,illu/ration3 ,m\nt ,vesuvius ,illu/ration3 ,m>vels ( ,creation ,,wond]s ,,( ,,creation3 ,a ,,descriptive ,,acc\nt ,,( ,,volcanoes ,,& ,,_! ,,ph5om5a4 ,! m\nta9s quake at ,him & ! hills melt & ! e>? is burn$ at ,8 pres5ce--,,nahum #a3e #ahgb ,,preface ,be+ int5d$ = ! ,"y1 ?is "w treats ( ,volcanoes only 9 a popul> way4 ,sci5tific details & philosophical speculations are accord+ly avoid$4 ,nev]!less1 a p]usal ( ! foll[+ pages may s /imulate ! curiosity ( y\?ful m9ds1 t "s1 on atta9+ to rip] ye>s & m mature und]/&+1 may be inspir$ ) a long+ to inquire m deeply into ?is int]e/+ subject4 ,!y may be /imulat$ to inve/igate1 9 a philosophical _s1 all ! m>vell\s facts & ph5om5a connect$ ) volcanic ag5cy1 & to speculate on _! causes & modes ( op]ation4 ,"s also1 on rea*+ _! manhood1 may be induc$ to asc5d "o or m ( ! ne>] active volcanoes1 & exam9e _! ph5om5a = !mselves4 ,! facilities ( travel are n[ s great1 t a visit to ,vesuvius or ,etna is no long] beyond ! limits ( a holiday trip4 ,ev5 ! m remote ,hecla ) ! playful ,geys]s may be rea*$ )9 a reasonable "t4 ,p]haps a v few1 :o are n[ sci5tific travell]s 9 embryo1 may call to remembrance :at !y may h read 9 ^! pages1 :51 _m ye>s h5ce1 !y may be climb+ ! cone ( ,cotopaxi1 or pe]+ into ! crat] ( ,kilauea4 ,ap>t f ^! consid]ations1 a p]usal ( ?is "w may enable ! "y m9d to =m a m lively idea ( ! trem5d\s en]gy ( ! =ces :i* are imprison$ 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?4 ,su* a vivid conception w naturally lead to a high] appreciation ( ! wisdom & p[] ( ,him :o guides ! op]ation ( ^? =ces by 8 laws1 & has set b\nds to _! activity :i* !y _c ov]pass4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,volcanoes 9 g5]al--,orig9 ( ! ,"n--,g5]al ,aspect--,crat]--,cone--,subord9ate ,cones & ,crat]s--,peak ( ,t5]iffe--,lava-,/reams--,cascades & ,jets ( ,lava--,v>iations 9 its ,consi/5cy--,pumice--,diff]5t ,sorts ( ,lava--,obsidian--,oliv9e--,sulphur--,du /1 ,a%es1 c4--,volcanic ,silk--,volcanic ,isl&s--,volcanic ,fi%es--,hot ,wat]1 ,mud1 ,vap\rs1 c4--,volcanic ,/orm--,explosions--,numb] ( ,volcanoes--,k+ ( ! ,volcanoes--,artificial ,volcano ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,volcanoes ( ,icel&--,m\nt ,hecla--,e>lie/ ,eruption--,great ,eruption 9 #ahde--,skaptr ,ykul--,t]rible ,eruption 9 #aghc--,rise & ,disappe>ance ( ,nyo--,katlugaia--,! ,geys]s--,a v hot ,ba?--,cali=nian ,geys]s--,icel&-sp>--,jan ,may5 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius--,orig9 ( ,"n--,=m] ,condition--,eruption ( ,a4,d4 #gi--;,dea? ( ,pl9y--,de/ruction ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum--,appe>ance ( ! ,m\nta9 be=e & aft] ,eruption--,=mation ( ,monte ,nuovo--,eruption ( ,boil+ ,wat]--,col\r$ ,vap\rs--,cascade ( ,lava--,discov]y ( ,rema9s ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii--,! ,build+s ( ,pompeii--,/reet ( ,tombs--,skeletons--,sundry ,%ops--,asc5ts ( ,vesuvius--,crat]--,temple ( ,s]apis ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,m\nt ,etna--,its ,appe>ance & ,height--,anci5t ,eruptions--,p9d>'s ,allusion--,virgil's ,description--,subord9ate ,cones & ,crat]s--,cav]ns--,val de ,bove--,=mation ( ,monti ,rossi--,eruption ( #aheb--,:irlw9ds--,lava ,torr5ts--,cascades ( ,lava--,description ( ,crat]--,emp$ocles--,enceladus--,crat]s ( #ahfe--;,cyclopean ,isles--,hom]'s ,leg5d--,volcanic ,orig9--,o!r ,basaltic ,gr\ps ,,*apt] ,v4 ,lip>i ,isl&s--,/romboli--,orig9 ( ,"n--,position ( ,crat]--,description ( ,crat]--,new ,volcanic ,isl& nam$ ,julia--,ph5om5a prec$+ its ,elevation--,description ( ,isl& & ,crat]--,its ,disappe>ance--,rise ( ,isl&s at ,santor9 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe--,its ,crat]--,eruption ( ,*ahorra--,palma--,great ,cald]a--,lanc]ote--,great ,eruption--,sudd5 ,dea?--,fuego1 ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s--,cotopaxi--,its ,appe>ance--,great ,eruptive ,=ce--,tunguragua--,great ,eruption ( ,mud & ,wat]--,fi% ?r[n out--,quito--,its ,ov]?r[--,pi*9ca--,humboldt's ,asc5t--,n>r[ ,escape--,antisana--,sangay--,rancagua-- ,*illan--,masaya ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,jorullo--,great ,monum5t--,jorullo's ,e/ate--,int]ruption to 8 ,quiet--,8 ,e/ate ,swells--,swall[s ,two ,riv]s--,?r[s up ,ov5s--,becomes a ,burn+ ,m\nta9--,popocatepetl--,spani% ,asc5ts--,orizaba --,mull]'s ,asc5t--,morne ,g>\--,pele--,la ,s\fri]e ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,hawaii1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s--,crat] ( ,kilauea--,its awful ,aspect--,fi]y ,lake & ,isl&s--,jets ( ,lava--,dep? ( ,crat] & ,surface ( ,lake--,bank ( ,sulphur--,curi\s ,ra9b[--,m\na ,kaah & ,m\na ,loa --,eruption ( ! ,latt] 9 #ahdj--,rec5t ,eruption--,great ,jet & ,torr5t ( ,lava--,burn+ ( ! ,=e/s--,great ,:irlw9ds--,und]gr\nd ,explosions--,o!r ,volcanoes 9 ! ,pacific ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,atolls1 or ,coral ,isl&s--,_! /range ,appe>ance--,_! ,connexion ) ,volcanoes--,_! ,mode ( ,=mation--,ant>ctic ,volcanoes--,diatomace\s ,deposits ,,*apt] ,x4 ,volcanoes ( ,java--,pap&ayang--,m\nta9 ,+ulf$--,great ,de/ruction ( ,life & ,prop]ty--,galo5 gong--,de/ructive ,eruption--,m\nt ,m]apia--,great ,eruption1 ) ,hurricane--,ano!r1 v de/ructive---,mud ,volcano--,crat] ( ,tankuban ,prahu--,isl& ( ,sumbwa--,volcano ( ,tomboro--,t]rific ,eruption--,timor--,a ,volcano qu5*es itself--,cleav+ ( ,m\nt ,ma*ian--,sangir--,de/ructive ,eruption--,b\rbon ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mud & ,air ,volcanoes--,luss--,macaluba--,taman--,k orabet(f ,new ,isl& 9 ! ,sea ( ,az(--,jokmali--,fires ( ,baku--,mud ,volcano 9 ,flank ( ,etna--,air ,volcanoes ( ,turbaco1 ,c>tag5a1 & ,gal]a ,zamba ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,new ,zeal&--,boil+ ,f\nta9s & ,lakes ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,und]gr\nd ,s\nds--,quito--,rio ,apure--,guanaxuato--,melida--,nak\s ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,ext9ct ,volcanoes--,auv]gne--,vi5ne--,agde--,ey fel--,italy--,lacus ,cim9i--,grotto del ,cane--,guevo ,upas--,talaga ,bodas--,! ,dead ,sea ,,wond]s ,,( ,,creation3 ,,volcanoes ,,& ,,_! ,,ph5om5a4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,volcanoes 9 g5]al--,orig9 ( ! ,"n--,g5]al ,aspect--,crat]--,cone--,subord9ate ,cones & ,crat]s--,peak ( ,t5]iffe--,lava-,/reams--,cascades & ,jets ( ,lava--,v>iations 9 its ,consi/5cy--,pumice--,diff]5t ,sorts ( ,lava--,obsidian--,oliv9e--,sulphur--,du /1 ,a%es1 c4--,volcanic ,silk--,volcanic ,isl&s--,volcanic ,fi%es--,hot ,wat]1 ,mud1 ,vap\rs1 c--,volcanic /orm--,explosions--,numb] ( ,volcanoes--,k+ ( ! ,volcanoes--,artificial ,volcano4 ,among ! _m wond]ful works ( ,god1 none exhibits s mu* ( awful gr&eur z an active volcano4 ,?is "n = a burn+ m\nta9 0 fir/ appli$ to t :i* exi/s 9 ! isl& anci5tly call$ ,hi]a1 "o ( ! ,lip>i gr\p4 ,x is d]iv$ f ! "n ( ! hea!n god ,vulcan1 :i* 0 orig9ally spelt ) an initial ,b1 z appe>s f an anci5t alt> on :i* 7 inscrib$ ! words ,,bolcano ,,sac4 ,,ara4 ,?is spell+ indicates ! true d]ivation ( ! "n1 :i* is simply a corruption ( ,tubal-ca91 :o 0 an in/ruct] ( e artific] 9 brass & iron 7,g54 iv4 #bb74 ,! anci5t hea!n1 hav+ deifi$ ?is p]sonage1 imag9$1 on fir/ see+ a burn+ m\nta91 t ,tubal-ca91 or ,vulcan1 mu/ h e/abli%$ 8 =ge 9 ! he>t ( x1 & s1 n unnaturally1 nam$ x ,volcano--an appellation :i* ! ,isl& ( ,hi]a reta9s to ! pres5t day4 ,! ,cyclops--! suppos$ desc5dants ( ,vulcan1 :o 7 fabl$ to h be5 ( gigantic /ature1 & to h _h ea* only "o eye 9 ! c5tre ( ! =ehead--7 imag9$ to be ! workm5 :o lab\r$ 9 ^! und]gr\nd =ges4 ,! noises1 proce$+ f ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 7 attribut$ to _! op]ations4 ,x is to ! ,isl& ( ,hi]a t ,virgil alludes 9 ! neid1 lib4 viii4 #daf4 ,! passage is ?us r5d]$ by ,dryd53-- ,sacr$ to ,vulcan's "n1 an isle !re lay1 ,betwixt ,sicilia's coa/s & ,lip>e1 ,rais$ high on smok+ rocks1 & deep bel[1 ,9 holl[ caves ! fires ( ,etna gl[4 ,! ,cyclops "h _! heavy hamm]s deal2 ,l\d /rokes & hiss+s ( torm5t$ /eel ,are he>d ar\nd2 ! boil+ wat]s ro>1 ,& smoky flames ?r\gh fum+ tunnels so>4 ,a volcano g5]ally pres5ts itself to ! imag9ation z a m\nta9 s5d+ =? f its summit great cl\ds ( smoke ) va/ %eets ( flame1 & x is n unfrequ5tly s describ$4 ,! tru? is1 h[ev]1 t a real volcano seldom emits ei!r true smoke or true flame4 ,:at is mi/ak5 = smoke consi/s m]ely ( va/ volumes ( f9e du/1 m+l$ ) mu* /eam & o!r vap\rs--*iefly sulphur\s4 ,:at appe>s l flames is simply ! gl>e f ! gl[+ mat]ials :i* are ?r[n up t[>ds ! top ( ! m\nta9--?is gl>e be+ reflect$ f ! cl\ds ( du/ & /eam4 ,illu/ration3 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe4 ,! mo/ ess5tial "p ( a volcano is ! crat]1 a holl[ bas91 g5]ally ( a circul> =m4 ,x is (t5 ( l>ge dim5sions1 & sometimes ( va/ dep?4 ,"s volcanoes consi/ ( a crat] alone1 ) sc>cely any m\nta9 at all2 b 9 ! majority ( cases ! crat] is situat$ on ! top ( a m\nta91 :i* 9 "s in/ances t[]s to an enorm\s height4 ,! "p ( ! m\nta9 :i* t]m9ates 9 ! pr9cipal crat] is usually ( a conical =m--mu* l a glass-h\se *imney1 & is !re=e nam$ ! cone4 ,x is g5]ally compos$ ( loose a%es & c9d]s1 ) "h & !re masses ( /one1 :i* h be5 toss$ into ! air by ! volcanic =ces4 ,9 "s m\nta9s ! cone rises out ( a holl[ at a consid]able height f ! base4 ,a holl[ ( ?is k9d is g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ be5 a =m] crat]1 :i* _h become ext9ct be=e ! exi/+ cone 0 rais$4 ,!re are sometimes =m$ l[] d[n ! m\nta9 subord9ate crat]s1 small] ?an t :i* occupies ! summit ( ! cone4 ,)9 ! crat] itself !re are frequ5tly num]\s little cones1 f :i* vap\rs are cont9ually issu+1 ) occasional volleys ( a%es & /ones4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ p]fect ( ! volcanic cones 9 ! _w is t ( ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ( :i* y h "h a repres5tation4 ,x conveys a good idea ( ! g5]al =m ( ! cone1 & has long be5 a conspicu\s & useful l&m>k to m>9]s4 ,x is upw>ds ( twelve ?\s& feet 9 height1 & is said to be visible 9 v cle> wea!r at a di/ance ( a hundr$ miles4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ products ( an active volcano are ! /reams ( lava :i* x p\rs =?--sometimes f ! pr9cipal crat] on ! summit--sometimes f ! small] crat]s l[] d[n4 ,?is lava consi/s ( melt$ /one4 ,:5 x issues f ! m\nta9 its heat is int5se & x gl[s l a furnace1 s t1 dur+ ! night especially1 ^! fi]y riv]s pres5t a gr& yet awful spectacle4 ,! /reams spread !mselves till !y sometimes atta9 a bread? ( sev]al miles1 ) a dep? ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 & !y fl[ onw>d till _! l5g? sometimes rea*es fifty miles4 ,lava1 n be+ s liquid z wat]1 does n fl[ s rapidly3 nev]!less1 :5 x is c>e]+ d[n ! sides ( a m\nta91 or :]e ! slope ( ! gr\nd is consid]able1 x advances ) great spe$4 ,ev5 :5 at its hotte/1 x is some:at viscid1 l treacle1 & ?is viscidness increases z x cools4 ,h5ce on a level pla91 & at "s di/ance f its s\rce1 ! lava-/ream advances at a leisurely pace4 ,9 su* circum/ances ! cool+ proce$s s quickly t a cru/ ( consid]able ?ickness is soon =m$ on ! top ( ! curr5t1 & p]sons :o are bold en\gh may cross ! /ream by means ( ?is natural bridge4 ,ev5 :]e ! curr5t cont9ues fl[+ rapidly1 ?is cru/ may be =m$ on its surface2 & a man1 ^: curiosity exce$s 8 prud5ce1 may /& on ! top ( x1 bore a hole ?r\gh ! cru/1 & see ! lava fl[+ und]nea? 8 feet6 ,no?+ c resi/ ! progress ( ! lava-flood2 trees1 h\ses1 ev]y?+ yields to its massive assault1 ,! trees take fire be=e its approa*1 & :5 x rea*es !m !y emit a hiss+ noise almo/ am\nt+ to a %riek1 & !n plung+ into ! molt5 flood are se5 no m4 ,ev5 ! sea _c )/& ! lava-/ream1 b retires on its approa*2 s t promontories /ret*+ to a consid]able di/ance f ! %ore are =m$ 9 ?is mann]1 :5 ! molt5 matt] h>d5s into /one4 ,! eruptions ( lava are sometimes att5d$ by peculi>ities :i* imp>t to !m mu* additional gr&eur4 ,in/ances h occurr$ 9 :i* ! fi]y /ream has plung$ ov] a %e] precipice ( imm5se height1 s z to produce a gl[+ cascade exce$+ 9 bread? & p]p5dicul> desc5t ! celebrat$ ,falls ( ,niag>a4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! lava1 in/ead ( at once fl[+ d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta91 has be5 fir/ ?r[n up into ! air z a fi]y f\nta9 sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,?is happ5s :5 ! great crat] at ! summit ( ! cone is full ( liquid lava b does n ov]fl[4 ,!n1 on ! =mation ( an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! cone1 a good way d[n1 ! lava issu+ f x is project$ upw>ds to ne>ly ! same height t x occupies 9 ! int]ior ( ! crat] at ! top ( ! cone4 ,x is h>dly possible = ! fancy to picture to itself any?+ s magnific5t z su* a f\nta9 ( liquid fire mu/ be4 ,a simple jet ( wat] ( consid]able volume1 ?r[n into ! air to ! height ( a hundr$ feet1 is itself a beautiful spectacle4 ,:at !n mu/ be a huge jet ( gl[+ :ite lava project$ to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet1 & ) :at an awful ?und]+ s\nd mu/ x come tumbl+ to ! gr\nd1 !nce to ru% z a ro>+ torr5t d[n ! m\nta9's side6 ,lava1 :5 congeal$1 diff]s 9 its consi/5cy accord+ z x is ne> ! top or ne> ! bottom ( ! /ream4 ,:5 ne> ! top x is por\s1 ow+ to its rapid cool+2 :5 ne> ! bottom x is d5se1 ow+ to its sl[ cool+ & ! great pressure to :i* x is subject$4 ,:5 ! light] sup]ficial lava is br\ght sudd5ly into contact ) wat]1 z :5 a lava-/ream ent]s ! sea1 x becomes /ill light] & m por\s--=m+ ! well-kn[n sub/ance call$ pumice1 s mu* us$ = poli%+4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! solidifi$ fro? ( lava1 & is s light t x floats on ! surface ( wat]4 ,! lavas ( diff]5t m\nta9s1 :5 cool$ & h>d5$1 diff] mu* 9 _! appe>ance & composition4 ,among ^? ( ,icel& is f\nd ! beautiful black volcanic glass nam$ obsidian4 ,x is a good deal us$ = ornam5tal purposes2 = x possesses ! peculi> prop]ty ( pres5t+ a diff]5t appe>ance accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* x is cut4 ,:5 cut 9 "o direction x is ( a beautiful jetty black2 :5 cut across t direction x is gli/]+ gray4 ,! lavas ( ,vesuvius are g5]ally ( a br[n col\r1 & are also us$ 9 ! arts4 ,9 !m are f\nd ! beautiful olive-gre5 cry/als ( ! m9]al call$ oliv9e1 sometimes us$ by jewell]s4 ,b ! mo/ useful ( all volcanic productions is native sulphur1 9 :i* ,m\nt ,etna has be5 v prolific4 ,x is to ?is m\nta9 *iefly1 !re=e1 t we are indebt$ = our beautiful fire-works--our squibs1 crack]s1 ,roman c&les1 s]p5ts1 ,ca!r9e-:eels1 & sky-rockets4 ,w\ld x _h produc$ no?+ m h>mful ?an ^!6 ,b x has also suppli$ "o ( ! +r$i5ts ( t villa9\s gunp[d]1 :i* has be5 ! means ( ?ru/+ s _m ( our fell[-creatures prematurely out ( ! _w4 ,etna1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be held responsible = ?is sad misuse ( ! valuable sub/ance :i* x af=ds2 :ile ev5 gunp[d] itself has1 on ! :ole1 be5 ( va/ b5efit to mank9d4 ,c\ld we only refra9 f %oot+ ea* o!r ) x1 we might reg>d x z an almo/ unmix$ good2 = x has help$ u greatly 9 =m+ our roads1 railways1 & tunnels1 & 9 work+ our qu>ries & m9es4 ,9 all great eruptions ! fl[ ( ! lava is prec$$ by ! ejection ( va/ quantities ( volcanic du/1 a%es1 dross1 slag1 & loose /ones4 ,^! are toss$ into ! air ) trem5d\s viol5ce1 consequ5tly1 to a great height4 ,! /ones ?us eject$ are sometimes ( imm5se size4 ,a rock1 ^: weight is e/imat$ at two hundr$ tons1 0 ?r[n f ! summit ( ,cotopaxi to ! di/ance ( m ?an t5 miles4 ,l>ge /ones h be5 toss$ up by ,vesuvius to ! e/imat$ height ( ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ feet4 ,! du/ ( ! volcano ( ,/4 ,v9c5t 0 c>ri$ m ?an two hundr$ miles to ! ea/w>d 9 ! tee? ( ! trade w9d2 consequ5tly x mu/ h be5 ?r[n to an enorm\s height1 9 ord] to its fall+ at s va/ a di/ance f its s\rce4 ,besides ! usual volcanic du/ & a%es1 !re is sometimes ?r[n f ! crat] ( a volcano a sub/ance resembl+ spun-glass or asbe/os4 ,x possesses ! flexibility & lu/re ( silk4 ,! volcano ( ,salazes1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,b\rbon1 is rem>kable = ?is sub/ance1 & x has !re be5 se5 to =m a cl\d cov]+ ! entire surface ( ! m\nta94 ,b x has also be5 f\nd 9 o!r places4 ,h[ curi\s x w\ld be to h ?is volcanic silk spun into ?reads1 & knitt$ into /ock+s or wov5 into a g>m5t6 ,:o c tell :at may happ5 9 ^! days ( adv5ture & inv5tion8 ,:o kn[s b :at "s "y read]1 ^: eye is n[ re/+ on ?is page1 may yet live to pres5t 8 ladylove ) a pair ( knitt$ gloves compos$ ( ! volcanic silk ( ,salazes8 ,great z ! contra/ is betwe5 ?is filmy mat]ial & ! pond]\s blocks toss$ into ! air by ,cotopaxi & ,etna1 x is n great] ?an t betwe5 ! latt] & o!r masses :i* h f "t to "t be5 upheav$ by volcanic =ces4 ,in/ances h occurr$ ( :ole isl&s hav+ be5 rais$ f ! b$ ( ! ocean1 or :ole m\nta9s upre>$ on ! surface ( ! l&1 f> away f ! sea1 & t too 9 ! %ort space ( a few h\rs4 ,b ( su* we %all h occasion to speak m at l>ge 9 ! sequel4 ,( all ! extraord9>y productions t h ev] be5 ?r[n up by volcanoes1 ! /range/ ( all are fi%es4 ,h[ droll to d9e ^u fi% cook$ 9 a volcano6 ,a que] fi% x mu/ be t likes to dwell 9 ! b[els ( a m\nta9--m especially ( "o ^: entrails are mo/ly ( liquid fire4 ,b ( ?is also m fully anon4 ,9 addition to ! solid mat]ials ?r[n out by volcanoes1 !re are sometimes p\r$ =? torr5ts ( boil+ wat] & liquid mud4 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! wat] issues 9 ! =m ( va/ columns ( /eam & sulphur\s vap\r4 ,^! asc5d to great heights 9 ! air1 & becom+ gradually *ill$1 !y =m imm5se masses ( d>k heavy cl\ds1 simil> to ^? we obs]ve be=e a ?und]/orm4 ,nor is ?is resemblance app>5t only4 ,= ! cl\ds t ov]hang an active volcano dur+ an eruption ( its vap\rs are1 9 reality1 ?und]cl\ds highly *>g$ ) electricity4 ,!y accord+ly produce :at ,b>on ,humboldt calls ! volcanic /orm4 ,x includes all ! mo/ t]rible ( atmosph]ic ph5om5a--lightn+s ( extraord9>y vividness2 ?und]s t peal & rev]b]ate z if !y w\ld r5d ! e*oes asund]2 torr5ts ( ra9 t p\r d[n ^u ! m\nta9 & its neighb\rhood1 hiss+ l ?