,,! ,,univ]sal ,,k9%ip ,,by ,j4 ,,h[>d ,,moore ,,in/ructor ,,9 ,,zoology1 ,,crane ,,manual ,,tra9+ ,,high ,,s*ool1 ,,*icago #8,a ,sacr$ ,k9%ip ,i w\ld n =ego ,b9ds me to all t brea!s4' -- ,boyes54 ,,*icago ,,*>les ,h4 ,,k]r ,,company #ef ,,fif? ,,av5ue #aijf ,,to ,,my ,,de> ,,"m ,,& ,,fa!r ,,:o ,,h ,,done ,,s ,,mu* ,,= ,,me ,,9 ,,! ,,long ,,ye>s ,,t ,,are ,,pa/ ,,& ,,gone ,,preface ,! ,univ]sal ,k9%ip means ! k9%ip ( all ! inhabitants ( ! planet ,e>?4 ,:e!r !y came into exi/5ce among ! wat]s or among des]t s&s1 9 a hole 9 ! e>?1 9 ! holl[ ( a tree1 or 9 a palace2 :e!r !y build ne/s or empires2 :e!r !y swim1 fly1 crawl1 or ambulate2 & :e!r !y realise x or n1 !y are all relat$1 physically1 m5tally1 morally--?is is ! !sis ( ?is book4 ,b s9ce man is ! mo/ gift$ & influ5tial ( animals1 & s9ce 8 relation%ip ) o!r animals is m important & m reluctantly recognis$ ?an any o!r1 ! *ief purpose ( ^! pages is to prove & int]pret ! k9%ip1 ( ! human species ) ! o!r species ( animals4 ,! !sis ( ?is book comes pretty squ>ely 9 conflict ) widely-practis$ & highly-priz$ s9s4 ,x w !re=e be g5]ally criticis$ :]e x is n pass$ by 9 sil5ce4 ,m5 z a rule d n c>e to improve4 ,al?\gh !y h b "o life to live1 !y are satisfi$ to live ! ?+ out z !y h />t$ on x4 ,en?usiasm1 :i* 9 an enlight5$ or ideal race w\ld be devot$ to self-improvem5t1 is us$ by m5 9 weav+ excuses = _! own in]tia or 9 s++ ( ! infirmities ( o!rs4 ,b !re is a ,future4 ,& ! cre$s & ideals1 m5 b[ d[n to to-day w 9 "t to come pass away1 & new cre$s & ideals w claim _! allegiance4 ,%r9es *ange z ! g5]ations come & g1 & out ( ! decomposition ( ! old comes ! new4 ,! "t w come :5 ! s5tim5ts ( ^! pages w n be hail$ by two or ?ree1 & ridicul$ or ignor$ by ! re/2 !y w repres5t ,public ,op9ion & ,law4 ,m4 ,*icago1 #aije ,,cont5ts ,,! ,,physical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,man an ,animal ,,ii4 ,man a ,v]tebrate ,,iii4 ,man a ,mammal ,,iv4 ,man a ,primate ,v4 ,recapitulation ,,vi4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,homology ,,vii4 ,! ,e>? an ,evolution ,,viii4 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution ,,ix4 ,! ,evid5ces ( ,organic ,evolution ,x4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals ,,xi4 ,conclusion ,,! ,,psy*ical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,! ,conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,tradition ,,ii4 ,evid5ces ( ,psy*ical ,evolution ,,iii4 ,! ,common-s5se ,view ,,iv4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,human & ,non-human ,m9d ,comp>$ ,v4 ,conclusion ,,! ,,e?ical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,human ,nature a ,product ( ! ,jungle ,,ii4 ,egoism & ,altruism ,,iii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,savage ,,iv4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,anci5t ,v4 ,mod]n ,e?ics ,,vi4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,human ,be+s ,t[>d ,non-human ,be+s ,,vii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,prov9cialism ,,viii4 ,univ]sal ,e?ics ,,ix4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,altruism ,x4 ,an?ropoc5tric ,e?ics ,,xi4 ,e?ical ,implications ( ,evolution ,,xii4 ,conclusion ,,! ,,physical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,man an ,animal ,,ii4 ,man a ,v]tebrate ,,iii4 ,man a ,mammal ,,iv4 ,man a ,primate ,v4 ,recapitulation ,,vi4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,homology ,,vii4 ,! ,e>? an ,evolution ,,viii4 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution ,,ix4 ,! ,evid5ces ( ,organic ,evolution ,x4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals ,,xi4 ,conclusion #8,l ! ,roman emp]ors1 :o1 intoxicat$ by _! p[]1 at l5g? reg>d$ !mselves z demigods1 s ! rul] ( ! e>? believes t ! animals subject$ to 8 w h no?+ 9 common ) 8 own nature4 ,man is n cont5t to be ! k+ ( animals4 ,he insi/s on hav+ x t an impassable gulf sep>ates him f 8 subjects4 ,! aff9ity ( ! ape di/urbs & humbles him4 ,&1 turn+ 8 back ^u ! e>?1 he flies1 ) 8 ?reat5$ maje/y1 into ! cl\dy sph]e ( a special 8human k+dom40 ,b ,anatomy1 l ^? slaves :o foll[$ ! conqu]or's c> cry+1 8,?\ art a man10 di/urbs him 9 8 self-admiration1 & rem9ds him ( ^? pla9 & tangible realities :i* unite him ) ! animal _w4' -- ,broca4 ,,! ,,univ]sal ,,k9%ip ,! ,,physical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,man an ,animal4 ,x 0 9 ! zoology class at college4 ,we _h made all ! long j\rney f amoeba to coral1 f coral to worm1 f worm to mollusk1 f mollusk to fi%1 f fi% to reptile1 & f reptile to mammal--& !re1 9 ! clos+ pages ( fai?ful old ,pack>d1 we f\nd x4 #8,a mammal ( ! ord] ( primates1' ! book said1 ) t unconc]n *>act]i/ic ( ! deliv]ances ( sci5ce4 ,i 0 almo/ sadd5$4 ,x 0 ! fir/ intimation ,i _h ev] receiv$ ( t trite b neglect$ tru? t man is an animal4 ,b ! intimation 0 s weak1 & ,i 0 at t "t s unconsci\s1 t x 0 n till ye>s lat] t ,i began1 ?r\gh reflection1 actually to realise ! tru? "h fir/ caught sight (4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s ,i knew t man 0 n a m9]al nor a plant--t1 inde$1 he belong$ to ! animal k+dom4 ,b1 l mo/ m5 /ill1 ,i cont9u$ to ?9k ( him z be+ altoge!r diff]5t f o!r animals4 ,i ?\ght ( man & ! animals1 n ( man & ! o!r animals4 ,man 0 someh[ sui g5]is4 ,he _h _h1 ,i believ$1 a unique & miracul\s orig92 = ,i _h n yet le>n$ ( organic evolution4 ,! pre-,d>w9ian belief t ,i _h come d[n f ! skies1 & t non-human creatures ( all k9ds _h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce z adjuncts ( ! di/+ui%$ species to :i* ,i belong$1 occupi$ prom95t place 9 my ?9k+4 ,non-human races1 s ,i _h be5 taught1 _h 9 !mselves no reason = exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 accessories4 ,a *asm1 too wide = any bridge ev] to span1 yawn$ betwe5 ! human & all o!r species4 ,man 0 cele/ial1 a blue-blood b>ely escap+ div9ity4 ,all o!r be+s 7 little high] ?an clods4 ,s fai?fully & me*anically did ,i reflect ! bias 9 :i* ,i _h gr[n up4 ,b man is an animal4 ,x 0 away out !re on ! prairies1 among ! gre5 corn r[s1 "o beautiful ,june morn+--a long "t ago x seems to me n[--t ?is revelation really came to me4 ,& ,i repeat x "h1 z x has gr[n to seem to me1 = ! sake ( a _w :i* is s wise 9 _m ?+s1 b s d>k5$ & wayw>d reg>d+ ?is "o ?+4 ,h[ev] av]se to accept+ x we may be on acc\nt ( fav\rite traditions1 man is an animal 9 ! mo/ lit]al & mat]iali/ic mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,man has n a sp>k ( s-call$ #8div9ity' ab\t him4 ,9 important respects he is ! mo/ highly evolv$ ( animals2 b 9 orig91 disposition1 & =m he is no m #8div9e' ?an ! dog :o laps 8 sores1 ! t]rap9 :o waddles ov] ! e>? 9 a c>apace1 or ! unfa/idi\s worm :o d9es on ! du/ ( 8 feet4 ,man is n ! p$e/all$ individual pictur$ by 8 imag9ation--a be+ glitt]+ ) pr]ogatives1 & t[]+ ap>t f & above all o!r be+s4 ,he is a pa9-%unn+1 pleasure-seek+1 dea?-dread+ organism1 diff]+ 9 p>ticul>s1 b n 9 k9d1 f ! pa9-%unn+1 pleasure-seek+1 dea?-dread+ organisms bel[ & ar\nd him4 ,man is nei!r a rock1 a vegetable1 nor a deity4 ,he belongs to ! same class ( exi/5ces1 & has be5 br\ght into exi/5ce by ! same evolutional processes1 z ! horse1 ! toad t hops 9 8 g>d51 ! firefly t lights its twilight tor*1 & ! bivalve t reluctantly fe$s him4 ,man's body is compos$ fundam5tally ( ! same mat]ials z ! bodies ( all o!r animals4 ,! bodies ( all animals are compos$ ( clay4 ,!y are =m$ ( ! same elem5ts z ^? t murmur 9 ! wat]s1 gallop 9 ! w9ds1 & con/itute ! sub/ance ( ! ins5sate rocks & soils4 ,m ?an two-?irds ( ! weight ( ! human body is made up ( oxyg5 alone1 a gas :i* =ms "o-fif? ( ! weight ( ! air1 m ?an eight-n9?s ( t ( ! sea1 & =ty-sev5 p] c5t1 ( ! sup]ficial solids ( ! e>?4 ,man's body is compos$ ( cells4 ,s are ! bodies ( all o!r animals4 ,& ! cells 9 ! body ( a human be+ are n ess5tially diff]5t 9 composition or /ructure f ! cells 9 ! body ( ! sponge4 ,all cells are compos$ prim>ily ( protoplasm1 a comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg54 ,l all o!r animals1 man is incapable ( produc+ a p>ticle ( ! ess5tial sub/ance ( :i* 8 body is made4 ,no animal c produce protoplasm4 ,?is is a p[] ( ! plant1 & ! plant only4 ,all t any animal c d is to burn ! comp\nds =m$ 9 ! sun-lit laboratories ( ! vegetable _w4 ,! human skeleton1 l ! skeletons ( ne>ly all o!r animals1 is compos$ *iefly ( lime--lime be+1 9 ! sea1 :]e life sp5t s _m ( its e>li] c5turies1 ! mo/ available mat]ial = p>ts ^: purpose x is to furni% %ape & durability to ! organism4 ,man gr[s f an egg4 ,s d all creatures ( clay4 ,e animal comm5ces at ! same place--9 a s+le1 l[ly1 almo/ homog5e\s cell4 ,a dog1 a frog1 a philosoph]1 & a worm _c = a long "t aft] _! embryonic comm5cem5t be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 ,l ! oy/]1 ! ox1 ! insect1 & ! fi%1 l all t live1 move1 & brea!1 man is mortal4 ,he increases 9 size & complexity ?r\gh an allott$ p]iod ( "t2 !n1 l all 8 k9dr$1 wilts back into ! indi/+ui%able flux f :i* he came4 ,man inhales oxyg5 & exhales c>bon dioxide4 ,s does e animal t brea!s1 :e!r x brea! by lungs1 gills1 sk91 or ectos>c1 & :e!r x brea! ! sunless ooze ( ! sea floor or ! e!real blue ( ! sky4 ,animals inhale oxyg5 because !y eat c>bon & hydrog54 ,! en]gy ( all animals is produc$ ma9ly by ! union ( oxyg5 ) ! elem5ts ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! tissues ( animal bodies1 ! pl5tiful & ard5t oxyg5 be+ ! mo/ available support] ( ! combu/ion ( ^! two elem5ts4 ,man is1 !n1 an animal1 m highly evolv$ ?an ! mo/ ( 8 fell[-be+s1 b positively ( ! same clay1 & ( ! same fundam5tal make-up1 ) ! same eag]ness to exce$ & ! same de/9y1 z 8 less pomp\s k9dr$ :o float & frolic & pass away 9 ! seas & atmosph]es1 & creep ov] ! l&-pat*es ( a common clod4 ,,ii4 ,man a ,v]tebrate4 ,man is a v]tebrate animal4#a ,he has 7anatomically at lea/7 a backbone4 ,he belongs to t sub/antial class ( organisms possess+ an articulat+ int]nal skeleton--! family ( ! fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals4 ,mo/ animals h "s sort ( skeleton1 "s sort ( calc>e\s contrivance1 ^: bus9ess x is to give =m & protection to ! s(t] p>ts ( ! organism4 ,"s animals1 z ! />fi%es1 h plates ( lime scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! surface p>ts ( ! body2 o!rs1 z ! corals & sponges secrete plant-l frames1 ^u & among ! bran*es ( :i* ! organisms reside2 & /ill o!rs1 z ! clams1 cru/aceans1 & insects1 h skeletons consi/+ ( a %ell or %ea? on ! outside (1 & m or less surr\nd+1 ! s(t] sub/ances ( ! body4 ,! limbs ( insects are t9y tubes on ! inside ( :i* are ! m9iature muscles ) :i* !y p]=m _! m>vels ( locomotion4 ,! skeleton ( v]tebrates1 consi/+ ( lev]s1 beams1 columns1 & ar*es1 all skilfully jo9$ toge!r & sunk deep )9 ! muscul> tissue1 =ms a conspicu\s contra/ to ! rudim5t>y frames ( o!r animals4 ,! v]tebrate skeleton consi/s ( a holl[ axis1 divid$ into segm5ts & ext5d+ along ! dorsal region ( ! body1 f ! v5tral side ( :i* articulate1 by means ( awkw>dly-con/ruct$ girdles1 an ant]ior & a po/]ior pair ( limbs4 ,?is dorsal axis ends 9 front 9 a peculi> bulb\s arrangem5t call$ ! head1 :i* conta9s1 among o!r valuables1 ! bra9 & buccal cav]n4 ,! ?oracic segm5ts ( ! backbone s5d (f pairs ( flat bones1 :i*1 ar*+ v5trally1 =m ! *e/ = ! protection ( ! he>t & o!r vitals4 ,! limbs 7except 9 fi%es7 consi/ ea* ( a s+le long bone1 succe$$ by two long bones1 foll[$ by two transv]se r[s ( %ort1 irregul> wri/ or ankle bones1 end+ normally 9 five bran*+ s]ies ( bones call$ digits4 ,?is is ess5tially ! skeleton ( all fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals4 ,9 %ort1 x is ! univ]sal v]tebrate type ( frame4 ,!re are m9or modifications to suit ! v>i\s k9ds ( environm5t1 adaptations to ! necessities ( aquatic1 t]re/rial1 & a]ial locomotion & life1 "s p>ts be+ specialis$1 o!rs atrophi$1 & /ill o!rs omitt$1 b !re is nev] any:]e1 f fi%es to philosoph]s1 any fundam5tal dep>ture f ! e/abli%$ v]tebrate type ( skeleton4#b ,! pectoral f9s ( fi%es correspond to ! =e-limbs ( frogs & reptiles1 ! w+s ( birds1 & ! arms ( m54 ,! pelvic f9s ( fi%es are homolog\s ) ! h9d-limbs ( frogs1 reptiles1 & quadrup$s1 & ! legs ( birds1 apes1 & m54 ,! foot ( ! dog & crocodile1 ! h& ( ! orang1 & ! flipp] ( ! dolph9 & seal1 all h ! same g5]al /ructure z ! h& ( man2 & ! w+s ( ! bat & bird1 ! =elimbs ( ! liz>d & elephant1 & ! comical %ovels ( ! mole & orni?orhyn*us1 not)/&+ ! great diff]5ces 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance & use1 conta9 ess5tially ! same bones & ! same arrangem5t ( ! bones z d ! arms ( m5 & wom54 ,! human body has two prim>y cavities 9 x4 ,s h ! bodies ( all v]tebrates3 a neural cavity conta9+ ! bra9 & sp9al cord1 & a visc]al cavity conta9+ ! he>t1 liv]1 lungs1 & alim5t>y canal4 ,inv]tebrates h only "o body cavity--! "o correspond+ to ! visc]al cavity ( v]tebrates--& ! ma9 n]ve trunk1 in/ead ( ext5d+ along ! back1 z among v]tebrates1 is 9 inv]tebrates locat$ v5trally4 ,v]tebrates are ! only animals on ! e>? t h a highly develop$ circulatory sy/em1 a sy/em entirely %ut (f f ! o!r sy/ems1 & conta9+ a he>t1 art]ies1 ve9s1 & capill>ies4 ,9 all inv]tebrates ! dige/ive & circulatory sy/ems rema9 to a great] or less ext5t connect$1 ! blood & food m+l+ m or less 9 ! g5]al cavity ( ! body4 ,worms & insects h pulsat+ tubes in/ead ( he>t & art]ies4 ,cru/aceans h he>ts ) "o *amb]1 & mollusks h two or ?ree *amb]$ he>ts1 b ! blood1 in/ead ( return+ to ! he>t aft] its j\rney ?r\gh ! art]ies1 passes into ! body cavity4 ,9 man & o!r v]tebrates ! circulat+ curr5t is conf9$ /rictly to ! bloodvessels1 no p>ticle ( x ev] escap+ into ! g5]al body cavity4 ,! he>t ( v]tebrates is di/+ui%$ f t ( inv]tebrates by be+ locat$ v5trally4 ,! he>t ( inv]tebrates is 9 ! back4 ,! blood ( v]tebrates diff]s f t ( inv]tebrates 9 conta9+ bo? r$ & :ite corpuscles4 ,inv]tebrates h :ite corpuscles only4 ,worms h yell[1 r$1 or bright gre5 blood4 ,! blood ( cru/aceans is blui%1 t ( mollusks is :ite1 & t ( insects dusky or br[n4 ,! blood ( all v]tebrates1 except+ amphioxus1 is r$4 ,all backbon$ be+s1 :e!r !y dwell 9 seas or cities1 & :e!r !y build ne/s or empires1 h two eyes1 two e>s1 nose & m\?1 all locat$ 9 ! head1 & always occupy+ ! same relative position to ea* o!r4 ,inv]tebrates may h _! bra9s 9 _! abdom51 z d ! mites2 he> ) _! legs or ant5nae1 z _m insects d2 see ) _! tunics1 l ! scallops2 & brea! ) _! sk91 z d ! worms4 ,! crayfi% he>s ) its #8feel]s1' ! cricket & katydid ) _! =e-legs1 ! gras%opp] ) its abdom51 ! clam ) its #8foot1' & mysis & o!r l[ cru/aceans h _! auditory organs on _! tails4 ,man is1 !n1 l ! fi%es1 frogs1 reptiles1 birds1 & quadrup$s1 a v]tebrate animal4 ,except+ 9 8 infancy1 :5 he is a quadrup$ go+ on all f\rs1 he uses 8 po/]ior limbs only = locomotion1 & 8 ant]ior = preh5sion & ! l4 ,8 sp9al axis is erect in/ead ( horizontal1 & 8 tail is atrophi$4 ,b he possesses all ( ! unmi/akable qualities ( ! v]tebrate type ( /ructure--a two-*amb]$ body cavity1 a highly develop$ & dorsally locat$ n]ve trunk1 v]tebrate vitals1 a clos$ circulatory sy/em1 a v5tral he>t1 r$ blood1 a head conta9+ s5se organs & bra91 & a well-ord]$ int]nal skeleton1 consi/+ ( a v]tebral column ) skull & ribs & two pairs ( limbs1 ! limbs consi/+ ea* ( "o long bone1 two long bones1 two transv]se r[s ( irregul> bones1 & five bran*es at ! end4 #a4 ,see #8,classes ( ,animals1' at ! end ( ! *apt]4 #b4 ,snakes are limbless1 & h9d-limbs are lack+ 9 :ales & o!r deg5]ates2 b rudim5t>y limbs are f\nd 9 ! embryonic /ages ( ^! animals4 ,frogs1 x may be said also1 h no ribs4 ,,iii4 ,man a ,mammal4 ,man is a mammal4 ,he belongs to ! mo/ brilliant & influ5tial ( ! five classes ( v]tebrates--! class to :i* belong s _m ( 8 associates & victims1 ! class to :i* belong ! horse1 ! dog1 ! de]1 ! ox1 ! %eep1 ! sw9e1 ! squirrel1 ! camel1 ! unatt5uat$ elephant1 & ! timid-he>t$ h>e4 ,to ?is class belong also ! lion1 ! tig]1 ! kang>oo1 ! beav]1 ! be>1 ! bat1 ! monkey1 ! mole1 ! wolf1 ! orni?orhyn*us1 & ! :ale--9 %ort1 all animals t h hair4 ,fi%es & reptiles h scales2 birds h fea!rs2 all mammals are cov]$ to a great] or less ext5t ) hair4 ,! aquatic habits ( :ales r5d] hair ( no use to !m4 ,h5ce1 :ile ! unborn ( ^! animals /ill cl+ to ! /ructural traditions ( _! ance/ors & are cov]$ ) hair1 ! adults are almo/ hairless4 ,! s>torial habits ( human be+s & ! selective influ5ces ( ! sexes h _h a simil> effect on ! hairy cov]+ ( ! human body4 ,hair exi/s all ov] ! human body surface1 except+ on ! soles ( ! h&s & feet1 b 9 a greatly dw>f$ condition4 ,x is only on ! scalp & on ! faces ( males1 :]e x is sci5tifically assi/$ = purposes ( display1 t x gr[s luxuriantly4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ev5 ! hair on ! mascul9e scalp w la/ =ev]4 ,= if ! h]metical d]by & o!r deadly devices worn by m5 cont9ue _! deva/ations z !y h 9 ! pa/1 we may expect to h1 9 ! c\rse ( g5]ations1 m5 ) =eheads rea*+ regul>ly to ! occiput4 ,mo/ animals lay eggs4 ,man does n4 ,l ! dog1 ! horse1 ! squirrel1 & ! bat1 man is vivip>\s1 ! eggs hat*+ )9 ! p>5tal body4 ,human "y are born helpless1 & are su/a9$ dur+ ! p]iod ( _! infancy by ! secretions ( ! milk gl&s4 ,s are all ! sons & daught]s ( mammals4 ,:e!r !y come into ! _w among ! wat]s or among ! des]t s&s1 9 ! holl[ ( a tree1 9 a hole 9 ! e>?1 or 9 a palace1 ! *ildr5 ( mammals are frail & pitiful1 & !y survive to gr[ & multiply only because !y are ! object ( ! lov+ & incessant sacrifices ( a "m4 ,mammals are di/+ui%$ f all o!r animals by ! possession ( two k9ds ( sk9 gl&s--! sweat gl&s & ! oil gl&s--& by ! developm5t ( c]ta9 ( ^! gl&s 9 ! female into organs = ! n\ri%+ ( ! "y4 ,among reptiles & birds ! l[] jaw is susp5d$ f ! skull by a bone call$ ! quadrate bone4 ,among m5 & o!r mammals ! l[] jaw is jo9$ directly to ! skull1 ! quadrate bone becom+1 9 ! vicissitudes ( evolution1 ! hamm] 7malleus7 ( ! mammalian e>4 ,man has a f\r-*amb]$ he>t--two res]voirs :i* receive1 & two pumps :i* propel1 ! sc>let wat]s ( ! body4 ,fi%es h two-*amb]$ he>ts2 frogs & mo/ reptiles h ?ree-*amb]$ he>ts2 all mammals & birds h f\r-*amb]$ he>ts4 ,! r$ corpuscles 9 ! blood ( fi%es1 frogs1 reptiles1 & birds1 are discs1 d\ble-convex1 nucleat$1 & 9 %ape oval or triangul>4 ,9 man & 9 all o!r mammals 7except ! ar*aic camel7 ! r$ corpuscles are d\ble-concave1 non-nucleat$1 & circul>4 #8,man has a diaphragm divid+ ! body cavity into *e/ & abdom51 & a %9+ :ite bridge ( int]lac+ fibres1 call$ corpus callosum1 unit+ 8 c]ebral hemisph]es4 ,& man is a mammal because1 l o!r mammals1 he has1 9 addition to ! qualities already m5tion$1 ^! valuable & di/9ct *>act]i/ics4 ,,iv4 ,man a ,primate4 ,man is a primate4 ,!re are f\r divisions 9 ! ord] ( primates--lemurs1 monkeys1 apes1 & m54 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ & important ( ^!1 accord+ to man1 is man4 ,man is a primate because1 l o!r primates1 he has arms & h&s in/ead ( =e-legs4 ,& ^! are important *>act]i/ics4 ,x 0 a spl5did mom5t :5 ! t5d5cies ( evolution1 pond]+ ! possibilities ( /ructural improvem5t1 decid$ to re> ! v]tebrate ^u its h9d-limbs1 & conv]t its ant]ior app5dages into in/rum5ts ( manipulation4 ,s long z liv+ creatures 7 able simply to move ?r\gh ! airs & wat]s ( ! e>? & ov] ! surface ( ! solids1 !y 7 p[]less to modify ! univ]se ab\t !m v mu*4 ,b ! mom5t be+s 7 develop$ ) p>ts ( _! bodies fitt$ to take hold ( & move & fa%ion & compel ! univ]se ar\nd !m1 t mom5t ! life process 0 end[$ ) ! p[] ( miracles4 ,) ! inv5tion ( h&s & arms comm5c$ s]i\sly t long campaign aga9/ ! t5d5cies ( inanimate nature :i* f9ds its mo/ m>vell\s a*ievem5ts 9 ! su/a9$ & triumphant op]ations ( human indu/ry4 ,none ( ! primates except+ man use _! h9d-limbs z a sole means ( *ang+ _! place 9 ! univ]se1 b 9 all ( !m ! =e-limbs are regul>ly us$ z organs ( manipulation4 ,man is a primate because 8 f+]s & toes1 l ^? ( o!r primates 7except ! t9y m>mosets ( ,brazil71 end 9 nails4 ,man has nei!r claws to burr[ into ! e>?1 talons ) :i* to hold & r5d 8 victims1 nor ho(s to put ?und] into 8 movem5ts4 ,! human /oma*1 l t ( all ! o!r primates1 is a bagpipe4 ,! /oma* ( ! c>nivora is usually a simple sack1 :ile rod5ts h1 z a rule1 two /oma*s1 & rum9ants f\r4 ,man is a primate because 8 milk gl&s are locat$ on ! brea/ & are two 9 numb]4 ,! mamm>y gl&s v>y 9 numb] 9 ! diff]5t ord]s ( mammals1 f two 9 ! horse & :ale to tw5ty-two 9 "s insectivora4 ,mo/ rum9at+ animals h f\r1 sw9e t51 & c>nivora g5]ally six or eight4 ,^! gl&s may be locat$ 9 ! region ( ! gro91 z 9 ! horse & :ale2 betwe5 ! =elimbs1 z 9 ! elephant & bat2 or arrang$ 9 pairs ext5d+ f ! =e to ! h9d limbs1 z 9 ! c>nivora & sw9e4 ,9 man & all o!r primates 7except lemurs7 ! mamm>y gl&s are pectoral & two 9 numb]4 ,all primates1 includ+ man1 h also a disc-%ap$ plac5ta4 ,! plac5ta is ! organ ( nutrition 9 mammalian embryos4 ,x is f\nd 9 all "y-be>+ animals above ! m>supials1 & consi/s ( a mass ( gl&s betwe5 ! embryo & ! p>5tal body4 ,9 "s animals x entirely surr\nds & encloses ! embryo2 9 o!rs x assumes ! =m ( a girdle2 & 9 /ill o!rs x is bell-%ap$4 ,! primates are ! only animals 9 :i* ?is peculi> organ is 9 ! %ape ( a simple disc4#a ,! ne>e/ relatives by blood man has 9 ?is _w are ! exce$+ly man-l apes--! tailless an?ropoids--! gorillas & *impanzees ( ,africa1 & ! orangs & gibbons ( s\!rn & insul> ,asia4 ,! fact t man is an actual relative & desc5dant ( ! ape is "o ( ! mo/ disagreeable ( ! _m di/a/eful tru?s :i* ! human m9d 9 its evolution has come ^u4 ,to a vanity puff$1 z is t ( human be+s1 to ! splitt+1 ! consangu9ity ( gorilla & g5tleman seems horrible4 ,man pref]s to h arriv$ on ! e>? by way ( a ladd] let d[n by 8 imag9ation f ! cele/ial concave4 ,)9 8 own memory man has be5 guilty ( _m fooli% & disgraceful ?+s4 ,b ?is attempt by him to repudiate 8 ance/ors by surreptiti\sly fabricat+ = himself an orig9 diff]5t f1 & m glori\s ?an ! re/ is "o ( ! mo/ absurd & sc&al\s 9 ! :ole li/4 ,x is a %all[ logic--! logic ( ^? :o1 )\t wor? ( _! own1 try to %9e ) a false & /ol5 lu/re4 ,no m ma/]ly rebuke 0 ev] adm9i/]$ to ^? 9 ! habit ( sne]+ at ! tru? 9 ?is matt] ?an ! cau/ic reply ( ,huxley to ! taunt ( ! fat-witt$ ,bi%op--t he w\ld r be ! desc5dant ( a respectable ape ?an ! desc5dant ( "o :o n only clos$ 8 eyes to ! facts ar\nd him1 b us$ 8 (ficial position to p]suade o!rs to d likewise4 ,man's reluctance to take 8 anatomical place beside 8 simian k9speople has be5 exce$$ only by 8 selfi% & high-h&$ det]m9ation to exclude all o!r t]re/rial be+s f 8 heav54 ,man is a talkative & religi\s ape4 ,he is an ape1 b ) a mu* great] am\nt ( ent]prise & ) a great] likelihood ( be+ f\nd 9 e v>iety ( climate4 ,l ! an?ropoid1 man has a bald face & an obsolete tail4 ,b he is di/+ui%$ f 8 arboreal relative by 8 arrogant be>+1 8 skill$ l>ynx1 & especially by ! satisfaction he exp]i5ces 9 ! contemplation ( ! image :i* appe>s :5 he looks 9 a mirror4 ,! man-l apes are f ?ree to six feet tall1 & are all ( !m v /rong1 ! gorilla1 :o sometimes weighs ov] ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 be+ ab\t ! brave/ & mo/ =midable un>m$ animal on ! planet4 ,!y are erect or semi-erect1 h l\d voices1 plantigrade feet1 & irritable dispositions--9 all ( ^! p>ticul>s be+ /rik+ly l m54 ,! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & gibbon are highl&]s1 pref]r+ ! upl&s & m\nta9s4 ,! orang is a l[l&]1 liv+ phlegmatically among ! sylvan swamps ( ,sumatra & ,borneo4 ,! gorilla & *impanzee are t]re/rial1 seldom go+ among ! trees except to get food or to sleep4 ,! orang & gibbon are arboreal1 seldom com+ to ! gr\nd except to dr9k or ba!4 ,!y all walk on _! h9d-limbs1 g5]ally 9 a /oop+ po/ure1 ) _! knuckles or f+]s t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,b !y sometimes walk ) _! arms hang+ d[n by _! sides1 & sometimes ) _! h&s clasp$ back ( _! heads to give !m balance4 ,none ( !m ev] place _! palms on ! gr\nd :5 !y walk--t is1 none ( !m walk on f\r feet4 ,! an?ropoid races1 9 ! %ape ( _! heads & faces & 9 ! g5]al =m & /ructure ( _! bodies1 & ev5 9 _! habits ( life1 resemble 9 a rem>kable mann] ! l[e/ races ( human be+s4 ,?is resemblance is recognis$ by ! negro races1 :o call ! gorilla & *impanzee #8hairy m51' & believe !m to be desc5dants ( outca/ memb]s ( _! own species4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 man & ! apes1 j z !re are diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 ! ,caucasian & ! ,caffre1 or ev5 betwe5 individual ,caucasians or individual ,caffres4 ,!re are diff]5ces 9 /ructure & topography1 (t5 v noticeable diff]5ces1 ev5 among memb]s ( ! same family4 ,b 9 all ( its ess5tial *>act]s1 & ext5d+ (t5 to a/oni%+ p>ticul>s1 ! /ructure ( man is id5tical ) t ( ! an?ropoid4#b ,9 ext]nal appe>ances ! man-l races diff] f m5 9 hav+ a luxuriant cov]+ ( natural hair4 ,b an?ropoids diff] v mu* among !mselves 9 ?is p>ticul>4 ,! orang1 usually cov]$ ) long hair1 is sometimes almo/ hairless4 ,!re are1 too1 races ( human be+s ^: bodies are cov]$ ) a consid]able gr[? ( hair4 ,! ,todas 7,au/ralians7 & ,a9us 7aborig9es ( ,japan7 are not$ = ! hair9ess ( _! bodies1 c]ta9 individuals among !m be+ cov]$ ) a real fur1 especially on ! l[] limbs4#c ,individuals also (t5 appe> 9 e race ) a rem>kable developm5t ( ! hair4 ,adrian & 8 son ,f$or1 exhibit$ ye>s ago ov] ,europe z #8dog-m51' are examples4 ,! fa!r 0 completely cov]$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( f9e dirty-yell[ hair two or ?ree in*es long4 ,long tufts grew out ( 8 no/rils & e>s1 giv+ him a /rik+ resemblance to a ,skye t]ri]4 ,f$or1 & also 8 si/]1 7 cov]$ ) hair l ! fa!r1 b ano!r son 0 l ord9>y m54 ,! man-l races h also long] arms 9 proportion to ! height ( ! body ?an man g5]ally has4 ,b ?is is also true ( human infants & negroes4 ,! gibbon has relatively mu* long] arms ?an ! o!r an?ropoids4 ,x diff]s f ! *impanzee 9 ?is respect m ?an ! *impanzee diff]s f man4 ,:5 /&+ upright & rea*+ d[n ) ! middle f+]1 ! gibbon c t\* its foot1 :ile ! *impanzee c rea* only to ! knee4 ,man ord9>ily rea*es "p way d[n ! ?igh1 b negroes h be5 kn[n to h arms rea*+ to ! knee-pan4#d ,! skeleton ( ! ,african races conta9s _m *>act]s recognis$ by o/eologi/s z #8pi!coid1' or ape-l4 ,x is massive1 ! flat bones are ?ick1 & ! pelvis n>r[4 ,9 ! manlike apes ! l>ge toe is opposable to ! o!r f\r1 & is us$ by !m mu* z ! ?umb is us$4 ,b ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! two races ( be+s is j :at might be expect$ f ! diff]5ces 9 _! modes ( life4 ,man has little ne$ ( ?is opposability on acc\nt ( 8 exclusively t]re/rial life1 :ile to ! ape x is indisp5sable on acc\nt ( 8 arboreal environm5t & life4 #8,b !re are1' says ,haeckel1 #8wild tribes ( m5 :o c oppose ! l>ge toe to ! o!r f\r j z if x 7 a ?umb1 & ev5 new-born infants ( ! mo/ highly-develop$ races ( m5 c grasp z easily ) _! h9d-h&s z ) _! =eh&s4 ,*9ese boatm5 r[ ) _! feet1 & ,b5gal workm5 weave ) !m4 ,! negro1 9 :om ! big toe is freely movable1 seizes hold ( ! bran*es ( trees ) x :5 climb+1 j l ! f\r-h&$ apes'4#e ,_m m5 h lo/ _! arms by accid5t & h le>n$ to use _! feet z h&s ) wond]ful skill4 ,n _m ye>s ago !re di$ 9 ,europe an armless viol9i/ :o _h dur+ 8 lifetime play$ to cultur$ audi5ces 9 mo/ ( ! capitals ( ! _w4 ,"s ( ! mo/ accompli%$ ( p5m5 hold _! p5 betwe5 _! toes4 ,! man-l apes live to ab\t ! same age z man1 & all ( !m1 l man1 h be>ds4 ,! an?ropoid be>d1 too1 l ! human1 appe>s at ! age ( sexual maturity4 ,! human be>d (t5 diff]s 9 col\r f ! hair ( ! scalp1 & :5ev] x does x has be5 obs]v$ to be inv>iably light]--nev] d>k]--?an ! hair on ! scalp4 ,?is is true among all races ( m54 ,! same rule & ! same uni=mity exi/s among an?ropoids4 ,! races ( mank9d are divid$ into two prim>y gr\ps dep5d+ ^u ! %ape ( ! head & ! "* ( ! hair3 ! %ort-head$ races 7,bra*ycephali71 su* z ! ,malays1 ,mongols1 & ,aryans1 ) r\nd or oval faces1 /raight hair1 & v]tical pr(iles2 & ! long-head$ races 7,doli*ocephali71 ) woolly hair & progna?\s faces1 su* z ! ,papuans & ,africa races4 ,! sk9 ( ! %ort-head$ races is orange or :ite1 :ile ! sk9 & hair ( ! long-head$ races are glossy black4 ,x is1 at lea/1 int]e/+ t ! orang & gibbon1 :o live 9 ,asia & its isl&s1 :]e ! bra*ycephalic races ( m5 suppos$ly arose1 are !mselves bra*ycephalic2 & t ! gorilla & *impanzee1 :o live 9 ,africa1 :]e ! doli*ocephalic races *iefly live1 are doli*ocephalic4 ,! gorilla & *impanzee also h1 l ! m5 & wom5 ( ,africa1 black sk9 & hair2 :ile ! hair ( ! orang is a r$di%-br[n1 & its sk9 sometimes yell[i%-:ite4 ,! d5tition ( ! an?ropoids & m5 is 9 all ess5tials id5tical4 ,!y all h two sets ( tee?3 a set ( milk-tee?1 tw5ty 9 numb]1 & ?irty-two p]man5t tee?1 ! p]man5ts consi/+ ( two incisors1 "o can9e1 two premol>s1 & ?ree mol>s1 9 ea* half-jaw4 ,man has ord9>ily twelve pairs ( ribs & ?irty-two v]tebrae4 ,s has ! orang4 ,! o!r an?ropoids h ?irte5 pairs ( ribs4 ,b ! numb] ( ribs 9 bo? human & an?ropoid be+s is n uni=m1 man occasionally hav+ ?irte5 pairs1 & ! gorilla f\rte54 ,man has also ! same numb] ( caudal v]tebrae 9 8 rudim5t>y tail z ! an?ropoid has4 ,! h&s & feet ( an?ropoids1 bone = bone & muscle = muscle1 correspond ) ^? ( m51 no great] /ructural diff]5ces exi/+ ?an among diff]5t species ( m54 ,! human foot has ?ree muscles n f\nd 9 ! human h&--a %ort flexor muscle1 a %ort ext5sor muscle1 & a long muscle ext5d+ f ! fibula to ! foot4 ,all ( ^! muscles are f\nd 9 ! an?ropoid foot j z 9 ! foot ( man4 ,!re are also ! same diff]5ces betwe5 ! arrangem5t ( ! bones ( ! an?ropoid wri/ & ankle z betwe5 ! wri/ & ankle bones ( man4 ,:atev] set ( anatomical p>ticul>s may be select$1 :e!r x be h&s1 arms1 feet1 muscles1 skull1 visc]a1 ribs1 or d5tition1 x is f\nd t ! an?ropoid races & m5 are 9 all ess5tials ! same4 ,! diff]5ces are su* z h aris5 z a result ( diff]5t modes ( life1 & su* z exi/ betwe5 diff]5t tribes ( ei!r gr\p ( animals4 #8,! /ructural diff]5ces :i* sep>ate man f ! gorilla & *impanzee1' says ,huxley1 9 summ+ up ! conclusion ( 8 brilliant inquiry into #8,man's ,place 9 ,nature1' #8are n s great z ^? :i* sep>ate ! gorilla f ! l[] apes4' #8,! body ( man & t ( ! an?ropoid are n only peculi>ly simil>1' says ,haeckel1 #8b !y are practically "o & ! same 9 e important respect4 ,! same two hundr$ bones1 9 ! same ord] & /ructure1 make up our inn] skeleton2 ! same ?ree hundr$ muscles effect our movem5ts2 ! same hair clo!s our sk92 ! same f\r-*amb]$ he>t is ! c5tral pulsomet] 9 our circulation2 ! same ?irty-two tee? are set 9 ! same ord] 9 our jaws2 ! same saliv>y1 hepatic1 & ga/ric gl&s compass our dige/ion2 ! same reproductive organs insure ! ma9t5ance ( our race'4#f #8,n be+ able1' says ,ow5 9 8 pap] on #8,! ,*>act]s ( ,mammalia1' #8to appreciate or conceive ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( a *impanzee & ( a ,bos*isman or ( an ,aztec ) arre/$ bra9-gr[?1 z be+ ( a nature s ess5tial z to preclude a comp>ison betwe5 !m1 or z be+ o!r ?an a diff]5ce 9 degree1 ,i _c %ut my eyes to ! significance ( t all-p]vad+ similitude ( /ructure--e too?1 e bone1 /rictly homolog\s--:i* makes ! det]m9ation ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,homo & ,pi!cus ! anatomi/'s difficulty4' #8,if be=e ! appe>ance ( man on ! e>?1' says ,w>d 9 8 #8,dynamic ,sociology1' #8an imag9>y pa9t] _h visit$ x1 & drawn a portrait embody+ ! ?orax ( ! gibbon1 ! h&s & feet ( ! gorilla1 ! =m & skull ( ! *impanzee1 ! bra9 developm5t ( ! orang1 & ! c\nt5ance ( ,semnopi!cus1 giv+ to ! :ole ! av]age /ature ( all ( ^! apes1 ! result w\ld h be5 a be+ n f> remov$ f our conception ( ! primitive man1 & n widely diff]5t f ! actual condition ( c]ta9 l[ tribes ( savages4 ,! bra9 developm5t w\ld p]haps be too l[ = ! av]age ( any exi/+ tribe1 & w\ld correspond bett] ) t ( c]ta9 microcephal\s idiots & cret9s1 ( :i* ! human race furni%es _m examples4' ,& x is n true1 z is commonly suppos$1 t1 aft] all o!r resemblances betwe5 ! human & an?ropoid /ructures h be5 made out1 !re /ill exi/s some:]e "s undi/+ui%able diff]5ce 9 ! organic /ructure ( _! bra9s4 ,all diff]5ces 9 /ructure f "t to "t suspect$ or ass]t$ to exi/ betwe5 ! bra9 ( man & t ( ! man-l apes h be5 "o aft] ano!r completely swept away4 ,& x is n[ kn[n to all neurologi/s t ! human & an?ropoid bra9s diff] /ructurally 9 no p>ticul>s :atev]1 bo? ( !m conta9+ ! same lobes1 ! same v5tricles & cornua1 & ! same convolutional outl9e4 ,ev5 ! po/]ior lobe1 ! po/]ior cornu1 & ! hippocampus m9or1 s long triumphantly ass]t$ to be *>act]i/ic features ( ! human bra91 h be5 pitilessly id5tifi$ 9 all an?ropoids by ! pr(\nd & t]rible ,huxley4 ,!re is n an important fold or fissure 9 ! bra9 ( man t is n f\nd 9 ! bra9 ( ! an?ropoid4 #8,! surface ( ! bra9 ( a monkey1' says ,huxley1 #8exhibits a sort ( skeleton map ( man's1 & 9 ! man-l apes ! details become m & m fill$ 91 until x is only 9 m9or *>act]s t ! *impanzee's or ! orang's bra9 c be /ructurally di/+ui%$ f man's'4#g ,! great diff]5ce physically betwe5 man & ! an?ropoids1 aside f man's tal5t$ l>ynx & erect po/ure1 lies 9 man's abnormal cranial capacity4 ,! normal human cranium nev] conta9s less ?an #ee cubic in*es ( space1 :ile ! l>ge/ gorilla cranium conta9s only #cd cubic in*es4 ,?is is a diff]5ce ( #bj cubic in*es4 ,& #bj cubic in*es ( ?9k+ matt] is an al>m+ am\nt to be lack+ 9 a s+le individual4 ,b ?is cranial gap betwe5 gorilla & man is depriv$ ( "s ( its significance by ! fact t human crania sometimes measure #aad cubic in*es1 mak+ a diff]5ce betwe5 ! smalle/ & l>ge/ human bra9s ( #ei cubic in*es4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! gorilla & ! savage 9 cranial capacity is1 !re=e1 only ab\t "o-?ird z great z ! cranial *asm betwe5 ! savage & ! sage4 #a4 ,! bat & a few o!r animals h a disc-l plac5ta1 b x develops into ! disc %ape by a diff]5t r\te f :at x does 9 ! primates4 #b4 ,h>tmann3 ,an?ropoid ,apes2 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #c4 ,quatrefages3 ,! ,human ,species2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #d4 ,tyl]3 ,an?ropology2 ,new ,york2 #ahii4 #e4 ,haeckel3 ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #b vols42 ,new ,york1 #ahif4 #f4 ,haeckel3 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se2 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #g4 ,huxley3 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature2 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 ,v4 ,recapitulation4 ,! anatomical gulf betwe5 m5 & apes does n exi/4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 no gulfs any:]e1 only gradations4 ,all *asms are completely cov]$ by unmi/akable aff9ities1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! rema9s ( s _m millions ( deceas$ races lie hidd5 b5ea? seas or ev]la/+ly lock$ 9 ! limy bosoms ( ! cont95ts4 ,!re are clos] k9%ips & remot] k9%ips1 b !re are k9%ips ev]y:]e4 ,! m intimate k9%ips are indicat$ by m def9ite & detail$ simil>ities1 & ! m g5]al relation%ips by m fundam5tal resemblances4 ,all creatures are b\nd to all o!r creatures by ! ties ( a v>y+ b und5iable consangu9ity4 ,man /&s unque/ionably 9 ! primate ord] ( animals1 because he has c]ta9 qualities ( /ructure :i* all primates h1 & :i* all o!r animals h n3 h&s & arms & nails1 a bagpipe /oma*1 great subord9ation ( ! c]ebellum1 a disc-l plac5ta1 tee? diff]5tiat$ into incisors1 can9es1 & mol>s1 & pectoral milk gl&s4 ,man is m closely ak9 to ! an?ropoid apes ?an to ! o!r primates on acc\nt ( 8 imm5se bra91 8 ape-l face1 8 v]tical sp9e1 & 9 be+ a true two-h&$ bip$4 ,! manlike apes & m5 h ! same numb] & k9ds ( tee?1 ! same limb bones & muscles1 l ribs & v]tebrae1 an atrophi$ tail1 ! same bra9 /ructure1 & a suspici\s simil>ity 9 looks & disposition4 ,m5 & an?ropoids live ab\t ! same numb] ( ye>s1 bo? be+ too?less & wr9kl$ 9 old age4 ,! be>d1 too1 9 bo? classes ( animals appe>s at ! same p]iod ( life & obeys ! same law ( v>iation 9 col\r4 ,ev5 ! hairs on diff]5t p>ts ( ! bodies ( m5 & an?ropoids1 z on ! arms1 incl9e at a l angle to ! body surface4 ,! hair on ! upp] arm & t on ! =e>m1 9 bo? an?ropoids & m51 po9t 9 opposite directions--t[>d ! elb[4 ,?is peculi>ity is f\nd n[h]e 9 ! animal k+dom except+ 9 a few ,am]ican monkeys4 ,man's mammalian aff9ities are %[n 9 8 diaphragm1 8 hair1 8 f\r-*amb]$ he>t1 8 corpus callosum1 8 non-nucleat$ blood-corpuscles1 & 8 awkw>d incubation4 ,! fi%es1 frogs1 reptiles1 birds1 & non-human mammals are human 9 hav+ two body cavities1 segm5t$ int]nal skeletons1 two pairs ( limbs1 skulls & sp9al columns1 r$ blood1 bra9s1 & dorsal cords2 & 9 possess+ two eyes1 two e>s1 no/rils1 & m\? op5+ out ( ! head4 ,& f9ally all animals1 includ+ man1 are relat$ to all o!r animal =ms by ! great und]ly+ facts ( _! orig91 /ructure1 composition1 & de/9y4 ,all creatures1 :e!r !y live 9 ! sea1 9 ! heav5s1 or 9 subt]ranean glooms2 :e!r !y swim1 fly1 crawl1 or walk2 :e!r _! _w is a planet or a wat]-drop2 & :e!r !y realise x or n1 comm5ce exi/5ce 9 ! same way1 are compos$ ( ! same sub/ances1 are n\ri%$ by ! same matt]s1 foll[ fundam5tally ! same occupations1 all d "u ! circum/ances ! be/ !y c1 & all arrive ultimately at ! same pitiful end4 ,,vi4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,homology4 ,! simil>ities & homologies ( /ructure exi/+ betwe5 man & o!r animals1 & betwe5 o!r animals & /ill o!rs1 are n accid5tal & causeless4 ,!y are n resemblances scatt]$ arbitr>ily among ! multitud9\s =ms ( life by ! caprici\s levities ( *ance4 ,t all animals comm5ce exi/5ce z an egg & are all made up ( cells compos$ ( ! same protoplasmic sub/ance1 & all inhale oxyg5 & exhale c>bon dioxide1 & are all seek+ pleasure & seek+ to avoid pa91 are m ?an ord9>y facts4 ,!y are fill$ ) inf]5ces4 ,t v]tebrate animals1 diff]+ 9 ext]nals z widely z h]r+ & ,engli%m51 are all built accord+ to ! same fundam5tal plan1 ) m>r[-fill$ backbones & exactly two pairs ( limbs bran*+ 9 ! same way1 is an a/oni%+ co9cid5ce4 ,t ! w+ ( ! bird1 ! =eleg ( ! dog1 ! flipp] ( ! :ale1 & ! =e-limb ( ! toad & crocodile1 h ess5tially ! same bones z ! human arm has is a fact :i* may be )\t significance to bl9d m51 b to no "o else4 ,! metamorphosis ( ! frog f a fi%1 ( ! insect f a worm1 & ( a poet f a s5seless cell1 are trans=mations simply m>vell\s 9 mean+4 ,& x is n easy1 s9ce ,d>w91 to und]/& h[ su* lessons c\ld rema9 long un9telligible1 ev5 to /ones & simpletons4 ,n _m g5]ations h pass$1 h[ev]1 s9ce ^! revelations1 n[ s di/9ct & wond]ful1 fell on ! li/less m9ds ( m5 z ineffectually z ! glories ( ! fl[] fall on ! sightless sockets ( ! bl9d4 ,x is h>dly two g5]ations s9ce ! highe/ intellig5ces on ! e>? conceiv$ t n only ! diff]5t v>ieties ( m5--! black1 ! :ite1 & ! orange--b all ! ord]s & g5]a ( ! animal _w1 & n only animals1 b plants1 _h all be5 someh[ simultane\sly & arbitr>ily br\ght into exi/5ce 9 "s indi/9ct antiquity1 & t !y _h f ! beg9n+ all exi/$ ) practically ! same features & 9 approximately ! same conditions z ^? ) :i* & 9 :i* !y are f\nd to-day4 ,! univ]se 0 conceiv$ to be a fix$ & /upid some?+1 born z we see x1 incapable ( gr[?1 & indulg+ 9 no?+ b repetitions4 ,!re 7 no necess>y coh]5cies & consangu9ities1 no cosmical t5d5cies op]at+ et]nally & univ]sally4 ,all 0 :imsical & arbitr>y4 ,x 0 n kn[n t any?+ _h gr[n or evolv$4 ,all ?+s 7 believ$ to h be5 giv5 beg9n+ & assign$ to _! respective places 9 ! univ]se by a pot5tial & all-clev] creator4 ,! s]p5t 0 limbless because x _h (fici\sly all[$ ,eve to include 9 h] diet>y t :i* _h be5 expressly =bidd54 ,! quadrup$ walk$ ) its face t[>ds ! e>? z a /ructural rem9d] ( its subjection to ! bip$1 :o 0 suppos$ to be especially skill$ 9 keep+ 8 eyes roll$ heav5w>d4 ,! fl[]s flung out _! col\rs1 n = ! b5efit ( ! bugs & bees1 & ! />s p>ad$1 n because !y 7 mov$ to d s by _! own et]nal urg+s1 b because man _h eyes capable ( be+ affect$ by !m4 ,man 0 an erect & fea!rless v]tebrate because 8 hypo!tical mak] 0 erect & fea!rless4 7,i wond] :e!r1 if a clam %\ld conceive a creator1 x w\ld h ! magnanimity to make him an insect or a v]tebrate1 or any?+ o!r ?an a great big clam47 ,,vii4 ,! ,e>? an ,evolution4 ,! _w n[ kn[s--at lea/1 ! sci5tific "p ( x kn[s--t ^! ?+s are n true1 t !y are b ! solemn fancies ( hone/ b simple-m9d$ anci5ts :o did ! be/ !y c\ld 9 t twilight age to expla9 to _! inquir+ in/9cts ! wild]ness ( ph5om5a 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,! univ]se is a process4 ,x is n petrifi$1 b fl[+4 ,x is go+ some:]e4 ,ev]y?+ is *ang+ & evolv+1 & w always cont9ue to d s4 ,! =ms ( life1 ( cont95ts & oceans1 & ( /reams & sy/ems1 :i* we p]ceive z we op5 our s5ses ^u ! _w to-day1 are n ! =ms t h always exi/$1 & !y are n ! =ms ( ! et]nal future4 ,!re 0 a "t1 away 9 ! inconceivable1 :5 !re 0 no life ^u ! e>?1 no solids1 & no seas4 ,! _w 0 an inc&esc5t lump1 lifeless & alone1 9 ! cold solitudes ( ! spaces4 ,!re 0 a "t--!re mu/ h be5 a "t--:5 life appe>$ = ! fir/ "t ^u ! e>?1 simple cellules )\t bones or blood1 & )\t a suspicion ( _! imm5se & qu>relsome po/]ity4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,nor? ,am]ica 0 an isl&1 & ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s 7 ! only m\nta9s ( ! cont95t4 ,! "t 0--9 ! coal-=m+ age--:5 ! ,mississippi ,valley1 f ! ,colorado ,isl&s to ! ,alleghanies1 0 a va/ m>% or sea1 *ok$ ) =e/s ( equisetum & f]n1 & sw>m+ ) gigantic reptiles n[ ext9ct4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 palms grew 9 ,dakota1 & magnolias wav$ 9 ! semi-tropical climate ( ,gre5l& & ,spitzb]g54 ,!re 0 a "t :5 !re 7 no ,rocky ,m\nta9s 9 exi/5ce1 no ,&es1 no ,alps1 no ,pyr5ees1 & no ,himalayas4 ,& t "t1 comp>$ ) ! va/ /ret*es ( geological duration1 0 n s v long ago1 = ^! m\nta9s are all "y m\nta9s4 ,! "t 0 :5 ,jurassic saurians--^? repulsive ruffians ( t rude old "t--repres5t$ ! highe/ intellig5ce & civilisation ( ! kn[n univ]se4 ,!re 7 no m5 & wom5 9 ! _w1 n ev5 savages1 :5 our ape-l =efa!rs w&]$ & wond]$ ?r\gh ! awesome sil5ces ( primeval wilds2 !re 7 no railroads1 /eamboats1 telegraphs1 telephones1 typewrit]s1 h>ve/]s1 electric lights1 nor sew+ ma*9es2 no billionaires nor bicycles1 no sociali/s nor /eam-heat1 no #8wat]$ /ock' nor #8gov]nm5t by injunction1' no wom5's clubs1 capta9s ( indu/ry1 lab\r unions1 nor #8yell[ p]ils'--!re 0 none ( ^! ?+s on ! e>? a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,all ?+s h evolv$ to be :at !y are--! cont95ts1 oceans1 & atmosph]es1 & ! plants & populations t live 9 & ^u !m4 ,!re w come a "t1 too1 look+ =w>d into ! future1 :5 :at we see n[ w be se5 no m4 ,z we g backw>d into ! pa/1 ! e>? 9 all ( its aspects rapidly *anges2 ! cont95ts dw9dle1 ! m\nta9s melt1 & exi/+ races & species disappe> "o aft] ano!r4 ,! f>!r we p5etrate into ! pa/1 ! /rang] & ! m diff]5t f ! pres5t does ev]y?+ become1 until f9ally we come to a _w ( molt5 rocks & vap\ris$ seas )\t a creep+ ?+ ^u x4 ,z x has be5 9 ! pa/ s w x be 9 "t to come4 ,! pres5t is n ev]la/+4 ,! m9ds t p]ceive ^u ?is planet a ?\s& c5turies 9 ! future w p]ceive a v diff]5t _w f t :i* ! m9ds ( ?is day p]ceive--diff]5t arts1 animals1 ev5ts1 ideals1 geographies1 sci5ces1 & civilisations4 ,! e>? seems fix$ & *angeless because we are s fleet+4 ,we see x b a mom5t1 & are gone4 ,! toss+ =e/ 9 ! wra? ( ! /orm is motionless :5 look$ at by a fla% ( lightn+4 ,! same t5d5cies t h work$ pa/ *anges are at "w to-day z tirelessly z 9 ! pa/4 ,by invisible *isels ! m\nta9s are be+ sculptur$1 ocean floors are lift+1 & cont95ts are s9k+ into ! seas4 ,species1 sy/ems1 & civilisations are *ang+1 "s crumbl+ & pass+ away1 o!rs ris+ out ( ! ru9s ( ! dep>t$4 ,mighty a/ronomical t5d5cies are secretly b rel5tlessly at "w1 & imm5se vicissitudes are 9 /ore = ?is clod ( our nativity4 ,! e>? is doom$ to be froz5 to dea?4 ,9 a few million ye>s1 accord+ to a/ronom]s1 ! sun w h %runk5 to a fraction ( 8 pres5t size1 & w h become correspond+ly r$uc$ 9 heat-giv+ p[]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 twelve or fifte5 million ye>s ! sun1 ^u ^: mighty disp5sations all life & activity on ! e>? are absolutely dep5d5t1 w become s enfeebl$ t no =m ( life on ! e>? w be possible4 ,! p>tially-cool$ e>? itself is giv+ up its int]nal w>m?1 & w cont9ue to give x up until x is ! same temp]ature z ! surr\nd+ abysms1 :i* is ! frightful negative ( some?+ l #bgj c5tigrade degrees4 ,^! are n v *e]ful facts = ^? :o inhabit ! e>? to contemplate4 ,b !y t seek ! ?+s t *e] mu/ seek ano!r sph]e4 ,no p[] c /ay ! emaciation ( suns or ! ?iev]y ( envelop+ imm5sities4 ,old age is inevitable4 ,x is f> (f1 b x is z c]ta9 z human decay1 & z m\rnful4 ,9 t dreadful b inevitable "t no liv+ be+ w be left 9 ?is _w2 !re w be no cities nor /ates nor vanities nor creep+ ?+s1 no fl[]s1 no twilights1 no love1 only a froz5 sph]e4 ,! oceans t n[ rave aga9/ ! rocky flanks ( ! cont95ts w be lock$ 9 et]nal immobility2 ! atmosph]es1 :i* to-day drive _! fleecy flocks ov] ! azure meads ( heav5 & float sweet s\nds & fea!r$ =ms1 w be1 9 t t]rible "t1 turn$ to /one2 ! radiant woods & fields1 ! home ( ! myriads & ! gre5 play-places ( ! %ad[s1 w1 l all t live1 move1 & brea!1 h rott$ into ! ev]la/+ lumb] ( ! elem5ts4 ,!re w be no ,europe !n1 no pomp\s philosophies1 no helli% ri*1 & no gods4 ,all w h suff]$ indescribable refrig]ation4 ,! e>? w be a fluidless1 lifeless1 sunless c9d]1 unimag9ably dead & desolate1 a decrepit & pitiful old ru9 fall+ endlessly among he>tless imm5sities1 ! univ]sal tomb ( ! activities4 ,! univ]se is an evolution4 ,*ange is z ext5sive z "t & space4 ,! pres5t has come out ( t :i* has be51 & w ent] into & det]m9e t :i* is to be4 ,ev]y?+ has a biography4 ,ev]y?+ has evolv$--ev]y?+--f ! murmur on ! lips ( ! spee*less babe to ! s\l ( ! poet1 & f ! molecule to ,jehovah4 ,,viii4 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,! animal k+dom repres5ts "o ( ! two gr& bran*es ( ! organic univ]se4 ,x has be5 evolv$--evolv$ 9 a mann] z simple & /raight=w>d z x is revolt+4 ,x has all be5 br\ght ab\t by p>tiality or selection4 ,g5]ations ( be+s h come into exi/5ce4 ,! individual memb]s ( ea* g5]ation h diff]$ f ea* o!r--diff]$ 9 size1 /r5g?1 spe$1 col\r1 %ape1 sagacity1 luck1 & likelihood ( life4 ,no two be+s1 n ev5 ^? born f ! same womb1 are 9 all respects id5tical4 ,h>d%ips h come4 ,!y h come f ! inanimate univ]se 9 ! =m ( floods1 fires1 fro/s1 accid5ts1 diseases1 dr\ghts1 /orms1 & ! l2 f o!r species1 :o 7 competitors or enemies2 & f unbro!rly memb]s ( ! same species4 ,"s h surviv$1 b ! great majority h p]i%$4 ,only a fraction1 & g5]ally an appall+ly small fraction1 ( ea* g5]ation ( a species h liv$ to maturity4 ,! lob/] lays #aj1jjj eggs 9 a season1 yet ! mortality is su* t ! numb] ( lob/]s d n increase f "o ye> to ano!r4 ,! elephant is ! sl[e/ bre$] ( all animals1 yet1 if !y %\ld all live1 ! (fspr+ ( a s+le pair 9 #gej ye>s w\ld1 accord+ to ,d>w91 numb] ne>ly #ai1jjj1jjj4 ,x has be5 %[n t at ! normal rate ( increase ( ,engli% sp>r[s1 if none 7 to die save ( old age1 x w\ld take b tw5ty ye>s = a s+le pair to give "o sp>r[ to e squ>e in* 9 ! ,/ate ( ,indiana4#a ,a s+le cyclops 7"o ( ! humbl] cru/aceans7 may h #e1jjj1jjj desc5dants 9 a season4 ,"o aphis w produce #ajj "y1 & ^! "y w reproduce 9 l mann] = t5 g5]ations 9 a season1 :51 if !y %\ld all live1 !re w\ld be a qu9tillion ( "y4 ,a female :ite ant1 :5 adult1 does no?+ b lie 9 a cell & lay eggs4 ,%e lays #hj1jjj eggs a day regul>ly = sev]al mon?s4 ,an oy/] lays #b1jjj1jjj eggs 9 a season1 & if all ^! eggs came to maturity a few doz5 oy/]s might supply ! m>kets ( ! _w4 ,! tapeworm is said to produce ! incr$ible numb] ( #a1jjj1jjj1jjj ova1 & "s ( ! humbl] plants ?ree times ?is numb] ( spores4 ,if ea* egg ( ! codfi% %\ld produce an adult1 a s+le pair 9 tw5ty-five ye>s w\ld produce a mass ( fi% l>g] ?an ! e>?4 ,l[] =ms ( life are ev5 m prolific ?an ! high]4 ,maupas said t c]ta9 microscopic infusorians :i* he /udi$ multipli$ s rapidly t1 if !y %\ld cont9ue to multiply = ?irty-eight days1 & all ( !m %\ld live1 any "o ( !m w\ld produce a mass ( protoplasm z big z ! sun4 ,^? ( ea* g5]ation t h di$ h be5 inf]ior1 or unfitt$ to ! environm5t 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves4 ,^? t h surviv$ h be5 sup]ior1 sup]ior 9 some?+--bigness1 cunn+1 c\rage1 virtue1 vitality1 /r5g?1 spe$1 littl5ess1 or f]ocity--some?+ t has relat$ !m advantage\sly to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! surviv+ remnant ( ea* g5]ation h become ! prog5itors ( ! next g5]ation1 & h transmitt$1 or t5d$ to transmit1 to _! (fspr+ ! qualities ( _! sup]iority4 ,?is w9n[+ has gone on 9 ea* g5]ation ( liv+ be+s dur+ _m millions ( ye>s--almo/ ev] s9ce life comm5c$ to be on ! e>?4 ,"s h cont9u$ !mselves1 & o!rs h di$ *ildless4 ,! environm5t ( ea* species has be5 an imm5se sieve1 & only ! sup]ior h gone ?r\gh x4 ,diff]5t environm5ts h emphasis$ diff]5t qualities ( /ructure & disposition1 & h ?us giv5 rise to p]man5t v>ieties 9 survival4 ,^! v>ieties1 ?r\gh ! accumulat$ effects ( _m g5]ations ( selection1 h div]g$ into species2 species1 aft] a /ill long] s]ies ( selections1 h evolv$ into g5]a2 g5]a h evolv$ into families2 families into ord]s2 & s on4 ,9 ?is simple1 t]rible mann] h all ! bran*es ( organic be+s 7?anks to ! horrors ( a million ages7 be5 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,v>iation1 !re=e1 :i* furni%es v>iety 9 (fspr+2 ,h]$ity1 :i* t5ds to p]petuate peculi>ities by caus+ (fspr+ to resemble m or less ! *>act]s ( _! p>5ts2 & ,environm5t1 :i* det]m9es ! "* ( ! selections1 are ! ?ree factors1 & ! only ?ree factors1 9 organic evolution4 #a4 ,jordan3 ,footnotes ( ,evolution2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 ,,ix4 ,! ,evid5ces ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,t ! =ms ( life to-day f\nd on ! e>? h come into exi/5ce by ! evolution ( ! m complex =ms f ! simpl]1 & ( ^! simpl] =ms f /ill simpl]1 ?r\gh ! ev]-op]at+ law ( ,selection1 is a necess>y conclusion f ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! exi/5ce 9 ! animal _w ( all grades ( /ructures1 f ! humble/ possible protozoan1 ^: body consi/s ( a s+le simple speck1 to ! mo/ p[]ful & complex ( mammals4 ,!re are e/imat$ to be some?+ l a million species ( animals liv+ on ! e>? to-day4 ,!re may be sev]al times ?is numb]4 ,^! species are l9k$ toge!r by millions ( v>ieties1 & are s relat$ to ea* o!r t !y may be all ga!r$ toge!r into v>i\s g5]a2 ^! g5]a may be gr\p$ into families1 ! families into ord]s1 & ! ord]s into sev5 or eight great prim>y phyla4 ,by tak+ exi/+ species & add+ to !m ! ext9ct species ( ! rocks1 & plac+ !m all accord+ to _! /ructural aff9ities1 x is possible to arrange !m 9 ! =m ( a tree ) ! v>i\s phyla1 ord]s1 families1 g5]a1 & species1 bran*+ & rebran*+ f ! ma9 trunk4 ,! exi/5ce ( /ructures1 s graduat$ z to r5d] su* an arrangem5t possible1 is 9 itself sugge/ive ( a common relation%ip & orig94 #b4 ,evolution is sugge/$ by ! simil>ities & homologies ( /ructure f\nd ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,"s ( ^! simil>ities & homologies h already be5 m5tion$4 ,!y are ev]y:]e--remot] & m fundam5tal1 "s ( !m1 o!rs clos] & m detail$4 ,to ! untra9$ m9d1 :i* sees surfaces only1 & n ev5 surfaces well1 ! animal _w is an int]m9able miscellany ( =ms4 ,b to ! biologi/1 :o looks deep] & ) imm5se acum5 ov] ! :ole field ( animal life1 !re are only sev5 or eight diff]5t types ( /ructure 9 ! entire animal _w4 ,^! sev5 or eight types correspond ) ! prim>y classes1 or phyla1 into :i* animals are divid$1 viz41 protozoa1 sponges1 cel5t]ates1 e*9od]ms1 worms1 mollusks1 ar?ropods1 & v]tebrates4 ,h[ev] widely ! memb]s ( ea* ( ^! great gr\ps may diff] among !mselves 9 col\r1 size1 habits ( life1 & ! l1 ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p all resemble ea* o!r fundam5tally4 ,moles diff] f monkeys1 bats f m51 & birds f crocodiles & toads4 ,!y diff] enorm\sly4 ,b !y are all v]tebrates ) r$ blood1 d\ble body cavities1 backbones1 two pairs ( limbs1 & five f+]s on ea* limb4 ,:5 !y are look$ at sup]ficially1 !re is n mu* simil>ity betwe5 a wat]-/rid] & a butt]fly or betwe5 a /ag-beetle & a gnat4 ,b !y are all1 9 reality1 built accord+ to ! same plan4 ,l all o!r insects1 !y h six legs1 a %ea?-l skeleton1 & bodies *>act]i/ically divid$ into head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,x is ! same ) all o!r great classes ( be+s4 ,all worms resemble ea* o!r2 & s d all mollusks1 al?