,,measure ,,y\r ,,m9d ,! ,m5timet] & ,h[ to ,use ,x ,,by ,m4 ,r4 ,,trabue1 ,,ph4 ,d4 ,,& ,,frank ,,p>k] ,,/ockbridge ,illu/ration ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,9 ,,text ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company #aibb ,,copyright1 #aibj1 ,,by ,,d\bl$ay1 ,,page ,,company ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,translation ,,into ,,=eign ,,languages1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sc&9avian ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,at ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,life ,,press1 ,,g>d5 ,,city1 ,n4 ,y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,preface ,! publi%]s (f] ?is book prim>ily z a popul> treatise on ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce by sci5tific me?ods4 ,e ef=t has be5 made to con=m to ! s\nde/ sci5tific pr9ciples1 bo? 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 ar\nd :i* ! volume is l>gely writt51 & 9 ! introductory & explanatory *apt]s1 9 :i* ! pr9ciples ( appli$ psy*ology1 z !y be> ^u m5tal te/s1 are /at$ 9 popul> language4 ,! ,m5timet]s are bas$ ^u ,doctor ,trabue's exp]i5ce 7#a7 z ,assi/ant 9 ,educational ,psy*ology at ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 7#b7 z psy*ological inve/igator ( ! intellectual /atus ( inmates ( *>itable in/itutions & ( pupils 9 ! public s*ools1 7#c7 z au?or ( v>i\s intellectual & educational scales1 widely us$ by psy*ologi/s & educators1 7#d7 z ,*ief ,psy*ological ,exam9] 9 two ( ! l>ge/ ,army camps1 direct+ ! intellectual exam9ation ( m ?an a hundr$ ?\s& soldi]s1 7#e7 z ,capta9 9 ! ,adjutant ,g5]al's ,dep>tm5t1 ,u4 ,s4 ,army1 measur+ ! intellectual abilities ( m5 9 ! ,aviation ,s]vice1 & 7#f7 z ,assi/ant ,pr(essor 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 giv+ in/ruction 9 ! !ory & practice ( intellectual measurem5ts & direct+ ! application ( su* measurem5ts to t5s ( ?\s&s ( s*ool pupils4 ,frank ,p>k] ,/ockbridge1 ,doctor ,trabue's collaborator1 is an au?or & j\rnali/ ( a high ord]4 ,z manag+ editor ( ,popul> ,me*anics & contributor to ! ,_w's ,"w1 ,h>p]'s1 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 etc41 he has be5 ?r[n into contact ) important affairs 9 ! _w ( sci5ce s t he is especially equipp$ to "w ) ,doctor ,trabue 9 pres5t+ ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,z director ( ! publicity campaign ( ! ,am]ican ,libr>y ,association ,w> ,fund 8 contact ) ! ,army & ! results ( ! bigge/ exp]im5t 9 ! way ( psy*ological te/s t ! _w has ev] se5 0 invaluable to him 9 ?is "w4 ,! publi%]s feel t ! collaboration is a p>ticul>ly happy "o4 ,! success ( ! sci5tific me?od ( te/+ intellig5ce among bo? (fic]s & m5 9 ! ,army has direct$ widespread att5tion to ! g5]al subject4 ,! ,m5timet] is ! fir/ compreh5sive sy/em ( te/s1 applicable to ! :ole range ( educational & indu/rial requirem5ts1 to be (f]$ = g5]al use4 ,to employ]s & ^? 9 *>ge ( ! selection1 grad+1 & promotion ( work]s ( e class1 9 factories1 (fices1 & /ores2 to tea*]s ( all grades1 f k9d]g>t5 to univ]sity2 to p>5ts :o are int]e/$ 9 asc]ta9+1 & wat*+ ! gr[? ( _! *ildr5's m5tal developm5t & to "y m5 & "y wom5 /riv+ = self-improvem5t & advancem5t & desir\s ( le>n+ some?+ ( _! own m5tal capacities & limitations z a guide to ! intellig5t *oice ( vocations or pr(essions1 ! publi%]s (f] ?is book 9 ! confid5t belief t x w be f\nd ( real s]vice4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i ,,sci5ce ,,v]sus ,,guesswork #c ,,ii ,,! ,,applications ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s #af ,,iii ,,:at ,,^! ,,te/s ,,measure #bc ,,iv ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,m5tal ,,te/s #cc ,v ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,m5tal ,,te/s #dd ,,vi ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,9 ,,! ,,army #ec ,,vii ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,,9 ,,education #fc ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,9 ,,indu/ry #gf ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,m5timet] ,,te/s #hh ,x ,,! ,,m5timet] ,,te/s #aji ,,xi ,,trade ,,te/s ,,or ,,te/s ,,( ,,skill #bgd ,,app5dices #bhg ,,measure ,,y\r ,,m9d ,,*apt] ,i ,,sci5ce ,,v]sus ,,guesswork ,!re are two ways1 & only two1 9 :i* we c f9d out :at a ma*9e is capable ( do+4 ,"o ( ^! is to try x out1 to 8put x ?r\gh its paces0 by us+ x = e sort ( "w :i* x is expect$ to p]=m & obs]v+ :e!r or n x does :at we want x to d4 ,! o!r way is to measure x 7or to take ! measurem5ts ( x z suppli$ by its responsible manufactur]7 & comp>e ^! ) ! measurem5ts ( ! ess5tial p>ts ( ma*9es ) ! p]=mance ( :i* we are already famili>4 ,unless x is a br&-new type ( ma*9e1 design$ to d some?+ t has nev] be=e be5 done by ma*9]y1 or to d x by a diff]5t me*anical me?od1 !re is obvi\sly a great sav+ ( "t & money 9 buy+ a ma*9e f specifications t insure ! correct p]=mance ( its expect$ duty ov] ! o!r plan ( fir/ buy+ ! ma*9e & !n try+ x out 9 practice to see :e!r x w d :at we want done4 ,! manufactur] or bus9ess man :o w\ld pur*ase ma*9]y ( any sort )\t fir/ mak+ c]ta9 t its dim5sions1 spe$s1 weight1 p[]-consumption1 controls1 & ! mat]ials us$ 9 its con/ruction 7 su* z to adapt x precisely to ! "w he expect$ to d ) x w\ld spe$ily bankrupt 8 bus9ess4 ,x takes b a mom5t's ?\ght = ! read] to prove ?is to himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 h[ev]1 we f9d bus9ess m5 con/antly employ+ m5 & wom5 to p]=m specific duties )\t apply+ any te/s or measurem5ts1 o!r ?an ! mo/ rudim5t>y ones1 to det]m9e 9 advance :e!r ! p]son s employ$ is fitt$ = ! "w he or %e is expect$ to d4 ,& z e employ] kn[s1 "o ( ! mo/ co/ly wa/es 9 almo/ e bus9ess or manufactur+ e/abli%m5t is ! exp5se ( con/antly 8break+ 90 new employees to take ! places ( ^? :o h left or h be5 dismiss$ because !y 7 f\nd1 aft] trial1 n to be fitt$ = ! duties to be done4 ,because ! in/allation ( ma*9]y ( any k9d involves an initial outlay ( money1 x long ago became app>5t to ev]ybody t ! 8trial & error0 me?od ( buy+ ma*9es or o!r commodities 0 wa/eful & ru9\s4 ,x 0 n until rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 t ! clos] /udy ( op]at+ co/s disclos$ ! fact t ! exp5se ( 8lab\r turnov]10 t is to say ! proportion ( employees 9 any giv5 bus9ess ^: places h to be fill$ annually1 is "o ( ! heavie/ avoidable dra9s on income4 ,?is 0 long ov]look$ because no capital inve/m5t is involv$ 9 ! initial employm5t ( lab\r4 ,! co/ ( tra9+ new employees is mu* l>g]1 x is n[ le>n$1 9 mo/ bus9esses1 ?an is g5]ally und]/ood1 n only 9 ! direct outlay 9 sal>y or wages be=e ! new employee has ma/]$ ! duties ( ! new position z well z he or %e is able1 b 9 loss ?r\gh spoil$ mat]ials1 r$uc$ individual output1 & (t5 9 ! sl[+ d[n ( an entire *a9 ( manufactur+ op]ations ?r\gh ! inability ( ! inexp]i5c$ work] to ma9ta9 ! pace ( ! re/ ( ! l9ks 9 ! *a94 ,if1 !n1 z s (t5 happ5s1 x is f\nd aft] exp]im5t t ! new employee is n capable ( p]=m+ ! "w effici5tly1 ! :ole process mu/ be repeat$4 ,! employee :o has fail$ leaves1 is dismiss$1 or is transf]r$ to ano!r dep>tm5t1 & a new & equally inexp]i5c$ work] employ$ to fill ! vacancy1 ) ! :ole co/ ( tra9+ to be incurr$ ov] aga94 ,ev5 ?\gh ! new work] may be exp]i5c$ 9 ! p>ticul> class ( "w to be done1 !re is an appreciable loss due to ! unavoidable frictions & hesitations t occur :5ev] a work] is be+ fitt$ into a new environm5t4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no gu>antee t ev5 an exp]i5c$ p]son 9 a special sort ( "w is fitt$ to d t p>ticul> "w z well z x c be done or %\ld be done4 ,he or %e may h got into t sort ( "w by accid5t4 ,t is usually ! way 9 :i* a boy or girl beg9s a bus9ess or indu/rial c>e]4 ,he or %e may h cont9u$ 9 x m]ely because ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 ! fir/ job enables its possessor to pass ! sup]ficial scrut9y ( =em51 manag]s1 or o!rs :o employ 8help0 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,b j z all ! exp]i5ce & tra9+ 9 ! _w w n make a ,pad]ewski out ( a p]son :o 0 n born ) ! precise comb9ation ( s5sory & n]v\s qualities t ! ma/] musician possesses1 ?\gh almo/ any "o ) t5 f+]s & an e> = h>mony c be taught to play ! piano aft] a fa%ion1 s x is true t :ile 9 ! all-important bus9ess ( e>n+ a liv+ almo/ anybody c be tra9$ to d mo/ ( ! ord9>y manufactur+ & bus9ess op]ations1 aft] a fa%ion1 x is only ^? :o 7 born ) c]ta9 comb9ations ( n]ve end+s & s5sory app>atus :o c be tra9$ into fir/-rate salesm51 or exp]t tool-mak]s4 ,& ?is holds true all ! way d[n ! l9e1 to ! simple/ & mo/ automatic op]ations necess>y 9 bus9ess indu/ry4 ,individuals !mselves are seldom aw>e ( _! own capacities2 ev5 less g5]ally ( _! own limitations4 ,occasionally1 by accid5t1 a man or a woman f9ds at ! "r "t ! opportunity to d precisely ! ?+s he or %e is be/ fitt$ to d4 ,(t5 ! individual's /rong p]sonal in/9cts or incl9ations lead him or h] to seek opportunity to d c]ta9 k9ds ( "w )\t any cle> und]/&+ :y t sort ( "w appeals :ile o!r k9ds d n4 ,few human be+s analyze _! incl9ations closely4 ,yet x may be & frequ5tly is ! case t ! "w "o mo/ /rongly desires to und]take is n t 9 :i* he or %e is be/ fitt$ to succe$4 ,! incl9ation may be c\nt]balanc$ by inhibitions ( :i* nei!r ! possessor nor 8 or h] employ] becomes aw>e until repeat$ failure has demon/rat$ ! lack ( adaptability1 sometimes aft] x is1 or seems to be1 too late to take up ano!r occupation4 ,!n ! work] usually drifts into ! ranks ( 8casuals10 con/antly mov+ f job to job1 *ronically 8out ( "w02 ! ready dupe ( agitators & ! prophets ( social unre/ & revolution2 di%e>t5$1 anti-social1 & p]5nially unhappy2 ! mo/ exp5sive sort ( an employee 9 any position1 no matt] h[ small ! wage--yet a human be+1 &1 z su*1 entitl$ to lib]ty & ! pursuit ( happ9ess6 ,t is an extreme picture4 ,yet if su* trag$ies occur 7z e read] kn[s f 8 own obs]vation & exp]i5ce !y d occur too (t57 among ^? :o h volunt>ily *os5 _! own l9es ( "w1 h[ mu* m frequ5tly mu/ !y occur among ^? ^: daily occupations h be5 det]m9$ = !m1 n ?r\gh any volunt>y *oice or intellig5t guidance b solely ?r\gh ! accid5t ( hav+ be5 8?r[n into0 c]ta9 jobs :5 !y 7 "y8 ,t is ! way 9 :i* ! va/ majority ( individuals h _! c>e]s %ap$ = !m4 ,! _w ( bus9ess & indu/ry & ( ! pr(essions is full ( blacksmi?s :o ought to be c>p5t]s1 indiff]5t lawy]s :o w\ld h made good d5ti/s1 tea*]s :o are failures because !y %\ld h be5 tra9$ z /5ograph]s1 good cooks :o h be5 spoil$ to make m$iocre %op att5dants1 & s on ?r\gh ! li/ ( possible occupations4 ,)9 e bus9ess organization1 moreov]1 !re are grades & degrees ( requirem5ts & responsibilities into :i* "s employees may fit p]fectly1 o!rs less p]fectly & o!rs n at all1 ?\gh all be drawn f ! same gr\p or f ^? p]=m+ ! same g5]al class ( s]vice4 ,"h1 z 9 ! matt] ( orig9al employm5t1 ! g5]al cu/om ( deal+ ) ! human elem5t 9 indu/ry is ! wa/eful 8hire-&-fire0 sy/em1 analog\s to ! pur*as+ ( ma*9]y or equipm5t )\t fir/ asc]ta9+ :e!r x w d ! "w1 & scrapp+ x :5 x fails4 ,we f\nd out long ago t we c\ldn't af=d to d t sort ( ?+ ) ma*9]y4 ,we are j beg9n+ to f9d out t x is ev5 m exp5sive to d x ) ! human elem5t 9 indu/ry4 ,x w\ld p]haps be go+ too f> to claim t ! :ole problem ( ! 8lab\r turnov]0 arises f ! ef=t to fit squ>e pegs into r\nd holes1 b x is c]ta9 t a v l>ge %>e ( all human tr\bles1 indu/rial unre/1 discont5t1 ineffici5cy & unhapp9ess is traceable to ! lack ( prop] adju/m5t betwe5 ! man & ! job1 & ?is 9 turn is due 9 l>ge "p to ! failure to det]m9e 9 advance ! fitness ( ! p>ticul> individual = ! p>ticul> task4 ,:at is ne$$1 obvi\sly1 is a measure ( human capacities1 j z we h means ( measur+ e phase ( ! ma*9e's capacities4 ,j z we measure a ma*9e by ! mo/ precise gauges & te/s available1 :y n measure ! human individual by ! mo/ precise means we are able to apply8 ,! ^w 8measure0 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph does n mean1 ei!r 9 ! case ( ! ma*9e or ( ! man1 ! gross dim5sions ( l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness2 ^! are equally immat]ial1 9 mo/ cases1 :e!r ! subject ( measurem5t be a man or a ma*9e4 ,"o measures a ma*9e to det]m9e its capacity = c]ta9 "w1 & is little conc]n$ ab\t its *>act]i/ics t h no be>+ ^u ^? qualities t fit x = ^? p>ticul> duties4 ,s ! measurem5ts ( a human be+ ^: capacity = c]ta9 duties is to be det]m9$ mu/ be ( ^? qualities :i* enable him or h] to p]=m accord+ to a c]ta9 pre-det]m9$ requirem5t4 ,^! qualities1 9 man1 woman1 or *ild1 c be measur$2 n ) ! precision ) :i* an eng9e] measures ! p>ts ( a ma*9e t mu/ fit )9 a ?\s&? ( an in*1 b ) suffici5t accuracy to det]m9e quickly1 inexp5sively1 & simply :e!r a giv5 individual has ! capacity to le>n & p]=m any giv5 task or class ( "w4 ,to expla9 h[ ^! te/s c be made1 h[ sci5ce c be & is be+ sub/itut$ = guesswork 9 ! selection ( human be+s = jobs & ( jobs = human be+s1 j z sci5ce has displac$ guesswork 9 ! selection ( mat]ial commodities1 is ! purpose ( ?is book4 ,let u fir/ po9t out cle>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & guesswork4 ,! va/ majority ( jobs are fill$ by guesswork4 ,! f>m] :o hires a field h&1 ! h\sewife :o employs a cook1 ! =eman :o takes on a new 8h&0 9 ! factory1 & ev5 employ]s hir+ p]sons = m responsible positions1 all d x1 to a great] degree ?an !y imag9e1 by guesswork4 ,!y may make inquiries1 m or less ?or\gh dep5d+ ^u ! comp5sation & responsibility involv$1 ( p]sons :o are reput$ to "k by obs]vation some?+ ( ! c&idate's qualifications4 ,unless ! individual "u consid]ation be flagrantly & pat5tly unfit ! reports ?us obta9$ are almo/ always fav\rable4 ,9 _m cases no ef=t is made ev5 to obta9 su* reports4 ,_m p]sons :o reg>d !mselves z intellig5t employ m5 & wom5 = all sorts ( delicate op]ations & confid5tial & responsible relations z a result ( obs]vation alone2 yet obs]vation alone w tell no m ab\t a man or a woman ?an x w ab\t an automobile--! %ape & ! col\r+4 ,:5 y obs]ve a human be+ y c det]m9e c]ta9 physical *>act]i/ics1 su* z size1 complexion1 col\r ( eyes & hair1 s\ndness ( tee?1 %ape ( body & head1 cont\r ( face1 features1 & expression4 ,y make up y\r m9d t y l ! p]son or y d n4 ,b z = det]m9+ by means ( any?+ y\r unaid$ obs]vation discloses :e!r or n ! p]son "u exam9ation is qualifi$ ei!r to p]=m or to le>n h[ to p]=m effici5tly a giv5 task or set ( tasks1 y might z well expect to discov] ! hillclimb+ p[] ( an automobile by m]ely look+ at x4 ,yet t is precisely ! way 9 :i*1 9 ! va/ majority ( cases1 ! supremely important "w ( fitt+ individuals & jobs toge!r is done 9 ! _w ( bus9ess & indu/ry4 ,true1 ! prospective employ] usually asks a few que/ions1 b ! applicant's mann] & tone ( voice h usually z mu* to d ) ! f9al decision z ! actual replies4 ,m5 & wom5 are usually hir$1 9 %ort1 on _! looks & on ! impressions made at a s+le %ort int]view4 ,t x is too mu* to expect p]sons s select$ to fit into ev5 ! simple/ sort ( a bus9ess or indu/rial organization %\ld be obvi\s to e intellig5t p]son2 t sometimes !y d fit %\ld be no less obvi\sly recogniz$ z l>gely accid5tal4 ,we d n recognize ! absurdity ( ?is me?od ( select+ p]sons = p>ticul> positions1 p>tly because ?is is ! only way mo/ ( u h ev] kn[n & p>tly because !re is 9 almo/ e human be+ a secret or subconsci\s belief 9 8 own peculi> p[]s ( judg+ o!rs by means ( surface indications4 ,! fallacy ( ! belief t "o may arrive at accurate conclusions z to individual capacity & *>act]i/ics by m]ely look+ at ! individuals conc]n$ has be5 well set =? by ,pr(4 ,l4 ,m4 ,t]man ( ,/an=d ,univ]sity4 ,mu* ( ! popul> belief 9 ! efficacy ( ?is me?od1 ,doctor ,t]man believes1 is due to ! fact t ! public does n "k t ! pret5sions ( ! pseudo-sci5ce ( 8phr5ology0 7 long ago %[n to be unw>rant$4 ,accord+ to phr5ology1 def9ite & con/ant relations are believ$ to exi/ betwe5 c]ta9 m5tal traits & ! cont\r ( ! head4 ,phr5ologi/s tea*1 = example1 t "o's end[m5t 9 su* traits z intellig5ce1 combativ5ess1 sympa?y1 t5d]ness1 hone/y1 religi\s f]v\r1 & c\rage may be judg$ by ! prom95ce ( v>i\s p>ts ( ! skull4 ,:ile ! s9c]ity ( ,gall1 ! ,fr5* physiologi/ ( a c5tury ago :o inv5t$ ! s-call$ sci5ce1 & ( 8 foll[]s1 is n to be que/ion$1 ! pret5sions ( phr5ology itself h be5 ?or\ghly explod$4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t traits l ^? above m5tion$ d n h sep>ate & well-def9$ seats 9 ! bra9 & t skull cont\r is n a reliable index ( ! bra9 developm5t b5ea?4 8,9 ! und]world ( pseudo-sci5ce1 h[ev]10 says ,pr(essor ,t]man1 8phr5ology & k9dr$ fakes survive4 ,hundr$s ( m5 & wom5 /ill e>n _! liv+ by #8feel+ bumps on ! head1' read+ "* f ! l9es ( ! h&1 etc4 8,b if ! rat+ ( m5 by pseudo-sci5ce is mislead+1 p]haps sci5ce is /ill unnecess>y4 ,x may be argu$ t m5tal traits c be rat$ accurately en\gh = all practical purposes on ! basis ( ord9>y obs]vation ( "o's behavi\r1 spee*1 & appe>ance4 ,we are con/antly judg+ p by ?is (fh& me?od1 because we are compell$ to d s4 ,consequ5tly we all acquire a c]ta9 facility 9 h&l+ ! me?od4 ,= ord9>y purposes x is inf9itely bett] ?an no?+4 ,a skilful obs]v] c e/imate r\ghly ! height ( an airplane2 b if we w\ld "k its real height we mu/ use ! me?ods ( sci5ce & p]=m a ma!matical computation4 8,! tr\ble ) ! obs]vational me?od is its lack ( a univ]sal /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,"o obs]v] may use a high1 ano!r a l[ /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,a f\r-/ory build+ 9 ! mid/ ( ,new ,york's #8sky-scrap]s' looks v l[2 plac$ 9 ! mid/ ( a wide expanse ( "o-/ory /ructures x w\ld look v tall4 8,moreov]1 we are easily misl$ by appe>ances4 ,! writ] kn[s a "y man :o looks s fooli% t he is (t5 mi/ak5 by casual acqua9tances = a m5tal defective4 ,9 reality he is "o ( ! half doz5 brighte/ /ud5ts 9 a l>ge univ]sity4 ,ano!r man :o 9 reality has ! m5tality ( a t5-ye>-old *ild is s intellig5t look+ t he 0 able to secure employm5t z a city policeman4 8,language is a great deceiv]4 ,! flu5t talk] is likely to be ov]rat$1 ! p]son ( /umbl+ or monosyllabic spee* to be und]rat$4 ,simil> errors are made 9 judg+ ! intellig5ce ( ! sprightly & ! /olid1 ! aggressive & ! timid1 etc4 ,our t5d5cy is also to ov]e/imate ! intellectual quality ( our fri5ds & to und]e/imate t ( p]sons we d n l4 8,if ! me?od ( (fh& judgm5t 7 reliable1 diff]5t judges w\ld agree 9 _! rat+s ( ! same individual4 ,:5 ! judges disagree x is evid5t t n all c be correct4 ,:5 intellig5ce is rat$ 9 ?is way wide diff]5ces ( op9ion inv>iably appe>4 ,tw5ty-five memb]s ( a univ]sity class :o _h work$ toge!r intimately = a ye> 7 ask$ to rate ! individuals ( ! class f #a to #be 9 ord] ( intellig5ce4 ,! result 0 surpris+4 ,almo/ e memb] ( ! class 0 rat$ among ! brighte/ by someone1 & almo/ e memb] ( ! class among ! dulle/ by someone4 ,d\btless ! judges 7 misl$ by all sorts ( irrelevant matt]s1 su* z p]sonal appe>ance1 flu5cy ( spee*1 positiv5ess ( mann]1 p]sonal likes & dislikes1 etc4 8,! me?od ( p]sonal e/imate is mu* bett] ?an ! me?od ( ext]nal signs 7phr5ology71 b to be reliable x mu/ be supplem5t$ by a me?od :i* is objective1 t is1 a me?od :i* is n influ5c$ by ! p]sonal bias ( ! judge or by su* irrelevant factors z ! appe>ance1 spee*1 or be>+ ( ! "o to be rat$4 ,su* is ! me?od ( intellig5ce te/s40 ,x w\ld1 ( c\rse1 z ,pr(essor ,t]man po9ts out1 be absurd to cont5d t x is impossible to arrive at a r\gh e/imate ( an individual's capacities & "* by obs]vation1 z x is absurd to pret5d t accurate measurem5ts ( an individual's capacities c be made by ! same me?od4 ,!re are m5 :o h by long exp]i5ce le>n$ to judge on v brief contacts ! possibilities ( applicants = positions4 ,actually1 :at su* employ]s d is to apply1 ?\gh crudely & unsci5tifically1 a limit$ numb] ( te/s :i* might fairly be class$ z psy*ological4 ,out ( a long exp]i5ce !y h accumulat$ an accurate k ( ! "w to be done & ( ! g5]al type ( individual :o has be5 f\nd be/ qualifi$ to p]=m t "w4 ,?is sort ( ability1 h[ev]1 is acquir$ solely ?r\gh long exp]i5ce1 & ev5 !n x c only be acquir$ by m5 or wom5 :o !mselves possess c]ta9 m5tal qualities1 :i* might easily be gaug$ & classifi$1 ! possession ( :i* enables !m to accumulate & utilize exp]i5ce 9 ?is mann]4 ,?is sort ( ability c by no means be transf]r$ f "o individual to ano!r by description or by m]e tra9+4 ,x is precisely l ! ability :i* an exp]i5c$ automobile repair man possesses1 t enables him to tell by a quick inspection & aft] only a few m9utes ( obs]vation :at are ! pr9cipal ?+s ! matt] ) a c> & :at s]vice x is probably able to p]=m4 ,b a repair man _c tell anybody else h[ to size up an automobile at a glance1 because ! only way any "o c le>n to d x is by go+ ?r\gh ! same process ( tak+ automobiles ap>t & putt+ !m toge!r aga9 = a p]iod ( ye>s4 ,& z ev]yone :o has ev] _h occasion to deal ) automobile repairs is aw>e1 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ repair m5 are seldom positive t !y "k j :at is wrong & all t is wrong )\t apply+ precise measurem5ts & pa9/ak+ te/s4 ,x is easy en\gh to det]m9e t a delicate1 small-bon$1 sl5d] p]son is n ! be/ type to employ = digg+ coal1 load+ freight c>s1 or o!r ardu\s manual lab\r4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 _m classes ( occupations ! fitness or unfitness = :i* ( a p>ticul> individual mu/ be det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ place by t individual's physical *>act]i/ics4 ,s f> ! obs]vation me?od suffices4 ,b ! v fact t e indu/ry & bus9ess is full ( misfits & t x is a matt] ( common k t ! mo/ difficult problem ! employ] has to face is t ( f9d+ ! "r p]son = ea* p>ticul> job t calls = any?+ m ?an m]e physical /r5g?1 is ! be/ evid5ce t ev5 ! mo/ exp]i5c$ & accurate obs]v]s are f> f infallible 9 _! judgm5ts ( individual capacities4 ,= t matt]1 !re is no infallible te/4 ,no true sci5ti/ claims infallibility4 ,! possibility ( error is always pres5t :]ev] ! human elem5t is involv$4 ,x is a safe assumption t any me?od or e/imate t purports to be infallible is fraudul5t4 ,!re is 9 almo/ e human m9d a lurk+1 subconsci\s belief 9 ! possibility ( p]fection4 ,x is ?is :i* makes humanity cr$ul\s :5 claims ( infallibility are plausibly pres5t$4 ,x is extremely difficult to satisfy by logic & reason ! type ( m9d t is /rongly influ5c$ by glitt]+ g5]alities & emphatic1 ?\gh unsupport$1 ass]tions4 ,x is equally difficult to conv9ce ! skeptic ^: m9d is clos$ to ! introduction ( new ?\ghts & :o1 9 8 self-satisfaction ) 8 own m5tal limitations1 rejects e fact t does n tally ) 8 preconceiv$ ideas4 ,?is book is writt5 nei!r = ! sup]-skeptical nor ! ultra-cr$ul\s4 ,x makes no pret5sion to infallibility1 nor does any sci5tifically tra9$ psy*ologi/ pret5d t !re has yet be5 evolv$ a me?od ( measur+ e dim5sion & capacity ( ! human m9d beyond ! possibility ( error4 ,! me?ods describ$ 9 ?is book are ! fruit ( ye>s ( exp]im5t1 rese>*1 & practical application ( ! results ( exp]im5t & rese>*1 & are design$ to reflect ! developm5t ( ! sci5ce ( psy*ology 9 its application to m5tal measurem5ts z closely z x is possible to d s )9 ! limits ( a s+le volume writt5 prim>ily = ! read] :o has no special sci5tific tra9+ along psy*ological l9es4 ,! read] :o is n prep>$ & will+ to exam9e facts & at lea/ to take all ! asc]ta9able facts into consid]ation be=e =m+ 8 conclusions is n likely to be int]e/$4 ,! sci5tific me?od ( "* analysis or m5tal measurem5t is bas$ ^u ! comp>ison ( ! l>ge/ possible collection ( asc]ta9$ facts4 ,guess "w has no place 9 x4 ,psy*ology has small deal+s ) intuition & in/9ct nor is x 9 any way d]iv$ f magic or conc]n$ ) ! occult4 ,!re are no unfa?omable my/]ies4 ,!re is no fact ab\t ! op]ation ( ! human m9d :i* _c be subject$ to sci5tific inve/igation & measurem5t by any intellig5t p]son4 ,! sci5tific me?od requires t e conclusion mu/ squ>e ) ! results obta9$ by ! exp]im5tal application ( all relat$ facts or be discr$it$ z wor?less4 ,!ories h no place 9 sci5ce1 except z some?+ to be disprov$ if possible1 & a s+le fact :i* does n squ>e ) any !ory disproves ! !ory4 ,! sci5tific me?od ( m5tal measurem5t has pass$ ! !oretical /age4 ,x has squ>$ ) ! facts :]ev] x has be5 intellig5tly appli$4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ 9 a wide range ( bus9ess & indu/rial applications1 9 education & 9 its use 9 det]m9+ ! qualities & fitness ( (fic]s & m5 9 ! ,army & ,navy4 ,:at x (f]s is ! %orte/1 simple/1 & mo/ accurate means available ( det]m9+ human capacities & qualities4 ,pr(essor ,t]man has admirably summ>iz$ ! advantages ( ! sci5tific me?od ( te/+ intellig5ce1 z foll[s3 8#a4 ,x gives u a univ]sal /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! result is absolutely un9flu5c$ by ! g5]al intellectual level ( ! gr\p ) :i* ! subject to be rat$ happ5s to be associat$4 ,x is l measur+ ! height ( a h\se in/ead ( e/imat+ x by comp>ison ) ! height ( surr\nd+ build+s4 8#b4 ,x multiplies enorm\sly ! significance ( m5tal p]=mance4 ,x does ?is by mak+ f9e di/9ctions :i* w\ld be ov]look$ by ! me?od ( (fh& judgm5t4 ,x is l plac+ a sme>$ glass "u a microscope & discov]+ t ! sme> is a complicat$ network ( organic matt]4 8#c4 ,! te/ me?od is objective2 t is1 free f ! influ5ce ( p]sonal bias4 ,x gives approximately ! same v]dict to-day1 next week1 or next ye>4 ,x does n *ange its op9ion4 ,m important /ill1 ! v]dict w be approximately ! same :oev] makes ! te/1 :e!r a relative1 a /rang]1 a fri5d1 or an enemy1 provid$ only t ! rules ( proc$ure be rigidly foll[$4 8#d4 ,! te/ result is little influ5c$ by ! subject's educational advantages4 ,9 ?is x diff]s greatly f (fh& judgm5t1 :i* s easily mi/akes ! results ( s*ool+ = real intellig5ce4 ,! te/ me?od probes b5ea? ! v5e] ( education & gives an index ( raw #8bra9 p[]4' ,= example1 a "y woman :o _h be5 /ol5 9 e>ly *ildhood by gypsies & _h sp5t h] life ) !m 0 giv5 ! ,b9et-,simon intellig5ce te/4 ,%e _h nev] att5d$ s*ool a day 9 h] life & _h only le>n$ to read by brib+ a little s*ool girl to tea* h] ! alphabet2 yet %e made a high] score ?an ! av]age f\nd = two hundr$ high s*ool pupils :o 7 giv5 ! same te/4 8,no wond]10 ,pr(essor ,t]man concludes1 8m5tality te/s h acquir$ su* a wide vogue 9 ! t5 ye>s s9ce ,b9et gave to ! _w ! fir/ successful intellig5ce scale4 ,9 t "t !y h demon/rat$ _! usefulness 9 ! /udy ( ! feeble-m9d$1 9 ! grad+ ( s*ool *ildr51 9 det]m9+ ! m5tal responsibility ( (f5d]s1 & 9 ! selection ( employees4 ,_! l>ge/ & mo/ useful applications h be5 9 ! m5tal classification ( m5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army40 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,applications ,,( ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,! intellig5t read] has by ?is "t begun to see = himself "s ( ! possibilities op5$ up by ! use ( sci5tific m5tal te/s1 & to p]ceive _! applicability 9 a wide div]sity ( fields4 ,9 lat] *apt]s specific examples ( su* applications are giv5 9 detail1 & sugge/ions (f]$ = /ill o!r uses ( ! te/s :i* are conta9$ 9 ?is book4 ,! usefulness ( all m5tal te/s1 :e!r ^? :i* are (f]$ 9 ?is volume "u ! g5]al title ( 8,! ,m5timet]10 or o!rs t may be set up ) equal sci5tific precision1 dep5ds ^u1 or at lea/ is greatly enhanc$ by1 ! mo/ complete und]/&+ ( ! und]ly+ pr9ciples on ! "p ( ! p]son :o und]takes to apply !m4 ,! purpose ( ?is & ! next ?ree succe$+ *apt]s is to make ^! pr9ciples s pla9 t by ! "t ! read] has rea*$ ! te/s !mselves he w h a p]fectly cle> und]/&+1 n only ( :at ! ,m5timet] te/s are b ( :y !y h be5 put into ! =m 9 :i* he f9ds !m1 & ( h[ _! use w enable him to gauge human intellig5ce & capacity ) a great] degree ( accuracy ?an he has f\nd possible by o!r means4 ,if1 p]*ance1 psy*ologi/s f9d 9 ?is volume mu* t is to !m elem5t>y1 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t x is only ?r\gh ! wide/ possible spread ( s\nd und]/&+ ( psy*ological pr9ciples t ! wid] application ( !m 9 ! ord9>y walks ( life c be br\ght ab\t4 ,t1 ! au?ors take x1 is ! great end t[>d :i* sci5tific psy*ologi/s are aim+1 & t is ! aim ( ?is book4 ,! g5]al purpose ( psy*ological te/s is to det]m9e h[ individuals comp>e ) "o ano!r 9 m5tal capacity1 or ) /&>ds bas$ ^u ! capacities ( individuals kn[n to possess c]ta9 qualities4 ,?us1 x may be desirable1 z x frequ5tly is1 to det]m9e ! relative abilities ( ! individuals ( a c]ta9 gr\p1 l a s*ool or college class1 cl]ks employ$ 9 a simil> =m ( "w1 a numb] ( applicants = a c]ta9 position = :i* only ! mo/ capable among ! c&idates is desir$1 or ! soldi]s ( a p>ticul> company or regim5t4 ,:at is requir$ "h is a me?od ( grad+ ^! individuals ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 by means ( te/s :i* ne$ n necess>ily h any relation to any ext]nal /&>d ( m5tal p]fection4 ,! process "h is z if "o 7 to be told to pick out ( all ! automobiles 9 a g>age ! be/ "o1 ! next be/1 & s on1 classify+ ^! p>ticul> c>s & no o!rs ) relation to "o ano!r & n ) respect to any /&>ds ( automobile p]fection introduc$ f outside4 ,none ( ! c>s might be p]fect2 p]haps ! be/ "o ( ! lot has leaky pi/on-r+s & none ( !m w climb a #aj p] c5t4 grade on high ge>4 ,x is a comp>atively easy matt]1 h[ev]1 to devise a few simple te/s t w grade a doz5 or fifty automobiles 9 reg>d to _! relative ability to climb hills1 c>ry loads1 & p]=m ! o!r s]vices expect$ ( an automobile4 ,! "o t w climb hills ! be/ may n also be ! "o t w c>ry ! heavie/ load or travel ! mo/ miles on a gallon ( gasol5e1 b out ( su* a s]ies ( gr\p te/s any "o int]e/$ c readily det]m9e :i* ( all ! automobiles 9 ! gr\p is ! be/ g5]al purpose c>1 :i* ! poore/1 & ab\t :]e ! o!rs grade ) ref]5ce to ^! two extremes4 ,t is ab\t ! process t a man engag$ 9 ! automobile truck+ bus9ess w\ld use 9 det]m9+ :i* "o ( ! c>s he has available is be/ adapt$ = a p>ticul> piece ( haul+ t is to be done4 ,he wants to "k :i* ( 8 c>s he c rely ^u = any "o ( _m diff]5t sorts ( s]vice1 b he p>ticul>ly wants to "k all ! "t :i* ( !m are wor? sp5d+ money on = repairs & improvem5ts & g5]al ov]haul+ & :i* are ei!r s poorly con/ruct$ 9 ! fir/ place or s hopelessly out ( repair t x is *eap] to scrap !m ?an to sp5d any m money on try+ to make !m fit = s]vice4 ,9 o!r words1 ! automobile own] ne$s to "k :i* ( 8 c>s1 h[ev] poor its pres5t ability1 has su* inh]5t qualities z to ju/ify ! belief t x c be made m effici5t by prop] att5tion & reasonable exp5diture ( money4 ,n[1 t is precisely :at ! employ] ( work]s1 ! comm&] ( soldi]s1 ! tea*] ( a class or any "o else *>g$ ) responsibility = ! p]=mance ( any sort ( tasks by any gr\p ( human be+s1 wants to "k ab\t ! individuals "u 8 direction4 ,he %\ld "k or be able to det]m9e readily n alone :at ea* ( ! individuals c actually d & :i* ones c d p>ticul> tasks bett] ?an ! o!rs1 b x is important = him to "k ! relative capacities ( ! entire gr\p1 s t he c det]m9e1 z 9 ! case ( ! automobiles :i* h be5 us$ z an illu/ration1 :i* ( !m are mo/ wor? sp5d+ "t & ef=t ^u 9 ! expectation t !y w le>n to d ev5 m difficult tasks1 & :i* ( !m are s hopelessly incapable t no?+ is to be expect$ ( !m except ! simple/ r\t9e p]=mances4 ,n[1 ! man :o op]ates a fleet ( automobile trucks does n /op :5 he has made a comp>ison ( ! vehicles 9 8 g>age ) "o ano!r1 b is con/antly comp>+ ! p]=mance ( ea* ) /&>ds e/abli%$ by o!r c>s1 ma*9es ( diff]5t makes1 & ) new ma*9es4 ,!re exi/s1 & he is con/antly consci\s ( its exi/5ce1 an ideal /&>d ( p]=mance = automobiles to :i* 8 c>s mu/ con=m z ne>ly z possible if _! s]vice is to be satisfactory4 ,s1 9 measur+ human capacity1 x is n en\gh to comp>e ! individuals ( a gr\p ) "o ano!r1 ?\gh ?is is ess5tial & = "s purposes tempor>ily suffici5t2 !re are available /&>ds bas$ ^u ! actual a*ievem5ts ( individuals ( kn[n capacity by :i* ! m5tal p[]s ( any & all individuals may be gaug$4 ,x w readily be se5 t ! employ] ( a numb] ( p]sons--engag$1 let u say1 9 "s specific me*anical or cl]ical op]ation--ne$s to "k n only :e!r "s ( ^! are capable ( be+ tra9$ to d bett] "w & "s s incapable ( fur!r tra9+ t x w\ld be *eap] to dis*>ge !m & fill _! places ) m intellig5t p]sons1 b also to "k h[ any p>ticul> gr\p ( employees comp>es 9 av]age intellig5ce & h[ ea* "o ( ! gr\p comp>es 9 individual intellig5ce ) ! av]age or high]-?an-av]age capacity ( ^? outside ( 8 own p>ticul> bus9ess e/abli%m5t :o are engag$ 9 simil> "w4 ,?is is a matt] ( doll>s & c5ts to ! employ]4 ,if he c obta9 a /&>d t is univ]sal or ne>ly s1 t tells him1 9 fact1 :at all ( ! employ]s 9 8 l9e ( bus9ess h f\nd to be ! av]age or ! limits ( m5tal capacity possess$ by work]s ( a p>ticul> class1 !n he is 9 a position to det]m9e :e!r he is gett+ equally good s]vice = ! wages :i* he pays z is obta9$ by o!r employ]s requir+ simil> s]vice4 ,to illu/rate concretely3 9 an (fice employ+ tw5ty /5ograph]s on correspond5ce1 x is n only necess>y = ! employ] to "k :i* ( ^! /5ograph]s is ! mo/ compet5t & :i* ! lea/ & :e!r ! less compet5t are incapable m]ely because !y are beg9n]s or because !y lack ! necess>y m5tal capacity ev] to become compet5t4 ,he %\ld also be able to measure ! m5tal capacity ( ! entire gr\p by "s /&>d bas$ ^u ! p]=mance ( ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( /5ograph]s ( kn[n degrees ( ability4 ,he may discov] t ! mo/ compet5t ( 8 entire /aff is only z capable z ! av]age ( good /5ograph]s ev]y:]e4 ,obvi\sly1 8 bus9ess is h&icapp$ by hav+ a /5ographic =ce :i* is inf]ior 9 capacity &1 consequ5tly1 9 accuracy1 spe$1 & o!r ess5tial requirem5ts1 to ! av]age ( /5ographic (fice /affs 9 bus9ess g5]ally4 ,once ?is has be5 det]m9$1 ! intellig5t employ] w proce$ to replace ! /5ograph]s :o are incapable ( improvem5t1 z indicat$ by ! te/s appli$1 ) /5ograph]s :o respond to ! /&>d te/s ) a score well above ! av]age4 ,s1 too1 ) ! tea*]4 ,x is comp>atively easy = ! tea*] to classify 8 or h] pupils into bright1 /upid1 & m$iocre1 ?r\gh obs]vation alone4 ,:at is m important1 h[ev]1 is to det]m9e sev]al ?+s ab\t ea* pupil :i* obs]vation alone does n tell4 ,are ! /upid ones really /upid or m]ely inatt5tive8 ,h !y ! necess>y m5tal capacity to p]=m ! assign$ "w ( ! class or are !y simply lazy8 ,few tea*]s c answ] ?is "q2 none ) any degree ( accuracy )\t ! application ( sci5tific te/s ( m5tal capacity4 ,are ! bright *ildr5 really bright by comp>ison ) o!r *ildr5 ( ! same age & s*ool grade or d !y m]ely %9e by contra/ ) ! dull memb]s ( ! class8 ,?is "q c by no means be answ]$ accurately except by ! application ( m5tal capacity te/s4 ,9 ano!r *apt] "s ( ! concrete applications ( m5tal te/s 9 education are describ$ at l5g?4 ,! po9t to be emphasiz$ "h is t ! measurem5t ( ! m5tal capacities ( any gr\p %\ld be bas$ ^u /&>ds t w n only det]m9e ! relative capacities ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p b w1 at ! same "t1 comp>e !m all ) /&>ds t reflect ! kn[n av]age & maximum capacities ( all o!rs ( simil> age & environm5t4 ,! purpose ( ^! te/s might be summ$ up some:at z foll[s3 ,to measure1 by comp>ison ) ! gr\p av]age or ) v c>efully det]m9$ /&>ds1 "s ( ! inf9ite numb] ( qualities & abilities1 ! possession ( :i* by ! individual r5d]s him m or less susceptible to education & tra9+ or m or less capable ( successfully p]=m+ c]ta9 actions requir+ consci\s direction f ! m9d4 ,x requires no special argum5t to po9t out h[ a g5]al application ( te/s t disclose actual m5tal capacities might pr(\ndly affect our judgm5t ( m5 ( all classes & walks ( life4 ,7 x possible to ticket & catalogue ! :ole human race 9 accordance ) ! capacity ( ea* individual z disclos$ "u prop]ly devis$ psy*ological te/s1 we w\ld no long] p]mit ! sup]ficial abs5ce ( poli% & ta/e to bl9d u to ! inh]5t p[]s & capacities ( ! self-made man1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld we be s ready to assume t ! well-dress$1 flu5t talk]1 no matt] h[ prepossess+ 9 appe>ance & mann]1 0 necess>ily able & wor?y ( confid5ce4 ,likewise1 once su* a classification became univ]sal1 x is conceivable t _m bus9ess m5 & o!rs :o are prone to criticize ! univ]sities & _! products w\ld be m tol]ant ( ! rec5t graduate1 ^: m5tal capacity is 9 no wise reflect$ by ! p>ticul> v>iety ( cont5ts ) :i* 8 m9d has be5 fill$ 9 college4 ,besides ! application ( sci5tific m5tal te/s z already indicat$1 9 bus9ess & indu/ry & 9 education1 by ! employ] or ! tea*]1 !re is ano!r & important use to :i* /&>diz$ te/s1 bas$ ^u det]m9$ capacities ( gr\ps & individuals ( kn[n ability1 may be put4 ,?is is ! use ( su* te/s by ! individual ^u himself = ! purpose ( det]m9+ 8 own m5tal capacity 9 a p>ticul> direction or ( a p>ticul> k9d z comp>$ ) ! m5tal capacity ( o!rs4 ,! man or woman b5t on self-improvem5t or advancem5t may ?us1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 assess by ! application ( /&>diz$ te/s 8 or h] own m5tal quality & capacity4 ,aga9 x is unnecess>y to po9t out ! advantage to ! "y man or "y woman endeav\r+ to decide ^u a c>e] or to det]m9e :at p>ticul> c\rse ( /udy to pursue or l9e ( bus9ess to ent]1 9 be+ enabl$ to obta9 an accurate gauge ( 8 or h] own qualities1 p[]s1 & limitations4 ,ta/e & incl9ation are no safe guides to life unless !re is c\pl$ ) !m inh]5t capacity = ! compet5t ex]cise ( ! faculties :i* make ! gratification ( "o's individual ta/es & incl9ations possible4 ,?us x may be t ! individual's incl9ations & ta/es run /rongly t[>d music1 t[>d art 9 any ( its v>i\s =ms1 b t physical & m5tal inhibitions1 ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( :i* may be readily det]m9$1 make x impossible = ! possessor ( su* ta/es to hope to be able to p]=m cr$itably ! acts :i* a successful arti/ or musician mu/ p]=m4 ,prop]ly devis$ & appli$ psy*ological te/s may conceivably disclose ! exi/5ce ( m5tal p[]s & capacities unsuspect$ or neglect$ because ov]%ad[$ by /rong incl9ations 9 o!r directions2 e>ly k ( ! possession ( su* capacities may easily direct _! possessors into fields 9 :i* !y c ?rive & prosp] & a*ieve f> great] happ9ess & cont5tm5t ?an w\ld ev] be possible ?r\gh a lifetime ( /riv+ to d t = :i* !y are n fitt$ by inh]itance4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,:at ,,^! ,,te/s ,,measure ,! mo/ natural "q & "o t is frequ5tly ask$ is3 8,:at1 precisely1 d psy*ological te/s measure80 ,x is a "q t is easi] to ask ?an to answ]4 ,x is simple en\gh to say t m5tal te/s are design$ to measure ! natural or inh]5t m5tal capacity ( ! individual1 b 9 ord] to approa* a cle> und]/&+ ( j :at ?is means we mu/ fir/ def9e :at is meant by ! t]m 8m5tal capacity40 ,z a matt] ( sci5tific fact1 ! t]m 8m5tal capacity0 c h>dly be reg>d$ z accurate1 al?\gh x is ! be/ t]m we h to describe ! qualities :i* det]m9e ! individual's ability to p]=m acts requir+ consci\s ?\ght4 ,psy*ological & biological sci5ce no long] reg>d ! human m9d z some?+ diff]5t f or 9 any way ap>t f ! human body4 ,! idea t !re is su* an entity z a m9d t op]ates ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree )\t ref]5ce to & indep5d5t ( ! physical body mu/ be dismiss$1 if we are to grasp cle>ly ! pr9ciples & me?ods ( m5tal te/s4 ,to ! psy*ologi/ ! m9d is m]ely a specializ$ organ ( ! physical body4 ,! intangible some?+1 :i* is :at is usually meant :5 p]sons speak ( ! human m9d1 is m]ely ! sum ( all ! s5sations1 feel+s1 & judgm5ts result+ f ! delicate adju/m5t ( an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( n]ve fibres :i* 9 !mselves are a "p ( ! physical body4 ,"o may h at bir? a pl5tiful supply or a poor supply ( pot5tial n]ve end+s :i* are ready to be organiz$ & cord9at$ by exp]i5ce & tra9+1 b unless "o has ! opportunity to le>n f /udy & exp]i5ce1 ! desirable connections may nev] be develop$4 ,! maximum capacity ( ! m9d 9 any p>ticul> field is1 !re=e1 practically det]m9$ by physical inh]itance ( an abundant supply ( n]ve end+s4 ,?us1 x may be t "o individual is born ) two or ?ree times z _m n]ve t]m9als connect+ at ! po9t at ! back ( ! eyeball :]e ! optic n]ve--:i* is simply a bundle or rope ( n]ve fibres--is atta*$ to ! me*anical app>atus ^u :i* ! reflection ( objects pass+ be=e ! field ( vision is regi/]$4 ,su* an individual's p[]s ( obs]vation are normally great] ?an ^? ( ! p]son ( less =tunate h]$ity 9 ?is respect1 ^: less] numb] ( t]m9als ( ! optic n]ve fibres limit 8 p[]s ( optical p]ception & obs]vation4 ,?us1 "o p]son may see at a glance a hundr$ details1 all ( :i* regi/] %>ply ^u 8 consci\sness1 :ile ano!r sees only ! gross outl9es & %ad[s1 & 9 betwe5 is ! av]age p]son :o sees "s details b n all4 ,x is well kn[n to psy*ologi/s & biologi/s1 al?\gh n g5]ally und]/ood by ^? :o h n made a special /udy ( ^! sci5ces1 t m5tal capacity does n *ange or increase mat]ially aft] ! individual has rea*$ maturity4 ,x may be dim9i%$ ?r\gh accid5t or disease1 b ! *ief increase 9 adult life is 9 ! volume & v>iety ( /or$-up impressions4 ,! av]age girl ( eighte5 or boy ( tw5ty has rea*$ ! approximate limit ( 8 or h] m5tal capacity4 ,! m5tal tank w nev] gr[ mu* l>g]4 ,x may be half empty or almo/ entirely vacant1 b unless at ! av]age age ( univ]sity sophomores sci5tific m5tal te/s prove ! individual to be possess$ ( av]age or bett] ?an av]age m5tal capacity1 x is futile to expect any great intellectual developm5t to take place 9 lat] life4 ,b :ile ! maximum capacity ( ! m9d dep5ds ^u physical inh]itance1 ! actual ability :i* is necess>ily reflect$ 9 ! scores made by a p]son subject$ to m5tal te/s is det]m9$ by ! numb] & v>iety ( n]ve connections t h actually be5 made by environm5t or tra9+4 ,inh]itance sets ! maximum limit1 b z a matt] ( practice ?is maximum is nev] rea*$1 or at lea/ is s seldom rea*$ by any individual t x c h>dly be said ( any human be+ t he has develop$ 8 m9d 9 any direction to ! utmo/ limit ( its capacity4 ,:at we actually measure 9 sci5tific m5tal te/s is a complex ( natural or inh]5t abilities plus ! results ( education & tra9+2 because1 :ile x is possible to a consid]able ext5t to elim9ate by prop]ly devis$ te/s a record ( ! individual's acquir$ k1 x is practically impossible to di/+ui% betwe5 acquir$ & inh]5t m5tal ability4 ,note c>efully ! di/9ction betwe5 m5tal ability & m5tal capacity4 ,m5tal ability 9 any individual is always less ?an 8 m5tal capacity4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! m5tal ability z det]m9$ by sci5tific te/s rea*es ! highe/ po9t on ! scale ( measurem5t1 :atev] t may be1 x foll[s t ! m5tal capacity ( ! individual mak+ a p]fect score is ev5 great] ?an ! scale is design$ to measure1 & h[ mu* great] c only be det]m9$ by sett+ up new te/s bas$ ^u high] /&>ds4 ,! result ( any sci5tific te/ simply indicates ! weal? ( n]ve connections t are ready to be made :5 ! /imulus necess>y to _! e/abli%m5t is appli$4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t no "o hav+ a s\nd claim to ! possession ( sci5tific k c cont5d t !re are te/s 9 exi/5ce t actually measure ) complete precision ! inh]it$ z di/+ui%$ f ! acquir$ m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,x is n conc$$1 h[ev]1 t su* precise measurem5ts _c be made if at any "t x becomes necess>y or desirable to d s4 ,= all practical pres5t-day purposes x is suffici5t t psy*ological te/s %all measure m5tal qualities :i* are manife/$ by ! individual's ability to express !m by action or spee*4 ,! classification ( individuals relative to "o ano!r & ) ref]5ce to ! possession ( a p>ticul> m5tal ability or gr\p ( abilities is1 !re=e1 necess>ily bas$ ^u _! relative ability to express 9 "s intelligible & unmi/akable fa%ion _! m5tal p[] & qualities4 ,back ( ?is p[] ( expression may lie hidd5 & undream$-( capacities ( :i* ! individual himself may be vaguely consci\s b ( :i* he c give no outw>d manife/ation4 ,x may be1 = example1 t an individual is gift$ ) unusual p[]s ( p]ception ?r\gh ! eyes1 e>s1 & ! s5ses ( t\*1 smell1 & ta/e b t he is defici5t 9 n]ve fibres & connections controll+ ! volunt>y muscles by :i* human be+s translate s5sations into action & spee*4 ,?is is h>dly likely1 z a physiological fact1 to occur2 ! individual born ) ri* n]ve end+s 9 "o "p ( ! physical body is m likely to h a proportionate supply ( n]ve end+s 9 all o!r p>ts ( ! body ?an to be defici5t 9 "o "p & amply suppli$ 9 ano!r4 ,z r>e exceptions1 h[ev]1 !re are individuals :o 9 infancy h1 ?r\gh accid5t or disease1 lo/ c]ta9 gr\ps ( n]ve connections :ile reta9+ unusually ri* gr\ps 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 ! mo/ fam\s case 9 mod]n hi/ory1 t ( ,hel5 ,kell]1 ^: auditory & optical n]ve connections 7 lo/ ?r\gh disease 9 e>ly infancy1 b ^: unusual inh]5t m5tal capacity has be5 able to demon/rate itself ?r\gh o!r & extraord9>y means z a result ( tra9+ & education4 ,b 9 ord9>y life1 if a man or a woman has "s m5tal quality :i* does n express itself 9 an action :i* o!r p]sons c see or he> & "k ab\t1 !n x is n socially important4 ,x is ( consequ5ce only to ! individual & x is ( little social s]vice to und]take to measure ^! obscure & unexpress$ & inexpressible capacities1 z !y c nev]1 until !y f9d means ( expression1 affect ! individual's ability or effici5cy 9 any occupation4 ,x is n t ^! ?+s _c be measur$4 ,! case ( ,hel5 ,kell] is "o demon/ration t !y c be measur$4 ,any?+ :atev] t makes a diff]5ce 9 ! way diff]5t individuals act is conceivably measurable1 al?\gh x may n at ! pres5t "t be capable ( exact calculation because x has n be5 wor? anybody's "t & ef=t to und]take to measure x4 ,to repeat1 & possibly to make ! prec$+ p>agraphs m cle>1 let u recapitulate ! diff]5t m5tal qualities to :i* ref]5ce has be5 made4 ,fir/1 m5tal capacity4 ,?is is :at ! individual has inh]it$4 ,x is ! size ( ! tank into :i* s5sations1 p]ceptions1 all t makes up ! sum ( k1 are p\r$ ?r\gh\t 8 life1 by 8 education & 8 exp]i5ce4 ,:ile ?is capacity 9 ! case ( any individual c d\btless be measur$1 x is n necess>y to measure x precisely b m]ely to det]m9e :e!r x is l>ge en\gh = ! purposes 9 view4 ,second1 m5tal ability4 ,?is is ! sum ( exp]i5ce & education )9 ! limits ( ! individual's m5tal capacity4 ,x is repres5t$ by ! individual's ability to express himself 9 spee* or action 9 ! p]=mance ( any "o ( a numb] ( specific acts4 ,?is m5tal ability c be q def9itely measur$1 & ! possession ( a c]ta9 degree ( m5tal ability demon/rates ! possession ( a m5tal capacity great] ?an ! ability :i* ! individual has already rea*$4 ,?ird1 acquir$ k4 ,x is n ! purpose ( te/s ( m5tal capacity to measure acquir$ k1 al?\gh = _m purposes x is desirable to measure ! individual's acquir$ k 9 addition to 8 inh]5t ability1 & 9 a /ill l>g] numb] ( in/ances ! mo/ practical way ( arriv+ at a fairly accurate e/imate ( an individual's ability involves1 among o!r te/s1 an exam9ation into ! ext5t ( ! k :i* he has acquir$ ?r\gh obs]vation or tra9+ along l9es def9itely relat$ to 8 p>ticul> occupation or pursuit 9 life4 ,! ord9>y & /&>diz$ s*ool & univ]sity exam9ations1 civil-s]vice exam9ations1 etc41 :i* h long be5 ! accept$ te/ ( ! individual's ability1 d n1 & d n purport to1 measure any?+ m ?an ?is la/ item1 t ( acquir$ k4 ,b :ile c]ta9 gross dim5sions ( individual capacity may be r\ghly e/imat$ f ! results ( a writt5 or an oral exam9ation bas$ entirely ^u ! subject's /or$-up k1 x is a matt] ( common k1 & almo/ e read] w be able to furni% examples out ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 t su* te/s are frequ5tly totally mislead+4 ,pr(essor ,t]man has report$ on a comp>ison ( ! results ( civil-s]vice exam9ations = policem5 & firem5 9 a ,cali=nia city ) sci5tific te/s appli$ to ! individuals :o successfully pass$ ! civil-s]vice exam9ations4 ,! results 7 9 _m in/ances a/\nd+4 ,m5 ( su* l[ m5tal capacity t !y might almo/ be class$ z feeble-m9d$ 7 f\nd to h pass$ ) a fair degree ( satisfaction ! simple k & physical te/s set up by ! city & to h obta9$ appo9tm5ts to ^! responsible po/s z gu>dians ( ! city's prop]ty & lives4 ,:ile x is1 !re=e1 ! object ( sci5tific m5tal te/s to exclude z f> z possible ! acquir$ abilities result+ f education & environm5t & ! k t has be5 /or$ up ?r\gh obs]vation & tra9+1 x is f\nd 9 practice t = all ord9>y purposes x is suffici5t to measure a complex ( native & acquir$ abilities4 ,! purpose ( ^! te/s is1 9 %ort1 to discov] :at ! individual is actually able to d1 reg>dless ( ! s\rce ( t ability1 provid$1 h[ev]1 t ! te/ ( ability is s devis$ z to make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 m]e feats ( memory & ! actual ex]cise ( orig9al ?\ght4 ,n[1 x mu/ be obvi\s t = ! measurem5t ( any?+ s complex & multi-dim5sion$ z ! human m9d1 no s+le te/ or scale c be e/abli%$4 ,"o _c measure ! p[] ( visual p]ception1 = example1 by ! same scale t is us$ to measure att5tiv5ess or initiative4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 psy*ologi/s no long] attempt to classify human abilities z n>r[ly z 0 once ! popul> practice4 ,x is almo/ impossible = ev5 an exp]t psy*ologi/ to be sure he kn[s j :at qualities & all ! qualities any p>ticul> te/ measures4 ,?is is because mod]n psy*ologi/s no long] gr\p reactions into g5]al functions su* z memory1 att5tion1 reason1 etc41 b simply describe accurately ! /imulus giv5 & ! conditions "u :i* x 0 giv5 & !n describe j z accurately :at ! reaction is4 ,! te/ may be built up1 = example1 to measure ability to recognize & classify words1 b x w also dep5d ^u ability to read ! directions1 ability to att5d closely to horizontal & v]tical l9es & ^u _m o!r correlat$ abilities4 ,any te/ may measure prim>ily a p>ticul> m5tal dim5sion or ability b x is q c]ta9 t ! result+ score w be influ5c$ by numb]less o!r factors ?an ! "o t ! exam9] is mo/ int]e/$ 9 measur+4 ,b s9ce "o ( ! v be/ te/s ( intellig5ce is1 ( c\rse1 ! degree to :i* "o is able to pr(it by social contacts & ! bread? & v>iety ( ! individual's /or$-up impressions1 ^! extrane\s or collat]al qualities1 :i* e te/ also m or less successfully measures 9 addition to ! p>ticul> quality or m5tal dim5sion "u direct exam9ation1 furni% useful data 9 arriv+ at a conclusion :i* is1 aft] all1 ! ma9 purpose s\ght1 z to ! individual's actual abilities & pot5tial p[]s4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to get at a really useful record ( ! m5tal capacity ( an individual1 we mu/ apply a v>iety ( te/s & out ( ! sum total ( ! results ( ^! te/s we are able mu* m accurately to gauge ! degree ( possession ( ! qualities = :i* we are seek+ ?an c\ld possibly be done by any s+le te/1 no matt] h[ skilfully con/ruct$4 ,"h aga9 sci5ce confronts ! popul> human dem& = a panacea4 ,b j z 9 m$ic9e only ! quack (f]s a cure-all1 s1 9 o!r fields1 sci5ce has no s+le /&>d to (f] by :i* all results 9 a giv5 field may be accompli%$1 & psy*ology _c n[ or at any "t 9 ! future pret5d t by a s+le me?od or a s+le measurem5t m5tal capacity c be gaug$4 ,to come back to an analogy us$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 y _c measure all ! qualities ( an automobile ) a t5-foot rod4 ,y\r t5-foot rod w tell y :e!r ! :eel base is #abj in*es or m or less ?an t4 ,x w n tell y h[ mu* above or bel[ #abj in*es4 ,if x be necess>y = y to "k t1 y mu/ provide y\rself ) a long] or m m9utely grad$ measur+ implem5t2 b because ! t5-foot rod does n at a glance disclose to y all t y wi% to "k ab\t a p>ticul> automobile1 y d n1 !re=e1 ei!r discr$it ! t5-foot rod z a measur+ implem5t or decl>e t ! automobile _c be measur$ except by ! unaid$ human eye4 ,! limitations ( ! t5-foot rod are p]fectly obvi\s to y2 & s1 too1 are ! complexities ( ! automobile1 :i* require a v>iety ( in/rum5ts & te/s = _! prop] gaug+ & measurem5t4 ,s be=e y und]take to =m a judgm5t z to ! ability ( a p>ticul> automobile1 y ei!r measure x y\rself or1 z a matt] ( practice1 y h x measur$ = y by a compet5t eng9e]4 ,y d n necess>ily inquire1 if y h confid5ce 9 ! eng9e]1 z to precisely :at dim5sions & :at mat]ials he f\nd 9 e "p ( ! c>1 b y respect 8 conclusions1 kn[+ t !y are bas$ ^u ! mo/ precise & accurate measurem5ts possible ) ! aid ( su* in/rum5ts z sci5ce has be5 able to devise1 & y are satisfi$ t ! conclusions =m an accurate e/imate ( ! ma*9e's qualities4 ,! eng9e] :o sets out to measure an automobile 9 all ( its capacities & p[]s mu/ provide himself ) ta*omet]s = measur+ ! eng9e's revolutions1 dynamomet]s = te/+ its tractive =ce1 micromet] calip]s = gaug+ ! bore & ! /roke1 !rmomet]s = measur+ its temp]ature1 galvanomet]s = te/+ its magneto & batt]y1 & hundr$s ( o!r in/rum5ts1 ! read+s ( :i* mu/ be assembl$ & /udi$ by means ( complex1 comp>ative ma!matical =mulas be=e he c tell y :at a p>ticul> automobile w d4 ,! human m9d1 x mu/ be app>5t to e read]1 is n less complex ?an ! automobile4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is inf9itely m complex & subject to an inf9itely wid] range ( v>iations4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out above1 x is n necess>y = practical1 e-day purposes to measure e possible v>iation & e "o ( ! inf9ite numb] ( dim5sions ( any human m9d 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! individual's ability to succe$ 9 ! ord9>y pursuits ( life4 ,b ev5 9 our ord9>y1 e-day affairs & contacts1 9 ! simple/ =ms ( employm5t1 !re are call$ into play su* a numb] ( diff]5t sorts ( ability & m5tal p[] t !re mu/ be appli$1 if "o is really to "k ( :at a p>ticul> individual is capable1 a l>ge v>iety ( te/s ( diff]5t k9ds = measur+ diff]5t p[]s4 ,& = ! m5tal measurem5t ( individuals ^: "w calls = ! highe/ developm5t & capacity1 a /ill l>g] v>iety ( te/s mu/ be appli$4 ,x is n always possible--9 fact1 x is extremely difficult--to devise te/s t d n to "s degree measure ! m5tal cont5t result+ f education & exp]i5ce1 9 ! ef=t to measure ! m5tal capacity :i* limits & controls "o's education & exp]i5ce4 ,! qualities t det]m9e capacity are inh]5t 9 ! individual4 ,"o is born ) !m or is n born ) !m4 ,9 _! :ole inf9ite v>iety !y are n all possess$ by any "o individual1 & ! p>ticul> gr\p+ ( m5tal qualities :i* any "o p]son inh]its is probably n possess$ by any o!r p]son liv+ or :o has ev] liv$4 ,yet :ile individuals diff] s completely t x c tru?fully be said t ,nature nev] ca/ two p]sons 9 ! same mold1 yet !re are qualities possess$ by all intellig5t p]sons1 ! simpl] & m elem5tal expressions ( :i* are absolutely ess5tial to intellig5t life & exi/5ce1 & ^! c be s gr\p$1 classifi$1 measur$1 & /&>diz$ z to provide a scale :]eby ! inh]5t capacity ) respect to ^! important & ess5tial qualities may be det]m9$ equally 9 ! case ( ! totally illit]ate1 untra9$ lab\r] or artisan & ! highly tra9$1 educat$ product ( a univ]sity po/graduate c\rse4 ,z a matt] ( practical1 e-day common s5se1 "o does n expect to f9d1 nor does "o f9d1 except z a r>e exception1 an individual engag$ 9 m5ial or purely physical lab\r :o is end[$ ) inh]5t m5tal capacity comp>able to t ( ! univ]sity graduate4 ,a p]son possess+ su* capacities moves out f ! ranks ( lab\r 9 spite ( educational h&icaps2 ! hi/ory ( ,am]ican bus9ess & indu/ry is full ( ! romantic /ories ( m5 :o h a*iev$ success z organiz]s & adm9i/rators1 ?\gh 9 _m cases absolutely illit]ate4 ,prop]ly appli$ psy*ological te/s w\ld pass ov] all or ne>ly all ( ! acquir$ k ( su* individuals ab\t _! p>ticul> bus9ess & relat$ matt]s1 & neglect also1 ! bulk1 at lea/1 ( ! acquir$ k ( ! univ]sity man1 & s comp>e m]ely :at might be call$ two nak$ bra9s1 ! native intellig5ce ( ea* be+ ! only ?+ to be measur$4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is difficult or almo/ impossible to devise te/s t entirely /rip ! lay]s ( acquir$ k f ! raw m5tal p[]s b5ea? !m1 b = ! practical purposes ( ! application ( psy*ology & psy*ological te/s 9 ! affairs ( e-day life1 ?is c be done )9 a reasonable p]c5tage ( error4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,/&>ds ,,= ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,to te/ or measure m5tal capacity or any ( ! dim5sions & p[]s ( ! human m9d1 two prelim9>y /eps are necess>y4 ,fir/1 x mu/ be det]m9$ :at p>ticul> p[]s or qualities ( ! m9d x is desir$ to measure4 ,second1 !re mu/ be prep>$ a /&>d or scale t is1 prim>ily at lea/1 adapt$ to ! measurem5t ( ^? p>ticul> qualities4 ,:ile x is1 9 practice1 z has be5 h]et(ore po9t$ out1 impossible entirely to segregate a p>ticul> m5tal quality or p[] f all ! o!r abilities & capacities possess$ by a p>ticul> individual1 x is possible to select c]ta9 *>act]i/ics or abilities :i*1 by ! degree ( _! pres5ce or abs5ce1 give a fair index ( c]ta9 m5tal dim5sions or capacities1 & to devise te/s t1 :5 tak5 toge!r1 w measure ^! 8key-abilities0 & s reflect ! g5]al ability & capacity ( ! subject4 ,! /&>ds by :i* ! results ( su* te/s are gaug$ mu/ necess>ily1 !re=e1 be su* z h be5 %[n1 by exp]im5t & exp]i5ce1 to give ! close/ possible measurem5t ( ! individual's ability 9 ^! p>ticul> directions1 by enabl+ ! exam9] to comp>e ea* subject's p]=mance "u ! te/1 or s]ies ( te/s1 ) ! records made "u precisely simil> te/s by individuals & gr\ps ( kn[n ability4 ,m5tal capacity te/s may be devis$ t w measure c]ta9 m5tal qualities ( an infant :o has n yet le>n$ to talk1 & by ?us provid+ a comp>ison betwe5 ?is p>ticul> *ild's capacities & ! av]age ( *ildr5 ( ! same age1 enable p>5ts & physicians to det]m9e 9 :at direction ef=ts look+ t[>d its m5tal developm5t may mo/ helpfully be und]tak54 ,?us we may te/ ! infant's p[] ( obs]vation & p]ception ( %apes1 ( col\rs1 ( s\nds & famili> objects be=e x is able to talk1 measur+ ^! by /&>ds d]iv$ f exp]i5ce ) simil> te/s appli$ to a l>ge numb] ( heal?y1 normal infants1 & by ?is means det]m9+ :e!r ! subject is above or bel[ ! normal av]age = its age & if s 9 :at respects4 ,at ! o!r end ( ! scale ( m5tal developm5t1 let u assume1 is ! possessor ( ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,philosophy f any ( ! great univ]sities1 s9ce ?is is ! pr9cipal degree ! possession ( :i* t5ds to %[ ! possession ( unusual m5tal p[]s1 if n necess>ily ( wisdom4 ,by apply+ to a l>ge numb] ( ,ph4,d4's te/s :i* are design$ to require = _! successful p]=mance ! utmo/ use ( all _! inh]5t m5tal abilities1 & arriv+ at an av]age ( p]=mance by tabulat+ & comp>+ ! degrees or p]c5tages ( p]fection a*iev$ by all ( ! individuals s te/$1 a /&>d is set up by :i* to measure ! m5tal capacity ( any individual or gr\p ( individuals ( sup]ior1 or presumably sup]ior1 intellig5ce4 ,by su* a /&>d !re may be measur$ also ! m5tal capacity ( m5 & wom5 :o h nev] se5 ! inside ( a univ]sity1 b ^: education has be5 acquir$ 9 ! c\rse ( _! bus9ess & pr(essional activities4 ,?is is s because :at is measur$ is n acquir$ k1 b ! ability to acquire k1 :i* is q a diff]5t ?+4 ,! simple/ way to measure ! capacity ( a circul> tank is to pump x full ( wat] & !n measure ! wat] z x is drawn (f4 ,b x w\ld be absurd to cont5d t because !re has nev] be5 any wat] pump$ into ! tank x is !re=e impossible to det]m9e h[ mu* wat] x w\ld hold4 ,& :at ! ,doctor ( ,philosophy has got out ( 8 univ]sity c\rse is comp>able to ! wat] 9 ! tank4 ,! univ]sity may h assi/$1 & if its faculty 7 compet5t und\bt$ly did assi/ him1 9 discov]+ e>li] 9 life ?an he o!rwise w\ld h discov]$ ! actual capacity ( 8 m5tal tank4 ,b !re are probably z _m m5 ( equal m5tal capacity ^: m5tal tanks h nev] be5 fill$ ) ! p>ticul> k9d ( intellectual fluid t ! ,ph4,d4 c>ries ab\t ) him1 ^: capacity !re is no o!r means ( measur+ ?an by ! application ( m5tal te/s bas$ ^u ! kn[n capacities ( ,doctors ( ,philosophy4 ,! process ( measur+ ! human m9d is1 inde$1 precisely l ! process ( measur+ an automobile by an eng9e]1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,back ( ! te/s t are appli$ to ! automobile to det]m9e its abilities & capacities !re mu/ lie a mass ( v def9ite1 exact k ( all automobiles or all types ( automobiles already 9 exi/5ce & ^: capacities & limitations are already def9itely kn[n4 ,x is ( no s]vice to asc]ta9 t ! eng9e cyl9d]s are ( f\r-in* bore & t ! pi/on has a six-in* /roke1 unless x is well kn[n :at ! possession ( a giv5 numb] ( cyl9d]s ( t p>ticul> bore & /roke signifies z to ! ability or capacity ( an automobile eng9e4 ,t k has be5 acquir$ by ! obs]vation & measurem5t ov] a p]iod ( ye>s ( ! p]=mance ( _m automobiles ( v>y+ cyl9d] sizes & numb] ( cyl9d]s1 & ! comp>ison ( ea* size & type ) all ! o!rs4 ,simil>ly1 x is ( no s]vice to apply a te/ ( any k9d to a human be+ unless we h1 9 ! fir/ place1 det]m9$ j :at p>ticul> abilities or capacities we want to measure1 &1 9 ! second place1 possess$ ourselves ( k z to ! significance ( ^! capacities1 aft] !y h be5 measur$4 ,"h1 aga91 ! read] %\ld keep con/antly 9 m9d ! w>n+s set =? 9 ! prec$+ *apt] & try to ?9k ( m5tal abilities & qualities n z deta*$1 sep>ate1 %>ply def9$ p>ts ( a m5tal :ole 7z ! eng9e1 transmission & be>+s ( ! :eels ( an automobile are deta*able1 sep>ate entities7 b r z qualities s int]m+l$ & connect$ by an inf9ite numb] ( atta*m5ts to all ! o!r m5tal qualities & abilities t no "o p>ticul> ability c be measur$ sep>ately or ev5 positively delimit$ by any sort ( te/4 ,ev5 if ?is c\ld be done 9 ! case ( "o individual1 ! process w\ld h to be repeat$ 9 ea* sep>ate1 individual case1 z 9 no two human be+s is !re f\nd exactly ! same comb9ation & correlation ( ! manifold manife/ations ( consci\s s5sation & ?\ght t toge!r make up ! human intellig5ce4 ,b hav+ det]m9$ j :at qualities & abilities x is desir$ to measure1 we mu/ set up a /&>d ( measurem5t by :i* to comp>e ! indicat$ ability ( ea* individual exam9$1 or we %all h no?+ z a result ( our te/ b a mass ( in=mation1 ( ! significance ( :i* we _c possibly be aw>e4 ,?is /&>d1 = "s purposes1 may be m]ely a composite record ( ! p]=mances ( a p>ticul> gr\p or class exam9$ simultane\sly & "u ! same conditions4 ,t is to say1 if all t is requir$ is to det]m9e :i* individual ( a gr\p has ! greate/ ability 9 c]ta9 directions 7& by inf]5ce ! greate/ capacity = fur!r developm5t along simil> l9es7 !n all t is necess>y is to apply a te/ t w give a comp>ative measurem5t ( ! intellig5ce ( ?is p>ticul> gr\p4 ,b if ! purpose is to asc]ta9 h[ a p>ticul> individual1 or ! av]age ( a gr\p ( individuals1 comp>es 9 p>ticul> k9ds ( capacity ) ! av]age or ! mo/ highly develop$ p]sons ( ! same /atus1 education1 occupation1 or age1 !n ! /&>d by :i* ! subject mu/ be measur$ mu/ be "o d]iv$ f ! obs]vation & measurem5t ( ! m5tal capacities ( z l>ge a numb] z possible ( individuals engag$ 9 all sorts ( occupations & ( all degrees & grades ( educational atta9m5t4 ,& ev5 :]e ! purpose is m]ely to det]m9e ! relative qualifications & capacities ( a p>ticul> limit$ gr\p1 x is z a matt] ( practice desirable1 x might almo/ be said necess>y1 to comp>e ! p]=mance ( ea* individual ( ! gr\p ) a /&>d previ\sly fix$ & det]m9$ z a result ( a mu* broad] s]ies ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts ?an c be made )9 ! limits ( any gr\p to :i* x is practicable to apply any giv5 set ( te/s z a :ole4 ,?is is true = two reasons4 ,fir/1 )\t su* an outside /&>d ( comp>ison all t is det]m9$ by ! application ( ev5 ! mo/ c>efully devis$ te/s to any gr\p is t c]ta9 individuals are m & c]ta9 o!rs are less able 9 p>ticul> ways ?an ! av]age ( ! gr\p4 ,! net result is ( s]vice1 b ( n[h]e ne> ! s]vice ( a record ( ! same individuals' p]=mances grad$ 9 accordance ) _! approa* to con=mity ) a univ]sal /&>d4 ,= example1 "o might take two1 ?ree1 or a doz5 automobiles on a spe$way & q readily det]m9e :i* 0 ! fa/e/ & :i* ! sl[e/1 b unless "o 7 possess$ ( c]ta9 /&>ds ( measurem5ts t 9 !mselves h no relation :atev] to automobiles1 ! net result w\ld be ( little consequ5ce & ( no value :atev] 9 comp>+ any "o ( ^! c>s ) ano!r automobile t _h n tak5 "p 9 ! p>ticul> te/4 ,9 ?is case1 two /&>ds are requisite1 namely1 di/ance & "t4 ,! l5g? ( ! c\rse mu/ be def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,! "t requir$ = ea* automobile "u te/ to cov] ! c\rse mu/ be accurately record$4 ,n[ we h a record ( p]=mance t comp>es at all times ) univ]sal /&>ds4 ,if we add ano!r automobile to ! gr\p we d n ne$ aga9 to run all ! c>s1 includ+ ! new "o1 along ! spe$way to det]m9e :]e ! add$ memb] ( ! gr\p ranks ) ref]5ce to ! o!rs2 we c apply to x alone a te/ bas$ ^u ! univ]sal /&>ds ( "t & di/ance ) :i* we h already comp>$ ! o!rs1 & ! new "o falls in/antly into its prop] rank among its fell[s4 ,s1 too1 we are enabl$ by ?is means to comp>e any memb] ( ! gr\p ) any automobile any:]e 9 ! _w1 ! p]=mance ( :i* has be5 gaug$ by ^! same univ]sal /&>ds ( "t & space1 & we are ?us able to tell1 n only h[ ea* p>ticul> c> ranks ) ref]5ce to ! limit$ gr\p ( c>s1 b h[ x ranks ) ref]5ce to all c>s ( all k9ds or ( a p>ticul> type s f> z ^! h be5 te/$ by ! univ]sal /&>d4 ,s 9 te/+ gr\ps ( individuals z to _! intellig5ce or m5tal capacity1 ! use ( univ]sal /&>ds ( comp>ison makes ! relative grad+ ( ! memb]s ( ! gr\p ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r j z easy & simple z ?