\s&s ( s]p5ts :5 !y fall on ! gl[+ lava-torr5t2 & :irlw9ds t sweep ! volcanic a%es r\nd & r\nd 9 va/ eddies1 & be=e ^: viol5ce no man ( mortal m\ld is able = a mom5t to /&4 ,beyond & above ?is d9 ( cont5d+ elem5ts are he>d ! ho>se bell[+s ( ! m\nta9 itself1 :i*1 mean:ile1 trembles to its v core4 ,! detonations f ! volcano f> exce$ 9 l\dness any o!r e>?ly noise4 ,comp>$ ) ^!1 ! peal+ ( ! l\de/ ?und] is b z ! report ( a musket contra/$ ) ! simultane\s dis*>ge ( a ?\s& pieces ( heavy ordnance4 ,! explosions ( ,tomboro1 & ! vibrations accompany+ !m1 h be5 he>d & felt at almo/ incr$ible di/ances4 ,judge1 !n1 ( ! imm5sity ( ! =ces :i* are ?us br\ght into play1 & ! ov]:elm+ gr&eur ( ! sc5e :i* su* an eruption1 ) all its accompanim5ts ( /orm & tempe/1 mu/ pres5t to ! bewild]$ eye & e>4 ,ev5 to read ( x s5ds a ?rill ?r\gh ! n]ves3 :at1 !n1 mu/ x be to li/5 & behold8 ,s f> d we dwell f ! ne>e/ volcanoes1 & s little are we famili> ) ! names except ( a few1 t n _m p]sons are aw>e ( ! l>ge numb] ( burn+ m\nta9s on ! face ( our globe4 ,! total numb]1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :i* are kn[n to h be5 active )9 hi/oric times is fully two hundr$4 ,( ^!1 ! mo/ famili> to u = its classic fame & its re/less activity is ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* /&s alone 9 its gr&eur on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! mo/ viol5t 9 its activity is ,tomboro1 9 ! isl& ( ,sumbwa4 ,! highe/ is ,cotopaxi1 9 ! range ( ! ,&es1 :i* rises f> into ! region ( p]petual sn[4 ,its height is #af1hjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,/range x seems1 t volcanic fires %\ld gl[ at su* a height 9 ! mid/ ( sn[ & ice4 ,b 9 ?is p>ticul> ,cotopaxi does n /& alone4 ,! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe1 ,m\nt ,etna1 & sev]al o!rs1 also rise above ! sn[-l9e2 :ile ! burn+ m\nta9s ( ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,kamts*atka1 ) ^? :i* re> _! heads 9 ! froz5 regions ne> ! ,s\? ,pole1 are = ! mo/ "p envelop$ 9 ice & sn[ f head to foot4 ,be=e proce$+ to describe to y "s ( ! m int]e/+ ( ! individual volcanoes & volcanic gr\ps1 x may be well to let y into a secret wor? kn[+4 ,y w\ld d\btless l to h a volcano all to y\rself4 ,"h is ! receipt3 ,buy sev]al p\nds ( clean iron fil+s1 & a some:at l>g] quantity ( ! fl[]s ( sulphur4 ,mix ! two toge!r & knead !m well ) wat] into a /iffi% pa/e4 ,!n wrap ?is pudd+ 9 a clo?1 & put ano!r clo? ab\t x1 :i* has be5 sme>$ ) common or coal-t>4 ,dig a hole 9 "s quiet corn] ( y\r g>d51 pop y\r dumpl+ into x1 & cov] x well up ) e>?1 tread+ x d[n firmly ) y\r feet4 ,n _m h\rs w elapse be=e y w see ! gr\nd swell l a molehill2 an eruption w ensue1 & y w be ! happy possessor ( a ,/romboli ( y\r own6 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,volcanoes ( ,icel&--,m\nt ,hecla--,e>lie/ ,eruption--,great ,eruption 9 #ahde--,skaptr ,ykul--,t]rible ,eruption 9 #aghc--,rise & ,disappe>ance ( ,nyo--,katlugaia--,! ,geys]s--,a v hot ,ba? --,cali=nian ,geys]s--,icel&-sp>--,jan ,may5 ,we %all beg9 ) ! volcanoes ( ,icel&1 ( :i* ! mo/ int]e/+ & active is ,m\nt ,hecla4 ,! annex$ woodcut w give y an idea ( its appe>ance4 ,y w obs]ve ! column ( volcanic vap\r asc5d+ f ! sn[-clad summit ( ! cone1 & h[ dre>y & desolate is ! aspect ( ! c\ntry at its base4 ,! e>lie/ record$ eruption ( ,m\nt ,hecla took place 9 ! n9? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era2 b probably !re _h be5 _m be=e t date4 ,s9ce !n !re h be5 betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty consid]able eruptions ( ?is m\nta91 & x has sometimes rema9$ 9 a /ate ( activity = upw>ds ( six ye>s ) little int]mission4 ,x took a long re/1 h[ev]1 ( m ?an sixty ye>s' duration1 prior to ! ye> #ahde1 :5 x aga9 bur/ =?4 ,aft] a viol5t /orm on ! night ( ! #bnd ( ,septemb] 9 t ye>1 ! surface ( ! gr\nd 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s 0 f\nd /r[n ) volcanic du/4 ,!re 0 ?us convey$ to ! inhabitants ( ,great ,brita9 an intimation t ,hecla _h be5 aga9 at "w4 ,accord+ly1 tid+s soon aft] arriv$ ( a great eruption ( ! m\nta94 ,on ! night ( ! #a/ ( ,septemb]1 ! dwell]s 9 its neighb\rhood 7 t]rifi$ by a fe>ful und]gr\nd groan+1 :i* cont9u$ till mid-day on ! #bnd4 ,!n1 ) a trem5d\s cra%1 !re 7 =m$ 9 ! sides ( ! cone two l>ge op5+s1 :5ce !re gu%$ torr5ts ( lava1 :i* fl[$ d[n two gorges on ! flanks ( ! m\nta94 ,! :ole summit 0 envelop$ 9 cl\ds ( vap\r & volcanic du/4 ,! neighb\r+ riv]s became s hot z to kill ! fi%1 & ! %eep fl$ 9 t]ror f ! adjo9+ hea?s1 "s be+ burnt be=e !y c\ld escape4 ,on ! night ( ! #ae? ( ,septemb]1 two new op5+s 7 =m$--"o on ! ea/]n1 & ! o!r on ! s\!rn slope--f bo? ( :i* lava 0 dis*>g$ = tw5ty-two h\rs4 ,x fl[$ to a di/ance ( upw>ds ( tw5ty miles1 kill+ _m cattle & de/roy+ a l>ge tract ( pa/urage4 ,twelve miles f ! crat]1 ! lava-/ream 0 betwe5 =ty & fifty feet deep & ne>ly a mile 9 wid?4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,octob] a fre% torr5t ( lava bur/ =?1 & heap$ up ano!r simil> mass4 ,! m\nta9 cont9u$ 9 a /ate ( activity up to ,april #ahdf2 !n x re/$ = a :ile1 & began aga9 9 ! foll[+ mon? ( ,octob]4 ,s9ce !n1 h[ev]1 x has enjoy$ repose4 ,! effects ( ^! eruptions 7 disa/r\s4 ,! :ole isl& 0 /r[n ) volcanic a%es1 :i*1 :]e !y did n smo!r ! grass outright1 gave x a poison\s ta9t4 ,! cattle t ate ( x 7 attack$ by a murra91 ( :i* great numb]s di$4 ,! ice & sn[1 :i* _h ga!r$ ab\t ! m\nta9 = a long p]iod ( "t1 7 :olly melt$ by ! heat4 ,masses ( pumice weigh+ ne>ly half a ton 7 ?r[n to a di/ance ( betwe5 f\r & five miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\nt ,hecla ,m\nt ,hecla is n ! only volcano 9 ,icel&4 ,!re are sev]al o!rs2 & f "o ( !m1 nam$ ,skaptr ,ykul1 !re 01 9 ! ye> #aghc1 an eruption /ill m viol5t ?an t f ,hecla above describ$4 ,x began on ! #h? ( ,june1 & rag$ ) little abatem5t till ! end ( ,augu/1 :5ce onw>d x cont9u$1 b ) less viol5ce1 till ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! lava1 9 ?is case1 p\r$ f num]\s op5+s2 b ^! rivulets ultimately unit$ !mselves into two l>ge curr5ts1 :i* fl[$ onw>ds to ! sea4 ,9 _! progress1 ^! burn+ torr5ts fill$ up ! b$s ( two consid]able riv]s4 ,! great] ( ! two /reams1 aft] x _h ceas$ to fl[ & _h become a solid mass ( rock1 measur$ fifty miles 9 l5g?1 & betwe5 twelve & fifte5 miles 9 bread?4 ,its av]age dep? on ! pla9s 0 ab\t a hundr$ feet2 b 9 ! b$ ( ! riv]1 :i* x _h fill$1 x 0 n less ?an six hundr$ feet4 ,! sn[ & ice1 :i* _h previ\sly cov]$ ! m\nta91 7 n only melt$1 b ! wat] t fl[$ f !m 0 rais$ to ! boil+ po9t1 & p\r$ d[n ) de/ructive effect on ! pla9s4 ,! du/ & a%es ?r[n into ! air d>k5$ ! sun2 & !y 7 !n /r[n ov] ! surface ( ! isl&1 de/roy+ all ! pa/ures1 s t _m ?\s&s ( cattle1 horses1 & %eep p]i%$4 ,b worse ?an t1 upw>ds ( n9e ?\s& p]sons lo/ _! lives by ?is dreadful cata/rophe4 ,ab\t a mon? be=e ?is great eruption ( ,skaptr ,ykul1 a volcanic isl& 0 ?r[n up f ! sea1 at a di/ance ( ab\t sev5ty miles f ,icel&4 ,s great 0 ! quantity ( a%es & dross eject$ f its crat]1 t x ov]spread ! sea to a di/ance ( a hundr$ & fifty miles1 =m+ a cru/ :i* ob/ruct$ ! progress ( %ips4 ,portions ( ?is cru/ float$ z f> z ! ,%etl& & ,orkney isl&s4 ,! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k nam$ ?is fi]y app>ition ,nyo1 or ,new ,isl&1 & d\btless prid$ himself n a little on ?is addition to 8 limit$ dom9ions4 ,b1 alas1 = human ambition6 ,ab\t a ye> aft] ! date ( its fir/ appe>ance1 ,nyo sank into ! dep?s out ( :i* x arose1 & its position is n[ m>k$ only by a mod]ate %oal4 ,x is n by _! eject$ lavas alone t ! volcanoes ( ,icel& produce _! de/ructive effects4 ,disa/r\s consequ5ces h frequ5tly result$ f ! sudd5 melt+ ( _! sn[s & glaci]s1 on :i* ! volcanic fires op]ate f> m rapidly ?an does ! heat ( ! sun4 ,x is *iefly by ! va/ quantities ( e>?1 s&1 /ones1 & brok5 fragm5ts ( rock1 :i* !y hurry along ) !m 9 _! wild c>e]1 t ! wat]s1 s sudd5ly fre$1 produce ! greate/ am\nt ( damage4 ,dur+ an eruption ( ,katlugaia1 "o ( ! s\!rn ,icel&ic volcanoes1 9 #agef1 ! mass ( mat]ial ?us c>ri$ d[n by ! melt$ sn[s & glaci]s 0 s great1 t1 advanc+ sev]al leagues into ! sea1 x =m$ ?ree p>allel promontories1 :i* rose above ! sea-level1 :]e !re _h =m]ly be5 a dep? ( =ty fa?oms ( wat]4 ,va/ rav9es 71 at ! same "t1 scoop$ out ( ! sides ( ! m\nta9 by ! erosion ( ! wat]s4 ,ano!r eruption ( ?is volcano 9 #ahfj produc$ simil> results4 ,/ill m int]e/+ ?an ! volcanic m\nta9s ( ,icel& are its ,geys]s1 or int]mitt5t spr+s ( boil+ wat]4 ,! *ief ( ^! is ! ,great ,geys]4 ,a jet rises to a va/ height1 & is accompani$ by mu* /eam4 ,inde$1 x is q at ! boil+-po9t4 ,! little m\nd1 f ! top ( :i* ! jet appe>s to rise1 is compos$ ( a sub/ance nam$ silice\s s9t]1 & is a deposit f ! wat] ( ! f\nta94 ,at ! top ( ?is m\nd1 :i* is betwe5 six & sev5 feet 9 height1 !re is an oval bas91 measur+ ab\t fifty-six feet 9 "o direction1 & ab\t =ty-six 9 ! o!r2 its av]age dep? is ab\t ?ree feet4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is bas9 is a r\nd hole1 ab\t t5 feet 9 diamet]1 out ( :i* ! wat] spr+s4 ,?is hole is ! m\? ( a circul> well1 betwe5 sev5ty & eighty feet 9 dep?4 ,x is d[n ?is well t ! jet retires on its disappe>ance2 & x drags along ) x all ! wat] out ( ! bas91 leav+ bo? bas9 & well q empty1 )\t ev5 a puff ( /eam com+ out ( ! hole4 ,9 ?is /ate ( empt9ess ! bas9 & well rema9 = sev]al h\rs4 ,sudd5ly ! wat] beg9s to rise 9 ! well1 ov]fl[+ till x fills ! bas94 ,l\d explosions are he>d f bel[1 & ! gr\nd trembles4 ,!n1 ) amaz+ viol5ce1 up spr+s a va/ column ( boil+ wat]1 surm\nt$ by cl\ds ( /eam1 :i* obscure ! air4 ,?is fir/ jet is foll[$ by sev]al o!rs 9 rapid succession1 to ! numb] ( sixte5 or eighte52 ! la/ jet be+ usually ! greate/ ( all1 & atta9+ a height ( ne>ly a hundr$ feet4 ,9 "s in/ances x has ris5 to a height ( a hundr$ & fifty feet2 & "o p>ticul> jet 0 measur$ :i* rose to ! amaz+ height ( two hundr$ & twelve feet4 ,! action ( ! f\nta9 seldom cont9ues m ?an ab\t five m9utes at a "t1 & !n a repose ( sev]al h\rs ensues4 ,if left to itself1 ! p]iods ( ! f\nta9's activity1 ?\gh n q regul>1 g5]ally recur at int]vals ( six or sev5 h\rs4 ,b !y may be ha/5$ by ?r[+ big /ones d[n ! well4 ,?is n only hurries ! eruption ( ! jet1 b increases its en]gy1 & ! /ones are ?r[n out ) great =ce by ! column ( boil+ wat]2 ! l\dness ( ! explosions be+ also consid]ably augm5t$4 ,!re are sev]al o!r geys]s 9 ! isl& besides ?is big "o4 ,_! jets are small]1 b to comp5sate ?is defici5cy1 !y are m frequ5t 9 _! asc5t2 s t travell]s :o are too impati5t to await ! eruptions ( ! ,great ,geys]1 cont5t !mselves ) visit+ ! little ones4 ,w\ld x n be v conv5i5t to live ne> a geys]8 ,we might h our victuals cook$ by x1 & h pipes l$ f x all r\nd our h\se1 to keep u com=table 9 w9t]2 & we might h nice hot ba?s 9 our dress+-rooms1 arid ev5 a little /eam-eng9e to roa/ our meat & gr9d our c(fee4 ,b p]haps y may ?9k x might n be altoge!r pleasant to be kept s cont9ually 9 hot wat]4 ,7 any ( ! wat] f ! geys] to fall on y\r h&s1 y w\ld d\btless feel x r sore2 /ill m s1 7 y to be s ra% z to ?ru/ y\r h& fairly into ! jet ( boil+ wat]1 z x asc5ds into ! air4 ,nev]!less1 /range z x may seem1 x w\ld be possible = y1 )\t feel+ any pa9 or su/a9+ any injury1 to ?ru/ y\r h& "r into ! gl[+ lava z x fl[s f ! crat] ( ,hecla4 ,! only precaution ne$ful to be obs]v$1 is fir/ to plunge ! h& into cold wat]1 & !n dry x g5tly ) a s(t t[el1 b s z to leave x /ill a little moi/4 ,?is discov]y 0 made by a ,fr5* philosoph]1 ,m4 ,b\tigny1 & has be5 practically prov$ bo? by him & ,m4 ,h\d91 ! celebrat$ conjuror1 by ?ru/+ _! h&s into molt5 iron1 z x fl[$ f ! furnace4 ,! latt] describes ! s5sation z l :at "o might imag9e to be felt on putt+ ! h& into liquid velvet4#a ,! reason :y ?is exp]im5t proves s h>mless is t betwe5 ! sk9 & ! gl[+ sub/ance !re is =m$ a film ( vap\r1 :i* acts z a complete protection4 ,x is ?is ela/ic cu%ion ( vap\r :i* imp>ts t feel+ ( s(tness describ$ by ,m4 ,h\d92 = x is ) x alone t ! h& comes into contact4 #a4 ,h\d9's ,autobiography1 ii #bgj ,geys]s h be5 rec5tly discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia2 b ! jets d n rise high] ?an tw5ty or ?irty feet4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 v num]\s1 !re be+ upw>ds ( a hundr$ op5+s )9 a space ( half a mile squ>e4 ,! vap\r f ! :ole gr\p rises to upw>ds ( a hundr$ & fifty feet into ! air4 ,! boil+ wat] issues f conical m\nds1 ) great noise4 ,! :ole gr\nd ar\nd !m is a m]e cru/1 & :5 x is p5etrat$ ! boil+ wat] is se5 und]nea?4 ,! ,cali=nian geys]s1 h[ev]1 are impregnat$1 n ) silica1 l ^? ( ,icel&1 b ) sulphur1 ( :i* !y =m l>ge deposits4 ,! sulphur\s vap\rs f ! wat] corrode ! rocks ne> ! f\nta9s2 nev]!less trees gr[1 )\t injury to _! heal?1 at a di/ance f !m ( n m ?an fifty feet4 ,besides obsidian1 already m5tion$ z a product ( its volcanoes1 ,icel& is fam$ = ano!r m9]al ( great sci5tific value4 ,x is t f9e v>iety ( c>bonate ( lime nam$ ,icel&-sp>4 ,transp>5t & col\rless1 l glass1 ?is m9]al possesses ! prop]ty ( d\ble refraction--any small object view$ ?r\gh x 9 a p>ticul> direction appe>+ d\ble4 ,x is mu* us$ = optical purposes--especially = obta9+ pol>iz$ light4 ,!re is ano!r volcano ly+ f> to ! nor?w>d ( ,icel&4 ,x is 9 ! isl& ( ,jan ,may51 (f ! coa/ ( ,gre5l&1 & has on its summit a va/ crat]1 #bjjj feet 9 diamet]1 & #ejj 9 dep?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius--,orig9 ( ,"n--,=m] ,condition--,eruption ( ,a ,d #gi--;,dea? ( ,pl9y--,de/ruction ( ,pompeii & ,h]culaneum--,appe>ance ( ! ,m\nta9 be=e & aft] ,eruption--,=mation ( ,monte ,nuovo--,eruption ( ,boil+ ,wat]--,col\r$ ,vap\rs--,cascade ( ,lava--,discov]y ( ,rema9s ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii--,! ,build+s ( ,pompeii--,/reet ( ,tombs--,skeletons--,sundry ,%ops--,asc5ts ( ,vesuvius--,crat]--,temple ( ,s]apis4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius is ! only active volcano on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 & x is highly int]e/+ bo? f its hi/orical associations & ! frequ5cy ( its eruptions4 ,x is situat$ on ! coa/ ( ! ,bay ( ,naples1 ab\t six miles to ! ea/w>d ( ! city & at a %ort di/ance f ! %ore4 ,x =ms a conspicu\s feature 9 ! beautiful l&scape pres5t$ by t bay1 :5 view$ f ! sea1 ) ! city 9 ! =egr\nd4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius 0 9 anci5t times held sacr$ to ! deifi$ h]o ,h]cules1 & ! t[n ( ,h]culaneum1 built at its base1 0 nam$ aft] him4 ,s also1 x is said1 0 ! m\nta9 itself1 ?\gh 9 a m r\nd-ab\t way4 ,h]cules1 z y w d\btless le>n1 0 feign$ to h be5 ! son ( ! hea!n god ,zeus & ,alcm5a1 a ,!ban lady4 ,n[ "o ( ! appellations ( ,zeus 0 1 :i* 0 appli$ to him z be+ ! god ( ra9s & dews--! wet div9ity4 ,?us ,h]cules 0 1 ! son ( ,ves4 ,h[ ?is "n %\ld h become corrupt$ into ,vesuvius1 y c be at no loss to p]ceive4 ,vesuvius 0 n always a volcano4 ,x 0 = _m ages a v peaceable & well-behav$ m\nta94 ,anci5t writ]s describe x z hav+ be5 cov]$ ) g>d5s & v9ey>ds1 except at ! top :i* 0 craggy4 ,)9 a l>ge circle ( ne>ly p]p5dicul> cliffs1 0 a flat space suffici5t = ! encampm5t ( an army4 ,?is 0 d\btless an anci5t crat]2 b nobody 9 ^? times knew any?