,transcrib$ f ! #aiaj ,jona?an ,cape edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4lorg ,life & ,habit ,by ,samuel ,butl] ,picture3 ,decorative graphic 99 99 99 99 99 ,jona?an ,cape ,elev5 ,g[] ,/reet1 ,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir/ ,,publi%$ #ahgh ,,second ,,edition #ahgh ,,new ,,edition ,,) ,,add5da ,,& ,,preface ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild #aiaj ,,repr9t$ #aibd 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,by ,,butl] ,,& ,,tann] ,,ltd41 ,,frome ,,& ,,london 99 99 99 99 99 ,,?is ,,book ,,is ,,inscrib$ ,,to ,,*>les ,,pa9e ,,pauli1 ,esq4 ,,b>ri/]-,,at-,,law ,,9 ,,ackn[l$gem5t ,,( ,,8 ,,invaluable ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,pro(-,,%eets ,,( ,,?is ,,& ,,( ,,my ,,previ\s ,,books ,,& ,,9 ,,recognition ,,( ,,an ,,old ,,& ,,well-,,tri$-,,fri5d%ip ,,preface4 ,,s9ce ,samuel ,butl] publi%$ 8,life & ,habit0 ?irty-?ree vii ye>s h elaps$--ye>s fruitful 9 *ange & discov]y1 dur+ :i* _m ( ! mighty h be5 put d[n f _! seat & _m ( ! humble h be5 exalt$4 ,i d n "k t ,butl] c tru?fully be call$ humble1 inde$1 ,i ?9k he _h v few misgiv+s z to 8 ultimate triumph1 b he has c]ta9ly be5 exalt$ ) a rapidity t he himself c sc>cely h =ese54 ,dur+ 8 lifetime he 0 a lit]>y p>iah1 ! victim ( an organiz$ conspiracy ( sil5ce4 ,he is n[1 ,i ?9k x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 univ]sally accept$ z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ,engli% writ]s ( ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,i w n we>y my read]s by quot+ ! num]\s tributes paid by di/+ui%$ contempor>y writ]s to ,butl]'s orig9ality & =ce ( m9d1 b ,i _c refra9 f illu/rat+ ! *ang$ attitude ( ! sci5tific _w to ,butl] & 8 !ories by a ref]5ce to 8,d>w9 & ,mod]n ,sci5ce10 ! collection ( essays publi%$ 9 #aiji by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 commemoration ( ! ,d>w9 c5t5>y4 ,9 t "w ,pr(essor ,bateson1 :ile ref]r+ repeat$ly to ,butl]'s biological works1 speaks ( him z 8! mo/ brilliant & by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,d>w9's oppon5ts1 ^: works are at l5g? em]g+ f oblivion40 ,) ! gr[? ( ,butl]'s reputation 8,life & ,habit0 has _h mu* to d4 ,x 0 ! fir/ & is und\bt$ly ! mo/ important ( 8 writ+s on evolution4 ,f its lo9s1 z x 71 sprang 8 ?ree lat] books1 8,evolution ,old & ,new10 8,unconsci\s ,memory10 & 8,luck or ,cunn+01 :i* c>ri$ its argum5ts fur!r afield4 ,x w p]haps int]e/ ,butl]'s read]s if ,i "h quote a passage f 8 note-books1 lately publi%$ 9 ! 8,new ,qu>t]ly ,review0 7,vol4 ,,iii4 ,no4 #i71 9 :i* he summ>izes 8 "w 9 biology3 8,to me x seems t my contributions to ! !ory ( evolution h be5 ma9ly ^!3 8#a4 ,! id5tification ( h]$ity & memory1 & ! coroll>ies relat+ to sports1 ! rev]sion to remote ance/ors1 ! ph5om5a ( old age1 ! causes ( ! /]ility ( hybrids1 & ! pr9ciples und]ly+ longevity--all ( :i* foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,?is 0 #8,life & ,habit' #ahgg4 8#b4 ,! re-introduction ( teleology into organic life1 :i* to me seems h>dly1 if at all1 less important ?an ! #8,life & ,habit' !ory4 ,?is 0 #8,evolution ,old & ,new' #ahgi4 8#c4 ,an attempt to sugge/ an explanation ( ! physics ( memory4 ,?is 0 ,unconsci\s ,memory' #ahhj4 ,i 0 al>m$ by ! sugge/ion & fa!r$ x ^u ,pr(essor ,h]+1 :o nev]1 t ,i c see1 meant to say any?+ ( ! k9d1 b ,i =c$ my view ^u him1 z x 71 by tak+ hold ( a s5t5ce or two 9 8 lecture1 #8,on ,memory z a ,univ]sal ,function ( ,organis$ ,matt]1' & ?us connect$ memory ) vibrations4 8,:at ,i want to d n[ 7#ahhe7 is to connect vibrations n only ) memory b ) ! physical con/itution ( t body 9 :i* ! memory resides1 ?us adopt+ ,newl&'s law 7sometimes call$ ,m5delejeff's law7 t !re is only "o sub/ance1 & t ! *>act]i/ics ( ! vibrations go+ on )9 x at any giv5 "t w det]m9e :e!r x w appe> to u z1 we w say1 hydrog51 or sodium1 or *ick5 do+ ?is1 or *ick5 do+ ! o!r40 ,?is is t\*$ ^u 9 ! conclud+ *apt] ( 8,luck or ,cunn+80 #ahhg4 ,! pres5t edition ( 8,life & ,habit0 is practically a re-issue ( t ( #ahgh4 ,i f9d t ab\t ! ye> #ahij1 al?\gh ! orig9al edition 0 f> f be+ exhau/$1 ,butl] began to make corrections ( ! text ( 8,life & ,habit10 presumably ) ! int5tion ( publi%+ a revis$ edition4 ,! copy ( ! book s correct$ is n[ 9 my possession4 ,9 ! fir/ five *apt]s !re are num]\s em5dations1 v few ( :i*1 h[ev]1 affect ! mean+ to any appreciable ext5t1 be+ ma9ly conc]n$ ) ! excision ( r$undancies & ! simplification ( /yle4 ,i imag9e t by ! "t he _h rea*$ ! end ( ! fif? *apt] ,butl] realis$ t ! corrections he _h made 7 n ( suffici5t importance to w>rant a new edition1 & det]m9$ to let ! book /& z x 04 ,i believe1 !re=e1 t ,i am c>ry+ out 8 wi%es 9 repr9t+ ! pres5t edition f ! orig9al plates4 ,i h f\nd1 h[ev]1 among 8 pap]s ?ree entirely new passages1 :i* he probably wrote dur+ ! p]iod ( correction & no d\bt int5d$ to incorporate into ! revis$ edition4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,fe/+ ,jones has also giv5 me a copy ( a passage :i* ,butl] wrote & gumm$ into ,mr4 ,jones's copy ( 8,life & ,habit40 ,^! f\r passages ,i h pr9t$ z an app5dix at ! end ( ! pres5t volume4 ,"o m po9t des]ves notice4 ,butl] (t5 ref]s 9 8,life & ,habit0 to ,d>w9's 8,v>iations ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication40 ,:5 he does s x is always "u ! "n 8,plants & ,animals40 ,m (t5 /ill he ref]s to ,d>w9's 8,orig9 ( ,species by means ,natural ,selection10 t]m+ x at "o "t 8,orig9 ( ,species0 & at ano!r 8,natural ,selection10 sometimes1 z on p4 #bgh1 us+ bo? names )9 a few l9es ( ea* o!r4 ,butl] 0 z a rule scrupul\sly c>eful ab\t quotations1 & ,i c (f] no explanation ( ?is curi\s confusion ( titles4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild4 ,novemb]1 #aiaj4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface4 ,,! ,italics 9 ! passages quot$ 9 ?is book are g5]ally m9e1 b ,i f\nd x almo/ impossible to call ! read]'s att5tion to ?is ^u e occasion4 ,i h done s once or twice1 z ?9k+ x necess>y 9 ^! cases t !re %\ld be no mi/ake2 on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,i ?\ght x bett] to cont5t myself ) call+ att5tion 9 a preface to ! fact t ! au?or quot$ is n1 z a g5]al rule1 responsible = ! ,italics4 ,s4 ,,butl]4 ,novemb] #ac1 #ahgg4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,preface ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild vii ,,au?or',s ,,orig9al ,,preface x ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,acquir$ ,,habits #a ,,ii4 ,,consci\s ,,& ,,unconsci\s ,,kn[]s--,,! ,,law ,,& #bj ,,grace ,,iii4 ,,application ,,( ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]s ,,to ,,c]ta9 #dc ,,habits ,,acquir$ ,,aft] ,,bir? ,,:i* ,,are ,,commonly ,,consid]$ ,,in/9ctive ,,iv4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,pr9ciples ,,to #ei ,,actions ,,& ,,habits ,,acquir$ ,,be=e ,,bir? ,v4 ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity #gh ,,vi4 ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity--7cont9u$7 #ia ,,vii4 ,,our ,,subord9ate ,,p]sonalities #ajd ,,viii4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]s--,,! #abe ,,assimilation ,,( ,,outside ,,matt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,abeyance ,,( ,,memory #aej ,x4 ,,:at ,,we ,,%\ld ,,expect ,,to ,,f9d ,,if #aff ,,diff]5tiations ,,( ,,/ructure ,,& ,,in/9ct ,,are ,,ma9ly ,,due ,,to ,,memory ,,xi4 ,,in/9ct ,,z ,,inh]it$ ,,memory #aih ,,xii4 ,,in/9cts ,,( ,,neut] ,,insects #bbj ,,xiii4 ,,lam>ck ,,& ,,mr4 ,,d>w9 #beb ,,xiv4 ,,mr4 ,,miv>t ,,& ,,mr4 ,,d>w9 #bgc ,,xv4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks #bid ,,app5dix ,,au?or',s ,,add5da #cjh ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,acquir$ ,,habits4 ,,x w be our bus9ess 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s to consid] :e!r ! unconsci\sness1 or quasi-unconsci\sness1 ) :i* we p]=m c]ta9 acquir$ actions1 w\ld seem to ?r[ any light ^u ,embryology & inh]it$ in/9cts1 & o!rwise to foll[ ! tra9 ( ?\ght :i* ! class ( actions above-m5tion$ w\ld sugge/2 m especially 9 s f> z !y appe> to be> ^u ! orig9 ( species & ! cont9uation ( life by successive g5]ations1 :e!r 9 ! animal or vegetable k+doms4 ,9 ! outset1 h[ev]1 ,i w\ld wi% mo/ di/9ctly to disclaim = ^! pages ! smalle/ pret5sion to sci5tific value1 orig9ality1 or ev5 to accuracy ( m ?an a v r\gh & ready k9d--= unless a matt] be true en\gh to /& a good deal ( misrepres5tation1 its tru? is n ( a v robu/ ord]1 & ! blame w r lie ) its own delicacy if x be cru%$1 ?an ) ! c>elessness ( ! cru%]4 ,i h no wi% to in/ruct1 & n mu* to be in/ruct$2 my aim is simply to ent]ta9 & int]e/ ! num]\s class ( p :o1 l myself1 "k no?+ ( sci5ce1 b :o enjoy speculat+ & reflect+ 7n too deeply7 ^u ! ph5om5a ar\nd !m4 ,i h !re=e all[$ myself a loose re91 to run on ) :atev] came upp]mo/1 )\t reg>d to :e!r x 0 new or old2 feel+ sure t if true1 x mu/ be v old or x nev] c\ld h occurr$ to "o s little v]s$ 9 sci5ce z myself2 & kn[+ t x is sometimes pleasant] to meet ! old "u slightly *ang$ conditions1 ?an to g ?r\gh ! =malities & unc]ta9ties ( mak+ new acqua9tance4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i %\ld say t :atev] ,i h kn[+ly tak5 f any "o else1 ,i h always ackn[l$g$4 ,x is pla91 !re=e1 t my book _c be int5d$ = ! p]usal ( sci5tific p2 x is int5d$ = ! g5]al public only1 ) :om ,i believe myself to be 9 h>mony1 z kn[+ nei!r mu* m nor mu* less ?an !y d4 ,tak+ !n1 ! art ( play+ ! piano z an example ( ! k9d ( action we are 9 se>* (1 we obs]ve t a practis$ play] w p]=m v difficult pieces app>5tly )\t ef=t1 (t51 inde$1 :ile ?9k+ & talk+ ( some?+ q o!r ?an 8 music2 yet he w play accurately &1 possibly1 ) mu* expression4 ,if he has be5 play+ a fugue1 say 9 f\r p>ts1 he w h kept ea* "p well di/9ct1 9 su* a mann] z to prove t 8 m9d 0 n prev5t$1 by its o!r occupations1 f consci\sly or unconsci\sly foll[+ f\r di/9ct tra9s ( musical ?\ght at ! same "t1 nor f mak+ 8 f+]s act 9 exactly ! requir$ mann] z reg>ds ea* note ( ea* "p4 ,x commonly happ5s t 9 ! c\rse ( f\r or five m9utes a play] may h /ruck f\r or five ?\s& notes4 ,if we take into consid]ation ! re/s1 dott$ notes1 accid5tals1 v>iations ( "t1 c41 we %all f9d 8 att5tion mu/ h be5 ex]cis$ on _m m occasions ?an :5 he 0 actually /rik+ notes3 s t x may n be too mu* to say t ! att5tion ( a fir/-rate play] may h be5 ex]cis$--to an inf9itesimally small ext5t--b /ill truly ex]cis$--on z _m z t5 ?\s& occasions )9 ! space ( five m9utes1 = no note c be /ruck nor po9t att5d$ to )\t a c]ta9 am\nt ( att5tion1 no matt] h[ rapidly or unconsci\sly giv54 ,moreov]1 ea* act ( att5tion has be5 foll[$ by an act ( volition1 & ea* act ( volition by a muscul> action1 :i* is compos$ ( _m m9or actions2 "s s small t we c no m foll[ !m ?an ! play] himself c p]ceive !m2 nev]!less1 x may h be5 p]fectly pla9 t ! play] 0 n att5d+ to :at he 0 do+1 b 0 li/5+ to conv]sation on "s o!r subject1 n to say jo9+ 9 x himself4 ,if he has be5 play+ ! viol91 he may h done all ! above1 & may also h be5 walk+ ab\t4 ,h]r ,joa*im w\ld unque/ionably be able to d all t has "h be5 describ$4 ,s complete w\ld ! play]'s unconsci\sness ( ! att5tion he is giv+1 & ! bra9 p[] he is ex]t+ appe> to be1 t we %all f9d x difficult to awak5 8 att5tion to any p>ticul> "p ( 8 p]=mance )\t putt+ him out4 ,inde$ we _c d s4 ,we %all obs]ve t he f9ds x h>dly less difficult to compass a volunt>y consci\sness ( :at he has once le>nt s ?or\ghly t x has pass$1 s to speak1 into ! doma9 ( unconsci\sness1 ?an he f\nd x to le>n ! note or passage 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,! ef=t aft] a second consci\sness ( detail baffles him--compels him to turn to 8 music or play sl[ly4 ,9 fact x seems z ?\gh he knew ! piece too well to be able to "k t he kn[s x1 & is only consci\s ( kn[+ ^? passages :i* he does n "k s ?or\ghly4 ,at ! end ( 8 p]=mance1 8 memory w\ld appe> to be no less annihilat$ ?an 0 8 consci\sness ( att5tion & volition4 ,= ( ! ?\s&s ( acts requir+ ! ex]cise ( bo? ! "o & ! o!r1 :i* he has done dur+ ! five m9utes1 we w say1 ( 8 p]=mance1 he w rememb] h>dly "o :5 x is ov]4 ,if he calls to m9d any?+ beyond ! ma9 fact t he has play$ su* & su* a piece1 x w probably be "s passage :i* he has f\nd m difficult ?an ! o!rs1 & ) ! l ( :i* he has n be5 s long famili>4 ,all ! re/ he w =get z completely z ! brea? :i* he has drawn :ile play+4 ,he f9ds x difficult to rememb] ev5 ! difficulties he exp]i5c$ 9 le>n+ to play4 ,a few may h s impress$ him t !y rema9 ) him1 b ! great] "p w h escap$ him z completely z ! remembrance ( :at he ate1 or h[ he put on 8 clo!s1 ?is day t5 ye>s ago2 nev]!less1 x is pla9 he rememb]s m ?an he rememb]s rememb]+1 = he avoids mi/akes :i* he made at "o "t1 & 8 p]=mance proves t all ! notes are 9 8 memory1 ?\gh if call$ ^u to play su* & su* a b> at r&om f ! middle ( ! piece1 & nei!r m nor less1 he w probably say t he _c rememb] x unless he beg9s f ! beg9n+ ( ! phrase :i* leads to x4 ,v commonly he w be oblig$ to beg9 f ! beg9n+ ( ! movem5t itself1 & be unable to />t at any o!r po9t unless he h ! music be=e him2 & if di/urb$1 z we h se5 above1 he w h to />t de novo f an accu/om$ />t+-po9t4 ,yet no?+ c be m obvi\s ?an t !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 :at is n[ s easy z to be done )\t consci\s ef=t ( ! bra9 0 only done by means ( bra9 "w :i* 0 v ke5ly p]ceiv$1 ev5 to fatigue & positive di/ress4 ,ev5 n[1 if ! play] is play+ some?+ ! l ( :i* he has n met be=e1 we obs]ve he pauses & becomes imm$iately consci\s ( att5tion4 ,we draw ! inf]5ce1 !re=e1 z reg>ds pian(orte or viol9 play+1 t ! m ! famili>ity or k ( ! art1 ! less is !re consci\sness ( su* k2 ev5 s f> z t !re %\ld seem to be almo/ z mu* difficulty 9 awak5+ consci\sness :i* has become1 s to speak1 lat5t1--a consci\sness ( t :i* is kn[n too well to admit ( recognis$ self-analysis :ile ! k is be+ ex]cis$--z 9 creat+ a consci\sness ( t :i* is n yet well en\gh kn[n to be prop]ly designat$ z kn[n at all4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we obs]ve t ! less ! famili>ly or k1 ! great] ! consci\sness ( :atev] k !re is4 ,consid]+ o!r l in/ances ( ! habitual ex]cise ( intellig5ce & volition1 :i*1 f long famili>ity ) ! me?od ( proc$ure1 escape ! notice ( ! p]son ex]cis+ !m1 we naturally ?9k ( writ+4 ,! =mation ( ea* lett] requires att5tion & volition1 yet 9 a few m9utes a practis$ writ] w =m sev]al hundr$ lett]s1 & be able to ?9k & talk ( some?+ else all ! "t he is do+ s4 ,x w n probably rememb] ! =mation ( a s+le "* 9 any page t he has writt52 nor w he be able to give m ?an ! sub/ance ( 8 writ+ if ask$ to d s4 ,he kn[s h[ to =m ea* lett] s well1 & he kn[s s well ea* ^w t he is ab\t to write1 t he has ceas$ to be consci\s ( 8 k or to notice 8 acts ( volition1 ea* "o ( :i* is1 nev]!less1 foll[$ by a correspond+ muscul> action4 ,yet ! uni=mity ( our h&writ+1 & ! mann] 9 :i* we almo/ inv>iably adh]e to "o me?od ( =m+ ! same "*1 w\ld seem to sugge/ t dur+ ! mom5t>y =mation ( ea* lett] our memories mu/ rev]t 7) an int5sity too rapid = our p]ception7 to _m if n to all ! occasions on :i* we h ev] writt5 ! same lett] previ\sly--! memory ( ^! occasions dwell+ 9 our m9ds z :at has be5 call$ a residuum--an unconsci\sly /ruck balance or av]age ( !m all--a fus$ mass ( individual rem9isc5ces ( :i* no trace c be f\nd 9 our consci\sness1 & ( :i* ! only effect w\ld seem to lie 9 ! gradual *anges ( h&writ+ :i* are p]ceptible 9 mo/ p till !y h rea*$ middle-age1 & sometimes ev5 lat]4 ,s f> are we f consci\sly rememb]+ any "o ( ! occasions on :i* we h writt5 su* & su* a lett]1 t we are n ev5 consci\s ( ex]cis+ our memory at all1 any m ?an we are 9 heal? consci\s ( ! action ( our he>t4 ,b1 if we are writ+ 9 "s unfamili> way1 z :5 pr9t+ our lett]s in/ead ( writ+ !m 9 our usual runn+ h&1 our memory is s f> awak5$ t we become consci\s ( e "* we =m2 sometimes x is ev5 p]ceptible z memory to ourselves1 z :5 we try to rememb] h[ to pr9t "s lett]1 = example a g1 & _c call to m9d on :i* side ( ! upp] half ( ! lett] we ought to put ! l9k :i* connects x ) ! l[]1 & are successful 9 rememb]+2 b if we become v consci\s ( rememb]+1 x %[s t we are on ! br9k ( only try+ to rememb]1--t is to say1 ( n rememb]+ at all4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we rememb] = a "t ! sub/ance ( :at we h writt51 = ! subject is g5]ally new to u2 b if we are writ+ :at we h (t5 writt5 be=e1 we lose consci\sness ( ?is too1 z fully z we d ( ! *>act]s necess>y to convey ! sub/ance to ano!r p]son1 & we %all f9d ourselves writ+ on z x 7 me*anically :ile ?9k+ & talk+ ( some?+ else4 ,s a paid copyi/1 to :om ! subject ( :at he is writ+ is ( no importance1 does n ev5 notice x4 ,he deals only ) famili> words & famili> *>act]s )\t c>+ to g beh9d !m1 & !reupon writes on 9 a quasi-unconsci\s mann]2 b if he comes to a ^w or to *>act]s ) :i* he is b little acqua9t$1 he becomes imm$iately awak5$ to ! consci\sness ( ei!r rememb]+ or try+ to rememb]4 ,8 consci\sness ( 8 own k or memory w\ld seem to belong to a p]iod1 s to speak1 ( twilight betwe5 ! ?ick d>kness ( ignorance & ! brilliancy ( p]fect k2 z col\r :i* vani%es ) extremes ( light or ( %ade4 ,p]fect ignorance & p]fect k are alike unselfconsci\s4 ,! above holds good ev5 m noticeably 9 respect ( read+4 ,h[ _m ?\s&s ( individual lett]s d our eyes run ov] e morn+ 9 ! 8,times0 newspap]1 h[ few ( !m d we notice1 or rememb] hav+ notic$8 ,yet !re 0 a "t :5 we _h su* difficulty 9 read+ ev5 ! simple/ words1 t we _h to take great pa9s to impress !m ^u our memory s z to "k !m :5 we came to !n aga94 ,n[1 n ev5 a s+le ^w ( all we h se5 w rema9 ) u1 unless x is a new "o1 or an old "o us$ 9 an unfamili> s5se1 9 :i* case we notice1 & may v likely rememb] x4 ,our memory reta9s ! sub/ance only1 ! sub/ance only be+ unfamili>4 ,nev]!less1 al?\gh we d n p]ceive m ?an ! g5]al result ( our p]ception1 !re c be no d\bt ( our hav+ p]ceiv$ e lett] 9 e ^w t we h read at all1 = if we come ^u a ^w misspelt our att5tion is at once ar\s$2 unless1 inde$1 we h actually correct$ ! misspell+1 z well z notic$ x1 unconsci\sly1 ?r\gh exce$+ famili>ity ) ! way 9 :i* x ought to be spelt4 ,n only d we p]ceive ! lett]s we h se5 )\t notic+ t we h p]ceiv$ !m1 b we f9d x almo/ impossible to notice t we notice !m :5 we h once le>nt to read flu5tly4 ,to try to d s puts u out1 & prev5ts our be+ able to read4 ,we may ev5 g s f> z to say t if a man c att5d to ! individual *>act]s1 x is a sign t he _c yet read flu5tly4 ,if we "k h[ to read well1 we are z unconsci\s ( ! means & processes :]eby we atta9 ! desir$ result z we are ab\t ! gr[? ( our hair or ! circulation ( our blood4 ,s t "h aga9 x w\ld seem t we only "k :at we "k /ill to "s ext5t imp]fectly1 & t :at we "k ?or\ghly escapes our consci\s p]ception ?\gh none ! less actually p]ceiv$4 ,our p]ception 9 fact passes into a lat5t /age1 z also our memory & volition4 ,walk+ is ano!r example ( ! rapid ex]cise ( volition ) b little p]ception ( ea* individual act ( ex]cise4 ,we notice any ob/acle 9 our pa?1 b x is pla9 we d n notice t we p]ceive mu* t we h nev]!less be5 p]ceiv+2 = if a man goes d[n a lane by night he w /umble ov] _m ?+s :i* he w\ld h avoid$ by day1 al?\gh he w\ld n h notic$ !m4 ,yet "t 0 :5 walk+ 0 to ea* "o ( u a new & ardu\s task--z ardu\s z we %\ld n[ f9d x to :eel a :eelb>r[ on a tight-rope2 :]eas1 at pres5t1 ?\gh we c ?9k ( our /eps to a c]ta9 ext5t )\t *eck+ our p[] to walk1 we c]ta9ly _c consid] our muscul> action 9 detail )\t hav+ to come to a dead /op4 ,talk+--especially 9 "o's "m tongue--may s]ve z a la/ example4 ,we f9d x impossible to foll[ ! muscul> action ( ! m\? & tongue 9 fram+ e lett] or syllable we utt]4 ,we h probably spok5 = ye>s & ye>s be=e we became aw>e t ! lett] h is a labial s\nd1 & until we h to utt] a ^w :i* is difficult f its unfamili>ity we speak 8tripp+ly on ! tongue0 ) no att5tion except to ! sub/ance ( :at we wi% to say4 ,yet talk+ 0 n always ! easy matt] to u :i* x is at pres5t--z we p]ceive m readily :5 we are le>n+ a new language :i* x may take u mon?s to ma/]4 ,nev]!less1 :5 we h once ma/]$ x we speak x )\t fur!r consci\sness ( k or memory1 z reg>ds ! m common words1 & )\t ev5 notic+ our consci\sness4 ,"h1 z 9 ! o!r in/ances already giv51 z long z we did n "k p]fectly1 we 7 consci\s ( our acts ( p]ception1 volition1 & reflection1 b :5 our k has become p]fect we no long] notice our consci\sness1 nor our volition2 nor c we awak5 a second artificial consci\sness )\t "s ef=t1 & di/urbance ( ! process ( :i* we are endeav\r+ to become consci\s4 ,we are no long]1 s to speak1 "u ! law1 b "u grace4 ,an asc5d+ scale may be p]ceiv$ 9 ! above in/ances4 ,9 play+1 we h an action acquir$ long aft] bir?1 difficult ( acquisition1 & nev] ?or\ghly famili>is$ to ! p[] ( absolutely unconsci\s p]=mance1 except 9 ! case ( ^? :o h ei!r an exceptional g5ius = music1 or :o h devot$ ! great] "p ( _! "t to practis+4 ,except 9 ! case ( ^! p]sons x is g5]ally f\nd easy to become m or less consci\s ( any passage )\t di/urb+ ! p]=mance1 & our action rema9s s completely )9 our control t we c /op play+ at any mom5t we please4 ,9 writ+1 we h an action g5]ally acquir$ e>li]1 done = ! mo/ "p ) great unconsci\sness ( detail1 fairly well )9 our control to /op at any mom5t2 ?\gh n s completely z w\ld be imag9$ by ^? :o h n made ! exp]im5t ( try+ to /op 9 ! middle ( a giv5 "* :5 writ+ at fit spe$4 ,also1 we c notice our =mation ( any individual "* )\t our writ+ be+ mat]ially h9d]$4 ,read+ is usually acquir$ e>li] /ill4 ,we read ) m unconsci\sness ( att5tion ?an we write4 ,we f9d x m difficult to become consci\s ( any "* )\t discomfiture1 & we _c arre/ ourselves 9 ! middle ( a ^w1 = example1 & h>dly be=e ! end ( a s5t5ce2 nev]!less x is on ! :ole well )9 our control4 ,walk+ is s e>ly an acquisition t we _c rememb] hav+ acquir$ x4 ,9 runn+ fa/ ov] av]age gr\nd we f9d x v difficult to become consci\s ( ea* individual /ep1 & %\ld possibly f9d x m difficult /ill1 if ! inequalities & r\ghness ( uncultur$ l& _h n p]haps caus$ ! developm5t ( a p[] to create a second consci\sness ( our /eps )\t h9drance to our runn+ or walk+4 ,pursuit & flight1 :e!r 9 ! *ase or 9 w>1 mu/ = _m g5]ations h play$ a mu* m prom95t "p 9 ! lives ( our ance/ors ?an !y d 9 our own4 ,if ! gr\nd ov] :i* !y _h to travel _h be5 g5]ally z free f ob/ruction z our mod]n cultivat$ l&s1 x is possible t we might n f9d x z easy to notice our sev]al /eps z we d at pres5t4 ,ev5 z x is1 if :ile we are runn+ we w\ld consid] ! action ( our muscles1 we come to a dead /op1 & %\ld probably fall if we tri$ to obs]ve too sudd5ly2 = we mu/ /op to d ?is1 & runn+1 :5 we h once committ$ ourselves to x beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 is n controllable to a /ep or two )\t loss ( equilibrium4 ,we le>n to talk1 mu* ab\t ! same "t t we le>n to walk1 b talk+ requires less muscul> ef=t ?an walk+1 & makes g5]ally less dem& ^u our p[]s4 ,a man may talk a long :ile be=e he has done ! equival5t ( a five-mile walk2 x is natural1 !re=e1 t we %\ld h _h m practice 9 talk+ ?an 9 walk+1 & h5ce t we %\ld f9d x h>d] to pay att5tion to our words ?an to our /eps4 ,c]ta9ly x is v h>d to become consci\s ( e syllable or inde$ ( e ^w we say2 ! attempt to d s w (t5 br+ u to a *eck at once2 nev]!less we c g5]ally /op talk+ if we wi% to d s1 unless ! cry+ ( infants be consid]$ z a k9d ( quasi-spee*3 ?is comes e>li]1 & is (t5 q uncontrollable1 or m truly p]haps is done ) su* complete control ov] ! muscles by ! w1 & ) su* absolute c]ta9ty ( 8 own purpose on ! "p ( ! wili]1 t !re is no long] any m d\bt1 unc]ta9ty1 or susp5se1 & h5ce no p[] ( p]ceiv+ any ( ! processes :]eby ! result is atta9$--z a :eel :i* may look fa/ fix$ because x is s fa/ revolv+4 #ac ,we may obs]ve !re=e 9 ?is asc5d+ scale1 imp]fect z x is1 t ! old] ! habit ! long] ! practice1 ! long] ! practice1 ! m k--or1 ! less unc]ta9ty2 ! less unc]ta9ty ! less p[] ( consci\s self-analysis & control4 ,x w occur to ! read] t 9 all ! in/ances giv5 above1 diff]5t individuals atta9 ! unconsci\s /age ( p]fect k ) v diff]5t degrees ( facility4 ,"s h to atta9 x ) a great sum2 o!rs are free born4 ,"s le>n to play1 to read1 write1 & talk1 ) h>dly an ef=t--"s %[ su* an in/9ctive aptitude = ari?metic t1 l ,z]ah ,colburn1 at eight ye>s old1 !y a*ieve results )\t in/ruction1 :i* 9 ! case ( mo/ p w\ld require a long education4 ,! acc\nt ( ,z]ah ,colburn1 z quot$ f ,mr4 ,baily 9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s 8,m5tal ,physiology10 may p]haps be giv5 "h4 8,he rais$ any numb] consi/+ ( "o figure progressively to ! t5? p[]1 giv+ ! results 7by actual multiplication & n by memory7 fa/] ?an !y c\ld be set d[n 9 figures by ! p]son appo9t$ to record !m4 ,he rais$ ! numb] #h progressively to ! sixte5? p[]1 & 9 nam+ ! la/ result1 :i* consi/$ ( #ae figures1 he 0 "r 9 e "o4 ,"s numb]s consi/+ ( two figures he rais$ z high z ! eigh? p[]1 ?\gh he f\nd a difficulty 9 proce$+ :5 ! products became v l>ge4 8,on be+ ask$ ! squ>e root ( #ajf1ibi1 he answ]$ #cbg be=e ! orig9al numb] c\ld be writt5 d[n4 ,he 0 !n requir$ to f9d ! cube root ( #bfh1ccf1abe1 & ) equal facility & promptness he repli$ #fde4 8,he 0 ask$ h[ _m m9utes !re are 9 #dh ye>s1 & be=e ! "q c\ld be tak5 d[n he repli$ #be1bbh1hjj1 & imm$iately aft]w>ds he gave ! correct numb] ( seconds4 8,on be+ reque/$ to give ! factors :i* w\ld produce ! numb] #bdg1dhc1 he imm$iately nam$ #ida & #bfc1 :i* are ! only two numb]s f ! multiplication ( :i* x w\ld result4 ,on #aga1cie be+ propos$1 he nam$ #e #cd1bgi1 #g #bd1dhe1 #ei #bije1 #hc #bjfe1 #ce #dhig1 #bie #eha1 & #dac #dae4 8,he 0 !n ask$ to give ! factors ( #cf1jhc1 b he imm$iately repli$ t x _h none1 :i* 0 really ! case1 ?is be+ a prime numb]4 ,o!r numb]s be+ propos$ to him indiscrim9ately1 he always succe$$ 9 giv+ ! correct factors except 9 ! case ( prime numb]s1 :i* he g5]ally discov]$ almo/ z soon z !y 7 propos$ to him4 ,! numb] #d1bid1ifg1big1 :i* is #bcb #a1 hav+ be5 giv5 him1 he discov]$1 z ,eul] _h previ\sly done1 t x 0 n ! prime numb] :i* ,f]mat _h suppos$ x to be1 b t x is ! product ( ! factors #f1gjj1dag #fda4 ,! solution ( ?is problem 0 only giv5 aft] ! lapse ( "s weeks1 b ! me?od he took to obta9 x cle>ly %[$ t he _h n d]iv$ 8 in=mation f any extrane\s s\rce4 8,:5 he 0 ask$ to multiply toge!r numb]s bo? consi/+ ( m ?an ^! figures1 he seem$ to decompose "o or bo? ( !m into its factors1 & to "w ) !m sep>ately4 ,?us1 on be+ ask$ to give ! squ>e ( #dcie1 he multipli$ #bic by itself1 & !n twice multipli$ ! product by #ae4 ,& on be+ ask$ to tell ! squ>e ( #iii1iii he obta9$ ! correct result1 #iii1iih1jjj1jja1 by twice multiply+ ! squ>e ( #cg1jcg by #bg4 ,he !n ( 8 own accord multipli$ t product by #di1 & said t ! result 7viz41 #dh1iii1ijb1jjj1jdi7 0 equal to ! squ>e ( #f1iii1iic4 ,he aft]w>ds multipli$ ?is product by #di1 & obs]v$ t ! result 7viz41 #b1djj1iie1aih1jjb1dja7 0 equal to ! squ>e ( #dh1iii1iea4 ,he 0 aga9 ask$ to multiply ! product by #be1 & 9 nam+ ! result 7viz41 #fj1jbd1hgi1iej1jfj1jbe7 he said x 0 equal to ! squ>e ( #bdd1iii1gee4 8,on be+ int]rogat$ z to ! mann] 9 :i* he obta9$ ^! results1 ! boy con/antly said he did n "k h[ ! answ]s came into 8 m9d4 ,9 ! act ( multiply+ two numb]s toge!r1 & 9 ! rais+ ( p[]s1 x 0 evid5t 7alike f ! facts j /at$ & f ! motion ( 8 lips7 t "s op]ation 0 go+ =w>d 9 8 m9d2 yet t op]ation c\ld n 7f ! read9ess ) :i* 8 answ]s 7 furni%$7 h be5 at all alli$ to ! usual modes ( proc$ure1 ( :i*1 inde$1 he 0 entirely ignorant1 n be+ able to p]=m on pap] a simple sum 9 multiplication or division4 ,b 9 ! extraction ( roots1 & 9 ! discov]y ( ! factors ( l>ge numb]s1 x did n appe> t any op]ation c\ld take place1 s9ce he gave answ]s imm$iately1 or 9 a v few seconds1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ord9>y me?ods1 w\ld h requir$ v difficult & labori\s calculations1 & prime numb]s _c be recognis$ z su* by any kn[n rule40 ,i %\ld hope t _m ( ! above figures are wrong4 ,i h v]ifi$ !m c>efully ) ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s quotation1 b fur!r ?an ?is ,i _c & w n g4 ,also ,i am happy to f9d t 9 ! end ! boy ov]came ! ma!matics1 & turn$ out a useful b by no means p>ticul>ly calculat+ memb] ( society4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 is typical ( o!rs 9 :i* p]sons h be5 f\nd able to d )\t app>5t ef=t :at 9 ! great majority ( cases requires a long appr5tice%ip4 ,x is ne$less to multiply in/ances2 ! po9t t conc]ns u is1 t k "u su* circum/ances be+ v int5se1 & ! ease ) :i* ! result is produc$ extreme1 x eludes ! consci\s appreh5sion ( ! p]=m] himself1 :o only becomes consci\s :5 a difficulty arises :i* taxes ev5 8 abnormal p[]4 ,su* a case1 !re=e1 confirms r ?an militates aga9/ our op9ion t consci\sness ( k vani%es on ! k becom+ p]fect--! only diff]5ce betwe5 ^? possess$ ( any su* rem>kable special p[] & ! g5]al run ( p be+1 t ! fir/ are born ) su* an unusual aptitude = _! p>ticul> specialty t !y are able to disp5se ) all or ne>ly all ! prelim9>y ex]cise ( _! faculty1 :ile ! latt] mu/ ex]cise x = a consid]able "t be=e !y c get x to "w smoo?ly & easily2 b 9 ei!r case :5 once ! k is int5se x is unconsci\s4 ,nor aga9 w\ld su* an in/ance z t ( ,z]ah ,colburn w>rant u 9 believ+ t ?is :ite heat1 z x 71 ( unconsci\s k c be atta9$ by any "o )\t 8 ev] hav+ be5 orig9ally cold4 ,"y ,colburn1 = example1 c\ld n extract roots :5 he 0 an embryo ( ?ree weeks' /&+4 ,x is true we c seldom foll[ ! process1 b we "k !re mu/ h be5 a "t 9 e case :5 ev5 ! desire = in=mation or action _h n be5 k9dl$2 ! =getfulness ( ef=t on ! "p ( ^? ) exceptional g5ius = a special subject is due to ! smallness ( ! ef=t necess>y1 s t x makes no impression ^u ! individual himself1 r ?an to ! abs5ce ( any ef=t at all4 #ah ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> z ?\gh p]fect k & p]fect ignorance 7 extremes :i* meet & become indi/+ui%able f "o ano!r2 s also p]fect volition & p]fect abs5ce ( volition1 p]fect memory & utt] =getfulness2 = we are unconsci\s ( kn[+1 will+1 or rememb]+1 ei!r f n yet hav+ kn[n or will$1 or f kn[+ & will+ s well & s int5sely z to be no long] consci\s ( ei!r4 ,consci\s k & volition are ( att5tion2 att5tion is ( susp5se2 susp5se is ( d\bt2 d\bt is ( unc]ta9ty2 unc]ta9ty is ( ignorance2 s t ! m]e fact ( consci\s kn[+ or will+ implies ! pres5ce ( m or less novelty & d\bt4 ,x w\ld also appe> z a g5]al pr9ciple on a sup]ficial view ( ! =ego+ in/ances 7& ! read] may readily supply himself ) o!rs :i* are p]haps m to ! purpose71 t unconsci\s k & unconsci\s volition are nev] acquir$ o!rwise ?an z ! result ( exp]i5ce1 famili>ity1 or habit2 s t :5ev] we obs]ve a p]son able to d any complicat$ action unconsci\sly1 we may assume bo? t he mu/ h done x v (t5 be=e he c\ld acquire s great pr(ici5cy1 & also t !re mu/ h be5 a "t :5 he did n "k h[ to d x at all4 ,we may assume t !re 0 a "t :5 he 0 yet s ne>ly on ! po9t ( nei!r kn[+ nor will+ p]fectly1 t he 0 q alive to :atev] k or volition he c\ld ex]t2 go+ fur!r back1 we %all f9d him /ill m ke5ly alive to a less p]fect k2 e>li] /ill1 we f9d him well aw>e t he does n "k nor w correctly1 b try+ h>d to d bo? ! "o & ! o!r2 & s on1 back & back1 till bo? difficulty & consci\sness become little m ?an a s\nd ( go+ 9 ! bra91 a flitt+ to & fro ( some?+ b>ely recognisable z ! desire to w or "k at all--mu* less z ! desire to "k or w def9itely ?is or t4 ,f9ally1 !y retreat beyond our k5 into ! repose--! inorganic k+dom--( z yet unawak5$ int]e/4 ,9 ei!r case1--! repose ( p]fect ignorance or ( p]fect k--di/urbance is tr\blesome4 ,:5 fir/ />t+ on an ,atlantic /eam]1 our re/ is h9d]$ by ! screw2 aft] a %ort "t1 x is h9d]$ if ! screw /ops4 ,a uni=m impression is practically no impression4 ,"o _c ei!r le>n or unle>n )\t pa9s or pa94 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,consci\s ,,& ,,unconsci\s ,,kn[]s--,,! ,,law ,,& ,,grace4 ,,9 ?is *apt] we %all %[ t ! law1 :i* we h obs]v$ to hold z to ! vani%+ t5d5cy ( k ^u becom+ p]fect1 holds good n only conc]n+ acquir$ actions or habits ( body1 b conc]n+ op9ions1 modes ( ?\ght1 & m5tal habits g5]ally1 :i* are no m recognis$ z soon z firmly fix$1 ?an are ! /eps ) :i* we g ab\t our daily avocations4 ,i am aw>e t ,i may appe> 9 ! latt] "p ( ! *apt] to h w&]$ some:at beyond ! limits ( my subject1 b1 on ! :ole1 decide ^u leav+ :at ,i h writt51 inasmu* z x s]ves to %[ h[ f>-rea*+ is ! pr9ciple on :i* ,i am insi/+4 ,hav+ said s mu*1 ,i %all dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! book keep m closely to ! po9t4 ,c]ta9 x is t we "k be/ :at we are lea/ consci\s ( kn[+1 or at any rate lea/ able to prove1 z1 = example1 our own exi/5ce1 or t !re is a c\ntry ,engl&4 ,if any "o asks u = pro( on matt]s ( ?is sort1 we h none ready1 & are ju/ly annoy$ at be+ call$ to consid] :at we reg>d z settl$ que/ions4 ,aga91 !re is h>dly any?+ :i* s mu* affects our actions z ! c5tre ( ! e>? 7unless1 p]haps1 x be t /ill hott] & m unpr(itable spot ! c5tre ( ! univ]se71 = we are incessantly try+ to get z ne> x z circum/ances w all[1 or to avoid gett+ ne>] ?an is = ! "t be+ conv5i5t4 ,walk+1 runn+1 /&+1 sitt+1 ly+1 wak+1 or sleep+1 f bir? till dea? x is a p>am\nt object ) u2 ev5 aft] dea?--if x be n fanciful to say s--x is "o ( ! few ?+s ( :i* :at is left ( u c /ill feel ! influ5ce2 yet :at c engross less ( our att5tion ?an ?is d>k & di/ant spot s _m ?\s&s ( miles away8 ,! air we brea!1 s long z x is nei!r too hot nor cold1 nor r\gh1 nor full ( smoke--t is to say1 s long z x is 9 t /ate )9 :i* we are be/ acqua9t$--seldom ent]s into our ?\ghts2 yet !re is h>dly any?+ ) :i* we are m incessantly occupi$ night & day4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to say t we h no really pr(\nd k ^u any subject--no k on ! /r5g? ( :i* we are ready to act at all mom5ts unhesitat+ly )\t ei!r prep>ation or aft]-?\ght--till we h left (f feel+ consci\s ( ! possession ( su* k1 & ( ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s4 ,a lesson ?or\ghly le>n$ mu/ be l ! air :i* feels s light1 ?\gh press+ s heavily aga9/ u1 because e pore ( our sk9 is saturat$1 s to speak1 ) x on all sides equally4 ,?is p]fection ( k sometimes ext5ds to positive disbelief 9 ! ?+ kn[n1 s t ! mo/ ?or\gh kn[] %all believe himself altoge!r ignorant4 ,no ?ief1 = example1 is su* an utt] ?ief--s good a ?ief--z ! kleptomaniac4 ,until he has become a kleptomaniac1 & c /eal a horse z x 7 by a reflex action1 he is /ill b half a ?ief1 ) _m un?ievi% notions /ill cl++ to him4 ,yet ! kleptomaniac is probably unaw>e t he c /eal at all1 mu* less t he c /eal s well4 ,he w\ld be %ock$ if he 7 to "k ! tru?4 ,s aga91 no man is a great hypocrite until he has left (f kn[+ t he is a hypocrite4 ,! great hypocrites ( ! _w are almo/ inv>iably "u ! impression t !y are among ! v few really hone/ p to be f\nd &1 z we mu/ all h obs]v$1 x is r>e to f9d any "o /rongly "u ?is impression )\t ourselves hav+ good reason to diff] f him4 ,our own exi/5ce is ano!r case 9 po9t4 ,:5 we h once become articulately consci\s ( exi/+1 x is an easy matt] to beg9 d\bt+ :e!r we exi/ at all4 ,z long z man 0 too unreflect+ a creature to articulate 9 words 8 consci\sness ( 8 own exi/5ce1 he knew v well t he exi/$1 b he did n "k t he knew x4 ,) introspection1 & ! p]ception recognis$1 = bett] or worse1 t he 0 a fact1 came also ! p]ception t he _h no solid gr\nd = believ+ t he 0 a fact at all4 ,t nice1 s5sible1 un9trospective p :o 7 too busy try+ to exi/ pleasantly to tr\ble _! heads z to :e!r !y exi/$ or no--t ?is be/ "p ( mank9d %\ld h gratefully caught at su* a /raw z 8cogito ergo sum10 is intelligible en\gh4 ,!y felt ! futility ( ! :ole "q1 & 7 ?ankful to "o :o seem$ to cl5* ! matt] ) a cant cat*word1 especially ) a cat*word 9 a =eign language2 b h[ "o1 :o 0 s f> gone z to recognise t he c\ld n prove 8 own exi/5ce1 %\ld be able to com=t himself ) su* a begg+ ( ! "q1 w\ld seem un9telligible except ^u ! gr\nd ( %e] exhau/ion4 ,at ! risk ( appe>+ to w&] too f> f ! matt] 9 h&1 a few fur!r examples may p]haps be giv5 ( t irony ( nature1 by :i* x comes ab\t t we s (t5 mo/ "k & are1 :at we lea/ ?9k ourselves to "k & be--& on ! o!r h& hold mo/ /rongly :at we are lea/ capable ( demon/rat+4 ,take ! exi/5ce ( a ,p]sonal ,god1--"o ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly-receiv$ & widely-spread ideas t h ev] prevail$ among mank9d4 ,has !re ev] be5 a demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,god z has satisfi$ any consid]able section ( ?9k]s = long toge!r8 ,h>dly has :at has be5 conceiv$ to be a demon/ration made its appe>ance & receiv$ a c]ta9 acceptance z ?\gh x 7 actual pro(1 :5 x has be5 impugn$ ) suffici5t success to %[ t1 h[ev] true ! fact itself1 ! demon/ration is naught4 ,i d n say t ?is is an argum5t aga9/ ! p]sonality ( ,god2 ! drift1 inde$1 ( ! pres5t reason+ w\ld be t[>ds an opposite conclusion1 inasmu* z x insi/s ^u ! fact t :at is mo/ true & be/ kn[n is (t5 lea/ susceptible ( demon/ration ow+ to ! v p]fectness ) :i* x is kn[n2 nev]!less1 ! fact rema9s t _m m5 9 _m ages & c\ntries--! subtle/ ?9k]s ov] ! :ole _w = "s fifte5 hundr$ ye>s--h hunt$ = a demon/ration ( ,god's p]sonal exi/5ce2 yet ?\gh s _m h s\ght1--s _m1 & s able1 & = s long a "t--none h f\nd4 ,!re is no demon/ration :i* c be po9t$ to ) any unanimity z settl+ ! matt] beyond p[] ( reasonable cavil4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be obs]v$ t f ! attempt to prove ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,god to ! d5ial ( t exi/5ce altoge!r1 ! pa? is easy4 ,z 9 ! case ( our own exi/5ce1 x w be f\nd t !y alone are p]fect believ]s 9 a p]sonal ,deity & 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion :o h n yet begun to feel t ei!r /&s 9 ne$ ( demon/ration4 ,we obs]ve t mo/ p1 :e!r ,*ri/ians1 or ,jews1 or ,mohamm$ans1 are unable to give _! reasons = ! fai? t is 9 !m ) any read9ess or complet5ess2 & ?is is sure pro( t !y really hold x s utt]ly z to h no fur!r s5se t x ei!r c be demon/rat$ or ought to be s1 b feel t[>ds x z t[>ds ! air :i* !y brea! b d n notice4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a liv+ prelate 0 report$ 9 ! 8,times0 to h said 9 "o ( 8 late/ *>ges3 8,my belief is t a widely ext5d$ good practice mu/ be f\nd$ ^u ,*ri/ian doctr9e40 ,! fact ( ! ,ar*bi%op's recognis+ ?is z among ! numb] ( 8 beliefs is conclusive evid5ce ) ^? :o h devot$ att5tion to ! laws ( ?\ght1 t 8 m9d is n yet cle> z to :e!r or no !re is any connection at all betwe5 ,*ri/ian doctr9e & widely ext5d$ good practice4 #be ,aga91 x has be5 (t5 & v truly said t x is n ! consci\s & self-/yl$ sceptic1 z ,%elley = example1 :o is ! true unbeliev]4 ,su* a man z ,%elley w1 z inde$ 8 life abundantly proves1 h m 9 common ?an n ) ! true unselfconsci\s believ]4 ,gallio aga91 ^: indiff]5ce to religi\s animosities has won him ! *eape/ immortality :i*1 s f> z ,i c rememb]1 0 ev] yet won1 0 probably if ! tru? 7 kn[n1 a p]son ( ! s9c]e/ piety4 ,x is ! unconsci\s unbeliev] :o is ! true infidel1 h[ev] greatly he w\ld be surpris$ to "k ! tru?4 ,mr4 ,spurgeon 0 report$ z hav+ rec5tly ask$ ! ,almighty to 8*ange our rul]s z soon z possible40 ,!re lurks a m pr(\nd di/ru/ ( ,god's p[] 9 ^! words ?an 9 almo/ any op5 d5ial ( ,8 exi/5ce4 ,s x r %ocks u to f9d ,mr4 ,d>w9 writ+ 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii41 p4 #bge73 8,no d\bt1 9 e case !re mu/ h be5 "s excit+ cause40 ,& aga91 six or sev5 pages lat]3 8,no d\bt1 ea* slight v>iation mu/ h its effici5t cause40 ,! repetition )9 s %ort a space ( ?is expression ( confid5ce 9 ! impossibility ( causeless effects w\ld sugge/ t ,mr4 ,d>w9's m9d at ! "t ( writ+ 01 unconsci\sly to himself1 9 a /ate ( m or less uneas9ess z to :e!r effects c\ld n occasionally come ab\t ( !mselves1 & )\t cause ( any sort1--t he may h be5 /&+1 9 fact1 = a %ort "t ^u ! br9k ( a d5ial ( ! inde/ructibility ( =ce & matt]4 ,9 l mann]1 ! mo/ p]fect hum\r & irony is g5]ally q unconsci\s4 ,examples ( bo? are frequ5tly giv5 by m5 :om ! _w consid]s z defici5t 9 hum\r2 x is m probably true t ^! p]sons are unconsci\s ( _! own delightful p[] ?r\gh ! v ma/]y & p]fection ) :i* !y hold x4 ,!re is a play1 = in/ance1 ( g5u9e fun 9 "s ( ! m s]i\s sci5tific & !ological j\rnals :i* = "s "t pa/ we h look$ = 9 va9 9 8--40 ,! foll[+ extract1 f a j\rnal :i* ,i w n adv]tise1 may s]ve z an example3 8,lycurgus1 :5 !y _h ab&on$ to 8 rev5ge him :o _h put out 8 eyes1 took him home1 & ! puni%m5t he inflict$ ^u him 0 s$ul\s in/ructions to virtue40 ,yet ?is truly comic pap] does n probably "k t x is comic1 any m ?an ! kleptomaniac kn[s t he /eals1 or ?an ,john ,milton knew he 0 a humori/ :5 he wrote a hymn ^u ! circumcision1 & sp5t 8 honeymoon 9 compos+ a treatise on divorce4 ,no m aga9 did ,goe! "k h[ exquisitely humor\s he 0 :5 he wrote1 9 8 ,wilhelm ,mei/]1 t a beautiful te> gli/5$ 9 ,!resa's "r eye1 & !n w5t on to expla9 t x gli/5$ 9 h] "r eye & n 9 h] left1 because %e _h _h a w>t on h] left :i* _h be5 remov$--& successfully4 ,goe! probably wrote ?is )\t a *uckle2 he believ$ :at a good _m p :o h nev] read ,wilhelm ,mei/] believe /ill1 namely1 t x 0 a "w full ( pa?os1 ( f9e & t5d] feel+2 yet a less consummate humori/ mu/ h felt t !re 0 sc>cely a p>agraph 9 x f fir/ to la/ ! *ief m]it ( :i* did n lie 9 its absurdity4 ,ano!r example may be tak5 f ,bacon ( ! mann] 9 :i* say+s :i* drop f m5 unconsci\sly1 give ! key ( _! inn] ?\ghts to ano!r p]son1 ?\gh !y !mselves "k n t !y h su* ?\ghts at all2 mu* less t ^! ?\ghts are _! only true convictions4 ,9 8 ,essay on ,fri5d%ip ! great philosoph] writes3 8,read+ good books on morality is a little flat & dead40 ,innoc5t1 n to say pa!tic1 z ?is passage may s\nd x is pregnant ) pa9ful inf]5ces conc]n+ ,bacon's moral "*4 ,= if he knew t he f\nd read+ good books ( morality a little flat & dead1 x foll[s he mu/ h tri$ to read !m2 nor is he sav$ by ! fact t he f\nd !m a little flat & dead2 = ?\gh ?is does inde$ %[ t he _h begun to be s famili> ) a few fir/ pr9ciples z to f9d x m or less exhau/+ to h 8 att5tion direct$ to !m fur!r--yet 8 words prove t !y 7 n s incorporate ) him t he %\ld feel ! loa?+ = fur!r disc\rse ^u ! matt] :i* hone/ p commonly feel n[4 ,x w be rememb]$ t he took bribes :5 he came to be ,"l ,*ancellor4 ,x is on ! same pr9ciple t we f9d x s di/a/eful to he> "o praise ano!r = e>ne/ness4 ,= su* praise raises a suspicion 9 our m9ds 7pace ! late ,dr4 ,arnold & 8 foll[+7 t ! prais]'s att5tion mu/ h be5 arre/$ by s9c]ity1 z by some?+ m or less unfamili> to himself4 ,s univ]sally is ?is recognis$ t ! _w has = "s "t be5 disc>d$ entirely by all reputable p4 ,truly1 if !re is "o :o _c f9d himself 9 ! same room ) ! life & lett]s ( an e>ne/ p]son )\t be+ made in/antly unwell1 ! same is a j man & p]fect 9 all 8 ways4 ,b en\gh has p]haps be5 said4 ,z ! fi% 9 ! sea1 or ! bird 9 ! air1 s unreason+ly & in>ticulately safe mu/ a man feel be=e he c be said to "k4 ,x is only ^? :o are ignorant & uncultivat$ :o c "k any?+ at all 9 a prop] s5se ( ! words4 ,cultivation w bre$ 9 any man a c]ta9ty ( ! unc]ta9ty ev5 ( 8 mo/ assur$ convictions4 ,x is p]haps =tunate = our com=t t we c none ( u be cultivat$ ^u v _m subjects1 s t consid]able scope = assurance w /ill rema9 to u2 b h[ev] ?is may be1 we c]ta9ly obs]ve x z a fact t ! greate/ m5 are !y :o are mo/ unc]ta9 9 spite ( c]ta9ty1 & at ! same "t mo/ c]ta9 9 spite ( unc]ta9ty1 & :o are ?us be/ able to feel t !re is no?+ 9 su* complete h>mony ) itself z a flat contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,= nature hates t any pr9ciple %\ld bre$1 s to speak1 h]maphroditically1 b w give to ea* an help meet = x :i* %all cross x & be ! undo+ ( x2 z 9 ! case ( desc5t ) modification1 ( :i* ! ess5ce w\ld appe> to be t e (fspr+ %\ld resemble its p>5ts1 & yet1 at ! same "t1 t no (fspr+ %\ld resemble its p>5ts4 ,b = ! slightly irritat+ /imulant ( ?is p]petual cross+1 we %\ld pass our lives unconsci\sly z ?\gh 9 slumb]4 ,until we h got to und]/& t ?\gh black is n :ite1 yet x may be :it] ?an :ite itself 7& any pa9t] w readily pa9t t :i* %all %[ obvi\sly z black1 yet x %all be :it] ?an t :i* %all %[ no less obvi\sly z :ite71 we may be good logicians1 b we are /ill poor reason]s4 ,k is 9 an in*oate /ate z long z x is capable ( logical treatm5t2 x mu/ be transmut$ into t s5se or in/9ct :i* rises altoge!r above ! sph]e 9 :i* words c h be+ at all1 o!rwise x is n yet vital4 ,= s5se is to k :at consci5ce is to reason+ ab\t "r & wrong2 ! reason+ mu/ be s rapid z to defy consci\s ref]5ce to fir/ pr9ciples1 & ev5 at times to be app>5tly subv]sive ( !m altoge!r1 or ! action w halt4 ,x mu/1 9 fact1 become automatic be=e we are safe ) x4 ,:ile we are fumbl+ = ! gr\nds ( our conviction1 our conviction is prone to fall1 z ,pet] = lack ( fai? s9k+ into ! waves ( ,galilee2 s t ! v p[] to prove at all is an priori argum5t aga9/ ! tru?--or at any rate ! practical importance to ! va/ majority ( mank9d--( all t is support$ by demon/ration4 ,= ! p[] to prove implies a s5se ( ! ne$ ( pro(1 & ?+s :i* ! majority ( mank9d f9d practically important are 9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ above pro(4 ,! ne$ ( pro( becomes z obsolete 9 ! case ( assum$ k1 z ! practice ( =tify+ t[ns 9 ! middle ( an old & long settl$ c\ntry4 ,:o builds def5ces = t :i* is impregnable or little likely to be assail$8 ,! answ] is ready1 t unless ! def5ces _h be5 built 9 =m] times x w\ld be impossible to d )\t !m n[2 b ?is does n t\* ! argum5t1 :i* is n t demon/ration is unwise1 b t z long z a demon/ration is /ill felt necess>y1 & !re=e kept ready to h&1 ! subject ( su* demon/ration is n yet securely kn[n4 ,qui s'excuse1 s'accuse2 & unless a matt] c hold its own )\t ! brag & self-ass]tion ( cont9ual demon/ration1 x is /ill m or less ( a p>v5u1 :i* we %all n lose mu* by neglect+ till x has less occasion to bl[ its own trumpet4 ,! only alt]native is t x is an error 9 process ( detection1 = if evid5ce conc]n+ any op9ion has long be5 d5i$ sup]flu\s1 & ev] aft] ?is comes to be aga9 felt necess>y1 we "k t ! op9ion is doom$4 ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! above1 x %\ld foll[ t our conception ( ! words 8sci5ce0 & 8sci5tific0 %\ld und]go "s modification4 ,n t we %\ld speak slight+ly ( sci5ce1 b t we %\ld recognise m ?an we d1 t !re are two di/9ct classes ( sci5tific p correspond+ n inaptly ) ! two ma9 p>ties unto :i* ! political _w is divid$4 ,! "o class is deeply v]s$ 9 ^? sci5ces :i* h already become ! common prop]ty ( mank9d2 enjoy+1 en=c+1 p]petuat+1 & engrav+ /ill m deeply unto ! m9d ( man acquisitions already approv$ by common exp]i5ce1 b some:at c>eless ab\t ext5sion ( empire1 or at any rate dis9cl9$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to active ef=t on _! own "p = ! sake ( su* ext5sion--nei!r progressive1 9 fact1 nor aggressive--b quiet1 peaceable p1 :o wi% to live & let live1 z _! fa!rs be=e !m2 :ile ! o!r class is *iefly int5t ^u pu%+ =w>d ! b\nd>ies ( sci5ce1 & is comp>atively indiff]5t to :at is kn[n already save 9 s f> z necess>y = purposes ( ext5sion4 ,^! la/ are call$ pione]s ( sci5ce1 & to !m alone is ! title 8sci5tific0 commonly accord$2 b pione]s1 unimportant to an army z !y are1 are /ill n ! army itself2 :i* c get on bett] )\t ! pione]s ?an ! pione]s )\t ! army4 ,surely ! class :i* kn[s ?or\ghly well :at x kn[s1 & :i* adjudicates ^u ! value ( ! discov]ies made by ! pione]s--surely ?is class has z good a "r or bett] to be call$ sci5tific ?an ! pione]s !mselves4 ,^! two classes above describ$ bl5d into "o ano!r ) e %ade ( gradation4 ,"s are admirably pr(ici5t 9 ! well-kn[n sci5ces--t is to say1 !y h good heal?1 good looks1 good temp]1 common s5se1 & en]gy1 & !y hold all ^! good ?+s 9 su* p]fection z to lie altoge!r )\t introspection--to be n "u ! law1 b s utt]ly & entirely "u grace t e "o :o sees !m likes !m4 ,b su* may1 & p]haps m commonly w1 h v little incl9ation to ext5d ! b\nd>ies ( human k2 _! aim is 9 ano!r direction altoge!r4 ,( ! pione]s1 on ! o!r h&1 "s are agreeable p1 well v]s$ 9 ! old] sci5ces1 ?\gh /ill m em95t z pione]s1 :ile o!rs1 ^: s]vices 9 ?is la/ capacity h be5 ( ine/imable value1 are noticeably ignorant ( ! sci5ces :i* h already become curr5t ) ! l>g] "p ( mank9d--9 o!r words1 !y are ugly1 rude1 & disagreeable p1 v progressive1 x may be1 b v aggressive to boot4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes lies 9 ! fact t ! k ( ! "o1 s f> z x is new1 is kn[n consci\sly1 :ile t ( ! o!r is unconsci\s1 consi/+ ( s5se & in/9ct r ?an ( recognis$ k4 ,s long z a man has ^!1 & ( ! same k9d z ! m p[]ful body ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 he is a true man ( sci5ce1 ?\gh he c h>dly read or write4 ,z my great namesake said s well1 8,he kn[s :at's :at1 & t's z high z metaphysic wit c fly40 ,z usual1 ^! true & ?or\gh kn[]s d n "k t !y are sci5tific1 & c seldom give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 !m4 ,!y believe !mselves to be ignorant1 uncultur$ m51 nor c ev5 ! pr(essors :om !y sometimes outwit 9 _! own pr(essorial doma9 p]ceive t !y h be5 outwitt$ by m5 ( sup]ior sci5tific atta9m5ts to _! own4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s 8,mesm]ism1 ,spiritualism10 c41 may s]ve z an illu/ration3-- 8,x is well kn[n t p]sons :o are conv]sant ) ! geological /ructure ( a di/rict are (t5 able to indicate ) consid]able c]ta9ty 9 :at spot & at :at dep? wat] w be f\nd2 & m5 ( less sci5tific k1 b ( consid]able practical exp]i5ce0--7s t 9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s m9d !re seems to be "s sort ( contra/ or diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! k :i* is d]iv$ f obs]vation ( facts & sci5tific k7--8frequ5tly arrive at a true conclusion ^u ?is po9t )\t be+ able to assign reasons = _! op9ions4 8,exactly ! same may be said 9 reg>d to ! m9]al /ructure ( a m9+ di/rict2 ! c\rse ( a metallic ve9 be+ (t5 correctly indicat$ by ! %rewd guess ( an obs]vant workman1 :5 ! sci5tific reason+ ( ! m9+ eng9e] altoge!r fails40 ,precisely4 ,"h we h exactly ! k9d ( ?+ we are 9 se>* (3 ! man :o has obs]v$ & obs]v$ till ! facts are s ?or\ghly 9 8 head t ?r\gh famili>ity he has lo/ sight bo? ( !m & ( ! processes :]eby he d$uc$ 8 conclusions f !m--is app>5tly n consid]$ sci5tific1 ?\gh he kn[s h[ to solve ! problem be=e him2 ! m9+ eng9e]1 on ! o!r h&1 :o reasons sci5tifically--t is to say1 ) a k ( 8 own k--is f\nd n to "k1 & to fail 9 discov]+ ! m9]al4 8,x is an exp]i5ce we are cont9ually enc\nt]+ 9 o!r walks ( life10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 8t p>ticul> p]sons are guid$--"s app>5tly by an orig9al & o!rs by an acquir$ intuition--to conclusions = :i* !y c give no adequate reason1 b :i* subsequ5t ev5ts prove to h be5 correct40 ,& ?is1 ,i take x1 implies :at ,i h be5 above insi/+ on1 namely1 t on becom+ int5se1 k seems also to become unaw>e ( ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s1 or t x has or requires gr\nds at all1 or inde$ ev5 exi/s4 ,! only issue betwe5 myself & ,dr4 ,c>p5t] w\ld appe> to be1 t ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 himself an ackn[l$g$ lead] 9 ! sci5tific _w1 re/ricts ! t]m 8sci5tific0 to ! p :o "k t !y "k1 b are beat5 by ^? :o are n s consci\s ( _! own k2 :ile ,i say t ! t]m 8sci5tific0 %\ld be appli$ 7only t !y w\ld n l x7 to ! nice s5sible p :o "k :at's :at r ?an to ! discov]+ class4 ,& ?is is easily und]/ood :5 we rememb] t ! pione] _c hope to acquire any ( ! new sci5ces 9 a s+le lifetime s p]fectly z to become unaw>e ( 8 own k4 ,z a g5]al rule1 we obs]ve him to be /ill 9 a /ate ( active consci\sness conc]n+ :atev] p>ticul> sci5ce he is ext5d+1 & z long z he is 9 ?is /ate he _c "k utt]ly4 ,x is1 z ,i h already s (t5 insi/$ on1 ^? :o d n "k t !y "k s mu* :o h ! firme/ grip ( _! k3 ! be/ class1 = example1 ( our ,engli% y\?1 :o live mu* 9 ! op5 air1 &1 z ,"l ,beaconsfield f9ely said1 nev] read4 ,^! are ! p :o "k be/ ^? ?