\gh ! only /&>d 7 t ( ! gr\p's collective p]=mance1 & at ! same "t furni%es a record ( ! p]=mance ( ea* individual memb] ( ! gr\p by :i* he or %e may be readily comp>$ ) ! memb]s ( any new gr\p to :i* he or %e may be at "s subsequ5t "t atta*$1 & at all times ) ! g5]al run ( m5 or wom5 ( ! same or diff]+ social1 economic1 vocational1 or educational /atus4 ,x is 9 ! det]m9ation ( ^! univ]sal /&>ds & ! prep>ation ( te/s1 ! results ( :i* indicate ! individual's relative approximation to ^! /&>ds1 t ! sci5tific tra9+ ( ! psy*ologi/ comes pr9cipally into play4 ,r\gh /&>ds = te/+ ! m obvi\s m5tal capacities might be set up by any intellig5t p]son :o w\ld take ! pa9s to collect ! ess5tial data4 ,^! /&>ds w\ld n1 h[ev]1 be univ]sal unless !y 7 bas$ ^u rese>* & exp]im5tation cov]+ z broad a field z t 9 :i* ! psy*ologi/s h be5 work+ = _m ye>s4 ,nor w\ld !y1 except by accid5t1 be z simple & z accurate z ! univ]sal /&>ds compil$ by sci5tifically tra9$ p]sons4 ,= j z ! av]age untra9$ individual _c =m an accurate or ev5 an approximately accurate e/imate ( ano!r p]son's "* & abilities by obs]vation alone1 s p]sons untra9$ 9 ! /udy ( ! human m9d are prone to be misl$ by ! obvi\s & to lay undue emphasis ^u ext]nal indications :i* d n1 z a matt] ( sci5tific fact1 actually signify :at !y are popul>ly believ$ to indicate4 ,! sci5tific psy*ologi/'s tra9+ enables him to elim9ate to a l>ge ext5t ! non-ess5tials & to include1 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( /&>ds ( m5tal measurem5t & ! prep>ation ( te/s or me?ods ( apply+ ^! /&>ds1 _m facts :i*1 to ! untra9$ m9d1 d n at once pres5t !mselves z important elem5ts4 ,ev5 9 ! simple/ ( me*anical op]ations e workman kn[s t x is n safe to tru/ to ! accuracy ( homemade measur+ implem5ts4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a try-squ>e made by a responsible manufactur] 9 con=mity ) ! univ]sal /&>d "r angle1 ev5 ! mo/ exp]t c>p5t] w refuse to run ! risk ( error until he has ei!r obta9$ a new /&>d f ! h>dw>e /ore or by ! application ( geometrical sci5ce & ! ex]cise ( c>eful & pa9/ak+ te*nical skill con/ruct$ = himself a new try-squ>e t con=ms1 )\t ! v>iation ( a hair's-bread?1 to ! univ]sal /&>d to :i* he mu/ "w4 ,/ill less w\ld a good ma*9i/ und]take to gauge ! close tol]ances ( an automobile be>+ ) a homemade micromet]4 ,he kn[s x is n suffici5t m]ely to h a p]fect fit ( ?is p>ticul> be>+1 :i* might be work$ out by rule ( ?umb1 b t x is ess5tial t ! dim5sions ( ! be>+1 d[n to )9 a ?\s&? ( an in*1 mu/ con=m to ! univ]sal /&>ds = automobile be>+s1 & t ! be/ implem5t ) :i* to te/ ! degree ( con=mity to ! univ]sal /&>d is ! /&>diz$ micromet]1 prep>$ by specializ$ me?ods & produc$ only by ! ex]cise ( highly tra9$ te*nical skill4 ,once giv5 su* implem5ts ( precision1 any good workman c readily apply all ! sci5tific intellig5ce t w5t into ! devis+ ( ! /&>ds & ! prep>ation ( ! me?ods ( apply+ !m4 ,s1 once !re are at h& sci5tifically devis$ /&>ds ) :i* ! m5tal qualities ( any individual may be gaug$ & comp>$1 & te/s h be5 prep>$ = ! sci5tific measurem5t ( ^! qualities ) ref]5ce to ! e/abli%$ /&>ds1 ! application ( ^! te/s to individuals may be made by anybody suffici5tly intellig5t to grasp _! purport & foll[ directions exactly4 ,x is n necess>y1 9 o!r words1 ev5 = ! te/+ ( ! mo/ complex & highly develop$ m5tal p[]s1 t ! actual application ( ! te/ be made by ! sci5tific psy*ologi/4 ,x is possible1 & x has be5 ! purpose 9 ! prep>ation ( ! te/s :i* are pres5t$ 9 ?is book1 to devise m5tal te/s :i*1 if appli$ precisely z indicat$ 9 ! in/ructions accompany+ !m1 w yield ! same results 9 ! h&s ( ! :olly untra9$ exam9] z ?\gh ! actual adm9i/ration ( ! te/s _h be5 made by ! sci5ti/ :o devis$ !m4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! result ( any te/ is always #ajj p] c5t4 accurate4 ,ev5 good workm5 sometimes make errors 9 ! use ( ! mo/ precise sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,ev5 ?\gh con/ruct$ ) ! mo/ pa9/ak+ c>e1 accord+ to ! true/ sci5tific =mulas & by m5 ( ! highe/ te*nical tra9+ & skill1 ! me*anical in/rum5ts ( precision are occasionally f\nd to be inaccurate4 ,if ?is is ! case ) mat]ial implem5ts & dim5sions :i* are f9ite1 concrete1 & tangible1 h[ mu* great] is ! liability to error 9 deal+ ) ! intangible1 inf9ite1 & m or less ab/ract qualities ( ! human m9d4 ,! sci5tific psy*ologi/ is1 aft] all1 m]ely ano!r human be+1 & z su* equally liable ) all o!r human be+s to human error4 ,( no man or woman c x be said t he or %e is infallible1 & z e "o :o applies a psy*ological te/ is human1 & s liable to error ei!r 9 its application or ! read+ ( its result1 conclusions drawn f ! results ( any p>ticul> te/ %\ld be accept$ z accurate only :5 !y h be5 *eck$ by ! results ( o!r te/s appli$ to ! same subject1 & sub/antial con=mity ( ! results ( "o to ^? ( ! o!rs has be5 obta9$4 ,= ?is reason1 among o!rs1 no s+le te/ c be expect$ to yield def9ite & complete in=mation z to any p>ticul> individual's m5tal capacity or ability1 :e!r gaug$ by ! univ]sal /&>d or by gr\p comp>ison4 ,x has1 !re=e1 be5 necess>y to e/abli%1 z prelim9>y to ! prep>ation ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 a v>iety ( /&>ds1 & to prep>e a consid]able numb] ( te/s "u ea* ( ^! /&>ds1 all or mo/ ( :i* mu/ be us$ 9 ea* in/ance if any?+ approa*+ sci5tific accuracy is to be reflect$ 9 ! result+ scores4 ,z has previ\sly be5 po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 ! sci5tific me?od is incomp>ably fre] f ! liability to error ?an any me?od ( det]m9+ human ability & capacity t dep5ds ^u unaid$ p]sonal obs]vation4 ,h[ completely ?is has be5 demon/rat$ 9 practice 9 a wide range ( fields is set =? 9 subsequ5t *apt]s4 ,to yield results ( maximum accuracy1 h[ev]1 sci5tific m5tal te/s mu/ be us$ only ) ref]5ce to ! /&>ds on :i* !y are bas$4 ,le/ x has n be5 made cle> already to ! read] h[ ! me?od ( e/abli%+ m5tal /&>ds ( comp>ison op]ates1 let u aga9 briefly try to po9t out j :at is meant by a univ]sal /&>d ( m5tal capacity4 ,x is a comp>atively simple matt]1 involv+ m]ely a consid]able am\nt ( pa9/ak+ se>* & ! exp5diture ( a good deal ( "t to f9d1 let u say1 a ?\s& eng9e]s1 ea* ( :om has demon/rat$ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 pr(essional practice t he possesses unusual ability to project & design bridges & viaducts4 ,let u suppose t we wi% to take ! av]age capacity ( ^! ?\s& eng9e]s z ! /&>d by :i* to measure e budd+ eng9e] 9 ! te*nical s*ools ) ref]5ce to ! capacity ( ea* to become a plann] & design] ( bridges & viaducts4 ,! sci5tific psy*ologi/ mu/ fir/ famili>ize himself ) ! ess5tials ( t comb9ation ( arti/ic1 te*nical1 & ma!matical skill :i* makes a great eng9e]4 ,?is is n a simple or easy task to beg9 )1 & to accompli% x calls = ! ex]cise ( highly tra9$ m5tal p[]s on ! "p ( ! inve/igator z well z a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! op]ation ( ! v>i\s processes ( ! human m9d4 ,!n !re mu/ be devis$ me?ods by :i*1 z simply & yet z precisely z possible1 ea* ( ^! ?\s& eng9e]s ( kn[n capacity may be te/$ z to ! degree 9 :i* he possesses ! v>i\s abilities1 ! sum total ( :i* is ! measure ( 8 capacity z an eng9e]4 ,x may be necess>y to make ^! te/s ov] a p]iod ( ye>s1 & ! te/s !mselves may & probably w require frequ5t revision & am5dm5t z x is f\nd 9 ! c\rse ( _! application t "s ( !m are unnecess>y & o!rs inadequate4 ,if x is f\nd t any ( ! te/s s appli$ is readily fulfill$ by e subject exam9$1 ! ef=t is made to increase ! difficulty ( ! te/1 until x has rea*$ a /age :]e ! p]fect p]=mance ( all its requirem5ts is b>ely )9 ! rea* ( ! able/ & mo/ compet5t ( all ! eng9e]s "u exam9ation4 ,inde$1 "s ( ! te/s may be s difficult t none ( ^? exam9$ may con=m precisely to ! set requirem5ts4 ,9 respect ( "s classes ( te/s ?is is1 9 fact1 desirable1 z :at is be+ s\ght is an av]age ( gr\p capacity1 & if any consid]able p]c5tage exhibit a capacity great] ?an c be measur$ by ! te/s set !re arises an elem5t ( d\bt z to ! accuracy ( ! av]age comb9$ score1 s9ce "s ( ^? contribut+ to x h obvi\sly great] m5tal ability ?an c be measur$ by ! p>ticul> scale us$4 ,once1 h[ev]1 te/s h be5 appli$ to ! supposititi\s ?\s& exp]t eng9e]s1 & ! p]=mance ( ea* ( !m 9 ea* te/ has be5 giv5 its prop] place 9 ! scale1 & an av]age /ruck1 !re has come into exi/5ce a prelim9>y /&>d2 :i*1 h[ev]1 be=e be+ (f]$ = g5]al use 9 ! te/+ ( eng9e]+ /ud5ts & o!rs1 mu/ fir/ be tri$ out by exp]im5tal application on z _m individuals & gr\ps z are available1 & _! p]=mance ) ref]5ce to ! /&>d *eck$ up by all o!r means available4 ,x may be1 & q frequ5tly is1 ! case t ?is prelim9>y try-out ( a /&>d results 9 ! elim9ation ( "s ( its elem5ts1 ! modification ( o!rs1 & ! necess>y prep>ation ( a new s]ies ( te/s bas$ ^u ! alt]$ /&>ds4 ,b 9 ?is fa%ion1 9 ! c\rse ( "t & z ! result ( ! comb9$ ef=t ( _m tra9$ m9ds1 !re is at la/ set up a /&>d :i* is sub/antially univ]sal 9 its application1 & by :i* x may readily be det]m9$ :e!r or n any p>ticul> individual possesses ! m5tal capacity & p>ticul> abilities t h be5 f\nd to be necess>y if he is to develop into a compet5t eng9e]4 ,z psy*ological te/s are m & m widely appli$ & !re is consequ5tly accumulat$ an increas+ volume ( data :i* c be collect$1 classifi$1 & comp>$1 /&>ds become ei!r m firmly e/abli%$ z a result ( exp]i5ce or subject to modification 9 ! light ( ! wid] range ( k4 ,9 sci5ce no?+ is f9al4 ,:at psy*ology (f]s to-day is a me?od ( m5tal te/s1 ! s\ndness ( :i* 9 pr9ciple is un*all5g$1 ?\gh ! application 9 detail ( ^! pr9ciples is subject to con/ant improvem5t & ref9em5t4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,diff]5t ,,types ,,( ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,! "* ( any m5tal te/ or s]ies ( te/s is det]m9$ prim>ily1 ( c\rse1 by ! purpose = :i* ! te/ is appli$1 &1 second>ily1 by ! kn[n or obvi\s m5tal limitations ( ! individual "u exam9ation4 ,m5tal te/s ?us classify !mselves1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 into z _m diff]5t classes z !re are specific purposes to be s]v$ by _! use1 p>ticul> k9ds or classes ( m5tal ability & capacity to be asc]ta9$1 or degrees ( previ\sly kn[n m5tal limitations4 ,ea* "o ( ^! classifications cuts across all o!r classifications at "s po9t1 s t x is1 z a matt] ( practice1 impossible to tabulate or catalogue m5tal te/s 9 su* a way z to sep>ate !m into %>ply def9$ or p]man5tly deta*$ gr\ps or classes4 ,broadly1 all m5tal te/s subdivide at fir/ into te/s devis$ = use ) p]sons ( normal m5tal capacity & developm5t & te/s = intellig5ces t are n fully develop$4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! *ief p]man5t & fix$ classification ( intellig5ce te/s t c be made1 = 9 a gr\p ( te/s = ! sub-normal m9d w\ld be includ$ ! entire s]ies ( te/s adapt$ = ! exam9ation ( ! m5tal p[]s ( *ildr5 ( all ages1 f e>lie/ infancy to maturity4 ,9 fact1 ! /&>d me?od ( rat+ or grad+ adults ( undevelop$ or sub-normal intellig5ce is to classify !m by _! m5tal age z comp>$ ) ! p]=mance ( normal *ildr5 ( ! same age4 ,?us1 a man or woman ( tw5ty-five :o is able to make a high score 9 te/s :i* are pass$ successfully by normal *ildr5 ( eight1 b :o fails :5 subject$ to te/s :i* a normal *ild ( t5 %\ld pass easily1 is rat$ approximately z ( m5tal age n9e4 ,cutt+ across ?is classification is ! arbitr>y classification ( te/s adopt$ 9 ! psy*ological "w ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 9 :i* e (fic] & enli/$ man is classifi$ z to 8 relative intellig5ce by means ( sci5tific m5tal te/s4 ,! ,army te/s are ( ?ree pr9cipal k9ds4 ,!re is a s]ies ( te/s1 kn[n z ! ,alpha1 design$ to measure ! intellig5ce ( individuals :o c read & write ! ,engli% language4 ,= ^? :o are ei!r illit]ate or ^: ability to read or write is conf9$ to "s language o!r ?an ,engli%1 !re is ! ,beta s]ies ( te/s4 ,^! may regi/] z high a degree ( intellig5ce z ! ,alpha te/s2 ! results are m]ely n express$ 9 t]ms ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! ?ird classification 9 ! ,army is ! individual te/s1 appli$ to ^? :o fail to make a satisfactory score "u ei!r ! ,alpha or ! ,beta te/s4 ,?is is1 9 its ,army application1 a sy/em ( te/s = ! sub-normal adult intellig5ce4 ,?us ! broad classification fir/ set =? above1 9 sub/ance actually holds 9 ! classification ( ! ,army te/s4 ,"u ea* ( ^! two broad classifications1 & p>ticul>ly "u ! fir/ 7s9ce 9 g5]al1 e-day practice x is ( little s]vice to und]take to analyze m9utely ! capacities & limitations ( ! sub-normal m9d except 9 ! application ( ^! te/s to gr[+ *ildr57 !re are _m possible subdivisions ( m5tal te/s1 bas$ ^u ! p>ticul> m5tal qualities :i* x is desir$ to measure4 ,fir/ & mo/ useful g5]ally are g5]al intellig5ce te/s1 :i* mu/ usually be subdivid$ into a s]ies ( relat$ te/s4 ,!n1 = v>y+ purposes1 su* z ! exam9ation ( c&idates = p>ticul> classes ( employm5t requir+ special ability or capacity1 !re may be appli$ spe$ te/s1 accuracy te/s1 p]ception te/s1 cord9ation te/s1 memory te/s1 ma!matical te/s1 & a wide v>iety ( o!rs4 ,^! are te/s :i* prim>ily measure ! subject's ability to p]=m c]ta9 specific acts "u pre-det]m9$ conditions1 ! det]m9ation ( capacity 9 excess ( t actually demon/rat$ "u te/ dep5d+ ^u ! facility & accuracy ) :i* ! subject responds to ! conditions ( ^! te/s4 ,( c\rse1 e sci5tific m5tal te/ is bas$ ^u ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 acts1 s9ce x is only ?r\gh action ( "s sort1 :e!r by spee*1 writ+1 or ! p]=mance ( a manual op]ation1 t any "o is able to express 8 m5tal ability at any "t4 ,b :ile x is relatively a simple matt] to devise te/s t satisfactorily indicate ! subject's possession ( ! m obvi\s m5tal p[]s indicat$ by su* te/s z ^? la/ li/$ above1 !re is ano!r class ( m5tal te/s1 design$ prim>ily to indicate or det]m9e ! possession ( ! m ab/ract qualities1 ! manife/ation ( :i* ?r\gh ! individual's simple & ord9>y actions is less obvi\s to ! untra9$ obs]v]4 ,?is is ! class ( te/s t are design$ to measure ! degree 9 :i* an individual possesses su* qualities z moral s5se1 =m p]ception1 ! p[] to reason f cause to effect1 poetic discrim9ation1 ability to und]/& complicat$ in/ructions1 judgm5t1 s5se ( ! "r relation%ip ( ?+s & ideas4 ,x is z important1 if "o is to arrive at a true measure ( any individual's m5tal capacity1 t he be te/$ z to 8 possession ( ^! m or less ab/ract qualities1 z x is to det]m9e 8 possession ( concrete abilities4 ,9 o!r words1 ! normal m9d ( an intellig5t adult is capable ( deal+ intellig5tly ) ideas & ab/ractions4 ,! m5tality t does n respond ) a c]ta9 degree ( read9ess to ideal conceptions is to t ext5t sub-normal4 ,! only possible way ( det]m9+ ! possession ( unusual or sup]-normal m5tal capacity is by means ( ! demon/ration t its possessor grasps readily & responds unhesitat+ly to ! pres5tation ( ab/ract concepts4 ,! demon/ration itself mu/1 ( c\rse1 be concrete4 ,unless ! individual possess+ extraord9>y m5tal p[] is able1 z ,kipl+ phrases x1 to 4 4 4 4 press ! logic ( a fact ,to its ultimate conclusion 9 unmitigat$ act4 x is ( no social consequ5ce :atev] t he may possess ! m5tal ca?olicity ( a ,%akespe>e4 ,!re is no place 9 ! mod]n _w = 8mute1 +lori\s ,miltons40 ,inde$1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r a 8mute1 +lori\s ,milton0 ev] exi/$4 ,! _w is full ( p :o reg>d !mselves z 8unappreciat$40 ,ev]yone is famili> ) ! un=tunate type t is =ev] seek+ sympa?y1 con/antly on ! look\t = fri5dly %\ld]s on :i* to sob out ! sad tale ( ! _w's h>%ness4 ,"u psy*ological te/s ! prepond]ant majority ( ?is type ( individual is cle>ly demon/rat$ to be m5tally defici5t or sub-normal 9 "s important respect4 ,! occasional individual ( normal m5tal capacity :o fails to demon/rate t capacity by ! p]=mance ( specific acts is m]ely m5tally lazy4 ,9 o!r words1 x may be set =? z a s\nd conclusion1 capable ( sci5tific pro(1 t m5tal capacity 9 ! heal?y1 normal individual always f9ds means ( express+ itself 9 concrete & socially useful ways1 :5ev] its possessor actually desires s to utilize 8 m5tal p[]s4 ,9 ! devis+ & prep>ation ( te/s int5d$ to measure ! less obvi\s ( ! m5tal p[]s1 a consid]able degree ( +5uity & ! greate/ am\nt ( sci5tific c>e & te*nical skill is requir$4 ,to ! p]son untra9$ 9 psy*ology te/s design$ to measure ! possession ( ! m ab/ract p[]s frequ5tly look *ildi%1 if n positively silly4 ,s9ce x is ess5tial1 9 ! case ( ,army (fic]s & m51 to det]m9e z ne>ly z x may be done by simple & easily appli$ te/s _! possession ( a wide v>iety ( m5tal qualities1 "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! ,army ,alpha te/ appe> to ! concrete type ( m9d to be futile1 if n absurd4 ,b any compreh5sive sy/em ( m5tal te/s mu/ include1 z !re h be5 includ$ 9 ! ,m5timet] te/s pres5t$ 9 ?is volume1 a consid]able proportion :i* d n on _! face appe> to be direct$ t[>d ! disclosure ( ! ord9>y & useful m5tal capacities4 ,x is ( vital importance1 if ! results ( any giv5 s]ies are to give an adequate picture ( ! actual abilities & possibilities ( ! subject exam9$1 t te/s ( ?is "* be includ$ among !m4 ,ea* ( ! possible classes ( m5tal te/s may be set to any "o ( an inf9ite numb] ( /&>ds4 ,g5]al intellig5ce te/s1 = example1 may be set to ! /&>d ( ! av]age univ]sity graduate1 s t ! result :5 appli$ to any individual gives a fair e/imate ( ! subject's intellig5ce z comp>$ ) t ( ^? :o h demon/rat$ ! possession ( m5tal capacity suffici5t to complete satisfactorily a univ]sity c\rse4 ,or ! /&>d may be t ( ! av]age lawy]1 ! av]age high s*ool pupil1 ! av]age normal *ild ( any age or s*ool grade1 ! av]age skill$ me*anic1 ! av]age lab\r]1 or ! av]age *ild bel[ ! age ( spee*4 ,&1 9 practice1 :at is measur$ is1 aft] all1 g5]al intellig5ce4 ,intellig5ce1 z has be5 frequ5tly po9t$ out1 :ile x does n dep5d ^u ! individual's ability to read & write1 is s g5]ally accompani$ by ! def9ite & intimate k ( ! symbols :i* we call lett]s1 words1 & figures1 & ( _! mean+1 t 9 ! great majority ( cases 9 :i* x is desir$ to apply ! te/ ( intellig5ce ?is c be/ be done1 or at lea/ mo/ readily be done1 by ! use ( ^! famili> symbols2 9 o!r words1 by te/s :i* involve only ! acts ( read+ & writ+4 ,if intellig5ce may be def9$ z ! intellectual p[] ( adaptation to environm5t1 a complete te/ ( intellig5ce det]m9es ! individual's ability to recognize ! situation 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 p]ceive 8 own relation to ! situation1 analyze x1 & arrive at a conclusion z to :at he %\ld d next2 !n put t conclusion into effect by means ( a concrete act4 ,?us "o may le>n a great deal ab\t an individual's m5tal capacity by obs]v+ 8 conduct :5 he misses a tra94 ,b s9ce x is n practicable to apply ?is me?od ( inquiry 9 e case1 ! next be/ ?+ is to ask ! "q1 8,:at w\ld y d if y miss$ y\r tra980 ,to ask ?is "q ( a subject is next be/ to see+ him 9 su* a situation4 ,he mu/ ex]cise 8 s5se ( reality ^u x1 size x up & plan 8 reaction4 ,s9ce all life is made up ( situations 9 :i* ! individual places or f9ds himself & f :i* he mu/ extricate himself1 & s9ce ! broad] ! m5tal capacity1 ! m easily w ! individual meet situations z !y arise1 ! ideal m5tal te/ is "o t pres5ts a situation su* z does or might occur 9 real life1 & requires ! subject to extricate himself1 or at lea/ to indicate 8 fir/ & imm$iate impulse t[>d action %\ld su* a situation arise4 ,s9ce ! purpose ( m5tal te/s is prim>ily to det]m9e intellig5ce r ?an ! possession ( physical qualities1 x is conceivable t1 9 _m situations1 prop]ly devis$ que/ions may give a fair] view ( ! subject's m5tal capacity ?an w\ld obs]vation ( ! same individual 9 action 9 a real situation4 ,?us a p]son ( ! highe/ intellig5ce & m5tal capacity might be defici5t 9 physical c\rage1 s t if we c\ld obs]ve him 9 action on unexpect$ly meet+ a highway robb] arm$ ) a revolv] we might be able to d$uce f 8 actions absolutely no crit]ia ^u :i* to =m a s\nd judgm5t z to 8 m5tal p[]s2 ! same subject1 ask$ ! "q1 8,:at w\ld y d if held up by a footpad80 might exhibit 9 8 answ] unusual ability to p]ceive quickly & reason s\ndly to an intellig5t conclusion--9 o!r words1 to demon/rate 8 possession ( consid]able m5tal capacity4 ,all prop]ly con/ruct$ m5tal te/s are1 !re=e1 9 effect1 attempts to reproduce or project ^u a laboratory scale situations su* z ! subject is or may be call$ ^u to meet 9 actual life4 ,x is obvi\s t ability to analyze quickly & prop\nd imm$iately ! correct c\rse ( action :5 ! situation pres5t$ is unusual & outside ! range ( e-day exp]i5ce indicates cle>ly ! possession ( m5tal ability great] ?an is requir$ to meet only ord9>y & famili> situations4 ,! !ory ( ! m5tal te/ z a reproduction 9 m9iature ( actual situations is ?us comm5t$ on by ,daniel ,w4 ,la ,rue3 8,x is useless to ask a savage :at he w\ld d if he miss$ 8 tra91 or an old ba*elor :at he w\ld d :5 ! baby cri$1 or a gre5 soldi] h[ he w behave :5 a %ell bur/s ne> him4 ,fur!r1 j :i* ( _m millions ( situations are s important1 or s typical1 or s closely correlat$ ) a web ( o!rs1 simil> or dissimil>1 t !y %\ld be admitt$ among ! select few t =m a te/8 ,! answ] is com+ z a sl[ deposit f ! /ream ( exp]i5ce & exp]im5t40 ,doctor ,la ,rue1 pursu+ ! same !me1 po9ts out ) s\nd philosophy ! necessity = grad+ m5tal te/s to fit ! app>5t or previ\sly kn[n m5tal level ( ! subject4 8,we mu/ bew>e h[ we use a high-level te/ to measure l[-level intellig5ce4 ,if our scales are set to weigh no?+ less ?an a hundr$ p\nds or upw>d1 we _c tell accurately ! weight ( an eighty-p\nd man4 ,9 p>ticul>1 s9ce devis]s ( te/s are usually exp]t 9 ! use ( lit]>y symbols1 & s9ce ord9>y te/ conditions limit s]i\sly ! possible v>iety ( responses op5 to ! subject1 we slide easily into ! belief t a dextr\s manipulation ( symbols is ! prime display ( intellig5ce4 ,no d\bt x is true t 9 an ideally develop$ bra9 ! language c5tres 7tracts7 are well webb$ up ) e o!r trait-tract4 ,ideally1 to exp]i5ce any?+ is to be able to utt] x4 ,b ! /amm]+ lov] is mat*$ by ! /amm]+ ?9k]1 & !re c]ta9ly may be intellig5t action )\t ! p[] to put x adequately into words4 ,probably ,cs> is ! only great g5]al :o c\ld describe a battle z f9ely z he c\ld plan x or fight x4 ,words )\t de$s1 de$s )\t words3 we mu/ be prep>$ = bo?4 ,our old te/ "q1 #8,:y %\ld we judge a p]son by :at he does r ?an by :at he says8' applies to ! te/ itself40 ,because ( ! fact t !re is a p]c5tage ( p]sons :o1 ei!r ?r\gh unfamili>ity ) ! ,engli% language or lack ( skill 9 express+ !mselves ?r\gh ^w & numb] symbols1 d n respond to te/s bas$ on ! use ( words1 any compreh5sive s*eme ( m5tal te/s mu/ conta9 a proportion ( te/s ! response to :i* may be made )\t ! use ( writt51 pr9t$1 or spok5 words4 ,( su* a nature 7 ! ,army ,beta te/s1 already ref]r$ to1 & !re w be f\nd 9 ! ,m5timet] te/s pres5t$ 9 ?is volume a consid]able numb] ( =ms t fall into ?is class ( te/s4 ,to ! p]son accu/om$ to deal+ *iefly ) words & ideas1 x is n always readily app>5t t pro( ( a high degree ( intellig5ce c be obta9$ by means ( te/s :i* d n employ ^! famili> symbols4 ,z a matt] ( practical fact1 h[ev]1 results :i* *eck up v closely ) e o!r means ( det]m9+ ! subject's intellig5ce 7 q uni=mly obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! ,beta te/s 9 ! ,army1 & simil> success has be5 a*iev$ ?r\gh ! application ( te/s ( ! same g5]al "* 9 indu/ry & education4 ,!re is ano!r g5]al class ( te/s to :i* only pass+ ref]5ce ne$ be made "h4 ,?is is ! class ( trade te/s1 9 :i* by a comb9ation ( oral exam9ation & specific p]=mance ! precise ability or degree ( skill ( ! subject 9 a giv5 occupation or trade is det]m9$4 ,al?\gh frequ5tly confus$ ) psy*ological te/s1 ?is class ( te/s does n prop]ly come )9 ! scope ( m5tal te/s 9 ! s5se ( be+ *iefly measurem5ts ( intellig5ce4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 h[ev]1 9 practice t ! individual's native intellig5ce or inh]5t m5tal capacity has1 9 mo/ occupations1 a v decid$ be>+ ^u ! degree ( skill :i* he or %e c atta91 ev5 9 ! simpl] me*anical op]ations4 ,because ( ?is fact1 z well z because ! value ( trade te/s 9 indu/ry is ( increas+ importance1 "s ( ! pr9ciples und]ly+ ! con/ruction ( trade te/s & _! application are discuss$ briefly 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,9 ,,! ,,army ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ent]$ ! ,_w ,w> "u conditions ( em]g5cy :i* dem&$ ! maximum ( effici5cy 9 ! "w ( milit>y prep>ation1 ) ! m9imum ( ef=t4 ,france 0 virtually brok52 ,engl& 0 tir$2 ,russia 0 demoraliz$ & disrupt$1 & ,italy 0 do+ v little m ?an hold+ h] own4 ,! m]e drill+ & condition+ ( ! ne>ly ?ree millions ( m5 :i* ! ,nation _h call$ to arms 7 n suffici5t to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! task assum$4 ,am]ica 0 expect$ to develop1 almo/ ov]night1 a fight+ =ce capable ( meet+ & defeat+ a ,teutonic milit>y ma*9e :i* _h come to be kn[n z ! mo/ p[]ful & skillful 9 ! _w4 ,! gravity ( ! situation =bade exp]im5ts ) hit-or-miss me?ods4 ,x 0 imp]ative t no r\nd pegs be plac$ 9 squ>e holes4 ,ea* "o ( ^? ne>ly ?ree million ,am]ican soldi]s _h to be plac$ :]e he w\ld be ( greate/ s]vice4 ,"s simple1 quick me?od ( di/ribution 0 ne$$4 ,x 0 p]fectly obvi\s t ^! m5 c\ld n be equally good mat]ial = soldi]s or (fic]s4 ,out ( s great a numb] x 0 reasonably c]ta9 t m5 c\ld be f\nd especially qualifi$ to p]=m ea* "o ( ! p>ticul> tasks :i* ! inf9itely complex s*eme ( organization ( a mod]n army requires4 ,x 0 9 accordance ) ! law ( probabilities t !re w\ld be conta9$ 9 ?is mass ( soldi] mat]ial m5 highly skill$ 9 e "o ( ! m ?an sev5 hundr$ di/9ct & specific trades & h&icrafts 9 :i* artisans 7 ne$$ = ! successful ma9t5ance ( ! fight+ =ces 9 ! field4 ,! drag-net ( ! selective s]vice sy/em 0 c]ta9 to ga!r 9 its me%es m5 :o 7 natural lead]s & _m m m5 :o c\ld only foll[4 ,f e city block1 e crossroads hamlet1 e village /reet w\ld come ^? :o c\ld tea* & ^? :o c\ld only le>n4 ,x 0 inevitable1 moreov]1 t 9 ?is huge aggregation ( human be+s !re w\ld be a p]c5tage ( ! :olly untea*able1 ! m5tally /unt$1 fit only to be hew]s ( wood & draw]s ( wat] & sure to be a detrim5t & h&icap to any milit>y organization :atsoev]4 ,9 a less] degree ! same g5]alizations appli$ to ! human raw mat]ial admitt$ to ! v>i\s (fic]s' tra9+ c\rses2 ev5 ?\gh a fairly high m9imum ( educational atta9m5t 0 requir$ ( all c&idates1 !re 0 b\nd to be a wide range ( milit>y value betwe5 ! be/ & ! poore/ ( ?is (fic] mat]ial4 ,psy*ology1 ! sci5ce t deals ) ! human m9d1 (f]$ ! only possible %ort-cut to ! ultimate goal ( ! placem5t ( e individual 9 ! ,army at ! po9t :]e 8 effici5cy w\ld be greate/4 ,! processes ( ! selective draft _h we$$ out ! l>g] portion ( ! physically unfit4 ,! draft que/ionnaire1 z f9ally revis$1 provid$ = a r\gh prelim9>y classification ( m5 accord+ to _! own e/imates ( !mselves4 ,b some?+ m 0 ne$$--"s sy/em = pass+ ! entire ,army1 (fic]s & m51 ?r\gh a s]ies ( graduat$ sieves1 z x 71 s cunn+ly devis$1 & op]at$ ) su* sci5tific precision z to tag1 label1 & index ea* & e "o s exactly t z little z possible w\ld be left = exp]i5ce to disclose z to 8 qualifications = 8 p>ticul> "p ( ! ,army's job4 ,on ,april #f1 #aiag1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,congress decl>$ ! exi/5ce ( a /ate ( w> ) ,g]many4 ,on t same date !re 0 be+ held 9 ,bo/on a meet+ ( a gr\p ( psy*ologi/s kn[n z ! 8,exp]im5tali/s10 among :om 0 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,m4 ,y]kes1 presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,on receipt ( news t ,am]ica 0 at la/ at w>1 all regul> bus9ess ( ! meet+ 0 susp5d$ & ^? pres5t resolv$ !mselves into an in=mal committee to consid] ways & means by :i* ! psy*ologi/s ( ,am]ica c\ld be/ s]ve _! c\ntry4 ,on ! ev5+ ( t day1 z ! result ( _m conf]5ces1 ! presid5t ( ! association ask$ ! c\ncil to au?orize him to appo9t committees on v>i\s phases ( appli$ psy*ology = ! purpose3 fir/1 ( enli/+ ! cop]ation ( e tra9$ psy*ologi/ 9 ,am]ica1 includ+ ! entire memb]%ip ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association2 &1 second1 ( det]m9+ precisely :at s]vice ! psy*ologi/s c\ld be/ p]=m4 ,! proposal met ) an imm$iate response & ,doctor ,y]kes & 8 committee w5t to "w4 ,! ,army ,g5]al ,/aff 0 skeptical at fir/1 b ,doctor ,y]kes & 8 associates ov]came ?is skepticism & by midsumm] ( #aiag ! ,division ( ,psy*ology ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 ) ,doctor ,y]kes at its head ) ! rank ( major1 0 actively function+1 & ! ,committee on ,classification ( ,p]sonnel 9 ! ,army _h be5 e/abli%$ & 0 demon/rat+1 to ! surprise ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff & ! ,w> ,dep>tm5t1 ! possibility ( det]m9+ by sci5tific means ! relative milit>y value & prop] milit>y assignm5t ( ! (fic]s & m5 ( ! ,army4 ,by ! end ( #aiag psy*ology1 z appli$ to w>1 _h s f> ju/ifi$ itself t ! ,surgeon ,g5]al report$ complete success 9 a*iev+ ! desir$ results1 :i* he /at$1 concisely1 to be3 7a7 to aid 9 segregat+ ! m5tally incompet5t1 7b7 to classify m5 accord+ to _! m5tal ability1 & 7c7 to assi/ 9 select+ compet5t m5 = responsible positions4 ,! programme ( ! ,division ( ,psy*ology ( ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t includ$ m5tal te/s = all recruits dur+ a two-weeks det5tion p]iod4 ,^! intellig5ce rat+s1 z !y 7 (ficially t]m$1 aim$ to aid3 7#a7 ,9 ! discov]y ( m5 ^: sup]ior intellig5ce sugge/$ _! consid]ation = advancem5t2 7#b7 ,9 ! prompt selection & assignm5t to developm5t battalions ( m5 :o 7 s inf]ior m5tally t !y 7 suit$ only = special assignm5ts2 7#c7 ,9 =m+ organizations ( uni=m m5tal /r5g? :]e su* uni=mity 0 desir$2 7#d7 ,9 =m+ organizations ( sup]ior m5tal /r5g? :]e su* sup]iority 0 dem&$ by ! nature ( ! "w to be p]=m$2 7#e7 ,9 select+ suitable m5 = v>i\s army duties or = special tra9+ 9 colleges or te*nical s*ools2 7#f7 ,9 ! e>ly =mation ( tra9+ gr\ps )9 a company 9 ord] t ea* man might receive in/ruction & drill accord+ to 8 ability to pr(it !reby2 7#g7 ,9 ! e>ly recognition ( sl[-?9k+ m9ds :i* might o!rwise be mi/ak5 = /ubborn or disob$i5t *>act]s2 7#h7 ,9 elim9at+ f ! army ^? m5 ^: l[-grade intellig5ce r5d]$ !m ei!r a burd5 or a m5ace to ! s]vice4 ,9 ?ree sy/ems ( te/s 9 use betwe5 ,may #a & ,octob] #a1 #aiah1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 approximately "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 te/$4 ,! te/ fir/ appli$ to all1 m5 & (fic]s1 :o c\ld read ,engli%1 0 kn[n z ! 8,alpha40 ,?is 0 a gr\p te/4 ,x requir$ only fifty m9utes & c\ld be giv5 to gr\ps z l>ge z #ejj4 ,! te/ mat]ial 0 s arrang$ t ea* ( its #bab que/ions might be answ]$ )\t writ+1 m]ely by und]l9+1 cross+ out or *eck+4 ,! pap]s lat] 7 scor$ by means ( /5cils1 s t no?+ 0 left to ! p]sonal judgm5t ( ^? :o did ! scor+4 ,! m5tal rat+ :i* result$ !re=e 0 :olly objective4 ,! 8,beta0 te/ 0 us$ = =eign]s & illit]ates4 ,x c\ld be giv5 to gr\ps ( f #ge to #bjj & requir$ approximately fifty m9utes4 ,success 9 ! ,beta te/ did n dep5d ^u k ( ,engli%1 z ! in/ructions 7 giv5 entirely by pantomime & demon/ration4 ,x measur$ g5]al intellig5ce ?r\gh ! use ( concrete or picture mat]ial in/ead ( ! pr9t$ language4 ,x also 0 scor$ by /5cils & yield$ an objective rat+4 ,bo? ! ,alpha & ! ,beta te/s 7 kn[n z ,gr\p te/s because ( ! l>ge numb] ( m5 to :om !y c\ld be giv5 simultane\sly4 ,^? m5 :o fail$ 9 ! ,gr\p te/s 7 giv5 ,individual te/s 9 :i* ! in/ructions 7 giv5 by a tra9$ psy*ologi/ work+ ) "o soldi] at a "t 9 a quiet private (fice4 ,^! ,individual te/s 7 ( two sorts3 "o = m5 :o und]/ood ,engli%1 & ! o!r = m5 )\t education & frequ5tly )\t k ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! ,individual te/s s]v$ z a *eck ^u ! ,gr\p te/s :i* _h prec$$ !m4 ,no man 0 recomm5d$ = dis*>ge or = lab\r battalions until aft] he _h be5 individually exam9$ by a psy*ologi/ :o sp5t f a half h\r to an h\r & a half ) him1 attempt+ to det]m9e :e!r or n ! results ( ! ,gr\p te/s c\ld be reli$ ^u4 ,to det]m9e ! relative intellig5ce ( five hundr$ m5 9 fifty m9utes by a me?od s completely objective t no "p ( ! result+ classification is bas$ on ! individual judgm5t or op9ion ( ei!r ! exam9] or any ( ! m5 !mselves is c]ta9ly a practical application ( psy*ological sci5ce4 ,simple z ! ,alpha te/ 01 its practical work+ out & r$uction to an exact sci5tific =mula 0 ! "w ( hundr$s ( highly tra9$ m9ds = _m mon?s4 ,9 its concrete application x looks l a *ildr5's game1 b ! results are s reliable z to be almo/ uncanny 9 ! precision ) :i* !y tally ) ! conclusions rea*$ 9 ! same cases z a result ( long & intimate obs]vation4 7,= full details ( ! ,alpha te/ ! read] is ref]r$ to ,app5dix ,b to ?is volume47 ,! highe/ score a man c\ld make 9 ! ,alpha te/ 0 #bab4 ,?is is an absolutely p]fect score1 a correct answ] or response to e "o ( ! #bab que/ions or examples2 b any man :o made a score above #ace 0 giv5 ! highe/ possible rat+1 ,grade ,a1 9 ! m5tal s*$ule4 ,!re 7 sev5 rat+s 9 all3 ,a1 above #ace2 ,b1 :i* includ$ ^? mak+ #ajd to #ace2 ,c1 plus1 :i* took 9 ^? d[n to a score ( #ge2 ,c1 = ^? scor+ f #de to #gd2 ,c1 m9us1 = ^? ) scores ( #be to #dd2 ,d1 = ! ones :o gave f #ae to #bd correct answ]s2 & ,d1 m9us1 = ^? :o 7 unable to answ] correctly m ?an #ad out ( ! #bab que/ions4 ,n[ = ! pro(6 ,"h is an (ficial report ( "o ( _m comp>isons made betwe5 ! results ( ! psy*ological te/s & ! actual obs]vations & p]sonal k ( m5 by _! (fic]s4 ,! comm&+ (fic]s ( t5 diff]5t organizations1 repres5t+ v>i\s arms ( s]vice 9 "o camp1 7 ask$ to designate 7a7 ! mo/ effici5t m5 9 _! organizations1 7b7 ! m5 ( av]age value & 7c7 ! m5 s inf]ior t !y 7 b>ely able to p]=m _! duties4 ,! (fic]s _h be5 ) ^! m5 f six to twelve mon?s & knew !m exceptionally well4 ,! total numb] ( m5 rat$ 0 #ife1 ab\t equally divid$ betwe5 ! ?ree classifications4 ,aft] ! (fic]s' rat+s _h be5 made1 ! m5 7 giv5 ! ,alpha te/1 & ! comp>ison ( results %[$ t ! av]age score record$ 9 ?is te/ by ^? m5 ! (fic]s _h grad$ z 8be/0 0 approximately twice z high z ^? ! (fic]s t]m$ _! poore/ m54 ,( m5 scor+ ,c1 m9us1 9 ! ,alpha te/1 #gj p] c5t4 7 ^? class$ by ! (fic]s z _! poore/ m5 & only #d4d p] c5t4 ( ^? rank$ ) ! ones :om ! (fic]s reg>d$ z be/4 ,( all ! m5 ^: scores 7 above ,c1 plus1 #ee4e p] c5t4 _h be5 grad$ by _! (fic]s z _! be/ m5 & only #ae p] c5t4 z among _! poore/ soldi]s4 ,9 ano!r camp #gfe m5 ( a regul> infantry regim5t1 :o _h be5 ) _! (fic]s = sev]al mon?s1 7 grad$ by _! (fic]s 9 five classes1 accord+ to _! practical milit>y value4 ,sev5ty-six ( ^! m5 7 rat$ ei!r ,a or ,b by ! ,alpha te/2 all b n9e ( ^! _h be5 grad$ 8"o0 & 8two0 by _! (fic]s1 & none ( !m _h be5 plac$ 9 ! l[e/ grade4 ,out ( #bch ( ^! soldi]s :o scor$ ,d or ,d1 m9us1 9 ! psy*ological te/1 all b eight _h be5 plac$ 9 ! ?ree l[e/ grades by _! (fic]s4 ,! psy*ological rat+s & ! rat+s ( ! company comm&]s 7 id5tical 9 #di4e p] c5t4 ( all cases4 ,9 #hh4d p] c5t4 ( ! cases ! agreem5t 0 )9 "o /ep1 & 9 only sev5 t5?s ( #a p] c5t4 0 !re a disagreem5t betwe5 ! psy*ological te/ results & ! (fic]s' rat+s ( m ?an two /eps4 ,"h is ano!r comp>ison4 ,sixty company comm&]s ea* nam$ 8 t5 be/ & t5 poore/ privates4 ,)\t any k on ! "p ( ! psy*ological exam9]s 9 ?is or 9 any o!r ( ! comp>ative te/s z to ! rat+s ! (fic]s _h giv5 ! m51 ! ,alpha gave ! grade ( ,d or ,d1 m9us1 to #eg4e p] c5t4 ( ^? pick$ z ! poore/ & plac$ all b a fractional p]c5tage ( #a1aah m5 9 ! same classes 9 :i* !y _h be5 plac$ by _! (fic]s on ! basis ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,^? :o fail$ 9 ! ,gr\p te/s 7 giv5 individual att5tion by ! cl9ical psy*ologi/4 ,! exam9ation "h 0 frequ5tly by ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/ or by ! ,y]kes-,bridges ,po9t ,scale4 ,= m5 :o c\ld n und]/& ! in/ructions & ! language necess>y = tak+ ^! two te/s a s]ies ( specially devis$ p]=mance te/s1 consi/+ *iefly ( picture puzzles1 cubes1 squ>es1 cresc5ts1 & o!r =ms cut f wood1 7 provid$4 ,! assumption 0 t a man :o has n intellig5ce en\gh to place a triangul> block 9 a p]fectly obvi\s triangul> hole1 or to piece toge!r ! six or sev5 p>ts :i*1 :5 prop]ly assembl$1 make up ! figure ( a man or a %ip is s hopelessly defici5t m5tally z to be n only ( no value1 b a positive detrim5t to ! ,army4 ,9 _m in/ances fully gr[n m5 ) ! m5tality ( *ildr5 sev5 or eight ye>s old 7 ?us we$$ out f among ! recruits :o _h successfully pass$ ! physical te/s & be5 induct$ into ! s]vice4 ,m5 mak+ ! ,d1 m9us1 or ,e score 9 ei!r ! ,alpha or ! ,beta te/s 7 grad$ z ( v inf]ior intellig5ce2 ,d1 m9us1 m5 7 held to be fit = regul> s]vice b ! ,e m5 7 recomm5d$ = s]vice 9 ! developm5t battalions or = dis*>ge4 ,ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ( all ! soldi]s exam9$ 7 scor$ 9 ! ,d class4 ,!y 7 rank$ z ( inf]ior intellig5ce1 likely to be fairly good soldi]s b sl[ 9 le>n+1 %ort on initiative1 requir+ m ?an ! usual am\nt ( sup]vision1 & unable to rise above ! grade ( private4 ,mo/ ,d1 m9us1 & ,e m5 7 bel[ ! m5tal age ( t5 ye>s2 few m5 mak+ a psy*ological score ( ,d _h ! intellig5ce ( ! av]age normal f\rte5-ye>-old boy4 ,ab\t #bj p] c5t4 ( ! #a1ejj1jjj soldi]s exam9$ by ! psy*ological me?od made ! score ( ,c1 m9us1 :i* indicat$ l[ av]age intellig5ce4 ,^! m5 7 good soldi]s1 h[ev]1 & did satisfactory "w 9 r\t9e matt]s4 ,! ,c m51 ^? ( av]age intellig5ce1 includ$ ab\t #be p] c5t4 ( ! draft$ m5 & furni%$ a fair proportion ( non-commission$ mat]ial4 ,^? 9 ! ,c1 plus1 rat+1 :i* indicat$ high av]age intellig5ce1 includ$ f ab\t #ae to #ah p] c5t4 ( all ! soldi]s exam9$4 ,?is gr\p provid$ n only a l>ge am\nt ( non-commission$ (fic] mat]ial1 b an occasional soldi] ^: qualities ( lead]%ip & p[] to comm& fitt$ him = a commission4 ,a man :o made a score ( ,b 9 ! ,alpha te/ 0 grad$ z ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,betwe5 #h & #aj p] c5t4 ( all soldi]s exam9$ made ! ,b score4 ,?is gr\p includ$ a l>ge proportion ( m5 ( ! commission$ (fic] type & a v l>ge proportion ( m5 fit = ! high] non-commission$ (fic]s' details4 ,only #d to #e p] c5t4 ( ! m5 9 ! ,army made ! score ( ,a 9 ! ,alpha te/1 :i* means t !y 7 able to answ] 9 ! giv5 "t1 correctly1 m ?an #ace ( ! #bab que/ions 9 ! te/4 ,^! 7 m5 ( v sup]ior intellig5ce--inde$1 ( m>k$ intellectuality4 ,m5 ( ?is m5tal type :o _h any lead]%ip ability :atsoev] made ! v>i\s grades ( commission$ (fic]s4 ,! practical application ( ! psy*ological te/s cov]$ a v wide range4 ,! highe/ intellig5ce among enli/$ m5 0 requir$ 9 ! ,field ,artill]y1 ,ma*9e-,gun ,battalions1 & ,signal ,corps4 ,m5 ( ! l[e/ grade ( intellig5ce s]v$ z lab\r]s1 team/]s1 & 9 o!r non-combatant s]vice1 :ile m5 only slightly bel[ ! av]age p]=m$ ! duties ( an infantryman satisfactorily4 ,by ! application ( ! m5tal te/s x 0 f\nd possible to br+ up ! av]age ( p>ticul> companies1 regim5ts1 & deta*m5ts1 by ex*ang+ m5 ( high m5tality f "o regim5t = an equal numb] ( m5 ( ! l[] m5tal grade f ano!r regim5t 9 :i* ! av]age ( ability 0 l[4 ,a great sav+ ( "t & en]gy 0 made possible by be+ able to det]m9e t a p>ticul> soldi]1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 psy*ological score1 0 qualifi$ to become a good artill]yman1 ma*9e gunn]1 or signal-corps man1 or :at n4 ,if only 9 prev5t+ ! load+ up ( combatant divisions ) m5 qualifi$ only = ! s]vice ( supply1 ! "w ( ! psy*ologi/s made possible ! elim9ation ( incalculable delay 9 gett+ our ov]seas cont+5t ready to fight4 ,! intellig5ce te/s us$ 9 ! ,army 7 admitt$ly imp]fect at _m po9ts4 ,!y 7 especially design$ = & adapt$ to ! te/+ ( a v mu* l>g] gr\p ?an is ev] likely aga9 to be subject$ to any s+le te/ or s]ies ( te/s1 & s1 = mo/ civilian purposes1 ^! ,alpha & ,beta te/s _c be tak5 z a fair or complete sy/em ( asc]ta9+ all ! facts :i* m5tal te/s ought to disclose4 ,b at ! "t & = _! p>ticul> purpose !y function$ admirably1 z all p]sons famili> ) ! result obta9$ w conc$e4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,psy*ological ,,te/s ,,9 ,,education ,j z intellig5ce te/s 9 ! ,army h develop$ a new appreciation ( ! significance ( analyses ( intellig5ce z a means ( select+ ! "r man = ! "r place 9 ! milit>y ma*9e1 s h sci5tifically devis$ m5tal te/s emphasiz$ ! possibilities ( m rapid & satisfactory progress 9 our educational activities4 ,! application ( psy*ology to ! measurem5t ( tea*+ me?ods 9 in/itutions ( le>n+ is ( comp>atively rec5t orig94 ,up to t5 ye>s ago we _h be5 able to make v little use ( te/s = ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce 9 s*ools1 colleges1 & univ]sities4 ,we 7 fight+ bl9dly1 z x 71 to ov]come ! problems :i* fac$ u at e turn4 ,we _h no concrete guide1 = in/ance1 9 our ef=ts to select prop] c\rses ( /udy = *ildr5 & adults ( v>i\s m5tal capacities1 nor c\ld we decide ^u uni=m ef=ts t[>d ! disposal ( su* que/ions z vocational guidance1 s*oolroom proc$ure1 juv5ile del9qu5cy1 promotional s*emes1 ret>dation ( *ildr51 & ! prop] treatm5t ( sub-normal & gift$ pupils4 ,! ret>dation problem1 = example1 has become s]i\s4 ,/ati/ics indicate t f "o ?ird to "o half ( ! *ildr5 9 ! public s*ools ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates fail to advance ) ! spe$ expect$ ( !m4 ,t5 to #ae p] c5t4 are ret>d$ two ye>s or m4 ,five to #h p] c5t4 d n come )9 ?ree ye>s ( ! /ate ( developm5t set z a /&>d4 ,m ?an #aj p] c5t4 ( ! #ejj1jjj1jjj sp5t e ye> 9 ?is c\ntry = s*ool in/ruction purposes is us$ = retea*+ *ildr5 :at !y already h be5 8taught0 b h fail$ to le>n4 ,_m ef=ts t[>d re=m h be5 fruitful b disappo9t+4 ,! supposition t evils 9 exi/+ sy/ems c\ld be completely cur$ by adopt+ new me?ods ( in/ruction1 alt]+ promotion me?ods1 giv+ increas$ att5tion to *ildr5's heal?1 & adoption ( o!r innovations1 0 less effective1 exp]im5ts h %[n1 ?an 0 g5]ally anticipat$ by educators :o put ^! !ories into op]ation4 ,^! re=ms 7 less successful ?an _! au?ors expect$ !y w\ld be1 = ! reason t ! re=m]s fell into ! error ( assum+ t1 "u ! "r conditions1 all *ildr5 w\ld be equally1 or almo/ equally capable ( mak+ satisfactory progress4 ,!y fail$ to take into acc\nt ! fact t !re are m ?an two classes ( s*ool *ildr5 & t !y _c be grad$ m]ely z 8feeble-m9d$0 & 8normal40 ,!re are all degrees ( intellig5ce1 rang+ f idiocy on ! "o h& to g5ius on ! o!r1 & any ef=ts t[>d improvem5t ( conditions mu/ be appli$ ) full recognition ( su* diff]5ces4 ,!re are wide diff]5ces among normal human be+s 9 m5tal inh]itance & ^! diff]5ces affect to a m>k$ degree ! capacity ( m51 wom51 & *ildr5 to pr(it f in/ruction4 ,j z ! ,army _h to all[ = diff]5ces 9 m5tal capacity1 s mu/ ! s*ools diff]5tiate c\rses ( /udy 9 su* a way t ea* pupil w be all[$ to /udy 9 a mann] t is easy = him1 :e!r t mann] be rapid or sl[4 ,dr4 ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man1 ,pr(essor ( ,education at ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 9 ,cali=nia1 :o writes ) m au?ority ?an any o!r au?or on ! application ( psy*ological te/s 9 s*ools1 emphasizes ! fact t little progress c be made t[>d ! correction ( pres5t evils until we acquire a m sci5tific k ( ! mat]ial ) :i* we deal4 ,?is phase ( ! problem p]haps sugge/s ! only practical way t[>d solution4 ,intellig5ce te/s 9 s*ools & high] in/itutions h be5 giv5 a wide range ( application1 b 9 virtually e in/ance ! results h ju/ifi$ ! claim ( sup]iority = ^! te/s ov] o!r me?ods ( classify+ /ud5ts4 ,9 "s in/ances positively />tl+ developm5ts h be5 not$4 ,( p>ticul> int]e/1 f ! viewpo9t ( educators :o already are conv9c$ ( ! value ( intellig5ce rat+ 9 educational in/itutions1 is ! report ( exp]im5ts at ,public ,s*ool ,no4 #fd1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,! object 0 to select1 gr\p1 & tra9 a numb] ( *ildr5 ( v sup]ior intellig5ce1 9 an attempt t[>d ! solution ( ! grad+ problem4 ,! exp]im5t 0 sugge/$ by a survey made sev]al ye>s ago by a psy*ologi/ employ$ by ! ,public ,education ,association4 ,among a numb] ( s-call$ av]age *ildr5 0 ,w4 ,h41 a boy4 ,w4 ,h4's m5tal age measur$ ab\t two ye>s ahead ( 8 age 9 ye>s4 ,8 physical developm5t 0 sup]ior to ! av]age *ild ( 8 grade1 consequ5tly he became an int]e/+ subject to /udy4 ,he 0 promot$ z soon z he acquir$ ! ess5tial features ( ! "w 9 ea* grade1 &1 )\t any consci\s ef=t on 8 "p1 he accompli%$ ! "w ( n9e grades 9 two ye>s4 ,w4 ,h4 0 especially fond ( a?letics & outdoor sports4 ,he took 8 s*ool "w z a matt] ( c\rse & %[$ no indication ( special int]e/ 9 books or /udy4 ,by ! "t he _h rea*$ ! fif?-grade sev]al o!r boys ( approximately ! same ability _h be5 discov]$4 ,"o day ! psy*ologi/1 ! pr9cipal1 & "o ( ! assi/ants discuss$ ! possibility ( =m+ a class compos$ ( *ildr5 simil>ly gift$4 ,special classes = defective *ildr51 ) a c\rse ( /udy adapt$ to _! ne$s1 _h be5 9 exi/5ce = "s "t4 ,:y n organize special classes = *ildr5 at ! o!r end ( ! scale1 compos$ ( ^? %[+ ! highe/ grade ( intellig5ce8 ,surely ^! *ildr51 society's greate/ assets1 7 entitl$ to progress at ! spe$ t 0 desirable & normal to !m4 ,if defective *ildr5 ( ungrad$ classes 7 wor?y ( a c\rse ( /udy peculi>ly adapt$ to _! limitations1 c]ta9ly an enri*$ curriculum mu/ be provid$ to meet ! ne$s ( *ildr5 ^: capabilities ext5d$ to ! highe/ degree ( atta9m5t4 ,! initial selection ( *ildr5 0 made f ! #e;,a class ( ,w4 ,h4's associates1 f o!r fif?- & six?-grade classes 9 ! s*ool1 & f simil> grades ( ,public ,s*ool ,no4 #ae1 a neighb\r+ s*ool = girls4 ,! aim 0 to *oose an equal numb] ( boys & girls f f\r or five grades4 ,! selection 0 limit$ to grades #d;,b ?r\gh #f;,b4 ,! basis ( selection 0 det]m9$ by ! foll[+ factors3 #a--,! age-grade /&>d 0 consid]$4 ,^? *ildr5 7 select$ :o 7 bel[ ! normal age = ! grade & ^: s*ool records %[$ a /&+ ( g5]al excell5ce = successive t]ms4 #b--,! evid5ce ( sup]ior ability z display$ 9 oral recitation dur+ visits made by ! psy*ologi/ & ! assi/ant to ! pr9cipal4 #c--;,an analytical inspection ( s*ool record c>ds4 #d--,two boys1 ,h4 ,r4 & ,r4 ,p41 _h receiv$ prizes 9 ,wanamak]'s draw+ competitions4 ,bo? ( ^! boys pass$ ! requir$ intellig5ce te/s4 #e--;,a few int]e/+ incid5ts 7 ! means ( discov]+ "s o!r eligible c&idates4 ,"o ,sunday ev5+1 :ile ! tea*] :o lat] became ! in/ructor ( ?is new special class 0 visit+ ! ,*ri/odora ,h\se1 a neighb\r+ settlem5t1 ! lead] ( ! ev5+ h\r ask$ ! *ildr5 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,god & gu>d4 ,a boy1 ,e4 ,r41 def9$ ! words 9 su* concise & p]fect ,engli% t ! att5tion ( ! visitors became c5tr$ on him4 ,lat] he 0 promot$ f a s*ool he 0 att5d+ to ,public ,s*ool ,no4 #fd & 0 admitt$ to ! class ( *ildr5 ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,e4 ,r4 0 a fatali/4 ,he told an int]e/$ visitor1 :o que/ion$ him z to h[ he came to be admitt$ to ! class1 t x 0 fate t he 0 *os54 ,he said he _h be5 indiff]5t ab\t att5d+ ! 8,*ildr5's ,h\r0 at :i* 8 ability _h be5 notic$1 b t 8 bro!r _h urg$ him to g4 8,y see10 said ,e4 ,r41 8if ,i hadn't gone ,i might nev] h be5 *os5 = ?is class40 ,a bright1 aggressive-look+ boy ent]$ ! pr9cipal's (fice "o aft]noon & ask$ ! pr9cipal if he _h room 9 8 class = a 8bright #f;,a boy40 ,he said he liv$ 9 ! di/rict ( ,s*ool ,no4 #fd & _h he>d !re 7 classes = *ildr5 ( excell5t record4 ,8 report c>d %[$ an ,a-,a record & he 0 admitt$4 ,! f9al issue 0 det]m9$ by ! %[+ ( ! pupils 9 intellig5ce te/s devis$ by ,dr4 ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man1 & by _! social traits4 ,two *ildr5 :o _h ! necess>y qualifications o!rwise 7 n consid]$ because ( sev]al unfav\rable traits ( "*4 ,! =ego+ in/ances are cit$ to indicate "s ( ! ways 9 :i* *ildr5 7 select$ = ! class4 ,! next factor consid]$ 0 ! *oice ( a tea*]4 ,x 0 necess>y t %e %[ high intellig5ce or %e w\ld n be able to attack ! problems :i* su* a class w\ld pres5t4 ,! pr9cipal _h no /&>diz$ te/ by :i* to measure h] ability b he 0 guid$ by _m ( ! pr9ciples ( g5]al excell5ce t m>k$ ! selection ( ! pupils4 ,f a gr\p ( eighty-f\r he tri$ to select a tea*] :o %[$ initiative1 ability to meet new situations1 bo? intellectually & socially1 "o :o sympa?iz$ ) & und]/ood ! or?odox tra9+ ( ^! *ildr51 & :o w\ld lead !m to foll[ high /&>ds ( ,am]ican ideals & cu/oms1 & ^: s*ol>%ip 0 sup]ior1 especially 9 language4 ,all ^! virtues1 9 addition to a ze/ & zeal = ! exp]im5t1 7 embodi$ 9 ,miss ,g4 ,! next important /ep 0 to devise a curriculum = ! class1 :i* became kn[n z ! ,t]man ,class1 because ! te/s us$ 9 select+ x _h be5 sugge/$ by ,doctor ,t]man4 ,! grades t repres5t$ ! fir/ t]m 7 #d;,b ?r\gh #f;,b2 ! second t]m #f;,a ?r\gh #g;,b2 & ! ?ird t]m1 #g;,a ?r\gh #h;,b4 ,=mal gramm> & ari?metic 7 assign$ sequ5tially z outl9$ 9 ! city syllabus4 ,! class 9 g5]al /udi$ contempor>y hi/ory1 bas$ ^u ! ,_w ,w>1 f newspap]s & p]iodicals1 &1 :5ev] possible1 ^! ev5ts 7 relat$ to or associat$ ) pa/ hi/ory4 ,geography 0 /udi$ 9 relation to hi/ory & !n ext5d$ until ! _w geography z outl9$ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy 0 acquir$4 ,an ext5d$ am\nt ( read+ 0 assign$4 ,! supplem5t>y li/s issu$ by ,pr(essors ,bak] & ,abbott1 ( ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity2 ! read+ li/ ( ! ,e?ical ,culture ,s*ool2 & ! li/ issu$ by ,doctor ,lel&1 ,director ( ,libr>ies1 7 us$ z guides4 ,music1 draw+1 & physical tra9+ 7 tak5 by ! class z g5]al ex]cises4 ,^! cov]$ ! grade requirem5ts4 ,! composition ( plays1 songs1 & dances = special programmes also 0 und]tak54 ,! privilege ( obs]v+ plants & live animals1 _! c>e1 habits1 & mann] ( reproduction1 0 provid$ 9 ! nature-/udy room ( ! s*ool4 ,"s ( ! boys 7 giv5 manual tra9+ 9 ! %ops ( ! prevocational s*ool aft] ! regul> session ( ! academic dep>tm5t4 ,! class att5d$ ! s5ior assemblies ( ! s*ool at lea/ once a week & z _m m times z ! educational activities ( ! s*ool p]mitt$4 ,! privileges enjoy$ outside ! classroom educat$ ^! *ildr5 socially 9 ways t few pupils ( l>ge & conge/$ s*ools may exp]i5ce4 ,"o p]iod a week 0 sp5t 9 ! read+ & /udy ( assign$ subjects 9 ! ,tompk9s ,squ>e ,public ,libr>y4 ,*ildr5 7 made acqua9t$ ) all dep>tm5ts ( ! libr>y & its facilities4 ,ref]5ce books1 magaz9es1 & newspap]s 7 at _! s]vice4 ,! *ildr5 7 p]mitt$ to use a club room 9 ! ,*ri/odora ,h\se once a week = musical & social ex]cises4 ,a gymnasium 0 at _! disposal 9 ?is in/itution two p]iods a week1 & "o ( ! ,*ri/odora ,h\se's work]s 0 assign$ to tea* ! cook+ club ( ! class4 ,ano!r social work] taught a qu>tette ( ! class h[ to play ! viol94 ,two boys :o %[$ aptitude 9 art 7 giv5 additional in/ruction aft] s*ool at ! 8,boys' ,club10 a neighb\r+ in/itution4 ,! class 0 tak5 on excursions to ! ,metropolitan ,museum ( ,art1 ! ,new ,york ,public ,libr>y1 ! ,jumel ,mansion1 & ,dyckman ,h\se--to /udy colonial furni%+s & hi/orical mat]ial--! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 a sight-see+ ya*t trip ar\nd ,manhattan ,isl&1 !atre p>ties1 campfire p>ties1 & fl[] %[s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t]m ( six mon?s ! progress rang$ f "o to f\r grades4 ,no pressure ( any k9d 0 br\ght to be>4 ,! *ildr5 7 all[$ to advance z soon z !y acquir$ ! "w ( ea* grade4 ,! y\ng] *ildr5 reap$ ! advantage ( ! exp]i5ce ( associat+ ) ^? a trifle old]4 ,?is privilege p]haps acc\nt$ = ! great] rate ( progress by ! y\ng] pupils4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t]m ! av]age progress 0 two & two ?irds grades & dur+ ! subsequ5t t]ms two grades 7 accompli%$ ea* t]m4 ,! sugge/ion1 ( c\rse1 is obvi\s1 t ! g5]al application ( psy*ological te/s ( intellig5ce to s*ool *ildr5 ev]y:]e w\ld reveal simil> exceptional m5talities 9 _m s*ools & classes1 & t we h at la/1 9 te/s ( ?is "*1 an accurate me?od ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 m]e p>rot-l ability to memorize & repeat lessons & actual m5tal capacity4 ,t !re mu/ result1 f ! wid] application ( ! sci5tific me?od ( m5tal measurem5t1 a g5]al regrad+ ( s*ool pupils1 if n inde$ a g5]al reorganization ( exi/+ s*emes & sy/ems ( education1 goes almo/ )\t say+4 ,! use ( intellig5ce te/s = college entrance has %[n satisfactory results 9 sev]al in/itutions4 ,9 "o 9 p>ticul>1 ! ,c>negie ,in/itute ( ,te*nology ( ,pittsburgh1 a gr\p ( ! fre%man girls 9 ! ,m>g>et ,morrison ,c>negie ,s*ool = ,girls1 0 exp]im5t$ on ) su* success t ! results h be5 widely discuss$4 ,all ( ! #aad fre%m5 7 high s*ool graduates4 ,! fir/-ye> c\rse1 on :i* ! in/ructors bas$ _! e/imates ( ! /ud5ts1 conta9s ! foll[+ subjects2 physics1 sew+1 hi/ory1 ,engli%1 draw+ & col\r1 hygi5e1 *emi/ry1 foods1 acc\nt+1 & social e?ics4 ,six m5tal te/s 7 us$1 design$ to answ] ! foll[+ que/ions3 7#a7 ,c we demon/rate t we c r$uce ! numb] ( /ud5ts :o are dropp$ = poor s*ol>%ip or plac$ on probation = poor s*ol>%ip by ! use ( our m5tal te/s = admission8 7#b7 ,h[ d our m5tal te/ rat+s ( all ! /ud5ts comp>e ) ! faculty op9ion ab\t ! g5]al ability ( ! /ud5ts8 ,! fir/ crit]ion ref]r$ only to ^? :o 7 pron\nc$ z failures & dropp$ f college = inability to d college "w1 or plac$ on probation z d\btful /ud5ts ) two ?irds ( ! regul> programme4 ,! second crit]ion _h ref]5ce to ! :ole class1 includ+ ! good /ud5ts4 ,a lett] 0 s5t to all memb]s ( ! faculty ask+ !m to indicate ! /ud5t's g5]al ability z comp>$ to ! g5]al ability ( ! class4 ,a li/ ( names1 ) t5 numb]$ spaces aft] ea* "n1 0 app5d$4 ,! te/s :i* agre$ fairly well ) ! pool$ judgm5t ( ! faculty 7 reta9$4 ,! te/s :i* fail$ 9 ?is reg>d 7 ei!r improv$ or cancell$4 ,:5 ! returns 7 complete ! in/ructor's e/imate 0 det]m9$ = ea* /ud5t & 0 us$ z a crit]ion = ! te/s4 ,! te/s 7 analyz$ bo? by correlation me?ods ref]r+ to ! gr\p z a :ole1 & by inspection ( scatt] diagrams ref]r+ to individual /ud5ts4 ,by devis+ a critical score x 0 possible to arrive at a m5tal-te/ rat+4 ,! results ( ?is sy/em ( rat+ indicat$1 accord+ to ,pr(4 ,l4 ,l4 ,?ur/one1 ( ! ,c>negie ,in/itute1 t3 7a7 ,sev5 out ( elev5 failures c\ld h be5 elim9at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 7b7 ,eight out ( sev5te5 /ud5ts plac$ on probation = poor s*ol>%ip %\ld h be5 elim9at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>4 7c7 ,n "o ( ! /ud5ts :o 7 bel[ ! critical m5tal-te/ rat+ 0 acceptable z a /ud5t4 ,all ( !m %\ld h be5 sp>$ ! disc\ragem5t :i* comes f failure & %\ld h be5 advis$ to take up "s o!r "w4 7d7 ,none ( ! acceptable /ud5ts scor$ bel[ ! l[] critical m5tal-te/ rat+4 7e7 ,all ( ! fre%m5 rat$ high by ! faculty 7 above ! av]age 9 ! m5tal-te/ rat+4 7f7 ,m5tal te/s h be5 demon/rat$ to con/itute a useful crit]ion = admission to college4 ,9 ,octob]1 #aiah1 fir/-ye> m5 9 ,br[n ,univ]sity 7 giv5 two s]ies ( psy*ological te/s1 an int]val ( sev]al days sep>at+ ! adm9i/ration ( ,s]ies ,i & ,,ii4 ,emphasis 0 plac$ ^u ?\ght & accuracy1 r ?an ^u spe$4 ,two hundr$ & t5 /ud5ts ( ! same ,univ]sity took ! ,alpha te/ ( ! ,army 9 ,janu>y1 #aiai4 ,( ^! m51 #ajc also _h tak5 ! ,br[n ,univ]sity te/s1 ,s]ies ,i & ,,ii4 ,?is made a comp>ison possible4 ,two hundr$ & twelve m5 took ,s]ies ,i4 ,bo? ! av]age & m$ian 7 #ff on ! basis ( #ajj z a maximum score4 ,"o hundr$ & sev5ty-eight m51 all ( :om _h tak5 ,s]ies ,i1 took ,s]ies ,,ii4 ,x 0 adm9i/]$ aft] ! /ud5ts _h begun milit>y tra9+ ( a rigor\s nature & :5 !y 7 f> f fre%4 ,! composite score ( ,s]ies ,i & ,s]ies ,,ii1 made f ! records ( "o hundr$ & sev5ty-eight m5 :o _h tak5 bo? te/s1 %[$ t ! ,br[n ,univ]sity ,s]ies prov$ z good z a measure ( s*ola/ic /&+ z did ! ,army te/ = milit>y fitness4 ,pr(4 ,/eph5 ,s4 ,colv91 ( ,br[n ,univ]sity1 writ+ on ^! psy*ological te/s1 says t 9 addition to ! evid5ce obta9$ by correlat+ ! te/ results & ! /ud5ts' academic m>ks1 z to ! relation betwe5 ! scores ( ! psy*ological te/s & academic /&+1 !re is fur!r indication t ! psy*ological te/s prov$ ( consid]able value 9 %[+ ! probable success ( a /ud5t 9 8 academic "w4 ,dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! ye>1 eighty /ud5ts 7 report$ z do+ unsatisfactory "w4 ,( ^! eighty /ud5ts1 ?irte5 _h receiv$ a score ( 8good0 or 8v good0 9 ! psy*ological te/s2 f\rte5 _h receiv$ an av]age score3 :ile 9 ! cases ( fifty-?ree ! score 0 ei!r 8poor10 or 8v poor40 ,dur+ ! second t]m1 ?irty-f\r m5 7 report$ z do+ consid]ably above av]age grade4 ,( ^? ?us report$1 five rank$ 8sup]ior0 9 _! psy*ological te/s2 n9ete5 8v good02 sev5 8good02 two 8av]age02 & "o 8poor40 ,int]e/+ results 7 not$ 9 intellig5ce te/s at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois on ,m>* #f1 #aiai1 :5 ne>ly #c1ejj /ud5ts1 :o 7 di/ribut$ 9 tw5ty-f\r diff]5t halls1 7 exam9$ simultane\sly4 ,! ,army te/ 7,alpha7 0 us$4 ,v>i\s memb]s ( ! faculty1 includ+ deans1 volunte]$ = special prep>atory tra9+ to act z exam9]s & alt]nate exam9]s4 ,x 0 an int]e/+ spectacle to witness em95t m5 volunt>ily 9 ! rle ( /ud5ts & be+ 8te/$40 ,9 a summ>y ( ! results ( ! te/s1 ,dr4 ,david ,sp5ce ,hill says3 8,! smallness ( diff]5ce betwe5 m$ian scores ( classes )9 ea* college ( ! l>ge gr\ps ( /ud5ts is insignificant4 ,z betwe5 fre%m51 sophomores1 juniors1 & s5iors ! extreme diff]5ce 0 less ?an #b p] c5t4 9 ! college ( lit]ature1 arts & sci5ces2 less ?an #d p] c5t4 9 ! colleges ( eng9e]+1 & ( agriculture2 ab\t #e p] c5t4 9 ! colleges ( comm]ce1 & less ?an #c p] c5t4 9 ! ?ree ye>s ( ! graduate s*ool4 ,diff]5ces z small z ^! are safely to be acc\nt$ = by *ance or by v>iations ( "o k9d & ano!r40 ,! report ( ! value z a :ole ( ! intellig5ce te/1 sign$ by memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity /aff1 says1 9 "p3 8,on ! :ole1 ! exp]im5t p]=m$ by ! en]getic cop]ation ( ne>ly f\r ?\s& univ]sity p may be reg>d$ z rem>kably successful = ! purposes int5d$4 ,if = no o!r reasons1 x has be5 wor? :ile z a /udy ( a device us$ already ^u ne>ly two millions ( m5 engag$ z soldi]s 9 ! great hi/oric und]tak+--! ,_w ,w>4 ,x has be5 a means ( self-revelation to _m p]sons on ! campus4 ,:5 ! /ati/ics are all work$ out 9 c>eful detail we %all obta9 new insight into "s educational problems40 ,at ,haml9e ,univ]sity1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,m9n41 ! ,alpha te/ 0 giv5 to #gd m5 & #ade wom51 b reports on ! results ( ! te/ are conf9$ to #fa m5 & #ade wom54 ,! m$ian = ! m5 te/$ 0 #abi & #acc = wom54 ,! high] level = wom5 0 acc\nt$ = by ! fact t !re 7 m s5iors & juniors among ! wom5 ?an among ! m54 ,! m$ians = ^! two classes ( wom5 7 #ach & #aej respectively1 b = ! m5 9 ! same classes1 #acb & #acj respectively4 ,a some:at high] /&+ = wom5 0 evid5t :5 ! entire s]ies ( te/s 7 consid]$1 al?\gh ! ma!matical problems 9 ! te/s 7 h>d] = ! wom54 ,9 que/ions ( practical judgm5t1 dis>rang$ s5t5ces & analogies1 all ( :i* involv$ nimbl5ess ( wit1 ! wom5 %[$ sup]iority to ! m54 ,9 que/ions ( g5]al in=mation1 h[ev]1 ! m5 e/abli%$ a lead ov] ! wom51 b ( only #b4e p] c5t4 ,pr(4 ,gregory ,d4 ,walcott1 :o reports ! te/s at ,haml9e1 is n conv9c$ t ! ,alpha te/s1 design$ = milit>y purposes1 are ! be/ = det]m9+ ! fitness ( /ud5ts = college "w4 ,he says1 h[ev]1 t ! degree ( correlation obta9$ 9 ! ,haml9e te/s indicates t ! ,alpha te/s are ( trem5d\s value4 ,intellig5ce te/s are be+ us$ at regul> int]vals at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ro*e/]4 ,! me?od ( application is describ$ z foll[s by ,l\is ,a4 ,pe*/e91 ,pr(essor ( ,psy*ology at ! ,univ]sity4 8,we call our fre%m5 to ! campus a week e>ly4 ,! introductory week is giv5 l>gely to lectures on college e?ics & problems ( /udy4 ,dur+ ! fir/ day ( ! week ,i give all ! entrants bo? ! ,alpha & ! ,otis ,gr\p ,intellig5ce te/s4 ,! m>ks & gr\p+s are turn$ into ! (fice &1 s f> z possible1 we %all make up sev]al repres5tative classes ( m5 suppos$ly ( ! same g5]al m5tal make-up4 8,dur+ ! fir/ t]m we %all te/ ! entire /ud5t body & !n beg9 to correlate ) tea*]s' op9ions & grade records4 ,9 no s5se are we committ$1 b we %all try to influ5ce our programme mak+ & section det]m9ation by ! te/+ results4 ,!n ,i %all issue a report to ea* /ud5t reg>d+ 8 /&+1 app>5t /rong & weak processes1 & try to help him 9 8 developm5t40 ,o!r reports f s*ools1 colleges1 & univ]sities indicate ! widespread adoption ( intellig5ce te/s 9 det]m9+ ! probable measure ( success :i* a /ud5t w atta9 9 8 /udies1 or :e!r he is fitt$1 m5tally1 = ! c>e] he contemplates4 ,! gr\p te/s ( intellig5ce h demon/rat$ _! value 9 educational "w to su* an ext5t t1 foll[+ ! lead ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 a l>ge numb] ( prom95t ,am]ican univ]sities & colleges are employ+ te/s ( intellectual ability z at lea/ p>tial sub/itutes = ! "t-hon\r$ college entrance exam9ations4 ,in/ead ( requir+ ea* prospective /ud5t to take an exam9ation 9 :i* he w\ld be requir$ to demon/rate t he rememb]$ ! facts le>n$ 9 high s*ool1 ! pres5t s*eme is to exam9e ! m5 :o desire to ent] college by means ( ! psy*ological te/s design$ to measure g5]al fitness & intellig5ce4 ,! !ory beh9d ?is movem5t is t m5 %\ld be all[$ to ent] college provid$ _! intellig5ce & m5tal capacity is su* z w\ld enable !m to pr(it by ! in/ruction1 reg>dless ( :e!r su* m5 c\ld recall ! requir$ p]c5tage ( ! facts taught !m by _! high s*ool tea*]s4 ,?is same philosophy w und\bt$ly spread v widely ?r\gh ! high s*ools & elem5t>y s*ools z well z ?r\gh ! colleges4 ,a *ild %\ld be all[$ to und]take t "w = :i* he is fitt$ by nature & intellectual capacity1 reg>dless ( :at 8 pa/ academic tra9+ may h be54 ,x is unreasonable to require "y m5 :o1 because ( "s accid5t1 left s*ool e>ly 9 life & h cont9u$ _! education ?r\gh _! own ef=ts1 to g back & beg9 ) y\ng] pupils a c\rse ( /udy1 :i* w h v little practical value to !m1 be=e !y are all[$ to und]take ! pr(essional c\rses !y desire & are capable ( und]tak+ at once4 ,! gr\p-exam9ation me?od1 :i* is employ$ by ! majority ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 has be5 ! greate/ possible /imulus to ! employm5t ( intellig5ce exam9ations1 because ( ! great sav+ ( "t :i* x affects ov] ! me?od ( individual exam9ations4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m5tal ,,te/s ,,9 ,,indu/ry ,! case = sci5tific m5tal te/s z a pr]equisite to ! employm5t ( beg9n]s 9 bus9ess & indu/ry has be5 well put by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,l9k4 ,9 address+ a conv5tion ( ,cali=nia railroad m51 ,doctor ,l9k said3 8,w\ld y1 g5tlem51 ent] into a contract to buy mat]ial f a conc]n1 ! excell5ce ( ^: product y _h grave reason to d\bt8 ,w\ld y place ord]s to ! ext5t ( ?ree & "o half millions ( doll>s a ye>1 waive inspection ( mat]ial1 accept :atev] 0 (f]$ y1 & make no ef=t to get y\r money's wor?8 ,y w\ld n--n if y expect$ to hold y\r job4 ,& yet1 t is :at y are do+ ) respect to ! public education sy/em ( ,cali=nia4 ,9 #aiaf ! railroads ( ?is /ate paid 9 op]ative taxes #g1aea1ehc4 ,( ?is sum #ea p] c5t41 or #c1fdg1cjj1 0 us$ = purposes ( public education4 8,! boys & girls s5t y f ! public s*ools y take into y\r s]vice1 sometimes aft] a p]functory m5tal exam9ation1 g5]ally ) none2 9 o!r words1 y waive inspection1 & !n compla9 ( ! "* ( mat]ial aft] x has rea*$ y & be5 paid =40 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 9 ! case ( ! untri$ beg9n] 9 bus9ess or indu/rial life1 ! boy or girl fre% f s*ool :o has z yet _h no opportunity to discov] or to demon/rate 8 or h] ability or capacity1 t ! application ( sci5tific m5tal te/s is mo/ ess5tial4 ,! skill$ work] ( long exp]i5ce1 ma/] ( 8 craft or ( "o or ano!r ( ! specializ$ me*anical op]ations t ent] s l>gely into mod]n indu/rial processes1 has already f\nd a def9ite place 9 ! s*eme ( ?