,! ,libr>y ( ,sc&9avian ,lit]ature ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror 7,,speculum ,,regale--,,konungs ,,skuggsj7 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,old ,,norse ,,) ,,introduction ,,& ,,notes ,,by ,,laur5ce ,,m>cellus ,,l>son ,illu/ration ,,twayne ,,publi%]s1 ,,inc41 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,am]ican-,,sc&9avian ,,f\ndation ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ,libr>y ( ,sc&9avian ,lit]ature ,erik ,j4 ,friis1 ,g5]al ,editor ,volume #ae ,! ,k+'s ,mirror ,copyright #aiag by ,! ,am]ican-,sc&9avian ,f\ndation ,libr>y ( ,congress catalog c>d numb]3 #gb-aedb ,,manufactur$ ,,9 ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,( ,,am]ica ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,,& ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,,my ,,"m ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,=eword ,among ! _m argum5ts t h rec5tly be5 advanc$ 9 support ( imp]iali/ic ambitions & /atesman%ip1 !re is "o t ju/ifies & dem&s aggression 9 ! int]e/ ( human culture4 ,accord+ to ?is r plausible political philosophy1 x is ! de/9y ( ! small] /ates to be absorb$ into ! l>g] & /rong]4 ,! application is n to be limit$ to ! s-call$ 8backw>d races02 x is also ext5d$ to ! less] peoples ( ,europe4 ,^! h1 x is held1 no real "r to an indep5d5t exi/5ce2 only ! great1 ! p[]ful1 & ! mighty c claim ?is privilege1 = !y alone are able to r5d] ! high] =ms ( s]vice to civilization4 ,to ?is !ory ! hi/ory ( ! ,sc&9avian l&s provides a complete & /rik+ refutation4 ,9 ! drama ( ,european developm5t ! ,nor!rn c\ntries h play$ important & honorable p>ts2 b except = a brilliant p]iod 9 ,sw$i% hi/ory 7*iefly dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury7 !y h nev] weigh$ heavily 9 ! ,cont95tal balance4 ,_! geographical situation is unfavorable & _! economic res\rces h nev] be5 comp>able to ^? ( ! m prom95t /ates beyond ! ,baltic & ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,b :5 we come to ! k+dom ( intellect ! /ory is a totally diff]5t "o4 ,! lit]>y annals ( ,europe 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury give prom95ce to a s]ies ( notable ,sc&9avian writ]s :o n only a*iev$ recognition 9 _! own l&s b f\nd a place 9 ! competition = lead]%ip 9 ! _w at l>ge4 ,! productivity ( ! ,nor!rn m9d is n ( rec5t orig91 h[ev]2 ! lit]atures ( ,sc&9avia h a hi/ory t leads back into ! days ( hea!n wor%ip m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,p]haps ! mo/ effective illu/ration ( :at a fruitful intellect c accompli% ev5 :5 plac$ 9 ! mo/ unpromis+ environm5t is m$ieval ,icel&4 ,along ! we/]n & s\?we/]n coa/s ( ! isl& lay a /raggl+ settlem5t ( ,norwegian immigrants ^: lives 7 sp5t *iefly 9 a /ruggle to =ce ! m]e/ subsi/5ce f a nigg>dly soil4 ,& yet1 9 ! lat] middle ages & ev5 e>li]1 !re 0 a lit]>y activity on ^! ,arctic %ores :i*1 9 output z well z 9 quality1 comp>es favorably ) t ( any "p ( contempor>y ,europe4 ,evid5tly intellectual greatness be>s b slight relation to economic advantages or political p[]4 ,:at 0 true ( ,icel& 0 also true ( ,norway1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree4 ,9 t c\ntry1 too1 life 0 9 great measure a cont9u\s /ruggle ) ! soil & ! sea4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 t l& & age1 ! spirits 7 active1 ! arts fl\ri%$1 & ! ,nor? add$ h] contribution to ! treasures ( ,european culture4 ,! poems & tales ( ^? virile days1 ! eddas & sagas1 are too famili> to ne$ m ?an a m5tion 9 ?is connection4 ,b ! fact is n s commonly kn[n t ! m$ieval ,nor?m5 7 ?9k]s & /ud5ts z well z poets & romanc]s4 ,!y1 too1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! my/]ies ( ! univ]se1 9 ! problems ( sci5ce1 & 9 ! intricate que/ions ( social relation%ips4 ,9 _! ?9k+ on ^! matt]s !y %[$ m intellectual indep5d5ce & less slavi% reg>d = v5]able au?ority ?an 0 usually ! case among m$ieval writ]s4 ,& ( all ! m5 :o 9 t age ( fai? tri$ to analyse & set 9 ord] _! ideas ( ! _w 9 :i* !y mov$1 p]haps none drew m l>gely on 8 own spiritual res\rces ?an ! unkn[n au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,unlike ! sagas & relat$ writ+s1 ! purpose ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror is utilit>ian & didactic4 ,! au?or has be=e him a gr\p ( s]i\s & important problems1 :i* he proce$s to discuss = ! in/ruction ( 8 read]s4 ,consequ5tly1 c]ta9 qualities ( /yle t are (t5 associat$ ) ,old ,norse lit]ature are n app>5t 9 8 "w to any m>k$ degree4 ,9 8 ef=t to make 8 language cle>1 def9ite1 & intelligible1 ! au?or sometimes f9ds x necess>y to repeat & re/ate 8 ideas1 ) ! result t 8 lit]>y /yle is frequ5tly /iff1 labor$1 & p$antic4 ,^! defects are1 h[ev]1 n *>act]i/ic ( ! book z a :ole4 ,_m ( its *apt]s display r>e workman%ip & prove t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror is "o ( ! great ma/]s ( ,old ,norse prose4 ,9 prep>+ ! translation ( ?is unique "w1 my aim has be5 to reproduce ! au?or's ?\ght z fai?fully z possible & to /ate x 9 su* a =m z to satisfy ! laws ( ,engli% syntax4 ,b ,i h also felt t1 s f> z x c be done1 ! flavor ( ! orig9al %\ld be reta9$ & t a translator1 9 8 ef=t to satisfy c]ta9 conv5tional dem&s ( mod]n composition1 %\ld n deviate too f> f ! pa? ( m5tal habit t ! au?or has beat5 9 8 roam+s ?r\gh ! fields ( ?\ght4 ,peculi>ities ( /yle & expression1 c1 x is true1 usually n be reproduc$ 9 ano!r language2 at ! same "t x is possible to ignore ^! consid]ations to su* an ext5t t ! product becomes a p>aphrase r ?an a translation2 & ,i h believ$ t su* a r5dition %\ld be avoid$1 ev5 at ! risk ( err+ on ! side ( lit]alness4 ,! importance ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror z a s\rce ( in=mation 9 ! /udy ( m$ieval ?\ght 0 fir/ br\ght to my att5tion by ,pr(essor ,julius ,e4 ,olson ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 :o has also1 s9ce ! "w ( prep>+ ?is edition 0 begun1 foll[$ its progress ) helpful int]e/4 ,pr(essors ,g4 ,t4 ,flom & ,a4 ,h4 ,lyby] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 & ,pr(essor ,w4 ,h4 ,s*(ield ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 h read ! manuscript 9 :ole or "p & h contribut$ _m valuable sugge/ions4 ,my wife1 ,lillian ,may ,l>son1 has assi/$ 9 a great v>iety ( ways1 z 9 all my "w4 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,lea* ( ! ,am]ican-,sc&9avian ,f\ndation has read ! pro( %eets ( ! entire volume & has sugge/$ _m improvem5ts 9 ! text4 ,to all ^! p]sons ,i wi% to express my ?anks4 ,i am also deeply indebt$ to ! tru/ees ( ! ,am]ican-,sc&9avian ,f\ndation ^: g5]osity has made x possible to publi% ! "w at ?is "t4 ,l4 ,m4 ,l4 ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois1 ,augu/1 #aiag4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ,,page ,,nor!rn ,,lit]ature ,,9 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,c5tury #a ,,! ,,speculum ,,regale1 ,,or ,,k+',s ,,mirror2 ,,s\rces #f ,,sci5tific ,,lore ,,& ,,! ,,belief ,,9 ,,m>vels #aa ,,c\rtesy ,,& ,,! ,,k+',s ,,h\sehold #bf ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,"r ,,( ,,norwegian #cc ,,k+%ip ,,e?ical ,,& ,,!ological ,,ideas ,,( ,,! ,,"w #di ,,mod]n ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror #ec ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,au?or%ip #ed ,,date ,,& ,,place ,,( ,,composition #ei ,,editions ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror #fe ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror ,i4 ,,introduction3 ,,"n ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,"w #gb ,,ii4 8,,! ,,fe> ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,is ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,wisdom0 #gf ,,iii4 ,,! ,,activities ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,a ,,m]*ant #gi ,,iv4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #ha ,v4 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,w9ds #hf ,,vi4 ,,! ,,tides ,,& ,,! ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,sun #ib ,,vii4 ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,c\rse ,,cont9u$ #ie ,,viii4 ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,norway #ii ,,ix4 ,,popul> ,,d\bt ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,m>vels #ajb ,x4 ,,! ,,natural ,,wond]s ,,( ,,irel& #aje ,,xi4 ,,iri% ,,m>vels ,,:i* ,,h ,,miracul\s ,,orig9s #aaa ,,xii4 ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,! ,,icel&ic ,,seas3 ,,:ales2 ,,! #aai ,,krak5 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,icel& #abf ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,volcanic ,,fires ,,( ,,icel& #acj ,,xv4 ,,o!r ,,icel&ic ,,wond]s3 ,,ore ,,& ,,m9]al ,,spr+s #acc ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,! ,,wat]s ,,ab\t ,,gre5l&3 #ace ,,mon/]s1 ,,seals1 ,,& ,,walruses ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,animal ,,life ,,( ,,gre5l& ,,& ,,! ,,"* ,,( #ada ,,! ,,l& ,,9 ,,^? ,,regions ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,products ,,( ,,gre5l& #add ,,xix4 ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,gre5l&2 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,lights #ade ,,xx4 ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,,cont9u$ #aea ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,zones ,,( ,,heat ,,& ,,cold #aec ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,w9ds ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,navigation #aef ,,xxiii4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,season ,,= ,,navigation4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ #afa ,,"p ,,xxiv4 ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,"p3 ,,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,8 #afb ,,c\rt ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,c\rtesy ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,s]vice #afe ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,advantages ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,! ,,k+',s #afg ,,h\sehold ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,classes ,,among ,,! ,,k+sm5 #agj ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,honor$ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,k+sm5 #agc ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,ord] ,,( ,,k+sm53 ,,! ,,hird #age ,,xxx4 ,,h[ ,a ,,man ,,:o ,,wi%es ,,to ,,apply ,,= ,,admission ,,to ,,! #agi ,,royal ,,h\sehold ,,s]vice ,,%\ld ,,approa* ,,! ,,k+ ,,xxxi4 ,,:y ,,"o ,,%\ld ,,n ,,we> ,a ,,mantle ,,9 ,,! ,,royal #ahd ,,pres5ce ,,xxxii4 ,,rules ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,conv]sation ,,9 ,,! ,,k+',s #ahf ,,hall ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,uses ,,( 8,,y0 ,,& 8,,?\0 #ahh ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #ahi ,,xxxv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,failure ,,( ,,crops ,,& ,,de>? ,,9 ,,morals #aic ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,su* ,,p]iods ,,( ,,de>? ,,& ,,:at #aie ,,=ms ,,! ,,de>? ,,may ,,take ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,duties1 ,,activities1 ,,& ,,amusem5ts ,,( ,,! #bjc ,,royal ,,gu>dsm5 ,,xxxviii4 ,,weapons ,,= ,,(f5se ,,& ,,def5se #bag ,,xxxix4 ,,milit>y ,,eng9es #bbj ,,xl4 ,,! ,,prop] ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,a ,,royal ,,c\rt #bbf ,,xli4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #bca ,,xlii4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,h[ ,,god ,,rew>ds ,,righte\sness1 #bcd ,,humility1 ,,& ,,fidelity1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,examples ,,drawn ,,f ,,sacr$ ,,& ,,pr(ane ,,hi/ory ,,xliii4 ,,! ,,duties ,,& ,,! ,,exalt$ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,k+ #bde ,,xliv4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #bdh ,,xlv4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,mod]ation ,,:i* ,a ,,k+ ,,mu/ #bea ,,obs]ve ,,9 ,,8 ,,judicial ,,s5t5ces ,,& ,,p5alties1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,god',s ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,adam ,,& ,,eve1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,case ,,tru? ,,& ,,ju/ice ,,7 ,,associat$ ,,) ,,peace ,,& ,,m]cy ,,xlvi4 ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,righte\s ,,sev]ity ,,9 ,,judgm5t ,,drawn #beh ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,god',s ,,condemnation ,,( ,,lucif] ,,xlvii4 ,a ,,fur!r ,,discussion ,,( ,,v]dicts ,,& ,,p5alties #bfj ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lucif]',s ,,rebellion ,,& ,,d[nfall ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s9 ,,& ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man ,,& ,,woman ,,xlviii4 ,a ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lucif] #bgb ,,xlix4 ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,god ,,has ,,all[$ ,,! ,,decision ,,to #bgg ,,be ,,fram$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,/]n ,,dem&s ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,ju/ice ,l4 ,,o!r ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,( ,,peace #bgi ,,& ,,m]cy ,,h ,,_h ,,great] ,,weight ,,li4 ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,?is ,,div]sity ,,9 ,,! ,,v]dicts ,,( #bhc ,,god ,,lii4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #bhd ,,liii4 ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,god ,,has ,,modifi$ ,,8 ,,s5t5ces #bhe ,,& ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,su* ,,modifications ,,liv4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,pray] #bij ,,lv4 ,a ,,fur!r ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,bus9ess #big ,,especially ,,8 ,,judicial ,,duties ,,lvi4 ,,! ,,spee* ,,( ,,wisdom #bii ,,lvii4 ,,difficult ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,judicial ,,(fice #cjd ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,lviii4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #cji ,,lix4 ,,:5 ,,judgm5ts ,,%\ld ,,be ,,sev]e ,,& ,,:5 ,,!y #cac ,,%\ld ,,be ,,m]ciful ,,lx4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #caf ,,lxi4 ,,conc]n+ ,,capital ,,puni%m5t #cah ,,lxii4 ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ #cbj ,,lxiii4 ,,! ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,god ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ory ,,( #cba ,,david ,,& ,,saul ,,lxiv4 ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,! ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,solomon #cci ,,lxv4 ,,solomon',s ,,decision ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,%imei #cda ,,lxvi4 ,,solomon',s ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,adonijah ,,& ,,8 #cdd ,,foll[]s ,,lxvii4 ,,:y ,,solomon ,,broke ,,8 ,,promise ,,( ,,peace ,,& #cec ,,security ,,to ,,joab ,,lxviii4 ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,promises3 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,mu/ ,,be ,,kept #cee ,,& ,,:5 ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,be ,,)drawn ,,lxix4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,k+%ip ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! #ceg ,,k+',s ,,responsibility ,,to ,,god ,,lxx4 ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,k+s ,,& ,,bi%ops4 ,,end ,,( ,,! #cfc ,,second ,,"p ,,bibliography #cfi ,,index #cge ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,! ,,k+',s ,,mirror ,,introduction ,! place ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( human a*ievem5t is a subject ^u :i* s*ol>s h n yet come to a g5]al agreem5t4 ,!re c be no d\bt t x 01 on ! :ole1 an age ( progress 9 _m fields2 b !re is mu* 9 its hi/ory t po9ts to /agnation1 if n to actual decl9e4 ,f a sup]ficial /udy ( its annals "o might be l$ to class x ) ! less] c5turies2 mo/ writ]s are incl9$ to rank x l[] ?an ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & p]haps n ev5 s high z ! twelf?4 ,x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ! crusad+ movem5t f9ally flick]$ out & ! ,*ri/ian _w 0 compell$ to leave ! cradle ( ! holy fai? 9 ! h&s ( ! infidel4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 too1 ! m$ieval empire sank into hopeless ineffici5cy & all b expir$4 ,! papacy1 :i* m ?an any o!r p[] 0 responsible = ! ru9 ( ! imp]ial ambitions1 also w5t into decl9e4 ,:e!r ! loss 9 au?ority & pre/ige on ! "p ( ! holy see 0 comp5sat$ by a r5ew$ spiritual en]gy 9 ! *ur* at l>ge may well be d\bt$3 :at evid5ce we h w\ld indicate t ! religion ( ! masses 0 gross & mat]iali/ic1 t e?ical /&>ds 7 l[1 & t ! improvem5t 9 cl]ical morals1 :i* ! *ur* _h hop$ w\ld foll[ ! en=cem5t ( celibacy1 _h fail$ to appe>4 ,yet ! ?irte5? c5tury also _h its attractive figures & its important movem5ts4 ,! old social ord] 0 inde$ crumbl+1 b 9 its place appe>$ two new =ces :i* 7 to inh]it ! p[] & opportunities ( feudalism & re%ape social life3 ^! 7 ! new mon>*y1 enjoy+ wide sov]eign p[]s1 & ! new national consci\sness1 :i* 0 able to ?9k 9 l>g] units4 ,9 ,engl& ! c5tury saw ! developm5t ( a new repres5tative in/itution1 :i* has become ! "m ( mod]n legislative assemblies4 ,! ,italian cities 7 gr[+ ri* f ! pr(its ( ,ori5tal trade2 9 ! ,flemi% t[ns ! weav]'s indu/ry 0 build+ up new =ms ( municipal life2 ! great ,g]man ,hansa 0 lay+ hold on ! comm]ce ( ! nor!rn seas4 ,9 ! realms ( high] intellect1 9 sci5ce1 philosophy1 & !ology1 ! age 0 a notable "o1 ) ,rog] ,bacon1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 & ,?omas ,aqu9as z ! lead]s1 ea* 9 8 field4 ,! c5tury also meant mu* = ! progress ( geographical k1 = x 0 9 ?is p]iod t ,m>co ,polo p5etrat$ ! my/]i\s l&s ( ! ,f> ,ea/4 ,z ! hi/orian looks back into ?is age1 he is1 !re=e1 able to f9d broad traces ( mu* t is reg>d$ z fundam5tal to mod]n life4 ,( fir/ importance 9 ?is reg>d is ! employm5t ( popul> idioms 9 lit]>y productions4 ,fr5* lit]ature saw its beg9n+s 9 ! elev5? c5tury ) ! *ansons de ge/e1 songs ( valor\s de$s f ! h]oic age ( ! ,franki% k+dom4 ,9 ! next c5tury ! poets began to use ! !mes ( ! ,ar?urian leg5ds & sang ! exploits ( ! fam\s ,briti% k+ & ! knights ( 8 ,r\nd ,table4 ,a little lat] came ano!r cycle ( poems bas$ on ! h]oic tales ( classical antiquity4 ,! twelf? c5tury witness$ a p>allel movem5t 9 ,g]many1 :i* at fir/ 0 l>gely an imitation ( contempor>y ,fr5* poetry4 ,! poets1 h[ev]1 soon discov]$ lit]>y treasures 9 ! dim _w ( ! ,teutonic pa/1 9 ! tales ( ! ,nibelungs1 9 ! h]oic de$s ( ,!odoric1 & 9 ! exploits ( o!r h]oes4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 0 a l>ge body ( ,fr5* & ,g]man v]se 9 circulation4 ,! v]ses 7 borne f region to region & f l& to l& by pr(essional ent]ta9]s1 :o *ant$ ! poems1 & by pilgrims & o!r travel]s1 :o secur$ manuscript copies4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! new tales rea*$ ! ,nor!rn c\ntries1 & x 0 n long be=e ! ,nor?m5 7 eag]ly li/5+ to ! /ories ( *ivalr\s w>f>e1 militant religion1 & tragic love1 t !y _h le>n$ 9 ! s\?l&s4 ,! ,nor!rn peoples ?us _h a %>e 9 ! fruitage ( ! lat] middle ages2 b !y also _h a %>e 9 _! a*ievem5ts4 ,politically z well z intellectually ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 a great age 9 ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries4 ,! ,dani% k+dom rose to ! highe/ po9t ( its p[] "u ,valdem> ! ,victori\s1 ^: tr\bl$ reign began 9 #abjb4 ,valdem> succe$$ 9 ext5d+ ! t]ritories ( ,d5m>k along ! entire s\!rn coa/ ( ! ,baltic ,sea2 b ! greatness 0 %ort-liv$3 aft] ! defeat ( ! ,danes by ! ,nor? ,g]mans at ,brnhov$ 9 #abbg1 ! decl9e ( ,dani% imp]ialism began4 ,9 ,sw$51 too1 m5 dream$ ( conque/ beyond ! sea4 ,"u ! lead]%ip ( ,e>l ,birg]1 ! mo/ em95t /atesman ( m$ieval ,sw$51 ,sw$i% p[] 0 /eadily ext5d$ into ,f9ni% t]ritory1 & ! f\ndations ( ,sw$5 z a great ,european p[] 0 be+ laid4 ,dur+ ! days ( ,valdem> & ! great ,birg] ,norway also rea*$ its greate/ t]ritorial ext5t4 ,aft] a c5tury ( factional w>f>e1 ! nation settl$ d[n to comp>ative peace4 ,all ! ,norwegian colonies except ^? 9 ,irel&1 7 def9itely made subject to ! ,norwegian cr[n3 ^! 7 ! ,isle ( ,man1 ! ,hebrides1 ! ,orkneys1 ! ,%etl&s1 ! ,f>oes1 ,icel&1 & ,gre5l&4 ,9 e field ( national life !re 0 vigor & ent]prise4 ,& on ! ?rone sat a /rong1 wise1 & le>n$ mon>*1 ,hakon ,,iv1 ! rul] ) ! 8great k+-?\ght40 ,! real greatness ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 ! ,nor? lies1 h[ev]1 9 ! lit]>y a*ievem5ts ( ! age4 ,x is n kn[n :5 ! ,old ,norse poets fir/ began to ex]cise _! craft1 b ! e>lie/ poems t h come d[n to u date f ! n9? c5tury4 ,= two hundr$ ye>s ! lit]>y production 0 9 ! =m ( allit]ative v]se2 b aft] #ajej !re came a "t :5 scaldic poetry did n seem to ?rive4 ,?is does n mean t ! int]e/ 9 lit]ature di$ out2 x m]ely took a new =m3 ! age ( poetry 0 foll[$ by an age ( prose4 ,) ! ,*ri/ian fai? came ! ,lat9 alphabet & writ+ mat]ials1 & !re 0 no long] any ne$ to memorize v]se4 ,! new =m 0 ! saga1 :i* began to appe> 9 ! twelf? c5tury & receiv$ _m notable additions 9 ! ?irte5?4 ,! lit]>y movem5t on ! cont95t1 !re=e1 _h its c\nt]p>t 9 ! ,nor?2 only "h ! writ+s took ! =m ( prose1 :ile !re lit]ature 0 *iefly 9 v]se4 ,^! two curr5ts came into contact 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 ! m5 & wom5 ( ! ,nor? began to take an int]e/ 9 ! ,ar?urian romances & o!r tales t _h f\nd _! way into ,norway4 ,9 ?is new =m ( ,norwegian lit]ature !re c\ld n be mu* orig9ality2 /ill its appe>ance te/ifies to a wid5+ ( ! intellectual horizon4 ,9 addition to sagas & romances ! p]iod 0 also productive ( writt5 laws1 homilies1 leg5ds1 ,biblical n>ratives1 hi/ories1 & v>i\s o!r =ms ( lit]ature4 ,x is to be not$ t virtually ev]y?+ 0 writt5 9 ! idiom ( ! common p4 ,lat9 0 us$ to "s ext5t 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! lat] middle ages1 b x nev] came into su* g5]al use !re z 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury x _h almo/ pass$ out ( use z a lit]>y language4 ,9 our int]e/ 9 tales & romances we mu/ n ov]look ! fact t ! ?irte5? c5tury also produc$ an important lit]ature ( ! didactic type4 ,= c5turies ! ,*ri/ian _w _h /udi$ ! encyclop$ic works ( ,capella1 ,cassiodorus1 & ,isidore1 or _h read ! writ+s ( ,b$e & 8 _m foll[]s :o _h compos$ treatises 8on ! nature ( ?