,,the ,,shakespeare ,,garden ,illustration3 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon1 ,,new ,,place1 ,,border ,,of ,,annuals ,,the ,,shakespeare ,,garden ,,by ,,esther ,,singleton ,,with ,,numerous ,,illustrations ,,from ,,photographs ,,and ,,reproductions ,,of ,,old ,,wood ,,cuts ,illustration ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,century ,,co4 ,,new ,,york ,m ,,cm ,,xx ,,ii ,copyright1 #aibb1 by ,,the ,,century ,,co4 ,printed in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,to ,,the ,,memory ,,of ,,my ,,mother ,,whose ,,rare ,,artistic ,,tastes ,,and ,,whose ,,cultured ,,intellect ,,led ,,me ,,in ,,early ,,years ,,to ,,the ,,appreciation ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,and ,,all ,,manifestations ,,of ,,beauty ,,in ,,literature ,,and ,,art ,,preface ,in adding another book to the enormous number of works on ,shakespeare1 ,i beg indulgence for a few words of explanation4 ,having been for many years an ardent and a devoted student of ,shakespeare1 ,i discovered long ago that there was no adequate book on the ,elizabethan garden and the condition of horticulture in ,shakespeare's time4 ,every ,shakespeare student knows how frequently and with what subtle appreciation ,shakespeare speaks of flowers4 ,shakespeare loved all the simple blossoms that paint the meadows with delight3 he loved the mossy banks in the forest carpeted with wild thyme and nodding violets and o'er-canopied with eglantine and honeysuckle2 he loved the cowslips in their gold coats spotted with rubies1 the azured harebells and the daffodils that come before the swallow dares2 he loved the winking mary-buds1 or marigolds1 that ope their golden eyes in the first beams of the morning sun2 he loved the stately flowers of stately gardens--the delicious musk-rose1 lilies of all kinds1 and the flower-de-luce2 and he loved all the new outlandish flowers1 such as the crown-imperial just introduced from ,constantinople and lark's heels trim from the ,west ,indies4 ,shakespeare no doubt visited ,master ,tuggie's garden at ,westminster1 in which ,ralph ,tuggie and later his widow1 ,mistress ,tuggie1 specialized in carnations and gilliflowers1 and the gardens of ,gerard1 ,parkinson1 ,lord ,zouche1 and ,lord ,burleigh4 ,in addition to these1 he knew the gardens of the fine estates in ,warwickshire and the simple cottage gardens1 such as charm the ,american visitor in rural ,england4 ,when ,shakespeare calls for a garden scene1 as he does in ,twelfth ,night1 ,romeo and ,juliet1 and ,king ,richard ,,ii1 it is the stately garden that he has in his mind's eye1 the finest type of a ,tudor garden1 with terraces1 knots1 and arbors4 ,in ,love's ,labour's ,lost is mentioned the curious knotted garden4 ,realizing the importance of reproducing an accurate representation of the garden of ,shakespeare's time the authorities at ,stratford-upon-,avon have recently rearranged the garden of ,shakespeare's birthplace2 and the flowers of each season succeed each other in the proper knots and in the true ,elizabethan atmosphere4 ,of recent years it has been a fad among ,american garden lovers to set apart a little space for a ,shakespeare garden1 where a few old-fashioned ,english flowers are planted in beds of somewhat formal arrangement4 ,these gardens are not1 however1 by any means replicas of the simple garden of ,shakespeare's time1 or of the stately garden as worked out by the skilful ,elizabethans4 ,it is my hope1 therefore1 that this book will help those who desire a perfect ,shakespeare garden1 besides giving ,shakespeare lovers a new idea of the gardens and flowers of ,shakespeare's time4 ,part ,one is devoted to the history and evolution of the small enclosed garden within the walls of the medieval castle into the ,garden of ,delight which ,parkinson describes2 the ,elizabethan garden1 the herbalists and horticulturists2 and the new outlandish flowers4 ,part ,two describes the flowers mentioned by ,shakespeare and much quaint flower lore4 ,part ,three is devoted to technical hints1 instruction and practical suggestions for making a correct ,shakespeare garden4 ,shakespeare does not mention all the flowers that were familiar in his day1 and1 therefore1 ,i have described in detail only those spoken of in his plays4 ,i have chosen only the varieties that were known to ,shakespeare2 and in a ,shakespeare garden only such specimens should be planted4 ,for example1 it would be an anachronism to grow the superb modern pansies1 for the pansy freaked with jet1 as ,milton so beautifully calls it1 is the tiny heartsease1 or johnny-jump-up4 ,on the other hand1 the carnations 7or sops-in-wine7 and gilliflowers were highly developed in ,shakespeare's day and existed in bewildering variety4 ,we read of such specimens as the ,orange ,tawny ,gilliflower1 the ,grandpre1 the ,lustie ,gallant or ,westminster1 the ,queen's ,gilliflower1 the ,dainty1 the ,fair ,maid of ,kent or ,ruffling ,robin1 the ,feathered ,tawny1 ,master ,bradshaw's ,dainty ,lady1 and ,master ,tuggie's ,princess1 besides many other delightful names4 ,i have carefully read every word in ,parkinson's huge volume1 ,paradisi in ,sole2 ,paradisus ,terrestris 7,london1 #afbi71 to select from his practical instructions to gardeners and also his charming bits of description4 ,i need not apologize for quoting so frequently his intimate and loving characterizations of those flowers that are nourished up in gardens4 ,take1 for example1 the following description of the ,great ,harwich3 ,i take says ,parkinson this goodly1 great old ,english ,carnation as a precedent for the description of all the rest1 which for his beauty and stateliness is worthy of a prime place4 ,it riseth up with a great1 thick1 round stalk divided into several branches1 somewhat thickly set with joints1 and at every joint two long1 green 7rather than whitish7 leaves turning or winding two or three times round4 ,the flowers stand at the tops of the stalks in long1 great and round green husks1 which are divided into five points1 out of which rise many long and broad pointed leaves deeply jagged at the ends1 set in order1 round and comely1 making a gallant1 great double ,flower of a deep carnation color almost red1 spotted with many bluish spots and streaks1 some greater and some lesser1 of an excellent soft1 sweet scent1 neither too quick1 as many others of these kinds are1 nor yet too dull1 and with two whitish crooked threads like horns in the middle4 ,this kind never beareth many flowers1 but as it is slow in growing1 so in bearing1 not to be often handled1 which showeth a kind of stateliness fit to preserve the opinion of magnificence4 ,it will amaze the reader1 perhaps1 to learn that horticulture was in such a high state of development4 ,some wealthy ,london merchants and noblemen1 ,nicholas ,leate1 for example1 actually kept agents traveling in the ,orient and elsewhere to search for rare bulbs and plants4 ,explorers in the ,new ,world also brought home new plants and flowers4 ,sir ,walter ,raleigh imported the sweet potato and tobacco 7but neither is mentioned by ,shakespeare7 and from the ,west ,indies came the ,nasturtium ,indicum--,yellow ,lark's ,heels1 as the ,elizabethans called it4 ,many persons will be interested to learn the quaint old flower names1 such as ,sops-in-,wine1 the ,frantic ,foolish ,cowslip1 ,jack-an-,apes on ,horseback1 ,love in ,idleness1 ,dian's ,bud1 etc4 ,the ,elizabethans enjoyed their gardens and used them more than we use ours to-day4 ,they went to them for re-creation--a renewing of body and refreshment of mind and spirit4 ,they loved their shady walks1 their pleached alleys1 their flower-wreathed arbors1 their banks of thyme1 rosemary1 and woodbine1 their intricate knots bordered with box or thrift and filled with bright blossoms1 and their labyrinths1 or mazes4 ,garden lovers were critical and careful about the arrangement and grouping of their flowers4 ,to-day we try for masses of color2 but the ,elizabethans went farther than we do1 for they blended their hues and even shaded colors from dark to light4 ,the people of ,shakespeare's day were also fastidious about perfume values--something we do not think about to-day4 ,the planting of flowers with regard to the perfume on the air1 as ,bacon describes it1 was a part of ordinary garden lore4 ,we have altogether lost this delicacy of gardening4 ,this book was the logical sequence of a talk ,i gave two years ago upon the ,gardens and ,flowers of ,shakespeare's ,time at the residence of ,mrs4 ,charles ,h4 ,senff in ,new ,york1 before the ,international ,garden ,club4 ,this talk was very cordially received and was repeated by request at the home of ,mrs4 ,ernest ,h4 ,fahnestock1 also in ,new ,york4 ,i wish to express my thanks to ,mr4 ,norman ,taylor of the ,brooklyn ,botanic ,garden1 for permission to reprint the first chapter1 which appeared in the ,journal of the ,international ,garden ,club1 of which he is the editor4 ,i also wish to thank ,mr4 ,taylor for his valued encouragement to me in the preparation of this book4 ,i wish to direct attention to the remarkable portrait of ,nicholas ,leate1 one of the greatest flower collectors of his day1 photographed especially for this book from the original portrait in oils1 painted by ,daniel ,mytens for the ,worshipful ,company of ,ironmongers1 of which ,leate was master in #afaf1 #afbf1 and #afbg4 ,the portrait of this ,english worthy has never been photographed before2 and it is a great pleasure for me to bring before the public the features and personality of a man who was such a deep lover of horticulture and who held such a large place in the ,london world in ,shakespeare's time4 ,the dignity1 refinement1 distinction1 and general atmosphere of ,nicholas ,leate--and evidently ,mytens painted a direct portrait without flattery--bespeak the type of gentleman who sought re-creation in gardens and who could have held his own upon the subject with ,sir ,francis ,bacon1 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 ,lord ,burleigh1 and ,sir ,henry ,wotton--and1 doubtless1 he knew them all4 ,it was not an easy matter to have this portrait photographed1 because when the ,hall of the ,worshipful ,company of ,ironmongers was destroyed by a ,german bomb in #aiag the rescued portrait was stored in the ,national ,gallery4 ,access to the portrait was very difficult1 and it was only through the great kindness of officials and personal friends that a reproduction was made possible4 ,i wish1 therefore1 to thank the ,worshipful ,company of ,ironmongers for the gracious permission to have the portrait photographed and to express my gratitude to ,mr4 ,collins ,baker1 keeper of the ,national ,gallery1 and to ,mr4 ,ambrose1 chief clerk and secretary of the ,national ,gallery1 for their kind co-operation2 to ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,carey1 curator of the ,royal ,holloway ,college ,gallery1 who spent two days in photographing the masterpiece2 and also to ,sir ,evan ,spicer of the ,dulwich ,gallery and to my sister1 ,mrs4 ,carrington1 through whose joint efforts the arrangements were perfected4 ,i also wish to thank the ,trustees and ,guardians of ,shakespeare's ,birthplace1 who1 through their ,secretary1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,c4 ,wellstood1 have supplied me with several photographs of the ,shakespeare ,garden at ,stratford-upon-,avon1 especially taken for this book1 with permission for their reproduction4 ,e4 ,s4 ,new ,york1 ,september #d1 #aibb4 ,,contents ,,part ,,one ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,delight ,,page ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,shakespeare ,,garden #c ,i4 ,the ,medieval ,pleasance #c ,,ii4 ,garden of ,delight #aa ,,iii4 ,the ,italian ,renaissance ,garden #ae ,,iv4 ,bagh-i-,vafa #ai ,v4 ,new ,fad for ,flowers #ba ,,vi4 ,tudor ,gardens #be ,,vii4 ,garden ,pleasures #bi ,,the ,,curious ,,knotted ,,garden #ca ,i4 ,flower ,lovers and ,herbalists #ca ,,ii4 ,the ,elizabethan ,garden #dj ,,iii4 ,old ,garden ,authors #fh ,,iv4 ,outlandish and ,english ,flowers #gh ,,part ,,two ,,the ,,flowers ,,of ,,shakespeare ,,spring3 ,,the ,,sweet ,o' ,,the ,,year #ic ,i4 ,primroses1 ,cowslips1 and ,oxlips #ic ,,ii4 ,daffodils ,that ,come ,before the ,swallow ,dares #aji ,,iii4 ,daisies ,pied and ,violets ,blue #aah ,,iv4 ,lady-smocks ,all ,silver ,white and ,cuckoo-buds of ,every ,yellow ,hue #acj ,v4 ,anemones and ,azured ,harebells #acc ,,vi4 ,columbine and ,broom-flower #acg ,,summer3 ,,sweet ,,summer ,,buds #ade ,i4 ,morning ,roses ,newly ,washed with ,dew #ade ,,ii4 ,lilies of ,all ,kinds #afj ,,iii4 ,crown-,imperial and ,flower-de-,luce #afg ,,iv4 ,fern and ,honeysuckle #age ,v4 ,carnations and ,gilliflowers #aha ,,vi4 ,marigold and ,larkspur #ahi ,,vii4 ,pansies for ,thoughts and ,poppies for ,dreams #bjj ,,viii4 ,crow-flowers and ,long ,purples #bjg ,,ix4 ,saffron ,crocus and ,cuckoo-flowers #baj ,x4 ,pomegranate and ,myrtle #bae ,,autumn3 ,,herbs ,,of ,,grace ,,and ,,drams ,,of ,,poison #bbd ,i4 ,rosemary and ,rue #bbd ,,ii4 ,lavender1 ,mints1 and ,fennel #bca ,,iii4 ,sweet ,marjoram1 ,thyme1 and ,savory #bcf ,,iv4 ,sweet ,balm and ,camomile #bdc ,v4 ,dian's ,bud and ,monk's-hood ,blue #bdf ,,winter3 ,,when ,,icicles ,,hang ,,by ,,the ,,wall #bec ,i4 ,holly and ,ivy #bec ,,ii4 ,mistletoe and ,box #bfa ,,part ,,three ,,practical ,,suggestions ,,the ,,lay-,,out ,,of ,,stately ,,and ,,small ,,formal ,,gardens #bfi ,i4 ,the ,stately ,garden #bga ,,ii4 ,the ,small ,garden #bgf ,,iii4 ,soil and ,seed #bgh ,,iv4 ,the ,gateway #bhj ,v4 ,the ,garden ,house #bha ,,vi4 ,the ,mount #bhb ,,vii4 ,rustic ,arches #bhb ,,viii4 ,seats #bhd ,,ix4 ,vases1 ,jars1 and ,tubs #bhd ,x4 ,fountains #bhe ,,xi4 ,the ,dove-cote #bhg ,,xii4 ,the ,sun-dial #bhh ,,xiii4 ,the ,terrace #bhi ,,xiv4 ,the ,pleached ,alley #bib ,,xv4 ,hedges #bic ,,xvi4 ,paths #bid ,,xvii4 ,borders #bie ,,xviii4 ,edgings #big ,,xix4 ,knots #bih ,,xx4 ,the ,rock ,garden #cjb ,,xxi4 ,flowers #cjb ,,xxii4 ,potpourri #cbd ,a ,,maske ,,of ,,flowers #cbe ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,shakespearean ,,flowers ,,with ,,botanical ,,identifications #cca ,,appendix #ccc ,,elizabethan ,,gardens ,,at ,,shakespeare',s ,,birthplace #ccc ,,index #cdg ,,list ,,of ,,illustrations ,stratford-upon-,avon1 ,new ,place1 ,border of ,annuals ,frontispiece ,,facing ,,page ,fifteenth ,century ,garden within ,castle ,walls1 ,french #h ,lovers in the ,castle ,garden1 ,fifteenth ,century ,,ms4 #ag ,garden of ,delight1 ,romaunt of the ,rose1 ,fifteenth ,century #ag ,babar's ,garden of ,fidelity #bj ,italian ,renaissance ,garden1 ,villa ,giusti1 ,verona #bi ,john ,gerard1 ,lobel and ,parkinson #cb ,nicholas ,leate #cf ,the ,knot-,garden1 ,new ,place1 ,stratford-upon-,avon #de ,typical ,garden of ,shakespeare's ,time1 ,crispin de ,passe 7#afad7 #ef ,labyrinth1 ,vredeman de ,vries #fd ,a ,curious ,knotted ,garden1 ,crispin de ,passe 7#afad7 #fd ,the ,knot-,garden1 ,new ,place1 ,stratford-upon-,avon #gb ,border1 ,new ,place1 ,stratford-upon-,avon #ha ,herbaceous ,border1 ,new ,place1 ,stratford-upon-,avon #hh ,carnations and ,gilliflowers2 ,primroses and ,cowslips2 and ,daffodils3 from ,parkinson #ig ,gardeners at ,work1 ,sixteenth ,century #aab ,garden ,pleasures1 ,sixteenth ,century #aab ,garden in ,macbeth's ,castle of ,cawdor #aaf ,shakespeare's ,birthplace1 ,stratford-upon-,avon #abe ,elizabethan ,manor ,house1 ,haddon ,hall #acf ,rose ,arbor1 ,warley1 ,england #ade ,red1 ,white1 ,damask and ,musk-,roses2 ,lilies and ,eglantines and ,dog-,roses3 from ,parkinson #afj ,martagon ,lilies1 ,warley1 ,england #afh ,wilton ,gardens from de ,caux #agf ,wilton ,gardens ,to-day #agf ,a ,garden of ,delight #ahd ,sir ,thomas ,more's ,gardens1 ,chelsea #aic ,pleaching and ,plashing1 from ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth #bji ,small ,enclosed ,garden1 from ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth #bji ,a ,curious ,knotted ,garden1 ,vredeman de ,vries #bbd ,garden with ,arbors1 ,vredeman de ,vries #bbd ,shakespeare ,garden1 ,van ,cortlandt ,house ,museum1 ,van ,cortlandt ,park1 ,colonial ,dames of the ,state of ,new ,york #bda ,tudor ,manor ,house with ,modern ,arrangement of ,gardens #bef ,garden ,house in ,old ,english ,garden #bgb ,fountains1 ,sixteenth ,century #bhi ,sunken ,gardens1 ,sunderland ,hall1 with ,unusual ,treatment of ,hedges #cjd ,knots from ,markham #cba ,simple ,garden ,beds #cba ,,part ,,one ,,the ,,garden ,,of ,,delight ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,shakespeare ,,garden ,i ,the ,medieval ,pleasance ,,shakespeare was familiar with two kinds of gardens3 the stately and magnificent garden that embellished the castles and manor-houses of the nobility and gentry2 and the small and simple garden such as he had himself at ,stratford-on-,avon and such as he walked through when he visited ,ann ,hathaway in her cottage at ,shottery4 ,the latter is the kind that is now associated with ,shakespeare's name2 and when garden lovers devote a section of their grounds to a ,shakespeare garden it is the small1 enclosed garden1 such as ,perdita must have had1 that they endeavor to reproduce4 ,the small garden of ,shakespeare's day1 which we so lovingly call by his name1 was a little pleasure garden--a garden to stroll in and to sit in4 ,the garden1 moreover1 had another purpose3 it was intended to supply flowers for nosegays and herbs for strewings4 ,the ,shakespeare garden was a continuation1 or development1 of the ,medieval ,pleasance1 where quiet ladies retired with their embroidery frames to work and dream of their ,crusader lovers1 husbands1 fathers1 sons1 and brothers lying in the trenches before ,acre and ,ascalon1 or storming the walls of ,jerusalem and ,jericho2 where lovers sat hand in hand listening to the songs of birds and to the still sweeter songs from their own palpitating hearts2 where men of affairs frequently repaired for a quiet chat1 or refreshment of spirit2 and where gay groups of lords and ladies gathered to tell stories1 to enjoy the recitation of a wandering trouvre1 or to sing to their lutes and viols1 while jesters in doublets and hose of bright colors and cap and bells lounged nonchalantly on the grass to mock at all things--even love6 ,in the illuminated manuscripts of old romans1 such as ,huon of ,bordeaux1 the ,romaunt of the ,rose1 ,blonde of ,oxford1 ,flore et ,blancheflore1 ,amadis de ,gaul1 etc41 there are many charming miniatures to illustrate the word-pictures4 ,from them we learn that the garden was actually within the castle walls and very small4 ,the walls of the garden were broken by turrets and pierced with a little door1 usually opposite the chief entrance2 the walks were paved with brick or stone1 or they were sanded1 or graveled2 and at the intersection of these walks a graceful fountain usually tossed its spray upon the buds and blossoms4 ,the little beds were laid out formally and were bright with flowers1 growing singly and not in masses4 ,often1 too1 pots or vases were placed here and there at regular intervals1 containing orange1 lemon1 bay1 or cypress trees1 their foliage beautifully trimmed in pyramids or globes that rose high above the tall stems4 ,not infrequently the garden rejoiced in a fruit-tree1 or several fruit-trees4 ,stone or marble seats invitingly awaited visitors4 ,the note here was charming intimacy4 ,it was a spot where gentleness and sweetness reigned1 and where1 perforce1 every flower enjoyed the air it breathed4 ,it was a ,garden of ,delight for flowers1 birds1 and men4 ,to trace the formal garden to its origin would take us far afield4 ,we should have to go back to the ancient ,egyptians1 whose symmetrical and magnificent gardens were luxurious in the extreme2 to ,babylon1 whose superb ,hanging ,gardens were among the ,seven ,wonders of the ,world2 and to the ,romans1 who are still our teachers in the matter of beautiful gardening4 ,the ,roman villas that made ,albion beautiful1 as the great estates of the nobility and gentry make her beautiful to-day1 lacked nothing in the way of ornamental gardens4 ,doubtless ,pliny's garden was repeated again and again in the outposts of the ,roman ,empire4 ,from these splendid ,roman gardens tradition has been handed down4 ,there never has been a time in the history of ,england where the cultivation of the garden held pause4 ,there is every reason to believe that the ,anglo-,saxons were devoted to flowers4 ,a poem in the ,exeter ,book has the lines3 ,of odors sweetest ,such as in summer's tide ,fragrance send forth in places1 ,fast in their stations1 ,joyously o'er the plains1 ,blown plants1 ,honey-flowing4 ,no one could write blown-plants1 honey-flowing without a deep and sophisticated love of flowers4 ,every ,anglo-,saxon gentleman had a garth1 or garden1 for pleasure1 and an ort-garth for vegetables4 ,in the garth the best loved flower was the lily1 which blossomed beside the rose1 sunflower1 marigold1 gilliflower1 violet1 periwinkle1 honeysuckle1 daisy1 peony1 and bay-tree4 ,under the ,norman kings1 particularly ,henry ,,ii1 when the ,french and ,english courts were virtually the same1 the citizens of ,london had gardens1 large1 beautiful1 and planted with various kinds of trees4 ,possibly even older scribes wrote accounts of some of these1 but the earliest description of an ,english garden is contained in ,de ,naturis ,rerum by ,alexander ,neckan1 who lived in the second half of the ,twelfth ,century4 ,a garden1 he says1 should be adorned on this side with roses1 lilies1 the marigold1 molis and mandrakes2 on that side with parsley1 cort1 fennel1 southernwood1 coriander1 sage1 savory1 hyssop1 mint1 rue1 dittany1 smallage1 pellitory1 lettuce1 cresses1 ortulano1 and the peony4 ,let there also be beds enriched with onions1 leeks1 garlic1 melons1 and scallions4 ,the garden is also enriched by the cucumber1 which creeps on its belly1 and by the soporiferous poppy1 as well as by the daffodil and the acanthus4 ,nor let pot-herbs be wanting1 if you can help it1 such as beets1 herb mercury1 orache1 and the mallow4 ,it is useful also to the gardener to have anise1 mustard1 white pepper1 and wormwood4 ,and then ,neckan goes on to the fruit-trees and medicinal plants4 ,the gardener's tools at this time were merely a knife for grafting1 an ax1 a pruning-hook1 and a spade4 ,a hundred years later the gardens of ,france and ,england were still about the same4 ,when ,john de ,garlande 7an appropriate name for an amateur horticulturist7 was studying at the ,university of ,paris 7,thirteenth ,century7 he had a garden1 which he described in his ,dictionarus1 quaintly speaking of himself in the third person3 ,in ,master ,john's garden are these plants3 sage1 parsley1 dittany1 hyssop1 celandine1 fennel1 pellitory1 the rose1 the lily1 the violet2 and at the side 7in the hedge71 the nettle1 the thistle and foxgloves4 ,his garden also contains medicinal herbs1 namely1 mercury and the mallows1 agrimony with nightshade and the marigold4 ,master ,john had also a special garden for pot-herbs and other herbs good for men's bodies1 i4e41 medicinal herbs1 and a fruit garden1 or orchard1 of cherries1 pears1 nuts1 apples1 quinces1 figs1 plums1 and grapes4 ,about the same time ,guillaume de ,lorris wrote his ,roman de la ,rose2 and in this famous work of the ,thirteenth ,century there is a most beautiful description of the garden of the period4 ,l',amant 7the ,lover7 while strolling on the banks of a river discovered this enchanting spot1 full long and broad behind high walls4 ,it was the ,garden of ,delight1 or ,pleasure1 whose wife was ,liesse1 or ,joy2 and here they dwelt with the sweetest of companions4 ,l',amant wandered about until he found a small wicket door in the wall1 at which he knocked and gained admittance4 ,when he entered he was charmed4 ,everything was so beautiful that it seemed to him a spiritual place1 better even than ,paradise could be4 ,now1 walking down a little path1 bordered with mint and fennel1 he reached the spot where ,delight and his companions were dancing a carol to the song of ,joy4 ,l',amant was invited to join the dance2 and after it was finished he made a tour of the garden to see it all4 ,and through his eyes we see it1 too4 ,illustration3 ,,fifteenth ,,century ,,garden ,,within ,,castle ,,walls1 ,,french ,the ,garden of ,delight was even and square1 as long as it was large4 ,it contained every known fruit-tree--peaches1 plums1 cherries1 apples1 and quinces1 as well as figs1 pomegranates1 dates1 almonds1 chestnuts1 and nutmegs4 ,tall pines1 cypresses1 and laurels formed screens and walls of greenery2 and many a pair of elms1 maples1 ashes1 oaks1 aspens1 yews1 and poplars kept out the sun by their interwoven branches and protected the green grass4 ,and here deer browsed fearlessly and squirrels in great plenty were seen leaping from bough to bough4 ,conduits of water ran through the garden and the moisture made the grass as thick and rich as velvet and the earth was as soft as a feather bed4 ,and1 moreover1 the earth was of such a grace that it produced plenty of flowers1 both winter and summer3 ,there sprang the violet all new ,and fresh periwinkle rich of hue ,and flowers yellow1 white and red1 ,such plenty grew there1 never in mead4 ,full joy was all the ground and quaint ,and powdered as men had it paint ,with many a fresh and sundry flower ,that casteth up full good savor4 ,myriads of birds were singing1 too--larks1 nightingales1 finches1 thrushes1 doves1 and canaries4 ,l',amant wandered on until he came to a marvelous fountain--the ,fountain of ,love--under a pine-tree4 ,presently he was attracted to a beautiful rosebush1 full of buds and full-blown roses4 ,one bud1 sweeter and fresher than all the rest and set so proudly on its spray1 fascinated him4 ,as he approached this flower1 ,l',amour discharged five arrows into his heart4 ,the bud1 of course1 was the woman he was destined to love and which1 after many adventures and trials1 he was eventually to pluck and cherish4 ,this fanciful old allegory made a strong appeal to the illustrators of the ,thirteenth and later centuries2 and many beautiful editions are prized by libraries and preserved in glass cases4 ,the edition from which the illustration 7,fifteenth ,century7 is taken is from the ,harleian ,,ms4 owned by the ,british ,museum4 ,,ii ,the ,garden of ,delight ,the old trouvres did not hesitate to stop the flow of their stories to describe the delights and beauties of the gardens4 ,many romantic scenes are staged in the ,pleasance1 to which lovers stole quietly through the tiny postern gate in the walls4 ,when we remember what the feudal castle was1 with its high1 dark walls1 its gloomy towers and loop-holes for windows1 its cold floors1 its secret hiding-places1 and its general gloom1 it is not surprising that the lords and ladies liked to escape into the garden4 ,after the long1 dreary winter what joy to see the trees burst into bloom and the tender flowers push their way through the sweet grass6 ,like the birds1 the poets broke out into rapturous song1 as1 for instance1 in ,richard ,cur de ,lion3 ,merry is in the time of ,may1 ,whenne fowlis synge in her lay2 ,flowers on appyl trees and perye2#a ,small fowlis#b synge merye2 ,ladyes strew their bowers ,with red roses and lily flowers2 ,great joy is in grove and lake4 #a ,pear4 #b ,birds4 ,in ,chaucer's ,franklyn's ,tale ,dorigen goes into her garden to try to divert herself in the absence of her husband3 ,and this was on the sixte morne of ,may1 ,which ,may had painted with his softe shoures4 ,this gardeyn full of leves and of flowers3 ,and craft of mannes hand so curiously ,arrayed had this gardeyn of such pris1 ,as if it were the verray paradis4 ,in the ,roman de ,berte ,charles ,martel dines in the garden1 when the rose is in bloom--que la rose est fleurie--and in ,la ,mort de ,garin a big dinner-party is given in the garden4 ,naturally the garden was the place of all places for lovers4 ,in ,blonde of ,oxford ,blonde and ,jean meet in the garden under a blossoming pear-tree1 silvery in the blue moonlight1 and in the ,roman of ,maugis et la ,belle ,oriande the hero and heroine met in a garden to make merry and amuse themselves after they had dined2 and it was the time for taking a little repose4 ,it was in the month of ,may1 the season when the birds sing and when all true lovers are thinking of their love4 ,in many of the illuminated manuscripts of these delightful romans there are pictures of ladies gathering flowers in the garden1 sitting on the sward1 or on stone seats1 weaving chaplets and garlands2 and these little pictures are drawn and painted with such skill and beauty that we have no difficulty in visualizing what life was like in a garden six hundred years ago4 ,so valued were these gardens--not only for their flowers but even more for the potential drugs1 salves1 unguents1 perfumes1 and ointments they held in leaf and petal1 seed and root1 in those days when every castle had to be its own apothecary storehouse--that the owner kept them locked and guarded the key4 ,song1 story1 and legend are full of incidents of the heroine's trouble in gaining possession of the key of the postern gate in order to meet at midnight her lover who adventurously scaled the high garden wall4 ,the garden was indeed the happiest and the most romantic spot in the precincts of the feudal castle and the baronial manor-house4 ,we do not have to depend entirely upon the trouvres and poets for a knowledge of ,medieval flowers4 ,a manuscript of the ,fifteenth ,century 7,british ,museum7 contains a list of plants considered necessary for a garden4 ,here it is3 violets1 mallows1 dandelions1 mint1 sage1 parsley1 golds1#c marjoram1 fennel1 caraway1 red nettle1 daisy1 thyme1 columbine1 basil1 rosemary1 gyllofre1#d rue1 chives1 endive1 red rose1 poppy1 cowslips of ,jerusalem1 saffron1 lilies1 and ,roman peony4 #c ,marigolds4 #d ,gilliflower4 ,herbs and flowers were classed together4 ,many were valued for culinary purposes and for medicinal purposes4 ,the ladies of the castle and manor-house were learned in cookery and in the preparation of simples2 and they guarded1 tended1 and gathered the herbs with perhaps even more care than they gave to the flowers4 ,medieval pictures of ladies1 in tall peaked head dresses1 fluttering veils1 and graceful1 flowing robes1 gathering herbs in their gardens1 are abundant in the old illustrated manuscripts4 ,,iii ,the ,italian ,renaissance ,garden ,it is but a step from this ,medieval ,pleasance to the ,shakespeare garden4 ,but before we try to picture what the ,tudor gardens were like it will be worth our while to pause for a moment to consider the ,renaissance garden of ,italy on which the gardens that ,shakespeare knew and loved were modeled4 ,no one is better qualified to speak of these than ,vernon ,lee3 ,one great charm of ,renaissance gardens was the skillful manner in which ,nature and ,art were blended together4 ,the formal design of the ,giardino segreto agreed with the straight lines of the house1 and the walls with their clipped hedges led on to the wilder freer growth of woodland and meadow1 while the dense shade of the bosco supplied an effective contrast to the sunny spaces of lawn and flower-bed4 ,the ancient practice of cutting box-trees into fantastic shapes1 known to the ,romans as the topiary art1 was largely restored in the ,fifteenth ,century and became an essential part of ,italian gardens4 ,in that strange romance printed at the ,aldine ,press in #adii1 the ,hypernotomachia of ,francesco ,colonna1 ,polyphilus and his beloved are led through an enchanted garden where banquet-houses1 temples and statues stand in the midst of myrtle groves and labyrinths on the banks of a shining stream4 ,the pages of this curious book are adorned with a profusion of wood-cuts by some ,venetian engraver1 representing pergolas1 fountains1 sunk parterres1 pillared loggie1 clipped box and ilex-trees of every variety1 which give a good idea of the garden artist then in vogue4 ,boccaccio and the ,italians more usually employ the word orto1 which has lost its ,latin signification1 and is a place1 as we learn from the context1 planted with fruit-trees and potherbs1 the sage which brought misfortune on poor ,simona and the sweet basil which ,lisabetta watered1 as it grew out of ,lorenzo's head1 only with rosewater1 or that of orange-flowers1 or with her own tears4 ,a friend of mine has painted a picture of another of ,boccaccio's ladies1 ,madonna ,dianora1 visiting the garden which the enamored ,ansaldo has made to bloom in ,january by magic arts2 a little picture full of the quaint lovely details of ,dello's wedding-chests1 the charm of roses and lilies1 the flashing fountains and birds singing against a background of wintry trees1 and snow-shrouded fields1 dainty youths and damsels treading their way among the flowers1 looking like tulips and ranunculus themselves in their fur and brocade4 ,but although in this story ,boccaccio employs the word giardino instead of orto1 ,i think we must imagine that magic flower garden rather as a corner of orchard connected with fields of wheat and olive below by the long tunnels of vine-trellis and dying away into them with the great tufts of lavender and rosemary and fennel on the grassy bank under the cherry trees4 ,this piece of terraced ground along which the water spurted from the dolphin's mouth1 or the ,siren's breasts--runs through walled channels1 refreshing impartially violets and salads1 lilies and tall1 flowering onions under the branches of the peach-tree and the pomegranate1 to where1 in the shade of the great pink ,oleander tufts1 it pours out below into the big tank for the maids to rinse their linen in the evening and the peasants to fill their cans to water the bedded out tomatoes and the potted clove-pinks in the shadow of the house4 ,illustration3 ,,lovers ,,in ,,the ,,castle ,,garden1 ,,fifteenth ,,century ,,ms4 ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,of ,,delight1 ,,romaunt ,,of ,,the ,,rose1 ,,fifteenth ,,century ,the ,blessed ,virgin's garden is like that where1 as she prays in the cool of the evening1 the gracious ,gabriel flutters on to one knee 7hushing the sound of his wings lest he startle her7 through the pale green sky1 the deep blue-green valley2 and you may still see in the ,tuscan fields clumps of cypress1 clipped wheel shape1 which might mark the very spot4 ,i may recall here that the early ,italian and ,flemish painters were fond of representing the ,madonna and the ,infant ,jesus in a garden2 and the garden that they pictured was always the familiar little enclosed garden of the period4 ,the flowers that grew there were limited by the ,church4 ,each flower had its significance3 the rose and the pink both expressed divine love2 the lily1 purity2 the violet1 humility2 the strawberry1 fruit and blossom1 for the fruit of the spirit and the good works of the righteous2 the clover1 or trefoil1 for the ,trinity2 and the columbine for the ,seven ,gifts of the ,holy ,spirit1 because of its dove-shaped petals4 ,the enclosed garden is ancient indeed4 ,o garden enclosed--a garden of living waters ,and flowing streams from ,lebanon3 ,awake ,o ,north ,wind2 and come thou ,south2 ,blow upon my garden that the spices may thereof flow out6 ,so sang the esthetic ,solomon4 ,a garden enclosed1 a garden of living waters1 a garden of perfumes--these are the motives of the ,indian gardens of the luxurious ,mogul emperors1 whose reigns coincide with ,tudor times4 ,symbolism played an important part in ,indian gardens4 ,the beautiful garden of ,babar 7near ,kabul7 was called the ,bagh-i-vafa--,the ,garden of ,fidelity4 ,this has many points in common with the illustration of the ,romaunt of the ,rose1 particularly the high walls4 ,there is also great similarity with the gardens of ,elizabethan days4 ,the pleached allies and knots of the ,english gardens of ,shakespeare's time find equivalents in the vine pergolas and geometrical parterres of the ,mogul emperors2 and the central platform of the ,mogul gardens answered the same purpose as the banqueting-hall on the mound1 which decorated nearly every ,english nobleman's garden4 ,,iv ,bagh-i-vafa ,babar's ,garden of ,fidelity was made in the year #aejh4 ,we see ,babar personally superintending the laying out of the four-field plot4 ,two gardeners hold the measuring line and the architect stands by with his plan4 ,the square enclosure at the bottom of the garden 7right7 is the tank4 ,the whole is bordered with orange and pomegranate trees4 ,an embassy knocks at the gate1 but ,babar is too absorbed in his gardening to pay any attention to the guests4 ,fifteen years later ,babar stole three days away from his campaign against the ,afghans and visited his beautiful garden4 ,next morning1 he wrote in his ,memoirs1 ,i reached ,bagh-i-vafa4 ,it was the season when the garden was in all its glory4 ,its grass-plots were all covered with clover2 its pomegranate trees were entirely of a beautiful yellow color4 ,it was then the pomegranate season and pomegranates were hanging red on the trees4 ,the orange-trees were green and cheerful1 loaded with innumerable oranges2 but the best oranges were not yet ripe4 ,i never was so much pleased with the ',garden of ,fidelity' as on this occasion4 ,illustration3 ,,babar',s ,,garden ,,of ,,fidelity ,several new ideas were introduced into ,english gardens in the first quarter of the ,sixteenth ,century4 ,about #aebe the geometrical beds called knots came into fashion1 also rails for beds1 also mounds1 or mounts1 and also arbors4 ,cardinal ,wolsey had all these novelties in his garden at ,hampton ,court ,palace4 ,it was a marvelous garden1 as any one who will read ,cavendish may see for himself2 but ,henry ,,viii was not satisfied with it when he seized the haughty ,cardinal's home in #aebi4 ,so four years later the ,king had an entirely new garden made at ,hampton ,court 7the ,privy ,garden is on the site now7 with gravel paths1 beds cut in the grass1 and railed and raised mounds decorated with sun-dials4 ,over the rails roses clambered and bloomed and the center of each bed was adorned with a yew1 juniper1 or cypress-tree4 ,along the walls fruit-trees were planted--apples1 pears1 and damsons--and beneath them blossomed violets1 primroses1 sweet williams1 gilliflowers1 and other old favorites4 ,toward the end of his reign ,henry ,,viii turned his attention to beautifying the grounds of ,nonsuch ,palace near ,ewell in ,surrey4 ,these gardens were worthy of the magnificent buildings4 ,a contemporary wrote3 ,the ,palace itself is so encompassed with parks full of deer1 delicious gardens1 groves ornamented with trellis-work1 cabinets of verdure and walks so embowered with trees that it seems to be a place pitched upon by ,pleasure herself to dwell in along with health4 ,v ,new ,fad for ,flowers ,an example of a typical ,tudor estate1 ,beaufort ,house1 ,chelsea1 later ,buckingham ,house1 is said to have been built by ,sir ,thomas ,more in #aeba and rebuilt in #aehf by ,sir ,robert ,cecil1 ,earl of ,salisbury1 who died in #afae4 ,the flowers at this period were the same for palace and cottage4 ,tudor gardens bloomed with acanthus1 asphodel1 auricula1 anemone1 amaranth1 bachelor's buttons1 cornflowers or bottles1 cowslips1 daffodils1 daisies1 ,french broom 7genista71 gilliflowers 7three varieties71 hollyhock1 iris1 jasmine1 lavender1 lilies1 lily-of-the-valley1 marigold1 narcissus 7yellow and white71 pansies or heartsease1 peony1 periwinkle1 poppy1 primrose1 rocket1 roses1 rosemary1 snapdragon1 stock gilliflowers1 sweet william1 wallflowers1 winter cherry1 violet1 mint1 marjoram1 and other sweet-smelling herbs4 ,during the great and spacious time of ,queen ,elizabeth there was an enormous development in gardens4 ,the ,queen was extremely fond of flowers and she loved to wear them4 ,it must have pleased her hugely when ,spenser celebrated her as ,eliza1 ,queen of the ,shepherds1 and painted her portrait in one of the pretty enclosed gardens1 seated among the fruit-trees1 where the grass was sprinkled with flowers3 ,see where she sits upon the grassy green1 ,o seemly sight6 ,yclad in scarlet1 like a ,maiden ,queen1 ,and ermines white2 ,upon her head a crimson coronet1 ,with daffodils and damask roses set2 ,bay leaves between1 ,and primeroses green1 ,embellish the sweet violet4 ,so fond was the ,queen of gardens that ,sir ,philip ,sidney could think of no better way to please her than to arrange his masque of the ,may ,lady so that it would surprise her when she was walking in the garden at ,wanstead in ,essex4 ,then1 too1 in #aeia1 when visiting ,cowdry1 ,elizabeth expressed a desire to dine in the garden4 ,a table forty-eight yards long was accordingly laid4 ,the ,tudor mansions were constantly growing in beauty4 ,changes and additions were made to some of them and many new palaces and manor-houses were erected4 ,architects--among them ,john ,thorpe--and landscape gardeners now planned the pleasure-grounds to enhance the beauty of the mansion they had created1 adapting the ideas of the ,italian ,renaissance to the ,english taste4 ,the ,elizabethan garden in their hands became a setting for the house and it was laid out according to a plan that harmonized with the architecture and continued the lines of the building4 ,the form of the garden and the lay-out of the beds and walks were deemed of the greatest importance4 ,flowers1 also1 took a new place in general estimation4 ,adventurous mariners constantly brought home new plants and bulbs and seeds from the ,east and lately discovered ,america2 merchants imported strange specimens from ,turkey and ,poland and far ,cathay2 and travelers on the ,continent opened their eyes and secured unfamiliar curiosities and novelties4 ,the cultivation of flowers became a regular fad4 ,london merchants and wealthy noblemen considered it the proper thing to have a few outlandish flowers in their gardens2 and they vied with one another to develop sports and new varieties and startling colors4 ,listen to what an amateur gardener1 ,william ,harrison1 wrote in #aeic3 ,if you look into our gardens annexed to our houses how wonderfully is their beauty increased1 not only with flowers and variety of curious and costly workmanship1 but also with rare and medicinable herbs sought up in the land within these forty years4 ,how ,art also helpeth ,nature in the daily coloring1 doubling and enlarging the proportion of one's flowers it is incredible to report1 for so curious and cunning are our gardeners now in these days that they presume to do in manner what they list with ,nature and moderate her course in things as if they were her superiors4 ,it is a world also to see how many strange herbs1 plants and annual fruits are daily brought unto us from the ,indies1 ,americas1 ,taprobane1 ,canary ,isles and all parts of the world4 ,for mine own part1 good reader1 let me boast a little of my garden1 which is but small1 and the whole area thereof little above #cjj foot of ground1 and yet1 such hath been my good luck in purchase of the variety of simples1 that1 notwithstanding my small ability1 there are very near #cjj of one sort and another contained therein1 no one of them being common or usually to be had4 ,if1 therefore1 my little plat void of all cost of keeping be so well furnished1 what shall we think of those of ,hampton ,court1 ,nonesuch1 ,theobald's1 ,cobham ,garden and sundrie others appertaining to divers citizens of ,london whom ,i could particularly name8 ,,vi ,tudor ,gardens ,several men of the ,new ,learning1 who1 like ,shakespeare1 lived into the reign of ,james ,i1 advanced many steps beyond the botanists of the early days of ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,the old ,herbals--the ,great ,herbal1 from the ,french 7#aeaf7 and the ,herbals published by ,william ,turner1 ,dean of ,wells1 who had a garden of his own at ,kew1 treat of flowers chiefly with regard to their properties and medical uses4 ,the ,renaissance did indeed paint the lily and throw a perfume on the violet2 for the ,new ,age brought recognition of their esthetic qualities and taught scholastic minds that flowers had beauty and perfume and character as well as utilitarian qualities4 ,elizabeth as ,queen had very different gardens to walk in than the little one in the ,tower of ,london in which she took exercise as a young ,princess in #aefd4 ,let us look at some of them4 ,first1 that of ,richmond ,palace4 ,here the garden was surrounded by a brick wall and in the center was a round knot divided into four quarters1 with a yew-tree in the center4 ,sixty-two fruit-trees were trained on the wall4 ,this seems to have been of the old type--the orchard-garden1 where a few old favorite flowers bloomed under the trees and in the central knot1 or bed4 ,in the ,queen's locked garden at ,havering-atte-,bower trees1 grass1 and sweet herbs seem to have been more conspicuous than the flowers4 ,the ,queen's gardens seem to have been overshadowed by those of her subjects4 ,one of the most celebrated belonged to ,lord ,burleigh1 and was known as ,theobald's4 ,paul ,hentzner1 a ,german traveler who visited ,england in #aeih1 went to see this garden the very day that ,burleigh was buried4 ,he described it as follows3 ,we left ,london in a coach in order to see the remarkable places in its neighborhood4 ,the first was ,theobald's1 belonging to ,lord ,burleigh1 the ,treasurer4 ,in the ,gallery was painted the genealogy of the ,kings of ,england4 ,from this place one goes into the garden1 encompassed with a moat full of water1 large enough for one to have the pleasure of going in a boat and rowing between the shrubs4 ,here are great variety of trees and plants1 labyrinths made with a great deal of labor1 a jet d'eau with its basin of white marble and columns and pyramids of wood and other materials up and down the garden4 ,after seeing these1 we were led by the gardener into the summer-house1 in the lower part of which1 built semicircularly1 are the twelve ,roman ,emperors in white marble and a table of touchstone4 ,the upper part of it is set round with cisterns of lead into which the water is conveyed through pipes so that fish may be kept in them and in summer time they are very convenient for bathing4 ,in another room for entertainment near this1 and joined to it by a little bridge1 was an oval table of red marble4 ,another and accurate picture of a stately ,elizabethan garden is by a most competent authority1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney 7#aeed-hf71 who had a superb garden of his own in ,kent4 ,in ,arcadia we read3 ,kalander one afternoon led him abroad to a well-arrayed ground he had behind his house which he thought to show him before his going1 as the place himself more than in any other1 delighted in4 ,the backside of the house was neither field1 garden1 nor orchard2 or1 rather1 it was both field1 garden and orchard3 for as soon as the descending of the stairs had delivered they came into a place curiously set with trees of the most taste-pleasing fruits2 but scarcely had they taken that into their consideration but that they were suddenly stept into a delicate green2 on each side of the green a thicket1 and behind the thickets again new beds of flowers which being under the trees1 the trees were to them a pavilion1 and they to the trees a mosaical floor1 so that it seemed that ,art therein would needs be delightful by counterfeiting his enemy1 ,error1 and making order in confusion4 ,in the midst of all the place was a fair pond1 whose shaking crystal was a perfect mirror to all the other beauties1 so that it bare show of two gardens2 one in deed and the other in shadows2 and in one of the thickets was a fine fountain4 ,illustration3 ,,italian ,,renaissance ,,garden1 ,,villa ,,giusti1 ,,verona ,,vii ,garden ,pleasures ,there were many such splendid gardens4 ,shakespeare was familiar1 of course1 with those of ,warwickshire1 including the superb examples at ,kenilworth1 and with those in the vicinity of ,london4 ,the ,elizabethans used their gardens in many ways4 ,they took recreation in them in winter and summer1 and enjoyed the perfume and colors of their flowers with an intensity of delight and appreciation rarely found to-day4 ,in their gardens the serious and the frivolous walked and talked1 and here they were frequently served with refreshments4 ,it was also a fashion to use the garden as a setting for masques and surprises1 such as those ,leicester planned on a grand scale to please ,queen ,elizabeth at ,kenilworth4 ,several of ,ben ,jonson's entertainments were arranged for performance on the terrace opening from house to garden4 ,by looking into that mirror of the period1 ,euphues and ,his ,england1 by ,john ,lyly 7#aeed-afjf71 we can see two charming ladies in ruffs and farthingales and a gallant in rich doublet and plumed hat walking in a garden1 and we gain an idea of the kind of garden talk that was comme il faut3 ,one of the ladies1 who delighted much in mirth1 seeing ,philautus behold ,camilla so steadfastly1 said unto him3 ',gentleman1 what flower do you like best in all this border8 ,here be fair ,roses1 sweet ,violets1 fragrant ,primroses2 here be ,gilliflowers1 ,carnations1 ,sops-in-,wine1 ,sweet ,johns1 and what may either please you for sight1 or delight you with savor4 ,loth we are you should have a posie of all1 yet willing to give you one1 not that which shall look best but such a one as you shall like best4' ,what could ,philautus do but bow gallantly and say3 ,of all flowers1 ,i love a fair woman4 ,,the ,,curious ,,knotted ,,garden ,i ,flower ,lovers and ,herbalists ,,the ,elizabethan flower garden as an independent garden came into existence about #aeie4 ,it was largely the creation of ,john ,parkinson 7#aefg-afej71 who seems to have been the first person to insist that flowers were worthy of cultivation for their beauty quite apart from their value as medicinal herbs4 ,parkinson was also the first to make of equal importance the four enclosures of the period3 7#a7 the garden of pleasant flowers2 7#b7 the kitchen garden 7herbs and roots72 7#c7 the simples 7medicinal72 and 7#d7 the orchard4 ,one would hardly expect to find such esthetic appreciation of flowers from ,parkinson1 because he was an apothecary1 with a professional attitude toward plants2 and our ideas of an ,elizabethan apothecary picture a dusty seller of narcotics and drams of poison1 like the old man to whom ,romeo and ,juliet repaired4 ,john ,parkinson was of a different type4 ,our portrait illustration depicts him1 wearing a stylish ,genoa velvet doublet with lace ruff and cuffs1 a man who could apparently hold his own in any company of courtiers and men of fashion4 ,parkinson knew a great many distinguished persons and entertained visitors at his nurseries1 where he must have held them spellbound 7if he talked as well as he wrote7 while he explained the beauties of a new yellow gilliflower1 the latest new scarlet martagon lily1 or the flower that he so proudly holds in his hand--the orange-color ,nonesuch4 ,parkinson's talents were recognized at court1 for he was appointed ,apothecary to ,james ,i4 ,he had a garden of his own at ,long ,acre1 which he cultivated with enthusiasm1 raising new varieties of well-known flowers and tending with care new specimens of foreign importations and exotics--outlandish flowers they were called in ,shakespeare's day--and1 finally1 writing about his floral pets with great knowledge1 keen observation1 poetic insight1 and quaint charm4 ,his great book1 ,paradisi in ,sole2 ,paradisus ,terrestris1 appeared in ,london in #afbi1 the most original book of botany of the period and the most complete ,english treatise until ,ray came4 ,illustration3 ,,john ,,gerard ,illustration3 ,,parkinson ,,and ,,lobel ,although published thirteen years after ,shakespeare's death1 ,parkinson's book describes exactly the style of gardens and the variety of flowers that were familiar to ,shakespeare2 and to this book we may go with confidence to learn more intimately the aspect of what we may call the ,shakespeare garden4 ,in it we learn to our surprise that horticulture in the late ,tudor and early ,stuart days was not in the simple state that it is generally supposed to have been in4 ,there were flower fanciers in and near ,london--and indeed throughout ,england--and there were expert gardeners and florists4 ,parkinson was very friendly with the other ,london flower growers of whom he speaks cordially in his book and with never the least shadow of jealousy4 ,he frequently mentions visiting the gardens of ,gerard1 ,nicholas ,leate1 and ,ralph ,tuggy 7or ,tuggie74 ,everybody has heard of ,gerard's ,herbal or ,general ,historie of ,plants1 published in #aeig1 for it is one of the most famous ancient books on flowers4 ,a contemporary botanist said that ,gerard exceeded most1 if not all of his time1 in his care1 industry and skill in raising1 increasing1 and preserving plants4 ,for twenty years ,gerard was superintendent of ,lord ,burleigh's famous gardens--one of which was in the ,strand1 ,london1 and the other at ,theobald's in ,hertfordshire4 ,gerard also had a garden of his own at ,holborn 7then a suburb of ,london71 where he raised many rare specimens and tried many experiments4 ,he employed a collector1 ,william ,marshall1 to travel in the ,levant for new plants4 ,gerard 7#aede-afjg7 was a physician1 as well as a practical gardener2 but1 although he possessed great knowledge1 he does not appear to have had the esthetic appreciation of flowers that ,parkinson had in such great measure4 ,his name is also written ,gerade4 ,gerard's ,herbal was not the first4 ,horticulturists could consult the ,grete ,herbal1 first printed by ,peter ,treveris in #aeaf2 ,fitzherbert1 ,husbandry 7#aebc72 ,walter ,cary1 ,herbal 7#aebe72 a translation of ,macer's ,herbal 7#aecj72 the ,herbal by ,dodoens1 published in ,antwerp in #aedd2 ,william ,turner's ,the ,names of ,herbs in ,greke1 ,latin1 ,englishe1 ,duche and ,frenche1 etc4 7#aedh71 reprinted by the ,english ,dialect ,society 7#ahha72 ,thomas ,tusser's ,five ,pointes of ,good ,husbandry1 etc4 7#aegc71 reprinted by the ,english ,dialect ,society 7#ahgh72 ,didymus ,mountain's 7,thomas ,hill7 ,a ,most ,brief and ,pleasant ,treatise ,teaching ,how to ,sow and ,set a ,garden 7#aefc71 ,the ,proffitable ,art of ,gardening 7#aefh71 and ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth 7#aegg72 ,barnaby ,googe's ,four ,books of ,husbandry1 collected by ,m4 ,conradus ,heresbachius1 ,newly ,englished and increased by ,barnaby ,googe 7#aegg72 ,william ,lawson's ,a ,new ,orchard and ,garden 7#afah72 ,francis ,bacon's ,essay on ,gardening 7#afbe72 and ,john ,parkinson's ,paradisi in ,sole1 ,paradisus ,terrestris 7#afbi74 ,ralph ,tuggie1 or ,tuggy1 so often spoken of by ,parkinson1 had a fine show garden at ,westminster1 ,where he specialized in carnations and gilliflowers4 ,after his death his widow1 ,mistress ,tuggie1 kept it up4 ,another flower enthusiast was the ,earl of ,salisbury1 who placed his splendid garden at ,hatfield under the care of ,john ,tradescant1 the first of a noted family of horticulturists4 ,john ,tradescant also had a garden of his own in ,south ,lambeth1 the finest in ,england every one called it4 ,here ,tradescant introduced the acacia2 the lilac1 called in those days the ,blue ,pipe ,flower2 and1 if we may believe ,parkinson1 the pomegranate4 ,among