+s & a simple trade or p]=mance te/ is all t is requir$ to indicate :]e t place is4 ,= ! pres5t1 at lea/1 we are conc]n$ ) ! work] ( ?is class only long en\gh to po9t out1 9 pass+1 t a g5]ally adopt$ s*eme ( intellig5ce measurem5t might h disclos$ ! possession by any individual ( ?is gr\p ( abilities t w\ld h giv5 him a broad] field & a happi] & m useful exi/5ce1 _h he & ^? responsible = giv+ him a />t 9 life be5 made aw>e ( !m e>ly en\gh4 ,ev5 to-day1 :5 he has be5 engag$ 9 8 n>r[ly limit$ field ( "w = ! bett] "p ( 8 active work+ life1 he may h lat5t or undevelop$ m5tal capacity su* z w\ld qualify him = m important1 bett]-paid employm5t 7 "s means provid$ = disclos+ its exi/5ce4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no degree or k9d ( employm5t = :i* a m intellig5t & satisfactory selection ( employees _c be made by means ( prop]ly devis$ m5tal te/s1 accurately appli$1 ?an by any o!r me?od n[ 9 use4 ,"u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,walt] ,dill ,scott ! ,c>negie ,s*ool ( ,sci5tific ,salesman%ip ( ,pittsburgh has demon/rat$ ! usefulness ( ! sci5tific me?od :5 appli$ n only 9 ! selection & tra9+ ( salesm5 b = ! *oos+ ( m5 qualifi$ = ! mo/ important executive positions 9 l>ge indu/rial & bus9ess e/abli%m5ts4 ,a l>ge numb]1 possibly z _m z a hundr$1 ( ! l>ge/ indu/rial corporations ( ,am]ica h already 7#aiai7 adopt$ 9 :ole or 9 "p "s sy/em ( sci5tific m5tal te/s = ! classification & grad+ ( pres5t employees1 ! selection ( new employees1 & ! fill+ ( vacancies by promotion4 ,x is ! unanim\s te/imony1 :5ev] a prop]ly devis$ sy/em ( te/s has be5 appli$ 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?ods & )\t prejudice1 t ! actual sav+ 9 "t & exp5se z well z 9 ! disorganization result+ f a heavy 8lab\r turnov]0 has 9 e case be5 highly pr(itable f ! employ]'s viewpo9t1 :ile x almo/ goes )\t say+ t ! b5efit to ! employee 9 be+ accurately plac$ 9 ! position 9 :i* he is be/ fitt$ by 8 natural m5tal end[m5t & capacity to function makes = individual cont5tm5t & satisfaction & = /eadi] & presumably high] e>n+ p[] ?an ! old hit-or-miss me?od c\ld possibly d4 ,next to ! beg9n] 9 indu/ry or bus9ess1 ! boy or girl />t+ 8 or h] vocational c>e]1 ! class to :i* ! application ( sci5tific m5tal te/s is ( ! greate/ b5efit to employ] & work] alike is ! l>ge gr\p ( unskill$1 untra9$ work]s1 m5 & wom5 ( no p>ticul> trade1 ! 8float]s0 & seasonal work]s1 :o turn _! h&s to :atev] employm5t opportunity (f]s )\t develop+ especial skill at any "o recogniz$ trade or occupation4 ,9 our mod]n indu/rial sy/em1 a v consid]able "p ( ! p]sonnel ( our factories1 %ops1 & /ores consi/s ( ?is class ( untra9$ work]s4 ,!y try _! h&s at _m ?+s & fail 9 mo/4 ,!y con/itute ! majority ( ^? :o respond to 8,help ,want$0 adv]tisem5ts & are will+ to try any sort ( "w2 _! *ief occupation 9 life is hunt+ = jobs4 ,?is ne$ n rema9 =ev] true4 ,because !re is n 9 g5]al use any intellig5t or accurate me?od ( det]m9+ :e!r or n any "o ( ^! unskill$1 untra9$ work]s possesses ! elem5t>y m5tal capacities requisite = a p>ticul> sort ( employm5t1 x is n surpris+ t mo/ ( !m fail to make good 9 ! jobs into :i* !y are indiscrim9ately %ovell$4 ,yet ! great majority ( !m d possess m5tal capacity ( a nature & degree :i*1 once x is asc]ta9$1 indicates _! def9ite fitness = "s p>ticul> sort ( "w no less ?an x does _! def9ite unfitness = _m o!r k9ds ( "w :i* !y are prone to und]take4 ,j z w> conditions br\ght into ! ,army an enorm\s mass ( "y m5 ^: capacity & special abilities _h to be det]m9$ by sci5tific te/s be=e !y c\ld be assign$ to ! places :]e !y c\ld mo/ usefully s]ve 9 ! milit>y s*eme ( ?+s1 s ! same exig5cy ( w> br\ght into ! indu/ries ( ! c\ntry1 l>gely c5tr$ ^u ! production ( munitions ( w>1 millions ( wom5 )\t indu/rial exp]i5ce or vocational tra9+ b ^u ^: ef=ts ! nation _h ma9ly to rely = ! output ( weapons1 ammunition1 milit>y equipm5t & accessories )\t :i* ! ,army & ,navy c\ld n h function$4 ,9 a l>ge class ( plants engag$ 9 munition production ! *ief dem& 0 = suffici5t muscul> /r5g?1 ) a slight modicum ( intellig5ce1 = ! op]ation ( automatic ma*9]y4 ,b 9 ! vitally important "w ( inspect+1 te/+1 & sort+ ! f9i%$ product ( ev5 ! mo/ highly p]fect$ automatic ma*9es & 9 _m ( ! m delicate op]ations ( assembl+ & adju/+ devices & app>atus made up ( a numb] ( m or less complicat$ p>ts1 intellig5ce & m5tal capacity ( sev]al diff]5t k9ds & rang+ up to fairly high degrees 7 call$ =4 ,9 a numb] ( ! l>g] munitions e/abli%m5ts sci5tific m5tal te/s 7 adopt$ = ! selection & assignm5t to p>ticul> tasks ( ! wom5 work]s4 ,:]ev] ?is 0 done x 0 f\nd t ! output 0 increas$1 a high] av]age ( quality ma9ta9$1 & ! lab\r turnov] greatly r$uc$4 ,9 "o ( ! l>ge/ gr\ps ( munitions plants at ,bridgeport1 ,conn41 !re 0 work$ out1 "u ! direction ( ,dr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,l9k1 a sy/em ( sci5tific m5tal te/s :i* *eck$ up s closely ) ! actual results obta9$ by ! mo/ skilful work]s t _! adoption = ! exam9ation ( all applicants = ^! positions result$ 9 v def9ite "t & money sav+s & increase 9 plant effici5cy4 ,two types ( "w1 conduct$ side by side 9 ! same room1 7 settl$ ^u z ! mo/ fruitful fields = ! fir/ exp]im5t4 ,! "w *os5 0 t ( inspect+ %ells be=e !y _h be5 load$1 & ( gaug+ !m = head-?ickness4 ,?is "w 0 be+ done by #ccj girls1 two ?irds ( :om 7 engag$ 9 inspection & "o ?ird 9 gaug+4 ,! "w ( inspect+ %ells 0 done at a table con/ruct$ l an upturn$1 %all[ box4 ,^u ?is table 0 dump$ a l>ge box ( brass %ells1 n yet load$1 & all ( exactly ! same k9d4 ,! "w ( ea* girl 0 to inspect ^! %ells & ?r[ out ^? t 7 defective4 ,a girl w\ld fir/ ga!r up a h&ful ( %ells1 be+ c>eful to h !m all po9t+ 9 ! same direction4 ,!n %e w\ld put bo? h&s ar\nd ! %ells & turn !m up s z to expose _! insides4 ,%e w\ld !n look d[n into e %ell = d5ts1 scrat*es1 /a9s1 & o!r v m9ute defects4 ,:5 any su* defect 0 discov]$ ! %ell 0 extract$ f ! pile & ?r[n into "o ( ?ree or f\r 8scrap0 boxes4 ,! entire h&ful 0 !n turn$ ov] & ! head ( e %ell exam9$ = v>i\s defects4 ,! %ells 7 !n held 9 a horizontal position on ! left h& & all[$ to roll f ! pile into ! "r h&4 ,ea* %ell1 9 roll+1 expos$ its lat]al surface & 0 closely scrut9iz$ = scrat*es1 d5ts1 oil /a9s1 & o!r defects4 ,! good ones 7 tak5 9 ! "r h& & dropp$ into a pocket at ! "r side ( ! table1 ?r\gh :i* !y fell into a box bel[4 ,?is op]ation requir$ good eyesight 79 ord] to di/+ui% defects1 :i* frequ5tly 7 s m9ute z to be indi/+ui%able to all b ! be/ ( eyes72 ke5 visual discrim9ation 7! ability to det]m9e1 ) a few glances1 :i* %ells 7 defective72 quick reaction 7ability to extract1 z quickly z se51 ! defective %ell & toss x into ! appropriate box72 accuracy ( movem5t 7ability to pick out ! "r %ell f a closely held h&ful72 /ead9ess ( att5tion 7ability to prev5t bad %ells f slipp+ by or unduly l5g!n+ ! op]ation74 ,a set ( eight te/s 0 select$ = ! body ( ! exp]im5t4 ,! fir/ 0 a simple eyesight te/4 ,! second 0 a c>d sort+ te/4 ,! subject 0 giv5 a pack ( #di c>ds1 ^u ! face ( ea* "o ( :i* f #g to #ab lett]s 7 di/ribut$ promiscu\sly4 ,tw5ty ( ! c>ds conta9$ ! lett] 8,o0 & ! re/ did n4 ,! subject 0 ask$ to sort ^! into two piles1 ^? :i* _h 8,o0 on !m & ^? :i* _h n4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is p]=mance 0 tak5 & ! numb] ( errors record$4 ,! object ( ! te/ 0 to br+ out ! subject's ability to pick out ! ess5tial elem5t f a m or less het]og5e\s collection ( elem5ts1 & also1 9 "s measure1 to br+ out ! deftness ( ! subject 9 h&l+ c>ds4 ,! ?ird te/ 0 a cancellation te/4 ,! subject 0 reque/$ to cross out1 ) a p5cil1 e #g4 ,! f\r? 0 a simple 8,easy ,directions0 te/4 ,! fif? 0 a numb]-*eck+ te/1 9 :i* ! subject 0 ask$ to place a *eck opposite e gr\p :i* conta9$ bo? a #g & a #a4 ,! six? te/ 0 a tapp+ te/1 9 :i* ! subject 0 requir$ to pu% d[n1 z rapidly z possible1 a telegraph key to :i* 0 atta*$ a c\nt]4 ,! numb] ( record$ ?ru/s ov] a p]iod ( "o m9ute con/itut$ a record = t p]=mance4 ,! sev5? te/ 0 an accuracy te/4 ,?is 0 giv5 ) ! aid ( a brass plate ) n9e holes1 graduat$ 9 size f in* to in* 9 diamet]4 ,! subject 0 ask$ to take a brass-po9t$ p5cil & ins]t x into ea* hole1 beg9n+ ) ! l>ge/ & cont9u+ ?r\gh ! small] ones1 until ! po9t] t\*$ ! brass side ( "o ( !m4 ,! brass-po9t$ p5cil 0 wir$ 9 circuit ) ! brass plate conta9+ ! holes s t1 :5ev] ! brass po9t t\*$ ! side ( ! hole or any "p ( ! brass plate1 an electric contact 0 made :i* produc$ a click 9 a telephone receiv] :i* ! subject held to h] e>4 ,at ! />t ( ! te/1 ! subject 0 in/ruct$ to put ! brass p5cil into ea* hole 9 succession until %e he>d a click 9 h] e>1 :5 %e 0 to />t all ov] aga94 ,! spe$ ( ! subject's movem5ts 0 controll$ by a metronome1 s z to all[ ?irty trials p] m9ute4 ,?is te/ occupi$ f two to ?ree m9utes4 ,! eigh? te/ 0 a /ead9ess te/4 ,?is consi/$ ( two brass b>s ab\t twelve in*es long1 set s z to =m a long1 horizontal ,v4 ,! subject 0 ask$ to take ! brass po9t] & pass x along betwe5 ^! two b>s4 ,! f>!r %e w5t1 ! n>r[] became ! space betwe5 ! b>s4 ,z soon z ! brass po9t] t\*$ "o ( ! b>s x produc$ a click 9 ! telephone receiv]4 ,! po9t at :i* ?is brass po9t] t\*$ 0 !n read on a scale on ! l[] b>4 ,ea* subject 0 giv5 fifte5 trials & ! la/ t5 7 av]ag$ & con/itut$ ! subject's av]age4 ,^! eight te/s 7 giv5 to sev5ty-?ree girls1 fifty-two ( :om 7 inspectors & tw5ty-"o gaug]s4 ,! scores 9 ! te/s 7 comp>$ ) ! av]age daily "w ( ! girls4 ,?is av]age 0 obta9$ by record+ ! numb] ( p\nds ( %ells inspect$ by ! girls & ! numb] ( h\rs requir$ = ! "w4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! inspectors :o inspect$ ! l>ge/ numb] ( %ells 9 a giv5 "t atta9$ ! l>ge/ scores 9 ! te/s1 !reby indicat+ ! value ( ! te/s 9 det]m9+ :e!r an applicant = "w z an inspector _h ! m5tal capacity = ! "w4 ,! same te/s 7 giv5 to ! tw5ty-"o girls engag$ 9 gaug+ ! head-?ickness ( %ells4 ,?is "w does n require ! use ( ! eyes4 ,! op]ator simply picks up a h&ful ( %ells &1 ) or )\t look+1 tries ! head ( ea* %ell on a gauge4 ,! gauge is a piece ( /eel ) two not*es or op5+s4 ,! %ells :i* are too small pass ?r\gh ! fir/ op5+ & fall into a box ( rejects bel[4 ,^? t d n fall ?r\gh are tri$ on ! second op5+ &1 if !y pass ?r\gh1 !y are ( ! "r size4 ,if !y fail to pass ?r\gh !y are too l>ge & are ?r[n aside4 ,! op]ator sits 9 front ( h] gauge & tries ea* %ell at "o op5+ & !n ano!r1 j z rapidly z %e c move h] h&s up & d[n4 ,! te/s %[$1 9 ?is in/ance1 an entirely diff]5t set ( correlations4 ,! comp>ative correlation scores foll[3 ,,te/s ,,inspectors ,,gaug]s ,c>d ,sort+ 4#ee 4#je ,tapp+ 4#ad 4#eb ,cancellation 4#fc 4#ag ,g5]al ,intellig5ce 4#ad 4#ah ,numb] ,gr\p ,*eck+ 4#gb --4#ai ,p]fect agreem5t betwe5 av]age daily "w & score 9 ! te/ w\ld be indicat$ by a correlation score ( #a4jj1 :ile lack ( relation%ip w\ld be indicat$ by a correlation ( #j or ne>ly #j4 ,! score ( ! gaug]s 9 ! tapp+ te/ 74#eb7 %[$ t !y 7 spe$i] & _h great] endurance4 ,?is seems reasonable s9ce1 9 ! op]ation ( gaug+1 spe$ ( movem5t & endurance are ! *ief factors4 ,9 ! visual discrim9ation te/s1 su* z c>d sort+1 cancellation1 & numb] gr\p *eck+1 ! scores ( ! inspectors 7 high]4 ,?is quality1 h[ev]1 0 n necess>y to successful op]ation 9 gaug+4 ,9 o!r op]ations ! results ( ^! te/s prov$ _! value z a factor 9 elim9at+ blund]s 9 ! employm5t (fice4 ,girls :o seem$1 f obs]vation1 to possess ! v qualities necess>y = "o or ano!r op]ation1 frequ5tly puzzl$ _! sup]iors by _! failure to p]=m "s highly important op]ation ( _! "w4 ,! eight te/s w\ld h demon/rat$ ?is p>ticul> inability & w\ld h sav$ ?\s&s ( doll>s lo/ ?r\gh delay & mi/akes4 ,simil> results 7 obta9$ 9 exp]im5ts ) m5 work]s4 ,9 almo/ e indu/rial ent]prise1 cl]ical "w ( "s k9d or ano!r is necess>y1 & a problem ( univ]sal int]e/ has develop$ ar\nd ! selection ( cl]ks4 ,! "t requir$ to 8break 90 new employees runs f two weeks to two mon?s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! r\t9e1 & ?is process inv>iably is v exp5sive4 ,by means ( /&>diz$ m5tal te/s ! :ole process may be greatly simplifi$4 ,9 an exp]im5t rec5tly report$ te/s 7 giv5 to fifty-two m5 & wom5 engag$ 9 cl]ical & ne>-cl]ical "w4 ,an aggregate numb] ( #ddj te/s 0 giv54 ,! manag] ( ! dep>tm5t _h made a /udy ( ^! p & _h attempt$ to rate !m z to _! actual ability4 ,! te/s 7 classifi$ "u ! head ( te/s = te*nique & te/s = intellig5ce4 ,by te*nique is meant ! spe$ & accuracy %[n by cl]ks 9 sort+ tickets & pap]s1 po/+ & add+ columns ( figures1 index+ & fil+1 & 9 o!r r\t9e cl]ical op]ations4 ,! t]m intellig5ce is int]pret$ to designate ! facility & success ) :i* a cl]k c\ld ma/] new tasks & foll[ directions ab\t new "w assign$ f "t to "t4 ,! cl]k's te*nique 0 indicat$ by /ead9ess1 ari?metic1 c>d sort+1 & sub/itution-(-lett]s te/s4 ,! intellig5ce te/s includ$ a 8h>d-directions0 te/ & an 8ab/ract-relations0 te/1 simil> to ^? giv5 9 ! ,m5timet] 9 ?is volume4 ,:5 all ! te/s _h be5 giv5 ! results 7 comput$ & tabulat$ s z to br+ out ! foll[+ po9ts3 7#a7 ! rank ( ea* individual ) ref]5ce to all ! re/2 7#b7 ! relation ( ea* ( f\r gr\ps to ea* o!r2 7#c7 ! relation betwe5 te*nique & intellig5ce4 ,! results 7 !n submitt$ to ! (fice head1 :o comp>$ !m ) 8 records & ) 8 own op9ion ( ! relative m]its ( ! v>i\s individuals4 ,?is comp>ison %[$ a v m>k$ agreem5t betwe5 ! te/imony ( ! te/s & ! rank+s ( ! (fice manag]4 ,! results ( ^! te/s s impress$ ! (fice manag] t he decid$ to give !m to all incom+ cl]ks4 ,"o ( ! fir/ c&idates to be exam9$ 0 a "y woman :o _h rec5tly be5 int]view$ by "o ( ! (fice heads4 ,! c&idate 0 s unprepossess+ 9 appe>ance t 9 spite ( signs te/ify+ to h] intellig5ce1 ! (fice head 0 9 d\bt z to ! advisability ( hir+ h]4 ,! psy*ological te/s 7 appli$4 ,:5 ?is 0 done ! "y woman did rem>kably well 9 e te/4 ,%e 0 !n hir$1 & prov$ h]self s ready & capable t x 0 decid$ to tra9 h] = ! "w ( an (fice assi/ant4 ,9 six weeks %e _h ma/]$ ! r\t9e ( f\r diff]5t k9ds ( "w4 ,?is 0 a /rik+ in/ance 9 :i* ! te/imony ( ! te/s beli$ ! te/imony ( obs]vation4 ,al?\gh !re 7 c]ta9 inadequacies 9 ! te/s appli$1 z well z 9 ! judgm5ts obta9$ f (fice heads1 ! value ( ! results became m & m cle> ) ea* pass+ mon?4 ,= example1 #ahh cl]ks recomm5d$ on ! basis ( ! te/s & foll[$ up at int]vals ( "o mon? = a p]iod ( ?ree mon?s 7 e/imat$ z foll[s3 ,p]c5tage ( ^? call$ good by _! sup]iors ,at ! end ( "o mon? #ge ,at ! end ( two mon?s #hi ,at ! end ( ?ree mon?s #ib ,ano!r s]ies ( int]e/+ exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! m5tal capacity ( work]s 9 indu/ry 0 direct$ at /5ograph]s1 typi/s1 & comptometri/s4 ,! "w ( ^! k9ds ( work]s has be5 specializ$ by ! use ( a /&>d ma*9e1 & 9 apply+ te/s to ?is k9d ( "w x 0 necess>y1 !re=e1 to take into consid]ation two important factors3 fir/1 ! skill already acquir$ by ! work]s at a c]ta9 ma*9e2 second1 ! aptitude :i* ! work] possess$ = improvem5t 9 ! use ( ! ma*9e4 ,relevant te/s 7 giv5 to two s5ior classes ( m ?an ?ree hundr$ girls & boys 9 a comm]cial high s*ool1 to sev5ty-six pupils 9 two bus9ess s*ools1 to a gr\p ( tw5ty-two (fice typi/s1 to ano!r gr\p ( n9ete5 /5ograph]s1 to ov] f\r hundr$ c&idates = positions z typi/s & /5ograph]s1 to ?ree gr\ps ( m ?an "o hundr$ & =ty comptometri/s2 & f9ally1 to m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty c&idates = comptometry4 ,m ?an "o ?\s& p]sons 7 te/$ & m ?an five ?\s& te/s 7 giv54 ,te/s = typi/s includ$ copy+1 spell+1 sub/itution1 & ! ,trabue ,completion te/4 ,9 ! copy+ & spell+ te/s1 (fice =ms 7 us$4 ,a numb] ( words1 purposely misspell$ 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 7 m+l$ ) words correctly spell$1 & ! applicant 0 ask$ to *eck (f ^? incorrectly spell$4 ,x 0 discov]$1 9 ! sub/itution te/1 t if an applicant )\t mu* previ\s exp]i5ce 9 typ+ does v well 9 ! te/1 ! indication is t %e has ! necess>y aptitude or pot5tial ability to become a good typi/ ) practice4 ,! success ( ! applicant 9 ! ,trabue ,completion te/ indicat$ 8 or h] ability to complete s5t5ces p>ts ( :i* are miss+4 ,! ability to d ?is is a great advantage to ! typi/ & "o :i* w increase h] capacity4 ,! ,trabue ,completion te/ also prov$ valuable 9 det]m9+ ! ability ( /5ograph]s4 ,! mo/ important te/ probably1 = a /5ograph]1 is ( h] ability to take & transcribe dictation4 ,te/s 7 giv5 z ne>ly z possible at ! spe$ :i* 0 be/ adapt$ to ! applicant's ability4 ,! results 7 !n grad$ on ! basis ( ! total "t consum$ & ! am\nt ( "w done correctly4 ,9 exp]im5ts = det]m9+ ! ability ( comput+-ma*9e op]ators v>i\s te/s 7 us$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important 0 a m5tal-ari?metic te/4 ,?is 0 design$ to det]m9e ! applicant's fundam5tal k ( ari?metic4 ,ano!r 0 a num]ical sub/itution te/4 ,9 ea* ( ! te/s conduct$ ! scores ( ! applicants 7 comp>$ ) ! rank+s made previ\sly by dep>tm5t heads1 & 9 mo/ in/ances !re 0 an agreem5t ( suffici5t approximation to indicate ! value ( ! te/s4 ,al?\gh /ill 9 its infancy1 z x 71 s f> z its practical application 9 indu/ry goes1 ! sci5tific me?od ( m5tal measurem5t1 :]ev] & :5ev] appli$ 9 accordance ) true psy*ological pr9ciples & by /&>ds & me?ods devis$ by tra9$ psy*ologi/s1 has s completely demon/rat$ its economic value & social usefulness t its g5]al adoption1 z ^! facts become m g5]ally kn[n1 seems inevitable4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,h[ ,,to ,,use ,,! ,,m5timet] ,,te/s ,! ,m5timet] te/s diff] f ! ,alpha te/s1 or f ! ,beta te/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 f ! ,otis te/1 or f any o!r sy/em ( te/s n[ available1 *iefly 9 _! flexibility4 ,r ?an pres5t to ! public a c]ta9 fix$ & inv>iable gr\p ( eight or t5 te/s :i* are to be us$ :]ev] a measure ( g5]al intellig5ce is to be employ$1 z has be5 done 9 o!r cases1 ! pres5t au?ors h *os5 to pres5t a wide v>iety ( te/s f :i* ea* read] may select ^? = 8 use :i* actually give ! be/ results4 ,x is n probable t exactly ! same te/s w\ld select m5 ( high intellig5ce 9 ! graduate "w ( a univ]sity z w\ld be ne$$ to select ! intellig5t m5 9 a logg+ camp 9 ! wilds ( ,canada or our own ,nor?we/4 ,! pres5t au?ors d n pr(ess to "k j h[ mu* ( ea* m5tal trait is requir$ to make up a p]fect sup]ior intellig5ce1 & = t reason !y h n attempt$ to propose any s+le gr\p ( te/s z ! be/ measure ( intellig5ce4 ,! read] is ask$ to 8try out0 su* te/s 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies z seem to him to (f] greate/ promise ( usefulness1 & !n to make up 8 own 8team ( te/s0 9 su* mann] z w be/ reveal ! k9d ( intellig5ce 9 :i* he is int]e/$4 ,= ! b5efit ( ^? :o wi% "s sugge/ions z to ! te/s :i* w\ld probably be mo/ useful 9 ! ma9 l9es ( "w to :i* intellig5ce te/s may be appli$1 ! au?ors "h propose c]ta9 t5tative or sugge/ive li/s :i* w\ld seem to !m to (f] great promise ( successful use4 ,= ! classification ( cl]ical work]s 9 bus9ess & indu/ry1 ! foll[+ te/s %\ld at lea/ be giv5 ?or\gh trial3 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 ,,title #f4 ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies #g4 ,*eck+ ,id5tity ( ,numb]s #h4 ,digit-,symbol ,sub/itution #i4 ,completion ( ,numb] ,relation ,s]ies #af4 ,nam+ ,opposites #bc4 ,completion ( ,s5t5ces #bd4 ,analogies #bh4 ,ari?metic ,reason+ ,x is possible1 ( c\rse1 t "s employ] :o makes ! trial w f9d a half doz5 o!r te/s t %[ m accurate results 9 classify+ cl]ical work]s ?an w be %[n by any te/ 9 ! above li/1 b su* a ?+ w probably n happ51 = ! type ( te/ :i* has be5 useful 9 simil> situations w probably prove useful aga94 ,if su* a ?+ did happ51 h[ev]1 ! employ] w\ld be fooli% & unsci5tific to reta9 ! li/ sugge/$ above :5 he knew ( a bett] li/4 ,9 ! classification ( ! intellig5ce ( lab\r]s1 ! au?ors w\ld sugge/ t ! foll[+ te/s be giv5 fair trial3 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 ,,title #b4 ,pictorial ,absurdities #c4 ,maze ,?read+ #e4 ,divid+ ,geometric ,figures #f4 ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies #i4 ,completion ( ,numb] ,relation ,s]ies #ah4 ,range ( ,in=mation #bh4 ,ari?metic ,reason+ #bi4 ,practical ,judgm5t ,= classify+ public s*ool pupils accord+ to _! g5]al intellectual p[] & ability to le>n1 ! au?ors propose t ! foll[+ te/s be employ$ until a diff]5t selection has be5 prov$ to be sup]ior3 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 ,,title #b4 ,pictorial ,absurdities #c4 ,maze ,?read+ #h4 ,digit-,symbol ,sub/itution #af4 ,nam+ ,opposites #bj4 ,read+ ,directions #bc4 ,completion ( ,s5t5ces #bh4 ,ari?metic ,reason+ #bi4 ,practical ,judgm5t ,z be+ m /rictly education te/s r ?an te/s ( intellig5ce ! read]'s att5tion is invit$ to ! foll[+ li/3 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 ,,title #aj4 ,addition #ag4 ,spell+ #ai4 ,read+3 ,vocabul>y #ba4 ,read+3 ,int]pretation #be4 ,h&writ+ #bf4 ,engli% ,composition #bg4 ,poetic ,discrim9ation #bh4 ,ari?metic ,reason+ ,! mo/ pr(itable li/ f ! po9t ( view ( social ent]ta9m5t w\ld seem to be ! foll[+3 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 ,,title #b4 ,pictorial ,absurdities #c4 ,maze ,?read+ #e4 ,geometrical ,figures #f4 ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies #ah4 ,range ( ,in=mation #bj4 ,read+ ,directions #bb4 ,dis>rang$ ,s5t5ces #bc4 ,s5t5ce ,completion #bd4 ,analogies #bg4 ,poetic ,discrim9ation #bi4 ,practical ,judgm5t #cj4 ,logical ,conclusions ,:atev] ! purpose = :i* ! te/s are to be us$1 ! be/ results c be obta9$ only by secur+ f ! orig9al publi%]s ! c>efully pr9t$ =ms prep>$ by ! au?ors ( ! te/s4 ,mimeograph$ copies ( te/ blanks or privately pr9t$ blanks are c]ta9 to diff] s mu* f ! true =m t ! results obta9$ !re) _c be directly comp>$ ) ! (ficial results4 ,long exp]i5ce has likewise demon/rat$1 fairly cle>ly1 t ! be/ results w be obta9$ 9 any indu/rial organization or educational /aff by mak+ "o p]son *iefly responsible = ! prop] adm9i/ration ( ! intellectual & educational measurem5ts4 ,if a p]sonnel director is at h& :o c /udy 8 te/s j z sci5tifically z he /udies 8 m51 progress & improvem5t 9 ! me?ods & results are inevitable4 ,measurem5ts ( intellig5ce are by no means ! only or f9al crit]ia by :i* ! successful p]sonnel manag] w9s success 9 8 "w & saves money = 8 employ]s4 ,he makes use ( e piece ( in=mation ab\t 8 m5 t x is possible = him to pick up any:]e4 ,! trade te/s p>ticul>ly (f] a wide field 9 :i* measurem5ts ( intellig5ce may be supplem5t$ & made m useful4 ,( two m5 :o are to-day work+ 9 ! same trade1 receiv+ ! same wages & mak+ ! same score on _! trade te/s1 t "o is m promis+ :o has ! high] intellig5ce score4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ( two equally intellig5t m51 z measur$ by ! intellig5ce te/s1 t "o :o has atta9$ )9 a giv5 "t ! high] pr(ici5cy 9 8 trade is sup]ior4 ,! *ief value ( ! gr\p intellig5ce te/s w probably always be 9 ! classification ( l>ge gr\ps ( p]sons into small]1 well-def9$ gr\ps1 ! memb]s ( :i* gr\ps may !n be /udi$ m c>efully & by m exact me?ods 9 ! h&s ( a tra9$ psy*ologi/1 if necess>y4 ,until ! gr\p me?od ( exam9ation 0 develop$1 mak+ x possible to te/ ! intellectual ability ( e employee )\t trem5d\s exp5se 9 "t & money1 x w\ld h be5 mo/ fooli% to talk ab\t ma9ta9+ a cont9u\s inv5tory ( ! m5tal /r5g? ( an organization1 & yet su* an inv5tory is n[ possible--j z possible z ! record ( ! condition & capacity ( ea* ma*9e own$ by ! company4 ,prospective us]s ( ! ,m5timet]s ne$ to be> 9 m9d t m5tal p[]s are f> less con/ant 9 _! am\nts ?an are ! dim5sions & measurem5ts ( a piece ( /eel or lumb]4 ,ev5 ! l5g? ( a /eel rail v>ies betwe5 w9t] & summ]1 b ! v>iation t occurs 9 ! /r5g? ( m5tal connections f day to day or f h\r to h\r is v mu* great] ?an ! v>iations ( ! /eel rail4 ,except by *ance "o w\ld n obta9 exactly ! same score a second "t 9 tak+ a ,m5timet] te/1 or any o!r te/ ( m5tal ability4 ,be+ = ! mo/ "p con/ruct$ on ! 8increas+ difficulty0 plan1 h[ev]1 ! ,m5timet]s w prove mu* less influ5c$ by rec5cy ( drill & ne>ness to ! lun* h\r ?an w mo/ o!r te/s1 especially less ?an ^? spe$ te/s :i* measure h[ _m simple tasks "o c d )9 a giv5 "t limit4 ,! ,m5timet] ideal is to te/ p[] r ?an spe$4 ,no s+le set ( te/s %\ld be us$ z f9al & conclusive 9 ! public s*ools ) reg>d to ! k9d ( "w :i* a giv5 boy or girl %\ld und]take4 ,! ,m5timet] te/s may be us$ z a fir/ 8drag-net10 b ^? caught 9 ?is net %\ld !n be c>efully /udi$ by ! mo/ ref9$ me?ods kn[n to psy*ologi/s be=e be+ recomm5d$ = p>ticul> types ( special in/ruction or s5t to special s*ools4 ,"o ( ! mo/ hopeful signs 9 ! entire educational field is ! numb] ( cities t are employ+ psy*ologi/s to foll[ up ! results ( gr\p exam9ations 9 ! s*ools4 ,_m ( ! /ate univ]sities h e/abli%$ bureaus to s]ve ! local communities#a 9 su* matt]s4 ,! v f9e/ measurem5ts are ( no avail unless some?+ is done ab\t ! results disclos$4 ,footnote #a3 ,!re has rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,tea*]s ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 ,new ,york ,city1 a ,bureau ( ,educational ,s]vice1 ! ,director ( :i* w\ld be glad to answ] que/ions or advise ) any "o int]e/$ 9 measur+ intellig5ce or educational results1 reg>dless ( ! /ate or community 9 :i* "o may live4 ,= ea* ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 ! au?ors h classifi$ ! possible scores into five g5]al gr\ps3 ,sup]ior1 ,high ,av]age1 ,av]age1 ,l[ ,av]age1 & ,inf]ior4 ,?is classification is v r\gh & %\ld n be wrongly int]pret$4 ,an individual :o is te/$ ) ?ree or f\r or m ( ! ,m5timet] te/s %\ld n be expect$ to receive ! same classification 9 ea* te/4 ,9 ! ,h&writ+ te/1 = example1 a p]son might well be expect$ to make a rat+ ( 8,sup]ior0 9 quality ( writ+ :ile mak+ only 8,l[ ,av]age0 9 spe$ ( writ+4 ,! same p]son might well make a score on ! te/ ( ,poetic ,discrim9ation :i* w\ld classify him z 8,inf]ior40 ,al?\gh !re is a t5d5cy = p :o are sup]ior 9 "o l9e to h high abilities 9 o!r l9es1 x is only a g5]al t5d5cy1 :i* w n hold good 9 all cases & ) reg>d to all v>ieties ( ability4 ,= ! mo/ accurate sci5tific "w ! read] w probably disreg>d entirely ! fivefold classification ( scores m5tion$ above4 ,! f9] di/9ctions made by ! num]ical scores w be /udi$1 & int]pretations w be made = ! specific purposes ( ! exam9]4 ,x is probable1 = example1 t comp>atively few *ildr5 at ! age ( eight ye>s w\ld be classifi$ z be+ bett] ?an 8,inf]ior10 if ^! r\gh g5]al classifications 7 to be ! only record kept ( p]=mance on ^! te/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 v few cl]ical work]s ( prov$ ability & success w\ld make a classification z l[ z 8,av]age10 except possibly 9 a few specializ$-ability te/s4 ,! important po9t to be consid]$ by ! tea*] ( a second-grade class1 or by an employ] ( cl]ical work]s1 or by any o!r p]son :o wi%es to make s]i\s use ( ^! te/s1 is ! relation ( ! scores 9 ! te/ to ! relative abilities ( ! p]sons 9 ! special gr\p te/$4 ,! t5tative classification ( scores made at ! end ( ea* section ( ! *apt] :i* foll[s ?is is = human be+s 9 g5]al & w n fit well any specializ$ gr\p ( p]sons4 ,9 ord] to assi/ read]s :o h no /ati/ical tra9+ 9 ! evaluation = _! special purposes ( any p>ticul> ,m5timet] te/1 a few pages w be devot$ to an elem5t>y /atem5t ( h[ to try out sci5tifically ! relation%ip betwe5 a te/1 on ! "o h&1 & demon/rat$ ability 9 any special l9e ( endeav\r1 on ! o!r4 ,x may be /at$ "h aga9 t n all traits ( m9d are important 9 e task t mu/ be done 9 life4 ,"s positions require only a little intellectual ability :ile o!rs require a great deal1 & "s tasks require v great developm5t ( a few traits :i* may be v little call$ = 9 o!r equally important tasks4 ,! au?ors h us$ _! be/ judgm5t z to :i* te/s w probably select ! type ( p]sons ne$$ 9 a c]ta9 type ( position1 b ! judgm5ts ( o!r equally exp]i5c$ m5 w\ld be j z good4 ,! f9al pro( ( reliability 9 a te/ c come only by actual trial ( t te/ ^u m5 ( v>i\s degrees ( demon/rat$ ability 9 ! trade or pr(ession conc]n$4 ,:at foll[s is a /atem5t ( h[ to measure ?is correspond5ce betwe5 demon/rat$ degree ( success & score 9 a te/1 or betwe5 ! scores ( ! same p]sons 9 two or m diff]5t te/s4 ,no measure ( relation%ip betwe5 success 9 life & success 9 a te/ c be any m accurate ?an ! orig9al measures ( success f :i* ! calculation is made4 ,if ! measures ( success 9 life are unreliable1 !n ! measure ( _! relation%ip to success 9 a te/ w be ev5 m unreliable4 ,! m def9ite & c]ta9 "o c be ( 8 measures ( success1 ! m reliable w 8 measure ( relation%ip be4 ,9 productive lab\r1 especially :]e paym5t is bas$ ^u ! numb] ( /&>d articles produc$ 9 a day1 or ^u ! numb] ( /&>d op]ations p]=m$ 9 a giv5 "t1 ! records ( actual p]=mance are probably ! be/ measures ( success available z a /&>d aga9/ :i* to judge ! reliability ( a te/4 ,! record = "o day or = "o week w\ld be less reliable usually ?an ! record = a mon? or a long] p]iod4 ,9 _m bus9ess organizations & indu/ries !re is no su* satisfactory /&>d ( success z individual production records1 & 9 su* cases x is necess>y to make use ( ! judgm5ts ( =em51 sup]visors1 or sup]9t5d5ts4 ,^! are f> less satisfactory records ( effici5cy & are subject to gross errors & prejudices1 b !y are ! only available measures ( _m work]s4 ,if ! rat+ z to ability is ! cons5sus ( ! judgm5ts ( two or m sup]visors1 ea* mak+ 8 rat+ )\t any ref]5ce to t made by any o!r p]son1 ! result is mu* m reliable ?an ! rat+ ( any s+le sup]visor w\ld be4 ,v grave errors creep into a rat+ ( effici5cy :]e ! rat+s are made by diff]5t sup]visors1 ea* sup]visor rat+ only a few m54 ,ev5 :]e a detail$ s*$ule ( qualities is li/$1 ea* to be giv5 a def9ite weight or importance 9 mak+ up ! total rat+1 z 9 ! ,army ,rat+ ,scale1 ! degree ( ability :i* "o man's exp]i5ce leads him to call 8,av]age0 w call =? a rat+ ( 8,sup]ior0 f ano!r equally able sup]visor ^: exp]i5ce has be5 ) slightly diff]5t p4 ,if individuals ,a1 ,b1 & ,c are rat$ by ! fir/ sup]visor & individuals ,d1 ,e1 & ,f by ! second1 x is n at all safe to assume t ,c is rat$ fairly 9 relation to ,d4 ,only :5 two individuals are rat$ by ! same sup]visors ^u ! same scale & "u ! same conditions is x legitimate or safe to assume t _! relative abilities are well indicat$ by ! rat+s4 ,assum+ t ! read] has obta9$ a reliable ord] ( m]it = ! individuals he is us+ z a *eck ^u ! value ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 no te/ %\ld be consid]$ useful :i* does n result 9 approximately ?is same ord] ( m]it4 ,! te/s are1 ( c\rse1 s %ort & s crude t x is n to be expect$ t any te/ w1 except by *ance1 %[ exactly ! same ord] ( ability z ! production records or sup]visor's rat+s furni%1 b "s te/s w %[ mu* clos] correspond5ce ?an o!rs4 ,^? te/s :i* correspond mo/ closely %\ld be employ$1 :ile ^? te/s :i* d n correspond at all %\ld n be employ$1 reg>dless ( any /atem5t ( ! au?ors or any preconceiv$ ideas ( ! read] z to :at te/s ought to =etell ability 9 any p>ticul> l9e ( "w4 ,! pro( ( a te/ or ( any me?od ( progno/ication lies 9 ! degree to :i* x actually arranges p 9 ! ord] ( _! relative effici5cy 9 ! tasks = :i* "o seeks to =etell success4 ,a m]e glance at a record su* z t %[n bel[ = tw5ty-eight six?-grade pupils w\ld %[ t !re 0 a real relation%ip betwe5 ! s*ol>%ip m>ks1 ! tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce1 & ! results ( educational measurem5ts tak5 by an outsid]4 ,,scores ,,& ,,rat+s ,,( ,,six?-,,grade ,,class ,,"n ,,( ,,pupil ,,educational ,,tea*]',s ,,rank+ ,,summ>y ,,( ,,measurem5ts ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,,tea*]',s ,,m>ks ,,score 7#a ,,is ,,brighte/7 ,,9 ,,s*ol>%ip 7,,no4 ,,( ,,errors7 ,adelaide #cf4 #ai #he ,ru? #af4e #ae #ij ,alex&] #be4e #g #ic ,la,monte #df4e #f #ic ,e>l #gf4e #ah #gg ,joseph #bj4e #bj #he ,amadeo #ge4 #ad #he ,leo #dh4 #c #ic ,william #ec4e #i #hb ,isabel #be4 #ba #gf ,ida #cf4e #d #id ,hazel #ae4 #aj #ij ,fr$]ick #fe4 #bf #hf ,*>les #eh4e #ac #he ,edw>d #cj4 #a #ie ,b5jam9 #fb4e #bd #gf ,bruce #ef4 #bb #hg ,ald5 #ee4 #ab #hg ,george #fj4e #ag #hg ,alice #bi4 #aa #hh ,almira #ae4e #e #if ,hel5 #af4e #b #ij ,elizabe? #fe4e #bc #ge ,amelia #bd4e #h #ib ,edw9 #ai4 #af #hi ,rob]t #fg4 #bh #ga ,edna #dg4 #bg #gh ,samuel #gb4 #be #hj ,! ?+s :i* are n s evid5t at a glance are ! degrees ( relation%ip betwe5 ^! ?ree types ( measures4 ,is ! relation ( educational measurem5ts to ! tea*]'s e/imates great] ?an ! relation ( ! measurem5ts to ! m>ks 9 s*ol>%ip giv5 by ! tea*]8 ,9 ord] to measure precisely ! relative degrees ( correspond5ce betwe5 v>i\s measures & e/imates ( ! abilities ( individuals1 x is q evid5t t some?+ m accurate & exact ?an m]e inspection is necess>y4 ,= an explanation ( ! me?od by :i* ! exact relation%ip may be work$ out ma!matically betwe5 ! results ( a te/ & ! true abilities ( ! individuals te/$1 ! read] is ref]r$ to pages #cbf-cca 9 ! app5dix4 ,! discussion :i* w be f\nd !re ( ! me?od ( calculat+ a coeffici5t ( cord9ation w n be difficult to und]/& nor w ! me?od be difficult ( application = any "o :o wi%es to measure ! exact reliability ( any ( ! ,m5timet] te/s or ( any o!r te/4 ,= _m purposes su* a record z is %[n on ! prec$+ page1 giv+ ! score ( ! individual 9 ea* te/ us$1 w reveal ! ess5tial facts reg>d+ ! correspond5ce betwe5 te/ results & demon/rat$ ability4 ,! read] %\ld be cauti\s1 h[ev]1 ab\t accept+ a conclusion drawn f casual obs]vation ( su* a table z t %[n on ! prec$+ page )\t *eck+ up ! accuracy ( ?is conclusion by actually work+ out ! coeffici5t ( cord9ation accord+ to ! me?od %[n 9 ! app5dix4 ,:5 ! read] has tri$ out1 ^u a fairly l>ge gr\p ( p]sons ( kn[n ability1 ! ,m5timet] te/s :i* seem to him to promise greate/ usefulness1 & :5 he has made 8 calculations & discov]$ :i* te/s actually d classify 8 p mo/ accurately1 x w !n be possible = him to make an intellig5t sci5tific selection ( te/s = practical use4 ,let u suppose1 = example1 t an employ] wi%es to h a set ( te/s :]eby he may select intellig5t sales-girls4 ,by giv+ ! t5 or twelve te/s :i* seem mo/ hopeful = ! purpose to fifty or sixty saleswom51 :o h be5 9 8 employ long en\gh to demon/rate _! relative degrees ( ability & intellig5ce1 ! five or six te/s may be *os5 ^: results %[ ! close/ relation to _! demon/rat$ ability = intellig5t salesman%ip4 ,! results obta9$ by ! sep>ate te/s *os5 %\ld also be comp>$1 = two te/s may measure practically ! same m5tal trait & h a v high cord9ation ) ea* o!r4 ,9 su* a case1 x w\ld seem almo/ a useless wa/e to reta9 9 ! gr\p two te/s :i* measur$ ! same phase ( ability4 ,! "o ( ! pair :i* %[$ ! less close relation%ip to ! true rank+ might be dropp$ f ! li/ )\t mu* loss to ! total effectiv5ess ( ! gr\p ( te/s4 ,a gr\p ( te/s ?us c>efully select$ w\ld prove v helpful & effective 9 ! selection ( untra9$ mat]ial = tra9+ or 9 ! classification ( exp]i5c$ employees accord+ to _! intellectual qualifications = ! type ( position held by ! p on :om ! validity ( ! te/s _h be5 prov$4 ,! advantage ( su* a well-select$ 8team0 ( te/s is n s mu* t x selects v>i\s grades ( ability m accurately ?an sup]visors c\ld select x aft] _m mon?s ( exp]i5ce 9 try+ to tra9 ! new mat]ial1 b t ! te/s make a satisfactory classification imm$iately1 :i* saves ! sal>ies & "t ( ^? applicants :o w\ld c]ta9ly fail 9 ! tra9+ p]iod4 ,ev5 ) ! v be/ coeffici5ts ( cord9ation betwe5 ! te/s & actual demon/rat$ ability 9 ! trade or position1 ! te/s w n be infallible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no sup]visor's judgm5t w\ld be infallible1 ei!r4 ,& ! sup]visor w\ld be mu* m likely to make errors ?r\gh p]sonal likes & dislikes ?an ! imp]sonal te/s c\ld possibly be4 ,! te/s are an invaluable aid1 :5 !y are !mselves *os5 ) ! sci5tific c>e outl9$ above1 al?\gh x w\ld be a %ort-sight$ policy = any firm to tru/ entirely to ! results ( intellig5ce te/s 9 ! employm5t ( its p]sonnel4 ,appe>ance1 voice1 education1 mann]s1 physical size1 & _m o!r qualities are sometimes q z important z ! degree ( intellig5ce1 & ! intellig5ce te/s d n measure o!r elem5ts ( p]sonality ?an ! m5tal qualities4 ,w>n+ %\ld also be giv5 aga9/ us+ a p>ticul> set ( intellig5ce te/s1 select$ because !y %[ high correspond5ce ) ability 9 salesman%ip1 = example1 z a measure ( ! intellectual qualities ( c&idates = "s o!r position4 ,sets ( te/s1 select$ because !y h be5 f\nd accurate 9 classify+ soldi]s or s*ool *ildr5 = in/ruction1 may n be ( maximum usefulness 9 classify+ ma*9i/s or bus9ess manag]s4 ,! ,m5timet] te/s (f] a wide v>iety1 f :i* x is propos$ t only ^? %all be us$ :i* h actually prov$ useful 9 classify+ c&idates = ! p>ticul> task conc]n$4 ,!re is no reason to believe t exactly ! same type ( intellig5ce is requir$ 9 all positions4 ,hav+ *os5 c]ta9 promis+ te/s = exp]im5t1 hav+ prov$ ! validity ( ^! te/s by *eck+ up ! relation ( _! results to ! true abilities ( a gr\p ( old employees or p]sons ^: relative capacities are kn[n p]fectly1 & hav+ select$ ^? te/s ^: results relate mo/ directly to intellectual ability & lea/ directly to "o ano!r1 "o may beg9 to employ ! te/s ?us select$ = ! sort+ & classification ( new recruits or applicants4 ,! "q :i* w at once confront ! read] :o is n exp]i5c$ 9 ! employm5t ( /ati/ics ( ?is sort is 8,h[ %all ! te/ results be record$ & int]pret$80 ,! answ] to ! "q reg>d+ te/ records is t ! exact score ( ea* p]son %\ld be kept = ea* te/ to :i* t p]son is 8expos$40 ,"o difficulty ) ! records kept ( c]ta9 o!r gr\p intellig5ce te/s is t only ! f9al total score is reta9$1 :ile all ! weal? ( detail furni%$ by ! diff]5t te/s includ$ 9 ! s]ies is lo/4 ,! total score on a s]ies ( six or eight intellig5ce te/s is wor? keep+1 b ! sep>ate scores on ea* ( ! six or eight may prove to be ev5 m illum9at+ ?an ! total score4 ,two c&idates may make ! same total score on a s]ies ( te/s b ! "o may make 8 po9ts *iefly 9 memory te/s ) little help f ! te/s call+ = complex ?\ght1 :ile ! o!r may d v poorly 9 ! memory "w & v well 9 ! ?\ght te/s4 ,if only ! total score on ! s]ies 7 reta9$1 ! usefulness ( ! s]ies w\ld be practically de/roy$ = _m purposes4 ,= ! int]pretation ( ! result record$ on any te/1 "o w ne$ to use "s %ort b intelligible s*eme = /at+ ! true relation ( ! score ( any individual to ! scores ( ! rema9d] ( 8 gr\p or to ! scores ( ! o!r gr\p ( old employees us$ z a /&>d 9 select+ ! te/s to be regul>ly employ$4 ,x is n always safe to say m]ely t ,mr4 ,k---- is bel[ ! av]age ( 8 gr\p4 ,z an extreme case ( h[ unju/ ?is might be1 let u suppose t 9 "o ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 ,a made a score ( #j2 ,b made a score ( #b2 ,c1 a score ( #a2 ,d1 #b2 ,e1 #c2 ,f1 #j2 ,g1 #aj2 ,h1 #b2 ,i1 #c2 ,j1 #i2 & ,k1 #c4 ,! av]age score ( ?is small gr\p1 obta9$ by add+ ! elev5 scores & divid+ by #aa1 is #c4ah4 ,mr4 ,k---- !re=e obta9$ a score :i* 0 bel[ ! av]age ( ! gr\p1 ev5 ?\gh few] ?an #bj p] c5t4 ( 8 gr\p made bett] scores ?an he4 ,! av]age score is too mu* influ5c$ by extremely l[ or extremely high scores4 ,to arrive at a prop] p]spective = int]pret+ ! score ( any individual1 x is necess>y fir/ ( all to h a di/ribution ( ! scores made by all ! p]sons 9 ! gr\p ) :i* ! individual is to be comp>$4 ,su* a di/ribution %\ld %[ h[ frequ5tly ea* possible score 0 made4 ,! table on ! left illu/rates ! idea ( a di/ribution1 us+ z mat]ial ! scores quot$ above = elev5 individuals te/$ by a ,m5timet] te/4 ,?is table %[s t "o p]son _h a score ( #aj1 t "o o!r _h a score ( #i1 & t #c 0 ! next highe/ score made4 ,! mode1 or mo/ common score1 9 ?is di/ribution is a #b or a #c1 :i* fact makes ,k's score ( #c appe> z q typical ( 8 gr\p4 ,! modal or mo/ frequ5t score is a really useful score ) :i* to comp>e ! record ( any individual1 al?\gh x is n z safe a measure ( ! c5tral t5d5cy ( a di/ribution z is ! m$ian score4 ,,di/ribution ,,size ,,( ,,score ,,frequ5cy #aj #a #i #a #h #j #g #j #f #j #e #j #d #j #c #c #b #c #a #a #j #b ,,total #aa ,! m$ian score ( a di/ribution is ! middle score1 ?an :i* !re are j z _m l>g] z small]4 ,! m$ian score is f\nd by beg9n+ at "o end ( a di/ribution & c\nt+ ?r\gh half ( ! frequ5cies4 ,to c\nt ?r\gh half ( ! elev5 frequ5cies 9 ! above di/ribution w\ld br+ u into ! mid/ ( ! ?ree :o _h scores ( #b1 & !re=e #b is ! m$ian score ) :i* ,k's score1 or ! score ( any o!r individual1 %\ld be comp>$4 ,! read] :o is ma!matically incl9$ may wi% to f9d ! m$ian po9t 9 ! di/ribution1 ! po9t :i* bisects ! di/ribution4 ,to f9d ?is1 "o ne$s to /udy 8 facts c>efully & make su* assumptions z seem mo/ probable = ! facts :i* are n p]fectly app>5t4 ,= example1 ( ! ?ree p]sons :o scor$ #b po9ts1 "o individual may h _h ! ?ird problem ?\ght out & h be5 9 ! v act ( writ+ ! correct answ] to x :5 ! "t 0 up1 :ile ano!r may h j f9i%$ problem two )\t hav+ begun to read ! ?ird problem1 & ! ?ird p]son may h be5 "r 9 ! middle ( 8 ?\ght ab\t problem ?ree4 ,n kn[+ :at ! exact tru? is1 we may assume t ( ! ?ree :o _h a score ( #b1 "o's true score 0 betwe5 #b & #b4cc1 ano!r's 0 betwe5 #b4cc & #b4ff & t ! ?ird's 0 betwe5 #b4fg & #c4jj4 ,if we c\nt out ! five :o scor$ #c or high]1 we %all /ill require half ( ! di/ance repres5t$ by ! next highe/ individual 9 ord] to h c\nt$ out #e4e 7half ( #aa74 ,if our assumption is true1 !n1 we %all ne$ to c\nt half way d[n f #c4jj to #b4fg 9 ord] to f9d ! m$ian po9t1 #b4hc4 ,! calculation ( ! m$ian po9t is n necess>y1 h[ev]1 unless !re is a v l>ge numb] ( cases 9 ! di/ribution & unless v accurate comp>isons mu/ be made4 ,9 pass+ x may be said t ! calculation ( ! m$ian po9t at #b4hc is j z s5sible & j z accurate z ! calculation ( ! av]age po9t at #c4ah1 & t ! m$ian po9t is a mu* m useful measure ( ! di/ribution ?an ! m commonly us$ av]age4 ,! us] ( ! ,m5timet] te/s w n1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be satisfi$ ) int]pret+ an individual's score m]ely by indicat+ its direction f ! m$ian1 mode or av]age ( a gr\p4 ,x w n usually be suffici5t to say 8,he made ! modal or mo/ popul> score10 or 8,8 score 0 l[] ?an ! av]age10 or ev5 8,8 score 0 high] ?an ! m$ian40 ,"s indication w be desir$ z to h[ mu* bett] or poor] a giv5 score is ?an ! m$ian1 or j :at p]c5tage ( ! /&>d gr\p made bett] scores4 ,an illu/ration ( ! me?od to be employ$ 9 su* calculations & a review ( ! me?od ( f9d+ ! m$ian is giv5 bel[ 9 connection ) a di/ribution ( scores on "o ( ! ,m5timet] te/s4 7,see ,m5timet] ,no4 #bd1 page #bcd47 ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,,size ,,( ,,score ,,frequ5cy3 ,,no4 ,,( ,,total ,,no4 ,,f ,,total ,,f ,,analogies ,,te/ ,,college ,,graduates ,,l[e/ ,,scores ,,l[e/ ,,scores #cj #b #abi #ajj #bi #d #abg #ih4e #bh #aj #abc #ie4c #bg #bb #aac #hg4f #bf #cb #ia #gj4f #be #bj #ei #de4h #bd #ah #ci #cj4c #bc #h #ba #af4c #bb #d #ac #aj4a #ba #b #i #g4j #bj #a #g #e4d #ai #b #f #d4g #ah #a #d #c4a #ag #a #c #b4c #af 444 444 44444 #ae #a #b #a4f #ad 444 444 44444 #ac 444 444 44444 #ab #a #a 4#h #aa 444 444 44444 ------ ,,total #abi ,hav+ di/ribut$ ! scores obta9$ by a gr\p ( college graduates on ! ,analogies te/1 ! next important /ep t[>d _! int]pretation is ! total+ ( ! frequ5cies up to & includ+ ^? ( ea* possible size1 z %[n 9 ! ?ird column ( ! accompany+ table4 ,! f\r? column is !n prep>$ %[+ ! correspond+ p]c5tages ( ! total numb] 7#abi7 ( p]sons te/$1 = ea* ( ! total frequ5cies %[n 9 column ,,iii4 ,! table z a :ole is !n to be read f left to "r4 ,z an example1 "o may beg9 at #bj 9 ! fir/ column & read z foll[s3 8#a college graduate made a score ( exactly #bj po9ts1 mak+ 9 all #g individuals :o obta9$ a score ( #bj po9ts or less1 :i* 7#g7 is #e4d p] c5t4 ( ! #abi individuals te/$40 ,dropp+ ! eye to ! next p]c5tage bel[ ?is l9e 9 column ,,iv1 "o c int]pret ! score ( ! individual :o made a score ( #bj z foll[s3 8,?is is a poor %[+ = a college graduate1 = ( #abi college graduates te/$ only #d4g p] c5t4 made a l[] score40 ,a v popul> me?od ( int]pret+ a score is to tell 9 :at qu>t] or1 z ! /ati/icians w\ld say1 9 :at 8qu>tile0 ( ! di/ribution a giv5 score is f\nd4 ,! upp] or fir/ qu>tile ( a di/ribution is ! range ( scores bel[ :i* #ge p] c5t4 ( ^? te/$ h fall54 ,! second qu>tile is ! range ( scores bel[ :i* #ej p] c5t4 are f\nd b above :i* #be p] c5t4 ( ^? te/$ are f\nd4 ,! ?ird qu>tile is ! range bel[ :i* only #be p] c5t4 are f\nd & above :i* #ej p] c5t4 are f\nd1 & ! f\r? or l[e/ qu>tile is ! range ( scores 9 :i* are f\nd ! l[e/ #be p] c5t4 ( ! scores made4 ,! fir/ & second qu>tiles are above ! m$ian1 :ile ! ?ird & f\r? qu>tiles are bel[ ! m$ian4 ,obvi\sly ! individual :o scor$ #bj po9ts 9 ! ,analogies te/1 & is includ$ 9 ! l[e/ #e4d p] c5t4 is also 9 ! l[e/ qu>tile ( ! college graduate scores4 ,! po9t divid+ ! fir/ & second qu>tiles is call$ ! #ge p]c5tile1 :ile ! po9t divid+ ! ?ird & f\r? qu>tiles is call$ ! #be p]c5tile4 ,z 0 /at$ above1 ! m$ian or #ej p]c5tile divides ! second & ?ird qu>tiles4 ,columns ,,iii & ,,iv 9 ! =ego+ table assi/ "o q mat]ially 9 calculat+ ! m$ian & ! o!r p]c5tile po9ts4 ,to f9d ! m$ian1 "o w ne$ to c\nt half way ?r\gh ! di/ribution1 9 ?is case to c\nt out #fd4e scores 7#abi_/b #fd4e74 ,! #bj p]sons :o scor$ on #be1 9 ! above di/ribution1 are %[n by column ,,iii to be includ$ 9 ! l[e/ #ei scores & by column ,,iv to be 9 ! l[e/ #de4h p] c5t4 ,to include #fd4e 7or #ej p] c5t47 ( ! scores1 #e4e ( ! #cb individuals :o scor$ on #bf w ne$ to be tak5 7#fd4e #ei #e4e72 #e4e is 4#ag ( #cb1 s x w be necess>y to take 4#ag ( ! di/ance 7#bf4j up to #bg4j7 repres5t$ by a score ( #bf4 ,?is places ! #ej p]c5tile or m$ian po9t at #bf4ag1 if we assume t ! #cb individuals obta9+ a score ( #bf 7 ev5ly di/ribut$ 9 _! exact values betwe5 #bf4j & #bg4j1 :i* is ! safe/ assumption "o c make ab\t ^! scores4 ,! #be p]c5tile is f\nd by c\nt+ out "o f\r? ( ! frequ5cies1 beg9n+ ) ! l[-score end ( ! di/ribution4 ,9 ! case ( ! college graduates' di/ribution on ! ,analogies te/1 ! #be p]c5tile is #bd4fc4 ,! #ge p]c5tile1 :i* is f\nd by c\nt+ out ?ree f\r?s ( ! frequ5cies f ! l[-score end or "o f\r? f ! high-score end ( ! di/ribution1 is #bg4bf 9 ! case ( ! analogies di/ribution %[n above4 ,! 8middle #ej p] c5t40 ( ! di/ribution1 or ! second & ?ird qu>tiles1 lie betwe5 #bd4f & #bg4c accord+ to ^! calculations4 ,"o may !re=e ass]t t ! typical college graduate1 mean+ "o :o is )9 ! two middle qu>tiles ( ! college graduate di/ribution1 %\ld be expect$ to make a score ( #bd1 #be1 #bf1 or #bg on ! ,analogies te/ 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies4 ,occasionally intellectual measurem5ts are report$ by t5?s1 ! fir/ t5? be+ ! t5? ( ! di/ribution hav+ ! highe/ scores1 j z ! fir/ qu>tile is ! qu>t] conta9+ ! highe/ scores4 ,= practical purposes ) ! ,m5timet] te/s1 h[ev]1 x is recomm5d$ 7#a7 t ! score made on ea* te/ be record$1 7#b7 t ! m$ian score ( ! /&>d gr\p1 ) :i* ea* individual's score is to be comp>$1 be calculat$1 & 7#c7 t ! p]c5tage ( ! /&>d gr\p mak+ l[] scores ?an t individual's score be us$ z an int]pretation4 ,= ^! simple int]pretations1 a table1 su* z t %[n on page #ajb = college graduates 9 ! ,analogies te/s1 practically completes ! necess>y calculations1#b except = ! calculation ( ! m$ian score4 ,x w be fairly intelligible to describe ,h5ry ,smi?'s score z foll[s3 8,smi? has a score ( #bd po9ts z comp>$ ) ! m$ian score ( #bf4b po9ts = 8 gr\p4 ,only #af4c p] c5t4 ( ! college graduates make a poor] score ?an ,smi?1 b #fi4g p] c5t4 make a bett] score40 ,footnote #b3 ,= ! purpose ( assi/+ ! read] 9 keep+ & int]pret+ records ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 ! au?ors h prep>$ a record booklet :i* may be us$ ) ! te/s to excell5t advantage4 ,x w be f\nd economical to use ?is booklet because ( ! guide l9es1 head+s1 & practical sugge/ions :i* x conta9s1 r$uc+ copy+ & memory "w 9 ! calculations to a m9imum4 ,x is recomm5d$ also t calculat+ tables or a slide rule be us$ to calculate ! p]c5tages call$ = 9 ! f9al column ( ! di/ribution tables4 ,su* aids are v desirable because ( _! contribution to ! accuracy ( results & to economy ( "t4 ,assum+ n[ t ! read] has a fairly cle> idea ( h[ to adm9i/] & record ! results ( ! ,m5timet] te/s1 ! next "q to be answ]$ is3 8,:at %all be done ab\t ^! te/ records80 ,measurem5t 9 any field does n *ange to any appreciable degree ! mat]ial :i* has be5 measur$4 ,! surveyor1 = example1 :o measures ! area ( a field makes v little impression ^u ! soil ov] :i* he passes4 ,a physician :o measures ! weight ( an infant does n !reby increase t weight or dim9i% x4 ,9 ! same way ! psy*ologi/ :o applies a ,m5timet] te/ to a fil+ cl]k1 does n by t act increase ! effici5cy ( t cl]k4 ,measurem5ts1 ( !mselves1 are ( no value4 ,some?+ mu/ be done ab\t ! result :i* is obta9$ or all ( ! exp5se 9 "t & money is ( no avail4 ,! real purpose ( a measurem5t is to tell facts ab\t a situation m exactly & ) great] objectiv5ess ?an !y c\ld be told 9 a description4 ,a *ild may seem1 on fir/ appe>ance1 to be "u weight1 b 9 ord] to "k def9itely :e!r or n t is true x is necess>y to measure 8 age 9 t]ms ( ye>s1 mon?s1 & days1 to measure 8 weight 9 t]ms ( p\nds & ounces1 & to measure 8 height 9 t]ms ( feet & in*es4 ,all ( ^! measurem5ts tak5 toge!r1 h[ev]1 w n h9d] ! *ild's gr[? or make him develop m rapidly2 !y m]ely indicate :at 8 pres5t condition is1 )\t ref]5ce to :at x may h be5 9 ! pa/ or :at x may become 9 ! future4 ,z a sample ( ! great b5efit :i* may be obta9$ f kn[+ m5tal facts exactly1 we may consid] ! traditions & pres5t /atus ( our public s*ool sy/ems4 ,education has 9 ! pa/ be5 po9t$1 f ! v beg9n+ 9 ! k9d]g>t5 t[>d ! high s*ool & ! college & ultimately ! pr(essional s*ool 9 :i* lawy]s1 physicians1 m9i/]s1 & tea*]s 7 to be prep>$4 ,! *ild :o by nature 0 n incl9$ t[>d ! consid]ation ( ab/ract ideas & !ories soon f\nd t ! s*ools 7 n well adapt$ to 8 int]e/s4 ,! p]c5tage ( p]sons 9 our population :o _c successfully ?9k & "w ) ab/ract symbols & v]bal ideas is v mu* great] ?an mo/ ( u h be5 incl9$ to believe4 ,we h /at$ or impli$ t any boy :o w\ld /ay 9 s*ool long en\gh might fit himself to become a ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator or possibly a great newspap] editor1 or lawy]4 ,^? pupils :o f\nd x impossible to assimilate ! type ( ?+ t 0 (f]$ by ! public s*ools h be5 elim9at$ & s5t out into ! indu/rial _w to f9d mat]ials :i* w\ld correspond to _! int]e/s4 ,educators h /ill fur!r made ! error ( say+ or imply+ t x 0 ! inf]ior p :o 7 ?us =c$ out ( s*ool4 ,! au?ors ( ! pres5t book wi% to ass]t _! belief t ! m9d ( a man ^: int]e/s lie 9 h&l+ p & concrete objects is n at all inf]ior on t acc\nt to ! m9d ( ! man :o h&les ideas & ab/ract conceptions4 ,measures ( intellig5ce h 9 ! pa/ be5 *iefly ^? :i* w\ld be fav\rable to ! ab/ract ?9k]4 ,! ,alpha te/1 us$ 9 ! ,army1 prov$ conclusively to ^? :o /udi$ ! results mo/ c>efully1 t fully half ( our population c nev] succe$1 ev5 mod]ately1 9 ! manipulation ( ab/ract ideas4 ,! l>ge proportion ( our boys & girls :o come to s*ool are absolutely doom$ to be unsuccessful & to become disc\rag$ 9 _! attempts to progress 9 ! c\rses :i* are commonly giv51 & yet ! public supports ^! s*ools1 & ! adm9i/rators ( ^! s*ools try to claim t !y (f] 8equal opportunity to all40 ,actually ! k9d ( opportunity (f]$ c be us$ effectively by only a small p]c5tage ( ! pupils4 ,unless ! *ild has ! ability to int]pret symbols & juggle ideas he is decl>$ to be inf]ior & is =c$ out to le>n = himself h[ to e>n a liv+ & to secure 8 rights4 ,! ,m5timet] te/s & o!r measures ( intellectual abilities provide ! means :]eby pupils may be classifi$1 at ! v beg9n+ ( _! education1 accord+ to ! degree to :i* ! =mal academic tra9+ w be assimilat$4 ,^! te/s make x possible to select ^? :o d n ?9k ab/ractly b :o require concrete objects or p]sons z ! mat]ial = _! m5tal activity4 ,unless ! public recognizes t x owes an appropriate education to ^! p j z surely z x does to ! academic few1 x w n be long until ?is great gr\p1 9 :i* our pres5t s*ools develop ! habit ( failure & discont5t1 w arise to ov]?r[ ! inju/ices :i* our pa/ ari/ocratic organization ( society has h&$ on to !m4 ,x is n propos$ t c]ta9 individuals be select$ by ! ,m5timet] te/s & tra9$ psy*ologi/s & !n condemn$ to tra9+ ( a less respectable ord] ?an t :i* is n[ (f]$4 ,:at is propos$ is t by ! use ( intellig5ce te/s /ud5ts 9 s*ools be classifi$ & plac$ 9 classes :]e !y c le>n ?+s :i* x is )9 _! m5tal p[] & int]e/s to grasp & :i* w be ( practical value & ( social significance 9 ! developm5t ( good citiz5s2 r ?an to cont9ue1 z we h 9 ! pa/1 condemn+ ?is l>ge majority ( our population to failure 9 s*ool & elim9ation f ! b5efits ( public taxation = education4 ,x is no disgrace = a bl9d man to be unable to pa9t beautiful pictures1 nor is x consid]$ a great social inju/ice = a man ( ord9>y size to be d5i$ ! opportunity ( s]v+ z a giant 9 a side %[4 ,x %\ld n be consid]$ by any "o t be+ a good valet or mule driv] or boot black or /reet clean] is a less respectable call+ = a man ^: m9d dem&s concrete objects = its ex]cise ?an ! exp\nd+ ( ! gospel or explanation ( legal te*nicalities is to ! man ^: m9d is incl9$ t[>d ab/ract ideas & relation%ips4 ,if we are to h an effective social organization ea* p]son mu/ d ! type ( ?+ = :i* 8 bra9 & 8 physical body fit him1 )\t feel+ t he is !reby ei!r inf]ior or sup]ior to any o!r p]son4 ,we mu/ help "o ano!r1 ea* supply+ t s]vice = :i* he is be/ fitt$4 ,to cont9ue z we h 9 ! pa/1 enc\rag+ e *ild to look = a 8:ite-coll> job0 at ! end ( 8 educational c>e] is to fo/] ! mon/] ( discont5t & unre/ :i* ?reat5s to de/roy ! v f\ndations ( mod]n society4 ,if ! ,m5timet] te/s :i* foll[ c d no m ?an po9t out = employ]s & educators ! limits to :i* ^? :o are dep5d5t ^u !m c g 9 ! und]/&+ & use ( ab/ract ideas1 !y w !reby h contribut$ mat]ially to ! happ9ess & cont5tm5t ( a we>y _w4 ,along ) ! results ( ! te/s !re mu/1 h[ev]1 be ?is feel+ ( responsibility = "o ano!r & ! recognition ( ! ne$ = 8pull+ toge!r0 = ! common good1 ea* man contribut+ t = :i* 8 inh]itance has fitt$ him1 else we %all cont9ue to =ce m5 to le>n failure & discont5t 9 our s*ools & !reby de/roy ! social /ructure we h be5 s long 9 build+4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,m5timet] ,,te/s ,te/s ( ! abilities ( human be+s may be classifi$ ^u a great _m diff]5t bases4 ,x is possible1 fir/ ( all1 to classify !m accord+ to ! qualities ( m9d & body :i* !y measure4 ,! reason x is difficult s to classify te/s ( m5tal ability is t ! m9d refuses to be cut up into diff]5t p>ts1 ea* "o responsible = a specific *>act]i/ic4 ,no te/ c be solv$ by ! use ( "o & only "o gr\p ( intellectual faculties4 ,! results obta9$ 9 any m5tal exam9ation are ! complex effects ( an imm5se numb] ( diff]5t *>act]i/ics4 ,no attempt has !re=e be5 made 9 ! classification ( ! ,m5timet]s to say t "o measures imag9ation1 ano!r measures att5tion1 & ano!r "s o!r quality4 ,almo/ e quality ent]s to "s degree 9 ea* te/4 ,x is possible to classify te/s accord+ to ! subject matt] :i* !y conta94 ,! ,m5timet] te/s are s arrang$1 :]e x is possible1 z to cov] a v wide range ( subject matt]4 ,x is possible to classify exam9ations accord+ to ! activity requir$ ( ! c&idate be+ exam9$4 ,a numb] ( ! ,m5timet] te/s call = complet+ a s]ies ( objects or ideas1 :ile a numb] ( o!rs call = memory ( a c]ta9 sort1 & /ill o!rs require discrim9ation betwe5 c]ta9 diff]+ elem5ts4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! activity ( ! c&idate exam9$1 are n1 h[ev]1 ! *ief di/9ctions to be made betwe5 ! te/s4 ,x is possible to classify measurem5ts accord+ to ! numb] ( c&idates t may be exam9$ at ! same "t4 ,"s te/s _c be giv5 readily to m ?an "o p]son at a "t1 :ile o!r te/s c be giv5 to sev]al at ! same sitt+4 ,9 s f> z possible1 ! ,m5timet] te/s are s arrang$ t !y c be giv5 to l>ge numb]s at ! same sitt+4 ,?is makes = economy ( "t & ( ef=t on ! "p ( ! exam9]4 ,x is possible to classify te/s accord+ to physical *>act]i/ics ( ! c&idate exam9$1 su* z te/s = infants1 te/s = *ildr51 & te/s = adults1 or te/s = ! bl9d & te/s = ! deaf4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies is = infants :ile ! rema9d] ( ! te/s are int5d$ to measure old] p4 ,te/s may fur!r be classifi$ accord+ to ! language capacity ( ! c&idates :o are exam9$4 ,c]ta9 ( ! ,m5timet] te/s are = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons prim>ily1 :ile o!rs are prim>ily = ^? :o speak ,engli%1 & /ill o!rs = ^? :o read ,engli%4 ,! ,m5timet] s]ies ( exam9ations :i* foll[s consi/s ( ?irty diff]5t te/s1 ! majority ( :i* are modifications ( te/s :i* h be5 us$ previ\sly else:]e4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 ! s]ies is to be us$ z an individual te/ ( v "y *ildr54 ,! blank provid$ furni%es brief sugge/ions1 at ea* po9t1 ( :at ! proc$ure %\ld be1 & also furni%es a place = ! exam9] to record ! result ( 8 que/ions & obs]vations4 ,ea* exam9ation booklet 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies has on its title page blanks z foll[s3 ,,"n ,,age ,,at ,,la/ ,,bir?day,,location ,! space head$ 8,location0 is to be us$ to indicate ! bus9ess or indu/rial organization or ! dep>tm5t ( ! c&idate be+ exam9$2 or ! grade1 class1 & s*ool ( a s*ool pupil4 ,^! blanks %\ld always be fill$ out be=e ! exam9ation beg9s4 ,at ! middle ( ! page directions are frequ5tly giv5 ) examples to s]ve 9 expla9+ concretely j :at ! nature ( ! te/ is go+ to be4 ,9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page !re appe>s a blank1 prec$$ by ! words 8,total ,score40 ,?is is to be fill$ out by ! exam9] aft] ! c&idate has m>k$ 8 pap] & aft] ! exam9] has scor$ ! results4 ,te/s numb]$ f #b to #aj are classifi$ z te/s = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons4 ,!y 7 design$ orig9ally1 & c be/ be us$1 z gr\p te/s1 al?\gh ! directions giv5 on ! foll[+ pages = ^! memb]s ( ! ,m5timet] family are usually 9 t]ms ( an individual exam9ation4 ,if x _h be5 possible to prep>e & furni% ) ?is book l>ge *>ts on :i* ! explanatory samples c\ld be exhibit$ & ! pantomime in/ructions cle>ly demon/rat$ = a gr\p ( p at ! same "t1 ! in/ructions w\ld h be5 pr9t$ z = a gr\p exam9ation4 ,)9 ! conf9es ( a title page ( a te/ booklet only small examples c be pres5t$1 & !re=e ! in/ructions are = measur+ "o individual at a "t4 ,any employ]1 tea*]1 or sup]visor :o plans to make use ( ^! te/s = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons w\ld d well to prep>e ! demon/ration mat]ial 9 enl>g$ =m 9 ord] to use x 9 giv+ ! te/s to gr\ps ( individuals at ! same "t4 ,9 giv+ a gr\p te/ x is practically always necess>y to obta9 ! id5tify+ in=mation call$ = on ! title page be=e ! booklets are op5$ or turn$ ov]4 ,!re is a di/9ct t5d5cy = c&idates to try to glance at ! pages :i* foll[ unless specific directions are giv5 z ! pap]s are di/ribut$ t ?is mu/ n occur4 ,! proc$ure 9 giv+ ,m5timet]s #b to #aj to p :o c und]/& & ev5 read ,engli% is v little diff]5t f ! proc$ure to be us$ ) ! =eign-language-speak+ gr\ps4 ,m5timet]s #aa to #ae _c be giv5 z gr\p te/s because ( ! great am\nt ( writ+ :i* ?is w\ld entail4 ,gr\p te/s are mo/ effici5t :5 c&idates are requir$ to d no?+ o!r ?an *eck ! correct answ]s )\t hav+ to write any?+4 ,m5timet]s #af to #cj may be giv5 z individual exam9ations1 al?\gh !y are plann$ z gr\p exam9ations & ! results obta9$ f _! use z gr\p exam9ations w be sup]ior to ! results obta9$ f _! use z individual exam9ations4 ,9 giv+ all ( ^! te/s x is v important t ! pr9t$ =ms prep>$ by ! publi%]s be employ$ & t ! directions :i* foll[ be c>efully obs]v$4 ,! /5cils furni%$ ) ! pr9t$ te/ booklets make x possible = a cl]k ( av]age m5tal capacity to m>k & score ! results ( ^! exam9ations ) great rapidity & ) j z mu* accuracy z c\ld be obta9$ by speciali/s work+ )\t su* /5cils4 ,^! /5cils & ! gr\p me?od make psy*ological exam9ations economical ( adm9i/ration4 ,! li/ ( ,m5timet] te/s is z foll[s3 ,,! ,,m5timet] ,,te/s ,,te/ ,,= ,,infants #a4 ,typical ,p]=mance ,,te/s ,,= ,,non-,,engli%-,,speak+ ,,p]sons #b4 ,pictorial ,absurdities #c4 ,maze ,?read+ #d4 ,dot ,patt]n ,correction #e4 ,divid+ ,geometric ,figures #f4 ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies #g4 ,*eck+ ,id5tity ( ,numb]s #h4 ,digit-,symbol ,sub/itution #i4 ,completion ( ,numb] ,relation ,s]ies #aj4 ,addition ,te/s ,,individual ,,te/s ,,= ,,engli%-,,speak+ ,,p]sons #aa4 ,memory = ,numb]s #ab4 ,repeat+ ,numb]s ,backw>d #ac4 ,memory = ,s5t5ces #ad4 ,speak+ ,vocabul>y #ae4 ,^w ,discrim9ation ,,gr\p ,,te/s ,,= ,,p]sons ,,:o ,,read ,,engli% #af4 ,nam+ ,opposites #ag4 ,spell+ ,te/s #ah4 ,range ( ,in=mation #ai4 ,read+3 ,vocabul>y #bj4 ,read+3 ,directions #ba4 ,read+3 ,int]pretation #bb4 ,dis>rang$ ,s5t5ces #bc4 ,completion ( ,s5t5ces #bd4 ,analogies or ,mix$ ,relations #be4 ,h&writ+ ,te/s #bf4 ,engli% ,composition #bg4 ,poetic ,discrim9ation #bh4 ,ari?metic ,reason+ #bi4 ,practical ,judgm5t #cj4 ,logical ,conclusions4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #a ,,typical ,,p]=mances ,,( ,,"y ,,*ildr5 ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,! m5tal capacity ( adult p]sons is indicat$ r accurately by ! numb] & v>iety ( ?+s !y h le>n$ f ! s*ool ( life1 omitt+ f ! c\nt s f> z possible ^? ?+s directly taught by ! =mal s*ools4 ,! intellectual capacity ( an infant is likewise indicat$ r\ghly by ! *anges :i* 8 brief exp]i5ce 9 life has br\ght ab\t 9 8 ability to control himself & 8 imm$iate surr\nd+s4 ,at bir? ! *ild is practically )\t control ( 8 own body1 except = c]ta9 suck+ reflexes1 c]ta9 cry+ reflexes1 & ! reflex :i* causes x to grasp ) its f+]s or toes ! f+] or p5cil :i* is br\ght into contact ) !m4 ,^! reflexes c h>dly be said to be a "p ( ! *ild's control ( 8 own body1 = ! *ild c\ld n avoid obey+ !m if he s desir$4 ,! new-born infant is practically helpless ev5 s f> z 8 own body is conc]n$4 ,any degree ( control he may lat] develop ov] 8 body or ov] o!r ?