,,horse ,,secrets ,,written1 ,,compiled ,,and ,,now ,,disclosed ,,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,alexander ,professor of ,veterinary ,science1 and in charge of the ,department of ,horse ,breeding1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,,alas6 ,,he ,,cannot ,,talk6 8,i don' see much use in de scientis' folks studying monkey talk1 but a study of hoss talk dat 'ud let de animal tell all about hisse'f befo' a trade comes off 'ud save a heap o' hard feelings40 8,uncle ,ezra10 in ,washington ,star4 ,,philadelphia--#aiji ,,wilmer ,,atkinson ,,company ,price1 #be ,cents ,copyright1 #aiji ,,wilmer ,,atkinson ,,co4 ,,introduction ,dr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,alexander1 the writer and compiler of 8,horse ,secrets10 has had upward of #be years' experience in matters pertaining to agriculture1 horse breeding1 veterinary science1 press writing and teaching4 ,he was the author of the first stallion service legislation and inspection regulation in ,america1 the first law of the kind having been written by him and enacted by the ,wisconsin ,legislature in #aije4 ,similar legislation now is in force in some #af other states1 and it is accomplishing much for the improvement of horse breeding4 ,horse trading offers unusual opportunities and temptations for sharp practises4 ,both buyer and seller equally need to be horse-wise and alert4 ,dishonesty is discountenanced in the great horse markets1 but it is common among scalpers1 8gyps0 and small traders outside of the recognized markets and is likely to be practised by either the buyer or the seller4 ,the items published in these pages disclose many sharp practises which1 aside from their interest as facts not generally known1 are valuable as information for the man who would engage intelligently in horse buying and selling4 ,the writer and publishers of this book desire to expose these tricks1 and to decry their practise in the markets and among outside dealers and breeders4 8,forewarned is forearmed10 and the information here given will doubtless save many a man from loss1 and tend to make dishonesty less rife because less likely to succeed4 ,in mentioning the various tricks herein disclosed1 the exact methods have not been given in detail4 ,we have no desire to instruct readers so that they may 8go and do likewise02 for the same reason doses have not been given for the administration of the various drugs and 8dopes0 used by tricksters4 ,the matter relating to the purchase of stallions should prove specially interesting and valuable4 ,it is a matter of general knowledge among the initiated that stallions are frequently sold at excessive prices to companies of farmers1 and that 8peddlers0 of such stallions are unscrupulous in their methods of obtaining signers to the notes taken for the purchase of such horses4 ,the facts published with respect to this business should serve to warn farmers that they are apt to be cheated in purchasing a stallion on the 8company plan10 and that it is always best1 safest and most profitable to purchase a stallion direct from a reputable breeder or importer1 for by so doing much money will be saved and the horse bought will be much more likely to prove sound and suitable and to give satisfaction4 ,dr4 ,alexander desires in this place to acknowledge his indebtedness to the publishers of the various farm and stock papers from the pages of which extracts have been taken4 ,,wilmer ,,atkinson ,,co4 ,contents4 ,page ,,horse ,,feeding ,,secrets #g ,secret of ,hand ,raising a ,foal #g ,secret of ,feeding ,silage to ,horses #h ,secret of ,fattening ,drafters #i ,secret of ,feeding ,molasses #aj ,,secrets ,,of ,,various ,,vices #ab ,secret of ,stopping ,halter ,pulling #ab ,secret of ,preventing ,mules from ,kicking #ac ,secret of ,tying a ,mare with a ,foal #ac ,secret of ,handling a ,balky ,horse #ac ,secret of ,curing a ,stall ,kicker #af ,,secret ,,tricks ,,in ,,horse ,,trading #ah ,secret of ,shutting a ,heaver #ah ,secret of ,plugging a ,roarer #ah ,diamond ,cut ,diamond #ai ,making a ,horse ,act ,mean #bj ,blowing ,air ,under the ,skin #bj ,stopping a ,switcher #bj ,turpentine and ,gasoline ,tricks #ba ,gingering a ,show ,horse #ba ,unnerving and ,cocaining #bb ,keep an ,eye on the ,sign ,board #bb ,secret of ,hiding a ,spavin #bc ,artificially ,induced ,knee ,action #bc ,artificial ,tail ,trick #bd ,keeping a ,horse 8,in the ,air0 #bd ,the ,loose ,shoe ,trick #be ,wire ,marks ,over ,side-,bones #be ,wedging a ,cribber #be ,making an ,artificial ,star #bf ,black ,spots on a ,white ,horse #bg ,broken ,crest or ,wrong ,lying ,mane #bg ,concealing ,discharging ,sinuses #bg ,the ,galloping ,past ,dodge #bh ,keeping a ,horse on ,edge #bh ,an ,eye for ,an ,eye #bh ,examine the ,ears #bi ,bishoping--,an ,old ,trick #cj ,how ,bishoping is ,done #cj ,,miscellaneous ,,secrets #cb ,the ,widow ,trick #cb ,landing a ,sucker #cc ,a ,horse ,that ,was ,right ,there #cd ,an ,honest 8,hoss0 ,dealer #cd ,a ,sharper's ,smooth ,sayings #ce ,the ,winter ,board ,trick #ce ,how ,horses ,catch ,cold #cf ,tricks in ,measuring ,horses #cf ,,secrets ,,about ,,stallion ,,selling #cg ,palming ,off a ,grade ,stallion #cg ,stud ,books ,approved by the ,government #ch ,stud ,books ,not ,certified by the ,government #ci ,story of a ,company ,stallion ,deal #ci ,horse ,peddlers' ,confessions #da ,the ,sale of ,les ,epinards #da ,the ,sale of ,transmigrator #db ,,some ,,veterinary ,,secrets #dd ,secret of ,preventing ,navel and ,joint ,disease #dd ,symptoms of ,bad ,teeth #de ,remedies for ,tail ,rubbing #de ,a ,cruel ,cure for ,heaves #df ,an ,astringent for ,scours #dg ,an ,old ,operation for ,spavin #dg ,facts ,about ,pigment ,tumors #dh ,,secrets ,,of ,,buying ,,and ,,selling ,,horses #di ,auction ,sale ,rules #di ,reputable ,dealers ,protect ,their ,patrons #ej ,two ,sides to a ,horse #ea ,a little ,ill to ,distract ,attention ,from a ,big ,one #eb ,beware of ,hoof ,dressing #eb ,buying a ,pair #ec ,a ,high ,english ,guarantee #ec ,an ,unsound ,horse ,sometimes a ,good ,bargain #ed ,a ,second-,hand ,horse #ed 8,protecting0 the ,buyer #ee ,splitting the ,profit ,three ,ways #ee ,a ,glossary of ,market ,terms #ef ,horse ,feeding ,secrets4 ,secret of ,hand ,raising a ,foal4 ,an orphan foal can be successfully raised on cows' milk if the work is intelligently and patiently conducted4 ,mares' milk is sweeter than cows' milk1 but less rich in butter fat2 therefore1 in using cows' milk for foal feeding1 choose that which is poor in butter fat--#c per cent4 or thereabout--and sweeten it with sugar or molasses4 ,the latter sweetening has the advantage of acting as a mild aperient4 ,it should be remembered that the first milk 7colostrum7 of the mare contains a purgative principle for the removal of the meconium from the intestinal tract of the foal1 and as the orphan foal does not receive this natural cathartic it is apt to suffer from constipation1 which may prove fatal4 ,to prevent this inject into the rectum of the foal1 twice daily from birth1 two or three ounces of warm water containing one to two teaspoonfuls of glycerine1 and continue this treatment until the bowels have been moved freely4 ,a mixture of equal quantities of cream1 molasses and warm water also makes a good injection fluid for a young foal1 and some horsemen insert a small1 thin tallow-dip candle into the rectum for a like purpose4 ,at first the foal should be fed once an hour1 but gradually the times of feeding may be reduced in number4 ,feed the milk blood warm1 giving at first half a cupful at each meal and with it three tablespoonfuls of lime water to the pint of milk4 ,the foal will take the milk readily from a large rubber nipple fitted on the neck of a feeding bottle which must be often well scalded4 ,a kid glove thumb perforated and fitted over the spout of a small teapot will do almost as well as a rubber nipple and feeding bottle4 ,hand-fed foals tend to scour4 ,when such trouble starts withhold two or more feeds of milk1 and give one to four tablespoonfuls of castor oil in milk1 according to the severity of the attack and the size of the foal1 and repeat the dose every time there is any derangement of the digestive organs4 ,soon the foal may be fed but six times a day1 then four times1 and in a few weeks it will freely take milk and lime water from a clean pail4 ,at this stage sugar may be omitted and the lime water be given only once a day4 ,the secret of success is to feed a little milk often and to keep all utensils scrupulously sweet and clean4 ,as soon as he will take to it1 the foal may be allowed to lick oatmeal in small quantities2 gradually increase the amount and add wheat bran4 ,after six weeks give a little sweet skim-milk in place of a part of the new milk1 and by increasing the amount day by day the foal may at three months old take skim-milk entirely and continue to drink it freely three or four times daily while eating grass1 grain and bran4 ,secret of ,feeding ,silage to ,horses4 ,it is commonly believed that corn silage cannot safely or profitably be fed to horses4 ,investigation shows that this belief is ill advised1 for some horsemen feed silage successfully4 ,a noted ,wisconsin breeder has used corn silage extensively as a feed for horses as a part of the winter ration during the past eighteen years4 ,the number wintered each year averages about #ajj4 ,his method is as follows3 ,in making silage for horses the corn is allowed to stand until nearly out of the milk1 as better results have thus been obtained than when it is cut greener4 ,the silo is filled as rapidly as possible1 and when full is allowed to settle for four or five days1 when it is again filled4 ,care is taken to pack the silage tightly around the walls4 ,the silo is opened about ,november #aeth1 when the herds have been brought in from the pastures4 ,care is taken to feed the horses lightly at first so that they may become accustomed to the new food4 ,a large bin has been built1 connecting with a room below the doors of the silo4 ,this bin is filled from time to time with a mixture of four parts of hay and one of straw1 cut about #c inches long1 by being run through a silage machine4 ,the silage is always mixed with this cut hay and straw before feeding4 ,the proportions are about one to five of silage by weight4 ,by cutting the hay and straw1 the amount wasted is reduced to a minimum4 ,the corn is never taken out of the silo before it is ready to be used4 ,the entire top is removed each day to a depth of about two inches4 ,any silage that is spoilt is thrown away4 ,the silage and hay-straw are mixed thoroughly by forking over several times in the room1 already referred to4 ,by doing this the horses do not obtain all the silage at one time4 ,any grain that is fed is put in the manger with the silage4 ,the amount of ensilage fed to different horses varies with the animal4 ,it is found that no two horses eat the same amount and they are never given more than they will eat4 ,the average amount fed will be stated in each case below4 ,aged stallions1 used for breeding purposes1 receive during the winter season about #bd pounds of silage per day4 ,this is divided into three feeds1 morning1 noon and night4 ,besides this they are fed long hay and grain4 ,during the breeding season they do not get any silage1 as it has been found that if it is fed at that time there is difficulty in getting mares in foal and in raising a large percentage of colts4 ,the reason for this is not known4 ,two-year old stallions receive about #bj pounds of silage per day with their other feed4 ,yearling stallions receive about #ae pounds1 with grain and hay4 ,mares with foals receive about #bj pounds1 and also grain and hay while the colts are sucking4 ,this is reduced to about #ae pounds1 fed twice a day in the stable1 after the colts are weaned4 ,mares and geldings1 from one year up1 run in a herd together4 ,they are fed morning and night about #ae pounds per day4 ,during the day1 if weather permits1 they are turned out in a pasture and fed hay upon the ground4 ,colts1 soon after they have learned to eat grain1 are fed a little silage in the box stalls with their mothers4 ,for this purpose small feed boxes are put in each stall near the mangers1 where the mares eat4 ,after being weaned the colts are fed about #g pounds of silage a day with the grain4 ,alfalfa hay also is put in a rack in the yard1 in which the colts are turned out each day1 and they eat as much of this as they care for4 ,the ration fed is higher than a balanced ration4 ,there has never been any sickness resulting from the use of silage4 ,the animals always come through the winter in good breeding condition and in proper shape to be turned on to pasture in the spring4 ,secret of ,fattening ,drafters4 ,the business of buying young draft horses and feeding them off for the market has been profitably followed by many farmers during the past ten years4 ,the work requires skill and experience and is thus described by ,prof4 ,w4 ,j4 ,kennedy1 of the ,iowa ,agricultural ,experiment ,station3 8,in one of the large horse-feeding establishments of the ,west the following method is practised3 ,the horses are purchased1 their teeth are floated and they are all put in the barn and their feed increased gradually1 as great care must be taken for a few days to avoid colic4 ,it seems preferable to feed them grain about five times per day1 due to the fact that as the stomach of the horse is proportionately smaller than the stomach of a cow1 he needs his feed in smaller quantities and more often4 ,the hay is placed in racks so that access may be had to it at all times4 ,the horses are given all the water they will drink twice a day4 ,the daily practise is as follows3 ,corn is given at #e o'clock in the morning2 water at #g2 the hay racks are filled at #i o'clock1 when the horses are also given oats and bran1 the proportion being two-thirds bran and one-third oats4 ,at #ab o'clock they are fed corn again2 at #c in the afternoon oats and bran are given and the hay racks are refilled2 at #d they are given a second watering1 and at #f the final feed of corn is given4 ,the proportion for each horse when upon full feed is as follows3 ,corn from #aj to #ad ears to each feed2 oats and bran1 about #c quarts per feed1 making in all from #cj to #dj ears of corn and #f quarts of oats and bran per horse per day4 ,the horses are not given any exercise from the time they are put in the barn until a few days before they are to be shipped4 ,as a substitute for exercise1 and in order to keep the blood in good order1 thus preventing stocked legs1 ,glauber's salt is used40 ,in some instances horses fed in this manner have made a gain of #e pounds a day for a period of #ej to #ajj days4 ,one horse gained #eej pounds in #ajj days4 ,in many instances from #ab to #bj horses have made an average daily gain of #c pounds per day each for a period of #ij days4 ,secret of ,feeding ,molasses4 ,the feeding of black strap molasses came into vogue when the ,united ,states artillery and cavalry horses in ,porto ,rico required 8plumping up40 ,by free use of this readily assimilated fattening food mixed with cut hay or grass1 horses that had run down to skin and bone and become covered with harness sores quickly gained flesh and acquired sleek1 polished1 sound hides so that their former drivers or riders failed to recognize them4 ,although large quantities of molasses were fed to each horse daily1 neither colic nor scouring was caused4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,dalrymple1 veterinarian of the ,louisiana ,experiment ,station1 says that the amount of molasses fed to the large sugar-mules of #db plantations in his state is from #h to #ab pounds per head per diem1 or an average of about #i4e pounds2 a gallon of black strap molasses weighing #ab pounds4 ,he advises that less than this should be given at first and gradually increased as the animals get used to it1 though he adds3 8,we have not experienced any ill effects from feeding the amounts alluded to40 ,in fact1 as high as #ba pounds per day has been fed in ,louisiana without any untoward results4 ,the molasses is mixed with concentrates and cut hay4 ,here is a recommended formula for molasses feeding on a lesser scale to working draft horses3 ,molasses1 #a quart2 water1 #c quarts2 cut hay1 #e pounds2 corn-meal1 #d quarts2 coarse bran1 #b pints4 ,feed morning and night4 ,give usual quantity of oats at noon1 and add long hay at night4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture1 in ,farmer's ,bulletin ,no4 #ajg1 states that molasses is an excellent food for horses and cattle4 ,it produces energy1 maintains the vital heat1 stimulates the appetite and increases the digestibility of the other constituents of the ration4 ,that cane molasses is a satisfactory substitute for starchy foods1 being readily digested and transformed into work3 that #e quarts of molasses can be given daily to a #a1bgj pound horse with advantage to its health and the efficiency of its work4 ,illustration ,secrets of ,various ,vices4 ,secret of ,stopping ,halter ,pulling4 ,there are many different ways of managing halter pullers and of these the following methods seem most effective3 ,take a strong but thin rope about #bj feet long4 ,put the middle of it under the horse's tail like a crupper4 ,bring the two ends forward along the back1 knotting them together at the loins and withers4 ,then pass