+ ( its hi/ory4 ,s little 0 ! volcanic nature ( ! m\nta9 suspect$1 t ! ,roman t[ns ( ,/abi1 ,pompeii1 & ,h]culaneum _h be5 erect$ at its base1 & _! inhabitants dwelt 9 fanci$ security4 ,9 ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fc1 h[ev]1 ! dwell]s 9 ! cities got a great fright2 = ! m\nta9 %ook viol5tly1 & a good _m h\ses 7 ?r[n d[n4 ,b soon all became quiet aga91 & ! p set ab\t rebuild+ ! h\ses t _h fall54 ,!y cont9u$ to live 9 app>5t safety = "s "t long]4 ,!y danc$1 !y sung1 !y fea/$2 !y m>ri$1 & 7 altoge!r z m]ry a set ( citiz5s z any 9 s\!rn ,italy4 ,b ! #bd? ( ,augu/ ,a4,d4 #gi at l5g? arriv$4 ,!n1 woe to ,/abi6 woe to ,pompeii6 woe to ,h]culaneum6 ,pl9y ! eld] 0 t day 9 comm& ( ! ,roman fleet at ,mis5um1 :i* 0 n f> (f4 ,8 family 7 ) him1 &1 among o!rs1 8 nephew1 ,pl9y ! y\ng]1 :o has left an int]e/+ acc\nt ( :at happ5$ on ! occasion4 ,he obs]v$ an extraord9>y d5se cl\d asc5d+ 9 ! direction ( ,vesuvius1 ( :i* he says3--,i _c give y a m exact description ( its figure1 ?an by resembl+ x to t ( a p9e tree2 = x %ot up to a great height 9 ! =m ( a tall trunk1 :i* spread out at ! top into a sort ( bran*es4 ,x appe>$ sometimes bright1 & sometimes d>k & spott$1 z x 0 ei!r m or less impregnat$ ) e>? & c9d]s ,on see+ ?is rem>kable appe>ance1 ! eld] ,pl9y1 :o 0 a great naturali/ & a man ( inquir+ m9d1 resolv$ to g a%ore & inspect m n>r[ly :at 0 go+ on4 ,b a ra% resolve x prov$4 ,/e]+ t[>ds ,ret9a 7n[ ,res9a71 a port at ! foot ( ! m\nta91 he 0 met1 on 8 approa*1 by ?ick %[]s ( hot c9d]s1 :i* grew ?ick] & hott] z he advanc$--fall+ on ! %ips along ) lumps ( pumice & pieces ( rock1 black b burn+ hot4 ,va/ fragm5ts came roll+ d[n ! m\nta9 & ga!r$ 9 heaps ^u ! %ore4 ,!n ! sea began sudd5ly to retreat1 s t l&+ at ?is po9t became impracticable4 ,he !re=e /e]$ = ,/abi1 :]e he l&$1 & took up 8 abode ) ,pomponianus--an intimate fri5d4 ,mean:ile1 flames appe>$ to issue f sev]al p>ts ( ! m\nta9 ) great viol5ce--! d>kness ( ! night height5+ _! gl>e4 ,pl9y nev]!less w5t to sleep4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ! c\rt lead+ to 8 *amb] became almo/ fill$ ) /ones & a%es2 s 8 s]vants awoke him1 & he jo9$ ,pomponianus & 8 h\sehold4 ,! h\se n[ began to rock viol5tly to & fro2 :ile outside1 /ones & c9d]s 7 fall+ 9 %[]s4 ,!y1 not)/&+1 ?\ght x saf] to make _! way out f ! tott]+ mansion2 s1 ty+ pill[s ^u _! heads ) napk9s1 !y salli$ =?4 ,al?\gh x 0 n[ day1 ! d>kness 0 deep] ?an t ( ! blacke/ night4 ,by ! aid ( tor*es & lant]ns1 h[ev]1 !y grop$ _! way t[>ds ! bea*1 ) a view to escape by sea2 b !y f\nd ! waves too high & tumultu\s4 ,"h ,pl9y1 hav+ drunk "s cold wat]1 lay d[n ^u a sailclo? :i* 0 spread = him2 :5 almo/ imm$iately flames1 prec$$ by a /rong smell ( sulphur1 issu+ f ! gr\nd1 scatt]$ ! company & =c$ him to rise4 ,) ! help ( two ( 8 s]vants he succe$$ 9 rais+ himself2 b1 *ok$ by "s noxi\s vap\r1 he in/antly fell d[n dead4 ,illu/ration3 ,vesuvius ,be=e ! ,eruption ( ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,nor 0 he alone 9 8 dea?2 = al?\gh _m ( ! inhabitants ( ! devot$ cities 7 able to effect _! escape2 yet1 s sudd5ly did ! ov]:elm+ %[] ( a%es1 c9d]s1 & /ones fall ^u !m1 t n a few ( !m p]i%$ 9 _! dwell+s or _! /reets4 ,z = ! cities !mselves1 !y 7 utt]ly buri$ completely out ( sight1 &1 l o!r ?+s t are long out ( sight1 !y soon became also buri$ out ( m9d4 ,= _m c5turies !y rema9$ entirely =gott54 ,y w d\btless l to "k h[ ,vesuvius look$1 aft] do+ s mu* mis*ief4 ,"h is a picture %[+ :at l x 0 imm$iately be=e ! eruption2 & "o %[+ its appe>ance soon aft] ! ev5t4 ,on comp>+ ! two1 y w obs]ve ! m\nta9 _h und]gone a great *ange4 ,x 0 no long] flat on ! top1 b _h =m$ = itself a l>ge cone1 f ! summit ( :i* d5se vap\rs asc5d$4 ,?is cone 0 compos$ entirely ( ! a%es1 c9d]s1 & loose /ones1 ?r[n up dur+ ! eruption4 ,x _h become sep>at$ by a deep rav9e f ! rema9d] ( ! =m] summit1 :i* aft]w>ds came to be di/+ui%$ by ! "n ,monte ,somma4 ,! :ole ( ! =e/s1 v9ey>ds1 & o!r luxuriant vegetation1 :i* _h cov]$ t portion ( ! sides ( ,vesuvius :]e ! eruption took place1 7 de/roy$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! contra/ betwe5 ! beautiful appe>ance ( ! m\nta9 be=e ?is cata/rophe1 & its desolate aspect aft] ! sad ev5t4 ,?is rem>kable contra/ =ms ! subject ( "o ( ,m>tial's ,epigrams1 lib4 iv4 ,ep4 #dd4 ,x is ?us r5d]$ by ,mr4 ,addison3-- ,illu/ration3 ,vesuvius aft] ! ,eruption ( ,a4,d4 #gi4 ,vesuvius cov]$ ) ! fruitful v9e ,"h fl\ri%$ once1 & ran ) floods ( w9e4 ,"h ,bac*us (t to ! cool %ades retir$1 ,& 8 own native ,nysa less admir$4 ,(t to ! m\nta9's airy tops advanc$1 ,! frisk+ ,satyrs on ! summit danc$4 ,alcides #a "h1 "h ,v5us grac$ ! %ore1 ,nor lov$ h] fav\rite ,lac$aemon m4 ,n[ piles ( a%es1 spread+ all ar\nd1 ,9 undi/+ui%$ heaps de=m ! gr\nd4 ,! gods !mselves ! ru9$ seats bemoan1 ,& blame ! mis*iefs t !mselves h done4 #a4 ,h]cules ,s9ce ! eruption ( ,a4,d4 #gi1 ,vesuvius has _h _m fits ( activity ) int]vals ( re/4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #dgb1 x ?rew out s great a quantity ( a%es1 t !y ov]spread all ,europe1 & fill$ ev5 ,con/ant9ople ) al>m4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #ajcf occurr$ ! fir/ eruption 9 :i* !re 0 any ejection ( lava4 ,?is eruption 0 foll[$ by five o!rs1 ! la/ ( :i* occurr$ 9 #aejj4 ,to ^! succe$$ a long re/ ( ab\t a hundr$ & ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! m\nta9 _h aga9 become cov]$ ) g>d5s & v9ey>ds z ( old4 ,ev5 ! inside ( ! crat] _h become clo!d ) %rubb]y4 ,9 ?is int]val1 h[ev]1 !re 0 an extraord9>y eruption--n ( ,vesuvius itself1 b at no great di/ance f x1 9 ! ,bay ( ,bai1 on ! opposite %ore ( ! ,bay ( ,naples4 ,! :ole ( ?is neighb\rhood is a volcanic c\ntry1 & 0 anci5tly nam$ ! ,phlegran ,fields4 ,x conta9s a crat] 9 a /ate ( subdu$ activity1 call$ ! ,solfat>a2 an ext9ct volcano hav+ a l>ge crat] call$ ,monte ,b>b>o2 & ,lake ,av]nus1 also suppos$ to be an ext9ct volcanic crat]4 ,betwe5 ,monte ,b>b>o & ! sea1 !re 0 =m]ly a fiat piece ( gr\nd bord]+ on ! ,lucr9e ,lake1 :i* is sep>at$ f ! ,bay ( ,bai by a n>r[ /rip ( %+le4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] #aech1 ! flat piece ( gr\nd above m5tion$ became ! sc5e ( a great eruption1 :i* result$ 9 ! ?r[+ up ( a new elevation to ! height ( f\r hundr$ & ?irte5 feet1 & ) a circumf]5ce ( eight ?\s& feet4 ,x receiv$ ! "n ( ,monte ,nuovo1 & is n[ cov]$ ) a luxuriant vegetation4 ,9 #afca !re 0 ano!r dreadful eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 :i* cov]$ ) lava mo/ ( ! villages at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,to add to ! calamity1 torr5ts ( boil+ wat] 71 on ?is occasion1 ?r[n out by ! volcano1 produc+ awful de/ruction4 ,!re h be5 s9ce t "t num]\s eruptions1 :i* x w\ld be t$i\s to m5tion 9 detail2 b two ( !m are wor?y ( notice4 ,dur+ an eruption 9 ,febru>y #ahdh1 a column ( vap\rs arose f ! crat] ab\t =ty feet high1 pres5t+ a v>iety ( col\rs2 & a %ort "t aft]w>ds !re arose t5 circles1 :i* 7 black1 :ite1 & gre51 & :i* ultimately assum$ ! =m ( a cone4 ,a simil> appe>ance _h be5 obs]v$ 9 #ahbj4 ,m rec5tly1 9 ,may #ahee1 a great /ream ( gl[+ lava1 ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 bread?1 fl[$ t[>ds a va/ rav9e ne>ly a ?\s& feet 9 dep?4 ,! fir/ desc5t into ?is *asm is a %e] precipice1 ov] :i* ! lava da%$ heavily1 =m+ a magnific5t cascade ( liquid fire4 ,( ! buri$ cities ( ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii no traces 7 discov]$ till ! ye> #agac1 :5 "s lab\r]s1 9 digg+ a well1 came ^u ! rema9s ( ,h]culaneum ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet und]gr\nd4 ,little att5tion1 h[ev]1 0 paid to ! discov]y at t "t2 b 9 #agdh a peasant1 digg+ 9 8 v9ey>d1 /umbl$ on "s anci5t works ( art4 ,on s9k+ a %aft at ?is spot to ! dep? ( twelve feet1 ! rema9s ( ,pompeii 7 f\nd4 ,?is discov]y l$ to fur!r rese>*es1 & ! exact positions ( ! two cities 7 erelong asc]ta9$4 ,! "w ( dis9t]m5t has cont9u$ ) little int]ruption f t to ! pres5t "t1 & _m valuable specim5s ( anci5t art h be5 br\ght to light4 ,! greate/ progress has be5 made at ,pompeii2 because ! /uff1 9 :i* x 0 buri$1 is f> loos] ?an t :i* cov]s ,h]culaneum4 ,9 ! =m] city1 al?\gh x 0 anci5tly reckon$ only a ?ird-rate place1 !re h already be5 discov]$ eight temples1 a =um1 a basilica1 two !atres1 a magnific5t amphi!atre1 & public ba?s4 ,! ramp>ts1 compos$ ( huge blocks ( /one1 h also be5 expos$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable places is ! ,cemet]y4 ,x consi/s ( a broad pa? cov]$ ) pavem5t1 & bord]$ on ei!r side ) /ately monum5ts1 plac$ ov] ! tombs ( ! weal?y citiz5s ( ! place1 & 9 :i* :ole families h be5 int]r$4 ,! h\ses 7 f\nd fill$ ) elegant furniture1 ! walls ( ! ap>tm5ts adorn$ ) beautiful pa9t+s4 ,num]\s /atues1 vases1 lamps1 & o!r elegant works ( art1 h be5 recov]$4 ,_m skeletons h also be5 f\nd1 9 ! exact positions 9 :i* ! liv+ m5 7 caught by ! deadly %[] ( suffocat+ a%es4 ,! excavators came ^u ! skeleton ( a mis]1 :o _h be5 attempt+ to escape f 8 h\se1 & ^: bony f+]s 7 /ill clut*+ ! purse :i* conta9$ ! treasure he lov$4 ,!re 7 also f\nd 9 ! b>racks at ,pompeii ! skeletons ( two soldi]s *a9$ to ! /ocks2 & ! writ+s scribbl$ by ! soldi]s on ! walls are /ill q legible4 ,9 ! vaults ( a villa 9 ! suburbs 7 discov]$ ! skeletons ( sev5te5 p]sons1 :o _h probably s\ght refuge !re1 & be5 entomb$4 ,! /uff 9 :i* !y 7 imb$d$ _h be5 orig9ally s(t1 b _h become h>d5$ ?r\gh "t4 ,9 ?is sub/ance 0 f\nd a cavity1 conta9+ ! skeleton ( a female ) an infant 9 h] arms4 ,al?\gh no?+ b ! bones rema9$1 ! cavity conta9$ a p]fect ca/ ( ! woman's figure--?us %[+ t %e mu/ h be5 imb$d$ 9 ! sub/ance :ile alive4 ,r\nd ! neck ( ?is skeleton !re 0 a gold *a91 & on ! f+]s jewell$ r+s4 ,9 _m ( ! h\ses ! names ( ! own]s ov] ! doors are /ill legible1 & ! fresco-pa9t+s on ! inn] walls are /ill q fre% & beautiful4 ,! public f\nta9s are adorn$ ) %ells =m$ into patt]ns2 & 9 ! room ( a pa9t] !re 0 f\nd a collection ( %ells 9 p]fectly good ord]4 ,a l>ge quantity ( fi%+-nets 0 f\nd 9 bo? ! cities1 & 9 ,h]culaneum "s pieces ( l95 reta9+ its texture4 ,!re also 0 discov]$ a fruit]]'s %op1 ) vessels full ( almonds1 *e/nuts1 c>ubs1 & walnuts4 ,9 ano!r %op /ood a glass vessel conta9+ moi/ olives1 & a j> ) cavi>e--! pres]v$ roe ( ! /urgeon4 ,9 ! %op ( an apo!c>y /ood a box t _h conta9$ pills1 n[ r$uc$ to p[d]1 :i* _h be5 prep>$ = a pati5t de/9$ nev] to swall[ !m--a happy circum/ance = him1 if he ev5tually escap$ f ! city4 ,v rec5tly !re has be5 laid op5 a bak]'s %op1 ) ! loaves ( bread on ! %elves1 all ready = 8 cu/om]s1 b doom$ nev] to be eat54 ,^! loaves are ( ! same =m z ^? /ill made 9 t c\ntry1 & on be+ analyz$ 7 f\nd to consi/ ( ! same +r$i5ts z mod]n bread4 ,m\nt ,vesuvius rises r abruptly f ! pla9 on :i* x /&s4 ,! circuit ( ! base is ab\t twelve miles1 & ! height ( ! summit above ! level ( ! sea ab\t ?ree ?\s& feet4 ,?is latt] measurem5t1 h[ev]1 alt]s f "t to "t1 ow+ to ! v>iable height ( ! cone4 ,its mod]ate elevation1 & ! ease ) :i* x may be approa*$1 h induc$ _m travell]s to asc5d ! m\nta92 & n a few h record$ _! exp]i5ces4 ,s frequ5t are ! eruptions ( ! volcano1 h[ev]1 & s mu* d !y *ange ! aspect ( ! crat]1 t any description rema9s correct = only a limit$ "t4 ,)9 ! la/ hundr$ ye>s ! crat] has be5 five times :olly alt]$1 9 consequ5ce ( its int]ior hav+ be5 completely bl[n out1 & its walls hav+ crumbl$ d[n4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,hamilton asc5d$ ! m\nta9 9 #agef1 x _h no less ?an ?ree crat]s & cones1 "o )9 ano!r4 ,! out]mo/ 0 a v wide-m\!d cone4 ,)9 x rose c5trically ano!r1 small] 9 size & n>r[] 9 ! m\?2 & )9 t aga9 0 ! ?ird & highe/1 hav+ a small] base & /ill n>r[] op5+ at ! top1 :5ce ! greate/ volume ( vap\r asc5d$4 ,9 #agfg ?is inn]mo/ cone m]g$ 9 ! second1 :i* 0 greatly enl>g$2 & by a subsequ5t eruption ! int]val betwe5 ! fir/ & second 0 oblit]at$1 s t only a s+le cone rema9$4 ,9 #ahbb ! :ole int]ior ( ! cone 0 bl[n out1 & its walls crumbl$ d[n1 s z to l[] ! height ( ! m\nta9 sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,b )9 ! va/ gulf1 ne>ly a mile 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 ?us left yawn+ op51 !re soon began to be =m$ a new cone1 :i* %[$ itself erelong above ! jagg$ edge ( ! crat]4 ,ev5tually ?is cone increas$1 by ! accumulation ( eject$ matt]s1 to su* an ext5t z to oblit]ate ! division betwe5 x & ! rim ( ! =m] crat]--?us once m e/abli%+ a cont9u\s cone4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! cone & crat] h twice und]gone simil> *anges4 ,! mo/ usual appe>ance ( ! crat]1 :5 9 comp>ative repose1 is t ( a va/ circul> or oval holl[ bas91 ) ne>ly p]p5dicul> walls1 brok5 9 _! cont9uity1 e "h & !re1 by l>ge project+ dykes1 =m$ by ! injection ( m rec5t lavas into fissures r5t 9 ^? :i* _h previ\sly become consolidat$4 ,bel[ ! p]p5dicul> walls is a rapid slope1 compos$ ( f9e a%es or s&1 desc5d+ to ! floor ( ! crat]1 :i* is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ne>ly flat4 ,x is mu* r5t by fissures1 :i* dur+ ! night are se5 to gl[ ) a ruddy gl>e1 emanat+ f ! hot mat]ials b5ea?1 & giv+ to ! floor ! appe>ance ( be+ ov]spread ) a fi]y tissue1 l a spid]'s web4 ,f ! bottom !re usually rise "o or two small crat]s ( eruption1 :5ce cont9ually issue sulphur\s fumes1 & :i*1 at pretty regul> int]vals1 dis*>ge %[]s ( /ones heat$ to :it5ess4 ,! ext]ior ( ! cone is compos$ entirely ( loose c9d]s1 a%es1 & /ones1 s t ! asc5t is v labori\s4 ,! region ( ! m\nta9 b5ea? ! cone pres5ts no difficulties1 & t "p ( ! asc5t may be p]=m$ on donkeys or mules4 ,! view f ! top is magnific5t4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! desolate aspect ( ! int]ior ( ! crat]1 & ! smil+ prospect :i* may be se5 f its edge1 has be5 well comp>$ to look+ out ( ,t>t>us into ,p>adise4 ,ne> ,puzzuoli1 9 ! ,bay ( ,bai1 & n f> f ,monte ,nuovo1 /& ! ru9s ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 s int]e/+ to geologi/s4 ,^! rema9s1 consi/+ *iefly ( ! %afts ( ?ree m>ble columns1 /ill erect1 ?\gh ) a slight incl9ation sea-w>d1 af=d di/9ct pro(s1 confirm$ by o!r ph5om5a 9 ! neighb\rhood1 t1 s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! level ( ! coa/ 9 relation to t ( ! sea has *ang$ twice--! l& hav+ fir/ sunk & be5 !n rais$ aga91 ea* "t to ! ext5t ( upw>ds ( #bj feet4 ,! evid5ce ( ! subm]g5ce ( ! pill>s consi/s ma9ly ( a zone comm5c+ at ! height ( ab\t #ab feet above _! p$e/als1 & ext5d+ #i feet upw>ds1 9 :i* are num]\s p]=ations1 made by a m>9e bivalve mollusc4 ,! uprais+ aga9 ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! temple /&s1 to ne>ly its orig9al height1 appe>s to h occurr$ ab\t ! "t ( ! =mation ( ,monte ,nuovo4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,m\nt ,etna--,its ,appe>ance & ,height-,anci5t ,eruptions-,p9d>'s ,allusion--,virgil's ,description--,subord9ate ,cones & ,crat]s--,cav]ns--,val del ,bove--,=mation ( ,monti ,rossi--,eruption ( #aheb--,:irlw9ds--,lava ,torr5ts--,cascades ( ,lava--,description ( ,crat] --,emp$ocles--,enceladus--,crat]s ( #ahfe-;,cyclopean ,isles--,hom]'s ,leg5d-,volcanic ,orig9--,o!r ,basaltic ,gr\ps ,m\nt ,etna may well be call$ ! ,que5 ( ,european ,volcanoes1 s maje/ic does %e look1 ) h] l(ty summit gli/5+ 9 ! sunbeams :ite ) sn[1 yet p\r+ =? volumes ( vap\r4 ,?is m\nta91 z y w obs]ve f ! annex$ woodcut1 is altoge!r m massive 9 its appe>ance ?an ,vesuvius4 ,x is ab\t ?ree times high]1 ris+ to ne>ly elev5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea1 & x has a circuit ( ab\t eighty-sev5 miles at its base4 ,etna has be5 a volcano f "t immemorial2 b ( its m anci5t eruptions only vague traditions h surviv$4 ,! ,greek poet ,p9d> is ! e>lie/ writ] :o makes m5tion ( its activity4 ,he ref]s to x 9 8 fir/ ,py?ian ,ode1 ,/rophe ,b1 #a4 #a4 ,! passage is ?us r5d]$ by ,c>ey-- ,f ^: cav]n$ dep?s aspire1 ,9 pure/ folds upwrea?