & ! maximum electro-motive =ce sc>cely ev] exce$s #aa1jjj volts4 ,?is pressure is g5]at$ by a /eam-driv5 alt]nat+-curr5t g5]ator & is transmitt$ ov] ! conductors to sub-/ations1 :]e by means ( /ep-d[n trans=m]s1 ! pressure is dropp$ to1 say1 #fjj volts alt]nat+ curr5t :i* by rot>y conv]t]s is turn$ into direct curr5t = ! /reet ma9s1 = fe$]s ( railways & = *>g+ /orage batt]ies :i* 9 turn give out direct curr5t at times ( heavy dem&4 ,t electric transmission ( en]gy to long di/ances may be successfully c>ri$ out trans=m]s are necess>y = rais+ ! pressure on ! transmission l9e & = r$uc+ x at ! po9ts ( di/ribution4 ,! trans=m] consi/s ( a magnetic circuit ( lam9at$ iron or mild /eel int]l9k$ ) two electric circuits1 "o1 ! prim>y1 receiv+ electrical en]gy & ! o!r ! second>y1 deliv]+ x to ! consum]4 ,! effect ( ! iron is to make z _m z possible ( ! l9es ( =ce set up by ! prim>y curr5t1 cut ! second>y w9d+ & !re set up an electromotive =ce ( ! same frequ5cy b diff]5t voltage4 ,! trans=m] has made long di/ance ! actual a*ievem5t t x is4 ,x is ?is app>atus t br\ght ! m\nta9 to ,mohamm$4 ,)\t x high pressure w\ld be impossible & x is on high pressure t success ( long di/ance transmission dep5ds4 ,to convey electricity to di/ant c5tres at a l[ pressure w\ld require ?\s&s ( doll>s 9 copp] cables alone z conductors4 ,to illu/rate ! s]vice ( ! trans=m] 9 electricity x is only necess>y to consid] wat] p[] at a l[ pressure4 ,9 su* a case ! wat] c only be transmitt$ at sl[ spe$ & ?r\gh great op5+s1 l dams or l>ge canals1 & )al ! =ce is weak & ( little practical effici5cy1 :]eas "u high pressure a small quantity c be =c$ ?r\gh a small pipe & create an en]gy beyond comp>ison to t develop$ :5 "u l[ pressure4 ,! trans=m] raises ! voltage & s5ds ! electrical curr5t "u high pressure ov] a small wire & s great is ?is pressure t ?\s&s ( horse-p[] c be s5t to great di/ances ov] small wires ) v little loss4 ,wat] p[] is n[ *ang$ to electrical p[] & transmitt$ ov] sl5d] copp] wires to ! great manufactur+ c5tres ( our c\ntry to turn ! :eels ( indu/ry & give employm5t to ?\s&s4 ,ne>ly "o hundr$ cities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates alone are today us+ electricity suppli$ by transmitt$ wat]-p[]4 ,t5 ye>s ago ,niag>a ,falls 7 reg>d$ only z a great natural curiosity ( int]e/ only to ! sightse]1 today ^? ,falls di/ribute ov] #ajj1jjj horse-p[] to ,buffalo1 ,syracuse1 ,ro*e/]1 ,toronto & sev]al small] cities & t[ns4 ,wild ,niag>a has at la/ inde$ be5 h>ness$ to ! s]vitude ( man4 ,spi] ,falls nor? ( ,s>atoga1 practically unhe>d ( be=e1 is n[ supply+ electricity to ! indu/rial communities ( ,s*5ectady1 ,troy1 ,am/]dam1 ,albany & half a doz5 or s small] t[ns4 ,riv]s & dams1 lakes & falls 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry are be+ utiliz$ to supply en]gy1 ?\gh at ! pres5t "t only ab\t "o-=tie? ( ! horse-p[] available ?r\gh ?is ag5t is be+ made productive4 ,! wat] conditions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are s favorable t #bjj1jjj1jjj horse-p[] c\ld be easily develop$1 b z x is we h b>ely en\gh h>ness$ to supply #e million horse-p[]4 ,eighty p] c5t4 ( ! p[] us$ at ! pres5t "t is produc$ f fuel4 ,?is p]c5tage is sure to decrease 9 ! future = fuel w become sc>c] & ! high co/ w drive fuel p[] altoge!r out ( ! m>ket4 ,new ,york ,/ate has ! l>ge/ wat] p[] developm5t 9 ! ,union1 ! total be+ #hhe1hfb horsep[]2 ?is fact is *iefly ow+ to ! en]gy develop$ by ,niag>a4 ,! second ,/ate 9 wat]-p[] developm5t is ,cali=nia1 ! total developm5t be+ #dff1ggd horsep[] ov] #a1jgj :eels or a unit in/allation ( ab\t #dcf ,h4,p4 ,! ?ird ,/ate is ,ma9e ) #cdc1jif horse-p[]1 ov] #b1gjg :eels or an av]age ( ab\t #abc horse-p[] p] :eel4 ,lack ( space makes x impossible to ent] ^u a detail$ description ( ! /ructural & me*anical features ( ! v>i\s plants & h[ !y 7 op]at$ = ! purpose ( turn+ wat] into an electric curr5t4 ,! be/ t c be done is to outl9e ! mo/ notewor?y features :i* typify ! v>i\s situations "u :i* p[] plants are develop$ & op]at$4 ,! wat] p[] available "u any condition dep5ds pr9cipally ^u two factors3 ,fir/1 ! am\nt ( fall or hydro/atic head on ! :eels2 second1 ! am\nt ( wat] t c be turn$ ov] ! :eels4 ,! conditions v>y accord+ to place1 !re are all k9ds ( fall & fl[4 ,to develop a high p[] x is necess>y to dis*>ge a l>ge volume ( wat] ^u prop]ly design$ :eels4 ,9 _m ( ! we/]n plants :]e only a small am\nt ( wat] is available !re is a great fall to make up = ! l>g] volume 9 =ce com+ d[n ^u ! :eels4 ,s f> z actual en]gy is conc]n$ x makes no diff]5ce :e!r we develop a c]ta9 am\nt ( p[] by all[+ tw5ty cubic feet ( wat] p] second to fall a di/ance ( "o foot or all[ "o cubic foot ( wat] p] second to fall a di/ance ( tw5ty feet4 ,9 "o place we may h a plant develop+ say #aj1jjj horse-p[] ) a fall ( any:]e f tw5ty to =ty feet & 9 ano!r place a plant ( ! same capacity ) a fall ( #a1jjj1 #a1ejj or #b1jjj feet4 ,9 ! =m] case ! %ort fall is comp5sat$ by a great volume ( wat] to produce su* a horse-p[]1 :ile 9 ! latt] conv]se conditions prevail4 ,9 _m cases ! p[] h\se is locat$ "s di/ance f ! s\rce ( supply & f ! po9t :]e ! wat] is div]t$ f its c\rse by artificial means4 ,! ,%aw9igan ,falls ( ,/4 ,maurice riv] 9 ,canada occur at two po9ts a %ort di/ance ap>t1 ! fall at "o po9t be+ ab\t #ej & at ! o!r #ajj feet high4 ,a canal #a1jjj feet long takes wat] f ! riv] above ! upp] ( ^! falls & deliv]s x ne> to ! electric p[] h\se on ! riv] bank bel[ ! l[] falls4 ,9 ?is way a hydro/atic head ( #abe feet is obta9$ at ! p[] h\se4 ,! canal 9 ?is case ends on high gr\nd #acj feet f ! p[] h\se & ! wat] passes d[n to ! :eels ?r\gh /eel p5/ocks #i feet 9 diamet]4 ,9 a great _m cases 9 level c\ntry ! wat] p[] c only be develop$ by means ( su* canals or pipe l9es & ! g5]at+ /ations mu/ be situat$ away f ! po9ts :]e ! wat] is div]t$ f its c\rse4 ,9 m\nta9\s c\ntry :]e riv]s are comp>atively small & _! c\rses are m>k$ by num]\s falls & rapids1 x is g5]ally necess>y to utilize ! fall ( a /ream ?r\gh "s miles ( its l5g? 9 ord] to get a satisfactory developm5t ( p[]4 ,to rea* ?is result r long canals1 flumes1 or pipe l9es mu/ be laid to convey ! wat] to ! p[] /ations & deliv] x at high pressure4 ,cali=nia (f]s num]\s examples ( electric p[] developm5t ) ! wat] t has be5 c>ri$ sev]al miles ?r\gh artificial *annels4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is class ( "w exi/s at ! electric p[] h\se on ! bank ( ! ,mokelumne riv] 9 ! ,si]ra ,nevada m\nta9s4 ,wat] is suppli$ to ! :eels 9 ?is /ation "u a head ( #a1dej feet ?r\gh pipes #c1fjj feet long lead+ to ! top ( a ne>-by hill4 ,to rea* ?is hill ! wat] aft] its div]sion f ! ,mokelumne riv] at ! dam1 fl[s tw5ty miles ?r\gh a canal or dit* & !n ?r\gh #c1jjj feet ( wood5 /ave pipe4 ,al?\gh ,cali=nia ranks second 9 wat]-p[] developm5t x is easily ! fir/ 9 ! numb] ( its /ations1 & also be x said1 ,cali=nia 0 ! fir/ to realize ! possibilities ( long di/ance electrical en]gy4 ,! l9e f ! #ae1jjj horsep[] plant at ,colgate 9 ?is ,/ate to ,san ,francisco by way ( ,mission ,san ,jose1 :]e x is suppli$ ) additional p[]1 has a l5g? ( #bcb miles & is ! longe/ transmission ( electrical en]gy 9 ! _w4 ,! p[] h\se at ,colgate has a capacity ( #aa1bej kil[atts 9 g5]ators1 b x is unc]ta9 :at "p ( ! output is transmitt$ to ,san ,francisco1 z !re are m ?an #ajj sub/ations on ! #a1cge miles ( circuit 9 ?is sy/em4 ,ano!r sy/em1 ev5 great] ?an ! =ego+ :i* has j be5 complet$ is t ( ! ,/anislaus plant 9 ,tuolumme ,c\nty1 ,cali=nia1 f :i* a transmission l9e on /eel t[]s has be5 run 9 ,tuolumme1 ,calav]as1 ,san ,joaqu91 ,alam$a & ,contra ,co/a ,c\nties = ! deliv]y ( p[] to m9es & to ! t[ns ly+ ab\t ,san ,francisco ,bay4 ,! ru%+ riot\s wat]s ( ! ,/anislaus wa/$ = s _m c5turies h be5 sav$ by ! /eel paddles ( gigantic turb9e wat] :eels & conv]t$ into electricity :i* c>ries ) ! swiftness ( ?\ght ?