other novelties that attracted visitors to this show garden he had the ,sable ,flag1 known also as the ,marvel of ,peru4 ,lord ,zouche was another horticulturist of note4 ,his fine garden at ,hackney contained plants that he himself collected on his travels in ,austria1 ,italy1 and ,spain4 ,lord ,zouche gave his garden into the keeping of the distinguished ,mathias de ,lobel1 a famous physician and botanist of ,antwerp and ,delft4 ,lobel was made botanist to ,james ,i and had a great influence upon flower culture in ,england4 ,for him the ,lobelia was named--an early instance of naming plants for a person and breaking away from the quaint descriptive names for flowers4 ,elizabethan gardens owed much to ,nicholas ,leate1 or ,lete1 a ,london merchant who about #aeij became a member of the ,levant ,company4 ,as a leading merchant in the trade with ,turkey and discharging in connection with commercial enterprise the duties of a semi-political character1 ,leate became wealthy and was thus able to indulge his taste for flowers and anything else he pleased4 ,he had a superb garden and employed collectors to hunt for specimens in ,turkey and ,syria4 ,his servant at ,aleppo sent many new flowers to ,london1 such as tulips1 certain kinds of lilies1--the martagon1 or ,turk's ,cap1 for instance1--irises1 the ,crown-,imperial1 and many new anemones1 or windflowers4 ,the latter became the rage1 foreshadowing the tulip-mania of later years4 ,nicholas ,leate also imported the yellow ,sops-in-,wine1 a famous carnation from ,poland1 which had never been heard of before in ,england1 and the beautiful double yellow rose from ,constantinople4 ,leate was a member of the ,worshipful ,company of ,ironmongers1 ,london1 and ,master of it in #afaf1 #afbf1 and #afbg1 and his portrait1 given here1 said to be by ,daniel ,mytens1 hung in ,ironmongers' ,hall in ,london until this famous building was destroyed by a ,german bomb in #aiag4 ,leate died in #afcj4 ,illustration3 ,,nicholas ,,leate ,leate1 being a most enthusiastic flower fancier and garden lover1 not only imported rare specimens but tried many experiments4 ,indeed we are surprised in going through old garden manuals of ,shakespearean days to see how many and how varied were the attempts to produce sports and novelties4 ,we read of grafting a rosebush and placing musk in the cleft in an effort to produce musk-roses2 recipes for changing the color of flowers2 methods for producing double flowers2 and instructions for grafting and pruning plants1 sowing seeds1 and plucking flowers during the increase1 or waning1 of the moon4 ,these professional florists and gentlemen amateurs valued their rare specimens from foreign countries as they valued their emeralds from ,peru1 ,oriental pearls from ,ceylon and rubies from ,india4 ,parkinson says very earnestly3 ,our ,english gardeners are all1 or most of them1 ignorant in the ordering of their outlandish#e flowers1 as not being trained to know them4 ,and ,i do wish all gentlemen and gentlewomen whom it may concern for their own good1 to be as careful whom they trust with the planting and replanting of their fine flowers as they would be with so many jewels2 for the roots of many of them1 being small and of great value1 may soon be conveyed away and a clean1 fair tale told that such a root is rotten1 or perished in the ground1 if none be seen where it should be2 or else that the flower hath changed in color when it had been taken away1 or a counterfeit one had been put in the place thereof2 and thus many have been deceived of their daintiest flowers1 without remedy or knowledge of the defect4 #e ,exotic4 ,the influence of the ,italian ,renaissance upon the ,elizabethan garden has already been shown 7see page #ae71 but the importance of this may be appropriately recalled here in the following extract from ,bloom3 ,the ,wars of the ,roses gave little time for gardening2 and when matters were settled and the educational movements which marked the dawn of the ,renaissance began1 the gardens once again1 after a break of more than a thousand years1 went back to classical models1 as interpreted by the ,italian school of the time4 ,thus the gardens of the ,palace of ,nonesuch 7#aebi7 and ,theobald's 7#aefj7 showed all the new ideas3 flower-beds edged with low trellises1 topiary work of cut box and yew1 whereby the natural growth of the trees was trained into figures of birds and animals and especially of peacocks2 while here and there mounts were thrown up against the orchard or garden wall1 ascended by flights of steps and crowned with arbors1 while sometimes the view obtained in this manner was deemed insufficient and trellised galleries extended the whole length of the garden4 ,in #aegc the gardens of ,kenilworth1 which ,shakespeare almost certainly visited1 had a terrace walk twelve feet in width and raised ten feet above the garden1 terminating at either end in arbors redolent with sweetbrier and flowers4 ,beneath these again was a garden of an acre or more in size divided into four quarters by sanded walks and having in the center of each plot an obelisk of red porphyry with a ball at the top4 ,these were planted with apple1 pear and cherry while in the center was a fountain of white marble4 ,,ii ,the ,elizabethan ,garden ,the ,elizabethan garden was usually four-square1 bordered all around by hedges and intersected by paths4 ,there was an outer hedge that enclosed the entire garden and this was a tall and thick hedge made of privet1 sweetbrier1 and white thorn intermingled with roses4 ,sometimes1 however1 this outer hedge was of holly4 ,again some people preferred to enclose their garden by a wall of brick or stone4 ,on the side facing the house the gate was placed4 ,in stately gardens the gate was of elaborately wrought iron hung between stone or brick pillars on the top of which stone vases1 or urns1 held brightly blooming flowers and drooping vines4 ,in simple gardens the entrance was a plain wooden door1 painted and set into the wall or hedge like the quaint little doors we see in ,england to-day and represented in ,kate ,greenaway's pictures that show us how the style persists even to the present time4 ,stately gardens were usually approached from a terrace running along the line of the house and commanding a view of the garden1 to which broad flights of steps led4 ,thence extended the principal walks1 called forthrights1 in straight lines at right angles to the terrace and intersected by other walks parallel with the terrace4 ,the lay-out of the garden1 therefore1 corresponded with the ground-plan of the mansion4 ,the squares formed naturally by the intersection of the forthrights and other walks were filled with curious beds of geometrical patterns that were known as knots2 mazes1 or labyrinths2 orchards2 or plain grass-plots4 ,sometimes all of the spaces or squares were devoted to knots4 ,these ornamental flower-beds were edged with box1 thrift1 or thyme and were surrounded with tiny walks made of gravel or colored sand1 walks arranged around the beds so that the garden lovers might view the flowers at close range and pick them easily4 ,it will be remembered that in ,love's ,labour's ,lost ,shakespeare speaks of the curious knotted garden4 ,there are innumerable designs for these knots in the old ,elizabethan garden-books1 representing the simple squares1 triangles1 and rhomboids as well as the most intricate scrolls1 and complicated interlacings of ,renaissance design that resemble the motives on carved furniture1 designs for textiles and ornamental leather-work 7known as strap-work1 or cuirs74 ,yet these many hundreds of designs were not sufficient1 for the amateur as well as the professional gardener often invented his own garden knots4 ,where the inner paths intersected1 a fountain or a statue or some other ornament was frequently placed4 ,sometimes1 too1 vases1 or urns1 of stone or lead1 were arranged about the garden in formal style inspired by the taste of ,italy4 ,sometimes1 also1 large ,oriental or stone jars were placed in conspicuous spots1 and these were not only intended for decoration but served as receptacles for water4 ,there were four principles that were observed in all stately ,elizabethan gardens4 ,the first was to lay out the garden in accordance with the architecture of the house in long terraces and paths of right lines1 or forthrights1 to harmonize with the rectangular lines of the ,tudor buildings1 yet at the same time to break up the monotony of the straight lines with beds of intricate patterns1 just as in the case of architecture bay-windows1 clustered and twisted chimneys1 intricate tracery1 mullioned windows1 and ornamental gables relieved the straight lines of the building4 ,the second principle was to plant the beds with mixed flowers and to let the colors intermingle and blend in such a way as to produce a mosaic of rich1 indeterminate color1 ever new and ever varying as the flowers of the different seasons succeeded each other4 ,the third principle was to produce a garden of flowers and shrubs for all seasons1 even winter1 that would tempt the owner to take pleasure and exercise there1 where he might find recreation1 literally re-creation of mind and body1 and become freshened in spirit and renewed in health4 ,the fourth principle was to produce a garden that would give delight to the sense of smell as well as to the sense of vision--an idea no longer sought for by gardeners4 ,hence it was just as important1 and infinitely more subtle1 to mingle the perfumes of flowers while growing so that the air would be deliciously scented by a combination of harmonizing odors as to mingle the perfumes of flowers plucked for a nosegay1 or ,tussie-mussie1 as the ,elizabethans sometimes quaintly called it4 ,like all cultivated ,elizabethans1 ,shakespeare appreciated the delicious fragrance of flowers blooming in the garden when the soft breeze is stirring their leaves and petals4 ,there was but one thing to which this subtle perfume might be compared and that was ethereal and mysterious music4 ,for example1 the elegant ,duke in ,twelfth ,night1 reclining on his divan and listening to music1 commands3 ,that strain again6 ,it had a dying fall4 ,o it came o'er my ear like the sweet south ,that breathes upon a bank of violets ,stealing and giving odor4 ,lord ,bacon also associated the scent of delicate flowers with music4 ,he writes3 ,and because the breath of flowers is far sweeter in the air 7whence it comes and goes like the warbling of music7 than in the hand1 therefore nothing is more fit for delight than to know what be the flowers and plants that do best perfume the air4 ,roses1 damask1 and red1 are fast flowers of their smells1 so that you may walk by a whole row of them and find nothing of their sweetness1 yea though it be in a morning's dew4 ,bays1 likewise1 yield no smell as they grow1 rosemary little1 nor sweet marjoram4 ,that which above all others yields the sweetest smell in the air is the violet1 especially the white double violet1 which comes twice a year--about the middle of ,april and about ,bartholomew-tide4 ,next to that is the musk-rose1 then the strawberry leaves dying1 which yield a most excellent cordial smell1 then the flower of the vines1 it is a little dust1 like the dust of a bent1 which grows upon the cluster in the first coming forth2 then sweetbrier1 then wall-flowers1 which are very delightful to be set under a parlor or lower chamber window2 then pinks and gilliflowers2 then the flowers of the lime-tree2 then the honeysuckles1 so they be somewhat afar off2 of bean flowers1 ,i speak not1 because they are field flowers4 ,but those which perfume the air most delightfully not passed by as the rest but being trodden upon and crushed are three3 burnet1 wild thyme and water-mints4 ,therefore1 you are to set whole alleys of them to have the pleasure when you walk or tread4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,knot-,,garden1 ,,new ,,place1 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon ,shakespeare very nearly follows ,bacon's order of perfume values in his selection of flowers to adorn the beautiful spot in the wood where ,titania sleeps4 ,oberon describes it3 ,i know a bank where the wild thyme blows1 ,where oxlips and the nodding violet grows1 ,quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine1 ,with sweet musk-roses and with eglantine4 ,there sleeps ,titania sometime of the night1 ,lulled in these flowers with dances and delight4 ,fairies were thought to be particularly fond of thyme2 and it is for this reason that ,shakespeare carpeted the bank with this sweet herb4 ,moreover1 as we have just seen1 ,bacon tells us that thyme is one of those plants which are particularly delightful if trodden upon and crushed4 ,shakespeare accordingly knew that the pressure of the ,fairy ,queen's little body upon the thyme would cause it to yield a delicious perfume4 ,the ,elizabethans1 much more sensitive to perfume than we are to-day1 appreciated the scent of what we consider lowly flowers4 ,they did not hesitate to place a sprig of rosemary in a nosegay of choice flowers4 ,they loved thyme1 lavender1 marjoram1 mints1 balm1 and camomile1 thinking that these herbs refreshed the head1 stimulated the memory1 and were antidotes against the plague4 ,the flowers in the knots were perennials1 planted so as to gain uniformity of height2 and those that had affinity for one another were placed side by side4 ,no attempt was made to group them2 and no attempt was made to get masses of separate color1 what ,locker-,lampson calls a mist of blue in the beds1 a blaze of red in the celadon jars and what we try for to-day4 ,on the contrary1 the ,elizabethan gardener's idea was to mix and blend the flowers into a combination of varied hues that melted into one another as the hues of a rainbow blend and in such a way that at a distance no one could possibly tell what flowers produced this effect4 ,this must have required much study on the part of the gardeners1 who kept pace with the seasons and always had their beds in bloom4 ,sir ,henry ,wotton1 ,ambassador to ,venice in the reign of ,james ,i1 and author of the ,elements of ,architecture1 but far better known by his lovely verse to ,elizabeth of ,bohemia beginning1 ,you meaner beauties of the night1 was an ardent flower lover4 ,he was greatly impressed by what he called a delicate curiosity in the way of color3 ,namely in the ,garden of ,sir ,henry ,fanshaw at his seat in ,ware ,park1 where ,i well remember he did so precisely examine the tinctures and seasons of his flowers that in their settings1 the inwardest of which that were to come up at the same time1 should be always a little darker than the outmost1 and so serve them for a kind of gentle shadow1 like a piece not of ,nature but of ,art4 ,browne also gives a splendid idea of the color effect of the garden beds of this period3 ,as in a rainbow's many color'd hue1 ,here we see watchet deepen'd with a blue2 ,there a dark tawny1 with a purple mix'd2 ,yellow and flame1 with streaks of green betwixt2 ,a bloody stream into a blushing run1 ,and ends still with the color which begun2 ,drawing the deeper to a lighter strain1 ,bringing the lightest to the deepest again2 ,with such rare art each mingled with his fellow1 ,the blue with watchet1 green and red with yellow2 ,like to the changes which we daily see ,around the dove's neck with variety2 ,where none can say 7though he it strict attends71 ,here one begins and there another ends4 ,using such cunning as they did dispose ,the ruddy ,piony with the lighter ,rose1 ,the ,monkshood with the ,buglos1 and entwine ,the white1 the blue1 the flesh-like ,columbine ,with ,pinks1 ,sweet-,williams2 that1 far off1 the eye ,could not the manner of their mixture spy4 ,by the side of the showy and stately flowers1 as well as in kitchen gardens1 were grown the herbs of grace for culinary purposes and the medicinal herbs for drams of poison4 ,rosemary--the cheerful ,rosemary1 ,spenser calls it--was trained over arbors and permitted to run over mounds and banks as it pleased4 ,sir ,thomas ,more allowed it to run all over his garden because the bees loved it and because it was the herb sacred to remembrance and friendship4 ,in every garden the arbor was conspicuous4 ,sometimes it was a handsome little pavilion or summer-house2 sometimes it was set into the hedge2 sometimes it was cut out of the hedge in fantastic topiary work2 sometimes it was made of lattice work2 and sometimes it was formed of upright or horizontal poles1 over which roses1 honeysuckle1 or clematis 7named also ,lady's ,bower because of this use7 were trained4 ,whatever the framework was1 plain or ornate1 mattered but little2 it was the creeper that counted1 the trailing vines that gave character to the arbor1 that gave delight to those who sought the arbor to rest during their stroll through the gardens1 or to indulge in a pleasant chat1 or delightful flirtation4 ,shakespeare's arbor for ,titania ,quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine1 ,with sweet musk-roses and with eglantine1 was not unusual4 ,nor was that retreat where saucy ,beatrice was lured to hear the whisperings of ,hero regarding ,benedick's interest in her4 ,it was a pavilion ,where honeysuckles ripened by the sun ,forbid the sun to enter4 ,luxuriant and delicious was this bower with the flowers hot and sweet in the bright sunshine4 ,eglantine was1 perhaps1 the favorite climber for arbors and bowers4 ,browne speaks of ,an arbor shadow'd with a vine ,mixed with rosemary and with eglantine4 ,barnfield1 in ,the ,affectionate ,shepherd1 pleads3 ,i would make cabinets for thee1 my love1 ,sweet-smelling arbors made of eglantine4 ,and in ,spenser's ,bower of ,bliss3 ,art1 striving to compare ,with ,nature1 did an arbor green dispread ,framed of wanton ivy1 flow'ring fair1 ,through which the fragrant eglantine did spread ,his prickling arms1 entrayl'd with roses red1 ,which dainty odors round about them threw2 ,and all within with flowers was garnished1 ,that when ,zephyrus amongst them blew ,did breathe out bounteous smells and painted odors shew4 ,a beautiful method of obtaining shady walks was to make a kind of continuous arbor or arcade of trees1 trellises1 and vines4 ,this arcade was called poetically the pleached alley4#f ,for the trees1 willows1 limes 7lindens71 and maples were used1 and the vines were eglantine and other roses1 honeysuckle 7woodbine71 clematis1 rosemary1 and grapevines4 #f ,pleaching means trimming the small branches and foliage of trees1 or bushes1 to bring them to a regular shape4 ,certain trees only are submissive to this treatment--holly1 box1 yew privet1 whitethorn1 hornbeam1 linden1 etc41 to make arbors1 hedges1 bowers1 colonnades and all cut-work4 ,plashing is the half-cutting1 or dividing of the quick growth almost to the outward bark and then laying it orderly in a slope manner as you see a cunning hedger lay a dead hedge and then with the smaller and more pliant branches to wreath and bind in the tops4 ,markham1 ,the ,county ,farm 7,london1 #afaf74 ,another feature of the garden was the maze1 or labyrinth4 ,it was a favorite diversion for a visitor to puzzle his way through the green walls1 breast high1 to the center2 and the owner took delight in watching the mistakes of his friend and was always ready to give him the clue4 ,when ,james ,i on his ,southern ,progress in #afjc visited the magnificent garden known as ,theobald's and belonging to ,lord ,burleigh1 where we have already seen#g ,gerard was the horticulturist1 the ,king went into the labyrinth of the garden where he re-created himself in the meanders compact of bays1 rosemary and the like1 overshadowing his walk4 #g ,page #cc4 ,the labyrinth1 or maze1 was a fad of the day4 ,it still exists in many ,english gardens that date from ,elizabethan times and is a feature of many more recent gardens4 ,perhaps of all mazes the one at ,hampton ,court ,palace is the most famous4 ,the orchard was another feature of the ,elizabethan garden4 ,it was the custom for gentlemen to retire after dinner 7which took place at eleven o'clock in the morning7 to the garden arbor1 or to the orchard1 to partake of the banquet or dessert4 ,thus ,shallow addressing ,falstaff after dinner exclaims3 ,nay1 you shall see mine orchard1 where1 in an arbor1 we will eat a last year's pippin of my own grafting with a dish of carraways and so forth4#h #h ,king ,henry ,,iv2 ,part ,,ii1 ,act ,v1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,the uses of the ,elizabethan garden were many3 to walk in1 to sit in1 to dream in4 ,here the courtier1 poet1 merchant1 or country squire found refreshment for his mind and recreation for his body4 ,the garden was also intended to supply flowers for nosegays1 house decoration1 and the decoration of the church4 ,sweet-smelling herbs and rushes were strewn upon the floor as we know by ,grumio's order for ,petruchio's homecoming in ,the ,taming of the ,shrew4 ,one of ,queen ,elizabeth's ,maids of ,honor had a fixed salary for keeping fresh flowers always in readiness4 ,the office of herb-strewer to her ,majesty the ,queen was continued as late as #agac1 through the reign of ,anne and almost into that of ,george ,i4 ,the houses were very fragrant with flowers in pots and vases as well as with the rushes on the floor4 ,flowers were therefore very important features in house decoration4 ,a ,dutch traveler1 ,dr4 ,leminius1 who visited ,england in #aefj1 was much struck by this and wrote3 ,their chambers and parlors strewed over with sweet herbs refreshed me2 their nosegays finely intermingled with sundry sorts of fragrant flowers in their bed-chambers and private rooms with comfortable smell cheered me up and entirely delighted all my senses4 ,we have only to look at contemporary portraits to see how essential flowers were in daily life4 ,for instance1 ,holbein's ,george ,gisze1 a ,london merchant1 painted in #aebc1 has a vase of choice carnations beside him on the table filled with scales1 weights1 and business paraphernalia4 ,the ,elizabethan lady was just as learned in the medicinal properties of flowers and herbs as her ,medieval ancestor4 ,she regarded her garden as a place of delight and at the same time as of the greatest importance in the economic management of the household4 ,the housewife was the great ally of the doctor3 in her still-room the lady with the ruff and farthingale was ever busy with the preparation of cordials1 cooling waters1 conserves of roses1 spirits of herbs and juleps for calentures and fevers4 ,all the herbs and flowers of the field and garden passed through her fair white hands4 ,poppy-water was good for weak stomachs2 mint and rue-water was efficacious for the head and brain2 and even walnuts yielded a cordial4 ,then there was cinnamon water and the essence of cloves1 gilliflower and lemon water1 sweet marjoram water and the spirit of ambergris4 ,these were the ,elizabethan lady's severer toils1 besides acres of tapestry she had always on hand4 ,her more playful hours were devoted to the manufacture of casselettes1 month pastilles1 sweet waters1 odoriferant balls and scented gums for her husband's pipe 7,god bless her67 and there were balsams and electuaries for him to take to camp1 if he were a soldier fighting in ,ireland or in the ,low ,countries1 and wound-drinks if he was a companion of ,frobisher and bound against the ,spaniard1 or the ,indian pearl-diver of the ,pacific4 ,she had a specific which was of exceeding virtue in all swooning of the head1 decaying of the spirits1 also in all pains and numbness of joints and coming of cold4 ,that wonderful still-room contains not only dried herbs and drugs1 but gums1 spices1 ambergris1 storax and cedar-bark1 civet and dried flowers and roots4 ,in that bowl angelica1 carduus benedictus 7,holy ,thistle71 betony1 juniper-berries and wormwood are steeping to make a cordial-water for the young son about to travel2 and yonder is oil of cloves1 oil of nutmegs1 oil of cinnamon1 sugar1 ambergris and musk1 all mingling to form a quart of liquor as sweet as hypocras4 ,those scents and spices are for perfumed balls to be worn round the ladies' necks1 there to move up and down to the music of sighs and heart-beating1 envied by lovers whose letters will perhaps be perfumed by their contact4 ,what pleasant bright ,london gardens we dream of when we find that the remedy for a burning fever is honeysuckle leaves steeped in water1 and that a cooling drink is composed of wood sorrel and ,roman sorrel bruised and mixed with orange juice and barley-water4 ,mint is good for colic2 conserves of roses for the tickling rheum2 plaintain for flux2 vervain for liver-complaint--all sound pleasanter than those strong biting minerals which now kill or cure and give nature no time to heal us in her own quiet way4#i #i ,thornbury4 ,bacon's ,essay on ,gardening is very detailed and very practical1 and it must be remembered that he was addressing highly cultivated and skilfully trained amateurs and professional gardeners when he wrote3 ,god almighty first planted a garden2 and indeed it is the purest of human pleasures2 it is the greatest refreshment to the spirit of man4 ,and a man shall ever see that when ages grow to civility and elegancy men come to build stately sooner than to garden finely1 as if gardening were the greater perfection4 ,the ,elizabethan ,age1 with its superlatively cultivated men and women1 was certainly one of those ages of civility and elegancy of which ,bacon speaks4 ,the houses were stately and the gardens perfection1 affording appropriate setting for the brilliant courtiers and accomplished ladies of both ,tudor and early ,stuart times4 ,we sometimes hear it said that ,francis ,bacon's garden was his ideal of what a garden should be and that his garden was never realized4 ,this1 however1 is not the case4 ,old prints are numerous of gardens of wealthy persons in the reign of ,elizabeth and ,james ,i4 ,then1 too1 we have ,sir ,william ,temple's description of ,moor ,park1 and this garden1 says ,horace ,walpole1 seems to have been made after the plan laid down by ,lord ,bacon in his ,forty-sixth ,essay4 ,illustration3 ,,typical ,,garden ,,of ,,shakespeare',s ,,time--,,crispin ,,de ,,passe 7#afad7 ,sir ,william's account is as follows3 ,the perfectest figure of a garden ,i ever saw1 either at home or abroad1 was that of ,moor ,park in ,hertfordshire1 when ,i knew it about thirty years ago4 ,it was made by the ,countess of ,bedford1 esteemed among the perfectest wits of her time and celebrated by ,dr4 ,donne2 and with very great care1 excellent contrivance and much cost4 ,because ,i take the garden ,i have named to have been in all kinds the most beautiful and perfect1 at least in the figure and disposition1 that ,i have ever seen1 ,i will describe it for a model to those that meet with such a situation and are above the regards of common expense4 ,it lies on the side of a hill1 upon which the house stands1 but not very steep4 ,the length of the house1 where the best rooms and of most use or pleasure are1 lies upon the breadth of the garden2 the great parlor opens into the middle of a terrace gravel walk that lies even with it1 and which may lie1 as ,i remember1 about three hundred paces long and broad in proportion2 the border set with standard laurels and at large distances1 which have the beauty of orange-trees out of flower and fruit4 ,from this walk are three descents by many stone steps1 in the middle and at each end1 into a very large parterre4 ,this is divided into quarters by gravel walks and adorned with two fountains and eight statues in the several quarters4 ,at the end of a terrace walk are two summer-houses1 and the sides of the parterre are ranged with two large cloisters open to the garden1 upon arches of stone1 and ending with two other summer-houses even with the cloisters1 which are paved with stone1 and designed for walks of shade1 there being none other in the whole parterre4 ,over these two cloisters are two terraces covered with lead and fenced with balustrades2 and the passage into these airy walks is out of the two summer-houses at the end of the first terrace walk4 ,the cloister facing the south is covered with vines and would have been proper for an orange-house1 and the other for myrtles or other more common greens1 and had1 ,i doubt not1 been cast for that purpose1 if this piece of gardening had been then in as much vogue as it is now4 ,from the middle of this parterre is a descent by many steps flying on each side of a grotto that lies between them1 covered with lead and flat1 into the lower garden1 which is all fruit-trees ranged about the several quarters of a wilderness which is very shady2 the walks here are all green1 the grotto embellished with figures of shell rock-work1 fountains and water-works4 ,if the hill had not ended with the lower garden1 and the wall were not bounded by a common way that goes through the park1 they might have added a third quarter of all greens2 but this want is supplied by a garden on the other side of the house1 which is all of that sort1 very wild1 shady1 and adorned with rough rock work and fountains4 ,to write of ,elizabethan gardens without giving ,bacon's beautifully worked out theories would be like performing ,hamlet without the character of ,hamlet4 ,bacon's ,essay is too long to quote in its entirety1 but the specific instructions are as follows3 ,for gardens 7speaking of those which are indeed prince-like71 the contents ought not well to be under thirty acres of ground2 and to be divided into three parts3 a green in the entrance2 a heath or desert in the going forth2 and the main garden in the midst1 besides alleys on both sides4 ,and ,i like well that four acres of ground be assigned to the green1 six to the heath1 four and a half to either side and twelve to the main garden4 ,the green hath two pleasures3 the one because nothing is more pleasant to the eye than green grass kept finely shorn2 the other because it will give you a fair alley in the midst1 by which you may go in front upon a stately hedge1 which is to enclose this garden4 ,but because the alley will be long1 and in great heat of the year or day1 you ought not to buy the shade in the garden by going in the sun through the green2 therefore1 you are of either side the green to plant a covert alley upon carpenter's work1 about twelve foot in height1 by which you may go in shade into the garden4 ,the garden is best to be square1 encompassed on all the four sides with a stately arched hedge4 ,the arches to be upon pillars of carpenter's work1 of some ten foot high and six foot broad1 and the spaces between of the same dimension with the breadth of the arch2 over the arches let there be an entire hedge of some four foot high1 framed also upon carpenter's work2 and upon the upper hedge1 over every arch1 a little turret with a belly1 enough to receive a cage of birds2 and over every space1 between the arches1 some other little figure1 with broad plates of round colored glass1 gilt1 for the sun to play upon4 ,but this hedge ,i intend to be raised upon a bank1 not steep1 but gentle slope1 of some six foot1 set all with flowers4 ,also ,i understand that this square of the garden should not be the whole breadth of the ground1 but to leave on either side ground enough for diversity of side alleys1 into which the two covert alleys of the green may deliver you4 ,but there must be no alleys with hedges at either end of this great enclosure4 ,for the main garden ,i do not deny there should be some fair alleys1 ranged on both sides with fruit-trees1 and arbors with seats set in some decent order2 but these to be by no means set too thick1 but to leave the main garden so as it be not close1 but the air open and free4 ,for1 as for shade1 ,i would have you rest upon the alleys of the side grounds1 there to walk1 if you be disposed1 in the heat of the year1 or day1 but to make account that the main garden is for the more temperate parts of the year and in the heat of the summer for the morning and the evening1 or overcast days4 ,for the side grounds you are to fill them with variety of alleys1 private1 to give a full shade1 some of them wheresoever the sun be4 ,you are to frame some of them likewise for shelter1 that when the wind blows sharp you may walk as in a gallery4 ,and these alleys must be1 likewise1 hedged at both ends to keep out the wind1 and these closer alleys must be ever finely graveled and no grass1 because of going wet4 ,in many of these alleys1 likewise1 you are to set fruit-trees of all sorts1 as well upon the walls as in ranges4 ,and this would be generally observed that the borders wherein you plant your fruit-trees be fair and large and low 7and not steep7 and set with fine flowers1 but thin and sparingly lest they deceive the trees4 ,at the end of both the side grounds ,i would have a mount of some pretty height1 leaving the wall of the enclosure breast high1 to look abroad into the fields4 ,for the heath1 which was the third part of our plot1 ,i wish it to be framed1 as much as may be1 to a natural wildness4 ,trees1 ,i would have none in it2 but some thickets made only of sweetbrier and honeysuckle and some wild vine amongst2 and the ground set with violets1 strawberries and primroses2 for these are sweet and prosper in the shade2 and these to be in the heath1 here and there1 not in any order4 ,i also like little heaps in the nature of molehills 7such as are in wild heaths7 to be set1 some with wild thyme1 some with pinks1 some with germander that gives a good flower to the eye2 some with periwinkle1 some with violets1 some with strawberries1 some with cowslips1 some with daisies1 some with red roses1 some with lilium convallium1#aj some with sweet williams1 red1 some with bear's foot#aa and the like low flowers1 being withal sweet and sightly4 ,part of which heaps to be with standards of little bushes pricked upon their top and put without4 ,the standards to be roses1 juniper1 holly1 barberries 7but here and there1 because of the smell of their blossom71 red currants1 gooseberries1 rosemary1 bays1 sweetbrier and the like4 ,but these standards to be kept with cutting that they grow not out of course4 #aj ,lily-of-the-valley4 #aa ,auricula4 ,for the ordering of the ground within the great hedge1 ,i leave it to variety of device2 advising1 nevertheless1 that whatsoever form you cast it into1 first it be not too busy or full of work4 ,wherein ,i1 for my part1 do not like images cut out in juniper1 or other garden stuff--they be for children4 ,little low hedges1 round like welts1 with some pretty pyramids1 ,i like well1 and in some places fair columns upon frames of carpenter's work4 ,i would also have the alleys spacious and fair4 ,you may have closer alleys upon the side grounds1 but none in the main garden4 ,i wish also in the very middle a fair mount with three ascents and alleys1 enough for four to walk abreast1 which ,i would have to be perfect circles without any bulwarks or embossments1 and the whole mount to be thirty foot high2 and some fine banqueting-house with some chimneys neatly cast and without too much glass4 ,as for the making of knots1 or figures1 with divers colored earths that they may lie under the windows of the house1 on that side which the garden stands1 they be but toys4 ,you may see as good sights many times in tarts4 ,fountains ,bacon considered a great beauty and refreshment1 but he did not care for pools1 nor did he favor aviaries unless they were large enough to have living plants and bushes set in them and supply natural nesting for the birds4 ,we have already seen that ,bacon was very choice regarding the flowers that best perfume the air2 and he felt it was very essential that people should know what to plant for the different seasons4 ,so he tells us3 ,there ought to be gardens for all months of the year1 in which1 severally1 things of beauty may be in season4 ,for ,december and ,january and the latter part of ,november1 you must take such things as are green all winter3 holly1 ivy1 bays1 juniper1 cypress-trees1 yew1 pine1 apple-trees1 fir-trees1 rosemary1 lavender1 periwinkle1 the white1 the purple1 and the blue2 germander1 flags2 orange-trees1 lemon-trees and myrtle1 if they be stoved2 and sweet marjoram warm set4 ,there followeth for the latter part of ,january and ,february1 the mezerion tree which then blossoms2 crocus vernus1 both the yellow and the gray2 primroses1 anemones1 the early tulip1 hyacinthus orientalis1 chamaires fritellaria4 ,for ,march there come violets1 especially the single blue1 which are the earliest1 the yellow daffodil1 the daisy1 the almond-tree in blossom1 the peach-tree in blossom1 the cornelian tree in blossom1 sweetbrier4 ,in ,april follow the double white violet1 the wallflower1 the stock gilliflower1 the cowslip1 flower-de-luces1 and lilies of all natures1 rosemary flowers1 the tulip1 the double peony1 the pale daffodil1 the ,french honeysuckle1 the cherry-tree in blossom1 the damson and plum-trees in blossom1 the white thorn in leaf1 the lilac tree4 ,in ,may and ,june come pinks of all sorts1 roses of all kinds except the musk1 which comes later1 honeysuckles1 strawberries1 bugloss1 columbine1 the ,french marigold 7,flos ,africanus71 cherry-tree in fruit1 ribes1 figs in fruit1 rasps1 vine-flowers1 lavender in flowers1 the sweet satyrian1 with the white flower1 herbal muscaria1 lilium convallium1 the apple-tree in blossom4 ,in ,july come gilliflowers of all varieties1 musk-roses1 the lime tree in blossom1 early pears and plums in fruit1 gennitings1 quodlins4 ,in ,august come plums of all sorts in fruit1 pears1 apricots1 barberries1 filberts1 musk-melons1 monkshood of all colors4 ,in ,september come grapes1 apples1 poppies of all colors1 peaches1 melocotones1 nectarines1 cornelians1 wardens1 quinces4 ,in ,october and the beginning of ,november come services1 medlars1 bullaces1 roses cut1 or removed to come late1 hollyhocks and such like4 ,these particulars are for the climate of ,london2 but my meaning is perceived that you may have ver perpetuum1 as the place affords4 ,illustration3 ,,labyrinth1 ,,vredeman ,,de ,,vries ,illustration3 ,a ,,curious-,,knotted ,,garden--,,crispin ,,de ,,passe 7#afad7 ,gardening was a serious business4 ,the duties of gardeners were not light4 ,we are told that ,gardeners should not only be diligent and painful1 but also experienced and skilful2 at the least1 one of them to have seen the fine gardens about ,london and in ,kent2 to be able to cast out the ,quarters of the garden as may be most convenient that the ,walks and the ,alleys be long and large2 to cast up ,mounts1 to tread out ,knots in the ,quarters of arms and fine devices1 to set and sow in them sweet-smelling flowers and strewing herbs2 to have in the finest parts of the garden ,artichokes1 ,pompions1 ,melons1 ,cucumbers and such-like2 in other places convenient ,radishes1 ,keritts1 ,carrats and other roots with store of all kind of herbs for the ,kitchen and ,apothecary2 to know what ,flowers and ,herbs will best endure the ,sun and which need most to be shaded3 in like sort1 for the ,east and ,north winds1 not only to be skilful in planting and grafting of all kinds of fruit-trees1 but also how to place them in best order2 and to be able to judge of the best times and seasons to plant and graft all fruits and to set and sow all flowers1 herbs and roots2 and also the best time when to cut and gather all herbs and seeds and fruits1 and in what sort to keep and preserve them2 to make fair ,bowling ,alleys well banked and sealed1 which1 being well kept1 in many houses are very profitable to the gardeners4 ,the instructions in the ,elizabethan manuals for grafting1 pleaching1 and plashing 7see page #ej7 are most explicit and elaborate4 ,there are rules for the care of every flower and herb4 ,nothing is too small for attention1 ,the old authors even say what flowers should be picked often and what flowers prefer to be let alone4 ,one old gardener gives the following details with regard to the sowing of seeds3 ,if you will he writes1 you may sow your seeds in rows1 or trails1 either round about the edges of your beds to keep them in fashion1 and plant either herbs or flowers in the body of your beds1 or you may furnish your beds all over1 making three1 four1 or five rows1 or trails1 according to the bigness of your bed2 the order1 or manner1 is to make each trail of like distance and range your line and by it1 either with your finger or a small stick1 to make your trail about an inch thick1 or thereabout2 and therein to sow your seed1 not over-thick4 ,if you put your seeds in a white paper1 you may 7if the seeds are small7 very easily and equally sow them by shaking the lower end of your paper with the forefinger of that hand you sow with4 ,the paper must not be much open at the end4 ,then with your hand1 or a trowel1 to smooth the earth into each trail4 ,,iii ,old ,garden ,authors ,the books from which both professional and amateur gardeners gained their instruction are full of delightful information1 and to us are quaintly expressed4 ,many of them were standard authorities for several generations and went through various editions1 which1 as time went on1 were touched up by a more recent authority4 ,one of these well-known garden authors was ,thomas ,hill1 who wrote under the peculiar name of ,didymus ,mountain2 another was ,gervase ,markham whose ,country ,farm1 published in ,london in #afaf 7the year of ,shakespeare's death71 often passes for an original work4 ,the ,country ,farm1 however1 was an earlier book1 and a ,french one at that1 called ,la ,maison ,rustique1 published in ,paris in #afjj by ,charles ,stevens and ,john ,libault1 doctors of physicke4 ,this was translated into ,english very soon after its appearance by ,richard ,surflet and published under the title of ,the ,country ,farm4 ,it became an extremely popular book before ,gervase ,markham took hold of it4 ,markham became a great authority on all garden topics and wrote and adapted many books on the subject4 ,from his edition of ,the ,country ,farm we learn that ,it is a commendable and seemly thing to behold out at a window many acres of ground well-tilled and husbanded2 but yet it is much more to behold fair and comely proportions1 handsome and pleasant arbors1 and1 as it were1 closets1 delightful borders of lavender1 rosemary1 box and other such-like2 to hear the ravishing music of an infinite number of pretty1 small birds1 which continually1 day and night1 do chatter and chant their proper and natural branch-songs upon the hedges and trees of the garden2 and to smell so sweet a nosegay so near at hand1 seeing that this so fragrant a smell cannot but refresh the lord of the farm exceedingly when going out of his bedchamber in the morning after sunrise2 and while as yet the clear and pearl-like dew doth perch on to the grass he giveth himself to hear the melodious music of the bees which do fill the air with a most acceptable sweet and pleasant harmony4 ,now for the general proportion of gardens4 ,they may at your pleasure carry any of these four shapes3 that is to say1 either square1 round1 oval1 or diamond4 ,this is but the outward proportion1 or the verge and girdle of your garden4 ,as for the inward proportions and shapes of the ,quarters1 ,beds1 ,banks1 ,mounts and such-like1 they are to be divided by ,alleys1 ,hedges1 ,borders1 ,rails1 ,pillars and such-like2 and by these you may draw your garden unto what form you please1 not respecting whatsoever shape the outward verge carrieth4 ,for you may make that garden which is square without to be round within1 and that which is round1 either square1 or oval2 that which is oval1 either of the former1 and that which is diamond any shape at all1--and yet all exceedingly comely4 ,you may also1 if your ground be naturally so situated1 or if your industry please so to bring it to pass1 make your garden rise and mount by several degrees1 one level ascending above another1 in such sort as if you had divers gardens one above another1 which is exceedingly beautiful to the eye and very beneficial to your flowers and fruit-trees1 especially if such ascents have the benefit of the ,sun rising upon them2 and thus1 if you please1 you may have in one level a square plot2 in another1 a round2 in a third a diamond2 and in a fourth1 an oval2 then amongst the ascending banks1 which are on either side the stairs1 you mount into your several gardens1 you shall make your physic garden or places to plant your physic herbs4 ,we also learn from ,the ,country ,farm that ,the ,garden of ,pleasure shall be set about and compassed with arbors made of jessamin1 rosemarie1 box1 juniper1 cypress-trees1 savin1 cedars1 rose-trees and other dainties first planted and pruned according as the nature of every one doth require1 but after brought into some form and order with willow or juniper poles1 such as may serve for the making of arbors4 ,the ways and alleys must be covered and sown with fine sand well beat1 or with the powder of the sawing of marble1 or else paved handsomely with good pit stone4 ,this garden1 by means of a large path of the breadth of six feet1 shall be divided into two equal parts2 the one shall contain the herbs and flowers used to make nosegays and garlands of1 as ,march violets1 ,provence gilliflowers1 purple gilliflowers1 ,indian gilliflowers1 small pansies1 daisies1 yellow and white gilliflowers1 marigolds1 lily connally1#ab daffodils1 ,canterbury bells1 purple velvet flowers1 anemones1 corn-flag1#ac mugwort1 lilies and other such-like2 and it may be indeed the ,nosegay ,garden4 #ab ,lily-of-the-valley4 #ac ,gladiolus4 ,the other part shall have all other sweet-smelling herbs whether they be such as bear no flowers1 or1 if they bear any1 yet they are not put in nosegays alone1 but the whole herb be with them1 as ,southernwood1 wormwood1 pellitory1 rosemary1 jessamine1 marierom1 balm-mints1 pennyroyal1 costmarie1 hyssop1 lavender1 basil1 sage1 savory1 rue1 tansy1 thyme1 camomile1 mugwort1 bastard marierum1 nept1 sweet balm1 all-good1 anis1 horehound and others such-like2 and this may be called the garden for herbs and good smell4 ,these sweet herbs and flowers for nosegays shall be set in order upon beds and quarters of such-like length and breadth as those of the kitchen garden2 others in mazes made for the pleasing and recreating of the sight1 and other some are set in proportions made of beds interlaced and drawn one within another or broken off with borders1 or without borders4 ,this arrangement is interesting as not only showing the division of flower-beds but that certain herbs were used in nosegays4 ,it did not1 therefore1 strike ,shakespeare's audiences as strange that ,perdita offered to her guests rosemary and rue on an equality with marigolds1 violets1 the crown-imperial 7then so rare71 daffodils1 and lilies of all kinds4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,knot-,,garden1 ,,new ,,place1 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon ,in ,william ,lawson's ,a ,new ,orchard and ,garden1 which also appeared about the time of ,shakespeare's death1 the gardens of the period are perfectly described4 ,lawson was a practical gardener and had a poetic appreciation of flowers and trees4 ,his book was long an authority4 ,every one had it4 ,lawson writes quaintly and delightfully3 ,the ,rose1 red1 damask1 velvet and double-double1 ,provence rose1 the sweet musk ,rose double and single1 the double and single white ,rose1 the fair and sweet-scenting ,woodbine double and single and double-double1 purple ,cowslips and double-double ,cowslips1 ,primrose double and single1 the ,violet nothing behind the best for smelling sweetly and a thousand more will provoke your content4 ,and all these by the skill of your gardener1 so comely and orderly placed in your borders and squares and so intermingled that none looking thereon cannot but wonder to see what ,nature corrected by ,art can do4 ,when you behold in divers corners of your ,orchard ,mounts of stone1 or wood1 curiously wrought within and without1 or of earth covered with fruit-trees3 ,kentish cherry1 damsons1 plums1 etc41 with stairs of precious workmanship2 and in some corner a true ,dial or ,clock and some antique works and especially silver-sounding music--mixt ,instruments and ,voices--gracing all the rest--how will you be rapt with delight6 ,large walks1 broad and long1 close and open1 like the ,tempe groves in ,thessaly1 raised with gravel and sand1 having seats and banks of ,camomile1--all this delights the mind and brings health to the body4 ,your borders on every side hanging and drooping with ,raspberries1 ,barberries and ,currants and the roots of your trees powdered with strawberries--red1 white and green1--what a pleasure is this6 ,your gardener can frame your lesser wood 7shrubs7 to the shape of men armed in the field ready to give battle1 or swift-running greyhounds1 or of well-scented and true running hounds to chase the deer or hunt the hare4 ,this kind of hunting shall not waste your corn nor much your coin4 ,mazes1 well formed1 a man's height1 may1 perhaps1 make your friend wander in gathering of berries till he cannot recover himself without your help4 ,to have occasion to exercise within your ,orchard1 it shall be a pleasure to have a ,bowling-,alley4 ,rosemary and sweet ,eglantine are seemly ornaments about a door1 or window2 so is ,woodbine4 ,one chief grace that adorns an ,orchard ,i cannot let slip4 ,a brood of nightingales1 who with their several notes and tunes with a strong1 delightsome voice out of a weak body1 will bear you company1 night and day4 ,she will help you cleanse your trees of caterpillars and all noisome worms and flies4 ,the gentle ,robin ,redbreast will help her and in ,winter in the coldest storms will keep a part4 ,neither will the silly ,wren be behind in summer with her distinct whistle 7like a sweet ,recorder7#ad to cheer your spirits4 ,the ,blackbird and ,throstle 7for ,i take it the ,thrush sings not but devours7 sing loudly on a ,may morning and delight the ear much 7and you need not want their company if you have ripe ,cherries or ,berries7 and would gladly1 as the rest1 do you pleasure4 ,but ,i had rather want their company than my fruit4 ,what shall ,i say8 ,a thousand of delights are in an ,orchard4 #ad ,a kind of flute4 ,see ,hamlet2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,parkinson endeavors in the kindliest way to help the amateur4 ,he is genuinely desirous to encourage gardening and offers his knowledge and experience with bounteous generosity4 ,he has no preference regarding site4 ,he says3 ,according to the situations of men's dwellings1 so are the situations of their gardens4 ,and1 although divers do diversely prefer their own several places which they have chosen1 or wherein they dwell2 as some those places that are near unto a river or brook to be best for the pleasantness of the water1 the ease of transportation of themselves1 their friends and goods1 as also for the fertility of the soil1 which is seldom near unto a river's side2 and others extol the side or top of an hill1 be it small or great1 for the prospect's sake4 ,and again1 some the plain or champian ground for the even level thereof4 ,yet to show you for every of these situations which is the fittest place to plant your garden in and how to defend it from the injuries of the cold winds and frosts that may annoy it1 ,i hope be well accepted4 ,to prescribe one form for every man to follow were too great presumption and folly2 for every man will please his own fancy1 be it orbicular or round1 triangular or three-square1 quadrangular or four-square1 or more long than broad4 ,let every man choose which him liketh best4 ,the four-square form is the most usually accepted with all and doth best agree to any man's dwelling4 ,to form it therefore with walks cross the middle both ways and round about it also with hedges1 knots or trayles1 or any other work within the four-square parts is according to every man's conceit4 ,for there may be therein walls either open or close1 either public or private1 a maze or wilderness1 a rock or mount with a fountain in the midst to convey water to every part of the garden either in pipes under the ground1 or brought by hand and emptied into large cisterns or great ,turkey jars placed in convenient places4 ,arbors also being both graceful and necessary may be appointed in such convenient places as the corners1 or elsewhere1 as may be most fit to serve both for shadow and rest after walking4 ,to border the whole square to serve as a hedge thereunto everyone taketh what liketh him best1 as either privet alone1 or sweetbriar and whitethorn enlaced together and roses of one1 or two1 or more sorts1 placed here and there amongst them4 ,some also take lavender1 rosemary1 sage1 southernwood1 lavender-cotton1 or some such thing4 ,some again plant ,cornell trees and plash them1 or keep them low to form into a hedge4 ,and some again take a low prickly shrub that abideth always green called in ,latin ,pyracantha1 which in time will make an evergreen hedging1 or border1 and when it beareth fruit1 which are red berries like unto hawthorn berries1 make a glorious show among the green leaves in winter time when no other shrubs have fruit1 or leaves4 ,for the borders of the knots1 ,parkinson recommends thrift1 hyssop and germander1 but chiefly above all herbs the small low1 or dwarf ,french or ,dutch box1 because it is evergreen1 thick and easily cut and formed4 ,roses1 he says1 should be planted in the outer borders of the quarters1 or in the middle of the long beds2 and lilies should be placed in a small1 round or square in a knot without any tall flowers growing about them4 ,,iv ,outlandish and ,english ,flowers ,the flowers for the knots1 or beds1 ,parkinson divides into two classes3 the ,outlandish flowers and the ,english flowers4 ,of the outlandish flowers first of all he mentions daffodils1 of which there were almost a hundred sorts1 some either white1 or yellow1 or mixed1 or else being small or great1 single or double1 and some having but one flower on a stalk2 others1 many4 ,other daffodils were so exceedingly sweet that a very few were sufficient to perfume a whole chamber3 the single ,english ,bastard daffodil1 which groweth wild in many woods1 groves and orchards in ,england2 the double ,english ,bastard1 the ,french single white1 the ,french double yellow1 the ,spanish yellow ,bastard1 the great or little ,spanish white1 and the ,turkie single white ,daffodil are some of the varieties ,parkinson mentions4 ,then of the ,fritillaria or the checkerd ,daffodil ,parkinson gives half a score1 several sorts1 both white and red1 both yellow and black1 which are a wonderful grace and ornament in a garden in regard of the checker-like spots in the flower4 ,hyacinths in ,parkinson's book are about half a hundred sorts3 some like unto little bells or stars1 others like unto little bottles or pearls1 both white and blue1 sky colored and blush1 and some star-like of many pretty various forms and all to give delight to them that will be curious to observe them4 ,shakespeare does not mention hyacinths4 ,of crocus1 or saffron flowers1 there were twenty sorts1 some flowering in the spring1 others in the autumn1 but all of glorious beauty4 ,of lilies there were twenty several sorts and colors1 among which the ,crown ,imperial1 for her stately form deserveth