+1 to/ ,f\nta9s ( approa*less fire-- by day a flood ( sm\ld]+ smoke ,) sull5 gleam ! torr5ts p\r ,illu/ration3 ,m\nt ,etna4 ,! ode 9 :i* ?is allusion occurs is said to h be5 writt5 ab\t ,b4,c4 #dgj2 & ! eruption to :i* x ref]s probably took place %ortly be=e t date4 ,virgil also describes ! m\nta9 v =cibly 9 ! neid1 lib4 iii4 #egj4 ,dryd5 r5d]s ! passage ?us3-- ,! port capaci\s1 & secure f w9d1 ,is to ! foot ( ?und'r+ ,etna jo9$4 ,by turns a pit*y cl\d %e rolls on high3 ,by turns hot emb]s f h] entrails fly1 ,& flakes ( m\nt+ flames1 t lick ! sky4 ,(t f h] b[els massy rocks are ?r[n1 ,& %iv]$ by ! =ce come piece-meal d[n4 ,(t liquid lakes ( burn+ sulphur fl[1 ,f$ f ! fi]y spr+s t boil bel[4 ,s9ce ! "o to :i* ,p9d> alludes1 !re h be5 record$ ab\t sixty eruptions2 b 9 ! pres5t c5tury ,etna has be5 less frequ5tly active ?an ,vesuvius4 ,ow+ to ! great height ( ,m\nt ,etna1 ! lava seldom rises s f> z to fl[ f ! summit4 ,x m frequ5tly bur/s =? f ! flanks ( ! m\nta92 & 9 ?is mann] !re h be5 =m$ num]\s small] cones1 ( :i* sev]al h crat]s ( _! own4 ,h5ce ,etna is r a gr\p ( volcanoes ?an a s+le cone2 b all ^! subord9ate volcanic hills clu/] r\nd ! flanks ( ! great c5tral summit4 ,etna may ?us be reg>d$ z a f]tile "m ( m\nta9s1 ) all h] *ildr5 ar\nd h]4 ,"s ( ^! hills1 h] (fspr+1 are cov]$ ) =e/s & ri* vegetation--su* hav+ enjoy$ a la/+ repose4 ,o!rs are /ill arid & b>e1 hav+ be5 m rec5tly =m$4 ,ow+ to ?is peculi>ity 9 its /ructure1 ,etna does n pres5t t conical aspect :i* *>act]izes mo/ o!r volcanoes4 ,/range z x may seem1 !re are1 on ! sides ( ! m\nta91 cav]ns :i* ! ,sicilians use = /or+ ice4 ,"s ( ^! cav]ns are ( va/ ext5t4 ,"o call$ ,fossa della ,palomba measures1 at its entrance1 #fbe feet 9 circumf]5ce1 & has a dep? ( ab\t #gh feet4 ,?is great cavity1 h[ev]1 =ms m]ely ! ve/ibule to a s]ies ( o!rs1 :i* are p]fectly d>k4 ,ano!r /rik+ feature ( ,m\nt ,etna is ! ,val del ,bove4 ,x is a deep valley1 pres5t+1 :5 view$ f above1 some:at ( ! appe>ance ( an amphi!atre1 ,x /ret*es f ne> ! summit d[n to ! upp] limit ( ! wood$ region ( ! m\nta91 & has a rem>kably desolate aspect--pres5t+ a va/ expanse ( b>e & rugg$ lava4 ,( ! num]\s eruptions ( ,etna1 "o ( ! mo/ memorable 0 t ( #affi1 :5 on ! flank ( ! m\nta9 above ,nicolosi1 ab\t half way betwe5 ,catania & ! top ( ! great crat]1 !re 0 =m$ an imm5se r5t ab\t twelve miles long1 f :i* a va/ torr5t ( lava desc5d$4 ,aft] fl[+ = sev]al miles1 & de/roy+ a "p ( ,catania 9 its c\rse1 x ent]$ ! sea1 & =m$ a small promontory1 :i* has s9ce prov$ v useful z a breakwat]4 ,b besides ?is /ream1 !re 7 at ! same "t ?r[n up su* imm5se quantities ( a%es1 c9d]s1 /ones1 & o!r matt]s1 t !y =m$ two conical hills1 m ?an ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height above ! slope ( ! m\nta9 f :i* !y rose1 & measur+ ne>ly two miles 9 circumf]5ce at _! base4 ,^! hills 7 nam$ ,monti ,rossi4 ,m\nt ,etna 0 9 activity z lately z #ahfe2 b a previ\s eruption 9 #aheb 0 ( great] viol5ce4 ,x began1 z usual1 ) holl[ und]gr\nd rumbl+s1 & ! asc5t ( d5se columns ( vap\r1 m+l$ ) du/ & a%es1 high into ! air4 ,^! 7 spe$ily :irl$ into enorm\s eddies by fi]ce :irlw9ds4 ,two new m\?s 7 =m$ on ! side ( ! m\nta91 & ^! vomit$ =? imm5se /reams ( lava1 :i* ru%$ ) ! vehem5ce ( a torr5t d[n ! /eep4 ,! viol5ce ( ! commotion increas+1 ! two m\?s 71 by ! crumbl+ ( ! int]v5+ rocks1 bl5d$ into "o1 & !n huge fragm5ts ( ! brok5 rock 7 hurl$ to a great height1 along ) va/ quantities ( hot /ones1 c9d]s1 & black s&4 ,increas+ quantities ( lava 7 n[ p\r$ f ! greatly enl>g$ op5+1 & ^! =m$ on ! pla9s bel[ a great riv] ( liquid fire1 ne>ly two miles 9 bread?1 & betwe5 sev5 & eight feet 9 dep?1 :i* advanc$ at ! rate ( upw>ds ( a hundr$ feet 9 an h\r1 c>ry+ be=e x deva/ation & ru94 ,its c\rse be+ ?r\gh a highly cultivat$ c\ntry1 ! damage x inflict$ 0 imm5se4 ,?is eruption cont9u$ = sev]al mon?s1 ) only %ort int]vals ( re/4 ,illu/ration3 ,crat] ( ,etna4 ,x has m ?an once happ5$1 t ! lava-/reams ( ,etna1 9 _! desc5t f ! crat] ( eruption1 h come to a precipit\s wall ( rock1 ov] :i* !y h plung$ 9 a cascade simil> to t =m$ by ! lava ( ,vesuvius 9 #ahee1 b on a less magnific5t scale1 z respects ! height ( ! fall4 ,"o ( ^! occasions 0 dur+ ! eruption ( #agga1 & ano!r dur+ t ( #ahai4 ,! pr9cipal cone ( ,m\nt ,etna 0 asc5d$ 9 #ahcd by ,messrs4 ,elie de ,beaumont & ,leopold von ,bu*4 ,! =m] describes :at !y saw 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3--,x 0 to u a mom5t ( surprise difficult to describe1 :5 we f\nd ourselves unexpect$ly on ! m>g9--n1 inde$1 ( ! great crat]--b ( an almo/ circul> gulf1 ne>ly ?ree hundr$ feet 9 diamet]1 :i* does n t\* ! great crat] save at a small "p ( its circumf]5ce4 ,we pe]$ eag]ly into ?is ne>ly cyl9drical funnel2 b va9 0 our se>* into ! secret ( its volcanic action4 ,f ! almo/ horizontal tops ( ! ne>ly v]tical /eeps1 no?+ c be descri$ b ! upp] cone4 ,on try+ to reckon ^? "o bel[ ano!r1 vision becomes gradually lo/ 9 ! p]fect d>kness b5ea?4 ,no s\nd issues f ?is d>kness4 ,!re are only exhal$ slightly sulphur\s :ite vap\rs1 *iefly /eam4 ,! dismal aspect ( ?is black & sil5t gulf1 9 :i* our view 0 lo/--its d>k moi/ sides1 along :i* crept1 9 a languid & monoton\s mann]1 long flakes ( vap\r ( a sombre gray--! great crat] to :i* ?is n>r[ gulf is atta*$1 ) its confus$ heap ( div]se sub/ances1 col\r$ yell[1 gray1 r$1 l ! image ( *aos--all pres5t$ ar\nd u an aspect q fun]eal & sepul*ral4 ,! ,fr5* geologi/1 9 hav+ escap$ f 8 visit to ! crat] ) no?+ worse ?an a fit ( ! vap\rs1 came (f bett] ?an ,emp$ocles1 ! ,sicilian philosoph]1 9 ! days ( old3 =1 z ! /ory goes1 ?is inquisitive sage1 be+ v anxi\s to h a peep into ! crat]1 & v5tur+ too ne>1 toppl$ 9 altoge!r1 & no?+ m 0 se5 ( him1 except "o ( 8 s&als1 :i* 0 vomit$ up by ! volcano--?us convey+ to 8 fri5ds an intimation ( ! mann] ( 8 dea?4 ,"s incr$ul\s p]sons allege t ?is /ory has no bett] f\ndation ?an ! fable ( ! poets1 t ! giant ,enceladus1 son ( ,titan & ,t]ra1 hav+ (f5d$ ,jupit]1 ! infuriat$ god fir/ fell$ him ) a ?und]bolt1 & !n put ,m\nt ,etna z a sort ( ext+ui%] on ! top ( him--8 re/lessness und]nea? fully acc\nt+ = all ! commotions ( ! m\nta94 ,soon aft] ! eruption :i* took place t[>ds ! end ( ,janu>y #ahfe1 ! crat]s !n op5$ 7 visit$ by ,m4 ,f\qu1 a ,fr5* geologi/4 ,at ! "t ( 8 visit1 #aj? ,m>*1 !y 7 sev5 9 numb]1 & he ?us describes _! modes ( action3-- ,! ?ree upp] crat]s produc$ two or ?ree times a m9ute1 p[]ful detonations l ?und]claps4 ,! l[] crat]s1 on ! contr>y1 incessantly gave =? a succession ( reports too rapid to be reckon$4 ,^! s\nds1 al?\gh unremitt+1 7 cle> & di/9ct1 ! "o f ! o!r4 ,i c f9d no bett] comp>ison = !m ?an ! /rokes ( a hamm] fall+ on an anvil4 ,_h ! anci5ts he>d a simil> noise1 ,i c readily conceive :5ce arose ! idea ( _! imag9+ a =ge 9 ! c5tre ( ,etna1 ) ! ,cyclops = workm54 ,(f ! ea/]n coa/ ( ,sicily1 & n f> f ,m\nt ,etna1 lie ! ,cyclopean ,isles1 ( "o ( :i* ! annex$ woodcut gives a repres5tation4 ,y w obs]ve :at a s+ul> appe>ance x pres5ts1 ) its r[s ( basaltic columns pil$ "o above ano!r4 ,! o!r isle is close by1 & !re is an anci5t tradition t !y at "o "t =m$ "p ( ! ma9l& ( ,sicily4 ,hom] has a curi\s /ory ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* !y became deta*$4 ,! passage occurs t[>ds ! end ( ! n9? book ( ! ,odyssey4 ,he tells t1 at ! "t ,ulysses visit$ ,sicily1 x 0 inhabit$ by ! ,cyclops1 :o1 z already m5tion$1 7 said to h _h ea* only "o eye1 situat$ 9 8 =ehead4 ,_! k+'s "n 0 ,polyphemus1 a huge giant :o beguil$ ,ulysses & a portion ( 8 crew into a cave1 :]e he kill$ "s ( ! crew & dev\r$ !m = 8 supp]4 ,ulysses1 fe>+ 8 turn might come next1 p]suad$ ,polyphemus to ta/e "s /rong w9e he _h ) him1 & fill$ him s tipsy t he fell fa/ asleep4 ,:ile he 0 9 ?is /ate1 ,ulysses burnt out 8 "o eye ) a r$-hot iron4 ,! giant awoke 9 agony1 b ,ulysses contriv$ to escape f 8 clut*es1 &1 aft] gett+ into 8 %ip1 began taunt+ & je]+ ! mon/]4 ,!reupon ,hom] says3-- ,illu/ration3 ,cyclopean ,isle ,^! words ! ,cyclops' burn+ rage provoke3 ,f ! tall hill he r5ds a po9t$ rock2 ,high o'er ! bill[s flew ! massy load1 ,& ne> ! %ip came ?und'r+ on ! flood4 ,x almo/ bru%$ ! helm1 & fell be=e3 ,! :ole sea %ook1 & reflu5t beat ! %ore4 ,pope's translation4 ,! huge missile hav+ ?us miss$ its m>k1 ,ulysses1 ) great impud5ce1 r5ew$ 8 je]s1 taunt+ ! giant1 & tell+ him :o x 0 t _h pok$ out 8 eye2 :]eupon ,polyphemus invokes ! v5geance ( ,neptune ^u him1 &-- ,a l>g] rock !n heav+ f ! pla91 ,he :irl$ x r\nd--x rung across ! ma93 ,x fell & bru%$ ! /]n3 ! bill[s ro>1 ,%ake at ! weight1 & reflu5t beat ! %ore4 ,pope's translation4 ,! rocks ( :i* ! ,cyclopean ,isles are compos$ are entirely ( volcanic orig91 & x is f> f improbable t !y may h at "o "t be5 atta*$ to ,sicily1 & sev]$ f x by "s great volcanic convulsion4 ,a c>eful exam9ation ( ^! l>ge piles ( basaltic columns l$ ,dr4 ,daub5y to ! conclusion1 t ! lavas f :i* !y h be5 =m$ 7 consolidat$ "u great pressure1 & probably at ! bottom ( ! sea1 :5ce !y h be5 aft]w>ds upheav$4 ,he also concludes1 f c]ta9 appe>ances1 t ! two isl&s 7 at "o "t unit$4 ,! ,cyclopean ,isles /rongly resemble1 9 _! g5]al aspect1 ! well-kn[n ,giant's ,causeway on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,irel&1 & ! ,isle ( ,/affa (f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl&4 ,! latt]1 :i*1 ar\nd its :ole sea-girt outl9e1 pres5ts ranges ( basaltic columns1 "s ( !m dispos$ 9 curi\s fanta/ic gr\ps1 mo/ ne>ly resembles ! ,sicilian pair4 ,^! diff] f x *iefly 9 _! hav+ ! columns pil$ 9 t]races1 "o above ano!r4 ,/affa1 h[ev]1 c boa/ ( a f> m /rik+ feature --! celebrat$ ,cave ( ,f+al--its /ately basaltic columns inspir+ e behold] ) admiration1 n unmix$ ) awe1 :ile its brightly-t9t$ floor rivals 9 brilliancy ( col\r+ ! mo/ beautiful mosaics4 ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,icel&1 also1 !re are "s rem>kable ranges ( basaltic columns4 ,"o 9 p>ticul>1 nam$ ! ,ru9s ( ,dv]ghamr>1 is 9 ! =m ( a semicircle skirt+ ! sea-coa/4 ,ano!r gr\p1 /ill m wond]ful1 =ms a curi\s natural ,go?ic ar*1 surm\nt$ by p9nacles4 ,x is s picturesque t an ar*itect might /udy x ) advantage1 & d]ive f x valuable h9ts 9 design+ ! entrance to a ca!dral4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,lipan ,isl&s--,/romboli--,orig9 ( ,"n--,position ( ,crat]--,description ( ,crat]--,new ,volcanic ,isl& nam$ ,julia--,ph5om5a prec$+ its ,elevation--,description ( ,isl& & ,crat]--,its ,disappe>ance--,rise ( ,isl&s at ,santor9 ,! ,lip>i ,isl&s are all ( volcanic orig94 ,! mo/ int]e/+ among !m1 = ! l5g? ( "t x has be5 9 action & ! con/ancy ( its activity1 is ,/romboli4 ,?is "n is a corruption ( ! anci5t ,greek "n :i* 0 giv5 to x because ( its r\nd swell+ =m4 ,?is is a v fussy little volcano1 = x keeps p]petually puff+1 gr[l+1 & fum+4 ,x ?r[s out columns ( /eam1 & at int]vals /ones1 c9d]s1 & a%es1 :i* are = ! mo/ "p drift$ by ! w9d into ! sea4 ,?is re/less volcano has be5 9 almo/ un9t]rupt$ activity s9ce at lea/ ! ?ird c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era --h[ev] mu* fur!r back4 ,sev]al ent]pris+ travell]s h asc5d$ to ! crat] ( ,/romboli4 ,x 0 exam9$ ) great c>e 9 #ahbh by ,m4 ,h(fmann1 a celebrat$ ,prussian geologi/1 :o1 :ile be+ held fa/ by 8 companions1 leant ov] ! crag imm$iately above ! crat]1 & look$ "r d[n into "o ( its active m\?s4 ,he ?us describes :at he saw3-- ,?ree active m\?s 7 se5 at ! bottom ( ! crat]4 ,! pr9cipal "o1 9 ! middle1 0 ab\t two hundr$ feet 9 diamet]2 x %[s no?+ rem>kable1 only fum+ slightly2 & num]\s yell[ incru/ations ( sulphur coat ! walls ( its *imney4 ,close by ?is m\? is ano!r1 some:at ne>] ! precipice1 only tw5ty feet wide1 9 :i* ,i c\ld obs]ve ! play ( ! column ( liquid lava1 :i* at int]vals pois$ itself at a level4 ,?is lava did n look l a burn+ mass vomit+ flames1 b z glossy z molt5 metal--l iron issu+ f ! smelt+ furnace1 or silv] at ! bottom ( a crucible4 ,?is melt$ mass rose & fell--evid5tly urg$ by ! p[]ful t5sion ( ela/ic vap\rs press+ x upw>ds f b5ea?2 & x 0 easy to p]ceive ! balance ( effect betwe5 ! weight ( ! molt5 masses & ! pressure ( ! /eam :i* resi/$ !m4 ,! surface rose & fell rhy?mically3 !re 0 he>d a peculi> s\nd1 l ! crackl+ ( air f bell[s ent]+ ! door ( a furnace4 ,a bubble ( :ite vap\r issu$ at ea* crack1 rais+ ! lava1 :i* fell d[n aga9 imm$iately aft] its escape4 ,^! bubbles ( vap\r dragg$ to ! surface ( ! lava r$-hot c9d]s1 :i* danc$ z if toss$ by invisible h&s 9 rhy?mic sport above ! br9k ( ! op5+4 ,?is play1 s regul> & attractive1 0 int]rupt$1 e qu>t] ( an h\r or s1 by m tumultu\s movem5ts4 ,! mass ( :irl+ vap\r !n re/$ motionless = a mom5t--ev5 mak+ a j]k+ motion ( return1 z if inhal$ by ! crat]1 f ! bottom ( :i* ! lava rose m /rongly z if to enc\nt] x4 ,!n ! gr\nd trembles1 & ! walls ( ! crat] />t+ b5d4 ,x 0 q an e>?quake4 ,! m\? ( ! crat] utt]$ a l\d roll+ bell[1 :i* 0 foll[$ by an imm5se bubble ( vap\r1 bur/+ at ! surface ( ! lava ) a l\d ?und]+ report4 ,! :ole surface ( ! lava1 r$uc$ to gl[+ spl9t]s1 0 !n toss$ into ! air4 ,illu/ration3 ,julia1 or ,graham's ,isl&1 9 ,augu/ #ahca4 ,! heat /ruck our faces =cibly2 :ile a flam+ %eaf rose "r into ! air1 & fell back 9 a %[] ( fire all ar\nd4 ,"s bombs asc5d$ to a height ( ab\t #abjj feet1 & 9 pass+ ov] our heads describ$ p>abolas ( fire4 ,imm$iately aft] su* an eruption1 ! lava )drew to ! bottom ( ! *imney1 :i* !n yawn$ black & gap+4 ,b erelong !re 0 se5 re-asc5d+ ! %9+ mirror ( ! surface ( lava1 :i* !n recomm5c$ ! rhy?mic play ( its ord9>y less viol5t bubbl+s4 ,:at an agreeable visit ?is mu/ h be56 ,don't y ?9k1 betwe5 ourselves1 t ! ,g]man philosoph] mu/1 on ?is occasion1 h greatly resembl$ an ,iri%man 9 love1 see+ he 0 s eag] to rea* ! m\? ( ! crat]8 ,be=e pass+ on to ! description ( o!r exi/+ volcanoes1 x may ent]ta9 y to he> some?+ ab\t ,julia4 ,?is int]e/+ crat] _h a %ort & tr\bl$ exi/5ce4 ,%e 0 n born l o!rs ( h] "n1 b rose sudd5ly & maje/ically out ( ! sea1 z ! poets feign t ,v5us did ( old4 ,%e did n1 h[ev]1 keep h] head long above wat]1 b aft] rag+ & fum+ = ab\t a c\ple ( mon?s1 %e plung$ aga9 "u ! waves4 ,?is happ5$ 9 ! ye> #ahca4 ,on page #eg is a picture %[+ y h[ %e look$ 9 ,augu/ ( t ye>1 ab\t a mon? aft] %e made h] appe>ance4 ,y see :at a fury ( a crat] %e mu/ h be54 ,x 0 a ,fr5* philosoph] 7,con/ant ,prvo/7 :o *ri/5$ h] ,julia2 b x is h>d to div9e :at prompt$ him to act s ungallantly4 ,p]haps1 at ! mom5t1 he may h _h 9 8 eye "s ,julia ( 8 acqua9tance1 ) v r$ hair & a v fi]y temp]4 ,?is volcanic isl& rose out ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ab\t midway betwe5 ! ,isl& ( ,pantell>ia & ! village ( ,sciacca on ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,sicily4 ,f ab\t ! #bh? ( ,june to ! #bnd ( ,july #ahca1 ! inhabitants ( ,sciacca felt sev]al slight %ocks1 :i* !y imag9$ to h proce$$ f ,etna4 ,on ! #h? ( ,july ! crew ( a ,sicilian %ip1 :i* 0 sail+ at a di/ance ( ab\t six miles f ,sciacca1 sudd5ly obs]v$ 9 ! sea a jet ( wat] ab\t #ajj feet high4 ,x rose into ! air ) a ?und]+ noise1 su/a9$ itself = ab\t t5 m9utes1 & !n fell d[n4 ,simil> jets cont9u$ to rise 9 succession1 at int]vals ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 & produc$ a ?ick mi/ ov]spread+ ! surface ( ! sea1 :i* 0 mu* agitat$ & cov]$ ) a r$di% scum4 ,%oals ( dead fi%es 7 drift$ on ! waves4 ,on ! ?ird day ! jets 7 betwe5 #hjj & #ijj feet 9 diamet]1 & betwe5 #fj & #gj feet 9 height1 :ile ! /eam f !m rose to ne>ly #ahjj feet4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,july ! inhabitants ( ,sciacca _h _! no/rils assail$ by a /rong smell ( sulphur1 & beheld ! surface ( ! sea cov]$ ) black por\s c9d]s1 :i*1 be+ drift$ a%ore1 =m$ a b$ ( "s ?ickness on ! bea*4 ,s great 0 ! drift ( volcanic a%es1 t boats c\ld h>dly /ruggle ?r\gh ! wat]1 & multitudes ( dead fi%es float$ on its surface4 ,next morn+ !y saw ris+ out ( ! sea a column ( d>k vap\r1 :i*1 h[ev]1 t[>ds night became lurid r$4 ,f "t to "t1 dur+ bo? ! day & night1 !y he>d l\d reports1 & saw bright sp>ks ( fire ?r\gh ! dusky vap\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,julia1 or ,graham's ,isl&1 on #bi? ,septemb] #ahca4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,july ! capta9 ( ! ,sicilian %ip discov]$ t an isl& _h aris5 out ( ! sea at ! spot :5ce ! appe>ances be=e describ$ _h proce$$4 ,x _h already atta9$ a height ( ne>ly twelve feet1 & _h 9 its c5tre a crat]1 :i* vomit$ =? imm5se jets ( /eam1 along ) a%es1 c9d]s1 /ones1 c4 ,! wat] :i* boil$ 9 ?is crat] 0 r$di%1 & ! c9d]s1 :i* cov]$ ! sea all r\nd ! isl&1 7 ( a *ocolate col\r4 ,! isl& subsequ5tly atta9$ a height ( upw>ds ( #ij feet at its highe/ po9t1 & a circumf]5ce ( ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile4 ,a *annel ( communication 0 also op5$ betwe5 ! sea & ! int]ior ( ! crat]1 :i* _h a diamet] ( ab\t #fej feet4 ,! vap\rs & o!r matt]s ?r[n up f ! m\? ( ! volcano =m$ a lum9\s column upw>ds ( #bjj feet 9 height4 ,on ! #bi? ( ,septemb] x 0 visit$ by ! ,fr5* g5tleman :o gave x ! "n ( ,julia1 & x !n pres5t$ ! appe>ance :i* we h sket*$4 ,he l&$ ) a p>ty & proce$$ to exam9e ! crat]1 9 :i* he f\nd a circul> bas9 fill$ ) r$di% wat]1 almo/ boil+ hot1 & fre%4 ,?is bas9 0 ne>ly #bjj feet 9 diamet]4 ,!re rose f ! wat] bubbles ( gas1 :i* made x appe> z if x 7 boil+4 ,! wat] 0 n q at ! boil+ po9t1 h[ev]1 yet ! bubbles ( gas 7 suffici5tly hot to burn ! f+]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,crat] ( ,julia1 or ,graham's ,isl&4 ,^! bubbles rose f a great dep?1 & ea*1 on bur/+1 :i* x did ) a feeble report1 ?rew out s& & c9d]s4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ! crat] !re rose sulphur\s vap\rs1 :i* deposit$ sulphur & salt4 ,! loose du/ & a%es =m+ ! soil ( ! isl& 7 hot1 & walk+ on !m 0 difficult4 ,! =ego+ woodcut w give y an idea ( ! appe>ance :i* ! crat] pres5t$ to ^? visitors4 ,9 ! foll[+ mon? ( ,octob] no?