\s&s ( horse p[] en]gy to ! f> away cities & t[ns to be trans=m$ into light & heat & p[] to run /reet c>s & tra9s & set 9 motion ! me*anism ( mills & factories & make ! looms ( indu/ry hum ) ! bu/le & activity ( life4 ,x is said t ! greate/ long di/ance transmission yet attempt$ w %ortly be und]tak5 9 ,s\? ,africa :]e x is propos$ to draw p[] f ! fam\s ,victoria ,falls4 ,! l9e f ! ,falls w run to ,johannesburg & ?r\gh ! ,r&1 a l5g? ( #gjj miles4 ,x is claim$ ! ,falls are capable ( develop+ #cjj1jjj electric horse p[] at all times4 ,%\ld ?is und]tak+ be accompli%$ x w be a cr[n+ a*ievem5t 9 electrical sci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,wond]ful ,,w>%ips ,dim5sions1 ,displacem5ts1 ,co/ & ,description ( ,battle%ips-- ,capacity & ,spe$--,prep>+ = ! ,future4 ,all mod]n battle%ips are ( /eel con/ruction4 ,! basis ( all protection on ^! vessels is ! protective deck1 :i* is also common to ! armor$ cruis] & _m v>ieties ( gunboats4 ,?is deck is ( heavy /eel cov]+ ! :ole ( ! vessel a little above ! wat]-l9e 9 ! c5tre2 x slopes d[n f ! c5tre until x meets ! sides ( ! vessel ab\t ?ree feet bel[ ! wat]2 x ext5ds ! entire l5g? ( ! %ip & is firmly secur$ at ! ends to ! heavy /em & /]n po/s4 ,und]nea? ?is deck are ! ess5tials ( ! vessel1 ! boil]s & ma*9]y1 ! magaz9es & %ell rooms1 ! ammunition cells & all ! explosive p>aph]nalia :i* mu/ be vigilantly safe-gu>d$ aga9/ ! attacks ( ! enemy4 ,e precaution is tak5 to insure safety4 ,all op5+s 9 ! protective deck above are cov]$ ) heavy /eel grat+s to prev5t fragm5ts ( %ell or o!r combu/ible sub/ances f gett+ ?r\gh to ! magaz9e or p[d] cells4 ,! heavie/ armor is usually plac$ at ! wat] l9e because x is ?is "p ( ! %ip :i* is ! mo/ vuln]able & op5 to attack & :]e a %ell or projectile w\ld d ! mo/ h>m4 ,if a hole 7 torn 9 ! side at ?is place ! vessel w\ld quickly take 9 wat] & s9k4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! armor is made ?ick & is kn[n z ! wat]-l9e belt4 ,at ! po9t :]e ! protective deck & ! %ip's side meet1 !re is a projection or l$ge on :i* ?is armor belt re/s4 ,?us x goes d[n ab\t ?ree feet bel[ ! wat] & x ext5ds to ! same di/ance above4 ,! b>bettes1 t is1 ! p>apets support+ ! gun turrets1 are "o =w>d & "o aft4 ,!y re/ ^u ! protective deck at ! bottom & ext5d up ab\t f\r feet above ! upp] deck4 ,at ! top ( ! b>bettes1 revolv+ on roll]s1 are ! turrets1 sometimes call$ ! hoods1 conta9+ ! guns & ! lead+ me*anism & all ( ! ma*9]y 9 connection ) ! same4 ,! turret ammunition hoi/s lead up f ! magaz9e bel[1 deliv]+ ! *>ges & projectiles = ! guns at ! v brea* s t !y c be load$ imm$iately4 ,an a?w>t%ip l9e ( armor runs f ! wat] l9e to ! b>bettes1 re/+ ^u ! protective deck4 ,9 fact1 ! space betwe5 ! protective & upp] deck is s clos$ 9 ) armor1 ) a b>bette at ea* end1 t x is l a citadel or =t or "s r$\bt well-gu>d$ f ! enemy4 ,re/+ ^u ! wat]-belt & ! a?w>t%ip or diagonal armor1 & foll[+ ! same direction is a lay] ( armor usually some:at ?9n] :i* is call$ ! l[] case-mate armor2 x ext5ds up to ! l[] edge ( ! broadside gun ports1 & re/+ ^u x 9 turn is ! upp] case-mate armor1 foll[+ ! same direction1 & =m+ ! protection = ! broadside batt]y4 ,! explosive effect ( ! mod]n %ell is s trem5d\s t 7 "o to get ?r\gh ! upp] case-mate & explode imm$iately aft] ent]+1 x w\ld und\bt$ly disable sev]al guns & kill _! entire crews2 x is1 !re=e1 usual to isolate ea* broadside gun f its neighbors by light nickel /eel bulkheads a c\ple ( in*es or s ?ick1 & to prev5t ! same disa/r\s result among ! guns on ! opposite side1 a =e-&-aft bulkhead ( ab\t ! same ?ickness is plac$ on ! c5tre l9e ( ! %ip4 ,ea* gun ( ! broadside batt]y is ?us m\nt$ 9 a space by itself some:at simil> to a /all4 ,abaft ! =w>d turret !re is a v]tical armor$ tube re/+ on ! protective deck & at its upp] end is ! conn+ t[]1 f :i* ! %ip is work$ :5 9 action & :i* is well safe-gu>d$4 ,! tube protects all ! me*anical signall+ ge> runn+ into ! conn+ t[] f :i* communication c be _h in/antly ) any "p ( ! vessel4 ,to build a battle%ip t w be practically uns9kable by ! gun fire ( an enemy x is only necess>y to make ! wat] belt armor ?ick en\gh to resi/ ! %ells1 missiles & projectiles aim$ at x4 ,!re is ano!r ess5tial t is equally important1 & t is ! protection ( ! batt]ies4 ,! exp]i5ce ( mod]n battles has made x manife/1 t x is impossible = ! crew to d _! "w :5 expos$ to a hail ( %ot & %ell f a mod]n batt]y ( rapid fire & automatic guns4 ,& s 9 all m rec5tly built battle%ips & armor$ cruis]s & gunboats1 ! protection ( broadside batt]ies & expos$ positions has be5 increas$ ev5 at ! exp5se ( ! wat]-l9e belt4 ,armor plate has be5 mu* improv$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> ! armor on our monitors 0 only an in* ?ick4 ,?r\gh su* an armor ! projectiles ( our "t w\ld p5etrate z easily z a bullet ?r\gh a p9e bo>d4 ,x 0 ! developm5t ( gun p[] & projectiles t call$ =? ! ?ick armor1 b x 0 soon f\nd t x 0 impossible = ! armor to keep pace ) ! deadl9ess ( ! guns z x 0 utt]ly impossible to c>ry ! weight necess>y to resi/ ! =ce ( impact4 ,!n came ! use ( special plates1 ! comp\nd armor :]e a h>d face to break up ! projectile 0 weld$ to a s(t] back to give ! necess>y /r5g?4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! /eel armor treat$ by ! ,h>vey process2 x 0 l ! comp\nd armor 9 hav+ a h>d face & a s(t back1 b ! plates 7 made f a s+le +ot )\t any weld+4 ,! ,h>vey process enabl$ an enorm\sly great] resi/ance to be obta9$ ) a giv5 weight ( armor1 b ev5 x has be5 surpass$ by ! ,krupp process :i* enables twelve in*es ( ?ickness to give ! same resi/ance z fifte5 ( ,h>veyiz$ plates4 ,! armam5t or batt]y ( w>%ips is divid$ into two classes1 viz41 ! ma9 & ! second batt]ies4 ,! ma9 batt]y comprises ! heavie/ guns on ! %ip1 ^? fir+ l>ge %ell & armor-pi]c+ projectiles1 :ile ! second batt]y consi/s ( small rapid fire & ma*9e guns = use aga9/ torp$o boats or to attack ! unprotect$ or lightly protect$ gun positions ( an enemy4 ,! ma9 batt]y ( our mod]n battle%ips consi/s usually ( t5 twelve-in* guns1 m\nt$ 9 pairs on turrets 9 ! c5tre ( ! %ip4 ,9 addition to ^! heavy guns x is usual to m\nt a numb] ( small] ones ( f five to eight in*es diamet] ( bore on ea* broadside1 al?\gh sometimes !y are m\nt$ on turrets l ! l>g] guns4 ,a twelve-in* bree*-load+ gun1 fifty calib]s long & weigh+ eighty-?ree tons1 w propel a %ell weigh+ eight hundr$ & eighty p\nds1 by a p[d] *>ge ( six hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r p\nds1 at a velocity ( ov] two ?\s& six hundr$ & tw5ty feet p] second1 giv+ an en]gy at ! muzzle ( ov] =ty ?\s& foot-tons & is capable ( p5etrat+ at ! muzzle1 =ty-five in*es ( iron4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s1 v l>ge increases h be5 made 9 ! dim5sions1 displacem5ts & co/s ( battle%ips & armor$ cruis]s z comp>$ ) vessels ( simil> classes previ\sly con/ruct$4 ,bo? ,engl& & ! ,unit$ ,/ates h con/ruct$ enorm\s w> vessels )9 ! pa/ decade4 ,! ,briti% ,dreadn\ght built 9 n9ete5 hundr$ & five has a draft ( ?irty-"o feet six in*es & a displacem5t ( tw5ty-two ?\s& & two hundr$ tons4 ,lat]1 vessels ( ! ,dreadn\ght type h a normal draft ( tw5ty-sev5 feet & a naval displacem5t ( eighte5 ?\s& & six hundr$ tons4 ,armor$ cruis]s ( ! ,briti% ,inv9cible class h a draft ( tw5ty-six feet & a displacem5t ( sev5te5 ?\s& two hundr$ & fifty tons ) a ?\s& tons ( coal on bo>d4 ,^! cruis]s h eng9es develop+ =ty-"o ?\s& horse-p[]4 ,)9 ! pa/ two ye>s ! ,unit$ ,/ates has turn$ out a few =midable battle%ips1 :i* x is claim$ surpass ! be/ ( ^? ( any o!r navy 9 ! _w4 ,! ,delaw>e & ,nor? ,dakota ea* h a draft ( tw5ty-six feet1 elev5 in*es & a displacem5t ( tw5ty ?