+s10 9 :i* !y _h /riv5 to set 9 ord] ! kn[n or suppos$ facts ( ! physical _w4 ,! ?irte5? c5tury _h an encyclop$i/ ( its own 9 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 :o produc$ a va/ comp5dium made up ( sev]al ,specula1 :i* 7 suppos$ to conta9 all ! k t ! _w possess$ 9 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 !ology1 & o!r fields ( le>n+4 ,! age also produc$ v>i\s o!r ,lat9 works ( ! didactic sort1 ( :i* ! ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica ( ,petrus ,come/or 0 p]haps ! mo/ significant = ! intellectual hi/ory ( ! ,nor?4 ,norway _h no encyclop$i/1 b ! ?irte5? c5tury produc$ a ,norwegian writ] :o und]took a task :i* 0 some:at ( ! encyclop$ic type4 ,"s "t dur+ ! reign ( ,hakon ,,iv1 p]haps :ile ,v9c5t 0 compos+ 8 great ,speculum ,majus1 a le>n$ ,norseman wrote ! ,speculum ,regale1 or ,k+'s ,mirror1 a "w :i* a compet5t critic has *>act]iz$ z 8"o ( ! *ief ornam5ts ( ,old ,norse lit]ature40#a ,unlike ! sagas & ! romances1 :i* h 9 view *iefly ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! read]1 ! ,k+'s ,mirror is didactic ?r\gh\t2 9 a few *apt]s only does ! au?or dep>t f 8 s]i\s purpose1 & all b two ( ^! are ( di/9ct value4 ,! purpose ( ! "w is to provide a c]ta9 k9d ( k :i* w be ( use to "y m5 :o are look+ =w>d to a c>e] 9 ! high] pr(essions4 ,footnote #a3 ,r4 ,keys] 9 ! introduction to ! ,*ri/iania edition 7p4 xi74 ,z outl9$ 9 ! introductory *apt]1 ! "w 0 to deal ) ! f\r great ord]s ( m5 9 ! ,norwegian k+dom3 ! m]*ants & _! int]e/s2 ! k+ & 8 reta9]s2 ! *ur* & ! cl]gy2 & ! peasantry or husb&m54 ,9 ! =m 9 :i* ! ,k+'s ,mirror has come d[n to mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ! fir/ two divisions only are includ$2 n ! lea/ fragm5t ( any sep>ate discussion ( ! cl]ical pr(ession or ( ! agricultural classes has be5 f\nd4 ,x is1 !re=e1 g5]ally believ$ t ! "w 0 n complet$ beyond ! po9t :]e ! extant manuscripts close4 ,:y ! book 0 left unf9i%$ _c be kn[n2 b x is a plausible conjecture t illness or p]haps dea? prev5t$ ! au?or1 :o 0 app>5tly an ag$ man1 f complet+ ! task t he _h set be=e him4 ,x is also possible t ! ideas express$ 9 ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! "w1 especially 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :i* deals ) ! subject ( cl]ical subord9ation to ! secul> p[]s1 7 s repugnant to ! ecclesia/ical ?\ght ( ! "t t ! au?orities ( ! *ur* disc\rag$ or p]haps f\nd means to prev5t ! cont9uation ( ! "w into ! ?ird division1 :]e ! au?or _h plann$ to deal ) ! *ur* & ! cl]gy4 ,9 =m ! ,speculum is a dialog betwe5 a wise & le>n$ fa!r & 8 son1 9 :i* ! l>g] "p ( ! discussion naturally falls to ! =m]4 ,! son asks que/ions & sugge/s problems1 :i* ! fa!r promptly answ]s or solves4 ,9 ! *oice ( =m !re is no?+ orig9al3 ! dialog 0 frequ5tly us$ by didactic writ]s 9 ! middle ages1 & x 0 ! natural =m to adopt4 ,! title1 ,speculum ,regale1 is also ( a k9d t 0 common 9 ^? days4#b ,specula ( _m sorts 7 be+ produc$3 ,speculum ,ecclesiae1 ,speculum ,/ultorum1 ,speculum ,naturale1 & ,speculum ,p]fectionis are "s ( ! titles us$ = writ+s ( a didactic type4 ,! ,g]man ,sa*s5spiegel is an in/ance ( ! title employ$ = a "w 9 a vulg> idiom4 ,!re 0 also a ,speculum ,regum1 or ,mirror ( ,k+s1 & a c5tury lat] an ,engli% ecclesia/ic wrote a ,speculum ,regis1 b ! writ] kn[s ( no o!r "w call$ ! ,speculum ,regale4 ,footnote #b3 ,x is believ$ t ! title came into use 9 ,europe 9 imitation ( ,h9du writ]s :o wrote 8,mirrors ( ,pr9ces40 ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bdb4 ,x is an int]e/+ "q :e!r ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 inspir$ by any e>li] "w writt5 along simil> l9es4 ,orig9ality 0 a r>e virtue 9 ! middle ages1 & ! good *ur*m5 :o wrote books 9 ^? days _c h reg>d$ plagi>ism z a mortal s94 ,! great writ]s 7 freely copi$ by ! less] m51 ?\ghts1 titles1 /atem5ts1 & ev5 ! word+ be+ (t5 tak5 outright4 ,x is1 !re=e1 difficult to det]m9e ! s\rces ( /atem5ts f\nd 9 ! lat] works1 z !y may h be5 drawn f any "o ( a :ole s]ies ( writ+s on ! subject "u discussion4 ,! writ] has n be5 able to make an exhau/ive exam9ation ( all ! didactic & devotional lit]ature ( ! c5turies prec$+ ! ?irte5?1 b ! se>* t has be5 made has n prov$ fruitful4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 an indep5d5t ?9k] & writ]4 ,he 0 d\btless acqua9t$ ) a l>ge numb] ( books & _h drawn in=mation f a great v>iety ( s\rces2 b :5 ! writ+ 0 actually done he _h app>5tly a few volumes only at 8 disposal4 ,9 ! region :]e ! "w seems to h be5 compos$1 on ! nor!rn edge ( ,european civilization1 !re 0 nei!r ca!dral nor mona/]y nor any o!r important ecclesia/ical f\ndation :]e a collection ( books might be f\nd4#c ,x is likely1 !re=e1 t ! au?or _h access to su* books only z 7 9 8 own possession4 ,b he came to 8 task ) a well-/ock$ m9d1 ) a va/ fund ( in=mation ga!r$ by travel & f ! exp]i5ces ( an active life2 & ?us he drew l>gely f mat]ials t _h become ! p]man5t possession ( 8 memory4 ,?is fact1 if x be a fact1 w also help to expla9 :y s _m inaccuracies h crept into 8 quot$ passages2 9 b v few in/ances does he give ! correct word+ ( a citation4 ,footnote #c3 ,!re mu/ h be5 important collections ( manuscripts at ,nid>os 7,trondhjem71 :]e !re 0 a ca!dral & sev]al mona/ic in/itutions4 ,! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 probably compos$ 9 ,namdal51 ab\t "o hundr$ miles nor!a/ ( ,nid>os4 ,see bel[1 pp4 #ei-fj4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! au?or _h a copy ( ! ,vulgate be=e him2 at lea/ "o ,biblical passage is correctly giv51 & x is quot$ 9 its ,lat9 =m4#d ,x has also be5 discov]$ t he _h access to an ,old ,norse p>aphrase ( a "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! books ( ,samuel & ( ! ,k+s4#e ,x is likely t he 0 also acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! works ( ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 & p]haps ) ! writ+s ( c]ta9 o!r m$ieval au?orities4 ,among ^! x seems safe to include ! ,discipl9a ,cl]icalis1 a collection ( tales & e?ical obs]vations by ,petrus ,alfonsus1 a conv]t$ ,jew :o wrote 9 ! fir/ half ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! ,discipl9a is a some:at fanta/ic production :olly unlike ! sob] pages ( ! ,speculum ,regale2 nev]!less1 ! two works appe> to %[ c]ta9 po9ts ( resemblance :i* c h>dly h be5 accid5tal4 ,! ,discipl9a is a dialog & ! "p ( ! son is mu* ! same z 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,9 bo? works ! "y man expresses a desire to become acqua9t$ ) ! cu/oms ( ! royal c\rt1 inasmu* z he may "s day decide to apply = admission to ! k+'s h\sehold s]vice4#f ,! description ( c\rtly mann]s & cu/oms 9 ! e>li] dialog1 ?\gh mu* brief] ?an ! correspond+ discussion 9 ! ,norwegian treatise1 has "s resemblance to ! latt] :i* sugge/s a possible relation%ip betwe5 ! two works4 ,footnote #d3 ,see bel[1 p4 #bcg4 ,footnote #e3 ,/orm1 8,om ,tids=holdet mellem ,kongespeilet og ,/jrn samt ,b>laams ,saga03 ,arkiv = nordisk ,filologi1 ,,iii1 #hc-hh4 ,footnote #f3 ,see ,discipl9a ,cl]icalis1 fabula xxiv3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clvii1 #fih-gjj4 ,! ,norwegian au?or may also h us$ "s ( ! _m comm5t>ies on ! books ( ,holy ,writ1 9 ! production ( :i* ! m$ieval cloi/]s 7 s prolific4 ,( ! influ5ce ( ,petrus ,come/or's ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica ! writ] has f\nd no di/9ct trace 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror2 b "o c be q sure t he knew & _h us$ ! ,elucid>ium ( ,honorius ( ,autun4 ,! ,elucid>ium is a manual ( m$ieval !ology :i* 0 widely read 9 ! lat] middle ages & 0 translat$ into ,old ,norse1 probably be=e ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 writt54#g ,b our ,norwegian au?or 0 n a slavi% foll[] ( e>li] au?orities3 9 8 use & treatm5t ( mat]ials drawn f ! ,scriptures he %[s rem>kable indep5d5ce4 ,rem>kable at lea/ is 8 ability to make ,biblical n>ratives s]ve to illu/rate 8 own !ories ( ,norwegian k+%ip4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! leg5ds t circulat$ ?r\gh ! *ur* & made effective use ( !m4 ,he mu/ also h kn[n a "w on ! m>vels ( ,irel&#h & ! lett] ( ,pre/] ,john to ! ,byzant9e emp]or1#i 9 :i* t my?ical prie/-k+ rec\nts ! wond]s ( ,india4 ,b ! *ief s\rce ( 8 "w is a long life full ( action1 conflict1 ?\ght1 & exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #g3 ,a fragm5t ( ! ,elucid>ium1 compris+1 h[ev]1 ! great] "p ( ! "w1 is publi%$ 9 ,annal] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #aheb & #ahec2 9 ! =m] volume a ,dani% translation is giv52 ! latt] conta9s ! ,icel&ic text4 ,footnote #h3 ,see bel[1 pp4 #bb-be4 ,footnote #i3 ,see bel[1 p4 #aja 7c4 viii74 ,! importance ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror lies 9 ! insight t x gives into ! /ate ( culture & civilization ( ! ,nor? 9 ! lat] middle ages4 ,! int]e/ foll[s sev5 diff]5t l9es3 physical sci5ce1 especially su* matt]s z are ( importance to navigators2 geography1 p>ticul>ly ! geography ( ! ,arctic l&s & wat]s2 ! organization ( ! k+'s h\sehold & ! privileges & duties ( ! k+'s h5*m52 milit>y eng9es1 weapons1 & arm\r us$ 9 (f5sive & def5sive w>f>e2 e?ical ideas1 especially rules ( conduct = c\rti]s & m]*ants2 ! royal (fice1 ! duties ( ! k+ & ! div9e orig9 ( k+%ip2 & ! place ( ! *ur* 9 ! ,norwegian /ate4 ,9 "o ( 8 e>li] *apt]s ! au?or enum]ates ! *ief subjects ( a sci5tific "* t ought to be /udi$ by e "o :o wi%es to become a successful m]*ant4 ,^! are ! great lum9>ies ( ! sky1 ! motions & ! pa?s ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! divisions ( "t & ! *anges t br+ ! seasons1 ! c>d9al po9ts ( ! compass1 & ! tides & curr5ts ( ! ocean4#aj ,9 discuss+ ^! matt]s he is naturally l$ to a /atem5t z to ! %ape ( ! e>?4 ,all ?r\gh ! middle ages !re 7 ?9k]s :o accept$ ! tea*+s ( ! classical a/ronom]s :o _h taught t ! e>? is r\nd l a sph]e2 b ?is belief 0 by no means g5]al4 ,b$e = "o appe>s to h be5 conv9c$ t ! e>? is ( a sph]ical %ape1 ?\gh he expla9s t1 because ( m\nta9s :i* rise high above ! surface1 x _c be p]fectly r\nd4#aa ,alex&] ,neckam1 an ,engli% sci5ti/ :o wrote two g5]ations be=e ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 compos$1 /ates 9 8 ,praise ( ,div9e ,wisdom t 8! anci5ts h v5tur$ to believe t ! e>? is r\nd1 ?\gh m\nta9s rise high above its surface40#ab ,neckam's own ideas on ?is po9t are q confus$ & he rema9s discreetly non-committal4 ,footnote #aj3 ,c4 iv4 ,see also ,l>son1 8,sci5tific ,k 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury03 ,publications ( ! ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sc&9avian ,/udy1 ,i1 #aci-adf4 ,footnote #aa3 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 xlvi3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,xc1 #bfd-bfe4 ,footnote #ab3 ,de ,naturis ,r]um1 #dda4 ,b if ! e>? is a globe1 !re is e reason to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( antipodes2 & if !re are antipodes1 all _c behold ,*ri/ com+ 9 ! cl\ds on ! f9al day4 ,to ! m$ieval !ologians1 at lea/ to ! l>g] numb] ( !m1 ?is argum5t dispos$ effectually ( ! ,ptolemaic !ory4 ,job does inde$ say t ,god 8hange? ! e>? ^u no?+10#ac & ?is passage might po9t to a sph]ical =m2 b !n ! ,psalmi/ affirms t ,he 8/ret*$ out ! e>? above ! wat]s10#ad & ?is /atem5t w\ld indicate t ! inhabit$ "p ( ! e>? is an isl& float+ ^u ! wat]s ( ! great ,ocean1 by :i* x is also surr\nd$4 ,?is belief 0 g5]ally ma9ta9$ 9 ! e>li] c5turies ( ! classical _w1 & x _h wide acceptance 9 ! middle ages4 ,!re 7 also ^? :o held t beyond & ar\nd ! out] ,ocean is a great girdle ( fire4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t _m believ$ ) ,isidore ( ,seville t x is useless to speculate on subjects ( ?is sort4 8,:e!r x ! e>? is support$ by ! d5sity ( ! air1 or :e!r x is spread out ^u ! wat]s 444 or h[ ! yield+ air c support su* a va/ mass z ! e>?1 :e!r su* an imm5se weight c be upheld by ! wat]s )\t be+ subm]g$1 or h[ ! e>? ma9ta9s its balance 444 ^! matt]s x is n p]mitt$ any mortal to "k & !y are n = u to discuss40#ae ,footnote #ac3 ,job1 xxvi1 #g4 ,footnote #ad3 ,psalms1 cxxxvi1 #f4 ,footnote #ae3 ,de ,natura ,r]um ,lib]1 c4 xlv3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,lxxxiii1 #ajae4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror believ$ 9 ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( a sph]ical e>?4 ,9 speak+ ( our planet he uses ! t]m j>arbollr1#af e>?-sph]e4 ,9 an ef=t to expla9 :y "s c\ntries are hott] ?an o!rs1 he sugge/s an exp]im5t ) an apple4 ,x is n cle> h[ ?is c %$ mu* light on ! problem1 b ! au?or boldly /ates ! po9t to be illu/rat$3 8,f ?is y may inf] t ! e>?-circle is r\nd l a ball40#ag ,footnote #af3 ,see c4 xix4 ,footnote #ag3 ,see c4 vii4 ,t[>d ! close ( ! m$ieval p]iod !re 7 c]ta9 ?9k]s :o attempt$ to reconcile ! sph]ical !ory ) ! belief t ! inhabit$ "p ( ! e>? is an isl&4 ,^! appe> to h believ$ t ! e>? is a globe p>tly subm]g$ 9 a l>g] sph]e compos$ ( wat]4#ah ,! visible p>ts ( ! e>? w\ld rise above ! surr\nd+ ocean l a huge isl&1 & ! ,biblical passages :i* _h caus$ s mu* difficulty c\ld ?us be int]pret$ 9 accord ) app>5t facts4 ,x is q cle> t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror held no su* !ory4 ,9 a poetic description ( h[ ! eight w9ds =m _! cov5ants ( fri5d%ip at ! approa* ( spr+1 he tells u t 8at midnight ! nor? w9d goes =? to meet ! c\rs+ sun & leads him ?r\gh rocky des]ts t[>d ! sp>se-built %ores40#ai ,! au?or1 !re=e1 seems to believe t ! e>? is a sph]e1 t !re are l&s on ! opposite side ( ! e>?1 & t ^! l&s are inhabit$4 ,he also und]/&s t ! regions t lie b5ea? ! midnight c\rse ( ! sun 9 spr+ & summ] mu/ be ?9ly populat$1 z ! sun's pa? on ! opposite side ( ! e>? dur+ ! season ( l5g!n+ days is con/antly approa*+ ne>] ! pole4 ,footnote #ah3 ,ruge1 ,ges*i*te des ,zeitalt]s d] ,entdeckung51 #ig4 ,footnote #ai3 ,c4 v4 ,b :ile ! au?or seems to accept ! ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! univ]se1 he is n able to dive/ 8 m9d entirely ( curr5t geographical notions4 ,!re c be no d\bt t he believ$ 9 ! encircl+ out] ocean1 & x is b>ely possible t he also look$ ) favor on ! belief t ! :ole 0 encompass$ by a girdle ( fire4 ,on ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 we _c be sure3 he m5tions ! belief m]ely z "o t is curr5t1 n z "o accept$ by himself4#bj ,footnote #bj3 ,c4 xix4 ,x 0 commonly held 9 ! middle ages t ! e>? is divid$ into five zones1 only two ( :i* may be inhabit$4 ,?is 0 a !ory advanc$ by a ,greek sci5ti/ 9 ! fif? c5tury be=e our era1#ba & 0 giv5 curr5cy 9 m$ieval times *iefly1 p]haps1 ?r\gh ! works ( ,macrobius4#bb ,at fir/ ^! zones 7 conceiv$ z belts drawn across ! heav5s2 lat] !y came to be consid]$ z divisions ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,x w be not$ t our au?or uses ! old] t]m9ology & speaks ( ! zones z belts on ! heav52#bc x may be inf]r$1 !re=e1 t he d]iv$ 8 in=mation f "o ( ! e>li] ,lat9 treatises on ! nature ( ! univ]se4#bd ,= two ?\s& ye>s x 0 believ$ t human life c\ld n exi/ 9 ! pol> & torrid zones4 ,ev5 z late z ! fifte5? c5tury ,european navigators _h great fe> ( travel into ! torrid zone1 :]e ! heat 0 ?\ght to gr[ m int5se z "o travel$ s\?1 until a po9t might be rea*$ :]e wat] 9 ! sea w\ld boil4 ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror seems to d\bt all ?is4 ,he reg>ds ! pol> zones z g5]ally un9habitable2 /ill1 he is sure t ,gre5l& lies )9 ! arctic zone2 & yet1 ,gre5l& 8has beautiful sun%9e & is said to h a r pleasant climate40#be ,he sees q cle>ly t ! physical nature ( a c\ntry may h mu* to d ) climatic conditions4 ,! cold ( ,icel& he ascribes 9 great "p to its position ne> ,gre5l&3 8= x is to be expect$ t sev]e cold w\ld come !nce1 s9ce ,gre5l& is ice-clad beyond all o!r l&s40#bf ,he conceives ! possibility t ! s\? temp]ate zone is inhabit$4 8,& if p live z ne> ! cold belt on ! s\!rn side z ! ,gre5l&]s d on ! nor!rn1 ,i firmly believe t ! nor? w9d bl[s z w>m to !m z ! s\? w9d to u4 ,= !y mu/ look nor? to see ! midday & ! sun's :ole c\rse1 j z we1 :o dwell nor? ( ! sun1 mu/ look to ! s\?40#bg ,footnote #ba3 ,p>m5ides ( ,ela 7ca4 #dhj ,b4,c474 ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,i1 #ab4 ,footnote #bb3 ,see bel[1 p4 #adg 7c4 xix74 ,cf4 ,ibid41 #abc4 ,footnote #bc3 ,c4 xix4 ,footnote #bd3 ,probably f ! writ+s ( ,isidore1 :o speaks ( ! zones z belts on ! heav5s4 ,etymologiae1 iii1 c4 xliv2 xiii1 c4 vi2 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 x4 ,footnote #be3 ,c4 xix4 ,footnote #bf3 ,c4 xiii4 ,footnote #bg3 ,c4 xxi4 ,on ! que/ions ( "t & its divisions ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror seems to h _h ne>ly all ! in=mation t ! age possess$4 ,he divides ! p]iod ( day & night into two 8days0 7dgr7 ( twelve h\rs ea*4 ,ea* h\r is aga9 divid$ into small] h\rs call$ o/5ta 9 ,lat94#bh ,any division bel[ ! m9ute he app>5tly does n "k4 ,! l5g? ( ! ye> he fixes at #cfe days & six h\rs1 e f\r? ye> ^! additional h\rs make tw5ty-f\r & we h leap ye>4#bi ,! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon & ! tidal *anges 9 ! ocean are also reckon$ ) fair accuracy4#cj ,footnote #bh3 ,c4 vi4 ,footnote #bi3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cj3 ,ibid4 ,m$ieval sci5ti/s f\nd ^! movem5ts 9 ! ocean a great my/]y4 ,"s ascrib$ ! tides to ! influ5ce ( ! moon2#ca o!rs believ$ t !y 7 caus$ by ! collision ( ! wat]s ( two arms ( ! ocean1 an ea/]n arm & a we/]n2 /ill o!rs imag9$ t some:]e !re 7 8c]ta9 cav]n-l abysses1 :i* n[ swall[ up ! wat]1 & n[ spew x =? aga940#cb ,! au?or ( ! ,speculum has no d\bts on ! subject3 he believes t ! tides are due to ! wax+ & wan+ ( ! moon4#cc ,footnote #ca3 ,! ,v5]able ,b$e held t ! moon is 9 "s way responsible = ! tides4 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 xxxix3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,xc1 #beh-bei2 see also ibid41 ,,xc1 #dbb-dbf 7,de ,tempore ,ratione1 c4 xxix74 ,footnote #cb3 ,alex&] ,neckam1 ,de ,naturis ,r]um1 #ach4 ,footnote #cc3 ,c4 vi4 ,9 8 discussion ( ! volcanic fires ( ,icel& he %[s t on ?is subject he 0 completely "u ! influ5ce ( m$ieval conceptions4 ,he has he>d t ,gregory ! ,great believ$ t ! volcanic eruptions 9 ,sicily h _! orig9s 9 ! inf]nal regions4 ,our au?or is incl9$ to "q1 h[ev]1 t !re is any?+ sup]natural ab\t ! eruptions ( ,m\nt ,etna2 b he is q sure t ! volcanic fires ( ,icel& rise f ! places ( pa94 ,! fires ( ,sicily are liv+ fires1 inasmu* z !y dev\r liv+ mat]ials1 su* z wood & e>?2 ^? ( ,icel&1 on ! o!r h&1 consume no?+ liv+ b only dead matt] l rock4 ,& he !re=e concludes t ^! fires mu/ h _! orig9 9 ! realms ( dea?4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,c4 xiii4 ,! au?or has a suspicion t e>?quakes may be due to volcanic action1 b he (f]s ano!r explanation1 ?\gh he does n give x z 8 own belief4 ,d[n 9 ! b[els ( ! e>? !re is probably a l>ge numb] ( cav]ns & empty passages4 8,at times x may happ5 t ^! passages & cavities w be s completely pack$ ) air ei!r by ! w9ds or by ! p[] ( ! ro>+ break]s1 t ! pressure ( ! bla/ _c be conf9$1 & ?is may be ! orig9 ( ^? great e>?quakes t occur 9 t c\ntry40#ce ,9 ?is !ory !re is no?+ new or orig9al3 ! belief t ! e>? is ( a spongy con/itution & t e>?quakes are caus$ by air curr5ts is a v old "o1 :i* c be foll[$ back ?r\gh ! writ+s ( ,alex&] ,neckam1#cf ! ,v5]able ,b$e1#cg & o!rs1 at lea/ z f> z to ,isidore4#ch ,! eld] ,pl9y1 :o wrote 8 ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 seems to h held simil> views3 8,i believe !re c be no d\bt t ! w9ds are ! cause ( e>?quakes40#ci ,footnote #ce3 ,ibid4 ,footnote #cf3 ,de ,naturis ,r]um1 #aeh4 ,footnote #cg3 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 xlix3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,xc1 #bge-bgf4 ,footnote #ch3 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 xlvi3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,lxxxiii1 #ajae4 ,see also ,! ,*ri/ian ,topography ( ,cosmas 7writt5 ab\t #edg71 #ag-ah2 ,cosmas sc(fs at ! !ory4 ,footnote #ci3 ,naturalis ,hi/oriae1 ,i1 #bja 7ii1 c4 lxxix74 ,! *apt]s t deal ) ! nor!rn lights are int]e/+ because !y seem to imply t ^! lights 7 n visible 9 ^? p>ts ( ,norway :]e ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 writt54 ,! editors ( ! ,*ri/iania edition ( ?is "w call att5tion to ! fact t !re h be5 p]iods :5 ^! ph5om5a 7 less prom95t1 & sugge/ t !re may h be5 su* a p]iod 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4#dj ,! au?or discusses ^! lights z "o ( ! wond]s ( ,gre5l&1 & ! natural inf]5ce is t !y 7 n kn[n 9 ,norway4 ,b x is also true t he speaks ( :ales z if !y 7 limit$ to ! seas ab\t ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 :i* is manife/ly incorrect4 ,x is likely t ! au?or m]ely wi%es to emphasize ! fact t ! nor!rn lights appe> ) great] frequ5cy & 9 great] brilliance 9 ,gre5l& ?an any:]e 9 ,norway4 ,he gives ?ree !ories to acc\nt = ^! ph5om5a3 "s ascribe !m to a girdle ( fire :i* encircles ! e>? beyond ! out] ocean2 o!rs hold t ! lights are m]ely rays ( ! sun :i* f9d _! way pa/ ! edges ( ! e>? :ile ! sun is c\rs+ und]nea?2 b 8 own belief is t fro/ & cold h atta9$ to su* a p[] 9 ! ,arctic t !y are able to put =? light4#da ,9 8 op9ion cold is a positive =ce z mu* z heat or any o!r =m ( en]gy4 ,to ! m5 ( ! au?or's "t !re 0 no?+ /range 9 ?is belief3 x seems to h be5 held by _m ev5 be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury t ice c\ld "u c]ta9 conditions produce heat & ev5 burn4#db ,footnote #dj3 ,p4 ix1 note4 ,footnote #da3 ,c4 xix4 ,footnote #db3 ,?us ,sol9us 7pp4 xxxiv1 xxxvii1 #bcf7 says 8! sea-ice on ?is isl& ignites itself on collision1 & :5 x is ignit$ x burns l wood40 ,see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,i1 #aic4 ,adam von ,brem5 7,ge/a ,hammaburg5sis ,ecclesiae ,pontificum1 iv1 #cd7 writes3 8!y report ?is rem>kable ?