some special place in the garden1 as also the ,martagons1 both white and red1 both blush and yellow1 that require to be set by themselves apart4 ,tulips 7which are never mentioned by ,shakespeare7 were so many and various that ,parkinson considered it beyond his ability to describe them all for there is such a wonderful variety and mixture of colors that it is almost impossible for the wit of man to decipher them and to give names1 and he added that for every one that he might name ten others would probably spring up somewhere and besides this glory of variety in colors that these flowers have1 they carry so stately and delightful a form and do abide so long in their bravery1 there is no lady or gentlewoman of any worth that is not caught with this delight1 or not delighted with these flowers4 ,then the anemones1 or windflowers1 so full of variety1 so dainty1 so pleasant and so delightsome1 so plentiful in bearing and durable1 he tells us were great favorites4 ,illustration3 ,,border1 ,,new ,,place1 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon ,then the bear's-ears1#ae or ,french cowslips1 each one seeming to be a nosegay of itself alone and of so many colors as white1 yellow1 blush1 purple1 red1 tawny1 murray1 hair color and so on and not unfurnished with a pretty sweet scent1 which doth add an increase of pleasure in those that make them an ornament for wearing4 #ae ,auriculas4 ,flower-de-luces also of many sorts1 one kind being the ,orris roots that are sold at the ,apothecaries whereof sweet powders are made to lie among garments and the greater ,flag kind frequent enough in this land and which well doth serve to deck up both garden and house with ,nature's beauties4 ,chief of all was ,your ,sable ,flower1 so fit for a mourning habit that ,i think in the whole compass of ,nature's store there is not a more pathetical4 ,the hepatica1 or noble liverwort1 white1 red1 blue1 or purple1 somewhat resembling violets2 the cyclamen1 or sow-bread1 a flower of rare receipt with flowers like unto red1 or blush-colored violets and leaves having no small delight in their pleasant color1 being spotted and circled white upon green2 the ,leucoinum1 or bulbous violet2 ,muscari1 or musk grape flower2 star-flowers of different sorts2 ,phalangium1 or spiderwort2 winter crowfoot1 or wolfsbane2 the ,christmas flower1 like unto a single white rose2 bell-flowers of many kinds2 yellow larkspur1#af the prettiest flower of a score in the garden2 flower gentle1 or ,floramour2 ,flower-of-the-,sun2#ag the ,marvel of ,peru1 or of the ,world2 double marsh marigold1 or double yellow buttons2 double ,french marigolds2 and the double red ,ranunculus1 or crowfoot1 for exceeding the most glorious double anemone1 completes ,parkinson's list for flowers to be planted in the beds4 ,the jasmine1 white and yellow2 the double honeysuckle and the lady's-bower 7clematis71 both white1 and red and purple1 single and double are the fittest of ,outlandish plants to set by arbors and banqueting-houses#ah that are open both before and above1 to help to cover them and to give sight1 smell and delight4 #af ,nasturtium4 #ag ,sunflower4 #ah ,the banqueting-house does not signify a place for great entertainments4 ,it was a simple summer-house1 or arbor1 to which people repaired after dinner to eat the dessert1 then called banquet4 ,parkinson has not quite finished1 however1 with the outlandish flowers for he calls attention to the cherry bay1 or ,laurocerasus1 saying that the ,rose ,bay1 or ,oleander1 and the white and blue ,syringa1 or ,pipe ,tree1#ai are all graceful and delightful to set at several distances in the borders of knots1 for some of them give beautiful and sweet flowers4 #ai ,lilac-tree4 ,furthermore ,parkinson writes that the ,pyracantha1 or ,prickly ,coral ,tree1 doth remain with green leaves all the year and may be plashed1 or laid down1 or tyed to make up a fine hedge to border the whole knot and that the ,dwarf ,bay1 or ,mezereon1 is most commonly either placed in the middle of a knot1 or at the corners thereof1 and sometimes all along a walk for the more grace4 ,so much for the outlandish flowers6 ,turning now to the ,english flowers1 we find that ,parkinson includes primroses and cowslips1 single rose campions1 white1 red1 and blush and the double red campion and the ,flower of ,bristow1 or ,nonesuch1 a kind of ,campion1 white and blush as well as orange-color4 ,and here ,parkinson stops a moment to talk about this ,nonesuch1 for he was so fond of it that he holds it in his hand in the portrait that appears as a frontispiece to his ,paradisus and from which our reproduction is made4 ,of it he writes3 ,the orange color ,nonesuch with double flowers as is rare and not common so for his bravery doth well deserve a ,master of account that will take care to keep and preserve it4 ,then he continues3 ,bachelors'-buttons1 both white and red2 wall-flowers1 double and single2 stock-gilliflowers1 queen's gilliflowers 7which some call dame's violets and some winter gilliflowers1 a kind of stock-gilliflower72 violets1 the spring's chief flowers for beauty1 smell and use1 both single and double2 snap-dragons1 flowers of much more delight2 columbines1 single and double1 of many sorts1 fashions and colors1 very variable1 both speckled and parti-colored--no garden would willingly be without them4 ,next ,larks' heels1 or spurs1 or toes1 as they are called1 single and double2 pansies1 or heartsease1 of divers colors1 although without scent yet not without some respect and delight2 double poppies adorning a garden with their variable colors to the delight of the beholders2 double daisies1 white and red1 blush and speckled and parti-colored1 besides that which is called ,jack-an-,apes-on-,horseback1 double marigolds2 ,french marigolds that have a strong1 heady scent1 both single and double1 whose glorious show for color would cause any to believe there were some rare goodness or virtue in them2 and carnations and gilliflowers4 ,here again ,parkinson's enthusiasm causes him to pause1 for he exclaims3 ,but what shall ,i say to the ,queen of ,delight and of ,flowers1 ,carnations and ,gilliflowers1 whose bravery1 variety and sweet smell joined together tieth every one's affection with great earnestness both to like and to have them8 ,of the overwhelming number he singles out the red and gray ,hulo1 the old carnation1 the ,grand ,pre2 the ,cambersive1 the ,savadge1 the ,chrystal1 the ,prince1 the white carnation or delicate1 the ground carnation1 the ,french carnation1 the ,dover1 the ,oxford1 the ,bristow1 the ,westminster1 the ,daintie1 the ,granado1 and the orange tawny gilliflower and its derivatives1 the ,infanta1 the striped tawny1 the speckled tawny1 the flaked tawny1 the ,grifeld tawny1 and many others4 ,many sweet pinks are included1 all very sweet coming near the ,gilliflowers1 ,sweet ,williams and ,sweet ,johns1 both single and double1 red and spotted1 and a kind of wild pinks1 which for their beauty and grace help to furnish a garden4 ,then1 too1 we have peonies1 double and single2 hollyhocks1 single and double2 and roses4 ,the ,elizabethan gardens1 therefore1 presented a magnificent array of flowers2 and it was not only in the grand gardens of castles and manor-houses1 but in the estates of ,london merchants along the ,strand and of the florists in ,holborn1 ,westminster1 and elsewhere that fine flower shows were to be enjoyed during every month of the year4 ,in the country before the simple dwellings and the half-timbered and thatched cottages bright flowers blossomed in the same beauty and profusion as to-day4 ,the charming cottage garden has changed little4 ,finally1 in summing up1 if we imagine as a background a group of ,tudor buildings in the ,perpendicular style of architecture of red brick broken with bay-windows and groups of quaint chimneys variously ornamented with zigzag and other curious lines1 gables here and there--the whole faade rising above a terrace with broad flights of steps--one at the middle and one at each end--and from the terrace forthrights and paths intersecting and in the squares formed by them bright beds of flowers so arranged that the colors intermingle and blend so as to produce the effect of a rich mosaic and redolent with the sweetest perfumes all mingled with particular and peculiar care and art1 we shall have a mental picture of the kind of garden that lay before ,olivia's house in ,twelfth ,night1 where ,malvolio parades up and down the forthrights1 as ,shakespeare distinctly tells us1 in his yellow cross-garters1 to pick up the letter dropped on the path by ,maria while the rollicking ,sir ,toby ,belch1 witless ,sir ,andrew ,aguecheek1 and merry ,maria watch his antics from their hiding-place in the box-tree1 or hedge4 ,such also was the garden at ,belmont1 ,portia's stately home1 in which ,lorenzo and ,jessica1 while waiting for their mistress on that moonlight night when the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees and they did make no noise1 voiced their ravishing duet1 ,on ,such a ,night4 ,such also was the garden into which ,romeo leaped over the high wall to sing before ,juliet's window a song that in her opinion was far sweeter than that of the nightingale that nightly sang in the pomegranate-tree by her balcony4 ,if1 on the other hand1 we wish to visualize ,perdita's garden--that of a simple shepherdess--we must imagine a tiny cottage enclosure gay and bright with blooms of many hues1 arranged in simple beds neatly bordered with box or thrift1 but where there are no terraces1 forthrights1 or ornamental vases1 urns or fountains4 ,this little cottage garden is the kind that brightened the approach to ,anne ,hathaway's house at ,shottery and ,shakespeare's own dwelling at ,stratford4 ,this is a descendant1 as we have seen1 of the little ,garden of ,delight1 the ,pleasance of the ,medieval castle4 ,the simple cottage garden is the easier of the two to reproduce to-day4 ,although it only occupies a small corner in the garden proper1 yet all the flowers mentioned by ,shakespeare can be grown in it4 ,in rural ,england it is not rare to come across old gardens that owed their existence to disciples of ,didymus ,mountain1 ,markham1 ,lawson1 and ,parkinson--gardens that have been tended for three hundred years and more with loving care1 where the blossoms are descendants of outlandish importations of ,nicholas ,leate and ,lord ,burleigh1 and of simple ,english flowers4 ,these gladden the eyes of their owners to-day as the original flowers gladdened the eyes of those who planted them4 ,generations of people in the house and generations of flowers in the garden thus flourished and faded side by side while the old stock put forth new blossoms in both house and garden to continue the family traditions of both the human and the floral world4 ,illustration3 ,,herbaceous ,,border1 ,,new ,,place1 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon ,a typical garden dating from ,shakespearean times was thus described a few years ago in ,the ,gentleman's ,magazine3 ,in all ,england one could1 perhaps1 find no lovelier garden than that of ,t----1 an old manor-house1 sheltered by hill and bounded by the moat1 which is the only relic of the former feudal castle4 ,the tiled roof1 the gables inlaid with oaken beams1 are almost hidden by fragrant roses and jasmine flowers that shine like stars against their darker foliage4 ,a sun-dial stands in the square of lawn before the porch1 and the windows to your right open upon a yew-hedged bowling-green4 ,beyond1 the smooth lawn slopes down to a little stream1 thick with water-loving reeds and yellow flags2 and lime-trees1 whose fragrance the breeze wafts to us1 sweep the greensward in magnificent curves4 ,if you turn to the left1 along yonder grassy path you will find yourself between borders gorgeous with poppies and sweet william and hollyhocks and lilies that frame distances of blue hills and clear sky4 ,the kitchen-garden lies through that gate in the wall of mellowed brick--an old-fashioned kitchen-garden1 with mingled fruit and vegetables and flowers4 ,there are pear and plum-trees against the wall and strawberry beds next the feathery asparagus and gooseberry bushes hidden by hedges of sweet peas4 ,another turn will bring you into a labyrinth of yew hedges and so back to the bowling-green1 across which the long shadows lie1 and the sun-dial which marks the approach of evening4 ,the light is golden on the house and on the tangled borders2 the air is fragrant with many scents4 ,,part ,,two ,,the ,,flowers ,,of ,,shakespeare ,spring ,,the ,,sweet ,o' ,,the ,,year ,i ,primroses1 ,cowslips1 and ,oxlips ,,primrose 7,primula vulgaris74 ,english poets have always regarded the primrose as the first flower of spring--the true ,flor di prima vera4 ,this name calls to mind ,botticelli's enchanting ,primevera that hangs in the ,uffizi1 in which the sward is dotted with spring flowers that seem to have burst into blossom beneath the footsteps of ,venus and her three ,graces--those lovely ladies of the ,italian ,renaissance1 clad in light1 fluttering draperies4 ,this decorative picture expresses not only the joy and beauty of newly-awakened spring1 but something much deeper1 something that the painter did not realize himself2 and this was what the ,italian ,renaissance was destined to mean to all the world3 a ,new ,birth of beauty in the arts and a new era of human sympathy for mankind4 ,sandro ,botticelli1 whom we may appropriately call ,flor di prima vera among painters1 was as unaware of his mission in art as the primroses that come into being at the call of a new day of spring sunshine from a long dark winter's sleep in a soil of frozen stiffness4 ,something of the tender and wistful beauty of early spring--her faint dreams and soft twilights1 her languid afternoons and her veiled nights1 when pale stars tremble through gray mists and when warm rains softly kiss the drowsy earth--,botticelli has put into his enchanting spring idyl2 and this same wistful1 half-drowsy1 and evanescent beauty is characteristic of the primrose4 ,primrose1 first born child of ,ver1 ,merry ,springtime's harbinger1 ,with her bells dim is a perfect and sympathetic description of the flower in ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen4#bj #bj ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,observe that the bells of the primrose are dim--pale in hue--because the earth is not sufficiently awake for bright colors or for joyful chimes--so the color is faint and the sound is delicate4 ,trees are now timidly putting forth tender leaves1 buds peer cautiously from the soil1 and few birds sing2 for leaves1 buds1 and birds know full well that winter is lurking in the distance and that rough winds occasionally issue from the bag of ,boreas4 ,the time has not yet come for lisp of leaves and ripple of rain and for choirs of feathered songsters4 ,yet all the more1 because of its bold daring and its modest demeanor1 the primrose deserves the enthusiastic welcome it has always received from poets and flower lovers4 ,the primrose1 writes ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson1 seems the very flower of delicacy and refinement2 not that it shrinks from our notice1 for few plants are more easily seen1 coming as it does when there is a dearth of flowers1 when the first birds are singing and the first bees humming and the earliest green putting forth in the ,march and ,april woods4 ,and it is one of those plants which dislikes to be looking cheerless1 but keeps up a smouldering fire of blossom from the very opening of the year1 if the weather will permit4 ,the flower is of a most unusual color1 a pale1 delicate yellow1 slightly tinged with green4 ,and the better flowers impress us by a peculiar paleness1 not dependent upon any feebleness of hue1 which we always find unpleasing1 but rather upon the exquisite softness of their tone4 ,and we must not overlook the little round stigma1 that green and translucent gem1 which forms the pupil of the eye1 and is surrounded by a deeper circle of orange which helps it to shine forth more clearly4 ,many flowers have a somewhat pensive look2 but in the pensiveness of the primrose there is a shade of melancholy--a melancholy which awakens no thought of sadness and does but give interest to the pale1 sweet1 inquiring faces which the plant upturns towards us4 ,in the primrose1 as a whole1 we cannot help being struck by an exceeding softness and delicacy2 there is nothing sharp1 strong1 or incisive2 the smell is 'the faintest and most ethereal perfume1' as ,mrs4 ,stowe has called it in her ',sunny ,memories1' though she was mistaken in saying that it disappears when we pluck the flower4 ,it is meant to impress us as altogether soft and yielding4 ,one of the most beautiful points in the primrose is the manner in which the paleness of the flowers is taken up by the herbage4 ,this paleness seems to hang about the plant like a mystery1 for though the leaves of the primrose may at times show a trace of the steady paleness of the cowslip1 it is more usually confined to their undersurfaces and the white flower-stalks with their clothing of down4 ,and when we are looking at the primrose one or other of these downy1 changeful portions is continually coming into view1 so that we get a feeling as if there hung about the whole plant a clothing of soft1 evanescent mist1 thickening about the center of the plant and the undersurfaces of the leaves which are less exposed to the sun4 ,and then we reach one of the main expressions of the primrose4 ,when we look at the pale1 sweet flowers1 and the soft-toned green of the herbage1 softened further here and there by that uncertain mist of down1 the dryness of the leaf and fur enters forcibly into our impression of the plant1 giving a sense of extreme delicacy and need of shelter1 as if it were some gentle creature which shrinks from exposure to the weather4 ,illustration3 ,,carnations ,,and ,,gilliflowers2 ,,primroses ,,and ,,cowslips2 ,,and ,,daffodils3 ,,from ,,parkinson ,the ,greeks associated the idea of melancholy with this flower4 ,they had a story of a handsome youth1 son of ,flora and ,priapus1 whose betrothed bride died4 ,his grief was so excessive that he died1 too1 and the gods than changed his body into a primrose4 ,in ,shakespeare's time1 the primrose was also associated with early death2 and it is one of the flowers thrown upon the corse of ,fidele1 whose lovely1 wistful face is compared to the pale primrose4 ,thus ,arviragus exclaims as he gazes on the beautiful youth1 ,fidele1 the assumed name of ,imogen in disguise3 ,i'll sweeten thy sad grave3 thou shalt not lack ,the flower that's like thy face1 pale primrose4#ba ,perdita1 in ,the ,winter's ,tale1#bb mentions ,pale primroses that die unmarried ,ere they can behold bright ,phbus in his strength4 ,shakespeare appreciated the delicate hue and perfume of this flower4 ,he seems to be alluding to both qualities when he makes ,hermia touch ,helena's memory by the following words3 ,and in the wood1 where often you and ,i ,upon faint primrose beds were wont to lie4#bc ,other ,english poets speak of the flower as the pale1 or the dim4 ,milton writes3 ,now the bright star1 day's harbinger ,comes dancing from the ,east and leads with her ,the flow'ry ,may1 who1 from her green lap1 throws ,the yellow cowslip and the pale primrose4 ,and again1 ,thomas ,carew3 ,ask me why ,i send you here ,the firstling of the infant year8 ,ask me why ,i send to you ,this ,primrose1 all bepearled with dew8 ,i straight whisper in your ears3 ,the sweets of ,love are wash'd with tears ,ask me why this flower doth show ,so yellow1 green and sickly1 too8 ,ask me why the stalk is weak ,and1 bending1 yet it doth not break8 ,i will answer3 these discover ,what doubts and fears are in a lover4 #ba ,cymbeline2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,ii4 #bb ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 #bc ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,the ,english primrose is one of a large family of more than fifty species1 represented by the primrose1 the cowslip1 and the oxlip4 ,all members of this family are noted for their simple beauty and their peculiar charm4 ,parkinson writes3 ,we have so great variety of ,primroses and ,cowslips in our country breeding that strangers1 being much delighted with them1 have often furnished into divers countries to their good content4 ,all ,primroses bear their long and large1 broad yellowish-green leaves without stalks most usually1 and all the ,cowslips have small stalks under the leaves1 which are smaller and of a darker green4 ,the name of ,primula veris1 or ,primrose1 is indifferently conferred on those that ,i distinguish for ,paralyses1 or ,cowslips4 ,all these plants are called most usually in ,latin ,primul veris1 ,primul pretenses and ,primul silvarum1 because they shew by their flowering the new ,spring to be coming on1 they being1 as it were1 the first ,embassadors thereof4 ,they have also divers other names1 as ,herba ,paralysis1 ,arthritica1 ,herba ,sancti ,petri1 ,claues ,sancti ,petri1 ,verbasculum odoratum1 ,lunaria arthritica1 ,phlomis1 ,alisma silvarum and ,alismatis alterum genus4 ,some have distinguished them by calling the ,cowslips ,primula ,veris ,elatior1 that is the ,taller ,primrose1 and the other ,humilis1 ,low1 or ,dwarf1 ,primrose4 ,primroses and ,cowslips are in a manner wholly used in ,cephalicall diseases to ease pains in the head4 ,they are profitable both for the ,palsy and pains of the joints1 even as the ,bears' ,ears#bd are1 which hath caused the names of ,arthritica ,paralysis and ,paralytica to be given them4 #bd ,auriculas4 ,tusser in his ,husbandry includes the primrose among the seeds and herbs of the kitchen2 and ,lyte says that the cowslips1 primroses and oxlips are now used daily amongst other pot-herbs1 but in physic there is no great account made of them4 ,the old name was ,primerolles1 ,dr4 ,prior notes in his quaint book on flowers4 ,primerole as an outlandish1 unintelligible word was soon familiarized into ,primerolles and this into ,primrose4 ,the name was also written primrolles and finally settled down into primrose4 ,chaucer wrote primerole1 a name derived from the ,french ,primeverole1 meaning1 like the ,italian ,flor di prima vera1 the first spring flower4 ,,cowslip 7,paralysis vulgaris pratensis74 ,the cowslip is an ingratiating little flower1 not so aloof as its cousin the primrose1 and not at all melancholy4 ,in the popular lore of ,shakespeare's time the cowslip was associated with fairies4 ,in many places it was known as fairy cups4 ,for this reason ,shakespeare makes ,ariel lie in a cowslip's bell when the fay is frightened by the hooting of owls1 or tired of swinging merrily in the blossom that hangs on the bough4 ,one of the duties of ,titania's little maid of honor was to hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear2 and this gay little fairy informs ,puck of the important place cowslips hold in the court of the tiny ,queen ,titania3 ,the cowslips tall her pensioners be1 ,in their gold coats spots you see3 ,these be rubies1 fairy favors1 ,in these freckles live their savors4#be #be ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,i4 ,to appreciate the meaning of this comparison1 it must be remembered that the pensioners of ,queen ,elizabeth's court were a guard of the tallest and handsomest men to be found in the whole kingdom1 men1 moreover1 who were in the pride of youth1 and scions of the most distinguished families4 ,their dress was of extraordinary elegance and enriched heavily with gold embroidery4 ,hence1 gold coats for the cowslips4 ,here and there jewels sparkled and glistened on the pensioners' coats4 ,hence rubies--fairy favors--favors from the ,queen6 ,the pensioners also wore pearls in their ears1 like ,raleigh and ,leicester and other noblemen4 ,hence the fairy had to hang a pearl in every cowslip's ear4 ,an idea1 too1 of the size of ,titania and her elves is given when the cowslips are considered tall1 and tall enough to be the body-guard of ,queen ,titania4 ,this was a pretty little allusion to ,queen ,elizabeth and her court1 which the audience that gathered to see the first representation of ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream did not fail to catch4 ,we get a sidelight on the importance of the pensioners in ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor#bf when ,dame ,quickly tells ,falstaff a great cock-and-bull story about the visitors who have called on ,mistress ,ford4 ,there have been knights and lords and gentlemen with their coaches1 letter after letter1 gift after gift2 smelling so sweetly 7all musk7 and so rushling1 ,i warrant you in silk and gold2 and yet there has been earls1 and1 what is more1 pensioners6 ,shakespeare also speaks of the freckled cowslip in ,henry ,v1#bg when the ,duke of ,burgundy refers to ,the even mead1 that erst brought sweetly forth ,the freckled cowslip4 ,all poets love the flower4 ,in the language wherewith spring ,letters cowslips on the hill1 writes ,tennyson--a charming fancy6 ,sydney ,dobell has a quaint flower song containing this verse3 ,then came the cowslip ,like a dancer in the fair1 ,she spread her little mat of green ,and on it dancd she1 ,with a fillet bound about her brow1 ,a fillet round her happy brow1 ,a golden fillet round her brow1 ,and rubies in her hair4 #bf ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,ii4 #bg ,act ,v1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,never mind if country dancers rarely wear rubies2 the idea is pretty and on ,shakespeare's authority we know that rubies do gleam in the cup of the cowslip1 as he has told us through the lips of the fairy4 ,with great appreciation of the beauty of the flower he has ,jachimo's description3 ,cinque-spotted like the crimson drops ,in the bottom of a cowslip4#bh #bh ,cymbeline2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,most sympathetically did ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson1 when lying on a bed of fatal illness1 put into words what many persons have felt regarding this flower3 ,few of our wild flowers give intenser pleasure than the cowslip1 yet perhaps there is scarcely any whose peculiar beauty depends so much upon locality and surroundings4 ,there is a homely simplicity about the cowslip1 much like that of the daisy1 though more pensive1--the quiet1 sober look of an unpretending country girl1 not strikingly beautiful in feature or attire1 but clean and fresh as if new bathed in milk and carrying us away to thoughts of daisies1 flocks and pasturage and the manners of a simple1 primitive time1 some golden age of shepherd-life long since gone by4 ,and more2 in looking at the cowslip we are always most forcibly struck by its apparent wholesomeness and health4 ,this wholesomeness is quite unmistakable4 ,it belongs even to the smell so widely different from the often oppressive perfume of other plants1 as lilies1 narcissuses1 or violets4 ,now just such a healthy milk-fed look1 just such a sweet1 healthy odor is what we find in cows--an odor which breathes around them as they sit at rest in the pasture4 ,the 'lips1' of course1 is but a general resemblance to the shape of the petals and suggests the source of the fragrance4 ,the cowslip1 as we have said1 is a singularly healthy-looking plant1 indeed1 nothing about it is more remarkable4 ,it has none of the delicacy and timidity of the primrose4 ,all its characters are well and healthily pronounced4 ,the paleness is uniform1 steady1 and rather impresses us as whiteness2 and the yellow of the cup is as rich as gold4 ,the odor is not faint1 but saccharine and luscious4 ,it does not shrink into the sheltered covert1 but courts the free air and sunshine of the open fields2 and instead of its flowers peeping timidly from behind surrounding leaves1 it raises them boldly on a stout1 sufficient stalk1 the most conspicuous object in the meadow4 ,its poetry is the poetry of common life1 but of the most delicious common life that can exist4 ,the plant is in some respects careless to the verge of disorder2 and you should note that carelessness well1 till you feel the force of it1 as especially in the lame imperfection of the flower buds1 only1 perhaps half of them well developed and the rest dangling all of unequal lengths4 ,essentially the cowslip and the primrose are only the same plant in two different forms1 the one being convertible into the other4 ,the primrose is the cowslip of the woods and sheltered lanes2 the cowslip is the primrose of the fields4 ,the name cowslip is not derived from the lips of the cow1 but1 according to ,skeat1 the great ,anglo-,saxon authority1 it comes from an ,anglo-,saxon word meaning dung and was given to the plant because it springs up in meadows where cows are pastured4 ,the common field ,cowslip1 says ,parkinson1 ,i might well forbear to set down1 being so plentiful in the fields2 but because many take delight in it and plant it in their gardens1 ,i will give you the description of it here4 ,it hath divers green leaves1 very like unto the wild ,primrose1 but shorter1 rounder1 stiffer1 rougher1 more crumpled about the edges and of a sadder green color1 every one standing upon his stalk which is an inch or two long4 ,among the leaves rise up divers long stalks1 a foot or more high1 bearing at the top many fair1 yellow1 single flowers with spots of a deep yellow at the bottom of each leaf1 smelling very sweet4 ,in ,england they have divers names according to several countries1 as ,primroses1 ,cowslips1 ,oxlips1 ,palsieworts and ,petty ,mullins4 ,the ,frantic ,fantastic1 or ,foolish1 ,cowslip in some places is called by country people ,jack-an-,apes-on-,horseback1 which is a usual name given by them to many other plants1 as ,daisies1 ,marigolds1 etc41 if they be strange or fantastical1 differing in form from the ordinary kind of the single ones4 ,the smallest are usually called through all the ,north ,country ,birds' ,eyen1 because of the small yellow circle in the bottoms of the flowers resembling the eye of a bird4 ,,oxlip 7,primula eliator74 ,the oxlip combines the qualities of primrose and cowslip4 ,these two plants1 writes a botanist1 appear as divergent expressions of a simple type1 the cowslip being a contracted form of primrose1 the sulphur yellow and the fine tawny1 watery rays of the latter brightened into well defined orange spots4 ,in the oxlip these characters anastomose4 ,thus1 partaking of the character of primrose and cowslip1 the oxlip is considered by some authorities a hybrid4 ,the oxlip and the polyanthus1 says ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson1 with its tortoiseshell blossoms1 are two of the immediate forms2 the polyanthus being a great triumph of the gardener's art1 a delightful flower1 quite a new creation and originally produced by cultivation of the primrose4 ,in ,england the oxlip is found in woods1 fields1 meadows1 and under hedges4 ,though a spring flower it lingers into summer and is found in company with the nodding violet1 wild thyme1 and luscious eglantine on the bank where ,titania loved to sleep lulled to rest by song4#bi ,perdita speaks of bold oxlips 7,the ,winter's ,tale1 ,act iv1 ,scene iii72 and compared ,with the primrose and cowslip the flower deserves the adjective4 ,oxlips in their cradles growing1 in the song in ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen1#cj which ,shakespeare wrote with ,john ,fletcher1 shows great knowledge of the plant1 for the root-leaves of the oxlip are shaped like a cradle4 ,parkinson writes3 ,those are usually called oxlips whose flowers are naked1 or bare1 without husks to contain them1 being not so sweet as the cowslip1 yet have they some little scent1 although the ,latin name doth make them to have none4 #bi ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,ii4 #cj ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,,ii ,daffodils that ,come ,before the ,swallow ,dares ,,daffodil 7,narcissus pseudo-narcissus74 ,when daffodils begin to peer1 ,with heigh6 the doxy over the dale1 ,why then comes in the sweet o' the year2 ,for the red blood reigns in the winter's pale4 ,is the opening verse that ,autolycus sings so gaily in ,the ,winter's ,tale4#ca ,the daffodil was carefully nourished up in ,elizabethan gardens1 as the saying went4 ,before ,shakespeare's time a great number of daffodils had been introduced into ,england from various parts of the ,continent4 ,gerard describes twenty-four different species1 all and every one of them in great abundance in our ,london gardens4 #ca ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,there were many varieties both rare and ordinary4 ,parkinson particularly distinguishes the true daffodils1 or narcissus1 from the ,bastard ,daffodils1 or pseudo narcissus2 and he gives their differences as follows3 ,it consisteth only in the flower and chiefly in the middle cup1 or chalice2 for that we do1 in a manner only1 account those to be ,pseudo ,narcissus1 ,bastard ,daffodils1 whose middle cup is altogether as long1 and sometimes a little longer than1 the outer leaves that do encompass it1 so that it seemeth rather like a trunk1 or a long nose1 than a cup or chalice1 such as almost all the ,narcissi1 or true ,daffodils1 have4 ,of the ,bastard tribe ,parkinson gives the great yellow ,spanish ,daffodil2 the ,mountain ,bastard of divers kinds2 the early straw-colored2 the great white ,spanish2 the greatest ,spanish white2 the two lesser ,white ,spanish2 our common ,english wild ,bastard ,daffodil2 the six-cornered2 the great double yellow1 or ,john ,tradescant's great ,rose ,daffodil2 ,mr4 ,wilmer's great double ,daffodil2 the great double yellow ,spanish1 or ,parkinson's ,daffodil2 the great double ,french ,bastard2 the double ,english ,bastard1 or ,gerard's double ,daffodil2 the great white ,bastard ,rush ,daffodil1 or ,junquilia2 the greater yellow ,junquilia2 and many others4 ,then he adds3 ,the ,pseudo narcissus ,angliens vulgaris is so common in all ,england1 both in copses1 woods and orchards1 that ,i might well forbear the description thereof4 ,it hath three1 or four1 grayish leaves1 long and somewhat narrow1 among which riseth up the stalk about a span high1 or little higher1 bearing at the top1 out of a skinny husk 7as all other ,daffodils have71 one flower1 somewhat large1 having the six leaves that stand like wings1 of a pale yellow color1 and the long trunk in the middle of a faire yellow with the edges1 or brims1 a little crumpled1 or uneven4 ,after the flower is past1 it beareth a round head1 seeming three square1 containing round black seed4 ,shakespeare knew all of these varieties very well and had many of them in mind when he wrote the beautiful lines for ,perdita1 who exclaims3 ,o ,proserpina6 ,for the flowers now that1 frighted1 thou lettst fall ,from ,dis's wagon4 ,daffodils ,that come before the swallow dares1 and take ,the winds of ,march with beauty4#cb #cb ,the ,winter's ,tale2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,much has been written about this description of the daffodils2 and it is generally thought that to take the winds of ,march with beauty means to charm1 or captivate1 the wild winds with their loveliness4 ,i do not agree with this idea1 and venture to suggest that as the daffodils sway and swing in the boisterous ,march winds with such infinite grace and beauty1 bending this way and that1 they take the winds with beauty1 just as a graceful dancer is said to take the rhythmic steps of the dance with charming manner4 ,we get a hint for this also in ,wordsworth's poem3 ,i wandered lonely as a cloud ,that floats on high o'er vales and hills1 ,when all at once ,i saw a crowd1 ,a host of yellow daffodils2 ,beside the lake1 beneath the trees1 ,fluttering and dancing in the breeze4 ,continuous as the stars that shine ,and twinkle on the ,milky-,way ,they stretched in never-ending line ,along the margin of the bay3 ,ten thousand saw ,i at a glance1 ,tossing their heads in sprightly dance4 ,the waves beside them danced1 but they ,outdid the sparkling waves in glee2 ,a poet would not be but gay ,in such a jocund company3 ,i gazed--and gazed--but little thought ,what wealth the show to me had brought ,for oft when on my couch ,i lie ,in vacant1 or in pensive1 mood1 ,they flash upon that inward eye ,which is the bliss of solitude2 ,and then my heart with pleasure fills ,and dances with the daffodils4 ,illustration3 ,,gardeners ,,at ,,work1 ,,sixteenth ,,century ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,pleasures1 ,,sixteenth ,,century ,no one can read this poem without feeling that the dancing daffodils take the winds of ,march with beauty4 ,the very name of the daffodil touches our imagination4 ,it carries us to the ,elysian ,fields1 for the ancient ,greeks pictured the meads of the blessed as beautifully golden and deliciously fragrant with asphodels4 ,the changes ring through asphodel1 affodile1 affodyl1 finally reaching daffodil4 ,then there is one more quaint and familiar name and personification1 ,daffy-down-dilly that came up to town ,in a white petticoat and a green gown4 ,the idea of daffodil as a rustic maiden was popular in folk-lore and poetry4 ,the feeling is so well expressed in ,michael ,drayton's sprightly eclogue called ,daffodil that it forms a natural complement to the happy song of care-free ,autolycus just quoted4 ,this ,pastoral captured popular fancy2 and it is just as fresh and buoyant as it was when it was written three hundred years ago4 ,two shepherds1 ,batte and ,gorbo1 meet3 ,,batte ,gorbo1 as thou camst this way1 ,by yonder little hill1 ,or1 as thou through the fields didst stray1 ,sawst thou my ,daffodil8 ,she's in a frock of ,lincoln green1 ,which color likes the sight2 ,and never hath her beauty seen ,but through a veil of white4 ,,gorbo ,thou well describst the daffodil2 ,it is not full an hour ,since by the spring1 near yonder hill1 ,i saw that lovely flower4 ,,batte ,yet my fair flower thou didst not meet1 ,no news of her didst bring2 ,and yet my ,daffodil's more sweet ,than that by yonder spring4 ,,gorbo ,i saw a shepherd that doth keep ,in yonder field of lilies ,was making 7as he fed his sheep7 ,a wreath of daffodillies4 ,,batte ,yet1 ,gorbo1 thou deludst me still1 ,my flower thou didst not see2 ,for know my pretty ,daffodil ,is worn of none but me4 ,to show itself but near her feet ,no lily is so bold1 ,except to shade her from the heat1 ,or keep her from the cold4 ,,gorbo ,through yonder vale as ,i did pass ,descending from the hill1 ,i met a smirking bonny lass2 ,they call her ,daffodil1 ,whose presence as along she went ,the pretty flowers did greet1 ,as though their heads they downward bent ,with homage to her feet1 ,and all the shepherds that were nigh ,from top of every hill ,unto the valleys loud did cry3 ,there goes sweet ,daffodil6 ,,batte ,ay1 gentle shepherd1 now with joy ,thou see my flocks doth fill2 ,that's she alone1 kind shepherd boy1 ,let's us to ,daffodil6 ,the flower was also called jonquil1 saffron lily1 ,lent lily and narcissus4 ,it was the large yellow narcissus1 known as the ,rose of ,sharon1 so common in ,palestine1 of which ,mohammed said3 ,he that hath two cakes of bread1 let him sell one of them for a flower of the narcissus2 for bread is the food of the body1 but narcissus is the food of the soul4 ,narcissus1 the most beautiful youth of ,botia1 was told that he would live happily until he saw his own face4 ,loved by the nymphs1 and particularly ,echo1 he rejected their advances for he was immune to love and admiration4 ,one day1 however1 he beheld himself in a stream and became so fascinated with his reflection that he pined to death gazing at his own image4 ,for him the ,naiads and the ,dryads mourn1 ,whom the sad ,echo answers in her turn1 ,and now the sister nymphs prepare his urn2 ,when looking for his corpse1 they only found ,a rising stalk with yellow blossoms crowned4 ,in the center of the cup are to be found the tears of ,narcissus6 ,because the flower was consecrated to ,ceres and to the ,underworld and to the ,elysian ,fields1 the daffodil was one of the flowers that ,proserpine was gathering when dusky ,dis carried her off--and the myth also hints that the ,earth purposely brought the asphodel forth from the ,underworld to entice the unsuspecting daughter of ,ceres4 ,sophocles associates the daffodil with the garlands of great goddesses3 ,and ever1 day by day1 the narcissus with its beauteous clusters1 the ancient coronet of the mighty goddesses1 bursts into bloom by heaven's dew4#cc #cc dipus ,coloneus4 ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,in ,,macbeth',s ,,castle ,,of ,,cawdor ,the delightful ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson writes of the daffodil like a painter1 with accurate observation and bright palette3 ,in the daffodil the leaves and stems are of a full glaucous green1 a color not only cool and refreshing in itself1 but strongly suggestive of water1 the most apparent source of freshness and constituting a most delicious groundwork for the bright1 lively yellow of the blossoms4 ,now what sort of spathe would be likely to contribute best to this remarkable effect of the flower8 ,should the colors be unusually striking or the size increased1 or what8 ,strange to say1 in both ,daffodil and ,pheasant's ,eye 7,poet's ,narcissus7 we find the spathe dry and withered1 shrivelled up like a bit of thin brown paper and clinging round the base of the flowers4 ,we cannot overlook it1 and most assuredly we were never meant to do so4 ,nothing could have been more beautifully ordered than this contrast1 there being just sufficient to make us appreciate more fully that abounding freshness of life4 ,it is a plant which affords a most beautiful contrast1 a cool1 watery sheet of leaves with bright1 warm flowers1 yellow and orange1 dancing over the leaves like meteors over a marsh4 ,the leaves look full of watery sap1 which is the life blood of plants and prime source of all their freshness1 just as the tissues of a healthy child look plump and rosy from the warm blood circulating within4 ,in its general expression the ,poet's ,narcissus seems a type of maiden purity and beauty1 yet warmed by a love-breathing fragrance2 and yet what innocence in the large soft eye which few can rival among the whole tribe of flowers4 ,the narrow1 yet vivid fringe of red so clearly seen amidst the whiteness suggests again the idea of purity and gushing passion--purity with a heart which can kindle into fire4 ,,iii ,daisies ,pied and ,violets ,blue ,,daisy 7,bellis perennis74 ,shakespeare often mentions the daisy4 ,with violets blue lady-smocks all silver-white1 and cuckoo-buds of every hue1 it paints the meadows with delight in that delightful spring-song in ,love's ,labour's ,lost4#cd ,shakespeare also uses this flower as a beautiful comparison for the delicate hand of ,lucrece in ,the ,rape of ,lucrece3#ce ,without the bed her other fair hand was ,on the green coverlet2 whose perfect white ,showed like an ,april daisy on the grass4 ,the daisy is among the flowers in the fantastic garlands that poor ,ophelia wove before her death4#cf #cd ,act ,v1 ,scene ,,ii4 #ce ,stanza #eg4 #cf ,hamlet2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,vii4 ,the botanical name ,bellis shows the origin of the flower4 ,belides1 a beautiful ,dryad1 trying to escape the pursuit of ,vertumnus1 god of gardens and orchards1 prayed to the gods for help2 and they changed her into the tiny flower4 ,in allusion to this ,rapin wrote3 ,when the bright ,ram1 bedecked with stars of gold1 ,displays his fleece the ,daisy will unfold1 ,to nymphs a chaplet and to beds a grace1 ,who once herself had borne a virgin's face4 ,the daisy was under the care of ,venus4 ,it has been beloved by ,english poets ever since ,chaucer sang the praises of the day's eye--daisy4 ,chaucer tells us1 in what is perhaps the most worshipful poem ever addressed to a flower1 that he always rose early and went out to the fields1 or meadows1 to pay his devotions to this flower of flowers1 whose praises he intended to sing while ever his life lasted1 and he bemoaned the fact1 moreover1 that he had not words at his command to do it proper reverence4 ,next to ,chaucer in paying homage to the daisy comes ,wordsworth with his ,a nun demure1 of lowly port2 ,or sprightly maiden1 of ,love's court2 ,in thy simplicity the sport ,of all temptations2 ,queen in crown of rubies drest1 ,a starveling in a scanty vest1 ,are all1 as seems to suit the best ,my appellations4 ,a little cyclops with one eye ,staring to threaten and defy ,that thought comes next--and instantly ,the freak is over1 ,the shape will vanish--and behold1 ,a silver shield with boss of gold ,that spreads itself some fairy bold ,in fight to cover4 ,bright flower6 for by that name at last ,when all my reveries are past ,i call thee1 and to that cleave fast1 ,sweet1 silent creature ,that breathst with me the sun and air1 ,do thou as thou art wont repair ,my heart with gladness and a share ,of thy meek nature4 ,daisies smell-less yet most quaint is a line from the flower-song in ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen1 written by ,john ,fletcher and ,shakespeare4#cg #cg ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,milton speaks of ,meadows trim with daisies pied and ,dryden pays a tribute to which even ,chaucer would approve3 ,and then a band of flutes began to play1 ,to which a lady sang a tirelay2 ,and still at every close she would repeat ,the burden of the song--,the ,daisy is so sweet6 ,the ,daisy is so sweet6--when she began ,the troops of ,knights and dames continued on4 ,the ,english daisy is ,the wee1 modest crimson-tipped flower1 as ,burns has described it1 and must not be confused with the daisy that powders the fields and meadows in our ,southern ,states with a snow of white blossoms supported on tall stems4 ,this daisy1 called sometimes the moon-daisy 7,chrysanthemum ,leucanthemum71 is known in ,england as the midsummer daisy and ox-eye4 ,in ,france it is called marguerite and paquerette4 ,being a midsummer flower1 it is dedicated to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist4 ,it is also associated with ,st4 ,margaret and ,mary ,magdalen1 and from the latter it derives the names of maudlin and maudelyne4 ,as ,ophelia drowned herself in midsummer the daisies that are described in her wreath are most probably marguerites and not the day's eye of ,chaucer4 ,parkinson does not separate daisies very particularly4 ,they are usually called in ,latin1 he tells us1 ,bellides and in ,english ,daisies4 ,some of them ,herba ,margarita and ,primula veris1 as is likely after the ,italian names of ,marguerita and ,flor di prima vera gentile4 ,the ,french call them ,paquerettes and ,marguerites2 and the fruitful sort1 or those that have small flowers about the middle one1 ,margueritons4 ,our ,english women call them ,jack-an-,apes-on-,horseback4 ,the daisy that an ,elizabethan poet quaintly describes as a ,tudor princess resembles the midsummer daisy rather than the wee1 modest1 crimson-tipped flower of ,burns3 ,about her neck she wears a rich wrought ruff ,with double sets most brave and broad bespread ,resembling lovely lawn1 or cambric stuff ,pinned up and prickt upon her yellow head4 ,also ,browne in his ,pastorals seems to be thinking of this flower3 ,the ,daisy scattered on each mead and down1 ,a golden tuft within a silver crown4 ,,violet 7,viola odorata74 ,the violet was considered a choice flower of delight in ,english gardens4 ,shakespeare speaks of the violet on many occasions and always with tenderness and deep appreciation of its qualities4 ,violets are among the flowers that the frightened ,proserpine dropped from ,pluto's ebon car-- ,violets dim ,and sweeter than the lids of ,juno's eyes1 ,or ,cytherea's breath4#ch ,thus in ,shakespeare's opinion the violet out-sweetened both ,juno1 majestic queen of heaven1 and ,venus1 goddess of love and beauty4 ,how could he praise the violet more8 ,to throw a perfume on the violet ,is wasteful and ridiculous excess4 ,shakespeare informs us in ,king ,john4#ci ,with the utmost delicacy of perfection he describes ,titania's favorite haunt as a bank where the wild thyme blows1 ,where oxlips and the nodding violet grows4#dj ,in truth1 the tiny flower seems to nod among its leaves4 ,shakespeare makes the elegant ,duke in ,twelfth ,night1 who is lounging nonchalantly on his divan1 compare the music he hears to the breeze blowing upon a bank of violets#da 7see page #dd74 #ch ,the ,winter's ,tale2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 #ci ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,ii4 #dj ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,ii4 #da ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,shelley held the same idea that the delicious perfume of flowers is like the softest melody3 ,the snowdrop and then the violet ,arose from the ground with warm rain wet2 ,and there was mixed with fresh color1 sent ,from the turf like the voice and the instrument4 ,and the hyacinth1 purple and white and blue1 ,which flung from its bells a sweet peal anew ,of music1 so delicate1 soft and intense ,it was felt like an odor within the sense4 ,ophelia laments that she has no violets to give to the court ladies and lords1 for they withered when her father died1 she tells us4 ,shakespeare also associates violets with melancholy occasions4 ,marina enters in ,pericles with a basket of flowers on her arm1 saying3#db ,the yellows1 blues1 ,the purple violets and marigolds ,shall as a carpet hang upon thy grave ,while summer days do last4 #db ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,on another occasion1 with a broad sweeping gesture1 ,shakespeare mentions ,the violets that strew ,the green lap of the new-come ,spring4 ,in ,sonnet ,,xcix he writes3 ,the forward violet thus did ,i chide3 ,sweet thief1 whence didst thou steal the sweet that smells ,if not from my love's breath8 ,the purple pride ,which on thy soft cheek for complexion dwells ,in my love's veins thou hast too grossly dyed4 ,illustration3 ,,shakespeare',s ,,birthplace1 ,,stratford-,,upon-,,avon ,bacon deemed it most necessary to know what flowers and plants do best perfume the air1 and he thought that which above all others yields the sweetest smell is the violet1 and next to that the musk-rose4 7,see page #dd47 ,perhaps of all ,warwickshire flowers1 writes a native of ,shakespeare's country1 none are so plentiful as violets2 our own little churchyard of ,whitechurch is sheeted with them4 ,they grow in every hedgebank until the whole air is filled with their fragrance4 ,the wastes near ,stratford are sometimes purple as far as the eyes can see with the flowers of viola canina4 ,our ,english violets are twelve in number4 ,the plant is still used in medicine and acquired of late a notoriety as a suggested cancer cure2 and in ,shakespeare's time was eaten raw with onions and lettuces and also mingled in broth and used to garnish dishes1 while crystallized violets are not unknown in the present day4 ,for the beauty of its form1 for the depth and richness of its color1 for the graceful drooping of its stalk and the nodding of its head1 for its lovely heart-shaped leaf and above all for its delicious perfume1 the violet is admired4 ,then when we gaze into its tiny face and note the delicacy of its veins1 which ,shakespeare so often mentions1 we gain a sense of its deeper beauty and significance4 ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson observed3 ,i give one instance of ,nature's care for the look of the stamens and pistils of a flower4 ,in the blossom of the ,scented ,violet the stamens form1 by their convergence1 a little orange beak4 ,at the end of this beak is the summit of the pistil1 a tiny speck of green1 but barely visible to the naked eye4 ,yet small as it is1 it completes the color of the flower1 by softening the orange1 and we can distinctly see that if this mere point were removed1 there would be imperfection for the want of it4 ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 a contemporary of ,shakespeare1 gave a lovely description of the flower when he said3 ,a true widow is in the ,church as a ,march ,violet1 shedding around an exquisite perfume by the fragrance of her devotion and always hidden under the ample leaves of her lowliness and by her subdued coloring1 showing the spirit of her mortification4 ,she seeks untrodden and solitary places4 ,the violet's qualities of lowliness1 humility1 and sweetness have always appealed to poets4 ,the violet is also beloved because it is one of the earliest spring flowers4 ,violets are1 like primroses and cowslips1 ,the first to rise ,and smile beneath ,spring's wakening skies1 ,the courier of a band of coming flowers4 ,the violet was also an emblem of constancy4 ,at the floral games1 instituted by ,clemence ,isaure at ,toulouse in the ,fourteenth ,century1 the prize was a golden violet1 because the poetess had once sent a violet to her ,knight as a token of faithfulness4 ,with the ,troubadours the violet was a symbol of constancy4 ,in ,a ,handful of ,pleasant ,delights1 a popular song-book published in ,elizabeth's reign in #aeff1 there is a poem called ,a ,nosegay always ,sweet for ,lovers to send ,tokens of ,love at ,new ,year's tide1 or for ,fairings1 as they in their minds shall be disposed to write4 ,this poem contains a verse to the violet3 ,violet is for faithfulness ,which in me shall abide2 ,hoping likewise that from your heart ,you will not let it slide1 ,and will continue in the same1 ,as you have now begun2 ,and then forever to abide ,then you my heart have won4 ,the violet has always held a loved place in the ,english garden4 ,gerard writes quaintly in his ,herbal3 ,the ,black1 or ,purple ,violets1 or ,march ,violets1 of the garden have a great prerogative above all others1 not only because the mind conceiveth a certain pleasure and recreation by smelling and handling of those most odoriferous flowers1 but also for the very many by these ,violets receive ornament and comely grace2 for there be made of them garlands for the head1 nosegays and poesies1 which are delightful to look on and pleasant to smell to1 speaking nothing of their appropriate virtues2 yea1 gardens themselves receive by these the greatest ornament of all chiefest beauty and most gallant grace2 and the recreation of the mind1 which is taken thereby1 cannot but be very good and honest2 for they admonish and stir up a man to that which is comely and honest2 for flowers through their beauty1 variety of color and exquisite form do bring to a liberal and great mind the remembrance of honesty1 comeliness and all kinds of virtue4 ,proserpine was gathering violets among other flowers in the fields of ,enna in ,sicily when ,pluto carried her off4 ,shakespeare touched upon the story most exquisitely1 through the lips of ,perdita1 as quoted above4 ,another ,greek myth accounts for the ,greek word for the violet1 which is ion4 ,it seems when1 in order to protect her from the persecutions of ,juno1 ,jove transformed lovely ,europa into a white heifer whom he named ,io1 he caused sweet violets to spring up from the earth wherever the white cow placed her lips2 and from her name1 ,io1 the flower acquired the name ion4 ,the ,athenians adored the flower4 ,tablets were engraved with the word ion and set