\s& tons4 ,great int]e/ atta*$ to ! trials ( ^! vessels because !y 7 si/] %ips fitt$ ) diff]5t ma*9]y & x 0 a matt] ( mu* speculation :i* w\ld develop ! great] spe$4 ,9 addition to ! consid]ation ( ! battle%ip z a fight+ ma*9e at close qu>t]s1 ,uncle ,sam is try+ to h h] z fleet z an ocean greyh\nd %\ld an enemy heave 9 sight s t ! latt] w\ld n h mu* opportunity to %[ 8 heels to a broadside4 ,! ,delaw>e1 :i* has reciprocat+ eng9es1 exce$$ h] contract spe$ ( tw5ty-"o knots on h] runs ov] a measur$ mile c\rse 9 ,p5obscot ,bay on ,octob] #bb & #bc1 #aiji4 ,?ree runs 7 made at ! rate ( n9ete5 knots1 ?ree at #bj4ej knots1 & five at #ba4ih knots4 ,! ,nor? ,dakota is furni%$ ) ,curtis turb9e eng9es4 ,"h is a comp>ison ( ! two %ips3 ,nor? ,delaw>e ,dakota ,fa/e/ run ov] measur$ mile444444444 #ba4ih #bb4be ,av]age ( five high runs44444444444444 #ba4dd #ba4hc ,full p[] trial spe$44444444444444444 #ba4ef #ba4fd ,full p[] trial horsep[]444444444444 #bh1fjj4 #ca1djj4 ,full p[] trial1 coal consumption1 tons p] day444444444444 #egh4 #ehc4 ,n9ete5-knot trial coal consumption1 tons p] day4444444 #cae4 #bie4 ,twelve-knot trial coal consumption1 tons p] day4444444444444#aaa4 #aje4 ,! ,florida1 a #ba1hbe ton boat1 0 laun*$ f ! ,brooklyn ,navy ,y>d la/ ,may #ab4 ,h] si/] %ip1 ! ,utah1 took wat] ! previ\s ,decemb] at ,camd54 ,"h is a comp>ison ( ! ,nor? ,dakota ( #aijh & ! ,florida ( #aiaj3 ,n4 ,dakota ,florida ,l5g? #eah ft4 #i 94 #eba ft4 #f 94 ,beam #he ft4 #b-a_/b 94 #hh ft4 #b-a_/b 94 ,draft1 ,mean #bf ft4 #aa 94 #bh ft4 #f 94 ,displacem5t #bj1jjj tons #ba1hbe tons ,coal ,supply #b1ejj tons #b1ejj tons ,oil #djj tons #djj tons ,belt ,armor #ab 94 to #h 94 #ab 94 to #h 94 ,turret ,armor #ab in*es #ab in*es ,batt]y armor #f 94 #f-a_/b 94 ,smoke /ack protection #f in*es #i-a_/b in*es l#b-;in* guns ,t5 ,t5 #e-;in* guns ,f\rte5 ,sixte5 ,spe$ #ba knots #bj4ge knots ,! ,florida has ,p>sons turb9es work+ on f\r %afts & g5]ates #bh1jjj horse-p[]4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy has plann$ to lay d[n next ye> 7#aiaa7 two %ips ( #cb1jjj tons arm$ ) l#d-;in* guns1 ea* to co/ eighte5 million doll>s z comp>$ ) ! #aa1jjj1jjj %ips ( #aiaj4 ,! foll[+ are to be "s ( ! features ( ! project$ %ips1 :i* are to be nam$ ! ,arkansas & ,wyom+4 #eed ft4 long1 #ic ft4 #c 94 beam1 #bh ft4 #f 94 draft1 #bf1jjj tons displacem5t1 #bh1jjj horse-p[]1 #cj #a_/b knots spe$1 #a1fej to #b1ejj tons coal supply1 armam5t ( twelve l#b-;in* guns1 tw5ty-"o #e-;in*1 f\r #c-p\nd]s & two torp$o tubes4 ,fitt+s 9 rec5t ,unit$ ,/ates battle%ips are = #ba-;in* torp$oes4 ,! armor is to be #aa in* on belt & b>bettes & on sides #h in*es1 & ea* %ip is to c>ry a complem5t ( #a1aae (fic]s & m54 ,two ( ! turrets w be set =w>d on ! =eca/le deck1 :i* w h #bh feet1 freebo>d1 ! guns 9 ! fir/ turret be+ #cd feet above ! wat] & ^? ( ! second ab\t #dj feet4 ,aft ( ! second turret w be ! conn+ t[]1 & !n w come ! =e fire-control t[] or lattice ma/1 ) se>*light t[]s c>ri$ on x4 ,next w come ! =w>d funnel1 on ea* side ( :i* w be two small op5 rod t[]s ) /rong se>*lights4 ,!n w come ! ma9 fire-control t[] & ! aft] funnel & ano!r op5 t[] ) se>*light4 ,! two lattice /eel t[]s are to be #abj feet high & #dj feet ap>t4 ,! f\r rema9+ turrets w be abaft ! ma9 funnel1 ! ?ird turret hav+ its guns #cb feet above wat]2 ^? 9 ! o!r turrets ab\t #be feet above ! wat]4 ,! guns w be ! new #ej-;calibre type4 ,all twelve w h broadside fire ov] a wide arc & f\r c be fir$ "r ahead & f\r "r a/]n4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,a ,,talk ,,on ,,big ,,guns ,! ,fir/ ,projectiles--,introduction ( ,cannon--,high ,pressure ,guns--,ma*9e ,guns--,dim5sions & ,co/ ( ,big ,guns4 ,! fir/ arms & ma*9es employ+ gunp[d] z ! propell+ ag5cy1 came into use 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,prior to ?is "t !re 7 ma*9es & in/rum5ts :i* ?rew /ones & catapults & l>ge arr[s by means ( ! reaction ( a tightly twi/$ rope made up ( hemp1 catgut or hair4 ,sl+s 7 also mu* employ$ = hurl+ missiles4 ,! fir/ cannons 7 us$ by ! ,engli% aga9/ ! ,scots 9 #acbg4 ,!y 7 %ort & ?ick & wide 9 ! bore & resembl$ b[ls or mort>s2 9 fact ?is "n is /ill appli$ to ?is k9d ( ordnance4 ,by ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury a great advancem5t 0 %[n 9 ! make ( ^! implem5ts ( w>f>e4 ,bronze & brass z mat]ials came into g5]al use & cannon 7 turn$ out ) tw5ty to tw5ty-five in* bore weigh+ tw5ty tons & capable ( hurl+ to a consid]able di/ance projectiles weigh+ f two hundr$ p\nds to "o ?\s& p\nds ) p[d] z ! propell+ =ce4 ,9 a %ort "t ^! l>ge guns 7 m\nt$ & c>riages 7 introduc$ to facilitate transportation ) troops4 ,meantime /one projectiles 7 replac$ by ca/ iron %ot1 :i*1 ow+ to its great] d5sity1 necessitat$ a r$uction 9 calibre1 t is a n>r[+ ( ! bore1 consequ5tly light] & small] guns came into ! field1 b ) a great] propell+ =ce4 ,:5 ! ca/ iron balls fir/ came into use z projectiles1 !y weigh$ ab\t twelve p\nds1 h5ce ! cannons %oot+ !m 7 kn[n z twelve-p\nd]s4 ,x 0 soon f\nd1 h[ev]1 t twelve p\nds 0 too great a weight = long di/ances1 s a r$uction took place until ! missiles 7 cut d[n to f\r p\nds & ! cannon dis*>g+ ^!1 f\r p\nd]s z !y 7 call$1 weigh$ ab\t "o-qu>t] ( a ton4 ,!y 7 v effective & h&y = light field "w4 ,! eighte5? c5tury witness$ rapid progress 9 gun & ammunition manufacture4 ,grape & cani/] 7 introduc$ & ! names /ill cl+ to ! pres5t day4 ,grape consi/$ ( a numb] ( t>r$ lead balls1 held toge!r 9 a net4 ,cani/] consi/$ ( a numb] ( small %ot 9 a t9 c1 ! %ots be+ disp]s$ by ! break+ ( ! c on dis*>ge4 ,grape n[ consi/s ( ca/ iron balls arrang$ 9 ?ree ti]s by means ( circul> plates1 ! :ole secur$ by a p9 :i* passes ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,! numb] ( %ot 9 ea* ti] v>ies f ?ree to five4 ,grape is v de/ructive up to ?ree hundr$ y>ds & effective up to six hundr$ y>ds4 ,cani/] %ot z we "k x at pres5t1 is made up ( a numb] ( iron balls1 plac$ 9 a t9 cyl9d] ) a wood5 bottom1 ! size ( ! piece ( ordnance = :i* x is int5d$4 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 %ort ca/-iron guns call$ c>ronades 7 introduc$ by ,gascoigne ( ! ,cannon ,iron ,works1 ,scotl&4 ,!y ?rew heavy %ots at l[ velocity ) great batt]y effect4 ,!y 7 = a long "t 9 use 9 ! ,briti% navy4 ,! sailors call$ !m sma%]s4 ,! entire batt]y ( ! ,victory1 ,nelson's fam\s flag-%ip at ! battle ( ,trafalg>1 am\nt+ to a total ( #ajb guns1 0 compos$ ( c>ronades v>y+ 9 size f ?irty-two to sixty-eight p\nd]s4 ,!y 7 m\nt$ on wood5 truck c>riages & 7 giv5 elevation by h&spikes appli$ "u ! bree*1 a quo9 or a w$ge %ap$ piece ( wood be+ pu%$ 9 to hold ! bree* up 9 position4 ,!y 7 tra9$ by h&spikes ) ! aid ( side-tackle & _! recoil 0 limit$ by a /\t rope1 call$ ! bree*+1 ! ends ( :i* 7 secur$ to ! sides ( ! %ip4 ,! sl[ mat* 0 us$ = fir+1 ! fl9t lock n be+ appli$ to naval guns until #aghj4 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! design ( guns began to receive mu* sci5tific ?\ght & consid]ation4 ,! "q ( high velocities & flat trajectories )\t light5+ ! weight ( ! projectile 0 ! desid]atum2 ! m9imum ( weight 9 ! cannon itself ) ! maximum 9 ! projectile & ! =ce ) :i* x c\ld be propell$ 7 ! ends to be atta9$4 ,9 #ahef ,admiral ,dahlgr5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy design$ ! ,dahlgr5 gun ) %ape proportion$ to ! curve ( pressure1 :i* is to say t ! gun 0 heavy at ! bree* & light at ! muzzle4 ,?is gun 0 well adapt$ to naval use at ! "t4 ,f ?is1 onw>d1 guns ( high pressure 7 manufactur$ until ! pressure grew to su* proportions t x exce$$ ! resi/+ p[]1 repres5t$ by ! t5sile /r5g? ( ca/ iron4 ,:5 ca/1 ! gun cool$ f ! outside inw>dly1 ?us plac+ ! inside metal 9 a /ate ( t5sion & ! outside 9 a /ate ( compression4 ,g5]al ,rodman1 ,*ief ( ,ordnance ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 came =w>d ) a rem$y = ?is4 ,he sugge/$ ! ca/+ ( guns holl[ & ! cool+ ( !m f ! inside outw>dly by circulat+ a /ream ( cold wat] 9 ! bore :ile ! outside surface 0 kept at a high temp]ature4 ,?is me?od plac$ ! metal inside 9 a /ate ( compression & t on ! outside 9 a /ate ( t5sion1 ! "r condition to )/& successfully ! pressure ( ! p[d] gas1 :i* t5d$ to exp& ! inn] portions beyond ! normal diamet] & ?r[ ! /ra9 ( ! support+ out] lay]s4 ,?is sy/em 0 univ]sally employ$ & gave ! be/ results obta9able f ca/ iron = _m ye>s & 0 only sup]s$$ by t ( built up guns1 :5 iron & /eel 7 made available by improv$ processes ( production4 ,! great /rides made 9 ! manufacture & =g+ ( /eel dur+ ! pa/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! improv$ temp]+ & anneal+ processes h result$ 9 ! turn+ out ( big guns solely compos$ ( /eel4 ,! v>i\s =ms ( mod]n ordnance are classifi$ & nam$ accord+ to size & weight1 k9d ( projectiles us$ & _! velocities2 angle ( elevation at :i* !y are fir$2 use2 & mode ( op]ation4 ,! guns kn[n z bree*load+ rifles are f ?ree in*es to f\rte5 in*es 9 calibre1 t is1 across ! bore1 & 9 l5g? f twelve to ov] sixty feet4 ,!y weigh f "o ton to fifty tons4 ,!y fire solid %ot or %ells weigh+ up to elev5 hundr$ p\nds at high velocities1 f tw5ty-?ree to tw5ty-five hundr$ feet p] second4 ,!y c p5etrate /eel armor to a dep? ( fifte5 to tw5ty in*es at #b1jjj y>ds di/ance4 ,rapid fire guns are ^? 