\gh !y may diff] 9 p>ticul>s z widely z nautiluses & clams4 ,e*9od]ms h a radiate /ructure1 cel5t]ates & sponges are vase-l 9 %ape1 & protozoa are "o-cell$4 ,! diff]5ces 9 /ructure among ! memb]s ( a gr\p consi/ 9 diff]5t modifications ( a fundam5tal type4 ,among ! v]tebrates ! =e-limb may be an arm1 a leg1 a w+1 a %ovel1 a flipp]1 or a f94 ,b 9 all cases x is ! same organ--t is1 ! same implem5t modifi$ to s]ve diff]5t ends4 ,take ! m\?-p>ts ( insects4 ,9 ! gras%opp] & cricket ^! p>ts are fitt$ = gr9d+2 9 ! mo?s & butt]flies !y are fa%ion$ into long tubes = suck+ ! sweets ( fl[]s2 9 ! mosquito !y =m an elaborate app>atus = drill+ & dr9k+2 & 9 ! mayfly ! m\?-p>ts1 ?\gh pres5t1 are n us$ at all4 ,9 all ( ^! animals ^! p>ts are ess5tially ! same1 al?\gh diff]+ s mu* 9 _! =ms & purposes t ! unsci5tific c sc>cely be made to believe !y are fundam5tally alike4 ,!re is no fact m famili> to ! biologi/ or m frequ5tly met ) 9 ! fields ( animal morphology ?an ! fact t ! same g5]al type may be hamm]$ into doz5s1 or hundr$s1 or ev5 ?\s&s1 ( diff]5t patt]ns by ! incessant indu/ry ( its surr\nd+s1 & t ! same organic "p may be m\ld$ into v>i\s implem5ts s]v+ totally diff]5t ends by ! environm5tal vicissitudes ( "t & space4 ,on ! hypo!sis t ! memb]s ( ea* gr\p ( animals possess+ common *>act]i/ics1 :e!r ! gr\p be l>ge or small1 h sprung f a common ance/ry1 & t ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure h aris5 z a result ( diff]5ces 9 environm5t1 ! simil>ities & homologies ( /ructure exi/+ among animals are p]fectly intelligible4 ,b on any o!r supposition !y are inexplicable4 #c4 ,evolution is sugge/$ by ! rem>kable s]ies ( ph5om5a pres5t$ by embryology4 ,!re are at lea/ f\r facts 9 ! developm5tal hi/ory ( e creature :i* c h>dly be acc\nt$ = on any o!r supposition ?an t ( organic evolution4 ,fir/1 ! fact t e animal1 above ! l[e/1 individually passes ?r\gh an evolution betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce & its maturity4 ,t]re/rial be+s are n born1 l ,m9]va1 full-gr[n4 ,!y gr[4 ,!y evolve4 ,!y comm5ce close d[n to ! v atoms4 ,& f ?is l[ly g5esis !y rise1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( m>vell\s *anges1 to t high /ate ( p]fection & greatness f :i* !y desc5d to dissolution4 ,if we knew by actual obs]vation z little conc]n+ ! evolution ( individuals z we d ( ! evolution ( species--if we _h always be5 us$ to see+ animals1 includ+ ourselves1 9 full bloom--_h nev] wat*$ ! tadpole1 ! pupa1 & ! babe pass ?r\gh _! wond]ful metamorphoses on _! way to maturity1 x w\ld probably be j z h>d = _m m9ds to believe t animals evolve individually to be :at !y are z x is = !m to believe t species h gr[n to be :at !y are4 ,9 ! case ( individuals1 h[ev]1 ! evolution takes place "r be=e our eyes l>gely1 :ile ! evolution ( species goes on s sl[ly & /ret*es back s f> into ! pa/ t x c only be inf]r$4 ,second1 ! fact t animals1 no matt] h[ mu* !y may diff] f ea* o!r at maturity1 all beg9 exi/5ce at ! same place4 ,e animal comm5ces its organic exi/5ce z an egg--z a "o-cell$ animal--z an organism id5tical 9 /ructure ) ! simple/ protozoan4 ,! ova ( :ales #8are no l>g] ?an f]n se$s4' ,! eggs ( ! coral1 ! crab1 ! ape1 & ! man are s precisely alike t ! highe/ p[]s ( ! microscope _c di/+ui% betwe5 !m4 ,?ird1 ! fact t ! memb]s ( ! same great gr\p ( animals 9 _! individual developm5t pass ?r\gh simil> /ages ( evolution4 ,! #8worm' /age 9 ! developm5t ( mo/ insects & ! #8fi%' /age ( frogs are well kn[n4 ,!re are no m rem>kable in/ances ( individual evolution 9 ! :ole range ( animal life4 ,! fi%1 ! reptile1 ! bird1 ! dog1 & ! human be+--all v]tebrates1 9 %ort--_c = "s "t aft] _! embryonic comm5cem5t be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r4 #8,! feet ( liz>ds & mammals1 ! w+s & feet ( birds1 & ! h&s & feet ( m51' says ! illu/ri\s ,von ,ba]1 z quot$ by ,d>w91 #8all arise f ! same fundam5tal =m'4#a #8,x is q 9 ! lat] /ages ( developm5t1' says ,huxley1 #8t ! human be+ pres5ts m>k$ diff]5ces f ! ape1 :ile ! latt] dep>ts z mu* f ! dog 9 its developm5t z ! man does'4#b ,n only frogs1 b reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 includ+ man1 all h gills at a c]ta9 /age 9 _! embryonic developm5t4 ,ne>ly all ! l[] inv]tebrate animals are h]maphroditic--t is1 9 ! body ( ea* animal is f\nd ! two k9ds ( sex organs :i* 9 ! high] animals exi/ 9 di/9ct animals4 ,& frogs1 birds1 & o!r high] animals1 :i* z adults are unisexual1 h1 z an inh]itance f ^! primitive =ms1 h]maphroditic embryos4#c ,f\r?1 ! fact t ! /ructural /ages ?r\gh :i* animals 9 embryo pass correspond 9 a wond]ful mann] ) ! p]man5t /ructures ( ^? l[] =ms :i* ext5d s]ially back to ! beg9n+s ( life4 ,x is ! pr\de/ boa/ ( ! embryologi/ t he is able to "k ! r\te ?r\gh :i* any species has come to be :at x is by a simple /udy ( ! individual evolution ( its memb]s4 ,ea* animal repeats 9 its individual evolution ! evolution ( its species4 ,?is recapitulation is n always complete--is1 9 fact1 frequ5tly vague1 sometimes circuit\s1 & (t5 brok5 or abbreviat$4 ,processes requir+ orig9ally c5turies or ?\s&s ( ye>s to accompli% are "h telescop$ into a few mon?s1 or ev5 days4 ,x is n /range t ! process is imp]fect4 ,b s firmly is ! belief 9 ! correspond5ce ( ontog5y & phylog5y fix$ 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n biologi/s t1 9 det]m9+ ! classification & aff9ities ( any p>ticul> animal1 m reliance is plac$ on ! facts ( embryology ?an on ^? ( adult /ructure4 ,! fir/ ?+ t an animal becomes aft] x is an egg--unless x is a "o-cell$ animal1 9 :i* case x rema9s always an egg--is two cells2 ^! two cells become f\r2 ^! f\r become eight2 & s on1 until ! embryo becomes a _m-cell$ ball1 consi/+ ( a s+le lay] ( cells surr\nd+ a fluid int]ior4 ,a dimple =ms 9 ! cell lay] on "o side ( ?is ball1 &1 by deep5+ to a holl[1 *anges ! ball into a d\ble-wall$ sac4 ,?is is ! ga/rula--! p]man5t /ructure ( ! sponges & cel5t]ates1 & an 7almo/7 inv>iable /age 9 ! l>val developm5t ( all animals above ! sponges & cel5t]ates4 ,! ga/rula becomes a worm 7or an insect or a fi% ?r\gh ! worm7 by elongation & enl>gem5t1 & by ! developm5t ( ! endod]m1 :i* is ! inn] lay] ( ! cell wall1 into organs ( nutrition & reproduction1 & by ! developm5t ( ! ectod]m1 :i* is ! out] cell lay]1 into organs ( motion & s5sation4 ,! embryonic developm5t ( a human be+ is n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! embryonic developm5t ( any o!r animal4 ,e human be+ at ! beg9n+ ( 8 organic exi/5ce is a protozoan1 ab\t #a_/abe in* 9 diamet]2 at ano!r /age ( developm5t he is a t9y sac-%ap$ mass ( cells )\t blood or n]ves1 ! ga/rula2 at ano!r /age he is a worm1 ) a pulsat+ tube in/ead ( a he>t1 & )\t head1 neck1 sp9al column1 or limbs2 at ano!r /age he has1 z a backbone1 a rod ( c>tilage ext5d+ along ! back1 & a fa9t n]ve cord1 z 9 amphioxus1 ! l[e/ ( ! v]tebrates2 at ano!r /age he is a fi% ) a two-*amb]$ he>t1 mesonephric kidneys1 & gill-slits ) gill art]ies lead+ to !m1 j z 9 fi%es2 at ano!r /age he is a reptile ) a ?ree-*amb]$ he>t1 & void+ 8 excreta ?r\gh a cloaca l o!r reptiles2 & f9ally1 :5 he ent]s ^u po/-natal s9s & actualities1 he is a sprawl+1 squall+1 unreason+ quadrup$4 ,! human l>va f ! fif? to ! sev5? mon? ( developm5t is cov]$ ) a ?ick gr[? ( hair & has a true caudal app5dage1 l ! monkey4 ,at ?is /age ! embryo has 9 all ?irty-eight v]tebrae1 n9e ( :i* are caudal1 & ! great toe ext5ds at "r angles to ! o!r toes1 & is n long] ?an ! o!r toes1 b %ort]1 z 9 ! ape4 ,^! facts are unmi/akable4 ,!re is a reason = ev]y?+1 & !re is a reason = ^! trans=mations ?r\gh :i* ea* g5]ation ( liv+ be+s j\rneys4 ,! individual passes ?r\gh !m because ! species to :i* he belongs has pass$ ?r\gh !m4 ,!y repres5t ance/ral w&]+s4 ,z if to emphasise ! k9%ip ( all ( life's =ms & to r5d] incontrov]tible ! fact ( univ]sal evolution1 ,nature compels e individual to comm5ce exi/5ce at ! same place1 & to recapitulate 9 8 individual evolution ! phylog5etic j\rney+s ( 8 species4 #d4 ,t exi/+ =ms ( life h be5 evolv$ f o!r =ms1 & t ^! ance/ral =ms h be5 diff]5t f ^? d]iv$ f !m1 is %[n by ! occasional appe>ance ( antec$5t & ab&on$ types ( /ructure among ! (fspr+ ( exi/+ species4 ,occasionally a human *ild is born /rangely unlike its p>5ts1 b be>+ an unmi/akable resemblance 9 looks & disposition to 8 great-gr&fa!r or "s o!r remote ance/or4 ,?is is atavism1 t t5d5cy to rev]t to ance/ral types :i* is preval5t among all animals4 ,we may ?9k ( x figuratively z a fla% ( indecision :5 ,nature hesitates = a mom5t :e!r to adopt a new =m ( /ructure or cl+ to ! old & tri$4 ,horses & mules are sometimes born ) ?ree toes on ea* foot1 & zebra-l /ripes on _! legs & %\ld]s2 & dome/ic pigeons1 su* z are naturally black1 r$1 or mottl$1 occasionally produce (fspr+ ) blue plumage & two black w+-b>s1 l ! wild rock-dove1 f :i* all dome/ic bre$s h sprung4 ,9 man ! *eekbone & ! frontal bone ( ! =ehead consi/ normally ea* ( a s+le bone4 ,b 9 *ildr5 & human embryos ^! bones are always d\ble1 z is normally ! case 9 adults among "s ( ! an?ropoids & o!r mammals4 ,gills appe> regul>ly 9 ! embryos ( reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 & human "y are sometimes born ) gill-slits on ! neck4 ,!re are times :51 ow+ to inaccurate or incomplete embryological developm5t1 ^! fi%-l *>act]i/ics are s p]fect at bir? z to all[ liquids1 on be+ swall[$1 to pass out ?r\gh !m & trickle d[n on ! outside ( ! neck4 ,_m muscles are occasionally develop$ 9 man :i* are normal 9 ! apes & o!r mammals4 ,z _m z sev5 diff]5t muscul> v>iations h be5 f\nd 9 a s+le human be+1 e "o ( :i* 7 muscles f\nd normally 9 ! /ructure ( ! apes4#a #e4 ,closely ak9 to atavism1 :i* is ! occasional p]si/5ce ( ance/ral types ( "*1 is ! regul> occurr5ce ( ve/igial organs or /ructures1 organs :i* 9 ance/ral =ms h def9ite functions1 b :i* 9 exi/+ species1 ow+ to *ang$ conditions1 are rudim5t>y & useless4 ,on ! back ( ea* ankle ( ! horse are two spl9ts1 ! atrophi$ rema9s ( ! second & f\r? toes4 ,simil> ve/iges ( two obsolete toes are also f\nd j back ( ! wri/s & ankles on all ! two-to$ ungulates1 su* z ! c[ & %eep4 ,9 ! body ( ! :ale :]e h9d-limbs w\ld naturally be1 !re are f\nd ! anatomical ru9s ( ^! organs 9 ! =m ( a few dim9utive bones4 ,! same ?+ is true 9 ! sir5ians4 ,9 ! ,gre5l& :ale !re are remnants ( bo? femur & tibia 9 ! region ( ! atrophi$ h9d-limbs4 ,! snakes are limbless1 b ! py?ons & boas h int]nal remnants ( h9d-limbs & sometimes ev5 claw$ /ructures repres5t+ toes4 ,! s-call$ #8glass-snake' or #8jo9t-snake' 7:i* is really a limbless liz>d7 has f\r complete int]nal limbs4 ,"y turtles1 p>rots1 & :alebone :ales h tee?1 b ! adults ( ^! animals are too?less4 ,c[s1 %eep1 de]1 & o!r rum9ants1 nev] h z adults any upp] incisors1 b ^! tee? are f\nd 9 ! foetal /ages ( ^! animals j "u ! gums4 ,! female frog has rudim5t>y male reproductive organs1 & ! male has correspond+ ve/iges ( female organs4 ,simil> remnants ( ! reproductive /ructures exi/ 9 _m o!r animals4 ,!y repres5t /ages 9 ! transition f ! h]maphroditism ( primitive animals to ! unisexuality ( ! high] =ms1 ! sep>ation ( ! sex organs into ^? ( male & female hav+ come ab\t ?r\gh ! decay ( "o set ( /ructures 9 ea* individual4 ,= reasons :i* x is n necess>y to m5tion "h1 biologi/s believe t insects all orig9at$ f a common p>5tal =m1 ) two pairs ( w+s & six legs4 ,insects all reta9 _! orig9al all[ance ( legs1 b 9 _m species "o or ! o!r pair ( w+s has become m or less deg5]at$4 ,9 ! :ole ord] ( flies ! back pair ( w+s is repres5t$ by a c\ple ( insignificant knobs4 ,9 ! ,/repsipt]a1 a sub-ord] ( beetles1 ! front-w+s are simil>ly r$uc$1 be+ m]e twi/$ filam5ts4 ,_m p>asites1 su* z fleas & ticks1 ^: mode ( life r5d]s organs ( a]ial locomotion unnecess>y1 are entirely w+less4 ,! insects ( small isolat$ isl&s are also l>gely )\t w+s1 ! proportion ( w+less species be+ mu* l>g] ?an among insects inhabit+ cont95ts4 ,?is is due to _! great] liability on small l& masses ( be+ c>ri$ out to sea & dr[n$1 ow+ to ! feebl5ess & unc]ta9ty ( insect flight4 ,on ! isl& ( ,madeira1 out ( ! #eej species f\nd !re1 #bbj species no long] h ! p[] ( flight4 ,air-brea?+ animals--amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals--h normally a pair ( lungs--a "r "o & a left "o4 ,b 9 snakes & snake-l liz>ds1 :]e ! body is v sl5d] & elongat$1 only "o lung1 sometimes ! "r "o1 & sometimes ! left1 is fully develop$4 ,! "r ov>y is likewise abort$ 9 all birds1 ! left "o yield+ all ! eggs4 ,! swifts & frigate birds live almo/ _! :ole lives long on ! w+1 & ! legs ( ^! birds h gr[n s %ort & weak & rudim5t>y1 z a result ( _! con/ant life 9 ! air1 t !y c sc>cely walk4 ,! *imney swift is said nev] to alight any:]e except on ! sooty inn] walls ( ! *imney :]e its ne/ is4 ,its food consi/s ( insects :i* x ga!rs 9 ! air1 & ! few dead twigs us$ 9 mak+ its ne/ are nipp$ f ! tree :ile ! bird cont9ues its flight4 ,! o/ri*es1 cass[>ies1 & _m o!r birds1 h1 on ! o!r h&1 develop$ _! legs at ! exp5se ( _! w+s4 ,! o/ri* is said to be able to outrun ! horse1 b x has no p[] ( flight1 al?\gh x has w+s & w+ muscles1 & ev5 ! sk9-folds cov]+ ! w+s correspond+ to ^? ( birds t fly4 ,b its :ole fly+ app>atus is 9 ru9s4 ,! rudim5t>y h9d-toe ( birds is a ve/igial organ1 & s are ! claws :i* appe> on ! ?umb & fir/ f+] ( all "y birds4 ,s also are ! rudim5ts ( eyes 9 cave crickets1 fi%es1 & o!r inhabitants ( total d>kness4 ,! fl\nd] & o!r s-call$ flat fi%es swim /raight up1 z ord9>y fi%es d1 :5 "y4 ,b z !y gr[ !y incl9e m & m to "o side1 & f9ally swim entirely on _! side1 ! eye on ! l[] side migrat+ ar\nd1 & jo9+ ! o!r on ! upp] side ( ! head4 ,ab\t ! fir/ ?+ a human infant does on com+ into ! _w is to prove its arboreal orig9 by grasp+ & spitefully cl++ to ev]y?+ t /imulates its palms4 ,a little peep]less babe an h\r old c p]=m feats ( /r5g? ) its h&s & arms t _m m5 & wom5 _c equal4 ,x c support ! entire weight ( its body = sev]al seconds hang+ by its h&s4 ,dr4 ,rob9son1 an ,engli% physician1 f\nd z a result ( sixty exp]im5ts on z _m infants1 m ?an half ( :om 7 less ?an an h\r old1 t ) two exceptions e babe 0 able to hang to ! f+] or to a small /ick1 & su/a9 ! :ole weight ( ! body = at lea/ t5 seconds4 ,twelve ( ^? j born held on = ne>ly a m9ute4 ,at ! age ( two or ?ree weeks1 :5 ?is p[] is greate/1 sev]al succe$$ 9 su/a9+ !mselves = ov] a m9ute & a half1 two = ov] two m9utes1 & "o = two m9utes & ?irty-five seconds4 ,! "y ape = "s weeks aft] bir? cl+s t5aci\sly to its "m's neck & hair1 & ! in/9ct ( ! *ild to cl+ to objects is probably a survival ( ! in/9ct ( ! "y ape4 ,i believe x is ,wallace :o relates some:]e an incid5t :i* illu/rates ! in/9ct ( ! "y simian to cl+ to some?+4 ,wallace _h captur$ a "y ape1 & 0 c>ry+ x to camp1 :5 ! little fell[ happ5$ to get its h&s on ! naturali/'s :isk]s1 :i* x mi/ook1 evid5tly1 = ! hirsute prop]ty ( its "m1 &1 driv5 by ! p[]ful in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 x hung on to !m s desp]ately x c\ld sc>cely be pull$ loose4 ,_m mammals are provid$ ) a well-develop$ muscul> app>atus = ! manipulation ( _! e>s4 ,b 9 man !re does n exi/ ! same necessity = auricul> detection ( enemies1 & :ile ^! muscles /ill exi/1 & are capable ( be+ us$ to a slight ext5t by occasional individuals1 !y are g5]ally s emaciat$ z to be useless4 ,ano!r ve/igial organ 9 ! body ( man1 & "o ( significance f ! /&po9t ( morphology1 is ! tail4 ,! tail is an exce$+ly unpopul> "p ( ! human anatomy1 mo/ m5 & wom5 be+ unwill+ to admit t !y h su* an app5dage4 ,b _m a p]son :o has hi!rto doz$ 9 ignorance on ?is matt] has le>n$ ) consid]able dismay1 :5 he has = ! fir/ "t look$ ^u ! undrap$ l9eam5ts ( ! human skeleton1 t man actually has a tail4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree or f\r 7sometimes five7 small v]tebrae1 m or less fus$1 at ! po/]ior end ( ! sp9al column4 ,t ?is is really a rudim5t>y tail is prov$ beyond a d\bt by ! fact t 9 ! embryo x is highly develop$1 be+ long] ?an ! limbs1 & is provid$ ) a regul> muscul> app>atus = wagg+ x4 ,^! caudal muscles are g5]ally repres5t$ 9 gr[n-up p by b&s ( fibr\s tissue1 b cases are kn[n :]e ! actual muscles h p]si/$ ?r\gh life4#d ,! nictitat+ membrane1 :i* 9 birds & _m reptiles consi/s ( a half-transp>5t curta9 act+ z a lid to sweep ! eye1 is 9 ! human eye dw9dl$ to a small membran\s remnant1 drap$ at ! inn] corn]4 ,! gr[? ( hair ov] ! human body surface may be reg>d$1 9 view ( ! s>torial habits ( man1 z a ve/igial inh]itance f hairy ance/ors4 ,"o ( ! mo/ notori\s ( ! ve/igial organs ( man is ! v]mi=m app5dix1 a small sl5d] sac op5+ f ! l>ge inte/9e ne> :]e ! l>ge inte/9e is jo9$ by ! small inte/9e4 ,9 "s animals ?is organ is l>ge & p]=ms an important "p 9 ! process ( dige/ion4 ,b 9 man x is a m]e rudim5t1 n only ( no possible aid 9 dige/ion1 b ! s\rce ( frequ5t disease1 & ev5 ( dea?4 ,!re are 9 all1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ab\t eighty ve/igial organs 9 ! human body4 ,b ^! organs occur ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom4 ,!re is n an ord] ( animals1 nor ( plants ei!r1 )\t !m4 ,!y are necess>y facts gr[+ out ( evolution4 ,organic /ructures are ! result ( adju/m5t to surr\nd+ conditions4 ,! cont9ual *anges 9 environm5t to :i* all organisms are expos$ necessitate correspond+ *anges 9 /ructure4 ,& ! ve/iges f\nd 9 ! bodies ( all animals repres5t p>ts :i* 9 ! previ\s exi/5ce 7 useful & necess>y to a complete adju/m5t ( ! organism1 b :i*1 ow+ to a *ange ( emphasis 9 surr\nd+s1 h become useless1 & consequ5tly %runk54 ,!y are ! obsolete or obsolesc5t p>ts ( animal /ructure--p>ts :i* h be5 outgr[n & sup]s$$--! #8sil5t lett]s' ( morphology4 ,!y su/a9 ! same relation to ! individual organism z dead or dw9dl+ species su/a9 to a fauna4 ,!y furni% indisputable pro( ( ! k9%ip & unity ( ! animal _w4 #f4 ,x is only on ! supposition t ! life ( ! e>? has evolv$ /ep by /ep ) ! evolution ( ! l& masses1 & t ! =ms ( life f :i* exi/+ =ms 7 evolv$ 7 disp]s$ ov] ! e>? at a "t :5 physiographic conditions 7 v diff]5t f :at !y are n[1 t x is possible to acc\nt = ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* animals are di/ribut$ ov] ! e>?4 ,! cass[>y is a flightless bird ( ! o/ri* ord] inhabit+ ,au/ralia & ! isl&s to ! nor? ( x4 ,?is bird is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! _w1 & ea* area has its own p>ticul> species4 ,! same ?+s are also true ( ! kang>oo4 ,x is f\nd ov] a simil> region1 ) a diff]5t species occupy+ ea* l& mass4 ,n[1 on ! hypo!sis ( special creation !re is no ?9kable reason :y ^! animals %\ld be divid$1 z !y are1 into di/9ct species1 & re/rict$ to ?is p>ticul> region4 ,b on ! hypo!sis ( evolution x is p]fectly pla94 ,all ( ^! regions at "o "t 7 unit$ ) "o ano!r1 & 7 subsequ5tly subm]g$ 9 "p1 =m+ isl&s4 ,ea* gr\p ( animals1 be+ isolat$ f e o!r gr\p & subject$ to some:at diff]5t conditions1 develop$ a /yle ( dep>ture f ! orig9al type ( /ructure diff]5t f t ( e o!r gr\p 9 response to ! peculi> conditions op]at+ ^u x4 ,?is has l$1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies ( selection1 to ! =mation ( di/9ct species su* z exi/ to-day4 ,lombock ,/rait1 a n>r[ neck ( wat] betwe5 ,bali & ,lombock ,isl&1 & ,macass> ,/rait1 sep>at+ ,celebes f ,borneo1 are p>ts ( a cont9u\s passage ( wat] :i* 9 remote times sep>at$ two cont95ts--an ,indo-,malayan cont95t to :i* belong$ ,borneo1 ,sumatra1 ,java1 & ! ,malay ,p59sula2 & an ,au/ro-,malayan cont95t1 n[ repres5t$ by ,au/ralia1 ,celebes1 ! ,moluccas1 ,new ,gu9ea1 ,solomon's ,isl&s1 etc4 ,wallace fir/ ann\nc$ ?is anci5t b\nd>y1 & x has be5 call$ #8,wallace's l9e4' ,he 0 l$ to inf] its exi/5ce by ! fact :i* he obs]v$ z he travell$ ab\t f isl& to isl&1 t1 :ile ! faunas ( ^! two regions are z :oles v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 ! faunas ( ! v>i\s l& pat*es 9 ea* area h a wond]ful simil>ity4 ,au/ralia is a v]itable museum ( old & obsolete =ms ( bo? plants & animals4 ,its fauna & flora are made up prevail+ly ( =ms su* z h on ! o!r cont95ts long be5 sup]s$$ by m specialis$ species4 ,no true mammals1 except+ m5 & a few rats1 liv$ 9 ,au/ralia :5 ,engli%m5 fir/ w5t !re4 ,! mo/ p[]ful animals 7 ! comp>atively helpless m>supials4 ,! explanation ( ^! rem>kable facts is probably ?is3 ,! ,au/ralian cont95t1 :i* =m]ly includ$ ,new ,gu9ea & o!r isl&s to ! nor?1 has n be5 connect$ ) ! o!r l& masses = a v long p]iod ( "t4 ,! developm5t ^u ! o!r cont95ts ( ! m p[]ful mammals1 especially ( ! ungulates & ! c>nivora1 result$ 9 ! ext]m9ation ( ! m helpless =ms f mo/ ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,b ,au/ralia1 protect$ by its isolation1 has reta9$ to ?is day its old-fa%ion$ =ms ( life1 nei!r l& animals nor plants hav+ be5 able to navigate ! int]v5+ /raits4 ,?is supposition is /r5g!n$ by ! fact t fossil rema9s ( m>supials are to-day f\nd scatt]$ all ov] ! _w1 :ile1 ) ! exception ( ! ,am]ican opossums1 liv+ m>supials are f\nd only 9 ,au/ralia & its isl&s4 ,!re is to-day n a s+le survivor ( ^! once-num]\s races 9 ei!r ,europe1 ,asia1 or ,africa4 ,simil> facts ( di/ribution are furni%$ by ! lemurs--^? small1 monkey-l animals ) fox faces1 :i* are sometimes call$ #8half-apes1' s9ce !y are suppos$ to be ! l9k connect+ ! true apes ) l[] =ms4 ,fossil lemurs are f\nd 9 bo? ,am]ica & ,europe1 b lemurs are n[ ext9ct 9 bo? cont95ts4 ,^? ( ,am]ica 7 probably ext]m9at$ by ! c>nivora1 :o are kn[n to be v fond ( monkey meat ( all k9ds4 ,! ,european lemurs seem to h migrat$ s\?w>d into ea/]n ,africa at a "t :5 ,madagasc> =m$ a "p ( ! ma9l&4 #8,!re !y h be5 isolat$1 & h develop$ 9 a fa%ion comp>able to t :i* has occurr$ 9 ! case ( ! ,au/ralian m>supials4 ,( fifty liv+ species1 ?irty are conf9$ to ,madagasc>1 & ! lemurs are !re exce$+ly num]\s 9 individuals4 ,outside ( ,madagasc> !y only ma9ta9 a prec>i\s foot+ 9 =e/s or on isl&s1 & are usually few 9 numb]'4#c ,if ! e>? 7 peopl$ by migrations f ,ar>at1 x w\ld require a good deal ( intellectual leg]dema9 to %[ :y ! slo?s are conf9$ to ,s\? ,am]ica & ! monotremes to ,au/ralia & its isl&s4 ,! re9de] ( nor!rn ,europe & ,asia1 & ! elk & c>ib\ ( ,arctic ,am]ica1 are s mu* alike !y mu/ h desc5d$ f a common ance/ry1 & be5 develop$ into di/9ct species s9ce ! sep>ation ( ,nor? ,am]ica & ,eurasia4 ,! same ?+ is probably also true ( ! puma & jagu>1 :o inhabit ! middle latitudes ( ! ,new ,_w1 & ! lion1 tig]1 & leop>d1 occupy+ l latitudes ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,!y all belong to ! cat family1 & repres5t div]g5ces f a common fel9e type ( /ructure4 ,! camel does n exi/ normally outside ( nor!rn ,africa & c5tral & we/]n ,asia4 ,& :5 ! camel-l llama ( ,s\? ,am]ica fir/ became kn[n to zoologi/s1 x 0 a problem h[ ?is creature c\ld h become sep>at$ s f> f ! app>5t orig9 ( ! camel family4 ,b s9ce !n fossil camels h be5 f\nd all ov] bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,& x has ev5 be5 suspect$ t p]haps ,am]ica 0 ! orig9al home ( ! camel1 & t1 l ! horse1 ! camel migrat$ to ! ea/]n hemisph]e at a "t :5 ! ea/]n & we/]n l& masses 7 connect$4 ,! foxes1 h>es1 & o!r mammals ( ! upp] ,alps1 also _m ,alp9e plants1 are l ^? ( ! ,arctic regions4 ,! mo/ probable explanation ( ^! resemblances is t ^! ,alp9e species climb$ up into ^! inhospitable altitudes1 & 7 left /r&$ "h on ?is isl& ( cold1 :5 _! relatives1 on ! return ( w>m? at ! close ( ! glacial p]iod1 retreat$ back to ! ice-b\nd fa/nesses ar\nd ! pole4 ,x is = a simil> reason1 probably1 t ! flora ( ! upp] ,:ite ,m\nta9s resembles t ( ,labrador4 #g4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ pieces ( evid5ce be>+ on evolution t is furni%$ by any dep>tm5t ( k is t furni%$ by geology4 ,x is ! evid5ce ( ! rocks4 ,geology is1 among o!r ?+s1 a hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,?is hi/ory has be5 writt5 by ! e>? itself on lam9ae ( /one4 ,x is f ^! records t we le>n inconte/ably ! ord] 9 :i* ! =ms ( life h made _! appe>ance on ! e>?4 ,?ree-f\r?s ( ! surface ( ! e>? is sea4 ,ov] ! surface ( ! rema9+ f\r?1 except+ 9 m\nta9\s places1 is a lay] ( soil1 v>y+ f a few feet to a few hundr$ feet 9 dep?4 ,b5ea? ?is cov]let ( soil1 ext5d+ z f> z man has p5etrat$ into ! e>?1 is rock4 ,except+ 9 regions ov]fl[$ by lava p\r$ out f b5ea?1 or along ! backbones ( cont95ts :]e ! surface rocks h be5 upheav$ into folds & c>ri$ away by d5udation1 ! rocks imm$iately b5ea? ! soil1 to a ?ickness (t5 ( ?\s&s ( feet1 are 9 ! =m ( lay]s1 or %eets1 arrang$ "o above ano!r4 ,^! rocks are call$ s$im5t>y rocks1 z di/+ui%$ f ! unlam9at$ rocks ( ! int]ior4 ,!y h be5 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea1 & h1 h5ce1 all be5 =m$ s9ce ! cond5sation ( ! oceans4 ,!y h be5 =m$ out ( ! detritus ( cont95ts br\ght d[n by ! riv]s & ! accumulat$ rema9s ( animal & vegetal =ms :i* h sl[ly settl$ d[n ?r\gh ! wat]s4 ,!y are ! successive cemet]ies ( ! dead pa/4 ,su* rocks are n[ =m+ ov] ! floors ( all oceans--=m+ j z !y h =m$ ?r\gh\t ! long eons ( geological hi/ory4 ,along ! axes ( anci5t m\nta9s & 9 deep-cut canyons ! rock lay]s are expos$ to a ?ickness ( ?\s&s ( feet1 9 "s cases ?irty or =ty ?\s& feet4 ,"h !y lie1 pil$ up1 "o on top ( ano!r1 ! great1 broad pages ^u :i* are writt5 ! long1 d>k /ory ( our planet4 ,x is ! mightie/ & mo/ ev]la/+ ( all annals--! autobiography ( a _w4 ,x is possible1 by /udy+ ^! rock records1 to "k n only ! k9d ( life t liv$ 9 ea* age1 b a good deal reg>d+ ! conditions 9 :i* t life liv$ & pass$ away4 ,j z ! naturali/ is able1 f a s+le bone ( an unkn[n animal1 to recon/ruct ! entire animal & to inf] some?+ ( its surr\nd+s & habits ( life1 & z ! ar*eologi/1 by go+ back to ! graves ( deceas$ races & digg+ up ! du/ ^u :i* ^! races wr\ght1 is able to tell mu* ( _! hi/ory & *>act]i/ics1 s ! geologi/1 by /udy+ ! bones ( ^? m di/ant civilisations1 ! civilisations s&wi*$ among ! fossilif]\s rocks1 is able to "k1 n only j ! k9d ( life t liv$ 9 ea* age1 b1 by comp>+ ! species ( successive /rata1 c con/ruct ) a/oni%+ fulness ! g5ealogical outl9e ( ! entire life process4 ,! succession ( life =ms z !y appe> 9 ! rocks1 ) a sket* ( _! probable g5ealogy1 is trac$ else:]e 9 ?is *apt]4 ,x is only necess>y to say "h t ! ord] 9 :i* ! =ms ( life appe> 9 ! s$im5t>y /rata is t ( a gradually increas+ complexity4 ,! inv]tebrates appe> fir/2 !n ! fi%es1 ! l[e/ ( ! v]tebrates2 aft] ^! come ! amphibians2 foll[+ ^! ! reptiles2 & f9ally ! birds & mammals4 #h4 ,!re is ano!r reason = a belief 9 evolution furni%$ by geology1 b ( a some:at diff]5t k9d f t j /at$4 ,x consi/s 9 ! fact t !re are f\nd 9 ! rocks s]ies or grades ( /ructures1 :i* fit ) amaz+ accuracy on to ! /ructures ( exi/+ species4 ,n[1 ?is is precisely :at1 accord+ to ! evolutional hypo!sis1 is to be expect$4 ,=1 if evolution is true1 exi/+ species repres5t ! tops ( ?+s4 ,!y are ! exi/+ & visible p>ts ( processes :i* ext5d indef9itely back into ! pa/1 & ^: deceas$ /ages may reasonably be expect$ to be f\nd fossil 9 ! e>?4 ,consid]+ ! y\? & inexp]i5ce ( paleontology & ! torn & incoh]5t "* ( ! record1 x is surpris+ t anatomi/s h be5 able to accompli% :at !y h accompli%$4 ,9 _m cases--notably1 ^? ( man1 ! snail1 ! crocodile1 & ! horse--antec$5t =ms ( /ructure h be5 f\nd 9 almo/ unbrok5 gradations lead+ back to types diff]+ imm5sely f _! exi/+ repres5tatives4 ,bones & fossils ( m5 h be5 f\nd buri$ b5ea? ! alluvium ( riv]s1 "u old lava-b$s1 & 9 caves1 cru/$ ov] by ! deposits ( p]colat+ wat]s4 ,_m su* fossils are f\nd 9 quat]n>y rocks1 along ) ! bones ( animals /ill liv+ & "s ext9ct4 ,"s ( ^! rema9s indicate unmi/akable aff9ities ) ! ape4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ ( ^! discov]ies is ! fossil ( an erect ape-man 7,pi!can?ropus erectus71 f\nd by a ,dut* ,gov]nor on ! isl& ( ,java 9 #ahid4 ,?is fossil1 9 ! %ape & size ( ! head & 9 its g5]al /ructure1 /rikes ab\t z ne> z c\ld be ! middle betwe5 man & ape4 ,t x is ! fossil ( an ambigu\s =m is indicat$ by ! fact t1 :5 x 0 exam9$ by a company ( twelve speciali/s at ,b]l9 soon aft] its discov]y1 ?ree ( !m decl>$ x to be ! rema9s ( an individual belong+ to a l[ v>iety ( man2 ?ree o!rs ?\ght x 0 a l>ge an?ropoid2 :ile ! o!r six held t x 0 nei!r man nor an?ropoid1 b a g5u9e connect+ l9k betwe5 !m4 ,x is discuss$ at l5g? by ,haeckel 9 #8,! ,la/ ,l9k1' a pap] read be=e ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,zoology1 at ,cambridge1 9 #ahih4 #8,x is1' says ! vet]an biologi/1 #8! mu*-s\ght 8miss+ l9k0 suppos$ to be want+ 9 ! *a9 ( primates :i* /ret*es unbrok5 f ! l[e/ cat>h9e to ! mo/ highly develop$ man4' ,associat$ ) ?is fossil ape-man 7 ! fossils ( ! elephant1 hy5a1 & hippopotamus1 none ( :i* any long] exi/ 9 t "p ( ! _w1 also ! fossil rema9s ( two ord]s ( animals n[ ext9ct4 ,! g5ealogy ( ! crocodile has be5 trac$ by ,huxley1 ?r\gh all int]m$iate /ages1 back to ! giant reptiles ( ! e>ly ,t]ti>y4#e;,& ! p$igree ( ! horse has be5 ev5 m completely work$ out by ! indefatigable ,m>%4 ,9 ! museum ( ,yale ,univ]sity may be se5 ! fossil hi/ory ( ?is spl5did ungulate1 f ! "t x 0 a clumsy little quadrup$ only #ad in*es high1 & ) f\r or five toes on ea* foot1 d[n to exi/+ horses4 ,! e>lie/ kn[n ance/or ( ! horse1 ! eohippus1 liv$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,eoc5e epo*4 ,x _h five toes1 almo/ equal1 on ea* front foot 7f\r toes beh9d71 & 0 ab\t ! size ( a fox4 ,! orohippus1 :i* liv$ a little lat]1 _h f\r toes on ea* front-foot1 & ?ree beh9d4 ,! mesohippus1 f\nd 9 ! ,mioc5e1 _h ?ree toes & "o rudim5t>y toe on ea* front-foot1 & ?ree toes beh9d4 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( a %eep4 ,! miohippus1 :i* is f\nd lat]1 _h ?ree toes on ea* ( its f\r feet1 ) ! middle toe on ea* foot l>g] ?an ! o!r two4 ,! pliohippus1 liv+ 9 ! ,plioc5e epo*1 _h "o pr9cipal toe on ea* foot1 & two second>y toes1 ! two second>y toes n rea*+ to ! gr\nd4 ,x 0 ab\t ! size ( a donkey4 ,exi/+ horses h "o toe on ea* foot--! digit correspond+ to ! big middle f+]--& ! ru9s ( two o!rs 9 ! =m ( spl9ts on ! back ( ea* ankle4 ,9 ! embryo ( ! horse ^! spl9ts are segm5t$1 ea* ( !m1 into ?ree phalanges4 ,fossil rema9s repres5t+ all /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! horse h be5 f\nd 9 ! regions ab\t ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]4 ,x is an important fact t ! types ( /ructure =m+ any s]ies gr[ m & m g5]alis$ z ! di/ance f ! pres5t increases1 & t diff]5t l9es ( developm5t1 :5 trac$ back into ! pa/1 (t5 conv]ge 9 types :i* comb9e ! ma9 *>act]s ( v>i\s exi/+ gr\ps4 ,! horses1 rh9oc]oses1 & tapirs1 great z are ! diff]5ces among !m n[1 c be trac$ back /ep by /ep ?r\gh fossil =ms1 _! diff]5ces gradually becom+ less m>k$1 until #8! l9es ultimately bl5d toge!r1 if n 9 "o common ance/or1 at all ev5ts into =ms s closely alike 9 all ess5tials t no reasonable d\bt c be held z to _! common orig94' #8,! f\r *ief ord]s ( ! high] mammals--! primates1 ungulates1 c>nivora1 & rod5ts--seem to be sep>at$ by pr(\nd gulfs1 :5 we conf9e our att5tion to ! repres5tatives ( to-day4 ,b ^! gulfs are completely clos$1 & ! %>p di/9ctions ( ! f\r ord]s are entirely lo/1 :5 we g back & comp>e _! ext9ct pr$ecessors ( ! ,c5ozoic p]iod1 :o liv$ at lea/ ?ree million ye>s ago4 ,!re we f9d ! great sub-class ( ! plac5tals1 :i* to-day comprises m ?an two ?\s& five hundr$ species1 repres5t$ by only a small numb] ( insignificant pro-plac5tals1 9 :i* ! *>act]s ( ! f\r div]g5t ord]s are s int]m+l$ & ton$ d[n t we _c 9 reason d o!r ?an consid] !m z ! precursors ( ^? features4 ,! olde/ primates1 ! olde/ ungulates1 ! olde/ c>nivora1 & ! olde/ rod5ts1 all h ! same skeletal /ructure & ! same typical d5tition 7=ty-f\r tee?7 z ^! pro-plac5tals2 all are *>act]is$ by ! small & imp]fect /ructure ( ! bra91 especially ( ! cortex1 its *ief "p1 & all h %ort legs & five-to$1 flat-sol$ 7plantigrade7 feet4 ,9 _m cases among ^! olde/ plac5tals x 0 at fir/ v difficult to say :e!r !y %\ld be class$ ) ! primates1 ungulates1 c>nivora1 or rod5ts1 s v closely & confus$ly d ^! f\r gr\ps1 :i* div]ge s widely aft]w>ds1 approa* ea* o!r at t "t4 ,_! common orig9 f a s+le ance/ral gr\p foll[s inconte/ably'4#f #i4 ,man is ! mo/ p[]ful & influ5tial ( animals4 ,he rules ! _w--rules x ) a sov]eignty m despotic & ext5sive ?an t hi!rto ex]cis$ by any o!r animal4 ,_m races ( be+s are1 & h be5 = c5turies1 completely dom9at$ by him4 ,^! races1 dur+ _! long subjection1 h be5 *ang$ & trans=m$ by man 9 a wond]ful mann] ?r\gh 8 control ( _! p[] to bre$4 ,all dome/ic animals h come f wild animals2 !y h be5 d]iv$ by a process ( selective evolution conduct$ by man himself4 ,by cont9ually *oos+ z ! prog5itors ( ea* g5]ation ^? ) qualities be/ suit$ to 8 :ims & purposes1 man has evolv$ races z diff]5t f ea* o!r 9 appe>ance & /ructure1 & z diff]5t f ! orig9al species1 z _m gr\ps :i*1 9 ! wild /ate1 con/itute di/9ct species2 inde$1 man has 9 "s cases creat$ entirely new species1 bo? ( plants & animals--species t bre$ true & are :at biologi/s call #8good'--by 8 own selections4 ,!re are some?+ ov] #aej diff]5t v>ieties ( ! dome/ic pigeon4 ,"s ( ^! v>ieties--z _m z a doz51 ,mr4 ,d>w9 ?9ks--diff] f ea* o!r suffici5tly to be reckon$1 if !y are consid]$ solely ) ref]5ce to _! /ructures1 z entirely di/9ct species4 ,! c>ri]1 = in/ance1 ! giant ( ! pigeons1 measures #ag in*es f bill-tip to ! end ( its tail1 & has a beak #a #c_/d in*es long4 ,ar\nd ea* eye is a l>ge dahlia-l wattle1 & ano!r l>ge wattle is on ! beak1 giv+ ! beak ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5 ?ru/ ?r\gh ! k]nel ( a walnut4 ,! tumbl] is small1 squatty1 & almo/ beakless4 ,x has ! prepo/]\s habit ( ris+ high 9 ! air & !n tumbl+ heels ov] head4 ,! roll]1 "o ( ! _m v>ieties ( ! tumbl]1 desc5ds to ! gr\nd 9 a s]ies ( back som]saults1 execut$ s rapidly t x looks l a fall+ ball4 ,! runt is l>ge1 weigh+ sometimes z mu* z ! c>ri]4 ,! fantail has ?irty or =ty fea!rs 9 its tail1 :ile all o!r v>ieties h only twelve or f\rte51 ! normal numb] = birds4 ,! trumpet]1 s nam$ on acc\nt ( its peculi> coo1 has an umbrella-l hood ( fea!rs cov]+ its head & face1 & its feet are s heavily fea!r$ t !y look l little w+s4 ,9 ! correct specim5s ( ?is v>iety ! fea!rs h to be clipp$ f ! face be=e ! birds c see to fe$ !mselves4 ,! p\t] has ! absurd habit ( inflat+ its gullet to a prodigi\s size1 & ! ,jacob9 we>s a gigantic ruff4 ,! hom+ pigeon has su* a /rong atta*m5t = its cote t x w travel hundr$s ( miles1 sometimes z _m z #a1djj miles1 9 ord] to rea* ! home f :i* x has be5 sep>at$4 ,b x is n simply 9 _! col\r1 size1 habits1 & plumage1 t pigeons v>y4 ,!re are correspond+ diff]5ces 9 _! /ructures1 9 ! numb] ( _! ribs & v]tebrae1 9 ! %ape & size ( ! skull1 9 ! bones ( ! face1 9 ! developm5t ( ! brea/-bone1 & 9 ! l5g? ( ! neck1 legs1 & bill4 ,pigeons also diff] 9 ! %ape & size ( _! eggs1 & 9 _! dispositions & voice4 #8,!re is1' says ,huxley 9 summ+ up 8 discussion ( ! great v>iety 9 ^! birds1 #8h>dly a p>ticul> ( ei!r int]nal economy or ext]nal %ape :i* has n by selective bre$+ be5 p]petuat$ & become ! f\ndation ( a new race'4#g ,all ( ! #aej diff]5t v>ieties ( dome/ic pigeons h be5 evolv$ by human selection dur+ ! pa/ ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s f ! blue rock-doves :i* to-day inhabit ! seacoa/ c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,:at is true ( pigeons is also true l>gely ( mo/ ( ! o!r races associat$ ) man--( cats1 cattle1 horses1 %eep1 sw9e1 goats1 f[ls1 & ! l4 ,all v>ieties ( ! dome/ic *ick5--! clumsy ,co*9 ) its fea!r-du/] legs1 ! tall & /ately ,spani%1 ! great-cre/$ ,m9orca1 ! ,dork+ ) its mat*less2 comb & wattle1 ! almo/ combless ,poli%1 ! blue ,&alusian1 ! gigantic ,brahma1 ! t9y ,bantam1 ! ,wy&ottes 9 all col\rs 7black1 :ite1 buff1 silv]1 & gold571 ! magnific5t ,plym\? ,rocks1 & ! exce$+ly pugnaci\s ,game-cock--^! & doz5s ( o!r v>ieties1 all flightless1 h come f ! jungle-bird ^: morn+ cl>ion /ill greets ,aurora f ! wilds ( di/ant ,india4 ,! dog is a civilis$ wolf1 & ! wild-bo> is ! prog5itor ( ! oleag9\s sw9e4 ,! ,m]9o & ,s\? ,d[n bre$s ( %eep h come f ! same /ock 9 ! la/ c5tury & a half4 ,9 #agij a lamb 0 born on ! f>m ( ,se? ,wright 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,x _h a long body & %ort1 b[$ legs4 ,x 0 notic$ t ?is lamb c\ld n foll[ ! o!rs ov] ! f5ces4 ,! own] ?\ght x w\ld be a good ?+ if all 8 %eep 7 l x4 ,s he select$ x to bre$ f4 ,"s ( its (fspr+ 7 l x1 & "s 7 l ! ord9>y %eep4 ,by cont9ual selection ( ^? ) long bodies & %ort legs ! ancon bre$ ( %eep 0 f9ally produc$4 ,9 #aggj 9 a h]d ( ,p>aguay cattle a hornless male calf appe>$1 & f ?is individual 9 a simil> way came ! /ock ( ,muleys4 ,! occasional appe>ance ( horn$ calves & lambs among ! (fspr+ ( hornless bre$s ( cattle & %eep are examples ( atavism indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a ve/igial t5d5cy to bre$ true to _! horn$ ance/ors4 ,! ,h]e=d cattle orig9at$ z a di/9ct v>iety ab\t #agfi ?r\gh ! c>eful selections ( a c]ta9 ,engli%man by ! "n ( ,tompk9s4 ,all dome/icat$ quadrup$s1 except ! elephant1 h come f wild species ) erect e>s1 ! e>s act+ z funnels to h>ve/ ! s\nd-waves4 ,b !re are few ( !m 9 :i* !re is n "o or m v>ieties ) droop+ e>s--cats 9 ,*9a1 horses 9 p>ts ( ,russia1 %eep 9 ,italy1 cattle 9 ,india1 & pigs1 dogs1 & rabbits 9 all long-civilis$ l&s4 ,we are s accu/om$ to see+ dogs & pigs ) p5d5t e>s t we are surpris$ to "k !re are v>ieties ) erect e>s4 ,! goldfi% is a c>p1 & 9 its native haunts 9 ! wat]s ( ,*9a x has ! col\r ( ! c>p4 ,! gold5 hue se5 9 ! occupants ( our aqu>ia has be5 giv5 to ?is fi% by ! ,*9ese ?r\gh ! cont9ual selection ( c]ta9 k9ds4 ,! goldfi%1 almo/ z mu* z ! pigeon1 has be5 ! sport ( fanci]s1 & ! /range/ v>ieties h result$4 ,"s h outl&i%ly long f9s1 :ile o!rs h no dorsal f9 at all4 ,"s are /reak$ & splot*$ ) gold & sc>let2 o!rs are pure alb9os4 ,"o ( ! mo/ mon/r\s v>ieties has a ?ree-lob$ tail-f91 & its eyeballs1 )\t sockets1 are on ! outside ( its head4 ,all ( our common b>ny>d f[ls--turkeys1 ducks1 geese1 & *ick5s--are flightless1 b ! v>ieties f :i* ! dome/icat$ =ms h come all h functional w+s1 two ( ^! v>ieties cross+ cont95ts 9 _! annual migrations4 ,n only animals1 b plants also1 _m ( !m1 h be5 greatly *ang$ by man 9 8 ef=ts to adapt !m to 8 uses z food1 ornam5tation1 & ! l4 ,on ! seaside cliffs ( ,*ili & ,p]u may /ill be f\nd gr[+ ! wild-potato--! small1 t\gh1 bitt] ance/or ( ! mammo? ,burbank1 ,pe]less1 ,e>ly ,rose1 & ! ne>ly two hundr$ o!r v>ieties ( ?is mat*less tub] f\nd 9 ! g>d5s ( civilis$ man4 ,! cabbage1 kale1 caulifl[]1 & kohlrabi are all modifications ( ! same wild species 7,brassica ol]acea71 ! caulifl[] be+ ! develop$ fl[]1 kohlrabi ! /alk1 & kale & cabbage ! leaves4 ,! pea* & ! almond1 ,d>w9 ?9ks1 h also come f a common ance/ral drupe1 ! pea* be+ ! develop$ fruit1 & ! almond ! se$4 ,!re are ne>ly #ijj diff]5t v>ieties ( apples1 v>y+ 9 ! mo/ wond]ful mann] 9 size1 col\r1 flav\r1 texture1 & %ape1 b all ( !m probably d]iv$ f ! little1 s\r1 in$ible ,asiatic crab4 ,! _m times #8d\ble' roses ( our g>d5s h come f ! five-petall$ wild-rose ( ! prairies4 ,! cultivat$ v>ieties ( viburnum & hydrangea h %[y corymbs ( inf]tile fl[]s only1 b ! wild =ms f :i* ! dome/ic v>ieties h be5 d]iv$ h only a s+le m>g9al r[ ( %[y inf]tile fl[]s surr\nd+ a mass ( inconspicu\s f]tile fl[]s4 ,x has be5 due to _! ef=ts to please m5 t bananas1 p9eapples1 & oranges h got into ! habit ( neglect+ to produce se$s4 ,!re are c]ta9 species ( grapes t are se$less1 also se$less sug>-cane1 & a se$less apple has j be5 ann\nc$ by horticulturi/s4 ,! developm5t ( dome/icat$ plants is only 9 its infancy1 & x is probably impossible ev5 = ! mo/ agile imag9ation to dream ( ! miracles ! horticulturi/ is de/9$ to "w 9 ! ages to come4 ,!re is e reason to believe t se$less v>ieties ( all our common fruits w ultimately be produc$1 & t 9 size1 flav\r1 nutri5t con/itu5ts1 & appe>ance1 !y w be develop$ into =ms utt]ly diff]5t f exi/+ v>ieties4 ,j )9 ! la/ few ye>s ! ,u4,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has develop$ a cotton-plant immune to ! bact]ial diseases ( ! soil1 :i* _h completely driv5 ! cotton-rais+ indu/ry out ( l>ge di/ricts ( ! ,s\?4 ,! cultivation ( _m ( ! c]eals has gone on s long1 & has proce$$ s f>1 t _! orig9 is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,:e!r or n x is possible = new v>ieties & species to be evolv$ is a "q1 !re=e1 :i* does n ne$ to dep5d = reply :olly ^u !ory4 ,x is kn[n to h tak5 place2 & ! process by :i* ! diff]5t v>ieties ( dome/ic animals & plants h be5 evolv$--dome/ic selection--is n diff]5t 9 pr9ciple f ! process ( natural selection1 ! *ief op]ation by :i* life 9 g5]al1 bo? plant & animal1 is assum$ to h be5 evolv$4 #aj4 ,!re are o!r reasons = a belief 9 organic evolution1 b ! la/ "o ,i %all m5tion is ! fact t ! !ory ( organic evolution h>monises ) ! kn[n t5d5cies ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,! organic k+doms ( ! e>?--animals & plants--are z truly p>ts ( ! t]re/rial globe z ! inorganic k+dom is2 & z su* !y %>e 91 & are actuat$ by1 ! same great t5d5cy or in/9ct z t :i* actuates ! :ole4 ,n9e-t5?s ( ! sub/ance ( all animals & plants is oxyg51 hydrog51 c>bon1 & nitrog5--! v elem5ts :i* make up ! entire ocean & air1 & ent] l>gely into ! composition ( ! cont95ts4 ,! human body1 :i* has ess5tially ! same *emical composition z ! bodies ( animals 9 g5]al1 is made up ( f\r solids1 five gases1 & sev5 metals--9 all1 sixte5 elem5ts ( ! some?+ l sev5ty :i* con/itute ! entire planet4 #8,9 ! pa/1 man appe>$ to be a creature =eign to ! e>?1 & plac$ ^u x z a transitory inhabitant by "s incompreh5sible p[]4 ,! m p]fect insight ( ! pres5t day sees man z a be+ ^: developm5t has tak5 place 9 accordance ) ! same laws z ^? t h gov]n$ ! developm5t ( ! e>? & its entire organisation--a be+ n put ^u ! e>? accid5tally by an arbitr>y act1 b produc$ 9 h>mony ) ! e>?'s nature1 & belong+ to x z d ! fl[]s & ! fruits to ! tree :i* be>s !m4' ,animals are n outside (1 nor di/9ct f1 ! univ]se1 z "o might suspect :o has li/5$ mu* to ! recital ( tradition s long accept$ z sci5ce4 ,!y are m or less deta*$ portions ( ! planet e>? :i* move ov] its surfaces & ?r\gh its fluids & multiply1 b :i* 9 _! ph5om5a obey ! same laws ( *emi/ry & physics z ^? 9 accordance ) :i* ! re/ ( ! univ]se acts4 ,animals are m\lds ?r\gh :i* digress+ matt]s f ! soil1 sea1 & sky pass on r\nds ( et]nal it9]acy4 ,n[1 ! e>? z a planet is 9 process ( evolution4 ,n _m ?+s are m c]ta9 ?an ?is4 ,! e>? has come out ( fire4 ,x has gr[n to be :at x is4 ,its m\nta9s1 valleys1 pla9s1 seas1 %ores1 isl&s1 lakes1 riv]s1 & cont95ts--^! 7 n always "h4 ,!y h be5 evolv$4 ,n only ! e>?1 b ! entire family ( sph]es ( :i* ! e>? is a memb]--! sol> sy/em--are all evolv+4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] nev] did any?+ m pr(\nd ?an :5 he demon/rat$ 9 8 #8,law & ,cause ( ,progress' ! univ]sal migration ( ?+s f a condition ( homog5eity t[>d a condition ( great] & great] het]og5eity4 ,! :ole univ]se1 or z mu* ( x z c be exam9$ by t]re/rial in/rum5ts1 has probably evolv$ out ( ! same primordial matt]s4 ,! organic "p ( ! e>? has evolv$1 !re=e1 & is de/9$ to cont9ue to evolve1 because x is a "p ( a :ole ^: habit or ambition x is to evolve4 ,! evid5ce is ov]:elm+4 ,! !ory ( organic evolution is su/a9$ by a mass ( facts n less au?oritative & conv9c+ ?an t :i* supports ! ,cop]nican !ory ( ! worlds4 ,evolution is1 9 fact1 a doctr9e s app>5t t x only ne$s to be hone/ly & intellig5tly look$ into to be accept$ unres]v$ly4 ,x is1 inde$1 m ?an a doctr9e4 ,x is a kn[n fact4 ,x is a necess>y effect ( ! conditions kn[n to exi/ among ! animals & plants ( ! e>?4 ,if be+s v>y among !mselves g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 if only ! fitte/ ( ea* g5]ation survive & if ! survivors t5d to transmit to _! (fspr+ ! qualities ( _! sup]iority 7& ! animals & plants ( ! e>? are kn[n to d cont9ually all ( ^! ?+s71 !n x foll[s ) ma!matical c]ta9ty t evolution is go+ on1 & t x w cont9ue to g on z long z ^! conditions cont9ue4 ,x is inevitable4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise4 ,we w\ld "k t evolution 7 go+ on among organisms :]e ^! conditions exi/$1 ev5 ?\gh we _h nev] obs]v$ x4 ,! bolde/ & mo/ en?usia/ic oppon5ts ( evolution h always be5 ^? ) ! lea/ in=mation ab\t x4 ,b ! evid5ce is accumulat+ s rapidly1 & is be+ drawn up 9 su* unansw]able array1 t1 if x is n already ! case1 x w n be _m ye>s be=e x w be an intellectual reproa* = anyone to discr$it1 or to be kn[n to h discr$it$1 ?is spl5did & inspir+ revelation4 #a4 ,d>w93 ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd edit42 ,london1 #ahgd4 #b4 ,huxley3 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature2 ,new ,york1 #ahhc4 #c4 ,?ompson3 ,outl9es ( ,zoology1 #crd edit42 ,ed9burgh1 #ahii4 #d4 ,drummond3 ,asc5t ( ,man2 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #e4 ,see table ( geological ages1 at ! end ( ! *apt]4 #f4 ,haeckel3 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se2 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #g4 ,huxley3 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 lecture iv4 ,x4 ,! ,g5ealogy ( ,animals4 ,life orig9at$ 9 ! sea1 & = an imm5se p]iod ( "t aft] x comm5c$ x 0 conf9$ to ! place ( its orig94 ,! civilisations ( ! e>? 7 = _m millions ( ye>s exclusively aquatic4 ,x has1 inde$1 be5 e/imat$ t ! "t requir$ by ! life process 9 gett+ out ( ! wat]--t is1 t ! "t consum$ 9 elaborat+ ! fir/ species ( l& animals--0 mu* long] ?an ! "t :i* has elaps$ s9ce !n4 ,i presume t dur+ a l>ge "p ( ?is e>ly p]iod x w\ld h seem$ to "o liv+ at t "t extremely d\btful :e!r !re w\ld ev] be on ! e>? any o!r k9ds ( life ?an ! aquatic4 ,& if ^? :o to-day weave ! fa%ionable fabrics ( human philosophy1 & :o "k no?+ ab\t any?+ outside ! ?9 edge ( ! pres5t1 _h be5 back !re1 !y w\ld no d\bt h decl>$ confid5tly1 z !y look$ ^u ! nak$ cont95ts & ! un9habit$ air & ! sea teem+ ) its peculi> faunas1 t life ^u solids or 9 gases1 life any:]e1 9 fact1 except 9 ! sea1 :]e x _h always exi/$1 & to :i* alone x 0 adapt$1 0 absolutely1 & w\ld be =ev]1 impossible2 & t fea!r$ fi%es & fi%es ) ! p[] to run & skip1 & especially #8%>ks' compet5t to walk on "o end & jabb] ) ! o!r1 7 un?9kable nons5se4 ,life orig9at$ 9 ! sea = ! same reason t ! fir/ ( ! s]ies ( s-call$ #8civilisations' :i* h appe>$ 9 human hi/ory sprang f ! alluvium ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,nile1 because ! conditions = br++ life into exi/5ce 7 "h ! mo/ fav\rable4 ,! atmosph]e 0 incompet5t to p]=m su* a task z ! inv5t+ ( protoplasm & !re 0 no l& above ! oceans4 ,! fir/ =ms ( life 7 "o-cell$--simple1 jelly-l dots ( almo/ homog5e\s plasm--! protozoa4 ,^! primitive organisms 7 ! common gr&p>5ts ( all be+s4 ,f !m evolv$1 ?r\gh inf9ite travail & suff]+1 all ( ! ord]s1 families1 species1 & v>ieties ( animals t to-day live on ! e>?1 & all ^? t h 9 ! pa/ liv$ & pass$ away4 ,by ! multiplication & specialisation ( cells1 & ! =mation ( cell aggregates1 ! sponges1 cel5t]ates1 & flat worms 7 develop$ f ! protozoa4#a ,! connect+ l9ks betwe5 ! "o-cell$ & ! _m-cell$ animals consi/ ( a s]ies ( colonial =ms ( increas+ size & complexity1 "s ( :i* may be f\nd 9 e roadside dit* & pool1 :ile o!rs are ext9ct4 ,! developm5t ( ^! _m-cell$ organisms 7metazoa7 f "o-cell$ organisms 0 a p]fectly natural process1 a process :i* takes place 9 ! initial evolutions ( e embryo4 ,!re is no m my/]y ab\t x ?an !re is ab\t any o!r act ( association4 ,all association is simply a matt] ( #8bus9ess4' ,_m-cell$ organisms are colonies1 or societies1 ( m or less closely co-op]at+ "o-cell$ organisms1 & !y h come into exi/5ce 9 ob$i5ce to ! same laws ( economy & advantage z h ^? m mod]n societies ( metazoa kn[n z nations1 communities1 & /ates1 ! organis$ bodies ( m51 ants1 & millionaires4 ,! sponges are ! l[e/ ( ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,!y consi/ ( irregul> masses ( loosely associat$ cells1 hopelessly an*or$ to ! sea-floor4 ,!y repres5t ! social in/9ct 9 embryo4 ,! cells are b slightly specialis$1 & ea* cell leads a m or less indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,! sponge /&s at ab\t t /age ( social integration & intellig5ce repres5t$ by ^? /up5d\s porif]a :i* cov] cont95ts & con/itute ! #8social organisms' ( ! civilis$ _w4 ,! nutritive sy/em ( sponges consi/s ( c\ntless pores op5+ f ! surface into a common canal )91 ?r\gh :i* ev]-wav+ cilia urge ! alim5tal wat]s4 ,9 ! cel5t]ates ! cells arrange !mselves 9 ! =m ( a cup ) "o l>ge op5+ into & f ! vase-l /oma*4 ,! unsegm5t$ worms are flat & sac-l1 ) bilat]al symmetry & ! p[] to move ab\t1 b n tubul>1 z are ! true worms4 ,!y are bloodless1 l ! cel5t]ates & sponges4 ,f ! flat worms develop$ ! annelid worms1 animals p]=at$ by a food canal & possess+ a body cavity fill$ ) blood surr\nd+ ?is canal4 ,! body cavity is ! space betwe5 ! walls ( ! body & ! alim5t>y canal1 ! cavity :i* 9 ! high] animals conta9s ! he>t1 liv]1 lungs1 kidneys1 etc4 ,! worms & all animals above !m h ?is cavity4 ,! worms & all animals above !m also h1 z an inh]itance f ! flat worms1 bodies ) bilat]al symmetry--t is1 bodies ) two halves simil>4 ,?is peculi>ity 0 probably acquir$ by ! flat worms1 & s fa/5$ ^u all subsequ5tly evolv$ species1 z a result ( pure c>elessness4 ,x probably arose out ( ! habit ( us+ cont9ually1 or ov] & ov] aga91 ! same p>ts ( ! body z =e & aft4 ,x has be5 faceti\sly said t if x _h n be5 = ?is habit1 s inadv]t5tly acquir$ by ^! humble be+s s long1 long ago1 we w\ld n to-day be able to tell our "r h& f our left4 ,9 ! worm is f\nd ! beg9n+ ( t wond]ful organ ( co-ord9ation1 ! bra94 ,! bra9 is a modification ( ! sk94 ,x may weak5 our reg>d = ?is imp]ial organ to "k t x is1 9 its morphology1 ak9 to nails & corns4 ,b x w c]ta9ly add to our admiration = ! inf9ite lab\rs ( evolution to rememb] t ! magnific5t ?9k+ app>atus ( mod]n philosoph]s 0 orig9ally a small s5sitive plate develop$ d[n 9 ! sea a hundr$ million ye>s ago on ! dorsal wall ( ! m\?s ( primeval worms4 ,f ! worms develop$ all ( ! highe/ f\r phyla ( ! animal k+dom--! e*9od]ms1 ! mollusks1 ! ar?ropods1 & ! *ordate animals1 ! la/ ( :i* 7 ! prog5itors ( ! illu/ri\s v]tebrates4 ,! l[e/ ( ! mollusks are ! snails1 & f ^! humble t5ants ( our ponds & %ores sprang ! headless bivalves & ! giant jaw$ cuttles4 ,! mollusks 7 = a long "t aft] _! developm5t ! mail$ mon>*s ( ! sea1 & %>$ ) ! worms ! dom9ion ( ! primordial wat]s4 ,b aft] ! developm5t ( ! m active ar?ropods1 especially ! cru/aceans1 ! less agile worms & mollusks rapidly decl9$4 ,exi/+ worms & mollusks are remnants ( once p[]ful & popul\s races4 ,f ! worms also develop$ ! ar?ropods1 ! wat]-brea?+ cru/aceans & ! air-brea?