up everywhere in ,athens2 and of all sobriquets the citizens preferred that of ,athenian crowned with violets4 ,the ,persians also loved the violet and made a delicious wine from it4 ,a sherbet flavored with violet blossoms is served in ,persia and ,arabia to-day at feasts2 and ,mohammedans say3 ,the excellence of the violet is as the excellence of ,el ,islam above all other religions4 ,,iv ,lady-smocks all ,silver ,white and ,cuckoo ,buds of ,yellow ,hue ,,lady-,,smock 7,cardamine pratensis74 ,the lovely little spring song in ,love's ,labour's ,lost#dc with the line1 ,lady-smocks all silver white1 has immortalized this little flower of the ,english meadows1 but little known in our country4 ,the lady-smock is very common in ,england in early spring4 ,properly speaking it should be ,our ,lady's-smock1 as it is one of the many plants dedicated to the ,virgin ,mary and bearing her name4 ,the list is a long one1 including ,lady's-slippers1 ,lady's-bower1 ,lady's-cushion1 ,lady's-mantle1 ,lady's-laces1 ,lady's-looking-glass1 ,lady's-garters1 ,lady's-thimble1 ,lady's-hair 7maidenhair fern71 ,lady's-seal1 ,lady's-thistle1 ,lady's-bedstraw1 ,lady's-fingers1 ,lady's-gloves1 and so on4 ,these flowers1 originally dedicated to ,venus1 ,juno1 and ,diana in ,greek and ,roman mythology and to ,freya and ,bertha in ,northern lore and legend1 were gradually transferred to the ,virgin with the spread of ,christianity4 ,the ,lady's-smock takes its name from the fancied1 but far-fetched1 resemblance to a smock4 ,it is said1 by way of explanation1 that when these flowers are seen in great quantity they suggest the comparison of linen smocks bleaching on the green meadow4 ,other names for the plant are ,cuckoo-flower1 ,meadow-cress1 ,spinks1 and ,mayflower2 and in ,norfolk the ,cardamine pratensis is called ,canterbury-bells4 ,the petals have a peculiarly soft and translucent quality with a faint lilac tinge4 ,shakespeare describes the flower as silver white1 an epithet that has puzzled many persons4 ,however1 one ardent ,shakespeare lover has made a discovery3 ,gather a lady-smock as you tread the rising grass in fragrant ,may1 and although in individuals the petals are sometimes cream color1 as a rule the flower viewed in the hand is lilac--pale1 but purely and indisputably lilac4 ,where then is the silver-whiteness8 ,it is the meadows1 remember1 that are painted1 when1 as often happens1 the flower is so plentiful as to hide the turf1 and most particularly if the ground be a slope and the sun be shining from behind us1 all is changed2 the flowers are lilac no longer2 the meadow is literally 'silver-white4' ,so it is always--,shakespeare's epithets are like prisms4 ,let them tremble in the sunshine and we discover that it is he who knows best4 ,the beautiful song begins3 ,when daisies pied and violets blue1 ,and lady-smocks all silver white1 ,and cuckoo buds of yellow hue1 ,do paint the meadows with delight1 ,the cuckoo then1 on every tree1 ,mocks married men1 for thus sings he3 ,cuckoo1 ,cuckoo1 ,cuckoo--or word of fear1 ,unpleasing to a married ear4 #dc ,act ,v1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,,cuckoo ,,buds 7,ranunculus74 ,it is quite possible that in cuckoo buds of yellow hue ,shakespeare meant the blossoms of the buttercup or kingcup 7called by the country people of ,warwickshire horse-blobs74 ,some authorities claim that cuckoo-buds is intended to represent the lesser celandine1 of which ,wordsworth was so fond that he wrote three poems to it4 ,others call cuckoo-buds carmine pratensis2 but that could hardly be possible because ,shakespeare speaks of lady-smocks all silver white in one line and cuckoo buds of yellow hue in the succeeding line4 ,there is much confusion in the identification of lady-smocks1 cuckoo-buds1 cuckoo-flowers1 and crow-flowers1 for they are more or less related4 ,gerard says3 ,our ,lady-,smock is also called the cuckoo-flower because it flowers in ,april and ,may when the cuckoo doth begin to sing her pleasant notes without stammering4 ,v ,anemones and ,azured ,harebells ,,anemone 7,anemone purpurea striata stellata74 ,the anemone is described in ,venus and ,adonis very minutely3#dd ,by this1 the boy that by her side lay kill'd1 ,was melted like a vapor from her sight1 ,and in his blood that on the ground lay spill'd1 ,a purple flower sprung up chequer'd with white4 ,resembling well his pale cheeks1 and the blood1 ,which in round drops upon their whiteness stood4 #dd ,verse #aie4 ,adonis1 the beautiful youth1 beloved of ,venus1 was wounded by a boar1 to which he had given chase4 ,venus found him as he lay dying on the grass4 ,to make him immortal she changed him into an anemone1 or windflower4 ,naturally the flower was dedicated to ,venus4 ,bion sang3 ,alas6 the ,paphian6 fair ,adonis slain6 ,tears plenteous as his blood she pours amain1 ,but gentle flowers are born and bloom around ,from every drop that falls upon the ground4 ,where streams his blood1 there blushing springs a ,rose ,and where a tear has dropped a windflower blows4 ,pliny asserted the anemone only blooms when the wind blows4 ,the flower was associated with illness in the days of the ,egyptians and also during the ,middle ,ages1 when there was also a superstition that the first anemone gathered would prove a charm against disease4 ,the first spring blossom was1 therefore1 eagerly searched for1 delightedly plucked1 and carefully guarded4 ,no token of affection was more prized by a loved one going off on a journey than the gift of an anemone4 ,an old ballad has the lines3 ,the first ,spring-blown ,anemone she in his doublet wove1 ,to keep him safe from pestilence wherever he should rove4 ,anemones were greatly valued in ,elizabethan gardens4 ,indeed it was a fad to grow them4 ,parkinson distinguishes the family of anemones as the wild and the tame1 or manured1 both of them nourished up in gardens4 ,he classifies them still further as those that have broader leaves and those that have thinner1 or more jagged1 leaves2 and then again into those that bear single flowers and those that bear double flowers4 ,the wild kinds included all the ,pulsatillas1 or ,pasque 7,easter7 flowers4 ,parkinson mentions many varieties4 ,he describes the tame anemones as white1 yellow1 purple1 crimson1 scarlet1 blush gredeline 7between peach color and violet71 orange-tawny1 apple-blossom1 rose-color1 and many others4 ,from his list we can have no doubt that ,shakespeare's flower was one of the purple star anemones--the ,anemone purpurea striata stellata1 whose flowers have many white lines and stripes through the leaves4 ,parkinson's name is the purple-striped ,anemone4 ,of recent years anemones have again become the fashion4 ,how gorgeous are these flowers to behold1 exclaims ,ryder ,haggard1 with their hues of vivid scarlet and purple6 ,to be really appreciated1 however1 they should1 ,i think1 be seen in their native home1 the ,east4 ,in the neighborhood of ,mount ,tabor in ,palestine1 ,i have met with them in such millions that for miles the whole plain is stained red1 blue and white1 growing so thickly indeed that to walk across it without setting foot on a flower at every step would be difficult4 ,i believe1 and ,i think that this view is very generally accepted1 that these are the same lilies of the field that 'toil not neither do they spin1' which ,our ,lord used to illustrate ,his immortal lesson4 ,truly ,solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these4 ,the ,adonis flower 7,flos ,adonis7 spoken of by ,ben ,jonson and others has nothing to do with the anemone4 ,it is a kind of camomile4 ,some have taken the red kind to be a kind of ,anemone1 says ,parkinson4 ,the most usual name now with us is ,flos ,adonis4 ,in ,english it is also called the ,mayweed and ,rosarubie and ,adonis ,flower4 ,,harebell 7,scilla nutans74#de ,the azured harebell1 which ,shakespeare uses in ,cymbeline for comparison with the delicate veins of ,fidele 7,imogen71 has been identified as the ,english jacinth1 blue harebell1 or hare's-bell4 ,browne's ,pastorals show that this flower was only worn by faithful lovers2 and1 therefore1 the flower is most appropriately selected for association with ,imogen4 ,browne says3 ,the ,harebell1 for her stainless1 azured hue ,claims to be worn of none but who are true4 #de ,see p4 #bjg4 ,this flower is also called the wild hyacinth4 ,blossoming in ,may and ,june1 it is one of the precious ornaments of ,english woods4 ,dust of sapphire1 its jewel-like flowers have been called4 ,our ,english jacinth1 or harebells1 writes ,parkinson1 is so common everywhere that it scarce needeth any description4 ,it beareth divers long narrow green leaves1 not standing upright1 not yet fully lying on the ground1 among which springeth up the stalk1 bearing at the top many long and hollow flowers1 hanging down their heads1 all forwards1 for the most part1 parted at the brims into six parts1 turning up their points a little again1 of a sweetish1 but heady1 scent1 like unto the ,grapeflower4 ,the heads for seed are long and square1 wherein is much black seed4 ,the color of the flowers is in some of a deep blue tending to purple1 in others of a paler blue1 or of a bleak blue tending to an ash color4 ,some are pure white and some are parti-colored blue and white2 and some are of a fine delayed purplish red1 or bluish color1 which some call a pearl color4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,elizabethan ,,manor ,,house2 ,,haddon ,,hall ,,vi ,columbine and ,broom-flower ,,columbine 7,aquilegia vulgaris74 ,there's fennel for you1 and columbines1 says ,ophelia1 as she hands the flowers to the courtiers4#df ,shakespeare also mentions the columbine in ,love's ,labour's ,lost#dg where ,don ,armado1 the fantastical ,spaniard 7a caricature of a real person at ,queen ,elizabeth's court71 exclaims1 ,i am that flower1 to which ,dumain and ,longueville reply in derision1 ,that mint6 ,that columbine6 ,of the columbine of ,shakespeare's time1 ,parkinson says3 #df ,hamlet2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,v4 #dg ,act ,v1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,there be many sorts of ,columbines as well differing in form as color of the flowers1 and of them1 both single and double1 carefully nursed up in our gardens for the delight both of their forms and colors4 ,the variety of the colors of these flowers are very much1 for some are wholly white1 some of a blue1 or violet1 color1 others of a bluish1 or flesh1 color1 or deep1 or pale1 red1 or of a dead purple1 or dead murrey color1 as ,nature listeth to show4 ,the generic name is derived from the word aquila1 an eagle1 because of the fancied resemblance of some parts of the flower to the talons of an eagle4 ,the ,english name comes from the ,latin columba1 a dove1 from the likeness of its nectaries to the heads of doves in a ring around a dish1 or to the figure of a dove hovering with expanded wings discovered by pulling off one petal with its detached sepals4 ,hence this was called the dove plant4 ,from the belief that it was the favorite plant of the lion it was called ,herba leonis4 ,the columbine was valued for many medicinal virtues4 ,the scarlet and yellow columbine1 writes ,matthew1 is one of our most beautiful wild flowers4 ,it is my experience that certain flowers have certain favorite haunts1 which are exclusively held by them year after year4 ,this flower is in its prime about the first of ,june1 and is nearly always found beside some lichen-covered rock4 ,the ,english and ,american flowers differ1 although the early colonists brought the ,english flower with them4 ,grant ,allen tells us3 ,the ,english columbine is a more developed type than the ,american scarlet1 is never yellow in the wild state1 but often purple1 and1 sometimes1 blue4 ,larkspur1 ranking still higher in the floral scale1 in virtue of its singular bilateral blossoms1 is usually blue1 though it sometimes reverts to reddish-purple1 or white2 while monkshood1 the very top of the tree on this line of development1 is usually deep ultramarine1 only a few species being prettily variegated with pale blue and white4 ,as a rule1 blue flowers are the very highest2 and the reason seems to lie in the strange fact1 first discovered by ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 that bees are fonder of blue than of any other color4 ,still1 they are fond enough even of red2 and one may be sure that the change from yellow to scarlet in the petals of the ,american columbine is due in one way or another to the selective tastes and preferences of the higher insects4 ,the colors of the ,american columbine are dark opaque blues1 smoky purples1 dull pinks1 pale blues1 lavenders1 reds and yellows--an infinite variety6 ,the flowering of the ',columbine ,commendable1' as ,skelton called it four hundred years ago1 says ,harriet ,l4 ,keeler1 marks the beginning of summer4 ,the reign of the bulbs is over2 ,the windflower and the violet ,they perished long ago2 the petals of the early roses are falling2 the elder-blossoms show white along the fence rows2 and the season waxes to its prime4 ,a wild flower of ,english fields1 the columbine was early transferred into ,english gardens and has held its place securely there for at least five hundred years4 ,its seeds were among the treasures borne over the sea to the ,new ,world and it early bloomed in ,pilgrim gardens4 ,this primitive stock still persists in cultivation4 ,the flower of the columbine is a unique and interesting form4 ,the sepals look like petals and the petals are veritable horns of plenty filled with nectar at the closed ends for the swarms of bees which gather about4 ,the sweets are produced by the blossoms on a generous scale1 and to a columbine bed in full bloom the bees come1 big and little1 noisy and silent--all giddy with the feast4 ,there is no use trying to drive them away for they will not go4 ,clumsy bumble bees with tongues long enough to reach the honey by the open door1 wise honey bees who have learned to take the short road to the nectar by biting through the spur1 quiet brown bees1 little green carpenters--all are there1 'vehement1 voluble1 velvety1' in a glorious riot of happiness and honey4 ,the doubling occurs chiefly with the petals2 the sepals1 as a rule1 hold true to the five1 but the petals sometimes double in number1 becoming ten spurs in place of five1 and each spur becomes a nest of spurs like a set of ,chinese cups1 though the innermost are frequently imperfect4 ,the columbine frequently appears in the paintings of the ,great ,masters4 ,luini has immortalized it in his picture of this title now in the gallery of the ,hermitage at ,petrograd4 ,a fascinating woman with a smile as enchanting--if not so famous--as ,leonardo da ,vinci's ,mona ,lisa holds an exquisitely painted columbine in her left hand and gazes at it with tender1 loving emotion4 ,the early ,italian and ,flemish painters include the columbine with the rose1 lily1 pink1 violet1 strawberry1 and clover in the gardens where the ,madonna sits with the ,holy ,child4 ,the reason that the columbine was chosen as a flower of religious symbolism was because of the little doves formed by the five petals4 ,the columbine signified the ,seven ,gifts of the ,holy ,spirit1 and the ,flemish painters in their zeal for accuracy corrected the number of petals to seven to make the flower agree with the teaching of the ,church4 ,yet although the columbine has these religious associations1 we always think of it as an airy1 piquant flower1 the gay and irresponsible dancer of the rocks and dells1 clad1 as it were1 in fantastic and parti-colored dress4 ,graceful in form and charming in color1 put together with extreme delicacy on slender1 flexible1 fragile stems and adorned with a leaf approaching that of the fern in delicacy and lace-like beauty1 the columbine is one of the most delightful of flowers4 ,always associated with folly1 we love it none the less for that1 for there are times when we enjoy ,harlequin and ,columbine among our flowers1--and these fantastic and frivolous columbines dancing so gaily in the breeze always fill us with delight4 ,,broom 7,cytisus scoparius74 ,although the broom was a popular plant in ,elizabethan days it is only mentioned once by ,shakespeare4 ,in ,the ,tempest1#dh where ,iris in the mask in her apostrophe to ,ceres1 most bounteous lady1 speaks of thy broom-groves ,whose shadow the dismissed bachelor loves1 ,being lass-lorn 444 444 the queen o' the sky 444 ,bids thee leave these4 #dh ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,i4 ,when in blossom the broom is lovely to look upon4 ,the large yellow flowers are gracefully arranged on the branches1 and its perfume is delightful4 ,sweet is the ,broome-flower6 exclaims ,spenser4 ,the broom is the ,planta genesta1 from which the ,plantagenets took their name4 ,the flower1 having become heraldic during that dynasty1 was embroidered on the clothes of the ,plantagenet family and imitated in their jewels4 ,when they died it was carved on their monuments4 ,the story goes that ,geoffrey1 ,earl of ,anjou1 father of ,henry ,,ii of ,england1 once on his way to a field of battle1 had to climb a rocky path1 and he noticed as he went along the bushes of yellow broom clinging to the rocks4 ,breaking off a branch he1 placed it in his helmet with the words3 ,this golden plant shall be my emblem henceforth4 ,rooted firmly among rocks and upholding that which is ready to fall4 ,his son1 ,henry1 was called the royal sprig of ,genesta4 ,the golden plume of broom-flowers was worn by the ,plantagenets until the last one of the line1 ,richard ,,iii1 lost the ,crown of ,england to ,henry ,,vii1 the first of the ,tudors4 ,in #abfd the ,planta genesta was honored by ,st4 ,louis1 who instituted the ,order of ,genest on his marriage with ,marguerite4 ,the ,knights of the ,genest wore chains made of the broom-flower alternating with the fleur-de-lis4 ,shakespeare speaks of a broom-staff and sends ,puck with broom before ,to sweep the dust behind the door4 ,whether ,puck's broom was made from the ,genesta or not we do not know2 but we do know that the broom1 in common with other briars1 was used to make besoms for sweeping and also for staffs to walk with and to lean upon4 ,illustration3 ,,rose ,,arbor1 ,,warley1 ,,england ,summer ,,sweet ,,summer ,,buds ,i ,morning ,roses ,newly ,washed with ,dew ,,the ,,rose 7,rosa74 ,shakespeare speaks of the rose more frequently than any other flower4 ,sixty references to the rose are scattered through his works4 ,sometimes he talks of the rose itself and sometimes he uses the word to make a striking comparison1 or analogy4 ,with magical touch he gives us the bold picture of a ,red rose on triumphant briar1 then he brings before us a delicious whiff of the ,perfumd tincture of the roses1 or the luscious fragrance of ,morning roses newly washed with dew4 ,with equal delicacy of perception he tells us ,so sweet a kiss the golden sun gives not ,to those fresh morning drops upon the rose4#di ,shakespeare's special roses are the ,red1 the ,white1 the ,musk1 the ,eglantine 7sweetbrier71 the ,provenal1 or ,provins1 the ,damask1 the ,canker1 and the ,variegated4 #di ,love's ,labour's ,lost2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,,the ,,red ,,rose 7,rose ,anglica rubra71 the ,english red1 is thus described by ,parkinson3 ,the ,red ,rose1 which ,i call ,english because this rose is more frequent and used in ,england than in other places1 never groweth so high as the ,damask ,rose-bush1 but more usually abideth low and shooteth forth many branches from the ,rose-bush 7and is but seldom suffered to grow up as the ,damask ,rose into standards7 with a green bark thinner set with prickles and longer and greener leaves on the upper side than in the white1 yet with an eye of white upon them1 five likewise most usually set upon a stalk and grayish1 or whitish1 underneath4 ,the ,roses1 or flowers1 do very much vary according to their site and abiding1 for some are of an orient red1 or deep crimson1 color and very double 7although never so double as the ,white71 which1 when it is full blown1 hath the largest leaves of any other ,rose2 some of them again are paler1 tending somewhat to a ,damask2 and some are of so pale a red as that it is rather of the color of a ,canker ,rose1 yet all for the most part with larger leaves than the ,damask1 and with many more yellow threads in the middle4 ,the scent hereof is much better than in the ,white1 but not comparable to the excellency of the ,damask ,rose1 yet this ,rose1 being well dried and well kept1 will hold both color and scent longer than the ,damask4 ,,the ,,white ,,rose 7,rosa ,anglica alba74 ,the ,white ,rose is of two kinds1 says ,parkinson1 the one more thick and double than the other4 ,the one riseth up in some shadowy places unto eight or ten foot high1 with a stock of great bigness for a rose4 ,the other growing seldom higher than a ,damask ,rose4 ,both these ,roses have somewhat smaller and whiter green leaves than in many other ,roses1 five most usually set on a stock and more white underneath1 as also a whiter green bark1 armed with sharp thorns1 or prickles4 ,the flowers in the one are whitish with an eye1 or shew1 of a blush1 especially towards the ground1 or bottom1 of the flower1 very thick1 double and close set together2 and1 for the most part1 not opening itself so largely and fully as either the ,red1 or ,damask ,rose4 ,the other more white1 less thick and double and opening itself more1 and some so little double 7as but of two or three rows7 that they might be held to be single1 yet all of little or no smell at all4 ,from this ,rosa alba1 ,pliny says1 the isle of ,albion derived its name--a happy thought when we remember that the rose is still the national emblem of ,england4 ,,musk-,,rose 7,rosa moschata74 ,musk-roses and eglantine mingled with honeysuckle formed the canopy beneath which ,titania slumbered on a bank made soft and lovely with wild thyme1 oxlips and nodding violets4 ,and in the coronet of fresh and fragrant flowers that the dainty little fairy queen placed upon the hairy temples of ,bottom the ,weaver1 musk-roses were conspicuous2 and the sweetness of these was intensified by the round and ,orient pearls of dew that swelled upon the petals1 as the pretty flowerets bewailed their own disgrace4 ,it is this delicious rose which ,keats1 when listening to the nightingale1 sensed rather than visualized in the twilight dimness3 ,the coming musk-rose full of dewy wine1 ,the murmurous haunt of flies on summer eves4 ,the musk-rose was adored by the ,elizabethans4 ,lord ,bacon considered its scent to come next to that of the violet1 and before all other flowers4 ,you remember the great bush at the corner of the south wall just by the ,blue ,drawing-room window8 writes ,mrs4 ,gaskell in ,my ,lady ,ludlow4 ,that is the old musk-rose1 ,shakespeare's musk-rose1 which is dying out through the kingdom now4 ,the scent is unlike the scent of any other rose1 or of any other flower4 ,the musk-rose is a native of ,north ,africa1 ,spain1 and ,india 7,nepal74 ,hakluyt in #aehb gave the date of its introduction into ,england4 ,the turkey-cocks and hens1 he says1 were brought in about fifty years past2 the ,artichoke in the time of ,henry the ,eighth2 and of later times was procured out of ,italy the ,musk ,rose plant and the ,plum called ,perdigwena4 ,turning now to ,parkinson and opening his big volume at the page ,rosa ,moschata1 simple and multiplex1 we read3 ,the ,musk ,rose1 both single and double1 rises up oftentimes to a very great height that it overgroweth any arbor in a ,garden1 or being set by a house side to be ten or twelve foot high1 or more1 but especially the single kind with many green far spread branches armed with a few sharp great thorns1 as the wilder sorts of ,roses are1 whereof these are accounted to be kinds1 having small dark green leaves on them1 not much bigger than the leaves of ,eglantines4 ,the ,flowers come forth at the tops of the branches1 many together as it were in an umbel1 or tuft1 which1 for the most part1 do flower all at a time1 or not long one after another1 every one standing on a pretty long stalk and are of a pale whitish1 or cream color1 both the single and the double1 the single being small flowers consisting of five leaves with many yellow threads in the middle2 and the double bearing more double flowers1 as if they were once or twice more double than the single1 with yellow thrums also in the middle1 both of them of a very sweet and pleasing smell1 resembling musk4 ,some there be that have avouched that the chief scent of these ,roses consisteth not in the leaves but in the threads of the ,flowers4 ,the color of the musk-rose is white1 slightly tinged with pink4 ,,eglantine2 ,,also ,,sweetbrier 7,rosa eglanteria74 ,this is a conspicuous adornment of ,titania's bower1 and is as remarkable for its beauty as for its scent4 ,the pink flowers with their golden threads in the center are familiar to every one4 ,the ,sweet ,briar1 or ,eglantine1 ,parkinson writes1 is not only planted in ,gardens for the sweetness of its leaves1 but growing wild in many woods and hedges1 hath exceeding long green shoots armed with the cruellest sharp and strong thorns and thicker set than is in any ,rose1 either ,wild or tame4 ,the leaves are smaller than in most of those that are nourished up in ,gardens1 seven or nine1 most usually set together on a rib1 or stalk1 very green and sweeter in smell about the leaves of any other kind of ,rose4 ,the flowers are small1 single1 blush ,roses4 ,,proven,,al1 ,,or ,,provins 7,centifolia74 ,this old-fashioned cabbage-rose of globular flowers1 massive foliage1 hard knob of leaves in the center1 and sweet perfume is affectionately known as the ,hundred ,leaf1 or rose cent feuilles4 ,parkinson gives two varieties3 the incarnate1 or flesh-color2 and the red4 ,in our country the light pink1 or incarnate1 is the more familiar4 ,what associations does it not conjure up8 ,to many of us ,dean ,hole's words make a touching appeal3 ,the blushing1 fresh1 fragrant ,provence6 ,it was to many of us the ,rose of our childhood and its delicious perfume passes through the outer sense into our hearts gladdening them with bright and happy dreams1 saddening them with love and child awakenings4 ,it brings more to us than the fairness and sweet smell of a ,rose4 ,we passed in our play to gaze on it with the touch of a vanished hand in ours1 with a father's blessing on our heads and a mother's prayer that we might never lose our love of the beautiful4 ,happy they who return1 or regain1 that love4 ,,the ,,damask ,,rose 7,rosa damascena7 is a native of ,syria1 whence it was brought to ,europe about #abgj by ,thibault ,,iv1 ,comte de ,brie1 returning from the ,holy ,land4 ,we know exactly when it was introduced into ,england because ,hakluyt1 writing in #aehb1 says3 ,in time of memory many things have been brought in that were not here before1 as the ,damask ,rose by ,doctor ,liniker1 ,king ,henry the ,seventh and ,king ,henry the ,eighth's physician4 ,gloves as sweet as ,damask ,roses ,autolycus carries in his peddler's pack for lads to give their dears1 along with masks for their faces1 perfume1 necklace-amber1 pins1 quoifs1 and lawn as white as driven snow4#ej #ej ,the ,winter's ,tale2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,parkinson informs us3 ,the ,damask ,rose-bush is more usually nourished up to a competent height to stand alone 7which we call ,standards71 than any other ,rose4 ,the bark1 both of the stock and branches1 is not fully so green as the ,red or ,white ,rose4 ,the leaves are green with an eye of white upon them4 ,the flowers are of a fine deep blush color1 as all know1 with some pale yellow threads in the middle1 and are not so thick and double as the ,white1 not being blown with so large and great leaves as the ,red1 but of the most excellent sweet pleasant scent1 far surpassing all other ,roses or ,flowers1 being neither heady1 nor too strong1 nor stuffing or unpleasant sweet1 as many other flowers4 ,the ,rose is of exceeding great use with us1 for the ,damask ,rose 7besides the superexcellent sweet water it yieldeth1 being distilled1 or the perfume of its leaves1 being dried1 serving to fill sweet bags7 serveth to cause solubleness of the body1 made into a syrup1 or preserved with sugar1 moist or candied4 ,the name is obviously from ,damascus4 ,,canker 7,rosa canina74 ,this is the wild dog-rose common to many countries4 ,the name dog-rose was given to it by the ,romans1 because the root was said to cure the bite of a mad dog4 ,pliny says the remedy was discovered in a dream by the mother of a soldier who had been bitten by a mad dog4 ,don ,juan's remark in ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing4#ea ,i had rather be a canker in the hedge ,than a rose in his garden1 refers1 of course1 to the canker-rose4 ,according to legend1 the ,crown of ,thorns was made from the briers of this variety of rose4 #ea ,act ,i1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,,variegated ,,rose 7,rosa versicolor7 of ,shakespeare's plays is the curious bush which produces at the same time red roses1 white roses1 and roses of red mottled with white and of white mottled with red4 ,the growth of the tree is stiff and erect and the flowers have a sweet scent4 ,the rose is often called the ,york and ,lancaster4 ,parkinson says3 ,this ,rose in the form and order of the growing is nearest unto the ordinary ,damask ,rose both for stem1 branch1 leaf and flower1 the difference consisting in this--that the flower 7being of the same largeness and doubleness as the ,damask ,rose7 hath the one half of it sometimes of a pale whitish color and the other half of a paler damask color than the ordinary4 ,this happeneth so many times1 and sometimes also the flower hath divers stripes and marks on it1 one leaf white1 or striped with white1 and the other half blush1 or striped with blush1 sometimes all striped1 or spotted over1 and at other times little or no stripes1 or marks1 at all1 as ,nature listeth to play with varieties in this as in other flowers4 ,yet this ,i have observed1 that the longer it abideth blown open to the sun1 the paler and the fewer stripes1 marks1 or spots will be seen in it4 ,the smell is of a weak ,damask ,rose scent4 ,this rose recalls the old song of a ,lover to ,his ,lancastrian ,mistress1 on handing her a white rose3 ,if this fair rose offend thy sight1 ,placed in thy bosom bare1 ',t will blush to find itself less white1 ,and turn ,lancastrian there1 ,but if thy ruby lip it spy1 ,as kiss it thou mayst deign1 ,with envy pale 'twill lose its dye1 ,and ,yorkish turn again4 ,in his play of ,king ,henry ,,vi1 which passes during the ,wars of the ,roses1 ,shakespeare introduces the noted scene in the ,temple ,garden1 ,london1 where the emblem of the ,yorkists 7a white rose7 and that of the ,lancastrians 7a red rose7 is chosen4 ,richard ,plantagenet plucks a white rose and the ,earl of ,somerset a red rose from rose-bushes that are still growing and blooming in the same spot1 as they did when ,shakespeare imagined the scene in ,king ,henry ,,vi4#eb #eb ,part ,i1 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,iv4 ,in ,shakespeare's day the rose was enormously cultivated4 ,in the gardens of ,ely ,place1 the home of ,queen ,elizabeth's dashing lord chancellor1 twenty bushels of roses were gathered annually--a good deal for the time4 ,about thirty species of roses1 writes ,edmund ,gosse1 were known to the ,elizabethan gardeners1 and most of them did particularly well in ,london until in the reign of ,james ,i1 when the increasing smoke of coal-fires exterminated the most lovely and the most delicate species1 the double yellow rose4 ,things grew rapidly worse in this respect1 until ,parkinson in despair1 cried out3 ',neither herb1 nor tree1 will prosper since the use of sea-coal4' ,up to that time in ,london1 and afterwards in country-places1 the rose preserved its vogue4 ,it was not usually grown for pleasure1 since the petals had a great commercial value2 there was a brisk trade in dried roses and a precious sweet water was distilled from the damask rose4 ,the red varieties of the rose were considered the best medicinally1 and they produced that rose syrup which was so widely used both as a cordial and as an aperient4 ,the fashion for keeping potpourri in dwelling-rooms became so prevalent that the native gardens could not supply enough1 and dried yellow roses became a recognized import from ,constantinople4 ,we must think of the parlors of the ladies who saw ,shakespeare's plays performed for the first time as all redolent with the perfume of dried1 spiced and powdered rose-leaves4 ,in ,sonnet ,,liv ,shakespeare says3 ,the rose looks fair1 but fairer it we deem ,for that sweet odor which doth in it live4 ,the canker-blooms have full as deep a dye ,as the perfumd tincture of the roses1 ,hang on such thorns and play as wantonly ,when summer's breath their maskd buds discloses4 ,but1 for their virtue only is their show1 ,they live unwoo'd1 and unrespected fade2 ,die to themselves4 ,sweet roses do not so2 ,of their sweet deaths are sweetest odors made4 ,for twenty-seven centuries--and more--the rose has been considered queen of flowers4 ,her perfume1 her color1 her elegance1 and her mystic fascination have won all hearts4 ,shakespeare says3 ,a rose by any other name would smell as sweet4 ,in one sense that is true2 but we would not be willing to try another title1 for the very word rose is a beautiful one and conjures up a particular and very special vision of sweetness and beauty4 ,thousands and thousands of poems have been written in praise of this flower1 ever since ,sappho sang to her lyre the words ,ho6 the rose6 ,ho6 the rose6 ,sir ,henry ,wotton wrote3 ,you ,violets that first appear1 ,by your pure purple mantles known1 ,like the proud virgins of the year1 ,as if the ,spring were all your own1 ,what are you when the ,rose is blown8 ,and ,hood sang3 ,the ,cowslip is a country wench2 ,the ,violet is a nun2 ,but ,i will woo the dainty ,rose ,the queen of every one4 ,and ,shelley3 ,and the rose1 like a nymph to the bath addrest1 ,which unveiled the depths of her glowing breast1 ,till1 fold after fold1 to the fainting air1 ,the soul of her beauty and love laid bare4 ,shelley's fold after fold reminds us that ,ruskin points out that one of the rose's beauties is that her petals make shadows over and over again of their own loveliness4 ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson has1 perhaps1 been the most successful of all writers in putting into words the reasons why the rose has such power over mankind3 ,the flower has something almost human about it--warm1 breathing1 soft as the fairest cheek2 of white1 no longer snowy like the narcissus1 but flushed with hues of animating pink2 either flower1 white or red1 being alike symbolical of glowing1 youthful passion4 ,in the ,east the rose gardens have been famed for centuries4 ,the flower is said to burst into bloom at the voice of the nightingale4 ,the poet ,jami says3 ,you may place a handful of fragrant herbs of flowers before the nightingale1 yet he wishes not in his constant heart for more than the sweet breath of his beloved rose4 ,it is said that an ,arabian doctor discovered the recipe for rose-water in the ,tenth ,century2 but the perfume may be older than that4 ,the ,rosa centifolia is the blossom used4 ,the ,indians and ,persians have known how to make their attar of rose for centuries4 ,a large volume would be required to chronicle the romance of the rose1 for it is the flower of love1 beauty1 and poetry4 ,it is dedicated to ,venus1 and ,venus is frequently represented as wearing a crown of roses4 ,her son1 ,eros or ,cupid1 is also wreathed and garlanded with roses4 ,cupid gave a rose to ,harpocrates1 god of silence--hence the rose is also the symbol of silence4 ,under the rose1 a saying that expresses silence and secrecy1 is derived from this legend4 ,a siren holding a rose stands among the sculptured ruins of ,pstum4 ,roses and myrtle adorned the brides of ,greece and ,rome4 ,the profusion of roses used for decorations at feasts astounds us even to-day4 ,no epicure was satisfied with the cup of ,falernian wine unless it were perfumed with roses2 and the ,spartan soldiers at the ,battle of ,cirrha actually refused wine because it was not perfumed with roses4 ,this makes us wonder if those ,spartan mothers1 of whom we hear so much1 were really as severe as they are reputed to have been4 ,red roses were dedicated to ,jupiter2 damask roses to ,venus2 and white roses to ,diana or the moon4 ,the rose was given to the ,virgin ,mary as her particular flower2 and many ,italian painters as well as ,flemish1 ,spanish1 and ,german1 have painted the ,madonna of the ,rose1 the ,madonna of the ,rose-hedge1 the ,madonna of the ,rose-bush1 and the ,madonna of the ,rose-garden4 ,the rosary1 introduced by ,st4 ,dominick in commemoration of his having been shown a ,chaplet of roses by the ,virgin1 originally consisted of rose-leaves pressed into balls4 ,,ii ,lilies of ,all ,kinds ,,the ,,lily 7,lilium candidum74 ,the fact that ,perdita calls for lilies of all kinds shows that ,shakespeare loved one of the most beautiful families of flowers that grace the earth1 and knew the many varieties that grew in the ,english gardens of his day1 which include the ,lily-of-the-,valley 7in his time called ,lily ,conally72 the splendid yellow lilies2 the red martagon and spotted martagon 7tiger-lilies72 as well as the pure white lily4 ,parkinson1 who writes so beautifully of plants and blossoms1 did not neglect the lily4 ,he says3 ,the lily is the most stately flower among many1 and he directs attention to the wonderful variety of lilies known to us in these days1 much more so than in former times4 ,illustration3 ,,red1 ,,white ,,damask ,,and ,,musk ,,roses2 ,,lilies2 ,,and ,,eglantines ,,and ,,dog-,,roses3 ,,from ,,parkinson ,first on the list comes the white lily1 which has always been regarded from time immemorial as the most beautiful member of this most beautiful family1 a picture of purity with its white silken petals exquisitely set off by the yellow anthers and breathing such delicious fragrance4 ,this is the lily of which ,shelley sings3 ,and the wand-like lily1 which lifteth up ,as a ,mnad1 its moonlight colored cup1 ,till the fiery star which is its eye ,gazed through clear dew on the tender sky4 ,the ordinary ,white ,lily1 ,lilium candidum1 writes ,parkinson1 scarce needeth any description1 it is so well known and so frequent in every garden4 ,the stalk is of a blackish green color1 having many fair broad and long green leaves4 ,the flower stands upon long green footstalks1 of a fair white color1 with a long pointell in the middle and white chives tipt with yellow pendants about it4 ,the smell is something heady and strong4 ,it is called ,lilium album1 the ,white ,lily1 by most writers2 but by poets1 ,rosa ,junonis1 ,juno's ,rose4 ,how perfect is this flower6 ,texture1 form1 hue1 sheen1 perfume--all express exquisite loveliness4 ,the lily refreshes us with its cool beauty and its purity and lifts our thoughts upward to heaven4 ,gerard describes eight lilies in his ,herbal 7#aeig71 all of which were known to ,shakespeare4 ,certainly among ,perdita's flowers was the martagon1 which takes its name from the ,italian martagone1 meaning a ,turk's turban4 ,this lily is also called ,chalcedonian and ,scarlet martagon and ,turk's ,cap1 by ,parkinson1 who tells us that the ,lilium rubrum ,byzantinum ,martagon ,constantinopolitanum1 or the red martagon of ,constantinople1 is become so common everywhere and so well known to all lovers of these delights that ,i shall seem unto them to lose time to bestow many lines upon it2 yet because it is so fair a flower and was at the first so highly esteemed1 it deserveth its place and commendations4 ,it riseth out of the ground bearing a round1 brownish stalk1 beset with many fair green leaves confusedly thereon1 but not so broad as the common ,white ,lily1 upon the top whereof stand one1 two1 or three1 or more1 flowers upon long footstalks1 which hang down their heads and turn up their leaves again1 of an excellent red crimson color and sometimes paler1 having a long pointell in the middle compassed with whitish chives1 tipt with loose yellow pendants1 of a reasonable good scent1 but somewhat faint4 ,we have another of this kind1 the ,red ,spotted ,martagon of ,constantinople1 that groweth somewhat greater and higher with a larger flower1 and of a deeper color1 spotted with divers black spots1 or streaks1 and lines1 as is to be seen in ,mountain ,lilies4 ,the martagon belongs to the tiger-lily class1 whose characteristics have been so imaginatively brought out by ,thomas ,bailey ,aldrich3 ,i like the chaliced lilies1 ,the heavy ,eastern lilies1 ,the gorgeous tiger-lilies1 ,that in our garden grow4 ,for they are tall and slender2 ,their mouths are dashed with carmine1 ,and when the wind sweeps by them1 ,on their emerald stalks ,they bend so proud and graceful1-- ,they are ,circassian women1 ,the favorites of the ,sultan1 ,adown our garden walks4 ,and when the rain is falling1 ,i sit beside the window ,and watch them glow and glisten1-- ,how they burn and glow6 ,o for the burning lilies1 ,the tender ,eastern lilies ,the gorgeous tiger-lilies1 ,that in our garden grow4 ,shakespeare has many beautiful passages concerning the lily4 ,he often refers to its whiteness4 ,he considers it as impossible a task to paint the lily as it is to gild refined gold1 or to throw a perfume on the violet4 ,how the lily was loved by the ancients6 ,the ,egyptians adored it2 the ,persians named cities for it2 the ,hebrews worshiped it4 ,the ,greeks and ,romans called the lily ,juno's flower1 and fancied that the flower owed its very existence to drops of milk spilled on earth from ,juno's white breast when she was nursing the infant ,hercules4 ,the church consecrated the lily to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,it was her flower as ,queen of ,heaven4 ,in many old religious paintings of the ,annunciation1 the ,angel ,gabriel1 appearing before the ,virgin1 usually holds the ,annunciation ,lily1 or ,madonna ,lily in his hand4 ,joseph's staff was said to have blossomed into lilies1 and it is the white lily that is usually represented in this connection4 ,wonderful family this lily tribe1 flowers of the grand style and haughty demeanor6 ,ruskin enlightens us as to why it is every one loves them and why they are entwined with many of our thoughts of art and life3 ,under the name of ,drosid come plants delighting in interrupted moisture--moisture which comes either partially1 or at certain seasons--into dry ground4 ,they are not water-plants1 but the signs of water resting among dry places4 ,in the ,drosid the floral spirit passes into the calix also1 and the entire flower becomes a six-rayed star1 bursting out of the stem laterally1 as if it were the first of flowers and had made its way to the light by force through the unwilling green4 ,they are often required to retain moisture1 or nourishment1 for the future blossom through long times of drought2 and this they do in bulbs underground1 of which some become a rude and simple1 but most wholesome food for man4 ,then the ,drosid are divided into five great orders--lilies1 asphodels1 amaryllis1 irids and rushes4 ,no tribes of flowers have had so great1 so varied1 or so healthy an influence on man as this great group of ,drosid1 depending not so much on the whiteness of some of their blossoms1 or the radiance of others1 as on the strength and delicacy of the substance of their petals2 enabling them to take forms of faultless1 elastic curvature1 either in cups1 as the ,crocus1 or expanding bells1 as the true ,lily1 or heath-like bells1 as the ,hyacinth1 or bright and perfect stars1 like the ,star of ,bethlehem1 or1 when they are affected by the strange reflex of the serpent nature which forms the labiate group of all flowers1 closing into forms of exquisitely fantastic symmetry as the ,gladiolus4 ,put by their side their ,nereid sisters1 the ,water-lilies1 and you have in them the origin of the loveliest forms of ornamental design and the most powerful floral myths yet recognized among human spirits1 born by the streams of the ,ganges1 ,nile1 ,arno and ,avon4 ,for consider a little what each of those five tribes has been to the spirit of man4 ,first1 in their nobleness2 the ,lilies gave the ,lily of the ,annunciation2 the ,asphodels1 the flower of the ,elysian ,fields2 the ,irids1 the fleur-de-lys of chivalry2 and the ,amaryllis1 ,christ's lily of the fields2 while the ,rush1 trodden always under foot1 became the emblem of humility4 ,then take each of the tribes and consider the extent of their lower influence4 ,perdita's 'the ,crown ,imperial1 lilies of all kinds1' are the first tribe1 which1 giving the type of perfect purity in the ,madonna's ,lily1 have1 by their lovely form1 influenced the entire decorative design of ,italian sacred art2 while ornament of war was continually enriched by the curves of the triple petals of the ,florentine 'giglio' and the ,french fleur-de-lys2 so that it is impossible to count their influence for good in the ,middle ,ages1 partly as a symbol of womanly character and partly of the utmost brightness and refinement in the city which was the 'flower of cities4' ,astrologers placed the lily under the moon2 and the flower is certainly dreamy enough and celestial enough to be under the rule of ,diana1 or ,astarte4 ,,iii ,crown-,imperial and ,flower-de-luce ,,the ,,crown-,,imperial 7,fritillaria imperalis7 is mentioned by ,perdita4 ,a native of ,persia1 ,afghanistan1 and ,kashmir1 it was taken to ,constantinople1 and thence to ,vienna in #aegf4 ,finally it came to ,england with other luxuries of the ,renaissance4 ,gerard had it in his garden1 and describes it as follows3 ,out of a tuft of narrow leaves the stem rises and terminates in a second tuft immediately below which is a ring of large tulip-like flowers1 pendulous and golden yellow4 ,looking into the bells at the base of every petal is a white and concave nectary from which hangs a drop of honey that shines like a pearl4 ,in the bottom of each of the bells there is placed six drops of most clear shining water1 in taste like sugar resembling in shew fair ,orient pearls1 the which drops if you take away there do immediately appear the like4 ,notwithstanding if they may be suffered to stand still in the flower according to his own nature1 they will never fall away1 no1 not if you strike the plant until it be broken4 ,the ,crown-,imperial was1 perhaps1 of all choice outlandish flowers the choicest4 ,parkinson gives it the first place in the ,garden of ,delight1 opening his great book1 ,paradisus ,terrestris1 with an account of it3 ,the ,crown ,imperial1 he writes1 for his stately beautifulness deserveth the first place in this our ,garden of ,delight4 ,the stalk riseth up three1 or four1 foot high1 being great1 round and of a purplish color at the bottom1 but green above1 beset from thence to the middle thereof with many long and broad green leaves of our ordinary white lily1 but somewhat shorter and narrower1 confusedly without order1 and from the middle is bare1 or naked1 without leaves for a certain space upwards1 and then beareth four1 six1 or ten flowers1 more or less1 according to the age of the plant and the fertility of the soil where it groweth4 ,the buds at the first appearing are whitish1 standing upright among a bush1 or tuft1 of green leaves1 smaller than those below and standing above the flowers4 ,after a while they turn themselves and hang downward every one upon his own footstalk1 round about the great stem1 or stalk1 sometimes of an even depth and other while one lower1 or higher1 than another1 which flowers are near the form of an ordinary ,lily1 yet somewhat lesser and closer1 consisting of six leaves of an orange-color striped with purplish lines and veins1 which add a great grace to the flowers4 ,at the bottom of the flower1 next unto the stalk1 every leaf thereof hath on the outside a certain bunch1 or eminence1 of a dark purplish color1 and on the inside there lieth in those hollow bunched places certain clear drops of water like unto pearls1 of a very sweet taste1 almost like sugar4 ,in the midst of each flower is a long white stile1 or pointell1 forked1 or divided1 at the end and six white chives1 tipt with yellowish pendants1 standing close above it4 ,after the flowers are past1 appear six square seed vessels1 standing upright1 winged as it were1 or weltered on the edges1 yet seeming but three-square1 because each couple of those welted edges are joined closer together1 wherein are contained broad1 flat and thin seeds of a pale brownish color1 like unto other lilies1 but much greater and thicker also4 ,this plant was first brought from ,constantinople into these ,christian countries1 and1 by relation of some that sent it1 groweth naturally in ,persia4 ,it flowereth most commonly in the end of ,march1 if the weather be mild1 and springeth not out of the ground until the end of ,february1 or beginning of ,march1 so quick it is in the springing4 ,the head with seeds are ripe in the end of ,may4 ,it is of some called ,lilium ,perticum1 or ,persian ,lily2 but because we have another1 which is more usually called by that name1 ,i had rather1 with ,alphonsus ,pancius1 the ,duke of ,florence1 his physician 7who first sent the figure thereof unto ,mr4 ,john de ,brancion7 call it ,corona ,imperialis1 the ,crown ,imperial4 ,illustration3 ,,martagon ,,lilies1 ,,warley1 ,,england ,there is a legend that the ,crown-,imperial grew in the garden of ,gethsemane1 where it was often admired by ,jesus ,christ4 ,at that time1 according to the story1 the flowers were white and erect on the stalk4 ,during the night of the agony when ,our ,lord passed through the garden1 this flower was the only one that did not bow its head4 ,later the proud flower bent its head and tears of sorrow filled its cup4 ,ever since that time the plant has continued to bow in sorrow and its tears flow forever4 ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson loves the flower with its bold1 decided outlines4 ,his description is all too short4 ,the tall stem1 he says1 rises like a mast through the lower leaves1 is thence for a short space bare till it is topped by the crowning sheaf of leaf-swords1 out of which droop so gracefully the large yellow wax-like bells4 ,here every line seems to pierce like an arrow1 the composition is so clear and masterly4 ,the ,crown-,imperial appears in the celebrated book called ,guirlande de ,julie1 which the ,duc de ,montausier gave on ,new ,year's ,day1 #afcd1 to his bride1 ,julie de ,rambouillet4 ,this was a magnificent album3 every leaf bore a beautifully painted flower and a verse descriptive of it or in praise of it contributed by different artists and poets4 ,chapelain chose the ,crown-,imperial for his theme1 pretending that it sprang from the blood of ,gustavus ,adolphus of ,sweden1 who1 not being able to offer his hand to ,julie1 came to her in the guise of this flower4 ,,flower-,,de-,,luce 7,iris pseudacorus74 ,perdita's mention of lilies of all kinds1 the flower-de-luce being one1 shows that ,shakespeare classed this flower among the lilies4 ,so did the botanists of his time4 ,symbol of eloquence and power1 the ,egyptians placed the purple iris upon the brow of the ,sphinx4 ,the scepter of their monarchs was adorned with this flower1 its three petals representing faith1 wisdom1 and valor4 ,the kings of ,babylon and ,assyria also bore it on their scepters4 ,the ,greeks laid the iris on the tombs of women because they believed that ,iris guided dead women to the ,elysian ,fields4 ,although the iris was also dedicated to ,juno1 it is more particularly the flower of ,iris1 lovely ,iris1 one of the beautiful ,oceanides1 daughters of ,ocean1 and messenger of the gods1 who whenever she wished to descend upon the earth threw her rainbow scarf across the sky and with all its prismatic colors glistening in her perfumed wings descended from heaven to earth upon the graceful bow that joins the seen and the unseen worlds4 ,the purple1 yellow1 orange1 and blue tints of the rainbow live again in the petals and drooping lips called falls4 ,what a flower of charm1 mystery1 and majesty6 ,sphinx of the flower world6 ,the iris was extremely popular in ,shakespeare's day4 ,parkinson gives a great many ,flower-de-luces1 or ,iris in his monumental work4 ,we find the ,purple1 the ,blue1 the ,purple-striped1 the ,peach-colored1 the ,white1 the ,white-striped1 the ,parti-colored1 the ,milk-,white1 the ,silver color1 the ,white with ,yellow ,falls1 the ,straw color1 the ,spanish ,yellow1 the ,purple and ,yellow1 the ,purple or ,murrey1 the ,great ,turkie1 the ,common ,purple1 the ,great ,dalmatian1 the ,yellow of ,tripoli1 the ,double ,blew1 the ,double ,purple1 the ,purple ,dwarf1 and many others which prove how popular this flower was in ,tudor and ,stuart gardens1 and what splendid specimens were known to the people of ,shakespearian times4 ,parkinson also adds3 ,the dried root called ,orris is of much use to make sweet powders1 or other things1 to perfume apparel or linen4 ,the fleur-de-lis early became the symbol of ,france4 ,at the proclamation of a new king the ,franks always placed a living flower1 or flag1 as it was called1 in his hand as the symbol of power4 ,because his wife1 ,st4 ,clotilde1 had a vision of the iris1 ,clovis erased the three frogs on his shield and substituted the iris4 ,in consequence also of a dream1 ,louis ,,vii took the iris for his device in #aacg1 from which it became known as the fleur de ,louis1 later contracted into fleur-de-lys and fleur-de-lis4 ,when ,edward ,,iii claimed the crown of ,france in #acdj1 he quartered the ,old ,french shield bearing the fleur-de-lis with his ,english lion4 ,the iris1 or flower-de-luce 7as the ,english wrote it71 did not disappear from the ,english coat of arms until #ahja4 ,shakespeare speaks of the fleur-de-lis in the ,messenger's speech in ,king ,henry ,,vi3#ec ,awake1 awake1 ,english nobility6 ,let not sloth dim your honors new begot3 ,cropp'd are the flower-de-luces in your arms2 ,of ,england's coat one half is cut away4 ,and again in the same play3#ed ,,la ,,pucelle4 ,i am prepared3 here is my keen-edged sword1 ,deck'd with fine flower-de-luces on each side4 ,in ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor#ee there is a humorous play upon words regarding the heraldic use of the flower-de-luce4 #ec ,part ,i1 ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 #ed ,part ,i1 ,act ,i1 ,scene ,,ii4 #ee ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,,iv ,fern and ,honeysuckle ,,the ,,fern 7,pteris aquilina71 with its graceful and beautifully indented leaves and its peculiar acrid scent1 delicious to many persons1 would be admitted into the ,shakespeare garden because of its fantastic qualities1 even if its beauty did not sue for recognition4 ,the fern is a fairy plant4 ,according to folk-lore it always blossomed at twelve o'clock on ,st4 ,john's eve 7,june #ba71 ,midsummer night4 ,the flower is described as a wonderful globe of sapphire blue 7according to other stories a ruby_/red72 and in a few moments after its blossoming the seed appeared4 ,oberon1 the fairy king1 