---------- ,elem5ts ( ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,waldron ,elem5ts ( ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,by ,capta9 ,william ,h4 ,waldron #bi? ,u4 ,s4 ,infantry ,,di/+ui%$ ,,graduate ,,infantry ,,& ,,cavalry ,,s*ool1 #aije ,,graduate ,,army ,,/aff ,,college1 #aijf ,,graduate ,,army ,,w> ,,college1 #aiaa ,,assi/ant ,,director ,,army ,,w> ,,college ,,c\rse1 #aiaa-ab ,au?or ( 8,sc\t+ & ,patroll+0 8,tactical ,walks0 ,price #fj c5ts ,wa%+ton #aiag ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,,william ,h4 ,,waldron ,,national ,,capital ,,press1 ,,inc41 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,ag5cies ,?is book may be pur*as$ f any "o ( ! foll[+ ag5cies3 ,! ,book ,dep>tm5t ,,army ,,& ,,navy ,,regi/] ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,book ,dep>tm5t ,u4 ,s4 ,,infantry ,,association ,union ,tru/ ,build+ ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! ,book ,dep>tm5t ,,army ,,s]vice ,,s*ools ,=t ,leav5wor?1 ,kansas ,,edw9 ,n4 ,,appleton ,no4 #a1 ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,,! ,,army ,,& ,,navy ,,co-,,op]ative ,,co4 #gba #ag? ,/reet ,n4 ,w4 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 or #af ,e4 #db;d ,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city ,! price is #fj c5ts1 po/age paid ,see 8,tactical ,walks0 adv]tisem5t 9 ! back ( ?is book4 ,,notice ,!re is a weal? ( mat]ial 9 ?is little book t w int]e/ ! soldi]4 ,f ! illu/rations alone he w be able to obta9 a good g5]al idea ( ! subject4 ,x is ess5tially a soldi]'s book1 writt5 9 language t he c und]/&4 ,! price has be5 kept )9 ! limits ( 8 pocketbook4 ,) a view to secur+ a wide di/ribution ( ! book ,i desire to secure a repres5tative 9 e organization 9 ! ,army4 ,i h an attractive proposition to make to compet5t p>ties4 ,a lett] w br+ p>ticul>s4 ,my address w be f\nd 9 ! ,army ,li/ & ,directory4 ,if ?is is n available1 a lett] address$ z foll[s w be =w>d$ to me3 ,capta9 ,w4 ,h4 ,waldron1 #bi? ,infantry1 ,c>e ( 8,infantry ,j\rnal10 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 7,sign$7 ,w4 ,h4 ,,waldron4 ,,cont5ts ,page ,*apt] ,i4--,! ,organization ( a ,section ( ! ,position #a ,*apt] ,,ii4--,ob/acles4 ,con/ruction1 repair4 ,wire entanglem5ts1 b>ricades1 l& m9es1 inundation #d ,*apt] ,,iii4--,look\t & ,li/5+ ,po/s3 ,types4 ,con/ruction1 s]vice #ah ,*apt] ,,iv4--,field ,tr5*es3 ,trav]s$ tr5*es4 ,types ( tr5*es4 ,dra9age4 ,communication tr5*es4 ,dug\ts4 ,p5etration ( projectiles4 ,communication4 ,tr5* mort> positions4 ,ma*9e guns4 ,support+ po9ts #bd ,*apt] ,v4--,use & ,improvem5t ( ,natural ,cov] #ej ,*apt] ,,vi4--,revetm5ts3 ,s&bags4 ,fasc9es4 ,hurdles4 ,gabions #fd ,*apt] ,,vii4--,work+ ,p>ties3 ,details ( organization4 ,lay+ out tasks4 ,op]ations #hj ,*apt] ,,viii4--,gr5ade ,w>f>e3 ,organization & tactics ( gr5adi]s4 ,(f5sive op]ations4 ,cle>+ fire tr5*es4 ,cle>+ communication tr5*es4 ,night op]ations4 ,gr5ade patrols4 ,notes on gr5ade w>f>e #hf ,*apt] ,,ix4--,gas ,w>f>e3 ,me?ods ( dissem9ation ( gas4 ,gas helmets1 c>e & use (4 ,spray]s #aje ,*apt] ,x4--,s]vice 9 ! ,tr5*es3 ,prep>ations = ent]+4 ,inspection ( tr5*es4 ,tactical dispositions4 ,go+ into ! tr5*es4 ,in=mation r\t9e4 ,obs]vation field glasses4 ,snip]s4 ,:at to fire at4 ,use ( rifle gr5ades4 ,sc\t+ & patroll+4 ,c>e ( arms4 ,c>e ( tr5*es4 ,latr9es4 ,maps4 ,fro/ bite4 ,! tr5* soldi]'s cre$ #aad ,*apt] ,,xi4--,! ,attack 9 ,tr5* ,w>f>e #adf ,,introduction ,?is little book has be5 prep>$ ) a view to plac+ be=e ! soldi] a /ore ( in=mation on ! subject ( ,tr5* ,w>f>e z x has be5 develop$ on ! battle fronts ( ,europe1 & giv+ him "s idea ( ! nature ( ! s]vice t he w be call$ ^u to p]=m :5 ! "t arrives = him to d 8 8bit40 ,! illu/rations h be5 c>efully prep>$ & arrang$ to ! end t ! soldi] may ga9 a fair k ( ! subject f !m alone4 ,! text is int5d$ to treat ! subject 9 a purely elem5t>y mann] t ! soldi] may be able to und]/&4 ,! size ( ! book is su* t x may be conv5i5tly c>ri$ 9 ! pocket & ref]r$ to z occasion requires4 ,! price has be5 kept d[n to ! po9t :]e x is available to ! soldi]4 ,if ! book assi/s 9 8 prep>ation = ! front &1 by reason ( ! k t he has ga9$ f x1 helps to make him m effici5t :5 he gets !re1 x w h s]v$ its purpose4 ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,*apt] ,i ,organization ,! normal organization ( an intr5*$ position includes ! foll[+ elem5ts f front to re>3 #a4 ,9 front ( ! position & at a v>iable di/ance f ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* !re is a l9e ( wire entanglem5ts4 7,see ,ob/acles1 p4 #d47 #b4 ,close up to ! wire entanglem5ts !re is an intr5*$ po/ kn[n z ! 8li/5+ po/10 :i* is connect$ ) ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* by a zigzag communicat+ tr5*4 7,see ,li/5+ ,po/s1 p4 #ah47 #c4 ,!n comes ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* ) atta*$ ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts at conv5i5t po9ts4 7,see ,fire ,tr5* & ,ma*9e-,gun ,emplacem5ts1 pp4 #bd & #dd47 #d4 ,! fire tr5* is s n>r[ t lat]al communication along x is effect$ only ) difficulty4 ,9 ord] to provide a passageway a communication or sup]vision tr5* is provid$ a few y>ds 9 re> ( ! fire tr5*4 ,passageways lead f ?is communication tr5* to ! fire tr5* & to ! dug\ts locat$ along x4 #e4 ,at a v>iable di/ance 9 re> ( ! fire tr5* 7#ajj to #bjj y>ds7 ! emplacem5ts = bomb-?r[+ app>atus & tr5* mort>s are locat$4 ,^! are connect$ up lat]ally by a communication tr5* :i* jo9s ) ! ma9 communication tr5* runn+ f front to re> ?r\gh ! position4 7,see ,emplacem5ts = ,tr5* ,mort>s1 p4 #da47 #f4 ,f #ajj to #djj y>ds to ! re> ( ! fir/ l9e fire tr5*1 & g5]ally p>allel to x1 is ! support+ tr5* or cov] = ! supports4 ,?is tr5* is inv>iably provid$ ) /rong ov]head cov] & a sy/em ( dug\ts = ! protection ( ! troops4 7,see ,cov] = ,supports1 p4 #dh47 #g4 ,?is :ole arrangem5t ( tr5*es is connect$ ?r\gh\t f front to re>1 & lat]ally1 by a sy/em ( zigzag communication tr5*es4 ,take ?is brief description toge!r ) ,plate #a1 ! draw+ t accompanies ?is volume1 & /udy ! two until y get ! entire sy/em fix$ firmly 9 y\r m9d2 t is1 until y get a m5tal picture ( all ! elem5ts includ$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,aft] y h done ?is1 /udy on ?r\gh ! book 9 ord] t y may "k ! purpose ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts & h[ "o l9ks up ) ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,! ,,organization ,,( ,,an ,,intr5*$ ,,position ,,plate #a ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #b ,?is is ! typical sy/em n[ 9 use 9 ! ,european w> !at]s4 ,circum/ances at c]ta9 places may r5d] "s v>iations necess>y1 & x mu/ n be inf]r$ t ! trace ( ! works is ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,z a rule ! types ( tr5*es 7alt]$ :5 necess>y to meet local conditions7 illu/rat$ h]e9 are ! ones 9 actual use on ! w> fronts4 ,all ( ^! tr5*es & _! accessories con/itute :at is kn[n z ! fir/ l9e4 ,at a di/ance ( f #b1jjj to #e1jjj y>ds 9 re> ( ?is fir/ l9e a second l9e1 organiz$ 9 a simil> mann]1 is to be f\nd4 ,at int]vals ( f #hjj to #a1ejj y>ds along ! fir/ l9e-c5t]s ( resi/ance1 or :at we "k z 8support+ po9ts10 are locat$4 ,^! consi/ ( =tifi$ villages1 or a network 7labyr9?7 ( tr5*es1 provid$ ) e def5sive device kn[n to mod]n w>f>e4 ,! object ( ^! support+ po9ts is to br+ a flank+ fire to be> on ! int]vals betwe5 !m1 ) ! idea t an attack+ =ce _c advance beyond !m )\t captur+ !m4 ,plate #b %[s ! g5]al s*eme ( ! occupation ( a sector ( ! l9e by a field army ( two divisions4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,ob/acles ,! elem5t ( ! def5sive l9e ne>e/ ! enemy is a l9e or s]ies ( l9es ( ob/acles :i* are design$ = ! purpose (3 #a4 ,protect+ ! l9es f surprise4 #b4 ,r$uc+ ! mom5tum ( ! attack1 by break+ up ! unity ( action & cohesion4 #c4 ,hold+ ! enemy "u ! effective fires ( ! def5d]s4 ,! conditions t ob/acles %\ld fulfil are z foll[s4 ,!y mu/-- #a4 ,be close to ! def5d]'s position4 ,z a rule on ! we/]n front !y are n m ?an f #ej to #ajj y>ds di/ant4 ,if !y are too close x may be possible to ?r[ h& gr5ades f ! f> edge ( !m into ! def5d]'s tr5*es4 #b4 ,z f> z practicable1 be %elt]$ & scre5$ f ! enemy4 ,%ell fire is ! mo/ effective me?od ( de/roy+ ob/acles4 ,if !y are n conceal$ !y may furni% aim+ po9ts = ! enemy's fire aga9/ ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* by 8 be+ able to e/imate its location ) ref]5ce to ! ob/acle4 #c4 ,af=d no cov] or scre5 to ! enemy4 #d4 ,be s plac$ t ! enemy w come ^u !m z a surprise4 #e4 ,be s con/ruct$ z to be difficult ( removal "u fire & impracticable to negotiate :ile /ill reasonably intact4 #f4 ,be arrang$ s z n to int]f]e ) a c\nt] attack4 ,! ob/acles may h occasional gaps left 9 !m :i* may be m9$4 ,! diff]5t classes ( ob/acles are3 ,abatis1 l[ wire entanglem5ts1 high wire entanglem5ts1 b>ricades1 m9es1 f\gasses1 cr[s feet1 milit>y pits ) wire entanglem5ts1 inundations1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #c4--;,abatis4 ,abatis 7pron\nc$ abatee7 consi/s ( bran*es ( trees ly+ p>allel to ea* o!r1 butts po9t+ to ! re>1 & ! bran*es int]lac$ ) b>b$ wire4 ,all leaves & small twigs %\ld be remov$ & ! /iff ends ( bran*es po9t$4 ,! butts are /ak$ or ti$ d[n (1 an*or$ by cov]+ !m ) e>?4 ,:5 m ?an "o r[ is us$ ! bran*es ov]lap ! butts ( ^? 9 front s z to make ! abatis ab\t #e feet high4 ,an abatis =m$ by fell+ trees t[>ds ! enemy1 leav+ ! butt hang+ to ! /ump1 is call$ sla%+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d4--,sla%+4 ,sid5ote3 ,wire ,entanglem5ts ,b>b$ wire is ! mat]ial mo/ employ$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ob/acles4 ,x may be us$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #a4 ,z a simple trip1 = giv+ ! al>m4 ,x is /ret*$ j above ! gr\nd & atta*$ to "s object t w cause a noise to be made if mole/$4 #b4 ,a simple wire f5ce1 to cause delay & confusion to ! enemy 9 8 advance4 #c4 ,z an adjunct to tree & bru%wood entanglem5t4 #d4 ,z a wire entanglem5t4 #e4 ,z a cov]+ = portable cyl9d]s4 ,! advantages ( ! b>b$ wire entanglem5t are3 #a4 ,x is easily & quickly made1 #b4 ,x is difficult to de/roy4 #c4 ,x is difficult to get ?r\gh4 #d4 ,x (f]s no ob/ruction to ! view & fire ( ! def5se4 ,! l[ wire entanglem5t is con/ruct$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,drive /akes 9 ! gr\nd until !y project ab\t #ah in*es4 ,! /akes %\ld be ab\t #f feet ap>t1 ^? 9 ea* r[ be+ opposite ! int]vals 9 adjac5t r[s1 #b4 ,! wire is !n pass$ loosely f ! head ( "o /ake to ano!r1 w\nd ar\nd ea* & /apl$4 #c4 ,:]e two or m wires cross !y %\ld be ti$ toge!r4 ,a m useful & effici5t modification ( ! l[ wire entanglem5t is made by /apl+ ! wire d[n ! sides ( ! /akes1 all[+ five or m feet ( slack wire betwe5 /akes4 ,drive ! /akes 9 ! gr\nd until ! top is flu%4 ,?is results 9 a loose network ( tangl$ wires difficult to get ?r\gh1 easily conceal$1 & difficult to remove4 ,! high wire entanglem5t is made by driv+ /akes s t !y protrude f #d to #f feet above ! gr\nd4 ,!y are plac$ at irregul> int]vals #e to #h feet ap>t4 ,! head ( ea* /ake is connect$ ) ! foot ( adjo9+ /akes ) ! wire loosely drawn1 w\nd ar\nd ! /akes & /apl$ fa/4 ,ea* c5t] po/ %\ld be /ay$ by f\r wires4 ,!re %\ld be a trip wire ab\t #i in*es f ! gr\nd all ! way across ! front & ano!r ab\t a foot f ! top ( ! c5t] po/s4 ,b>b$ wire may !n be hung 9 fe/oons ?r\gh\t ! entanglem5t1 ) no fix$ patt]n4 ,to increase ! entanglem5t wire may be /apl$ to ! foot ( ! po/s1 z indicat$ 9 ! p>agraph above1 be=e !y are driv54 ,l>ge nails %\ld be driv5 9 ! tops ( ! po/s ) half _! l5g? protrud+4 ,a numb] ( ! wires 9 ! entanglem5t %\ld be fa/5$ toge!r :]e !y cross4 ,! wire %\ld be pass$ ?r\gh pa9t1 if practicable1 to take away ! bright color4 ,! po/s %\ld be pa9t$ ! color ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,"u ! conditions enc\nt]$ on ! we/]n front ?is "w has to be done ha/ily4 ,x is be/1 !re=e1 to limit ! fir/ /age ( con/ruction to j s _m /r&s z w =m a nucleus = ! :ole entanglem5t1 9 ord] t ! area may be cov]$ by an ob/acle be=e int]ruption occurs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #d;a4--,plan ( wire entanglem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e4--;,high wire entanglem5t4 ,tight wires help ! enemy's advance by =m+ supports = hurdles4 ,x mu/ be con/antly borne 9 m9d t ! wires mu/ n be /ret*$ taut4 ,a portable wire entanglem5t is con/ruct$ by /ret*+ wire loosely ar\nd a wood5 framework1 ei!r circul> or squ>e or made on a knife re/1 & roll+ x into position to close up gaps t may h be5 made 9 ! entanglem5t4 ,! illu/ration %[s ! wood5 framework4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #e;a4--,al>m trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #f4--,portable entanglem5t4 ,con/ruct$ 9 ! tr5*es & roll$ into position4 ,! ord9>y repairs to entanglem5ts are made "u cov] ( d>kness by work+ p>ties detail$ = ! purpose4 ,iron po/s t c be quickly plac$ 9 position are advantage\s1 _! disadvantage be+ t !y may ret>d bullets t w\ld g ?r\gh ! ord9>y wood5 po/s1 ?us furni%+ j t mu* cov] & protection to attack+ p>ties4 ,9 ! con/ruction & repair ( entanglem5ts c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t !y are firmly fa/5$ into ! gr\nd ) num]\s /ay po/s or 8deadm540 ,?is is to prev5t ! enemy f pull+ !m to pieces ) grappl+ hooks connect$ to ropes t lead to 8 tr5*es & are atta*$ to p[]ful w9dlasses or cap/ans4 ,sid5ote3 ,b>ricades ,b>ricades are employ$ = ! def5se ( /reets1 roads1 bridges1 etc4 ,!y may be made out ( any available mat]ial su* z furniture1 vehicles 7ov]turn$ or ) :eels remov$71 c>ts fill$ ) /ones1 bales ( goods1 etc4 ,:]e trees gr[ along ! roadside !y may be fell$ across ! road4 ,if necess>y1 b>b$ wire may be run ?r\gh ! bran*es to make ! passage m difficult4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #g4--,plan ( b>ricade = block+ a road4 ,b>ricades %\ld n z a rule close ! road entirely to traffic4 ,passages are requir$ to all[ ! def5d]s to pass ?r\gh :5 x is necess>y to d s4 ,h5ce !y %\ld be made 9 two p>ts1 "o ov]lapp+ ! o!r1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,a f\gass is a m9e s arrang$ t ^u explosion a l>ge mass ( /ones is project$ aga9/ ! enemy4 ,an excavation is made 9 ! %ape ( a fru/um ( a cone1 incl9+ ! axis 9 ! direction ( ! enemy s z to make an angle ) ! horizon ( ab\t #de degrees4 ,! sides splay outw>d slightly4 ,a box ( p[d] is plac$ 9 a recess at ! bottom4 ,?is is cov]$ ) a plat=m ( wood sev]al in*es ?ick1 on :i* ! /ones are pil$4 ,! fuse is plac$ 9 a groove cut at ! back ( ! excavation1 or ! m9e may be explod$ by means ( electricity4 ,! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance = ! *>ge mu/ be arrang$ s t ! p[d] w act 9 ! direction ( ! axis & n v]tically4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ?r[+ ! excavat$ e>? on ! cre/ t[>ds ! def5d]'s side & ramm+ x well4 ,to asc]ta9 ! p[d] *>ge = any f\gass1 divide ! numb] ( p\nds ( /one 9 ! *>ge by #aej4 ,?is gives ! numb] ( p\nds ( p[d] 9 ! p[d] *>ge4 ,?us a f\gass *>g$ ) ab\t #gj p\nds ( p[d] w ?r[ ab\t #e tons ( /one ov] a surface ab\t #afj y>ds long & #abj y>ds wide4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #h4--;,f\gass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i4--,v]tical f\gass4 ,:5 brok5 up a cubic foot ( /one weighs ab\t #ajj p\nds4 ,a v]tical type ( f\gass is also %[n4 ,a *>ge ( #be p\nds ( p[d] %\ld scatt] a cubic y>d ( /ones ov] an area ab\t #bjj by #ajj y>ds4 ,small ,l& ,m9es ,l& m9es are plac$ 9 ! l9e ( ! advance ( ! enemy & explod$ ei!r by electricity or fuse f ! def5se4 ,!y are made by digg+ holes f #b to #c y>ds deep1 ei!r by excavation or by bor+4 ,9 ! =m] case ! *>ge is plac$ 9 a recess :i* ext5ds into ! solid e>? at ! side ( ! hole1 :i* is !n refill$ & tamp$4 ,9 ! latt] case ! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! bottom ( ! hole1 :i* is !n refill$ & solidly tamp$4 ,9 common e>? ! p[d] *>ge = a #b-y>d hole is #be p\nds4 ,t = a #c-y>d hole is #hj p\nds4 ,! diamet] ( ! crat] =m$ w be ab\t twice ! dep? ( ! *>ge4 ,! m9es may be arrang$ 9 "o or m r[s4 ,! int]vals betwe5 m9es %\ld be su* t ! crat]s w ne>ly b n q jo94 ,! position ( ! m9es %\ld be conceal$ z mu* z possible & fur!r sophi/icat$ by di/urb+ ! gr\nd slightly at po9ts :]e !re are no m9es & s situat$ z to sugge/ a sy/ematic arrangem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #i;a4--,l& m9e4 ,f1 ,l9e f p[d] *>ge to batt]y4 ,p1 ,p[d] *>ge4 ,inundation ,back+ up ! wat] ( a /ream s t x ov]fl[s a consid]able area =ms a good ob/acle1 ev5 ?\gh ( =dable dep?4 ,if %all[1 ! difficulty ( =d+ may be increas$ by irregul> holes or dit*es dug be=e ! wat] comes up1 or by con/ruct+ wire entanglem5ts 9 ! wat]4 ,x may be employ$ ) advantage :5 ! dra9age ( a consid]able area passes ?r\gh a re/rict$ op5+1 z a natural gorge1 culv]t or bridge4 ,op5 cribs fill$ ) /ones1 or tight] ones fill$ ) gravel1 may =m ! basis ( ! ob/ruction to ! fl[ ( ! wat]4 ,! usual me?od ( tight5+ spaces or cracks betwe5 cribs is by ?r[+ 9 e>? or alt]nate lay]s ( /raw1 hay1 grass1 e>?1 or sacks ( clay4 ,a cont9u\s con/ruction1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 may be employ$4 ,! ends ( ! dam mu/ be c>ri$ well into ! solid e>? to prev5t ! wat] f cutt+ ar\nd !m4 ,?is type ( dam is easily de/roy$ by artill]y fire1 & _c be dep5d$ ^u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aj4--;,dam con/ruction4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,look\t & ,li/5+ ,po/s ,except :5 ! g>rison are actually requir$ to man ! p>apet1 !y w be kept "u cov]1 ) ! exception ( a few look\ts1 ^: duty x is to give timely w>n+ ( ! movem5ts ( ! enemy4 ,:5 ! oppos+ =ces are 9 close proximity to ea* o!r m9+ op]ations are g5]ally resort$ to by bo? sides to compass ! de/ruction ( ! oppos+ works & op5 ! way = an attack4 ,look\t & li/5+ po/s s]ve ! d\ble purpose ( hav+ a few m5 at ! mo/ advantage\s places = obs]vation at ! front & flanks & provid+ po9ts at "s di/ance to ! front ( ! fir/ l9e fire tr5*es f :i* li/5]s may be able to discov] ! location & direction ( enemy m9+ op]ations be=e !y really m5ace ! fire tr5*4 ,9 ! normal case !re w be "s natural cov] available4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n always ! case1 & specially con/ruct$ obs]vation /ations h to be provid$4 ,! po/s %\ld be plac$ 9 advance ( ! fir/ l9e tr5*1 ! di/ance dep5d+ ^u circum/ances :i* h to be det]m9$ 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance4 ,!y mu/ be fully protect$ f rev]se fire s t !re w be no *ance ( ! obs]v] mask+ ! fire ( 8 comrades mann+ ! fire tr5*4 ,unless ! gr\nd is v favorable x w be f\nd difficult to provide = obs]vation above gr\nd4 ,:]e !re are natural features su* z embankm5ts1 m\nds1 h$g][s1 ru9s ( build+s1 etc41 x may be possible to make provision = obs]vation ev5 by day4 ,:]e a loophole is us$1 ! type hav+ ! n>r[] end outw>d %\ld be provid$4 ,9 ! op5 type ( po/ ! obs]vation directly to ! front may be greatly facilitat$ by ! use ( ! p]iscope4 7,plate #aa47 ,a good1 /rong p>apet ?r[n up & *opp$ (f at ! corn]s w enable ! obs]v] to cov] areas f an oblique direction f ! po/ & protect him f fire f ! front4 ,9 ! cov]$ type ! obs]v] is provid$ loopholes hav+ ! splay t[>ds him4 ,^! may also be con/ruct$ to ! oblique r ?an to ! front4 ,:5 ?is is done1 provision mu/ be made to cov] ! entire front ( ! position f ! sev]al po/s4 7,plate #ab47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #aa4--,op5 type ( li/5+ po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ab4--;,cov]$ type ( li/5+ po/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ac4--;,a li/5+ & obs]vation po/4 ,! po/ may be connect$ ) ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* by a n>r[ zigzag tr5* or by an und]gr\nd passage4 ,if ! =m]1 x mu/ be ?or\ghly conceal$ & h no excavat$ e>? visible4 ,if x c be locat$ along a h$ge or "s o!r natural feature its location may rema9 unkn[n to ! enemy = a consid]able l5g? ( "t4 ,:]e a communication gall]y is con/ruct$ ! ro( & walls mu/ be suitably %or$ up by cas+ & supports4 ,! s5t9el 9 ! li/5+ po/ c>ries no acc\t]m5ts4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ! creak+ noise made by equipm5t :5 ! s5t9el moves has be5 tak5 = m9+ op]ations ( ! enemy by 8 comrades4 ,li/5+ gall]ies %\ld nev] be left )\t a s5t9el4 ,!re %\ld be a depot ( arms & h& gr5ades ne> ! entrance to ! gall]y 9 case m5 are attack$ :ile on duty f ei!r above or bel[ gr\nd4 ,li/5+ w be conduct$ at specifi$ times1 or on "s pre>rang$ signal1 & = a def9ite p]iod4 ,dur+ ?is "t all )9 ! li/5+ area1 includ+ ! tr5*es1 mu/ rema9 absolutely motionless4 ,infantry mann+ a tr5* c assi/ li/5+ by digg+ a small pit1 #f feet deep bel[ ! tr5*1 & runn+ a bore-hole out #bj feet or m4 ,! enemy is always li/5+ = indications ( ! direction & position ( gall]y heads4 ,"w mu/ !re=e be c>ri$ on ) a m9imum ( noise4 ,%\t+ d[n ! %afts ( gall]ies is absolutely =bidd54 ,:5 ! m9+ op]ations ( ! enemy are detect$ a report %\ld be made at once to ! (fic] 9 *>ge ( t section ( ! tr5*4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,field ,tr5*es ,! next elem5t ( ! def5sive position is ! fir/ l9e fire tr5*es4 ,^! are locat$ s z to h a good field ( fire to ! front = sev]al hundr$ y>ds & s con/ruct$ z to give ! greate/ cov] & protection f ! fire ( ! enemy4 ,an unbrok51 cont9u\s tr5* w\ld be expos$ to enfilade fire4 ,a %ell1 %rapnel or gr5ade bur/+ !re9 w\ld h widespread effect4 ,to ov]come ^! elem5ts ! tr5* is con/ruct$ 9 %ort l5g?s1 ) trav]ses betwe5 !m1 & te*nically kn[n z ! trav]se type4 ,bett] defilade is ?us secur$ & ! mat]ial effect ( any bur/ is conf9$ to n>r[ limits4 ,! tr5* int]val betwe5 ! trav]ses is kn[n z ! 8bay10 :i* %\ld n ord9>ily be long] ?an #ah feet4 ,long] bays invite heavy casualties 9 case ! tr5* is enfilad$ or a high explosive %ell f9ds its m>k4 ,! illu/ration1 ,plate #ad1 %[s a trace ( ! trav]s$ type ( fire tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plan ,,( ,,trav]s$ ,,type ,,( ,,fire ,,tr5* ,,plate #ad4 #a4 ,l5g? ( bay1 #ah feet4 #b4 ,wid? ( trav]se1 #e feet4 #c4 ,l5g? ( trav]se1 #e feet4 #d4 ,ov]lap ( trav]se1 #c feet4 #e4 ,height ( trav]se dep5ds ^u defilade requir$ & practicability ( concealm5t4 ,type ( ,tr5* ,=m]ly1 protection f ! enemy's fire 0 obta9$ by ?ickness ( p>apet4 ,9 ! tr5* w>f>e ( today x is obta9$ by completely conceal+ ! riflem5 9 a deep1 n>r[ tr5* ) a v l[ p>apet4 ,! height ov] :i* ! av]age man c fire is ab\t #e feet or ab\t five-six?s ( 8 own height4 ,?is factor det]m9es ! height ( ! p>apet above ! fir+ banquet ( ! tr5* or ! height ( bottom ( loophole above ! same po9t1 :5 ! latt] is employ$4 ,! type ( tr5* 9 g5]al use today is ! simple /&+ tr5* %[n 9 ,plate #ae4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae4--,simple /&+ tr5*4 #a4 ,wid? at top1 #c feet #d in*es4 #b4 ,wid? at bottom1 ov] all1 #b feet #h in*es4 #c4 ,wid? ( fir+ banquet1 #a foot #d in*es4 #d4 ,height ( p>apet above fir+ banquet1 #e feet4 #e4 ,height ( p>apet above bottom ( tr5*1 #f feet #d in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ae;a4 ,type ( ,,in/ruction ,,fire ,,tr5* ,,at ,,valc>ti] ,,canada ,us$ 9 ! in/ruction ( ,canadian ,troops4 ,dra9age ,if a tr5* is to be occupi$ = any l5g? ( "t1 especially if mu* gr\nd or fall+ wat] is to be enc\nt]$1 dra9age becomes ( prime importance4 ,_m ye>s ago a celebrat$ milit>y au?ority ass]t$ t 8no?+ s saps ! c\rage ( a soldi] z to wet ! seat ( 8 bree*es40 ,?is may be accept$ z a true maxim1 especially 9 cold wea!r4 ,! tr5* %\ld !re=e be made z dry z possible4 ,! floor ( ! tr5* %\ld be giv5 a suffici5t slope to ! re> :]e an int]cept+ dra9 %\ld c>ry ! wat] to prep>$ sumps or to a po9t f :i* x c be dispos$ ( by dra9age4 ,provision %\ld also be made to exclude surface dra9age f ! tr5*es4 ,a s*eme = tr5* dra9age is %[n 9 ! illu/rations 7,plates #af1 #ag & #ah74 ,ov]head cov] may be provid$ z %[n 9 ,plates #ai & #bj4 ,loopholes are made :]ev] head cov] is provid$4 ,:]e ! enemy's tr5*es are close1 !re is consid]able dang] 9 us+ !m4 ,collective fir+ takes place ov] ! p>apet4 ,:5 loopholes are us$ !y %\ld face half-"r or half-left & n directly to ! front4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #af4--,me?od ( dra9+ tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ag4--;,details ( tr5* dra9age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ah4--;,detail ( tr5* dra9age4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai4--,ov]head cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ai;a4--,ov]head cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj4--,ov]head cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bj;a4--,ov]head cov]4 ,! disadvantages ( loopholes are3 #a4 ,! difficulty ( conceal+ fir+ po9ts4 ,loopholes give ! enemy's snip]s an easy m>k4 #b4 ,!y less5 ! numb] ( rifles t c be us$ at a giv5 po9t4 #c4 ,! necess>y head cov] makes x difficult to get out ( ! tr5* quickly4 #d4 ,damag$ head cov] (t5 spoils a good fir+ po9t4 ,! ?ree types ( loopholes are3 #a4 ,n>r[e/ po9t ( ! op5+ ne>e/ ! m>ksman4 ,?is type is mo/ difficult to conceal1 mu* ( ! p>apet ?ickness is cut away &1 if ( h>d mat]ial1 t5ds to deflect ! bullets into ! fir]'s face4 ,?is defect may be rem$i$ some:at by /epp+ ! surface ( ! loophole4 #b4 ,n>r[e/ po9t to ! front4 ,easie/ to conceal b gives a limit$ field ( view4 #c4 ,n>r[e/ po9t midway betwe5 ! front & re>4 ,a compromise betwe5 ! fir/ two types4 ,! foll[+ g5]al rem>ks on ! con/ruction ( loopholes are tak5 f a "w bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce ga9$ dur+ ! w> 9 ,europe3 #a4 ,! angle ( splay is usually #fj degrees4 ,! ?ick] ! p>apet ! small] mu/ be ! angle ( splay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ba4--,types ( loopholes4 #b4 ,! m>ksman holds 8 rifle 9 a l9e connect+ ! "r %\ld]1 ! eye & ! object1 h5ce mo/ ( ! body lies to ! left ( ! rifle4 ,! loophole %\ld be made to ! "r1 ) a ni*e 9 ! wall ( ! p>apet f ! hip to ! armpit1 to br+ ! left %\ld] well =w>d4 ,x w be f\nd t ?is p]mits ! "r elb[ to be plac$ on ! edge ( ! p>apet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bb4--,me?ods ( con/ruct+ loopholes ) s&bags4 #c4 ,box loopholes ) scre5s or bl9dage may be us$1 b %\ld be plac$ by a skill$ m>ksman4 ,! great disadvantage is t ! enemy notes ^! p>apet alt]ations4 ,/eel loophole plates are n[ provid$ = ?is type ( loophole1 ,z ! ,g]mans sometimes use a /eel bullet ) great p5etrat+ p[]1 x is advisable to place two plates toge!r to insure protection4 #d4 ,) e precaution t may be tak5 x is difficult to conceal a loophole4 ,a good plan is to deceive ! enemy by us+ pa9t$ s&bags & prep>+ pl5ty ( dummy loopholes4 #e4 ,! m9imum wid? ( loopholes %\ld be #b-a_/b in*es4 ,if n>r[] ?an ?is1 x is impossible to use bo? eyes to judge di/ances correctly4 #f4 ,! p>apet %\ld be s slop$ t !re is a maximum graz+ fire :5 ! rifle is fir$ z x lies on ! p>apet4 ,to insure t ! bullet w n graze ! p>apet1 al?\gh ! sights are cle>1 look ?r\gh ! b>rel ) ! bolt remov$4 ,sid5ote3 ,communication ,tr5* ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bc4--,type ( communication tr5*4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e fire tr5*es !re are s _m crooks & turns & ! tr5* itself is s n>r[ t passage along ! same is v difficult4 ,to provide = ?is lat]al communication a tr5* kn[n z ! communication or sup]vision tr5* is dug4 ,x runs g5]ally p>allel to & a %ort di/ance 9 re> ( ! fire tr5* & is connect$ !re) by zigzag approa*es4 ,! factor t det]m9es ! di/ance betwe5 ! fire tr5* & ! communication tr5* is t x %\ld be at su* a di/ance t a %ell bur/+ 9 "o ( ! bays w\ld n de/roy ! communication tr5*4 ,! location ( ! communication tr5* ) respect to ! fire tr5* & ! arrangem5ts ( ! approa*es is %[n 9 detail 9 ,plate #a4 ,! pr(ile ( ! ord9>y communication tr5* is %[n 9 ,plate #bc4 ,sid5ote3 ,dug\ts ,dur+ ! artill]y bomb>dm5t few m5 are left 9 ! fire tr5*es4 ,! rema9d] ( ! g>rison is held "u cov] a %ort di/ance to ! re>4 ,?is cov] is provid$ by a sy/em ( dug\ts connect$ ) ! fire tr5* ?r\gh und]gr\nd passageways t lead to ! communication tr5*4 ,?is arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,plate #a4 ,a pr(ile ( ! late/ type ( dug\t is %[n 9 ,plate #bd4 ,! solid e>? cov] is f #ab to #ah feet ?ick1 :i* gives protection f all b ! v l>ge/ calib] %ells4 ,effective resi/ance is suppli$ by ro(+ mat]ials z foll[s3 #a4 ,f %rapnel bullets3 #b-;in* planks cov]$ ) #ab in*es ( e>?4 #b4 ,f #c-;in* %ells3 #d-;in* planks support+ #d feet ( e>? ) a top lay] ( heavy /ones to cause an e>ly %ell bur/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd4--,type ( dug\t4 #c4 ,f h[itz]s ( less ?an #f in*es calib]3 #ab-;in* beams or logs cov]$ ) #h feet ( e>?4 #d4 ,f ! l>ge/ calib] guns3 #ae to #be feet ( e>?4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! p5etration ( ! ,g]man ,s bullet at a range ( #bjj y>ds3 ,in*es ,/eel plate #c_/h ,brok5 /one #f ,brickwork1 cem5t & mort> #i ,brickwork1 lime & mort> #ad ,s&bags #bd ,s&1 loose #cj ,h>dwood1 oak1 etc4 #ch ,e>? #ej ,s(t wood1 popl>1 etc4 #eh ,clay #fj ,dry turf #hj ,9 addition to ! regul> 8dug\ts0 = ! supports1 ! late/ type tr5*es h squad dug\ts j 9 re> ( ! bays ( ! fire tr5*4 ,^! provide %elt] dur+ bomb>dm5t = ! memb]s ( ! squad n actually requir$ on duty 9 ! tr5* bay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bd;a4--,section ( trav]s$ type ( fire tr5* %[+ entrance to squad dug\t4 ,sid5ote3 ,communications ,! fire tr5* is connect$ ) ! cov] = supports by a sy/em ( zigzag tr5*es hav+ ! pr(ile %[n 9 ,plate #bc4 ,! arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,plate #a4 ,sid5ote3 ,tr5* ,mort> ,positions ,some:]e betwe5 ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* & ! cov] = ! supports is a l9e ( emplacem5ts = ! tr5* mort>s4 ,plate #be %[s a pr(ile ( ! emplacem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be4--,pr(ile ( tr5* mort> emplacem5t4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! position is %[n 9 ,plate #a4 ,^! tr5* mort>s are us$ to hurl *>ges ( high explosives v>y+ f #be to #ajj p\nds into ! enemy's l9es4 ,!y h a range ( f #cjj to #a1hjj y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be;a4--,tr5* mort>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #be;b4--,improvis$ catapult4 ,sid5ote3 ,cov] = ,supports ,at a v>iable di/ance to ! re> ( ! fir/ l9e fire tr5* is locat$ ! cov] = supports1 :i* is organiz$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! fir/ l9e sy/em ( tr5*es & af=ds a second position 9 ! sy/em to fall back to 9 case ( necessity4 ,^! tr5*es are provid$ ) ov]head cov] & num]\s dug\ts = ! protection ( ! m54 ,sid5ote3 ,ma*9e ,guns ,at e available place ?r\gh\t ! def5sive position ma*9e guns are locat$1 typical positions ( :i* are %[n 9 ,plate #a4 ,! typical types ( cov] are %[n 9 ,plates #bf & #bg4 ,ma*9e guns are a v pot5t factor 9 tr5* w>f>e4 ,!y are n[ be+ employ$ to a f> great] ext5t ?an ev] be=e1 & ! numb] is increas+ on all ! battle fronts z fa/ z !y c be manufactur$4 ,! ma*9e-gun