9 :i* ! op]ation ( op5+ & clos+ ! bree* is p]=m$ by a s+le motion ( a lev] actuat$ by ! h&1 & 9 :i* ! explosive us$ is clos$ 9 a metallic case4 ,^! guns are made 9 v>i\s =ms & are op]at$ by sev]al diff]5t sy/ems ( bree* me*anism g5]ally nam$ aft] _! respective inv5tors4 ,! ,vick]s-,maxim & ! ,nord5feldt are ! be/ kn[n 9 ,am]ica4 ,a new type ( ! ,vick]s-,maxim 0 introduc$ 9 #ahig 9 :i* a quick work+ bree* me*anism automatically ejects ! prim] & draws up ! load+ tray into position z ! bree* is op5$4 ,?is type 0 quickly adopt$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy & mat]ially increas$ ! spe$ ( fire 9 all calibres4 ,:at are kn[n z ma*9e guns are rapid fire guns 9 :i* ! spe$ ( fir+ is su* t x is practically cont9u\s4 ,! be/ kn[n make is ! fam\s ,gatl+ gun inv5t$ by ,dr4 ,r4 ,j4 ,gatl+ ( ,indianapolis 9 #ahfj4 ,?is gun consi/s ( t5 p>allel b>rels gr\p$ ar\nd & secur$ firmly to a ma9 c5tral %aft to :i* is also atta*$ ! groov$ c>tridge c>ri] & ! lock cyl9d]4 ,ea* b>rel is provid$ ) its own lock or fir+ me*anism1 indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 b all ( !m revolve simultane\sly ) ! b>rels1 c>ri] & inn] bree* :5 ! gun is 9 op]ation4 ,9 fir+1 "o end ( ! fe$ case conta9+ ! c>tridges is plac$ 9 ! hopp] on top & ! op]at+ crank is turn$4 ,! c>tridges drop "o by "o into ! grooves ( ! c>ri] & are load$ & fir$ by ! =w>d motion ( ! locks1 :i* also closes ! bree* :ile ! backw>d motion extracts & expels ! empty %ells4 ,9 its pres5t /ate ( effici5cy ! ,gatl+ gun fires at ! rate ( #a1bjj %ots p] m9ute1 a spe$1 by sep>ate dis*>ges1 n equal$ by any o!r gun4 ,mu* l>g] guns 7 con/ruct$ 9 times pa/ ?an are be+ built n[4 ,9 #ahhj ! ,engli% made guns weigh+ f #ajj to #abj tons1 f #ah to #bj in*es bore & :i* fir$ projectiles weigh+ ov] #b1jjj p\nds at a velocity ( almo/ #a1gjj feet p] second4 ,at ! same "t ! ,unit$ ,/ates fa%ion$ a mon/] rifle ( #abg tons :i* _h a bore ( sixte5 in*es & fir$ a projectile ( #b1djj p\nds ) a velocity ( #b1cjj feet p] second4 ,! l>ge/ guns ev] plac$ on bo>d %ip 7 ! ,arm/rong "o- hundr$-&-t5-ton guns ( ! ,engli% battle%ips1 ,sansp>eil1 ,b5b[ & ,victoria4 ,!y 7 sixte5 & "o-f\r? in* calibre4 ,! newe/ battle%ips ( ,engl&1 ! ,dreadn\ght & ! ,tem]aire1 are equipp$ ) f\rte5-in* guns1 b !y are n "o- half s heavy z ! old guns4 ,_m exp]ts 9 naval ordnance ?9k x a mi/ake to h guns ov] twelve in* bore1 bas+ _! belief on ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ :i* %[$ t guns ( a less calibre c>ry+ small] %ells did m effective "w ?an ! big bore guns ) l>g] projectiles4 ,! two titanic w>-vessels n[ 9 c\rse ( con/ruction = ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy w ea* c>ry a batt]y ( t5 f\rte5-in* rifles1 :i* w be ! mo/ p[]ful weapons ev] con/ruct$ & w greatly exce$ 9 range & hitt+ p[] ! twelve-in* guns ( ! ,delaw>e or ,nor? ,dakota4 ,ea* ( ! new rifles w weigh ov] sixty-?ree tons1 ! projectiles w ea* weigh #a1djj p\nds & ! p[d] *>ge w be #dej p\nds4 ,at ! mom5t ( dis*>ge ea* ( ^! guns w ex]t a muzzle en]gy ( #fe1fjj foot tons1 :i* simply means t ! en]gy w be s great t x c\ld raise #fe1fjj tons a foot f ! gr\nd4 ,! f\rte5-hundr$-p\nd projectiles %all be propell$ ?r\gh ! air at ! rate ( half a mile a second4 ,x w be pla9ly se5 t ! metal ( ! guns mu/ be ( enorm\s resi/ance to )/& su* a =ce4 ,! design]s h tak5 ?is into full consid]ation & w see to x t ! p[d] *amb] 9 :i* ! explosion takes place z well z ! bree* lock on :i* ! %ock is ex]t$ is ( /eel s wr\ght & temp]$ z to )/& ! t]rific /ra94 ,at ! mom5t ( detonation ! %ock w be ab\t equal to t ( a heavy eng9e & a tra9 ( ,pullman coa*es runn+ at sev5ty miles an h\r1 sma%+ into a /one wall4 ,on leav+ ! muzzle ( ! gun ! %ell w h an en]gy equival5t to t ( a tra9 ( c>s weigh+ #ehj tons & runn+ at sixty miles an h\r4 ,su* en]gy w be suffici5t to s5d ! projectile ?r\gh tw5ty-two & a half in*es ( ! h>de/ ( /eel arm\r at ! muzzle1 :ile at a range ( #c1jjj y>ds1 ! projectile mov+ at ! rate ( #b1bce feet p] second w pi]ce eighte5 & a half in*es ( /eel armor at normal impact4 ,! velocity ( ! projectile leav+ ! gun w be #b1fjj feet p] second1 a spe$ :i* if ma9ta9$ w\ld c>ry x ar\nd ! _w 9 less ?an fifte5 h\rs4 ,ea* ( ! mammo? guns w be a trifle ov] fifty-?ree feet 9 l5g? & ! e/imat$ co/ ( ea* w be #he1jjj4 ,judg+ f ! p]=mance ( ! twelve-in* guns x is figur$ t ^! great] weapons %\ld be able to deliv] ?ree %ots a m9ute4 ,if all t5 guns ( ei!r ( ! project$ ,dreadn\ghts %\ld be br\ght into action at "o "t & ma9ta9 ! ?ree %ot rapidity = "o h\r1 ! co/ ( ! ammunition exp5d$ 9 t h\r w\ld rea* ! enorm\s sum ( #b1ebj1jjj4 ,v few1 h[ev]1 ( ! big guns are call$ ^u = ! ?ree %ots a m9ute rate1 = ! metal w\ld n /& ! heat+ /ra94 ,! big guns are exp5sive & ev5 :5 only mod]ately us$ _! life is %ort1 !re=e1 c>e is tak5 n to put !m to too great a /ra94 ,) ! small] guns x is diff]5t4 ,"s ( six-in* bore fire z high z eight aim$ %ots a m9ute1 b ?is is only "u ideal conditions4 ,great c>e is be+ tak5 n[ to prolong ! life ( ! big guns by us+ non-corrosive mat]ial = ! *>ges4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has adopt$ a pure gun-cotton smokeless p[d] 9 :i* ! temp]ature ( combu/ion is n only l[] ?an t ( nitro-glyc]9e1 b ev5 l[] ?an t ( ord9>y gunp[d]4 ,) ! use ( ?is !re has be5 a v mat]ial decrease 9 ! corrosion ( ! big guns4 ,! =m] smokeless p[d]1 conta9+ a l>ge p]c5tage ( nitro-glyc]9e su* z cordite1 produc$ su* an effect t ! guns 7 us$ up & practically wor?less1 aft] fir+ fifty to sixty r\nds4 ,n[ x is possible = a gun to be z good aft] two or ev5 ?ree hundr$ r\nds z at ! beg9n+1 b c]ta9ly n if a ?ree m9ute rate is ma9ta9$4 ,at su* a rate ! life ( ! be/ gun made w\ld be %ort inde$4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,my/]y ,,( ,,! ,,/>s ,wond]s ( ! ,univ]se--,/> ,photography--,! ,inf9ity ( ,space4 ,9 ano!r *apt] we h lightly t\*$ ^u ! greatness ( ! ,univ]se1 9 ! cosmos ( :i* our e>? is b an inf9itesimal speck4 ,ev5 our sun1 r\nd :i* a sy/em ( worlds revolve & :i* appe>s s mighty & maje/ic to u1 is b an atom1 a v small "o1 9 ! inf9itude ( matt] & z a cog1 w\ld n be miss$ 9 ! rat*et :eel :i* fits into ! gr& ma*9]y ( ,nature4 ,if our entire sol> sy/em 7 wip$ out ( be+1 !re w\ld be left no noticeable void among ! c\ntless sy/ems ( worlds & suns & />s2 9 ! imm5sity ( space ! sun ) all 8 revolv+ planets is n ev5 z a drop to ! ocean or a gra9 ( s& to ! composition ( ! e>?4 ,!re are millions ( o!r suns ( l>g] dim5sions ) l>g] att5dants :eel+ ar\nd !m 9 ! illimitable fields ( space4 ,^? />s :i* we errone\sly call fix$ />s are ! c5t]s ( o!r sy/ems va/ly great]1 va/ly gr&] ?an ! "o ( :i* our e>? =ms s insignificant a "p4 ,( c\rse to u numb]s ( !m appe>1 ev5 :5 view$ ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 only z m]e lum9\s po9ts1 b t is ow+ to ! imm5sity ( di/ance betwe5 !m & ourselves4 ,b ! numb] t is visible to u ev5 ) in/rum5tal assi/ance c h no comp>ison ) ! numb] t we _c see2 !re is no limit to t numb]2 away 9 :at to u may be call$ ! backgr\nd ( space are millions1 billions1 unc\ntable myriads ( invisible suns regulat+ & illum9at+ c\ntless sy/ems ( invisible worlds4 ,& beyond ^? invisible suns & worlds is a region :i* ?