+ rema9$ ( ?is wond]ful isl& b a hillock ( s& & c9d]s2 & at ! end ( six mon?s x _h q vani%$4 ,s\nd+s tak5 a few ye>s ago %[ t5 feet ( wat] ov] ! spot1 s t1 al?\gh ! isl& has disappe>$1 !re is /ill a %oal left beh9d4 ,?is tempor>y volcano is be/ kn[n 9 ,engl& "u ! "n ( ,graham's ,isl&2 s call$ aft] an ,engli% naval (fic] ( t "n1 :o 0 ! fir/ to set foot on x1 & :o plant$ ^u x ! ,engli% flag1 s claim+ x = 8 sov]eign4 ,! ,sicilians allege ?is to be ! reason :y x disappe>$ s soon--t x 0 9 a hurry to escape f "u ! ,engli% yoke4 ,simil> ph5om5a h be5 tak+ place dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 #ahff1 9 ! ,bay ( ,santor91 situat$ 9 ! isl& ( t "n1 :i* lies to ! nor?w>d ( ,crete4 ,!re are sev]al isl&s 9 ! bay1 all app>5tly ( volcanic orig91 & "o ( !m 0 ?r[n up ab\t ?ree c5turies be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,la/ ye> _! numb] 0 increas$ by a s]ies ( eruptions simil> 9 _! att5dant circum/ances to ^? :i* accompani$ ! upheaval ( ,julia4 ,! fir/ w>n+s 7 giv5 on ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #ahff1 by l[ und]gr\nd rumbl+s1 & slight movem5ts ( ! gr\nd at ! s\? end ( ,new ,kamm5i1 "o ( ! =m]ly upheav$ isl&s 9 ! bay4 ,next day ^! ph5om5a increas$ 9 viol5ce1 & quantities ( gas bubbl$ up f ! sea4 ,on ! #a/ ( ,febru>y1 r$di% flames asc5d$ f ! wat]1 & on ! #bnd !re rose1 out ( ! h>b\r ( ,v\lcano1 an isl&1 :i* 0 *ri/5$ ,george4 ,! volcanic agitation 0 prolong$ dur+ ,febru>y & ,m>*--! upheaval ( o!r two isl&s be+ ! result4 ,:e!r ^! additional isl&s w cont9ue p]man5tly above wat] rema9s to be se54 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,peak ( ,t5]iffe--,its ,crat]--,eruption ( ,*ahorra--,palma--,great ,cald]a--,lanc]ote--,great ,eruption--,sudd5 ,dea?--,fuego1 ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s--,cotopaxi--,its ,appe>ance--,great ,eruptive ,=ce--,tunguragua--,great ,eruption ( ,mud & ,wat]--,fi% ?r[n out--,quito--,its ,ov]?r[--,pi*9ca--,humboldt's ,asc5t--,n>r[ ,escape--,antisana--,sangay--,rancagua-- ,*illan--,masaya ,! ,isl& ( ,t5]iffe is celebrat$ = its magnific5t sn[-clad peak4 ,on ref]r+ to ! woodcut ( ?is volcano at page #aa1 y w obs]ve 9 :at a %>p po9t ! cone t]m9ates1 & h[ sl5d] is ! column ( vap\r at its summit4 ,! crat] at ! top is comp>atively small--its greate/ diamet] be+ #cjj1 & its smalle/ #bjj feet1 :ile its dep? is only ab\t #ajj feet4 ,f ?is crat] !re has be5 no eruption s9ce #agjf1 :5 ! f9e/ h>b\r 9 ! isl& 0 de/roy$4 ,b f ! side ( ! peak !re rises a supplem5t>y m\nta9 nam$ ,*ahorra1 on ! top ( :i* !re is also a crat]1 :5ce !re 0 an eruption 9 #agih4 ,s great 0 its viol5ce1 t masses ( rock 7 ?r[n to a height ( upw>ds ( #cjjj feet4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ isl& ( ,palma !re is a volcanic crat] nam$ ! ,great ,cald]a1 ^: dep? is said to be upw>ds ( #ejjj feet4 ,almo/ due ea/ ( ,palma1 & mu* ne>] ! ,african coa/1 lies ! ,isl& ( ,lanc]ote1 on :i* are a great _m volcanic cones1 arrang$ ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e4 ,^! 7 = ! mo/ "p =m$ by a long s]ies ( eruptions :i* took place dur+ ! ye>s f #agcj to #agcf4 ,su* imm5se quantities ( lava 7 p\r$ =? 9 ! c\rse ( ^? six ye>s1 t ab\t a ?ird ( ! surface ( ! isl& 0 cov]$ by !m1 & _m t[ns & villages 7 de/roy$4 ,/4 ,catal9a1 a popul\s & ?riv+ t[n1 0 fir/ ov]fl[$ by a lava-/ream1 & !n a new crat] bur/ =? on its v site1 rais+ ov] x a hill #djj feet high4 ,all ! cattle 9 ! isl& fell d[n dead 9 "o day1 & ne>ly ab\t ! same "t--!y 7 suffocat$ by deadly vap\rs t rose f ! gr\nd4 ,! volcanic activity ( ?is isl& 0 r5ew$ 9 ,augu/ #ahbd1 :5 !re 0 =m$1 ne> ! port ( ,rescif1 a new crat]1 :i* vomit$ =? su* quantities ( /ones1 a%es1 & o!r volcanic matt]s1 t 9 ! %ort space ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs !y =m$ a hill ( consid]able height4 ,! ,cape de ,v]de ,isl&s1 ly+ to ! s\?-we/w>d ( ! ,can>ies1 are also volcanic4 ,9 #ahdg a volcano nam$ ,fuego1 situat$ 9 "o ( !m1 aft] rema9+ at re/ ab\t fifty ye>s1 bur/ into fre% activity4 ,no less ?an sev5 new v5ts 7 =m$2 & f ^! 7 p\r$ =? great /reams ( lava1 :i* wr\ght imm5se damage 9 ! cultivat$ p>ts ( ! isl&4 ,! inhabitants su/a9$ great loss by ! de/ruction ( _! cattle & crops4 ,pass+ ov] to ! ,s\? ,am]ican cont95t1 we come to ! range ( ! ,&es1 :i* conta9s num]\s volcanoes4 ,among ^! ! mo/ conspicu\s is ,cotopaxi1 ! highe/ volcano 9 ! _w1 situat$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ,quito4 ,s p]fect is ! =m ( ! cone1 t x looks z if x _h be5 turn$ 9 a la!4 ,its coat+ ( sn[ gives x a dazzl+ appe>ance1 & s %>ply is ! sn[-l9e def9$ t x seems almo/ z if ! volcano-k+ wore a :ite night-cap in/ead ( a cr[n4 ,! eruptions ( ?is m\nta9 are r>e4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( !m la/$ = ?ree ye>s1 & desolat$ an imm5se ext5t ( c\ntry ) floods ( lava4 ,on ?is occasion1 x is said1 columns ( fire rose to ! height ( ne>ly #ejjj feet1 s great 0 ! en]gy ( ! volcanic =ce4 ,a little to ! s\?w>d ( ,cotopaxi1 b conceal$ f x by ! int]v5+ mass ( ,*imborazo1 lies ! volcano ( ,tunguragua1 f :i* !re 0 an extraord9>y eruption 9 ! ye> #agig1 t prov$ v de/ructive to ! cities 9 its neighb\rhood4 ,inde$1 s t]rible 0 ! convulsion ( ! gr\nd1 :i* la/$ f\r m9utes1 t ! cities ( ,riobamba & ,qu]o 7 r$uc$ to heaps ( ru9s4 ,!n ! base ( ,tunguragua 0 r5t1 & f num]\s ap]tures !re 7 p\r$ out /reams ( wat] & mud1 ! latt] ga!r+ 9 ! valleys to ! dep? ( #fjj feet4 ,?is mud spread itself f> & wide1 block+ up ! *annels ( riv]s1 & =m+ lakes1 :i* rema9$ upw>ds ( two mon?s4 ,b1 /range/ ( all1 quantities ( dead fi%es 7 f\nd 9 ! wat] :i* bur/ f ! volcano4 ,^! fi%es are suppos$ to h be5 br$ 9 subt]ranean lakes conta9$ 9 cav]ns 9 ! int]ior ( ! m\nta91 consid]ably remov$ f ! volcanic fires 9 ! c5tre4 ,x is probable t1 :5 ! r5t 0 =m$ ne> ! base1 "o ( ^? cav]ns 0 brok5 op51 & t ! wat]s f x 7 dis*>g$ along ) _! f9ny inhabitants4 ,"h is a picture ( "o ( ^? fi%es1 :i* 0 tak5 by ,b>on ,humboldt4 ,:5 y see :at a que]-look+ fi% x is1 y w wond] ! less at its hav+ *os5 s /range an abode4 ,illu/ration3 ,pimelodus ,cyclopum ,quito1 ! capital ( ! prov9ce ( t "n1 is ! highe/ ( cities--be+ situat$ at an elevation ( betwe5 n9e & t5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,x is built on a pla91 ly+ on ! flanks ( ! volcano ,pi*9ca1 ( :i* a view is giv5 9 ! annex$ woodcut4 ,poor ,quito has suff]$ sev]ely f ?is dang]\s neighb\rhood2 =1 on ! #bbnd ( ,m>* #ahei1 a viol5t %ak+ ( ! m\nta9 laid ! :ole city 9 ru9s4 ,pi*9ca1 y w obs]ve1 has a mo/ irregul> outl9e1 b v graceful )al4 ,in/ead ( a s+le cone l ,cotopaxi1 x has a gr\p ( cones1 "s ( :i* are v po9t$4 ,x has f\r pr9cipal summits1 ( :i* ! mo/ s\!rly conta9s ! active crat]4 ,"h ! celebrat$ travell] ,b>on ,humboldt ne>ly lo/ 8 life4 ,hav+ asc5d$ ! cone & approa*$ ! edge ( ! crat]1 he pe]$ into ! dep?s ( ! d>k abyss1 & !re beheld ! gl[+ lava boil+ z if 9 a huge caldron4 ,a ?ick mi/ com+ on1 he unw>ily advanc$ to )9 a few feet ( ! rapid slope desc5d+ into ! crat]1 & 0 )9 an ace ( toppl+ ov] into ! fi]y gulf b5ea?4 ,:at a pity x w\ld h be5 _h he fall5 96 ,we %\ld h _h no ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 no ,cosmos4 ,illu/ration3 ,pi*9ca ,!re are 9 ?is region ( ,s\? ,am]ica o!r two great volcanoes1 nam$ ,antisana & ,sangay4 ,! =m] has n be5 9 action s9ce #agah1 b is rem>kable = ! imm5se b$s ( lava :i* x has amass$ ar\nd x dur+ its =m] eruptions4 ,sangay1 aga91 has ev] s9ce #agbh be5 9 a /ate ( almo/ p]petual activity--9 ?is respect resembl+ ,/romboli1 :i*1 h[ev]1 x f> exce$s 9 height1 its summit be+ ne>ly #ah1jjj feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! eruptions ( ?is m\nta9 are accompani$ by l\d explosions1 :i* are he>d at great di/ances1 & !y succe$ ea* o!r ) imm5se rapidity4 ,! fumes emitt$ are sometimes gray1 sometimes orange2 & ! matt]s eject$ are c9d]s1 dross1 & sph]ical masses ( /one4 ,^! la/ are (t5 two feet 9 diamet]1 & 9 /rong explosions z _m z sixty ( !m may be ?r[n out at a "t4 ,!y are gl[+ at a :ite heat1 & = ! mo/ "p !y fall back into ! v5t ( ! crat]4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 !y alight on ! edge ( ! cone--imp>t+ to x a tempor>y brilliancy2 b ! mass ( ! cone1 be+ compos$ ( loose black c9d]s1 has a mo/ dismal aspect4 ,ano!r v active ,s\? ,am]ican volcano is ,rancagua 9 ,*ili4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 ( mod]ate height1 & ?us 9 its g5]al "* resembles ,/romboli1 :i* x rivals 9 re/lessness4 ,ano!r ( ! volcanoes ( ,*ili1 nam$ ,*illan1 :i* _h long be5 9 a /ate ( repose1 r5ew$ its activity 9 ,novemb] #ahfd4 ,its usually sn[-clad summit became cov]$ 9 a %ort "t ) a ?ick lay] ( volcanic a%es1 :i* greatly alt]$ its appe>ance4 ,/reams ( lava 7 also ?r[n out by ! m\nta9 on ?is occasion4 ,!re are sev]al volcanoes 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,"o ( !m1 nam$ ,masaya1 0 v active dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,x is situat$ ne> ! lake ( ,nic>agua1 9 ! t]ritory ( t "n4 ,x 0 visit$ 9 #aebi by ! ,spani% hi/orian ,gonzales ,f]n&o de ,ovi$o1 f ^: description x seems to h pres5t$ ph5om5a resembl+ ^? se5 9 ! crat] ( ,/romboli4 ,9 its ord9>y /ate1 he says1 ! surface ( ! lava1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* black scoriae are cont9ually float+1 rema9s sev]al hundr$ feet bel[ ! edges ( ! wat]4 ,b sometimes !re is sudd5ly produc$ an ebullition s viol5t1 t ! lava rises almo/ to ! v brim4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,jorullo--,great ,monum5t--,jorullo's ,e/ate--,int]ruption to 8 ,quiet--,8 ,e/ate ,swells--,swall[s ,two ,riv]s--,?r[s up ,ov5s--,becomes a ,burn+ ,m\nta9--,popocatepetl--,spani% ,asc5ts--,orizaba --,mull]'s ,asc5t--,morne-,g>\--,pele---,la ,s\fri]e ,:at a =tunate man 0 ,mr4 ,jorullo6 ,old ,*eops1 k+ ( ,egypt1 sp5t va/ sums ( money1 _m long ye>s1 & ! lab\r ( myriads ( 8 subjects1 9 erect+ ! ,great ,pyramid z a monum5t to 8 memory4 ,b ,mr4 ,jorullo1 )\t 8 hav+ to lay d[n a s+le ,mexican doll>1 & )\t any lab\r1 ei!r ( 8 own or ( 8 s]vants1 _h a magnific5t monum5t rais$ to 8 memory 9 a s+le night4 ,jorullo's monum5t1 too1 is f> bigg] ?an ! pyramid ( ,*eops--be+ ne>ly f\r times ! height1 & occupy+ a mu* l>g] ext5t ( gr\nd4 ,:e!r x w la/ z long z ! pyramid has done1 "t only c %[4 ,y w\ld d\btless l to "k h[ ?is great monum5t 0 re>$4 ,"h is ! /ory3--,don ,p$ro di ,jorullo 0 a ,mexican g5tleman :o liv$ ab\t ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,he 0 a l&$ proprietor--! own] ( a nice little f>m ( great f]tility1 situat$ to ! we/w>d ( ! city ( ,mexico1 & ab\t n9ety miles f ! coa/ ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! gr\nd 0 well wat]$ by artificial means1 & produc$ abundant crops ( indigo & sug>-cane4 ,?us ,mr4 ,jorullo 0 a v ?riv+ well-to-d sort ( man4 ,illu/ration3 ,jorullo ,?is g5tleman's prosp]ity cont9u$ )\t int]ruption till ! mon? ( ,june #agei1 :51 to ! great al>m ( 8 s]vants dwell+ on ! e/ate1 /range und]gr\nd rumbl+s 7 he>d1 accompani$ by frequ5t %ak+s ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! cont9u$ = ne>ly two mon?s2 b at ! end ( t "t all became quiet aga91 & ,mr4 ,jorullo's s]vants slept 9 fanci$ security4 ,on ! night ( ! #bh? ( ,septemb]1 h[ev]1 _! slumb]s 7 sudd5ly brok5 by a return ( ! horrible und]gr\nd rumbl+s--?und]+ m l\dly ?an be=e4 ,! next night1 ^! subt]ranean ?und]s became s l\d1 t ! ,indian s]vants />t$ f _! b$s1 & fl$ 9 t]ror to ! m\nta9s 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,gaz+ !nce1 aft] day _h dawn$1 !y beheld to _! a/oni%m5t t a tract ( gr\nd f ?ree to f\r squ>e miles 9 ext5t1 ) _! ma/]'s f>m 9 ! middle ( x1 _h be5 upheav$ 9 ! %ape ( an inflat$ bladd]4 ,at ! edges ?is s+ul> elevation rises only ab\t ?irty-n9e feet above ! old level ( ! pla92 b s great is ! g5]al convexity ( ! m\nd1 t t[>ds ! c5tre x swells up to five hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r feet above ! orig9al level4 ,! ,indians affirm$ t !y saw flames issue f ! gr\nd ?r\gh\t an ext5t ( m ?an half a squ>e league1 :ile fragm5ts ( burn+ rocks 7 ?r[n to enorm\s heights4 ,?ick cl\ds ( a%es rose into ! air1 illum9at$ by gl[+ fires b5ea?2 & ! surface ( ! gr\nd seem$ to swell into bill[s1 l ^? ( a tempe/u\s sea4 ,into ! va/ burn+ *asms1 :5ce ^! ejections 7 ?r[n1 two riv]s plung$ 9 cat>acts2 b ! wat] only increas$ ! viol5ce ( ! eruption4 ,x 0 ?r[n into /eam ) explosive =ce1 & great quantities ( mud & balls ( basalt 7 eject$4 ,on ! surface ( ! swoll5 m\nd !re 7 =m$ ?\s&s ( small cones1 f six to t5 feet 9 height1 & s5d+ =? /eam to heights v>y+ f tw5ty to ?irty feet4 ,out ( a *asm 9 ! mid/ ( ^! cones1 or ov5s1 z ! natives call !m1 !re rose six l>ge masses1 ! highe/ ( :i* is sixte5 hundr$ feet 9 height1 & con/itutes ! volcano ( ,jorullo4 ,! eruptions ( ?is c5tral volcano cont9u$ till ,febru>y #agfj ) extreme viol5ce--! crat] ?r[+ out l>ge quantities ( lava2 b 9 ! succe$+ ye>s x became less turbul5t 9 its activity4 ,x /ill1 h[ev]1 cont9ues to burn2 & ! m\nta9 emits f ! wide crat] at its summit sev]al jets ( vap\r4 ,! =ego+ woodcut gives a view ( ?is volcano1 & ( ! little /eam+ ov5s :i* /ud ! :ole gr\nd ar\nd x1 giv+ x at a di/ance ! appe>ance ( ! sea 9 a /orm4 ,& n[ confess t ,mr4 ,jorullo's monum5t is f> gr&] ?an ! pyramid ( ,*eops4 ,surely ! loss ( 8 f>m 0 amply comp5sat$ to him1 by ! p]petuation ( 8 memory & 8 "n1 ?r\gh ! re>+ ( su* a m>vell\s c5otaph4 ,= a long "t aft] ! fir/ eruption1 ! gr\nd = a great di/ance r\nd ! volcano 0 too hot to be habitable or capable ( cultivation4 ,x is n[1 h[ev]1 s mu* cool$ d[n1 t x is once m cov]$ ) vegetation2 & ev5 "s small portions ( ! rais$ gr\nd conta9+ ! ov5s h be5 aga9 br\ght "u culture4 ,besides ?is volcano1 s rec5t 9 its orig91 ,mexico conta9s o!r five--,orizaba1 ,toluca1 ,tuxtla1 ,popocatepetl1 & ,colima4 ,:at is r rem>kable1 ^! five1 toge!r ) ,jorullo1 all lie ne>ly 9 a /raight l9e runn+ ea/ & we/4 ,! tracts ( c\ntry :i* ^! volcanoes h desolat$ ) _! lavas are call$ by ! ,mexicans ! ,malpays4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! m\nta9s is ,popocatepetl4 ,al?\gh x has long rema9$ 9 comp>ative quiet1 x 0 v active at ! "t ( ! ,spani% invasion "u ,corts4 ,( ! fir/ approa* ( ! ,spani>ds to ?is volcano1 & ( ! attempts made by "s ( !m to climb to ! top1 ,mr4 ,prescott1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 gives ! foll[+ graphic acc\nt3-- ,!y 7 pass+ betwe5 two ( ! highe/ m\nta9s on ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t1 ,popocatepetl1 '! hill t smokes' & ,iztaccihuatl1 or ':ite woman2' a "n sugge/$1 d\btless1 by ! bright robe ( sn[ spread ov] its broad & brok5 surface4 ,a pu]ile sup]/ition ( ! ,indians reg>d$ ^! celebrat$ m\nta9s z gods1 & ,iztaccihuatl z ! wife ( h] m =midable neighb\r4 ,a tradition ( a high] "* describ$ ! nor!rn volcano z ! abode ( ! dep>t$ spirits ( wick$ rul]s1 ^: fi]y agonies 9 _! prison-h\se caus$ ! fe>ful bell[+s & convulsions 9 times ( eruption4 ,x 0 ! classic fable ( antiquity4 ,^! sup]/iti\s leg5ds _h inve/$ ! m\nta9 ) a my/]i\s horror1 t made ! natives %r9k f attempt+ its asc5t1 :i*1 inde$1 01 f natural causes1 a "w ( incr$ible difficulty4 ,! great volcan1 z ,popocatepetl 0 call$1 rose to ! enorm\s height ( #ag1heb feet above ! level ( ! sea2 m ?an #bjjj feet above ! 'mon>* ( m\nta9s'--! highe/ elevation 9 ,europe4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury x has r>ely giv5 evid5ce ( its volcanic orig91 & '! hill t smokes' has almo/ =feit$ its claim to ! appellation4 ,b at ! "t ( ! conque/ x 0 frequ5tly 9 a /ate ( activity1 & rag$ ) uncommon fury :ile ! ,spani>ds 7 at ,tlascala2 an evil om51 x 0 ?