positions are c>efully conceal$ f ! enemy1 & fire is n op5$ until x is c]ta9 t x w be effective4 ,! selection ( ! sites = ! emplacem5ts %\ld be made ) a view to br++ a p[]ful enfilade or oblique fire on ! attack+ enemy at effective range1 to provide a flank+ fire = support+ troops1 & to sweep gaps 9 ! l9e ( ob/acles4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,_w's ,"w4 ,,plate #bf4--,pr(ile ( type ( cov] = ma*9e gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg4--,type ( cov] = ma*9e guns4 ,_! fire %\ld come z a surprise to ! attack+ p>ty4 ,9 ! con/ruction ( cov] = ma*9e guns ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be obs]v$3 #a4 ,!y mu/ h a plat=m = ! gun & gunn]4 ,?is may be provid$ = 9 ! con/ruction ( ! emplacem5t or built up ) s&bags4 ,! plat=m %\ld be #c feet wide & #f-a_/b feet 9 l5g?4 #b4 ,if head cov] is provid$1 x %\ld n diff] 9 appe>ance f t con/ruct$ else:]e 9 ! tr5*es4 ,! loopholes mu/ be bl9d$ ) gunny sacks4 #c4 ,! front ( ! emplacem5t %\ld be cut "u to receive ! leg ( ! tripod1 ?us br++ ! gun up clos] to ! p>apet & furni%+ m cov] = ! gunn]4 #d4 ,spl9t]-pro( %elt]s %\ld be provid$ ne> at h& = ! memb]s ( ! gun deta*m5t4 #e4 ,:]e ! enemy's tr5*es are ne>1 ! position = ! emplacem5t %\ld be select$ by day & ! actual "w done "u cov] ( d>kness4 #f4 ,! guns %\ld be locat$ s t !y support ea* o!r by _! fire4 ,alt]nate positions %\ld be con/ruct$4 #g4 ,:5 locat$ to enfilade /raight l9es ( tr5*es1 special capioni]s %\ld be con/ruct$4 ,sid5ote3 ,support+ ,po9ts ,at int]vals f #hjj to #a1ejj y>ds along ! fir/ l9e1 support+ po9ts are e/abli%$4 ,!y may consi/ ( a =tifi$ village or a specially prep>$ position hav+ a 8labyr9?0 ( tr5*es & r5d]$ well nigh impregnable to infantry assault by e def5sive device kn[n to mod]n w>f>e4 ,!y are design$ to br+ a flank+ fire to be> ^u ! int]v5+ int]vals ) ! idea t troops _c pass beyond !m until !y are r$uc$4 ,sid5ote3 ,village ,def5se ,! foll[+ 0 ! actual s*eme employ$ = ! def5se ( a ,fr5* village1 & exemplifies ! ?or\ghness ) :i* def5ses mu/ be organiz$4 ,! village 0 ab\t #gjj y>ds 9 re> ( ! front l9e1 & _h ?ree keeps surr\nd$ ) wire entanglem5ts & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r1 b ) an elaborate sy/em ( communication tr5*es4 ,wat] & f\r days' rations 7 /or$ 9 ea* keep1 & wells dug4 ,ea* ( ! keeps held ab\t "o company4 ,! communication tr5*es 7 ab\t #f feet deep1 us$ z f> z possible z fire tr5*es1 & well trav]s$4 ,fir+ plat=ms 7 revett$ ) bru%wood1 & %elt]s made all ov] ! village4 ,9 addition to keeps1 a s]ies ( l9es exi/$ 9 ! re> ( ! front l9e1 int]communicat+ & provid$ ) b>b$ wire4 ,a small wood on "o po9t ( ! front 0 def5d$ by a network ( l[ wire entanglem5ts & a l9e ( high wire nett+4 ,e (fic] _h to "k all ab\t 8 section & its communications ) "r & left4 ,telephone wires 7 laid l[ d[n 9 communication tr5*es & fa/5$ a few in*es f gr\nd ) wood5 pickets4 ,ma*9e guns 7 plac$ s z to flank sali5ts4 ,a #fe-mm4 field gun 0 plac$ 9 ! front l9e to sweep ! village1 & an obs]vation /ation plac$ 9 a tree4 ,! obs]v] wore a gre5 mask & gre5 %eet4 ,great use 0 made ( bru%wood & und]gr[? to revet /eps ( fir+ plat=m4 ,all "w 0 c>ri$ out by regim5tal (fic]s & m5 )\t help f ! eng9e]s1 :o 7 fully employ$ 9 m9+4 ,! g>rison ( ! village & ! front l9e tr5*es 9 ! vic9ity 0 ab\t "o battalion1 b ! fire tr5*es 7 suffici5t = ?ree battalions4 ,,*apt] ,v#a #a3 ,?is *apt] repr9t$ f ,infantry ,j\rnal4 ,use & ,improvem5t ( ,natural ,cov] ,a scre5 or mask consi/s ( h$ges1 crops1 und]bru%1 etc41 :i* hide ! rifleman )\t1 h[ev]1 protect+ him f fire4 ,cov] or %elt] consi/s ( walls1 e>?works1 etc41 :i* protect ! rifleman f fire4 ,on ! battlefield1 natural features t scre5 & %elt] %\ld be utiliz$ z mu* z possible1 z !y possess ! foll[+ advantages ov] artificial works3 7a7 ,_! organization dem&s less "w4 7b7 ,concealm5t is easi]4 7c7 ,f _! nature1 x is difficult = ! enemy to e/imate1 = a giv5 l5g?1 ! numb] ( m5 %elt]$4 ,!y possess1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 disadvantages3 7a7 ,! protection is sometimes s excell5t t1 morally z well z mat]ially1 x becomes difficult to leave ! %elt]4 ,example3 qu>ries ) ob/ruct$ exits4 ,!re=e1 good judgm5t mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 ! selection4 7b7 ,"s ( !m are too visible4 ,example3 l>ge h$ges4 ,9 ?is case _! range c be easily f\nd4 ,z a g5]al rule1 d n occupy !m uni=mly & d n *ange ! appe>ance ( ! organiz$ p>ts4 ,organization ( ! cov]3 ,to organize ! cov] :i* protects troops f fire1 con/ruct suitable positions = fir+ & re/+4 ,to utilize ! scre5s :i* m]ely hide ! troops )\t protect+ !m f fire1 dig tr5*es beh9d ^! scre5s 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 7a7 ,*oose ! po9ts :i* give ! be/ field ( fire4 7b7 ,con/ruct cov] = fir+4 7c7 ,con/ruct a %elt]4 ,! con/ructions are usually 8individual0 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( "w2 aft]w>ds1 !y are organiz$ 8collectively40 ,! cov]s are3 7#a7 = riflem5 ly+ d[n1 7#b7 = riflem5 sitt+ d[n1 & 7#c7 = riflem5 /&+ up4 ,individual ,organization ( ,natural ,cov] ,examples ( ha/y individual cov] beh9d trees1 bu%es1 or bran*es3 7a7 ,fall5 tree 7logs or bran*es71 ! height ( :i* is at a maximum ( #a foot above ! gr\nd3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;a4--,use ( ! cov] )\t improvem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;b4--,fir/ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;c4--,second p]iod4 ,progressive improvem5t ( ! cov]4 7b7 ,fall5 tree1 ! top ( :i* is m ?an #a foot above ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;d4--,fir/ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;e4--,second p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;f4--,?ird p]iod4 ,wood :i* does n af=d suffici5t protection aga9/ bullets mu/ be re9=c$ by e>? at ! "r & aga9/ ! cov] #a foot beh9d4 ,plates #bg;d1 #bg;e1 & #bg;f %[ ! progressive improvem5t ( ! cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;g4--,%>p ridges1 furr[s1 or top ( a cre/ at ! end ( a g5tle slope4 ,examples ( ha/y individual cov]s beh9d a furr[1 a cre/1 a heap ( s& or e>?3 ,dig ! gr\nd z ne> z possible to cre/ ,a ( ! furr[ 9 ! mann] indicat$ = ! cov] in/all$ beh9d a fall5 tree m ?an #a foot high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;h4--,n>r[ furr[s4 ,use ! e>? excavat$ betwe5 furr[s ,a & ,b to build up ! e>? betwe5 furr[s ,b & ,c & fill up furr[ ,c2 cont9ue aft]w>ds z = ! %>p ridge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;i4--,l[ wall ( e>?1 or e>? & s& heaps1 m ?an #b feet high 7two me?ods1 ,a or ,b74 7,a7 ,l[] ! height ab\t #h in*es2 ?r[ ! e>? =w>d4 ,dig a tr5* z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 7,b7 ,make a loophole 9 ! pile ( e>?1 %[+ oneself z little z possible4 ,improve ! fir+ position by mak+ a place = ! "r leg & an elb[ re/4 ,examples ( ha/y %elt]s 7individual7 arrang$ beh9d a l>ge /one or heap ( /ones3 ,a heap ( /ones1 ! top ( :i* is #a foot at a maximum above ! gr\nd3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bg;j4--,fir/ p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgk4--,second p]iod4 ,g5]al ,organization ( ,natural ,cov] ,?is consi/s 9 connect+ up & coord9at+ ! individual "w "u ! direction ( ! squad comm&]4 ,! "w %\ld be c>ri$ out on ! l9es adopt$ = ! individual "w2 & ! rules prescrib$ = ! con/ruction ( artificial cov] 7pr(iles1 dep?s1 v>i\s %elt]s7 %\ld be foll[$ z f> z possible4 ,9 arrang+ ! cov]1 ! squads %\ld utilize ! natural features ( ! t]ra94 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgl4--,arrangem5t = a m\nd ( e>?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgm4--,arrangem5t = a dry dit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgn4--,arrangem5t = a sunk5 road def5d$ on ! side t[>ds ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgo4--,arrangem5t = a sunk5 road def5d$ f ! re>4 ,dit*es full ( wat]1 dra9s1 /reams3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgp4--,arrangem5t ( a l>ge dit*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgq4--,arrangem5t ( a dit* full ( wat]4 ,ord9>y roads1 road & railroad embankm5ts1 & sunk5 roads3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgr4--,arrangem5t ( an ord9>y road def5d$ on ! side t[>d ! enemy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgs4--,same def5d$ f ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgt4--,road embankm5t1 def5d$ f ! re>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgu4--,arrangem5t ( a railroad embankm5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgv4--,arrangem5t ( a sunk5 road4 ,h$ges & woods3 ,dig a tr5* beh9d ! h$ge & ?r[ ! e>? aga9/ x2 make op5+s 9 ! h$ge to facilitate view & fire 7,plate #bgw74 ,if ! h$ge is l[1 deep5 ! tr5*1 b make ! p>apet l[] ?an ! h$ge :i* masks x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgw4--,arrangem5t ( a h$ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgx4--,arrangem5t ( ! edge ( a wood4 ,avoid de/roy+ ! natural appe>ance ( ! wood2 d n cut ! trees & bru% on a c]ta9 dep?1 b cut (f bran*es :]e necess>y to obta9 a field ( fire4 ,beh9d ?is /rip cut ! bru% & small trees s z to make a pa? #c to #d y>ds wide4 ,con/ruct a tr5* beh9d ! mask ( trees4 ,! p>apet c be rais$ up to #b or ev5 #c feet4 ,con/ruct abatis on ! p>ts ( ! bord] ( ! wood1 :]e x w n int]f]e ) ! fire4 ,walls3 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgy4--,arrangem5t ( a wall #b feet #h in*es high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bgz4--,arrangem5t ( a wall #h feet high4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh4--;,arrangem5t ( a wall m ?an #h feet high )\t mak+ loopholes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bh;a4--,arrangem5t ( an iron f5ce built on a l[ wall4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,revetm5ts ,a revetm5t is a cov]+ or fac+ plac$ ^u an e>? slope to enable x to /& at an incl9ation great] ?an x w\ld naturally assume4 ,"s revetm5ts also increase ! t5acity ( slopes & dim9i% ! injury by fire4 ,! upp] p>ts ( revetm5ts t may be /ruck by projectiles :i* p5etrate ! cov] ( e>? mu/ n be made ( mat]ials ( l>ge units :i* w spl9t] :5 /ruck4 ,! upp] "p ( ! revetm5ts is te*nically kn[n z cr[n+4 ,sid5ote3 ,s&bags ,s&bags are made ( co>se canvas or burlap4 ,!y are #cc in*es long & #ad in*es wide4 ,!y are fill$ loosely ) e>? or s& ab\t #a_/b cubic foot to a bag4 ,hav+ be5 plac$ 9 position !y are p\nd$ d[n ) a %ovel to a rectangul> =m :5 !y w fill a space ab\t #bj by #ac by #e in*es4 ,! s&bag revetm5t is con/ruct$ by lay+ alt]nate r[s ( head]s & /ret*]s1 break+ jo9ts4 ,! ti$ ends ( ! head]s & seams ( ! /ret*]s are put into ! p>apet4 ,m5 work+ 9 pairs lay ! bags & set !m firmly 9 place ) a spade or mallet4 ,! advantages are3 #a4 ,! portability ( ! empty bags4 ,only #fb p\nds p] "o hundr$ bags4 #b4 ,!y may be fill$ ) any k9d ( soil4 #c4 ,!y are rapidly fill$ & easily plac$ 9 position4 #d4 ,!y are invaluable 9 mak+ repairs4 #e4 ,!y w n spl9t]4 ,! only disadvantage is t !y are n durable4 ,! clo? soon goes to decay & ! fill+ mat]ial crumbles away4 ,plate #bi %[s ! appe>ance ( a s&bag revetm5t z se5 f ! front & f ! end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi4--,s&bag revetm5t4 ,a squad ( six m5 ) two %ovels & "o pick %\ld fill #aej bags 9 an h\r4 ,"o man uses ! pick1 two %ovel ! dirt into ! bag1 "o holds ! bag op5 & two m5 tie ! bags4 ,hav+ ! fill$ bags ready to h& t5 m5 w lay #ge squ>e feet ( revetm5t 9 an h\r4 ,f\r m5 lay ! bags & flatt5 !m out :ile six c>ry !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,bru% ,bru% is us$ 9 _m =ms = revett+4 ,almo/ any k9d w s]ve ! purpose4 ,= weav+1 x mu/ be live & is mo/ pliable :5 n 9 leaf4 ,x %\ld n be m ?an #a in* 9 diamet] at ! butt4 ,:5 cut x %\ld be assort$ 9 sizes = ! diff]5t class ( revetm5ts4 ,poles #b-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] are cut = ! supports4 ,sid5ote3 ,fasc9es ,a fasc9e is a cyl9drical bundle ( bru%wood tightly b\nd4 ,! usual l5g? is #ah feet1 ! diamet] #i in*es1 & ! weight normally ab\t #adj p\nds4 ,l5g?s ( #f & #i feet1 :i* are sometimes us$1 are mo/ conv5i5tly obta9$ by saw+ a /&>d fasc9e into two or ?ree pieces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #bi;a4--,fasc9e4 ,fasc9es are made 9 a cradle :i* consi/s ( five tre/les1 ! out] ones be+ #af feet ap>t4 ,! tre/le is made by driv+ two /icks ab\t #f-a_/b feet long & #c in*es 9 diamet] 9 ! gr\nd & la%$ at ! int]section z %[n 9 ,plate #bi;a4 ,9 mak+ ! cradle1 plant ! two end tre/les fir/4 ,/ret* a l9e f "o to ! o!r ov] ! int]section4 ,place ! o!rs #d feet ap>t & la% !m s t ea* int]section comes fairly to ! l9e4 ,to build a fasc9e1 /raight pieces ( bru%1 #a or #b in*es at ! butt1 are laid on1 ! butts project+ at ! end #a foot beyond ! tre/le4 ,leaves %\ld be /ripp$ & unruly bran*es cut (f1 or p>tially cut ?r\gh1 s t !y w lie close4 ,! l>g]1 /raight] bru% %\ld be laid on ! outside1 butts alt]nat+ 9 direction1 & small] /uff 9 ! c5t]4 ,! g5]al object is to s dispose ! bru% z to make ! fasc9e ( uni=m size1 /r5g?1 & /iffness f end to end4 ,:5 ! cradle is ne>ly fill$1 ! fasc9e is compress$ or *ok$ by ! fasc9e *ok] 7,plate #cj71 :i* consi/s ( two b>s1 #d feet long1 jo9$ #ah in*es f ! ends by a *a9 #d feet long4 ,! *a9 is m>k$ at #ad in*es ea* way f ! middle by ins]t+ a r+ or special l9k4 ,to use1 two m5 /&+ on opposite sides pass ! *a9 "u ! bru%1 place ! %ort ends ( ! h&les on top & pass ! b>s1 %ort end fir/1 across to ea* o!r4 ,!y !n be> d[n on ! long ends until ! m>ks on ! *a9 come toge!r4 ,*ok]s may be improvis$ f /icks & rope or wire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cj4--,me?od ( us+ ! fasc9e *ok]4 ,b9d+ w be done ) a d\ble turn ( wire or t>r$ rope4 ,x %\ld be done 9 twelve places #ah in*es ap>t1 ! end b9d]s #c in*es outside ! end tre/les4 ,to b9d a fasc9e w require #ff feet ( wire4 ,improvis$ b9d]s may be made f rods ( live bru%2 hickory or hazel is ! be/4 ,place ! butt "u ! foot & twi/ ! rod to p>tially sep>ate ! fib]s & make x flexible4 ,a rod s prep>$ is call$ a )e4 ,to use a )e1 make a half-turn & twi/ at ! small] end4 ,pass ! )e ar\nd ! bru% & ! l>ge end ?r\gh ! eye4 ,draw taut & d\ble ! l>ge end back1 tak+ two half-hit*es ov] its own /&+ "p4 ,a fasc9e revetm5t is made by plac+ ! fasc9es z %[n 9 ,plate #ca4 ,! use ( head]s & an*ors is absolutely necess>y 9 loose soils only1 b !y greatly /r5g!n ! revetm5t 9 any case4 ,a fasc9e revetm5t mu/ always be cr[n$ ) sod or bags4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ca4--;,fasc9e revetm5t4 ,9 all bru% weav+ ! foll[+ t]ms h be5 adopt$ & are conv5i5t to use3 ,r&+4--,weav+ a s+le rod 9 & out betwe5 pickets4 ,slew+4--,weav+ two or m rods toge!r 9 ! same way4 ,pair+4--,c>ry+ two rods toge!r1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 & out at ea* picket4 ,wattl+4--,a g5]al t]m appli$ to ! wov5 "p ( bru% con/ruction4 ,a hurdle is a basket "w made ( bru%wood4 ,if made 9 pieces ! usual size is #b feet #i in*es by #f feet1 ?