one on each side of the neck1 through the ring of the halter and tie to the manger along with the halter shank4 ,pass the end of tie rope or halter over the manger and tie it to one fore foot1 so that the pull is equal on the head and foot4 ,this is simple1 safe and efficient4 ,put a good strong halter on the horse with a rope that he cannot break2 then put him either on a plank floor that is about #d inches higher behind than in front1 or on a hard earth floor of the same slope4 ,have the floor very smooth1 and wet it a little to make it slippery1 if he is a bad one1 and pad the sides of the stall with old sacks or blankets1 tying them on with binder twine4 ,as soon as the horse finds that he cannot keep his feet he will give up pulling4 ,use a good halter and #aj or #ab feet of strong rope or strap4 ,tie one end of the rope around the pastern of a front foot and pass the other end through the halter ring and fasten to a stout post or manger and let the horse pull4 ,this will cure an ordinary case4 ,if it does not cure a bad one1 tie the rope to a hind leg1 passing it through the halter ring and between the fore legs to the hind pastern4 ,tie a rope around the hind leg at the pastern and pass the rope to the opposite side of the body2 run it around the neck where the collar rests and tie the foot up so that it will not touch the floor4 ,put a good halter on the horse and he will not pull very hard4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,teesdale1 of ,multnomah ,county1 ,oregon1 contributed the following amusing account of the curing of a halter puller to the ,breeders' ,gazette3 8,i owned a horse that pulled back every time he was tied up in or out of his stable4 ,i got very tired of it4 ,i took him one day to a wharf over a river4 ,there was1 as is usual1 a wall on the dock a few feet from its edge4 ,i led him on so that his face was near the wall and his tail toward the water2 and ,i stood him with his right side close up to a partition that ran from the wall to the edge of the wharf4 ,i stood with my body close to his left eye1 hiding the river from his view1 so that he could not see the water from either side4 ,the river was a very silent one4 ,i held him in that position almost an hour until ,i thought he had forgotten the river entirely1 then ,i tied him to a ring in the wall1 holding a sharp knife in my teeth as ,i did so4 ,as soon as ,i had tied him he hung back as badly as ever4 ,i cut the rope4 ,he turned a back somersault and dropped #aj feet into the river4 ,when he came to the surface and recovered from his daze1 he swam down stream to the end of the dock and landed4 ,he never hung back again so far as ,i know1 although he was tied a thousand times40 ,secret of ,preventing ,mules from ,kicking4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4 ,walker1 of ,vernon ,county1 ,missouri1 contributed the following to the columns of the ,breeders' ,gazette3 8,take two straps #a inches wide with a good ring2 have the straps long enough to buckle around the hind legs1 one above the hock and one below4 ,first buckle the ring in both straps2 then take a stout rope1 put a ring in the rope1 and tie it around the breast of the collar so that the double will come back behind the belly-band and make the ring stay4 ,now take another piece of stout rope1 tie in the ring on the hind leg1 bring it up through ring at the belly-band and back to the other ring on the hind leg4 ,do not leave any slack for the horse or mule to get his feet over4 ,an animal can walk or trot in this rigging1 but he cannot kick4 ,i have broken several mules in this way40 ,tying a ,mare ,with a ,foal4 ,to tie a mare so that her foal will not get hung in the halter strap1 use a ring in the manger instead of a hole4 ,thirty inches is plenty long enough for the stale4 ,put a weight on end of the stale--an old bar shoe will do all right4 ,all good horses in ,great ,britain are tied this way1 except that the chain is used4 ,secret of ,handling a ,balky ,horse4 ,a tired1 balky horse is less apt to balk than one fresh from the stable1 and such horses are oftentimes kept in harness right up to the time of sale4 ,this is a 8,david ,harum0 trick and well worth remembering4 ,also1 when a horse balks1 be careful to examine his shoulders4 ,soreness of the skin may be the cause4 ,it is a trick of the 8gyps0 secretly to bathe the shoulders of a horse with an irritating solution which in #ab hours or less makes the animal refuse to pull in harness4 ,they do this with horses on which they purpose making a bid the following day in the hope that when the victim balks the owner will become disgusted and discount the price4 ,some horses balk when worked in single harness but go all right when hitched double4 ,chloroform is sometimes used to make a balky horse stupid1 so that he will forget to balk4 ,kindness1 petting1 coaxing with a lump of sugar1 carrot1 apple or other dainty sometimes succeeds with a balky horse when harsh measures fail4 ,cruel procedures should be discountenanced and punished and among these the worst trick1 perhaps1 is to start a fire of paper1 straw or brush under the balker4 ,sometimes all that is necessary is to distract the animal's attention by pounding lightly with a stone on the shoe of a fore foot1 by tying a cord around the leg under the knee1 or by holding up one foot for a few minutes4 ,when a horse balks1 one way of curing him is to remove the harness1 put on a halter1 pull his head around to his side and tie the halter rope in a slip-knot to a strand or two of the tail hair1 so as to keep the head well toward the tail4 ,then he is forced to walk around in a circle until he staggers and is ready to drop1 when the rope may be loosed and the horse will be likely to behave and remember the lesson for some time4 ,some horses balk by lying down and refusing to budge4 ,if the four feet of such a sulker are 8hog-tied0 together and he is abandoned and allowed to remain tied for an hour or two1 he will usually be thankful to get up and go on when set at liberty4 ,one owner broke a balker by working him on a mower for a few days with his tail tied to the singletree tight enough to take part of the strain4 ,after that he would pull by the tugs without having his tail tied4 ,the 8guy rope0 plan is sometimes effective4 ,a small rope is tied around the horse's neck and a half hitch taken with it on his lower jaw4 ,a husky man then pulls steadily upon the rope and the horse will usually start forward with a lunge4 ,if not a confirmed old balker he may give up the standing habit if treated in this way a few times4 ,light1 rapid switching across the nose with a light whip sometimes starts a balker1 but severe whipping has an opposite effect4 ,the writer once was called to see a draft work-mare that was 8down0 in an ,irish teamster's yard and refused to get up4 ,the poor brute was surrounded with whips and sticks that had been broken over her back1 and her body was covered with welts from the whipping4 ,the neighbors thronged around to see what would happen when the 8,doctor0 tried his hand at a job which had baffled their attempts4 ,examination of the pulse showed a normal condition and the membranes of the eyes gave no indication of sickness4 ,after the mare's head and neck had been patted and stroked for a few minutes1 and she had been spoken to kindly and gently1 she got up at once when the halter was pulled upon and the word of command given4 ,then she followed the veterinarian about the yard like a dog1 recognizing him as her only friend1 and ever since that teamster has said1 8,sure that mon has the power iv healin' in his hands60 ,whereas1 the abused mare only needed and wanted a little kindness and coaxing4 ,here is a cure for balking recommended by ,e4 ,a4 ,gerrard3 8,in order to break a balky horse it is necessary to have the appliances1 though the first requirement is a cool head4 ,next you will want a steady horse to hitch with the balky one1 together with a strong hopple strap1 a rope and a covered swivel pulley1 and a good harness and wagon with a long tongue1 though one of ordinary length will do4 ,fasten your pulley on the end of the tongue so that it will work free2 put the hopple on the balky horse's hind ankle1 next to the tongue1 and tie the rope in the hopple ring4 ,now run it through the belly-band1 up through the pulley and back to the end of the doubletree on the side of the balky horse1 and tie it fast4 ,see that your horses are standing even1 making the rope snug1 so that the horse can stand easy4 ,take off your stay chains1 sever the line from the terrets on the balky horse1 get into the wagon1 gather your lines so that you can have control1 keep cool1 and wait half a minute2 then speak to the team and start the steady horse4 ,as he starts he pulls his end of the doubletree forward and draws on the wagon1 the other end of the doubletree going back1 pulling the rope through the pulley and lifting the balky horse's foot4 ,he tries to put his foot down and in doing so he takes a step4 ,say1 #8whoa6' and stop your steady horse4 ,do not let the balky horse make more than one step4 ,now sit still for half a minute1 then start again1 stopping as soon as the first step is made1 by the same process4 ,sit still for another half minute1 then repeat4 ,each time you will have taught your horse that when you told him to go he had to step4 ,now if you are a horseman get down1 go to your horse's head1 pat his neck1 tell him he is doing well and that he will be the best pulling horse on the place4 ,then try him again4 ,if he is very anxious to go at the word1 let him make six or eight steps1 then stop and sit quiet for half a minute4 ,gradually increase the distance you allow them to go each time1 not forgetting to stop long enough to allay any excitement before starting again4 ,when you have driven half a mile be sure you are back at the stable1 take your horse out1 have a bottle of strong borax water at hand and bathe his ankle for five minutes where the hopple rubbed it4 ,on the next day hitch up with the balker on the other side of the tongue4 ,with most balky horses two lessons will prove enough2 often one will answer4 ,but if the horse is old he may forget in two or three weeks1 if rested much1 so you will need to keep your appliances ready and put them on at the first sign of balking4 ,there is little danger of a horse forgetting if he is worked with the same mate and driver2 therefore if you want a perfect job you will do well to change the driver and the mate while the lesson is fresh40 ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4 ,osburn1 of ,benton ,county1 ,indiana1 is the author of the following method of handling a balky mare3 8,i had a good true horse to put beside this mare1 one which ,i knew could pull two such as she4 ,then instead of putting a stay chain to my true horse ,i put on what ,i call a stay rope1 looping it around the balky mare's tail1 drawing it up short and tying it to the other horse's hame ring4 ,whenever ,i spoke to my true puller something else had to come although the balky mare was not very hasty to respond for the first few lessons4 ,we now have her convinced and ,i drive her single1 ride her when driving cattle1 can use the cattle whip over her1 and she pays no attention to it4 ,at times she runs idle for a week or ten days1 but she never gives me a minute's bother when ,i use her again40 ,secret of ,curing a ,stall ,kicker4 ,various methods have been proposed from time to time for stopping a horse from kicking in the stall4 ,here are several gleaned from various sources3 ,strap a piece of chain1 about #ah inches to #b feet in length1 to the horse's pastern so that it will fly back and hit him each time he kicks4 ,a trace or stay chain will do4 ,pad the sides of the stall thickly with hay or straw kept in place by sacking4 ,when the horse kicks at this and does not hear the sound of his foot striking the boards1 he will be scared and quit kicking4 ,buckle a leather surcingle around the horse's body back of the fore legs and to it fasten a small double pulley placed under the belly4 ,now place straps with buckles on them on each of his legs below the fetlock joint1 having a ring in each strap4 ,take inch rope1 tie to the ring on one front foot1 run it up through the pulley1 back to the hind foot on the opposite side and tie1 then do the same with the opposite feet4 ,leave the rope long enough for the animal to step4 ,when an attempt is made to kick1 the pulley raises the front feet4 ,use this in the stable until the kicking habit is cured4 ,to cure a barn kicker pack an ordinary grain bag tight with hay or straw and suspend it from top of the stall by a rope or strap1 so that it will swing free from the side of the stall and near the place the horse strikes the boards when he kicks4 ,when kicked the bag will swing back and hit the horse on its return trip1 and he will climb into the hay mow1 if he can4 ,if the horse kicks with both feet1 hang a bag on each side4 ,tie the kicking horse between swinging partitions whether in a single or box stall4 ,the partition kicks back each time it is kicked by the horse4 ,an 8,old ,timer0 writing in the ,breeders' ,gazette1 suggests the following plan for a pregnant mare that is a bad kicker3 8,have a collar made of #a inch first-class heavy harness leather1 long enough to go around the mare's neck at the point where the collar fits1 with #a inch ring at the breast1 then get a strap #a inches wide1 the full length of a side of harness leather1 cut tapering to #a inch or less at the tip of the light end1 with #a inch ring in the other4 ,then get a #b inch strap just long enough to go around the pastern of the hind foot with inch ring in each end4 ,have the edges of this strap slightly champered4 ,slip the collar on the mare's neck1 put the short strap around the pastern of the left hind foot1 the thin long strap through the rings on the pastern1 then through the ring on the end of the long strap1 and slip up snug and tight3 next1 run the strap between the fore legs and through the ring in the collar on the neck4 ,now draw it up snug when she is standing in her natural position and secure it with a slip-knot so that it can be easily removed when necessary4 ,there will be no excitement about this1 and no punishment4 ,it does not interfere with the mare's lying down or getting up2 all it will do for her will be to prevent her from kicking1 simply because she cannot1 and she will soon learn to live in peace with her stable mates4 ,we have used this for many years without a failure1 and we would be pleased to have all humane horsemen use it in preference to a long chain or heavy swinging block or padded stall40 ,secret ,tricks in ,horse ,trading4 ,secret of ,shutting a ,heaver4 ,heaves or broken wind more commonly perhaps than any other unsoundness1 offers opportunity and necessity for skilful handling by the trickster in horse dealing4 ,there are numerous plans for the temporary relief of this disease1 and so skilfully is the work done that often it is not suspected or discovered under twenty-four hours following a purchase4 ,the 8patient0 receives no bulky food and all feed is wetted4 ,sometimes ammonia water is used in sprinkling the hay1 and the observant buyer may detect this by the odor4 ,lime water or a solution of baking soda also is frequently used4 ,an examination of the bit may show that it has been 8medicated02 and allowing the horse to drink all the water he wants will be likely to disclose the heaves when he is made to gallop or pull a load4 ,a pint of whiskey well diluted with water given as a drench also will be likely quickly to offset the effect of drugs4 ,it is not the province of this book to furnish formul of the mixtures or medicines used to 8dope0 or 8shut0 heavey horses1 but rather to put the buyer on his guard so that forewarned he may be forearmed4 ,therefore1 the following 8dopes0 employed for dishonest purposes are mentioned3 ,arsenic1 stramonium1 lobelia1 indigo1 chloral hydrate1 opium1 melted lard1 lead shot1 raw eggs1 milk1 fresh ox blood1 vinegar1 kerosene1 slaked lime in drinking water1 etc41 and in olden days a fistulous opening was made in connection with the rectum for the free and silent passage of gas4 ,if the buyer is allowed twenty-four hours in which to reject a horse1 heaves1 if present1 will usually show up in that time if the horse is given an abundance of drinking water and bulky food and then is put to work4 ,secret of ,plugging a ,roarer4 ,it is well to examine the horse's nostrils when making a purchase1 otherwise he may sneeze out one or more sponges on arriving at his new home4 ,the sponges are inserted to prevent a 8roarer0 from making a noise when breathing4 ,this is also accomplished by fastening a spring truss to the nose band of the bridle in such a way that it causes pressure upon the false nostrils and so lessens the intake of air when the horse is in motion4 ,sponges even of fine quality clog with mucus if left in place too long4 ,dealers tie fine cords to the sponges and by this means pull them out of the nostrils as soon as the horse is sold4 ,another plan is to cut off the ends of a lemon1 squeeze it dry and then insert it in the nostril4 ,it is left there with impunity as it will soon dry out1 shrivel and be sneezed out of the nostril4 ,another trick is to pack the horse's sheath with oakum to prevent unpleasant noises when he is trotting2 and the