was supposed to watch for the precious seed so that he might prevent mortals from obtaining it2 but any one fortunate enough to gather fern-seed would be under the protection of spirits1 and would be enabled to realize all his fondest desires4 ,furthermore1 any one who wore the fern-seed about him would be invisible4 ,shakespeare was familiar with this superstition1 for he makes ,gadshill exclaim in ,king ,henry ,,iv3#ef ,we steal as in a castle1 cock-sure3 we have the receipt of fern-seed1 we walk invisible4 #ef ,part ,i1 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,i4 ,an old account tells us3 ,the fern flowers on ,midsummer night at twelve o'clock1 and drives away all unclean spirits4 ,first of all it puts forth buds1 which afterwards expand1 then open1 and finally change into flowers of a dark red hue4 ,at midnight the flower opens to its fullest extent and illuminates everything around4 ,but at that precise moment a demon plucks it from its stalk4 ,whoever wishes to procure this flower must be in the forest before midnight1 locate himself near the fern and trace a circle around it4 ,when the ,devil approaches and calls1 feigning the voice of a parent1 sweetheart1 etc41 no attention must be paid1 nor must the head be turned2 for if it is1 it will remain so4 ,whoever becomes the happy possessor of the flower has nothing to fear2 by its means he can recover lost treasure1 become invisible1 rule on earth and under water and defy the ,devil4 ,because the fern was so powerful against evil and because it was sacred to ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 witches detested it4 ,pliny stated that the fern had neither flower nor seed2 and some of the old ,english writers believed this4 ,william ,turner1 however1 went to work to investigate matters4 ,in his famous ,herbal1 published in #aefb1eg he says3 #eg ,see p4 #cd4 ,not only the common people say that the fern hath seed1 but that was also the opinion of a ,christian physician named ,hieronymus ,tragus1 who doth not only say that the fern hath seed1 but writeth that he found upon ,midsummer ,even seed upon brakes4#eh ,although all they that have written of herbs have affirmed and holden that the brake doth neither seed nor fruit1 yet have ,i divers times proved the contrary1 which thing ,i will testify here in this place for their sakes that be students of herbs4 ,i have1 four years together1 one after another1 upon the ,vigil of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 which we call in ,english ,midsummer ,even1 sought for this seed of brakes upon the night2 and1 indeed1 ,i found it early in the morning before day-break4 ,the seed was small1 black1 and like unto poppy4 ,i went about this business all figures1 conjurings1 saunters1 charms1 witchcraft1 sorceries1 taking with me two or three honest men4 ,when ,i sought this seed all the village about did shine with bonfires that the people made there2 and sometime when ,i sought the seed ,i found it1 and sometimes ,i found it not4 ,sometime ,i found much and sometime ,i found little2 but what should be the cause of this diversitie1 or what ,nature meaneth in this thing1 surely ,i cannot tell4 #eh ,brake1 or bracken1 fern4 ,illustration3 ,,wilton1 ,,from ,,de ,,caux ,illustration3 ,,wilton ,,gardens ,,to-,,day ,,honeysuckle 7,lonicera perfolium74 ,delicious name--honeysuckle6 ,and truly this is one of the sweetest flowers for scent that blows4 ,it takes its name because of the honey dew found on it1 so old writers say4 ,romantic is its other name1 woodbine1 suggesting sylvan spots and mossy beds1 where cool-rooted flowers grow1 such as the nodding violet4 ,shakespeare knew what he was about when he enwreathed and entwined ,titania's canopy with luscious woodbine in loving union with the equally delicious eglantine4 ,the honeysuckle is a flower that belongs particularly to moonlight and to fairy-time4 ,in ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing ,hero gives the command3#ei ,good ,margaret1 run into the parlor and whisper to ,beatrice ,and bid her steal into the pleachd bower1 ,where honeysuckles ripened by the sun1 ,forbid the sun to enter4 #ei ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,i4 ,a bower covered with the intense1 yet subtle1 perfume of the honeysuckle1 doubly sweet in the hot sun that had ripened the blossoms and drawn out their inmost sweetness1 was just the place to send saucy ,beatrice for the purpose of lighting the flame of love for ,benedick1 and just the place to send1 a little later1 the cynical ,benedick for the purpose of awakening his interest in the ,lady ,disdain4 ,shakespeare evidently knew that the honeysuckle is the flower of ardent lovers1 and so he framed his pleachd bower with these sweet-scented blossoms4 ,the ,french have a tender name for the flower1 cher feu 7dear flame71 because it is given by lovers to one another4 ,the other ,french name1 chvre feuille1 is derived from the ,latin caprifolium 7goat-leaf71 which may have been given to it because the plant leaps over high rocks and precipices1 where only goats and others of the cloven-footed tribe dare venture4 ,the honeysuckle in ,shakespeare's day was a favorite remedy for wounds in the head4 ,witches also valued it for their sorcery4 ,according to sorcerers and astrologers this plant was under the rule of ,mercury4 ,it is hard to decide when the honeysuckle is at its best4 ,whether at hot noontide when the clusters of pale buff and white horns of plenty tipped with their long1 feathery threads pour their incense into the golden sunlight1 or when the less pungent1 but equally intoxicating1 perfume floats upon the silvery blue air of a moonlit night4 ,how sweetly smells the ,honeysuckle1 in the hush'd night as if the world were one of utter peace and love and gentleness4 ,landor has thus expressed what the delicious honeysuckle makes us feel4 ,the monthly honeysuckle1 writes ,celia ,thaxter1 is most divine4 ,such vigor of growth ,i have never seen in any other plant4 ,it climbs the trellis on my piazza and spreads its superb clusters of flowers from time to time all summer4 ,each cluster is a triumph of beauty1 flat in the center and curving out to the blossoming edge in joyous lines of loveliness1 most like a wreath of heavenly trumpets breathing melodies of perfume to the air4 ,each trumpet of lustrous white deepens to a yellower tint in the center where the small ends meet2 each blossom where it opens at the lips is tipped with fresh pink2 each sends out a group of long stamens from its slender throat like rays of light2 and the whole circle of radiant flowers has an effect of gladness and glory indescribable3 the very sight of it lifts and refreshes the human heart4 ,and for its odor1 it is like the spirit of romance1 sweet as youth's tender dreams4 ,it is summer's very soul4 ,enchanting season of fern and honeysuckle1 perfumed stars that shine through green leaves and bells that send forth peals of incense instead of sound6 ,she show'd me her ferns and woodbine sprays ,fox-glove and jasmine stars1 ,a mist of blue in the beds1 a blaze ,of red in the celadon jars1 ,and velvety bees in convolvulus beds ,and roses of bountiful ,june-- ,oh1 who would think that the summer spells ,could die so soon8#fj #fj ,locker-,lampson4 ,v ,carnations and ,gilliflowers ,,carnations 7,dianthus caryophyllus74 ,perdita calls carnations and streak'd gilliflowers the fairest flowers o' the season4 ,carnation was originally spelled coronation1 because the flower was used to make crowns1 garlands1 and wreaths4 ,in the days of ,pliny it was called dianthus1 or flower of ,jove1 and was also worn in wreaths and crowns4 ,from ,chaucer we know that it was cultivated as the ,clove ,gilliflower in ,english gardens2 and because it was used to add a spicy flavor to wine and ale1 it acquired the popular name of sops in wine4 ,hence ,spenser in his ,shepherd's ,calendar sings3 ,bring hither the pink and purple ,columbine ,with ,gillyflowers2 ,bring ,coronations and ,sops-in-wine ,worn of paramours4 ,and again3 ,youth's folk now flocken everywhere ,to gather ,may baskets and smelling ,brere1#fa ,and home they hasten the posts to dight ,and all the kirk pillars in daylight ,with ,hawthorn budes and sweet ,eglantine ,and garlands of ,roses and ,sops-in-wine4 #fa ,brier4 ,its second specific name1 writes ,ellacombe1 ,caryophyllus1 i4e41 nut-leaved1 seems at first very inappropriate for a grassy-leaved plant2 but the name was first given to the ,indian ,clove tree and from it transferred to the ,carnation on account of its fine clove scent4 ,its popularity as an ,english plant is shown by its many names--,pink1 ,carnation1 ,gilliflower 7an easily-traced and well-ascertained corruption1 from ,caryophyllus71 ,clove ,picotee#fb and ,sops-in-wine from the flowers being used to flavor wine and beer4 #fb ,from the ,french picot1 a pinked edge4 ,we still use the word pinked for a cut edge1 and pinking-iron is the word for that with which the edge is cut4 ,there is an historical interest also in the flowers4 ,all our ,carnations1 ,picotees and ,cloves came originally from the single ,dianthus caryophyllus4 ,this is not a true ,british plant2 but it holds a place in the ,english flora1 being naturalized on ,rochester and other castles4 ,it is abundant in ,normandy2 and ,i found it in #ahgd covering the old castle of ,falaise1 in which ,william the ,conqueror was born4 ,i have found that it grows on the old castles of ,dover1 ,deal and ,cardiff1 all of them of ,norman construction1 as was ,rochester1 which was built by ,gandulf1 the special friend of ,william4 ,its occurrence on these several ,norman castles makes it very possible that it was introduced by the ,norman builders1 perhaps as a pleasant memory of their ,norman homes1 though it may have been incidentally introduced with the ,norman 7,caen7 stone1 of which parts of the castles are built4 ,how soon it became a florist's flower we do not know2 but it must have been early1 for in ,shakespeare's time the sorts of ,cloves1 ,carnations and ,pinks were so many that ,gerard says3 ',a great and large volume would not suffice to write of every one at large in particular1 considering how infinite they are1 and how every year1 every climate and country bringeth forth new sorts and such as have not heretofore been written of4' ,parkinson speaks of ,carnations1 ,pinks and ,gilloflowers4 ,the number of them is so great1 he says1 that to give several descriptions to them were endless4 ,he therefore mentions a few favorites4 ,among the ,carnations we find the ,great ,harwich1 or old ,english ,carnation2 the ,red1 or ,clove ,gilloflower2 the ,yellow1 or ,orange ,tawny ,gilloflower2 the ,gray ,hulo2 the ,red ,hulo2 the ,blue ,hulo2 the ,grimelo1 or ,prince2 the ,white ,carnation1 or ,delicate2 the ,french ,carnation2 the ,crystal1 or ,chrystalline2 the ,fragrant2 the ,striped ,savage2 the ,oxford ,carnation2 the ,king's ,carnation2 the ,granado2 the ,grand ,pre2 and the ,great ,lombard4 ,his ,gilliflowers include the ,lustie ,gallant1 or ,westminster2 the ,bristow ,blue2 the ,bristow ,blush2 the ,red ,dover2 the ,fair ,maid of ,kent1 or ,ruffling ,robin2 the ,queen's ,gilloflower2 the ,dainty2 the ,brassill ,gilloflower2 the ,turkie ,gilloflower2 the ,pale ,pageant2 the ,sad ,pageant2 ,master ,bradshawe his ,dainty ,lady2 ,john ,witte his great ,tawny ,gilloflower2 the ,striped ,tawny2 the ,marbled ,tawny2 ,master ,tuggie his ,princess2 the ,feathered ,tawny2 and ,master ,tuggie his ,rose ,gilloflower4 ,the ,tuggies had a superb garden at ,westminster in which they made a specialty of ,carnations1 ,gilliflowers1 and ,pinks4 ,the flower upon which ,parkinson spends his most loving description is the ,great ,harwich4 ,the enthusiasm of this old flower-fancier1 who writes so delightfully1 makes us feel that the ,great ,harwich is an ,english institution1 just as important as the ,roast ,beef of ,old ,england or the ,english ,plum ,pudding4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,garden ,,of ,,delight ,i take this goodly great old ,english ,carnation1 he writes1 as a precedent for the description of all the rest1 which for his beauty and stateliness is worthy of a prime place4 ,it riseth up with a great thick1 round stalk divided into several branches somewhat thickly set with joints1 and at every joint two long green 7rather than whitish7 leaves1 turning1 or winding1 two or three times round4 ,the flowers stand at the tops of the stalks in long great and round green husks1 which are divided into five points1 out of which rise many long and broad pointed leaves1 deeply jagged at the ends1 set in order1 round and comely1 making a gallant1 great double ,flower of a deep ,carnation color1 almost red1 spotted with many blush spots and streaks1 some greater and some lesser1 of an excellent soft1 sweet scent1 neither too quick1 as many others of these kinds are1 nor yet too dull2 and with two whitish crooked threads1 like horns1 in the middle4 ,this kind never beareth many flowers2 but as it is slow in growing1 so in bearing1 not to be often handled1 which showeth a kind of stateliness fit to preserve the opinion of magnificence4 ,what a delightful idea ,parkinson gives of the conscious dignity of the flower6 ,how vividly he brings the ,great ,harwich before us and makes us love its green husk1 its mottled leaves1 its rich scent1 and its curling horns6 ,gilloflowers1 ,parkinson continues1 grow like unto ,carnations1 but not so thick set with joints and leaves4 ,the stalks are more1 the leaves are narrower and whiter1 for the most part1 and in some1 do as well a little turn4#fc ,the flowers are smaller1 yet very thick and double in most2 and the green husks in which they stand are smaller likewise4 ,the ends of the leaves are dented and jagged4 ,some also have two small white threads1 crooked at the ends like horns in the middle of the flower2 others have none4 #fc ,do a little turn is charming1 suggesting a quaint little waltz4 ,most of our later writers do call them by one general name1 ,caryophyllus sativus and ,flos ,caryophyllus1 adding thereto maximus when we mean ,carnations1 and major when we would express ,gilloflowers1 which name is taken from ,cloves in that the scent of the ordinary red ,gilloflower especially doth resemble them4 ,divers other several names have been formerly given them1 as ,vetonica1 or ,betonia altera or ,vetonica altibus and coronaria1 ,herba ,tunica1 ,viola ,damascena1 ,ocellus ,damascenus and ,barbarieus4 ,of some ,cantabrica ,pliny4 ,some think they were unknown to the ,ancients and some would have them be ,iphium of ,theophrastus1 whereof he maketh mention in his sixth and seventh chapters of his sixth book among garland and summer flowers2 others to be his ,dios anthos or ,louis flos4 ,we call them in ,english1 the greatest kinds1 ,carnations1 and the other ,gilloflowers 7quasi ,july ,flowers74 ,the ,red1 or ,clove1 ,gilloflower is most used in physic in our apothecaries' shops 7none of the others being accepted1 or used7 and is accounted to be a very cordial4 ,some writers say that the gilliflower was a cure for pestilential fevers4 ,gerard writes3 ,conserve made of the flowers of the ,clove ,gilloflower and sugar is exceeding cordial and wonderfully above measure1 doth comfort the heart1 being eaten now and then4 ,the ,italian painter1 ,benvenuto ,tisio1 always painted a gilliflower in the corner of his pictures as his emblem1 from which he is always called ,il ,garofalo4 ,the word pink is derived from the ,dutch word ,pinkster 7,whitsuntide71 the season a certain ,whitsuntide ,gilliflower was in bloom4 ,the pink was regarded as an antidote for epilepsy2 and a vinegar made of pinks was used as a valued remedy for the plague4 ,the ,elizabethans also thought if a conserve be composed of it1 it is the life and delight of the human race4 ,our old friend ,parkinson describes ,pinks as wild1 or small1 ,gilloflowers1 some bearing single and some double flowers1 some smooth1 almost without any deep dents on the edges1 and some jagged1 or1 as it were1 feathered4 ,some growing upright1 like unto ,gilloflowers1 others creeping1 or spreading1 some of one color1 some of another1 and many of divers colors4 ,he gives ,double and ,single ,pinks1 ,feathered or ,jagged ,pinks1 ,star ,pinks1 ,great ,sea ,gilloflower1 or ,great ,thrift1 often used in gardens to empale or border a knot1 because it abideth green in ,winter and ,summer and that by cutting it may grow thick and be kept in what form one list4 ,we also find ,single ,red ,sweet ,john1 ,single ,white ,sweet ,john2 ,double ,sweet ,john2 ,single ,red ,sweet ,william2 ,double ,red ,sweet ,william2 ,speckled ,sweet ,william1 or ,london ,pride2 ,deep ,red1 or ,murrey ,color1 ,sweet ,william2 and ,single ,white ,sweet ,william4 ,these1 he adds1 are all generally called ,armerius or ,armeria1 yet some have called them1 ,vetonica agrestis and others ,herba ,tunica1 ,scarlatea and ,carophyllus silvestris4 ,we do in ,english1 in most places call the first1 or narrower-leaved kinds1 ,sweet ,johns and all the rest ,sweet ,williams2 yet in some places they call the broader-leaved kinds that are not spotted ,tolmeiners and ,london ,tufts2 but the speckled kind is termed by our ,english ,gentlewomen1 for the most part1 ,london ,pride4 ,we have not known of any of these used in physic4 ,these spicy pinks and luscious ,july flowers and the simple ,sweet-,johns and ,sweet-,williams as well recall the lovely lines of ,matthew ,arnold3 ,soon will the high midsummer pomp come on4 ,soon will the musk carnations break and swell1 ,soon shall we have gold-dusted ,snapdragon1 ,sweet-william with his homely cottage smell1 ,and stocks in fragrant blow2 ,roses that down the alleys shine afar1 ,and open jasmine in muffled lattices ,and groups under the dreaming garden trees ,and the pale moon and the white dreaming star4 ,,vi ,marigold and ,larkspur ,,marigold 7,calendula officinalis74 ,shakespeare was devoted to the marigold4 ,he always speaks of it with poetic rapture4 ,the marigold that goes to bed with the sun ,and with him rises1 weeping1 is ,perdita's idea of the shining flower1 which in these few words she tells us closes its petals in the evening and at dawn awakens wet with dew4#fd #fd ,the ,winter's ,tale2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,then in the beautiful dawn-song in ,cymbeline#fe winking ,mary-buds remind us that the gold-flower is consecrated to the ,virgin ,mary4 ,this song1 so full of the freshness of early morning and the sweet perfume of flowers holding in their deep cups sufficient dew to water the horses of the sun just appearing above the horizon1 is one of the loveliest of lyrics3 ,hark6 ,hark6 the lark at heaven's gate sings1 ,and ,phbus 'gins arise1 ,his steeds to water at those springs ,on chaliced flowers that lies2 ,and winking ,mary-buds begin to ope their golden eyes2 ,with everything that pretty is--,my lady1 sweet1 arise3 ,arise1 arise4 #fe ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,the ,marygold1 says ,lyte1 hath pleasant1 bright and shining yellow flowers1 the which do close at the setting down of the ,sun and do spread and open again at the ,sun rising4 ,and ,lupton writes3 ,some do call it ,spousa ,solis1 the ,spowse of the ,sun1 because it sleeps and is awakened with him4 ,in ,the ,rape of ,lucrece ,shakespeare also mentions the flower3 ,her eyes1 like marigolds1 hath sheathed their light ,and canopied in darkness sweetly lay ,till they might open to adorn the day4 ,very prettily the flower is introduced in ,middleton and ,rowley's ,spanish ,gipsy3 ,you the ,sun to her must play1 ,she to you the ,marigold1 ,to none but you her leaves unfold4 ,another old ,english name for the marigold was ruddes and a prettier one was the gold-flower1 often called simply the gold or goold4 ,chaucer talks of yellow ,goldes4 ,the name was still used in ,elizabeth's day4 ,colin ,clout has3 ,but if ,i her like ought on earth might read1 ,i would her liken to a crown of lilies1 ,upon a ,virgin bride's adorned head1 ,with roses dight and goolds and daffodillies4 ,in ,medieval times the monks gave to the gold-flower the prefix ,mary1 with the legend that the ,virgin ,mary loved to wear the flower in her bosom4 ,hence ,shakespeare calls it ,mary-buds4 ,of ,shakespeare's ,marigolds ,parkinson writes3 ,they are called ,caltha of divers and taken to be that ,caltha whereof both ,virgil and ,columella have written4 ,others do call them ,calendula of the ,kalends1 that is the first day of the months1 wherein they are thought chiefly to flower4 ,and thereupon the ,italians call them ,fiori di ogni mese1 that is the ,flowers of ,every ,month4 ,we call them in ,english generally ,golds1 or ,marigolds4 ,the herb and flowers are of great use with us among other pot-herbs1 and the flowers1 either green or dyed1 are often used in possets1 broths and drinks2 as a comforter of the heart and spirits2 and to expel any malignant1 or pestilential quality1 gathered near thereunto4 ,the ,syrup and ,conserve made of the fresh flowers are used for the same purpose to good effect4 ,illustration3 ,,sir ,,thomas ,,more',s ,,garden1 ,,chelsea ,parkinson divides marigolds unto two classes3 single and double4 ,the garden ,marigold1 he says1 hath round green stalks1 branching out from the ground into many parts1 whereon are set long1 flat green leaves1 broader and rounder at the point than anywhere else4 ,the flowers are sometimes very thick and double 7breaking out of a scaly1 clammy green head71 composed of many rows of leaves1 set so close together1 one within another1 that no middle thrum can be seen2 and sometimes less double1 having a small brown spot of a thrum in the middle2 and sometimes but of two or three rows of leaves with a large brown thrum in the middle3 every one whereof is somewhat broader at the point and nicked in two or three corners1 of an excellent fair1 deep1 gold-yellow color in some1 and paler in others1 and of a pretty strong and resinous sweet scent4 ,there is no difference between this and the single ,marigold but that the flowers are single1 consisting of one row of leaves of the same color2 either paler or deeper yellow1 standing about a great brown thrum in the middle4 ,our gardens are the chief places for the double flowers to grow in4 ,another description is contained in the famous ,gardener's ,labyrinth by ,didymus ,mountain 7,thomas ,hill73#ff ,the ,marigold1 named of the herbarians ,calendula1 is so properly termed for that in every ,calend and in each month this reneweth of the own accord and is found to bear flowers as well in ,winter as ,summer1 for which cause the ,italians name the same the flower of every month4 ,but some term it the ,sun's ,spowse1 or the follower of the ,sun2 and is of some named the ,husbandman's ,dial1 in that the same showeth to them both the morning and evening tide4 ,others name it the ,sun's ,bride and ,sun's ,herb1 in that the flowers of the same follow the ,sun as from the rising by the ,south into the ,west2 and by a notable turning obeying to the ,sun1 in such manner that what part of ,heaven he possesseth they unto the same turned behold1 and that in a cloudy and thick air like directed1 as if they should be revived1 quickened and moved with the spirit of him4 ,such is the love of it knowen to be toward that royal ,star1 being in the night time for desire of him as pensive and sad1 they be shut or closed together2 but at the noontime of the day fully spread abroad as if they with spread arms longed1 or diligently attended1 to embrace their ,bridegroom4 ,this ,marigold is a singular kind of herb1 sown in gardens as well for the pot as for the decking of garlands1 beautifying of ,nosegays and to be worn in the bosom4 #ff ,see p4 #fh4 ,the ,marigold is supposed to be the ,chrysanthemum or gold-flower of the ,greeks1 the ,heliotrope-solsequium2 and the story goes that the flower was originally the nymph ,clytie1 who gazed all day upon the ,sun with whom she had fallen in love4 ,at length she was turned into the flower4 ,all yellow flowers1 said ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 and above all those that the ,greeks call ,heliotrope and we call ,sunflower1 not only rejoice at the sight of the sun1 but follow with loving fidelity the attraction of its rays1 gazing at the ,sun and turning towards it from its rising to its setting4 ,very charmingly does ,george ,wither1 a contemporary of ,shakespeare1 refer to this3 ,when with a serious musing ,i behold ,the grateful and obsequious ,marigold1 ,how duly every morning she displays ,her open breast when ,phbus spreads his rays2 ,how she observes him in his daily walk1 ,still bending towards him her small slender stalk2 ,how when he down declines she droops and mourns1 ,bedewed1 as 'twere1 with tears till he returns2 ,and how she veils her flowers when he is gone4 ,when this ,i meditate methinks the flowers ,have spirits far more generous than ours4 ,margaret of ,orleans1 grandmother of ,henri ,,iv1 knowing well the legend of the flower1 chose for her device a marigold with the motto1 je ne veux suivre que lui seul4 ,in the reign of ,henry ,,viii the marigold was often called ,souvenir and sentimental ladies wore wreaths of marigolds mixed with the heartsease4 ,to dream of marigolds denoted prosperity1 riches1 success1 and a happy and a wealthy marriage4 ,as the marigold was a solar flower1 the astrologers placed it under the sign and care of ,leo4 ,in a wholly ,elizabethan spirit ,keats sang3 ,open afresh your round of starry folds1 ,ye ardent ,marigolds6 ,dry up the moisture from your golden lids1 ,for great ,apollo bids ,that in these days your praises should be sung ,on many harps1 which he has lately strung2 ,and when again your dewyness he kisses ,tell him ,i have you in my world of blisses6 ,so happly when ,i rove in some far vale ,his mighty voice may come upon the gale4 ,the ,shakespearian marigold must not be confused with the ,french marigold 7,flos ,africanus71 called also ,indian gilliflower1 flower of ,africa1 and flower of ,tunis4 ,a long chapter on this marigold appears in ,parkinson's book4 ,this is the tightly rolled up little flower of irregular ragged petals1 but of a rich1 deep golden hue4 ,parkinson also speaks of the great ,peruvian sunflower1 which he admires greatly and describes with enthusiasm4 ,we know it well as our common sunflower with its dark center and yellow rays--a magnificent specimen of the floral world1 worthy of the adoration of the ,incas and of more than we usually accord to it4 ,,larkspur 7,delphinium74 ,lark's-heels trim1 one of the flowers in the introductory song of ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen1 is the ,delphinium1 also called larkspur1 lark's-claw1 lark's-toes1 and knight's-spur4 ,the generic name is derived from the ,greek delphinium1 because the buds were thought to resemble the form of a dolphin4 ,as with many other plants1 there were two kinds1 the wild and the tame2 and it was the wild kind that was nourished up in gardens1 according to ,parkinson1 who describes the plant as having small1 long1 green leaves1 finely cut1 almost like fennel and the branches ending in a long spike of hollow flowers with a long spur behind them4 ,they are of several colors3 bluish purple1 or white1 or ash color1 or red1 paler or deeper1 and parti-colored of two colors in a flower4 ,they are called diversely by divers writers as ,consolida regulis1 ,calearis flos1 ,flos regius1 ,buccinum ,romanorum1 and ,cuminum silvestre alterum ,dioscoridis2 but the most usual name with us is ,delphinium4 ,but whether it be the true ,delphinium of ,dioscorides1 or the ,poet's ,hyacinth1 or the ,flower of ,ajax1 another place is fitter to discuss than this4 ,we call them in ,english ,larks-heels1 ,larkspurs1 ,larkstoes1 or claws1 and ,monks-hoods4 ,there is no use of any of these in ,physicke in these days that ,i know1 but are wholly spent for their flowers sake4 ,a modern botanist remarks3 ,the gardener's ideal has been the full-flowered spike with a goodly range of colors on the chord of blue4 ,we think of larkspur as blue4 ,some of these blues are pale as the sky1 some pure cobalt1 others indigo and still others are a strange broken blue1 gorgeous and intense1 yet impure1 glittering on the surface as if it were strewn with broken glass1 and sometimes darkened into red4 ,the center of a larkspur is often grotesque2 the hairy petals suggest a bee at the heart of a flower1 and the flower itself looks like a little creature poised for flight4 ,in structure the garden race has changed very little from the primitive type1 though that type has wandered far from the simplicity of the buttercup1 which names the ,ranunculac4 ,whatever path of evolution the larkspur has trod1 it is very clear that the goal at which it has arrived is cross-fertilization by means of the bee4 ,at some time along the path the calix took on the duties of the corolla1 became highly colored1 developed a spur1 while at the same time the corolla lessened both in size and in importance4 ,the stamens mature before the pistil and are so placed that the bee cannot get at the honey without covering its head with pollen which it then bears to another flower4 ,the name of ,monk's-hood is also given to the ,blue ,helmet-flower1 or aconite4#fg #fg ,see p4 #bdh4 ,yellow ,lark's-heels is a name our ,elizabethan forefathers gave to the ,nasturtium ,indicum1 a plant found in the ,west ,indies and taken by the early ,spanish explorers to ,spain1 whence it traveled to all parts of ,europe4 ,it is now very familiar in most gardens of any curiosity1 says ,parkinson4 ,the likeness of this flower1 having spurs1 or heels1 is of so great beauty and sweetness withall that my ,garden of ,delight cannot be unfurnished of it4 ,the flowers are of an excellent gold yellow color and grow all along the stalks4 ,in the middle of each of the three lower leaves there is a little long spot1 or streak1 of an excellent crimson color1 with a long heel1 or spur1 behind1 hanging down4 ,the whole flower hath a fine small scent1 very pleasing1 which1 being placed in the middle of some ,carnations1 or ,gilloflowers 7for they are in flower at the same time71 make a delicious ,tussiemussie1 as they call it1 or ,nosegay1 both for sight and scent4 ,monardus and others call it ,flos sanguineus of the red spots in the flower1 as also ,nastnerzo de las ,indias1 which is ,nasturtium ,indicum2 and we thereafter in ,english1 ,indian ,cresses4 ,yet it may be called from the form of the flowers ,yellow ,lark's heels4 ,this flower is phosphorescent and is said to emit sparks1 which are visible in the dark4 ,,vii ,pansies for ,thoughts and ,poppies for ,dreams ,,pansy 7,viola tricolor74 ,pansies--that's for thoughts1 exclaims ,ophelia1 as she holds out the flower that the ,french call pense 7thought74 ,and it is the pansy that is the little western flower upon which the bolt of ,cupid fell and made purple with love's wound and which maidens call ,love in ,idleness1--the flower that ,oberon thus described to ,puck when he sent him to gather it4 ,the juice of it squeezed by ,oberon upon ,titania's eyelids and by ,puck upon the ,athenian youths and maidens1 who were also sleeping in the enchanted wood on that midsummer night1 occasioned so many fantastic happenings4 ,the pansy in those days was the small ,johnny-,jump-,up1 a variety of the violet1 according to the old writers1 a little violet of three colors1 blue1 white and yellow4 ,milton noted that it was freaked with jet4 ,michael ,drayton showed its close relationship to the violet in the lines3 ,the pansy and the violet here ,as seeming to descend ,both from one root and very fair ,for sweetness yet contend4 ,gerard wrote in #aehg3 ,the stalks are weak and tender1 whereupon grow flowers in form and figure like the ,violet and for the most part of the same bigness1 of three sundry colors1 whereof it took the surname ,tricolor1 that is to say purple1 yellow and white1 or blue2 by reason of the beauty and bravery of which colors they are very pleasing to the eye1 for smell they have little1 or none at all4 ,the pansy was beloved of ,elizabethans3 the great number of popular names it had proves this4 ,in addition to ,pansy and ,johnny-,jump-,up1 it was called ,herb ,trinity1 because of the three distinct petals1 which made it a flower of peculiar religious significance4 ,another name was ,three-,faces-under-a-,hood because it had such a coquettish air4 ,another name was ,fancy ,flamey1 because its amethystine colors are like those seen in the flames of burning wood2 and because lovers gave it to one another it had the pet names of ,meet-me-at-the-,garden-,gate1 ,kiss-me-at-the-,garden-,gate1 ,kiss-me-quick1 ,kiss-me1 ,call-me-to-you1 ,cuddle-me-to you1 ,kiss-me-ere-,i-rise1 ,pink-of-my-,john1 ,cupid's-flower1 ,love-in-,idleness1 and ,heartsease4 ,there were no wine dark pansies in ,shakespeare's time to charm the lover of flowers and none of the splendid deep purple velvets and mauves and pale amethysts and burnt orange and lemon and claret and sherry and canary hues that delight us to-day1 and which are1 to use the quaint old expression1 nourished up in our gardens4 ,the modern beauties began to be developed about #ahge1 chiefly by the ,french specialists1 and1 as a modern writer remarks3 ,such sizes1 such combinations1 such weirdness of expression in quaint faces painted upon the petals were never known before4 ,the colors now run a marvellous range2 pure-white1 pure yellow1 deepening to orange1 and darkening to brown1 as well as a bewildering variety of blues and purples and violets4 ,the lowest note is a rich and velvety shade that we speak of as black2 but there is no black in flowers4 ,the pansy is the flower for all4 ,it is cheap2 it is hardy2 it is beautiful2 and its beauty is of an unusual and personal kind4 ,the bright1 cheerful1 wistful or roguish faces look up to you with so much apparent intelligence that it is hard to believe it is all a pathetic fallacy and there is nothing there4 ,whether the modern pansies should be included in a ,shakespeare garden is a question for each owner of a garden to decide2 but there should certainly be a goodly number of the little ,johnny-,jump-,ups4 ,,poppy 7,papaver somniferum74 ,shakespeare introduces the poppy only indirectly when he speaks of the drowsy syrup in ,othello4 ,the white poppy is the flower from which the sleeping potion was made4 ,of ,poppies1 says ,parkinson1 there are a great many sorts1 both wild and tame2 but our garden doth entertain none but those of beauty and respect4 ,the general known name to all is ,papaver1 ,poppie4 ,yet our ,english gentlewomen in some places call it by name ,joan's ,silver ,pin4 ,it is not unknown1 ,i suppose1 to any that ,poppies procureth sleep4 ,other old names for the poppy were ,corn ,rose and ,cheese ,bowl4 ,scarlet poppies in the wreath of ,ceres among the wheat-ears1 scarlet poppies mingled with large white-petaled daisies1 and ,ragged ,robins belong to everybody's mental picture of midsummer days4 ,we usually think of the ,poppy as a coarse flower1 says ,ruskin1 but it is the most transparent and delicate of all the blossoms of the field4 ,the rest1 nearly all of them1 depend on the texture of their surface for color4 ,but the ,poppy is painted glass2 it never glows so brightly as when the sun shines through it4 ,whenever it is seen against the light1 or with the light1 always it is a flame and warms in the wind like a blown ruby4 ,gather a green ,poppy bud1 just when it shows the scarlet line at its side1 break it open and unpack the ,poppy4 ,the whole flower is there compact in size and color1 its stamens full grown1 but all packed so closely that the fine silk of the petals is crushed into a million of wrinkles4 ,when the flower opens1 it seems a relief from torture2 the two imprisoning green leaves are shaken to the ground1 the aggrieved corolla smooths itself in the sun and comforts itself as best it can1 but remains crushed and hurt to the end of its days4 ,delicate and fine as is the above description1 the sympathetic tribute to the poppy by ,celia ,thaxter does not suffer in proximity4 ,she says3 ,i know of no flower that has so many charming tricks and manners1 none with a method of growth more picturesque and fascinating4 ,the stalks often take a curve1 a twist from some current of air1 or some impediment1 and the fine stems will turn and bend in all sorts of graceful ways1 but the bud is always held erect when the time comes for it to blossom4 ,ruskin quotes ,lindley's definition of what constitutes a poppy1 which he thinks 'might stand4' ,this is it3 ',a ,poppy is a flower which has either four or six petals and two or more treasuries united in one1 containing a milky stupefying fluid in its stalks and leaves and always throwing away its calix when it blossoms4' ,i muse over their seed-pods1 those supremely graceful urns that are wrought with such matchless elegance of shape and think what strange power they hold within4 ,sleep is there and ,death1 his brother1 imprisoned in those mystic sealed cups4 ,there is a hint of their mystery in their shape of somber beauty1 but never a suggestion in the fluttering blossom3 it is the gayest flower that blows4 ,in the more delicate varieties the stalks are so slender1 yet so strong1 like fine grass stems4 ,when you examine them1 you wonder how they hold even the light weight of the flower so firmly and proudly erect2 and they are clothed with the finest of fine hairs up and down the stalks and over the green calix4 ,it is plain to see1 as one gazes over the poppy-beds on some sweet evening at sunset1 what buds will bloom in the joy of next morning's first sunbeams1 for these will be lifting themselves heavenward1 slowly and silently1 but surely4 ,to stand by the beds at sunrise and see the flowers awake is a heavenly delight4 ,as the first long1 low rays of the sun strike the buds1 you know they feel the signal6 ,a light air stirs among them2 you lift your eyes1 perhaps to look at a rosy cloud1 or follow the flight of a carolling bird1 and when you look back again1 lo6 the calix has fallen from the largest bud and lies on the ground1 two half-transparent light green shells1 leaving the flower-petal wrinked in a thousand folds1 just released from their close pressure4 ,a moment more and they are unclosing before your eyes4 ,they flutter out on the gentle breeze like silken banners to the sun4 ,it would be tempting in a ,shakespeare garden to include many kinds of this joyous1 yet solemn1 flower2 and certainly as many were common in ,elizabethan gardens it would not be an anachronism to have them4 ,however1 if the space be restricted and the garden lover a purist then the white poppy only should be planted4 ,,viii ,crow-flowers and ,long ,purples ,,crow-,,flowers 7,scilla nutans74 ,these are among the flowers ,ophelia wove into a wreath4 ,the queen tells the court3 ,there is a willow grove ascaunt the brook1 ,that shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream4 ,there1 with fantastic garlands did she come ,of crow flowers1 nettles1 daisies and long purples ,that liberal shepherds give a grosser name ,but our cold maids do dead men's fingers call them4#fh #fh ,hamlet2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,vii4 ,shakespeare did not select ,ophelia's flowers at random4 ,they typified the sorrows of the gentle victim of disappointed love whose end was first madness1 then suicide4 ,the crow-flowers signified fair maiden2 the nettles1 stung to the quick2 the daisies1 her virgin bloom2 and the long purples1 under the cold hand of ,death4 ,thus what ,shakespeare intended to convey by this code of flowers was1 ,a fair maiden1 stung to the quick1 her virgin bloom in the cold hand of ,death4 ,it is generally supposed that the wild blue hyacinth1 or harebell 7,scilla nutans71 a flower associated with pure and faithful love1 is the crow-flower2 and authority is given to this theory in the old ballad1 which1 of course1 ,shakespeare knew1 called ,the ,deceased ,maiden ,lover3 ,then round the meddowes did she walk ,catching each flower by the stalk1 ,such as within the meddowes grew1 ,as dead man's thumb and harebell blue1 ,and as she pluckt them still cried she1 ,alas6 there's none ere loved like me4 ,some critics have objected to the blue harebell because it is a spring flower1 and it is midsummer when ,ophelia drowns herself4 ,these authorities suggest the ,ragged ,robin for ,ophelia's crow-flower1 and others again the buttercup1 also called creeping crowfoot 7,ranunculus repens74 ,bloom writes3 ,it is generally assumed that the flowers are those of the meadow and that a moist one4 ,why8 ,it is equally probable they are those of the shady hedge bank and that the crow-flowers are the poisonous rank ,ranunculus reptans and its allies2 that the nettles are the ordinary ,urtica dioica not necessarily in flower1 or if this be objected to on account of the stinging qualities which the distraught ,ophelia might not be insensible to1 its place could be taken by the white dead nettle ,lamium album ,l4 ,the daisies may be moon-daisies and the long purples ,arum masculatum1 another plant of baleful influence1 with its mysterious dead white spadix bearing no very far fetched resemblance to a dead man's finger wrapped in its green winding-sheet and whose grosser name1 cuckoo-pint1 is ready at hand4 ,with this selection we have plants of the same situation flowering at the same time and all more or less baneful in their influence4 ,illustration3 ,,pleaching ,,and ,,plashing1 ,,from ,,the ,,gardener',s ,,labyrinth ,illustration3 ,,small ,,enclosed ,,garden1 ,,from ,,the ,,gardener',s ,,labyrinth ,the crow has given its name to many flowers4 ,there are1 indeed1 more plants named for the crow than for any other bird3 crowfoot1 crow-toes1 crow-bells 7for daffodil and bluebells7 crow-berry1 crow-garlick1 crow-leeks1 crow-needles1 and many others4 ,,long ,,purple 7,arum masculatam or ,orchis mascula7 is very closely related to our woodland ,jack-in-the-,pulpit4 ,it has many names3 ,arum2 ,cookoo-pint1 ,cookoo-pintle1 ,wake-,robin1 ,friar's-cowl1 ,lords-and-,ladies1 ,cow-and-,calves1 ,ramp1 ,starchwort1 ,bloody-men's-finger1 and ,gethsemane1 as the plant is said to have been growing at the ,cross and to have received some drops of the ,savior's blood4 ,this flower is mentioned in ,tennyson's ,a ,dirge3 ,round thee blow1 self-pleached deep1 ,bramble roses1 faint and pale1 ,and long purples of the dale4 ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson writes3 ,i use the old name ,wake ,robin because it is so full of poetry--to think of the bird aroused from sleep by the soundless ringing of the bell4 ,arum1 or ,lords and ,ladies1 is the more usual name4 ,the plant is under the dominion of ,mars1 so the astrologers said4 ,,ix ,saffron ,crocus and ,cuckoo-flowers ,,saffron ,,crocus 7,crocus verus sativus ,autumnalis74 ,shakespeare speaks of saffron as a color--the saffron ,wings of ,iris and saffron to color the ,warden pear pies4 ,he never mentions the crocus from which the saffron was obtained1 yet a ,shakespeare garden should have this plant represented4 ,saffron had long been known in ,england2 for in the time of ,edward ,,iii a pilgrim from the ,east had brought1 concealed in his staff1 a root of the precious ,arabic al zahafaran4 ,in ,shakespeare's time saffron was used for soups and sauces and to color and flavor pies1 cakes1 and pastry-confection4 ,saffron was also important medicinally1 and for dyeing silks and other materials4 ,the beautiful orange-red stigmas1 the crocei odores of ,virgil1 were dried and the powder pressed into cakes and sold in the shops4 ,the true saffron1 writes ,parkinson1 that is used in meats and medicines1 shooteth out his narrow long green leaves first1 and1 after a while1 the flowers1 in the middle of them1 appear about the end of ,august1 in ,september and ,october1 according to the soil and climate where they grow4 ,these flowers are composed of six leaves apiece1 of a murrey1 or reddish purple color1 having a show of blue in them4 ,in the middle of these flowers there are some small yellow chives standing upright1 which are unprofitable2 but1 besides these1 each flower hath two1 three1 or four greater and longer chives hanging down1 upon1 or between1 the leaves1 which are of a fiery red color and are the true blades of saffron which are used physically1 or otherwise1 and no other4 ,the raising of saffron was a great industry4 ,old ,tusser gave the good advice to ,pare saffron plot1 ,forget it not4 ,his dwelling made trim1 ,look shortly for him6 ,when harvest is gone1 ,then ,saffron comes on2 ,a little of ground ,brings ,saffron a pound4 ,saffron ,walden in ,essex and ,saffron ,hill in ,london received their names because of the quantity of saffron crocus grown in those places4 ,the saffron crocus is a handsome flower1 but somewhat capricious4 ,dr4 ,forbes ,watson writes3 ,we look at the few well selected flowers in our hand and let our mind wander in the depths of those fair-striped cups1 their color so fresh1 so cool1 so delicate1 and yet not too cool1 with that central yellow stamen-column and the stigma emerging from it like a fiery orange lump4 ,the ,purple ,crocus1 partly from the full materials for color-contrast afforded by its interior1 partly from the exceeding delicacy of tint1 the lilac stripes and markings1 the transparent veins and the pale watery lake which lies at the bottom of the cup1 seem to bear us away to some enchanted spot1 a fairy-land of color where no shadow ever falls--a land of dim eternal twilight and never fading flowers4 ,note1 too1 the differences between the ,crocuses with regard to the stigma4 ,in the ,purple ,crocus1 where it is needed to complete the harmony of the flower1 it rises long and flame-tipped out of the tall bundle of yellow stamens4 ,notice also the curve of the outside of the ,purple ,crocus cup in a well-selected flower1 and observe how quiet and solemnly beautiful it is in perfect harmony with the general expression4 ,according to legend1 the flower derived its name from a beautiful youth1 ,crocus1 who was transformed into the flower4 ,his love1 ,smilax1 was changed at the same time into the delicate vine of that name4 ,another legend says that the flower sprang from the blood of the infant ,crocus1 who was accidentally killed by a disk thrown by the god ,mercury4 ,the ,egyptians encircled their wine-cups with the saffron crocus2 the ,greeks and ,romans adorned the nuptial couch with the saffron crocus2 the robes of ,hymen1 god of marriage1 were saffron-hued2 and poets called the dawn saffron1 or crocus-colored4 ,shakespeare1 therefore1 had authority for the saffron wings of ,iris4 ,saffron is an herb of the sun and is under the rule of ,leo4 ,,cuckoo-,,flower 7,lychnis ,flos cuculi73 ,shakespeare mentions cuckoo-flowers in ,king ,lear1#fi in company with troublesome weeds4 ,cordelia remarks3 ,crown'd with rank fumiter and furrow-weeds1 ,with burdocks1 hemlocks1 nettles1 cuckoo-flowers1 ,darnel1 and all the idle weeds that grow ,on our sustaining corn4 #fi ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iv4 ,shakespeare's cuckoo-flower is identified as the ,ragged ,robin1 so called from its finely cut blue petals which have a ragged appearance4 ,it is also known as the meadow campion1 or ,meadow ,pink4 ,parkinson says3 ,feathered ,campions are called ,armoraria pratensis and ,flos cuculi4 ,some call them in ,english ,crow-flowers and ,cuckowe ,flowers1 and some call the double hereof ,the ,fair ,maid of ,france4 ,from the above we see why it is that the ,ragged ,robin has been identified by some authorities as ,ophelia's crow-flower2 for even ,parkinson seems to consider the crow-flower and cuckoo-flower as identical4 ,some of the old herbalists give the name cuckoo-flower to the lady-smock1 which is called cuckoo-buds4 ,the cuckoo's name is given to many flowers3 we have the cuckoo-flower1 cuckoo-buds1 cuckoo's-bread 7wood-sorrel71 cuckoo's-meat1 cuckoo-pint 7,arum maculatum71 cuckoo-grass2 cuckoo-hood 7blue corn-flower71 etc4 ,the cuckoo-flower 7,ragged ,robin7 is dedicated to ,st4 ,barnabas4 ,x ,pomegranate and ,myrtle ,,the ,,pomegranate 7,punica7 is a regal flower4 ,its burning beauty appeals to every one who loves color1 for the scarlet of the pomegranate has a depth and a quality that is all its own4 ,the crinkled silken petals1 rising from a thick1 red calix and set off by bright green leaves of wondrous glossy luster and prickly thorns1 delight those who love beauty4 ,moreover1 there is something luscious and strange about the pomegranate that makes us think of ,oriental queens and the splendors of ,babylon and ,persia1 ancient ,egypt and ,carthage4 ,it is a flower that ,dido might have worn in her hair1 or ,semiramis in garlands around her neck6 ,shakespeare knew perfectly well what he was doing when he placed a pomegranate beneath ,juliet's window1 amid whose leaves and flowers the nightingale sang so beautifully4 ,the pomegranate was exactly the flower to typify the glowing passion of the youthful lovers4 ,there are two kinds of pomegranate trees1 writes ,parkinson1 the one tame or manured1 bearing fruit2 the other wild1 which beareth no fruit1 because it beareth double flowers1 like as the ,cherry1 ,apple and ,peach-tree with double blossoms4 ,the wild ,pomegranate 7,balustium maius sive ,malus ,punica7 is like unto the tame in the number of purplish branches1 having thorns and shining fair green leaves1 somewhat larger than the former4 ,from the branches likewise shoot forth flowers far more beautiful than those of the tame1 or manured1 sort1 because they are double1 and as large as a double ,province ,rose1 or rather more double1 of an excellent bright crimson color1 tending to a silken carnation1 standing in brownish cups or husks1 divided at the brims usually into four1 or five1 several points like unto the former1 but that in this kind there never followeth any fruit1 no not in the country where it is naturally wild4 ,the wild1 ,i think1 was never seen in ,england before ,john ,tradescant1 my very loving good friend1 brought it from the parts beyond the seas and planted it in his ,lord's ,garden at ,canterbury4 ,the rind of the ,pomegranate is used to make the best sort of writing ,ink1 which is durable to the world's end4 ,the pomegranate was from the dawn of history a favorite with ,eastern peoples4 ,it is represented in ancient ,assyrian and ,egyptian sculpture and had a religious significance in connection with several ,oriental cults4 ,the tree was abundant in ancient ,egypt and the fruit was such a favorite of the ,israelites that one complaint against the desert into which ,moses led them was the charge that it was no place of pomegranates1 and ,moses had to soothe the malcontents by promising that the pomegranate would be among the delights of ,canaan1 a land of wheat and barley1 vines and fig-trees and pomegranates1 a land of olive oil and honey4 ,the pomegranate was one of the commonest fruits of ,canaan1 and several places were named after it--,rimmon4 ,the ,jews employed the pomegranate in their religious ceremonies4 ,on the hem of ,aaron's sacred robe pomegranates were embroidered in blue and purple and scarlet alternating with golden bells1--an adornment that was copied from the ancient kings of ,persia4 ,the pomegranate was also carved on the capitals of the pillars of the ,temple of ,jerusalem4 ,solomon said to his bride1 ,i will cause thee to drink of spiced wine of the juice of my pomegranates4 ,there is a tradition that the pomegranate was the fruit of the ,tree of ,life and that it was the pomegranate that ,eve gave to ,adam4 ,the ,romans called it the ,carthaginian apple4 ,the pomegranate abounded in ,carthage and derives its botanical name1 ,punica1 from this place4 ,pliny says that the pomegranate came to ,rome from ,carthage2 but its original home was probably ,persia or ,babylon4 ,it was early introduced into ,southern ,europe and was taken to ,spain from ,africa4 ,granada took its name from the fruits and the ,arms of the province display a split pomegranate4 ,around ,genoa and ,nice there are whole hedges of it--rising to the height sometimes of twenty feet4 ,it was introduced into ,england in ,henry ,,viii's time1 carried there among others by ,katharine of ,aragon1 who used it for her device4 ,gerard grew pomegranates in his garden4 ,many legends are connected with the pomegranate1 not the least being that of ,proserpine4 ,when the distracted ,ceres found her daughter had been carried off by ,pluto1 she begged ,jupiter to restore her4 ,jupiter replied that he would do so if she had eaten nothing in the realms of the ,underworld4 ,unfortunately1 ,pluto had given her a pomegranate and ,proserpine had eaten some of the seeds4 ,she could not return4 ,the sorrow of ,ceres was so great that a compromise was made and the beautiful maiden thereafter spent six months in the ,underworld with her husband and six months with her mother above ground--a beautiful story of the life of the seed6 ,in nearly all the legends of the ,east in which the word apple is mentioned it is the pomegranate that is intended4 ,it is said to have been the fruit presented by ,paris to ,venus1 and it is always associated with love and marriage4 ,in ,christian art the pomegranate is depicted as bursting open and showing the seeds4 ,this is interpreted as both a promise and an emblem of hope in immortality4 ,st4 ,catharine1 the mystical bride of ,christ1 is sometimes represented with a pomegranate in her hand4 ,the infant ,savior is also often represented as holding the fruit and offering it to the ,virgin3 ,botticelli's ,madonna of the ,melagrana is a famous example4 ,there is also a legend that because the pomegranate was planted on the grave of ,king ,eteocles1 the fruit has exuded blood ever since4 ,the number of seeds has caused it to become the symbol of fecundity1 generation1 and wealth4 ,,myrtle 7,myrtus latifolia7 was looked upon in ,shakespeare's time as a delicate and refined rarity1 emblem of charming beauty and denoting peacefulness1 plenty1 repose1 and love4 ,shakespeare makes ,venus and ,adonis meet under a myrtle shade2 he speaks of the soft myrtle in ,measure for ,measure2 and he alludes to the moon-dew on the myrtle leaf1 which is as delicate a suggestion of the evening perfume as the morning roses newly washed with dew is of the scents at dawn4 ,we nourish ,myrtles with great care1 says ,parkinson1 for the beautiful aspect1 sweet scent and rarity1 as delights and ornaments for a garden of pleasure1 wherein nothing should be wanting that art1 care and cost might produce and preserve4 ,the broad-leafed ,myrtle riseth up to the height of four or five foot at the most with us1 full of branches and leaves1 growing like a small bush1 the stem and elder branches whereof are covered with a dark colored bark1 but the young with a green and some with a red1 especially upon the first shooting forth1 whereon are set many fresh green leaves very sweet in smell and very pleasant to behold1 so near resembling the leaves of the ,pomegranate tree that groweth with us that they soon deceive many that are not expert therein1 being somewhat broad and long and pointed at the ends1 abiding always green4 ,at the joints of the branches1 where the leaves stand1 come forth the flowers upon small footstalks1 every one by itself1 