\ght _c measure & numb]s _c span4 ,! f9ite m9d ( man becomes daz$1 dumbf\nd$ 9 contemplation ( magnitude s great & di/ance s amaz+4 ,we /& n bewild]$ b lo/ be=e ! problem ( int]/ell> space4 ,its l5g?1 bread?1 height & circumf]5ce are illimitable1 b\ndless2 ! great et]nal cosmos )\t beg9n+ & )\t end4 ,9 ord] to get "s idea ( ! va/ness ( int]/ell> space we may consid] a few di/ances )9 ! limits ( human conception4 ,we "k t light travels at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second1 yet x requires light ov] f\r ye>s to rea* u f ! ne>e/ ( ! fix$ />s1 travell+ at ?is almo/ inconceivable rate1 & s f> away are "s t _! light travell+ at ! same rate f ! dawn ( creation has nev] rea*$ u yet or nev] w until our little globule ( matt] dis9tegrates & its p>ticles1 its molecules & corpuscles1 float away 9 ! b\ndless e!r to amalgamate ) ! matt] ( o!r fly+ worlds & suns & />s4 ,! ne>e/ to u ( all ! />s is t kn[n z ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,its di/ance is comput$ at #be1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles1 :i* 9 our notation reads tw5ty-five trillion miles4 ,x takes light ov] f\r ye>s to trav]se ?is di/ance4 ,x w\ld take ! ,empire ,/ate ,express1 nev] /opp+ night or day & go+ at ! rate ( a mile a m9ute1 almo/ #ej1jjj1jjj ye>s to travel f ! e>? to ?is />4 ,! next ( ! fix$ />s & ! brighte/ 9 all ! heav5s is t :i* we call ,sirius or ! ,dog ,/>4 ,x is d\ble ! di/ance ( ,alpha ,c5tauri1 t is1 x is eight light ye>s away4 ,! di/ances ( ab\t sev5ty o!r />s h be5 asc]ta9$ rang+ up to sev5ty or eighty light ye>s away1 b ( ! o!rs visible to ! nak$ eye !y are too f> di/ant to come )9 ! range ( trigonometrical calculation4 ,!y are out ( rea* ( ! ma!matical eye 9 ! dep? ( space4 ,b we "k = c]ta9 t ! di/ance ( none ( ^! visible />s1 )\t a measurable p>allax1 is less ?an f\r million times ! di/ance ( our sun f ! e>?4 ,x w\ld be useless to express ?is 9 figures z x w\ld be altoge!r incompreh5sible4 ,:at !n c be said ( ! telescopic />s1 n to speak at all ( ^? beyond ! p[] ( in/rum5ts to det]m9e4 ,if a railroad c\ld be con/ruct$ to ! ne>e/ /> & ! f>e made "o c5t a mile1 a s+le passage w\ld co/ #bej1jjj1jjj1jjj1 t is two hundr$ & fifty billion doll>s1 :i* w\ld make a #id-;foot cube ( pure gold4 ,all ( ! co9$ gold 9 ! _w am\nts to b #d1jjj1jjj1jjj 7f\r billion doll>s71 equal to a gold cube ( #bd feet4 ,!re=e x w\ld take sixty times ! _w's /ock ( gold to pay ! f>e ( "o pass5g]1 at a c5t a mile f ! e>? to ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,! light f numb]s1 probably c\ntless numb]s1 ( />s is s long 9 com+ to u t !y c\ld be blott$ out ( exi/5ce & we w\ld rema9 unconsci\s ( ! fact = ye>s1 = hundr$s ( ye>s1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 nay to inf9ity4 ,?us if ,sirius 7 to collide ) "s o!r space travel] & be knock$ into smi!re5s z an ,iri%man w\ld say1 we w\ld n "k ab\t x = eight ye>s4 ,9 fact if all ! />s 7 blott$ out & only ! sun left we %\ld /ill behold _! light 9 ! heav5s & be unconsci\s ( ! ext9ction ( ev5 "s ( ! nak$-eye />s = sixty or sev5ty ye>s4 ,x is va9 to pursue f>!r ! un?9kable va/ness ( ! visible ,univ]se2 z = ! invisible x is equally useless = ev5 imag9ation to try to grapple ) its nev]-end+ imm5sity1 to endeavor to p5etrate its awful cl\d$ my/]y =ev] veil$ f human view4 ,9 all !re are ab\t #c1jjj />s visible to ! nak$ eye 9 ea* hemisph]e4 ,a ?ree-in* pocket telescope br+s ab\t "o million into view4 ,! gr& & sci5tifically p]fect$ in/rum5ts ( our great obs]vatories %[ incalculable multitudes4 ,e improvem5t 9 light-grasp+ p[] br+s millions ( new />s into ! range ( in/rum5tal vision & %[s ! backgr\nd ( ! sky blaz+ ) ! light ( eye-invisible suns too f> away to be sep>ately di/+ui%$4 ,great /rides are daily be+ made 9 /ell> photography4 ,plates are n[ be+ atta*$ to ! telescopic app>atus :]eby lum9\s heav5ly bodies are able to impress _! own pictures4 ,gr\ps ( />s are be+ photograph$ on "o plate4 ,complete sets ( ^! /> photographs are be+ tak5 e ye>1 embrac+ e nook & corn] ( ! cele/ial sph]e & ^! are c>efully comp>$ ) "o ano!r to f9d out :at *anges are go+ on 9 ! heav5s4 ,x w n be long be=e e /> photographically visible to ! mo/ p[]ful telescope w h its pres5t position accurately def9$ on ^! photographic *>ts4 ,:51 ! s5sitiz$ plate is expos$ = a consid]able "t ev5 invisible />s photograph !mselves1 & 9 ?is way a great numb] ( />s h be5 discov]$ :i* no telescope1 h[ev] p[]ful1 c br+ )9 ! range ( vision4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( />s h regi/]$ !mselves ?us on a s+le plate1 & on "o occasion an impression 0 obta9$ on "o plate ( m ?an #djj1jjj4 ,a/ronom]s are ( ! op9ion t = e /> visible to ! nak$ eye !re are m ?an #ej1jjj visible to ! cam]a ( ! telescope4 ,if ?is is s1 !n ! numb] ( visible />s exce$s #cjj1jjj1jjj 7?ree hundr$ millions74 ,b ! picture tak+ p[] ( ! f9e/ photographic l5s has a limit2 no matt] h[ long ! exposure1 x _c p5etrate beyond a c]ta9 b\nd>y into ! va/ness ( space1 & beyond its limits z ,george ,/]l+1 ! ,cali=nian poet1 says are-- fires ( unrecord$ suns ,t light a heav5 n our own4 ,:at is ! limit8 ,answ] philosoph]1 answ] sage1 answ] a/ronom]1 & we h ! solution ( ! riddle ( ! ,univ]se4 ,z yet ! riddle /ill rema9s1 ! veil /ill hangs betwe5 ! kn[able & ! unkn[able1 betwe5 ! f9ite & ! inf9ite4 ,sci5ce /&s baffl$ l a wail+ creature outside ! walls ( k importun+ = admission4 ,!re is little1 9 tru? no hope at all1 t %e w ev] be all[$ to ent]1 survey all ! fields ( space & set a limit to _! b\nd>ies4 ,al?\gh ! riddle ( ! univ]se /ill rema9s unsolv$ because unsolvable1 no "o c d5y t ,a/ronomy has made mighty /rides =w>d dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,:at has be5 t]m$ ! ,old ,a/ronomy1 :i* conc]ns itself ) ! det]m9ation ( ! positions & motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 has be5 rejuv5at$ & an imm5se am\nt ( "w has be5 accompli%$ by conc]t$ ef=t1 z well z by individual ex]tions4 ,! greate/ a*ievem5ts h be5 ! accurate det]m9ation ( ! positions ( ! fix$ />s visible to ! eye4 ,_! situation is n[ e/imat$ ) z un]r+ precision z is t ( ! planets ( our own sy/em4 ,millions ^u millions ( />s h be5 photograph$ & ^! photographs w be invaluable 9 det]m9+ ! future *anges & motions ( ^! giant suns ( int]/ell> space4 ,( our own sy/em we n[ "k def9itely ! laws gov]n+ x4 ,fifty ye>s ago mu* ( our sol> ma*9]y 0 misund]/ood & _m ?+s 7 envelop$ 9 my/]y :i* s9ce has be5 made v pla94 ,! spectroscope has _h a wond]ful "p 9 a/ronomical rese>*4 ,x fir/ reveal$ ! nature ( ! gases exi/+ 9 ! sun4 ,x next enabl$ u to /udy ! prom95ces on any cle> day4 ,!n by us+ x 9 ! spectro-heliograph we h be5 enabl$ to photograph ! entire visible surface ( ! sun1 toge!r ) ! prom95ces at "o "t4 ,?r\gh ! spectro-heliograph we "k mu* m ab\t :at ! c5tral body ( our sy/em is do+ ?an our !ories c expla94 ,fre% obs]vations are cont9ually br++ to light new facts :i* mu/ soon be acc\nt$ = by laws at pres5t unkn[n4 ,spectroscopic obs]vations are by no means conf9$ to ! sun4 ,by !m we n[ /udy ! composition ( ! atmosph]es ( ! o!r planets2 ?r\gh !m ! pres5ce ( *emical elem5ts kn[n on ! e>? is detect$ 9 vagrant comets1 f>-di/ant />s & dimly-%9+ nebulae4 ,! spectroscope also makes x possible to measure ! velocities ( objects :i* are approa*+ or rec$+ f u4 ,= in/ance we "k positively t ! bright /> call$ ,aldeb>an ne> ! con/ellation ( ! ,pleiades is retreat+ f u at a rate ( almo/ two ?\s& miles a m9ute4 ,! greate/ telescopes 9 ! _w are n[ be+ tra9$ on />s t are ru%+ away t[>ds ! fur!rmo/ ( space & 9 ?is way a/ronom]s are try+ to get def9ite k z to ! actual velocity ) :i* ! cele/ial bodies are spe$+4 ,x is only )9 ! pa/ few ye>s t photography has be5 appli$ to a/ronomical developm5t4 ,9 ?is connection1 m accurate results are obta9$ by measur+ ! photographs ( /ell> spectra ?an by measur+ ! spectra !mselves4 ,photography ) mod]n rapid plates gives u1 ) a giv5 telescope1 pictures ( objects s fa9t t no visual telescope ( ! same size w reveal !m4 ,x is 9 ?is way t _m ( ! invisible />s h impress$ !mselves ^u expos$ plates & giv5 u a vague idea ( ! imm5sity 9 numb] ( ^? />s :i* we _c view ) eye or in/rum5t4 ,?\gh we h made great advancem5t1 !re are _m problems yet ev5 9 reg>d to our own little sy/em ( sun worlds :i* clamor l\dly = solution4 ,! sun himself repres5ts a cr[d ( p5d+ problems4 ,8 peculi> mode ( rotation2 ! level ( sunspots2 ! con/itution ( ! photosph]ic cl\d-%ell1 its relation to faculae :i* rise f x1 & to ! surm\nt+ vapor\s /rata2 ! nature ( ! prom95ces2 ! alt]nations ( coronal types2 ! aff9ities ( ! zodiacal light--all await inve/igation4 ,a great telescope has rec5tly %[n t "o /> 9 eighte5 on ! av]age is a visual d\ble--is compos$ ( two suns 9 sl[ revolution ar\nd _! common c5t] ( mass4 ,! spectroscope us+ ! photographic plate1 has e/abli%$ )9 ! la/ decade t "o /> 9 e five or six on ! av]age is att5d$ by a companion s ne> to x z to rema9 invisible 9 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes1 & s massive z to sw+ ! visible /> ar\nd 9 an elliptic orbit4 ,! photography ( comets1 nebulae & sol> coronas has made ! /udy ( ^! ph5om5a incomp>ably m effective ?an ! old visual me?ods4 ,!re is no long] any necessity to make draw+s ( !m4 ,! old dread ( comets has be5 relegat$ into ! %ade ( ignorance4 ,! long swit*+ tails reg>d$ s om9\sly & f :i* 7 anticipat$ su* dire calamities z ! de/ruction ( worlds into *aos h be5 prov5 to be compos$ ( gase\s vapors ( no m solidity ?an ! airy no?