vagina of a lacerated 7gill flirt7 mare may be similarly treated for a like reason4 ,laceration of the perineum1 an accident occurring at parturition1 is usually incurable1 hence the importance of making a careful examination when buying a mare4 ,diamond ,cut ,diamond4 ,it is not always at the time of making a sale that the 8gyp0 practises sharp tricks4 ,when occasion offers he has been known purposely to depreciate the value of a horse he wishes to buy4 ,if he can make it appear that the horse is lame1 sick1 broken-winded1 weak eyed or balky he may acquire him at a discount1 and he has secret methods of accomplishing his dishonest ends4 ,a fine wire or cord tied around the pastern soon causes symptoms simulating those of founder2 or the horse limps painfully after a horse-hair has by means of a needle been passed through a certain part of his leg1 or when a small nail has been driven into the foot or a gravel or bean put under the shoe4 ,a horse will stop eating and so appear sick when tallow has been smeared upon the roof of the mouth and inner side of the upper incisor teeth2 or refuse to pull when his shoulders and breast have been bathed with an irritating solution of corrosive sublimate1 tincture of cantharides1 or tartar emetic2 or seem to have glanders when fresh butter has been melted and poured in his ears2 or afflicted with eye disease when whole flaxseed has been chewed and rubbed on the eyes2 or he can be made fractious by an application of a caustic fluid4 ,the owner should make a careful search for such causes of unsoundness should his horse mysteriously go wrong at the time when a trade is pending1 and on recognizing the possibility of a trick it is better to call the deal off than to discount the price4 ,making a ,horse ,act ,mean4 ,when a 8gyp0 dealer learns that a farmer is having difficulty in training a high-strung young horse1 he tries to buy him at a discount1 and unless closely watched will try to make the horse act mean when examined4 ,he asks the owner to harness or ride the horse1 and diverting his attention for a moment1 applies an irritating substance to the heels1 or some other part of the animal1 causing him to kick1 plunge and attempt to run away4 ,he calls his secret dope 8dog water10 8hop-up10 8soup0 or 8fog10 and its effect is intended so to disgust the horse owner that he will be glad to sell the fractious beast at a bargain4 ,often1 should a buyer visit a scalper's stable in the city1 he will be shown a fine-looking horse and attractive harness and wagon4 ,the price asked for the horse and outfit is a low one1 and the stranger jumps at the chance to acquire the property2 but just as the horse is being hitched up1 he begins to kick or behave badly under the influence of a dose of 8soup40 ,the intending buyer immediately suffers from 8cold feet10 and is readily induced to take an inferior horse4 ,the fine horse and outfit are thus used times without number to attract buyers and assist in the sale of unattractive1 cheap horses at profitable prices4 ,blowing ,air ,under the ,skin4 ,when the muscles of the shoulder have wasted away1 constituting the condition termed 8sweeny10 air sometimes is blown under the skin to give the part a plump condition4 ,this trick is easily detected1 for when the hand is passed over the inflated part it crackles 7crepitates7 showing the presence of air under the skin 7emphysema74 ,the same trick is practised to make an old horse appear younger than he really is1 the hollow's over the eyes being blown up by means of a hollow needle1 quill or straw passed through the skin4 ,for low hip and atrophy of the shoulder muscles we have also known tricksters to inject a two per cent solution of phenol under the skin and then thoroughly massage the part4 ,stopping a ,switcher4 ,apart from operating upon the muscles of the tail to prevent switching1 which often is a bad vice in mares1 dealers resort to the following trick3 ,the tail is tied up over the horse's back as tightly as possible and left in that position over night4 ,it becomes so numbed by this treatment that the horse is unable to use it for half a day or so after it is let down4 ,the switching habit is also mechanically prevented1 when the mare is hitched1 by fastening a strand of the hair or string from each side of the tail to a part of the breeching of harness4 ,tail switching is less likely to be noticed by the buyer if the tail is tied up or braided4 ,therefore1 it is well to let the tail down for this and other reasons before deciding to buy the horse4 ,the ,turpentine and ,gasoline ,tricks4 ,temporarily to lessen or remedy the lameness of a footsore horse1 turpentine heated to the boiling point is poured into the sole of the foot4 ,it can be held there for five minutes by binding a bandage around the foot so that the turpentine cannot run down over the hoof-head4 ,the buyer may readily detect this trick1 as the odor of turpentine gives it away when the hoof is examined4 ,it also is alleged that the following treatment is given for muscle soreness1 caused by use over hard stones3 ,the night before he wishes to sell the horse affected in this way1 the 8gyp0 dealer will pour gasoline over the withers1 and let it flow down both shoulders and forearms4 ,the gasoline contracts the capillaries and larger blood vessels and diminishes the blood pressure and nerve sensibility1 thus allowing a nearly natural movement of the muscles4 ,of course as soon as the effect of the gasoline passes away the soreness will return4 ,if gasoline were rubbed on the muscles it would probably result in a blister4 ,gingering a ,show ,horse4 ,as a preparation for the show ring contest1 or before exhibiting a horse to a prospective buyer1 it is almost the general practise to insert ginger root in the animal's rectum that the irritation produced thereby may cause it to carry a high tail and show spirit and action4 ,while this objectionable practise obtains most as regards coach and carriage horses1 it is also followed by exhibitors and sellers of draft stallions and mares1 and of recent years has been practised extensively4 ,indeed the trick is becoming far too common1 and we have even seen it boldly and flagrantly practised in the judging ring to the disgust of all decent and fair-minded spectators4 ,possibly there may be some excuse for the practise as a means of setting a show or sale horse 8on edge10 but if allowed at all it should at least be done in private and be absolutely prohibited as a public act in the show ring4 ,we sincerely trust that managers of horse shows will take this view of the matter2 and officers of the humane societies should see to it that horses are not excessively tortured in this way4 ,while the grooms of some horse exhibitors use ginger in the judging ring1 others pay some regard to the rules of decency by backing the horses into their stalls before showing so that the trick may be practised unnoticed by the visitors who throng the aisles of the horse barns4 ,we have heard of such a plan being followed when preparing the entire string of coach horses of one owner for the evening exhibit at a great horse show4 ,unnerving and ,cocaining4 ,chronic lameness is done away with by skilful obliteration of the large nerves which supply the affected parts with sensation4 ,the operation is termed nerving or unnerving in common parlance and1 properly1 as neurectomy4 ,it consists in cutting down upon the nerve and then removing a portion so that its function is destroyed so far as the portion below the seat of operation is concerned4 ,unnerving is most often done to hide the lameness caused by navicular disease which is incurable3 it may also be practised on account of ringbone1 side-bone1 founder or other unsoundness of the foot4 ,after unnerving the horse does not evince pain when the parts below the seat of the operation are pinched or pricked4 ,the operation merely does away with pain and lameness4 ,it is in no way a cure4 ,cocaine or eucaine solution injected by means of a hypodermic syringe upon the nerves at the points where neurectomy would be performed will temporarily have an effect like that of the operation4 ,just after the injection a swollen or puffed place may be discovered at the point where the hypodermic needle was inserted1 and local soreness may be present after the effects of the drug have subsided4 ,keep an ,eye on the ,sign-,board4 ,dr4 ,hawley advises that when buying horses at auction one should watch the sign-board1 as it may be suddenly shifted from 8serviceably sound0 to 8wind and work40 ,in such a case a horse slightly lame may be purchased with no chance of rejection4 ,secret of ,hiding a ,spavin4 ,it is an old 8gyp0 trick to beat one hock-joint with a stick so that it will swell and acquire the same size as the hock unsound from spavin4 ,caustic solutions injected under the skin at the seat of spavin also smooth the appearance of the joint4 ,if spavin is suspected1 test for it by picking up the hind foot and holding it toward the stifle for two or three minutes so as to tightly shut the hock-joint4 ,then drop the foot and instantly have the horse trotted4 ,if spavin1 apparent or hidden 7occult71 is present the horse will hop off on three legs1 or go much lamer than before4 ,artificially ,induced ,knee ,action4 ,true knee action is an inborn trait in certain horses1 such as those of the ,english hackney breed1 and some families of ,american trotters2 but in many high-stepping horses1 sold on the market1 such action is unnatural1 and has been acquired4 ,the true knee actor flexes his hocks about as freely as he does his knees4 ,this is the test3 ,watch a fashionable1 high-going coacher1 and if the action is not well balanced1 and if the hind legs are imperfectly flexed1 and seem to have difficulty in 8keeping up with the procession10 depend upon it that the horse has been trained to go as he does and easily may forget his lessons on leaving school4 ,the 8gyp0 trick is to wet the hoof heads with turpentine1 which sets up intense irritation and induces knee action4 ,this is readily discovered by remembering to run the hands over the coronets when examining the horse1 then noting if they smell of any drug4 ,the horse trainer1 on the other hand1 develops high knee action by putting on heavy shoes1 the toes being left long2 by trotting and galloping the horse in plowed land1 deep snow1 or a deep bed of straw4 ,he also frequently taps the legs back of the knees with a whip or light stick as the horse takes daily walking exercise4 ,soon the animal learns the trick of high stepping1 and thus is ready to match with one of like kind and gait1 for sale at a high figure to some rich man in the city4 ,a coach horse with extraordinary high knee action was sold by a dealer to a city man for #djj4 ,in a few days the buyer returned the horse saying1 8,sell him over again2 you put him on me1 now stick some one else with him40 ,this horse had stringhalt in both fore legs which caused him to go high4 ,in buying a coach or hackney stallion or mare for breeding purposes1 see to it that the high action is natural and not acquired or due to chorea1 else the tendency to step high will not be transmitted to the progeny4 ,the ,artificial ,tail ,trick4 ,where a horse is bought without careful examination of the tail1 it may transpire when too late for redress that the switching appendage has been joined on4 ,we remember examining a fine1 thoroughbred running horse that was to be used for saddle purposes4 ,everything passed scrutiny until we came to the tail1 which was that of some other horse1 nicely held in place by clamps4 ,when it was removed it was found that the horse under examination possessed a mere vestigial stump of a tail--a regular shaving brush affair--and on that account the deal1 like the tail1 was all off4 ,draft and work horses are often offered with the tail braided and tied up4 ,where this is the case1 the intending buyer should let the tail down and then he may find that a big foreign switch has been braided in with the scant supply of natural hair4 ,the critical examination of the tail will also save the prospective purchaser from acquiring an animal afflicted with pigment tumors 7see page #dh71 or one that is about to lose a portion of the tail by gangrene1 due to keeping a cord too tightly and too long around the part when tied up in muddy weather1 or while exposed for sale4 ,keeping a ,horse 8,in the ,air40 ,the dealer tries to keep a horse 8in the air0 as much as possible when showing him to a prospective buyer1 but the latter should be sure to examine the horse when he is 8standing at ease40 ,the object of keeping the horse rattled by cracking whips1 shaking barn door latches1 rattling a whip handle inside of a derby hat1 whooping1 yelling1 and chasing behind him1 is to make him appear spirited1 or to hide some lameness4 ,often the horse so treated has a spavin1 the laming effects of which disappear with exercise1 and this also is true if the horse has navicular disease or chorea4 ,this absurd treatment of the horse is customary in the selling of a heavy draft stallion that has been so fattened1 pampered and drugged that he is practically asleep half the time1 and has to be waked up by strenuous means to give him an appearance of life4 ,a naturally acute and wide-awake horse needs little urging4 ,the ,loose ,shoe ,trick4 ,when a horse is a poor mover1 but stylish and likely to be a prize winner in the show ring1 the owner tries to avoid putting him through his paces before the judges4 ,a shoe is loosely tacked on1 so that when the horse is trotted it comes off1 and the owner then blames imperfection of motion to the loss of the shoe4 ,we remember a case in the judging ring where a stallion with notoriously poor1 flat1 brittle hoofs was being trotted out for inspection by the awarding committee4 ,at the first trot out1 off flew the shoe1 carrying with it a goodly portion of horny wall4 8,too bad1 too bad60 condoled the judge with the owner1 who instantly replied1 8,oh1 that's all right2 a horse with a foot like that will never miss it60 ,and the judge--a beginner--seemed to take it for granted that the foot was a specially good one1 precisely as he was expected to do1 and he gave the horse a prize1 although he had not been properly shown out like his rivals4 ,wire ,marks ,over ,side-,bones4 ,instances have been disclosed where gashes have purposely been cut with a knife on the hoof head just over a prominent side-bone so that when the wounds healed and left large scars the side-bones might be laid to a wire cut4 ,this trick is mostly used in the case of a stallion that might1 on account of a side-bone1 be refused a license for public service in states where laws are in force for the supervision of the horse breeding industry4 ,in ,wisconsin1 which was the first state to enact a stallion service law1 we found large scars over side-bones on both fore feet of a pure-bred draft stallion4 ,in another case1 where a complaint was filed to the effect that a stallion was unsound from side-bone1 the owner claimed by letter that the side-bone was due to a calk wound4 ,examination by a veterinarian disclosed the fact that the wound scar was over a side-bone on a hind foot1 and there were two large side-bones on each fore foot and no scars on the latter4 ,the state license of this horse was promptly cancelled for cause4 ,wedging a ,cribber4 ,some dealers temporarily make a horse desist from cribbing by driving hard wood wedges between his front incisor teeth4 ,another old plan is to saw between the teeth4 ,the soreness makes it painful for the horse to practise the habit of cribbing4 ,such a horse may be returned to the commission man1 no matter how much time has elapsed since the purchase4 ,the trick is difficult to discover unless the horse has cribbed long enough to render the appearance of the teeth suspicious4 ,in the confirmed cribber the teeth are worn off or levelled and usually have lost the marks4 ,another way of stopping a horse from cribbing is to blindfold the animal1 place a block of wood on the incisor teeth and strike it with a mallet4 ,by this cruel means the parts are made so sore that the horse temporarily stops catching hold of the manger to crib and suck wind4 ,the buyer should always1 when possible1 see the horse in the stall prior to the show out4 ,if he remembers this and moves quick enough he may see the horse wearing a strap buckled around his neck just back of the ears4 ,such a horse is a cribber and wind-sucker and the strap is put on to prevent the latter vice4 ,making an ,artificial ,star4 ,it sometimes happens or is claimed to have happened that a pure-bred foal1 registered when young in the stud book1 is set down as having a star in its forehead but which on attaining maturity shows no such mark4 ,sometimes in matching horses a difficulty is experienced when a perfect mate is found with the exception that a star is lacking4 ,in such cases the horseman is occasionally more or less successful in producing an artificial star4 ,one plan suggested is to cut a boiling hot potato in two and instantly apply the cut surface to the skin of the forehead4 ,the scalding removes the hair and it comes in white1 but a careful examination of such an artificial scar often will disclose a small pink1 hairless spot in the center of the mark4 ,the same tell-tale spot is seen where the artificial star has been produced by cauterizing with a red-hot iron