+ ab\t x t ?is ice appe>s s black & dry t1 on acc\nt ( its age1 x burns :5 x is k9dl$40 ,ibid4 ,! same belief appe>s 9 a ,g]man poem ,m]eg>to3 8,!reby ! ice !re becomes s h>d z cry/al1 t !y make a fire above x till ! cry/al gl[s40 ,ibid41 ,i1 #aha4 ,among ! au?or's sci5tific notions v little t is really orig9al c be f\nd4 ,x is ,riant's belief t he drew to "s ext5t f ,ori5tal s\rces1 ! lore ( ! ,ea/ hav+ come into ! ,nor? z ! spoil ( crusad]s or z ! acquisitions ( ,norwegian pilgrims4#dc ,x may be d\bt$1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! ,s>ac5ic contribution is a real "o3 almo/ ev]y?+ t ! au?or ( ! ,speculum ,regale pres5ts z 8 belief c be f\nd 9 ! ,lat9 sci5tific manuals ( ! middle ages4 ,he alludes to ! writ+s ( ,isidore ( ,seville1 & !re c be little d\bt t he 0 acqua9t$ ) ! ideas ( ! great ,spani>d1 ?\gh he does n accept !m all4 ,8 ideas z to ! %ape ( ! e>? & ! probable causes ( e>?quakes may h be5 d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 or f "o ( 8 num]\s foll[]s4 ,! divisions ( "t are discuss$ 9 _m ( ! sci5tific treatises ( ! middle ages1 b ! division ( ! h\r into sixtie?s call$ o/5ta is probably n f\nd 9 any manual writt5 be=e ! n9? c5tury2 s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to det]m9e1 o/5ta1 mean+ m9utes1 fir/ appe>s 9 ! works ( ,rabanus ,maurus4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,riant1 ,expditions et ,pl]9ages des ,sc&9aves en ,t]re ,sa9te1 #ddj-dda4 ,footnote #dd3 ,rabanus ,maurus di$ 9 #hef4 ,! discussion ( ^! sci5tific notions has its *ief value 9 %[+ to :at ext5t ! ,norwegians ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 acqua9t$ ) ! be/ !ories ( ! age z to ! great facts ( ! univ]se4 ,! au?or's own contribution to ! sci5tific le>n+ ( 8 "t lies almo/ exclusively 9 ! field ( geography4 8,beyond comp>ison ! mo/ important geographical writ] ( ! m$ieval ,nor?10 says ,dr4 ,nans51 8& at ! same "t "o ( ! fir/ 9 ! :ole ( m$ieval ,europe1 0 ! unkn[n au?or :o wrote ! ,k+'s ,mirror4444 ,if "o turns f contempor>y or e>li] ,european geographical lit]ature1 ) all its sup]/ition & obscurity1 to ?is ma/]ly "w1 ! diff]5ce is v /rik+40#de ,?is is d\btless due to ! fact t our au?or 0 n a cloi/]$ monk :o 0 cont5t to copy ! ideas & expressions ( 8 pr$ecessors ) su* *anges z w\ld satisfy a !ological m9d1 b a man :o _h be5 active 9 ! secul> _w & 0 anxi\s to get at real facts4 ,footnote #de3 ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bdb4 ,among ! *apt]s devot$ to sci5tific lore ! au?or has introduc$ sev]al :i* are o/5sibly int5d$ to s]ve ! purpose ( ent]ta9m5t2 ! au?or seems to fe> t ! int]e/ ( 8 read]s is likely to flag1 if ! dry recital ( physical facts is cont9u$ unbrok54 ,x is 9 ^! *apt]s1 :i* pr(ess to deal ) ! m>vels ( ,norway1 ,irel&1 ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ! ,arctic seas1 t he introduces 8 geographical data4 ,9 ! description ( ,gre5l& are includ$ su* important & practical subjects z ! g5]al "* ( ! l&1 ! great ice fields1 ! products ( ! c\ntry1 wild animals1 & a few facts f ! economic life ( ! p4 ,9 ! *apt]s on ,icel& ! au?or limits himself to c]ta9 physical features1 su* z glaci]s1 geys]s1 m9]al spr+s1 volcanoes1 & e>?quakes4 ,he also gives a 8description ( ! animal _w ( ! nor!rn seas to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 ! e>li] lit]ature ( ! _w40#df ,he enum]ates tw5ty-"o diff]5t species ( :ales#dg & describes sev]al ( !m ) "s fulness4 ,he m5tions & describes six v>ieties ( seals#dh & also gives a description ( ! walrus4 ,! m>vel\s elem5t is repres5t$ by detail$ acc\nts ( ! 8sea-h$ges0 7probably sea quakes7 on ! coa/s ( ,gre5l&1 ! m]man1 ! m]maid1 & ! krak54#di ,b on ! :ole ^! *apt]s give evid5ce ( c>eful1 discrim9at+ obs]vation & a desire to give accurate k4 ,footnote #df3 ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bdc4 ,footnote #dg3 ,ibid4 8,if we make all[ance = ?ree ( !m be+ probably %>ks & = two be+ p]haps alt]native names = ! same :ale1 ! total corresponds to ! numb] ( species t are kn[n 9 nor!rn wat]s40 ,footnote #dh3 ,ibid4 ,?is 8corresponds to ! numb] ( species liv+ on ! coa/s ( ,norway & ,gre5l&40 ,footnote #di3 ,cc4 xii1 xvi4 ,= all b ! two *apt]s on ,irel& ! s\rces ( ! au?or's geographical in=mation are evid5tly ! tales ( travel]s & 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ces2 ( lit]>y s\rces !re is no trace4 ,! acc\nt ( ! m>vels ( ,irel&1 h[ev]1 gives rise to c]ta9 problems4 ,x may be t ! ,norwegian geograph] bas$ ^! *apt]s on lit]>y s\rces t are /ill extant1 or he may h _h access to writ+s :i* h s9ce disappe>$4 ,x is also possible t "s ( ! in=mation 0 contribut$ by travel]s :o sail$ ! we/]n seas & _h soj\rn$ on ! 8we/]n isles20 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ,norway /ill _h colonies z f> s\? z ! ,isle ( ,man1 & t ,norsem5 7 /ill liv+ 9 ,irel&1 ?\gh "u ,engli% rule4 ,:5 ,hakon ,,iv made 8 exp$ition into ^! regions 9 #abfc1 "s ( ^! ,norwegian coloni/s 9 ,irel& s\ght 8 aid 9 ! hope t ,engli% rule might be ov]?r[n4#ej ,footnote #ej3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #cbb4 ,x has long be5 kn[n t _m ( ! tales ( ,iri% wond]s & miracles t are rec\nt$ 9 ! ,speculum ,regale are also told 9 ! ,topographia ,hib]nica by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis4 ,! fam\s ,wel%man wrote 8 "w sev]al decades be=e ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 compos$2 & x is n impossible t ! au?or ( ! latt] _h access to ! 8,iri% ,topography40 ,moreov]1 ! ,speculum ,regale & ! ,topographia ,hib]nica h c]ta9 common features :i* correspond s closely t lit]>y k9%ip seems q probable4 ,! resemblances1 h[ev]1 are n s mu* 9 ! details z 9 ! plan & ! viewpo9t4 ,9 ! second book ( 8 8,topography10 ,giraldus rec\nts 8fir/ ^? ?+s t nature has plant$ 9 ! l& itself20 & next 8^? ?+s t h be5 miracul\sly p]=m$ ?r\gh ! m]its ( ! sa9ts40#ea ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror has adopt$ a simil> gr\p+4 ,aft] hav+ discuss$ "s ( ! wond]s ( ! isl& he cont9ues3 8,!re /ill rema9 c]ta9 ?+s t may be ?\ght m>vel\s2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are n native to ! l& b h orig9at$ 9 ! miracul\s p[]s ( holy m540#eb ,?is correspond5ce 9 ! g5]al plan is too rem>kable to be :olly accid5tal2 at lea/ x %\ld lead u to look = o!r resemblances else:]e4 ,footnote #ea3 ,giraldus1 ,op]a1 ,v1 #fb-fd2 ,k+'s ,mirror1 c4 x4 ,footnote #eb3 ,topographia ,hib]nica1 iii1 c4 #bh2 ,k+'s ,mirror1 c4 x4 ,9 8 g5]al description ( ,irel& ! au?or ( ! ,norwegian "w calls att5tion to ! excell5ce ( ! l& & its temp]ate climate3 8= all ?r\gh ! w9t] ! cattle f9d _! fe$ 9 ! op540#ec ,giraldus in=ms u t grass gr[s 9 w9t] z well z 9 summ]1 & he adds3 8!re=e !y are accu/om$ nei!r to cut hay = fodd] nor to provide /ables = ! cattle40#ed ,bo? writ]s emphasize ! fact t grapes d n gr[ on ! isl&4 ,9 bo? writ+s att5tion is call$ to ! sacr$ "* ( ! ,iri% soil1 :i* makes x impossible = reptiles & v5om\s animals to live on ! l&1 ?\gh ,giraldus has 8 d\bts z to ! sup]natural phase ( ! matt]4 ,bo? writ]s add t if s& or du/ is br\ght f ,irel& to ano!r c\ntry & scatt]$ ab\t a reptile1 x w p]i%4#ee ,bo? *>act]ize ! ,iri% p z savage & murd]\s1 b !y also call att5tion to _! k9d treatm5t ( holy m51 ( :om ! isl& has always _h _m4#ef ,9 fact1 e /atem5t 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror z to ! nature ( ! l& & ! "* ( ! inhabitants c be duplicat$ 9 ,giraldus' description ( ,irel&1 except1 p]haps1 ! s+le obs]vation t ! ,iri% p1 because ( ! mildness ( ! climate1 (t5 we> no clo!s4 ,footnote #ec3 ,topographia ,hib]nica1 ii1 introd43 ,op]a1 ,v1 #gd4 ,footnote #ed3 ,c4 xi4 ,footnote #ee3 ,c4 x4 ,footnote #ef3 ,topographia ,hib]nica1 i1 c4 xxxiii3 ,op]a1 ,v1 #fg4 ,b ev5 if ,giraldus' "w is to be reg>d$ z "o ( ! s\rces :i* ! ,norwegian au?or may h us$ 9 writ+ 8 *apt]s on ! ,iri% mirabilia1 x _c h be5 ! only or ev5 ! pr9cipal s\rce4 ,! acc\nt ( ^! m>vels 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror does n :olly agree ) t ( ! ,wel%man's "w4 ,9 "s in/ances ! wond]s are told ) details t are want+ 9 ! e>li] n>rative4 ,frequ5tly1 too1 ! ,norwegian v]sion is m explicit z to localities & gives prop] names :]e ,giraldus has none4 ,x also records m>vels & miracles :i* are n f\nd 9 ! ,topographia ,hib]nica4 ,9 an edition ( ! ,iri% ,n5nius ! editor has add$ z an app5dix a brief acc\nt ( ! 8,wond]s ( ,irel&10 _m ( ! tales ( :i* h int]e/+ p>allels 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,!re is also a m$ieval poem on ! same !me#eg :i* conta9s allusions to mu* t ! ,norwegian au?or has record$ ) great] fulness4 ,nei!r ( ^! works1 h[ev]1 c h be5 ! s\rce f :i* ! *apt]s on ,irel& 9 ! ,speculum ,regale h be5 d]iv$4 ,footnote #eg3 ,see ,wright-,halliwell1 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #ajc-ajg4 ,! le>n$ editors ( ! ,*ri/iania edition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror rea*$ ! conclusion t ! au?or did n draw f any lit]>y s\rce b d]iv$ 8 in=mation f curr5t tales & o!r oral acc\nts4#eh ,?is is also ! op9ion ( ,dr4 ,kuno ,mey]1 ! em95t /ud5t ( ,celtic philology4#ei ,dr4 ,mey] bases 8 belief on ! =m ( ! ,iri% prop] names4 ,z writt5 9 ! ,speculum ,regale !y c n h be5 copi$1 z ! spell+ is n normally ,iri%2 he believes1 !re=e1 t !y %[ an ef=t on ! au?or's "p to reproduce phonetically ^! names z he he>d !m spok54 ,b ?is !ory ignores ! fact t 9 writ+ !m ! au?or employs comb9ations ( consonants :i* are unusual to say ! lea/4 ,comb9ations ( * & gh are us$ 9 writ+ ne>ly all ! ,iri% prop] names t occur 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror & ! gh-comb9ation is f\nd n[h]e else 9 ! "w4#fj ,x 0 probably com+ into ! language 9 ! c5tury to :i* ! "w is cr$it$1 b ! au?or uses x only z indicat$ above4 ,x seems likely1 !re=e1 t he _h access to a writt5 s\rce1 ?\gh x is also likely t he did n h ?is acc\nt be=e him :5 ! writ+ 0 actually done4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! au?or seems to h writt5 l>gely f memory1 & 8 memory is n always accurate4 ,footnote #eh3 ,p4 x4 ,footnote #ei3 riu1 ,,iv41 #ad-af4 ,footnote #fj3 ,9 a lett] to ! writ] ,pr(essor ,mey] expresses ! belief t ! use ( gh 9 ! ,iri% prop] names is an inv5tion by ! au?or4 ,! comb9ation ( c & h is also us$ 9 c]ta9 o!r prop] names1 ! sy/em v>y+ 9 ! diff]5t manuscripts4 ,= a discussion ( ! writ+ ( prop] names 9 ! *ief manuscript1 see ! ,am]ican ,facsimile ,edition ( ! ,konungs ,skuggsj 7edit$ by ,g4 ,t4 ,flom71 xxxvii-xxxix4 ,hav+ discuss$ ! subjects :i* he consid]s ( *ief importance = ! education ( a m]*ant1 ! le>n$ fa!r proce$s to describe ! k+'s h\sehold & its organization1 ! mann]s :i* "o %\ld obs]ve at c\rt1 & ! bus9ess t is likely to come be=e a k+4 ,= ! "p :i* deals ) ! royal c\rt1 x is probable t no lit]>y s\rces 7 us$4 ,! au?or evid5tly wrote f long exp]i5ce 9 ! k+'s ret9ue2 he is n discuss+ an ideal organization b ! k+'s h\sehold z x 0 9 ,b]g5 & ,trondhjem 9 8 own day4 ,if he drew f any writt5 description ( c\rtly mann]s1 x may h be5 f "s book l ,petrus ,alfonsus' ,discipl9a ,cl]icalis1 :i* has already be5 m5tion$#fa & :i* seems to h _h a wide circulation ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe 9 ! lat] middle ages4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see above1 pp4 #i-aj4 ,! *apt]s t are devot$ to ! discussion ( ! duties & activities ( ! k+'s gu>dsm51 to ! mann]s & cu/oms :i* %\ld rule 9 ! k+'s g>?1 & to ! e?ical ideas on :i* ^! 7 l>gely bas$ are ( great int]e/ to ! /ud5t ( m$ieval culture4 ,!y reveal a progress 9 ! direction ( ref9$ life & poli%$ mann]s1 :i* "o %\ld sc>cely expect to f9d 9 ! ,nor!rn l&s4 ,! developm5t ( c\rtesy & ref9$ mann]s may h be5 accel]at$ by ! new lit]ature :i* 0 com+ into ,sc&9avia f ,france & ,g]many1 a lit]ature t dealt s l>gely ) ! do+s ( knights & k+s2#fb b x 0 probably n s mu* a matt] ( booki% in/ruction z ( direct imitation4 ,! ,nor?m51 ?\gh !y liv$ f> f ! great c5t]s ( culture1 7 always 9 close t\* ) ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,9 ! e>li] c5turies ! vik+ sail$ 8 dread$ craft :]ev] !re 0 weal? & plund] & civiliz$ life4 ,aft] him & (t5 z 8 companion came ! m]*ant :o br\ght away new ideas along ) o!r desirable w>es4 ,aft] a "t ,*ri/ianity 0 introduc$ f ! s\?l&s1 & ! pilgrim & ! crusad] took ! place ( ! hea!n pirate4 ,& all ^! classes help$ to re%ape ! life ( c\rtesy 9 ! ,nor!rn c\ntries4 ,footnote #fb3 ,see above1 pp4 #b-c4 ,x is difficult to ov]e/imate ! influ5ce ( ! crusad] z a pione] ( ,*ri/ian culture 9 ,sc&9avia1 b x seems possible t ! pilgrim 0 ev5 m important 9 ?is respect4 ,x 0 no d\bt l>gely ?r\gh 8 j\rneys t ,g]man influ5ces began to be felt 9 ! ,sc&9avian l&s1 ?\gh x is possible t ! wide activities ( ! ,hanseatic m]*ants %\ld also be cr$it$ ) "s importance = ! spread ( ,teutonic culture4 ,x is told 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror t a new mode ( dress+ ! hair & ! be>d _h be5 introduc$ f ,g]many s9ce ! au?or _h retir$ f ! royal c\rt4#fc ,x is significant t ! r\tes usually foll[$ by ,norwegian pilgrims :o s\ght ! ,et]nal ,city & ! holy places 9 ! ,ori5t ran ?r\gh ,g]man l&s4 ,z a rule ! pilgrims travel$ ?r\gh ,jutl&1 ,hol/e91 & ! ,old ,saxon t]ritories & rea*$ ! ,rh9e at ,ma9z4 ,x 0 also possible to take a m ea/]ly r\te1 & sometimes ! travel]s w\ld g by sea to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries & !nce s\?w>d pa/ ,utre*t & ,cologne2 b all ^! ?ree r\tes conv]g$ at ,ma9z1 :5ce ! j\rney l$ up ! ,rh9e & across ! ,alps4 ,x w be not$ t a long /ret* ( ! j\rney f ,norway to ,rome w\ld lead ?r\gh ! ,g]man k+dom4 ,conc]n+ ! p ( ! ,old ,saxon or ,g]man l&s an ,icel&ic scribe makes ! foll[+ significant rem>k3 8,9 t c\ntry ! p are m poli%$ & c\rte\s ?an 9 mo/ places & ! ,nor?m5 imitate _! cu/oms q g5]ally40#fd ,footnote #fc3 ,c4 xxx4 ,footnote #fd3 ,nikolas ,smund>son1 abbot ( ,?+eyr>1 :o made a j\rney to ! ,holy ,l& ab\t #aaea1 wrote an it9]>y = ! use ( pilgrims f :i* ! above quotation is tak54 ,! it9]>y is summ>iz$ 9 ,riant1 ,expditions et ,pl]9ages des ,sc&9aves en ,t]re ,sa9te1 #hj-hg4 ,! cultural influ5ces :i* foll[$ 9 ! wake ( ! return+ crusad]s 7 no d\bt l>gely ( ,franki% orig94 ,z a rule ! crusad+ exp$itions foll[$ ! sea r\te along ! coa/s ( ,france & ! ,spani% p59sula2 ?us ! ,nor!rn w>riors came 9 contact ) ,fr5* ideas & cu/oms 9 ! ,franki% homel& z well z 9 ! ,*ri/ian armies1 :i* 7 l>gely made up ( en?usia/ic & v5turesome knights f ,frankl&4 ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror urges 8 son to le>n ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 8= ^! idioms are mo/ widely us$40#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,c4 iii4 ,x is likely t ,engli% culture f\nd its way into ! ,nor? along ) ! ,fr5*4 ,:5 ,k+ ,sigurd sail$ to ! ,ori5t 9 #aajg1 he sp5t ! w9t] ( #aajg-aajh at ! ,engli% c\rt4 ,"o ( ! reasons :y ! son wi%es to ma/] ! m]cantile pr(ession is t he desires to travel & le>n ! cu/oms ( o!r l&s4#ff ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ,norwegian trade /ill seems to h be5 l>gely ) ,engl& & ! o!r p>ts ( ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,x is also important to rememb] t ! ,norwegian *ur* 0 a daught] ( ! *ur* ( ,engl&1 & t occasionally ,engli% *ur*m5 7 elevat$ to high (fice 9 ! ,norwegian e/abli%m5t4 ,x is likely t ,ma/] ,william1 :o 0 ,hakon ,,iv's *apla91 0 an ,engli%man2 at lea/ he bore an ,engli% "n4#fg ,footnote #ff3 ,c4 iii4 ,footnote #fg3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bbh4 ,in=mation z to =eign civilization & ! rules ( c\rte\s behavior c\ld also pass f l& to l& & f c\rt to c\rt ) ! diplomatic missions ( ! "t4 ,! wise fa!r /ates t envoys :o come & g are c>eful to obs]ve ! mann]s t obta9 at ! c\rts to :i* !y are s5t4#fh ,frequ5t embassies mu/ h pass$ betwe5 ! capitals ( ,engl& & ,norway 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x is record$ t bo? ,k+ ,john & 8 son ,h5ry ,,iii receiv$ envoys f ! k+ ( ,norway1 & t !y br\ght v acceptable gifts1 su* z hawks & elks1#fi especially ! =m]3 9 twelve diff]5t ye>s ,hakon ,,iv s5t hawks to ! ,engli% k+4#gj ,footnote #fh3 ,c4 xxix4 ,footnote #fi3 ,rotuli ,litt]>um ,claus>um1 ,i1 #chb1 #ejf1 #eji4 ,footnote #gj3 ,olafs51 8,falkefang/5 i ,norge03 ,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,femte ,rkke1 ,,iii1 #cea4 ,embassies also came q frequ5tly f ! imp]ial c\rt 9 ,g]many4 ,x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,hakon ,,iv t ! ,hoh5/auf5s 7 wag+ _! la/ fight ) ! papacy1 & bo? sides 9 ! conflict seem$ anxi\s to secure ! fri5d%ip ( ! great ,norwegian k+4 ,! ,saga ( ,hakon relates t e>ly 9 ! k+'s reign 8missions began betwe5 ! emp]or & ,k+ ,hakon40#ga ,9 #abda1 8:5 ,k+ ,hakon came to ! ,k+'s ,crag1 t man came to him ^: "n 0 ,mat!w1 s5t f ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ) _m noble gifts4 ,along ) him came f abroad five ,bluem5 7negroes740#gb ,j h[ acceptable su* a gift w\ld be 9 m$ieval ,norway ! *ronicl] does n /ate4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ,hakon return$ ! c\rtesy4 ,! saga m5tions sev]al m5 :o 7 s5t on diplomatic err&s to ! imp]ial c\rt4 ,"o ( ^! emiss>ies _h to g z f> z ,sicily1 8& ! emp]or receiv$ him well40#gc ,footnote #ga3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #aia4 ,footnote #gb3 ,ibid41 c4 #bdc4 ,footnote #gc3 ,ibid41 c4 #aia4 ,! relation%ip ) ! o!r ,sc&9avian k+doms 0 m direct4 ,! ,k+'s ,mirror /ates t occasionally k+s f9d x necess>y to meet 9 conf]5ce = ! discussion ( common problems2 & t on su* occasions ! memb]s ( ! v>i\s ret9ues note c>efully ! cu/oms & mann]s ( ! o!r gr\ps4#gd ,^! meet+s 7 usually held at "s po9t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,gta ,riv]1 :]e ! b\nd>ies ( ! ?ree k+doms t\*$ a common po9t4 ,9 #abed su* a meet+ 0 held at :i* ,hakon ( ,norway1 ,*ri/oph] ( ,d5m>k1 & ! great ,e>l ,birg] ( ,sw$5 7 9 att5dance ) _! respective ret9ues4#ge ,footnote #gd3 ,c4 xxix4 ,footnote #ge3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bha4 ,! k+s ( ! ,nor? 7 n limit$1 h[ev]1 9 _! diplomatic int]c\rse to ! neighbor+ mon>*ies2 _! ambassadors w5t out to ! remote/ p>ts ( ,europe & ev5 to ,africa4 ,valdem> ! ,victori\s1 9 8 day "o ( ! greate/ rul]s 9 ,*ri/5dom1 m>ri$ z 8 fir/ wife ,dragomir1 a ,bohemian pr9cess :o br\ght ! ,dagm> "n into ,d5m>k1 & took z 8 second consort ,b]5g>ia ( ,portugal1 ,que5 ,b5gj]d1 ^: l(ty pride is en%r9$ 9 ! ,dani% ballads ( ! age4 ,hakon ,,iv m>ri$ ! daught] ( 8 re/less rival1 ,duke ,skule2 b 8 daught] ,*ri/9a 0 s\ght 9 m>riage by a pr9ce 9 f>-away ,spa94 ,! luckless pr9cess 0 s5t to ,ca/ile & 0 m>ri$ at ,valladolid to a son ( ,alfonso ! ,wise4#gf ,l\is ,,ix ( ,france 0 anxi\s to enli/ ! support ( ! ,norwegian k+ = 8 crusad+ v5tures & s5t ! not$ ,engli% hi/orian ,mat!w ,p>is to pres5t ! matt] to ,k+ ,hakon4#gg ,! mission1 h[ev]1 0 )\t results4 ,norwegian diplomacy 0 conc]n$ ev5 ) ! c\rts ( ! infidel3 9 #abfb an embassy 0 s5t to ! ,mohamm$an sultan ( ,tunis 8) _m falcons & ^? o!r ?+s :i* 7 !re h>d to get4 ,& :5 !y got out ! ,soldan receiv$ !m well1 & !y /ay$ !re long t w9t]40#gh ,footnote #gf3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bid4 ,footnote #gg3 ,mat!w ,p>is1 ,*ronica ,majora1 ,,iv1 #fea-feb4 ,footnote #gh3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #cac4 ,an important ev5t ( ! diplomatic type 0 ! com+ ( ,c>d9al ,william ( ,sab9a z papal legate to cr[n ,k+ ,hakon4 ,! coronation c]emony 0 p]=m$ 9 ,b]g51 ,july #bi1 #abdg4 ,at ! coronation banquet ! c>d9al made a spee* 9 :i*1 z ! ,saga ( ,hakon reports 8 rem>ks1 he call$ p>ticul> att5tion to ! poli%$ mann]s ( ! ,nor?m54 8,x 0 told me t ,i w\ld "h see few m52 b ev5 ?\gh ,i saw "s1 !y w\ld be lik] to bea/s 9 _! behavi\r ?an to m52 b n[ ,i see "h a c\ntless multitude ( ! folk ( ?is l&1 &1 z x seems to me1 ) good behavi\r40#gi ,if ! ,k+'s ,mirror gives a correct /atem5t ( :at 0 c\nt$ good mann]s & prop] conduct at ! c\rt ( ,hakon ,,iv1 ! c>d9al's praise is none too /rong4 ,footnote #gi3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bee4 7,das5t's translation47 ,z a "p ( 8 discussion ( ! duties & activities ( ! k+'s h5*m51 ! au?or describes ! milit>y me?ods ( ! age1 arms & arm\r1 milit>y eng9es & devices us$ 9 (f5sive & def5sive w>f>e1 & o!r necess>y equipm5t4#hj ,he also discusses ! e?ics ( ! milit>y pr(ession to "s ext5t4 ,?is "p ( ! "w has be5 made ! subject ( a detail$ /udy by ,capta9 ,otto ,blom ( ! ,dani% artill]y1 :o has tri$ to fix a date = ! composition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror on ! basis ( ^! mat]ials4#ha ,x is n likely1 h[ev]1 t ! "w describes ! milit>y art ( ! ,nor?2 su* an elaborate sy/em ( equipm5t & su* a v>iety ( milit>y eng9es & devices ! ,norwegians probably nev] knew at any "t 9 ! middle ages4 ,x is ! milit>y art ( ,europe :i* ! au?or describes1 especially ! w> ma*9]y ( ! crusades4 ,"o %\ld n be surpris$ to f9d t he _h k ( ! devices :i* 7 employ$ by ! ,*ri/ian ho/s 9 _! w>f>e aga9/ ! infidel 9 ! ,ori5t4 ,! crusades attract$ ! ,norwegian w>riors & !y took a "p 9 !m almo/ f ! beg9n+4 ,! fif? crusade began 9 #abag1 ! ye> ( ,hakon ,,iv's accession to ! k+%ip4 ,sev]al ,norwegian *iefs ) _! foll[]s jo9$ ?is movem5t1 "s m>*+ by l& ?r\gh ,g]many & ,hung>y1 :ile o!rs took ! sea r\te4 ,"o is tempt$ to believe t ! au?or 0 himself a crusad]1 b x is also possible t he got 8 in=mation z to ! milit>y art ( ! s\? & ea/ f w>riors :o return$ f ^? l&s4 ,footnote #hj3 ,cc4 xxxviii-xxxix4 ,footnote #ha3 ,see bel[1 pp4 #fb-fc4 ,f ! subject ( prop] behavior & good bre$+ ! au?or passes to a discussion ( evil conduct & its effect on ! welf>e ( ! k+dom4 ,_m causes1 he tells u1 may comb9e to br+ calamities ^u a l&1 & if ! evils cont9ue any l5g? ( "t1 ! realm w be ru9$4#hb ,!re may come de>? ^u ! fields & ! fi%+ gr\nds ne> ! %ores2 plagues may c>ry away cattle1 & ! huntsman may f9d a sc>city ( game2 b wor/ ( all is ! de>? :i* sometimes comes ^u ! intellects & ! moral nature ( m54 ,z a prolific s\rce ( calamities ( ! la/ sort1 ! au?or m5tions ! in/itution ( jo9t k+%ip1 ! evils ( :i* he discusses at "s l5g?4 ,8 *apt] on ?is subject is an epitome ( ,norwegian hi/ory 9 ! twelf? c5tury :5 jo9t k+%ip 0 ! rule4 ,footnote #hb3 ,c4 xxxv4 ,accord+ to ! laws ( m$ieval ,norway be=e ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! national k+%ip 0 ! k+'s allodial possession & 0 inh]it$ by 8 sons at 8 dea?4 ,all 8 sons 7 legal heirs1 ^? ( illegitimate bir? z well z ^? :o 7 born 9 w$lock4 ,:5 !re 0 m ?an "o heir1 ! k+%ip 0 held jo9tly1 all ! claimants receiv+ ! royal title & p]mission to ma9ta9 ea* 8 own h\sehold4 ,usually a "p ( ! realm 0 assign$ to ea*2 b x 0 ! adm9i/ration1 & n ! k+dom itself1 :i* 0 ?us divid$4 ,x is readily se5 t su* a sy/em w\ld (f] unusual opportunities = pret5d]s2 & at lea/ ?ree times 9 "o hundr$ ye>s m5 ^: pr9cely rights 7 at be/ ( a d\btful "* m\nt$ ! ,norwegian ?rone4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t two ( ^!1 ! /r5u\s ,sv]re & ! wise ,hakon ,,iv1 mu/ be c\nt$ among ! /ronge/1 able/1 & mo/ attractive k+s 9 ! hi/ory ( ,norway4 ,?