+s :i* are be/ wor? kn[+--t is to say1 !y are ! mo/ truly sci5tific4 ,un=tunately1 ! app>atus necess>y = ?is k9d ( sci5ce is s co/ly z to be )9 ! rea* ( few1 involv+1 z x does1 an exp]i5ce 9 ! use ( x = "s prec$+ g5]ations4 ,ev5 ^? :o are born ) ! means )9 _! rea* mu/ take no less pa9s1 & ex]cise no less self-control1 be=e !y c atta9 ! p]fect unconsci\s use ( !m1 ?an w\ld g to ! mak+ ( a ,james ,watt or a ,/eph5son2 x is va91 !re=e1 to hope t ?is be/ k9d ( sci5ce c ev] be put )9 ! rea* ( ! _m2 nev]!less x may be safely said t all ! o!r & m g5]ally recognis$ k9ds ( sci5ce are valueless except 9 s f> z !y t5d to m9i/] to ?is ! highe/ k9d4 ,!y h no raison d'tre except s f> z !y t5d to d away ) ! necessity = "w1 & to diffuse good heal?1 & t good s5se :i* is above self-consci\sness4 ,!y are to be enc\rag$ because !y h r5d]$ ! mo/ =tunate k9d ( mod]n ,european possible1 & because !y t5d to make possible a /ill m =tunate k9d ?an any n[ exi/+4 ,b ! man :o devotes himself to sci5ce _c--) ! r>e/1 if any1 exceptions--belong to ?is mo/ =tunate class himself4 ,he occupies a l[] place1 bo? sci5tifically & morally1 = x is n possible b t 8 drudg]y %\ld some:at soil him bo? 9 m9d & heal? ( body1 or1 if ?is be d5i$1 surely x mu/ let him & h9d] him 9 runn+ ! race = unconsci\sness4 ,we d n feel t x increases ! glory ( a k+ or great nobleman t he %\ld excel 9 :at is commonly call$ sci5ce4 ,c]ta9ly he %\ld n g fur!r ?an ,pr9ce ,rup]t's drops4 ,nor %\ld he excel 9 music1 art1 lit]ature1 or !ology--all :i* ?+s are m or less p>ts ( sci5ce4 ,he %\ld be above !m all1 save 9 s f> z he c )\t ef=t reap r5[n f ! lab\rs ( o!rs4 ,x is a l*e 9 him t he %\ld write music or books1 or pa9t pictures at all2 b if he mu/ d s1 8 "w %\ld be at be/ contemptible4 ,mu* z we mu/ condemn ,m>cus ,aurelius1 we condemn ,james ,i4 ev] m sev]ely4 ,x is a pity !re %\ld exi/ s g5]al a confusion ( ?\ght ^u ?is subject1 = x may be ass]t$ )\t fe> ( contradiction t !re is h>dly any =m ( immorality n[ rife :i* produces m disa/r\s effects ^u ^? :o give !mselves up to x1 & ^u society 9 g5]al1 ?an ! s-call$ sci5ce ( ^? :o "k t !y "k too well to be able to "k truly4 ,) v clev] p--! p :o "k t !y "k--x is mu* z ) ! memb]s ( ! e>ly ,cor9?ian ,*ur*1 to :om ,/4 ,paul wrote1 t if !y look$ _! numb]s ov]1 !y w\ld n f9d _m wise1 nor p[]ful1 nor well-born p among !m4 ,dog-fanci]s tell u t p]=m+ dogs nev] c>ry _! tails2 su* dogs h eat5 ( ! tree ( k1 & are conv9c$ ( s9 accord+ly--!y "k t !y "k ?+s1 9 respect ( :i*1 !re=e1 !y are no long] "u grace1 b "u ! law1 & !y h yet s mu* grace left z to be a%am$4 ,s ) ! human clev] dog2 he may speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & angels1 b s long z he kn[s t he kn[s1 8 tail w droop4 ,m especially does ?is hold 9 ! case ( ^? :o are born to weal? & ( old family4 ,we mu/ all feel t a ri* "y nobleman ) a ta/e = sci5ce & pr9ciples is r>ely a pleasant object4 ,we d n ev5 l ! ri* "y man 9 ! ,bible :o want$ to inh]it et]nal life1 unless1 inde$1 he m]ely want$ to "k :e!r !re 0 n "s way by :i* he c\ld avoid dy+1 & ev5 s he is h>dly wor? consid]+4 ,pr9ciples are l logic1 :i* nev] yet made a good reason] ( a bad "o1 b might /ill be occasionally useful if !y did n inv>iably contradict ea* o!r :5ev] !re is any temptation to appeal to !m4 ,!y are l fire1 good s]vants b bad ma/]s4 ,z _m p or m h be5 wreck$ on pr9ciple z f want ( pr9ciple4 ,!y are1 z _! "n implies1 ( an elem5t>y "*1 suitable = beg9n]s only1 & he :o has s little ma/]$ !m z to h occasion to ref] to !m consci\sly1 is out ( place 9 ! society ( well-educat$ p4 ,! truly sci5tific inv>iably hate him1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ! m pr(\ndly 9 proportion to ! unconsci\sness ) :i* !y d s4 ,if ! read] hesitates1 let him g d[n into ! /reets & look 9 ! %op-w9d[s at ! photographs ( em95t m51 :e!r lit]>y1 arti/ic1 or sci5tific1 & note ! "w :i* ! consci\sness ( k has wr\ght on n9e out ( e t5 ( !m2 !n let him g to ! ma/]pieces ( ,greek & ,italian art1 ! true/ prea*]s ( ! true/ gospel ( grace2 let him look at ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 ! ,discobolus1 ! ,/4 ,george ( ,donatello4 ,if x _h pleas$ ^! p to wi% to /udy1 !re 0 no lack ( bra9s to d x )2 b imag9e 8:at a deal ( scorn0 w\ld 8look beautiful0 ^u ! ,v5us ( ,milo's face if x 7 sugge/$ to h] t %e %\ld le>n to read4 ,:i*1 ?9k y1 kn[s mo/1 ! ,!seus1 or any mod]n pr(essor tak5 at r&om8 ,true1 ! advancem5t ( le>n+ mu/ h _h a great %>e 9 ! advancem5t ( beauty1 inasmu* z beauty is b k p]fect$ & inc>nate--b ) ! pione]s x is sic vos non vobis2 ! grace is n = !m1 b = ^? :o come aft]4 ,sci5ce is l (f5ces4 ,x mu/ ne$s come1 b woe unto t man ?r\gh :om x comes2 = !re _c be mu* beauty :]e !re is consci\sness ( k1 & :ile k is /ill new x mu/ 9 ! nature ( ?+s involve mu* consci\sness4 ,x is n k1 !n1 t is incompatible ) beauty2 !re _c be too mu* k1 b x mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh _m p :o x is to be fe>$ mu/ be m or less disagreeable1 be=e beauty or grace w h any?+ to say to x2 x mu/ be s inc>nate 9 a man's :ole be+ t he %all n be aw>e ( x1 or x w fit him con/ra9$ly z "o "u ! law1 & n z "o "u grace4 ,& grace is be/1 = :]e grace is1 love is n di/ant4 ,grace6 ! old ,pagan ideal ^: *>m ev5 unlovely ,paul c\ld n und]/&1 b1 z ! leg5d tells u1 8 s\l fa9t$ )9 him1 8 he>t misgave him1 &1 /&+ alone on ! sea%ore at dusk1 he 8tr\bl$ deaf heav5 ) 8 bootless cries10 8 ?9 voice plead+ = grace aft] ! fle%4 ,! waves came 9 "o aft] ano!r1 ! sea-gulls cri$ toge!r aft] _! k9d1 ! w9d ru/l$ among ! dri$ canes ^u ! s&banks1 & !re came a voice f heav5 say+1 8,let ,my grace be suffici5t = !e40 ,:]eon1 fail+ ( ! ?+ itself1 he /ole ! ^w & /rove to cru% its mean+ to ! measure ( 8 own limitations4 ,b ! true grace1 ) h] groves & high places1 & tr\ps ( "y m5 & maid5s cr[n$ ) fl[]s1 & s++ ( love & y\? & w9e--! true grace he drove out into ! wild]ness--high up1 x may be1 into ,piora1 & into su*-l places4 ,happy !y :o h>b\r$ h] 9 h] ill report4 ,x is common to he> m5 wond] :at new fai? w be adopt$ by mank9d if disbelief 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion %\ld become g5]al4 ,!y seem to expect t "s new !ological or quasi-!ological sy/em w arise1 :i*1 mutatis mut&is1 %all be ,*ri/ianity ov] aga94 ,x is a frequ5t reproa* aga9/ ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! sup]natural elem5t ( ,*ri/ianity is )\t f\ndation1 t !y br+ =w>d no su* sy/em ( _! own4 ,!y pull d[n b _c build4 ,we sometimes he> ev5 ^? :o h come to ! same conclusions z ! de/roy]s say1 t hav+ no?+ new to set up1 !y w n attack ! old4 ,b h[ c p set up a new sup]/ition1 kn[+ x to be a sup]/ition8 ,)\t fai? 9 _! own plat=m1 a fai? z int5se z t manife/$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 h[ c !y prea*8 ,a new sup]/ition w come1 b x is 9 ! v ess5ce ( ?+s t its apo/les %\ld h no suspicion ( its real nature2 t !y %\ld no m recognise ! common elem5t betwe5 ! new & ! old ?an ! e>ly ,*ri/ians recognis$ x betwe5 _! fai? & ,paganism4 ,if !y did1 !y w\ld be p>alys$4 ,o!rs say t ! new fabric may be se5 ris+ on e side1 & t ! com+ religion is sci5ce4 ,c]ta9ly its apo/les prea* x )\t misgiv+1 b x is n on t acc\nt less possible t x may prove only to be ! com+ sup]/ition--l ,*ri/ianity1 true to its true vot>ies1 &1 l ,*ri/ianity1 false to ^? :o foll[ x introspectively4 ,x may well be we %all f9d we h escap$ f "o set ( taskma/]s to fall into ! h&s ( o!rs f> m ru?less4 ,! tyranny ( ! ,*ur* is light 9 comp>ison ) t :i* future g5]ations may h to und]go at ! h&s ( ! doctr9aires4 ,! ,*ur* did uphold a grace ( "s sort z ! summum bonum1 9 comp>ison ) :i* all s-call$ e>?ly k--k1 t is to say1 :i* _h n pass$ ?r\gh s _m p z to h become liv+ & inc>nate--0 unimportant4 ,d :at we may1 we are /ill drawn to ! unspok5 tea*+ ( h] less introspective ages ) a =ce :i* no falsehood c\ld comm&4 ,h] build+s1 h] music1 h] ar*itecture1 t\* u z none o!r on ! :ole c d2 :5 %e speaks !re are _m ( u :o ?9k t %e d5ies ! deep] tru?s ( h] own pr(\nd] m9d1 & un=tunately h] t5d5cy is n[ t[>ds m r ?an less introspection4 ,! m %e gives way to ?is--! m %e becomes consci\s ( kn[+--! less %e w "k4 ,b /ill h] ideal is 9 grace4 ,! s-call$ man ( sci5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 seems n[ g5]ally incl9$ to make light ( all k1 save ( ! pione] "*4 ,8 ideal is 9 self-consci\s k4 ,let u h no m ,lo1 "h1 ) ! pr(essor2 he v r>ely kn[s :at he says he kn[s2 no soon] has he misl$ ! _w = a suffici5t "t ) a great fl\ri% ( trumpets ?an he is toppl$ ov] by "o m plausible ?an himself4 ,he is b m$ic9e-man1 augur1 prie/1 9 its late/ developm5t2 useful x may be1 b requir+ to be well wat*$ by ^? :o value fre$om4 ,wait till he has become m p[]ful1 & note ! vag>ies :i* 8 conceit ( k w indulge 94 ,! ,*ur* did n p]secute :ile %e 0 /ill weak4 ,( c\rse e sy/em has _h1 & w h1 its h]oes1 b1 z we all v well "k1 ! h]oism ( ! h]o is b remotely due to sy/em2 x is due n to argum5ts1 nor reason+1 nor to any consci\sly recognis$ p]ceptions1 b to ^? deep] sci5ces :i* lie f> beyond ! rea* ( self-analysis1 & = ! /urdy ( :i* !re is b "o s*ool+--to h _h good =efa!rs = _m g5]ations4 ,above all ?+s1 let no unw>y read] d me ! inju/ice ( believ+ 9 me4 ,9 t ,i write at all ,i am among ! damm$4 ,if he mu/ believe 9 any?+1 let him believe 9 ! music ( ,h&el1 ! pa9t+ ( ,giovanni ,bell9i1 & 9 ! ?irte5? *apt] ( ,/4 ,paul's ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,b to return4 ,:5ev] we f9d p kn[+ t !y "k ?is or t1 we h ! same /ory ov] & ov] aga94 ,!y d n yet "k x p]fectly4 ,we come1 !re=e1 to ! conclusion t our k & reason+ !reupon1 only become p]fect1 assur$1 unhesitat+1 :5 !y h become automatic1 & are ?us ex]cis$ )\t fur!r consci\s ef=t ( ! m9d1 mu* 9 ! same way z we _c walk nor read nor write p]fectly till we c d s automatically4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,application ,,( ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]s ,,to ,,c]ta9 ,,habits ,,acquir$ ,,aft] ,,bir? ,,:i* ,,are ,,commonly ,,consid]$ ,,in/9ctive4 ,,:at is true ( kn[+ is also true ( will+4 ,! m int5sely we w1 ! less is our w delib]ate & capable ( be+ recognis$ z w at all4 ,s t x is common to he> m5 decl>e "u c]ta9 circum/ances t !y _h no w1 b 7 =c$ into _! own action "u /ress ( passion or temptation4 ,b 9 ! m ord9>y actions ( life1 we obs]ve1 z 9 walk+ or brea?+1 t we d n w any?+ utt]ly & )\t remnant ( hesitation1 till we h lo/ sight ( ! fact t we are ex]cis+ our w4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 is =c$ ^u u1 h[ f> ?is pr9ciple ext5ds1 & :e!r !re may n be unhe$$ examples ( its op]ation :i*1 if we consid] !m1 w l& u 9 r unexpect$ conclusions4 ,if x be grant$ t consci\sness ( k & ( volition vani%es :5 ! k & ! volition h become int5se & p]fect1 may x n be possible t _m actions :i* we d )\t kn[+ h[ we d !m1 & )\t any consci\s ex]cise ( ! w--actions :i* we c]ta9ly c\ld n d if we tri$ to d !m1 nor refra9 f do+ if = any reason we wi%$ to d s--are done s easily & s unconsci\sly ow+ to excess ( k or exp]i5ce r ?an defici5cy1 we hav+ done !m too (t51 kn[+ h[ to d !m too well1 & hav+ too little hesitation z to ! me?od ( proc$ure1 to be capable ( foll[+ our own action )\t ! utt] d]angem5t ( su* action altoge!r2 or1 9 o!r cases1 because we h s long settl$ ! "q1 t we h /[$ away ! :ole app>atus ) :i* we "w 9 corn]s ( our sy/em :i* we _c n[ conv5i5tly rea*8 ,x may be int]e/+ to see :e!r we c f9d any class or classes ( actions :i* w\ld seem to l9k actions :i* = "s "t aft] bir? we c\ld n d at all1 & 9 :i* our pr(ici5cy has rea*$ ! /age ( unconsci\s p]=mance obvi\sly ?r\gh repeat$ ef=t & failure1 & ?r\gh ?is only1 ) actions :i* we c\ld d z soon z we 7 born1 & conc]n+ :i* x w\ld at fir/ sight appe> absurd to say t !y c h be5 acquir$ by any process 9 ! lea/ analog\s to t :i* we commonly call exp]i5ce1 inasmu* z ! creature itself :i* does !m has only j begun to exi/1 & _c1 !re=e1 9 ! v nature ( ?+s1 h _h exp]i5ce4 ,c we see t actions1 = ! acquisition ( :i* exp]i5ce is su* an obvi\s necessity1 t :5ev] we see ! acquisition we assume ! exp]i5ce1 gradate away imp]ceptibly into actions :i* w\ld seem1 accord+ to all reasonable analogy1 to presuppose exp]i5ce1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ! "t & place seem obscure1 if n impossible8 ,eat+ & dr9k+ w\ld appe> to be su* actions4 ,! new-born *ild _c eat1 & _c dr9k1 b he c swall[ z soon z he is born2 & swall[+ w\ld appe> 7z we may rem>k 9 pass+7 to h be5 an e>li] faculty ( animal life ?an t ( eat+ ) tee?4 ,! ease & unconsci\sness ) :i* we eat & dr9k is cle>ly attributable to practice2 b a v little practice seems to g a long way--a suspici\sly small am\nt ( practice--z ?\gh some:]e or at "s o!r "t !re mu/ h be5 m practice ?an we c acc\nt =4 ,we c v readily /op eat+ or dr9k+1 & c foll[ our own action )\t difficulty 9 ei!r process2 b1 z reg>ds swall[+1 :i* is ! e>li] habit1 we h less p[] ( self-analysis & control3 :5 we h once committ$ ourselves beyond a c]ta9 po9t to swall[+1 we mu/ f9i% do+ s1--t is to say1 our control ov] ! op]ation ceases4 ,also1 a /ill small] exp]i5ce seems necess>y = ! acquisition ( ! p[] to swall[ ?an appe>$ necess>y 9 ! case ( eat+2 & if we get into a difficulty we *oke1 & are m at a loss h[ to become introspective ?an we are ab\t eat+ & dr9k+4 ,:y %\ld a baby be able to swall[--:i* "o w\ld h said 0 ! m complicat$ process ( ! two--) s mu* less practice ?an x takes him to le>n to eat8 ,h[ comes x t he exhibits 9 ! case ( ! m difficult op]ation all ! ph5om5a :i* ord9>ily accompany a m complete ma/]y & long] practice8 ,analogy w\ld c]ta9ly seem to po9t 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ t ! necess>y exp]i5ce _c h be5 want+1 & t1 too1 n 9 su* a quibbl+ sort z :5 p talk ab\t inh]it$ habit or ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 :i*1 )\t explanation1 is to pla9-speak+ p]sons v mu* ! same1 9 reg>d to ! individual1 z no exp]i5ce at all1 b bon fide 9 ! *ild's own p]son4 ,brea?+1 aga91 is an action acquir$ aft] bir?1 g5]ally ) "s little hesitation & difficulty1 b /ill acquir$ 9 a "t seldom long]1 z ,i am in=m$1 ?an t5 m9utes or a qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,= an ant :i* has to be acquir$ at all1 !re w\ld seem "h1 z 9 ! case ( eat+1 to be a disproportion betwe51 on ! "o h&1 ! intricacy ( ! process p]=m$1 & on ! o!r1 ! %ortness ( ! "t tak5 to acquire ! practice1 & ! ease & unconsci\sness ) :i* its ex]cise is cont9u$ f ! mom5t ( acquisition4 ,we obs]ve t 9 lat] life mu* less difficult & intricate op]ations ?an brea?+ acquire mu* long] practice be=e !y c be ma/]$ to ! ext5t ( unconsci\s p]=mance4 ,we obs]ve also t ! ph5om5a att5dant on ! le>n+ by an infant to brea! are extremely l ^? att5dant ^u ! repetition ( "s p]=mance by "o :o has done x v (t5 be=e1 b :o requires j a little prompt+ to set him (f1 on gett+ :i*1 ! :ole famili> r\t9e pres5ts itself be=e him1 & he repeats 8 task by rote4 ,surely !n we are ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ t !re mu/ h be5 m bon fide p]sonal recollection & exp]i5ce1 ) m ef=t & failure on ! "p ( ! infant itself ?an meet ! eye4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 also1 t our control ov] brea?+ is v limit$4 ,we c hold our brea? a little1 or brea! a little fa/] = a %ort "t1 b we _c d ?is = long1 & aft] hav+ gone )\t air = a c]ta9 "t we mu/ brea?4 ,see+ & he>+ require "s practice be=e _! free use is ma/]$1 b n v mu*4 ,!y are s f> )9 our control t we c see m by look+ h>d]1 & he> m by li/5+ att5tively--b !y are beyond our control 9 s f> z t we mu/ see & he> ! great] "p ( :at pres5ts itself to u z ne>1 & at ! same "t unfamili>1 unless we turn away or %ut our eyes1 or /op our e>s by a me*anical process2 & :5 we d ?is x is a sign t we h already involunt>ily se5 or he>d m ?an we wi%$4 ,! famili>1 :e!r sight or s\nd1 v commonly escapes u4 ,take aga9 ! processes ( dige/ion1 ! action ( ! he>t1 & ! oxyg5isation ( ! blood--processes ( extreme intricacy1 done almo/ entirely unconsci\sly1 & q beyond ! control ( our volition4 ,is x possible t our unconsci\sness conc]n+ our own p]=mance ( all ^! processes arises f ov]-exp]i5ce8 ,is !re any?+ 9 dige/ion1 or ! oxyg5isation ( ! blood1 diff]5t 9 k9d to ! rapid unconsci\s action ( a man play+ a difficult piece ( music on ! piano8 ,!re may be 9 degree1 b z a man :o sits d[n to play :at he well kn[s1 plays on1 :5 once />t$1 almo/1 z we say1 me*anically1 s1 hav+ eat5 8 d9n]1 he dige/s x z a matt] ( c\rse1 unless x has be5 9 "s way unfamili> to him1 or he to x1 ow+ to "s d]angem5t or occurr5ce ) :i* he is unfamili>1 & "u :i* !re=e he is at a loss n[ to comport himself1 z a play] w\ld be at a loss h[ to play ) gloves on1 or ) g\t 9 8 f+]s1 or if set to play music upside d[n4 ,c we %[ t all ! acquir$ actions ( *ildhood & aft]-life1 :i* we n[ d unconsci\sly1 or )\t consci\s ex]cise ( ! w1 are famili> acts--acts :i* we h already done a v great numb] ( times8 ,c we also %[ t !re are no acquir$ actions :i* we c p]=m 9 ?is automatic mann]1 :i* 7 n at "o "t difficult1 requir+ att5tion1 & liable to repeat$ failure1 our volition fail+ to comm& ob$i5ce f ! memb]s :i* %\ld c>ry its purposes into execution8 ,if s1 analogy w po9t 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ t o!r acts :i* we d ev5 m unconsci\sly may only escape our p[] ( self-exam9ation & control because !y are ev5 m famili>--because we h done !m (t5]2 & we may imag9e t if !re 7 a microscope :i* c\ld %[ u ! m9ute/ atoms ( consci\sness & volition1 we %\ld f9d t ev5 ! app>5tly mo/ automatic actions 7 yet done 9 due c\rse1 ^u a balance ( consid]ations1 & "u ! delib]ate ex]cise ( ! w4 ,we %\ld also incl9e to ?9k t ev5 su* an action z ! oxyg5isation ( its blood by an infant ( t5 m9utes' old1 c only be done s well & s unconsci\sly1 aft] repeat$ failures on ! "p ( ! infant itself4 ,true1 z has be5 already impli$1 we d n imm$iately see :5 ! baby c\ld h made ! necess>y mi/akes & acquir$ t inf9ite practice )\t :i* x c\ld nev] g ?r\gh su* complex processes satisfactorily2 we h !re=e inv5t$ ! words 8h]$it>y in/9ct10 & consid] !m z acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5on2 b a v little reflection w %[ t ?\gh ^! words may be a v good way ( /at+ ! difficulty1 !y d little or no?+ t[>ds remov+ x4 ,:y %\ld h]$it>y in/9ct enable a creature to disp5se ) ! exp]i5ce :i* we see to be necess>y 9 all o!r cases be=e difficult op]ations c be p]=m$ successfully8 ,:at is ?is talk t is made ab\t ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 z ?\gh ! exp]i5ce ( "o man c\ld pr(it ano!r :o kn[s no?+ ab\t him8 ,if a man eats 8 d9n]1 x n\ri%es him & n 8 neighb\r2 if he le>ns a diff]5t art1 x is he t c d x & n 8 neighb\r4 ,yet1 practically1 we see t ! vic>i\s exp]i5ce1 :i* seems s contr>y to our common obs]vation1 does nev]!less appe> to hold good 9 ! case ( creatures & _! desc5dants4 ,is !re1 !n1 any way ( br++ ^! app>5tly conflict+ ph5om5a "u ! op]ation ( "o law8 ,is !re any way ( %[+ t ?is exp]i5ce ( ! race1 ( :i* s mu* is said )\t ! lea/ attempt to %[ 9 :at way x may or does become ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual1 is 9 sob] s]i\sness ! exp]i5ce ( "o s+le be+ only1 repeat+ 9 a great _m diff]5t ways c]ta9 p]=mances ) :i* he has become exce$+ly famili>8 ,x w\ld seem t we mu/ ei!r suppose ! conditions ( exp]i5ce to diff] dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( life f ^? :i* we obs]ve !m to become dur+ ! heyday ( any exi/5ce--& ?is w\ld appe> v gratuit\s1 tol]able only z a sugge/ion because ! beg9n+s ( life are s obscure1 t 9 su* twilight we may d pretty mu* :atev] we please )\t dang] ( confutation--or t we mu/ suppose ! cont9uity ( life & sam5ess betwe5 liv+ be+s1 :e!r plants or animals1 & _! desc5dants1 to be f> clos] ?an we h hi!rto believ$2 s t ! exp]i5ce ( "o p]son is n enjoy$ by 8 successor1 s mu* z t ! successor is bon fide b a "p ( ! life ( 8 prog5itor1 imbu$ ) all 8 memories1 pr(it+ by all 8 exp]i5ces--:i* are1 9 fact1 8 own--& only unconsci\s ( ! ext5t ( 8 own memories & exp]i5ces ow+ to _! va/ness & already inf9ite repetitions4 ,c]ta9ly x pres5ts itself to u at once z a s+ul> co9cid5ce-- ,i4 ,t we are mo/ consci\s (1 & h mo/ control ov]1 su* habits z spee*1 ! upright position1 ! arts & sci5ces1 :i* are acquisitions peculi> to ! human race1 always acquir$ aft] bir?1 & n common to ourselves & any ance/or :o _h n become entirely human4 ,,ii4 ,t we are less consci\s (1 & h less control ov]1 eat+ & dr9k+1 swall[+1 brea?+1 see+ & he>+1 :i* 7 acquisitions ( our prehuman ance/ry1 & = :i* we _h provid$ ourselves ) all ! necess>y app>atus be=e we saw light1 b :i* are /ill1 geologically speak+1 rec5t1 or comp>atively rec5t4 ,,iii4 ,t we are mo/ unconsci\s (1 & h lea/ control ov]1 our dige/ion & circulation1 :i* belong$ ev5 to our inv]tebrate ance/ry1 & :i* are habits1 geologically speak+1 ( extreme antiquity4 ,!re is some?+ too l me?od 9 ?is = x to be tak5 z ! result ( m]e *ance--*ance aga9 be+ b ano!r illu/ration ( ,nature's love ( a contradiction 9 t]ms2 = ev]y?+ is *ance1 & no?+ is *ance4 ,& y may take x t all is *ance or no?+ *ance1 accord+ z y please1 b y mu/ n h half *ance & half n *ance4 ,does x n seem z ?\gh ! old] & m confirm$ ! habit1 ! m unque/ion+ ! act ( volition1 till1 9 ! case ( ! olde/ habits1 ! practice ( succe$+ exi/5ces has s =mulat$ ! proc$ure1 t1 on be+ once committ$ to su* & su* a l9e beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 ! subsequ5t c\rse is s cle> z to be op5 to no fur!r d\bt1 to admit ( no alt]native1 till ! v p[] ( que/ion+ is gone1 & ev5 ! consci\sness ( volition8 ,& ?is too ^u matt]s :i*1 9 e>li] /ages ( a man's exi/5ce1 admitt$ ( passionate argum5t & anxi\s delib]ation :e!r to resolve !m ?us or ?us1 ) h]oic haz>d & exp]im5t1 :i* on ! los+ side prov$ to be vice1 & on ! w9n+ virtue4 ,= !re 0 passionate argum5t once :at %ape a man's tee? %\ld be1 nor c ! col\r ( 8 hair be consid]$ z ev] yet settl$1 or likely to be settl$ = a v long "t4 ,x is "o aga9/ legion :5 a creature tries to diff] f 8 own pa/ selves4 ,he mu/ yield or die if he wants to diff] widely1 s z to lack natural in/9cts1 su* z hung] or ?ir/1 or n to gratify !m4 ,x is m righte\s 9 a man t he %\ld 8eat /range food10 & t 8 *eek %\ld 8s mu* z lank n10 ?an t he %\ld />ve if ! /range food be at 8 comm&4 ,8 pa/ selves are liv+ 9 him at ?is mom5t ) ! accumulat$ life ( c5turies4 8,d ?is1 ?is1 ?is1 :i* we too h done1 & f\nd our pr(it 9 x10 cry ! s\ls ( 8 =efa!rs )9 him4 ,fa9t are ! f> ones1 com+ & go+ z ! s\nd ( bells waft$ on to a high m\nta92 l\d & cle> are ! ne> ones1 urg5t z an al>m ( fire4 8,)hold10 cry "s4 8,g on boldly10 cry o!rs4 8,me1 me1 me1 rev]t hi!rw>d1 my desc5dant10 %\ts "o z x 7 f "s high vantage-gr\nd ov] ! heads ( ! clamor\s multitude4 8,nay1 b me1 me1 me10 e*oes ano!r2 & our =m] selves fight )9 u & wrangle = our possession4 ,h we n "h :at is commonly call$ an int]nal tumult1 :5 dead pleasures & pa9s tug )9 u hi!r & ?i!r8 ,!n may ! battle be decid$ by :at p are pleas$ to call our own exp]i5ce4 ,our own inde$6 ,:at is our own save by m]e c\rtesy ( spee*8 ,a matt] ( fa%ion4 ,sanction sanctifie? & fa%ion fa%ione?4 ,& s ) dea?--! mo/ inexorable ( all conv5tions4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 we may assume x z an axiom ) reg>d to actions acquir$ aft] bir?1 t we nev] d !m automatically save z ! result ( long practice1 & aft] hav+ ?us acquir$ p]fect ma/]y ov] ! action 9 "q4 ,b giv5 ! practice or exp]i5ce1 & ! intricacy ( ! process to be p]=m$ appe>s to matt] v little4 ,!re is h>dly any?+ conceivable z be+ done by man1 :i* a c]ta9 am\nt ( famili>ity w n enable him to d1 z x 7 me*anically & )\t consci\s ef=t4 8,! mo/ complex & difficult movem5ts10 writes ,mr ,d>w91 8c 9 "t be p]=m$ )\t ! lea/ ef=t or consci\sness40 ,all ! ma9 bus9ess ( life is done ?us unconsci\sly or semi-unconsci\sly4 ,= :at is ! ma9 bus9ess ( life8 ,we "w t we may eat & dige/1 r ?an eat & dige/ t we may "w2 ?is1 at any rate1 is ! normal /ate ( ?+s3 ! m important bus9ess !n is t :i* is c>ri$ on unconsci\sly4 ,s aga9 ! action ( ! bra91 :i* goes on prior to our realis+ ! idea 9 :i* x results1 is n p]ceiv$ by ! individual4 ,s also all ! deep] spr+s ( action & conviction4 ,! residuum ) :i* we fret & worry ourselves is a m]e matt] ( detail1 z ! higgl+ & haggl+ ( ! m>ket1 :i* is n ov] ! bulk ( ! price1 b ov] ! la/ halfp5ny4 ,%all we say1 !n1 t a baby ( a day old sucks 7:i* involves ! :ole pr9ciple ( ! pump1 & h5ce a pr(\nd practical k ( ! laws ( pneumatics & hydro/atics71 dige/s1 oxyg5ises its blood 7millions ( ye>s be=e ,sir ,humphry ,davy discov]$ oxyg571 sees & he>s--all mo/ difficult & complicat$ op]ations1 involv+ a k ( ! facts conc]n+ optics & ac\/ics1 comp>$ ) :i* ! discov]ies ( ,newton s9k into utt] insignificance8 ,%all we say t a baby c d all ^! ?+s at once1 do+ !m s well & s regul>ly1 )\t be+ ev5 able to direct its att5tion to !m1 & )\t mi/ake1 & at ! same "t n "k h[ to d !m1 & nev] h done !m be=e8 ,su* an ass]tion w\ld be a contradiction to ! :ole exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,surely ! onus prob&i mu/ re/ ) him :o makes x4 ,a man may make a lucky hit n[ & aga9 by :at is call$ a fluke1 b ev5 ?is mu/ be only a little 9 advance ( 8 o!r p]=mances ( ! same k9d4 ,he may multiply sev5 by eight by a fluke aft] a little /udy ( ! multiplication table1 b he w n be able to extract ! cube root ( #diac by a fluke1 )\t long tra9+ 9 ari?metic1 any m ?an an agricultural lab\r] w\ld be able to op]ate successfully = cat>act4 ,if1 !n1 a gr[n man _c p]=m s simple an op]ation z t we w say1 = cat>act1 unless he h be5 long tra9$ 9 o!r simil> op]ations1 & until he has done :at comes to ! same ?+ _m times ov]1 ) :at %[ ( reason c we ma9ta9 t "o :o is s f> less capable ?an a gr[n man1 c p]=m su* va/ly m difficult op]ations1 )\t kn[+ h[ to d !m1 & )\t ev] hav+ done !m be=e8 ,!re is no sign ( 8fluke0 ab\t ! circulation ( a baby's blood4 ,!re may p]haps be "s little hesitation ab\t its e>lie/ brea?+1 b ?is1 z a g5]al rule1 soon passes ov]1 bo? brea?+ & circulation1 )9 an h\r aft] bir?1 be+ z regul> & easy z at any "t dur+ life4 ,is x reasonable1 !n1 to say t ! baby does ^! ?+s )\t kn[+ h[ to d !m1 & )\t ev] hav+ done !m be=e1 & cont9ues to d !m by a s]ies ( lifelong flukes8 ,x w\ld be well if ^? :o feel incl9$ to haz>d su* an ass]tion w\ld f9d "s o!r in/ances ( intricate processes gone ?r\gh by p :o "k no?+ ab\t !m1 & nev] _h any practice !re94 ,:at is to "k h[ to d a ?+8 ,surely to d x4 ,:at is pro( t we "k h[ to d a ?+8 ,surely ! fact t we c d x4 ,a man %[s t he kn[s h[ to ?r[ ! boom]ang by ?r[+ ! boom]ang4 ,no am\nt ( talk+ or writ+ c get ov] ?is2 ipso facto1 t a baby brea!s & makes its blood circulate1 x kn[s h[ to d s & ! fact t x does n "k its own k is only pro( ( ! p]fection ( t k1 & ( ! va/ numb] ( pa/ occasions on :i* x mu/ h be5 ex]cis$ already4 ,z we h said already1 x is less obvi\s :5 ! baby c\ld h ga9$ its exp]i5ce1 s z to be able s readily to rememb] exactly :at to d2 b x is m easy to suppose t ! necess>y occasions _c h be5 want+1 ?an t ! p[] :i* we obs]ve %\ld h be5 obta9$ )\t practice & memory4 ,if we saw any self-consci\sness on ! baby's "p ab\t its brea?+ or circulation1 we might suspect t x _h _h less exp]i5ce1 or pr(it$ less by its exp]i5ce1 ?an its neighb\rs--exactly 9 ! same mann] z we suspect a defici5cy ( any quality :i* we see a man incl9$ to p>ade4 ,we all become introspective :5 we f9d t we d n "k our bus9ess1 & :5ev] we are introspective we may g5]ally suspect t we are on ! v]ge ( unpr(ici5cy4 ,un=tunately1 9 ! case ( sickly *ildr51 we obs]ve t !y sometimes d become consci\s ( _! brea?+ & circulation1 j z 9 lat] life we become consci\s t we h a liv] or a dige/ion4 ,9 t case !re is always some?+ wrong4 ,! baby t becomes aw>e ( its brea?+ does n "k h[ to brea!1 & w suff] = 8 ignorance & incapacity1 exactly 9 ! same way z he w suff] 9 lat] life = ignorance & incapacity 9 any o!r respect 9 :i* 8 pe]s are commonly kn[+ & capable4 ,9 ! case ( inability to brea?1 ! puni%m5t is corporal1 brea?+ be+ a matt] ( fa%ion1 s old & long settl$ t nature c admit ( no dep>ture f ! e/abli%$ cu/om1 & ! proc$ure 9 case ( failure is z mu* =mulat$ z ! fa%ion itself 9 ! case ( ! circulation1 ! :ole p]=mance has become "o s utt]ly ( rote1 t ! m]e discov]y t we c\ld d x at all 0 consid]$ "o ( ! highe/ flights ( human g5ius4 ,x has be5 said a day w come :5 ! ,pol> ice %all h accumulat$1 till x =ms va/ cont95ts _m ?\s&s ( feet above ! level ( ! sea1 all ( solid ice4 ,! weight ( ?is mass w1 x is believ$1 cause ! _w to topple ov] on its axis1 s t ! e>? w be upset z an ant-heap ov]turn$ by a pl\gh%>e4 ,9 t day "t iceb]gs w come crun*+ aga9/ our pr\de/ cities1 raz+ !m f (f ! face ( ! e>? z ?\gh !y 7 made ( rott5 blott+-pap]4 ,!re is no respect n[ ( ,h&el nor ( ,%akespe>e2 ! works ( ,rembr&t & ,bell9i fossilise at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,grace1 beauty1 & wit1 all t is preci\s 9 music1 lit]ature1 & art--all gone4 ,9 ! morn+ !re 0 ,europe4 ,9 ! ev5+ !re are no m popul\s cities nor busy hum ( m51 b a sea ( jagg$ ice1 a lurid sunset1 & ! doom ( _m ages4 ,!n %all a sc>$ remnant escape 9 places1 & settle ^u ! *ang$ cont95t :5 ! wat]s h subsid$--a simple p1 busy hunt+ %ellfi% on ! dry+ ocean b$s1 & ) little "t = introspection yet !y c read & write & sum1 = by t "t ^! accompli%m5ts w h become univ]sal1 & w be acquir$ z easily z we n[ le>n to talk2 b !y d s z a matt] ( c\rse1 & )\t self-consci\sness4 ,also !y make ! simpl] k9ds ( ma*9]y too easily to be able to foll[ _! own op]ations--! mann] ( _! own appr5tice%ip be+ to !m z a buri$ city4 ,may we n imag9e t1 aft] ! lapse ( ano!r t5 ?\s& ye>s or s1 "s "o ( !m may aga9 become curs$ ) lu/ ( introspection1 & a second ,h>vey may a/oni% ! _w by discov]+ t x c read & write1 & t /eam-eng9es d n gr[1 b are made8 ,x may be safely prophesi$ t he w die a m>tyr1 & be hon\r$ 9 ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,pr9ciples ,,to ,,actions ,,& ,,habits ,,acquir$ ,,be=e ,,bir?4 ,,b if we once admit ! pr9ciple t consci\sness & volition h a t5d5cy to vani% z soon z practice has r5d]$ any habit exce$+ly famili>1 s t ! m]e pres5ce ( an elaborate b unconsci\s p]=mance %all c>ry ) x a presumption ( inf9ite practice1 we %all f9d x impossible to draw ! l9e at ^? actions :i* we see acquir$ aft] bir?1 no matt] at h[ e>ly a p]iod4 ,! :ole hi/ory & developm5t ( ! embryo 9 all its /ages =ces itself on our consid]ation4 ,bir? has be5 made too mu* (4 ,x is a sali5t feature 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual1 b n m sali5t ?an a hundr$ o!rs1 & f> less s ?an ! comm5cem5t ( 8 exi/5ce z a s+le cell unit+ 9 itself elem5ts d]iv$ f bo? p>5ts1 or p]haps ?an any po9t 9 8 :ole exi/5ce z an embryo4 ,= _m ye>s aft] we are born we are /ill v incomplete4 ,we cease to oxyg5ise our blood vic>i\sly z soon z we are born1 b we /ill d]ive our su/5ance f our mo!rs4 ,bir? is b ! beg9n+ ( d\bt1 ! fir/ hank]+ aft] scepticism1 ! dream+ ( a dawn ( tr\ble1 ! end ( c]ta9ty & ( settl$ convictions4 ,n b :at be=e bir? !re h be5 unsettl$ convictions 7m's ! pity7 ) n a few1 & aft] bir? we h /ill s made up our m9ds ^u _m po9ts z to h no fur!r ne$ ( reflection conc]n+ !m2 nev]!less1 9 ! ma91 bir? is ! end ( t "t :5 we really knew our bus9ess1 & ! beg9n+ ( ! days :]e9 we "k n :at we w\ld d1 or d4 ,x is !re=e ! beg9n+ ( consci\sness1 & infancy is z ! dos+ ( "o :o turns 9 8 b$ on wak+1 & takes ano!r %ort sleep be=e he rises4 ,:5 we 7 yet unborn1 our ?\ghts kept ! roadway dec5tly en\gh2 !n 7 we bless$2 we ?\ght z e man ?9ks1 & held ! same op9ions z our fa!rs & mo!rs _h done ^u ne>ly e subject4 ,life 0 n an art--& a v difficult art--mu* too difficult to be acquir$ 9 a lifetime2 x 0 a sci5ce ( :i* we 7 consummate ma/]s4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !n1 bir? may inde$ be look$ ^u z ! mo/ sali5t feature 9 a man's life2 b ?is is n at all ! s5se 9 :i* x is commonly s reg>d$4 ,x is commonly consid]$ z ! po9t at :i* we beg9 to live4 ,m truly x is ! po9t at :i* we leave (f kn[+ h[ to live4 ,a *ick51 = example1 is nev] s full ( consci\sness1 activity1 reason+ faculty1 & volition1 z :5 x is an embryo 9 ! egg%ell1 mak+ bones1 & fle%1 & fea!rs1 & eyes1 & claws1 ) no?+ b a little w>m? & :ite ( egg to make !m f4 ,?is is inde$ to make bricks ) b a small modicum ( /raw4 ,!re is no man 9 ! :ole _w :o kn[s consci\sly & articulately z mu* z a half-hat*$ h5's egg kn[s unconsci\sly4 ,surely ! egg 9 its own way mu/ "k q z mu* z ! *ick5 does4 ,we say ( ! *ick5 t x kn[s h[ to run ab\t z soon z x is hat*$4 ,s x does2 b _h x no k be=e x 0 hat*$8 ,:at made x lay ! f\ndations ( ^? limbs :i* %\ld enable x to run ab\t8 ,:at made x gr[ a horny tip to its bill be=e x 0 hat*$1 s t x might peck all r\nd ! l>g] end ( ! egg%ell & make a hole = itself to get out at8 ,hav+ once got outside ! egg%ell1 ! *ick5 ?r[s away ?is horny tip2 b is x reasonable to suppose t x w\ld h gr[n x at all unless x _h kn[n t x w\ld want some?+ ) :i* to break ! egg%ell8 ,& aga91 is x 9 ! lea/ agreeable to our exp]i5ce t su* elaborate ma*9]y %\ld be made )\t endeav\r1 failure1 p]sev]ance1 intellig5t contrivance1 exp]i5ce1 & practice8 ,9 ! pres5ce ( su* consid]ations1 x seems impossible to refra9 f ?9k+ t !re mu/ be a clos] cont9uity ( id5tity1 life1 & memory1 betwe5 successive g5]ations ?an we g5]ally imag9e4 ,to %e> ! ?read ( life1 & h5ce ( memory1 betwe5 "o g5]ation & its successor1 is s to speak1 a brutal measure1 an act ( intellectual but*]y1 & l all su* /rong high-h&$ measures1 a sign ( weakness 9 him :o is capable ( x till all o!r rem$ies h be5 exhau/$4 ,x is m]e horse sci5ce1 ak9 to ! !ories ( ! convulsioni/s 9 ! geological k+dom1 & ( ! believ]s 9 ! sup]natural orig9 ( ! species ( plants & animals4 ,yet x is to be fe>$ t we h n a few among u :o w\ld feel %ock$ r at ! attempt t[>ds a mild] treatm5t ( ! facts be=e !m1 ?an at a cont9uance ( ! pres5t crass tyranny ) :i* we try to cru% !m inside our preconceiv$ op9ions4 ,x is q common to he> m5 ( education ma9ta9 t n ev5 :5 x 0 on ! po9t ( be+ hat*$1 _h ! *ick5 s5se en\gh to "k t x want$ to get outside ! egg%ell4 ,x did inde$ peck all r\nd ! end ( ! %ell1 :i*1 if x want$ to get out1 w\ld c]ta9ly be ! easie/ way ( effect+ its purpose2 b x did n1 !y say1 peck because x 0 aw>e ( ?is1 b 8promiscu\sly40 ,curi\s1 su* a uni=mity ( promiscu\s action among s _m eggs = s _m g5]ations4 ,if we see a man knock a hole 9 a wall on f9d+ t he _c get out ( a place by any o!r means1 & if we see him knock ?is hole 9 a v workmanlike way1 ) an implem5t ) :i* he has be5 at great pa9s to make = a long ! pa/1 b :i* he ?r[s away z soon z he has no long] use = x1 ?us %[+ t he _h made x expressly = ! purpose ( escape1 d we say t ?is p]son made ! implem5t & broke ! wall ( 8 prison promiscu\sly8 ,no jury w\ld acquit a burgl> on ^! gr\nds4 ,!n :y1 )\t mu* m evid5ce to ! contr>y ?an we h1 or c hope to h1 %\ld we n suppose t ) *ick5s1 z ) m51 signs ( contrivance are inde$ signs ( contrivance1 h[ev] quick1 subtle1 & untraceable1 ! contrivance may be8 ,aga91 ,i h he>d p argue t ?\gh ! *ick51 :5 ne>ly hat*$1 _h su* a glimm]+ ( s5se t x peck$ ! %ell because x want$ to get out1 yet t x is n conceivable t1 s long be=e x 0 hat*$1 x %\ld h _h ! s5se to gr[ ! horny tip to its bill = use :5 want$4 ,?is1 at any rate1 !y say1 x mu/ h gr[n1 z ! p]sons previ\sly ref]r$ to w\ld ma9ta91 promiscu\sly4 ,n[ no "o inde$ supposes t ! *ick5 does :at x does1 ) ! same self-consci\sness ) :i* a tailor makes a suit ( clo!s4 ,n any "o :o has ?\ght ^u ! subject is likely to d x s great an inju/ice4 ,! probability is t x kn[s :at x is ab\t to an ext5t great] ?an any tailor ev] did or w1 =1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 _m ?\s&s ( ye>s to come4 ,x works ) su* absolute c]ta9ty & s va/ an exp]i5ce1 t x is utt]ly incapable ( foll[+ ! op]ations ( its own m9d--z acc\ntants h be5 kn[n to add up long columns ( p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce1 runn+ ! ?ree f+]s ( "o h&1 a f+] = ea* column1 up ! page1 & putt+ ! result d[n correctly at ! bottom1 app>5tly )\t an ef=t4 ,9 ! case ( ! acc\ntant1 we say t ! processes :i* 8 m9d goes ?r\gh are s rapid & subtle z to elude 8 own p[] ( obs]vation z well z ours4 ,we d n d5y t 8 m9d goes ?\gh processes ( "s k9d2 we v readily admit t x mu/ d s1 & say t ^! processes are s rapid & subtle1 ow+1 z a g5]al rule1 to long exp]i5ce 9 addition4 ,:y !n %\ld we f9d x s difficult to conceive t ?is pr9ciple1 :i* we obs]ve to play s l>ge a "p 9 m5tal physiology1 :]ev] we c obs]ve m5tal physiology at all1 may h a %>e also 9 ! p]=mance ( intricate op]ations o!rwise inexplicable1 ?\gh ! creature p]=m+ !m is n man1 or man only 9 embryo8 ,aga91 aft] ! *ick5 is hat*$1 x gr[s m fea!rs & bones & blood1 b we /ill say t x kn[s no?+ ab\t all ?is4 ,:at !n d we say x does "k8 ,"o is almo/ a%am$ to confess t we only cr$it x ) kn[+ :at x appe>s to "k by processes :i* we f9d x exce$+ly easy to foll[1 or p]haps r1 :i* we f9d x absolutely impossible to avoid foll[+1 z recognis+ too great a family lik5ess betwe5 !m1 & ^? :i* are mo/ easily foll[$ 9 our own m9ds1 to be able to sit d[n 9 com=t "u a d5ial ( ! resemblance4 ,?us1 = example1 if we see a *ick5 runn+ away f a fox1 we d admit t ! *ick5 kn[s ! fox w\ld kill x if x caught x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we all[ t ! half-hat*$ *ick5 grew ! horny tip to be ready = use1 ) an int5sity ( unconsci\s contrivance :i* c be only attribut$ to exp]i5ce1 we are driv5 to admit t f ! fir/ mom5t ! m5 began to sit ^u x--& e>li] too ?an ?is--! egg 0 always full ( consci\sness & volition1 & t dur+ its embryological condition ! unhat*$ *ick5 is do+ exactly :at x cont9ues do+ f ! mom5t x is hat*$ till x dies2 t is to say1 attempt+ to bett] itself1 do+ 7z ,ari/otle says all creatures d all ?+s ^u all occasions7 :at x consid]s mo/ = its advantage "u ! exi/+ circum/ances4 ,:at x may ?9k mo/ advantage\s w dep5d1 :ile x is 9 ! egg%ell1 ^u exactly ! same causes z w influ5ce its op9ions 9 lat] life--to wit1 ^u its habits1 its pa/ circum/ances & ways ( ?9k+2 = !re is no?+1 z ,%akespe>e tells u1 good or ill1 b ?9k+ makes x s4 ,! egg ?9ks fea!rs mu* m to its advantage ?an hair or fur1 & mu* m easily made4 ,if x c\ld speak1 x w\ld probably tell u t we c\ld make !m ourselves v easily aft] a few lessons1 if we took ! tr\ble to try1 b t hair 0 ano!r matt]1 :i* x really c\ld n see h[ any protoplasm c\ld be got to make4 ,inde$1 dur+ ! m int5se & active "p ( our exi/5ce1 9 ! e>lie/ /ages1 t is to say1 ( our embryological life1 we c\ld probably h turn$ our protoplasm into fea!rs in/ead ( hair if we _h c>$ ab\t do+ s4 ,if ! *ick5 c make fea!rs1 !re seems no suffici5t reason = ?9k+ t we _c d s1 beyond ! fact t we pref] hair1 & h pref]r$ x = s _m ages t we h lo/ ! art along ) ! desire ( mak+ fea!rs1 if inde$ any ( our ance/ors ev] possess$ x4 ,! /uff ) :i* we make hair is practically ! same z t ) :i* *ick5s make fea!rs4 ,x is no?+ b protoplasm1 & protoplasm is l c]ta9 prophecies1 out ( :i* any?+ c be made by ! creature :i* wants to make x4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u :e!r a creature kn[s its own m9d suffici5tly well1 & has en\gh fai? 9 its own p[]s ( a*ievem5t4 ,:5 ^! two requisites are want+1 ! /ronge/ giant _c lift a two-ounce weight2 :5 !y are giv51 a bullock c take an eyela% out ( its eye ) its h9d-foot1 or a m9ute jelly speck c build itself a h\se out ( v>i\s mat]ials :i* x w select accord+ to its purpose ) ! nice/ c>e1 ?\gh x h nei!r bra9 to ?9k )1 nor eyes to see )1 nor h&s nor feet to "w )1 nor is x any?+ b a m9ute speck ( jelly--fai? & protoplasm only4 ,t ?is is inde$ s1 ! foll[+ passage f ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s 8,m5tal ,physiology0 may s]ve to %[3-- 8,! simple/ type ( an animal consi/s ( a m9ute mass ( #8protoplasm1' or liv+ jelly1 :i* is n yet diff]5tiat$ into #8organs2' e "p hav+ ! same end[m5ts1 & tak+ an equal %>e 9 e action :i* ! creature p]=ms4 ,"o ( ^! #8jelly specks1' ! amba1 moves itself ab\t by *ang+ ! =m ( its body1 extemporis+ a foot 7or pseudopodium71 fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n 9 ano!r2 & !n1 :5 x has met ) a nutritive p>ticle1 extemporises a /oma* = its reception1 by wrapp+ its s(t body ar\nd x4 ,ano!r1 in/ead ( go+ ab\t 9 se>* ( food1 rema9s 9 "o place1 b projects its protoplasmic sub/ance into long pseudopodia1 :i* entrap & draw 9 v m9ute p>ticles1 or absorb nutri5t mat]ial f ! liquid ?r\gh :i* !y ext5d !mselves1 & are cont9ually becom+ fus$ 7z x 77 into ! c5tral body1 :i* is itself cont9ually giv+ (f new pseudopodia4 ,n[ we c sc>cely conceive t a creature ( su* simplicity %\ld possess any di/9ct consci\sness ( its ne$s0 7:y n871 8or t its actions %\ld be direct$ by any int5tion ( its own2 & yet ! writ] has lately f\nd results ( ! mo/ s+ul> elaborat5ess to be wr\ght out by ! in/rum5tality ( ^! m9ute jelly specks1 :i* build up te/s or cas+s ( ! mo/ regul> geometrical symmetry ( =m1 & ( ! mo/ artificial con/ruction40 ,on ?is ,dr4 ,c>p5t] rem>ks3--8,suppose a human mason to be put d[n by ! side ( a pile ( /ones ( v>i\s %apes & sizes1 & to be told to build a dome ( ^!1 smoo? on bo? surfaces1 )\t us+ m ?an ! lea/ possible quantity ( a v t5aci\s1 b v co/ly1 cem5t1 9 hold+ ! /ones toge!r4 ,if he accompli%$ ?is well1 he w\ld receive cr$it = great intellig5ce & skill4 ,yet ?is is exactly :at ^! little #8jelly specks' d on a mo/ m9ute scale2 ! #8te/s' !y con/ruct1 :5 highly magnifi$1 be>+ comp>ison ) ! mo/ skilful masonry ( man4 ,f ! same s&y bottom "o species picks up ! co>s] qu>tz gra9s1 cem5ts !m toge!r ) phosphate ( iron secret$ f its own sub/ance0 7%\ld n ?is r be1 8:i* x has contriv$ 9 "s way or o!r to manufacture087 & ?us con/ructs a flask-%ap$ #8te/1' hav+ a %ort neck & a l>ge s+le orifice4 ,ano!r picks up ! f9e/ gra9s1 & puts !m toge!r1 ) ! same cem5t1 into p]fectly sph]ical #8te/s' ( ! mo/ extraord9>y f9i%1 p]=at$ ) num]\s small pores dispos$ at pretty regul> int]vals4 ,ano!r selects ! m9ute/ s& gra9s & ! t]m9al portions ( sponge spicules1 & works !m up toge!r--app>5tly ) no cem5t at all1 by ! m]e lay+ ( ! spicules--into p]fect :ite sph]es1 l homopa?ic globules1 ea* hav+ a s+le-fissur$ orifice4 ,& ano!r1 :i* makes a /raight1 _m-*amb]$ #8te/1' t resembles 9 =m ! *amb]$ %ell ( an or?oc]atite--! conical m\? ( ea* *amb] project+ into ! cavity ( ! next--:ile =m+ ! walls ( its *amb]s ( ord9>y s& gra9s r loosely held toge!r1 %apes ! conical m\? ( ! successive *amb]s by firmly cem5t+ toge!r gra9s ( f]rug9\s qu>tz1 :i* x mu/ h pick$ out f ! g5]al mass40 8,to give ^! actions10 cont9ues ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 8! vague designation ( #8in/9ctive' does n 9 ! lea/ help u to acc\nt = !m1 s9ce :at we want is to discov] ! me*anism by :i* !y are work$ out2 & x is mo/ difficult to conceive h[ s artificial a selection c be made by a creature s simple0 7,m5tal ,physiology1 #d? ed4 pp4 #da-dc7 ,?is is :at protoplasm c d :5 x has ! talisman ( fai?--( fai? :i* worke? all wond]s1 ei!r 9 ! heav5s above1 or 9 ! e>? b5ea?1 or 9 ! wat]s "u ! e>?4 ,truly if a man h fai?1 ev5 z a gra9 ( mu/>d se$1 ?\gh he may n be able to remove m\nta9s1 he w at any rate be able to d :at is no less difficult--make a mu/>d plant4 ,yet ?is is b a b>r5 k9d ( com=t1 = we h n1 & 9 ! nature ( ?+s _c h1 suffici5t fai? 9 ! unfamili>1 inasmu* z ! v ess5ce ( fai? involves ! notion ( famili>ity1 :i* c gr[ b sl[ly1 f exp]i5ce to confid5ce1 & c make no sudd5 leap at any "t4 ,su* fai? _c be f\nd$ ^u reason1--t is to say1 ^u a recognis$ p]ception on ! "p ( ! p]son hold+ x t he is hold+ x1 & ( ! reasons = 8 do+ s--or x w %ift z o!r reasons come to di/urb x4 ,a h\se built ^u reason is a h\se built ^u ! s&4 ,x mu/ be built ^u ! curr5t cant & practice ( "o's pe]s1 = ?is is ! rock :i*1 ?\gh n immovable1 is /ill mo/ h>d to move4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 we obs]ve broadly t ! int5sity ( ! w to make ?is or t1 & ( ! confid5ce t "o c make x1 dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! mak]'s =efa!rs h want$ ! same ?+ be=e x2 ! old] ! cu/om ! m invet]ate ! habit1 &1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 t ! reproductive sy/em is g5]ally ! cr[n+ act ( developm5t--an exception :i* ,i w h]eaft] expla9--! e>li] its manife/ation1 until1 = "s reason or ano!r1 we rel9qui% x & take to ano!r1 :i* we mu/1 z a g5]al rule1 aga9 adh]e to = a va/ numb] ( g5]ations1 be=e x w p]man5tly supplant ! old] habit4 ,9 our own case1 ! habit ( brea?+ l a fi% ?r\gh gills may s]ve z an example4 ,we h n[ left (f ?is habit1 yet we did x =m]ly = s _m g5]ations t we /ill d x a little2 x /ill crosses our embryological exi/5ce l a fa9t memory or dream1 = n easily is an invet]ate habit brok54 ,on ! o!r h&--aga9 speak+ broadly--! m rec5t ! habit ! lat] ! fa%ion ( its organ1 z ) ! tee?1 spee*1 & ! high] intellectual p[]s1 :i* are too new = developm5t be=e we are actually born4 ,b to return = a %ort "t to ,dr4 ,c>p5t]4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] evid5tly feels1 :at mu/ inde$ be felt by e c&id m9d1 t !re is no suffici5t reason = suppos+ t ^! little specks ( jelly1 )\t bra9 or eyes1 or /oma*1 or h&s1 or feet1 b ! v l[e/ kn[n =m ( animal life1 are n imbu$ ) a consci\sness ( _! ne$s1 & ! reason+ faculties :i* %all enable !m to gratify ^? ne$s 9 a mann]1 all ?+s consid]$1 equall+ ! highe/ flights ( ! +5uity ( ! highe/ animal--man4 ,?is is no exagg]ation4 ,x is true1 t 9 an e>li] "p ( ! passage1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] has said t we c sc>cely conceive s simple a creature to 8possess any di/9ct consci\sness ( its ne$s1 or t its actions %\ld be direct$ by any int5tion ( its own20 b1 on ! o!r h&1 a little l[] d[n he says1 t if a workman did :at comes to ! same ?+ z :at ! amba does1 he 8w\ld receive cr$it = great intellig5ce & skill40 ,n[ if an amba c d t1 = :i* a workman w\ld receive cr$it z = a highly skilful & intellig5t p]=mance1 ! amba %\ld receive no less cr$it ?an ! workman2 he %\ld also be no less cr$it$ ) skill & intellig5ce1 :i* words unque/ionably involve a di/9ct consci\sness ( ne$s & an action direct$ by an int5tion ( its own4 ,s t ,dr4 ,c>p5t] seems r to bl[ hot & cold ) "o brea?4 ,nev]!less !re c be no d\bt to :i* side ! m9ds ( ! great majority ( mank9d w incl9e ^u ! evid5ce be=e !m2 !y w say t ! creature is highly reasonable & intellig5t1 ?\gh !y w\ld readily admit t long practice & famili>ity may h exhau/$ its p[]s ( att5tion to all ! /ages ( its own p]=mance1 j z a practis$ workman 9 build+ a wall c]ta9ly does n consci\sly foll[ all ! processes :i* he goes ?r\gh4 ,z an example1 h[ev]1 ( ! extreme dislike :i* philosoph]s ( a c]ta9 s*ool h = mak+ ! admissions :i* seem some:at grudg+ly conc$$ by ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 we may take ! p>agraph :i* imm$iately foll[s ! ones :i* we h j quot$4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] !re writes3-- 8,! writ] has (t5 amus$ himself & o!rs1 :5 by ! seaside1 ) gett+ a t]ebella 7a m>9e worm t cases its body 9 a s&y tube7 out ( its h\se1 & !n1 putt+ x into a sauc] ( wat] ) a supply ( s& & comm9ut$ %ell1 wat*+ its appropriation ( ^! mat]ials 9 con/ruct+ a new tube4 ,! ext5d$ t5tacles soon spread !mselves ov] ! bottom ( ! sauc] & lay hold ( :atev] comes 9 _! way1 #8all be+ fi% t comes to _! net1' & 9 half an h\r or !reab\ts ! new h\se is f9i%$1 ?\gh on a v rude & artificial type4 ,n[ "h ! organisation is f> high]2 ! in/rum5tality obvi\sly s]ves ! ne$s ( ! animal & suffices = !m2 & we *>act]ise ! action1 on acc\nt ( its uni=mity & app>5t unintellig5ce1 z in/9ctive40 ,no comm5t w1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be necess>y to make ! read] feel t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! t]ebella & ! amba is "o ( degree r ?an k9d1 & t if ! action ( ! second is z consci\s & reasonable z t1 we w say1 ( a bird mak+ h] ne/1 ! action ( ! fir/ %\ld be s also4 ,x is only a "q ( be+ a little less skilful1 or m s1 b skill & intellig5ce w\ld seem pres5t 9 bo? cases4 ,moreov]1 x is m clev] ( ! t]ebella to h made itself ! limbs ) :i* x c "w1 ?an ( ! amba to be able to "w )\t ! limbs2 & p]haps x is m s5sible also to want a less elaborate dwell+1 provid$ x is suffici5t = practical purposes4 ,b :e!r ! t]ebella be less intellig5t ?an ! amba or n1 x does q en\gh to e/abli% its claim to intellig5ce ( a high] ord]2 & "o does n see gr\nd = ! satisfaction :i* ,dr4 ,c>p5t] appe>s to f9d at hav+1 z x 71 tak5 ! ta/e ( ! amba's p]=mance out ( our m\?1 by sett+ u ab\t ! less elaborate p]=mance ( ! t]ebella1 :i* he ?9ks we c call un9tellig5t & in/9ctive4 ,i may be mi/ak5 9 ! impression ,i h d]iv$ f ! p>agraphs ,i h quot$4 ,i commonly say !y give me ! impression t ,i h tri$ to convey to ! read]1 i4e41 t ! writ]'s ass5t to any?+ l intellig5ce1 or consci\sness ( ne$s1 an animal l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( life1 is grudg+1 & t he is m com=table :5 he has got hold ( onto to :i* he c po9t & say t m]e1 at any rate1 is an un9tellig5t & m]ely in/9ctive creature4 ,i h only call$ att5tion to ! passage z an example ( ! intellectual bias ( a l>ge numb] ( exce$+ly able & ?\ghtful p]sons1 among :om1 s f> z ,i am able to =m an op9ion at all1 few h great] claims to our respectful att5tion ?an ,dr4 ,c>p5t] himself4 ,= ! embryo ( a *ick51 !n1 we damn exactly ! same k9d ( reason+ p[] & contrivance :i* we damn = ! amba1 or = our own intellig5t p]=mances 9 lat] life4 ,we d n claim = x mu*1 if any1 p]ception ( its own =e?\ght1 = we "k v well t x is among ! mo/ prom95t features ( intellectual activity t1 aft] a numb] ( repetitions1 x ceases to be p]ceiv$1 & t x does n1 9 ord9>y cases1 cease to be p]ceiv$ till aft] a v great numb] ( repetitions4 ,! fact t ! embryo *ick5 makes itself always z ne>ly z may be 9 ! same way1 w\ld lead u to suppose t x w\ld be unconsci\s ( mu* ( its own action1 provid$ x 7 always ! same *ick5 :i* made itself ov] & ov] aga94 ,s f> we c see1 x always is unconsci\s ( ! great] "p ( its own wond]ful p]=mance4 ,surely !n we h a presumption t x is ! same *ick5 :i* makes itself ov] & ov] aga92 = su* unconsci\sness is n won1 s f> z our exp]i5ce goes1 by any o!r means ?an by frequ5t repetition ( ! same act on ! "p ( "o & ! same individual4 ,h[ ?is c be we %all p]ceive 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,9 ! meantime1 we may say t all k & volition w\ld seem to be m]ely p>ts ( ! k & volition ( ! primordial cell 7:atev] ?is may be71 :i* slumb]s b nev] dies--:i* has gr[n1 & multipli$1 & diff]5tiat$ itself into ! comp\nd life ( ! womb1 & :i* nev] becomes consci\s ( kn[+ :at x has once le>nt effectually1 till x is = "s reason on ! po9t (1 or 9 dang] (1 =gett+ x4 ,! action1 !re=e1 ( an embryo mak+ its way up 9 ! _w f a simple cell to a baby1 develop+ = itself eyes1 e>s1 h&s1 & feet :ile yet unborn1 proves to be exactly ( "o & ! same k9d z t ( a man ( fifty :o goes into ! ,city & tells 8 brok] to buy him s _m ,great ,nor!rn ,a %>es--t is to say1 an ef=t ( ! w ex]cis$ 9 due c\rse on a balance ( consid]ations z to ! imm$iate exp$i5cy1 & guid$ by pa/ exp]i5ce2 :ile *ildr5 :o d n rea* bir? are b pr5atal sp5d?rifts1 ne'er-d-weels1 inconsid]ate innovators1 ! un=tunate 9 bus9ess1 ei!r ?r\gh _! own fault or t ( o!rs1 or ?r\gh inevitable mis*ances1 be+s :o are cull$ out be=e bir? in/ead ( aft]2 s t ev5 ! l[e/ idiot1 ! mo/ contemptible 9 heal? or beauty1 may yet reflect ) pride t !y 7 born4 ,c]ta9ly we obs]ve t ^? :o h _h good =tune 7"m & sole cause ( virtue1 & sole virtue 9 itself71 & h pr(it$ by _! exp]i5ce1 & kn[n _! bus9ess be/ be=e bir?1 s t !y made !mselves bo? to be & to look well1 d commonly on an av]age prove to "k x be/ 9 aft]-life3 !y gr[ _! clo!s be/ :o h gr[n _! limbs be/4 ,x is r>e t ^? :o h n rememb]$ h[ to f9i% _! own bodies fairly well %\ld f9i% any?+ well 9 lat] life4 ,b h[ small is ! addition to _! unconsci\s atta9m5ts :i* ev5 ! ,titans ( human intellect h consci\sly accompli%$1 9 comp>ison ) ! problems solv$ by ! meane/ baby liv+1 nay1 ev5 by "o ^: bir? is untimely6 ,9 o!r words1 h[ va/ is t back k ov] :i* we h gone fa/ asleep1 ?r\gh ! pros9ess ( p]petual repetition2 & h[ little 9 comp>ison1 is t ^: novelty keeps x /ill )9 ! scope ( our consci\s p]ception6 ,:at is ! discov]y ( ! laws ( gravitation z comp>$ ) ! k :i* sleeps 9 e h5's egg ^u a kit*5 %elf8 ,x is all a matt] ( habit & fa%ion4 ,?us we see k+s & c\ncillors ( ! e>? admir$ = fac+ dea? be=e :at !y are pleas$ to call di%on\r4 ,if1 on be+ requir$ to g )\t any?