consisting of five small white leaves1 with white threads in the middle1 smelling also very sweet4 ,according to the ,greeks1 ,myrtle was a priestess of ,venus and an especial favorite of the goddess1 who1 wishing to preserve her from a too ardent suitor1 turned her into this plant1 which continues odorous and green throughout the year4 ,having the virtue of creating and preserving love and being consecrated to ,venus1 the myrtle was symbolic of love4 ,consequently it was used for the wreaths of brides1 as the orange-blossom is to-day4 ,venus wore a wreath of myrtle when ,paris awarded her the ,golden ,apple for beauty1--perhaps in memory of the day when she sprang from the foam of the sea and1 wafted ashore by ,zephyrus1 was crowned with myrtle by the ,morning ,hours6 ,myrtle was always planted around the temples dedicated to ,venus4 ,rapin writes3 ,when once1 as ,fame reports1 the ,queen of ,love ,in ,ida's valley raised a ,myrtle grove1 ,young wanton ,cupids danced a summer's night ,round the sweet place by ,cynthia's silver light4 ,venus this charming green alone prefers1 ,and this of all the verdant kind is hers3 ,hence the bride's brow with ,myrtle wreath is graced1 ,hence in ,elysian ,fields are myrtles said ,to favor lovers with their friendly shade1 ,there ,phdra1 ,procris 7ancient poets feign7 ,and ,eriphyle still of love complain ,whose unextinguished flames e'en after death remain4 ,the ,romans always displayed myrtle lavishly at weddings1 feasts1 and on all days celebrating victories4 ,with the ,hebrews the myrtle was the symbol of peace2 and among many ,oriental races there is a tradition that ,adam brought a slip of myrtle from the ,garden of ,eden because he considered it the choicest of fragrant flowers4 ,the myrtle was early loved in ,england4 ,in one of the old ,roxburgh ,ballads of the ,fifteenth ,century a lover presses his suit by promising3 ,and ,i will make the beds of ,roses1 ,and a thousand fragrant posies2 ,a cap of flowers and a kirtle ,embroidered with leaves of myrtle4 ,in those days and long afterward there was a saying that if you want to be sure of your myrtle taking root1 then you must spread out your dress grandly and look proud when you are planting your slip4 ,we can imagine one of the ,fifteenth ,century ladies spreading her voluminous and flowing robes with majestic grace and holding her head adorned with the tall pointed cap1 or hennin1 with veil fluttering from its peak as she planted the little flower in her tiny walled ,garden of ,delight6 ,there is a saying1 too1 that one must never pass a sweet myrtle bush without picking a spray4 ,the flowering myrtle is considered the luckiest of all plants to have in the window1 but it must be watered every day4 ,autumn ,,herbs ,,of ,,grace ,,and ,,drams ,,of ,,poison ,i ,rosemary and ,rue ,,rosemary 7,rosmarinus officinalis74 ,rosemary delights in sea-spray1 whence its name4 ,the cheerful ,rosemary1 as ,spenser calls it1 was in high favor in ,shakespeare's day4 ,the plant was not only allowed a corner in the kitchen-garden2 but it was trained over arbors and allowed to run over the mounds and banks pretty much at its own sweet will4 ,as for ,rosemarie1 said ,sir ,thomas ,more1 ,i let it run all over my garden walls1 not only because my bees love it1 but because it is the herb sacred to remembrance1 and1 therefore1 to friendship2 whence a spray of it hath a dumb language that maketh it the chosen emblem at our funeral-wakes and in our burial-grounds4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,curious-,,knotted ,,garden1 ,,vredeman ,,de ,,vries ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,with ,,arbors1 ,,vredeman ,,de ,,vries ,ophelia handed a sprig of rosemary to her brother with the words3 ,there's rosemary2 ,that's for remembrance2 pray you1 love1 remember4 ,probably she knew the old song in the ,handful of ,pleasant ,delights#gj where occurs the verse3 ,rosemary is for remembrance ,between us day and night1 ,wishing that ,i might always have ,you present in my sight4 #gj ,see p4 #abg4 ,rosemary was used profusely at weddings among the decorations and the strewings on the floor4 ,a sprig of it was always placed in the wine to insure the bride's happiness4 ,the herb was also conspicuous at funerals1 naturally enough as the herb was emblematic of remembrance4 ,the ,friar in ,romeo and ,juliet exclaims3 ,dry up your tears and stick your rosemary ,on this fair corse4#ga #ga ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,v4 ,sometimes the plant was associated with rue as when in ,the ,winter's ,tale#gb ,perdita says1 ,give me those flowers1 ,dorcas3--reverend sirs1 ,for you there's rosemary and rue2 these keep ,seeming and savour the whole winter through4 #gb ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,most important was rosemary at ,christmas-tide4 ,it had a place among the holly1 bay1 ivy1 and mistletoe to which it added its peculiar and delicious perfume4 ,moreover1 it was said that rosemary brought happiness to those who used it among the ,christmas decorations4 ,rosemary also garlanded that most important dish of ceremony--the boar's head1 which the butler 7or sewer7 bore into the hall of great houses and famous institutions1 like the colleges of ,oxford and ,cambridge and the ,city ,companies1 on a silver dish1 preceded by a flourish of trumpets4 ,the carol he sung began3 ,the boar's head in hand bring ,i1 ,with garland gay and rosemary4 ,lyte said3 ,rosemary comforteth the brain and restoreth speech1 especially the conserve made of the flowers thereof with sugar4 ,worn on the person it was thought to strengthen the memory and to make the wearer successful in everything4 ,the famous ,hungary-water1 so favorite a perfume in the days of ,elizabeth and after1 was distilled from rosemary4 ,the leaves were used as a flavor in cooking 7just as the ,italians use it to-day74 ,placed in chests and wardrobes1 rosemary preserved clothing from insidious moth4 ,according to astrologers1 rosemary was an herb of the sun4 ,the common ,rosemary 7,libanotis ,coronaria sive ,rosmarinum vulgare7 is so well known1 says ,parkinson1 through all our land1 being in every woman's garden1 that it were sufficient to name it as an ornament among other sweet herbs and flowers in our gardens1 seeing every one can describe it2 but that ,i may say something of it1 it is well observed1 as well in this our ,land 7where it hath been planted in ,noblemen's and great men's gardens against brick walls7 as beyond the ,seas in the natural places where it groweth1 that it riseth up unto a very great height1 with a great and woody stem of that compass that1 being cloven out into thin boards1 it hath served to make lutes1 or such-like instruments1 and here with carpenter's rules and to divers other purposes1 branching out into divers and sundry arms that extend a great way and from them again into many other smaller branches whereon are set at several distances at the joints1 many very narrow long leaves1 green above and whitish underneath1 among which come forth toward the tops of the stalks1 divers sweet gaping flowers1 of a pale or bleak bluish color1 many set together1 standing in whitish husks4 ,the whole plant as well1 leaves as flowers1 smelleth exceeding sweet4 ,rosemary is called by the ancient writers ,libanotis1 but with this difference1 ,stephanomatica1 that is ,coronararia1 because there were other plants called ,libanotis1 that were for other uses1 as this for garlands1 where flowers and sweet herbs were put together4 ,the ,latins called it ,rosmarinum4 ,some would make it to be ,cueorum nigrum of ,theophrastus1 as they would make ,lavender to be his ,cueorum album1 but ,matthiolus hath sufficiently confuted that error4 ,rosemary is almost of as great use as ,bays or any other herb1 both for inward and outward remedies and as well for civil as physical purposes4 ,inwardly for the head and heart2 outwardly for the sinews and joints4 ,for civil uses1 as all do know1 at weddings1 funerals1 etc41 to bestow among friends2 and the physical are so many that you might be as well tired in the reading as ,i in the writing1 if ,i should set down all that might be said of it4 ,,rue 7,ruta graveolus74 ,rue was a much valued plant in ,shakespeare's time4 ,there were many superstitions about it which seem to have been survivals from ancient days1 for rue is supposed to have been the moly which ,homer says ,mercury gave to ,ulysses to withstand the enchantments of ,circe4 ,miraculous powers were attributed to rue3 it was said to quicken the sight1 to stir up the spirits1 to sharpen the wit1 to cure madness1 and to cause the dumb to speak4 ,it was also an excellent antidote against poison and the very smell of it insured preservation against the plague4 ,rue was1 therefore1 very popular and was much used as a disinfectant4 ,parkinson tells us3 ,garden ,rue 7,ruta71 or ,herbe ,grace1 groweth up with hard whitish woody stalks whereon are set divers branches of leaves being divided into many small ones1 which are somewhat thick and round pointed1 of a bluish-green color4 ,the flowers stand at the tops of the stalks1 consisting of four small yellow leaves1 with a green button in the middle1 and divers small yellow threads about it1 which growing ripe1 contain within them small black seeds4 ,the many good properties whereunto ,rue serveth hath1 ,i think1 in former times caused the ,english name of ,herbe ,grace to be given unto it4 ,for without doubt it is a most wholesome herb1 although bitter and strong4 ,some do wrap up a bead roll of the virtues of ,rue1 as ,macer the poet and others1 in whom you shall find them set down to be good for the head1 eyes1 breast1 liver1 heart1 spleen1 etc4 ,gerard quaintly said3 ,it is reported that if a man be anointed with the juice of rue1 the bitings of serpents1 scorpions1 wasps1 etc41 will not hurt him4 ,when the weasel is to fight with the serpent1 she armeth herself by eating rue against the might of the serpent4 ,another quaint idea was that rue throve best if a clipping from the plant was stolen from a neighbor's garden4 ,like rosemary1 rue was considered by the astrologers as an herb of the sun and was placed under the sign of ,leo4 ,rue was also called the herb of grace and the serving man's joy4 ,shakespeare frequently refers to the herb o' grace3 once in connection with salad in ,all 's ,well ,that ,ends ,well4#gc #gc ,see p4 #bcg4 ,ophelia has rue among her flowers when she distributes appropriate blossoms to the courtiers4 ,she says3 ,there's rue for you2 and some for me2 ,we may call it herb of grace o' ,sundays4 ,oh1 you must wear your rue with a difference4 ,again we find rue in the ,duke of ,york's garden in ,king ,richard ,,ii4 ,after the sad queen and her ladies have departed1 bewailing the news of the king's deposition1 the gardener1 looking after them1 exclaims3 ,poor queen6 ,so that thy state might be no worse1 ,i would my skill were subject to thy curse4-- ,here did she fall a tear2 here1 in this place1 ,i'll set a bank of rue1 sour herb of grace3 ,rue1 even for ruth1 here shortly shall be seen1 ,in the remembrance of a weeping queen4#gd #gd ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,,iv4 ,,ii ,lavender1 ,mints1 and ,fennel ,,lavender 7,lavendula ,spica74 ,hot lavender1 ,perdita calls it4 ,why is this8 ,turning to ,gerard for an explanation1 we find he says3 ,lavender is hot and dry in the third degree and of a substance consisting of many airy and spiritual parts4 ,gerard had lavender in his garden and so did ,parkinson1 who says3 ,it is called of some ,nardus ,italica and ,lavendula1 the greater is called ,fmina and the lesser ,mas4 ,we do call them generally ,lavender1 or ,lavender ,spike1 and the ,lesser ,spike4 ,lavender is little used in physic but outwardly3 the oil for cold and benumbed parts and is almost wholly spent with us for to perfume linen1 apparrell1 gloves1 leather1 etc41 and the dried flowers to comfort and dry up the moisture of a cold brain4 ,our ordinary ,garden ,lavender riseth up with a hard woody stem about the ground parted into many small branches whereon are set whitish long and narrow leaves by couples2 from among which riseth up naked square stalks with two leaves at a joint and at the top divers small husks standing round about them formed in long or round heads or spikes with purple gaping flowers springing out of each of them4 ,the heads of the flowers are used to be put among linen and apparrell4 ,because of its scent1 lavender was often included in the nosegay4 ,lavender was much loved by sweethearts4 ,in the ,handful of ,pleasant ,delights 7#aehd7 it is described thus3 ,lavender is for lovers true1 ,whichever more be saine1 ,desiring always for to have ,some pleasure for their pain4 ,and when that they obtaind have ,the ,love that they require1 ,then have they all their perfect joy ,and quenched is the fire4 ,lavender belongs to the crowfoot family1 and therefore is related to the columbine1 buttercup1 and monk's-hood 7aconite74 ,the ancients used it in their baths1 whence the name from the ,latin lavare1 to wash4 ,the ,elizabethans loved1 as we do to-day1 to place bags of dried lavender among the household linen4 ,,mints 7,mentha74 ,mints occur in ,perdita's list with hot lavender1 thyme and savory4 ,although many kinds of mint were cultivated in gardens1 ,parkinson mentions only three3 ,the ,red ,mint1 or ,brown ,mint1 with dark green nicked leaves1 reddish flowers and of a reasonable good scent2 ,speare ,mint1 greener and paler leaves1 with flowers growing in long ears1 or spikes1 of a pale red1 or blush1 color2 and ,parti-colored1 or ,white ,mint1 with leaves more nicked1 half white and half green1 and flowers in long heads1 close set together of a bluish color4 ,mints are oftentimes used in baths with ,balm and other herbs as a help to comfort and strengthen the nerves and sinews1 either outwardly applied or inwardly drunk4 ,applied with salt1 it is a good help for the biting of a mad dog4 ,it is used to be boiled with mackerel and other fish4 ,being dried1 it is often and much used with pennyroyal to put into puddings1 as also among pease that are boiled for pottage4 ,in ,elizabethan days it was the custom to strew churches with mint4 ,in an ,elizabethan play1 ,appius and ,virginia1 these lines occur3 ,thou knave1 but for thee ere this time of day ,my lady's fair pew had been strewed full gay ,with primroses1 cowslips and violets sweet1 ,with mints1 with marigold and marjoram meek4 ,pliny said the smell of mint doth stir up the mind and taste to a greedy desire of meat4 ,this carries mint-sauce back into antiquity6 ,medieval writers believed that the smell of mint refreshed the head and memory2 and in ,medieval days the herb was dedicated to the ,virgin and called ,herba ,sanct ,mari and ,menthe de ,notre ,dame4 ,the ancients dedicate it to ,venus2 hence it was used as a garland for brides--corona ,veneris4 ,the old myth had it that ,menthe was a nymph beloved of ,pluto and transformed into an herb by ,proserpina who had now become sufficiently interested in the husband who had carried her off against her will to be jealous4 ,,fennel 7,fniculum vulgare74 ,falstaff speaks of fennel as a relish for conger in ,king ,henry ,,iv2#ge and ,ophelia presents fennel to the ,king to clear his sight just as she gave rosemary to ,laertes to refresh his memory1#gf for according to a belief held by ,pliny3 ,fennel hath a wonderful property to mundify our sight and take away the film1 or web1 that overcasteth and dimmeth our eyes4 #ge ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,iv4 #gf ,there's fennel for you and columbines 7,hamlet2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,v74 ,there are three sorts of ,fennel1 says ,parkinson1 whereof two are sweet4 ,the one of them is the ordinary sweet fennel whose seeds are larger and yellower than the common4 ,the other sweet ,fennel is not much known and called ,cardus ,fennel by those that sent it out of ,italy4 ,fennel is of great use to trim up and strew upon fish1 as also to boil1 or put among fish of divers sorts1 ,cowcumbers pickled and other fruits1 etc4 ,the roots are used with parsley roots to be boiled in broths and drinks4 ,the seed is much used to be put into pippin pies and divers other such baked fruits1 as also into bread to give it the better relish4 ,the ,sweet ,cardus ,fennel being sent by ,sir ,henry ,wotton to ,john ,tradescant had likewise a large direction with it how to dress it1 for they used to white it after it hath been transplanted for their uses1 which by reason of the sweetness by nature and the tenderness of art causeth it to be most delightful to the taste1 especially with them that are accustomed to feed on green herbs4 ,another ancient belief preserved by ,pliny was that serpents eat fennel because it restored their youth by causing them to cast their old skins and they recovered their sight by eating the plant4 ,the flowers of the fennel are yellow4 ,the ,greek name for fennel is marathon4 ,the ,battle of ,marathon took its name from the plant4 ,the story goes that a youth named ,pheidippides ran to ,sparta to seek aid for ,athens when the ,persian fleet appeared1 and he was told that the ,spartans could not come until after the full moon4 ,very disheartened1 he was returning to ,athens when ,pan appeared to him and promised victory1 giving the youth a piece of fennel as a token of his prophecy4 ,the battle took place on a field full of fennel and was known henceforth as the ,battle of ,marathon 7#dij ,b4 ,c474 ,statues of the youth always represented him as holding a sprig of fennel4 ,browning has told the story in his ,pheidippides4 ,,iii ,sweet ,marjoram1 ,thyme1 and ,savory ,,marjoram 7,origanum vulgare7 was a favorite plant in ,tudor and ,stuart times4 ,an old writer informs us that ,sweet ,marjoram is not only much used to please the outward sense in nosegays and in the windows of houses1 as also in sweet powders1 sweet bays and sweet washing waters1 but is also of much use in physic4 ,perdita classes it with hot lavender and savory4#gg ,shakespeare1 appreciating its delicate and delightful scent1 brings this out most beautifully in his ,sonnet ,,xcix3 ,the forward violet thus did ,i chide3-- ,sweet thief1 whence didst thou steal thy sweet that smells ,if not from my love's breath8 ,the purple pride ,which on thy soft cheek for complexion dwells1 ,in my love's veins thou hast too grossly dyed4 ,the lily ,i condemnd for thy hand1 ,and buds of marjoram had stolen thy hair4 #gg ,the ,winter's ,tale2 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,this comparison is even more lovely than ,milton's description of ,sabrina with her loose braid of amber-dropping hair4 ,in ,shakespeare's time several species were grown3 the common1 the winter1 and the sweet4 ,they were all favorite pot-herbs and were used in salads1 if we may believe the ,clown in ,all's ,well ,that ,ends ,well3 ,,lafen4 ',twas a good lady1 'twas a good lady2 we may pick a thousand sallets ere we light on such another herb4 ,,clown4 ,indeed1 sir1 she was the ,sweet ,marjoram of the sallet1 or1 rather1 the ,herb of ,grace4 ,,lafen4 ,they are not sallet-herbs1 you knave1 they are nose-herbs4 ,,clown4 ,i am no great ,nebuchadnezzar2 sir1 ,i have not much skill in grass4#gh #gh ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,v4 ,parkinson writes3 ,the common ,sweet ,marjoram 7,marierome7 is a low herb1 little above a foot high1 full of branches and small whitish1 soft1 roundish leaves1 smelling very sweet4 ,at the tops of the branches stand divers small1 scaly heads1 like unto knots1 of a whitish green color1 out of which come1 here and there1 small1 white flowers1 and afterward small reddish seed4 ,called ,mariorama in ,latin1 it is taken of most writers to be the ,amaracus1 or ,sampsuchum1 of ,dioscorides1 ,theophrastus and ,pliny4 ,according to the ,greek myth a young man named ,amarakos was employed in the household of the ,king of ,cyprus4 ,one day when he was carrying a vase of perfumes he dropped it1 and he was so much humiliated by his carelessness that he fell and lost consciousness4 ,the gods then changed him into the sweet herb amarakos1 or amaracus1 which is the ,greek name for this plant4 ,rapin thought it owed its existence to ,venus3 ,and tho' ,sweet ,marjoram will your garden paint ,with no gay colors1 yet preserve the plant1 ,whose fragrance will invite your kind regard ,when her known virtues have her worth declared3 ,on ,simois' shore fair ,venus raised the plant1 ,which from the ,goddess' touch derived her scent4 ,,thyme 7,thymus ,serpyllum74 ,thyme has always been appreciated by those who delight in aromatic perfume4 ,it was one of those plants that ,lord ,bacon said were so delicious when trodden upon and crushed4 ,thyme was the symbol for sweetness in ,elizabethan days4 ,and sweet thyme true was a favorite expression4 ,sweet thyme true occurs in connection with roses1 maiden pinks1 and daisies in the song in ,the ,two ,noble ,kinsmen4#gi #gi ,act ,i1 ,scene ,i4 ,fairies were thought to be particularly fond of thyme1 and that is one reason why ,shakespeare covered the bank where ,titania was wont to sleep with wild thyme4 ,the other reason was that he chose the sweetest flowers for perfume for the canopy and couch of the ,fairy ,queen3 musk-roses1 eglantine1 honeysuckle1 violets1 and wild thyme mingling the most delicious of scents4 ,the word comes from the ,greek and ,latin thymum4 ,thyme covered ,mount ,hymettus and gave to the honey produced there a particularly delicious aromatic flavor4 ,the honey of ,mount ,hymettus became a proverb4 ,hybla in ,sicily was no less famed for its thyme1 and1 consequently1 its honey4 ,thyme is especially a bee-plant2 and those who would see their gardens full of bees would do well to plant thyme with lavish hand4 ,ladies used to embroider a bee hovering over a sprig of thyme on the scarves they gave to their lovers--a symbol of action and honor4 ,thyme1 too1 was supposed to renew the spirits of man and beast and it was deemed a powerful antidote against melancholy4 ,turning to our old friend1 ,parkinson1 we find that ,the ordinary garden ,thyme 7,thymus vulgatius sive durius7 is a small1 low1 woody plant with brittle branches and small1 hard1 green leaves1 as every one knoweth1 having small white purplish flowers standing round about the tops of the stalks4 ,the seed is small and brown1 darker than ,marjoram4 ,the root is woody and abideth well divers ,winters4 ,illustration3 ,,shakespeare ,,garden1 ,,van ,,cortlandt ,,house1 ,,van ,,cortlandt ,,park1 ,,colonial ,,dames ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,new ,,york ,illustration3 ,,shakespeare ,,garden1 ,,van ,,cortlandt ,,house1 ,,van ,,cortlandt ,,park1 ,,colonial ,,dames ,,of ,,the ,,state ,,of ,,new ,,york ,to set down all the particular uses whereunto ,thyme is applied were to weary both the writer and the reader4 ,i will but only note out a few1 for besides the physical uses to many purposes for the head1 stomach1 spleen1 etc41 there is no herb almost of more use in the houses both of high and low1 rich and poor1 both for inward and outward occasions1--outwardly for bathings among other hot herbs and among other sweet herbs for strewings4 ,inwardly in most sorts of broths1 with ,rosemary1 as also with other faseting 7or rather farsing7 herbs1#hj and to make sauce for divers sorts1 both fish and flesh1 as to stuff the belly of a goose to be roasted and after put into the sauce and the powder with bread to strew on meat when it is roasted1 and so likewise on roasted or fried fish4 ,it is held by divers to be a speedy remedy against the sting of a bee1 being bruised and laid thereon4 #hj ,farsi1 stuffing4 ,the wild ,thyme 7,serpyllum hortense sive maius71 growth upright1 but yet is low1 with divers slender branches and small round green leaves1 somewhat like unto small fine ,marjoram1 and smelling somewhat like unto it4 ,the flowers grow in roundels at the tops of the branches of a purplish color4 ,and in another of this kind they are of a pure white color4 ,there is another also that smelleth somewhat like unto ,musk1 and therefore called ,musk ,thyme1 whose green leaves are not so small as the former1 but larger and longer4 ,,savory 7,satureia74 ,this herb is mentioned by ,perdita4 ,it was a great favorite in the old herb-garden and was probably introduced into ,england by the ,romans4 ,it is mentioned in ,anglo-,saxon recipes as savorie4 ,both the winter and summer savory were used as seasoning for dressing and sauces4 ,the ,winter ,savory is used as a condiment and sauce to meat1 to put into puddings1 sausages and such-like kinds of meat4 ,so says an old writer1 who continues3 ,some do use the powder of the herb dried to mix with grated bread to bread their meat1 be it fish or flesh1 to give it the quicker relish4 ,parkinson writes3 ,the ,winter ,savory 7,satureia sive ,thymbra7 is a small1 low1 bushy herb1 very like unto hyssop1 but not above a foot high1 with divers small1 hard branches and hard1 dark1 green leaves thereon1 thicker set together than the former by so much1 and as thick as common ,hyssop1 sometimes with four leaves1 or more1 at a joint1 of a reasonable strong scent1 yet not so strong or quick as the former4 ,the flowers are of a pale purplish color1 set at several distances at the tops of the stalks with leaves at the joints also with them1 like the former4 ,the root is woody with divers small strings thereat1 and abideth all the winter with his green leaves4 ,it is more usually increased by slipping1 or dividing1 the root and new setting it1 severally again in the ,spring1 than by sowing the seed4 ,,iv ,sweet ,balm and ,camomile ,,sweet ,,balm 7,melissa officinalis74 ,sweet ,anne ,page commanded the elves to bestow good luck throughout ,windsor ,castle3#ha ,the several chairs of order look you scour ,with juice of balm and every precious flower4 #ha ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor2 ,act ,v1 ,scene ,v4 ,the ,greek and ,latin names1 melissa1 melissophyllum1 and apiastrum1 show that this was a bee-plant1 which was still the case in ,shakespeare's time4 ,it is an herb1 says ,parkinson1 wherein bees do much delight2 and he also tells us that if balm is rubbed on the inside of the hive it draweth others to resort thither4 ,he goes on to describe it as follows3 ,the ,garden ,balm hath divers square blackish green stalks and round1 hard1 dark1 green pointed leaves growing thereon by couples1 a little notched about the edges2 of a pleasant sweet scent drawing near to the scent of a ,lemon or ,citron2 and therefore of some called ,citrago4 ,the flowers grow about the tops of the stalks at certain distances1 being small and gaping1 of a pale carnation color1 almost ,white4 ,the roots fasten themselves strongly on the ground and endure many years4 ,it is increased by dividing the roots2 for the leaves die down to the ground every year1 leaving no show of leaf or stalk in the ,winter4 ,balm is often used among other hot and sweet herbs to make baths and washings for men's bodies in the ,summer time4 ,the herb without all question is an excellent help to comfort the heart1 as the very smell may induce any so to believe4 ,it is also good to heal green wounds being made into salve4 ,i verily think that our forefathers hearing of the healing and comfortable properties of the true natural ,balm and finding this herb to be so effectual gave it the name of ,balm in imitation of his properties and virtues4 ,arabian physicians recommended balm for affections of the heart and hypochondria4 ,,camomile 7,anthemis nobilis74 ,falstaff points a moral in the lowly camomile3 ,though the ,camomile the more it is trodden on the faster it grows1 yet youth the more it is wasted the sooner it wears4#hb ,a similar idea occurs in ,lyly's ,euphues 7#aehh73 ,though the ,camomile the more it is trodden and pressed down the more it spreadeth1 yet the violet the oftener it is handled and touched1 the sooner it withereth and decayeth4 #hb ,king ,henry ,,iv2 ,part ,i1 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,iv4 ,emblem of patience1 the camomile was often used to point a moral and to teach patience4 ,in ,the ,more the ,merrier 7#afjh71 a character observes3 ,the ,camomile shall teach thee patience1 ,which riseth best when trodden most upon4 ,because its scent was brought out when trodden upon1 camomile was planted in and along walks and on the edges of flower-beds4 ,its low growth and delicious perfume made it a very attractive border plant4 ,in ,lawson's ,new ,orchard 7about #afaf7 there are instructions for ,large walks1 broad and long1 close and open like the ,tempe groves in ,thessaly1 raised with gravel and sand1 having seats and banks of ,camomile3 all this delights the mind and brings health to the body4 ,in ,shakespeare's day camomile grew in the wild field by ,richmond ,green4 ,our ordinary ,camomill says ,parkinson is well known to all to have many small trailing branches set with very fine small leaves and spreading thick over the ground taking root as it spreadeth2 the tops of the branches have white flowers with yellow thrums in the middle1 very like unto the ,featherfew1 but somewhat greater not so hard but more soft and gentle in handling and the whole herb is to be of a very sweet scent4 ,camomill is called ,anthemis ,leucanthemis and ,leucanthemum of the whiteness of the flowers2 and ,chammlum of the corrupted ,italian name ,camomilla4 ,some call the naked ,camomill ,chrysanthemum odoratum4 ,the double ,camomill is called by some ,chammlum ,romanum flore multiplici4 ,camomill is put to divers and sundry uses both for pleasure and profit2 both for inward and outward diseases1 both for the sick and the sound1 in bathings to comfort and strengthen the sound and to ease pains in the diseased4 ,the flowers boiled in posset drink provoketh sweat and helpeth to expel colds1 aches and other griefs4 ,a syrup made of the juice of the double ,camomill with the flowers and white wine is used by some against jaundice and dropsy4 ,v ,dian's ,bud and ,monk's-hood ,blue ,,dian',s ,,bud 7,artemesia74 ,this plant is nothing more nor less than absinthe1 or wormwood4 ,it is mentioned under its poetic name by ,shakespeare in ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream when ,oberon bids ,puck find him the little purple flower called ,love in ,idleness1 the juice of which placed on sleeping eyelids would make man1 or woman1 madly dote on the first object beheld on awakening1 and with which he intended to anoint the eyelids of the sleeping ,titania4 ,he also told the mischievous sprite that the charm could be removed with another herb--,dian's bud1 the flower sacred to the goddess ,diana4 ,later in the play1 touching the eyes of the spellbound fairy with this second herb1 ,oberon pronounces the following incantation3 ,be as thou was wont to be1 ,see as thou was wont to see2 ,dian's bud on ,cupid's flower ,hath such force and blessed power4 ,from the earliest times absinthe was associated with sorcery and was used for incantations4 ,pliny says the traveler who carried it about him would never grow weary and that it would drive away any lurking devils and counteract the evil eye4 ,ovid calls it absinthium and speaks of its bitterness4 ,the ,greeks also called it artemesia after the goddess ,artemis1 or ,diana1 and made it a moon-plant4 ,very poetically1 therefore1 ,shakespeare alludes to it as ,dian's ,bud1--and most appropriately does it appear in the moon-lit forest4 ,gerard1 however1 quaintly says that is was named for ,queen ,artemesia1 wife of ,mausolus1 ,king of ,caria1 who built the ,mausoleum1 which was one of the ,seven ,wonders of the ,world4 ,the ancients liked its flavor in their wine as many people still like vermouth1 one of its infusions4 ,in ,shakespeare's time people hung up sprays of wormwood to drive away moths and fleas2 and there was a homely verse3 ,whose chamber is swept and wormwood is thrown ,no flea for his life dare abide to be known4 ,wormwood was also kept in drawers and closets4 ,to dream of the plant was of good augury3 happiness and domestic enjoyment were supposed to result4 ,mugwort is another old name for the plant4 ,,monk',s-,,hood 7,aconitum ,napellus74 ,this plant has three names3 monk's-hood1 wolf's-bane1 and aconite4 ,aconite is the dram of poison that ,romeo calls for1#hc and ,shakespeare alludes to aconitum in ,king ,henry ,,iv1 where the king1 addressing ,thomas of ,clarence1 compares its strength and that of gunpowder4 ,though it do work as strong as aconitum or rash gunpowder4#hd ,aconite was supposed in ,elizabethan days to be an antidote against the most deadly poison4 ,ben ,jonson in ,sejanus makes one of his characters remark3 ,i have heard that aconite ,being timely taken hath a healing might ,against the scorpion's sting4#he ,lord ,bacon in ,sylva calls ,napellus the most powerful poison of all vegetables4 #hc ,romeo and ,juliet2 ,act ,v1 ,scene ,i4 #hd ,part ,,ii1 ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,,iv4 #he ,act ,,iii1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,yet despite its poisonous qualities1 an ,english garden lover writes1 the plant has always held1 and deservedly1 a place among the ornamental plants of our gardens2 its stately habit and its handsome leaves and flowers make it a favorite4 ,the ancients1 who were unacquainted with mineral poisons1 regarded aconite as the most deadly of all poisons and believed that ,hecate had caused the plant to spring from the venomous foam frothing from the mouth of the three-headed dog1 ,cerberus1 when ,hercules took him from ,pluto's dark realm on one of his ,twelve ,labors4 ,ovid describes the aconite as ,a weed by sorcerers renowned ,the strongest constitution to compound ,called aconite1 because it can unlock ,all bars and force its passage through a rock4 ,in ,greece it was also known as ,wolf's-bane 7,lycoctonum71 and it was thought that arrow-heads rubbed with it would kill wolves4 ,turner quaintly writes in his ,herbal 7#aefh73 ,this of all poisons is the most hastie poison1 howbeit ,pliny saith this herb will kill a man if he take it1 except it find in a man something to kill4 ,let our ,londoners which have of late received this blue ,wolf's-bane1 otherwise called ,monk's ,cane1 take heed that the poison of the root of this herb do not more harm than the freshness of the flower hath done pleasure4 ,let them not say but they are warned4 ,parkinson's name for it is ,napellus verus flore cruleo 7,blue ,helmet-,flower1 or ,monk's-hood74 ,the ,helmet ,flower1 he writes1 hath divers leaves of a fresh green color on the upper side and grayish underneath1 much spread abroad and cut into many slits and notches4 ,the stalk riseth up two or three foot high1 beset to the top with the like leaves1 but smaller4 ,the top is sometimes divided into two or three branches1 but more usually without1 whereon stand many large flowers one above another1 in form very like a hood1 or open helmet1 being composed of five leaves1 the uppermost of which and the greatest is hollow1 like unto a helmet1 or headpiece3 two other small leaves are at the sides of the helmet1 closing it like cheeks1 and come somewhat under1 and two other which are the smallest hang down like labels1 or as if a close helmet were opened and some pieces hung by1 of a perfect1 or fair1 blue color 7but grow darker having stood long7 which causeth it to be so nourished up in ,gardens that their flowers1 as was usual in former times 7and yet is in many country places7 may be laid among green herbs in windows and rooms for the ,summertime2 but although their beauty may be entertained for the uses aforesaid1 yet beware they come not near your tongue or lips1 lest they tell you to your cost1 they are not so good as they seem to be4 ,in the middest of the flower1 when it is open and gapeth wide1 are seen certain small threads like beards1 standing about a middle head1 which1 when the flower is past1 groweth into three or four1 or more1 small blackish pods1 containing in them black seeds4 ,the roots are brownish on the outside and white within1 somewhat big and round about and small downwards1 somewhat like unto a small1 short carrot root1 sometimes two being joined at the head together4 ,it is the true ,napellus of the ancient writers1 which they so termed from the form of a turnip called ,napus in ,latin4 ,generally speaking the leaf and flower of the monk's-hood resemble the larkspur2 and1 like the larkspur and the columbine1 the plant has wandered away from its original family1 the buttercup tribe4 ,the upper sepal has developed from a spur into a hood4 ,winter ,,when ,,icicles ,,hang ,,by ,,the ,,wall ,i ,holly and ,ivy ,,holly 7,ilex aquifolium74 ,holly1 with its beautiful red berries and unique leaf1 stiff and prickly1 but highly decorative1 is the chief emblem of ,christmas4 ,we are continuing very ancient traditions when we hang up our ,christmas wreaths and garlands4 ,the earliest records of the human race contain references to the custom of decorating houses and temples and evergreens on occasions of rejoicing4 ,holly comes to us from pagan usage4 ,five hundred years before the birth of ,christ the ,romans had been celebrating their midwinter festival--the ,saturnalia--commemorating the equality supposed to have existed on earth in the golden reign of ,saturn4 ,the ,saturnalia was a period of general merry-making and relaxation4 ,people gave each other presents1 wished each other ,io ,saturnalia1 just as we wish each other ,merry ,christmas1 and decorated their houses and temples with evergreens1 among which holly was conspicuous4 ,the early ,christians1 who celebrated the birth of ,christ during the ,saturnalia1 adorned their homes with holly for the purpose of safety4 ,they would have been unpleasantly noticed had they left their homes undecorated4 ,after a time holly became associated with the ,christian festival itself4 ,as the ,christmas celebration spread throughout ,europe and into ,great ,britain1 local observances naturally became added to the original rites2 and gradually to certain features taken over from the ,saturnalia were added customs which the ,germanic tribes1 the ,scandinavians1 the ,gauls1 the ,celts1 and early ,britons practised for the midwinter festival4 ,thus1 says a modern writer1 all the pagan winter festivals were transmuted and sanctified by the ,christian ,church into the beautiful ,christmas festival that keeps the world's heart young and human4 ,the ,church also brought from ancient observances a number of lovable customs1 such as the giving of presents1 the lighting of candles1 the burning of the ,yule-log1 the ,boar's ,head1 the ,christmas ,tree1 the mistletoe1 the holly1 laurel and other greens and the mince-pies4 ,at a season when everything was chosen to commemorate1 or invoke1 the spirit of growth1 or fertility1 the holly1 mistletoe and ivy--all of which bear fruit in the winter--become particularly precious4 ,beautiful1 cheery holly1 with its glossy1 prickly leaves and its coral bells1 was a sacred plant in the childhood of the world and will continue to be a sacred plant as long as the world lasts4 ,we may make garlands of laurel or bay-leaves1 we may bind together ropes of crow's-foot or smilax1 and we may bring into our rooms pots of poinsettia2 but nothing takes1 or will ever take1 the place the holly occupies in our affections4 ,in our literature holly is honored4 ,it now symbolizes the spirit of ,christmas as nothing else does4 ,one of the earliest ,christmas carols1 dating from the ,fifteenth ,century1 describes a contest of ,holly and ,ivy for the chief place in the hall4 ,holly is the man and ,ivy the woman4 ,they have an argument 7which is a kind of duet71 each setting forth his or her claim to superiority4 ,finally1 it is decided that ,holly1 with his beautiful red berries1 shall reign in the hall instead of ,ivy1 whose berries are black4 ,moreover1 many sweet birds are attracted to ,holly2 but only the owl loves ,ivy4 ,holly is1 of course1 the subject of many carols4 ,a typical one of the ,fifteenth ,century is as follows3 ,here comes ,holly1 that is so gent1 ,alleluia6 ,to please all men is his intent1 ,alleluia6 ,but lord and lady of the hall1 ,alleluia6 ,whosoever against ,holly call1 ,alleluia6 ,whosoever against ,holly do cry1 ,alleluia6 ,in a lepe shall he hang full high4 ,alleluia6 ,whosoever against ,holly do sing1 ,alleluia6 ,he may weep and his handys wring1 ,alleluia6 ,from the above it will be seen that it was a crime to say a derogatory word about holly4 ,holly was not only loved for its beauty but it was a holy plant4 ,witches detested it and it was a charm against their evil machinations4 ,the name comes from the ,anglo-,saxon holegn4 ,the ,norse word is hulf1 or hulver2 and as ,chaucer calls it ,hulfeere we may conclude that holly was familiar to the people of ,chaucer's time under that name4 ,it is somewhat singular that ,shakespeare has written a song of wintry wind and holly berries to be sung in the ,forest of ,arden4 ,it affords1 however1 a delightful contrast to the sun-lit summer woodland4 ,illustration3 ,,tudor ,,manor ,,house ,,with ,,modern ,,arrangement ,,of ,,gardens ,while in it holly is not actually described1 ,amiens's song will always remain the song of songs to holly3 ,blow1 blow1 thou winter wind1 ,thou art not so unkind ,as man's ingratitude2 ,thy tooth is not so keen1 ,because thou art not seen1 ,although thy breath be rude4 ,heigh ho6 sing heigh ho6 unto the green holly3 ,most friendship is feigning1 most loving mere folly4 ,then heigh ho the holly6 ,this life is most jolly4 ,freeze1 freeze1 thou bitter sky1 ,thou dost not bite so nigh ,as benefits forgot2 ,though thou the waters warp ,thy sting is not so sharp ,as friend remembered not4 ,heigh ho6 sing1 heigh ho6 unto the green holly3 ,most friendship is feigning1 most loving mere folly4 ,then1 heigh ho6 the holly6 ,this life is most jolly4 ,,ivy 7,hedera ,helix74 ,shakespeare mentions ivy twice3 in ,a ,midsummer ,night's ,dream where ,titania1 bidding ,bottom sleep1 says3 ,sleep thou and ,i will wind thee in my arms 444 the female ivy so ,enrings the barky fingers of the elm4#hf and in ,the ,tempest1 when ,prospero compares his false brother with the ivy3 ,the ivy1 which had hid my princely trunk1 ,and suck'd my verdure out on 't4#hg #hf ,act ,,iv1 ,scene ,i4 #hg ,act ,i1 ,scene ,,ii4 ,in the old carols and plays ,ivy is always represented as a woman1 and yet1 although beloved1 was used for the outside decorations and doorways4 ,ivy never had the place within that holly occupied4 ,as ivy clings and embraces the object near it1 the plant was chosen as an emblem of confiding love and friendship4 ,tusser's commands are as follows3 ,get ,ivy and ,holly1 women1 deck up thy house4 ,ivy was also used in the church decorations at ,christmas-tide4 ,in the ,middle ,ages ivy was a favored and most auspicious plant4 ,an old carol says3 ,ivy is soft and meke of speech1 ,against all bale she is bliss1 ,well is he that her may reach3-- ,veni1 coronaberis4 ,ivy is green with color bright1 ,of all trees best she is1 ,and that ,i prove will now be right3- ,veni1 coronaberis4 ,ivy beareth berries black1 ,god grant us all ,his bliss1 ,for there we shall nothing lack3-- ,veni1 coronaberis4 ,ivy was the crown of the ,greek and ,roman poets1 whose myths proclaimed the plant sacred to ,bacchus4 ,indeed the plant took its name from ,bacchus 7kissos7 for it was said that the child was hidden under ivy when abandoned by his mother1 ,semele4 ,the ivy was mingled with the grape in the crown of ,bacchus and it enwreathed his thyrsus4 ,ivy berries eaten before wine was swallowed prevented intoxication1 so ,pliny says4 ,perhaps because of its association with ,bacchus ivy was hung at the vintners' doors in ,england as well as on the ,continent1 and a reference to this custom is contained in ,nash's ,summer's ,last ,will and ,testament 7#afjj74 ,in ,shakespeare's time ivy was considered a remedy against plague1 which gave another reason for veneration4 ,england would almost cease to be ,england without the ivy that so luxuriantly covers the walls of old buildings and adds its soft beauty to the crumbling ruins4 ,everybody loves it--strangers as well as natives2 and every one loves the poem that ,dickens inserted into ,the ,pickwick ,papers3 ,oh1 a dainty plant is the ,ivy green1 ,that creepeth o'er ruins old6 ,on right choice food are his meals1 ,i ween1 ,in his cell so lone and cold4 ,the wall must be crumbled1 the stone decay'd ,to pleasure his dainty whim2 ,and the mouldering dust that years have made1 ,is a merry meal for him4 ,creeping where no life is seen1 ,a rare old plant is the ,ivy green6 ,first1 he stealeth on1 though he wears no wings1 ,and a staunch old heart has he2 ,how closely he turneth1 how close he clings1 ,to his friend1 the huge oak tree6 ,and slily he traileth along the ground1 ,and his leaves he gently waves1 ,as he joyously hugs and crawleth round ,the rich mould of men's graves4 ,creeping where grim ,death hath been1 ,a rare old plant is the ,ivy green6 ,whole ages have fled and their works decayed1 ,and nations have scattered been2 ,but the stout old ivy shall never fade ,from its hale and hearty green4 ,the brave old plant in its lonely days ,shall fatten on the past1 ,for the stateliest building man can raise ,is the ivy's food at last4 ,creeping on where ,time has been ,a rare old plant is the ,ivy green6 ,,ii ,mistletoe and ,box ,,the ,,mistletoe 7,viscum album74 ,the mistletoe1 the all-healer1 is a mysterious and mystical plant4 ,the ,greeks venerated it4 ,virgil gave it to neas for the ,golden ,bough1 to guide him to the ,underworld4 ,the ,scandinavians dedicated it to their goddess of love1 ,freya 7or ,freyja74 ,the mistletoe is1 however1 more closely associated with the ,druids than with any other race4 ,the plant was so sacred to these strange people that it was never allowed to touch the ground4 ,at the ,new ,year the ,druids marched in solemn procession into the forest1 and the high priest climbed the oak-tree and1 with a golden sickle1 cut the mistletoe from the branches4 ,other priests stood below holding a white cloth to receive the mistletoe as it fell4 ,the sacred plant was dipped into water and then distributed among the people1 to whom it was supposed to bring good luck of all kinds4 ,even to-day we do not like the ,mistletoe ,bough to fall4 ,we say it is unlucky2 but possibly we have unconsciously inherited from our remote ancestors a spark of reverence for the ,golden ,bough4 ,the ,welsh thought the mistletoe pure gold1 believing that it had a connection with the golden fire of the sun2 and they thought also that the mistletoe absorbed the life of the oak-tree to which it clung4 ,the ,church never sanctioned the mistletoe4 ,it never appears1 therefore1 among the ,christmas decorations in the churches4 ,no edicts1 however1 were strong enough to banish it from the decorations of the house1 and the mistletoe bough is always a feature in the home where ,christmas is celebrated with picturesque traditions4 ,the precise reason for hanging up the ,mistletoe ,bough is lost in antiquity2 but it is possible that the particular reasons were because it has supposed miraculous powers of healing sickness and averting misfortune1 and great potency in promoting fertility and bestowing prosperity4 ,for hundreds of years the mistletoe has been reverenced alike in castle1 baronial hall1 manor house and farmhouse in ,shakespeare's country and in the homes of rich and poor in our own country4 ,undoubtedly the idea of kissing under the ,mistletoe ,bough was derived from the fact that the plant was dedicated to the ,northern goddess of love4 ,the old saying is that the maiden who is not kissed under the mistletoe will not be married within the coming year4 ,the ceremony of kissing is not properly performed unless a berry is plucked off and given with each kiss to the maiden4 ,when the berries are all gone the privilege of kissing ceases4 ,that mistletoe grows on the oak-tree solely is a popular error4 ,in fact1 the plant prefers the apple4 ,most of the ,english mistletoe now comes from the apple orchards of ,herefordshire4 ,normandy sends a great deal of mistletoe to ,england and to our country4 ,the strange parasite is also found on the linden1 poplar1 and white-thorn4 ,when once the seed is lodged1 it drives its roots deep into the branch and draws sap and nourishment from the tree4 ,the ,european variety is known as ,viscum album and is much forked4 ,in the ,united ,states the ordinary mistletoe is known as ,phoradendron and grows on various hardwood trees in many of the ,southern ,states4 ,there is something curiously interesting about the mistletoe4 ,it is not beautiful1 the leaves are irregular and often stained and broken1 the berries fall almost when looked at and the plant is stiff and woody2 yet for all that there is a peculiar quality in the greenish white and waxy berries and the shape of the forked twig that makes us think of divining-rods and magical words4 ,it has a mystic fascination for us4 ,shakespeare's only reference speaks of it as baleful3 ,tamora says in ,titus ,andronicus3#hh ,the trees1 through summer1 yet forlorn and lean1 ,o'ercome with moss and baleful mistletoe4 #hh ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,,iii4 ,,box 7,buxus sempervirens74 ,shakespeare mentions the box once--when ,sir ,toby ,belch and ,sir ,andrew ,aguecheek and the ,clown are in ,olivia's garden and ,maria1 running out to tell them that ,malvolio is coming1 excitedly cries3 ,get ye all three into the box-tree4#hi #hi ,twelfth ,night2 ,act ,,ii1 ,scene ,v4 ,every one knows how important a feature the box-bush is in ,english gardens and in the old ,american gardens that were planted after ,english models4 ,so fine in color1 so deep and luxuriant in foliage1 so dignified and aristocratic in its atmosphere the name box is almost synonymous with old gardens4 ,its acrid yet aromatic scent--most delicious after rain--is one of its characteristics4 ,greek myth consecrated the box to ,pluto1 and the plant was said to be symbolical of the life in the ,underworld which continues all the year4 ,the ancients used it to border their flower-beds1 and probably the great use of box in ,england comes from the ,roman times4 ,the wood was used for delicate inlay in the days of the ,renaissance and also for making musical instruments4 ,box is thought to be the assur-wood of the ,bible4 ,there is authority for using greenery in church decoration for in ,isaiah we read3 ,the glory of ,lebanon shall come unto thee2 the fir-tree1 the pine-tree1 and the box together to beautify the place of my sanctuary2 and ,i will make the places of my feet glorious4#ij #ij ,chap4 ,,lx1 v4 #ac4 ,to dream of box1 according to the astrologers of ,shakespeare's time1 signified a happy marriage1 long life1 and prosperity4 ,box was used for decoration in the ,tudor and ,stuart days and succeeded the ,christmas garlands1 as ,herrick sings in the time of ,charles ,i1 at ,candlemas 7,february #b73 ,down with the ,rosemary and ,bays1 ,down with the ,mistletoe1 ,instead of ,holly now upraise ,the greener ,box for show4 ,the ,holly hitherto did sway1 ,let ,box now domineer ,until the dancing ,easter ,day ,on ,easter eve appear4 ,the youthful ,box which now hath grace ,your houses to renew1 ,grown old1 surrender must his place ,unto the crispd ,yew4 ,when ,yew is out1 then ,birch comes in1 ,and many flowers beside1 ,both of a fresh and fragrant kin ,to honor ,whitsuntide4 ,green rushes then and sweetest ,bents1 ,with cooler oaken boughs ,come in for comely ornaments ,to re-adorn the house4 ,thus a constant succession of decorative flowers and evergreens appeared in the houses of ,old ,england4 ,every season had its appropriate flowers1 each and all emblematical4 ,it was also the same in the ,church4 ,an ,english writer remarks3 ,mindful of the ,festivals which our ,church prescribes1 ,i have sought to make these objects of floral nature the timepieces of my religious calendar and the mementos of the hastening period of my mortality4 ,thus1 ,i can light my taper to our ,virgin ,mother in the blossoming of the white ,snowdrop1 ,which opens its flower at the time of ,candlemas2 the ,lady's ,smock and ,daffodil remind me of the ,annunciation2 the blue ,harebell of the ,festival of ,st4 ,george2 the ,ranunculus of the ,invention of the ,cross2 the ,scarlet ,lychnis of ,st4 ,john the ,baptist's day2 the ,white ,lily of the ,visitation of ,our ,lady2 the ,virgin's ,bower of the ,assumption2 and ,michaelmas1 ,martinmas1 ,holy ,rood and ,christmas have all their appropriate decorations4 ,,part ,,three ,,practical ,,suggestions ,,the ,,lay-,,out ,,of ,,stately ,,and ,,small ,,formal ,,gardens ,i ,the ,stately ,garden ,,before taking any steps to make a ,shakespeare garden1 it is essential to study the architectural lines of the house and the conformation of the grounds on which it is purposed to lay out the garden1 or series of gardens4 ,if the grounds are undulating1 or hilly1 naturally the gardens must be arrayed on different levels4 ,the gardens can rise above the house in terraces if the house stands on the side of a hill1 or beneath it2 or the gardens may sink below the house1 if the building crowns the summit of an elevation4 ,on the other hand1 if the house is erected on a flat plain1 the gardens can open out like a series of rooms partitioned off by hedges1 arbors1 or walls4 ,an artistic eye and resourceful mind will prefer to take advantage of the natural lines and work out a plan suggested by them4 ,with nearly every kind of house the square garden accords1 either perfectly square or longer than broad4 ,frequently the small enclosed garden looks well at the side of the house4 ,it is essential to call in the professional gardener for advice regarding the situation of the garden1 and questions of drainage1 sunshine1 and exposure to winds and sunshine2 for all these matters aid in determining the arrangement4 ,if a series of gardens is planned1 one leading from another1 it is well to consider them as outside rooms4 ,in this case there will be little trouble in making the lay-out4 ,the simplest plan is always the most effective4 ,a very good example to follow is the lay-out of ,montacute1 ,somersetshire1 built in #aehj-afja3 ,before the house is a walled-in forecourt1 and in the forecourt a small lawn with a fountain1 or pool1 in the center4 ,an entrance-gate leads into the forecourt4 ,before this forecourt comes a small antecourt1 designed for the sake of dignity4 ,on one side of the forecourt is the base1 or bass1 court1 surrounded by the stables1 kitchens1 and other buildings2 and on the other side is the ornamental pleasure-grounds1 including 'my lady's garden1' a survival of the small enclosed castle garden1 of the ,middle ,ages4 ,illustration3 ,,garden ,,house ,,in ,,old ,,english ,,garden ,overlooking the garden is the ,terrace--twenty or thirty feet wide--of considerable length1 and protected by a balustrade of detached banisters1 of handsome design pierced in stone4 ,from the ,terrace wide flights of steps at either end lead to the broad sanded walks that divide the parterre into several subdivisions1 which are again divided by narrow paths into smaller designs4 ,the general shape is square1 following the antique classical garden of ,pliny's time1 enclosed with