or scalding with boiling water4 ,the discovery of an artificial star on the forehead of a stallion or mare sold as pure-bred and registered is sufficient reason for making a careful investigation as to the identity of the animal and the integrity of the seller4 ,an old book gives the following plan of making an artificial star3 ,take a piece of coarse tow-linen1 the size of the wished-for star4 ,spread on it warm pitch1 and apply it to the shaved spot2 leave it on for two or three days1 then wash with a smart water1 or elixir of vitriol1 two or three times a day until well4 ,when the hair grows it will be white4 ,black ,spots on a ,white ,horse4 ,an old veterinary book says3 ,take of powdered quicklime half a pound1 and litharge four ounces4 ,beat well the litharge with the lime4 ,the above is to be put into a vessel and a sharp lye is to be poured over it4 ,this is the coloring matter which must be applied to such parts of the animal as you wish to have dyed black4 ,broken ,crest or ,wrong ,lying ,mane4 ,in certain gross1 coarse-necked1 heavy-maned1 plethoric draft stallions advancing in age it is not uncommon to find the crest broken over under the weight of the mane4 ,attempts are sometimes made by the owner or seller to offset this objectionable condition by braiding the mane and causing it to lie upon the side of the neck opposite the break by weighting with flat strips of lead attached to the hair4 ,if the crest breaks over to either side the mane may be roached4 ,weights may also be used in similar fashion to shed the mane of one horse of a pair so that it will lie on the proper side of the neck to make the team well matched and dressed4 ,a broken crest is objectionable in a stallion as it indicates coarseness and grossness1 a tendency to which is likely to be transmitted4 ,the term broken crest is sometimes applied in the market to a horse affected with fistulous withers or scarred therefrom4 ,concealing ,discharging ,sinuses4 ,it is not uncommon for a horse to have a fistula 7opening or sinus7 of a salivary duct4 ,where this is so there will be a discharge of saliva which appears as a limpid1 transparent liquid oozing out or flowing in a stream4 ,it is most profuse when the animal is eating and at that time may escape in jets4 ,such fistul commonly involve ,stenon's duct and are located on the side of the face or jaw4 ,they are difficult to remedy1 and the dealer resorts to the use of strong astringents and then plugs the openings tightly with cotton to temporarily prevent escape of saliva until a sale has been effected4 ,a fistula connecting with the root of a diseased molar and discharging pus through a sinus 7pipe7 the orifice of which is under the lower jaw1 may be plugged in similar fashion1 to be discovered later by the chagrined buyer4 ,it also is possible temporarily to prevent escape of pus from small chronic fistul or those resulting from poll-evil1 fistulous withers or trephining of the bones of the face4 ,the ,galloping ,past ,dodge4 ,some horses roar loudly when going fast in harness1 but are instantly quiet when action ceases4 ,to prevent the detection of this unsoundness the seller1 unless prevented from doing so by an experienced buyer1 gallops the horse past the latter and1 by tugging upon the lines1 makes it appear that the animal is trying to run away or is difficult to control4 ,the team is pulled up some distance away and by the time the buyer gets there the horse has resumed normal breathing4 ,the better way to test the horse's wind is to lock the rear wheels of a wagon by thrusting a strong stick between the spokes from one wheel to the other2 then make the horses pull the wagon at a run and be at their heads the moment they stop4 ,such horses may not be true roarers but mechanical chokers with thick1 bull necks or enlarged throat glands4 ,these are practically sound and only roar when pulling a heavy load up hill or on getting the chin down close to the chest4 ,keeping a ,horse on ,edge4 ,a horseman of the old school writes3 8,when dealers have had a horse some time in their stables1 they exercise him with a whip two or three times a day1 so that when a #8chapman' goes to look at him1 they have only to stir their hand with the whip in it4 ,under such conditions it is hard to say whether the horse1 fearful of a drubbing1 is lame or not1 and a good judge may be deceived40 ,in another place he says3 8,a horse that goes with his fore feet low is very apt to stumble and there are some that go so near the ground that they stumble most on even road1 and the dealers1 to remedy this1 put heavy shoes on their feet1 for the heavier a horse's shoes are1 the higher he will lift his feet40 8,an ,eye for ,an ,eye40 ,the buyer should have a keen look out for the eye of the horse2 otherwise he may easily make sad mistakes in the market4 ,the pupil of the eye should contract when the horse comes out into the light4 ,if it does not1 the eye is blind1 or at least unsound4 ,such eyes have an unnatural appearance which should attract the attention of the alert examiner1 but he will be very apt to overlook the blindness if the horse is led out into the bright sunshine4 ,where a horse has recently become blind from periodic ophthalmia 7moon blindness71 he may still be able to detect a bright light1 and so when exposed to sunshine1 may throw up his head and look directly at the sun4 ,this act makes the examiner liable to consider the eyes sound4 ,periodic ophthalmia1 as suggested by the term1 comes on at intervals1 but eventually after repeated attacks ends in blindness of one or both eyes4 ,a horse that has had a few attacks1 causing a slight opacity of the cornea 7scum71 is a favorite with the scalper1 as he can be bought cheap1 treated for the temporary clearing up of the eyes1 and sold at a profit to an unwary buyer4 ,the disease is incurable1 and its presence is to be suspected when the eyebrow appears triangular and wrinkled1 and the eye looks smaller than its mate1 or a healthy eye1 and is retracted into the orbit4 ,unscrupulous buyers sometimes render a horse temporarily blind by chewing whole flaxseed to a pulp and smearing it in the eye4 ,by washing a cloudy1 sticky-looking eyeball1 this trick is readily discovered4 ,a horse may also be rendered temporarily blind by the administration of certain drugs4 ,the clearing-up process of treating a blue-eyed or moon-blind horse also is effected by skilful use of such drugs as atropia1 belladonna1 eserine1 nitrate of mercury ointment1 bloodroot1 alum1 calomel1 etc4 ,their effect is transitory1 and the horse soon has an unmistakable attack of ophthalmia4 ,examine the ,ears4 ,it will be well to 8put a flea in the ear0 of the man who contemplates buying a horse and who may not know that the ear will bear investigation4 ,if the animal will not submit to inspection1 look out6 ,the horse that will not allow one to handle his ears1 or fights when the attempt is made1 may be a terror to shoe1 and therefore has had the 8twitch0 put on his ear many a time in the blacksmith's shop2 or he may have had poll-evil1 some injury to the ear1 or head1 or have a disease present which makes the ear sore or sensitive4 ,a horse so affected is difficult to handle1 as he fights when the halter or bridle is put on4 ,sometimes a fine silken thread may be found running under the forelock from ear to ear to prevent them from lopping over4 ,or there may be a leaden bullet suspended by a silk thread in the hollow of the ear to prevent its constant motion4 ,sometimes the motion indicates impaired sight or nervousness1 whereas the lack of it may indicate deafness4 ,then1 too1 we sometimes find at the base of the ear a chronic1 almost incurable fistulous opening and tract connecting with the bursa mucosa1 constantly discharging a substance like liquid vaseline1 which daubs and mats the hair1 giving the part an untidy1 filthy appearance4 ,besides this1 temporarily stitched and glued split ears1 chronic eczema and warts may be looked for and avoided4 ,it is more difficult to find ear ticks1 such as are met with in southwestern states1 but when present they cause great irritation1 and may make a horse fractious4 ,bishoping1 an ,old ,trick4 ,john ,c4 ,knowlson1#a an old farrier1 writing in #ahej1 says3 8,horse dealers have a trick of knocking out the nook teeth at three years and a half1 to make a horse appear five years old when only four2 but they cannot raise the tusks4 ,at six years old the nook teeth are a little hollow1 and at seven there is a black mark1 like the end of a ripe bean4 ,afterwards you will observe the flesh shrink from the teeth1 which grow long and yellow4 ,horse dealers have also a method which they call ,bishoping a horse's mouth2 that is1 filing the tusks shorter1 rounding them at the ends1 taking a little out of the nook teeth1 so as to make them rather hollow1 and then burning them with a hot iron4 ,i was hired by ,anthony ,johnson1 of ,wincolmlee1 ,hull1 as farrier to a number of horses that were going to the city of ,moscow1 in ,russia1 for sale1 and we had a little gray horse1 called ,peatum1 that was seventeen years old1 the mouth of which ,i bishoped1 and he passed for six years old1 and was the first horse sold1 and for #ejj ,english money6 ,i only mention this as a caution to horse buyers40 #a ,see note on page #dg1 relating to 8,an old operation for spavin40 ,how ,bishoping is ,done4 ,bishoping is dental forgery1 false marks being made on the incisor teeth to make an old horse appear young4 ,it is a dishonest practise and not to be countenanced for a moment by a reputable horseman4 ,the modus operandi of the business is told as follows in a well-known book on 8,animal ,dentistry03 8,renewal of the cups 7bishoping7 is the most important of the artificial attempts to make horses appear younger1 and if performed intelligently upon horses that are not too old1 together with the shortening and polishing of the crowns of the superior incisors1 may deceive even the vaunted expert4 ,the operation consists of cutting large cups in the inferior corners1 smaller ones in the laterals and mere dots in the centrals and then staining them with silver nitrate4 ,the cupping process is performed with an engraver's gouge1 and a revolving hand drill1 or by the modern ingenious implement in vogue in the ,chicago market1 consisting of the foot engine used by human dentists1 equipped with a circular cutting wheel1 by which cups of perfectly normal shape and size can be made4 ,the horse is backed into a single stall and secured in a dental halter4 ,an assistant works the dental engine with the foot4 ,the operator holding the hand piece of the flexible shaft in the right hand and the jaw in the other1 cuts first a large elliptical cup1 with sharp commissures1 in the table of the corner incisors1 then smaller ones in the laterals and small dots in the centrals4 ,as the wheel revolves with great velocity1 the cupping is the work of but a moment1 if the horse stands complacently4 ,when the corner tooth has but a small table it is enlarged by filling and the cup is cut across its entire length4 ,the cup in the corners is frequently made with a rounded belly internally and a sharp commissure externally to give a more confusing if not a more natural appearance4 ,when the cupping process is complete1 the arcade is dried and kept free from saliva by wrapping the jaw behind the teeth with a cloth or towel4 ,the cups are then stained by applying a saturated solution of silver nitrate with a stick and then drying it immediately by plunging the head of a burning match into it4 ,the drying process immediately blackens the cavity4 ,if the stain flows over the table of the tooth it is filed off4 ,shortening1 polishing1 cupping and staining the incisor teeth of a nine or ten-year-old horse may be so cleverly performed that the most circumspect study of the mouth may fail to detect the alteration4 ,in these cases the cupping is limited to the removal of the crusta petrosa within the infundibula1 thus leaving the cup with a perfect enamel boundary4 ,at that age the other retrogressive changes are not pronounced1 and afford but little evidence to guide the diagnostician4 ,when horses are past the age of twelve years the results of these operations are easily detected by the interrupted contact of the incisor arcades 7rows of teeth7 and especially by the angle of inclination1 which is never altered by any natural process and which cannot be artificially changed4 ,the shape of the tables and the absence of enamel around the cup will also lead readily to detection of the fraudulent attempts to make very old horses appear younger40 ,miscellaneous ,secrets4 ,the ,widow ,trick4 ,some years since it was common to find cunningly worded horse-sale advertisements in the daily newspapers1 offering seemingly valuable animals at sacrifice prices4 ,in some of these advertisements it was stated that a widow about to leave for ,europe1 where she hoped to be able to assuage the grief of her recent bereavement1 would sell her favorite carriage horse1 provided she could be assured of a good home and kind treatment for the highly esteemed animal4 ,in reality the widow was a myth and the valuable horse a good looking1 but worthless 8robber40 ,the scheme was craftily carried out1 and many a man from the country fell a dupe to the wiles of the 8widow0 and her confederates4 ,on going to the address mentioned in the advertisement1 the prospective buyer would find a large stable in the rear of a fine old-fashioned mansion on one of the outlying boulevards or avenues4 ,here in charge of a glib-tongued coachman1 usually a colored man1 would be found several finely groomed horses standing knee deep in the finest of wheat straw bedding and surrounded by every appointment of a swell private stable4 ,opening negotiations with the groom1 the buyer would hear one of the most plausible and pleasing tales imaginable elaborative of a similar1 condensed story told in the glowing advertisement that had induced the visit4 ,the filly or gelding would be described as bred in the purple1 by ,allerton1 out of ,kentucky ,queen1 she by a ,pilot ,jr41 or some such combination of standard blood1 possessed of great speed1 having done halves in #a4jh1 a final quarter in #cd seconds1 and the half 8would have been as good as #a4jf had the track #8near the pole' not been heavy from a recent rain40 ,when the purchaser had become interested1 but not sufficiently so to agree to a somewhat steep price1 the 8widow0 dressed in deepest mourning and heavily veiled would opportunely appear upon the scene1 do the weeping act and manage matters so adroitly that soon a bargain would be struck at a handsome figure4 ,sometimes a 8,colonel0 or a 8,general0 or a 8,judge0 would take the place of the 8widow10 the man posing as that character being suitably dressed for the part1 commanding in appearance1 and so plausible and polished in address as to disarm all suspicion4 ,during the preliminary negotiations between the groom and the buyer1 the 8,general0 would be conveniently stationed in the hay-loft overhead and would be summoned by electric bell when wanted1 the 8sucker0 meanwhile being taken into the alley to see the horse go through his paces4 ,needless to say that the buyer on getting the horse home and trying him out quickly rued his bargain1 and equally unnecessary to say that when he went back to the swell stable for redress he found the place abandoned and was wholly unable to locate the men who had perpetrated the swindle4 ,this method of fleecing the unwary buyer is still in vogue but far less common than was the case before the advent of the automobile4 ,still it will be well to take glowing horse-sale advertisements with a large grain of salt1 and better still to purchase a horse through some reliable commission man or dealer4 ,landing a ,sucker4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,hawley1 an experienced veterinary horse buyer at the ,chicago ,stock ,yards1 says in the ,june1 #aijc1 number of the ,chicago ,veterinary ,college 8,quarterly ,bulletin10 that most of the tricks of the horse dealing trade1 though not all of them1 are performed by scalpers4 ,it takes only a few glances or questions for the sharper to know just the sort of horse the city buyer is looking for1 and the scalper1 with the aid of his colleagues1 proceeds to 8land a sucker40 ,the gentlemanly scalper1 with a disinterested manner1 informs the buyer that he saw a lovely horse in a certain barn1 the color being mentioned1 but not being a horseman he knows nothing as to the soundness of the animal1 nor as to the price4 ,word is sent along the line1 and everything is ready4 ,the horse is led out and just suits2 is sound and all right1 but the sum asked is #be to #ge more than the market price4 ,perhaps the unsuspecting buyer will offer #aj or #ae more than the auction price1 but he is allowed to go away with a polite1 8,thank you1 for the offer40 ,another disinterested party whispers in the buyer's ear that the horse will be sold at auction4 ,sure enough1 the animal is led to the auction stables1 and care is taken that the buyer sees it passing4 ,the auctioneer and ringman are posted1 and they wait for the sucker4 ,the horseman starts the animal at pretty near his value4 ,the bidding is rapid4 ,the sucker gets in1 and under excitement bids two or three times4 ,perhaps one of the regular eastern shippers bids once1 but as a rule1 the sucker1 