+ !y h be5 accu/om$ to1 or to *ange _! habits1 or d :at is unusual 9 ! case ( o!r k+s "u l circum/ances1 !n1 if !y b fold _! cloak dec5tly ar\nd !m1 & die ^u ! spot ( %ame at hav+ _h x ev5 requir$ ( !m to d ?us or ?us1 !n are !y k+s inde$1 ( old race1 t "k _! bus9ess f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,or if1 we w say1 a pr9ce1 on hav+ 8 d9n] br\ght to him ill-cook$1 7 to feel ! indignity s ke5ly z t he %\ld turn 8 face to ! wall1 & brea! out 8 w\nd$ s\l 9 "o sigh1 d we n admire him z a 8real pr9ce10 :o kn[s ! bus9ess ( pr9ces s well t he c conceive ( no?+ =eign to x 9 connection ) himself1 ! b>e ef=t to realise a /ate ( ?+s o!r ?an :at pr9ces h be5 accu/om$ to be+ imm$iately fatal to him8 ,yet is !re no less ?an ?is 9 ! demise ( e half-hat*$ h5's egg1 %ak5 rudely by a s*oolboy1 or neglect$ by a truant "m2 = surely ! pr9ce w\ld n die if he knew h[ to d o!rwise1 & ! h5's egg only dies ( be+ requir$ to d some?+ to :i* x is n accu/om$4 ,b ! fur!r consid]ation ( ?is & o!r l reflections w\ld too long deta9 u4 ,suffice x t we h e/abli%$ ! position t all liv+ creatures :i* %[ any signs ( intellig5ce1 mu/ c]ta9ly ea* "o h already gone ?r\gh ! embryonic /ages an inf9ite numb] ( times1 or !y c\ld no m h a*iev$ ! intricate process ( self-developm5t unconsci\sly1 ?an !y c\ld play ! piano unconsci\sly )\t any previ\s k ( ! in/rum5t4 ,x rema9s1 !re=e1 to %[ ! :5 & :]e ( _! hav+ done s1 & ?is leads u naturally to ! subject ( ! foll[+ *apt]--,p]sonal ,id5tity4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity4 8,,/range difficulties h be5 rais$ by "s10 says ,bi%op ,butl]1 8conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity1 or ! sam5ess ( liv+ ag5ts z impli$ 9 ! notion ( our exi/+ n[ & h]eaft]1 or inde$ 9 any two consecutive mom5ts40 ,b 9 tru? x is n easy to see ! /rang5ess ( ! difficulty1 if ! words ei!r 8p]sonal0 or 8id5tity0 are us$ 9 any /rictness4 ,p]sonality is "o ( ^? ideas ) :i* we are s famili> t we h lo/ sight ( ! f\ndations ^u :i* x re/s4 ,we reg>d our p]sonality z a simple def9ite :ole2 z a pla91 palpable1 individual ?+1 :i* c be se5 go+ ab\t ! /reets or sitt+ indoors at home1 :i* la/s u our lifetime1 & ab\t ! conf9es ( :i* no d\bt c exi/ 9 ! m9ds ( reasonable p4 ,b 9 tru? ?is 8we10 :i* looks s simple & def9ite1 is a nebul\s & indef9able aggregation ( _m compon5t p>ts :i* w> n a little among !mselves1 our p]ception ( our exi/5ce at all be+ p]haps due to ?is v cla% ( w>f>e1 z our s5se ( s\nd & light is due to ! j>r+ ( vibrations4 ,moreov]1 z ! compon5t p>ts ( our id5tity *ange f mom5t to mom5t1 our p]sonality becomes a ?+ dep5d5t ^u ! pres5t1 :i* has no logical exi/5ce1 b lives only ^u ! suff]ance ( times pa/ & future1 slipp+ out ( our h&s into ! doma9 ( "o or o!r ( ^! two claimants ! mom5t we try to appreh5d x4 ,& n only is our p]sonality z fleet+ z ! pres5t mom5t1 b ! p>ts :i* compose x bl5d "s ( !m s imp]ceptibly into1 & are s inextricably l9k$ on to1 outside ?+s :i* cle>ly =m no "p ( our p]sonality1 t :5 we try to br+ ourselves to book1 & det]m9e :]e9 we consi/1 or to draw a l9e z to :]e we beg9 or end1 we f9d ourselves completely baffl$4 ,!re is no?+ b fusion & confusion4 ,putt+ !ology on "o side1 & deal+ only ) ! common daily exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 our body is c]ta9ly "p ( our p]sonality4 ,) ! de/ruction ( our bodies1 our p]sonality1 z f> z we c foll[ x1 comes to a full /op2 & ) e modification ( !m x is correspond+ly modifi$4 ,b :at are ! limits ( our bodies8 ,!y are compos$ ( p>ts1 "s ( !m s uness5tial z to be h>dly includ$ 9 p]sonality at all1 & to be sep>able f ourselves )\t p]ceptible effect1 z ! hair1 nails1 & daily wa/e ( tissue4 ,aga91 o!r p>ts are v important1 z our h&s1 feet1 arms1 legs1 c41 b /ill are no ess5tial p>ts ( our 8self0 or 8s\l10 :i* cont9ues to exi/ 9 spite ( _! amputation4 ,o!r p>ts1 z ! bra91 he>t1 & blood1 are s ess5tial t !y _c be disp5s$ )1 yet x is impossible to say t p]sonality consi/s 9 any "o ( !m4 ,ea* "o ( ^! compon5t memb]s ( our p]sonality is cont9ually dy+ & be+ born aga91 support$ 9 ?is process by ! food we eat1 ! wat] we dr9k1 & ! air we brea!2 :i* ?ree ?+s l9k u on1 & fett] u d[n1 to ! organic & inorganic _w ab\t u4 ,= our meat & dr9k1 ?\gh no "p ( our p]sonality be=e we eat & dr9k1 _c1 aft] we h done s1 be sep>at$ entirely f u )\t ! de/ruction ( our p]sonality altoge!r1 s f> z we c foll[ x2 & :o %all say at :at precise mom5t our food has or has n become "p ( ourselves8 ,a fami%$ man eats food2 aft] a %ort "t 8 :ole p]sonality is s palpably affect$ t we "k ! food to h ent]$ into him & tak51 z x 71 possession ( him2 b :o c say at :at precise mom5t x did s8 ,?us we f9d t we are root$ into outside ?+s & melt away into !m1 nor c any man say he consi/s absolutely 9 ?is or t1 nor def9e himself s c]ta9ly z to include nei!r m nor less ?an himself2 _m und\bt$ p>ts ( 8 p]sonality be+ m sep>able f x1 & *ang+ x less :5 s sep>at$1 bo? to 8 own s5ses & ^? ( o!r p1 ?an o!r p>ts :i* are /rictly speak+ no p>ts at all4 ,a man's clo!s1 = example1 z !y lie on a *air at night are no "p ( him1 b :5 he we>s !m !y w\ld appe> to be s1 z be+ a k9d ( food :i* w>ms him & hat*es him1 & ! loss ( :i* may kill him ( cold4 ,if ?is be d5i$1 & a man's clo!s be consid]$ z no "p ( 8 self1 nev]!less !y1 ) 8 money1 & x may p]haps be add$ 8 religi\s op9ions1 /amp a man's individuality z /rongly z any natural feature c\ld /amp x4 ,*ange 9 /yle ( dress1 ga9 or loss ( money1 make a man feel & appe> m *ang$ ?an hav+ 8 *9 %av$ or 8 nails cut4 ,9 fact1 z soon z we leave common p>lance on "o side1 & try = a sci5tific def9ition ( p]sonality1 we f9d t !re is none possible1 any m ?an !re c be a demon/ration ( ! fact t we exi/ at all--a demon/ration = :i*1 z = t ( a p]sonal ,god1 _m h hunt$ b none h f\nd4 ,! only solid f\ndation is1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>?'s cru/1 pretty ne> ! surface ( ?+s2 ! deep] we try to g1 ! damp] & d>k] & altoge!r m uncong5ial we f9d x4 ,!re is no kn[+ into :at quagmire ( sup]/ition we may n f9d ourselves drawn1 if we once cut ourselves adrift f ^? sup]ficial aspects ( ?+s1 9 :i* alone our nature p]mits u to be com=t$4 ,common p>lance1 h[ev]1 settles ! difficulty readily en\gh 7z inde$ x settles mo/ o!rs if !y %[ signs ( awkw>dness7 by ! simple process ( ignor+ x3 we decl9e1 & v prop]ly1 to g into ! "q ( :]e p]sonality beg9s & ends1 b assume x to be kn[n by e "o1 & ?r[ ! onus ( n kn[+ x ^u ! ov]-curi\s1 :o _h bett] ?9k z _! neighb\rs d1 "r or wrong1 or !re is no kn[+ into :at villa9y !y may n pres5tly fall4 ,assum+1 !n1 t e "o kn[s :at is meant by ! ^w 8p]son0 7& su* sup]/iti\s bases z ?is are ! f\ndations ^u :i* all action1 :e!r ( man1 bea/1 or plant1 is con/ruct$ & r5d]$ possible2 = ev5 ! corn 9 ! fields gr[s ^u a sup]/iti\s basis z to its own exi/5ce1 & only turns ! e>? & moi/ure into :eat ?r\gh ! conceit ( its own ability to d s1 )\t :i* fai? x 7 p[]less2 & ! li*5 only gr[s ^u ! granite rock by fir/ say+ to itself1 8,i ?9k ,i c d x20 s t x w\ld n be able to gr[ unless x ?\ght x c\ld gr[1 & w\ld n ?9k x c\ld gr[ unless x f\nd itself able to gr[1 & ?us sp5ds its life argu+ 9 a mo/ vici\s circle1 bas+ its action ^u a hypo!sis1 :i* hypo!sis is 9 turn bas$ ^u its action7--assum+ t we "k :at is meant by ! ^w 8p]son10 we say t we are "o & ! same f ! mom5t ( our bir? to ! mom5t ( our dea?1 s t :atev] is done by or happ5s to any "o betwe5 bir? & dea?1 is said to happ5 to or be done by "o individual4 ,?is 9 practice is f\nd to be suffici5t = ! law c\rts & ! purposes ( daily life1 :i*1 be+ full ( hurry & ! pressure ( bus9ess1 c only tol]ate compromise1 or conv5tional r5d]+ ( intricate ph5om5a4 ,:5 facts ( extreme complexity h to be daily & h\rly dealt ) by p ^: "t is money1 !y mu/ be simplifi$1 & treat$ mu* z a pa9t] treats !m1 draw+ !m 9 squ>ely1 seiz+ ! m important features1 & neglect+ all t does n ass]t itself z too ess5tial to be pass$ ov]--h5ce ! slang & cant words ( e pr(ession1 & inde$ all language2 = language at be/ is b a k9d ( 8patt]10 ! only way1 x is true1 9 _m cases1 ( express+ our ideas to "o ano!r1 b /ill a v bad way1 & n = "o mom5t comp>able to ! unspok5 spee* :i* we may sometimes h rec\rse to4 ,! metaphors & faons de p>l] to :i* ev5 9 ! pla9e/ spee* we are p]petually recurr+ 7z1 = example1 9 ?is la/ two l9es1 8pla910 8p]petually10 & 8recurr+10 are all words bas$ on metaphor1 & h5ce m or less liable to mislead7 (t5 deceive u1 z ?\gh !re 7 no?+ m ?an :at we see & say1 & z ?\gh words1 in/ead ( be+1 z !y are1 ! creatures ( our conv5i5ce1 _h "s claim to be ! actual ideas !mselves conc]n+ :i* we are conv]s+4 ,?is is s well express$ 9 a lett] ,i h rec5tly receiv$ f a fri5d1 n[ 9 ,new ,zeal&1 & c]ta9ly n int5d$ by him = publication1 t ,i %all v5ture to quote ! passage1 b %\ld say t ,i d s )\t 8 k or p]mission :i* ,i %\ld n be able to receive be=e ?is book mu/ be complet$4 8,words1 words1 words10 he writes1 8are ! /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way ( tru?4 ,until y ?9k ( ?+s z !y are1 & n ( ! words t misrepres5t !m1 y _c ?9k rightly4 ,words produce ! appe>ance ( h>d & fa/ l9es :]e !re are none4 ,words divide2 ?us we call ?is a man1 t an ape1 t a monkey1 :ile !y are all only diff]5tiations ( ! same ?+4 ,to ?9k ( a ?+ !y mu/ be got rid (3 !y are ! clo!s t ?\ghts we>--only ! clo!s4 ,i say ?is ov] & ov] aga91 = !re is no?+ ( m importance4 ,o!r m5's words w /op y at ! beg9n+ ( an inve/igation4 ,a man may play ) words all 8 life1 arrang+ !m & re>rang+ !m l dom9oes4 ,if ,i c\ld ?9k to y )\t words y w\ld und]/& me bett]40 ,if su* rem>ks z ! above hold good at all1 !y d s ) ! words 8p]sonal id5tity40 ,! lea/ reflection w %[ t p]sonal id5tity 9 any sort ( /rictness is an impossibility4 ,! expression is "o ( ! _m ways 9 :i* we are oblig$ to scamp our ?\ghts ?r\gh pressure ( o!r bus9ess :i* pays u bett]4 ,= surely all reasonable p w feel t an infant an h\r be=e bir?1 :5 9 ! eye ( ! law he has no exi/5ce1 & c\ld n be call$ a pe] = ano!r sixty m9utes1 ?\gh 8 fa!r 7 a pe]1 & already dead1--surely su* an embryo is m p]sonally id5tical ) ! baby into :i* he develops )9 an h\r's "t ?an ! born baby is s ) itself 7if ! expression may be p>don$71 "o1 tw5ty1 or x may be eighty ye>s aft] bir?4 ,!re is m sam5ess ( matt]2 !re are few] diff]5ces ( any k9d p]ceptible by a ?ird p]son2 !re is m s5se ( cont9uity on ! "p ( ! p]son himself2 & f> m ( all t goes to make up our s5se ( sam5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 an embryo an h\r be=e bir? & ! *ild on be+ born1 ?an !re is betwe5 ! *ild j born & ! man ( tw5ty4 ,yet !re is no hesitation ab\t admitt+ sam5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 ^! two la/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if t hazy contradiction 9 t]ms1 8p]sonal id5tity10 be once all[$ to retreat beh9d ! ?re%old ( ! womb1 x has elud$ u once = all4 ,:at is true ( "o h\r be=e bir? is true ( two1 & s on till we get back to ! impregnate ovum1 :i* may fairly claim to h be5 p]sonally id5tical ) ! man ( eighty into :i* x ultimately develop$1 9 spite ( ! fact t !re is no p>ticle ( same matt] nor s5se ( cont9uity betwe5 !m1 nor recognis$ community ( in/9ct1 nor inde$ ( any?+ :i* goes to ! mak+ up ( t :i* we call id5tity4 ,!re is f> m ( all ^! ?+s common to ! impregnate ovum & ! ovum imm$iately be=e impregnation1 or aga9 betwe5 ! impregnate ovum1 & bo? ! ovum be=e impregnation & ! sp]matozoon :i* impregnat$ x4 ,nor1 if we admit p]sonal id5tity betwe5 ! ovum & ! octog5>ian1 is !re any suffici5t reason :y we %\ld n admit x betwe5 ! impregnate ovum & ! two factors ( :i* x is compos$1 :i* two factors are b (f%oots f two di/9ct p]sonalities1 ( :i* !y are z mu* "p z ! apple is ( ! apple-tree2 s t an impregnate ovum _c )\t a violation ( fir/ pr9ciples be deb>r$ f claim+ p]sonal id5tity ) bo? its p>5ts1 & h5ce1 by an easy *a9 ( reason+1 ) ea* ( ! impregnate ova f :i* its p>5ts 7 develop$4 ,s t ea* ovum :5 impregnate %\ld be consid]$ n z desc5d$ f its ance/ors1 b z be+ a cont9uation ( ! p]sonality ( e ovum 9 ! *a9 ( its ance/ry1 :i* e ovum x actually is q z truly z ! octog5>ian is ! same id5tity ) ! ovum f :i* he has be5 develop$4 ,?is process _c /op %ort ( ! primordial cell1 :i* aga9 w probably turn out to be b a brief re/+-place4 ,we !re=e prove ea* "o ( u to be actually ! primordial cell :i* nev] di$ nor dies1 b has diff]5tiat$ itself into ! life ( ! _w1 all liv+ be+s :atev]1 be+ "o ) x1 & memb]s "o ( ano!r4 ,to look at ! matt] = a mom5t 9 ano!r light1 x w be admitt$ t if ! primordial cell _h be5 kill$ be=e leav+ issue1 all its possible desc5dants w\ld h be5 kill$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,x is h>d to see h[ ?is s+le fact does n e/abli% at ! po9t1 z x 71 ( a logical bayonet1 an id5tity1 betwe5 any creature & all o!rs t are desc5d$ f x4 ,9 ,bi%op ,butl]'s fir/ diss]tation on p]sonality1 we f9d express$ v mu* ! same op9ions z w\ld foll[ f ! above consid]ations1 ?\gh !y are m5tion$ by ! ,bi%op only to be condemn$1 namely1 8t p]sonality is n a p]man5t b a transi5t ?+2 t x lives & dies1 beg9s & ends cont9ually2 t no man c any m rema9 "o & ! same p]son two mom5ts toge!r1 ?an two successive mom5ts c be "o & ! same mom5t20 9 :i* case1 he cont9ues1 our pres5t self w\ld n be 89 reality ! same ) ! self ( ye/]day1 b ano!r l self or p]son com+ up 9 its room & mi/ak5 = x1 to :i* ano!r self w succe$ to-morr[40 ,?is view ! ,bi%op proce$s to r$uce to absurdity by say+1 8,x mu/ be a fallacy ^u ourselves to *>ge our pres5t selves ) any?+ we did1 or to imag9e our pres5t selves int]e/$ 9 any?+ :i* befell u ye/]day2 or t our pres5t self w be int]e/$ 9 :at w befall u to-morr[4 ,?is1 ,i say1 mu/ foll[1 = if ! self or p]son ( to-day & t ( to-morr[ are n ! same1 b only l p]sons1 ! p]son ( to-day is really no m int]e/$ 9 :at w befall ! p]son ( to-morr[ ?an 9 :at w befall any o!r p]son4 ,x may be ?\ght1 p]haps1 t ?is is n a j repres5tation ( ! op9ion we are speak+ (1 because ^? :o ma9ta9 x all[ t a p]son is ! same z f> back z 8 remembrance rea*es4 ,& inde$ !y d use ! words id5tity & same p]son4 ,nor w language p]mit ^! words to be laid aside1 s9ce1 if !y 71 !re mu/ be ,i "k n :at ridicul\s p]iphrasis sub/itut$ 9 ! room ( !m4 ,b !y _c consi/5tly ) !mselves mean t ! p]son is really ! same4 ,= x is self-evid5t t ! p]sonality _c be really ! same1 if1 z !y expressly ass]t1 t 9 :i* x consi/s is n ! same4 ,& z consi/5tly ) !mselves !y _c1 s ,i ?9k x appe>s !y d n mean t ! p]son is really ! same1 b only t he is s 9 a fictiti\s s5se2 9 su* a s5se only z !y ass]t--= ?is !y d ass]t--t any numb] ( p]sons :atev] may be ! same p]son4 ,! b>e unfold+ ( ?is notion1 & lay+ x ?us nak$ & op51 seems ! be/ confutation ( x40 ,?is f5c+1 = x does n des]ve ! "n ( s]i\s disputation1 is r5d]$ possible by ! laxness ) :i* ! words 8id5tical0 & 8id5tity0 are commonly us$4 ,bi%op ,butl] w\ld n s]i\sly d5y t p]sonality und]goes great *anges betwe5 infancy & old age1 & h5ce t x mu/ und]go "s *ange f mom5t to mom5t4 ,s univ]sally is ?is recognis$1 t x is common to he> x said ( su* & su* a man t he is n at all ! p]son he 01 or ( su* & su* ano!r t he is twice ! man he us$ to be--expressions ?an :i* none ne>] ! tru? c well be f\nd4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :om ,bi%op ,butl] is int5d+ to confute w\ld be ! fir/ to admit t1 ?\gh !re are _m *anges betwe5 infancy & old age1 yet !y come ab\t 9 any "o individual "u su* circum/ances z we are all agre$ 9 consid]+ z ! factors ( p]sonal id5tity r ?an z h9drances !reto--t is to say1 !re has be5 no dea? on ! "p ( ! individual betwe5 any two phases ( 8 exi/5ce1 & any "o phase has _h a p]man5t ?\gh p]haps imp]ceptible effect ^u all succe$+ ones4 ,s t no "o ev] s]i\sly argu$ 9 ! mann] suppos$ by ,bi%op ,butl]1 unless ) modifications & sav+ clauses1 to :i* x does n suit 8 purpose to call att5tion4 ,id5tical /rictly means 8"o & ! same20 & if x 7 ti$ d[n to its /ricte/ usage1 x w\ld inde$ foll[ v logically1 z we h said already1 t no su* ?+ z p]sonal id5tity is possible1 b t ! case actually is z ,bi%op ,butl] has suppos$ 8 oppon5ts )\t qualification to ma9ta9 x4 ,9 common use1 h[ev]1 ! ^w 8id5tical0 is tak5 to mean any?+ s l ano!r t no vital or ess5tial diff]5ces c be p]ceiv$ betwe5 !m2 z 9 ! case ( two specim5s ( ! same k9d ( plant1 :5 we say !y are id5tical 9 spite ( consid]able individual diff]5ces4 ,s ) two impressions ( a pr9t f ! same plate2 s ) ! plate itself1 :i* is some:at modifi$ ) e impression tak5 f x4 ,9 l mann] 8id5tity0 is n held to its /rict mean+--absolute sam5ess--b is pr$icat$ rightly ( a pa/ & pres5t :i* are n[ v widely asund]1 provid$ !y h be5 cont9u\sly connect$ by l9ks s small z n to give too sudd5 a s5se ( *ange at any "o po9t2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ,?ames at ,ox=d & ,w9dsor or aga9 at ,gre5wi*1 we say ! same riv] fl[s by all ?ree places1 by :i* we mean t mu* ( ! wat] at ,gre5wi* has come d[n f ,ox=d & ,w9dsor 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,h[ sudd5 a *ange at any "o po9t1 or h[ great a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two extremes is suffici5t to b> id5tity1 is "o ( ! mo/ unc]ta9 ?+s imag9able1 & seems to be decid$ on diff]5t gr\nds 9 diff]5t cases1 sometimes v intelligibly1 & aga9 at o!rs arbitr>ily & caprici\sly4 ,p]sonal id5tity is b>r$ at "o end1 9 ! common op9ion1 by bir?1 & at ! o!r by dea?4 ,be=e bir?1 a *ild _c compla9 ei!r by himself or ano!r1 9 su* way z to set ! law 9 motion2 aft] dea? he is 9 l mann] p[]less to make himself felt by society1 except 9 s f> z he c d s by acts done be=e ! brea? has left 8 body4 ,at any po9t betwe5 bir? & dea? he is liable1 ei!r by himself or ano!r1 to affect 8 fell[-creatures2 h5ce1 no two o!r epo*s c be f\nd ( equal conv5i5ce = social purposes1 & !re=e !y h be5 seiz$ by society z settl+ ! :ole "q ( :5 p]sonal id5tity beg9s & ends--society be+ rightly conc]n$ ) its own practical conv5i5ce1 r ?an ) ! ab/ract tru? conc]n+ its individual memb]s4 ,no "o :o is capable ( reflection w d5y t ! limitation ( p]sonality is c]ta9ly arbitr>y to a degree z reg>ds bir?1 nor yet t x is v possibly arbitr>y z reg>ds dea?2 & z = int]m$iate po9ts1 no d\bt x w\ld be m /rictly accurate to say1 8y are ! n[ phase ( ! p]son ,i met la/ night10 or 8y are ! be+ :i* has be5 evolv$ f ! be+ ,i met la/ night10 ?an 8y are ! p]son ,i met la/ night40 ,b life is too %ort = ! p5-phrases :i* w\ld cr[d ^u u f e qu>t]1 if we did n set our face aga9/ all t is "u ! surface ( ?+s1 unless1 t is to say1 ! go+ b5ea? ! surface is1 = "s special *ance ( pr(it1 excusable or capable ( ext5uation4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,p]sonal ,,id5tity--7cont9u$74 ,,h[ arbitr>y curr5t notions conc]n+ id5tity really are1 may p]haps be p]ceiv$ by reflect+ ^u "s ( ! _m diff]5t phases ( reproduction4 ,direct reproduction 9 :i* a creation reproduces ano!r1 ! facsimile1 or ne>ly s1 ( itself may p]haps occur among ! l[e/ =ms ( animal life2 b x is c]ta9ly n ! rule among be+s ( a high] ord]4 ,a h5 lays an egg1 :i* egg becomes a *ick51 :i* *ick51 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 becomes a h54 ,a mo? lays an egg1 :i* egg becomes a cat]pill>1 :i* cat]pill>1 aft] go+ ?r\gh sev]al /ages1 becomes a *rysalis1 :i* *rysalis becomes a mo?4 ,a m$usa begets a ciliat$ l>va1 ! l>va begets a polyp1 ! polyp begets a /robila1 & ! /robila begets a m$usa aga92 ! cycle ( reproduction be+ complet$ 9 ! f\r? g5]ation4 ,a frog lays an egg1 :i* egg becomes a tadpole2 ! tadpole1 aft] m or few] int]m$iate /ages1 becomes a frog4 ,! mammals lay eggs1 :i* !y hat* inside _! own bodies1 in/ead ( outside !m2 b ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree & n ( k9d4 ,9 all ^! cases h[ difficult is x to say :]e id5tity beg9s or ends1 or aga9 :]e dea? beg9s or ends1 or :]e reproduction beg9s or ends4 ,h[ small & unimportant is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! *anges :i* a cat]pill> und]goes be=e becom+ a mo?1 & ^? ( a /robila be=e becom+ a m$usa4 ,yet 9 ! "o case we say ! cat]pill> does n die1 b is *ang$ 7?\gh1 if ! v>i\s *anges 9 its exi/5ce be produc$ metag5etically1 z is ! case ) _m insects1 x w\ld appe> to make a clean sweep ( e organ ( its exi/5ce1 & />t de novo1 gr[+ a head :]e its feet 71 & s on--at lea/ twice betwe5 its lives z cat]pill> & butt]fly72 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 we say ! cat]pill> does n die1 b is *ang$2 be+1 nev]!less1 "o p]sonality ) ! mo?1 into :i* x is develop$4 ,b 9 ! case ( ! /robila we say t x is n *ang$1 b dies1 & is no "p ( ! p]sonality ( ! m$usa4 ,we say ! egg becomes ! cat]pill>1 n by ! dea? ( ! egg & bir? ( ! cat]pill>1 b by ! ord9>y process ( nutrition & wa/e--wa/e & repair--wa/e & repair cont9ually4 ,9 l mann] we say ! cat]pill> becomes ! *rysalis1 & ! *rysalis ! mo?1 n ?r\gh ! dea? ( ei!r "o or ! o!r1 b by ! developm5t ( ! same creature1 & ! ord9>y processes ( wa/e & repair4 ,b ! m$usa aft] ?ree or f\r cycles becomes ! m$usa aga91 n1 we say1 by ^! same processes ( nutrition & wa/e1 b by a s]ies ( g5]ations1 ea* "o involv+ an actual bir? & an actual dea?4 ,:y ?is diff]5ce8 ,surely only because ! *anges 9 ! (fspr+ ( ! m$usa are m>k$ by ! leav+ a little m husk beh9d !m1 & t husk less %rivell$1 ?an is left on ! occasion ( ea* *ange betwe5 ! cat]pill> & ! butt]fly4 ,a little m residuum1 :i* residuum1 x may be1 c move ab\t2 & ?\gh %rivell+ f h\r to h\r1 may yet leave a little m (fspr+ be=e x is r$uc$ to p[d]2 or aga91 p]haps1 because 9 ! "o case1 ?\gh ! actors are *ang$1 !y are *ang$ beh9d ! sc5es1 & come on 9 p>ts & dresses1 m ne>ly resembl+ ^? ( ! orig9al actors1 ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,:5 ! cat]pill> em]ges f ! egg1 almo/ all t 0 inside ! egg has become cat]pill>2 ! %ell is ne>ly empty1 & _c move2 !re=e we d n c\nt x1 & call ! cat]pill> a cont9uation ( ! egg's exi/5ce1 & p]sonally id5tical ) ! egg4 ,s ) ! *rysalis & ! mo?2 b aft] ! mo? has laid h] eggs %e c /ill move h] w+s ab\t1 & %e looks ne>ly z l>ge z %e did be=e %e laid !m2 besides1 %e may yet lay a few m1 !re=e we d n consid] ! mo?'s life z cont9u$ 9 ! life ( h] eggs1 b r 9 _! husk1 :i* we /ill call ! mo?1 & :i* we say dies 9 a day or two1 & !re is an end ( x4 ,moreov]1 if we hold ! mo?'s life to be cont9u$ 9 t ( h] eggs1 we %all be =c$ to admit h] to be p]sonally id5tical ) ea* s+le egg1 &1 h5ce1 ea* egg to be id5tical ) e o!r egg1 z f> z ! pa/1 & community ( memories1 are conc]n$2 & x is n easy at fir/ to break ! spell :i* words h ca/ ar\nd u1 & to feel t "o p]son may become _m p]sons1 & t _m diff]5t p]sons may be practically "o & ! same p]son1 z f> z _! pa/ exp]i5ce is conc]n$2 & aga91 t two or m p]sons may unite & become "o p]son1 ) ! memories & exp]i5ces ( bo?1 ?\gh ?is has be5 actually ! case ) e "o ( u4 ,our pres5t way ( look+ at ^! matt]s is p]fectly "r & reasonable1 s long z we be> 9 m9d t x is a faon de p>l]1 a sort ( hi]oglyphic :i* %all /& = ! c\rse ( nature1 b no?+ m4 ,repair 7z is n[ univ]sally admitt$ by physiologi/s7 is only a phase ( reproduction1 or r reproduction & repair are only phases ( ! same p[]2 & aga91 dea? & ! ord9>y daily wa/e ( tissue1 are phases ( ! same ?+4 ,z = id5tity x is det]m9$ 9 any true s5se ( ! ^w1 n by dea? alone1 b by a comb9ation ( dea? & failure ( issue1 :e!r ( m9d or body4 ,to repeat4 ,:]ev] !re is a sep>ate c5tre ( ?\ght & action1 we see t x is connect$ ) its successive /ages ( be+1 by a s]ies ( inf9itely small *anges f mom5t to mom5t1 )1 p]haps1 at times m />tl+ & rapid *anges1 b1 nev]!less1 ) no su* sudd51 complete1 & unrepair$ break up ( ! prec$+ condition1 z we %all agree 9 call+ dea?4 ,! bran*+ out f x at diff]5t times ( new c5tres ( ?\ght & action1 has commonly z little appreciable effect ^u ! p>5t-/ock z ! fall ( an apple full ( ripe se$s has ^u an apple-tree2 & ?\gh ! life ( ! p>5t1 f ! date ( ! bran*+ (f ( su* p]sonalities1 is m truly cont9u$ 9 ^! ?an 9 ! residuum ( its own life1 we %\ld f9d ourselves involv$ 9 a good deal ( tr\ble if we 7 commonly to take ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,! residuum has g5]ally ! upp] h&4 ,he has m money1 & c eat up 8 new life m easily ?an 8 new life1 him4 ,a moral residuum w !re=e pref] to see ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 8 own p]son1 ?an 9 t ( 8 desc5dants1 & w act accord+ly4 ,h5ce we1 9 common ) mo/ o!r liv+ be+s1 ignore ! (fspr+ z =m+ "p ( ! p]sonality ( ! p>5t1 except 9 s f> z t we make ! fa!r liable = its support & = its extravagances 7?an :i* no great] pro( ne$ be wi%$ t ! law is at he>t a philosoph]1 & p]ceives ! complet5ess ( ! p]sonal id5tity betwe5 fa!r & son7 = tw5ty-"o ye>s f bir?4 ,9 o!r respects we are accu/om$1 probably r f consid]ations ( practical conv5i5ce ?an z ! result ( pure reason1 to ignore ! id5tity betwe5 p>5t & (fspr+ z completely z we ignore p]sonality be=e bir?4 ,) ^! exceptions1 h[ev]1 ! common op9ion conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity is reasonable en\gh1 & is f\nd to consi/ nei!r 9 consci\sness ( su* id5tity1 nor yet 9 ! p[] ( recollect+ its v>i\s phases 7= x is pla9 t id5tity survives ! di/9ction or susp5sion ( bo? ^!71 b 9 ! fact t ! v>i\s /ages appe> to ! majority ( p to h be5 9 "s way or o!r l9k$ toge!r4 ,= a v little reflection w %[ t id5tity1 z commonly pr$icat$ ( liv+ ag5ts1 does n consi/ 9 id5tity ( matt]1 ( :i* !re is no same p>ticle 9 ! infant1 we w say1 & ! octog5>ian into :om he has develop$4 ,nor1 aga91 does x dep5d ^u sam5ess ( =m or fa%ion2 = p]sonality is felt to survive frequ5t & radical modification ( /ructure1 z 9 ! case ( cat]pill>s & o!r insects4 ,mr4 ,d>w91 quot+ f ,pr(essor ,ow51 tells u 7,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfb1 ed4 #ahge71 t 9 ! case ( :at is call$ metag5etic developm5t1 8! new p>ts are n m\ld$ ^u ! inn] surfaces ( ! old ones4 ,! pla/ic =ce has *ang$ its mode ( op]ation4 ,! out] case1 & all t gave =m & "* to ! prec$5t individual1 p]i%1 & are ca/ (f2 !y are n *ang$ into ! correspond+ p>ts ( ! same individual4 ,^! are due to a new & di/9ct developm5tal process40 ,assur$ly1 !re is m bir? & dea? 9 ! _w ?an is dreamt ( by ! great] "p ( u2 b x is s mask$1 & on ! :ole1 s little to our purpose1 t we fail to see x4 ,yet radical & sweep+ z ! *anges ( organism above describ$ mu/ be1 we d n feel !m to be m a b> to p]sonal id5tity ?an ! consid]able *anges :i* take place 9 ! /ructure ( our own bodies betwe5 y\? & old age4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is is to be f\nd 9 ! case ( "s ,e*9od]ms1 conc]n+ :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 t 8! animal 9 ! second /age ( developm5t is =m$ almo/ l a bud )9 ! animal ( ! fir/ /age1 ! latt] be+ !n ca/ (f l an old ve/m5t1 yet sometimes ma9ta9+ = a %ort p]iod an indep5d5t vitality0 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfb1 ed4 #ahge74 ,nor yet does p]sonality dep5d ^u any consci\sness or s5se ( su* p]sonality on ! "p ( ! creature itself--x is n likely t ! mo? rememb]s hav+ be5 a cat]pill>1 m ?an we ourselves rememb] hav+ be5 *ildr5 ( a day old4 ,x dep5ds simply ^u ! fact t ! v>i\s phases ( exi/5ce h be5 l9k$ toge!r1 by l9ks :i* we agree 9 consid]+ suffici5t to cause id5tity1 & t !y h fl[$ ! "o out ( ! o!r 9 :at we see z a cont9u\s1 ?\gh x may be at times1 a tr\bl$ /ream4 ,?is is ! v ess5ce ( p]sonality1 b x involves ! probable unity ( all animal & vegetable life1 z be+1 9 reality1 no?+ b "o s+le creature1 ( :i* ! compon5t memb]s are b1 z x 71 blood corpuscles or individual cells2 life be+ a sort ( leav51 :i*1 if once introduc$ into ! _w1 w leav5 x altoge!r2 or ( fire1 :i* w consume all x c burn2 or ( air or wat]1 :i* w turn mo/ ?+s into !mselves4 ,inde$1 no difficulty w\ld probably be felt ab\t admitt+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce ( p]sonal id5tity betwe5 p>5ts & _! (fspr+ ?r\gh all "t 7!re be+ no sudd5 break at any "t betwe5 ! exi/5ce ( any mat]nal p>5t & t ( its (fspr+71 7 x n t aft] a c]ta9 "t ! *anges 9 outw>d appe>ance betwe5 desc5dants & ance/ors become v great1 ! two seem+ to /& s f> ap>t1 t x seems absurd 9 any way to say t !y are "o & ! same be+2 mu* 9 ! same way z aft] a "t--?\gh exactly :5 no "o c say--! ,?ames becomes ! sea4 ,moreov]1 ! sep>ation ( ! id5tity is practically ( f> great] importance to x ?an its cont9uance4 ,we want to be ourselves2 we d n want any "o else to claim "p & p>cel ( our id5tity4 ,?is community ( id5tities is n f\nd to answ] 9 ev]yday life4 ,:5 !n our love ( indep5d5ce is back$ up by ! fact t cont9uity ( life betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ is a matt] :i* dep5ds on ?+s :i* are a good deal hidd51 & t ?us bir? gives u an opportunity ( pret5d+ t !re has be5 a sudd5 leap into a sep>ate life2 :5 also we h reg>d to ! utt] ignorance ( embryology1 :i* prevail$ till q rec5tly1 x is n surpris+ t our ord9>y language %\ld be f\nd to h reg>d to :at is important & obvi\s1 r ?an to :at is n q obvi\s1 & is q unimportant4 ,p]sonality is ! creature ( "t & space1 *ang+1 z "t *anges1 imp]ceptibly2 we are !re=e driv5 to deal ) x z ) all cont9u\s & bl5d+ ?+s2 z ) "t1 = example1 itself1 :i* we divide into days1 & seasons1 & times1 & ye>s1 into divisions t are (t5 arbitr>y1 b co9cide1 on ! :ole1 z ne>ly z we c make !m d s1 ) ! m m>k$ *anges :i* we c obs]ve4 ,we lay hold1 9 fact1 ( any?+ we c cat*2 ! mo/ important feature 9 any exi/5ce z reg>ds ourselves be+ t :i* we c be/ lay hold ( r ?an t :i* is mo/ ess5tial to ! exi/5ce itself4 ,we c lay hold ( ! cont9u$ p]sonality ( ! egg & ! mo? into :i* ! egg develops1 b x is less easy to cat* sight ( ! cont9u$ p]sonality betwe5 ! mo? & ! eggs :i* %e lays2 yet ! "o cont9uation ( p]sonality is j z true & free f quibble z ! o!r4 ,a mo? becomes ea* egg t %e lays1 & t %e does s1 %e w 9 good "t %[ by do+1 n[ t %e has got a fre% />t1 z ne> z may be :at %e did :5 fir/ %e 0 an egg1 & !n a mo?1 be=e2 & ?is ,i take x1 s f> z ,i c ga!r f look+ at life & ?+s g5]ally1 %e w\ld n be able to d if %e _h n travell$ ! same road (t5 en\gh already1 to be able to "k x 9 h] sleep & bl9dfold1 t is to say1 to rememb] x )\t any consci\s act ( memory4 ,s also a gra9 ( :eat is l9k$ ) an e>1 conta9+1 we w say1 a doz5 gra9s1 by a s]ies ( *anges s subtle t we _c say at :at mom5t ! orig9al gra9 became ! blade1 nor :5 ea* e> ( ! head became possess$ ( an individual c5tre ( action4 ,to say t ea* gra9 ( ! head is p]sonally id5tical ) ! orig9al gra9 w\ld p]haps be an abuse ( t]ms2 b x c be no abuse to say t ea* gra9 is a cont9uation ( ! p]sonality ( ! orig9al gra91 & if s1 ( e gra9 9 ! *a9 ( its own ance/ry2 & t1 z be+ su* a cont9uation1 x mu/ be /or$ ) ! memories & exp]i5ces ( its pa/ exi/5ces1 to be recollect$ "u ! circum/ances mo/ fav\rable to recollection1 i4e41 :5 "u simil> conditions to ^? :5 ! impression 0 la/ made & la/ rememb]$4 ,truly1 !n1 9 ea* case ! new egg & ! new gra9 is ! egg1 & ! gra9 f :i* its p>5t sprang1 z completely z ! full-gr[n ox is ! calf f :i* x has gr[n4 ,aga91 9 ! case ( "s weep+ trees1 ^: b\ghs spr+ up into fre% trees :5 !y h rea*$ ! gr\nd1 :o %all say at :at "t !y cease to be memb]s ( ! p>5t tree8 ,9 ! case ( cutt+s f plants x is easy to elude ! difficulty by mak+ a p>ade ( ! %>p & sudd5 act ( sep>ation f ! p>5t /ock1 b ?is is only a piece ( m5tal sleight ( h&2 ! cutt+ rema9s z mu* "p ( its p>5t plant z ?\gh x _h nev] be5 sev]$ f x2 x goes on pr(it+ by ! exp]i5ce :i* x _h be=e x 0 cut (f1 z mu* z ?\gh x _h nev] be5 cut (f at all4 ,?is w be m readily se5 9 ! case ( worms :i* h be5 cut 9 half4 ,let a worm be cut 9 half1 & ! two halves w become fre% worms2 :i* ( !m is ! orig9al worm8 ,surely bo?4 ,p]haps no simpl] case ?an ?is c\ld readily be f\nd ( ! mann] 9 :i* p]sonality eludes u1 ! mom5t we try to inve/igate its real nature4 ,!re are few ideas :i* on fir/ consid]ation appe> s simple1 & none :i* becomes m utt]ly incapable ( limitation or def9ition z soon z x is exam9$ closely4 ,f9ally1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 p4 #ch1 ed4 #ahge71 writes-- 8,ev5 ) plants multipli$ by bulbs1 lay]s1 c41 :i* may 9 "o s5se be said to =m "p ( ! same individual10 c41 c42 & aga91 p4 #eh1 8,! same rule holds good ) plants :5 propagat$ by bulbs1 (fsets1 c41 :i* 9 "o s5se /ill =m p>ts ( ! same individual10 c4 ,9 ea* ( ^! passages x is pla9 t ! difficulty ( sep>at+ ! p]sonality ( ! (fspr+ f t ( ! p>5t plant is pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,yet1 p4 #cea ( ! same volume z above1 he tells u t asexual g5]ation 8is effect$ 9 _m ways--by ! =mation ( buds ( v>i\s k9ds1 & by fissip>\s g5]ation1 t is1 by spontane\s or artificial division40 ,! multiplication ( plants by bulbs & lay]s cle>ly comes "u ?is head1 nor w any ess5tial diff]5ce be felt betwe5 "o k9d ( asexual g5]ation & ano!r2 if1 !n1 ! (fspr+ =m$ by bulbs & lay]s is 9 "o s5se "p ( ! orig9al plant1 s also1 x w\ld appe>1 is all (fspr+ develop$ by asexual g5]ation 9 its manifold phrases4 ,if we n[ turn to p4 #ceg1 we f9d ! conclusion arriv$ at1 z x w\ld appe>1 on ! mo/ satisfactory evid5ce1 t 8sexual & asexual reproduction are n se5 to diff] ess5tially2 & 4 4 4 t asexual reproduction1 ! p[] ( regr[?1 & developm5t are all p>ts ( "o & ! same great law40 ,does x n !n foll[1 q reasonably & necess>ily1 t all (fspr+1 h[ev] g5]at$1 is 9 "o s5se "p ( ! individuality ( its p>5t or p>5ts4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 turns ^u 89 :at s5se0 ?is may be said to be ! case8 ,to :i* ,i w\ld v5ture to reply1 8,9 ! same s5se z ! p>5t plant 7:i* is b ! repres5tative ( ! outside matt] :i* x has assimilat$ dur+ gr[?1 & ( its own p[]s ( developm5t7 is ! same individual t x 0 :5 x 0 itself an (fset1 or a c[ ! same individual t x 0 :5 x 0 a calf--b no o!rwise40 ,n mu* difficulty w be felt ab\t suppos+ ! (fset ( a plant1 to be imbu$ ) ! memory ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! plant ( :i* x is an (fset4 ,x is "p ( ! plant itself2 & w "k :atev] ! plant kn[s4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld !re be m difficulty 9 suppos+ ! (fspr+ ( ! highe/ mammals1 to rememb] 9 a pr(\nd b unselfconsci\s way1 ! ant]ior hi/ory ( ! creatures ( :i* !y too h be5 "p & p>cel8 ,p]sonal id5tity1 !n1 is mu* l species itself4 ,x is n[1 ?anks to ,mr4 ,d>w91 g5]ally held t species bl5d or h bl5d$ into "o ano!r2 s t any possibility ( arrangem5t & app>5t subdivision into def9ite gr\ps1 is due to ! suppression by dea? bo? ( individuals & :ole g5]a1 :i*1 _h !y be5 n[ exi/+1 w\ld h l9k$ all liv+ be+s by a s]ies ( gradations s subtle t little classification c\ld h be5 attempt$4 ,h[ x is t ! "o great p]sonality ( life z a :ole1 %\ld h split itself up into s _m c5tres ( ?\ght & action1 ea* "o ( :i* is :olly1 or at any rate ne>ly1 unconsci\s ( its connection ) ! o!r memb]s1 in/ead ( hav+ gr[n up into a huge polyp1 or z x 7 coral reef or comp\nd animal ov] ! :ole _w1 :i* %\ld be consci\s b ( its own "o s+le exi/5ce2 h[ x is t ! daily wa/e ( ?is creature %\ld be c>ri$ on by ! consci\s dea? ( its individual memb]s1 in/ead ( by ! unconsci\s wa/e ( tissue :i* goes on 9 ! bodies ( ea* individual 7if inde$ ! tissue :i* we wa/e daily 9 our own bodies is s unconsci\s ( its bir? & dea? z we suppose72 h[1 aga91 t ! daily repair ( ?is huge creature life %\ld h become dec5tralis$1 & be c>ri$ on by consci\s reproduction on ! "p ( its compon5t items1 in/ead ( by ! unconsci\s nutrition ( ! :ole f a s+le c5tre1 z ! nutrition ( our own bodies w\ld appe> 7?\gh p]haps falsely7 to be c>ri$ on2 ^! are matt]s ^u :i* ,i d>e n speculate "h1 b on :i* "s reflections may foll[ 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,our ,,subord9ate ,,p]sonalities4 ,,we h se5 t we c appreh5d nei!r ! beg9n+ nor ! end ( our p]sonality1 :i* comes up out ( inf9ity z an isl& out ( ! sea1 s g5tly1 t none c say :5 x is fir/ visible on our m5tal horizon1 & fades away 9 ! case ( ^? :o leave (fspr+1 s imp]ceptibly t none c say :5 x is out ( sight4 ,b1 l ! isl&1 :e!r we c see x or no1 x is always !re4 ,n only are we inf9ite z reg>ds "t1 b we are s also z reg>ds ext5sion1 be+ s l9k$ on to ! ext]nal _w t we _c say :]e we ei!r beg9 or end4 ,if ^? :o s frequ5tly decl>e t man is a f9ite creature w\ld po9t out 8 b\nd>ies1 x might lead to a bett] und]/&+4 ,nev]!less1 we are 9 ! habit ( consid]+ t our p]sonality1 or s\l1 no matt] :]e x beg9s or ends1 & no matt] :at x comprises1 is nev]!less a s+le ?+1 uncomp\nd$ ( o!r s\ls4 ,yet !re is no?+ m c]ta9 ?an t ?is is n at all ! case1 b t e individual p]son is a comp\nd creature1 be+ made up ( an inf9ite numb] ( di/9ct c5tres ( s5sation & w1 ea* "o ( :i* is p]sonal1 & has a s\l & individual exi/5ce1 a reproductive sy/em1 intellig5ce1 & memory ( its own1 ) probably its hopes & fe>s1 its times ( sc>city & repletion1 & a /rong conviction t x is itself ! c5tre ( ! univ]se4 ,true1 no "o is aw>e ( m ?an "o individuality 9 8 own p]son at "o "t4 ,we are1 inde$1 (t5 greatly influ5c$ by o!r p1 s mu* s1 t we act on _m occasions 9 accordance ) _! w r ?an our own1 mak+ our actions answ] to _! s5sations1 & regi/] ! conclusions ( _! c]ebral action & n our own2 = ! "t be+1 we become s completely "p ( !m1 t we are ready to d ?+s mo/ di/a/eful & dang]\s to u1 if !y ?9k x = _! advantage t we %\ld d s4 ,?us we sometimes see p become m]e processes ( _! wives or ne>e/ relations4 ,yet !re is a some?+ :i* bl9ds u1 s t we _c see h[ completely we are possess$ by ! s\ls :i* influ5ce u ^u ^! occasions4 ,we /ill ?9k we are ourselves1 & ourselves only1 & are z c]ta9 z we c be ( any fact1 t we are s+le s5ti5t be+s1 uncomp\nd$ ( o!r s5ti5t be+s1 & t our action is det]m9$ by ! sole op]ation ( a s+le w4 ,b 9 reality1 ov] & above ?is possession ( our s\ls by o!rs ( our own species1 ! w ( ! l[] animals (t5 ent]s into our bodies & possesses !m1 mak+ u d z !y w1 & n z we w2 z1 = example1 :5 p try to drive pigs1 or are run away ) by a re/ive horse1 or are attack$ by a savage animal :i* ma/]s !m4 ,x is absurd to say t a p]son is a s+le 8ego0 :5 he is 9 ! clut*es ( a lion4 ,ev5 :5 we are alone1 & un9flu5c$ by o!r p except 9 s f> z we rememb] _! wi%es1 we yet g5]ally con=m to ! usages :i* ! curr5t feel+ ( our pe]s has taught u to respect2 _! w hav+ s ma/]$ our orig9al nature1 t1 d :at we may1 we c nev] aga9 sep>ate ourselves & dwell 9 ! isolation ( our own s+le p]sonality4 ,& ev5 ?\gh we succe$$ 9 ?is1 & made a clean sweep ( e m5tal influ5ce :i* _h ev] be5 br\ght to be> ^u u1 & ?\gh at ! same "t we 7 alone 9 "s des]t :]e !re 0 nei!r bea/ nor bird to attract our att5tion or 9 any way influ5ce our action1 yet we c\ld n escape ! p>asites :i* ab\nd )9 u2 ^: action1 z e m$ical man well kn[s1 is (t5 su* z to drive m5 to ! commission ( grave crimes1 or to ?r[ !m into convulsions1 make lunatics ( !m1 kill !m--:5 b = ! exi/5ce & c\rse ( conduct pursu$ by ^! p>asites !y w\ld h done no wrong to any man4 ,^! p>asites--are !y "p ( u or no8 ,"s are pla9ly n s 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 yet _! action may1 9 cases :i* x is unnecess>y to detail1 affect u s p[]fully t we are irresi/ibly impell$ to act 9 su* or su* a mann]2 & yet we are z :olly unconsci\s ( any impulse outside ( our own 8ego0 z ?\gh !y 7 "p ( ourselves2 o!rs aga9 are ess5tial to our v exi/5ce1 z ! corpuscles ( ! blood1 :i* ! be/ au?orities concur 9 suppos+ to be compos$ ( an inf9ite numb] ( liv+ s\ls1 on ^: welf>e ! heal?y condition ( our blood1 & h5ce ( our :ole bodies1 dep5ds4 ,we brea! t !y may brea!1 n t we may d s2 we only c>e ab\t oxyg5 9 s f> z ! inf9itely small be+s :i* c\rse up & d[n 9 our ve9s c>e ab\t x3 ! :ole arrangem5t & me*anism ( our lungs may be our do+1 b is = _! conv5i5ce1 & !y only s]ve u because x suits _! purpose to d s1 z long z we s]ve !m4 ,:o %all draw ! l9e betwe5 ! p>asites :i* are "p ( u1 & ! p>asites :i* are n "p ( u8 ,or aga91 betwe5 ! influ5ce ( ^? p>asites :i* are )9 u1 b are yet n u1 & ! ext]nal influ5ce ( o!r s5ti5t be+s & our fell[-m58 ,!re is no l9e possible4 ,ev]y?+ melts away into ev]y?+ else2 !re are no h>d edges2 x is only f a little di/ance t we see ! effect z ( individual features & exi/5ces4 ,:5 we g close up1 !re is no?+ b a blur & confus$ mass ( app>5tly mean+less t\*es1 z 9 a picture by ,turn]4 ,! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,d>w9's provisional !ory ( ,pang5esis1 w suffici5tly %[ t ! above is no /range & p>adoxical view put =w>d wantonly1 b t x foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse f ! conclusions arriv$ at by ^? :o are ackn[l$g$ lead]s 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes ?us3-- 8,! functional indep5d5ce ( ! elem5ts or units ( ! body4--,physiologi/s agree t ! :ole organism consi/s ( a multitude ( elem5tal p>ts1 :i* are to a great ext5t indep5d5t ( "o ano!r4 ,ea* organ1 says ,claude ,b]n>d1 has its prop] life1 its autonomy2 x c develop & reproduce itself indep5d5tly ( ! adjo9+ tissues4 ,a great ,g]man au?ority1 ,vir*[1 ass]ts /ill m emphatically t ea* sy/em consi/s ( #8an enorm\s mass ( m9ute c5tres ( action4 4 4 4 ,e elem5t has its own special action1 & ev5 ?\gh x d]ive its /imulus to activity f o!r p>ts1 yet alone effects ! actual p]=mance ( duties4 4 4 4 ,e s+le epi!lial & muscul> fibre-cell leads a sort ( p>asitical exi/5ce 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! body4 4 4 4 ,e s+le bone corpuscle really possesses conditions ( nutrition peculi> to itself4' ,ea* elem5t1 z ,sir ,j4 ,paget rem>ks1 lives its appo9t$ "t1 & !n dies1 & is replac$ aft] be+ ca/ (f & absorb$4 ,i presume t no physiologi/ d\bts t1 = in/ance1 ea* bone corpuscle ( ! f+] diff]s f ! correspond+ corpuscle ( ! correspond+ jo9t ( ! toe10 c41 c4 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #cfd1 #cfe1 ed4 #ahge74 ,9 a "w on h]$ity by ,m4 ,ribot1 ,i f9d him say+1 8,"s rec5t au?ors attribute a memory0 7& if s1 surely e attribute ( complete individuality7 8to e organic elem5t ( ! body20 among !m ,dr4 ,maudsley1 :o is quot$ by ,m4 ,ribot1 z say+1 8,! p]man5t effects ( a p>ticul> virus1 su* z t ( ! v>iola1 9 ! con/itution1 %[s t ! organic elem5t rememb]s = ! rema9d] ( its life c]ta9 modifications x has receiv$4 ,! mann] 9 :i* a cicatrix 9 a *ild's f+] gr[s ) ! gr[? ( ! body1 proves1 z has be5 %[n by ,paget1 t ! organic elem5t ( ! "p does n =get ! impression x has receiv$4 ,:at has be5 said ab\t ! diff]5t n]v\s c5tres ( ! body demon/rates ! exi/5ce ( a memory 9 ! n]ve cells diffus$ ?r\gh ! he>t & inte/9es2 9 ^? ( ! sp9al cord1 9 ! cells ( ! motor ganglia1 & 9 ! cells ( ! cortical sub/ance ( ! c]ebal hemisph]es40 ,n[1 if words h any mean+ at all1 x mu/ foll[ f ! passages quot$ above1 t ea* cell 9 ! human body is a p]son ) an intellig5t s\l1 ( a l[ class1 p]haps1 b /ill diff]+ f our own m complex s\l 9 degree1 & n 9 k9d2 &1 l ourselves1 be+ born1 liv+1 & dy+4 ,s t ea* s+le creature1 :e!r man or bea/1 proves to be z a ray ( :ite light1 :i*1 ?\gh s+le1 is comp\nd$ ( ! r$1 blue1 & yell[ rays4 ,x w\ld appe>1 !n1 z ?\gh 8we10 8our s\ls10 or 8selves10 or 8p]sonalities10 or by :atev] "n we may pref] to be call$1 are b ! cons5sus & full fl[+ /ream ( c\ntless s5sations & impulses on ! "p ( our tribut>y s\ls or 8selves10 :o probably "k no m t we exi/1 & t !y exi/ z "p ( u1 ?an a microscopic wat]-flea kn[s ! results ( spectrum analysis1 or ?an an agricultural lab\r] kn[s ! work+ ( ! ,briti% con/itution3 & ( :om we "k no m1 until "s misconduct on our "p1 or "s confusion ( ideas on !irs1 has driv5 !m into insurrection1 ?an we d ( ! habits & feel+s ( "s class widely sep>at$ f our own4 ,^! compon5t s\ls are ( _m & v diff]5t natures1 liv+ 9 t]ritories :i* are to !m va/ cont95ts1 & riv]s1 & seas1 b :i* are yet only ! bodies ( our o!r compon5t s\ls2 coral reefs & sponge-b$s )9 u2 ! animal itself be+ a k9d ( mean proportional betwe5 its h\se & its s\l1 & none be+ able to say :]e h\se ends & animal beg9s1 m ?an !y c say :]e animal ends & s\l beg9s4 ,= our bones )9 u are b inside walls & buttresses1 t is to say1 h\ses con/ruct$ ( lime & /one1 z x 71 by coral insects2 & our h\ses )\t u are b outside bones1 a k9d ( ext]ior skeleton or %ell1 s t we p]i% ( cold if p]man5tly & sudd5ly depriv$ ( ! cov]+s :i* w>m u & *]i% u1 z ! w+ ( a h5 *]i%es h] *ick5s4 ,if we consid] ! %ells ( _m liv+ creatures1 we %all f9d x h>d to say :e!r !y are r h\ses1 or "p ( ! animal itself1 be+1 z !y are1 insep>able f ! animal1 )\t ! de/ruction ( its p]sonality4 ,is x possible1 !n1 to avoid imag9+ t if we h )9 u s _m tribut>y s\ls1 s utt]ly diff]5t f ! s\l :i* !y unite to =m1 t !y nei!r c p]ceive u1 nor we !m1 ?\gh x is 9 u t !y live & move & h _! be+1 & ?\gh we are :at we are1 solely z ! result ( _! co-op]ation--is x possible to avoid imag9+ t we may be ourselves atoms1 undesign$ly comb9+ to =m "s va/] be+1 ?\gh we are utt]ly incapable ( p]ceiv+ t any su* be+ exi/s1 or ( realis+ ! s*eme or scope ( our own comb9ation8 ,& ?is1 too1 n a spiritual be+1 :i*1 )\t matt]1 or :at we ?9k matt] ( "s sort1 is z complete nons5se to u z ?\gh m5 bade u love & lean ^u an intellig5t vacuum1 b a be+ ) :at is virtually fle% & blood & bones2 ) organs1 s5ses1 dim5sions1 9 "s way analog\s to our own1 into "s o!r "p ( :i* be+1 at ! "t ( our great *ange we mu/ infallibly re-ent]1 />t+ clean anew1 ) bygones bygones1 & no m a*e = ev] f ei!r age or antec$5ts4 ,truly1 suffici5t = ! life is ! evil !re(4 ,any speculations ( ours conc]n+ ! nature ( su* a be+1 mu/ be z futile & little valuable z ^? ( a blood corpuscle might be expect$ to be conc]n+ ! nature ( man2 b if ,i 7 myself a blood corpuscle1 ,i %\ld be amus$ at mak+ ! discov]y t ,i 0 n only enjoy+ life 9 my own sph]e1 b 0 bon fide "p ( an animal :i* w\ld n die ) myself1 & 9 :i* ,i might ?us ?9k ( myself z cont9u+ to live to all et]nity1 or to :at1 z f> z my p[] ( ?\ght w\ld c>ry me1 mu/ seem practically et]nal4 ,b1 aft] all1 ! amusem5t w\ld be ( a r dre>y nature4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ,i 7 ! be+ ( :om su* an introspective blood corpuscle 0 a compon5t item1 ,i %\ld conceive he s]v$ me bett] by att5d+ to my blood & mak+ himself a successful corpuscle1 ?an by speculat+ ab\t my nature4 ,he w\ld s]ve me be/ by s]v+ himself be/1 )\t be+ ov] curi\s4 ,i %\ld expect t my blood might suff] if 8 bra9 7 to become too active4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,i c\ld discov] ! ve9 9 :i* he 01 ,i %\ld let him out to beg9 life anew 9 "s o!r &1 qu me1 m pr(itable capacity4 ,) ! units ( our bodies x is z ) ! />s ( heav53 !re is nei!r spee* nor language1 b _! voices are he>d among !m4 ,our w is ! fiat ( _! collective wisdom1 z sanction$ 9 _! p>liam5t1 ! bra92 x is !y :o make u d :atev] we d--x is !y :o %\ld be rew>d$ if !y h done well1 or hang$ if !y h committ$ murd]4 ,:5 ! balance ( p[] is well pres]v$ among !m1 :5 !y respect ea* o!r's rights & "w h>moni\sly toge!r1 !n we ?rive & are well2 if we are ill1 x is because !y are qu>rell+ ) !mselves1 or are gone on /rike = ?is or t addition to _! environm5t1 & our doctor mu/ pacify or *a/ise !m z be/ he may4 ,!y are we & we are !y2 & :5 we die x is b a r$i/ribution ( ! balance ( p[] among !m or a *ange ( dyna/y1 ! result1 x may be1 ( h]oic /ruggle1 ) m epics & love romances ?an we c\ld read f n[ to ! ,mill5nium1 if !y 7 s writt5 d[n t we c\ld compreh5d !m4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t ! m we exam9e ! "q ( p]sonality ! m x baffles u1 ! only safegu>d aga9/ utt] confusion & idl5ess ( ?\ght be+ to fall back ^u ! sup]ficial & common s5se view1 & refuse to tol]ate discussions :i* seem to hold out little prospect ( comm]cial value1 & :i* w\ld compel u1 if logically foll[$1 to be at ! inconv5i5ce ( alt]+ our op9ions ^u matt]s :i* we h come to consid] z settl$4 ,& we obs]ve t ?is is :at is practically done by "s ( our able/ philosoph]s1 :o seem unwill+1 if "o may say s )\t presumption1 to accept ! conclusions to :i* _! own exp]im5ts & obs]vations w\ld seem to po9t4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 = example1 quotes ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ^u headless frogs4 ,if we cut (f a frog's head & p9* any "p ( its sk91 ! animal at once beg9s to move away ) ! same regul>ity z ?\gh ! bra9 _h n be5 remov$4 ,fl\r5s took gu9ea-pigs1 depriv$ !m ( ! c]ebral lobes1 & !n irritat$ _! sk92 ! animals imm$iately walk$1 leap$1 & trott$ ab\t1 b :5 ! irritation 0 discont9u$ !y ceas$ to move4 ,headless birds1 "u excitation1 c /ill p]=m ) _! w+s ! rhy?mic movem5ts ( fly+4 ,b "h are "s facts m curi\s /ill1 & m difficult ( explanation4 ,if we take a frog or a /rong & heal?y triton1 & subject x to v>i\s exp]im5ts2 if we t\*1 p9*1 or burn x ) acetic acid1 & if !n1 aft] decapitat+ ! animal1 we subject x to ! same exp]im5ts1 x w be se5 t ! reactions are exactly ! same2 x w /rive to be free ( ! pa91 & to %ake (f ! acetic acid t is burn+ x2 x w br+ its foot up to ! "p ( its body t is irritat$1 & ?is movem5t ( ! memb] w foll[ ! irritation :]ev] x may be produc$4 ,! above is ma9ly tak5 f ,m4 ,ribot's "w on h]$ity r ?an ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s1 because ,m4 ,ribot tells u t ! head ( ! frog 0 actually cut (f1 a fact :i* does n appe> s pla9ly 9 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s allusion to ! same exp]im5ts4 ,b ,dr4 ,c>p5t] tells u t aft] ! bra9 ( a frog has be5 remov$--:i* w\ld seem to be mu* ! same ?+ z ?\gh its head 7 cut (f--8if acetic acid be appli$ ov] ! upp] & "u "p ( ! ?igh1 ! foot ( ! same side w wipe x away2 b if t foot be cut (f1 aft] "s ineffectual ef=ts & a %ort p]iod ( inaction10 dur+ :i* x is h>d n to surmise t ! headless body is consid]+ :at x _h bett] d "u ! circum/ances1 8! same movem5t w be made by ! foot ( ! opposite side10 :i*1 to ord9>y p1 w\ld convey ! impression t ! headless body 0 capable ( feel+ ! impressions x _h receiv$1 & ( reason+ ^u !m by a psy*ological act2 & ?is ( c\rse involves ! possession ( a s\l ( "s sort4 ,"h is a frog ^: "r ?igh y burn ) acetic acid4 ,v naturally x tries to get at ! place ) its "r foot to remove ! acid4 ,y !n cut (f ! frog's head1 & put m acetic acid on ! "s place3 ! headless frog1 or r ! body ( ! late frog1 does j :at ! frog did be=e its head 0 cut (f--x tries to get at ! place ) its "r foot4 ,y n[ cut (f its "r foot3 ! headless body delib]ates1 & aft] a :ile tries to d ) its left foot :at x c no long] d ) its "r4 ,pla9 matt]-(-fact p w draw _! own inf]5ce4 ,!y w n be s$uc$ f ! sup]ficial view ( ! matt]4 ,!y w say t ! headless body c /ill1 to "s ext5t1 feel1 ?9k1 & act1 & if s1 t x mu/ h a liv+ s\l4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] writes z foll[s3--8,n[ ! p]=mance ( ^!1 z well z ( _m o!r movem5ts1 t %[ a mo/ rem>kable adaptation to a purpose1 might be suppos$ to indicate t s5sations are call$ up by ! impressions1 & t ! animal c n only feel1 b c volunt>ily direct its movem5ts s z to get rid ( ! irritation :i* annoys x4 ,b su* an inf]5ce w\ld be inconsi/5t ) o!r facts4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! motions p]=m$ "u su* circum/ances are nev] spontane\s1 b are always excit$ by a /imulus ( "s k9d40 ,"h we pause to ask ourselves :e!r any action ( any creature "u any circum/ances is ev] excit$ )\t 8/imulus ( "s k9d10 & unless we c answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 x is n easy to see h[ ,dr4 ,c>p5t]'s objection is valid4 8,?us10 he cont9ues1 8a decapitat$ frog0 7"h !n we h x t ! frog's head 0 actually cut (f7 8aft] ! fir/ viol5t convulsive mom5ts occasion$ by ! op]ation h pass$ away1 rema9s at re/ until x is t\*$2 & !n ! leg1 or its :ole body may be ?r[n into sudd5 action1 :i* sudd5ly subsides aga940 7,h[ does ?is quiesc5ce :5 x no long] feels any?+ %[ t ! 8leg or :ole body0 _h n p]ceiv$ some?