+ spid]s & insects4 ,! cru/aceans came e>ly1 away back 9 ! gray ( ! ,silurian p]iod1 j ab\t ! "t ,nor? ,am]ica 0 born4 ,nor? ,am]ica lay1 a nak$1 ,v-%ap$ infant1 9 ! regions ( ,labrador & ,canada4 ,! cru/aceans rapidly sup]s$$ ! mollusks z rul]s ( ! sea1 atta9+1 9 extreme species1 a l5g? ( f\r or five feet4 ,! spid]s & ,insects came into exi/5ce t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! ,silurian p]iod1#a probably contemporane\s1 or ne>ly s1 ) ! appe>ance ( l& vegetation4 ,! spid]s & insects 7 ! aborig9es ( ! l& & air4 ,!y are ! only races ( liv+ be+s1 except ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! sea1 :o ev] invad$ & settl$ an unoccupi$ _w4 ,! e>lie/ l& fossils s f> f\nd are ! fossils ( scorpions4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( a /+ among ! /ructural possessions ( ^! animals indicates t !re 7 already o!rs :o cont5d$ ) !m = supremacy 9 ! new _w4 ,! fir/ insects 7 ! ma/icat+ insects1 insects su* z cockroa*es1 crickets1 gras%opp]s1 dragon-flies1 & beetles4 ,!y are f\nd abundantly 9 ! ,devonian & ,c>bonif]\s rocks4 ,! lick+ insects 7bees7 & ! prick+ insects 7flies & bugs7 appe>$ fir/ 9 ! ,mesozoic ,era1 & ! sipp+ insects 7butt]flies7 9 ! ,c5ozoic4 ,! fl[]-lov+ insects 7! bees & butt]flies7 came into ! _w at ! same "t z did ! fl[]s4 ,! w+s ( insects may be modifications ( ! gills us$ by insect "y 9 respiration dur+ _! aquatic exi/5ce4 ,!y are1 h5ce1 v diff]5t 9 orig9 f ! w+s ( birds1 :i* are ! modifi$ =e-legs ( reptiles4 ,! mo/ important class ( animals aris+ out ( ! worms1 on acc\nt ( _! di/+ui%$ (fspr+1 7 ! hypo!tical cord animals4 ,! only exi/+ species alli$ to ^! animals is ! amphioxus1 a /range1 unpromis+-look+ creature1 half worm & half fi%1 f\nd 9 ! bea* s&s ( _m seas4 ,x has :ite blood & a tubul> he>t4 ,x is )\t ei!r head or limbs1 & looks v mu* l a long semitransp>5t leaf1 tap]+ at bo? ends4 ,b x has two unmi/akable prophecies ( ! v]tebrate anatomy3 a c>tilag9\s rod1 po9t$ at bo? ends1 ext5d+ along ! back1 & above ?is1 & p>allel to x1 a cord ( n]ve matt]4 ,^! are ! same positions occupi$ by ! sp9al column & sp9al cord 9 all true v]tebrates4 ,t ! amphioxus is a g5u9e relative ( ! ance/or ( ! v]tebrates is also %[n by ! fact t ^! simple =ms ( column & cord possess$ by amphioxus are precisely ! =ms assum$ by ! sp9al column & sp9al cord 9 ! embryos ( all v]tebrates1 includ+ man4 ,f ^! quasi-v]tebrates develop$ ! fi%es--fir/ 7aft] ! scaleless1 limbless lampreys7 ! %>ks ) sp9y scales & c>tilag9\s skeleton1 & aft] ^! ! lung fi%es & ! bony fi%es1 ) flat1 horny scales & skeletons ( bone4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! ,devonian age1 :5 fi%es fir/ came into prom95ce1 till ! rise ( ! great reptiles 9 ! ,triassic "t1 fi%es 7 ! dom9ant life ( ! sea4 ,9 ! fi%es fir/ appe>$ jaws1 a sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em1 r$ blood1 backbone1 & ! *>act]i/ic two pairs ( limbs ( v]tebrates4 ,! lung fi%es 7,dipneu/a71 a small ord] ( /range salam&]-l creatures :i* live +5i\sly on ! bord]l& betwe5 ! liquid & ! l&1 may be look$ ^u z physiological1 if n morphological1 l9ks betwe5 ! fi%es & ! frogs4 ,!y comb9e ! *>act]s ( bo? fi%es & frogs1 & zoologi/s h be5 tempt$ to make a sep>ate class ( !m1 & place !m betwe5 ! two classes to :i* !y are relat$4 ,!y are l fi%es 9 hav+ scales1 f9s1 p]man5t gills1 & a fi%-l %ape & skeleton4 ,!y resemble frogs 9 hav+ lungs1 no/rils1 an incipi5tly ?ree-*amb]$ he>t1 a pulmon>y circulation1 & frog-l sk9 gl&s4 ,!re are ?ree g5]a ) sev]al species4 ,"o g5us 7,neoc]atodus7 is f\nd 9 two or ?ree small riv]s ( ,que5sl&1 ,au/ralia2 ano!r 7,protopt]us7 lives 9 ! ,gambia & o!r riv]s ( ,africa2 & ! ?ird 7,lepidosir57 inhabits ! swamps ( ! ,amazon region4 ,!y all brea! ord9>ily by means ( gills1 l true fi%es1 b h ! habit ( com+ frequ5tly to ! surface & inhal+ air4 ,! air-bladd] acts z an incipi5t lung 9 supplem5t+ respiration by gills4 ,!y all live 9 regions :]e a dry season regul>ly conv]ts ! wat]c\rses into b$s ( s& & mud4 ,dur+ ! season ( dr\ght ^! /range animals build = !mselves a cocoon or ne/ ( mud & leaves4 ,?is cocoon is l9$ ) mucus1 & provid$ ) a lid ?r\gh :i* air is admitt$4 ,"h !y lie 9 ?is capsule ?r\gh\t ! hot s\!rn summ]1 f ,augu/ to ,decemb]1 brea?+ air by means ( _! lungs & liv+ ^u ! /or$-up fat ( _! tails1 until ! return ( ! wet season1 :5 !y aga9 live 9 ! riv]s & brea! wat] 9 true piscatorial fa%ion4 ,^! capsules h (t5 be5 c>ri$ to ,europe1 & op5$ #c1jjj miles f _! place ( con/ruction )\t h>m+ ! life )94 ,"h1 9 ^! ecc5tric d5iz5s ( ! s\!rn _w1 we f9d ! beg9n+s ( a gr& trans=mation--a trans=mation 9 bo? /ructure & function1 a trans=mation made necess>y by ! transition f life 9 ! wat] to life 9 ! air1 a trans=mation :i* rea*es its maturity 9 ! high] air-brea?+ v]tebrates1 :]e ! simple air-sac ( ! fi% becomes a pair ( lob$ & elaborately sacculat$ lungs1 p]=m+ almo/ exclusively ! function ( respiration1 & ! gills *ange into p>ts ( ! e>s & l[] jaw4 ,! air-bladd] ( ord9>y fi%es1 :i* is us$ *iefly z a hydro/atic organ to enable ! fi% to rise & fall 9 ! wat]1 is probably ! deg5]at$ lung ( ! lung fi%es4 ,f ! lung fi%es or alli$ =ms develop$ ! amphibians1 ! well-kn[n fi% quadrup$s ( our bogs & brooks4 ,! amphibians are g5u9e connectives--liv+ l9ks betwe5 ! life ( ! sea & ! life ( ! l&4 ,9 e>ly life !y are fi%es1 ) gills & two-*amb]$ he>ts4 ,9 lat] life !y are air-brea?+ quadrup$s1 ) legs & lungs & ?ree-*amb]$ he>ts4 ,"h is evolution1 pl5ty ( x1 & ( ! mo/ tangible "*4 ,& x takes place "r be=e ! eyes4 ,! trans=mation f ! fi% to ! frog is1 h[ev]1 no m wond]ful ?an ! embryonic trans=mations ( o!r v]tebrates4 ,x is simply m app>5t1 because x c be se54 ,! lungs ( amphibians & ! l[] reptiles are simple sacks op5+ by a v %ort passage into ! m\?4 ,"s amphibians1 z ! axolotl ( ,mexican lakes1 ord9>ily reta9 _! gills ?r\gh life1 b may be induc$ to develop lungs & adapt !mselves to t]re/rial life by be+ kept out ( ! wat]4 ,o!rs1 z ! newts1 :i* ord9>ily develop lungs1 may be compell$ to reta9 _! gills ?r\gh life by be+ =c$ to rema9 un9t]rupt$ly 9 ! wat]4 ,! black salam&]1 inhabit+ dr\ghty regions ( ! ,alps1 br+s =? its "y be>+ lungs1 & only a pair at a "t4 ,b if ! "y are prematurely remov$ f ! body ( ! "m & plac$ 9 ! wat]1 !y develop gills 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,^! are rem>kable in/ances ( ela/icity 9 ! pres5ce ( a v>y+ environm5t4 ,9 ! amphibians ! *>act]i/ic five-to$ or five-f+]$ foot1 :i* normally =ms ! extremities ( ! limbs ( all v]tebrates except fi%es1 is fir/ met )4 ,x 0 ?is p5tadactyl peculi>ity ( ! frog1 inh]it$ by m5 & wom5 ?r\gh ! reptiles & mammals1 t gave rise to ! decimal sy/em ( numb]s & o!r unh&y facts 9 human life4 ,! decimal sy/em arose out ( ! practice ( e>ly m5 p]=m+ _! calculations on _! f+]s4 ,?is me?od ( calculat+ is /ill us$ by primitive peoples all ov] ! _w4 ,! sum ( ! digits ( ! two h&s came1 9 ! c\rse ( ari?metical evolution1 to be us$ z a unit1 & f ?is simple beg9n+ grew up ! complicat$ sy/em ( t5s f\nd among civilis$ peoples4 ,x has all come ab\t z a result ( amphibian initiative4 ,our v ari?metics h be5 pr$et]m9$ by ! anatomical peculi>ities ( ! frog's foot4 ,if ^! un?9k+ =eorda9]s ( human affairs _h _h f\r or six toes on ea* foot in/ead ( five1 man w\ld no d\bt h inh]it$ !m j z *e]fully z ! numb] he did inh]it1 & ! civilis$ _w w\ld 9 ?is case be to-day us+ 9 all ( its ma!matical activities a sy/em ( eights or twelves in/ead ( a sy/em ( t5s4 ,a sy/em ( eights or twelves w\ld be mu* sup]ior 9 flexibility to ! exi/+ sy/em2 = eight is a cube1 & its half & d\ble are squ>es2 & twelve c be divid$ by two1 ?ree1 f\r1 & six1 :ile t5 is divisible by two & five only4 ,h[ helpless human be+s are--9 fact1 h[ helpless all be+s are6 ,h[ hopelessly dep5d5t we are ^u ! pa/1 & h[ impossible x is to be really orig9al6 ,:at ! future w be dep5ds ^u :at ! pres5t is1 = ! future w gr[ out (1 & inh]it1 ! pres5t4 ,:at ! pres5t is dep5ds ^u :at ! pa/ 01 = ! pres5t has gr[n out (1 & inh]it$1 ! pa/4 ,& :at ! pa/ 0 dep5ds ^u a remot] pa/ f :i* x evolv$1 & s on4 ,!re is no end any:]e ( dep5d5ce1 ei!r =w>d or backw>d4 ,e fact1 f an idea to a sun1 is a cont+5t l9k 9 an et]nal *a94 ,f ! amphibians 7probably f ext9ct =ms1 n f liv+7 !re arose ! highe/ ?ree classes ( v]tebrates--! true reptiles1 ! birds1 & ! mammals--all ( :om h lungs & brea! air f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( _! days4 ,gills1 z organs ( brea?+1 disappe> =ev]1 be+ *ang$1 z has be5 said1 into p>ts ( ! organs ( ma/ication & he>+4 ,9 ! reptiles fir/ appe> ^? organs :i* 9 ! highe/ races ov]fl[ on occasions ( t5d]ness & grief1 ! te> gl&s4 ,^! organs are1 h[ev]1 9 our cold-blood$ antec$5ts1 organs ( ocul> lubrication r ?an ( weep+4 ,!re are b f\r small ord]s ( exi/+ reptiles--snakes1 turtles1 liz>ds1 & crocodilians4 ,^! are ! pygmean desc5dants ( a mighty l9e1 ! la/ ( a dyna/y :i* dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,mesozoic ages 0 repres5t$ by ! mo/ imm5se & p[]ful mon/]s t h ev] liv$ ^u ! e>?4 ,mesozoic civilisation 0 pre-em95tly saurian4 ,reptiles 7 supreme ev]y:]e--on sea & l& & 9 ! air4 ,_! rul]%ip ( ! _w 0 n s bloody & ma/]ful z man's1 b q z remorseless4 ,imag9e an ari/ocracy made up ( pt]osaurs 7fly+ reptiles71 ) tee?1 & measur+ #bj feet betwe5 w+-tips2 great plesiosaurs 7s]p5t reptiles7 & i*?yosaurs 7fi% reptiles71 enorm\s b&its ( ! seas2 & d9osaurs & atlantosaurs1 giant l& liz>ds1 #cj feet high & f #ej to #ajj feet 9 l5g?4 ,a gov]nm5t ( demagogs is bad en\gh1 z k+-ridd5 mank9d well "k1 b dragons w\ld be worse1 if possible4 ,! atlantosaurs 7 ! l>ge/ animals t h ev] walk$ ^u ! e>?4 ,!y 7 huge plant-eat]s inhabit+ ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x has be5 surmis$ t "o ( ^! behemo?s #8may h consum$ a :ole tree = breakfa/4' ,x 0 ! mighty saurians ( ! ,mesozoic "t :o br\ght into ev]la/+ subord9ation ! piscatorial civilisation ( ! ,devonian & c>bonif]\s ages4 ,t[>d ! latt] "p ( ! ,reptilian ,age1 & some:]e along ab\t ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( h>d-wood =e/s1 came ! birds1 ^? beautiful & emotional be+s :o1 9 spite ( human de/ructiv5ess1 cont9ue to fill our groves & g>d5s ) ! miracles ( beauty & song4 ,! bird is a #8glorifi$ reptile4' ,h[ ! #8sl[1 cold-blood$1 scaly saurian ev] became trans=m$ into ! quick1 hot-blood$1 fea!r$ bird1 ! joy ( creation1' is a consid]able my/]y1 yet we "k no reason = believ+ t ! trans=mation did n take place4 ,al?\gh 9 _! ext]nal appe>ance & mode ( life birds & reptiles diff] s widely f ea* o!r1 yet1 9 _! int]nal /ructure & embryology1 !y are s mu* alike t "o ( ! brighte/ anatomi/s t has ev] liv$ 7,huxley7 unit$ !m bo? into a s+le class "u ! "n ,sauropsida4 ,x might naturally be suppos$ t ! birds are desc5dants ( ! fly+ reptiles1 ! pt]osaurs4 ,b ?is may n be true4 ,! pt]osaurs 7 /ructurally mu* fur!r remov$ f ! birds ?an 7 c]ta9 ext9ct t]re/rial reptiles4 ,! fact t birds & pt]osaurs bo? _h w+s has really no?+ to d ) ! case4 ,= ! w+s ( reptiles1 we almo/ "k1 7 n homolog\s ) ! w+s ( birds4 ,! bird's w+ is a fea!r$ =e-leg2 ! w+ ( ! reptile 0 an exp&$ sk9 /ret*+ f ! mu*-elongat$ la/ f+] backw>ds to ! h9d-leg & tail4 ,w+s1 x may be rem>k$ 9 pass+1 h _h at lea/ f\r diff]5t & di/9ct beg9n+s 9 ! animal k+dom1 repres5t$ by ! bats1 ! birds1 ! reptiles1 & ! insects4 ,?is does n include ! p>a*utes ( ! s-call$ fly+ squirrels1 lemurs1 liz>ds1 phalang]s1 & fi%es4 ,! fir/ birds _h tee? & v]tebrat$ tails4 ,! ar*eopt]yx1 :i* is ! e>lie/ too!d bird ^: rema9s h yet be5 f\nd1 0 ab\t ! size ( a cr[4 ,x _h ?irty-two tee? & tw5ty caudal v]tebrae4 ,two specim5s ( x h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,jurassic slates ( ,bav>ia4 ,"o ( ^! fossils is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! o!r 9 ! ,museum ( ,b]l94 ,o!r too!d birds h be5 f\nd fossil by ,dr4 ,mudge 9 ! cretace\s *alk ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,^! la/ _h %ort1 fan tails l exi/+ birds4 ,f ! too!d birds develop$ ! beak$ birds--! keel-brea/$ birds 7! gr\p to :i* mo/ exi/+ birds belong7 & ! birds ) unkeel$ brea/s1 i4e41 ! o/ri*-l birds4 ,! o/ri*-l birds are runn]s4 ,!y h rudim5t>y w+s1 & ! keel ( ! brea/-bone1 :i* 9 ! keel-brea/$ birds acts z a /ay = ! atta*m5t ( ! w+ muscles1 is lack+4 ,! o/ri*-l birds are probably deg5]ate fly]s1 ! fly+ app>atus hav+ become obsolete ?r\gh disuse4 ,! fea!rs ( birds are g5]ally suppos$ to be ! modifi$ scales ( reptiles4 ,! mo/ brilliant (fspr+ ( ! reptiles 7 ! mammals1 animals capable ( a wid] di/ribution ov] ! face ( ! e>? ?an ! cold-blood$ reptiles1 on acc\nt ( _! hair & _! w>m blood4 ,cold-blood$ animals ( great size are able to inhabit b a small zone ( ! exi/+ e>?'s surface--! torrid belt4 ,!y _c h\se !mselves dur+ ! seasons ( cold1 z m5 c2 nor escape to ! tropics on ! w+s ( ! w9d1 z d ! birds2 nor bury !mselves 9 subaque\s mud1 z d ! frogs1 snakes1 & cru/aceans4 ,dur+ ! ,mesozoic p]iod1 :5 cold-blood$ reptiles ( gigantic size fl\ri%$ ov] a wide area ( ! e>?'s surface1 ! planet 0 f> w>m] ?an n[4 ,animals1 !re=e1 l ! mammals 7or birds71 capable ( ma9ta9+ a fix$ temp]ature reg>dless ( ! !rmal fluctuations ( ! surr\nd+ m$ia1 are ! only animals ( l>ge size & p[] capable ( un9t]rupt$ exi/5ce ov] ! great] "p ( ! surface ( ! exi/+ e>?4 ,! pre-em95t life ( ! ,c5ozoic "t 0 mammalian4 ,b ! decl9e & fall ( ! saurian p[] 0 n :olly due to ! rise ( ! m dynamic mammals4 ,x 0 9 "p due1 no d\bt1 to adv]se conditions ( climate1 & also to ! fact t mammals & birds gu>d _! eggs1 & saurians d n4 ,! l[e/ ( ! mammals are ! monotremes1 animals :i* bl5d 9 a m>vell\s mann] ! *>act]i/ics ( birds1 reptiles1 & mammals4 ,only two families ( ^! old-fa%ion$ creatures are left1 ! e*idna & ! duck-bill 7orni?orhyn*us71 bo? ( !m f\nd on or ne> t museum ( biological antiquities1 ,au/ralia4 ,!y are cov]$ ) hair & suckle _! "y l o!r mammals1 b !y h only ! rudim5ts ( milk gl&s1 & !y lay eggs ) l>ge yolks f a cloaca1 l ! reptiles & birds4 ,! duck-bill hides its eggs 9 ! gr\nd1 b ! e*idna hat*es its eggs 9 a small ext]nal brood+ p\*1 p]iodically develop$ = ?is purpose4 ,! "y ( ! monotremes fe$ on ! oily p]spiration :i* exudes f ! body ( ! "m4 ,! monotremes fir/ appe> 9 ! fossilif]\s rocks ( ! ,triassic ,age4 ,f ! monotreme-l mammals develop$ ! m>supial mammals1 animals possess+ a purse-l p\* on ! aft] "p ( ! abdom51 9 :i* !y c>ry _! "y4 ,! "y ( m>supials are born 9 an extremely immature /ate1 & are c>ri$ 9 ?is p\* 9 ord] to complete _! developm5t4 ,! "y ( ! kang>oo1 an animal z l>ge z a man1 are only ab\t an in* 9 l5g? :5 !y are born4 ,!y are c>ri$ = n9e mon?s aft] _! bir? 9 ! m>supium ( ! "m1 firmly atta*$ to ! mat]nal nipple4 ,! m>supials came into exi/5ce dur+ ! ,jurassic ,age1 & dur+ ! next age1 ! ,cretace\s1 !y arose to consid]able p[]4 ,dur+ ?is latt] age !y 7 f\nd on e cont95t4 ,b !y h be5 almo/ ext]m9at$ by _! m p[]ful desc5dants4 ,f ! m>supials develop$ ! plac5tal mammals1 animals s call$ because _! "y are develop$ )9 ! p>5tal body 9 association ) a peculi> n\ri%+ organ call$ ! plac5ta4 ,f ! h]bivor\s m>supials develop$ ! almo/ too?less ed5tates1 ! rod5ts1 or gnaw+ animals1 ! sir5ians1 ! cetaceans1 & ! ho($ animals1 or ungulates4 ,! sir5ians are fi%-l animals ) two flipp]s1 & are (t5 call$ sea-c[s4 ,!y resemble :ales 9 _m respects1 & are sometimes class$ ) !m4 ,!y are plant-eat]s exclusively1 & are f\nd graz+ along ! bottoms ( tropical e/u>ies & riv]s4 ,!y h t9y eyes1 tee? fitt$ = gr9d+ 7n spike-l z 9 ! :ales71 & a /rong affection = _! "y1 ! "m1 :5 pursu$1 (t5 c>ry+ h] little "o "u h] flipp]s4 ,an imm5se sir5ian1 kn[n z ,/ell]'s manatee1 0 discov]$ on ! ,behr+ ,isl&s1 along ! ,kams*atka coa/1 9 #agda4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft]w>ds n "o ( !m 0 left1 all hav+ be5 murd]$ by ! ,russian sailors4 ,! sir5ians are probably deg5]ate =ms ( l& quadrup$s1 hav+ lo/ _! h9d-limbs & develop$ ! fi%-l %ape 9 adapt+ !mselves to aquatic conditions4 ,!y appe> fir/ 9 ! ,eoc5e ,age4 ,among ! mo/ int]e/+ d]ivatives ( ! h]bivor\s m>supials1 because ! mo/ ab]rant1 are ! :ales4 ,!y are true mammals--h w>m blood1 brea! ! air ) lungs1 & suckle _! "y l o!r mammals4 ,b1 l ! sir5ians1 !y live 9 ! surface ( ! wat]s1 & h flipp]s & a fi%-l tail & =m4 ,!y diff] f ! sir5ians1 h[ev]1 9 be+ c>nivor\s1 9 hav+ +u9al in/ead ( pectoral milk gl&s1 & 9 be+ /ructurally less l quadrup$s4 ,!y probably deg5]at$ f l& quadrup$s dur+ ! ,jurassic p]iod1 &1 ow+ to _! long] resid5ce 9 ! wat]s1 h become fur!r remov$ f ! quadrup$al type ?an ! sir5ians4 ,:ales h two limbs1 ! h9d-limbs hav+ disappe>$ z a result ( ! pre-em95t developm5t ( ! tail4 ,! tails ( :ales & sir5ians are flatt5$ horizontally1 n v]tically1 z 9 fi%es4 ,out ( g5]alis$ =ms ( ho($ animals n[ ext9ct develop$ ! odd-to$ & ev5-to$ races ( exi/+ ungulates4 ,! orig9al ungulates _h five ho(s on ea* foot1 & 7 highly g5]alis$ 9 _! /ructure4 ,f ^! orig9al five-to$ =ms h aris5 ! v>i\sly ho($ & v>i\sly /ructur$ tribes ( exi/+ ungulates3 ! five-to$ elephant1 ! f\r-to$ tapir & hippopotamus1 ! ?ree-to$ rh9oc]os1 ! two-to$ camel1 %eep1 sw9e1 de]1 antelope1 giraffe1 & ox1 & ! "o-to$ horse & zebra4 ,! c>nivor\s bran* ( ! plac5tal animals came f ! c>nivor\s bran* ( ! m>supials4 ,f e>ly =ms ( c>nivor\s plac5tals develop$ ! ape-l lemurs & ^? g5]alis$ =ms ( rapaci\s animals f :i* arose ! insect-eat]s1 ! bats1 & ! true c>nivora4 ,! seals repres5t a by-developm5t f ! ma9 l9e ( ! c>nivora1 a ?ird defection1 & a comp>atively rec5t "o1 f l& faunas4 ,seals live at ! meet+ ( ! l& & ! wat]s r ?an 9 or on ! wat]s1 z d ! cetaceans & sir5ians4 ,!y h reta9$ _! fur & _! f\r limbs1 b h almo/ lo/ _! p[] ( l& locomotion by ! conv]sion ( _! feet into flipp]s4 ,! two front-limbs ( seals are ! only ones us$ z ord9>y limbs are us$4 ,! h9d-limbs 9 mo/ seals /ret* p]man5tly out beh9d1 ! webb$ digits spread+ out fan-%ap$ on ei!r side ( ! /umpy tail1 & con/itut+ a r[+ app>atus functionally homolog\s ) ! tail ( fi%es & :ales4 ,accord+ to ,jordan1 ! fur seals & ! hair seals are desc5d$ f diff]5t families ( l& c>nivora1 ! =m] probably f ! be>s1 & ! latt] f ! cats4 ,! lemurs are ( especial int]e/ to human be+s1 because 9 !m are f\nd ! fir/ />tl+ approximation 9 looks & /ructure to ! #8human =m div9e4' ,! lemurs are monkey-l creatures liv+ 9 trees1 b diff] en\gh f true monkeys to be (t5 plac$ 9 an ord] by !mselves4 ,_! milk gl&s are abdom9al in/ead ( pectoral1 z 9 ! monkeys1 & ! second digit ( ea* h& & foot ends 9 a claw4 ,! mo/ ( !m live 9 ,madagasc>4 ,!y are g5]ally nocturnal 9 _! habits1 al?\gh "s species are diurnal4 ,!y appe> fir/ 9 ! ,eoc5e rocks1 & ,haeckel ?9ks !y may h develop$ f opossum-l m>supials 9 ! late ,cretace\s or e>ly ,eoc5e ,age4 ,f lemurs or f "s o!r simil> sort ( semi-apes develop$ ! true apes--! flat-nos$ 7platyrh9e7 apes ( ! ,new ,_w & ! n>r[-nos$ 7cat>h9e7 apes ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,!re is consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,new ,_w apes & ^? ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two classes is1 9 fact1 s /rik+ t !y are ?\ght by "s to h develop$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r f di/9ct species ( semi-apes4 ,! apes ( ! ,new ,_w h flat noses1 & ! no/rils are f> ap>t & op5 9 front ( ! nose1 nev] bel[4 ,! ,old ,_w apes h n>r[ noses1 ! no/rils be+ close toge!r & op5+ d[nw>ds z 9 man4 ,! tail ( 7ne>ly7 all ,new ,_w apes is preh5sile1 be+ us$ regul>ly z a fif? limb1 :ile among ,old ,_w apes ! tail is nev] s us$4 ,! ,old ,_w apes all h ! same numb] & k9ds ( tee? z man has1 :ile ! ,new ,_w apes 7except+ ! ,brazilian m>mosets7 h an additional premol> 9 ea* half-jaw1 mak+ ?irty-six 9 all4 ,! cat>h9e apes are1 !re=e1 /ructurally mu* ne>] to man ?an _! platyrh9e c\s9s4 ,all tail$ apes probably sprang orig9ally f a s+le /irp ( semi-apes1 & spread ov] ! e>? at a "t :5 ! ea/]n & we/]n l& masses ( ! s\!rn hemisph]e 7 connect$ ) ea* o!r4 ,! e>lie/ rema9s ( apes appe> 9 ! ,mioc5e ,age4 ,f ! ,old ,_w tail$ apes 7 develop$ ! tailless1 man-l1 or an?ropoid apes--! gorillas & *impanzees ( ,africa1 & ! orangs & gibbons ( ,asia & ! ,ea/ ,indies4 ,! an?ropoids arose f ! tail$ apes by ! loss ( ! tail1 ! ?9n+ ( ! hairy cov]+1 ! enl>gem5t ( ! =e-bra91 & by /ructural adaptations to a m ne>ly v]tical position4 ,no rema9s ( an?ropoids are f\nd e>li] ?an ! ,plioc5e ,age4 ,! man-l apes are ! ne>e/ liv+ relatives ( ! human races4 ,x is n probable t man has be5 d]iv$ directly f any ( ! exi/+ races ( man-l apes4 ,= no "o ( !m 9 all p>ticul>s ( its /ructure /&s clos] to him ?an ! re/4 ,! orang approa*es close/ to man 9 ! =mation ( ! bra91 ! *impanzee 9 ! %ape ( ! sp9e & 9 c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! skull1 ! gorilla 9 ! developm5t ( ! feet & 9 size1 & ! gibbon 9 ! =mation ( ! ?roat & tee?4 ,! e>lie/ human races probably sprang f man-l races ( apes n[ ext9ct1 :o liv$ 9 s\!rn ,asia or 9 ,africa dur+ ! ,plioc5e ,age 7possibly z e>ly z ! ,mioc5e71 & :o comb9$ 9 _! /ructures ! v>i\s man-l *>act]s possess$ by exi/+ an?ropoids4 ,! e>lie/ races ( m5 7 spee*less--! ape-l #8,alali'--be+s1 liv+ :olly ^u ! gr\nd & walk+ ^u _! h9d-limbs1 b )\t m ?an ! m]e rudim5ts ( language4 ,! v]tical position l$ to a mu* great] developm5t ( ! po/]ior p>ts1 especially ( ! muscles ( ! back & ! calves ( ! leg4 ,! great toe1 :i* 9 ! ape is opposable1 lo/ its opposability1 or all except traces ( x1 aft] ! ab&onm5t ( arboreal life4 ,x mu/ h be5 a sight fit to /ir ! s\l ( ! mo/ lea!rn1 ^! *ildr5 ( ! night1 ) l[ br[s1 /oop+ gait1 & ape-l faces1 arm$ ) rude clubs1 clo!d 9 natural hair1 & w&]+ ab\t 9 droves )\t law1 fire1 or und]/&+1 hid+ 9 ?ickets & 9 ! holes ( ! e>?1 fe$+ on roots & fruits1 & cont5d+ d\btfully ) ! species ar\nd !m = food & exi/5ce4 ,f ! #8,alali'--! spee*less ape-m5--we may imag9e ! true m5 to h evolv$--talk+ m51 m5 ) erect po/ure & mature bra9 & l>ynx1 ! woolly-hair$ ulotri*i & ! /raight-hair$ lissotri*i4 ,!re are f\r exi/+ species ( woolly-hair$ m53 ! ,papuans ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,melanesia1 & ! ,hott5tots1 ,caffres1 & ,negroes ( s\!rn1 equatorial1 & nor? c5tral ,africa respectively4 ,!y all h long heads1 slant+ tee?1 v d>k sk91 & black1 bu%y hair1 ea* individual hair 9 cross-section be+ flat or oval 9 %ape4 ,9 ! /raight-hair$ races ! sk9 is mu* fair] ?an 9 ! woolly-hair$ races1 be+ seldom d>k] ?an br[n1 & ea* individual hair 9 cross-section is r\nd l ! cross-section ( a cyl9d]4 ,! pr9cipal species ( /raight-hair$ m5 are ! sea-rov+ ,malays ( ! ,ea/ ,indies & ! ,pacific1 ! r\nd-fac$ ,mongols ( ea/]n & nor!rn ,asia1 ! aborig9al ,am]icans ( ! we/]n hemisph]e1 & ! incomp>able ,aryans1 includ+ ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans & ! mod]n peoples ( ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,europe4 ,man is to-day ! pre-em95t animal ( ! planet4 ,! successive asc5dancies ( ! ,worm1 ! ,mollusk1 ! ,cru/acean1 ! ,fi%1 ! ,reptile1 & ! ,mammal1 are foll[$ triumphantly by ! asc5dancy ( ! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,ape4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! life ( ! e>? has rema9$ /eadfa/ly :]e x 0 cradl$1 b5ea? ! waves4 ,b m re/less portions h left ! sea & crept =? ^u ! l&1 or sw>m$ into ! air4 ,"o migration1 ! mo/ num]\s1 is repres5t$ by ! insects4 ,ano!r1 ! mo/ ent]pris+1 0 ! amphibian4 ,aft] ages ( evolution ! amphibian bran* divid$4 ,"o bran* acquir$ w+s & sail$ (f into ! air4 ,! o!r divid$ & subdivid$4 ,"o ( ^! subdivisions ent]$ ! =e/s1 climb$ & clamb]$ among ! trees1 acquir$ p]p5dicul>ity & h&s1 desc5d$ & walk$ ^u ! soil1 inv5t$ agriculture1 built cities & /ates1 & imag9$ itself immortal4 ,human society is b ! van--! hi!r t]m9us--( an evolutional process :i* _h its beg9n+ away back 9 ! protoplasm ( primeval wat]s4 ,!re is n a =m t creeps b5ea? ! sea b c claim k9%ip ) ! eagle4 ,! philosoph] is ! remote po/]ity ( ! meek & l[ly amoeba4 #a4 ,see #8,g5ealogy ( ,animals1' at ! end ( ! *apt]4 #b4 ,see table ( geological ages1 at ! end ( ! previ\s *apt]4 ,,xi4 ,conclusion4 ,! resemblances1 homologies1 & metamorphoses exi/+ ev]y:]e among animal =ms are1 !re=e1 evid5ce ( ! mo/ logical consangu9ities4 ,x is all s p]fectly pla94 ,! /ructures ( organic be+s h come ab\t z a result ( ! action & reaction ( environm5t ^u ^! /ructures4 ,e be+--& n only e be+1 b e species1 ! :ole organic _w--has come to be :at x is z a result ( ! incessant hamm]+s ( its surr\nd+s1 ! hamm]+s n only ( ! pres5t1 b ( ! long-/ret*+ pa/4 ,by surr\nd+s is meant1 ( c\rse1 ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,^? animals belong+ to ! same /ock resemble ea* o!r because !y h be5 subject$ to ! same exp]i5ces1 ! same s]ies ( selections4 ,!y h la9 on ! same great anvil1 & felt ! d[n-com+s ( ! same sl$ge4 ,! simil>ities among animal =ms 9 g5]al indicate relation%ips1 j z ! simil>ities among ! races ( m5 indicate racial consangu9ities4 ,all m5 belong to ! human species because !y are all fundam5tally alike4 ,b !re are diff]5ces 9 ! "* ( ! hair1 9 ! col\r ( ! sk91 9 ! con=mation ( ! skull1 & 9 ! /ructure ( ! language1 among ! diff]5t v>ieties ( ! species1 indicat+ /rik+ v>iety 9 relation%ip & orig94 ,an em95t biologi/ has said t if ,negroes & ,caucasians 7 snails !y w\ld be class$ z entirely di/9ct species ( animals4 ,:e!r1 z is ?\ght by "s1 ! woolly-hair$ races are ! desc5dants ( ! ,african an?ropoids1 & ! /raight-hair$ v>ieties are ! po/]ity ( ! orangs & gibbons1 we may nev] "k positively4 ,b we d "k t ^! two great bran*es ( mank9d mu/ h diff]5t g5ealogies1 ext5d+ to a remote antiquity1 & t ! v>ieties belong+ to ea* great gr\p su/a9 to ea* o!r ! relations ( a common k9%ip4 ,engli%m5 look l ea* o!r1 act l ea* o!r1 & speak ! same language4 ,s d ,fr5*m5 & ,sw$es & ,*9ese4 ,e p is peculi>4 ,?is is n ! result ( accid5t or agreem5t1 b ! result ( law4 ,mongolians d n all h %ort heads1 yell[ faces1 slant+ eyes1 & prom95t mal>s because !y h agre$ to h !m1 b z a result ( a common p$igree4 ,simil>ity ( /ructure implies commonalty ( orig91 & commonalty ( orig9 means consangu9ity4 ,& ?is is true :e!r y contemplate ! featural resemblances ( bro!rs & si/]s ( ! same human p>5t1 or ^? m fundam5tal *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% species1 ord]s1 & sub-k+doms4 ,all animals are compos$ ( protoplasm1 :i* is a comp\nd ( clay1 because all animals are desc5d$ f ! same fir/ p>5ts1 protoplasmic organisms evolv$ out ( ! elem5tal ooze4 ,all v]tebrates h n]ve-fill$ backbones ) two pairs ( v5trally bran*+ limbs1 because ! orig9al ance/ors ( ! v]tebrates _h n]ve-fill$ backbones ) two pairs ( v5trally bran*+ limbs4 ,insects individually evolve f worms because worms are _! phylog5etic fa!rs & mo!rs4 ,man has h&s & a v]tical sp9e1 & walks on 8 h9d-limbs1 n because he 0 fa%ion$ 9 ! image ( a god1 b because 8 ance/ors liv$ among ! trees4 ,! habit ( us+ ! po/]ior limbs = locomotion1 & ! ant]ior = preh5sion1 & ! result+ p]p5dicul>1 are peculi>ities develop$ by our simian ance/ors :olly on acc\nt ( ! inc5tives to su* /ructure & po/ure af=d$ by aboreal life4 ,^! peculi>ities w\ld n likely h be5 acquir$ by quadrup$s liv+ ^u & tak+ _! food f a p]fectly level & treeless pla94 ,if !re _h be5 no =e/s on ! e>?1 !re=e1 !re w\ld h be5 no inc5tive to ! p]p5dicul>1 & ! #8human =m div9e' w\ld h be5 inconceivably diff]5t f :at x is to-day4 ,& if fi%es _h _h ?ree s]ial pairs ( limbs in/ead ( two1 & _! po/]ity _h inh]it$ !m1 z !y c]ta9ly w\ld h _h ! =esight to d if !y _h _h ! opportunity1 ! highe/ animals on ! e>? to-day1 ! #8p>agons ( creation1' w\ld probably be two-h&$ quadrup$s 7c5taurs7 in/ead ( two-h&$ bip$s4 ,& mu* m effici5t & ideal individuals !y w\ld h be5 9 e way ?an ! rickety1 peculi>1 unsub/antial plantigrades :o1 by _! tal5t to talk1 h become ! ma/]s ( ! univ]se1 &1 by _! imag9ations1 #8div9e4' ,k9%ip is univ]sal4 ,! ord]s1 families1 species1 & races ( ! animal k+dom are ! bran*es ( a gigantic arb\r4 ,e individual is a cell1 e species is a tissue1 & e ord] is an organ 9 ! great surg+1 suff]+1 palpitat+ process4 ,man is simply "o portion ( ! imm5se ent]prise4 ,he is z v]itably an animal z ! insect t dr9ks its little fill f 8 ve9s1 ! ox he goads1 or ! wild-fox t flees be=e 8 bell[+s4 ,man is n a god1 nor 9 any imm95t dang] ( becom+ "o4 ,he is n a cele/ial />-babe dropp$ d[n among mundane matt]s = a "t & end[$ ) w+ possibilities & ! anatomy ( a deity4 ,he is a mammal ( ! ord] ( primates1 n s lam5table :5 we ?9k ( ! hy5a & ! s]p5t1 b an exce$+ly disc\rag+ v]tebrate comp>$ ) :at he ought to be4 ,he has come up f ! worm & ! quadrup$4 ,8 relatives dwell on ! prairies & 9 ! fields1 =e/s1 & waves4 ,he %>es ! hon\rs & p>takes ( ! infirmities ( all 8 k9dr$4 ,he walks on 8 h9d-limbs l ! ape2 he eats h]bage & suckles 8 "y l ! ox2 he slays 8 fell[s & fills himself ) _! blood l ! crocodile & ! tig]2 he gr[s old & dies1 & turns to banquet+ worms1 l all t come f ! elem5tal lo9s4 ,he _c exce$ ! w9ds l ! h\nd1 nor dissolve 8 image 9 ! mid-day blue l ! eagle4 ,he has n ! c\rage ( ! gorilla1 ! magnific5ce ( ! /e$1 nor ! pla9tive innoc5ce ( ! r+-dove4 ,poor1 pitiful1 glory-hunt+ hideful6 ,born into a univ]se :i* he creates :5 he comes into x1 & cl++1 l all 8 k9dr$1 to a clod t kn[s him n1 he drives on 9 ! prepo/]\s /orm ( ! atoms1 z helpless to fa%ion 8 fate z ! sleet t pelts him1 & lo/ absolutely 9 ! somnambulism ( 8 own be+4 ,,! ,,psy*ical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,! ,conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,tradition ,,ii4 ,evid5ces ( ,psy*ical ,evolution ,,iii4 ,! ,common-s5se ,view ,,iv4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,human & ,non-human ,m9d ,comp>$ ,v4 ,conclusion #8,i saw1 deep 9 ! eyes ( ! animals1 ! human s\l look out ^u me4' #8,i saw :]e x 0 born d[n deep "u fea!rs & fur1 or condemn$ = a:ile to roam f\r-foot$ among ! brambles4 ,i caught ! cl++ mute glance ( ! prison]1 & swore t ,i w\ld be fai?ful4' #8,!e1 my bro!r & si/]1 ,i see & mi/ake n4 ,d n be afraid4 ,dwell+ ?us & ?us = a:ile1 fulfill+ ?y appo9t$ "t--?\ too %alt come to ?yself at la/4' #8,?y half-w>m horns & long tongue lapp+ r\nd my wri/ d n conceal ?y humanity any m ?an ! le>n$ talk ( ! p$ant conceals 8--= all ?\ art dumb we h words & pl5ty betwe5 u4' -- ,edw>d ,c>p5t]4 ,,! ,,psy*ical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,! ,conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,tradition4 ,! doctr9e t on mank9d's acc\nt all o!r be+s came into exi/5ce1 & t non-human be+s are m]e hunks ( matt] devoid ( all psy*ic qualities f\nd 9 man1 is a doctr9e ab\t z sagaci\s z ! old geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,conceit is a di/9ctly human emotion4 ,no o!r animal has x4 ,b x has be5 lavi%$ ^u man ) a g5]osity suffici5t to comp5sate = its total abs5ce f ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,man has always ov]e/imat$ himself4 ,9 :atev] age or prov9ce ( ! _w y look d[n on ! human imag9ation1 y f9d x indu/ri\sly digg+ disp>ities & e/abli%+ gulfs4 ,man1 accord+ to himself1 has _h great difficulty _m times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 9 escap+ ! div9e4 ,accord+ to ! facts1 he has only 9 rec5t biological times & aft] great lab\r & unc]ta9ty ab&on$ 8 tail & 8 all-f\rs4 ,accord+ to himself1 man 0 made #89 ! image ( 8 mak]1' & has be5 end[$ ) p[]s & prop]ties peculi>ly 8 own4 ,accord+ to ! facts1 he has come into ! _w 9 a mann] id5tical ) t ( all o!r animals1 & has be5 end[$ ) l nature & de/9y4 ,man has nev] manife/$ a w>m] or m indelicate en?usiasm ?an ! en?usiasm ) :i* he has appreciat$ himself4 ,& ) ! same ard\r ) :i* he has prais$ himself he has malign$ & misrepres5t$ o!rs4 ,man has set himself up z ! supreme judge & executive ( ! _w1 & he has n hesitat$ to aw>d to himself ! lion's %>e ( ev]y?+4 ,he has ransack$ 8 fancy = adjectives ) :i* to praise himself1 & driv5 8 inv5tive faculties to ! v]ge ( di/raction 9 se>* ( ju/ification = 8 crimes ^u ^? ar\nd him4 ,e individual b5t on de$s ( d>kness fir/ seeks 9 8 own m9d ju/ification = 8 purpos$ s9s4 ,& x is a cau/ic comm5t on ! "* ( human conviction t no en?usia/ic crim9al--f ! m>aud] ( cont95ts to ! kit*5 pilf]]--ev] yet s\ght unsuccessfully at ! c\rt ( 8 consci5ce = a s9ful p]mit4 ,x 0 an easy matt]1 !re=e1 = man--aid$ z he 0 by su* an exp]i5c$ imag9ation--to conv9ce himself t all o!r animals 7 made = him1 t !y 7 made )\t feel+ or intellig5ce1 & t h5ce he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 us+ 9 any way he *ose ! conv5i5ces s g5]\sly provid$ by an ecc5tric provid5ce4 ,b ,d>w9 has liv$4 ,be+s h come into ! _w1 we n[ "k1 ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural law4 ,man is n diff]5t f ! re/4 ,! /ory ( ,ed5 is a fabrication1 bequea!d to u by our well-mean+ b dimly-light$ ance/ors4 ,!re has be5 no m miracle 9 ! orig9 ( ! human species ?an 9 ! orig9 ( any o!r species4 ,& !re is no m miracle 9 ! orig9 ( a species ?an !re is 9 ! bir? ( a molecule or 9 ! break+ ( a tir$ wave on ! bea*4 ,man 0 n made 9 ! image ( ! hypo!tical creator ( heav5 & e>?1 b 9 ! image ( ! ape4 ,man is n a fall5 god1 b a promot$ reptile4 ,! be+s ar\nd him are n conv5i5ces1 b c\s9s4 ,in/ead ( /ret*+ away to ! />s1 man's p$igree sl9ks d[n into ! sea4 ,horrible revelation6 ,frightful anti!sis6 ,in/ead ( cele/ial g5esis & a #8fall'--long & doleful promotion4 ,in/ead ( elysian g>d5s & romance--! slime4 ,in/ead ( a god ) royal no/rils miracul\sly animat+ an immortal duplicate--a little l\ng+ cellule1 too small to be se5 & too s5seless to di/+ui% betwe5 midnight & noon4 ,b ! situation is n half s horrible z x looks to be to ^? :o see only ! sk9 ( ?+s4 ,is x n bett]1 aft] all1 to be ! hon\rable outcome ( a /raight=w>d evolution ?an ! (fspr+ ( flunky-lov+ cele/ials8 ,are ! illu/ri\s *ildr5 ( ! ape less glori\s ?an ! sycophants ( irrational !ological sy/ems8 ,d>w9 dealt 9 8 quiet way "s malici\s bl[s to human conceit1 b he also bequea!d to a misguid$ _w ! elem5ts ( its ultimate r$emption4 ,! suppos$ psy*ical gulf betwe5 human & non-human be+s has no m exi/5ce1 outside ! flamboyant imag9ation ( man1 ?an has ! once-suppos$ physical gulf4 ,x is pure fiction4 ,! supposition is a relic ( ! rapidly dw9dl+ vanity ( an?ropoc5tricism1 & is p]petuat$ f age to age by human selfi%ness & conceit4 ,x has no f\ndation ei!r 9 sci5ce or 9 common-s5se4 ,man /rives to less5 8 guilt by ! laudation ( himself & ! disp>agem5t & degradation ( 8 victims4 ,l ! o/ri*1 :o1 pursu$ by dea?1 improvises an imag9>y escape by plung+ its head into ! des]t1 s man1 pursu$ by ! v5geful correctives ( 8 own consci5ce1 fabricates a fictiti\s innoc5ce by ! calumniation ( ^? ^u :om he batt5s4 ,b su* excuses _c mu* long] hold out aga9/ ! ris+ consci\sness ( k9%ip4 ,psy*ology1 l all o!r sci5ces1 is rapidly ceas+ to att5d exclusively to human ph5om5a4 ,x is lift+ up its eyes & look+ ab\t2 x is prep>+ to become comp>ative4 ,x has come to realise t ! m9d ( man is b a s+le %oot ( a some?+ :i* ramifies ! entire animal _w1 & t 9 ord] to und]/& its subject x is necess>y = x to famili>ise itself ) ! :ole field ( ph5om5on4 ,! s\l ( man did n comm5ce to be 9 ! savage4 ,x comm5c$ to be 9 ! worm1 ^: life man gr9ds out ) 8 heel1 & 9 ! bivalve t fl\nd]s 9 8 bro?4 ,! roots ( consci\sness are 9 ! sea4 ,side by side ) physical evolution has gone on psy*ical evolution2 side by side ) ! evolution ( organs & tissues has gone on ! evolution ( intellect1 s5sibility1 & w4 ,human nature & human m9d are no m sui g5]is ?an are human anatomy & physiology4 ,! same consid]ations t prove t man's mat]ial organism is ! cumulative result ( long evolution proclaim t human m9d1 ! immat]ial concomitant ( ! mat]ial organism1 is also ! cumulative result ( long evolution4 ,we might j z well recognise facts fir/ z la/1 = !y w h to be recognis$ "s "t4 ,tru?s are n put d[n by inhospitality--!y are simply put (f4 ,! univ]se has a policy1 a program4 ,we may close our eyes to ! facts ar\nd u1 hop+ 9 ?is way to compel !m to pass away or be =gott54 ,b !y d n pass away1 nor w !y be =gott54 ,!y simply become invisible4 ,!y w live on & pres5t !mselves to o!r m9ds or ages or climes m hospitable or hone/ ?an our own4 ,! only prop] attitude ( m9d to assume t[>d ! v>i\s doctr9es exi/+ among m5 is ! attitude ( p]fect will+ness to believe any?+--any?+ t appeals to u z be+ reasonable & "r4 ,! great majority ( m51 h[ev]1 are intellectual solids--unable to move & unwill+ to ?9k4 ,!y h c]ta9 beliefs to :i* !y are det]m9$ to hold on1 & ev]y?+ t does n fit 9 ) ^! beliefs is reject$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,,ii4 ,evid5ces ( ,psy*ical ,evolution4 ,t m9d has evolv$1 & t !re is a psy*ical k9%ip1 an actual consangu9ity ( feel+s & ideas1 among all ! =ms ( animal life is prov$ inconte/ably by ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,! evolution ( m9d is impli$ by ! fact ( ! evolution ( /ructures4 #8,i hold1' says ,romanes1 9 ! introduction to 8 great "w on #8,m5tal ,evolution1' #8t1 if ! doctr9e ( organic evolution is accept$1 x c>ries ) x1 z a necess>y coroll>y1 ! doctr9e ( m5tal evolution4' ,x makes no diff]5ce :at !ory we adopt reg>d+ ! ess5tial natures ( ! physical & ! psy*ical--:e!r we agree ) ! mat]iali/ t m9d is an attribute ( matt]1 ) ! ideali/ t matt] is a creation ( m9d1 ) ! moni/ t m9d & body are only diff]5t aspects ( ! same c5tral entity1 or ) ! duali/ t body & s\l are two di/9ct b tempor>ily dep5d5t exi/5ces--we mu/ 9 any case recognise ! fact1 :i* is p]ceiv$ by all1 t !re is an ev]-fai?ful p>allel betwe5 ! neural & psy*ical ph5om5a ( e organism4 ,& if ! elem5ts :i* ent] into & make up ! physical /ructure ( man h be5 d]iv$ f1 & det]m9$ by1 prec$+ =ms ( life1 ! elem5ts :i* ent] into & make up ! psy*ical c\nt]p>t ( ! physical h also1 )\t any d\bt1 be5 inh]it$ f1 & det]m9$ by1 ance/ral life =ms4 #b4 ,closely alli$ to ! =ego+ reason = a belief 9 ! evolution ( m9d is t d]iv$ f a comp>ative survey ( ! n]v\s sy/em 9 man & o!r animals4 ,9 man1 m9d is closely associat$ ) a c]ta9 tissue or sy/em ( tissues--n]ve tissue or ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,t m9d is correlat$ ) n]ve /ructure1 & t m5tal anatomy may be le>n$ f a /udy ( ! anatomy ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 especially ( ! bra91 is ! basic po/ulate ( ! sci5ce ( physiological psy*ology4 ,n[1 n]ve cells exi/ 9 all animals above ! sponge1 & a comp>atively well-develop$ n]v\s sy/em is f\nd ev5 among _m ( ! inv]tebrates1 z ! high] worms1 cru/aceans1 insects1 & mollusks4 ,! n]v\s sy/em ( inv]tebrates1 ?\gh compos$ ( ! same k9d ( tissue1 is con/ruct$ accord+ to a some:at diff]5t plan ( ar*itecture f t ( ! v]tebrates4 ,b 9 all ( ! great family ( backbon$ animals ! n]v\s sy/em is built on ! same g5]al plan z 9 man1 ) a c]ebro-sp9al trunk ext5d+ f ! head along ! back & motory & s5sory n]ves ramify+ to all p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re is also a sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em 9 all animals d[n z f> z ! insects4 ,! bra91 :i* is ! mo/ important "p ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 & :i* has be5 call$ ! #8organ ( consci\sness1' pres5ts ?r\gh\t ! animal k+dom1 f its beg9n+ 9 ! worms to man1 a graduat$ s]ies ( increas+ complication proce$+ out ( ! same fundam5tal type4 ,?is is especially true ( ! v]tebrates4 ,fi%es1 amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 all h 9 _! bra9s ! same prim>y p>ts1 ! same five fundam5tal divisions1 z are f\nd 9 ! bra9 ( man4 ,h5ce1 :atev] may be ?\ght ab\t ! m5tal /ates ( inv]tebrates1 we h ! "r1 9 ! case ( ! v]tebrate ord]s ( life1 to inf]1 f ! g5]al simil>ity ( _! n]v\s sy/em to our own1 t !y h a correspond+ simil>ity to ourselves 9 m5tal con/itution & exp]i5ce4 #c4 ,! evolution ( m9d is sugge/$ by ! exi/5ce 9 ! animal _w ( all grades ( intellig5ce1 f almo/ m9dless =ms to =ms ev5 exce$+ 9 "s respects ! m5tal atta9m5ts ( m54 ,! jelly-fi% & ! philosoph] are n m5tal ali5s4 ,!y are l9k$ to ea* o!r by a cont9u\s gradation ( int]m$iate intellig5ces4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! grades ( m5tal developm5t sugge/ psy*ical evolution & k9%ip1 j z ! exi/5ce ( l grades ( /ructural developm5t sugge/ physical evolution4 #d4 ,9 ! m5tal life ( animals ! same factors ( evolution exi/ z ^? by means ( :i* organic /ructures h be5 br\ght into exi/5ce1 & x is reasonable to suppose t ! op]ation ( ^! factors h produc$ 9 ! m5tal _w results analog\s to ^? produc$ by ! op]ation ( ! same factors among organic /ructures4 ,m5 & o!r animals v>y 9 _! natures & m5tal faculties q z mu* z !y d 9 col\r1 size1 & %ape4 ,x is commonly suppos$ t ! m5tal & temp]am5tal v>iety exi/+ among individual m5 does n exi/ among individual birds1 quadrup$s1 insects1 etc4 ,b a little obs]vation or reflection ought to be en\gh to conv9ce anyone t su* a supposition belongs to t bat* ( pre-,d>w9ian mi/akes pres5t$ to u by an ov]-g5]\s pa/4 ,we are n acqua9t$ ) ! inhabitants ( our fields & b>n-y>ds4 ,we are almo/ z ignorant ( ! m5tal life & p]sonality ( ^! door-y>d neighb\rs & fri5ds ( ours z we w\ld be if !y 7 ! inhabitants ( ano!r cont95t4 ,t is :y our obtuse m9ds lump !m toge!r s indiscrim9ately--we d n "k any?+ ab\t !m4 ,we nev] take ! tr\ble1 or ?9k x wor? :ile1 to get acqua9t$ ) !m1 mu* less to /udy & "k !m4 ,we h gr[n up 9 ! falsehood t !y are altoge!r diff]5t f :at we are1 & t x is really n wor? :ile to bo!r our gigantic heads ab\t !m1 except to use !m :5 x comes h&y1 or kick !m to "o side1 or execute !m1 :5 !y get 9 ! way4 ,ev]ybody else looks at ! matt] 9 ab\t ! same way1 s we j let x g at t4 ,!re is a sam5ess ab\t =eign]s & o!r classes ( human be+s ) :om we are b slightly1 or n at all1 acqua9t$1 until we come to "k !m & c discrim9ate "o f ano!r4 ,i rememb] once ask+ my si/]1 if h] baby1 :i* look$ to me l all o!r babies ,i _h ev] se51 7 mix$ up ) a lot ( o!r babies ( ab\t ! same age1 :e!r %e c\ld pick h]s out f all ! re/1 & %e gave me an unmi/akable affirmative by answ]+1 #8,:at a fooli% "q6' ,!re is less v>iety among ! individuals ( non-human races ?an among individual m51 j z !re is less v>iety among individual savages ?an among ! memb]s ( a civilis$ community4 ,b !re is m5tal div]sity among all be+s1 & we only ne$ to :ittle our obs]vation a little to recognise ! fact4 ,y nev] he> ! keep] ( a m5ag]ie or any intellig5t associate ( dogs1 horses1 birds1 or insects say !re is no individuality among ^! animals4 ,brehm1 ! great ,g]man naturali/1 assures u t ea* individual monkey ( all ^? he kept tame 9 ,africa _h its own peculi> temp] & disposition4 ,& ?is is no m ?an :at ev]yone :o kn[s any?+ ab\t x kn[s to be true ( dogs1 horses1 cats1 cattle1 birds1 & ev5 fi%es & insects4 ,any intellig5t dog-fanci] or pigeon-fanci] c tell y ! p]sonal peculi>ities ( e "o ( ! fifty or a hundr$ dogs or pigeons 9 8 *>ge4 ,he has wat*$ & /udi$ !m s9ce !y came into exi/5ce1 & ?r\gh ?is cont9u\s association he has come to "k !m4 ,he simply makes discrim9ations t are n made by ! casual or sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,! ,lapl&] kn[s & names ea* re9de] 9 8 h]d1 ?\gh to a /rang] !y are all z mu* alike z ! multitudes on an ant-hill4 ,! ,peckhams ( ,milwaukee1 ^? indefatigable inve/igators ( spid]s & insects1 are con/antly tell+ u ( ! wond]ful individuality possess$ by ^! l[ly lessees ( our fields & g>d5s4 ,9 _! "w on #8,! ,habits & ,in/9cts ( ! ,solit>y ,wasps1' speak+ ( ! ammophiles1 ^! au?ors say3 #8,9 ?is species1 z 9 e "o t we h /udi$1 we h f\nd a mo/ int]e/+ v>iation among ! diff]5t individuals1 n only 9 me?ods1 b 9 "* & intellect4 ,:ile "o 0 beguil$ f h] hunt+ by e sorrel blossom %e pass$1 ano!r /uck to h] "w ) indefatigable p]sev]ance4 ,:ile "o /ung h] cat]pill>s s c>elessly & made h] ne/ 9 s %iftless a way t h] "y c\ld survive only ?r\gh "s lucky *ance1 ano!r devot$ h]self to ^! duties n only ) consci5ti\s e>ne/ness1 b ) an app>5t crav+ aft] arti/ic p]fection t 0 t\*+ to see4' ,! v>iation 9 ! m5tal ph5om5a ( animals1 includ+ man1 is p>tly innate1 & p>tly ! result ( environm5t or education4 ,animals n only v>y 9 _! m5tal qualities1 b !y also inh]it ^! v>iations1 j z !y d physical prop]ties & peculi>ities4 ,evid5ce ( ?is is furni%$ by e new be+ t comes into ! _w4 ,insanity runs 9 families1 & s does g5ius & crim9ality4 ,ev5 ! mo/ trifl+ idiosyncrasies are (t5 transmitt$1 n only by m51 b also by dogs1 horses1 & o!r animals4 ,su* qualities ( m9d z c\rage1 fidelity1 good & bad temp]1 intellig5ce1 timidity1 special ta/es & aptitudes1 are c]ta9ly transmitt$ 9 all ! high] ord]s ( animal life4 ,animals are also select$1 are enabl$ to survive 9 ! /ruggle = life q z mu* ?r\gh ! possession by !m ( c]ta9 m5tal qualities z on acc\nt ( _! physical *>act]s4 ,:e!r ! selections are made by nature or by man1 !y are n det]m9$ by ! physical facts ( size1 /r5g?1 spe$1 & ! l1 m ?an by cunn+1 c\rage1 sagacity1 skill1 indu/ry1 devotion1 f]ocity1 tractability1 & o!r m5tal prop]ties4 ,! fitte/ survive1 & ! fitte/ may be ! mo/ timid or analytic z well z ! mo/ p[]ful4 ,no bett] illu/ration ( ?is tru? c be f\nd ?an t furni%$ by man himself4 ,man is by nature a comp>atively feeble animal4 ,he is nei!r l>ge nor p[]ful4 ,yet he has be5 select$ to prosp] ov] all o!r animals because ( 8 +5uity1 sympa?y1 & art4 ,! great feel+ & civilisation ( high] m5 h be5 built up by sl[ accretion due to ! op]ation ( ! law ( survival ext5d+ ov] va/ measures ( "t4 ,cre$s & in/9cts1 gov]nm5ts & impulses1 =ms ( ?\ght & =ms ( expression1 h /ruggl$ & surviv$ j z h cells & species4 ,a /ruggle = exi/5ce is con/antly go+ on1 z ,max ,mll] has po9t$ out1 ev5 among ! words & grammatical =ms ( e language4 ,! bett]1 %ort]1 easi] =ms are con/antly ga9+ ! asc5dancy1 & ! long] & m cumbr\s expressions gr[ obsolete4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! high] types ( m9d h n come into exi/5ce z h ! high] types ( /ructure1 ?r\gh evolution f simpl] & m g5]alis$ =ms1 x has n be5 due to ! abs5ce ( ! factors necess>y = br++ ab\t ?is evolution4 #e4 ,! presumption creat$ by ! exi/5ce ( ! factors ( psy*ic evolution is /r5g!n$ by ! facts ( artificial selection4 ,we "k m9d c evolve1 = x has done s 9 _m cases4 ,! races ( dome/icat$ animals1 ! races :om man has exploit$ & prey$ ^u dur+ ! pa/ sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 h1 _m ( !m1 be5 completely *ang$ 9 "* & intellig5ce ?r\gh human selection4 ,old in/9cts h be5 wip$ out & new ones implant$4 ,9 _m in/ances ! psy*ology has be5 n only revolutionis$1 b remade4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! dog4 ,! dog is a re=m$ b&it4 ,x is a revis$ wolf or jackal4 ,x has be5 completely trans=m$ by human selection2 inde$1 x may be said t ! dog 9 ! la/ t5 or fifte5 ?\s& ye>s has made great] advances 9 sagacity & civilisation ?an any o!r animal1 sc>cely ev5 except+ man4 ,man has made wond]ful /rides along purely intellectual l9es1 b 9 ! improvem5t ( 8 emotions he has n be5 s successful4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ! dog 9 feel+ & intellig5ce has no d\bt be5 due to ! fact t 8 utility to man has always dep5d$ l>gely on 8 good s5se & fidelity1 & man has p]si/5tly emphasis$ ^! qualities 9 8 selection4 ,fi]c5ess & di/ru/--two ( ! mo/ prom95t traits 9 ! psy*ology ( ! primitive dog--h be5 entirely eradicat$ 9 ! high] races ( dogs4 ,!re is n any:]e on ! face ( ! e>? a m tru/ful1 affectionate1 & docile be+ ?an ?is "o-"t cut-?roat4 ,:e!r ! dog has be5 d]iv$ f ! wolf or f "s wild can9e race n[ ext9ct1 or f sev]al di/9ct ance/ors1 he mu/ h _h orig9ally a fi]ce1 di/ru/ful1 & b>b>ic nature1 = all ( ! undome/icat$ memb]s ( ! dog family wolves1 foxes1 jackals1 etc4--h natures ( ?is sort4 ,!re are ab\t #age diff]5t races ( dome/ic dogs4 ,!y repres5t almo/ z great a range ( developm5t z d ! races ( m54 ,"s ( !m are exce$+ly primitive1 :ile o!rs are highly intellig5t & civilis$4 ,! ,eskimo dogs are really no?+ b wolves t h be5 tra9$ to ! s]vice ( man4 ,!y look l wolves1 & h ! wolf psy*ology4 ,!y are n able to b>k1 l ord9>y dogs2 !y h[l l wolves1 & _! e>s /& up /raight1 l ! e>s ( all wild ,canidae4 ,"s ( ! m advanc$ ( ! can9e races--l ! %eep-dogs1 po9t]s1 & ,/4 ,b]n>ds--are animals ( great sympa?y & s5sibility4 ,:5 educat$1 ^! dogs are almo/ human 9 _! impulses & 9 _! p[]s ( disc]nm5t4 ,9 pati5ce1 vigilance1 & devotion to duty1 !y are sup]ior to _m m54 ,at a ^w1 or ev5 a look1 f its ma/]1 ! loyal collie w ga!r ! %eep scatt]$ = miles ar\nd to ! place designat$1 & d x ) su* tact & exp$ition z to comm& admiration4 ,x has be5 said t if x 7 n = ?is fai?ful & compet5t can9e ! highl&s ( ,scotl& w\ld be almo/ useless = %eep-rais+ purposes1 because ( ! great] exp5se t w\ld be entail$ if m5 7 employ$4 ,"o collie w d ! "w ( sev]al m51 & w d x bett]1 & ! g5]\s-he>t$ creature p\rs out its s]vices l wat]4 ,x requires no comp5sation except table refuse & a /raw b$4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica %eep-dogs are tra9$ to act z %eph]ds & assume ! :ole responsibility ( t5d+ ! flock4 #8,x is a common ?+1' says ,d>w91 #8to meet a l>ge flock ( %eep gu>d$ by "o or two dogs1 at a di/ance ( "s miles f any h\se or man4' ,:5 ! dogs get hungry1 !y come home = food1 b imm$iately return to ! flock on be+ f$4 #8,x is amus+1' rem>ks ?is writ]1 #8to obs]ve1 :5 approa*+ a flock1 h[ ! dog imm$iately advances b>k+1 :ile ! %eep all close 9 8 re> z ar\nd ! olde/ ram4' ,romanes relates an incid5t :i* well illu/rates ! high "* & intellig5ce ( ! dog & its wond]ful devotion to a tru/4 #8,x 0 a ,scot* collie4 ,h] ma/] 0 9 ! habit ( consign+ %eep to h] *>ge )\t sup]vision4 ,on ?is p>ticul> occasion he rema9$ beh9d or proce$$ by ano!r road4 ,on arriv+ at home late 9 ! ev5+1 he 0 a/oni%$ to le>n t 8 fai?ful animal _h n made h] appe>ance ) ! drove4 ,he imm$iately set out 9 se>* ( h]4 ,b on go+ out into ! /reets1 !re %e 0 com+ ) ! drove1 n "o miss+1 &1 m>vell\s to relate1 %e 0 c>ry+ a "y puppy 9 h] m\?4 ,%e _h be5 tak5 9 travail on ! hills1 & h[ ! poor creature _h contriv$ to manage h] drove 9 h] condition is beyond human calculation1 = h] road lay ?r\gh %eep all ! way4 ,h] ma/]'s he>t smote him :5 he saw :at %e _h suff]$ & effect$4 ,b %e 0 no?+ daunt$1 & aft] deposit+ h] "y "o 9 a place ( safety %e aga9 set out full spe$ = ! hills1 & br\ght ano!r & ano!r1 till %e br\ght ! :ole litt]1 "o by "o2 b ! la/ "o 0 dead'4#a ,:at a wond]ful trans=mation 9 can9e "*6 ,! v be+s ^: blood ! dog once drank ) rav5\s ?ir/ x n[ protects ) c\rage & fidelity4 ,& ?is trans=mation 9 "* is n due to education simply4 ,x is innate4 ,"y dogs br\ght f ,ti]ra del ,fuego or ,au/ralia1 :]e ! natives d n keep su* dome/ic animals z %eep1 pigs1 & p\ltry1 inv>iably h an incurable prop5sity = attack+ ^! animals4 ,! feel+ ( own]%ip possess$ by s _m dogs is an entirely new elem5t 9 can9e "*1 a trait implant$ :olly by human selection4 ,bold & confid5t on 8 own premises1 ! dog imm$iately becomes weak & apologetic :5 plac$ 9 circum/ances 9 :i* he feels he has no rights4 ,! po9t]s & sett]s h be5 develop$ z di/9ct bre$s by human selection dur+ ! pa/ #aej or #bjj ye>s4 ,:at is true ( ! dog is true also1 to a l>ge ext5t1 ( ! cat1 c[1 horse1 %eep1 goat1 f[l1 & o!r dome/ic animals4 ,s]5e & peaceful puss is ! tranquillis$ desc5dant ( ! wild cat ( ,egypt1 "o ( ! mo/ untamable ( all animals4 ,! migratory in/9ct1 s /rong 9 wild wat]-f[l1 is almo/ abs5t f our geese & ducks1 z is ! fight+ prop5sity 7prom95t 9 ! ,indian jungle-bird7 f mo/ v>ieties ( ! dome/icat$ *ick54 ,!re are n[ z _m z a hundr$ diff]5t k9ds ( dome/icat$ animals1 & !re is sc>cely "o ( ^! animals t has n be5 pr(\ndly *ang$ 9 "* dur+ ! p]iod ( its dome/ication4 ,!re are mu* great] *anges 9 "s races ?an 9 o!rs4 ,"s races h be5 mu* long] 9 captivity ?an o!rs4 ,& !n1 too1 !re is great diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( pla/icity 9 diff]5t races1 ! races ( anci5t orig9 be+ mu* m fix$ 9 _! psy*ology ?an ^? ( m rec5t beg9n+s4 ,9 "s races1 too--z 9 ! %eep--! selections made by man h be5 made prim>ily ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 physical qualities1 & 9 ^! cases ! m5tal qualities h be5 only incid5tally affect$4 ,9 ,polynesia1 :]e x is select$ = its flav\r in/ead ( = its fleetness or intellig5ce1 ! dog is said to be a v /upid animal4 ,b 9 mo/ cases ( dome/ication ! *anges wr\ght by selection 9 ! m5tal make-up ( ! race h be5 fully z great z ! *anges 9 body1 & 9 "s in/ances mu* great]4 ,& ! process by :i* ^! great *anges 9 psy*ology h be5 effect$ is 9 pr9ciple id5tically ! same z t by :i* m5tal evolution 9 g5]al is assum$ to h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,hi/ory ev]y:]e has come out ( ! night1 out ( ! deep gloom ( ! unrecord$4 ,b x has n leap$ =? l lightn+ out ( ! d>kness4 ,x has dawn$1 night be+ succe$$ by ! amorph\s %ad[s ( leg5d & tradition1 & ^! 9 turn by ! atte/$ ev5ts ( true hi/ory4 ,almo/ e civilis$ p c trace back its g5ealogy to a "t :5 x 0 repres5t$ on ! e>? by "o or m tribes ( savage or half-savage ance/ors4 ,! ,anglo-,saxons g back to ! ,angles1 ,saxons1 & ,jutes1 ?ree semi-savage tribes :o came to ,engl& f ! bord]l&s ( ! ,baltic f\rte5 or fifte5 c5turies ago4 ,! ,fr5* are ! desc5dants ( ! ,gauls1 :o =m$ ! scatt]$ population ( w>r+ & sup]/iti\s tribes ref]r$ to by ,julius ,caes> 9 ! op5+ l9es ( 8 #8,comm5t>ies4' ,! blue-ey$ ,g]mans came f ! ,cimbri1 ! ,go?s1 & ! ,v&als1 ^? bold1 wild hordes :o *>g$ out ( ! nor? to battle ) ! p[] ( ,rome4 ,& all ( ! ,aryan races--,engli%1 ,g]man1 ,italian1 ,sc&9avian1 ,russian1 ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,p]sian--trace _! ance/ry back1 by means ( common languages & leg5ds1 to a "t :5 !y 7 w&]+ tribes ( nomads t5t+ some:]e on ! pla9s ( transcaspian ,asia4 #f4 ,! evolution ( m9d 9 ! animal _w 9 g5]al is sugge/$ by ! fact t m9d 9 man has evolv$4 ,! ri*1 lum9\s intellect ( civilis$ man1 ) its art1 sci5ce1 law1 lit]ature1 gov]nm5t1 & morality1 has be5 evolv$ f ! rude1 raw1 demon-haunt$ m9d ( ! savage4 ,evid5ce ( ?is evolution is furni%$ by ! record$ facts ( human hi/ory1 by ! antiqu>ian collections ( our museums1 & by a /udy ( exi/+ savages4 ,9 all our museums !re are collections ( ! relics ( prehi/oric peoples4 ,^! collections consi/ ( objects ^u :i* m5 9 di/ant ages ( ! _w h wr\ght--_! weapons1 ornam5ts1 ut5sils1 implem5ts1 & play?