\ght1 = ! natives ( ,anahuac4 ,its head1 ga!r$ into a regul> cone by ! deposit ( successive eruptions1 wore ! usual =m ( volcanic m\nta9s1 :5 n di/urb$ by ! fall+ 9 ( ! crat]4 ,so>+ t[>ds ! skies1 ) its silv] %eet ( ev]la/+ sn[1 x 0 se5 f> & wide ov] ! broad pla9s ( ,mexico & ,puebla2 ! fir/ object :i* ! morn+ sun greet$ 9 8 ris+1 ! la/ :]e 8 ev5+ rays 7 se5 to l+]1 %$d+ a glori\s effulg5ce ov] its head1 t contra/$ /rik+ly ) ! ru9\s wa/e ( s& & lava imm$iately bel[1 & ! deep fr+e ( fun]eal p9es t %r\d$ its base4 ,! my/]i\s t]rors :i* hung ov] ! spot4 & ! wild love ( adv5ture1 made "s ( ! ,spani% cavali]s desir\s to attempt ! asc5t1 :i* ! natives decl>$ no man c\ld accompli% & live4 ,corts enc\rag$ !m 9 ! ent]prise1 will+ to %[ ! ,indians t no a*ievem5t 0 above ! dauntless d>+ ( 8 foll[]s4 ,"o ( 8 capta9s1 accord+ly1 ,diego ,ordaz1 ) n9e ,spani>ds1 & sev]al ,tlascalans1 enc\rag$ by _! example1 und]took ! asc5t4 ,x 0 att5d$ ) m difficulty ?an _h be5 anticipat$4 ,! l[] region 0 clo!d ) a d5se =e/1 s ?ickly matt$1 t 9 "s places x 0 sc>cely possible to p5etrate x4 ,x grew ?9n]1 h[ev]1 z !y advanc$1 dw9dl+ by degrees into a /raggl+ /unt$ vegetation1 till1 at ! height ( some:at m ?an #ac1jjj feet1 x fad$ away altoge!r4 ,! ,indians1 :o _h held on ?us f>2 intimidat$ by ! /range subt]rane\s s\nds ( ! volcano1 ev5 !n 9 a /ate ( combu/ion1 n[ left !m4 ,! track op5$ on a black surface ( glaz$ volcanic s& & ( lava1 ! brok5 fragm5ts ( :i*1 arre/$ 9 its boil+ progress 9 a ?\s& fanta/ic =ms1 oppos$ cont9ual imp$im5ts to _! advance4 ,amid/ ^!1 "o huge rock1 ! ,pico del ,fraile1 a conspicu\s object f bel[1 rose to ! p]p5dicul> height ( #aej feet1 compell+ !m to take a wide circuit4 ,!y soon came to ! limits ( p]petual sn[1 :]e new difficulties pres5t$ !mselves1 z ! trea*]\s ice gave an imp]fect foot+1 & a false /ep might precipitate !m into ! froz5 *asms t yawn$ ar\nd4 ,to increase _! di/ress1 respiration 9 ^! a]ial regions became s difficult1 t e ef=t 0 att5d$ ) %>p pa9s 9 ! head & limbs4 ,/ill !y press$ on1 till1 draw+ ne>] ! crat]1 su* volumes ( smoke1 sp>ks1 & c9d]s 7 bel*$ =? f its burn+ entrails1 & driv5 d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta91 z ne>ly suffocat$ & bl9d$ !m4 ,x 0 too mu* ev5 = _! h>dy frames to endure1 &1 h[ev] reluctantly1 !y 7 compell$ to ab&on ! attempt on ! eve ( its completion4 ,!y br\ght back "s huge icicles--a curi\s sight 9 ^? tropical regions--z a trophy ( _! a*ievem5t1 :i*1 h[ev] imp]fect1 0 suffici5t to /rike ! m9ds ( ! natives ) wond]1 by %[+ t ) ! ,spani>ds ! mo/ appall+ & my/]i\s p]ils 7 only z pa/imes4 ,! und]tak+ 0 em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! bold _s ( ! cavali] ( t day1 :o1 n cont5t ) ! dang]s t lay 9 8 pa?1 seem$ to c\rt !m f ! m]e ,quixotic love ( adv5ture4 ,a report ( ! affair 0 transmitt$ to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v42 & ! family ( ,ordaz 0 all[$ to commemorate ! exploit by assum+ a burn+ m\nta9 on _! escut*eon4 ,! g5]al 0 n satisfi$ ) ! result4 ,two ye>s aft] he s5t up ano!r p>ty1 "u ,francisco ,montano1 a cavali] ( det]m9$ resolution4 ,! object 0 to obta9 sulphur to assi/ 9 mak+ gunp[d] = ! army4 ,! m\nta9 0 quiet at ! "t1 & ! exp$ition 0 att5d$ ) bett] success4 ,! ,spani>ds1 five 9-numb]1 climb$ to ! v edge ( ! crat]1 :i* pres5t$ an irregul> ellipse at its m\?1 m ?an a league 9 circumf]5ce4 ,its dep? might be f #hjj to #ajjj feet4 ,a lurid flame burn$ gloomily at ! bottom1 s5d+ up a sulphure\s /eam1 :i*1 cool+ z x rose1 0 precipitat$ on ! sides ( ! cavity4 ,! p>ty ca/ lots1 & x fell on ,montano himself to desc5d 9 a basket into ?is hide\s abyss1 into :i* he 0 l[]$ by 8 companions to ! dep? ( #djj feet6 ,?is 0 repeat$ sev]al times1 till ! adv5tur\s cavali] _h collect$ a suffici5t quantity ( sulphur = ! wants ( ! army4 ,! m tranquil /ate ( ! volcano 9 mod]n times hav+ r5d]$ ! summit no long] s difficult ( access z x 0 9 ^? days1 ! asc5t has be5 sev]al times a*iev$--twice 9 #ahbg1 & aga9 9 #ahcc & #ahcd4 ,! crat] is n[ a l>ge oval bas9 ) precipit\s walls1 compos$ ( b$s ( lava1 ( :i* "s are black1 o!rs ( a pale rose t9t4 ,at ! bottom ( ! crat]1 :i* is ne>ly flat1 are sev]al conical v5ts1 :5ce are cont9ually issu+ vap\rs ( v>iable col\r1 r$1 yell[1 or :ite4 ,! b$s ( sulphur deposit$ 9 ?is crat] are work$ = economical purposes4 ,two sn[y peaks t[] above its walls4 ,n less magnific5t 9 its proportions is ! volcano ( ,orizaba1 :i* is ne>ly ( ! same height z ,popocatepetl4 ,x 0 v active ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 hav+ _h sev]al great eruptions betwe5 #aede & #aefj2 b s9ce !n x has sunk into comp>ative repose4 ,?is m\nta9 0 asc5d$ by ,b>on ,mull] 9 #ahef4 ,a fir/ attempt prov$ unsuccessful2 b by pass+ a night 9 a grotto ne> ! limit ( p]petual sn[1 he 0 able on ! foll[+ day1 aft] a toilsome asc5t1 to rea* ! edge ( ! crat]--n1 h[ev]1 till ne> sunset4 ,8 exp]i5ces1 & ! sc5e :i* 0 pres5t$ to 8 wond]+ gaze1 he describes 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,i h a*iev$ my purpose1 & joy bani%es all my griefs1 b only = a mom5t2 sudd5ly ,i fell to ! gr\nd1 & a /ream ( blood gu%$ f my m\?4 ,on recov]+1 ,i f\nd myself /ill close to ! crat]1 & ,i !n summon$ all my /r5g? to gaze & obs]ve z mu* z possible4 ,my p5 _c describe ei!r ! aspect ( ^? regions1 or ! impressions !y produc$ on me4 ,"h seem$ to be ! gate ( ! ne!r _w1 enclos+ d>kness & horror4 ,:at t]rible p[] mu/ h be5 requir$ to raise & %iv] su* enorm\s masses1 to melt !m & pile !m up l t[]s1 at ! v mom5t ( _! cool+ & acquir+ _! actual =ms6 ,a yell[ cru/ ( sulphur coats 9 sev]al places ! int]nal walls1 & f ! bottom rise sev]al volcanic cones4 ,! soil ( ! crat]1 s f> z ,i c\ld see1 0 cov]$ ) sn[1 consequ5tly n at all w>m4 ,! ,indians h[ev] affirm$ t1 at sev]al po9ts1 a hot air issues f crevices 9 ! rocks4 ,al?\gh ,i c\ld n v]ify _! /atem5t1 x seem$ to me probable2 = ,i h (t5 obs]v$ simil> ph5om5a 9 ,popocatepetl4 ,my orig9al int5tion ( pass+ ! night on ! crat] _h = ov]p[]+ reasons become impracticable4 ,! twilight :i*1 9 ?is latitude1 z e "o kn[s1 is extremely %ort1 hav+ already begun1 x 0 necess>y to prep>e = our return4 ,! two ,indians roll$ toge!r ! /raw mats :i* !y _h br\ght1 & b5t !m 9 front s z to =m a sort ( sl$ge4 ,we sat d[n ^u ^!1 & /ret*+ out our legs1 all[$ ourselves to glide d[n on ?is vehicle4 ,! rapidity ) :i* we 7 precipitat$ increas$ to su* a degree1 t our desc5t 0 r l be+ %ot ?r\gh ! air1 ?an any o!r mode ( locomotion4 ,9 a few m9utes we da%$ ov] a space :i* x _h tak5 u five h\rs to climb4 ,!re are sev]al ( ! ,we/ ,indian isl&s ( volcanic orig92 & ?ree ( !m--,/4 ,v9c5t1 ,m>t9ique1 & ,guadal\pe--conta9 active volcanoes4 ,! mo/ rem>kable is ! volcano ( ,morne-,g>\1 9 ,/4 ,v9c5t1 ! eruptions f :i* h be5 p>ticul>ly viol5t4 ,9 #ahab ! a%es :i* x ?rew out 7 s great 9 quantity1 & project$ to s va/ a height1 t !y 7 c>ri$ to a di/ance ( two hundr$ miles 9 ! tee? ( ! trade-w9d4 ,f ,m\nt ,pele1 9 ,m>t9ique1 !re 0 an eruption 9 ,augu/ #ahea4 ,la ,s\fri]e1 ! volcano 9 ,guadal\pe1 is said to h be5 cleft 9 twa9 dur+ an e>?quake4 ,its activity has long be5 9 a subdu$ /ate2 b x is rem>kable = its deposits ( sulphur4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,hawaii1 ,s&wi* ,isl&s--,crat] ( ,kilauea--,its awful ,aspect--,fi]y ,lake & ,isl&s--,jets ( ,lava--,dep? ( ,crat] & ,surface ( ,lake--,bank ( ,sulphur--,curi\s ,ra9b[--,m\na-,kaah & ,m\na-,loa--,eruption ( ! ,latt] 9 #ahdj--,rec5t ,eruption--,great ,jet & ,torr5t ( ,lava--,burn+ ( ! ,=e/s--,great ,:irlw9ds--,und]gr\nd ,explosions--,o!r ,volcanoes 9 ! ,pacific4 ,hawaii is well kn[n 9 hi/ory z be+ ! isl& :]e ! celebrat$ navigator ,capta9 ,cook 0 kill$4 ,! "n us$ to be writt5 ,o:yhee2 b a bett] appreh5sion ( ! native pronunciation has l$ to its be+ alt]$ into ,hawaii4 ,no "o :o visits x 9 ! pres5t day ne$ be afraid ( %>+ ! fate ( poor ,capta9 ,cook2 = ! desc5dants ( ! savages :o1 9 8 "t1 inhabit$ ! isl&1 h n[1 ?r\gh ! lab\rs ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 become a v dec5t sort ( quiet1 well-behav$ ,*ri/ian p4 ,hawaii1 :i* is ! l>ge/ ( a gr\p call$ ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 c boa/ ( ! greate/ volcanic crat] 9 ! _w4 ,x is call$ sometimes ,kirauea1 sometimes ,kilauea2 = ! natives seem n v p>ticul> ab\t ! pronunciation ( _! l & _! r2 b :]e "o uses l ano!r z p]t9aci\sly employs r1 :ile a ?ird set use a s\nd betwe5 ! two1 z y may h he>d "s p d at home4 ,situat$ on ! l[] slopes ( a l(ty m\nta9 call$ ,m\na-,roa1 or ,loa 7= !re is ! same dubiety ab\t ! l & ! r "h z 9 ! =m] case71 ! crat] ( ,kilauea is a va/ pla9 betwe5 fifte5 & sixte5 miles 9 circumf]5ce1 & sunk bel[ ! level ( its bord]s to a dep? v>y+ f two hundr$ to f\r hundr$ feet--! walls ( rock enclos+ x be+ = ! mo/ "p precipit\s4 ,! surface ( ! gr\nd is v unev51 be+ /r[n ) huge /ones & masses ( volcanic rock1 & x s\nds holl[ "u ! tramp ( ! foot4 ,t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! pla9 is a mu* deep] depression4 ,^? :o h v5tur$ to approa* x1 & look d[n1 describe x z an awful gulf1 ab\t eight hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 & pres5t+ a mo/ gloomy & dismal aspect4 ,! bottom is cov]$ ) molt5 lava1 =m+ a great lake ( fire1 :i* is cont9ually boil+ viol5tly1 & ^: fi]y bill[s exhibit a wild t]rific appe>ance4 ,! %ape ( ! lake resembles ! cresc5t moon2 its l5g? is e/imat$ at ab\t two miles1 & its greate/ bread? at ab\t "o mile4 ,x has num]\s conical isl&s scatt]$ r\nd ! edge1 or 9 ! lake itself1 ea* ( !m be+ a little subord9ate crat]4 ,"s ( !m are cont9ually s5d+ out columns ( gray vap\r2 :ile f a few o!rs %oots up :at resembles flame4 ,x is1 probably1 only ! bright gl>e ( ! lava !y conta91 reflect$ upw>ds4 ,sev]al ( ^! conical isl&s are always bel*+ =? f _! m\?s gl[+ /reams ( lava1 :i* roll 9 fi]y torr5ts d[n _! black & rugg$ sides into ! boil+ lake bel[4 ,!y are said sometimes to ?r[ up jets ( lava to ! height ( upw>ds ( sixty feet4 ,! =ego+ woodcut c convey only an imp]fect idea ( ?is imm5se crat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,crat] ( ,kilauea ,! out] m>g9 ( ! gulf all r\nd is ne>ly p]p5dicul>4 ,! height ( ! b\nd+ cliffs is e/imat$ at ab\t f\r hundr$ feet above a black horizontal l$ge ( h>d5$ lava1 :i* completely encircles x1 & beyond :i* !re is a gradual slope d[n into ! burn+ lake4 ,! surface ( ! molt5 lava is at pres5t betwe5 ?ree & f\r hundr$ feet bel[ ?is horizontal l$ge2 b ! lava is said sometimes to rise q up to ?is level1 & to =ce its way out by =m+ an op5+ 9 ! side ( ! m\nta91 :5ce x fl[s d[n to ! sea4 ,an eruption ( ?is k9d took place 9 #ahei4 ,on "o side ( ! m>g9 ( ! lake !re is a long pale yell[ /reak =m$ by a bank ( sulphur4 ,! faces ( ! rocks compos+ ! out] walls ( ! crat] h a pale a%y gray appe>ance1 suppos$ to be due to ! action ( ! sulphur\s vap\rs4 ,! surface ( ! pla9 itself is mu* r5t by fissures4 ,x is said t ! gl>e f ! molt5 lava 9 ! lake is s great z to =m ra9b[s on ! pass+ ra9-cl\ds4 ,! entire ,isl& ( ,hawaii is ( volcanic orig92 & besides ?is great crat] x conta9s two o!r l(ty m\nta9s1 ^: summits are cov]$ ) sn[1 & ^: height is e/imat$ at fifte5 or sixte5 ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,! "o is nam$ ,m\na-,kaah or ,keah1 ! o!r is ,m\na-,loa--! same on ^: l[] flanks ! crat] ( ,kilauea is situat$4 ,m\na-,kaah has long be5 9 a /ate ( repose4 ,s also 0 ,m\na-,loa up to #ahdj1 :5 x bur/ =? ) great fury1 & x has cont9u$ m or less 9 a /ate ( activity ev] s9ce4 ,!re has be5 a gr& eruption v lately1 said by ! natives to h be5 ! greate/ ( any on record4 ,a new crat] op5$ ne> ! top1 at a height ( ab\t t5 ?\s& feet1 & = ?ree days a flood ( lava p\r$ d[n ! nor?-ea/]n slope4 ,aft] a pause ( ab\t ?irty-six h\rs1 !re 0 op5$ on ! ea/]n slope1 ab\t half way d[n ! m\nta91 ano!r crat]1 :5ce !re rose an imm5se jet ( liquid lava1 :i* atta9$ a height ( ab\t a ?\s& feet1 & _h a diamet] ( ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,?is jet 0 su/a9$ = tw5ty days & nights2 b dur+ t "t its height v>i$ f ! extreme limit ( a ?\s&1 d[n to ab\t a hundr$ feet4 ,! play ( ?is fi]y f\nta9 0 accompani$ by explosions s l\d z to be he>d at ! di/ance ( =ty miles4 ,no?+ c\ld surpass ! awful gr&eur ( ?is jet1 :i* 0 at a :ite heat :5 x issu$ f its s\rce1 b1 cool+ z x asc5d$ into ! air1 x became ( a bright blood r$1 :i*1 z ! liquid fell1 deep5$ into crimson4 ,9 a few days !re 0 rais$ ar\nd ?is crat] a cone ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet 9 height1 compos$ ( ! loos] mat]ials ?r[n out along ) ! lava4 ,?is cone cont9u$ to gl[ ) int5se heat1 ?r[+ out occasional fla%es4 ,! base ( ?is cone ev5tually acquir$ a circumf]5ce ( ab\t a mile4 ,b ! f\nta9 itself =m$ a riv] ( gl[+ lava1 :i* ru%$ & b\nd$ ) ! spe$ ( a torr5t d[n ! sides ( ! m\nta91 fill+ up rav9es & da%+ ov] precipices1 until x rea*$ ! =e/s at ! foot ( ! volcano4 ,^! bur/ into flames at ! approa* ( ! fi]y torr5t1 s5d+ up volumes ( smoke & /eam high into ! air4 ,! light f ! burn+ =e/s & ! lava toge!r 0 s int5se z to turn night into day1 & 0 se5 by m>9]s at a di/ance ( ne>ly two hundr$ miles4 ,dur+ ! day ! air ?r\gh\t a va/ ext5t 0 fill$ ) a murky haze1 ?r\gh :i* ! sun %[$ only a pallid glimm]4 ,smoke1 /eam1 a%es1 & c9d]s 7 toss$ into ! air & :irl$ ab\t by fi]ce w9ds--sometimes spread+ out l a fan1 b e mom5t *ang+ bo? _! =m & col\r4 ,! /ream ( lava f ! f\nta9 fl[$ to a di/ance ( ab\t ?irty-five miles4 ,! sc5e 0 altoge!r t]rific--! fi]ce r$ gl>e ( ! lava--! flames f ! burn+ trees--! great volumes ( smoke & /eam--! l\d und]gr\nd explosions & ?und]+s1--all comb9$ to ov]p[] ! s5ses1 & fill ! m9d ) indescribable awe4 ,a rem>kable volcanic *a9 runs along ! nor!rn & we/]n m>g9s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x embraces ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 ! p59sula ( ,kamts*atka1 ! ,kurile1 ! ,japanese1 & ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ are ! volcanoes ( ,kamts*atka1 9 :i* !re is an (t-r5ew$ /ruggle betwe5 oppos+ =ces--! sn[ & glaci]s pr$om9at+ = a :ile1 to be 9 _! turn ov]p[]$ by torr5ts ( liquid fire4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,atolls1 or ,coral ,isl&s--,_! /range ,appe>ance--,_! ,connexion ) ,volcanoes--,_! ,mode ( ,=mation--,ant>ctic ,volcanoes--,diatomace\s ,deposits ,to ! s\?w>d ( ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 on ! o!r side ( ! equator1 !re is a l>ge gr\p ( isl&s 9 ! ,pacific1 :i* h a v peculi> appe>ance4 ,!y are call$ ,atolls or ,coral ,isl&s4 ,al?\gh n exactly ( volcanic orig91 yet ! mann] 9 :i* !y are =m$ has "s connexion ) subm>9e volcanic action4 ,an atoll consi/s ess5tially ( a r+ ( coral rocks b little elevat$ above ! level ( ! sea1 & hav+ 9 its c5tre a lagoon or salt-wat] lake1 :i* g5]ally communicates by a deep n>r[ *annel ) ! sea4 ,! r+ ( rocks is flat on ! surface1 :i* is compos$ ( friable soil1 & su/a9s a luxuriant vegetation1 *iefly ( cocoa-nut palms4 ,x is seldom m ?an half a mile 9 bread? betwe5 ! sea & lagoon1 sometimes only ?ree or f\r hundr$ y>ds4 ,! out] m>g9 ( ! r+ is ! highe/1 & x slopes gradually d[n t[>ds ! lagoon2 b on ! outside ( ! l$ge ( rocks is a bea* ( dazzl+ :it5ess1 compos$ ( p[d]$ & brok5 coral & %ells4 ,! appe>ance !y pres5t is ?us n less beautiful ?an s+ul>4 ,"s ( ^! isl&s are ( l>ge size1 f ?irty to fifty miles long1 & f tw5ty to ?irty broad1 b !y are 9 g5]al consid]ably small]4 ,_! mo/ frequ5t =m is ei!r r\nd or oval4 ,! rocks compos+ !m are all =m$ by diff]5t species ( coral4 ,! animal :i* con/ructs !m is ( ! polyp tribe1 & s small t x c be se5 only "u ! high] p[]s ( ! microscope4 ,x multiplies by means ( buds l ^? ( a tree1 ! individuals all comb9+ to =m a composite /ony mass1 :i* is call$ a polypidom4 ,a numb] ( su* polypidoms gr[+ close toge!r =m a coral reef4 ,see woodcuts4 ,illu/ration3 ,coral ,illu/ration3 ,coral ,polyp ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ^! coral reefs 7 erect$ on ! edges ( ! crat]s ( subm>9e volcanoes1 an op9ion to :i* _! annul> =m1 & ! lagoon 9 ! c5tre1 l5t "s c\nt5ance2 b ! va/ size ( "s ( !m1 unit$ to sev]al o!r p>ticul>s connect$ ) !m1 ?rew great d\bts ov] ?is supposition4 ,m rec5tly x has be5 %[n by ,mr4 ,d>w9 t1 :ile volcanic ag5cy does p]=m a "p 9 _! =mation1 x is diff]5t f :at _h be5 =m]ly imag9$4 ,8 supposition is1 t ^! coral reefs 7 built r\nd ! coa/s ( isl&s :i* _h once /ood v mu* high] above wat] ?an !y d n[4 ,he conceives t ! bottom ( ! sea "u !m be+ v volcanic1 & conta9+ l>ge collections ( molt5 lava b5ea? a ?9 solid cru/1 ! isl&s h gradually sunk d[n into ! lava1 until _! c5tral p>ts h become cov]$ ) a consid]able dep? ( wat]4 ,! c5tral p>ts ?us subm]g$1 he imag9es1 =m ! lagoons 9 ! middle ( ! isl&s1 :ile ! r+ ( coral reefs has gradually gr[n upw>ds1 z ! gr\nd on :i* x re/$ sank d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,coral ,reef4 ,! corals ?us rise to ne> ! surface1 b imm$iately on _! be+ uncov]$ by ! wat] !y die1 & ! reef ceases to gr[4 ,!n ! waves by _! action break ! upp] "p ( x into pieces1 :i* ?us become heap$ up by degrees on ! rema9d]1 until ! mass atta9 s great a height t ! sea c no long] wa% ov] x4 ,?us ! curi\s r+ ( l& is gradually =m$1 & af=ds a nutritive soil1 9 :i* cocoa-nuts1 on be+ ca/ a%ore1 g]m9ate & gr[ to be l>ge trees4 ,o!r se$s1 waft$ by ! waves or c>ri$ by birds1 also beg9 to gr[1 until ! :ole surface becomes cov]$ ) vegetation4 ,!n comes man & builds 8 habitation ^u ^? f]tile spots1 & f9ds 9 !m an agreeable & conv5i5t abode1 well suit$ to ^? :o are accu/om$ to live by fi%+ & o!r simple means4 ,y w ?us p]ceive t ! connexion betwe5 ! atoll & ! volcano consi/s 9 ?is--t :ile ! coral builds up ! reef1 ! volcano b5ea? +ulfs ! isl& & causes x to s9k d[n4 ,9 "s in/ances1 h[ev]1 ! volcano1 aft] a :ile1 rev]ses its action1 & raises up ! isl& ) ! reef ^u x4 ,9 su* cases1 ! coral reefs are se5 /&+ out ( ! wat]1 =m+ p]p5dicul> cliffs sev]al hundr$ feet 9 height4 ,!n also ! int]ior ( ! isl& becomes once m dry l&1 & t1 too1 ( great f]tility4 ,illu/ration3 ,m\nt ,erebus4 ,almo/ due s\? ( t region1 9 ! ,pacific1 :]e ! coral isl&s ab\nd1 b at a great di/ance f !m1 & consid]ably )9 ! limits ( ! ,ant>ctic zone1 lies ,s\? ,victoria4 ,"h1 9 lat4 #gf degrees ,s41 ,capta9 ,ross discov]$1 9 #ahda1 two volcanoes1 :i* he call$ ,erebus & ,t]ror1 aft] ! names ( 8 two %ips4 ,( ! =m]1 :i* is ! high] ( ! two1 a view is giv5 9 ! annex$ woodcut4 ,x is cov]$ ) p]petual sn[ f ! bottom ev5 to ! tip ( ! summit4 ,nev]!less1 x is cont9ually s5d+ =? va/ columns ( vap\r1 :i* gl[ ) ! reflection ( ! :ite hot lava b5ea?4 ,^! vap\rs asc5d to a great height1 m ?an two ?