+ :i* made x feel :5 x 0 n quiesc5t87--8,aga9 we f9d t su* movem5ts may be p]=m$ n only :5 ! bra9 has be5 remov$1 ! sp9al cord rema9+ entire1 b also :5 ! sp9al cord has be5 itself cut across1 s z to be divid$ into two or m portions1 ea* ( !m completely isolat$ f ea* o!r1 & f o!r p>ts ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,?us1 if ! head ( a frog be cut (f1 & its sp9al cord be divid$ 9 ! middle ( ! back1 s t its =e legs rema9 connect$ ) ! upp] "p1 & its h9d legs ) ! l[]1 ea* pair ( memb]s may be excit$ to movem5ts by /imulants appli$ to itself2 b ! two pairs w n exhibit any cons5tane\s motions1 z !y w d :5 ! sp9al cord is undivid$40 ,?is may be put p]haps m pla9ly ?us4 ,if y take a frog & cut x into ?ree pieces--say1 ! head = "o piece1 ! =e legs & %\ld] = ano!r1 & ! h9d legs = a ?ird--& !n irritate any "o ( ^! pieces1 y w f9d x move mu* z x w\ld h mov$ "u l irritation if ! animal _h rema9$ undivid$1 b y w no long] f9d any conc]t betwe5 ! movem5ts ( ! ?ree pieces2 t is to say1 if y irritate ! head1 ! o!r two pieces w rema9 quiet1 & if y irritate ! h9d legs1 y w excite no action 9 ! =e legs or head4 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] cont9ues3 8,or if ! sp9al cord be cut across )\t ! removal ( ! bra91 ! l[] limbs may be excit$ to movem5t by an appropriate /imulant1 ?\gh ! animal has cle>ly no p[] ov] !m1 :il/ ! upp] "p rema9s "u its control z completely z be=e40 ,:y are ! head & %\ld]s 8! animal0 m ?an ! h9d legs "u ^! circum/ances8 ,nei!r half c exi/ long )\t ! o!r2 ! two p>ts1 !re=e1 be+ equally important to ea* o!r1 we h surely z good a "r to claim ! title ( 8! animal0 = ! h9d legs1 & to ma9ta9 t !y h no p[] ov] ! head & %\ld]s1 z any "o else has to claim ! animal%ip = ^! la/4 ,:at we say is1 t ! animal has ceas$ to exi/ z a frog on be+ cut 9 half1 & t ! two halves are no long]1 ei!r ( !m1 ! frog1 b are simply pieces ( /ill liv+ organism1 ea* ( :i* has a s\l ( its own1 be+ capable ( s5sation1 & ( intellig5t psy*ological action z ! consequ5ce ( s5sations1 ?\gh ! "o "p has probably a mu* high] & m intellig5t s\l ?an ! o!r1 & nei!r "p has a s\l = a mom5t comp>able 9 p[] & durability to t ( ! orig9al frog4 8,n[ x is sc>cely conceivable10 cont9ues ,dr ,c>p5t]1 8t 9 ?is la/ case s5sations %\ld be felt & volition ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( t portion ( ! sp9al cord :i* rema9s connect$ ) ! n]ves ( ! po/]ior extremities1 b :i* is cut (f f ! bra94 ,= if x 7 s1 !re mu/ be two di/9ct c5tres ( s5sation & w 9 ! same animal1 ! attributes ( ! bra9 n be+ affect$2 & by divid+ ! sp9al cord into two or m segm5ts we might ?us create 9 ! body ( "o animal two or m su* indep5d5t c5tres 9 addition to t :i* holds its prop] place 9 ! head40 ,9 ! face ( ! facts be=e u1 x does n se5 f>-fet*$ to suppose t !re are two1 or inde$ an inf9ite numb] ( c5tres ( s5sation & w 9 an animal1 ! attributes ( ^: bra9 are n affect$ b t ^! c5tres1 :ile ! bra9 is intact1 habitually act 9 connection ) & 9 subord9ation to t c5tral au?ority2 z 9 ! ord9>y /ate ( ! fi% trade1 fi% is caught1 we w say1 at ,y>m\?1 s5t up to ,london1 & !n s5t d[n to ,y>m\? aga9 to be eat51 in/ead ( be+ eat5 at ,y>m\? :5 caught4 ,b f ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by ?ree pieces ( an animal1 x is impossible to argue t ! causes ( ! ph5om5a 7 pres5t 9 ! quondam animal itself2 ! memory ( an inf9ite s]ies ( g5]ations hav+ s habituat$ ! local c5tres ( s5sation & w1 to act 9 conc]t ) ! c5tral gov]nm5t1 t z long z !y c get at t gov]nm5t1 !y are absolutely incapable ( act+ indep5d5tly4 ,:5 ?r[n on _! own res\rces1 !y are s demoralis$ by ages ( dep5d5ce on ! bra91 t !y die aft] a few ef=ts at self-ass]tion1 f %e] unfamili>ity ) ! position1 & inability to recognise !mselves :5 disjo9t$ rudely f _! habitual associations4 ,9 conclusion1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t] says1 8,to say t two or m di/9ct c5tres ( s5sation & w are pres5t 9 su* a case1 w\ld really be ! same z say+ t we h ! p[] ( con/itut+ two or m di/9ct egos 9 "o body1 :i* is manife/ly absurd40 ,"o sees ! absurdity ( ma9ta9+ t we c make "o frog into two frogs by cutt+ a frog into two pieces1 b !re is no absurdity 9 believ+ t ! two pieces h m9or c5tres ( s5sation & intellig5ce )9 !mselves1 :i*1 :5 ! animal is entire1 act 9 mu* conc]t ) ! bra91 & ) ea* o!r1 t x is n easy to detect _! orig9ally autonom\s "*1 b :i*1 :5 depriv$ ( _! p[] ( act+ 9 conc]t1 are ?r[n back ^u e>li] habit1 n[ too long =gott5 to be capable ( p]man5t resumption4 ,illu/rations are apt to mislead1 nev]!less !y may p]haps be sometimes tol]at$4 ,suppose1 = example1 t ,london to ! ext5t1 say1 ( a circle ) a six-mile radius f ,*>+ ,cross1 7 utt]ly annihilat$ 9 ! space ( five m9utes dur+ ! ,session ( ,p>liam5t4 ,suppose1 also1 t two entirely impassable b>ri]s1 say ( five miles 9 wid?1 half a mile high1 & r$ hot1 7 ?r[n across ,engl&2 "o f ,gl\ce/] to ,h>wi*1 & ano!r f ,liv]pool to ,hull1 & at ! same "t ! sea 7 to become a mass ( molt5 lava1 s no wat] communication %\ld be possible2 ! political1 m]cantile1 social1 & intellectual life ( ! c\ntry w\ld be convuls$ 9 a mann] :i* x is h>dly possible to realise4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s w\ld die ?r\gh ! dislocation ( exi/+ arrangem5ts4 ,nev]!less1 ea* ( ! ?ree p>ts into :i* ,engl& 0 divid$ w\ld %[ signs ( prov9cial life = :i* x w\ld f9d c]ta9 imp]fect organisms ready to h&4 ,bri/ol1 ,birm+ham1 ,liv]pool1 & ,man*e/]1 accu/om$ ?\gh !y are to act 9 subord9ation to ,london1 w\ld probably take up ! re9s ( gov]nm5t 9 _! sev]al sections2 !y w\ld make _! t[n c\ncils into local gov]nm5ts1 appo9t judges f ! able/ ( _! magi/rates1 organise relief committees1 & endeav\r z well z !y c\ld to remove any acetic acid t might be n[ p\r$ on ,wilt%ire1 ,w>wick%ire1 or ,nor?umb]l&1 b no conc]t betwe5 ! ?ree divisions ( ! c\ntry w\ld be any long] possible4 ,%\ld we be ju/ifi$1 "u ^! circum/ances1 9 call+ any ( ! ?ree p>ts ( ,engl&1 ,engl&8 ,or1 aga91 :5 we obs]v$ ! prov9cial action to be z ne>ly l t ( ! orig9al undivid$ nation z circum/ances w\ld all[1 %\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t ! action1 su* z x 01 0 n political8 ,&1 la/ly1 %\ld we = a mom5t ?9k t an admission t ! prov9cial action 0 ( a bon fide political "* w\ld involve ! supposition t ,engl&1 undivid$1 _h m ?an "o 8ego0 z ,engl&1 no matt] h[ _m subord9ate 8egos0 might g to ! mak+ ( x1 ea* "o ( :i* prov$1 on em]g5cy1 to be capable ( a feeble autonomy8 ,m4 ,ribot w\ld seem to take a ju/] view ( ! ph5om5on :5 he says 7p4 #bbb ( ! ,engli% translation7-- 8,we c h>dly say t "h ! movem5ts are co-ord9at$ l ^? ( a ma*9e2 ! acts ( ! animal are adapt$ to a special end2 we f9d 9 !m ! *>act]s ( intellig5ce & w1 a k & *oice ( means1 s9ce !y are z v>iable z ! cause :i* provokes !m4 8,if ^!1 !n1 & simil> acts1 7 su* t bo? ! impressions :i* produc$ !m & ! acts !mselves 7 p]ceiv$ by ! animal1 w\ld !y n be call$ psy*ological8 ,is !re n 9 !m all t con/itutes an intellig5t act--adaptation ( means to ends2 n a g5]al & vague adaptation1 b a det]m9ate adaptation to a det]m9ate end8 ,9 ! reflex action we f9d all t con/itutes 9 "s sort ! v gr\ndwork ( an intellig5t act--t is to say1 ! same s]ies ( /ages1 9 ! same ord]1 ) ! same relations betwe5 !m4 ,we h ?us1 9 ! reflex act1 all t con/itutes ! psy*ological act except consci\sness4 ,! reflex act1 :i* is physiological1 diff]s 9 no?+ f ! psy*ological act1 save only 9 ?is--t x is )\t consci\sness40 ,! only rem>k :i* sugge/s itself ^u ?is1 is t we h no "r to say t ! "p ( ! animal :i* moves does n also p]ceive its own act ( motion1 z mu* z x has p]ceiv$ ! impression :i* has caus$ x to move4 ,x is pla9 8! animal0 _c d s1 = ! animal _c be said to be any long] 9 exi/5ce4 ,half a frog is n a frog2 nev]!less1 if ! h9d legs are capable1 z ,m4 ,ribot appe>s to admit1 ( 8p]ceiv+ ! impression0 :i* produces _! action1 & if 9 t action !re is 7& !re w\ld c]ta9ly appe> to be s7 8all t con/itutes an intellig5t act1 4 4 4 a det]m9ate adaptation to a det]m9ate end10 "o fails to see on :at gr\nd !y %\ld be suppos$ to be incapable ( p]ceiv+ _! own action1 9 :i* case ! action ( ! h9d legs becomes di/9ctly psy*ological4 ,secondly1 ,m4 ,ribot appe>s to =get t x is ! t5d5cy ( all psy*ological action to become unconsci\s on be+ frequ5tly repeat$1 & t no l9e c be drawn betwe5 psy*ological acts & ^? reflex acts :i* he calls physiological4 ,all we c say is1 t !re are acts :i* we d )\t kn[+ t we d !m2 b ! analogy ( _m habits :i* we h be5 able to wat* 9 _! passage f labori\s consci\sness to p]fect unconsci\sness1 w\ld sugge/ t all action is really psy*ological1 only t ! s\l's action becomes invisible to ourselves aft] x has be5 repeat$ suffici5tly (t5--t !re is1 9 fact1 a law z simple z 9 ! case ( optics or gravitation1 :]eby consci\s p]ception ( any action %all v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e1 say1 ( its be+ repeat$4 ,x is easy to und]/& ! advantage to ! individual ( ?is p[] ( do+ ?+s rightly )\t ?9k+ ab\t !m2 = 7 !re no su* p[]1 ! att5tion w\ld be incapable ( foll[+ ! multitude ( matt]s :i* w\ld be cont9ually arre/+ x2 ^? animals :i* _h develop$ a p[] ( work+ automatically1 & )\t a recurr5ce to fir/ pr9ciples :5 !y _h once ma/]$ any p>ticul> process1 w\ld1 9 ! common c\rse ( ev5ts1 /& a bett] *ance ( cont9u+ _! species1 & ?us ( transmitt+ _! new p[] to _! desc5dants4 ,m4 ,ribot decl9es to pursue ! subject fur!r1 & has only cursorily allud$ to x4 ,he writes1 h[ev]1 t1 on ! 8obscure problem0 ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 reflex & psy*ological actions1 "s say1 8:5 !re c be no consci\sness1 because ! bra9 is want+1 !re is1 9 spite ( appe>ances1 only me*anism10 :il/ o!rs ma9ta91 t 8:5 !re is selection1 reflection1 psy*ical action1 !re mu/ also be consci\sness 9 spite ( appe>ances40 ,a little lat] 7p4 #bbc71 he says1 8,x is q possible t if a headless animal c\ld live a suffici5t l5g? ( "t0 7t is to say1 if ! h9d legs ( an animal c\ld live a suffici5t l5g? ( "t )\t ! bra971 8!re w\ld be f\nd 9 x0 7!m7 8a consci\sness l t ( ! l[] species1 :i* w\ld consi/ m]ely 9 ! faculty ( appreh5d+ ! ext]nal _w40 7,:y m]ely8 ,x is m ?an appreh5d+ ! outside _w to be able to try to d a ?+ ) "o's left foot1 :5 "o f9ds t "o _c d x ) "o's "r47 8,x w\ld n be correct to say t ! amphioxus1 ! only "o among fi%es & v]tebrata :i* has a sp9al cord )\t a bra91 has no consci\sness because x has no bra92 & if x be admitt$ t ! little ganglia ( ! inv]tebrata c =m a consci\sness1 ! same may hold good = ! sp9al cord40 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t x is )9 ! common scope & mean+ ( ! words 8p]sonal id5tity10 n only t "o creature c become _m z ! mo? becomes manifold 9 h] eggs1 b t ea* individual may be manifold 9 ! s5se ( be+ comp\nd$ ( a va/ numb] ( subord9ate individualities :i* h _! sep>ate lives )9 him1 ) _! hopes1 & fe>s1 & intrigues1 be+ born & dy+ )9 u1 _m g5]ations1 ( !m dur+ our s+le lifetime4 8,an organic be+10 writes ,mr4 ,d>w91 8is a microcosm1 a little univ]se1 =m$ ( a ho/ ( self-propagat+ organisms1 inconceivably m9ute1 & num]\s z ! />s 9 heav540 ,z ^! myriads ( small] organisms are p>ts & processes ( u1 s are we b p>ts & processes ( life at l>ge4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,*apt]s--,,! ,,assimilation ,,( ,,outside ,,matt]4 ,,let u n[ return to ! position :i* we left at ! end ( ! f\r? *apt]4 ,we _h !n conclud$ t ! self-developm5t ( ea* new life 9 succe$+ g5]ations--! v>i\s /ages ?r\gh :i* x passes 7z x w\ld appe>1 at fir/ sight1 )\t rhyme or reason7--! mann] 9 :i* x prep>es /ructures ( ! mo/ surpass+ intricacy & delicacy1 = :i* x has no use at ! "t :5 x prep>es !m--& ! _m elaborate in/9cts :i* x exhibits imm$iately on1 & inde$ be=e1 bir?--all po9t 9 ! direction ( habit & memory1 z ! only causes :i* c\ld produce !m4 ,:y %\ld ! embryo ( any animal g ?r\gh s _m /ages--embryological allusions to =efa!rs ( a widely diff]5t type8 ,& :y1 aga91 %\ld ! g]ms ( ! same k9d ( creature always g ?r\gh ! same /ages8 ,if ! g]m ( any animal n[ liv+ is1 9 its simple/ /ate1 b "p ( ! p]sonal id5tity ( "o ( ! orig9al g]ms ( all life :atsoev]1 & h5ce1 if any n[ liv+ organism mu/ be consid]$ )\t quibble z be+ itself millions ( ye>s old1 & z imbu$ ) an int5se ?\gh unconsci\s memory ( all t x has done suffici5tly (t5 to h made a p]man5t impression2 if ?is be s1 we c answ] ! above que/ions p]fectly well4 ,! creature goes ?r\gh s _m int]m$iate /ages betwe5 its e>lie/ /ate z life at all1 & its late/ developm5t1 = ! simple/ ( all reasons1 namely1 because ?is is ! road by :i* x has always hi!rto travell$ to its pres5t diff]5tiation2 ?is is ! road x kn[s1 & into e turn & up or d[n ( :i*1 x has be5 guid$ by ! =ce ( circum/ances & ! balance ( consid]ations4 ,^!1 act+ 9 su* a mann] = su* & su* a "t1 caus$ x to travel 9 su* & su* fa%ion1 :i* fa%ion hav+ be5 once suffici5tly e/abli%$1 becomes a matt] ( trick or r\t9e to :i* ! creature is /ill a slave1 & 9 :i* x confirms itself by repetition 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation4 ,?us ,i suppose1 z almo/ e "o else1 s f> z ,i c ga!r1 supposes1 t we are desc5d$ f ance/ors ( widely diff]5t *>act]s to our own4 ,if we c\ld see "s ( our =efa!rs a million ye>s back1 we %\ld f9d !m unlike any?+ we c\ld call man2 if we 7 to g back fifty million ye>s1 we %\ld f9d !m1 x may be1 fi%es pure & simple1 brea?+ ?r\gh gills1 & unable to exi/ = _m m9utes 9 air4 ,x is admitt$ on all h&s t !re is m or less analogy betwe5 ! embryological developm5t ( ! individual1 & ! v>i\s phases or conditions ( life ?r\gh :i* 8 =efa!rs h pass$4 ,i suppose1 !n1 t ! fi% ( fifty million ye>s back & ! man ( to-day are "o s+le liv+ be+1 9 ! same s5se1 or v ne>ly s1 z ! octog5>ian is "o s+le liv+ be+ ) ! infant f :i* he has gr[n2 & t ! fi% has liv$ himself into manhood1 n z we live out our little life1 liv+1 & liv+1 & liv+ till we die1 b liv+ by pulsations1 s to speak2 liv+ s f>1 & aft] a c]ta9 "t go+ into a new body1 & ?r[+ (f ! old2 mak+ 8 body mu* z we make any?+ t we want1 & h (t5 made already1 t is to say1 z ne>ly z may be 9 ! same way z he made x la/ "t2 also t he is z unable z we ourselves are1 to make :at he wants )\t go+ ?r\gh ! usual processes ) :i* he is famili>1 ev5 ?\gh !re may be o!r bett] ways ( do+ ! same ?+1 :i* might n be f> to seek1 if ! creature ?\ght !m bett]1 & _h n got s accu/om$ to su* & su* a me?od1 t he w\ld only be baffl$ & put out by any attempt to tea* him o!rwise4 ,& ?is on5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 ourselves & our suppos$ fi%like ance/ors ( _m millions ( ye>s ago1 mu/ hold also betwe5 ea* individual "o ( u & ! s+le pair ( fi%es f :i* we are ea* 7on ! pres5t mom5t>y hypo!sis7 desc5d$2 & x mu/ also hold betwe5 su* pair ( fi%es & all _! desc5dants besides man1 x may be "s ( !m birds1 & o!rs fi%es2 all ^! desc5dants1 :e!r human or o!rwise1 be+ b ! way 9 :i* ! creature 7:i* 0 a pair ( fi%es :5 we fir/ took x 9 h& ?\gh x 0 a hundr$ ?\s& o!r ?+s z well1 & _h be5 all mann] ( o!r ?+s be=e any "p ( x became fi%like7 cont9ues to exi/--its mann]1 9 fact1 ( gr[+4 ,z ! mann] 9 :i* ! human body gr[s is by ! cont9u$ bir? & dea?1 9 our s+le lifetime1 ( _m g5]ations ( cells :i* we "k no?+ ab\t1 b say t we h _h only "o h& or foot all our lives1 :5 we h really _h _m1 "o aft] ano!r2 s ?is huge comp\nd creature1 ,,life1 probably ?9ks itself b "o s+le animal ^: compon5t cells1 z x may imag9e1 gr[1 & x may be wa/e & repair1 b d n die4 ,x may be t ! cells ( :i* we are built up1 & :i* we h already se5 mu/ be consid]$ z sep>ate p]sons1 ea* "o ( !m ) a life & memory ( its own--x may be t ^! cells reckon "t 9 a mann] inconceivable by u1 s t no ^w c convey any idea ( x :atev]4 ,:at may to !m appe> a long & pa9ful process may to u be s in/antane\s z to escape u altoge!r1 we want+ "s microscope to %[ u ! details ( "t4 ,if1 9 l mann]1 we 7 to all[ our imag9ation to conceive ! exi/5ce ( a be+ z mu* 9 ne$ ( a microscope = our "t & affairs z we = ^? ( our own compon5t cells1 ! ye>s w\ld be to su* a be+ b z ! w9k+s or ! tw9kl+s ( an eye4 ,w\ld he ?9k1 !n1 t all ! ants & flies ( "o w9k 7 diff]5t f ^? ( ! next8 or w\ld he n r believe t !y 7 always ! same flies1 &1 aga91 always ! same m5 & wom51 if he c\ld see !m at all1 & if ! :ole human race did n appe> to him z a sort ( spread+ & li*5-l gr[? ov] ! e>?1 n diff]5tiat$ at all into individuals8 ,) ! help ( a microscope & ! intellig5t ex]cise ( 8 reason1 he w\ld 9 "t conceive ! tru?4 ,he w\ld put ,cov5t ,g>d5 ,m>ket on ! field ( 8 microscope1 & w\ld p]haps write a great deal ( nons5se ab\t ! un]r+ 8in/9ct0 :i* taught ea* co/]mong] to recognise 8 own basket or 8 own donkey-c>t2 & ?is1 mutatis mut&is1 is :at we are gett+ to d z reg>ds our own bodies4 ,:at ,i wi% is1 to make ! same sort ( /ep 9 an upw>d direction :i* has already be5 tak5 9 a d[nw>d "o1 & to %[ reason = ?9k+ t we are only compon5t atoms ( a s+le comp\nd creature1 ,,life1 :i* has probably a di/9ct conception ( its own p]sonality ?\gh none :atev] ( ours1 m ?an we ( our own units4 ,i wi% also to %[ reason = ?9k+ t ?is creature1 ,,life1 has only come to be :at x is1 by ! same sort ( process z t by :i* any human art or manufacture is develop$1 i4e41 ?r\gh con/antly do+ ! same ?+ ov] & ov] aga91 beg9n+ f some?+ :i* is b>ely recognisable z fai?1 or z ! desire to "k1 or d1 or live at all1 & z to ! orig9 ( :i* we are 9 utt] d>kness1--& gr[+ till x is fir/ consci\s ( ef=t1 !n consci\s ( p[]1 !n p[]ful ) b little consci\sness1 & f9ally1 s p[]ful & s *>g$ ) memory z to be absolutely )\t all self-consci\sness :atev]1 except z reg>ds its late/ phases 9 ea* ( its _m diff]5tiations1 or :5 plac$ 9 su* new circum/ances z compel x to *oose betwe5 dea? & a reconsid]ation ( its position4 ,no conjecture c be haz>d$ z to h[ ! smalle/ p>ticle ( matt] became s imbu$ ) fai? t x mu/ be consid]$ z ! beg9n+ ( ,,life1 or z to :at su* fai? is1 except t x is ! v ess5ce ( all ?+s1 & t x has no f\ndation4 ,9 ?is way1 !n1 ,i conceive we c fairly transf] ! exp]i5ce ( ! race to ! individual1 )\t any o!r mean+ to our words ?an :at !y w\ld naturally sugge/2 t is to say1 t !re is 9 e impregnate ovum a bon fide memory1 :i* c>ries x back n only to ! "t :5 x 0 la/ an impregnate ovum1 b to t e>li] date :5 x 0 ! v beg9n+ ( life at all1 :i* same creature x /ill is1 :e!r z man or ovum1 & h5ce imbu$1 s f> z "t & circum/ance all[1 ) all its memories4 ,surely ?is is no /ra9$ hypo!sis2 = ! m]e fact t ! g]m1 f ! e>lie/ mom5t t we are able to detect x1 appe>s to be s p]fectly famili> ) its bus9ess1 acts ) s little hesitation & s little introspection or ref]5ce to pr9ciples1 ?is alone %\ld incl9e u to suspect t x mu/ be arm$ ) t :i*1 s f> z we obs]ve 9 daily life1 c alone ensure su* a result--to wit1 long practice1 & ! memory ( _m simil> p]=mances4 ,! difficulty is1 t we are consci\s ( no su* memory 9 our own p]sons1 & beyond ! "o great pro( ( memory giv5 by ! actual repetition ( ! p]=mance--& ( "s ( ! late/ deviations f ! ord9>y p]=mance 7& ?is pro( ought 9 itself1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 to outweigh any save ! directe/ evid5ce to ! contr>y7 we c detect no symptom ( any su* m5tal op]ation z recollection on ! "p ( ! embryo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h se5 t we "k mo/ int5sely ^? ?+s t we are lea/ consci\s ( kn[+2 we w mo/ int5sely :at we are lea/ consci\s ( will+2 we feel cont9ually )\t kn[+ t we feel1 & our att5tion is h\rly arre/$ )\t our att5tion be+ arre/$ by ! arre/+ ( our att5tion4 ,memory is no less capable ( unconsci\s ex]cise1 & on becom+ int5se ?r\gh frequ5t repetition1 vani%es no less completely z a consci\s action ( ! m9d ?an k & volition4 ,we mu/ all be aw>e ( in/ances 9 :i* x is pla9 we mu/ h rememb]$1 )\t be+ 9 ! smalle/ degree consci\s ( rememb]+4 ,is x !n absurd to suppose t our pa/ exi/5ces h be5 repeat$ on su* a va/ numb] ( occasions t ! g]m1 l9k$ on to all prec$+ g]ms1 &1 by once hav+ become "p ( _! id5tity1 imbu$ ) all _! memories1 rememb]s too int5sely to be consci\s ( rememb]+1 & works on ) ! same k9d ( unconsci\sness ) :i* we play1 or walk1 or read1 until some?+ unfamili> happ5s to u8 & is x n s+ul>ly 9 accordance ) ?is view t consci\sness %\ld beg9 ) t "p ( ! creature's p]=mance ) :i* x is lea/ famili>1 z hav+ repeat$ x lea/ (t5--t is to say1 9 our own case1 ) ! comm5cem5t ( our human life--at bir?1 or !reab\ts8 ,x is c]ta9ly notewor?y t ! embryo is nev] at a loss1 unless some?+ happ5s to x :i* has n usually happ5$ to its =efa!rs1 & :i* 9 ! nature ( ?+s x _c rememb]4 ,:5 ev5ts are happ5+ to x :i* h ord9>ily happ5$ to its =efa!rs1 & :i* x w\ld !re=e rememb]1 if x 0 possess$ ( ! k9d ( memory :i* we are "h attribut+ to x1 x acts precisely z x w\ld act if x 7 possess$ ( su* memory4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ev5ts are happ5+ to x :i*1 if x has ! k9d ( memory we are attribut+ to x1 w\ld baffle t memory1 or :i* h r>ely or nev] be5 includ$ 9 ! category ( its recollections1 x acts precisely z a creature acts :5 its recollection is di/urb$1 or :5 x is requir$ to d some?+ :i* x has nev] done be=e4 ,we _c rememb] hav+ be5 9 ! embryonic /age1 b we d n on t acc\nt d5y t we ev] 7 9 su* a /age at all4 ,on a little reflection x w appe> no m reasonable to ma9ta9 t1 :5 we 7 9 ! embryonic /age1 we did n rememb] our pa/ exi/5ces1 ?an to say t we nev] 7 embryos at all4 ,we _c rememb] :at we did or did n recollect 9 t /ate2 we _c n[ rememb] hav+ gr[n ! eyes :i* we und\bt$ly did gr[1 mu* less c we rememb] :e!r or n we !n rememb]$ hav+ gr[n !m be=e2 b x is probable t our memory 0 !n1 9 respect ( our previ\s exi/5ces z embryos1 z mu* m int5se ?an x is n[ 9 respect ( our *ildhood1 z our p[] ( acquir+ a new language 0 great] :5 we 7 "o or two ye>s old1 ?an :5 we 7 tw5ty4 ,& :y %\ld ?is p[] ( acquir+ languages be great] at two ye>s ?an at tw5ty1 b t = _m g5]ations we h le>nt to speak at ab\t ?is age1 & h5ce look to le>n to d s aga9 on rea*+ x1 j z we look$ to mak+ eyes1 :5 ! "t came at :i* we 7 accu/om$ to make !m4 ,if we once _h ! memory ( hav+ be5 infants 7:i* we _h f day to day dur+ infancy71 & h lo/ x1 we may well h _h o!r & m int5se memories :i* we h lo/ no less completely4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ m extraord9>y 9 ! supposition t ! impregnate ovum has an int5se s5se ( its cont9uity )1 & !re=e ( its id5tity )1 ! two impregnate ova f :i* x has sprung1 ?an 9 ! fact t we h no s5se ( our cont9uity ) ourselves z infants4 ,if !n1 !re is no priori objection to ?is view1 & if ! impregnate ovum acts 9 su* a mann] z to c>ry ! /ronge/ conviction t x mu/ h already on _m occasions done :at x is do+ n[1 & t x has a vivid ?\gh unconsci\s recollection ( :at all1 & m especially its ne>]1 ance/ral ova did "u simil> circum/ances1 !re w\ld seem to be little d\bt :at conclusion we ought to come to4 ,a h5's egg1 = example1 z soon z ! h5 beg9s to sit1 sets to "w imm$iately to d z ne>ly z may be :at ! two eggs f :i* its fa!r & "m 7 hat*$ did :5 h5s began to sit ^u !m4 ,! inf]5ce w\ld seem almo/ irresi/ible1--t ! second egg rememb]s ! c\rse pursu$ by ! eggs f :i* x has sprung1 & ( ^: pres5t id5tity x is unque/ionably a "p-phase2 x also seems irresi/ibly =c$ ^u u to believe t ! int5sity ( ?is memory is ! secret ( its easy action4 ,x has1 ,i believe1 be5 (t5 rem>k$1 t a h5 is only an egg's way ( mak+ ano!r egg4 ,e creature mu/ be all[$ to 8run0 its own developm5t 9 its own way2 ! egg's way may seem a v r\ndab\t mann] ( do+ ?+s2 b x is its way1 & x is "o ( :i* man1 ^u ! :ole1 has no great reason to compla94 ,:y ! f[l %\ld be consid]$ m alive ?an ! egg1 & :y x %\ld be said t ! h5 lays ! egg1 & n t ! egg lays ! h51 ^! are que/ions :i* lie beyond ! p[] ( philosophic explanation1 b are p]haps mo/ answ]able by consid]+ ! conceit ( man1 & 8 habit1 p]si/$ 9 dur+ _m ages1 ( ignor+ all t does n rem9d him ( himself1 or hurt him1 or pr(it him2 also by consid]+ ! use ( language1 :i*1 if x is to s]ve at all1 c only d s by ignor+ a va/ numb] ( facts :i* gradually drop out ( m9d f be+ out ( sight4 ,b1 p]haps1 aft] all1 ! real reason is1 t ! egg does n cackle :5 x has laid ! h51 & t x works t[>ds ! h5 ) gradual & noiseless /eps1 :i* we c wat* if we be s m9d$2 :]eas1 we c less easily wat* ! /eps :i* lead f ! h5 to ! egg1 b he> a noise1 & see an egg :]e !re 0 no egg4 ,!re=e1 we say1 ! developm5t ( ! f[l f ! egg be>s no sort ( resemblance to t ( ! egg f ! f[l1 :]eas1 9 tru?1 a h51 or any o!r liv+ creature1 is only ! primordial cell's way ( go+ back ^u itself4 ,b to return4 ,we see an egg1 ,a1 :i* evid5tly kn[s its own mean+ p]fectly well1 & we "k t a twelvemon? ago !re 7 two o!r su* eggs1 ,b & ,c1 :i* h n[ disappe>$1 b f :i* we "k ,a to h be5 s cont9u\sly develop$ z to be "p ( ! pres5t =m ( _! id5tity4 ,a's mean+ is se5 to be precisely ! same z ,b & ,c's mean+2 ,a's p]sonal appe>ance is1 to all int5ts & purposes1 ,b & ,c's p]sonal appe>ance2 x w\ld seem1 !n1 unreasonable to d5y t ,a is only ,b & ,c come back1 ) su* modification z !y may h incurr$ s9ce _! disappe>ance2 & t1 9 spite ( any su* modification1 !y rememb] 9 ,a p]fectly well :at !y did z ,b & ,c4 ,we h consid]$ ! "q ( p]sonal id5tity s z to see :e!r1 )\t abuse ( t]ms1 we c claim x z exi/+ betwe5 any two g5]ations ( liv+ ag5ts 7& if betwe5 two1 !n betwe5 any numb] up to inf9ity71 & we f\nd t we 7 n only at lib]ty to claim ?is1 b t we are compell$ irresi/ibly to d s1 unless1 t is to say1 we w\ld ?9k v diff]5tly conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity ?an we d at pres5t4 ,we f\nd x impossible to hold ! ord9>y common s5se op9ions conc]n+ p]sonal id5tity1 )\t admitt+ t we are p]sonally id5tical ) all our =efa!rs1 :o h successfully assimilat$ outside matt] to !mselves1 & by assimilation imbu$ x ) all _! own memories2 we be+ no?+ else ?an ?is outside matt] s assimilat$ & imbu$ ) su* memories4 ,?is1 at lea/1 w1 ,i believe1 balance ! acc\nt correctly4 ,a few rem>ks ^u ! assimilation ( outside matt] by liv+ organisms may p]haps be haz>d$ "h4 ,z long z any liv+ organism c ma9ta9 itself 9 a position to :i* x has be5 accu/om$1 m or less ne>ly1 bo? 9 its own life & 9 ^? ( its =efa!rs1 no?+ c h>m x4 ,z long z ! organism is famili> ) ! position1 & rememb]s its antec$5ts1 no?+ c assimilate x4 ,x mu/ be fir/ dislodg$ f ! position ) :i* x is famili>1 z be+ able to rememb] x1 be=e mis*ief c happ5 to x4 ,no?+ c assimilate liv+ organism4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mom5t liv+ organism loses sight ( its own position & antec$5ts1 x is liable to imm$iate assimilation1 & to be ?us famili>is$ ) ! position & antec$5ts ( "s o!r creature4 ,if any liv+ organism be kept = b a v %ort "t 9 a position :olly diff]5t f :at x has be5 accu/om$ to 9 its own life1 & 9 ! lives ( its =efa!rs1 x commonly loses its memories completely1 once & = ev]2 b x mu/ imm$iately acquire new ones1 = no?+ c "k no?+2 ev]y?+ mu/ rememb] ei!r its own antec$5ts1 or "s "o else's4 ,& z no?+ c "k no?+1 s no?+ c believe 9 no?+4 ,a gra9 ( corn1 = example1 has nev] be5 accu/om$ to f9d itself 9 a h5's /oma*--nei!r x nor its =efa!rs4 ,= a gra9 s plac$ leaves no (fspr+1 & h5ce _c transmit its exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ m9ute or s aft] be+ eat51 x may ?9k x has j be5 s[n1 & beg9 to prep>e = spr\t+1 b 9 a few seconds1 x discov]s ! environm5t to be unfamili>2 x !re=e gets fright5$1 loses its head1 is c>ri$ into ! gizz>d1 & comm9ut$ among ! gizz>d /ones4 ,! h5 succe$$ 9 putt+ x into a position ) :i* x 0 unfamili>2 f ?is x 0 an easy /age to assimilat+ x entirely4 ,once assimilat$1 ! gra9 ceases to rememb] any m z a gra91 b becomes initiat$ into all t happ5s to1 & has happ5$ to1 f[ls = c\ntless ages4 ,!n x w attack all o!r gra9s :5ev] x sees !m2 !re is no su* p]secutor ( gra91 z ano!r gra9 :5 x has once fairly id5tifi$ itself ) a h54 ,we may rem>k 9 pass+1 t if any?+ be once famili>is$ ) any?+1 x is cont5t4 ,! only ?+s we really c>e = 9 life are famili> ?+s2 let u h ! means ( do+ :at we h be5 accu/om$ to d1 ( dress+ z we h be5 accu/om$ to dress1 ( eat+ z we h be5 accu/om$ to eat1 & let u h no less lib]ty ?an we are accu/om$ to h1 & la/1 b n lea/1 let u n be di/urb$ 9 ?9k+ z we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k1 & ! va/ majority ( mank9d w be v fairly cont5t$--all plants & animals w c]ta9ly be s4 ,?is w\ld seem to sugge/ a possible doctr9e ( a future /ate2 conc]n+ :i* we may reflect t ?\gh1 aft] we die1 we cease to be famili> ) ourselves1 we %all nev]!less become imm$iately famili> ) _m o!r hi/ories comp>$ ) :i* our pres5t life mu/ !n seem intol]ably un9t]e/+4 ,?is is ! reason :y a v heavy & sudd5 %ock to ! n]v\s sy/em does n pa91 b kills outright at once2 :ile "o ) :i* ! sy/em c1 at any rate1 try to famili>ise itself is exce$+ly pa9ful4 ,we _c be> unfamili>ity4 ,! "p t is treat$ 9 a mann] ) :i* x is n famili> cries imm$iately to ! bra9--its c5tral gov]nm5t--= help1 & makes itself g5]ally z tr\blesome z x c1 till x is 9 "s way com=t$4 ,inde$1 ! law aga9/ cruelty to animals is b an example ( ! hatr$ we feel on see+ ev5 dumb creatures put into positions ) :i* !y are n famili>4 ,we hate ?is s mu* = ourselves1 t we w n tol]ate x = o!r creatures if we c possibly avoid x4 ,s aga91 x is said1 t :5 ,&rom$a & ,p]seus _h travell$ b a little way f ! rock :]e ,&rom$a _h s long be5 *a9$1 %e began upbraid+ him ) ! loss ( h] dragon1 :o1 on ! :ole1 %e said1 _h be5 v good to h]4 ,! only ?+s we really hate are unfamili> ?+s1 & ?\gh nature w\ld n be nature if %e did n cross our love ( ! famili> ) a love also ( ! unfamili>1 yet !re c be no d\bt :i* ( ! two pr9ciples is ma/]4 ,let u return1 h[ev]1 to ! gra9 ( corn4 ,if ! gra9 _h _h pres5ce ( m9d to avoid be+ c>ri$ into ! gizz>d /ones1 z _m se$s d :i* are c>ri$ = hundr$s ( miles 9 birds' /oma*s1 & if x _h p]suad$ itself t ! novelty ( ! position 0 n great] ?an x c\ld v well manage to put up )--if1 9 fact1 x _h n kn[n :5 x 0 beat5--x might h /uck 9 ! h5's /oma* & begun to gr[2 9 ?is case x w\ld h assimilat$ a good "p ( ! h5 be=e _m days 7 ov]2 = h5s are n famili> ) gra9s t gr[ 9 _! /oma*s1 & unless ! "o 9 "q 0 z /rongm9d$ = a h51 z ! gra9 t c\ld avoid be+ assimilat$ w\ld be = a gra91 ! h5 w\ld soon cease to take an int]e/ 9 h] antec$5ts4 ,x is to be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r a gra9 has ev] be5 gr[n :i* has _h /r5g? ( m9d en\gh to avoid be+ set (f its balance on f9d+ itself inside a h5's gizz>d4 ,= liv+ organism is ! creature ( habit & r\t9e1 & ! inside ( a gizz>d is n 9 ! gra9's programme4 ,suppose1 !n1 t ! gra91 in/ead ( be+ c>ri$ into ! gizz>d1 _h /uck 9 ! h5's ?roat & *ok$ h]4 ,x w\ld n[ f9d itself 9 a position v l :at x _h (t5 be5 9 be=e4 ,t is to say1 x w\ld be 9 a damp1 d>k1 quiet place1 n too f> f light1 & ) decay+ matt] ar\nd x4 ,x w\ld !re=e "k p]fectly well :at to d1 & w\ld beg9 to gr[ until di/urb$1 & aga9 put into a position ) :i* x might1 v possibly1 be unfamili>4 ,! great "q betwe5 va/ masses ( liv+ organism is simply ?is3 8,am ,i to put y into a position ) :i* y\r =efa!rs h be5 unfamili>1 or are y to put me into "o ab\t :i* my own h be5 9 l mann] ignorant80 ,man is only ! dom9ant animal on ! e>?1 because he c1 z a g5]al rule1 settle ?is "q 9 8 own fav\r4 ,! only mann] 9 :i* an organism1 :i* has once =gott5 its antec$5ts1 c ev] recov] its memory1 is by be+ assimilat$ by a creature ( its own k9d2 "o1 moreov]1 :i* kn[s its bus9ess1 or is n 9 su* a false position z to be compell$ to be aw>e ( be+ s4 ,x 01 d\btless1 ow+ to ! recognition ( ?is fact1 t "s ,ea/]n nations1 z we are told by ,h]odotus1 7 9 ! habit ( eat+ _! deceas$ p>5ts--= matt] :i* has once be5 assimilat$ by any id5tity or p]sonality1 becomes = all practical purposes "p ( ! assimilat+ p]sonality4 ,! be>+ ( ! above w become obvi\s :5 we return1 z we w n[ d1 to ! "q ( p]sonal id5tity4 ,! only difficulty w\ld seem to lie 9 our unfamili>ity ) ! real mean+s :i* we atta* to words 9 daily use4 ,h5ce1 :ile recognis+ cont9uity )\t sudd5 break z ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( id5tity1 we =get t ?is involves p]sonal id5tity betwe5 all ! be+s :o are 9 "o *a9 ( desc5t1 ! numb]s ( su* be+s1 :e!r 9 succession1 or contemporane\s1 go+ = no?+ at all4 ,?us we take two eggs1 "o male & "o female1 & hat* !m2 aft] "s mon?s ! pair ( f[ls s hat*$1 hav+ succe$$ 9 putt+ a va/ quantity ( gra9 & worms into false positions1 become full-gr[n1 bre$1 & produce a doz5 new eggs4 ,two live f[ls & a doz5 eggs are ! pres5t phase ( ! p]sonality ( ! two orig9al eggs4 ,!y are also "p ( ! pres5t phase ( ! p]sonality ( all ! worms & gra9 :i* ! f[ls h assimilat$ f _! leav+ ! egg%ell2 b ! p]sonalities ( ^! la/ d n c\nt2 !y h lo/ _! gra9 & worm memories1 & are in/9ct ) ! memorises ( ! :ole ance/ry ( ! creature :i* has assimilat$ !m4 ,we _c1 p]haps1 /rictly say t ! two f[ls & ! doz5 new eggs actually are ! two orig9al eggs2 ^! two eggs are no long] 9 exi/5ce1 & we see ! two birds !mselves :i* 7 hat*$ f !m4 ,a bird _c be call$ an egg )\t an abuse ( t]ms4 ,nev]!less1 x is d\btful h[ f> we %\ld n say ?is1 = x is only ) a m5tal res]ve--& ) no great] m5tal res]ve--t we pr$icate absolute id5tity conc]n+ any liv+ be+ = two consecutive mom5ts2 & x is c]ta9ly z free f quibble to say to two f[ls & a doz5 eggs1 8y are ! two eggs ,i _h on my kit*5 %elf twelve mon?s ago10 z to say to a man1 8y are ! *ild :om ,i rememb] ?irty ye>s ago 9 y\r "m's arms40 ,9 ei!r case we mean1 8y h be5 cont9ually putt+ o!r organisms into a false position1 & !n assimilat+ !m1 ev] s9ce ,i la/ saw y1 :ile no?+ has yet occurr$ to put y into su* a false position z to h made y lose ! memory ( y\r antec$5ts40 ,x w\ld seem p]fectly fair1 !re=e1 to say to any egg ( ! twelve1 or to ! two f[ls & ! :ole twelve eggs toge!r1 8y 7 a c\ple ( eggs twelve mon?s ago2 twelve mon?s be=e t y 7 f\r eggs20 & s on1 ad inf9itum1 ! numb] nei!r ( ! ance/ors nor ( ! desc5dants c\nt+ = any?+1 & cont9uity be+ ! sole ?+ look$ to4 ,f daily obs]vation we are famili> ) ! fact t id5tity does bo? unite ) o!r id5tities1 s t a s+le new id5tity is ! result1 & does also split itself up into sev]al id5tities1 s t ! "o becomes _m4 ,?is is pla9 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! male & female sexual elem5ts unite to =m a s+le ovum1 :i* we obs]ve to be in/9ct ) ! memories ( bo? ! individuals f :i* x has be5 d]iv$2 & !re is ! additional consid]ation1 t ea* ( ! elem5ts ^: fusion goes to make up ! impregnate ovum1 is held by "s to be itself compos$ ( a fus$ mass ( g]ms1 :i* /& v mu* 9 ! same relation to ! sp]matozoon & ovum1 z ! liv+ cellul> units ( :i* we are compos$ d to ourselves--t is to say1 are liv+ indep5d5t organisms1 :i* probably h no conception ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sp]matozoon nor ( ! ovum1 m ?an ! sp]matozoon or ovum h ( !irs4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at ,i ga!r f ,mr4 ,d>w9's provisional !ory ( ,pang5esis2 &1 aga91 f "o ( ! conclud+ s5t5ces 9 8 8,effects ( ,cross & ,self ,f]tilisation10 :]e1 ask+ ! "q :y two sexes h be5 develop$1 he replies t ! answ] seems to lie 89 ! great good :i* is d]iv$ f ! fusion ( two some:at diff]5tiat$ individuals4 ,) ! exception10 he cont9ues1 8or ! l[e/ organisms ?is is possible only by means ( ! sexual elem5ts--^! consi/+ ( cells sep>at$ f ! body0 7i4e41 sep>at$ f ! bodies ( ea* p>5t7 8conta9+ ! g]ms ( e "p0 7i4e41 consi/+ ( ! se$s or g]ms f :i* ea* individual cell ( ! com+ organism w be develop$--^! se$s or g]ms hav+ be5 %$ by ea* individual cell ( ! p>5t =ms71 8& capable ( be+ fus$ completely toge!r0 7i4e41 s at lea/ ,i ga!r1 capable ( be+ fus$ completely1 9 ! same way z ! cells ( our own bodies are fus$1 & ?us1 ( =m+ a s+le liv+ p]sonality 9 ! case ( bo? ! male & female elem5t2 :i* elem5ts are !mselves capable ( a second fusion s z to =m ! impregnate ovum74 ,?is s+le impregnate ovum1 !n1 is a s+le id5tity t has tak5 ! place ( & come up 9 ! room ( two di/9ct p]sonalities1 ea* ( ^: *>act]i/ics x1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 p>takes1 & :i* consi/1 ea* "o ( !m1 ( ! fus$ g]ms ( a va/ mass ( o!r p]sonalities4 ,z reg>ds ! disp]sion ( "o id5tity into _m1 ?is also is a matt] ( daily obs]vation 9 ! case ( all female creatures t are ) egg or "y2 ! id5tity ( ! "y ) ! female p>5t is 9 _m respects s complete1 z to ne$ no en=c+1 9 spite ( ! entrance into ! (fspr+ ( all ! elem5ts d]iv$ f ! male p>5t1 & ( ! gradual sep>ation ( ! two id5tities1 :i* becomes m & m complete1 till 9 "t x is h>d to conceive t !y c ev] h be5 unit$4 ,numb]s1 !re=e1 g = no?+2 &1 z f> z id5tity or cont9u$ p]sonality goes1 x is z fair to say to ! two f[ls1 above ref]r$ to1 8y 7 f\r f[ls twelve mon?s ago10 z x is to say to a doz5 eggs1 8y 7 two eggs twelve mon?s ago40 ,b "h a difficulty meets u2 = if we say1 8y 7 two eggs twelve mon?s ago10 x foll[s t we mean1 8y are n[ ^? two eggs20 j z :5 we say to a p]son1 8y 7 su* & su* a boy tw5ty ye>s ago10 we mean1 8y are n[ t boy1 or all t repres5ts him20 x w\ld seem1 !n1 t 9 l mann] we %\ld say to ! two f[ls1 8y are ! f\r f[ls :o betwe5 !m laid ! two eggs f :i* y sprung40 ,b x may be t all ^! f\r f[ls are /ill to be se5 runn+ ab\t2 we %\ld be !re=e say+1 8y two f[ls are really n y\rselves only1 b y are also ! o!r f\r f[ls into ! b>ga920 & ?is might be philosophically true1 & might1 p]haps1 be consid]$ s1 b = ! conv5i5ce ( ! law c\rts4 ,! difficulty w\ld seem to arise f ! fact t ! eggs mu/ disappe> be=e f[ls c be hat*$ f !m1 :]eas1 ! h5s s hat*$ may outlive ! developm5t ( o!r h5s1 f ! eggs :i* !y 9 due c\rse h laid4 ,! orig9al eggs be+ out ( sight are out ( m9d1 & x is )\t an ef=t t we acquiesce 9 ! ass]tion1--t ! doz5 new eggs actually are ! two orig9al ones4 ,b ! orig9al f\r f[ls be+ /ill 9 sight1 _c be ignor$1 we only1 !re=e1 see ! new ones z gr[?s f ! orig9al ones4 ,! /rict r5d]+ ( ! facts %\ld be1 8y are "p ( ! pres5t phase ( ! id5tity ( su* & su* a pa/ id5tity10 i4e41 ei!r ( ! two eggs or ! f\r f[ls1 z ! case may be2 ?is w put ! eggs & ! f[ls1 z x 71 into ! same box1 & w meet bo? ! philosophical & legal requirem5t ( ! case1 only x is a little long4 ,s f> !n1 z reg>ds actual id5tity ( p]sonality2 :i*1 we f9d1 w all[ u to say1 t eggs are "p ( ! pres5t phase ( a c]ta9 pa/ id5tity1 :e!r ( o!r eggs1 or ( f[ls1 or *ick5s1 & 9 l1 mann] t *ick5s are "p ( ! pres5t phase ( c]ta9 o!r *ick5s1 or eggs1 or f[ls2 9 fact1 t any?+ is "p ( ! pres5t phase ( any pa/ id5tity 9 ! l9e ( its ance/ry4 ,b z reg>ds ! actual memory ( su* id5tity 7unconsci\s memory1 b /ill cle>ly memory71 we obs]ve t ! egg1 z long z x is an egg1 appe>s to h a v di/9ct recollection ( hav+ be5 an egg be=e1 & ! f[l ( hav+ be5 a f[l be=e1 b t nei!r egg nor f[l appe> to h any recollection ( any o!r /age ( _! pa/ exi/5ces1 ?an ! "o correspond+ to t 9 :i* !y are !mselves at ! mom5t exi/+4 ,s we1 at six or sev5 ye>s old1 h no recollection ( ev] hav+ be5 infants1 mu* less ( hav+ be5 embryos2 b ! mann] 9 :i* we %$ our tee? & make new ones1 & ! way 9 :i* we gr[ g5]ally1 mak+ ourselves = ! mo/ "p exce$+ly l :at we made ourselves1 9 ! p]son ( "s "o ( our ne>] ance/ors1 & n unfrequ5tly repeat+ ! v blund]s :i* we made ^u t occasion :5 we come to a correspond+ age1 proves mo/ inconte/ably t we rememb] our pa/ exi/5ces1 ?\gh too utt]ly to be capable ( introspection 9 ! matt]4 ,s1 :5 we gr[ wisdom tee?1 at ! age x may be ( "o or two & tw5ty1 x is pla9 we rememb] our pa/ exi/5ces at t age1 h[ev] completely we may h =gott5 ! e>li] /ages ( our pres5t exi/5ce4 ,x may be said t x is ! jaw :i* rememb]s1 & n we1 b x seems h>d to d5y ! jaw a "r ( citiz5%ip 9 our p]sonality2 & 9 ! case ( a gr[+ boy1 e "p ( him seems to rememb] equally well1 & if e "p ( him comb9$ does n make him1 !re w\ld seem b little use 9 cont9u+ ! argum5t fur!r4 ,9 l mann]1 a cat]pill> appe>s n to rememb] hav+ be5 an egg1 ei!r 9 its pres5t or any pa/ exi/5ce4 ,x has no conc]n ) eggs z soon z x is hat*$1 b x cle>ly rememb]s n only hav+ be5 a cat]pill> be=e1 b also hav+ turn$ itself into a *rysalis be=e2 = :5 ! "t comes = x to d ?is1 x is at no loss1 z x w\ld c]ta9ly be if ! position 0 unfamili>1 b x imm$iately beg9s do+ :at x did :5 la/ x 0 9 a l case1 repeat+ ! process z ne>ly z ! environm5t w all[1 tak+ e /ep 9 ! same ord] z la/ "t1 & do+ its "w ) t ease & p]fection :i* we obs]ve to belong to ! =ce ( habit1 & to be utt]ly incompatible ) any o!r supposition ?an t ( long long practice4 ,once hav+ become a *rysalis1 its memory ( its cat]pill>hood appe>s to leave x = good & all1 n to return until x aga9 assumes ! %ape ( a cat]pill> by process ( desc5t4 ,its memory n[ ov]leaps all pa/ modifications1 & rev]ts to ! "t :5 x 0 la/ :at x is n[1 & ?\gh x is probable t bo? cat]pill> & *rysalis1 on any giv5 day ( _! exi/5ce 9 ei!r ( ^! =ms1 h "s sort ( dim p[] ( recollect+ :at happ5$ to !m ye/]day1 or ! day be=e2 yet x is pla9 _! ma9 memory goes back to ! correspond+ day ( _! la/ exi/5ce 9 _! pres5t =m1 ! *rysalis rememb]+ :at happ5$ to x on su* a day f> m practically1 ?\gh less consci\sly1 ?an :at happ5$ to x ye/]day2 & naturally1 = ye/]day is b once1 & its pa/ exi/5ces h be5 legion4 ,h5ce1 x prep>es its w+s 9 due "t1 do+ ea* day :at x did on ! correspond+ day ( its la/ *rysali%ood & at l5g? becom+ a mo?2 :]eon its circum/ances are s *ang$ t x loses all s5se ( its id5tity z a *rysalis 7z completely z we1 = precisely ! same reason1 lose all s5se ( our id5tity ) ourselves z infants71 & rememb]s no?+ b its pa/ exi/5ces z a mo?4 ,we obs]ve ?is to hold ?r\gh\t ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,9 any "o phase ( ! exi/5ce ( ! l[] animals1 we obs]ve t !y rememb] ! correspond+ /age1 & a little on ei!r side ( x1 ( all _! pa/ exi/5ces = a v great l5g? ( "t4 ,9 _! pres5t exi/5ce !y rememb] a little beh9d ! pres5t mom5t 7rememb]+ m & m ! high] !y advance 9 ! scale ( life71 & be+ able to =esee ab\t z mu* z !y c\ld =esee 9 _! pa/ exi/5ces1 sometimes m & sometimes less4 ,z ) memory1 s ) presci5ce4 ,! high] !y advance 9 ! scale ( life ! m presci5t !y are4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be rememb]$1 & w lat] on be m fully dwelt ^u1 t no (fspr+ c rememb] any?+ :i* happ5s to its p>5ts aft] x & its p>5ts h p>t$ company2 & ?is is :y !re is1 p]haps1 m irregul>ity z reg>ds our wisdom-tee? ?an ab\t any?+ else t we gr[2 inasmu* z x mu/ n uncommonly h happ5$ 9 a long s]ies ( g5]ations1 t ! (fspr+ has be5 born be=e ! p>5ts h gr[n _! wisdom-tee?1 & ?us !re w be faults 9 ! memory4 ,is !re1 !n1 any?+ 9 memory1 z we obs]ve x 9 ourselves & o!rs1 "u circum/ances 9 :i* we %all agree 9 call+ x memory pure & simple )\t ambiguity ( t]ms--is !re any?+ 9 memory :i* b>s u f suppos+ x capable ( ov]leap+ a long "t ( abeyance1 & ?us ( enabl+ ea* impregnate ovum1 or ea* gra91 to rememb] :at x did :5 la/ 9 a l condition1 & to g on rememb]+ ! correspond+ p]iod ( its prior developm5ts ?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ( its pres5t gr[?1 ?\gh su* memory has entirely fail$ z reg>ds ! int]im betwe5 any two correspond+ p]iods1 & is n consci\sly recognis$ by ! individual z be+ ex]cis$ at all8 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,on ,,! ,,abeyance ,,( ,,memory4 ,,let u assume1 = ! mom5t1 t ! action ( ea* impregnate g]m is due to memory1 :i*1 z x 71 pulsates anew 9 ea* succe$+ g5]ation1 s t imm$iately on impregnation1 ! g]m's memory rev]ts to ! la/ occasion on :i* x 0 9 a l condition1 & recognis+ ! position1 is at no loss :at to d4 ,x is pla9 t 9 all cases :]e !re are two p>5ts1 t is to say1 9 ! great] numb] ( cases1 :e!r 9 ! vegetable or animal k+doms1 !re mu/ be two su* la/ occasions1 ea* ( :i* w h an equal claim ^u ! att5tion ( ! new g]m4 ,its memory w\ld !re=e rev]t to bo?1 & ?\gh x w\ld probably adh]e m closely to ! c\rse :i* x took ei!r z its fa!r or its "m1 & ?us come out ev5tually male or female1 yet x w\ld be n a little influ5c$ by ! less pot5t memory4 ,& n only ?is1 b ea* ( ! g]ms to :i* ! memory ( ! new g]m rev]ts1 is itself imbu$ ) ! memories ( its own p>5t g]ms1 & ^! aga9 ) ! memories ( prec$+ g5]ations1 & s on ad inf9itum2 s t1 ex hypo!si1 ! g]m mu/ become in/9ct ) all ^! memories1 epitomis$ z aft] long "t1 & unp]ceiv$ ?\gh !y may well be1 n to say oblit]at$ 9 "p or entirely s f> z _m features are conc]n$1 by m rec5t impressions4 ,9 ?is case1 we mu/ conceive ( ! impregnate g]m z ( a creature :i* has to repeat a p]=mance already repeat$ be=e on c\ntless diff]5t occasions1 b ) no m v>iation on ! m rec5t ones ?an is inevitable 9 ! repetition ( any p]=mance by an intellig5t be+4 ,n[ if we take ! mo/ p>allel case to ?is :i* we c f9d1 & consid] :at we %\ld ourselves d "u su* circum/ances1 t is to say1 if we consid] :at c\rse is actually tak5 by be+s :o are influ5c$ by :at we all call memory1 :5 !y repeat an already (t5-repeat$ p]=mance1 & if we f9d a v /rong analogy betwe5 ! c\rse s tak5 by ourselves1 & t :i* f :atev] cause we obs]ve to be tak5 by a liv+ g]m1 we %all surely be mu* incl9$ to ?9k t !re mu/ be a simil>ity 9 ! causes ( action 9 ea* case2 & h5ce1 to conclude1 t ! action ( ! g]m is due to memory4 ,x w1 !re=e1 be necess>y to consid] ! g5]al t5d5cy ( our m9ds 9 reg>d to impressions made ^u u1 & ! memory ( su* impressions4 ,deep impressions ^u ! memory are made 9 two ways1 diff]+ r 9 degree ?an k9d1 b ) two some:at widely diff]5t results4 ,!y are made3-- ,i4 ,by unfamili> objects1 or comb9ations1 :i* come at comp>atively long int]vals1 & produce _! effect1 z x 71 by "o h>d bl[4 ,! effect ( ^! w v>y ) ! unfamili>ity ( ! impressions !mselves1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y seem likely to lead to a fur!r developm5t ( ! unfamili>1 i4e41 ) ! "q1 :e!r !y seem likely to compel u to *ange our habits1 ei!r = bett] or worse4 ,?us1 if an object or incid5t be v unfamili>1 z1 we w say1 a :ale or an iceb]g to "o travell+ to ,am]ica = ! fir/ "t1 x w make a deep impression1 ?\gh b little affect+ our int]e/s2 b if we /ruck aga9/ ! iceb]g & 7 %ipwreck$1 or ne>ly s1 x w\ld produce a mu* deep] impression1 we %\ld ?9k mu* m ab\t iceb]gs1 & rememb] mu* m ab\t !m1 ?an if we _h m]ely se5 "o4 ,s1 also1 if we 7 able to cat* ! :ale & sell its oil1 we %\ld h a deep impression made ^u u4 ,9 ei!r case we see t ! am\nt ( unfamili>ity1 ei!r pres5t or prospective1 is ! ma9 det]m9ant ( ! dep? ( ! impression4 ,z ) consci\sness & volition1 s ) sudd5 unfamili>ity4 ,x impresses u m & m deeply ! m unfamili> x is1 until x rea*es su* a po9t ( impressiv5ess z to make no fur!r impression at all2 on :i* we !n & !re die4 ,= dea? only kills ?r\gh unfamili>ity--t is to say1 because ! new position1 :atev] x is1 is s wide a cross z comp>$ ) ! old "o1 t we _c fuse ! two s z to und]/& ! comb9ation2 h5ce we lose all recognition (1 & fai? 91 ourselves & our surr\nd+s4 ,b h[ev] mu* we imag9e we rememb] conc]n+ ! details ( any rem>kable impression :i* has be5 made u by a s+le bl[1 we d n rememb] z mu* or ne>ly z mu* z we ?9k we d4 ,! subord9ate details soon drop out ( m9d4 ,^? :o ?9k !y rememb] ev5 su* a mom5t\s matt] z ! battle ( ,wat]loo recall n[ probably b half-a-doz5 episodes1 a gleam "h1 & a gleam !re1 s t :at !y call rememb]+ ! battle ( ,wat]loo1 is1 9 fact1 little m ?an a k9d ( dream+--s soon vani%es ! memory ( any unrepeat$ occurr5ce4 ,z = small] impressions1 !re is v little ( :at happ5s to u 9 ea* week t w be 9 our memories a week h5ce2 a man ( eighty rememb]s few ( ! unrepeat$ incid5ts ( 8 life beyond ^? ( ! la/ =tnight1 a little "h1 & a little !re1 =m+ a matt] ( p]haps six weeks or two mon?s 9 all1 if ev]y?+ t he c call to m9d 7 act$ ov] aga9 ) no great] fulness ?an he c rememb] x4 ,z = incid5ts t h be5 (t5 repeat$1 8 m9d /rikes a balance ( its pa/ rem9isc5ces1 rememb]+ ! two or ?ree la/ p]=mances1 & a g5]al me?od ( proc$ure1 b no?+ m4 ,if1 !n1 ! recollection ( all t is n v novel1 or v (t5 repeat$1 s soon fades f our own m9ds1 dur+ :at we consid] z our s+le lifetime1 :at wond] t ! details ( our daily exp]i5ce %\ld f9d no place 9 t brief epitome ( !m :i* is all we c give 9 s small a volume z (fspr+8 ,if we _c ourselves rememb] ! hundr$-?\s&? "p ( :at happ5$ to u dur+ our own *ildhood1 h[ c we expect our (fspr+ to rememb] m ?an :at1 ?r\gh frequ5t repetition1 !y c n[ rememb] z a residuum1 or g5]al impression4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :atev] we rememb] 9 consequ5ce ( b a s+le impression1 we rememb] consci\sly4 ,we c at w recall details1 & are p]fectly well aw>e1 :5 we d s1 t we are recollect+4 ,a man :o has nev] se5 dea? looks = ! fir/ "t ^u ! dead face ( "s ne> relative or fri5d4 ,he gazes = a few %ort m9utes1 b ! impression ?us made does n soon pass out ( 8 m9d4 ,he rememb]s ! room1 ! h\r ( ! day or night1 & if by day1 :at sort ( a day4 ,he rememb]s 9 :at "p ( ! room1 & h[ dispos$ ! body ( ! deceas$ 0 ly+4 ,tw5ty ye>s aft]w>ds he c1 at w1 recall all ^! matt]s to 8 m9d1 & picture to himself ! sc5e z he orig9ally witness$ x4 ,! reason is pla92 ! impression 0 v unfamili>1 & affect$ ! behold]1 bo? z reg>ds ! loss ( "o :o 0 de> to him1 & z rem9d+ him ) m ?an common =ce t he w "o day die himself4 ,moreov] ! impression 0 a simple "o1 n involv+ mu* subord9ate detail2 we h 9 ?is case1 !re=e1 an example ( ! mo/ la/+ k9d ( impression t c be made by a s+le unrepeat$ ev5t4 ,b if we exam9e ourselves closely1 we %all f9d t aft] a lapse ( ye>s we d n rememb] z mu* z we ?9k we d1 ev5 9 su* a case z ?is2 & t beyond ! incid5ts above m5tion$1 & ! expression ^u ! face ( ! dead p]son1 we rememb] little ( :at we c s consci\sly & vividly recall4 ,,ii4 ,deep impressions are also made by ! repetition1 m or less (t51 ( a feeble impression :i*1 if unrepeat$1 w\ld h soon pass$ out ( our m9ds4 ,we obs]ve1 !re=e1 t we rememb] be/ :at we h done lea/ (t5--any unfamili> deviation1 t is to say1 f our ord9>y me?od ( proc$ure--& :at we h done mo/ (t51 ) :i*1 !re=e1 we are mo/ famili>2 our memory be+ ma9ly affect$ by ! =ce ( novelty & ! =ce ( r\t9e--! mo/ unfamili>1 & ! mo/ famili>1 incid5ts or objects4 ,b we rememb] impressions :i* h be5 made ^u u by =ce ( r\t9e1 9 a v diff]5t way to t 9 :i* we rememb] a s+le deep impression4 ,z reg>ds ?is second class1 :i* comprises f> ! mo/ num]\s & important ( ! impressions ) :i* our memory is /or$1 x is (t5 only by ! fact ( our p]=mance itself t we are able to recognise or %[ to o!rs t we rememb] at all4 ,we (t5 d n rememb] h[1 or :51 or :]e we acquir$ our k4 ,all we rememb] is1 t we did le>n1 & t at "o "t & ano!r we h done ?is or t v (t54 ,z reg>ds ?is second class ( impressions we may obs]ve3-- #a4 ,t z a g5]al rule we rememb] only ! individual features ( ! la/ few repetitions ( ! act--if1 inde$1 we rememb] ?is mu*4 ,! influ5ce ( prec$+ ones is to be f\nd only 9 ! g5]al av]age ( ! proc$ure1 :i* is modifi$ by !m1 b unconsci\sly to ourselves4 ,take1 = example1 "s celebrat$ s+]1 or pian(orte play]1 :o has sung ! same air1 or p]=m$ ! same sonata sev]al hundr$s or1 x may be1 ?\s&s ( times3 ( ! details ( individual p]=mances1 he c probably call to m9d none b ^? ( ! la/ few days1 yet !re c be no "q t 8 pres5t p]=mance is affect$ by1 & modifi$ by1 all 8 previ\s ones2 ! c>e he has be/[$ on ^! be+ ! secret ( 8 pres5t pr(ici5cy4 ,9 ea* p]=mance 7! p]=m] be+ suppos$ 9 ! same /ate ( m5tal & bodily heal?71 ! t5d5cy w be to repeat ! imm$iately prec$+ p]=mances m ne>ly ?an remot] ones4 ,x is ! common t5d5cy ( liv+ be+s to g on do+ :at !y h be5 do+ mo/ rec5tly4 ,! la/ habit is ! /ronge/4 ,h5ce1 if he took great pa9s la/ "t1 he w play bett] n[1 & w take a l degree ( pa9s1 & play bett] /ill next "t1 & s g on improv+ :ile life & vig\r la/4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 he took less pa9s la/ "t1 he w play worse n[1 & be incl9$ to take little pa9s next "t1 & s gradually det]iorate4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! common ev]yday exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,s ) pa9t]s1 actors1 & pr(essional m5 ( e description2 aft] a little :ile ! memory ( _m pa/ p]=mances /rikes a sort ( fus$ balance 9 ! m9d1 :i* results 9 a g5]al me?od ( proc$ure ) b little consci\s memory ( ev5 ! late/ p]=mances1 & ) none :atev] ( by f> ! great] numb] ( ! remot] ones4 ,/ill1 x is notewor?y1 t ! memory ( "s ev5 ( ^! w occasionally ass]t itself1 s f> z we c see1 arbitr>ily1 ! reason :y ?is or t occasion %\ld /ill haunt u1 :5 o!rs l !m are =gott51 dep5d+ on "s cause too subtle = our p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,ev5 ) su* a simple matt] z our daily dress+ & undress+1 we may rememb] "s few details ( our ye/]day's toilet1 b we reta9 no?