+ness ( dreams4 ,! e>? 9 ! circle ( its orbit pass$ ?r\gh ! tail ( ,halley's comet 9 ,may1 #aiaj1 & we hadn't ev5 a pyrote*nical display ( fire rockets to celebrate ! occasion4 ,9 fact !re 0 n a s+le cele/ial indication ( ! passage & we w\ld n h kn[n only = ! calculations ( ! a/ronom]4 ,! pass+ ( a comet n[1 z f> z fe> is conc]n$1 means no m1 9 fact n z mu*1 z ! pass+ ( an automobile4 ,sci5ce no d\bt has made wond]ful /rides 9 our "t1 b f> z x has gone1 x has b op5$ = u ! fir/ few pages ( ! book ( ! heav5s--! la/ pages ( :i* no man %all ev] read4 ,= aeons ^u aeons ( "t1 worlds & suns1 & sy/ems ( worlds & suns1 revolv$ ?r\gh ! inf9ity ( space1 be=e man made 8 appe>ance on ! t9y molecule ( matt] we call ! e>?1 & = aeons ^u aeons1 = et]nity ^u et]nity1 worlds & suns %all cont9ue to roll & revolve aft] ! la/ ve/ige ( man %all h disappe>$1 nay aft] ! atoms ( e>? & sun & all 8 att5d+ planets ( our sy/em %all h amalgamat$ !mselves ) o!r sy/ems 9 ! b\ndlessness ( space2 de/roy$1 oblit]at$1 annihilat$1 !y %all nev] be1 = matt] is inde/ructible4 ,:5 x passes f "o =m x ent]s ano!r2 ! dead animal t is ca/ into ! e>? lives aga9 9 ! trees & %rubs & fl[]s & grasses t gr[ 9 ! e>? above :]e its body 0 ca/4 ,our e>? %all die 9 c\rse ( "t1 t is1 its p>ticles w pass into o!r compositions & x w be s ( ! o!r planets1 ( ! suns1 ( ! />s !mselves1 = z soon z ! old ones die !re w ev] be new =ms to :i* to atta* !mselves & ?us ! process ( _w developm5t %all g on =ev]4 ,! nebulae :i* a/ronom]s discov] ?r\gh\t ! /ell> space are ext5d$ masses ( gl[+ gases ( diff]5t =ms & are worlds 9 process ( =mation4 ,su* 0 ! e>? once4 ,^! gases solidify & contract & cool (f until f9ally an inhabit$ _w1 inhabit$ by "s k9d ( creatures1 takes its place 9 ! :irl+ galaxy ( sy/ems4 ,! />s :i* appe> to u 9 a yell[ or :iti% yell[ light are 9 ! heyday ( _! exi/5ce1 :ile ^? t pres5t a r$ haze are almo/ burnt out & w soon become black5$1 dead ?+s dis9tegrat+ & crumbl+ & spread+ _! p>ticles ?r\gh\t space4 ,x is suppos$ ?is little e>? ( ours has a few m million ye>s to live1 s we ne$ n fe> = our p]sonal safety :ile 9 mortal =m4 ,to u ord9>y mortals ! my/]y z well z ! maje/y ( ! heav5s h ! same wond]ful attraction z !y _h = ! fir/ ( our race4 ,?\s&s ( ye>s ago ! black-be>d$ %eph]ds ( ,ea/]n l&s gaz$ nightly into ! vault$ dome & 7 /ruck ) awe z well z wond] 9 ! contemplation ( ! glitt]+ specks :i* appe>$ no l>g] ?an ! pebbles b5ea? _! feet4 ,we 9 our "t z we gaze ) unaid$ eye up at ! mighty disk ( ! s call$ ,milky ,way1 no long] reg>d ! sc9tillat+ po9ts glitt]+ l diamonds 9 a jewel]'s %[-case1 ) feel+s ( awe1 b ! wond] is /ill ^u u1 wond] at ! imm5sity ( ! works ( ,him :o built ! e>? & sky1 :o1 ?ron$ 9 height sublime1 sits amid ! *]ubim1 ,k+ ( ! ,univ]se1 ,k+ ( k+s & ,"l ( lords4 ,) a deep fai? we look up & adore1 !n rev]5tly exclaim1--,"l1 ,god6 wond]ful are ! works ( ,?y ,h&s4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,c ,,we ,,communicate ,,) ,,o!r ,,worlds8 ,va/ness ( ,nature--,/> ,di/ances--,problem ( ,communicat+ ) ,m>s--,! ,great ,beyond4 ,a /ory is told ( a "y lady :o _h j graduat$ f bo>d+ s*ool ) high honors4 ,com+ home 9 great glee1 %e ca/ h] books aside z %e ann\nc$ to h] fri5ds2--,?ank goodness x is all ov]1 ,i h no?+ m to le>n4 ,i "k ,lat9 & ,greek1 ,fr5* & ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,italian2 ,i h gone ?r\gh ,algebra1 ,geometry1 ,trigonometry1 ,conic ,sections & ! ,calculus2 ,i c int]pret ,bee?ov5 & ,wagn]1 &--b :y enum]ate8--9 %ort1 ',i "k ev]y?+4' ,z %e 0 ?us proclaim+ h] k h] ho>y-head$ gr&fa!r1 a man :om ! ,univ]sities ( ! _w _h honor$ by affix+ a score ( alphabetical lett]s to 8 "n1 0 exp]im5t+ 9 8 laboratory4 ,! l9es ( long & deep /udy _h corrugat$ 8 br[ & furr[$ 8 face4 ,we>ily he b5t ov] 8 retorts & te/ tubes4 ,at l5g? he turn$ away ) a heavy sigh1 ?rew up 8 h&s & despair+ly exclaim$1--,alas1 alas6 aft] fifty ye>s ( /udy & inve/igation1 ,i f9d ,i "k no?+4 ,!re is a moral 9 ?is /ory t he :o runs may read4 ,mo/ ( u are l ! "y lady1--9 ! pride ( our ignorance1 we fancy we "k almo/ ev]y?+4 ,we boa/ ( ! progress ( our "t1 ( :at has be5 accompli%$ 9 our mod]n _w1 we proclaim our triumphs f ! hilltops1--,ha6 we %\t1 we h annihilat$ "t & di/ance2 we h conqu]$ ! =ces ( nature & made !m subs]vi5t to our w2 we h *a9$ ! lightn+ & imprison$ ! ?und]2 we h w&]$ ?r\gh ! fields ( space & measur$ ! dim5sions & revolutions ( />s & suns & planets & sy/ems4 ,we h op5$ ! et]nal gates ( k = all to ent] & cr[n$ man k+ ( ! univ]se4 ,va9 boa/+6 ,! gates ( k h be5 op5$1 b we h m]ely got a peep at :at lies )94 ,& man1 s f> f be+ k+ ( ! univ]se1 is b z a speck on ! fly-:eel t controls ! mighty ma*9]y ( creation4 ,:at we "k is inf9itesimal to :at we d n "k4 ,we h delv$ 9 ! fields ( sci5ce1 b z yet our pl\gh%>es h m]ely scrat*$ ! t9ie/ portion ( ! surface1--! furr[ t lies 9 ! di/ance is un5d+4 ,9 ! inf9ite book ( k we h j turn$ ov] a few ( ! fir/ pages2 b z x is inf9ite1 alas6 we c nev] hope to rea* ! f9al page1 = !re is no f9al page4 ,:at we h accompli%$ is b z a m]e drop 9 ! ocean1 ^: waves wa% ! cont95ts ( et]nity4 ,no s*ol>1 no sci5ti/ c b\nd ^? cont95ts1 c tell ! limits to :i* !y /ret*1 inasmu* z !y are illimitable4 ,ask ! mo/ le>n$ savant if he c fix ! b\nd>ies ( space1 & he w answ]1--,no6 ,ask him if he c def9e m9d & matt]1 & y w receive ! same answ]4 ,:at is m9d8 ,x is no matt]4 ,:at is matt]8 ,nev] m9d4 ,! atom =m]ly ?\ght to be indivisible & ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] has be5 r$uc$ to molecules1 corpuscles1 ions1 & electrons2 b ! nature1 ! primal cause ( ^!1 ! greate/ sci5ti/s on e>? are unable to det]m9e4 ,le>n+ is z helpless z ignorance :5 br\ght up aga9/ ?is /one-wall ( my/]y4 ,! effect is se51 b ! cause rema9s indet]m9able4 ,! sci5ti/1 gray-hair$ 9 exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1 kn[s no m 9 ?is reg>d ?an ! prattl+ *ild at its "m's knee4 ,! *ild asks1--,:o made ! _w8 & ! "m answ]s1 ,god made ! _w4 ,! infant m9d1 sugge/ive ( ! future crav+ = k1 imm$iately asks1--,:o is ,god8 ,"q ( que/ions to :i* ! philosoph] & ! peasant mu/ give ! same answ]1--,god is ! inf9ite1 ! et]nal1 ! s\rce ( all ?+s1 ! alpha & omega ( creation1 f ,him all came1 to ,him all mu/ return4 ,he is ! beg9n+ ( ,sci5ce1 ! f\ndation on :i* our edifice ( k re/s4 ,we he> ( ! conflict betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,!re is no conflict1 c be none1 = all ,sci5ce mu/ be bas$ on fai?1--fai? 9 ,him :o holds worlds & suns 9 ! holl[ ( ,8 h&4 ,all our great sci5ti/s h be5 deeply religi\s m51 ackn[l$g+ _! own insignificance be=e ,him :o fills ! univ]se ) ,8 pres5ce4 ,:at is ! univ]se & :at place d we hold 9 x8 ,! m9d ( man becomes appall$ 9 consid]ation ( ! "q4 ,! orb we "k z ! sun is c5tre ( a sy/em ( worlds ( :i* our e>? is almo/ ! mo/ insignificant2 yet great z is ! sun :5 comp>$ to ! little bit ( matt] on :i* we dwell & h our be+1 x is itself b a mote1 z x 71 9 ! beam ( ! ,univ]se4 ,=m]ly ?is sun 0 ?\ght to be fix$ & immovable1 b ! progress ( sci5ce demon/rat$ t :ile ! e>? moves ar\nd ?is lum9>y1 ! latt] is mov+ ) mighty velocity 9 an orbit ( its own4 ,tis ! same ) all ! o!r bodies :i* we errone\sly call fix$ />s4 ,^! />s are ! suns ( o!r sy/ems ( worlds1 c\ntless sy/ems1 all ru%+ ?r\gh ! imm5sity ( space1 = !re is no?