\gh !re _h be5 in/ances ( jo9t rule be=e ! twelf? c5tury1 ! hi/ory ( t un=tunate =m ( adm9i/ration prop]ly beg9s ) ! dea? ( ,magnus ,b>eleg on an ,iri% battlefield 9 #aajc4 ,?ree illegitimate sons1 ! olde/ be+ only f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 succe$$ to ! royal title4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ! fam\s ,sigurd ,j]usalemf>]1 :o took "p 9 ! lat] /ages ( ! fir/ crusade4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ,k+ ,magnus' dea?1 a "y ,iri%man1 ,h>old ,gil*ri/ by "n1 appe>$ at ! ,norwegian c\rt & claim$ royal rights z a son ( ! fall5 k+4 ,k+ ,sigurd =c$ him to prove 8 bir?right by an appeal to ! ordeal1 b ! ,iri%man walk$ unhurt ov] ! hot pl[%>es4 ,h>old became k+ 9 #aacj z jo9t rul] ) ,sigurd's son ,magnus1 lat] call$ 8! ,bl9d40#hc ,?ree ( 8 sons succe$$ to ! k+%ip 9 #aacf4 ,dur+ ! next c5tury sev]al pret5d]s appe>$ & civil w> became almo/ ! normal /ate ( ! c\ntry4 ,betwe5 #aajc & #abag fifte5 pr9ces 7 honor$ ) ! royal title2 elev5 ( ^! 7 m9ors4 ,! p]iod clos$ ) ! defeat & dea? ( ,k+ ,hakon's fa!r-9-law1 ! pret5d] ,skule1 9 #abdj4 ,footnote #hc3 ,! /rife t foll[$ ! accession ( ,h>old ,gille & ,magnus ! ,bl9d is ! subject ( ,bjrnson's great hi/orical drama1 ,sigurd ,slembe 7,engli% translation by ,william ,morton ,payne74 ,x 0 ! hi/ory ( ^! hundr$ ye>s & m ( jo9t k+%ip1 ( pret5d]s1 ( m9orities1 & ( civil w>1 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror _h 9 m9d :5 he wrote 8 gloomy *apt] on ! calamities t may befall a /ate4 ,p]haps he 0 ?9k+ m especially ( ! unnatural conflict betwe5 ,k+ ,hakon & ,duke ,skule1#hd :i* 0 f\ght out 9 #abdj1 & ! memory ( :i* 0 /ill fre% at ! "t :5 ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 be+ writt54 ,footnote #hd3 ,see bel[1 p4 #dh4 ,( ! k+ & 8 duties z rul] & judge ! ,speculum ,regale has mu* to say2 b z ^! matt]s (f] no problems t call = discussion1 x w n be necess>y to exam9e !m 9 detail4 ,:olly diff]5t is ! case ( ! k+'s relation to ! *ur*1 ( ! position ( ! *ur* 9 ! /ate1 ( ! div9e orig9 ( k+%ip1 ( ! fulness ( ! royal au?ority4 ,on ^! que/ions ! au?or's op9ions & argum5ts are ( great importance3 9 ! hi/ory ( ! !ory ( k+%ip by ! grace ( ,god & div9e "r & ( absolute mon>*y1 ! ,speculum ,regale is an important l&m>k4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! orig9 & p[]s ( ! royal (fice1 ! ,k+'s ,mirror aga9 %[s unmi/akably ! influ5ce ( ev5ts 9 ! prec$+ c5tury ( ,norwegian hi/ory4 ,s long z ! *ur* ( ,norway 0 "u ! sup]vision ( =eign ar*bi%ops1 fir/ ! metropolitan ( di/ant ,hamburg & lat] ! ar*bi%op ( ! ,dani% 7n[ ,sw$i%7 see ( ,lund1 !re 0 little likelihood ( any s]i\s cla% betwe5 ! rival p[]s ( *ur* & /ate4 ,b :51 9 #aaeb1 an ar*iepiscopal see 0 e/abli%$ at ,nid>os 7,trondhjem7 tr\ble broke out at once4 ,! wave ( en?usiasm = a p[]ful & indep5d5t *ur*1 :i* _h develop$ su* vigor 9 ! days ( ,gregory ,,vii1 0 /ill ris+ high4 ,able m5 7 appo9t$ to ! new metropolitan (fice & ! ,norwegian *ur* v soon put =? ! usual dem&s ( ! "t3 sep>ate ecclesia/ical c\rts & immunity f any?+ t look$ l taxation or =c$ contribution to ! /ate4 ,at fir/ ^! claims _h no reality 9 fact1 z ! k+s w\ld n all[ !m2 b 9 #aafche an opportunity came = ! *ur* to make its dem&s effective4 ,9 t ye> a victori\s faction ask$ = ! coronation ( a new k+ ^: claims to ! ?rone came ?r\gh 8 "m only4 ,! pret5d] 0 a m]e *ild & ! actual p[] 0 9 ! h&s ( 8 capable & ambiti\s fa!r1 ,erl+ ,skakke4 ,! imp]i\s ar*bi%op ,ey/e9 agre$ to consecrate ! boy k+ if he w\ld cons5t to become ! vassal ( ,sa9t ,olaf1 or1 9 o!r words1 ( ! ar*bi%op ( ,nid>os4 ,erl+ acquiesc$ & "y ,magnus 0 duly cr[n$4 ,x 0 fur!r /ipulat$ t 9 future cases ( disput$ succession ! f9al decision %\ld re/ ) ! bi%ops4#hf ,! /ate 0 =mally made subject to ! *ur*4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 n ! head ( ,ca?olic ,*ri/5dom :o made ^! claims1 b ! *ief prelate ( ! national ,norwegian *ur*4 ,! !ory 0 d\btless ?is1 t if ! pope is sup]ior to ! emp]or1 ! ar*bi%op is sup]ior to ! k+4 ,footnote #he3 ,! date usually giv5 is #aafd2 b ,ebbe ,h]tzb]g argues q conclusively = ! e>li] ye>4 8,d5 fr/e norske ,kongekron+02 ,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,fj]de ,rkke1 ,,iii1 #cj-cg4 ,footnote #hf3 ,accord+ to ! new rules ( succession ! olde/ legitimate son1 if qualifi$ = ! (fice1 %\ld inh]it ! ?rone4 ,! olde/ might be pass$ ov]1 h[ev]1 9 favor ( a y\ng] legitimate son1 or ev5 9 favor ( an illegitimate desc5dant1 if ! bi%ops %\ld f9d su* a proc$ure exp$i5t4 ,see ,gj]set1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,i1 #cfd4 ,! new arrangem5t did n long rema9 un*all5g$4 ,9 #aagg ! opposition to ! ecclesia/ical faction f\nd a lead] 9 ,sv]re1 call$ ,sigurdsson1 an adv5tur] f ! ,f>oe ,isl&s1 :o pret5d$ to be a gr&son ( ,h>old ,gil*ri/1 ?\gh ! probabilities are t 8 fa!r 0 "o ,unas1 a native ( ! ,f>oes4#hg ,sv]re's foll[]s 7 kn[n z ,bir*%anks1 because !y _h be5 r$uc$ to su* /raits t !y _h to b9d bir* b>k ar\nd _! legs4 ,! faction 9 control ( ! gov]nm5t 0 call$ ! ,crozi]m5 & 0 compos$ ( ! high] cl]gy ) an important foll[+ among ! ari/ocracy4 ,sv]re's fight 01 !re=e1 n aga9/ ,k+ ,magnus alone b aga9/ ! ,guelph p>ty ( ,norway4 ,= half a c5tury !re 0 int]mitt5t civil w>f>e betwe5 ! support]s ( an indep5d5t & vigor\s k+%ip on ! "o side & ! p>tisans ( cl]ical control on ! o!r4 ,k+ ,sv]re's great s]vice to ,norway 0 t he broke ! *a9 ( ecclesia/ical dom9ation4 ,! conflict 0 long & bitt] & ! great k+ di$ :ile x 0 /ill on2 b :5 x end$ ! cause ( ! ,crozi]m5 0 lo/4 ,! *ur* atta9$ to great p[] 9 ! ,norwegian /ate1 b x nev] ga9$ complete dom9ation4 ,footnote #hg3 ,:ile x seems probable t ,sv]re 0 n ( royal blood he 0 n necess>ily an impo/or2 he may h believ$ 8 "m's ass]tions4 ,= a discussion ( ! problem see ibid41 #cgf-cgg4 ,sv]re 0 a man ( great intellectual /r5g?2 he 0 a born lead] ( m51 a capable w>rior1 & a res\rceful capta94 ,:5 x began to look z if victory w\ld cr[n 8 ef=ts1 ! ar*bi%op fl$ to ,engl& & f 8 refuge 9 ,sa9t ,edmundsbury excommunicat$ ! k+4 ,b exile is irksome to an ambiti\s man1 & aft] a "t ! fi]y prelate return$ to ,norway & 0 reconcil$ to ! /r5u\s rul]4 ,ey/e9's successor1 h[ev]1 took up ! fight once m2 & :5 ,sv]re made ,norway too uncom=table = him1 he fl$ to ,d5m>k & excommunicat$ 8 royal oppon5t4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 :o _h j asc5d$ ! papal ?rone1 also excommunicat$ ,sv]re1 & ?reat5$ ! k+dom ) an int]dict4#hh ,b ! papal weapons _h little effect 9 ! f> ,nor?2 ! k+ =c$ prie/s & prelates to rema9 loyal & to cont9ue 9 _! duties4 ,no d\bt !y obey$ ! excommunicat$ rul] ) great reluctance & mu* misgiv+2 b no o!r c\rse 0 possible1 = ! nation 0 ) ! k+4 ,footnote #hh3 ,x is usually /at$ t ,innoc5t ,,iii actually did lay an int]dict on ! l&1 b ?is appe>s to be an error4 ,he au?oriz$ ! bi%ops to d s1 b !y seem n to h made use ( ! au?orization4 ,see ,bull1 8,int]diktet mot ,sv]re03 ,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,femte ,rkke1 ,,iii1 #cba-cbd4 ,! militant ,f>oese 0 a man ) /rong lit]>y int]e/s2 he 0 educat$ = ! prie/hood & x is believ$ t he _h actually tak5 ord]s4 ,he 0 eloqu5t 9 spee*1 b he realiz$ ! p[] ( ! writt5 z well z ( ! spok5 ^w4 ,x is a fact wor? not+ t among ! ,nor?m5 ( ! ?irte5? c5tury le>n+ 0 n conf9$ to ! cl]gy4 ,:ile ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror urges ! prospective m]*ant to le>n ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 he also w>ns him n to neglect 8 "m tongue4 ,k+ ,sv]re repli$ to ! ecclesia/ical decrees ) a manife/o 9 ! ,norwegian language 9 :i* he /at$ 8 position & 8 claims = ! royal (fice4 ,?is pamphlet1 :i* is commonly kn[n z 8,an ,address aga9/ ! ,bi%ops10 0 issu$ ab\t #aaii & 0 s5t to all ! %ire c\rts to be read to ! freem54 ,x 0 a clev]ly writt5 docum5t & seems to h be5 v effective4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t ! k+ 0 "u ! ban1 ! masses rema9$ loyal4 ,betwe5 ! political !ory ( ! ,address & ! ideas ( k+%ip express$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror !re is an agreem5t :i* c h>dly be accid5tal4 ,x is m likely t we h 9 ?is case lit]>y k9%ip ( ! fir/ degree4 ,x has be5 ?\ght t ,k+ ,sv]re may h prep>$ 8 manife/o himself1 b ?is is sc>cely probable4 ,"s "o ( 8 c\rt1 h[ev]1 mu/ h compos$ x1 p]haps "s cl]k 9 ! royal scriptorium1 = ! ideas develop$ 9 ! docum5t are cle>ly ^? ( ! k+4 ,x has also be5 sugge/$ t ! ,address & ! ,speculum ,regale may h be5 writt5 by ! same h&2#hi b ! only evid5ce 9 support ( su* a conclusion is ?is agreem5t ( political ideas1 :i* may h orig9at$ 9 a c>eful /udy ( ! e>li] docum5t by ! au?or ( ! lat] "w4 ,footnote #hi3 ,?is appe>s to be ,heff]mehl's op9ion4 ,see ,hi/oriske ,skrift] tilegn$e ,ludvig ,daae1 #hg4 ,k+ ,sv]re's ,address beg9s ) a viol5t attack on ! high] cl]gy3 ! bi%ops h br\ght sorr[ ^u ! l& & confusion into holy *ur*4 ,?is deplorable condition is ascrib$ *iefly to a reckless use ( ! p[] ( excommunication4 ,9 ?is connection ! k+ is c>eful to absolve ! pope f all guilt3 8 un=tunate de$s 7 due to ignorance & to false repres5tations on ! "p ( ! bi%ops4 ,x is next argu$ t excommunication is valid only :5 ! s5t5ce ( ana!ma is j2 an unju/ s5t5ce is n only invalid b x recoils ^u ! head ( him :o is ! au?or ( ! ana!ma4 ,9 support ( ?is cont5tion ! au?or ( ! manife/o quotes ! op9ions ( su* em95t fa!rs z ,sa9t ,j]ome1 ,sa9t ,augu/9e1 ,pope ,gregory ! ,great1 & o!r au?orities on canon law4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! k+ himself 0 "u ! ban at ! "t4 ,! au?or argues fur!r t 8 view is support$ by reason z well z by ! law ( ! *ur*4 ,bi%ops h be5 appo9t$ %eph]ds ( ! flocks ( ,god2 !y are to wat* ov] !m1 n drive !m away into ! jaws ( ! wolves4 ,b if a bi%op excommunicates "o :o is )\t guilt1 he consigns him to hell2 & if 8 decree is effective1 he de/roys "o ( ,god's %eep4 ,f ?is subject ! ,address passes to ! nature ( ! royal (fice4 8,s great a numb] ( examples %[ cle>ly t ! salvation ( a man's s\l is at /ake if he does n obs]ve complete loyalty1 k+ly wor%ip1 & a "r ob$i5ce2 = k+ly rule is creat$ by ,god's comm& & n by ! ord9ance ( man1 & no man c obta9 royal au?ority except by div9e disp5sation40 ,! k+ is n a secul> rul] only1 he also has holy *ur* 9 8 p[] & keep+4 ,x is 8 "r & duty to appo9t *ur* (ficials1 & ! *ur*m5 owe him absolute loyalty ! same z 8 o!r subjects4 ,*ri/ po9t$ out ! duty ( *ur* (ficials q cle>ly :5 he paid tribute to 8 e>?ly rul]1 "o :o 01 moreov]1 a hea!n4#ij ,footnote #ij3 ,! ,address is publi%$ z an app5dix to ! ,*ri/iania edition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,x has also be5 issu$ 9 sep>ate =m "u ! title ,en ,tale mod ,biskopp]ne2 ?is edition is by ,gu/av ,/orm4 ,x w be se5 t ! ,address puts =? f\r claims ( f>-rea*+ importance3 k+%ip is ( div9e orig9 & ! k+ rules by ! grace ( ,god2 ! p[] ( royalty ext5ds to ! *ur* z well z to ! /ate & includes ! p[] to appo9t ! rul]s ( ! *ur*2 disloyalty to ! k+ is a mortal s92 an unju/ s5t5ce ( excommunication is invalid & injures him only :o publi%es ! ana!ma4 ,on all ^! po9ts ! ,k+'s ,mirror is 9 complete agreem5t ) ,sv]re's manife/o4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! dialog 9 ! ,speculum ,regale ! son reque/s 8 fa!r to take up & discuss ! (fice & bus9ess ( ! k+2 =1 says he1 8he is s highly honor$ & exalt$ ^u e>? t all mu/ b5d & b[ be=e him z be=e ,god40#ia ,! fa!r acc\nts = ! p[] & dignity ( k+%ip 9 ?is way3 m5 b[ be=e ! k+ z be=e ,god1 because he repres5ts ! exalt$ au?ority ( ,god2 he be>s ,god's own "n & occupies ! highe/ judgm5t seat ^u e>?2 consequ5tly1 :5 "o honors a k+1 x is z if he honors ,god himself1 because ( ! title t he has f ,god4#ib ,footnote #ia3 ,c4 xliii4 ,footnote #ib3 ,c4 xliii4 ,! au?or evid5tly realizes t /atem5ts ( ?is sort w n be accept$ )\t fur!r argum5t1 & he naturally proce$s to give 8 doctr9e a basis 9 ,biblical hi/ory4 ,! rev]5ce due k+%ip is fully illu/rat$ ) episodes 9 ! c>e] ( ,david4 ,s long z ,god p]mitt$ ,k+ ,saul to live1 ,david w\ld d no?+ to deprive him ( 8 (fice2 = ,saul 0 also ! ,"l's ano9t$4 ,he took swift rev5ge ^u ! man :o came to 8 camp pret5d+ t he _h sla9 ,saul2 = he _h s9n$ aga9/ ,god 9 be>+ arms aga9/ ,8 ano9t$4 ,he also calls att5tion to ,sa9t ,pet]'s injunction3 8,fe> ,god & honor y\r k+20 & adds t x is 8almo/ z if he _h lit]ally said t he :o does n %[ p]fect honor to ! k+ does n fe> ,god40#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,c4 xliv4 ,to emphasize 8 cont5tion t k+%ip is ( div9e orig91 ! au?or cites ! example ( ,*ri/4 ,! miracle ( ! fi% 9 ^: m\? ! tribute money 0 f\nd is ref]r$ to 9 ! ,address z well z 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,pet] 0 to exam9e ! fir/ fi%1 n ! second or ! ?ird4 ,9 ! same way1 & "h ! argum5t is *>act]i/ically m$ieval1 8e man %\ld 9 all ?+s fir/ honor ! k+ & ! royal dignity2 = ,god ,himself calls ! k+ ,8 ano9t$40#id ,footnote #id3 ,ibid4 ,b1 objects ! son1 h[ c\ld ,*ri/ :o is himself ! "l ( heav5 & e>? be will+ to submit to an e>?ly au?ority8 ,to ?is ! fa!r replies t ,*ri/ came to e>? z a gue/ & did n wi% to deprive ! div9e in/itution ( k+%ip ( any honor or dignity4#ie ,! au?or evid5tly deems x important to e/abli% ?is cont5tion2 = if ,*ri/ submitt$ to ,caes> z to a rightful au?ority1 ! *ur* 9 oppos+ secul> rul]s c\ld sc>cely claim to be foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! ,ma/]4 ,footnote #ie3 ,c4 xliv4 ,x seems to be a safe conclusion t ! doctr9e ( ! div9e "* ( k+%ip z develop$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror is d]iv$ f ,k+ ,sv]re's ,address1 unless x %\ld be t ! two h drawn f a common s\rce4 ,!re is no?+ novel ab\t ,sv]re's ideas except ! =m 9 :i* !y are /at$2 fundam5tally !y are a return to ! orig9al ,norwegian !ory ( k+%ip4 ,! ,norwegian k+s ( hea!n times 7 desc5dants ( div9e ance/ors4 ,!y recogniz$ ! w ( ! popul> assemblies z a real limitation on _! own p[]s1 b no religi\s au?ority c\ld claim sup]iority to ! rul]4 ,! k+ 0 inde$ himself a prie/1 a m$iator betwe5 ! gods & m54 ,! ,*ri/ian k+s = a c5tury & a half _h controll$ ! *ur* 9 a v real mann]2 !y _h appo9t$ bi%ops & _h also on occasion remov$ !m4 ,! claim ( ! ar*bi%op to ov]lord%ip 0 !re=e di/9ctly an innovation4 ,! k+ makes use ( argum5ts f ! ,bible to support 8 !ory1 n because x 0 bas$ on ,scriptural tru?s1 b because to a ,*ri/ian p ^! w\ld prove ! mo/ conv9c+4 ,9 8 /atem5t ( ! fulness & maje/y ( ! royal p[]1 ! au?or ( ! ,speculum ,regale goes1 h[ev]1 f> beyond ! au?or ( ! ,address4 ,s complete is ! k+'s p[]1 8t he may dispose z he likes ( ! lives ( all :o live 9 8 k+dom40#if ,he 8owns ! entire k+dom z well z all ! p 9 x1 s t all ! m5 :o are 9 8 k+dom owe him s]vice :5ev] 8 ne$s dem& x40#ig ,^! s5t5ces w\ld indicate t ! au?or's position lies close to ! v]ge ( absolutism4 ,b ,norwegian k+%ip 0 any?+ b absolute2 ! k+ _h c]ta9 well-def9$ rights1 b ! p also _h "s "p 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,pr(essor ,ludvig ,daae has put =? ! hypo!sis t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 acqua9t$ ) ! gov]nm5tal sy/em ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii 9 8 ,italian k+dom1 :i* he gov]n$ z an absolute mon>*4#ih ,!re may be "s tru? 9 ?is = !re is no d\bt t ! "* ( ,fr$]ick's gov]nm5t 0 kn[n to ! ,nor?m52 b x is also possible t ! !ory ( absolute mon>*y _h a sep>ate ,norse orig91 t ! insi/5ce on div9e "r 9 ! long fight ) ! *ur* _h driv5 ! p>tisans ( mon>*y f> =w>d along ! highway t l$ to practical absolutism4 ,less ?an a g5]ation aft] ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 compos$1 ! new] ideas ( k+%ip appe> 9 ! legislation ( ,magnus ,lawm5d]4 ,k+s h receiv$ _! au?ority f ,god1 = 8,god ,himself deigns to call ,himself by _! "n20 & ! preamble cont9ues3 8he is1 inde$1 9 great dang] be=e ,god1 :o does n ) p]fect love & rev]5ce uphold !m 9 ! au?ority to :i* ,god has appo9t$ !m40#ii ,?is is ! doctr9e ( ! ,address z well z ( ! ,speculum2 ! significant fact is t ! pr9ciple has n[ be5 introduc$ into ! con/itution ( ! mon>*y4 ,x is possible t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror /ates an ali5 pr9ciple2 b x is m probable t he m]ely gives =m to a belief t _h be5 gr[+ among ,nor?m5 = "s "t4 ,footnote #if3 ,c4 xliii4 ,footnote #ig3 ,c4 xxviii4 ,footnote #ih3 8,/udi] angaa5de ,kongespeilet03 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahif1 #ahi4 ,footnote #ii3 ,norges gamle ,love1 ,,ii4 #bc2 ,gj]set1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,i1 #dfc4 ,on ! "q ( ! validity ( excommunication ! tea*+s ( ! ,speculum ,regale are 9 p]fect accord ) ^? ( ! ,address4 ,! uncompromis+ position & me?ods ( ,innoc5t ,,iii _h giv5 po9t to an exce$+ly practical "q3 0 a ,*ri/ian p]mitt$ to obey a k+ :o 0 "u ! ban ( ! *ur*8 ,g5]ally ! *ur* held t ob$i5ce "u ! circum/ances w\ld be s9ful4 ,! au?or ( ! ,speculum di/+ui%es closely1 h[ev]1 betwe5 j & unju/ s5t5ces ( excommunication4 ,god has e/abli%$ two h\ses ^u e>?1 ! h\se ( ! alt> & ! h\se ( ! judgm5t seat4#ajj ,!re is1 !re=e1 a legitimate sph]e ( action = ! bi%op z well z = ! k+4 ,b an act is n necess>ily righte\s because x emanates f high au?ority ei!r 9 ! *ur* or 9 ! /ate4 ,if ! k+ pron\nces an unju/ judgm5t1 8 act is murd]2 if a bi%op excommunicates a ,*ri/ian )\t prop] reasons1 ! ban is ( no effect1 except t x reacts ^u ! (f5d+ prelate himself4#aja ,footnote #ajj3 ,c4 lxix4 ,footnote #aja3 ,c4 lxx4 ,aft] ! au?or has ?us d5i$ ! "r ( ! *ur* to use ! sword ( excommunication 9 c]ta9 cases1 !re rema9s ! "q3 has ! k+ any sup]ior au?ority ov] ! *ur*8 ,! answ] is t ! k+ has su* au?ority2 & ! au?or =tifies 8 position by recall+ ! /ory h[ ,solomon puni%$ ,abia?> ! high prie/1 or bi%op z he is call$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,9 reply to ! "y man's inquiry :e!r ,solomon did "r :5 he depriv$ ,abia?> ( ! high-prie/ly (fice1 ! fa!r affirms t ! k+ act$ prop]ly & accord+ to law4 ,! k+ is giv5 a two-edg$ sword = ! reason t he mu/ gu>d1 n only 8 own h\se ( judgm5t1 b also ! h\se ( ! alt>1 :i* is ord9>ily 9 ! bi%op's keep+4 ,abia?> _h s9n$ 9 becom+ a p>ty to ! treasonable intrigues ( ,adonijah1 :o 0 plott+ to seize ! ?rone ( ,israel :ile 8 fa!r ,david 0 /ill liv+4 ,inasmu* z ! high prie/ _h attempt$ to deprive ! ,"l's ano9t$ ( 8 royal rights1 ,solomon w\ld h be5 guiltless ev5 if he _h tak5 ,abia?>'s life4 ,! au?or also calls att5tion to ! fact t ,abia?> 0 elevat$ to ! high-prie/ly (fice by ,david himself4#ajb ,footnote #ajb3 ,c4 lxx4 ,on ! "q ( ! k+'s "r to control episcopal appo9tm5ts ! ,k+'s ,mirror is also 9 agreem5t ) ! e>li] ,address4 ,on ! dea? ( ,ar*bi%op ,john1 ! ,address tells u1 8,+e appo9t$ ,ey/e91 8 own *apla91 to ! ar*iepiscopal (fice#ajc 444 )\t consult+ any cl]ic 9 ,trondhjem1 ei!r ! canons or any "o else2 & he drove ,bi%op ,paul f ! episcopal ?rone 9 ,b]g5 & *ose ,ni*olas ,pet]sson to be 8 successor40 ,d\btless ! philosoph] ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 :5 he wrote ( ! fall ( ,abia?>1 0 also ?9k+ ( ! _m ,abia?>s ( ,norwegian hi/ory 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 especially1 p]haps1 ( ! bi%ops ( ,sv]re's reign1 :o _h /riv5 s valiantly to rid ! nation ( its en]getic k+4 ,!re c be no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t he reg>d$ ! hi]>*y z inf]ior to ! secul> gov]nm5t4 ,a bi%op1 :o unrighte\sly excommunicates a ,norwegian k+ & attempts 9 ?is way to r5d] him impossible z a rul]1 =feits n only 8 (fice b 8 life4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,ar*bi%op ,ey/e9 0 consecrat$ 9 #aafa4 ,!re 0 ano!r problem 9 ! middle ages :i* also involv$ ! "q ( ecclesia/ical au?ority z oppos$ to secul> jurisdiction1 ! "r ( sanctu>y4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 ! unsettl$ /ate ( m$ieval society x 0 well t !re 7 places :]e an accus$ might f9d security = a "t at lea/2 b ! "r ( sanctu>y 0 mu* abus$1 too frequ5tly x s]v$ to %ield ! guilty4 ,! ,k+'s ,mirror tea*es unequivocally t ! "r ( sanctu>y _c be invok$ aga9/ ! ord]s ( ! k+4 ,z usual ! au?or f9ds support = 8 position 9 ! ,scriptures4 ,joab fl$ to ,god's tab]nacle & laid hold on ! horns ( ! alt>2 nev]!less1 ,k+ ,solomon ord]$ him to be sla91 & ! comm& 0 c>ri$ out4#ajd ,solomon appe>s to h reason$ 9 ?is wise3 8,x is my duty to c>ry out ! provisions ( ! sacr$ law1 no matt] :]e ! man happ5s to be ^: case is to be det]m9$40 ,x 0 n 8 duty to remove ,joab by =ce1 = all j decisions are ,god's decisions & n ! k+'s2 & 8,god's holy alt> w n be defil$ or desecrat$ by ,joab's blood1 = x w be %$ 9 righte\s puni%m5t40#aje ,& ! au?or is c>eful to emphasize ! fact t ,god's tab]nacle 0 ! only h\se 9 all ! _w t 0 d$icat$ to ,him1 & mu/ consequ5tly h _h an ev5 great] claim to sacr$ness ?an ! *ur*es ( ! au?or's own day1 ( :i* !re 0 a va/ numb]4#ajf ,footnote #ajd3 ,c4 lxvi4 ,footnote #aje3 ,c4 lxix4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,c4 lxvii4 ,!re 0 a ,norwegian ,joab 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o1 l ! *iefta9 ( old1 plott$ aga9/ 8 rightful mon>* & 0 f9ally sla9 )9 ! sacr$ prec9cts ( an ,augu/9ian conv5t4 ,skule1 ,k+ ,hakon's fa!r-9-law1 0 a man ( re/less ambition1 :o c\ld n f9d complete satisfaction 9 ! titles ( e>l & duke1 b /ret*$ =? 