\gh ! wid? may be v>i$ s t x w cov] ! desir$ height ( slope4 ,a hurdle is made by describ+ on ! gr\nd an arc ( a circle ( #h-;foot radius & on ! arc driv+ t5 pickets1 #h in*es ap>t1 cov]+ #f feet out to out4 ,bru% is !n wov5 9 & out & well compact$4 ,! concave side ( a hurdle %\ld be plac$ next ! e>?4 ,x w>ps less ?an if made flat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cb4--,me?od ( lay+ out hurdle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cc4--;,hurdle4 ,9 weav+ ! hurdle1 beg9 r&+ at ! middle space at ! bottom4 ,rea*+ ! end1 twi/ ! rod z describ$ = a )e b at "o po9t only1 b5d x ar\nd ! end picket & "w back4 ,/>t a second rod be=e ! fir/ "o is q out1 slew+ ! two = a %ort di/ance4 ,hamm] ! wattl+ d[n snug on ! pickets ) a block ( wood & cont9ue until ! top is rea*$4 ,x improves ! hurdle to f9i% ! edges ) two select$ rods pair$4 ,a pair+ may be introduc$ 9 ! middle1 if desir$1 to give ! hurdle extra endurance if x is to be us$ z a pavem5t or floor4 ,if ! hurdle is n to be us$ at once1 or if x is to be transport$1 x mu/ be sew$4 ,! sew+ is done ) wire1 tw9e or )es at ea* end & 9 ! middle1 ) /it*es ab\t #f in*es long1 z %[n 9 ,plate #cc4 ,ab\t #dj feet ( wire is requir$ to sew "o hurdle4 ,no4 #ad is ab\t ! "r size1 & a coil ( #ajj p\nds w sew =ty hurdles4 ,?ree m5 %\ld make a hurdle 9 two h\rs1 two wattl+ & ! ?ird prep>+ ! rods4 ,cont9u\s ,hurdle4--,if conditions p]mit ! revetm5t to be built 9 place1 ! hurdle is made cont9u\s = consid]able l5g?s4 ,! pickets may be l>g]2 !y are driv5 fur!r ap>t1 #ab or #ah in*es1 & ! bru% may be heavi]4 ,! con/ruction is m rapid4 ,! pickets are driv5 ) a little m slant ?an is int5d$ & mu/ be an*or$ to ! p>apet4 ,a l9e ( poles1 ) wire atta*$ at int]vals ( two or ?ree pickets1 w answ]4 ,! wires %\ld be made fa/ to ! pickets aft] ! wattl+ is done4 ,!y w int]f]e ) ! weav+ if fa/5$ soon]4 ,two m5 %\ld make #d y>ds ( cont9u\s hurdl+ ( ord9>y height 9 "o h\r4 ,bru% ,revetm5t4--,pickets may be set z above describ$ & ! bru% laid inside !m )\t weav+1 be+ held 9 place by br++ ! e>? up ) x4 ,9 ?is case ! an*ors mu/ be fa/5$ be=e ! bru% lay+ beg9s4 ,! wires are n mu* 9 ! way 9 ?is op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cd4--;,gabion4 ,gabion ,mak+4--,a gabion is a cyl9drical basket ) op5 ends1 made ( bru% wov5 on pickets or /akes z describ$ = hurdles4 ,! usual size is #b feet outside diamet] & #b feet #i in*es height ( wattl+4 ,on acc\nt ( ! %>p curvature some:at bett] bru% is requir$ = gabions ?an w d = hurdles4 ,! gabion =m is made ( wood1 #ba in*es diamet]1 ) equidi/ant not*es ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1 equal 9 numb] to ! numb] ( pickets to be us$1 usually eight to f\rte52 less if ! bru% is l>ge & /iff1 m if small & pliable4 ,! not*es %\ld be ( su* dep? t ! pickets w project to #a in* outside ! circle4 ,! pickets %\ld be #a-a_/b to #b in*es 9 diamet]1 #c feet #f in*es long1 %>p5$1 half at ! small & half at ! l>ge end4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ce4 ,to ,make a ,gabion4--,! =m is plac$ on ! gr\nd4 ,! pickets are driv5 v]tically 9 ! gr\nd1 l>ge & small ends d[n1 alt]nately4 ,! =m is !n rais$ a foot & held by plac+ a la%+ ar\nd outside ! pickets1 tight5$ ) a rack /ick4 7,see ,plate #cf47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cf4--;,=m+ ! gabion supports4 ,! wattl+ is r&$ or slew$ f ! =m up4 ,! =m is !n dropp$ d[n1 ! gabion inv]t$1 & ! wattl+ complet$4 ,if ! bru% is small1 uni=m1 & pliable1 pair+ w make a bett] wattl+ ?an r&+4 ,if n = imm$iate use1 ! gabion mu/ be sew$ z describ$ = hurdles1 ! same quantity ( wire be+ requir$4 ,! gabion1 :5 wattl$ & sew$1 is complet$ by cutt+ (f ! tops ( ! pickets1 #a in* f ! web1 ! bottom #c in*es4 ,! latt] are %>p5$ aft] cutt+ & driv+ a pair+ picket ?r\gh ! middle ( its l5g? & a little to "o side ( ! axis4 ,?ree m5 %\ld make a gabion 9 an h\r4 ,gabions may be made )\t ! =ms1 b ! "w is sl[] & n s good4 ,! circle is /ruck on ! gr\nd & ! pickets driv5 at ! prop] po9ts4 ,! weav+ is done f ! gr\nd up4 ,! entire "t ( "o man is requir$ to keep ! pickets 9 _! prop] positions4 ,if bru% is sc>ce1 gabions may be made ) #f in*es ( wattl+ at ea* end1 ! middle be+ left op54 ,9 fill+1 ! op5 p>ts may be l9$ ) /raw1 grass1 bru%1 or gra9 sacks to keep ! e>? f runn+ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #cg4--,me?ods ( use ( gabion4 ,gabion ,revetm5t4--,! use ( gabions 9 revetm5t is illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #cg4 ,if m ?an two ti]s are us$1 ! sep>at+ fasc9es %\ld be an*or$ back4 ,gabion revetm5t %\ld be cr[n$ ) sod or s&bag4 ,! advantages ( gabion revetm5t are v great4 ,x c be put 9 place )\t extra labor1 fa/] & ) less exposure ?an any o!r4 ,x is self-support+ & gives cov] f view & p>tial cov] f fire quick] ?an any o!r =m4 ,sev]al =ms ( gabions made ( mat]ial o!r ?an bru% h be5 us$4 ,"s ( !m are %eet iron1 empty b>rels & hoops4 ,! disadvantages ( iron are t x spl9t]s badly1 is heavy1 & has n giv5 satisfaction4 ,if any special mat]ials are suppli$1 ! me?ods ( us+ !m w1 9 view ( ! =ego+ explanation1 be obvi\s4 ,timb] or ,pole ,revetm5t4--,poles too l>ge = use 9 any o!r way may be cut to l5g? & /ood on end to =m a revetm5t4 ,! l[] end %\ld be 9 a small tr5* & h a wal+ piece 9 front ( !m4 ,!re mu/ also be a wal+ piece or cap at or ne> ! top1 an*or$ back4 ,plate #ch %[s ?is =m4 ,miscellane\s ,revetm5ts4--,any receptacles = e>? :i* w make a /able1 compact pile1 su* z boxes1 baskets1 cans1 etc41 may be us$ = a revetm5t4 ,canvas or burlap /ret*$ beh9d pickets is be+ us$ to a great ext5t on ! battle fronts ( ,europe4 ,if ! soil w make adobe1 an excell5t revetm5t may be made ( !m1 b x w n /& wet wea!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ch4--,timb] revetm5t4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,work+ ,p>ties ,! infantryman w always be call$ ^u to con/ruct ! tr5* :i* he is to occupy4 ,ea* company is provid$ ) portable tools1 :i* ! m5 c>ry1 & ea* infantry regim5t is provid$ ) tools = ! purpose4 ,! digg+ tools consi/ ( picks & %ovels4 ,:5 x has be5 decid$ to locate fire tr5*es along a c]ta9 l9e (fic]s w lay out ! cutt+ l9es & m>k !m ) tape or o!rwise4 ,a company w be assign$ = ! con/ruction ( a def9ite section ( ! tr5*4 ,let u "w out ! proc$ure1 assum+ t ! "w may g on unmole/$ by ! enemy4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is n usually ! case4 ,! enemy w d any?+ 9 8 p[] to prev5t con/ruction "w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we are famili> ) ! details ( ! "w & "k h[ to g ab\t x 9 an ord]ly & sy/ematic mann] "u conditions ( non9t]f]5ce by ! enemy1 we w be able to c>ry out ^! details ( organization & proc$ure "u m or less try+ conditions :5 ! "t comes4 ,(fic]s h e/abli%$ ! trace ( ! tr5* & m>k$ ! cutt+ l9es4 ,x is ! ord9>y trav]s$ type1 #ah feet bays ) trav]ses #e feet wide & #e feet deep1 z %[n 9 ,plate #ad4 ,! company is compos$ (1 say twelve squads organiz$ into ?ree platoons ( f\r squads ea*4 ,six bays ( ! tr5* h be5 assign$ to ! organization = con/ruction4 ,?is gives a task to ea* platoon ( two bays1 includ+ "o complete trav]se & a half trav]se on ea* flank4 ,tools h be5 issu$ to ! fir/ & ?ird squads ( ea* platoon1 ! front rank m5 c>ry+ picks & ! re> rank m5 %ovels4 ,! company is m>*$ 9 column ( squads to ! site ( ! tr5*1 approa*+ x f ! re>1 & halt$ ) ! head ( ! column fifte5 paces 9 re> ( & opposite ! "r ( ! section assign$2 t is1 9 re> ( ! fir/ bay ( ! section4 ,! second platoon is !n conduct$ by ! platoon comm&] & halt$ ) its head opposite ! ?ird bay4 ,! ?ird platoon is 9 l mann] conduct$ to ! re> ( ! fif? bay4 ,ea* platoon comm&] !n has ! two re> squads ( 8 platoon1 conduct$ to a po9t beh9d ! bay on 8 left1 i4 e41 ! second1 f\r? & six? respectively4 ,?is all[s two squads = ! "w 9 ea* bay1 ! lead+ squad furni%+ ! fir/ relief & ! re> squad ! second4 ,! lead+ squad ( ea* column is !n m>*$ to a po9t two paces 9 re> ( ! re> cutt+ l9e ( ! tr5*1 :]e !y take (f _! packs & lay _! rifles on !m4 ,! corporal & 8 re> rank man fall out4 ,! corporal assigns tasks1 numb] ones to ! fir/ #b-y>d section1 numb] twos to ! second & numb] ?rees ! ?ird4 ,! tasks are %[n 9 ,plate #ci4 ,! corporal sup]9t5ds ! "w4 ,numb] #d re> rank m>ks out ! cutt+ l9es ) 8 %ovel ar\nd ! trav]ses & />ts "w on !m4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t ! be/ me?od ( divid+ up ! "w is to gr\p ! m5 9 pairs1 "o man ) a pick & "o ) a %ovel & to prescribe t !y relieve ea* o!r4 ,! lead+ squads assign$ to ea* bay "w at top spe$ = #cj m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ! tw5ty-eigh? m9ute ! corporal ( ! re> squad br+s 8 m5 up & deploys !m4 ,at a signal f ! platoon comm&] ! m5 ( ! fir/ & ?ird squads drop _! tools1 get out ( ! tr5*1 & proce$ to ! re>1 :]e !y re/4 ,! m5 ( ! second & f\r? squads jump into ! tr5* & take up ! task4 ,at ! end ( ano!r #cj m9utes ?is proc$ure is aga9 c>ri$ out4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #ci4 ,,organization ,,( ,a ,,work+ ,,p>ty ,?is s*eme ( assign+ tasks & proc$ure 0 giv5 an exhau/ive te/ 9 #aiae 9 ! c\rse ( te/+ out v>i\s types ( intr5*+ tools4 ,x work$ to p]fection4 ,! bays are fir/ complet$1 aft] :i* ! trav]ses begun by ,no4 #d re> rank are f9i%$ up4 ,great c>e %\ld be tak5 to make ! dim5sions ( ! tr5* z accurate z possible4 ,! squad lead] is held responsible = ?is4 ,he %\ld provide himself ) two /icks4 ,on "o ! foll[+ l5g?s are laid (f3 #a foot1 wid? ( b]ms1 & height ( p>apet2 #a foot #d in*es1 wid? ( fir+ banquet1 height ( fir+ banquet above bottom ( tr5*1 & wid? ( bottom ( tr5*4 ,! o!r /ick has ! foll[+ l5g?s measur$ on x3 #d feet1 dep? ( tr5* f gr\nd surface to ! top ( fir+ banquet2 #e feet #d in*es1 dep? ( tr5* f gr\nd surface to bottom ( tr5*4 7,see ,plate #ae = dim5sions ( /&+ tr5*47 ,:5 ! circum/ances are su* t ! "w ( tr5* con/ruction is int]f]$ ) by ! enemy1 a modification ( ! sy/em outl9$ "h w h to be made1 b ! details %\ld be adh]$ to z closely z possible4 ,:5 night "w is necess>y ! trace %\ld be /ak$ out be=e complete d>kness sets 94 ,if ! trace c only be made aft] d>k1 visible ref]5ce po9ts ne$$ ) :ite pap]1 :ite tape or scre5$ fla%lights may be utiliz$4 ,/ick to ! details ( ! deploym5t1 ! lay+ out ( tasks & ! proc$ure z indicat$ = day "w z closely z possible4 ,avoid mak+ any m noise ?an is absolutely necess>y2 all[ no smok+ & require su* conv]sation z is necess>y to be made 9 :isp]s4 ,protect ! work]s by a sy/em ( patrols to ! front4 ,noncommission$ (fic]s are held responsible = a sy/ematic & ord]ly execution ( ! "w be+ p]=m$ by _! units4 ,! capta9 _c be ev]y:]e along ! l9e4 ,he has to dep5d ^u ! platoon & squad lead]s 9 ! "w4 ,t is :y y %\ld /udy x & "k ab\t x s z to be able to make good :5 ! "t comes4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,gr5ade ,w>f>e ,! use ( h& gr5ades z an implem5t ( w>f>e dates back _m c5turies4 ,hi/ory records _! use z f> back z #aecf4 ,up to ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury soldi]s 7 tra9$ 9 ! ?r[+ ( h& gr5ades1 & = ?is reason 7 call$ 8gr5adi]s40 ,at fir/ !re 7 a few 9 ea* regim5t1 lat] entire companies 7 =m$1 & f9ally ea* infantry unit t corresponds to our battalion ( today _h its own gr5adi] unit4 ,!n !re 0 a p]iod ( "t :5 m op5 =mations 7 adopt$1 :5 !re 0 less opportunity = ! employm5t ( gr5ades & _! use 0 practically elim9at$ f ! battlefield & conf9$ to sieges1 :]e !y h be5 us$ m or less s9ce ! dawn ( milit>y hi/ory4 ,) ! adv5t ( ! ,russo-,japanese ,w> came ! ext5sive use ( tr5*es on ! battlefield1 & ) ! tr5*es came ! h& gr5ades :i* 7 us$ 9 l>ge quantities by bo? sides4 ,?is 0 especially ! case :5 ! fight+ l9es came to close qu>t]s & 9 ! assaults aga9/ ! =ts at ,port ,ar?ur4 ,:5 ! ,european w> resolv$ itself into tr5* w>f>e1 su* z x is today1 ! use ( h&-?r[n projectiles assum$ an importance h]et(ore nev] atta9$1 & today we f9d ourselves employ+ h& gr5ades 9 e phase ( ! conflict4 ,employm5t ( ,gr5adi]s ,gr5adi]s are employ$ on bo? ! (f5sive & def5sive4 ,!y accompany ! attack+ l9es 9 ! advance on ! enemy's positions1 !y cle> ! fire tr5*es & communication tr5*es aft] p>ts ( ! enemy's l9es h be5 tak51 & on ! def5se !y assi/ ! riflem5 9 repell+ attack & engage ! enemy :5ev] he has obta9$ a lodgm5t 9 ! tr5*es4 ,sid5ote3 ,organization ,:ile e infantryman receives a c]ta9 am\nt ( in/ruction 9 gr5ade ?r[+1 !re %\ld be a gr5adi] squad 9 ea* platoon specially in/ruct$ & tra9$ 9 ?is mo/ effective auxili>y me?od ( tr5* w>f>e4 ,n all m5 possess ! temp]am5t & qualifications necess>y to make effici5t gr5adi]s4 ,h5ce ! p]sonnel ( ! gr5adi] squad %\ld be c>efully select$4 ,/rong physique1 p]sonal c\rage & /ead9ess 9 em]g5cies are ! qualifications t c\nt4 ,m5 fond ( outdoor sports1 o!r ?+s be+ equal1 w be f\nd ! be/4 ,! gr5adi] squad is organiz$ z foll[s3 ,front ,rank4 ,no4 #a4 ,fir/ bayonet man4 ,no4 #b4 ,second bayonet man4 ,no4 #c4 ,gr5ade ?r[]4 ,no4 #d4 ,squad lead]1 obs]v] & director4 ,re> ,rank4 ,no4 #a4 ,fir/ c>ri]4 ,no4 #b4 ,second c>ri]4 ,no4 #c4 ,b>ricad]4 ,no4 #d4 ,b>ricad]4 ,sid5ote3 ,duties ,! duties ( ! sev]al memb]s ( ! squad v>y "u diff]5t circum/ances ( _! tactical employm5t :i* w be fully expla9$ bel[4 ,9 g5]al !y are z foll[s3 ,bayonet ,m54--,! bayonet m5 move 9 advance ( ! gr5ade ?r[]s4 ,:5 ! gr5ade ?r[] has ?r[n 8 gr5ades into ! objective tr5* ! bayonet m5 mu/ be ready to take in/ant advantage ( ! tempor>y demoralization ( ! enemy caus$ by ! explosions & cle> ! way = a repetition ( ! op]ation4 ,gr5ade ,?r[]4--,! gr5ade ?r[] mu/ be ready & able to ?r[ a gr5ade at once :5ev] ! bayonet m5 or squad lead] may direct4 ,squad ,lead]4--,! squad lead] directs ! op]ations ( ! squad4 ,he goes :]ev] 8 pres5ce is necess>y4 ,he keeps a close wat* to ! flanks4 ,he replaces casualties & att5ds to ! =w>d+ ( gr5ades to ! ?r[]4 ,he acts z a gr5ade ?r[] :5ev] he c assi/ ! op]ations 9 t capacity4 ,c>ri]s4--,! c>ri]s c>ry z _m gr5ades z possible1 & :5 _! supply is exhau/$ !y g to ! res]ve depots & repl5i%4 ,!y are responsible = a cont9u\s supply ( gr5ades to ! ?r[]s4 ,b>ricad]s4--,! b>ricad]s are *>g$ ) ! con/ruction ( b>ricades4 ,!y c>ry s&bags & tools = fill+ !m4 ,9 addition !y c>ry z _m gr5ades z possible4 ,!y hold !mselves 9 read9ess to g =w>d & con/ruct a b>ricade or cov] at any po9t designat$ by ! squad lead]4 ,g5]al4--,all ! m5 ( ! squad mu/ be tra9$ & prep>$ to take ov] ! duties ( any o!r memb]4 ,be=e und]tak+ any op]ation ea* man ( ! squad %\ld ?or\ghly und]/& ! "p he is to play 9 x4 ,=mation4--,! =mation = ! sev]al classes ( tactical employm5t w be expla9$ :5 ea* is consid]$ bel[4 ,(f5sive ,op]ations ,:5 x has be5 decid$ to attack a c]ta9 sector ( ! enemy's position a detail$ reconnaissance is made ) a view to locat+ & develop+ e elem5t ( ! position1 detail$ plans are made & imp>t$ to all conc]n$4 7,see ,*apt] ,,xi47 ,! phases ( ! attack consi/ (3 7#a7 ,! artill]y prep>ation2 7#b7 ! infantry assault2 7#c7 ! occupation & organization ( ! captur$ position1 & prep>ation to meet a c\nt] attack4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! artill]y prep>ation gr5adi] squads "w _! way across 8no man's l&0 & e/abli% !mselves suffici5tly close to ?r[ gr5ades into ! fire tr5*es4 ,fail+ 9 ?is !y accompany ! assault+ troops4 ,:5 !y are able to "w up close !y cov] ! advance ( ! infantry assault+ l9es by %[]+ gr5ades into ! enemy's fire tr5*es aft] ! curta9 ( artill]y fire has be5 ext5d$ back into 8 position to prev5t ! supports & res]ves f com+ up to ! front4 ,all m5 ( ! squad c>ry z _m gr5ades z possible & su* numb] z ! squad lead] may designate act z ?r[]s1 :ile ! o!rs act z c>ri]s & prep>e ! gr5ades = ?r[+4 ,accurate ?r[+1 prop]ly obs]v$ & di/ribut$1 w greatly assi/ 9 prep>+ = a successful assault4 ,cle>+ ,fire ,tr5*es ,no matt] h[ well ! infantry assault on ! enemy's fire tr5*es may be conduct$1 x r>ely succe$s 9 occupy+ ! ho/ile position ?r\gh\t its entire l5g?4 ,casualties1 loss ( direction1 & unexpect$ ob/acles enc\nt]$ are b\nd to break up ! assault+ l9e m or less1 !reby leav+ gaps 9 ! captur$ position4 ,fur!rmore ! attack on a l9e ( tr5*es takes place on a relatively small front by a l>ge numb] ( m54 ,:5 ! tr5*es are f9ally rea*$ & a lodgm5t effect$ !re w be great ov]cr[d+4 ,provision mu/ be made imm$iately = ext5d+ ! l9e1 o!rwise ! casualties at ^! po9ts w be exce$+ly heavy4 ,x is ! p>ticul> duty ( ! gr5adi] squads to cle> ^! 