+ fix$ or /ation>y 9 creation1--all is movem5t1 con/ant1 unv>y+4 ,suns & />s & sy/ems p]=m _! revolutions ) un]r+ precision1 ea* unit-_w true to its own c\rse1 ?us prov+ to ! s\l ( reason & ! consci\sness ( fai? t !re mu/ ne$s be an omnipot5t h& at ! lev] ( ?is gr& ma*9]y ( ! univ]se1 ! h& t fa%ion$ x1 t ( ,god4 ,addison beautifully expresses ! idea 9 ref]r+ to ! revolutions ( ! />s3 ,9 reason's e> !y all rejoice1 ,& utt] =? "o glori\s voice1 ,=ev] s++ z !y %9e- ',! ,h& t made u is ,div9e4' ,our sun1 ! c5tre ( ! small sy/em ( worlds ( :i* ! e>? is "o1 is di/ant f u ab\t n9ety-?ree million miles4 ,9 w9t] x is ne>]2 9 summ] f>!r (f4 ,light travels ?is di/ance 9 ab\t eight m9utes1 to be exact1 ! rate is #ahf1djj miles p] second4 ,to get an idea ( ! imm5sity ( ! di/ance ( ! s-call$ fix$ />s1 let u take ?is z a base ( comp>ison4 ,! ne>e/ fix$ /> to u is ,alpha ,c5tauri1 :i* is "o ( ! brighte/ z se5 9 ! s\!rn heav5s4 ,x requires f\r & "o-qu>t] ye>s = a beam ( light to travel f ?is /> to e>? at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles a second1 ?us %[+ t ,alpha ,c5tauri is ab\t two hundr$ & sev5ty-five ?\s& times z f> f u z is ! sun1 9 o!r words1 m ?an #be1ege1jjj1jjj1jjj miles1 :i*1 express$ 9 our notation1 reads tw5ty-five trillion1 five hundr$ & sev5ty- five billion miles1 a numb] :i* ! m9d ( man is incapable ( grasp+4 ,to use ! old famili> illu/ration ( ! express tra91 x w\ld take ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury ,limit$1 :i* does ! ?\s& mile trip betwe5 ,new ,york & ,*icago 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 "s "o million two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& ye>s at ! same spe$ to travel f ! e>? to ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,sirius1 ! ,dog-,/>1 is twice z f> away1 some?+ l eight or n9e light ye>s f our sol> sy/em2 ! ,pole-,/> is =ty-eight light ye>s remov$ f u1 & s on ) ! re/1 to an inf9ity ( numb]s4 ,f ! dawn ( creation 9 ! et]nal cosmos ( matt]1 light has be5 travell+ f "s />s 9 ! inf9itude ( space at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 b s remote are !y f our sy/em t x has n rea*$ u z yet4 ,! contemplation is bewild]+2 ! m9d s9ks into no?+ness 9 consid]ation ( a magnitude s great & di/ance s confus+4 ,:at lies beyond8--a region :i* numb]s _c measure & ?\ght _c span1 & beyond t8--! et]nal answ]1--,,god4 ,9 face ( ! contemplation ( ! va/ness ( creation1 ( its b\ndlessness ! "q ev] obtrudes itself1--,:at place h we mortals 9 ! univ]sal cosmos8 ,:at place h we f9ite creatures1 :o inhabit ?is speck ( matt] we call ! e>?1 9 ?is mighty s*eme ( suns & sy/ems & nev]-end+ space4 ,does ! ,creator ( all ?9k u ! mo/ important ( 8 works1 t we %\ld be ! p>ticul> objects ( revelation1 t = u especially heav5 0 built1 & a ,god-man1 ! ,son ( ! ,et]nal1 came d[n to take fle% ( our fle% & live among u1 to %[ u ! way1 & f9ally to (f] himself z a victim to ! ,fa!r to expiate our transgressions4 ,my/]y ( my/]ies be=e :i* we /& appall$ & lo/ 9 wond]4 ,self-/yl$ rationali/s love to po9t out ! irrationality & absurdity ( suppos+ t ! ,creator ( all ! unimag9able va/ness ( suns & sy/ems1 fill+ = all we "k endless space1 %\ld take any special int]e/ 9 s mean & pitiful a creature z man1 inhabit+ su* an inf9itesimal speck ( matt] z ! e>?1 :i* dep5ds = its v life & light ^u a second or ?ird-rate or hundr$-rate ,sun4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( our era1 ! sne]s & taunts ( a!ism & agno/icism h be5 direct$ at ! humble believ]1 :o b[s d[n 9 submission & que/ions n4 ,! fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 su* z ,augu/9e & ,*ryso/om & ,?omas ( ,aqu9as &1 at a lat] "t1 ,lu!r1 & ,calv91 & ,knox1 & ,newman1 despite ! w> ( cre$s1 h attack$ ! citadel ( ! sc(f]s2 b /ill ! latt] hurl _! javel9s f ! ramp>ts1 battlem5ts & p>apets & refuse to be repuls$4 ,if !re are myriads ( o!r worlds1 ?\s&s1 millions ( !m 9 po9t ( magnitude great] ?an ours1 :at conc]n say !y has ! ,creator ) our little atom ( matt]8 ,are o!r worlds inhabit$ besides our own4 ,?is is ! "q t w n d[n--t is always begg+ = an answ]4 ,! mo/ le>n$ savants ( mod]n "t1 s*ol>s1 sages1 philosoph]s & sci5ti/s h giv5 x _! att5tion1 b z yet no "o has be5 able to conclusively decide :e!r a race ( intellig5t be+s exi/s 9 any sph]e o!r ?an our own4 ,all ef=ts to det]m9e ! matt] result 9 m]e surmise1 conjecture & guesswork4 ,! be/ ( sci5ti/s c only put =w>d an op9ion4 ,pr(essor ,simon ,newcomb1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant m9ds our c\ntry has produc$1 says3 ,x is p]fectly reasonable to suppose t be+s1 n only animat$ b end[$ ) reason1 inhabit c\ntless worlds 9 space4 ,pr(essor ,mit*ell ( ! ,c9c9nati ,obs]vatory1 9 8 "w1 ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 says1--,x is mo/ incr$ible to ass]t1 z s _m d1 t our planet1 s small & insignificant 9 its proportions :5 comp>$ ) ! planets ) :i* x is alli$1 is ! only _w 9 ! :ole univ]se fill$ ) s5ti5t1 rational1 & intellig5t be+s capable ( compreh5d+ ! gr& my/]ies ( ! physical univ]se4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 9 ref]r+ to ! utt] insignificance ( ! e>? 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 puts =w>d 8 view ?us3 ,if advanc+ ) ! velocity ( light we c\ld trav]se f c5tury to c5tury ! unlimit$ numb] ( suns & sph]es )\t ev] meet+ any limit to ! prodigi\s imm5sity :]e ,god br+s =? 8 worlds1 & look+ beh9d1 kn[+ n 9 :at "p ( ! inf9ite 0 ! little gra9 ( du/ call$ ! e>?1 we w\ld be compell$ to unite our voices ) t univ]sal nature & exclaim--',almighty ,god1 h[ s5seless 7 we to believe t !re 0 no?+ beyond ! e>? & t our abode alone possess$ ! privilege ( reflect+ ,?y greatness & honor4' ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ a/ronom]s & sci5ti/s ( a pa/ "t1 z well z _m ( ! mo/ fam\s div9es1 support$ ! cont5tion ( _w life beyond ! e>?4 ,among ^! may be m5tion$ ,kepl] & ,ty*o1 ,giordano ,bruno & ,c>d9al ,cusa1 ,sir ,william & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,dr4 ,b5tley & ,dr4 ,*alm]s1 & ev5 ,newton himself subscrib$ 9 great measure to ! belief t ! planets & />s are inhabit$ by intellig5t be+s4 ,^? :o d5y ! possibility ( o!r worlds be+ inhabit$1 endeavor to %[ t our position 9 ! univ]se is unique1 t our sol> sy/em is q diff]5t f all o!rs1 &1 to cr[n ! argum5t1 !y ass]t t our little _w has j ! "r am\nt ( wat]1 air1 & gravitational =ce to enable x to be ! abode ( intellig5t life1 :]eas else:]e1 su* conditions d n prevail1 & t on no o!r sph]e c su* physical habitudes be f\nd z w enable life to orig9ate or to exi/4 ,x c be easily %[n t su* reason+ is bas$ on unt5able f\ndations4 ,o!r worlds h to g ?r\gh processes ( evolution1 & !re c be no d\bt t _m are 9 a /ate simil> to our own4 ,x requir$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 p]haps hundr$s ( millions ( ye>s1 be=e ?is e>? 0 fit to su/a9 human life4 ,! same transitions :i* took place on e>? are tak+ place 9 o!r planets ( our sy/em1 & o!r sy/ems1 & x is b reasonable to assume t 9 o!r sy/ems !re are mu* old] worlds ?an ! e>?1 & t ^! h arriv$ at a m develop$ /ate ( exi/5ce1 & !re=e h a life mu* high] ?an our own4 ,z f> z physical conditions are conc]n$1 !re are suns simil> to our own1 z reveal$ by ! spectroscope1 & :i* h ! same eruptive en]gy4 ,a/ronomical ,sci5ce has incontrov]tibly demon/rat$1 & evid5ce is cont9ually increas+ to %[ t d>k1 opaque worlds l ours exi/ & revolve ar\nd _! prim>ies4 ,:y %\ld n ^! worlds be inhabit$ by a race equal or ev5 sup]ior 9 intellig5ce to ourselves1 accord+ to _! place 9 ! cosmos ( creation8 ,leav+ out ( ! "q ! outly+ worlds ( space1 let u come to a consid]ation ( ! ne>e/ cele/ial neighbor we h 9 our own sy/em1 ! planet ,m>s3 ,is !re rational life on ,m>s & if s c we communicate ) ! inhabitants8 ,?