the auctioneer1 and the scalper are the only bidders4 ,the latter can usually tell when the victim has made his last bid1 and the horse is knocked down to him at a good profit1 which is divided between those concerned4 ,sometimes the auctioneer is fooled by the sucker refusing to bid again4 ,in such a case the scalper kicks out of his last bid and the horse is sold to the sucker at his previous bid4 ,a ,horse ,that ,was ,right ,there4 ,a ,new ,hampshire horse dealer was 8burned0 by trading for a horse that would work anywhere and pull strongly except when he came to the foot of a hill2 there he would balk and refuse to pull a pound4 ,after he had kept the horse about a month a stranger came along and was 8taken in40 ,the horse looked well and a trade was made for another horse and considerable 8boot40 ,the buyer asked the dealer if the horse was a good worker and was told1 8,you bet6 ,he will work any place you put him and when you come to the foot of a hill ,i tell you he's right there60 ,so the buyer discovered1 and on complaining bitterly to the dealer was reminded of his honesty and candor in stating that at the foot of a hill he would always be right there4 ,no doubt he paid more particular attention to the plausible talk of the dealer the next time he had occasion to 8dicker0 for a 8hoss40 ,an ,honest 8,hoss0 ,dealer4 ,there lived in ,michigan a shrewd old horse dealer who gave folks due warning to beware when he donned his selling clothes4 ,he used to say3 8,when ,i say1 #8,hoss'1--look out6 ,i'm a-goin' to trade4 ,but when it's #8,horse1'--nawthin' doin'6 ,ye're perfectly safe40 ,it is related that this character had a balky horse put on him by brother dealers in a neighboring town2 but a few days later he got even1 and with the same 8hoss40 ,the former owners failed to recognize the beast1 for in the interim it had been clipped1 roached1 docked and bishoped1 besides receiving a few artistic spots of dye1 and having had 8tug marks0 and 8collar galls0 manufactured by skilful shaving at the right places4 ,in his new fix he looked a young1 handsome1 hard-working animal1 but when the deal was made and the new owners hitched him up1 they realized at once that both they and the horse were 8stuck40 ,a ,sharper's ,smooth ,sayings4 ,elsewhere we have told of a balker that 8was right there at the foot of a hill0 or that would 8stand without hitching40 ,the scalper and crafty dealer use many catchy phrases of this sort1 and they fool the buyer unless he has sharp ears and quick comprehension4 ,a few additional catch sayings may prove of interest3 ,a dealer having a horse with defective eyesight fitted him out with close blinkers and said to the buyer1 8,he doesn't look very well40 ,another said of a heavey horse1 8,if he ain't windy you needn't take him40 ,again1 as to looks1 and ability in harness1 one said1 8,if he don't suit you in harness you can take it off10 and again1 8,single ,i bought him2 double ,i broke him myself40 ,some of the dealers are wits and most of them have quaint expressions and sayings4 ,the following sample will suffice3 ,a dealer was seen exercising a horse so badly foundered in his hind feet that he not only walked on his heels but stood with his fore and hind feet almost on the same spot under his body4 8,say6 ,what are you goin' to do with that critter60 asked a bystander1 and like a flash came the answer1 8,take him to ,indiana to tramp sourkraut in a barrel40 ,the ,winter ,board ,trick4 ,a farmer read an advertisement in a city paper asking for a winter home and board for two family horses that the owner desired to leave comfortably provided for in the country during his absence in ,europe4 ,the farmer went to the city to investigate and found a fine pair of horses in a swell stable4 ,soon a bargain1 profitable to the farmer1 was arranged at a specified rate per week for board1 stabling and care during the winter1 but as the pleased stranger was about to leave for home1 the stableman said1 8,here1 you are a stranger to me1 and therefore you ought to put up some security for having such a valuable pair of horses in your care40 ,after some discussion1 the farmer was induced to deposit #ajj as security1 and went home1 congratulating himself upon the good winter's profit he would have in looking after the horses which were to be shipped to him by train the following day4 ,in due course1 two horses arrived1 but they were old 8plugs10 worth perhaps #e a piece4 ,the swindle cost the farmer #ij and his expenses1 for when he went to the city to hunt up the sharper1 he found the stable in the same old place1 but the bird had flown1 and no one could tell him where4 ,how ,horses ,catch ,cold4 ,an old time farrier wisely says3 8,many farmers and tradesmen get too much drink when they go to market1 and then set off home1 riding like madmen1 and calling at some public house on the road to get more of the soul and body destroying evil1 leave their horses to stand sweating at the door1 where it is no wonder that they get cold4 ,wagoners1 carters1 and coal carriers1 are also often guilty of this abominable practise40 ,tricks in ,measuring ,horses4 ,it is often important to have a horse not less than some given height1 and great care has to be taken in making the necessary measurement with the 8hand stick0 7hippometer74 ,if the horse is under or over the desired height the dealer may irritate the animal so that an exact measurement is difficult or impossible to make4 ,if the horse is undersized the dealer will try to stand him with the hind feet low4 ,in the stable or yard everything is prepared so that this may be easily done4 ,another plan is to put on abnormally thick shoes1 or those having calkins2 the animal's head is kept lowered so that the withers will be correspondingly heightened4 ,opposite methods are practised when a horse is a trifle too high for show-yard requirements or mating1 and such tricks have given buyers of horses for the army no end of trouble4 ,when a horse is to be measured stand him on a level floor and then see that the measuring is honestly done4 ,illustration ,secrets ,about ,stallion ,selling4 ,palming ,off a ,grade ,stallion on a ,company4 ,the fact that several bogus pedigree registry associations are in existence1 although they have not received the approval of the ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 makes it possible for dishonest stallion peddlers to obtain fraudulent registry certificates and1 by using them1 to fool the farmer4 ,it would be well if no registry associations were allowed to engage in the interstate business of recording the pedigrees of breeding animals without first obtaining the approval of the ,secretary of ,agriculture4 ,a stallion whose sire was said by the owner to be 8,middleton ,,ii0 and out of a dam of part ,morgan blood1 was given a grade license certificate by the ,department of ,horse ,breeding1 of the ,college of ,agriculture1 of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,some time later the horse changed hands and the buyer1 who was an experienced organizer of stallion companies1 had him recorded in a bogus stud book which issues a handsome1 gold sealed registry certificate4 ,on this the stallion was given an entirely new and wholly false pedigree1 the sire being set forth as 8,grove ,revenue0 and the dam as a well-bred ,shire4 ,on the strength of this attractive registry certificate of notable ancestry and the help of a few confederates1 the stallion was sold to a company of hard-working farmers in one of the northern counties of the state for #a1hjj in shares of #ge each4 ,some of the notes were discounted and the peddler disappeared1 but now the matter is in the courts1 as the ,department of ,horse ,breeding discovered the swindle and put the company 8wise40 ,another case has been discovered where a grade stallion was sold for a good price as pure-bred on the strength of a registry certificate from the stud book alluded to and 8imported0 according to the statement of the peddler4 ,the owner in this case also learned too late that he had fallen a victim to sharpers1 and will now seek redress in the courts4 ,many similar cases could be cited and they serve to show the importance of studying the registry certificate furnished with the horse and making sure that it was issued by a stud book association approved by the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,stud ,books ,approved by the ,government4 ,the following registry associations have been approved by the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c43 ,american ,association of ,importers and ,breeders of ,belgian ,draft ,horses--,j4 ,d4 ,connor1 ,jr41 ,wabash1 ,ind41 ,secretary4 ,american ,breeders' ,association of ,jacks and ,jennets--,j4 ,w4 ,jones1 ,columbia1 ,tenn41 ,secretary4 ,american ,clydesdale ,association--,r4 ,b4 ,ogilvie1 ,union ,stock-yards1 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,american ,hackney ,horse ,society--,gurney ,c4 ,gue1 #cjh ,west #igth ,st41 ,new ,york1 ,secretary4 ,american ,breeders' and ,importers' ,percheron ,registry--,john ,a4 ,forney1 ,plainfield1 ,o41 ,secretary4 ,american ,saddle ,horse ,breeders' ,association--,i4 ,b4 ,nall1 ,louisville1 ,ky41 ,secretary4 ,american ,shetland ,pony ,club--,mortimer ,levering1 ,lafayette1 ,ind41 ,secretary4 ,american ,shire ,horse ,breeders' ,association--,chas4 ,burgess1 ,wenona1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,american ,stud ,book 7,thoroughbreds7--,w4 ,h4 ,rowe1 ,new ,york1 ,registrar4 ,american ,trotting ,register ,co4--,frank ,e4 ,best1 #cee ,dearborn ,st41 ,chicago1 ,registrar4 ,american ,suffolk ,horse ,association--,alexander ,galbraith1 ,de ,kalb1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,cleveland ,bay ,society of ,america--,r4 ,p4 ,stericker1 ,west ,orange1 ,n4 ,j41 ,secretary4 ,french ,coach ,horse ,society of ,america--,duncan ,e4 ,willett1 ,oak ,park1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,french ,coach ,registry ,co4--,chas4 ,c4 ,glenn1 ,columbus1 ,o41 ,secretary4 ,german1 ,hanoverian and ,oldenburg ,coach ,horse ,breeders' ,association--,j4 ,crouch1 ,lafayette1 ,ind41 ,secretary4 ,morgan ,horse ,register--,joseph ,battell1 ,middlebury1 ,vt41 ,editor4 ,national ,french ,draft ,horse ,association--,c4 ,e4 ,stubbs1 ,fairfield1 ,iowa1 ,secretary4 ,percheron ,society of ,america--,geo4 ,w4 ,stubblefield1 ,union ,stock-yards1 ,chicago1 ,secretary4 ,percheron ,registry ,co4--,chas4 ,c4 ,glenn1 ,columbus1 ,o41 ,secretary4 ,stud ,books ,not ,certified by the ,government4 ,the following registry books are not at the date of this writing1 ,august #d1 #aiji1 certified by the ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c43 ,american ,horse ,breeders' ,trotting ,registry ,association1 #afa ,high ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,american ,horse ,registry ,association--,n4 ,j4 ,harris1 ,des ,moines1 ,ia41 ,secretary4 ,arabian ,horse ,club of ,america--,h4 ,k4 ,bush-,brown1 ,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 ,secretary4 ,american ,iceland ,pony ,club--,geo4 ,h4 ,simpson1 ,wheaton1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,american ,percheron ,registry ,association--,s4 ,m4 ,heberling1 ,la ,grange1 ,ill41 ,secretary4 ,coach and ,draft ,horse ,association of ,america--,frederick ,wightman1 ,la ,crosse1 ,wis4 ,hartman ,stock ,farm ,registry ,record ,co4--,adam ,krumm1 ,columbus1 ,o41 ,secretary4 ,international ,consolidated ,record ,association--,h4 ,a4 ,jones1 ,penn ,yan1 ,n4 ,y41 ,secretary4 ,morrisons' ,international ,roadster ,register--,des ,moines1 ,iowa4 ,the ,american ,jack ,register--,w4 ,l4 ,de ,clow1 ,cedar ,rapids1 ,ia4 ,the ,national ,standard ,pacing and ,trotting ,horse ,breeders' ,association--,thos4 ,c4 ,parsons1 #ajbc-e ,williamson ,building1 ,cleveland1 ,o41 ,registrar4 ,the ,standard ,jack and ,jennet ,registry of ,america--,kansas ,city1 ,mo4 ,story of a ,company ,stallion ,deal4 ,a few years ago a suit for the payment of fraudulently obtained notes for the purchase of a stallion was thrown out of court by ,judge ,carland1 of ,sioux ,falls1 ,south ,dakota1 for want of equity4 ,a transcript of the evidence shows that there were the best of reasons for the ,judge's action4 ,it was alleged by the defendants1 a number of farmers1 that their names were secured in a book1 by reason of representations made by an agent of the horse importer that they were signing a call for a meeting of farmers to consider the matter of buying a stallion for #e1jjj1 and that when twenty names were secured a meeting would be called4 ,the names were secured and the meeting called1 but instead of being asked to consider the matter of buying the horse the signers were informed that they had already agreed to buy the horse and jointly and severally pay #e1jjj for him in four equal yearly payments1 the first payment to be in two years1 with six per cent4 interest on all payments4 ,in a proof of this it was shown that a brief contract in small type was printed at the top of the page of the book in which the names were signed which bound the signers as alleged4 ,upon this revelation the meeting became the opposite of one called to consider the purchase of the horse1 as may be readily imagined4 ,the evidence shows that the defendants either did not know there was any printing matter on the page they signed1 or if they did see it did not read it1 and were told by the agent that it had nothing to do with the matter under consideration1 or to be exact1 one farmer testified3 8,i looked the thing over3 ,i noticed this contract at the head of it and ,i asked what that fine print was there4 ,he 7the agent7 said that it was an ,iowa contract and did not cut any figure in this ,state40 ,another explanation was testified to by another witness1 quoted further on4 ,some witnesses testified that a broad rubber band or a turned leaf concealed the contract4 ,the agent testified that he did not call any of the defendants' attention to the contract1 didn't know if they saw it1 but 8supposed they did1 for they had the book in their hands40 ,all the defendants testified that they would not have signed the book if they had known the contract was there4 ,regarding the matter of what the meeting was to be called for1 one farmer testified as follows1 and he was corroborated by the other witnesses for the defense1 and by at least one witness for the plaintiffs3 8,question3 ,state what that conversation was1 what he 7the agent7 said and what you said40 8,answer3 ,he told me he was trying to sell a horse and wanted me to sign a book4 ,i asked the object of signing the book and he said it was just to call a meeting and get the men together and see if they would buy the horse4 ,i asked him why he wanted our names on the book if he just wanted to call a meeting1 why didn't he call it without our names on the book8 ,well1 he says1 you fellows are strangers to me1 your names are unfamiliar and ,i want a list of them so that ,i will know who to notify when ,i get ready to call a meeting1 or else1 he says1 ,i may forget some of you who would like a share in that horse4 ,then ,i asked if there was anything binding about the book4 ,i saw some printed matter and asked him what that was and he said there was nothing binding about it4 ,i asked him what it was and what it was there for4 ,he said it was just a memorandum showing that the meeting was called for1 and the meeting would be to make a proposition to us to sell the horse and if we seen fit to buy the horse1 well and good4 ,if not1 he said he would be out so much time and no harm done4 ,that is the sum and substance of the conversation we had until ,i signed the book40 ,it seems clear enough that the defendants believed they were simply signing a call for a meeting to consider the subject of forming a company to buy the horse2 at any rate the case seemed so clear to ,judge ,carland that he did not seriously consider the question of compelling the farmers to give their notes as demanded by the plaintiffs1 and threw the case out of court4 ,horse ,peddlers' ,confessions4 ,a peddler is a horse sharper who buys a cheap stallion of questionable quality1 soundness1 prepotency or breeding1 from some large horse dealing firm1 and then organizes a company of farmers for his purchase at a handsome profit4 ,the tricks of such men are many and shady1 and a few of them are here quoted for the benefit of farmers1 who being thus forewarned1 should in future be forearmed against the wiles of these glib-tongued confidence men4 ,the 8,farm1 ,stock and ,home0 vouches for the truth of the following personal confession of a stallion peddler3 ,the ,sale of ,les ,epinards4 ,i had noticed in a farm paper the advertisement of an auction sale of ,percheron horses to be held at the farm of a breeder in an adjoining state4 ,i slipped down there a few days before the date of sale1 and picked out a nice looking1 two-year-old stallion and on the day of sale bid #cbj and the horse was sold to me4 ,a pedigree was thrown in1 but as it was written in the ,english language and the horse had a common1 pronounceable name1 ,i discarded it and christened him ,les ,epinards4 ,at that time ,i didn't know what ,les ,epinards meant1 but remembered having seen it somewhere4 ,i shipped him to a small town and started in to organize a company to buy him for #b1hjj4 ,the pedigree proposition bothered me until ,i heard ,billie was organizing a company in the next