+s outside is atta9$ because he has a sy/em ( n]ve & bra9 cells capable ( =m+ connections & be+ modifi$ by ^! connections & _! results4 ,! degree to :i* ! *ild's n]v\s sy/em is organiz$ & suppli$ ) pot5tial connections by inh]itance is reflect$ v e>ly 9 life by ! quickness ) :i* x le>ns to control itself & its imm$iate environm5t4 ,! mo/ ready me?od ( te/+ ?is inh]it$ capacity is !re=e to det]m9e at any p>ticul> age j h[ complex & adequate a sy/em ( control has be5 develop$4 ,! te/s = measur+ infants & "y *ildr5 consi/1 !n1 9 ^? p]=mances "u specifi$ /&>d conditions1 :i* are typical = *ildr5 at v>i\s ages4 ,! ,m5timet] = "y *ildr5 is bas$ directly ^u ! f9d+s ( ,pr(4 ,lewis ,m4 ,t]man & 8 /ud5ts 9 _! inve/igations ( *ildr5 f ?ree to tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,?is inve/igation 0 s c>efully devis$ & execut$ t to improve on ! product1 ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/s1 w\ld be almo/ impossible4 ,! te/s = *ildr5 ?ree & f\r ye>s ( age pres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ pages are !re=e n claim$ to be new or orig9al ) ! pres5t au?ors1 :o h]eby express to ,doctor ,t]man _! admiration = 8 excell5t contributions 9 ! field ( psy*ological measurem5ts4 ,! te/s "h sugge/$ = *ildr5 "u ?ree ye>s ( age are modifications ( ^? sugge/$ by ,doctor ,kuhlmann4 ,all inve/igators 9 ?is field are1 ( c\rse1 indebt$ to ! pione]s1 ! ,fr5* psy*ologi/s1 ,b9et & ,simon4 ,! me?od ( ?is te/ s]ies consi/s 9 putt+ ! *ild into a well-def9$ situation & obs]v+ h[ he acts4 ,! situation may consi/ p>tly 9 words or o!r noises impress+ !mselves ^u 8 e>s1 or x may consi/ l>gely 9 visual s5sations1 or ev5 9 s5sations ( physical well-be+ 9 8 own body4 ,"u a giv5 situation a normal *ild ( a giv5 age or old] w act 9 a c]ta9 /&>d way4 ,! measurem5t !n is 9 t]ms ( ! age = :i* a giv5 *ild's reactions are typical4 ,! te/ c be/ be giv5 by "o :o is fairly famili> ) ! infant to be te/$1 al?\gh int]e/ 9 hav+ ! *ild make a good %[+ %\ld nev] be all[$ to *ange "o's judgm5t ( ! facts z to ! *ild's p]=mance4 ,ano!r dang] ( too great famili>ity is t ! exam9] may1 )\t int5tion to d s1 drill ! *ild ^u ^? ?+s :i* are lat] to be requir$ 9 ! te/4 ,9 s f> z ! p>5t kn[s :at p]=mances are to be includ$ 9 ! te/s !re is real dang] t ! *ild w be 8coa*$ up0 on ^! ?+s1 ev5 at z e>ly an age z six mon?s4 ,li/ ( ,typical ,p]=mances4 ,,?ree ,,mon?s 7#c te/s1 cr$it #a mon? ea*7 #a4 ,control ( eyes 7,bo? eyes look 9 same direction4 ,foll[s ) eyes ! movem5t ( bright objects74 #b4 ,he>+ 7,reacts ) sudd5 />t or scream to l\d noises1 su* z slamm+ ( door1 h& clapp+4 ,turns eyes or head 9 direction ( less />tl+ noises1 su* z op5+ ( door1 foot/eps74 #c4 ,muscul> ,control 7,moves h& or toy directly to m\? )\t /rik+ o!r p>ts ( body & face4 ,grasps or curls f+]s ab\t rattle or p5cil plac$ 9 h&s74 ,,six ,,mon?s 7#c te/s1 cr$it #a mon? ea*7 #a4 ,muscul> ,control 7,balances head )\t support4 ,sits t5 m9utes or m :5 support$74 #b4 ,self-,direction 7,attempts to cat* self :5 beg9n+ to fall f sitt+ po/ure4 ,rea*es out = toys & ne>-by objects4 ,attempts to pull self to sitt+ po/ure if giv5 a h& to grasp74 #c4 ,enjoym5t 7,plays long] & m p]si/5tly ) "o toy ?an ) ano!r4 ,laughs al\d :5 b\nc$ on b$ or :5 famili>s indulge 9 /r5u\s ex]cise74 ,,"o ,,ye> 7#f te/s1 cr$it #a mon? ea*7 #a4 ,imitation ( ,movem5ts 7,c le>n 9 half doz5 trials to 8wave bye-bye10 put h&s above head1 or hide face 9 h&s74 #b4 ,locomotion 7,creeps t[>d desir$ objects1 or /&s beside a *air )\t o!r assi/ance74 #c4 ,und]/&+ 7,looks at frequ5tly obs]v$ objects :5 names are m5tion$3 dog1 ball1 mama1 fl[]s74 #d4 ,ob$i5ce 7,und]/&s & usually obeys simple comm&s3 8,lie d[n6 ,no1 ,no6 ,spit x out6074 #e4 ,spee* 7,repeats simple syllables3 8g1 g2 da1 da2 ma1 ma2 bye-bye074 #f4 ,calls att5tion 7,%\ts exclamations1 looks or ev5 po9ts to objects ( special int]e/3 dogs1 cats1 tra91 c>ts1 etc74 ,,two ,,ye>s 7#f te/s1 cr$it #b mon?s ea*7 #a4 ,spee* 7,names articles ( food desir$3 milk1 crack]1 rice1 etc74 #b4 ,pictures 7,po9ts out famili> objects3 boy1 dog1 cat1 c[1 man74 #c4 ,ob$i5ce 7,put ball 9 basket4 ,close ! door4 ,br+ ! ball74 #d4 ,imitation 7,imitates actions ( o!r *ildr5 at play74 #e4 ,disc]nm5t 7,removes wrapp+ f c&y2 op5s sack to get cookies74 #f4 ,self-,direction 7,walks directly to desir$ locations2 rides 8kiddie-k>0 =w>d74 ,,?ree ,,ye>s 7#f te/s1 cr$it #b mon?s ea*7 #a4 ,p>ts ( ,body 7,po9ts to nose1 eyes1 m\?1 hair74 #b4 ,famili> ,objects 7,names key1 p5ny1 knife1 wat*1 p5cil74 #c4 ,pictures 7,enum]ates objects 9 pictures3 ,dut* ,home1 ,canoe1 & ,po/ ,(fice74 #d4 ,able to tell own sex4 #e4 ,gives la/ "n4 #f4 ,repeats s5t5ces ( #f or #g syllables4 ,,f\r ,,ye>s 7#f te/s1 cr$it #b mon?s ea*7 #a4 ,discrim9ates betwe5 circles1 squ>es1 & triangles4 #b4 ,c\nts f\r p5nies4 #c4 ,copies a squ>e4 #d4 ,compreh5sion ( describ$ situation4 #e4 ,repeats f\r numb]s 9 ord]3 #dgci #bhed #gbfa #f4 ,repeats s5t5ces ( #ab or #ac syllables4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,a v l>ge "p ( ?is te/ mu/ be giv5 in=mally4 ,x w be necess>y to sp5d consid]able "t ) ea* *ild exam9$ 9 ord] to make c]ta9 t ! reactions obs]v$ are n m]ely r&om movem5ts :i* are n typical4 ,= ! te/s ( *ildr5 ?ree ye>s ( age & above ! read] %\ld v c>efully /udy ! detail$ directions giv5 by ,pr(essor ,t]man 9 8 book1 8,! ,measurem5t ( ,intellig5ce10 publi%$ by ,h\ghton ,miffl9 ,company1 if sci5tific accuracy ( results is necess>y4 ,! mat]ials call$ = may be secur$ f ,c4 ,h4 ,/oelt+ & ,company1 #cjcg ,c>roll ,ave41 ,*icago4 ,! directions giv5 bel[ are int5d$ to be elem5t>y & to indicate :at is typical ( *ildr5 at ea* age r ?an to s]ve z a p]fect guide = ! mo/ sci5tific exam9ations4 ,,?ree ,,mon?s ,at ! age ( ?ree mon?s an infant %\ld be able to cord9ate 8 eyes2 t is1 to direct bo? eyes 9 ! same direction & to move !m simultane\sly4 ,:5 bright objects are br\ght into 8 field ( vision & mov$ sl[ly f "o side to ! o!r1 he %\ld be able to foll[ ) 8 eyes4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 _m infants h atta9$ ?is degree ( control )9 ! fir/ week ( _! lives1 b lack ( control to ?is ext5t at ! end ( ?ree mon?s is an indication t special m$ical att5tion %\ld be s\ght4 ,= sev]al days aft] bir? ! infant does n ord9>ily he> any ( ! s\nds or noises :i* occur 9 8 vic9ity4 ,by ! "t he has become ?ree mon?s old1 x %\ld be app>5t1 f ! sudd5 />t or scream ( ! *ild :5 a door is slamm$ or someone 9 8 neighb\rhood sudd5ly claps 8 h&s1 t ! *ild actually he>s ^! noises4 ,! av]age *ild at ?ree mon?s has become s famili> ) life & its evid5ces t he w be able to turn 8 eyes 9 ! direction ( su* noises z ! op5+ ( a door or ! s\nd ( foot/eps ne> 8 b$4 ,! fir/ evid5ces ( ! *ild's recognition ( s\nds or sights are v difficult to int]pret because !y consi/ almo/ entirely 9 awkw>d1 r&om mov+ ( ! h&s & feet4 ,gradually ! *ild develops "s control ov] ^! movem5ts & by ! age ( ?ree mon?s %\ld be able to move 8 h&1 or a toy 9 8 h&1 directly to 8 m\? )\t /rik+ o!r p>ts ( 8 body or face 9 ! process4 ,! e>ly t5d5cy ( ! infant to curl 8 f+]s ab\t a p5cil or rattle :i* is plac$ 9 contact ) !m seems almo/ to disappe> dur+ ! fir/ mon?1 b by ! age ( ?ree mon?s ! *ild is aga9 able to grasp su* objects suffici5tly to hold !m = p]iods rang+ f ?irty seconds upw>d4 ,,six ,,mon?s ,! control ( 8 body has s improv$ by ! "t he has rea*$ ! age ( six mon?s t ! av]age *ild c balance 8 head )\t support = sev]al m9utes4 ,x is usually possible also = ! *ild to sit 9 a *air or on ! b$ ) ! support ( pill[s & b$ clo?+ = z mu* z t5 m9utes4 ,occasionally1 ( c\rse1 ! *ild w be able to sit alone z e>ly z six mon?s1 b x is n wise to enc\rage ?is practice4 ,! lack ( ability to sit :5 support$ at ! age ( six mon?s is n necess>ily an indication ( lack ( intellectual p[] b may be due entirely to physical weakness4 ,n only has ! *ild at six mon?s arriv$ at ! /age :]e he c balance 8 head & sit quietly :5 support$1 b he has usually begun to try to assi/ himself 9 v>i\s ways4 ,v frequ5tly ?is attempt at self-help w be evid5c$ by pull+ movem5ts int5d$ to br+ him to a sitt+ po/ure :5 a h& is (f]$ to him4 ,!re is no hesitation 9 ! ord9>y *ild at six mon?s 9 8 rea*+ out = toys or = a h& :i* is held t[>d him4 ,v frequ5tly x w be obs]v$ t su* a *ild puts out its h& to cat* itself if x is beg9n+ to fall f a sitt+ po/ure4 ,! *ild has usually begun to %[ signs ( pleasure & displeasure long be=e he has rea*$ six mon?s4 ,?is phase ( developm5t may be indicat$ by 8 play+ long] & m p]si/5tly ) "o toy ?an ) any o!r4 ,x may be %[n by mu* m animat$ activity :5 c]ta9 famili> individuals are pres5t ?an w\ld be evid5c$ 9 ! pres5ce ( o!rs equally well kn[n4 ,v frequ5tly *ildr5 at ?is age indulge 9 amus$ laugh+ al\d :5 b\nc$ on ! b$1 or :5 "s well-kn[n individual indulges 9 /r5u\s ex]cises accompani$ by vocif]\s exclamations :ile ! baby is wat*+4 ,,"o ,,ye> ,by ! "t a *ild has become twelve mon?s old x w be possible to tea* x _m little tricks & movem5ts ( a simple nature4 ,! *ild seems to imitate almo/ spontane\sly ! actions :i* are (t5 repeat$ by its p>5ts or nurse4 ,six to twelve trials %\ld be suffici5t to tea* ! av]age infant ( "o ye> h[ to 8wave bye-bye0 :5 told to d s1 or h[ to hold its h&s above its head :5 ask$ 8,h[ big are y80 or to hide its face beh9d its h&s or beh9d "o ( its cov]s :5 someone exclaims 8,peek-a-boo40 ,"s *ildr5 nev] le>n to creep be=e le>n+ to walk4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x seems fairly c]ta9 t ! *ild :o creeps rapidly may !reby po/pone le>n+ to walk4 ,at ! age ( "o ye> a *ild %\ld be able to /& beside a *air )\t o!r assi/ance ?an ! support giv5 by ! *air1 or x %\ld be able to creep v rapidly t[>d its toys or any o!r desir$ objects4 ,frequ5tly1 ( c\rse1 *ildr5 h le>n$ to walk fairly well by ! "t !y h atta9$ twelve mon?s1 b ?is is r unusual & is n p>ticul>ly an indication ( ! degree ( m5tal capacity4 ,! *ild ( "o ye> und]/&s _m common words apply+ to frequ5tly obs]v$ objects :i* h be5 repeat$ly call$ to 8 att5tion4 ,:5 ask$ 8,:]e is ! dog8--:]e is ! ball8--:]e are ! fl[]s80 & su* que/ions ! av]age infant w turn its head & look t[>d ! object m5tion$1 sometimes po9t+1 al?\gh ?is is some:at unusual4 ,simple comm&s su* z 8,lie d[n6 ,no-no6 ,spit x out60 & ! l1 c be und]/ood & are usually obey$ by *ildr5 ( ?is age4 ,! spee* ( a *ild at ?is age is ( c\rse v simple1 consi/+ ( "o syllable words1 usually repeat$4 ,su* expressions z 8ma-ma10 8bye-bye10 8da-da10 8g-g10 may be expect$ 9 ! av]age *ild4 ,x is unusual = an infant to comb9e two su* expressions into a crude s5t5ce at ?is age4 ,! *ild at "o ye> q frequ5tly has begun to attempt manipulation ( 8 environm5t z well z ( 8 own body4 ,v frequ5tly ?is w be obs]v$ 9 %\ts or exclamations accompani$ by look+ or ev5 po9t+ to objects :i* 8 famili>s h previ\sly po9t$ out to him1 su* z dogs1 cats1 tra9s1 c>ts1 etc4 ,^! objects w ord9>ily n be nam$ by ! *ild1 al?\gh peculi> s\nds fitt+ ea* "o may frequ5tly be di/+ui%$4 ,ano!r manife/ation ( ?is same attempt at alt]+ 8 environm5t w be ! cry+ 9 :i* ! *ild w indulge :5 he desires to *ange 8 re/+ place or to h some?+ to eat4 ,,two ,,ye>s ,by ! "t a *ild has become two ye>s ( age its spee* has develop$ to su* an ext5t t x w be able to "n1 al?\gh frequ5tly n ) cle>ness & di/9ct pronunciation1 _m ( its toys & articles ( food4 8,milk10 8rice10 & 8cookie10 are examples ( ! mo/ frequ5tly nam$ objects4 ,_m *ildr5 h by ?is age also progress$ to ! po9t :]e two or ?ree or m words may be jo9$ toge!r to =m a crude s5t5ce4 ,!re are on record *ildr5 :o by two ye>s ( age 7 able to frame fairly good s5t5ces & ev5 to read f simple books1 b su* records are v unusual4 ,at ?is "t ! *ild %\ld be able to di/+ui% pictures ( famili> objects1 su* z dogs1 cats1 horses1 m5 & boys4 ,?is w be manife/ n only 9 ! *ild's be+ able to "n ! objects to :i* o!r p po9t 9 ! picture1 b :5 ask$1 8,:]e is ! dog80 ! infant %\ld be able to po9t to x if ! picture is at all cle>4 ,simple comm&s %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood & ! well-tra9$ infant w be able to obey )\t mu* delay su* directions z 8,put ! ball 9 ! basket10 8,close ! door10 8,br+ me ! doll10 & 8,%[ me ! book40 ,! av]age *ild at two ye>s ( age has become di/9ctly aw>e ( o!r *ildr5 z p]sons m ne>ly relat$ to itself ?an are ! adults ) :om x is ord9>ily associat$4 ,?is reveals itself 9 imitation ( ! actions ( o!r *ildr51 su* z wav+ ! arms :5 o!r *ildr5 d s1 hid+ ! face aga9/ ! wall :5 o!r *ildr5 are play+ hide & seek1 & /epp+ rhy?mically :5 o!r *ildr5 dance4 ,by ! age ( two ye>s ! av]age *ild c di/+ui% accurately betwe5 t :i* is food & t :i* is n fit = eat+4 ,! wrapp+ f c&y or cookies or o!r well-lik$ food w be remov$ or torn away be=e an attempt is made to eat ! food4 ,frequ5tly ?is w result 9 great annoyance :5 ! *ild op5s sacks & packages to :i* he is n entitl$4 ,! *ild at ?is age has usually le>n$ to walk q erectly )\t hesitation to any desir$ location4 ,if ! *ild is plac$ ^u a 8kiddie-k>0 8 fir/ reaction is to run x backw>d1 b by ! age ( two ye>s he %\ld be able to guide x well 9 go+ =w>d4 ,"s attempts w be made at runn+ & a great _m attempts at climb+ by ! "t ! *ild has rea*$ ?is age4 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,at ?ree ye>s ( age a *ild :5 ask$ to po9t out diff]5t p>ts ( its body 7nose1 eyes1 m\?1 & hair7 c d s )\t hesitation4 ,famili> objects1 su* z a key1 a p5ny1 a pocketknife 7clos$71 a wat*1 & a p5cil 7common wood57 w be nam$ at once if held out to ! *ild ) ! "q1 8,:at is ?is80 ,! pictures us$ 9 ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/ may be %[n to ! *ild ) ! direction 8,tell me :at y see 9 ?is picture10 or 8,look at ! picture & tell me ev]y?+ y c see 9 x40 ,9 response to su* que/ions ! *ild %\ld be able to enum]ate diff]5t objects1 su* z ! little girl1 ! w9d[1 ! *air1 & ! woman 9 ! picture ( ! ,dut* ,home2 or ! m51 ! basket1 & ! newspap] 9 ! picture ( ! ,po/ (fice4 ,at ?is age ! *ild has _h en\gh exp]i5ce to be able to repeat its la/ "n & to "k :e!r p call x a 8girl0 or a 8boy40 ,! "q %\ld be ask$ 9 ! foll[+ fa%ion3 8,:at is y\r "n80 ,if ! answ] is 9 t]ms ( ! giv5 "n only1 !n ! "q %\ld be amplifi$ z foll[s3 8,yes1 b :at is y\r o!r "n8 ,walt] :at80 ,if ! surname is /ill n giv51 a fictiti\s "o may be fram$ & ! "q ask$ 9 "s su* fa%ion z foll[s3 8,is y\r "n ,walt] ,smi?80 ,if ! *ild is /ill unable to reply !n x is probable t he does n "k ! family "n or is too fright5$ to give x4 ,9 f9d+ :e!r ! *ild kn[s 8 sex ! =mula = a boy %\ld be3 8,are y a little boy or a little girl80 ,= a girl ! "q %\ld be3 8,are y a little girl or a little boy80 ,at ! age ( ?ree ye>s a *ild %\ld be able to repeat s5t5ces conta9+ six or sev5 syllables4 ,^? us$ by ,t]man are3 7#a7 8,i h a little dog40 7#b7 8,9 summ] ! sun is hot40 7#c7 8,! dog runs aft] ! cat40 ,9 lead+ up to ^! repetitions x is well to ask ! *ild fir/ to say s+le words1 su* z 8s*ool40 8,c y say s*ool80 8,n[ say1 #8,i g to s*ool4'0 ,!n ask ! *ild to say 8,i h a little dog40 ,,f\r ,,ye>s ,by ?is "t ! *ild %\ld be able to di/+ui% betwe5 circles1 squ>es1 triangles1 & o!r geometric =ms4 ,t5 draw+s ( circles1 squ>es1 & triangles %\ld be pres5t$ to ! *ild & he %\ld be able to f9d "o or two o!rs j l ! "o to :i* ! exam9] po9ts4 ,! *ild %\ld by ?is "t be able to c\nt p5nies or buttons1 at lea/ up to f\r1 )\t any error4 ,! *ild %\ld be able to h&le a p5cil well en\gh s t a squ>e "o in* ea* way c\ld be copi$ fairly well4 ,! *ild's memory has develop$ to su* an ext5t t if f\r numb]s are repeat$ to him at ! rate ( "o p] second he %\ld be able to repeat !m 9 correct ord] at once4 ,?ree trials %\ld be all[$ & at lea/ "o ( ! ?ree %\ld be "r4 ,by ?is "t1 also1 a s5t5ce ( twelve or ?irte5 syllables %\ld be rememb]$ correctly4 ,! s5t5ces us$ by ,t]man are3 7#a7 8,:5 ! tra9 passes y w he> ! :i/le bl[40 7#b7 8,we are go+ to h a good "t 9 ! c\ntry40 7#c7 8,! boy's "n is ,john4 ,he is a v good boy40 ,! me?od ( gett+ ! *ild's att5tion & lead+ up to ^! long] s5t5ces is ! same z 0 describ$ "u ,ye> ,?ree4 ,! *ild's judgm5t has develop$ by ?is "t ?r\gh exp]i5ce & precept to ! po9t :]e an inquiry f ! exam9] z to 8,:at mu/ y d :5 y are sleepy80 w br+ =? a response indicat+ t "o %\ld g to b$ & sleep4 ,! "q ( 8,:at mu/ y d :5 y are cold80 %\ld br+ =? "s su* reply z1 8,put on a coat10 8,build a fire10 or 8,/& next to ! radiator40 ,! "q1 8,:at mu/ y d :5 y are hungry80 %\ld br+ =? su* answ]s z 8,buy "s lun*10 8,dr9k "s milk10 or 8,eat some?+40 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! me?od ( scor+ is briefly indicat$ 9 ! li/ ( typical p]=mances pr9t$ on pages #aae-aag4 ,! ?ree te/s at age ?ree mon?s are ea* to be giv5 "o mon? cr$it4 ,! ?ree te/s at six mon?s are likewise to be giv5 "o mon? cr$it = ea* successful p]=mance1 z are ! six te/s at "o ye>4 ,! six te/s at two ye>s1 ! six at ?ree ye>s1 & ! six at f\r ye>s1 are 9 ea* case to be giv5 a cr$it ( two mon?s ea*4 ,! *ild :o did ev]y?+ 9 ! entire te/ correctly w\ld !n h demon/rat$ ! m5tal ability ( ! av]age *ild ( f\r ye>s or old]4 ,! *ild :o completes all ( ! te/s at ?ree mon?s & "o ( ! te/s at six mon?s w\ld !n be rat$ z hav+ m5tal ability typical ( a f\r-mon?s-old-*ild4 ,if ! *ild 7 to fail on only "o ( ! te/s at "o ye> b to pass all ^? previ\s to "o ye>1 8 m5tal age score w\ld be elev5 mon?s1 accord+ to ?is sy/em ( assign+ cr$its4 ,x w frequ5tly be f\nd t a *ild does n pass all ( ! "o-ye> te/s be=e be+ able to d "o or two ( ! two-ye> te/s & s on4 ,?is %\ld n make x m difficult to score ! te/1 = ea* p>ticul> p]=mance has its value indicat$ 9 ! li/ :i* 0 giv5 above4 ,x _c be claim$ t ^! te/s1 especially ^? bel[ ! ?ree-ye>-old level1 h be5 fully /&>diz$4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v mu* bett] ?an ! av]age p>5t or relative w\ld be able to prep>e = him or h]self4 ,! m5tal age score :i* w result f ! use ( ^! te/s is n z reliable z w result f ! use ( ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/s ) old] *ildr51 b its reliability is suffici5t to po9t out cases ( ret>dation 9 intellig5ce or ( di/9ct brilliance ( m9d4 ,,?ree ,,mon?s ,control ( ,eyes4 ,bo? ( ! eyes %\ld look 9 ! same direction & ! *ild %\ld be able to foll[ ) its eyes ! movem5ts ( bright objects 9 ord] to obta9 cr$it 9 ?is te/4 ,he>+4 ,x w n be necess>y = ! *ild to react ) a />t or scream to l\d noises & also to react by turn+ ! eyes 9 ! direction ( less />tl+ noises 9 ord] to obta9 cr$it = he>+4 ,ei!r evid5ce1 if cle>1 w be suffici5t to w>rant giv+ cr$it4 ,muscul> ,control4 ,! grasp+ ( a p5cil or rattle %\ld n be tak5 z suffici5t evid5ce ( muscul> control4 ,! ability ( ! *ild1 h[ev]1 to move 8 h& directly to 8 m\? z describ$ above w be 9 itself abundant evid5ce t ! *ild m]its a cr$it 9 ?is te/4 ,,six ,,mon?s ,muscul> ,control4 ,ei!r balanc+ ! head or sitt+ ) "s support = z mu* z t5 m9utes %\ld be accept$ z wor?y ( cr$it4 ,self-direction4 ,! attempt to pull himself to a sitt+ po/ure %\ld n be tak5 by itself z evid5ce ( cr$it 9 ?is te/4 ,only :5 x is accompani$ by "o ( ! o!r two evid5ces %\ld x be cr$it$4 ,enjoym5t4 ,any two ( ! evid5ces ( pleasure or displeasure li/$ may be tak5 toge!r z indication ( cr$it be+ des]v$4 ,,"o ,,ye> ,imitation ( ,movem5t4 ,any "o ( ! movem5ts describ$1 :i* ! *ild le>ns )9 a %ort "t by imitation1 %\ld give cr$it 9 ?is te/4 ,locomotion4 ,ei!r ( ! two me?ods ( demon/ration w be suffici5t4 ,und]/&+4 ,at lea/ ?ree famili> objects %\ld be us$ 9 ?is te/ ) success be=e cr$it is all[$4 ,ob$i5ce4 ,at lea/ two simple comm&s %\ld be und]/ood & obey$ be=e all[+ cr$it4 ,spee*4 ,n less ?an ?ree diff]5t syllables %\ld be us$ be=e cr$it is all[$4 ,call+ ,att5tion4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 at ?is po9t unless ! *ild v evid5tly attempts to excite int]e/ & att5tion 9 two or ?ree diff]5t objects4 ,,two ,,ye>s ,spee*4 ,any f\r di/9ct articles m5tion$ by ! *ild :5 x desires !m %\ld be suffici5t evid5ce to give cr$it "h4 ,pictures4 ,at lea/ f\r diff]5t objects %\ld be recogniz$ & po9t$ out be=e cr$it is all[$4 ,ob$i5ce4 ,two simple comm&s ( ! type m5tion$ %\ld be suffici5t to br+ cr$it at ?is po9t4 ,imitation4 ,only aft] repeat$ evid5ces ( imitation ( o!r *ildr5 %\ld cr$it be giv5 "h4 ,disc]nm5t4 ,repeat$ evid5ces %\ld be requir$ be=e cr$it is all[$ = ?is te/4 ,self-direction4 ,any "o ( ! evid5ces describ$ is suffici5t4 ,,?ree ,,ye>s ,p>ts ( ! ,body4 ,?ree out ( f\r p>ts m5tion$ %\ld be po9t$ out be=e all[+ cr$it4 ,famili> ,objects4 ,?ree out ( five ( ! objects m5tion$ mu/ be nam$ 9 ord] to obta9 cr$it "h4 ,pictures4 ,! *ild %\ld "n at lea/ ?ree objects 9 "o ( ! ?ree pictures 9 ord] to obta9 cr$it4 ,sex & ,"n4 ,accuracy is necess>y "h4 ,repeat+ ,syllables4 ,"o ( ! ?ree s5t5ces %\ld be repeat$ absolutely )\t error4 ,,f\r ,,ye>s ,=ms4 ,out ( t5 trials1 at lea/ sev5 %\ld be correct 9 ord] to obta9 cr$it4 ,c\nt+4 ,no error %\ld be all[$4 ,copy+4 ,out ( ?ree attempts1 at lea/ "o %\ld be fairly regul> & di/9ctly recognizable z a squ>e4 ,compreh5sion4 ,success mu/ be atta9$ 9 two ( ! ?ree que/ions 9 ord] to receive cr$it4 ,repeat+ ,numb]s4 ,"o out ( ?ree trials %\ld be absolutely correct4 ,repeat+ ,syllables4 ,"o ( ! ?ree trials %\ld be )\t error or two ( ! ?ree trials ) n m ?an "o slight error 9 ea*4 ,! matt] ( n\ri%m5t & physical well-be+ may ret>d a *ild to su* an ext5t t 8 intellectual developm5t is delay$4 ,great c>e %\ld1 !re=e1 be tak5 n to int]pret a l[ score on ?is te/ too s]i\sly4 ,x %\ld also be not$ t famili>ity ) ! te/ is q c]ta9 to cause p>5ts to put =? special ef=t to in/ruct ! *ild along ! l9es requir$ by ! te/4 ,! te/ itself is !reby invalidat$4 ,only :5 no special in/ruction has be5 giv5 at any po9t cov]$ by ! te/ c "o be satisfi$ t he is obta9+ a fair measure ( ! *ild's ability4 ,! te/ booklet suppli$ = ?is te/ is n = ! use ( ! c&idate be+ exam9$ b = ! exam9] to use z a guide & record ( ! exam9ation4 ,"o su* booklet %\ld be us$ = ea* individual exam9$1 9 ord] to be c]ta9 t no te/ is omitt$ or wrongly scor$ & 9 ord] to h a record = comp>ison ) future te/s ( ! same individual or ( o!r individuals4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #b ,,pictorial ,,absurdities ,nature ( ! ,te/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ popul> te/s 9 ! ,army ,beta s]ies 0 ! mutilat$ pictures te/1 9 :i* ! soldi]s 7 to draw into ea* picture :at _h be5 omitt$4 ,"o great difficulty ) ?is te/ 0 ! t5d5cy ( intellig5t m5 to sp5d f> too mu* "t try+ to draw arti/ically ! miss+ p>ts4 ,! pres5t te/ is a modification ( t te/1 s arrang$ t in/ead ( ! c&idate be+ requir$ to draw a miss+ "p he is only ask$ to make a *eck m>k at ! po9t :]e !re is some?+ t does n fit ! rema9d] ( ! picture4 ,! te/ booklet is arrang$ ) two samples on ! title page to %[ cle>ly :at is to be done :5 ! c&idate op5s 8 booklet4 ,by hav+ ^! samples pa9t$ on ! wall or blackbo>d1 x w\ld be possible to give ! te/ to l>ge gr\ps ( p]sons at once1 al?\gh ! directions giv5 bel[ are = te/+ "o individual only at a "t4 ,al?\gh li/$ z a te/ = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons1 "s oral direction %\ld accompany ! motions by :i* ! te/ is to be giv51 & ,engli%-speak+ p]sons may be exam9$ by ?is te/ z readily z ^? :o speak a =eign language4 ,! graduation ( ! pictures accord+ to _! approximate difficulty makes ! score 9 ?is te/ a real measure ( ! degree ( absurdity :i* an individual c detect4 ,! pictures !mselves 7 *os5 f z wide a field z possible 9 ord] to avoid undue advantage to p]sons ( "o type ( exp]i5ce r ?an ano!r4 ,only intellig5t p]sons ( fairly wide g5]al exp]i5ce w be able to make a p]fect score 9 ! "t all[$4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] & ! c&idate to be exam9$ %\ld be com=tably seat$ at a table ) ! exam9ation booklet betwe5 !m4 ,if x is discov]$ t ! c&idate is left-h&$1 ! exam9] %\ld sit on ! left1 al?\gh "u ord9>y circum/ances ! exam9] %\ld sit on ! "r4 ,! blanks on ! title page ( ! booklet %\ld be fill$ out by ! exam9] f any records he may h ( ! "n & age ( ! c&idate 7if p]sons :o read & und]/& ,engli% are be+ exam9$1 sev]al may be te/$ at once & ea* may be ask$ to fill out ! blanks = himself74 ,= p]sons :o d n und]/& ! ,engli% language ! words :i* are us$ 9 ! foll[+ explanations w be m sugge/ive ?an in=m+4 ,! *ief "p ( ! demon/ration w be ! motions ?r\gh :i* ! exam9] goes1 & !re=e great c>e %\ld be tak5 t ^! be z sugge/ive ( :at is want$ z ! exam9] c make !m4 ,to secure uni=mity ( proc$ure ! r\t9e outl9e bel[ %\ld be c>efully foll[$4 ,! booklet %\ld be op5$ by ! exam9] & ! pictures exhibit$ = n m ?an tw5ty seconds to ! c&idate1 ! exam9] po9t+ f "o to ano!r ( ! fir/ half doz5 pictures4 ,he %\ld !n close ! book & call ! att5tion ( ! c&idate to ! picture ( ! rabbit on ! title page4 ,he %\ld po9t to ! rabbit's e> & !n po9t to ! inappropriate e> & %ake 8 head4 ,?is po9t+ to ! two e>s & %ak+ ! head :5 po9t+ to ! wrong type ( e> may be repeat$ z _m z ?ree times 9 ord] to impress on ! c&idate t "o ( ! e>s is inappropriate4 ,he %\ld !n take 8 p5cil & make a *eck m>k above ! e> :i* is incorrect4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k 77 ! ?+ t is wrong ,! exam9] %\ld !n po9t to ! second picture on ! title page & look que/ion+ly at ! c&idate4 ,he may !n po9t to ! *9 ( ! face repres5t$ & nod 8 head1 8yes40 ,he may next po9t to ! nose & nod 8 head1 8yes10 b :5 he po9ts to ! place :]e ! eye %\ld be he %\ld %ake 8 head1 8no10 & pret5d to look = ! miss+ eye4 ,:5 f\nd1 he %\ld make a *eck a m>k ov] ! misplac$ eye & smile at 8 a*ievem5t4 ,if special emphasis seems necess>y he may po9t aga9 to ! eye 9 its inappropriate position1 & %ake 8 head1 repeat+ ! *eck m>k above x4 ,if ! c&idate und]/&s b does n read ,engli% ! exam9] may trace ) 8 f+] :ile read+ al\d ! directions pr9t$ above ! te/ pictures4 8,m>k 77 ! ?+ t is wrong40 ,exactly ?ree m9utes 7#ahj seconds7 %\ld be all[$ f ! "t ! exam9] op5s ! book & furni%es ! c&idate ) a p5cil4 ,illu/ration3 ,m>k 77 ! ?+ t is wrong ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,at ! end ( ! ?ree m9utes ! pap] %\ld be remov$ & scor$ accord+ to ! foll[+ directions4 ,direction = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( pictures 9 :i* ! absurd elem5t has be5 id5tifi$ & *eck$4 ,! /5cil furni%$ ) ! te/ booklets %[s exactly :]e ea* *eck m>k %\ld be made !reby sav+ "s "t = ! p]son :o m>ks ! te/4 ,:]e ! prop] elem5t has be5 *eck$ & ! *eck m>k lat] remov$1 no cr$it %\ld be giv54 ,cr$it %\ld only be giv5 :]e ! f9al judgm5t z express$ by ! *eck m>k corresponds to ! key furni%$ ) ! booklets4 ,a score f #j to #f indicates ,inf]ior ,ability ,a score f #g to #aj indicates ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,a score f #aa to #ag indicates ,av]age ,ability ,a score f #ah to #bj indicates ,high ,av]age ,ability ,a score f #ba to #bd indicates ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #c ,,maze ,,?read+ ,nature ( ! ,te/4 ,a great _m exp]im5ts h be5 made ^u diff]5t types ( animals to det]m9e h[ long x w\ld take !m to le>n to secure _! food by go+ ?r\gh an unusual 8/unt0 or travell+ ov] a circuit\s r\te4 ,mice h be5 taught1 = example1 to travel a long di/ance & ?r\gh complicat$ mazes to secure _! food1 :i* is 9 su* cases usually plac$ at ! c5tre ( ! maze4 ,! effectiv5ess ( le>n+ to ?read a maze z a te/ ( ! intellectual capacity ( ! l[] animals is probably n sup]ior to ! effectiv5ess ( ! same sort ( le>n+ z a measure ( ! intellig5ce ( human be+s4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to include 9 a book ! long passageways & bl9d alleys :i* w\ld necess>ily h to be built out ( pretty sub/antial mat]ial 9 ord] to keep m5 f break+ ov] its sides1 b ! idea has s f> z possible be5 c>ri$ out 9 ! te/s :i* foll[4 ,x is q c]ta9 t ! ability to trace ?r\gh a pr9t$ maze ) a p5cil is n equal to ! ability to walk ?r\gh a specially con/ruct$ maze ( /eel1 b x is z ne> ! same problem z c be arrang$ on pap] & pr9t$ 9 quantity4 ,! arrangem5t ( mazes 9 ?is memb] ( ! ,m5timet] family is su* t ! numb] ( mazes successfully ?read$ is a di/9ct indication ( ! complexity ( maze :i* ! individual c successfully negotiate4 ,! te/ is int5d$ to measure ! ability ( any individual :e!r he c read or und]/& ! ,engli% language or n4 ,if ! two examples %[n on ! title page are pres5t$ on a blackbo>d1 or o!r l>ge surface1 ! te/ may v easily be giv5 z a gr\p te/ by a skilful exam9]1 al?\gh ! directions :i* foll[ are prep>$ = ! exam9ation ( "o individual at a "t4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld be seat$ at a table at ! "r side ( ! c&idate to be exam9$4 ,he %\ld fir/ ( all secure ! in=mation reg>d+ ! c&idate's "n1 age1 & o!r important items1 & %\ld !n exhibit ! mazes :i* appe> inside ! booklet1 po9t+ f "o to ! o!r 9 ! fir/ half doz54 ,n m ?an ?irty seconds %\ld be all[$ = ?is "p ( ! in/ruction4 ,turn+ back to ! title page ! exam9] %\ld po9t to ! fir/ example1 po9t+ fir/ at ! entrance & !n to ! exit4 ,by a motion at ea* ( ^! two c>d9al po9ts1 made 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! arr[ po9ts1 he %\ld make x cle> t ! idea is to move 9 ! direction indicat$ by ! arr[s4 ,he %\ld !n trace 8 way fairly sl[ly f ! entrance to ! exit4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[ by a l9e h[ y w\ld pass ?r\gh ! draw+s bel[ )\t t\*+ any l9e ,po9t+ to ! second maze1 fir/ to ! entrance & !n to ! exit1 ! exam9] %\ld aga9 signify t motion is to occur at ^! two po9ts4 ,) 8 p5cil z be=e he %\ld trace 8 way f ! />t+ po9t to ! f9i%1 mak+ n m ?an "o error1 :i* he %\ld correct by return+ ov] ! same r\te to ! po9t :]e x 0 made )\t lift+ ! p5cil f ! pap]4 ,if ! c&idate c und]/& ! ,engli% language ! exam9] %\ld !n read ! directions above ! examples4 8,%[ by a l9e h[ y w\ld pass ?r\gh ! draw+s bel[ )\t t\*+ any l9e40 ,illu/ration3 ,%[ by a l9e h[ y w\ld pass ?r\gh ! draw+s bel[ )\t t\*+ any l9e ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,! exam9] %\ld !n op5 ! booklet & give x to ! c&idate ) ! in/ruction to beg9 at numb] #a & trace 8 way f ! />t+ arr[ to ! f9i%4 ,no demon/ration %\ld be made on ! mazes :i* appe> inside ! booklet4 ,exactly f\r m9utes aft] />t+ ! te/ ! exam9] %\ld /op ! c&idate & remove ! p5cil4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! total score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( mazes correctly ?read$ )\t error4 ,:]e a l9e has be5 cross$ ?r\gh accid5t or un/eady hold+ ( ! p5cil no p5alty %\ld be tak51 b if a l9e has be5 cross$ & n recross$ to correct ! defect1 no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = t p>ticul> maze4 ,full cr$it %\ld be giv5 = ! maze z be+ complete if ! l9e /ops at a po9t some:at be=e rea*+ ! f9i% arr[1 provid$ !re is a /raight pa? f ! end ( ! l9e drawn to "s "p ( ?is sign ( ! exit4 ,scores f #j to #e indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #f to #aj indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aa to #af indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ag to #ah indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ai to #bj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #d ,,dot ,,patt]n ,,correction ,nature ( ! ,te/4 ,! ability to recognize small elem5ts ( discord 9 an o!rwise symmetrical patt]n is ! feature :i* ?is te/ is plann$ to measure4 ,! te/ is v simple1 ev5 ! mo/ difficult elem5ts 9 x be+ v easy ( solution4 ,a patt]n compos$ ( dots is pres5t$1 "o dot be+ includ$ :i* does n fit ! rema9d] ( ! patt]n4 ,! c&idate is requir$ to locate ?is extra dot 9 ea* patt]n & to draw a circle ar\nd x1 indicat+ t x %\ld be remov$4 ,al?\gh an attempt has be5 made 9 ?is te/ to arrange ! elem5ts 9 ! ord] ( _! difficulty1 ! la/ "o 9 ! s]ies is s simple t almo/ any "o c locate ! defect 9 a %ort "t4 ,= ?is reason ! te/ w n h wide usefulness except z a means ( div]sion4 ,! me?od = ?is te/ is borr[$ directly f ! "w ( ,doctor ,pressey ( ,indiana ,univ]sity4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! directions h]e) pres5t$ are int5d$ to be us$ by ! exam9] 9 te/+ "o =eign-speak+ individual at a "t4 ,x w\ld be easily possible to pa9t on ! wall ! examples giv5 on ! title page or to put !m on a blackbo>d 9 su* a mann] z to enable ! exam9] to te/ q a l>ge numb] ( p]sons at ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,draw a r+ ar\nd ! extra dot ,! exam9] %\ld demon/rate to ! c&idate fir/ ( all ! nature ( ! cont5ts ( ! booklet & !n %\ld take up ! two examples appe>+ on ! front page4 ,he %\ld trace ! direction ( ! diff]5t l9es 9 ! patt]n ) 8 p5cil 7)\t t\*+ ! po9t ( ! p5cil to ! pap]7 & %\ld f9ally draw a small circle ab\t ! extra dot4 ,aft] ?is circle has be5 drawn x w\ld be sugge/ive to ! c&idate to trace out aga9 ! patt]n ( ! example4 ,:5 ! c&idate seems to get ! idea1 or :5 bo? examples h be5 demon/rat$1 he %\ld be giv5 a p5cil & ! op5$ blank ) directions to g ahead4 ,only two m9utes %\ld be all[$ = ?is "w1 at ! end ( :i* "t ! blanks %\ld be tak5 f ! c&idate & scor$ accord+ to ! foll[+ directions4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! total numb] ( patt]ns 9 :i* ! extra dot has be5 correctly po9t$ out4 ,9 _m cases ! extra dot is locat$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! patt]n s t !re is no really unsymmetrical elem5t 9 ! te/1 b ?is %\ld n int]f]e ) ! scor+4 ,! /5cil provid$ ) ! te/ booklets makes x some:at simpl] to score ?an x w\ld o!rwise be4 ,scores f #j to #h indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #i to #ad indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ae to #bj indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #ba or m indicate ,high ,av]age or ,sup]ior ,ability ,illu/ration3 ,draw a r+ ar\nd ! extra dot ,illu/ration ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #e ,,divid+ ,,geometrical ,,figures ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is v easily us$ z a gr\p te/ ) p :o c und]/& spok5 ,engli%4 ,! te/ is also capable ( be+ giv5 to gr\ps ( illit]ate or =eign-speak+ individuals1 if ! examples us$ 9 ! explanation are pa9t$ on a l>ge blackbo>d to be plac$ 9 ! front ( ! room 9 full view ( all ^? tak+ ! exam9ation4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( su* a special blackbo>d1 ! te/ may be us$ z an individual te/ ) illit]ate or =eign-speak+ p]sons4 ,fifte5 geometrical figures1 su* z squ>es1 circles1 triangles1 & ! l1 are pres5t$ on ?ree pages ( ! exam9ation booklet4 ,to ! left ( ea* figure are two or m small figures :i*1 :5 prop]ly arrang$1 =m ! l>ge figure on ! "r4 ,! problem ( ! c&idate is to draw a l9e or sev]al l9es 9 ! l>ge figure on ! "r to indicate h[ x might be divid$ to make up ! small pieces %[n on ! left4 ,! fir/ figures are q simple & may be v readily done by draw+ "o or two l9es4 ,! problems on ! ?ird page require f ?ree to five l9es to be drawn & are di/9ctly m difficult ?an ! problems appe>+ on ! previ\s pages4 ,x is v difficult to say exactly :at functions ( ! m9d are measur$ by ?is te/4 ,! greate/ difficulty ) ! te/ is t a r high m9imum ( intellig5ce is requir$ 9 ord] to und]/& :at is necess>y or desir$4 ,! two examples appe>+ on ! title page ( ! te/ booklet are n suffici5t to demon/rate cle>ly to ! dull p]son j :at he is to d4 ,x is probable t dull p w succe$ v mu* bett] 9 ?is te/ if x is giv5 z a te/ = =eign]s1 us+ ! special blackbo>d4 ,! exam9] c\ld1 9 t case1 draw a l9e ) *alk to %[ :at is expect$4 ,! pr9t$ directions on ! te/ blank h be5 made z simple z possible1 b !y are n :olly satisfactory = ! l[] ranges ( intellig5ce4 ,! scor+ ( ?is te/ is some:at m difficult ?an = ! majority ( ! o!r ,m5timet] te/s4 ,x is int5d$ t "o po9t ( cr$it %all be giv5 = ea* l>ge figure prop]ly divid$4 ,! difficulty comes 9 be+ sure t ! c&idate has int5d$ to draw 8 l9es at exactly ! prop] place4 ,inaccuracy may be ! result ( n kn[+ :]e ! l9es %\ld be plac$1 or x may be ! result ( c>eless execution4 ,if a l9e is misplac$ ?r\gh c>eless execution1 :5 x is p]fectly cle> t ! "r idea 0 pres5t 9 ! c&idate's m9d1 full cr$it %\ld be giv5 = t elem5t ( ! te/4 ,if x is n c]ta9 t ! c&idate und]/ood :]e ! l9e %\ld be drawn1 no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = t p>ticul> figure4 ,! /5cils1 :i* are suppli$ ) ea* package ( te/ booklets1 %\ld be plac$ to ! left ( ! five geometrical figures & comp>ison %\ld be made betwe5 ! dott$ l9es ( ! /5cil & ! m>ks made by ! c&idate 9 ! correspond+ figure on ! exam9ation %eet4 ,9 ! fir/ squ>e1 = example1 full cr$it %\ld be giv5 :e!r ! l9e is drawn horizontally or v]tically ?r\gh ! figure4 ,! important ?+ is t two equal rectangles %\ld be creat$ by draw+ a s+le l9e4 ,simil>ly1 = ea* o!r figure1 ! important po9t to be consid]$ is :e!r or n ! l9es drawn d =m ! geometrical figures %[n on ! left4 ,a little practice w make x possible = ! cl]k :o scores ^! te/s to lay aside ! key itself & to c>ry x 9 memory4 ,v>i\s =ms ( ?is te/ h be5 us$ by psy*ologi/s = a numb] ( ye>s1 al?\gh its mo/ ext5sive use 0 9 ! ,beta s]ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,! same te/ 9 modifi$ =m 0 us$ by ,pr(4 ,e4 ,l4 ,?orndike 9 8 te/s ( m5tal al]tness 9 ! air s]vice4 ,_m individuals 7 f\nd :o c\ld d ?is te/ fairly well )\t be+ able to succe$ ) "s ( ! o!rs :i* 7 suppos$ly equally z good = g5]al purposes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 _m individuals ( good g5]al ability 7 f\nd :o seem$ lack+ 9 ! p>ticul> type ( ability necess>y prop]ly to divide ^! geometrical figures4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! m intellig5t m5 made high] scores ?an ! less intellig5t m54 ,su* l[ relation%ip betwe5 ?is p>ticul> te/ & o!r te/s ( intellig5ce makes x p>ticul>ly useful z "o ( a s]ies to be us$ = measur+ ! intellig5ce ( m5 ent]+ c]ta9 me*anical trades :]e ! recognition ( ! size & %ape ( objects is ( prime importance4 ,draftsm51 ar*itects1 supply cl]ks1 & c&idates = simil> positions w\ld probably be rat$ m accurately by ?is te/ ?an w\ld writ]s1 musicians1 & academic /ud5ts4 ,9 ! public s*ools su* a te/ might give "s indication ( ! ability ( *ildr5 to succe$ 9 me*anical or ma!matical c\rses ( /udy4 ,9 social ga!r+s1 a great deal ( amusem5t might be f\nd by giv+ prizes to ! individuals complet+ ! entire fifte5 figures correctly & 9 ! %orte/ "t4 ,x w\ld seem desirable1 h[ev]1 to omit ! "t limit :5 x is us$ = pure ent]ta9m5t & to measure ) a /op-wat* ! exact am\nt ( "t requir$ = ! individual4 ,:5 all _h f9i%$ ! fifte5 elem5ts ( ! te/1 ! pap]s c\ld be *eck$ up = accuracy & ! prize c\ld be giv5 to ! "o :o _h f9i%$ correctly 9 ! %orte/ l5g? ( "t4 ,?is w add an elem5t ( int]e/ = x is q c]ta9 t "s ( ^? :o f9i%$ fir/ w h made errors1 probably ?r\gh c>eless execution1 & t someone :o f9i%$ lat] 9 ! game w h drawn ea* l9e correctly4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 a4 ,z an individual te/4 ,! individual to be te/$ %\ld be seat$ at ! left side ( ! exam9] at a conv5i5t table4 ,! exam9] %\ld %[ ! inside ( ! te/ blank to ! c&idate & %\ld !n po9t to ! simil> figures 9 ! explanation on ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,he %\ld !n po9t to ! l>ge figure 9 ! fir/ example1 possibly trac+ its outl9e ) 8 p5cil4 ,!n ! att5tion ( ! c&idate %\ld be call$ to ! p>ts appe>+ on ! left-h& side4 7,_! outl9es may be trac$ if x seems desirable47 ,next1 a movem5t %\ld be made ) ! h& z ?\gh "o 7 plac+ ! p>ts ^u ! l>g] figure4 ,?is may be repeat$ two or ?ree times1 po9t+ fir/ to ! v>i\s p>ts 9 ord] & !n to ! l>ge figure ) a r broad sweep ( ! h&4 ,aft] su* a /udy ( ! situation1 ! exam9] %\ld draw ! prop] l9e & exhibit a smile ( pleasure at hav+ successfully done ! ?+4 ,he %\ld po9t !n to ! p>ts ( ! l>ge figure :i* are ?us creat$ & by jump+ 8 p5cil f "o ( ! p>ts to ! correspond+ "p on ! left1 he may fairly cle>ly demon/rate t he has con/ruct$1 by 8 l9e1 elem5ts :i* are simil> to ! elem5ts appe>+ at ! left4 ,illu/ration ,simil> pantomime may be us$ = ! second example1 possibly introduc+ a v>iation by gett+ a l9e incorrectly drawn at ! fir/ trial1 eras+ x z soon z x is app>5t t ! p>ts d n correspond exactly ) ! p>ts appe>+ 9 ! problem1 & r$raw+ ! l9e s t ! correspond5ce w be exact4 ,! p5cil %\ld !n be h&$ to ! c&idate & ! pamphlet op5$ up = him to beg9 "w4 ,! c&idate %\ld be all[$ to "w = f\r m9utes ) occasional signals to 8,g ahead10 8,"w fa/0 or 8,hurry up40 b4 ,z a gr\p te/ = illit]ate c&idates4 ,a blackbo>d conta9+ ! two examples %\ld be plac$ 9 full view ( all ! c&idates 9 ! room4 ,! te/ blanks %\ld be pass$ to ! c&idates1 ) well-%>p5$ p5cils or p5s & ink4 ,! exam9] %\ld !n hold up 9 full view ( ! gr\p a te/ blank %[+ ! ?ree pages ( figures on :i* !y are to "w4 ,he %\ld !n get ! att5tion ( ev]yone to ! "w by say+ 8,look0 or 8,wat*40 ,) a piece ( *alk1 he %\ld !n g ?r\gh ! pantomime describ$ above = giv+ ! exam9ation to an individual4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t none ( ! bright] c&idates beg9s "w be=e ! signal = ev]yone to "w4 ,:5 ! two examples h be5 ?or\ghly demon/rat$ on ! blackbo>d1 ! exam9] may turn to ! gr\p1 op5 up 8 te/ blank1 & po9t to ! fir/ page ( "w to be done & say1 8,beg9 "h10 8,g ahead10 8,"w fa/40 ,at ! end ( f\r m9utes1 he %\ld call 8,/op10 %\ld collect all pap]s1 mak+ c]ta9 z he does s t "s id5tification m>k is pres5t on ! pap] to %[ to :i* c&idate x belongs4 ,no special explanation %\ld be giv5 & no p]son 9 ! gr\p %\ld be all[$ to sit idle :ile ! exam9ation is go+ on4 ,if x is cle> t ! individual has n und]/ood1 ! exam9] may say1 8,d :at ,i did10 po9t+ to ! bo>d & !n to ! pap]4 ,individuals may be told dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exam9ation1 if !y seem to be do+ no?+1 to 8,make y\r m>ks40 c4 ,z a gr\p te/ = c&idates :o c read ,engli%4 ,place ea* c&idate at a table or *air ) a writ+ surface1 supply him ) a te/ blank & p5cil or o!r writ+ in/rum5t4 ,:ile ! c&idates are be+ suppli$1 ! exam9] %\ld make ! foll[+ /atem5t3 8,d n op5 ?is booklet until y are told to d s4 ,i %all make explanations z soon z ev]ybody is suppli$40 ,:5 all are ready1 ! exam9] %\ld hold up a copy ( ! te/ & speak z foll[s3 8,!re are ?ree pages ( "w to be done4 ,! page be=e y %[s two samples ( ! k9d ( ?+ y are to d4 ,y w notice at ! "r a l>ge figure & at ! left sev]al small figures4 ,:5 prop]ly plac$ toge!r1 ^! small figures w make "o ( ! l>ge figures at ! "r4 ,y are to draw a l9e1 or sev]al l9es1 ?r\gh ! l>ge figure at ! "r 9 su* a way z to make ( x ! small figures at ! left4 8,n[ look at ! examples be=e y4 ,is !re any "o :o does n see :at l9e ought to be drawn 9 ord] to make ! l>ge figure %[ ! pieces :i* appe> at its left8 ,y w h f\r m9utes 9 :i* to d ! "w on ! ?ree pages4 ,"w quickly1 b be sure to draw y\r l9es correctly4 ,if y complete ! fifte5 figures be=e ,i call #8,/op1' look back ov] y\r "w to see t y h made no mi/akes40 ,if any c&idate signifies t he does n und]/&1 ! exam9] might draw an imag9>y l9e ) 8 h& to %[ ! direction 9 :i* ! l9e %\ld be drawn 9 ord] to divide ! figure prop]ly4 ,z soon z x is c]ta9 t ev]yone und]/&s h[ to divide ! sample figure1 ! exam9] %\ld say3 8,n[ "w rapidly & draw y\r l9es on ! next ?ree pages40 ,! "t limit ( f\r m9utes %\ld be foll[$ exactly4 ,illu/ration3 ,make ! small figures by draw+ l9es 9 ! l>ge "o ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9ation score1 if ea* figure ( ! s]ies is correctly divid$1 w be fifte5 po9ts4 ,! /5cils give b "o solution to ea* problem al?\gh solutions are possible 9 practically e case by draw+ ! same l9es 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,! angle or direction is unimportant & !re is no ne$ t ! l9es drawn by ! c&idate correspond exactly 9 ?is respect ) ! l9es on ! /5cil4 ,! important ?+ is to see t ! prop] l9es are drawn to make ! necess>y p>ts4 ,! f9al score obta9$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( figures 9 :i* l9es are prop]ly drawn %\ld be ent]$ at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,scores f #j to #b indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #c to #e indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #f to #aj indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aa to #ac indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ad to #ae indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,9 int]pret+ ^! results1 x %\ld be recall$ t inf]ior ability 9 ?is l9e ( "w may be f\nd 9 individuals :o h av]age ability 9 "s o!r intellectual fields4 ,?is te/ %\ld n be us$ ext5sively until x has be5 prov5 to h a high degree ( relation%ip ) ! *>act]i/ics requir$ 9 ! gr\p = :i* x is us$ z a select+ ag5cy4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #f ,,completion ,,( ,,=m ,,s]ies ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,! ,completion te/ is always v satisfactory because x %[s 9 itself j :at %\ld be done & does n require a great deal ( special explanation4 ,! ,=m ,s]ies ,completion te/ is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 t x does n dep5d ^u ! ,engli% language ei!r 9 its cont5t or 9 ! explanations to be made ( x4 ,z ) ! majority ( ! o!r te/s = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons ?is te/ is "h describ$ z a te/ ( "o individual at a "t1 al?\gh x w be f\nd v simple & easy to te/ a l>ge gr\p at ! same "t if ! examples :i* appe> on ! title page ( ! te/ booklet c be pa9t$ on ! wall or reproduc$ on a blackbo>d 9 su* a way t ! exam9] c demon/rate to ev]yone at once j :at is to be done4 ,x is v desirable to exam9e l>ge gr\ps at ! same "t if ! provision = su* demon/ration c be made4 ,previ\s ,=m ,s]ies ,completion te/s h requir$ ! c&idate to fill 9 ! la/ *>act]s ( ea* l9e1 ev]y?+ be+ pr9t$ 9 ord] up to )9 a few sections ( ! end4 ,! pres5t =m1 9 :i* ! elisions are di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! s]ies r ?an be+ gr\p$ at ! end1 has ! advantage t x may be made m difficult by f> ?an ! previ\s =ms4 ,al?\gh ?is te/ probably measures a r specializ$ type ( intellectual ability1 x is nev]!less suffici5tly well graduat$ 9 difficulty s t ! result obta9$ by x w %[ a close relation%ip to ! result obta9$ 9 o!r m g5]al te/s4 ,! problem ( ! c&idate :o is giv5 ?is te/ is *iefly t ( solv+1 f ! r meagre data pres5t$1 j :at ! s]ial ord] ( ! diff]5t =ms may be4 ,?is und\bt$ly calls = a complex v>iety ( special m5tal qualities1 includ+ imag9ation & ab/ract reason+ ability4 ,nev]!less1 x is h>dly possible = ! au?ors to make any sort ( e/imate ( j :]e ?is te/ w be mo/ valuable or j :at x measures4 ,x w c]ta9ly be int]e/+ & ent]ta9+ :e!r x works out to h any p>ticul> usefulness or n4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! c&idate %\ld be seat$ at ! left ( ! exam9] 9 ord] t he may conv5i5tly "w ^u ! te/ booklet :i* %\ld be plac$ on a table betwe5 !m4 ,aft] fill+ out = ! c&idate ! in=mation blanks giv+ "n1 age1 & ! l1 ! exam9] %\ld %[ = fifte5 or tw5ty seconds 7n m ?an #bj seconds7 ! inside ( ! booklet4 ,he %\ld !n turn back to ! title page & demon/rate ! nature ( ! te/ by means ( ! examples pr9t$ !re4 ,illu/ration ,probably ! be/ & mo/ effective me?od ( demon/ration is t ( 8jump+0 ! p5cil rhy?mically f "o block to ! next correspond+ "o to %[ ! rhy?mic sequ5ce ( ! same symbols4 ,:5 a block is rea*$ 9 :i* ! symbol has be5 omitt$ 7b 9 :i* ! samples h be5 crudely m>k$ ) a f9e p571 ! exam9] %\ld make an appropriate heavy m>k su* z is us$ 9 ! pr9t$ sections ( ea* s]ies4 ,aft] any symbol has be5 writt5 on ! explanation samples x w\ld be v mu* wor? :ile to skip rhy?mically along ! l9e mak+ c]ta9 t ! sequ5ce is correctly foll[$4 ,:5 x seems fairly c]ta9 t ! c&idate has grasp$ ! rhy?mic nature ( ! =ms1 ! exam9] %\ld op5 ! booklet1 give him a p5cil1 & say 8,put !m 940 8,fix x up40 8,g ahead40 ,all[ exactly five m9utes = ?is "w4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! exam9] %\ld take ! pap] & score x z direct$ bel[4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is det]m9$ by ! numb] ( l9es 9 :i* ! c&idate has ent]$ ! correct =ms to complete ! l9e p]fectly4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 if any "o ( ! sections rema9 unfill$ or be fill$ incorrectly4 ,! /5cil :i* is furni%$ ) ! te/ booklets makes ! task ( m>k+ ! errors v mu* simpl] ?an x is )\t su* aid4 ,! total score obta9$ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,illu/ration3 ,fill 9 ! miss+ =ms ,scores f #j to #b indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #c to #e indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #f to #ab indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #ae indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #af to #bj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #g ,,*eck+ ,,id5tity ,,( ,,numb]s ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,bank tell]s & o!r cl]ical work]s f9d x necess>y v frequ5tly to comp>e signatures or num]ical figures z to id5tity4 ,a te/ might be arrang$ 9 :i* x 0 necess>y = an individual to comp>e sev]al sets ( numb]s all ( ! same l5g? & g5]al appe>ance4 ,su* a te/ w\ld1 h[ev]1 resolve itself v l>gely into a te/ ( spe$4 ,! pres5t =m attempts to elim9ate "s ( ! spe$ elem5t & to take to itself z mu* z possible ( ! quality ( measur+ ! complexity :i* is necess>y to cause an error 9 ! recognition ( id5tity4 ,!re are ?irty numb]s to be comp>$ ) ano!r li/ ( ?irty 9 a p>allel column4 ,! fir/ numb]s h only two digits b ! numb] ( digits is increas$ fairly regul>ly until 9 ! la/ pairs elev5 digits 9 "o column mu/ be comp>$ ) ! elev5 digits 9 ano!r4 ,?is te/ is probably z useful a measure ( ability to notice small details z x is necess>y to make4 ,! *ief objection to x w come f individuals :o are n gift$ by nature ) ! ability to ?9k 9 t]ms ( numb]s4 ,?is objection is n s]i\s & w n be z valid ev5 9 _! own cases z ^? :o make x are incl9$ to believe4 ,! te/ may be giv5 z a gr\p te/ if "s means be provid$ = demon/rat+ be=e ! entire gr\p at "o "t j :at type ( activity is want$4 ,! directions giv5 bel[ are = giv+ ! te/ z an individual exam9ation1 b ) slight modifications ! same directions w s]ve q well = gr\p exam9ation4 ,x is n necess>y1 ( c\rse1 = ! c&idates to und]/& ! ,engli% language if ! exam9] is ?or\ghly effective 9 8 pantomimic in/ructions4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,z soon z ! prop] record has be5 made ( ! age1 ! "n1 & location ( ! individual be+ exam9$1 ! exam9] may turn ! te/ leaflet & exhibit ! two columns ( numb]s :i* appe> on ! o!r side4 ,?is exhibition %\ld n be made =mally & %\ld la/ n m ?an tw5ty seconds4 ,! pamphlet %\ld !n aga9 be plac$ title page up 9 front ( ! c&idate4 #a,,/ ,,column #b,,nd ,,column ,,same ,,diff]5t #cef #cef ,a #gch #geh ,b ,! exam9] %\ld !n comp>e ! id5tity ( ! numb]s 9 ! fir/ example4 ,! be/ way to d ?is w\ld be to po9t fir/ at ! #c 9 ! fir/ column !n at ! correspond+ #c 9 ! second column1 nodd+ 8 head1 8,yes40 ,! same po9t+ f "o column to ! o!r %\ld be done = #e & = #f1 ! second column "p ( ! po9t+ to be accompani$ 9 ea* case by nodd+ ! head1 8,yes40 ,z a summ>y ( ?is fir/ example1 ! exam9] may place 8 h& ov] ! entire ?ree digits ( ! fir/ column & !n transf] x to ! entire ?ree digits ( ! second column & nod 8 head1 8,yes10 mak+ m]ely a *eck m>k 77 on t horizontal l9e "u ! ^w1 8same40 ,) ! second example ! same sort ( pantomime may be us$ until #e 9 ! second column has be5 comp>$ ) #c 9 ! fir/ column1 :i* %\ld be accompani$ by a %ak+ ( ! head & ! v]bal exclamation1 8,no1 no60 ,! summ>y by means ( plac+ ! h& ov] #gch & !n ov] #geh1 ) ano!r1 8,no1 no10 may be omitt$ if x is q cle> t ! c&idate has grasp$ ! idea4 ,9 ei!r case ! exam9] %\ld make ! *eck m>k "u ! ^w 8diff]5t40 ,! %eet may !n be turn$ & ! p5cil h&$ to ! c&idate ) ! direction 8,g ahead4 ,m>k !m all40 ,exactly two m9utes %\ld be all[$ aft] say+1 8,g ahead40 ,at ! end ( two m9utes ! pap] %\ld be tak5 by ! exam9] & scor$ accord+ to ! foll[+ directions4 ,if ! numb]s 9 ! second column correspond exactly ) ^? on ! same l9e 9 ! fir/ column1 make a *eck m>k 9 ! squ>e on t l9e "u ! ^w 8,same40 ,if ! second set on any l9e diff]s 9 any way f ! fir/1 *eck t l9e "u ! ^w 8,diff]5t40 #a/ ,,column #bnd ,,column ,,same ,,diff]5t ,,l9e ,,no4 #if #if #a #hc #hh #b #gg #ga #c #cc #ce #d #hb #hb #e #fda #fdd #f #ief #ief #g #ejg #ejg #h #iegb #igeb #i #ahcb #ahcb #aj #aiefj #aicfj #aa #idjhc #idjhc #ab #idjhag #idjhdg #ac #cbiejf #cbfejf #ad #fedich #fedich #ae #fiihgja #fiighja #af #gajeibc #gajefbc #ag #bejajcf #bejjacf #ah #cfgddfb #cfgddfb #ai #faeehedc #faeheedc #bj #chiajjff #cihajjff #ba #agaiheia #agaiheia #bb #fhecdbjag #fhecdbjag #bc #caggfbhdi #caggfbhdi #bd #ajbdcehfg #ajbdcehfg #be #cdhdfegabj #cdhdfegbaj #bf #dfhfgbffca #dfhfgbffca #bg #fegajahjcd #fegajahjcd #bh #chgigfbeadg #chgigfebadg #bi #bfeegbciafd #bfeegbciafd #cj ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! total numb] ( pairs ! id5tity ( :i* has be5 correctly *eck$1 m9us ! total numb] ( pairs 9 :i* an error has be5 made 9 *eck+ ! id5tity4 ,= example1 if ! la/ l9e *eck$ 0 ! tw5ty-fif? l9e :ile two l9es _h be5 omitt$ & errors _h be5 made 9 *eck+ ?ree o!r l9es1 !n only tw5ty l9es _h be5 *eck$ correctly1 & ?ree l9es _h be5 *eck$ incorrectly2 s ! result+ score w\ld be sev5te5 po9ts4 ,! maximum score obta9able is ( c\rse ?irty po9ts & w be obta9$ only 9 case e pair has be5 *eck$ )\t error4 ,x is possible ) ?is me?od ( scor+ to obta9 a score less ?an z]o2 = example1 if a p]son _h *eck$ correctly t5 ( ! id5tities & _h made errors 9 *eck+ fifte5 o!rs1 ! numb] ( 8rights0 m9us ! numb] ( 8wrongs0 w\ld be m9us five4 ,9 su* cases ! score to be ent]$ on ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! c&idate's title page is z]o4 ,! /5cil furni%$ ) ! te/ leaflets makes x possible to m>k ?is te/ ) great rapidity & )\t m5tal fatigue4 ,! po9t at :i* c>e ne$s to be tak5 is 9 mak+ c]ta9 t ! total score1 comput$ by subtract+ ! numb] wrong f ! numb] "r1 is correct4 ,= ?is reason ! read] is advis$ to cross out ! 8l9e numb]0 ( any pair incorrectly *eck$ & to draw a circle ar\nd ! 8l9e numb]0 ( any pair n attempt$ by ! c&idate4 ,if ?is is done consecutively d[n ! page1 !re w be little difficulty 9 calculat+ ! total score4 ,scores f #j to #h indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #i to #ab indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #bb indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bc to #bf indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bg to #cj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #h ,,digit-,,symbol ,,sub/itution ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,ability to ma/] a language is usually v closely relat$ to g5]al intellectual ability along academic or ab/ract l9es4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! age at :i* a *ild beg9s to talk & ! l5g? ( "t requir$ lat] by ! same *ild to le>n to use a =eign language w\ld probably be f\nd fairly close4 ,! ,digit-,symbol te/ has be5 us$ r ext5sively & = _m ye>s z a =m ( measur+ ! ability ( an individual to le>n a new me?od ( express+ himself4 ,_m exp]im5t]s h us$ a ,lett]-,symbol te/ r ?an ! ,digit-,symbol1 b !re seems to be little diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ! results obta9$4 ,! ,m5timet] =m ( ! te/ foll[s q closely ! correspond+ te/ 9 ! ,beta s]ies us$ 9 ! ,army4 ,at ! top ( ! page !re appe>s a key %[+ j :at symbol %\ld be us$ to indicate ea* numb] or digit4 ,! te/ itself consi/s ( #ajj digits ) empty squ>es appe>+ bel[ !m 9 :i* "o is to write1 b5ea? ea* digit1 its correspond+ symbol z %[n by ! key on pages #aff & #afg4 ,an intellig5t p]son usually beg9s ) ! fir/ digit & supplies ! prop] symbol = x at ea* place x occurs 9 ! te/2 !n beg9s ) ! second digit & goes ?r\gh ! entire te/ writ+ ! symbol = x1 & s on4 ,^? ( av]age intellig5ce m frequ5tly try to supply ! prop] symbol = ea* diff]5t digit 9 ord] z !y appe> 9 ! te/ )\t go+ ?r\gh ! entire te/ ) ea* symbol sep>ately4 ,! me?od ( ! c&idate 9 do+ ! "w %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be all[$ to influ5ce ! rat+ obta9$ on ! te/1 except z "o me?od may produce a high] score ?an ano!r4 ,inve/igations :i* h be5 made seem to %[ t al?\gh ! symbols us$ are q di/9ctly m difficult to write ?an ! digits !mselves w\ld be1 x is nev]!less a bett] te/ to measure ! numb] ( symbols ! c&idate c write "u ! digits ?an to measure ! numb] ( digits "o c\ld write correctly "u _! correspond+ symbols4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ability 9 ?is te/ & g5]al ability to h&le ideas & ab/ract notions is r rem>kably close4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t if ! te/ 7 l5g!n$ s z to require five or t5 m9utes r ?an two & "o half m9utes ! correspond5ce ) intellectual ability w\ld be increas$4 ,?is te/ w be v useful to employ]s seek+ high-grade cl]ical s]vice & probably 9 select+ adm9i/rative or sup]visory (fic]s4 ,9 ! public s*ools x w be useful 9 "s in/ances 9 classify+ pupils = in/ruction4 ,z a div]sion 9 ! home or social gr\p x w h slight value4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ has ord9>ily be5 giv5 z a te/ ( sev]al individuals at ! same "t4 ,x is probable t x w n be z useful :5 giv5 to "o individual at a "t z :5 us$ z a gr\p te/4 ,! in/ructions are giv5 "h1 h[ev]1 z ) ! rema9d] ( ! te/s = non-,engli%-speak+ p]sons1 ) ! ne$s ( exam9+ =eign]s individually upp]mo/ 9 m9d4 ,by reproduc+ on ! blackbo>d or on a wall *>t ! introductory examples "o may adapt ) almo/ no *ange ! me?od ( adm9i/ration "h describ$ s t x w "w equally well ) a gr\p4 ,x is advisable to prep>e su* introductory *>ts & to give ! te/s z gr\p te/s r ?an z individual te/s1 n only ) ! ,digit-,symbol ,sub/itution te/ b also ) ! o!r ,m5timet]s numb]$ f #b to #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,key3 ,?is %[s ! m>k = ea* numb] ,illu/ration3 ,make "u ea* numb] ! m>k :i* %\ld be !re ,illu/ration3 ,key3 ,?is %[s ! m>k = ea* numb] ,illu/ration3 ,make "u ea* numb] ! m>k :i* %\ld be !re ,! individual to be te/$ %\ld be %[n ! page on :i* he is to "w1 = n m ?an tw5ty seconds1 & %\ld !n be %[n ! two examples appe>+ on ! title page "u ! pr9t$ in/ructions1 8,make "u ea* numb] ! m>k :i* %\ld be !re40 ,! exam9] %\ld !n comp>e 8 key & ! digits appe>+ 9 ! sample s]ies & %\ld write 9 ! prop] spaces ! appropriate symbols4 ,! idea ( gett+ ! symbol f a key w be emphasiz$ & made cle> if ! exam9] at ea* po9t moves 8 f+] or p5cil f ! digit 9 ! example to ! digit 9 ! key1 !n to ! symbol 9 ! key & back to ! empty space b5ea? ! digit 9 ! example4 ,:5 all ! spaces ( ! example h be5 fill$ 7?is %\ld be done v sl[ly at fir/ & !n m rapidly t[>d ! end ( ! example71 ! exam9] %\ld op5 ! booklet1 supply a p5cil1 & say1 8,n[6 ,g ahead6 ,put !m 96 ,hurry up60 ,exactly two & "o half m9utes 7#aej seconds7 %\ld be all[$ f ! "t ! exam9] says1 8,g ahead10 to ! "t he calls1 8,/op60 ,all pap]s %\ld be clos$ imm$iately & h&$ to ! exam9]4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( symbols correctly suppli$4 ,m>k+ ! errors is v mu* simplifi$ by ! use ( ! /5cils furni%$ ) ea* package ( te/ booklets4 ,! numb] ( symbols correctly writt5 %\ld be record$ at ! end ( ea* l9e 9 ! te/ & ! total = all l9es %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,scores f #j to #bj indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #ba to #ce indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #cf to #fe indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ff to #ge indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #gf to #ajj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #i ,,completion ,,( ,,numb] ,,relation ,,s]ies ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ may be giv5 to any individuals or gr\ps ( p]sons :o c read & und]/& ! arabic num]als4 ,! directions furni%$ h]e) are = ! measurem5t ( a gr\p r ?an ( an individual1 al?\gh ) v slight modifications 9 in/ructions ! te/ leaflet may be employ$ 9 an individual psy*ological exam9ation4 ,! title page ( ! leaflet conta9s fairly complete directions & ?ree samples ( ! numb] s]ies to be complet$4 ,p]sons :o read ,engli% readily w h a di/9ct advantage ov] ^? :o mu/ dep5d ^u oral in/ructions1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t1 ev5 ) individuals :o d n und]/& ! ,engli% language1 x is possible to demon/rate on a blackbo>d1 us+ ! sample ex]cises1 ) suffici5t cle>ness to enable =eign language-speak+ c&idates to grasp ! idea ( ! "w to be done4 ,no comp>isons %\ld be made1 h[ev]1 betwe5 results obta9$ by oral demon/ration & results obta9$ ?r\gh ! use ( ! in/ructions pr9t$ bel[1 )\t mak+ all[ances = ! diff]5ces 9 me?od ( adm9i/ration4 ,! ,numb] ,relation ,s]ies te/ is s difficult to und]/& t x is h>dly wor? :ile to employ ?is te/ ) *ildr5 bel[ t5 ye>s ( age or ) adults ^: m5tal capacity is n equal to or bett] ?an t ( ! t5-ye>-old s*ool *ild4 ,! me?od ( m>k+ ! te/ is q simple :5 "o is suppli$ ) ! /5cil :i* is furni%$ ) ea* package ( te/ blanks4 ,! pres5t =m ( ! te/ is some:at diff]5t f ^? us$ else:]e & x is difficult to say j :at phases ( intellectual or ma!matical ability are measur$ by x4 ,! ,army intellig5ce te/s includ$ a numb] relation s]ies te/1 s arrang$ t ! la/ two numb]s 9 ea* s]ies mu/ always be suppli$ by ! p]son te/$4 ,dr4 ,agnes ,rog]s1 9 h] /udy ( ! progno/ication ( ma!matical ability1 employ$ a te/ :i* is v closely relat$ to ! "o giv5 "h4 ,h] results seem to %[ t ?is =m ( te/ is a spl5did measure ( ma!matical capacity 9 high s*ool pupils4 ,x is probable t ?is te/ w h v little usefulness 9 ! selection ( employees 9 g5]al1 b t x may be f\nd valuable 9 discov]+ )9 an organization p]sons ^: ma!matical aptitude w\ld make !m v useful 9 positions :]e ! h&l+ ( figures is an important "p ( ! employee's duty4 ,9 s*ools ! *ief value ( ! te/ w probably be 9 assi/+ 9 ! diagnosis ( special ma!matical ability or lack ( ability among pupils ent]+ high s*ool4 ,z a game = social amusem5t1 x is n probable t ?is te/ w be highly popul>1 except among ^? :o are ma!matically incl9$4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,hav+ suppli$ ea* c&idate ) writ+ mat]ials ! exam9] %\ld ann\nce z foll[s3 8,i am go+ to di/ribute to y copies ( a te/ :i* is int5d$ to measure c]ta9 special m5tal capacities4 ,i %all pass x to y ) t side up :i* conta9s ! directions4 ,d n turn x ov] or exam9e ! #bj problems :i* are to be solv$4 ,write y\r "n :]e x says #8,"n' & fill 9 ! o!r blanks on ! title page40 ,! blanks %\ld be di/ribut$1 tak+ c>e t ea* c&idate receives ! blank "r side up & t no c&idate turns x ov] be=e ! comm& is giv5 to beg9 "w4 ,:5 names1 ages1 & o!r id5tify+ pieces ( in=mation h be5 ent]$ ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to look at ! directions c>efully :ile he reads !m al\d4 8,! o!r side ( ?is %eet has #bj s]ies ( figures1 "o or m ( ! figures f ea* s]ies be+ left out4 ,y are to look c>efully at ea* s]ies1 to /udy out :at k9d ( a s]ies x is & !n to write on ! dott$ l9es ^? numb]s :i* h be5 omitt$4 ,look at ! foll[+ samples4 ,write on ea* blank ! numb] omitt$ #b #d #f #h #aj 44 #ad #af #ah #bj ,sample ,a #af #aa #g 44 #b #a #a #b #d #g ,sample ,b #b 44 44 #b #b #c #b #d #b #e ,sample ,c 8,9 ,sample ,a ea* numb] is obta9$ f ! previ\s numb] by add+ #b to x2 !re=e1 #ab %\ld be ! numb] betwe5 #aj & #ad4 ,9 ,sample ,b1 ea* numb] is obta9$ f ! next previ\s numb] by subtract+ #a less ?an 0 subtract$ f ! numb] be=e x--t is1 #e is subtract$ f #af to obta9 #aa1 #d is subtract$ f #aa to obta9 #g1 #c %\ld !n be subtract$ f #g to obta9 a #d :i* is to be ent]$ on ! blank4 ,9 ,sample ,c1 e o!r numb] is a #b & !re=e ! second blank space %\ld conta9 a #b4 ,betwe5 ! #b's appe> numb]s1 ea* "o ( :i* is "o m ?an ! "o :i* prec$$ x4 ,on ! fir/ blank 9 ,sample ,c !re %\ld be a #a 9 ord] to c>ry out ?is s*eme40 8,y w be all[$ f\r m9utes 9 :i* to complete ! #af s]ies4 ,beg9 ) ! fir/ & complete z _m z y possibly c4 ,ready6 ,g60 ,at ! end ( f\r m9utes aft] say+ 8,g0 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,"t up6 ,give me y\r pap]s40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,unusual c>e w ne$ to be tak5 9 giv+ ?is te/ to avoid v>iations 9 ! directions us$ ) ! diff]5t gr\ps exam9$4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 absolutely comp>able te/ conditions1 no v>iations f ! language & r\t9e giv5 above %\ld be all[$4 ,write on ea* blank ! numb] omitt$ #a #b #c #d #e 44 #g #h #i #aj ,s]ies #a4 #aj #ab 44 #af #ah 44 #bb #bd #bf #bh ,s]ies #b4 #ab #aa #aj 44 #h #g 44 44 #d #c ,s]ies #c4 #a #c 44 #g #i #aa #ac #ae #ag 44 ,s]ies #d4 44 #ci #cg #ce #cc #ca #bi 44 #be #bc ,s]ies #e4 #d #e #g 44 #ad #ai #be #cb #dj 44 ,s]ies #f4 #a_/fd #a_/cb #a_/af 44 44 #b 44 #h ,s]ies #g4 #h #ae 44 #bi #cf #dc 44 #eg #fd #ga ,s]ies #h4 #aj 44 #ae #af #bj #ba 44 #bf #cj #ca ,s]ies #i4 #b 44 #h #aj 44 #aj #bj #aj #bf 44 ,s]ies #aj4 #g 44 #aj #aa #ac #ad 44 44 44 #bj ,s]ies #aa4 44 #d #i #af #be 44 44 #fd #ha #ajj ,s]ies #ab4 44 #d #g #ad #ag 44 44 44 #gg #aed ,s]ies #ac4 #cb 44 44 44 #bh #bi #bf #bg 44 #be ,s]ies #ad4 #f #aj #ac 44 44 44 #ae #ac #aj 44 ,s]ies #ae4 #fj #ee 44 44 #df #de 44 #df #dh 44 ,s]ies #af4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s]ies correctly complet$ reg>dless ( ! numb] ( blanks 9 ! s]ies4 ,! maximum score obta9able w !re=e be #af po9ts4 ,! /5cil furni%$ ) ea* set ( te/ leaflets w make x v simple to c\nt ! numb] ( s]ies correctly complet$4 ,a conv5i5t way ( indicat+ t a s]ies is n correctly complet$ is to cross out ! s]ial numb] ( t s]ies4 ,to indicate t ! s]ies 0 n attempt$ "o might draw a circle ar\nd ! s]ial numb] ( t s]ies4 ,! f9al score %\ld be ent]$ on ! title page ( ! leaflet 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn]4 ,scores f #j to #a indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #b to #d indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #e to #h indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #aa indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ab to #af indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! type ( ability measur$ by ! above scores is n necess>ily a true indication ( ! g5]al effici5cy ( ! possessor4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aj ,,addition ,,te/s ,"* ( ! ,te/s4 ,?is ,m5timet] is compos$ ( two p>ts1 "o ( !m measur+ ! difficulty ( ! addition problems :i* a c&idate c solve1 & be+ !re=e a fairly good te/ ( intellig5ce1 ! o!r measur+ ! spe$ at :i* "o c add fairly easy problems & !re=e hav+ less relations to intellectual ability4 ,tea*]s 9 s*ool furni% ! *ildr5 ) c]ta9 in=mation & k or guide _! pupils to ! s\rces f :i* ?is in=mation & k may be obta9$4 ,9 ,addition1 ?is in=mation takes ! =m ( 8#b & #b make #d10 8#i & #e make #ad0 & su* sums4 ,! in/ruction also involves su* ?