8gaps0 ( ! enemy z quickly z possible4 ,= ?is purpose an effici5t & well-organiz$ /orm+ p>ty mu/ be imm$iately available4 ,let u say t1 aft] c>eful artill]y prep>ation1 ! assault has rea*$ ! enemy's fire tr5*4 ,!re is mu* ov]cr[d+ at ! po9ts :]e lodgm5ts h be5 effect$4 ,!re is a gap 9 ! l9e betwe5 two adjac5t elem5ts4 ,h[ is ?is cle>$ ( ! enemy8 ,! gr5adi] squad imm$iately =ms = action4 ,two bayonet m5 are 9 ! lead1 foll[$ by ! gr5ade ?r[]1 :o is 9 turn foll[$ by ! two c>ri]s4 ,fur!r to ! re> are ! two b>ricad]s1 :o c>ry a res]ve supply ( gr5ades 9 addition to _! s&bags & %ovels4 ,! squad lead] is :]e he c be/ direct ! op]ations4 ,! gr5adi] squad is =m$ z %[n 9 ! fir/ position1 ,plate #dj4 #a4 ,! gr5ade ?r[] puts gr5ades3 7#a7 into bay #a1 at ,a2 7#b7 into bay #b1 at ,d2 7#c7 into bay #a1 at ,b2 7#d7 into ! trav]se leg at ,c4 #b4 ,:5 ! f\r gr5ades h explod$ ! bayonet m5 ru% into bay #a1 ! lead] advanc+ into ! fir/ leg ( ! trav]se tr5* bel[ ,b1 :ile 8 mate rema9s 9 ! bay = a mom5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dj4 #c4 ,! squad lead] ru%es ar\nd ! trav]se to ,a1 foll[$ by ! gr5ade ?r[]4 #d4 ,:5 ! bay & ! next trav]se passages are all cle>$ ( ! enemy ! ^w 8,o4 ,k40 is pass$ back to ! squad lead] by ! bayonet m54 ,! bayonet m5 get into _! prop] positions & ! rema9d] ( ! squad ru% into ! cle>$ bay #a & prep>e = ! fur!r cle>+ ( succe$+ bays 9 ! same mann] z describ$ above4 ,take ! diagram on ,plate #dj4 ,/udy x out 9 connection ) ! text & y w see h[ ?is sy/em works out4 ,! m5 "w 9 pairs1 ! two bayonet m5 toge!r2 ! two c>ri]s beh9d ! ?r[]2 ! two b>ricad]s suffici5tly f> to ! re> to be protect$ by a corn] ( solid e>?4 ,! squad lead] mu/ ( necessity g :]e 8 pres5ce is necess>y4 ,usually he /ays z ne> ! gr5ade ?r[] z possible4 ,:5 ! enemy's gr5adi] p>ties are also v active 9 ! sector1 ! di/ances betwe5 pairs are ext5d$ s t no m ?an two m5 are expos$ 9 any "o bay or trav]se leg4 ,! =mation ( ! squad mu/ be pres]v$ z long z possible4 ,y w appreciate t :5 losses occur ! squad lead] w h to replace m5 & ! =mation w h to be modifi$ to meet ! *ang$ conditions4 ,?is makes x absolutely necess>y t e memb] ( ! squad be compet5t to take ov] ! duties ( any o!r memb]4 ,:5 ! squad has rea*$ ! limit ( its advance ! b>ricad]s w come =w>d & con/ruct a b>ricade 9 su* position t x is well 9 view f a corn] "s di/ance beh9d4 ,no pass+ ( bombs =w>d f man to man is p]mitt$4 ,:5 ! fir/ c>ri]'s supply is exhau/$ he returns to ! re> to secure a fre% supply f ! res]ve gr5ade c>ri]s :o are foll[+ ! gr5ade squad1 & :o h by n[ advanc$ to a po9t :]e _! supply is available4 ,z soon z 8 supply is repl5i%$ he returns to 8 prop] position 9 ! =mation4 ,%\ld ! second c>ri] run out ( gr5ades ! squad lead] may cause "o ( ! b>ricad]s to take all ! gr5ades 9 ! possession ( ! two & replace him :ile he goes to ! re> to secure a fre% supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da ,combat 9 a ,communicat+ ,tr5* ,9 ! meantime o!r gr5adi] squads are cle>+ out ! communication & sup]vision tr5*es1 block+ up ! exits to dug\ts & de/roy+ ma*9e-gun deta*m5ts t h ?us f> escap$4 ,! assault+ troops h pass$ on t[>ds ! second l9e1 cov]$ by ! curta9 ( fire ( ! artill]y4 ,cle>+ ,communication ,tr5*es ,! cle>+ ( communication tr5*es is effect$ mu* 9 ! same mann] z expla9$ = ! fire tr5*4 ,! gr5adi] squad is organiz$ & =m$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! squad works its way into ! communication tr5* by bomb+ ea* leg until !y arrive at a po9t :]e ! =mation1 z illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #da1 c be assum$4 ,! gr5ade ?r[] ?r[s gr5ades into ! tr5* at ,b & !n at ,c4 ,z soon z ^! h explod$ ! bayonet m5 take advantage ( ! confusion to advance into ! leg ,a-,b "u cov] ( ! %\ld] b1 ! squad lead] & ?r[] advance to ,a1 ! c>ri]s to ! po9t =m]ly occupi$ by ! squad lead]1 & ! b>ricad]s to ! po9t =m]ly occupi$ by ! c>ri]s4 ,! ?r[] !n puts gr5ades into ! tr5* at ,c & !n at ,d1 aft] :i* ! :ole squad advances ano!r not* z =m]ly expla9$4 ,:]e isl& trav]ses are enc\nt]$ ! ?r[] puts a gr5ade on ea* side ( ! trav]se & "o 9 ! re> ( x4 ,! bayonet m51 "o on a side1 assault ar\nd ! trav]se & meet on ! f> side1 & ! op]ation proce$s z h]et(ore expla9$4 ,night ,op]ations ,! gr5adi] squads may be call$ ^u at night1 to p]=m any ( ! s]vices t are !irs by day1 & 9 addition may be call$ ^u to make night reconnaissances4 ,= ?is "w ! m5 mu/ be able to organize & reorganize ! squad quickly & noiselessly4 ,! ?r[]s mu/ be p>ticul>ly effici5t4 ,!re mu/ be ! highe/ ord] ( team "w4 ,sid5ote3 ,gr5adi] ,patrols ,gr5adi] patrols are s5t out at night to make reconnaissances ( ! enemy's l9es ) a view to gett+ in=mation :i* may include3 #a4 ,location & organization ( l9e4 #b4 ,! l5g? ( l9e occupi$4 #c4 ,numb]s & disposition ( occupy+ troops4 #d4 ,to get an accurate description ( ! gr\nd4 #e4 ,to locate obs]vation & li/5+ po/s or any o!r advanc$ positions4 #f4 ,to locate ma*9e guns4 ,^! patrols may consi/ ( f two m5 to ! entire gr5adi] squad4 ,9 a patrol ( six or eight m5 two ( !m c>ry rifles & belts1 bayonets fix$4 ,! rema9+ memb]s ( ! patrol c>ry no equipm5t except a hav]sack fill$ ) gr5ades4 ,! gr5ades are us$ only 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,x is a reconnoit]+ patrol *>g$ ) ga9+ in=mation & !re=e does n ent] into an enc\nt] ) ! enemy except z a la/ resort4 ,! m5 move or crawl )\t noise & take advantage ( all cov] t ! gr\nd af=ds4 ,if !y suspect !y are obs]v$1 !y %\ld 8freeze0 to ! gr\nd & rema9 absolutely motionless4 ,on d>k nights x is easy to lose ! direction & = ! m5 to lose "o ano!r4 ,e device or s*eme to less5 risks 9 ?is respect mu/ be employ$4 ,! m5 may tie !mselves lightly toge!r s !y w n proce$ 9 a bun* & at ! same "t reta9 connection ) ea* o!r4 ,notes on ,gr5ade ,w>f>e ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! tra9+ ( a gr5adi] is to ov]come 8 fe> ( ! gr5ade itself4 ,?is is accompli%$ by fir/ hav+ him practice fuse light+ ) dummy gr5ades hav+ live fuses4 ,! m5 w be impress$ ) ! fact t ! gr5ades are dang]\s weapons & t famili>ity 9 h&l+ !m mu/ n be p]mitt$ to deg5]ate into c>elessness4 ,! next /ep t[>ds effici5cy is ! developm5t ( accuracy ( ?r[+4 ,= %ort di/ances x may be lobb$ f ! %\ld] by a motion simil> to 8putt+ ! %ot40 ,/ick gr5ades may be ?r[n = a %ort di/ance l ?r[+ a d>t4 ,9 ! tr5*es ! gr5ade %\ld be ?r[n ) an ov]h& motion l ! b[l] ( a cricket ball1 z !re is dang] ( explod+ !m by knock+ ! h& aga9/ ! back ( ! tr5*4 ,! m5 %\ld be taught to ?r[ f all positions--/&+1 sitt+1 kneel+ & prone4 ,%\ld ! gr5ade ) a "t fuse be dropp$ 9 ! act ( ?r[+1 !re is "t to pick x up & ?r[ x out ( ! tr5* be=e x explodes4 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ x be all[$ to explode 9 ! tr5*4 ,communication ?r\gh\t ! squad 9 action %\ld be ma9ta9$ at all times4 ,sy/em is requir$ to insure ! ?r[]s hav+ a supply ( gr5ades on h& all ! "t & t casualties are promptly replac$4 ,quick action is ess5tial to success4 ,crawl+ & /alk+ give ! enemy :at he is wait+ =4 ,arrangem5ts to assi/ a /orm+ p>ty by rifle & ma*9e-gun fire are ( ! utmo/ value & %\ld be provid$ :5ev] possible4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to provide a signal :i* w m>k ! progress ( ! /orm+ p>ty ?r\gh ! tr5*es4 ,a helmet held up on a bayonet w d ?is4 ,all gr5adi]s mu/ be especially tra9$ 9 ! fill+ ( s&bags & mak+ s&bag b>ricades4 ,! "w ( ! obs]v] is difficult & requires mu* practice4 ,he mu/ give 8 directions to ! ?r[] 9 no unc]ta9 t]ms4 ,:5 ! ?r[] has miss$ 8 objective ! obs]v] w give positive directions = ! next ?r[4 ,in/ead ( say+ 8,a y>d too mu* to ! left10 he w say1 8,?r[ a y>d to ! "r40 ,positive directions1 ev5 if only half he>d1 are ( "s use2 negative directions are c]ta9 to be bo? confus$ & confus+4 ,! obs]v] %\ld be exp]t 9 ! use ( ! p]iscope4 ,h& ,gr5ades & ,pet>ds ,! h& gr5ade us$ by our allies on ! we/]n front is ! bracelet gr5ade ) automatic fir+ me*anism & consi/s ( a ball ( ca/ iron fill$ ) an explosive & ( a lea!r bracelet :i* is fa/5$ to ! wri/4 ,to ! bracelet is atta*$ a piece ( rope ab\t #cj c5timet]s long1 hav+ an iron hook at its end4 ,j be=e ! gr5ade is ?r[n1 ! hook is engag$ 9 ! r+ ( ! r\gh5$ wire ( ! friction prim] plac$ inside ! fuse plug :i* closes ! ca/ iron ball4 ,:5 ! gr5ade is ?r[n1 ! r+ ) ! prim] wire1 held back by ! hook ( ! bracelet1 is wr5*$ (f by a sudd5 movem5t ( )drawal f ! wri/ & ! fuse is fir$4 ,! explosion takes place f\r or five seconds lat]4 ,?is gr5ade is suppli$ to ! fight+ zone ready = use4 ,x is q complicat$4 ,x c be ?r[n ab\t #be met]s4 ,! ,g]man gr5ade is composite2 x c be ?r[n by h& or fir$ f a rifle4 ,z a h& missile1 x is us$ at %ort di/ances1 #ae to #bj met]s4 ,x is compos$ ( a copp] rod to ! extremity ( :i* is fix$ a ca/ iron cyl9d]1 groov$ to facilitate its break+ into small pieces at ! mom5t ( explosion4 ,! explosive is plac$ inside ?is cyl9d]4 ,a copp] tube1 also conta9+ "s explosive1 is plac$ 9 ! int]ior4 ,x is surm\nt$ by a complicat$ sy/em = clos+ ! gr5ade & = automatic ignition by p]cussion1 :i* results 9 at lea/ #ej p] c5t ( misfires4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da;b4--,briti% h& gr5ade ,no4 #a4 a4 ,removable cap4 b4 ,detonator hold]4 c4 ,detonator4 d4 ,explosive *>ge4 e4 ,wood block4 f4 ,h&le4 g4 ,safety p94 h4 ,fir+ p94 i4 ,ca/ iron r+4 j4 ,/ream]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da;c4--,! late/ type ,briti% h& gr5ade4 a4 ,p]cussion cap4 b4 ,fir+ p94 c4 ,safety p94 ,:5 9 place prev5ts fir+ p9 f /rik+ prim]4 ,x is remov$ j be=e ?r[+ ! gr5ade4 d4 ,prim]4 e4 ,*amb] fill$ ) high explosive4 f4 ,ca/ iron %ell1 s]rat$4 g4 ,wood5 h&le4 h4 ,/ream]s1 to keep ! gr5ade head-on4 ,us$ ) ! rifle1 ?is gr5ade has a maximum range ( #djj met]s4 ,at ! extremity opposite ! gr5ade1 ! copp] rod ends 9 a copp] /em ab\t #c c5timet]s 9 l5g?1 movable ab\t ! axis ( ! rod4 ,?is /em is cov]$ ) a copp] sleeve ( slight ?ickness1 :i* is atta*$ to x only at ! extremity fa/5$ to ! rod4 ,! diamet] ( ! ext]ior ( ! sleeve mu/ be su* t x c be pu%$ into ! gun b>rel )\t pressure4 ,to fire ! gr5ade1 a blank c>tridge is plac$ 9 ! *amb] ( ! rifle2 ! quantity ( p[d] left 9 ! c>tridge is regulat$ accord+ to ! di/ance at :i* ! missile is to be ?r[n4 ,at ! mom5t ( fir+1 ! explosive gases p5etrate betwe5 ! sleeve & ! /em & jam ! sleeve aga9/ ! grooves ( ! b>rel4 ,! sleeve & ! /em1 :i* is atta*$ to x1 take a movem5t ( rotation 9 ! grooves ( ! b>rel1 :i* insures ! direction ( ! missile & ! maximum effici5cy ( ! explosive gases ( ! c>tridge4 ,! bracelet gr5ade & ! ,g]man gr5ade j describ$ h to be made 9 a factory4 ,attempts h be5 made to con/ruct simil> missiles ) ! explosives :i* are at h& at ! front1 *$dite & mel9ite4 ,sev]al k9ds h be5 made3 a prim$ c>tridge & a prim$ h& pet>d1 fitt$ on a wood5 paddle1 a pres]v$ meat t9 c fill$ ) explosive1 etc4 ,! ,g]mans h h& pet>ds simil> to ^? ( ! ,allies b ) diff]5t explosives4 ,^! missiles are prim$ by a detonator & a sl[ mat* & c be ?r[n ab\t #cj met]s4 ,! dis*>ge takes place ei!r automatically or by t9d]4 ,!y are made on ! spot & v rapidly4 ,! assault+ troops c>ry !m 9 baskets or /rung on a circle ( wire c>ri$ on ! %\ld]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da;d4--,?r[+ h& gr5ades4 ,gr5ades & pet>ds con/itute a t]rible weapon4 ,^! projectiles ex]t consid]able moral effect ow+ to ! viol5ce ( _! explosion & ! awful w\nds !y occasion1 & !y make x possible to rea* ! enemy at po9ts :]e x is impossible to use ! rifle & bayonet4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,gas ,w>f>e ,g]many fir/ made use ( poison\s & asphyxiat+ gases on ! field ( battle4 ,x has become an accept$ elem5t 9 ! pres5t w>4 ,e soldi] %\ld1 !re=e1 h a k ( ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* gas is employ$ 9 ! attack1 z well z ! measures to be tak5 to c\nt]act its effect 9 ! def5se4 ,! two me?ods ( dissem9at+ ! gas ov] ! battlefield are by emanation & gr5ades *>g$ ) x4 ,sid5ote3 ,emanation ,?is me?od has = its object to create a poison\s or irritant atmosph]e4 ,?is is accompli%$ by means ( ! ars5ic & phosphor\s gas be+ =c$ ?r\gh tubes 9 ! direction ( ! enemy or by means ( liquefi$ *lor9e1 bromide1 phosg5e & sulphurett$ hydrog5 gas /or$ 9 cyl9d]s "u high pressure4 ,to be successful ! gas attack mu/ be att5d$ by ! foll[+ conditions4 #a4 ,! wea!r mu/ be comp>atively calm ) a w9d bl[+ 9 ! direction ( ! enemy at ab\t #e miles an h\r4 ,if ! w9d is too /rong ! gas w be c>ri$ ov] ! enemy's tr5*es s rapidly t x w n settle 9 !m4 ,if ! w9d is too light ! gas w be c>ri$ up into ! air & dissem9ate or may ev5 be bl[n back into our own tr5*es1 9 :i* case *loride ( lime scatt]$ ab\t freely w disp]se !m4 #b4 ,!re mu/ be no ra91 = t w\ld quickly dissem9ate ! gas & negative ! effect4 #c4 ,! attack mu/ come z a surprise4 ,if ! elem5ts ( surprise are miss+ & ! enemy has "t to take protective measures1 ! effect is lo/4 ,if ! surprise is complete1 ! enemy tr5*es %\ld be empti$ v quickly4 #d4 ,! gas us$ mu/ be heavi] ?an ! air1 s t x w sift into ! enemy's tr5*es z x passes !m4 ,x is impracticable to decide ^u any def9ite h\r = laun*+ ! gas attack4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! direction & velocity ( ! w9d4 ,if an h\r has be5 t5tatively designat$ & ! w9d *anges1 ! attack w h to be po/pon$4 ,:5 an assault foll[s ! gas attack ! m5 %\ld we> ! smoke helmets = at lea/ #cj m9utes aft] ! dissem9ation has ceas$2 9 fact !y mu/ n be remov$ until ! ord] to d s is giv5 by ! (fic] comm&+ ! attack4 ,y w appreciate t ! enemy's ma*9e gunn]s may h bett] protection ?an ! m5 9 ! bays ( ! tr5*es4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ell & ,gr5ade ,me?od ,9 ?is me?od ! gas dissem9ation is effect$ by means ( %ells or bombs be+ fir$ into ! enemy's tr5*es conta9+ ! desir$ sub/ances :i* are releas$ & give (f irritant fumes on explosion4 ,! gr5ades us$ weigh ab\t #a p\nd4 ,!y are simil> 9 appe>ance to ! ord9>y t9 c gr5ade4 ,_! effect 9 a tr5* w cont9ue = #bj to #cj m9utes4 ,9 ! attack a l>ge numb] %\ld be conc5trat$ 9 a p>ticul> area to produce a l>ge volume ( gas4 ,!y are ?r[n by h&1 tr5* mort> or catapult4 ,sid5ote3 ,def5se ,surprise mu/ be gu>d$ aga9/ 9 e possible way4 ,! direction ( ! w9d mu/ be cont9ually wat*$1 & :5 its velocity & direction are specially favorable ! protective measures mu/ be kept ready = in/ant use & special obs]v]s po/$4 ,previ\s to an attack ! enemy may rema9 comp>atively quiet = sev]al days4 ,noises l ! mov+ ( %eet iron may be he>d4 ,prep>ations may be obs]v$ along ! position4 ,:5 ! attack />ts a hiss+ noise is he>d2 ?is latt] is "o ( ! indications t may be evid5t at night4 ,sid5ote3 ,helmets ,ea* man on duty 9 ! tr5*es is provid$ ) two smoke helmets1 specially devis$ & con/ruct$ s z to absorb ! gas & neutralize its effect1 & :i* if prop]ly c>$ = & us$ w provide complete protection f any sub/ance likely to be us$ by ! enemy4 ,!y are fitt$ ) a valve tube ?r\gh :i* to brea! & ) goggles to see ?r\gh4 ,!re are c]ta9 rules prescrib$ = _! c>e & use4 #a4 ,!y mu/ n be remov$ f ! protective cov]+ except = actual use aga9/ an attack4 #b4 ,:5 ! helmet has be5 us$ once x %\ld be replac$ by a new "o4 ,sid5ote3 ,dummy ,helmets ,dummy gas helmets w be provid$ 9 ea* organization by :i* ! m5 may be practic$ 9 putt+ !m on4 ,! m5 mu/ be ?or\ghly drill$ 9 ! me?ods to be employ$4 ,! foll[+ directions accompany ! helmets issu$ to ! ,briti% ,army4 ,:5 our helmets are issu$ x is probable t ea* w be accompani$ by a complete set ( rules = its use & full in/ructions = ! me?od ( gett+ into x & = its c>e & pres]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da;e4--,gas helmet4 ,direction = ,use & ,c>e ( ,tube ,helmets ,sid5ote3 ,description ,^! helmets are ! same z ! smoke helmet already issu$1 except t /rong] *emicals are add$ & a tube valve provid$ ?r\gh :i* to brea! out4 ,! tube valve makes ! helmet cool] & saves *emicals f be+ affect$ by ! brea?4 ,! we>] _c brea! 9 ?r\gh ! tube valve2 ?is is int5d$ = brea?