county4 ,he very kindly lent me a pedigree that he had in his trunk which answered very well for ,les ,epinards4 ,it was natural for me to say that the ,epinards were celebrated breeders over in ,france who always named their horses after themselves4 ,the name and the horse made a hit1 and in six weeks' time ,i had the signatures of ten farmers each for #bhj1 four of them good1 and the others just well enough known to the banker to cut down his discount #ae per cent4 ,as it was a joint note1 the banker realized in full and ,i came out of the sale in this fashion3 ,price to company #b1hjj ,,expenses ,paid for the horse #cbj ,freight #ab ,bank discount #dbj ,board #fj ,paid cappers #aej ,groom #ee ,feed #ah #a1jce ---- ------ ,profit #a1gfe ,now that's what ,tummy would call 8financial acumen40 ,i bought a horse at an auction sale for #cbj1 shipped him to another county in the same state and sold him for #b1hjj4 ,it gradually dawned on me that there was more money in the selling than there was in the breeding and raising4 ,tummy was a wise boy1 but ,i was beginning to learn a few things myself4 ,the same paper published the following1 ,october #a1 #aije3 ,the ,sale of ,transmigrator4 ,the easy money ,i made on the sale of ,les ,epinards as narrated in the last issue1 emboldened me to try a new dodge4 ,a fair was being held in ,winnipeg4 ,while there ,i fell in with a horse breeder who had a number of ,percherons on his farm1 some distance to the east of that town4 ,at his invitation ,i visited the farm and was somewhat surprised at the prices he quoted for fine-looking stallions4 ,one two-year-old of necessary size and shape he offered me for #cjj4 ,it was not any part of my business to tell him who ,i was1 and ,i am inclined to think he took me for a farmer from the states4 ,in the horse peddling business the less people know about you the better and easier it is for the peddler1 so ,i never corrected him4 ,i bought the horse1 imported him across the imaginary line dividing the two countries duty free by making affidavit he was to be used exclusively for breeding purposes and by satisfying the authorities with the pedigree furnished me by the ,canadian that he was a pure-bred animal4 ,with the rich selected feed my groom knew how to mix1 helped along with artistic grooming and care1 ,transmigrator--the name he was to be known by--waxed fat and sleek4 ,i could truthfully say he was imported1 but as he was a bit shy on prize winnings ,i could not harp much on that score4 ,blue ribbons were cheap1 however1 and when we decked him out with a supply of them1 he looked as fit as the majority of horses ,i sold for certain importers4 ,inasmuch as his pedigree was written in ,english1 and certified to by officials with easy names to pronounce1 ,i resolved to give the company a bargain1 and put his price at #b1ejj4 ,i always did believe in being generous4 ,i might just as easily have sold for #c1jjj1 but ,i threw off #ejj on account of the understandable pedigree4 ,the company which bought the horse came near going to pieces after ,i had secured the names of six farmers to the notes4 ,a busybody in that community insisted on making me a cash offer of #a1jjj4 ,of course1 there was no profit in that for me and ,i was perfectly right in refusing his offer4 ,what's the use of farmers being educated to the beauties of the company plan which benefits the bankers1 the peddlers1 the groom1 and the cappers1 if we are going to sell the horse direct for cash4 ,it's only the farmers that make the money by the cash or direct way of buying a stallion4 ,i never met a peddler who was looking out for the farmers' interests4 ,they are in the business to improve the quality of horses and incidentally increase the size of their own bank rolls4 ,this reprobate even went so far as to actually buy a stallion from a breeder for #ige1 and ,i must confess he was a good judge1 for he certainly got an excellent animal4 ,my horse1 however1 had one advantage--he had a longer name and was imported4 ,on two occasions ,i felt like quitting4 ,only four of the signers of the joint note could be trusted for a peanut1 so the banker said1 and he insisted on my getting two additional names acceptable to him4 ,this was not an agreeable task1 and ,i worked like a ,trojan1 persuading the members of the company that it was a more sensible thing to sign notes due in two years for #b1ejj at only six per cent4 interest rather than to pay #a1jjj cash for a horse that possibly might die as soon as paid for4 ,i will not repeat in cold print the arguments ,i used--they might be considered foolish by my readers4 ,the fact remains1 however1 ,i did get six good names on that note and four fillers1 making ten signers1 who each agreed to pay me #bej for ,transmigrator4 ,they could have bought a better horse for #a1jjj cash from breeders1 within #ajj miles4 ,i made fair wages by the transaction1 as may be seen from the following3 ,price to company #b1ejj ,,expenses ,cost of horse #cjj ,banker's discount #cge ,freight #cg ,board #di ,feed #be ,paid cappers #afj #idf ---- ------ ,profit #a1eed ,some ,veterinary ,secrets4 ,secret of ,preventing ,navel and ,joint ,disease4 ,when a new-born foal speedily develops abscesses involving the navel and the joints of the extremities1 the cause is an invasion of the navel by filth germs and this may easily be prevented4 ,a mare foaling in cold weather should be provided with a clean1 fresh bedded1 disinfected1 light1 airy1 whitewashed box stall in which to have her foal4 ,in the summer season she may be allowed to foal on grass where filth germs are less liable to be found than in old1 dark1 dirty stables4 ,but no matter where the foal is born1 care must be taken to thoroughly disinfect the navel cord 7umbilicus7 as soon as it has been severed or tied4 ,for this purpose a #a3ejj solution of bichloride of mercury 7corrosive sublimate7 is usually recommended1 but we advise the use of a much stronger solution to be prepared as follows3 ,dissolve ounce of finely powdered corrosive sublimate in #a pint of boiling water to which has been added #a dram of dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,when cold add ounce of tincture of iron1 as coloring matter2 label the bottle 8poison0 and keep it out of the reach of children4 ,at the birth of a foal immediately wet the stump of the navel with this solution and repeat the application twice daily until the cord dries up1 and falls off and no raw spot can be seen4 ,the solution at the time of using may conveniently be held in a shallow wide-mouthed bottle into which the stump of the cord may be inserted and immersed4 ,as soon as the cord has shrivelled up remove it1 if it will come away readily4 ,the new raw surface can easily be got at with the solution4 ,use of the solution will also tend to prevent leakage of urine from the navel4 ,it is best to avoid1 wherever possible1 tying the navel cord at birth4 ,the natural way is for the cord to be broken at birth1 either when the foal is dropped or by the mare rising1 and so causing it to break by stretching it4 ,when this happens the walls of the fetal urinary passage 7urachus71 the arteries and the vein of the umbilicus retract and close the opening2 whereas these vessels are liable to remain open for entrance of germs if the cord has been ligated1 or cut off and the ligature quickly removed1 besides allowing the escape of urine by way of the pervious urachus4 ,symptoms of ,bad ,teeth4 ,in some old horses whose molar teeth are diseased or irregular1 perfect mastication of hay becomes impossible4 ,after the animal has chewed for a time1 the teeth and tongue tend to form a ball 7bolus7 of hay which is forced out of the mouth instead of being swallowed4 ,this is termed 8quidding10 and when it is seen it may be taken as an indication of the need of a veterinary dentist with his instruments4 ,in other cases the partly masticated food is gathered in a pouch between the molar teeth and cheek1 and this can be plainly seen and felt by the careful examiner4 ,this pouch is sometimes called the 8granary10 and from the outside its presence is indicated by an elongated tumor which has a doughy feel when pressed with the finger4 ,when a diseased molar is present in the mouth1 or when a 8granary0 exists1 there is a foul odor1 which should lead to the discovery of the condition4 ,to distract attention from this odor it is said that horse dealers always take the precaution to cleanse the mouth of the horse with vinegar4 ,a chronic discharge from one nostril 7nasal gleet71 accompanied by a fetid odor1 should warn the buyer to make a critical examination of the teeth1 for if one is diseased and is the cause of the discharge1 it will have to be removed by trephining1 and that means expense and possibly loss of the services of the horse for some time4 ,remedies for ,tail ,rubbing4 ,idle1 overfed1 and insufficiently groomed horses often persistently rub their manes and tails to allay itchiness of the skin1 induced by collections of dandruff which have escaped the curry-comb and brush4 ,the hair on the root of the tail soon becomes harsh1 stubby and stands on end so that the part becomes an eyesore1 and especially so when continued rubbing has produced sores1 cracks and an exudate of serum1 blood or pus4 ,a ,virginia horseman once advised the writer that tail rubbing could quickly be cured if1 at the outset1 the following simple plan of treatment be adopted3 ,twist a lock of the upright hair of the affected part around the second finger1 and then pull until the skin 8gives0 with a cracking sound4 ,repeat the pulling1 lock by lock1 until all of the part has been treated when the rubbing will cease4 ,if it does not do so promptly1 repeat the treatment as required4 ,this plan is known also in ,scotland4 ,another horseman advised that when a mare persistently rubs her tail the cause may be a collection of filth about the udder2 a thorough washing with castile soap will end the trouble4 ,dealers who handle fine carriage horses and are preparing such animals for sale put each in a box stall during the feeding process and prevent tail rubbing by putting a wide plank shelf-wise on brackets around the inside of the walls of the box4 ,when the horse attempts to rub1 the edge of the plank will strike several inches below the itching part1 and so make tail rubbing impossible4 ,another effective plan of prevention is to put a wainscot of boards upon the lower part of the walls so slanted outward at the floor surface that the horse backing to the wall cannot get his rump against any surface upon which to rub4 ,a ,cruel ,cure for ,heaves4 ,an old horseman once told the writer that he had cured many a horse of heaves by simply amputating a portion of the tongue4 8,guess ,i've cut off enough pieces of tongue10 said he1 8to fill a half bushel basket20 and he seemed to take pride in a statement which would strike any humanitarian as the climax of barbarity4 ,the same man also strongly advocated the amputation of the tip of a horse's tail1 when for any reason the animal had gone down paralyzed4 ,it always is well to examine a horse's tongue before buying1 as mutilations are not infrequently met with4 ,cases are on record where a brute has put a twitch on a horse's tongue1 to make him stand still in the shoeing shop1 with the result that a portion of the organ has been torn off during the struggles of the poor beast4 ,severe biting of a fractious horse1 or tearing by a nail or other sharp object1 may also injure the tongue more or less severely and perhaps lessen the value of the animal4 ,when a considerable portion of the tongue has been lost1 the horse is unable to drink without plunging his head up to the eyes in the water1 and he also has difficulty in grazing4 ,stitches are sometimes put in the tongue of a horse to make it sore and so prevent it from cribbing4 ,an ,astringent for ,scours4 ,the following interesting remedy is taken from the 8,complete ,farrier10 published in #ahej3 8,but when the disorder 7a scouring7 continues1 and the horse's flesh keeps wasting away1 recourse must be had to astringents4 ,tormentil root1 dried and pounded in a mortar1 and put through a sieve1 is one of the best astringents yet found1 though very little known4 ,i heartily wish my fellow creatures would make more use of this valuable root than they do4 ,the dose is from an ounce to an ounce and a half4 ,i believe that this valuable root has done more good in my time1 in stopping looseness and other bowel complaints1 than anything else40 ,an ,old ,operation for ,spavin4 ,a few years ago it was recommended as a new treatment that the saphena vein be obliterated at the place where it passes the seat of spavin1 before using the firing irons4 ,we recently ran across an allusion to this method of treatment which shows that it is by no means new4 ,it is referred to as follows in the 8,complete ,farrier and ,horse ,doctor10 published in #ahej1 the writer being ,john ,c4 ,knowlson1 of ,new ,york1 a nonagenarian 8horse doctor0 of the old school3 8,before you fire a horse for bone-spavin1 be careful to take the vein out of the way1 for it generally lies over the spavin1 and you cannot fire deep enough to come at the callous substance without its removal4 ,in order to destroy the vein1 cut a nick through the skin to the vein1 just below the spavin1 and another just above it1 and put a crooked needle under the vein and tie both ends3 then cut the vein across between the tyings1 both above and below1 and you may either draw out the piece or leave it in40 ,the same author says relative to the treatment of bog-spavin3 8,as soon as you discover the vein puffed up or forming a bag1 lay on some blistering ointment1 and in four days after bathe the swelling well with hot vinegar with a little saltpeter dissolved in it4 ,also put a bandage round it to disperse the swelling as much as you can4 ,if this method does not succeed1 you must make two incisions in the skin lengthwise1 as the vein runs1 one just above and the other just below the joint1 and lay the vein bare3 then put the end of a buck's horn under it1 raise it up1 and fasten it in both places with waxed thread2 then cut the vein in two just within the tyings1 and1 if you think proper1 draw the severed piece out4 ,this method of proceeding will cure most bog-spavins at the beginning40 ,facts ,about ,pigment ,tumors4 ,on gray horses that at #aj or #ab years of age are turning white in color1 purple-black malignant growths1 known as pigment of melanotic tumors1 frequently appear where the skin is black in color1 and constitute the disease termed melanosis4 ,the common seat of such tumors is the skin of the tail1 anus1 vulva1 and lips1 and while most often external1 may be present internally4 ,such tumors are practically incurable1 returning after having been amputated and cauterized4 ,they usually burst and discharge bloody pus1 and give the affected part a loathsome appearance4 ,in young horses of gray color1 a careful examination will often disclose small rudimentary tumors1 and horses so affected should be bought with a right understanding of the consequences4 ,fatal attacks of a mysterious disease may be caused by internal melanotic tumors4 ,as an indication of the probability of these tumors being present internally1 the ,french veterinary scientists1 ,goubaux and ,barrier1 say in their 8,exterior of the ,horse03 8,the hairs of the mane1 like those of the tail1 are ordinarily straight4 ,one of our associates1 ,mercier1 has communicated a remark on this subject1 which was also believed by the ,arabians3 that it is in the white or gray horses with frizzled or curly hairs in which melanotic tumors are always found in the interior of the body1 although none may have any apparent trace on the exterior1 particularly under the tail and around the anus4 ,this remark1 the correctness of which we have verified a number of times1 both on the living subject and in the cadaver1 is very important1 because of the dangers to which animals affected with melanosis are exposed40 ,illustration ,secrets of ,buying and ,selling ,horses4 ,auction ,sale ,rules4#b ,at the ,chicago ,stock-yards the auction sales of horses1 conducted in the 8,bull ring10 at ,dexter ,park1 are regulated by certain definite rules which should be understood by horsemen and farmers4 ,when a horse is brought in for sale a sign stating how the horse is to be sold is immediately exposed on the auctioneer's rostrum4 ,there are six of these signs1 viz41 7#a7 ,sound4 7#b7 ,serviceably sound4 7#c7 ,wind and work4 7#d7 ,work only4 7#e7 ,legs go4 7#f7 ,at the halter4 ,terms on all sales are strictly cash4 ,all horses must be examined and tried by purchaser as soon as bought1 and must be tried and accepted on the premises during the day of sale1 as all guarantees on horses expire with that day1 and on delivery of the horse4 ,in no case can a horse be rejected except on the day of sale1 unless sold as sound and proved to be a cribber1 heavey1 crampy or lame4 ,if proven to have any of the four named faults1 the purchaser shall have until #i ,a4 ,m4 the following day to reject the horse4 ,purchasers failing to try and examine horses within the required time forfeit all right of rejecting them1 and no horse sold to wind and work shall be rejected for any cause except he proves windy or will not work4 ,should any question arise for adjustment between buyer and seller the matter shall be