+s z h[ to c>ry 9 addition1 h[ to add :5 a decimal po9t ent]s into ! calculation1 & all su* problems4 ,! tea*] also und]takes a some:at diff]5t task1 :i* is ! review & drill+ ( ! pupils 9 ord] to make ! comb9ations :i* h be5 expla9$ automatic 9 ! m9ds ( ! *ildr54 ,x is n suffici5t = ,john to "k t 8#c & #e are #h10 b he mu/ be able to write or say 8#h0 )\t any hesitation :atev] :5 #c & #e are to be add$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! ext5t to :i* tea*]s h expla9$ addition1 "o w\ld measure ! pupils ) a te/ :i* increas$ 9 difficulty f ! fir/ problems to ! la/1 und]tak+ to det]m9e h[ difficult a problem c be solv$4 ,9 ord] to te/ ! rapidity ) :i* ! pupils h le>n$ 9 _! drill ex]cises to make ! diff]5t comb9ations1 "o w\ld measure ! spe$ ) :i* !y c make ! simple comb9ations4 ,! fir/ addition te/ :i* is giv5 on page #age measures ! ext5t ( ! in=mation :i* ! c&idate has ga9$1 :ile ! second measures ! spe$ :i* ! c&idate has develop$ by drill+ ^u addition problems4 ,tea*]s 9 ! public s*ools w und\bt$ly wi% to measure bo? ! spe$ ) :i* _! pupils d simple problems z a result ( drill1 & ! difficulty ( ! problems :i* ! *ild c solve correctly z a result ( in/ruction4 ,( c\rse ! te/ = difficulty ( problems solv$ is n absolutely indep5d5t ( ! effect ( drill1 al?\gh x is relatively mu* less dep5d5t ^u drill ?an is ! o!r te/4 ,9 indu/rial organizations ! fir/ te/ giv5 w probably be f\nd mo/ useful1 :ile 9 social gr\ps ! greate/ am\nt ( ent]ta9m5t w probably be obta9$ f ! second te/4 ,! reliability ( ! results f ! fir/ te/ is v mu* high] ?an ! reliability ( ! results f ! second te/1 = 9 ! second case a diff]5ce ( "o second 9 "t all[$ may make z mu* z "o or two po9ts diff]5ce 9 ! score obta9$4 ,z ) all ( ! o!r te/s li/$ 9 ?is s]ies ( 8,te/s = ,non-,engli%-,speak+ ,p]sons10 ! ,addition te/s w br+ m satisfactory results1 ) mu* great] economy ( "t1 if !y are adm9i/]$ z gr\p te/s4 ,!y are "h describ$1 h[ev]1 z te/s = individual c&idates 9 ord] t !y may be giv5 to =eign language-speak+ c&idates )\t any o!r app>atus ?an t furni%$ by ! te/ booklets !mselves4 ,any tea*] or employ] :o has a numb] ( p]sons to be exam9$ %\ld prep>e a blackbo>d or wall *>t on :i* to exhibit an enl>g$ copy ( ! examples us$ 9 ! introduction4 ,by plac+ ?is at ! front ( ! room 9 full view ( all c&idates1 ! pantomimic in/ructions "h describ$ may be us$ = non-,engli%-speak+ c&idates1 or simple v]bal explanations may supplem5t !m = ,engli%-speak+ p]sons4 ,directions = ,giv+ ,m5timet] #aj;a4 ,! exam9]1 aft] secur+ f ! c&idate 8 "n1 address1 age1 & o!r p]t95t in=mation1 %\ld turn ! exam9ation leaflet & exhibit1 = t5 or fifte5 seconds1 ! addition te/s :i* are to be solv$4 ,! leaflet %\ld !n be turn$ ov] to ! title page aga9 & att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! examples appe>+ on ! middle ( ?is page "u ! head+ 8,add40 ,! exam9] %\ld po9t to ! fir/ example #b #b -- & plac+ 8 p5cil on ! l[] #b & !n ^u ! upp] #b %\ld seem to hesitate = an in/ant & !n write #d und]nea? ! l9e4 ,look+ at ! second example #ae #c ---- he %\ld place 8 p5cil on ! #c & !n on ! #e &1 ) only an in/ant's hesitation1 %\ld write #ah4 ,simil>ly1 look+ at ! ?ird example1 #bc #be #af1 ------ he %\ld place 8 p5cil fir/ on ! #f1 !n on ! #e1 !n on ! #c1 & write a #d und]nea? ! l9e2 !n place 8 p5cil on ! #a & !n ^u ! two #b's 9 ord] & write #f at ! left ( ! #d4 ,) ?is explanation ! exam9ation booklet %\ld be op5$ & a p5cil suppli$ to ! c&idate ) ! in/ructions 8,g ahead6 ,add !m all60 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aj;,a4 ,add3 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 7#f7 7#g7 #c #b #ad #de #ac #bc #ad #b #e #c #cd #ba #ce #de -- #a ---- ---- #bb #cj #hc -- ---- ---- ---- 7#h7 7#i7 7#aj7 7#aa7 7#ab7 #cd #aig #cgd #gif #gjfecge #fg #bbe #di #hfg #hfhhbef #ie #fei #fbc #gde #bcaeeec #eb #caf #e #icc #aidgbgb ---- ------ #edh #edb #cehcdai #fe #bac #ebbdcfb ------ #efd #fhfijba #bce #heahdhh #fgf #cdicfbe ------ #bfegagf -------------- ,f\r m9utes' "t %\ld be all[$ = ?is te/4 ,at ! end ( ! f\r m9utes ! exam9] %\ld call 8,"t up0 & take ! pap]4 ,directions = ,scor+ ,m5timet] #aj;a4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( problems correctly solv$4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = any problem unless ea* digit 9 ! answ] is pres5t1 correct1 & 9 its "r place4 ,scores f #j to #e indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #f to #h indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #aa indicate ,av]age ,ability ,a score ( #ab indicates ,high ,av]age or ,sup]ior ,ability4 ,directions = ,giv+ ,m5timet] #aj;b4 ,! exam9] %\ld op5 ! booklet & demon/rate to ! c&idate1 = t5 seconds1 ) j :at nature ( te/ he is to be confront$4 ,!n1 aft] secur+ ! necess>y id5tify+ in=mation1 ! exam9] %\ld po9t to ! problems on ! title page "u ! ^w 8,add40 ,po9t+ to ! #a 9 ! fir/ example & !n to ! #b1 he %\ld write #c "u ! l9e4 ,po9t+ to ! #d & !n to ! #e1 9 ! second example1 he %\ld write #i "u ! l9e4 ,po9t+ to ! #d & !n to ! #g 9 ! ?ird example he %\ld write #aa "u ! l9e1 & %\ld !n pass 8 p5cil & ! op5$ booklet to ! c&idate ) ! in/ruction1 8,g ahead6 ,add !m up60 ,! mo/ important po9t 9 ?is te/ is to make absolutely c]ta9 t exactly ?irty seconds 7no m & no less7 is all[$ f ! "t ! exam9] supplies ! c&idate ) a p5cil until ! "t he calls 8,/op60 ,unless ?is "t is kept absolutely uni=m ! results ( ! te/ w be h>dly wor? consid]+4 ,:e!r ! c&idate beg9s "w or n1 ! "t %\ld be calculat$ f ! in/ant he receives 8 p5cil & ! op5$ booklet4 ,directions = ,scor+ ,m5timet] #aj;b4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( correct answ]s obta9$ 9 ?irty seconds4 ,unless an answ] is absolutely correct1 x %\ld h no cr$it4 ,if an answ] is only p>tially f9i%$ :5 "t is call$1 x %\ld n be cr$it$ z be+ ! correct answ] unless x is suffici5tly complete 9 bo? digits to prove t ! "r answ] _h be5 obta9$4 ,scores f #j to #i indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #aj to #ba indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bb to #cb indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #cc to #dd indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #de to #fj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aj;,b ,add3 7#a7 7#b7 7#c7 7#d7 7#e7 #b #h #e #g #a #d #i #a #d #e -- -- -- -- -- 7#f7 7#g7 7#h7 7#i7 7#aj7 #h #c #d #f #b #c #j #e #i #h -- -- -- -- -- 7#aa7 7#ab7 7#ac7 7#ad7 7#ae7 #f #d #d #j #a #g #c #f #g #b -- -- -- -- -- 7#af7 7#ag7 7#ah7 7#ai7 7#bj7 #c #g #b #i #f #b #i #b #c #e -- -- -- -- -- 7#ba7 7#bb7 7#bc7 7#bd7 7#be7 #g #e #g #i #f #f #b #a #d #h -- -- -- -- -- 7#bf7 7#bg7 7#bh7 7#bi7 7#cj7 #c #g #f #d #e #c #d #b #h #h -- -- -- -- -- 7#ca7 7#cb7 7#cc7 7#cd7 7#ce7 #i #i #j #g #e #f #i #e #f #h -- -- -- -- -- 7#cf7 7#cg7 7#ch7 7#ci7 7#dj7 #f #c #h #i #g #h #g #g #f #e -- -- -- -- -- 7#da7 7#db7 7#dc7 7#dd7 7#de7 #h #e #e #g #h #c #i #f #d #h -- -- -- -- -- 7#df7 7#dg7 7#dh7 7#di7 7#ej7 #f #g #i #b #g #e #h #c #g #g -- -- -- -- -- 7#ea7 7#eb7 7#ec7 7#ed7 7#ee7 #c #b #j #h #d #a #g #e #i #g -- -- -- -- -- 7#ef7 7#eg7 7#eh7 7#ei7 7#fj7 #a #b #h #g #g #f #e #a #f #e -- -- -- -- -- ,diff]5ces betwe5 ,m5timet]s #aj;a & #aj;b4 ,9 connection ) ^! te/s ( ability 9 addition1 a few additional words %\ld be said to make some:at cle>] ! diff]5ces betwe5 educational te/s & te/s ( intellig5ce4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no %>p l9e to be drawn betwe5 ^! two types ( te/s4 ,m5timet] ,no4 #aj;b may be classifi$ v c]ta9ly z an educational te/ because x involves prim>ily ! elem5t ( spe$ 9 simple additions :i* is n an accurate index ( intellectual capacity b dep5ds almo/ altoge!r ^u specific drill4 ,improvem5t 9 ability to make a score 9 ,m5timet] ,no4 #aj;a w come mu* m sl[ly ?an 9 ! case ( ! spe$ te/ 9 addition4 ,be=e a *ild c make progress suffici5t to c>ry him f problem #e to problem #f 9 ,m5timet] #aj;a1 he mu/ be in/ruct$ 9 ! my/]ies ( add+ z]o to ! sum ( two o!r numb]s4 ,be=e he c make progress f problem #f to problem #g he mu/ le>n to put d[n ! #b "u ! "r-h& column ( figures & c>ry ! #a to ! next column & add x ) ! digits pr9t$ !re4 ,ea* additional problem t he solves involves "s new elem5ts ( ari?metic k :i* c be le>n$ only by c>eful /udy & "o at a "t4 ,9 ! spe$ te/ a l>g] score does n indicate ability to d any?+ m difficult or to und]/& any?+ m complicat$1 b m]ely m rapid do+ ( ! ?+s :i* are already fully und]/ood4 ,9 ! o!r te/1 h[ev]1 a l>g] score indicates great] compreh5sion ( m difficult situations & !re=e an intellectual capacity :i* is ( great] magnitude4 ,! prim>y purpose ( ! ,m5timet] te/s is to measure intellectual capacity r ?an s*ool tra9+4 ,= ?is reason v few te/s :i* may be classifi$ z prim>ily educational h be5 includ$4 ,:]e !y h be5 ins]t$1 !y h be5 arrang$ to measure ! ability ( ! p]son to d m difficult tasks r ?an 8 ability to d simple tasks m rapidly4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aa ,,memory ,,= ,,numb]s ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is plann$ z an individual exam9ation to be giv5 to any c&idate :o und]/&s ! ,engli% language4 ,! te/ is borr[$ directly f ! ,b9et s]ies & 0 us$ z a gr\p te/ 9 ! fir/ =m ( ! ,alpha exam9ation 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army4 ,! usefulness ( ?is te/ is probably limit$ to ! selection ( c&idates = v simple me*anical op]ations & to ! classification ( pupils 9 ! s*oolroom4 ,x might be employ$ z "o ( a s]ies ( te/s 9 ! selection ( telephone op]ators1 b its use 9 su* a case is probably m obvi\s ?an practical4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! c&idate %\ld be seat$ com=tably 9 a quiet place & %\ld be in/ruct$ to li/5 c>efully4 ,! exam9] %\ld fill out ! blanks at ! top ( ! title page1 record+ only su* facts z seem to be necess>y4 ,! exam9] %\ld !n repeat ! foll[+ =mula3 8,i am go+ to read to y sixte5 s]ies ( numb]s4 ,! fir/ s]ies w be v %ort & ! la/ s]ies w be q long4 ,:5 ,i h read a s]ies ,i want y to repeat all ( ! numb]s x conta9$4 ,i %all read !m sl[ly s t y c be sure to get !m4 ,li/5 v c>efully & try n to =get any numb]4 ,d n repeat any numb] until ,i h f9i%$ ! :ole s]ies & /opp$ speak+40 ,! exam9] %\ld ann\nce ea* "t j h[ _m numb]s w appe> 9 ! s]ies4 ,! digits %\ld be read at ! rate ( "o p] second1 tak+ c>e to avoid any rhy?mic gr\p+ ( ! numb]s4 ,! exam9] %\ld look up expectantly z soon z he has f9i%$ read+ a s]ies4 ,no intimation %\ld be giv5 a c&idate z to :e!r or n he is be+ successful4 ,! fir/ s]ies %\ld be read z foll[s3 8,! ,fir/ ,s]ies conta9s two numb]s :i* are1 #e1 #f40 ,z soon z ! c&idate has repeat$ ^! numb]s ! exam9] %\ld say3 8,! ,second ,s]ies conta9s two numb]s :i* are1 #b1 #g40 ,fir/ ,s]ies #e #f ,second #b #g ,?ird #i #c #e ,f\r? #d #a #f ,fif? #g #d #i #c ,six? #d #h #e #g ,sev5? #i #e #g #c #h ,eigh? #f #h #a #b #d ,n9? ,s]ies #b #f #h #c #e #i ,t5? #f #c #e #i #b #g ,elev5? #i #e #h #c #f #b #d ,twelf? #h #a #i #e #b #f #c ,?irte5? #c #e #b #f #h #c #d #i ,f\rte5? #b #h #e #i #c #f #a #d ,fifte5? #f #c #i #d #h #a #g #b #e ,sixte5? #g #a #d #i #f #c #e #b #h ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld keep on ! te/ leaflet1 out ( ! sight ( ! c&idate1 a notation ( exactly :i* s]ies cause failure4 ,misplacem5t ( any digit 9 ! s]ies %\ld c\nt z an error & br+ no cr$it = t s]ies4 ,! total score obta9$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( s]ies 9 :i* ea* numb] 0 correctly repeat$ 9 its "r ord] %\ld be writt5 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! leaflet4 ,scores f #j to #g indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #h to #i indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aj to #ab indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #ad indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ae to #af indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ab ,,repeat+ ,,numb]s ,,backw>d ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ c only be giv5 z an individual exam9ation & to p :o und]/& spok5 ,engli%4 ,! pres5ce ( o!r p 9 ! room :]e ! te/ is be+ giv5 is frequ5tly ! cause ( l[ scores4 ,?is te/ is borr[$ bodily f ! ,b9et s]ies1 9 :i* x has won a di/9ct place = itself z a useful measure ( ! ability to ?9k ab\t symbols & ab/ract ideas4 ,?is te/ w be ( little value z an ent]ta9m5t feature b w be useful to ! public s*ool tea*]1 or to ! employ] :o wi%es to h a brief b fairly accurate te/ to apply to individual p :om he may be consid]+ = positions ( responsibility4 ,! reliability ( ! te/ is unusually high = an exam9ation tak+ no m "t ?an is requir$ = ?is4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld read ! foll[+ in/ructions cle>ly3 8,i h twelve li/s ( numb]s to read to y4 ,i want y to li/5 c>efully z ,i read ea* li/1 & :5 ,i say #8,n[' y are to repeat ! same numb]s backw>d1 t is1 9 ! rev]se ord]4 ,= example1 if ,i %\ld read ! numb]s1 #c1 #d1 #e1 :5 ,i said #8,n[' y %\ld repeat !m #e1 #d1 #c4 ,if ,i read #i1 #h1 #g1 y %\ld say #g1 #h1 #i4 ,y are to say ! same numb]s ,i read1 b y are to say !m j backw>d f ! way ,i read !m40 ,! exam9] %\ld read ea* s]ies v di/9ctly & at ! rate ( "o digit p] second4 ,ab\t five seconds be=e ! read+ ( ea* s]ies ! exam9] %\ld call ! c&idate's att5tion by say+1 8,n[ li/5 to ?is set40 ,all[ two seconds aft] read+ ! la/ digit ( ea* s]ies be=e say+ 8,n[10 or1 8,n[ say !m backw>d40 ,if ! c&idate has n begun to repeat ! digits )9 ?irty seconds ! exam9] %\ld say 8,n[ try ?is set0 & %\ld read ! next li/ to him4 ,fir/ ,s]ies #e #h ,second #f #d ,?ird #c #e #b ,f\r? #h #d #i ,fif? #g #c #i #d ,six? #e #b #f #h ,sev5? #a #i #b #e #c ,eigh? #d #b #h #i #f ,n9? #h #c #f #b #e #g ,t5? #a #e #i #f #d #g ,elev5? #b #f #c #g #e #h #d ,twelf? #c #h #b #f #d #g #e ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s]ies repeat$ backw>d )\t error4 ,any misplacem5t 9 ! ord] ( ! digits %\ld be consid]$ an error & no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = t s]ies4 ,! exam9] w ne$ to keep a record ( j :i* s]ies 7 correctly repeat$1 & w ne$ to keep ?is record f ! view ( ! c&idate be+ exam9$1 at lea/ until aft] ! exam9ation is complete4 ,scores f #j to #d indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #e to #f indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #g to #h indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #aj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aa to #ab indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ac ,,memory ,,= ,,s5t5ces ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,at ! age ( two ye>s & frequ5tly be=e1 ! vocabul>y ( ! ord9>y *ild has develop$ to su* an ext5t t x conta9s two or ?ree hundr$ individual words :i* c be us$ r effectively4 ,by ! "t ! *ild is f\r ye>s ( age he has increas$ 8 vocabul>y v ext5sively & c repeat entire s5t5ces1 if !y are n too long1 )\t error4 ,! ,m5timet] "h provid$ is int5d$ to measure ! complexity & l5g? ( a s5t5ce :i* an individual c repeat correctly aft] hav+ he>d x only once4 ,! reliability ( ?is te/ is n v well det]m9$ & its field ( usefulness is almo/ z indef9ite4 ,x w be int]e/+ 9 social gr\ps z a recreation & w be useful to ! tea*] 9 comp>+ h] pupils1 b x is d\btful if x c be employ$ 9 indu/rial "w ) any l>ge gr\p ( employees4 ,x w\ld seem t x might1 h[ev]1 be f\nd valuable z a te/ ( telegraph]s1 /5ograph]s1 & dictaphone op]ators4 ,! fact t x is to be giv5 z an individual te/ /ill fur!r limits its usefulness4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9]1 aft] record+ or hav+ ! c&idate record on 8 leaflet ! id5tify+ in=mation requir$1 %\ld repeat ! foll[+ explanation3 8,i h t5 s5t5ces :i* ,i %all read to y sl[ly1 "o s5t5ce at a "t4 ,y are to li/5 v c>efully :ile ,i read & !n aft] ,i h f9i%$ read+ a s5t5ce y are to repeat x to me exactly z x 0 read40 ,ea* s5t5ce %\ld be read only once4 ,! read+ %\ld be done sl[ly & di/9ctly ) suffici5t emphasis to make cle> ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce z well z ! words spok54 ,! c&idate %\ld be enc\rag$ to try ea* s5t5ce & %\ld n be in=m$ z to :e!r or n 8 attempts are successful4 ,! s5t5ces to be read are z foll[s3 #a4 ,x sn[s 9 ! w9t]4 #b4 ,m5 usually h m dignity ?an boys4 #c4 ,!re is no excuse = be+ ?\ghtless ab\t ! rights ( o!r p4 #d4 ,! price ( peace may sometimes be mu* great] ?an a nation c af=d to pay4 #e4 ,x is un=tunate t w> %\ld ev] be necess>y among civiliz$ nations4 #f4 ,_! h>b\r is a %all[ body ( wat] connect$ )1 b protect$ f1 ! op5 sea4 #g4 ,consci5ce ass]t+ itself z ! voice div9e )9 ! human s\l is !n a real actuality4 #h4 ,ea* /ate appo9ts a numb] ( electors equal to ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives4 #i4 ,^! discov]ies--gunp[d]1 pr9t+-press1 compass1 & telescope--7 ! weapons be=e :i* ! old sci5ce trembl$4 #aj4 ,! use ( italic type is indicat$ 9 ! au?or's manuscript by und]scor+ ! lett]s1 words1 phrases1 or s5t5ces t are to be italiciz$4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! c&idate is to be scor$ z successful on ea* s5t5ce repeat$ correctly1 or repeat$ ) ! omission ( n m ?an "o unimportant ^w su* z 8!0 or 8a40 ,! omission ( m ?an "o ^w or ( a ^w :i* *anges or limits ! mean+ ( ! s5t5ce %\ld be consid]$ z a failure to rememb] :at 0 said4 ,! exam9] %\ld keep on ! te/ leaflet a note ( j :i* s5t5ces 7 correctly repeat$ & :i* 7 n4 ,! c&idate %\ld n be all[$ to see or "k 8 record4 ,! total score is ! numb] ( s5t5ces on :i* ! c&idate 0 successful4 ,scores f #j to #b indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #c to #d indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #e to #f indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #g to #h indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #aj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ad ,,speak+-,,vocabul>y ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,"o ( ! be/ measures ( ! intellectual capacity ( a community or ( a race ( p is ! complexity ( ! language :i* !y f9d x necess>y to use 9 _! life & social int]c\rse4 ,! speak+ vocabul>y ( a tribe or ( an individual is !re=e an unusually accurate index ( m5tal capacity4 ,! pres5t te/ ( speak+ vocabul>y is design$ to be us$ z an individual te/ = measur+ ! vocabul>y ( ,engli%-speak+ p]sons4 ,) "s alt]ations 9 ! directions :i* are giv5 bel[ ! te/ might be us$ z a gr\p te/1 b ! results f su* a gr\p te/ w\ld be q diff]5t & practically n comp>able ) ! results to be obta9$ :5 ! te/ is giv5 accord+ to directions4 ,! individual to be exam9$ ne$ n be able to read ,engli% b mu/ be able to und]/& ord9>y conv]sational words & s5t5ces4 ,! exam9] pron\nces v di/9ctly ! ^w :i* appe>s on 8 li/ & asks ! c&idate to expla9 ! mean+ ( ! ^w4 ,! li/ us$ by ! exam9] conta9s fifty words1 :i* are r\ghly grad$1 f ! mo/ common & well-kn[n words us$ 9 e-day life up to v unusual & little-kn[n words t w\ld be f\nd v r>ely 9 newspap] or magaz9e articles4 ,any def9ition is accept$ :i* %[s t ! c&idate really und]/&s ! nature & use ( ! ?+ m5tion$4 ,?is te/ is modell$ directly ^u ! ,vocabul>y te/ includ$ 9 ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/s4 ,x has be5 %[n by c>eful sci5tific inve/igations t a te/ ( ?is type is v reliable z a measure ( g5]al intellectual capacity4 ,! excuse = hav+1 at ! end ( ! s]ies1 words :i* are little kn[n & ( no great practical value is t )\t su* words x w\ld be impossible to obta9 a real measure ( ! vocabul>y ( writ]s1 well-tra9$ lawy]s1 & o!r speciali/s 9 ! use ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! good sci5tific te/ ( intellig5ce always beg9s ) elem5ts :i* are s simple t ! dulle/ m9d w ma/] !m & progresses /eadily to elem5ts :i* are s complex & difficult t ev5 ! ke5e/ m9ds h difficulty 9 rea*+ satisfactory solutions4 ,a te/ ( ?is sort measur+ g5]al vocabul>y w be v useful to employ]s 9 ! selection ( /5ograph]s & o!r cl]ical work]s4 ,9 ! public s*oolroom tea*]s w f9d x v helpful 9 ! classification ( new pupils com+ to _! room = ! fir/ "t or 9 ! comp>ison ( pupils :o h be5 obs]v$ = a long p]iod4 ,! disadvantage ( ! te/ is t x mu/ be giv5 to "o individual at a "t4 ,su* proc$ure makes x possible1 h[ev]1 = ! tea*] or ! psy*ologi/ to /udy ! m or less intangible attitudes & reactions ( ! pupil :i* _c be obs]v$ 9 gr\p exam9ations4 ,^! peculi>ities ( ! pupil are ( trem5d\s value to ! tra9$ psy*ologi/ or to ! psy*iatri/ 9 mak+ a c>eful diagnosis ( special m5tal defects4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ %\ld n be giv5 9 ! pres5ce ( outsid]s4 ,! exam9] %\ld take ! individual to z quiet a place z possible1 %\ld seat ! c&idate 9 a com=table *air1 & conv]se ) him until he is ?or\ghly at ease & ready to answ] any sort ( "q4 ,! exam9] may write on 8 li/ ! response :i* is made by ! c&idate to ea* ^w 9 ! vocabul>y4 ,! =mula :i* %\ld be us$ by ! exam9] %\ld be z ne>ly z possible t ( ord9>y conv]sation1 al?\gh c>e mu/ be us$ to avoid sugge/+ by ! =m ( ! "q any clue to ! prop] response4 ,beg9n+ ) ! fir/ ^w1 aft] introduc+ ! g5]al idea by "s su* phrase z 8,n[1 ,i am go+ to ask y ! mean+s ( a li/ ( words10 ! exam9] %\ld say1 8,! fir/ ^w is coat4 ,:at is a coat80 ,if ! c&idate does n seem to und]/&1 ! "q may be repeat$ or x may be pres5t$ z foll[s3 8,y "k :at a coat is1 d y n8 ,well1 :at is a coat80 ,simil>ly1 ) ! second ^w "o c\ld say1 8,:at does ! ^w buy1 b-u-y1 mean8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( buy80 ,if ! c&idate does n und]/&1 ! "q may be re/at$ z foll[s3 8,did y ev] buy any?+8 ,:at does ! ^w buy mean80 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 at all po9ts to avoid sugge/+ ! answ]1 giv+ special h9ts1 disc\rag+ ! c&idate or tell+ him :e!r or n he is be+ successful4 ,he may be told at any "t t he is do+ well b he %\ld n be in=m$ :e!r 8 answ] is correct or incorrect4 ,n m ?an =ty-five seconds %\ld be all[$ to ! c&idate = ?9k+ ab\t any "o ^w4 ,at ! end ( ! =ty-five seconds ! exam9] %\ld repeat ! "q4 ,if at ! end ( ?irty seconds aft] ! "q is fir/ repeat$ ! c&idate has /ill said no?+1 ! exam9] %\ld pass on to ! next ^w ) ?is introduction1 8,well1 "h is ano!r ^w4 ,:at does ! ^w #8book' mean80 ,"u no circum/ances %\ld ! c&idate be+ exam9$ be all[$ to take or to see ! ^w li/4 ,speak+-,vocabul>y ,te/4 #a4 coat #b4 buy #c4 book #d4 /ore #e4 piano #f4 r5t #g4 beef #i4 disease #aj4 d\bt #aa4 judge #ab4 =tunate #ac4 secret>y #ad4 royal #ae4 canal #af4 gre$ #ag4 blond #ah4 weal? #ai4 p]mit #bj4 wisdom #ba4 gov]n #bb4 lic5se #bc4 compete #bd4 ,jupit] #be4 mode/y #bf4 policy #bg4 measure #bh4 en?usiasm #bi4 p]c5tage #cj4 league #ca4 socialism #cb4 logic #cc4 rev]e #cd4 s>casm #ce4 taunt #cf4 opaque #cg4 dbutante #ch4 rep>ation #ci4 decimate #dj4 rheo/at #da4 omnisci5t #db4 be%rew #dc4 *eetah #dd4 behemo? #de4 oriel #df4 megali? #dg4 myel9 #dh4 paleography #di4 pro/hetics #ej4 salep ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score ( ?is te/ is ! numb] ( words :i* ! c&idate demon/rates cle>ly t he und]/&s & c use4 ,a li/ is provid$ 9 ! app5dix %[+ ! *ief mean+s & uses :i* are likely to be m5tion$ by ! c&idate4 ,a repetition ( a ^w by ! c&idate %\ld n be c\nt$ z evid5ce t he und]/&s4 ,= example1 ! c&idate :o replies t 8d\bt0 means 8:5 y d\bt some?+0 or t 8gre$0 means 8:5 y are gre$y0 has n fully prov$ by su* a reply t ^! words are famili> to him4 ,9 su* cases z ^? j m5tion$ ! exam9] may well ask1 8,does x mean any?+ m to y80 ,! be/ me?od ( keep+ record is to write on ! te/ blank a notation ( :at reply 0 receiv$1 al?\gh x w be suffici5t to make a *eck m>k aft] ea* ^w satisfactorily expla9$ & to cross out ea* ^w t is unkn[n if f 8 reply !re is no d\bt ab\t ! ability ( ! c&idate to use ! ^w4 ,! maximum score obta9able 9 ?is te/ is fifty words4 ,! score actually receiv$ %\ld be ent]$ on ! title page ( ! te/ blank = purposes ( record4 ,scores f #j to #aj indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #aa to #bj indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ba to #cj indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ca to #dj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #da to #ej indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ae ,,^w ,,discrim9ation ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,intellectual ability has usually be5 attribut$ 9 ! greate/ degree to ^? p :o 7 be/ able to use _! native language4 ,?is te/ is calculat$ to measure ! ability ( individual c&idates to discrim9ate betwe5 ! mean+s ( diff]5t words4 ,ins(> z ability to draw di/9ctions betwe5 simil> words c be tak5 z a measure ( intellectual capacity1 ?is te/ w be f\nd useful4 ,x is q c]ta9 to be ent]ta9+ z a social div]sion & di/9ctly useful z a measure ( ! g5]al famili>ity ( any *ild 9 ! public s*ools ) ! ,engli% language4 ,indu/rial & comm]cial e/abli%m5ts may v well f9d t x has a di/9ct relation%ip to ! k9d ( intellig5ce x w\ld pay !m to employ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! organization4 ,!re is no simple way ( conv]t+ ?is te/ into a gr\p te/ because ( ! add$ complexity ( ! problem :i* is pres5t$ :5 c&idates are ask$ to write _! answ]s4 ,x is v mu* simpl] to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 two words ?an to write out ! explanation4 ,x is recomm5d$ t ?is te/ be giv5 9 a quiet place :]e no p]sons o!r ?an ! exam9] & ! c&idate are pres5t4 ,?is rule1 ( c\rse1 w n apply :5 ! te/ is us$ z a p>l\r game4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld use ! regul> pr9t$ leaflet :i* conta9s ! li/ ( words to be expla9$4 ,on ! title page1 he %\ld ent] su* facts ab\t ! c&idate z w id5tify him & satisfy ! purposes ( ! inve/igation4 ,! ^w li/ %\ld n be %[n to ! c&idate at all4 ,! exam9] %\ld make a notation on 8 ^w li/ %[+ j :at diff]5ce 0 m5tion$ by ! c&idate = ea* pair ( words4 ,:5 ! exam9] has put ! c&idate at 8 ease & is ready to beg9 ! te/1 he %\ld read ! foll[+ directions3 8,i h a li/ ( tw5ty-f\r pairs ( words4 ,i %all read "o pair at a "t1 & ,i wi% y to tell me :at diff]5ces y "k betwe5 ! two ?+s m5tion$4 ,fir/1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a bird & a fi%80 ,if no answ] is giv5 )9 half a m9ute1 ! exam9] may say3 8,y "k :at a bird is1 d y n8 ,y "k :at a fi% is1 don't y8 ,well1 :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a bird & a fi%80 ,no additional help ( any sort may be giv5 & n m ?an ?irty seconds %\ld be all[$ aft] ! second ask+ ( ! "q4 ,! only =mula to be us$ is3 8,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ---- & ----80 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 #a4 ,a bird & a fi%8 #b4 ,a snake & a fly8 #c4 ,a p5 & a p5cil8 #d4 ,an eagle & a *ick58 #e4 ,a book & a magaz9e8 #f4 ,an orange & a lemon8 #g4 ,a tea*] & a prea*]8 #h4 ,luck & pluck8 #i4 ,/one & *9a8 #aj4 ,a balloon & an airplane8 #aa4 ,to plod & to plot8 #ab4 ,to )] & to %rivel8 #ac4 ,to surprise & to a/oni%8 #ad4 ,ra% & reckless8 #ae4 ,lonely & solit>y8 #af4 ,sorr[ & sadness8 #ag4 ,plutocrat & autocrat8 #ah4 ,a rascal & a rogue8 #ai4 ,to plund] & to deva/ate8 #bj4 ,to rel9qui% & to resign8 #ba4 ,%rewd & sagaci\s8 #bb4 ,dormant & quiesc5t8 #bc4 ,recon/ruction & rehabilitation8 #bd4 ,rep>ation & indemnity8 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( pairs ( words betwe5 :i* ! c&idate gives at lea/ "o real diff]5ce4 ,! diff]5ces :i* appe> 9 ,app5dix ,d are sugge/ive ( ! type ( diff]5ces :i* may be m5tion$ by ! c&idate1 b ! li/ !re furni%$ is n complete4 ,"o %\ld n assume t ! c&idate kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ?+s = :i* ! words /& until ! c&idate has describ$ "o real diff]5ce pretty cle>ly4 ,su* answ]s z1 8,oh1 !y are diff]5t1 entirely diff]5t10 or 8,"o is "o ?+ & ! o!r is some?+ else0 %\ld n be consid]$ z correct 9 any respect4 ,! idea t ! p]son kn[s a diff]5ce )\t be+ able to expla9 x %\ld n influ5ce 9 any way ! judgm5t ( ! exam9]4 ,! diff]5ce mu/ n only be kn[n1 b mu/ be cle>ly express$ be=e cr$it is giv5 = any pair4 ,! total score possible 9 ?is te/ is tw5ty-f\r po9ts4 ,! total score actually made by any c&idate %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! leaflet4 ,scores f #j to #d indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #e to #i indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aj to #af indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ag to #bj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ba to #bd indicate ,sup]ior ,ability4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #af ,,nam+ ,,opposites ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,! ,opposites te/ 9 "o =m or ano!r has be5 us$ = a long :ile ) rem>kable accuracy z a measure ( "o's famili>ity ) language & 8 g5]al intellectual compet5ce4 ,! ,m5timet] =m is sup]ior to ! ord9>y =m ( ! ,opposites te/ 9 t x is fairly well grad$ 9 its difficulty1 f simple problems to v difficult problems1 ?us secur+ an add$ value z an intellig5ce te/4 ,x diff]s f ! ,alpha =m us$ 9 ! ,army 9 t x is necess>y 9 ! ,m5timet] te/ to write ! ^w :i* is ! opposite ( ! key ^w giv51 :ile 9 ! ,army two words 7 giv5 :i* might be opposites or synonyms & ! soldi] 0 ask$ to *eck :e!r ! words meant ! 8same0 or ! 8opposite40 ,"o difficulty ) ! milit>y =m 0 t if a man knew no?+ at all ab\t ! words us$1 he w\ld1 nev]!less1 by *ance h half ( 8 answ]s correct4 ,9 ! pres5t ,m5timet] =m1 a man mu/ n only use 8 judgm5t to decide betwe5 two words b he mu/ h fairly ri* associations betwe5 ! key ^w & its opposites & be able to select f all ( ^! associations ! "o :i* is mo/ appropriate4 ,?is te/ may be giv5 z an individual exam9ation1 b x is plann$ z a gr\p exam9ation = z _m c&idates z c be conv5i5tly seat$ 9 ! room provid$ = ! exam9ation4 ,only p]sons :o c read & write ! ,engli% language %\ld be te/$ ) ?is ,m5timet]4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,z soon z ! blanks on ! title page ( ! booklet h be5 correctly fill$ 91 "u ! direction ( ! exam9]1 ! c&idates %\ld be ask$ to read sil5tly ! directions pr9t$ bel[ ^! blanks :ile he reads !m al\d3 8,:5 y op5 y\r booklets1 y w f9d on ! inside =ty words ea* foll[$ by a dott$ l9e on :i* y are to write a correspond+ li/ ( =ty words4 ,y are to write aft] ea* ^w ! ^w :i* 9 y\r m9d means j ! opposite to ! ^w t is pr9t$4 ,notice ! ?ree samples pr9t$ bel[3 ,on ! l9e aft] ea* ^w1 write ! ^w :i* means j ! opposite ( ! pr9t$ ^w4 7,samples7 ,a4 bad good ,b4 girl boy ,c4 d[n up 8,! opposite ( bad is #8good' & !re=e #8good' has be5 writt5 aft] ! ^w #8bad'2 ! opposite ( #8girl' is #8boy' & !re=e ! ^w #8boy' has be5 writt5 aft] ! ^w #8girl'2 ! opposite ( ! ^w #8d[n' is #8up' & !re=e #8up' has be5 writt5 aft] ! ^w #8d[n'4 8,y w be all[$ exactly f\r m9utes 9 :i* to write ! opposites ( z _m words z y "k 9 ! li/4 ,beg9 ) ! fir/ ^w4 ,ready6 ,op5 y\r books6 ,g to "w60 ,exactly f\r m9utes aft] say+ 8,g601 ! exam9] %\ld call1 8,/op6 ,close y\r books & h& !m to me60 ,! pap]s %\ld be collect$ imm$iately4 ,on ! l9e aft] ea* ^w1 write ! ^w :i* means j ! opposite ( ! pr9t$ ^w4 #a4 good #b4 ri* #c4 little #d4 new #e4 h>d #f4 d>k #g4 dirty #h4 sick #i4 nor? #aj4 empty #aa4 pu% #ab4 wrong #ac4 beg9n+ #ad4 n>r[ #ae4 morn+ #af4 n[h]e #ag4 /ale #ah4 busy #ai4 to float #bj4 smoo? #ba4 wild #bb4 /r5g? #bc4 innoc5t #bd4 wisdom #be4 positive #bf4 inf]ior #bg4 anci5t #bh4 result #bi4 /+y #cj4 ab/ract #ca4 p>tiality #cb4 dilig5t #cc4 frugal #cd4 spuri\s #ce4 elation #cf4 exp$ite #cg4 diffid5t #ch4 homog5e\s #ci4 intrepid #dj4 sycophantic ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! total numb] ( words = :i* ! exact opposite has be5 writt54 ,"s consid]able "t w be sav$ by us+ ! /5cil provid$ ) ea* package ( te/ booklets4 ,! total score z f9ally obta9$ %\ld be writt5 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,scores f #j to #g indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #h to #ab indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #be indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bf to #cb indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #cc to #dj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ag ,,spell+ ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,all ( ! inve/igations :i* h be5 made into ! subject ( spell+ 9 relation to g5]al intellig5ce seem to indicate t good spell]s are 8born & n made40 ,( c\rse intellig5t p also are 8born & n made40 ,/range to say1 a p]son may be v intellig5t )\t be+ an exp]t spell] or a p]son may be a fairly able spell] )\t be+ ke5 intellectually4 ,?is ,m5timet] is !re=e n to be consid]$ z reliable an index ( intellig5ce z mo/ ( ! o!rs4 ,!re are two me?ods by :i* "o might det]m9e ! ability ( any av]age individual 9 spell+4 ,"o might measure h[ difficult a ^w 0 necess>y 9 ord] to cause failure or "o might take words all ( ! same difficulty & measure :at p]c5tage ( !m 7 misspell$ by ! c&idate4 ,li/ ,a 9 ! s]ies :i* foll[s is ( ! fir/ sort1 measur+ h[ difficult a ^w mu/ be be=e x causes tr\ble & ,li/ ,b is ( ! second sort1 measur+ h[ _m words ( ! same difficulty c be spell$ correctly by ! individual te/$4 ,^! words are select$ f ! ,ay]s ,measur+ ,scale = ,ability 9 ,spell+4 ,m5timet] ,li/ ,a consi/s ( two words f ea* degree ( difficulty f ,b to ,z 9 ! ,ay]s li/4 ,m5timet] ,li/ ,b is *os5 f ,li/ ,r ( ! ,ay]s ,scale4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,:e!r ! exam9ation is to be ) ,li/ ,a or ) ,li/ ,b ! c&idates %\ld be suppli$ ) ! ,m5timet] leaflet & %\ld be ask$ fir/ ( all to write _! names1 ages & o!r necess>y in=mation on ! title page4 ,:5 ?is in=mation has be5 obta9$ ! exam9] %\ld read ! foll[+ directions3 8,i %all pron\nce to y a li/ ( fifty words4 ,y are to li/5 c>efully & !n to write on ! blank provid$ = x ! ^w :i* ,i pron\nce4 ,be v c>eful to =m y\r lett]s di/9ctly 9 ord] t ,i may "k :e!r or n y "k h[ to spell ^! words4 ,d n ask any que/ions1 = ,i %all n answ] !m4 ,ea* ^w w be pron\nc$ only twice1 s li/5 c>efully 9 ord] n to make x necess>y to ask = a fur!r repetition40 ,! exam9] %\ld pron\nce ea* ^w v di/9ctly4 ,he %\ld1 be=e pron\nc+ ! ^w1 give ! s]ial numb] ( ! ^w 9 ord] t x may be record$ on ! prop] blank by ! c&idate4 ,! =mula to be us$ %\ld be z foll[s3 8,! fir/ ^w is #8g1'--g40 ,aft] wait+ = t5 or n m ?an fifte5 seconds1 ! next ^w %\ld be pron\nc$ z foll[s3 8,! second ^w is #8at1'--at40 ,x is ! int5tion t ea* individual %all h ample opportunity to und]/& ! ^w to be spell$ & to write 8 spell+ ( x1 b t ! conditions %all rema9 uni=m = all4 ,,li/ ,a #a4 g #b4 at #c4 c #d4 run #e4 t5 #f4 b$ #g4 good #h4 little #i4 l #aj4 book #aa4 make #ab4 h& #ac4 tell #ad4 five #ae4 spr+ #af4 plant #ag4 game #ah4 h>d #ai4 week #bj4 mile #ba4 summ] #bb4 express #bc4 railroad #bd4 ticket #be4 dea? #bf4 le>n #bg4 di/rict #bh4 pleasure #bi4 prison #cj4 family #ca4 factory #cb4 presid5t #cc4 illu/rate #cd4 education #ce4 c5tury #cf4 diff]5ce #cg4 organize #ch4 e/imate #ci4 =eign #dj4 difficulty #da4 ref]5ce #db4 secret>y #dc4 a?letic #dd4 ,febru>y #de4 prelim9>y #df4 annual #dg4 decision #dh4 pr9ciple #di4 judgm5t #ej4 recomm5d ,,li/ ,b #a4 ,*ri/mas #b4 int]e/ #c4 popul> #d4 treasure #e4 se>* #f4 complete #g4 aga9/ #h4 consid] #i4 tomorr[ #aj4 g5]al #aa4 di/ribute #ab4 injure #ac4 s]vice #ad4 article #ae4 feature #af4 mann] #ag4 increase #ah4 conv5tion #ai4 toge!r #bj4 diamond #ba4 common #bb4 purpose #bc4 director #bd4 att5tion #be4 already #bf4 accord+ #bg4 provision #bh4 object #bi4 diff]5t #cj4 pref] #ca4 busy #cb4 vessel #cc4 prep>e #cd4 wreck #ce4 promise #cf4 illu/rate #cg4 secure #ch4 adopt #ci4 success #dj4 t[>d #da4 ma*9e #db4 publication #dc4 visitor #dd4 sal>y #de4 ent]ta9 #df4 we> #dg4 education #dh4 av5ue #di4 comb9ation #ej4 =5oon ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,no ^w %\ld be giv5 cr$it unless x is spell$ correctly4 ,if a ^w is s illegible t ! exam9] _c easily tell :e!r or n x is correctly spell$ x %\ld be c\nt$ z wrong4 ,! total numb] ( words correctly spell$ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! te/ leaflet1 & %\ld be foll[$ by a notation ( ! li/ us$4 ,9 ,li/ ,a ,scores f #j to #bj indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #ba to #ce indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #cf to #de indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #df to #ej indicate ,high ,av]age or ,sup]ior ,ability ,9 ,li/ ,b ,scores f #j to #aj indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #aa to #bd indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #be to #dj indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #da to #df indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #dg to #ej indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,x is n to be expect$ t an individual's score w be ! same exactly 9 ,li/ ,a z 9 ,li/ ,b or t 8 classification bas$ on ?is score w be j ! same4 ,! two li/s are n p]fectly adju/$ 9 ?is matt] & if !y 7 x w\ld /ill be possible = a p]son ( 8,av]age ,ability0 9 ,li/ ,a to obta9 8,l[ ,av]age0 scores 9 ,li/ ,b4 ,9 public s*ool "w tea*]s w probably f9d ,li/ ,a m in/ructive ?an ,li/ ,b1 al?\gh ,li/ ,b w be almo/ z useful 9 classify+ pupils1 especially :5 us$ 9 connection ) ! foll[+ table ( av]age results4 ,! av]age ,second ,grade pupil %\ld spell #f words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,?ird ,grade pupil %\ld spell #ad words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,f\r? ,grade pupil %\ld spell #be words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,fif? ,grade pupil %\ld spell #cc words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,six? ,grade pupil %\ld spell #dj words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,sev5? ,grade pupil %\ld spell #dd words 9 ,li/ ,b ,! av]age ,eigh? ,grade pupil %\ld spell #dg words 9 ,li/ ,b ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ah ,,range ,,( ,,in=mation ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is a v ent]ta9+ & useful task = any gr\p to "w ^u4 ,x is bas$ ^u ! assumption t g5]al intellig5ce w result 9 ! ext5sion ( "o's g5]al k & in=mation ab\t affairs 9 _m fields4 ,! te/ requires1 = its p]fect solution1 k ( all sorts ( facts 9 a great v>iety ( fields4 ,! ,g5]al ,in=mation te/ us$ 9 ! ,army ,alpha s]ies 0 v frequ5tly subject to criticism f (fic]s & m5 because n a suffici5t numb] ( que/ions 0 ask$ ab\t matt]s :i* p]ta9$ to _! own field ( "w4 ,! physicians1 = example1 express$ regret t !re 7 s few que/ions ref]r+ to m$ic9e or anatomy1 :ile ! eng9e]s 7 j z mu* incl9$ to believe t ! te/ w\ld h be5 improv$ _h x includ$ a l>g] numb] ( que/ions apply+ directly to _! field4 ,( c\rse ! purpose ( ! te/ is to avoid specializ+ 9 any p>ticul> field & to cov] j z wide a range z possible ( g5]al in=mation4 ,an ef=t has be5 made to graduate ! difficulty ( ! que/ions ask$ 9 ! ,m5timet] =m ( ?is te/1 9 ord] to obta9 z mu* additional m]it z possible 9 ! measurem5t ( intellectual capacity4 ,?is te/ w be useful 9 almo/ any educational or indu/rial organization4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t its usefulness 9 s*ool w n be z great z 9 life outside ( ! s*ools4 ,z little ( ! mat]ial has be5 drawn f educational exp]i5ces z seem$ possible4 ,a great deal ( amusem5t c be obta9$ 9 a social gr\p by read+ al\d ! answ]s *eck$ by memb]s ( ! gr\p4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,:5 ! c&idates are com=tably seat$ & provid$ ) p5cils1 ! exam9] %\ld di/ribute ! booklets to !m ) ! reque/ t !y be n op5$ until directions are giv54 ,:5 ! in=mation blanks on ! title page h be5 fill$ out satisfactorily1 ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to read sil5tly ! directions pr9t$ on ! title page :ile he reads !m al\d4 8,on ! inside ( ?is booklet1 :5 y are told to op5 x1 y w f9d #dj diff]5t s5t5ces1 at ! end ( ea* "o ( :i* !re is a li/ ( words f :i* y are to *oose ! prop] "o to be ! la/ ^w4 ,:5 y are told to turn ! page1 beg9 ) ! fir/ s5t5ce & make a *eck m>k 77 9 ! little squ>e 9 front ( ! be/ ^w to use z an end+4 ,*oose ! ^w :i* w make ! true/ s5t5ce4 ,*oose only "o ^w = ea* end+4 ,if y are n absolutely c]ta9 :i* is ! mo/ tru?ful1 make a guess & try ! next s5t5ces4 ,ready6 ,g60 7,,= ,,te/s ,,see ,,pages #bjd-bjg7 ,make a *eck m>k 77 9 ! squ>e 9 front ( t "o ( ! f\r words :i* makes ! be/ s5t5ce & tells ! mo/ exact tru?4 #a4 ,! ,,j]sey is a k9d ( ,,c[ ,,dog ,,cat ,,horse #b4 ,,golf is play$ ) ,,c>ds ,,dice ,,clubs ,,buttons #c4 ,,fatima is ! "n ( a ,,cig> ,,clo? ,,pipe ,,cig>ette #d4 ,a ,,saw is us$ by a ,,pa9t] ,,plumb] ,,c>p5t] ,,pla/]] #e4 ,an ,,em]ald is ,,gre5 ,,r$ ,,blue ,,black #f4 ,,detroit is not$ = its ,,brew+ ,,textiles ,,automobiles ,,pr9t+ #g4 ,a ,,spaniel is a k9d ( ,,%eep ,,goat ,,dog ,,mule #h4 ,,maude ,,adams is not$ z a ,,danc] ,,actress ,,nurse ,,writ] #i4 ,,c&y is made by ,,=d ,,huyl] ,,colgate ,,macmillan #aj4 ,! ,,civil ,,w> began 9 #ahdh #ahfj #ahfa #ahfe #aa4 ,! ,,%]iff is an (fic] ( ! ,,city ,,c\nty ,,/ate ,,nation #ab4 ,,rub5s is fam\s z a ,,poet ,,sci5ti/ ,,c>tooni/ ,,pa9t] #ac4 ,! ,,h>ley ,,davidson is an ,,automobile ,a,,roplane ,,motorcycle ,,kite #ad4 ,,m]$i? ,,ni*olson is a ,,humori/ ,,noveli/ ,,poet ,,musician #ae4 ,,built ,,l ,a ,,skyscrap] is an 8ad0 = a ,,b$ ,,trunk ,,fil+-,,case ,,/ove #af4 ,! ,,kilomet] measures ,,electricity ,,di/ance ,,gas ,,wat] #ag4 ,! ,,tibia is 9 ! ,,leg ,,arm ,,*e/ ,,head #ah4 ,,coral is f\nd 9 ,,trees ,,reefs ,,mollusks ,,m9es #ai4 ,,clysmic is a k9d ( ,,w9e ,,clo? ,,wat] ,,metal #bj4 ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cab9 0 writt5 by ,,poe ,,/[e ,,haw?orne ,,irv+ #ba4 ,,john ,,hay 0 a ,,bank] ,,eng9e] ,,prea*] ,,/atesman #bb4 ,,vass> ,,college is at ,,p\ghkeepsie ,,i?aca ,,bo/on ,,cambridge #bc4 ,a ,,subpo5a is us$ 9 ,,insurance ,,m$ic9e ,,law ,,w> #bd4 ,! numb] ( a ,,bantu',s legs is ,,"o ,,two ,,f\r ,,eight #be4 ,,sampson ,,brass is a "* 9 ,,scott ,,poe ,,dick5s ,,burns #bf4 ,! ,,h&ley-,,page plane is made 9 ,,france ,,japan ,,engl& ,,am]ica #bg4 ,! ,,falcon is an ,,insect ,,bird ,,tool ,,/one #bh4 ,,dribble is a t]m us$ 9 ,,hunt+ ,,!ology ,,law ,,a?letics #bi4 ,,phez is a ,,fabric ,,dance ,,game ,,dr9k #cj4 ,,higg9s manufactures ,,furniture ,,books ,,glassw>e ,,ink #ca4 ,,guava is a k9d ( ,,fi% ,,bird ,,animal ,,fruit #cb4 ,an ,,equilat]al ,,triangle is also ,,"r ,,isosceles ,,scal5e ,,acute #cc4 ,! ,,battle ,,( ,,ha/+s 0 9 #ajff #abae #adec #afjg #cd4 ,! ,,aorta orig9ates 9 ! ,,head ,,feet ,,alps ,,he>t #ce4 ,,endive is a k9d ( ,,/one ,,tool ,,plant ,,animal #cf4 ,,se\l is 9 ,,p]sia ,,korea ,,india ,,syria #cg4 ,,joseph ,,prie/ley discov]$ ,,pongee ,,au/ralia ,,oxyg5 ,,pr9t+ #ch4 ,! ,,oboe is us$ 9 ,,music ,,m$ic9e ,,geology ,,religion #ci4 ,,*allis is a k9d ( ,,di% ,,dr9k ,,dance ,,clo? #dj4 ,a ,,rhesus is a k9d ( ,,fi% ,,bird ,,animal ,,reptile ,at ! end ( f\r m9utes ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,! "t is up60 ,he %\ld use c>e to see t no answ]s are *eck$ aft] ! signal to /op has be5 giv54 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s5t5ces 9 :i* ! "r conclusion has be5 *eck$4 ,cr$it %\ld n be giv5 = *eck+ any o!r ^w ?an ! correct "o4 ,! use ( ! /5cil1 :i* is provid$ ) ea* package ( te/ booklets1 w save a great deal ( eye /ra91 m5tal fatigue1 & "t 9 m>k+ ^! te/s4 ,?is /5cil makes x possible = an ord9>y cl]k to score ! #dj s5t5ces accurately 9 a fraction ( a m9ute4 ,! total score 9 ! te/ %\ld be ent]$ at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! te/ booklet4 ,scores f #j to #c indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #d to #aj indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aa to #bc indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bd to #cj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ca to #dj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ai ,,read+ ,,vocabul>y ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ valuable measures ( any individual or gr\p ( individuals is ! ext5t ( ! vocabul>y f\nd necess>y = communication & social activities4 ,! ,vocabul>y te/ :i* is us$ 9 connection ) ! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/1 & :i* is q simil> to ,m5timet] ,no4 #ad1 has be5 %[n to be unusually reliable z a measure ( g5]al intellig5ce4 ,! ,read+-,vocabul>y te/ is probably n s widely usable z ! ,speak+-,vocabul>y te/1 b x c be appli$ z a gr\p te/ & is !re=e probably de/9$ to mu* m ext5sive usefulness ?an ! individual te/4 ,! ,read+-,vocabul>y te/ _c1 ( c\rse1 be giv5 to individuals ^: ability 9 read+ is less ?an t ord9>ily possess$ by ?ird-grade public s*ool *ildr54 ,! c&idate mu/ n only be able to recognize ! words t appe> 9 ! te/ & to "k _! mean+s1 b he mu/ also be able to classify !m z belong+ to a p>ticul> gr\p ( objects4 ,! me?od ( ! te/ requires ! *ild to make a *eck m>k "u ! family "n :i* w\ld include ! p>ticul> ^w appe>+ on ! vocabul>y li/4 ,! in/ructions w n be und]/ood except by fairly intellig5t p]sons1 b = ^? :o c und]/& ! in/ructions & :o d _! be/ on ! te/1 a v useful measure w be ! result4 ,al?\gh ?is te/ w\ld seem at fir/ glance to be p>ticul>ly well adapt$ to ! selection ( cl]ical work]s1 pa/ exp]i5ce has conv9c$ ! writ]s t x is also useful 9 ! selection ( organiz]s & directors ( m5 z well z ( organiz]s & directors ( ?\ght4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 ! score 9 ?is te/ & ! g5]al effici5cy ( an employee is unusually high4 ,tea*]s w f9d ! ,read+ ,vocabul>y a spl5did index ( ! advancem5t atta9$ by new pupils com+ into _! rooms = ! fir/ "t or ( ! pupils :o h be5 ) !m = "s "t4 ,x is useless to try to h pupils expla9 ! mean+ ( magaz9e articles or ( selections f _! geographies :5 !y d n ev5 und]/& ! words us$ 9 ^! discussions4 ,x w\ld be v mu* wor? :ile = a tea*]1 :5 %e has employ$ ?is te/1 to comp>e ! difficulty ( ! words :i* cause ! majority ( h] class to /umble & fail ) ! difficulty ( ! words us$ 9 ! ord9>y text-books ( ! s*ool4 ,9 any social gr\p ! classification ( ! =ty words 9 ?is li/ w\ld be f\nd r int]e/+ p>ticul>ly :5 ! errors made by diff]5t memb]s ( ! gr\p 7 read al\d = ! amusem5t ( ! entire gr\p4 ,x %\ld n be sugge/$1 :5 ! te/ is to be us$ 9 ?is way1 t !re is any di/9ct relation%ip betwe5 a*ievem5t 9 ! te/ & a*ievem5t 9 life1 else "s ( ! gr\p w be v mu* disappo9t$ 9 _! scores4 ,e ef=t %\ld be made to h su* a gr\p feel t ?is 0 simply a new type ( puzzle4 ,! results obta9$ "u su* conditions %\ld n be comp>$ ) ! results obta9$ "u ! /&>d conditions outl9$ bel[4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! c&idates to be exam9$ %\ld be com=tably seat$ & provid$ ) well-%>p5$ p5cils4 ,! exam9] %\ld !n ann\nce t ! booklets :i* he w\ld di/ribute 7 n to be op5$ until in/ructions to t effect 7 issu$4 ,booklets %\ld be di/ribut$ unop5$1 "o to ea* individual4 ,fur!r directions %\ld be issu$ z soon z ea* c&idate is suppli$ ) ! booklet1 au?oriz+ ea* individual to write 8 "n1 8 age1 & su* o!r in=mation z is desirable on ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,:5 ^! prelim9>ies h be5 f9i%$ ! exam9] %\ld say3 8,:5 ,i ask y to op5 y\r booklet1 y w f9d on ! inside a li/ ( =ty diff]5t words4 ,! te/ is to det]m9e h[ _m ( ^! words y c read & id5tify4 ,at ! top ( ! page y w f9d ! words1 ,animal1 ,body1 ,bird1 ,col\r1 ,clo!s1 ,fi%1 ,"t1 ,tool1 & ,w>4 ,ea* ( ! =ty words to be id5tifi$ is connect$ ) or is a k9d ( ,animal1 ,body1 ,bird1 ,col\r1 or o!r k9d ( ?+ m5tion$ at ! top ( ! page4 ,! page is rul$ bo? ways4 ,y are to look at ea* ^w 9 ! column on ! left & to make a *eck m>k at ! "r ( x1 "u ! g5]al ^w %[+ :e!r ! ^w y are m>k+ is an ,animal1 a ,body1 a ,bird1 or some?+ else4 ,y w be all[$ exactly f\r m9utes 9 :i* to *eck ! words4 ,m>k z _m ( ! words z y possibly c b be sure to *eck !m correctly4 ,ready6 ,g60 ,indicate ! mean+ ( ea* ( ! =ty words 9 ! column on ! left by mak+ a m>k 77 "u ! prop] ^w4 ,,connect$ ,,)1 ,,or ,a ,,k9d ,,( ,,animal,,body,,bird,,col\r,,clo!s,,fi%, ,"t,,tool,,w> arm #a c[ #b /ock+ #c yell[ #d sp>r[ #e %irt #f calf #g hamm] #h %9 #i saw #aj wr5 #aa tan #ab cod #ac troops #ad ye> #ae conqu] #af /ag #ag m9n[ #ah mon? #ai kimono #bj ramp>t #ba ?igh #bb c>m9e #bc p>tridge #bd /urgeon #be rat*et #bf int]im #bg pecc>y #bh mauve #bi citadel #cj ephem]al #ca t>tan #cb p]itoneum #cc petrel #cd t5* #ce vom] #cf burgonet #cg bur9 #ch desman #ci t9am\ #dj ,at ! end ( exactly f\r m9utes ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,"t up6 ,close y\r pap]s & h& !m to me40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! total score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( words correctly *eck$4 ,! "w ( *eck+ ! accuracy ( m>ks made by ! c&idates is v mu* simplifi$ by ! /5cil :i* accompanies ea* package ( exam9ation booklets4 ,?is /5cil indicates exactly :]e a *eck %\ld be made 9 ea* case4 ,! total numb] ( words correctly *eck$ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! exam9ation booklet4 ,scores f #j to #h indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #i to #ad indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ae to #bd indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #be to #bi indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #cj to #dj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bj ,,read+3 ,,directions ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army an (fic] frequ5tly calls "o ( 8 ord]lies to 8 desk & issues ord]s some:at z foll[s3 8,pres5t my complim5ts to ,lieut5ant ,smi? & ask him to report at my (fice to-morr[ aft]noon at #c4ae = 8 ord]s reg>d+ ! disposition ( g>bage f ! kit*5 ( ,company ,e4 ,tell ,corporal ,jones 9 ,b>racks #ag to take a detail ( f\r m5 & report at #e4jj o'clock ?is ev5+ to ,s]geant ,katz at ! ,second ,battalion ,(fic]s' ,mess4 ,deliv] ?is package to ! ,adjutant ( ! ,base ,hospital & ask him to let me "k at once :at %\ld be done ) ! ,s4 ,c4 ,d4 pap]s br\ght to me ?is morn+ by ,lieut5ant ,johnson40 ,! ord]ly mu/ be able to c>ry out ^! ord]s )\t _! repetition or explanation4 ,he %\ld reply1 8,yes1 sir10 by way ( mak+ x cle> t he has und]/ood & w obey ! directions1 b %\ld say no?+ m4 ,! fir/ te/ 9 ! ,alpha s]ies us$ 9 ! ,army 0 int5d$ to measure h[ complicat$ a s]ies ( directions c\ld be grasp$ by ! soldi] & execut$ )\t errors4 ,! ,m5timet] te/ diff]s f its milit>y c\nt]p>t 9 t ! directions are to be pr9t$ r ?an spok51 & 9 t ! increas+ difficulty arises f ! increas+ complexity & obscurity ( ! words employ$ r ?an f ! l5g? ( ! directions to be held 9 m9d4 ,:e!r ^! *anges w increase or decrease ! value ( ! te/ _c be /at$ 9 advance ( actual trials4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,z soon z ! c&idates h be5 provid$ ) p5cils1 writ+ surfaces1 & com=table seats1 ! exam9] %\ld di/ribute ! exam9ation leaflets ) ! in/ruction t ! blanks at ! top ( ! title page be fill$ out at once & t no "o %\ld turn ! leaflet until ! direction to d s be giv54 ,! te/ %\ld be introduc$ by ! reque/ f ! exam9] t ev]yone look at ! directions on ! title page :ile !y are be+ read al\d1 8,:5 y are told to turn y\r leaflet & g to "w1 y w f9d on ! o!r side v full directions z to :at y are to d4 ,?is is a te/ to f9d out h[ well y c und]/& directions1 s read !m c>efully & d exactly :at !y tell y to d4 ,ready6 ,turn y\r leaflets & g to "w40 ,exactly ?ree m9utes %\ld be all[$ = ?is "w4 ,at ! end ( ?ree m9utes ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,! "t is up6 ,turn ov] y\r leaflet & h& x to me40 ,! te/ %eets %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,d :at x says4 #a4 ,write y\r "n on ?is l9e4 4444444444 #b4 ,make a cross 9 ! squ>e4 #c4 ,make a cross 9 ! circle & a dot 9 ! squ>e4 #d4 ,make a figure #a "u ! lett] ,m & a figure #b "u ! lett] ,w4 ,a ,n ,w ,v ,h ,m ,z ,u ,y #e4 ,if ,decoration ,day comes 9 ! w9t]1 write ! ^w 8,no40 ,if n1 write ! ^w 8,yes40 4444444444 #f4 ,cross out ! %orte/ ^w 9 ?is s5t5ce & draw two l9es ar\nd ! n9? ^w4 #g4 ,look at ! ?ree blanks pr9t$ bel[4 ,on ! fir/ blank write ! numb] ( days 9 a week1 on ! second ! numb] ( mon?s 9 a ye>1 & on ! ?ird ! numb] ( ye>s 9 a c5tury4 #h4 ,write 9 ! squ>e on ! left ! "r answ] to ! "q3 8,h[ _m dimes make a doll>80 ,9 ! second squ>e make a small circle1 & 9 ! ?ird triangle write ! lett] 8,c40 #i4 ,if a peck is a great] magnitude ?an a bu%el1 cross out ! ^w 8p9t0 unless a p9t holds a small] quantity ?an a qu>t1 9 :i* case draw a l9e "u ! fir/ ^w aft] bu%el4 ,,qu>t ,,bu%el ,,peck ,,p9t #aj4 ,if a c5timet] is m ?an half z long z an in*1 write 9 ! squ>e ! numb] ( in*es 9 a y>d4 ,if a met] is m ?an ?ree feet1 !n write 9 ! circle ! numb] ( met]s 9 a kilomet]4 #aa4 ,if ! oscillations ( a p5dulum 7 n facilitat$ by any o!r =ce ?an gravity1 :at w\ld be ! effect ^u _! amplitude8 ,*eck ! be/ reply3 ,x w\ld gradually be augm5t$4 flagellat$4 dim9i%$4 swag$4 #ab4 ,if ontog5y inv>iably +em9ates phylog5y1 circumscribe ! ^w giv+ ! location ( ! ,,ourcq2 if n1 und]score ! ^w t locates ! ,,m&ible4 ,engl& ,foot ,utah ,face ,p]u ,france ,arm ,india ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score is ! numb] ( directions :i* 7 p]fectly obey$ )\t error4 ,a failure to d any "p ( ! ?+ direct$ or ! p]=mance ( extra ?+s n ask$ %\ld act to )hold cr$it = an elem5t4 ,! total numb] ( cr$its %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! te/ leaflet4 ,scores f #j to #b indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #c to #e indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #f to #h indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #aj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aa to #ab indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ba ,,read+3 ,,int]pretation ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is a specially devis$ me?od ( det]m9+ ! ability ( an individual to secure f ! pr9t$ page ! ideas :i* are express$ 9 s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 ,x is probable t no s+le te/ ( read+ c be devis$ :i* w\ld measure all phases ( ! subject equally well4 ,?is p>ticul> te/ attempts to measure ! special ability to int]pret ! mean+s ( s5t5ces & p>agraphs1 al?\gh x assumes t ! words ( :i* ^! l>g] units are compos$ are recogniz$ & und]/ood by ! read]4 ,! te/ is arrang$ ) v simple s5t5ces at ! beg9n+ foll[$ by m & m difficult s5t5ces until at ! la/ !re are /atem5ts ! mean+ ( :i* v intellectual p might fail to grasp at fir/ sight4 ,! que/ions :i* are ask$ reg>d+ ! p>agraphs likewise increase 9 difficulty s t ! ultimate score obta9$ by ! c&idate indicates r di/9ctly h[ difficult are ! s5t5ces or p>agraphs he is able to und]/& & answ] que/ions ab\t4 ,x is n probable t a great field ( usefulness w be f\nd = ?is te/ 9 indu/rial life1 al?\gh x might v well be us$ 9 any e/abli%m5t :]e ! "q ( ! degree ( lit]acy 9 ! employee 0 ( any importance4 ,te/s fa%ion$ on ?is ord] w\ld be trem5d\sly valuable z a basis = classify+ accord+ to degree ( lit]acy ! immigrants ent]+ ?is c\ntry4 ,"s su* objective measure z ?is is v mu* ne$$ 9 ! tak+ ( ! c5sus4 ,:]e at pres5t almo/ any man or woman :o c b>ely write 8 or h] "n is ent]$ on ! c5sus records z be+ able to read & write1 ! crude exam9ation = lit]acy :i* 0 employ$ by ! psy*ologi/s 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,army illu/rates conclusively t ab\t ?ree times z _m p are unable to make any practical use ( read+ & writ+ z ! c5sus figures w\ld lead "o to believe4 ,x seems c]ta9 f ! facts obta9$ 9 ! ,army t at lea/ "o half ( ! population ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates w\ld be unable to answ] m ?an eight ( ! sixte5 que/ions includ$ 9 ?is ,m5timet]4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,x is p>ticul>ly desirable t ! room 9 :i* ! te/ is giv5 %\ld be well light$ & com=table4 ,be=e di/ribut+ ! te/s ! usual caution1 8,d n op5 ?is booklet until y are told to d s10 %\ld be giv54 ,"o te/ booklet %\ld !n be giv5 to ea* c&idate4 ,z soon z all h receiv$ _! blanks ! exam9] %\ld give ! directions = fill+ out ! in=mation blanks on ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,if v "y *ildr5 or v dull adults are be+ exam9$ x w be necess>y to give specific directions ab\t ^! blanks4 ,z soon z ! blanks are fill$ ! exam9] %\ld ask ! gr\p to read sil5tly ! directions z he reads !m al\d4 8,:5 y are told to turn ! page y w f9d on ! inside ?ree p>agraphs ( pr9t$ matt]4 ,y are to read ^! p>agraphs v c>efully & !n1 turn+ ! page once m1 y w f9d sixte5 que/ions ab\t ! ?ree p>agraphs y h j read4 ,y are to write ! answ]s to ! que/ions on ! blank l9es provid$ = ! purpose4 ,y may turn back to ! pr9t$ matt] & look = ! answ]s z (t5 z y ne$ to1 b y w only h t5 m9utes 9 :i* to d y\r read+ & ! answ]+ ( ! que/ions1 s be sure to answ] all ! que/ions y c4 ,! fir/ que/ions are easi] ?an ^? :i* foll[1 s answ] !m 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y come4 8,rememb] t :5 ,i say #8,g' y are to beg9 read+ & to read z fa/ z y c1 !n to answ] z _m que/ions z y c on ! next page4 ,ready1 ,g40 ,exactly t5 m9utes aft] say+ 8,g0 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,! "t is up6 ,close y\r pap]s & h& !m to me40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,,f9d ,,! ,,answ]s ,,to ,,! ,,que/ions ,,by ,,read+ ,,:at ,,x ,,says ,,bel[ ,boys l to run & play 9 ! /reet4 ,girls l to /ay 9 ! h\se & play ) _! dolls4 ,z ! girls gr[ old] "s ( !m le>n to cook & to help _! mo!rs 9 ! home1 :ile o!rs le>n to "w 9 %ops1 mills1 & (fices4 ,"s boys le>n z !y gr[ up to "w on ! f>ms1 :ile o!rs obta9 positions 9 /ores1 m9es1 & factories4 ,ev5 be=e !y gr[ to be m5 & wom51 p diff] 9 ! ?+s !y enjoy & 9 ! ?+s !y are able to d4 ,x is =tunate t p are s diff]5t1 = ! _w has all sorts ( "w t mu/ be done4 ,:eat1 corn1 & cattle mu/ be rais$ to supply ! _w ) food4 ,cotton & wool mu/ be made into clo?+ to keep u w>m1 :ile wood & /one mu/ be made into h\ses to protect u f ! ra9 & ! sn[4 ,! "w ( ! _w requires t "s p be f>m]s1 o!rs manufactur]s1 o!rs m]*ants1 o!rs doctors1 & s on4 ,if we 7 all exactly alike 9 our ta/es & abilities1 mu* ( ! _w's "w w\ld h to be done by p]sons ^: incl9ations & capacities 7 9 fields ( endeav\r entirely diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y w\ld be requir$ to lab\r4 ,! fact t p are s diff]5t makes possible an adju/m5t :]eby ! ability & int]e/ ( ! lab\r] may be 9 proportion to ! difficulty ( ! und]tak+ to :i* he is assign$4 ,p]haps no?