8 h& to seize ! cr[n itself4 ,9 #abci he assum$ ! royal title1 b a few mon?s lat] 7#abdj7 8 =ces 7 surpris$ 9 ,nid>os by ! k+'s army1 & ! rebellion came to a sudd5 end4 ,skule's m5 fl$ to ! *ur*es2 8 son ,pet] f\nd refuge 9 "o ( ! build+s belong+ to ! mona/]y ( ,elgest]1 b 0 discov]$ & sla94 ,aft] a few days ,duke ,skule himself s\ght security 9 ! same mona/]y2 b ! angry ,bir*%anks1 9 spite ( ! solemn w>n+s & ?reat5+s ( ! (f5d$ monks1 slew ! pret5d] & burn$ ! mona/]y4#ajg ,?is 0 an act ( viol5ce :i* mu/ h caus$ mu* tr\ble = ! k+'s p>tisans1 & x is mo/ likely ! act :i* ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror _h 9 8 ?\ghts :5 he wrote ( ! fate ( ,joab4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,hkon> ,saga1 cc4 #bci-bda2 ,mun*1 ,det norske ,folks ,hi/orie1 ,,iii1 #igg-igh4 ,writ]s on political philosophy usually beg9 _! specific discussion ( ! !ory ( div9e "r ( k+%ip :5 !y come to ! great political !ori/s ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4#ajh ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! is ,m>siglio ( ,padua1 :o wrote 8 ,def5sor ,pacis 9 #acbd4 ,9 ?is "w he ass]t$ t ! emp]or d]iv$ 8 title & sov]eignty f ,god & t 8 au?ority 0 sup]ior to t ( ! pope4 ,"s ye>s e>li] ,william ,occam1 an ,engli% s*ol> & philosoph]1 made simil> claims = ! rights ( ! k+ ( ,france4 ,e>li] /ill1 p]haps 9 #acaj1 ,dante _h claim$ div9e "r = pr9ces g5]ally 9 8 fam\s "w ,de ,mon>*ia4 ,some:at simil>1 ?\gh less precise1 ideas _h be5 express$ by ,john ( ,p>is 9 #acje4 ,b ne>ly two g5]ations e>li] ! doctr9e _h be5 /at$ 9 all its baldness & ) all its implications by ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror2 & m ?an a c5tury be=e ,dante wrote 8 "w on 8,mon>*y0 ,sv]re _h publi%$ 8 ,address to ! ,norwegian p4 ,s f> z ! writ] has be5 able to det]m9e !re is no treatise on g5]al m$ieval politics1 at lea/ no su* treatise writt5 9 ,engli%1 :i* conta9s ev5 an allusion to ^! two significant works4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,on ?is subject1 see ,figgis1 ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s1 c4 iii4 ,! e?ical ideas t are outl9$ 9 ! ,speculum ,regale are also ( m ?an common int]e/4 ,on mo/ po9ts ! le>n$ fa!r prea*es ! conv5tional pr9ciples ( ! *ur* ) respect to "r & wrong conduct1 & z a rule 8 precepts are su* z h /ood ! te/ ( ages ( exp]i5ce4 ,he emphasizes hone/y1 fair deal+1 c>eful att5dance ^u wor%ip1 & devotion to ! *ur*2 he w>ns 8 son to %un vice ( e sort2 he mu/ also avoid gambl+ & dr9k+ to excess4#aji ,9 "s respects ! au?or's moral code is ,sc&9avian r ?an ,*ri/ian3 9 ! emphasis t he places ^u reputation & ! reg>d 9 :i* "o is held by "o's neighbors he seems to e*o ! s5tim5t t runs ?r\gh ! e>li] ,eddic poetry1 especially ! 8,song ( ! ,high ,"o40 8,"o ?+ ,i "k t always rema9s10 says ,wod51 8judgm5t pass$ on ! dead40#aaj ,& ! ,*ri/ian scribe m ?an ?ree c5turies lat] writes ?us ( "o :o has dep>t$ ?is life3 8,b if he liv$ uprightly :ile on e>? & made prop] provision = 8 s\l be=e he di$1 !n y may take com=t 9 ! good repute t lives aft] him1 & ev5 m 9 ! blissful happ9ess :i* y believe he w enjoy ) ,god 9 ! o!r _w40#aaa ,& aga9 he says3 8,n[ y w appreciate :at ,i told y e>li] 9 our conv]sation1 namely t mu* dep5ds on ! example t a man leaves aft] him40#aab ,footnote #aji3 ,cc4 iii-iv1 xxxvii4 ,footnote #aaj3 ,c4 xli4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,hvaml1 #dj3 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 ,i1 #h4 ,footnote #aab3 ,c4 xlii4 ,! au?or is also ,norse 9 8 emphasis on mod]ation 9 e =m ( indulg5ce1 on ! control ( "o's passion1 & 9 p]mitt+ private rev5ge4 ,8 attitude t[>d ?is pres5t _w is n m$ieval3 we may enjoy ! good ?+s ( creation1 ?\gh n to excess4 ,on ! matt] ( rev5ge1 h[ev]1 8 ideas are *>act]i/ically m$ieval4 ,private w>f>e 0 all[$ almo/ ev]y:]e 9 ! middle ages1 & x appe>s to h a place 9 ! political sy/em ( ! ,speculum ,regale4 ,b on ?is po9t too ! au?or urges mod]ation4 8,:5 y he> ?+s 9 ! spee* ( o!r m5 :i* (f5d y mu*1 be sure to inve/igate ) reasonable c>e :e!r ! tales be true or false2 b if !y prove to be true & x is prop] = y to seek rev5ge1 take x ) reason & mod]ation & nev] :5 heat$ or irritat$40#aac ,footnote #aac3 ,c4 xli4 ,! !ology ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 z f> z x c be disc]n$1 is also m$ieval1 ?\gh x is rem>kable t ! ,virg9 & ! sa9ts f9d only incid5tal m5tion 9 ! "w4 ,no d\bt if ! au?or _h be5 able to complete 8 treatise z outl9$ 9 8 introduction1 he w\ld h discuss$ ! =ms & in/itutions ( ! *ur* at great] l5g? & we %\ld be able to "k to :at ext5t 8 !ological notions 7 9 agreem5t ) ! religi\s ?\ght ( ! age4 ,9 ?is connection 8 !ory ( p5ance & puni%m5t = crime is ( peculi> int]e/4 ,he makes consid]able use ( ,biblical n>ratives to illu/rate 8 tea*+s & ref]s at l5g? to "s ( ! less wor?y *>act]s ( ,holy ,writ1 includ+ c]ta9 m5 :o suff]$ dea? = crim9al (f5ses4 ,almo/ inv>iably he ju/ifies ! puni%m5t by argu+ t x 0 bett] = ! crim9al to suff] a swift puni%m5t 9 dea? ?an to suff] et]nally 9 hell4 ,app>5tly 8 !ory is t a crim9al c cleanse himself 9 8 own blood1 t a temporal dea? c save him f et]nal puni%m5t4 ,! idolat]s :o 7 sla9 by ,moses & ! ,levites#aad 87 cleans$ 9 _! p5ance & 9 ! pangs :i* !y suff]$ :5 !y di$2 & x 0 mu* bett] = !m to suff] a brief pa9 9 dea? ?an a long torture 9 hell40 ,! sacram5tal effici5cy ( ! dea? p5alty seems also to ext5d to ! "o :o executes puni%m5t3 = ^? :o assi/$ ,moses 9 ! slaught] sanctifi$ _! h&s 9 ! blood ( ^? :o 7 sla94 ,9 ! same way 8a k+ cleanses himself 9 ! blood ( ! unju/1 if he slays !m z a rightful puni%m5t to fulfil ! sacr$ laws40#aae ,footnote #aad3 ,exodus1 xxxii4 ,footnote #aae3 ,c4 lxi4 ,!re c be little d\bt t ?is doctr9e ( ! dea? p5alty also %[s ! influ5ce ( ! great civil conflict :i* end$ ) ! dea? ( ,duke ,skule 9 #abdj4 ,dur+ a c5tury ( factional w>f>e !re _h be5 mu* viol5ce1 mu* slaught]1 mu* 8swift puni%m5t40 ,appli$ to ,norwegian hi/ory ! au?or's argum5t am\nts to a ju/ification ( ! slaught] at ,elgest]2 = ,skule & 8 p>tisans _h rebell$ aga9/ ! ,"l's ano9t$4 ,! h&s ( ! ,bir*%anks 7 cleans$ & sanctifi$ 9 ! blood ( ! rebels2 b ! au?or also has ?is com=t+ assurance = ! k9sm5 ( ! fall51 t _! s\ls 7 n lo/3 ,skule & 8 companions 7 cleans$ f _! s9s 9 ! la/ great p5ance ( dea?4 ,x may also be t ?is same long record ( viol5ce1 treason1 & rebellion 0 responsible = ! prom95ce t ! ,k+'s ,mirror gives to ! duty ( ob$i5ce4 ,9 ! political e?ics ( ! "w ob$i5ce is ! *ief virtue & ! c5tral pr9ciple4 ,conv]sely disob$i5ce is ! greate/ ( all s9s4 ,:5 ,saul sp>$ ! ,amalekites1 :om ! ,"l _h ord]$ him to de/roy1 he s9n$ f> m griev\sly ?an did ,david :5 he di%onor$ ,uriah's wife & aft]w>d br\ght ab\t ,uriah's dea?2 = ,saul neglect$ to c>ry out ! comm&s ( ,god1 & 8no (f5se is grav] ?an to be disob$i5t t[>d "o's sup]iors40#aaf ,footnote #aaf3 ,c4 lxiii4 ,! ,k+'s ,mirror is a m$ieval docum5t2 x 0 9 l>ge "p inspir$ by ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ,norway dur+ ! c5tury ( ! civil w>s2 x records ! sci5tific & political ?\ght ( a c]ta9 def9ite p]iod 9 ,norwegian hi/ory4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! au?or ( ! "w mu/ be class$ among ! ?9k]s ( 8 own "t1 8 place is f> 9 advance ( mo/ ( 8 fell[s4 ,8 outlook on ! _w is broad] ?an t ( mo/ m$ieval writ]s4 ,9 matt]s ( sci5ce he is less cr$ul\s & less b\nd by !ological ?\ght ?an o!rs :o wrote on ^! subjects 9 8 own c5tury or e>li]4 ,on su* que/ions z ! cause ( e>?quakes & ! s\rce ( ! nor!rn lights he %[s an op5-m9d$ness1 :i* is r>ely met ) 9 ! middle ages4#aag ,= ! au?or's view ( life 0 n :olly m$ieval2 on _m subjects we f9d him giv+ utt]ance to ?\ghts :i* h a di/9ctly mod]n appe>ance4 ,8 !ory ( ! /ate & its functions is di/9ctly unor?odox4 ,b x is probably 9 ! field ( education :]e ! great ,nor?man is f>!/ 9 advance ( 8 "t4 ,9 8 day ! "w ( in/ruction 0 /ill 9 ! h&s ( ! *ur*2 & ! *ur*m5 %[$ no great anxiety to educate m5 except = ! cl]ical pr(ession4 ,! ,k+'s ,mirror1 h[ev]1 tea*es t m]*ants mu/ also be educat$3 !y mu/ le>n ! art ( reckon+ & ^? facts ( sci5ce t are ( int]e/ to navigators2 !y mu/ /udy languages1 ,lat91 ,fr5*1 & ,norwegian2 & !y mu/ become ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! laws ( ! l&4 ,b ! au?or does n /op "h3 a m]*ant %\ld also educate 8 *ildr54 8,if *ildr5 be giv5 to y1 let !m n gr[ up )\t le>n+ a trade2 = we may expect a man to keep clos] to k & bus9ess :5 he comes ( age1 if he is tra9$ 9 y\? :ile "u control40#aah ,footnote #aag3 ,see ,l>son1 8,sci5tific ,k 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury03 ,publications ( ! ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sc&9avian ,/udy1 ,i1 #ada-adf4 ,footnote #aah3 ,c4 iv4 ,! id5tity ( ! au?or ( ! ,speculum ,regale has nev] be5 disclos$4 ,anonym\s au?or%ip 0 n uncommon 9 m$ieval ,norse lit]ature3 _m ( ! sagas 7 writt5 by m5 ^: names are n kn[n4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 x _h become cu/om>y = writ]s to claim ! honors ( au?or%ip4 ,our philosoph] ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror cle>ly und]/ood t 8 read]s w\ld be curi\s to "k 8 "n3 if ! book1 he tells u 9 8 introductory *apt]1 has any m]it1 t %\ld satisfy ! read]1 & !re is no reason :y any "o %\ld wi% to se>* out ! "n ( ! "o :o wrote x4#aai ,evid5tly he _h a purpose 9 conceal+ 8 id5tity1 & ! motive is n f> to seek4 ,footnote #aai3 ,c4 i4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,k+ ,sv]re 7#abjb7 ! conflict betwe5 ! k+ & ! hi]>*y ceas$ = a "t4 ,! *ur* made peace ) ! mon>*y2 ! exil$ bi%ops return$2 & ! faction ( ! ,crozi]m5 dis9tegrat$4 ,aft] a few ye>s1 h[ev]1 ! old qu>rels broke out anew4 ,on ! accession ( ,hakon ,,iv ! *ur* yield$ once m1 ?\gh ! prelates did n r5\nce _! e>li] claims4 ,9 #abde1 :5 plans 7 be+ made = ,k+ ,hakon's coronation1 ! bi%ops put =? ! sugge/ion t ! k+ %\ld1 on t occasion1 r5ew ! agreem5t ( #aafc1 :i* gave ! bi%ops control ( ! succession4 ,b ! great k+ refus$4 8,if we swe> su* an oa? z ,k+ ,magnus swore1 !n x seems to u z ?\gh our honor w\ld be less5$ by x r ?an increas$40#abj ,he flatly ass]t$ t he w\ld be cr[n$ )\t any conditions atta*$ to ! act1 or ! cr[n 8%all nev] come ^u our head40 ,footnote #abj3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bdg4 ,aft] ! arrival ( ,c>d9al ,william ( ,sab9a1 :o _h be5 s5t by ! pope to (ficiate at ! coronation1 & :ile prep>ations = t joy\s ev5t 7 go+ =w>d1 ! subject 0 br\ght up once m4 ,on ! sugge/ion ( ! ,norwegian bi%ops ! c>d9al ask$ ! k+ to take ,magnus ,erl+sson's oa?2 b ! k+ aga9 refus$1 & ! c>d9al decid$ t 8!re is no ne$ to speak ( x (t5]40#aba ,! k+ 0 cr[n$ & !re 0 peace betwe5 ! two great =ces ( *ur* & mon>*y1 at lea/ s long z ,hakon liv$4 ,sometime n long be=e or aft] ! coronation ( ! great k+ 7#abdg7 ! ,k+'s ,mirror seems to h be5 writt54 ,x is cle> t su* ideas z are enunciat$ 9 ?is "w ) respect to ! submission ( ! *ur* to ! au?orities ( ! /ate c n h be5 reli%$ by ! hi]>*y1 & p]haps !y 7 j !n some:at unwelcome to ! secul> rul]s z well1 s9ce a discussion ( ?is sort might t5d to r5ew ill feel+ & /ir up /rife4 ,consequ5tly ! au?or may h ?\ght x wis] to rema9 anonym\s4 ,footnote #aba3 ,ibid41 c4 #bea4 ,e>li] /ud5ts ( ! ,speculum ,regale h believ$ t ! au?or 0 "s local *iefta91 :o _h sp5t 8 m active days at ! royal c\rt1 b :o _h lat] retir$ to 8 e/ates & 0 sp5d+ 8 decl9+ ye>s 9 lit]>y pursuits4 ,v>i\s ef=ts h be5 made to f9d ?is *iefta91#abb b ) no success2 !re is no evid5ce t ! lords or crusad]s :o h be5 sugge/$ z probable au?ors _h any lit]>y int]e/s or abilities4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! au?or 0 at "o "t a prom95t memb] ( ! royal ret9ue2 he ass]ts 9 sev]al places t su* 0 ! case4#abc ,he is1 fur!rmore1 too ?or\ghly famili> ) ! organization ( ! royal h\sehold to h be5 an occasional c\rti] m]ely4 ,at ! same "t x is n likely t he 0 a secul> "l2 x seems impossible t he c\ld h be5 any?+ b a *ur*man4 ,he kn[s ! ,lat9 language2 he is well acqua9t$ ) sacr$ hi/ory2 he has read a consid]able numb] ( m$ieval books4 ,x is q unlikely t ! v>i\s types ( le>n+ t are reflect$ 9 ! *apt]s ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 9 any s*ol> outside ! cl]ical pr(ession4 ,he c\ld n h be5 "o ( ! high] ecclesia/ics1 z ! prelates belong$ to ! faction ( ! ,crozi]m54 ,! ,speculum ,regale 0 evid5tly writt5 by a memb] ( ! ,norwegian prie/hood1 ?\gh x is possible t he belong$ to "o ( ! m9or ord]s4 ,b at all ev5ts he 0 a pr(essional *ur*man4#abd ,footnote #abb3 ,see ! ,sor edition1 xxiii2 ,mun*1 ,det norske ,folks ,hi/orie1 ,,iii1 #cii1 note4 ,footnote #abc3 ,cc4 ii1 iii1 xxx4 ,footnote #abd3 ,cf4 ,daae1 8,/udi] angaa5de ,kongespeilet03 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahif1 #ahj-aha4 ,daae holds t ! au?or 0 a cl]gyman4 ,!re 0 an old belief 9 ,norway t ! "w 0 writt5 at ,k+ ,sv]re's c\rt1 p]haps by ! prie/-k+ himself2#abe b ?is !ory is :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,pr(essor ,ludvig ,daae1 believ+ t only a few ,nor?m5 possess$ ! necess>y qualifications = ! au?or%ip ( su* a "w z ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 conclud$ t x mu/ h be5 writt5 by ,ma/] ,william1 "o ( ! *apla9s at ! c\rt ( ,hakon ,,iv4#abf ,ma/] ,william 0 evid5tly a man ( "s erudition2 he held a degree 7magi/]7 f a ,european univ]sity2 he mu/ h travel$ abroad & 0 no d\bt a man ( exp]i5ce2 he liv$ & fl\ri%$ 9 ! p]iod :5 ! "w mu/ h be5 compos$4 ,b !re is no %r$ ( evid5ce t ,ma/] ,william actually wrote ! ,k+'s ,mirror or t he 0 int]e/$ 9 ! problems t are discuss$ 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #abe3 ,ibid41 #ahif1 #agh4 ,footnote #abf3 ,ibid41 #ahif1 #aib-aif2 see also pp4 #agi ff4 ,daae believes t ,ma/] ,william mu/ h held a position at c\rt correspond+ to ! (fice ( *ancellor2 he also conjectures t he 0 ! tutor ( ! k+'s sons4 ,ma/] ,william is m5tion$ 9 ! ,hkon> ,saga1 cc4 #baj1 #bbh4 ,m rec5tly ,a4 ,v4 ,heff]mehl has made an attempt to prove t ! au?or s long s\ght = 0 ,iv> ,bodde1 a ,norwegian prie/1 :o seems to h play$ an important "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ,norway 9 ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury z an influ5tial memb] ( ! anti-cl]ical p>ty4#abg ,mu* is n kn[n ( ,iv> ,bodde1 & ne>ly all t we d "k comes f a spee* :i* he is report$ to h deliv]$ 9 8 own def5ce 9 #abag4abh ,he ent]$ ,k+ ,sv]re's s]vice 8be=e ! fight 0 at ,/r9dsea10 :i* 0 f\ght 9 ! summ] ( #aaii4 ,?is 0 also ! ye> 9 :i* ,k+ ,sv]re seems to h issu$ 8 fam\s ,address4 8,i _h good *e] f ! k+ :ile he liv$1 & ,i s]v$ him s t at la/ ,i knew almo/ all 8 secret matt]s40 ,9 ,k+ ,+e's reign 7#abjd-abag7 he s]v$ 9 ! capacity ( *ancellor3 8& t besides1 :i* 0 mu* aga9/ my wi%1 !y reli$ on me = writ+ lett]s40 ,dur+ ! same reign he also s]v$ z ,pr9ce ,hakon's fo/] fa!r1 & 0 consequ5tly responsible = ! education ( ! great k+4#abi ,iv> 0 also skill$ 9 milit>y arts3 he 0 a w>rior z well z a prie/4#acj ,he 0 app>5tly twice s5t to ,engl& on diplomatic err&s1 fir/ to ! c\rt ( ,k+ ,john1 lat] to t ( ,h5ry ,,iii4#aca ,he )drew f ! c\rt 9 #abag4 ,9 #abbc he reappe>s z "o ( ! k+'s *ief c\nsellors4 ,aft] ?is ye> no?+ is kn[n ( ,iv> ,bodde4 ,footnote #abg3 ,hi/oriske ,skrift] tilegn$e ,ludvig ,daae1 #gi-ajd 78,pre/5 ,iv> ,bodde074 ,iv> is "o ( ! *>act]s 9 ,ibs5's ,pret5d]s4 ,footnote #abh3 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #ba4 ,footnote #abi3 ,hi/oriske ,skrift] tilegn$e ,ludvig ,daae1 #hh-hi 7,heff]mehl72 ,hkon> ,saga1 c4 #bj4 ,footnote #acj3 ,hi/oriske ,skrift] tilegn$e ,ludvig ,daae1 #hj4 ,footnote #aca3 ,ibid41 #ha1 #he4 ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 a pr(essional *ur*man :o belong$ to ! anti-cl]ical faction2 he 0 a ma/] ( ! lit]>y art4 ,iv> ,bodde 0 a man ( ?is type2 no?+ is kn[n ( 8 lit]>y abilities1 b x is cle> t a man :o 0 entru/$ ) ! k+'s correspond5ce c n h be5 )\t lit]>y skill4 ,!re seems to be no reason :y ,iv> ,bodde c\ld n h writt5 ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 & he may also h _h a h& 9 ! prep>ation ( ,sv]re's ,address2 b t he actually did write ei!r or bo? ( ^! important works has n yet be5 prov$2 !re may h be5 o!r prie/s 9 ,norway 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury :o /ood = ! div9e "r ( ,norwegian k+%ip4 ,f c]ta9 geographical allusions x is q cle> t ! "w 0 writt5 9 ,norway & 9 "s "p ( ! c\ntry t w\ld be c\nt$ f> to ! nor?4 ,! au?or m5tions two localities 9 ! ,l(ot5 region & he %[s consid]able k ( conditions else:]e 9 ,halogal&2#acb b x is evid5t t he did n reside 9 t "p ( ! k+dom :5 he 0 at "w on 8 great treatise4 ,x is g5]ally agre$ t ! home ( ! ,speculum ,regale is ,namdal51 a region :i* lies nor!a/ ( ! city ( ,trondhjem & :i* t\*es ! bord] ( ,halogal& on ! nor?4#acc ,?is conclusion is bas$ on c]ta9 a/ronomical obs]vations on ! "p ( ! au?or1 namely ! l5g? ( ! %orte/ day1 ! daily increase 9 ! l5g? ( ! day1 & ! relation%ip betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! sun's pa? & ! sun's altitude at noon ( ! longe/ & ! %orte/ day4#acd ,! ,norwegian a/ronom] ,hans ,geelmuyd5 has det]m9$ t if ! au?or's /atem5ts on ^! po9ts are to be reg>d$ z sci5tific computations1 !y indicate a latitude ( #fe1 #fd #db1 & #fd #eb respectively4 ,all ^! po9ts lie )9 ! %ire ( ,namdal54#ace ,z ! au?or c sc>cely h be5 mu* m ?an a layman 9 ! fields ( ma!matics & a/ronomy1 ! agreem5t z to results obta9$ is q rem>kable4 ,footnote #acb3 ,c4 vii4 ,footnote #acc3 ,see ! ,sor edition1 pp4 lix-lx2 ! ,*ri/iana edition1 p4 v4 ,footnote #acd3 ,cc4 vi1 vii4 ,footnote #ace3 8,om ,/$et = ,kongespeilets ,=fattelse03 ,arkiv = nordisk ,filologi1 ,i1 #bje-bjh4 ,! problem ( place is relatively unimportant1 b ! "q ( ! date ( composition has m ?an m]e lit]>y int]e/4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! "w itself :i* gives any clue to ! ye> :5 x 0 begun or complet$4 ,x seems evid5t1 h[ev]1 t x 0 writt5 aft] ! p]iod ( ! civil w>s1 ?\gh :ile ! t]rors ( t c5tury ( conflicts 7 yet fre% 9 ! memories ( m54 ,= v>i\s o!r reasons1 too1 x is cle> t ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 compos$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury & m specifically dur+ ! reign ( ,hakon ,,iv4 ,! allusion to ! ,byzant9e emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us1#acf ^: reign began 9 #aadc1 gives a def9ite date f :i* any discussion ( ?is problem mu/ beg94 ,x is also cle> t ! "w 0 writt5 aft] ! *ur* _h begun to lay claim to p[] 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate1 :i* 0 9 #aafc4acg ,! au?or looks back to an evil "t :5 m9orities 7 frequ5t & jo9t k+%ips 7 ! rule2#ach b ! p]iod ( jo9t rule virtually came to a close 9 #aahd :5 ,sv]re became sole k+2 & ! la/ boy k+ :om ! au?or c h tak5 into acc\nt 0 ,hakon ,,iv1 :o 0 ?irte5 ye>s old :5 he 0 giv5 ! royal title4 ,x !re=e seems evid5t t ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 writt5 aft] #abag1 ! ye> ( ,hakon's accession4 ,footnote #acf3 ,c4 viii4 ,footnote #acg3 ,see above1 p4 #cf4 ,footnote #ach3 ,see above1 pp4 #cc-ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also q evid5t t ! treatise c n h be5 writt5 aft] ! great revision ( ! ,norwegian laws :i* 0 c>ri$ out dur+ ! reign ( ,magnus ,lawm5d]4 ,! new c\rt-law1 :i* 0 promulgat$ ab\t #abge1 is cle>ly lat] ?an ! ,speculum ,regale3 ! f9e exact$ = ! dea? ( a k+'s !gn1 :i* is giv5 z =ty m>ks 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 is fix$ at a little m ?an ?irte5 m>ks 9 ,magnus' legislation4 ,9 #abgc ! law regulat+ ! succession to ! ?rone made impossible ! recurr5ce ( jo9t k+%ips2 b ! pr9ciple ( ?is arrangem5t appe>s to h be5 accept$ z e>ly z #abfj1 :5 ! k+'s son ,magnus 0 giv5 ! royal title4 ,ano!r decree1 app>5tly also f ,hakon's reign1 :i* aboli%$ ! responsibility ( k9sm5 9 cases ( manslaught] & depriv$ ! relatives ( ! "o :o 0 sla9 ( _! %>e 9 ! blood f9e1 also runs c\nt] to me?ods describ$ 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 :i* /ates di/9ctly t k9sm5 %>e 9 ! paym5t4#aci ,x is !re=e safe to conclude t ! "w 0 writt5 "s "t betwe5 #abag & #abfj4 ,footnote #aci3 ,c4 xxxvi 7p4 #bja74 ,! e>lie/ attempt to date ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 made by ! le>n$ ,icel&]1 ,hans ,f9s54 ,9 an essay includ$ 9 ! ,sor edition 7#agfh7 he fixes ! "t at ab\t #aafd4adj ,j4 ,eri*s51 :o wrote ! introduction to ?is edition1 d\bts t x 0 compos$ at s e>ly a date2 impress$ ) ! fact t ! "w reflects ! political views ( ! ,bir*%ank faction1 he is incl9$ to place ! date ( composition "s "t 9 ,sv]re's reign or 9 ! la/ decade ( ! twelf? c5tury4#ada ,! /rik+ resemblance betwe5 ! ideas express$ 9 ! treatise & ! guid+ pr9ciples ( ,sv]re's regime l$ ! editors ( ! ,*ri/iania edition to ! same conclusion3 #aaif or soon aft]4#adb ,& s x 0 held t ! "w is a twelf? c5tury docum5t until a ,dani% artill]y (fic]1 ,capta9 ,otto ,blom1 began to make a c>eful /udy ( ! v>i\s types ( weapons1 armor1 & siege eng9es m5tion$ 9 ! "w4 ,8 conclusion1 publi%$ 9 #ahfg1 0 t ! ,k+'s ,mirror reflects ! milit>y art ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & t ! manuscript 0 compos$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! c5tury1 at any rate n long be=e #abfj4adc ,?is conclusion has be5 accept$ by ,gu/av ,/orm1#add ,ludvig ,daae1#ade & virtually all :o h writt5 on ! subject s9ce ,blom's /udy appe>$1 except ,heff]mehl1 ^: belief t ,iv> ,bodde 0 ! au?or c\ld n p]mit s late a date1 z ,iv>1 :o 0 a man ( prom95ce at ,sv]re's c\rt ab\t #abjj1 mu/ h be5 an exce$+ly ag$ man1 if he 7 /ill liv+ 9 #abfj4 ,heff]mehl is1 !re=e1 compell$ to =ce ! date ( composition back to ! decade #abcj-abdj4 ,footnote #adj3 ,see page xx ( ! ,sor edition4 ,footnote #ada3 ,see pages lxv-lxvi ( ! ,sor edition4 ,footnote #adb3 ,*ri/iania edition1 p4 viii4 ,footnote #adc3 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #fe-aji4 ,see above1 p4 #cb4 ,footnote #add3 ,arkiv = nordisk ,filologi1 ,,iii1 #hc-hh4 ,footnote #ade3 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahif1 #agf-agg4 ,! weakness ( ,capta9 ,blom's argum5t is t he supposes ! milit>y art describ$ 9 ! ,speculum ,regale to be ! milit>y art ( ! ,nor? at ! "t :5 ! "w 0 writt54 ,if all ! eng9es & acc\trem5ts t ! au?or describes ev] came into use 9 ! ,nor?1 x 0 long aft] #abfj4 ,ne>ly all ! weapons & devices m5tion$ 7 9 use 9 s\!rn ,europe & 9 ! ,ori5t 9 e>li] decades ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 "s ( !m belong to mu* e>li] times4 ,if c]ta9 eng9es & devices :i* ,capta9 ,blom is dispos$ to reg>d z my?ical are left out ( acc\nt1 x w be f\nd t only ?ree items fail to appe> 9 illu/rations f ! e>li] "p ( ! ?irte5? c5tury2 & x w\ld n be safe to assume t ^! 