trellis-work1 espaliers1 clipped box-hedges1 statuary1 fountains1 vases1 and pleached alleys4 ,the famous ,nonsuch1 near ,ewell1 in ,surrey1 laid out by ,henry ,,viii toward the end of his life1 retained its appearance for more than a hundred years2 for at the time of the ,parliamentary ,survey 7#afej7 it was thus described3 ,it was cut out and divided into several allies1 quarters and rounds1 set about with thorn hedges2 on the north side is a kitchen garden1 very commodious and surrounded with a brick wall of fourteen feet high4 ,on the west is a wilderness severed from the little park by a lodge1 the whole containing ten acres4 ,in the privy garden were pyramids1 fountains and basins of marble1 one of which is set round with six lilack trees1 which trees bear no fruit1 but a very pleasant flower4 ,before the ,palace is a neat and handsome bowling-green surrounded with a balustrade of freestone4 ,hampton ,court ,gardens1 so beautiful to-day1 were very famous in ,tudor times4 ,the old manor house was at the southwest corner of the area1 and around it ,cardinal ,wolsey laid out his gardens and orchards4 ,in #aeii ,henry ,,viii seized the estate and enlarged the gardens4 ,ernest ,law exclaims3 ,what a truly delightful picture must these gardens have formed with their little walks and parterres1 sheltered arbors and banquetting-houses4 ,the largest plot was called the ,king's ,new ,garden and occupied the place called the ,privy ,garden4 ,here were the gay parterres with gravel paths and little raised mounds with sun-dials on them4 ,here was also the ,pond ,garden1 which is still to be seen and which1 though much altered1 yet retains something of its ,tudor aspect2 and another1 known as the ,little ,garden1 which may1 perhaps1 be identified with the enclosed space at the side of the ,pond ,garden4 ,studded about in various parts of the gardens and orchards were heraldic beasts on pedestals1 holding vanes1 or shields1 bearing the ,king's ,arms and badges2 also many brass sun-dials4 ,another typical garden was that of ,kenilworth1 known1 of course1 to ,shakespeare1 as it is in ,warwickshire3 ,his ,honor's the ,earl of ,leicester's exquisite appointment of a beautiful garden1 an acre or more in quantity1 that lieth on the north4 ,whereon all along the ,castle wall is reared a pleasant terrace1 ten feet high and twelve feet broad1 even under foot and fresh of fine grass1 as is also the side1 thereof1 towards the garden1 in which1 by sundry equal distances with obelisks and spheres and white bears all of stone upon their curious bases by goodly shew1 were set4 ,to these1 two fine arbors1 redolent by sweet trees and flowers1 at each end1 one2 the garden-plot under that1 with fair alleys1 green by grass1 even voided from the borders on both sides1 and some 7for change7 with sand1 smooth and firm1 pleasant to walk on1 as a sea-shore when the water is avoided4 ,then much gracified by due proportion of four even quarters1 in the midst of each upon a base of two feet square and high1 seemingly bordered of itself1 a square pilaster rising pyramidically fifteen feet high4 ,thus ,robert ,laneham wrote in a letter describing the pageant at ,kenilworth in #aege4 ,the garden of varying ascents and descents was much admired in ,elizabethan days4 ,sir ,henry ,wotton 7#aefh-afcj71 a most sensitive critic1 who wrote so beautifully of flowers1 describes in his ,elements of ,architecture a garden laid out on different levels3 ,i have seen a garden for the manner perchance incomparable into which the first access was a high walk like a terrace1 from whence might be taken a general view of the whole ,plot below4 ,from this1 the ,beholder1 descending many steps1 was afterwards conveyed again by several mountings and fallings to various entertainments of his scent and sight4 ,every one of these diversities was as if he had been magically transported into a new garden4 ,the above extracts will afford suggestions for the lay-out of fine stately gardens4 ,the most typical ,elizabethan estates are ,montacute1 ,somersetshire2 ,longleat1 ,wiltshire2 ,hatfield1 ,hardwicke1 ,kirby1 ,penshurst1 ,kent2 and ,drayton ,house1 ,northamptonshire4 ,all of these are models for imitation in our own country4 ,,ii ,the ,small ,garden ,turning now to the small enclosed garden1 first select your ground1 your design1 and your flowers for borders1 edging1 and knots1 so that you will know the effect you wish to produce4 ,making a garden1 says ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas1 may be likened to painting a picture4 ,just as the artist has before him the landscape which he is to depict on the canvas1 the gardener should have in his mind's eye a strong impression of the kind of garden he wishes to make4 ,there is nothing like being methodical even in gardening1 so it is best to materialize one's ideas in the form of a rough sketch1 or plan4 ,show your gardener the diagram and have him stake off your garden and beds with the greatest accuracy4 ,your walks1 paths1 and beds must be exact4 ,next select your style of enclosure and build your brick wall1 plant your green hedge1 or construct your pleached alley4 ,each one has its own particular advantages and charm4 ,the brick wall forms a shelter for plants that love shade and a fine support for climbing plants1 especially ivy4 ,the hedge makes a rich and distinguished wall of living green1 which can be artistically clipped2 and arches can be made through it4 ,the pleached alley1 formed of wooden trellis1 lattice-work1 or rustic1 or wire arches painted an attractive color1 or left in the natural wood1 will1 if they are covered profusely with roses1 honeysuckle1 rosemary1 and other roving flowers1 give the effect of the old leafy tunnels of greenery and blossoms4 ,,iii ,soil and ,seed ,every gardener of olden times1 as well as every practical worker to-day1 insists upon the necessity of digging and trenching and preparing the soil before any seeds are sown1 or cuttings planted4 ,for this important preparation1 the advice of the best local gardener is imperative4 ,regarding seeds it is interesting to seek advice from ,didymus ,mountain's ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth4 ,every gardener and owner1 he says1 ought to be careful and diligently to foresee that the seeds committed to the earth be neither too old1 dry1 thin1 withered1 nor counterfeited1 but rather full1 new and full of juice4 ,after the seeds being workmanly bestowed in the beds1 the gardener's next care must be that he diligently pull up and weed away all hurtful and unprofitable herbs annoying the garden plants coming up4 ,all very sound advice1 quaintly expressed4 ,old ,didymus is even quainter as he tells of the astrological influences3 ,the daily experience is to the gardener as a schoolmaster to instruct him how much it availeth and hindereth that seeds to be sown1 plants to be set1 yea1 scions to be grafted 7in this or that time71 having herein regard1 not to the time especially of the year1 as the ,sun altereth the same1 but also to the ,moon's increase and wane1 yea1 to the sign she occupieth1 and places both about and under the earth4 ,to the aspects also of the other planets1 whose beams and influence both quicken1 comfort1 preserve and maintain1 or else nip1 wither1 dry1 consume1 and destroy by sundry means the tender seeds1 plants1 yea1 and grafts2 and these after their property and virtue natural or accidental4 ,then he goes on to say3 ,to utter here the popular help against thunder1 lightnings and the dangerous hail1 when the tempest approacheth through the cloud arising1 as by the loud noise of guns shot here and there1 with a loud sound of bells and such like noises which may happen1 ,i think the same not necessary1 nor properly available to the benefit of the garden4 ,the famous learned man1 ,archibus1 which wrote unto ,antiochus1 ,king of ,syria1 affirmeth that tempests shall not be harmful to plants1 or fruit1 if the speckled toad1 enclosed in a new earthern pot1 be buried in the middle of the garden4 ,a modern authority says3 ,while no hard and fast rule can be made1 a general practice is to cover seeds with double their own depth of soil under glass and four times their own depth of soil when sowing in the open ground4 ,to protect seeds from cats1 bury several bottles up to the neck in seed bed and put in each bottle a teaspoonful of liquid ammonia4 ,,iv ,the ,gateway ,the gate entrance was always important in ,tudor times4 ,the gate1 usually of pierced ironwork1 but also of wood artistically cut into balusters1 was hung between two square piers of brick or stone1 about ten feet apart4 ,each pier was surmounted by a stone ball1 with or without necking1 unless heraldic lions1 bears1 wyverns1 or other emblems of the owner were used4 ,the piers were1 as a rule1 two feet square and nine1 or ten1 feet to the top of the cornice4 ,gateways were also set in walls1 and little gates were set in hedges1 or flanked by ornamental shrubs4 ,v ,the ,garden-,house ,the garden-house was very important in ,shakespeare's time4 ,it was often a substantial edifice1 built of brick or stone1 placed at the corner of a boundary1 or dividing wall1 so as to afford a view of more than one part of the garden4 ,sometimes two buildings were constructed1 one at each corner1 as at ,montacute4 ,another favorite position was at the end of a long walk ending in a vista2 and another was overlooking the bowling-alley1 from which visitors could watch the game4 ,the garden-house was often fitted with handsome woodwork and even a fireplace4 ,an outside staircase sometimes led to the roof4 ,the summer-house arbor was also often made of wooden lattice-work and covered with vines4 ,sometimes it was hollowed out of the clipped hedge1 or out of a large tree properly shaped by the toparian artist4 ,the gazebo1 built at the corner of a wall overlooking the garden within and the road without1 was also a popular kind of summer-house4 ,the origin of the name is still obscure4 ,some people say it comes from the same root as to gaze1 and refers to viewing the scenery2 but there is a suggestion of the ,orient in the word4 ,the gazebo may best be described as a kind of wall pavilion4 ,,vi ,the ,mount ,the mount1 originally intended to enable persons to look over the enclosing wall1 served both as a place to enjoy the view and as a post of outlook in time of danger4 ,mounts were constructed of wood or stone1 curiously adorned within and without4 ,they were also made in the old barrow shape of earth and covered with grass4 ,the top of the mount was often adorned with a summer-house1 or arbor4 ,the mount at ,hampton ,court1 constructed in #aecc on a brick foundation1 was the first specimen of its day2 and the arbor upon it was a very elaborate affair1 made of wooden pales and trellis-work4 ,sometimes the mount1 instead of being a raised and detached mound1 was formed like a long bank raised against an outer wall4 ,,vii ,rustic ,arches ,rustic arches should be in keeping with the house and grounds4 ,firstly they should be in keeping with the style of the house and grounds4 ,a white stone house with a light pillared verandah is not suited by rustic arches3 it requires to be seen through vistas made up of arches as slender as the verandah pillars1 of painted iron-work preferably1 and the most telling contrast will be arranged if there are numerous deep evergreen shrubs4 ,rustic1 or peeled oak1 arches suit the modern red brick villa style of house to perfection2 the trellis arch1 being neat and unpretentious1 is also in excellent taste4 ,the old-fashioned country cottage1 or the house built to imitate it1 should not have trellis-work within half a mile4 ,rustic arches1 or invisible ones of bent iron1 are alone in keeping4 ,by an invisible arch1 ,i mean one consisting of a single bend of iron1 or narrow woodwork upright with a cross bar--anything really that is intended only to support some evergreen climber or close grower1 such as a rose that will hide the foundation at all seasons4 ,arches simply built of rustic poles are more pleasing than wire or lattice ones in any landscape2 and the roughness of the wood is beneficial to the climbers that grow over them1 affording an easy hold for tendrils4 ,whether the wood is peeled1 or employed with the bark on--the latter is the more artistic method--it is an admirable plan to wash it all over with a strong solution of some insecticide and then give one or two coats of varnish4 ,in most cases varnish alone is enough to preserve the wood4 ,the use of rustic wood in a garden is always safe since its appearance cannot conflict with ,nature as painted woodwork when present in excess is sure to do4 ,from woodcutter's yards1 especially those in the heart of the country1 charming pieces of log of any size can be bought very cheaply and whenever a tree on an estate has to be felled portions of its trunks or branches can be turned to good account in the garden4#ia #ia ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas4 ,,viii ,seats ,garden seats are of so many kinds and styles that one has much latitude in selection4 ,rustic seats1 painted iron seats1 and marble seats are all proper2 but should be selected to harmonize with the house and general style of the garden or gardens4 ,,ix ,vases1 ,jars1 and ,tubs ,marble vases1 old pottery jars of simple type1 and wooden tubs can be selected for individual plants to grow in1 or for fine arrangements of ferns and other flowers4 ,placed at regular intervals in the garden1 or on the terrace1 these simple ornaments add brightness and elegance to the scene4 ,x ,fountains ,in ,elizabethan gardens the fountain was a familiar feature1 and fountains were very elaborate with regard to their construction4 ,bacon says3 ,for fountains they are a great beauty and refreshment3 the one that sprinkleth or spouteth water2 the other1 a fair receipt of water of some thirty or forty foot4 ,for the first1 the ornaments of images gilt1 or marble1 which are in use1 do well4 ,also some steps up to it and some fine pavement about doth well4 ,as for the other kind of fountain1 which may be called a bathing-pool1 it may admit much curiosity and beauty1 as that the bottom be finely paved1 and with images2 the sides likewise and withal embellished with colored glass and such things of luster encompassed also with fine rails of low statues4 ,hentzner saw three famous fountains on his visit to ,england in #aeib1 at ,hampton ,court1 ,whitehall1 and ,nonsuch4 ,he describes the one at ,hampton ,court as follows3 ,in the middle of the first and principal court stands a fountain1 splendid1 high1 and massy1 with an ingenious water-work1 by which you can1 if you like1 make the water to play upon the ladies and others who are standing by and give them a thorough wetting4 ,the one at ,whitehall was also capable of playing practical jokes3 ,a jet d'eau with a sun-dial1 which1 while strangers are looking at it1 a quantity of water forced by a wheel1 which the gardener turns at a distance through a number of little pipes1 plentifully sprinkles those who are standing round4 ,more ornate was the fountain at the superb palace of ,nonsuch in ,surrey3 ,in the pleasure and artificial gardens are many columns and pyramids of marble1 two fountains that spout water1 one round the other like a pyramid upon which are perched small birds that stream water out of their bills4 ,in the ,grove of ,diana is a very agreeable fountain with ,acton turned into a stag1 as he was sprinkled by the goddess and her nymphs with inscriptions4 ,there is besides another pyramid of marble full of concealed pipes which spirt upon all who come within their reach4 ,in the small formal garden a fountain looks well at the intersection of the paths in the center of the quarters4 ,it is not necessary to have an ornate fountain1 for the real charm of a fountain consists in the upward plume of spray that glistens in the sunshine1 that turns to pearls in the moonlight1 and that always charms the eye of man and delights the neighboring flowers with its spray blown by the breeze4 ,,xi ,the ,dove-cote ,every manor-house had its dove-cote1 or columbary1 as it was called4 ,here doves and pigeons aided in making a very pretty picture as they flew in and out of the architecturally designed bird-house4 ,the right to keep them was confined to the lords of the manor1 and the law was very strictly enforced4 ,andrew ,borde tells us that a dove-house is a necessary thing about a mansion-place4 ,it is1 therefore1 quite proper to include a bird-house in the ,shakespeare garden2 and a pool for the birds' comfort is also a pretty as well as necessary adjunct to the dove-cote4 ,birds add much to the pleasure of the garden4 ,pigeons and doves give a poetic touch as they strut along the paths and flutter about4 ,nothing gives more quality and elegance1 however1 than a peacock1 and1 to quote from a contemporary writer3 ,the peacock is a bird of more beautiful feathers than any other that is4 ,he is quickly angry1 but he is goodly to behold1 very good to eat1 and serveth as a watch in the inner court1 for that he1 spying strangers to come into the lodging1 he faileth not to cry out and advertise them of the house4 ,the peacock is as much of a joy to the garden lover as the sun-dial4 ,,xii ,the ,sun-dial ,the sun-dial forms a perfect ornament at the intersection of the garden paths4 ,every one responds to the quaint beauty and mystery of the sun-dial with its dark shadow that creeps quietly across the dial and tells the hours so softly4 ,as ,charles ,lamb says3 ,it is the measure appropriate for sweet plants and flowers to spring by and birds to apportion their silver warblings by4 ,nothing has a more antique air than the sun-dial4 ,the simple baluster pillar is a good model1 and the base should be surrounded by a circle of grass4 ,this grassy ring is the wabe1 ,where ,lewis ,carroll's slithy toves did gyre and gimbel in the immortal poem ,jabberwocky4 ,illustration3 ,,fountains1 ,,sixteenth ,,century ,the sun-dial can also be placed at the end of a path1 if the path is important enough to warrant it4 ,in our ,shakespeare garden ,i suggest using a ,shakespearian quotation for the inscription1 such as1 for example3 ,for never-resting ,time leads summer on4 or ,nothing 'gainst ,time's scythe can make defense4 or ,like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore1 ,so do our minutes hasten to their end4 or ,come what1 come may1 ,time and the hour runs through the roughest day4 ,,xiii ,the ,terrace ,the terrace is essential1 if one would have the true ,elizabethan atmosphere4 ,the terrace can be of stone1 or brick1 or brick combined with stone1 or brick combined with wood4 ,whatever the material1 the balustrade is of the greatest importance4 ,the designs for balusters in the old architectural books are legion1 some of them of very complicated inter-twining after the patterns of arabesques and cuirs 7strap-leather work71 but good taste1 even in that day of complicated design1 demanded that the balusters should be very widely spaced4 ,this is obvious1 because half of the effect1 at least1 of out-of-door architecture depends upon the open spaces for light to play its part--and a great part1 too--in the design4 ,in balustrades the spacing is1 therefore1 very important4 ,the balusters should never be too crowded4 ,the most satisfactory ones are those in which the distance from center to center almost equals the height from plinth to coping4 ,the piers dividing the groups should not be too far apart--ten to fifteen feet is a good distance4 ,much1 however1 depends on the proportion of the balusters themselves4 ,frequently the balustrade is adorned with ornamental vases1 or urns1 set at regular intervals on the rail and on the newel-posts of the steps4 ,as a rule1 the steps lead from both ends of the terrace4 ,sometimes there are also steps in the center2 sometimes the terrace is double4 ,a jar1 vase1 or tub of growing plants1 or containing one handsome plant1 looks well placed on the lawn on either side of the steps4 ,vines can be trained gracefully along the balustrade1 hand-rails1 and posts of the steps4 ,a rich border of flowers should be grown all along the side of the terrace3 in the spring hosts of daffodils and in the summer larkspur1 marigolds1 lilies1 iris1 and climbing roses and honeysuckle4 ,the terrace gains in style and beauty when the proper floral decorations are tastefully selected and well combined4 ,from the terrace one can enjoy a fine view of the garden as a whole2 and it is a pleasant place to stroll upon and to sit4 ,sometimes the terrace is of two levels with several stairways4 ,leaving the architectural terrace1 which is an adjunct of the house bringing the house into relation with the garden1 we must turn to the garden terrace made of grass1 and ascended by grass steps cut in the bank1 or by stone or brick steps cut in the bank1 or standing outside with handrails and newel-posts4 ,if the steps are of grass1 good effects can be made by placing large jars1 or tubs1 filled with flowers1 ferns1 or a single plant1 such as the pomegranate1 for instance1 on either side4 ,the grass-terrace is very charming leading up to the garden1 leading from one garden to another1 or leading from the lawn proper to the sunken garden4 ,a very attractive arrangement was at ,penshurst1 ,kent1 the home of the ,sidney family4 ,it is described thus3 ,garden on south and west1 ground sloping to south and west1 house on a grass platform1 about nine feet above the garden level4 ,along the southwest side of the flower-garden a broad grass-terrace1 and near the house a few steps lead to the yew alley1 at the end of which is a quaint old sun-dial known as the ,turk's ,head4 ,the yew alley was evidently a pleached alley4 ,,xiv ,the ,pleached ,alley ,the ,pleached ,alley1 another typical feature of the ,elizabethan garden 7from the ,french plessir1 to weave71 is nothing more nor less than a thickly covered walk4 ,in ,shakespeare's time this was constructed of woven boughs and climbing vines and flowers1 or a series of arbors4 ,the old prints and pictures show them to be complete tunnels of greenery4 ,we can make a pleached alley to-day by setting up a pergola and smothering it with flowers and vines4 ,ironwork arches covered with roses1 honeysuckle1 and other creepers will produce the proper effect4 ,a latticework trellis covered with vines and flowers will1 if properly constructed1 produce the appearance of a pleached alley4 ,when the pleached alley is not used to enclose the garden1 then a brick wall or1 still better1 a fine hedge should be planted4 ,,xv ,hedges ,box makes a perfect hedge4 ,the hedge must be clipped at the upper part narrower than at the base1 otherwise the base will become bare4 ,privet makes an excellent hedge and so does the ,osage orange1 which grows luxuriantly in some parts of the ,united ,states4 ,it is decorative to trim the hedge so that tall pyramids ornament either side of the gate1 or an arch can be made to grow over the gate4 ,a small lavender hedge is very attractive4 ,each autumn1 after the flower-spikes have gone1 trim plants for the dwarf hedge4 ,roses1 particularly the sweetbrier1 make a charming hedge4 ,honeysuckle is another delightful flower for a hedge2 and nothing could be more beautiful than the two combined4 ,if the rose and honeysuckle hedge is desired1 have the carpenter make a lattice screen of the desired height1 or simply construct a rustic fence and plant the creepers near it and train them so that they will make a wall of flowers and leaves4 ,,xvi ,paths ,there is no pleasanter path than that of grass1 and even the small garden ought to have a little grass-walk between the flower borders and rose beds4 ,it adds immensely to the attractiveness of the garden and none other is so pleasant to the tread4 ,constant mowing and rolling are necessary and the edges must be kept neat and trim2 for while a well-kept grass-path is most attractive of all1 its charm is never fully realized unless it is carefully attended to4#ib #ib ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas4 ,gravel-paths must be frequently rolled and the surface of the walk made a little higher in the center than the sides with a curving outline1 so that water may drain away to the sides4 ,the brick pathway is capable of much variety4 ,bricks may be laid in many patterns2 and the little garden1 if very small1 may be entirely paved with bricks1 leaving the formal flower-beds only of earth4 ,a fountain or sun-dial looks well in the center4 ,flagged pathways are effective in certain garden arrangements4 ,old paving-stones are suitable1 but they should first be broken up into irregular pieces4 ,build a good foundation1 cover it with a thin layer of sandy loam1 then lay the larger pieces flat on this4 ,fill the interstices with the fragments1 but leave crevices filled with soil1 two inches or so wide1 here and there4 ,make up a compost of equal parts of loam1 sand and leaf-mould1 sweep this over the path and let it settle in the joints4 ,many plants can be established in the joints and a pretty effect obtained4#ic #ic ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas4 ,among the plants practical for this purpose are thrift1 thyme1 and camomile1 and the more they are trodden on the sweeter they smell and the better they grow4 ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth gives three or four feet as the width for paths between beds and one foot to one foot six inches for the cross-path4 ,,xvii ,borders ,borders should not be confused with edgings4 ,border is the name applied to the narrow division of the garden which usually accompanies each side of a walk4 ,in fact1 any bed which acts as a boundary to a walk or grass-plot1 or the main quarters of a garden may be properly described as a border4 ,flower-borders should be well drained4 ,in plotting them it must be remembered that if narrow no art will impart to them an air of boldness4 ,if the pleasure grounds are small1 narrow borders are permissible4 ,all flower-borders should be made in proportion to the size of the garden and other surroundings4 ,neatness must be the presiding deity over flower-borders2 and no application of the hoe and rake1 no removal of decayed leaves1 no tying up of straggling members can be too unremitting4#id #id ,johnson's ,gardener's ,dictionary and ,cultural ,instructor1 edited by ,fraser and ,hemsley 7,london1 #aiag74 ,according to ,lawson1 the borders should be roses1 thyme1 lavender1 rosemary1 hyssop1 sage and such like and filled with cowslips1 primroses1 violets1 ,daffy-down-dillies1 sweet ,sissely1 ,go-to-bed-at-noon1 and all sweet flowers2 and1 chief of all1 with gilliflowers1 ,july-flowers1 commonly called gilliflowers or clove ,july-flowers 7,i call them so because they flower in ,july72 they have the names of cloves of their scent4 ,i may well call them the ,king of ,flowers 7except the rose74 ,of all flowers save the ,damask ,rose they are the most pleasant to sight and smell4 ,,xviii ,edgings ,edging is the material used for dividing beds and borders from the paths1 or grass leading up to the bed1 if the bed is alongside a wall1 or terrace1 or veranda4 ,box is a formal1 but charming1 edging4 ,the growth must be regularly clipped each year4 ,stretch a line the whole length of the edging1 so as to show the correct height2 then cut evenly and neatly both at top and sides4 ,when relaying1 take up the plants1 pull them to pieces and use the strong young growths1 which must be clipped to one level4 ,box is easily grown and stands pruning with impunity4 ,such is the advice of an authority4 ,another practical gardener says3 ,most amateurs clip box-edgings early in the ,spring4 ,this causes an early growth1 which is just in the condition to be nipped by a sharp1 late frost4 ,the safeguard is to delay clipping until the end of ,august4 ,then comes free1 healthy growth1 which renders box-lined garden paths cheerful and pleasant to the eye through times of heat and drought4 ,thrift 7,armeria7 is one of the best edgings as it is green all the year round and in summer is covered with bright pink flowers4 ,a flower-lover says3 ,thrift is seen as an edging in many old ,english gardens4 ,to preserve its beauty the plants must be lifted1 divided and replanted once in at least four years3 a rich even growth is then the reward4 ,the tufted habit1 fresh green growth and rose-purple flowers in ,summer are enjoyable to look at4 ,thrift requires frequent trimming4 ,london-pride 7,saxifraga umbrosa7 is very pretty when in flower and1 therefore1 makes an attractive edging4 ,pansies also form a decorative edging for flower beds1 large and small4 ,another charming edging is the carnation1 especially the white varieties4 ,the gray-green foliage makes a beautiful border for flower-beds4 ,pinks are pretty1 too1 for bed edgings1 and the sweet-william is also attractive for this purpose4 ,,xix ,knots ,the knot should occupy a piece of ground from twenty-five to one hundred feet square4 ,according to ,the ,gardener's ,labyrinth the flower-bed should be kept to the size that the weeder's hands may well reach into the middest of the bed4 ,the size given in this manual is twelve feet by six1 each bed raised one foot above the ground 7two feet in marshy ground7 and the edge cased in with short planks framed into square posts with finials at the angles with intermediate supports4 ,a prettier method1 however1 is to border the flower-bed with an edging of box1 thrift1 pansies1 or pinks4 ,this border outlines the shape of the knot4 ,within the edging1 or border1 the flowers are all planted in some proportion as near one into another as it is fit for them1 which will give such grace to the garden that the place will seem like a tapestry of flowers4 ,it would seem from the hundreds of designs for knots in the old garden-books that every possible combination of scroll and line and curve had been exhausted2 but ingenious persons liked to invent their own4 ,markham tells us that the pattern of the design cannot be decided by rule2 the one whereof is led by the hops and skips1 turnings and windings of his brain2 the other1 by the pleasing of his eye1 according to his best fantasie4 ,lawson gives the following nine designs for knots3 ,cinkfoyle ,lozenges ,flower-de-luce#ie ,cross-bow ,trefoyle ,diamond ,frette ,oval ,maze4 #ie ,fleur-de-lis4 ,here the maze is not intended as a labyrinth to walk in1 but is a design for the planting of flowers4 ,markham's knots are3 ,straight line knots ,diamond knots1 single and double ,single knots ,mixed knots ,single impleate of straight line ,plain and mixed ,direct and ,circular4 ,knots1 formed with a border of box1 lavender1 or rosemary1 are eighteen inches broad at bottom and clipped so close a level at the top as to form a table for the housewife to spread clothes to dry on1 are ,lawson's idea4 ,the old garden books contain many designs for knots1 some of which are astonishingly intricate4 ,examples occur in ,markham's and ,lawson's books and in ,didymus ,mountain's ,gardener's ,labyrinth 7editions of #aeeg1 #aeid1 and #afjh71 which are perfectly practical for use to-day4 ,in ,david ,loggan's ,oxonia ,illustrata 7,oxford1 #afge1 folio7 several large plates show formal gardens4 ,among them ,new ,college ,gardens and those of ,jesus are extremely interesting4 ,loggan's companion book on ,cambridge1 ,cantabrigia ,illustrata 7,cambridge1 #afhh71 has splendid views of architecture and formal gardens with knots4 ,typical flower-beds are also represented in ,vredeman de ,vries's ,hortorum ,viridariorumque 7,antwerp1 #aehc7 and ,crispin de ,passe's ,hortus ,floridus 7,arnhem1 #afad74 ,theobald's as late as #afej preserved the ,tudor arrangement4 ,in the great garden are nine large complete squares1 or knots1 lying upon a level in the middle of the said garden1 whereof one is set forth with box-borders in the likeness of the ,king's ,arms1 one other plot is planted with choice flowers2 the other seven knots are all grass-knots1 handsomely turfed in the intervals1 or little walks4 ,a quickset hedge of white thorn1 or privet1 cut into a handsome fashion at every angle1 a fair cherry tree and a cypress in the middle of the knots--also a marble fountain4 ,,xx ,the ,rock-,garden ,it is well to build a little unostentatious rock-garden in some appropriate spot where a few flowers1 which you may not want in the beds1 can grow4 ,flowers that find a congenial home in a loosely arranged pile of rocks and turf are anemones1 columbines1 thrift1 thyme1 rosemary1 violets1 buttercups1 harebells1 ferns1 fennel1 ivy1 myrtle1 pansies1 and the ragged-robin 7gentian74 ,select weather-worn stones and pile them carelessly one above another1 placing some of them as shelves4 ,leave plenty of room for the earth and let your flowers grow as they please4 ,,xxi ,flowers ,as ,i do not pretend to be a practical gardener1 having had no experience1 ,i have culled these hints from several authorities1 including ,e4 ,t4 ,cook's ,the ,century ,book of ,gardening 7,london1 #aija72 ,johnson's ,gardener's ,dictionary and ,cultural ,instructor1 edited by ,fraser and ,hemsley 7,london1 #aiag72 ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas's ,the ,complete ,gardener 7,london1 #aiab72 and ,mabel ,cabot ,sedgwick's ,the ,garden ,month by ,month 7,new ,york1 #aijg74 ,,anemone ,,stellata requires a sheltered1 warm position and light1 sandy soil1 well drained4 ,it grows about ten inches high with star-like flowers1 purple1 rose-color1 and white4 ,generally speaking1 it requires the same treatment as the tulip4 ,anemones also flourish in the rock-garden4 ,,box can be grown in almost any soil1 but prefers light soil with gravelly subsoil4 ,see page #big4 ,,broom-,,flower 7,cytisus scoparius71 a splendid flowering shrub with yellow flowers of handsome color1 succeeds in dry1 sandy places where most other plants fail4 ,it can1 therefore1 be planted on rough dry banks4 ,it grows from seed2 and this can be sown in any sheltered place out of doors4 ,cuttings placed in a frame are also easy to strike4 ,,camomile will grow in any garden soil4 ,it is a creeping plant and grows freely in dense masses4 ,the flowers are white and blossom from ,june to ,august4 ,the height attained is from twelve to eighteen inches4 ,the foliage is finely divided and has a feathery appearance4 ,the plant makes a good border1 for it loves the sun4 ,propagate by division and cuttings4 ,camomile may be allowed to run over paving-stones1 for it grows when trodden upon4 ,,carnations4 ,a carnation specialist says3 ,a great number of amateur cultivators of the ,carnation have an idea that if they obtain seed from a variety of ,carnation1 the seedlings produced from such seed will be reproductions of the parent plant4 ,this1 of course1 is wrong1 and it is well to mention it4 ,now to grow ,carnations well they must have a good soil1 or the plants will not produce flowers1 or layers1 for another season4 ,for the open garden1 ,i strongly recommend seedlings4 ,the cultivator must not expect all the flowers to be as good as the parent1 or even all double4 ,there will be from ten to fifteen per cent with single flowers1 all the others having double flowers1 some as good as1 or even better than their parents2 but the majority will be of uncertain quantity4 ,illustration3 ,,sunken ,,garden1 ,,sunderland ,,hall1 ,,with ,,unusual ,,treatment ,,of ,,hedges ,the seed will germinate in a hothouse well within a week from the time of sowing1 and the seedlings should be pricked out in boxes as soon as large enough4 ,plant in good soil and let the plants be fifteen inches apart and two feet between the rows4 ,seedlings are not nearly so particular in regard to soil as-named varieties4 ,the seedling is more robust2 and1 given the same cultural conditions1 grows more vigorously4 ,it is always best to dig a trench some time before the seedling is planted4 ,this admits of the soil being aerated4 ,the plants should be put out after a shower of good rain4 ,i trench it eighteen inches deep1 put a layer of manure at the bottom and another layer six or eight inches below the surface4 ,a warning is necessary to those unacquainted with the nature of soils4 ,it will not do to trench up soil that has not been there before4 ,new subsoil is not adapted to grow anything until it has been well turned over two or three times and mixed with decayed manure4 ,after planting1 give a light dressing of manure3 it keeps the roots in better condition and the plant starts more freely into growth4 ,carnations must not be left to themselves after planting4 ,gilliflowers1 pinks1 and sweet-williams belong to this family4 ,,columbines prefer a situation where the roots can obtain moisture4 ,they also do well and look at home in a rock-garden4 ,gather ripe seeds in ,july and sow them so that the seedlings are well established before winter1 an authority says4 ,such plants will bloom the next year4 ,aquilegias often die out after their second year1 although they are classed as perennials1 and should therefore be treated as biennials and raised annually from seed4 ,seed is produced in abundance and should be sown as soon as ripe in a shady place in the garden1 or in pans in a cold frame1 care being taken to sow the seed very thinly4 ,when the seedlings are large enough to handle they should be lifted and planted out in their permanent quarters4 ,aquilegias growing in a garden are almost invariably cross-fertilized2 and it is therefore necessary1 where more than one variety is in bloom at the same time1 to procure the seed from some other dependable source4 ,,cowslip4 ,this flower needs a rich1 light soil1 not dry4 ,its small1 yellow cup-like flowers with ruby spots in the center blossom in the late ,april and late ,may4 ,it grows to six or twelve inches and prefers half-shade4 ,it must be protected in the winter4 ,propagate by seed4 ,cowslips make a charming border plant and are happy1 also1 in rock-gardens4 ,,crocus ,,sativus1 the beautiful purple flower that blooms in autumn1 should be planted near trees4 ,the cultivation of the garden crocus is so simple a matter that the merest novice may plant the bulbs with the assurance that he1 or she1 will reap a bright reward in the near future1 provided the burrowing mouse and flower-picking sparrow do not interfere with nature4 ,crocuses may be propagated from seed sown as soon as ripe in light1 sandy soil in pans1 or pots4 ,they reach their flowering stage in three years4 ,,crow-,,flowers4 ,some authorities1 as we have seen1 identify crow-flowers as the buttercup2 others1 as ,scilla nutans4 ,the buttercup is easy to raise in almost any soil4 ,as it should be represented1 it is well to put it in the rock-garden4 ,see ,harebell4 ,,crown-,,imperial4 ,this plant1 which the people of ,shakespeare's time valued so highly1 is rare in our gardens4 ,the popularity of the flower decreased because of its unpleasant odor2 but no ,shakespeare garden can be without at least one representative because of ,perdita's words4 ,the ,crown-,imperial is a very showy plant and makes a splendid effect if planted in groups4 ,it also looks well among shrubs and in a border4 ,the blossoms appear in ,march1 ,april1 and ,may1 and are very handsome as to shape and color4 ,the bell-shaped flowers1 orange-red or reddish-orange1 droop gracefully beneath an upright crown of leaves4 ,when the foliage turns brown1 the plant can be cut down4 ,propagate by offsets in deep1 rich1 well-drained soil1 and divide every two or three years4 ,,cuckoo-,,flowers 7,lychnis ,flos cuculi71 or the ,ragged-,robin1 with its deeply cut petals of rich blue1 makes a pretty border plant as it is an abundant bloomer4 7,see page #bad47 ,,cupid',s ,,flower4 ,see ,pansy4 ,,daffodils do better in half-shade than in full sunlight4 ,the earlier the buds can be procured and planted the better3 ,august is none too soon4 ,late planted bulbs must necessarily lose much of their vigor by being kept out of the ground too long1 and the longer the period of root-growth the stronger the flower-spikes4 ,as regards soil one that is fairly retentive of moisture is more suited to the requirements than a light staple that soon dries up4 ,they should be covered to the depth of one and a half times the depth of the bulb measured from base to shoulder4 ,a bulb two inches deep can be covered to a depth of three inches1 and so on in proportion4 ,in light soil the bulbs should be placed a little deeper and in heavy soil not quite so deep4 ,,daisy4 ,in the spring florists have plenty of ,english daisies to sell in little pots4 ,propagate by seed in spring or division in ,september4 ,this daisy is pink and white2 the little rays tipped with pink sometimes almost cover the yellow center4 ,the plant requires rich soil and plenty of sunshine4 ,it blooms in mid-,april to mid-,june and grows to a height of three to six inches4 ,the daisy must be protected in the winter4 ,it is most desirable for borders and makes a charming edging4 ,,dian',s ,,bud1 ,artemesia1 or wormwood1 is a bushy foliage plant of small globe-shaped1 drooping flowers of whitish yellow4 ,the leaves are finely divided4 ,propagate by division4 ,this grows in a poor soil and likes sunshine4 ,,fennel1 though regarded as a weed1 can be utilized so that it makes a decorative appearance1 for its foliage is light and a brilliant green4 ,the tiny flowers are yellow and grow in flat-tipped clusters on branching stalks4 ,they blossom in ,july4 ,the plant rises to a good height and prefers rich1 deep1 open soil and plenty of sunlight4 ,plant fresh seeds and make the plants grow in bold groups4 ,,ferns are effective planted in pots1 jars1 or tubs1 and look well at the sides of the steps and on the newel-posts of the steps4 ,they look well in a rock-garden4 ,,flower-,,de-,,luce 7fleur-de-lis74 ,there are many native ,american flags1 or irises2 but the plants nearest to those described by ,parkinson are the ,iris florentina1 the ,iris pseudacorus1 and the great purple ,turkey flag4 ,the ,iris florentina grows from one to two feet1 blooms in ,may and ,june1 with large1 delicately scented white flowers tinted blue and streaked with purple veins and having orange-yellow beards4 ,the fragrant rootstock is the orris-root4 ,propagate by division in soil not too dry4 ,this is an excellent border plant and prefers half-shade4 ,iris pseudacorus grows from one and a half to three feet and blossoms in late ,may and late ,june4 ,it forms luxuriant clumps1 having many stems1 which bear large broad-petaled flowers1 yellow veined with brown4 ,the leaves--long1 stiff1 and gray-green--are handsome4 ,this is a beautiful plant for the margin of water1 and is very pretty around a bird-bath4 ,propagate by division4 ,this iris likes the sun4 ,the great purple ,turkey flag will grow in either sun1 or half-shade4 ,the height is from two to four feet4 ,the large fragrant flowers bloom in ,may1 ,june1 and ,july4 ,this iris is very handsome in large groups and in the border4 ,propagate by division4 ,it is a gross feeder1 but grows well in any garden soil4 ,,gilliflowers4 ,see ,carnations4 ,,harebell4 ,this lovely jewel of the ,english woodland has drooping bell-shaped flowers1 fragrant1 and blue in color4 ,the bells hang from tall stems4 ,the leaves are long and grass-like4 ,the height is from eight to twelve inches4 ,it is bulbous4 ,propagate by offsets and give it occasionally a top dressing of manure4 ,scilla nutans blooms in ,may and ,june and prefers half-shade4 ,there are varieties1 white1 pink1 and purple4 ,,holly should be used for hedges and ornamental bushes4 ,some varieties grow very well in certain parts of the ,united ,states4 ,,honeysuckle grows easily in any garden4 ,it is a luxuriant creeper and is generous with its blossoms and lavish in fragrance4 ,use it for hedges and to climb over walls1 arbors1 trellises1 gates and wire screens4 ,,ivy4 ,english ivy is a climbing and trailing evergreen sub-shrub1 with beautiful large1 dark-green leaves1 richly veined1 and of graceful heart-shape4 ,the flowers are inconspicuous1 but the berries1 almost jet-black1 are decorative4 ,propagate by half-ripe cuttings in rich1 damp soil and protect in winter4 ,ivy prefers shade4 ,it blossoms in ,june and ,july4 ,,lady',s-,,smock 7,cardamine pretensis7 will grow in sun1 or shade1 but prefers a moist soil4 ,propagate by division4 ,its blossoms are pinkish lilac in terminal clusters and appear in ,june4 ,the foliage is deeply cut4 ,lady's-smocks will grow in rock-gardens and are excellent border-plants4 ,,lark',s-,,heels4 ,see ,nasturtium4 ,,larkspur is a glorious flower1 noble in masses of bloom and fine in growth1 highly decorative1 and lasts well besides4 ,delphiniums are very easy to grow and can be planted at almost any time1 but the best seasons are early autumn and spring when new growth commences4 ,the great point is to plant them in rich well-dug and manured soil and strew coal-ashes about for the reason that slugs are very partial to these plants4 ,ample space must be left for full development as with age the roots increase greatly1 so that two and a half feet apart is none too much4 ,the plant needs a rather rich ground1 for its growth is strong4 ,larkspur looks well planted in the back row of the mixed border4 ,,lavender is a precious1 fragrant1 hardy bush4 ,its sweet-smelling leaves and blue flowers are ever welcome1 whether in the border1 or as a low hedge1 or standing alone4 ,a very light soil and sunshine are essential4 ,propagate by cuttings in early autumn out of doors in a sheltered1 but not shady1 place and plant out when rooted1 or divide in ,march1 planting out the rooted slips one foot apart in light soil4 ,lavender may be used to beautify walks4 ,bushes in some sunny corner of the garden are pretty for picturesque growth and color4 ,lavender can be grouped so as to give a touch of silvery gray to the border4 ,it permits itself to be clipped1 and it must be cared for1 or it will grow twisted and gnarled4 ,if flower-spikes are desired1 the lavender must be clipped in autumn2 if the gray leaf is all that is desired then it must be clipped in the spring before the young twigs have begun to grow4 ,,lilies4 ,the lily bed should be deep--three feet if possible1--the soil open and porous without being light4 ,there cannot be a better material than sound fibrous loam with which leaf-mold has been mixed4 ,lilies are rarely benefited by animal manure4 ,the bed should be sheltered from boisterous winds1 for lilies lose half their beauty if it becomes necessary to stake their graceful stems1 and partially shaded so that the sun does not parch the ground1 or prematurely wither their dainty petals4 ,in times of drought the beds should be given a copious soaking of an hour or two's duration4 ,the ,madonna ,lily is a great favorite and is very effective in small clumps against a background of shrubs and in borders4 ,unfortunately it is subject to disease4 ,it is bulbous4 ,propagate by offsets1 scales1 or very slowly by seed4 ,it likes rich1 well-dressed soil and half-shade4 ,avoid contact with manure4 ,the ,madonna ,lily flowers in ,june and ,july with white blossoms4 ,the ,martagon has much reflexed flowers on long spire-like racemes and is light-purple with darker spots4 ,the ,martagon dalmaticum grows from six to seven feet4 ,it has dark purple flowers4 ,there is also a white kind4 ,both are very hardy and succeed in open borders4 ,the ,chalcedonicum1 or ,scarlet ,turk's-,cap1 grows from three to four feet high and has waxy flowers of bright vermilion4 ,this is the brightest of all lilies4 ,it is very hardy and easy to cultivate4 ,lily-of-the-,valley flourishes in the shade and also where there is a little 7but not too much7 sunlight4 ,it thrives beneath shade trees and near a wall4 ,room for development it must have2 otherwise it becomes crowded to such an extent that the plants deteriorate and fail to bloom4 ,the ,lily-of-the-,valley should be planted in ,september or ,october4 ,prepare the soil by deep digging and mix in a plentiful supply of decayed manure4 ,leaf-soil and road sweepings may be added to heavy soil4 ,plant crowns about three inches apart to allow room for future development4 ,bury the crowns just below the surface and make them moderately firm4 ,when all are planted mulch with rolled manure and leaf-soil in equal parts1 covering the bed to a depth of two inches4 ,,long ,,purples4 ,this ,arum1 being a plant of the woods1 does well in the rock-garden4 ,the best plan is to remove a ,jack-in-the-,pulpit from the woods with some of its native soil and transplant it in the garden4 ,it grows in shade and sun alike4 ,,marigold4 ,for marigolds choose a light1 dry1 poor soil and a sunny spot4 ,sow seed any time from ,february to ,june4 ,seeds sown in the spring will produce flowers in ,june4 ,sow in drills ten inches apart and water moderately4 ,thin the seedlings and remove into rows ten inches apart4 ,in rich soil the plant grows too large and fails to blossom well4 ,h4 ,h4 ,thomas in ,the ,complete ,gardener says3 ,the ordinary reader understands ,marigold to refer to the ,french1 ,african and ,pot ,marigolds4 ,the botanical name ,calendula is said to imply that the plant keeps pace with the calendar4 ,in other words that it is nearly always in bloom4 ,and really this is not very far from the truth4 ,once introduce the ,pot ,marigold into your garden and you will rarely be without flowers4 ,it is hardy and seeds itself very freely4 ,seed may be sown out of doors where the plants are to bloom1 choosing for preference poor ground1 otherwise the plants will grow freely enough1 but blooms will be scarce4 ,the ,french marigold is deep yellow1 orange1 or pale yellow striped or marked with brown1 and crinkled4 ,it grows from twelve to fifteen inches high4 ,the ,gentleman's ,labyrinth gives quaint instructions for the growth of the ,marigold3 ,the seeds of this flower are commonly bestowed in a husbandly and well-dressed earth1 but this rather done by the counsel of the skilful in the increase of the ,moon1 whereby the flowers may grow the bigger and broader4 ,but to procure the flowers to grow the doubler1 bigger and broader the owner ought to remove the plants and set them in new beds1 lying in sunny places herein considering at those times of removing that the ,moon be increasing so nigh as you can4 ,these1 after certain leaves spring up1 if they be often removed and clipped by the course of the ,moon1 yield a better1 broader and fairer flower1 and they yield always more flowers in the harvest than in the spring time4 ,,marjoram is a branching plant with flowers in clusters1 purplish pink4 ,propagate by seed and division in early spring in any garden soil4 ,sweet marjoram must be treated as an annual1 for winter kills it4 ,the leaves are deliciously fragrant and are useful in cookery4 ,,mint 7,mentha spicata1 spearmint7 has purplish flowers that bloom in ,july and ,august4 ,these blossoms appear in slender spikes4 ,the leaves have a pleasant taste and are used for flavoring4 ,spearmint will grow in any ordinary soil1 but it likes the sun4 ,it grows from one to two feet high4 ,mentha rotundifolia has round leaves1 variegated1 and pale yellow flowers that appear in ,june and ,july4 ,propagate by division4 ,the height is from one to two feet4 ,the flowers are unimportant2 but the foliage is sufficiently interesting to use as an edging1 and this variety is useful to cover waste places4 ,,monk',s-,,hood has large showy helmet-shaped flowers of deep purple-blue growing on racemes on erect stems4 ,the leaves are deeply cut4 ,the plant is suited to borders and rough places4 ,propagate by division in rich soil4 ,monk's-hood likes sun or shade4 ,it blooms in late summer or early autumn4 ,the roots and flowers are poisonous4 ,it grows from three to four feet4 ,,myrtle 7,myrtus latifolia74 ,this plant has charming foliage and pure white flowers4 ,both leaves and flowers are fragrant4 ,the fragrance of the foliage is caused by an oil1 which is secreted in the leaves4 ,myrtle is quite hardy4 ,propagate by cuttings1 or partially ripened shoots4 ,myrtle looks well in large pots4 ,,nasturtium4 ,tropolum is the botanical name1 meaning trophy1 for the leaves suggest a buckler and the flowers a helmet4 ,treat as a hardy annual4 ,sow seeds in the spring4 ,nasturtium is a splendid climber over rocks1 stones1 or latticework1 and a prolific bloomer4 ,,oxlip4 ,propagate by fresh seed1 divisions1 or cuttings in rich1 light soil1 not dry4 ,protect in winter4 ,the oxlip grows from eight to twelve inches and likes half-shade4 ,it resembles the primrose1 but has larger flowers4 ,these open in ,may and are yellow4 ,the leaves are broad and flat and wrinkled4 ,,pansy4 ,heart's-ease and ,johnny-,jump-,up are other names for the ,viola tricolor1 which has a wonderful length of blossoming1 for the flowers continue from mid-,april to mid-,september4 ,the flowers must be constantly picked1 or the plant deteriorates4 ,this precious little plant is very easy to raise1 provided it is protected from the noonday sun4 ,propagate by seed or division in any garden soil1 and in half-shade or morning sunlight4 ,protect it from the hot noon-day sun4 ,pansies look well in a bed by themselves and make a beautiful border plant4 ,,pinks4 ,see ,carnations4 ,,pomegranate is a highly decorative shrub1 particularly the beautiful double scarlet variety 7,punica rubrum florepleno71 which flowers in ,august4 ,plant cutting in a big pot1 jar1 or tub1 or buy plants4 ,stand these plants in pairs in some conspicuous place in the garden and they will add great elegance4 ,,poppy4 ,the common garden herbaceous poppy flowers in ,may and ,june1 in sun or half-shade1 rising from two to three feet4 ,it has large flowers and handsome divided foliage4 ,for a ,shakespeare garden select the white4 ,propagate by dividing in early autumn4 ,the poppy is a gross feeder and likes rather moist loam enriched with cow manure4 ,,primrose4 ,this flower blooms from mid-,april to mid-,june4 ,it has several solitary pale yellow blossoms on naked stem4 ,it grows from six to nine inches high4 ,protect in winter4 ,propagate by seeds and offsets in rich1 light soil1 not dry4 ,,rose4 ,how to plant a rose may seem a simple matter1 but many have laid the foundation of failure through bad planting1 writes a rose cultivator4 ,never plant in a very wet soil1 nor allow crude manures to come into direct contact with the roots4 ,see that the roots are spread out properly and naturally1 not pressed into a small hole and cramped or distorted from the first4 ,plant dwarf kinds two inches deeper than the junction of the rose and stock1 and standards three inches below the original root4 ,to place a small grower side by side with one of three or four times the strength is a great mistake2 the weaker grower has no chance whatever4 ,for medium growers three feet is a good distance1 while plants of greater vigor will need to be from four feet to six feet apart4 ,do not plant against a wall2 but leave some four or six inches between the wall and the base of the plant4 ,it should not be difficult to obtain the roses familiar to ,shakespeare4 ,the old ,hundred-,leaved and ,damask are easy to procure4 ,the ,rosa alba1 or white rose1 has two familiar varieties called ,maiden's ,blush and ,madame ,plantier4 ,illustration3 ,,knots ,,from ,,markham ,illustration3 ,,simple ,,garden ,,beds ,the ,musk-,rose may give some trouble1 but ,e4 ,t4 ,cook gives