+ makes a l>g] contribution to ! happ9ess & cont5tm5t ( ! _w ?an ?is adju/m5t ( ! individual to 8 vocation1 & yet ! problem ( secur+ su* an adju/m5t is complicat$ by an enorm\s numb] ( practical difficulties4 ,"o ( ! mo/ annoy+ elem5ts 9 ?is problem ( adju/m5t has be5 ! impossibility ( mak+ exp$iti\sly an effectual classification ( c&idates accord+ to native capacity & end[m5t4 ,psy*ologi/s & /ati/icians h1 h[ev]1 dur+ ! pa/ decade evolv$ me?ods ( intellectual measurem5t :i* demon/rate ! feasibility & economic utility ( ! proc$ure & adumbrate to "s ext5t ! social satisfactions t w ensue :5 ! sci5ce ( p]sonnel eng9e]+ has be5 consummat$4 ,,write ,,! ,,answ]s ,,to ,,^! ,,que/ions #a4 ,:o l to play 9 ! /reet8 #b4 ,:]e d little girls l to play8 #c4 ,:o le>n to help _! mo!rs8 #d4 ,:]e d old] boys f9d jobs8 #e4 ,9 :at two ways are p said to diff] e>ly 9 life8 #f4 ,:at k9ds ( food are m5tion$8 #g4 ,= :at purpose d p "w ) wool & cotton8 #h4 ,:at reason is giv5 = build+ h\ses8 #i4 ,:at is ! topic ( ! fir/ p>agraph8 #aj4 ,:y are diff]5ces betwe5 p spok5 ( 9 ! second p>agraph z a wise provision ( nature8 #aa4 ,*eck ! "r answ] to ?is "q3 ,:at does ! second p>agraph sugge/ z ! probable result ^u ! _w's "w if all p 7 j alike8 ,x w\ld n be done4 ,"s ( x w\ld be improv$4 ,x w\ld be well done4 ,mu* ( x w\ld be poorly done4 #ab4 ,:at *>act]i/ic ( a task ne$s to correspond to ! ability ( ! work]8 #ac4 ,:at is sugge/$ 9 ! ?ird p>agraph z ! probable result ( fail+ to place m5 9 positions suit$ to _! abilities8 #ad4 ,x is q common to det]m9e a man's ability by try+ him out 9 ! job4 ,:at objection to ?is plan does any ^w 9 ! ?ird p>agraph sugge/8 #ae4 ,:at proc$ure is said to be a practical means ( sav+ "t & money 9 ! selection ( m5 = positions8 #af4 ,:at is /at$ z a probable cause = g5]al gratification at "s future "t8 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( que/ions correctly answ]$4 ,a /5cil is provid$ ) ea* set ( te/ booklets by ! aid ( :i* x is fairly simple to m>k an answ] z "r or wrong4 ,an answ] %\ld be consid]$ wrong if x does n prove 9 itself t ! c&idate _h read ! p>agraph & obta9$ 8 in=mation f x4 ,any answ] :i* is true 9 g5]al life b :i* is n sugge/$ by ! read+ mat]ial on ! previ\s page1 %\ld n be accept$4 ,scores f #j to #c indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #d to #g indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #h to #ab indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #ad indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ae to #af indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bb ,,dis>rang$ ,,s5t5ces ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,publi%]s & editors h = _m ye>s insi/$ ^u hav+ intellig5t compositors & type-sett]s4 ,! pr9t]'s pi is probably z compreh5sive a te/ ( intellig5ce z any 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies4 ,9 ! ,b9et te/s1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ! exam9ation is :]e *ildr5 are ask$ to take c]ta9 words & re>range !m to make a s5t5ce4 ,?is is n exactly ! same problem t ! type-sett] faces ) pi1 b x is relat$ to x4 ,a dis>rang$ s5t5ce te/ 0 us$ 9 ! milit>y exam9ations1 b 9 ord] to make ! scor+ simple & to include elem5ts ( intellectual capacity o!r ?an ability to re>range words1 ! soldi]s 7 ask$ to *eck ! result+ s5t5ce z 8true0 or 8false40 ,"h aga91 )\t be+ able to read a s+le ^w ( ! s5t5ces :i* _h be5 dis>rang$1 ! soldi]s w\ld be able to make *eck m>ks 9 ! correct place by m]e *ance 9 half ! cases4 ,! me?od ( scor+ us$ 9 ! ,army 0 calculat$ to ov]come ?is difficulty1 b ev5 !n ! results 7 n z reliable z !y %\ld be 9 ! case ( ! ,m5timet] =m pres5t$ bel[4 ,?is te/ conta9s tw5ty-five s5t5ces 9 ea* "o ( :i* ! words h be5 mix$ up & dis>rang$ s t a real am\nt ( imag9ation is necess>y 9 ord] to guess :at ! s5t5ce 0 9 ! fir/ place4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce conta9s only ?ree words & is v easily arrang$1 :ile ! lat] s5t5ces are q complicat$ & difficult4 ,9 ord] to indicate :at ! true arrangem5t ( ! orig9al s5t5ce 01 ea* c&idate is ask$ to place a p]iod at ! end ( ! ^w :i* w\ld be la/ if ! s5t5ce 7 prop]ly arrang$4 ,! result+ score may be tak5 z a fairly reliable index ( ability to 8unscramble0 words 9 s5t5ces4 ,?is te/ is v closely relat$ to sev]al ( ! o!r te/s :i* appe> 9 ! ,m5timet] s]ies 9 t x involves ! ability to ?9k ab\t words & ! ?+s = :i* words /& & ! relation%ips betwe5 ^! words & ^! ?+s4 ,! type ( ability necess>y = ?is te/ is ! sort :i* makes = success 9 education & ! le>n$ pr(essions1 provid$ social & p]sonal qualities are equal to ! intellectual atta9m5ts4 ,?is te/ is also v ent]ta9+ z a p>l\r game & may be us$ )\t (f5se to any "o1 if no m5tion is made ( ! relation%ip ( ! results to m5tal ability4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,:5 ! c&idates h be5 seat$ & suppli$ ) p5cils1 ! exam9] %\ld di/ribute copies ( ! te/ booklets ) ! direction t none be op5$ until ! in/ruction to d s is giv54 ,aft] hav+ ! id5tify+ in=mation call$ = on ! blanks ( ! title page fill$ out by ! c&idates1 ! exam9] %\ld ask t all c&idates look c>efully at _! pap]s & read sil5tly ! directions :ile he reads !m al\d3 8,a s5t5ce is a li/ ( words :i* says some?+ t we c und]/&4 ,:5 y op5 ! pap]s1 y w f9d on ! inside tw5ty-five sets ( words :i* are n good s5t5ces z !y /&1 b :i* w\ld make good s5t5ces & w\ld s\nd s5sible if !y 7 *ang$ ar\nd & put 9 a diff]5t ord]4 ,look at ! samples giv5 bel[3 ,sample ,a3 ,,kill ,,mice ,,cats ,sample ,b3 ,,has ,,book ,,x ,,pictures ,,! ,,9 8,sample ,a w\ld make a good s5t5ce if x 7 arrang$ 9 ! ord] #8,,cats ,,kill ,,mice' & !re=e !re %\ld be a p]iod aft] ! ^w #8mice' to %[ ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,9 ,sample ,b1 we %\ld h a good s5t5ce if ! words 7 *ang$ ar\nd to read3 #8,,! ,,book ,,has ,,pictures ,,9 ,,x4' ,! end ( ! s5t5ce is #8x1' & !re=e !re %\ld be 9 sample ,b a p]iod aft] ! ^w #8x4' 8,:5 y turn ! page1 beg9 ) ! fir/ set ( words & /udy out :at ! s5t5ce w\ld be1 !n put a p]iod aft] ! ^w :i* w\ld come la/4 ,"w "r d[n ! page until "t is call$4 ,y w h two m9utes 9 :i* to put 9 ! p]iods ( z _m s5t5ces z possible4 ,ready6 ,op5 y\r books6 ,g to "w40 ,exactly two m9utes aft] say+ ! ^w1 8"w10 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,close y\r books6 ,give !m to me40 ,! pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,put a p]iod at ! end ( ! ^w :i* w\ld come la/ if ! words on ea* l9e 7 arrang$ 9 a s5t5ce4 #a4 ,,is ,,:ite ,,sn[ #a #b4 ,,! ,,is ,,bird ,a ,,rob9 #b #c4 ,,wat] ,,9 ,,fi% ,,swim #c #d4 ,,:ite ,,9 ,,live ,,h\ses ,,p #d #e4 ,,) ,,to ,,are ,,he> ,,e>s ,,our #e #f4 ,,! ,,9 ,,sets ,,we/ ,,sun ,,! #f #g4 ,,good ,,fight ,,c\ntry ,,soldi]s ,,_! ,,= #g #h4 ,,w9t] ,,! ,,colde/ ,,! ,,are ,,mon?s #h #i4 ,,is ,a ,,milk ,,& ,,food ,,heal?ful ,,good #i #aj4 ,,f ,,e>? ,,diamonds ,,! ,,m9$ ,,are #aj #aa4 ,,food ,,valuable ,,potatoes ,,z ,,are ,a #aa #ab4 ,,& ,,on ,,gr[ ,,oranges ,,trees ,,apples #ab #ac4 ,,f\ght ,,france ,,g]many ,,& ,,aga9/ ,,engl& #ac #ad4 ,,always ,,de$s ,,%\ld ,,bad ,,puni%$ ,,be #ad #ae4 ,,sev]al ,,ocean ,,! ,,takes ,,days ,,cross ,,to ,,x #ae #af4 ,,few ,,mak+ ,a ,,impossible ,,avoid ,,x ,,to ,,is ,,mi/akes #af #ag4 ,,c ,,nights ,,on ,,be ,,_m ,,n ,,! ,,se5 ,,moon #ag #ah4 ,,clo?+ ,,useful ,,are ,,= ,,& ,,mak+ ,,wool ,,silk #ah #ai4 ,,by ,,commonly ,,is ,,debat]s ,,v ,,me?od ,,irony ,a ,,us$ #ai #bj4 ,,extremely ,,poison\s ,,w>f>e ,,_m ,,! ,,( ,,are ,,9 ,,us$ ,,gases #bj #ba4 ,,un=tunate ,,x ,,manual ,,consid]$ ,,is ,,t ,,sometimes ,,lab\r ,,degrad+ #ba #bb4 ,,c]ta9 ,,! ,,are ,,( ,,& ,,crimes ,,names ,,bigamy ,,legal ,,p]jury #bb #bc4 ,,! ,,betwe5 ,,by ,,& ,,are ,,diff]5ces ,,/udi$ ,,reason+ ,,psy*ologi/s ,,habit ,,be+ #bc #bd4 ,,m ,,traits ,,desirable ,,"* ,,/eal+ ,,timidity ,,( ,,& ,,are ,,meekness ,,?an #bd #be4 ,,fact ,,c ,,obs]v$ ,,may ,,k9d ,,me?ods ,,to ,,appli$ ,,e ,,/ati/ical ,,t ,,be ,,( #be ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s5t5ces 9 :i* ! p]iod has be5 correctly plac$4 ,if a m>k appe>s to be accid5tal1 x %\ld n be held aga9/ ! cr$it ( ! c&idate4 ,! /5cil provid$ ) ! te/ leaflets simplifies v greatly ! m>k+ ( ?is te/4 ,! total numb] ( po9ts cr$it %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! te/ leaflet4 ,scores ( #j to #c indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores ( #d to #g indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #h to #af indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #ag to #bj indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #ba to #be indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bc ,,completion ,,( ,,s5t5ces ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory gr\p te/s available = p]sons ) a read+ k ( ! ,engli% language4 ,! te/ consi/s ( a s]ies ( s5t5ces 9 ea* ( :i* c]ta9 words h be5 omitt$4 ,dott$ l9es appe> at ^? places :]e words are miss+4 ,! p]sons be+ exam9$ are ask$ to write on ! dott$ l9es ! words :i* h be5 left out4 ,! blanks left 9 ! s5t5ces are all ( ! same l5g? 9 ord] n to sugge/ ! ^w to be us$4 ,! ,m5timet] =m ( ! te/ conta9s #bj s5t5ces1 graduat$ 9 difficulty1 f v simple s5t5ces :i* ! av]age second-grade public s*ool pupil c complete easily1 to v difficult s5t5ces :i* ! av]age college /ud5t w be unable to complete satisfactorily )9 ! "t limit4 ,! ease ) :i* "o c und]/& :at is to be done 9 ?is te/ makes x p>ticul>ly useful ) *ildr5 9 ! elem5t>y s*ools1 & ) adults ( little education1 z a measure ( language ability & g5]al intellectual capacity 9 ! manipulation ( ideas & words4 ,al?\gh x has be5 us$ by _m tea*]s & sup]visors z a te/ ( read+ ability1 x %\ld probably be classifi$ r z an intellig5ce te/ ?an z an educational measur+ in/rum5t4 ,tea*]s d n & %\ld n give direct in/ruction 9 ! art ( writ+ miss+ words1 = almo/ no situation w arise 9 practical life :]e ?is sort ( skill w\ld be necess>y4 ,x is v difficult to det]m9e j :at m5tal p[]s are te/$ by ! s5t5ce completion te/4 ,q c]ta9ly ! result obta9$ is a complex effect4 ,! p]son :o is successful 9 ?is te/ mu/ fir/ ( all be able to read & und]/& ! words :i* are actually pres5t 9 any s5t5ce2 he mu/ h c]ta9 habits ( associat+ o!r words n pres5t ) ^? :i* d appe>2 f all ( ! words :i* come to 8 m9d z associates ( ! pr9t$ words1 he mu/ *oose ^? :i* fit mo/ aptly ! ?\ght express$2 & f ^? words :i* w\ld fit into ! ?\ght ( ! s5t5ce he mu/ use good judgm5t 9 select+ & writ+ ! "o :i* makes ! smoo!/ & be/ s5t5ce4 ,lack ( m5tal ability or ( famili>ity ) ! ,engli% language w result 9 a poor %[+ at almo/ any /ep ( ! process & 9 a l[ score 9 ! te/ z a :ole4 ,?is te/ w probably be f\nd mo/ useful 9 select+ ^? comm]cial & indu/rial work]s :o 9 ! c\rse ( _! "w w be call$ ^u to make ext5sive use ( language & pr9t$ symbols1 al?\gh x has be5 us$ successfully 9 _m p>ts ( ! c\ntry 9 ! selection ( salesm51 %op =em51 firem51 policem51 & o!r non-cl]ical work]s4 ,! relation%ip betwe5 success 9 ?is te/ & g5]al success 9 life is extraord9>ily close4 ,9 ! public s*ools ?is te/ is p>ticul>ly valuable z a fir/ means ( id5tify+ pupils ( unusual ability4 ,any *ild :o makes five or m po9ts above ! av]age = 8 grade %\ld be fur!r te/$ ) ! ,numb] ,s]ies ,completion 7,m5timet] ,no4 #i7 & ! ,analogies te/s 7,m5timet] ,no4 #bd74 ,if 8 scores 9 ^! te/s are di/9ctly above ! av]age1 he %\ld be s5t to ! psy*ologi/ = special exam9ation1 & if ! psy*ologi/'s f9d+s agree ) ! f9d+s ( ^! te/s1 z !y usually w1 !n ! *ild %\ld be giv5 special opportunities = rapid progress & m v>i$ activities 9 s*ool4 ,simil>ly1 if a pupil obta9s a score :i* is five or m po9ts bel[ ! av]age = 8 grade1 he %\ld be exam9$ ) ! ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies te/ 7,m5timet] ,no4 #f7 & ! ,pictorial ,absurdities te/ 7,m5timet] ,no4 #b71 & if 8 scores 9 ^! te/s are also bel[ ! av]age1 he %\ld be ref]r$ to ! psy*ologi/ = special exam9ation & recomm5dations z to type ( in/ruction be/ suit$ to 8 m5tal abilities4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,:5 all c&idates h be5 seat$ & provid$ ) conv5i5t writ+ mat]ials1 "o copy ( ! exam9ation booklet %\ld be giv5 to ea* c&idate4 ,a g5]al ann\ncem5t %\ld be giv5 ei!r be=e di/ribut+ ! booklets or :ile !y are be+ di/ribut$1 to ! effect t no "o is to op5 ! booklet or turn x ov] until direct$ to d s4 ,! c&idates may be in/ruct$ to fill out ! blanks on ! title page if !y are intellig5t en\gh to und]/& :at is want$ on ^! blanks4 ,if "y *ildr5 are be+ exam9$1 ! exam9] %\ld /ate v cle>ly j :at is to be done4 ,= example3 8,write y\r "n on ! dott$ l9e aft] ! ^w #8,"n4' ,write y\r age at y\r la/ bir?day on ! dott$ l9e :i* foll[s ! words #8,age at ,la/ ,bir?day'40 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 t no *ild gets an unfair advantage by op5+ 8 book & beg9n+ "w be=e ! foll[+ directions h be5 read al\d by ! exam9] :ile ! *ildr5 read !m sil5tly f _! booklets4 8,:5 y op5 y\r booklets y w f9d on ! inside tw5ty s5t5ces1 f ea* ( :i* "o or m words h be5 left out4 ,y are to guess :at words 7 left out & to write !m on ! dott$ l9es :i* %[ :]e ^! words %\ld be4 ,be v c>eful to write ! be/ ^w y c ?9k ( on ea* blank4 ,write only "o ^w on ea* ( ! blanks4 ,make ea* s5t5ce s\nd j z s5sible z y c4 ,y w h t5 m9utes 9 :i* to write4 ,"w rapidly & c>efully4 ,ready6 ,g60 ,exactly t5 m9utes aft] say+1 8,g60 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,"t up6 ,give me y\r pap]s60 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,write only "o ^w on ea* blank4 #a4 ,! dog's "n 4444444444 ,jack4 #b4 ,little *ildr5 g 4444444444 b$ e>ly4 #c4 ,! boy 4444444444 two doll>s to ! ,r$ ,cross4 #d4 ,! little 4444444444 likes 4444444444 play ) h] dolls4 #e4 ,puppies 4444444444 kitt5s gr[ to be 4444444444 & cats4 #f4 ,! be/ *ildr5 4444444444 ! mo/ fri5ds4 #g4 ,"o %\ld 4444444444 be rude to 8 4444444444 #h4 ,! poor 4444444444 0 hurt :5 he slipp$ & 4444444444on ! /reet4 #i4 ,x 4444444444 amus+ 4444444444 wat* m5 *as+ _! hats on a4444444444day4 #aj4 ,almo/ any man 4444444444 if he really tries4 #aa4 ,! elephant is a fav\rite 4444444444 ) *ildr5 because ( 4444444444 4444444444 & %ape4 #ab4 ,! 4444444444 :o 4444444444 a club & 4444444444 a uni=m 0 a policeman4 #ac4 4444444444 a hot day no?+ 4444444444 ?ir/ s well z a 4444444444 ( 4444444444 wat]4 #ad4 4444444444 is m ?an m]ely 4444444444 a flag & *e]+ :5 ! soldi]s 4444444444 4444444444 home4 #ae4 ,any?+ 4444444444 is n 4444444444 do+ 4444444444 is h>dly wor? 4444444444 at all4 #af4 ,"o 4444444444 n 4444444444 money to 4444444444 wor?y *>ity4 #ag4 4444444444 le>n+ a new op]ation x is sometimes 4444444444 n to 4444444444 4444444444 all ?an to practise ! 4444444444 way ( 4444444444 x4 #ah4 ,^? ?+s 4444444444 4444444444 no fe> 4444444444 sometimes 4444444444 h>mful4 #ai4 4444444444 dr9k 4444444444 "o is 4444444444 is a 4444444444 pleasure4 #bj4 4444444444 "o 4444444444 _! pres5ce 4444444444 n1 4444444444 does 44444444441 4444444444 a rule1 4444444444 "o's gue/s4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s5t5ces complet$ p]fectly )9 ! "t limit4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = any s5t5ces 9 :i* ! language is n smoo? & mean+ful1 al?\gh errors 9 spell+ %\ld n be c\nt$ aga9/ ! p]son te/$4 ,?is te/ is int5d$ to measure ability to complete s5t5ces r ?an ability to spell words4 ,no cr$it %\ld be all[$ unless e blank 9 a s5t5ce has be5 prop]ly fill$4 ,"o error 9 any "o ( ! blanks w leave ! s5t5ce imp]fectly done & !re=e )\t cr$it4 ,! /5cil = scor+ ?is te/ is less conv5i5t ?an ^? furni%$ ) ! majority ( ! ,m5timet] te/s4 ,! reason = ?is is ! v great possibility ( new v>iations appe>+1 ev5 aft] long exp]i5ce 9 scor+ ! te/4 ,:5 m ?an "o blank appe>s 9 a s+le s5t5ce ! "q z to :e!r or n a c]ta9 ^w is prop] = "o ( ! lat] blanks dep5ds entirely ^u :at *oice 0 made 9 ! fir/ blank4 ,x %\ld be held 9 m9d by ^? :o score ?is te/ t ! /5cil does n give all ( ! possibilities1 b only sugge/s ! type ( completion :i* %\ld be consid]$ correct4 ,any?+ t is z good z ! completions appe>+ 9 ! /5cil %\ld be giv5 full cr$it1 :ile any?+ :i* is n z p]fect %\ld be consid]$ incorrect4 ,! f9al score obta9$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( s5t5ces p]fectly complet$ %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! booklet4 ,scores f #j to #e indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #f to #i indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #aj to #af indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ag to #ah indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ai to #bj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bd ,,analogies ,,or ,,mix$ ,,relations ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,! ,analogies te/ l5ds itself easily to :olesale or gr\p adm9i/ration4 ,x _c be us$ ) illit]ate c&idates b requires at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( educational backgr\nd 9 ord] to give a satisfactory index ( m5tal capacity4 ,! te/ blank pres5ts ! tasks to be done 9 a mann] s easily und]/ood t little explanation ne$s to be giv5 orally by ! exam9]4 ,x is also simple 9 its me?od ( scor+ & yields a v reliable measure ( an individual's cle>ness ( ?\ght ab\t ! relations ( words & ! ?+s = :i* ! words /&4 ,psy*ologi/s h us$ v>i\s =ms ( ?is te/ = _m ye>s & h f\nd x unusually accurate & reliable4 ,x is consid]$ p>ticul>ly valuable z a te/ ( ability to adapt "o's self quickly & accurately to new situations1 :i* is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts 9 :at is call$ 8g5]al intellig5ce40 ,! me?od ( ! ,analogies te/ is kn[n z ! 8controll$-association me?od40 ,two words are pres5t$ hav+ a v def9ite relation to ea* o!r4 ,a ?ird ^w is !n pres5t$1 foll[$ by a blank space ^u :i* ! c&idate is to write a f\r? ^w :i* w h ! same relation to ! ?ird ^w z ! second ^w has to ! fir/4 ,! relation betwe5 ! fir/ two or key words 9 ea* elem5t ( ! te/ diff]s f ! relation betwe5 ! key words ( ! previ\s elem5t1 result+ 9 a con/ant *ange 9 ! problem to be solv$1 :i* requires quick readju/m5ts 9 ! c&idate's ?\ght processes4 ,! c&idate mu/ be intellectually al]t to discov] ! true relation betwe5 ! key words1 8 m9d mu/ be well suppli$ by exp]i5ce ) words & ideas associat$ ) ! ?ird ^w1 & !n he mu/ use good judgm5t & discrim9ation 9 ! selection ( t ^w :i* has ! prop] relation to ! ?ird ^w4 ,a slip at any ( ^! po9ts w mean failure4 ,! value ( ! pres5t s]ies z a te/ ( intellig5ce is greatly increas$ by ! fact t !re is a progressive increase 9 ! difficulty ( ! elem5ts pres5t$1 s t ! numb] ( elem5ts correctly suppli$ has a v def9ite relation to ! difficulty ( ! tasks ! c&idate c d4 ,because ( its relation to intellig5ce1 ! ,analogies te/ w be f\nd v useful 9 ! classification ( c&idates = cl]ical & adm9i/rative positions 9 indu/ry4 ,any gr\p ( te/s select$ = classify+ su* employees %\ld conta9 a li/ ( grad$ analogies su* z t "h suppli$4 ,unless a c&idate makes a record ( at lea/ fifte5 correct responses out ( a possible ?irty 9 ! ?ree m9utes' "t all[$ 9 ! te/1 he %\ld be /udi$ v c>efully be=e be+ entru/$ ) a task :]e ideas & symbols mu/ be h&l$ quickly4 ,su* a man might be able to "w ) ?+s & p1 b he w probably be f\nd sl[ 9 8 grasp ( ab/ract pr9ciples & ideas4 ,9 ! s*oolroom1 ! ,analogies te/ may be us$ ) "s confid5ce 9 classify+ pupils = in/ruction4 ,if x is f\nd t a pupil is f> bel[ 8 grade 9 ability 9 ?is te/1 & if he is also f\nd bel[ 8 grade 9 ! ,completion ( ,s5t5ces & ,numb] s]ies1 x may be assum$ t ! pupil w probably n succe$ 9 ! ab/ract "w ( ! s*ool4 ,su* pupils %\ld be s5t to ! cl9ical psy*ologi/ = special /udy1 & a special type ( tra9+ %\ld be prescrib$ ^u ! basis ( ! psy*ologi/'s diagnosis4 ,9 ! same mann]1 pupils unusually brilliant 9 ! h&l+ ( ab/ractions may be locat$ ?r\gh ! use ( ?is & o!r te/s ( ?is nature4 ,! ,analogies te/ is also a v ent]ta9+ type ( p>l\r amusem5t1 especially :5 "s ( ! absurd answ]s are read al\d = ! amusem5t ( ! gr\p4 ,:5 x is s us$1 h[ev]1 no sugge/ion %\ld be made ( ! relation betwe5 ability 9 ?is te/ & g5]al intellectual quickness1 le/ someone %\ld take (f5ce4 ,if ! te/ is giv5 )\t ! exact & =mal directions1 & if ! _s ( fun is introduc$ by ! exam9]1 c]ta9 clev] p]sons are q c]ta9 to write words :i* h v amus+ associations ) ! words :i* s]ve to set ! problems 9 ! v>i\s l9es4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,all c&idates %\ld be furni%$ ) p5cils & writ+ surfaces--ei!r tables1 *air-arms1 or writ+ bo>ds4 ,"o te/ booklet %\ld be suppli$ to ea* c&idate1 ! blank be+ pres5t$ unop5$ & ) ! title page up4 ,! exam9] %\ld ann\nce cle>ly z ! pap]s are di/ribut$ t1 8,! booklets are n to be turn$ ov] or op5$ up until ! signal is giv5 to d s40 ,c&idates %\ld also be direct$ to sign _! names1 ages1 gr\p numb]s1 & locations on ! blank spaces provid$ on ! cov] ( ! booklet = ?is in=mation4 ,:5 ea* c&idate has prop]ly fill$ out ! in=mation blanks on ! outside ( ! te/ booklet ! exam9] %\ld speak z foll[s3 8,?is te/ is to f9d out h[ c>efully & h[ rapidly y c ?9k ab\t ! relations ( words & ( ! ?+s = :i* ^! words /&4 ,n[ look at y\r pap]s & read sil5tly ! directions1 :ile ,i read !m al\d4 8,:5 y are told to op5 y\r booklets1 y w f9d on ! inside ?irty l9es ( words--?ree words & a blank space be+ pr9t$ on ea* l9e4 ,9 ea* ( ^! l9es1 ! fir/ two words are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 a c]ta9 way :i* y are to /udy out4 ,y are !n to write1 9 ! blank space at ! end1 a f\r? ^w :i* has ! same relation to ! ?ird ^w z ! second ^w has to ! fir/4 8,look1 = example1 at ! fir/ sample1 9 :i* ! second ^w is ! plural ( ! fir/4 ,boxes means m ?an "o ,box1 s ! f\r? ^w %\ld be ,cats1 mean+ m ?an "o ,cat4 ,write a f\r? ^w :i* fits ! ?ird 9 ! same way ! second ^w fits ! fir/4 #a/ ,sample3 ,,box ,boxes ,,cat 44444444 #bnd ,sample3 ,,d[n ,up ,,9 44444444 #crd ,sample3 ,,eyes ,see ,,e>s 44444444 8,9 ! second sample1 ! f\r? ^w %\ld be ,out1 because ,up is ! opposite ( ,d[n1 & ,out is ! opposite ( ,94 8,9 ! ?ird sample1 ! f\r? ^w %\ld be ,he>1 = ,see tells :at ,eyes are us$ =1 & ,he> tells = :at ,e>s are us$4 8,y w h ?ree m9utes 9 :i* to write ! f\r? ^w 9 ! ?irty l9es on ! next pages4 ,"w z rapidly z y c )\t mak+ mi/akes4 ,be sure to /op z soon z ,i call #8,"t up4' ,n[ turn y\r pap]s & beg940 ,all[ exactly ?ree m9utes 7#ahj seconds7 aft] say+ 8,beg910 & !n say 8,/op6 ,"t up6 ,turn y\r pap]s ov]40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once to avoid corrections ) result+ unfairness4 ,write a f\r? ^w :i* fits ! ?ird 9 ! same way ! second ^w fits ! fir/4 ,,fir/ ,,second ,,?ird ,,f\r? #a4 ,,c> ,c>s ,,dog 44444444 #a #b4 ,,front ,back ,,ne> 44444444 #b #c4 ,,hat ,head ,,%oe 44444444 #c #d4 ,,boy ,boy's ,,cat 44444444 #d #e4 ,,ice ,cold ,,fire 44444444 #e #f4 ,,bird ,flies ,,fi% 44444444 #f #g4 ,,m5',s ,man ,,h5s' 44444444 #g #h4 ,,bread ,eat ,,wat] 44444444 #h #i4 ,,actor ,!at] ,,tea*] 44444444 #i #aj4 ,,he ,him ,,%e 44444444 #aj #aa4 ,,prie/ ,religion ,,attorney 44444444 #aa #ab4 ,,cat ,kitt5 ,,horse 44444444 #ab #ac4 ,,d ,did ,,buy 44444444 #ac #ad4 ,,sculptor ,/atue ,,pa9t] 44444444 #ad #ae4 ,,boy ,man ,,lamb 44444444 #ae #af4 ,,top ,bottom ,,ceil+ 44444444 #af #ag4 ,,wat] ,fi% ,,air 44444444 #ag #ah4 ,,tra9 ,eng9e] ,,automobile 44444444 #ah #ai4 ,,/& ,/ood ,,be 44444444 #ai #bj4 ,,cattle ,h]d ,,fi% 44444444 #bj #ba4 ,,"w ,day ,,sleep 44444444 #ba #bb4 ,,?rew ,?r[n ,,rose 44444444 #bb #bc4 ,,goose ,g&] ,,duck 44444444 #bc #bd4 ,,bantam ,f[l ,,m]9o 44444444 #bd #be4 ,,girl ,girls' ,,woman 44444444 #be #bf4 ,,wrong ,"r ,,/eal 44444444 #bf #bg4 ,,foot ,feet ,,aviatrix 44444444 #bg #bh4 ,,h\ses ,h\se ,,crit]ia 44444444 #bh #bi4 ,,que5 ,que5s' ,,jones 44444444 #bi #cj4 ,,pessimi/ ,optimi/ ,,exot]ic 44444444 #cj ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! ,analogies te/ is scor$ accord+ to ! numb] ( l9es 9 :i* ! c&idate has writt5 ! prop] f\r? ^w4 ,) ea* package ( te/ blanks a /5cil is furni%$ by means ( :i* any "o may score ! results v quickly4 ,! /5cil is to be plac$ along ! page next to ! writt5 column ( words1 & :]e ! writt5 ^w on ! page corresponds to ! ^w or words pr9t$ on ! /5cil at t level ! writt5 ^w /&s z correct4 ,:]e !re is disagreem5t betwe5 ! writt5 ^w & ! words pr9t$ at t level on ! /5cil1 a diagonal l9e 7_/7 %\ld be drawn ?r\gh ! numb] at ! end ( ! writt5 ^w to indicate t an error has be5 made4 ,:]e no ^w has be5 writt5 on ! blank1 ! numb] at ! end ( ! blank may be circl$ to indicate ! omission4 ,! f9al score %\ld be writt5 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! front cov] ( ! te/ booklet4 ,?is f9al score is f\nd by add+ all ! correct responses 7! numb]s n cross$ out or circl$74 ,s9ce !re are ?irty l9es1 ! maximum score possible is #cj4 ,scores f #j to #e indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #f to #ab indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ac to #bc indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bd to #bf indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bg to #cj indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,ab\t #cj p] c5t4 ( a gr\p ( college graduates %\ld be expect$ to secure ,sup]ior rat+s1 ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ,high ,av]age1 & ! rema9d] only ,av]age rat+s4 ,m5timet] ,no4 #be ,,h&writ+ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,_m pseudo-sci5ti/s h claim$ ! ability to int]pret "* & intellig5ce1 & ! pa/ & ! future1 by means ( an individual's h&writ+4 ,! pres5t te/ has no relation to su* misguid$ ef=ts4 ,?is te/ is design$ to measure accurately ! spe$ at :i* "o c write1 & to indicate ! g5]al quality ( ! product produc$ at t spe$4 ,l>ge gr\ps ( individuals may be exam9$ at ! same "t by ?is te/1 al?\gh x may be us$ z a te/ ( an individual if necess>y4 ,x is q c]ta9 t an individual :o works at su* a task z t set by ?is te/ 9 ! company ( o!r p w succe$ bett] ?an if he works at x alone4 ,! results obta9$ :5 an individual is te/$ alone are n exactly comp>able1 !re=e1 to ! results :i* w\ld be atta9$ if he 7 te/$ 9 a gr\p4 ,! g5]al quality ( "o's h&writ+ has v little relation to 8 g5]al intellectual ability4 ,"s ( our mo/ intellig5t m5 write a h& :i* is h>dly legible1 & ! au?ors h se5 "s beautiful h&writ+ produc$ by feeble-m9d$ *ildr54 ,x is1 nev]!less1 wor? :ile = _m employ]s to h 9 _! records ( ! qualifications ( employees an exact record ( ! spe$ & quality ( ea* employee's h&writ+4 ,?is record may nev] be ( any use1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may at "s "t be ( v great value unexpect$ly4 ,9 ! public s*ools1 measurem5ts ( h&writ+ quality may be crudely done ) ! pres5t ,m5timet] or m accurately done ) ! scales ( ,?orndike1 ,ayres1 or ,/>*4 ,x seems probable t by ! "t *ildr5 h atta9$ ! 8,av]age0 quality conta9$ 9 ! ,m5timet] & are writ+ at 8,high ,av]age0 spe$ x w\ld be wor? :ile = ! tea*] to excuse !m f fur!r drill z long z !y ma9ta9 t /&>d 9 _! e-day "w4 ,x w h>dly be f\nd necess>y 9 practical life outside ! s*ool to write a bett] quality ?an 8,av]age0 except 9 a v few specializ$ occupations4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,c&idates %\ld be suppli$ ) p5 & ink & seat$ at a conv5i5t table or desk4 ,! te/ leaflet %\ld !n be pass$ out & explanations giv5 ( h[ to fill out ! blanks on ! title page4 ,:5 all ( ! id5tify+ in=mation has be5 ent]$ on ! title page1 ! exam9] %\ld direct z foll[s3 8,?is te/ is int5d$ to discov] h[ rapidly & h[ well y c write ) p5 & ink4 ,turn y\r pap]s ov] & notice at ! top ( ! page ! two pr9t$ l9es3 8,m>y _h a little lamb ,its fleece 0 :ite z sn[4 8,:5 y are told to beg9 y are to copy ^! two l9es ov] & ov] aga9 j z _m times z y possibly c be=e ,i call #8,/op4' ,try to use y\r v be/ h&writ+ e "t y copy4 ,i %all all[ y two m9utes 9 :i* to write4 ,z soon z ,i say #8,/op1' ,i want y to hold y\r p5 up s t ,i c see y h obey$ ! comm&4 ,rememb] t :5 ,i say #8,write1' y are to copy ! two l9es ov] & ov] aga9 z rapidly & z well z y c4 ,ready1 ,write40 ,exactly two m9utes 7#abj seconds7 aft] say+ 8,write0 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,hold up y\r p5s6 ,n[ lay !m d[n on ! table4 ,blot y\r pap] & h& x to me40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once to avoid unfair "w4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,ea* h&writ+ leaflet is to receive two scores1 "o = quality ( h&writ+ & "o = spe$4 ,! score 9 spe$ %\ld be obta9$ by c\nt+ ! numb] ( lett]s writt5 & divid+ ! result by two1 ?is w be simplifi$ some:at by rememb]+ t ! s5t5ce1 8,m>y _h a little lamb0 conta9s #ah lett]s & t ! s5t5ce1 8,its fleece 0 :ite z sn[0 conta9s #bc lett]s1 :i* makes #da lett]s = ea* "t ! two s5t5ces are repeat$4 ,! score 9 spe$ ?us obta9$ by tak+ half ( ! total numb] ( lett]s writt5 %\ld be ent]$ on ! prop] blank at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page4 ,spe$ score f #j to #cj indicates ,inf]ior ,ability ,spe$ score f #ca to #ej indicates ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,spe$ score f #ea to #ge indicates ,av]age ,ability ,spe$ score f #gf to #ij indicates ,high ,av]age ,ability ,spe$ score f #ia & upw>d indicates ,sup]ior ,ability ,! score 9 quality ( h&writ+ is to be det]m9$ by comp>+ ! c&idate's h&writ+ ) samples on ! ,m5timet] = ,h&writ+ ,quality3#c a grade ( 8,a10 indicat+ sup]ior quality1 %\ld be assign$ if ! c&idate's h&writ+ is z smoo?1 beautiful & legible z ! sample m>k$ 8,a10 or if ! quality m ne>ly approa*es ! quality ( sample 8,a0 ?an ! quality ( sample 8,b40 ,! sample %\ld be giv5 a rat+ z quality 8,c0 if its g5]al beauty & quality be ne>] to ! pr9t$ sample 8,c0 ?an to pr9t$ samples 8,b0 or 8,d40 ,give to any sample t grade :i* indicates ! pr9t$ quality t mo/ ne>ly equals x 9 beauty1 legibility1 & g5]al m]it4 ,footnote #c3 ,! samples 9 ! ,m5timet] are select$ f ! ,?orndike li/ & h ! foll[+ values on ! ,?orndike ,scale ,e1 8,inf]ior0 equals #h4j2 ,d1 8,l[ ,av]age0 equals #aj4e2 ,c1 8,av]age0 equals #ab4b2 ,b1 8,high ,av]age0 equals #ac4d2 ,a1 8,sup]ior0 equals #af4 ,9 mak+ a record ( any c&idate's p]=mance 9 ! h&writ+ te/ bo? quality & spe$ %\ld be record$4 8,c-#ga0 w\ld mean t 9 ! ,m5timet] te/ ?is individual _h writt5 quality 8,c0 at a spe$ ( #ga lett]s p] m9ute4 ,! spe$ & quality toge!r are necess>y 9 ord] to "k ! entire tru? ab\t "o's h&writ+1 = _m p produce a beautiful h&writ+ by tak+ great pa9s & wa/+ mu* "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,m5timet] = ,h&writ+ ,quality ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bf ,,engli% ,,composition ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,only p]sons :o h _h ! b5efit ( a fairly complete elem5t>y s*ool education w succe$ v emphatically 9 ?is te/ ( ability to write a composition 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,! te/ may be giv5 to l>ge numb]s ( p at ! same "t j z readily z to a s+le individual4 ,! result ( ! te/ is1 h[ev]1 a v good index ( ! g5]al intellectual capacity ( ! individual1 unless he is h&icapp$ by lack ( famili>ity ) ! language4 ,! mo/ common use :i* mo/ ( u h = ability at compos+ 9 ,engli% is 9 writ+ lett]s to our fri5ds or to ^? ) :om our bus9ess br+s u into contact4 ,= ?is reason1 ! te/ consi/s 9 ! /atem5t ( a condition "u :i* any "o ( u might f9d ourselves & 9 ask+ ! c&idates to write an appropriate lett]4 ,! result is grad$ into "o ( five gr\ps1 accord+ to its g5]al quality4 ,! problem pres5t$ to ! c&idate is fairly complex4 ,fir/ ( all1 he mu/ be able to und]/& ! situation describ$ by ! exam9] & to appreciate :at type ( lett] w\ld be mo/ appropriate "u ^! circum/ances4 ,he mu/ also be able to write ! words :i* w\ld express 8 feel+s 9 ! describ$ situation1 & 9 ord] to make 8 feel+s cle>ly und]/ood he %\ld be able to punctuate & organize 8 s5t5ces effectively4 ,! result is a useful index ( ! g5]al effici5cy & maturity ( any c&idate :o has be5 taught to write 9 ,engli%4 ,9 indu/rial life !re are _m types ( positions = :i* p]sons ^: ability to compose writt5 ,engli% ne$ n be bett] ?an 8,inf]ior10 al?\gh !re are o!r positions :i* w\ld require 8,high ,av]age0 quality ( ,engli% composition4 ,! advantage ( ! foll[+ ,m5timet] lies 9 ! possibility x gives ( id5tify+ m exactly j :at quality is meant :5 "o speaks ( 8,high ,av]age0 compos+ ability4 ,9 ! public s*ools ! ,m5timet] w s]ve z a crude basis = classify+ ! g5]al quality ( ! compositions writt51 b = highly sci5tific "w x w\ld be desirable to secure "s =m ( ! 8,hillegas ,scale0 :i* is mu* m exact & well /&>diz$4 ,a v ent]ta9+ ev5+ c\ld be enjoy$ by giv+ ?is te/ to a gr\p ( p ga!r$ toge!r = social purposes1 especially ) a gr\p :i* _h tir$ ( ! ord9>y means ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,read+ ! products writt5 %\ld 9 su* a case be entru/$ to "s "o or two individuals ( good read+ ability & wise judgm5t4 ,frequ5tly ! results w\ld conta9 v amus+ p>agraphs4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,ea* c&idate %\ld be com=tably seat$ & provid$ ) writ+ mat]ial be=e any in/ructions are giv54 ,x w usually be well to furni% pap] on :i* !re are l9es1 z _m p f9d ! lack ( rul+ a di/9ct h9drance to ! fl[ ( _! ?\ghts4 ,:5 ev]yone is ready1 ! exam9] %\ld direct t ea* individual write 8 or h] "n1 age1 address1 & any o!r in=mation :i* seems desirable4 ,! foll[+ directions %\ld !n be giv53 8,?is te/ is plann$ to discov] h[ well y c use ! ,engli% language 9 express+ y\r ?\ghts & feel+s4 ,imag9e y\rself employ$ 9 a l>ge bus9ess h\se 9 ! city4 ,:ile y are wait+ to f9d out :e!r or n y are go+ to be "o ( ^? =tunate p :o w be grant$ a vacation1 imag9e t y receive a lett] f a fri5d 9 ! c\ntry ask+ y to sp5d y\r vacation on ! f>m4 ,s9ce y d n "k t y w h a vacation1 x is impossible = y to accept ! invitation at once1 b x is necess>y = y to ackn[l$ge ! fact t y h receiv$ ! invitation4 ,write a lett] to ?is fri5d 9 ! c\ntry say+ t ! invitation has be5 receiv$ & t y appreciate x4 ,y ne$ n make ! lett] long1 b write x j z well z y c40 ,at lea/ tw5ty m9utes %\ld be all[$ = ! writ+ ( ?is lett]4 ,at ! end ( tw5ty m9utes all pap]s %\ld be collect$1 :e!r ! lett]s are complete or n--en\gh w h be5 writt5 to demon/rate ! quality ( lett] ea* c write4 ,,m5timet] ,,= ,,quality ,,( ,,engli% ,,compositions ,quality3 ,sup]ior1 ,a4 ,,my ,,de> ,,jean3-- ,y\r lett] made me peculi>ly happy ?is morn+4 ,! joys ( la/ ,summ] s wrapt !mselves ab\t me t1 in/ead ( hurry+ d[n ,broadway to bus9ess1 ,i 0 sitt+ on ! v]&a ) y & little ,bobby at sunset wat*+ ! ,hudson creep sl[ly 9 & out among ! hills4 ,"o by "o ! little villages dropt out ( sight z ! fog came d[n f ! ,catskills1 crept across ! riv]1 up ?r\gh ! woods & f9ally ne/l$ among ! neighb\r's fir trees4 ,black cr[s caw$ z !y flew lazily ov] ! h\se1 & ! little birds came up close to ! edge ( ! woods to sleep 9 ! b>b]ry bu%es4 ,bobby said !y came up close s we w\ld he> if any?+ got !m4 ,! little de>6 ,tell him ,i h sav$ a numb] ( /ories = him--two new ones ab\t light-h\ses4 ,i am r d\btful z to :e!r ,i w be grant$ a vacation ?is ye>4 ,bus9ess conditions are s f> f normal1 & we are v %ort ( help4 ,h[ev]1 ,i may be lucky1 & if ,i am no?+ w\ld make me s happy z to sp5d e day ( x ) y & little ,bobby4 ,i expect to "k def9itely by ! end ( next week conc]n+ my vacation & %all write to y imm$iately4 ,i ?ank y m ?an ,i c say1 ,jean4 ,y\r invitation has made me v happy4 ,s9c]ely1 ,quality3 ,high ,av]age1 ,b4 ,,my ,,de> ,,mr4 ,,smi?3 ,i appreciate y\r invitation express+ ! desire to ent]ta9 me aga9 at y\r f>m dur+ my ,summ] vacation4 ,i %\ld enjoy com+ back ?is ,summ]1 al?\gh ,i h occasionally be5 afraid t ,i 0 some?+ ( a h9drance to y\r "w4 ,x is su* a *ange = me to get to ! c\ntry t ,i %all c]ta9ly come if possible4 ,i %all let y "k j z soon z ,i f9d out :e!r or n ,i am to h a vacation ?is ,summ]4 ,?ank+ y = y\r k9d invitation1 ,i rema91 ,s9c]ely y\rs1 ,quality3 ,av]age1 ,c4 ,,my ,,de> ,,fri5d3 ,y\r lett] ( ,june #aj? has be5 receiv$1 & 9 reply ,i w\ld say t ,i am n sure t ,i w get my vacation ?is summ]4 ,! boss hasn't said any?+ ab\t vacations yet4 ,i w\ld l to come j z mu* z y w\ld l to h me1 b ,i c't promise until ! old man lets u "k4 ,i'll write to y j z soon z ,i le>n :at to expect4 ,?anks = y\r invitation4 ,y\rs1 ,quality3 ,l[ ,av]age1 ,d4 ,,de> ,,fri5d ,i got y\r lett] alright1 b x don't look l ,i 0 go+ to get any vacation ?is summ]4 ,we h all be5 try9 to h9t to ! boss ab\t h[ tir$ we all 0 b he has to be knock$ d[n to take a h9t ,i guess4 ,i sure d hope he lets me (f4 ,y "k h[ ,i'd l to come & ,i want y to keep pl5ty ( gre5 truck gr[9 9 ! g>d9 = me to eat4 ,y\rs truly ,quality3 ,inf]ior1 ,e4 ,,d] ,,fr5d id lik to cum out to y] f>m ef ! flise ant t\ bad b i got to wate ! boss hant told u we c tak ar vaka%9s yit h\s ! frut burys ?is y]e il cum ef i c ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,ea* composition %\ld be comp>$ ) ! five conta9$ on ! ,m5timet] = ,engli% ,composition quality4 ,give ! writt5 composition a m>k z 8,av]age10 8,sup]ior10 or 8,l[ ,av]age0 accord+ to its quality4 ,if a composition seems to be bett] ?an ! "o on ! ,m5timet] :i* is call$ 8,av]age0 b poor] ?an ! "o call$ 8,high ,av]age10 try to decide :i* x is ne>] 9 g5]al quality4 8,av]age10 !re=e1 w mean t a composition is ne>] 9 its quality to ! sample pr9t$ z 8,av]age0 ?an x is to ! sample pr9t$ z 8,high ,av]age10 or to ! sample pr9t$ z 8,l[ ,av]age40 ,any composition :i* is di/9ctly bett] ?an 8,sup]ior0 %\ld be rat$ z 8,sup]ior10 & any composition :i* seems poor] ?an ! "o pr9t$ z 8,inf]ior0 %\ld be rat$ z 8,inf]ior40 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bg ,,poetic ,,discrim9ation ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,diff]5ces 9 ! intellectual abilities ( p manife/ !mselves 9 ?ree fairly di/9ct ways3 fir/1 9 ability to accompli% results2 second1 9 ability to ?9k cle>ly ab\t ! situations 9 :i* !y f9d !mselves2 & ?ird1 9 ! feel+s :i* ^! situations ar\se4 ,practically all ( ! te/s n[ available = measur+ educational a*ievem5ts or intellectual ability are conc]n$ prim>ily ) ! ability to d or to ?9k ab\t situations4 ,?is memb] ( ! ,m5timet] family is conc]n$ *iefly ) ! way 9 :i* "o feels ab\t diff]5t types & qualities ( poetic expression4 ,! te/ _c be giv5 to illit]ate or =eign language speak+ p]sons4 ,x is plann$ z a gr\p te/ ( p]sons :o read & und]/& ,engli% readily4 ,! te/ consi/s ( six %ort /anzas select$ f recogniz$ ,engli% poets4#d ,two false v]sions ( ea* /anza h be5 prep>$ & appe> on ! same page ) ! orig9al4 ,! gr\p be+ exam9$ are ask$ to read ea* v]sion1 try+ to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if read al\d1 & to *oose ! "o :i* !y l 8be/0 & ! "o :i* !y consid] ! 8poore/0 poetry4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! false v]sions & ! true 9 ! fir/ set are small] ?an ! diff]5ces f\nd 9 ! succe$+ ones4 ,! score obta9$ by any individual !re=e dep5ds ^u h[ small a diff]5ce he c notice4 ,footnote #d3 ,! ,be/ ,v]sion 9 ea* set is select$ f ! writ+s ( recogniz$ poets3 ,set ,i ,william ,wordswor? 9 8,%e ,dwelt ,among40 ,set ,,ii ,agnes ,millay 9 8,my ,tav]n40 ,set ,,iii ,p]cy ,bys%e ,%elley 9 8,to----0 ,set ,,iv ,alg]non ,*>les ,sw9burne 9 8tude ,rali/e40 ,set ,v ,edw>d ,coote ,p9kney 9 8,heal?40 ,set ,,vi ,james ,?ompson 9 8,sunday ,up ! ,riv]40 ,mr4 ,e>l ,hudelson contribut$ ! ,middle & ,poore/ ,v]sions = ,set ,,ii4 ,"o ( ! pres5t au?ors is responsible = ! mutilat$ =ms ( ! o!r selections4 ,a mu* m sci5tific & accurate in/rum5t = measur+ poetic discrim9ation is be+ develop$ by ,pr(4 ,allan ,abbott & "o ( ! pres5t au?ors4 ,al?\gh ?is te/ is v int]e/+ & ent]ta9+ its reliability is n det]m9$ & its usefulness is z yet que/ionable4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld h no great value 9 indu/rial life & only small importance 9 public s*ool "w2 its *ief s]vice w be ent]ta9m5t 9 ! home & at social ga!r+s4 ,x is surpris+ h[ poor ! judgm5t ( _m p is reg>d+ ! quality ( poetic products4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ at social affairs at :i* ?is te/ is us$ to make a tabulation ( j h[ _m ( ^? pres5t h select$ ea* diff]5t v]sion4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld di/ribute ! exam9ation booklets & writ+ mat]ials ) ! foll[+ in/ruction3 8,d n op5 ?is booklet until ,i tell y to d s4 ,notice on ! title page a numb] ( blanks = y\r "n1 y\r age1 & ! l4 ,fill out ^! blanks at once b d n look inside ! booklet40 ,z soon z ! blanks on ! title page h be5 fill$ ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to read c>efully ! directions :ile he reads !m al\d4 8,:5 y op5 y\r book y w f9d six diff]5t sets ( poetic /anzas4 ,ea* set appe>s 9 ?ree diff]5t v]sions4 ,y are to read ea* v]sion c>efully1 try+ to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if read al\d1 & !n to record on ! blank space provid$ = x :i* v]sion y ?9k is #8be/1' :i* v]sion y ?9k is #8poore/' & :i* v]sion y ?9k is ( #8middle' value4 ,if y decide t v]sion ,y is be/ !n write #8,y' aft] ! ^w ,be/4 ,if ,z is ! wor/1 !n write #8,z' aft] ! ^w ,poore/1 & #8,x' aft] ! ^w ,middle4 8,?9k c>efully ab\t ea* set & *oose ! "o :i* y really ?9k is ! be/ poetry4 ,y w be all[$ fifte5 m9utes 9 :i* to read & decide ab\t ! six sets4 ,beg9 ) set ,no4 ,i & take !m 9 ord]4 ,ready6 ,op5 y\r pap]s & beg9 "w40 ,exactly fifte5 m9utes aft] say+ 8,beg90 ! exam9] %\ld call1 8,/op6 ,! "t is up4 ,let me h y\r pap]s40 ,all pap]s %\ld be tak5 up at once4 ,,set ,i ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,be/ 44444444 ,middle 44444444 ,poore/ 44444444 ,v]sion ,x ,once !re 0 a violet1 ,gr[+ ne> a /one2 ,x rem9d$ me ( a /> ,all alone 9 ! sky4 ,v]sion ,y ,a violet grew by a mossy /one1 ,:]e x 0 h>d to see2 ,x look$ l a />1 = x %one ,z pretty z c\ld be4 ,v]sion ,z ,a violet by a mossy /one ,half hidd5 f ! eye6 --,fair z a />1 :5 only "o ,is %9+ 9 ! sky4 ,,set ,,ii ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,i'll keep a little tav]n ,bel[ ! high hill's cre/1 ,:]e9 all gray-ey$ p ,may set !m d[n & re/4 ,be/ 44444444 ,middle 44444444 ,poore/ 44444444 ,v]sion ,x ,!re %all be plates a-pl5ty1 ,& mugs to melt ! *ill ,( all ! gray-ey$ p ,:o happ5 up ! hill4 ,ay1 'tis a curi\s fancy-- ,b all ! good ,i "k ,0 taught me out ( two gray eyes ,a long "t ago4 ,v]sion ,y ,!re %all be di%es a-pl5ty1 ,& some?+ to take (f ! *ill ,( z _m gray-ey$ p ,z are will+ to climb ! hill4 ',tis truly an odd fancy1 ,b ev]y?+ good t ,i "k ,i le>n$ out ( two gray eyes ,_m ye>s ago4 ,v]sion ,z ,& :5 ^? gray-ey$ p ,h ent]$ 9 ! gate1 ,we'll pass ! *e]+ mug ar\nd1 ,& also pass ! plate4 ,x may s\nd r funny1 ,b ,i 0 help$ a lot ,by someone :o _h gray eyes ,:5 ,i 0 a little tot4 ,,set ,,iii ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,be/ 4444 ,middle 4444 ,poore/ 4444 ,v]sion ,x ,music1 :5 fa9t voices cease1 ,cont9ues 9 ! memory-- ,od\rs1 :5 ! violets fade1 ,l+] :]e _! smell 0 made4 ,v]sion ,y ,music lives 9 ! memory1 ,?\gh ! song/]'s voice is done4 ,sweet od\rs haunt ! nose1 ,?\gh ! violets t wak$ !m are gone4 ,v]sion ,z ,music1 :5 s(t voices die1 ,vibrates 9 ! memory-- ,od\rs1 :5 sweet violets sick51 ,live )9 ! s5se !y quick54 ,,set ,,iv ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,be/ 4444 ,middle 4444 ,poore/ 4444 ,v]sion ,x ,no rosebud yet has e'er be5 se51 ,or fl[] 9 tropic l&s1 ,to equal ^!1 m beaute\s e'en-- ,a baby's h&s4 ,v]sion ,y ,no rosebuds yet by dawn impe>l$ ,mat*1 ev5 9 lovelie/ l&s1 ,! sweete/ fl[]s 9 all ! _w-- ,a baby's h&s4 ,v]sion ,z ,no fl[] t gr[s1 ,9 ?is or any o!r l&s1 ,comp>es ) ^!1 ( da9tie/ rose-- ,a baby's h&s4 ,,set ,v ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,be/ 4444 ,middle 4444 ,poore/ 4444 ,v]sion ,x ,%e speaks 9 tones ( silv] ,) ! voice ( morn+ birds1 ,& e ^w t's spok5 ( h] ,e*oes ! music ( h] words4 ,v]sion ,y ,h] e tone is music's own1 ,l ^? ( morn+ birds1 ,& some?+ m ?an melody ,dwells ev] 9 h] words4 ,v]sion ,z ,h] tones are pure z silv] *imes1 ,h] notes ( birdlike beauty2 ,! words %e speaks are at all times ,replete ) life & beauty4 ,,set ,,vi ,read ea* v]sion c>efully & try to ?9k h[ x w\ld s\nd if x 7 read al\d4 ,:i* v]sion is ! poore/ poetry1 & :i* is ! be/ poetry8 ,be/ 4444 ,middle 4444 ,poore/ 4444 ,v]sion ,x ,a pipe & a book1 ,by ! side ( ! brook1 ,) ! _w & h] tr\bles =got2 ,j to read & to smoke1 ,man =gets t he's broke1-- ,& he f9ds1 aft] all1 t he's n4 ,v]sion ,y ,give a man a pipe he c smoke1 ,give a man a book he c read2 ,& 8 home is bright ) a calm delight1 ,?\gh ! room be poor inde$4 ,v]sion ,z ,let a man smoke1 ,& let a man read2 ,a pipe & a book 9 any old nook1 ,l5d peace :i* is weal? inde$4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is det]m9$ 9 a some:at m complicat$ mann] ?an is ! case ( any o!r ( ! ,m5timet] s]ies4 ,two po9ts are all[$ ea* c&idate = select+ z 8,be/0 ! orig9al v]sion 9 any set & "o po9t ( cr$it is all[$ = select+ ! poore/ v]sion z 8,poore/40 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! maximum score on any set w be ?ree po9ts if ! c&idate arranges ! v]sions 9 ! correct ord]1 two po9ts = select+ ! be/ & "o po9t = select+ ! wor/4 ,?is makes ! total maximum score1 = six sets1 eighte5 po9ts4 ,! correct ord] ( m]it = ea* set ( selections has be5 det]m9$ by ! judgm5t ( approximately "o hundr$ compet5t judges4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,,set ,i ,,ii ,,iii ,,iv ,v ,,vi ,be/ ,z ,x ,z ,y ,y ,y ,middle ,y ,y ,x ,x ,z ,z ,poore/ ,x ,z ,y ,z ,x ,x ,write ! f9al score obta9$ on ! total ( ! six sets 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page ( ! exam9ation booklet4 ,scores f #j to #c indicate ,v ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #d to #g indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #h to #aa indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ab to #ad indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,scores f #ae to #ah indicate ,v ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bh ,,ari?metic ,,reason+ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,tea*]s 9 s*ools h = a long :ile bas$ a l>ge "p ( _! judgm5t ab\t any individual's intellectual ability almo/ exclusively ^u ! facility ) :i* he solv$ ari?metic problems4 ,al?\gh ! ability to solve ari?metic problems has n be5 s frequ5tly recogniz$ by inve/igators z an index ( intellectual ability z has ability 9 ,engli%1 ! tea*]s h f\nd x mu* easi] to e/imate intellectual ability ^u ! basis ( %[+ 9 ari?metic1 because x is easi] to judge ( success 9 ari?metic ?an to judge ( success 9 ,engli% or o!r fields4 ,a *ild c ei!r solve ! problem or else he _c4 ,?is objective nature ( ! subject ( ari?metic has made x a v important subject = ! tea*] 9 decid+ ^u promotions4 ,9 practical life1 ari?metic has be5 recogniz$ z be+ ( value because ! tra9+ 9 ari?metic 0 suppos$ to enable a /ud5t to keep o!r p f *eat+ him 9 f9ancial transactions4 ,! writ]s h kn[n employ]s1 on a small scale1 :o us$ c]ta9 tricky ari?metic problems z ! basis ^u :i* to judge ! intellectual ability ( prospective employees4 ,ari?metic problems h _h & w cont9ue to h a di/9ctive place 9 ! measurem5t ( intellectual capacity4 ,x is probable t ?is place is well des]v$4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,z soon z ! c&idates are seat$1 !y %\ld be suppli$ ) p5cils1 & ! exam9ation leaflet %\ld be di/ribut$ ) ! in/ruction t x is n to be turn$ ov] until special in/ructions are giv5 to t effect4 ,9 ord] to keep ! c&idates busy1 ! exam9] %\ld ask !m to fill out ! blanks on ! title page1 giv+ "n1 age1 etc4 ,:5 ?is in=mation has be5 obta9$1 ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to read ! directions sil5tly :ile he reads !m al\d4 8,on ! o!r side ( y\r pap]s y w f9d f\rte5 problems 9 ari?metic4 ,! fir/ problems are simple & easy & ! la/ ones are m difficult4 ,beg9 ) ! fir/ problem & solve z _m z y c 9 ! f\r m9utes aft] ,i say #8,g6' ,write y\r answ] at ! "r-h& side ( ! que/ions on ! dott$ l9es provid$ = ! answ]s4 ,y may figure on ! left-h& side or on ! back ( ! blank1 if y wi%4 ,solve z _m problems z y c b be sure to get ! answ] "r4 ,ready6 ,g60 ,all[+ exactly f\r m9utes aft] say+ ! _w 8,g60 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,turn y\r pap]s ov]4 ,give !m to me40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ imm$iately4 ,write ! answ]s to ^! problems on ! blanks ,use ! o!r side ( ! %eet to figure on ,,answ]s #a4 ,h[ _m are #e m5 & #c m58 4444444444 #b4 ,if y e>n #b doll>s ea* day1 h[ mu* d y e>n 9 #f days8 4444444444 #c4 ,if y h #aj nickels & lose #c ( !m1 h[ _m w\ld y h aft] y f\nd #b ( ^? t 7 lo/8 4444444444 #d4 ,h[ _m b5*es w be ne$$ 9 ord] to seat #bj p at a picnic1 if #d p sit on ea* b5*8 4444444444 #e4 ,if ,james sold #c ,sunday pap]s = #e c5ts ea* & !n b\ght an apple = #c c5ts & an orange = #d c5ts1 h[ mu* money _h he left8 4444444444 #f4 ,h[ mu* *ange %\ld y get f a doll> bill aft] buy+ #ci c5ts' wor? ( potatoes1 #ab c5ts' wor? ( cel]y1 & #bf c5ts' wor? ( butt]8 4444444444 #g4 ,if ! price ( lemons is #b = #e c5ts1 h[ _m c y buy = #dj c5ts8 4444444444 #h4 ,if #bi m]*ants ea* b\ght #cd qu>ts ( cann$ peas at a :olesale h\se :i* _h previ\sly sold #b1chg qu>ts ( ! same br&1 :at 0 ! total numb] ( qu>ts ( ?is br& sold8 4444444444 #i4 ,if a :olesale m]*ant sold = #ej sug> :i* he _h pur*as$ = #de & !reby ga9$ #a c5t p] p\nd1 h[ _m p\nds ( sug> 7 !re8 4444444444 #aj4 ,if f\r & a half p\nds ( fancy onions co/ #bg c5ts1 h[ mu* w eight & a half p\nds co/8 4444444444 #aa4 ,half ( ! p 9 a c]ta9 city block 7 born ( ,am]ican p>5ts1 "o eigh? h ,am]ican fa!rs & =eign-born mo!rs1 "o eigh? h ,am]ican mo!rs & =eign-born fa!rs1 & bo? p>5ts ( ! re/ are =eign-born4 ,( ! #a1bjj p liv+ 9 ?is block1 h[ _m h ,am]ican fa!rs8 4444444444 #ab4 ,a factory us$ #a1bhh tons ( coal 9 #bc days4 ,dur+ ! fir/ t5 days aft] a new addition to ! factory 0 op5$1 ! av]age daily coal consumption 0 #gh tons4 ,h[ _m m tons 7 burn$ p] day ?an previ\sly8 4444444444 #ac4 ,a man sp5t = cig>s & tobacco "o sixte5? ( 8 wages = "o day4 ,he sp5t five times z mu* = food1 & half ( :at rema9$ = repairs on 8 wat*1 :i* left him a doll> & a half4 ,h[ mu* did he receive p] day8 4444444444 #ad4 ,at ! middle ( ! mon? a m]*ant _h #a1bjj 9 ! bank4 ,he deposit$ #cj ea* day = six days & on ,monday morn+ wrote *ecks = two ?irds z mu* z 8 deposits = ! week4 ,tuesday aft]noon he deposit$ a *eck "o f\r? z l>ge z 8 balance 9 ! bank4 ,:at 0 8 balance on ,tuesday night8 4444444444 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( problems ) absolutely correct answ]s4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = p>tially correct answ]s4 ,! total score ( ! te/ %\ld be ent]$ on ! blank at ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! title page4 ,scores f #j to #c indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #d to #g indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #h to #aj indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #aa & #ab indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores ( #ac & #ad indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bi ,,practical ,,judgm5t ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is applicable to all p]sons :o c read ,engli% z readily z ! av]age ?ird-grade public s*ool pupil4 ,= p]sons ( less ability to read b ( good ability to und]/& ,engli%1 ! que/ions may be ask$ orally 9 an individual exam9ation4 ,! results obta9$ :5 ! que/ions are ask$ orally %\ld n be comp>$ ) ! results obta9$ :5 ! pr9t$ te/ booklets are employ$ 9 a gr\p exam9ation4 ,x is v /rongly recomm5d$ t ! te/ be us$ prim>ily z a gr\p te/1 accord+ to ! in/ructions giv5 "h1 9 ord] t direct comp>isons may be readily made betwe5 ! results obta9$ 9 v>i\s places by diff]5t exam9]s4 ,! pres5t =m ( ! te/ is a l5g!n+ ( ! =m us$ 9 ! ,army ,alpha s]ies4 ,tw5ty-f\r elem5ts are conta9$ 9 ! ,m5timet] =m1 :ile only sixte5 elem5ts 7 us$ 9 ! ,army =m4 ,ano!r advantage ( ! pres5t =m ov] ! milit>y edition is ! m def9ite attempt at arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts 9 ! te/ accord+ to _! difficulty4 ,hav+ ! s]ies graduat$ 9 difficulty1 f easy to h>d1 is a di/9ct advantage1 p>ticul>ly ) "y or dull p]sons1 :o quickly /op try+ unless _! fir/ ef=ts are successful4 ,! use ( que/ions1 9 ! answ]+ ( :i* ?\ghtful judgm5t ab\t e-day affairs w\ld be requir$1 has always be5 a fav\rite me?od ( discov]+ ! degree ( intellig5ce possess$ by a *ild or by an adult4 ,b9et1 ! ,fr5* psy*ologi/ :o develop$ ! m5tal age scale = te/+ feeble-m9d$ subjects1 includ$ 9 8 s]ies a numb] ( te/ que/ions ( ?is type4 ,! ,/an=d ,revision ( ! ,b9et te/s includes ?ree su* que/ions 9 ! ,eight-,ye>-,old s]ies1 & ?ree o!r m difficult que/ions 9 ! ,t5-,ye>-,old li/4 ,! *ief modification ( ! me?od 9 adapt+ x = gr\p te/+ 0 ! supply+ ( ?ree or f\r answ]s f :i* ! subject %\ld select ! correct reply4 ,?is *ange makes ! m>k+s ( ! results q simple1 b x takes f ! te/ itself "s ( its virtue z a measure ( ! ri*ness ( ideas possess$ by ! p]son te/$4 ,in/ead ( hav+ to ?9k out an appropriate answ]1 "o ne$s only to read ! answ]s pr9t$ & to use good judgm5t 9 select+ ! "o to be *eck$ z 8be/40 ,! ,m5timet] =m ( ! te/1 al?\gh sup]ior 9 its l5g? & arrangem5t to ! milit>y v]sion1 is nev]!less n yet ideal z an intellig5ce te/4 ,! simple/ que/ions & answ]s t c be pr9t$ are too difficult = fir/- & second-grade s*ool pupils to read & und]/&1 :ile ! mo/ difficult que/ions & answ]s "o c\ld devise w\ld n be g5]al en\gh 9 _! subject matt] to be includ$ 9 a 8g5]al intellig5ce0 te/4 ,9 o!r words1 ! range ( ability t ?is te/ w measure is n s wide z t measur$ by "s o!r ,m5timet] te/s1 ) ! result t ! spe$ ( read+ & ( mak+ judgm5ts plays a l>g] "p 9 det]m9+ ! f9al score ?an x w\ld 9 a p]fect intellig5ce te/4 ,9 spite ( ! l>ge "p play$ by spe$1 ! te/ is a useful index ( ability to le>n 9 c]ta9 l9es ( "w :]e rapid decisions on practical problems are necess>y4 ,x is probable t ! ,practical ,judgm5t te/ w be f\nd m useful 9 ! measurem5t ( intellig5ce among s*ool *ildr5 & cl]ical work]s ?an 9 ! classification ( g5]al employees1 al?\gh ! read] may f9d unexpect$ relation%ips betwe5 ?is te/ & c]ta9 r\t9e occupations4 ,reliance %\ld be plac$ ^u x only aft] x has demon/rat$ 9 actual trials t x has a close relation%ip to ! special ability desir$4 ,its use 9 social ga!r+s z a =m ( ent]ta9m5t w be greate/ :]e ea* p]son m>ks ! pap]s ( "s o!r memb] ( ! gr\p & reports ! judgm5ts f\nd incorrect4 ,mo/ p]sons are surpris$1 :5 !y come to look ov] _! booklets c>efully1 to f9d h[ _m fooli% errors h crept into _! records :ile work+ at high spe$4 ,9 ord] to increase ! numb] ( imp]fect records & !reby add some:at to ! amusem5t ( ! gr\p1 ! exam9] may ann\nce & use two m9utes z ! "t limit1 & urge ev]yone to try to "w all ( ! #bd que/ions 9 t "t4 ,! g5]al confusion w be increas$ if ! exam9] signals ! end ( ! fir/ m9ute & ! end ( a m9ute & a half4 ,"u su* conditions1 ( c\rse1 no s]i\s use c be made ( ! results obta9$4 ,! score on ! te/ is n to be us$ s]i\sly except :]e ! in/ructions & proc$ure are exactly z specifi$ bel[4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,c&idates %\ld be com=tably seat$ at a table or suppli$ ) a conv5i5t writ+ bo>d4 ,a well-%>p5$ p5cil 7or p5 ) ink7 %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( ea* c&idate be=e any blanks are pass$ out4 ,! te/ booklets %\ld !n be di/ribut$1 ! ann\ncem5t be+ cle>ly made be=eh& t 8no "o w be all[$ to op5 ! booklet or turn x ov] until ! signal is giv5 to d s40 ,:5 ea* c&idate has be5 suppli$ ) a te/ booklet1 title page up1 ! exam9] %\ld say3 8,n[1 write y\r "n on ! blank foll[+ ! ^w ,"n40 ,aft] a pause long en\gh to all[ ?is direction to be c>ri$ out1 ! exam9] %\ld cont9ue ) a simil> in/ruction = ea* ( ! o!r pieces ( in=mation requir$ by ! title page blanks4 8,age at la/ bir?day0 %\ld be insi/$ ^u1 if !re is any "q ( report+ age 9 any o!r way4 ,gr\p numb]s & locations may be left blank :]e only small numb]s ( p]sons are be+ te/$ & :]e !re is no probability ( gett+ ! pap]s f "o place mix$ ) ^? f "s o!r place4 ,! "n ( ! s*ool1 factory1 or city w usually be suffici5t = ! blank head$ 8,location40 ,aft] ! necess>y id5tify+ in=mation has be5 ent]$ at ! top ( ! title page1 ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to read sil5tly ! directions :ile he reads !m al\d4 ,he %\ld !n read sl[ly & di/9ctly3 8,! foll[+ pages conta9 #bd que/ions & #d answ]s to ea* "q4 ,y are to vote = ! be/ answ] to ea* "q by mak+ a *eck m>k 77 9 ! squ>e t /&s be=e x4 ,! que/ions are n h>d1 & y w be all[$ #c m9utes to *eck ! be/ answ]s1 b be sure to "w c>efully & rapidly4 ,vote only = ! "o be/ answ] to ea* "q4 ,turn ! page6 ,g60 ,at ! end ( exactly #c m9utes aft] say+ 8,g60 ! exam9] %\ld call 8,/op6 ,close y\r booklets & pass !m to me40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once 9 ord] to avoid unfairness & *eat+4 ,,m>k 77 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,be/ ,,answ] ,,to ,,ea* ,,"q #a4 ,:at %\ld "o d :5 he is ?ir/y8 ,cry until someone gives him a dr9k4 ,eat a piece ( salt pork4 ,get a dr9k ( wat]4 ,read a ,coca ,cola adv]tisem5t4 #b4 ,:y d *ildr5 l to eat c&y8 ,x makes !m fat4 ,x ta/es good4 ,x is good = !m4 ,x is a *eap food4 #c4 ,:at %\ld "o d if x is ra9+ :5 he />ts to "w8 ,put on light] clo?+4 ,we> a ra9coat4 ,call up ! (fice4 ,/ay at home all day4 #d4 ,:at is ! ?+ to d :5 y\r h\se cat*es fire8 ,try to f9d out h[ x />t$4 ,r+ ! al>m & try to put out ! fire4 ,run 9 ! o!r direction4 ,wat* x burn & calculate y\r insurance4 #e4 ,:at %\ld "o d if he accid5tly /eps on someone else's toes8 ,call = help4 ,run = ! doctor4 ,ask ! p]son's p>don4 ,take 8 own "p4 #f4 ,:y d ! leaves fall (f ! trees 9 ! autumn8 ,! fro/ has kill$ !m4 ,to protect ! fl[]s f freez+4 ,to enri* ! gr\nd4 ,s t "o c see f>!r4 #g4 ,:y d p we> heavi] clo?+ 9 ,janu>y ?an 9 ,june8 ,to protect !m f ! cold] wea!r4 ,because x looks bett] ) furs4 ,ev]ybody else does x1 especially 9 ,janu>y4 ,x makes a good impression on o!r p4 #h4 ,:]e might "o expect to f9d ! l>ge/ numb] ( exp]t swimm]s8 ,at ! circus4 ,at ! bea* ( a summ] resort4 ,at a ,sunday ,s*ool picnic4 ,at a mov+ picture %[4 #i4 ,:at %\ld a p]son d :5 he is late gett+ />t$ to "w 9 ! morn+8 ,wait until ! next day4 ,?9k up "s excuse to make4 ,try to make "t by hurry+4 ,blame x on ! /reet c>s4 #aj4 ,:y d s*ool h\ses usually h flag-poles8 ,= ! boys to ex]cise on4 ,to %[ :]e to h a flag drill4 ,to display ! flag & inspire patriotism4 ,to decorate ! s*ool y>d4 #aa4 ,:y does wat] freeze 9 w9t]8 ,x is w>m 9 summ] & we ne$ ice4 ,s ! *ildr5 c skate4 ,wat] always becomes solid at l[ temp]atures4 ,s x c be put 9 refrig]ators4 #ab4 ,:at is ! be/ way to /op up a hole by :i* mice ent] ! kit*58 ,/uff x ) pap]4 ,place a pile ( rags 9 front ( x4 ,put a corn cob 9 x4 ,nail a piece ( t9 ov] x4 #ac4 ,:y is milk a good ?+ to fe$ "y *ildr58 ,x comes f c[s t eat fre% grass4 ,x is an easily dige/$ & :olesome food4 ,x is s pure & :ite to look at4 ,x c be b\ght 9 p9t or qu>t bottles4 #ad4 ,:at k9d ( light is be/ = a read+ table8 ,a tall[ c&le4 ,a m]cury vap\r lamp4 ,a coal oil lant]n4 ,an inc&esc5t electric bulb4 #ae4 ,:at is ! purpose ( adv]tis+ food products8 ,to make p hungry4 ,to decorate /reet c>s & magaz9es4 ,to make p ?9k ab\t eat+4 ,to create a dem& = special br&s4 #af4 ,:y is h>ness put on horses8 ,s t _! /r5g? may be utiliz$4 ,s t _! beauty w be recogniz$4 ,to mat* ! col\r ( ! c>riage4 ,to keep !m w>m4 #ag4 ,:y d p put food 9 refrig]ators8 ,to get x out ( ! way4 ,! l[ temp]ature keeps x fre%4 ,to help ice m5 make a liv+4 ,because ! law requires x4 #ah4 ,:y are fire escapes m frequ5tly put on tall build+s ?an on "o-/ory build+s8 ,a tall build+ is m likely to burn d[n4 ,!y w\ld spoil ! looks ( a l[ build+4 ,l[ build+s h fire ext+ui%]s4 ,"o c\ld jump f "o-/ory build+s4 #ai4 ,:at %\ld "o d ) a baby :5 x cries8 ,discov] & remove ! cause ( its cry+4 ,spank x & put x to b$4 ,get x a dr9k ( wat] & rock its cradle4 ,give x a bottle ( milk or s+ to x4 #bj4 ,:y is c\ntry air consid]$ m heal?ful ?an city air8 ,x has few] impurities 9 x4 ,trees & grass gr[ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,m p die 9 ! city4 ,! w9d is /rong] 9 ! c\ntry4 #ba4 ,:y d railroads use electric eng9es 9 "s cities8 ,!y run fa/] ?an /eam eng9es4 ,!y look bett] ?an /eam eng9es4 ,to avoid mak+ ! city smoky4 ,9 ord] to make less noise4 #bb4 ,:at is ! ma9 purpose ( lightn+ rods8 ,to decorate ! ro( ( ! h\se4 ,to make ! lightn+ /rike some:]e else4 ,to %[ :i* way ! w9d bl[s4 ,to remove ! electricity f ! air4 #bc4 ,:at is ! safe/ altitude & spe$ = fly+ 9 an airplane8 ,l[ & sl[ly4 ,l[ & rapidly4 ,high & rapidly4 ,high & sl[ly4 #bd4 ,:at is ! *ief purpose ( newspap] headl9es8 ,to make ! pap] attractive4 ,to %[ :at actually happ5$4 ,to help "o decide :]e to read4 ,to guide public op9ion wisely4 ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( que/ions correctly answ]$4 ,a /5cil is furni%$ ) ea* package ( te/s1 :i* makes x possible to *eck up at a v rapid rate ! accuracy ( ! votes ca/1 )\t ev] read+ a s+le ^w ( ! answ]s4 ,! /5cil is m]ely to be adju/$ to ! page1 accord+ to directions giv5 on its face1 & :]e ! *eck m>k made by ! c&idate corresponds to ! pr9t$ m>k on ! /5cil ! "q has be5 correctly answ]$1 :ile if !re is n agreem5t betwe5 /5cil & c&idate's *eck no cr$it is to be all[$ on ! "q4 ,any fairly c>eful cl]ical work] c le>n 9 two m9utes to score su* a te/ ) a /5cil z rapidly & accurately z a ?or\ghly tra9$ psy*ologi/ c\ld d x4 ,! f9al score %\ld be ent]$ 9 ! l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! front or title page1 :]e x w be easily associat$ ) ! "n & o!r in=mation ab\t ! c&idate4 ,scores f #j to #c indicate ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores f #d to #h indicate ,l[ ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #i to #ad indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #ae to #ai indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores f #bj to #bd indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #cj ,,logical ,,conclusions ,,te/ ,"* ( ! ,te/4 ,?is te/ is to be giv5 to l>ge gr\ps ( individuals at ! same "t1 al?\gh x may be giv5 z a "p ( an individual exam9ation4 ,x w n be f\nd wor? :ile to give ?is te/ to individuals :o h n _h at lea/ ! equival5t ( an elem5t>y s*ool education4 ,! solution ( ! problems conta9$ is s difficult t n m ?an half ( ! pupils ( ! six? or sev5? grade ( ! elem5t>y s*ool w\ld be able to answ] correctly m ?an five or six ( ! problems4 ,! me?od ( ! te/ is to pres5t a %ort hypo!sis1 introduc$ by ! ^w 8if0 & foll[$ by f\r diff]5t conclusions introduc$ by ! ^w 8!n40 ,! individual be+ exam9$ %\ld read c>efully ! fir/ "p ( ! /atem5t & und]/& exactly :at x means1 & %\ld !n put a *eck m>k be=e ! conclusion :i* w\ld logically foll[ ! hypo!sis4 ,!re are twelve ( ^! problems1 beg9n+ ) "o :i* is q simple & elem5t>y1 & progress+ to m difficult & m complex /atem5ts ( a simil> nature4 ,! explanations by :i* ?is te/ is introduc$ are illu/rat$ by an example & are n difficult to und]/&4 ,! difficulty ( ! te/ lies 9 keep+ cle>ly 9 m9d j :at are ! implications ( ! introductory /atem5t or hypo!sis4 ,! pres5t te/ is almo/ entirely new1 bo? 9 its =m & 9 its cont5t4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to ?is p>ticul> te/ 0 made by ,dr4 ,agnes ,l4 ,rog]s at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,?orndike1 :5 %e prep>$ a li/ ( six problems ( :i* ! foll[+ is a good sample3 8,p is l>g] ?an ,q1 ,r is small] ?an ,q1 !re=e ,p is 44444444 ,r40 ,! blank is to be fill$ 94 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! pres5t ,m5timet] diff]s f ,doctor ,rog]s's te/ 9 t names ( famili> p]sons or objects are us$ 9 place ( ! capital lett]s & t f\r conclusions are /at$ f :i* ! subject is to select ! prop] "o1 r ?an leav+ to ! subject ! =mulation ( 8 own conclusion4 ,because ( its newness1 x w be impossible to /ate "h j :at is measur$ by ?is te/1 b c]ta9ly ! ability to read & und]/& ! words is "o factor1 & ! ability to ?9k cle>ly ab\t ! logical implications ( ^! words is ano!r v important elem5t mak+ = success4 ,! ability to see ! relations betwe5 ! words is probably z ne> to :at may be call$ 8logical ability0 or 8reason+0 z to any o!r popul>ly recogniz$ 8m5tal qualification40 ,al?\gh ,doctor ,rog]s f\nd a coeffici5t ( correlation ( 4#fe betwe5 h] =m ( ! logical reason+ te/ & a composite measure ( ma!matical ability1 ! pres5t ,m5timet] is s diff]5t t its true value c only be indicat$ by ! comp>isons :i* its us]s w be able to make betwe5 _! results & ! mo/ accurate measures obta9able ( special ability4 ,?is te/ w probably h v little usefulness 9 comm]cial or indu/rial fields1 al?\gh x may be v helpful = a pr(essional gr\p su* z lawy]s1 educators1 etc41 9 ! selection ( cl]ical or pr(essional assi/ants4 ,9 ! public s*ools1 x is q c]ta9 t x %\ld n be us$ bel[ ! high s*ool grades4 ,ev5 9 ! high s*ool1 x is probable t only ^? ) v great ability 9 h&l+ ab/ract ideas & symbols ( ideas w be able to make a high score4 ,! subject matt] ( ^? /atem5ts :i* appe> 9 ! te/ is su* z w\ld n be f\nd 9 ord9>y life & has v little value 9 itself4 ,z an ent]ta9m5t feature1 ?is te/ w n be successful except among a v specially select$ gr\p ( p :o believe !mselves to be extraord9>ily ke5 intellectually4 ,x might be held 9 res]ve z a special 8/unt0 = any p]sons :o seem to ?9k t !y h demon/rat$ _! 