+s--:i* h be5 sav$ f ! tee? ( ,"t by _! durability4 ,! "* ( ! m9ds :i* op]at$ on ^! objects1 :i* produc$ & us$ !m1 may be inf]r$ f ! "* ( ! objects1 j z ! life & surr\nd+s ( an anci5t animal or plant may be inf]r$ f its fossil4 ,^! relics are ( /one1 bone1 bronze1 & iron4 ,!y are f\nd 9 almo/ e region ( ! e>?--all ov] ,europe & its isl&s1 9 we/]n & c5tral ,asia1 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 9 ,malay1 ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 & ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ,am]ica4 ,!y ant$ate human hi/ory by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,!y are ! ru9s ( ! ,/one ,age1 ! ,bronze ,age1 & ! ,iron ,age ( mank9d4 ,9 all ( ^! rema9s !re is evid5ce ( a sl[ b gradual improvem5t z we approa* ! pres5t4 ,!re are places on ! e>? :]e ! evolution ( human implem5ts1 f ! rude/ *ipp$ /ones to ! comp>atively f9i%$ products ( hi/oric peoples1 is epitomis$ 9 ! deposits ( a few feet 9 dep?4 ,"o ( ^! occurs at ,*elles1 a suburb ( ,p>is1 & 0 made ! subject ( a pap] by ,pr(essor ,pack>d 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,may1 #aijb4 ,"h ?ree di/9ct lay]s1 conta9+ human rema9s entirely diff]5t 9 "* f ea* o!r1 appe> )9 a dep? ( #cj feet f ! surface4 ,! l[e/ b$1 a lay] ( pebbles & s&1 & probably preglacial 9 orig91 conta9s ! fam\s ,*ellean #8axes1' rude almond-%ap$ implem5ts ( *ipp$ fl9t1 & us$ by ^! anci5t inhabitants by be+ held 9 ! h&4 ,9 ?is b$ are also f\nd ! bones ( ! /raight-tusk$ elephant1 cave-be>1 big-nos$ rh9oc]os1 & o!r species n[ ext9ct4 ,! next b$ is ! int]glacial1 & conta9s implem5ts entirely diff]5t f ! "o bel[ x1 among :i* are sk9-scrap]s & lance-po9ts4 ,! animal rema9s ( ?is b$ are also diff]5t f ^? f\nd 9 ! b$ bel[1 & include animals l ! musk-ox & ! re9de]1 :i* 7 probably driv5 to ?is s\!rn clime f m nor!rn regions by ! excessive cold ( ! "t4 ,! ?ird b$1 :i* lies j bel[ ! surface soils1 conta9s poli%$ /one axes & o!r rema9s ( human indu/ry cotemporane\s ) ! ,swiss lake-dwell]s4 ,f ! swamps & loams are sometimes dug up ! rema9s ( ,gallo-,roman civilisations--,gallic co9s1 s]p5t9e axes1 & bronzes ( ! "t ( ! ,anton9es4 ,no "o c fully realise ! va/ advance t has be5 made by ! human m9d until he has look$ ^u a savage--has se5 ! savage 9 8 native haunts attack+ ! problems ( 8 daily life1 & has ta/$ ( 8 philosophy & disposition4 ,! savage is ! ance/or ( all high] m54 ,:5 we look ^u ! savage1 we look ^u ! infancy ( ! human _w4 ,all ( ! laws1 languages1 sci5ces1 gov]nm5ts1 religions1 & philosophies ( civilis$ man1 or ne>ly all ( !m at any rate1 are ! exfoliat$ laws1 languages1 sci5ces1 gov]nm5ts1 religions1 & philosophies ( savages4 ,x is impossible to und]/& ! laws ( civilis$ societies )\t a k ( ! laws ( savage societies4 ,! same ?+ is true ( gov]nm5t1 religion1 & philosophy--& ( human nature itself4 ,human nature z exhibit$ by civilis$ m5 & wom5--,i mean m5 & wom5 ) a v5e]+ ( civility1 n really civilis$ folks1 = !re are none ( !m on ! e>?--is a p]petual enigma unless x is illum9$ by retrospection1 by a comp>ative /udy ( human nature1 by a /udy ( human nature z se5 9 m & m primitive m5 & wom54 ,! m9d ( ! savage1 z comp>$ ) t ( civilis$ man1 is exce$+ly primitive4 ,! picture drawn by ,gilbrai? ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,si\x is a typical picture ( savage life & "*4 ,gilbrai? liv$ among ^! tribes = sev]al ye>s1 & 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,he says3 #8,!y are bigot$1 b>b>\s1 & exce$+ly sup]/iti\s4 ,!y reg>d mo/ ( ! vices z virtues4 ,!ft1 arson1 rape1 & murd] are reg>d$ by !m z ! means ( di/9ction4 ,! "y ,indian is taught f *ildhood to reg>d kill+ z ! highe/ ( virtues4 ,9 _! dances & at _! fea/s1 ! w>riors recite _! de$s ( !ft1 pillage1 & slaught] z preci\s ?+s2 & ! highe/1 inde$ ! only1 ambition ( ! "y brave is to secure 8! fea!r10 :i* is b ! record ( 8 hav+ murd]$1 or p>ticipat$ 9 ! murd] (1 "s human be+--:e!r man1 woman1 or *ild1 x is immat]ial'4#b #8,consci5ce1' says ,burton1 #8does n exi/ 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 & 8rep5tance0 simply expresses regret = miss$ opportunities = crime4 ,robb]y makes an honorable man2 & murd]1 ! m atroci\s ! crime ! bett]1 makes ! h]o'4#8,consci5ce1' says ,burton1 #8does n exi/ 9 ,ea/ ,africa1 & 8rep5tance0 simply expresses regret = miss$ opportunities = crime4 ,robb]y makes an honorable man2 & murd]1 ! m atroci\s ! crime ! bett]1 makes ! h]o'4#c ,_m ?+s appe> natural & self-evid5t to ! savage :i* seem to u actually revolt+4 ,:5 ! ,fuegians are h>d press$ by want1 !y kill _! old wom5 = food r ?an _! dogs1 say+3 #8,old wom5 no use2 dogs kill ott]s4' #8,:at ,i' said a negro to ,burton1 #8am ,i to />ve :ile my si/] has *ildr5 :om %e c sell8' ,lubbock1 9 8 great "w on #8,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation1' cites hundr$s ( in/ances ( savage rud5ess & simplicity :i* seem almo/ incr$ible to "o accu/om$ all 8 life to types ( human "* su* z are f\nd 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,= in/ance1 #8:5 ! natives ( ! ,l[] ,murray fir/ saw pack-ox51 "s ( !m 7 fright5$ & took !m = demons ) spe>s on _! heads1 :ile o!rs ?\ght !y 7 ! wives ( ! settl]s1 because !y c>ri$ ! baggage4' ,speak+ ( ! wild m5 9 ! int]ior ( ,borneo1 ?is writ] says3 #8,!y live absolutely 9 a /ate ( nature1 nei!r cultivat+ ! gr\nd nor liv+ 9 huts4 ,!y eat nei!r rice nor salt1 & d n associate ) ea* o!r1 b rove ab\t ! woods l wild bea/s4 ,! sexes meet 9 ! jungle4 ,:5 ! *ildr5 are old en\gh to %ift = !mselves1 !y usually sep>ate1 nei!r "o aft]w>ds ?9k+ ( ! o!r4 ,at night !y sleep "u "s l>ge tree ^: bran*es hang l[4 ,!y fa/5 ! *ildr5 to ! bran*es 9 a k9d ( sw+1 & build a fire ar\nd ! tree to protect !m f snakes & wild bea/s4 ,! poor creatures are look$ on & treat$ by ! o!r ,dyaks z wild bea/s4' ,lubbock sums up 8 conclusions on ! morality ( savages 9 ! foll[+ pa!tic ackn[l$gm5t3 #8,i d n rememb] a s+le in/ance 9 :i* a savage is record$ z hav+ %[n any symptoms ( remorse2 & almo/ ! only case ,i c call to m9d 9 :i* a man belong+ to "o ( ! l[] races has acc\nt$ = an act by say+ explicitly t x 0 "r1 0 :5 ,mr4 ,hunt ask$ a "y ,figian :y he _h kill$ 8 "m'4#d ,a few pages fur!r on1 ! same au?or adds1 reg>d+ ! deplorable /ate ( morality among savages3 #8,t !re %\ld be races ( m5 s defici5t 9 moral feel+ 0 altoge!r oppos$ to ! preconceiv$ ideas ) :i* ,i comm5c$ ! /udy ( savage life1 & ,i h arriv$ at ! conviction by sl[ degrees1 & ev5 ) reluctance4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 be5 =c$ to ?is conclusion1 n only by ! direct /atem5ts ( travell]s1 b also by ! g5]al t5or ( _! rem>ks1 & especially by ! rem>kable abs5ce ( rep5tance & remorse among ! l[e/ races ( m54' ,among ourselves ! words us$ to di/+ui% "r & wrong are metaphors4 ,"r orig9ally meant #8/raight1' & wrong meant #8twi/$4' ,language exi/$1 !re=e1 be=e morality2 = if moral ideas _h prec$$ language1 !re w\ld h be5 orig9al words to /& = !m4 ,religion1 accord+ to ,lubbock1 has no moral aspect or influ5ce except among ! m advanc$ races ( m54 #8,! deities ( savages are evil1 n good2 !y may be =c$ into compliance ) ! wi%es ( man2 !y g5]ally delight 9 bloody1 & (t5 require human1 sacrifices2 !y are mortal1 n immortal2 !y are to be approa*$ by dances r ?an by pray]s2 & (t5 approve :at we call vice r ?an :at we e/eem z virtue4 ,9 fact1 ! s-call$ religion ( ! l[] races ( mank9d be>s some:at ! same relation to religion 9 its high] =ms z a/rology does to a/ronomy or al*emy to *emi/ry'4#d ,savages h few g5]al ideas ( any k9d1 z is evid5c$ by ! almo/ total abs5ce among !m ( words d5ot+ g5]al ideas4 ,_m savage races _c compreh5d numb]s great] ?an five or six1 & are unable to make ! simple/ ma!matical computations )\t us+ ! f+]s4 ,! languages ( savages are extremely rude1 words be+ freely piec$ out ) pantomime4 ,savages talk ) difficulty 9 ! d>k1 because ( _! great reliance on ge/ure 9 conv]sation4 ,! ri* vocabul>ies ( ! languages ( ,europe & ,am]ica h gr[n up /ep by /ep ) ! evolution ( ,european & ,am]ican m9d4 ,e language is an evolution4 ,! languages ( _m primitive peoples lack ! v]b to be entirely1 & all n\ns are prop] n\ns4 ,words are (t5 little m ?an grunts or clucks1 & are )\t ! euphony & articulation f\nd 9 ! languages ( ! civilis$4 ,d>w9 says t ! language ( ! ,fuegians s\nds l a man cle>+ 8 ?roat4 ,n only e language1 b e ^w1 bo? 9 its =m & mean+1 is 9 process ( evolution4 ,_s1 = in/ance1 orig9ally meant #8bl[+1' und]/&+ meant #8gett+ b5ea?1' & developm5t ! physical act ( #8unfold+4' ,words are cont9ually drift+ f _! orig9al mean+s "u ! /ress ( incessant use1 z %ips drag _! an*ors 9 a gale4 ,^? words t are expos$ to common use und]go ! mo/ rapid *anges1 :ile words %elt]$ f ! ru% ( human affairs1 l h>b\r$ %ips1 hold to _! moor+s =ev]4 ,let1 = in/ance1 once meant #8h9d]'2 n[ x means #8all[4' ,bisect1 on ! o!r h&1 a ^w ( r>e & te*nical use1 has rema9$ unalt]$ 9 significance = tw5ty c5turies4 ,ev5 our alphabet has be5 evolv$4 ,! tw5ty-six symbols compos+ x h be5 erod$ into ! peculi> =ms 9 :i* !y appe> at pres5t by ! v>i\s peoples ?r\gh ^: h&s !y h come to u4 ,! orig9als 7 pictographs su* z are /ill f\nd on ! ag$ monum5ts ( e>?'s e>lie/ civilisations4 ,! ,engli% got _! alphabet f ! ,romans1 :o obta9$ x1 along ) almo/ ev]y?+ else !y _h1 f ! ,greeks4 ,! ,greeks receiv$ x f ! ,ph5icians1 & ! ,ph5icians f ! papyrus writ]s ( ,egypt1 :o 9 turn procur$ x f ^? hi]oglyph *isel]s :o c>v$ _! curi\s lit]ature on ! granite tombs ( ! ,nile 9 ! remote/ dawn ( human hi/ory4 ,a1 ! fir/ lett] ( our alphabet1 is a figure :i* has be5 evolv$1 z ! result ( long we> & te>1 f ! picture ( an eagle2 ,b 0 orig9ally ! picture ( a crane2 ,c repres5ts a ?rone2 ,d a h&2 ,f an asp2 ,h a sieve2 ,k a b[l2 ,l a lioness2 ,m an owl2 ,n a wat]-l9e2 ,r a m\?2 ,s a g>d52 ,t a lasso2 ,x a *airback2 & ,z a duck4 ,! psy*ology ( civilis$ man1 ?\gh d]iv$ f t ( ! savage1 & h5ce resembl+ x fundam5tally1 is1 nev]!less1 v diff]5t f x1 bo? 9 "* & 9 :at x conta9s4 ,! m9d ( ! savage is rude1 unres\rceful1 vici\s1 & *ildlike1 :ile t ( ! civilis$ man or woman may be ov]fl[+ ) wisdom & b5ignity4 ,?is gulf has n be5 cov]$ by a /ride1 b by ! sl[ op]ation ( ! same laws ( ,inh]itance1 ,v>iation1 & ,selection by :i* all progress has be5 br\ght ab\t4 #g4 ,deg5]ation is a necess>y "p ( ! process ( organic evolution4 ,all progress1 :e!r anatomical1 intellectual1 or social1 takes place ?r\gh selection1 & selection means ! p9+ & ultimate pass+ away ( t :i* is left4 ,9 individual evolution x is organs1 ideas1 & traits ( "* t are elim9at$1 & 9 social evolution x is cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,"o ( ! reasons giv5 9 ! prec$+ *apt] = ! belief 9 ! evolution ( /ructures is ! exi/5ce 9 man & o!r animals ( ve/igial organs1 organs :i* 9 l[] =ms ( life are useful1 b :i* 9 high] =ms are repres5t$ by useless or ev5 injuri\s remnants4 ,simil> remnants are f\nd 9 ! psy*ology ( man & o!r animals4 ,^! ve/iges ( m9d are n s easily recognis$ z ! ve/iges ( /ructure1 b !y are ev]y:]e4 ,we f9d !m 9 ! antiquat$ in/9cts ( man & ! dome/ic animals1 9 ! sil5t lett]s & worn-out words ( languages1 & 9 ! emaciat$ rema9s ( ab&on$ beliefs & in/itutions4 ,! hunt+ & fi%+ in/9ct ( civilis$ man is a ve/igial in/9ct1 normal 9 ! savage1 b )\t ei!r s5se or dec5cy among m5 devot$ to indu/rial pursuits4 ,! savage hunts & fi%es because he is hungry1 nev] = pa/ime2 civilis$ m5 & wom5 d s because !y are too me*anical to assort _! impulses4 ,civilis$ man is a mongrel1 a cross betwe5 a b>b>ian & a god4 ,8 psy*ology is a comp\nd ( ! jungle & ! sky4 ,9 _! l(ti] mom5ts1 _m m5 are able to obscure ! crud] facts ( _! orig9 & to put into tempor>y op]ation ^? m spl5did processes ( m9d :i* *>act]ise _! ideals4 ,b ev5 ! mo/ civilis$ are =ev] haunt$ by ! return+ gho/s ( dep>t$ prop5sities--prop5sities :i* grew up 9 ages ( hate1 :i* are n[ out-(-date1 b :i* 9 ! try+ t$ium ( daily life come back & usurp ! high places 9 human nature4 ,rev5ge1 hate1 cruelty1 pugnacity1 selfi%ness1 vanity1 & ! l1 are all m or less ve/igial among m5 :o h ent]$ s]i\sly on ! life ( altruism4 ,l ! v]mi=m app5dix & ! human tail1 ^! old obsolete p>ts ( ! human m9d are de/9$1 9 ! rip5+ ( ! ages1 to wa/e away & disappe> ?r\gh disuse4 ,! practice ( ! dog ( turn+ r\nd two or ?ree times be=e ly+ d[n is 9 response to an in/9ct :i* 0 no d\bt b5eficial to x 9 its wild life1 :5 x 0 wont to make its b$ 9 ! grasses1 b :i* is n[ a pure wa/e ( "t4 ,d>w9 records x z a fact1 t he has himself se5 a simple-m9d$ dog turn r\nd tw5ty times be=e ly+ d[n4 ,! %eep-kill+ mania1 :i* sometimes comes ov] dogs :5 ?ree or f\r ( !m get toge!r & become actuat$ by ! #8mob' _s1 is a ve/ige ( ! old in/9ct ( ! c>nivore :i* c5turies ( dome/ication h n yet q eras$4 ,goodness1 if too prolong$1 becomes irksome to dogs = ! same reason t x does to m54 ,dogs h come f savages j z m5 h1 &1 :ile ! civilis$ nature ( ! dog is m con/itutional ?an t ( civilis$ man1 ! old depos$ in/9cts m\nt to ! ?rone once 9 a:ile1 & ! fai?ful collie is = ! "t be+ a wolf aga94 ,! in/9ct ( dome/ic %eep to imitate _! lead] 9 leap+ ov] ob/acles is ano!r probable survival ( wild life4 ,if a b> or o!r ob/acle be plac$ :]e ! lead] ( a flock ( %eep is compell$ to leap ov] x1 & ! ob/acle is !n remov$1 ! entire b& ( foll[]s w leap at ! same place reg>dless ( ! fact t ! ob/ruction is no long] !re4 ,no o!r animals d ?is4 ,! in/9ct is probably a survival ( wild life1 :5 ^! animals1 pursu$ by _! enemies ov] *asms & precipices1 7 compell$ to imitate 9 ! flight ^? 9 front ( !m 9 ord] to live4 ,d>w9 ?9ks ! donkey %[s its aborig9al des]t nature 9 its av]sion = cross+ ! smalle/ /ream1 & its reli% = roll+ 9 ! du/4 ,! same av]sion = ev]y?+ aquatic exi/s also 9 ! camel4 ,quails kept 9 captivity1 ,i am told1 p]si/ 9 scrat*+ at ! pan :5 !y are fe$+1 j z !y w\ld ne$ to d1 & 7 accu/om$ to d1 among ! leaves & grasses ( ! groves4 ,! re/lessness ( cage-birds & dome/ic f[ls at migrat+ "t1 ! mimic dipp+ & sport+ ( ducks :5 conf9$ to a t]re/rial habitat1 ! grave m>%all+ ( geese by ! *ief g&] ( ! b&1 ! f]ocity ( c[s1 ewes1 & ! females ( o!r dome/ic animals dur+ ! fir/ few days ( mo!rhood1 ! hunt+ in/9ct ( dogs kept z %eph]ds & pets1 ! squatt+ ( "y pigs :5 sudd5ly al>m$--all ( ^! are ve/igial in/9cts1 functional 9 ! wild /ate1 b n[ useless & absurd4 ,! sil5t lett]s & sup]annuat$ words & phrases f\nd ev]y:]e 9 lit]ature are ! ve/igial p>ts ( language4 ,e sil5t lett] 0 orig9ally s\nd$1 & e obsolete ^w 0 at "o "t us$4 ,9 ! ,fr5* ^w1 temps1 = in/ance1 :i* means #8"t1' nei!r ! p nor ! s is s\nd$4 ,b 9 ! ,lat9 ^w tempus1 f :i* ! ,fr5* ^w is d]iv$1 all ( ! lett]s are s\nd$4 ,man has be5 def9$ z a creature ( habit4 ,z he has done a ?+ once1 or z 8 ance/ors h done a ?+1 s he does x aga94 ,by precept & example he transmits to ea* new g5]ation ! cu/oms1 beliefs1 & po9ts ( view :i* he has inv5t$4 ,social *anges take place ) extreme mod]ation4 ,! dr[sy ages take pl5ty ( "t to get any:]e4 ,civilisation is lazy1 delib]ate1 unimpassion$4 ,x loafs & hesitates4 ,x holds on to ! pa/4 ,liv+ civilisations always drag beh9d !m a trail ( traditions f dead civilisations4 ,religions & philosophies *ange1 & cre$s & gov]nm5ts fl[ into /range & undream$-( =ms2 b _! p]sonalities survive1 _! s\ls live on1 _! remnants1 transmitt$ z traditions f g5]ation to g5]ation1 defy ! m$dl+s ( innovators4 ,h5ce 9 e society !re are =ms & c]emonies1 laws & cu/oms1 games & symbols1 etc41 :i* h be5 completely div]t$ f _! orig9al purposes1 or :i* h become s r$uc$ 9 importance z to be ( no use4 ,sp5c] has %[n t ! =ms ( salutation 9 vogue among civilis$ societies are ! ve/iges ( primitive c]emonial us$ to d5ote submission4 ,! ,may ,day fe/ivals ) :i* ! op5+ spr+ is usually hail$ are ! mu*-modifi$ survivals ( pagan fe/ivals 9 hon\r ( plant & animal fecundity4 ,sup]/ition & folklore are ve/igial op9ions4 ,! gorge\s ,ea/] egg is a survival ( a dawn my? old] ?an ! ,pyramids1 & our ,*ri/mas d9n] is a rem9isc5ce ( a cannibal c>nival celebrat+ ! turn+ back ( ! sun at ! w9t] sol/ice 7,br9ton74 ,9 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 :]e democracy has 9 rec5t c5turies made su* inroads on ! mon>*y1 !re are num]\s examples ( ve/igial in/itutions--in/itutions :i* cont9ue to exi/ purely because !y h exi/$ 9 ! pa/1 b :i* 7 functional a few c5turies ago4 ,! supreme (fice itself is "o ( ^!4 ,! ,k+ repres5ts ! pet]$-out tail-end ( a privilege :i* 9 ! "t ( ! e>ly ,/u>ts 0 almo/ unlimit$4 ,simil> ve/iges exi/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! national _s dur+ ! la/ c5tury & a half has s completely wip$ out colonialism4 ,su* are ! ,t[n ,meet+s ( ,bo/on & ( ,new ,hav54 ,! e>lie/ =m ( human m>riage 0 m>riage by capture4 ,! man /ole ! woman & c>ri$ h] away by =ce4 ,?is =m ( m>riage 0 9 ! c\rse ( evolution succe$$ by m>riage ?r\gh pur*ase4 ,a man anxi\s to become a husb& c\ld d s by pay+ to ! fa!r a /ipulat$ am\nt ( ca% or cattle = 8 daught]4 ,?is second =m ( m>riage f9ally evolv$ into m>riage arrang$ by direct & peaceful negotiation betwe5 ! prospective husb& & wife4 ,?is is ! =m mo/ commonly employ$ at ! pres5t "t among ! m advanc$ societies ( m54 ,b 9 ! c]emonies :i* surr\nd ! nuptial ev5t among civilis$ peoples survive ve/iges ( _m ( ! facts associat$ ) aborig9al m>riages4 ,a m>riage 9 high life is a sort ( epitome ( ! evolution ( ! in/itution4 ,! coyness & hesitancy ( ! woman 9 accept+ ! (f]s ( h] propos$ sp\se are ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! orig9al reluctance ( h] savage si/]s4 ,! w$d+-r+ is ! old tok5 accept$ by ! woman :5 %e gave h] pl$ge ( bondage4 ,! com+ ( ! groom ) 8 aids to ! m>riage is a figurative m>aud+ exp$ition4 ,! honeymoon is ! abduction4 ,& ! *>iv>i & missile-?r[+ indulg$ 9 by fri5ds & relatives on ! dep>ture ( ! w$d$ twa9 is a good-hum\r$ c\nt]feit ( ! arm$ prote/ made by relatives ( old :5 a bride-snat*] came among !m4#e ,! ve/iges f\nd ev]y:]e 9 ! m5tal & social ph5om5a ( man & o!r animals h aris5 z necess>y facts 9 ! process ( m5tal evolution4 ,!y are ! v]mi=m app5dices ( ! m9d4 #h4 ,"o ( ! /ronge/ reasons = a belief 9 ! physical evolution ( animal species is t furni%$ by individual evolution4 ,ea* individual animal recapitulates 9 a wond]ful mann] ! phylog5esis ( its species4 ,n[1 x is extremely significant t a simil> p>allel exi/s 9 ! case ( m5tal evolution4 ,ea* individual m9d asc5ds ?r\gh a s]ies ( m5tal faculties :i* epitomises 9 a rem>kable mann] ! psy*og5esis ( ! animal k+dom4 ,! human *ild is n born ) a full-gr[n m9d any m ?an ) a full-gr[n body4 ,x gr[s4 ,x exfoliates4 ,x rip5s ) ! ye>s4 ,x beg9s 9 infancy at ! z]o-po9t1 & 9 manhood or womanhood may blaze ) g5ius & philan?ropy4 ,b ! m9d ( ! *ild n only unfolds3 x unfolds 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 ! m complex p>ts & ! m civilis$ emotions inv>iably appe>+ la/4 ,! initial p[]s ( ! newborn babe are ^? ( s5sation & p]ception4 ,! babe _c ?9k4 ,x has no feel+ ( fe>1 no affection1 no sympa?y1 & no %ame4 ,x c see1 & he>1 & ta/e1 & feel pa9 & satisfaction--& ^! are ab\t all4 ,ev5 ^! are vague & confus$4 ,9 a week ! p]ceptions are m %>p & vivid1 m di/9ct & ord]ly4 ,memory arises4 ,memory is ! p[] ( reproduc+ pa/ impressions4 ,at ?ree weeks ! emotions beg9 to spr\t4 ,! fir/ to make _! appe>ance are fe> & surprise4 ,:5 ! babe is sev5 weeks old ! social affections %[ !mselves1 & ! simple/ acts ( association are p]=m$4 ,at ! age ( twelve weeks jeal\sy & ang] may be expect$1 toge!r ) simple exhibitions ( association by simil>ity4 ,at f\rte5 weeks affection & reason dawn4 ,sympa?y g]m9ates at ab\t ! age ( five mon?s2 pride & res5tm5t g]m9ate at eight mon?s2 grief1 hate1 & b5evol5ce at t5 mon?s2 & %ame & remorse at fifte5 mon?s4 ,n[1 ! rem>kable ?+ ab\t ?is is t ?is is ! ord]1 or v mu* l ! ord]1 9 :i* m9d 9 ! animal k+dom z a :ole has app>5tly evolv$4 ,! l[] ord]s ( animal life h none ( ! high] emotions & none ( ! m complicat$ processes ( m9d4 ,!re is no %ame 9 ! reptile1 no dissimulation 9 ! fi%1 no sympa?y 9 ! mollusk1 & no memory 9 ! sponge4 ,memory dawns 9 ! e*9od]ms1 or some:]e ne> ! radiate /age ( developm5t1 & fe> & surprise 9 ! worms4 ,pugnacity makes its appe>ance 9 ! insects1 imag9ation 9 ! spid]s1 & jeal\sy 9 ! fi%es4 ,pride1 emulation1 & res5tm5t orig9ate 9 ! birds3 grief & hate 9 ! c>nivora2 %ame & remorse among dogs & monkeys2 & sup]/ition 9 ! savage4#a ,x is also an important fact be>+ on ! g5]al problem ( evolution1 t ! civilis$ *ild1 f ab\t ! age ( "o on1 is a sort ( synopsis1 rude b unmi/akable1 ( ! hi/oric evolution ( ! human race4 ,! *ild is a savage4 ,x has ! emotions ( ! savage1 ! savage's conceptions ( ! _w1 & ! desires1 pa/imes1 & ambitions ( ! savage4 ,x hates "w1 & takes delight 9 hunt+1 fi%+1 fight+1 & loaf+1 l o!r savages4 ,! h]o ( ! *ild is ! bully1 j z ! demigod ( primitive man is a blood-lett+ ,caes> or ,a*illes4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! civilis$ are savages--"s m s ?an o!rs--& if !y ev] become civilis$--"s d1 & "s d n--!y d s ?r\gh a process ( rectification & selection simil> to t ?r\gh :i* ! ,aryan races h pass$ dur+ ! ages ( human hi/ory4 ,!re is a simil> evolution 9 ! "y ( o!r animals1 especially ( ! high] animals4 ,ea* individual beg9s 9 a p]fectly m9dless =m1 & gr[s m5tally z x develops physically4 ,! "y puppy has a v diff]5t ?9k+ & feel+ app>atus f ! gr[n-up ma/iff4 ,x is controll$ almo/ exclusively by s5se & in/9ct4 ,x is devoid ( common-s5se1 & divides its "t imp>tially betwe5 play & sleep4 ,x is easily fright5$1 & cries at e little ?+4 ,x has ! rollick+1 awkw>d1 irresponsible p]sonality ( a boy ( six4 ,ab\t ! same ?+ is true ( kitt5s1 colts1 calves1 be> cubs1 ! :elps ( wolves1 & o!r "y quadrup$s4 ,a kitt5 w *ase %ad[s1 try to cat* flies crawl+ on ! o!r side ( a w9d[pane1 sit & wat* 9 wond] ! mov+ objects ab\t x1 & d _m o!r ?+s :i* x nev] ?9ks ( do+ :5 x has gr[n to be a wise & sophi/icat$ puss tra9$ 9 ! ways ( ! _w ab\t x4 ,doghood1 ca?ood1 & horsehood1 l manhood & womanhood1 are ! rip5$ products ( long processes ( gr[? & exfoliation4 ,! p>allel is1 ( c\rse1 imp]fect4 ,!re are _m abbreviations1 _m breaks & ambiguities1 9 ! summ>y pres5t$ by ! individual m9d ( ! evolution ( ! race4 ,&1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( psy*og5y1 only ! b>e/ outl9e c be trac$4 ,b en\gh is kn[n to r5d] ! fact unque/ionable4 #i4 ,if human m9d has be5 evolv$1 x is logical to expect to f9d 9 o!r animals1 especially 9 ^? m closely resembl+ ourselves 9 /ructure1 m9d elem5ts simil> to ^? we f9d 9 ourselves4#f ,& ?is is precisely :at we d f9d4 ,! same great trunk impulses t animate m5 animate also ^? m rudim5t>y b n less real individuals bel[ & ar\nd m54 ,! great prim>y facts ( sex1 ( self-pres]vation1 ( pleasure & pa91 ( life & dea?1 ( egoism & altruism1 ( mo!rhood1 ( alim5tation1 etc4--all ( ^! are f\nd ev]y:]e1 d[n almo/ to ! v ?re%old ( organic life4 ,& !y are ! antec$5ts ( ! same great t5d5cies z ^? t control ! lives ( m54 ,x is (t5 suppos$ by ! sup]ficial t ! facts ( sex & alim5tation1 :i* are s prom95t 9 o!r animals1 h be5 relegat$ to a v subord9ate place 9 ! nature ( man4 ,b no?+ c\ld be mu* f>!r f ! tru?4 ,x has be5 said t !re are only two ?+s t w induce ! typical ,african or ,au/ralian to und]go prolong$ lab\r--hung] & ! sex appetite4 ,x is probable t m5--n only primitive m51 b ! mo/ evolv$ races1 includ+ ev5 poets & philosoph]s--w d m desp]ate & idiotic ?+s & und]go m try+ exp]i5ces :5 actuat$ by ! sex impulse ?an f ! effects ( any o!r impulse 9 human nature4 ,?is impulse is especially ov]ma/]+ 9 races l ! ,italian & ,spani%1 & has be5 m5tion$ by e?nologi/s z a probable factor 9 ! det]ioration ( ^! races4 ,! s5tim5ts ( love1 m>ital affection1 & family life control mank9d m completely ?an any o!r motives4 ,& next to ^! comes hung]4 ,let anyone :o imag9es t only ! non-human creatures are c>nal obs]ve ) :at uni=mity almo/ e function 9 bo? savage & civilis$ life gravitates t[>d eat+ & dr9k+4 ,if x is a picnic1 a conv5tion1 a national holiday1 a ,*ri/mas celebration1 a meet+ ( a frat]nal society1 a ?anksgiv+ c]emony1 or :at n1 eat+ is "o ( ! ma9 ?+s1 & ! "o ex]cise into :i* f\r-fif?s ( ^? pres5t probably ent] ) ! greate/ en?usiasm4 ,! human s\l is ! blossom1 n ! beg9n+1 ( psy*ic evolution4 ,"m-love compassionat$ infancy long be=e a babe came f ! /rick5 lo9s ( woman4 ,! inhabitants ( ! e>? _h be5 seek+ pleasure & seek+ to avoid pa91 & seek+ ev] ) ! same sad futility1 long be=e man ) 8 ret9ue ( puny philosophies /rutt$ ^u ! sc5e4 ,hate poison$ ! ci/]ns ( ! sea & dropp$ its pollutions ?r\gh ! /eam+ spaces ages be=e !re 0 malice among m54 ,altruism is old] ?an ! m\nta9s1 & selfi%ness h>d5$ ! liv+ he>t be=e ! cont95ts 7 lift$4 ,!re 0 wond] 9 ! woods & 9 ! wild he>t ( ! fa/nesses be=e !re 7 wait+s 9 synagogues & g5uflections ab\t alt> piles4 ,! frogs1 crickets1 & birds _h be5 s++ love a ?\s& g5]ations & m :5 ! fir/ amoroso knelt 9 dulcet descant to a b]ibbon$ ,v5us4 ,human nature is n an article ( div9e manufacture1 any m ?an is ! human =m4 ,x came out ( ! brea/ ( ! bird1 out ( ! s\l ( ! quadrup$4 ,! human he>t does n draw back f ! my/]i\s dissolutions ( dea? m e>ne/ly ?an does ! h>e t flees be=e res\nd+ packs or ! wild-f[l t r$d5s ! re$s ) its fl\nd]+s4 ,b[]birds build _! ne/-side resorts1 decorate !m ) gay fea!rs1 & surr\nd !m ) gr\nds ornam5t$ ) bright /ones & %ells1 = id5tically ! same reason z human be+s design draw+-rooms1 hang !m ) tape/ries1 & surr\nd !m ) ornam5t$ lawns4 ,! sc>let wai/coat ( ! rob9 & ! flam+ dresses ( tanag]s & humm+-birds1 :i* seem1 z !y fla% ?r\gh ! =e/ aisles1 l %afts ( c>d9al-fire1 s]ve ! same vanities & m9i/] to ! same in/9cts z ! plumage ( ! d&y & ! t9ts & gewgaws ( gorge\s dames4 ,art is l>gely a manife/ation ( sex1 & x is ab\t z old & ab\t z p]si/5t z ?is v5]able impulse4 ,h[ did ,d>w9's dog "k 8 ma/] on 8 ma/]'s return f a five-ye>s' trip ar\nd ! _w8 ,j z ! boy rememb]s :]e ! /rawb]ries gr[ & ! philosoph] recalls 8 facts--by t p[] ( ! bra9 to reta9 & to reproduce pa/ impressions4 ,:y does ! ?9k] se>* 8 s\l = new !ories & ! spaces = new />s8 ,= ! same reason t ! *ild asks que/ions & ! monkey picks to pieces its toys4 ,:at is reason8 ,a habit ( wise m5--an exp$i5t ( ants--a mania ! fools ( all ages are free f4 ,all ( ! activities ( m51 h[ev] impos+ or peculi>1 are b elaborations 9 "o way or ano!r ( ! humble do+s ( ! animalcule1 ^: home is a wat]-drop & ^: exi/5ce c be discov]$ by human s5ses only by ! aid ( in/rum5ts4 #aj4 ,m9d has evolv$ because ! univ]se has evolv$4 ,:e!r m9d is a "p ( ! univ]se1 or all ( x1 or only an attribute ( x1 x is1 9 any case1 inextricably mix$ up ) x4 ,&1 s9ce ! univ]se z a :ole has evolv$1 x is improbable t any "p ( x or any?+ p]ta9+ to x has rema9$ impassive to ! g5]al t5d5cy4 ,!re are no solids4 ,no?+ /&s4 ,! :ole univ]se is 9 a /ate ( fluidity4 ,ev5 ! #8et]nal hills1' ! #8un*ang+ cont95ts1' & ! #8ev]la/+ />s1' are fl[+1 fl[+ ev]1 sl[ly b ceaselessly1 f =m to =m4 ,s is m9d4 ,inde$1 if !re is any:]e 9 ! folds ( creation a be+ su* z ! "o :om man has long accus$ ( hav+ br\ght ! univ]se into exi/5ce1 we may re/ assur$ t ev5 he is n sitt+ passively ap>t f ! enorm\s ent]prise :i* he has himself inaugurat$4 ,! evid5ce is conclusive4 ,! evolution ( m9d is support$ by a s]ies ( facts n less incontrov]tible & conv9c+ ?an t by :i* physical evolution is e/abli%$4 ,! data ( m5tal evolution are n q s def9ite & pl5tiful z ^? ( physical evolution4 ,b ?is is due to ! great] intangibility ( m5tal ph5om5a & to ! backw>d condition ( ! psy*ological sci5ces1 especially ( comp>ative psy*ology4 ,m5tal ph5om5a are always m difficult to deal ) ?an mat]ial ph5om5a1 & h5ce are always m t>dily att5d$ to 9 ! application ( any !ory4 ,b tak+ ev]y?+ into acc\nt1 includ+ ! close connection betwe5 physical & psy*ical ph5om5a1 x may be ass]t$ t x is n m c]ta9 t ! physical /ructure ( man has be5 d]iv$ f sub-human =ms ( life ?an x is t ! human m9d has also be5 simil>ly d]iv$4 ,man is ! adult ( long evolution4 ,! human s\l has ance/ors & consangu9ities j z ! body has4 ,x is j z reasonable to suppose t ! human physiology1 ) its def9itely elaborat$ tissues1 organs1 & sy/ems1 is unrelat$ to ! physiology ( v]tebrates 9 g5]al1 & ?r\gh v]tebrate physiology to ! physiology ( inv]tebrates1 z to suppose t ! /ates & impulses con/itut+ human nature & consci\sness began to exi/ 9 ! an?ropic type ( anatomy & are unrelat$ to ! /ates & impulses ( v]tebrate consci\sness 9 g5]al1 & ?r\gh v]tebrate consci\sness to ^? remot] types ( s5ti5cy ly+ away at ! ?re%old ( organic life4 ,human psy*ology is a "p ( univ]sal psy*ology4 ,x has be5 evolv$4 ,x has be5 evolv$ accord+ to ! same laws ( h]$ity & adaptation z h physiological /ructures4 ,& x is j z impossible to und]/& human nature & psy*ology unaid$ by ^? wid] prospects ( univ]sal psy*ology z x is to und]/& ! facts ( human physiology unaid$ by analog\s univ]salisations4 #a4 ,romanes3 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #b4 ,gilbrai?3 ,e?nological ,j\rnal1 #ahfi1 p4 #cjd4 #c4 ,burton3 ,fir/ ,foot/eps 9 ,ea/ ,africa2 ,london1 #ahef4 #d4 ,lubbock3 ,orig9 ( ,civilisation2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #e4 ,demoor3 ,evolution by ,atrophy2 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #f4 ,?is topic is m fully pres5t$ 9 ! *apt] 8,! elem5ts ( ! human & non-human m9d comp>$40 ,,iii4 ,! ,common-s5se ,view4 ,b x is n necess>y to be le>n$ 9 ,d>w9ian sci5ce 9 ord] to "k t non-human be+s h s\ls4 ,j ! ord9>y obs]vation ( !m 9 _! daily lives ab\t u--9 _! com+s & go+s & do+s--is suffici5t to conv9ce any p]son ( disc]nm5t t !y are be+s ) joys & sorr[s1 desires & capabilities1 simil> to our own4 ,no human be+ ) a consci5ti\s desire to le>n ! tru? c associate intimately day aft] day ) ^! p--associate ) !m z he himself w\ld desire to be associat$ ) 9 ord] to be int]pret$1 )\t presumption or res]ve1 9 a k9d1 hone/1 /raight=w>d1 magnanim\s mann]2 make !m 8 fri5ds & really ent] into _! inmo/ lives--)\t realis+ t !y are almo/ unkn[n by human be+s1 t !y are con/antly & crim9ally misund]/ood1 & t !y are 9 reality be+s actuat$ by sub/antially ! same impulses & t]roris$ by approximately ! same exp]i5ces z we ourselves4 ,!y eat & sleep1 seek pleasure & try to avoid pa91 cl+ valor\sly to life1 exp]i5ce heal? & disease1 get seasick1 suff] hung] & ?ir/1 co-op]ate ) ea* o!r1 build homes1 reproduce !mselves1 love & provide = _! *ildr51 fe$+1 def5d+1 & educat+ !m1 cont5d aga9/ enemies1 contract habits1 rememb] & =get1 le>n f exp]i5ce1 h fri5ds & fav\rites & pa/imes1 appreciate k9dness1 commit crimes1 dream dreams1 cry out 9 di/ress1 are affect$ by alcohol1 opium1 /ry*n9e1 & o!r drugs1 see1 he>1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel1 are indu/ri\s1 provid5t & cleanly1 h languages1 risk _! lives = o!rs1 manife/ +5uity1 individuality1 fidelity1 affection1 gratitude1 h]oism1 sorr[1 sexuality1 self-control1 fe>1 love1 hate1 pride1 suspicion1 jeal\sy1 joy1 reason1 res5tm5t1 selfi%ness1 curiosity1 memory1 imag9ation1 remorse--all ( ^! ?+s1 & scores ( o!rs1 ! same z human be+s d4 ,! an?ropoid races h ! same emotions & ! same ways ( express+ ^? emotions z human be+s h4 ,!y laugh 9 joy1 :9e 9 di/ress1 %$ te>s1 p\t & apologise1 & get angry :5 !y are laugh$ at4 ,!y protrude _! lips :5 sulky or p\t+1 />e ) wide op5 eyes 9 a/oni%m5t1 & look d[nca/ :5 melan*oly or insult$4 ,:5 !y laugh1 !y draw back ! corn]s ( _! m\? & expose _! tee?1 _! eyes sp>kle1 _! l[] eyelids wr9kle1 & !y utt] *uckl+ s\nds1 j z human be+s d4#a ,!y h /rong sympa?y = _! sick & w\nd$1 & manife/ t[>d _! fri5ds1 & especially t[>d ! memb]s ( _! own family1 a devotion sc>cely equall$ among ! l[e/ races ( mank9d4 ,!y use rude tools1 su* z clubs & /icks1 & resort to cunn+ & delib]ation to accompli% _! ends4 ,! orang1 :5 pursu$1 w ?r[ /icks at 8 pursu]s1 & :5 w\nd$1 & ! w\nd does n prove in/antly fatal1 w sometimes press 8 h& ^u ! w\nd or apply grass & leaves to /op ! fl[ ( blood4 ,! *ildr5 ( an?ropoids wre/le ) ea* o!r1 & *ase & ?r[ ea* o!r1 j z d ! juv5iles ( human h\seholds4 ,! gorilla1 *impanzee1 & orang all build = !mselves lodges made ( brok5 b\ghs & leaves 9 :i* to sleep at night4 ,^! lodges1 rude ?\gh !y are1 are n inf]ior to ! habitations ( _m primitive m54 ,! ,puris1 :o live nak$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! ,brazilian =e/s1 d n ev5 h huts to live 91 only scre5s made by sett+ up huge palm-leaves aga9/ a cross-pole4#b ,"s ( ! ,african tribes are said to live l>gely 9 caves & ! crevices ( rocks4 ,?is is ! case ) _m primitive m54 ,accord+ to a writ] 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& 7,janu>y1 #aijb71 #8common =ms ( dwell+ among ! wild tribes ( ! ,malay ,p59sula are rock-%elt]s 7sometimes caves1 b m commonly natural recesses "u ov]hang+ l$ges7 & leaf-%elt]s1 :i* are sometimes =m$ on ! gr\nd & sometimes 9 ! bran*es ( trees4 ,! simple/ =m ( ^! leaf-%elt]s consi/s ( a s+le palm-leaf plant$ 9 ! gr\nd to af=d ! w&]] "s slight %elt] = ! night4' ,:5 !y sleep1 ! an?ropoids sometimes lie /ret*$ out1 man-l1 on _! backs1 & sometimes !y lie on _! side ) _! h& "u _! head = a pill[4 ,! orang retires ab\t five or six o'clock 9 ! ev5+1 & does n rise until ! morn+ sun has dissipat$ ! mi/s ( ! =e/4 ,! gorilla & *impanzee seem to mate = life4 ,! =m] lives1 z a rule1 9 s+le families1 ea* family consi/+ ( a male & a female & _! *ildr54 ,dur+ ! day ?is primitive family roams ?r\gh ! =e/s ( equatorial ,africa 9 se>* ( food4 ,!y live on fruits & nuts & ! t5d] %oots & leaves ( plants4 ,!y are especially fond ( sug>-cane1 :i* !y eat 9 small-boy fa%ion by *ew+ & disc>d+ ! juiceless pulp4 ,among ! foods ( ! gorilla is a walnut-l nut :i* x cracks ) /ones4 ,z ev5+ comes on1 ! head ( ! family selects a sleep+-place = ! night4 ,?is is usually "s l[ tree ) a d5se gr[? at ! top1 & protect$ z mu* z possible by high] trees f ! *illy night w9d4 ,"h1 on a b$ ( brok5 bran*es & leaves1 ! "m & little ones g to sleep1 :ile ! fa!r devot$ly cr\*es at ! foot ( ! tree1 ) 8 back aga9/ ! trunk to gu>d 8 family f leop>ds & o!r nocturnal cut-?roats :o eat apes4#c ,:5 ! wea!r is /ormy1 !y cov] !mselves ) broad p&anus leaves to keep (f ! ra94 ,kopp5fels relates an incid5t ( a gorilla family :i* makes "o ?9k ( ?+s he sometimes sees among m54 ,! family consi/$ ( ! p>5ts & two *ildr54 ,x 0 meal-"t4 ,! head ( ! family repos$ maje/ically on ! gr\nd1 :ile ! wife & *ildr5 hu/l$ = fruits = him 9 a ne>-by tree4 ,if !y 7 n suffici5tly nimble ab\t x1 or if !y 7 s wanton z to take a bite !mselves1 ! pat]familias gr[l$ & gave !m a cuff on ! head4#c ,not)/&+ ! s5sational tales ( ! f]ocity ( ?is be+1 ! gorilla nev] attacks anyone at any "t unless he is mole/$4#c ,he mu* pref]s to att5d to 8 own bus9ess4 ,b if he is n all[$ to d s1 if he is attack$1 he is z fe>less z a ma*9e4 ,he approa*es 8 antagoni/ walk+ upright & beat+ 8 brea/ ) 8 fi/s4 ,he pres5ts "o ( ! mo/ t]rify+ ( all spectacles1 z1 ) gleam+ eyes1 hair erect1 & res\nd+ yells1 he be>s d[n on ! object ( 8 res5tm5t4 ,! natives fe> ! gorilla m ?an !y fe> any o!r animal4 ,! *impanzee 9 8 native wilds lives 9 small tribes consi/+ ( a few families ea*4 ,l ! gorilla1 x passes ! mo/ ( its "t on ! gr\nd1 go+ among ! trees only = food or sleep4 ,x builds a sleep+-place at night 9 ! trees1 z 9 ! case ( ! gorilla4 ,brehm1 :o br\ght up a numb] ( *impanzees 9 8 own home z comrades & playmates ( 8 *ildr51 & :o /udi$ !m & associat$ ) !m = ye>s1 says3 #8,! *impanzee is n only "o ( ! clev]e/ ( all creatures1 b a be+ capable ( delib]ation & judgm5t4 ,ev]y?+ he does is done consci\sly & delib]ately4 ,he looks ^u all o!r animals1 except man1 z v inf]ior to himself4 ,he treats *ildr5 entirely diff]5t f gr[n-up p4 ,! latt] he respects2 ! =m] he looks ^u z comrades & equals4 ,he is n m]ely inquisitive3 he is gre$y = k4 ,he c draw conclusions1 c reason f "o ?+ to ano!r1 & apply ! results ( exp]i5ce to new circum/ances4 ,he is cunn+1 ev5 wily1 has fla%es ( hum\r1 indulges 9 practical jokes1 manife/s moods1 & is ent]ta9$ 9 "o company & bor$ 9 ano!r4 ,he is self-will$ b n /ubborn1 good-natur$ b n want+ 9 indep5d5ce4 ,he expresses 8 emotions l a human be+4 ,9 sickness he behaves l "o 9 despair1 di/orts 8 face1 groans1 /amps1 & te>s 8 hair4 ,he le>ns v easily :atev] is taught him1 z1 = in/ance1 to sit upright at table1 to eat ) knife & =k & spoon1 to dr9k f a glass or cup1 to /ir ! sug> 9 8 tea1 to use a napk91 to we> clo!s1 to sleep 9 a b$1 & s on4 ,exce$+ly appreciative ( e c>ess1 he is equally s5sitive to blame & unk9dness4 ,he is capable ( deep gratitude1 & he expresses x by %ak+ h&s or kiss+ )\t be+ ask$ to d s4 ,he behaves t[>d infants ) t\*+ t5d]ness4 ,! behavi\r ( a sick & suff]+ *impanzee is mo/ pa!tic4 ,begg+ pite\sly1 almo/ humanly1 he looks into 8 ma/]'s face1 receives e attempt to help him ) w>m ?anks1 & soon looks ^u 8 physician z a b5efactor1 hold+ out 8 arm to him1 /ret*+ out 8 tongue :5ev] told1 & ev5 do+ s ( 8 own accord aft] a few visits f 8 physician4 ,he swall[s m$ic9es readily1 & ev5 submits to surgical op]ations--9 %ort1 behaves v l a human pati5t 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,z 8 end approa*es1 he becomes m g5tle1 & ! nobl] traits ( 8 "* /& out prom95tly'4#d ,! ,new ,york ,h]ald1 9 its issue ( ,july #b1 #aija1 conta9$ an acc\nt ( ! dea? ( ,*>lemagne1 a *impanzee :o di$ a %ort "t be=e at ,gr5oble1 ,france4 ,?is an?ropoid at ! "t ( 8 dea? 0 ! mo/ popul> inhabitant ( ! t[n4 ,8 popul>ity 0 due to 8 good-nature & intellig5ce1 & especially to ! fact t a few ye>s be=e 8 dea? he _h sav$ a *ild f dr[n+ 9 a well4 ,! ape saw ! *ild fall1 & )\t a mom5t's hesitation climb$ d[n ! rope us$ = ! buckets1 seiz$ ! *ild1 & climb$ out aga9 by ! same rope by :i* he _h desc5d$4 ,! p ( ! t[n ?\ght s mu* ( him t !y foll[$ 8 rema9s to ! grave1 & ! municipal c\ncil vot$ to erect a bronze /atue to 8 memory4 ,a he>tless hunt]--maybe "o ( ^? assass9s :o fill ! wilds ) wid[s & orphans 9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce--tells ( ! murd] ( a "m *impanzee & h] baby 9 ,africa4 ,! "m 0 high up 9 a tree ) h] little "o 9 h] arms4 ,%e wat*$ int5tly1 & ) signs ( ! greate/ anxiety1 ! hunt] z he mov$ ab\t b5ea?1 & :5 he took aim at h] ! poor doom$ ?+ motion$ to him ) h] h& precisely 9 ! mann] ( a human be+1 to h him desi/ & g away4 ,accord+ to ,em9 ,pa%a1 :o 0 = a numb] ( ye>s ,gov]nor ( an ,egyptian prov9ce on ! ,upp] ,nile1 & :om ,/anley made 8 la/ exp$ition to #8rescue1' *impanzees sometimes make use ( fire4 ,he told ,/anley t1 :5 a tribe ( *impanzees :o resid$ 9 a =e/ ne> 8 camp came at night to get fruit f ! or*>ds1 !y always came be>+ tor*es to light !m on _! way4 #8,if ,i _h n se5 x ) my own eyes1' he decl>es1 #8,i nev] c\ld h believ$ t ^! be+s h ! p[] ( mak+ fire'4#e ,?is same au?ority relates t on "o occasion a b& ( *impanzees desc5d$ ^u 8 camp & c>ri$ (f a drum4 ,! m>aud]s w5t away 9 great glee1 beat+ ! drum z !y retreat$4 ,he says he he>d !m sev]al times aft] t1 at night1 beat+ _! drum1 9 ! =e/4 ,! monkeys are little inf]ior to ! man-l races 9 _! intellig5ce & 9 ! g5]al simil>ity ( _! feel+s & in/9cts to ^? ( m54 ,monkeys live 9 tribes1 & at ! head ( ea* tribe is an old male *ief :o has won 8 place by 8 /r5g?1 c\rage1 & ability4 ,monkeys h excell5t memories & ke5 obs]vation1 & are able to recognise _! fri5ds 9 a cr[d ev5 aft] long abs5ces4 ,!y are prov]bially imitative1 h a /rong desire = k1 & are exce$+ly s5sitive & sympa!tic 9 _! natures4 ,sympa?y & curiosity1 ! two mo/ prom95t traits 9 simian psy*ology1 are1 significantly1 ! two mo/ important facts 9 ! psy*ology ( man4 ,sympa?y & curiosity lie at ! f\ndation ( human civilisation1 sympa?y at ! f\ndation ( morals1 & curiosity ( inv5tion & sci5ce4 ,! monkey ^: di>y appe>s 9 ! clos+ pages ( ,romanes' #8,animal ,intellig5ce' 0 possess$ ( an almo/ rav5\s desire to "k4 ,he sp5t h\r aft] h\r 9 exploration1 exam9+ ) ! indomitable pati5ce ( a sci5ti/ ev]y?+ t came )9 ! b\nds ( 8 little horizon4 ,& :5 he _h f\nd out any new ?+1 he 0 z delight$ ov] x z a boy :o has solv$ a h>d problem1 repeat+ ! exp]im5t ov] & ov] until x 0 ?or\ghly famili> to him4 ,among ! _m ?+s he discov]$ = himself 0 ! use ( ! lev] & ! screw4 ,monkeys are ! mo/ affectionate ( all animals except+ dogs & m54 ,?is affection rea*es its culm9ation1 z among m51 9 ! love ( ! "m = h] *ild4 ,! "m monkey's little "o is ! object ( h] con/ant c>e & affection4 ,%e nurses & ba!s x1 licks x & cleans its coat1 & folds x 9 h] arms & rocks x z if to lull x to sleep1 j z human mammas d4 ,%e divides e bite ) h] little "o1 b does n hesitate to *a/ise x ) slaps & p9*es :5 x is rude4 ,! monkey *ild is g5]ally v ob$i5t1 ob$i5t en\gh = an example to _m a human y\ng/]4 #8,v t\*+1' says ,brehm1 f :om _m ( ! =ego+ facts are glean$1 #8is ! conduct ( ! "m :5 h] baby is obvi\sly suff]+4 ,& if x dies %e is 9 despair4 ,= h\rs1 & ev5 = days1 %e c>ries ! little corpse ab\t ) h]1 refuses all food1 sits indiff]5tly 9 ! same spot1 & (t5 lit]ally p9es to dea?'4#d ,orphan monkeys1 accord+ to ,brehm1 are (t5 adopt$ by ! tribe1 & c>efully look$ aft] by ! o!r monkeys1 bo? male & female4 ,! great mass ( human be+s1 :o "k ab\t z mu* ab\t ! real emotional life ( monkeys z wood5 ,indians d1 are incl9$ to pass ov] lightly all displays ( feel+ by ^! p ( ! trees4 ,b ! poet kn[s1 & ! prophet kn[s1 & ! _w w "o day und]/&1 t 9 ! g5tle bosoms ( ^! wild woodl& mo!rs gl[ ! antec$5ts ( ! same impulses z ^? t ca/ t bless$ radiance ov] ! lo/ p>adise ( our own sweet *ildhood4 ,! "m monkey :o ga!r$ gre5 leaves z %e fl$ f limb to limb1 & frantically /uff$ !m into ! w\nd ( h] dy+ baby 9 ord] to /an* ! cruel ru% ( blood f its side1 all ! :ile utt]+ ! mo/ pitiful cries & ca/+ reproa*ful glances at h] human enemy1 until %e fell ) h] d>l+ 9 h] arms & a bullet 9 h] he>t1 _h 9 h] simian s\l j z g5u9e "m-love1 & love j z sacr$1 z t :i* burns 9 ! brea/ ( woman4 ,! affection ( monkeys is n conf9$ to ! love ( ! "m = h] *ild1 b exi/s among ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! same tribe1 & ext5ds ev5 to human be+s1 especially to ^? :o make any pret5sions to d to !m z !y w\ld !mselves be done by4 ,! monkey kept by ,romanes1 already ref]r$ to1 became s atta*$ to 8 ma/] t he w5t into ! wilde/ demon/rations ( joy :5ev] 8 ma/]1 aft] an abs5ce1 came into ! room4 ,/&+ on 8 h9d-legs at ! full l5g? ( 8 *a91 & rea*+ out bo? h&s z f> z he c\ld rea*1 he scream$ ) all 8 might4 ,8 joy 0 s hy/]ical t x 0 impossible to c>ry on any k9d ( conv]sation until he _h be5 fold$ 9 8 ma/]'s arms1 :5 he imm$iately grew quiet4 #8,aft] ,i took ?is monkey back to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1' says ,romanes1 #8& up to ! "t ( 8 dea?1 he rememb]$ me z well z ! day he 0 return$4 ,i visit$ ! monkey-h\se ab\t once a mon?1 & :5ev] ,i approa*$ 8 cage he saw me ) a/\nd+ quickness--inde$1 g5]ally be=e ,i saw him--& ran to ! b>s1 ?r\gh :i* he ?ru/ bo? h&s ) e expression ( joy4 ,:5 ,i w5t away he always foll[$ me to ! extreme end ( ! cage1 & /ood !re wat*+ me z long z ,i rema9$ 9 sight4' ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! atta*m5t ( a male monkey = 8 murd]$ consort is a pitiful tale ( human inhumanity & ( simian t5d]ness & devotion3 #8,a memb] ( a %oot+-p>ty kill$ a female monkey1 & c>ri$ h] body to 8 t5t "u a banyan-tree4 ,! t5t 0 soon surr\nd$ by =ty or fifty ( ! tribe1 :o made a great noise & ?reat5$ to attack ! aggressor4 ,:5 he pres5t$ 8 f[l+-piece1 ! fe>ful effects ( :i* !y _h j witness$1 & appe>$ p]fectly to und]/&1 !y retreat$4 ,! lead] ( ! troop1 h[ev]1 /ood 8 gr\nd1 ?reat5+ & *att]+ furi\sly4 ,at la/1 f9d+ ?reats ( no avail1 ! brok5-he>t$ creature came to ! door ( ! t5t & began a lam5table moan+1 & by ! mo/ expressive signs seem$ to beg = ! dead body ( 8 belov$4 ,x 0 giv5 to him4 ,he took x sorr[fully 9 8 arms & bore x away to 8 expect+ companions'4#f ,! *att]+ ( monkeys is n1 z is vulg>ly suppos$1 mean+less vocalisation4 ,x is language4 ,x is mean+less to human e>s = ! same reason t ! *att]+ ( ,fr5*m5 is mean+less to ,am]icans--because human be+s are =eign]s4 ,! conv]sation ( monkeys is to convey ?\ght4 ,e species t ?9ks & feels has means = convey+ its ?\ghts & feel+s1 & ! means = ?is ex*ange1 :e!r x be s\nds1 symbols1 ge/ures1 or grimaces1 is language4 ,z ,wundt some:]e says3 #8,if psy*ologi/s ( to-day1 ignor+ all t an animal c express ?r\gh ge/ures & s\nds1 limit ! possession ( language to human be+s1 su* a conclusion is sc>cely less absurd ?an t ( _m philosoph]s ( antiquity :o reg>d$ ! languages ( b>b>\s nations z animal cries4' ,mr4 ,g>n]1 :o has s long & s sympa!tically associat$ ) monkeys1 has be5 able to translate a numb] ( _! words & to ent] into slight communication ) !m4 ,among ! words he has be5 able to und]/& are ! words = #8al>m1' #8good-w1' #8li/51' #8food1' #8dr9k1' #8monkey1' & #8fruit4' ,accord+ to him1 ! simian tongue has ab\t eight or n9e s\nds :i* may be *ang$ by modulation into ?ree or f\r times t numb]1 & ea* diff]5t species or k9d has its own peculi> tongue slightly %ad$ into dialects4 ,!re may be m discrim9at+ /ud5ts ?an ,g>n]1 b few c]ta9ly :o h approa*$ _! fav\rite problem ) m feel+ & humanity4 ,e "o %\ld read 8 beautiful book on #8,! ,spee* ( ,monkeys4' #8,among ! little captives ( ! simian race1' says he t5d]ly1 9 clos+ 8 *apt] on ! emotional "* ( ^! p1 #8,i h _m little fri5ds to :om ,i am atta*$1 & ^: devotion to me is z w>m & s9c]e1 s f> z ,i c see1 z t ( any human be+4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i _c disc]n 9 :at intr9sic way ! love !y h = me diff]s f my own = !m2 nor c ,i see 9 :at respect _! love is less div9e ?an is my own4' ,dogs are di/+ui%$ = _! great intellig5ce1 ! pre-em95ce ( ! s5se ( smell1 fidelity to duty1 nobl5ess ( nature1 pati5ce1 c\rage1 & affection4 ,9 all ( ^! p>ticul>s _m individual dogs are sup]ior to :ole races ( m54 ,dogs are m s5sitive to physical suff]+ ?an savages1 & w cry pite\sly f slight w\nds or o!r injuries4 ,dogs ( high life h g5u9e feel+s ( dignity & self-respect1 & are easily w\nd$ 9 _! s5sibilities4 ,su* dogs h consid]able s5se ( propriety1 & suff]1 l s5sitive *ildr51 f disapprobation4 ,romanes _h a dog t 0 s s5sitive t he res5t$ insult1 & s sympa!tic t he always f\ght 9 def5ce ( o!r dogs :5 !y 7 puni%$ or attack$4 ,:5 out driv+ ) 8 ma/]1 ?is dog always caught hold ( 8 ma/]'s sleeve e "t ! horse 0 t\*$ ) a :ip4#f ,romanes also tells ( a ,scot* t]ri] :o1 hav+ gr[n old & useless1 & be5 supplant$ by a y\ng] dog1 ,jack1 became pa9fully jeal\s1 & imitat$ 8 rival 9 ev]y?+ t he did1 ev5 to ridicul\s details1 9 ord] to reta9 ! att5tions ( ! h\sehold4 ,:5 ,jack 0 t5d]ly c>ess$1 ! old dog w\ld wat* = a "t1 & !n bur/ out :9+ z if 9 ! deepe/ di/ress4#f ,dogs communicate _! ideas to ea* o!r & to human be+s1 g5]ally by means ( s\nds & ge/ures4 ,!y gr[l 9 ang]1 yelp 9 eag]ness1 h[l 9 despair1 b>k 9 joy or w>n+1 bay 9 wond]1 wail 9 bitt]ness & pa91 :9e 9 supplication1 & pro/rate !mselves 9 submission or apology4 ,x has be5 said t !re nev] 0 a man :o possess$ ! /atel9ess ( a ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! un]r+ sagacity ( ! collie1 or ! c\rage & t5acity ( ! bulldog4 ,! va9e/ d&y is n m delicate 9 8 ways ?an ! ,italian greyh\nd1 nor m s(t & affectionate ?an ! ,bl5heim4 ,_m a de$ ( h]oism has be5 done by dogs :i* w\ld1 if done by m51 h be5 hon\r$ by ! ,ord] ( ! ,victoria ,cross4 ,! ,/4 ,b]n>ds belong+ to ! monks on ! passes betwe5 ,switz]l& & ,italy are especially celebrat$ = _! devotion to ! bus9ess ( sav+ human life4 ,!y (t5 lose _! own lives 9 _! ef=ts to rescue travell]s baffl$ & ov]come by /orm4 ,"o p>ticul>ly sagaci\s individual1 :o lo/ 8 life 9 ?is way "s ye>s ago1 wore a m$al /at+ t he _h be5 ! means ( sav+ tw5ty-two human lives4 ,9 devotion ! dog is sup]ior to all o!r animals1 n ev5 except+ man4 #8,h[ c\ld "o get relief f ! endless dissimulation1 falsity1 & malice ( mank9d1' exclaim$ ,s*op5hau] 9 "o ( 8 inspir$ mom5ts1 #8if !re 7 no dogs into ^: hone/ faces he c\ld look )\t di/ru/8' ,a dog w foll[ a h&ful ( rags wrapp$ ar\nd a homeless begg>1 day aft] day1 ?r\gh heat & cold & /orm & />vation1 j z fai?fully z he w foll[ ! purple ( a k+4 ,! dog :o /ood ov] ! lifeless body ( 8 ma/]1 griev+ = recognition & />t+ at e flutt] ( 8 g>m5ts1 till he himself di$ ( />vation1 _h 9 8 fai?ful brea/ a nobl] he>t ?an t :i* beats 9 ! bosom ( mo/ m54 ,& ! devotion ( ,greyfri>s ,bobby1 :o e night = twelve ye>s1 9 all k9ds ( wea!r1 slept on 8 ma/]'s grave1 0 well wor?y ! m>ble tribute :i* to-day /&s 9 ,ed9burgh to 8 memory4 ,!re has nev] be5 record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w an in/ance ( m extravagant tru/ & devotion ?an t told ( ! can9e companion ( a c]ta9 vivisector1 :i* lick$ ! h& ( 8 ma/] :ile und]go+ ! crime ( be+ cut to pieces4 ,su* de$s ( self-sacrifice rem9d "o ( ! tales told ( imag9>y sa9ts4 ,b !y are ! de$s ( only dogs--( be+s :om half ! _w look ^u ) indiff]5ce & contempt1 & :om ! o!r half w\ld feel1 if !y came )9 rea*1 "u ! /ricte/ obligations to kick4 #8,:5 "s pr\d son ( man returns to e>?1 ,unkn[n to glory b upheld by bir?1 ,! sculptor's art exhau/s ! pomp ( woe1 ,& /ori$ urns record :o re/s bel[2 ,:5 all is done1 ^u ! tomb is se51 ,n :at he 01 b :at he %\ld h be52 ,b ! poor dog1 9 life ! firme/ fri5d1 ,! fir/ to welcome1 =emo/ to def5d1 ,^: hone/ he>t is /ill 8 ma/]'s own4 ,:o lab\rs1 fights1 lives1 brea!s1 = him alone1 ,unhon\r$ falls1 unnotic$ all 8 wor?-- ,d5i$ 9 heav5 ! s\l he _h on e>?4' ,i am n "o ( ^? :o reg>d ! evid5ce = ! po/-mortem exi/5ce ( ! human s\l z be+ ei!r abundant or conclusive4 ,b ( "o ?+ ,i am positive1 & t is1 t !re are ! same gr\nds precisely = believ+ 9 ! immortality ( ! bird & ! quadrup$ z !re are = ! belief 9 human immortality4 ,& x is delightful to f9d great ?9k]s l ,haeckel1 great biologi/s & philosoph]s1 hold+ ! same conviction4 ,haeckel is ! giant ( ! ,g]mans1 & 9 8 brilliant book #8,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se' appe>s ?is r poetical p>agraph3 #8,i once knew an old head-=e/]1 :o1 be+ left a wid[] & )\t *ildr5 at an e>ly age1 _h liv$ alone = m ?an ?irty ye>s 9 a noble =e/ ( ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,8 only companions 7 "o or two s]vants1 ) :om he ex*ang$ m]ely a few necess>y words1 & a great pack ( diff]5t k9ds ( dogs1 ) :om he liv$ 9 p]fect psy*ic communion4 ,?r\gh _m ye>s ( tra9+ ?is ke5 obs]v] & fri5d ( nature _h p5etrat$ deep into ! individual s\ls ( 8 dogs1 & he 0 z conv9c$ ( _! p]sonal immortality z he 0 ( 8 own4 ,"s ( 8 mo/ intellig5t dogs 71 9 8 imp>tial e/imation1 at a high] /age ( psy*ic developm5t ?an 8 old /upid maid & 8 r\gh & wr9kl$ man-s]vant4 ,any unprejudic$ obs]v] :o w /udy ! psy*ic ph5om5a ( a f9e dog = a ye>1 & foll[ att5tively ! processes ( its ?\ght1 judgm5t1 & reason1 w h to admit t x has j z valid a claim to immortality z man himself4' ,fido 0 a %aggy t]ri] :o liv$ ye>s ago 9 ! old home on ! f>m by ! beautiful brook4 ,he 0 "o ( ! v fir/ acqua9tances ! writ] ( ^! l9es made on com+ into exi/5ce4 ,9 8 e>li] ye>s1 be=e age _h dimm$ 8 m9d & rheumatism _h fa/5$ ^u him1 he 0 an exce$+ly agreeable & clev] can9e1 active 9 all ! affairs ( ! f>m4 ,he knew ! old home/ead by he>t1 & he took ab\t z mu* int]e/ 9 hav+ ev]y?+ g "r z anybody--m1 p]haps1 ev5 ?an we boys did4 ,he *as$ ! pigs out ( ! or*>d )\t be+ ask$ to d s1 & gu>d$ ! h\se at night ) ! vigilance ( a hir$ wat*man4 ,he seem$ to realise ! dem&s ( ev]yday situations ab\t z well z any ( u4 ,he c\ld di/+ui% betwe5 neighb\rs :o 7 accu/om$ to come on ! premises & /rang]s :o 7 n4 ,he always knew :5 company came1 = he inv>iably attempt$ to pr(it by ! fact4 ,he _h be5 taught e>ly ! propriety ( keep+ 9 ! backgr\nd :5 8 tyrants 7 fe$+1 & ord9>ily on su* occasions he slept dutifully by ! kit*5 /ove4 ,b j z sure z a gue/ sat at table1 ,fido w\ld turn up1 &1 tapp+ ! visitor g5tly to get 8 att5tion1 w\ld sit up p]fectly /raight1 ) 8 paws p5d5t & a peculi> gr9 on 8 face1 9 expectation ( a morsel4 ,de> old ,fido6 ,h[ mu* he ?