\s& feet above ! top ( ! cone1 :i* is itself twelve ?\s& feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,!re is f\nd 9 ^! froz5 regions a rem>kable botanical curiosity1 hav+ a c]ta9 connexion ) volcanoes4 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean1 all along ! bord]s ( ! icy b>ri]1 produce 9 amaz+ abundance ! family ( wat]-plants nam$ ,diatomaceae4 ,! ,diatoms are s call$ f _! faculty ( multiply+ !mselves indef9itely by splitt+ into two2 & s rapidly is ?is process p]=m$1 t 9 a mon? a s+le diatom may produce a ?\s& millions4 ,! quantity f\nd 9 ! ,ant>ctic regions is s imm5se t1 betwe5 ! p>allels ( #fj degrees & #hj degrees ( s\? latitude1 !y /a9 ! :ole surface ( ! sea ( a pale olive-br[n t9t4 ,^! plants1 :i* are s m9ute z to be individually invisible1 save "u ! high] p[]s ( ! microscope1 h ! curi\s prop]ty ( encru/+ !mselves ) a %ea?1 or %ell1 ( pure silica4 ,^! %ells rema9 aft] ! dea? ( ! plant1 & are z inde/ructible z fl9t4 ,!y are m>vell\s objects1 bo? z respects ! elegance ( _! =ms & ! beauty ( _! m>k+s4 ,s great is ! accumulation ( ^! %ells at ! bottom ( ! sea1 t !y h =m$ an imm5se bank #djj miles 9 l5g? by #abj 9 bread?1 betwe5 ! #gf? & #gh? degrees ( s\? latitude4 ,"o portion ( ?is bank re/s on ! coa/ at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,erebus4 ,n[1 x is rem>kable t ^! microscopic %ells ( ,diatoms are n unfrequ5tly f\nd 9 ! ejections ( volcanoes2 :ile x is g5]ally suppos$ t1 9 ! case ( ^? situat$ ne> ! sea1 eruptions are caus$ by ! =mation ( explosive /eam consequ5t on ! access ( sea-wat] to ! res]voirs ( molt5 lava ly+ und]gr\nd4 ,! proximity ( ?is ,diatomace\s b$ to ,m\nt ,erebus w\ld easily expla9 h[ ^! m9ute %ells might be f\nd abundant 9 ! f9e du/ eject$ f t volcano4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,volcanoes ( ,java--,pap&ayang--,m\nta9 ,+ulf$--,great ,de/ruction ( ,life & ,prop]ty--,galo5-gong--,de/ructive ,eruption--,m\nt ,m]apia--,great ,eruption1 ) ,hurricane--,ano!r1 v de/ructive--,mud ,volcano ,crat] ( ,tankuban-,prahu--,isl& ( ,sumbwa--,volcano ( ,tomboro--,t]rific ,eruption--,timor--,a ,volcano qu5*es itself--,cleav+ ( ,m\nt ,ma*ian--,sangir--,de/ructive ,eruption--,b\rbon4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s volcanic regions 9 ! _w is t compos$ ( ! isl&s ( ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago 9 ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,!y =m a *a9 /ret*+ f ea/ to we/1 b curv+ up t[>ds ! nor? at ! we/]n extremity4 ,! mo/ ea/]ly ( ! *a9 is ,timor1 ! mo/ we/]ly ,sumatra4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ! gr\p is ,java1 :i* is almo/ entirely ( volcanic orig91 & conta9s no less ?an ?irty-eight m\nta9s ( t conical =m :i* indicates _! hav+ at "o "t or o!r be5 active volcanoes4 ,only a few ( !m1 h[ev]1 h be5 9 activity 9 m rec5t times4 ,! mo/ rem>kable eruption 0 t ( ! m\nta9 nam$ ,pap&ayang1 :i* occurr$ 9 #aggb4 ,dur+ ?is convulsion ! great] "p ( ! m\nta91 :i* 0 =m]ly "o ( ! l>ge/ 9 ! isl&1 0 completely swall[$ up 9 "s great und]gr\nd gulf4 ,on ! night betwe5 ! #aa? & #ab? ( ,augu/ ( t ye>1 ! m\nta9 appe>$ to be :olly envelop$ 9 a rem>kable lum9\s cl\d4 ,! inhabitants fl$ 9 con/]nation2 b be=e !y c\ld all escape1 ! m\nta9 began to tott]1 & ! great] "p ( x tumbl$ d[n & disappe>$4 ,! cra% ) :i* x fell 0 dreadful1 ! noise resembl+ ! dis*>ge ( volleys ( artill]y4 ,besides t "p ( ! m\nta9 :i* ?us fell 91 a l>ge ext5t ( gr\nd 9 its neighb\rhood 0 +ulf$4 ,! space measur$ fifte5 miles 9 l5g? & six 9 bread?4 ,! gr\nd = _m miles r\nd ?is space 0 cov]$ ) imm5se quantities ( a%es1 /ones1 c9d]s1 & o!r sub/ances ?r[n out by ! volcano4 ,^! 71 on _m p>ts ( ! surface1 accumulat$ to ! height ( ?ree feet2 & ev5 at ! end ( six weeks1 ! lay]s ?us deposit$ reta9$ s mu* heat z to r5d] ! m\nta9 inaccessible4 ,by ?is dreadful occurr5ce =ty villages 7 de/roy$1 "s +ulf$ ) ! gr\nd on :i* !y /ood1 o!rs buri$ "u ! loose mat]ials :i* _h be5 eject$4 ,n f> %ort ( ?ree ?\s& ( ! inhabitants p]i%$4 ,ano!r ( ! volcanoes ( ,java1 call$ ,galo5-gong1 bur/ into eruption 9 #ahbb1 comm5c+ ) a t]rible explosion ( /ones1 a%es1 c41 foll[$ by a /ream ( hot mud1 :i* ov]spread a l>ge tract ( gr\nd4 ,?is eruption prov$ /ill m fatal to human life1 ab\t f\r ?\s& p]sons hav+ be5 de/roy$4 ,s lately z ,septemb] #ahdi1 ,m\nt ,m]apia1 ano!r volcano 9 ?is isl&1 :i* _h be5 suppos$ to be q ext9ct1 bur/ =? into an eruption1 :i* la/$ ?ree days4 ,x 0 accompani$ by a viol5t hurricane4 ,! b$ ( a riv] 0 fill$ up by ! matt] ?r[n out f ! crat]1 & ! de/ruction ( prop]ty 9 crops1 c41 0 imm5se4 ,=tunately ! inhabitants succe$$ 9 mak+ _! escape1 s t no lives 7 lo/4 ,a second eruption ( ?is m\nta9 h[ev]1 9 ,janu>y #ahfd1 0 m disa/r\s1 ?ree hundr$ & fifty p hav+ p]i%$4 ,java likewise conta9s a rem>kable mud volcano4 ,:5 view$ f a di/ance1 !re are se5 to rise f x l>ge volumes ( vap\r1 l ! spray f ! bill[s da%+ aga9/ a rocky %ore1 & !re is he>d a l\d noise l di/ant ?und]4 ,on a ne>] approa*1 ! s\rce ( ^! ph5om5a is se5 to be a hemisph]ical m\nd ( black e>? mix$ ) wat]1 ab\t sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 & :i* at int]vals ( a few seconds is pu%$ upw>ds by a =ce act+ f b5ea? to a height ( betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty feet4 ,x !n sudd5ly explodes ) a l\d noise1 scatt]+ 9 e direction a quantity ( black mud1 :i* has a /rong pung5t smell resembl+ t ( coal-t>1 & is consid]ably w>m] ?an ! air4 ,) ! mud ?us ?r[n out !re has be5 =m$ ar\nd ! m\nd a l>ge p]fectly level & ne>ly circul> pla91 ab\t half a mile 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! wat] mix$ ) ! mud is salt1 & ! salt is sep>at$ f x by evaporation = economical purposes4 ,dur+ ! ra9y season ! action ( ?is mud volcano becomes m viol5t1 ! explosions are l\d]1 & ! mud is ?r[n to a great] height4 ,! crat] ( ,tangkuban-,prahu1 ano!r ( ! volcanoes ( ,java1 pres5ts a rem>kable appe>ance4 ,on approa*+ its edge1 no?+ is se5 b an abyss1 f :i* d5se cl\ds ( vap\r cont9ually arise1 ) hide\s s\nds1 l ! /eam ru%+ f ! op5 valves ( hundr$s ( /eam-eng9es4 ,?is great abyss consi/s really ( two crat]s1 sep>at$ ! "o f ! o!r by a n>r[ ridge ( rock1 to :i* x is possible to desc5d & view !m bo?4 ,ea* ( !m is elliptical 9 =m1 & surr\nd$ by a crat]-wall4 ,t ( ! we/]n1 :i* ! natives call ! poison-crat]1 is a rapid slope ne>ly a ?\s& feet 9 dep?1 & is d5sely cov]$ ) bru%wood almo/ to ! bottom4 ,! flat floor ( ?is deep bas9 is cont9ually s5d+ out vap\rs1 & 9 its c5tre is a pool ( boil+ wat] ( a sulphur yell[ col\r4 ,! floor itself is no?+ b a cru/ ( sulphur full ( r5ts & holes1 :5ce vap\rs con/antly arise4 ,?is cru/ cov]s a surface ( boil+ hot bitt] wat]1 & by break+ x beautiful cry/als ( sulphur may be obta9$4 ,! ea/]n is call$ by ! natives ! k+'s-crat]2 its walls are only betwe5 five & six hundr$ feet 9 dep?1 & are p]fectly b>e f top to bottom4 ,! surfaces ( ! rocks compos+ !m are grayi% :ite1 an effect produc$ ^u !m by ! action ( ! vap\rs1 to :i* !y are cont9ually expos$4 ,! bottom ( ?is crat] consi/s ( mud mix$ ) sulphur2 b r\nd ! edges are "s /ones & h>d masses4 ,^! are ! remnants ( an eruption :i* took place f ?is crat] 9 #ahdf1 :5 !re 0 ?r[n up a great mass ( sulphur\s boil+ mud1 accompani$ by quantities ( s& & /ones4 ,?is m\nta91 !re=e1 seems to be also m ( ! nature ( a mud volcano1 ?an ( "o :i* ?r[s out burn+ lava4 ,ne>ly 9 a "r l9e to ! ea/w>d ( ,java lies ! ,isl& ( ,sumbwa1 9 :i* /&s ! volcano ( ,tomboro1 ! mo/ viol5t 9 its eruptions ( any 9 ! _w4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable occurr$ 9 ! ye> #ahae1 beg9n+ on ! #e? ( ,april & cont9u+ till ! middle ( ,july4 ,its effects 7 felt ov] an imm5se tract ( c\ntry1 embrac+ ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 ,java1 & portions ( ,celebes1 ,sumatra1 & ,borneo4 ,! concussions produc$ by its explosions 7 s5sible at a di/ance ( a ?\s& miles all r\nd2 & _! s\nd is said to h be5 he>d ev5 at s great a di/ance z sev5te5 hundr$ miles4 ,9 ,java ! day 0 d>k5$ by cl\ds ( a%es1 ?r[n f ! m\nta9 to t great di/ance 7?ree hundr$ miles71 & ! h\ses1 /reets1 & fields1 7 cov]$ to ! dep? ( sev]al in*es ) ! a%es t fell f ! air4 ,s great 0 ! quantity ( a%es eject$1 t ! ro(s ( h\ses =ty miles di/ant f ! volcano 7 brok5 9 by _! weight4 ,! effects ( ! eruption ext5d$ ev5 to ! we/]n coa/s ( ,sumatra1 :]e masses ( pumice 7 se5 float+ on ! surface ( ! sea1 sev]al feet 9 ?ickness & _m miles 9 ext5t4 ,f ! crat] itself !re 7 se5 to asc5d ?ree fi]y columns1 :i*1 aft] so>+ to a great height1 appe>$ to unite 9 a confus$ mann] at _! tops4 ,ere long1 ! :ole ( ! side ( ! m\nta9 next ! village ( ,sang'ir seem$ l "o va/ body ( liquid fire4 ,! gl>e 0 t]rific1 until t[>ds ev5+1 :5 x became p>tly obscur$ by ! va/ quantities ( du/1 a%es1 /ones1 & c9d]s ?r[n up f ! crat]4 ,betwe5 n9e & t5 o'clock at night ! a%es & /ones began to fall ^u ! village ( ,sang'ir1 & all r\nd ! neighb\rhood ( ! m\nta94 ,!n arose a dreadful :irlw9d1 :i* blew d[n ne>ly e h\se 9 ! village1 toss+ ! ro(s & light] p>ts high into ! air4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ sea-port ! effects 7 ev5 m viol5t1 ! l>ge/ trees hav+ be5 torn up by ! roots & :irl$ al(t4 ,be=e su* a furi\s tempe/ no liv+ ?+ c\ld /&4 ,m51 horses1 & cattle 7 :irl$ into ! air l s mu* *aff1 & !n da%$ viol5tly d[n on ! gr\nd4 ,! sea rose ne>ly twelve feet above ! highe/ tide-m>k1 sweep+ away h\ses1 trees1 ev]y?+ )9 its rea*4 ,?is :irlw9d la/$ ab\t an h\r1 & !n comm5c$ ! awful int]nal ?und]+s ( ! m\nta94 ,^! cont9u$ ) sc>cely any int]mission until ! #aa? ( ,july1 :5 !y became m mod]ate1 ! int]vals betwe5 !m gradually increas+ till ! #ae? ( ,july1 :5 !y ceas$4 ,almo/ all ! villages = a long di/ance r\nd ! m\nta9 7 de/roy$2 & x is comput$ t ne>ly twelve ?\s& p]sons p]i%$4 ,by f> ! greate/ "p ( ?is de/ruction 0 wr\ght by ! viol5ce ( ! :irlw9d :i* accompani$ ! eruption4 ,consid]ably to ! ea/w>d ( ,sumbwa lies ! ,isl& ( ,timor1 9 :i* !re 0 = a long "t a volcanic peak1 ^: p]petual fires s]v$ z a ligh?\se to m>9]s navigat+ ^? seas4 ,b 9 ! ye> #afcg !re took place a great eruption ( ! m\nta91 :i* end$ 9 its be+ gobbl$ up :ole & entire1 leav+ no?+ beh9d x b a lake1 9 :i* its fires 7 qu5*$1 & :i* n[ occupies its place4 ,to ! nor? ( ,timor lie ! ,molucca ,isl&s1 sev]al ( :i* are volcanic4 ,9 "o ( !m1 nam$ ,ma*ian1 !re occurr$ 9 ! ye> #afdf an extraord9>y ev5t4 ,a m\nta9 0 r5t f top to bottom1 s5d+ out great columns ( fire & d5se vap\rs4 ,! two p>ts n[ rema9 two di/9ct m\nta9s4 ,9 ! ,isl& ( ,sangir1 ano!r ( ! ,moluccas1 !re 0 a viol5t eruption 9 ,m>* #ahef4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! m\nta9 fell d[n1 & trem5d\s floods ( wat] issu$ =?4 ,! de/ruction t ensu$ 0 dreadful1 upw>ds ( two ?\s& p]sons hav+ p]i%$4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! ,indian ,ocean1 ne> ,madagasc>1 lies ! little ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 conta9+ ! volcano ,salazes1 :i* occasionally ?r[s out ! curi\s ?ready sub/ance already m5tion$1 s /rongly resembl+ spun glass4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,mud & ,air ,volcanoes--,luss--,macaluba--,taman--,k orabet(f--,new ,isl& 9 ! ,sea ( ,az(--,jokmali--,fires ( ,baku--,mud ,volcano 9 ,flank ( ,etna--,air ,volcanoes ( ,turbaco1 ,c>tag5a1 & ,gal]a-,zamba4 ,! curi\s mud volcano 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java1 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 al?\gh pres5t+ "s peculi> features1 is n ! only "o ( ! k9d 9 ! _w4 ,mud1 z y h le>n$1 is (t5 ?r[n out 9 great quantities1 along ) boil+ wat]1 ev5 by true volcanoes1 :i* at o!r times eject a%es & lava4 ,b !re are "s volcanoes t nev] ?r[ out any?+ else ?an mud & wat]1 gas & /eam4 ,su* are call$ mud volcanoes or salses4 ,! mo/ rem>kable assemblage ( mud volcanoes 9 ! _w exi/s 9 ! di/rict ( ,luss1 ly+ at ! s\?-ea/ corn] ( ,beloo*i/an4 ,!y ext5d ov] a v l>ge area1 & are exce$+ly num]\s4 ,! cone ( "o ( !m is no less ?an f\r hundr$ feet high1 & ! crat] at ! top is n9ety feet 9 diamet]4 ,! mud 9 ! crat] is q liquid1 & is con/antly di/urb$ by bubbles ( gas1 & occasionally by jets ( ! mud itself4 ,m famili>ly kn[n is ! mud volcano ( ,macaluba1 ne> ,girg5ti1 9 ,sicily4 ,x is situat$ 9 a c\ntry mu* impregnat$ ) sulphur & o!r inflammable matt]s4 ,! top ( ! hill is cov]$ ) dry clay1 9 :i* are num]\s bas9s full ( w>mi% wat] mix$ ) mud & bitum54 ,f ^! small crat]s bubbles ( gas arise f "t to "t2 b at long int]vals !y become mu* m active1 & ?r[ up jets ( wet mud to ! height ( ne>ly two hundr$ feet4 ,?is mud smells /rongly ( sulphur4 ,9 ! p59sula ( ,taman1 ne> ! entrance to ! ,sea ( ,az(1 !re is a gr\p ( mud volcanoes1 f "o ( :i* !re 0 a consid]able eruption on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #agic4 ,x 0 prec$$ by und]gr\nd detonations1 & accompani$ by a column ( fire & d5se vap\r1 :i* rose to ! height ( sev]al hundr$ feet4 ,! dis*>ge ( mud & gas 0 abundant4 ,! accompanim5t ( fire & smoke makes ?is eruption m ne>ly resemble t ( a true volcano4 ,!re is 9 ! adjac5t p>ts ( ! ,crimea a m\nta9 nam$ ,korabet(f1 :i* also pres5ts simil> ph5om5a4 ,on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #ahec1 a column ( fire & smoke 0 se5 to rise f ! top ( ?is m\nta9 to a great height1 & x cont9u$ = five or six m9utes4 ,two o!r simil> b less viol5t ejections ( fire & smoke foll[$ at %ort int]vals4 ,^! appe>ances 7 ! accompanim5ts ( an eruption ( black fetid mud1 :i* ov]spread ! gr\nd at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 to a consid]able dep?4 ,a /ill m /rik+ ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! ,sea ( ,az(1 on ! #aj? ( ,may #ahad4 ,on t day a column ( flame & v ?ick smoke arose out ( ! wat]1 ) a l\d report l t ( a cannon1 & masses ( e>? ) l>ge /ones 7 toss$ high up into ! air4 ,t5 eruptions ( ?is k9d succe$$ ea* o!r at int]vals ( ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r2 & aft] !y _h ceas$ = a "t1 !y began aga9 dur+ ! night4 ,next morn+ x 0 f\nd t an isl& _h ris5 out ( ! sea1 betwe5 n9e & t5 feet 9 height1 surr\nd$ by a l[] level ( h>d5$ mud4 ,a /rong fetid smell1 probably t ( petroleum1 proce$$ f ! isl&1 & ext5d$ = a consid]able di/ance all r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,air ,volcanoes ( ,turbaco ,ano!r mud volcano1 nam$ ,jokmali1 ne> ! ,caspian ,sea1 0 =m$ 9 ,novemb] #ahbg4 ,9 ?is case1 also1 ! ejection ( mud 0 = sev]al h\rs prec$$ by flames1 ris+ to s great a height t !y c\ld be se5 at a di/ance ( tw5ty-f\r miles4 ,l>ge pieces ( rock 7 at ! same "t ?r[n up & scatt]$ to consid]able di/ances all r\nd4 ,! entire di/rict 9 :i* ?is m\nta9 is situat$1 has its soil copi\sly impregnat$ ) petroleum1 & num]\s wells are =m$ = its collection4 ,quantities ( ?is m9]al oil are frequ5tly f\nd float+ on ! sea1 along ! neighb\r+ %ores1 :]e ! sailors are 9 ! habit ( sett+ fire to ?is float+ petroleum1 :ile !y dext]\sly /e] _! boats s z to avoid ! flames4 ,9 ?is di/rict also /&s ! city ( ,baku1 held sacr$ by ! ,p>sees1 or fire-wor%ipp]s1 :o h "h built a temple1 9 :i* are kept burn+ p]petual fires1 f$ by ! naph?a spr++ f ! gr\nd4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye>1 #ahff1 a small mud volcano has be5 =m$ 9 ! flanks ( ,m\nt ,etna4 ,x began ) an outbur/ ( /rong jets ( boil+ wat]4 ,fir/1 "o rose to ! height ( ab\t six feet1 !n sev]al o!rs broke out1 :]eupon ! height ( ! :ole set dim9i%$4 ,!re 0 mu* gas bubbl+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 & "s petroleum float$ on its surface4 ,x 0 v muddy1 & left a ?ick deposit z x fl[$ away4 ,nei!r flames nor noise accompani$ ?is eruption4 ,!re are also dim9utive volcanoes1 consi/+ ( small conical hills1 f :i* no?