8high-br[0 qualities by mak+ high scores 9 o!r te/s4 ,%ort5+ ! "t limit f five m9utes to ?ree m9utes w\ld fur!r add to ! con/]nation ( su* p]sons4 ,directions = ,giv+ ! ,te/4 ,! exam9] %\ld di/ribute "o te/ booklet to ea* c&idate1 ann\nc+ at ! beg9n+ ( ! di/ribution t ! booklets %\ld n be op5$ or turn$ ov] until an ord] to t effect is giv54 ,s9ce ! blanks on ! front cov] ( ! booklet w be self-explanatory to any p]son capable ( tak+ ! te/1 ! exam9] may direct t ea* c&idate fill out ! blanks on ! title page ( 8 booklet z soon z he receives x4 ,:5 ! in=mation blanks h be5 fill$ satisfactorily ! exam9] %\ld ask ! c&idates to read ! directions sil5tly :ile he reads !m al\d4 ,?is read+ %\ld be at a v delib]ate rate & 9 good1 cle> tones3 8,! foll[+ pages conta9 twelve s5t5ces1 ea* s5t5ce be+ pr9t$ ) f\r diff]5t end+s4 ,only "o ( ^! end+s c be true if ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce is true4 ,y are to decide :i* end+ or conclusion is true/ or agrees be/ ) ! fir/ "p1 & to make a m>k 9 ! squ>e /&+ 9 front ( t be/ end+4 ,notice ! example3 8,if roses co/ m ?an violets1 !n violets co/ m ?an roses co/ z mu* z roses d n co/ z mu* z roses d n co/ less ?an roses 8,! only "o ( ! f\r end+s :i* c be true1 if ! fir/ "p ( ! s5t5ce is true1 is ! ?ird1 #8violets d n co/ z mu* z roses1' s ! squ>e 9 front ( ?is ?ird conclusion %\ld be *eck-m>k$4 8,y w h five m9utes 9 :i* to read & m>k ! twelve s5t5ces4 ,?9k c>efully & get all ( y\r m>ks correctly plac$4 ,ready6 ,g60 ,at ! end ( five m9utes exactly1 call 8,/op6 ,"t up6 ,give me y\r pap]s40 ,all pap]s %\ld be collect$ at once4 ,,m>k 77 ,,! ,,squ>e ,,9 ,,front ,,( ,,! ,,true/ ,,end+ ,,to ,,ea* ,,s5t5ce #a4 ,if ,john is old] ?an ,james1 !n ,john is y\ng] ?an ,james old] ?an ,james n z old z ,james n old] ?an ,james #b4 ,if ,m>y is y\ng] ?an ,w1 !n ,w is y\ng] ?an ,m>y n old] ?an ,m>y n z old z ,m>y old] ?an ,m>y #c4 ,if ,dot is tall] ?an ,pet1 !n ,pet is z tall z ,dot %ort] ?an ,dot n %ort] ?an ,dot tall] ?an ,dot #d4 ,if ,may is heavi] ?an ,jean1 !n ,jean is n light] ?an ,may z heavy z ,may n heavi] ?an ,may heavi] ?an ,may #e4 ,if ,walt] runs fa/] ?an ,william1 & ,william runs fa/] ?an ,david1 !n ,david runs fa/] ?an ,walt] z fa/ z ,william z fa/ z ,walt] sl[] ?an ,william #f4 ,if ,edna is sm>t] ?an ,b]?a1 & ,b]?a is n z sm>t z ,mabel1 !n ,mabel is n z sm>t z ,edna n z sm>t z ,b]?a sm>t] ?an ,edna sm>t] ?an ,b]?a #g4 ,if ,mr4 ,jones is weal?i] ?an ,mr4 ,smi?1 & ,mr4 ,smi? is poor] ?an ,mr4 ,br[n1 !n ,mr4 ,smi? is n z poor z ,mr4 ,jones ri*] ?an ,mr4 ,jones n z ri* z ,mr4 ,jones n poor] ?an ,mr4 ,jones #h4 ,if ,rob]t is noisi] ?an ,h>old & ,h>old is z noisy z ,george1 !n ,george is n noisi] ?an ,rob]t noisi] ?an ,rob]t noisi] ?an ,h>old n z quiet z ,rob]t #i4 ,if ,h5ry drives fa/] ?an ,joseph1 & ,joseph drives no m sl[ly ?an ,pet]1 & ,pet] drives m rapidly ?an ,edg>1 !n ,edg> drives z rapidly z ,h5ry no m sl[ly ?an ,joseph z swiftly z ,pet] less rapidly ?an ,h5ry #aj4 ,if ,monday 0 cool] ?an ,w$nesday1 & ,tuesday 0 cool] ?an ,monday1 & ,?ursday 0 hott] ?an ,w$nesday1 !n ,monday 0 n hott] ?an ,tuesday n cool] ?an ,?ursday n w>m] ?an ,?ursday cool] ?an ,tuesday #aa4 ,if ,mrs4 ,br[n is exactly z extravagant z ,mrs4 ,smi?1 & ,mrs4 ,smi? is less extravagant ?an ,mrs4 ,jones1 !n ,mrs4 ,jones is m frugal ?an ,mrs4 ,br[n n z frugal z ,mrs4 ,br[n less extravagant ?an ,mrs4 ,smi? n m extravagant ?an ,mrs4 ,smi? #ab4 ,if !re 7 f\r p>ades 9 a mon?1 & ! fir/ 0 l>g] ?an ! f\r?1 & ! ?ird 0 small] ?an ! second1 & ! second 0 n small] ?an ! fir/1 !n ! f\r? 0 l>g] ?an ! second equal to ! second n small] ?an ! second n l>g] ?an ! second ,directions = ,scor+ ! ,te/4 ,! score 9 ?is te/ is ! numb] ( s5t5ces = :i* ! correct conclusion is *eck$4 ,! /5cil furni%$ ) ! te/ booklets makes ?is process ( c\nt+ ! numb] correct s simple t a *ild c d x almo/ at a glance4 ,! degree ( intellectual capacity is indicat$ r\ghly by ! score z foll[s3 ,scores #j to #a indicate ,l[ ,av]age or ,inf]ior ,ability ,scores #b to #e indicate ,av]age ,ability ,scores #f to #h indicate ,high ,av]age ,ability ,scores #i to #ab indicate ,sup]ior ,ability ,att5tion %\ld be invit$ "h aga9 to ! fact t ?is is a new te/ & t its reliability & implications w ne$ to be c>efully te/$ & measur$ be=e "o c be sure :at x measures or h[ accurate x is4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,trade ,,te/s ,,or ,,te/s ,,( ,,skill ,:ile ! det]m9ation ( individual skill 9 ! p]=mance ( a giv5 op]ation is n1 /rictly speak+1 a te/ ( intellig5ce or ( m5tal capacity1 x has be5 e/abli%$ t ! mo/ accurate & spe$y me?od ( discov]+ ! precise degree ( skill possess$ by any artisan is closely analog\s to ! sci5tific me?od ( m5tal measurem5t4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 moreov]1 t !re is q a close relation betwe5 an individual workman's skill at 8 trade & ! degree ( m5tal capacity disclos$ by ! ,m5timet] or simil> sci5tific te/s2 ! m intellig5t ! work]1 ! great] 8 skill if he has any natural aptitude = 8 trade4 ,_m p]sons view ) skepticism ! idea t a workman's degree ( skill at 8 trade c be det]m9$ by te/s t require b a few m9utes4 ,a mon?1 !y argue1 is little en\gh = an exp]t =eman to classify ju/ly ! m5 "u him1 aft] obs]v+ _! skill ) 8 own eyes4 ,:5 x is propos$ t ^? :o apply ! te/s = any trade ne$ n !mselves be skill$ 9 x & may1 9 fact1 "k no?+ ab\t x1 x is no wond] t !y d\bt ! practicality ( a me?od s =eign to previ\s conceptions & practice4 ,psy*ologi/s h long realiz$ t ! same me?ods by :i* m5tal qualities1 abilities1 & capacities are det]m9$1 analyz$1 & measur$1 c\ld be appli$ to ! measurem5t ( manual dext]ity or ! comb9ation ( manual dext]ity1 judgm5t1 p]ception1 adaptability1 & pati5ce t1 tak5 toge!r1 make ! skill$ workman4 ,=1 z ! read] :o has p]us$ ?is book ?us f> w long s9ce h recogniz$1 !re is includ$ 9 ! =ego+ li/ ( qualities a pr$om9ance ( ^? :i* come q def9itely "u ! classification ( m5tal abilities or capacities4 ,z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out1 x is impossible to sep>ate m5tal & physical p[]s1 & psy*ologi/s d n reg>d ! m9d z a sep>ate entity1 b m]ely z a conv5i5t t]m = ! def9ition ( c]ta9 ( ! high] physical p[]s & _! manife/ations4 ,& j z a c]ta9 type ( n]v\s 7physical7 organism manife/s itself 9 ! developm5t ( abilities :i* we are accu/om$ to t]m 8intellectual0 or 8m5tal10 s ! abilities :i* we call 8physical0 or 8manual0 are m]ely o!r manife/ations ( a diff]5t type ( n]v\s organism4 ,! pr9cipal di/9ction1 sci5tifically1 betwe5 a trade te/ & an intellig5ce te/1 is 9 ! purpose to be s]v$ by ! te/4 ,9 ! intellig5ce te/ ! aim is to asc]ta9 ! subject's g5]al capacity2 9 ! trade te/1 to discov] 8 pres5t ability or degree ( skill 9 "s special direction4 ,capacity1 z has be5 previ\sly po9t$ out1 is only to be measur$ 9 t]ms ( demon/rable ability1 s t 9 ! application ( trade te/s1 al?\gh limit$ 9 _! scope to a s+le class or k9d ( ability1 !re is also obta9able z a by-product a p>tial measure ( ! subject's m5tal capacity4 ,:ile trade te/s devis$ by psy*ologi/s _h be5 demon/rat$1 9 a numb] ( indu/ries1 to be sup]ior to any o!r me?od1 bo? 9 pick+ ! mo/ skilful work]s f among all applicants = positions1 & 9 transf]r+ work]s f "o dep>tm5t to ano!r 9 l>ge indu/ries1 x 0 9 ! classification & placem5t ( ! p]sonnel ( ! ,army dur+ ! w> t ! fir/ really l>ge-scale demon/ration ( ! precision & effectiv5ess ( sci5tifically devis$ trade te/s 0 made4 ,:ile "o gr\p ( psy*ologi/s1 work+ "u ! direction ( ! ,surgeon-,g5]al's ,(fice1 0 engag$ 9 classify+ ! ,army p]sonnel by means ( intellig5ce te/s ! ,p]sonnel ,bran* ( ! ,op]ations ,division ( ! ,g5]al ,/aff1 organiz$ & (fic]$ by tra9$ psy*ologi/s1 0 und]tak+ ! task ( det]m9+ ! special te*nical & vocational ability ( ! millions ( m5 drawn into ! ,army ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! selective draft4 ,?is p]sonnel organization _h a multiplex duty to p]=m4 ,fir/1 x _h to asc]ta9 ) precision :at p>ticul> k9ds ( "w _h to be done 9 ! prep>ation ( an army = battle & 9 its transport & ma9t5ance4 ,?is involv$ n only f9d+ out j :at ne$$ to be done b translat+ ?is ne$ into t]ms ( trades & occupations4 ,= example1 ! ,army might report t x ne$$ a numb] ( m5 capable ( mak+ all sorts ( repairs to electric g5]ators & motors4 ,! ,p]sonnel ,division proce$$ to analyze ! special qualifications requir$ ( electricians to enable !m to meet ?is dem&4 ,^! 7 li/$1 along ) ! qualifications requir$ = e o!r army occupation1 9 a ?ick book entitl$ ,trade ,specifications ,index4 ,!re 7 #bci pages 9 ?is book & 9 x 7 set =? 9 specific detail ! exact qualifications ne$$ by #efe diff]5t k9ds ( trade & te*nical exp]ts4 ,*auffeurs1 = in/ance1 7 class$ z auto driv]s1 auto driv]s ) pigeon exp]i5ce1 motorcycle driv]s ) pigeon exp]i5ce1 pla9 motorcycli/s1 heavy auto-truck driv]s1 motor truck driv]s1 & pla9 *auffeurs4 ,!re 7 sixte5 diff]5t classes ( electricians1 ea* ( :i* requir$ a man ) special exp]i5ce & k4 ,n9e diff]5t k9ds ( *emi/s 7 us$ 9 ! ,army4 ,x 0 a big job1 9 ! fir/ place1 to det]m9e exactly h[ m5 %\ld be classifi$4 ,aft] ! classification _h be5 decid$ ^u1 x !n became necess>y to devise simple1 rapid1 & accurate me?ods ( plac+ e enli/$ man 9 ! ,army 9 8 prop] classification1 & !n ( s index+ ?ree or f\r millions ( m5 t any p>ticul> dem& c\ld be met4 ,= example1 "o camp might ask = ?ree f>ri]s1 n9e sanit>y eng9e]s1 two c> c>p5t]s1 six boil]mak]s1 & a pipe fitt]4 ,x 0 necess>y t "s sy/em be p]fect$ to p]mit ( ! fill+ ( ?is ord] in/antly by tak+ ! m5 qualifi$ to p]=m ^! duties out ( ! camps :]e !y 7 und]go+ milit>y tra9+4 ,! :ole sy/em _h z its basis a c>d = ea* soldi]1 on :i*1 by a simple sy/em ( m>g9al numb]s1 pun* holes1 & col\r$ index tags ! record ( ea* man's precise ability 0 kept4 ,e man1 z he 0 induct$ into ! s]vice1 0 requir$ fir/ to make a prelim9>y1 r\gh classification ( himself--t is to say1 he record$ himself z a tailor1 a blacksmi?1 or a milk wagon driv]4 ,b ! ,trade ,specifications ,index 0 z precise 9 its detail z a diction>y4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a collection ( def9itions ( :at 0 meant by occupational titles :i* _h vague or v>i\s mean+s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,?us1 a man might h classifi$ himself z a tailor :o1 if call$ ^u to make a uni=m1 w\ld h be5 unable to d s4 ,tailor+ _h to be subdivid$1 f simple press+ & repair+ up to exp]t fitt+4 ,"o might be a good coat mak] :ile ano!r _h nev] work$ on any?+ b tr\s]s4 ,s !re 0 devis$ a sy/em ( trade & occupational te/s to :i* e man claim+ skill at a trade 0 subject$1 & :i* det]m9$1 z ne>ly z x is humanly possible to d1 exactly ! degree & k9d ( vocational skill possess$ by e man 9 ! ,army4 ,:5 ! problem ( =mulat+ te/s 0 analyz$1 x 0 se5 t c]ta9 requirem5ts 7 fundam5tal4 ,trade te/s to be absolutely satisfactory1 #a4 ,mu/ diff]5tiate betwe5 ! v>i\s grades ( skill2 #b4 ,mu/ produce uni=m results 9 v>i\s places & 9 ! h&s ( individuals ( widely diff]5t *>act]i/ics2 #c4 ,mu/ consume ! lea/ am\nt ( "t & en]gy consi/5t ) ! be/ results4 ,n[ x mu/ be recogniz$ t trades useful 9 ! ,army are ( _m k9ds & ( widely diff]+ requirem5ts4 ,trade ability 9 any "o ( !m1 h[ev]1 means ab\t ! same ?+4 ,x means t ! workman is n simply ! possessor ( a s+le item ( in=mation1 nor simply able to execute "o p>ticul> movem5t requir$ by ! trade1 b t he has _m items ( in=mation m or less sy/ematiz$ toge!r ) ! ability to execute v>i\s movem5ts n only s+ly b 9 comb9ations4 ,:ile !re are all degrees ( trade ability among ! memb]s ( any trade1 x is conv5i5t to classify !m 9 a few ma9 gr\ps4 ,ord9>ily ! t]ms ,novice1 ,appr5tice1 ,j\rneyman1 & ,j\rneyman ,exp]t 7or ,exp]t7 are employ$4 ,! ,novice is a man :o has no trade ability :atev]1 or at lea/ none t c\ld n be p>allel$ by practically any intellig5t man4 ,! ,appr5tice has acquir$ "s ( ! elem5ts ( ! trade b is n suffici5tly skill$ to be entru/$ ) an important task4 ,! ,j\rneyman is qualifi$ to p]=m almo/ any "w done by memb]s ( ! trade4 ,! ,exp]t c p]=m quickly & ) sup]ior skill any "w done by m5 9 ! trade4 ,x is sometimes desirable t ! ,trade te/ %\ld diff]5tiate betwe5 ! skill ( diff]5t memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 = in/ance1 ( ! j\rneyman gr\p4 ,x is ess5tial t x %\ld diff]5tiate betwe5 ! j\rneyman & ! appr5tice & ! appr5tice & ! novice4 ,trade te/s devis$ to make ?is classification are ( ?ree k9ds3 oral1 picture1 & p]=mance4 ,! oral te/s are mo/ g5]ally us$ because !y are ( l[ co/ & !y may be appli$ to a l>ge numb] ( m5 9 a comp>atively %ort "t & )\t mu* equipm5t4 ,!y are satisfactory 9 det]m9+ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( trade ability & 9 _m in/ances det]m9e ! degree ( ability ) su* accuracy t no o!r te/s are requir$4 ,z a prelim9>y to ! prep>ation ( a trade te/1 !re is requir$ a ?or\gh inquiry into ! conditions ( ! trade4 ,?is inquiry has a ?reefold purpose3 #a4 ,to det]m9e ! feasibility ( a te/ 9 ?is field4 ,does ! trade actually exi/ z a recogniz$ trade8 ,x 0 f\nd1 = example1 t ! trade ( gunsmi? 0 n a recogniz$ trade1 ?\gh !re 7 gun repair]s4 #b4 ,to det]m9e ! elem5ts :i* require & p]mit ( te/+4 ,9 o!r words1 c m5 be grad$ 9 x accord+ to degrees ( skill8 ,9 "s trades x 0 f\nd t ! trade requir$ simply ! p]=mance ( a s+le set ( op]ations & !re 7 no gradations among ! memb]s ( ! trade4 #c4 ,to det]m9e ! k9ds ( te/s t c be us$4 ,"s trades1 su* z truck driv+ & typewrit+1 are ma9ly matt]s ( skill1 & = !m p]=mance te/s are bett] ?an oral te/s4 ,o!r trades1 su* z int]ior wir+ & p[]-plant op]ation1 are ma9ly matt]s ( k4 ,= ^! trades oral & picture te/s are be/4 ,aft] hav+ discov]$ by inquiry t ! trade is a recogniz$ trade & c be te/$1 in=mation is collect$ f all available s\rces4 ,9 ! ,army's prep>ation ( trade te/s exp]ts 9 ! trade1 trade union (ficials1 ! lit]ature ( ! trade1 trade s*ool au?orities1 employ]s1 & ! l 7 consult$4 ,9 ?is way x 0 discov]$ :at are ! elem5ts ( ! trade & :at con/itutes pr(ici5cy 9 x4 ,z a result ( ?is collection ( in=mation x 0 possible to compile a numb] ( que/ions1 usually f =ty to sixty1 ea* ( :i* call$ = an answ] t %[$ k ( ! trade4 ,exp]i5ce 9 ! =mulation ( su* que/ions has %[n t a good "q meets ! foll[+ requirem5ts3 #a4 ,x mu/ be 9 ! language ( ! trade4 #b4 ,x mu/ be a unit1 complete 9 itself & requir+ no fur!r explanation4 #c4 ,x mu/ n be a *ance "q t c\ld be answ]$ by a good guess4 ,! extreme example w\ld be a "q call+ = ! answ] 8yes0 or 8no40 #d4 ,x mu/ be z %ort z possible & mu/ be capable ( be+ answ]$ by a v %ort answ]4 #e4 ,x mu/ n be ambigu\s2 ! mean+ mu/ be unmi/akable4 ,aft] ! l>ge numb] ( que/ions orig9ally =mulat$ has be5 sift$ d[n by application ( ! requirem5ts /at$ above & o!rs ( less importance !y are us$ 9 a prelim9>y sampl+ on a numb] ( artisans engag$ 9 ! trade1 usually f n9e to twelve1 ^: answ]s indicate ! m]its ( ! diff]5t que/ions & _! grades1 f easy to difficult4 ,9 ?is sampl+1 tradesm5 f diff]5t %ops or plants are tri$ 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ specializ$ me?ods or modes ( expression conf9$ to a s+le locality4 ,at lea/ two exam9]s work$ on ea* set ( que/ions at ?is /age1 9 ! ,army's "w1 to get ! b5efit ( m ?an "o po9t ( view = revision4 ,?is prelim9>y sampl+ af=ds a means ( *eck+ on ! foll[+ po9ts3 #a4 ,is ! te/ applicable to trade conditions8 #b4 ,does ! te/ repres5t good trade practice8 #c4 ,9 :at way c p>ts be pr(itably modifi$1 supplem5t$1 or elim9at$8 #d4 ,does ! te/ repres5t ! :ole range ( ! trade1 f ! novice to ! exp]t8 #e4 ,is x a repres5tative sampl+ ( ! :ole range ( trade processes8 ,9 ! light ( ! answ]s to ^! que/ions1 ! te/ is revis$ dur+ ?is sampl+ process & is !n ready to be =mulat$4 ,?is =mulation consi/s ( limit+ ! que/ions to a small en\gh numb] to be h&l$ 9 a %ort space ( "t & to a wide en\gh range to repres5t e possible degree ( trade skill4 ,! que/ions are tabulat$ & are !n ready to be us$ 9 ! f9al sampl+ process4 ,f9al sampl+ is made by te/+ tw5ty m5 :o are kn[n to be typical repres5tatives ( ea* gr\p 7novice1 appr5tice1 j\rneyman1 exp]t74 ,among ! novices te/$ are "s highly intellig5t & mature m5 ( good g5]al k b no trade ability4 ,?ree te/+ /ations 7 us$ 9 ! ,army's "w3 "o 9 ,clevel&1 "o 9 ,new>k1 & "o 9 ,pittsburgh1 9 ord] to get ! b5efit ( wide geographical di/ribution4 ,exam9ations 7 giv5 to m5 ^: record 9 ! trade 0 already kn[n & :o 7 te/$ z ne>ly z possible 9 ! same mann] z m5 9 ! camps4 ,! results ( ?is f9al sampl+ are turn$ ov] to exp]ts :o make a c>eful /udy ( ! results & ( ! answ]s to ea* "q4 ,?is enables !m to det]m9e ! relative value ( ea* individual "q & ! selection t makes a prop] balance4 ,if a trade te/ is good1 a kn[n exp]t1 :5 te/$1 is able to answ] all1 or ne>ly all1 ! que/ions correctly2 a j\rneyman is able to answ] ! majority2 an appr5tice a small] "p1 & a novice practically none4 ,?is does n mean t ea* "q %\ld be answ]$ correctly by all ! exp]ts1 a majority ( ! j\rneym51 "s appr5tices b no novices4 ,!re are a few que/ions :i* %[ ?is g5]al result4 ,a graphic curve :5 plott$ = su* a "q is almo/ a /raight l9e4 ,o!r types ( que/ions1 h[ev]1 are m common4 ,"s %[ a di/9ct l9e ( cleavage betwe5 ! novice & ! appr5tice4 ,novices fail1 b appr5tices1 j\rneym51 & exp]ts alike answ] correctly4 ,!re are likewise que/ions t are answ]$ correctly by ne>ly all j\rneym5 & exp]ts b only a few appr5tices1 & que/ions t only an exp]t c answ] correctly4 ,ea* type ( "q has its value 9 a good te/4 ,! ma9 requirem5t is t ! t5d5cy ( ! curve %\ld be upw>d2 a "q :i* is answ]$ correctly by m j\rneym5 ?an exp]ts or m appr5tices ?an j\rneym5 is undesirable & is at once disc>d$4 ,a prop] balance is made ( ! o!rs4 ,"o task /ill rema9s2 namely1 t ( calibrat+ ! te/4 ,z ea* "q is all[$ f\r po9ts1 x becomes necess>y to det]m9e h[ _m po9ts %\ld indicate an exp]t1 h[ _m a j\rneyman1 etc4 ,obvi\sly ! way to d ?is is to note h[ _m po9ts 7 scor$ by ! kn[n exp]ts & ! kn[n j\rneym5 :5 !y 7 te/$4 ,ord9>ily ! exp]t scores high] ?an ! j\rneyman & ! j\rneyman high] ?an ! appr5tice4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a few j\rneym5 score z high z ! l[e/ ( ! exp]ts & a few appr5tices z high z ! l[e/ ( ! j\rneym54 ,!re are consequ5tly c]ta9 ov]lapp+s betwe5 ! classes4 ,9 calibrat+1 ! object is to draw ! divid+ l9e betwe5 classes s t ! ov]lapp+ %all be z small z possible4 ,:5 ^! divid+ l9es1 or critical scores z !y are usually call$1 are e/abli%$1 ! te/ is ready = edit+1 pr9t+1 & di/ribution to camps4 ,picture te/s are made 9 practically ! same way z oral te/s4 ,! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( picture te/s is t ! que/ions mak+ up ! te/s relate to illu/rations ( trade tools & appliances4 ,! p]=mance te/s are n[ be+ us$ 9 _m trades = ^? :o make a satisfactory %[+ 9 ! oral or picture te/s4 ,^! p]=mance te/s are devis$ by conf]5ce ) exp]ts 9 ! trade4 ,!y consi/ ( "s app>5tly simple tasks t c be p]=m$ quickly & ) a small am\nt ( app>atus b t nev]!less indicate cle>ly ! degree ( skill ( ! p]=m]4 ,z a result ( exp]i5ce ! foll[+ h be5 drawn up z ! requirem5ts = a good p]=mance te/3 #a4 ,x %\ld require ! smalle/ possible quantity ( tools & mat]ials & ^! %\ld be capable ( /&>dization2 #b4 ,a j\rneyman %\ld n require m ?an #de m9utes to p]=m x2 #c4 ,x %\ld be typical ( ! "w requir$2 #d4 ,! op]ations %\ld be exact s t a correct /&>d =m ( product is always obta9able4 ,p]=mance te/s und]go mu* ! same processes ( sampl+ z d ! oral & picture te/s & !y are calibrat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! pr9ciple foll[$ "h1 z else:]e1 is t ! value ( a te/ lies n 9 its !oretical exactness b 9 its prov$ ability to pick out & classify correctly m5 ( all degrees ( skill )9 ! trade4 ,if ! te/ does classify m5 9 ! gr\ps 9 :i* !y are kn[n to belong1 !n x c be reli$ ^u to classify correctly m5 ab\t :om no?+ is kn[n 9 advance4 ,! me?od :i* ! ,army pursu$ is adaptable = any private ent]prise4 ,! "w done "u ! direction ( ! ,army ,g5]al ,/aff 9 analyz+ ! ess5tials ( ne>ly sev5 hundr$ trades & subdivisions ( trades & 9 prep>+ te/s = a l>ge proportion ( ^! 0 pione] "w1 ! results ( :i*1 9 ! %ape ( ! te/s !mselves1 :ile n issu$ = g5]al di/ribution1 are available z a "t-sav+ guide to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! build+ & application ( trade te/s4 ,,app5dices ,,app5dix ,a ,,intellig5ce ,,rat+s ,,9 ,,! ,,army ,repr9t$ f ,! ,p]sonnel ,manual 7,vol4 ,,ii ( ,! ,p]sonnel ,sy/em ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army7 ,purpose ( ! ,intellig5ce ,te/s4--,"u ! direction ( ! ,division ( ,psy*ology1 ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t1 & 9 accordance ) provisions ( ,g5]al ,ord] ,no4 #gd1 m5tal te/s are giv5 all recruits dur+ ! two-weeks det5tion p]iod4 ,^! te/s provide an imm$iate & reasonably dep5dable classification ( ! m5 accord+ to g5]al intellig5ce4 ,_! specific purposes are to aid3-- 7#a7 ,9 ! discov]y ( m5 ^: sup]ior intellig5ce sugge/s _! consid]ation = advancem5t2 7#b7 ,9 ! prompt selection & assignm5t to ,developm5t ,battalions ( m5 :o are s inf]ior m5tally t !y are suit$ only = select$ assignm5ts2 7#c7 ,9 =m+ organizations ( uni=m m5tal /r5g? :]e su* uni=mity is desir$2 7#d7 ,9 =m+ organizations ( sup]ior m5tal /r5g? :]e su* sup]iority is dem&$ by ! nature ( ! "w to be p]=m$2 7#e7 ,9 select+ suitable m5 = v>i\s army duties or = special tra9+ 9 colleges or te*nical s*ools2 7#f7 ,9 ! e>ly =mation ( tra9+ gr\ps )9 a company 9 ord] t ea* man may receive in/ruction & drill accord+ to 8 ability to pr(it !reby2 7#g7 ,9 ! e>ly recognition ( sl[-?9k+ m9ds :i* might o!rwise be mi/ak5 = /ubborn or disob$i5t *>act]s2 7#h7 ,9 elim9at+ f ! army ^? m5 ^: l[-grade intellig5ce r5d]s !m ei!r a burd5 or a m5ace to ! s]vice4 ,nature ( ! ,te/s4--,! te/s 7 prep>$ by a special committee ( ! ,am]ican ,psy*ological ,association4 ,be=e be+ ord]$ into g5]al use !y 7 ?or\ghly tri$ out 9 f\r ,national ,army ,cantonm5ts1 & f "t to "t h und]gone revision to increase _! practical usefulness4 ,betwe5 ,may #a & ,octob] #a1 #aiah1 approximately "o million ?ree hundr$ ?\s& m5 7 te/$4 ,?ree sy/ems ( te/ are n[ 9 use3-- 7#a7 ,alpha4 ,?is is a gr\p te/ = m5 :o read & write ,engli%4 ,x requires only fifty m9utes1 & c be giv5 to gr\ps z l>ge z #ejj4 ,! te/ mat]ial is s arrang$ t ea* ( its #bab que/ions may be answ]$ )\t writ+1 m]ely by und]l9+1 cross+ out1 or *eck+4 ,! pap]s are lat] scor$ by means ( /5cils1 s t no?+ is left to ! p]sonal judgm5t ( ^? :o d ! scor+4 ,! m5tal rat+ :i* results is !re=e :olly objective4 7#b7 ,beta4 ,?is is a gr\p te/ = =eign]s & illit]ates4 ,x may be giv5 to gr\ps ( f #ge to #cjj & requires approximately fifty m9utes4 ,success 9 ,beta does n dep5d ^u k ( ,engli%1 z ! in/ructions are giv5 entirely by pantomime & demon/ration4 ,l ,alpha1 x measures g5]al intellig5ce1 b does s ?r\gh ! use ( concrete or picture mat]ial in/ead ( by ! use ( pr9t$ language4 ,x is also scor$ by /5cils & yields an objective rat+4 7#c7 ,individual ,te/s4 ,?ree =ms ( individual te/s are us$3 ,! ,y]kes-,bridges ,po9t ,scale1 ! ,/an=d-,b9et ,scale1 & ! ,p]=mance ,scale4 ,an individual te/ requires f fifte5 to ?irty m9utes4 ,! in/ructions = ! ,p]=mance ,scale are giv5 by means ( ge/ures & demon/ration1 & a high score may be e>n$ 9 x by an intellig5t recruit :o does n "k a ^w ( ,engli%4 ,all enli/$ m5 are giv5 ei!r ,alpha or ,beta accord+ to _! degree ( lit]acy4 ,^? :o fail 9 ,alpha are giv5 ,beta1 & ^? :o fail to pass ,te/ ,beta are giv5 an individual te/4 ,z a result ( ! te/s1 ea* man is rat$ z ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,c1 ,c1 ,d1 ,d or ,e4 ,! lett] rat+s are report$ to ! ,int]view+ ,section ( ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice1 & are !re copi$ on ! ,qualification ,c>ds 79 ! squ>e m>k$ ,intellig5ce74 ,! ,psy*ological ,report1 aft] ! grades h be5 copi$ on ! ,qualification ,c>ds1 is =w>d$ f ! ,int]view+ ,section to ! ,mu/]+ ,section ( ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice1 :]e ea* soldi]'s lett] rat+ is copi$ on ! second page ( 8 ,s]vice ,record4 ,a copy ( ! ,psy*ological ,report is also s5t by ! ,psy*ological ,exam9] to ! ,company ,comm&]1 :o uses x 9 ! organization ( 8 company4 ,9 "s camps ! ent]+ ( ,intellig5ce ,grades on ,s]vice ,records has be5 left to company comm&]s1 b accuracy & uni=mity is secur$ by hav+ ^! grades ent]$ 9 ! ,mu/]+ ,section ( ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice :5 ! ,s]vice ,records are be+ />t$4 ,! psy*ological /aff 9 a camp is ord9>ily able to te/ #b1jjj m5 p] day & to report ! rat+s to ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice )9 #bd h\rs4 ,p]sonnel ,adjutants w cop]ate 9 arrang+ ! s*$ule ( psy*ological exam9ations s z to secure f !m maximum value 7,see ,*apt] ,,iv = ! prop] cord9ation ( ! "w ( ! ,psy*ological ,exam9] ) ! "w ( o!r (fic]s 9 a camp47 ,explanation ( lett] rat+s4--,! rat+ a man e>ns furni%es a fairly reliable index ( 8 ability to le>n1 to ?9k quickly & accurately1 to analyze a situation1 to ma9ta9 a /ate ( m5tal al]tness1 & to compreh5d & foll[ in/ructions4 ,! score is little influ5c$ by s*ool+4 ,"s ( ! highe/ records h be5 made by m5 :o _h nev] complet$ ! eigh? grade4 ,! mean+ ( ! lett] rat+s is z foll[s3 ,a4 ,v ,sup]ior ,intellig5ce4 ,?is grade is e>n$ by only f\r or five soldi]s out ( a hundr$4 ,! 8,a0 gr\p is compos$ ( m5 ( m>k$ intellectuality4 8,a0 m5 are ( high (fic] type :5 !y are also end[$ ) lead]%ip & o!r necess>y qualities4 ,b4 ,sup]ior ,intellig5ce4 8,b0 intellig5ce is sup]ior1 b less exceptional ?an t repres5t$ by 8,a40 ,! rat+ 8,b0 is obta9$ by eight to t5 soldi]s out ( a hundr$4 ,! gr\p conta9s a good _m m5 ( ! commission$ (fic] type & a l>ge am\nt ( non-commission$ (fic] mat]ial4 ,c4 ,high ,av]age ,intellig5ce4 ,?is gr\p includes ab\t fifte5 to eighte5 p] c5t4 ( all soldi]s & conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( non-commission$ (fic] mat]ial ) occasionally a man ^: lead]%ip & p[] to comm& fit him = commission$ rank4 ,c4 ,av]age ,intellig5ce4 ,includes ab\t tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( soldi]s4 ,excell5t private type ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( fair non-commission$ (fic] mat]ial4 ,c4 ,l[ ,av]age ,intellig5ce4 ,includes ab\t tw5ty p] c5t4 ,:ile bel[ av]age 9 intellig5ce1 8,c0 m5 are usually good privates & satisfactory 9 "w ( r\t9e nature4 ,d4 ,inf]ior ,intellig5ce4 ,includes ab\t fifte5 p] c5t4 ( soldi]s4 8,d0 m5 are likely to be fair soldi]s1 b are usually sl[ 9 le>n+ & r>ely g above ! rank ( private4 ,!y are %ort on initiative & s require m ?an ! usual am\nt ( sup]vision4 ,_m ( !m are illit]ate or =eign4 ,d & ,e4 ,v ,inf]ior ,intellig5ce4 ,?is gr\p is divid$ into two classes 7#a7 8,d0 m51 :o are v inf]ior 9 intellig5ce b are consid]$ fit = regul> s]vice2 & 7#b7 8,e0 m51 ^? ^: m5tal inf]iority ju/ifies _! recomm5dation = ,developm5t ,battalion1 ,special ,s]vice ,organization1 rejection1 or dis*>ge4 ,! majority ( 8,d0 & 8,e0 m5 are bel[ t5 ye>s 9 8m5tal age40 ,! imm5se contra/ betwe5 8,a0 & 8,d0 intellig5ce is %[n by ! fact t m5 ( 8,a0 intellig5ce h ! ability to make a sup]ior record 9 college or univ]sity1 :ile 8,d0 m5 are ( su* inf]ior m5tality t !y are r>ely able to g beyond ! ?ird or f\r? grade ( ! elem5t>y s*ool1 h[ev] long !y att5d4 ,9 fact1 mo/ 8,d0 & 8,e0 m5 are bel[ ! 8m5tal age0 ( t5 ye>s & at be/ are on ! bord]-l9e ( m5tal defici5cy4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ! 8moron0 grade ( feeble-m9d$ness4 8,b0 intellig5ce is capable ( mak+ an av]age record 9 college1 8,c0 intellig5ce _c d s well1 :ile m5tality ( ! 8,c0 grade is r>ely equal to high s*ool graduation4 ,evid5ce t ! ,te/s ,measure ,milit>y ,value4--,x has be5 ?or\ghly demon/rat$ t ! intellig5ce rat+s are v useful 9 indicat+ practical milit>y value4 ,! foll[+ inve/igations are typical3 #a4 ,comm&+ (fic]s ( t5 diff]5t organizations repres5t+ v>i\s arms 9 a camp 7 ask$ to designate3 7a7 ,! mo/ effici5t m5 9 ! organization2 7b7 ,m5 ( av]age value2 7c7 ,m5 s inf]ior t !y 7 8b>ely able0 to p]=m _! duties4 ,! (fic]s ( ^! organizations _h be5 ) _! m5 f six to twelve mon?s & knew !m exceptionally well4 ,! total numb] ( m5 rat$ 0 #ife1 ab\t equally divid$ among 8be/10 8av]age10 & 8poore/40 ,aft] ! (fic]s' rat+s _h be5 made1 ! m5 7 giv5 ! usual psy*ological te/4 ,comp>ison ( te/ results ) (fic]s' rat+s %[$3 7a7 ,t ! av]age score ( ! 8be/0 gr\p 0 approximately twice z high z ! av]age score ( ! 8poore/0 gr\p4 7b7 ,t ( m5 te/+ bel[ 8,c0 #gj p] c5t4 7 class$ z 8poore/0 & only #d4d p] c5t4 z 8be/40 7c7 ,t ( m5 te/+ above 8,c10 #ae p] c5t4 7 class$ z 8poore/0 & #ee4e p] c5t4 z 8be/40 7d7 ,t ! man :o te/s above 8,c0 is ab\t f\rte5 times z likely to be class$ 8be/0 z ! man :o te/s bel[ 8,c40 7e7 ,t ! p] c5t4 class$ z 8be/0 9 ! v>i\s lett] gr\ps increas$ /eadily f #j p] c5t4 9 8,d0 to #eg4g p] c5t4 9 8,a10 :ile ! p] c5t4 class$ z 8poore/0 decreas$ /eadily f #hj p] c5t4 9 8,d0 to #aa4e p] c5t4 9 8,a40 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! p] c5ts4 = ea* lett] gr\p3 ,d ,d ,c ,c ,c ,b ,a ,total numb] #bi #fj #aba #bca #bbi #aia #ajd ,class$ ) 8be/0 #j4j #f4g #ai4j #bf4j #ci4c #ec4d #eg4g ,class$ ) 8poore/0 #gi4c #ff4j #eg4i #ca4b #bd4i #af4g #aa4e ,consid]+ t l[ milit>y value may be caus$ by _m ?+s besides inf]ior intellig5ce1 ! above f9d+s are v significant4 #b4 ,9 an infantry regim5t ( ano!r camp 7 #gfe m5 7,regul>s7 :o _h be5 ) _! (fic]s = sev]al mon?s4 ,! company comm&]s 7 ask$ to rate ^! m5 z #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 or #e accord+ to 8practical soldi] value10 8#a0 be+ highe/1 & 8#e0 l[e/4 ,! m5 7 !n te/$1 ) ! foll[+ results3 7a7 ,( #gf m5 :o e>n$ ! grade ,a or ,b1 none 0 rat$ 8#e0 & only #i 7 rat$ 8#c0 or 8#d40 7b7 ,( #bch 8,d0 & 8,d0 m51 only "o receiv$ ! rat+ 8#a0 & only #g receiv$ a rat+ ( 8#b40 7c7 ,psy*ological rat+s & rat+s by company comm&]s 7 id5tical 9 #di4e p] c5t4 ( all cases4 ,!re 0 agreem5t )9 "o /ep 9 #hh4d p] c5t4 ( cases1 & disagreem5t ( m ?an two /eps 9 only #g_/aj ( #a p] c5t4 ( cases4 #c4 ,9 ano!r camp ! company (fic]s ( a regim5t 7 ask$ to designate ! t5 8be/0 & t5 8poore/0 privates 9 ea* company4 ,! (fic]s _h be5 ) _! m5 long en\gh to "k !m ?or\ghly4 ,comp>ison ( ! (fic]s' e/imates ) ! results ( intellig5ce te/s br\ght out ! foll[+ facts3 7a7 ,( #aef m5 class$ ) ! t5 8be/0 9 _! respective companies1 only #i te/$ bel[ ,c4 7b7 ,( #acc m5 class$ ) ! 8poore/0 t5 9 _! respective companies1 only #d te/$ above ,c4 7c7 ,m5 above ,c are #g4c times z likely z m5 bel[ ,c to be class$ ) ! t5 8be/40 7d7 ,m5 bel[ ,c are #aj4h times z likely z m5 above ,c to be class$ ) ! t5 8poore/40 7e7 ,an 8,a0 man is #aa4g times z likely z a man bel[ ,c to be rat$ 8be/02 b a man bel[ ,c is #ac4e times z likely z an 8,a0 to be rat$ 8poore/40 #d4 ,! same exp]im5t 0 made 9 /ill ano!r camp4 ,(fic]s ( #cf diff]5t companies pick$ ! t5 8be/0 & ! t5 8poore/0 m5 9 ea* company4 ,( ! 8poore/10 #fb4bb p] c5t4 te/$ bel[ ,c & only #c4jf p] c5t4 above ,c4 ,( ! 8be/10 #ch p] c5t4 te/$ above ,c & only #i4gb p] c5t4 bel[ ,c4 ,accord+ to ?is inve/igation1 a man bel[ ,c is #f4d times z likely to be 8poore/0 z to be 8be/40 ,a man above ,c is #ab4e times z likely to be 8be/0 z to be 8poore/40 ,a man rat+ ,a is #fb times z likely to be 8be/0 z to be 8poore/40 ,a man rat+ ,d is #bi4c times z likely to be 8poore/0 z to be 8be/40 #e4 ,:]e commission$ (fic]s are select$ on ! basis ( try+ out & 8survival ( ! fitte/0 x is ord9>ily f\nd t ab\t #hj p] c5t4 are ( ! ,a or ,b grade1 & only ab\t #e p] c5t4 bel[ ! ,c grade4 ,( non-commission$ (fic]s *os5 by ?is me?od1 ab\t #ge p] c5t4 are f\nd to grade ,a1 ,b1 or ,c1 & only #e p] c5t4 bel[ ,c4 ,moreov]1 !re is a gradual rise 9 av]age score z we g f privates up ?r\gh ! ranks ( privates fir/ class1 corporals1 s]geants fir/ class1 ,o4 ,t4 ,s4 c&idates1 & commission$ (fic]s4 ,?is is se5 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,,p] ,,c5t4 ,,e>n+ ,,ea* ,,lett] ,,rat+ ,v>i\s ,gr\ps 7,:ites7,d or ,a & ,e ,d ,c ,c ,c ,b ,a ,b #h1hai ,commission$ ,(fic]s #j4j #j4ja 4#be #b4ibac4h #cd4f #dh4d #hc4 #i1bdj ,o4,t4,s4 ,c&idates#j4j #j4ad 4#ih #f4afai4e #cf4d #cf4h #gc4b #c1cic ,s]geants #j4j #a4je #d4jead4b #bg4c #cb4e #bj4i #ec4d #d1jbc ,corporals #j4j #a4cc #g4ccbj4ccca4c #bf4 #ac4g #ci4g #ha1aad ,lit]ate ,privates #j4bb #aj4bdba4dhbh4gibj4dhab4ch #f4cgah4ge #aj1hjc ,illit]ate ,privates #g4h #da4afbi4aaad4fg #d4dc #a4ie 4#eb #b4dg #f4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t 8,d0 c&idates admitt$ to ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ools almo/ nev] make good1 & t ! p] c5t4 ( elim9ation among ! 8,c0 & 8,c0 /ud5ts is sev]al times z high z among 8,a0 /ud5ts4 ,= example1 9 "o ( ! ,f\r? ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ools #ajj p] c5t4 ( ! 8,d0 m5 7 elim9at$ z unsatisfactory1 #ee p] c5t4 ( ! 8,c0 m51 #ad4h p] c5t4 ( ! 8,b0 m51 b only #b4g p] c5t4 ( ! 8,a0 m54 ,9 ano!r ,f\r? ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ool #gf4b p] c5t4 ( ! m5 rat+ bel[ ,c 7 elim9at$ 9 ! fir/ six weeks1 #ea4e p] c5t4 ( ! 8,c0 m51 & none at all ( ! 8,a0 or 8,b0 m54 ,^! f9d+s are typical4 ,! psy*ological rat+s are valuable n s mu* because !y make a bett] classification ?an w\ld come ab\t 9 ! c\rse ( "t ?r\gh natural selection1 b *iefly because !y greatly abbreviate ?is process by indicat+ imm$iately ! gr\ps 9 :i* suitable (fic] mat]ial w be f\nd1 & at ! same "t ^? m5 ^: m5tal inf]iority w>rants _! elim9ation f regul> units 9 ord] to prev5t ! ret>dation ( tra9+4 ,spe$ c\nts 9 a w> t co/s fifty million doll>s p] day & requires ! m9imum p]iod ( tra9+4 ,directions = ! ,use ( ,intellig5ce ,rat+s4--,9 us+ ! intellig5ce rat+s ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be borne 9 m9d3 #a4 ,! m5tal te/s are n int5d$ to replace o!r me?ods ( judg+ a man's value to ! s]vice4 ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to assume t !y tell u infallibly :at k9d ( soldi] a man w make4 ,!y m]ely help to d ?is by measur+ "o important elem5t 9 a soldi]'s equipm5t1 namely1 intellig5ce4 ,!y d n measure loyalty1 brav]y1 p[] to comm&1 or ! emotional traits t make a man 8c>ry on40 ,h[ev]1 9 ! long run ^! qualities are f> m likely to be f\nd 9 m5 ( sup]ior intellig5ce ?an 9 m5 :o are intellectually inf]ior4 ,intellig5ce is p]haps ! mo/ important s+le factor 9 soldi] effici5cy ap>t f physical fitness4 #b4 ,commission$ (fic] mat]ial is f\nd *iefly 9 ! ,a & ,b gr\ps1 al?\gh ( c\rse n all high-score m5 h ! o!r qualifications necess>y = (fic]s4 ,m5 bel[ ,c %\ld n be accept$ z /ud5ts 9 ,(fic]s' ,tra9+ ,s*ools unless ! score on ! ,(fic]s' ,rat+ ,scale indicates exceptional p[] ( lead]%ip & ability to comm&4 #c4 ,s9ce m ?an "o f\r? ( enli/$ m5 rate z high z ,c1 !re is r>ely ju/ification = go+ bel[ ?is grade 9 *oos+ non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 view ( ! likelihood ( promotion f non-commission$ rank4 ,ev5 ap>t f consid]ations ( promotion1 x is desirable to avoid ! appo9tm5t ( m5tally inf]ior m5 7bel[ ,c7 z non-commission$ (fic]s4 ,sev]al c>eful /udies h %[n t 8,c0 & 8,d0 s]geants & corporals are extremely likely to be f\nd unsatisfactory4 ,! fact t a few make good does n ju/ify ! risk tak5 9 _! appo9tm5t4 #d4 ,m5 bel[ ,c are r>ely equal to complicat$ pap] "w4 #e4 ,9 select+ m5 = tasks ( special responsibility ! pref]5ce %\ld be giv5 to ^? ( highe/ intellig5ce rat+ :o also h ! o!r necess>y qualifications4 ,if !y make good !y %\ld be kept on ! "w or promot$2 if !y fail !y %\ld be replac$ by m5 next on ! li/4 ,to aid 9 select+ m5 = occupational assignm5t1 ext5sive data h be5 ga!r$ on ! range ( intellig5ce scores f\nd 9 v>i\s occupations4 ,?is mat]ial has be5 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p]sonnel ,(fic]s = use 9 mak+ assignm5ts4 ,x is sugge/$ t ^? m5 :o h an intellig5ce rat+ above ! av]age 9 an occupation %\ld be ! fir/ to be assign$ to meet requirem5ts 9 t occupation1 & aft] t m5 ) l[] rat+s %\ld be consid]$4 #f4 ,9 mak+ assignm5ts f ! ,depot ,brigade to p]man5t organizations x is important to give ea* unit its proportion ( sup]ior1 av]age1 & inf]ior m54 ,if ?is matt] is left to *ance !re w inevitably be 8weak l9ks0 9 ! army *a94 ,exceptions to ?is rule %\ld be made 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 arms ( ! s]vice :i* require m ?an ! ord9>y numb] ( m5tally sup]ior m52 e4 g41 ,signal ,corps1 ,ma*9e ,gun1 ,field ,artill]y & ,eng9e]s4 ,^! organizations ord9>ily h ab\t twice ! usual proportion ( 8,a0 & 8,b0 m5 & v mu* less ?an ! usual proportion ( 8,d0 & 8,d0 m54 ,! fir/ two columns 9 ! foll[+ table illu/rate ! di/ribution ( intellig5ce grades typical ( infantry regim5ts & also ! extreme diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal /r5g? ( organizations :i* are built up )\t reg>d to intellig5ce rat+s4 ,! la/ column to ! "r %[s a balanc$ di/ribution ( intellectual /r5g? :i* might h be5 made to ea* ( ^! two regim5ts4 ,,intellig5ce ,,int]pretation ,,actual ,,di/ribution ,,balanc$ ,,rat+ ,,di/ribution #a/ ,regim5t #bnd ,regim5t ,a ,v ,sup]ior #a4j #f4j #c4e ,b ,sup]ior #c4j #ab4j #g4e ,c ,high ,av]age #g4j #bj4j #ac4e ,c ,av]age #ae4j #bh4j #ba4e ,c ,l[ ,av]age #be4j #ai4j #bb4j ,d ,inf]ior #ca4j #ac4j #bb4j ,d ,v ,inf]ior #ah4j #b4j #aj4j ,unless intellig5ce is wisely di/ribut$ c]ta9 regim5ts & companies w take tra9+ mu* m sl[ly ?an o!rs & ?us delay ! programme ( ! :ole organization4 #g4 8,d0 & 8,d0 m5 are r>ely suit$ = tasks :i* require special skill1 res\rcefulness1 or su/a9$ al]tness4 ,x is also unsafe to expect 8,d10 8,d0 or 8,e0 m5 to read or und]/& writt5 directions4 #h4 ,only high-score m5 %\ld be select$ = tasks t require quick le>n+ or rapid adju/m5ts4 #i4 ,x %\ld n be suppos$ t m5 :o receive ! same m5tal rat+ are necess>ily ( equal milit>y wor?4 ,a man's value to ! s]vice %\ld n be judg$ by 8 intellig5ce alone4 #aj4 ,! intellig5ce rat+ is "o ( ! mo/ important aids to ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice 9 ! rapid sort+ ( ! masses ( m5 9 ! ,depot ,brigade4 ,9 no previ\s w> has s mu* dep5d$ on ! prompt & complete utilization ( ! m5tal ability ( ! individual soldi]4 ,x is expect$1 !re=e1 t ! psy*ological rat+s w be regul>ly us$ z an aid 9 ! selection1 assignm5t1 & classification ( m54 ,,app5dix ,b ,,! ,,army 8,,alpha0 ,,& 8,,beta0 ,,te/s ,) ,in/ructions & ,me?od ( ,scor+ ,in/ructions = giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #a4 7,to be read al\d by ,exam9]47 ,,te/ #a1 ,,=m #h4 #a4 8,att5tion6 #8,att5tion' always means #8,p5cils up4' ,look at ! circles at #a4 ,:5 ,i say #8g1' b n be=e1 make a figure #b 9 ! second circle & also a cross 9 ! ?ird circle4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #e seconds47 #b4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #b1 :]e ! circles h numb]s 9 !m4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' draw a l9e f ,circle #a to ,circle #d t w pass bel[ ,circle #b & above ,circle #c4--;,g60 7,all[ n ov] #e seconds47 #c4 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! squ>e & triangle at #c4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' make a figure #a 9 ! space :i* is 9 ! squ>e b n 9 ! triangle1 & also make a cross 9 ! space :i* is 9 ! triangle & 9 ! squ>e4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 #d4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #d4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' make a figure #b 9 ! space :i* is 9 ! circle b n 9 ! triangle or squ>e1 & also make a figure #c 9 ! space :i* is 9 ! triangle & circle1 b n 9 ! squ>e4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 ,n4 ,b4 ,exam9]4--,9 read+ #e1 don't pause at ! ^w 8circle0 z if end+ a s5t5ce4 #e4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #e4 ,if #8taps' s\nds 9 ! ev5+1 !n 7:5 ,i say #8g'7 put a cross 9 ! fir/ circle2 if n1 draw a l9e "u ! ^w ,no4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] t5 seconds47 #f4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #f4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' put 9 ! fir/ circle ! "r answ] to ! "q3 #8,h[ _m mon?s has a ye>8' ,9 ! second circle d no?+1 b 9 ! fif? circle put any numb] t is wrong answ] to ! "q t y j answ]$ correctly--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 #g4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #g4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' cross out ! lett] j aft] ,f & also draw a l9e "u ! second lett] aft] ,i4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 #h4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #h4 ,notice ! ?ree circles & ! ?ree words4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' make 9 ! fir/ circle ! la/ lett] ( fir/ ^w2 9 ! second circle ! middle lett] ( ! second ^w1 & 9 ! ?ird circle ! fir/ lett] ( ! ?ird ^w4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 #i4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #i4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' cross out ea* numb] t is m ?an #ej b less ?an #fj4--;,g60 7,all[ n ov] #ae seconds47 #aj4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #aj4 ,notice t ! draw+ is divid$ into five p>ts4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' put a #d or a #e 9 ea* ( ! two l>ge/ p>ts & any numb] betwe5 #f & #i 9 ! "p next 9 size to ! smalle/ "p4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #ae seconds47 #aa4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #aa4 ,:5 ,i say #8g' draw a l9e ?r\gh e odd numb] t is n 9 a squ>e1 & also ?r\gh e odd numb] t is 9 a squ>e ) a lett]4--,g60 7,all[ n ov] #be seconds47 #ab4 8,att5tion6 ,look at #ab4 ,if #d is m ?an #b1 !n 7:5 ,i say #8g'7 cross out ! numb] #c unless #c is m ?an #e1 9 :i* case draw a l9e "u ! numb] #d4--;,g60 7,all[ n ov] #aj seconds47 8,dur+ ! re/ ( ?is exam9ation don't turn any page =w>d or backw>d unless y are told to4 ,n[ turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #b40 ,,=m #h ,,gr\p ,,exam9ation ,,alpha ,,gr\p ,,no4 ,"n ,rank ,age ,company ,regim5t ,arm ,division ,9 :at c\ntry or /ate born8 ,ye>s 9 ,u4 ,s48 ,race ,occupation ,weekly ,wages ,s*ool+3 ,grades1 #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h3 ,high or ,prep4 ,s*ool1 ,ye> #a4 #b4 #c4 #d3 ,college1 ,ye> #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,te/ #a ,division ( ,psy*ology1 ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,au?oriz$ by ! ,surgeon ,g5]al1 ,feb4 #h1 #aiah4 ,edition1 ,may #bj1 #aiah4 #ajj1jjj ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #b4 ,,te/ #b4--;,,ari?metical ,,problems 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! directions at ! top ( ! page :ile ,i read !m4 ,get ! answ]s to ^! examples z quickly z y c4 ,use ! side ( ?is page to figure on if y ne$ to4 ,i w say /op at ! end ( five m9utes4 ,y may n be able to f9i% all ( !m1 b d z _m z y c 9 ! "t all[$4 ,! two samples are already answ]$ correctly4--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #e m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #c40 ,,te/ #b ,get ! answ]s to ^! examples z quickly z y c4 ,use ! side ( ?is page to figure on if y ne$ to4 ,,samples #a ,h[ _m are #e m5 & #aj m58 ,answ] 7 #ae7 #b ,if y walk #d miles an h\r = #c h\rs1 h[ f> d y walk8 ,answ] 7 #ab7 #a ,h[ _m are #fj guns & #e guns8 ,answ] 7 7 #b ,if y save #i a mon? = #c mon?s1 h[ mu* w y save8 ,answ] 7 7 #c ,if #dh m5 are divid$ into squads ( #h1 h[ _m squads w !re be8 ,answ] 7 7 #d ,mike _h #aa cig>s4 ,he b\ght #b m & !n smok$ #g4 ,h[ _m cig>s did he h left8 ,answ] 7 7 #e ,a company advanc$ #h miles & retreat$ #b miles4 ,h[ f> 0 x !n f its fir/ position8 ,answ] 7 7 #f ,h[ _m h\rs w x take a truck to g #db miles at ! rate ( #c miles an h\r8 ,answ] 7 7 #g ,h[ _m p5cils c y buy = #fj c5ts at ! rate ( #b = #e c5ts8 ,answ] 7 7 #h ,a regim5t m>*$ #dj miles 9 five days4 ,! fir/ day !y m>*$ #i miles1 ! second day #f miles1 ! ?ird #aj miles1 ! f\r? #f miles4 ,h[ _m miles did !y m>* ! la/ day8 ,answ] 7 7 #i ,if y buy #b packages ( tobacco at #h c5ts ea* & a pipe = #fe c5ts1 h[ mu* *ange %\ld y get f a two-doll> bill8 ,answ] 7 7 #aj ,if x takes #d m5 #c days to dig a #abj-;foot dra91 h[ _m m5 are ne$$ to dig x 9 half a day8 ,answ] 7 7 #aa ,a deal] b\ght "s mules = #b1jjj4 ,he sold !m = #b1djj1 mak+ #ej on ea* mule4 ,h[ _m mules 7 !re8 ,answ] 7 7 #ab ,a rectangul> b9 holds #bjj cubic feet ( lime4 ,if ! b9 is #aj feet long & #e feet wide1 h[ deep is x8 ,answ] 7 7 #ac ,a recruit sp5t "o-eigh? ( 8 sp>e *ange = po/ c>ds & twice z mu* = a box ( lett] pap]1 & !n _h #a4jj left4 ,h[ mu* money did he h at fir/8 ,answ] 7 7 #ad ,if #c tons ( clov] co/ #ad1 :at w #f tons co/8 ,answ] 7 7 #ae ,a %ip has provisions to la/ h] crew ( #gjj m5 #b mon?s4 ,h[ long w\ld x la/ #djj m58 ,answ] 7 7 #af ,if an a]oplane goes #bej y>ds 9 #aj seconds1 h[ _m feet does x g 9 a fif? ( a second8 ,answ] 7 7 #ag ,a ,u-boat makes #h miles an h\r "u wat] & #bj miles on ! surface4 ,h[ long w x take to cross a #ajj-mile *annel1 if x has to g two-fif?s ( ! way "u wat]8 ,answ] 7 7 #ah ,if #acd squads ( m5 are to dig #c1fah y>ds ( tr5*1 h[ _m y>ds mu/ be dug by ea* squad8 ,answ] 7 7 #ai ,a c]ta9 division conta9s #e1jjj artill]y1 #ae1jjj infantry1 & #a1jjj cavalry4 ,if ea* bran* is exp&$ proportionately until !re are 9 all #bc1ajj m51 h[ _m w be add$ to ! artill]y8 ,answ] 7 7 #bj ,a commission h\se :i* _h already suppli$ #a1hig b>rels ( apples to a cantonm5t deliv]$ ! rema9d] ( its /ock to #cg mess halls4 ,( ?is rema9d] ea* mess hall receiv$ #ed b>rels4 ,:at 0 ! total numb] ( b>rels suppli$8 ,answ] 7 7 ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #c4 ,,te/ #c4--,,practical ,,judgm5t 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! directions at ! top ( ! page :ile ,i read !m4 #8,?is is a te/ ( common s5se4 ,bel[ are sixte5 que/ions4 ,?ree answ]s are giv5 to ea* "q4 ,y are to look at ! answ]s c>efully2 !n make a cross 9 ! squ>e be=e ! be/ answ] to ea* "q1 z 9 ! sample3 8#8,:y d we use /oves8 ,because !y look well !y keep u w>m !y are black 8#8,"h ! second answ] is ! be/ "o & is m>k$ ) a cross4 8#8,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & keep on until "t is call$4'--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #a m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #d40 ,,te/ #c ,?is is a te/ ( common s5se4 ,bel[ are sixte5 que/ions4 ,?ree answ]s are giv5 to ea* "q4 ,y are to look at ! answ]s c>efully2 !n make a cross 9 ! squ>e be=e ! be/ answ] to ea* "q1 z 9 ! sample3 ,,sample ,:y d we use /oves8 ,because !y look well !y keep u w>m !y are black ,"h ! second answ] is ! be/ "o & is m>k$ ) a cross4 ,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & keep on until "t is call$4 #a ,x is wis] to put "s money aside & n sp5d x all1 s t y may prep>e = old age or sickness collect all ! diff]5t k9ds ( money gamble :5 y wi% #b ,%oes are made ( lea!r1 because x is tann$ x is t\gh1 pliable & w>m x c be black5$ #c ,:y d soldi]s we> wri/ wat*es r ?an pocket wat*es8 ,because !y keep bett] "t !y are h>d] to break !y are h&i] #d ,! ma9 reason :y /one is us$ = build+ purposes is because x makes a good appe>ance x is /rong & la/+ x is heavy #e ,:y is beef bett] food ?an cabbage8 ,because x ta/es bett] x is m n\ri%+ x is h>d] to obta9 #f ,if "s "o does y a favor1 :at %\ld y d8 try to =get x /eal = him if he asks y to return ! favor #g ,if y d n get a lett] f home :i* y "k 0 writt51 x may be because x 0 lo/ 9 ! mails y =got to tell y\r p to write ! po/al s]vice has be5 discont9u$ #h ,! ma9 ?+ ! f>m]s d is to supply luxuries make "w = ! unemploy$ fe$ ! nation #i ,if a man :o c't swim %\ld fall into a riv]1 he %\ld yell = help & try to scramble out dive to ! bottom & crawl out lie on 8 back & float #aj ,glass insulators are us$ to fa/5 telegraph wires because ! glass keeps ! pole f be+ burn$ ! glass keeps ! curr5t f escap+ ! glass is *eap & attractive #aa ,if y\r load ( coal gets /uck 9 ! mud1 :at %\ld y d8 leave x !re get m horses or m5 to pull x out ?r[ (f ! load #ab ,:y are crim9als lock$ up8 to protect society to get ev5 ) !m to make !m "w #ac ,:y %\ld a m>ri$ man h 8 life insur$8 ,because dea? may come at any "t insurance companies are usually hone/ 8 family w n !n suff] if he dies #ad ,9 ,leap ,ye> ,febru>y has #bi days because ,febru>y is a %ort mon? "s p are born on ,febru>y #bi? o!rwise ! cal5d> w\ld n come out "r #ae ,if y are held up & robb$ 9 a /range city1 y %\ld apply to ! police = help ask ! fir/ man y meet = money to get home borr[ "s money at a bank #af ,:y %\ld we h ,congressm58 ,because ! p mu/ be rul$ x insures truly repres5tative gov]nm5t ! p are too _m to meet & make _! laws ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #d4 ,,te/ #d4--,,synonym--,,antonym 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! directions at ! top ( ! page :ile ,i read !m40 7,exam9]4--,read sl[ly47 8#8,if ! two words ( a pair mean ! same or ne>ly ! same draw a l9e "u 8same40 ,if !y mean ! opposite or ne>ly ! opposite1 draw a l9e "u 8opposite40 ,if y _c be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be4'--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #a m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #e40 7,pause47 8,n[ y h to turn y\r books ar\nd ?is way40 7,exam9] illu/rates ! necess>y rotation47 ,,te/ #d ,if ! two words ( a pair mean ! same or ne>ly ! same1 draw a l9e "u same4 ,if !y mean ! opposite or ne>ly ! opposite1 draw a l9e "u opposite4 ,if y _c be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be ,,samples good--bad same--opposite little--small same--opposite #a no--yes same--opposite #a #b day--night same--opposite #b #c g--leave same--opposite #c #d beg9--comm5ce same--opposite #d #e bitt]--sweet same--opposite #e #f assume--suppose same--opposite #f #g comm&--obey same--opposite #g #h tease--plague same--opposite #h #i dilig5t--indu/ri\s same--opposite #i #aj corrupt--hone/ same--opposite #aj #aa t[>d--f same--opposite #aa #ab mascul9e--fem99e same--opposite #ab #ac complex--simple same--opposite #ac #ad sacr$--hall[$ same--opposite #ad #ae (t5--seldom same--opposite #ae #af anci5t--mod]n same--opposite #af #ag enorm\s--gigantic same--opposite #ag #ah conf]--grant same--opposite #ah #ai acquire--lose same--opposite #ai #bj compute--calculate same--opposite #bj #ba defile--purify same--opposite #ba #bb appreh5sive--fe>ful same--opposite #bb #bc /]ile--f]tile same--opposite #bc #bd *asm--abyss same--opposite #bd #be somb]--gloomy same--opposite #be #bf ve/ige--trace same--opposite #bf #bg vilify--praise same--opposite #bg #bh f9ite--limit$ same--opposite #bh #bi contradict--corroborate same--opposite #bi #cj immune--susceptible same--opposite #cj #ca cr$it--debit same--opposite #ca #cb assidu\s--dilig5t same--opposite #cb #cc transi5t--p]man5t same--opposite #cc #cd palliate--mitigate same--opposite #cd #ce execrate--revile same--opposite #ce #cf ext9ct--extant same--opposite #cf #cg p]t95t--relevant same--opposite #cg #ch syn*ron\s--simultane\s same--opposite #ch #ci sup]cili\s--disda9ful same--opposite #ci #dj ab/ruse--recondite same--opposite #dj ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #e4 ,,te/ #e4--;,,dis>rang$ ,,s5t5ces 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! directions at ! top ( ! page :ile ,i read !m40 7,exam9]4--,read sl[ly47 8,! words a eats c[ grass 9 t ord] are mix$ up & don't make a s5t5ce2 b !y w\ld make a s5t5ce if put 9 ! "r ord]3 a c[ eats grass1 & ?is /atem5t is true4 8,aga91 ! words horses fea!rs h all w\ld make a s5t5ce if put 9 ! ord] all horses h fea!rs1 b ?is /atem5t is false4 8,bel[ are #bd mix$-up s5t5ces4 ,"s ( !m are true & "s are false4 ,:5 ,i say #8g1' take ^! s5t5ces "o at a "t4 ,?9k :at ea* w\ld say if ! words 7 /raight5$ out1 b don't write !m y\rself4 ,!n1 if :at x w\ld say is true draw a l9e "u ! ^w #8true'2 if :at x w\ld say is false1 draw a l9e "u ! ^w #8false4' ,if y _c be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be4 ,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & "w "r d[n ! page until "t is call$4 #8,ready--,g6'0 ,aft] #b m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #f40 ,,te/ #e ,! words ,a ,,eats ,,c[ ,,grass 9 t ord] are mix$ up & don't make a s5t5ce2 b !y w\ld make a s5t5ce if put 9 ! "r ord]3 ,a ,,c[ ,,eats ,,grass1 & ?is /atem5t is true4 ,aga91 ! words ,,horses ,,fea!rs ,,h ,,all w\ld make a s5t5ce if put 9 ! ord]3 ,,all ,,horses ,,h ,,fea!rs1 b ?is /atem5t is false4 ,bel[ are tw5ty-f\r mix$-up s5t5ces4 ,"s ( !m are true & "s are false4 ,:5 ,i say 8g10 take ^! s5t5ces "o at a "t4 ,?9k :at ea* w\ld say if ! words 7 /raight5$ out1 b don't write !m y\rself4 ,!n1 if :at x w\ld say is true1 draw a l9e "u ! ^w 8true02 if :at x w\ld say is false1 draw a l9e "u ! ^w 8false40 ,if y c n be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be4 ,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & "w "r d[n ! page until "t is call$4 ,,samples a eats c[ grass true false horses fea!rs h all true false #a oranges yell[ are true false #a #b he> are ) to e>s true false #b #c noise cannon nev] make a true false #c #d trees 9 ne/s build birds true false #d #e oil wat] n & w mix true false #e #f bad are %ots soldi]s all true false #f #g fuel wood are coal & = us$ true false #g #h moon e>? ! only f feet tw5ty ! is true false #h #i to life wat] is necess>y true false #i #aj are clo!s all made cotton ( true false #aj #aa horses automobile an are ?an sl[] true false #aa #ab tropics is 9 ! produc$ rubb] true false #ab #ac leaves ! trees 9 lose _! fall true false #ac #ad place pole is nor? com=table a ! true false #ad #ae s& ( made bread p[d] & is true false #ae #af sails is /eamboat usually by propell$ a true false #af #ag is ! salty 9 wat] all lakes true false #ag #ah usually judge c we actions man 8 by a true false #ah #ai m5 mis=tune h good nev] true false #ai #bj tools valuable is = %>p mak+ /eel true false #bj #ba due sometimes calamities are accid5t to true false #ba #bb =get trifl+ fri5ds grievances nev] true false #bb #bc feel+ is ( pa9ful exaltation ! true false #bc #bd beg9 a & apple acorn ant words ) ! true false #bd ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #f4 ,,te/ #f4--,,numb] ,,s]ies ,,completion 7,n4 ,b4 ,exam9]4--,give ^! in/ructions v sl[ly74 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! fir/ sample r[ ( figures at ! top ( ! page--#b1 #d1 #f1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 ! two numb]s t %\ld come next are1 ( c\rse1 #ad1 #af4 8,look at ! second sample--#i1 #h1 #g1 #f1 #e1 #d2 ! two numb]s t %\ld come next are #c1 #b4 8,look at ! ?ird sample--#b1 #b1 #c1 #c1 #d1 #d2 ! two numb]s t %\ld come next are #e1 #e4 8,n[ look at ! f\r? sample--#a1 #g1 #b1 #g1 #c1 #g2 ! next two numb]s w\ld1 ( c\rse1 be #d1 #g4 8,look at ea* r[ ( numb]s bel[ & on ! two dott$ l9es write ! two numb]s t %\ld come next4--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #c m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #g40 ,,te/ #f ,,samples #b #d #f #h #aj #ab #ad #af #i #h #g #f #e #d #c #b #b #b #c #c #d #d #e #e #a #g #b #g #c #g #d #g ,look at ea* r[ ( numb]s bel[1 & on ! two dott$ l9es write ! two numb]s t %\ld come next4 #c #d #e #f #g #h 44444 44444 #h #g #f #e #d #c 44444 44444 #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce 44444 44444 #i #i #g #g #e #e 44444 44444 #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah 44444 44444 #h #a #f #a #d #a 44444 44444 #e #i #ac #ag #ba #be 44444 44444 #h #i #ab #ac #af #ag 44444 44444 #bg #bg #bc #bc #ai #ai 44444 44444 #a #b #d #h #af #cb 44444 44444 #ai #af #ad #aa #i #f 44444 44444 #aa #ac #ab #ad #ac #ae 44444 44444 #b #c #e #h #ab #ag 44444 44444 #ah #ad #ag #ac #af #ab 44444 44444 #bi #bh #bf #bc #ai #ad 44444 44444 #bj #ag #ae #ad #aa #i 44444 44444 #ha #bg #i #c #a 44444 44444 #a #d #i #af #be #cf 44444 44444 #af #ag #ae #ah #ad #ai 44444 44444 #c #f #h #af #ah #cf 44444 44444 ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #g4 ,,te/ #g4--;,,analogies 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! fir/ sample at ! top ( ! page3 ,sky--blue grass--table1 gre51 w>m1 big4 8,notice ! f\r words 9 heavy type4 ,"o ( !m--gre5--is und]l9$4 ,grass is gre5 j z ! sky is blue4 8,look at ! second sample3 ,fi%--swims man--pap]1 "t1 walks1 girl4 8,"h ! ^w walks is und]l9$4 ,a man walks & a fi% swims4 8,look at ! ?ird sample3 ,day--night :ite--r$1 black1 cle>1 pure4 8,"h ! ^w black is und]l9$ because black is ! opposite ( :ite j z night is ! opposite ( day4 8,9 ea* ( ! l9es bel[ ! fir/ two words are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 "s way4 ,:at y are to d 9 ea* l9e is to see :at ! relation is betwe5 ! fir/ two words & und]l9e ! ^w 9 heavy type t is relat$ 9 ! same way to ! ?ird ^w4 ,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & m>k z _m sets z y c be=e "t is call$4--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #c m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #h40 ,,te/ #g ,,samples sky--blue grass-- table gre5 w>m big fi%--swims man-- pap] "t walks girl day--night :ite-- r$ black cle> pure ,9 ea* ( ! l9es bel[1 ! fir/ two words are relat$ to ea* o!r 9 "s way4 ,:at y are to d 9 ea* l9e is to see :at ! relation is betwe5 ! fir/ two words1 & und]l9e ! ^w 9 heavy type t is relat$ 9 ! same way to ! ?ird ^w4 ,beg9 ) ,no4 #a & m>k z _m sets z y c be=e "t is call$4 #a %oe--foot hat-- kitt5 head knife p5ny #a #b pup--dog lamb-- r$ door %eep book #b #c spr+--summ] autumn-- w9t] w>m h>ve/ rise #c #d devil--angel bad-- mean disob$i5t defam$ good #d #e f+]--h& toe-- body foot sk9 nail #e #f legs--frog w+s-- eat swim bird ne/ #f #g *ew--tee? smell-- sweet /9k odor nose #g #h lion--ro> dog-- drive pony b>k h>ness #h #i cat--tig] dog-- wolf b>k bite snap #i #aj good--bad long-- tall big snake %ort #aj #aa giant--l>ge dw>f-- jungle small be>d ugly #aa #ab w9t]--season ,janu>y-- ,febru>y day mon? ,*ri/mas #ab #ac skat+--w9t] swimm+-- div+ float+ hole summ] #ac #ad blonde--light brunette-- d>k hair brilliant blonde #ad #ae love--fri5d hate-- malice sa9t enemy dislike #ae #aj egg--bird se$-- gr[ plant crack g]m9ate #af #ag dig--tr5* build-- run h\se spade bullet #ag #ah agree--qu>rel fri5d-- comrade ne$ "m enemy #ah #ai palace--k+ hut-- peasant cottage f>m city #ai #bj cl\d-bur/--%[] cyclone-- ba? breeze de/roy ,we/ #bj #ba ,wa%+ton--,adams fir/-- presid5t second la/ ,bryan #ba #bb p>5ts--comm& *ildr5-- m5 %all wom5 obey #bb #bc diamond--r>e iron-- common silv] ore /eel #bc #bd yes--affirmative no-- ?9k k yes negative #bd #be h\r--day day-- night week h\r noon #be #bf eye--head w9d[-- key floor room door #bf #bg clo!s--man hair-- horse comb be>d hat #bg #bh draw--picture make-- de/roy table break h>d #bh #bi automobile--wagon motorcycle-- ride spe$ bicycle c> #bi #cj gran>y--:eat libr>y-- read books pap] *airs #cj #ca ,caucasian--,engli% ,mongolian-- ,*9ese ,indian negro yell[ #ca #cb ,indiana--,unit$ ,/ates "p-- hair ,*9a ,ohio :ole #cb #cc e/eem--despise fri5ds-- ,quak]s enemies lov]s m5 #cc #cd abide--/ay dep>t-- come h5ce leave late #cd #ce abundant--sc>ce *eap-- buy co/ly b>ga9 na/y #ce #cf :ale--l>ge ?und]-- l\d ra9 lightn+ kill #cf #cg rew>d--h]o puni%-- ,god ev]la/+ pa9 traitor #cg #ch music--soo?+ noise-- he> di/ract+ s\nd report #ch #ci book--writ] /atue-- sculptor lib]ty picture /ate #ci #dj w\nd--pa9 heal?-- sickness disease exhil>ation doctor #dj ,in/ructions = ,giv+ ,alpha ,te/ #h4 ,,te/ #h4--;,,in=mation 8,att5tion6 ,look at ! directions at ! top ( ! page :ile ,i read !m40 7,exam9]4--,read sl[ly47 8,notice ! sample s5t5ces3 ,p he> ) !--eyes--e>s--nose--m\?4 ,! correct ^w is e>s1 because x makes ! true/ s5t5ce4 ,9 ea* s5t5ces bel[ y h f\r *oices = ! la/ ^w4 ,only "o ( !m is correct4 ,9 ea* s5t5ce draw a l9e "u ! "o ( ^! f\r words :i* makes ! true/ s5t5ce4 ,if y _c be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be--,ready--,g60 ,aft] #d m9utes1 say 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #a aga94 ,9 ! upp] "r-h& corn]1 :]e x says #8,gr\p ,no4 --1' put ! numb] #aja0 7or #ajb1 #ajc1 etc41 accord+ to ! numb] ( ?is gr\p 9 ! exam9]'s s]ies ( gr\ps74 ,,te/ #h ,notice ! sample s5t5ce3 ,p he> ) ! eyes e>s nose m\? ,! correct ^w is e>s1 because x makes ! true/ s5t5ce4 ,9 ea* ( ! s5t5ces bel[ y h f\r *oices = ! la/ ^w4 ,only "o ( !m is correct4 ,9 ea* s5t5ce draw a l9e "u ! "o ( ^! f\r words :i* makes ! true/ s5t5ce4 ,if y c n be sure1 guess4 ,! two samples are already m>k$ z !y %\ld be4 ,,samples ,p he> ) ! eyes e>s nose m\? ,france is 9 ,europe ,asia ,africa ,au/ralia #a ,! apple gr[s on a %rub v9e bu% tree #a #b ,five hundr$ is play$ ) rackets p9s c>ds dice #b #c ,! ,p]*]on is a k9d ( goat horse c[ %eep #c #d ,! mo/ prom95t indu/ry ( ,gl\ce/] is fi%+ pack+ brew+ automobiles #d #e ,sapphires are usually blue r$ gre5 yell[ #e #f ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$ is a k9d ( horse granite cattle f[l #f #g ,*ri/ie ,ma!wson is fam\s z a writ] arti/ baseball play] com$ian #g #h ,revolv]s are made by ,swift ,co4 ,smi? ,wesson ,w4 ,l4 ,d\glas ,b4 ,t4 ,babbitt #h #i ,c>rie ,nation is kn[n z a s+] temp]ance agitator suffragi/ nurse #i #aj 8,!re's a reason0 is an 8ad0 = a dr9k revolv] fl\r cleans] #aj #aa ,arti*oke is a k9d ( hay corn vegetable fodd] #aa #ab ,*>d is a fi% liz>d vegetable snake4 #ab #ac ,cornell ,univ]sity is at ,i?aca ,cambridge ,annapolis ,new ,hav5 #ac #ad ,bu5os ,ayres is a city ( ,spa9 ,brazil ,portugal ,arg5t9a #ad #ae ,ivory is obta9$ f elephants m9es oy/]s reefs #ae #af ,alfr$ ,noyes is fam\s z a pa9t] poet musician sculptor #af #ag ,! armadillo is a k9d ( ornam5tal %rub animal musical in/rum5t dagg] #ag #ah ,! t5don ( ,a*illes is 9 ! heel head %\ld] abdom5 #ah #ai ,crisco is a pat5t m$ic9e dis9fectant too?-pa/e food product #ai #bj ,an asp5 is a ma*9e fabric tree dr9k #bj #ba ,! sabre is a k9d ( musket sword cannon pi/ol #ba #bb ,! mimeograph is a k9d ( typewrit] copy+ ma*9e phonograph p5cil #bb #bc ,m>oon is a food fabric dr9k col\r #bc #bd ,! cl>ionet is us$ 9 music /5ography book-b9d+ li?ography #bd #be ,d5im is a dance food fabric dr9k #be #bf ,! au?or ( 8,huckleb]ry ,f9n0 is ,poe ,m>k ,twa9 ,/ev5son ,haw?orne #bf #bg ,f>aday 0 mo/ fam\s 9 lit]ature w> religion sci5ce #bg #bh ,air & gasol5e are mix$ 9 ! accel]ator c>buretor ge> case diff]5tial #bh #bi ,! ,brooklyn ,nationals are call$ ! ,giants ,orioles ,sup]bas ,indians #bi #cj ,pa/eur is mo/ fam\s 9 politics lit]ature w> sci5ce #cj #ca ,becky ,%>p appe>s 9 ,vanity ,fair ,romola ,! ,*ri/mas ,c>ol ,h5ry ,,iv #ca #cb ,! numb] ( a ,kaffir's legs is two f\r six eight #cb #cc ,habeas corpus is a t]m us$ 9 m$ic9e law !ology p$agogy #cc #cd ,ensilage is a t]m us$ 9 fi%+ a?letics f>m+ hunt+ #cd #ce ,! =w>d pass is us$ 9 t5nis hockey football golf #ce #cf ,g5]al ,lee surr5d]$ at ,appomattox 9 #ahab #ahfe #ahhf #ahcb #cf #cg ,! watt is us$ 9 measur+ w9d p[] ra9fall wat] p[] electricity #cg #ch ,! ,pi]ce ,arr[ c> is made 9 ,buffalo ,detroit ,tol$o ,fl9t #ch #ci ,napoleon defeat$ ! ,au/rians at ,fri$l& ,wagram ,wat]loo ,leipzig #ci #dj ,an irregul> f\r-sid$ figure is call$ a s*olium triangle trapezium p5tagon #dj ,directions = ,scor+ 9 ,alpha ,te/4 ,,g5]al ,,rules #a4 ,ea* item is scor$ ei!r "r or wrong4 ,no "p cr$its are giv54 #b4 ,9 g5]al1 items evid5tly correct$ /& z correct$4 #c4 ,9 te/s :]e ! score is 8,numb] ,"r10 only wrong items ne$ be *eck$ 9 scor+4 ,9 ,te/s #d & #e1 :]e ! score is 8,"r m9us ,wrong10 wrong & omitt$ items mu/ be sep>ately *eck$4 #d4 ,indicate ! la/ item attempt$ by draw+ a long l9e "u t item & out into ! m>g94 #e4 ,ent] ! score = ea* te/ 9 l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! te/ page & encircle x4 ,:5 ! te/ has be5 rescor$1 a *eck m>k may be made beside ! circle4 #f4 ,r$ or blue p5cil increases accuracy ( scor+4 ,,te/ #a4 7,score is numb] "r47 #a4 ,no cr$it is giv5 = any item 9 :i* m is done ?an ! in/ructions require4 #b4 ,9 an item :]e some?