us a good clue as well as instructions for growing it4 ,he says3 ,these are very old roses1 certainly known in ,england three hundred years ago4 ,the flowers are insignificant individually1 but collectively are pleasing and appear late in ,august4 ,they require good culture1 and very little1 if any1 pruning4 ,as pillar roses they are seen at their best4 ',fringed' is very pretty and strikes freely from cuttings4 ,its color is white shaded sulphur4 ,all the ,musk-,roses have a peculiar musk-like odor1 but this is distilled only on still damp mornings or evenings4 ',eliza ,verry' is white1 very free1 the flowers appearing in large corymbs4 ',rivers ,musk' is a pretty pink variety1 well worth cultivating4 ,of the ,hybrid ,musks the ',garland' is of rampant growth4 ,it has immense corymbs of tiny white flowers with innumerable little buff colored buds1 peering out among them4 ',madame d' ,arblay' is another4 ',nivea' is a beautiful kind for a pergola1 or fence4 ,the ,noisette is also a hybrid musk1 named for a ,french gardener of ,charleston1 ,south ,carolina1 who took the seed from the musk-rose in #ahag4 ,there is a difference between the ,eglantine1 or ,sweetbrier1 and the ,dog-rose1 although they are difficult to distinguish4 ,the ',dog ,rose' sends up long arching branches some six to nine feet high and perhaps more2 the ',sweetbrier' is content with branches three or four feet in length4 ,and whereas in the ',dog ,rose' the branch continues single the ',sweetbrier' sends out side growths1 or branchlets quickly forming a dense bush4 ,note also the prickles4 ,to a certain extent they are stout and hooked like those of the ',dog ,rose1' but more irregularly placed4 ,on the young root-shoots there is a marked difference1 for whilst on the ',sweetbrier' this young growth is covered with set1 some of them very small1 tipped with glands1 in the ',dog ,rose' they are totally absent4#if #if ,pemberton1 ,roses 7,london1 #aijh74 ,,rosemary4 ,tender1 aromatic sub-shrub with small flowers in short racemes4 ,propagate by seeds1 cuttings1 or layers in dry1 light soil4 ,the flowers are purple and bluish4 ,rosemary is valued in cookery as a flavoring4 ,it can be allowed to wander all over the garden4 ,it was always a favorite border-plant in old-fashioned gardens4 ,,rue4 ,the herb of grace is not very pretty4 ,it has much divided leaves and panicles of small fragrant flowers1 yellowish-green1 or greenish-yellow4 ,propagate by seed and division4 ,rue needs a sheltered position and protection in winter4 ,its height is about two feet4 ,,savory4 ,sow in open ground at the end of ,march1 or early ,april1 in light1 rich soil4 ,thin the seedlings moderately2 they may remain where they are1 or be transplanted4 ,sown along the outside of beds1 savory makes a good edging4 ,it is useful in cookery4 ,,sweet ,,balm4 ,melissa officinalis is the botanical name4 ,sweet balm is loved for its fragrance4 ,the yellowish white flowers bloom in ,june1 ,july1 and ,august4 ,it grows about two feet and loves the sun4 ,propagate by seed and division4 ,,sweet-,,william is a valuable little garden plant1 for it blooms profusely in ,june and ,july and is vigorous and rapidly spreading4 ,the flowers are in double clusters1 pink1 white1 red1 and party-colored1 single and double4 ,propagate by seed in any soil4 ,see ,carnations4 ,,thyme4 ,this aromatic herb is of dense growth with small1 pale-lilac flowers in terminal spikes4 ,its pale1 bright-green foliage makes it an attractive creeper for banks4 ,thyme also grows well in a rock-garden and makes a good border-plant also4 ,propagate by seed and division4 ,the plant grows in any soil4 ,it attains a height of from one to two inches and blossoms in ,june and ,july4 ,every one knows the value of dried thyme for flavoring in cookery4 ,,violets prefer shady places4 ,they are at home in the rock-garden1 and they are very charming if planted on a little bank4 ,they can be sown on the grassy slope of a terrace4 ,in that case1 let them come up of their own sweet will4 ,the graceful heart-shaped leaves of the ,viola odorata and its purple blossoms that open in late ,april and ,may are known and loved by every one4 ,propagate by seed or division1 selecting a loose1 rich1 sandy soil4 ,,xxii ,potpourri ,as the ladies of ,shakespeare's time were so fond of making potpourri1 ,i think it may be of value to place here an old recipe1 which any one who has a garden can follow3 ,many fragrant flowers and leaves can be used in the making of an old-fashioned bowl of potpourri4 ,those usually employed are rose-petals1 lavender1 lemon-plant1 verbena1 myrtle1 rosemary1 bay1 mignonette1 violets1 pinks and syringa4 ,thyme1 mint and other sweet herbs should be used1 if available4 ,shred the larger leaves and dry all in the sun4 ,mix an ounce of orris-root1 allspice1 bay-salt and cloves and mix freely with about twelve handfuls of the dried petals and leaves and store in a jar1 or bowl4 ,a small quantity of essence of lemon and spirits of lavender may be added1 but are not necessary4 ,should the mixture become too moist1 add more powdered orris-root4 ,a ,,maske ,,of ,,flowers ,a ,,maske ,,of ,,flowers ,,it seems to me that nothing more appropriate could be placed here as an epilogue to this book on the ,shakespeare garden than the contemporary description of ,a ,maske of ,flowers by the ,gentlemen of ,gray's ,inn at ,whitehall on ,twelfth ,night1 #afac1 being the last of the solemnities and magnificences which were performed at the marriage of the ,earl of ,somerset and ,lady ,frances1 daughter of the ,earl of ,suffolk1 ,lord ,chamberlain4 ,this was printed in #afad2 and ,i have quoted it from the ,history of ,gardening in ,england by the ,hon4 ,alicia ,amherst 7,london1 #ahie71 who copied it from a very rare original4 ,this description not only presents a perfect picture of a ,shakespearian garden but will be a revelation to those persons who think that only crude stage-setting existed in ,elizabethan and ,jacobean days4 ,although elaborate stage-setting was restricted to private entertainments1 the designers of the period knew how to produce splendid effects4 ,there is nothing more elaborate in the theater today than this ornate and brilliantly lighted scene3 ,when the ,dance ended1 the loud music sounded4 ,the curtains being drawn was seen a ,garden of a glorious and strange beauty1 cast into four ,quarters with a cross-walk and alleys compassing each ,quarter4 ,in the middle of the cross-walk stood a goodly ,fountain1 raised on four columns of silver4 ,on the tops whereof strode four statues of silver which supported a bowl in circuit containing four and twenty foot and was raised from the ground nine foot in height1 in the middle whereof1 upon scrolls of silver and gold1 was placed a globe garnished with four golden mask heads1 out of which issued water into the bowl2 above stood a golden ,neptune1 in height three foot1 holding in his hand a trident4 ,the ,garden walls were of brick1 artificially painted in perspective1 all along which were placed fruit-trees with artificial leaves and fruits4 ,the ,garden within the walls was railed about with rails of three foot high1 adorned with balusters of silver1 between which were placed pedestals beautified with transparent lights of variable colors4 ,upon the pedestals stood silver columns1 upon the tops whereof were personages of gold1 lions of gold and unicorns of silver4 ,every personage and beast did hold a torchet burning1 that gave light and luster to the whole fabric4 ,every ,quarter of the ,garden was finely hedged about with a low hedge of cypress and juniper2 the ,knots within set with artificial flowers4 ,in the two first ,quarters were two ,pyramids1 garnished with gold and silver and glittering with transparent lights resembling carbuncles1 sapphires and rubies4 ,in every corner of each ,quarter were great pots of gilliflowers which shadowed certain lights placed behind them and made resplendent and admirable luster4 ,the two farther ,quarters were beautified with tulips of divers colors1 and in the middle and in the corners of the said ,quarters were set great tufts of several kinds of flowers receiving luster from secret lights placed behind them4 ,at the farther end of the ,garden was a ,mount1 raised by degrees resembling banks of earth covered with grass4 ,on the top of the ,mount stood a goodly ,arbor1 substantially made and covered with artificial trees and with arbor flowers such as eglantine1 honeysuckles and the like4 ,the ,arbor was in length three and thirty foot1 in height one and twenty1 supported with termes of gold and silver4 ,it was divided into six arches and three doors answerable to the three walks of the ,garden4 ,in the middle of the ,arbor rose a goodly large turret and at either end a smaller4 ,upon the top of the ,mount in the front thereof was a bank of flowers1 curiously painted behind1 while within the arches the maskers sat unseen4 ,behind the ,garden1 over the top of the ,arbor1 were set artificial trees appearing like an ,orchard joining to the ,garden2 and over all was drawn in perspective a ,firmament like the skies in a clear night4 ,upon a grassy seat under the ,arbor sat the ,garden ,gods in number twelve1 apparrelled in long robes of green rich taffeta1 caps on their heads and chaplets of flowers4 ,in the midst of them sat ,primaura1 at whose entreaty they descended to the stage1 and1 marching up to the ,king1 sung to lutes and theorbos4#ig #ig ,the tenor lute4 ,,complete ,,list ,,of ,,shakespearian ,,flowers ,,with ,,botanical ,,identifications ,anemone 7,anemone purpurea striata stellata74 ,box 7,buxus sempervirens74 ,broom-flower 7,cytisus scoparius74 ,camomile 7,anthemis nobilis74 ,carnation 7,dianthus caryophyllus74 ,columbine 7,aquilegia vulgaris74 ,cowslip 7,paralysis vulgaris pratensis74 ,crocus 7,crocus verus sativus autumnalis74 ,crow-flower 7,scilla nutans74 ,crown-imperial 7,fritillaria imperalis74 ,cuckoo-buds 7,ranunculus74 ,cuckoo-flowers 7,lychnis ,flos cuculi74 ,daffodil 7,narcissus pseudo-narcissus74 ,daisy 7,bellis perennis74 ,diana's-bud 7,artemesia74 ,fennel 7,fniculum vulgare74 ,fern 7,pteris aquilina74 ,flower-de-luce 7,iris pseudacorus74 ,gilliflower 7,caryophyllus major74 ,harebell 7,scilla nutans74 ,holly 7,ilex aquifolium74 ,honeysuckle 7,lonicera perfolium74 ,ivy 7,hedera helix74 ,lady-smocks 7,cardamine pratensis74 ,lark's-heels1 ,nasturtium4 ,larkspur 7,delphinium74 ,lavender 7,lavendula spica74 ,lily 7,lilium candidum74 ,long purples 7,arum masculata74 ,marigold 7,calendula officinalis74 ,marjoram 7,origanum vulgare74 ,mint 7,mentha74 ,mistletoe 7,viscum album74 ,monks-hood 7,aconitum ,napellus74 ,myrtle 7,myrtus latifolia74 ,oxlip 7,primula eliator74 ,pansy 7,viola tricolor74 ,pomegranate 7,punica74 ,poppy 7,papaver somniferum74 ,primrose 7,primula vulgaris74 ,rose 7,rosa74 ,rosemary 7,rosmarinus officinalis74 ,rue 7,ruta graveolus74 ,savory 7,satureia74 ,sweet ,balm 7,melissa officinalis74 ,thyme 7,thymus serpyllum74 ,violet 7,viola odorata74 ,,appendix ,,elizabethan ,,garden ,,at ,,shakespeare',s ,,birthplace ,,two reports made in the spring of #aibj1 one by ,frederick ,c4 ,wellstood1 secretary and librarian of the ,trustees and ,guardians of ,shakespeare's ,birthplace1 and the other by ,ernest ,law1 ,c4,b41 one of the trustees1 will doubtless be of interest to the reader4 ,they have been made available through the courtesy of ,mr4 ,law4 ,mr4 ,wellstood1 writing on ,easter1 #aibj1 in his report says3 ,the appeal of the ,trustees and ,guardians of ,shakespeare's ,birthplace1 c4 issued three months ago1 for gifts of ,elizabethan plants and flowers1 wherewith to stock his ',great ,garden' at ,stratford-upon-,avon1 has had a very gratifying response4 ,the ,king and ,queen1 ,queen ,alexandra and the ,prince of ,wales1 have graciously interested themselves in the project1 and have given practical support by valuable contributions of old-fashioned roses and other flowers4 ,from the gardens of all the ,royal ,palaces1 which were known to ,shakespeare1 ample parcels of the same sorts of flowers as grew in them when he visited them have been forwarded to ,stratford-upon-,avon4 ,thus1 from ,greenwich1 where we know that he appeared as an actor before ,queen ,elizabeth at ,christmas1 #aeid2 from ,windsor1 where his ,company performed before the same ,queen--probably in ,the ,merry ,wives of ,windsor--as well as from ,frogmore1 which that play proves his acquaintance with2 from ,hampton ,court--out of the ,old ,tudor ,garden1 'circum-mured with brick1' which he must have visited when he and his fellows of the ',king's ,company of ,actors' spent ten days there during the ,christmastide of #afjc-d1 presenting six plays before ,king ,james and his ,court--from the gardens of all these places large consignments of plants have reached ,shakespeare's ,garden4 ,from ,wilton1 likewise1 where ,shakespeare and his ,company first acted before ,king ,james1 a large number of specimens of every plant and flower wanted by the ,trustees1 has been sent by the present owner--the lineal descendant of the one1 and the kinsman and representative of the other1 of the two 'most noble and incomparable ,paire of ,brethren1 ,william ,earle of ,pembroke and ,philip ,earle of ,montgomery 444 who prosequuted the ,author living with so much favor'--to quote the words of the famous ',first ,folio1' which was dedicated to them4 ,similarly1 from the gardens of other places1 which ,shakespeare must have known well1 have come very welcome gifts1 notably from ,charlecote1 close to ,stratford--the beautiful home of the ,lucys for #gej years1 where ,shakespeare is said when a youth to have poached the deer of ,sir ,thomas ,lucy1 who had him whipped for his offense--whence now comes a charming collection of the poet's favorite flowers from the direct lineal descendant and heiress of the original ',justice ,shallow4' ,the trustees have also received choice batches of old-fashioned flowers from the gardens of medieval ,castles mentioned in the plays--,glamis and ,cawdor1 for instance--and some which were probably well known to ,shakespeare1 such as ,berkeley ,castle2 and from the great ,tudor houses also1 which he knew well1 at any rate by repute1 such as ,knole1 ,burghley ,house1 and ,cobham ,hall4 ,the owner of ,cobham ,hall sends specimens of the famous ',cobham' ,rose1 known to have been grown in the garden there for four or five hundred years4 ,from ,esher ,place also--the ',aster ,house' of ',king ,henry ,,viii'--come many beautiful flowers and herbs4 ,the sentiment1 which has prompted such generosity1 has equally appealed to many possessors of more modern gardens2 while the authorities of ,kew ,gardens1 regarding the scheme as one of national concern1 have cordially aided the ,trustees both with counsel and with contributions4 ,last1 but by no means least1 are the many small gifts from quite small gardens1 even of cottagers2 while1 in some ways1 the most pleasing of all1 are the subscriptions from school children of some of the poorest districts in the ,east ,end of ,london--for instance1 of the ,mansford ,street ,central1 and ,pritchard's ,road ,schools1 ,bethnal ,green--for the purchase of favorite flowers of the dramatist1 whose plays they have so often witnessed with delight at the ',old ,vic4' and elsewhere4 ,thus1 effect has been given to a prime desire of the ,trustees1 that as large as possible a number of people in every section of the community should be associated with this tribute to ,shakespeare's memory4 ,most of the plants needful to furnish forth ,shakespeare's garden in the style of his own time have been forthcoming in sufficient quantities--yet there are some important gaps still to be supplied4 ,these are3--,box1 dwarf ,box1 both the ordinary and the ',gilded' variety2 ,thrift2 ,thyme1 the ,golden and ,glaucous1 as well as the ,wild2 and that pretty herb1 known under its simple old ,english name as ',lavender ,cotton4' ,of all of these1 thousands of plants are still needed4 ,similarly of ,pinks1 ',streaked ,gillyflowers'2 ',spike ,lavender'2 and of ,pansies--',love in ,idleness1'--pale and dark 'purple with ,love's wound4' ,of ',eglantine'--,sweet ,briar--a few scores would be very welcome4 ,such shortages are mainly due to the large quantities of these plants required for the purpose of filling the intricate-patterned beds of the ',curious ,knotted ,garden4' ,that kind of garden was an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in ,shakespeare's time1 and the ,trustees are laying one out on what is believed to be the exact site of the poet's own 'knotted garden1' modeling it on the designs printed in the contemporary books on gardening--the designs being followed with a fidelity and completeness unattempted1 it is believed1 for two hundred and eighty years4 ,at the same time1 suggestions have naturally been sought in ,bacon's famous ,essay ',on ,gardens4'444 ,,shakespeare',s ,,garden ,,restored ,mr4 ,law's report1 which is dated ,shakespeare's ,birthday1 ,a4 ,d4 #aibj1 says3 ,the project of laying out the ground attached to ,shakespeare's home in his later years as an ,elizabethan garden1 to be stocked with all the old-fashioned flowers mentioned by him in his plays or well known in his time1 first took practical shape last winter4 ,,the ,,long ,,borders ,the first step was to lay out the long1 narrow strip of ground by the side of the wall parallel with ,chapel ,lane as a border for summer and autumn flowers--hollyhocks1 canterbury-bells1 lupins1 larkspurs1 crown imperials1 lilies1 and so on4 ,as a background for these--and also to hide the ugly1 cast-iron railings that disfigure the top of the wall--there was planted a row of yew trees4 ,this border of some #cjj feet long has been treated in the formal fashion of the olden time 444 being divided into compartments1 separated by 'buttresses' supporting 'pillars' or 'columns' surmounted by 'balls4' ,on the path side the beds are edged with box--'dwarfe boxe1 of excellent use to border up a knott or long beds in a garden4' ,the beds ranging with these1 on the other side of the gravel walk1 are at present entirely occupied with spring flowers--largely gifts1 like the others1 from contributors all over the kingdom4 ,in the summer they will be furnished with the low-growing flowers known to the gardeners of the early years of ,james the ,first's reign--carnations1 'our streaked gillyvors1' pansies1 stocks1 fox-gloves1 sweet-williams1 snapdragons1 and so on4444 ,,the ,,wild ,,bank ,,of ,,heath ,at the eastern or lower end of the garden the aim has been to carry out1 so far as the space available admits1 ,bacon's idea1 expressed in his famous essay ',of ,gardens1' of a 'heath or desert1 in the going forth1 framed1 as much as may be1 to a natural wildness4' ,with this object1 there has been thrown up an irregular bank1 whereon have already been planted most of the flowers and herbs mentioned by ,shakespeare in his writings2 and where1 it is hoped1 every species known in his time will eventually find a place4 ,in doing this the great natural philosopher's precepts have been faithfully followed1 modified by hints derived from the greater poet4 ',some thickets1' says ,bacon1 ',i would have made only in sweetbriar 7eglantine7 and honeysuckle 7woodbine72 and the ground set with violets and primroses 7oxlips72 for these be sweet and prosper in the shade4' ,this has been done3 and with wild thyme--many square yards of it--added1 and also musk-roses--a few procured with great difficulty1 so unaccountably neglected are they in our too-pretentious modern gardens--they will form here1 in effect1 ,titania's ,bower-- ,i know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows1 ,where oxlips and the nodding violet grows1 ,quite over-canopied with luscious woodbine1 ,with sweet musk-roses and with eglantine4 ,there sleeps ,titania some time of the night1 ,lull'd in these flowers1 with dances and delight4 ,bacon1 of course1 often witnessed the performances of ,shakespeare's plays at ,court1 as well as in the public theaters2 and reminiscent echoes of that beautiful passage were probably ringing in his ears when he penned the sentences quoted above4 ,with passages in plays other than ',the ,dream1' ,bacon has also parallels4 ,his essay happens to have been published exactly twelve months after the production of ',a ,winter's ,tale' at ,court1 and in his somewhat arid enumeration therein of the seasonal succession of flowering plants1 we seem to hear echoes of those exquisite verses in ,perdita's speeches--the most beautiful expression of the intimate love of flowers in all literature-- 444 ,daffodils1 ,that come before the swallow dares1 and take ,the winds of ,march with beauty2 violets dim1 ,but sweeter than the lids of ,juno's eyes1 ,or ,cytherea's breath2 pale primroses1 ,that die unmarried ere they can behold ,bright ,phbus in his strength4 ',for ,march1' writes ,bacon1 'there come violets1 especially the single blue1 which are the earliest 444 and which1 above all other flowers1 yields the sweetest smell in the air2 also the yellow daffodil4' ',lilies of all sorts1 the flowre-de-luce being one1' says ,perdita4 ',flower-de-,luces1 and lilies of all natures1' echoes ,bacon4 ,near the ,wild ,bank later on there may1 perhaps1 be planted some of those specimens of the topiary art1 which were so general in ,jacobean gardens4 ,even ,bacon would admit them into his ',princely ,garden4' ',little low hedges 7of box or yew71' he writes1 'round like welts1 with some pretty pyramids1 ,i like well1 and in some places fair columns4' ,but he would confine them to geometric patterns3 ',i1 for my part1 do not like images cut out in juniper or other garden stuff1 they be for children4' ,but then ,shakespeare had children and grandchildren2 and1 besides1 many children of the present day will visit his garden1 much taken1 we may be sure1 with such curious devices1 and delighting in our simple sweet old ,english flowers--very few of them1 it is to be hoped1 serious little prigs1 bursting with botany4444 ,,the ,,knott ,,garden ,it is now necessary to say a few words about the ',knott ,garden'--an enclosure which1 being an invariable adjunct to every house of importance in ,shakespeare's time1 is the most essential part of the reconstruction1 on ,elizabethan lines1 of the ground about ,new ,place4 ,it need not1 however1 engage us long3 for ,m4 ,forestier's beautiful drawing of it represents it as it is to be1 better than any amount of wordy description4 ,the whole is closely modeled on the designs and views shown in the contemporary books on gardening2 and for every feature there is unimpeachable warrant4 ,the enclosing palisade--a very favorite device of the ,jacobean gardeners--of ,warwickshire oak1 cleft1 is exactly copied from the one in the famous tapestry of the ',seven ,deadly ,sins' at ,hampton ,court4 ,and here again ,bacon's advice has been useful3 ',the garden is best to be square1 encompassed on all four sides with a stately arched hedge1 the arches on pillars of carpenter's work1 of some #aj foot high1 and #f foot broad4' ,the 'tunnel1' or 'pleachd bower1 where honeysuckles1 ripened by the sun1 forbid the sun to enter'--follows ancient models1 especially the one shown in the old contemporary picture in ,new ,place ,museum4 ,the dwarf wall1 of old-fashioned bricks--hand-made1 sun-dried1 sand-finished1 with occasional 'flarers1' laid in the ,tudor bond1 with wide mortar joints--is based on similar ones1 still extant1 of the period4 ,the balustrade is identical1 in its smallest details1 with one figured in ,didymus ,mountain's ',gardener's ,labyrinth1' published in #aegg--;a book ,shakespeare must certainly have consulted when laying out his own ,knott ,garden4 ,the paths are to be of old stone from ,wilmcote1 the home of ,shakespeare's mother4 ,the intricate1 interlacing patterns of the ,knott beds--'the ,knottes so enknotted it cannot be expressed1' as ,cavendish says of ,wolsey's garden--are taken1 one from ,mountain's book2 two from ,gervase ,markham's ',country ,housewife's ,garden' 7#afac72 and one from ,william ,lawson's ',new ,orchard and ,garden' 7#afah72 and they are composed1 as enjoined by those authorities1 of box1 thrift1 lavender-cotton1 and thyme1 with their inter-spaces filled in with flowers4 ,,royal ,,roses ,,for ,,the ,,knotted ,,beds ,in one point the ,trustees have been able to 'go one better' than ,shakespeare in his own 'curious knotted garden'--to use his own expression in ',love's ,labour's ,lost4' ,for neither ,king ,james1 nor his ,queen1 ,anne of ,denmark1 nor ,henry ,prince of ,wales sent him--so far as we know--any flowers for his garden4 ,on his #cefth birthday1 however1 there will be planted four old-fashioned ,english rose-trees--one in the center of each of the four 'knotted' beds--from ,king ,george1 ,queen ,mary1 ,queen ,alexandra1 and the ,prince of ,wales4 ,surely ,shakespeare1 could he have known it1 would have been touched by this tribute6 ,they will be planted by ,lady ,fairfax-,lucy1 the heiress of ,charlecote1 and the direct lineal descendant of the ,sir ,thomas ,lucy whose deer he is said to have poached1 and who is supposed to have had him whipped for his offense1 and who is believed to be satirized in the character of ',justice ,shallow4' ,this also might well have moved him6 ,here1 in the restored ',knott ,garden1' as everywhere in the grounds about ,new ,place1 flowers--,shakespeare's ,flowers--will clothe and wreathe and perfume everything1 all else being merely devised to set them off--musk-roses1 climbing-roses1 crab-apples1 wild cherries1 clematis1 honeysuckle1 sweetbriar1 and many more4 ,by next year1 the ,trustees expect to have some #bjj1jjj individual plants--including1 of course1 the crocuses1 'bold oxlips1' 'nodding violets1' 'winking marybuds1' 'pale primroses1' and 'azured harebells1' on the wild bank and lawn--decking1 in succession through the months1 the ground whereon the poet trod1 their millions of blossoms1 with every breath of air doing reverence1 waving banners of gorgeous hue1 and flinging the incense of their delicious fragrance in homage to the memory of ,william ,shakespeare4 ,,index ,a ,absinthe1 #bdf ,acacia1 #ce ,acanthus1 #bb ,aconite1 #aii1 #bdh1 #bdi ,aconitum napellus1 #bdh ,adonis1 #acc ,adonis ,flower1 #acf neas1 #bfa ,affectionate ,shepherd1 ,the1 #di ,albion1 #adh ,aldine ,press1 #ae ,aldrich1 ,thomas ,b41 quoted1 #afc-afd ,allen1 ,grant1 quoted1 #aci-adj ,all's ,well ,that ,ends ,well1 #bcj1 #bcg ,alleys1 #ei-fa ,amadis1 de ,gaul1 #d ,amarakos1 #bch ,amaranth1 #bb ,amaryllis1 #aff ,amiens1 #beg ,anemone1 #bb1 #cf1 #hj1 #acc-acf1 #cjc ,anemone purpurea striata stellata1 #acc ,anglo-,saxons1 #f ,anglo-,saxons1 gardens of1 #f-g ,annunciation ,lily1 #afe1 #aff1 #bfg ,anne ,page1 #bdc ,anthemis nobilis1 #bdd ,apothecary1 #ca ,appius and ,virginia1 quoted1 #bcd ,aquilegia vulgaris1 #acg ,arbor1 #bj1 #dh-di1 #bha ,arbors1 flowers for1 #hb ,arcadia1 quoted1 #bh ,arches1 #bhc ,architects1 ,elizabethan1 #bc ,ariel1 #aja ,arnold1 ,matthew1 quoted1 #ahi ,artemis1 #bdg ,artemisia1 #bdf ,assur-wood1 #bfe ,as ,you ,like ,it1 song from1 #beg ,attar of ,rose1 #aei ,auricula1 #bb ,artichoke1 #adi ,arum1 #bji ,arum masculata1 #bji ,arviragus1 #ig ,asphodels1 #aac1 #aff ,autolycus1 #aji1 #aeb ,b ,babar1 garden of1 #ai-bj ,babar1 quoted1 #bj ,bacchus1 #bei ,bachelor's ,buttons1 #bb1 #hc ,bacon1 ,francis1 #ce1 #ef1 #abe1 #adh1 #bdi ,bacon1 ,francis1 quoted1 #dd-de1 #ee-ef1 #fd-ff1 #bhe ,bagh-i-,vafa1 #ai-bj ,banquetting-house1 #fc1 #hb ,barnfield1 quoted1 #di-ej ,basil1 #ad ,bastard ,daffodils1 #aaj ,battle of ,marathon1 #bcf ,bay1 ,dwarf1 #hc ,bay1 ,red1 #hb ,bay-,tree1 #ag ,bear's ears1 #hj1 #ajj ,bear's foot1 #fb ,beatrice1 #di1 #agh ,beaufort ,house1 #ba ,beds1 #bj1 #da1 #db1 #dg-dh ,bee-plants1 #bdj-bdc ,bees1 #bdj ,belides1 #aai ,bellis1 #aai ,bellis perennis1 #aah ,benedick1 #di1 #agh ,ben ,jonson1 #bi1 #acf ,ben ,jonson1 quoted1 #bdi ,bion1 quoted1 #acd ,birds1 #aj1 #fd1 #fi1 #ge1 #bhg-bhh ,birds ,eyen1 #ajg ,blonde of ,oxford1 #d1 #ab ,bloom1 quoted1 #ch-ci1 #bjh-bji ,blue ,flowers1 #aci1 #adj1 #aih1 #bej-beb ,blue ,helmet ,flower1 #aii1 #bej-beb ,blue ,pipe ,flower1 #ce ,boar's ,head1 #bbf ,boccaccio1 #af ,borde1 ,andrew1 #bhg ,border-plant1 #bde ,borders1 #i1 #gh1 #bie-big ,botticelli1 #ic1 #id1 #bai ,bottom the ,weaver1 #adh1 #beg ,bowling ,alleys1 #fg1 #gd1 #bha ,box1 #bfd-bff1 #bic1 #big1 #cjc ,box-tree1 #ae ,broom 7genesta71 #bb1 #adc-add1 #cjc ,browne1 quoted1 #dg-dh1 #di1 #abb1 #acf ,browning1 #bcf ,buckingham ,house1 #ba ,burleigh1 ,lord1 gardens of1 #bg1 #ea1 #cc ,burns1 #aba ,buttercup1 #acb1 #bjh1 #bcb1 #beb ,buxus sempervirens1 #bfd ,c ,calendula1 #aib ,calendula officinalis1 #ahi ,call-,me-to-,you1 #bjb ,caltha1 #aib ,camomile1 #gd1 #bie1 #bdd-bdf1 #cjc ,campions1 #hc ,cantabrigia ,illustrata1 #cja ,canterbury ,bells1 #aca ,cardamine pratensis1 #acj ,carew1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #ih-ii ,carnations1 #cj1 #ce1 #ec1 #hd-he1 #aha-ahi1 #aii1 #bih1 #cjd-cje ,carol1 ,boar's ,head1 #bbf ,carols1 #bee-bef1 #beh ,carraway1 #ad ,carthaginian ,apple1 #bah ,cary1 ,walter1 #cd ,caryophyllus1 #ahb ,cecil1 ,sir ,robert1 #bb ,celandine1 ,lesser1 #acb ,century ,book of ,gardening1 #cjb ,cerberus1 #bdi ,ceres1 #aaf1 #bah ,chalcedonian ,lily1 #afb ,chaucer1 #ab1 #aja1 #aai1 #aba1 #aha1 #aia1 #bef ,cheese ,bowl1 #bjc ,cher feu1 #agi ,chvre feuille1 #agi ,chives1 #ad ,christmas1 #bbe1 #bec-bee ,christmas ,carols1 #bee-bef ,christmas ,flower1 #ha ,circe1 #bbh ,clematis1 #di1 #ej1 #hb ,clemence ,isaure1 #abg ,clove ,gilliflower1 #aha ,clover1 #ah ,clovis1 #agd ,clown1 #bcg1 #bfd ,clyte1 #aid ,colin ,clout1 quoted1 #aia ,colonna1 ,francesco1 #af ,colors1 flower1 #db-dc1 #aci-adj ,colors1 blending of1 #db-dc1 #df-dh ,columbine1 #ad1 #ah1 #hd1 #acg-adc1 #bcb1 #beb1 #cje ,complete ,gardener1 ,the1 #cjc ,conduits of ,water1 #aj ,conserves1 flower1 #aec1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bbf ,cook1 ,e4 ,t41 quoted1 #cbj-cba ,cookery1 flowers in1 #ad1 #baj1 #bce1 #bcg1 #bda ,cordials1 #ahg1 #aib ,cornflowers1 #bb ,corona ,imperialis1 #gj ,corn ,rose1 #bjc ,countess of ,bedford1 ,garden of1 #ef-ei ,country ,farm1 quoted1 #fh1 #fi-gb ,cowdry1 #bc ,cowslips1 #bb1 #fb1 #gc1 #hc1 #ii-ajj1 #aja-ajg1 #cjf ,cowslip of ,jerusalem1 #ad ,crispin de ,passe1 #cja ,crocus1 #gi1 #aff1 #cjf ,crow-bells1 #bji ,crow-flowers1 #acb1 #bjg-bji1 #cjg ,crowfoot1 #hb1 #bji ,crowfoot1 winter1 #ha ,crown ,imperial1 #cf1 #gi1 #afg-agb1 #cjg ,crown of ,thorns1 #aed ,cuckoo-buds1 #acb1 #bad ,cuckoo-flowers1 #aca1 #acb1 #bac-bad1 #cjh ,cuckoo-pint1 #bji1 #bad ,cuckoo-pintle1 #bji ,cuddle-,me-to-,you1 #bjb ,cuirs1 #da1 #bij ,cupid1 #aei ,cupid's ,flower1 #bjb ,cyclamen1 #ha ,cymbeline1 #ih1 #ajd1 #acf1 #aij ,cytissus scoparius1 #adb ,d ,daffodil1 ,daffodils1 #gh-gi1 #aji-aah1 #cjh ,daffodil 7,pastoral71 #aac-aae ,daffy-down-dilly1 #aac1 #bif ,daisy4 ,daisies1 #g1 #ad1 #bb1 #fb1 #hd1 #aah-abb1 #bjg1 #cjh ,damask ,rose1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb-aec ,dame ,quickly1 #ajb ,dandelions1 #aj ,deceased ,maiden's ,lover1 quoted1 #bjh ,delphinium1 #aig ,de ,nature ,rerum1 #g ,dial1 #gc4 ,see ,sun-dials ,diana1 #afj1 #afg1 #bdg ,diana's ,bud1 #bdf-bdh1 #cji ,dianthus1 #aha ,dianthus ,caryophyllus1 #aha ,dickens1 quoted1 #bei ,didymus ,mountain1 #cd1 #fh1 #cjj ,didymus ,mountain1 quoted1 #aic-aid1 #bgh-bhj ,dobell1 ,sydney1 quoted1 #ajc ,dog ,rose1 #cba ,don ,armado1 #ach ,don ,juan1 #aec ,door in ,wall1 #i1 #ac1 #dj ,dove-cote1 #bhg ,dove-plant1 #ach ,drayton1 ,michael1 quoted1 #aac-aae1 #bja ,drosidae1 #afe-afg ,druids1 #bfa ,dryden1 quoted1 #aba ,duke1 #abc ,duke of ,burgundy1 #ajc ,duke of ,york1 #bcj ,dumain1 #ach ,e ,edging1 #big1 #bii ,edward ,,iii41 #agd ,eglantine1 #di1 #ej1 #gd1 #aej-aea1 #agh1 #cba ,egyptians1 #acd1 #afd1 #agb1 #bac ,elements of ,architecture1 #dg ,elizabeth4 ,see ,queen ,elizabeth ,elizabeth of ,bohemia1 #dg ,elizabethan estates1 #bgf ,elizabethan housewife1 #ec-ee ,eliza1 ,queen of the ,shepherds1 #bb ,ellacombe1 quoted1 #ahb-ahc ,elves1 #bdc ,ely ,place1 gardens of1 #aee ,elysian ,fields1 #aac1 #aaf1 #aff1 #agb ,endive1 #ad ,english flowers1 #hc-he ,enna1 ,fields of1 #abi ,eros1 #aei ,essay on ,gardening 7,bacon71 #ee ,euphues and ,his ,england1 quoted1 #cj1 #bde ,europa1 #abi ,exeter ,book1 quoted1 #f ,f ,fair ,maid of ,france1 #bad ,fair ,maid of ,kent1 #ahd ,fairies1 #de1 #aja4 ,see ,elves ,fairy ,cups1 #aja ,fairy ,flowers1 #age1 #bci ,falernian wine1 #afj ,falls1 #agb ,falstaff1 #ea1 #ajb1 #bja1 #bcd1 #bdd ,fancy ,flamey1 #bja ,fanshaw1 ,sir ,henry1 garden of1 #dg ,fennel1 #i1 #ad1 #acg1 #bcd-bcf1 #cji ,fern4 ,ferns1 #age-agg1 #cji ,fern-seed1 #age-agg ,fidele1 #ig1 #ih1 #acf ,fiori di ogni mese1 #aib ,fitzherbert1 #cd ,five ,points of ,good ,husbandry1 #cd ,flag1 #ha1 #agc1 #caj ,flemish ,painters1 ,gardens of1 #ah ,fletcher1 ,john1 #ajh1 #abj ,fleur-de-lis1 #aff1 #afg1 #agc-agd ,floramour1 #hb ,floral ,games1 #abg ,flore et ,blancheflore1 #d ,flor di prima vera1 #ic1 #id1 #aja ,flor di prima vera1 gentile1 #abb ,flos ,adonis1 #acf ,flos ,africanus1 #aif ,flos ,sanguineus1 #aii ,flower of ,africa1 #aif ,flower of ,ajax1 #aig ,flower of ,bristow1 #hc ,flower fanciers1 #cc-cg ,flower-gentile1 #hb ,flower de luce1 #ha1 #agb-agd1 #cji-caj ,flower-of-the-,sun1 #hb1 #bac ,flower of ,tunis1 #aif ,flowers1 #ga-gb1 #bif-big ,flowers1 ,anglo-,saxon1 #g ,flowers1 ,care of1 #cg-ch ,flowers1 ,colors of1 #db-dc1 #aci-adj ,flowers1 ,church1 #ah ,flowers for decoration1 #eb ,flowers1 ,english1 #hc-he ,flowers1 ,fad for1 #bd-be ,flowers1 ,fifteenth ,century1 #ad ,flowers1 funeral1 #bbd1 #bbe ,flowers1 love of1 #f ,flowers1 ,medival1 #aj1 #ad ,flowers1 ,medicinal1 #h1 #ad1 #ca1 #df1 #ec-ee1 #ajj1 #abe1 #aec1 #aef1 #agi1 #ahg1 #aib1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bbi-bcj1 #bca1 #bce1 #bda1 #bdd1 #bdf1 #bdg ,flowers1 ,norman1 #g ,flowers1 perfumes of1 #dc ,flowers1 outlandish1 #bd1 #cb1 #gh-hc ,flowers1 seasonable1 #fd-fh ,flowers1 ,tudor1 #bb ,flowers1 wedding1 #bba1 #bbe ,flowers1 in wine1 #abi1 #aha1 #bdh ,fniculum vulgare1 #bcd ,forest of ,arden1 #bef ,forthrights1 #da1 #db1 #hf ,fountain of ,love1 #aj ,fountains1 #db1 #fc1 #bhe-bhg ,franklyn's ,tale1 quoted1 #ab ,frantic ,foolish ,cowslip1 #ajg ,french cowslip1 #hj ,french marigold1 #aif ,freya1 #acj1 #bfa ,friar1 #bbe ,friar's ,cowl1 #bji ,fritillaria imperialis1 #afg ,fruits1 #h1 #i1 #ba1 #fe1 #gc ,fruit-trees1 #ba ,g ,gadshill1 #age ,garden1 ,babar's1 #ai ,garden books1 #ce ,garden1 ,burleigh's1 #cd ,garden1 ,countess of ,bedford's1 #ef-ei ,garden1 ,curious ,knotted1 #da ,garden of ,delight1 #c-e1 #h-aj1 #afh1 #aii ,garden of ,eden1 #bbb ,garden1 ,earl of ,salisbury's1 #ce ,garden1 ,elizabethan1 #bc-bi1 #ca1 #dj-eb1 #hf1 #hh-hi ,garden1 ,sir ,henry ,fanshaw's1 #dg ,garden of ,fidelity1 #ai1 #bj ,garden1 ,fifteenth ,century1 #ae-ah ,garden1 ,gerard's1 #cd ,garden1 ,hackney1 #ce-cf ,garden1 ,hampton ,court ,palace1 #bgd ,garden1 ,henry ,,viii4's1 #bj1 #ba ,garden1 ,hatfield1 #ce ,garden1 ,havering-atte-,bower1 #bf ,garden1 ,herb1 #gb ,garden1 ,house1 #bha ,garden1 ,italian ,renaissance1 #ae-ah ,garden1 ,kenilworth1 #bge ,garden1 ,kitchen1 #ca ,garden1 lay-out 7small71 #da1 #gj1 #bgg ,garden1 lay-out 7stately71 #da1 #gj1 #bga-bgf ,garden1 ,long ,acre1 garden at1 #cb ,garden1 ,medival1 #aa-ac ,garden1 ,moor ,park1 #ef-ei ,garden1 ,nosegay1 #ga ,garden1 ,novelties1 #bj ,garden1 ,parkinson's1 #cb ,garden1 pleasant flowers1 #ca ,garden1 pleasures1 #bi ,garden1 ,small1 #c-e ,garden1 ,terraced1 #bgf ,garden1 ,theobald's1 #bg1 #cd1 #ci1 #ea1 #cja ,garden1 ,tuggie's1 #ce ,garden1 ,uses of1 #eb ,garden1 ,wolsey's1 #bj ,garden1 ,zouche's1 #ce-cf ,gardens1 ,anglo-,saxon1 #f-g ,gardens1 ,burleigh's1 #bg1 #cc1 #cd1 #ci1 #ea1 #cja ,gardens1 ,flemish painters1 #ah ,gardens1 ,indian1 #ah ,gardens1 ,italian painters1 #ah ,gardens1 ,ladies in1 #ac1 #ad ,gardens1 ,lay-out of1 #gf-gg ,gardens1 ,locked1 #ac ,gardens1 ,mogul ,emperors1 #ah-ai ,gardens1 ,nonsuch ,palace1 #ba1 #bgc-bgd ,gardens1 ,norman1 #g ,gardens1 ,rennaissance influence1 #ch-ci ,gardens1 ,roman1 #f ,gardens1 ,sixteenth ,century1 #bj ,gardens1 ,tudor1 #ba1 #bc-bi ,garlands4 ,see ,wreaths ,garofalo1 ,il1 #ahg ,garth1 #f-g ,gaskell1 ,mrs41 quoted1 #adi ,gate1 #dj1 #bhj ,gazebo1 #bha ,gentlemen's ,magazine1 quoted1 #hh-hi ,gerade4 ,see ,gerard ,gerard1 #cc-cd1 #ea1 #aji1 #afb1 #bah1 #bdh ,gerard1 ,garden of1 #cd ,gerard1 quoted1 #abh1 #acc1 #afh1 #ahg1 #bja1 #bcj1 #bca ,george ,gisze1 #ec ,germander1 #fb1 #gh ,gethsemane1 ,garden of1 #agj ,giardino segreto1 #ae ,gilliflowers1 #g1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #ce1 #hc1 #hd1 #ahd1 #ahf-ahg1 #aii1 #bif ,gilliflowers1 names of1 #ahd ,gladiolus1 #aff ,golden ,apple1 #bai1 #bba ,golden ,bough1 #bfa ,gold ,flower1 #aia1 #aib ,golds1 #ad ,gardener1 business1 #ff-fg ,gardener's ,labyrinth1 quoted1 #cd1 #aic-aid1 #bgh-bhj1 #bie1 #bii1 #cjj ,gosse1 ,edmund1 quoted1 #aef ,googe1 ,barnaby1 #ce ,great ,harwich1 #ahd1 #ahe ,greek myths1 #ig1 #aae1 #aai1 #abi1 #acj1 #acd1 #afd1 #agd1 #aid1 #bac1 #bah-bai1 #bba1 #bbh1 #bcd1 #bch1 #bei1 #bfd ,grete ,herbal1 #cd ,guillaume de ,lorris1 #h ,guirlande de ,julie1 #aga ,gunpowder1 #bdi ,gustavus ,adolphus1 #aga ,grumio1 #ea ,gyllofre4 ,see ,gilliflowers ,h ,hackney1 garden at1 #ce-cf ,haggard1 ,rider1 quoted1 #ace-acf ,hakluyt1 quoted1 #adi1 #aeb ,hamlet1 #aai1 #acg1 #bjg ,hampton ,court ,palace1 #bj1 #ea ,hampton ,court ,palace1 gardens1 #bgd ,hampton ,court ,palace1 ,fountain1 #bhf ,hampton ,court ,palace1 ,mount1 #bhb ,handful of ,pleasant ,delights1 quoted1 #abg-abh1 #bbe1 #bcb ,hanging ,gardens of ,babylon1 #e ,harebell1 #acf-acg1 #bjg1 #bff1 #caj ,harleian ,mss41 #aa ,harpocrates1 #aei ,harrison1 ,william1 quoted1 #bd ,hatfield1 garden1 #ce-cf ,hathaway1 ,ann1 #c ,havering-atte-,bower1 garden1 #bf ,heartsease1 #hd1 #bjb ,heath1 #ei1 #fb ,hebrews1 #afd ,hecate1 #bdi ,hedera ,helix1 #beg ,hedges1 #dj1 #ei1 #fc1 #gg1 #bic ,helena1 #ih ,heliotrope1 #aid ,henry ,,ii41 #g ,henry ,v41 #ajc ,henry ,,viii41 garden1 #bj1 #ba1 #bgd ,hentzner1 ,paul1 quoted1 #bg-bh1 #bhe-bhg ,hepatica1 #ha ,hercules1 #bdi ,herrick1 quoted1 #bfe-bff ,herba leonis1 #aci ,herba ,marguerita1 #abb ,herba ,sanct ,mari1 #bcd ,herb of ,grace1 #dh1 #bbi-bcj1 #bcg ,herb garden1 #gb ,herb ,trinity1 #bja ,herbal1 ,gerard's1 #cd-ce ,herbal1 ,great1 #bf ,herbals1 #be-bf ,herbals1 ,list of1 #cd-ce ,herbs1 #ad1 #bb1 #df1 #eb1 #gb ,herbs1 farsing1 #bda ,herbs1 pot1 #g ,herbs1 medicinal1 #h ,herbstrewer1 #eb ,hermia1 #ih ,hero1 #di1 #agh ,hill1 ,thomas1 #cd1 #fh ,holbein1 #ec ,hole1 ,dean1 quoted1 #aea ,holly1 #bec-beg1 #caa ,holly1 song1 #beg ,hollyhock1 #bb1 #he ,homer1 #bbh ,honey of ,mount ,hymettus1 #bdj ,honeysuckle1 #g1 #di1 #ej1 #hb1 #bic1 #caa ,hood1 quoted1 #aeh ,horse-blobs1 #acb ,hortorum ,viridariorumque1 #cja ,hortus ,floridus1 #cja ,hulfeere1 #bef ,hungary water1 #bbf ,huon of ,bordeaux1 #d ,hyacinth1 #gi1 #acf1 #aff ,hybla1 #bdj ,hymen1 #bac ,hypernotomachia1 #ae ,hyssop1 #gh ,i ,italian painters1 gardens of1 #ah ,ilex aquifolium1 #bec ,imogen1 #ih1 #acf ,importation of flowers1 #bd-be ,iris1 #bb1 #agb1 #cji-caj ,iris pseudacorus1 #agb ,ironmongers1 ,worshipful ,company of1 #cg ,isaiah1 quoted1 #bfe ,ivy1 #bee-bef1 #beg-bfj1 #caa ,ivy ,green1 ,the1 #bei-bfj ,j ,jabberwocky1 #bhi ,jachimo1 #ajd ,jacinth1 #acf ,jack-an-,apes-on-,horseback1 #hd1 #ajg ,jack-in-the-,pulpit1 #bji1 #cae ,james ,i41 #ea ,jami1 quoted1 #aei ,jars1 #da1 #bhd-bhe ,jasmine1 #bb1 #hb ,jessica1 #hf ,jesus ,christ1 legend1 #aga ,jews1 #bag ,joan's ,silver ,pin1 #bjc ,john de ,garlande1 quoted1 #h ,johnny-,jump-,ups1 #bjj1 #bja1 #bjc ,johnson's ,gardeners ,dictionary1 #cjb ,jonquil1 #aae ,juliet1 #hf1 #bae ,july flowers1 #ahg1 #ahi ,juno's ,rose1 #afb ,junquilia1 #aaj ,jupiter1 #afj ,k ,kate ,greenaway1 #dj ,katharine of ,aragon1 #bah ,keeler1 ,harriet ,l41 quoted1 #adj-ada ,kenilworth1 #bi ,kenilworth1 garden of1 #ci1 #bge ,keats1 quoted1 #adh1 #aif ,kingcups1 #acb ,king ,eteocles1 #bai ,king ,henry ,,iv41 #age1 #bcd1 #bdd1 #bdh ,king ,henry ,,vi41 #aee1 #agd ,king ,john1 #abc ,king ,lear1 #bac ,king ,richard ,,ii41 #bcj ,kiss-,me-at-the-,garden-,gate1 #bjb ,kiss-,me-,quick1 #bjb ,knight's ,spur1 #aig ,knots1 #bj1 #da1 #df1 #fc1 #gh1 #bih-cja ,knotted ,garden1 ,curious1 #da ,l ,labyrinth1 #da1 #ea ,ladies1 skill in cookery1 #ad ,ladies1 skill in simples1 #ad ,lady's ,bower1 #di1 #hb ,lady-,smocks1 #acj-acc1 #bad1 #caa ,laertes1 #bcd ,lamb1 ,charles1 quoted1 #bhh ,landor1 quoted1 #agi ,laneham1 ,robert1 quoted1 #bge ,lark's claws1 #aig ,lark's heels1 #hd1 #aig ,larkspur1 #ha1 #aig-bjj1 #beb1 #cab ,lark's toes1 #aig ,lavender1 #bb1 #bca-bcc1 #bcg1 #cab ,lavender ,spica1 #bca ,law1 ,ernest1 quoted1 #bgd1 #cch-cde ,lawson1 ,william1 #ce1 #gc ,lawson1 ,william1 quoted1 #bde1 #bif1 #big1 #bii-cjj ,leate1 ,nicholas1 #cc1 #cf1 #cg ,lee1 ,vernon1 quoted1 #ae-ah ,leicester1 ,earl of1 #bi1 #bge ,leminius1 ,dr41 quoted1 #eb-ec ,lent ,lily1 #aae ,lete1 ,nicholas4 ,see ,leate ,levant ,company1 #cf ,lewis ,carroll1 #bhg ,libault1 ,john1 #fh ,lilac1 #ce ,lily4 ,lilies1 #g1 #h1 #ad1 #ah1 #bb1 #gh1 #gi1 #afj-afg ,lily1 ,annunciation1 #cac-cae ,lily ,conally1 #bb1 #ga1 #afa1 #cad ,lily1 ,lent1 #aae ,lily ,madonna1 #afe1 #afg ,lily ,martagon1 #cf1 #gi1 #afb-afc ,lily1 ,scarlet ,martagon1 #afb ,lily ,tiger1 #afc ,lily-of-the-,valley1 #bb1 #ga1 #afa1 #cad ,lilium album1 #afb ,lilium candidum1 #afa ,lilium convallium1 #fb ,lilium ,perticum1 #agj ,liverwort1 #ha ,lobel1 ,mathias de1 #cf ,lobelia1 #cf ,locker-,lampson1 #df ,locker-,lampson1 quoted1 #aha ,loggan1 ,david1 #cja ,london ,pride1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bih ,london ,tufts1 #ahi ,long ,acre1 garden at1 #cb ,long ,purples1 #bjg1 #bji-baj1 #cae ,longueville1 #ach ,love-in-,idleness1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bdg ,love's ,labour's ,lost1 #da1 #aah1 #acc1 #ade ,lords-and-,ladies1 #bji1 #baj ,lorenzo1 #hf ,louis ,,vii41 #agd ,lucrece1 #aah ,luini1 #ada ,lupton1 quoted1 #aij ,lychnis ,flos cuculi1 #bac ,lyly1 ,john1 quoted1 #cj1 #bde ,lyte1 quoted1 #ajj1 #aij1 #bbf ,m ,madame ,plantier1 #cbj ,madonna of the ,melagrana1 #bai ,madonna of the ,rose1 #afj ,madonna of the ,rose ,bush1 #afj ,madonna of the ,rose ,garden1 #afj ,madonna of the ,rose ,hedge1 #afj ,madonna ,lily1 #afe1 #afg ,maiden's ,blush1 #cbj ,maison ,rustique1 ,la1 #fh ,mallows1 #ad ,malvolio1 #hf1 #bfd ,marathon1 #bce ,margaret of ,orleans1 #aie ,marguerite1 #aba1 #abb ,margueritons1 #abb ,maria1 #hf1 #bfd ,marigold4 ,marigolds1 #g1 #h1 #bb1 #hb-hd1 #ahi-aif1 #cae-caf ,marina1 #abd ,marjoram1 #ad1 #bb1 #bcf-bci1 #caf ,markham1 ,gervase1 #fh1 #fi ,markham1 ,gervase1 quoted1 #ej1 #bii ,marshall1 ,william1 #cd ,martagon ,lily1 #cf1 #afb-afc ,martagons1 #gi ,marvel of ,peru1 #ce1 #hb ,mary-buds1 #aij ,maske of ,flowers1 #cbe-ccj ,maudelyn1 #aba ,maudlin1 #aba ,mausoleum of ,artemisia1 #bdh ,may flower1 #aca ,may ,lady1 masque of1 #bc ,may weed1 #acf ,mazes1 #da1 #ej-ea1 #gd1 #cjj ,meadow cress1 #aca ,measure for ,measure1 #bbj ,meet-,me-at-the-,garden-,gate1 #bjb ,melissa officinalis1 #bdc ,menthe1 #bcd ,menthe de ,notre ,dame1 #bcd ,merry ,wives of ,windsor1 #ajb1 #agd1 #bdc ,mezerion1 #fd1 #fc ,middleton and ,rowley1 quoted1 #aia ,midsummer ,daisy1 #aba ,midsummer ,night1 #age-agf1 #bjj ,midsummer ,night's ,dream1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #bdg1 #beg ,milton1 #bja1 #bcg ,milton1 quoted1 #ih1 #abj ,mint4 ,mints1 #i1 #ad1 #bb1 #bcc-bcf1 #cag ,mistletoe1 #bfa-bfd ,mistletoe ,bough1 #bfa1 #bfb ,mistress ,ford1 #ajc ,mogul ,emperors1 gardens of1 #ah-ai ,mohammed1 #aae ,mohammedans1 quotation from1 #abi ,moly1 #bbh ,monk's ,cane1 #bej ,monk's hood1 #aig1 #aii1 #bcb1 #bdh-beb1 #cag ,montacute1 #bha ,montacute1 lay-out of1 #bgb-bgc ,montausier1 ,duc de1 #aga ,moon1 #afj ,moon daisy1 #aba ,moor ,park1 garden at1 #ef-ei ,more the ,merrier1 quoted1 #bde ,more1 ,sir ,thomas1 quoted1 #ba1 #dh1 #bbd ,mort de ,garin1 ,la1 #ab ,mounts1 #bj1 #gc1 #bhb ,much ,ado ,about ,nothing1 #aec1 #agh ,mugwort1 #bdh ,musk ,rose1 #dd1 #de1 #gc1 #adh-aej1 #cbj ,myrtle1 #afj1 #bai-bbc ,myrtus latifolia1 #bai ,n ,narcissus1 #bb1 #aae ,narcissus pseudo narcissus1 #aji ,nash1 #bei ,nasturtium1 #ha1 #cah ,nasturtium ,indicum1 #aii ,neckan1 ,alexander1 quoted1 #gh ,nettle red1 #ad ,nettles1 #bjg ,new ,orchard and ,garden1 #ce ,new ,orchard and ,garden1 quoted1 #gb-gc1 #ge1 #bde ,noisette1 #cba ,nonesuch1 #hc ,nonesuch ,palace1 fountain at1 #bhf ,nonesuch ,palace1 gardens of1 #ba1 #ci ,nonesuch ,palace1 lay-out of1 #bgc-bgd ,nonesuch orange color1 #cb ,nosegay1 #dc1 #abh1 #aii1 #bcb1 #bcf ,nosegay garden1 #ga ,norman ,castle1 #ahc ,norman ,kings1 gardens of1 #g ,o ,oberon1 #de1 #age1 #bjj1 #bdg ,oceanides1 #agd dipus ,coloneus1 #aaf ,oleander1 #hb ,olivia1 garden of1 #hf1 #bfd ,ophelia1 #aai1 #aba1 #abd1 #acg1 #bjj1 #bjg1 #bjh1 #bad1 #bbd1 #bcj1 #bcd ,orange-trees #bj ,orchard1 #h1 #ca1 #ea1 #gc1 #gd1 #ge ,order of ,genest1 #add ,orchis mascula1 #bji ,orris root1 #ha1 #agc ,ort-garth1 #f ,orto1 #af ,othello1 #bjc ,our ,lady's flowers1 #acj ,outlandish flowers1 #bd1 #cb1 #gh-hc ,ovid1 quoted1 #bej ,ox-eye daisy1 #aba ,oxlip4 ,oxlips1 #ajg-ajh1 #cah ,oxonia ,illustrata1 #cja ,p ,pstum1 #aei ,palsieworts1 #ajg ,pansy1 names of1 #bjb ,pansy4 ,pansies1 #bb1 #hd1 #bjj-bjc1 #bih1 #cah ,papaver somniferum1 #bjc ,paquerette1 #aba1 #abb ,paradisi in ,sole1 #cb1 #ce1 #hc ,pasque flowers1 #ace ,paralyses1 #ii ,paralysis vulgare pratensis1 #aja ,paris1 #bai1 #bba ,parkinson1 ,john1 #ca1 #cb1 #ce1 #ge1 #aea1 #aef1 #aif ,parkinson1 garden of1 #cb-cc ,parkinson1 quoted1 #ch1 #ge-gh1 #hj1 #ha1 #hb-hc1 #hd-he1 #ii-ajj1 #ajf-ajg1 #aji-aaa1 #aba-abb1 #acd-ace1 #acg1 #ach1 #adf-adg1 #adi-aej1 #aej-aea1 #aeb-aec1 #afa1 #afb-afc1 #afh-agj1 #agc1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahf-ahg1 #ahh1 #aib-aic1 #aig-aih1 #aii1 #bjc1 #baa1 #bad1 #bae-baf1 #bbj1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bca-bcb1 #bce1 #bch1 #bdj-bda1 #bdb1 #bdc-bdd1 #bde-bdf1 #bej-beb1 #cba ,parsley1 #ad ,paths1 #i1 #bid ,peacock1 #bhh ,pense1 #bjj ,penshurst1 #bib ,pensioners1 #ajb ,peony4 ,peonies1 #bb1 #he ,peony1 ,roman1 #ad ,perdita1 #c1 #gb1 #hf1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aaa1 #abi1 #afj1 #afb1 #afg1 #afh1 #agb1 #aha1 #aij1 #bbe1 #bca1 #bcc1 #bcg1 #bdb ,perennials1 #df ,perfume1 #dc1 #dd1 #de1 #df1 #aec1 #bca1 #bcb1 #bci1 #bdd4 ,see ,scent4 ,pericles1 #abd ,periwinkle1 #g1 #bb1 #fb ,persian ,lily1 #agj ,peruvian ,sunflower1 #aif ,petruchio1 #eb ,petty ,mullins1 #ajg ,pheasant's ,eye1 #aag ,pheidippides1 #bcf ,phoradendron1 #bfc ,phosphorescent flowers1 #aii ,pickwick ,papers1 #bei ,picotee1 #ahb ,pink4 ,pinks1 #ah1 #he1 #ahg-ahi ,pinks1 names of1 #ahh ,pink of ,my ,john1 #bjb ,pinkster1 #ahg ,pipe tree1 #hb ,plantagenesta1 #adc-add ,plantagenets1 ,the1 #add ,plashing1 #ej ,pleached alley1 #ej1 #bib ,pleaching1 #ej ,pleasance1 #d1 #aa ,pliny1 #acd1 #adh1 #agf1 #aha1 #bah1 #bcd1 #bei ,pliny1 garden of1 #f ,pliny1 quoted1 #bcd-bce ,pluto1 #bah1 #bcd1 #bdi1 #bfd ,poet's ,hyacinth1 #aig ,poet's ,narcissus1 #aag-aah ,poison1 #bdi-bej ,polyanthus1 #ajg ,pomegranate1 #ce1 #bae-bai1 #cai ,pomegranate-trees1 #bj ,poppy4 ,poppies1 #ad1 #bb1 #hd1 #bjc-bjf1 #cai ,portia1 #hg ,potpourri1 #aef1 #cbd ,prickly ,coral ,tree1 #hc ,primerolles1 #aja ,primevera1 #ic ,primrose4 ,primroses1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #fb1 #gc1 #hc1 #ic-aja1 #cai ,primula eliator1 #ajg ,primula veris1 #abb ,primula vulgaris1 #ic ,prior1 ,dr41 quoted1 #ajj-aja ,proserpine1 #aaf1 #abc1 #abi1 #bah1 #bcd ,prospero1 #bfh ,pseudo narcissus1 #aaj ,pteris aquilina1 #age ,puck1 #aja1 #add1 #bjj1 #bdg ,pulsatillas1 #ace ,punica1 #bae1 #bah ,pyracantha1 #gg1 #hc ,q ,queen ,elizabeth1 #bb1 #ajb ,queen ,elizabeth1 gardens of1 #bf ,r ,ragged ,robin1 #bad1 #bjh ,rails for beds1 #bj ,rambouillet1 ,julie de1 #aga ,ranunculus1 #ag1 #hb1 #aih1 #bjh1 #bff ,rape of ,lucrece1 #aah1 #aia ,rapin1 quoted1 #aai1 #bba1 #bbd-bbh1 #bch-bci ,renaissance1 ,influence on ,english ,gardens1 #ch-ci ,richard ,cur de ,lion1 quoted1 #ab ,richmond ,green1 #bde ,richmond ,palace1 ,garden of1 #bf ,rimmon1 #bag ,rocket1 #bb ,rock-garden1 #cjb ,roman de ,berte1 #ab ,roman de la ,rose1 #d1 #h-i1 #ai ,romans1 #d-ac ,romaunt of the ,rose1 #d1 #h-i1 #ai ,romeo1 #hf1 #bdh ,romeo and ,juliet1 #ca1 #bbe1 #bdh ,rosarubie1 #acf ,rosa alba1 #adg-adh ,rosa ,anglica alba1 #adg ,rosa ,anglica rubra1 #adf ,rosa canina1 #aec ,rosa centifolia1 #aea1 #aei ,rosa damascene1 #aeb ,rosa eglanteria1 #aej ,rosa ,junonis1 #afb ,rosa ,moschata1 #adh ,rosa versicolor1 #aed ,rosary1 #afj ,rose4 ,roses1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ad1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #di1 #ej1 #gc1 #gh1 #ade-afj1 #bic1 #cai-cbb ,rose canker1 #aec ,rose1 damask1 #adf1 #adg1 #aeb-aec1 #afj1 #big ,rose1 dog1 #aec ,rose1 ,hundred ,leaf1 #aea-aeb ,rose1 musk1 #dd1 #de1 #gc1 #adh-aej1 #cbj ,rose1 ,provenal1 #aea-aeb ,rose1 red1 #adf-adg white1 #adg-adh1 #afj variegated1 #aed-aee yellow1 #aef yellow1 double1 #cg ,york and ,lancaster1 #aed-aee ,rose of ,sharon1 #aae ,rose-water1 #aef1 #aei ,rosemary1 #ad1 #bb1 #dh1 #gb1 #gd1 #bda1 #cbb ,rosmarinus officinalis1 #bbd ,roxburgh ,ballad1 quoted1 #bbb ,rue1 #ad1 #gb1 #bbe-bbh1 #cbb ,rushes1 #eb ,ruskin1 quoted1 #aeh1 #afe-afg1 #bjc-bjd ,ruta graveolus1 #bbh ,s ,sable ,flag1 #ce ,sable ,flower1 #ha ,saffron1 #ad1 #baj ,saffron ,crocus1 #baj ,saffron flowers1 #gi ,saffron ,hill1 #bab ,saffron lily1 #aae ,saffron ,walden1 #bab ,sage1 #ad ,salads1 #bcg ,salisbury1 ,earl of1 garden of1 #ce ,sappho1 #aeg ,satureia1 #bdb ,saturnalia1 #bec ,savory1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #cbb ,scent1 #gb1 #ee1 #ajf1 #ajh1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #abh1 #aec1 #aef1 #aei1 #afa1 #aic1 #aii1 #bbg1 #bcb1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bda1 #bde1 #bfd4 ,see ,perfume ,scilla nutans1 #acf1 #bjg ,seats1 garden1 #bhd ,seeds1 #fg-fh1 #bgh-bgi ,sejanus1 #bdi ,semele1 #bei ,serving-man's ,joy1 #bcj ,seven ,gifts of the ,holy ,spirit1 #ah1 #adb ,shallow1 #ea ,shakespeare1 #c1 #cc1 #da1 #dc1 #hj1 #id1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aah1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #acb1 #acc1 #adc1 #ade1 #adh1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afb1 #agb1 #agd1 #agh1 #bjc1 #bjg-bjh1 #bae1 #bai1 #bcj1 #bdh1 #bef1 #beg1 #bfd ,shakespeare1 quoted1 #dd1 #de1 #di1 #ea1 #ig1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #aah1 #abj1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd1 #abe1 #abf1 #abi1 #aca1 #acb1 #ace1 #acf1 #acg1 #adc1 #ade1 #aee1 #afa1 #agd1 #age1 #agh1 #aij1 #aia1 #bjg1 #bbe1 #bcj1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bci1 #bdd1 #bdg1 #beg1 #beh ,shelley1 quoted1 #abd1 #aeh1 #afa ,shepherd's ,calendar1 #aha1 #ahb ,sidney1 ,philip1 #bc ,sidney1 ,philip1 quoted1 #bh ,simples1 #ad ,sir ,andrew ,aguecheek1 #hf1 #bfd ,sir ,toby ,belch1 #hf1 #bfd ,sir ,john ,lubbock1 #aci ,skeat1 #ajf ,smilax1 #bac ,snapdragon4 ,snapdragons1 #bb1 #hd ,soil1 #bgh ,solomon1 quoted1 #ah ,sonnet1 ,,xcix1 #abe1 #bcg ,sonnet1 ,,liv1 #aeg ,sops-in-,wine1 #cj1 #ahb1 #ahc ,sops-in-,wine1 yellow1 #cf ,sophocles1 quoted1 #aaf ,sorcery1 plants associated with1 #agf1 #agg1 #agi1 #bbh1 #bdg ,sowbread1 #ha ,spanish ,gipsy1 #aia ,spenser1 ,edmund1 #dh1 #adc1 #bbd ,spenser1 ,edmund1 quoted1 #bb-bc1 #ej1 #aha-ahb1 #aia ,sphinx1 #agb ,spinks1 #aca ,sports1 #cg ,st4 ,barnabas1 #bad ,st4 ,catharine1 #bai ,st4 ,clotilde1 #agd ,st4 ,dominick1 #afj ,st4 ,francis de ,sales1 quoted1 #abf1 #aid ,st4 ,john the ,baptist1 #agf1 #bfg ,st4 ,john's ,eve1 #age ,stage-,setting1 elaborate1 #cbg ,star of ,bethlehem1 #aff ,stevens1 ,charles1 #fh ,still-room1 #ed ,stock gilliflowers1 #bb ,strand1 gardens in1 #cc ,strawberry4 ,strawberries1 #ah1 #fb ,strawberry leaves1 #dd ,strewing1 #eb ,strewing-plants1 #bbe1 #bcc ,summer's ,last ,will and ,testament1 #bei ,sun-dials1 #ba1 #bgd1 #bhf1 #bhh-bhi1 #bib ,sun-flower1 #g1 #aif ,sun1 flowers associated with1 #aij1 #bbf1 #bcj ,surflet1 ,richard1 #fh1 #bbf ,sweet ,balm1 #bdc-bdd1 #cbc ,sweetbrier1 #fb1 #aej-aea1 #cba ,sweet ,johns1 #cj1 #he1 #ahh1 #ahi ,sweet ,marjoram1 #bch ,sweet-williams1 #ba1 #bb1 #fb1 #he1 #ahh1 #ahi1 #bih1 #cbc ,sylva1 #bdi ,symbolism1 #ai ,symbols1 floral1 #ah1 #ai ,syringa1 #hb ,t ,taming of the ,shrew1 #eb ,tamora1 #bfd ,tempest1 #add1 #beh ,temple garden1 #aee ,temple1 ,sir ,william1 quoted1 #ef-ei ,tennyson1 quoted1 #ajc1 #bji ,terrace1 #ci1 #dj1 #bgb-bgc1 #bhi-bib ,thaxter1 ,celia1 quoted1 #ahj1 #bjd-bjf ,theobald's garden1 #bg1 #cc1 #ci1 #ea1 #cja ,thomas1 ,h4 ,h41 quoted1 #bgh1 #bhb-bhd1 #bid1 #bie1 #cae ,thornbury1 quoted1 #ec-ee ,thorpe1 ,john1 #bc ,three-,faces-,under-a-,hood1 #bja ,thrift1 #gh1 #bie1 #bih ,thyme1 #ad1 #de1 #fb1 #bcc1 #bci-bda1 #bie1 #cbc ,thymus serpyllum1 #bci ,tiger lilies1 #afc ,tisio1 ,benvenuto1 #ahg ,titania1 #de1 #di1 #aja1 #ajb1 #ajh1 #abc1 #adh1 #agh1 #bjj1 #bci1 #bdg1 #beg ,titus ,andronicus #bfd ,tools1 gardener's1 #h ,topiary work1 #ae1 #ci1 #dh ,tradescant1 ,john1 #ce1 #aaj1 #baf ,traveris1 ,peter1 #cd ,tricolor1 #bja ,trinity 7clover71 #ah ,trouvres1 #c1 #aa ,twelfth ,night1 #dd1 #hf1 #abc ,two ,noble ,kinsmen1 #id1 #ajh1 #abj1 #aig1 #bci ,tubs1 #bhd-bhe ,tudor mansions1 #bc ,tuggie1 ,mistress1 #ce ,tuggie1 ,ralph1 #cc1 #ce ,tuggie1 ,ralph1 gardens of1 #ahd ,tuggie1 carnation named for1 #ahd ,tuggy4 ,see ,tuggie ,tulips1 #hj ,turkey cocks1 #adi ,turk's ,cap1 #cf1 #afb ,turner1 ,william1 ,dean of ,wells1 #bf1 #cd ,turner1 ,william1 quoted1 #agf-agg1 #bej ,tusser1 ,thomas1 #cd ,tusser1 ,thomas1 quoted1 #ajj1 #baa1 #beh ,tussie ,mussie1 #dc1 #aii ,u ,ulysses1 #bbh ,underworld1 #aaf1 #bah1 #bfd ,urns1 #da ,v ,vases1 #da1 #bhd-bhe ,vegetables1 #g ,venus1 #aai1 #acc1 #aei1 #afj1 #bai1 #bba1 #bcd1 #bch ,venus and ,adonis1 #acc ,vermouth1 #bdh ,viola odorata1 #abb ,viola tricolor1 #bjj ,violet4 ,violets1 #g1 #h1 #aj1 #ad1 #ah1 #ba1 #bb1 #cj1 #fb1 #gc1 #hd1 #abb-abi1 #aeh1 #agh1 #cbc ,virgil1 #bfa ,virgin1 flowers associated with1 #acj1 #afj1 #afd1 #aij1 #bcd ,viscum album1 #bfa ,vredeman de ,vries1 #cja ,w ,wake ,robin1 #bji1 #baj ,walks1 #da ,wall1 #ai1 #dj ,wall flowers1 #bb1 #hc ,walpole1 ,horace1 #ef ,wanstead1 #bc ,ware ,park1 #dg ,warden pies1 #baj ,wars of the ,roses1 #ch ,water-lilies1 #aff ,watson1 ,forbes1 quoted1 #ie-ig1 #ajd-ajf1 #ajh1 #aaf-aah1 #abf1 #aeh-aei1 #aga1 #bab ,whitehill1 ,fountain at1 #bhf ,windflower1 #hj1 #acc ,windsor ,castle1 #bdc ,wine1 flowers in1 #abi1 #aha1 #bdh ,winter cherry1 #bb ,winter's ,tale1 #ih1 #ajh1 #aji1 #aaa1 #abc1 #aeb1 #aij1 #bbe1 #bcg ,wither1 ,george1 quoted1 #aie ,wolfsbane1 #ha1 #bdh1 #bej ,wolsey ,cardinal1 #bgd ,wolsey1 ,cardinal1 garden of1 #bj ,woodbine1 #ej1 #gc1 #gd1 #agh ,wordsworth1 #acb ,wordsworth1 quoted1 #aab ,wormwood1 #h1 #bdh ,wotton1 ,sir ,henry1 quoted1 #dg1 #aeh1 #bgf ,wreaths and garlands1 #ac1 #abh1 #aha1 #bba1 #bcd1 #bfe ,y ,yellow ,rose of ,constantinople1 #cg ,yellow ,lark's heels1 #aii ,york and ,lancaster rose1 #aed ,york and ,lancaster song1 #aee ,z ,zouche1 ,lord1 garden of1 #ce-cf ,transcribers ,notes3 ,italics are shown thus3 sloping4 ,small capitals have been capitalised4 ,archaic and variable spelling has been preserved4 ,variations in hyphenation and compound words have been preserved4 ,obvious typos were silently corrected4 ,katharine of ,arragon was corrected to ,katharine of ,aragon in the ,index4 ,rosemarinus was corrected to ,rosmarinus and placed accordingly in the index4