+ out only4 ,sid5ote3 ,directions = ,use ,remove pap] cap f m\?piece ( tube valve4 ,remove s]vice cap4 ,pull helmet ov] head4 ,adju/ s t goggles are ov] eyes4 ,tuck 9 skirt ( helmet "u coat coll> & button coat s z to close 9 skirt ( helmet4 ,hold ! tube lightly 9 lips or tee? l /em ( pipe1 s z to be able to brea! 9 pa/ x & out ?r\gh x4 ,brea! 9 ?r\gh m\? & nose1 us+ ! air inside ! helmet4 ,brea! out ?r\gh tube only4 ,sid5ote3 ,directions = ,c>e ( ,tube ,helmet #a4 ,d n remove ! helmet f its wat]pro( case except to use = protection aga9/ gas4 #b4 ,nev] use y\r tube helmet = practice or drill4 ,special helmets are kept 9 ea* company = in/ruction only4 ,%\ld ! goggles become mi/y dur+ use !y c be cle>$ by rubb+ !m g5tly aga9/ ! =ehead4 ,:5 lacrimatory gases are us$ goggles af=d+ me*anical protection may be worn1 z ^! gases are n likely to irritate ! lungs1 ?\gh !y sometimes produce sickness4 ,sid5ote3 ,improvis$ ,me?ods ,if a soldi] does n possess "o ( ! (ficial patt]n respirators1 ! foll[+ measures w be f\nd useful3 #a4 ,wet & wr+ out any wool5 article1 su* z a /ock+ or muffl]1 s z to =m a ?ick pad l>ge en\gh to cov] ! nose & m\?1 & press firmly ov] bo?4 #b4 ,place 9 a sc>f1 /ock+ or h&k]*ief1 a pad ( ab\t ?ree h&fuls ( e>?1 pref]ably damp1 & tie x firmly ov] ! m\? & nose4 #c4 ,a wet clo? pull$ d[n ov] ! eyes w be f\nd useful z additional protection1 especially aga9/ c]ta9 gases o!r ?an *lor9e or :5 ! gas is too /rong = ! ord9>y respirator4 #d4 ,a /ock+1 wett$ ) wat] & soda solution or tea1 fold$ into eight folds & firmly held or ti$ ov] ! nose4 #e4 ,a sock fold$ f\rfold simil>ly wett$ & held or ti$4 ,if ! sock or com=t] has be5 soak$ 9 soda solution x w /ill act effici5tly :5 dry1 ?\gh1 if possible1 x %\ld be moi/4 ,! sp>e tapes f puttees may be us$ = ty+ on ! sock4 #f4 ,any loose fabric1 su* z a sock1 s&bag1 wool5 sc>f or com=t]1 soak$ 9 ur9e1 !n wrung out to all[ ( free brea?+ & ti$ tightly ov] ! nose & m\?4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( any o!r clo?s1 ! flannel wai/b&s issu$ = w9t] use c\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,sid5ote3 ,knapsack ,spray]s ,knapsack spray]s are issu$ = use to cle> gases out ( ! tr5*es aft] ! cl\d has bl[n ov]4 ,a man ) ! spray] on 8 back 7& we>+ 8 smoke helmet7 sl[ly trav]ses ! tr5*1 work+ ! spray4 ,if ?is is n done ! heavy poison\s gas may l+] 9 ! tr5* = days & be a s\rce ( great dang]4 ,if supports or re9=cem5ts ent] a tr5* *>g$ ) gas1 !y %\ld be prec$$ by a man us+ a spray]4 ,spray]s are *>g$ ) sodium ?iosulphate--m commonly kn[n z 8hypo0--#f p\nds be+ dissolv$ 9 a bucket ( wat] & a h&ful ( ord9>y wa%+ soda add$4 ,g>d5 syr+es & buckets may be us$ if spray]s are n available1 b ^! are n s effective4 ,spray]s %\ld be *>g$ be=e !y are tak5 up to ! tr5*es1 & %\ld be kept ready = imm$iate use4 ,e (fic] def5d+ a tr5* aga9/ an enemy gas attack %\ld endeavor to collect in=mation :5ev] possible1 to be s5t to headqu>t]s ?r\gh ! usual *annels4 ,p>ticul>ly valuable is ! capture ( app>atus us$ by ! enemy ei!r = dissem9at+ gas or = protection aga9/ x4 ,if a %ell attack is made1 unexplod$ %ells or portions ( !m %\ld be s5t ?r\gh to headqu>t]s at once4 ,! "t ( day1 duration ( attack1 color1 ta/e or smell ( gas us$1 effect on ! eyes1 brea?+1 & all o!r symptoms %\ld be not$4 ,new gases may be us$ at any "t1 & spe$y in=mation greatly =w>ds ! adoption ( prev5tive measures4 ,,*apt] ,x ,s]vice 9 ! ,tr5*es ,sid5ote3 ,prep>ations = ,ent]+ ,tr5*es ,prep>+ to ent] ^u a p]iod ( s]vice 9 ! tr5*es ! company comm&] makes a complete inspection ( ! company :i* includes3 #a4 ,inspection ( rifles & ammunition4 #b4 ,inspection ( equipm5t1 cont5ts ( packs1 intr5*+ tools1 field glasses1 wire cutt]s1 fir/-aid packets1 em]g5cy rations1 gas helmets1 id5tification tags1 cante5s1 clo?+1 etc4 #c4 ,cante5s to be fill$ ) wat]4 #d4 ,te/ bayonets1 fix & unfix4 #e4 ,h company fill magaz9es4 ,sid5ote3 ,inspection ( ,section ,! company comm&] prec$es ! company into ! tr5*es & makes a t\r & inspection ( ! section assign$1 :i* includes3 #a4 ,lay\t ( ! tr5*es3 fire tr5*1 sup]vision tr5*1 communication tr5*es1 ma*9e-gun positions1 snip]s' positions1 li/5+ & obs]vation tr5*es1 dug\ts1 latr9es1 etc4 #b4 ,locate telephones1 res]ve ammunition & munitions depots1 wat] supply1 gas al>ms1 tools & any tr5* accessories & utilities t may be includ$ 9 ! section4 #c4 ,get any in=mation ( ! enemy t may be ( value f ! outgo+ company comm&]4 ,sid5ote3 ,tactical ,disposition ,! company comm&] w !n make 8 tactical dispositions4 ,9 occupy+ ! tr5*es a c]ta9 section ( ! l9e is assign$ to ea* company4 ,?is section conta9s s _m bays ( ! tr5*4 ,! foll[+ dispositions are sugge/$ z meet+ ! requirem5ts "u our organization3 #a4 ,! company is organiz$ into f\r platoons ( f\r squads ea*4 #b4 ,! section ( ! l9e assign$ to ! company conta9s eight bays4 #c4 ,support ,no4 #a consi/s ( ! fir/ & second platoons4 #d4 ,support ,no4 #b consi/s ( ! ?ird & f\r? platoons4 #e4 ,f ,support ,no4 #a3 ,two squads ( ! fir/ platoon occupy bays #a & #b2 two squads ( ! second platoon occupy bays #c & #d4 #f4 ,f ,support ,no4 #b3 ,two squads ( ! ?ird platoon occupy bays #e & #f2 two squads ( ! f\r? platoon occupy bays #g & #h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #da;f4 ,,tactical ,,dis ,,positions ,,"o ,,company ,,( ,,infantry4 #g4 ,ea* squad e/abli%es a d\ble s5t9el po/ 9 ! bay assign$ to x & ! rema9+ memb]s g into ! squad %elt]s j 9 re> ( ! bays4 ,?is gives ?ree reliefs = a d\ble s5t9el po/ & all[s "o extra man to be utiliz$ z 8runn]10 etc4 #h4 ,! rema9d] ( ! company is e/abli%$ 9 ! company dug\ts4 #i4 ,dep5d+ ^u ! l5g? ( ! t\rs ( duty ( ! company 9 ! fir/ l9e tr5*es1 ! squads are *ang$ accord+ to a sy/em t w h to be v>i$ to suit ! occasion1 ! squads 9 support tak+ _! place 9 ! fire tr5* & ^? 9 ! fire tr5* return+ to ! support4 ,sid5ote3 ,go+ into ! ,tr5*es ,platoons ent] by n m ?an two squads at "o "t1 ?us m9imiz+ ! dang] f %ell fire4 ,! platoon comm&] w expla9 to 8 squad lead]s ! ext5t ( tr5* to be tak5 ov] & ! action to be tak5 9 case !y are caught "u %ell fire or rapid fire :ile go+ up to ! tr5*es4 ,a second 9 comm& 9 ea* squad w be designat$1 s t if casualties occur among ! squad lead]s ! relief w proce$ z previ\sly arrang$4 ,! op]ation w proce$ 9 sil5ce4 ,rifles mu/ be c>ri$ s t !y d n %[ ov] ! p>apet4 ,on rea*+ ! fire tr5* ! m5 ( ! fir/ relief are po/$ to relieve ! old detail & ea* man f9ds out any po9ts t may be useful f 8 pr$ecessor on t po/4 ,sid5ote3 ,in=mation to be ,obta9$ ,! platoon comm&] conf]s ) ! comm&] ( ! outgo+ p>ty & secures all ! in=mation possible ab\t ! position :i* includes3 #a4 ,behavior ( enemy dur+ p]iod prec$+ relief1 & any po9t 9 _! l9e requir+ special in=mation1 e4 g41 enemy may h cut wire z ?\gh prep>+ to attack4 #b4 ,ma*9e-gun emplacem5t may be suspect$ at "s p>ticul> po9t4 #c4 ,any?+ asc]ta9$ by patrols ab\t gr\nd betwe5 fir+ l9es1 ?us avoid+ unnecess>y reconnaissance4 #d4 ,any /&+ arrangem5ts = patrols at night1 includ+ po9t at :i* wire c be/ be pass$1 gr\nd to be patroll$1 or place :]e !y c lie "u cov]4 #e4 ,any p>ts ( tr5* f :i* x is n safe to fire4 ,su* positions are apt to occur 9 w9d+ tr5*es1 & are n always recognizable 9 ! d>k4 #f4 ,special features ( tr5*1 rec5t improvem5ts1 "w n complet$1 dang]\s po9ts 7on :i* ma*9e guns are tra9$ at night71 useful loopholes = obs]vation4 #g4 ,places f :i* food & wat] c be safely obta9$4 #h4 ,am\nt ( ammunition1 numb] ( picks1 %ovels & empty s&bags 9 t section ( ! l9e4 ,in=mation on ^! po9ts _c always be giv5 prop]ly by ^w ( m\?4 ,writt5 notes & plans %\ld !re=e be h&$ ov] to a platoon comm&] tak+ ov] = ! fir/ "t4 ,e man is requir$ to see t he has a good fir+ position = all directions4 ,section comm&]s mu/ satisfy !mselves t m5 h done ?is1 & report4 ,! :ole l9e 8,/&s to ,arms0 dur+ ! h\r be=e dawn4 ,aft] d>k1 unless ! moon is bright1 rifles %\ld be left 9 fir+ position on ! p>apet4 ,all m5 n on s5try %\ld keep rifles1 ) bayonets fix$1 9 ! tr5*4 ,sid5ote3 ,r\t9e #a4 ,d\ble s5t9el po/s are e/abli%$ 9 ea* bay4 ,!y are on po/ "o h\r at a "t4 #b4 ,:5 ! enemy's tr5* mort> deta*m5ts are active1 special s5t9els w be po/$ to give notice ( com+ bombs4 #c4 ,e man 9 ! platoon is to "k3 7a7 ,! location ( ! platoon res]ve ammunition & munitions4 7b7 ,! location ( latr9es4 7c7 ,! topography ( ! tr5*es 9 ! platoon section & ! adjo9+ sections1 includ+ ! approa*es4 ,! location ( ! accessory def5ses1 li/5+ & obs]vation po/s1 ma*9e-gun positions1 snip]s' positions1 tr5* mort> positions1 etc4 7d7 ,! tactical disposition 9 ! sector & ! g5]al disposition ( ! company4 7e7 ,! location ( loopholes4 7f7 ,! places ( especial dang] 9 ord] t he may /ay away f !m4 #d4 ,rifles are inspect$ twice daily4 ,e precaution is tak5 to keep ! rifle & ammunition free f mud4 #e4 ,!re is a gas helmet p>ade daily4 #f4 ,accurate sket*es are made ( ! tr5* & any addition or alt]ation ent]$ on !m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #db4 ,organization ( fire ( ,obs]v]s 9 ! ,combat ,tr5* #g4 ,loopholes are inspect$ at dusk4 #h4 ,wire entanglem5ts are inspect$ & repair$ "u cov] ( d>kness4 #i4 ,a log ( ev5ts h\r by h\r %\ld be kept :i* %[s e item ( enemy activity & ! measures tak5 dur+ ! t\r 9 ! tr5*es4 ,?is w be a valuable ref]5ce :5 turn+ ! tr5* ov] & w make a record ( ! habits ( ! enemy t may be mo/ valuable z a guide = mak+ plans to circumv5t him4 #aj4 ,! police & sanitation ( ! tr5*es w be c>efully look$ aft]4 #aa4 ,platoon comm&]s may divide ! t\r ( sup]vision ( ! platoon sector ) ! squad lead]s4 #ab4 ,! :ole company /&s to arms dur+ ! h\r be=e dawn4 ,sid5ote3 ,obs]vation ,obs]vation ( ! enemy's l9e %\ld be cont9u\s4 ,! obs]vation & fir+ sy/em w be arrang$ s t all p>ts ( ! enemy's l9e w be "u obs]vation & fire at all times4 ,plate #db %[s ! arrangem5t 9 g5]al4 ,! appliances = c>ry+ x out are %[n 9 ,plates #dc1 #dd & #de4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dc4 ,! obs]vation is conduct$ ?r\gh a small loophole made by a /ick ?r\gh ! p>apet or an iron tube run ?r\gh & direct$ t[>d ! po9t to be obs]v$4 ,to conceal ! exit a few tufts ( e>? & grass are plac$ !re 9 an irregul> mann]4 ,/eel loopholes may also be employ$ = obs]vation & fir+ purposes4 ,!y may be arrang$ a y>d or two ap>t1 s t "o man obs]v+ ?r\gh "o c direct 8 mate us+ ! rifle at ! o!r s t he may br+ fire to be> ^u any memb] ( ! enemy's =ce t exposes himself at ! po9t "u obs]vation4 ,! loopholes1 bo? obs]vation & fir+1 are arrang$ slantwise 9 ! p>apet s t ! obs]v] does n look /raight to 8 front nor does ! fir] fire 9 t direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #dd4--,obs]vation loophole & rifle fir+ rack4 ,an aim+ rack con/ruct$ s z to resi/ ! recoil ( ! rifle & n d]ange its aim on fir+ may be arrang$ ne> ! obs]vation loophole4 ,:5 ! enemy exposes himself all t is necess>y is a press on ! trigg] & ! bullet goes /raight to its m>k4 ,su* an aim+ rack may be easily con/ruct$1 z %[n 9 ,plate #dd4 ,obs]vation ( ! enemy tr5*es may also be effect$ by use ( ! p]iscope or1 9 ! abs5ce ( "o ( ^!1 by a look+-glass 9 a slant$ position fa/5$ to a /ick plant$ at ! re> wall ( ! tr5* & protrud+ ov] ! p>apet1 to reflect 8 tr5*es4 7,see ,plate #de47 ,sid5ote3 ,field ,glasses ,! enemy's tr5* usually appe>s completely des]t$1 b on obs]v+ x ?r\gh field glasses y are a/oni%$ by ! details reveal$4 ,y w see1 f "t to "t1 ! eye ( ! enemy obs]v] :o %[s himself at ! loophole1 or any o!r activity t is capable ( be+ obs]v$ f ! outside4 ,! obs]v] wat*+ ?r\gh ! field glasses w soon become s famili> ) ! appe>ance ( ! oppos+ tr5*es t he w be able to detect imm$iately any alt]ation 9 ! ob/acles1 or *anges t may be made1 su* z ! e/abli%m5t ( new li/5+ or obs]vation po/s1 new sap heads1 ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts1 etc4 ,obs]v]s are *>g$ especially ) detect+ ! location ( ma*9e-gun emplacem5ts4 ,! exam9ation %\ld be s complete & detail$ z to prev5t _! exi/5ce )\t _! location be+ accurately kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de4--,look+-glass p]iscope4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #de;a4--,tr5* %[+ wire ov]head cov] & wire trapdoor ob/acle4 ,ma*ic\lis gall]y 9 backgr\nd4 ,any obs]vations ( enemy activities1 ( any nature :atev]1 are report$ imm$iately s t !y may be pass$ on to ! comm&] ^: unit is mann+ ! tr5*es directly opposite ! same4 ,loopholes %\ld be scre5$ at ! re> by a s&bag split & hung ov] !m4 ,!y %\ld be c>efully conceal$ to prev5t _! location be+ discov]$ by ! enemy4 ,!re mu/ be no alt]ation 9 ! p>apet :]e !y are locat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,snip]s ,! enemy's soj\rn 9 ! tr5*es %\ld be made z disagreeable to him z possible4 ,he mu/ be kept cont9ually on ! al]t4 ,our op]ations mu/ be made a con/ant m5ace to him4 ,x is 9 ?is way t casualties are effect$ & he is gradually worn out4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( accompli%+ all ( ! above is ! employm5t ( snip]s1 :o are specially select$ & tra9$ 9 ?is bran* ( tr5* w>f>e4 ,! snip]s are on duty all day1 b !y h _! nights 9 b$4 ,!y conduct _! op]ations 9 pairs & are giv5 a def9ite po/ to occupy & 9 exceptional cases may be giv5 a rov+ commission4 ,! advantage ( hav+ ! same m5 regul>ly on ! same po/ is t !y le>n ?or\ghly ! appe>ance ( e squ>e foot ( ! gr\nd includ$ 9 _! area ( obs]vation & are able imm$iately to note any *ange t may take place4 ,!y soon le>n :]e to look = ! enemy & 9 fact le>n ! habits1 etc41 ( ! enemy occupy+ _! sph]e ( obs]vation4 ,! snip] mu/ be an exp]t 93 #a4 ,! con/ruction ( loopholes by day & by night4 #b4 ,! use ( telescopic sights1 field glasses1 p]iscopes & all optical contrivances design$ = obs]vation purposes4 #c4 ,! selection ( good positions = snip+4 #d4 ,judg+ di/ances & e/imat+ or measur+ ranges4 #e4 ,rifle fir+4 ,he %\ld be an exp]t rifleman 9 ord] t full advantage may be tak5 ( ! opportunities to inflict losses on ! enemy4 #f4 ,9 tr5* w>f>e ea* pair ( snip]s w be requir$ to report ea* ev5+ to ! company comm&] ! result ( _! day's op]ations4 ,sid5ote3 ,:at to ,fire ,at ,:5 ! enemy makes 8 attack y w g5]ally fire at ^? :o appe> 9 ! sector t has be5 allott$ to y to cov]4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 ab&on y\r t>get on y\r own initiative "u ! foll[+ circum/ances & fire3 #a4 ,on (fic]s & noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,^! c be recogniz$ by _! ge/ures4 ,!y are g5]ally 9 ! c5t] ( gr\ps & get up & />t fir/4 ,!y %\ld be disabl$1 z ?is is ! sure/ way ( break+ up ! attack4 #b4 ,at a gr\p on ! move4 ,fire %\ld be conc5trat$ on an advanc+ gr\p4 ,! "t :5 ! gr\p is prep>+ to />t its ru% may be indicat$ by rifles be+ rais$ & ! movem5ts t take place along ! l9e4 ,aft] a ru% has />t$1 look out = ! late com]s