\ght ( all ( u6 ,& h[ meag]ly1 z ,i "k n[1 7 8 mat*less love & s]vices requit$2 ,on ,sundays sometimes ! human memb]s ( ! h\sehold w\ld g away & /ay all day1 & ,fido & ! cat w\ld be left alone to get along ! be/ way !y c\ld4 ,he knew z well z any ( u :5 ^! days came ar\nd1 & he dread$ !m4 ,i suppose he _h le>n$ f exp]i5ce to associate cessation ( f>m "w & peculi> prep>ations ) a day alone4 ,! long1 lonely h\rs probably affect$ him some:at z !y d a human be+ :o is compell$ to /ay alone all day ) no?+ to d4 ,b :at a welcome he gave u 9 ! ev5+ :5 we came back6 ,?is 0 indubitable evid5ce ( 8 lonel9ess4 ,! fir/ famili> object we w\ld see 9 ! ev5+1 on com+ 9 sight ( home1 0 fai?ful ,fido1 sitt+ out 9 ! road on ! hill above ! h\se--sitt+ /raight up 9 t peculi> way ( 8--wat*+ & wait+ = our home-com+4 ,he knew1 or seem$ to "k1 ! direction f :i* to expect u1 & 0 able to recognise u a long way (f4 ,! ye>s h be5 _m1 & ,fido's du/ has long be5 scatt]$ by ! gu/s ov] ! f>ms ( nor?-we/ ,miss\ri2 b n[1 9 fancy1 ,i c see ?is fai?ful creature b\nd+ d[n ! road 9 ! sunset to meet u1 z he us$ to d 9 ! gold5 long-ago1 leap+ & smil+ & wagg+ 8 tail1 & wriggl+ & b>k+ 9 a p]fect ec/asy ( gladness4 ,well1 ,i "k ,fido c\ld feel & ?9k1 t he lov$ & fe>$ & long$ & dread$ & dream$ & hat$ & griev$ & sympa?is$ & reason$ & rejoic$--9 %ort1 t he 0 mov$ by ab\t ! same passions & consid]ations z human be+s usually are4 ,he gave ! same evid5ce ( x precisely z a human be+ does4 ,! dog is ! olde/ ( human associates4 ,long be=e ! hi/orical p]iod ! dog 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 ,no race ( m5 is too primitive to be )\t ! dog4 ,! bones ( ! dog are f\nd 9 ! midd5s ( ! ,baltic1 & rude repres5tations ( x are *isel$ on ! olde/ monum5ts ( ,egypt & ,assyria4 ,! dog 0 ! s]vant ( man away 9 paleoli?ic times1 :5 ! ma/odon 0 on e>?1 & man 0 a nak$ troglodyte1 & ,europe ext5d$ we/w>d to ! ,azores4 ,& he has be5 a fai?ful fri5d1 a tireless ally1 & an en?usia/ic slave ( a ?ankless & inhuman ma/] ev] s9ce4 ,birds are pre-em95tly emotional & arti/ic4 ,?is is %[n by _! fondness = s++1 _! f9e dress1 _! p9+ = _! dead1 _! da9ty ar*itecture1 _! pretty =ms & mann]s ( life1 _! joy\sness1 & _! love = _! "y4 ,birds are ! mo/ beautiful & engag+ ( all t]re/rial be+s4 ,end[$ ) ! p[] ( flight1 em95tly active1 light-he>t$ & free1 attir$ 9 all ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 & ) voices ( unrivall$ ri*ness & melody1 birds are ! admiration & envy ( all ( ^? t dwell on ! e>?4 ,birds possess naturally & 9 m>vell\s p]fection t p[] ( locomotion :i* has be5 s long s\ght = by sl[-%uffl+ man4 ,birds are also incomp>able musicians1 no o!r animals1 n ev5 m51 approa*+ !m 9 ! surpass+ brilliancy & sweetness ( _! song4 ,no human musician 9 high-s\nd+ hall c equal ! artless lay ( ! wild bird r++ melodi\sly ?r\gh ! leafy colonnades ( ! woods4 ,l m51 birds s+ *iefly ( love2 b !y also s+ = pa/ime or pleasure4 ,_! s++ is sweete/ dur+ ! season ( c\rt%ip1 & atta9s its highe/ developm5t 9 ! males4 ,birds are ard5t lov]s4 ,to w9 _! brides1 ! males cont5d ) ea* o!r1 & display _! *>ms ( plumage & song ) ! wildness ( human ,romeos4 ,! song ( birds is g5]ally acquir$ by inh]itance f ! species1 b is sometimes borr[$ by imitation f o!r birds1 or ev5 f o!r animals4 ,birds tak5 f _! species :5 "y1 be=e !y h he>d _! native song1 s+ g5]ally ! song ( _! k9d1 b x is likely to be int]sp]s$ ) notes & phrases f ! birds ar\nd !m4 ,birds ?us isolat$ h be5 kn[n to adopt entirely ! song ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,olive ,?orne ,mill] v\*es = ! fact t an ,engli% sp>r[ %e once knew grew up 9 company ) a can>y1 & came 9 "t to s+ ! song ( its m tal5t$ companion to p]fection4 ,x mu/ h be5 a ,%aksp]e ( a bird1 h[ev]1 to h so>$ s high above ! excruciat+ accompli%m5ts ( ! g5]ality ( its species4 ,! songs ( birds c be set to music j z ! melodies ( m5 c4 ,! songs ( sev]al birds 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,naturali/ a few ye>s ago4 ,& ,w9*ell1 ! well-kn[n ,engli% /ud5t ( birds1 has writt5 a clev] book on ! #8,cries & ,call-notes ( ,wild ,birds1' 9 :i* he pr9ts ! calls & songs ( mo/ ( ! native birds ( ,engl&4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 :o has p]haps /udi$ ! music ( birds m critically ?an anyone else1 ! song ( ! night+ale1 :5 pr9t$ 9 ! notation ( ord9>y human music1 is l a piano solo4 ,x is made up ( a score or s ( diff]5t /ra9s1 ) trills & cresc5dos1 & all execut$ 9 s inimitable a mann] t x is unrecognisable :5 repeat$ on a musical in/rum5t or ! human voice4 ,"o ( ^! /ra9s1 curi\sly en\gh1 is id5tical ) ! song ( a c]ta9 bu%-w>bl] ( we/]n ,canada--z if ! ,engli% vocali/ _h plagi>is$ ! song ( its humbl] c\s9 9 compil+ its incomp>able rep]toire4 ,! song ( ! mock+-bird is a magnific5t m$ley1 made up ( ! calls1 trills1 twitt]s1 w>bles1 w>n+s1 & love-songs1 ( a score or m ( o!r birds4 ,i h he>d ?is bird along ! ,solomon & ,arkansas valleys repeat 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] ! notes & songs ( ! pewee1 purple m>t91 k+bird1 flick]1 blue jay1 catbird1 can>y1 cr[1 ,engli% sp>r[1 r$-head$ woodpeck]1 quail1 c>d9al1 cuckoo1 rob91 r$-w+s1 grackle1 mead[l>k1 night-hawk1 :ip-poor-w1 besides _m o!r calls & notes1 p]haps ( birds ,i did n "k4 ,9 ! case ( "s ( ^! birds ! mock] made all ( ! diff]5t s\nds ( ea* bird4 ,! song ( ! mock+-bird is deliv]$ at any "t1 day or night1 & g5]ally 9 a /ate ( high ec/asy & excitem5t1 ! p]=m] fly+ f tree to tree & f h\se-top to b>n-top1 occasionally ?r[+ himself into ! air 9 ! mo/ absurd mann]1 & all ! "t p\r+ =? su* a /ream ( melody t "o w\ld ?9k all ! birds 9 ! neighb\rhood _h sudd5ly come toge!r & let loose 9 a gr& fe/ival ( song4 ,accord+ to ,*apman1 _m ( ! notes ( birds are language notes r ?an s\nds expressive ( s5tim5t4 ,( ! rob9 ?is well-kn[n /ud5t ( birds says3 #8,! song & call-notes ( ?is bird1 :ile famili> to ev]yone1 are 9 reality und]/ood by no "o1 & (f] excell5t subjects = ! /ud5t ( bird language4 ,its notes express int]rogation1 suspicion1 al>m1 & caution1 & x signals to its companions to take w+4 ,inde$1 few ( our birds h a m ext5d$ vocabul>y4' ,w9*ell says t ! common ,engli% sp>r[ has z _m z sev5 diff]5t notes1 :i* x uses to express ! ?\ghts & feel+s pass+ ?r\gh its r active b n v highly hon\r$ head3 7#a7 ,! common note ( address ( ! male to ! female2 7#b7 a note ( al>m us$ by bo? male & female adults1 b nev] by ! "y2 7#c7 an emphatic al>m note1 always utt]$ by s5t9els :5 a hawk is ne> or :5 a man approa*es ) a gun2 7#d7 ! note ( ! female :5 surr\nd$ by sev]al noisy & cont5d+ male rivals2 7#e7 an autumn cry utt]$ by ! fir/ "o ( ! company p]ceiv+ dang] & fly+ up f ! h$ges & fields--nev] utt]$ by "y1 b by adults ( bo? sexes2 7#f7 ! love note ( bo? male & female1 us$ mo/ly by ! female1 & g5]ally ) a flutt]+ or %ak+ accompanim5t ( h] w+s2 7#g7 a curi\s note sometimes he>d 9 ,london--mean+ n well und]/ood1 b suppos$ to be a sort ( *uckle or sign ( cont5tm5t4 ,ea* "o ( ^! sev]al diff]5t notes may be us$ to /& = v>i\s ideas dep5d+ on ! circum/ances by be+ giv5 diff]5t emphasis & inflection1 j z 9 ! languages ( _m primitive races ( m5 a small vocabul>y ( words is us$ to /& = a mu* l>g] numb] ( ideas by be+ pron\nc$ diff]5tly4 ,9 ! ,*9ese language1 = in/ance1 ! words are increas$ to ?ree or f\r times ! orig9al numb] by modulation2 b ! same ?+ is obs]v$ 9 all languages1 bo? human & non-human4 ,v]bal pov]ty is piec$ out by v]bal v>iation4 ,we say a-c5t or ac-c5t1 dep5d+ on :e!r we wi% to express ! idea ( a n\n or a v]b4 ,! memory ( birds is well develop$4 ,_m ( !m rememb] ! v grove or mead[1 & ev5 ! v knot-hole or bu%1 9 :i* !y built _! ne/ ! season be=e1 al?\gh 9 ! meantime !y h j\rney$ ov] l&s & seas & soj\rn$ ?\s&s ( miles away4 ,e ye>1 = sev]al seasons pa/1 9 late summ] & e>ly fall1 aft] ! ne/+-"t is ov] & ! "y ones are all gr[n1 ! purple m>t9s h ga!r$ 9 l>ge numb]s ab\t ! ,field ,columbian ,museum1 9 ,jackson ,p>k1 ,*icago4 ,!y /ay "h = a few weeks1 =ag+ ! surr\nd+ air = insects by day1 & sleep+ on ! great dome ( ! ,museum by night1 f9ally fly+ away to be se5 no m 9 su* numb]s till next ye>4 ,^! birds1 _m ( !m anyway1 mu/ rememb] f "o ye> to ano!r ?is annual assembly "h by ! big wat]s1 else :y w\ld !y come toge!r at ?is p>ticul> spot f all ov] ! c\ntry8 ,i h no d\bt t "s ( !m1 hav+ soj\rn$ "h ye> aft] ye> = "s "t1 rememb] well ! great ugly build+ :]e !y meet1 & are m or less famili> ) ! surr\nd+ locality f hav+ se>*$ x s (t54 ,i wond] :at l$ to ! e/abli%+ ( ! cu/om 9 ! fir/ place4 ,cu/oms d n fall f ! skies4 ,& :at advantage is !re 9 ! practice8 ,:at are !y up to z !y *irp & :eel 9 ! air1 & flutt] up ! slopes & sail d[n aga91 & p]* on ! p9nacles & twitt]8 ,maybe x is a sort ( ,s>atoga = !m1 :]e !y all come toge!r o/5sibly to dip _! bills 9 ! blue waves1 b :]e sons swell 9 _! new fea!rs1 & sly mammas f9d prospects = unm>ketable misses4 ,a p>rot has be5 kn[n to rememb] ! voice ( its mi/ress aft] an abs5ce ( a ye> & a half--a v rem>kable feat ev5 = ! grey matt] ( a bird4 ,a flock ( geese m5tion$ by ,romanes %[$ _! k ( ! arrival ( m>ket-day1 :i* came e two weeks1 by assembl+ regul>ly on su* days1 e>ly 9 ! morn+1 9 front ( ! t[n inn :]e ! m>ket 0 held1 to pick up ! corn4 ,!y nev] came on ! wrong day2 & on "o occasion1 :5 ! m>ket 0 omitt$ on acc\nt ( a holiday1 "h came ! unfail+ f[ls cackl+ & %\t+ z usual 9 m]ry anticipation ( _! =tnightly fea/1 b ignorant ( ! national necessities :i* _h doom$ !m to be disappo9t$4#f ,p>rots rememb] & call = _! abs5t fri5ds1 & mumble phrases 9 _! dreams :i* h be5 taught to !m4 ,^! gift$ birds le>n long poems by he>t1 & s+ songs ) consid]able art4 ,a p>rot belong+ to ! canon ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,salzburg 0 giv5 in/ruction regul>ly two h\rs e day = t5 ye>s1 f #ahcj to #ahdj4 ,! bird became v pr(ici5t 9 spee* & exce$+ly intellig5t4 ,x took "p 9 conv]sations1 :i/l$ tunes1 & 0 able to s+ a numb] ( popul> songs1 among !m an entire aria f ,flot['s op]a ( #8,m>?a'4#g ,educat$ birds ?\gh1 l educat$ dogs1 horses1 cats1 mice1 m51 & ev]y?+ else1 are v diff]5t be+s f ! un$ucat$4 ,cultivation is a key t unlocks all sorts ( miracles4 ,cats are cultivat$ tig]s2 & ! ri*e/ gra9s t rip5 9 ! fields ( m51 & ! lovelie/ fl[]s t bl[1 are only educat$ we$s4 ,ev5 ! flea may be taught to ex*ange leap+ = walk+1 to draw a t9y wagon1 to ride on ! seat1 to fire a toy cannon1 & d _m o!r feats4 ,!re is "o family ( birds 9 :i* ! sup]ior size1 gorge\sness1 & vivacity1 usual to ! males1 are f\nd 9 ! o!r sex1 ! females be+ ! l>g] & m brightly col\r$--! ,phal>ope family4 ,inde$1 ! memb]s ( ?is small family n only rev]se ! usual arrangem5t ( ! sexual *>act]s ( birds1 b completely upset _m ( ! mo/ *]i%$ traditions ( ! avian h\sehold4 ,! female does ! woo+1 & takes ! lead 9 select+ ! ne/ site4 ,& :ile %e lays ! eggs1 ! privilege ( incubation %e h&s ov] magnanim\sly to h] dull-col\r$ mate4 ,birds h a ke5 obs]vation & a good deal ( t invaluable faculty kn[n z common-s5se4 ,x is wond]ful h[ quickly !y le>n to avoid telegraph-wires :5 ^! invisible b deadly gossam]s are fir/ /ret*$ across a c\ntry1 & h[ un]r+ly !y keep at safe di/ances :5 hunt$ ) fire>ms4 ,an exp]i5c$ cr[ c tell a cane f a gun-b>rel almo/ z f> z he c see x4 ,ne>ly all birds build ne/s ( "s k9d 9 :i* to cradle _! eggs & "y4 ,! c[-bird & cuckoo 7,european71 h[ev]1 are exceptions4 ,^! birds h ! r human practice ( turn+ _! c>es & lab\rs ov] to somebody else4 ,!y are loaf]s & p>asites4 ,!y lay _! eggs secretly 9 ! ne/s ( o!r birds1 :]e _! eggs are hat*$ & _! "y c>$ = by an ali5 "m4 ,i h se5 a "m song-sp>r[ hu/l+ ab\t among ! %rubs & grasses = an h\r at a "t almo/1 ga!r+ food = a "y c[-bird ne>ly twice z big z %e 01 :ile h] f\ndl+ sat phlegmatically at ! foot ( a tree *irp+ & flutt]+ its w+s1 & act+ z a ?ankless & app>5tly bottomless receptacle = ! morsel aft] morsel labori\sly h>ve/$ = x by its tireless little fo/]-"m4 ,s&-m>t9s & k+fi%]s burr[ 9 ! e>? & re> _! broods 9 subt]ranean cradles2 gulls & gamebirds build on ! gr\nd2 ! flam+oes & b>n-swall[s build mud ne/s2 ! woodpeck]s m9e holes 9 trees2 doves & eagles make plat=ms ( /icks2 ! tailor-bird ba/es liv+ leaves toge!r2 ! social weav]s con/ruct great /raw ro(s cov]+ ! top ( a tree1 & build _! ne/s on ! limbs b5ea?2 mo/ s++ birds build da9tily-l9$ baskets1 & sw+ !m 9 trees & bu%es4 ,x is (t5 said t all ! birds ( a species build _! ne/s 9 precisely ! same way1 & t1 :ile m5 *ange & improve _! dwell+-places f g5]ation to g5]ation1 birds build _! abodes 9 ! same old way1 j z _! ance/ors built !irs c5turies & c5turies ago4 ,?is is a fav\rite ?\ght ) ! fogies1 ) ^? :o *ange n 9 _! ?9k+ f ! ways hack$ out = !m c5turies & c5turies ago4 ,birds are l m54 ,"s ( !m--"s races & "s individuals--are mu* m giv5 to initiative ?an o!rs4 ,!re is z wide a diff]5ce betwe5 ! hang-bird & ! auk 9 ! con/ruction ( _! domiciles z betwe5 ! millionaire & ! savage4 ,& ! hang-bird has come by h] home-mak+ art ?r\gh c5turies ( improvem5t1 j z ! millionaire has arriv$ at 84 ,x is believ$ by orni?ologi/s t ! fir/ ne/s ( birds 7 ! ni*es ( rocks or simple holl[s scoop$ 9 ! s& & soil1 su* z are /ill se5 among ! m primitive bird races1 & t f ^! aborig9al beg9n+s h come1 ?r\gh ages ( evolution1 ! elaborate creations ( ! cotton-bird1 weav]-bird1 tailorbird1 ov5-bird1 ! baya-sp>r[1 ! f9*es1 & ! orioles4 ,! savage :o lives unmole/$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation 9 ! same l& & c\ntry builds 8 simple hut 9 j ! same way z 8 ance/ors built !irs1 & ?9ks ! same ?+s 8 ance/ors ?\ght a ?\s& ye>s be=e him4 ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 9 a pap] on #8,! ,races ( ! ,nile ,bas91' po9ts out t ea* tribe ( m5 9 ea/]n ,africa1 l ea* species ( bird1 has its own peculi> /yle ( hut1 & t ! huts ( ! v>i\s tribes are z con/ant 9 _! types z are ! ne/s ( birds4 ,! same ?+ is true ( _! headdresses z ( _! huts2 & ?is fix$ "* exi/s also 9 _! languages1 cu/oms1 & religions4 ,x is only "s races ( m5 t are giv5 to gr[? & fluidity1 & only "s m5 ( ^! special races4 ,"r 9 our own c\ntry1 among ! remote m\nta9 recesses ( ,appala*ia1 surr\nd$ on all sides by ! mo/ wond]ful developm5t1 mat]ial & intellectual1 ! _w has ev] se51 lives a race ( rude m\nta9 folk almo/ z aborig9al 9 _! ways & views ( life1 & z unaffect$ by civilisation1 z if !y 7 9 ! he>t ( ,africa4 ,!y live huddl$ toge!r 9 "o-room log-cab9s )\t w9d[s or floors1 eat bacon & cornmeal1 c>ry on almo/ con/ant w>s1 & execute ! deputies ( civilisation :o happ5 to /ray into _! illicit dom9ions1 j z !y h done f ! "t ^! m\nta9 sil5ces 7 fir/ brok5 by !m #aej or #bjj ye>s ago4 ,birds1 z a rule1 use a great deal ( c>e & ?\ght 9 ! location ( _! ne/s4 ,aft] !y h select$ a c]ta9 grove or field z ! "o be/ suit$ to _! purposes1 or z ! "o ar\nd :i* clu/] ! happie/ memories1 x usually requires sev]al days ( fly+ & peep+ ab\t1 ( spy+ & exploration1 be=e ! exact spot = ! preci\s domicile is f9ally settl$ ^u4 ,x is a delicate matt] = _m birds1 = security f sun1 /orm1 & enemies mu/ all be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,old birds1 z has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$1 build bett] ne/s & select m clev] locations = _! ne/s ?an ! "y & inexp]i5c$4 ,! ne/-build+ habits ( _m birds are kn[n to h *ang$ dur+ ! pa/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! ,am]ican h\se-swall[ did mo/ c]ta9ly n build "u ! eaves ( human h\ses #cjj ye>s ago1 nor did ! hair-bird 9 h] ne/ ) horsehair z %e inv>iably does n[4 ,! fact t wr5s1 swifts1 & m>t9s n[ build almo/ altoge!r 9 boxes & *imneys %[s t birds are able & will+ to adapt !mselves to new conditions4 ,! *imney-swift & purple m>t91 x is said1 /ill cl+ to _! aborig9al cu/om ( re>+ _! "y 9 holl[ trees 9 ! unsettl$ p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,! indomitable h\se-sp>r[ builds its ne/ almo/ any:]e1 f knot-holes & t9 cans to electric-light globes & tree-tops4 ,its orig9al dwell+ 0 probably an arboreal affair1 l t ( o!r sp>r[s1 & diff]5t ne/+-places h be5 adopt$ z a result ( its association ) man4 ,n only 9 its ar*itecture1 b 9 sev]al o!r ways1 ?is bird has dep>t$ f ! traditions ( its tribe4 ,! ,fr+illidae 7! sp>r[ family ( birds7 are se$-eat]s1 bo? 9 /ructure & practice4 ,b ! h\se-sp>r[1 s9ce x left ! fields & groves to become a gam9 on human /reets1 has le>n$ to eat almo/ any?+1 & "o ?+1 too1 ab\t z *e]fully z ano!r4 ,! v>i$ habits ( ?is bird are probably due to its natural ela/icity 9 ! fir/ place1 supplem5t$ by ! unsettl+ influ5ces ( its r kaleidoscopic exp]i5ces dur+ ! pa/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,! fe> ( birds = man is an acquir$ trait due to ages ( p]secution4 ,if man w\ld treat birds k9dly1 !y w\ld act t[>d him z !y d t[>d any o!r fri5dly animal4 ,:5 unfrequ5t$ isl&s are fir/ visit$ by man1 ! birds are f\nd to be p]fectly fe>less ( him1 fly+ ab\t him1 fe$+ f 8 h&1 & manife/+ no m timidity ?an if he 7 a big-he>t$ bird himself4 ,d>w9 /ates t1 :5 he /opp$ at ! ,galapagos ,isl&s on 8 fam\s trip ar\nd ! _w 9 ! ,beagle1 he f\nd ! birds !re s tame t he c\ld pu% !m f ! bran*es ( ! trees ) 8 gun-b>rel4 ,pr(essor ,cutt+1 ( ! ,/ate ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1 9 an article 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,augu/1 #aijc1 tells ( ! almo/ absolute fe>lessness ( ! birds on ! isl& ( ,laysan1 an isolat$ atoll 9 ! ,pacific we/ ( ! ,hawaian ,isl&s1 :i* he visit$ dur+ t summ]4 ,! isl& sw>ms ) bird life--petrels1 albatrosses1 & tropical birds ( v>i\s k9ds--& ^! birds betray no m fe> 9 ! pres5ce ( man ?an if he 7 a c[4 ,! albatrosses 7 s num]\s & s indiff]5t to ! pres5ce ( man t x 0 necess>y to %ove !m aside ) "o's foot to keep f /epp+ on !m :5 "o w5t = a walk along ! s&-/ret*es ( ! %ore4 ,pr(essor ,cutt+ took photographs ( birds :i* lit]ally pos$ = him 9 all sorts ( positions1 & half-savage jackies amus$ !mselves by go+ ab\t & pull+ ! pretty tail fea!rs f ! tropical birds z !y sat on _! ne/s4 ,i h kn[n ( two cases :]e p]sons1 by go+ to ! same place day aft] day ) food & k9dness1 h 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks taught rob9s1 sp>r[s1 & o!r birds1 to lose all fe> ( !m1 s mu* s z to sit on _! %\ld]s & arms & eat out ( _! h&s4 ,?is is ! _s all birds w\ld %[ all ! "t t[>d _! fea!rless lords if ^! fea!rless ones w\ld only treat !m ) half ! consid]ation !y m]it4 ,! love ( a bird = ! treasures ( h] ne/ is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ?+s ( ?is _w4 ,"m-l1 ! p>5t bird w d any?+ almo/ = ! sake ( h] little ones4 ,:o has n se5 ! kilde] /rive ) all ! tact ( h] clev] little s\l to allure "s big giant ( a human be+1 :o has w&]$ into h] neighb\rhood1 away f h] ne/ ( preci\s "y8 ,_m a "t z a boy on ! f>m ,i h foll[$ "o ( ^! birds limp+ & tumbl+ & flutt]+ along on ! gr\nd a few feet ahead ( me1 utt]ly disabl$1 z ,i suppos$1 b always manag+ to keep j a little beyond ! rea* ( my eag] h&s4 ,& :5 ! artful "m has l$ me f> f ! sacr$ spot :]e lay all !re 0 9 ?is _w to h]1 h[ triumphantly %e has lift$ h]self on h] unh>m$ w+s &1 to my utt] a/oni%m5t1 sail$ away4 ,! p>tridge & ! m\rn+-dove are1 if possible1 ev5 m artful 9 _! act+ ?an ! kilde]4 ,aft] ,i became a l>ge boy & _h be5 told ! mean+ ( ^! exhibitions by p>5t birds1 ,i (t5 foll[$ ! m\rn+-dove1 ?9k+ ! bird mu/ be really w\nd$ aft] all1 s p]fectly did x pret5d4 ,b ! cunn+ ( ! kilde] is n conf9$ to lur+ "o away f ! ne/4 ,if by "s accid5t "o f9ds h] ne/ 7& ! ne/ is s clev]ly conceal$ t1 if x is discov]$ at all1 x w be by pure accid5t71 ! res\rceful "m is ready ) o!r exp$i5ts to outwit y4 ,%e wat*es y all ! "t f ! prop] di/ance1 & kn[s by y\r conduct ! mom5t y h f\nd h] ne/4 ,& be=e y h ev5 _h "t to admire ! skill display$ by ! "m 9 bl5d+ s p]fectly h] abode ) its surr\nd+s1 a s+le peculi> note f h] has caus$ ! :ole ne/ful ( cuddl+ "y ones to d>t out ( _! cradle & disappe> among ! surr\nd+ clods z if by magic4 ,no am\nt ( se>*+ c f9d "o ( !m4 ,!y h vani%$ z effectually z if !y _h evaporat$4 ,& x is en\gh to t\* ! he>t ( ! mo/ indiff]5t to see ! anxi\s "m bird1 z ,i h se5 h] f ! cranny ( a neighb\r+ rock-pile1 come back to h] ne/ & call h] scatt]$ *ildr5 toge!r aga9 aft] !y h once disp]s$ at h] comm&4 ,circl+ ar\nd ! ne/ two or ?ree times to assure h]self t no "o is nigh1 %e alights & beg9s a l[ cluck+ s\nd l t ( a h5 call+ h] brood4 ,! little ones come out ( _! hid+-places "o aft] ano!r z my/]i\sly z !y vani%$4 ,y c't see = ! life ( y :]e !y come f4 ,!y seem to j emanate4 ,& if "o ( !m fails to come at h] call--= ! devot$ "m kn[s v well j h[ _m %e has--%e ext5ds h] se>* f>!r out f h] ne/1 look+ all ar\nd & keep+ up t peculi> little cluck1 until ! half-sc>$-to-dea? little slyboots f9ally comes creep+ out f 8 improvis$ snugg]y some:]e4 ,if a kilde]'s ne/ has once be5 f\nd1 & ! "m feels t x is 9 dang] ( future visits1 %e w move h] family at night to "s o!r locality1 & x is practically impossible ev] to f9d x aga94 ,! family relations ( ! r+-dott]els are said to be #8s *>m+ & t\*+ t ev5 hunt]s recoil f %oot+ a female surr\nd$ by h] "y ones4' ,human be+s1 true to _! in/9ct nev] to call into action _! ability to ?9k if !y c employ _! faculty = nons5se in/ead1 call ?is love ( ! "m bird #8ma*9]y4' ,b !re are "s ( u 7& our numb]s are increas+7 :o are dispos$ to put (f ! adoption ( ?is conclusion until we g mad4 ,! bird builds h] ne/1 weav+ x ( ! r>e/ fibres4 ,%e hides x 9 ! copse or prud5tly hangs x f> out on "s inaccessible b\gh4 ,%e lays h] beautiful eggs1 & hat*es !m ) ! w>m? & life ( h] own brea/4 ,%e t5ds h] "y1 br++ !m food & dr9k1 & wat*+ ov] !m ) a t5d] & tireless vigilance4 ,%e protects !m 9 /orm ) h] own little body1 worries ab\t !m :5 dang] lurks1 & dreams ( !m1 no d\bt1 z %e rocks & sleeps "u ! sil5t />s4 ,%e s+s to !m 9 ! ov]fl[ ( h] gladness & hope1 & risks h] v exi/5ce to %ield !m f h>m4 ,%e tea*es !m to fly1 to f9d _! food1 & to detect _! enemies4 ,%e is true to h] mate1 & h] mate is true & k9d to h]4 ,z ! days ( summ] %ort51 & ! cool1 long nights w>n ( approa*+ autumn1 %e leads h] *ildr5 away f ! old place1 %e & h] fai?ful mate1 out into ! wide old _w4 ,& ,i say !re is love 9 ! he>t ( t "m z truly z 9 ! he>t ( woman1 & !re are joy & g5u95ess & sorr[ & fidelity 9 t sylvan home m sacr$ ?an may sometimes bloom 9 ! cold mansions ( m54 ,conjugal love is also v /rong 9 _m ( ! fea!r$ races1 especially among ^? 9 :i* ! w$d+ is = successive seasons or = life4 ,! p9+ ( love-birds = _! dead swee!>ts is well kn[n4 ,! m&>9 duck is prov]bial = its m>ital fai?fulness1 & a pair ( ^! f[ls is c>ri$ by ! ,*9ese 9 _! m>riage processions z an emblem ( con/ancy4 ,_m in/ances are record$ ( birds1 aft] hav+ be5 depriv$ ( _! mates1 refus+ /eadfa/ly ! att5tions ( o!r birds1 & ev5 sometimes sep>at+ !mselves entirely f ! society ( _! k9d4 ,! foll[+ acc\nt ( ! devotion ( a wid[$ pigeon = h] deceas$ consort s\nds l a tale ( human woe3 #8,a man set to wat* a field mu* patronis$ by pigeons %ot an old male pigeon :o _h long be5 an inhabitant ( ! f>m4 ,8 mate1 ar\nd :om he _h = _m a ye> coo$1 :om he _h n\ri%$ ) 8 own crop & _h assi/$ 9 re>+ num]\s "y ones imm$iately settl$ on ! gr\nd by 8 side ,%e refus$ to leave him1 & manife/$ h] grief 9 ! mo/ expressive mann]4 ,! lab\r] took up ! dead bird & hung x on a /ake4 ,! wid[ /ill refus$ to =sake h] husb&1 & cont9u$ day aft] day sl[ly walk+ ar\nd ! /ake on :i* 8 body hung4 ,! k9d-he>t$ wife ( ! f>m] he>d ( ! matt]1 & w5t to ! relief ( ! /rick5 bird4 ,on arriv+ at ! spot1 %e f\nd ! poor bird /ill wat*+ at ! side ( h] dead1 & mak+ an occasional ef=t to get to him4 ,%e 0 mu* sp5t ) h] long fa/+ & grief4 ,%e _h made a circul> beat5 pa? ar\nd ! corpse ( h] companion'4#h ,& ^! are ! be+s ^: bones m5 je/ ov] at _! fea/s1 & brutes %oot = pa/ime on human holidays4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! sorr[ ( birds = _! deceas$ mates1 b n too mu*4 ,= ! avian s\l may be smo!r$ by ! gloom & lonel9ess t come ^u ! he>t1 :5 ! great light ( love & companion%ip has gone out1 q z completely z ! s\l ( a b]eav$ human4 ,9 n _m human homes :]e lov$ ones lie sick & dy+ are felt ! pangs ( m g5u9e grief ?an ^? sometimes suff]$ by birds :5 _! fri5ds & companions are /rick5 9 dea?4 ,! foll[+ incid5t1 v\*$ = by ,dr4 ,frankl91 :o obs]v$ x1 is only "o among _m su* in/ances record$ 9 ! lit]ature on birds3 ,a pair ( p>rots _h liv$ toge!r on ! mo/ lov+ t]ms = f\r ye>s1 :5 ! female 0 tak5 ) a s]i\s attack ( g\t4 ,%e grew rapidly worse1 & 0 soon s weak z to be unable to leave h] p]* = food1 :5 ! male1 fai?ful & t5d] z a human sp\se1 took x ^u himself to c>ry food to h] regul>ly 9 8 beak4 #8,he cont9u$ fe$+ h] 9 ?is way = f\r mon?s1 b ! infirmities ( 8 companion increas$ day by day1 until at la/ %e 0 no long] able to support h]self on ! p]*4 ,%e rema9$ c[]+ d[n 9 ! bottom ( ! cage1 mak+ f "t to "t ineffectual ef=ts to rega9 h] p]*4 ,! male 0 always ne> h]1 & did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to aid ! feeble ef=ts ( 8 de> bett]-half4 ,seiz+ ! poor invalid by ! beak or ! upp] "p ( h] w+1 he tri$ 8 be/ to enable h] to rise1 & repeat$ 8 ef=ts sev]al times4 ,8 con/ancy1 8 ge/ures1 & 8 cont9u$ solicitude1 all %[$ 9 ?is affectionate bird ! mo/ ard5t desire to relieve ! suff]+s & assi/ ! weakness ( 8 s9k+ companion4 ,b ! sc5e became /ill m affect+ :5 ! female 0 dy+4 ,h] unhappy consort mov$ ab\t h] incessantly1 8 att5tions & t5d] c>es r$\bl$4 ,he ev5 tri$ to op5 h] beak to give "s n\ri%m5t4 ,he ran to h]1 & !n return$ ) a tr\bl$ & agitat$ look4 ,at int]vals he utt]$ ! mo/ pla9tive cries2 !n1 ) 8 eyes fix$ on h]1 kept a m\rnful sil5ce4 ,at l5g? 8 companion brea!d h] la/4 ,f t mom5t he p9$ away1 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few weeks di$'4#f ,ev5 ! r\gh-look+ o/ri* has s5sibility en\gh to die ( a brok5 he>t1 z 0 ! case 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes at ,p>is a few ye>s ago4 ,!re is _m a he>t ) a slabless grave f> f ! haunts ( m51 & _m a te> 9 secret brews t nev] wets ! eye4 ,! individual :o has nev] acquir$ ! en?usiasm = a k ( ! birds & a love = _! pres5ce & association has omitt$ "s ( ! ri*e/ emotions ( life4 #8,! sight ( a bird or ! s\nd ( its voice is at all times an ev5t ( su* significance to me1' says ,*apman1 #8a s\rce ( su* unfail+ pleasure1 t :5 ,i g afield ) ^? to :om birds are /rang]s ,i am deeply impress$ by ! comp>ative b>r5ness ( _! _w1 = !y live 9 ignorance ( a great /ore ( enjoym5t t might be !irs = ! ask+4' #8,i _c love ! man :o does n love1 ,z m5 love light1 ! song ( happy birds4' ,i h se5 a "m m\se 9 a mom5t ( p]il flee f h] home among ! fall+ pieces ( a cord-wood pile1 & disappe> "u ! roots ( a neighb\r+ oak4 ,i h se5 h] a little lat]1 recov]$ f h] initial dismay1 mak+ h] way back aga91 clamb]+ along among ! tangl$ timb]s1 /opp+ n[ & !n to look & li/51 h] eyes wild & anxi\s1 & h] :ole little body quak+ ) excitem5t4 ,i h se5 h] g among ! ru9s ( h] dwell+1 take a poor little squeak+ "y "o 9 h] m\?1 & hurry away ) x to ! gloomy refuge 9 ! roots ( ! oak4 ,i h wat*$ h] return aga9 & aga91 ea* "t tak+ 9 h] c>eful tee? ! t9y body ( a babe1 until five m\?fuls ( preci\s p9k 7 safely lodg$ )9 ! =tress ( ! oak4 ,& ,i c\ld z soon believe t woman1 :5 %e saves h] *ildr5 f "s fe>ful h>m1 is a s\lless ma*9e z ?9k t t brave little wood-"m1 out !re alone "u ! trees1 snat*+ h] d>l+s f ! jaws ( dea?1 0 a h]o9e )\t s5se or feel+4 ,t little hairy "m ) f\r feet & bead-l eyes lov$ h] "y ones 9 j ! same way & = j ! same reason z a human "m loves h] "y ones4 ,%e look$ ^u h] babies1 9 all probability1 ) ! same "m-love & t5d]ness z a human "m looks ^u h]s1 & felt 9 m9iature1 ) evil hov]+ above !m1 ! same con/]nation a woman feels :5 de/ruction rea*es out aft] ^? t are ne>e/ & de>e/4 ,& :5 x 0 all ov]1 :5 ! good angel ( deliv]ance _h f9ally spread its heal+ :ite w+s ov] t afflict$ family1 ! he>t ( t little rod5t 0 d\btless soo!d by ! same joy z t :i*1 9 ! h\r ( deliv]ance1 calms ! he>ts ( humank9d4 ,ants t5d _! fields1 ga!r _! h>ve/s1 dome/icate o!r insects1 & keep slaves4 ,!y help ea* o!r be> heavy burd5s1 extricate ea* o!r f mis=tune1 speak to ea* o!r :5 !y meet1 & bury _! dead4 ,!y build roads & bridges1 & manife/ wond]ful eng9e]+ skill 9 _! con/ruction4 ,!y ev5 tunnel "u riv]s4 ,!y g f> f home1 & f9d _! way back aga94 ,!y inhabit t[ns1 & build spl5did & spaci\s palaces4 ,ea* ant kn[s e o!r citiz5 ( its own t[n1 & an ant f any o!r t[n is imm$iately recognis$ z a =eign]4 ,ants h _! ov]se]s ( indu/rial ent]prises1 & regul> h\rs = "w & sleep4 ,! ant is ! mo/ pugnaci\s ( all animals1 & ! mo/ muscul> comp>$ ) its size4 ,x w boldly attack ! bigge/ creature t walks if ?is creature invades its home4 ,x w fa/5 its m&ibles into an enemy1 & all[ itself to be torn to pieces )\t relax+ its hold4 ,among "s savage tribes1 c]ta9 species ( ants are said to be us$ z surgeons4 ,infuriat$ ants are all[$ to fa/5 _! m&ibles on ! opposite edges ( a ga%1 & 9 ?is way ! w\nd is clos$4 ,! ants are decapitat$1 & _! bodiless heads ) _! rel5tless jaws s]ve z /it*es to ! w\nd4 ,ants h holidays & a?letic fe/ivals4 ,on su* occasions !y romp & *ase ea* o!r & play hide-&-seek l *ildr54 ,!y /& on _! h9d-legs1 embrace ea* o!r ) _! =e-limbs1 grasp ea* o!r by ! feet or ant5nae1 pull ea* o!r d[n ! entrances to _! t[ns1 wre/le & roll ov] on ! s&1 & s on--all 9 ! fri5dlie/ mann]4 ,x is greatly to ! cr$it ( ^! little p t no obs]v] has ev] yet kn[n !m to become s inv5tively helpless or s a?letically h>d up z to play slug-ball4 ,ants educate _! "y1 & practise ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( human /ates & societies4 ,=el1 ! great ,swiss /ud5t ( ants1 says t sev]al hundr$ ne/s are sometimes unit$ into a s+le conf$]ation4 ,ea* ant kn[s e o!r ant ( ! entire conf$]ation1 & !y all take "p 9 ! common def5ce4 ,haeckel says1 speak+ ( social evolution 9 ants1 t ! aborig9al ants ( ! ,*alk ,age _h z little idea ( ! division ( lab\r & organisation ( mod]n ant /ates z paleoli?ic fl9t-*ipp]s _h ( ! complexity & organisation ( tw5tie?-c5tury civilisation4 #8,if we take an ant's ne/1 we n only see t "w ( e description--re>+ ( prog5y1 =ag+1 build+1 re>+ ( aphides1 & s on--is p]=m$ accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( volunt>y mutual aid1 b we mu/ also recognise1 ) ,=el1 t ! fundam5tal feature ( ! life ( _m species ( ants is ! obligation ( e ant to %>e its food1 already swall[$ & p>tly dige/$1 ) e memb] ( ! community :i* may apply = x4 ,two ants belong+ to ! same ne/ or to ! same conf$]ation ( ne/s w approa* ea* o!r1 ex*ange a few movem5ts ) ! ant5nae1 & if "o ( !m is hungry or ?ir/y--& especially if ! o!r has its crop full--x imm$iately asks = food4 ,! individual ?us reque/$ nev] refuses4 ,x sets ap>t its m&ibles1 takes a prop] position1 & regurgitates a drop ( transp>5t fluid1 :i* is lick$ up by ! hungry ant4 ,regurgitat+ food = o!rs is s prom95t a feature 9 ! life ( ! ants1 & x s con/antly recurs bo? = fe$+ hungry comrades & = fe$+ l>vae1 t ,=el consid]s ! dige/ive tube ( ants to consi/ ( two diff]5t p>ts1 "o ( :i*--! po/]ior--is = ! special use ( ! individual1 & ! o!r--! ant]ior "p--is *iefly = ! use ( ! community4 ,if an ant :i* has its crop full has be5 selfi% en\gh to refuse to fe$ a comrade1 x w be treat$ z an enemy4 ,if ! refusal has be5 made :ile its k9sfolks 7 fight+ ) "s o!r species1 !y w fall ^u ! gre$y individual ) great] vehem5ce ev5 ?an ^u ! enemies !mselves4 ,all ?is has be5 confirm$ by ! mo/ accurate obs]vations & exp]im5ts'4#i ,ants keep slaves4 ,& ! slaves1 9 "s in/ances1 c>ry _! ma/]s ab\t1 fe$ !m1 groom !m1 & att5d to _! e want1 j z human lackeys d helpless ari/ocrats4 ,9 "s species ! in/itution ( slav]y is s old t ! physical /ructures ( ! ma/]s h be5 modifi$ until ! ma/]s are physically unable to fe$ !mselves1 & w p]i% f hung]1 ?\gh surr\nd$ by food1 if !y are left to !mselves4 ,! bra9 ( ! ant1 z ,d>w9 says1 is "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful bits ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is sc>cely "o-f\r? ! size ( ! head ( a p91 yet x is ! seat ( ! mo/ a/oni%+ wisdom & activity4 ,if human intellig5ce 7 z great1 comp>$ ) ! mass ( ! human bra91 z is ! ant's1 man w\ld be sev]al hundr$ times z wise z he is n[1 & w\ld !n probably n fall f> %ort ( t /ate ( erudition :i* ! av]age man imag9es he already repres5ts4 ,ants rememb]1 & a fact becomes impress$ by repetition1 %[+ t ! faculty ( memory 9 ants is gov]n$ by ! same laws z is ?is faculty 9 man4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock f\nd x necess>y to tea* 8 ants ! way by repeat+ ! lesson :]e ! way 0 long or unusual4 #8,s5sation1 p]ception1 & association foll[ 9 ! social insects1 on ! :ole1 ! same fundam5tal laws z 9 ! v]tebrates1 includ+ ourselves4 ,fur!rmore1 att5tion is surpris+ly develop$ 9 insects' 7,=el74 ,ants keep /&+ armies1 make alliances1 & m>aud neighb\r+ /ates4 ,!y h _! w>s1 civil & =eign1 & _! massacres & enslavem5ts ( ! conqu]$4 ,b !y h nev] got s l[ yet1 s f> z anyone kn[s1 z to hypocritically prosecute _! conque/s 9 ! "n ( ,god & humanity4 ,! battlefields ( ants resemble ! c>nage-pla9s ( m51 /rewn ) gha/ly corpses & cov]$ ) ! headless & dy+4 ,& ! acc\nts ( _! exp$itions--_! go+ =? 9 regul> columns1 ) capta9s1 sc\ts1 & skirmi% l9es1 _! battles1 & _! return lad5 ) plund] & captives--read l ! grisly tales ( human hi/ory4 ,ants p]=m1 9 %ort1 ab\t all ! antics ( civilis$ man1 except maltreat+ ! females & dr9k+ g94 ,& %all we say _! civilisation is less real because x is m9iature & because x is c>ri$ on f> bel[ ! ,brobd+nagian contemplations ( man8 #8,:5 we see an ant-hill t5ant$ by ?\s&s ( indu/ri\s inhabitants1 excavat+ *amb]s1 =m+ tunnels1 mak+ roads1 gu>d+ _! home1 ga!r+ food1 fe$+ ! "y1 t5d+ _! dome/ic animals1 ea* "o fulfill+ its duties indu/ri\sly & )\t confusion1 x is difficult altoge!r to d5y !m ! gift ( reason or to escape ! conviction t _! m5tal p[]s diff] f ^? ( m5 n s mu* 9 k9d z 9 degree' 7,lubbock74 ,! indu/ri\s & gift$ bee1 ) its wond]ful social sy/em1 9 advance ev5 ( t ( ! mo/ enlight5$ societies ( m52 ! g5]\s horse1 :o ?9ks & feels s mu* m ?an ! cl[ns :o maul him ev] suspect2 ! artful spid]1 t confirm$ waylay] lurk+ 9 8 lair ( silk2 ! s(t & pr$ace\s cat2 ! timid-he>t$ h>e1 poor h\nd$ little dwell] ( ! fields & /ream-sides2 ! beautiful & vivaci\s squirrel2 ! l[ly lady-bug2 ! cauti\s fox2 ! irascible s]p5t1 s cruelly misund]/ood by m52 ! pati5t camel2 ! scornful peaf[l2 ! indomitable goat2 ! grave & v9dictive elephant2 ! +5i\s beav]1 ! woodman ( ! primeval wild]ness2 ! lordly & polygam\s cock2 ! mat]nal h52 ! w>y tr\t1 beset ev]y:]e by ! villa9\s traps ( impo/ors2 ! bride-l butt]fly2 ! delicate antelope & de]2 & ! /urdy1 incorruptible ox--all ( ^! be+s h )9 !m s\ls compos$ prim>ily ( ! same elem5ts z ^? t compose ! s\ls ( m54 ,gr\nd-wasps h be5 obs]v$ to use t9y /ones z hamm]s 9 pack+ ! dirt firmly ov] _! ne/s--a v rem>kable act ( intellig5ce1 s9ce ! use ( tools is n common ev5 among ! high] mammals4#aj ,fi%es h be5 taught to assemble at ! r++ ( a bell1 & toads & tortoises to come at ! call ( _! fav\rite fri5ds4 ,an alligator :i* 0 kept tame = sev]al ye>s became s mu* atta*$ to its ma/] t #8x foll[$ him ab\t ! h\se l a dog1 scrambl+ up ! /airs aft] him1 & %[+ mu* affection & docility4' ,! fav\rite fri5d & companion ( ?is alligator 0 ! cat2 &1 :5ev] ! cat /ret*$ h]self on ! floor 9 front ( ! fire1 ! alligator w\ld lie d[n beside h]1 ) its head on ! cat1 & g to sleep4 #8,:5 ! cat 0 abs5t1 ! alligator 0 re/less1 b x always appe>$ happy :5 ! cat 0 ne> x'4#h ,wolves & foxes sometimes coop]ate ) ea* o!r 9 _! hunt+ exp$itions1 some:at z m5 d 9 !irs4 ,"o ( _! numb] w cr\* 9 ambu% by ! side ( a road kn[n to be us$ by h>es or o!r small animals1 & leap on ! unsuspect+ fugitives :5 driv5 t way by o!rs ( ! hunt+ b&4 ,_m animals po/ s5t9els :5 !y eat or sleep or engage 9 o!r haz>d\s und]tak+s1 & ^! s5t9els %[ a good deal ( discrim9ation 9 di/+ui%+ betwe5 animals t are fri5dly & ^? t are n4 ,beav]s n only build lodges to live 91 b also con/ruct dams to keep ! wat] 9 :i* ! villages are locat$ at a c]ta9 height4 ,! outlet ( ^! dams is c>efully regulat$1 be+ regul>ly less5$ & enl>g$ to suit ! supply ( wat] 9 ! /ream4 ,! trees us$ by ! beav]s 9 _! ent]prises are fell$ by !m along ! m>g9s ( ! /ream1 & float$ to ! place :]e !y are us$4 ,9 old communities1 :]e ! supply ( timb] ne> ! /ream has be5 exhau/$1 artificial canals are cut by ^! indomitable eng9e]s = use 9 ! transportation ( _! mat]ials4 ,^! excavations are made at a great co/ ( lab\r & = ! delib]ate purpose ( enabl+ ! build]s to accompli% t :i* !y c\ld n accompli% 9 any o!r way4 #8,9 execut+ ?is purpose1' says ,romanes1 #8!re is sometimes display$ a dep? ( eng9e]+ =e?\ght ov] details ( /ructure requir$ by ! circum/ances ( special localities :i* is ev5 m a/oni%+ ?an ! execution ( ! g5]al idea'4#f ,:51 = in/ance1 a canal has be5 c>ri$ s f> f ! orig9al wat]-supply t1 ow+ to ! ris+ gr\nd1 x _c be cont9u$ )\t a v great exp5diture ( ef=t 9 digg+1 a second dam is built high] up-/ream1 & ) wat] drawn f ?is ! canal is cont9u$ on at a high] level4 ,sometimes a ?ird dam is built above ! second1 & ! canal aga9 cont9u$ at a /ill high] level be=e ! valuable timb] ( ! high] gr\nds is rea*$4 ,^! ent]pris+ rod5ts also c>ve sometimes enorm\s *annels across ! necks ( l& =m$ by w9d+ riv]s1 to s]ve z cut-(fs 9 travel & transportation4 ,& yet all ( ^! ?+s--all ( ! intellig5ce1 feel+1 & +5uity display$ by ! non-human races--are /ill lump$ toge!r by belat$ psy*ologi/s "u ! head ( #8in/9ct1' by :i* is meant a bl9d1 unconsci\s knack ( do+ ! "r ?+ )\t 9 any way realis+ :at is be+ done or :at x is be+ done =6 ,! pr9ciple 9 accordance ) :i* m9d is d5i$ to non-human be+s w\ld1 if c>ri$ to its legitimate conclusions1 make ma*9es out ( all ( u1 & limit ! possession ( consci\s intellig5ce to ! individual :o promulgates ! !ory4 ,! attitude assum$ by _m psy*ologi/s t[>d ! m5tal faculties ( inf]ior races rem9ds "o ( ,he9e's int]view ) ! old liz>d at ,lucca4 ,9 ! discussion :i* ensu$ betwe5 ! poet & ! reptile1 ! poet dropp$ ! words1 #8,i ?9k4' #8,?9k6' snapp$ ! liz>d ) a %>p1 ari/ocratic tone ( pr(\nd contempt--#8?9k6 ,:i* ( y ?9ks8 ,= #c1jjj ye>s1 wise sir1 ,i h inve/igat$ ! spiritual functions ( animals1 & ,i h made m5 & apes ! special objects ( my /udy4 ,i h devot$ myself to ^! que] creatures ) z great zeal & dilig5ce z ,lyonnet to 8 cat]pill>s4 ,& z ! result ( my rese>*es1 ,i c assure y no man ?9ks4 ,n[ & !n some?+ occurs to him1 & ^! accid5tally occurr+ some?+s he calls ?\ghts1 & ! /r++ ( !m toge!r he calls ?9k+4 ,b y c take my ^w = x1 no man ?9ks--no philosoph] ?9ks4 ,&1 s f> z philosophy is conc]n$1 x is m]e air & wat]1 l pure vap\rs 9 ! sky4 ,!re is1 9 reality1 only "o true philosophy1 & t is engrav5 9 et]nal hi]oglyphics on my own tail'4#g ,?is attitude ( ! lordly saurian t[>d ! human race is a /++ burlesque on ! an?ropoc5tric conceit :i* p]v]ts all ( man's views ( ! o!r ord]s ( life4 ,x is n cont5d$ t non-human be+s are psy*ically id5tical ) human be+s4 ,! races ( m5 are n psy*ically id5tical ) ea* o!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellectual spl5d\rs ( a ,sp5c] evolv+ volumes ( ! pr(\nde/ philosophy & ! m9d ( an ,au/ralian :o _c c\nt six1 or betwe5 ! und]/&+ ( an ,edison1 ! wiz>d ( ! electrical _w1 & t ( ! ,s\? ,sea isl&]s1 :o1 :5 ,capta9 ,cook gave !m "s ,engli% nails1 plant$ !m 9 ! hope ( rais+ a new crop1 is almo/ inf9ite4 ,! l[e/ races ( m5 h nei!r sup]/ition nor ! p[] ( ab/ract ?\ght z h ! high] races4 ,!y h a ^w = black /one1 :ite /one1 & br[n /one1 b no ^w = /one2 = elm-tree1 oak-tree1 & ! l1 b no ^w = tree4 ,z ,k+sley says1 #8,x is difficult to believe t a dog does n =m z cle> an ab/ract idea ( a tree z ^! p d4' ,!re are human be+s liv+ 9 ! =e/s ( ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,au/ralasia t w&] ab\t f place to place 9 h]ds )\t *ief1 law1 weapons1 or fix$ habitations4 ,!y g nak$1 mate by *ance1 & climb trees l monkeys4 ,"s ( ^! races "k no?+ ( fire1 religion1 or a moral _w1 *att] to ea* o!r l apes1 & live on su* natural products z roots1 fruits1 s]p5ts1 mice1 ants1 & honey4 ,"o ( ^! creatures1 we are told1 w lie flat on 8 front = an h\r by ! runway ( a field-m\se1 wait+ = a *ance to snat* up ! little creature :5 x comes along & eat x4 ,doz5s ( su* degrad$ races are m5tion$ by ,bli*n] 9 8 #8,man3 ,pa/1 ,pres5t1 & ,future1' & by ,sir ,john ,lubbock 9 8 #8,orig9 ( ,civilisation4' ,non-human be+s h1 z a rule1 nei!r ! psy*ic v>iety nor ! int5sity ( high] humans4 ,& x is n cont5d$ t 9 language1 sci5ce1 & sup]/ition !y are capable ( be+ comp>$ ) ! =emo/ few ( civilis$ societies1 any m ?an savages1 especially ! l[e/ savages1 are capable ( su* comp>ison4 ,b x is ma9ta9$ t ! non-human races ( ! e>? are n ! metallic & s\lless lot ( fixtures !y are vulg>ly suppos$ to be2 t !y are j z real liv+ be+s1 ) j z preci\s n]ves & j z g5u9e feel+s1 rights1 he>ta*es1 capabilities1 & wayw>dnesses1 z we ourselves3 & t1 s9ce !y are our own ki? & k9dr$1 we h no "r :atev]1 high] ?an ! "r ( ma9 /r5g? 7:i* is ! "r ( devils71 to assume !m to be1 & to treat !m z if !y 71 our natural & legitimate prey4 #a4 ,d>w93 ,expression ( ,emotions 9 ,m5 & ,animals2 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #b4 ,/>r3 ,human ,progress2 ,p5nsylvania1 #ahie4 #c4 ,h>tmann3 ,an?ropoid ,apes2 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #d4 ,brehm3 ,f ,nor? ,pole to ,equator2 ,london1 #ahif4 #e4 ,/anley3 ,9 ,d>ke/ ,africa1 vol i42 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 #f4 ,romanes3 ,animal ,intellig5ce2 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #g4 ,evans3 ,evolutional ,e?ics & ,animal ,psy*ology2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #h4 ,jesse3 ,glean+s 9 ,natural ,hi/ory1 vol4 i42 ,london1 #ahcb4 #i4 ,kropotk93 ,mutual ,aid a ,factor ( ,evolution2 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #aj4 ,peckham & ,peckham3 ,in/9cts & ,habits ( ! ,solit>y ,wasps2 ,madison1 ,wiscons91 #ahih4 ,,iv4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,human & ,non-human ,m9d ,comp>$4 ,! analysis ( human m9d & ! comp>ison ( its elem5ts or p[]s ) ! p[]s ( non-human m9d corroborate ! conclusions already arriv$ at ?r\gh obs]vation & d$uctive inf]5ce4 ,! *ief p[]s ( ! m9d ( man are s5sation1 memory1 emotion1 imag9ation1 volition1 in/9ct1 & reason4 ,all ( ^! faculties are f\nd 9 non-human be+s1 "s ( !m develop$ to a mu* high] degree ?an !y are 9 man1 & "s ( !m to a mu* l[]4 ,s5sation is ! effect produc$ on ! m9d :5 a s5se organ is affect$ 9 "s way by ext]nal /imuli4 ,s5sation is ! lumb] ( ! m9d1 ! raw mat]ial out ( :i* are elaborat$ all o!r =ms ( consci\sness4 ,! *ief species ( s5sation are ^? ( sight1 s\nd1 smell1 ta/e1 & feel+4 ,! orig9al s5se 0 feel+1 & out ( ?is s5se 7 evolv$ ! o!r f\r4 ,! organs ( see+1 he>+1 smell+1 & ta/+ are !re=e modifications ( ! sk91 :i* is ! organ ( orig9al s5se4 ,! fact t 9 all animals1 d[n almo/ to ! v beg9n+s ( life1 s5se organs exi/1 sugge/s t s5sation may be almo/1 if n q1 coext5sive ) animal life4 ,all mammals1 birds1 reptiles1 amphibians1 & fi%es h ! same special s5se organs z man1 & ! organs ( sight1 s\nd1 ta/e1 & smell occupy 9 all v]tebrates ! same relative positions 9 ! head4 ,birds see bett] ?an any o!r animals1 & c>nivora smell bett]4 ,rum9ants see1 he>1 & smell ) great acut5ess4 ,fi%es also see & he> well2 & ! w+s ( ! bat are s exce$+ly s5sitive t x w move ab\t bl9dfold$ & ) e>s /opp$ ) cotton almo/ z un]r+ly z :5 aid$ by sight & s\nd4 ,insects h smell1 sight1 & ta/e well develop$1 z is %[n by _! ke5 appreciation ( ! col\rs1 p]fumes1 & flav\rs ( fl[]s4 ,!y also he>4 ,/ridulation proves ?is4 ,worms h eyes & e>s1 & l&-lee*es sc5t ! approa* ( _! prey at a long di/ance4 ,! />fi% & ! m$usa respond to all ! five classes ( /imuli :i* affect ! five s5ses ( man1 & n]v\s sub/ance is f\nd 9 all animals above ! sponge4 ,memory is ! p[] ( reta9+ or recognis+ pa/ /ates ( consci\sness4 ,! p[] to reta9 impressions foll[s 9 orig9 close ^u ! p[] to receive impressions4 ,memory is ! hi/oric faculty ( ! m9d--! p[] ( ! m9d to /ore up its exp]i5ces--& is f\nd 9 ne>ly all animals4 ,! l[ly limpet1 ^: _w is a seaside rock1 w come back f its little roam+s "t aft] "t to ! same rude lodge f :i* x set out4 ,bees rememb] :]e !y get honey or sug> mon?s aft]w>ds1 & :5 x is necess>y w sometimes g back to ! old home hive :i* !y left ! ye> be=e4 ,ants retrace _! /eps aft] mak+ long j\rneys f _! ne/1 & are able 9 "s way to recognise _! fri5ds aft] mon?s ( sep>ation4 ,! /ickleback 7fi%7 kn[s ! way back to 8 ne/1 al?\gh he has be5 abs5t sev]al h\rs4 ,fi%es return & hat* _! "y ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same wat]s2 birds come back to _! old ne/+-places2 & horses rememb] _! way along devi\s roads ov] :i* !y h n be5 = ye>s4 ,horses us$ 9 ! deliv]y ( milk1 or 9 o!r occupations 9 :i* !y are accu/om$ to travel daily ov] ab\t ! same r\te1 come 9 "t to rememb] e alley1 /reet1 & /opp+-place ( ! :ole r\nd almo/ z accurately z _! driv]s4 ,d>w9's dog rememb]$ & obey$ him aft] an abs5ce ( five ye>s4 ,! p[] ( dogs1 squirrels1 & o!r animals ( rememb]+ :]e !y h long be=e ca*$ food is inde$ wond]ful4 ,a squirrel w come d[n out ( a tree :5 ! e>? is cov]$ to a dep? ( sev]al in*es ) lately fall5 sn[ & hop away1 )\t ! slighte/ hesitancy or mi/ake1 to ! exact spot :]e x has mon?s be=e /or$ its mid-w9t] acorns4 ,a lion has be5 kn[n to recognise its keep] aft] sev5 ye>s ( sep>ation1 & an elephant obey$ all 8 old words ( comm& on be+ recaptur$ aft] fifte5 ye>s ( jungle life4 ,! simil>ity ( memory 9 o!r animals to ! same faculty 9 man is %[n by ! fact t memory ev]y:]e is gov]n$ by ! same laws4 ,9 all animals1 includ+ man1 memory is /r5g!n$ by repetition--t is1 impressions are always deep5$ & confirm$ by be+ made ov] & ov]4 ,a p>rot or a rav5 ma/]s a new s5t5ce by work+ at x & say+ x ov] & ov] aga91 j z a boy memorises 8 rules & cate*isms4 ,imag9ation is ! pictur+ p[] ( ! m9d4 ,9 its l[e/ /ages ( manife/ation x is ak9 to memory4 ,imag9ation1 h[ev]1 9 its high] rea*es1 n only reimages previ\s impressions1 b comb9es !m 9 new & orig9al relations4 ,imag9ation is display$ 9 dreams1 images1 delusions1 anticipation1 & sympa?y4 ,x also furni%es w+s = speculation & reason4 ,spid]s1 :5 !y atta* /ones to _! webs to /eady !m dur+ anticipat$ gales1 probably ex]cise imag9ation4 ,! tame s]p5t :i* 0 c>ri$ away f its ma/]'s h\se & f\nd its way back aga91 ?\gh ! di/ance 0 "o hundr$ miles1 no d\bt c>ri$ 9 its imag9ation vivid pictures ( its old home4#a ,cats1 dogs1 horses1 & o!r animals dream1 & p>rots talk 9 _! sleep4 ,horses & cattle sometimes /amp$e at imag9>y objects1 & (t5 di/ort real objects into imag9>y mon/]s4 ,:5 a horse at night takes fright at a big black /ump by ! roadside1 he no d\bt imag9es x to be "s t]rible creature ready to eat him up if he %\ld g ne> x1 j z a timid *ild does 9 ! same circum/ances4 ,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 horses 9 ?is respect1 j z !re is among *ildr5 & m51 "s ( !m tak+ fright at e unusual ?+1 :ile o!rs are m bold or /olid4 ,! cat play+ ) a ball ( y>n conv]ts x by means ( its imag9ation into an object ( prey1 j z a girl conv]ts a doll into a baby1 or a boy *anges a /ick into a /e$4 ,sympa?y is ! putt+ or pictur+ ( "o's self 9 ! place ( ano!r1 & by means ( ! imag9ation %>+ or simulat+ ! psy*ic conditions ( t o!r4 ,?is high & holy ex]cise ( ! imag9ation is exhibit$ by horses1 cattle1 dogs1 de]1 elephants1 monkeys1 & birds--9 fact1 by ne>ly all animals z f> d[n z ! fi%es & insects4 ,emotion is ! /irr+ ( ! s5sibilities by way ( ! intellect or ! imag9ation4 ,! foll[+ emotions are f\nd 9 non-human be+s3 fe>1 surprise1 affection1 pugnacity1 play1 pride1 ang]1 jeal\sy1 curiosity1 sympa?y1 emulation1 res5tm5t1 appreciation ( ! beautiful1 grief1 hate1 cruelty1 joy1 b5evol5ce1 rev5ge1 %ame1 remorse1 & appreciation ( ! ludicr\s4 ,except+ ! emotions ( consci5ce & religion1 :i* are really comp\nds1 ) fe> z ! ma9 +r$i5t1 ?is li/ ( non-human emotions is coext5sive ) ! li/ ( human emotions4 ,_m ( ^! emotions g]m9ate l[ d[n 9 ! animal k+dom1 fe>1 ang]1 sexuality1 & jeal\sy all be+ f\nd 9 fi%es & 9 ! high] inv]tebrates4 ,9 ! high] v]tebrates _m ( ^! emotions are almo/ z /rong z !y are 9 m54 ,does anyone :o has felt ! ?robb+ sides ( a fright5$ puppy or h>e h any d\bt t ^! creatures suff] ! ke5e/ agony ( fe>8 ,apes h be5 kn[n to fall d[n & fa9t :5 sudd5ly confront$ by a snake1 s great is _! in/9ctive horror ( s]p5ts2 & gray p>rots1 :i* are extremely n]v\s birds1 h be5 kn[n to drop f _! p]* unconsci\s "u ! influ5ce ( great fe>4#b ,! horse is1 p]haps1 ( all animals1 ! "o :i* occasionally gives itself ov] mo/ completely to ! emotion ( fe>1 z ev]yone :o has witness$ ! t]rible ab&on ( a runaway team c te/ify4 ,ants1 fi%es1 birds1 cats1 dogs1 horses1 monkeys1 porpoises1 & _m o!r animals play4 ,"y kitt5s1 colts1 & puppies enjoy a scuffle ab\t z well z boys d4 ,pugnacity orig9ates among ! spid]s & insects1 & is highly develop$ 9 ! ant1 cock1 & bulldog4 ,?is emotion is /rong 9 ! males ( ne>ly all v]tebrates4 ,anyone :o has obs]v$ ! vigilance display$ by fi%es 9 protect+ _! ne/s c h little d\bt t ^! comp>atively primitive be+s possess pugnacity4 ,i 0 "o ev5+ float+ 9 a boat by ! edge ( a ,long ,isl& pond j ov] a village ( p]*es4 ,ea* ne/ 0 gu>d$ by an assidu\s male1 :o hov]$ ov] x vigilantly1 or d>t$ ?is way & t to drive (f ! piscatorial hoi polloi hang+ ab\t ! neighb\rhood1 ready to slip 9 at ! fir/ opportunity & eat ! eggs4 ,j to see :at w\ld happ51 ,i put my h& d[n into ! wat] & mov$ x sl[ly t[>d "o ( ! ne/s4 ,to my surprise1 ! gu>dian ( ! ne/1 in/ead ( flee+ 9 al>m1 proce$$ to %[ fight4 ,x *as$ my h& away "t aft] "t1 & :5 ! h& 0 n remov$ x w\ld nip x vigor\sly1 n once simply1 b two or ?ree times if necess>y1 & ea* "t ) increas+ en]gy4 ,x cont5d$ ) ! c\rage ( a little h]o4 ,i pu%$ x & jo/l$ x ab\t1 & ev5 took x 9 my h& & lift$ x cle> out ( ! wat]4 ,to my amazem5t1 on gett+ back into ! wat]1 x return$ promptly to ! attack4 ,x f\ght until x 0 really fagg$1 = its onsets 7 at la/ mu* feebl] ?an at fir/4 ,i came away aft] tw5ty m9utes1 leav+ ! little h]o 9 triumphant possession ( 8 *>ge4 ,among "s species ( monkeys sev]al individuals w jo9 toge!r 9 ov]turn+ a /one = ! possible ants' eggs "u x2 &1 :5 a bury+ beetle has f\nd a dead m\se or bird1 x goes & gets its companions to help x 9 ! int]m5t4#c ,cr[s %[ b5evol5ce by fe$+ _! bl9d & helpless companions1 & monkeys adopt ! orphans ( deceas$ memb]s ( _! tribe4 ,brehm saw two cr[s fe$+ 9 a holl[ tree a ?ird cr[ :i* 0 w\nd$4 ,!y _h evid5tly be5 do+ ?is = "s "t1 = ! w\nd 0 sev]al weeks old4 ,d>w9 tells ( a bl9d pelican :i* 0 f$ ^u fi%es1 :i* 7 br\ght to x by its fri5ds f a di/ance ( ?irty miles4#d ,! devotion ( c$>-birds to ea* o!r & _! k9dness to all birds 9 di/ress are well kn[n to e /ud5t ( orni?ology4 ,olive ,?orne ,mill] tells ( a c$>-bird t rais$ a brood ( "y rob9s t _h be5 left orphans by ! accid5tal kill+ ( ! p>5ts4 ,w$dell saw m ?an once dur+ 8 j\rney to ,bolivia t :5 a h]d ( vicunas 7 closely pursu$ ! /rong males cov]$ ! retreat ( ! weak] & less swift memb]s ( ! h]d by lagg+ beh9d & protect+ !m4#c ,a rem>kable in/ance ( altruism :i* he once saw exhibit$ by ! k+-crabs 9 a ,london aqu>ium is m5tion$ by ,kropotk9 9 8 "w on #8,mutual ,aid a ,factor 9 ,evolution4' ,"o ( ^! crabs _h fall5 on its back 9 a corn] ( ! tank4 ,& = "o ( ^! great creatures1 ) its saucepan c>apace1 to get on its back is1 ev5 9 fav\rable circum/ances1 a s]i\s matt]4 ,! s]i\sness 0 increas$ 9 ?is in/ance by an iron b>1 :i* h9d]$ ! normal activities ( ! un=tunate cru/acean4 #8,its comrades came to ! rescue1 & = "o h\r's "t ,i wat*$ h[ !y endeav\r$ to help _! fell[-prison]4 ,!y came two at once1 pu%$ _! fri5d f b5ea?1 & aft] /r5u\s ef=ts succe$$ 9 lift+ x upright4 ,b !n ! iron b> prev5t$ !m f a*iev+ ! "w ( rescue1 & ! crab aga9 fell heavily on its back4 ,aft] _m attempts1 "o ( ! help]s w5t into ! dep? ( ! tank & br\ght two o!r crabs1 :o began ) fre% =ces ! same pu%+ & lift+ ( _! helpless comrade4 ,we /ay$ 9 ! aqu>ium = m ?an two h\rs1 &1 :5 leav+1 came to ca/ a glance ^u ! tank4 ,! "w ( attempt$ rescue /ill cont9u$4 ,s9ce ,i saw t ,i _c refuse cr$it to ! obs]vation quot$ by ,dr4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 t ! common crab dur+ ! m\lt+ season /ations a s5t9el1 an unmolt$ or h>d-%ell$ individual1 to prev5t m>9e enemies f injur+ m\lt$ individuals 9 _! unprotect$ /ate4' ,walruses g to ! def5ce ( a w\nd$ comrade :5 summon$ by its cries = help4 ,romanes tells ( a g&] :o act$ z a gu>dian to 8 bl9d consort1 tak+ h] neck g5tly 9 8 m\? & lead+ h] to ! wat] :5 %e want$ to take a swim1 & aft] all[+ h] to cruise = a "t "u 8 guidance & c>e1 conduct+ h] back home aga9 9 ! same ?