+ b a g5]al & fus$ recollection ( ! _m ?\s& e>li] occasions on :i* we h dress$1 or gone to b$4 ,m5 inv>iably put ! same leg fir/ into _! tr\s]s--?is is ! survival ( memory 9 a residuum2 b !y _c1 till !y actually put on a pair ( tr\s]s1 rememb] :i* leg !y d put 9 fir/2 ?is is ! rapid fad+ away ( any small individual impression4 ,! seasons may s]ve z ano!r illu/ration2 we h a g5]al recollection ( ! k9d ( wea!r :i* is seasonable = any mon? 9 a ye>2 :at fl[]s are due ab\t :at "t1 & :e!r ! spr+ is on ! :ole backw>d or e>ly2 b we _c rememb] ! wea!r on any p>ticul> day a ye> ago1 unless "s unusual incid5t has impress$ x ^u our memory4 ,we c rememb]1 z a g5]al rule1 :at k9d ( season x 01 ^u ! :ole1 a ye> ago1 or p]haps1 ev5 two ye>s2 b m ?an ?is1 we r>ely rememb]1 except 9 su* cases z ! w9t] ( #ahed-ahee1 or ! summ] ( #ahfh2 ! re/ is all m]g$4 ,we obs]ve1 !n1 t z reg>ds small & (t5 repeat$ impressions1 our t5d5cy is to rememb] be/1 & 9 mo/ detail1 :at we h be5 do+ mo/ rec5tly1 & :at 9 g5]al has occurr$ mo/ rec5tly1 b t ! e>li] impressions ?\gh =gott5 individually1 are nev]!less1 n :olly lo/4 #b4 ,:5 we h done any?+ v (t51 & h got into ! habit ( do+ x1 we g5]ally take ! v>i\s /eps 9 ! same ord]2 9 _m cases ?is seems to be a s9e qu non = our repetition ( ! action at all4 ,?us1 !re is probably no liv+ man :o c\ld repeat ! words ( 8,god save ! ,que50 backw>ds1 )\t mu* hesitation & _m mi/akes2 s ! musician & ! s+] mu/ p]=m _! pieces 9 ! ord] ( ! notes z writt51 or at any rate z !y ord9>ily p]=m !m2 !y _c transpose b>s or read !m backw>ds1 )\t be+ put out1 nor w\ld ! audi5ce recognise ! impressions !y h be5 accu/om$ to1 unless ^! impressions are made 9 ! accu/om$ ord]4 #c4 ,if1 :5 we h once got well into ! habit ( do+ any?+ 9 a c]ta9 way1 "s "o %[s u "s o!r way ( do+ x1 or "s way :i* w\ld 9 "p modify our proc$ure1 or if 9 our endeav\rs to improve1 we h hit ^u "s new idea :i* seems likely to help u1 & ?us we v>y our c\rse1 on ! next occasion we rememb] ?is idea by reason ( its novelty1 b if we try to repeat x1 we (t5 f9d ! residuum ( our old memories pull+ u s /rongly into our old groove1 t we h ! greate/ difficulty 9 repeat+ our p]=mance 9 ! new mann]2 !re is a cla%+ ( memories1 a conflict1 :i* if ! idea is v new1 & involves1 s to speak1 too sudd5 a cross--too wide a dep>ture f our ord9>y c\rse--w sometimes r5d] ! p]=mance mon/r\s1 or baffle u altoge!r1 ! new memory fail+ to fuse h>moni\sly ) ! old4 ,if ! idea is n too widely diff]5t f our old] ones1 we c cross !m ) x1 b ) m or less difficulty1 z a g5]al rule 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( v>iation4 ,! :ole process ( und]/&+ a ?+ consi/s 9 ?is1 &1 s f> z ,i c see at pres5t1 9 ?is only4 ,sometimes we repeat ! new p]=mance = a few times1 9 a way :i* %[s t ! fusion ( memories is /ill 9 =ce2 & !n ins5sibly rev]t to ! old1 9 :i* case ! memory ( ! new soon fades away1 leav+ a residuum too feeble to cont5d aga9/ t ( our _m e>li] memories ( ! same k9d4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! new way is obvi\sly to our advantage1 we make an ef=t to reta9 x1 & gradually gett+ into ! habit ( us+ x1 come to rememb] x by =ce ( r\t9e1 z we orig9ally rememb]$ x by =ce ( novelty4 ,ev5 z reg>ds our own discov]ies1 we d n always succe$ 9 rememb]+ our mo/ improv$ & mo/ /rik+ p]=mances1 s z to be able to repeat !m at w imm$iately3 9 any su* p]=mance we may h gone "s way beyond our ord9>y p[]s1 ow+ to "s unconsci\s action ( ! m9d4 ,! supreme ef=t has exhau/$ u1 & we mu/ re/ on our o>s a little1 be=e we make fur!r progress2 or we may ev5 fall back a little1 be=e we make ano!r leap 9 advance4 ,9 ?is respect1 almo/ e conceivable degree ( v>iation is obs]vable1 accord+ to diff]5ces ( "* & circum/ances4 ,sometimes ! new impression has to be made ^u u _m times f )\t1 be=e ! e>li] /ra9 ( action is elim9at$2 9 ?is case1 !re w long rema9 a t5d5cy to rev]t to ! e>li] habit4 ,sometimes1 aft] ! impression has be5 once made1 we repeat our old way two or ?ree times1 & !n rev]t to ! new1 :i* gradually ou/s ! old2 sometimes1 on ! o!r h&1 a s+le impression1 ?\gh involv+ consid]able dep>ture f our r\t9e1 makes its m>k s deeply t we adopt ! new at once1 ?\gh n )\t difficulty1 & repeat x 9 our next p]=mance1 & h5ce=w>d 9 all o!rs2 b ^? :o v>y _! p]=mance ?us readily w %[ a t5d5cy to v>y subsequ5t p]=mances accord+ z !y receive fre% ideas f o!rs1 or reason !m out indep5d5tly4 ,!y are m5 ( g5ius4 ,?is holds good conc]n+ all actions :i* we d habitually1 :e!r !y involve labori\s acquirem5t or n4 ,?us1 if we h v>i$ our usual d9n] 9 "s way t leaves a fav\rable impression ^u our m9ds1 s t our d9n] may1 9 ! language ( ! horticulturi/1 be said to h 8sport$10 our t5d5cy w be to rev]t to ?is p>ticul> d9n] ei!r next day1 or z soon z circum/ances w all[1 b x is possible t sev]al hundr$ d9n]s may elapse be=e we c d s successfully1 or be=e our memory rev]ts to ?is p>ticul> d9n]4 #d4 ,z reg>ds our habitual actions1 h[ev] unconsci\sly we rememb] !m1 we1 nev]!less1 rememb] !m ) f> great] int5sity ?an _m individual impressions or actions1 x may be ( mu* great] mom5t1 t h happ5$ to u m rec5tly4 ,?us1 _m a man :o has famili>is$ himself1 = example1 ) ! odes ( ,horace1 s z to h _h !m at 8 f+]s' ends z ! result ( _m repetitions1 w be able ye>s h5ce to repeat a giv5 ode1 ?\gh unable to rememb] any circum/ance 9 connection ) 8 hav+ le>nt x1 & no less unable to rememb] :5 he repeat$ x la/4 ,a ho/ ( individual circum/ances1 _m ( !m n unimportant1 w h dropp$ out ( 8 m9d1 along ) a mass ( lit]ature read b once or twice1 & n impress$ ^u ! memory by sev]al repetitions2 b he returns to ! well-kn[n ode ) s little ef=t1 t he w\ld n "k t he 0 rememb]+ unless 8 reason told him s4 ,! ode seems m l some?+ born ) him4 ,we obs]ve1 also1 t p :o h become imbecile1 or ^: memory is mu* impair$1 yet frequ5tly reta9 _! p[] ( recall+ impression :i* h be5 long ago repeat$ly made ^u !m4 ,9 su* cases1 p are sometimes se5 to =get :at happ5$ la/ week1 ye/]day1 or an h\r ago1 )\t ev5 ! smalle/ p[] ( recov]+ _! recollection2 b ! (t repeat$ e>li] impression rema9s1 ?\gh !re may be no memory :atev] ( h[ x came to be impress$ s deeply4 ,! ph5om5a ( memory1 !re=e1 are exactly l ^? ( consci\sness & volition1 9 s f> z t ! consci\sness ( recollection vani%es1 :5 ! p[] ( recollection has become int5se4 ,:5 we are aw>e t we are recollect+1 & are try+1 p]haps h>d1 to recollect1 x is a sign t we d n recollect utt]ly4 ,:5 we rememb] utt]ly & int5sely1 !re is no consci\s ef=t ( recollection2 our recollection c only be recognis$ by ourselves & o!rs1 ?r\gh our p]=mance itself1 :i* te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( a memory1 t we c\ld n o!rwise foll[ or detect4 #e4 ,:5 circum/ances h l$ u to *ange our habits ( life--z :5 ! univ]sity has succe$$ s*ool1 or pr(essional life ! univ]sity--we get into _m fre% ways1 & leave _m old ones4 ,b on revisit+ ! old sc5e1 unless ! lapse ( "t has be5 inord9ately great1 we exp]i5ce a desire to rev]t to old habits4 ,we say t old associations cr[d ^u u4 ,let a ,tr9ity man1 aft] ?irty ye>s abs5ce f ,cambridge1 pace = five m9utes 9 ! cloi/] ( ,neville's ,c\rt1 & li/5 to ! e*o ( 8 footfall1 z x licks up aga9/ ! end ( ! cloi/]1 or let an old ,johnian /& :]ev] he likes 9 ! ?ird ,c\rt ( ,/4 ,john's1 9 ei!r case he w f9d ! ?irty ye>s drop out ( 8 life1 z if !y 7 half-an-h\r2 8 life w h roll$ back ^u itself1 to ! date :5 he 0 an und]graduate1 & 8 in/9ct w be to d almo/ me*anically1 :atev] x w\ld h come mo/ natural to him to d1 :5 he 0 la/ !re at ! same season ( ! ye>1 & ! same h\r ( ! day2 & x is pla9 ?is is due to simil>ity ( environm5t1 = if ! place he revisits be mu* *ang$1 !re w be little or no association4 ,s ^? :o are accu/om$ at int]vals to cross ! ,atlantic1 get into c]ta9 habits on bo>d %ip1 diff]5t to _! usual ones4 ,x may be t at home !y nev] play :i/2 on bo>d %ip !y d no?+ else all ! ev5+4 ,at home !y nev] t\* spirits2 on ! voyage !y regul>ly take a glass ( some?+ be=e !y g to b$4 ,!y d n smoke at home2 "h !y are smok+ all day4 ,once ! voyage is at an end1 !y return )\t an ef=t to _! usual habits1 & d n feel any wi% = c>ds1 spirits1 or tobacco4 ,!y d n rememb] ye/]day1 :5 !y did want all ^! ?+s2 at lea/1 n ) su* =ce z to be influ5c$ by x 9 _! desires & actions2 _! true memory--! memory :i* makes !m want1 & d1 rev]ts to ! la/ occasion on :i* !y 7 9 circum/ances l _! pres5t2 !y !re=e want n[ :at !y want$ !n1 & no?+ m2 b :5 ! "t comes = !m to g on %ipbo>d aga91 no soon] d !y smell ! smell ( ! %ip1 ?an _! real memory rev]ts to ! times :5 !y 7 la/ at sea1 & /rik+ a balance ( _! recollections1 !y smoke1 play c>ds1 & dr9k :isky & wat]4 ,we obs]ve x !n z a matt] ( ! commone/ daily occurr5ce )9 our own exp]i5ce1 t memory does fade completely away1 & recur ) ! recurr5ce ( surr\nd+s l ^? :i* made any p>ticul> impression 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,we obs]ve t !re is h>dly any limit to ! complet5ess & ! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* our memory may rema9 9 abeyance4 ,a smell may rem9d an old man ( eighty ( "s incid5t ( 8 *ildhood1 =gott5 = ne>ly z _m ye>s z he has liv$4 ,9 o!r words1 we obs]ve t :5 an impression has be5 repeat$ly made 9 a c]ta9 sequ5ce on any liv+ organism--t impression n hav+ be5 prejudicial to ! creature itself--! organism w h a t5d5cy1 on reassum+ ! %ape & conditions 9 :i* x 0 :5 ! impression 0 la/ made1 to rememb] ! impression1 & !re=e to d aga9 n[ :at x did !n2 all int]m$iate memories dropp+ clean out ( m9d1 s f> z !y h any effect ^u action4 #f4 ,f9ally1 we %\ld note ! sudd5ness & app>5t caprice ) :i* memory w ass]t itself at odd times2 we h be5 say+ or do+ ?is or t1 :5 sudd5ly a memory ( some?+ :i* happ5$ to u1 p]haps 9 infancy1 comes into our head2 nor c we 9 ! lea/ connect ?is recollection ) ! subject ( :i* we h j be5 ?9k+1 ?\gh d\btless !re has be5 a connection1 too rapid & subtle = our appreh5sion4 ,! =ego+ ph5om5a ( memory1 s f> z we c judge1 w\ld appe> to be pres5t !mselves ?r\gh\t ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,?is w be readily admitt$ z reg>ds animals2 z reg>ds plants x may be inf]r$ f ! fact t !y g5]ally g on do+ :at !y h be5 do+ mo/ lately1 ?\gh accu/om$ to make c]ta9 *anges at c]ta9 po9ts 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,:5 ! "t comes = ^! *anges1 !y appe> to "k x1 & ei!r bud =? into leaf or %$ _! leaves1 z ! case may be4 ,if we keep a bulb 9 a pap] bag x seems to rememb] hav+ be5 a bulb be=e1 until ! "t comes = x to put =? roots & gr[4 ,!n1 if we supply x ) e>? & moi/ure1 x seems to "k :]e x is1 & to g on do+ n[ :atev] x did :5 x 0 la/ plant$2 b if we keep x 9 ! bag too long1 x kn[s t x ought1 accord+ to its la/ exp]i5ce1 to be treat$ diff]5tly1 & %[s pla9 symptoms ( uneas9ess2 x is di/ract$ by ! bag1 :i* makes x rememb] its bulbhood1 & also by ! want ( e>? & wat]1 )\t :i* associations its memory ( its previ\s gr[? _c be duly k9dl$4 ,its roots1 !re=e1 :i* are mo/ accu/om$ to e>? & wat]1 d n gr[2 b its leaves1 :i* d n require contact ) ^! ?+s to jog _! memory1 make a m decid$ ef=t at developm5t--a fact :i* w\ld seem to g /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! functional indep5d5ce ( ! p>ts ( all b ! v simple/ liv+ organisms1 if1 inde$1 m evid5ce 7 want$ 9 support ( ?is4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,:at ,,we ,,%\ld ,,expect ,,to ,,f9d ,,if ,,diff]5tiations ,,( ,,/ructure ,,& ,,in/9ct ,,are ,,ma9ly ,,due ,,to ,,memory4 ,,to repeat briefly2--we rememb] be/ our la/ few p]=mances ( any giv5 k9d1 & our pres5t p]=mance is mo/ likely to resemble "o or o!r ( ^!2 we only rememb] our e>li] p]=mances by way ( residuum2 nev]!less1 at times1 "s old] feature is liable to reappe>4 ,we take our /eps 9 ! same ord] on ea* successive occasion1 & are = ! mo/ "p incapable ( *ang+ t ord]4 ,! introduction ( slightly new elem5ts into our mann] is att5d$ ) b5efit2 ! new c be fus$ ) ! old1 & ! monotony ( our action is reliev$4 ,b if ! new elem5t is too =eign1 we _c fuse ! old & new--nature seem+ equally to hate too wide a deviation f our ord9>y practice1 & no deviation at all4 ,or1 9 pla9 ,engli%--if any "o gives u a new idea :i* is n too f> ahead ( u1 su* an idea is (t5 ( great s]vice to u1 & may give new life to our "w--9 fact1 we soon g back1 unless we m or less frequ5tly come into contact ) new ideas1 & are capable ( und]/&+ & mak+ use ( !m2 if2 on ! o!r h&1 !y are too new1 & too little l$ up to1 s t we f9d !m too /range & h>d to be able to und]/& !m & adopt !m1 !n !y put u out1 ) e degree ( complet5ess--f simply caus+ u to fail 9 ?is or t p>ticul> "p1 to r5d]+ u incapable ( ev5 try+ to d our "w at all1 f pure despair ( succe$+4 ,x requires _m repetitions to fix an impression firmly2 b :5 x is fix$1 we cease to h mu* recollection ( ! mann] 9 :i* x came to be s1 or ( any s+le & p>ticul> recurr5ce4 ,our memory is ma9ly call$ into action by =ce ( association & simil>ity 9 ! surr\nd+s4 ,we want to g on do+ :at we did :5 we 7 la/ z we are n[1 & we =get :at we did 9 ! meantime4 ,^! rules1 h[ev]1 are liable to _m exceptions2 z = example1 t a s+le & app>5tly n v extraord9>y occurr5ce may sometimes produce a la/+ impression1 & be liable to return ) sudd5 =ce at "s di/ant "t1 & !n to g on return+ to u at int]vals4 ,"s incid5ts1 9 fact1 we "k n h[ nor :y1 dwell ) u mu* long] ?an o!rs :i* 7 app>5tly q z notewor?y or p]haps m s4 ,n[ ,i submit t if ! above obs]vations are j1 & if1 also1 ! (fspr+1 aft] hav+ become a new & sep>ate p]sonality1 yet reta9s s mu* ( ! old id5tity ( :i* x 0 once indisputably "p1 t x rememb]s :at x did :5 x 0 "p ( t id5tity z soon z x f9ds itself 9 circum/ances :i* are calculat$ to refre% its memory ow+ to _! simil>ity to c]ta9 antec$5t ones1 !n we %\ld expect to f9d3-- ,i4 ,t (fspr+ %\ld1 z a g5]al rule1 resemble its own mo/ imm$iate prog5itors2 t is to say1 t x %\ld rememb] be/ :at x has be5 do+ mo/ rec5tly4 ,! memory be+ a fusion ( its recollections ( :at x did1 bo? :5 x 0 its fa!r & also :5 x 0 its "m1 ! (fspr+ %\ld h a v common t5d5cy to resemble bo? p>5ts1 ! "o 9 "s respects1 & ! o!r 9 o!rs2 b x might also h>dly less commonly %[ a m m>k$ recollection ( ! "o hi/ory ?an ( ! o!r1 ?us m di/9ctly resembl+ "o p>5t ?an ! o!r4 ,& ?is is :at we obs]ve to be ! case4 ,n only s f> z t ! (fspr+ is almo/ inv>iably ei!r male or female1 & g5]ally resembles r ! "o p>5t ?an ! o!r1 b also t 9 spite ( su* prepond]ance ( "o set ( recollections1 ! sexual *>act]s & in/9cts ( ! opposite sex appe>1 :e!r 9 male or female1 ?\gh undevelop$ & incapable ( developm5t except by abnormal treatm5t1 su* z has occasionally caus$ milk to be develop$ 9 ! mamm>y gl&s ( males2 or by mutilation1 or failure ( sexual in/9ct ?r\gh age1 ^u :i*1 male *>act]i/ics frequ5tly appe> 9 ! females ( any species4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 ea* giv+ _! own v]sion ( ! same /ory1 ?\gh 9 diff]5t words1 %\ld resemble ea* o!r m closely ?an m di/ant relations4 ,?is too we see4 ,b x %\ld frequ5tly happ5 t (fspr+ %\ld resemble its p5ultimate r ?an its late/ phase1 & %\ld ?us be m l a gr&-p>5t ?an a p>5t2 = we obs]ve t we v (t5 repeat a p]=mance 9 a mann] resembl+ t ( "s e>li]1 b /ill rec5t1 repetition2 r ?an on ! precise l9es ( our v la/ p]=mance4 ,fir/-c\s9s may 9 ?is case resemble ea* o!r m closely ?an bro!rs & si/]s4 ,m especially1 we %\ld n expect v successful m5 to be fa!rs ( p>ticul>ly gift$ *ildr52 = ! be/ m5 are1 z x 71 ! happy ?\ghts & successes ( ! race--nature's 8flukes10 s to speak1 9 h] onw>d progress4 ,no creature c repeat at w1 & imm$iately1 its highe/ flight4 ,x ne$s repose4 ,! g5]ations are ! essays ( any giv5 race t[>ds ! highe/ ideal :i* x is z yet able to see ahead ( itself1 & ?is1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 _c be v f>2 s t we %\ld expect to see success foll[$ by m or less failure1 & failure by success--a v successful creature be+ a great 8fluke40 ,& ?is is :at we f9d4 ,9 its e>li] /ages ! embryo %\ld be simply consci\s ( a g5]al me?od ( proc$ure on ! "p ( its =efa!rs1 & %\ld1 by reason ( long practice1 compress t$i\s & complicat$ hi/ories into a v n>r[ compass1 rememb]+ no s+le p]=mance 9 p>ticul>4 ,= we obs]ve ?is 9 nature1 bo? z reg>ds ! sleight-(-h& :i* practice gives to ^? :o are ?or\ghly famili> ) _! bus9ess1 & also z reg>ds ! fusion ( remot] memories into a g5]al residuum4 ,,ii4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d t ! (fspr+1 :e!r 9 its embryonic condition1 or 9 any /age ( developm5t till x has rea*$ maturity1 %\ld adopt ne>ly ! same ord] 9 go+ ?r\gh all its v>i\s /ages4 ,!re %\ld be su* slight v>iations z are insep>able f ! repetition ( any p]=mance by a liv+ be+ 7z contra/$ ) a ma*9e71 b no m4 ,& ?is is :at actually happ5s4 ,a man may cut 8 wisdom-tee? a little lat] ?an he gets 8 be>d & :isk]s1 or a little e>li]2 b on ! :ole1 he adh]es to 8 usual ord]1 & is completely set (f 8 balance1 & upset 9 8 p]=mance1 if t ord] be int]f]$ ) sudd5ly4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 likely t gradual modifications ( ord] h be5 made & !n adh]$ to4 ,aft] any animal has rea*$ ! p]iod at :i* x ord9>ily beg9s to cont9ue its race1 we %\ld expect t x %\ld %[ little fur!r p[] ( developm5t1 or1 at any rate1 t few great *anges ( /ructure or fre% features %\ld appe>2 = we _c suppose (fspr+ to rememb] any?+ t happ5s to ! p>5t subsequ5tly to ! p>5t's ceas+ to conta9 ! (fspr+ )9 itself2 f ! av]age age1 !re=e1 ( reproduction1 (fspr+ w\ld cease to h any fur!r exp]i5ce on :i* to fall back1 & w\ld ?us cont9ue to make ! be/ use ( :at x already knew1 till memory fail+ ei!r 9 "o "p or ano!r1 ! organism w\ld beg9 to decay4 ,to ?is cause mu/ be ref]r$ ! ph5om5a ( old age1 :i* int]e/+ subject ,i am unable to pursue )9 ! limits ( ?is volume4 ,^? creatures :o are longe/ 9 rea*+ maturity might be expect$ also to be ! longe/ liv$2 ,i am n c]ta91 h[ev]1 h[ f> :at is call$ alt]nate g5]ation militates aga9/ ?is view1 b ,i d n ?9k x does s s]i\sly4 ,lat5ess ( m>riage1 provid$ ! con/itution ( ! individuals m>ry+ is 9 no respect impair$1 %\ld also t5d to longevity4 ,i believe t all ! above w be f\nd suffici5tly well support$ by facts4 ,if s1 :5 we feel t we are gett+ old we %\ld try & give our cells su* treatm5t z !y w f9d x mo/ easy to und]/&1 ?r\gh _! exp]i5ce ( _! own individual life1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c only guide !m inf]5tially1 & to a v small ext5t2 & ?r\gh\t life we %\ld rememb] ! important be>+ :i* memory has ^u heal?1 & bo? occasionally cross ! memories ( our compon5t cells ) slightly new exp]i5ces1 & be c>eful n to put !m ei!r sudd5ly or = long toge!r into conditions :i* !y w n be able to und]/&4 ,no?+ is s likely to make our cells =get !mselves1 z neglect ( "o or o!r ( ^! consid]ations4 ,!y w ei!r fail to recognise !mselves completely1 9 :i* case we %all die2 or !y w g on /rike1 m or less s]i\sly z ! case may be1 or p]haps1 r1 !y w try & rememb] _! usual c\rse1 & fail2 !y w !re=e try "s o!r1 & w probably make a mess ( x1 z p g5]ally d :5 !y try to d ?+s :i* !y d n und]/&1 unless inde$ !y h v exceptional capacity4 ,x also foll[s t :5 we are ill1 our cells be+ 9 su* or su* a /ate ( m9d1 & incl9$ to hold a correspond+ op9ion ) m or less unreason+ viol5ce1 %\ld n be puzzl$ m ?an !y are puzzl$ already1 by be+ contradict$ too sudd5ly2 = !y w n be 9 a frame ( m9d :i* c und]/& ! position ( an op5 oppon5t3 !y %\ld !re=e ei!r be let alone1 if possible1 )\t notice o!r ?an dignifi$ sil5ce1 till _! sple5 is ov]1 & till !y h rememb]$ !mselves2 or !y %\ld be reason$ ) z by "o :o agrees ) !m1 & :o is anxi\s to see ?+s z f> z possible f _! own po9t ( view4 ,& ?is is h[ exp]i5ce tea*es t we mu/ deal ) monomaniacs1 :om we simply infuriate by contradiction1 b ^: delusion we c sometimes p]suade to hang itself if we b give x suffici5t rope4 ,all :i* has its be>+ ^u politics1 too1 at mu* sacrifice1 x may be1 ( political pr9ciples1 b a politician :o _c see pr9ciples :]e pr9ciple-mong]s fail to see !m1 is a dang]\s p]son4 ,i may say1 9 pass+1 t ! reason :y a small w\nd heals1 & leaves no sc>1 :ile a l>g] "o leaves a m>k :i* is m or less p]man5t1 may be look$ = 9 ! fact t :5 ! w\nd is only small1 ! damag$ cells are snubb$1 s to speak1 by ! va/ majority ( ! unhurt cells 9 _! own neighb\rhood4 ,:5 ! w\nd is m s]i\s !y c /ick to x1 & be> ea* o!r out t !y 7 hurt4 ,,iii4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d a pr$om9ance ( sexual ov] asexual g5]ation1 9 ! arrangem5ts ( nature = cont9u+ h] v>i\s species1 inasmu* z two heads are bett] ?an "o1 & a locus pnit5ti is ?us giv5 to ! embryo--an opportunity ( correct+ ! exp]i5ce ( "o p>5t by t ( ! o!r4 ,& ?is is :at ! m intellig5t embryos may be suppos$ to d2 = !re w\ld seem little reason to d\bt t !re are clev] embryos & /upid embryos1 ) bett] or worse memories1 z ! case may be1 ( h[ !y dealt ) _! protoplasm be=e1 & bett] or worse able to see h[ !y c d bett] n[2 & t embryos diff] z widely 9 intellectual & moral capacity1 & 9 a g5]al s5se ( ! fitness ( ?+s1 & ( :at w look well into ! b>ga91 z ^? l>g] embryos--to wit1 *ildr5--d4 ,inde$ x w\ld seem probable t all our m5tal p[]s mu/ g ?r\gh a quasi-embryological condition1 mu* z ! p[] ( keep+1 & wisely sp5d+1 money mu/ d s1 & t all ! qualities ( human ?\ght & "* are to be f\nd 9 ! embryo4 ,^? :o h obs]v$ at :at an e>ly age diff]5ces ( intellect & temp] %[ !mselves 9 ! "y1 = example1 ( cats & dogs1 w f9d x difficult to d\bt t f ! v mom5t ( impregnation1 & onw>d1 !re has be5 a correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! embryo--& t ( six unborn puppies1 "o1 we w say1 has be5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole process ( developm5t m s5sible & bett] look+--a nic] embryo1 9 fact--?an ! o!rs4 ,,iv4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d t all species1 :e!r ( plants or animals1 are occasionally b5efit$ by a cross2 b we %\ld also expect t a cross %\ld h a t5d5cy to introduce a di/urb+ elem5t1 if x be too wide1 inasmu* z ! (fspr+ w\ld be pull$ hi!r & ?i!r by two conflict+ memories or advices1 mu* z ?\gh a numb] ( p speak+ at once 7 )\t previ\s w>n+ to advise an unhappy p]=m] to v>y 8 ord9>y p]=mance--"o set ( p tell+ him he has always hi!rto done ?us1 & ! o!r say+ no less l\dly t he did x ?us2--& he 7 sudd5ly to become conv9c$ t !y ea* spoke ! tru?4 ,9 su* a case he w ei!r completely break d[n1 if ! advice be too conflict+1 or if x be less conflict+1 he may yet be s exhau/$ by ! "o supreme ef=t ( fus+ ^! exp]i5ces t he w nev] be able to p]=m aga92 or if ! conflict ( exp]i5ce be n great en\gh to produce su* a p]man5t effect z ?is1 x w yet1 if x be at all s]i\s1 probably damage 8 p]=mances on _! next sev]al occasions1 ?r\gh 8 inability to fuse ! exp]i5ces into a h>moni\s :ole1 or1 9 o!r words1 to und]/& ! ideas :i* are prescrib$ to him2 = to fuse is only to und]/&4 ,& ?is is absolutely :at we f9d 9 fact4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes conc]n+ hybrids & fir/ crosses3--8,! male elem5t may rea* ! female elem5t1 b be incapable ( caus+ an embryo to be develop$1 z seems to h be5 ! case ) "s ( ,?uret's exp]im5ts on ,fuci4 ,no explanation c be giv5 ( ^! facts any m ?an :y c]ta9 trees _c be graft$ on o!rs40 ,i submit t :at ,i h writt5 above supplies a v fair prim facie explanation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues3-- 8,la/ly1 an embryo may be develop$1 & !n p]i% at an e>ly p]iod4 ,?is latt] alt]native has n be5 suffici5tly att5d$ to2 b ,i believe1 f obs]vations communicat$ to me by ,mr4 ,hewitt1 :o has _h great exp]i5ce 9 hybridis+ pheasants & f[ls1 t ! e>ly dea? ( ! embryo is a v frequ5t cause ( /]ility 9 fir/ crosses4 ,mr4 ,salt] has rec5tly giv5 ! results ( an exam9ation ( ab\t five hundr$ eggs produc$ f v>i\s crosses betwe5 ?ree species ( ,gallus & _! hybrids2 ! majority ( ^! eggs _h be5 f]tilis$2 & 9 ! majority ( ! f]tilis$ eggs1 ! embryos _h ei!r be5 p>tially develop$1 & _h !n p]i%$1 or _h become ne>ly mature1 b ! "y *ick5s _h be5 unable to break ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,( ! *ick5s :i* 7 born m ?an f\r-fif?s di$ )9 ! fir/ few days1 or at late/ weeks1 #8)\t any obvi\s cause1 app>5tly f m]e inability to live1' s t f ! five hundr$ eggs only twelve *ick5s 7 re>$0 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #bdi1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,no wond] ! poor creatures di$1 di/ract$ z !y 7 by ! int]nal tumult ( conflict+ memories4 ,b !y mu/ h suff]$ greatly2 & ! ,society = ! ,prev5tion ( ,cruelty to ,animals may p]haps ?9k x wor? :ile to keep an eye ev5 on ! embryos ( hybrids & fir/ crosses4 ,five hundr$ creatures puzzl$ to dea? is n a pleasant subject = contemplation4 ,t5 or a doz5 %\ld1 ,i ?9k1 be suffici5t = ! future4 ,z reg>ds plants1 we read3-- 8,hybridis$ embryos probably (t5 p]i% 9 l mann] 4 4 4 ( :i* fact ,max ,wi*ura has giv5 "s /rik+ cases ) hybrid will[s 4 4 4 ,x may be "h wor? notic+1 t 9 "s cases ( p>!nog5esis1 ! embryos )9 ! eggs ( silk mo?s1 :i* h n be5 f]tilis$1 pass ?r\gh _! e>ly /ages ( developm5t1 & !n p]i% l ! embryos produc$ by a cross betwe5 di/9ct species0 7,ibid74 ,?is la/ fact w\ld at fir/ sight seem to make aga9/ me1 b we mu/ consid] t ! pres5ce ( a d\ble memory1 provid$ x be n too conflict+1 w\ld be a "p ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! silk mo?'s egg1 :i* might be !n z fatally puzzl$ by ! monotony ( a s+le memory z x w\ld be by two memories :i* 7 n suffici5tly l ea* o!r4 ,s t failure "h mu/ be ref]r$ to ! utt] abs5ce ( t little int]nal /imulant ( slightly conflict+ memory :i* ! creature has always hi!rto exp]i5c$1 & )\t :i* x fails to recognise itself4 ,9 ei!r case1 !n1 :e!r ) hybrids or 9 cases ( p>!nog5esis1 ! e>ly dea? ( ! embryo is due to inability to recollect1 ow+ to a fault 9 ! *a9 ( associat$ ideas4 ,all ! facts "h giv5 are an excell5t illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple1 else:]e insi/$ ^u by ,mr4 ,d>w91 t any great & sudd5 *ange ( surr\nd+s has a t5d5cy to induce /]ility2 on :i* head he writes 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 p4 #adc1 ed4 #ahge73-- 8,x w\ld appe> t any *ange 9 ! habits ( life1 :atev] _! habits may be1 if great en\gh1 t5ds to affect 9 an inexplicable mann] ! p[]s ( reproduction40 ,& aga9 on ! next page3-- 8,f9ally1 we mu/ conclude1 limit$ ?\gh ! conclusion is1 t *ang$ conditions ( life h an especial p[] ( act+ injuri\sly on ! reproductive sy/em4 ,! :ole case is q peculi>1 = ^! organs1 ?\gh n diseas$1 are ?us r5d]$ incapable ( p]=m+ _! prop] functions1 or p]=m !m imp]fectly40 ,"o is incl9$ to d\bt :e!r ! blame may n re/ ) ! inability on ! "p ( ! creature reproduc$ to recognise ! new surr\nd+s1 & h5ce ) its fail+ to "k itself4 ,& ?is seems to be 9 "s measure support$--b n 9 su* a mann] z ,i c hold to be q satisfactory--by ! cont9uation ( ! passage 9 ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 f :i* ,i h j be5 quot+--= ,mr4 ,d>w9 goes on to say3-- 8,hybrids1 h[ev]1 are diff]5tly circum/anc$ be=e & aft] bir?4 ,:5 born1 & liv+ 9 a c\ntry :]e _! p>5ts live1 !y are g5]ally plac$ "u suitable conditions ( life4 ,b a hybrid p>takes ( only half ( ! nature & condition ( its "m2 x may !re=e be=e bir?1 z long z x is n\ri%$ )9 its "m's womb1 or )9 ! egg or se$ produc$ by its "m1 be expos$ to conditions 9 "s degree unsuitable1 & consequ5tly be liable to p]i% at an e>ly p]iod 4 4 4 0 ,aft] :i*1 h[ev]1 ! conclusion arriv$ at is1 t1 8aft] all1 ! cause m probably lies 9 "s imp]fection 9 ! orig9al act ( impregnation1 caus+ ! embryo to be imp]fectly develop$ r ?an 9 ! conditions to :i* x is subsequ5tly expos$40 ,a conclusion :i* ,i am n prep>$ to accept4 ,return+ to my second alt]native1 t is to say1 to ! case ( hybrids :i* are born well develop$ & heal?y1 b nev]!less p]fectly /]ile1 x is less obvi\s :y1 hav+ succe$$ 9 und]/&+ ! conflict+ memories ( _! p>5ts1 !y %\ld fail to produce (fspr+2 b ,i d n ?9k ! read] w feel surpris$ t ?is %\ld be ! case4 ,! foll[+ anecdote1 true or false1 may n be out ( place "h3-- 8,plut>* tells u ( a magpie1 belong+ to a b>b] at ,rome1 :i* c\ld imitate to a nicety almo/ e ^w x he>d4 ,"s trumpets happ5$ "o day to be s\nd$ be=e ! %op1 & = a day or two aft]w>ds ! magpie 0 q mute1 & seem$ p5sive & melan*oly4 ,all :o knew x 7 greatly surpris$ at its sil5ce2 & x 0 suppos$ t ! s\nd ( ! trumpets _h s /unn$ x z to deprive x at once ( bo? voice & he>+4 ,x soon appe>$1 h[ev]1 t ?is 0 f> f be+ ! case2 =1 says ,plut>*1 ! bird _h be5 all ! "t occupi$ 9 pr(\nd m$itation1 /udy+ h[ to imitate ! s\nd ( ! trumpets2 & :5 at la/ ma/] ( x1 ! magpie1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all its fri5ds1 sudd5ly broke its long sil5ce by a p]fect imitation ( ! fl\ri% ( trumpets x _h he>d1 obs]v+ ) ! greate/ exactness all ! repetitions1 /ops1 & *anges4 ,! acquisition ( ?is lesson _h1 h[ev]1 exhau/$ ! :ole ( ! magpie's /ock ( intellect1 = x made x =get ev]y?+ x _h le>n$ be=e0 78,p]cy ,anecdotes10 ,in/9ct1 p4 #aff74 ,or1 p]haps1 m s]i\sly1 ! memory ( e impregnate ovum f :i* e ance/or ( a mule1 = example1 has sprung1 has rev]t$ to a v long p]iod ( "t dur+ :i* its =efa!rs h be5 creatures l t :i* x is itself n[ go+ to become3 ?us1 ! impregnate ovum f :i* ! mule's fa!r 0 develop$ rememb]$ no?+ b horse memories2 b x felt its fai? 9 ^! support$ by ! recollection ( a va/ numb] ( previ\s g5]ations1 9 :i* x 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 :at x n[ is4 ,9 l mann]1 ! impregnate ovum f :i* ! mule's "m 0 develop$ w\ld be back$ by ! assurance t x _h done :at x is go+ to d n[ a hundr$ ?\s& times already4 ,all w\ld ?us be pla9 sail+4 ,a horse & a donkey w\ld result4 ,^! two are br\ght toge!r2 an impregnate ovum is produc$ :i* f9ds an unusual conflict ( memory betwe5 ! two l9es ( its ance/ors1 nev]!less1 be+ accu/om$ to "s conflict1 x manages to get ov] ! difficulty1 z on ei!r side x f9ds itself back$ by a v long s]ies ( suffici5tly /eady memory4 ,a mule results--a creature s di/9ctly diff]5t f ei!r horse or donkey1 t reproduction is baffl$1 ow+ to ! creature's hav+ no?+ b its own k ( itself to fall back ^u1 beh9d :i* !re comes an imm$iate dislocation1 or fault ( memory1 :i* is suffici5t to b> id5tity1 & h5ce reproduction1 by r5d]+ too sev]e an appeal to reason necess>y--= no creature c reproduce itself on ! %all[ f\ndation :i* reason c alone give4 ,ord9>ily1 !re=e1 ! hybrid1 or ! sp]matozoon or ovum1 :i* x may ?r[ (f 7z ! case may be71 f9ds "o s+le exp]i5ce too small to give x ! necess>y fai?1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* ev5 to try to reproduce itself4 ,9 o!r cases ! hybrid itself has fail$ to be develop$2 9 o!rs ! hybrid1 or fir/ cross1 is almo/ f]tile2 9 o!rs x is f]tile1 b produces deprav$ issue4 ,! result w v>y ) ! capacities ( ! creatures cross$1 & ! am\nt ( conflict betwe5 _! sev]al exp]i5ces4 ,! above view w\ld remove all difficulties out ( ! way ( evolution1 9 s f> z ! /]ility ( hybrids is conc]n$4 ,= x w\ld ?us appe> t ?is /]ility has no?+ to d ) any suppos$ immutable or fix$ limits ( species1 b results simply f ! same pr9ciple :i* prev5ts old fri5ds1 no matt] h[ intimate 9 y\?1 f return+ to _! old intimacy aft] a lapse ( ye>s1 dur+ :i* !y h be5 subject$ to widely diff]5t influ5ces1 inasmu* z !y w ea* h contract$ new habits1 & h got into new ways1 :i* !y d n l n[ to alt]4 ,we %\ld expect t our dome/icat$ plants & animals %\ld v>y mo/1 inasmu* z ^! h be5 subject$ to *ang$ conditions :i* w\ld di/urb ! memory1 &1 break+ ! *a9 ( recollection1 ?r\gh failure ( "s "o or o!r ( ! associat$ ideas1 w\ld ?us directly & mo/ m>k$ly affect ! reproductive sy/em4 ,e read] ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 w "k t ?is is :at actually happ5s1 & also t :5 once a plant or animal beg9s to v>y1 x w probably v>y a good deal fur!r2 :i*1 aga91 is :at we %\ld expect--! di/urbance ( ! memory introduc+ a fre% factor ( di/urbance1 :i* has to be dealt ) by ! (fspr+ z x be/ may4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3 8,all our dome/icat$ productions1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 v>y f> m ?an natural species0 78,plants & ,animals10 c41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bda1 ed4 #ahge74 ,on my ?ird supposition1 i4e41 :5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 p>5ts has n be5 great en\gh to baffle reproduction on ! "p ( ! fir/ cross1 b :5 ! hi/ories ( ! fa!r & "m h be51 nev]!less1 widely diff]5t--z 9 ! case ( ,europeans & ,indians--we %\ld expect to h a race ( (fspr+ :o %\ld seem to be q cle> only ab\t ^? po9ts1 on :i* _! prog5itors on bo? sides 7 9 accord be=e ! manifold div]g5cies 9 _! exp]i5ces comm5c$2 t is to say1 ! (fspr+ %\ld %[ a t5d5cy to rev]t to an e>ly savage condition4 ,t ?is inde$ occurs may be se5 f ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication0 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ba1 ed4 #ahge71 :]e we f9d t travell]s 9 all p>ts ( ! _w h frequ5tly rem>k$ 8on ! degrad$ /ate & savage condition ( cross$ races ( man40 ,a few l9es l[] d[n ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u t he 0 himself 8/ruck ) ! fact t1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 m5 ( complicat$ desc5t betwe5 ,negroes1 ,indians1 & ,spani>ds seldom _h1 :atev] ! cause might be1 a good expression40 8,liv+/one0 7cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w97 8rem>ks1 #8,x is unacc\ntable :y half-ca/es are s mu* m cruel ?an ! ,portuguese1 b su* is und\bt$ly ! case4' ,an inhabitant rem>k$ to ,liv+/one1 #8,god made :ite m51 & ,god made black m51 b ! devil made half-ca/es4'0 ,a little fur!r on ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t we may 8p]haps inf] t ! degrad$ /ate ( s _m half-ca/es is 9 "p due to rev]sion to a primitive & savage condition1 induc$ by ! act ( cross+1 ev5 if ma9ly due to ! unfav\rable moral conditions "u :i* !y are g5]ally re>$40 ,:y ! cross+ %\ld produce ?is p>ticul> t5d5cy w\ld seem to be intelligible en\gh1 if ! fa%ion & in/9cts ( (fspr+ are1 9 any case1 no?+ b ! memories ( its pa/ exi/5ces2 b x w\ld h>dly seem to be s ^u any ( ! !ories n[ g5]ally accept$2 z1 inde$1 is v readily admitt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 :o ev51 z reg>ds purely-br$ animals & plants1 rem>ks t 8we are q unable to assign any proximate cause0 = _! t5d5cy to at times reassume long lo/ *>act]s4 ,if ! read] w foll[ = himself ! rema9+ ph5om5a ( rev]sion1 he w1 ,i believe1 f9d !m all explicable on ! !ory t !y are due to memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces fus$1 & modifi$--at times specifically & def9itely--by *ang$ conditions4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o app>5tly v important ph5om5on :i* ,i d n at ?is mom5t see h[ to connect ) memory1 namely1 ! t5d5cy on ! "p ( (fspr+ to rev]t to an e>li] impregnation4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,provisional ,!ory ( ,pang5esis0 seem$ to af=d a satisfactory explanation ( ?is2 b ! connection ) memory 0 n imm$iately app>5t4 ,i ?9k x likely1 h[ev]1 t ?is difficulty w vani% on fur!r consid]ation1 s ,i w n d m ?an call att5tion to x "h4 ,! in/9cts ( c]ta9 neut] insects h>dly be> ^u rev]sion1 b w be dealt ) at "s l5g? 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,v4 ,we %\ld expect to f9d1 z 0 insi/$ on 9 ! prec$+ section 9 ref]5ce to ! /]ility ( hybrids1 t x requir$ _m1 or at any rate sev]al1 g5]ations ( *ang$ habits be=e a suffici5tly deep impression c\ld be made ^u ! liv+ be+ 7:o mu/ be reg>d$ always z "o p]son 9 8 :ole l9e ( asc5t or desc5t7 = x to be unconsci\sly rememb]$ by him1 :5 mak+ himself anew 9 any succe$+ g5]ation1 & ?us to make him modify 8 me?od ( proc$ure dur+ 8 next embryological developm5t4 ,nev]!less1 we %\ld expect to f9d t sometimes a v deep s+le impression made ^u a liv+ organism1 %\ld be rememb]$ by x1 ev5 :5 x is next 9 an embryonic condition4 ,t ?is is s1 we f9d f ,mr4 ,d>w91 :o writes 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 p4 #eg1 ed4 #ahge7--8,!re is ample evid5ce t ! effect ( mutilations & ( accid5ts1 especially1 or p]haps exclusively1 :5 foll[$ by disease0 7:i* w\ld c]ta9ly int5sify ! impression made71 8are occasionally inh]it$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! evil effects ( ! long cont9u$ exposure ( ! p>5t to injuri\s conditions are sometimes transmitt$ to ! (fspr+40 ,z reg>ds impressions ( a less /rik+ "*1 x is s univ]sally admitt$ t !y are n obs]v$ to be repeat$ 9 :at is call$ ! (fspr+1 until !y h be5 confirm$ 9 :at is call$ ! p>5t1 = sev]al g5]ations1 b t aft] sev]al g5]ations1 m or few] z ! case may be1 !y (t5 are transmitt$--t x seems unnecess>y to say m ^u ! matt]4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 ! foll[+ passage f ,mr4 ,d>w9 may be admitt$ z conclusive3-- 8,t !y0 7acquir$ actions7 8are inh]it$1 we see ) horses 9 c]ta9 transmitt$ paces1 su* z cant]+ & ambl+1 :i* are n natural to !m--9 ! po9t+ ( "y po9t]s1 & ! sett+ ( "y sett]s--9 ! peculi> mann] ( flight ( c]ta9 bre$s ( ! pigeon1 c4 ,we h analog\s cases ) mank9d 9 ! inh]itance ( tricks or unusual ge/ures40 4 4 4 78,expression ( ! ,emotions10 p4 #bi74 ,9 ano!r place ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3-- 8,h[ aga9 c we expla9 ! inh]it$ effects ( ! use or disuse ( p>ticul> organs8 ,! dome/icat$ duck flies less & walks m ?an ! wild duck1 & its limb bones h become dim9i%$ & increas$ 9 a correspond+ mann] 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild duck4 ,a horse is tra9$ to c]ta9 paces1 & ! colt inh]its simil> cons5sual movem5ts4 ,! dome/icat$ rabbit becomes tame f close conf9em5t2 ! dog intellig5t f associat+ ) man2 ! retriev] is taught to fet* & c>ry2 & ^! m5tal end[m5ts & bodily p[]s are all inh]it$0 78,plants & ,animals10 c41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg1 ed4 #ahge74 8,no?+10 he cont9ues1 89 ! :ole circuit ( physiology is m wond]ful4 ,h[ c ! use or disuse ( a p>ticul> limb1 or ( ! bra91 affect a small aggregate ( reproductive cells1 seat$ 9 a di/ant "p ( ! body 9 su* a mann] t ! be+ develop$ f ^! cells inh]its ! "* ( "o or bo? p>5ts8 ,ev5 an imp]fect answ] to ?is "q w\ld be satisfactory0 78,plants & ,animals10 c4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg1 ed4 #ahge74 ,) su* an imp]fect answ] w ,i attempt to satisfy ! read]1 z to say t !re appe>s to be t k9d ( cont9uity ( exi/5ce & sam5ess ( p]sonality1 betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 :i* w\ld lead u to expect t ! impressions made ^u ! p>5t %\ld be epitomis$ 9 ! (fspr+1 :5 !y h be5 or h become important en\gh1 ?r\gh repetition 9 ! hi/ory ( sev]al s-call$ exi/5ces to h e>n$ a place 9 t small] edition1 :i* is issu$ f g5]ation to g5]ation2 or1 9 o!r words1 :5 !y h be5 made s deeply1 ei!r at "o bl[ or ?r\gh _m1 t ! (fspr+ c rememb] !m4 ,9 practice we obs]ve ?is to be ! case--s t ! answ] lies 9 ! ass]tion t (fspr+ & p>5t1 be+ 9 "o s5se b ! same individual1 !re is no great wond] t1 9 "o s5se1 ! fir/ %\ld rememb] :at _h happ5$ to ! latt]2 & t too1 mu* 9 ! same way z ! individual rememb]s ! ev5ts 9 ! e>li] hi/ory ( :at he calls 8 own lifetime1 b cond5s$1 & prun$ ( detail1 & rememb]$ z by "o :o has _h a ho/ ( o!r matt]s to att5d to 9 ! int]im4 ,x is ?us easy to und]/& :y su* a rite z circumcision1 ?\gh practis$ dur+ _m ages1 %\ld h produc$ little1 if any1 modification t5d+ to make circumcision unnecess>y4 ,on ! view "h support$ su* modification w\ld be m surpris+ ?an n1 = unless ! impression made ^u ! p>5t 0 ( a grave "*--& probably unless also aggravat$ by subsequ5t confusion ( memories 9 ! cells surr\nd+ ! "p orig9ally impress$--! p>5t himself w\ld n be suffici5tly impress$ to prev5t him f reproduc+ himself1 z he _h already done ^u an inf9ite numb] ( pa/ occasions4 ,! *ild1 !re=e1 9 ! womb w\ld d :at ! fa!r 9 ! womb _h done be=e him1 nor %\ld any trace ( memory conc]n+ circumcision be expect$ till ! eigh? day aft] bir?1 :51 b = ! fact t ! impression 9 ?is case is =gott5 almo/ z soon z made1 "s slight pres5tim5t ( com+ discom=t might1 aft] a l>ge numb] ( g5]ations1 p]haps be look$ = z a g5]al rule4 ,x w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be surpris+1 t ! effect ( circumcision %\ld be occasionally inh]it$1 & x w\ld appe> z ?\gh ?is 0 sometimes actually ! case4 ,! "q %\ld turn ^u :e!r ! disuse ( an organ has aris53-- #a4 ,f an int]nal desire on ! "p ( ! creature disus+ x1 to be quit ( an organ :i* x f9ds tr\blesome4 #b4 ,f *ang$ conditions & habits :i* r5d] ! organ no long] necess>y1 or :i* lead ! creature to lay great] /ress on c]ta9 o!r organs or modifications4 #c4 ,f ! wi% ( o!rs outside itself2 ! effect produc$ 9 ?is case be+ p]haps nei!r v good nor v bad = ! individual1 & result+ 9 no grave impression ^u ! organism z a :ole4 #d4 ,f a s+le deep impression on a p>5t1 affect+ bo? himself z a :ole1 & gravely confus+ ! memories ( ! cells to be reproduc$1 or 8 memories 9 respect ( ^? cells--accord+ z "o adopts ,pang5esis & supposes a memory to 8run0 ea* gemmule1 or z "o supposes "o memory to 8run0 ! :ole impregnate ovum--a compromise betwe5 ^! two views be+ nev]!less p]haps possible1 inasmu* z ! comb9$ memories ( all ! cells may possibly be ! memory :i* 8runs0 ! impregnate ovum1 j z we are ourselves ! comb9ation ( all our cells1 ea* "o ( :i* is bo? autonom\s1 & also takes its %>e 9 ! c5tral gov]nm5t4 ,b )9 ! limits ( ?is volume x is absolutely impossible = me to g into ?is "q4 ,9 ! fir/ case--"u :i* "s in/ances :i* belong m /rictly to ! f\r? w\ld sometimes1 b r>ely1 come--! organ %\ld soon g1 & soon] or lat] leave no rudim5t1 ?\gh /ill p]haps to be f\nd cross+ ! life ( ! embryo1 & !n disappe>+4 ,9 ! second x %\ld g m sl[ly1 & leave1 x may be1 a rudim5t>y /ructure4 ,9 ! ?ird x %\ld %[ little or no sign ( natural decrease = a v long "t4 ,9 ! f\r? !re may be absolute & total /]ility1 or /]ility 9 reg>d to ! p>ticul> organ1 or a sc> :i* %all %[ t ! memory ( ! w\nd & ( ea* /ep 9 ! process ( heal+ has be5 rememb]$2 or !re may be simply su* di/urbance 9 ! reproduc$ organ z %all %[ a confus$ recollection ( injury4 ,!re may be inf9ite gradations betwe5 ! fir/ & la/ ( ^! possibilities4 ,i ?9k t ! facts1 z giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 78,plants & ,animals10 c41 vol4 i4 pp4 #dff-dgb1 ed4 #ahge71 w be> out ! above to ! satisfaction ( ! read]4 ,i c1 h[ev]1 only quote ! foll[+ passage3-- 8 4 4 4 ,br[n ,squ>d has br$ dur+ ?irty ye>s _m ?\s& gu9ea-pigs1 4 4 4 nor has he ev] se5 a gu9ea-pig born )\t toes :i* 0 n ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts :i* _h gnaw$ (f _! own toes1 ow+ to ! sciatic n]ve hav+ be5 divid$4 ,( ?is fact ?irte5 in/ances 7 c>efully record$1 & a great] numb] 7 se52 yet ,br[n ,squ>d speaks ( su* cases z among ! r>] =ms ( inh]itance4 ,x is a /ill m int]e/+ fact--#8t ! sciatic n]ve 9 ! cong5itally toeless animal has inh]it$ ! p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh all ! diff]5t morbid /ates :i* h occurr$ 9 "o ( its p>5ts f ! "t ( division till aft] its reunion ) ! p]iph]ic end4 ,x is n !re=e ! p[] ( simply p]=m+ an action :i* is inh]it$1 b ! p[] ( p]=m+ a :ole s]ies ( actions 9 a c]ta9 ord]4'0 ,i feel incl9$ to say x is n m]ely ! orig9al w\nd t is rememb]$1 b ! :ole process ( cure :i* is n[ accord+ly repeat$4 ,br[n ,squ>d concludes1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 8t :at is transmitt$ is ! morbid /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em10 due to ! op]ation p]=m$ on ! p>5ts4 ,a little l[] d[n ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes t ,pr(essor ,rolle/on has giv5 him two cases--8namely1 ( two m51 "o ( :om _h 8 knee1 & ! o!r 8 *eek1 sev]ely cut1 & bo? _h *ildr5 born ) exactly ! same spot m>k$ or sc>r$40 ,,vi4 ,:51 h[ev]1 an impression has once rea*$ transmission po9t--:e!r x be ( ! nature ( a sudd5 /rik+ ?\ght1 :i* makes its m>k deeply !n & !re1 or :e!r x be ! result ( small] impressions repeat$ until ! nail1 s to speak1 has be5 driv5 home--we %\ld expect t x %\ld be rememb]$ by ! (fspr+ z some?+ :i* he has done all 8 life1 & :i* he has !re=e no long] any occasion to le>n2 he w act1 !re=e1 z p say1 in/9ctively4 ,no matt] h[ complex & difficult ! process1 if ! p>5ts h done x suffici5tly (t5 7t is to say1 = a suffici5t numb] ( g5]ations71 ! (fspr+ w rememb] ! fact :5 association wak5s ! memory2 x w ne$ no in/ruction1 &--unless :5 x has be5 taught to look = x dur+ _m g5]ations--w expect none4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! case ( ! humm+-bird sph9x mo?1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes1 8%ortly aft] its em]g5ce f ! cocoon1 z %[n by ! bloom on its unruffl$ scales1 may be se5 pois$ /ation>y 9 ! air ) its long hair-l proboscis uncurl$1 & ins]t$ into ! m9ute orifices ( fl[]s2 & no "o ,i believe has ev] se5 ?is mo? le>n+ to p]=m its difficult task1 :i* requires su* un]r+ aim0 78,expression ( ! ,emotions10 p4 #cj74 ,&1 inde$1 :5 we consid] t aft] a "t ! mo/ complex & difficult actions come to be p]=m$ by man )\t ! lea/ ef=t or consci\sness--t (fspr+ _c be consid]$ z any?+ b a cont9uation ( ! p>5t life1 ^: pa/ habits & exp]i5ces x epitomises :5 !y h be5 suffici5tly (t5 repeat$ to produce a la/+ impression--t consci\sness ( memory vani%es on ! memory's becom+ int5se1 z completely z ! consci\sness ( complex & difficult movem5ts vani%es z soon z !y h be5 suffici5tly practis$--& f9ally1 t ! real pres5ce ( memory is te/ifi$ r by p]=mance ( ! repeat$ action on recurr5ce ( l surr\nd+s1 ?an by consci\sness ( recollect+ on ! "p ( ! individual--s t n only %\ld !re be no reasonable b> to our attribut+ ! :ole range ( ! m complex in/9ctive actions1 f fir/ to la/1 to memory pure & simple1 no matt] h[ m>vell\s !y may be1 b r t !re is s mu* to compel u to d s1 t we f9d x difficult to conceive h[ any o!r view c h be5 ev] tak5--:51 ,i say1 we consid] all ^! facts1 we %\ld r feel surprise t ! hawk & sp>r[ /ill tea* _! (fspr+ to fly1 ?an t ! humm+-bird sph9x mo? %\ld ne$ no tea*]4 ,! ph5om5a1 !n1 :i* we obs]ve are exactly ^? :i* we %\ld expect to f9d4 ,,vii4 ,we %\ld also expect t ! memory ( animals1 z reg>ds _! e>li] exi/5ces1 0 solely /imulat$ by association4 ,= we f9d1 f ,pr(4 ,ba91 t 8actions1 s5sations1 & /ates ( feel+ occurr+ toge!r1 or 9 close succession1 t5d to gr[ toge!r or coh]e 9 su* a way t :5 any "o ( !m is aft]w>ds pres5t$ to ! m9d1 ! o!rs are apt to be br\ght up 9 idea0 78,! ,s5ses & ! ,intellect10 #b;d ed4 #ahfd1 p4 #ccb74 ,& ,pr(4 ,huxley says 78,elem5t>y ,lessons 9 ,physiology10 #e? ed4 #ahgb1 p4 #cjf71 8,x may be laid d[n z a rule t if any two m5tal /ates be call$ up toge!r1 or 9 succession1 ) due frequ5cy & vividness1 ! subsequ5t production ( ! "o ( !m w suffice to call up ! o!r1 & t :e!r we desire x or n40 ,i w\ld g "o /ep fur!r1 & w\ld say n only :e!r we desire x or n1 b :e!r we are aw>e t ! idea has ev] be=e be5 call$ up 9 our m9ds or n4 ,i %\ld say t ,i h quot$ bo? ! above passages f ,mr4 ,d>w9's 8,expression ( ! ,emotions0 7p4 #cj1 ed4 #ahgb74 ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 expect t :5 ! (fspr+ f\nd itself 9 ! pres5ce ( objects :i* _h call$ up su* & su* ideas = a suffici5t numb] ( g5]ations1 t is to say1 8) due frequ5cy & vividness0--x be+ ( ! same age z its p>5ts 71 & g5]ally 9 l case z :5 ! ideas 7 call$ up 9 ! m9ds ( ! p>5ts--! same ideas %\ld also be call$ up 9 ! m9ds ( ! (fspr+ 8:e!r !y desire x or n20 &1 ,i w\ld say also1 8:e!r !y recognise ! ideas z hav+ ev] be=e be5 pres5t to !m or n40 ,i ?9k we might also expect t no o!r =ce1 save t ( association1 %\ld h p[] to k9dle1 s to speak1 into ! flame ( action ! atomic sp>k ( memory1 :i* we c alone suppose to be transmitt$ f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,t bo? plants & animals d z we %\ld expect ( !m 9 ?is respect is pla91 n only f ! p]=mance ( ! mo/ intricate & difficult actions--difficult bo? physically & intellectually--at an age1 & "u circum/ances :i* preclude all possibility ( :at we call in/ruction1 b f ! fact t deviations f ! p>5tal in/9ct1 or r ! recurr5ce ( a memory1 unless 9 connection ) ! accu/om$ tra9 ( associations1 is ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce2 ! result1 commonly1 ( "s "o ( ! _m memories ab\t :i* we "k no m ?an we d ( ! memory :i* enables a cat to f9d h] way home aft] a hundr$-mile j\rney by tra91 & %ut up 9 a hamp]1 or1 p]haps ev5 m commonly1 ( abnormal treatm5t4 ,,viii4 ,if1 !n1 memory dep5ds on association1 we %\ld expect two correspond+ ph5om5a 9 ! case ( plants & animals--namely1 t !y %\ld %[ a t5d5cy to resume f]al habits on be+ turn$ wild aft] sev]al g5]ations ( dome/ication1 & also t peculi>ities %\ld t5d to %[ !mselves at a correspond+ age 9 ! (fspr+ & 9 ! p>5ts4 ,z reg>ds ! t5d5cy to resume f]al habits1 ,mr4 ,d>w91 ?\gh app>5tly ( op9ion t ! t5d5cy to d ?is has be5 mu* exagg]at$1 yet does n d\bt t su* a t5d5cy exi/s1 z %[n by well au!nticat$ in/ances4 ,he writes3 8,x has be5 repeat$ly ass]t$ 9 ! mo/ positive mann] by v>i\s au?ors t f]al animals & plants inv>iably return to _! primitive specific type40 ,?is %[s1 at any rate1 t !re is a consid]able op9ion to ?is effect among obs]v]s g5]ally4 ,he cont9ues3 8,x is curi\s on :at little evid5ce ?is belief re/s4 ,_m ( our dome/icat$ animals c\ld n subsi/ 9 a wild /ate10--s t !re is no kn[+ :e!r !y w\ld or w\ld n rev]t4 8,9 sev]al cases we d n "k ! aborig9al p>5t species1 & _c tell :e!r or n !re has be5 any close degree ( rev]sion40 ,s t "h1 too1 !re is at any rate no evid5ce aga9/ ! t5d5cy2 ! conclusion1 h[ev]1 is t1 not)/&+ ! defici5cy ( positive evid5ce to w>rant ! g5]al belief z to ! =ce ( ! t5d5cy1 yet 8! simple fact ( animals & plants becom+ f]al does cause "s t5d5cy to rev]t to ! primitive /ate10 & he tells u t 8:5 v>i\sly-col\r$ tame rabbits are turn$ out 9 ,europe1 !y g5]ally re-acquire ! col\r+ ( ! wild animal20 8!re c be no d\bt10 he says1 8t ?is really does occur10 ?\gh he seems incl9$ to acc\nt = x by ! fact t oddly-col\r$ & conspicu\s animals w\ld suff] mu* f bea/s ( prey & f be+ easily %ot4 8,! be/ kn[n case ( rev]sion30 he cont9ues1 8& t on :i* ! widely-spread belief 9 its univ]sality app>5tly re/s1 is t ( pigs4 ,^! animals h run wild 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 & h ev]y:]e re-acquir$ ! d>k col\r1 ! ?ick bri/les1 & great tusks ( ! wild bo>2 & ! "y h re-acquir$ longitud9al /ripes40 ,& on page #bb ( 8,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication0 7vol4 ii4 ed4 #ahge7 we f9d t 8! re-appe>ance ( col\r$1 longitud9al /ripes on "y f]al pigs _c be attribut$ to ! direct action ( ext]nal conditions4 ,9 ?is case1 & 9 _m o!rs1 we c only say t any *ange 9 ! habits ( life app>5tly fav\rs a t5d5cy1 inh]5t or lat5t1 9 ! species to return to ! primitive /ate40 ,on :i* "o _c b rem>k t ?\gh any *ange may fav\r su* t5d5cy1 yet ! return to orig9al habits & surr\nd+s appe>s to d s 9 a way s m>k$ z n to be readily ref]able to any o!r cause ?an t ( association & memory--! creature1 9 fact1 hav+ got into its old groove1 rememb]s x1 & takes to all its old ways4 ,z reg>ds ! t5d5cy to inh]it *anges 7:e!r embryonic1 or dur+ po/-natal developm5t z ord9>ily obs]v$ 9 any species71 or peculi>ities ( habit or =m :i* d n p>take ( ! nature ( disease1 x mu/ be suffici5t to ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,d>w9's rem>ks ^u ?is subject 78,plants & ,animals ,"u ,dome/ication10 vol4 ii4 pp4 #ea-eg1 ed4 #ahge74 ,! exi/5ce ( ! t5d5cy is n likely to be d5i$4 ,! in/ances giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 are /rictly to ! po9t z reg>ds all ord9>y developm5tal & metamorphic *anges1 & ev5 z reg>ds transmitt$ acquir$ actions1 & tricks acquir$ be=e ! "t :5 ! (fspr+ has issu$ f ! body ( ! p>5t1 or on an av]age ( _m g5]ations does s2 b x _c = a mom5t be suppos$ t ! (fspr+ kn[s by inh]itance any?