\gh little m ?an half ! e>?'s size1 ,m>s has a significance 9 ! public eye :i* places x fir/ 9 importance among ! planets4 ,x is our ne>e/ neighbor on ! out] side ( ! e>?'s pa? ar\nd ! ,sun &1 view$ ?r\gh a telescope ( good magnify+ p[]1 %[s surface m>k+s1 sugge/ive ( cont95ts1 m\nta9s1 valleys1 oceans1 seas & riv]s1 & all ! v>y+ ph5om5a :i* ! m9d associates ) a _w l unto our own4 ,inde$1 x possesses s _m features 9 common ) ! e>?1 t x is impossible to resi/ ! conception ( its be+ inhabitat$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n tantam\nt to say+ t if !re is a race ( be+s on ,m>s !y are ! same z we on ,e>?4 ,by no means4 ,:atev] atmosph]e exi/s on ,m>s mu/ be mu* ?9n] ?an ours & f> too r>e to su/a9 ! life ( a p ) our limit$ lung capacity4 ,a race ) imm5se *e/s c\ld live "u su* conditions1 & folk ) gills l fi% c\ld pass a com=table exi/5ce 9 ! r>efi$ air4 ,besides ! t5uity ( ! atmosph]e1 !re are o!r conditions :i* w\ld cause life to be mu* diff]5t on ,m>s4 ,attraction & gravitation are altoge!r diff]5t4 ,! =ce ) :i* a sub/ance is attract$ to ! surface ( ,m>s is only a little m ?an "o-?ird z /rong z on ! e>?4 ,= in/ance "o hundr$ p\nds on ,e>? w\ld weigh only ab\t ?irty-eight p\nds on ,m>s4 ,a man :o c\ld jump five feet "h c\ld cle> fifte5 feet on ,m>s4 ,p>adoxical z x may seem1 ! small] a planet1 9 comp>ison ) ours & consequ5tly ! less ! pull ( gravity at its c5tre1 ! great] is ! probability t its inhabitants1 if any1 are giants :5 comp>$ ) u4 ,pr(essor ,l[ell has po9t$ out t to place ! ,m>tians 7if !re are su* be+s7 "u ! same conditions z ^? 9 :i* we exi/1 ! av]age inhabitant mu/ be consid]$ to be ?ree times z l>ge & ?ree times z heavy z ! av]age human be+2 & ! /r5g? ( ! ,m>tians mu/ exce$ ours to ev5 a great] ext5t ?an ! bulk & weight2 = _! muscles w\ld be tw5ty-sev5 times m effective4 ,9 fact1 "o ,m>tian c\ld d ! "w ( fifty or sixty m54 ,x is idle1 h[ev]1 to speculate z to :at ! =ms ( life are l on ,m>s1 = if !re are any su* =ms our ideas & conceptions ( !m mu/ be imag9>y1 z we _c see !m on ,m>s we d n "k4 ,!re is yet no possibility ( see+ any?+ on ! planet less ?an ?irty miles across1 & ev5 a city ( t size1 view$ ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescope1 w\ld only be visible z a m9ute speck4 ,great z is ! p]fection to :i* our optical in/rum5ts h be5 br\ght1 !y h reveal$ no?+ on ! planet save ! s-call$ canals1 to indicate ! pres5ce ( s5ti5t rational be+s4 ,! canals discov]$ by ,s*iap>elli ( ! ,milan ,obs]vatory 9 #ahgg are s regul>1 outl9$ ) su* rem>kable geometrical precision1 t x is claim$ !y mu/ be artificial & ! "w ( a high ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,! evid5ce ( su* "w1 says ,pr(essor ,l[ell1 po9ts to a highly intellig5t m9d beh9d x4 ,c ?is intellig5ce 9 any way rea* u1 or c we express ourselves to x8 ,c ! *asm ( space :i* lies betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,m>s be bridg$--a *asm :i*1 at ! %orte/1 is m ?an ?irty-five million miles across or "o hundr$ & fifty times great] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! e>? & ! moon8 ,c ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>? & ,m>s ex*ange signals8 ,to answ] ! "q1 let u in/itute "s comp>isons4 ,suppose ! fabl$ ,man 9 ! ,moon 7 a real p]sonage1 we w\ld require a telescope #hjj times m p[]ful ?an ! f9e/ in/rum5t we n[ h to see him1 = ! space p5etrat+ p[] ( ! be/ telescope is n m ?an #cjj miles & ! moon is #bdj1jjj miles di/ant4 ,an object to be visible on ! moon w\ld require to be z l>ge z ! ,metropolitan ,insurance ,build+ 9 ,new ,york1 :i* is ov] #gjj feet high4 ,to see1 !re=e1 an object on ,m>s by means ( ! telescope ! object w\ld ne$ to h dim5sions "o hundr$ & fifty times z great z ! object on ! moon2 9 o!r words1 be=e we c\ld see a build+ on ,m>s1 x w\ld h to be "o hundr$ & fifty times ! size ( ! ,metropolitan ,build+4 ,ev5 if !re are inhabitants !re1 x is n likely !y h su* l>ge build+s4 ,assum+ t !re are ,m>tians1 & t !y are desir\s ( communicat+ ) ! e>? by wav+ a flag1 su* a flag 9 ord] to be se5 ?r\gh ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes & :5 ,m>s is ne>e/1 w\ld h to be #cjj miles long & #bjj miles wide & be flung f a flagpole #ejj miles high4 ,! consid]ation ( su* a signal only belongs to ! doma9 ( ! imag9ation4 ,z an illu/ration1 x %\ld conclusively settle ! "q ( ! possibility or r impossibility ( signall+ betwe5 ! two planets4 ,let u suppose t ! signall+ p[] ( wireless telegraphy _h be5 advanc$ to su* p]fection t x 0 possible to transmit a signal across a di/ance ( #h1jjj miles1 equal to ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 or #a-cj ! di/ance to ! moon4 ,n[1 9 ord] to be appreciable at ! moon x w\ld require ! int5sity ( ! #h1jjj mile e!r waves to be rais$ n m]ely #cj times1 b #cj times #cj1 = to use ! ord9>y expression1 ! int5sity ( an effect spread+ 9 all directions l ! e!r waves1 decreases inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,if ! :ole e>? 7 br\ght )9 ! doma9 ( wireless telegraphy1 ! sy/em w\ld /ill h to be improv$ #ijj times z mu* aga9 be=e ! moon c\ld be br\ght )9 ! sph]e ( its influ5ce4 ,a wireless telegraphic signal1 transmitt$ across a di/ance equal to ! diamet] ( ! e>?1 w\ld be r$uc$ to a m]e sixte5-million? "p if x _h to travel ov] ! di/ance to ,m>s2 9 o!r words1 if wireless telegraphy atta9$ ! utmo/ excell5ce n[ hop$ = x--t is1 ( be+ able to girdle ! e>?--x w\ld h to be increas$ a ?\s&fold & !n a ?\s&fold aga91 & f9ally multipli$ by #af1 be=e an appreciable signal c\ld be transmitt$ to ,m>s4 ,?is seems l draw+ ! long b[1 b x is a sci5tific tru?4 ,!re is no d\bt t e!r waves c & d trav]se ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,e>? & ,m>s1 = ! fact t sunlight rea*es ,m>s & is reflect$ back to u proves ?is2 b ! s\rce ( waves adequate to accompli% su* a feat mu/ be on su* a scale z to be hopelessly beyond ! p[] ( man to initiate or control4 ,electrical signall+ to ,m>s is mu* m out ( ! "q ?an wireless4 ,ev5 ?\gh electrical ph5om5a produc$ 9 any "o place 7 suffici5tly int5se to be appreciable by suitable in/rum5ts all ov] ! e>?1 t int5sity w\ld h to be enhanc$ ano!r sixte5 million-fold be=e !y w\ld be appreciable on ! planet ,m>s4 ,x is absolutely hopeless to try to span ! bridge t lies betwe5 u & ,m>s by any me?ods kn[n to pres5t day sci5ce4 ,yet m5 /yl+ !mselves sci5ti/s say x c be done & w be done4 ,?is is a prophecy1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ lie 9 ! future4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 we h z yet b scrat*$ ! out] surface 9 ! fields ( k4 ,:at visions may n be op5$ to ! eyes ( m51 z !y g d[n deep] & deep] into ! soil4 ,secrets w be exhum$ undreamt ( n[1 my/]ies w be laid b>e to ! light ( day1 & p]haps ! psy*ic riddle ( life itself may be solv$4 ,!n inde$1 ,m>s may come to be look$ on z a next-door neighbor1 ) ^: life & actions we are z well acqua9t$ z ) our own4 ,! ?irty-five million miles t sep>ate him f u may be reg>d$ z a m]e /ep 9 space & ! mo/ di/ant planets ( our sy/em z b a little j\rney afield4 ,di/ant ,uranus may be look$ ^u z no f>!r away ?an is1 say1 ,au/ralia f ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is va91 h[ev]1 to indulge 9 ^! premises4 ,! veil ( my/]y /ill hangs betwe5 u & suns & />s & sy/ems4 ,"o fact lies be=e u ( :i* !re is no unc]ta9ty--we die & pass away f our pres5t /ate into "s o!r4 ,we are n annihilat$ into no?+ness4 ,suns & worlds also die1 aft] p]=m+ _! allott$ revolutions 9 ! cycle ( ! univ]se4 ,suns gl[ = a "t1 & planets be> _! fruitage ( plants & animals & m51 !n turn = aeons into a dre>y1 icy li/lessness & f9ally crumble to du/1 _! atoms jo9+ o!r worlds 9 ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,aft] all1 !re really is no dea?1 simply *ange--*ange f "o /ate to ano!r4 ,:5 we say we die1 we simply mean t we *ange our /ate4 ,!re is a life beyond ! grave4 ,z ,longfell[ beautifully expresses x3 ,life is real1 life is e>ne/1 ,& ! grave is n its goal1 ,du/ ?\ art1 to du/ returne/1 ,0 n spok5 ( ! s\l4 ,b :i!r d we g :5 we pass on8 ,:]e is ! s\l :5 x leaves ! e>?ly t5em5t call$ ! body8 ,we1 ,*ri/ians1 9 ! light ( revelation & ( fai?1 believe 9 a heav5 = ! good2 b x is n a mat]ial place1 only a /ate ( be+4 ,:]e & "u :at conditions is t /ate8 ,?is leads u to ! consid]ation ( ano!r "q :i* is engross+ ! m9ds ( _m ?9k]s & reason]s ( ! pres5t day4 ,c we communicate ) ! ,_s _w8 ,despite ! t5ets & beliefs & exp]i5ces ( le>n$ & s9c]e inve/igators1 we are con/ra9$1 ?us f>1 to answ] 9 ! negative4 ,yet1 ?\gh we _c communicate ) x1 we "k !re is a _s _w2 ! inn] consci\sness ( our be+ apprises u ( t fact1 we "k our lov$ ones :o h pass$ on are n dead b gone be=e1 j a little space1 & t soon we %all foll[ !m into a high] exi/5ce4 ,z ,talmage said1 ! tomb/one is n ! t]m9us1 b ! />t+ po/1 ! door to ! high] life1 ! entrance to ! /ate ( endless labor1 gr& possibilities1 & et]nal progression4 ,,! ,,end