try+ to rejo9 _! comrades4 ,!y make good t>gets4 #c4 ,:5 ! enemy attempts to build up 8 l9e to ! front by a process ( infiltration4 ,t is1 by hav+ s+le m5 crawl f "o po9t to ! o!r1 ea* man %\ld be fir$ on dur+ 8 advance4 #d4 ,fire w be imm$iately conc5trat$ on any ma*9e gun t comes into action4 ,) ! ,g]man gun prolong$ fir+ heats ! wat] 9 ! jacket to ! boil+ po9t & puffs ( /eam are giv5 (f4 ,d n be deceiv$ into ?9k+ t ?is necess>ily gives away ! position ( ! gun1 = ?is /eam has be5 pip$ to a di/ant place & all[$ to escape s z to draw fire t o!rwise might be direct$ on ! real position ( ! gun4 #e4 ,on signall]s or runn]s4 ,^! are c>ry+ in=mation t w probably be ( b5efit to ! enemy's comm&]4 ,y w appreciate ! necessity ( prev5t+ ?is4 #f4 ,on an enemy %[+ a flank4 ,no opportunity mu/ be lo/ to fire ^u an enemy t exposes 8 flank4 ,! fire ( a s+le rifleman d[n ! flank may cause a :ole l9e to retreat4 ,sid5ote3 ,use ( ,rifle ,gr5ades ,rifle gr5ades are capable ( caus+ m losses to ! enemy ?an bomb>dm5t4 ,! rifle gr5ade arrives at its de/9ation unexpect$ly )\t any noise2 x explodes be=e "o has ev5 "t to get out ( ! way4 ,z x does n arrive at fix$ h\rs l ! bomb>dm5t1 ! enemy _c cont9ually avoid x by tak+ refuge 9 8 dug\ts & %elt]s2 :5 he is mov+ ab\t a tr5* :i* is subject to rifle gr5ad+ he mu/ be cont9ually on ! al]t4 ,?is p]petual m5ace1 h\r 9 & h\r out1 day 9 & day out1 r5d]s 8 soj\rn 9 ! tr5*es extremely disagreeable4 ,be=e rifle gr5ades are ?r[n c>eful obs]vation ( ! oppos+ tr5* mu/ h be5 made to det]m9e ! po9t :]e ! gr5ade is likely to d ! greate/ damage4 ,rifles are plac$ 9 ! aim+ racks & ! gr5ades fir$ f "t to "t1 day & night1 at mom5ts :5 x seems propiti\s4 ,9 ?is way a s5t9el may be tak5 by surprise2 a noncommission$ (fic] or (fic] may be caught unaw>es4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$ t we w probably be able to ?r[ tw5ty gr5ades to ! enemy's "o4 ,advantage %\ld always be tak5 ( ?is munitions sup]iority4 ,e man ( ! enemy we c put out ( action is "o less to kill u 9 ! advance :i* w ev5tually come4 ,sometimes ! enemy w try to reply4 ,"h is :]e our munitions sup]iority comes 9 aga94 ,we c fairly %[] him ) gr5ades & make him take to 8 %elt]s4 ,x may be advisable to execute a sudd5 bur/ ( gr5ade fire4 ,?is is />t$ by a volley & foll[$ by fire at w4 ,:5 ! artill]y has de/roy$ p>ts ( ! enemy's tr5*es or makes brea*es 9 8 ob/acles by day he w endeavor to repair !m at night4 ,he may be consid]ably annoy$ & losses inflict$ ^u him by a well-direct$ %[] ( rifle gr5ades arriv+ at po9ts :]e 8 work+ p>ties are locat$4 ,to make ?is effective ! rifle racks %\ld be plac$ 9 position & secur$ dur+ ! day aft] trial %ots h demon/rat$ conclusively ! direction & angle = !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,%ell+ ,y w be impress$ by ! %ells1 especially ! big ones4 ,! d9 & bla/ ( ! explosions are1 to say ! lea/1 t]rify+4 ,b y w soon come to "k t ! %ell (t5 makes m noise ?an x does h>m & t1 aft] a t]rific bomb>dm5t1 by no means is ev]ybody de/roy$4 ,sid5ote3 ,h[ to ,protect ,y\rself f ,%ells ,! big %ell1 :i* is s appall+1 is only really dang]\s if x falls on ! place :]e a man is /&+1 because ! spl9t]s rise 9 ! air4 ,fall d[n flat :5 ! %ell bur/s4 ,ev5 if y are q close1 !re is comp>atively little risk4 ,get up imm$iately aft] ! explosion1 especially if y are #bjj to #cjj y>ds away f ! place :]e x bur/4 ,! spl9t]s d n fall = "s "t aft] ! explosion4 ,! /eel helmets & ! infantry pack w furni% consid]able protection f %rapnel fragm5ts & balls4 ,sid5ote3 ,dur+ ! ,combat ,! safe/ place to avoid ! enemy's %ell fire :5 ! attack has be5 laun*$ is close up to ! enemy's position1 :]e ! artill]y fire has to cease = fe> ( plac+ %ells indiscrim9ately 9 8 own troops & ours4 ,"s m51 completely di/ract$1 lie d[n ) _! face to ! gr\nd4 ,!y w be cru%$ :]e !y lie4 ,artill]y fire1 :5 x is viol5t1 t5ds to ?r[ ! ranks into confusion & disord]4 ,y h only e>s = ! ro> ( ! approa*+ %ell4 ,y sl[ d[n & attempt to seek cov] :]e !re is no cov]4 ,! unit breaks up1 & runs wild or /ops altoge!r4 ,disord] & confusion means massacre4 ,m>* /rictly 9 place4 ,to ! front is y\r safe/ hav5 ( refuge4 ,get hold ( ! fright5$ ones & keep !m 9 place4 ,y w ne$ !m to help y :5 y rea* ! goal4 ,sid5ote3 ,9 ! ,tr5*es ,dug\ts ) /rong ov]head cov] are provid$ = y\r protection :5 n actually requir$ to man ! tr5*4 ,9 "s places x may be possible to dig %elt] caves & %ore up ! ro(s4 ,sid5ote3 ,sc\t+ & ,patroll+ ,to ! ,read]3 ,y w f9d a weal? ( in=mation on ! me?ods to be employ$ by sc\ts & patrols 9 a little book simil> to ?is "o 9 size1 entitl$ 8,sc\t+ & ,patroll+10 by ! au?or ( ?is volume4 ,publi%$ & = sale by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry ,association1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,price #ej c5ts1 by mail1 po/paid4 ,get y\r copy n[ & prep>e y\rself = ^! important duties4 ,sc\t+ & patroll+ to ! front is ( greate/ importance4 ,x is kept up bo? day & night4 ,! units occupy+ ! fir/ l9e s5d out patrols :5ev] necess>y4 ,!y are frequ5tly able to obta9 valuable in=mation & at ! same "t s]ve to c\nt]act ! enemy's ef=ts 9 ?is direction4 ,! patrols g5]ally consi/ ( a junior (fic] or noncommission$ (fic] & f f\r to six select$ m54 ,_! op]ations are conduct$ 9 accordance ) ! situation & ! mission !y are s5t on4 ,h& gr5ades are frequ5tly c>ri$ = bo? (f5sive & def5sive op]ations4 ,gr5ade patrols always c>ry !m4 ,! op]ations ( patrols may include3 #a4 ,reconnaissance ( sectors ( ! enemy's position ) a view to det]m9+ 8 dispositions & arrangem5t ( ob/acles4 #b4 ,mak+ sket*es ( positions4 #c4 ,captur+ prison]s4 #d4 ,oppos+ enemy patrols4 #e4 ,h>ass+ ! enemy4 ,:5 ! patrol goes out e man 9 ! sector ( ! fir+ l9e mu/ be in=m$ ( su* fact & ! possibility ( its return+ ?r\gh 8 po/4 ,x is n suffici5t to simply notify ! m5 on po/ at ! "t ! patrol goes out1 z a man _c always be tru/$ to pass ! in=mation on to 8 relief4 ,^w %\ld be quietly tak5 along ! l9e by ! noncommission$ (fic] 9 *>ge ( ! relief 9 p]son4 ,:5 ! patrol is out1 special in/ructions h to be giv5 ) respect to fir+4 ,to cease fir+ altoge!r is v undesirable4 ,x ar\ses ! enemy's suspicions4 ,a few tru/wor?y riflem5 are direct$ to fire high at int]vals4 ,no lights are s5t up :ile ! patrol is out4 ,if ! patrol is to rema9 /ation>y1 simil> to ! outgu>d ( an outpo/1 communication may be ma9ta9$ by means ( a /r+1 spell+ out ! messages by ,morse code1 two j]ks mean+ a da% & "o j]k mean+ a dot4 ,:]e night patrols h to rema9 out "u try+ conditions special dug\ts %\ld be res]v$ :]e !y c re/ ^u _! return4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>e ( ,arms ,! infantryman's rifle is 8 be/ fri5d4 ,! p]sonal c>e t he gives to x is indicative ( 8 soldi]ness & discipl9e4 ,y\r rifle mu/ be kept 9 prime condition1 o!rwise x may fail y at a critical mom5t4 ,a canvas bree* cov] t w protect ! bolt & magaz9e me*anism w be f\nd a great advantage :5 ! rifle is n 9 use4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to exclude mud & dirt f ! bolt me*anisms4 ,d n put mud-cov]$ c>tridges into ! magaz9e4 ,wipe !m (f fir/4 ,arrange a prop] receptacle ne> y\r po/ = ! /orage ( y\r res]ve ammunition4 ,be c>eful t y d n clog ! muzzle ( ! rifle ) mud & dirt4 ,if fir$ 9 ?is condition x w ru9 ! rifle4 ,be c>eful n to clog up ! sight cov] ) mud4 ,oil ! rifle frequ5tly ) good sp]m oil4 ,half ( ! oil]s 9 ! squad %\ld be fill$ ) oil & ! o!r half ) ,hoppe's ,no4 #i ,p[d] ,solv5t4 ,rifles mu/ be c>efully inspect$ daily by platoon comm&]s & ! m5 requir$ to "w on !m dur+ ! p]iods (f po/4 ,sid5ote3 ,c>e ( ,tr5*es ,repairs w h to be made daily4 ,! wid5+ ( tr5*es 9 ! mak+ ( repairs %\ld be /rictly =bidd54 ,"u no circum/ances mu/ !y be alt]$ 9 any mann] except on ! ord] ( ! company comm&]4 ,platoon comm&]s w g ov] e "p ( ! tr5* sev]al times daily ) ! squad lead]s ( ! v>i\s sections & decide ^u ! repairs & improvem5ts to be made4 ,a complete & ?or\gh police w be made prior to be+ reliev$4 ,all refuse w be remov$4 ,fir$ c>tridges w be dispos$ (1 z !y might get imb$d$ 9 ! tr5* floor & h9d] subsequ5t digg+4 ,ea* squad lead] w be held /rictly responsible = ! /ate ( police ( ! section ( tr5* occupi$ by 8 squad4 ,sid5ote3 ,latr9es ,latr9es are locat$ at conv5i5t po9ts 9 ! tr5*es4 ,= ! m5 on duty 9 ! fir/ l9e !y are g5]ally dug to ! flank ( a connect+ tr5* & connect$ !re) by a passageway4 ,_! location is pla9ly m>k$4 ,! rules ( sanitation are ev5 m /rictly obs]v$ 9 tr5*es ?an !y are 9 soldi] camps4 ,! tr5*es & passageways mu/ n "u any circum/ances be defil$4 ,latr9es %\ld be kept clean & sanit>y4 ,!y w be c>efully protect$ f flies4 ,! free use ( *loride ( lime daily is an absolute necessity4 ,sid5ote3 ,maps ,a complete detail$ plan ( our own tr5*es & z mu* z is kn[n ( ^? ( ! enemy opposite %\ld be made1 & be available = /udy & to ref] to 9 mak+ reports4 ,e bay ( ! tr5* %\ld be numb]$1 e trav]se lett]$4 ,all junction po9ts ( fire & communicat+ tr5*es1 all dug\ts1 all po/s1 mort> positions1 ma*9e-gun positions1 obs]vation po/s1 & any po9ts t x may be necess>y to ref] to 9 reports %\ld be designat$ by numb]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,fro/ ,bite2 ,*ill$ ,feet ,! causes are3 #a4 ,prolong$ /&+ 9 cold wat] or liquid mud4 #b4 ,tight boots & legg+s1 t int]f]e ) ! blood circulation4 ,sid5ote3 ,prev5tion #a4 ,be=e go+ into ! tr5*es wa% ! feet & legs & dry !m ?or\ghly4 ,! ,briti% ,army has an issue ( an anti-freeze mixture :i* w probably be issu$ to our troops also4 ,! feet & legs %\ld be rubb$ ) x4 ,put on p]fectly dry socks4 ,an extra pair ( dry socks %\ld be c>ri$4 #b4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( s]vice 9 ! tr5*es ! feet %\ld be treat$ 9 ?is mann] f "t to "t4 #c4 ,:5 ! feet are cold1 hot wat] w n be us$ = wa%+ nor w !y be held close to a fire4 #d4 ,rubb] boots mu/ be worn only 9 ! tr5*es4 ,on no acc\nt mu/ !y be worn :ile on res]ve4 ,tr5* ,soldi]s' ,cre$ ,to be ( ! greate/ effectiv5ess 9 ! tr5* e soldi]1 p]sonally & collectively1 mu/ be able to adopt ! foll[+ cre$ & live up to x3 #a4 ,we are "h = two purposes1 to d z mu* damage z possible to ! enemy & to hold our section ( ! l9e aga9/ all attacks4 ,we are do+ ev]y?+ 9 our p[] to accompli% ^! missions4 ,we realize t e man ( ! enemy confront+ u t is n[ plac$ hors de combat w be !re ready to %oot u d[n :5 ! assault takes place4 ,we realize also t if ! enemy makes a lodgm5t on our section ( ! l9e t x endang]s o!rs & a co/ly c\nt] attack may be necess>y4 ,we w hold on4 #b4 ,) ! means at h& & ^? we are able to devise we w make ! enemy's /ay 9 8 tr5*es z uncom=table & disagreeable z possible4 ,all ( our utilities are be+ utiliz$ to ! fulle/ ext5t & our v>i\s deta*m5ts are organiz$ & _! tactical op]ations are conduct$ ) ?is object 9 view4 #c4 ,we h done ev]y?+ possible to /r5g!n our l9e4 #d4 ,if1 despite all ! precautions we c take & ! h>de/ fight we are able to make1 ! enemy succe$s 9 effect+ a lodgm5t on our section ( ! l9e1 we w meet him ) ! bayonet & fight to ! la/ drop ( our blood4 #e4 ,we are all famili> ) ! tactical dispositions 9 our section ( ! l9e4 ,^? ( u on ! flanks connect up ) ! platoons to our "r & left4 ,we "k ! r\te to company & battalion headqu>t]s & "k :]e ! ne>e/ support is locat$4 ,we "k ! position ( our ma*9e guns & ! sector !y cov]4 ,we are 9 con/ant communication ) ! obs]v+ po/s t cov] our front1 & our obs]v+ po/s cov]+ ! o!r platoons are 9 con/ant communication ) !m4 #f4 ,we "k ! fir+ position assign$ to u & are famili> ) ! use to be made ( ! accessories furni%$ u4 ,we c fire ov] ! p>apet at ! foot ( our wire entanglem5ts to repel night attack4 #g4 ,we w at all times be c>eful ab\t ne$lessly expos+ ourselves4 ,we appreciate ! fact t x is absolutely /upid to get kill$ or w\nd$ 9 ! tr5* ?r\gh neglig5ce4 ,by s do+ "o has s]v$ no purpose & a soldi] _c be replac$4 ,our lead]s h w>n$ u ( ! especially dang]\s places4 ,we "k :]e !y are & avoid !m except :5 our pres5ce !re is necess>y z a matt] ( duty4 #h4 ,! sections ( ! enemy's l9e t we are to cov] ) our fire h all be5 po9t$ out & ea* ( u is famili> ) same4 ,we h locat$ ! enemy's loopholes & are do+ our be/ to keep !m "u fire4 #i4 ,we "k our way & move noiselessly ab\t ! tr5*es4 ,:5 we ent] & leave x is ) absolute sil5ce4 #aj4 ,we are do+ our utmo/ to collect in=mation ab\t ! enemy1 8 def5ses1 8 activity1 8 movem5ts1 & especially 8 night op]ations4 ,all ( ?is in=mation we transmit imm$iately to ! platoon lead]4 #aa4 ,we "k ! be/ way to get ov] our p>apet to rea* ! enemy4 #ab4 ,our appliances = protection f gas attacks are complete & ready = in/ant use4 ,we h our helmets on our p]sons ready to put on4 ,we are famili> ) _! use & h confid5ce 9 _! effectiv5ess4 ,we w wait = ! signal to don our gas helmets 7signal is usually made by beat+ a gong1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 to foll[ exactly ! directions = putt+ on ! gas helmets2 c>elessness may mean y\r disablem5t74 #ac4 ,our tr5*es are dra9$ & e precaution is be+ tak5 to keep ! dra9s & sump holes 9 condition to p]=m _! functions4 #ad4 ,we h r5d]$ ! p>apets & %elt]s ?r\gh\t our sector bullet-pro(1 & effective measures are be+ tak5 to prev5t !m f cav+ 94 #ae4 ,we are keep+ our tr5*es sanit>y & clean2 our res]ve munitions are c>efully /or$ 9 _! prop] places ready = in/ant use4 ,refuse is always plac$ 9 receptacles :5 x c be c>ri$ away4 ,we d n "u any circum/ances litt] up our tr5* floor4 ,our empty %ells are collect$ & s5t to ! re>4 #af4 ,our rifles are our be/ fri5ds4 ,we keep !m clean1 well oil$1 & 9 read9ess = in/ant use4 ,our bayonets we h ) u at all times ready to be plac$ on ! rifle4 ,we protect our rifle ammunition f ! mud1 z we realize t muddy c>tridges w clog ! bree* me*anism & cause mal-function4 #ag4 ,we are tak+ e precaution to prev5t 8tr5* feet20 :5 practicable we take (f our %oes & rub our feet = #ae m9utes ea* day4 ,we d n we> tight %oes & legg+s t t5d to int]f]e ) blood circulation4 ,we ea* h a pair ( dry socks to put on4 ,we d n we> rubb] boots except :5 x is absolutely necess>y4 #ah4 ,we obs]ve ! ord]s reg>d+ ! we>+ ( equipm5t4 #ai4 ,we d n dr9k any wat] except t f au?oriz$ s\rces4 ,we repl5i% our cante5s :5ev] practicable4 ,9 addition to ! above ! platoon comm&] mu/ be able to adopt ! foll[+ & live up to !m3 #a4 ,my s5tries are po/$ 9 ! prop] places4 ,!y are po/$ by noncommission$ (fic]s4 ,!y h ! prop] ord]s4 ,no man is ev] on duty m ?an "o h\r at a "t4 ,i visit !m at frequ5t int]vals4 #b4 ,i h a runn] ready to c>ry a message to company headqu>t]s4 ,i realize t any in=mation ( ! enemy t ,i may secure may be ( great importance at regim5tal & o!r headqu>t]s4 ,i w !re=e s5d x back ) ! utmo/ dispat*4 #c4 ,i am famili> ) ! me?ods ( communicat+ ) ! artill]y1 ( giv+ !m in=mation & ( ask+ !m = support4 #d4 ,my patrols op]at+ to ! front at night h be5 prop]ly in/ruct$ & are do+ _! duty effectively4 ,all s5tries 9 ! tr5* h be5 notifi$ :5 !y are out & caution$ to look out = _! return4 #e4 ,i h giv5 complete & detail$ in/ruction cov]+ :at to d 9 case ( gas attacks & ! s5d+ out ( ! ,s4 ,o4 ,s4 signal4 ,i h gas & attack messages already prep>$ & ready to s5d aft] ins]t+ ! "t & place 9 !m4 #f4 ,i "k ! "n ( e man 9 my platoon & !y all "k me4 #g4 ,i am "h to inflict z mu* damage z possible on ! enemy & to hold my "p ( ! l9e4 ,i w d x6 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,! ,attack 9 ,tr5* ,w>f>e ,sid5ote3 ,objectives ,! objectives :i* mu/ be dealt ) 9 ! attack ( an intr5*$ position su* z w be f\nd on ! we/]n front are3 #a4 ,! tr5*es ( ! fir/ l9e4 #b4 ,! support+ po9ts4 #c4 ,! tr5*es ( ! second l9e4 ,by a /udy ( ! text prec$+ ?is y mu/ realize t 9 ! def5se ( ^! objectives !re w be employ$ artill]y1 rifles1 gr5ades & ma*9e guns4 ,sid5ote3 ,artill]y ,prep>ation ,! fir/ phase ( ! attack is ! artill]y prep>ation4 ,9 ord] t ! infantry may make ! attack ) a m9imum ( losses1 ! artill]y mu/ h de/roy$ ! wire entanglem5ts & ob/acles t ob/ruct ! advance1 or at lea/ h suffici5tly brea*$ !m to p]mit _! be+ negotiat$4 ,! de/ruction ( ^! ob/acles is nev] complete4 ,x w\ld require too great an exp5diture ( ammunition4 ,! infantry occupy+ ! ho/ile tr5*es mu/ be simply ov]:elm$ ) artill]y fire s t !y w be unable to man ! p>apets :5 ! assault is laun*$4 ,dur+ ! artill]y prep>ation ! ho/ile infantry does n occupy _! fir+ positions 9 ! tr5*es b rema9 9 _! dug\ts1 :i* are fully protect$ f all b ! heavie/ %ells4 ,only a few obs]v]s are left 9 ! tr5*es4 ,:5 ! bomb>dm5t aga9/ ?is p>ticul> "p ( ! l9e ceases ! infantry leave _! dug\ts & man ! fir+ positions4 ,to prev5t ?is is "o ( ! mo/ important z well z mo/ difficult tasks ( ! artill]y4 ,?is may be effect$ by a well-direct$ fire on ! exits to ! dug\ts ) a view to cav+ !m 9 & ?us prev5t+ ! egress ( ! occupants ,! enemy may sometimes be induc$ to leave 8 %elt] prematurely by ! foll[+ ruse3 #a4 ,cease ! artill]y fire4 #b4 ,op5 a heavy rifle fire2 ?is causes ! enemy to believe t ! assault has begun & he w man 8 p>apets 9 /r5g?4 #c4 ,aft] wait+ = sev]al m9utes op5 ! artill]y aga9 ) ev5 increas$ vigor4 ,! ho/ile infantry may be =c$ out ( 8 dug\ts by ! use ( %ells & gr5ades conta9+ suffocat+ gases :i* p5etrate ! %elt]s & make !m unt5able4 ,! artill]y is also *>g$ ) putt+ ! enemy's artill]y out ( action to prev5t !m f fir+ ^u ! attack+ infantry4 ,if ! enemy artill]y is left free1 x w %ell our tr5*es & approa*es1 caus+ casualties & confusion & ?us int]f]+ ) ! =mation = ! attack4 ,! location ( ho/ile batt]ies is effect$ by a]ial reconnaissance4 ,ano!r task ( ! artill]y is to prev5t ! ho/ile res]ves f com+ up to re9=ce _! fir+ l9es4 ,^! res]ves w be locat$ back 9 ! second l9e until _! pres5ce is requir$ at ! front4 ,z long z ! artill]y prep>ation cont9ues !y rema9 9 ! %elt]s1 b z soon z x ceases !y man ! tr5*es4 ,! artill]y mu/ !re=e ext5d its fire to ! second l9e & cont9ue x :ile ! fir/ l9e is be+ ru%$4 ,back ( ! second position ! enemy holds /rong res]ves4 ,! entrance ( ^! into action mu/ be prev5t$4 ,?is is accompli%$ by ext5d+ ! curta9 ( fire /ill fur!r to ! re>4 ,! support+ po9ts mu/ receive a lion's %>e ( att5tion =1 bri/l+ ) ma*9e guns & tr5* mort>s1 !y are ! really dang]\s elem5ts to ! infantry attack aft] x passes ! fir/ l9e tr5*es4 ,! weapon :i* inflicts ! greate/ losses on ! assault+ infantry is ! ma*9e gun1 :i* appe>s sudd5ly out ( ! gr\nd & lays l[ :ole units4 ,by a c>eful reconnaissance ^! ma*9e-gun positions are f]ret$ out & e possible means are tak5 to effect _! de/ruction4 ,! effectiv5ess ( ! artill]y prep>ation dep5ds simply ^u sup]iority ( guns & munitions4 ,9 ?is respect we n[ possess a great advantage1 = ! /ate ( our munition supply is su* t our artill]y may fire sev]al %ells to "o ( ! enemy4 ,?is is :at e/abli%$ ! sup]iority4 ,sid5ote3 ,organization ( ,infantry ,attack ,! organization ( ! attack+ infantry corresponds 9 a g5]al way to ! organization ( ! position be+ attack$4 ,a fir/ l9e ( assault is organiz$4 ,its mission is ! capture ( ! enemy's fir/ l9e tr5*es4 ,a second l9e foll[s1 hav+ = its mission ! assault & capture ( ! second l9e tr5*es4 ,a sep>ate organization ( ^! two l9es is necess>y = ! reason t ! fir/ attack+ l9e is g5]ally s disorganiz$ 9 ! fight+ t x no long] possesses ! cohesion necess>y to c>ry x ?r\gh to ! second l9e4 ,x has be5 f\nd necess>y to laun* a comp>atively fre% & intact =ce aga9/ x4 ,z ! fir/ position is organiz$ into sev]al sep>ate l9es ( def5se1 s also is ! fir/ attack+ l9e organiz$ & laun*$ 9 two or m waves1 ^? 9 re> be+ 9 ! nature ( re9=cem5ts to ^? 9 front4 ,sid5ote3 ,objectives ,ea* unit ( ! attack+ l9e is assign$ a di/9ct objective4 ,c]ta9 units are giv5 ! mission ( attack+ ! support+ po9ts to prev5t _! enfilad+ ! units advanc+ ?r\gh ! int]vals betwe5 !m4 ,! ma9 ef=ts are made along ! l9es betwe5 ! support+ po9ts1 z to assault ! latt] w\ld entail a casualty li/ n comm5surate ) ! results4 ,! ef=t aga9/ !m is made ) a view to neutraliz+ _! effect4 ,if ! attack is successful 9 ! int]vals1 ! support+ po9ts w fall z a result4 ,! waves ( ! fir/ l9e are direct$ aga9/ ! fir/ position1 ! second aga9/ ! second position4 ,! res]ves held "u ! ord]s ( ! division comm&] are employ$ :]e ! developm5t ( ! situation dictates4 ,fur!r to ! re>1 & "u ord]s ( ! supreme comm&]1 l>ge bodies ( re9=cem5ts are held ready to be mov$ rapidly to po9ts :]e progress has be5 made to su* an ext5t t maneuv] op]ations are practicable4 ,sid5ote3 ,prep>ation = ! ,assault ,prep>atory to ! assault1 num]\s saps 7tr5*es7 are run out to ! front f ! ma9 fir+ tr5*es4 ,! night be=e ! attack1 a p>allel is brok5 out connect+ ! sap heads4 ,?is p>allel is amply suppli$ ) %ort ladd]s & is occupi$ by ! companies compos+ ! fir/ wave ( ! attack4 ,! saps & ! ma9 tr5*es are also fill$ ) m5 assign$ to ! foll[+ waves1 :o w move into ! p>allel z soon z ! fir/ wave leaves x4 ,z ! artill]y prep>ation ceases1 ! fir/ waves ru% up ! ladd]s 9 succession & move out to ! assault4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,fir/ ,wave ,z ! artill]y prep>ation aga9/ ! fir/ l9e is complet$ & ! curta9 ( fire %ift$ f> into ! enemy's position1 ! infantry ( ! fir/ wave em]ges f ! p>allel & moves out4 ,! =mation & gait dep5d ^u ! di/ance to ! ho/ile tr5*4 ,if ! artill]y prep>ation has be5 effective & ! di/ance is n m ?an #ajj y>ds1 x is expect$ t ! wave w be able to rea* ! fire tr5* )\t fir+1 except possibly :5 ! wire is rea*$4 ,if ! di/ance is mu* great] ?an #ajj y>ds1 x is necess>y to cov] ! advance ) rifle fire4 ,?is is accompli%$ by a l9e ( skirmi%]s deploy$ at ext5d$ int]vals1 :i* prec$es ! wave at ab\t #ej y>ds4 ,! wave />ts out at a walk1 c>efully align$4 ,x aft]w>ds takes up ! d\ble "t & advances by ru%es until ! wire entanglem5ts are rea*$4 ,f ?is mom5t ! p]iod ( ! *>ge & individual combat beg9s4 ,! m5 c no long] be kept f fir+4 ,ea* tries to protect himself ) 8 rifle4 ,ea* man locates 8 op5+ 9 ! wire ?r\gh :i* he is to g & makes = x4 ,! l9e re=ms on ! o!r side4 ,) rifles at ! high *>ge 7a position to our old head p>ry1 b slant+ slightly upw>d f "r to left7 ! l9e ru%es ^u ! enemy4 ,ea* man runs /raight t[>ds ! "p ( ! tr5* 9 front ( him & jumps ^u ! p>apet4 ,by rifle %ots & bayonet ?ru/s he de/roys ev]y?+ 9 8 way4 ,m5 select$ 9 advance take *>ge ( ! prison]s4 ,! l9e is re=m$1 ly+ d[n j beyond ! fire tr5*1 & fire is op5$ aga9/ ! second l9e4 ,m5 are positively =bidd5 to ent] ! communication tr5*es4 ,!y are mo/ invit+ = cov]1 b a man r>ely gets out ( !m4 ,! gr5adi] squad proce$ to _! "w ( cle>+ ! fire & communication tr5*es4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,second ,wave ,! second wave ( ! fir/ l9e />ts =w>d at ! mom5t ! fir/ wave rea*es ! ho/ile tr5*es4 ,if x />ts soon]1 x w unite ) ! fir/ at ! entanglem5t & become involv$ 9 ! fight = ! fire tr5*4 ,x w be brok5 up prematurely & w be unable to take advantage ( ! developm5ts ( ! fight ( ! fir/ wave4 ,! re9=cem5t by ! second wave & ! disorganization produc$ by ! assault lead to a mixture ( units 9 ! tr5*es ( ! fir/ position4 ,be=e />t+ out to ! assault ( ! next tr5* x is necess>y t ord] be re/or$4 ,:5 ?is is accompli%$ ! attack is laun*$ aga9/ ! second l9e4 ,9 front ( ! support+ po9ts ! combat rages4 ,! m5 are b>ely able to hold on ! out] edges4 ,9 ! int]val ! advance has rea*$ high tide & has exp&$ l a wave & /opp$4 ,?is is ! limit t c be expect$ ( ! fir/ l9e4 ,ha/y cov] is prep>$ & advantage tak5 ( su* cov] z may exi/4 ,all elem5ts ( ! attack op5 fire on ! second position4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,second ,l9e ,"u ! cov] ( ^! op]ations ! second l9e has come up 9 a s]ies ( ?ree l9es1 :]e x is built up compact at ! position ( ! /opp$ fir/ l9e4 ,f ?is po9t its attack aga9/ ! enemy's second l9e is laun*$4 ,! l9es are work$ up to a po9t f :i* ! assault is to be made1 & :5 ! "t comes ! fir/ wave da%es out to ! attack1 foll[$ by ! second wave 9 ! same mann] z ! assault aga9/ ! fir/ position 0 made4 ,! action ( ! two l9es ( attack may be expect$ to ov]:elm ! great] "p ( ! two ma9 ho/ile positions4 ,at c]ta9 po9ts1 h[ev]1 ! resi/ance w hold out1 &1 if n ov]come1 w con/itute po9ts ( support to :i* ! enemy may br+ up re9=cem5ts & ev5 turn ! tide ( battle by a c\nt] attack4 ,to deal ) ^! po9ts t hold out1 z well z ) ho/ile re9=cem5ts :i* may arrive1 ! res]ve is laun*$ into action1 :i* br+s ! attack into ! op5 gr\nd beyond ! second l9e ( def5se1 & maneuv] op]ations are begun4 ,! mobile units are rapidly ?r[n into action1 & l>ge =ces f ! g5]al res]ve are hurri$ to ! po9t :]e ! l9es ( def5se are brok5 ?r\gh4 ,f :at has gone be=e we may d$uce t ! foll[+ conditions mu/ prevail to atta9 success 9 an attack on a prep>$ position3 #a4 ,! attack mu/ be plann$ d[n to ! mo/ m9ute detail4 #b4 ,!re mu/ be a greatly sup]ior =ce ( artill]y conc5trat$ at ! po9t ( attack1 & ! artill]y prep>ation mu/ be ?or\gh4 #c4 ,! infantry mu/ be suffici5t 9 numb]1 tra9+ & morale to p]=m ! tasks t w be dem&$ ( !m4 #d4 ,! arrangem5ts = ! supply ( ammunition to ! fir+ l9e mu/ be plann$ & c>ri$ out 9 all its details4 #e4 ,plans = meet+ c\nt] attacks mu/ be ?or\gh & complete4 ,! capture ( a position is (t5 less difficult ?an its ret5tion4 #f4 ,f9ally1 e (fic] & man mu/ "k exactly :at he is to d4 ,sc\t+ & ,patroll+ ,by ,capt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,waldron #bi? ,infantry ,clo? ,b\nd--,fits ! ,pocket #c;d ,,edition ,price1 #ej c5ts po/paid ,! be/1 mo/ complete & practical treatm5t ( ! subject t has be5 produc$4 ,:at ,to ,d & ,h[ ,to ,d ,x ,j ! book ne$$ = ! in/ruction ( ! enli/$ m5 ( y\r organization4 ,e soldi] 9 ! ,army %\ld h a copy & "k its cont5ts4 ,endors$ by ,lead+ ,(fic]s ( ! ,army ,publi%$ & = sale by ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ,infantry ,association ,union ,tru/ ,build+ ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,comm5t f ,lead+ ,(fic]s ( ! ,army 8,i h a copy ( #8,sc\t+ & ,patroll+' & wi% e o!r p]son 9 ! milit>y s]vice _h "o4 ,y h pres5t$ an int]e/+ & v important subject 9 a v conv5i5t1 readable =m & 9 its logical sequ5ce4 ,i comm5d ! book to all soldi]s4 ,!y w b5efit by a c>eful /udy ( its cont5ts40 8,! mo/ complete & valuable treatise on sc\t & patrol "w t has be5 publi%$4 ,! small size & %ape ( ! little volume make x a conv5i5t pocket ref]5ce book suitable = field "w40 8,x cov]s ! duties t w fall to ! lot ( ! soldi] 9 "t ( w> bett] ?an any "w h]et(ore publi%$4 ,i pr$ict t e company comm&] 9 ! ,army w ev5tually use x z a text-book 9 ! in/ruction ( 8 organization40 8,y\r book is excell5t4 ,i am amaz$ at ! great am\nt ( in=mation y h conc5trat$ 9 su* a small volume4 ,i %all c]ta9ly recomm5d x to ! capta9s ( my regim5t z a book = in/ruction 9 noncommission$ (fic]s' s*ools4 ,i feel t ,i %\ld congratulate y on x z an ,am]ican text-book on ! subject t is f> sup]ior to any ( ! =eign publications40 8,i f9d x be to an excell5t "w on ! subject4 ,x is ?or\gh & to ! po9t4 ,its size1 extremely small co/ & valuable cont5ts ought to recomm5d x to e soldi] 9 ! ,army40 8,i cordially endorse x z be+ wond]fully compreh5sive & compreh5sible 9 cov]+ ! subject40 8,i am impress$ ) its simplicity & complet5ess4 ,x is a mo/ valuable book = ! noncommission$ (fic] & private40 8,! book is ?or\ghly practical & ! arrangem5t admirable4 ,x is c]ta9ly ! be/ book on ! subject t ,i h ev] se540 ,a few extracts f num]\s book reviews 8,devoid ( te*nicalities & writt5 9 an int]e/+ & und]/&able /yle4 ,x is a mo/ in/ructive book4 ,) uness5tials elim9at$1 x gives a /ore ( in=mation 9 language t any man c und]/&40 8,x cov]s a wide & difficult gr\nd4 ,! doz5 *apt]s ( ! little book n only in/ruct ! soldi] ?or\ghly 9 ! duties ( reconnaissance b place at 8 conv5i5t disposal a valuable /ore ( in=mation z to milit>y messages1 signal+1 map read+1 reconnaissance reports1 fir/-aid & k9dr$ subjects40 8,x cov]s v concisely e feature ( ?is mo/ important bran* ( milit>y tra9+3 x is ent]ta9+ly writt5 & g5]\sly illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t40 ,,tactical ,,talks ,by ,capt4 ,w4 ,h4 ,waldron1 #bi? ,infantry ,to ! ,read]3 ,! up-to-date me?od ( in/ruction & tra9+ 9 ,m9or ,tactics is ?is3 #a4 ,prep>e a tactical problem cov]+ ! subject "u consid]ation4 #b4 ,take ! noncommission$ (fic]s out on a ,,tactical ,,walk & make a solution ( ! v>i\s situations4 #c4 ,foll[ ?is by tak+ ! company out on a tactical ex]cise = ! solv+ ( ! id5tical problem t y solv$ 9 ! ,,tactical ,,walk4 ,?is me?od w br+ results t w surprise y4 ,9 ! ,tactical ,walk1 tactical situations are pres5t$ to ! noncommission$ (fic]s = practical solution on ! gr\nd & !y are firmly impress$ on ! m9ds ( ! m54 ,:5 ! same problem is br\ght up = solution ) ! troops y w see y\r noncommission$ (fic]s go+ ab\t _! v>i\s tasks 9 a bus9ess-l mann] ) a k ( :at to d & h[ to d x1 t !y h nev] _h be=e4 ,?is inspires ! confid5ce ( ! m5 9 _! noncommission$ (fic]s & z a result ! entire organization is lift$ to a mu* high] 8tactical level0 ?an !y h be5 able to atta9 h]et(ore4 ,,tactical ,,walks is an entirely orig9al "w4 ,x 0 writt5 ) a view to inaugurat+ ?is sy/em ( in/ruction & tra9+ ?r\gh\t ! ,army4 ,! subjects includ$ are3 ,outpo/s1 reconnoit]+ patrols1 visit+ patrols1 advance gu>ds1 flank gu>ds1 deta*$ po/s1 organization ( a small def5sive position4 ,! l>ge/ unit consid]$ is a company & t only incid5tally4 ,! ma9 elem5t is ! platoon & patrol4 ,= ea* walk a tactical problem has be5 prep>$ 9 blank4 ,?is c be adapt$ to any t]ra9 t is available4 ,foll[+ ! problem !re are a numb] ( tactical situations su* z "o w\ld enc\nt] 9 actual s]vice4 ,! discussions & explanations cov] e phase ( ! subject "u consid]ation 9 a purely practical mann]4 ,a practical solution is !n arriv$ at & set =?4 ,at ! end ( ! solution to ea* situation !re is ins]t$ a ,director's ,key1 :i* gives ! complete synopsis ( :at has gone be=e4 ,e (fic] 9 ! ,army %\ld h a copy4 ,x w save a lot ( "t prep>+ = ! conduct ( ,tactical ,walks4 ,e noncommission$ (fic] %\ld h a copy & /udy its cont5ts4 ,by s do+ he prep>es himself = ! duties t he w be call$ ^u to p]=m 9 ! field4 ,,ord] ,,y\r ,,copy ,,today4 ,! price is #a4ej p] copy1 po/age paid4 ,copies ( ! book may be _h f any "o ( ! ag5cies enum]at$ on page v ( ?is book4 ,w4 ,h4 ,,waldron1 ,capta91 ,tw5ty-n9? ,infantry4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,m9or typographical errors h be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,o!rs are not$ bel[4 ,italiciz$ words are surr\nd$ by und]l9e *>act]s1 l ?is1 ,words 9 bold *>act]s are surr\nd$ by equal signs1 l ?is4 ,mid-p>agraph illu/rations h be5 mov$ betwe5 p>agraphs & "s illu/rations h be5 mov$ clos] to ! text t ref]5ces !m4 ,o!r corrections3 p4 #ac3 ,fru/rom -- fru/um 7''' a fru/um ( a cone'''47 p4 #ge3 dorm -- =m 7,! =m is !n rais$'''47 p4 #gh3 /aple -- /able 7''' make a /able1 compact pile'''47 p4 #aji3 ,plate #dj;a re-numb]$ to #da;e4 p4 #aaf3 ,plate #da;a re-numb]$ to #da;f4 p4 #abj3 ,plate #da re-numb]$ to #db4 p4 #abf3 ma*ac\lis -- ma*ic\lis 7,ma*ic\lis gall]y 9 backgr\nd47 p4 #abg3 he -- be 7,loopholes %\ld be scre5$'''47 p4 #aee3 he -- be 7''' tasks t w be dem&$ ( !m47