+ ab\t :at happ5s to ! p>5t subsequ5tly to ! (fspr+'s be+ born4 ,h5ce ! appe>ance ( diseases 9 ! (fspr+1 at comp>atively late p]iods 9 life1 b at ! same age z1 or e>li]1 ?an 9 ! p>5ts1 mu/ be reg>d$ z due to ! fact t 9 ea* case ! ma*9e hav+ be5 made aft] ! same patt]n 7:i* is due to memory71 is liable to h ! same weak po9ts1 & to break d[n aft] a simil> am\nt ( we> & te>2 b aft] less we> & te> 9 ! case ( ! (fspr+ ?an 9 t ( ! p>5t1 because a diseas$ organism is commonly a det]iorat+ organism1 & if repeat$ at all closely1 & )\t rep5tance & am5dm5t ( life1 w be repeat$ = ! worse4 ,if we d n improve1 we gr[ worse4 ,?is1 at lea/1 is :at we obs]ve daily4 ,nor aga9 c we believe1 z "s h fancifully imag9$1 t ! remembrance ( any occurr5ce ( :i* ! effect has be5 entirely1 or almo/ entirely m5tal1 %\ld be rememb]$ by (fspr+ ) any def9it5ess4 ,! intellect ( ! (fspr+ might be affect$1 = bett] or worse1 by ! g5]al nature ( ! intellectual employm5t ( ! p>5t2 or a great %ock to a p>5t might de/roy or weak5 ! intellect ( ! (fspr+2 b unless a deep impression 7 made ^u ! cells ( ! body1 & deep5$ by subsequ5t disease1 we c\ld n expect x to be rememb]$ ) any def9it5ess1 or precision4 ,we may talk z we w ab\t m5tal pa91 & m5tal sc>s1 b aft] all1 ! impressions !y leave are incomp>ably less durable ?an ^? made by an organic lesion4 ,x is probable1 !re=e1 t ! feel+ :i* s _m h describ$1 z ?\gh !y rememb]$ ?is or t 9 "s pa/ exi/5ce1 is purely imag9>y1 & due r to unconsci\s recognition ( ! fact t we c]ta9ly h liv$ be=e1 ?an to any actual occurr5ce correspond+ to ! suppos$ recollection4 ,& la/ly1 we %\ld look to f9d 9 ! action ( memory1 z betwe5 "o g5]ation & ano!r1 a reflection ( ! _m anomalies & exceptions to ord9>y rules :i* we obs]ve 9 memory1 s f> z we c wat* its action 9 :at we call our own s+le lives1 & ! s+le lives ( o!rs4 ,we %\ld expect t rev]sion %\ld be frequ5tly caprici\s--t is to say1 give u m tr\ble to acc\nt = ?an we are ei!r able or will+ to take4 ,& assur$ly we f9d x s 9 fact4 ,mr4 ,d>w9--f :om x is impossible to quote too mu* or too fully1 inasmu* z no "o else c furni% su* a /ore ( facts1 s well arrang$1 & s above all suspicion ( ei!r c>elessness or want ( c&\r--s t1 h[ev] we may diff] f him1 x is he himself :o %[s u h[ to d s1 & ^: pupils we all are--,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3 8,9 e liv+ be+ we may re/ assur$ t a ho/ ( long-lo/ *>act]s lie ready to be evolv$ "u prop] conditions0 7does n "o almo/ long to sub/itute ! ^w 8memories0 = ! ^w 8*>act]s807 8,h[ c we make intelligible1 & connect ) o!r facts1 ?is wond]ful & common capacity ( rev]sion--?is p[] ( call+ back to life long-lo/ *>act]s80 78,plants & ,animals10 c41 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfi1 ed4 #ahge74 ,surely ! answ] may be haz>d$1 t we %all be able to d s :5 we c make intelligible ! p[] ( call+ back to life long-lo/ memories4 ,b ,i grant t ?is answ] holds out no imm$iate prospect ( a cle> und]/&+4 ,"o ^w m4 ,abundant facts are to be f\nd :i* po9t inevitably1 z w appe> m pla9ly 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ t (fspr+ inh]its ! memories ( its p>5ts2 b ,i "k ( no s+le fact :i* sugge/s t p>5ts are 9 ! smalle/ degree affect$ 7o!r ?an sympa!tically7 by ! memories ( _! (fspr+ aft] t (fspr+ has be5 born4 ,:e!r ! unborn (fspr+ affects ! memory ( ! "m 9 "s p>ticul>s1 & :e!r we h "h ! explanation ( occasional rev]sion to a previ\s impregnation1 is a matt] on :i* ,i %\ld h>dly l to express an op9ion n[4 ,nor1 aga91 c ,i f9d a s+le fact :i* seems to indicate any memory ( ! p>5tal life on ! "p ( (fspr+ lat] ?an ! av]age date ( ! (fspr+'s quitt+ ! body ( ! p>5t4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,in/9ct ,,z ,,inh]it$ ,,memory4 ,i ,,h already allud$ to ,m4 ,ribot's "w on 8,h]$ity10 f :i* ,i w n[ take ! foll[+ passages4 ,m4 ,ribot writes3-- 8,in/9ct is innate1 i4e41 ant]ior to all individual exp]i5ce40 ,?is ,i d5y on gr\nds already abundantly app>5t2 b let x pass4 8,:]eas intellig5ce is develop$ sl[ly by accumulat$ exp]i5ce1 in/9ct is p]fect f ! fir/0 78,h]$ity10 p4 #ad74 ,obvi\sly ! memory ( a habit or exp]i5ce w n commonly be transmitt$ to (fspr+ 9 t p]fection :i* is call$ 8in/9ct10 till ! habit or exp]i5ce has be5 repeat$ 9 sev]al g5]ations ) m or less uni=mity2 = o!rwise ! impression made w n be /rong en\gh to endure ?r\gh ! busy & difficult task ( reproduction4 ,?is ( c\rse involves t ! habit %all h atta9$1 z x 7 equilibrium ) ! creature's s5se ( its own ne$s1 s t x %all h long seem$ ! be/ c\rse possible1 leav+ ^u ! :ole & "u ord9>y circum/ances little fur!r to be desir$1 & h5ce t x %\ld h be5 little v>i$ dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,we %\ld expect t x w\ld be transmitt$ 9 a m or less p>tial1 v>y+1 imp]fect1 & intellig5t condition be=e equilibrium _h be5 atta9$2 x w\ld1 h[ev]1 cont9ually t5d t[>ds equilibrium1 = reasons :i* w appe> m fully lat] on4 ,:5 ?is /age has be5 rea*$1 z reg>ds any habit1 ! creature w cease try+ to improve2 on :i* ! repetition ( ! habit w become /able1 & h5ce become capable ( m un]r+ transmission--b at ! same "t improvem5t w cease2 ! habit w become fix$1 & be p]haps transmitt$ at an e>li] & e>li] age1 till x has rea*$ t date ( manife/ation :i* %all be f\nd mo/ agreeable to ! o!r habits ( ! creature4 ,x w also be manife/$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 )\t fur!r consci\sness or reflection1 = p _c be always op5+ up settl$ que/ions2 if !y ?\ght a matt] ov] ye/]day !y _c ?9k x all ov] aga9 to-day1 b w adopt = bett] or worse ! conclusion !n rea*$2 & ?is1 too1 ev5 9 spite sometimes ( consid]able misgiv+1 t if !y 7 to ?9k /ill fur!r !y c\ld f9d a /ill bett] c\rse4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 to be expect$ t 8in/9ct0 %\ld %[ signs ( t hesitat+ & t5tative action :i* results f k t is /ill s imp]fect z to be actively self-consci\s2 nor yet t x %\ld gr[ or v>y1 unless "u su* *ang$ conditions z %all baffle memory1 & pres5t ! alt]native ( ei!r inv5tion--t is to say1 v>iation--or dea?4 ,b e in/9ct mu/ h pois$ ?r\gh ! labori\sly intellig5t /ages ?r\gh :i* human civilisations & me*anical inv5tions are n[ pass+2 & he :o w\ld /udy ! orig9 ( an in/9ct ) its developm5t1 p>tial transmission1 fur!r gr[?1 fur!r transmission1 approa* to m unreflect+ /ability1 & f9ally1 its p]fection z an un]r+ & un]r+ly transmitt$ in/9ct1 mu/ look to laws1 cu/oms1 & ma*9]y z 8 be/ in/ructors4 ,cu/oms & ma*9es are in/9cts & organs n[ 9 process ( developm5t2 !y w assur$ly "o day rea* ! unconsci\s /ate ( equilibrium :i* we obs]ve 9 ! /ructures & in/9cts ( bees & ants1 & an approa* to :i* may be f\nd among "s savage nations4 ,we may reflect1 h[ev]1 n )\t pleasure1 t ?is condition--! true mill5nium--is /ill di/ant4 ,nev]!less ! ants & bees seem happy2 p]haps m happy ?an :5 s _m social que/ions 7 9 z hot discussion among !m1 z o!r1 & n dissimil> ones1 w "o day be among/ ourselves4 ,& ?is1 z w be app>5t1 op5s up ! :ole "q ( ! /ability ( species1 :i* we _c foll[ fur!r "h1 ?an to say1 t accord+ to ! balance ( te/imony1 _m plants & animals d appe> to h rea*$ a phase ( be+ f :i* !y are h>d to move--t is to say1 !y w die soon] ?an be at ! pa9s ( alt]+ _! habits--true m>tyrs to _! convictions4 ,su* races refuse to see *anges 9 _! surr\nd+s z long z !y c1 b :5 compell$ to recognise !m1 !y ?r[ up ! game because !y _c & w n1 or w n & _c1 inv5t4 ,& ?is is p]fectly intelligible1 = a race is no?+ b a long-liv$ individual1 & l any individual1 or tribe ( m5 :om we h yet obs]v$1 w h its special capacities & its special limitations1 ?\gh1 z 9 ! case ( ! individual1 s also ) ! race1 x is exce$+ly h>d to say :at ^? limitations are1 & :y1 hav+ be5 able to g s f>1 x %\ld g no fur!r4 ,e man & e race is capable ( education up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b n to ! ext5t ( be+ made f a s['s e> into a silk purse4 ,! proximate cause ( ! limitation seems to lie 9 ! abs5ce ( ! wi% to g fur!r2 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( ! wi% w dep5d ^u ! nature & surr\nd+s ( ! individual1 :i* is simply a way ( say+ t "o c get no fur!r1 b t z ! song 7) a slight alt]ation7 says3-- 8,"s bre$s d1 & "s bre$s don't1 ,"s bre$s w1 b ?is bre$ won't1 ,i tri$ v (t5 to see if x w\ld1 ,b x said x really c\ldn't1 & ,i don't ?9k x c\ld40 ,x may p]haps be ma9ta9$1 t ) "t & pati5ce1 "o might tra9 a r /upid pl\gh-boy to und]/& ! diff]5tial calculus4 ,?is might be done ) ! help ( an inw>d desire on ! "p ( ! boy to le>n1 b nev] o!rwise4 ,if ! boy wants to le>n or to improve g5]ally1 he w d s 9 spite ( e h9drance1 till 9 "t he becomes a v diff]5t be+ f :at he 0 orig9ally4 ,if he does n want to le>n1 he w n d s = any wi% ( ano!r p]son4 ,if he feels t he has ! p[] he w wi%2 or if he wi%es1 he w beg9 to ?9k he has ! p[]1 & try to fulfil 8 wi%es2 "o _c say :i* comes fir/1 = ! p[] & ! desire g always h& 9 h&1 or ne>ly s1 & ! :ole bus9ess is no?+ b a mo/ vici\s circle f fir/ to la/4 ,b x is pla9 t !re is m to be said on behalf ( su* circles ?an we h be5 9 ! habit ( ?9k+4 ,d :at we w1 we mu/ ea* "o ( u argue 9 a circle ( our own1 f :i*1 s long z we live at all1 we c by no possibility escape4 ,i am n sure :e!r ! frank acceptation & recognition ( ?is fact is n ! be/ corrective = dogmatism t we are likely to f9d4 ,we c und]/& t a pigeon might 9 ! c\rse ( ages gr[ to be a peacock if !re 0 a p]si/5t desire on ! "p ( ! pigeon ?r\gh all ^! ages to d s4 ,we "k v well t ?is has n probably occurr$ 9 nature1 inasmu* z no pigeon is at all likely to wi% to be v diff]5t f :at x is n[4 ,! idea ( be+ any?+ v diff]5t f :at x n[ is1 w\ld be too wide a cross ) ! pigeon's o!r ideas = x to ent]ta9 x s]i\sly4 ,if ! pigeon _h nev] se5 a peacock1 x w\ld n be able to conceive ! idea1 s z to be able to make t[>ds x2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x _h se5 "o1 x w\ld n probably ei!r want to become "o1 or ?9k t x w\ld be any use want+ s]i\sly1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 to feel a pass+ fancy to be s gorge\sly array$2 x w\ld !re=e lack t fai? )\t :i* no action1 & ) :i*1 e action1 is possible4 ,t creatures h conceiv$ ! idea ( mak+ !mselves l o!r creatures or objects :i* x 0 to _! advantage or pleasure to resemble1 w be believ$ by any "o :o turns to ,mr4 ,miv>t's 8,g5esis ( ,species10 :]e he w f9d 7*apt] ii47 an acc\nt ( "s v %[y ,s\? ,am]ican butt]flies1 :i* give out su* a /rong od\r t no?+ w eat !m1 & :i* are h5ce mimick$ bo? 9 appe>ance & flight by a v diff]5t k9d ( butt]fly2 &1 aga91 we see t c]ta9 birds1 )\t any p>ticul> desire ( ga91 no soon] he> any s\nd ?an !y beg9 to mimick x1 m]ely = ! pleasure ( mimick+2 s we all enjoy to mimick1 or to he> good mimicry1 s also monkeys imitate ! actions :i* !y obs]ve1 f pure =ce ( sympa?y4 ,to mimick1 or to wi% to mimick1 is d\btless (t5 "o ( ! fir/ /eps t[>ds v>y+ 9 any giv5 direction4 ,n less1 9 all probability1 ?an a full tw5ty p] c5t4 ( all ! c\rage & good nature n[ exi/+ 9 ! _w1 d]ives its orig91 at no v di/ant date1 f a desire to appe> c\rage\s & good-natur$4 ,& ?is sugge/s a "w ^: title %\ld be 8,on ! ,f9e ,arts z be>+ on ! ,reproductive ,sy/em10 ( :i* ! title mu/ suffice "h4 ,aga9/ fai?1 !n1 & desire1 all ! 8natural selection0 9 ! _w w n /op an amba f becom+ an elephant1 if a reasonable "t be grant$2 )\t ! fai? & ! desire1 nei!r 8natural selection0 nor artificial bre$+ w be able to d mu* 9 ! way ( modify+ any /ructure4 ,:5 we h once ?or\ghly grasp$ ! conception t we are all "o creature1 & t ea* "o ( u is _m millions ( ye>s old1 s t all ! pigeons 9 ! "o l9e ( an inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations are /ill "o pigeon only--!n we c und]/& t a bird1 z diff]5t f a peacock z a pigeon is n[1 c\ld yet h w&]$ on & on1 fir/ ?is way & !n t1 do+ :at x lik$1 & ?\ght t x c\ld d1 till x f\nd itself at l5g? a peacock2 b we _c believe ei!r t a bird l a pigeon %\ld be able to appreh5d any ideal s diff]5t f itself z a peacock1 & make t[>ds x1 or t man1 hav+ wi%$ to bre$ a bird any?+ l a peacock f a bird any?+ l a pigeon1 w\ld be able to succe$ 9 accumulat+ accid5tal peacock-l v>iations till he _h made ! bird he 0 9 se>* (1 no matt] 9 :at numb] ( g5]ations2 mu* less c we believe t ! accumulation ( small =tuit\s v>iations by 8natural selection0 c\ld succe$ bett]4 ,we c no m believe ! above1 ?an we c believe t a wi% outside a pl\gh-boy c\ld turn him into a s5ior wrangl]4 ,! boy w\ld prove to be too _m = 8 tea*]1 & s w\ld ! pigeon = its bre$]4 ,i d n =get t artificial bre$+ has modifi$ ! orig9al type ( ! horse & ! dog1 till x has at l5g? produc$ ! dray-horse & ! greyh\nd2 b 9 ea* case man has _h to get use & disuse--t is to say1 ! desires ( ! animal itself--to help him4 ,we are l$1 !n1 to ! conclusion t all races h :at = practical purposes may be consid]$ z _! limits1 ?\gh !re is no say+ :at ^? limits are1 nor inde$ :y1 9 !ory1 !re %\ld be any limits at all1 b only t !re are limits 9 practice4 ,races :i* v>y consid]ably mu/ be consid]$ z clev]1 b x may be speculative1 p :o commonly h a g5ius 9 "s special direction1 z p]haps = mimicry1 p]haps = beauty1 p]haps = music1 p]haps = ! high] ma!matics1 b seldom 9 m ?an "o or two directions2 :ile 8inflexible organisations10 l t ( ! goose1 may be consid]$ z belong+ to p ) "o idea1 & ! great] t5d5cy ( plants & animals to v>y "u dome/ication may be reasonably comp>$ ) ! effects ( culture & education3 t is to say1 may be ref]r$ to increas$ range & v>iety ( exp]i5ce or p]ceptions1 :i* w ei!r cause /]ility1 if !y be too unfamili>1 s z to be incapable ( fusion ) prec$+ ideas1 & h5ce to br+ memory to a sudd5 fault1 or w op5 ! door = all mann] ( fur!r v>iation--! new ideas hav+ sugge/$ new tra9s ( ?\ght1 :i* a clev] example ( a clev] race w be only too eag] to pursue4 ,let u n[ return to ,m4 ,ribot4 ,he writes 7p4 #ad73--8,! duckl+ hat*$ by ! h5 makes /raight = wat]40 ,9 :at conceivable way c we acc\nt = ?is1 except on ! supposition t ! duckl+ kn[s p]fectly well :at x c1 & :at x _c d ) wat]1 ow+ to its recollection ( :at x did :5 x 0 /ill "o individuality ) its p>5ts1 & h5ce1 :5 x 0 a duckl+ be=e8 8,! squirrel1 be=e x kn[s any?+ ( w9t]1 lays up a /ore ( nuts4 ,a bird :5 hat*$ 9 a cage w1 :5 giv5 its fre$om1 build = itself a ne/ l t ( its p>5ts1 out ( ! same mat]ials1 & ( ! same %ape40 ,if ?is is n due to memory1 ev5 an imp]fect explanation ( :at else x c be due to1 8w\ld be satisfactory40 8,intellig5ce gropes ab\t1 tries ?is way & t1 misses its object1 commits mi/akes1 & corrects !m40 ,yes4 ,because intellig5ce is ( consci\sness1 & consci\sness is ( att5tion1 & att5tion is ( unc]ta9ty1 & unc]ta9ty is ( ignorance or want ( consci\sness4 ,intellig5ce is n yet ?or\ghly up to its bus9ess4 8,in/9ct advances ) a me*anical c]ta9ty40 ,:y me*anical8 ,%\ld n 8) app>5t c]ta9ty0 suffice8 8,h5ce comes its unconsci\s "*40 ,b = ! ^w 8me*anical0 ?is is true1 & is :at we h be5 all along insi/+ on4 8,x kn[s no?+ ei!r ( ends1 or ( ! means ( atta9+ !m2 x implies no comp>ison1 judgm5t1 or *oice40 ,?is is assumption4 ,:at is c]ta9 is t in/9ct does n betray signs ( self-consci\sness z to its own k4 ,x has dismiss$ ref]5ce to fir/ pr9ciples1 & is no long] "u ! law1 b "u ! grace ( a settl$ conviction4 8,all seems direct$ by ?\ght40 ,yes2 because all has be5 9 e>li] exi/5ces direct$ by ?\ght4 8,)\t ev] arriv+ at ?\ght40 ,because x has got pa/ ?\ght1 & ?\gh 8direct$ by ?\ght0 orig9ally1 is n[ travell+ 9 exactly ! opposite direction4 ,x is n likely to rea* ?\ght aga91 till p get to "k worse & worse h[ to d ?+s1 ! (t5] !y practise !m4 8,& if ?is ph5om5on appe> /range1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t analog\s /ates occur 9 ourselves4 ,all t we d f habit--walk+1 writ+1 or practis+ a me*anical act1 = in/ance--all ^! & _m o!r v complex acts are p]=m$ )\t consci\sness4 8,in/9ct appe>s /ation>y4 ,x does n1 l intellig5ce1 seem to gr[ & decay1 to ga9 & to lose4 ,x does n improve40 ,naturally4 ,= improvem5t c only z a g5]al rule be look$ = along ! l9e ( late/ developm5t1 t is to say1 9 matt]s conc]n+ :i* ! creature is be+ /ill consci\sly ex]cis$4 ,old] que/ions are settl$1 & ! solution mu/ be accept$ z f9al1 = ! "q ( liv+ at all w\ld be r$uc$ to an absurdity1 if ev]y?+ decid$ ^u "o day 0 to be undecid$ aga9 ! next2 z ) pa9t+ or music1 s ) life & politics1 let e man be fully p]suad$ 9 8 own m9d1 = decision ) wrong w be commonly a bett] policy ?an indecision--,i _h almo/ add$ ) "r2 & a firm purpose ) risk w be bett] ?an an infirm "o ) tempor>y exemption f disa/]4 ,e race has made its great blund]s1 to :i* x has nev]!less adh]$1 inasmu* z ! correspond+ modification ( o!r /ructures & in/9cts 0 f\nd pref]able to ! revolution :i* w\ld be caus$ by a radical *ange ( /ructure1 ) consequ5t havoc among a legion ( ve/$ int]e/s4 ,rudim5t>y organs are1 z has be5 (t5 said1 ! survivals ( ^! int]e/s--! signs ( _! peaceful & gradual ext9ction z liv+ fai?s2 !y are also in/ances ( ! difficulty ( break+ ?r\gh any cant or trick :i* we h long practis$1 & :i* is n suffici5tly tr\blesome to make x a s]i\s object ) u to cure ourselves ( ! habit4 8,if x does n rema9 p]fectly inv>iable1 at lea/ x only v>ies )9 v n>r[ limits2 & ?\gh ?is "q has be5 w>mly debat$ 9 our day1 & is yet unsettl$1 we may yet say t 9 in/9ct immutability is ! law1 v>iation ! exception40 ,?is is q z x %\ld be4 ,g5ius w occasionally rise a little above conv5tion1 b ) an old conv5tion immutability w be ! rule4 8,su*10 cont9ues ,m4 ,ribot1 8are ! admitt$ *>act]s ( in/9ct40 ,yes2 b are !y n also ! admitt$ *>act]s ( actions t are due to memory8 ,at ! bottom ( p4 #ae1 ,m4 ,ribot quotes ! foll[+ f ,mr4 ,d>w93-- 8,we h reason to believe t aborig9al habits are long reta9$ "u dome/ication4 ,?us ) ! common ass1 we see signs ( its orig9al des]t-life 9 its /rong dislike to cross ! smalle/ /ream ( wat]1 & 9 its pleasure 9 roll+ 9 ! du/4 ,! same /rong dislike to cross a /ream is common to ! camel :i* has be5 dome/icat$ f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,"y pigs1 ?\gh s tame1 sometimes squat :5 fright5$1 & !n try to conceal !mselves1 ev5 9 an op5 & b>e place4 ,"y turkeys1 & occasionally ev5 "y f[ls1 :5 ! h5 gives ! dang]-cry1 run away & try to hide !mselves1 l "y p>tridges or pheasants1 9 ord] t _! "m may take flight1 ( :i* %e has lo/ ! p[]4 ,! musk duck 9 its native c\ntry (t5 p]*es & roo/s on trees1 & our dome/icat$ musk ducks1 ?\gh sluggi% birds1 are fond ( p]*+ on ! tops ( b>ns1 walls1 c4 4 4 4 ,we "k t ! dog1 h[ev] well & regul>ly f$1 (t5 buries l ! fox any sup]flu\s food2 we see him turn+ r\nd & r\nd on a c>pet z if to trample d[n grass to =m a b$4 4 4 4 ,9 ! delight ) :i* lambs & kids cr[d toge!r & frisk ^u ! smalle/ hillock we see a ve/ige ( _! =m] alp9e habits40 ,:at does ?is delightful passage g to %[1 if n t ! "y 9 all ^! cases mu/ /ill h a lat5t memory ( _! pa/ exi/5ces1 :i* is call$ into an active condition z soon z ! associat$ ideas pres5t !mselves8 ,return+ to ,m4 ,ribot's own obs]vations1 we f9d he tells u t x usually requires ?ree or f\r g5]ations to fix ! results ( tra9+1 & to prev5t a return to ! in/9cts ( ! wild /ate4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 x w\ld n be presumptu\s to suppose t if an animal aft] only ?ree or f\r g5]ations ( tra9+ be re/or$ to its orig9al conditions ( life1 x w =get its int]m$iate tra9+ & return to its old ways1 almo/ z readily z a ,london /reet ,arab w\ld =get ! b5eficial effects ( a weeks tra9+ 9 a re=matory s*ool1 if he 7 !n turn$ loose aga9 on ! /reets4 ,s if we hat* wild ducks' eggs "u a tame duck1 ! duckl+s 8w h sc>ce left ! egg-%ell :5 !y obey ! in/9cts ( _! race & take _! flight40 ,s ! colts f wild horses1 & mongrel "y betwe5 wild & dome/icat$ horses1 betray traces ( _! e>li] memories4 ,on ?is ,m4 ,ribot says3 8,orig9ally man _h consid]able tr\ble 9 tam+ ! animals :i* are n[ dome/icat$2 & 8 "w w\ld h be5 9 va9 _h n h]$ity0 7memory7 8come to 8 aid4 ,x may be said t aft] man has modifi$ a wild animal to 8 w1 !re goes on 9 its prog5y a sil5t conflict betwe5 two h]$ities0 7memories71 8! "o t5d+ to fix ! acquir$ modifications & ! o!r to pres]ve ! primitive in/9cts4 ,! latt] (t5 get ! ma/]y1 & only aft] sev]al g5]ations is tra9+ sure ( victory4 ,b we may see t 9 ei!r case h]$ity0 7memory7 8always ass]ts its rights40 ,h[ m>vell\sly is ! above passage elucidat$ & made to fit 9 ) ! results ( our recognis$ exp]i5ce1 by ! simple sub/itution ( ! ^w 8memory0 = 8h]$ity40 8,among ! high] animals0--to cont9ue quot+--8:i* are possess$ n only ( in/9ct1 b also ( intellig5ce1 no?+ is m common ?an to see m5tal dispositions1 :i* h evid5tly be5 acquir$1 s fix$ by h]$ity1 t !y are conf\nd$ ) in/9ct1 s spontane\s & automatic d !y become4 ,"y po9t]s h be5 kn[n to po9t ! fir/ "t !y 7 tak5 out1 sometimes ev5 bett] ?an dogs t _h be5 = a long "t 9 tra9+4 ,! habit ( sav+ life is h]$it>y 9 bre$s t h be5 br\ght up to x1 z is also ! %eph]d dog's habit ( mov+ ar\nd ! flock & gu>d+ x40 ,z soon z we h grasp$ ! notion1 t in/9ct is only ! epitome ( pa/ exp]i5ce1 revis$1 correct$1 made p]fect1 & le>nt by rote1 we no long] f9d any desire to sep>ate 8in/9ct0 f 8m5tal dispositions1 :i* h evid5tly be5 acquir$ & fix$ by h]$ity10 = ! simple reason t !y are "o & ! same ?+4 ,a few m examples are all t my limits w all[--!y ab\nd on e side1 & ! difficulty lies only 9 select+--,m4 ,ribot be+ to h&1 ,i w v5ture to lay him "u /ill fur!r contributions4 ,on page #ai we f9d3--8,knight has %[n exp]im5tally ! tru? ( ! prov]b1 #8a good h\nd is br$ s1' he took e c>e t :5 ! pups 7 fir/ tak5 into ! field1 !y %\ld receive no guidance f old] dogs2 yet ! v fir/ day1 "o ( ! pups /ood trembl+ ) anxiety1 hav+ 8 eyes fix$ & all 8 muscles /ra9$ at ! p>tridges :i* _! p>5ts _h be5 tra9$ to po9t4 ,a spaniel belong+ to a bre$ :i* _h be5 tra9$ to woodcock-%oot+1 knew p]fectly well f ! fir/ h[ to act l an old dog1 avoid+ places :]e ! gr\nd 0 froz51 & :]e x 01 !re=e1 useless to seek ! game1 z !re 0 no sc5t4 ,f9ally1 a "y polecat t]ri] 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( great excitem5t ! fir/ "t he ev] saw "o ( ^! animals1 :ile a spaniel rema9$ p]fectly calm4 8,9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 accord+ to ,r\l91 dogs belong+ to a bre$ t has long be5 tra9$ to ! dang]\s *ase ( ! pecc>y1 :5 tak5 = ! fir/ "t into ! woods1 "k ! tactics to adopt q z well z ! old dogs1 & t )\t any in/ruction4 ,dogs ( o!r races1 & unacqua9t$ ) ! tactics1 are kill$ at once1 no matt] h[ /rong !y may be4 ,! ,am]ican greyh\nd1 in/ead ( leap+ at ! /ag1 attacks him by ! belly1 & ?r[s him ov]1 z 8 ance/ors _h be5 tra9$ to d 9 hunt+ ! ,indians4 8,?us1 !n1 h]$ity transmits modification no less ?an natural in/9cts40 ,%\ld n ?is r be--8?us1 !n1 we see t n only old] & remot] habits1 b habits :i* h be5 practis$ = a comp>atively small numb] ( g5]ations1 may be s deeply impress$ on ! individual t !y may dwell 9 8 memory1 surviv+ ! s-call$ *ange ( p]sonality :i* he und]goes 9 ea* successive g5]ation08 8,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important diff]5ce to be not$3 ! h]$ity ( in/9cts admits ( no exceptions1 :ile 9 t ( modifications !re are _m40 ,x may be well d\bt$ h[ f> ! h]$ity ( in/9cts admits ( no exceptions2 on ! contr>y1 x w\ld seem probable t 9 _m races g5iuses h f "t to "t aris5 :o rememb]$ n only _! pa/ exp]i5ces1 z f> z action & habit w5t1 b h be5 able to rise 9 "s degree above habit :]e !y felt t improvem5t 0 possible1 & :o c>ri$ su* improvem5t into fur!r practice1 by slightly modify+ _! /ructure 9 ! desir$ direction on ! next occasion t !y _h a *ance ( deal+ ) protoplasm at all4 ,x is by ^! r>e in/ances ( intellectual g5ius 7& ,i w\ld add ( moral g5ius1 if _m ( ! in/9cts & /ructures ( plants & animals did n %[ t !y _h got into a region z f> above morals--o!r ?an enlight5$ self-int]e/--z !y are above articulate consci\sness ( _! own aims 9 _m o!r respects7--x is by ^! in/ances ( ei!r r>e good luck or r>e g5ius t _m species h be51 9 all probability1 orig9at$ or modifi$4 ,nev]!less inappreciable modification ( in/9ct is1 & ought to be1 ! rule4 ,z to ,m4 ,ribot's ass]tion1 t to ! h]$ity ( modifications !re are _m exceptions1 ,i readily agree ) x1 & c only say t x is exactly :at ,i %\ld expect2 ! lesson long s9ce le>nt by rote1 & repeat$ 9 an inf9ite numb] ( g5]ations1 w\ld be repeat$ un9tellig5tly1 & ) little or no diff]5ce1 save f a r>e accid5tal slip1 ! effect ( :i* w\ld be ! cull+ out ( ! bungl] :o 0 guilty ( x1 or f ! /ill r>] appe>ance ( an individual ( real g5ius2 :ile ! new] lesson w\ld be repeat$ bo? ) m hesitation & unc]ta9ty1 & ) m intellig5ce2 & ?is is well convey$ 9 ,m4 ,ribot's next s5t5ce1 = he says--8,x is only :5 v>iations h be5 firmly root$2 :5 hav+ become organic1 !y con/itute a second nature1 :i* supplants ! fir/2 :51 l in/9ct1 !y h assum$ a me*anical "*1 t !y c be transmitt$40 ,h[ ne>ly ,m4 ,ribot comes to ! op9ion :i* ,i myself v5ture to prop\nd w appe> f ! foll[+ fur!r quotation4 ,aft] deal+ ) somnambulism1 & say+1 t if somnambulism 7 p]man5t & innate1 x w\ld be impossible to di/+ui% x f in/9ct1 he cont9ues3-- 8,h5ce x is less difficult ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 to conceive h[ intellig5ce may become in/9ct2 we might ev5 say t1 leav+ out ( consid]ation ! "* ( innat5ess1 to :i* we w return1 we h se5 ! metamorphosis take place4 ,!re c !n be no gr\nd = mak+ in/9ct a faculty ap>t1 sui g5]is1 a ph5om5on s my/]i\s1 s /range1 t usually no o!r explanation ( x is (f]$ b t ( attribut+ x to ! direct act ( ! ,deity4 ,?is :ole mi/ake is ! result ( a defective psy*ology :i* makes no acc\nt ( ! unconsci\s activity ( ! s\l40 ,we are tempt$ to add--8& :i* also makes no acc\nt ( ! bon fide "* ( ! cont9u$ p]sonality ( successive g5]ations40 8,b we are s accu/om$10 he cont9ues1 8to contra/ ! *>act]s ( in/9ct ) ^? ( intellig5ce--to say t in/9ct is innate1 inv>iable1 automatic1 :ile intellig5ce is some?+ acquir$1 v>iable1 spontane\s--t x looks at fir/ p>adoxical to ass]t t in/9ct & intellig5ce are id5tical4 8,x is said t in/9ct is innate4 ,b if1 on ! "o h&1 we be> 9 m9d t _m in/9cts are acquir$1 & t1 accord+ to a !ory h]eaft] to be expla9$0 7:i* !ory1 ,i frankly confess1 ,i nev] 0 able to get hold (71 8all in/9cts are only h]$it>y habits0 7italics m9e72 8if1 on ! o!r h&1 we obs]ve t intellig5ce is 9 "s s5se held to be innate by all mod]n s*ools ( philosophy1 :i* agree to reject ! !ory ( ! tabula rasa0 7if !re is no tabula rasa1 !re is cont9u$ psy*ological p]sonality1 or words h lo/ _! mean+71 8& to accept ei!r lat5t ideas1 or priori =ms ( ?\ght0 7surely only a p]iphrasis = cont9u$ p]sonality & memory7 8or pre-ord9ation ( ! n]v\s sy/em & ( ! organism2 x w be se5 t ?is "* ( innat5ess does n con/itute an absolute di/9ction betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce4 8,x is true t intellig5ce is v>iable1 b s also is in/9ct1 z we h se54 ,9 w9t]1 ! ,rh9e beav] pla/]s 8 wall to w9dw>d2 once he 0 a build]1 n[ a burr[]2 once he liv$ 9 society1 n[ he is solit>y4 ,intellig5ce itself c sc>cely be m v>iable 4 4 4 in/9ct may be modifi$1 lo/1 reawak5$4 8,al?\gh intellig5ce is1 z a rule1 consci\s1 x may also become unconsci\s & automatic1 )\t los+ its id5tity4 ,nei!r is in/9ct always s bl9d1 s me*anical1 z is suppos$1 = at times x is at fault4 ,! wasp t has faultily trimm$ a leaf ( its pap] beg9s aga94 ,! bee only gives ! hexagonal =m to its cell aft] _m attempts & alt]ations4 ,x is difficult to believe t ! l(ti] in/9cts0 7& surely1 !n1 ! m rec5t in/9cts7 8( ! high] animals are n accompani$ by at lea/ a confus$ consci\sness4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no absolute di/9ction betwe5 in/9ct & intellig5ce2 !re is n a s+le *>act]i/ic :i*1 s]i\sly consid]$1 rema9s ! exclusive prop]ty ( ei!r4 ,! contra/ e/abli%$ betwe5 in/9ctive acts & intellectual acts is1 nev]!less1 p]fectly true1 b only :5 we comp>e ! extremes4 ,z in/9ct rises x approa*es intellig5ce--z intellig5ce desc5ds x approa*es in/9ct40 ,m4 ,ribot & myself 7if ,i may v5ture to say s7 are cont9ually on ! v]ge ( com+ to an und]/&+1 :51 at ! v mom5t t we seem mo/ likely to d s1 we fly1 z x 71 to opposite poles4 ,surely ! passage la/ quot$ %\ld be1 8,z in/9ct falls10 i4e41 becomes less & less c]ta9 ( its gr\nd1 8x approa*es intellig5ce2 z intellig5ce rises10 i4e41 becomes m & m conv9c$ ( ! tru? & exp$i5cy ( its convictions--8x approa*es in/9ct40 ,en\gh has be5 said to %[ t ! op9ions :i* ,i am advanc+ are n new1 b ,i h look$ 9 va9 = ! conclusions :i*1 x appe>s to me1 ,m4 ,ribot %\ld draw f 8 facts2 ?r\gh\t 8 int]e/+ book ,i f9d ! facts :i* x w\ld seem %\ld h guid$ him to ! conclusions1 & sometimes almo/ ! conclusions !mselves1 b he nev] seems q to h rea*$ !m1 nor has he arrang$ 8 facts s t o!rs are likely to d$uce !m1 unless !y _h already arriv$ at !m by ano!r road4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly express my obligations to ,m4 ,ribot4 ,i _c refra9 f br++ =w>d a few m in/ances ( :at ,i ?9k mu/ be consid]$ by e read] z h]$it>y memory4 ,sydney ,smi? writes3-- 8,sir ,james ,hall hat*$ "s *ick5s 9 an ov54 ,)9 a few m9utes aft] ! %ell 0 brok51 a spid] 0 turn$ loose be=e ?is v y\?ful brood2 ! de/roy] ( flies _h h>dly proce$$ m ?an a few in*es1 be=e he 0 descri$ by "o ( ^! ov5-born *ick5s1 &1 at "o peck ( 8 bill1 imm$iately dev\r$4 ,?is c]ta9ly 0 n imitation4 ,a female goat v ne> deliv]y di$2 ,gal5 cut out ! "y kid1 & plac$ be=e x a bundle ( hay1 a bun* ( fruit1 & a pan ( milk2 ! "y kid smelt to !m all v att5tively1 & !n began to lap ! milk4 ,?is 0 n imitation4 ,& :at is commonly & rightly call$ in/9ct1 _c be expla9$ away1 "u ! notion ( its be+ imitation0 7,lecture xvii4 on ,moral ,philosophy74 ,x _c1 inde$1 be expla9$ away "u ! notion ( its be+ imitation1 b ,i ?9k x may well be s "u t ( its be+ memory4 ,aga91 a little fur!r on 9 ! same lecture1 z t above quot$ f1 we f9d3-- 8,ants & beav]s lay up magaz9es4 ,:]e d !y get _! k t x w n be s easy to collect food 9 ra9y wea!r1 z x is 9 summ]8 ,m5 & wom5 "k ^! ?+s1 because _! gr&papas & gr&mammas h told !m s4 ,ants hat*$ f ! egg artificially1 or birds hat*$ 9 ?is mann]1 h all ?is k by intuition1 )\t ! smalle/ communication ) any ( _! relations4 ,n[ obs]ve :at ! solit>y wasp does2 %e digs sev]al holes 9 ! s&1 9 ea* ( :i* %e deposits an egg1 ?\gh %e c]ta9ly kn[s n 787 t an animal is deposit$ 9 t egg1 & /ill less t ?is animal mu/ be n\ri%$ ) o!r animals4 ,%e collects a few gre5 flies1 rolls !m up neatly 9 sev]al p>cels 7l ,bologna sausages71 & /uffs "o p>cel into ea* hole :]e an egg is deposit$4 ,:5 ! wasp worm is hat*$1 x f9ds a /ore ( provision ready made2 & :at is mo/ curi\s1 ! quantity allott$ to ea* is exactly suffici5t to support x1 till x atta9s ! p]iod ( wasphood1 & c provide = itself4 ,?is in/9ct ( ! p>5t wasp is ! m rem>kable z x does n fe$ ^u fle% itself4 ,"h ! little creature has nev] se5 its p>5t2 = by ! "t x is born1 ! p>5t is always eat5 by sp>r[s2 & yet1 )\t ! slighte/ education1 or previ\s exp]i5ce1 x does ev]y?+ t ! p>5t did be=e x4 ,n[ ! objectors to ! doctr9e ( in/9ct may say :at !y please1 b "y tailors h no intuitive me?od ( mak+ pantaloons2 a new-born m]c] _c measure diap]2 nature tea*es a cook's daught] no?+ ab\t sippets4 ,all ^! ?+s require ) u sev5 ye>s' appr5tice%ip2 b insects are l ,molire's p]sons ( quality--!y "k ev]y?+ 7z ,molire says71 )\t hav+ le>nt any?+4 #8,les g5s de qualit sav5t t\t1 sans avoir ri5 appris4'0 ,h[ completely all difficulty vani%es f ! facts s pleasantly told 9 ?is passage :5 we be> 9 m9d ! true nature ( p]sonal id5tity1 ! ord9>y work+ ( memory1 & ! vani%+ t5d5cy ( consci\sness conc]n+ :at we "k exce$+ly well4 ,my la/ in/ance ,i take f ,m4 ,ribot1 :o writes3--8,gratiolet1 9 8 ,anatomie ,comp>e du ,sy/me ,n]veux1 /ates t an old piece ( wolf's sk91 ) ! hair all worn away1 :5 set be=e a little dog1 ?rew ! animal into convulsions ( fe> by ! slight sc5t atta*+ to x4 ,! dog _h nev] se5 a wolf1 & we c only expla9 ?is al>m by ! h]$it>y transmission ( c]ta9 s5tim5ts1 c\pl$ ) a c]ta9 p]ception ( ! s5se ( smell0 78,h]$ity10 p4 #dc74 ,i %\ld pref] to say 8we c only expla9 ! al>m by suppos+ t ! smell ( ! wolf's sk90--! s5se ( smell be+1 z we all "k1 m p[]ful to recall ! ideas t h be5 associat$ ) x ?an any o!r s5se--8br\ght up ! ideas ) :i* x _h be5 associat$ 9 ! dog's m9d dur+ _m previ\s exi/5ces0--he on smell+ ! wolf's sk9 rememb]+ all ab\t wolves p]fectly well4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,in/9cts ,,( ,,neut] ,,insects4 ,,9 ?is *apt] ,i w consid]1 z briefly z possible1 ! /ronge/ argum5t t ,i h be5 able to discov] aga9/ ! supposition t in/9ct is *iefly due to habit4 ,i h said 8! /ronge/ argum5t20 ,i %\ld h said1 ! only argum5t t /ruck me z (f]+ on ! face ( x s]i\s difficulties4 ,turn+1 !n1 to ,mr4 ,d>w9's *apt] on in/9ct 78,natural ,selection10 ed4 #ahgf1 p4 #bje71 we f9d sub/antially mu* ! same views z ^? tak5 at a lat] date by ,m4 ,ribot1 & ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3-- 8,an action1 :i* we ourselves require exp]i5ce to enable u to p]=m1 :5 p]=m$ by an animal1 m especially a v "y "o1 )\t exp]i5ce1 & :5 p]=m$ by _m animals 9 ! same way )\t _! kn[+ = :at purpose x is p]=m$1 is usually said to be in/9ctive40 ,! above %\ld /rictly be1 8)\t _! be+ consci\s ( _! own k conc]n+ ! purpose = :i* !y act z !y d20 & ?\gh "s may say t ! two phrases come to ! same ?+1 ,i ?9k !re is an important diff]5ce1 z :at ,i propose di/+ui%es ignorance f ov]-famili>ity1 bo? :i* /ates are alike unself-consci\s1 ?\gh ) widely diff]5t results4 8,b ,i c\ld %[10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 8t none ( ^! *>act]s are univ]sal4 ,a little dose ( judgem5t or reason1 z ,pi]re ,hub] expresses x1 (t5 comes into play ev5 ) animals l[ 9 ! scale ( nature4 8,fr$]ick ,cuvi] & sev]al ( ! old] metaphysicians h comp>$ in/9ct ) habit40 ,i w\ld g fur!r & w\ld say1 t in/9ct1 9 ! great majority ( cases1 is habit pure & simple1 contract$ orig9ally by "s "o or m individuals2 practis$1 probably1 9 a consci\sly intellig5t mann] dur+ _m successive lives1 until ! habit has acquir$ ! highe/ p]fection :i* ! circum/ances admitt$2 &1 f9ally1 s deeply impress$ ^u ! memory z to survive t effacem5t ( m9or impressions :i* g5]ally takes place 9 e fre% life-wave or g5]ation4 ,i w\ld say1 t unless ! id5tity ( (fspr+ ) _! p>5ts be s f> admitt$ t ! *ildr5 be all[$ to rememb] ! deep] impressions engrav$ on ! m9ds ( ^? :o begot !m1 x is little less ?an trill+ to talk1 z s _m writ]s d1 ab\t inh]it$ habit1 or ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 or1 inde$1 accumulat$ v>iations ( in/9cts4 ,:5 an in/9ct is n habit1 z result+ f memory pure & simple1 x is habit modifi$ by "s treatm5t1 g5]ally 9 ! y\? or embryonic /ages ( ! individual1 :i* di/urbs 8 memory1 & drives him on to "s unusual c\rse1 inasmu* z he _c recognise & rememb] 8 usual "o by reason ( ! *ange n[ made 9 x4 ,habits & in/9cts1 aga91 may be modifi$ by any important *ange 9 ! condition ( ! p>5ts1 :i* w !n bo? affect ! p>5t's s5se ( 8 own id5tity1 & also create m or less fault1 or dislocation ( memory1 9 ! (fspr+ imm$iately beh9d ! memory ( 8 la/ life4 ,*ange ( food may at times be suffici5t to create a specific modification--t is to say1 to affect all ! individuals ^: food is s *ang$1 9 "o & ! same way--:e!r z reg>ds /ructure or habit4 ,?us we see t c]ta9 *anges 9 food 7& domicile71 f ^? ) :i* its ance/ors h be5 famili>1 w di/urb ! memory ( a que5 bee's egg1 & set x at su* disadvantage z to make x make itself into a neut] bee2 b yet we f9d t ! l>va ?us p>tly abort$ may h its memories re/or$ to x1 if n already too mu* di/urb$1 & may ?us return to its condition z a que5 bee1 if x only aga9 be re/or$ to ! food & domicile1 :i* its pa/ memories c alone rememb]4 ,s we see t opium1 tobacco1 alcohol1 ha%ee%1 & tea produce c]ta9 effects ^u our own /ructure & in/9cts4 ,b ?\gh capable ( modification1 & ( specific modification1 :i* may 9 "t become inh]it$1 & h5ce resolve itself into a true in/9ct or settl$ "q1 yet ,i ma9ta9 t ! ma9 bulk ( ! in/9ct 7:e!r z affect+ /ructure or habits ( life7 w be d]iv$ f memory pure & simple2 ! individual gr[+ up 9 ! %ape he does1 & lik+ to d ?is or t :5 he is gr[n up1 simply f recollection ( :at he did la/ "t1 & ( :at on ! :ole suit$ him4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t a drug :i* %\ld de/roy "s "o "p at an e>ly embryonic /age1 & ?us prev5t x f developm5t1 w\ld prev5t ! creature f recognis+ ! surr\nd+s :i* affect$ t "p :5 he 0 la/ alive & unmutilat$1 z be+ ! same z 8 pres5t surr\nd+s4 ,he w\ld be puzzl$1 = he w\ld be view+ ! position f a diff]5t /&po9t4 ,if any important item 9 a numb] ( associat$ ideas disappe>s1 ! plot fails2 & a great int]nal *ange is an exce$+ly important item4 ,life & ?+s to a creature s treat$ at an e>ly embryonic /age w\ld n be life & ?+s z he la/ rememb]$ !m2 h5ce he w\ld n be able to d ! same n[ z he did !n2 t is to say1 he w\ld v>y bo? 9 /ructure & in/9ct2 b if ! creature 7 tol]ably uni=m to />t )1 & 7 treat$ 9 a tol]ably uni=m way1 we might expect ! effect produc$ to be mu* ! same 9 all ord9>y cases4 ,we see1 also1 t any important *ange 9 treatm5t & surr\nd+s1 if n suffici5t to kill1 w\ld & does t5d to produce n only v>iability b /]ility1 z "p ( ! same /ory & = ! same reason--namely1 default ( memory2 ?is default w be ( e degree ( int5sity1 f total failure1 to a slight di/urbance ( memory z affect+ "s "o p>ticul> organ only2 t is to say1 f total /]ility1 to a slight v>iation 9 an unimportant "p4 ,s t ev5 ! slighte/ conceivable v>iations %\ld be ref]r$ to *ang$ conditions1 ext]nal or int]nal1 & to _! di/urb+ effects ^u ! memory2 & /]ility1 )\t any app>5t disease ( ! reproductive sy/em1 may be ref]r$ n s mu* to special delicacy or susceptibility ( ! organs ( reproduction z to inability on ! "p ( ! creature to "k :]e x is1 & to recognise itself z ! same creature :i* x has be5 accu/om$ to reproduce4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks t ! comp>ison ( habit ) in/9ct gives 8an accurate notion ( ! frame ( m9d "u :i* an in/9ctive action is p]=m$1 b n10 he ?9ks1 8( its orig940 8,h[ unconsci\sly10 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues1 8_m habitual actions are p]=m$1 inde$ n r>ely 9 direct opposition to our consci\s w6 ,yet !y may be modifi$ by ! w or by reason4 ,habits easily become associat$ ) o!r habits1 ) c]ta9 p]iods ( "t & /ates ( body4 ,:5 once acquir$1 !y (t5 rema9 con/ant ?r\gh\t life4 ,sev]al o!r po9ts ( resemblance betwe5 in/9cts & habits c\ld be po9t$ out4 ,z 9 repeat+ a well-kn[n song1 s 9 in/9cts1 "o action foll[s ano!r by a sort ( rhy?m4 ,if a p]son be int]rupt$ 9 a song or 9 repeat+ any?+ by rote1 he is g5]ally =c$ to g back to recov] ! habitual tra9 ( ?\ght2 s ,p4 ,hub] f\nd x 0 ) a cat]pill>1 :i* makes a v complicat$ hammock4 ,= if he took a cat]pill> :i* _h complet$ its hammock up to1 say1 ! six? /age ( con/ruction1 & put x into a hammock complet$ up only to ! ?ird /age1 ! cat]pill> simply re-p]=m$ ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? /ages ( con/ruction4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a cat]pill> 7 tak5 out ( a hammock made up1 = in/ance1 to ! ?ird /age1 & 7 put into "o f9i%$ up to ! six? /age1 s t mu* ( its "w 0 already done = x1 f> f d]iv+ any b5efit f ?is1 x 0 mu* emb>rass$1 & 9 ord] to complete its hammock1 seem$ =c$ to />t f ! ?ird /age1 :]e x _h left (f1 & ?us tri$ to complete ! already f9i%$ "w40 ,i see ,i mu/ h unconsci\sly tak5 my fir/ *apt] f ?is passage1 b x is immat]ial4 ,i owe ,mr4 ,d>w9 mu* m ?an ?is4 ,i owe x to him t ,i believe 9 evolution at all4 ,i owe him = almo/ all ! facts :i* h l$ me to diff] f him1 & :i* ,i feel absolutely safe 9 tak+ = grant$1 if he has advanc$ !m4 ,nev]!less1 ,i believe t ! conclusion arriv$ at 9 ! passage :i* ,i w next quote is a mi/ak5 "o1 & t n a little only1 b fundam5tally4 ,i %all !re=e v5ture to dispute x4 ,! passage runs3-- 8,if we suppose any habitual action to become inh]it$--& x c be %[n t ?is does sometimes happ5--!n ! resemblance betwe5 :at orig9ally 0 a habit & an in/9ct becomes s close z n to be di/+ui%$4 4 4 4 ,b x w\ld be a s]i\s error to suppose t ! great] numb] ( in/9cts h be5 acquir$ by habit 9 "o g5]ation1 & !n transmitt$ by inh]itance to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x c be cle>ly %[n t ! mo/ wond]ful in/9cts ) :i* we are acqua9t$--namely1 ^? ( ! hive-bee & ( _m ants1 c\ld n possibly h be5 acquir$ by habit40 78,orig9 ( ,species10 p4 #bjf1 ed4 #ahgf47 ,! italics 9 ?is passage are m9e4 ,no difficulty is oppos$ to my view 7z ,i call x1 = ! sake ( brevity7 by su* an in/9ct z t ( ants to milk aphids4 ,su* in/9cts may be suppos$ to h be5 acquir$ 9 mu* ! same way z ! in/9ct ( a f>m] to keep a c[4 ,accid5tal discov]y ( ! fact t ! excretion 0 good1 ) 8a little dose ( judgem5t or reason0 f "t to "t appe>+ 9 an exceptionally clev] ant1 & by him communicat$ to 8 fell[s1 till ! habit 0 s confirm$ z to be capable ( transmission 9 full unself-consci\sness 7if inde$ ! in/9ct be unself-consci\s 9 ?is case71 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 expla9 ?is z readily z ! sl[ & gradual accumulations ( in/9cts :i* _h nev] pass$ ?r\gh ! intellig5t & self-consci\s /age1 b _h always prompt$ action )\t any idea ( a :y or a :]e=e on ! "p ( ! creature itself4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$1 z ,i am afraid ,i h already p]haps too (t5 said1 t ev5 :5 we h got a slight v>iation ( in/9ct1 due to "s cause :i* we "k no?+ ab\t1 b :i* ,i w n ev5 = a mom5t call 8spontane\s0--a ^w t %\ld be cut out ( e diction>y1 or 9 "s way br&$ z p]haps ! mo/ mislead+ 9 ! language--we _c see h[ x comes to be repeat$ 9 successive g5]ations1 s z to be capable ( be+ act$ ^u by 8natural selection0 & accumulat$1 unless x be also capable ( be+ rememb]$ by ! (fspr+ ( ! v>y+ creature4 ,x may be answ]$ t we _c "k any?+ ab\t ?is1 b t 8l fa!r l son0 is an ultimate fact 9 nature4 ,i c only answ] t ,i nev] obs]ve any 8l fa!r l son0 )\t ! son's bo? hav+ _h e opportunity ( rememb]+1 & %[+ e symptom ( hav+ rememb]$1 9 :i* case ,i decl9e to g fur!r ?an memory 7:atev] memory may be7 z ! cause ( ! ph5om5on4 ,b besides inh]itance1 tea*+ mu/ be admitt$ z a means ( at any rate modify+ an in/9ct4 ,we obs]ve ?is 9 our own case2 & we "k t animals h great p[]s ( communicat+ _! ideas to "o ano!r1 ?\gh _! mann] ( do+ ?is is z incompreh5sible by u z a plant's k ( *emi/ry1 or ! mann] 9 :i* an amba makes its te/1 or a spid] its web1 )\t hav+ gone ?r\gh a long c\rse ( ma!matics4 ,i ?9k mo/ read]s w all[ t our e>ly tra9+ & ! !ological sy/ems ( ! la/ eighte5 hundr$ ye>s are likely to h made u involunt>ily "u-e/imate ! p[]s ( animals l[ 9 ! scale ( life1 bo? z reg>ds intellig5ce & ! p[] ( communicat+ _! ideas to "o ano!r2 b ev5 n[ we admit t ants h great p[]s 9 ?is respect4 ,a habit1 h[ev]1 :i* is taught to ! "y or ea* successive g5]ation1 by old] memb]s ( ! community :o h !mselves receiv$ x by in/ruction1 %\ld surely rank z an inh]it$ habit1 & be consid]$ z due to memory1 ?\gh p]sonal tea*+ be necess>y to complete ! inh]itance4 ,an objection sugge/s itself t if su* a habit z ! flight ( birds1 :i* seems to require a little p]sonal sup]vision & in/ruction be=e x is acquir$ p]fectly1 7 really due to memory1 ! ne$ ( in/ruction w\ld aft] a "t cease1 inasmu* z ! creature w\ld rememb] its pa/ me?od ( proc$ure1 & w\ld ?us come to ne$ no m tea*+4 ,! answ] lies 9 ! fact1 t if a creature gets to dep5d ^u tea*+ & p]sonal help = any matt]1 its memory w make x look = su* help on ea* repetition ( ! action2 s we see t no man's memory w ex]t itself mu* until he is ?r[n ^u memory z 8 only res\rce4 ,we may read a page ( a book a hundr$ times1 b we d n rememb] x by he>t unless we h ei!r cultivat$ our p[]s ( le>n+ to repeat1 or h tak5 pa9s to le>n ?is p>ticul> page4 ,& :e!r we read f a book1 or :e!r we repeat by he>t1 ! repetition is /ill due to memory2 only 9 ! "o case ! memory is ex]t$ to recall some?+ :i* "o saw only half a second ago1 & 9 ! o!r1 to recall some?+ n se5 = a mu* long] p]iod4 ,s ,i imag9e an in/9ct or habit may be call$ an inh]it$ habit1 & assign$ to memory1 ev5 ?\gh ! memory dates1 n f ! p]=mance ( ! action by ! le>n] :5 he 0 actually "p ( ! p]sonality ( ! tea*]1 b r f a p]=mance witness$ by1 or expla9$ by ! tea*] to1 ! pupil at a p]iod subsequ5t to bir?4 ,9 ei!r case ! habit is inh]it$ 9 ! s5se ( be+ acquir$ 9 "o g5]ation1 & transmitt$ ) su* modifications z g5ius & exp]i5ce may h sugge/$4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld probably admit ?is )\t hesitation2 :51 !re=e1 he says t c]ta9 in/9cts c\ld n possibly h be5 acquir$ by habit1 he mu/ mean t !y c\ld n1 "u ! circum/ances1 h be5 rememb]$ by ! pupil 9 ! p]son ( ! tea*]1 & t x w\ld be a s]i\s error to suppose t ! great] numb] ( in/9cts c be ?us rememb]$4 ,to :i* ,i ass5t readily s f> z t x is difficult 7?\gh n impossible7 to see h[ "s ( ! mo/ wond]ful in/9cts ( neut] ants & bees c be due to ! fact t ! neut] ant or bee 0 ev] 9 "p1 or 9 "s respects1 ano!r neut] ant or bee 9 a previ\s g5]ation4 ,at ! same "t ,i ma9ta9 t ?is does n militate aga9/ ! supposition t bo? in/9ct & /ructure are 9 ! ma9 due to memory4 ,= ! p[] ( receiv+ any communication1 & act+ on x1 is due to memory2 & ! neut] ant or bee may h receiv$ its lesson f ano!r neut] ant or bee1 :o _h x f ano!r & modifi$ x2 & s back & back1 till ! f\ndation ( ! habit is rea*$1 & is f\nd to pres5t little m ?an ! fa9te/ family lik5ess to its m complex desc5dant4 ,surely ,mr4 ,d>w9 _c mean t x c be %ewn t ! wond]ful in/9cts ( neut] ants & bees _c h be5 acquir$ ei!r1 z above1 by in/ruction1 or by "s n imm$iately obvi\s =m ( inh]it$ transmission1 b t !y mu/ be due to ! fact t ! ant or bee is1 z x 71 su* & su* a ma*9e1 ( :i* if y t\* su* & su* a spr+1 y w get a correspond+ action4 ,if he does1 he w f9d1 s f> z ,i c see1 no escape f a position v simil> to ! "o :i* ,i put into ! m\? ( ! fir/ ( ! two pr(essors1 :o dealt ) ! "q ( ma*9]y 9 my e>li] "w1 8,ere:on10 & :i* ,i h s9ce f\nd t my great namesake made fun ( 9 ! foll[+ l9es3-- 4 4 4 8,!y n[ begun ,to spur _! liv+ eng9es on4 ,= z :ipp$ tops & b&y'd balls1 ,! le>n$ hold are animals3 ,s horses !y affirm to be ,m]e eng9es made by geometry1 ,& 7 inv5t$ fir/ f eng9es ,z ,indian ,britons 7 f ,p5gu9s40 --,hudibras1 ,canto ii4 l9e #ec1 c4 ,i c see1 !n1 no difficulty 9 ! developm5t ( ! ord9>y s-call$ in/9cts1 :e!r ( ants or bees1 or ! cuckoo1 or any o!r animal1 on ! supposition t !y 71 = ! mo/ "p1 intellig5tly acquir$ ) m or less lab\r1 z ! case may be1 9 mu* ! same way z we see any art or sci5ce n[ 9 process ( acquisition among ourselves1 b 7 ultimately rememb]$ by (fspr+1 or communicat$ to x4 ,:5 ! limits ( ! race's capacity _h be5 atta9$ 7& mo/ races seem to h _! limits1 unsatisfactory ?\gh ! expression may v fairly be consid]$71 or :5 ! creature _h got into a condition1 s to speak1 ( equilibrium ) its surr\nd+s1 !re w\ld be no new developm5t ( in/9cts1 & ! old ones w\ld cease to be improv$1 inasmu* z !re w\ld be no m reason+ or diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ !m4 ,! race1 !re=e1 or species w\ld rema9 9 /atu quo till ei!r dome/icat$1 & s br\ght into contact ) new ideas & plac$ 9 *ang$ conditions1 or put "u su* pressure1 9 a wild /ate1 z %\ld =ce x to fur!r inv5tion1 or ext+ui% x if incapable ( ris+ to ! occasion4 ,t in/9ct & /ructure may be acquir$ by practice 9 "o or m g5]ations1 & rememb]$ 9 succe$+ ones1 is admitt$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 = he all[s 78,orig9 ( ,species10 p4 #bjf7 t habitual action does sometimes become inh]it$1 &1 ?\gh he does n seem to conceive ( su* action z due to memory1 yet x is inconceivable h[ x is inh]it$1 if n z ! result ( memory4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t :5 we come to consid] ! /ructures z well z ! in/9cts ( "s ( ! neut] insects1 our difficulties seem greatly increas$4 ,! neut] hive-bees h a cavity 9 _! ?ighs 9 :i* to keep ! wax1 :i* x is _! bus9ess to collect2 b ! drones & que51 :i* alone be> (fspr+1 collect no wax1 & !re=e nei!r want1 nor h1 any su* cavity4 ,! neut] bees are also1 if ,i und]/& rightly1 furni%$ ) a proboscis or trunk = extract+ honey f fl[]s1 :]eas ! f]tile bees1 :o ga!r no honey1 h no su* proboscis4 ,imag9e1 if ! read] w1 t ! neut] bees diff] /ill m widely f ! f]tile ones2 h[1 !n1 c !y 9 any s5se be said to d]ive organs f _! p>5ts1 :i* n "o ( _! p>5ts = millions ( g5]ations has ev] _h8 ,h[1 aga91 c x be suppos$ t !y transmit ^! organs to ! future neut] memb]s ( ! community :5 !y are p]fectly /]ile8 ,"o c und]/& t ! "y neut] bee might be taught to make a hexagonal cell 7?\gh ,i h n f\nd t any "o has se5 ! lesson be+ giv57 inasmu* z x does n make ! cell till aft] bir?1 & till aft] x has se5 o!r neut] bees :o might tell x mu* 91 qu u1 a v little "t2 b we c h>dly und]/& its gr[+ a proboscis be=e x c\ld possibly want x1 or prep>+ a cavity 9 its ?igh1 to h x ready to put wax into1 :5 none ( its pr$ecessors _h ev] done s1 by suppos+ oral communication1 dur+ ! l>vahood4 ,nev]!less1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t bees seem to "k secrets ab\t reproduction1 :i* utt]ly baffle ourselves2 = example1 ! que5 bee appe>s to "k h[ to deposit male or female1 eggs at w2 & ?is is a matt] ( almo/ inconceivable sociological importance1 d5ot+ a correspond+ am\nt ( sociological & physiological k g5]ally4 ,x %\ld n1 !n1 surprise u if ! race %\ld possess o!r secrets1 ^: work+ we are unable to foll[1 or ev5 detect at all4 ,sydney ,smi?1 inde$1 writes3-- 8,! w>me/ admir]s ( honey1 & ! greate/ fri5ds to bees1 w nev]1 ,i presume1 cont5d t ! "y sw>m1 :o beg9 mak+ honey ?ree or f\r mon?s aft] !y are born1 & imm$iately con/ruct ^! ma!matical cells1 %\ld h ga9$ _! geometrical k z we ga9 ours1 & 9 ?ree mon?s' "t out/rip ,mr4 ,maclaur9 9 ma!matics z mu* z !y did 9 mak+ honey4 ,x w\ld take a s5ior wrangl] at ,cambridge t5 h\rs a day = ?ree ye>s toge!r to "k en\gh ma!matics = ! calculation ( ^! problems1 ) :i* n only e que5 bee1 b e und]graduate grub1 is acqua9t$ ! mom5t x is born40 ,?is la/ /atem5t may be a little too /rong1 b x w at once occur to ! read]1 t z we "k ! bees d surpass ,mr4 ,maclaur9 9 ! p[] ( mak+ honey1 !y may also surpass him 9 capacity = ^? bran*es ( ma!matics ) :i* x has be5 _! bus9ess to be conv]sant dur+ _m millions ( ye>s1 & also 9 k ( physiology & psy*ology 9 s f> z ! k be>s ^u ! int]e/s ( _! own community4 ,we "k t ! l>va :i* develops into a neut] bee1 & t aga9 :i* 9 "t becomes a que5 bee1 are ! same k9d ( l>va to />t )2 & t if y give "o ( ^! l>v ! food & treatm5t :i* all its =emo!rs h be5 accu/om$ to1 x w turn out ) all ! /ructure & in/9cts ( its =emo!rs--& t x only fails to d ?is because x has be5 f$1 & o!rwise treat$1 9 su* a mann] z n "o ( its =emo!rs 0 ev] yet f$ or treat$4 ,s f>1 ?is is exactly :at we %\ld expect1 on ! view t /ructure & in/9ct are alike ma9ly due to memory1 or to m$ic9$ memory4 ,give ! l>va a fair *ance ( kn[+ :]e x is1 & x %[s t x rememb]s by do+ exactly :at x did be=e4 ,give x a diff]5t k9d ( food & h\se1 & x _c be expect$ to be any?+ else ?an puzzl$4 ,x rememb]s a great deal4 ,x comes out a bee1 & no?+ b a bee2 b x is an abort$ bee2 x is1 9 fact1 mutilat$ be=e bir? in/ead ( aft]--) in/9ct1 z well z gr[?1 correlat$ to its abortion1 z we see happ5s frequ5tly 9 ! case ( animals a good deal high] ?an bees t h be5 mutilat$ at a /age mu* lat] ?an t at :i* ! abortion ( neut] bees comm5ces4 ,! l>v be+ simil> to />t )1 & be+ simil>ly mutilat$--i4e41 by *ange ( food & dwell+1 w naturally exhibit mu* simil>ity ( in/9ct & /ructure on arriv+ at maturity4 ,:5 driv5 f _! usual c\rse1 !y mu/ take "s new c\rse or die4 ,!re is no?