\ghtful mann]4 ,:5 gosl+s 7 hat*$1 ?is rem>kable g&] seem$ to realise ! inability ( ! "m to look aft] !m1 = he took *>ge ( !m z if !y 7 8 own1 convoy+ !m to ! wat]side1 & lift+ !m c>efully out ( ! ruts & pits ) 8 bill :5ev] !y got into difficulty4#a ,! disposition to g to ! aid ( a fell[ 9 tr\ble is "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic traits 9 ! psy*ology ( ! sw9e4 ,a s+le squeal ( di/ress f ev5 ! scrawnie/ memb] ( a sw9e h]d w br+ d[n on ! "o :o causes ?is di/ress ! hair-rais+ wra? ( e pork] )9 he>+4 ,?is trait has be5 consid]ably r$uc$ by dome/ication1 & 9 ^? v>ieties 9 :i* deg5]acy has gone f>!/ x sc>cely exi/s4 ,b x is exce$+ly /rong 9 all wild hogs4 ,animals z l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t & z prov]bially cold z snakes h be5 kn[n1 :5 educat$ & treat$ ) k9dness1 to manife/ consid]able affection = _! fri5ds & ma/]s4 ,ne>ly all dome/ic animals display a good deal ( affection1 n only to _! "y1 b to adult memb]s ( _! own k9d & to _! human ma/]s4 ,! devotion ( ! dog to man is )\t a p>allel any:]e4 ,x has be5 said t #8! dog is ! only ?+ on ?is e>? t loves y m ?an he loves himself4' ,:5 dogs become s mu* atta*$ to _! ma/]s or mi/resses t !y p9e & die on be+ sep>at$ f !m1 !y %[ beyond any "q t !y h feel+s :i*1 9 int5sity1 are n inf]ior to ^? possess$ by ! m highly develop$ m5 & wom54 ,& ?is has happ5$ "t aft] "t4 ,a pa!tic /ory ( love & ( its tragic close came la/ ye> out ( ! ,ma9e woods4 ,two moose1 :o _h be5 track$ all day by a c\ple ( human tig]s1 7 f9ally ov]tak51 :5 "o ( !m fell pi]c$ by two rifle-balls4 ,! rema9+ moose1 in/ead ( da%+ (f into ! =e/1 /ood /ill1 l[]$ its head1 & sniff$ at its fall5 companion4 ,!n1 rais+ its antl]s high into ! air1 x bell[$ l\dly4 ,z ! cry ( ! great creature e*o$ ?r\gh ! =e/1 x also fell at ! dis*>ge ( ! rifles4 ,x 0 f\nd on exam9ation aft]w>ds t ! fir/ moose 0 bl9d1 & t ! second "o1 :i* _h neglect$ to leave x = safety1 0 its pilot4 ,my fa!r once own$ a c[ :o contract$ a /rong affection = my si/]4 ,?is c[1 :o %[$ on _m occasions & 9 _m ways h] highly develop$ emotional nature1 w\ld sc>cely all[ anyone else ?an my si/] to milk h]4 ,%e always pres5t$ h]self to my si/] z soon z %e 0 let into ! lot 9 ord] to be milk$ fir/1 & %e 0 s jeal\s ( ?is privilege t if x 7 n accord$ to h] %e w\ld /& ) h] head d[n & give v5t to h] unhapp9ess 9 l[ moans4 ,aft] %e 0 milk$ %e w\ld foll[ h] human fri5d ar\nd f "o c[ to ano!r1 9 ord] to be z ne> h] z possible4 ,%e knew my si/]'s voice f t ( ev]yone else1 & w\ld always l[ a response & come to h] :5 call$ by "n1 ev5 ?\gh %e 7 a qu>t] ( a mile away 9 ! pa/ure4 ,romanes tells some:]e ( a b& ( apes t 7 be+ pursu$ by dogs :5 a "y ape 0 cut (f f ! re/ & 0 ab\t to be kill$ by ! dogs4 ,! *ief ( ! b&1 see+ ! p]il ( ! "y "o1 w5t delib]ately back & rescu$ x4 ,_m animals %[ t !y possess a rudim5t>y s5se ( hum\r by ! pranks & tricks :i* !y play on ea* o!r & on human be+s4 ,! monkey is ! pr9ce ( nonhuman jok]s1 b dogs1 cats1 horses1 elephants1 & o!r animals h en\gh ( ?is s5se to h books writt5 ab\t x4 ,a monkey has be5 obs]v$ to slyly pass 8 h& back ( a second monkey & tweak ! tail ( a ?ird "o1 & !n compos$ly enjoy himself :ile ! res5tm5t ( ! injur$ monkey exp5d$ itself on ! innoc5t middle "o4 ,_m monkeys enjoy ent]ta9+ _! fri5ds ) grimaces1 by c>ry+ a cane1 putt+ a t9 di% on _! heads1 or o!r droll antics4 ,^! intellig5t animals h a suffici5tly high appreciation ( ! ludicr\s to dislike ridicule4 ,l human be+s1 !y c't endure be+ laugh$ at1 & get mad if !y are made ! victims ( a joke4 ,romanes' monkey 0 "o day ask$ to crack a nut = ! amusem5t ( a visitor4 ,! nut turn$ out to be a bad "o1 & ! melan*oly look ( disappo9tm5t on ! monkey's face caus$ ! visitor to laugh4 ,! insult$ monkey flew into a rage1 & hurl$ ! nut at ! (f5d+ sc(f]1 !n ! hamm]1 & f9ally ! c(fee-pot :i* simm]$ on ! grate fire4#a ,d>w9 tells ( a baboon 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london :o always became infuriat$ e "t 8 keep] took out a lett] or book & read al\d to him4 ,on "o occasion :5 ,d>w9 0 pres5t ! baboon became s furi\s t he bit 8 own leg until x bl$4#d ,! emotion v>i\sly kn[n z %ame1 regret1 rep5tance1 & remorse1 is n common among ! non-human races4 ,x is f\nd sometimes 9 dogs & monkeys1 & especially 9 educat$ an?ropoids4 ,b ?is emotion is exce$+ly r>e among savages1 & is n at all univ]sal ev5 among civilis$ societies ( m54 ,"s animals manife/ self-re/ra9t1 :i* is an exce$+ly elite quality ( m9d1 & "o n s common z x might be ev5 among ! high] bre$s ( mank9d4 ,by re/ra9t is meant ! inhibition ( a desire or in/9ct 9 ! pres5ce ( circum/ances t5d+ to r5d] ! desire or in/9ct active--& ?is is ob$i5ce1 & ! beg9n+ ( morality4 ,a dog t w n *ase a h>e 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ma/] may d s 9 8 abs5ce4 ,i taught my gu9ea-pigs to ab/a9 f c]ta9 food 9 _! pres5ce :i* !y want$ v mu*1 & :i* !y w\ld h eat5 if !y _h n be5 educat$ to let x alone4 ,sympa?y is ! mo/ beautiful ( all t]re/rial emotions4 ,x is manife/$1 sometimes to an exce$+ly t\*+ degree1 by all ! highe/ races ( animals4 ,no o!r in/ances ?an ^? already giv5 c be m5tion$ "h4 ,x is suffici5t to say t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! savage--^: sympa?ies are s feeble t he has be5 kn[n to knock 8 own *ild's bra9s out = dropp+ a basket1 & :o puts 8 ag$ p>5ts to dea? 9 ord] to avoid ! burd5 ( ma9ta9+ !m1 & ^: sympa?ies seldom ext5d beyond 8 family or tribe--& civilis$ m5 & wom51 :o feel actual pa9 :5 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o suff]1 & ^: sympa?ies sometimes include all s5ti5t creation1 is mu* great] ?an t betwe5 ! savage & _m nonhuman animals4 ,! frail1 n>r[1 fanta/ic "* ( human sympa?y is ! mo/ m\rnful fact 9 human nature4 #8,man's inhumanity to man makes c\ntless ?\s&s m\rn1' & 8 inhumanity to n-m5 makes ! planet a ball ( pa9 & t]ror4 ,volition is ! p[] ( ! m9d to act executively4 ,or1 p]haps1 x is ! resultant ( ! impulses actuat+ a m9d at any p>ticul> in/ant4 ,:atev] volition is1 x is ! same ?+ 9 ! insect z 9 ! man4 ,non-human be+s h be5 obs]v$ to pause & delib]ate & to make wise & mom5t\s decisions 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,a *as$ h>e w decide to squat1 to g /raight ahead1 or to d some?+ else :i* ! em]g5cy dem&s1 j z unmi/akably z a human fugitive4 ,9 ! s5se ( be+ ! p[] to act diff]5tly f ! mann] 9 :i* a be+ actually does act1 !re is no su* ?+ z freewill4 ,! w ( ! worm is j z free z ! w ( ! judge--n 9 ! s5se t x is z v>i$ 9 ! directions ( its activity1 b 9 ! s5se t ! "* ( its activities is det]m9$ inevitably by ! "* ( its antec$5ts4 ,all w1 :e!r human or non-human1 inv>iably acts 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ motive1 j z a /one or a riv] inv>iably moves1 if x moves at all1 9 ! direction ( ! /ronge/ t5d5cy or =ce4 ,x is impossible t ?is %\ld be o!rwise4 ,=1 if ! w 9 any case elects to ov]?r[ ?is fact by arbitr>ily disc>d+ a /rong] motive = a feebl]1 9 ! v motive ( ! election are conceal$ elem5ts :i* trans=m ! feebl] motive into ! /rong]4 ,all motion1 volunt>y & involunt>y--! motion ( bullets1 be+s1 societies1 & suns--takes place along ! l9es ( lea/ arre/4 ,e be+ is compell$ to decide z he does decide & to act z he does act by ! inh]it$ t5d5cies ( 8 own nature & ! t5d5cies ( ! environm5t 9 :i* he exi/s4 ,& if any be+1 aft] hav+ pass$ ?r\gh life1 7 aga9 plac$ back at ! beg9n+ ( life & end[$ ) ! same nature z be=e1 & 7 act$ ^u ?r\gh life by surr\nd+s id5tical ) ^? he _h previ\sly met1 he w\ld act--t is1 he w\ld ex]cise 8 w--9 precisely ! same way 9 e p>ticul> z he _h previ\sly done4 ,to d5y ^! ?+s is to ass]t t ! conduct ( liv+ be+s is )\t law1 & t psy*ology & sociology are n sci5ces4 ,non-human be+s1 all ( ! high] ones1 h ! same bra9 & n]v\s app>atus z man1 & 9 _! involunt>y ph5om5a !y closely resemble human be+s4 ,aim a pret5d$ bl[ ne> ! eyes ( a dog or a horse & x w w9k involunt>ily1 j z a human be+ does4 ,sev] ! sp9al cord ( a man or a frog1 & irritate ! feet ( ea*1 & !y w ea* manife/ ! same ph5om5a ( reflex action1 draw+ _! feet away ea* "t f ! /imulus4 ,in/9ct & reason are =ms ( intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce is ! adaptation ( acts to ends4 ,intellig5ce is manife/$ by all organisms1 bo? plants & animals1 & may be ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s4 ,plant intellig5ce & reflex action are =ms ( unconsci\s intellig5ce4 ,plant intellig5ce1 or ! adaptation ( acts to ends by plants1 is manife/$ by plants 9 ! %ift+ ( _! positions :5 9 ne$ ( light 9 ord] to obta9 z l>ge a supply z possible ( ! ess5tial sun%9e2 9 devices1 su* z traps & fl[]s1 = utilis+ ! juices & s]vices ( insects2 9 g]m9at+ & gr[+ away f1 in/ead ( t[>d1 ! c5tre ( ! e>?2 9 discrim9at+ betwe5 ?is & t k9d ( food2 & 9 a ?\s& o!r ways4 ,plant intellig5ce is all explicable 9 t]ms ( *emi/ry & physics1 & is1 s f> z is kn[n1 unaccompani$ by consci\sness4 ,reflex action is *emical aff9ity aid$ by ! co-ord9at+ p[]s ( n]ve tissue4 ,! vital processes ( all animals1 f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 & _m o!r highly habitual & highly ess5tial op]ations1 are c>ri$ on by reflex action4 ,reflex action 9 animals1 l plant intellig5ce1 is unconsci\s4 ,in/9ct & reason are consci\s4 ,in/9ct is inh]it$ intellig5ce--intellig5ce manife/$ indep5d5tly (1 & prior to1 exp]i5ce & in/ruction4 #8,in/9ct1' says ,romanes1 #8is reflex action into :i* has be5 import$ ! elem5t ( consci\sness'4#e ,x is exhibit$ by ! babe :5 x nurses ! "m's brea/2 by ! *ick :5 x pecks its way out ?r\gh ! %ell ( ! egg2 by animals g5]ally1 includ+ man1 9 _! solicitude = _! "y2 by ! p>5t bird 9 incubation2 & by all be+s :5 !y seek food 9 ob$i5ce to ! impulse ( hung]4 ,our conception ( ! m5tal processes ( non-humans is z yet v primitive1 ow+ to our limit$ means ( in=mation & ! errone\s influ5ce on our judgm5ts ( traditional ways ( ?9k+2 & mu* t is attribut$ by u to in/9ct is n in/9ct at all1 b is acquir$ by ! "y ?r\gh education imp>t$ by ! eld]s4 ,p>5t birds h (t5 be5 se5 tea*+ _! "y ones to fly1 & no d\bt a good deal ( ! migratory acum5 manife/$ by birds is no?+ b cu/om & tradition h&$ d[n to ea* y\ng] g5]ation by ! old & exp]i5c$4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! k ( mank9d 7or :at passes = k7 consi/s ( habits & hobbies1 cu/oms & traditions1 impress$ ^u ea* new g5]ation by ! g5]ation :i* produc$ x4 ,ea* g5]ation ( m5 seems to feel t :5ev] x creates a new g5]ation x has got to pile on to ?is new g5]ation all ( ! fool notions :i* h be5 acquir$ f ! pa/1 amplifi$ by its own inv5tions4 ,& :5 we come to "k o!r animals bett]1 !re is practically no d\bt t we %all f9d t a l>ge "p ( :at we n[ call in/9ct & look ^u z cong5ital w1 on clos] & m rational exam9ation1 be f\nd to be no?+ b ! p$agogical effects ( e>ly environm5t4 ,pr(essor ,p\lton1 ( ,ox=d1 :o has made _m exp]im5ts on j-born birds1 says t "y *icks le>n to fe> ! hawk & to int]pret ! oral w>n+s ( ! "m4 ,cats tea* _! "y to play ) _! prey 9 t cruel mann] s *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,felidae1 z ,i h myself obs]v$ m ?an once4 ,a "m cat w c>ry a live m\se into ! pres5ce ( h] kitt5s & lie d[n & play ) x1 toss+ x playfully into ! air1 pok+ x ) h] paw :5 x does n move1 & arre/+ x :5 x />ts to run away1 ! kitt5s all ! "t look+ on1 b nev] once attempt+ to take ! m\se4 ,aft] a:ile ! "m h&s ! captive ov] to ! kitt5s1 :o g ?r\gh ! same p]=mance "o aft] ano!r4 ,aft] !y h practis$ on x until ! un=tunate creature is almo/ dead1 ! old cat w probably walk ov] to :]e ! m\se is & eat x up4 ,! :ole ?+ is a s*ool4 ,! m\se is obvi\sly n int5d$ z food = ! "y1 b to be us$ simply to imp>t in/ruction to !m4 #8,9 popul> writ+s & lectures "s or all ( ! foll[+ activities ( ant-life are commonly ascrib$ to in/9ct3 ,! recognition ( memb]s ( ! same ne/2 p[]s ( communication2 keep+ aphides = ! sake ( _! sweet secretions2 collection ( aphid eggs 9 ,octob]1 hat*+ !m out 9 ! ne/1 & tak+ !m 9 ! spr+ to ! daisies on :i* !y fe$1 = pa/ure2 slave-mak+ & slave-keep+1 :i*1 9 "s cases1 is s anci5t a habit t ! enslav]s are unable ev5 to fe$ !mselves2 keep+ insects z bea/s ( burd5--e4g4 a k9d ( plant-bug to c>ry leaves2 keep+ beetles1 etc41 z dome/ic pets2 habits ( p]sonal cleanl9ess--"o ant giv+ ano!r a bru%-up1 & be+1 bru%$ up 9 return2 habits ( play & recreation2 habits ( bury+ _! dead2 ! /orage ( gra9 & nipp+ ! budd+ rootlet to prev5t fur!r g]m9ation2 ! habit ( ,texan ants ( prep>+ a cle>+ ar\nd _! ne/1 &1 six mon?s lat]1 h>ve/+ ! ant-rice--a k9d ( grass ( :i* !y are p>ticul>ly fond--ev5 seek+ & s[+ ! gra9 :i* %all yield ! h>ve/2 ! collection by o!r ants ( grass to manure ! soil1 on :i* !re gr[s a species ( fungus ^u :i* !y fe$2 ! milit>y organisation ( ! ecitons ( ,c5tral ,am]ica2 & s =?4 ,b to class all ( ^! activities ( ! ant z illu/rations ( in/9ct is a survival ( an old-fa%ion$ me?od ( treatm5t4 #8,suppose t ! intellig5t ant 7 to make obs]vations on human behavi\r z display$ 9 "o ( our great cities or 9 an agricultural di/rict4 ,see+ s great an am\nt ( r\t9e "w go+ on ar\nd him1 might he n be 9 dang] ( reg>d+ all ?is z evid5ce ( h]$it>y in/9ct8 ,might he n f9d x difficult to obta9 satisfactory evid5ce ( ! fact t ?is r\t9e "w has to "s ext5t to be le>n$8 ,might he n say 7p]haps n :olly )\t tru?71 8,i c see no?+ :atev] 9 ! tra9+ ( ^! be+s to fit !m = _! life-"w4 ,! tra9+ ( _! *ildr5 has no m app>5t be>+ ^u ! activities ( _! aft]-life ?an ! fe$+ ( our grubs has on ! duties ( ant-life4 ,!y seem to fall into ! r\t9e ( life ) little or no prep>atory tra9+ z ! p]iods = ! manife/ation ( ! v>i\s in/9cts arrive4 ,if le>n+ !re( !re be1 x has s f> escap$ our obs]vation4 ,& su* intellig5ce z _! activities ev9ce 7& _m ( !m d %[ rem>kable adaptations to uni=m conditions ( life7 w\ld seem to be r ance/ral ?an ( ! pres5t "t1 z is %[n by ! fact t _m ( ! adaptations are direct$ r to pa/ conditions ( life ?an to ^? :i* n[ hold good4 ,9 ! pres5ce ( new em]g5cies to :i* _! in/9cts h n fitt$ !m1 ^! poor creatures are (t5 completely at a loss4 ,we _c b conclude1 !re=e1 t1 al?\gh act+ "u some:at diff]5t & less fav\rable conditions1 in/9ct occupies fully z l>ge a space 9 ! psy*ology ( man z x does 9 t ( ! ant1 :ile human intellig5ce is f> less un]r+ & h5ce m>k$ly inf]ior to our own40 #8,are ^! views mu* m absurd ?an ! views ( ^? :o1 on ! evid5ce :i* we at pres5t possess1 attribute all ! activities ( ant-life to in/9ct8'#f ,reason is ! p[] ( adapt+ means to ends :i* is acquir$ f exp]i5ce or in/ruction4 ,all animals t pr(it by exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 or t le>n f in/ruction--t is1 are tea*able--ex]cise reason4 ,! l9e ( dem>kation betwe5 in/9ct & reason is a mezzot9t1 reason be+ (t5 in/9ctive1 & in/9ct be+ z frequ5tly flav\r$ ) judgm5t1 #8,in/9ct is usually reg>d$ z a special prop]ty ( ! l[] animals1 & contra/$ ) ! consci\s reason ( man4 ,b j z reason may be look$ ^u z a high] =m ( ! und]/&+ or intellect1 & n z some?+ ess5tially di/9ct f !m1 s a clos] exam9ation %[s t in/9ct & ! consci\s und]/&+ d n /& 9 absolute contra/1 b r 9 a complex relation1 & _c be %>ply m>k$ (f f ea* o!r4' ,x is in/9ct t urges ! bird to build its ne/2 b :5 birds ^: habit x is to build on ! gr\nd le>n1 on ! introduction ( cats into ! neighb\rhood1 to *ange _! ne/+-places to ! tree-tops1 intellig5ce & ?\ght are necess>y4 ,! fir/ "t ,cavy 7"o ( my gu9ea-pigs7 smell$ a cat1 %e 0 almo/ sc>$ to dea?4 ,%e jump$ back f x z if %e _h come 9 contact ) a r$-hot /ove1 & scream$ & kept on scream+1 & %ot d[n "u my coat z if %e 7 ab\t to be crucifi$4 ,aft] a little :ile ,i tri$ to pull h] out1 b %e refus$1 & kept hid+4 ,! second "t ! kitt5 0 pres5t$ to h] ! result 0 ! same4 ,b aft] two or ?ree days ( association1 %e paid little m att5tion to x ?an to ! o!r gu9ea-pigs4 ,%e _h nev] se5 a cat be=e4 ,x 0 ! od\r ( ! c>nivore t t]rifi$ h]1 & ! effect 0 purely in/9ctive4 ,b in/9ct 0 soon modifi$ by intellig5t exp]i5ce4 7,poor de> little ,cavy6 ,i wond] :]e %e is n[67 ,bo? in/9ct & reason 7& "o1 too1 j z mu* z ! o!r7 are absolutely dep5d5t ^u processes t are purely me*anical--t is1 ^u bra9 processes2 & bra9 processes dep5d ^u bra9 /ructure1 :i* is inh]it$4 ,h5ce1 reason is1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 z truly inh]it$ z in/9ct is4 ,a be+ mu/ be born ) ! p>ticul> n]v\s app>atus by means ( :i* reason+ is c>ri$ on1 or ) ! p[] or disposition to develop ?is app>atus1 or he w nev] reason4 ,! g5ius ( ! p>tridge 9 cajol+ ! pass]-by f h] ne/ is call$ in/9ct1 b x is n m inh]it$ ?an 0 ! g5ius ( ,%aksp]e4 ,exp]i5ce simply calls into be+ t1 :atev] x is 9 ea* p>ticul> be+1 :i* is inh]it$4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton took to philosophy & ,ole ,bull to music n less inevitably ?an ! duck takes to wat] or ! h\nd to hunt+4 ,reason is1 h5ce1 inh]it$ by e man1 :o has x z truly z 8 erect po/ure & plantigrade feet4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! pa/ ( all ( u & ( ev]y?+ :i* has det]m9$1 & :i* may be us$ to acc\nt =1 ev]y?+ t to-day exi/s or happ5s1 ev5 to ! /yle & behavi\r ( e leaf t flutt]s 9 ! =e/1 & to ! ecc5tricities ( our op9ions & h&writ+s4 ,reason1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is "h us$1 is f\nd feebly 9 ! oy/]4 ,oy/]s tak5 f a dep? nev] uncov]$ by ! sea op5 _! %ells1 lose _! wat]1 & quickly p]i%4 ,b oy/]s tak5 f ! same dep?s1 if kept :]e !y are occasionally left uncov]$ = %ort int]vals1 le>n to keep _! %ells clos$ & to live a mu* long] p]iod out ( ! wat]4 ,on ! coa/ ( ,france #8oy/] s*ools' exi/1 :]e oy/]s int5d$ = inl& cities are educat$ to keep _! %ells clos$ :5 out ( ! wat] 9 ord] to enable !m to survive ! desiccat+ exposures ( ! ov]l& j\rney4#a ,?is act ( ! bivalve is probably ! result ( some?+ l a vague =m ( reason4 ,x is an act adapt$ to ! accompli%m5t ( a def9ite end1 & ! adapt+ p[] is acquir$ f exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 moreov]1 reason :i* 9 its f9al analysis does n diff] f ! reason display$ by ! wise/ be+ t ?9ks4 ,judgm5t1 =e?\ght1 common-s5se1 inf]5ce1 +5uity1 g5ius1 reason1 & ab/ract ?\ght1 are all ex]cises ( ! cognitive or p]ceptive p[] ( m9d1 & consi/1 all ( !m1 9 no?+ m nor less ?an ! disc]n+ ( relations among /imuli4 ,! dog :o adopts a cut-(f 9 ord] to int]cept a flee+ h>e p]=ms exactly ! same k9d ( intellectual process z ! me*anic :o erects a w9dmill 9 ord] to div]t ! en]gies ( ! breeze1 or ! politician :o adopts a p>ticul> plat=m to cat* votes4 #8,a p]ception is always 9 its ess5tial nature :at logicians t]m a conclusion1 :e!r x has ref]5ce to ! simple/ memory ( ! pa/ s5sation or to ! highe/ product ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,=1 :5 ! highe/ product ( ab/ract ?\ght is analys$1 ! ultimate elem5ts mu/ always be f\nd to consi/ 9 mat]ial giv5 directly by ! s5ses2 & e /age 9 ! symbolic con/ruction ( ideas1 9 :i* ! process ( ab/raction consi/s1 dep5ds on acts ( p]ception tak+ place 9 ! l[] /ages'4#e ,! diff]5ce among ! p]ceptive acts ( diff]5t individuals consi/s1 n 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( intellectual ex]cise1 b 9 diff]5ces among ! mat]ials ) :i* ! p]ceptive faculty deals4 ,!re are p]ceptions ( simple s5sations1 & !re are p]ceptions ( composite s5sations1 or concepts--p]ceptions ( elem5t>y relations1 & p]ceptions ( comp\nd & elaborate relations4 ,b all displays ( rational faculty1 f ! simple judgm5t ( di/ance by ! dimness & di/9ctness ( def9ition & ! size ( ! visual angle1 :i* all high] animals are compell$ to make1 to ! labyr9?ic ab/ractions ( ! logician1 consi/ 9 no?+ 9 addition to discrim9ations among /imuli4 ,brehm "o day gave "o ( 8 apes a pap] bag ) a lump ( sug> & a wasp 9 x4 ,! ape 9 gett+ ! sug> 0 /ung by ! wasp4 ,f t day1 :5ev] ,brehm gave t ape1 or any o!r ape 9 t cage1 a pap] package1 ! animal1 be=e op5+ x1 took ! precaution to %ake ! package at 8 e> & li/5 to f9d out :e!r or n !re 0 a wasp inside4#g ,n[1 su* an act ( intellig5ce implies sev]al inf]5ces4 ,a tra9 ( ?\ghts some?+ l ?is mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ?is ape's m9d3 #8,n[1 if "o wasp c /+1 s c ano!r2 &1 if a man c deceive me once by wrapp+ a wasp 9 a pap] ) a lump ( sug>1 he may try x aga92 &1 if "o man w attempt su* a ?+1 s may ano!r2 &1 if m5 w attempt x on me1 !y may attempt x on my fri5ds2 s ,i w w>n my fri5ds to look out = ^? villa9\s *aps outside4' ,^! inf]5ces ( ! ape are ! same k9d ( g5]alisations exactly z are made by m5 ev]y:]e 9 _! daily lives4 ,& ! common-s5se inf]5ces made by ord9>y p 9 _! e-day affairs are precisely ! same processes ( reason+ z ^? us$ by sci5ti/s & philosoph]s4 ,_m p1 l ! "* 9 ,moli]e's plays :o 0 surpris$ & delight$ to le>n t he _h be5 talk+ prose all 8 life1 are surpris$ on he>+ = ! fir/ "t t !y use induction & d$uction e h\r almo/ ( _! wak+ lives4 ,!y imag9e t philosoph]s mu/ h "s secret & sup]ior way ( acquir+ _! conclusions1 diff]5t f :at ord9>y mortals h4 #8,b !re is no m diff]5ce1' says ,huxley1 #8betwe5 ! m5tal op]ations ( a man ( sci5ce & ^? ( an ord9>y p]son ?an !re is betwe5 ! op]ations & me?ods ( a groc] weigh+ out 8 goods 9 common scales & ! op]ations ( a *emi/ 9 p]=m+ a difficult & complex analysis by means ( 8 balance & f9ely graduat$ weights4 ,x is n t ! scales 9 ! "o case & ! balances 9 ! o!r diff] 9 ! pr9ciples ( _! con/ruction or mann] ( work+2 b ! beam ( ! "o is set on an inf9itely f9] axis ?an ! o!r1 &1 ( c\rse1 turns by ! addition ( a mu* small] weight'4#h ,& ! diff]5ce 9 m5tal me?od betwe5 ! man ( le>n+ & ! ord9>y man or woman is ! same z ! diff]5ce betwe5 mature m5 & *ildr5 & betwe5 m5 g5]ally & o!r animals4 ,x is "o ( degree1 n ( k9d4 ,! philosoph]1 ! clodhopp]1 & ! ape1 all use precisely ! same me?ods ( reason+1 diff]+ only 9 exactness & 9 ! mat]ials ( consci\sness dealt )4 ,ne>ly all animals1 f mollusks to m51 reason--n once or twice 9 a lifetime1 b ! mo/ ( !m e day & e h\r ( _! exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld be impossible = any animal addict$ to mov+ ab\t1 & ) a delicate & easily wreck$ organism1 to long survive 9 a _w l ?is )\t t ela/icity ( action :i* reason alone c imp>t4 ,s9ce !y live 9 ! same _w-conditions z human be+s1 & are seek+ provid5ce = sub/antially ! same wants1 non-human be+s manife/ reason 9 ! same g5]al directions z human be+s d--9 ! location & con/ruction ( _! homes & =tresses1 9 ! arre/ ( _! prey1 9 circumv5t+ _! enemies1 9 ov]com+ ob/acles & surm\nt+ dang]s1 9 protect+ & educat+ _! "y1 9 meet+ ! em]g5cies ( food & climate1 9 ! woo+ ( mates & ! wag+ ( w>s1 & 9 ! ?\s& o!r cases :]e !y are call$ ^u 9 _! daily w&]+s & do+s to deal ) novel & unprec$5t$ situations4 ,:5 wild geese are fe$+ !re is said to be always "o ( !m t acts z s5t9el4 ,?is "o nev] takes a gra9 ( corn :ile on duty4 ,:5 x has act$ a:ile x gives ! bird next to x a %>p peck & utt]s a qu]ul\s k9d ( cry1 & ! second "o takes its turn4 ,?is is prud5ce1 or =e?\ght1 :i* is a =m ( reason4 ,:5 swans are div+ !re is g5]ally "o t /ays above ! wat] & wat*es4 ,s5t9els h al>m s\nds ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* !y give to signify #8enemy4' #8,ibex1 m>mots1 & m\nta9-%eep :i/le2 pr>i$ogs b>k2 elephants trumpet2 wild geese & swans h a k9d ( bugle call2 rabbits & %eep /amp on ! gr\nd2 cr[s caw3 & wild ducks utt] a l[1 w>n+ quack4' ,9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly = ,m>*1 #aija1 is an acc\nt ( a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! intellig5ce ( ! turtle made by ,pr(essor ,y]kes1 ( ,h>v>d4 ,! turtle 0 plac$ 9 a labyr9?1 at ! f>!r end ( :i* 0 a com=table b$ ( s&4 ,x took j ?irty-five m9utes ( w&]+ = ! turtle to rea* ! ne/ ! fir/ "t4 ,b 9 ! second trial ! ne/ 0 rea*$ 9 fifte5 m9utes1 & by ! t5? trip ! turtle 0 famili> en\gh ) ! r\te to g ?r\gh 9 ?ree & "o-half m9utes1 mak+ b two mi/akes4 ,! turtle 0 aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a m complex labyr9?1 conta9+1 among o!r features1 a bl9d alley & two incl9es4 ,! incl9es 7 puzzles1 & x took "o h\r & ?irty-five m9utes ( aimless rambl+ = ! w&]] to rea* its ne/ ! fir/ "t4 ,b ! fif? trip 0 made 9 sixte5 m9utes1 & ! t5? 9 f\r m9utes1 :i* 0 n f> f direct4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t animals ( almo/ prov]bial d5sity may le>n ) surpris+ quickness4 ,engli% sp>r[s & o!r avian inhabitants ( ! city le>n to live tranquilly along ! busie/ ?or\ghf>es1 expos$ to all sorts ( dang]s1 & subject$ to :at w\ld be to _m birds ! mo/ t]rify+ circum/ances4 ,:izz+ trolleys1 tramp+ multitudes1 & scream+ eng9es h no t]rors = !m4 ,!y simply ex]cise ! caution necess>y to keep f be+ run ov]4 ,!y boldly build _! ne/s "r "u pass+ elevat$ c>s1 :]e ! ro> is suffici5t to sc>e ! life out ( an ord9>y c\ntry bird4 ,i h se5 ^! te/y little *aps sit & fe$ & jabb] to ea* o!r 9 a p]fectly unconc]n$ way )9 t5 or fifte5 feet ( a ?und]+ express tra94 ,!y d n d ^! ?+s f in/9ct3 !y le>n to d !m4 ,!y "k t a diabolical-look+ locomotive is h>mless1 because !y h se5 x be=e2 & !y "k t an insignificant ur*9 ) a savage he>t & a sl+ is n h>mless1 & !y "k x simply because !y h previ\sly _h deal+s ) him4 ,engli% sp>r[s w disappe> completely f a neighborhood if a few ( !m are kill$4 ,cats1 dogs1 horses--all animals1 9 fact--acquire dur+ life a fund ( in=mation z to h[ to act 9 ord] to avoid h>m & ext9ction4 ,if !y did n1 !y w\ld n live long4 ,& !y d x j z man does x1 by memory & discrim9ation1 by reta9+ impressions made ^u !m1 & act+ diff]5tly :5 an impression is made a second1 ?ird1 or ?irte5? "t4 ,animals ( exp]i5ce 7includ+ m57 are m skilful 9 adju/+ !mselves to environm5tal exig5cies ?an ! "y & inexp]i5c$1 because ( _! /ore ( initial impressions4 ,x is a matt] ( common obs]vation t "y animals are m easily caught or kill$ or o!rwise victimis$ ?an ! old & exp]i5c$4 ,_m animals1 h[ev]1 7& a good _m m57 are able to pr(it by a s+le impression4 ,"o dose ( t>t> emetic is g5]ally suffici5t to cure an egg-suck+ dog1 & x is a v /upid can9e inde$ t does n und]/& p]fectly aft] "o or two exp]i5ces ) a porcup9e or an unsavory skunk4 #8,! burnt *ild dreads ! fire1' b s does ! burnt puppy4 ,r5gg] /ates t 8 ,p>aguay monkeys1 aft] cutt+ !mselves only once ) any %>p tool1 w\ld n t\* x aga91 or w\ld h&le x ) ! greate/ caution4#a ,old] tr\t are m w>y ?an "y ones1 & fi%es t h be5 mu* hunt$ & deceiv$ become suspici\s ( traps4 ,rats1 m>t9s1 & o!r animals _c long be trapp$ 9 ! same way1 & p>tridges & o!r birds seldom fly aga9/ telegraph-wires ! second season aft] ! wires are put up4 ,^! animals1 h[ev]1 _c le>n to avoid ^! dang]s f exp]i5ce1 = only a few ( !m are ev] caught or /ruck4 ,!y mu/ le>n x f obs]v+ _! un=tunate companions4 ,ev]yone :o has read ! /ory ( ,lobo1 ! big gray wolf ( ! ,c>rumpaw1 _c b wond] at ! rem>kable %rewdness %[n by ?is old lead] 9 baffl+ = ye>s ! tig]s t hung ^u 8 tracks4#i ,nans5 /ates t ! seals1 be=e man invad$ ! ,arctics1 occupi$ ! inn] ice-floes to avoid ! pol> be>1 b aft] man came !y took to liv+ on ! out] floes 9 ord] to escape ! p]secutions ( ?is new & m fe>ful enemy4 ,dome/ic animals1 :5 fir/ turn$ out 9 new regions1 (t5 die f eat+ poison\s we$s1 b 9 "s way soon le>n to avoid !m4 ,_m animals1 :5 pursu+ o!r animals1 or :5 be+ pursu$1 display a k ( facts v little und]/ood by ! majority ( mank9d1 su* z ( places :]e sc5t lies or is oblit]at$1 & ! effects ( w9d 9 c>ry+ evid5ce ( _! pres5ce to _! enemies4 ,! hunt$ roebuck or h>e w make circles1 d\ble on its own tracks1 take to wat]1 & fl+ itself = consid]able di/ances ?r\gh ! air z clev]ly z if x _h read up all ! !ory ( sc5t 9 a book4 ,accord+ to ! ,london ,spectator "o ( ! l>ge ,african elephants 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( t city re/ores to its ent]ta9]s all ! bits ( food :i* on be+ ?r[n to him fall alike out ( 8 rea* & !irs4 ,he po9ts 8 proboscis /raight at ! food1 & bl[s x along ! floor to ! feet ( ^? :o h ?r[n x4 ,he cle>ly kn[s :at he is ab\t1 = if he does n bl[ h>d en\gh to l& ! food ! fir/ "t1 he bl[s h>d] & h>d] until he does4 ,! cacadoos 7p>rots7 ( ,au/ralia1 be=e desc5d+ ^u a field or or*>d 9 se>* ( food1 s5d out a sc\t+ p>ty to reconnoitre ! region & see t #8all is well4' ,sometimes a second p>ty is s5t4 ,if ! report is fav\rable1 ! :ole b& advance & plund] ! field 9 %ort ord]4 ,^! birds are exce$+ly w>y & intellig5t1 & seldom make mi/akes4 ,b #8if man once succe$s 9 kill+ "o ( !m1 !y become s prud5t & wat*ful t !y h5ce=w>d baffle all /ratagems'4#c ,a %ort "t ago a p>rot at ,wa%+ton1 ,new ,j]sey1 sav$ ! life ( its own] by summon+ ! neighb\rs to 8 relief4 ,cries ( #8,murd]6' #8,help6' #8,come quick6' com+ f ! home ( ! p>rot1 attract$ ! att5tion ( neighb\rs1 :o ran to ! h\se to f9d out ! cause4 #8,!y f\nd ! own] ( ! p>rot ly+ on ! floor unconsci\s1 ble$+ f a great ga% 9 8 neck4 ,he _h be5 repair+ ! ceil+1 & _h fall5 & /ruck 8 head aga9/ ! /ove4 ,x requir$ six /it*es to close ! w\nd1 & ! surgeon said t 9 only a few m9utes ! injur$ man w\ld h be5 dead4 ,a few ye>s ago ?is p>rot's screams awak5$ its own] 9 "t to ar\se 8 neighb\rs & save !m f a fire :i* />t$ 9 ! h\se next door4' ,a fri5d ( m9e1 :o is ?or\ghly reliable1 tells me t :5 he 0 a /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan a few ye>s ago "o ( ! pr(essors ( zoology !re _h a dog :o 0 us$ by ! dep>tm5t = exp]im5ts 9 dige/ion4 ,! dog 0 compell$ to we> a tube op5+ d[nw>d out ( 8 /oma*1 & soon grew v weak & emaciat$ f ! con/ant loss ( food1 :i* leak$ out ?r\gh ?is tube4 ,aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 ! dog 0 obs]v$ to be gr[+ unacc\ntably hale & /rong4 ,he 0 wat*$1 & ! poor creature 0 f\nd to h /ruck ^u an +5i\s exp$i5t to save 8 life4 ,on eat+ 8 meal1 he w\ld g out to ! b>n1 &1 9 ord] to prev5t ! artificial escape ( ! cont5ts ( 8 /oma*1 w\ld lie d[n flat on 8 back betwe5 two boxes & rema9 !re until 8 dige/$ food _h pass$ safely beyond ! pylorus4 ,a few mon?s ago1 ,john1 "o ( ! monkeys at ,l9coln ,p>k1 ,*icago1 0 suff]+ f a t]rible abscess on ! *eek1 & an op]ation became necess>y 9 ord] to save ! little fell['s life4 ,x 0 a pa!tic sight to see ! look ( tru/ 9 ! monkey's eyes :5 ! surgeon 0 ready to beg9 ! op]ation1 & ! c\rage & =titude display$ by ! suff]] 7 almo/ human4 ,at ! fir/ t\* ( ! knife ! monkey press$ 8 head h>d aga9/ ! knee ( ! assi/ant & grabb$ ! =ef+] ( ea* ( ! assi/ant's h&s1 j z a p]son does :o is ab\t to und]go a pa9ful op]ation4 ,! swell+ 0 fir/ cut op5 & wa%$ ) antiseptic1 :5 ! *eek-bone 0 scrap$ & a small piece ( x remov$4 ,aft] be+ aga9 wa%$ 9 antiseptic1 ! w\nd 0 sew$ up1 & ,john 0 lift$ g5tly back into 8 cage--n1 h[ev]1 until he _h lick$ ! h&s ( ! surgeon & kiss$ 8 face 9 gratitude4 ,! little h]o nev] utt]$ a s\nd f ! "t ! knife fir/ t\*$ 8 face until he 0 put back into 8 cage4 ,a simil> act ( intellig5ce is record$ ( an orang4 ,hav+ be5 once bl$ on acc\nt ( illness1 & n feel+ well "s "t aft]w>d1 ?is orang w5t f "o p]son to ano!r1 &1 po9t+ to ! ve9 9 8 arm1 signifi$ 8 desire to h ! op]ation repeat$4 ,bo? ( ^! in/ances are examples ( reason ( a v high ord]--( a high] ord]1 inde$1 ?an _m *ildr5 & "s gr[n p exhibit 9 simil> circum/ances4 ,! *impanzee1 ,mafuca1 le>n$ h[ to unlock h] cage1 & /ole ! key & hid x "u h] arm = future use4 ,aft] wat*+ ! c>p5t] bor+ holes ) 8 brad-awl1 %e took ! brad-awl & bor$ holes 9 h] table4 ,%e p\r$ out milk = h]self at meals1 & always c>efully /opp$ p\r+ be=e ! cup ran ov]4 ,:5 baboons g on m>aud+ exp$itions1 !y %[ t !y realise p]fectly :at !y are do+ by mov+ ) great /eal?4 ,n a s\nd is utt]$4 ,if any ?\ghtless y\ng/] s f> =gets ! necessities ( ! occasion z to utt] a s+le *att]1 he is giv5 a rem9d] 9 ! %ape ( a box on ! e>4 #8,a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,cops1 :o _h a "y orang1 gave x half an orange "o day1 & put ! o!r half away out ( its sight on a high press1 & lay d[n himself on ! s(a4 ,b ! ape's movem5ts1 attract+ 8 att5tion1 he only pret5d$ to g to sleep4 ,! creature came cauti\sly & satisfi$ himself t 8 ma/] 0 asleep1 !n climb$ up ! press1 ate ! re/ ( ! orange1 c>efully hid ! peel among ! %av+s 9 ! grate1 exam9$ ! pret5d$ sleep] aga91 & !n w5t & lay d[n on 8 own b$4' ,?is incid5t is record$ by ,tylor 9 8 #8,an?ropology4' #8,& su* behavi\r1' he adds1 #8is to be expla9$ only by suppos+ a tra9 ( ?\ght to pass ?r\gh ! bra9 ( ! ape some:at simil> to :at we ourselves call reason4' ,^! in/ances ( und\bt$ intellig5ce & ?\ght might be add$ to almo/ )\t numb] if !re 0 room4 ,e p]son ne>ly :o has be5 9 ! _w any l5g? ( "t1 & has _h occasion to associate ) ^! s-call$ #8ma*9es1' has se5 = himself1 (t5 unexpect$ly1 _m fla%es ( brightness among !m4 ,x has be5 said t man diff]s f o!r animals1 & is sup]ior to !m 9 ! fact t he modifies 8 environm5t :ile o!r animals d n1 b are modifi$ by environm5t4 ,mr4 ,le/] ,f4 ,w>d makes ?is di/9ction 9 8 #8,pure ,sociology4' ,! di/9ction is no ne>] ! tru? ?an o!r di/9ctions ( l "* t h f "t to "t be5 drawn betwe5 m5 & o!r animals4 ,x is n mu* m ?an half true1 if x is t1 & does n by any means des]ve ! italics aw>d$ to x by ?is writ]4 ,_m races ( non-human be+s h a f> great] influ5ce on _! environm5t ?an _m races ( m5 h4 ,_m tribes ( m5 w&] ab\t nak$1 build no habitations1 make no weapons1 & fe$ ^u ! fruits1 roots1 insects1 & su* o!r *ance morsels z !y c pick up f day to day 9 _! w&]+s4 ,su* races are f> inf]ior 9 con/ructive activity to ! birds1 :o build elaborate h\ses1 & to ! beav]s1 :o n only con/ruct sub/antial dwell+s1 b dam riv]s1 & cut d[n trees & transport !m long di/ances1 & dig artificial wat]ways1 to be us$ z aids 9 _! eng9e]+ ent]prises4 ,comp>e ! elaborate comp>tm5ts ( ! ,au/ralian b[]-birds1 surr\nd$ ) ornam5t$ & c>efully-kept gr\nds1 ) ! lean-to ( _m savage tribes1 made by /ick+ two or ?ree palm-leaves 9 ! gr\nd & lean+ !m aga9/ a pole4 ,ev5 ants plant crops1 make cle>+s1 build roads & tunnels1 etc4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 too1 t1 h[ev] affirmative & ma/]ful a race ( m5 may become1 x nev] succe$s1 & nev] c succe$1 9 emancipat+ itself f ! influ5ces ( environm5t4 ,x is true t ) ! gr[? ( intellig5ce among organic =ms !re has be5 a con/ant transf] ( influ5ce f ! environm5t to ! organism2 b ?is transf] began1 n ) man by any means1 b l[ d[n 9 ! scale ( animal life4 ,x has be5 said t man is ! only animal t uses tools4 ,b ?is is n true ei!r1 = animals z l[ 9 ! scale ( developm5t z insects h be5 kn[n to use tools4 ,at lea/ two diff]5t obs]v]s te/ify to hav+ se5 gr\nd-wasps use small /ones z hamm]s 9 pack+ ! dirt firmly ov] _! ne/s4 ,spid]s use /ones z weights to /eady _! webs 9 times ( /orm4 ,orangs ?r[ /icks & /ones at _! pursu]s1 & c]ta9 tribes ( ,abyss9ian baboons1 :5 !y g to battle ) ea* o!r1 c>ry /ones z missiles4 ,monkeys (t5 use /ones to crack nuts )1 & tame monkeys "k v well h[ to use a hamm] :5 x is giv5 to !m4 ,9 ! ,london ,zoological ,g>d5s a monkey ) poor tee? kept a /one hidd5 9 ! /raw ( its cage to crack its nuts )1 & x w\ld n all[ any o!r monkey to t\* ! /one4 #8,"h1' says ,d>w91 9 speak+ ( ?is case1 #8is ! idea ( prop]ty4' ,monkeys also use /icks z lev]s 9 pry+ op5 *e/s & lift+ heavy objects4 ,cuvi]'s orang us$ to c>ry a *air across ! room & /& on x to lift ! door-lat*4 ,*impanzees1 :o are v fond ( mak+ a noise1 h be5 se5 /&+ ar\nd a holl[ log 9 ! =e/1 beat+ x ) /icks2 & if we are to believe ,em9 ,pa%a1 ^! +5i\s p>odies ( m5 sometimes c>ry tor*es :5 !y g at night on =ag+ exp$itions4 ,! ,indian elephant1 :5 travell+1 w sometimes turn aside & break (f a leafy bran* f a roadside tree & c>ry x along 9 its trunk to sweep (f ! flies4 ,z ,dr4 ,wesley ,mills says 9 8 "w on #8,! ,nature & ,developm5t ( ,animal ,intellig5ce1' #8,x 0 =m]ly believ$ t animals _c reason1 b only ^? p]sons :o d n !mselves reason ab\t ! subject1 ) ! facts be=e !m1 c any long] occupy su* a position4' #a4 ,romanes3 ,animal ,intellig5ce2 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #b4 ,corni%3 ,animals ( ,to-day2 ,london1 #ahih4 #c4 ,kropotk93 ,mutual ,aid a ,factor ( ,evolution2 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 #d4 ,d>w93 ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd edit42 ,london1 #ahgd4 #e4 ,romanes3 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals2 ,new ,york1 #ahih4 #f4 ,morgan3 ,animal ,behavi\r2 ,london1 #aijj4 #g4 ,brehm3 ,?i]leb52 ,leipzig1 #ahhj4 #h4 ,huxley3 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 lecture iii4 #i4 ,?ompson3 ,wild ,animals ,i h ,kn[n2 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,v4 ,conclusion4 ,x is en\gh4 ,! anci5t gulf scoop$ by human conceit betwe5 man & ! o!r animals has be5 effectually & =ev] fill$ up4 ,! human species con/itutes b "o bran* 9 ! gigantic arb\r ( life4 ,& all ! m]it & all ! feel+ & all ! righte\sness ( ! _w are n1 z we h be5 accu/om$ to av]1 conge/$ into ?is "o bran*4 ,& all ( ! weakness & de=mity are n1 z we h also be5 anxi\s to believe1 f\nd else:]e4 ,! reluctance ( wr9kles & de=mities to appe> 9 ! pictures ( m51 & ( /r5g? & beauty to appe> 9 ! repres5tations ( ! o!r races ( ! e>?1 is to be acc\nt$ = by ! highly elucidative fact t man is ! univ]sal portrait-pa9t]4 ,!re is no "o to tell man :at he is & h[ he /rikes o!rs1 & h5ce he is ! #8p>agon ( creation'--! int]-/ell> pet1 half clay & half halo--! image & pride ( ! gods--! fl[] & gem ( ! et]nal sph]es4 ,man is ! only pr(essional l+ui/ 9 ! univ]se4 ,& x is =tunate = him t he is4 ,=1 if he 7 n1 8 auditories w\ld be compell$ to c>ry to 8 p]ceptive c5tres a great _m s5tim5ts he n[ nev] he>s4 ,he w\ld be likely to he> a good deal said1 & said ) a good deal ( feel+1 ab\t p]p5dicul> brig&--gr&iloqu5t kaki/ocrat swell+ ) self-righte\sness--rhetorical hideful wrapp$ 9 pillage & gorg$ ) decomposition--a voluble & sanctimoni\s squa% ) two /icks 9 x4 ,! def9ition ( man z x appe>s 9 ! diction>y ( ! donkey probably runs some?+ l ?is3 #8,man is an animal t walks on its h9d-legs1 inv5ts adjectives ) :i* to praise itself1 & displays its greate/ utility 9 prov+ t all %>ks are n aquatic4' ,we "k :at a lion looks l :5 pa9t$ by a man1 b human eyes h nev] yet be5 allum9$ by ! s>donic l9eam5ts ( a man pa9t$ by a lion4 ,be+ boil$ alive 9 ord] to look well z corpses 9 /ore-w9d[s1 & hav+ wood5 pegs ?ru/ into our muscles & left !re to rot = a week or two to keep u 9 our agony f do+ some?+ desp]ate--we "k :at ^! exp]i5ces are l :5 !y are delegat$ to lob/]s1 & we take no m s]i\s "p 9 !m ?an to insure _! infliction1 b we are too f]v5t b>b>ians to bo!r our heads ab\t :at !y are l f ! cru/acean po9t ( view4 ,let u be c&id4 ,m5 are n all g5tle m5 & humane1 & n-m5 are n all inhuman4 ,!re are reptiles 9 broadclo?1 & !re are w>m & g5]\s he>ts among ^? peoples :o h s long suff]$ f human prejudice & f]ocity4 ,let u label be+s by :at !y are--by ! s\ls t are 9 !m & ! de$s !y d--n by _! col\r1 :i* is pigm5t1 nor by _! composition1 :i* is clay4 ,!re are philan?ropi/s 9 fea!rs & patricians 9 fur1 j z !re are cannibals 9 ! pulpit & saurians among ! money-*ang]s4 ,! gold5 rule may sometimes be m religi\sly obs]v$ 9 ! he>ts & homes ( outca/ quadrup$s ?an 9 ! palatial lairs ( bip$s4 ,! horse1 :o suff]s & s]ves & />ves 9 sil5ce1 :o endures daily wrongs ( scanty & irregul> meals1 excessive burd5s & mangl$ flanks1 :o =gets cruelty & +ratitude1 & does good to !m t spitefully use him1 & submits to crime )\t resi/ance1 misund]/&+ )\t murmur1 & insult )\t res5tm5t1 is a bett] ,*ri/ian1 a bett] exempl> ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ?an _m *ur*-go]s1 9 spite ( ! cre$s & int]dictions ( m54 ,& ! animal :o goes to *ur* on ,sundays1 we>+ ! twit*+ sk9s & plund]$ plumage ( o!rs1 & wails long pray]s & mumbles mean+less rituals1 & gives une>n$ gu9eas to ! mission>y1 & on week-days *eats & impov]i%es 8 neighb\rs1 glorifies w>1 & tramples "u foot ! mo/ sacr$ pr9ciples ( morality 9 8 treatm5t ( 8 non-human k9dr$1 is a cold1 h>d-he>t$ brute1 9 spite ( ! fact t he is cunn+ & va+lori\s1 & t[]s ab\t on 8 h9d]s4 ,!re are lessons t may be le>n$ f ! uncorrupt$ *ildr5 ( ,nature--lessons 9 simplicity ( life1 /raight=w>dness1 humility1 art1 economy1 bro!rly love1 & *e]fulness--m beautiful1 p]haps1 & m true ?an may sometimes be le>n$ f ! /ilt$ & ,ma*iavellian ways ( m54 ,w\ld y le>n =giv5ess8 ,g to ! dog4 ,! dog c /& m abuse & =give great] accumulations ( wrong ?an any o!r animal1 n ev5 except+ a wife4 ,ab\t ! only ?+ 9 ! univ]se sup]ior to ! dog 9 will+ness to und]go outrage is ! human /oma*4 ,w\ld y le>n wisdom & indu/ry8 ,g to ! ant1 t tireless toil] ( ! du/4 ,! ant c d t :i* no man c d--keep gra9 9 a w>m1 moi/ atmosph]e )\t spr\t+4 ,w\ld y le>n art8 ,g to ! bee or to ! wild bird's lodge4 ,! art ( ! honeycomb & ( ! hang-bird's ne/ surpasses t ( ! cranny ( ! savage z ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,pet] exce$s ! cottage4 ,w\ld y le>n socialism1 t dream ( poets & ! hope & expectation ( wise m58 ,x is actualis$ ar\nd y 9 ?\s&s ( insect communities4 ,! social & economic relations exi/+ 9 ! mo/ highly wr\ght societies ( bees & wasps are fundam5tally ! ideal relations ( liv+ be+s to ea* o!r1 b x w require mill5niums ( /ruggle & blood%$ = m5 to come up to !m4 ,w\ld y le>n curiosity--n ! curiosity t gossips & backbites1 b ! curiosity ( ! explor] & se>*] aft] k8 ,g to ! monkey4 ,! monkey has be5 kn[n to "w two h\rs1 )\t pause1 utt]ly unconsci\s ( ev]y?+ b its purposes1 try+ to op5 a fett]$ trunk lock4#a ,w\ld y le>n sobriety8 ,g n to ! gild$ hells ( cities1 :]e m5 die l flies 9 g9's vile miasma4 ,g to ! spr+ :]e ! antelope dr9ks4 ,w\ld y le>n *a/ity8 ,g n to ! f\l d5s & fi]y *amb]s ( m54 ,g to ! b\doir ( ! b[]-bird1 or to ! subt]ranean holl[ :]e ! wild wolf re>s h] litt]4 ,man is n ! surpass+ly pre-em95t individual he s actively adv]tises himself to be4 ,inde$1 9 _m p>ticul>s he is excell$1 & excell$ s]i\sly1 by ^? :om he calls #8l[]4' ,! locomotion ( ! bird is f> sup]ior 9 ease & exp$ition to ! %uffl+ locomotion ( man4 ,! horse has a s5se :i* guides x ?r\gh d>kness 9 :i* human eyes are bl9d2 & ! mann] 9 :i* a cat1 :o has be5 c>ri$ 9 a bag & put d[n miles away1 w turn up at ! back-door ( ! old home next morn+ dumf\nds sci5ce4 ,! eye ( ! vulture is a telescope4 ,! h\nd w track 8 ma/] along a frequ5t$ /reet an h\r beh9d 8 foot/eps1 by ! impond]able od\r ( 8 soles4 ,! catbird1 )\t atlas or geographic manuals1 w f9d h] way back ov] hundr$s ( trackless leagues1 season aft] season1 to ! same old ne/+-place 9 ! ?icket4 ,birds1 ?\s&s ( !m1 j\rney f ,mexico to ,arctic ,am]ica1 f ,algi]s & ,italy to ,spitzb]g51 f ,egypt to ,sib]ia1 & f ,au/ralia & ! ,polynesian ,isl&s to ,new ,zeal&1 & build _! ne/s & re> _! "y1 ye> aft] ye>1 9 ! same vale1 grove1 or tundra4 ,! night+ale1 :o p\rs out 8 incomp>able lovesong 9 ! twilight ( ,engli% lanes dur+ ,may & ,june1 w9t]s 9 ! he>t ( ,africa2 & "s birds ne/ )9 ! ,arctic ,circle & w9t] 9 ,arg5t9a4 ,"s ( ! plov]s travel ! entire l5g? ( ! ,am]ican l& mass e summ]1 f ,patagonia to ! ,arctic ,circle1 9 ord] to lay ?ree or f\r pale-gre5 eggs1 & see !m turn to birdl+s by ! %ores ( ! ,hudson ,sea4 ,_m animals h ! p[] to =etell /orms1 & man1 ?\gh he c weigh worlds1 is ev] glad to pr(it by _! sup]ior s5se4 ,:5 h]ons fly high above ! cl\ds1 :5 sea-birds dip & sport 9 ! wat] & ! bitt]n booms f ! m>%es1 :5 swall[s fly l[ & ! s[ repairs h] b$1 :5 horses scamp] & cattle sniff ! air1 :5 rav5s beat ! air ) _! w+s1 make noises1 & flock toge!r1 :5 ! swan raises h] eggs by additions to h] ne/ & ! prairie-dog scrat*es ! dirt up ar\nd its hole1 :5 beetles are n f\nd 9 ! air & cat]pill>s mass 9 _! webs1 :5 bees rema9 ne> _! hives & ants c>ry _! eggs to _! inn]mo/ abodes1 :5 frogs croak m l\dly f _! wat]y retreats & fi%es seek ! safety ( ! unh>ri$ deeps--look out = f\l wea!r6 ,man has n ! sweetness ( ! song-sp>r[1 ! innoc5ce ( ! fawn1 nor ! high relative bra9 capacity ( ! tomtit & ! fice4 ,_m animals h p[]s by :i* !y are able to act 9 conc]t at times1 va/ numb]s ( !m mov+ 9 unison ov] imm5se areas by signals or intuitions :i* man c nei!r imitate nor und]/&4 ,su* are ! my/]i\s migrations ( ! ,norway lemm+ & ( _m birds & insects1 & su* 7 ! memorable /amp$es ( ! bison hordes on ! ,am]ican pla9s 9 ye>s gone by4 ,kropotk9 saw on ! ,sib]ian /eppes "o autumn #8?\s&s & ?\s&s' ( fall[ de] come toge!r f an area z l>ge z ,great ,brita9 at a po9t on ! ,amur ,riv] 9 an unprec$5t$ exodus to ! l[l&s on ! o!r side4#b ,h[ ^! scatt]$ ?\s&s knew :5 to />t s z to arrive at ! riv] at ! same "t1 & h[ !y knew ! direction to travel & f\nd _! way s well1 are my/]ies :i* man c z yet only wond] at4 ,m m>vell\s yet--m m>vell\s1 p]haps1 ?an ! concurr5t action ( any o!r animal1 = x implies ! mo/ accurate "t-keep+ ext5d+ ov] _m ye>s--are ! annual fe/ivals ( ! palolo1 an annelid liv+ among ! int]/ices ( ! coral reefs ( "s ( ! isl&s ( ! ,s\? ,pacific4 ,ab\t ?ree o'clock on ! morn+ foll[+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! ,octob] moon1 ^! worms inv>iably appe> on ! surface ( ! sea1 sw>m+ 9 great numb]s4 ,j aft] sunrise _! bodies beg9 to break to pieces1 & by n9e o'clock no trace ( !m is left4 ,on ! morn+ foll[+ ! ?ird qu>t] ( ! ,novemb] moon !y appe> aga91 b usually 9 small] numb]s4 ,aft] t !y are se5 no m till ! next ,octob]4 ,?is annual sw>m+ is a ph5om5on connect$ ) reproduction1 ! ova escap+ f ! brok5 bodies ( ! females &1 aft] be+ f]tilis$ by ! free-float+ sp]ms1 s9k+ d[n among ! coral reefs & hat*+ into a new g5]ation4 #8,ye> aft] ye> ^! creatures appe> accord+ to lun> "t4 ,& yet 9 ! long-run !y keep sol> "t4 ,!y keep two cycles1 "o ( ?ree & "o ( tw5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,9 ! ?ree-ye> cycle !re are two int]vals ( twelve lunations & "o ( ?irte5 lunations4 ,^! ?irty-sev5 lunations br+ lun> "t some:at ne> to sol> "t4 ,b 9 tw5ty-n9e ye>s !re is en\gh diff]5ce to require ! addition ( ano!r lunation2 ! tw5ty-n9? ye> is !re=e "o ( ?irte5 in/ead ( twelve lunations4 ,9 ?is way !y d n *ange _! season 9 an entire c5tury4 ,s unfail+ is _! appe>ance t 9 ,samoa !y h giv5 _! "n to ! spr+ season1 :i* is call$ 8! "t ( ! palolo40' ,in/ead ( ! highe/1 man is 9 "s respects ! l[e/1 ( ! animal k+dom4 ,man is ! mo/ un*a/e1 ! mo/ drunk51 ! mo/ selfi% & conceit$1 ! mo/ mis]ly1 ! mo/ hypocritical1 & ! mo/ blood?ir/y ( t]re/rial creatures4 ,almo/ no animals1 except man1 kill = ! m]e sake ( kill+4 ,= "o be+ to take ! life ( ano!r = purposes ( selfi% utility is bad en\gh4 ,b ! indiscrim9ate massacre ( def5celess innoc5ts by arm$ & organis$ packs1 j = pa/ime1 is beyond *>act]isation4 ,! human species is ! only species ( animals t plunges to su* dep?s ( atrocity4 ,ev5 vip]s & hy5as d n ext]m9ate = recreation4 ,no animal1 except man1 habitually seeks weal? purely out ( an insane impulse to accumulate4 ,& no animal1 except man1 gloats ov] accumulations t are ( no possible use to him1 t are an injury & an abom9ation1 & 9 ^: acquisition he may h committ$ irrep>able crimes ^u o!rs4 ,!re are no millionaires--no pr(essional1 legalis$1 lifelong kleptomaniacs--among ! birds & quadrup$s4 ,no animal1 except man1 sp5ds s l>ge a "p ( 8 en]gies /riv+ = sup]iority--n sup]iority 9 usefulness1 b t sup]iority :i* consi/s 9 simply gett+ on ! heads ( "o's fell[s4 ,& no animal practises common1 ord9>y morality to ! o!r be+s ( ! _w 9 :i* he lives s little1 comp>$ ) ! am\nt he prea*es x1 z man4 ,let u be hone/4 ,hon\r to :om hon\r is due4 ,x w n emaciate our own glory to recognise ! excell5ce & reality ( o!rs1 or to come face to face ) our own frailties4 ,we are our bro!r's keep]4 ,our bre?r5 are !y t feel4 ,let u univ]salise4 ,our ?\ghts & sympa?ies h be5 too long w+less4 ,! ,univ]se is our ,c\ntry1 & our ,k9dr$ are ! ,populations t ,m\nt4 ,x is well--x is em95tly well1 = x is godlike--to s5d our ,magnanimity to ! ,du/s & ! ,deeps1 our ,sunrises to ! ,utt]mo/ ,isles1 & our ,*>ity to ! ,/>s4 #a4 ,romanes3 ,animal ,intellig5ce2 ,new ,york1 #ahii4 #b4 ,kropotk93 ,mutual ,aid a ,factor ( ,evolution2 ,new ,york1 #aijb4 ,,! ,,e?ical ,,k9%ip ,i4 ,human ,nature a ,product ( ! ,jungle ,,ii4 ,egoism & ,altruism ,,iii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,savage ,,iv4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,anci5t ,v4 ,mod]n ,e?ics ,,vi4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,human ,be+s ,t[>d ,non-human ,be+s ,,vii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,prov9cialism ,,viii4 ,univ]sal ,e?ics ,,ix4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,altruism ,x4 ,an?ropoc5tric ,e?ics ,,xi4 ,e?ical ,implications ( ,evolution ,,xii4 ,conclusion ,,! ,,e?ical ,,k9%ip ,"o ( ! wise/ ?+s ev] said by "o ( ! pr(\nde/ philosoph]s ( all "t 0 ! w>n+ to ! seek] aft] tru? to bew>e ( ! influ5ce ( ! #8idols 7or illusions7 ( ! tribe' by :i* he meant t body ( traditional prejudices :i* e sect1 family1 nation1 & neighb\rhood has cl++ to x1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* & at ! m]cy ( :i* e human be+ gr[s up4 ,i4 ,human ,nature a ,product ( ! ,jungle4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule is n exemplifi$ by ! conduct ( any consid]able numb] ( ! inhabitants ( ! e>?4 ,to be civilis$ or ev5 half-civilis$ is1 to ! *ildr5 ( ?is _w1 nei!r in/9ctive nor easy4 ,to pres]ve a c]ta9 pret5ce or appe>ance ( virtue1 especially :5 enc\rag$ to d s by an uplift$ cudgel 9 ! h&s ( ! community1 is a possible & n uncommon accompli%m5t4 ,b to be at he>t & 9 reality z consid]ate ( o!rs z we are ( ourselves is1 un=tunately1 n natural4 ,human be+s are n *ildr5 ( ! sun1 soj\rn+ = a season on ?is sph]oid ( clay1 & ne$+ only p9ions to be angels4 ,human nature did n come1 pure & %9+1 d[n f ! glitt]+ gods4 ,x came out ( ! jungle4 ,civilis$ peoples are ! n v remote po/]ity ( savages1 & savages are ! po/]ity ( individuals :o laid eggs & _h lit]ally cold blood 9 _! ve9s4 ,civilis$ m5 & wom5 are troglodytes ) a v5e]+ ( virtue4 ,9 ! he>t ( e #8civilis$' man & woman is an unconv]t$ core1 l>ge or small1 ( b>b>ism4 ,humanity is only a habit4 ,aga9/ x1 & t5d+ ev] to weak5 & subv]t x1 are ! p[]ful in]tias ( animalism4 ,l ! %ip 9 ,ibs5's #8,rhym$ ,epi/le1' civilisation c>ries a corpse 9 its c>go--! elem5tal appetites & passions :i* h be5 implant$ 9 all s5ti5t nature by ! laws 9 accordance ) :i* organic =ms h be5 fa%ion$4 ,moral progress is simply ! sl\gh+ (f ( ?is inh]it$ animality4 ,to ! initiat$1 !re=e1 x is n /range t we civilis$ folk 9 our conduct display s freely ! ph5om5a ( ! savage4 ,!re is no?+ m inevitable 9 ! life ( ! conv]t ?an ! haunt+ incl9ation to give way to orig9al impulses4 ,x is n /range t we are p[]less to be z good & beautiful & true z we w\ld l to be1 t our div9e ef=ts are our half-he>t$ ef=ts1 & t ! only "t we get t]ribly 9 e>ne/ & put =? really titanic en]gies is :5 we are dom9at$ directly or indirectly by ! in/9cts ( ! pack4 ,human aspiration is fett]$ by ! fe>ful facts ( human orig94 ,x is n /range t we are cont9ually consci\s ( be+ torn by cont5d+ t5d5cies1 consci\s ( gha/ly ma/]ies1 & ( horrible go+s on 9 our inn]mo/ be+s4 ,! human he>t is ! gladiatorial meet+-place ( gods & bea/s4 ,,ii4 ,egoism & ,altruism4 ,ev]y?+ has be5 evolv$--ev]y?+--f daffodils to /ates & f ticks to religion4 ,e organic ?+ is ! result ( long & incessant survival ( ! advantage\s--advantage\s f ! /&po9t ( ! organism itself or f ! /&po9t ( its k9d1 n necess>ily s f ! /&po9t ( ! univ]se4 ,t :i* is true ( ev]y?