referred to three members of the ,union ,stock-yards ,horse ,exchange1 the decision of a majority of whom shall be final4 ,any person found guilty of doping a horse to hide the fact that the animal is windy1 heavey1 crampy1 cribby or lame1 shall be expelled from the market and prosecuted to the full extent of the law4 ,the following is an explanation of the principal rules governing sales in the auction ring3 #a4 ,sound4--,a horse sold as sound must be perfectly sound in every way4 #b4 ,serviceably ,sound4--,must be virtually a sound horse4 ,his wind and eyes must be good3 he must not be lame or sore in any way1 but sound1 barring slight blemishes1 and these blemishes must not constitute any unsoundness4 ,a spot or streak in the eye1 which does not affect the sight1 will be considered serviceably sound as long as the pupil of the eye is good4 ,a further explanation is given as follows by ,f4 ,j4 ,berry ,co41 a well-known horse commission firm at the ,chicago ,stock-yards3 8,blemishes must be nothing more than splints2 the horse may be slightly puffed and a little rounding on the curb joint1 but he must not have a bad-looking curb1 and must not have a brand4 ,he may be a little cut in the knees1 but he must not stand over on the knees or ankles4 ,he may have a little puff on the outside of the hock1 but he must not have thoroughpin1 or boggy-hock1 ringbone1 or jack1 although he may naturally be a little coarse jointed2 but the front part of the hocks inside must not be puffed4 ,he may have slight scars or wire marks but these must not cause any deformity of the body1 legs or feet1 and must be nothing more than a slight scar4 ,he must not have any scar from fistula or poll-evil4 ,he must not have a hip down1 and if one hip is a trifle lower than the other1 it must be natural1 and not a deformity like the cap of a hip down4 ,he must not have side-bone1 or any bad blemishes that deteriorate his value more than a trifle1 but must be sound1 barring slight blemishes that do not hurt him or change his value very little1 and in no case more than the above-mentioned blemishes4 ,car bruises must be of a temporary nature40 #c4 ,wind and ,work4--,a horse sold to wind and work1 must have good wind and be a good worker1 and not a cribber1 but everything else goes with him4 #d4 ,work ,only4--,he must be a good worker1 but everything else goes with him4 ,ability to work is the only thing guaranteed4 #e4 ,legs ,go4--,everything that is on the horse's legs go with him4 ,nothing is guaranteed except that he must not be lame or crampy4 ,he must1 however1 be serviceably sound in every other respect4 #f4 ,at the ,halter4--,sold just as he stands without any recommendations4 ,he may be lame1 vicious1 balky1 a kicker or anything else4 ,the title only is guaranteed2 the purchaser takes all the risk4 #b ,exceptions to the above rules may be announced from the auction stand and defects pointed out1 in which case they are recorded and go with the horse4 ,reputable ,dealers ,protect ,their ,patrons4 ,the horse buyer who patronizes a reputable commission firm or dealer in the ,chicago horse market1 or in any other great selling centre1 will be honestly and fairly dealt with4 ,the rules against cheating are stringent1 and trickery is not countenanced among the leaders of the trade4 ,doping an unsound horse may be punished by expulsion from the market1 and tricks1 like the application of 8soup0 to make a horse act mean1 are prohibited on 8horse row40 ,it is when a buyer deals with a 8scalper0 who conducts his business 8under his hat10 or patronizes the dealers who conduct a questionable business at small sales stables on the side streets near the stock-yards1 that he may expect to get 8the short end of the deal10 and we would strongly advise our readers to give such dealers and sales stables a wide berth4 ,as an illustration of how dishonesty is regarded among horsemen in some of the markets1 the following well-authenticated incident may be told4 ,in ,kansas ,city a horse that had been overdosed with drugs to conceal the symptoms of heaves dropped dead while climbing an incline4 ,the story of the 8accident0 spread through the market1 and the next morning1 when the owner of the drugged horse offered another of his animals in the auction ring1 the auctioneer is said to have stopped1 told the story to the audience1 pointed out the man who gave the drugs and the owner1 and added1 8,now1 this man has a load of horses to sell to-day and you folks can be your own judges about buying them40 ,the seller from the country is as likely to 8put up a job0 on the commission man or dealer as the latter is to cheat the greenhorn buyer1 and we agree with ,dr4 ,hawley1 who says3 8,horsemen in general are not more dishonest than men in any other branch of business which offers like opportunities for trickery2 neither do ,i believe they are more dishonest than the men who buy from them40 ,two ,sides to a ,horse4 ,when a horse is first led out for the intending buyer to examine him in the dealer's stable1 it is a common trick to stand the animal close against a wall4 ,by this means objectionable features of the 8other side of the picture0 are hidden1 and the pleasing aspects of the proposition1 plain to the eye and hand of the purchaser1 alone are considered by him in making his choice4 ,if the horse is sold subject to such examination and without a written guaranty1 there is no recourse for the purchaser when1 perchance1 the next hour or day he finds on the off side of the horse a 8wall-eye10 a brand mark1 a big shoe boil1 a knocked-down hip1 a fistula of the withers1 or some other objectionable and troublesome or even seriously hurtful blemish or condition4 ,the intending purchaser should get the horse away from the wall and make a tour of inspection around him1 looking carefully at every part and detail1 and then using the hand1 if necessary1 to corroborate or correct what the eye has seen or suspected4 ,it is always best to look at the horse from a little distance before closing in1 and making a more careful inspection4 ,close inspection deals with minute things1 and may make one overlook or fail to see bigger and more important things which would appeal to the eye when taking in the entire side of the horse at a look4 ,when a dealer is extra particular to draw attention to one side of the animal1 take it for granted that there is something on the other side which is worth looking into4 ,a ,little ,ill to ,distract ,attention from a ,big ,one4 ,often we have seen tricks such as the following practised in the 8bull ring0 at the stock-yards4 ,a horse having a small spot or speck in its eye which does not implicate the pupil1 is sold to 8wind and work0 7,see ,auction rule ,no4 #c1 page #ej74 ,the grooms and ringmen loudly draw the attention of the audience to the condition of the eye1 and repeatedly assert that it does not amount to anything4 ,this is done on purpose to distract attention from some far more serious defect that otherwise would be noticed by the prospective buyer4 ,dr4 ,hawley says of this scheme1 8,the horse is kept constantly in motion with the whip4 ,the auctioneer and salesman are always looking for an angel to drop in1 and one usually does4 ,the horse is ordinarily sold to the angel on his first bid40 ,beware of ,hoof ,dressing4 ,when the hoofs of a sale horse are seen to be newly daubed with black hoof dressing1 polish1 or varnish1 look out6 or rather1 look in6 for there may be vital need of the artificial coating to hide serious defects4 ,the dressing1 if wet1 will soil the examiner's hands1 hence he will be less likely to handle the feet and therefore fails to discover that a quarter crack or sand crack has been concealed1 or the fact that the hoof has been rasped extensively for the removal of the rings and ridges that if exposed to the notice of the prospective buyer1 would tell a plain story of chronic founder4 ,the sound1 healthy1 waxy appearing hoof needs no coloring or dressing material1 and when such things are freely used they are often applied to hide the marks of the rasp4 ,buying a ,pair4 ,while a properly matched and trained pair of carriage horses should 8act like one horse0 when in motion1 the buyer should be careful to examine each horse carefully 8to halter40 ,the two animals should be capable of being harnessed to the carriage indifferently to the right or left1 and no attention should be paid to the observations of the dealer1 who may explain how they have been accustomed to be driven always on the same side1 and who1 as a rule1 will harness the better one of the two horses on the left side1 and the poorer one on the right4 ,the examiner naturally pays most attention to the left horse1 but he should examine each in a thorough manner1 for it often happens when this is done that one horse is found to be of far inferior quality and of less value than its mate1 on the 8nigh side40 ,a 8,high ,english0 ,guaranty4 ,a thrifty ,german truck farmer once called the writer to examine a newly bought work horse and to give him 8a line0 so that he would be able to get his money back from the dealer1 the animal having proved unsound4 8,i have me a written guaranty and a witness that he been all right10 said he1 8and now you help me oudt mit a line40 ,an examination showed that the horse was terribly afflicted with heaves1 accompanied with coughing and passing of gas4 ,he heaved so hard that his entire body shook1 and the squeaking of the breathing apparatus was easily heard4 ,evidently the horse had been skilfully 8shut0 or doped by the seller1 and now that the effects of the treatment had passed off the unsoundness showed up plainly4 ,asked for his 8guaranty10 the farmer kept iterating and reiterating his statement that it was all right and duly witnessed4 ,at last he produced it1 and it read to this effect1 8,this horse is hereby guaranteed free from all encumbrances40 8,do you know what #8encumbrances' means80 he was asked1 and the answer was1 8,no1 ,i don't know such high ,english words1 but ,i guess it means sound and all righdt in wint and limb1 and to work1 aind't it80 ,he got his 8line10 and by paying #hj to boot brought back another horse with a less comprehensive but more satisfactory guaranty4 ,moral3 ,it is best to understand 8high ,english0 and the language and ways of the dealer when buying a horse at the yards1 so that a written guaranty may really protect the buyer4 ,an ,unsound ,horse ,sometimes a ,good ,bargain4 ,some kinds of unsoundness render a horse useless for work on the hard streets of the city1 yet do not unfit him for work on the soft land of the farm4 ,where this is the case1 it will often pay the farmer whose pocketbook is not particularly well filled to pass by the young1 soft1 untried1 expensive horses that have been specially fattened to bring high prices and buy a second-handed horse at a bargain price4 ,for example1 suppose a big1 strong gelding1 getting along in years1 has four well-developed side-bones which render him stilty and stiff in gait for city use1 and which on that account is offered for #hj1 or thereabout4 ,such a horse may prove a profitable purchase for use on the land4 ,were he sound he would sell readily for #abe or over1 for city work1 and when bought at a discount of #de he will very likely do more and better work on the farm than would a sound1 young1 fattened1 inexperienced horse at the higher figure4 ,in making this statement the writer has in mind more than one corroborative instance of the sort in practise4 ,a ,second-,hand ,horse4 ,the owner who wants to sell his horse on the market should not clip off the mane and forelock1 and it is a mistake even to cut the latter or to bang the tail4 ,the stock-yard buyers1 having special market requirements to meet1 prefer to do their own 8toilet work0 on the horses they buy1 and will pass by an otherwise good horse if he has been trimmed in a manner to which they object4 ,a horse that has had the mane and forelock clipped off is looked upon with suspicion on arrival at the market1 and is likely to be termed 8second-hand10 meaning that he probably has been tried out in a fire department and found wanting4 ,it is therefore disastrous policy to 8roach0 a horse before he has been thoroughly tested and found sound and suitable4 ,here is a case corroborative of this assertion3 ,a fine gelding was bought for a fire department after a fairly thorough test for 8wind40 ,while being led a long distance behind a sulky from the country to the city the horse became fractious and broke away from the driver4 ,on arrival in the city he was immediately taken to the engine-house and met with the unanimous approval of the fire laddies and chief4 ,the next morning the mane and foretop were clipped off and the horse was then sent out for a practise run4 ,at once he proved terribly nervous and a rank roarer when in motion1 but perfectly sound in wind the moment he stood at ease4 ,the commissioner who bought the horse at once took him back1 refunded the purchase price1 and sent him to the stock-yards4 ,there he was instantly dubbed 8second-handed02 ran up a bill of expense for his owner who could not find a buyer and finally contracted stock-yards distemper in virulent form4 ,eventually the animal was sold for less than half the purchase price and expense account1 but not until the mane had grown in again sufficiently to disarm suspicion4 ,removing the mane or foretop will be certain to detract from the value of the horse in the market4 8,protecting0 the ,buyer4 ,in some sales-stables1 when a coachman commissioned by a rich layman to purchase a single horse1 or match a pair in his behalf1 has stated his needs1 looked over a few animals1 and hinted at what he can afford to pay1 he is asked by the dealer3 8,how much shall ,i protect you80 ,that means how much commission will you expect if the deal is consummated2 and the coachman is not slow to ask a handsome rake-off4 ,another plan of making a profit1 is to get as low a price or option as possible from the dealer1 and then add a profit by having the seller charge a higher price than the option and afterward hand the balance to the buyer's agent4 ,unless the commissioner is paid a special fee by his employer for making the purchase1 these methods of making living wages for the work involved in the deal are considered perfectly legitimate by men connected with the horse markets4 ,splitting the ,profit ,three ,ways4 ,in the great horse markets1 when a gentleman's coachman1 or a man who is deemed by him to be an expert judge1 is commissioned to buy a certain style of horse at not over a stated price1 the expert can easily arrange to make a double profit4 ,he seeks out some scalper friend1 and gives him a detailed description of the sort of horse wanted4 ,the scalper then visits the stable of his associates in the business1 selects a horse that 8looks like the job0 and secures an option on him at a price considerably lower than the buyer has said he will be willing to pay4 ,he now brings in the expert1 and if the horse suits that worthy1 he is purchased at the option price and turned over to the employer of the expert at his specified price or a trifle less4 ,then the scalper and the expert divide the profit1 or if another man 8on the inside0 has been used in the deal1 the profit is 8split three ways10 to give him a slice4 ,the buyer is usually well satisfied with his bargain1 and probably could not have bought the horse cheaper at first hand4 ,a ,glossary of ,market ,terms4 ,in each of the great horse markets of the country certain technical1 trade and slang terms are used in speaking of horses1 and the intending buyer will do well to familiarize himself with them1 else he may learn their meaning by dear-bought experience4 ,in preparing the following glossary many of the terms explained are such as one hears in the ,chicago market and elsewhere1 and the writer has also freely quoted from an article entitled1 8,the ,veterinary ,horse ,buyer10 from the pen of ,dr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,hawley1 ,v4 ,s41 in the ,chicago ,veterinary ,college 8,quarterly ,bulletin0 for ,june1 #aijc1 and from ,bulletin ,no4 #abb of the ,illinois ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 in which ,prof4 ,rufus ,c4 ,obrecht deals elaborately and instructively with the subject of 8,market ,classes and ,grades of ,horses and ,mules40 ,in many instances it has been thought well to explain technical matters relating to practical subjects as well as to interpret the special term used by horsemen4 ,a ,bull4--,if a horse grunts when stood against a wall and threatened with a stick or whip1 he is called a bull 7or grunter7 and by many is considered unsound in wind1 or a roarer4 ,the test is not conclusive1 as not all roarers grunt and many sound horses grunt when so treated1 or even when the rider places his foot in the stirrup4 ,it is also used to describe a wind-broken horse that chokes at work4 ,a heavey horse does not grunt when tested in the above mentioned manner4 ,a ,bull ,heaver4--,a bad choker4 ,a ,canard4--,a bit windy4 ,a ,cold ,collar4--,balky4 ,afraid of the ,floor4--,has chorea1 or ,st4 ,vitus' dance4 ,a ,gravel4--,suppurating corn4 ,it is not due to gravel4 ,a ,little ,careless4--,knees bent forward1 or sprung4 ,a ,little ,coarse or ,full in the ,hock4--,spavin4 ,a ,little ,nappy4--,a little balky1 or a dummy4 ,a ,little ,ouchey4--,founder1 or navicular disease4 ,a ,little ,strong in the ,mouth4--,a cribber4 ,a ,little ,stamp ,on4--,branded4 ,a ,little ,reading on ,him4--,branded4 ,a ,little ,rounding4--,curb4 ,a ,hole ,in4--,there is 8a hole in0 a horse when he has some defect temporarily non-apparent4 ,an ,angel4--,a greenhorn buyer who bids on an unsound horse4 ,he usually gets him on his first bid4 ,at the ,halter4--8,sold to halter10 or 8at the halter0 means without guarantee of any kind4 ,the horse likely will be wild1 balky1 unmanageable or so unsound as to be useless4 ,beefy ,hocks4--,coarse1 meaty hocks having too much connective and adipose tissue4 ,the hock should be clean1 hard1 free from beefiness1 puffs and bony growths4 ,bellows to ,mend4--,wind-broken2 heaves4 ,bench-,legged4--,knees bent toward one another4 ,blind-,spavin4--,occult or hidden spavin among bones composing hock joint4 ,blue ,eye4--,eye showing a bluish or pearly cast1 indicating unsoundness and disease which may or may not have caused blindness4 ,bobber or ,jig ,back4--,weak loins causing bobbing or wobbling of the hind quarters4 ,boggy in ,hocks4--,distension of the capsular ligament of the hock joint indicated by a large or small1 soft1 fluctuating1 synovia-filled swelling at the front of joint4 ,such hocks appear dropsical4 ,the condition constitutes bog-spavin1 and by some is termed wind-puff or wind-gall4 ,bowed ,tendon4--,a thickened1 bulging unsoundness of the back tendons 7flexors74 ,caused by an injury4 ,broken ,crest4--,coarse1 thick1 broken over crest under mane4 ,seen in stallions4 ,sometimes used to mean fistulous withers4 ,broken ,down4--,fetlock bending too near ground1 or tendency of toe to turn up as a result of injury to the tendons4 ,cause of acute lameness at time of accident4 ,broken ,knees4--,scarred knees showing results of a fall4 ,may be new or chronic4 ,especially objectionable in saddlers4 ,buck-,kneed4--,knees bent forward4 ,buck-,shinned4--,bulging profile of front of cannon bones4 ,bull ,pen4--,a horse auction sale ring4 ,burglar or ,robber4--,this is an expression used by 8gyp0 dealers to denote a good-looking horse with some slight defect which they can remedy temporarily4 ,this horse is sold1 the buyer discovers his defect in a short time and brings him back and trades him in or sells him at a reduced price4 ,such a horse is stock in trade and the 8gyps0 sell him over and over again1 trade him in and make money on him every time4 ,calf-,kneed4--,opposite of buck-knees4 ,knees bent backward4 ,capped ,hock4--,new and sore1 or old and painless1 swelling or callous of the point of the hock joint2 due to bruise4 ,careless4--,a horse is 8a little careless0 when he stands with knees sprung4 ,car ,bruise4--,swellings1 tumors1 abscesses1 on parts likely to have been bruised in shipping4 ,sometimes an excuse for such things not so caused4 ,cartilage4--,a prominent lateral cartilage at quarter of foot4 ,may or may not be a side-bone4 ,chest ,founder4--,wasting or falling in of muscles of front of chest4 ,chestnut4--,the horny projection found upon the lower inner aspect of the forearm and lower inner aspect of the hock joint4 ,considered a vestige of an additional hoof of the prehistoric horse4 ,clefty2 ,clifty4--,flat1 clean1 fine quality cannon bones4 ,coarse-,footed4--,having side-bones4 ,cocked ,ankle4--,fore or hind ankles 7fetlocks7 bent forward4 ,common in young1 overfed and under-exercised colts4 ,when chronic1 indicates shortening of flexor tendons and sometimes high ringbone4 ,cold-,footed4--8,a little cold-footed0 means stringhalt4 ,coon-,footed4--,long1 sloping pasterns1 throwing fetlocks low4 ,coupling4--,the region of the lumbar vertebr1 loins1 or space between last rib and hip4 ,cow-,hocked4--,standing like a cow with hocks together and toes turned out4 ,crampy4--,chorea1 ,st4 ,vitus' dance1 or slight stringhalt4 ,the affected animal jerks up a hind leg on backing out of stall1 and at the same time the tail elevates and quivers1 and the muscles shiver4 ,crest ,fallen4--,broken over crest under heavy mane4 ,often means fistulous withers4 ,cribber4--,a horse that fixes his teeth or rests his chin on any object and then sucks wind4 ,crock4--,old1 crippled horse4 ,cross-,firing4--,striking one fore foot with opposite hind foot when trotting4 ,curb4--,a bulging enlargement at back of hind leg just below hock and resulting from an injury to the tendon and its sheath4 ,curby-,formed ,hock4--,an acutely bent or set hock giving a sickle appearance4 ,hind feet are thrown too far under body4 ,cushion4--,a small puff toward front of outer side of hind cannon just below hock joint4 ,cutting4--,interfering or striking with feet on joints4 ,cut in the ,wind4--8,the least bit in the world0 unsound in wind4 ,dead ,spavin or ,ringbone4--,lameness of spavin or ringbone subsided as a result of firing and blistering1 or other treatment4 ,dimple4--,point of hips lightly deformed by accident constitutes a 8little dimple10 slightly hipped4 ,dizzy4--,a dummy4 ,docked4--,having had part of tail amputated4 ,docked and ,set ,up4--,by operation the tail is made to carry high1 after being docked4 ,droop ,croup4--,short1 steep croup2 tail set low4 ,dropped ,soles4--,bulging1 or convexity of soles at points of frogs1 due to descent of pedal bone in acute founder4 ,dummy4--,softening of the brain following sunstroke or heat exhaustion4 ,horse is dull1 sleepy1 stupid2 takes hay into the mouth and forgets to chew it2 and if the fore feet are placed crossing one another1 they may be kept in that position indefinitely4 ,ergot4--,the horny spur located at the back of the fetlock joint4 ,the ergot is considered a vestige of an additional hoof of the prehistoric horse4 ,ewe-,neck4--,low crest with head held in straight line and marked depression in front of withers4 ,falls ,out of ,bed4--,pulls back on halter rope4 ,feet ,sore from the ,planks4--,has chorea2 a shiverer4 ,family ,broke4--,takes the whole family to drive him4 ,feather in ,eye4--,scar on eyeball1 due to cut2 it does not necessarily impair vision4 ,filled ,hocks4--,swelling of joints1 indicating poor circulation1 grossness4 ,as a market term1 it may mean bog-spavin and thoroughpin4 ,fistula4--,fistulous withers4 ,an abscess with opening discharging pus from sinuses 7pipes7 connecting with diseased tissues of the withers4 ,fitty4--,has fits when hot4 ,flat-,footed4--,low heels1 dropped sole2 founder4 ,forging4--,noisily striking the fore shoe with toe of hind shoe when traveling4 ,founder4--,laminitis4 ,inflammation of the sensitive lamin of the foot1 leading to lameness1 dropped soles1 rings and ridges in hoof wall and tendency to walk on heels4 ,freezer4--,a palsied horse2 8hind feet froze to the floor40 ,glass-,eye4--,amaurosis or palsy of the sight in which1 from paralysis of the optic nerve and retina1 the eye is stone blind1 yet bright1 lustrous and prominent4 ,the pupil is widely dilated and does not contract when exposed to bright light4 ,as a market term1 may mean cataract1 watch-eye1 wall-eye1 or that condition in which the iris is pearly white in color and not necessarily diseased4 ,gill ,flirt4--,perineum between rectum and vagina lacerated at foaling so as to unite passages4 ,goosey4--,a horse that is nervous in the stall4 ,goose ,rump4--,a short1 steep croup and narrow at the point of the buttock4 ,go ,down1 or ,kidney ,faller4--,collapses in hind quarters when worked4 ,gristle4--,a forming side-bone or enlargement of the lateral cartilage due to tread1 bruise or wire cut4 ,guinea4--,a ,greek or ,italian buyer4 ,hand4--,four inches4 ,width of the palm of the hand1 used in measuring the height of a horse from the ground surface at the sole of the foot to the highest point of withers4 ,hand ,stick4--,used for measuring the height of horse4 ,heaves2 ,heavey4--8,broken wind10 or 8emphysema of the lungs10 characterized by coughing1 passing of gas from the rectum1 and double bellows-like the action of the abdominal muscles in breathing4 ,head ,strong4--,halter puller in stall4 ,high ,blower4--,broken winded or may be soft from feeding and idleness4 ,hillside4--,hipped4 ,hipped4--,point of hip-bone 7ilium7 fractured 7knocked down71 making that hip lower than the other when viewed from the rear1 and not unusually a serious unsoundness4 ,when distortion is great1 the shaft of the ilium may have been fractured4 ,the latter condition may render a mare unfit for breeding purposes4 ,hip ,sweeny4--,wasting 7atrophy7 of the muscles of the hip4 ,often serious in mares1 being associated with fracture of the pelvis1 and unfitting them for breeding purposes4 ,hitch4--,stride of one hind leg too short4 ,hog-,back4--,arched or roached-back4 ,the opposite of sway back or hollow back4 ,interfering4--,striking the fetlock or cannon with the opposite foot as it passes1 either in front or behind1 or it may be an 8ankle knocker40 ,jack4--,a small1 round1 bone-spavin4 ,as a market term1 often applied to a prominent spavin4 ,jibber4--,a green1 raw1 unguidable horse4 ,knee-,banger4--,knees interfere4 ,lady-,toed4--,cow-hocked horse4 ,they are almost sure to hit their fetlocks1 shins or knees4 ,legs ,go4--,see ,market ,rules ,no4 #e4 ,light in the ,timber4--,light boned below knees and hocks4 ,little ,green4--,awkward1 poorly broken2 may not pull4 ,lop ,ear4--,ears dropping over4 ,may be a dummy4 ,lugger4--,pulls or lugs on the bit4 ,lunker4--,an exceptionally big1 heavy-boned horse4 ,makes a ,little ,noise4--,a slight roarer or whistler4 ,mallenders4--,scurfy or eczematous condition of skin back of knees4 ,mecatched4--,jewish term for a heavey horse4 ,mechanical ,choker4--,a horse that roars when pulling a heavy load uphill1 by getting the chin down to the chest1 but is otherwise sound4 ,megrims4--,fits2 staggers2 sudden falling4 ,michigan ,age4--,old4 ,michigan ,pad4--,see ,cushion4 ,a puff on forward edge of hind cannon just below hock4 ,moon-,blind2 ,moon-,eyed4--,eyes diseased or blind from periodic or recurrent ophthalmia4 ,mug4--,a greenhorn or buyer from the country4 ,nicked4--,tail operated upon by severing the muscles to 8set up0 or straighten it4 ,nickel's ,worth of ,hair ,off4--,wire cut4 ,nigger-,heeled4--,front toes turned out2 heels in4 ,old ,skin or ,skate4--,aged1 decrepit1 or worn-out horse4 ,one ,bum ,lamp4--,one eye blind1 diseased or unsound4 ,outside ,cushion4--,same as ,cushion or ,michigan ,pad4 ,over-,reach4--,stride takes hind feet farther forward than the point at which the fore ones were picked up4 ,paddle4--8,winging0 out with fore feet4 ,palsy4--,shiverer2 chorea4 ,parrot ,mouth4--,upper incisor 7pincher7 teeth protruding over lower incisors4 ,upper jaw longer and projecting over under jaw4 ,pig-,eye4--,small1 retracted eyes4 ,characteristic of some horses of ,french breed4 ,may indicate imperfect vision4 ,pigeon-,toed4--,front toes turned in4 ,opposite of nigger-heeled4 ,pilgrim4--,an old1 worn-out horse4 ,a good old 8has been40 ,pin-,hipped4--,hipped from fracture of point of ilium4 ,pink-,eye4--,pinky1 as a market term1 applied to moon blindness4 ,correctly speaking1 epizootic1 cellulitis1 or influenza1 especially affecting the membranes of the eyes4 ,plug4--,an old1 worn-out horse1 or one of poor shape4 ,poll-,evil4--,swelling and abscess1 similar to fistulous withers1 affecting poll of head4 ,pones4--,lumps of fat on body of mule4 ,posting4--,rider rising and falling in saddle with each alternate step of horse when trotting4 ,puffs4--,soft swellings involving joints or tendons4 ,distensions of synovial bursal and capsular ligaments4 ,thoroughpins1 wind-galls1 bog-spavin4 ,quarter ,crack4--,fissure in wall of hoof running from hair toward sole at quarter4 ,quittor4--,enlargement of the hoof head 7coronet7 having one or more openings 7pipes or sinuses7 discharging pus and connecting with diseased cartilage or other tissues4 ,rat ,tail4--,slim1 almost hairless tail4 ,rejects4--,horses returned to seller on account of unsoundness1 or for other reasons4 ,rickety4--,horse affected with rickets 7rachitis74 ,same as ,bobber or ,jig ,back4 ,ridgeling4 ,original4--,cryptorchid4 ,testicles retained in abdomen or inguinal canal4 ,ringbone4--,a bony growth 7exostosis7 affecting the long or short pastern bones and coffin bones4 ,ripper4--,an unusually good1 big horse4 ,roach ,mane4--,mane cut short4 ,roarer4--,horse makes a roaring noise when exhaling air1 the condition being due to paralysis affecting the nerves and cartilages of larynx4 7,laryngeal hemiplegia47 ,sallenders4--,scurfy or eczematous condition of the skin in front of hock joint4 ,sand-,crack4--,a fissure of the wall of the hoof at the toe4 ,scalper4--,a horse dealer who handles cheap or questionable horses4 ,he may have no regular stable or business headquarters4 ,scalping4--,striking front of hind coronet1 pastern or cannon against front toe when speeding4 ,seam in ,foot4--,blemish1 old scar1 or healed crack in the hoof wall4 ,seedy-,toe4--,separation between wall and sensitive lamin of hoof at toe1 the space being filled with white1 dry1 powdery horn2 sometimes with pus2 8toe clip0 is a common cause4 ,serpentine4--,a horse that extends and withdraws his tongue as a serpent4 ,serviceably ,sound4--,see ,no4 #b1 ,auction ,rules4 ,the term is incorrect1 as a horse is either sound or unsound4 ,shadow ,jumper4--,nervous1 skittish2 afraid of his own shadow4 ,shell-,bone4--,side-bone4 ,shipping ,fever4--,influenza contracted on cars1 or it may be acclimation fever4 ,shaky in ,stall4--,a shiverer4 ,shiverer4--,afflicted with chorea 7,st4 ,vitus' dance74 ,shoe ,boil4--,a serious abscess1 or open pus discharging sore or tumor of the point of the elbow4 ,caused by the horse bruising the elbow upon the floor1 not necessarily upon the heel of a shoe1 as commonly supposed4 ,short ,leet4--,the best horse selected by the judges from a number of competing animals in the show ring1 and among which the prizes are distributed after further examination4 ,sickle ,hock4--,see curby-formed hock4 ,side-,bone4--,a lateral cartilage of foot at quarter1 turned to bone 7ossified74 ,side ,wheeler4--,a pacer4 ,siffon4--,jewish horse-dealers' word 7spelling in doubt7 meaning to run in bids on a greenhorn to boost price of horse4 ,slab-,sided4--,flat-ribbed4 ,smokes ,his ,pipe4--,lip torn where bridle bit rests4 ,smoky ,eye4--8,a little smoky40 ,eye cloudy1 whitish1 pearly in color1 or opaque4 ,smooth ,mouth4--,cups or marks worn off incisor teeth1 indicating great age4 ,spavin4--,bony enlargement or exostosis upon lower1 inner1 front aspect of hock joint4 ,speck in ,eye4--,a small scar of spot1 not on pupil1 and as a rule1 not impairing vision4 ,speedy ,cutting4--,striking the inside of the hind cannon against the front foot as the hind is brought forward and passes the front foot on the outside in over-reaching when the horse is speeding4 ,splay-,footed4--8,nigger-heeled40 ,splint4--,a bony growth on course of splint-bone on either side of cannon-bone below the knee4 ,split ,hoof4--,quarter-crack4 ,sand-crack4 ,stag2 ,staggy4--,thick and coarse in throat-latch and crest from late castration4 ,stocked ,legs4--8,filled0 or dropsical1 swollen legs below knees and hocks1 the result of a lack of exercise or of sickness4 ,stringy2 ,stringhalt4--,the hind leg is jerked up at each step in walking and trotting4 ,see ,cramp4 ,stifled4--,patella of stifle out of place4 ,any disease of the stifle-joint4 ,stump ,sucker4--,see ,cribber4 ,sweeny4--,wasting1 7atrophy7 of the muscles of the shoulder4 ,switcher4--,tail switching1 nervous mare1 that may also throw urine4 ,talks to the ,driver4--,a roarer4 ,takes a ,little ,hold4--,a cribber4 ,ten ,minutes ,short of ,work4--,balky4 ,tied in at ,knees4--,light bone and tendons1 making the part markedly constricted under knee4 ,thoroughpin4--,a fluctuating1 bursal distension which can be pushed from side to side under the large tendon just above the hock-joint4 ,to ,bush on ,gristle4--,to get a rebate on purchase price from a seller when a side-bone has been found after sale4 ,too ,much ,daylight ,under ,him4--,a leggy horse4 ,tongue ,loller4--,tongue hangs from mouth4 ,may be paralyzed4 ,trephined4--,a molar tooth removed by punching downward into mouth by means of an instrument inserted upon tooth root through an orifice cut 7trephined7 in bone of jaw4 ,trot ,cut ,short4--,short stride of fore legs4 ,wall-,eye4--,see ,glass-eye4 ,washy ,coupled4--,long and loose in coupling and cut up flank4 ,a poor keeper that tends to scour when warm or tired4 ,weaver4--,a horse that sways and swings backward and forward in stall4 ,the action is akin to that of a caged bear1 and the habit is learned by imitation or in idleness4 ,it may indicate a high-strung1 nervous temperament and the tendency to it may possibly be transmitted by an affected sire or dam4 ,it seems to arise from the restlessness and longing to escape from 8prison life10 or1 in short1 suggests the 8call of the wild40 ,weed4--,has heaves4 ,wiggler4--,see ,bobber4 ,wind and ,work4--,see ,no4 #c1 ,auction ,rules4 ,wind-,galls4--,puffs or bursal distensions at the sides of the tendons at and above fetlock joints4 ,windy4--,unsound in wind1 a whistler or roarer4 ,whistler4--,a form of roaring in which there is a slight or pronounced whistling noise made in exhaling air4 ,winging4--,paddling or throwing the feet outward when in motion4 ,worker4--,see ,no4 #d1 ,auction ,rules4 ,wears the ,pants4--,a pacer requiring hopples1 or wearing them4 ,w4 ,w4--,short for 8wind and work40 ,illustration