7 n 9 use because no draw+ ( !m has be5 f\nd4 ,view$ aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( ,norwegian hi/ory1 ^? *apt]s ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror :i* deal ) ! nature & ! rights ( mon>*y & ) ! place ( ! *ur* 9 ! /ate take on ! appe>ance ( a political pamphlet writt5 to def5d & ju/ify ! do+s ( ! ,bir*%ank p>ty4 ,! motives = compos+ an apology ( ?is sort may be f\nd at almo/ any "t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury b especially dur+ ! decade t clos$ ) ! coronation ( ,hakon ,,iv4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror discusses ! calamities t may befall a k+dom z a result ( jo9t rule4#adf ,b 9 #abce1 aft] "o ( ,e>l ,skule's p]iodic attempts at rebellion1 8 royal son-9-law grant$ him ! adm9i/ration ( "o-?ird ( ! realm4 ,! grant 0 ratifi$ ! next ye> ) c]ta9 *anges3 in/ead ( a def9ite1 compact fief ! e>l n[ receiv$ t]ritories ev]y:]e 9 ! k+dom4 ,9 #abcg ,skule 0 giv5 ! ducal title & to _m m5 x seem$ z if ! curse ( jo9t k+%ip 0 ab\t to afflict ! l& once m4 ,two ye>s lat] ! p>tisans ( ! duke proclaim$ him k+3 l ,adonijah ( old he tri$ to displace ! ,"l's ano9t$4#adg ,b aft] a few mon?s came ! surprise ( ,skule's =ces 9 ,trondhjem & ! duke's own tragic end 9 ,elgest] conv5t4#adh ,x w be recall$ t ! au?or def5ds ,k+ ,solomon's deal+s ) ,joab & lays d[n ! pr9ciple t ! "r ( sanctu>y w n hold aga9/ a k+4#adi ,! rebellion ( ! ,norwegian ,adonijah 0 9 #abci2 he di$ ! dea? ( ,joab 9 #abdj4 ,?ree ye>s lat] ! believ]s 9 a /rong mon>*y 7 di/urb$ by ! news t ! bi%ops _h reviv$ ! old claim to supremacy 9 ! /ate4 ,soon aft] ?is s]ies ( ev5ts ! political *apt]s ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror mu/ h be5 compos$4 ,footnote #adf3 ,c4 xxxvi4 ,footnote #adg3 ,c4 lxvi4 ,footnote #adh3 ,see above1 p4 #dh4 ,footnote #adi3 ,c4 lxix4 ,9 #abdg1 ! ye> ( ,hakon's coronation1 ! hi]>*y 0 once m reconcil$ to ! mon>*y1 & no?+ m is he>d ( ecclesia/ical pret5sions dur+ ! rema9d] ( ! reign4 ,x w\ld seem t aft] ?is reconciliation1 no *ur*man1 at lea/ n "o ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1 w\ld c>e to s5d su* a *all5ge z ! ,k+'s ,mirror out into ! _w4 ,"o ( ! old] m51 "o :o _h suff]$ ) ,sv]re & 8 impov]i%$ ,bir*%anks1 might h wi%$ to write su* a "w ev5 aft] #abdg2 b aft] t date ! surviv+ foll[]s ( ! eloqu5t k+ mu/ h be5 v few inde$1 see+ t ,sv]re _h n[ la9 =ty-five ye>s 9 ! grave4 ,x is !re=e ! writ]'s op9ion1 ?\gh x _c be reg>d$ z a demon/rat$ fact1 t ! clos+ *apt]s ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror 7 writt5 aft] #abdj1 ! ye> :5 ,duke ,skule 0 sla91 p]haps aft] #abdc1 9 :i* ye> ,norwegian cl]icalism reass]t$ itself1 b "s "t be=e #abdg1 ! ye> ( ,hakon's coronation & f9al reconciliation ) ! *ur*4 ,9 ! c5turies foll[+ its composition ! ,k+'s ,mirror appe>s to h _h wide curr5cy 9 ! ,nor?4 ,:5 ! editors ( ! ,sor edition began to se>* = manuscripts1 !y f\nd a consid]able numb]1 ?\gh *iefly fragm5ts1 9 ,norway & ,icel&2 & traces ( ! "w 7 also f\nd 9 ,sw$54#aej ,?us f> tw5ty-five manuscripts h come to light2 8"s ( !m are ext5sive1 b _m are fragm5ts ( only a few leaves40#aea ,copies ( ! "w 7 made z late z ! re=mation p]iod & ev5 lat]4 ,footnote #aej3 ,see ! ,sor edition1 pp4 xxix-xxxvii4 ,footnote #aea3 ,konungs ,skuggsj 7ed4 ,g4 ,t4 ,flom71 p4 i4 ,among ! fragm5ts is a "p ( a ,lat9 p>aphrase made 9 ,sw$5 9 ! fir/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! translator 0 a cl]ic 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,du*ess ,+eborg1 a daught] ( ! ,norwegian ,k+ ,hakon ,v4 ,+eborg 0 m>ri$ to ! ,sw$i% ,duke ,erik4 ,arkiv = nordisk ,filologi1 ,i1 #aaj-aab4 ,! fir/ m5tion ( ! ,speculum ,regale 9 any pr9t$ "w is 9 ,p$] ,claussn's 8,description ( ,norway10#aeb ! manuscript ( :i* dates f ! e>li] ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,b m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s 7 /ill to pass be=e ?is important "w 0 br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! lit]>y _w4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 great int]e/ began to be %[n 9 ! records ( ! ,old ,nor!rn pa/4 ,! great ,icel&ic s*ol> & antiqu>ian1 ,arne ,magnuss51 _h begun to collect manuscripts & 0 lay+ ! f\ndation ( ! ,arnamagnean collection1 :i* is "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,dani% capital4 ,among o!r ?+s he f\nd sev]al copies & fragm5ts ( manuscripts ( ! ,speculum ,regale4 ,no ef=t 0 made to publi% any ( ^! be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury 0 pa/2 b ab\t #agfj ?ree "y s*ol>s began to plan editions ( ?is fam\s "w4 ,! fir/ to und]take ?is task 0 ,pr(essor ,g]h>d ,s*n+1#aec a ,norwegian by bir?1 :o 0 at ! "t rector ( ! ,lat9 s*ool 9 ,trondhjem b lat] held a pr(essor%ip 9 ! ,dani% academy at ,sor4 ,s*n+ began ! prep>ation ( a ,lat9 translation ( ! "w1 :i* he plann$ to publi% along ) ! orig9al v]sion2 b 8 "w 0 nev] complet$4 ,ab\t ! same "t an ,icel&ic /ud5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 ,hans ,f9s51#aed lat] bi%op 9 8 native isl&1 project$ an edition1 b 0 unable to c>ry out 8 plans = want ( a publi%]1 & turn$ 8 mat]ials ov] to o!rs4 ,! ?ird & only successful attempt at publication 0 made on ! sugge/ion ( a rec5tly organiz$ association ( ,icel&ic s*ol>s kn[n z 8! ,invisible0 society4 ,?is association reque/$ ,halfdan ,e9]s51#aee rector ( ! ,lat9 s*ool at ,hol>1 "o ( ! memb]s & f\nd]s ( ! 8invisible0 body1 to prep>e an edition4 ,an ,icel&ic m]*ant1 ,sr5 ,p5s1 g5]\sly (f]$ to be> all ! exp5se ( publication4#aef ,footnote #aeb3 ,norrigis ,bescriffuelse4 ,see ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahif1 #agb 7,daae74 ,footnote #aec3 ,s*n+'s dates are #agbb-aghj4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( ,lat9 lit]ature & hi/ory at ,sor1 b 8 real a*ievem5ts lie 9 ! field ( ,norwegian hi/ory4 ,footnote #aed3 #agci-agif4 ,footnote #aee3 #agcb-aghe4 ,footnote #aef3 ,see ! introduction to ! ,sor edition1 xxv-xxviii1 f :i* ! above facts h be5 cull$4 ,rector ,e9]s5 prep>$ ! text f ! be/ available ,icel&ic manuscripts4 ,he also made a ,dani% translation & a ,lat9 p>aphrase ( ! same & =w>d$ ! :ole to ,d5m>k to be publi%$4 ,! mat]ials 7 giv5 into ! editorial *>ge ( ano!r le>n$ ,icel&]1 ,jon ,eri*s51 tea*] ( jurisprud5ce at ,sor ,academy4 ,al?\gh ,jon ,eri*s5's "n does n appe> on ! title page1 x is q cle> t ! g5]al excell5ce ( ! "w is 9 l>ge measure due to 8 c>eful collation ( ,e9]s5's text ) manuscripts to :i* ! ,icel&ic rector _h n _h access4 ,pr(essor ,eri*s5 disc>d$ ,e9]s5's ,dani% translation & prep>$ "o ( 8 own4 ,he also f\nd place 9 ! volume = a diss]tation by ,hans ,f9s51 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #agff1 & 9 :i* ! le>n$ !ologian discusses v>i\s lit]>y problems1 su* z ! au?or%ip ( ! "w1 ! date ( composition1 & ! l4 ,all ^! mat]ials 7 br\ght toge!r & publi%$ at ,sor 9 #agfh4 ,on ! :ole ! ,sor edition is an excell5t piece ( "w4 ,! ,icel&ic text 0 made ) great c>e & reveals ! fact t ! editors 7 possess$ ( a critical insight :i* = ! "t 0 rem>kable4 ,! ,dani% translation is some:at /iff & lit]al & does n always foll[ ! laws ( ,dani% syntax2 b x is g5]ally accurate & reta9s an unmi/akable flavor ( ! ,old ,norse orig9al4 ,except = "s assi/ance r5d]$ by ,pr(essor ,s*n+1 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror 0 ! "w ( ,icel&]s4 ,! ,norwegians 7 also beg9n+ to %[ "s int]e/ 9 _! m$ieval pa/2 b ,norway 0 /ill a "p ( ! ,dani% mon>*y1 ! political & intellectual c5t] ( :i* 0 ,cop5hag51 & = half a c5tury long] ! ,norwegians 7 unable to d any?+ to promote ! publication ( hi/orical mat]ials4 ,h[ev]1 f\r ye>s aft] ! ,sor edition _h come f ! press1 a society ( ,norsem5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag5 0 organiz$1 ! purpose ( :i* 0 to fur!r ! cause ( ,norwegian autonomy4 ,aft] ,norway 9 #ahad resum$ h] place among ! nations ( ,europe1 x 0 only natural t ,norwegian s*ol>s %\ld be attract$ to ! ,old ,norse treasures ( ! middle ages4 ,s f> z ! means ( ! impov]i%$ /ate w\ld all[1 publication ( ! s\rces ( ,norwegian hi/ory 0 und]tak54 ,! fir/ ,norwegian hi/orian ( di/9ction 0 ,rudolf ,keys]1 pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania4 ,9 8 ef=ts to draw ! att5tion ( 8 c\ntrym5 to ! glories ( e>li] c5turies1 he 0 soon ren=c$ by 8 y\ng] contempor>y1 ! fi]y & indu/ri\s s*ol> & inve/igator ,pet] ,&reas ,mun*1 :o1 ?\gh 8 "w is some:at m>r$ by ! f]vor ( 8 patriotism1 has n yet f\nd a sup]ior among ! hi/orians ( ! ,nor?4 ,soon a ?ird 0 add$ to ^! two3 ,c>l ,r4 ,ung]1 a man ( rem>kable abilities z a l+ui/4 ,^! ?ree n[ und]took to edit a s]ies ( ,old ,norse texts1 among :i* 0 ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 :i* 0 publi%$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania 9 #ahdh4 ,! ,*ri/iania edition is bas$ on ! ma9 manuscript ( ! ,speculum ,regale1 ! manuscript #bdc ,b ( ! ,arnamagnean collection4 ,?is 0 produc$ 9 ,norway "s "t dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 p]haps n long aft] #abge4aeg ,z ! manuscript 0 incomplete 9 "p1 ! editors also made use ( ! copies :i* _h be5 made ! basis ( ! e>li] edition4 ,inasmu* z ! mat]ials to be us$ _h be5 copi$ at diff]5t times & consequ5tly reflect$ v>i\s /ages ( l+ui/ic developm5t1 x 0 ?\ght desirable to normalize ! or?ography3 & 9 ?is "p ( _! task ! editors made use ( a fragm5t :i* 0 ?\ght to belong to a some:at e>li] date ?an ! ma9 manuscript4#aeh ,if ?is belief is correct1 ! ,*ri/iania edition mu/1 9 respect to or?ography1 be a comp>atively close approximation ( ! orig9al manuscript4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,see ,flom's edition ( ,konungs ,skuggsj1 introduction4 ,footnote #aeh3 ,see ! ,*ri/iania edition1 pp4 xiii-xvi4 ,9 #ahha a ?ird edition prep>$ by ! ,g]man philologi/ ,otto ,br5n] 0 publi%$ "u ! title ,speculum ,regale1 e9 altnorwegis*] ,dialog4 ,br5n] bas$ 8 text on ! ,norwegian manuscript #bdc ,b1 b he also made use ( ! ,icel&ic copy 7#bdc ,a7 & ( "s ( ! old] fragm5ts4 ,8 edition consequ5tly includes all ! mat]ials t _h be5 us$ 9 ! e>li] editions4 ,x 0 ,br5n]'s purpose to prep>e a text :i* %\ld give ! ,norwegian v]sion 9 its orig9al =m1 s f> z su* a re/oration is possible4 ,?\gh s*ol>s are n agre$ t ,br5n] a*iev$ 8 purpose1 all h ackn[l$g$ ! value ( 8 "w1 & s9ce its publication 8 v]sion has be5 reg>d$ z ! /&>d edition4 ,two ye>s ago 7#aiae7 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois publi%$1 "u ! editorial direction ( ,pr(essor ,george ,t4 ,flom1 a photographic reproduction ( ?is same manuscript1 #bdc ,b4 ,?is important l+ui/ic monum5t has ?us be5 made accessible to s*ol>s 9 its orig9al =m4 ,pr(essor ,flom has also prep>$ ! ,old ,norse text ( ! manuscript1 :i* makes a "p ( ! publication1 & has prefac$ ! :ole ) an ext5d$ introduction 9 :i* he discusses ! hi/ory ( ! manuscript1 m>g9al add5da1 abbreviations1 & o!r paleographic & l+ui/ic problems4 ,until v rec5tly ! ,dani% v]sion prep>$ by ,jon ,eri*s5 = ! ,sor edition 0 ! only translation ( ! ,speculum ,regale into a mod]n language4#aei ,b a few ye>s ago ! fir/ "p ( ! "w 0 publi%$ "u ! title ,kongespegel5 9 ! =m ( a translation into ,new ,norse1 a language ( rec5t orig9 bas$ on ! spok5 dialects ( ,norway4 ,z ^! dialects are closely relat$ to ! orig9al idiom ( ! ,nor?1 su* a translation c be made ) comp>ative ease4 ,! "w has rec5tly be5 complet$1 & 9 mo/ respects ! ,new ,norse v]sion proves to be a v satisfactory translation4 ,footnote #aei3 ,9 #ahib a small volume ( extracts f ! ,k+'s ,mirror translat$ by ,*r4 ,dorph 0 publi%$ 9 ,cop5hag54 ,"s ye>s ago a numb] ( ,am]ican s*ol>s :o h int]e/s 9 ! fields ( ,sc&9avian hi/ory1 language1 & lit]ature unit$ to =m a ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sc&9avian ,/udy4 ,! f\nd]s believ$ t ! purpose ( ! organization might be 9 "p a*iev$ by enc\rag+ ! publication ( "s ( ! great ,sc&9avian classics 9 ,engli% translation4 ,x 0 on ! sugge/ion ( ?is ,society t ! writ] und]took to prep>e ! pres5t v]sion ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,! translation is bas$ on ! text ( ! ,*ri/iania edition1 ! read+s ( :i* h be5 consi/5tly foll[$1 except 9 a few in/ances :]e ! scribe does n seem to h copi$ 8 manuscript correctly2 9 su* cases ! mo/ satisfactory v>iant read+s h be5 foll[$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,i ,,introduction3 ,,"n ,,& ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,"w ,i pass$ all ! crafts be=e my m9d's eye & /udi$ int5tly all ! practices belong+ to ea* craft2 & ,i saw a va/ multitude walk+ we>ily along ! pa?s t slope d[nw>d f ! highways ( virtue into error & vice4 ,"s ( ^! 7 v /eep1 & ^? :o foll[$ !m p]i%$ 9 desolate rav9es2 = ! long1 we>isome road _h fatigu$ !m1 & !y _h n en\gh /r5g? left to climb up ! hillside1 nor 7 !y able to f9d ! by-pa?s t l$ back to ! highways ( virtue4 ,! de/ruction ( ?is multitude 0 due1 x seem$ to me1 to v>i\s causes3 "s p]i%$ ?r\gh ignorance1 = ! ways ( error 7 trodd5 s g5]ally t !y appe>$ to be ! mo/ conv5i5t to foll[1 & ignorant m5 mi/ook !m = highways1 s9ce ! majority seem$ to walk 9 !m2 "s p]i%$ because ( laz9ess & c>elessness2 o!rs fe>$ t !y w\ld suff] d]ision & contumely1 if !y walk$ ! highroad alone2 :ile /ill o!rs 7 l$ a/ray by p]v]sity1 wick$ness1 & ! v>i\s passions4 ,b :5 ,i _h obs]v$ h[ good morals 7 scorn$ & h[ ! scorn]s p]i%$1 ,i began to wond] h[ to f9d a road :]e ,i %\ld n be travel+ entirely alone & yet w\ld n h to *oose "o ( ^? pa?s :]e ! cr[d 7 exhau/+ _! /r5g?1 le/ ! /eep climb %\ld we>y me1 if ,i 7 to make an ef=t to get back up aga94 ,inasmu* z my fa!r 0 /ill liv+ & lov$ me well1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be bett] to seek 8 c\nsel ?an aft] a slight consid]ation to rea* a decision :i* might displease him4 ,s ,i ha/5$ to my fa!r & laid ! :ole problem be=e him4 ,he 0 a wise & k9d man1 & ,i f\nd t he 0 pleas$ :5 he he>d t my err& 0 to le>n "r conduct4 ,he p]mitt$ me to ask :atev] ,i wi%$ ab\t ! practices ( ! v>i\s crafts1 & h[ !y diff]$4 ,he also promis$ to make kn[n to me all ! usages t are mo/ prop]ly obs]v$ by ea* craft t ,i might ask ab\t4 ,he fur!r promis$ to po9t out1 z a w>n+1 ! pa?s ( error :i* mo/ m5 ent] ^u :5 !y leave ! highways ( virtue4 ,f9ally he promis$ to %[ me ! by-pa?s t ^? may take :o wi% to return f wrong roads to ! highway4 ,!reupon ,i began my inquiry by ask+ ab\t ! activities ( m]*ants & _! me?ods4 ,at ! close ( ! fir/ discussion1 :5 my que/ions _h all be5 answ]$1 ,i became bold] 9 spee* & m\nt$ to a high] po9t 9 our review ( ! conditions ( m52 = next ,i began to inquire into ! cu/oms ( k+s & o!r pr9ces & ( ! m5 :o foll[ & s]ve !m4 ,nor did ,i :olly omit to ask ab\t ! do+s ( ! cl]gy & _! mode ( life4 ,& ,i clos$ by inquir+ into ! activities ( ! peasants & husb&m51 :o till ! soil1 & into _! habits & occupation4 ,b :5 my fa!r _h giv5 wise & suffici5t replies to all ! que/ions t ,i _h ask$1 c]ta9 wise & wor?y m51 :o1 be+ pres5t1 _h he>d my que/ions & 8 wise & tru?ful answ]s1 reque/$ me to note d[n all our conv]sations & set !m 9 a book1 s t our discussions %\ld n p]i% z soon z we ceas$ speak+1 b prove useful & enjoyable to _m :o c\ld d]ive no pa/ime f u :o 7 pres5t at ^! conv]sations4 ,s ,i did z !y advis$ & reque/$4 ,i se>*$ my memory & pond]$ deeply ^u ! spee*es & set !m all 9 a book1 n only = ! amusem5t or ! fleet+ pa/ime ( ^? :o may he> !m1 b = ! help :i* ! book w (f] 9 _m ways to all :o read x ) prop] att5tion & obs]ve c>efully ev]y?+ t x prescribes4 ,x is writt5 9 su* a way z to furni% in=mation & ent]ta9m5t1 z well z mu* practical k1 if ! cont5ts are c>efully le>n$ & rememb]$4 ,b :oev] has cle> & prop] insight w realize t1 if a book is to develop ^! subjects fully1 x w h to be a mu* l>g] "w ?an ?is "o4 ,! book has be5 giv5 a h&some title3 x is call$ ,speculum ,regale1 n because ( pride 9 him :o wrote x1 b because ! title ought to make ^? :o he> x m eag] to "k ! "w itself2 & = ?is reason1 too1 t if any "o wi%es to be in=m$ z to prop] conduct1 c\rtesy1 or comely & precise =ms ( spee*1 he w f9d & see ^! !re9 along ) _m illu/rations & all mann] ( patt]ns1 z 9 a bright mirror4 ,& x is call$ ,k+'s ,mirror1 because 9 x "o may read ( ! mann]s ( k+s z well z ( o!r m54 ,a k+1 moreov]1 holds ! highe/ title & ought1 ) 8 c\rt & all 8 s]vants1 to obs]ve ! mo/ prop] cu/oms1 s t 9 !m 8 subjects may see good examples ( prop] conduct1 uprightness1 & all o!r c\rtly virtues4 ,besides1 e k+ %\ld look frequ5tly into ?is mirror & obs]ve fir/ 8 own conduct & next t ( ! m5 :o are subject to him4 ,he %\ld rew>d all ^: conduct is good1 b %\ld discipl9e & compel ^? to obs]ve good morals :o _c le>n )\t ?reats4 ,al?\gh ! book is fir/ & =emo/ a k+'s mirror1 yet x is int5d$ = e "o z a common possession2 s9ce :oev] wi%es is free to look into x & to seek in=mation1 z he may desire1 ab\t 8 own conduct1 or any o!r type ( mann]s :i* he may f9d discuss$ 9 ! book4 ,& ,i believe t no man w be consid]$ unwise or unmann]ly :o c>efully obs]ves ev]y?+ t he f9ds 9 ?is "w :i* is suit$ to 8 mode ( liv+1 no matt] :at 8 rank or title may be4 ,if any "o desires or is curi\s to he> or /udy ?is book1 he ne$ n inquire ab\t ! "n or ! /&+ ( ! man :o compos$ & wrote x1 le/ p]*ance he %\ld reject :at may be f\nd useful 9 x because ( contempt1 envy1 or ho/ile feel+ ( "s sort = ! au?or4#afj ,footnote #afj3 ,x seems probable t ! =m 9 :i* ! au?or ( ! ,speculum expresses 8 desire to rema9 anonym\s %[s ! influ5ce ( ! ,old ,norse v]sion ( ! ,elucid>ium1 a !ological discussion 9 dialog =m1 :i* dates f ! twelf? c5tury & is ascrib$ to ,honorius ( ,autun4 ,! au?or ( ! ,elucid>ium writes z foll[s 9 8 preface3 8,my "n1 h[ev]1 ,i h purposely )held1 le/ wick$ m5 %\ld be prompt$ by a feel+ ( envy to ca/ aside a useful "w40 ,= ! orig9al ,lat9 preface to ! ,elucid>ium see ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clxxii1 #aaaj2 ! ,old ,norse v]sion is giv5 9 ,annal] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #aheg1 p4 #bdj1 #aheh1 p4 #bd4 ,?is reque/1 h[ev]1 :i* surely may be grant$ to any man1 we %\ld l to make3 we ask all good m5 :o he> ?is book to give x c>eful ?\ght & /udy2 & if !re %\ld be aught :i* seems necess>y to ! "w b has n be5 includ$1 :e!r conc]n+ morals & conduct or discreet & prop] =ms ( spee*1 let !m ins]t x 9 prop] =m & connection4 ,& if !y f9d any matt]s :i* seem to impair ! "w or to h be5 discuss$ at too great l5g?1 let !m discreetly remove all su* & ?us1 am5d+ our ignorance 9 k9dness1 help our "w to be appreciat$ 9 prop] _s4 ,= x 0 n pride t impell$ u to labor b good w t[>d all :o seem$ to ne$ & desire k ( ?is sort4 ,:5 ,i w5t to my fa!r ) ^! inquiries t ,i h n[ m5tion$1 ,i le>n$ 9 ! v fir/ words t ,i address$ to him1 h[ e "o ought to salute or address "o's fa!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ii 8,,! ,,fe> ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,is ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,wisdom0 ,son4 ,good day1#afa sire6 ,i h come to see y z x behooves a humble & ob$i5t son to approa* a lov+ & r5[n$ fa!r2 & ,i pray y to li/5 ) pati5ce to ! que/ions t ,i h 9 m9d to ask & k9dly to v\*safe an answ] to ea* "o4 ,footnote #afa3 ,good day 7,god dag7 is /ill ! common =m ( greet+ among ,norwegians & o!r ,sc&9avians4 ,fa!r4 ,inasmu* z y are my only son1 ,i am pleas$ to h y come (t5 to see me1 = !re are _m subjects :i* we ought to discuss4 ,i %all be glad to he> :at y wi% to inquire ab\t & to answ] su* que/ions z are discreetly ask$4 ,son4 ,i h he>d ! common report 7:i* ,i believe is true7 z to y\r wisdom1 t 9 all ! l& x w\ld be difficult to f9d a man :o has great] insight into e =m ( k ?an y h2 = all ^? :o h difficult matt]s to settle are eag] to get y\r decision4 ,i h also be5 told t ! same 0 true :5 y 7 at ! royal c\rt1 & t ! entire gov]nm5t1 lawmak+1 treaty mak+1 & e o!r sort ( bus9ess1 seem$ to be guid$ by y\r op9ion4 ,n[ z ,i am ! lawful heir to y\r worldly possessions1 ,i %\ld also l to %>e some:at 9 ! h]itage ( y\r wisdom4 ,:]e=e ,i wi% to h y po9t out to me ! beg9n+s & ! alphabet ( wisdom1 z f> z ,i am able to le>n !m f y1 s t ,i may lat] be able to read all y\r le>n$ writ+s1 & ?us foll[ 9 y\r foot/eps4 ,= ,i am sure t aft] y\r decease _m w rely on y\r hav+ tra9$ me aft] y\r own ways4 ,fa!r4 ,x pleases me to he> y speak 9 ?is wise1 & ,i %all be glad to answ]2 = x is a great com=t to me t ,i %all leave mu* weal? = my own true son to enjoy aft] my days2 b ,i %\ld sc>cely reg>d him z a son1 ?\gh ,i _h begott5 him1 if he 7 a fool4 ,n[ if y seek und]/&+1 ,i w %[ y ! basis & ! beg9n+ ( all wisdom1 z a great & wise man once express$ x3 to fe> ,almighty ,god1 ?is is ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4#afb ,b ,he is n to be fe>$ z an enemy1 b r ) ! fe> ( love1 z ! ,son ( ,god taught ! man :o ask$ him :at ! sub/ance ( ! law 04 ,= ! ,son ( ,god ref]r$ him to ! ,scripture t reads z foll[s3 ,?