+ is true also ( egoism & altruism4 ,egoism & altruism exi/ z facts 9 ! natures ( human & o!r be+s = ! same reason t ! v>i\s physical facts exi/ 9 ! /ructures ( human & o!r be+s1 because !y h be5 advantage\s 9 ! /ruggle = life4 ,!re is j z def9ite an explanation = ! exi/5ce ( egoism & altruism 9 ?is _w1 & = _! exi/5ce 9 ! p>ticul> =m & ratio 9 :i* !y d exi/1 z !re is = ! fact t ! human h& has five f+]s1 ! rose od\r1 & ! eggs ( ! kilde] ! mottl$ m>k+s ( ! clods among :i* !y lie4 ,egoism is pref]5ce = self1 p>tiality t[>d t "p ( ! univ]se b\nd$ by "o's own sk94 ,x may consi/ simply ( reg>d = self1 b ) reg>d = self is usually associat$ enmity t[>d o!rs4 ,egoism manife/s itself 9 su* qualities ( m9d z selfi%ness1 cruelty1 intol]ance1 hate1 h>dhe>t$ness1 savag]y1 rud5ess1 inju/ice1 n>r[ness1 & ! l4 ,x is ! primal impulse ( ! liv+ he>t4 ,enmity is old] & m univ]sal ?an love4 ,enmity con/itut$ ! v lo9s f :i* long ago came ! orig9al miscreants ( ?is _w4 #8,i saw ! fi%es play+ !re2 ,i saw all t 0 9 ! :ole _w r\nd2 ,9 wood1 & b[]1 & m>%1 & mead1 & field1 ,all ?+s :i* creep & fly1 ,& put a foot to e>?4 ,all ^! ,i saw1 & say to y1 ,t no?+ lives among !m )\t hate4' ,life has be5 develop$ ?r\gh selection4 ,?is selection has be5 br\ght ab\t l>gely ?r\gh w>--w> betwe5 individuals & betwe5 gr\ps ( individuals4 ,w> & competition are /ruggle betwe5 liv+ be+s1 & ! s\l ( competition is selfi%ness4 ,egoism is ! primal & mo/ p[]ful ( t]re/rial impulses1 because be+s hat$ & ext]m9at$ ea* o!r be=e !y tol]at$ & lov$1 & because /ruggle has f> ov]%ad[$ coop]ation z a factor 9 life evolution4 ,!re are ^? :o believe t mutual aid has be5 a m dynamic factor 9 ! developm5t ( t]re/rial life ?an competition4 ,coop]ation has be5 an important elem5t 9 ! evolution ( animal life1 & x has op]at$ among ne>ly all animals1 f ! humble/ to ! highe/4 ,f> d[n ne> ! beg9n+ ( organic exi/5ce we f9d ! "o-cell$ =ms huddl+ toge!r 9 colonies1 giv+ rise 9 ! c\rse ( "t to ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,b to conclude t coop]ation is ! *ief factor 9 animal developm5t is to %ut "o's eyes to "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s & ov]:elm+ facts ( organic evolution4 ,individualism ant$ates mutualism1 bo? among ! "o-cell$ =ms & among ! _m-cell$ metazoa4 ,coop]ation ev]y:]e is ! sequ5ce ( a long prelim9>y ( individual cont5tion4 ,& coop]ation does n mean cessation ( /ruggle1 ei!r among ^? co-op]at+ or among ! gr\ps !mselves1 z ,kropotk9 & o!r exagg]ators ( ! mutual aid factor seem to assume4 ,x usually does little m ?an transf] ! /ruggle f individuals to gr\ps4 ,:5 a lot ( pelicans or wolves get toge!r & "w toge!r 9 ord] t !y may !reby ! bett] def5d !mselves or slay o!rs x is h>d to see h[ su* facts c be plac$ to ! cr$it ( coop]ation any m ?an to t ( competition4 ,!n1 too1 except+ 9 a few societies ( insects1 coop]ation has n gone s f> z to d m ?an slightly alleviate ! competition ev5 among ! memb]s ( a co-op]at+ gr\p4 ,competition is a mu* m common & influ5tial fact 9 ! ph5om5a ( life ?an coop]ation1 = x involves a l>ge "p ( ! activity ( individual life1 & is also prom95t 9 all social activities4 ,! prepond]ance ( egoism 9 ! natures ( liv+ be+s is ! mo/ m\rnful & imm5se fact 9 ! ph5om5a ( consci\s life4 ,x has made ! _w ! k9d ( _w x w\ld h be5 _h ! gods actually empti$ _! wra? vials ^u x4 ,bro!rhood is anomal\s1 &1 ev5 9 its highe/ manife/ations1 is b ! expression ( a veil$ & calculat+ egoism4 ,inhumanity is ev]y:]e4 ,! :ole planet is /eep$ 9 x4 ,e creature faces an inhospitable univ]seful1 & e life is a campaign4 ,x has all come ab\t z a result ( ! m9dless & inhuman mann] 9 :i* life has be5 develop$ on ! e>?4 ,x has be5 said t an individual ( unlimit$ faculties & inf9ite goodness & p[] made ?is _w & end[$ x ) ways ( act+1 & t ?is individual1 z ! _w's executive1 cont9ues to det]m9e its ph5om5a by inspir+ ! ord] ( its ev5ts4 ,b "o _c help ?9k+ sometimes1 :51 9 8 m d>+ & vivid mom5ts1 he comes to compreh5d ! real "* & condition ( ! _w1 :at a discrepancy exi/s betwe5 ! reputation ( ?is build] & 8 works1 & _c help wond]+ :e!r an ord9>y human be+ ) only common-s5se & insight & an av]age conc]n = ! welf>e ( ! _w w\ld n make a great improvem5t 9 t]re/rial affairs if he only _h ! opportunity = a :ile4 ,altruism is ! recognition (1 & reg>d =1 o!rs4 ,x %[s itself 9 feel+s ( ju/ice1 goodwill1 t5d]ness1 *>ity1 pity1 public _s1 sympa?y1 frat]nity & love1 & 9 acts ( k9dness1 humanity1 m]cy1 g5]osity1 polit5ess1 philan?ropy & ! l4 ,altruism is a graft4 ,! /ock is selfi%ness & brutality4 ,altruism 7! =m ( altruism to :i* ,i "h ref]3 !re are sev]al di/9ct species ( altruism7 has come into ! _w z a result ( coop]ation & consangu9ity4 ,x has gr[n out ( ! coop]ation ( individuals 9 families & tribes aga9/ _! coop]at+ enemies4 ,altruism--at lea/1 9 its initial /ages--is a sort ( tribal egoism4 ,m5 & o!r animals h le>n$ to /& by ea* o!r & help ea* o!r aga9/ _! common foes because x 0 ! only way 9 :i* !y 7 able to /&4 ,^? aggregates t h _h /ronge/ ?is feel+ ( frat]nity h prosp]$ & prevail$1 :ile ! less frat]nal h gone d[n4 ,! altruism manife/$ by m5 9 _! relations ) ea* o!r is n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! altruism & coop]ation display$ by o!r social animals4 ,human greg>i\sness--! ga!r+ toge!r ( human be+s into tribes & communities = purposes ( companion%ip & def5ce--is a "p ( ! ph5om5a ( animal greg>i\sness 9 g5]al4 ,! inhabitants ( a human t[n1 h[ev] mu* !y may ?9k s1 are n impell$ to associate ) ea* o!r & to coop]ate ) ea* o!r 9 ! affairs ( life by causes or consid]ations diff]5t f ^? :i* actuate a society ( ants or apes1 ( wasps or wolves1 :o d ! same ?+s4 ,! antec$5ts ( human e?ics & society are1 !re=e1 to be look$ = 9 ! ant-hill & ! jungle4 ,! fact t altruism has be5 evolv$ by ! coop]ation ( individuals ) ea* o!r & aga9/ o!rs is a significant fact 9 ! analysis & und]/&+ ( ! e?ical ph5om5a ( ! e>?4 ,to ?is fact is due ! re/rict$ & illogical "* ( all altruism4 ,! e?ical sy/ems ( all peoples are1 & h always be51 to a great] or less ext5t1 prov9cial & contradictory4 ,e?ical feel+ & practice are n ext5d$ univ]sally--t is1 to all be+s--b are ma9ta9$ only among ^? associat+ m or less closely z a gr\p1 & hav+ int]e/s t are m or less ne>ly ! same4 ,among m5 ( primitive m9d1 morality is a ?+ to be practis$ t[>d only a few ?\s& or ev5 a few hundr$ individuals1 & !n 9 a v half-awake & half-he>t$ mann]4 ,b z ! p]ceptions %>p5 & vivify & ! horizon ( k wid5s--z comm]ce & imag9ation cause ! m9d to ov]fl[ ! n>r[ b\nds ( ! community into l>g] dim5sions ( "t & space--z ! myriad influ5ces op]at+ z race exp]i5ce & race selection enable m5 to realise ! wid] & wid] on5ess ( _! orig91 natures1 int]e/s1 & de/9y--an increas+ consi/5cy *>act]ises ! conduct among ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 & an increas+ly l>g] numb] ( individuals are admitt$ to e?ical consid]ation & k9%ip4 ,,iii4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,savage4 ,! e?ics ( ! savage is1 almo/ )\t exception1 purely tribal 9 its ext5t4 ,a m>k$ di/9ction is ev]y:]e made by primitive peoples betwe5 injuries to p]sons inside ! tribe & injuries to ^? outside ! tribe4 ,crimes :i* are look$ ^u z feloni\s :5 committ$ by a savage aga9/ ! memb]s ( 8 own tribe may be reg>d$ z h>mless1 or ev5 highly comm5dable1 :5 p]petrat$ on ^? outside ! tribe4 ,acts are n judg$ accord+ to _! intr9sic natures or results1 b :olly z to :e!r !y are p]=m$ on outsid]s or on insid]s4 ,! ,balantis 7,africa7 puni% ) dea? a !ft committ$ aga9/ a fell[-tribesman1 b enc\rage & rew>d ?iev+ f o!r tribes4 ,! ,afridi 7,afghani/an7 "m prays t h] son may be a successful robb]--n a robb] ( h] own p1 b ( o!r peoples--& 9 ord] t he may become pr(ici5t 9 crime tea*es him to creep /eal?ily ?r\gh a hole 9 ! wall4 ,by c]ta9 ,b$\9 tribes ! #8/r5u\s life' is held 9 su* high hon\r t #8x is consid]$ a disgrace to die 9 b$'2 & among ! man-eat+ ,fijians #8m5 :o h n sla9 an enemy suff] ! mo/ degrad+ ( all puni%m5ts'4#a ,9 ! p>adise ( ! ,kukis 7,india7 ! cut-?roats :o h 9 life kill$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( ali5s n only inh]it ! highe/ places1 b ^! adepts ( ! knife are suppos$ to be att5d$ 9 _! cele/ial com+s & go+s by _! victims z slaves4#a ,9 8 deal+s ) ! o!r memb]s ( 8 tribe1 ! savage obs]ves a c]ta9 rude code ( morals1 ?is code be+ usually1 z 9 ! case ( ! civilis$ code1 an +lori\s mixture ( equity & brutality1 sup]/ition & sanity1 hone/y & hypocrisy4 ,b ! savage recognises no moral obligations to any be+ outside ( 8 tribe1 clan1 or family4 ,an?ropology tea*es no?+ m positively ?an ?is4 ,consangu9ity & self-int]e/ are ! only bases ( savage fri5d%ip4 ,outsid]s are outlaws4 ,!y may be attack$1 robb$1 deceiv$1 murd]$1 eat51 or enslav$1 ) p]fect propriety4 ,x 0 ?is g5]al ho/ility ( =eign]s t ,ca9 fe>$ :5 he 0 turn$ out f 8 c\ntrym5 aft] 8 crime ^u ,abel4 ,he knew t he 0 liable to be set ^u by ! fir/ /rang] t came ^u him4 ,s ! ,"l is said to h set a m>k ^u him1 #8le/ any f9d+ him %\ld kill him4' #8,!re 0 no bro!rhood recognis$ by our savage =efa!rs1' says ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e1 9 speak+ ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan & ,semitic races1 #8except actual consangu9ity reg>d$ z a fact4 ,if a man 0 n ( k9 to ano!r1 !re 0 no?+ betwe5 !m4 ,he 0 an enemy to be hat$1 sla91 or despoil$ z mu* z ! wild bea/s ^u :i* ! tribe made w>1 z belong+1 inde$1 to ! craftie/ & cruele/ ( wild animals4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be too /rong to ass]t t ! dogs :i* foll[$ ! camp _h m 9 common ) x ?an ! tribesm5 ( an ali5 & unrelat$ tribe'4#b ,among "s tribes ( savage m5 ! e?ical code is rev]s$ 9 deal+ ) outsid]s1 & enmity t[>d ali5s is consid]$ a duty4 ,?is same s5seless ho/ility t[>d e "o f abroad1 s spitefully exhibit$ by primitive m51 is also manife/$ by ants1 :o imm$iately recognise & p\nce ^u an individual introduc$ f a =eign colony1 b welcome ) e demon/ration ( joy1 ev5 aft] a lapse ( weeks or mon?s1 a return+ memb] ( _! own society4 ,! same _s ( exclusiv5ess is f\nd also 9 elephants4 ,if by accid5t an elephant becomes sep>at$ f 8 h]d1 he becomes an outca/ & a fugitive1 nev] be+ p]mitt$ 9 any circum/ances to atta* himself to ano!r h]d4#c ,t ! savage %\ld ent]ta9 feel+s ( fri5d%ip = ^? belong+ to ! same social unit z himself is1 consid]+ ! circum/ances 9 :i* x takes place1 a p]fectly natural ph5om5on4 ,! memb]s ( 8 tribe are1 to ! savage1 ! be+s among :om he has come into exi/5ce1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :om he has gr[n up4 ,he kn[s & und]/&s !m1 & is kn[n & und]/ood by !m4 ,!y speak ! same language z himself1 & *]i% ! same cu/oms & traditions4 ,!y h ! same sacr$ trees1 ! same gods1 ! same exp]i5ces day aft] day1 & ! same memories1 z he himself4 ,!y are 8 associates 9 ! *ase1 8 allies 9 w>1 & 8 comrades 9 sorr[ & success4 ,!y are ! only be+s into ^: lives he has ev] ent]$4 ,!y con/itute 8 _w1 & are to him ! only real be+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,! memb]s ( 8 tribe are1 moreov]1 to ! savage1 = ! mo/ "p1 8 k9speople4 ,if !y are n actually relat$ to him by blood1 !y are usually conceiv$ by him to be s relat$4 ,! co-villag]s ( an ,indian community call ea* o!r bro!rs4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic ( all ! ,aryan & ,semitic races :5 9 ! tribal /ate to conceive t ! tribes !mselves1 & all subdivisions ( !m1 are desc5d$ ea* f a s+le male ance/or4 ,! savage sees ! liv+ family ( :i* he =ms a "p desc5d$ f a s+le liv+ man & 8 wife or wives4 ,?is family gr\p ) :i* he is famili> & o!r simil> gr\ps make up ! tribe4 ,& ! process by :i* ea* family has be5 br\ght ab\t is 9 8 m9d id5tical ) ! process by :i* ! community z a :ole has be5 =m$4#b ,x is a conception ( ?is k9d1 h&$ d[n z a tradition f anci5t tribal times1 :i* causes ! ,jews ev5 to-day to reg>d !mselves z ! #8se$' ( t v5]able %eik :o1 s _m c5turies ago1 l$ !m z a b& ( nomads 9 _! memorable migration we/w>d f ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia4 ,x is n /range1 !re=e1 consid]+ all ( ! circum/ances 9 ! mid/ ( :i* ! savage lives & moves1 t he %\ld look ^u 8 fell[-tribesm5 z be+s to be di/+ui%$ by him f all o!r be+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,nor is x /range1 :5 we consid] ! m5tal /]ility ( ! savage1 8 lack ( travel & imag9ation1 ! meag]ness ( 8 exp]i5ces1 & 8 utt] ignorance ( ! _w beyond ! community 9 :i* he lives1 t he %\ld look ^u & treat all outsid]s z nobodies--z be+s )\t any claims :atev] ^u 8 humanity or m]cy4 ,! imag9ation is ! pictur+ p[] ( ! m9d1 ! p[] by :i* be+s are able to get out ( !mselves & into ! places ( o!rs1 ! p[] :i* enables u to view ! _w comp>atively--t is1 f diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,?is p[] ( m9d1 :i* imp>ts to ! high] types ( intellig5ce _! mobility & sympa?y1 is rudim5t>y 9 ! savage4 ,?is has be5 prov$ by ,tylor 9 8 /udy ( ! comp>ative my?ology ( savages4 ,x is ?is lack ( imag9ation 9 ! savage1 comb9$ ) 8 ignorance & 8 simplicity ( life1 :i* gives to him 8 f]ocity1 & :i* r5d]s him inaccessible to ^? high] s5tim5ts ( ju/ice & righte\sness :i* are--well1 :i* are1 at lea/1 dream$ ab\t & !oris$ ab\t by ! m evolv$ savages ( ! #8civilis$ _w4' ,! _w1 to ! simple m9d ( ! savage1 is1 z x is to ! m9d ( ! *ild1 ! _w 9 :i* he lives & moves--! _w :i* he feels1 he>s1 ta/es1 & sees4 ,! horizon is ! b\nd>y ( ! univ]se4 ,be+s beyond 8 tribe are outside ( ! _w4 ,if !y exi/ at all1 x is z a v diff]5t ord] ( be+s f him & 8 p4 ,!y are n ( k9 to him1 speak a /range tongue1 & h mon/r\s cu/oms & sup]/itions4 ,h[ c\ld !y be 9 any way relat$ to him8 ,!y are 8 enemies--vague villa9\s app>itions :o appe> to him only 9 ! horrible ordeals ( battle4 ,8 *ief occupation is ! wag+ ( w> aga9/ !m1 & 8 ke5e/ gratification is felt 9 lay+ !m l[4 ,! acc\nts ( all travell]s te/ify t ! int]tribal relations ( savages are1 ) few exceptions1 ^? ( *ronic feud & ho/ility4 ,! irreconcilable antagonism betwe5 ! savage & ^? ar\nd him begets 9 ! savage nature its dom9at+ impulse--hate1 hatr$ & ho/ility t[>d o!r m51 z well z t[>d all o!r be+s4 ,9 fact1 ! savage makes no moral di/9ction betwe5 man & ! o!r animals1 b reg>ds !m all indiscrim9ately z 8 foes1 :om he mu/ ei!r use or remove f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,! savage hunts m5 ab\t z he hunts o!r animals1 & = a l purpose4 ,! ,troglodytes hunt$ ! ,e?iopians 9 f\r-horse *>iots ) z little compunction z ,am]icans hunt antelopes to-day4 #a4 ,sp5c]3 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 vol4 i42 ,new ,york1 #ahic44 #b4 ,ma9e3 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions2 ,new ,york1 #ahfi4 #c4 ,t5n5t3 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,ceylon2 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,,iv4 ,! ,e?ics ( ! ,anci5t4 ,b ! doctr9e t ea* petty tribe is ! c5tre ( ! _w & ! only real & important p 9 ! univ]se1 & t all o!rs are m]e nobodies1 is n peculi> to primitive peoples4 ,e?noc5tric e?ics--! e?ics ( amity t[>d _! own tribe or /ate1 _! own clique or k9d1 & ! e?ics ( enmity t[>d outsid]s--has be5 manife/$ to a great] or less ext5t by ! peoples ( all times & ( all degrees ( enlight5m5t4 ,e p t has ev] exi/$ has _h its own p>ticul> po9t ( view1 its own bias1 its own knot-hole1 l>ge or small1 ?r\gh :i* x has look$ at life & ! _w4 ,?is is inevitable4 ,x arises z a necess>y sequ5ce out ( ! fact t all peoples above savages are ! desc5dants ( savages1 & z su* h inh]it$ ! limitations1 m5tal & environm5tal1 ( ^? f :om !y h evolv$4 ,ali5s _h no legal rights 9 anci5t times--none :atev]4 ,int]national coop]ation1 su* z exi/s among ! political societies ( ,europe & ,am]ica to-day1 0 absolutely unkn[n4 ,int]national relations 7 ev]y:]e ^? ( ho/ility4 ,/ates & races look$ ^u ea* o!r z foes1 z objects ( plund] & victimisation1 n z fri5ds4 ,caes> says ( ! anci5t ,g]mans t depr$ations committ$ beyond ! b\nd>ies ( ea* /ate bore no infamy1 & t /eal+ f ali5s 0 ev5 enc\rag$ z a means ( tea*+ _! "y m5 adroitness4 ,! anci5t ,jews are an excell5t illu/ration ( a n>r[ & self-c5tr$ p4 ,not)/&+ _! insignificance1 politically & intellectually1 z comp>$ ) ! ,egyptians1 ,greeks1 & ,p]sians1 ! ,jews believ$ !mselves to be ! only p ( ! fir/ class inhabit+ ! e>?4 ,!y conceiv$ t !y _h be5 select$ z fav\rites by ! gods !mselves1 & t ar\nd _! little di/rict 9 half-arid ,pale/9e revolv$ ! int]e/s ( ! entire _w4 ,_! *ief city 0 suppos$ to be ! sacr$ & c5tral city ( ! _w1 & heav5 itself only a new & idealis$ edition ( _! metropolis4 ,e ,jew 0 b\nd to e o!r ,jew by high-wr\ght c]emony & obligation4 ,b all non-,jews 7 #8,g5tiles1' *aff-l #8pagans1' :o possess$ no rights :i* a #8*ild ( ,abraham' 0 b\nd to respect4 ,_! tribal god is said to h be5 s indulg5t t[>d !m z 8 #8*os5 p' t he all[$ !m to exact usury f =eign]s1 to sell !m diseas$ meats1 & to borr[ jewels f !m & aft]w>ds run away ) !m4 ,he ev5 p]mitt$ !m to make w> ^u weak peoples & dispossess !m ( _! l&s4 #8,:omsoev] ! ,"l our ,god %all drive out f be=e u1 !m w we possess' 7,judg4 xi4 #bd74 ,! k+s ( ! anci5t ,assyrians 7 s accu/om$ to cruelties ^u non-,assyrians1 & 7 s pr\d ( ^! cruelties1 t !y record$ !m 9 /one z a claim to immortality among m54 ,assurbanipal1 9 speak+ ( ! conqu]$1 says3 #8,i pull$ out _! tongues & cut (f _! limbs1 & caus$ !m to be eat5 by dogs1 be>s1 eagles1 vultures1 birds ( heav54' ,assur-natsir-pal1 ano!r wond]ful fell[1 boa/s simil>ly3 #8,i flay$ ! nobles & cov]$ ! pyramid ) _! sk9s1 & _! "y m5 & maid5s ,i burn$ z a holocau/4' #8,_! c>casses cov]$ ! valleys & ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1' says ,tigla?-,piles] 9 8 acc\nt ( ! sla9 ,muskayans2 & ,s5na*]ib in=ms u pr\dly t he drove 8 *>iot ov] ! dead bodies ( 8 victims until #8its :eels 7 clogg$ ) fle% & blood4' #8,evid5tly' rem>ks ,sp5c]1 9 speak+ ( ^! mon/r\s inscriptions1 #8! expectation 0 t m5 ( aft]-times w\ld admire ^! m]ciless de/ructions2 = we _c assume t ^! ,assyrian k+s int5tionally made !mselves et]nally infam\s'4#a ,to ! anci5t ,greeks !re 7 two classes ( human be+s 9 ! _w3 ,greeks & #8b>b>ians4' ,! ,greeks 7 ! inhabitants ( ,hellas1 :i* 0 believ$ to be ! c5tral region ( ! _w1 & ! #8b>b>ians' 7 ! godless d5iz5s ( ! less-fav\r$ & less c5trally locat$ rema9d] ( ! e>?4 ,! _w 0 believ$ to be flat or %ield-%ap$1 & 9 its exact c5tre /ood ,m\nt ,olympus 9 nor!rn ,!ssaly4 ,?is m\nta91 :i* is #i1gjj feet high1 0 suppos$ to be ! highe/ elevation on ! e>?1 & 0 ! awful abode ( ! gods4 ,! ,greeks call$ !mselves ,hell5es4 ,accord+ to _! fabl$ g5ealogy1 !y 7 ! desc5dants ( ,hell51 son ( ,deucalion1 ! ,greek ,noah4 ,:ile !y 7 (t5 at w> ) ea* o!r1 !y spoke a common language1 & always reg>d$ !mselves z memb]s ( a s+le family4 ,all non-,greeks 7 #8b>b>ians1' includ+ ! ,romans1 :o 7 call$ #8b>b>ians' d[n to ! "t ( ,augu/us4 ,:ile ! ,greeks !mselves trac$ _! ance/ry back to ! bright blood ( ! gods1 ! #8b>b>ians' 7 g5]ally suppos$ to h orig9at$ f /ones & trees4 ,! #8b>b>ians' 7 look$ ^u & treat$ by ! ,greeks ev]y:]e z a diff]5t ord] ( be+s f !mselves4 ,^? tak5 by !m 9 w> 7 regul>ly r$uc$ to slav]y4 ,! slave population creat$ 9 ?is way 0 increas$ by ! slave traffic c>ri$ on ) ! ,ea/ until ! slave population ( ,greece 0 sev]al times z great z ! free population4 ,! :ole ,hell5ic _w1 9 fact1 ev5 9 ! days ( its greate/ magnific5ce1 0 "o va/ p5 ( slaves4 ,almo/ e freeman ( ,attica 0 a slave-own]4 ,out ( a population ( ab\t five hundr$ ?\s&1 f\r hundr$ ?\s& 7 slaves4 ,x 0 consid]$ a real h>d%ip by ! ,greeks to be compell$ to get along ) less ?an a half-doz5 slaves4 ,9 ,cor9? & ,aeg9a !re 7 t5 slaves to "o freeman4 ,9 ,sp>ta ! slaves 7 ! vanqui%$ ,helots1 ! orig9al inhabitants ( ! ,peloponnesus1 :om ! ,sp>tans _h conqu]$ & r$uc$ to *a9s 9 e>ly times4 ,_! lot 0 p>ticul>ly horrible4 ,!y 7 ! prop]ty ( ! /ate1 & 7 di/ribut$ to ! ,sp>tan lords by lot4 #8,!y practically _h no rights :i* _! ma/]s felt b\nd to respect4 ,if "o ( _! numb] display$ unusual p[]s ( ei!r body or m9d1 he 0 secretly assass9at$1 z x 0 deem$ unsafe to all[ su* qualities to be fo/]$ 9 ! s]vile class4 ,x is affirm$ by ,?ucydides t1 :5 ! ,helots grew too num]\s = ! suppos$ safety ( ! /ate1 _! numb]s 7 ?9n$ by delib]ate massacre ( ! surplus population'4#b ,! conception ( human slav]y ent]ta9$ by ! common mass ( ,greeks may be inf]r$ f ! fact t philosoph]s l ,ari/otle taught t #8slaves 7 simply dome/ic animals possess$ ( intellig5ce4' ,x is ?is fact1 ?is utt] lack ( ju/ice & humanity manife/$ by ! ,greeks 9 _! treatm5t ( non-,hell5ic mank9d1 :i* gives to ,greek #8civilisation' its seamy side4 ,greek society has be5 appropriately lik5$ to a pyramid1 its apex gleam+ ) light & spl5d\r1 :ile its base 0 sunk 9 d>kness4 ,non-,romans 7 call$ #8b>b>ians' also by ! ,romans1 & 7 consid]$ by ! ,romans to be an entirely diff]5t ord] ( be+s f !mselves4 ,any spl9t] ( a ,roman 01 accord+ to ! ,romans1 sup]ior to ! mo/ illu/ri\s #8b>b>ian4' ,m5 7 n treat$ nor e/imat$ accord+ to _! intr9sic qualities1 b :olly z to :e!r !y 7 or 7 n #8,roman citiz5s4' ,to be a #8,roman citiz5' 0 to be entitl$ to ev]y?+2 to be a #8b>b>ian' 0 n to be entitl$ to any?+ necess>ily1 except to s]ve 9 "s way ! all-glori\s ,romans4 ,! elaborate legal & e?ical codes =mulat$ by ^! ma/]s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7 res]v$ religi\sly = !mselves4 ,! bus9ess ( ! #8b>b>ians' 0 to furni% fields = pillage & conque/1 to imp>t magnitude to triumphal pageants1 to act z slaves1 & to die by ignom9i\sly but*]+ ea* o!r = ! amusem5t ( _! blood?ir/y ma/]s4 #8,b>b>ian' l&s 7 look$ ^u simply z game-pres]ves :]e ambiti\s capta9s f ! ,tib] w5t to refre% _! reputations by hunt+ & victimis+ ! inhabitants4 ,! hi/ory ( ,rome is ! hi/ory ( infamy on a colossal1 almo/ _w-wide1 scale4 ,!re has nev] be5 display$ by any p pret5d+ to be civilis$ su* %ameless savag]y z t display$ by ! ,romans 9 _! gladiatorial ar5as1 :]e m5 7g5]ally ! captives ( w>7 7 #8but*]$ to make a ,roman holiday4' ,^! trag$ies1 9 _! magnitude & atrocity1 seem almo/ frightful :5 we read ( !m on ! pages ( hi/ory4 ,!y 7 g5]ally celebrat$ by victori\s capta9s & emp]ors at ! close ( "s unusual outrage aga9/ ! #8b>b>ians1' or ^u ! dep>ture ( ,roman legions = ! field ( activity4 ,! celebrations sometimes la/$ weeks1 or ev5 mon?s4 ,! ,emp]or ,trajan celebrat$ 8 victories ov] ! ,dacians ) %[s t la/$ m ?an a hundr$ days4 ,dur+ ?is horrible fe/ival t5 ?\s& m5 f\ght ^u ! ar5a1 & m ?an t5 ?\s& wild animals 7 sla94 ,! gladiators 9 ^! anci5t combats f\ght 9 *>iots1 on horseback1 on foot--9 all ! ways 9 :i* soldi]s f\ght 9 actual battle4 ,!y f\ght ) swords1 lances1 dagg]s1 trid5ts1 & e o!r mann] ( weapon4 ,"s _h nets & lassoes ) :i* !y entangl$ _! adv]s>ies1 & !n slew !m4 ,! life ( a w\nd$ gladiator 0 9 ! h&s ( ! spectators1 :o %[$ _! clem5cy or _! lack ( x by turn+ _! ?umbs respectively d[n or up4 ,! ?ir/ ( ! populace = blood 0 sometimes su* t ! dy+ 7 ar\s$ & =c$ on to ! fight by burn+ ) a hot iron4 ,! dead bodies 7 dragg$ f ! ar5a ) hooks1 l ! c>casses ( animals1 & ! pools ( blood soak$ up ) dry s&4#c ,!re 0 an occasional ,roman1 l ,s5eca1 sane en\gh to realise ! real "* ( ^! p]=mances1 & brave en\gh to d5\nce !m z crimes4 ,b by ! great mass ( all classes ( ,romans1 ev5 by ^? :o pret5d$ to ?9k1 !y 7 reg>d$ ) p]fect moral indiff]5ce4 ,! excuse (f]$ by ,pl9y 0 g5]ally concurr$ 9 by 8 c\ntrym51 t ^! bloody %[s 7 necess>y = ! cultivation ( manl9ess & = keep+ awake ! /r5u\s & r$-h&$ in/9cts 9 ! "y4 ,sc>ce less revolt+ ?an ! gladiatorial ar5a1 9 its violation ( e pr9ciple ( humanity1 0 ! in/itution ( human slav]y4 ,dur+ ! lat] republic & ! e>li] empire1 "o-half ! population ( ! ,roman /ate 0 slaves4 ,! slave population 0 recruit$ *iefly1 z 9 ,greece1 by w> & by slave-hunt+4 ,slave-trad]s & slave-m>kets fl\ri%$ bo? 9 ! capital itself & 9 all ! great ports visit$ by ,roman %ips4 ,"s ( ! outly+ prov9ces ( ,asia & ,africa 7 almo/ depopulat$ by ! slave-hunt]s4 ,greek slaves 7 ! highe/-pric$1 because ! mo/ intellig5t4 ,among ! weal?y1 :o1 l ! illit]ate ri* ( e age1 dawdl$ _! "t 9 o/5tation1 !re 7 slaves = ea* diff]5t function 9 ! h\sehold4 ,!re 7 ! cubicul>ii1 :o act$ z h\semaids2 ! tricl9>ii1 :o wait$ at table2 ! cul9>ii1 :o act$ z kit*5 drudges2 & ! balne>ii1 :o look$ aft] ! ba?s4 ,!n !re 7 tonsores or b>b]s2 cr9iflores1 or hair-crimp]s2 calceatores1 :o took c>e ( ! feet2 & lectores1 ^: bus9ess x 0 to read al\d to _! ma/]s at meals1 9 ! ba?1 or 9 b$4 ,! o/i>ius1 :o 0 sometimes *a9$ 9 ! ve/ibule l a dog1 0 ! port]2 ! invitator summon$ ! gue/s2 & ! s]vus ab hospitiis look$ aft] _! lodgm5t4 ,!re 0 ! slave call$ ! s&alio1 ^: sole duty 0 to c>e = 8 ma/]'s s&als2 & ano!r1 call$ ! nom5clator1 ^: exclusive bus9ess x 0 to accompany 8 ma/] :5 he w5t ^u ! /reet1 & give him ! names ( su* p]sons z he ought to recognise4 ,! common puni%m5t = a refractory slave 0 beat+4 ,if ! runaway 7 caught1 z he c\ld h>dly fail to be1 s9ce !re 7 extremely heavy p5alties = h>b\r+ or assi/+ him1 he 0 ei!r br&$ or _h an iron coll> l a dog's weld$ ar\nd 8 neck1 or 8 legs 7 fett]$1 or1 9 exagg]at$ or repeat$ cases ( (f5ce1 he 0 at once turn$ into ! ar5a or o!rwise put to dea?4 ,if he attempt$ to take p]sonal v5geance ^u 8 ma/] = any wrong :atsoev]1 8 :ole family %>$ 8 fate1 & ! regul> =m ( capital puni%m5t = a slave 0 crucifixion "u ! mo/ ignom9i\s & agonis+ circum/ances4#d #8,9 _m cases1 z a measure ( precaution1 ! slaves 7 =c$ to "w 9 *a9s & to sleep 9 subt]ranean prisons4 ,! feel+ ent]ta9$ t[>d ?is un=tunate class 9 ! lat] republican p]iod is illu/rat$ by ,v>ro's classification ( slaves z 8vocal agricultural implem5ts10 & by ,cato ! ,eld]'s recomm5dation t old & worn-out slaves be sold1 z a matt] ( economy4 ,sick & hopelessly infirm slaves 7 tak5 to an isl& 9 ! ,tib]1 & !re left to die ( />vation & exposure'4#c ,slaves 7 practically )\t any rights :atev] to ! _w 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,a ,roman c\ld take ! life ( 8 ,gallic slave ) z complete impunity z an ,am]ican c slay 8 bov9e s]vant to-day4 ,romans1 9 %ort1 look$ ^u & treat$ non-,romans ab\t z human be+s to-day look ^u & treat non-humans--z m]e prey4 #a4 ,sp5c]3 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 vol4 i42 ,new ,york1 #ahic4 #b4 ,my]s3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 "p i42 ,bo/on1 #ahii4 #c4 ,my]s3 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 "p ii42 ,bo/on1 #ahii4 #d4 ,pre/on & ,dodge3 ,! ,private ,life ( ! ,romans2 ,bo/on1 #ahif4 ,v4 ,mod]n ,e?ics4 ,b ! peoples ( ! anci5t _w are n ! only human be+s :o h suff]$ f ! psy*ological beque/s ( savages4 ,mod]n /ates & peoples1 not)/&+ _! f>-flung pr(essions ( righte\sness1 manife/1 ?\gh 9 a some:at weak5$ =m1 ! same e?nic prejudices & ! same s5seless antipa?ies z ^? display$ by ! anci5ts4 ,remnants ( ! primitive tribal morality are f\nd 9 ! moral habits & conceptions ( e p1 h[ev] emancipat$ !y may imag9e !mselves to be4 ,_m a p]son :o w\ld n ?9k ( sw9dl+ "o ( 8 neighb\rs w n hesitate to sw9dle a =eign]1 especially if ! =eign] happ5s to be ( a nationality mu* remov$ 9 language1 col\r1 mann]s1 or int]e/s f 8 own4 ,morality is g5etic4 ,x is n a consi/5t some?+--some?+ reason$ out & fram$ accord+ to ! facts4 ,x has gr[n up4 ,x is ess5tially tribal--:e!r x is conf9$ to a family1 z is done by "s1 to a corporation or trade1 to a nation1 to an artificial frat]nity1 or to a species4 ,we are1 9 fact1 all ( u1 ev5 ! broade/ & mo/ illum9at$1 simply savages m or less leaf$ out4 ,we all suff]1 z m5 h always suff]$1 f ! ov]-vividness ( ! pres5tative p[]s ( ! m9d 7s5sation & p]ception7 comp>$ ) ! repres5tative p[]s 7memory & imag9ation74 ,we all exagg]ate out ( _! prop] p]spective 9 ! ph5om5a ( a univ]se ! ?+s t are ar\nd u & ab\t u--! ev5ts we witness or take "p 91 ! ?+s t are ours1 & ! affairs ( ! /reet1 city1 /ate1 neighb\rhood1 _w1 & "t1 9 :i* we live4 ,e human be+ 7! sage less ?an ! savage1 b ! sage to "s ext5t7 is incl9$ to lump toge!r z =eign to him1 & z m or less useless & %ad[y 9 !mselves1 ! ?+s1 be+s1 & ev5ts t are di/ant1 & to consid] !m1 ( less reality ?an ^? ) :i* he is directly conc]n$1 & ( :i* 8 k is imm$iate4 ,! evolution ( consci\sness 9 its social & e?ical aspects consi/s 9 ! evolution ( ! ability to make real & vivid ! ph5om5a t are m & m di/ant 9 bo? space & "t4 ,! ,*9ese call _! c\ntry #8! fl[] ( ! middle1' & believe x to be ! c5tral & *oice/ portion ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,all ^? beyond ! b\nds ( #8,! ,heav5ly ,fl[] ,k+dom' are1 by ^? on ! inside1 v5om\sly lump$ toge!r z #8=eign devils4' ,! p ( ,spa9 look ^u !mselves 9 mu* ! same way z ! ,*9ese look ^u !mselves1 al?\gh !y are 9 reality ! mo/ belat$ ( all peoples to-day pret5d+ to be civilis$4 ,!re are a few travell$ & educat$ ,spani>ds :o realise ! pitiful place held by _! c\ntry 9 ! family ( reputable /ates4 #8,b ! great mass ( ! p are n only p]fectly satisfi$ ) _! condition1 b consid] !mselves ! mo/ =tunate ( all ,god's creatures4 ,!y nev] g outside ( _! c\ntry & nev] read a =eign newspap] or book4 ,l ! ,*9ese1 !y consid] o!r nations b>b>ians1 & po9t to ,madrid z ! c5tre ( civilisation4' ,! ,fr5*1 d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury1 confiscat$ ! prop]ty ( all ali5s :o di$ )9 ! realm2 & ! savage practice ( puni%+ "o ali5 = ! crimes ( ano!r ali5 0 sanction$ by ! laws ( ,engl& d[n to ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 only a day 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w s9ce ,caucasians hunt$ _! dusky bro!rs 9 ,africa l #8wild animals1' & sold & loan$ & la%$ !m z we d horses to-day4 ,m5 n[ liv+ c rememb] :5 x made no diff]5ce h[ exalt$ 9 "* m5 might be3 if a c]ta9 pigm5t ( _! bodies 0 d>k1 !y 7 #8nigg]s4' ,!y _h no #8s\ls' z pale m5 _h1 & no m *ance ( p>adise ?an cattle4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 incr$ible z x may seem1 e c\ntry ( ,europe & ,am]ica held slaves1 & 0 engag$ 9 ! s\lless avocation ( man-hunt+ 9 ,africa4 ,t5s ( ?\s&s ( ,africa's *ildr5 7 annually seiz$ by pr[l+ pirate b&s & export$ to di/ant l&s to we> _! lives out 9 disgrace & drudg]y4 ,x 0 n until ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t civilis$ nations1 foll[+ ! initiative ( ,engl&1 f9ally aboli%$ human slav]y1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,brazil be+ ! la/ to act4 ,! ,*ri/ian sne]s at all :o d n b[ d[n to 8 deities & wor%ip accord+ to 8 ritual1 z #8hea!ns' or #8free?9k]s1' & to ! ,moslem all :o are n foll[]s ( #8! ,true ,prophet' are #8infidel dogs4' ,! hi/ory ( ^! two religions is a *ronicle ( almo/ unp>allel$ crimes ^u disbeliev]s4 ,b x is n necess>y to g to ,arabia or ,ca?ay1 nor ev5 necess>y to read hi/ory1 9 ord] to f9d examples ( bigotry & prov9cialism4 ,x is only necess>y to op5 our eyes4 ,am]icans are n a peculi> p--unless x be 9 ! unbridl$ "* ( _! conceit4 ,all ! b>b>ism is n beh9d u nor ar\nd u4 ,hi/ory looks d>k & disc\rag+ to u1 z we turn its t]rible pages1 b we w\ld see some?+ j z disc\rag+ if we w\ld look into a mirror4 ,! old savage _s /ill circulates 9 our ve9s4 ,! #8=eign]' is n an enemy1 b he is /ill an individual ^: *ief significance is 9 8 #8fleece4' ,if ! #8=eign]' did n ease our economic !ories by b5evol5tly #8pay+ ! tax1' x w\ld be h>d to tell :at w\ld become ( him4 ,^? :o suff] f a diff]5t gov]nm5t1 speak a diff]5t language1 or laud o!r gods are reg>d$ by u z di/9ctly inf]ior to ourselves4 ,millions ( doll>s are annually squ&]$ by self-righte\s societies 9 s5d+ mission>ies to ! o!r side ( ! planet to peoples :o ne$ evangels ( m]cy & humanity f> less ?an we d ourselves4 ,9 ^! times ( ecclesia/ical ent]prise1 h[ev]1 mission>ies are be+ sup]s$$1 z ag5ts ( evangelisation1 by ! m effective inv5tions ( ,messrs4 ,maxim & ,krupp4 #8,am]ican' is reg>d$ by u z ! synonym ( p]fection1 & to be #8patriotic' is to give un?9k+ en?usiasm to e s*eme incubat$ by wolfi% spoilsm54 ,crimes ( conque/ c>ri$ on by o!rs become1 :5 und]tak5 by u1 %9+ ma/]pieces ( #8b5evol5t assimilation4' ,we are n s f> f ! nak$ & unkempt contempor>ies ( ! cave-be> & sabre-too!d lion z we imag9e we are4 ,to c>ry a bayonet1 & especially to r$d5 x ) an ali5's blood1 is "h 9 ?is deg5]ate l& ( ,jeff]son1 m glori\s ?an to create a book4 ,capta9s p>ticul>ly compet5t z but*]s1 ?\gh _! *>act]s be z co>se z a savage *ief's1 are hail$ z h]oes by ?\s&s besides silly wom51 & held up1 l ! cut?roats ( ! ,kukis1 z ! highe/ exempl>s ( "r-do+4 ,old ,rameses1 hold+ by _! hair a half-doz5 dw>fs1 & o/5tati\sly cutt+ (f _! heads ) a s+le sweep ( 8 sword1 f9ds 8 mod]n c\nt]p>t 9 mis]able ,am]icans pomp\sly gloat+ ov] ! (fh& slaught] ( ! *ildr5 ( di/ant ar*ipelagoes4 ,,vi4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,human ,be+s ,t[>d ,non-human ,be+s4 ,b ! mo/ m\rnful in/ance ( prov9cial e?ics af=d$ by ! inhabitants ( ! e>? is n t furni%$ by ! v>ieties ( ! human species 9 _! conduct t[>d ea* o!r1 b t af=d$ by ! human race z a :ole 9 its treatm5t ( ! non-human races4 ,human nature is n[h]e s hide\s1 & human consci5ce is n[h]e s pr(\ndly inop]ative1 z 9 _! disreg>d = ! life & happ9ess ( ! non-human animal _w4 ,) ! developm5t ( ! repres5tative p[]s ( ! m9d1 ! wid5+ & mutualis+ ( human activities1 & ! consequ5t enl>gem5t ( ! human horizon1 ! feel+ ( amity has spread & int5sifi$1 until to-day1 not)/&+ all t is true ( human sectionalism1 ! e?ical sy/ems ( civilis$ peoples include1 !oretically at lea/1 & m or less s]i\sly1 all human be+s :atsoev]4 ,e?ical consci\sness has ext5d$ f individual to family1 f family to clan1 f clan to tribe1 f tribe to conf$]acy1 f conf$]acy to k+dom1 f k+dom to race1 f race to species1 until1 9 ! case ( _m millions ( m51 e?ical feel+ has rea*$1 ) great] or less vividness & consi/5cy1 ! an?ropoc5tric /age ( evolution4 ,! fact t an individual is a man--t is1 t he belongs to ! human species ( animals--entitles him 9 all civilis$ l&s to ! fundam5tal rights & privileges ( exi/5ce4 ,! rights to life1 lib]ty1 & ! pursuit ( happ9ess are believ$ to-day1 by all exalt$ m9ds1 to be ! inali5able prop]ties ( e human be+ :o comes into ! _w4 ,b1 except by occasional individuals "h & !re ^: emotions are m civilis$ ?an ! re/1 or ^: conceptions are m ample & cle>1 e?ical relations are n ext5d$ by human be+s beyond ! b\nds ( _! own species4 ,non-human millions are outsid]s4 ,!y are look$ ^u & treat$ by human be+s z if !y 7 an entirely diff]5t ord] ( exi/5ces1 ) entirely diff]5t purposes & susceptibilities1 f human be+s4 ,!y are n consid]$ to be liv+ be+s at all1 z human be+s are1 :o are "h 9 ! _w to enjoy life & all t life holds t is de> to a liv+ be+4 ,!y belong to ! same class ( exi/5ces z ! waves ( ! sea & ! we$s ( ! field4 ,!y are look$ ^u z m]e ?+s--m]e mov+1 multiply+ objects1 )\t ! slighte/ equity 9 ! _w 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves4 ,!y may be set ^u1 beat51 maim$1 />v$1 assass9at$1 eat51 insult$1 deceiv$1 imprison$1 robb$1 torm5t$1 sk9n$ alive1 %ot d[n = pa/ime1 cut to pieces out ( curiosity1 or compell$ to und]go any o!r enormity or victimisation anybody c ?9k ( or is dispos$ to visit ^u !m4 ,x is en\gh almo/ to make knaves %udd]1 ! cold-blood$ & bus9ess-l mann] 9 :i* we cut _! ?roats1 da% out _! bra9s1 & discuss _! flav\r at our cannibali/ic fea/s4 ,z ,plut>* says1 #8,lions1 tig]s1 & s]p5ts we call savage & f]oci\s1 yet we ourselves come beh9d !m 9 no species ( b>b>ity4' ,accu/om$ f our cradle up to look ^u viol5ce & assass9ation1 we h become s habituat$ & h>d5$ to ^! ?+s t we p]petrate !m & see !m p]petrat$ ) ! same indiff]5ce z t ) :i* we wat* waves die on ! bea*4 ,human be+s are1 9 fact 7#8p>agons' ?\gh !y pret5d to be71 ! mo/ pr$atory & brutal ( all animals--! great bone-break]s & bone-pick]s ( ! planet4 ,x is sc>cely possible1 a/\nd+ z x is1 to commit crimes ^u any be+s 9 ?is _w1 except m54 ,!re are no be+s 9 ! univ]se1 accord+ to human be+s1 except !mselves4 ,all o!rs are commodities4 ,!y are ( consequ5ce only because !y h ?ighs & c fill up ! unoccupi$ places ( ! human alim5t>y4 ,human be+s are #8p]sons1' & h s\ls & gods & places to g to :5 !y die4 ,b ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!r races ( t]re/rial inhabitants are m]e #8animals1' m]e #8brutes1' & #8bea/s ( ! field1' #8live/ock' & #8v]m94' ,e crime capable ( be+ p]petrat$ by "o be+ ^u ano!r is day aft] day ra9$ ^u !m1 & ) an equanimity t w\ld d hon\r to ! manag]s ( an inf]no4 ,human be+s prea* z ! c>d9al rule ( morality--& !y seem nev] to tire ( its reit]ation--t !y %\ld d unto o!rs z !y w\ld t o!rs w\ld d unto !m2 b !y hypocritically conf9e its application to ! memb]s ( _! own cr[d1 not)/&+ !re are ! same reasons id5tically = ext5d+ x to all creatures4 ,! happ9ess ( ! human species is assum$ to be s mu* m preci\s ?an t ( o!rs t ! mo/ sacr$ int]e/s ( o!rs are unhesitat+ly sacrific$ 9 ord] t human desires may all be fa/idi\sly cat]$ to4 ,ev5 = a too? or a fea!r or a piece ( sk9 to we> on human vanity1 =e/s are depopulat$ & ! l& fill$ ) ! dead & dy+4 ,assass9ation is ! commone/ & mo/ fa%ionable ( human pa/imes4 ,jad$ sy/ems are regul>ly recup]at$ by massacre4 ,m5 arm !mselves--m5 :o ro> ab\t #8rights1' & ev5 m9i/]s ( m]cy--& g out on kill+ exp$itions ) z little compunction z savages put on w>-pa9t4 ,!y come back f _! campaigns ( crime l ! cut-?roats ( old ,rome1 trail+ _! victims z trophies1 & expect+ to be hail$ z h]oes = ! hells !y h e/abli%$4 ,b>b>ians prepond]ate1 & morality is turn$ inside out4 ,cruelty is lionis$1 & broad-m9d$ness is rew>d$ ) a sne]4 ,compassion is a disease1 & to be fa%ionable is to be a fi5d4 ,if non-human peoples _h no n]ves & no *oice ( emotions1 & 7 utt]ly indiff]5t to life1 !y c\ld sc>cely be treat$ m completely z p]sonal non5tities4 ,! d5ial by human animals ( e?ical relations to ! re/ ( ! animal _w is a ph5om5on n diff]+ ei!r 9 "* or cause f ! d5ial ( e?ical relations by a tribe1 p1 or race ( human be+s to ! re/ ( ! human _w4 ,! prov9cialism ( ,jews t[>d non-,jews1 ( ,greeks t[>d non-,greeks1 ( ,romans t[>d non-,romans1 ( ,moslems t[>d non-,moslems1 & ( ,caucasians t[>d non-,caucasians1 is n "o ?+ & ! prov9cialism ( human be+s t[>d non-human be+s ano!r4 ,!y are all manife/ations ( ! same ?+4 ,! fact t ^! v>i\s acts are p]=m$ by diff]5t individuals & ^u diff]5t individuals1 & are p]=m$ at diff]5t times & places1 does n invalidate ! ess5tial sam5ess ( _! natures4 ,crimes are n classifi$ 7except by savages or _! imm$iate d]ivatives7 accord+ to ! simil>ity ( ^? :o d !m or ^? :o suff] f !m1 b by gr\p+ !m accord+ to ! simil>ity ( _! intr9sic qualities4 ,all acts ( prov9cialism consi/ ess5tially 9 ! dis9cl9ation or inability to be univ]sal1 & !y belong 9 reality1 all ( !m1 to ! same species ( conduct4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 b "o great crime 9 ! univ]se1 & mo/ ( ! in/ances ( t]re/rial wrong-do+ are in/ances ( ?is crime4 ,x is ! crime ( exploitation--! consid]+ by "s be+s ( !mselves z ends & ( o!rs z _! means--! refusal to recognise ! equal1 or ! approximately equal1 rights ( all to life & its legitimate rew>ds--! crime ( act+ t[>d o!rs z "o w\ld t o!rs w\ld n act t[>d him4 ,= millions ( ye>s1 almo/ ev] s9ce life began1 ?is crime has be5 committ$1 9 e nook & qu>t] ( ! inhabit$ globe4 ,e be+ is an end4 ,9 o!r words1 e be+ is to be tak5 into acc\nt 9 det]m9+ ! ends ( conduct4 ,?is is ! only consi/5t outcome ( ! e?ical process :i* is 9 c\rse ( evolution on ! e>?4 ,?is _w 0 n made & pres5t$ to any p>ticul> clique = its exclusive use or enjoym5t4 ,! e>? belongs1 if x belongs to anybody1 to ! be+s :o inhabit x--to all ( !m4 ,& :5 "o be+ or set ( be+s sets itself up z ! sole end = :i* ! univ]se exi/s1 & looks ^u & acts t[>d o!rs z m]e means to ?is end1 x is usurpation1 no?+ else & nev] c be any?+ else1 x matt]s n by :om or ^u :om ! usurpation is practis$4 ,a tyrant :o puts 8 own welf>e & aggr&isem5t 9 ! place ( ! welf>e ( a p1 & compels ! :ole p to act z a means to 8 own p]sonal ends1 is n m c]ta9ly a usurp] ?an is a species or v>iety :i* puts its welf>e 9 ! place ( ! welf>e ( all ! inhabitants ( a _w4 ,! refusal to put "o's self 9 ! place ( o!rs & to act t[>d !m z "o w\ld t !y w\ld act t[>d him does n dep5d = its wrongfulness ^u :o makes ! refusal or ^u :e!r ! refusal falls ^u ?is or t individual or set4 ,de$s are "r & wrong 9 !mselves2 & :e!r !y are "r or wrong1 good or evil1 prop] or improp]1 :e!r !y %\ld be done or %\ld n be done1 dep5ds ^u _! effects ^u ! welf>e ( ! inhabitants ( ! univ]se4 ,! basic mi/ake t has ev] be5 made 9 ?is egoi/ic _w 9 ! judg+ & classify+ ( acts has be5 ! mi/ake ( judg+ & classify+ !m ) ref]5ce to _! effects ^u "s p>ticul> fraction ( ! inhabitants ( ! univ]se4 ,9 pure egoism conduct is judg$ z good or bad solely ) ref]5ce to ! results1 imm$iate or remote1 :i* t conduct produces1 or is calculat$ to produce1 on ! self4 ,to ! savage1 t is "r or wrong :i* affects fav\rably or unfav\rably himself or 8 tribe4 ,& ?is sectional _s ( ! savage has1 z has be5 %[n1 *>act]is$ ! moral conceptions ( ! peoples ( all times4 ,! practice human be+s h to-day--! practice ( ^? 7relatively7 broad & emancipat$ m9ds :o are l>ge en\gh to rise above ! petty prejudices & #8patriotisms' ( ! races & corporations ( m51 & are able to view #8! _w z _! c\ntry' 7! _w ( human be+s1 ( c\rse7--! practice su* m9ds h ( e/imat+ conduct solely ) ref]5ce to its effects ^u ! human species ( animals is a practice :i*1 :ile inf9itely broad] & m ne>ly ultimate ?an t ( ! savage1 belongs logically 9 ! same category ) x4 ,! p>tially emancipat$ human be+ :o ext5ds 8 moral s5tim5ts to all ! memb]s ( 8 own species1 b d5ies to all o!r species ! ju/ice & humanity he accords to 8 own1 is mak+ on a l>g] scale ! same e?ical mess ( x z ! savage4 ,! only consi/5t attitude1 s9ce ,d>w9 e/abli%$ ! unity ( life 7& ! attitude we %all assume1 if we ev] become really civilis$71 is ! attitude ( univ]sal g5tl5ess & humanity4 #8,! _w is my c\ntry1' said ,?omas ,pa9e1 & e man1 woman1 & *ild capable ( appreciat+ ! exalt$ s5tim5t applaud$4 ,b #8! _w' ( ! great free?9k] 0 inhabit$ by m5 only4 ,! foll[+ l9es 7 writt5 by ,rob]t ,:itak]1 & fir/ pr9t$ 9 a ,san ,francisco newspap]3 #8,my ,c\ntry is ! _w6 ,i c\nt ,no son ( man my foe1 ,:e!r ! w>m life curr5ts m\nt ,& mantle br[s l sn[1 ,or :e!r yell[1 br[n1 or black1 ,! face t into m9e looks back4 #8,my ,native ,l& is ,"m ,e>?1 ,& all m5 are my k91 ,:e!r ( rude or g5tle bir?1 ,h[ev] /eep$ 9 s92 ,or ri* or poor1 or great or small1 ,i c\nt !m bro!rs "o & all4 #8,my ,flag is ! />-spangl$ sky1 ,wov5 )\t a seam1 ,:]e dawn & sunset col\rs lie1 ,fair z an angel's dream1 ,! ,flag t /ill un/a9$1 untorn1 ,floats ov] all ( mortal born #8,my ,p>ty is all humank9d1 ,my ,plat=m1 bro!rhood2 ,i c\nt all m5 ( hone/ m9d ,:o "w = human good1 ,& = ! hope t gleams af>4 ,my comrades 9 ! holy w>4 #8,my ,c\ntry is ! _w6 ,i scorn ,no less] love ?an m9e1 ,b calmly wait t happy morn ,:5 all %all own ?is sign1 ,& love ( c\ntry1 z ( clan1 ,%all yield to love ( ,man4' ,rob]t ,:itak]1 y are a gr& improvem5t on ! #8j+o4' ,b y are /ill too small4 ,!re are conceptions z mu* m prophetic & exalt$ ?an y\rs z y\r conception is sup]ior to t ( ! ,figian4 ,broad z he is :o c look ^u all m5 z 8 bre?r5 & c\ntrym5--broad z he is comp>$ ) ^? gr\ndl+s call$ #8patriots1' :o c see no?+ cle>ly beyond ! b\nds ( ! political unit to :i* !y belong--he is n broad en\gh4 ,he is /ill a sectionali/1 a p>tiali/4 ,he repres5ts b a /age 9 ! process ( e?ical expansion4 ,he is1 9 fact1 small comp>$ ) ! univ]sali/1 j z ! savage is small comp>$ ) ! philan?ropi/4 #8,mank9d1' #8humanity1' #8all m51' #8! :ole human family'--^! are big conceptions1 too big = ! poor little nubb9s ( bra9s ) :i* mo/ millions make ! ef=t to ?9k4 ,b !y are pitifully small comp>$ ) t gr& conception ( k9%ip :i* takes 9 all ! races t live & move ^u ! e>?4 ,small] yet are ^! conceptions comp>$ ) t sublime & supreme syn!sis :i* embraces n only ! pres5t g5]ation ( t]re/rial inhabitants1 b :i* ext5ds longitud9ally z well z lat]ally1 ext5ds 9 "t z well z 9 space1 & embraces ! g5]ations :i* %all gr[ out ( ! exi/+ g5]ation & :i* are yet unborn--t conception :i* recognises e>?-life z a s+le process1 _w-wide & immortal1 e "p relat$ & ak9 to e o!r p>ty & ea* g5]ation l9k$ to an un5d+ po/]ity4 ,e individual1 !re=e1 emancipat$ en\gh to judge ( acts ( conduct accord+ to _! intr9sic natures & consequ5ces r ?an accord+ to "s local or traditional bias1 _c help kn[+ t ! exploitation ( birds & quadrup$s = human :im or conv5i5ce is an (f5ce aga9/ ! laws ( morality1 n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! (f5ces d5\nc$ 9 human laws z robb]y & murd]4 ,! creophagi/ & ! hunt] exemplify ! same somnambulism1 are ! au?ors ( ! same k9d ( conduct1 & belong lit]ally 9 ! same category ( (f5d]s1 z ! cannibal & ! slave-driv]4 ,to take ! life ( an ox = 8 muscles1 or to kill a %eep = 8 sk9 is murd]1 & ^? :o d ^! ?+s or cause !m to be done are murd]]s j z actually z highwaym5 are :o bl[ (f ! heads ( hapless wayf>]s = _! gu9eas4 ,if ^! ?+s seem untrue x is n because !y are untrue1 b because ^? to :om !y seem s are unable to judge conduct f ! quadrup$al po9t ( view4 ,if !re 7 9 ?is _w be+s z mu* m clev] ?an ,caucasians z ,caucasians are m clev] ?an c[s & %eep1 & ^! be+s %\ld reg>d !mselves z ! d>l+s ( ! gods & %\ld atta* a fictiti\s dignity & importance to _! own lives1 b %\ld look ^u ,caucasians z simply s mu* #8beef' & #8mutton1' ^! blea*$ t]rori/s ( ! _w w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( a few g5]ations ( exp]i5ce probably become suffici5tly illum9$ to realise t curr5t human conceptions ( c[s & %eep are n only prepo/]\s1 b fi5di%4 ,,vii4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,prov9cialism4 ,human prov9cialism1 all ( x1 is ! consequ5ce ( a common cause--! prov9cialism ( ! savage4 ,back ( ! prov9cialism ( ! savage is1 ( c\rse1 ! antec$5t fact ( primordial egoism4 ,! savage is ! common ance/or ( all m51 & z su* has imp>t$ to all m5 _! g5]al *>act]s ( m9d & he>t4 ,ev]y?+ t gr[s1 :e!r x be a tree1 a human be+1 a grass blade1 or a race1 gr[s f some?+4 ,?is some?+1 ?is g]m or embryo f :i* ea* ?+ spr+s1 imp>ts to ! ?+ its fundam5tal *>act]s4 ,h[ev] f> any?+ may evolve1 & h[ev] mu* x may come to diff] sup]ficially f its orig9al1 x w always rema9 at he>t m or less fai?ful to ! facts ( its g5esis4 ,?is h]$it>y t5d5cy ( ev]y?+1 ?is t5d5cy t[>d inv>iability1 is ! cons]vative1 or in]tial t5d5cy ( ! univ]se4 ,all races1 col\rs1 & conditions ( m5--civilis$1 slightly civilis$1 & b>b>\s--ext5d back to1 & take root 91 savages1 j z all savages h probably sprung 9 "s /ill m remote p]iod ( ! pa/ f a s+le /irp ( an?ropoids4 ,! savage is1 !re=e1 ! au?or ( human nature & philosophy4 ,j z ! fi%1 :i* is ! common ance/or ( all amphibians1 reptiles1 birds1 & mammals1 has pr$et]m9$ ! g5]al /ructural /yle ( all subsequ5tly evolv$ v]tebrates1 s ! savage1 z ! orig9al ance/or ( mank9d1 has pr$et]m9$ ! g5]al m5tal & dispositional make-up ( all high] m54 ,t civilis$ & semi-civilis$ m5 are naturally n>r[ & rev5geful1 selfi% & sup]/iti\s1 & f9d x next to impossible to feel & act t[>d o!rs z !y w\ld l to h o!rs feel & act t[>d !m1 is1 !re=e1 n m my/]i\s ?an t v]tebrates h r$ blood1 two eyes1 two pairs ( limbs1 & a backbone ) a bulg+ bra9-box at ! hi!r end ( x4 ,j z ! habits1 beliefs1 & conceptions ( ! *ild p]si/1 (t5 b slightly modifi$1 9 ! full-gr[n man or woman1 s ! habits1 beliefs1 & conceptions1 =m$ by ! race 9 its *ildhood1 cont9ue1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! same laws ( in]tia1 on into ! m mature /ages ( racial developm5t4 ,human nature *anges ) great reluctance1 & only 9 its sup]ficial aspects at t4 ,!re are cave-m51 m5 ) ! primitive ideas & practices ( ! ,/one ,age1 & m5 9 ! pa/oral & hunt+ /ages ( mank9d1 9 all ! highe/ societies ( m54 ,!re is sc>cely a habit1 vice1 occupation1 amusem5t1 crime1 or trait ( "*1 f\nd among m5 ( ! pa/ b may be se5 /ill among our contempor>ies4 ,altruism 7o!r-love7 is j z natural z egoism 7self-love7 is4 ,!re is n s mu* ( x 9 ! _w z !re is ( egoism4 ,b t is simply ! mis=tune ( our place ( exi/5ce4 ,!re is no reason :y !re might n h be5 z mu*1 or ev5 m1 "u diff]5t conditions4 ,) ! same antec$5ts1 no?+ c1 ( c\rse1 happ5 diff]5tly f :at does happ54 ,b ) diff]5t antec$5ts1 diff]5t causes1 ! results are b\nd to be diff]5t4 ,civilis$ m5 are n be+s ( altruism1 because !y are n ! effects ( t k9d ( causes4 ,b !re is no reason :y !re might n be a _w--sev]al ( !m1 9 fact1 or ev5 a univ]seful--:]e ! inhabitants h nev] kn[n or he>d ( su* an indelicate ?+ z ( be+s pref]r+ !mselves to o!rs--:]e x is z natural = !m to act t[>d ea* o!r accord+ to :at we call ! ,gold5 ,rule z x is = u t]re/rial hea!ns to violate x4 ,x is possible to conceive ( be+s ) ev5 too mu* altruism4 ,! ideal condition is "o ( balanc$ egoism & altruism--"o 9 :i* ea* ?9ks z mu* ( o!rs z he does ( himself1 no m & no less4 ,& if be+s 7 end[$ ) natures r5d]+ !m n only will+ b det]m9$ to act prim>ily 9 ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 & ?is condition ( ?+s 7 univ]sal1 !re w\ld be ab\t z mu* discord & /rife z if ev]yone act$ 9 ! int]e/ ( himself4 ,! ,gold5 ,rule among a lot ( hypo!tical o!ri/s l ?is w\ld be ! opposite ( ours1 =1 in/ead ( emphasis+ ! importance ( o!rs z we d1 !y w\ld ne$ to enc\rage reg>d = self4 ,w\ldn't x seem orig9al to live 9 a _w :]e m5 7 s5t to gaol = ov]-b5evol5ce1 & :]e s]mons _h to be prea*$ on su* texts z1 #8,love ?yself z ?y neighb\r'2 #8,x is m bless$ to receive ?an to give'2 #8,avoid do+ to y\rself t :i* y d n l :5 done to o!rs'2 #8,! ,"l loves a *e]ful tak]'2 & ! l8 ,! p]si/5ce ) :i* savage ideas & in/9cts cont9ue to influ5ce m5 long aft] ^? ideas & in/9cts h really become ana*roni/ic & ve/igial is well illu/rat$ by civilis$ m5 & wom5 ev]y:]e4 ,! sun cont9ues to #8rise' & #8set' 9 all civilis$ l&s j z x us$ to d to ! savage1 al?\gh m5 h long s9ce le>n$ t x does n d ei!r4 ,hell1 z orig9ally conceiv$1 0 an actual subt]ranean region1 & heav5 0 an abode locat$ a few h\rs' j\rney above ! suppos$ly flat e>?4 ,to-day we cont9ue to say #8up to heav51' & #8d[n to hell' 7nev] #8d[n to heav5' & #8up to hell'71 & always ?9k ( ^! places z be+ ?us relatively locat$1 al?\gh x is extremely d\btful :e!r any really sane m9d cont9ues to believe t hell is on ! inside ( ! e>? 7or any place else1 = t matt]71 & al?\gh up means simply away f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & away f ! c5tre ( a ball means lit]ally e possible direction4 ,! !ological !ories ( ! orig91 nature1 & de/9y ( man & ( ! univ]se 9 g5]al1 all ( :i* orig9at$ 9 savage or semi-savage m9ds1 & all ( :i* be> ! unmi/akable traces ( _! orig91 cont9ue to cl+ to ! m9ds ( ! masses ( civilis$ m51 not)/&+ ! inh]5t absurdity ( ^! !ories1 & not)/&+ ! fact t _! uns\ndness is v\*$ = by ! mo/ positive & unanim\s assurances f ! sci5tific _w4 ,:y %\ld civilis$ m5 & wom51 any ( !m1 be indiff]5t to ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 or f9d delight 9 su* loa?some avocations z ! fi%+ & hunt+ ( _! fell[-creatures8 ,because _! ance/ors 7 savages1 & !y are n yet suffici5tly evolv$ to be indep5d5t ( ! in/9cts ( _! savage sires4 ,!re is no o!r explanation4 ,no human be+ c\ld enjoy see+ a pack ( h\nds hunt d[n & r5d to pieces a poor h>mless h>e--unless he 7 a savage4 ,no human be+ c\ld g out to ! abodes ( ! squirrel & quail1 & %oot murd]\s balls into _! beautiful bodies = food or fun--unless he 7 a savage4 ,no human be+ w\ld l\nge all day ab\t ! m>g9s ( a brook1 bl9d to ! beauties ( ! /ream & ! glories ( =e/ & sky1 9 ord] to ?ru/ brutal hooks into ! lips ( ^? :om he deceives1 & drag !m f _! wat]s to suffocate 9 ! sun--unless he 7 a savage4 ,no human be+ w\ld h palaces & p>ks & ya*ts & equipages1 t[n%ips ( l&s1 packs ( h\nds1 & /uds ( horses1 troops ( lackeys & no?+ to d1 :5 all ar\nd him are ! m5 & wom5 :o made ?is weal?1 half clad & half />v$1 suffocat+ 9 %anties & work+ l wret*es f morn+ till night--unless he 7 a savage4 ,all ( ^! de$s are savage de$s1 de$s ( exce$+ ?