+ /range 9 ! fact t simil> be+s puzzl$ simil>ly %\ld take a simil> l9e ( action4 ,i grant1 h[ev]1 t x is h>d to see h[ *ange ( food & treatm5t c puzzle an insect into su* 8complex gr[?0 z t x %\ld make a cavity 9 its ?igh1 gr[ an invaluable proboscis1 & betray a practical k ( difficult ma!matical problems4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! memory ( hav+ be5 que5 bees & drones--:i* is all t accord+ to my supposition ! l>v c rememb]1 7on a fir/ view ( ! case71 9 _! own prop] p]sons--w\ld nev]!less c>ry ) x a pot5tial recollection ( all ! social arrangem5ts ( ! hive4 ,!y w\ld ?us pot5tially rememb] t ! mass ( ! bees 7 always neut] bees2 !y w\ld rememb] pot5tially ! habits ( ^! bees1 s f> z drones & que5s "k any?+ ab\t !m2 & ?is may be suppos$ to be a v ?or\gh acqua9tance2 9 l mann]1 & ) ! same limitation1 !y w\ld "k f ! v mom5t t !y left ! que5's body t neut] bees _h a proboscis to ga!r honey )1 & cavities 9 _! ?ighs to put wax into1 & t cells 7 to be made ) c]ta9 angles--= surely x is n cr$it+ ! que5 ) m k ?an %e is likely to possess1 if we suppose h] to h a fair acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a ( wax & cells g5]ally1 ev5 ?\gh %e does n make any2 !y w\ld "k 7:ile /ill l>v--& e>li]7 ! k9d ( cells into :i* neut] bees 7 commonly put1 & ! k9d ( treatm5t !y commonly receiv$--!y might !re=e1 z eggs--imm$iately on f9d+ _! recollection driv5 f its usual c\rse1 s t !y mu/ ei!r f9d "s o!r c\rse1 or die--"k t !y 7 be+ treat$ z neut] bees are treat$1 & t !y 7 expect$ to develop into neut] bees accord+ly2 !y might "k all ?is1 & a great deal m into ! b>ga91 inasmu* z ev5 be=e be+ actually deposit$ z eggs !y w\ld "k & rememb] pot5tially1 b unconsci\sly1 all t _! p>5ts knew & rememb]$ int5sely4 ,is x1 !n1 a/oni%+ t !y %\ld adapt !mselves s readily to ! position :i* !y "k x is = ! social welf>e ( ! community1 & h5ce ( !mselves1 t !y %\ld occupy1 & t !y %\ld "k t !y w want a cavity 9 _! ?ighs & a proboscis1 & h5ce make su* implem5ts out ( _! protoplasm z readily z !y make _! w+s8 ,i admit t1 "u normal treatm5t1 none ( ! above-m5tion$ pot5tial memories w\ld be k9dl$ into su* a /ate ( activity t action w\ld foll[ ^u !m1 until ! creature _h atta9$ a m or less simil> condition to t 9 :i* its p>5t 0 :5 ^! memories 7 active )9 its m9d3 b ! ess5ce ( ! matt] is1 t ^! l>v h be5 treat$ abnormally1 s t if !y d n die1 !re is no?+ = x b t !y mu/ v>y4 ,"o _c argue f ! normal to ! abnormal4 ,x w\ld n1 !n1 be /range if ! pot5tial memories %\ld 7ow+ to ! m>g9 = premature or t>dy developm5t :i* association admits7 s]ve to give ! puzzl$ l>v a h9t z to ! c\rse :i* !y _h bett] take1 or t1 at any rate1 x %\ld greatly supplem5t ! in/ruction ( ! 8nurse0 bees !mselves by r5d]+ ! l>v s1 z x 71 inflammable on ?is po9t1 t a sp>k %\ld set !m 9 a blaze4 ,abortion is g5]ally premature4 ,?us ! sc>s ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt] z hav+ appe>$ on ! *ildr5 ( m5 :o _h be5 correspond+ly w\nd$1 %\ld n1 "u normal circum/ances1 h appe>$ 9 ! (fspr+ till ! *ildr5 _h got fairly ne> ! same condition g5]ally z t 9 :i* _! fa!rs 7 :5 !y 7 w\nd$1 & ev5 !n1 normally1 !re %\ld h be5 an in/rum5t to w\nd !m1 mu* z _! fa!rs _h be5 w\nd$4 ,association1 h[ev]1 does n always /ick to ! lett] ( its bond4 ,! l9e1 aga91 might c]ta9ly be tak5 t ! diff]5ce 9 /ructure & in/9cts betwe5 neut] & f]tile bees is due to ! specific effects ( c]ta9 food & treatm5t2 yet1 ?\gh "o w\ld be sorry to set limits to ! conv]tibility ( food & g5ius1 x seems h>d to believe t !re c be any untutor$ food :i* %\ld tea* a bee to make a hexagonal cell z soon z x 0 born1 or :i*1 be=e x 0 born1 %\ld tea* x to prep>e su* /ructures z x w\ld require 9 aft] life4 ,if1 !n1 food be consid]$ z a direct ag5t 9 caus+ ! /ructures & in/9ct1 & n an indirect ag5t1 m]ely indicat+ to ! l>va itself t x is to make itself aft] ! fa%ion ( neut] bees1 !n we %\ld be> 9 m9d t1 at any rate1 x has be5 leav5$ & prep>$ 9 ! /oma*s ( ^? neut] bees into :i* ! l>va is n[ expect$ to develop itself1 & may ?us h 9 x m true g]m9ative matt]--gemmules1 9 fact--?an is commonly suppos$4 ,food1 :5 suffici5tly assimilat$ 7! :ole "q turn+ ^u :at is 8suffici5tly071 becomes /or$ ) all ! exp]i5ce & memories ( ! assimilat+ creature2 corn becomes h51 & kn[s no?+ b h51 :5 h5 has eat5 x4 ,we "k also t ! neut] work+-bees inject matt] into ! cell aft] ! l>va has be5 produc$2 nor w\ld x seem h>% to suppose t ?\gh devoid ( a reproductive sy/em l t ( _! p>5ts1 !y may yet be practically n s neut] z is commonly believ$4 ,"o _c say :at gemmules ( ?igh & proboscis may n h got into ! neutral bees' /oma*s1 if !y assimilate _! food suffici5tly1 & ?us into ! l>va4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w be ! fir/ to admit t ?\gh a creature h no reproductive sy/em1 9 any ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w1 yet e unit or cell ( its body may ?r[ (f gemmules :i* may be free to move ov] e "p ( ! :ole organism1 & :i* 8natural selection0 might 9 "t cause to /ray into food :i* _h be5 suffici5tly prep>$ 9 ! /oma*s ( ! neut] bees4 ,i _c say1 !n1 precisely 9 :at way1 b ,i c see no reason = d\bt+ t 9 "s ( ! ways sugge/$ above1 or 9 "s comb9ation ( !m1 ! ph5om5a ( ! in/9cts ( neut] ants & bees c be br\ght into ! same category z ! in/9cts & /ructure ( f]tile animals4 ,at any rate1 ,i see ! great fact t :5 treat$ z !y h be5 accu/om$ to be treat$1 ^! neut]s act z ?\gh !y rememb]$1 & accord+ly become que5 bees2 & t !y only dep>t f _! ance/ral c\rse on be+ treat$ 9 su* fa%ion z _! ance/ors c nev] h rememb]$2 also1 t :5 !y h be5 ?r[n (f _! accu/om$ l9e ( ?\ght & action1 !y only take t ( _! nurses1 :o h be5 ab\t !m f ! mom5t ( _! be+ deposit$ z eggs by ! que5 bee1 :o h f$ !m f _! own bodies1 & betwe5 :om & !m !re may h be5 all mann] ( physical & m5tal communication1 ( :i* we "k no m ?an we d ( ! p[] :i* enables a bee to f9d its way home aft] inf9ite %ift+ & turn+ among fl[]s1 :i* no human p[]s c\ld sy/ematise s z to avoid confusion4 ,or take x ?us3 ,we "k t mutilation at an e>ly age produces an effect ^u ! /ructure & in/9cts ( cattle1 %eep1 & horses2 & x might be presum$ t if feasible at an e>li] age1 x w\ld produce a /ill m m>k$ effect4 ,we obs]ve t ! effect produc$ is uni=m1 or ne>ly s4 ,suppose mutilation to produce a little m effect ?an x does1 z we might easily d1 if cattle1 %eep1 & horses _h be5 = ages accu/om$ to a mutilat$ class liv+ among !m1 :i* class _h be5 always a ca/e ap>t1 & _h f$ ! "y neut]s f _! own bodies1 f an e>ly embryonic /age onw>ds2 w\ld any "o 9 ?is case dream ( advanc+ ! /ructure & in/9cts ( ?is mutilat$ class aga9/ ! doctr9e t in/9ct is inh]it$ habit8 ,or1 if incl9$ to d ?is1 w\ld he n at once refra91 on rememb]+ t ! process ( mutilation might be arre/$1 & ! embryo be develop$ into an entire animal by simply treat+ x 9 ! way to :i* all its ance/ors _h be5 accu/om$8 ,surely he w\ld n all[ ! difficulty 7:i* ,i mu/ admit 9 "s measure to rema97 to outweigh ! evid5ce d]ivable f ^! v neut] insects !mselves1 z well z f su* a va/ numb] ( o!r s\rces--all po9t+ 9 ! direction ( in/9ct z inh]it$ habit4 #bci ,la/ly1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! in/9ct to make cells & honey is "o :i* has no v great hold ^u its possessors4 ,bees c make cells & honey1 nor d !y seem to h any v viol5t objection to do+ s2 b x is q cle> t !re is no?+ 9 _! /ructure & in/9cts :i* urges !m on to d ^! ?+s = ! m]e love ( do+ !m1 z a h5 is urg$ to sit ^u a *alk /one1 conc]n+ :i* %e probably is at he>t utt]ly sceptical1 r ?an n sit at all4 ,!re is no honey & cell-mak+ in/9ct s /rong z ! in/9ct to eat1 if !y are hungry1 or to gr[ w+s1 & make !mselves into bees at all4 ,l ourselves1 s long z !y c get pl5ty to eat & dr9k1 !y w d no "w4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 n "o drop ( honey nor "o p>ticle ( wax w !y collect1 except1 ,i presume1 to make cells = ! re>+ ( _! "y4 ,sydney ,smi? writes3-- 8,! mo/ curi\s in/ance ( a *ange ( in/9ct is record$ by ,d>w94 ,! bees c>ri$ ov] to ,b>badoes & ! ,we/]n ,isles ceas$ to lay up any honey aft] ! fir/ ye>1 z !y f\nd x n useful to !m4 ,!y f\nd ! wea!r s f9e1 & mat]ials = mak+ honey s pl5tiful1 t !y quitt$ _! grave1 prud5t1 & m]cantile "*1 became exce$+ly pr(ligate & debau*$1 ate up _! capital1 resolv$ to "w no m1 & amus$ !mselves by fly+ ab\t ! sug>-h\ses & /++ ! blacks0 7,lecture ,,xvii4 on ,moral ,philosophy74 ,! ease1 !n1 ) :i* ! honey-ga!r+ & cell-mak+ habits are rel9qui%$1 w\ld seem to po9t /rongly 9 ! direction ( _! acquisition at a comp>atively late p]iod ( developm5t4 ,i h dealt ) bees only1 & n ) ants1 :i* w\ld p]haps seem to pres5t great] difficulty1 inasmu* z 9 "s families ( ^! !re are two1 or ev5 ?ree1 ca/es ( neut]s ) well-m>k$ & wide diff]5ces ( /ructure & in/9ct2 b ,i ?9k ! read] w agree ) me t ! ants are suffici5tly cov]$ by ! bees1 & t en\gh1 !re=e1 has be5 said already4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes t ^! modifications ( /ructure & in/9ct h be5 effect$ by ! accumulation ( num]\s slight1 pr(itable1 spontane\s v>iations on ! "p ( ! f]tile p>5ts1 :i* has caus$ !m 7s1 at lea/1 ,i und]/& him7 to lay ?is or t p>ticul> k9d ( egg1 :i* %\ld develop into a k9d ( bee or ant1 ) ?is or t p>ticul> in/9ct1 :i* in/9ct is m]ely a co-ord9ation ) /ructure1 & 9 no way attributable to use or habit 9 prec$+ g5]ations4 ,ev5 s1 "o _c see t ! habit ( lay+ ?is p>ticul> k9d ( egg might n be due to use & memory 9 previ\s g5]ations on ! "p ( ! f]tile p>5ts1 8= ! num]\s slight spontane\s v>iations10 on :i* 8natural selection0 is to "w1 mu/ h _h "s cause ?an :i* none m reasonable ?an s5se ( ne$ & exp]i5ce pres5ts itself2 & !re seems h>dly any limit to :at long-cont9u$ fai? & desire1 aid$ by intellig5ce1 may be able to effect4 ,b if s5se ( ne$ & exp]i5ce are d5i$1 ,i see no escape f ! view t ma*9es are new species ( life4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 concludes3 8,i am surpris$ t no "o has hi!rto advanc$ ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z advanc$ by ,lam>ck0 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #bcc1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,aft] read+ ?is1 "o feels z ?\gh !re 0 no m to be said4 ,! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 z advanc$ by ,lam>ck1 has inde$ be5 long s9ce s ?or\ghly explod$1 t x is n wor? :ile to g into an explanation ( :at x 01 or to refute x 9 detail4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 is an argum5t aga9/ x1 :i* is s mu* bett] ?an any?+ advanc$ yet1 t "o is surpris$ x has nev] be5 made use (2 s we w j advance x1 z x 71 to slay ! sla91 & pass on4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! effect :i* ! p>agraph above quot$ produc$ ^u myself1 & w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 produce on ! great majority ( read]s4 ,:5 driv5 by ! exig5cies ( my own position to exam9e ! value ( ! demon/ration m closely1 ,i conclude1 ei!r t ,i h utt]ly fail$ to grasp ,mr4 ,d>w9's mean+1 or t ,i h no less completely mi/ak5 ! value & be>+ ( ! facts ,i h myself advanc$ 9 ^! few la/ pages4 ,fail+ ?is1 my surprise is1 n t 8no "o has hi!rto advanc$0 ! in/9cts ( neut] insects z a demon/rative case aga9/ ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 b r t ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h ?\ght ! case demon/rative2 or aga91 :5 ,i rememb] t ! neut] work+ bee is only an abort$ que51 & may be turn$ back aga9 into a que51 by giv+ x su* treatm5t z x c alone be expect$ to rememb]--!n ,i am surpris$ t ! /ructure & in/9cts ( neut] bees has nev] 7if nev]7 be5 br\ght =w>d 9 support ( ! doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit z advanc$ by ,lam>ck1 & aga9/ any !ory :i* w\ld rob su* in/9cts ( _! f\ndation 9 intellig5ce1 & ( _! connection ) exp]i5ce & memory4 ,z = ! in/9ct to mutilate1 t is z easily acc\nt$ = z any o!r inh]it$ habit1 :e!r ( man to mutilate cattle1 or ( ants to make slaves1 or ( birds to make _! ne/s4 ,i c see no way ( acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( any "o ( ^! in/9cts1 except on ! supposition t !y h aris5 gradually1 ?r\gh p]ceptions ( p[] & ne$ on ! "p ( ! animal :i* exhibits !m--^! two p]ceptions advanc+ h& 9 h& f g5]ation to g5]ation1 & be+ accumulat$ 9 "t & 9 ! common c\rse ( nature4 ,i h already suffici5tly gu>d$ aga9/ be+ suppos$ to ma9ta9 t v long be=e an in/9ct or /ructure 0 develop$1 ! creature descri$ x 9 ! f> future1 & made t[>ds x4 ,we d n obs]ve ?is to be ! mann] ( human progress4 ,our me*anical inv5tions1 :i*1 z ,i v5tur$ to say 9 8,ere:on10 ?r\gh ! m\? ( ! second pr(essor1 are really no?+ b extra-corporane\s limbs--a wood5 leg be+ no?+ b a bad k9d ( fle% leg1 & a fle% leg be+ only a mu* bett] k9d ( wood5 leg ?an any creature c\ld be expect$ to manufacture introspectively & consci\sly--our me*anical inv5tions h almo/ inv>iably gr[n up f small beg9n+s1 & )\t any v di/ant =esight on ! "p ( ! inv5tors4 ,:5 ,watt p]fect$ ! /eam eng9e1 he did n1 x seems1 =esee ! locomotive1 mu* less w\ld any "o expect a savage to inv5t a /eam eng9e4 ,a *ild brea!s automatically1 because x has le>nt to brea! little by little1 & has n[ brea!d = an incalculable l5g? ( "t2 b x _c op5 oy/]s at all1 nor ev5 conceive ! idea ( op5+ oy/]s = two or ?ree ye>s aft] x is born1 = ! simple reason t ?is lesson is "o :i* x is only beg9n+ to le>n4 ,all ,i ma9ta9 is1 t1 give a *ild z _m g5]ations ( practice 9 op5+ oy/]s z x has _h 9 brea?+ or suck+1 & x w\ld on be+ born1 turn to ! oy/]-knife no less naturally ?an to ! brea/4 ,we obs]ve t among c]ta9 families ( m5 !re has be5 a t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! direction ( ! use & developm5t ( ma*9]y2 & t 9 a c]ta9 /ill small] numb] ( families1 !re seems to be an almo/ inf9itely great capacity = v>y+ & inv5t+ /ill fur!r1 :e!r socially or me*anically2 :ile o!r families1 & p]haps ! great] numb]1 rea* a c]ta9 po9t & /op2 b we also obs]ve t n ev5 ! mo/ inv5tive races ev] see v f> ahead4 ,i suppose ! progress ( plants & animals to be exactly analog\s to ?is4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has always ma9ta9$ t ! effects ( use & disuse are highly important 9 ! developm5t ( /ructure1 & if1 z he has said1 habits are sometimes inh]it$--!n !y %\ld sometimes be important also 9 ! developm5t ( in/9ct1 or habit4 ,b :at does ! developm5t ( an in/9ct or /ructure1 or1 inde$1 any effect ^u ! organism produc$ by 8use & disuse10 imply8 ,x implies an effect produc$ by a desire to d some?+ = :i* ! organism 0 n orig9ally well adapt$ or suffici5t1 b = :i* x has come to be suffici5t 9 consequ5ce ( ! desire4 ,! wi% has be5 fa!r to ! p[]2 b ?is aga9 op5s up ! :ole !ory ( ,lam>ck1 t ! developm5t ( organs has be5 due to ! wants or desires ( ! animal 9 :i* ! organ appe>s4 ,s f> z ,i c see1 ,i am insi/+ on little m ?an ?is4 ,once grant t a blacksmi?'s arm gr[s ?ick] ?r\gh hamm]+ iron1 & y h an organ modifi$ 9 accordance ) a ne$ or wi%4 ,let ! desire & ! practice be rememb]$1 & g on = long en\gh1 & ! slight alt]ations ( ! organ w be accumulat$1 until !y are *eck$ ei!r by ! creature's hav+ got all t he c>es ab\t mak+ s]i\s fur!r ef=t to obta91 or until 8 wants prove inconv5i5t to o!r creatures t are /rong] ?an he1 & he is h5ce br\ght to a /&/ill4 ,use & disuse1 !n1 ) me1 &1 z ,i ga!r also1 ) ,lam>ck1 are ! keys to ! position1 c\pl$1 ( c\rse1 ) cont9u$ p]sonality & memory4 ,no sudd5 & /rik+ *anges w\ld be effect$1 except t occasionally a blund] might prove a happy accid5t1 z happ5s n unfrequ5tly ) pa9t]s1 musicians1 *emi/s1 & inv5tors at ! pres5t day2 or sometimes a creature1 ) exceptional p[]s ( memory or reflection1 w\ld make 8 appe>ance 9 ?is race or 9 t4 ,we all pr(it by our accid5ts z well z by our m cunn+ contrivances1 s t analogy w\ld po9t 9 ! direction ( ?9k+ t _m ( ! mo/ happy ?\ghts 9 ! animal & vegetable k+dom 7 orig9at$ mu* z c]ta9 discov]ies t h be5 made by accid5t among ourselves4 ,^! w\ld be orig9ally bl9d v>iations1 ?\gh ev5 s1 probably less bl9d ?an we ?9k1 if we c\ld "k ! :ole tru?4 ,:5 orig9at$1 !y w\ld be eag]ly tak5 advantage ( & improv$ ^u by ! animal 9 :om !y appe>$2 b x _c be suppos$ t !y w\ld be v f> 9 advance ( ! la/ /ep ga9$1 m ?an are ^? 8flukes0 :i* sometimes enable u to g s f> beyond our own ord9>y p[]s4 ,= if !y 71 ! animal w\ld despair ( repeat+ !m4 ,no creature hopes1 or ev5 wi%es1 = v mu* m ?an he has be5 accu/om$ to all 8 life1 he & 8 family1 & ! o!rs :om he c und]/&1 ar\nd him4 ,x has be5 well said t 8en\gh0 is always 8a little m ?an "o has40 ,we d n try = ?+s :i* we believe to be beyond our rea*1 h5ce "o w\ld expect t ! =tunes1 z x 71 ( animals %\ld h be5 built up gradually4 ,our own ri*es gr[ ) our desires & ! pa9s we take 9 pursuit ( !m1 & our desires v>y & increase ) our means ( gratify+ !m2 b unless ) m5 ( exceptional bus9ess aptitude1 weal? gr[s gradually by ! add+ field to field & f>m to f>m2 s ) ! limbs & in/9cts ( animals2 ^! are b ! ?+s !y h made or b\ght ) _! money1 or ) money t has be5 left !m by _! =efa!rs1 :i*1 ?\gh x is nei!r silv] nor gold1 b fai? & protoplasm only1 is good money & capital not)/&+4 ,i h already admitt$ t in/9ct may be modifi$ by food or drugs1 :i* may affect a /ructure or habit z p[]fully z we see c]ta9 poisons affect ! /ructure ( plants by produc+1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 v complex galls ^u _! leaves4 ,i d n1 !re=e1 = a mom5t insi/ on habit z ! sole cause ( in/9ct4 ,e habit mu/ h _h its orig9at+ cause1 & ! causes :i* h />t$ "o habit w f "t to "t />t or modify o!rs2 nor c ,i expla9 :y "s individuals ( a race %\ld be clev]] ?an o!rs1 any m ?an ,i c expla9 :y !y %\ld exi/ at all2 nev]!less1 ,i obs]ve x to be a fact t diff]5ces 9 intellig5ce & p[] ( gr[? are univ]sal 9 ! individuals ( all ^? races :i* we c be/ wat*4 ,i also mo/ readily admit t ! common c\rse ( nature w\ld bo? cause _m v>iations to arise indep5d5tly ( any desire on ! "p ( ! animal 7mu* z we h lately se5 t ! moons ( ,m>s 7 on ! po9t ( be+ discov]$ ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago1 m]ely ?r\gh ,galileo s5d+ to ,kepl] a ,lat9 anagram :i* ,kepl] c\ld n und]/&1 & arrang$ into ! l9e--8,salve umbi/9eum gem9atum ,m>tia prolem10 & int]pret$ to mean t ,m>s _h two moons1 :]eas ,galileo _h meant to say 8,altissimum planetam t]gem9um obs]vavi10 mean+ t he _h se5 ,saturn's r+71 & w\ld also pres]ve & accumulate su* v>iations :5 !y _h aris52 b ,i c no m believe t ! wond]ful adaptation ( /ructures to ne$s1 :i* we see ar\nd u 9 su* an inf9ite numb] ( plants & animals1 c h aris5 )\t a p]ception ( ^? ne$s on ! "p ( ! creature 9 :om ! /ructure appe>s1 ?an ,i c believe t ! =m ( ! dray-horse or greyh\nd--s well adapt$ bo? to ! ne$s ( ! animal 9 8 daily s]vice to man1 & to ! desires ( man1 t ! creature %\ld d him ?is daily s]vice--c h aris5 )\t any desire on man's "p to produce ?is p>ticul> /ructure1 or )\t ! inh]it$ habit ( p]=m+ ! correspond+ actions = man1 on ! "p ( ! greyh\nd & dray-horse4 ,& ,i believe t ?is w be felt z reasonable by ! great majority ( my read]s4 ,i believe t n9e fairly intellig5t & obs]vant m5 out ( t51 if !y 7 ask$ :i* !y ?\ght mo/ likely to h be5 ! ma9 cause ( ! developm5t ( ! v>i\s phases ei!r ( /ructure or in/9ct :i* we see ar\nd u1 namely--s5se ( ne$1 or ev5 :im1 & h5ce occasional discov]y1 help$ by an occasional piece ( good luck1 communicat$1 x may be1 & g5]ally adopt$1 long practis$1 rememb]$ by (fspr+1 modifi$ by *ang$ surr\nd+s1 & accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t--or1 ! accumulation ( small div]g5t1 indef9ite1 & p]fectly un9tellig5t v>iations1 pres]v$ ?r\gh ! survival ( _! possessor 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & h5ce 9 "t lead+ to wide diff]5ces f ! orig9al type--w\ld answ] 9 fav\r ( ! =m] alt]native2 & if = no o!r cause yet = ?is--t 9 ! human race1 :i* we are be/ able to wat*1 & betwe5 :i* & ! l[] animals no diff]5ce 9 k9d w1 ,i ?9k1 be suppos$1 b only 9 degree1 we obs]ve t progress mu/ h an int]nal curr5t sett+ 9 a def9ite direction1 b :i!r we "k n = v long be=eh&2 & t )\t su* int]nal curr5t !re is /agnation4 ,our own progress--or v>iation--is due n to small1 =tuit\s inv5tions or modifications :i* h enabl$ _! =tunate possessors to survive 9 times ( difficulty1 n1 9 fact1 to /rokes ( luck 7?\gh ^!1 ( c\rse1 h _h "s effect--b n m1 probably1 ?an /rokes ( ill luck h c\nt]act$7 b to /rokes ( cunn+--to a s5se ( ne$1 & to /udy ( ! pa/ & pres5t :i* h giv5 %rewd p a key ) :i* to unlock ! *amb]s ( ! future4 ,fur!r1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself says 78,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication10 ii4 p4 #bcg1 ed4 #ahge73-- 8,b ,i ?9k we mu/ take a broad] view & conclude t organic be+s :5 subject$ dur+ sev]al g5]ations to any *ange :atev] 9 _! conditions t5d to v>y3 ! k9d ( v>iation :i* ensues dep5d+ 9 mo/ cases 9 a f> high] degree on ! nature or con/itution ( ! be+1 ?an on ! nature ( ! *ang$ conditions40 ,& ?is we obs]ve 9 man4 ,! hi/ory ( a man prior to 8 bir? is m important z f> z 8 success or failure goes ?an 8 surr\nd+s aft] bir?1 important ?\gh ^! may inde$ be4 ,! able man rises 9 spite ( a ?\s& h9drances1 ! fool fails 9 spite ( e advantage4 8,natural selection10 h[ev]1 does n make ei!r ! able man or ! fool4 ,x only deals ) him aft] o!r causes h made him1 & w\ld seem 9 ! end to am\nt to little m ?an to a /atem5t ( ! fact t :5 v>iations h aris5 !y w accumulate4 ,"o _c look1 z has already be5 said1 = ! orig9 ( species 9 t "p ( ! c\rse ( nature :i* settles ! pres]vation or ext9ction ( v>iations :i* h already aris5 f "s unkn[n cause1 b "o mu/ look = x 9 ! causes t h l$ to v>iation at all4 ,^! causes mu/ get1 z x 71 beh9d ! back ( 8natural selection10 :i* is r a %ield & h9drance to our p]ception ( our own ignorance ?an an explanation ( :at ^! causes are4 ,! rem>ks made above w apply equally to plants su* z ! misletoe & r$ clov]4 ,= ! sake ( brevity ,i w deal only ) ! misletoe1 :i* seems to be ! m /rik+ case4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3-- 8,naturali/s cont9ually ref] to ext]nal conditions1 su* z climate1 food1 c41 z ! only possible cause ( v>iation4 ,9 "o limit$ s5se1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ?is may be true2 b x is prepo/]\s to attribute to m]e ext]nal conditions1 ! /ructure1 = in/ance1 ( ! woodpeck]1 ) its feet1 tail1 beak1 & tongue1 s admirably adapt$ to cat* insects "u ! b>k ( trees4 ,9 ! case ( ! misletoe1 :i* draws its n\ri%m5t f c]ta9 trees1 :i* has se$s t mu/ be transport$ by c]ta9 birds1 & :i* has fl[]s ) sep>ate sexes absolutely requir+ ! ag5cy ( c]ta9 insects to br+ poll5 f "o fl[] to ano!r1 x is equally prepo/]\s to acc\nt = ! /ructure ( ?is p>asite ) its relations to sev]al di/9ct organic be+s1 by ! effect ( ext]nal conditions1 or ( habit1 or ( ! volition ( ! plant itself0 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #c1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,i _c see ?is4 ,to me x seems /ill m prepo/]\s to acc\nt = x by ! action ( 8natural selection0 op]at+ ^u indef9ite v>iations4 ,x w\ld be prepo/]\s to suppose t a bird v diff]5t f a woodpeck] %\ld h _h a conception ( a woodpeck]1 & s by volition gradually gr[n t[>ds x4 ,s 9 l mann] ) ! misletoe4 ,nei!r plant nor bird knew h[ f> !y 7 go+1 or saw m ?an a v little ahead z to ! means ( rem$y+ ?is or t ) :i* !y 7 dissatisfi$1 or ( gett+ ?is or t :i* !y desir$2 b giv5 p]ceptions at all1 & ?us a s5se ( ne$s & ( ! gratification ( ^? ne$s1 & ?us hope & fe>1 & a s5se ( cont5t & discont5t--giv5 also ! l[e/ p[] ( gratify+ ^? ne$s--giv5 also t "s individuals h ^! p[]s 9 a high] degree ?an o!rs--giv5 also cont9u$ p]sonality & memory ov] a va/ ext5t ( "t--& ! :ole ph5om5a ( species & g5]a resolve !mselves into an illu/ration ( ! old prov]b1 t :at is "o man's meat is ano!r man's poison4 ,life 9 its l[e/ =m "u ! above conditions--& we _c conceive ( life at all )\t !m--w\ld be b\nd to v>y1 & to result aft] n s v _m millions ( ye>s 9 ! inf9ite =ms & in/9cts :i* we see ar\nd u4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,lam>ck ,,& ,,mr4 ,,d>w94 ,,x w h be5 se5 t 9 ! prec$+ pages ! !ory ( evolution1 z orig9ally prop\nd$ by ,lam>ck1 has be5 m ?an once support$1 z aga9/ ! lat] !ory conc]n+ x put =w>d by ,mr4 ,d>w91 & n[ g5]ally accept$4 ,x is n possible = me1 )9 ! limits at my comm&1 to d any?+ l ju/ice to ! argum5ts t may be br\ght =w>d 9 fav\r ( ei!r ( ^! two !ories4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's books are at ! comm& ( e "o2 & s mu* has be5 discov]$ s9ce ,lam>ck's day1 t if he 7 liv+ n[1 he w\ld probably /ate 8 case v diff]5tly2 ,i %all !re=e cont5t myself ) a few brief rem>ks1 :i* w h>dly1 h[ev]1 aspire to ! dignity ( argum5t4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 diff]5tiations ( /ructure & in/9ct h ma9ly come ab\t ?r\gh ! accumulation ( small1 =tuit\s v>iations )\t intellig5ce or desire ^u ! "p ( ! creature v>y+2 modification1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh desire & s5se ( ne$1 is n d5i$ entirely1 inasmu* z consid]able effect is ascrib$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to use & disuse1 :i* involves1 z has be5 already said1 ! modification ( a /ructure 9 accordance ) ! wi%es ( its possessor4 ,accord+ to ,lam>ck1 g5]a & species h be5 evolv$1 9 ! ma91 by exactly ! same process z t by :i* human inv5tions & civilisations are n[ progress+2 & ?is involves t intellig5ce1 +5uity1 h]oism1 & all ! elem5ts ( romance1 %\ld h _h ! ma9 %>e 9 ! developm5t ( e h]b & liv+ creature ar\nd u4 ,i take ! foll[+ brief outl9e ( ! mo/ important "p ( ,lam>ck's !ory f vol4 xxxvi4 ( ! ,naturali/'s ,libr>y 7,ed9burgh1 #ahdc73-- 8,! m simple bodies10 says ! editor1 giv+ ,lam>ck's op9ion )\t endors+ x1 8are easily =m$1 & ?is be+ ! case1 x is easy to conceive h[ 9 ! lapse ( "t animals ( a m complex /ructure %\ld be produc$1 = x mu/ be admitt$ z a fundam5tal law1 t ! production ( a new organ 9 an animal body results f any new want or desire x may exp]i5ce4 ,! fir/ ef=t ( a be+ j beg9n+ to develop itself mu/ be to procure subsi/5ce1 & h5ce 9 "t !re comes to be produc$ a /oma* or alim5t>y cavity40 7,?us we saw t ! amba is 9 ! habit ( 8extemporis+0 a /oma* :5 x wants "o47 8,o!r wants occasion$ by circum/ances w lead to o!r ef=ts1 :i* 9 _! turn w g5]ate new organs40 ,lam>ck's wond]ful conception 0 hamp]$ by an unnecess>y adjunct1 namely1 a belief 9 an inh]5t t5d5cy t[>ds progressive developm5t 9 e l[ organism4 ,he 0 ?us driv5 to acc\nt = ! pres5ce ( _m v l[ & v anci5t organisms at ! pres5t day1 & fell back ^u ! !ory1 :i* is n yet support$ by evid5ce1 t su* l[ =ms are /ill cont9ually com+ into exi/5ce f inorganic matt]4 ,b !re seems no necessity to suppose t all l[ =ms %\ld possess an inh]5t t5d5cy t[>ds progression4 ,x w\ld be en\gh t !re %\ld occasionally arise some:at m gift$ specim5s ( "o or m orig9al =ms4 ,^! w\ld v>y1 & ! ball w\ld be ?us set roll+1 :ile ! less gift$ w\ld rema9 9 /atu quo1 provid$ !y 7 suffici5tly gift$ to escape ext9ction4 ,nor d ,i ga!r t ,lam>ck insi/$ on cont9u$ p]sonality & memory s z to acc\nt = h]$ity at all1 & s z to see life z a s+le1 or z at any rate1 only a few1 va/ comp\nd animals1 b )\t ! connect+ organism betwe5 ea* compon5t item 9 ! :ole creature1 :i* is f\nd 9 animals t are /rictly call$ comp\nd4 ,until cont9u$ p]sonality & memory are connect$ ) ! idea ( h]$ity1 h]$ity ( any k9d is little m ?an a t]m = some?+ :i* "o does n und]/&4 ,b !re seems little priori difficulty z reg>ds ,lam>ck's ma9 idea1 n[ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 has famili>is$ u ) evolution1 & made u feel :at a va/ array ( facts c be br\ght =w>d 9 support ( x4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 tells u1 9 ! preface to 8 la/ edition ( ! 8,orig9 ( ,species10 t ,lam>ck 0 p>tly l$ to 8 conclusions by ! analogy ( dome/ic productions4 ,x is r h>d to say :at ^! words imply2 !y may mean any?+ f a baby to an apple dumpl+1 b if !y imply t ,lam>ck drew inspirations f ! gradual developm5t ( ! me*anical inv5tions ( man1 & f ! progress ( man's ideas1 ,i w\ld say t ( all s\rces ?is w\ld seem to be ! safe/ & mo/ f]tile f :i* to draw4 ,plants & animals "u dome/ication are inde$ a sugge/ive field = /udy1 b ma*9es are ! mann] 9 :i* man is v>y+ at ?is mom5t4 ,we "k h[ our own m9ds "w1 & h[ our me*anical organisations--=1 9 all sob] s]i\sness1 ?is is :at x comes to--h progress$ h& 9 h& ) our desires2 sometimes ! p[] a little ahead1 & sometimes ! desire2 sometimes bo? comb9+ to =m an organ ) almo/ inf9ite capacity = v>iation1 & sometimes comp>atively e>ly rea*+ ! limit ( utmo/ developm5t 9 respect ( any new conception1 & accord+ly com+ to a full /op2 sometimes mak+ leaps & b\nds1 & sometimes advanc+ sluggi%ly4 ,"h we are beh9d ! sc5es1 & c see h[ ! :ole ?+ works4 ,we h man1 ! v animal :i* we c be/ und]/&1 caught 9 ! v act ( v>iation1 ?r\gh 8 own ne$s1 & n ?r\gh ! ne$s ( o!rs2 ! :ole process is a natural "o2 ! v>y+ ( a creature z mu* 9 a wild /ate z ! ants & butt]flies are wild4 ,!re is less occasion "h = ! cont9ual 8might be0 & 8may be10 :i* we are compell$ to put up ) :5 deal+ ) plants & animals1 ( ! work+s ( ^: m9ds we c only obscurely judge4 ,also1 !re is m prospect ( pecuni>y pr(it atta*+ to ! c>eful /udy ( ma*9]y ?an c be g5]ally hop$ = f ! /udy ( ! l[] animals2 & ?\gh ,i admit t ?is consid]ation %\ld n be c>ri$ too f>1 a great deal ( v unnecess>y suff]+ w be sp>$ to ! l[] animals2 = mu* t passes = natural hi/ory is little bett] ?an pry+ into o!r p's bus9ess1 f no o!r motive ?an curiosity4 ,i w\ld1 !re=e1 /rongly advise ! read] to use man1 & ! pres5t races ( man1 & ! gr[+ inv5tions & conceptions ( man1 z 8 guide1 if he w\ld seek to =m an indep5d5t judgem5t on ! developm5t ( organic life4 ,= all gr[? is only somebody mak+ some?+4 ,lam>ck's !ories fell into disrepute1 p>tly because !y 7 too />tl+ to be capable ( ready fusion ) exi/+ ideas2 !y 71 9 fact1 too wide a cross = f]tility2 p>tly because !y fell ^u evil times1 dur+ ! reaction t foll[$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 p>tly because1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 he did n suffici5tly l9k on ! exp]i5ce ( ! race to t ( ! individual1 nor p]ceive ! importance ( ! pr9ciple t consci\sness1 memory1 volition1 intellig5ce1 c41 vani%1 or become lat5t1 on becom+ int5se4 ,he also appe>s to h mix$ up matt] ) 8 sy/em1 :i* 0 ei!r pla9ly wrong1 or s incapable ( pro( z to enable p to laugh at him1 & pooh-pooh him2 b ,i believe x w come to be p]ceiv$1 t he has receiv$ some:at scant ju/ice at ! h&s ( 8 successors1 & t 8 8crude !ories10 z !y h be5 some:at *eaply call$1 are f> f hav+ _h _! la/ say4 ,return+ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 we f9d1 z we h already se51 t x is h>d to say exactly h[ mu* ,mr4 ,d>w9 diff]s f ,lam>ck1 & h[ mu* he agrees ) him4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has always ma9ta9$ t use & disuse are highly important1 & ?is implies t ! effect produc$ on ! p>5t %\ld be rememb]$ by ! (fspr+1 9 ! same way z ! memory ( a w\nd is transmitt$ by "o set ( cells to succe$+ ones1 :o long repeat ! sc>1 ?\gh x may fade f9ally away4 ,also1 aft] deal+ ) ! mann] 9 :i* "o eye ( a "y flat-fi% travels r\nd ! head till bo? eyes are on ! same side ( ! fi%1 he gives 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #ahh1 ed4 #ahge7 an in/ance ( a /ructure 8:i* app>5tly owes its orig9 exclusively to use or habit40 ,he ref]s to ! tail ( "s ,am]ican monkeys 8:i* has be5 conv]t$ into a wond]fully p]fect preh5sile organ1 & s]ves z a fif? h&4 ,a review]10 he cont9ues1 4 4 4 8rem>ks on ?is /ructure--#8,x is impossible to believe t 9 any numb] ( ages ! fir/ slight incipi5t t5d5cy to grasp1 c\ld pres]ve ! lives ( ! individuals possess+ x1 or fav\r _! *ance ( hav+ & ( re>+ (fspr+4' ,b !re is no necessity = any su* belief4 ,habit1 & ?is almo/ implies t "s b5efit1 great or small1 is ?us d]iv$1 w\ld 9 all probability suffice = ! "w40 ,if1 !n1 habit c d ?is--& x is no small ?+ to develop a wond]fully p]fect preh5sile organ :i* c s]ve z a fif? h&--h[ mu* m may n habit d1 ev5 ?\gh unaid$1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes to h be5 ! case 9 ?is in/ance1 by 8natural selection08 ,aft] attribut+ _m ( ! /ructural & in/9ctive diff]5ces ( plants & animals to ! effects ( use--z we may pla9ly d ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's own cons5t--aft] attribut+ a good deal m to unkn[n causes1 & a good deal to *ang$ conditions1 :i* are b\nd1 if at all important1 to result ei!r 9 /]ility or v>iation--h[ mu* ( ! "w ( orig9at+ species is left = natural selection8--:i*1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 admits 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #fc1 ed4 #ahgf71 does n induce v>iability1 b 8implies only ! pres]vation ( su* v>iations z arise1 & are b5eficial to ! be+ "u its conditions ( life80 ,an important "p assur$ly1 & "o :i* we c nev] suffici5tly ?ank ,mr4 ,d>w9 = hav+ put s =cibly be=e u1 b an indirect "p only1 l ! "p play$ by "t & space1 & n1 ,i ?9k1 ! "o :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld assign to x4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself has admitt$ t 9 ! e>li] editions ( 8 8,orig9 ( ,species0 he 8und]rat$1 z x n[ seems probable1 ! frequ5cy & importance ( modifications due to spontane\s v>iability40 ,& ?is involves ! hav+ ov]-rat$ ! action ( 8natural selection0 z an ag5t 9 ! evolution ( species4 ,b "o ga!rs t he /ill believes ! accumulation ( small & =tuit\s v>iations ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( 8natural selection0 to be ! ma9 cause ( ! pres5t div]g5cies ( /ructure & in/9ct4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ,mr4 ,d>w9 is cle> ab\t 8 own mean+4 ,i ?9k ! prom95ce giv5 to 8natural selection0 9 connection ) ! 8orig9 ( species0 has l$ him1 9 spite ( himself1 & 9 spite ( 8 be+ on 8 gu>d 7z is cle>ly %[n by ! p>agraph on page #fc 8,natural ,selection10 above ref]r$ to71 to reg>d 8natural selection0 z 9 "s way acc\nt+ = v>iation1 j z ! use ( ! dang]\s ^w 8spontane\s10--?\gh he is s (t5 on 8 gu>d aga9/ x1 & s frequ5tly prefaces x ) ! words 8s-call$10--w\ld seem to h l$ him into v s]i\s confusion ( ?\ght 9 ! passage quot$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph4 ,= aft] say+ t he _h und]rat$ 8! frequ5cy & importance ( modifications due to spontane\s v>iability10 he cont9ues1 8b x is impossible to attribute to ?is cause ! innum]able /ructures :i* are s well adapt$ to ! habits ( life ( ea* species40 ,t is to say1 x is impossible to attribute ^! innum]able /ructures to spontane\s v>iability4 ,:at is spontane\s v>iability8 ,cle>ly1 f 8 prec$+ p>agraph1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 means only 8s-call$ spontane\s v>iations10 su* z 8! appe>ance ( a moss-rose on a common rose1 or ( a nect>9e on a pea*-tree10 :i* he gives z good examples ( s-call$ spontane\s v>iation4 ,& ^! v>iations are1 aft] all1 due to causes1 b to unkn[n causes2 spontane\s v>iation be+1 9 fact1 b ano!r "n = v>iation due to causes :i* we "k no?+ ab\t1 b 9 no possible s5se a cause ( v>iation4 ,s t :5 we come to put cle>ly be=e our m9ds exactly :at ! s5t5ce we are consid]+ am\nts to1 x comes to ?is3 t x is impossible to attribute ! innum]able /ructures :i* are s well adapt$ to ! habits ( life ( ea* species to unkn[n causes4 8,i c no m believe 9 ?is10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 8?an t ! well-adapt$ =m ( a race-horse or greyh\nd1 :i*1 be=e ! pr9ciple ( selection by man 0 well und]/ood1 excit$ s mu* surprise 9 ! m9ds ( ! old] naturali/s1 c ?us be expla9$0 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #aga1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,or1 9 o!r words1 8,i c no m believe t ! well-adapt$ /ructures ( species are due to unkn[n causes1 ?an ,i c believe t ! well-adapt$ =m ( a race-horse c be expla9$ by be+ attribut$ to unkn[n causes40 ,i h puzzl$ ov] ?is p>agraph = sev]al h\rs ) ! s9c]e/ desire to get at ! precise idea :i* und]lies x1 b ! m ,i h /udi$ x ! m conv9c$ ,i am t x does n conta91 or at any rate convey1 any cle> or def9ite idea at all4 ,if ,i ?\ght x 0 a m]e slip1 ,i %\ld n call att5tion to x2 ?is book w probably h slips en\gh ( its own )\t introduc+ ^? ( a great man unnecess>ily2 b ,i submit t x is necess>y to call att5tion to x "h1 inasmu* z x is impossible to believe t aft] ye>s ( reflection ^u 8 subject1 ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h writt5 z above1 especially 9 su* a place1 if 8 m9d 0 really cle> ab\t 8 own position4 ,imm$iately aft] ! admission ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( miscalculation1 !re comes a m or less exculpatory s5t5ce :i* s\nds s "r t n9ety-n9e p out ( a hundr$ w\ld walk ?r\gh x1 unless l$ by "s exig5cy ( _! own position to exam9e x closely b :i* yet ^u exam9ation proves to be z ne>ly mean+less z a s5t5ce c be4 ,! weak po9t 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory w\ld seem to be a defici5cy1 s to speak1 ( motive p[] to orig9ate & direct ! v>iations :i* "t is to accumulate4 ,x deals admirably ) ! accumulation ( v>iations 9 creatures already v>y+1 b x does n provide a suffici5t numb] ( suffici5tly important v>iations to be accumulat$4 ,giv5 ! motive p[] :i* ,lam>ck sugge/$1 & ,mr4 ,d>w9's me*anism w\ld appe> 7) ! help ( memory1 z be>+ ^u reproduction1 ( cont9u$ p]sonality1 & h5ce ( inh]it$ habit1 & ( ! vani%+ t5d5cy ( consci\sness7 to "w ) p]fect ease4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 has made u all feel t 9 "s way or o!r v>iations are accumulat$1 & t evolution is ! true solution ( ! pres5t widely diff]5t /ructures ar\nd u1 :]eas1 be=e he wrote1 h>dly any "o believ$ ?is4 ,h[ev] we may diff] f him 9 detail1 ! pres5t g5]al acceptance ( evolution mu/ rema9 z 8 "w1 & a m valuable "w c h>dly be imag9$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c ?9k t 8natural selection10 work+ ^u small1 =tuit\s1 indef9ite1 un9tellig5t v>iations1 w\ld produce ! results we see ar\nd u4 ,"o wants some?+ t w give a m def9ite aim to v>iations1 & h5ce1 at times1 cause bold] leaps 9 advance4 ,"o _c b d\bt :e!r s _m plants & animals w\ld be be+ s cont9ually sav$ 8by ! sk9 ( _! tee?10 z mu/ be s sav$ if ! v>iations f :i* g5]a ultimately arise are z small 9 _! comm5cem5t & at ea* successive /age z ,mr4 ,d>w9 seems to believe4 ,god--to use ! language ( ! ,bible--is n extreme to m>k :at is done amiss1 :e!r ) plant or bea/ or man2 on ! o!r h&1 :5 t[]s ( ,siloam fall1 !y fall on ! j z well z ! unju/4 ,"o feels1 on consid]+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's position1 t if x be admitt$ t !re is 9 ! l[e/ creature a p[] to v>y1 no matt] h[ small1 "o has got 9 ?is p[] z ne> ! 8orig9 ( species0 z "o c ev] hope to get4 ,= no "o pr(esses to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( life2 b if a creature ) a p[] to v>y reproduces itself at all1 x mu/ reproduce ano!r creature :i* %all also h ! p[] to v>y2 s t1 giv5 "t & space en\gh1 !re is no kn[+ :]e su* a creature c\ld or w\ld /op4 ,if ! primordial cell _h be5 only capable ( reproduc+ itself once1 !re w\ld h foll[$ a s+le l9e ( desc5dants1 ! *a9 ( :i* might at any mom5t h be5 brok5 by casualty4 ,d\btless ! million? repetition w\ld h diff]$ v mat]ially f ! orig9al--z widely1 p]haps1 z we diff] f ! primordial cell2 b x w\ld only h diff]$ by addition1 & c\ld no m 9 any g5]ation resume its late/ developm5t )\t hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! initial /age ( be+ :at its fir/ =efa!r 01 & do+ :at its fir/ =efa!r did1 & )\t go+ ?r\gh all or a suffici5t numb] ( ! /eps :]eby x _h rea*$ its late/ diff]5tiation1 ?an wat] c rise above its own level4 ,! v idea1 !n1 ( reproduction involves1 unless ,i am mi/ak51 t1 no matt] h[ mu* ! creature reproduc+ itself may ga9 9 p[] & v]satility1 x mu/ /ill always beg9 ) itself aga9 9 ea* g5]ation4 ,! primordial cell be+ capable ( reproduc+ itself n only once1 b _m times ov]1 ea* ( ! creatures :i* x produces mu/ be simil>ly gift$2 h5ce ! geometrical ratio ( increase & ! exi/+ div]g5ce ( type4 ,9 ea* g5]ation x w pass rapidly & unconsci\sly ?r\gh all ! e>li] /ages ( :i* !re has be5 inf9ite exp]i5ce1 & = :i* ! conditions are reproduc$ ) suffici5t simil>ity to cause no failure ( memory or hesitation2 b 9 ea* g5]ation1 :5 x comes to ! "p 9 :i* ! c\rse is n s cle>1 x w become consci\s2 /ill1 h[ev]1 :]e ! c\rse is pla91 z 9 brea?+1 dige/+1 c41 reta9+ unconsci\sness4 ,?us organs :i* pres5t all ! appe>ance ( be+ design$--z1 = example1 ! tip = its beak prep>$ by ! embryo *ick5--w\ld be prep>$ 9 ! end1 z x 71 by rote1 & )\t s5se ( design1 ?\gh none ! less ow+ _! orig9 to design4 ,! "q is n conc]n+ evolution1 b z to ! ma9 cause :i* has l$ to evolution 9 su* & su* %apes4 ,to me x seems t ! 8,orig9 ( ,v>iation10 :atev] x is1 is ! only true 8,orig9 ( ,species10 & t ?is mu/1 z ,lam>ck insi/$1 be look$ = 9 ! ne$s & exp]i5ces ( ! creatures v>y+4 ,unless we c expla9 ! orig9 ( v>iations1 we are met by ! unexpla9$ at e /ep 9 ! progress ( a creature f its orig9al homog5e\s condition to its diff]5tiation1 we w say1 z an elephant2 s t to say t an elephant has become an elephant ?r\gh ! accumulation ( a va/ numb] ( small1 =tuit\s1 b unexpla9$1 v>iations 9 "s l[] creatures1 is really to say t x has become an elephant ow+ to a s]ies ( causes ab\t :i* we "k no?+ :atev]1 or1 9 o!r words1 t "o does n "k h[ x came to be an elephant4 ,b to say t an elephant has become an elephant ow+ to a s]ies ( v>iations1 n9e-t5?s ( :i* 7 caus$ by ! wi%es ( ! creature or creatures f :i* ! elephant is desc5d$--?is is to (f] a reason1 & def9itely put ! insoluble "o /ep fur!r back4 ,! "q w !n turn ^u ! suffici5cy ( ! reason--t is to say1 :e!r ! hypo!sis is borne out by facts4 ,! effects ( competition w\ld1 ( c\rse1 h an extremely important effect ^u any creature1 9 ! same way z any o!r condition ( nature "u :i* x liv$1 mu/ affect its s5se ( ne$ & its op9ions g5]ally4 ,! results ( competition w\ld be1 z x 71 ! decisions ( an arbit] settl+ ! "q :e!r su* & su* v>iation 0 really to ! animal's advantage or n--a matt] on :i* ! animal w1 on ! :ole1 h =m$ a pretty fair judgem5t = itself4 ,und\bt$ly ! pa/ decisions ( su* an arbit] w\ld affect ! conduct ( ! creature1 :i* w\ld h d\btless _h its %ortcom+s & blund]s1 & w\ld am5d !m4 ,! creature w\ld %ape its c\rse accord+ to its exp]i5ce ( ! common c\rse ( ev5ts1 b x w\ld be cont9ually try+ & (t5 successfully1 to evade ! law by all mann] ( %>p practice4 ,new prec$5ts w\ld ?us arise1 s t ! law w\ld %ift ) "t & circum/ances2 b ! law w\ld n o!rwise direct ! *annels into :i* life w\ld fl[1 ?an z laws1 :e!r natural or artificial1 h affect$ ! developm5t ( ! widely diff]+ trades & pr(essions among mank9d4 ,^! h _h _! orig9 r 9 ! ne$s & exp]i5ces ( mank9d ?an 9 any laws4 ,to put mu* ! same z ! above 9 diff]5t words4 ,assume t small fav\rable v>iations are pres]v$ m commonly1 9 proportion to _! numb]s1 ?an is p]haps ! case1 & assume t consid]able v>iations occur m r>ely ?an !y probably d occur1 h[ acc\nt = any v>iation at all8 8,natural selection0 _c create ! smalle/ v>iation unless x acts ?r\gh p]ception ( its mode ( op]ation1 recognis$ in>ticulately1 b none ! less cle>ly1 by ! creature v>y+4 8,natural selection0 op]ates on :at x f9ds1 & n on :at x has made4 ,animals t h be5 wise & lucky live long] & bre$ m ?an o!rs less wise & lucky4 ,assur$ly4 ,! wise & lucky animals transmit _! wisdom & luck4 ,assur$ly4 ,!y add to _! p[]s1 & div]ge into widely diff]5t directions4 ,assur$ly4 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,surely ! fact t !y 7 capable ( feel+ ne$s1 & t !y diff]$ 9 _! ne$s & mann] ( gratify+ !m1 & t !y cont9u$ to live 9 successive g5]ations1 r ?an ! fact t :5 lucky & wise !y ?riv$ & br$ m desc5dants4 ,?is la/ is an accessory h>dly less important = ! developm5t ( species ?an ! fact ( ! cont9uation ( life at all2 b x is an accessory ( mu* ! same k9d z ?is1 = if animals cont9ue to live at all1 !y mu/ live 9 "s way1 & w f9d t !re are good ways & bad ways ( liv+4 ,an animal :i* discov]s ! good way w gradually develop fur!r p[]s1 & s species w get fur!r & fur!r ap>t2 b ! orig9 ( ?is is to be look$ =1 n 9 ! p[] :i* decides :e!r ?is or t way 0 good1 b 9 ! cause :i* det]m9es ! creature1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to try ?is or t way4 ,b ,mr4 ,d>w9 might say t ?is is n a fair way ( /at+ ! issue4 ,he might say1 8,y beg ! "q2 y assume t !re is an inh]5t t5d5cy 9 animals t[>ds progressive developm5t1 :]eas ,i say t !re is no good evid5ce ( any su* t5d5cy4 ,i ma9ta9 t ! diff]5ces t h f "t to "t aris5 h come ab\t ma9ly f causes s f> beyond our k51 t we c only call !m spontane\s2 & if s1 natural selection :i* y mu/ all[ to h at any rate play$ an important "p 9 ! accumulation ( v>iations1 mu/ also be all[$ to be ! ne>e/ ?+ to ! cause ( ,specific diff]5ces1 :i* we are able to arrive at40 ,?us he writes 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #agf1 ed4 #ahgf73 8,al?\gh we h no good evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce 9 organic be+s ( a t5d5cy t[>ds progressive developm5t1 yet ?is necess>ily foll[s1 z ,i h attempt$ to %[ 9 ! f\r? *apt]1 ?r\gh ! cont9u$ action ( natural selection40 ,mr4 ,d>w9 does n say t organic be+s h no t5d5cy to v>y at all1 b only t !re is no good evid5ce t !y h a t5d5cy to progressive developm5t1 :i*1 ,i take x1 means1 to see an ideal a long way (f1 & v diff]5t to _! pres5t selves1 :i* ideal !y ?9k w suit !m1 & t[>ds :i* !y accord+ly make4 ,i w\ld admit ?is z contr>y to all exp]i5ce4 ,i d\bt :e!r plants & animals h any innate t5d5cy to v>y at all1 be+ l$ to "q ?is by ga!r+ f 8,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication0 t ?is is ,mr4 ,d>w9's own op9ion4 ,i am incl9$ r to ?9k t !y h only an innate p[] to v>y slightly1 9 accordance ) *ang$ conditions1 & an innate capability ( be+ affect$ bo? 9 /ructure & in/9ct1 by causes simil> to ^? :i* we obs]ve to affect ourselves4 ,b h[ev] ?is may be1 !y d v>y some:at1 & unless !y did1 !y w\ld n 9 "t h come to be s widely diff]5t f ea* o!r z !y n[ are4 ,! "q is z to ! orig9 & "* ( ^! v>iations4 ,we say !y ma9ly orig9ate 9 a creature ?r\gh a s5se ( its ne$s1 & v>y ?r\gh ! v>y+ surr\nd+s :i* w cause ^? ne$s to v>y1 & ?r\gh ! op5+ up ( new desires 9 _m creatures1 z ! consequ5ce ( ! gratification ( old ones2 !y dep5d greatly on diff]5ces ( individual capacity & temp]am5t2 !y are communicat$1 & 9 ! c\rse ( "t transmitt$1 z :at we call h]$it>y habits or /ructures1 ?\gh ^! are only1 9 tru?1 int5se & epitomis$ memories ( h[ c]ta9 creatures lik$ to deal ) protoplasm4 ,! "q :e!r ?is or t is really good or ill1 is settl$1 z ! pro( ( ! pudd+ by ! eat+ !re(1 i4e41 by ! rigor\s competitive exam9ations ?r\gh :i* mo/ liv+ organisms mu/ pass4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says t !re is no good evid5ce 9 support ( any great pr9ciple1 or t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! creature itself1 :i* w\ld /e] v>iation1 z x 71 & keep its head /raight1 b t ! mo/ m>vell\s adaptations ( /ructures to ne$s are simply ! result ( small & bl9d v>iations1 accumulat$ by ! op]ation ( 8natural selection10 :i* is ?us ! ma9 cause ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,en\gh has p]haps already be5 said to make ! read] feel t ! "q wants reop5+2 ,i %all1 !re=e1 "h only rem>k t we may assume no fundam5tal diff]5ce z reg>ds intellig5ce1 memory1 & s5se ( ne$s to exi/ betwe5 man & ! l[e/ animals1 & t 9 man we d di/9ctly see a t5d5cy t[>ds progressive developm5t1 op]at+ ?r\gh 8 p[] ( pr(it+ by & transmitt+ 8 exp]i5ce1 b op]at+ 9 directions :i* man _c =esee = any long di/ance4 ,we also see ?is 9 _m ( ! high] animals "u dome/ication1 z ) horses :i* h le>nt to cant] & dogs :i* po9t2 m especially we obs]ve x along ! l9e ( late/ developm5t1 :]e equilibrium ( settl$ convictions has n yet be5 fully atta9$4 ,"o nei!r f9ds nor expects mu* a priori k1 :e!r 9 man or bea/2 b "o does f9d "s little 9 ! beg9n+s (1 & ?r\gh\t ! developm5t (1 e habit1 at ! comm5cem5t ( :i*1 & on e successive improvem5t 9 :i*1 d$uctive & inductive me?ods are1 z x 71 fus$4 ,?us ! effect1 :]e we c be/ wat* its causes1 seems ma9ly produc$ by a desire = a def9ite object--9 "s cases a s]i\s & s5sible desire1 9 o!rs an idle "o1 9 o!rs1 aga91 a mi/ak5 "o2 & sometimes by a blund] :i*1 9 ! h&s ( an o!rwise able creature1 has turn$ up trumps4 ,9 wild animals & plants ! div]g5ces h be5 accumulat$1 if !y answ]$ to ! prolong$ desires ( ! creature itself1 & if ^! desires 7 to its true ultimate good2 ) plants or animals "u dome/ication !y h be5 accumulat$ if !y answ]$ a little to ! orig9al wi%es ( ! creature1 & mu*1 to ! wi%es ( man4 ,z long z man cont9u$ to l !m1 !y w\ld be advantage\s to ! creature2 :5 he tir$ ( !m1 !y w\ld be disadvantage\s to x1 & w\ld accumulate no long]4 ,surely ! results produc$ 9 ! adaptation ( /ructure to ne$ among _m plants & insects are bett] acc\nt$ = on ?is1 :i* ,i suppose to be ,lam>ck's view1 namely1 by suppos+ t :at goes on among/ ourselves has gone on among/ all creatures1 ?an by suppos+ t ^! adaptations are ! results ( p]fectly bl9d & un9tellig5t v>iations4 ,let me give two examples ( su* adaptations1 tak5 f ,mr4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t's 8,g5esis ( ,species10 to :i* "w ,i w\ld wi% p>ticul>ly to call ! read]'s att5tion4 ,he %\ld also read ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ]s to ,mr4 ,miv>t 7p4 #agf1 8,natural ,selection10 ed4 #ahgf1 & onw>ds74 ,mr4 ,miv>t writes3-- 8,"s insects :i* imitate leaves ext5d ! imitation ev5 to ! v injuries on ^? leaves made by ! attacks ( insects or fungi4 ,?us speak+ ( ! walk+-/ick insects1 ,mr4 ,wallace says1 #8,"o ( ^! creatures obta9$ by myself 9 ,borneo 7c]oxylus lac]atus7 0 cov]$ ov] ) foliace\s excresc5ces ( a cle> olive gre5 col\r1 s z exactly to resemble a /ick gr[n ov] by a creep+ moss or jung]mannia4 ,! ,dyak :o br\ght x me assur$ me x 0 gr[n ov] ) moss1 ?\gh alive1 & x 0 only aft] a mo/ m9ute exam9ation t ,i c\ld conv9ce myself x 0 n s4' ,aga91 z to ! leaf butt]fly1 he says1 #8,we come to a /ill m extraord9>y "p ( ! imitation1 = we f9d repres5tations ( leaves 9 e /age ( decay1 v>i\sly blot*$1 & mildew$1 & pi]c$ ) holes1 & 9 _m cases irregul>ly cov]$ ) p[d]y black dots1 ga!r$ into pat*es & spots s closely resembl+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( m9ute fungi t gr[ on dead leaves1 t x is impossible to avoid ?9k+ at fir/ sight t ! butt]flies !mselves h be5 attack$ by real fungi4'0 ,i c no m believe t ^! artificial fungi 9 :i* ! mo? arrays itself are due to ! accumulation ( m9ute1 p]fectly bl9d1 & un9tellig5t v>iations1 ?an ,i c believe t ! artificial fl[]s :i* a woman we>s 9 h] hat c h got !re )\t design2 or t a detective puts on pla9 clo!s )\t ! slighte/ int5tion ( mak+ 8 victim ?9k t he is n a policeman4 ,aga9 ,mr4 ,miv>t writes3-- 8,9 ! "w j ref]r$ to 7#8,! ,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids'71 ,mr4 ,d>w9 gives a s]ies ( ! mo/ wond]ful & m9ute contrivances1 by :i* ! visits ( insects are utilis$ = ! f]tilisation ( or*ids--/ructures s wond]ful t no?