+ seems to be emitt$ b v>i\s sorts ( gas4 ,^! are call$ air volcanoes4 ,su* are ^? ( ,turbaco 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 discov]$ by ,b>on ,humboldt1 :o has left u a picture ( !m1 ( :i* y "h h a copy4 ,^! volcanic hillocks are truncat$ cones1 eighte5 or tw5ty 9 numb]1 compos$ ( h>d5$ mud1 f #ah to #bd feet 9 height1 & f ab\t #adj to ab\t #ahj feet 9 diamet] at ! base4 ,! small crat]s at ! top are fill$ ) liquid mud1 :5ce bubbles ( gas1 *iefly nitrog51 are be+ cont9ually dis5gag$4 ,!re is a simil>1 b mu* l>g]1 gr\p 9 ! neighb\r+ prov9ce ( ,c>tag5a4 ,x consi/s ( ab\t "o hundr$ cones spread ov] a di/rict ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ squ>e leagues4 ,!re is also a gr\p ( ab\t fifty cones )9 a range ( f\r or five miles 9 ! adjac5t p59sula ( ,gal]a-,zamba4 ,a sub-m>9e volcano1 f :i* !re h be5 sev]al eruptions1 is suppos$ to be connect$ ) ^! num]\s salses4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,new ,zeal&--,boil+ ,f\nta9s & ,lakes ,9 ! eruptions ( mud volcanoes1 describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]1 a frequ5t +r$i5t is boil+ wat]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al in/ances 9 :i* !re are ?r[n up jets ( boil+ wat] t are n int]m+l$ ) mud1 b 9 :i* ! wat] is ei!r pure or impregnat$ ) "s m9]al :i* x holds 9 p]fect solution4 ,( ?is nature are ! ,geys]s ( ,icel& & ,cali=nia1 already describ$4 ,9 ,new ,zeal& !re is ano!r v>iety ( ?is ph5om5on1 ! boil+ wat] issu+ =?1 n 9 int]mitt5t jets1 z 9 ! ,geys]s1 b 9 p]petually fl[+ spr+s1 =m+ lakes1 9 :i* ! wat] rema9s ne>ly at ! boil+ po9t4 ,^! spr+s & lakes occur at a place call$ ,roto-,mahana4 ,! annex$ woodcut w convey an idea ( _! appe>ance4 ,!re are sev]al bas9s rais$ "o above ano!r1 & all high] ?an ! level ( ! l>ge lake4 ,! highe/ is ( an oval =m1 & ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x is fill$ f an op5+ at ! height ( ab\t a hundr$ feet above ! level ( ! l[] lake4 ,at v>i\s /ages bel[ ?is upp] bas9 are num]\s o!r spr+s1 f :i* sev]al simil> bas9s are fill$4 ,! :ole ( ^! bas9s empty !mselves into ! l>ge lake bel[1 & ! wat] 9 all ( !m is ne>ly boil+ hot1 giv+ =?1 ) a hiss+ s\nd1 volumes ( :ite vap\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,boil+ ,lakes ( ,roto ,mahana ,^! wat]s are ri*ly impregnat$ ) c>bonate ( lime1 :i* has =m$ all r\nd ! m>g9s ( ! bas9s beautiful incru/ations ( sn[y :it5ess4 ,! s& r\nd ! lake is v w>m2 & if a /ick be ?ru/ into x1 jets ( /eam arise4 ,d\btless1 "s ye>s h5ce1 ! ent]pris+ ,engli% settl]s w e/abli% hot ba?s "h4 ,n f> f ! lake !re are small] bas9s1 9 :i* ! wat] is n beyond :at w\ld be agreeable = a w>m ba?2 :ile x is ( a blue col\r & beautifully cle>4 ,on bo? banks ( ! riv] ,waikato1 also 9 ?is neighb\rhood1 are f\nd num]\s bas9s full ( boil+ mud or slime1 :i* _c be approa*$ save ) extreme c>e1 ow+ to ! s(tness & slipp]9ess ( ! soil4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! bas9s is oval 9 =m1 #ad feet long by #h feet wide1 & ab\t z mu* 9 dep?4 ,x conta9s hot mud ( a bright r$ col\r1 be+ /rongly impregnat$ ) oxide ( iron4 ,l>ge visc\s bubbles are cont9ually ris+ to ! top1 & on bur/+ !y emit a fetid1 sulphure\s smell4 ,^! ph5om5a are ne>ly ak9 to ^? ( a mud volcano4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,und]gr\nd ,s\nds--,quito--,rio ,apure--,guanaxuato--,melida--,nak\s4 ,n ! lea/ rem>kable among ! ph5om5a produc$ by volcanic =ces1 are ! /range und]gr\nd noises :i* are occasionally he>d4 ,= ! mo/ "p ^! are ! preludes ei!r ( %ocks ( e>?quake or ( volcanic eruptions4 ,^? :i* = mon?s prec$$ ! upheaval ( ! volcano ( ,jorullo1 w recur to y\r remembrance4 ,= ab\t a mon? be=e ! great mud eruption f ,tunguragua on #d? ,febru>y #agig1 already describ$1 !re proce$$ f ! int]ior ( t m\nta9 noises ( ! mo/ fe>ful k9d4 ,^! w\ld occur sudd5ly 9 ! mid/ ( p]fect sil5ce4 ,!y 7 he>d by ,antonio ,p9$a1 ! naturali/1 :o 0 !re at ! "t1 & !y l$ him to =etell ! approa* ( "s great convulsion4 ,/range to say1 h[ev]1 ! cata/rophe itself 0 unaccompani$ by und]gr\nd noises any :]e ne> ! volcano4 ,b1 /rang] /ill1 at ,quito1 :i* is di/ant ab\t #bjj miles1 a %ort "t aft] ! eruption began1 !re 7 he>d trem5d\s und]gr\nd ?und]s4 ,b ?is di/ance1 betwe5 ! site ( ! und]gr\nd noises & ! probable focus ( di/urbance1 0 f> exce$$ 9 ano!r rem>kable in/ance4 ,x is /at$ by ,humboldt t1 9 ! grassy pla9s ( ,calaboso1 on ! banks ( ! ,rio ,apure1 a tribut>y ( ! ,or9oco1 !re 7 he>d1 ov] a l>ge ext5t ( c\ntry1 l\d und]gr\nd ?und]s1 unaccompani$ by any %ak+ ( ! gr\nd2 :ile great /reams ( lava 7 be+ p\r$ =? f ! crat] ( ,morne-,g>\1 9 ! ,isl& ( ,/4 ,v9c5t1 at ! di/ance ( no less ?an #fcb miles 9 a "r l9e4 ,?is 0 z ?\gh an eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius 7 accompani$ by und]gr\nd ?und]s 9 ,norm&y4 ,!re h1 nev]!less1 be5 in/ances ( ! exi/5ce ( su* und]gr\nd noises1 )\t _! hav+ be5 foll[$ ei!r by an e>?quake1 by a volcanic eruption1 or any o!r outw>d appe>ance :atev]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable cases ( ! k9d1 0 t m5tion$ by ,humboldt z hav+ occurr$ at ,guanaxuato 9 ,mexico1 a m\nta9-city situat$ f> f any active volcano4 ,?is celebrat$ travell] /ates t ^! noises began on ! #i? ( ,janu>y #aghd1 & la/$ above a mon?4 ,! s\nds 7 at fir/ nei!r v l\d nor v frequ5t2 b f ! #ae? to ! #af? ( ,janu>y !y resembl$ cont9u\s l[ roll+ ?und]1 alt]nat+ ) %ort l\d ?und]-claps4 ,! s\nds !n gradually di$ away & no?+ came ( !m1 al?\gh !y excit$ great t]ror among ! inhabitants :ile !y la/$4 ,!re are m9es 9 ! neighb\rhood fifte5 hundr$ & n9ety-eight ,engli% feet 9 dep?1 yet nei!r 9 !m nor at ! surface c\ld ! lea/ tremor be detect$4 ,a some:at simil> ph5om5on occurr$ 9 ! ,isl& ( ,melida 9 ! ,adriatic1 (f ! coa/ ( ,dalmatia1 :]e und]gr\nd rumbl+s 7 he>d f ,m>* #ahbb to ,septemb] #ahbd2 b 9 ?is case ! s\nds 7 sometimes accompani$ by %ocks4 ,a /ill m s+ul> ph5om5on ( ?is sort occurs on ! bord]s ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 at a place call$ ,nak\s1 :]e int]mitt5t und]gr\nd s\nds h be5 he>d = an unkn[n numb] ( c5turies4 ,x is situat$ at ab\t half a mile's di/ance f ! %ore1 :5ce a long rea* ( s& asc5ds rapidly to a height ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ feet4 ,?is rea* is ab\t eighty feet wide1 & resembles an amphi!atre1 be+ wall$ 9 by l[ rocks4 ,! s\nds com+ up f ! gr\nd at ?is place recur at int]vals ( ab\t an h\r4 ,!y at fir/ resemble a l[ murmur2 b ere long !re is he>d a l\d knock+1 some:at l ! /rokes ( a bell1 & :i*1 at ! end ( ab\t five m9utes1 becomes s /rong z to agitate ! s&4 ,! explanation ( ?is curi\s ph5om5on giv5 by ! ,arabs1 is1 t !re is a conv5t "u ! gr\nd "h1 & t ^! s\nds are ^? ( ! bell1 :i* ! monks r+ = pray]s4 ,s !y call x ,nak\s1 :i* means a bell4 ,! ,arabs affirm t ! noise s fright5s _! camels :5 !y he> x z to r5d] !m furi\s4 ,philosoph]s attribute ! s\nds to suppress$ volcanic action--probably to ! bubbl+ ( gas or vap\rs und]gr\nd4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,ext9ct ,volcanoes--,auv]gne--,vi5ne--,agde--,ey fel--,italy--,lacus ,cim9i--,grotto del ,cane--,guevo ,upas--,talaga ,bodas--,! ,dead ,sea4 ,!re are two sorts ( ext9ct volcanoes3 fir/1 ^? 9 :i* all evid5ces ( activity h entirely ceas$2 &1 secondly1 ^? 9 :i* a subdu$ /ate ( activity l+]s4 ,! =m] are m widely di/ribut$ ?an ! latt]2 b sometimes bo? k9ds occur 9 ! same di/rict ( c\ntry4 ,ext9ct volcanoes are f\nd 9 ! di/rict ( ,auv]gne 9 ,france4 ,solidifi$ /reams ( lava occur at ,volvic ne> ,riom2 & ! crat] :5ce !y desc5d$ is /ill visible on ! top ( ! ,puy de ,nug]e4 ,x is an oblong bas91 hav+ its edge brok5 on ! side d[n :i* ! lava fl[$4 ,9 its desc5t ! fi]y /ream appe>s to h enc\nt]$ a knoll ( granite1 by :i* x 0 divid$ into two bran*es4 ,^! seem to h reunit$ l[] d[n1 & !nce to h ov]spread ! valley b5ea?4 ,! ,puy de ,cme1 a m\nta9 ne> ,cl]mont1 appe>s to h s5t =? two /reams ( lava1 :i* h effect$ consid]able *anges 9 ! surface ( ! c\ntry--block+ up ! c\rses ( riv]s div]t+ !m into new *annels1 & =m+ swamps 9 ! old4 ,on ! top ( ,puy ,p>i\1 to ! nor? ( ,cl]mont1 !re exi/s a p]fect crat]1 q r\nd1 & ab\t two hundr$ & fifty feet deep1 :5ce !re has fl[$ a /ream ( lava1 ^: c\rse c be di/9ctly trac$4 ,! summit ( ,puy ,grav5i]e1 a long r\nd-back$ hill also ne> ,cl]mont1 consi/s almo/ entirely ( a heap ( volcanic c9d]s1 :i* h oblit]at$ all traces ( a crat]2 b two /reams ( lava appe> to h fl[$ f ! sides ( ! m\nta94 ,! ,puy de ,dme1 & ! m\nta9s 9 its neighb\rhood1 likewise appe> to be ( volcanic orig91 & to h be5 upheav$ some:at 9 ! same mann] z ,jorullo4 ,al?\gh ! aspect ( ! m\nta9s ( ,auv]gne indicates s cle>ly _! hav+ be5 active s9ce ! surr\nd+ c\ntry acquir$ its pres5t g5]al con=mation1 nei!r hi/ory nor tradition has pres]v$ any record ( _! eruptions4 ,!re is extant1 h[ev]1 a lett] f ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 a cotempor>y ( ,pl9y1 address$ to ! ,bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 9 :i* he ref]s to =ms ( pray] :i* _h be5 appo9t$ by ! bi%op at ! "t :5 e>?quakes demoli%$ ! walls ( ,vi5ne1 & ! m\nta9s1 op5+1 vomit$ =? torr5ts ( inflam$ mat]ials4 ,x h5ce appe>s t ! ext9ct volcanoes 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,vi5ne1 & p]haps ^? ( ,le ,puy1 _h be5 9 a /ate ( eruption n long aft] ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,to ! we/w>d ( ! latt] t[n1 !re is a numb] ( small volcanic crat]s1 ( :i* ! two l>ge/ are ! ,lake de ,b\*et & ! ,crat] ( ,b>1 :i* also appe>s to h be5 at "o "t a lake1 b is n[ dry4 ,! =m] has its greate/ diamet] ab\t #bcjj feet1 ) a dep? ( ab\t #ij feet4 ,! latt] is on ! top ( a m\nta91 :i* is compos$ entirely ( su* sub/ances z are eject$ by volcanoes4 ,its diamet] is ab\t #affj1 & its dep? ab\t #acj feet2 :ile x is almo/ p]fect 9 its =m4 ,! m\nta9s ne> ,vi5ne exhibit /reams ( lava1 :i* accommodate !mselves to ! exi/+ valleys4 ,ne> ,agde also1 on ! %ores ( ! ,gulf ( ,lions1 on ! top ( a hill nam$ ,/4 ,l\p1 !re is an ext9ct crat]1 :5ce h desc5d$ two /reams ( lava app>5tly ( rec5t orig94 ,on "o ( !m ! t[n ( ,agde has be5 built2 ! o!r projects into ! sea4 ,! di/rict ( ,eyfel1 on ! bord]s ( ! ,rh9e1 is ano!r 9 :i* ext9ct volcanoes ab\nd4 ,!y occur mo/ly 9 ! =m ( circul> crat]s1 :i* are n[ fill$ ) wat]1 _! bord]s consi/+ ( volcanic ejections4 ,!y also exhibit v>i\s sup]ficial /reams ( lava4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! r\nd crat]s lies ne> ,&]nu*1 a little we/ ( ! ,rh9e4 ,x is nam$ ! ,lake ( ,laa*1 & is ne>ly two miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,on its m>g9 are f\nd num]\s volcanic ejections1 exactly resembl+ ^? ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius4 ,not)/&+ ^! evid5ces t ! ext9ct volcanoes ( ,eyfel h be5 9 activity s9ce ! c\ntry acquir$ its pres5t con=mation1 !re are no hi/orical records ( _! op]ations4 ,!re is1 inde$1 a passage 9 ,tacitus ref]r+ to fires t issu$ f ! e>? ne> ,cologne2 b 8 description does n w>rant ! conclusion t ! ev5t to :i* he alludes 0 ( ! nature ( a volcanic eruption4 ,! ,dra*5fels on ! ea/]n bank ( ! ,rh9e1 & ! o!r m\nta9s 9 its neighb\rhood1 belong to ! m anci5t volcanic =mations4 ,! same may be affirm$ ( ! o!r m\nta9s scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ,g]many & c5tral ,europe g5]ally1 9 :i* rocks ( volcanic orig9 occur4 ,!re are a good _m traces ( ext9ct volcanoes 9 ,italy1 besides ^? ( ! ,phlegran fields already m5tion$4 ,9 g5]al "* !y resemble ^? previ\sly describ$4 ,! *ief localities are c]ta9 lakes1 ne> ,volt]ra 9 ,tuscany1 :i* give =? v hot sulphur\s & boracic acid vap\rs2 a small sulphure\s lake ne> ,vit]bo cont9ually giv+ =? bubbles ( gas2 ! ,lake ( ,vico betwe5 ,vit]bo & ,rome2 ! m\nta9 & ,lake ( ,albano ne> ,rome2 ,m\nt ,vultur 9 ! ,ap5n9es1 9 ! prov9ce ( ! ,basilicata2 & ,lake ,agnano ne> ,naples4 ,( ^!1 ! ,lakes ( ,vico & ,agnano are ! mo/ int]e/+4 ,! =m] is ! anci5t ,lacus ,cim9i1 & old au?ors /ate t its site 0 once occupi$ by a t[n1 ^: ru9s us$ to be visible at ! bottom ( ! lake :5 ! wat] 0 cle>4 ,! gr\nd1 ) ! t[n ^u x1 is said to h be5 +ulf$ dur+ a volcanic convulsion1 :5 ! lake 0 =m$ 9 its place4 ,! ,lake ,agnano is ! site ( an anci5t volcanic crat]1 & on its m>g9 is situat$ ! ,grotto del ,cane1 s fam\s = ! deadly vap\rs x exhales4 ,^! consi/ ( c>bonic acid gas1 9 comb9ation ) wat]y vap\r4 ,?is celebrat$ ,grotto is ?us describ$1 9 8 "w on volcanoes1 by ,dr4 ,daub5y1 :o visit$ ! spot3-- ,! m\? ( ! cav]n be+ some:at m elevat$ ?an its int]ior1 a /ratum ( c>bonic acid goes on con/antly accumulat+ at ! bottom1 b ^u ris+ above ! level ( its m\?1 fl[s l s mu* wat] ov] ! brim4 ,h5ce ! upp] "p ( ! cav]n is free f any noxi\s vap\r2 b ! air ( t bel[ is s fully impregnat$1 t x proves spe$ily fatal to any animal t is imm]s$ 9 x1 z is %[n to all /rang]s by ! exp]im5t ) ! dog4 ,! s5sation ,i exp]i5c$1 on /oop+ my head = a mom5t to ! bottom1 resembl$ t ( :i* we are sometimes s5sible on dr9k+ a l>ge glass ( soda wat] 9 a /ate ( brisk eff]vesc5ce4 ,! cause 9 bo? in/ances is pla9ly ! same4 ,! quantity ( c>bonic acid pres5t 9 ! cav]n at v>i\s heights1 0 %[n by imm]s+ 9 x v>i\s combu/ibles 9 a /ate ( inflammation4 ,i f\nd t phosphorus w\ld cont9ue light$ at ab\t two feet f ! bottom1 :il/ a sulphur mat* w5t out a few in*es above1 & a wax tap] at a /ill high] level4 ,x 0 impossible to fire a pi/ol at ! bottom ( ! cav]n1 = al?\gh gunp[d] may be explod$ ev5 9 c>bonic acid by ! application ( a heat suffici5t to decompose ! nitre1 & consequ5tly to envelop ! mass 9 an atmosph]e ( oxyg5 gas1 yet ! m]e influ5ce ( a sp>k f /eel produces too slight an augm5tation ( temp]ature = ?is purpose4 ,simil> ph5om5a1 b on a gr&] scale1 are pres5t$ by ! ext9ct crat] 9 ! ,isl& ( ,java call$ ,guevo ,upas1 ! ,poison-,valley4 ,x is a level ab\t half a mile 9 circumf]5ce1 surr\nd$ by precipit\s rocks4 ,f v>i\s p>ts ( its soil c>bonic acid gas is dis*>g$ 9 su* quantities z to prove fatal to any animal v5tur+ nigh4 ,! gr\nd is consequ5tly /r[n ) num]\s skeletons4 ,?is valley gave rise to ! fam\s figm5t ab\t ! upas-tree1 :i* once obta9$ su* g5]al belief 9 ,europe4 ,!re is ano!r ext9ct crat] 9 ,java1 :5ce are exhal$ vap\rs equally deadly1 b :i* ex]t a mo/ peculi> effect on ! dead c>casses subject$ to _! influ5ce4 ,in/ead ( _! be+1 z 9 ! ,gruevo ,upas1 r$uc$ to skeletons1 ! c>casses h all _! bones dissolv$ by ! vap\rs2 :ile ! fle%1 sk91 hair1 & nails are by _! action pres]v$ f decay4 ,?is rem>kable crat] is situat$ ne> ! volcano ( ,talaga ,bodas4 ,( all ! ext9ct volcanoes 9 ! _w1 h[ev]1 none is s rem>kable z ! ,dead ,sea4 ,t s+ul> collection ( salt & bitt] wat] has ! level ( its surface depress$ #acab feet bel[ t ( ! ,m$it]ranean--?us indicat+ an enorm\s subsid5ce4 ,! ,dead ,sea occupies ! site ( :at 0 =m]ly ! pla9 ( ,jordan1 describ$ z hav+ be5 well-wat]$ ev]y:]e1 z ! g>d5 ( ! ,"l1 l ! l& ( ,egypt4 ,"o "p ( x1 call$ ! ,vale ( ,siddim1 0 full ( slime-pits--! only indications ( volcanic action4 ,:5 ! cities ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah1 :i* /ood 9 ! pla91 7 de/roy$1 ! ,"l1 x is said1 ra9$ ^u !m fire & brim/one f heav52 b :ile ^! fell ^u ! cities f ! atmosph]e1 x appe>s t !y mu/ h prim>ily be5 dis*>g$ f ! e>?2 = ! smoke ( ! c\ntry w5t up z ! smoke ( a furnace4 ,! ph5om5a1 !re=e1 mo/ likely resembl$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 ^? ( ,jorullo2 b ! cata/rophe seems to h end$ l ! la/ great eruption ( ! volcano 9 ,timor--! :ole ( ! pla9 hav+ be5 +ulf$ & replac$ by ! salt lake1 ^: depress$ level s cle>ly indicates ! nature ( its orig94