+ is to be writt5 890 a giv5 space1 give cr$it if a m>k crosses a l9e f ha/e or awkw>dness3 give no cr$it if ! position is really ambigu\s4 #c4 ,:]e some?+ is to be und]l9$ or cross$ out1 give cr$it if two or ?ree und]l9+s are made 9 ! requir$ place1 & give cr$it = any me?od ( cross+ out4 #d4 ,item #b4--,! p5cil l9e mu/ beg9 & end ei!r on ! circumf]5ce or )9 ! circles indicat$4 ,x may t\* ! int]m$iate circles1 b mu/ n cut ?r\gh !m4 #e4 ,item #f4--;,9 ! circle m>k$ 8n #ab0 !re mu/ be "s numb] :i* is n #ab1 su* z #e1 #j1 #bg4 #f4 ,item #i4--,! prop] numb]s mu/ be cross$ out to receive cr$it4 #g4 ,item #aj4--;,9 ,=m #e1 8#b0 alone & 8#c0 alone1 b n 8#b or #c10 9 ea* ( ! two l>ge/ p>ts2 8#e0 alone & 8#f0 alone1 b n 8#e or #f10 9 ! next to ! smalle/ "p1 are correct4 ,simil>ly = o!r =ms4 #h4 ,item #aa4--,! l9es mu/ cross1 or at lea/ t\*1 ! prop] numb]s2 !y may or may n cut ! accompany+ lett]s4 ,m]e indication ( ! squ>e1 triangle1 etc41 is n suffici5t4 #i4 ,item #ab4--,und]l9+ 9 place ( cross+ out is wrong4 ,,te/ #b4 7,score is numb] "r47 #a4 ,answ] may be writt5 on dott$ l9e or else:]e ne> its problem4 #b4 ,if two answ]s are giv5 to any problem c\nt z wrong4 #c4 ,if x seems cle> t1 by a slip1 "o answ] has be5 put 9 ! wrong bracket1 & ! next answ]s are all ?us misplac$1 give cr$it = ! answ]s t are "r ev5 if misplac$4 #d4 ,omission ( doll> sign is p]missible4 #e4 ,omission ( decimal po9t is p]missible 9 items1 #b1 #i1 #ac1 & #ad4 ,fraction may be express$ z decimal 9 item #ae4 ,,te/ #c4 7,score is numb] "r47 #a4 ,any cle> me?od ( indicat+ answ] is giv5 full cr$it--und]l9+1 *eck+1 etc4 #b4 ,if two answ]s are m>k$1 c\nt z wrong unless "o is cle>ly indicat$ z f9al4 ,,te/ #d4 7,score is numb] "r m9us numb] wrong47 #a4 ,any cle> me?od ( indicat+ answ] is giv5 cr$it4 #b4 ,:5 bo? 8,same0 & 8,opposite0 are und]l9$1 c\nts z omitt$1 n z wrong4 #c4 ,if only 8,same0 is und]l9$ "r d[n ! column1 score = ! te/ is z]o4 ,simil>ly if 8,opposite0 is und]l9$ "r d[n ! column4 ,,te/ #e4 7,score is numb] "r m9us numb] wrong47 ,same rules z = ,te/ #d4 ,,te/ #f4 7,score is numb] "r47 #a4 ,if only "o numb] is writt51 give no cr$it4 #b4 ,if only "o ( ! numb]s is "r1 give no cr$it4 #c4 ,if f\r numb]s are writt51 z frequ5tly happ5s ) c]ta9 items 7i4 e41 #cc1 #aa in/ead ( #c1 #c71 give full cr$it4 ,,te/ #g 7,score is numb] "r47 #a4 ,any cle> indication o!r ?an und]l9+ receives full cr$it4 #b4 ,und]l9+ ( any ( ! fir/ ?ree words ( an item does n remove cr$it4 #c4 ,if two or m ( ! la/ f\r words are m>k$1 give no cr$it4 ,,te/ #h4 7,score is numb] "r47 ,same rules z = ,te/ #g4 ,,total ,,score ,,& ,,rat+ ,! result ( exam9ation ,alpha is express$ 9 a total score :i* is ! sum ( ! raw scores ( ! sev]al te/s4 ,! raw scores are obta9$ z foll[s3 ,,te/ ,,me?od ,,( ,,scor+ ,,maximum ,,raw ,,score #a ,r #ab #b ,r #bj #c ,r #af #d ,r ,w #dj #e ,r ,w #bd #f ,r #bj #g ,r #dj #h ,r #dj ------ ,total #bab ,lett] rat+s are assign$ on exam9ation ,alpha z foll[s3 ,,rat+ ,,score ,a #ace-bab ,b #aje-acd ,c #ge-ajd ,c #de-gd ,c #be-dd ,d #ae-bd ,d#e #j-ad ,footnote #e3 ,recall$ = fur!r exam9ation4 ,all rat+s above 8,d0 are ent]$ & report$ at once4 ,m5 ^: scores are bel[ 8,d0 are recall$ = exam9ation ,beta4 ,rat+s ( 8,d0 may n be giv5 9 ,alpha1 unless recall ( ! m5 = ,beta is impossible4 ,me?od ( ,giv+ ! ,army ,beta ,te/s4 ,9 practice ! ,beta te/s1 reproduc$ 9 facsimile on pages #cac to #cbb foll[+1 are giv5 ) ! assi/ance ( a blackbo>d *>t on :i* ! diff]5t te/s are pa9t$ 9 :ite1 s t ! exam9] c %[ !m to ! entire gr\p be=e !y see !m on _! exam9ation pap]s4 ,!re are also requir$ = giv+ ! ,beta te/s a set ( c>dbo>d cubes = ! exam9]'s use 9 expla9+ ,te/ #b1 & a set ( c>dbo>d pieces cut to ! %apes ( ! figures 9 ,te/ #g1 ?\gh ( mu* l>g] size4 ,! assi/ance ( a demon/rator is also requir$4 ,proc$ure4 ,x is mo/ important t exam9ation ,beta be giv5 9 a g5ial mann]4 ,! subjects :o take ?is exam9ation sometimes sulk & refuse to "w4 ,e4 & 8 assi/ants w f9d x necess>y to fill out mo/ ( ! head+s = ! m5 be=e ! exam9ation beg9s4 ,! "t requir$ = ?is prep>atory "w may be us$ to advantage 9 mak+ ! m5 feel at ease4 ,z ! demon/ration prep>atory to ea* te/ requires "s "t1 ! 8p5cils up0 comm& is omitt$ 9 exam9ation ,beta4 ,! exam9]'s plat=m %\ld be s high t he c readily see :e!r or n ! subjects are work+4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to prev5t ! ov]anxi\s f beg9n+ "w be=e ! comm& 8,g40 ,seat+ conditions %\ld be su* t subjects _c copy f "o ano!r & ! rule t copy+ %all n be all[$ %\ld be en=c$ /rictly4 ,! blackbo>d %\ld at all times be kept clean s t ! visual conditions may be excell5t & con/ant4 ,! blackbo>d figures = ,te/ #a %\ld be expos$ :5 ! subjects ent] ! exam9+ room4 ,z soon z a te/ has be5 demon/rat$ & ! m5 h be5 told to g ahead1 ! blackbo>d %\ld be cov]$ & kept cov]$ until "t is call$4 ,x %\ld n be turn$ to ! next te/ until ! m5 h be5 ord]$ to /op "w on a giv5 te/4 ,c>e %\ld be tak5 to h ! physical conditions ( exam9ation reasonably uni=m4 ,) ! exception ( ! brief introductory /atem5ts & a few ord]s1 in/ructions are to be giv5 ?r\gh\t by means ( ge/ures in/ead ( words4 ,^! ge/ures accompany ! samples & demon/rations & %\ld be animat$ & emphatic4 ,x is absolutely necess>y t directions be foll[$ closely & proc$ure kept uni=m & def9ite4 ,v>iations ( proc$ure are m likely to occur 9 ,beta ?an 9 ,alpha1 & !re is s]i\s risk t if all[$ !y w less5 ! value ( results4 ,e4 %\ld especially gu>d aga9/ us+ m or few] ge/ures or words = "o gr\p ?an = ano!r4 ,oral languages %\ld be rigidly limit$ to ! words & phrases giv5 9 ! proc$ure = ! diff]5t te/s4 ,:e!r ! m5 get ! idea ( ! te/ & ent] into x ) ! prop] _s w dep5d *iefly on ! skill ) :i* ! exam9]1 ! demon/rator1 & ! ord]lies c>ry out _! respective p>ts4 ,exam9] & demon/rator especially %\ld be select$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,an exam9] :o succe$s admirably 9 giv+ ,alpha may prove to be entirely unadapt$ = ,beta4 ,bo? exam9] & demon/rator mu/ be adept 9 ! use ( ge/ure language4 ,9 ! selection ( a demon/rator ! ,p]sonnel ,(fice %\ld be consult$4 ,"o camp has _h great success ) a 8w9d[ sell]0 z demon/rator4 ,actors %\ld also be consid]$ = ! "w4 ,! ord]lies %\ld be able to keep ! subjects at "w )\t antagoniz+ !m & to keep !m enc\rag$ )\t actually help+ !m4 ,! demon/rator %\ld h ! s+le task ( do+ be=e ! gr\p j :at ! gr\p is lat] to d ) ! exam9ation blanks4 ,! blackbo>d is 8 ,beta blank4 ,be=e exam9ation ,beta c be giv5 satisfactorily ! demon/rator mu/ be lett] p]fect 9 8 "p4 ,bo? ,e4 & demon/rator mu/ be v c>eful to /& at ! side ( ! blackbo>d 9 ord] n to hide ! draw+s4 ,z soon z ! m5 ( a gr\p h be5 prop]ly seat$1 p5cils %\ld be di/ribut$ & also exam9ation blanks ) ,te/ #h up4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done ,e4 %\ld say 8,"h are "s pap]s4 ,y mu/ n op5 !m or turn !m ov] until y are told to40 ,hold+ up ,beta blank1 ,e4 cont9ues3 8,9 ! place :]e x says "n1 write y\r "n2 pr9t x if y c4 7,pause47 ,fill out ! re/ ( ! blank ab\t y\r age1 s*ool+1 etc41 z well z y c4 ,if y h any tr\ble we w help y40 ,! in/ructions giv5 "u segregation may be us$ = fill+ out ! ,beta blank4 ,e4 %\ld ann\nce ! gr\p numb] & see t x z well z ! o!r necess>y in=mation is suppli$4 ,be=e ! exam9ation proce$s ea* pap] %\ld be inspect$ 9 ord] to make sure t x is satisfactorily complet$4 ,aft] ! initial in=mation has be5 obta9$1 ,e4 makes ! foll[+ introductory rem>ks3 8,att5tion6 ,wat* ?is man 7po9t+ to demon/rator74 ,he 7po9t+ to demon/rator aga97 is go+ to d "h 7tapp+ blackbo>d ) po9t]7 :at y 7po9t+ to diff]5t memb]s ( gr\p7 are to d on y\r pap]s 7"h ,e4 po9ts to sev]al pap]s t lie be=e m5 9 ! gr\p1 picks up "o1 holds x next to ! blackbo>d1 returns ! pap]1 po9ts to demon/rator & ! blackbo>d 9 succession1 !n to ! m5 & _! pap]s74 ,ask no que/ions4 ,wait till ,i say #8,g ahead6'0 ,9 g5]al1 :5 in/ruct+ ! gr\p to turn f te/ to te/1 ,e4 holds up a ,beta blank be=e gr\p & foll[s 8 own in/ructions z he gives !m4 ,z soon z he has turn$ to desir$ te/ or page he says1 8,?is is te/ ,x "h2 look60 7,po9t+ to ! page47 ,to sugge/ to ! gr\p ! necessity ( work+ rapidly ! demon/rator1 aft] proce$+ v delib]ately ) ! e>ly samples ( ea* te/1 hurries z soon z he has work$ out ! la/ sample problem4 7#a7 to record 8 response z fa/ z he c1 7#b7 !n to cat* ,e4's eyes = approval & 7#c7 f9ally1 to slip away f blackbo>d1 draw+ curta9 z he does s4 ,aft] ! p]sonal data call$ = on page #a ( blank h be5 ga!r$ & record$1 ! ord]lies' vocabul>y 9 ,beta is rigidly re/rict$ to ! foll[+ words1 or _! lit]al equival5ts 9 ,italian1 ,russian1 etc43 ,yes1 ,no1 ,sure1 ,good1 ,quick1 ,h[ _m8 ,same1 ,fix x4 ,"u no circum/ances may sub/itutional explanations or directions be giv54 ,,te/ #a--,,maze 8,n[ turn y\r pap]s ov]4 ,?is is ,te/ #a "h 7po9t+ to page ( record blank74 ,look40 ,aft] all h f\nd ! page1 ,e4 cont9ues1 8,don't make any m>ks till ,i say #8,g ahead4' ,n[ wat*40 ,aft] t\*+ bo? arr[s ,e4 traces ?r\gh fir/ maze ) po9t] & !n motions ! demon/rator to g ahead4 ,demon/rator traces pa? ?r\gh fir/ maze ) crayon1 sl[ly & hesitat+ly4 ,e4 !n traces second maze & motions to demon/rator to g ahead4 ,demon/rator makes "o mi/ake by go+ into ! bl9d alley at upp] left-h& corn] ( maze4 ,e4 app>5tly does n notice :at demon/rator is do+ until he crosses l9e at end ( alley2 !n ,e4 %akes 8 head vigor\sly1 says 8,no--no10 takes demon/rator's h& & traces back to ! place :]e he may />t "r aga94 ,demon/rator traces re/ ( maze s z to indicate an attempt at ha/e1 hesitat+ only at ambigu\s po9ts4 ,e4 says 8,good40 ,!n1 hold+ up blank1 8,look "h10 & draws an imag9>y l9e across ! page f left to "r = e maze on ! page4 ,!n1 8,all "r4 ,g ahead4 ,d x 7po9t+ to m5 & !n to books74 ,hurry up40 ,! idea ( work+ fa/ mu/ be impress$ on ! m5 dur+ ! maze te/4 ,e4 & ord]lies walk ar\nd ! room1 motion+ to m5 :o are n work+1 & say+1 8,d x1 d x1 hurry up1 quick40 ,at ! end ( #b m9utes ,e4 says1 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #b40 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #a ,,te/ #b--;,,cube ,,analysis 8,?is is ,te/ #b "h4 ,look40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page--8,n[ wat*40 ,! ord] ( proc$ure is z foll[s3 7#a7 ,e4 po9ts to ! ?ree-cube model on ! blackbo>d1 mak+ a rot>y movem5t ( ! po9t] to embrace ! entire picture4 7#b7 ,) simil> motions he po9ts to ! ?ree-cube model on %elf4 7#c7 ,e4 po9ts next to picture on blackbo>d & asks1 8,h[ _m80 7#d7 ,e4 turns to cube model & c\nts al\d1 putt+ up 8 f+]s :ile s do+1 & enc\rag+ ! m5 to c\nt ) him4 7#e7 ,e4 taps ea* cube on ! blackbo>d & motions to demon/rator1 ask+ him 8,h[ _m80 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #b 7#f7 ,demon/rator 7po9t+7 c\nts cubes on blackbo>d sil5tly & writes ! figure #c 9 prop] place4 ,9 ! second sample ( ?is te/1 :5 ,e4 c\nts cubes ( model he 7#a7 c\nts ! ?ree expos$ cubes2 7#b7 t\*es ! unexpos$ cube ) po9t]2 & 7#c7 )\t remov+ po9t] turns model1 s t hidd5 cube comes into view ( gr\p4 ,9 o!r respects proc$ure ) second & ?ird samples is ! same z ) fir/4 ,9 c\nt+ ! #ab-;cube model1 ,e4 7#a7 c\nts ! top r[ ( cubes 9 ! model 7left to "r71 7#b7 c\nts ! expos$ bottom r[ 7"r to left71 7#c7 taps ) po9t] ! end cube ( hidd5 r[1 7#d7 turns ! entire model ar\nd & completes 8 c\nt+4 ,e4 !n holds model 9 same place z draw+ & c\nts 79 ! same ord] z above7 ! cubes on blackbo>d1 c\nt+ l9es betwe5 front & top r[ z repres5t+ ! hidd5 r[4 ,he !n asks demon/rator 8,h[ _m80 ,demon/rator c\nts ! cubes on blackbo>d 7po9t+ b n speak+7 & writes ! response4 ,?r\gh\t ! demon/ration ! c\nt+ is done delib]ately1 n m rapidly ?an "o cube p] second4 ,at end ( demon/ration ,e4 po9ts to page & says1 8,all "r4 ,g ahead40 ,at ! end ( #b m9utes he says1 8,/op6 ,look at me & don't turn ! page40 ,,te/ #c--,x-,o ,,s]ies 8,?is is ,te/ #c "h4 ,look40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page--8,n[ wat*40 ,e4 fir/ po9ts to ! blank rectangles at ! end1 !n traces ea* 8,o0 9 *>t1 !n traces outl9e ( 8,o's0 9 rema9+ spaces4 ,demon/rator1 at a ge/ure1 draws !m 94 ,e4 !n traces fir/ 8,x0 9 next sample1 moves to next 8,x0 by trac+ ! arc ( an imag9>y semicircle jo9+ ! two1 & 9 ! same mann] traces ea* 8,x10 mov+ ov] an arc to ! next4 ,he !n traces outl9es ( 8,x's0 9 ! prop] blank spaces1 mov+ ov] ! imag9>y arc 9 ea* case1 & motions to demon/rator to draw !m 94 ,demon/rator1 at a ge/ure1 fills 9 rema9+ problems v sl[ly1 /&+ well to ! "r ( ! blackbo>d & writ+ ) 8 left h&4 ,e4 po9ts to page & says1 8,all "r6 ,g ahead4 ,hurry up60 ,at end ( #a m9utes he says1 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #d40 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #c ,,te/ #d--;,,digit--,,symbol 8,?is is ,te/ #d "h4 ,look40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page--8,n[ wat*40 ,e4 po9ts to fir/ digit ( key on blackbo>d & !n po9ts to ! symbol "u x4 ,same = all n9e digits 9 key4 ,e4 !n 7#a7 po9ts to fir/ digit ( sample1 7#b7 to ! empty space bel[ digit1 7#c7 po9ts to correspond+ digit ( key1 7#d7 po9ts to prop] symbol "u digit 9 key1 & 7#e7 traces ! outl9e ( ! prop] symbol 9 ! blank space "u ! digit 9 ! sample4 ,same = fir/ five samples4 ,demon/rator1 at a ge/ure1 fills 9 all ! samples1 work+ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,t\*es ! numb] 9 fir/ sample ) index f+] ( "r h&2 7#b7 hold+ f+] !re1 f9ds ) index f+] ( left h& ! correspond+ numb] 9 key2 7#c7 drops index f+] ( left h& to symbol = numb] f\nd2 7#d7 hold+ left h& 9 ?is position writes appropriate symbol 9 ! l[] half ( sample4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #d ,simil>ly ) ! o!r samples4 ,:ile work+1 demon/rator %\ld /& z f> z possible to ! left1 do+ all ! samples f ?is side4 ,at ! end ( demon/ration ,e4 says1 8,look "h0 & po9ts to key on page1 repeat+ ! ge/ures us$ 9 po9t+ on ! blackbo>d at ! beg9n+ ( ! demon/ration4 ,!n1 8,all "r4 ,g ahead4 ,hurry up60 ,ord]lies po9t out key to m5 :o are at a loss to f9d x4 ,at ! end ( #b m9utes1 ,e4 says3 8,/op6 ,b don't turn ! page40 ,,te/ #e--,,numb] ,,*eck+ 8,?is is ,te/ #e "h40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page1 8,n[ wat*40 ,9 ?is demon/ration ,e4 mu/ try to get 8,yes0 or 8,no0 responses f ! gr\p4 ,if ! wrong response is volunte]$ by gr\p1 ,e4 po9ts to digits aga9 & gives "r response1 8,yes0 or 8,no0 z ! case may be4 ,e4 po9ts to fir/ digit ( fir/ numb] 9 left column1 !n to fir/ digit fir/ numb] 9 "r column1 !n to second digit fir/ numb] 9 left column & second digit fir/ numb] 9 "r column2 nods head1 says 8,yes0 & makes an imag9>y cross at end ( numb] 9 "r column4 ,motions to demon/rator1 :o makes an 8,x0 !re4 ,e4 does ! same = second l9e ( figures1 b "h he indicates cle>ly by %ak+ head & say+ 8no0 t c]ta9 digits are n id5tical4 ,e4 repeats = ?ree m sets & aft] ea*1 looks at gr\p1 says 8,yes80 9 que/ion+ tone & waits = !m to say 8,yes0 or 8,no40 ,he repeats correct reply ) satisfaction4 ,demon/rator *ecks ea* aft] gr\p has respond$1 or at signal f ,e4 if gr\p does n respond4 ,demon/rator !n works out rema9+ items1 po9t+ f column to column & work+ delib]ately4 ,e4 summ>izes demon/rator's "w by po9t+ to ! :ole numb]s 9 ea* set & say+ 8,yes0 7indicat+ ,x7 or 8,no02 if 8,no10 he %[s aga9 :]e ! numb]s are unlike4 ,e4 !n po9ts to page & says 8,all "r4 ,g ahead4 ,hurry up60 ,at ! end ( #c m9utes ,e4 says 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page to ,te/ #f40 ,te/ #e #fej #fej #jda #jdd #begi #begi #cbha #cbha #eeaij #eeajb #ciaij #ciaij #fehjdi #fejhdi #cbiejag #cbijeag #fcjaeiia #fcjaiiia #cijjgajf #cijjgajf #fiicajhg #fiicajhg #beajjdhah #beajjddah #biijefjac #biijefjac #cfjaeiib #cfjaeeiib #ciajjffdhb #ciajjfdhb #heajbgccja #heajbgccja #bfcacfiif #bfcacfiif #deaaebijc #deaaebijc #cbeijafbge #cbiejafgbe #ehbjciadd #ehbjciadd #faeehebi #faehhebi #baaiaehhc #baiiaehhc #fgjdachbb #fgjadchbb #agaiheia #agaiheia #ajbdcehf #ajbdcehf #feijabecd #feijbaced #chhagbijb #chahgbijb #fcajbgeid #fcajbgeid #bdiiijaced #bdiiijaecd #bbfajeicaj #bbfafeicaj #biaajchbbg #biaajchbbg #caccgggeb #caccgggeb #ajabichefg #ajabichefg #gaffbbjihh #gafbbbjihh #caggfbhddi #caggfhbddi #dfhfgbffc #dfhfgbffc #iajdebijjc #iaidebijjc #cdhdfeabj #cdhdfegbaj #hehhagbeef #hehagbbeef #cabjafffga #cabjafffga #gfaacdhhgi #gfaaacdehgi #bfeegbciafd #bfeegbciafd #hhaijjbcda #hhaijjbcda #fegajahjcd #fegajahjcd #chggigfbead #chggigfebad #cijjhabfeeg #cijjhabffeg #gefehajjcih #gefehajjcih #daahaijjgbf #daahaijjgbf #fedcibjhag #fedcibjhga #fedcibjhag #fedcibjhga ,,te/ #f--,,pictorial ,,completion 8,?is is ,te/ #f "h4 ,look4 ,a lot ( pictures40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page1 8,n[ wat*40 ,e4 po9ts to h& & says to demon/rator3 8,fix x40 ,demon/rator does no?+1 b looks puzzl$4 ,e4 po9ts to ! picture ( ! h&1 !n to ! place :]e f+] is miss+ & says to demon/rator3 8,fix x4 ,fix x40 ,demon/rator !n draws 9 f+]4 ,e4 says1 8,t's "r40 ,e4 !n po9ts to fi% & place = eye & says1 8,fix x40 ,aft] demon/rator has drawn miss+ eye1 ,e4 po9ts to ea* ( ! f\r rema9+ draw+s & says1 8,fix !m all40 ,demon/rator works samples out sl[ly & ) app>5t ef=t4 ,:5 ! samples are f9i%$ ,e4 says1 8,all "r4 ,g ahead4 ,hurry up60 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ?is te/ ! ord]lies walk ar\nd ! room & locate individuals :o are do+ no?+1 po9t to _! pages1 & say 8,fix x4 ,fix !m10 try+ to set ev]yone work+4 ,at end ( #c m9utes ,e4 says1 8,/op6 ,b don't turn ov] ! page40 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #f ,,te/ #g--;,,geometrical ,,con/ruction 8,?is is ,te/ #g "h4 ,look40 ,aft] ev]yone has f\nd ! page1 8,n[ wat*40 ,exam9] po9ts to ! fir/ figure on blackbo>d4 ,he !n takes ! two pieces ( c>dbo>d1 fits !m on to ! simil> draw+s on blackbo>d to %[ t !y correspond & puts !m toge!r 9 ! squ>e on blackbo>d to %[ t !y fill x4 ,!n1 aft] runn+ 8 f+] ov] ! l9e ( int]section ( ! p>ts1 ,e4 removes ! pieces & signals demon/rator1 :o draws solution 9 ! squ>e on blackbo>d4 ,! same proc$ure is repeat$ = ! second & ?ird sample4 ,demon/rator works out f\r? sample1 aft] mu* /udy1 po9t+ f ! squ>e to ! =ms4 ,demon/rator fir/ draws ! two small squ>es 9 ! upp] half ( ! l>ge squ>e1 !n ! two triangles 9 ! rema9+ rectangle4 ,ea* small figure is drawn 9 by trac+ its entire circumf]5ce1 n m]ely ! necess>y divid+ l9es4 ,:ile draw+ ea* small figure 9 ! l>ge squ>e1 demon/rator po9ts ) index f+] ( left h& to ! correspond+ small figure at left ( squ>e1 tak+ c>e n to ob/ruct ! view4 ,at end ( demon/ration ,e4 holds up blank1 po9ts to ea* squ>e on ! page & says1 8,all "r4 ,g ahead4 ,hurry up60 ,at end ( #b m9utes1 8,/op6 ,turn ov] ! page40 ,pap]s are !n collect$ imm$iately4 ,scor+ ! ,beta ,te/s4 ,,g5]al ,,rules #a4 ,9 g5]al1 items evid5tly correct$ /& z correct$4 ,! only exception to ?is rule is 9 ! maze te/4 #b4 ,9 te/s :]e ! score is numb] "r1 only wrong items ne$ be *eck$ 9 scor+4 ,9 ,te/ #e1 :]e ! score is "r m9us wrong1 wrong & omitt$ items mu/ be sep>ately *eck$4 #c4 ,ent] ! score = ea* te/ 9 l[] "r-h& corn] ( ! te/ page & encircle x4 ,:5 ! te/ has be5 rescor$ a *eck may be made beside ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/ #g #d4 ,r$ or blue p5cil increases accuracy ( scor+4 ,,te/ #a4 #a4 ,"o half po9t = ea* correctly complet$ half ( maze4 ,a half maze is correct if drawn l9e does n cross any l9e ( maze 7except ?r\gh awkw>dness7 nor an imag9>y /raight l9e across ! op5+ ( a wrong passage4 #b4 ,all[ mu* leeway 9 ! cutt+ ( corn]s4 #c4 ,spur runn+ into any bl9d passage c\nts wrong = t half-item1 ev5 ?\gh eras$4 #d4 ,:5 two l9es are drawn1 "o /raight across ! page1 ! o!r correct1 full cr$it is giv54 ,,te/ #b4 ,score is numb] "r4 ,,te/ #c4 #a4 ,score is numb] "r4 #b4 ,any incomplete item receives no cr$it4 #c4 ,c\nt any item correct if int5d$ plan is c>ri$ out4 ,disreg>d additional unnecess>y m>ks1 su* z circles betwe5 ! crosses ( items #b & #d 9 fir/ "p ( l9e1 etc4 ,,te/ #d4 #a4 ,score is "o ?ird ( numb] ( correct symbols4 #b4 ,use l5i5cy 9 judg+ =m ( symbol4 #c4 ,cr$it symbol = #b ev5 ?\gh rev]s$4 ,,te/ #e4 #a4 ,score is "r m9us wrong 7numb] ( items *eck$ t %\ld be *eck$ m9us numb] ( items *eck$ t %\ld n be *eck$74 #b4 ,if o!r cle> indication is us$ in/ead ( crosses1 give cr$it4 #c4 ,if numb]s :i* %\ld n be *eck$ are m>k$ by "s o!r sign ?an is us$ to *eck simil> pairs1 c\nt z ?\gh n m>k$4 #d4 ,if all items are *eck$1 ! score = ! te/ is z]o4 ,,te/ #f4 #a4 ,score is numb] "r4 #b4 ,all[ mu* awkw>dness 9 draw+4 ,writ+ 9 "n ( miss+ "p or any way ( indicat+ x receives cr$it1 if idea is cle>4 #c4 ,additional p>ts d n make item wrong1 if prop] miss+ "p is also ins]t$4 #d4 ,rules = individual items3 ,item #d4--;,any spoon at any angle 9 "r h& receives cr$it4 ,left h&1 or unatta*$ spoon1 no cr$it4 ,item #e4--;,*imney mu/ be 9 "r place4 ,no cr$it = smoke4 ,item #f4--;,ano!r e> on same side z fir/ receives no cr$it4 ,item #h4--,pla9 squ>e1 cross1 etc41 9 prop] location = /amp1 receives cr$it4 ,item #aj4--,miss+ "p is ! rivet4 ,l9e ( 8e>0 may be omitt$4 ,item #ac4--,miss+ "p is leg4 ,item #ae4--;,ball %\ld be drawn 9 h& ( man4 ,if repres5t$ 9 h& ( woman1 or 9 motion1 no cr$it4 ,item #af4--,s+le l9e indicat+ net receives cr$it4 ,item #ah4--;,any repres5tation int5d$ = horn1 po9t+ 9 any direction1 receives cr$it4 ,item #ai4--;,h& & p[d] puff mu/ be put on prop] side4 ,item #bj4--;,diamond is ! miss+ "p4 ,failure to complete hilt on sword is n an error4 ,,te/ #g4 #a4 ,score is numb] "r4 #b4 ,all[ consid]able awkw>dness 9 draw+4 #c4 ,extra subdivisions1 if n eras$1 make item wrong4 #d4 ,rules = individual items3 ,item #a4--,l9e ( division may be slightly di/ant f true c5tre1 & ne$ n be /raight4 ,item #c4--,l9es ( semi-circumf]5ce mu/ />t f or ne> corn]s ( squ>e4 ,item #d4--,l9e mu/ n />t f corn]4 #d4 ,,total ,,score ,,& ,,rat+ ,! result ( exam9ation ,beta is express$ z a 8total score10 :i* is ! sum ( ! raw scores ( ! sev]al te/s4 ,! raw scores are obta9$ z foll[s3 ,,te/ ,,me?od ,,( ,,scor+ ,,maximum ,,score #a ,half po9t = ea* half maze #e #b ,numb] "r #af #c ,numb] "r #ab #d ,"o ?ird ( numb] "r #cj #e ,"r m9us wrong #be #f ,numb] "r #bj #g ,numb] "r #aj ------ ,total #aah ,lett] rat+s are assign$ on exam9ation ,beta z foll[s3 ,,rat+ ,,scores ,a #ajj-aah ,b #ij- #ii ,c #hj- #hi ,c #fe- #gi ,c #de- #fd ,d #bj- #dd ,d#f #j- #ai ,footnote #f3 ,recall$ = individual exam9ation4 ,all rat+s above ,d are ent]$ & report$ at once4 ,m5 ^: scores fall bel[ ,d are recall$ = individual exam9ation4 ,rat+s ( ,d may n be giv5 9 exam9ation ,beta1 unless recall ( ! m5 = individual exam9ation is impossible4 ,,app5dix ,c ,,me?od ,,( ,,calculat+ ,,! ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,co,,rd9ation 7,see ,pages #ie-ig7 ,a simple me?od ( det]m9+ precisely ! degree to :i* ! m5tal te/ ( #bh s*ool *ildr5 reflects or is relat$ to _! s*ol>%ip records & ! tea*]'s e/imate1 z %[n 9 ! table on ,page #if1 is to plot ! relation%ip graphically1 :i* has be5 done 9 ! accompany+ diagrams4 ,9 ea* diagram a heavy diagonal l9e %[s approximately :]e ! plott$ po9ts w\ld fall if ! relation%ip 7 p]fect betwe5 ! numb]s ( errors 9 ! educational measurem5ts & ! o!r measure ( ability4 ,x is cle> t ! relation%ip %[n 9 ea* diagram is f> f p]fect1 b x is n cle> f ! diagrams :i* rat+ ( ! tea*] is mo/ ne>ly approximat$ by ! educational measurem5t scores4 ,to discov] ?is relative degree ( relation%ip1 a ma!matical calculation mu/ be made4 ,= ! purposes ( te/+ ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! scores 9 ! v>i\s ,m5timet] te/s & ! production records or sup]visor's rat+s ( ! gr\p ( p]sons te/$1 x is suffici5t to calculate :at is be/ call$ 8a coeffici5t ( cord9ation40#g ,footnote #g3 ,calculat$ by a some:at m complex =mula1 approximately ! same measure ( relation%ip might be f\nd1 call$ by ! m famili> "n 8coeffici5t ( correlation40 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! calculation ( a coeffici5t ( cord9ation is ! trans=mation ( ! orig9al scores into figures indicat+ ord] ( m]it4 ,9 ! case ( ! six?-grade class "h ref]r$ to1 ! tea*]'s rat+s ( intellig5ce ne$ n be *ang$1 = !y are exactly ! k9d ( rat+s necess>y3 #a indicat+ ! brighte/ & #bh ! dulle/ pupil1 s f> z ! tea*] 0 able to judge h] pupils at ! end ( a ye>'s "w4 ,s9ce ! educational measurem5ts scores report$ are ! numb] ( errors made by ea* *ild1 ! rank ( ! *ild mak+ ! smalle/ numb]s ( errors w be #a1 :ile ! rank ( ! pupil mak+ ! l>ge/ numb] ( errors w be #bh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! s*ol>%ip m>ks are ! summ>ies ( ! tea*]'s p]c5tage m>ks = a half ye>1 h5ce ! be/ pupil is ! "o mak+ ! highe/ p]c5tage4 ,9 s*ol>%ip1 !n1 ! highe/ p]c5tage %\ld get ! rank ( #a & ! l[e/ p]c5tage a rank ( #bh4 ,illu/ration3 ,graphic picture ( relation betwe5 te/ results & intellig5ce rat+s giv5 by tea*] ,illu/ration3 ,graphic picture ( relation betwe5 te/ results & s*ol>%ip m>ks giv5 by tea*] ,! fir/ ?ree columns ( ! foll[+ table give ranks 9 ! place ( ! orig9al figures :i* indicat$ numb]s ( errors 9 measurem5ts & p]c5tage 9 s*ol>%ip4 ,:]e two or m individuals are entitl$ to ! same rank1 ! figure us$ is ! middle value ( ! ranks4 ,?us 9 ! case ( ! educational measurem5ts scores1 two girls made #af4e errors4 ,!re are b two pupils mak+ bett] %[+s1 & !re=e ,ru? & ,hel5 w\ld normally rank ?ird & f\r?1 b s9ce we h no evid5ce z to :i* %\ld rank ?ird & :i* f\r?1 ea* is giv5 a rank ( #c4e4 ,simil>ly x w be obs]v$ t ,alex&]1 ,la,monte1 & ,leo ea* obta9$ a p]c5tage ( #ic 9 s*ol>%ip1 !re=e ! ?ree boys nam$ %>e equally ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? rank1 ea* be+ giv5 #e z a rank2 & ! next highe/ pupil1 ,amelia ) a p]c5tage ( #ib1 is giv5 #g z a rank4 ,,rank+ ,,( ,,six?-,,grade ,,pupils ,"n ( ,a ,b ,c ,pupil ,educational ,tea*]'s ,s*ol>%ip ,measurem5ts ,rank+ ,m>ks ,adelaide #ab #ai #ah4e ,ru? #c4e #ae #i ,alex&] #i #g #e ,la,monte #ad #f #e ,e>l #bh #ah #bd ,joseph #f #bj #ah4e ,am$eo #bg #ad #ah4e ,leo #af #c #e ,william #ag #i #ba ,isabel #h #ba #be ,ida #ac #d #c ,hazel #a #aj #i ,fr$]ick #bc #bf #af ,*>les #bj #ac #ah4e ,edw>d #aa #a #b ,b5jam9 #bb #bd #bf ,bruce #ai #bb #ad ,ald5 #ah #ab #ad ,george #ba #ag #ad ,alice #aj #aa #ab ,almira #b #e #a ,hel5 #c4e #b #i ,elizabe? #bd #bc #bg ,amelia #g #h #g ,edw9 #e #af #aa ,rob]t #be #bh #bh ,edna #ae #bg #bc ,samuel #bf #be #bb ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,rank+s ,"n ( ,a to ,b ,a to ,c ,b to ,c ,pupil d d#b d d#b d d#b ,adelaide #g4 #di4 #f4e #db4be #j4e #j4be ,ru? #aa4e #acb4be #e4e #cj4be #f4 #cf4 ,alex&] -#b4 #d4 -#d4 #af4 #b4 #d4 ,la,monte -#h4 #fd4 -#i4 #ha4 #a4 #a4 ,e>l -#aj4 #ajj4 -#d4 #af4 -#f4 #cf4 ,joseph #ad4 #aif4 #ab4eaef4be #a4e #b4be ,am$eo -#ac4 #afi4 #h4e #gb4be #d4e #bj4be ,leo -#ac4 #afi4 -#aa4 #aba4 -#b4 #d4 ,william -#h4 #fd4 #d4 #af4 -#ab4 #add4 ,isabel #ac4 #afi4 #ag4 #bhi4 -#d4 #af4 ,ida -#i4 #ha4 -#aj4 #ajj4 #a4 #a4 ,hazel #i4 #ha4 #h4 #fd4 #a4 #a4 ,fr$]ick #c4 #i4 -#g4 #di4 #aj4 #ajj4 ,*>les -#g4 #di4 -#a4e #b4be #e4e #cj4be ,edw>d -#aj4 #ajj4 -#i4 #ha4 -#a4 #a4 ,b5jam9 #b4 #d4 #d4 #af4 -#b4 #d4 ,bruce #c4 #i4 -#e4 #be4 #h4 #fd4 ,ald5 -#f4 #cf4 -#d4 #af4 -#b4 #d4 ,george -#d4 #af4 #g4 #di4 #c4 #i4 ,alice #a4 #a4 #b4 #d4 -#a4 #a4 ,almira #c #i4 -#a4 #a4 #d4 #af4 ,hel5 -#a4e #b4be #e4e #cj4be -#g4 #di4 ,elizabe? -#a4 #a4 #c4 #i4 -#d4 #af4 ,amelia #a4 #a4 #j #j #a4 #a4 ,edw9 #aa4 #aba4 #f4 #cf4 #e4 #be4 ,rob]t #c4 #i4 #c4 #i4 #j #j ,edna #ab4 #add4 #h4 #fd4 #d4 #af4 ,samuel -#a4 #a4 -#d4 #af4 #c4 #i4 d#b #agij4e #adaa4e #faa4j ,! coeffici5t ( cord9ation1 be+ an index numb] to %[ ! clos5ess ) :i* two rank+s correspond1 is dep5d5t ^u ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! rank+s ( ! v>i\s individuals 9 ! two measures be+ comp>$4 ,! =mula us$ is 7#f;d#b7_/n7n#b #a71 :]e /&s = ! coeffici5t ( coord9ation1 d /&s = ! diff]5ce betwe5 an individual's rank 9 ! two measures1 & n /&s = ! numb] ( individuals rank$ 9 ! two traits4 ,! capital sigma1 1 /&s = ! sum ( :atev] foll[s x1 9 ?is case ! squ>es ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two rank+s4 ,we may n[ employ ! =mula to f9d ! coeffici5t ( cord9ation betwe5 rank 9 educational measurem5ts & rank 9 ! tea*]'s judgm5t z to intellig5ce4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ranks 9 column ,a & column ,b ( ! above table is giv5 9 ! f\r? column4 ,adelaide _h a #ab 9 column ,a & a #ai 9 column ,b1 s ! diff]5ce 7#g7 appe>s 9 ! f\r? column & its squ>e 7#di7 9 ! fif? column4 ,simil>ly ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,ru?'s #c4e & h] #ae is #aa4e1 ! squ>e ( :i* is #acb4be4 ,f9d+ ! squ>es ( all ! diff]5ces betwe5 rank 9 ,a & rank 9 ,b1 & add+ ^! squ>es toge!r at ! bottom ( ! table gives #agij4e1 :i* may n[ be sub/itut$ 9 ! =mula = d#b4 n1 ! numb] ( pupils is 9 ?is case #bh1 & !re=e n7n#b #a7 is #bh 7#bh squ>$ less #a7 #bh 7#ghd #a7 #bh #ghc #baibd4 ,! sub/itution 9 ! =mula !n goes z foll[s2 #a 7#f;d#b7_/7n7n#b #a77 #a 7#f #agij4e7_/7bh #ghc7 #a #ajgdc4_/baibd4 #a 4#dij 4#eaj ,! coeffici5t ( coord9ation betwe5 rank 9 ! educational measurem5ts & rank 9 ! tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce = ! six? grade class is 4#ea1 :i* sugge/s ! "q ( h[ to int]pret a coeffici5t aft] x is f\nd4 ,a coeffici5t ( #a4jj w\ld mean p]fect cord9ation & w\ld only be f\nd :5 !re 7 no diff]5ces :atev] betwe5 ! two rank+s consid]$4 ,su* a p]fect relation%ip w probably nev] be f\nd1 except by "s freak ( *ance1 = ev5 :5 a gr\p ( p]sons is rete/$ ) ! same te/ !re is almo/ c]ta9 to be "s *ange 9 _! relative /&+s4 ,a coeffici5t ( #j4jj w\ld indicate no relation :atev] betwe5 ! two rank+s1 :ile a coeffici5t ( -#a4jj w\ld mean p]fect correlation ( a negative sort1 ! p]son gett+ highe/ 9 "o measure gett+ l[e/ 9 ! o!r1 ! p]son scor+ next to ! highe/ 9 "o scor+ next to ! l[e/ 9 ! o!r1 & s on4 ,p]fect negative correlation is z infrequ5t z p]fect positive correlation4 ,! coeffici5t f\nd betwe5 ! tea*]'s e/imates ( intellig5ce & ! results ( educational measurem5ts1 4#ea1 indicates a really useful degree ( cord9ation4 ,unless a ,m5timet] te/ %[s a coeffici5t ( coord9ation ( 4#be or m ) ! production records 7or o!r reliable measure ( true ability71 x may be consid]$ z hav+ little value 9 help+ to select & diff]5tiate m5 = t p>ticul> l9e ( "w4 ,if ! coeffici5t is above 4#e1 ! te/ is q useful1 & ! ne>] ! coeffici5t approa*es #a4jj ! m confid5ce "o may place 9 ! te/ z a means ( select+ & classify+ m5 9 t p>ticul> field4 ,! six? column ( ! table on page #cbi gives ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! te/ results rank+s & ! s*ol>%ip m>ks rank+s1 & ! sev5? column gives ! squ>es ( ^! diff]5ces1 ! sum ( ^! squ>es be+ giv5 at ! bottom ( ! sev5? column z #adaa4e4 ,by sub/itut+ 9 ! =mula1 #a 7#f;d#b7_/7n7n#b #a77 #a 7#f #adaa4e7_/7bh #ghc7 #a #hdfi4_/baibd4 #a 4#chf 4#fad1 x appe>s t ! te/s m closely correspond ) ! av]age ( ! s*ol>%ip m>ks giv5 by ! tea*] ?an ) ! tea*]'s e/imate ( intellig5ce4 ,?is is p>tly to be expla9$ by ! fact t ! te/s giv5 7 measurem5ts ( ability 9 s*ool subjects r ?an te/s ( intellig5ce1 & /ill m by ! fact t ! tea*] gave s*ol>%ip m>ks on ! basis ( relatively objective exam9ations :ile h] e/imates ( intellig5ce are always :olly subjective4 ,! eigh? & n9? columns on page #h give ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! ranks 9 ! tea*]'s e/imates ( intellig5ce & ! ranks 9 ! s*ol>%ip m>ks giv5 dur+ a half ye>4 ,! coeffici5t ( cord9ation work$ out f ^! diff]5ces is 4#hcc 7 #a 7#f #faa7_/7bh #ghc7 #a #cfff_/baibd #a 4#afg 4#hcc7 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t ! tea*] drew v heavily on h] k ( ! relative s*ol>%ip ( h] pupils 9 mak+ h] e/imates ( _! intellectual capacities4 ,! ?ree coeffici5ts work$ out above = #bh pupils 9 a six? grade are typical ( ! ma!matical relation%ips ! read] w wi% to "w out betwe5 kn[n degrees ( ability 9 a c]ta9 type ( "w & ! results ( ! ,m5timet] te/s4 ,! coeffici5ts ( cord9ation = ! six?-grade pupils /udi$ above are1 betwe5 ,educational ,measurem5ts & ,e/imat$ ,intellig5ce 4#ea ,educational ,measurem5ts & ,s*ol>%ip ,av]ages 4#fa ,e/imat$ ,intellig5ce & ,s*ol>%ip ,av]ages 4#hc ,no me?od ( =eca/+ degree ( success 9 "o l9e ( "w f quality ( p]=mance 9 ano!r task 7or 9 a te/7 w give a p]fect coeffici5t ( coord9ation ( #a4jj1 b ! ne>] ! coeffici5t approa*es #a4jj ! m reliance "o may put 9 ! te/ :i* furni%es su* a rank+ ( ! individuals4 ,,app5dix ,d ,,correct ,,answ]s ,,= ,,m5timet] ,,te/s ,! advantages ( a c>efully /&>diz$ te/ ov] an ord9>y exam9ation :i* any "o might prep>e = 8 own use are *iefly ! *>act]i/ics impli$ 9 ! ^w 8/&>d40 ,a /&>d te/ is "o :i* has be5 c>efully prep>$ aft] ext5sive exp]i5ce ) simil> te/s2 "o :i* is made exact & objective by ! mo/ m9ute specifications z to h[ x %all be appli$1 m>k$1 scor$1 & int]pret$2 & "o on :i* _m p]sons ( v>y+ degrees ( prov$ ability h be5 te/$ & report$1 = comp>ison ) ! results to be obta9$ lat] f te/+ o!r p]sons ( undet]m9$ degrees ( ability4 ,! purpose ( ?is section ( ! app5dix is to make def9ite & unmi/akable ! answ]s to ! que/ions ask$ 9 ! ,m5timet] te/s1 9 ord] t ea* read] may m>k & int]pret ! results ( ^! te/s 9 exactly ! same way1 t is1 9 ! 8/&>d0 way4 ,z 0 /at$ 9 ! body ( ! discussion1 ea* package ( te/ booklets sold is accompani$ by a 8/5cil0 :i* fits ov] ! pages ( ! pr9t$ te/ 9 su* a mann] z to br+ ! correct answ] directly alongside ! answ] *eck$ or writt5 by ! c&idate exam9$1 ) ! result t !re is small opportunity = errors 9 ! judgm5t ( ! p]sons m>k+ ! answ]s4 ,if ! ^w *eck$ or writt5 corresponds ) ! ^w or words pr9t$ on ! /5cil at t po9t1 ! "q has be5 answ]$ correctly1 :ile if ! ^w *eck$ or writt5 by ! c&idate is less applicable ?an ! "o appe>+ on ! /5cil1 ! response is to be m>k$ incorrect4 ,) ! aid ( ! /5cils ! ,m5timet] te/s may be m>k$ correctly by inexp5sive cl]ical assi/ants 9 f "o ?ird to "o t5? ( ! "t t w\ld be requir$ = ! same "w by ! mo/ intellig5t m5 work+ )\t ! /5cils4 ,no attempt has be5 made to pr9t "h an exhau/ive li/ ( correct answ]s to ea* "q4 ,! answ]s pr9t$ z correct are m]ely typical 9 mo/ cases ( ! quality ( replies t %\ld be accept$4 ,any?+ z appropriate z or m appropriate ?an ! pr9t$ answ] may be giv5 full cr$it1 :ile any?+ less satisfactory is to be giv5 no cr$it at all4 ,to pr9t "h all ( ! correct answ]s to ea* "q w\ld take m pages ?an c be all[$ = ?is section ( ! ,app5dix & w\ld 9 _m cases cause m confusion ?an cle>ness ( ?\ght4 ,x is sugge/$ t any "q ( "r or wrong answ]s :i* is difficult to decide %\ld be settl$ arbitr>ily by ! read] & t a note be kept ( j h[ ! matt] 0 decid$1 9 ord] t any lat] inve/igator may h ! b5efit ( 8 judgm5t4 ,9 "s ( ! te/s new solutions w cont9ually be appe>+1 ev5 aft] x seems c]ta9 t all ( ! correct answ]s h be5 f\nd & catalogu$4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #a3 ,typical ,p]=mances ( ,"y ,*ildr54 ,success 9 ?is te/ is measur$ by p]=mances 9 response to situations creat$ by ! exam9] to a mu* great] degree ?an by answ]s to que/ions ask$ by ! exam9]4 ,! directions !mselves give ! answ]s 9 mo/ cases1 & 9 ! o!r cases ! correct answ]s dep5d ^u su* facts z ! "n or sex ( ! individual be+ te/$4 ,no set ( answ]s is pr9t$ "h = ^! te/s1 !re=e1 s9ce to d s w\ld be to repr9t exactly ! directions appe>+ on pages #aae to #abh1 :i* ! read] %\ld consult c>efully & ev5 commit to memory be=e und]tak+ to apply ! te/s to any infants or "y *ildr54 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #b3 ,pictorial ,absurdities4 ,9 ord] to receive cr$it ! *eck m>k on ea* picture %\ld be plac$ 9 su* a way z to indicate unmi/akably ! "p ( ! picture :i* is incorrect--9 su* a way z to leave no d\bt :atev] z to ! c&idate's hav+ f\nd & id5tifi$ ! incongru\s elem5t4 ,! foll[+ are ! elem5ts t %\ld be *eck$ 9 ea* picture3 #a4 ,! front leg or foot4 #b4 ,! l[] sp\t on ! wat] pit*]4 #c4 ,! m\? on ! =ehead4 #d4 ,! horns 7ei!r "o may be *eck$7 on ! horse's head4 #e4 ,! c&le on ! "r arm ( ! electric fixture4 #f4 ,! rat's e>s4 #g4 ,ei!r end ( ! spy-glass4 #h4 ,! next w9d[ to ! re> on ! ?ird floor4 #i4 ,! po/age /amp4 #aj4 ,! sock us$ z a necktie4 #aa4 ,! long /em ( ! l[e/ leaf4 #ab4 ,! flag 7fly+ 9 ! opposite direction f ! smoke & wea!r vane74 #ac4 ,ei!r ( ! lights on ! ,=d4 #ad4 ,! left front foot4 #ae4 ,! man betwe5 fir/ & second base 7?ird man f ! "r74 #af4 ,! space betwe5 #d & #e4 #ag4 ,! claw hamm] ) :i* ! man is driv+ ! spike4 #ah4 ,ei!r ( ! five f+]s ( ! "r h&4 #ai4 ,! driv] 7fac+ ! tail74 #bj4 ,! ball be+ play$ by ! man at ! "r4 #ba4 ,! inc&esc5t electric bulb4 #bb4 ,ei!r ( ! roll] skates4 #bc4 ,! knife 9 ! man's "r h&4 #bd4 ,ei!r ( ! c\nt]balance weights on ! drive:eels4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #c3 ,maze ,?read+4 ,no li/ ( correct answ]s c be pr9t$ = ?is te/4 ,! /5cil provid$ ) ! te/ blanks %[s exactly :at ! correct & mo/ economical ?read+ ( ea* maze is1 b ! read] c f9d ?is solution = himself if he w take ! "t & make ! ef=t4 ,no cr$it %\ld be giv5 = any maze n completely trac$ or = any maze 9 :i* a pr9t$ l9e has be5 cross$4 ,a c&idate :o has gott5 into a 8bl9d alley0 b has retrac$ 8 way & ultimately be5 successful 9 gett+ ?r\gh ! maze %\ld h full cr$it = t p>ticul> maze4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #d3 ,dot ,patt]n ,correction4 ,"h aga91 ! only way ( giv+ ! correct solution ( ea* problem is by means ( ! transp>5t /5cil furni%$ ) ea* package ( te/ blanks4 ,t dot :i* c be 8cut out0 & /ill leave a p]fectly symmetrical figure is ! "o :i* %\ld be circl$ 9 ea* patt]n4 ,?is is frequ5tly at ! v c5tre ( ! patt]n1 al?\gh ! c5tre is n ! correct "o if by remov+ x ! patt]n is left unsymmetrical4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #e3 ,divid+ ,geometric ,figures4 ,only a transp>5t /5cil c give a cle> impression ( ! correct solution ( ea* figure4 ,9 divid+ a circle into two equal p>ts x makes no diff]5ce 9 :at direction ! diamet] is run--9 o!r words1 any correct solution %\ld be accept$ & giv5 full cr$it4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #f3 ,completion ( ,=m ,s]ies4 ,only ! /5cil suppli$ ) ! te/ blanks c repres5t adequately ! correct completion ( ea* s]ies4 ,no cr$it is giv5 9 a s]ies unless ea* blank is correctly fill$4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #g3 ,*eck+ ,id5tity ( ,numb]s4 #a4 ,same #b4 ,diff]5t #c4 ,diff]5t #d4 ,diff]5t #e4 ,same #f4 ,diff]5t #g4 ,same #h4 ,same #i4 ,diff]5t #aj4 ,same #aa4 ,diff]5t #ab4 ,same #ac4 ,diff]5t #ad4 ,diff]5t #ae4 ,same #af4 ,diff]5t #ag4 ,diff]5t #ah4 ,diff]5t #ai4 ,same #bj4 ,diff]5t #ba4 ,diff]5t #bb4 ,same #bc4 ,same #bd4 ,same #be4 ,same #bf4 ,diff]5t #bg4 ,same #bh4 ,same #bi4 ,diff]5t #cj4 ,same ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #h3 ,digit-,symbol ,sub/itution4 ,! read] may1 by ref]5ce to ! ,key pr9t$ at ! top ( ! te/ %eet1 det]m9e = himself ! correctness ( any symbol writt5 by a c&idate4 ,! /5cil furni%$ ) ! ,te/ ,blanks makes x possible = "o to score ?is te/ v accurately ) a v small exp5diture ( "t & ef=t4 ,9 scor+ ?is te/ ) ! /5cil ! correctness ( ! entire li/ ( #ajj *>act]s c be *eck$ 9 less ?an a m9ute by an ord9>y cl]k4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #i3 ,completion ( ,numb] ,relation ,s]ies4 ,no cr$it is to be giv5 on any l9e unless all ( ! miss+ numb]s are correctly suppli$4 ,! score is ! numb] ( l9es complet$ correctly 9 e detail4 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- #f ---- ---- ---- ---- ,s]ies #a ---- ---- #ad ---- ---- #bj ---- ---- ---- ---- ,s]ies #b ---- ---- ---- #i ---- ---- #f #e ---- ---- ,s]ies #c ---- ---- #e ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- #ai ,s]ies #d #da ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- #bg ---- ---- ,s]ies #e ---- ---- ---- #aj ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- #di ,s]ies #f ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- #a ---- #d ---- ,s]ies #g ---- ---- #bb ---- ---- ---- #ej ---- ---- ---- ,s]ies #h ---- #aa ---- ---- ---- ---- #be ---- ---- ---- ,s]ies #i ---- #aj ---- ---- #ad ---- ---- ---- ---- #aj ,s]ies #aj ---- #h ---- ---- ---- ---- #af #ag #ai ---- ,s]ies #aa #a ---- ---- ---- ---- #cf #di ---- ---- ---- ,s]ies #ab #b ---- ---- ---- ---- #cd #cg #gd ---- ---- ,s]ies #ac ---- #cc #cj #ca ---- ---- ---- ---- #bd ---- ,s]ies #ad ---- ---- ---- #ae #af #af ---- ---- ---- #f ,s]ies #ae ---- ---- #ea #dh ---- ---- #de ---- ---- #ea ,s]ies #af ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aj3 ,addition ,te/s ,te/ ,a3 ,addition ,k or ,p[]4 #a4 #e #b4 #h #c4 #ag #d4 #gi #e4 #ef #f4 #hh #g4 #adb #h4 #bdh #i4 #acig #aj4 #affd #aa4 #eega #ab4 #ejcfbedg ,te/ ,b3 ,addition ,spe$ #a4 #f #b4 #ag #c4 #f #d4 #aa #e4 #f #f4 #aa #g4 #c #h4 #i #i4 #ae #aj4 #aj #aa4 #ac #ab4 #g #ac4 #aj #ad4 #g #ae4 #c #af4 #e #ag4 #af #ah4 #d #ai4 #ab #bj4 #aa #ba4 #ac #bb4 #g #bc4 #h #bd4 #ac #be4 #ad #bf4 #f #bg4 #aa #bh4 #h #bi4 #ab #cj4 #ac #ca4 #ae #cb4 #ah #cc4 #e #cd4 #ac #ce4 #ac #cf4 #ad #cg4 #aj #ch4 #ae #ci4 #ae #dj4 #ab #da4 #aa #db4 #ad #dc4 #aa #dd4 #aa #de4 #af #df4 #aa #dg4 #ae #dh4 #ab #di4 #i #ej4 #ad #ea4 #d #eb4 #i #ec4 #e #ed4 #ag #ee4 #aa #ef4 #g #eg4 #g #eh4 #i #ei4 #ac #fj4 #ab ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #aa3 ,memory = ,numb]s4 #a4 #ef #b4 #bg #c4 #ice #d4 #daf #e4 #gdic #f4 #dheg #g4 #iegch #h4 #fhabd #i4 #bfhcei #aj4 #fceibg #aa4 #iehcfbd #ab4 #haiebfc #ac4 #cebfhcdi #ad4 #bheicfad #ae4 #fcidhagbe #af4 #gadifcebh ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ab3 ,repeat+ ,numb]s ,backw>d4 #a4 #he #b4 #df #c4 #bec #d4 #idh #e4 #dicg #f4 #hfbe #g4 #cebia #h4 #fihbd #i4 #gebfch #aj4 #gdfiea #aa4 #dhegcfb #ab4 #egdfbhc ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ac3 ,memory = ,s5t5ces4 #a4 ,x sn[s 9 ! w9t]4 #b4 ,m5 usually h m dignity ?an boys4 #c4 ,!re is no excuse = be+ ?\ghtless ab\t ! rights ( o!r p4 #d4 ,! price ( peace may sometimes be mu* great] ?an a nation c af=d to pay4 #e4 ,x is un=tunate t w> %\ld ev] be necess>y among civiliz$ nations4 #f4 ,_! h>b\r is a %all[ body ( wat]1 connect$ )1 b protect$ f1 ! op5 sea4 #g4 ,consci5ce ass]t+ itself z ! voice div9e )9 ! human s\l is no?+ less ?an a real actuality4 #h4 ,ea* /ate appo9ts a numb] ( electors equal to ! :ole numb] ( s5ators & repres5tatives4 #i4 ,^! discov]ies--gunp[d]1 pr9t+-press1 compass1 & telescope--7 ! weapons be=e :i* ! old sci5ce trembl$4 #aj4 ,! use ( italic type is indicat$ 9 ! au?or's manuscript by und]scor+ ! lett]s1 words1 phrases1 or s5t5ces t are to be italiciz$4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ad3 ,speak+-,vocabul>y ,te/4 ,any explanation1 :i* demon/rates conclusively t ! c&idate kn[s ! nature & use ( ! ^w or object m5tion$ by ! exam9]1 %\ld be accept$ & giv5 cr$it1 reg>dless ( ! logical or grammatical =m ( ! /atem5ts4 ,! explanatory words & phrases giv5 bel[ are n int5d$ to s]ve z logical def9itions or z exhau/ive explanations1 b m]ely to indicate ! v>i\s types ( ?+ t a giv5 ^w might signify4 ,9 exam9+ v intellig5t adults1 mean+s n li/$ bel[ b nev]!less correct & appropriate may be enc\nt]$4 ,if any /&>d diction>y li/s z au!ntic ! mean+ giv5 by a c&idate1 x %\ld be accept$ )\t *all5ge4 ,repetitions by ! c&idate ( ! ^w to be expla9$ %\ld n be accept$ z an explanation4 ,= example1 8buy0 is n expla9$ by 8,buy is :5 y buy some?+40 ,an explanation1 to be satisfactory1 %\ld be 9 t]ms entirely diff]5t f ! ?+ to be expla9$1 al?\gh explanations o!rwise q simple are acceptable "h4 #a4 ,an article ( clo?+1 a cov]+ or some?+ to we>4 #b4 ,obta9+ possession or rights 9 an object 9 ex*ange = a price or o!r consid]ation4 #c4 ,writt5 or pr9t$ matt]1 usually b\nd 9 cov]s = conv5i5ce 9 read+4 #d4 ,a supply ( goods or a place :]e su* goods are kept4 ,to lay away or deposit su* supplies4 #e4 ,a musical in/rum5t or t]m4 #f4 ,to h or ga9 tempor>y possession or rights1 9 return = "s price or fav\r4 ,! price paid = su* rights4 ,an op5+ or torn place1 especially 9 clo?4 #g4 ,! fle% ( cattle1 especially :5 us$ z food4 #h4 ,a cu/om or rule e/abli%$ by a legislature or gov]n+ au?ority1 or by ! nature ( ! facts conc]n$4 #i4 ,a malady1 illness1 or infirmity1 frequ5tly accompani$ by pa9 or weakness4 #aj4 ,unc]ta9ty or hesitation 9 belief2 dread1 fe>1 di/ru/1 or suspicion4 #aa4 ,an (fic] :o decides disputes or acts z umpire4 ,to decide1 pass judgm5t1 or comp>e ! relative m]its ( ideas1 op9ions1 or objects4 #ab4 ,! com+ or occurr5ce ( some?+ consid]$ desirable b n =ese5 z c]ta94 ,lucky4 #ac4 ,"o :o att5ds to lett]s1 pap]s1 or bus9ess matt]s = ano!r individual or gr\p ( individuals4 ,a writ+ desk4 #ad4 ,k+ly or magnific5t4 ,*>act]i/ic ( or relat$ to a k+ or rul]4 #ae4 ,a wat]c\rse or *annel1 usually artificial4 ,a tube or duct4 #af4 ,an eag] desire or long+1 usually ( a selfi% nature4 #ag4 ,a p]son ( fair hair1 sk91 & eyes4 ,light col\r$4 #ah4 ,prop]ty or possessions hav+ money value4 ,ri*es4 ,goods4 #ai4 ,to all[1 let1 au?orize1 or give cons5t4 ,a lic5se or p]mission4 #bj4 ,sagacity1 k1 discretion4 ,ability to judge or disc]n1 especially 9 matt]s ( conduct4 #ba4 ,to direct or control action4 ,to manage1 sup]vise1 or ex]cise au?ority4 #bb4 ,au?ority or p]mission to d or act4 ,excess ( fre$om or abuse ( lib]ty4 ,to au?orize or grant p]mission4 #bc4 ,to /rive = ! same prize or object4 ,to cont5d 9 rivalry4 #bd4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! planets4 ,a ,roman god4 #be4 ,humility1 self-control1 diffid5ce4 ,prop] delicacy & propriety ab\t self & actions4 #bf4 ,a s*eme or plan to be foll[$4 ,proc$ure bas$ on mat]ial int]e/ r ?an on high] pr9ciples4 ,a c]tificate ( insurance or ( money due "u c]ta9 conditions4 #bg4 ,! act or in/rum5t us$ 9 det]m9+ ! exact degree or quantity ( a ?+4 ,! unit ( am\nt4 ,a division or "p ( a tune or o!r object4 ,to det]m9e degree or quantity4 #bh4 ,inspiration1 ec/asy1 emotion1 eag]ness1 or ! object ( su* manife/ations4 #bi4 ,rate ( int]e/1 commission1 or disc\nt4 ,numb] ( p>ts conc]n$ 9 a hundr$4 #cj4 ,a measure ( di/ance or area4 ,an agreem5t betwe5 two p>ties = accompli%+ a common task4 ,to comb9e = mutual support4 #ca4 ,a !ory or sy/em ( social reorganization4 ,social re=m ?r\gh political ag5cies4 ,a !oretically ideal society or /ate4 #cb4 ,! sci5ce ( exact reason+4 ,! laws or me?od ( ab/ract ?\ght4 ,a treatise on ?9k+ or reason+4 #cc4 ,to reg>d ) rev]5ce1 respect1 or v5]ation4 ,to adore4 #cd4 ,satire1 ridicule1 contemptu\s rem>ks1 bitt] taunts4 #ce4 ,s>ca/ic reproa*1 invective4 ,to d]ide1 revile1 or reproa* ) insult+ words4 #cf4 ,n transp>5t1 d>k1 imp]vi\s to rays ( light4 ,un9telligible1 /upid4 #cg4 ,"o mak+ a fir/ appe>ance 9 society or be=e ! public4 #ch4 ,act ( repair+ or re/or+4 ,giv+ satisfaction or comp5sation = a wrong or injury4 #ci4 ,to take ! t5? "p ( or to de/roy a consid]able proportion ( a gr\p4 #dj4 ,an in/rum5t us$ to regulate an electric curr5t4 #da4 ,kn[+ all ?+s4 ,inf9itely wise4 ,"o :o is possess$ ( univ]sal k4 #db4 ,to curse or treat basely4 ,us$ 9 imprecations1 frequ5tly ) little mean+4 #dc4 ,a cat-l animal resembl+ ! leop>d f\nd 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 & ,africa4 #dd4 ,a v l>ge & /rong animal--especially "o m5tion$ 9 ! ,bible4 #de4 ,a bay w9d[1 p>ticul>ly "o :i* projects f ! face ( a wall4 #df4 ,"o ( ! great /ones or b\ld]s us$ 9 prehi/oric monum5ts4 #dg4 ,a s(t1 :ite sub/ance t =ms a protect+ %ea? ab\t ! c5tre ( m$ullat$ n]ve fib]4 #dh4 ,an anci5t mann] ( writ+4 ,anci5t writ+s1 or ! /udy ( su* writ+s4 #di4 ,! bran* ( surg]y t treats ( add+ artificial p>ts to ! body to replace natural p>ts :i* are want+4 #ej4 ,! dri$ tub]s ( v>i\s or*ids1 us$ = food1 l tapioca4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ae3 ,^w ,discrim9ation4 ,any real diff]5ce nam$ by ! c&idate betwe5 ! two words to be comp>$ %\ld be giv5 cr$it :e!r x appe>s 9 ! foll[+ li/ or n4 ,! li/ m]ely po9ts out "s ( ! out/&+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! words ( ea* pair1 b does n attempt to li/ all ( ! possible diff]5ces4 ,any diff]5ce m5tion$ by ! c&idate :i* is confirm$ by any /&>d diction>y %\ld be suffici5t to give full cr$it4 #a4 ,a bird lives 9 ! air 3 ,a fi% lives 9 ! wat] flies swims has fea!rs has scales #b4 ,a snake is long 3 ,a fly is %ort is a reptile is an insect crawls flies has no w+s or legs has w+s & legs #c4 ,a p5 writes only :5 x has 3 ,a p5cil writes )\t ink ink is made ( /eel or is made ( lead or s(t h>d metal mat]ial does n h to be has to be %>p5$ %>p5$ #d4 ,an eagle flies v high & 3 ,a *ick5 flies v l[ & b long di/ances a %ort di/ance is wild is dome/ic is n good = food is good = food #e4 ,a book usually has a h>d cov] 3 ,a magaz9e has a pap] cov] is usually "o /ory1 is sev]al /ories1 by by "o au?or diff]5t p is publi%$ once is publi%$ p]iodically #f4 ,an orange has a r$di% yell[ 3 ,a lemon has a bright yell[ col\r col\r is sph]ical 9 %ape is oblong 9 %ape is usually l>g] ?an is usually small] ?an a lemon an orange is usually sweet is usually s\r #g4 ,a tea*] works 9 a s*ool 3 ,a prea*] works 9 a *ur* usually tea*es usually addresses *ildr5 gr[n-ups deals prim>ily ) deals prim>ily ) academic subjects religi\s subjects #h4 ,luck comes to a p]son by *ance 3 ,pluck is "p ( a p]son's "* is a tempor>y is a p]man5t advantage advantage comes to ev]yone is *>act]i/ic ( a few #i4 ,/one is a natural product1 made 3 ,*9a is made artificially ( ( m9]al matt] f9e e>? or clay is us$ = build+s is us$ = di%es is ?ick & co>se is ?9 & fragile #aj4 ,a balloon dep5ds on ! w9d 3 ,an airplane is run by a motor = motion has a l>ge gas bag has no gas bag moves sl[ly moves rapidly #aa4 ,to plod is to "w or travel 3 ,to plot is to s*eme or plan1 sl[ly b /eadily usually = evil to someone else is to toil1 to drudge is to conspire1 to intrigue #ab4 ,to )] is to fade1 to lose 3 ,to %rivel is to dry up1 to draw fre%ness into wr9kles is to langui% is to %r9k fl[]s )] vegetables %rivel #ac4 ,to surprise is to come ^u "o 3 ,to a/oni% is to /rike "o unaw>es1 or unexpect$ly ) sudd5 wond] or amazem5t #ad4 ,ra% means ov]ha/y 9 c\nsel 3 ,reckless means c>eless1 utt]ly or action he$less ( consequ5ces means und]tak+ a means indiff]5t or matt] )\t ?\ghtless suffici5t reflection #ae4 ,lonely is to be )\t desir$ 3 ,solit>y is to be absolutely companions alone remote f society #af4 ,sorr[ is pa9 ( m9d f loss 3 ,sadness is be+ d[nca/ or or disappo9tm5t unhappy is deep seat$1 la/+ may be transi5t1 pass+ #ag4 ,plutocrat is "o ^: weal? 3 ,autocrat is an absolute gives him p[] or influ5ce sov]eign1 hav+ usually inh]it$ au?ority #ah4 ,a rascal is a mean1 tricky 3 ,a rogue is an idle1 mis*iev\s p]son p]son #ai4 ,to plund] is to take goods by 3 ,to deva/ate is to lay wa/e1 to =ce1 to pillage desolate1 to ravage #bj4 ,to rel9qui% is to ab&on ! 3 ,to resign is to =mally return ?+ :i* has be5 or give up an (fice1 to possess$1 or ! object ( submit1 to acquiesce1 to pursuit abdicate #ba4 ,%rewd means artful1 malici\s1 3 ,sagaci\s means "o ( ke5 cunn+1 ( less dignity ?an p5etration & judgm5t1 "o sagaci\s ) a compreh5sive z well a p5etrat+ m9d #bb4 ,dormant means sleep+1 n 9 3 ,quiesc5t means re/+1 9 a action /ate ( repose #bc4 ,recon/ruction means to =m 3 ,rehabilitation means to inve/ anew aga9 ) "s "r or dignity means to build ov] aga9 deals m l>gely ) deals l>gely ) mat]ial ?+s m5tal & spiritual ?+s #bd4 ,rep>ation means re/oration1 3 ,indemnity means immunity f r5ew+1 repair+ damage loss or damage done remun]ation = injury has m ( ! idea ( has m ( ! idea ( replac+ ?+s pay+ = ?+s de/roy$ de/roy$ ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #af3 ,nam+ ,opposites4 ,except 9 special cases indicat$ bel[1 no cr$it %\ld be all[$ = add+ 8n0 or 8un0 or any o!r negative prefix to ! pr9t$ ^w4 ,an entirely diff]5t ^w %\ld be us$ z ! opposite ( ! pr9t$ ^w4 ,^? words pr9t$ 9 p>5!ses 9 ! foll[+ li/ %\ld n be giv5 cr$it z be+ satisfactory opposites4 ,words n pr9t$ bel[ b z satisfactory opposites z ^? pr9t$ %\ld be giv5 full cr$it1 :ile words z unsatisfactory z ^? pr9t$ 9 p>5!ses %\ld n be giv5 cr$it4 #a4 bad1 poor 7n good7 #b4 poor1 ne$y1 indig5t #c4 big1 l>ge1 great 7tall7 #d4 old1 anci5t #e4 easy1 s(t #f4 light 7:ite7 #g4 clean1 pure #h4 well1 heal?y #i4 s\? #aj4 full1 fill$ #aa4 pull #ab4 "r1 correct #ac4 end1 end+ #ad4 wide #ae4 ev5+1 aft]noon 7night7 #af4 some:]e1 ev]y:]e #ag4 fre% #ah4 idle #ai4 to s9k 7to swim7 #bj4 r\gh1 ragg$ #ba4 tame1 dome/ic #bb4 weakness #bc4 guilty #bd4 ignorance1 /upidity #be4 negative1 unc]ta9 #bf4 sup]ior #bg4 mod]n1 new #bh4 cause #bi4 g5]\s1 lib]al #cj4 concrete1 specific #ca4 ju/ice1 imp>tiality #cb4 dilatory1 sluggi% #cc4 extravagant1 wa/eful1 uneconomical #cd4 g5u9e1 real #ce4 depression1 melan*oly #cf4 delay1 imp$e1 hamp] #cg4 confid5t1 bold1 immode/ #ch4 het]og5e\s #ci4 c[>dly1 irresolute1 fe>ful #dj4 sl&]\s1 scurril\s1 vilify+ ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ag3 ,spell+ ,te/s4 ,! ^w li/s !mselves furni% ! correct answ]s & !re=e no fur!r set ( answ]s is ne$$ "h4 ,see pages #aii-bjj = ! li/s4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ah3 ,range ( ,in=mation4 #a4 ,,c[ #b4 ,,clubs #c4 ,,cig>ette #d4 ,,c>p5t] #e4 ,,gre5 #f4 ,,automobiles #g4 ,,dog #h4 ,,actress #i4 ,,huyl] #aj4 #ahfa #aa4 ,,c\nty #ab4 ,,pa9t] #ac4 ,,motorcycle #ad4 ,,noveli/ #ae4 ,,fil+-,,case #af4 ,,di/ance #ag4 ,,leg #ah4 ,,reefs #ai4 ,,wat] #bj4 ,,/[e #ba4 ,,/atesman #bb4 ,,p\ghkeepsie #bc4 ,,law #bd4 ,,two #be4 ,,dick5s #bf4 ,,engl& #bg4 ,,bird #bh4 ,,a?letics #bi4 ,,dr9k #cj4 ,,ink #ca4 ,,fruit #cb4 ,,isosceles #cc4 #ajff #cd4 ,,he>t #ce4 ,,plant #cf4 ,,korea #cg4 ,,oxyg5 #ch4 ,,music #ci4 ,,clo? #dj4 ,,animal ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ai3 ,read+ ,vocabul>y4 #a4 ,,body1 ,,tool #b4 ,,animal #c4 ,,clo!s #d4 ,,col\r #e4 ,,bird #f4 ,,clo!s #g4 ,,animal1 ,,body #h4 ,,tool1 ,,fi% #i4 ,,body #aj4 ,,tool #aa4 ,,bird #ab4 ,,col\r #ac4 ,,fi% #ad4 ,,w> #ae4 ,,"t #af4 ,,w> #ag4 ,,animal #ah4 ,,fi% #ai4 ,,"t #bj4 ,,clo!s #ba4 ,,w> #bb4 ,,body #bc4 ,,color #bd4 ,,bird #be4 ,,fi% #bf4 ,,tool #bg4 ,,"t #bh4 ,,animal #bi4 ,,col\r #cj4 ,,w> #ca4 ,,"t #cb4 ,,clo!s #cc4 ,,body #cd4 ,,bird #ce4 ,,fi% #cf4 ,,body #cg4 ,,w> #ch4 ,,tool #ci4 ,,animal #dj4 ,,bird ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bj3 ,read+1 ,directions4 #a4 ,! "n %\ld be writt5 on ! l9e4 #b4 ,!re %\ld be a cross or an x 9 ! squ>e4 #c4 ,!re %\ld be a cross or an x 9 ! circle & a dot or p]iod 9 ! squ>e4 #d4 ,!re %\ld be a #a "u ! lett] ,m & a #b "u ! lett] ,w1 9 ! li/ ( capital lett]s beg9n+ ,a1 ,n1 etc4 #e4 ,! ^w 8,yes0 %\ld be writt5 on ! dott$ l9e4 #f4 ,! ^w 890 %\ld be cross$ out & ! ^w 8&0 %\ld h two l9es or circles ar\nd x4 #g4 ,! ^w 8sev50 or ! figure #g %\ld be writt5 on ! blank at ! left1 8twelve0 or #ab on ! middle blank1 & 8"o hundr$0 or #ajj on ! blank at ! "r4 #h4 8,t50 or #aj %\ld be writt5 9 ! squ>e on ! left1 a small circle %\ld be writt5 9 ! second squ>e1 & ! lett] 8,c0 9 ! triangle at ! "r4 #i4 ,!re %\ld be a l9e drawn "u ! ^w 8,peck40 #aj4 ,! ^w 8?\s&0 or #ajjj %\ld be writt5 9 ! circle4 #aa4 ,! squ>e 9 front ( ! ^w 8dim9i%$0 %\ld h a *eck m>k or cross on x4 #ab4 ,!re %\ld be a l9e "u ! ^w 8,face40 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #ba3 ,read+1 ,int]pretation4 ,answ]s mu/ %[ conclusively t ! que/ions & ! s5t5ces answ]+ !m 7 read & und]/ood by ! c&idate4 #a4 ,boys4 #b4 ,9 ! h\se4 #c4 ,girls4 #d4 ,on f>ms1 9 /ores1 m9es1 & factories4 #e4 ,9 ! ?+s !y enjoy & 9 ! ?+s !y are able to d4 #f4 ,:eat1 corn1 & cattle4 #g4 ,to make clo?+ to keep u w>m4 #h4 ,to protect u f ra9 & sn[4 #i4 ,diff]5ces betwe5 p4 #aj4 ,because ! _w has all sorts ( "w t mu/ be done1 or x makes possible ! adju/m5t ( p to ! diff]5t tasks to be done4 #aa4 ,mu* ( x w\ld be poorly done4 #ab4 ,! difficulty ( ! task4 #ac4 ,discont5tm5t & unhapp9ess4 #ad4 8,exp$iti\sly0 sugge/s a lack ( economy 9 "t & money4 #ae4 ,intellectual measurem5ts4 #af4 ,! consummation ( ! sci5ce ( p]sonnel eng9e]+4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bb3 ,dis>rang$ ,s5t5ces4 ,! mo/ frequ5t arrangem5t ( ! words 9 ea* s5t5ce is indicat$ bel[ by ! la/ ^w4 ,any o!r arrangem5t ( ^! words :i* produces a p]fectly logical & grammatical s5t5ce may be accept$4 ,v few s5t5ces w be f\nd t are n already provid$ = 9 ! conclud+ words li/$ bel[4 #a4 ,,:ite4 #b4 ,,rob94 ,,bird4 #c4 ,,wat]4 #d4 ,,h\ses4 #e4 ,,)4 #f4 ,,we/4 #g4 ,,c\ntry4 #h4 ,,colde/4 #i4 ,,food4 #aj4 ,,e>?4 #aa4 ,,food4 ,,valuable4 #ab4 ,,trees4 #ac4 ,,g]many4 ,,engl&4 ,,france4 #ad4 ,,puni%$4 #ae4 ,,ocean4 #af4 ,,mi/akes4 #ag4 ,,nights4 ,,se54 #ah4 ,,clo?+4 ,,useful4 #ai4 ,,debat]s4 #bj4 ,,w>f>e4 ,,poison\s4 #ba4 ,,degrad+4 ,,un=tunate4 #bb4 ,,crimes4 ,,bigamy4 ,,p]jury4 #bc4 ,,psy*ologi/s4 #bd4 ,,/eal+4 #be4 ,,fact4 ,,obs]v$4 ,,appli$4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bc3 ,completion ( ,s5t5ces4 ,x is impossible = any "o to make out a complete li/ ( all ! possible completions ( any gr\p ( tw5ty s5t5ces su* z ^? includ$ 9 ?is te/4 ,! li/ ( completions giv5 bel[ is !re=e m]ely sugge/ive ( ! p]fect s5t5ces :i* may be made & is n int5d$ 9 any way to be exhau/ive4 ,any?+ :i* is z good z ! completion li/$ bel[ %\ld be giv5 full cr$it4 ,any?+ :i* is n s satisfactory %\ld n be giv5 cr$it4 #a4 ,is or 04 #b4 ,to4 #c4 ,gave1 or gives4 #d4 ,girl or *ild 9 ! fir/ blank1 & to 9 ! second blank4 #e4 ,& 9 ! fir/ blank1 ) dogs 9 ! second blank4 #f4 ,h1 make or ga94 #g4 ,n or nev] 9 ! fir/ blank1 ) p>5ts1 fri5ds1 or si/] 9 ! second blank4 #h4 ,boy1 man or *ild 9 ! fir/ blank1 ) fell 9 ! second blank4 #i4 ,is or 0 9 ! fir/ blank1 ) to 9 ! second blank1 & w9dy 9 ! ?ird blank4 #aj4 ,succe$s or c4 #aa4 ,animal 9 ! fir/ blank1 8 or its 9 ! second blank1 & size 9 ! ?ird blank4 #ab4 ,man 9 ! fir/ blank1 ) c>ri$ or c>ries 9 ! second blank1 & wore or we>s 9 ! ?ird blank4 #ac4 ,on 9 ! fir/ blank1 qu5*es 9 ! second blank1 dr9k 9 ! ?ird blank1 & cold or pure 9 ! f\r? blank4 #ad4 ,patriotism 9 ! fir/ blank1 wav+ or c>ry+ 9 ! second blank1 come or g 9 ! ?ird blank1 & m>*+ 9 ! f\r? blank4 #ae4 ,t or :i* 9 ! fir/ blank1 wor? 9 ! second blank1 well 9 ! ?ird blank1 do+ 9 ! f\r? blank4 #af4 ,does or c 9 ! fir/ blank1 give 9 ! second blank1 e 9 ! ?ird blank4 #ag4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ blank1 bett] 9 ! second blank1 practice 9 ! ?ird blank1 at 9 ! f\r? blank1 wrong 9 ! fif? blank1 do+ 9 ! six? blank4 #ah4 ,:i* or t 9 ! fir/ blank1 cause 9 ! second blank1 are 9 ! ?ird blank1 & v or mo/ 9 ! fif? blank4 #ai4 ,to 9 ! fir/ blank1 :5 9 ! second blank1 ?ir/y 9 ! ?ird blank1 & great or real 9 ! f\r? blank4 #bj4 ,:e!r 9 ! fir/ blank1 likes1 desires or welcomes 9 ! second blank1 or 9 ! ?ird blank1 "o 9 ! f\r? blank1 n 9 ! fif? blank1 z 9 ! six? blank1 insult 9 ! sev5? blank4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bd3 ,analogies or ,mix$ ,relations4 ,z ) sev]al ( ! o!r li/s ( answ]s1 no attempt is made "h to give an exhau/ive li/ ( ! correct solutions4 ,! words :i* appe> bel[ are /&>d4 ,any?+ z good z ?is /&>d li/ %\ld be accept$ :ile any?+ inf]ior to ! pr9t$ solutions %\ld n be giv5 cr$it4 #a4 ,dogs #b4 ,f>1 di/ant #c4 ,foot #d4 ,cat's #e4 ,hot1 w>m1 heat #f4 ,swims1 swim #g4 ,h5 #h4 ,dr9k #i4 ,s*ool1 classroom #aj4 ,h] #aa4 ,law #ab4 ,colt1 foal #ac4 ,b\ght #ad4 ,pa9t+1 picture1 portrait #ae4 ,%eep1 ram #af4 ,floor #ag4 ,bird1 birds1 f[l #ah4 ,*auffeur #ai4 ,01 71 be5 #bj4 ,s*ool1 %oal #ba4 ,night #bb4 ,ris5 #bc4 ,drake #bd4 ,%eep1 animal1 bea/ #be4 ,wom5's #bf4 ,give1 donate1 buy1 return #bg4 ,aviatrices #bh4 ,crit]ion #bi4 ,joneses' #cj4 ,esot]ic ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #be3 ,h&writ+4 ,! read] w be able to c\nt ! numb] ( lett]s writt5 p] m9ute & !reby obta9 ! score 9 ?is te/ )\t any key4 ,= ! quality ( ! results ( su* a te/ ! read] w comp>e ! h&writ+ ( ea* c&idate ) ! samples pr9t$ on page #bci4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bf3 ,engli% ,composition4 ,?is te/1 l ! te/ = h&writ+ quality1 is a te/ ( ! quality ( products produc$ by ! c&idates r ?an ( ! difficulty ( problems solv$4 ,!re=e1 no set ( correct answ]s is necess>y4 ,! quality ( ! c&idate's composition %\ld be comp>$ directly ) ! quality ( ! pr9t$ samples appe>+ on pages #bdb to #bdd4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bg3 ,poetic ,discrim9ation4 ,! correct ord] z det]m9$ by ! judgm5ts ( scores ( capable judges ( ,engli% ,poetry is z foll[s3 ,be/ ,middle ,poore/ ,9 ,set ,no4 #a ,z ,y ,x ,9 ,set ,no4 #b ,x ,y ,z ,9 ,set ,no4 #c ,z ,x ,y ,9 ,set ,no4 #d ,y ,x ,z ,9 ,set ,no4 #e ,y ,z ,x ,9 ,set ,no4 #f ,y ,z ,x ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bh3 ,ari?metic ,reason+4 ,9 giv+ ! correct answ]s bel[ ea* figure has atta*$ to x ! ^w indicat+ ! commodity conc]n$4 ,no answ] %\ld be consid]$ incorrect1 h[ev]1 because x omits ! words 8doll>s10 8lemons0 or 8m540 #a4 #h m5 #b4 #ab doll>s #h4 #i nickels #d4 #e b5*es #e4 #h c5ts #f4 #bc c5ts #g4 #af lemons #h4 #ccgc qu>ts #i4 #ejj p\nds #aj4 #ea c5ts #aa4 #gej p #ab4 #bb tons #ac4 #d4hj #ad4 #aege4jj ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #bi3 ,practical ,judgm5t ,te/4 #a4 ,get a dr9k ( wat]4 #b4 ,x ta/es good4 #c4 ,we> a ra9coat4 #d4 ,r+ ! al>m & try to put out ! fire4 #e4 ,ask ! p]son's p>don4 #f4 ,! fro/ has kill$ !m4 #g4 ,to protect !m f ! cold] wea!r4 #h4 ,at ! bea* ( a summ] resort4 #i4 ,try to make "t by hurry+4 #aj4 ,to display ! flag & inspire patriotism4 #aa4 ,wat] always becomes solid at l[ temp]atures4 #ab4 ,nail a piece ( t9 ov] x4 #ac4 ,x is an easily dige/$ & :olesome food4 #ad4 ,an inc&esc5t electric bulb4 #ae4 ,to create a dem& = special br&s4 #af4 ,s t _! /r5g? may be utiliz$4 #ag4 ,! l[ temp]ature keeps x fre%4 #ah4 ,"o c\ld jump f "o-/ory build+s4 #ai4 ,discov] & remove ! cause ( its cry+4 #bj4 ,x has few] impurities 9 x4 #ba4 ,to avoid mak+ ! city smoky4 #bb4 ,to remove ! electricity f ! air4 #bc4 ,high & rapidly4 #bd4 ,to help "o decide :]e to read4 ,,m5timet] ,,no4 #cj3 ,logical ,conclusions ,te/4 #a4 ,old] ?an ,james4 #b4 ,old] ?an ,m>y4 #c4 ,%ort] ?an ,dot4 #d4 ,n heavi] ?an ,may4 #e4 ,sl[] ?an ,william4 #f4 ,sm>t] ?an ,b]?a4 #g4 ,n z ri* z ,mr4 ,jones4 #h4 ,n noisi] ?an ,rob]t4 #i4 ,less rapidly ?an ,h5ry4 #aj4 ,n w>m] ?an ,?ursday4 #aa4 ,n z frugal z ,mrs4 ,br[n4 #ab4 ,n l>g] ?an ! second4 ,,! ,,end ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes #a4 ,p4 #ih1 *ang$ 8to errors0 to 8to make errors04 #b4 ,sil5tly correct$ typographical errors & v>iations 9 spell+4 #c4 ,ana*roni/ic1 non-/&>d1 & unc]ta9 spell+s reta9$ z pr9t$4 #d4 ,footnotes h be5 re-index$ us+ numb]s4 #e4 ,enclos$ italics font 9 und]scores4 #f4 ,enclos$ bold font 9 equals4 #g4 ,sup]scripts are d5ot$ by a c>et be=e a s+le sup]script "*1 e4g4 ,mr4