+ c\ld well be m s1 except ! attribution ( _! orig9 to m9ute1 =tuit\s1 & indef9ite v>iations4 8,! in/ances are too num]\s & too long to quote1 b 9 8 #8,orig9 ( ,species' he describes two :i* mu/ n be pass$ ov]4 ,9 "o 7coryan!s7 ! or*id has its l[] lip enl>g$ into a bucket1 above :i* /& two wat]-secret+ horns4 ,^! latt] repl5i% ! bucket1 f :i*1 :5 half-fill$1 ! wat] ov]fl[s by a sp\t on "o side4 ,bees visit+ ! fl[] fall into ! bucket & crawl out at ! sp\t4 ,by ! peculi> arrangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! fl[]1 ! fir/ bee :i* does s1 c>ries away ! poll5 mass glu$ to 8 back1 & !n :5 he has 8 next involunt>y ba? 9 ano!r fl[]1 z he crawls out1 ! poll5 atta*$ to him comes 9 contact ) ! /igma ( t second fl[] & f]tilises x4 ,9 ! o!r example 7catasetum71 :5 a bee gnaws a c]ta9 "p ( ! fl[]1 he inevitably t\*es a long delicate projection :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 calls ! #8ant5na4' #8,?is ant5na transmits a vibration to a membrane :i* is in/antly ruptur$2 ?is sets free a spr+ by :i* ! poll5 mass is %ot =? l an arr[ 9 ! "r direction1 & adh]es by its viscid extremity to ! back ( ! bee'0 78,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #fc74 ,no "o c tell a /ory s *>m+ly z ,mr4 ,d>w91 b ,i c no m believe t all ?is has come ab\t )\t design on ! "p ( ! or*id1 & a gradual p]ception ( ! advantages x is able to take ov] ! bee1 & a righte\s det]m9ation to enjoy !m1 ?an ,i c believe t a m\setrap or a /eam-eng9e is ! result ( ! accumulation ( bl9d m9ute =tuit\s v>iations 9 a creature call$ man1 :i* creature has nev] want$ ei!r m\setraps or /eam-eng9es1 b has _h a sort ( promiscu\s t5d5cy to make !m1 & 0 b5efit$ by mak+ !m1 s t ^? ( ! race :o _h a t5d5cy to make !m surviv$ & left issue1 :i* issue w\ld ?us naturally t5d to make m m\setraps & m /eam-eng9es4 ,pursu+ ?is idea /ill fur!r1 c we = a mom5t believe t ^! additions to our limbs--= ?is is :at !y are--h ma9ly come ab\t ?r\gh ! occasional bir? ( individuals1 :o1 )\t design on _! own p>ts1 nev]!less made !m bett] or worse1 & :o1 accord+ly1 ei!r surviv$ & transmitt$ _! improvem5t1 or p]i%$1 !y & _! incapacity toge!r8 ,:5 ,i c believe 9 ?is1 !n--& n till !n--c ,i believe 9 an orig9 ( species :i* does n resolve itself ma9ly into s5se ( ne$1 fai?1 intellig5ce1 & memory4 ,!n1 & n till !n1 c ,i believe t su* organs z ! eye & e> c h aris5 9 any o!r way ?an z ! result ( t k9d ( m5tal +5uity1 & ( moral z well z physical capacity1 )\t :i*1 till !n1 ,i %\ld h consid]$ su* an inv5tion z ! /eam-eng9e to be impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,mr4 ,,miv>t ,,& ,,mr4 ,,d>w94 8,a ,,di/+ui%$ zoologi/1 ,mr4 ,/4 ,george ,miv>t10 writes ,mr4 ,d>w91 8has rec5tly collect$ all ! objections :i* h ev] be5 advanc$ by myself & o!rs aga9/ ! !ory ( natural selection1 z prop\nd$ by ,mr4 ,wallace & myself1 & has illu/rat$ !m ) admirable art & =ce0 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #agf1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,i h already ref]r$ ! read] to ,mr4 ,miv>t's "w1 b quote ! above passage z %[+ t ,mr4 ,miv>t w n1 probably1 be f\nd to h left mu* unsaid t w\ld appe> to make aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x is incumb5t ^u me bo? to see h[ f> ,mr4 ,miv>t's objections are weighty z aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w91 & also :e!r or n !y tell ) equal =ce aga9/ ! view :i* ,i am myself advocat+4 ,i w !re=e t\* briefly ^u ! mo/ important ( !m1 ) ! purpose ( %[+ t !y are s]i\s z aga9/ ! doctr9e t small =tuit\s v>iations are ! orig9 ( species1 b t !y h no =ce aga9/ evolution z guid$ by intellig5ce & memory4 ,b be=e do+ ?is1 ,i w\ld demur to ! words us$ by ,mr4 ,d>w91 & j quot$ above1 namely1 8! !ory ( natural selection40 ,i imag9e t ,i see 9 !m ! fallacy :i* ,i believe to run ?r\gh almo/ all ,mr4 ,d>w9's "w1 namely1 t 8natural selection0 is a !ory 7if1 inde$1 x c be a !ory at all71 9 "s way acc\nt+ = ! orig9 ( v>iation1 & s ( species--8natural selection10 z we h already se51 be+ unable to 8induce v>iability10 & be+ only able to accumulate :at--on ! occasion ( ea* successive v>iation1 & s dur+ ! :ole process--mu/ h be5 orig9at$ by some?+ else4 ,aga91 ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes--8,9 consid]+ ! orig9 ( species x is q conceivable t a naturali/1 reflect+ on ! mutual aff9ities ( organic be+s1 or _! embryological relations1 _! geographical di/ribution1 geological succession1 & o!r su* facts1 might come to ! conclusion t species _h n be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 b _h desc5d$1 l v>ieties f o!r species4 ,nev]!less1 su* a conclusion1 ev5 if well f\nd$1 w\ld be unsatisfactory1 until x c\ld be %[n h[ ! innum]able species inhabit+ ?is _w _h be5 modifi$1 s z to acquire t p]fection ( /ructure & co-adaptation :i* ju/ly excites our admiration0 78,orig9 ( ,species10 p4 #b1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,aft] read+ ! above we feel t no?+ m satisfactory c\ld be desir$4 ,we are sure t we are 9 ! h&s ( "o :o c inde$ tell u 8h[ ! innum]able species inhabit+ ?is _w h be5 modifi$10 & we are no less sure t ?\gh o!rs may h writt5 ^u ! subject be=e1 !re has be51 z yet1 no satisfactory explanation put =w>d ( ! gr& pr9ciple ^u :i* modification has proce$$4 ,!n foll[s a delightful volume1 ) facts ^u facts conc]n+ animals1 all %[+ t species is due to successive small modifications accumulat$ 9 ! c\rse ( nature4 ,b "o _c suppose t ,lam>ck ev] d\bt$ ?is2 = he c nev] h meant to say1 t a l[ =m ( life made itself into an elephant at "o or two great b\nds2 & if he did n mean ?is1 he mu/ h meant t x made itself into an elephant ?r\gh ! accumulation ( small successive modifications2 ^!1 he mu/ h se51 7 capable ( accumulation 9 ! s*eme ( nature1 ?\gh he may n h dwelt on ! mann] 9 :i* ?is is accompli%$1 inasmu* z x is obvi\sly a matt] ( second>y importance 9 comp>ison ) ! orig9 ( ! v>iations !mselves4 ,we believe1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t ,mr4 ,d>w9's book1 t we are be+ told :at we expect$ to be told2 & s conv9c$ are we1 by ! facts adduc$1 t 9 "s way or o!r evolution mu/ be true1 & s grateful are we = be+ all[$ to ?9k ?is1 t we put d[n ! volume )\t p]ceiv+ t1 :]eas ,lam>ck did adduce a great & g5]al cause ( v>iation1 ! insuffici5cy ( :i*1 9 spite ( errors ( detail1 has yet to be %[n1 ,mr4 ,d>w9's ma9 cause ( v>iation resolves itself into a confession ( ignorance4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld detract b little f our admiration = ,mr4 ,d>w9's a*ievem5t4 ,any "o c make p see a ?+ if he puts x 9 ! "r way1 b ,mr4 ,d>w9 made u see evolution1 9 spite ( 8 hav+ put x1 9 :at seems to n a few1 an exce$+ly mi/ak5 way4 ,yet 8 triumph is complete1 = no matt] h[ mu* any "o n[ moves ! f\ndation1 he _c %ake ! sup]/ructure1 :i* has become s curr5tly accept$ z to be above ! ne$ ( any support f reason1 & to be z difficult to de/roy z x 0 orig9ally difficult ( con/ruction4 ,less ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 we nev] met )1 or he>d (1 any "o :o accept$ evolution2 we did n ev5 "k t su* a doctr9e _h be5 ev] broa*$2 unless x 0 t "s "o n[ & aga9 said t !re 0 a v dreadful book go+ ab\t l a rampant lion1 call$ 8,ve/iges ( ,creation10 :]eon we said t we w\ld on no acc\nt read x1 le/ x %\ld %ake our fai?2 !n we w\ld %ake our heads & talk ( ! prepo/]\s folly & wick$ness ( su* %all[ speculations4 ,_h n ! book ( ,g5esis be5 writt5 = our le>n+8 ,yet1 n[1 :o s]i\sly disputes ! ma9 pr9ciples ( evolution8 ,i _c believe t !re is a bi%op on ! b5* at ?is mom5t :o does n accept !m2 ev5 ! 8holy prie/s0 !mselves bless evolution z _! pr$ecessors bless$ ,cleopatra--:5 !y ought n4 ,x is n he :o fir/ conceives an idea1 nor he :o sets x on its legs & makes x g on all f\rs1 b he :o makes o!r p accept ! ma9 conclusion1 :e!r on "r gr\nds or on wrong ones1 :o has done ! greate/ "w z reg>ds ! promulgation ( an op9ion4 ,& ?is is :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 has done = evolution4 ,he has made u ?9k t we "k ! orig9 ( species1 & s ( g5]a1 9 spite ( 8 utmo/ ef=ts to assure u t we "k no?+ ( ! causes f :i* ! va/ majority ( modifications h aris5--t is to say1 he has made u ?9k we "k ! :ole road1 ?\gh he has almo/ o/5tati\sly bl9dfold$ u at e /ep ( ! j\rney4 ,b to ! end ( "t1 if ! "q be ask$1 8,:o taught p to believe 9 evolution80 !re c only be "o answ]--t x 0 ,mr4 ,d>w94 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,miv>t urges ) mu* =ce ! difficulty ( />t+ any modification on :i* 8natural selection0 is to "w1 & ( gett+ a creature to v>y 9 any def9ite direction4 ,?us1 aft] quot+ f ,mr4 ,wallace "s ( ! wond]ful cases ( 8mimicry0 :i* are to be f\nd among insects1 he writes3-- 8,n[1 let u suppose t ! ance/ors ( ^! v>i\s animals 7 all de/itute ( ! v special protection !y at pres5t possess1 z on ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis we mu/ d4 ,let x be also conc$$ t small deviations f ! antec$5t col\r+ or =m w\ld t5d to make "s ( _! ance/ors escape de/ruction1 by caus+ !m m or less frequ5tly to be pass$ ov] or mi/ak5 by _! p]secutors4 ,yet ! deviation mu/1 z ! ev5t has %[n1 9 ea* case1 be 9 "s def9ite direction1 :e!r x be t[>ds "s o!r animal or plant1 or t[>ds "s dead or inorganic matt]4 ,b z1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 !re is a con/ant t5d5cy to indef9ite v>iation1 & z ! m9ute incipi5t v>iations w be 9 all directions1 !y mu/ t5d to neutralise ea* o!r1 & at fir/ to =m su* un/able modifications1 t x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to see h[ su* indef9ite modifications ( insignificant beg9n+s c ev] build up a suffici5tly appreciable resemblance to a leaf1 bamboo1 or o!r object = 8natural selection10 to seize ^u & p]petuate4 ,?is difficulty is augm5t$ :5 we consid]--a po9t to be dwelt ^u h]eaft]--h[ necess>y x is t _m individuals %\ld be simil>ly modifi$ simultane\sly4 ,?is has be5 insi/$ on 9 an able article 9 ! #8,nor? ,briti% ,review' = ,june #ahfg1 p4 #bhf1 & ! consid]ation ( ! article has occasion$ ,mr4 ,d>w90 78,orig9 ( ,species10 #e? ed41 p4 #ajd7 8to make an important modification 9 8 views0 78,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #ch74 ,to ?is ,mr4 ,d>w9 rejo9s3-- 8,b 9 all ! =ego+ cases ! insects 9 _! orig9al /ate1 no d\bt1 pres5t$ "s rude & accid5tal resemblance to an object commonly f\nd 9 ! /ations frequ5t$ by !m4 ,nor is ?is improbable1 consid]+ ! almo/ inf9ite numb] ( surr\nd+ objects1 & ! div]sity ( =m & col\r ( ! ho/ ( insects t exi/0 78,natural ,selection10 p4 #ahb1 ed4 #ahgf74 ,mr4 ,miv>t has j said3 8,x is difficult to see h[ su* indef9ite modifications ( insignificant beg9n+s c ev] build up a suffici5tly appreciable resemblance to a leaf1 bamboo1 or o!r object1 = #8natural selection' to "w ^u40 ,! answ] is1 t 8natural selection0 did n beg9 to "w until1 f unkn[n causes1 an appreciable resemblance _h nev]!less be5 pres5t$4 ,i ?9k ! read] w agree ) me t ! developm5t ( ! l[e/ life into a creature :i* be>s ev5 8a rude resemblance0 to ! objects commonly f\nd 9 ! /ation 9 :i* x is mov+ 9 its pres5t diff]5tiation1 requires m explanation ?an is giv5 by ! ^w 8accid5tal40 ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont9ues3 8,z "s rude resemblance is necess>y = ! fir/ />t10 c42 & a little l[] he writes3 8,assum+ t an insect orig9ally happ5$ to resemble 9 "s degree a dead twig or a decay$ leaf1 & t x v>i$ slightly 9 _m ways1 !n all ! v>iations :i* r5d]$ ! insect at all m l any su* object1 & ?us fav\r$ its escape1 w\ld be pres]v$1 :ile o!r v>iations w\ld be neglect$1 & ultimately lo/1 or if !y r5d]$ ! insect at all less l ! imitat$ object1 !y w\ld be elim9at$40 ,b "h1 aga91 we are requir$ to beg9 ) ,natural ,selection :5 ! "w is already 9 great "p done1 ow+ to causes ab\t :i* we are left completely 9 ! d>k2 we may1 ,i ?9k1 fairly demur to ! insects orig9ally happ5+ to resemble 9 "s degree a dead twig or a decay$ leaf4 ,& :5 we be> 9 m9d t ! v>iations1 be+ suppos$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to be indef9ite1 or devoid ( aim1 w appe> 9 e direction1 we _c =get :at ,mr4 ,miv>t insi/s ^u1 namely1 t ! *ances ( _m fav\rable v>iations be+ c\nt]act$ by o!r unfav\rable ones 9 ! same creature are n inconsid]able4 ,nor1 aga91 is x likely t ! fav\rable v>iation w\ld make its m>k ^u ! race1 & escape be+ absorb$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations1 unless--z ,mr4 ,miv>t else:]e po9ts out1 9 a passage to :i* ,i %all call ! read]'s att5tion pres5tly--a l>g] numb] ( simil>ly v>y+ creatures made _! appe>ance at ! same "t ?an !re seems suffici5t reason to anticipate1 if ! v>iations c be call$ =tuit\s4 8,!re w\ld10 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 8inde$ be =ce 9 ,mr4 ,miv>t's objection if we 7 to attempt to acc\nt = ! above resemblances1 indep5d5tly ( #8natural selection1' ?r\gh m]e fluctuat+ v>iability2 b z ! case /&s1 !re is none40 ,?is comes to say+ t1 if !re 0 no p[] 9 nature :i* op]ates s t ( all ! _m fluctuat+ v>iations1 ^? only are pres]v$ :i* t5d to ! resemblance :i* is b5eficial to ! creature1 !n inde$ !re w\ld be difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! resemblance c\ld h come ab\t2 b t z !re is a b5eficial resemblance to />t )1 & z !re is a p[] 9 nature :i* w\ld pres]ve & accumulate fur!r b5eficial resemblance1 %\ld x arise f ?is cause or t1 ! difficulty is remov$4 ,b ,mr4 ,miv>t does n1 ,i take x1 d5y ! exi/5ce ( su* a p[] 9 nature1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 supposes1 ?\gh1 if ,i und]/& him rightly1 he does n see t its op]ation ^u small =tuit\s v>iations is at all ! simple & obvi\s process1 :i* on a sup]ficial view ( ! case x w\ld appe> to be4 ,he ?9ks--& ,i believe ! read] w agree ) him--t ?is process is too sl[ & too risky4 ,:at he wants to "k is1 h[ ! insect came ev5 rudely to resemble ! object1 & h[1 if its v>iations are indef9ite1 we are ev] to get into su* a condition z to be able to report progress1 ow+ to ! con/ant liability ( ! creature :i* has v>i$ fav\rably1 to play ! "p ( ,p5elope & undo its "w1 by v>y+ 9 "s "o ( ! inf9ite numb] ( o!r directions :i* are op5 to x--all ( :i*1 except ?is "o1 t5d to de/roy ! resemblance1 & yet may be 9 "s o!r respect ev5 m advantage\s to ! creature1 & s t5d to its pres]vation4 ,moreov]1 "h1 too1 ,i ?9k 7?\gh ,i _c be sure71 we h a recurr5ce ( ! orig9al fallacy 9 ! words--8,if we 7 to acc\nt = ! above resemblances1 indep5d5tly ( #8natural selection1' ?r\gh m]e fluctuat+ v>iability40 ,surely ,mr4 ,d>w9 does1 aft] all1 8acc\nt = ! resemblances ?r\gh m]e fluctuat+ v>iability10 = 8natural selection0 does n acc\nt = "o s+le v>iation 9 ! :ole li/ ( !m f fir/ to la/1 o!r ?an indirectly1 z %ewn 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,x is impossible = me to cont9ue ?is subject fur!r2 b ,i w\ld beg ! read] to ref] to o!r p>agraphs 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! "o j quot$1 9 :i* he may--?\gh ,i d n ?9k he w--see reason to ?9k t ,i %\ld h giv5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's answ] m fully4 ,i d n quote ,mr4 ,d>w9's next p>agraph1 inasmu* z ,i see no great difficulty ab\t 8! la/ t\*es ( p]fection 9 mimicry10 provid$ ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory w acc\nt = any mimicry at all4 ,if x c\ld d ?is1 x might z well d m2 b a /rong impression is left on my m9d1 t )\t ! help ( some?+ ov] & above ! p[] to v>y1 :i* %\ld give a def9ite aim to v>iations1 all ! 8natural selection0 9 ! _w w\ld n h prev5t$ /agnation & self-/ultification1 ow+ to ! indef9ite t5d5cy ( ! v>iations1 :i* ?us c\ld n h develop$ ei!r a prey] or a preyee1 b w\ld h gone r\nd & r\nd & r\nd ! primordial cell till !y 7 we>y ( x4 ,z aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w91 !re=e1 ,i ?9k t ! objection j giv5 f ,mr4 ,miv>t is fatal4 ,i believe1 also1 t ! read] w feel ! =ce ( x mu* m /rongly if he w turn to ,mr4 ,miv>t's own pages4 ,aga9/ ! view :i* ,i am myself support+1 ! objection breaks d[n entirely1 = grant 8a little dose ( judgem5t & reason0 on ! "p ( ! creature itself--grant also cont9u$ p]sonality & memory--& a def9ite t5d5cy is at once giv5 to ! v>iations4 ,! process is ?us />t$1 & is kept /raight1 & help$ =w>d ?r\gh e /age by 8! little dose ( reason10 c41 :i* enabl$ x to take its fir/ /ep4 ,we are1 9 fact1 no long] )\t a helm1 b c /e] ea* creature t is s discont5t$ ) its condition1 z to make a s]i\s ef=t to bett] itself1 into "s--& into a v di/ant--h>b\r4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x has be5 object$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory t if all species & g5]a h come to diff] ?r\gh ! accumulation ( m9ute b--z a g5]al rule--=tuit\s v>iations1 !re has n be5 "t en\gh1 s f> z we are able to ga!r1 = ! evolution ( all exi/+ =ms by s sl[ a process4 ,on ?is subject ,i w\ld aga9 ref] ! read] to ,mr4 ,miv>t's book1 f :i* ,i take ! foll[+3-- 8,sir ,william ,?ompson has lately advanc$ argum5ts f ?ree di/9ct l9es ( inquiry agree+ 9 "o approximate result4 ,! ?ree l9es ( inquiry are--7#a7 ! action ( ! tides ^u ! e>?'s rotation2 7#b7 ! probable l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* ! sun has illum9at$ ?is planet2 & 7#c7 ! temp]ature ( ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,! result arriv$ at by ^! inve/igations is a conclusion t ! exi/+ /ate ( ?+s on ! e>?1 life on ! e>?1 all geological hi/ory %[+ cont9uity ( life1 mu/ be limit$ )9 "s su* p]iod ( pa/ "t z "o hundr$ million ye>s4 ,! fir/ "q :i* sugge/s itself1 suppos+ ,sir ,w4 ,?ompson's views to be correct1 is3 ,has ?is p]iod be5 any?+ l en\gh = ! evolution ( all organic =ms by #8natural selection'8 ,! second is3 ,has ! p]iod be5 any?+ l en\gh = ! deposition ( ! /rata :i* mu/ h be5 deposit$ if all organic =ms h be5 evolv$ by m9ute /eps1 accord+ to ! ,d>w9ian !ory80 78,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #aed74 ,mr4 ,miv>t !n quotes f ,mr4 ,murphy--^: "w ,i h n se5--! foll[+ passage3-- 8,d>w9 ju/ly m5tions ! greyh\nd z be+ equal to any natural species 9 ! p]fect co-ord9ation ( its p>ts1 #8all adapt$ = extreme fleetness & = runn+ d[n weak prey4' ,yet x is an artificial species 7& n physiologically a species at all7 =m$ by a long-cont9u$ selection "u dome/ication2 & !re is no reason to suppose t any ( ! v>iations :i* h be5 select$ to =m x h be5 o!r ?an gradual & almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,suppose t x has tak5 five hundr$ ye>s to =m ! greyh\nd out ( 8 wolf-l ance/or4 ,?is is a m]e guess1 b x gives ! ord] ( magnitude4 ,n[1 if s1 h[ long w\ld x take to obta9 an elephant f a protozoon or ev5 f a tadpole-l fi%8 ,ought x n to take mu* m ?an a million times z long80 78,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #aee74 ,i %\ld be v sorry to pron\nce any op9ion ^u ! =ego+ data2 b a g5]al impression is left ^u my m9d1 t if ! diff]5ces betwe5 an elephant & a tadpole-l fi% h aris5 f ! accumulation ( small v>iations t h _h no direction giv5 !m by intellig5ce & s5se ( ne$s1 !n no "t conceivable by man w\ld suffice = _! developm5t4 ,b grant 8a little dose ( reason & judgem5t10 ev5 to animals l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( nature1 & grant ?is1 n only dur+ _! lat] life1 b dur+ _! embryological exi/5ce1 & see ) :at inf9itely great] precision ( aim & ) :at increas$ spe$ ! v>iations w\ld arise4 ,evolution entirely unaid$ by inh]5t intellig5ce mu/ be a v sl[1 if n q inconceivable1 process4 ,evolution help$ by intellig5ce w\ld /ill be sl[1 b n s desp]ately sl[4 ,"o c conceive t !re has be5 suffici5t "t = ! second1 b "o _c conceive x = ! fir/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i f9d f ,mr4 ,miv>t t objection has be5 tak5 to ,mr4 ,d>w9's views1 on acc\nt ( ! great odds t exi/ aga9/ ! appe>ance ( any giv5 v>iation at "o & ! same "t1 9 a suffici5t numb] ( individuals1 to prev5t its be+ oblit]at$ almo/ z soon z produc$ by ! admixture ( unv>i$ blood :i* w\ld s greatly prepond]ate ar\nd x2 & inde$ ! necessity = a ne>ly simultane\s & simil> v>iation1 or read9ess s to v>y on ! "p ( _m individuals1 seems almo/ a po/ulate = evolution at all4 ,on ?is subject ,mr4 ,miv>t writes3-- 8,! #8,nor? ,briti% ,review' 7speak+ ( ! supposition t species is *ang$ by ! survival ( a few individuals 9 a c5tury ?r\gh a simil> & fav\rable v>iation7 says-- 8#8,x is v difficult to see h[ ?is c be accompli%$1 ev5 :5 ! v>iation is em95tly fav\rable inde$2 & /ill m1 :5 ! advantage ga9$ is v slight1 z mu/ g5]ally be ! case4 ,! advantage1 :atev] x may be1 is utt]ly outbalanc$ by num]ical inf]iority4 ,a million creatures are born2 t5 ?\s& survive to produce (fspr+4 ,"o ( ! million has twice z good a *ance z any o!r ( surviv+1 b ! *ances are fifty to "o aga9/ ! gift$ individuals be+ "o ( ! hundr$ survivors4 ,no d\bt ! *ances are twice z great aga9/ any o!r individual1 b ?is does n prev5t _! be+ enorm\sly 9 fav\r ( "s av]age individual4 ,h[ev] slight ! advantage may be1 if x is %>$ by half ! individuals produc$1 x w probably be pres5t 9 at lea/ fifty-"o ( ! survivors1 & 9 a l>g] proportion ( _! (fspr+2 b ! *ances are aga9/ ! pres]vation ( any "o 8sport0 7i4e41 sudd5 m>k$ v>iation7 9 a num]\s tribe4 ,! vague use ( an imp]fectly-und]/ood doctr9e ( *ance1 has l$ ,d>w9ian support]s1 fir/1 to confuse ! two cases above di/+ui%$1 & secondly1 to imag9e t a v slight balance 9 fav\r ( "s individual sport mu/ lead to its p]petuation4 ,all t c be said is t 9 ! above example ! fav\r$ sport w\ld be pres]v$ once 9 fifty times4 ,let u consid] :at w be its influ5ce on ! ma9 /ock :5 pres]v$4 ,x w bre$ & h a prog5y ( say #ajj2 n[ ?is prog5y w1 on ! :ole1 be int]m$iate betwe5 ! av]age individual & ! sport4 ,! odds 9 fav\r ( "o ( ?is g5]ation ( ! new bre$ w be1 say "o & a half to "o1 z comp>$ ) ! av]age individual2 ! odds 9 _! fav\r w1 !re=e1 be less ?an t ( _! p>5ts2 b ow+ to _! great] numb] ! *ances are t ab\t "o & a half ( !m w\ld survive4 ,unless ^! bre$ toge!r--a mo/ improbable ev5t--_! prog5y w\ld aga9 approa* ! av]age individual2 !re w\ld be #aej ( !m1 & _! sup]iority w\ld be1 say 9 ! ratio ( "o & a qu>t] to "o2 ! probability w\ld n[ be t ne>ly two ( !m w\ld survive1 & h #bjj *ildr5 ) an eigh? sup]iority4 ,r m ?an two ( ^! w\ld survive2 b ! sup]iority w\ld aga9 dw9dle2 until aft] a few g5]ations x w\ld no long] be obs]v$1 & w\ld c\nt = no m 9 ! /ruggle = life ?an any ( ! hundr$ trifl+ advantages :i* occur 9 ! ord9>y organs4 8#8,an illu/ration w br+ ?is conception home4 ,suppose a :ite man to h be5 wreck$ on an isl& inhabit$ by negroes1 & to h e/abli%$ himself 9 fri5dly relations ) a p[]ful tribe1 ^: cu/oms he has le>nt4 ,suppose him to possess ! physical /r5g?1 en]gy1 & ability ( a dom9ant :ite race1 & let ! food ( ! isl& suit 8 con/itution2 grant him e advantage :i* we c conceive a :ite to possess ov] ! native2 conc$e t 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 8 *ance ( a long life w be mu* sup]ior to t ( ! native *iefs2 yet f all ^! admissions !re does n foll[ ! conclusion1 t aft] a limit$ or unlimit$ numb] ( g5]ations1 ! inhabitants ( ! isl& w be :ite4 ,our %ipwreck$ h]o w\ld probably become k+2 he w\ld kill a great _m blacks 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce2 he w\ld h a great _m wives & *ildr5 4 4 4 ,9 ! fir/ g5]ation !re w be "s doz5s ( intellig5t "y mulattoes1 mu* sup]ior 9 av]age intellig5ce to ! negroes4 ,we might expect ! ?rone = "s g5]ations to be occupi$ by a m or less yell[ k+2 b c any "o believe t ! :ole isl& w gradually acquire a :ite1 or ev5 a yell[ population8 4 4 4 ,d>w9 says1 t 9 ! /ruggle = life a gra9 may turn ! balance 9 fav\r ( a giv5 /ructure1 :i* w !n be pres]v$4 ,b "o ( ! weights 9 ! scale ( nature is due to ! numb] ( a giv5 tribe4 ,let !re be #gjjj ,a's & #gjjj ,b's repres5t+ two v>ieties ( a giv5 animal1 & let all ! ,b's1 9 virtue ( a slight diff]5ce ( /ructure1 h ! bett] *ance by "o-?\s&? "p4 ,we mu/ all[ t !re is a slight probability t ! desc5dants ( ,b w supplant ! desc5dants ( ,a2 b let !re be #gjja ,a's aga9/ #gjjj ,b's at fir/1 & ! *ances are once m equal1 :ile if !re be #gjjb ,a's to />t1 ! odds w\ld be laid on ! ,a's4 ,?us !y /& a great] *ance ( be+ kill$2 b1 !n1 !y c bett] af=d to be kill$4 ,! gra9 w only turn ! scales :5 ^! are v nicely balanc$1 & an advantage 9 numb]s c\nts = weight1 ev5 z an advantage 9 /ructure4 ,z ! numb]s ( ! fav\r$ v>iety dim9i%1 s mu/ its relative advantages increase1 if ! *ance ( its exi/5ce is to surpass ! *ance ( its ext9ction1 until h>dly any conceivable advantage w\ld enable ! desc5dants ( a s+le pair to ext]m9ate ! desc5dants ( _m ?\s&s1 if !y & _! desc5dants are suppos$ to bre$ freely ) ! inf]ior v>iety1 & s gradually lose _! asc5dancy1'0 78,nor? ,briti% ,review10 ,june #ahfg1 p4 #bhf 8,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #fd1 & onw>ds74 ,aga9/ ?is x %\ld be rememb]$ t !re is always an antec$5t probability t sev]al specim5s ( a giv5 v>iation w\ld appe> at "o "t & place4 ,?is w\ld probably be ! case ev5 on ,mr4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis1 t ! v>iations are =tuit\s2 if !y are ma9ly guid$ by s5se ( ne$ & intellig5ce1 x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be s1 = all w\ld h mu* ! same idea z to _! well-be+1 & ! same cause :i* w\ld lead "o to v>y 9 ?is direction w\ld lead n a few o!rs to d s at ! same "t1 or to foll[ suit4 ,?us we see t _m human ideas & inv5tions h be5 conceiv$ indep5d5tly b simultane\sly4 ,! *ances1 moreov]1 ( specim5s t h v>i$ successfully1 int]m>ry+1 are1 ,i ?9k1 great] ?an ! review] above quot$ f w\ld admit4 ,i believe t on ! hypo!sis t ! v>iations are =tuit\s1 & c]ta9ly on ! supposition t !y are intellig5t1 !y might be look$ = 9 memb]s ( ! same family1 :o w\ld h5ce h a bett] *ance ( f9d+ ea* o!r out4 ,s]i\s z is ! difficulty advanc$ by ! review] z aga9/ ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 x may be 9 great measure p>ri$ )\t dep>t+ f ,mr4 ,d>w9's own position1 b ! 8little dose ( judgem5t & reason0 removes x1 absolutely & entirely4 ,z = ! review]'s %ipwreck$ h]o1 surely ! review] mu/ "k t ,mr4 ,d>w9 w\ld no m expect an isl& ( black m5 to be turn$ :ite1 or ev5 p]ceptibly :it5$ aft] a few g5]ations1 ?an ! review] himself w\ld d s4 ,b if we turn f :at 8might0 or :at 8w\ld0 happ5 to :at 8does0 happ51 we f9d t a few :ite families h ne>ly driv5 ! ,indian f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! ,au/ralian natives f ,au/ralia1 & ! ,maories f ,new ,zeal&4 ,true1 ^! few families h be5 help$ by immigration2 b x w be admitt$ t ?is has only accel]at$ a result :i* w\ld o!rwise1 none ! less surely1 h be5 effect$4 ,!re is all ! diff]5ce betwe5 a sudd5 sport1 or ev5 a v>iety introduc$ f a =eign s\rce1 & ! gradual1 intellig5t1 &1 9 ! ma91 /eady1 gr[? ( a race t[>ds ends always a little1 b n mu*1 9 advance ( :at x c at pres5t compass1 until x has rea*$ equilibrium ) its surr\nd+s4 ,s f> z ,mr4 ,d>w9's v>iations are ( ! nature ( 8sport10 i4e41 r>e1 & ow+ to no?+ t we c 9 ! lea/ assign to any kn[n cause1 ! review]'s objections c>ry mu* weight4 ,aga9/ ! view "h advocat$1 !y are p[]less4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i _c "h g into ! difficulties ( ! geologic record1 b !y too w1 ,i believe1 be felt to be almo/ inf9itely simplifi$ by suppos+ ! developm5t ( /ructure & in/9ct to be guid$ by intellig5ce & memory1 :i*1 ev5 "u un/able conditions1 w\ld be able to meet 9 "s measure ! dem&s made ^u !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ,mr4 ,miv>t deals ) evolution & e?ics1 ,i am afraid t ,i diff] f him ev5 m widely ?an ,i h done f ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,he writes 78,g5esis ( ,species10 p4 #bcd73 8,t #8natural selection' c\ld n h produc$ f ! s5sations ( pleasure & pa9 exp]i5c$ by brutes a high] degree ( morality ?an 0 useful2 !re=e x c\ld h produc$ any am\nt ( #8b5eficial habits1' b n abhorr5ce ( c]ta9 acts z impure & s9ful40 ,possibly 8natural selection0 may n be able to d mu* 9 ! way ( accumulat+ v>iations t d n arise2 b t1 accord+ to ! views support$ 9 ?is volume1 all t is highe/ & mo/ beautiful 9 ! s\l1 z well z 9 ! body1 c\ld be1 & has be51 develop$ f be+s l[] ?an man1 ,i d n greatly d\bt4 ,mr4 ,miv>t & myself %\ld probably diff] z to :at is & :at is n beautiful4 ,?us he writes ( 8! noble virtue ( a ,m>cus ,aurelius0 7p4 #bce71 ?an :om1 = my own "p1 ,i "k few respectable figures 9 hi/ory to :om ,i am less attract$4 ,i _c b ?9k t ,mr4 ,miv>t has tak5 8 e/imate ( ?is emp]or at second-h&1 & )\t ref]5ce to ! writ+s :i* happily enable u to =m a fair e/imate ( 8 real "*4 ,take ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ! 8,?\ghts0 ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 z translat$ by ,mr4 ,long3-- 8,f ! reputation & remembrance ( my fa!r ,i le>n$ mode/y & a manly "*2 f my "m1 piety & b5efic5ce1 ab/95ce n only f evil de$s1 b ev5 f evil ?\ghts4 4 4 4 ,f my great-gr&fa!r1 n to h frequ5t$ public s*ools1 & to h _h good tea*]s at home1 & to "k t on su* ?+s a man %\ld sp5d lib]ally 4 4 4 ,f ,diognetus 4 4 4 ,i le>n$ to h become intimate ) philosophy1 4 4 4 & to h writt5 dialogues 9 my y\?1 & to h desir$ a plank b$ & sk91 & :atev] else ( ! k9d belongs to ! ,greek discipl9e4 4 4 4 ,f ,ru/icus ,i receiv$ ! impression t my "* requir$ improvem5t & discipl9e20 & s on to ! end ( ! *apt]1 ne> :i*1 h[ev]1 x is "r to say t !re appe>s a r$eem+ t\*1 9 s f> z t he ?anks ! gods t he c\ld n write poetry1 & t he _h nev] occupi$ himself ab\t ! appe>ance ( ?+s 9 ! heav5s4 ,or1 aga91 op5+ ,mr4 ,long's translation at r&om ,i f9d 7p4 #cg73-- 8,z physicians h always _! in/rum5ts & knives ready = cases :i* sudd5ly require _! skill1 s d ?\ h pr9ciples ready = ! und]/&+ ( ?+s div9e & human1 & = do+ ev]y?+1 ev5 ! smalle/1 ) a recollection ( ! bond t unites ! div9e & human to "o ano!r4 ,= nei!r wilt ?\ d any?+ well :i* p]ta9s to man )\t at ! same "t hav+ a ref]5ce to ?+s div9e2 nor ! contr>y40 ,unhappy "o6 ,no wond] ! ,roman empire w5t to pieces soon aft] him4 ,if ,i rememb] rightly1 he e/abli%$ & subsidis$ pr(essor%ips 9 all p>ts ( 8 dom9ions4 ,:]eon ! same befell ! arts & lit]ature ( ,rome z befell ,italian pa9t+ aft] ! ,academic sy/em _h tak5 root at ,bologna "u ! ,c>acci4 ,mr4 ,m>t9 ,tupp]1 aga91 is an amiable & well-mean+ man1 b we %\ld h>dly l to see him 9 ,"l ,beaconsfield's place4 ,! ,a!nians poison$ ,socrates2 & ,ari/ophanes--?an :om few m pr(\ndly religi\s m5 h ev] be5 born--did n1 s f> z we c ga!r1 ?9k ! worse ( 8 c\ntrym5 on t acc\nt4 ,x is n improbable t if !y _h poison$ ,plato too1 ,ari/ophanes w\ld h be5 well en\gh pleas$2 b ,i ?9k he w\ld h pref]r$ ei!r ( ^! two m5 to ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,i "k no?+ ab\t ! lov+ b manly devotion ( a ,/4 ,lewis1 b ,i /rongly suspect t ,mr4 ,miv>t has tak5 him1 too1 ^u he>say4 ,on ! o!r h&1 among dogs we f9d examples ( e h]oic quality1 & ( all t is mo/ p]fectly *>m+ to u 9 man4 ,z = ! possible developm5t ( ! m brutal human natures f ! m brutal in/9cts ( ! l[] animals1 ^? :o read a horrible /ory told 9 a note1 pp4 #bcc1 #bcd ( ,mr4 ,miv>t's 8,g5esis ( ,species10 w feel no difficulty on t score4 ,i mu/ admit1 h[ev]1 t ! tell+ ( t /ory seems to me to be a mi/ake 9 a philosophical "w1 :i* %\ld n1 ,i ?9k1 unless "u compulsion1 deal ei!r ) ! horrors ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution--or ( ! ,spani% or ,italian ,inquisition4 ,= ! re/ ( ,mr4 ,miv>t's objections1 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to 8 own "w4 ,i h be5 unable to f9d a s+le "o1 :i* ,i d n believe to be easily met by ! ,lam>ckian view1 ) ! additions 7if inde$ !y are additions1 = ,i mu/ own to no v pr(\nd k ( :at ,lam>ck did or did n say71 :i* ,i h 9 ?is volume propos$ to make to x4 ,at ! same "t ,i admit1 t z aga9/ ! ,d>w9ian view1 _m ( !m seem q unansw]able4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,,"h1 !n1 ,i leave my case1 ?\gh well aw>e t ,i h cross$ ! ?re%old only ( my subject4 ,my "w is ( a t5tative "*1 put be=e ! public z a sket* or design = a1 possibly1 fur!r endeav\r1 9 :i* ,i hope to d]ive assi/ance f ! criticisms :i* ?is pres5t volume may elicit4 ,su* z x is1 h[ev]1 = ! pres5t ,i mu/ leave x4 ,we h se5 t we _c d any?+ ?or\ghly till we c d x unconsci\sly1 & t we _c d any?+ unconsci\sly till we c d x ?or\ghly2 ?is at fir/ seems illogical2 b logic & consi/5cy are luxuries = ! gods1 & ! l[] animals1 only4 ,?us a boy _c really "k h[ to swim till he c swim1 b he _c swim till he kn[s h[ to swim4 ,consci\s ef=t is b ! process ( rubb+ (f ! r\gh corn]s f ^! two contradictory /atem5ts1 till !y ev5tually fit into "o ano!r s closely t x is impossible to disjo9 !m4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 we see any creature able to g ?r\gh any complicat$ & difficult process ) little or no ef=t--:e!r x be a bird build+ h] ne/1 or a h5's egg mak+ itself into a *ick51 or an ovum turn+ itself into a baby--we may conclude t ! creature has done ! same ?+ on a v great numb] ( pa/ occasions4 ,we f\nd ! ph5om5a exhibit$ by h]$ity to be s l ^? ( memory1 & to be s utt]ly inexplicable on any o!r supposition1 t x 0 easi] to suppose !m due to memory 9 spite ( ! fact t we _c rememb] hav+ recollect$1 ?an to believe t because we _c s rememb]1 !re=e ! ph5om5a _c be due to memory4 ,we 7 ?us l$ to consid] 8p]sonal id5tity10 9 ord] to see :e!r !re 0 suffici5t reason = d5y+ t ! exp]i5ce1 :i* we mu/ h cle>ly ga9$ some:]e1 0 ga9$ by u :5 we 7 9 ! p]sons ( our =efa!rs2 we f\nd1 n )\t surprise1 t unless we admitt$ t x might be s ga9$1 9 s f> z t we once actually 7 our remote/ ance/or1 we mu/ *ange our ideas conc]n+ p]sonality altoge!r4 ,we !re=e assum$ t ! ph5om5a ( h]$ity1 :e!r z reg>ds in/9ct or /ructure 7 ma9ly due to memory ( pa/ exp]i5ces1 accumulat$ & fus$ till !y _h become automatic1 or quasi automatic1 mu* 9 ! same way z aft] a long life-- 4 4 4 8,old exp]i5ce d atta9 ,to some?+ l prophetic /ra940 ,aft] deal+ ) c]ta9 ph5om5a ( memory1 b m especially ) its abeyance & revival1 we inquir$ :at ! pr9cipal correspond+ ph5om5a ( life & species %\ld be1 on ! hypo!sis t !y 7 ma9ly due to memory4 ,i ?9k ,i may say t we f\nd ! hypo!sis fit 9 ) actual facts 9 a suffici5tly satisfactory mann]4 ,we f\nd n a few matt]s1 z1 = example1 ! /]ility ( hybrids1 ! ph5om5a ( old age1 & pub]ty z g5]ally ne> ! end ( developm5t1 expla9 !mselves ) m complet5ess ?an ,i h yet he>d ( _! be+ expla9$ on any o!r hypo!sis4 ,we consid]$ ! mo/ important difficulty 9 ! way ( in/9ct z h]$it>y habit1 namely1 ! /ructure & in/9cts ( neut] insects2 ^! are v unlike ^? ( _! p>5ts1 & _c app>5tly be transmitt$ to (fspr+ by individuals ( ! previ\s g5]ation1 9 :om su* /ructure & in/9cts appe>$1 inasmu* z ^! creatures are /]ile4 ,i d n say t ! difficulty is :olly remov$1 inasmu* z "s obscurity mu/ be admitt$ to rema9 z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! /ructure ( ! l>va is abort$2 ?is obscurity is likely to rema9 till we "k m ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( civilisation among bees ?an ,i c f9d t we "k at pres5t2 b ,i believe ! difficulty 0 r$uc$ to su* proportions z to make x little likely to be felt 9 comp>ison ) t ( attribut+ in/9ct to any o!r cause ?an inh]it$ habit1 or inh]it$ habit modifi$ by *ang$ conditions4 ,we !n inquir$ :at 0 ! great pr9ciple und]ly+ v>iation1 & answ]$1 ) ,lam>ck1 t x mu/ be 8s5se ( ne$20 & ?\gh n )\t be+ haunt$ by suspicion ( a vici\s circle1 & also well aw>e t we 7 n mu* ne>] ! orig9 ( life ?an :5 we />t$1 we /ill conclud$ t "h 0 ! true/ orig9 ( species1 & h5ce ( g5]a2 & t ! accumulation ( v>iations1 :i* 9 "t am\nt$ to specific & g5]ic diff]5ces1 0 due to intellig5ce & memory on ! "p ( ! creature v>y+1 r ?an to ! op]ation ( :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 has call$ 8natural selection40 ,at ! same "t we admitt$ t ! c\rse ( nature is v mu* z ,mr4 ,d>w9 has repres5t$ x1 9 ?is respect1 9 s f> z t !re is a /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & t ! weak] mu/ g to ! wall4 ,b we d5i$ t ?is "p ( ! c\rse ( nature w\ld lead to mu*1 if any1 accumulation ( v>iation1 unless ! v>iation 0 direct$ ma9ly by intellig5t s5se ( ne$1 ) cont9u$ p]sonality & memory4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 t ! small1 /ructureless1 impregnate ovum f :i* we h ea* "o ( u sprung1 has a pot5tial recollection ( all t has happ5$ to ea* "o ( its ance/ors prior to ! p]iod at :i* any su* ance/or has issu$ f ! bodies ( its prog5itors--provid$1 t is to say1 a suffici5tly deep1 or suffici5tly (t5-repeat$1 impression has be5 made to admit ( its be+ rememb]$ at all4 ,ea* /ep ( normal developm5t w lead ! impregnate ovum up to1 & rem9d x (1 its next ord9>y c\rse ( action1 9 ! same way z we1 :5 we recite a well-kn[n passage1 are l$ up to ea* successive s5t5ce by ! s5t5ce :i* has imm$iately prec$$ x4 ,& = ?is reason1 namely1 t z x takes two p 8to tell0 a ?+--a speak] & a compreh5d+ li/5]1 )\t :i* la/1 ?\gh mu* may h be5 said1 !re has be5 no?+ told--s also x takes two p1 z x 71 to 8rememb]0 a ?+--! creature rememb]+1 & ! surr\nd+s ( ! creature at ! "t x la/ rememb]$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! ovum imm$iately aft] impregnation is in/9ct ) all ! memories ( bo? p>5ts1 n "o ( ^! memories c normally become active till bo? ! ovum itself1 & its surr\nd+s1 are suffici5tly l :at !y respectively 71 :5 ! occurr5ce n[ to be rememb]$ la/ took place4 ,! memory w !n imm$iately return1 & ! creature w d z x did on ! la/ occasion t x 0 9 l case z n[4 ,?is ensures t simil>ity ( ord] %all be pres]v$ 9 all ! /ages ( developm5t1 9 successive g5]ations4 ,life1 !n1 is fai? f\nd$ ^u exp]i5ce1 :i* exp]i5ce is 9 its turn f\nd$ ^u fai?--or m simply1 x is memory4 ,plants & animals only diff] f "o ano!r because !y rememb] diff]5t ?+s2 plants & animals only gr[ up 9 ! %apes !y assume because ?is %ape is _! memory1 _! idea conc]n+ _! own pa/ hi/ory4 ,h5ce ! t]m 8,natural ,hi/ory10 z appli$ to ! diff]5t plants & animals ar\nd u4 ,= surely ! /udy ( natural hi/ory means only ! /udy ( plants & animals !mselves1 :i*1 at ! mom5t ( us+ ! words 8,natural ,hi/ory10 we assume to be ! mo/ important "p ( nature4 ,a liv+ creature well support$ by a mass ( heal?y ance/ral memory is a "y & gr[+ creature1 free f a*e or pa91 & ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) its bus9ess s f>1 b ) mu* yet to be rem9d$ (4 ,a creature :i* f9ds itself & its surr\nd+s n s unlike ^? ( its p>5ts ab\t ! "t ( _! begett+ x1 z to be compell$ to recognise t x nev] yet 0 9 any su* position1 is a creature 9 ! heyday ( life4 ,a creature :i* beg9s to be aw>e ( itself is "o :i* is beg9n+ to recognise t ! situation is a new "o4 ,x is ! "y & fair1 !n1 :o are ! truly old & ! truly exp]i5c$2 x is !y :o alone h a tru/wor?y memory to guide !m2 !y alone "k ?+s z !y are1 & x is f !m t1 z we gr[ old]1 we mu/ /udy if we w\ld /ill cl+ to tru?4 ,! :ole *>m ( y\? lies 9 its advantage ov] age 9 respect ( exp]i5ce1 & :]e ?is has = "s reason fail$1 or be5 misappli$1 ! *>m is brok54 ,:5 we say t we are gett+ old1 we %\ld say r t we are gett+ new or "y1 & are suff]+ f inexp]i5ce1 :i* drives u into do+ ?+s :i* we d n und]/&1 & l&s u1 ev5tually1 9 ! utt] impot5ce ( dea?4 ,! k+dom ( heav5 is ! k+dom ( little *ildr54 ,a liv+ creature b]eft ( all memory dies4 ,if b]eft ( a great "p ( memory1 x swoons or sleeps2 & :5 its memory returns1 we say x has return$ to life4 ,life & dea?1 !n1 %\ld be memory & =getfulness1 = we are dead to all t we h =gott54 ,life is t prop]ty ( matt] :]eby x c rememb]4 ,matt] :i* c rememb] is liv+2 matt] :i* _c rememb] is dead4 ,life1 !n1 is memory4 ,! life ( a creature is ! memory ( a creature4 ,we are all ! same /uff to />t )1 b we rememb] diff]5t ?+s1 & if we did n rememb] diff]5t ?+s we %\ld be absolutely l ea* o!r4 ,z = ! /uff itself ( :i* we are made1 we "k no?+ save only t x is 8su* z dreams are made (40 99 99 99 99 99 ,i am aw>e t !re are _m expressions ?r\gh\t ?is book1 :i* are n sci5tifically accurate4 ,?us ,i imply t we t5d t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 :51 ,i believe1 ,i %\ld say we t5d t[>ds to ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>?4 ,i speak ( 8! primordial cell10 :5 ,i mean only ! e>lie/ =m ( life1 & ,i ?us n only assume a s+le orig9 ( life :5 !re is no necessity = do+ s1 & p]haps no evid5ce to ?is effect1 b ,i d s 9 spite ( ! fact t ! amba1 :i* seems to be 8! simple/ =m ( life10 does n appe> to be a cell at all4 ,i h us$ ! ^w 8beget10 ( :at1 ,i am told1 is asexual g5]ation1 :]eas ! ^w %\ld be conf9$ to sexual g5]ation only4 ,_m m su* errors h be5 po9t$ out to me1 & ,i d\bt n t a l>g] numb] rema9 ( :i* ,i "k no?+ n[1 b ( :i* ,i may p]haps be told pres5tly4 ,i did n1 h[ev]1 ?9k t 9 a "w ( ?is description ! additional words :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ = sci5tific accuracy 7 wor? ! pap] & ink & loss ( bread? :i* _! introduction w\ld entail4 ,besides1 ,i "k no?+ ab\t sci5ce1 & x is z well t !re %\ld be no mi/ake on ?is head2 ,i nei!r "k1 nor want to "k1 m detail ?an is necess>y to enable me to give a fairly broad & compreh5sive view ( my subject4 ,:5 = ! purpose ( giv+ ?is1 a matt] importunately insi/$ on be+ made out1 ,i endeav\r$ to make x out z well z ,i c\ld2 o!rwise--t is to say1 if x did n insi/ on be+ look$ into1 9 spite ( a good deal ( snubb+1 ,i held t1 z x 0 blurr$ & indi/9ct 9 nature1 ,i _h bett] s r5d] x 9 my "w4 ,nev]!less1 if "o has gone = "s "t ?r\gh a wood full ( burrs1 "s ( !m are b\nd to /ick4 ,i am afraid t ,i h left m su* burrs 9 "o "p & ano!r ( my book1 ?an ! k9d ( read] :om ,i alone wi% to please w p]haps put up )4 ,=tunately1 ?is k9d ( read] is ! be/-natur$ critic 9 ! _w1 & is long suff]+ ( a good deal t ! m consci\sly sci5tific w n tol]ate2 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 t ,i _h n us$ su* expressions z 8c5tres ( ?\ght & action0 q s (t54 ,z = ! k9d ( inaccuracy already allud$ to1 my read] w n1 ,i take x1 z a g5]al rule1 "k1 or wi% to "k1 mu* m ab\t sci5ce ?an ,i d1 sometimes p]haps ev5 less2 s t he & ,i %all commonly be wrong 9 ! same places1 & our two wrongs w make a suffici5tly satisfactory "r = practical purposes4 ,( c\rse1 if ,i 7 a speciali/ writ+ a treatise or prim] on su* & su* a po9t ( detail1 ,i admit t sci5tific accuracy w\ld be de rigueur2 b ,i h be5 try+ to pa9t a picture r ?an to make a diagram1 & ,i claim ! pa9t]'s lic5se 8quidlibet aud5di40 ,i h done my utmo/ to give ! _s ( my subject1 b if ! lett] int]f]$ ) ! _s1 ,i h sacrific$ x )\t remorse4 ,may n :at is commonly call$ a sci5tific subject h arti/ic value :i* x is a pity to neglect8 ,b if a subject is to be treat$ arti/ically--t is to say1 ) a desire to consid] n only ! facts1 b ! way 9 :i* ! read] w feel conc]n+ ^? facts1 & ! way 9 :i* he w wi% to see !m r5d]$1 ?us mak+ 8 m9d a factor ( ! int5tion1 ov] & above ! subject itself--!n ! writ] mu/ n be d5i$ a pa9t]'s lic5se4 ,if "o is pa9t+ a hillside at a suffici5t di/ance1 & _c see :e!r x is cov]$ ) *e/nut-trees or walnuts1 "o is n b\nd to g across ! valley to see4 ,if "o is pa9t+ a city1 x is n necess>y t "o %\ld "k ! names ( ! /reets4 ,if a h\se or tree /&s inconv5i5tly = "o's purpose1 x mu/ g )\t m ado2 if two important features1 nei!r ( :i* c be left out1 want a little br++ toge!r or sep>at+ be=e ! _s ( ! place c be well giv51 !y mu/ be br\ght toge!r1 or sep>at$4 ,:i* is a m tru?ful view1 ( ,%rewsbury1 = example1 f a spot :]e ,/4 ,alkmund's spire is 9 p>allax ) ,/4 ,m>y's--a view :i* %\ld give only ! "o spire :i* c be se51 or "o :i* %\ld give !m bo?1 al?\gh ! "o is hidd58 ,!re w\ld be1 ,i take x1 m repres5tation 9 ! misrepres5tation ?an 9 ! repres5tation--8! half w\ld be great] ?an ! :ole10 unless1 t is to say1 "o expressly told ! spectator t ,/4 ,alkmund's spire 0 hidd5 beh9d ,/4 ,m>y's--a sort ( explanation :i* seldom adds to ! poetical value ( any "w ( art4 ,d :at "o may1 & no matt] h[ sci5tific "o may be1 "o _c atta9 absolute tru?4 ,! "q is r1 h[ d p l to h _! error8 ?an1 w !y g )\t any error at all8 ,all tru? & no error _c be giv5 by ! sci5ti/ m ?an by ! arti/2 ea* has to sacrifice tru? 9 "o way or ano!r2 & ev5 if p]fect tru? c\ld be giv51 x is d\btful :e!r x w\ld n resolve itself into unconsci\sness pure & simple1 consci\sness be+1 z x 71 ! cla% ( small conflict+ p]ceptions1 )\t :i* !re is nei!r intellig5ce nor recollection possible4 ,x is n1 !n1 :at a man has said1 nor :at he has put d[n ) actual pa9t ^u 8 canvass1 :i* speaks to u ) liv+ language--x is :at he has ?\ght to u 7z is s well put 9 ! lett] quot$ on page #hc71 by :i* our op9ion %\ld be guid$2--:at has he made u feel t he _h x 9 him1 & wi%$ to d8 ,if he has said or pa9t$ en\gh to make u feel t he meant & felt z we %\ld wi% him to h done1 he has done ! utmo/ t man c hope to d4 ,i feel sure t no additional am\nt ( te*nical accuracy w\ld make me m likely to succe$1 9 ?is respect1 if ,i h o!rwise fail$2 & z ?is is ! only success ab\t :i* ,i greatly c>e1 ,i h left my sci5tific inaccuracies uncorrect$1 ev5 :5 aw>e ( !m4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i %\ld say t ,i h tak5 all possible pa9s z reg>ds any?+ :i* ,i ?\ght c\ld mat]ially affect ! argum5t "o way or ano!r4 ,x may be said t ,i h fall5 betwe5 two /ools1 & t ! subject is "o :i*1 9 my h&s1 has %[n nei!r arti/ic nor sci5tific value4 ,?is w\ld be s]i\s4 ,to fall betwe5 two /ools1 & to be hang$ = a lamb1 are ! two crimes :i*-- 8,nor gods1 nor m51 nor any s*ools all[40 ,( ! latt]1 ,i g 9 b little dang]2 ab\t ! =m]1 ,i %all "k bett] :5 ! public h enlight5$ me4 ,! practical value ( ! views "h advanc$ 7if !y be admitt$ z true at all7 w\ld appe> to be n inconsid]able1 alike z reg>ds politics or ! well-be+ ( ! community1 & m$ic9e :i* deals ) t ( ! individual4 ,9 ! fir/ case we see ! rationale ( compromise1 & ! equal folly ( mak+ exp]im5ts ^u too l>ge a scale1 & ( n mak+ !m at all4 ,we see t new ideas _c be fus$ ) old1 save gradually & by pati5tly lead+ up to !m 9 su* a way z to admit ( a s5se ( cont9u$ id5tity betwe5 ! old & ! new4 ,?is %\ld tea* u mod]ation4 ,= ev5 ?\gh nature wi%es to travel 9 a c]ta9 direction1 %e insi/s on be+ all[$ to take h] own "t2 %e w n be hurri$1 & w cull a creature out ev5 m surely = =e/all+ h] wi%es too readily1 ?an = lagg+ a little beh9d !m4 ,s ! greate/ musicians1 pa9t]s1 & poets owe _! greatness r to _! fusion & assimilation ( all ! good t has be5 done up to1 & especially ne> ab\t1 _! own "t1 ?an to any v />tl+ /eps !y h tak5 9 advance4 ,su* m5 w be sure to take "s1 & important1 /eps =w>d2 = unless !y h ?is p[]1 !y w n be able to assimilate well :at has be5 done already1 & if !y h x1 _! /udy ( old] "w w almo/ indef9itely assi/ x2 b1 on ! :ole1 !y owe _! greatness to _! complet] fusion & assimilation ( old] ideas2 = nature is di/9ctly a fairly lib]al cons]vative r ?an a cons]vative lib]al4 ,all :i* is well said 9 ! old c\plet-- 8,be n ! fir/ by :om ! new is tri$1 ,nor yet ! la/ to ?r[ ! old aside40 ,mutatis mut&is1 ! above w\ld seem to hold z truly ab\t m$ic9e z ab\t politics4 ,we _c reason ) our cells1 = !y "k s mu* m ?an we d t !y _c und]/& u2--b ?\gh we _c reason ) !m1 we c f9d out :at !y h be5 mo/ accu/om$ to1 & :at1 !re=e1 !y are mo/ likely to expect2 we c see t !y get ?is1 z f> z x is 9 our p[] to give x !m1 & may !n g5]ally leave ! re/ to !m1 only be>+ 9 m9d t !y w rebel equally aga9/ too sudd5 a *ange ( treatm5t1 & no *ange at all4 ,fri5ds h compla9$ to me t !y c nev] tell :e!r ,i am 9 je/ or e>ne/4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 x %\ld be suffici5tly app>5t t ,i am 9 v s]i\s e>ne/1 p]haps too mu* s1 f ! fir/ page ( my book to ! la/4 ,i am n aw>e ( a s+le argum5t put =w>d :i* is n a bon fide argum5t1 al?\gh1 p]haps1 sometimes admitt+ ( a humor\s side4 ,if a gra9 ( corn looks l a piece ( *aff1 ,i confess ,i pref] x occasionally to some?+ :i* looks l a gra91 b :i* turns out to be a piece ( *aff only4 ,!re is no lack ( matt] ( ?is description go+ ab\t 9 "s v decor\s volumes2 ,i h1 !re=e1 endeav\r$1 = a ?ird "t1 to furni% ! public ) a book ^: fault %\ld lie r 9 ! direction ( seem+ less s]i\s ?an x is1 ?an ( be+ less s ?an x seems4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i admit t :5 ,i began to write ^u my subject ,i did n s]i\sly believe 9 x4 ,i saw1 z x 71 a pebble ^u ! gr\nd1 ) a %e5 t pleas$ me2 tak+ x up1 ,i turn$ x ov] & ov] = my amusem5t1 & f\nd x always gr[ bright] & bright] ! m ,i exam9$ x4 ,at l5g? ,i became fasc9at$1 & gave loose re9 to self-illusion4 ,! aspect ( ! _w seem$ *ang$2 ! trifle :i* ,i _h pick$ up idly _h prov$ to be a talisman ( ine/imable value1 & _h op5$ a door ?r\gh :i* ,i caught glimpses ( a /range & int]e/+ trans=mation4 ,!n came "o :o told me t ! /one 0 n m9e1 b t x _h be5 dropp$ by ,lam>ck1 to :om x belong$ rightfully1 b :o _h lo/ x2 :]eon ,i said ,i c>$ n :o 0 ! own]1 if only ,i might use x & enjoy x4 ,n[1 !re=e1 hav+ poli%$ x ) :at art & c>e "o :o is no jewell] c\ld be/[ ^u x1 ,i return x1 z be/ ,i may1 to its possessor4 ,:at am ,i to ?9k or say8 ,t ,i tri$ to deceive o!rs till ,i h fall5 a victim to my own falsehood8 ,surely ?is is ! mo/ reasonable conclusion to arrive at4 ,or t ,i h really f\nd ,lam>ck's talisman1 :i* _h be5 = "s "t lo/ sight (8 ,w ! read] bid me wake ) him to a _w ( *ance & bl9dness8 ,or c ,i p]suade him to dream ) me ( a m liv+ fai? ?an ei!r he or ,i _h z yet conceiv$ z possible8 ,z ,i h said1 reason po9ts remorselessly to an awak5+1 b fai? & hope /ill beckon to ! dream4 ,,app5dix ,,au?or',s ,,add5da ,i ,see ,page #ac ,,b ,i may say 9 pass+ t ?\gh articulate spee* & ! p[] to ma9ta9 ! upright position come mu* ab\t ! same "t1 yet ! p[] ( mak+ ge/ures ( m or less significance is prior to t ( walk+ uprightly1 & !re=e to t ( spee*4 ,n only is ge/iculation ! e>li] faculty 9 ! individual1 b x 0 s also 9 ! hi/ory ( our race4 ,our semi-simi\s ance/ors c\ld ge/iculate long be=e !y c\ld talk articulately4 ,x is significant ( ?is t ge/ure is /ill f\nd easi] ?an spee* ev5 by adults1 z may be obs]v$ on our riv] /eam]s1 :]e ! capta9 moves 8 h& b does n speak1 a boy int]pret+ 8 ge/ure into language4 ,to develop ?is "h w\ld complicate ! argum5t2 let u be cont5t to note x & pass on4 ,,ii ,see ,page #ah ,nev]!less1 ! smallness ( ! ef=t t\*es ^u ! deepe/ my/]y ( organic life--! p[] to orig9ate1 to err1 to sport1 ! p[] :i* diff]5tiates ! liv+ organism f ! ma*9e1 h[ev] complicat$4 ,! action & work+ ( ?is p[] is f\nd to be l ! action ( any o!r m5tal &1 !re=e1 physical p[] 7= all physical action ( liv+ be+s is b ! expression ( a m5tal action71 b ,i c ?r[ no light ^u its orig9 any m ?an ^u ! orig9 ( life4 ,?is1 too1 mu/ be not$ & pass$ ov]4 ,,iii ,see ,page #be ,h[ diff]5t f ! above unc]ta9 s\nd is ! full cle> note ( "o :o truly believes3-- 8,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is commonly call$ a ,lu!ran *ur*1 b :oev] comp>es x ) ! ,lu!ran *ur*es on ! ,cont95t w h reason to congratulate himself on its sup]iority4 ,x is 9 fact a *ur* sui g5]is1 yield+ 9 po9t ( dignity1 purity & dec5cy ( its doctr9es1 e/abli%m5t & c]emonies1 to no congregation ( *ri/ians 9 ! _w2 modell$ to a c]ta9 & consid]able ext5t1 b n entirely1 by our great & wise pi\s re=m]s on ! doctr9es ( ,lu!r1 s f> z !y are 9 con=mity ) ! sure & solid f\ndation on :i* x re/s1 & we tru/ = ev] w re/--! au?ority ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 ,jesus ,*ri/ himself be+ ! *ief corn] /one40 78,sket* ( ,mod]n & ,anci5t ,geography10 by ,dr4 ,samuel ,butl]1 ( ,%rewsbury4 ,ed4 #ahac47 ,?is is ! language ( fai?1 compell$ by ! exig5cies ( ! occasion to be = a %ort "t consci\s ( its own exi/5ce1 b surely v little likely to become s to ! ext5t ( feel+ ! ne$ ( any assi/ance f reason4 ,x is ! language ( "o ^: convictions are securely f\nd$ ^u ! curr5t op9ion ( ^? among :om he has be5 born & br$2 & ( all m]ely po/-natal fai?s a fai? s f\nd$ is ! /ronge/4 ,x is pleas+ to see t ! only alt]ations 9 ! edition ( #ahch consi/ 9 spell+ ,*ri/ians ) a capital ,c & ! omission ( ! epi!t 8wise0 z appli$ to ! re=m]s1 an omission m probably sugge/$ by a desire = euphony ?an by any nasc5t d\bts conc]n+ ! applicability ( ! epi!t itself4 ,,iv4 ,see ,page #bci ,,or take1 aga91 ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,! bi%ops are ! spiritual que5s1 ! cl]gy are ! neut] work]s4 ,!y diff] widely 9 /ructure 7= dress mu/ be consid]$ z a "p ( /ructure71 9 ! delicacy ( ! food !y eat & ! k9d ( h\se !y inhabit1 & also 9 _m ( _! in/9cts1 f ! bi%ops1 :o are _! spiritual p>5ts4 ,n only ?is1 b !re are two di/9ct k9ds ( neut] work]s--prie/s & deacons2 & ( ! =m] !re are deans1 ar*deacons1 preb5ds1 canons1 rural deans1 vic>s1 rectors1 curates1 yet all spiritually /]ile4 ,9 spite ( ?is /]ility1 h[ev]1 is !re anyone :o w ma9ta9 t ! widely diff]+ /ructures & in/9cts ( ^! ca/es are n due to inh]it$ spiritual habit8 ,/ill less w he be incl9$ to d s :5 he reflects t by su* slight modification ( treatm5t z consecration & end[m5t any "o ( !m c be r5d]$ spiritually f]tile4 ,,footnotes vii ,al?\gh ! orig9al edition ( 8,life & ,habit0 is dat$ #ahgh1 ! book 0 actually publi%$ 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgg4 #ac ,see ,app5dix 7note = page #ac74 #ah ,see ,app5dix 7note = page #ah74 #be ,see ,app5dix 7note = page #be74 #bci ,see ,app5dix 7note = page #bci74