\ghtlessness & brutality1 &1 in/ead ( be+ enjoyable1 are to e emancipat$ m9d positively pa9ful4 ,hunt+1 fi%+1 & fight+ are ! *ief occupations ( savage life4 ,back ( ! activities display$ 9 ^! occupations are p[]ful in/9cts prompt+ & su/a9+ !m4 ,civilis$ peoples are devot$ prim>ily to ! arts ( indu/ry & peace4 ,b !re are en\gh savages 9 e civilis$ society1 & en\gh ( ! savage _s 9 ^? :o pret5d to approximate ! civilis$ /ate1 to give to civilis$ life a decid$ly b>b>ic aspect4 ,w> is a m or less regul> ex]cise1 & kill+ & compet+ & tortur+ ent] l>gely into ! pa/imes ( all peoples4 ,next to eat+1 fight+1 9 "o =m or ano!r1 is ! fav\rite pursuit ( m5 ne>ly ev]y:]e on holy days & days ( leisure4 ,:5ev] human be+s h any en]gy or "t left ov] f :at !y are requir$ to sp5d 9 ma9ta9+ _! exi/5ce1 !y use x 9 fight+ somebody or 9 wat*+ somebody else fight4 ,& g5]ally ! m brutal & sangu9>y ! conflict1 ! m popul> & satisfy+ x is4 ,witness ! bull-fights & cock-fights ( ,spa9 & ,mexico1 ! fi/icuffs ( ,anglo-,saxons1 & ! baseball & slugball battles ( ! ,am]icans1 :]e eag] ?\s&s ga!r & ro> = h\rs l hy/]ical idiots simply to see "o animal or set ( animals puni% or discr$it ano!r4 ,if !re are no pigeons to %oot1 or if ! community is rul$ by m5 & wom5 :o are too emancipat$ to all[ su* ?+s1 we make glass birds & h]oically bang away at !m1 supply+ by our imag9ations ! blood & agony ( real c>nage4 ,& if we c't d any?+ else1 we take "s poor pig1 t nev] did anyone any h>m 9 ! _w1 & grease x & turn x loose1 & !n take aft] x ) knives1 z ,*icago but*]s d on vacation days1 & see :o c cut its ?roat ! quicke/4 ,?is amusem5t1 9 pure b>b>ity1 c]ta9ly /&s pretty ne> ! top 9 ! li/ ( human pa/imes s f> inv5t$4 ,maybe x is outclass$ by t o!r conte/ sometimes adv]tis$ z a feature ( but*]s' b>becues1 9 :i* a b& ( pr(essional cut?roats compete to see :o c kill1 sk91 & evisc]ate ! l>ge/ numb] ( _! fell[-be+s 9 a giv5 "t4 ,games & o!r p]=mances 9 :i* int]e/ is ar\s$ by cont5d+ or kill+ are all ( !m ent]ta9m5ts gott5 up prim>ily = ! amusem5t ( ! "u-ex]cis$ savage )9 u4 ,! bloody c>nivals ( ! anci5t ,romans1 :i* seem s incompreh5sible to ! p ( to-day1 f9d _! diabolical p>allels "r "h 9 our high-sniff+ civilisation4 ,! bull-p51 :]e poor quadrup$s are bait$ by gorge\s assass9s = ! amusem5t ( ,ca/ilian communities1 & ! cockpit & ! prize-r+1 :]e irate f[ls & nak$ ?ugs peck & p\nd ea* o!r to ins5sibility = ! ent]ta9m5t ( blood-lov+ mobs1 are ! legitimate successors ( ! gladiatorial ar5a ( ! ,romans4 ,! gladiatorial horror is n *ang$1 ei!r 9 its nature or functions1 by *ang+ ! combatants to cocks & bulls4 ,! r+side ro>s t rise to-day beside ! ,tagus & ! ,hudson ov] ! fatal ?ru/ ( ! matador or ! knock\t lunge ( ! pugili/ are h[ls ( b>b>ic elation aris+ f ! satisfaction ( ! same in/9cts z ^? :i* sev5te5 c5turies ago made amphi!atres ?und] at ! spectacle ( gutt$ ,gauls4 ,! ability to enjoy /rife & suff]+ 9 "o =m is n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! ability to be ent]ta9$ by /rife & suff]+ 9 any o!r =m4 ,be+s :o c foll[ 9 riot\s glee ! t]rifi$ =m ( a flee+ /ag1 or %\t ec/atically at sight ( ! dea?-/agg] ( a mangl$ ox1 are psy*ologically equipp$ to g into raptures ov] ! blood-curdl+ combu/ions ( a lit]al hell4 ,few pa/imes indulg$ 9 by civilis$ peoples are m horrible to an emancipat$ m9d ?an t ( bull-fight+4 ,x is ! national amusem5t ( ,spa91 & is c>ri$ on among all peoples :o h acquir$ _! natures & in/itutions f ! ,spani%4 #8,e ,sunday aft]noon1 :5ev] ! wea!r p]mits1 #ad1jjj or #ae1jjj m5 & wom51 repres5t+ e class ( society1 mo!rs & gr&mo!rs1 prie/s & monks1 assemble at ! ,plaza de ,toros 9 ,madrid to witness ! mo/ brutal spectacle ! human ta/e approves4 ,six bulls are tortur$ & worri$ until !y are exhau/$4 ,!n !y are kill$ by ! ?ru/s ( ! sword ( a matador1 :o is ! mo/ popul> p]son 9 ! community & makes m money ?an any o!r man4 ,(t5 z _m z twelve horses are ripp$ op5 by ! horns ( ! infuriat$ bulls1 & are all[$ to die 9 ! pres5ce ( ! audi5ce1 ) blood gu%+ f _! w\nds & _! entrails dragg+ ^u ! gr\nd4 ,?is sort ( ?+ is c>ri$ on n only 9 ,madrid1 b is a regul> weekly fe/ival 9 all ! cities ( ,spa94 ,! horses are bl9dfold$1 s !y _c ev5 see :at attacks !m4 ,! m5 :o torture ! bulls h wood5 scre5s beh9d :i* !y c dodge :5 pursu$1 & if "o ( ! bait$ creatures cr[ds too closely ^u any ( its torm5tors1 ! o!r matadors ?r[ a blanket ov] its head4 ,x is n sport1 = ! poor bulls h no *ance :atev] to escape or to fight back4 ,x is simply sl[ but*]y1 an exhibition ( unmitigat$ c[>dice & cruelty4 ,& yet1 al?\gh ! ,spani% p are ! mo/ religi\s p ( ,europe1 #ie p] c5t1 ( ! population approve ?is atroci\s b>b>ism--n only approve x1 b dem& t ! ,k+ %all appe> 9 ! royal box at e bull-fight1 or h 8 ?rone upset4' ,! notori\s #8,juke' family ( crim9als1 :o sprang f a s+le ruffian :o liv$ 9 #agbj1 has co/ ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york millions ( doll>s 9 money & incalculable mis]y & crime4 ,b ! initial savage prog5itors ( ! human species h /ock$ ! e>? ) ! mo/ /up5d\s array ( wrong-do]s--knaves1 felons1 k+s1 w>riors1 b>b>ians1 but*]s1 brutalit>ians1 kleptomaniacs1 & ?ugs--t has ev] 7let u hope7 br\ght damnation to a _w4 ,,viii4 ,univ]sal ,e?ics4 ,!re are ! same reasons = ! recognition by human be+s ( e?ical relations to non-human be+s z !re are = ! recognition by human be+s ( e?ical relations among !mselves ,analyse ! reasons = be+ consid]ate t[>d m51 any v>iety ( m51 & y w f9d ! same reasons to exi/ = be+ consid]ate t[>d all m54 ,& analyse ! reasons = be+ altrui/ic t[>d m5--= be+ k9d & sympa!tic t[>d !m--& y w f9d ! same reasons to exi/ = be+ altrui/ic t[>d ^? :o are n m54 ,! doctr9e t we human be+s may p]=m ^u ! o!r inhabitants ( ! e>? all sorts ( injuri\s acts1 & t ^! acts :5 s p]=m$ by u are p]fectly "r & prop]1 b t ^! same ?+s :5 done by o!rs to u are crimes1 is ! logic ( pure brutalit>ianism4 ,x is a doctr9e utt]ly )\t intellig5ce1 at v>iance ) e s5tim5t ( ju/ice & humanity1 & has no legitimate exi/5ce outside ! fibr\s bra9s ( ruffians4 ,"r & wrong are qualities belong+ to two div]se k9ds ( conduct4 ,!y are ! qualities :i* r5d] conduct respectively prop] & improp]4 ,all t]re/rial races 7unless ! v l[e/7 h ! p[] ( exp]i5c+ two k9ds ( consci\s /ates--! desirable 7pleasurable7 & ! undesirable 7pa9ful74 ,n[1 if be+s 7 indiff]5t z to :at sort ( consci\s /ates ent]$ into & made up _! exp]i5ces1 !re w\ld manife/ly be no su* ?+ z propriety & impropriety 9 ! caus+ ( ^! /ates4 ,b !y are n indiff]5t4 ,! pleasurable exp]i5ces are ! exp]i5ces all be+s are seek+1 & ! pa9ful ones are ! ones !y are all seek+ to avoid4 ,^? acts :i* help or t5d to help be+s to ^? exp]i5ces = :i* !y are /riv+ are1 !re=e1 "r & prop]1 & are1 !y & _! au?ors1 call$ good4 ,:ile ^? acts :i* compel be+s to und]go t :i* !y are /riv+ to avoid are improp] & wrong1 & are1 !y & _! au?ors1 call$ bad4 ,k9dness1 c\rtesy1 ju/ice1 m]cy1 g5]osity1 sympa?y1 love1 & ! l1 are good1 & selfi%ness1 cruelty1 deceit1 pillage1 inju/ice1 & murd]1 are bad1 because !y are respectively ! promot]s & de/roy]s ( wellbe+ & happ9ess 9 ! _w4 ,b ^! two k9ds ( conduct produce ! same respective effects ^u non-human be+s z !y d ^u human be+s4 ,! emotion ( a mangl$ s5sory--is x n ! same t]rible ?+ :e!r ! s5sory hang to ! bra9 ( a quadrup$ or a man8 ,d %elt] & food n affect %iv]+ & empty cattle1 horses1 & f[ls1 precisely z !y d human be+s8 ,?und] h>% words at y\r dog4 ,w he n %r9k & suff]1 j z y\r *ild or hir$ h& w "u l acts ( t]rorisation8 ,speak k9dly to him1 love him1 & accord to him a qu>t] ( ! consid]ation y claim = y\rself4 ,is he n caus$ to be "o ( ! happie/ & mo/ devot$ ( associates8 ,to take squirrels or song-birds1 ! mo/ active ( animals1 & %ut !m up 9 n>r[ cages1 & keep !m !re %ut (f f _! companions & _! own gre5 _w _! :ole lives long2 to take an animal z s5sitive & high-m9d$ z ! horse & put a pack on 8 back & a bit 9 8 m\?1 & !n /rike him doz5s ( times a day ) a la% ^: t\* is l fire2 to %oot (f ! legs & w+s ( birds & fill _! vitals ) lead1 & leave !m to fl\nd] out a l+]+ dea? 9 ! re$s & grasses--d ^! ?+s n cause mis]y & desolation 9 ! _w8 ,to place temptations 9 ! way ( fur-be>+ animals & induce !m to ent] c>efully conceal$ traps1 & !n all[ !m to rema9 9 ! villa9\s clut*es ( ^! devices1 n m9utes1 b h\rs1 p]haps days1 until x suits ! conv5i5ce ( ! ensn>] to knock out _! bra9s1 or until1 craz$ by pa91 ! poor wret*es eat (f _! own limbs & escape--is n ?is a mon/r\s ?+ to d8 ,oh t m5 ev]y:]e 7 mov$ by ! deep t5d]ness & ! all-embrac+ sympa?y ( poor ,rob]t ,burns1 :o c\ld apologise ) real feel+ to a fright5$ field-m\se :om he _h accid5tally upturn$ ) 8 pl\gh4 #8,wee1 sleekit1 c['r9'1 tim'r\s bea/ie1 ,o1 :at a panic's 9 ?y brea/ie6 ,?\ ne$na />t awa' sae ha/y1 ,wi' bick'r+ brattle6 ,i _h be lai? to r9 & *ase !e1 ,wi' murd'r\s pattle6 #8,i'm truly sorry man's dom9ion ,has brok5 nature's social union1 ,& ju/ifies t ill op9ion ,:i* makes !e />tle ,at me1 ?y poor1 e>?-born companion1 ,& fell[-mortal4' ,long ago x 0 said1 & tru?fully1 t ! m]ciful man is m]ciful to 8 ox4 ,! truly k9d man1 ! truly hone/ & ! truly humane man1 is n k9d & hone/ & humane to m5 only1 b to all be+s--to ! humble & l[ly z well z to ! pr\d & p[]ful--to all t h ! mis=tune to feel & m\rn4 ,b5evol5ce is ! same beautiful ?+ :e!r x p\r sun%9e into ! d>k & sadd5$ s\ls ( m5 or into ! d>k & sadd5$ s\ls ( o!r be+s4 ,john ,h[>d nev] he>k5$ to a nobl] duty :5 he lift$ ! d>kness t hung ov] ,engli% gaols ?an w "s inflam$ s\l "s day :o he>s ! cry ( ! lonely captives :o to-day langui% 9 m5ag]ial dungeons to satisfy human curiosity4 ,he :o w emancipate horses f ! hell 9 :i* !y pass _! lives--make !m ! associates ( m5 in/ead ( _! slaves--w des]ve to /& 9 ! con/ellation ( ! _w's r$eem]s beside ,g>rison & ,g>ibaldi4 ,is !re he :o holds 9 8 he>t-cups ! love & compassion ( ,buddha8 ,let him g :]e ! dagg] drips & ! he>tless pole-axe cra%es1 & ! meek-ey$ millions ( ! mead[s p\r out _! innoc5t exi/5ces 9 ! s\lless h\ses ( slaught]4 ,let him lift f (f ! races ! h\nd+ incubus ( fe>1 give back to !m _! bir?right--! "r to a free1 unhunt$ life--& make ! great mon/] 7man7 to be _! high-prie/ & fri5d4 #8,among ! noble/ 9 ! l&1 ,?\gh he may c\nt himself ! lea/1 ,t man ,i hon\r & rev]e ,:o1 )\t fav\r1 )\t fe>1 ,9 ! great city d>es to /& ,! fri5d ( e fri5dless bea/1 ,& tames ) 8 unfl9*+ h& ,! brutes t we> our =m & face1 ,! 7-wolves ( ! human race4' ,if to d good is to g5]ate welf>e1 !n to cause welf>e to a horse1 a bird1 a butt]fly1 or a fi%1 is to d good j z truly z to cause welf>e to m54 ,& if to d evil is to cause unhapp9ess & illf>e1 !n to cause ^! ?+s to "o individual or race is evil j z c]ta9ly z to cause !m to any o!r individual or race4 ,& if to put "o's self 9 ! place ( o!rs1 & to act t[>d !m z "o w\ld wi% !m to act t[>d him1 is ! "o great rule--! ,gold5 ,rule--by :i* m5 are to gauge _! conduct :5 act+ t[>d ea* o!r1 !n ?is is also ! "o great rule--! ,gold5 ,rule--by :i* m5 are to regulate _! conduct t[>d all be+s4 ,!re is no escape f ^! conclusions1 except = ! savage & ! fool4#a #a4 ,! delib]ate caus+ ( mis]y & dea? to crim9als1 :e!r !y be human or non-human be+s1 individuals or species1 is n1 z is sometimes suppos$1 a violation or rev]sal ( ! g5]al !ory ( e?ics4 ,:5 !y are prompt$ by a _s ( t5d]ness & univ]sal goodness r ?an by a _s ( rev5ge1 p5alties are ju/ifiable by ! ev]yday assumption t x is sometimes wise to inflict or und]go a c]ta9 am\nt ( illf>e 9 ord] to avoid or =e/all a l>g] am\nt4 ,! problems ( univ]sal p5ology are n diff]5t f ^? ( human p5ology1 practically ! same cases & p]plexities be+ pres5t$ by all del9qu5ts4 ,see #8,bett]-,_w ,philosophy1' by ! au?or1 pp4 #bah-bbg1 = a discussion ( ! function ( puni%m5t4 ,,ix4 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,altruism4 ,! gr[? ( altruism 9 ! _w has be5 l>gely cotemporane\s ) ! gr[? ( ! p[] ( sympa?y4 ,sympa?y is ! emotion a be+ has :5 by means ( 8 imag9ation he gets s actually into ! place ( ano!r t 8 own feel+s duplicate m or less ! feel+s ( t o!r4 ,x is ! ability or ! impulse to weep ) ^? :o weep1 & rejoice ) ^? :o are glad4 ,sympa?y is ! sub/ance & ! only sure basis ( morality--! only tie ( s9c]e & la/+ mutualism4 ,m5 h always be5 to a consid]able ext5t1 & are yet1 dispos$ to ?9k ab\t & act t[>d ea* o!r f motives ( mutual fe> or advantage4 ,b su* motives are n ! highe/ nor ! mo/ reliable bonds ( fell[%ip & unity4 ,true altruism & solid>ity--true expansion & univ]salisation ( ! self--are f\nd 9 sympa?y4 ,x is impossible = "o individual to d 9 8 he>t to ano!r z he w\ld t ano!r %\ld d to him1 unless he is at all times able & will+ to get into ! place ( t o!r1 & to realise 9 8 own consci\sness ! results to ! o!r ( 8 acts4 ,x is only :5 !re is su* an int]tw9+ ( ! consci\snesses t ! joys & sorr[s ( ea* individual consi/ to a great] or less ext5t ( ! reflexes ( ! joys & sorr[s ar\nd him t !re exi/s true social on5ess4 ,! great task ( re=m+ ! univ]se is1 !re=e1 s9ce ! _w is s /eep$ 9 selfi%ness & hate1 ! task ( end[+ be+s1 or ! task ( /ock+ ! univ]se ) be+s1 ) dispositions to get out ( !mselves4 ,if ! f>-away fir/ p>5ts ( m5 & wom5 _h be5 broad-m9d$ be+s in/ead ( n>r[--_h be5 be+s ^: mo/ natural impulse 0 to be k9d to o!rs1 & ^: sympa?ies 7 z f>-rea*+ z feel+--t]re/rial life w\ld n to-day pres5t to ! all-see+ und]/&+ ! di%e>t5+ spectacle x does pres5t1 & ! long /ruggle = ju/ice & amelioration w\ld n h be54 ,! prim>y fact prompt+ & und]ly+ ! exploitation ( "o be+ or set ( be+s by ano!r is1 & has always be54 ,selfi%ness4 ,:5ev] & :]ev] "o p h exploit$ ano!r--:e!r ! exploit]s h be5 savages1 ,jews1 ,romans1 ,caucasians1 or m5--!y h done s prim>ily because ! act ( exploitation 0 a conv5i5ce & pleasure to !m & 9 h>mony ) _! natures4 ,?is selfi%ness1 9 ! case ( civilis$ peoples1 has be5 acquir$ by !m ?r\gh inh]itance f ! savage tribes f :om !y h sev]ally evolv$2 & ! selfi%ness ( ! savage is a legacy f ! animal =ms f :om ! savage has come4 ,human selfi%ness is simply an eddy ( an impulse t is univ]sal--an impulse t has be5 implant$ 9 ! nature ( ! life-process ( ! e>? by ! mann] 9 :i* life has be5 evolv$4 ,b !re is ano!r fact :i* has g5]ally1 if n always1 contribut$ to e act ( exploitation 9 ?is _w1 & t is ,ignorance--ignorance on ! "p ( ^? :o h execut$ ! exploitation3 n ignorance ( gramm> or geography or any o!r p>ticul> bran* ( human in=mation or philosophy1 b ignorance reg>d+ ^? ^u :om !y h work$ _! w--unconsci\sness on ! "p ( ! exploit]s ( ! simil>ity :i* actually exi/$ betwe5 !mselves & _! victims4 ,h[ev] free an individual may be f naturally selfi% impulses1 he w nev] act 9 an altrui/ic mann] t[>d o!rs unless he is able to realise t ^! o!rs1 are simil> to himself1 & t acts t[>d !m produce results ( good & evil1 ( welf>e & suff]+1 simil> to :at ^! same acts produce :5 done to himself4 ,altrui/ic conduct implies n only altrui/ic impulses1 b altrui/ic conceptions z well4 ,tyrants hold1 & h always held1 !mselves to be an entirely diff]5t ord] ( be+s f _! subjects1 & f> m des]v+4 ,read hi/ory--x is a tale told ov] & ov]4 ,betwe5 ^? :o h rul$ & ^? :o h s]v$--betwe5 ! ,ends & ! ,means--has ev] yawn$ a *asm1 wide1 deep1 & impassable4 ,! exploit$ h always be51 accord+ to _! ma/]s1 a fibr\s set1 unfav\r$ & un?\ght ( by ! gods1 end[$ ) little feel+ or intellig5ce1 & br\ght into exi/5ce m or less expressly z adjuncts to _! ma/]s4 ,?is is ! !ory ( ! savage1 & x is ! !ory ( all ^? :o h inh]it$ 8 n>r[ & unfeel+ philosophy4 ,! ,g5tile _h no rights because he 0 a #8pagan4' ,he 0 a human be+1 x is true1 & _h come =? f ! womb ( woman1 j z ! ,jew _h4 ,b he spoke a diff]5t language f ! ,jews1 _h 8 own ways ( life1 belong$ to a diff]5t ord] ( ?+s1 & 0 irritat+ly unconc]n$ ab\t ! gods & traditions ( ! #8*os5 p4' ,! ,gaul _h no rights t 7 inconv5i5t to ,romans1 because he 0 a #8b>b>ian4' ,! fact t he _h blood1 & bra9s1 & n]ves1 & love ( life1 & ambitions1 & t he suff]$ :5 he 0 subject$ to humiliation1 h>d treatm5t1 & dea?1 j z ,romans did1 0 nev] really ?\ght ( by ! arrogant & reckless ,romans4 ,romans nev] realis$ 9 _! m9ds :at x meant = non-,romans to be treat$ z !y 7 treat$2 & "o reason :y !y nev] realis$ x 0 because x 0 conv5i5t = !m n to d s4 ,to kill or enslave a ,gaul or ,g]man we n[ "k1 :o are able to judge ^! acts f an un-,roman & unprejudic$ po9t ( view1 0 practically ! same crime z to kill or enslave a ,roman4 ,b x 0 n s to ,romans4 ,! mo/ trifl+ (f5ce aga9/ a ,roman citiz5 0 en\gh1 accord+ to ,roman law1 to condemn ! (f5d] to execution4 ,b ! mo/ horrible outrages1 :5 committ$ by ,romans ^u non-,romans1 7 no?+4 ,romans always ?\ght & felt f ! /&po9t ( ,romans4 ,!y nev] got ov] into ! _w ( ! #8b>b>ians1' & really pictur$ to !mselves--really felt--! mis=tunes ( _! victims4 ,x 0 ! same way ) ! black man 9 ! eyes ( ! :ite man a g5]ation or two ago2 x is ! same way ) ! br[n man to-day4 ,! black man _h no rights t 7 inconv5i5t = ! :ite man to respect1 because he 0 a #8nigg]1' & _h no #8s\l1' & 0 ! (fspr+ ( ,ham4 ,?is _s ( unconsci\sness1 :i* has be5 s prom95t ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 /ill survives 9 ! m9ds ( civilis$ m5 & wom5 to-day1 z is %[n by ! conception 7or misconception7 *]i%$ by ! ,caucasian t[>d ! #8nigg]1' by ! ,*ri/ian t[>d ! #8hea!n1' by ! ,moslem t[>d ! #8infidel1' by ! ,prote/ant t[>d ! ,ca?olic1 & vice v]s1 by ! plutocrat t[>d ! prolet>ian1 by m5 t[>d wom51 & by ! human be+ t[>d ! #8animal4' ,! psy*ology ( ! exploitation ( nonhuman be+s by human be+s is n diff]5t 9 k9d f ! psy*ology ( any o!r act ( exploitation4 ,! great fir/ cause ( man's inhumanity to n-m5 is ! same precisely z ! great fir/ cause ( man's inhumanity to man--,selfi%ness--bl9d1 brutal1 unconscionable egoism4 ,monopoli/-l man ?9ks & c>es only ab\t himself4 ,he has ! he>t ( ! bully--d]iv+ f ! contemplation ( 8 fi5di% supremacy a sort ( mon/r\s satisfaction4 ,b !re is also pres5t 9 ?is case ! same half-s9c]e1 half-fo/]$ nesci5ce z 9 all o!r cases ( exploitation4 ,! ox1 ! h>e1 ! bird1 & ! fi% h no rights 9 ! _w 9 :i* !y live o!r ?an ^? t are conv5i5t = m5 to all[ to !m1 because !y are #8animals4' ,!y are assum$ to belong to an ord] ( be+s entirely diff]5t f t to :i* human be+s belong4 ,!y are fill$ ) n]ves1 & bra9s1 & bloodvessels2 !y love life1 & ble$1 & /ruggle1 & cry out :5 _! ve9s are op5$1 j z human be+s d2 !y h ! same g5]al =m & /ructure ( body1 _! bodies are compos$ ( ! same organs busi$ ) ! same functions2 & !y are desc5d$ f ! same ance/ors & h be5 develop$ 9 ! same _w ?r\gh ! op]ation ( ! same great laws z we ourselves h4 ,b all ( ^! ?+s1 & doz5s ( o!rs j z significant1 are disreg>d$ by u 9 our h>d-he>t$ det]m9ation to exploit !m4 ,we h a set ( words & phrases :i* we use 9 speak+ ( ourselves1 & ano!r v diff]5t set = o!r be+s4 ,! v same ?+s are call$ by diff]5t names ) :olly diff]5t connotations dep5d+ on :e!r x is a man t is ref]r$ to or "s o!r be+4 ,x is #8murd]' to take ! life ( a human be+1 b to take ! life ( a %eep or a c[ is only #8knock+ x on ! head4' ,a man may murd] squirrels or birds all day--t is1 he may d t :i* :5 done to human be+s is call$ murd]--b x is only #8sport' :5 done to ^! humble inhabitants ( ! wilds4 ,! dead body ( a man is a #8corpse'2 ! dead body ( a quadrup$ is only a #8c>cass4' ,a race ( horses or dogs is a #8bre$'2 b a bre$ ( m5 & wom5 is always respectfully ref]r$ to z a race4 ,we p]petuate our bl9dness by ! use ( words4 ,we accommodate our consci5ces by inv5t+ ways ( look+ at ?+s t w br+ out our own lu/re & relieve u f ! gha/ly faces ( our crimes4 ,= ! human race to rob & kill o!r races is ! same k9d ( activity exactly z x is = human be+s to rob & kill ea* o!r4 ,b x is n consid]$ s to-day--except by a few lo/-ca/e #8vision>ies' scatt]$ "h & !re ov] ,*ri/5dom1 & "s millions ( #8hea!ns' 9 ,asia4 ,a %ort "t ago a s]ies ( lett]s came into my h&s writt5 f ,burmah by an ,am]ican mission>y 9 t c\ntry4 ,accord+ to ?is writ]1 "o ( ! greate/ ob/acles ! mission>ies h to cont5d ) 9 _! "w !re is ! ho/ility ar\s$ 9 ! p by ! kill+ & fle%-eat+ habits ( ! mission>ies !mselves4 ,! native inhabitants1 :o are ! mo/ compassionate ( mank9d1 look ^u ! ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 :o kill & eat c[s & %oot monkeys = pa/ime1 z be+ little bett] ?an cannibals4 ,contemplate ! presumption necess>y to cause an individual to leave beh9d him fields :ite = mission-"w1 & travel1 at great exp5se1 halfway r\nd ! e>? 9 ord] to prea* a n>r[1 cruel1 an?ropoc5tric gospel to a p ( s great t5d]ness & humanity z to be k9d ev5 to #8animals' & enemies6 ,we human be+s feel at lib]ty to commit any k9d ( outrage ^u o!r races1 & ^! outrages are look$ ^u by u z no?+4 ,b ! mo/ trifl+ annoyances ( o!r races are deem$ by u ( suffici5t consequ5ce to ju/ify u 9 visit+ ^u !m ! mo/ fe>ful retributions4 ,we c break up ! labori\sly built home ( a "m m\se 9 ! rubbi%-heap ( our back y>d1 scatt] ! p9k babies ( t "m ov] ! gr\nd to die ( cold & />vation1 & cause ! fright5$ "m to flee at ! risk ( h] v life--all to give to ! t]ri] & ourselves a little mom5t ( savage pa/ime4 ,b if t same "m1 "s h>d w9t]'s night1 :5 %e has fail$ 9 h] se>* else:]e = some?+ to /ay h] hung]1 comes into our l>d] & nibbles a bit ( *eese or a few m\?fuls ( cru/ f our pie1 al?\gh %e takes b a crumb 9 all1 & is z da9ty 9 h] fe$+ z a lady1 we imm$iately get out our traps & poisons & /orm ar\nd z if a murd] or "s o!r irrep>able wrong _h be5 committ$4 ,we ?9k ( our acts t[>d non-human peoples1 :5 we ?9k ( !m at all1 entirely f ! human po9t ( view4 ,we nev] take ! "t to put ourselves 9 ! places ( our victims4 ,we nev] take ! tr\ble to get ov] into _! _w1 & realise :at is happ5+ ov] !re z a result ( our do+s t[>d !m4 ,x is s mu* m com=table n to d s--s mu* m com=table to be bl9d & deaf & insane4 ,we g on quiet+ our consci5ces1 z be/ we c1 by ! fact t ev]ybody else ne>ly is engag$ 9 ! same bus9ess z we are1 & by ! fact t s few ev] say any?+ ab\t ! matt]--anae/hetis$1 z x 71 by ! univ]sality ( our iniquities & ! infrequ5cy ( disquiet+ rem9d]s4 ,_m ye>s ago an ecc5tric b gift$ ,engli%man _h a dream 9 :i* he saw ! =tunes ( ! _w rev]s$4 ,man 0 no long] ma/]1 b victim4 ,! e>? 0 rul$ by ! birds & quadrup$s1 ! mice & monkeys1 :o proce$$ to inflict ^u _! er/:ile tyrant ! same cruelties he _h hi!rto inflict$ ^u !m4 #8,multitudes ( human be+s 7 sy/ematically fatt5$ = ! c>nivora4 ,!y 7 frequ5tly =w>d$ to great di/ances by tra91 9 trucks1 )\t food or wat]4 ,l>ge numb]s ( infants 7 con/antly boil$ d[n to =m bro? = invalid animals4 ,9 ov]-popul\s di/ricts babies 7 giv5 to malici\s "y cats & dogs to be tak5 away & dr[n$4 ,boys 7 hunt$ by t]ri]s & /on$ to dea? by frogs4 ,mice 7 a good deal occupi$ 9 sett+ mantraps1 bait$ ) toa/$ *eese1 9 poor neighb\rhoods4 ,g\ty old g5tlem5 7 hit*$ to night-cabs1 & =c$ to tott]1 on _! weak ankles & diseas$ jo9ts1 to clubs1 :]e fa%ionable "y colts 7 pick$ up1 & tak51 at su* spe$ z :ipcord c\ld extract1 to visit *e/nut fillies4 ,fly+ figures 9 sc>let coats1 bucksk9s1 & top-boots 7 run d[n by packs ( foxes t _h no?+ else to d4 ,old cock-gr\se /rutt$ out = a morn+'s sport1 & came 9 to talk ( h[ _m brace ( c\ntry g5tlem5 !y _h bagg$4 ,gamekeep]s liv$ a prec>i\s life 9 holes & caves4 ,!y 7 p]petually h>ri$ by game & v]m92 held fa/ 9 /eel traps1 _! toes 7 nibbl$ by /oats & m>t5s2 & f9ally1 _! eyes pick$ out by owls & kites1 !y 7 gibbet$ alive on trees1 head d[nw>ds1 until ! t]m9ation ( _! m>tyrdom4 ,9 "o especially tragic case1 a naturali/ 9 spectacles dodg$ ab\t pa9fully among ! topmo/ bran*es ( a wood1 :ile a mias und]nea?1 arm$ ) a gun1 inflict$ on him dreadful w\nds4 ,a vet]9>y surgeon ( ,al=t 0 /ret*$ on 8 back1 8 arms & legs secur$ to po/s1 9 ord] t a horse might cut him up alive = ! b5efit ( an equ9e audi5ce2 b ! g5]\s /e$1 incapable ( v9dictive feel+s1 ) "o disda9ful /amp on ! midriff1 cru%$ ! wret*'s life out'4#a ,! foll[+ is f ! ,*9ese4 ,! speak] is an ox3 #8,i reque/1 good p1 t y w li/5 to :at ,i h to say4 ,9 ! :ole _w !re is no di/ress equal to t ( ! ox4 ,9 spr+ & summ]1 autumn & w9t]1 ,i dilig5tly put =? my /r5g?2 dur+ ! f\r seasons !re is no respite to my lab\rs4 ,i drag ! pl\gh1 a ?\s&-p\nd weight fa/5$ to my %\ld]s4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( la%es are1 by a lea!r :ip1 inflict$ ^u me4 ,curses & abuses1 9 a ?\s& =ms are p\r$ ^u me4 ,i am driv51 ) ?reat5+s1 rapidly along1 & n all[$ to /& /ill4 ,?r\gh ! dry gr\nd or ! deep wat] ,i ) difficulty drag ! pl\gh1 ) an empty belly2 ! te>s fl[ f bo? my eyes4 ,i hope 9 ! morn+ t ,i %all be e>ly releas$1 b ,i am deta9$ until ! ev5+4 ,if1 ) a hungry /oma*1 ,i eat ! grass 9 ! middle ( ! field1 ! :ole family1 great & small1 insult+ly abuse me4 ,i am left to eat any species ( h]bs among ! hills1 b y1 my ma/]1 y\rself receive ! gra9 t is s[n 9 ! field4 ,( ! *5 paddy y make rice2 ( ! no paddy y make w9e4 ,y h cotton1 :eat1 & h]bs ( a ?\s& diff]5t k9ds4 ,y\r g>d5 is full ( vegetables4 ,:5 y\r m5 & wom5 m>ry1 amid all y\r felicity1 if !re be a want ( money1 y let me out to o!rs4 ,:5 press$ = ! paym5t ( duties1 y devise no plans1 b take & sell ! ox t pl\ghs y\r field4 ,:5 y see t ,i am old & weak1 y sell me to ! but*] to be kill$4 ,! but*] conducts me to 8 home & soon /rikes me 9 ! =ehead ) ! head ( an iron hat*et1 aft] :i* ,i am left to die 9 ! utmo/ di/ress4 ,my sk9 is peel$ (f1 my bones are scrap$1 & my sk9 is tak5 to cov] ! drum by :i* ! c\ntry is al>m$4' #8,witness ! pati5t ox1 ) /ripes & yells ,driv5 to ! slaught]1 goad$ z he runs ,to madness1 :ile ! savage at 8 heels ,laughs at ! frantic suff]]'s fury4' ,! angl] brags ab\t 8 #8haul' & ! hunt] ab\t 8 #8bag' & 8 #8big game' ) z little realisation ( :at ^! ?+s mean z ! slave-ma/] boa/s ( 8 #8nigg]s4' ,m5 talk ( #8*ops' & #8/eaks' & #8roa/s' ) ! same somnambulism1 ! same pr(\nd unconsci\sness ( :at ^! ?+s really signify 9 ! psy*ic economies ( ! _w1 z ! conqu]or contemplates 8 #8captives1' ! robb] 8 #8spoil1' or ! savage 8 #8scalps4' ,if be=e ! eyes & 9 ! m9d ( ea* individual :o sits unconc]n$ly d[n to a p>sley$ #8/eak' c\ld rise ! facts 9 ! biography ( t #8/eak'--! happy heif] on ! f> we/]n mead[s1 ! fateful day :5 %e is =c$ by ! drov]'s :ip f h] home1#b ! ardu\s #8drive' to ! village & h] baffl$ ef=ts to escape1 ! cr[d+ into c>s & ! long1 pa9ful j\rney1 ! sil5t he>ta*es & ! l[1 pitiful moans1 ! t]rible hung] & ?ir/ & cold1 h] arrival1 bruis$ & bewild]$1 9 ! city1 h] daz$ m+l+ ) o!rs1 ! great murd]-h\se1 ! prods & bell[+s1 ! trea*]\s cra% ( ! bra9-axe1 ! dea? drop & %udd]1 ! but*]'s knife1 ! gu% ( blood f h] pretty ?roat1 & ! glassy gaze ( h] dead b beautiful eyes--!re w\ld be1 9 spite ( ! inh]5t h>dness ( ! human he>t1 a great draw+ back f ^? acts :i* r5d] su* fe>ful ?+s necess>y4 ,if human be+s c\ld only realise :at ! h>e suff]s1 or ! /ag1 :5 x is pursu$ by dogs1 horses1 & m5 b5t on tak+ its life1 or :at ! fi% feels :5 x is ?ru/ ?r\gh & flung into suffocat+ gases1 no "o ( !m1 n ev5 ! mo/ recreant1 c\ld f9d pleasure 9 su* "w4 ,h[ pa9ful to a p]son ( t5d]ness & enlight5m5t is ev5 ! ?\ght ( rabbit-%oot+s1 duck-slaught]+s1 be>-hunts1 quail-kill+ exp$itions1 tame pigeon massacres1 & ! l6 ,& yet ) :at light-he>t$ en?usiasm ! m9dless ruffians :o d ^! atroci\s ?+s ent] ^u !m6 ,"o w\ld ?9k t gr[n m5 w\ld be a%am$ to arm !mselves & g out ) horses & h\nds & engage 9 su* babyi% & unequal conte/s z sportsm5 usually rely on = _! peculi> #8glory4' ,& !y w\ld be if gr[n m5 7 n s (t5 simply able-bodi$ bullies4 ,if human be+s c\ld only realise :at x means to live 9 a _w & associate day aft] day ) o!r be+s m intellig5t & p[]ful ?an !mselves1 & yet be reg>d$ by ^! m intellig5t individuals simply z m]*&ise to be b\ght & sold1 or z t>gets to be %ot at1 !y w\ld hide _! guilty heads 9 %ame & horror4 ,! ,be+ f ^: break+ he>t gu%$ ^! l9es ( sorr[ & sympa?y on see+ a w\nd$ h>e 0 a god3 #8,inhuman man6 curse on ?y b>b>\s art1 ,& bla/$ be ?y murd]-aim+ eye3 ,may nev] pity soo! !e ) a sigh1 ,nor ev] pleasure glad ?y cruel he>t6 #8,g1 live1 poor w&]] ( ! wood & field ,! bitt] little t ( life rema9s2 ,no m ! ?ick5+ brakes & v]dant pla9s ,to !e %all home1 or food1 or pa/ime yield4 #8,seek1 mangl$ "o1 "s place ( wont$ re/1 ,no m ( re/1 b n[ ?y dy+ b$2 ,! %elt]+ ru%es :i/l+ o'er ?y head4 ,! cold e>? ) ?y bloody bosom press$4 #8,(t1 z by w9d+ ,ni? ,i1 mus+1 wait ,! sob] eve or hail ! *e]ful dawn1 ,i'll miss !e sport+ o'er ! dewy lawn4 ,& curse ! ruffian's aim & m\rn ?y hapless fate4' ,we human be+s1 9 our conduct t[>d ! races ( be+s associat$ ) u on ?is planet1 are almo/ pure savages4 ,we are n ev5 half civilis$4 ,& ?is fact is c]ta9 to br+ ^u u ! criticism & condemnation ( ! m enlight5$ g5]ations to come4 ,! fact is app>5t to-day1 h[ev]--j z app>5t z ! b>b>ity ( ! ,romans--to ev]yone :o w take ! tr\ble to rid himself ( ! prejudices :i* enslave & bl9d him1 & view human ph5om5a f an un-human1 extra-t]re/rial po9t ( view4 ,to mo/ p]sons--to all except to a few--ev]y?+ is simply a matt] ( habit & education4 ,& a majority ( p]sons1 too1 c become educat$ to "o ?+ ab\t z easily & completely z !y c to ano!r4 ,9 ,mr4 ,huxley's #8,man's ,place 9 ,nature' !re is repr9t$ f an old volume ! picture ( a but*]'s %op z x is said to h exi/$ among ! savage ,anziques ( ,africa 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,mr4 ,huxley says t ! orig9al engrav+ claims to repres5t an actual fact1 & t he has himself no d\bt b x does really /& = j :at x purports to repres5t1 especially s9ce ! fact has be5 corroborat$ by ,du ,*aillu 9 comp>atively rec5t times4 ,! fact = :i* ?is old picture /&s is a good illu/ration ( ! p[] ( cu/om 9 %ap+ human ideas4 ,9 ?is savage #8m>ket' pretty mu* ! same l9e ( goods appe>s z is f\nd 9 mod]n #8m>kets1' except t1 in/ead ( ! qu>t]$ corpses ( %eep & bullocks1 !re hang ! %\ld]s1 ?ighs1 & gory heads ( m54 ,! but*] is repres5t$ z /&+ beside ! *opp+-block 9 ! act ( cutt+ up ! leg ( a man4 ,a *ild's head & o!r fragm5ts ( ! human body are pil$ up on ano!r block1 & beh9d ^! on pegs are rang$ ! m pret5ti\s w>es ( ! e/abli%m5t4 #8,pres5tly we pass$ a woman1' says ,du ,*aillu1 9 speak+ ( ! cannibalism ( ! ,fans1 :o 7 probably id5tical ) ^? ref]r$ to two c5turies e>li] z ,anziques4 #8,%e bore ) h] a piece ( ! ?igh ( a human body1 j z we %\ld g to m>ket & c>ry !nce a roa/ ( /eak4' ,we c easily imag9e 7by ! help ( ! sights we see e day7 ! an?ropophag\s cr[d /&+ ar\nd giv+ _! e>ly morn+ ord]s1 & ! ent]pris+ assass9 hu/l+ ab\t to wait on !m4 ,"o ( !m wants an arm1 ano!r wants a leg1 ano!r a liv]1 ano!r a half-doz5 nice fat ribs4 ,"o fell[ wants a t5d] #8cut' ( "y girl's sirlo91 & ano!r w\ld l an old man's calf = s\p4 ,a little nak$ ur*91 :o has _h to wait a long "t 9 ord] to get a *ance to buy any?+ at all1 ex*anges a few %ells = a section ( human bologna4 ,"o fell[ wants to "k ! price ( ! boy's head :i* lies on ! neighb\r+ block1 & a woman compla9s t ! baby's bra9s :i* %e b\ght ! day be=e1 & :i* 7 recomm5d$ z be+ especially #8fre% & nice1' turn$ out to be #8bad4' ,we c see !m g home ) _! gruesome pur*ases1 cook !m1 & sit d[n & eat !m1 discuss+ _! flav\r or _! lack ( x1 & rem>k+ _! t5d]ness1 t\ghness1 or juic9ess1 & f9ally ?r[+ ! bones out to ! dogs--all ) z little ?\ght ( ! immorality ( x z #8,?anksgiv+' gluttons h to-day at _! fea/s ( blood4 ,!re may h be5 an occasional #8vision>y' among ^! p fanatical en\gh to #8refuse to eat meat1' or ev5 to prote/ aga9/ ! practice4 ,probably !re 04 ,!re g5]ally are a few su* discordants 9 e g5]ation ( vip]s4 ,b #8fanatics' 9 ^? days 7 9 all likelihood1 z !y are to-day1 too few to be tr\blesome4 ,to anyone famili> ) ! pliability ( ! human consci5ce1 or ) ! s\ndness & dep? ( intellectual sleep1 ^! ?+s are nei!r impossible nor /range4 ,!re is s little look+ into ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 s little look+ at ?+s z !y are1 & s mu* ?9k+ & do+ z we are accu/om$ or told to ?9k & d--!re are1 9 fact1 s few :o c really ?9k at all--t if we _h be5 accu/om$ & taught to d s f *ildhood1 & ! _w 7 practically unanim\s 9 its conduct & tea*+s on ! matt]1 v few ( u inde$ w\ld n sit d[n to a breakfa/ ( scrambl$ infant's bra9s1 a lun*eon ( cold boil$ aunt1 or a d9n] ( roa/ uncle1 ) z little compunction1 p]haps ) ! same horrible m]rim5t1 z we to-day att5d a #8b>becue' or a #8turkey4' ,:y %\ld we n make ha% & sausages out ( our brok5-d[n gr&fa!rs & gr&mo!rs j z we d out ( our worn-out horses1 & help out ! pigeons at our kill+ c>nivals ) a few live peasants8 ,h[ mu* m arti/ic & civilis$ to pile our tables on holy days ) ! gold & crimson ( ! fields & or*>ds ?an to load !m ) ! dead6 ,& yet h[ /rangely few are mature en\gh to c>e any?+ at all ab\t ! matt]4 ,oh1 ! helplessness & irresponsibility ( ! human m9d6 ,!re is no spontaneity1 no orig9ality1 only ! dead level ( ! ma*9e4 ,h[ impossible x is = u to ?9k1 to discov] any?+ unassi/$1 to p]ceive any?+ aft] x has be5 po9t$ out to u ev51 if x is a little diff]5t f :at we are us$ to6 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is "o ( ! mo/ pa!tic ?+s 9 all ?is _w--?is illimitable impot5ce1 ?is p[]lessness to inspect ?+s f any o!r po9t ( view ?an ! "o we inh]it :5 we come into ! _w2 to be a knave or lunatic 7or ! next ?+ to x71 & nev] h ! slighte/ suspicion ( ! fact4 ,! human m9d w c]ta9ly n always be ?is way4 ,x w surely be diff]5t "s "t4 ,x seems incr$ible t ! planet w drag along 9 disgrace ?is way =ev]4 ,! m5 ( ,europe & ,am]ica are n s primitive z ! junglem51 & ! junglem5 are sup]ior 9 "s respects to ! quadrup$s & reptiles1 & ?is gives reason = a little hope4 ,b :5 t is ! "q1 :5 w x be8 ,9 :at di/ant "t w ! ,gold5 ,dream ( our prophetic h\rs come to ?is poor d>k5$ l>va ( a _w8 ,ages ^u ages aft] our little exi/5ces h gone out1 & ! detritus ( our wa/$ bodies has w&]$ long 9 ! labyr9?s ( ! sod or be5 s[n by aimless gu/s ov] our native hills4 #a4 ,hamley3 ,our ,poor ,relations2 ,bo/on1 #ahgb4 #b4 ,i h _m times se5 c[s *as$ all ov] _! native premises1 r\nd & r\nd1 ?r\gh fields & b>ny>ds1 across /reams & ov] f5ces--*as$ until ! poor ?+s 7 utt]ly exhau/$1 & :ipp$ & beat5 until _! faces & backs 7 cov]$ ) w\nds--be=e !y c\ld be compell$ to leave = ev] ! old f>m :]e !y _h be5 born & rais$4 ,x4 ,an?ropoc5tric ,e?ics4 ,an?ropoc5tricism1 :i* drift$ d[n z a tradition f anci5t times1 & :i* = c5turies %ap$ ! !ories ( ! ,we/]n _w1 b ^: respectability among ?9k+ p has n[ ne>ly pass$ away1 01 p]haps1 ! bolde/ & mo/ revolt+ expression ( human prov9cialism & conceit ev] =mulat$ by any p4 ,x 0 ! doctr9e t man 0 ! c5tre ab\t :om revolv$ all facts & int]e/s :atsoev]2 & ,judaism & its two *ildr51 ,*ri/ianity & ,mahometanism1 7 responsible = x4 ,ev]y?+1 accord+ to ?is conception1 0 int]pret$ 9 t]ms ( human utility4 ,ev]y?+ 0 made = man--includ+ wom54 ,! sun & moon 7 lum9>ies1 n worlds1 hung !re by ! fa!rly manufactur] ( ?+s = ! conv5i5ce & delight ( 8 *ildr54 ,! />s 7 p]=ations 9 ! ov]>*+ concave ?r\gh :i* eavesdropp+ prophets pe]$ into cele/ial secrets1 & err&-angels came & w5t ) messages betwe5 gods & m54 ,n only ! sph]es 9 space1 b ! e>? & all x conta9$--! riv]s1 seas1 & seasons1 all ! plants t gr[1 & all ! fl[]s t bl[1 & all ! millions t swim & suff] 9 ! wat]s & skies--71 accord+ to ?is remorseless notion1 ! s\lless adjuncts ( man4 ,intr9sically !y 7 mean+less4 ,!y _h significance only z !y s]v$ ! human species4 ,! hues & p]fumes ( fl[]s1 ! songs ( birds1 ! dews1 ! breezes1 ! ra9s1 ! rocks1 ! #8bea/s ( ! field & ! f[ls ( ! air1' ! great =e/s1 ! mighty m\nta9s1 ! fe>ful solitudes1 ev5 fam9e & pe/il5ce1 7 all made = ! be+ ) ! re9less imag9ation4 ,lu!r believ$ t ! fly--fe/ive little ,musca dome/ica1 :o inhabits our homes1 & sometimes unwitt+ly w&]s ov] our t5d] places--0 a pe/if]\s inv5tion ( ! devil1 malici\sly s5t to annoy him 9 8 m$itations4 ,g>lic grew on ! swamp brim z a h&y antidote = human mal>ia4 ,fruits rip5$ 9 ! summ]time because ! acids & juices :i* !y conta9$ 7 believ$ to be necess>y = man's heal? & refre%m5t4 ,! great muscles ( ! ox 7 made to provide m5 ) delicacies & leisure4 ,! cloak ( ! ewe 0 made )\t any special ?\ght1 or )\t any ?\ght at all1 ( ! com=ts ( ! ewe4 ,x 0 plac$ !re on ! ewe by an all-t5d] creator1 to be torn by 8 images f h] ble$+ back & worn4 ,! fossil =ms f\nd 9 ! rocks 7 n ! bon fide rema9s ( creatures t _h liv$ & p]i%$ :5 ! calc>e\s f\ndations ( ! cont95ts 7 =m+ 9 anci5t sea-b$s4 ,!y 7 c\nt]feits1 slyly design$ by a suspici\s provid5ce1 & s&wi*$ among ! /rata #8to te/ human fai?4' ,! ra9b[ 0 a ph5om5on ) :i* ! laws ( reflection & refraction _h no?+ :atev] to d4 ,x 0 a sign or seal /amp$ on ! retreat+ /orms z a pl$ge t subm]sion w\ld n be aga9 us$ z a puni%m5t = s9n]s4 ,! univ]sal rul] 0 conceiv$ to be an individual ( transc5d5t p[] & respectability1 b 0 suppos$ to sp5d ! mo/ ( 8 "t & a good deal ( anxiety on ! regulation & repair ( 8 illu/ri\s lik5esses4 ,! hi/ory ( intellectual evolution is ! hi/ory ( disillusionm5t4 ,! />s1 we n[ "k1 are n hat*ways1 b worlds4 ,!y burn because !y are fire4 ,!y blaze & circle 9 ob$i5ce to _! own un*angeable in]tias1 j z ! e>? does4 ,!y blaz$ & :eel$ :5 ! elem5tal matt]s ( ! e>? m+l$ indi/+ui%ably ) ! vap\rs ( ! sun1 & !y w blaze & :eel :5 ! la/ inhabitant ( ?is clod has dissolv$ into ! ev]la/+ atoms4 ,! e>? is n ! capital ( cosmos nor ! subject ( cele/ial anxiety4 ,! e>? is a satrap ( ! sun--a subord9ate among s]vants1 n a sov]eign ) a ret9ue ( />s4 ,! e>? & its cont5ts 7 n made = man4 ,!y 7 n made at all4 ,!y 7 evolv$4 ,! concaves ( ! sea h be5 holl[$1 ! m\nta9s upheav$1 & ! cont95ts plant$ & peopl$1 by ! same t5d5cies z ^? t hold ! univ]ses 9 _! grasp4 ,! primal matt]s ( ! e>? came out ( ! sub/ance ( ! sun1 & by ! play & activity ( ^! elem5ts & ! play & activity ( _! d]ivatives 7 evolv$ all ! multitud9\s =ms ( l&1 fluid1 plant1 animal1 & society4 ,! fl[]s t #8blu% unse5' d n necess>ily #8wa/e _! sweetness on ! des]t air1' z ! poet s melodi\sly imag9es4 ,! col\rs & sc5ts ( fl[]s s]ve _! purposes--:i* are to secure ! s]vices ( insects 9 f]tilisation--q z well :5 unp]ceiv$1 z :5 p]ceiv$ by human s5ses4 ,! non-human races ( be+s 7 n made = human be+s4 ,!y 7 evolv$--! high] =ms f ! l[] =ms1 & ! l[] =ms f /ill l[]--j z ! high] societies ( m5 h be5 evolv$1 "u ! eye ( hi/ory1 out ( b>b>ism & savag]y4 ,!y are our ance/ors4 ,!y h made human life & civilisation possible4 ,!y made _! homes on primeval l& pat*es :5 ! cont95ts we creep ov] 7 sleep+ 9 ! seas4 ,!y liv$ & lov$ & suff]$ & di$ 9 ord] t a be+ intellig5t en\gh to analyse himself & recreant en\gh to pick _! bones might come into ! _w4 ,!re are suppos$ to be some?+ l a million 7maybe !re are sev]al million7 species ( inhabitants liv+ on ! e>?4 ,! human species is "o ( ^!4 ,n m ?an a few ?\s& ( ^! species are s]i\sly advantage\s to m54 ,! h>mful & useless species are _m times m num]\s ?an ! helpful4 ,n[1 if ! #iii1iii non-human species 7 made = ! human species1 :y 7 ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( species made t are ( no possible human importance1 & ! hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( o!r species t are a positive injury8 ,& if by "s miracul\s /ret* ( imag9ation ! #iii1iii species n[ liv+ on ! e>? are conceiv$ to h be5 made = man1 :y 7 ! #aj1jjj1jjj or #ae1jjj1jjj ( species made t liv$ & pass$ away be=e !re 0 a human be+ 9 exi/5ce4 ,p]haps ! traditioni/ w say--accu/om$ z he is to treat syllogisms ) contempt--t !y 7 made to invigorate human #8fai?4' ,if ! age ( ! human species be e/imat$ at #ej1jjj ye>s & ! age ( ! life-process at #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 ! "t dur+ :i* man has be5 on ! e>? is1 :5 comp>$ ) ! entire p]iod dur+ :i* ! planet has be5 t5ant$1 z #a to #b1jjj4 ,& ! "t dur+ :i* ! e>? has be5 inhabit$--imm5se z t "t is :5 comp>$ ) ! little span ( human hi/ory--is also insignificant :5 comp>$ ) ! enorm\s lapse ( "t dur+ :i* ! planet 0 sl[ly cool+ & solidify+ prelim9>y to ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,& ! entire life ( ! planet--inconceivably va/ z x is--is z no?+ comp>$ ) t et]nity1 t duration )\t beg9n+ or close1 dur+ :i* ! sid]eal millions h und]gone1 & are de/9$ to cont9ue to und]go1 _! c\ntless & immeasurable trans=mations4 ,x is ab\t z pr(\nd to suppose t ! e>? & its cont5ts1 & ! suns1 />s1 & sy/ems ( space1 7 all made = a s+le species inhabit+ an obscure ball locat$ 9 a remote qu>t] ( ! univ]se z x is to suppose t ! gigantic body ( ! elephant 0 made = ! wisp ( hair on ! tip ( its tail4 ,man is n ! end1 he is b an incid5t1 ( ! inf9ite elaborations ( ,"t & ,space4 ,,xi4 ,e?ical ,implications ( ,evolution4 ,! doctr9e ( organic evolution1 :i* =ev] e/abli%$ ! common g5esis ( all animals1 seal$ ! doom ( an?ropoc5tricism4 ,:atev] ! inhabitants ( ?is _w 7 or 7 ?\ght to be be=e ! publication ( #8,! ,orig9 ( ,species1' !y nev] c\ld be any?+ s9ce !n b a family4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is probably ! mo/ important revelation t has come to ! _w s9ce ! illum9ations ( ,galileo & ,cop]nicus4 ,! au?ors ( ! ,cop]nican !ory enl>g$ & correct$ human und]/&+ by disclos+ to man ! comp>ative littl5ess ( 8 _w--by discov]+ t ! e>?1 :i* _h up to t "t be5 suppos$ to be ! c5tre & capital ( cosmos1 is 9 reality a satellite ( ! sun4 ,?is helioc5tric discov]y 0 h>d on human conceit1 = x 0 ! fir/ broad h9t man _h ?us f> receiv$ ( 8 true dim5sions4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution has _h1 & is hav+1 & is de/9$ to cont9ue to h1 a simil>ly correct+ effect on ! naturally n>r[ conceptions ( m54 ,x t5ds to fry ! conceit out ( u4 ,x has be5 impossible s9ce ,d>w9 = any sane & hone/ man to g ar\nd bragg+ ab\t hav+ be5 #8made 9 ! image ( 8 mak]1' or to successfully lay claim to a m hon\rable orig9 ?an ! re/ ( ! creatures ( ! e>?4 ,& if m5 _h accept$ ! logical consequ5ces ( ,d>w9's tea*+s1 ! _w w\ld n to-day--a half-c5tury aft] 8 revelation--be fill$ ) practices :i* f9d _! only support & ju/ification 9 out-(-date traditions4 ,b logical consequ5ces1 z ,huxley obs]ves1 are ! (ficial sc>ecr[s ( t l>ge & prolific class ( defectives usually kn[n z fools4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution is accept$ 9 "o =m or ano!r by practically all :o ?9k4 ,x is taught ev5 9 s*ool prim]s4 ,b :ile ! biology ( evolution is sc>cely any long] que/ion$1 ! psy*ology & e?ics ( ! ,d>w9ian revelation1 ?\gh foll[+ f ! same premises1 & almo/ z inevitably1 are yet to be g5]ally realis$4 ,d>w9's revelation1 l e o!r revelation t has come to ! _w1 is p]ceiv$ mo/ t>dily by ^? work+ 9 dep>tm5ts :]e ! ph5om5a are ! mo/ intangible & complicat$4 ,d>w9 himself call$ #8! love = all liv+ creatures ! mo/ noble attribute ( man4' ,giant z he 01 he p]ceiv$ m cle>ly ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 m cle>ly ev5 ?an 8 successors1 ! ultimate goal ( evolv+ altruism4 ,= he says3 #8,z man advances 9 civilisation1 & small tribes are unit$ into l>g] communities1 ! simple/ reason w\ld tell ea* individual t he ought to ext5d 8 social in/9cts & sympa?ies to all memb]s ( ! same nation1 ?\gh p]sonally unkn[n to him4 ,!re is1 !n1 only an artificial b>ri] to prev5t 8 sympa?ies ext5d+ to ! m5 ( all nations & races4 ,exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 %[s u h[ long x is1 if su* m5 are sep>at$ f him by great diff]5ces ( appe>ance or habits1 be=e he looks ^u !m z 8 fell[-creatures4 ,sympa?y beyond ! conf9es ( man is "o ( ! late/ moral acquisitions4 ,x is app>5tly unfelt by savages1 except = _! pets4 ,! v idea ( humanity1 s f> z ,i c\ld obs]ve1 0 new to mo/ ( ! ,gau*os ( ! ,pampas4 ,?is virtue seems to arise f our sympa?ies becom+ m t5d] & m widely diffus$1 until !y are ext5d$ to all s5ti5t be+s4'#a ,! influ5ces ( a doctr9e old en\gh & preci\s en\gh to h become embodi$ 9 ! life & in/itutions ( a race p]si/ g5]ally1 ?r\gh m]e mom5tum1 long aft] ! sub/ance ( ! doctr9e has pass$ away4 ,?is is em95tly true ( t misconception :i* has come d[n to u reg>d+ ! nature & orig9 ( man & 8 relations to ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,d>w9 has liv$1 %$ 8 light ov] ! _w1 & pass$ back to ! du/ :5ce he came4 ,m5 no long] believe t o!r races & o!r worlds 7 really made = !m4 ,b !y cont9ue to act 9 ab\t ! same mann] z !y did :52 !y did believe x4 ,?is ass]tion applies n simply to ^? half-bak$ intellig5ces :o h only ! rude/ & mo/ antiquat$ notions ab\t any?+ b also to ?\s&s ( m5 & wom5 :o pret5d to h up-to-date conceptions ( !mselves & ! univ]se--m5 & wom5 not$ ev5 = _! activity 9 rem9d+ o!rs ( _! inconsi/5cy--m5 & wom5 :o #8,comp\nd = s9s !y are incl9$ to1 ,by damn+ ^? !y h no m9d to4' ,! doctr9e ( ,univ]sal ,k9%ip is n a new doctr9e1 born f ! m brilliant lo9s ( mod]n und]/&+4 ,x is z old almo/ z human philosophy4 ,x 0 taught by ,buddha tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,& ! tea*+s ( ?is div9e s\l1 spread+ ov] ! pla9s & p59sulas ( ,asia1 h made unnumb]$ millions mild4 ,x 0 taught also by ,py?agoras & all 8 s*ool ( philosoph]s1 & rigidly practis$ 9 _! daily lives4 ,plut>*1 "o ( ! gr&e/ *>act]s ( antiquity1 wrote sev]al essays 9 advocacy ( x4 ,9 ^! essays1 z well z 9 _m passages ( 8 writ+s g5]ally1 he demon/rates t he 0 f> ahead ( 8 contempor>ies 9 ! bread? & int5sity ( 8 moral nature1 & 9 advance ev5 ( all except a v few ( ^? liv+ to-day1 #b1jjj ye>s aft] him4 ,%elley among ! poets ( mod]n times1 & ,tol/oy 9 ^! latt] days1 are o!rs among ! em95t adh]5ts ( ?is holy cause4 ,:]ev] ,buddhism prevails1 !re w be f\nd 9 great] or less purity1 z "o ( ! c>d9al pr9ciples ( its f\nd]1 ! doctr9e ( ! sacr$ness ( all ,s5ti5t ,life4 ,b ! ,aryan race ( ! ,we/ has rema9$ /eadfa/ly deaf to ! plead+s ( its ,%elleys & ,tol/oys1 ow+ to ! ov]ma/]+ influ5ce ( its an?ropoc5tric religions4 ,n till ! com+ ( ,d>w9 & 8 s*ool ( ?9k]s 0 !re a basis = hope ( a re=m$ _w4 ,to-day ! planet is ripe = ! old-new doctr9e4 ,tradition is los+ its p[] ov] m5's conduct & conceptions z nev] be=e1 & ,sci5ce is gr[+ m & m influ5tial4 ,a c5tral tru? ( ! ,d>w9ian philosophy is ! unity & consangu9ity ( all organic life4 ,& dur+ ! next c5tury or two ! e?ical coroll>y ( ?is tru? is go+ to receive unprec$5t$ recognition 9 all dep>tm5ts ( human ?\ght4 ,ignorance & ,in]tia are fe>ful facts4 ,!y endure l granite 9 ! human m9d4 ,b ! tireless *isels ( evolution are inv9cible4 ,& ! "t w come :5 ! an?ropoc5tric cu/oms & conceptions1 :i* are to-day fa%ionable en\gh to be #8div9e1' w h no?+ b a hi/oric exi/5ce4 ,! movem5t to put ,sci5ce & ,humanit>ianism 9 place ( ,tradition & ,savag]y1 :i* is s weak1 langui%+1 & neglect$ to-day1 is a movem5t :i* has = its ultimate de/9y ! conque/ ( ! ,human ,species4 #a4 ,d>w93 ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd edit42 ,london1 #ahgd4 ,,xii4 ,conclusion4 ,all be+s are ends2 no creatures are means4 ,all be+s h n equal rights1 nei!r h all m52 b all h rights4 ,! ,life ,process is ! ,end--n man1 nor any o!r animal tempor>ily privileg$ to weave a _w's philosophy4 ,nonhuman be+s 7 n made = human be+s any m ?an human be+s 7 made = nonhuman be+s4 ,j z ! sid]eal sph]es 7 once suppos$ by ! *ildi% m9d ( man to be unsub/antial satellites ( ! e>?1 b are kn[n by man's rip] und]/&+ to be worlds ) missions & mat]ialities ( _! own1 & ( su* magnitude & numb] z to r5d] t]re/rial insignificance frightful1 s ! billions t dwell 9 ! seas1 fields1 & atmosph]es ( ! e>? 7 9 l mann] imag9$ by ! illit]ate *ildr5 ( ! race to be ! m]e tr9kets ( m51 b are n[ kn[n by all :o c int]pret ! new revelation to be be+s ) sub/antially ! same orig91 ! same natures1 /ructures1 & occupations1 & ! same g5]al rights to life & happ9ess1 z we ourselves4 ,9 _! ph5om5a ( life ! inhabitants ( ! e>? display endless v>iety4 ,!y swim 9 ! wat]s1 so> 9 ! skies1 squeeze among ! rocks1 clamb] among ! trees1 scamp] ov] ! pla9s1 & glide among ! gr\nds & grasses4 ,"s are born = a summ]1 "s = a c5tury1 & "s flutt] _! little lives out 9 a day4 ,!y are black1 :ite1 blue1 gold51 all ! col\rs ( ! spectrum4 ,"s are wise & "s are simple2 "s are l>ge & "s are microscopic2 "s live 9 ca/les & "s 9 bluebells2 "s roam ov] cont95ts & seas1 & "s doze _! little day-dream away on a s+le danc+ leaf4 ,b !y are all ! *ildr5 ( a common "m & ! co-t5ants ( a common _w4 ,:y !y are "h 9 ?is _w r ?an "s place else2 :y ! _w 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves is s full ( ! undesirable2 & :e!r x w\ld n h be5 bett] if ! ball on :i* !y ride & riot _h be5 9 ! beg9n+ /]ilis$1 are problems too deep & baffl+ = ! mo/ ( !m4 ,b s9ce !y are "h1 & s9ce !y are too pr\d or too sup]/iti\s to die1 & are surr\nd$ by su* cold & wolfi% imm5sities1 :at w\ld seem m prop] ?an = !m to be k9d to ea* o!r1 & helpful1 & dwell toge!r z lov+ & =be>+ memb]s ( ,"o ,great ,family8 ,act t[>d o!rs z y w\ld act t[>d a "p ( y\r own self4 ,?is is ,! ,great ,law1 ! all-inclusive gospel ( social salvation4 ,x is ! rule ( social rectitude & p]fection :i* has be5 held up 9 great] or less p]fection 9 all ages by ! sages & prophets ( ! human species4 ,he> ,confucius1 ! giant ( ,mongolia1 & ! idol & law-giv] ( "o-?ird ( mank9d3 #8,:at y d n l :5 done to y\rself d n d to o!rs4' ,& aga9 he says3 #8,d n let a man practise to ^? b5ea? him t :i* he dislikes 9 ^? above him4' ,ov] & ov] aga9 ! illu/ri\s ma/] repeats ^! precepts to 8 disciples & c\ntrym54 ,9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! great epic ( ! ,sanskrit1 writt5 by ,indian morali/s 9 v>i\s ages1 & repres5t+ ! accumulat$ wisdom ( "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s ( all peoples1 we f9d ^! words3 #8,treat o!rs z ?\ w\ld/ ?yself be treat$4' #8,d no?+ to ?y neighb\r :i* ?\ w\ld/ n h]eaft] h ?y neighb\r d to !e4' #8,a man obta9s a rule ( action by look+ ^u 8 neighb\r z himself4' ,^! same tru?s 7 also taught by ,jesus1 t godlike ,galilean1 ! great tea*] & savi\r ( ! ,we/]n _w3 #8,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4' #8,d unto o!rs z y w\ld h o!rs d unto y4' ,oh t ^! words 7 et*$ 9 fire1 & /amp$ 9 scor*+ *>act]s on ! dull1 cold he>ts ( ?is _w6 ,act t[>d o!rs z y w\ld act t[>d a "p ( y\r own self4 ,look ^u & treat o!rs z y d y\r own h&s1 y\r own eyes1 y\r v he>t & s\l--) inf9ite c>e & compassion--z suff]+ & enjoy+ memb]s ( ! same ,great ,be+ ) y\rself4 ,?is is ! _s ( ! ideal univ]se--! _s ( y\r own be+4 ,x is ?is alone t c r$eem ?is _w1 & give to x ! peace & h>mony = :i* x longs4 ,yes1 #8,s _m gods1 s _m cre$s1 ,s _m pa?s t w9d & w9d1 ,:ile j ! art ( be+ k9d ,is all ! sad _w ne$s4' ,oh ! madness1 & sorr[1 & unbro!rl9ess ( ?is mal-wr\ght _w6 ,oh ! poor1 weak1 poison$1 mon/r\s natures ( its *ildr56 ,:o c look ^u x all )\t pa91 & sympa?y1 & con/]nation1 & te>s8 ,:at an opportunity = philan?ropy1 if ! #8,all-mighty ,"o' ( our traditions w\ld only set ab\t x6 ,yes1 d z y w\ld be done by--& n to ! d>k man & ! :ite woman alone1 b to ! sorrel horse & ! gray squirrel z well2 n to creatures ( y\r own anatomy only1 b to all creatures4 ,y _c g high en\gh nor l[ en\gh nor f> en\gh to f9d ^? ^: b[$ & brok5 be+s w n rise up at ! com+ ( ! k9dly he>t1 or ^: s\ls w n %r9k & d>k5 at ! t\* ( inhumanity4 ,live & let live4 ,d m4 ,live & help live4 ,d to be+s bel[ y z y w\ld be done by be+s above y4 ,pity ! tortoise1 ! katydid1 ! wild-bird1 & ! ox4 ,poor1 undevelop$1 untaught creatures6 ,into _! dim & l[ly lives /rays ( sun%9e little en\gh1 ?\gh ! fell h& ( man be nev] aga9/ !m4 ,!y are our fell[-mortals4 ,!y came out ( ! same my/]i\s womb ( ! pa/1 are pass+ ?r\gh ! same dream1 & are de/9$ to ! same melan*oly end1 z we ourselves4 ,let u be k9d & m]ciful to !m4 #8,wilt ?\ draw ne> ! nature ( ! gods8 ,draw ne> !m1 !n1 9 be+ m]ciful2 ,sweet m]cy is nobility's true badge4' ,let u be true to our ideals1 true to ! _s ( ,univ]sal ,compassion--:e!r we walk ) ! lone worm w&]+ 9 ! twilight ( consci\sness1 ! fea!r$ =ms ( ! fields & =e/s1 ! k9e ( ! mead[s1 ! simple savage on ! banks ( ! glad$ riv]1 ! political blanks :om m5 call wives1 or ! outca/s ( human indu/ry4 ,oh ?is poor _w1 ?is poor1 suff]+1 ignorant1 fe>-fill$ _w6 ,h[ c m5 be bl9d or d]ang$ en\gh to ?9k x is a good _w8 ,h[ c !y be cold & satanic en\gh to be unmov$ by ! groans & angui%1 ! wri?+ & te>s1 t come up f its unp>allel$ afflictions8 ,b ! _w is gr[+ bett]4 ,& 9 ! ,future--9 ! long1 long ages to come--x w be r$eem$6 ,! same _s ( sympa?y & frat]nity t broke ! black man's manacles & is to-day melt+ ! :ite woman's *a9s w to-morr[ emancipate ! work+ man & ! ox2 &1 z ! ages bloom & ! great :eels ( ! c5turies gr9d on1 ! same _s %all bani% ,selfi%ness f ! e>?1 & conv]t ! planet f9ally into "o unbrok5 & unp>allel$ spectacle ( ,peace1 ,ju/ice1 & ,solid>ity4