\ %alt love ,god ) all ?y he>t & ) all ?y /r5g? & ) all ?y might4#afc ,n[ "o %\ld love ,god above ev]y?+ else & fe> ,him at all times :5 evil desires arise2 he %\ld bani% evil long+s = ,god's sake1 ?\gh he 7 bold en\gh to *]i% !m = m5's sake4 ,n[ if y wi% to "k :at are ! beg9n+s & ! fir/ /eps 9 ! pursuit ( wisdom1 ?is is ! true beg9n+1 & !re is none o!r4 ,& :oev] le>ns ?is & obs]ves x %all n be want+ 9 true k or 9 any =m ( goodness4 ,footnote #afb3 ,prov]bs1 ix1 #aj4 ,9 ! use ( ,scriptural quotations ! au?or is seldom accurate4 ,footnote #afc3 ,/4 ,luke1 x1 #bg4 ,son4 ,?is is inde$ lov+ c\nsel1 su* z "o might expect f y2 besides1 x is good & easily le>n$ by e "o :om =tune foll[s4 ,/ill1 if "o is to be reput$ a wise man1 x w surely be necess>y to take up _m ?+s t p]ta9 to ! v>i\s crafts4 ,fa!r4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ & ! alphabet ( e good ?+4 ,b ?r\gh ! alphabet "o le>ns to read books1 & 9 ! same way x is always bett] ! m crafts are add$ to ?is art4 ,= ?r\gh ! crafts a man ga9s wisdom :atev] ! call+ t he int5ds to foll[1 :e!r t ( k+sman1#afd yeoman1 or m]*ant4 ,footnote #afd3 ,a 8k+sman0 7konungsmar7 0 any "o :o _h =mally ent]$ into ! k+'s p]sonal s]vice1 :e!r he 0 actually employ$ at c\rt or n4 ,see bel[1 cc4 xxiv ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iii ,,! ,,activities ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,a ,,m]*ant ,son4 ,i am n[ 9 my mo/ vigor\s ye>s & h a desire to travel abroad2 = ,i w\ld n v5ture to seek employm5t at c\rt be=e ,i _h obs]v$ ! cu/oms ( o!r m54 ,su* is my int5tion at pres5t1 unless y %\ld give me o!r advice4 ,fa!r4 ,al?\gh ,i h be5 a k+sman r ?an a m]*ant1 ,i h no fault to f9d ) t call+1 = (t5 ! be/ ( m5 are *os5 = x4 ,b mu* dep5ds on :e!r ! man is m l ^? :o are true m]*ants1 or ^? :o take ! m]*ant's "n b are m]e frauds & foi/]]s1 buy+ & sell+ wrongfully4 ,son4 ,x w\ld be m seemly = me to be l ! rightful ones2 = x w\ld be worse ?an "o might ?9k likely1 if y\r son 7 to imitate ^? :o are n z !y ought4 ,b :atev] my fate is to be1 ,i desire to h y in=m me z to ! practices ( su* m5 z seem to be capable 9 t bus9ess4 ,fa!r4 ,! man :o is to be a trad] w h to brave _m p]ils1 sometimes at sea & sometimes 9 hea!n l&s1#afe b ne>ly always among ali5 peoples2 & x mu/ be 8 con/ant purpose to act discreetly :]ev] he happ5s to be4 ,on ! sea he mu/ be al]t & fe>less4 ,footnote #afe3 ,^! 8hea!n l&s0 7 probably ! regions along ! ,arctic inhabit$ by ! ,f9ns2 x is also possible t ! au?or alludes to trad+ voyages to l&s occupi$ by ,esquimaux1 ?\gh he makes no m5tion ( ^! p any:]e 9 8 "w4 ,:5 y are 9 a m>ket t[n1 or :]ev] y are1 be polite & agreeable2 !n y w secure ! fri5d%ip ( all good m54 ,make x a habit to rise e>ly 9 ! morn+1 & g fir/ & imm$iately to *ur* :]ev] x seems mo/ conv5i5t to he> ! canonical h\rs1 & he> all ! h\rs & mass f mat9s on4 ,jo9 9 ! wor%ip1 repeat+ su* psalms & pray]s z y h le>n$4 ,:5 ! s]vices are ov]1 g out to look aft] y\r bus9ess affairs4 ,if y are unacqua9t$ ) ! traffic ( ! t[n1 obs]ve c>efully h[ ^? :o are reput$ ! be/ & mo/ prom95t m]*ants conduct _! bus9ess4 ,y mu/ also be c>eful to exam9e ! w>es t y buy be=e ! pur*ase is f9ally made to make sure t !y are s\nd & flawless4 ,& :5ev] y make a pur*ase1 call 9 a few tru/y m5 to s]ve z witnesses z to h[ ! b>ga9 0 made4 ,y %\ld keep occupi$ ) y\r bus9ess till breakfa/ or1 if necessity dem&s x1 till midday2 aft] t y %\ld eat y\r meal4 ,keep y\r table well provid$ & set ) a :ite clo?1 clean victuals1 & good dr9ks4 ,s]ve enjoyable meals1 if y c af=d x4 ,aft] ! meal y may ei!r take a nap or /roll ab\t a little :ile = pa/ime & to see :at o!r good m]*ants are employ$ )1 or :e!r any new w>es h come to ! bor\gh :i* y ought to buy4 ,on return+ to y\r lodg+s exam9e y\r w>es1 le/ !y suff] damage aft] com+ into y\r h&s4 ,if !y are f\nd to be injur$ & y are ab\t to dispose ( !m1 d n conceal ! flaws f ! pur*as]3 %[ him :at ! defects are & make su* a b>ga9 z y c2 !n y _c be call$ a deceiv]4 ,also put a good price on y\r w>es1 ?\gh n too high1 & yet v ne> :at y see c be obta9$2 !n y _c be call$ a foi/]4 ,f9ally1 rememb] ?is1 t :5ev] y h an h\r to sp>e y %\ld give ?\ght to y\r /udies1 especially to ! law books2 = x is cle> t ^? :o ga9 k f books h ke5] wits ?an o!rs1 s9ce ^? :o are ! mo/ le>n$ h ! be/ pro(s = _! k4 ,make a /udy ( all ! laws1 b :ile y rema9 a m]*ant !re is no law t y w ne$ to "k m ?or\ghly ?an ! ,bj>key code4#aff ,if y are acqua9t$ ) ! law1 y w n be annoy$ by quibbles :5 y h suits to br+ aga9/ m5 ( y\r own class1 b w be able to plead accord+ to law 9 e case4 ,footnote #aff3 ,! 8,bir*-isle0 code 0 orig9ally a set ( rules gov]n+ comm]cial int]c\rse4 ,aft] a "t x became a m elaborate law gov]n+ ! municipality z well z ! trad]s :o 7 m or less p]man5tly locat$ !re4 ,x is believ$ t ! "n is d]iv$ f ,birka1 a trad+ c5t] 9 ea/]n ,sw$5 n f> f ! site ( mod]n ,/ockholm4 ,! 8,bir*-,isle0 code is publi%$ 9 ,norges ,gamle ,love1 ,i1 "p iii1 #cjc-ccf4 ,b al?\gh ,i h mo/ to say ab\t laws1 ,i reg>d no man p]fect 9 k unless he has ?or\ghly le>n$ & ma/]$ ! cu/oms ( ! place :]e he is soj\rn+4 ,& if y wi% to become p]fect 9 k1 y mu/ le>n all ! languages1 fir/ ( all ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 = ^! idioms are mo/ widely us$2 & yet1 d n neglect y\r native tongue or spee*4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,iv ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,may ,god rew>d y1 sire1 = ! love ( k9%ip t y %[ 9 po9t+ out s _m ?+s t ,i may f9d ne$ful1--if ,i h ! good =tune to le>n !m & to rememb] !m aft] !y are le>n$4 ,& if y ?9k !re are any o!r important matt]s t ought to be tak5 up 9 ?is discussion1 ,i %all be glad to li/5 att5tively4 ,fa!r4 ,!re are1 inde$1 c]ta9 matt]s :i* %\ld n be omitt$ f ?is disc\rse1 b !y c be /at$ 9 a few words1 if t seems be/4 ,tra9 y\rself to be z active z possible1 ?\gh n s z to injure y\r heal?4 ,/rive nev] to be d[nca/1 = a d[nca/ m9d is always morbid2 try r to be fri5dly & g5ial at all times1 ( an ev5 temp] & nev] moody4 ,be upright & tea* ! "r to e man :o wi%es to le>n f y2 & always associate ) ! be/ m54 ,gu>d y\r tongue c>efully2 ?is is good c\nsel1 = y\r tongue may honor y1 b x may also condemn y4 ,?\gh y be angry speak few words & nev] 9 passion2 = unless "o is c>eful1 he may utt] words 9 wra? t he w\ld lat] give gold to h unspok54 ,on ! :ole1 ,i "k ( no rev5ge1 ?\gh _m employ x1 t pr(its a man less ?an to b&y heat$ words ) ano!r1 ev5 ?\gh he has a qu>rel to settle ) him4 ,y %all "k ( a tru? t no virtue is high] or /rong] ?an ! p[] to keep "o's tongue f f\l or pr(ane spee*1 tattl+1 or sl&]\s talk 9 any =m4 ,if *ildr5 be giv5 to y1 let !m n gr[ up )\t le>n+ a trade2 = we may expect a man to keep clos] to k & bus9ess :5 he comes ( age1 if he is tra9$ 9 y\? :ile "u control4 ,& fur!r1 !re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* y mu/ bew>e ( & %un l ! devil himself3 ^! are dr9k+1 *ess1 h>lots1 qu>rel+1 & ?r[+ dice = /akes4 ,= ^u su* f\ndations ! greate/ calamities are built2 & unless !y /rive to avoid ^! ?+s1 few only are able to live long )\t blame or s94 ,obs]ve c>efully h[ ! sky is light$1 ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies1 ! gr\p+ ( ! h\rs1 & ! po9ts ( ! horizon4 ,le>n also h[ to m>k ! movem5ts ( ! ocean & to disc]n h[ its turmoil ebbs & swells2 = t is k :i* all mu/ possess :o wi% to trade abroad4 ,le>n ari?metic ?or\ghly1 = m]*ants h great ne$ ( t4 ,if y come to a place :]e ! k+ or "s o!r *ief :o is 9 au?ority has 8 (ficials1 seek to w9 _! fri5d%ip2 & if !y dem& any necess>y fees on ! rul]'s behalf1 be prompt to r5d] all su* paym5ts1 le/ by hold+ too tightly to little ?+s y lose ! great]4 ,also bew>e le/ ! k+'s belong+s f9d _! way into y\r purse2 = y _c "k b t he may be covet\s :o has ^? ?+s 9 *>ge1 & x is easi] to be cauti\s be=eh& ?an to crave p>don aft]w>ds4 ,if y c dispose ( y\r w>es at suitable prices1 d n hold !m long2 = x is ! wont ( m]*ants to buy con/antly & to sell rapidly4 ,if y are prep>+ to c>ry on trade beyond ! seas & y sail y\r own %ip1 h x ?or\ghly coat$ ) t> 9 ! autumn &1 if possible1 keep x t>r$ all w9t]4 ,b if ! %ip is plac$ on timb]s too late to be coat$ 9 ! fall1 t> x :5 spr+ op5s & let x dry ?or\ghly aft]w>ds4 ,always buy %>es 9 good vessels or 9 none at all4 ,keep y\r %ip attractive1 = !n capable m5 w jo9 y & x w be well mann$4 ,be sure to h y\r %ip ready :5 summ] beg9s & d y\r travel+ :ile ! season is be/4 ,keep reliable tackle on %ipbo>d at all times1 & nev] rema9 out at sea 9 late autumn1 if y c avoid x4 ,if y att5d c>efully to all ^! ?+s1 ) ,god's m]cy y may hope = success4 ,?is1 too1 y mu/ keep con/antly 9 m9d1 if y wi% to be c\nt$ a wise man1 t y ought nev] to let a day pass )\t le>n+ some?+ t w pr(it y4 ,be n l ^? :o ?9k x b5ea? _! dignity to he> or le>n f o!rs su* ?+s ev5 z might avail !m mu* if !y knew !m4 ,= a man mu/ reg>d x z great an honor to le>n z to tea*1 if he wi%es to be consid]$ ?or\ghly in=m$4 ,!re rema9 a few m9or matt]s t ought to be m5tion$4 ,:5ev] y travel at sea1 keep on bo>d two or ?ree hundr$ ells ( wadmal ( a sort suitable = m5d+ sails1 if t %\ld be necess>y1 a l>ge numb] ( ne$les1 & a supply ( ?read & cord4 ,x may seem trivial to m5tion ^! ?+s1 b x is (t5 necess>y to h !m on h&4 ,y w always ne$ to c>ry a supply ( nails1 bo? spikes & rivets1 ( su* sizes z y\r %ip dem&s2 also good boat hooks & broadaxes1 g\ges & aug]s1 & all su* o!r tools z %ip c>p5t]s make use (4 ,all ^! ?+s t ,i h n[ nam$ y mu/ rememb] to c>ry ) y on %ipbo>d1 :5ev] y sail on a trad+ voyage & ! %ip is y\r own4 ,:5 y come to a m>ket t[n :]e y expect to t>ry1 seek lodg+s f ! innkeep] :o is reput$ ! mo/ discreet & ! mo/ popul> among bo? k+sm5 & bor\ghm54 ,always buy good clo!s & eat good f>e if y\r means p]mit2 & nev] keep unruly or qu>relsome m5 z att5dants or messmates4 ,keep y\r temp] calm ?\gh n to ! po9t ( suff]+ abuse or br++ ^u y\rself ! reproa* ( c[>dice4 ,?\gh necessity may =ce y into /rife1 be n 9 a hurry to take rev5ge2 fir/ make sure t y\r ef=t w succe$ & /rike :]e x ought4 ,nev] display a heat$ temp] :5 y see t y are likely to fail1 b be sure to ma9ta9 y\r honor at "s lat] "t1 unless y\r oppon5t %\ld (f] a satisfactory atonem5t4 ,if y\r weal? takes on rapid gr[?1 divide x & inve/ x 9 a p>tn]%ip trade 9 fields :]e y d n y\rself travel2 b be cauti\s 9 select+ p>tn]s4 ,always let ,almighty ,god1 ! holy ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ! sa9t :om y h mo/ frequ5tly call$ ^u to int]c$e = y be c\nt$ among y\r p>tn]s4 ,wat* ) c>e ov] ! prop]ty :i* ! sa9ts are to %>e ) y & always br+ x fai?fully to ! place to :i* x 0 orig9ally promis$4 ,if y h mu* capital inve/$ 9 trade1 divide x into ?ree p>ts3 put "o-?ird into p>tn]%ips ) m5 :o are p]man5tly locat$ 9 m>ket bor\ghs1 are tru/wor?y1 & are exp]i5c$ 9 bus9ess4 ,place ! o!r two p>ts 9 v>i\s bus9ess v5tures2 = if y\r capital is inve/$ 9 diff]5t places1 x is n likely t y w suff] losses 9 all y\r weal? at "o "t3 m likely x w be secure 9 "s localities1 ?\gh frequ5t losses be suff]$4 ,b if y f9d t ! pr(its ( trade br+ a decid$ increase to y\r funds1 draw out ! two-?irds & inve/ !m 9 good f>m l&1 = su* prop]ty is g5]ally ?\ght ! mo/ secure1 :e!r ! enjoym5t ( x falls to "o's self or to "o's k9sm54 ,) ! rema9+ ?ird y may d z seems be/1--cont9ue to keep x 9 bus9ess or place x all 9 l&4 ,h[ev]1 ?\gh y decide to keep y\r funds inve/$ 9 trade1 discont9ue y\r own j\rneys at sea or z a trad] 9 =eign fields1 z soon z y\r means h atta9$ suffici5t gr[? & y h /udi$ =eign cu/oms z mu* z y l4 ,keep all t y see 9 c>eful memory1 ! evil ) ! good2 rememb] evil practices z a w>n+1 & ! good cu/oms z useful to y\rself & to o!rs :o may wi% to le>n f y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,v ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,! ,,w9ds ,son4 ,x is evid5t t :oev] wi%es to become in=m$ on su* matt]s z ^? :i* y h n[ discuss$ mu/ fir/ try to det]m9e :at is mo/ wor? le>n+ & aft]w>ds to keep 9 m9d all t he has he>d4 ,b 9 y\r discussion j rec5tly y m5tion$ sev]al ?+s ! nature ( :i* ,i d n und]/&1 ?\gh ,i h reflect$ ^u y\r /atem5ts1 namely1 ! lights ( ! sky & ! movem5ts ( ! ocean4 ,moreov]1 y urg$ me to le>n ^! ?+s & /at$ t !re is k 9 le>n+ !m4 ,b ,i _c compreh5d !m unless ,i %all he> !m expla9$2 & ,i "k ( no o!r wise ma/] ) s k9d a w to tea* me ^! matt]s z y\rself4 ,!re=e1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i w ask y to cont9ue ?is discussion1 s t ,i may become some:at bett] in=m$ on ^! subjects3 h[ ! lights ( ! sky & ! c\rse ( ! heav5ly bodies wax & wane2 h[ ! "t ( ! day is told & ! h\rs are gr\p$2 b especially h[ ! ocean moves & :at causes its re/lessness4 ,= sometimes ! ocean appe>s s bli! & *e]ful t "o w\ld l to sport ) x ?r\gh an entire season2 b soon x displays su* fi]ce wra? & ill-nature t ! life & prop]ty ( ^? :o h any?+ to d ) x are endang]$4 ,n[ ,i h ?\ght t1 al?\gh ! sun completes its c\rse accord+ to an e/abli%$ law1 t fact _c produce ! unquiet ( ! sea4 ,if y are dispos$ to expla9 ^! ?+s fur!r1 ,i %all li/5 gladly & att5tively4 ,fa!r4 ,i c inde$ give su* an explanation1 j z ,i h he>d x f ! lips ( well-in=m$ m51 & z seems mo/ reasonable accord+ to ! insight t ,god has giv5 me4 ,! sun has receiv$ div]s (fices3 = x br+s light & w>m? to all ! e>?1 & ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w rejoice 9 its approa*+2 b its c\rse is plann$ 9 su* a way t x sometimes )draws f ^? regions t x approa*es at o!r times4 ,:5 x fir/ comes to visit ! ea/ ) w>m? & bright beams1 ! day beg9s to lift up silv]y br[s & a pleasant face to ! ea/ w9d4 ,soon ! ea/ w9d is cr[n$ ) a gold5 glory & rob$ 9 all 8 raim5ts ( joy4 ,he eases griefs & regretful sighs & turns a bright c\nt5ance t[>d 8 neighbors on ei!r side1 bidd+ !m rejoice ) him 9 8 delight & ca/ away _! w9t]like sorr[s4 ,he also s5ds blaz+ rays into ! face ( ! we/ w9d to in=m him ( 8 joy & happ9ess4 ,he advises ! we/ w9d1 too1 t 9 ! ev5+ he %all be clad 9 g>m5ts simil> to ^? :i* ! ea/ w9d wore 9 ! morn+4 ,lat] 9 ! day & at ! prop] h\r ! s\!a/ w9d displays ! glory ( 8 newly-gott5 robes & s5ds w>m+ rays ) fri5dly messages into ! face ( ! nor?we/ w9d4 ,b at midday ! s\? w9d reveals h[ he has be5 end[$ ) ri*es ( heat1 s5ds w>m gifts ( fri5d%ip across to ! nor? w9d1 w>ms 8 cool face1 & invites all ! neighbor+ w9ds to %>e 9 ! abundance ( 8 weal?4 ,z ! day decl9es ! s\?we/ w9d ) glad face receives ! g5tle %e5 & g5ial beams4 ,hav+ put away wra?1 he reveals 8 desire = peace & concord2 he comm&s ! mighty bill[s & /eep wave-cre/s to subside ) wan+ p[] & calls =? quick5+ dews 9 a wi% to be fully reconcil$ ) all 8 neighbors4 ,g5tly he bl[s a refre%+ brea? into ! face ( ! nor!a/ w9d1 w>ms 8 w9d-*ill$ lips1 & ?aws 8 fro/y br[ & froz5 *eeks4 ,b :5 ev5+ beg9s1 ! we/ w9d1 clad 9 spl5dor & sunset beauty z if rob$ = a fe/al eve1 lifts a gleam+ br[ above a bli! c\nt5ance1 & s5ds a message on d>t+ beams across to ! ea/ w9d tell+ him to prep>e = ! fe/ive morr[ to come4 ,at sunset ! nor?we/ w9d beg9s to raise 8 fair br[s & ) lift$ eyelids betok5s to all 8 neighbors t ! dazzl+ radiance is n[ 9 8 keep+4 ,!reupon he s5ds =? a %ad[ ov] ! face ( ! e>? proclaim+ to all t n[ come ! h\rs ( re/ aft] ! toil ( day4 ,b at midnight ! nor? w9d goes =? to meet ! c\rs+ sun & leads him ?r\gh rocky des]ts t[>d ! sp>se-built %ores4 ,he calls =? heavy %ad[s1 cov]s 8 face ) a broad-brimm$ helmet1 & in=ms all t he is array$ = ! night wat* to keep gu>d ov] 8 neighbors t !y may h com=t & untr\bl$ re/ aft] ! heat ( day4 ,) cool lips he g5tly bl[s ^u ! face ( ! s\? w9d1 t he may be bett] able to resi/ ! viol5t heat ( ! com+ day4 ,he also scatt]s ! d>k cl\ds & cle>s up ! face ( heav5 9 ord] t ! sun1 :5 light appe>s1 may be easily able to s5d =? 8 w>m & radiant beams 9 all directions4 ,b on ! com+ ( morn ! nor!a/ w9d beg9s to op5 8 clos$ eyelids & bl9ks to bo? sides z if to det]m9e :e!r x is "t to rise4 ,!n he op5s quickly 8 cle> eyes z if sat$ ) sleep aft] end$ re/4 ,soon he leads =? ! gleam+ day into all ! home/eads l a fair y\? & fitt+ h]ald1 to give sure k t ! radiant sph]e & %9+ sun foll[s close beh9d & to comm& all to be array$ = 8 com+4 ,soon ! sun rises & %oots =? 8 beams 9 all directions to wat* ov] ! cov5ant made by ! w9ds2 & aft] t he goes on ?r\gh 8 orda9$ c\rse z we h already told4 ,:5 peace has be5 e/abli%$ among ^! *iefs t we h j nam$1 x is safe to travel :]ev] y may wi% ?r\gh ! realms ( any "o ( !m4 ,!n ! sea beg9s to b> out all viol5t /orms & make smoo? highways :]e e>li] ! r\te 0 impassable because ( broad bill[s & mighty waves2 & ! %ores (f] h>bors 9 _m places :i* =m]ly gave no %elt]4 ,n[1 :ile ?is cov5ant holds1 !re w be fair sail+ = y or any o!rs :o wi% to travel to =eign %ores or /e] _! %ips ov] ! p]ils ( ! ocean4 ,x is1 !re=e1 ! duty ( e man1 inde$ x is a necess>y "o1 to le>n ?or\ghly :5 "o may look = dang]\s seasons & bad r\tes1 or :5 times come :5 "o may risk ev]y?+4 ,= ev5 unwitt+ bea/s obs]ve ! seasons1 ?\gh by in/9ct1 s9ce !y h no intellect4 ,ev5 ! fi%es1 ?\gh lack+ human insight1 "k h[ to f9d security 9 ! deep seas1 :ile ! w9t] /orms are mo/ viol5t2 b :5 w9t] wanes1 !y move ne>] ! %ores & f9d enjoym5t z aft] a sorr[ suff]$ & pa/4 ,lat] 9 ! spr+ aft] ! roe has come1 !y lay ! spawn & br+ =? a va/ multitude ( "y fi%es & 9 ?is way increase _! race1 ea* aft] its k9d & class4 ,x does1 inde$1 %[ great =e?\ght = un9tellig5t creatures to provide s c>efully aga9/ ! com+ w9t] /orms1 & to br+ =? _! (fspr+ at ! op5+ ( spr+1 s t !y may enjoy ! calm wea!r ( summ] & se>* = food 9 peace & quiet along ! wide %ores2 = ?us !y ga!r /r5g? en\gh 9 summ] aga9/ ! ensu+ w9t] to su/a9 !mselves among o!r fi%es 9 ! *illy deep4 ,! cov5ant br+s joy to ! sky z well z to ! sea2 = z spr+ advances ! birds so>+ high into ! air rejoice ) beautiful songs 9 ! newly made treaty ( ^! lords z 9 a com+ fe/ival4 ,_! joy is z great z if !y h escap$ great & t]rible dang]s :i* might arise f ! /rife ( ^! *iefta9s4 ,soon !y build ne/s ^u ! e>? & lead birdl+s =? f !m1 ea* aft] its k9d4 ,?us !y increase _! species & c>e = _! "y 9 ! summ] t ^! may be able to f9d _! own su/5ance 9 ! w9t] foll[+4 ,ev5 ! e>? rejoices 9 ?is peace-mak+1 = z soon z ! sun beg9s to p\r out its w>m+ rays ov] ! face ( ! e>?1 ! ice beg9s to ?aw ar\nd ! froz5 grass roots2 soon fragrant & fair-hu$ h]bs spr\t =?1 & ! e>? %[s t %e f9ds gladness & fe/ive joy 9 ! fre% beauty ( h] em]ald robes4 ,%e gladly (f]s to all h] (fspr+ ! su/5ance :i* %e _h to refuse !m e>li] because ( ! de>? 9 w9t]4 ,! trees t /ood ) dripp+ bran*es & froz5 roots put =? gre5 leaves1 ?us %[+ _! joy t ! sorr[ & di/ress ( w9t] are pa/4 ,unclean & repulsive bea/s display insight & und]/&+ 9 _! ability to det]m9e ! prop] "t to increase _! k9d & to come out ( _! d5s4 ,!y also obs]ve ! season :5 x is necess>y to flee ! cold & /ormy di/ress ( w9t] & seek %elt] "u rocks1 9 l>ge crags1 or 9 ! deep sc> ( ! l&slide till ! "t to come =? is at h&4 ,wild bea/s t seek _! food 9 woods or on ! m\nta9s "k well h[ to disc]n ! seasons2 = !y be> ! begott5 (fspr+ :ile w9t] is mo/ sev]e1 s t !y may br+ =? _! "y :5 ! grass is fre% & ! summ] is w>m4 ,!re is a little creep+ ?+ call$ ! ant1 :i* c tea* ?\ghtful m5 mu* practical wisdom1 :e!r !y be m]*ants or husb&m51 k+s or less] m54 ,x tea*es k+s h[ to build ca/les & =tresses2 9 ! same way x tea*es ! m]*ants & ! husb&m5 ) :at indu/ry & at :at seasons !y ought to pursue _! call+s2 = he :o has prop] insight & obs]ves c>efully ! activities ( ! ant w note _m ?+s & d]ive mu* pr(it f !m4 ,all o!r creatures1 too1 :e!r clean or unclean1 rejoice 9 ?is season1 & ) vigilant eyes seek _! food 9 ! w>m summ] "t s z to be able to endure m confid5tly ! p]ils ( a de/itute w9t] season4 ,n[ x is ?is cov5ant betwe5 ^! eight w9ds t calls =? all ! delights ( e>? & sky & ! calm /irr+ ( ! sea accord+ to ! comm& & my/]i\s skill ( ,him ,:o orda9$ 9 ! beg9n+ t ?us %\ld all nature rema9 until ,he %\ld *ange ! ord] ( ?+s4 ,n[ if y feel t "s ( ^! matt]s h n yet be5 fully cle>$ up1 y may cont9ue y\r inquiries & ask :at que/ions y l4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vi ,,! ,,tides ,,& ,,! ,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,! ,,sun ,son4 ,x 0 a wise ?\ght1 x seems to me1 to ask ^? que/ions to :i* ,i h j receiv$ su* fair replies2 & ,i am enc\rag$ to inquire into c]ta9 o!r matt]s1 namely ! wax+ ( ! sun1 ! moon1 & ! /reams or tides ( ! ocean1--h[ mu* & h[ rapidly ^! ?+s wax & wane4 ,n[ ^! ?+s t ,i h br\ght up = discussion are subjects :i* especially t\* ! welf>e ( seaf>+ m51 & x looks to me z if !y w\ld pr(it mu* f a k ( ^! matt]s1 s9ce x gives insight into ! "r conduct ( _! pr(ession4 ,& s9ce ,i int5d to labor dilig5tly 9 ! trad]'s call+1 ,i %\ld l v mu*1 if x c be done1 to h y expla9 fur!r "s ( ^? ?+s t ,i h j m5tion$4 ,fa!r4 ,^? ?+s t y h n[ ask$ ab\t d n all wax or wane ) equal rapidity2 = ! tide1 :5 x rises1 completes its c\rse 9 sev5 days plus half an h\r ( ! eigh? day2 & e sev5? day !re is flood tide 9 place ( ebb4 ,= ! tide rises "o sev5? "p daily f ! "t :5 ! rise beg9s2 & aft] x turns & beg9s to fall1 x ebbs 9 ! same way dur+ ! next sev5 days b is ret>d$ z mu* z half an h\r ( ! eigh? day1#afg :i* mu/ be add$ to ! sev5 days4 ,z to h[ long an h\r %\ld be ,i c give y def9ite in=mation2 = !re %\ld be tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 two days1 t is1 a night & a day1 :ile ! sun c\rses ?r\gh ! eight *ief po9ts ( ! sky3 & accord+ to "r reckon+ ! sun w pass ?r\gh ea* division 9 ?ree h\rs ( ! day4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! moon1 :ile x waxes1 completes its c\rse 9 fifte5 days less six h\rs2#afh & 9 a l p]iod x wanes until ! c\rse is complete & ano!r comes4 ,& x is always true t at ?is "t ! flood tide is highe/ & ! ebb /ronge/4 ,b :5 ! moon has wax$ to half1 ! flood tide is l[e/ & ! ebb1 too1 is q l[4 ,at full moon ! flood tide is aga9 v high & ! ebb is /rong4 ,b :5 x has wan$ to half1 bo? ebb & flood are q l[4 ,m]*ants are1 h[ev]1 sc>cely able to note ^! *anges1 z ! c\rse is too swift2 = ! moon takes su* long /rides bo? 9 wax+ & wan+ t m51 on t acc\nt1 f9d x difficult to det]m9e ! divisions ( its c\rse4 ,! sun1 on ! o!r h&1 completes its c\rse m sl[ly bo? 9 asc5d+ & decl9+1 s t "o may easily m>k all ! /ages ( its c\rse4 ,! sun moves upw>d "o hundr$ & eighty-two & "o-half days & ?ree h\rs & = a l p]iod x rec$es aga92 x has !n complet$ its entire c\rse1 bo? asc5t & decl9e1 9 ?ree hundr$ days1 by ! twelve-c\nt#afi #cfj1 plus five days & six h\rs4 ,e f\r? ye> ?is becomes ?ree hundr$ by ! twelve-c\nt & six days m #cff2 ?is is call$ leap ye>1 = x has "o day m ?an ! prec$+ twelvemon?1 ! additional h\rs be+ ga!r$ into tw5ty-f\r1 a night & a day4 ,9 ,lat9 all hundr$s are c\nt$ by t5s1 & !re are1 !re=e1 prop]ly comput$ ?ree hundr$ by ! t5-c\nt plus sixty-six days :5ev] leap ye> occurs1 :ile ! int]v5+ ye>s h only five days & six h\rs ) z _m additional days by ! o!r reckon+ z ,i h j /at$4 ,footnote #afg3 ,! mean ret>dation is =ty-eight m9utes4 ,footnote #afh3 ,?is is )9 tw5ty-two m9utes ( ! l5g? ( ! lun> half-mon?4 ,footnote #afi3 ,! ,nor?m5 9 m$ieval times _h two hundr$s1 ! great hundr$1 or duodecimal hundr$1 :i* c\nt$ #abj 7#ab #aj7 & ! ord9>y hundr$ 7#aj #aj74 ,b to y\r "q conc]n+ ! gr[? ( ! sun's pa?1 h[ "o c mo/ cle>ly disc]n x1 ,i c sc>cely give an answ] s precise z n to be wrong 9 "p2 = ! sun's pa? does n wax at ! same rate 9 all p>ts ( ! e>?4 ,i c1 ( c\rse1 answ] accord+ to :at ,i h f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( m5 :o h treat$ ! subject ?or\ghly1 & x is g5]ally believ$ t _! words come v ne> ! tru?4 ,i h already told y h[ _m h\rs !re are 9 a night & day & gave ! numb] z tw5ty-f\r4#agj ,i h indicat$ ! l5g? ( ea* h\r 9 /at+ t ?ree h\rs pass :ile ! sun moves across "o division ( ! sky4 ,n[ !re are "s o!r little h\rs call$ o/5sa1#aga sixty ( :i* make "o ( ^? t ,i m5tion$ e>li]4 ,x seems to me q likely t1 z f> nor? z we are1 ! sun's pa? waxes five ( ^! little h\rs 9 a day & z mu* less ?an six z a twelf? "p ( a little h\r4 ,& z to ! gr[? ( ! sun's pa? x seems mo/ reasonable to me t x waxes ?ree-f\r?s ( ^! h\rs t[>d ! ea/ & ! we/ & ! rema9+ f\r? 9 height t[>d ! z5i?4 ,s\? ( u1 h[ev]1 ?is reckon+ w fail2 = nor? ( u ! increase is great] & to ! s\? less ?an we h j /at$2 & ! f>!r s\?1 ! great] is ! diff]5ce1 & ! sun m ne>ly ov]head4 ,footnote #agj3 ,see ,br5n]'s edition1 #bj4 ,footnote #aga3 ,error = o/5ta2 ! o/5tum1 comput$ at "o-sixtie? ( an h\r1 seems to appe> fir/ 9 ! writ+s ( ,rabanus ,maurus 7n9? c5tury74 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,vii ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,sun',s ,,c\rse ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,) y\r p]mission ,i wi% to inquire some:at m fully into ?is subject1 = ,i d n q und]/& x4 ,y h said t ! sun's asc5t is m rapid to ! nor? ( u1 :]e summ] is almo/ want+1 :ile ! /r5g? ( w9t] is s ov]p[]+ t summ] seems l a m]e %ad[1 & :]e 9 _m places bo? sn[ & ice lie all ?r\gh summ] j z 9 w9t]1 z is true ( ,icel& & p>ticul>ly ( ,gre5l&4 ,b ,i h he>d t 9 ! s\?l&s !re are no sev]e w9t]s1 ! sun be+ z hot 9 w9t] z x is ) u 9 summ]2 & t 9 w9t]1 :5 ! sun has less p[]1 bo? gra9 & o!r crops gr[1 :ile 9 summ] ! e>? _c endure ! f]v5t heat ( ! sun & consequ5tly yields nei!r grass nor gra92 s t 9 regions l ,apulia & ev5 m s 9 ! l& ( ,j]usalem ! heat ( summ] causes z great di/ress z ! cold ( w9t] ) u4 ,n[ :5 y tell me t ! sun's pa? waxes fa/] "h 9 ! nor? ?an yond] 9 ! s\?1 ,i _c see ! reason :y2 = !re ! sun's heat is z great 9 w9t] z x is ) u 9 summ]2 & x is s mu* great] 9 summ] t all vegetation on ! e>? is scor*$ by x4 ,!re=e x seems to me m likely t ! sun's pa? waxes mo/ rapidly :]e ! heat is mo/ int5se4 ,n[ if y c & w cle> ?is up = me s t ,i c grasp x1 ,i %all li/5 gladly & att5tively4 ,fa!r4 ,i %all beg9 my talk on ! subject t ,i am n[ to take up ) a little illu/ration1 :i* may help y to a cle>] insight1 s9ce y f9d x s difficult to believe ! facts z /at$4 ,if y take a light$ c&le & set x 9 a room1 y may expect x to light up ! entire int]ior1 unless some?+ %\ld h9d]1 ?\gh ! room be q l>ge4 ,b if y take an apple & hang x close to ! flame1 s ne> t x is heat$1 ! apple w d>k5 ne>ly half ! room or ev5 m4 ,h[ev]1 if y hang ! apple ne> ! wall1 x w n get hot2 ! c&le w light up ! :ole h\se2 & ! %ad[ on ! wall :]e ! apple hangs w be sc>cely half z l>ge z ! apple itself4 ,f ?is y may inf] t ! e>?-circle is r\nd l a ball & n equally ne> ! sun at e po9t4 ,b :]e ! curv$ surface lies ne>e/ ! sun's pa?1 !re w ! greate/ heat be2 & "s ( ! l&s t lie cont9u\sly "u ! unbrok5 rays _c be inhabit$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? l&s :i* ! sun approa*es ) slant+ rays may readily be occupi$2 & yet1 "s ( ^! are hott] ?an o!rs accord+ z !y lie ne>] ! sun's pa?4 ,b :5 ! curv$ & /eep slope ( ! sph]e-%ap$ :eel moves up be=e ! light & ! beams ( ! sun1 x w ca/ ! deepe/ %ad[ :]e its curv$ surface lies ne>e/ ! sun2 & yet1 ! l&s ne>e/ ! sun are always hotte/4#agb ,n[ ,i agree ) y t ,apulia & ,j]usalem are hott] ?an our own c\ntry2 b y mu/ "k t !re are places :]e ! heat is great] ?an 9 ei!r ( ^? j m5tion$1 = "s c\ntries are un9habitable on acc\nt ( ! heat4 ,& ,i h he>d x /at$ z a fact1 t ev5 :5 ! sun m\nts highe/1 ! night 9 ^? regions is v d>k & q long4 ,f ?is y mu/ conclude t :]e ! /r5g? & p[] ( ! sun are great]1 s9ce x is ne>]1 x mu/ asc5d & decl9e m sl[ly2 = ! night is long 9 summ] :5 ! sun m\nts highe/1 & ! day is long 9 w9t] :5 x s9ks l[e/4 ,n[ ,i %all expla9 ?is s cle>ly t y w und]/& x fully4 ,footnote #agb3 ,x is evid5t f ?is discussion t ! au?or believes 9 a sph]ical e>?2 else:]e1 too1 he speaks ( ! sph]e ( e>? 7j>arbollr72 see c4 lvi4 ,y "k t "h ) u 9 w9t] ! day & ! c\rse ( ! sun are brief2 = s %ort is ! sun's pa? t x passes ?r\gh b a s+le region ( ! sky1 & !n only :]e ! sun has consid]able /r5g?4 ,b 9 _m places ! sun is n to be se5 dur+ a l>ge "p ( w9t]1 = example 9 ,halogal&1#agc z we h n only he>d tell b h (t5 & con/antly le>n$ & obs]v$ ) our own eyes4 ,= we "k def9itely t f ab\t ,novemb] #aj to ,janu>y #aj !re nev] comes a day s bright up nor? 9 ,vaag or at ,&5es#agd 9 ,halogal& b t ! />s 9 ! sky are visible at midday z at midnight4 ,& al?\gh ! days h s mu* light t ! />s _c be se51 nev]!less1 9 mo/ ( ! places t we h m5tion$ ! sun rema9s invisible till ,janu>y #bc4 ,b aft] t date ! days l5g!n & ! sun m\nts s rapidly1 t beg9n+ ) ,april #f daylight does n disappe> be=e ,septemb] #ag1 all ! int]v5+ "t be+ "o cont9u\s day1 = daylight nev] fails 9 all t :ile4 ,f ?is y may safely conclude t1 ?\gh ! sun is hott] 9 ! s\!rn l&s t we spoke ( e>li]1 its c\rse waxes & m\nts m sl[ly :]e ! night1 ev5 at mid-summ]1 is deep & long & d>k1 & :]e !re is nev] a "t 9 ! :ole twelvemon? :5 day does n fail4 ,b 9 ,halogal&1 z ,i h j said1 !re is no day 9 w9t] & />s are visible at midday :5 ! day %\ld be brighte/2 lat]1 h[ev]1 :5 ! days beg9 to l5g!n1 !y gr[ s rapidly t e>ly 9 spr+ daylight beg9s to t>ry all ! night & cont9ues till mu* ( ! autumn is pa/4 ,footnote #agc3 ,halogal&1 ! mod]n ,nordl&1 is t "p ( ,norway ly+ nor? ( ! sixty-fif? p>allel4 ,footnote #agd3 ,vaag & ,&5es are po9ts 9 ! ,l(ot5 ,isl&s2 _! latitudes are #fh #ab #ce & #fi #ah #ej respectively4 ,!re rema9s "o m pro( :i* w seem v cle> to y4 ,y "k t 9 ^? localities 9 ,halogal& t we h j m5tion$ ! sun ab\t ,may #ae beg9s to %9e ) ! same brightness by night z by day1 nev] sett+ ei!r at night or dur+ ! day b %9+ cont9u\sly 9 ?is mann] & ) ?is brightness1 except :5 its light is obscur$ by cl\ds1 ev5 to ,july #be4 ,n[ y "k t ! sun is only mod]ately w>m 9 ,halogal&1 & t !re is b a little "t 9 summ] :5 x gives suffici5t w>m?4 ,/ill1 !re x is ) its blaz+ disk ab\t z long z we h j /at$1 & x ma9ta9s ! daylight ab\t z long z we h j comput$4 ,b nei!r fact is true ( ! s\?l&s1 ?\gh ! sun is hott] !re4 ,n[ ^! facts give evid5ce t ! sun is m di/ant "h1 = x gives less heat4 ,!y also te/ify to ! wax+ ( its c\rse1 =1 s9ce its light is z bright by night z by day1 its pa? mu/ l5g!n m rapidly "h4 ,b yond] x waxes less & m sl[ly1 = !re ! night has its prescrib$ p]iod bo? = l5g? & d>kness 9 summ] z well z 9 w9t]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,viii ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,norway ,son4 ,i see ?is s cle>ly n[ t ,i c no long] ga9say t ! sun m\nts high] & m rapidly up ! sky :]e !re is almo/ no day 9 w9t] & ! sunlight is s abundant 9 summ] t x %9es by night z well z by day ?r\gh\t almo/ ! entire season4 ,i also see t its c\rse *anges mu* less yond] :]e x rises high 9 w9t] & gives long days ) mu* heat & sun%9e1 ?\gh ! night 9 summ] is long & d>k4 ,seaf>+ trad]s ought to note ! diff]5ces precisely s z to be able to det]m9e :at seas !y are ^u1 :e!r !y lie to ! nor? or to ! s\?4 ,& x seems unnecess>y to inquire any fur!r into ^! matt]s1 = ,i believe t ,i h _h correct & suffici5t answ]s4 ,n[ s9ce we are we>i$ ) pr(\nd que/ions & ?\ghtful disc\rse1 let u re/ f ^! = a :ile & turn our conv]sation to matt]s ( a light] sort4 ,& ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld inquire ab\t ?+s t are n s useful z ^? o!rs1 :i* are ( ! highe/ utility1 ,i pray y = ! sake ( our intimacy to v\*safe replies to su* que/ions z ,i may ask2 = my m9d is (t5 z eag] = amusem5t z = ?+s ( useful int5t4 ,& x may seem re/ful 9 a long talk1 if a few que/ions come up t c /ir ! m9d to g5tle mir?4 ,i d n wi%1 h[ev]1 to br+ su* !mes into our talk unless y give me p]mission4 ,fa!r4 ,i take x t y w ask no /upid que/ions1 see+ t y h ?us f> inquir$ into su* matt]s only z seem v p]t95t2 & y are !re=e free to ask :atev] y wi%2 = if ! que/ions d n seem appropriate1 we are at lib]ty to drop !m z soon z we l4 ,son4 ,n[ t ,i am p]mitt$ to *oose a topic = ent]ta9m5t1 x occurs to me t ,i h ask$ too little ab\t ,irel&1 ,icel&1 & ,gre5l&1 & all ! wond]s ( ^? l&s1 su* z fire & /range bodies ( wat]1 or ! v>i\s k9ds ( fi% & ! mon/]s t da% ab\t 9 ! ocean1 or ! b\ndless ice bo? 9 ! sea & on ! l&1 or :at ! ,gre5l&]s call ! 8nor!rn lights10 or ! 8sea-h$ges0 t are f\nd 9 ! wat]s ( ,gre5l&4 ,fa!r4 ,i am n mu* dispos$ to discuss ! wond]s t exi/ among u "h 9 ! ,nor?1 ?\gh my reason may be r trivial3 _m a man is incl9$ to be suspici\s & ?9k ev]y?+ fiction t he has n se5 ) 8 own eyes2 & !re=e ,i d n l to discuss su* topics1 if my /atem5ts are to be call$ fabrications lat] on1 ev5 ?\gh ,i "k !m to be true beyond d\bt1 inasmu* z ,i h se5 "s ( ^! ?+s ) m9e own eyes & h _h daily opportunity to inquire ab\t ! o!rs f m5 :om we "k to be tru/wor?y & :o h actually se5 & exam9$ !m1 & !re=e "k !m to be g5u9e beyond "q4 ,my reason = br++ up ?is objection is t a little book has rec5tly come into our c\ntry1 :i* is said to h be5 writt5 9 ,india & rec\nts ! wond]s ( t c\ntry4 ,! book /ates t x 0 s5t to ,emmanuel1 emp]or ( ! ,greeks4#age ,n[ x is ! belief ( mo/ m5 :o h he>d ! book read1 t su* wond]s are impossible1 & t :at is told 9 ! book is m]e falsehood4 ,b if our own c\ntry 7 c>efully se>*$1 !re w\ld be f\nd no few] ?+s "h ?an are numb]$ 9 t book :i* w\ld seem z wond]ful1 or ev5 m s1 to m5 ( o!r l&s :o h n se5 or he>d any?+ l !m4 ,n[ we call ^? ?+s fiction because we _h n se5 !m "h or he>d ( !m be=e ! com+ ( t book :i* ,i h j m5tion$4 ,t little book has1 h[ev]1 be5 widely circulat$1 ?\gh x has always be5 que/ion$ & *>g$ ) falsehood2 & x seems to me t no "o has d]iv$ honor f x1 nei!r ^? :o h d\bt$ x nor ! "o :o wrote x1 ev5 ?\gh 8 "w has be5 widely di/ribut$ & has s]v$ to amuse & tickle ! e>1 see+ t :at is writt5 9 x has always be5 call$ fiction4 ,footnote #age3 ,manuel ,i1 ,comn5us1 #aadc-aahj4 ,! 8little book0 is ?\ght to h be5 "o ( ! _m =ms ( ! leg5d ( ,pre/] ,john1 a fabul\s ,*ri/ian rul] ( ,india ( :om mu* 0 he>d 9 ! middle ages4 ,ab\t #aafe a lett] f ! 8,presbyt] ,johannes0 address$ to ! emp]or ,manuel ,comn5us 0 circulat$ ?r\gh ,europe & lat] f\nd its way into ! ,nor?4 ,9 ! extant copies ( ?is lett] _m m>vels are told1 ?\gh ! wond] m5tion$ 9 ! ,speculum ,regale does n appe>4 ,see ,z>ncke1 ,d] ,prie/] ,johannes1 #hc-ih4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,ix ,,popul> ,,d\bt ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,m>vels ,son4 ,( c\rse ,i _c "k h[ widely our talks w travel ei!r 9 our days or lat]2 & yet1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i w aga9 ask ! pleasure ( he>+ fur!r spee* conc]n+ ^? matt]s t we might ?9k /range 9 o!r l&s1 b :i* we "k are surely g5u9e4 ,& we ne$ n be s v skeptical ( ?is book :i* is said to h be5 writt5 9 ,india1 ?\gh _m m>vels are told 9 x2 = !re are _m ?+s 9 our own c\ntry1 :i*1 ?\gh n /range to u1 w\ld seem wond]ful to o!r p1 if our words %\ld fly s f> z to come ?i!r :]e su* ?+s are unhe>d (4 ,b if ,i %\ld express surprise at any ( ^? tales t are told 9 t book1 x seems to me n lea/ wond]ful t manik9s are able to subdue ^? great w+$ dragons :i* infe/ ! m\nta9s & des]t places !re1 z ! book tells u1 & tame !m s completely t m5 are able to ride !m j z !y please l horses1 fi]ce & v5om\s bea/s ?\gh !y are said to be & n incl9$ to all[ m5 9 _! neighborhood1 /ill less to be tam$ & to d s]vice4 ,fa!r4 ,bo? su* & _m o!r tales are told 9 t book :i* seem s m>vel\s t _m express _! d\bts ab\t !m2 b x seems to me t !re is no ne$ to comp>e ! wond]s t are describ$ !re ) ^? t we h 9 our own c\ntry1 :i* w\ld seem z /range to m5 yond] z ^? t y h j m5tion$ seem to u4 ,= x mu/ be possible to tame wild bea/s & o!r animals1 ?\gh !y be fi]ce & difficult to manage4 ,b x w\ld seem a great] m>vel to he> ab\t m5 :o are able to tame trees & bo>ds1 s t by fa/5+ bo>ds sev5 or eight ells long "u 8 feet1 a man1 :o is no fleet] ?an o!r m5 :5 he is b>efoot$ or %od m]ely ) %oes1 is made able to pass ! bird on ! w+1 or ! fleete/ greyh\nd t runs 9 ! race1 or ! re9de] :i* leaps twice z fa/ z ! h>t4 ,= !re is a l>ge numb] ( m5 :o run s well on skis t !y c /rike d[n n9e re9de] ) a spe>1 or ev5 m1 9 a s+le run4 ,n[ su* ?+s mu/ seem incr$ible1 unlikely1 & m>vel\s 9 all ^? l&s :]e m5 d n "k ) :at skill & clev]ness x is possible to tra9 ! bo>d to su* great fleetness t on ! m\nta9 side no?+ ( all t walks ! e>? c escape ! swift movem5ts ( ! man :o is %od ) su* bo>ds4 ,b z soon z he removes ! bo>ds f 8 feet1 he is no m agile ?an any o!r man4 ,9 o!r places1 :]e m5 are n tra9$ to su* arts1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a man1 no matt] h[ swift1 :o w\ld n lose all 8 fleetness if su* pieces ( wood z we h talk$ ab\t 7 b\nd to 8 feet4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h sure in=mation &1 :5 sn[ lies 9 w9t]1 h opportunity to see m5 9 pl5ty :o are exp]t 9 ?is art4 ,n long s9ce1 we m5tion$ a c]ta9 fact :i* mu/ be ?\ght exce$+ly /range else:]e1 z x runs :olly c\nt] to ! ord] :i* holds good 9 mo/ places ) respect to ! *ange f night to day1 namely1 t "h ! sun %9es z bright & fair & ) z mu* w>m? by night z by day ?r\gh a l>ge "p ( ! summ]4 ,9 our own c\ntry1 9 ,mre1 !re is a bog call$ ! ,bj>kudal bog1 :i* mu/ also seem wond]ful3 = e sort ( wood t is ?r[n into x & left !re ?ree w9t]s loses its nature z wood & turns into /one4#agf ,if x is ?r[n ^u ! fire1 x w gl[ l /one1 ?\gh be=e x w\ld h burn$ l wood4 ,i h se5 & h&l$ _m su* /ones ( :i* ! half t rose above ! mire 0 wood51 :ile ! "p subm]g$ 9 ! bog 0 :olly petrifi$4 ,n[ we mu/ call t a m>vel1 = ! bog is locat$ 9 a =e/ :i* is heavily wood$ ) "y trees ( all sorts2 & ^! are n injur$ s long z !y are gre5 & gr[+1 b z soon z "o is hewn d[n &1 hav+ begun to decay1 is ?r[n into ! bog1 x turns into /one4 ,footnote #agf3 ,! 8,bir*dale0 bog seems to be a my?2 b t /ories ( su* a m>vel 7 curr5t is evid5t f a /atem5t by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 :o has he>d t !re 0 su* a bog 9 ,norway4 ,op]a1 ,v1 #hf4 ,mre is an old ,norwegian %ire ly+ to ! we/ ( ,trondhjem along ! coa/4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,x ,,! ,,natural ,,wond]s ,,( ,,irel& ,son4 ,i am famili> ) all ^! ?+s s9ce !y are f\nd 9 our own c\ntry1 & ,i h se5 !m all4 ,b ,i h no k ( all ^? o!r m>vels :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,icel&1 ,gre5l&1 & ,irel&1 & 9 ! seas ab\t ^? l&s1 = ( ^? ?+s ,i h he>d rumors only4 ,fa!r4 ,^? l&s1 if we are to speak m fully ab\t !m1 diff] mu* 9 "* & are n all ( ! same appe>ance4 ,= ! wond]s ( ,icel& & ,gre5l& consi/ 9 great fro/ & b\ndless ice1 or 9 unusual display ( flame & fire1 or 9 l>ge fi%es & o!r sea mon/]s4 ,& ^! c\ntries are ev]y:]e b>r5 & unfruitful & consequ5tly almo/ unfit = habitation4 ,b ,irel& comes ne> be+ ! be/ l& t is kn[n to man1 ?\gh ! grape v9e does n gr[ !re4#agg ,& !re are _m m>vels 9 ,irel&1 "s ( :i* are ( su* a "* t ?is c\ntry may be call$ holi] ?an all o!rs4 ,footnote #agg3 ,cf4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 ,op]a1 ,v1 #bf-bh4 ,giraldus quotes ,b$e 7,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 i1 c4 #a74 ,see also ,isidore1 ,etymologiae1 xiv1 #f4 ,! c\ntry lies on t side ( ! _w :]e heat & cold are s well temp]$ t ! wea!r is nev] v hot or v cold4 ,= all ?r\gh ! w9t] ! cattle f9d _! fe$ 9 ! op51 & ! inhabitants we> almo/ no clo!s !re ei!r 9 w9t] or 9 summ]4 ,& s holy is ?is l& beyond all o!rs t no v5om\s animal c exi/ !re1 ei!r snake or toad4#agh ,:5 su* animals are br\ght 9 f o!r c\ntries1 !y die z soon z !y t\* ! b>e e>? or rock4#agi ,& if wood1 e>?1 or s& is tak5 f t c\ntry & br\ght to a l& :]e v5om\s bea/s are f\nd1 & ! s& or e>? is /rewn ar\nd !m :]e !y lie1 !y w nev] be able to cross ! circle b mu/ rema9 )9 x & p]i%4 ,9 ! same way1 if y take a /ick ( wood :i* has come f ! c\ntry ( :i* we n[ speak & trace a circle ar\nd !m ) x by scrat*+ ! soil ) ! /ick1 !y w soon all lie dead )9 ! circle4 ,x is told ( ,irel& t m5 sc>cely "k ( ano!r isl& ( equal size :]e !re are s _m holy m54 ,we are also told t ! inhabitants ( ! c\ntry are by nature fi]ce & murd]\s & v immoral4 ,b blood?ir/y ?\gh !y be1 !y h nev] sla9 any ( ! sa9ts :o are s num]\s 9 ! l&2 ! holy m5 :o h dwelt !re h all di$ 9 sick b$4 ,= ! ,iri% h be5 k9dly dispos$ t[>d all good & holy m51 ?\gh !y h dealt savagely ) ea* o!r4#ahj ,footnote #agh3 ,cf4 ,giraldus1 ,op]a1 ,v1 #fb2 see also ,b$e1 ,hi/4 ,eccles41 i1 c4 #a4 ,footnote #agi3 8,wond]s ( ,irel&0 7,iri% ,n5nius1 #bai72 ?is writ] /ates t ! exp]im5t has be5 made4 ,footnote #ahj3 ,giraldus tells u t ! ,iri% are fai?less & trea*]\s 7,op]a1 ,v1 #afe7 b t ! isl& has no m>tyrs 7ibid41 #agd74 ,cf4 riu1 ,,iv1 #d 7,mey]1 8,iri% ,memorabilia 9 ! ,speculum ,regale074 ,!re is a lake 9 t c\ntry conc]n+ ! nature ( :i* /range tales are told2 x is call$ ,loge*ag#aha 9 ! native spee*4 ,x is q an ext5sive lake & has ?is prop]ty1 t if y take a /ick ( ! wood t "s call holm & o!rs holly b is call$ acrifolium#ahb 9 ,lat9 & fix x 9 ! lake s t "p ( x is 9 ! e>?1 a "p 9 ! wat]1 & a "p ris+ above1 ! "p 9 ! e>? w turn into iron1 ! "p 9 ! wat] into /one1 :ile t :i* /&s out above w rema9 z be=e4 ,b if y set any o!r sort ( wood 9 ! lake1 its nature w n *ange4#ahc ,footnote #aha3 ,! editor ( ! ,iri% ,n5nius gives ?is "n z ,lo* n-,e*a* 7,l\gh ,neagh74 ,p4 #aie1 note4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,error = aquifolium4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,see ! 8,wond]s ( ,irel&0 7,iri% ,n5nius1 #aie7 :]e a simil> acc\nt is giv52 b accord+ to ?is 8! "p ( x t s9ks into ! e>? w be /one1 ! "p t rema9s 9 ! wat] w be iron40 ,giraldus writes ( a petrify+ well 7fons7 9 ! nor? ( ,ul/]1 b gives no place "n4 ,op]a1 ,v1 #hf4 ,see also ,wright-,halliwell1 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 7,lat9 poem on ! wond]s ( ,irel&47 ,aga91 !re are two spr+s on a m\nta9 call$ ,bl&9a1#ahd :i* is almo/ a des]t m\nta92 ^! h a peculi> nature4 ,"o ( !m has ?is prop]ty t if y take ei!r a :ite %eep1 c[1 or horse1 or a man ) :ite hair1 & wa% any "o ( ^! ) ! wat]1 ! :ite w imm$iately turn to coal black4 ,& su* is ! nature ( ! o!r spr+ 9 t place t if a man wa%es himself 9 its wat]1 8 hair w turn to a sn[y :ite z if he 7 an ag$ man1 no matt] :at its color be be=e1 :e!r r$ or :ite or black4#ahe ,footnote #ahd3 ,bl&9a 7,blad9a1 ,bladma7 is ! ,slieve ,bloom range 9 c5tral ,irel&4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,giraldus has he>d ( su* spr+s1 b he locates ! "o 9 ,ul/] & ! o!r 9 ,mun/]4 ,op]a1 ,v1 #hd4 ,a spr+ t :it5s hair is m5tion$ 9 ,wright-,halliwell1 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #ajd1 & 9 ! ,iri% ,n5nius1 #aie4 ,!re is also a lake 9 t c\ntry :i* ! natives call ,loy*a4 ,9 t lake !re is :at appe>s to be a little float+ isl&2 = x floats ab\t 9 ! lake1 "h & !re approa*+ ! %ore sometimes s ne> t "o may /ep out ^u x2 & ?is occurs mo/ frequ5tly on ,sundays4 ,& su* is ! prop]ty ( ?is islet t if "o :o is ill /eps out ^u x & p>takes ( ! h]bs t gr[ !re1 he is heal$ at once1 no matt] :at 8 ailm5t may be4 ,ano!r s+ul> fact is ?is1 t nev] m ?an "o c come ^u x at "o "t1 ?\gh _m may wi% to d s2 = z soon z "o has l&$1 ! isl& imm$iately floats away4 ,x also has ?is peculi>ity t x floats con/antly ab\t 9 ! lake = sev5 w9t]s2 b z soon z ! sev5? w9t] is pa/1 x floats to ! %ore some:]e & unites ) ! o!r l&1 z if x _h always be5 jo9$ to x4 ,b :5 t mom5t has come1 a cra% l a peal ( ?und] is he>d1 &1 :5 ! d9 is pa/1 ano!r isl& c be se5 9 ! lake ( ! same size & "* z ! e>li] "o4 ,?us x happ5s regul>ly e sev5? ye> t1 z soon z ! "o isl& has jo9$ ! ma9l&1 ano!r appe>s1 ?\gh no "o kn[s :5ce x comes4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,see riu1 ,,iv1 #f4 ,kuno ,mey] kn[s ( no su* /ory 9 ,iri% folklore1 b ref]s to simil> tales told ( float+ isl&s 9 ,wales & ,scotl&4 ,!re is ano!r little isl& 9 t c\ntry1 :i* ! natives call ,inhisglu]4#ahg ,!re is a l>ge village on ?is isl& & also a *ur*2 = ! population is ab\t l>ge en\gh = a p>i%4 ,b :5 p die !re1 !y are n buri$ 9 ! e>? b are set up ar\nd ! *ur* along ! *ur*y>d f5ce1 & !re !y /& l liv+ m5 ) _! limbs all %rivel$ b _! hair & nails unm>r$4 ,!y nev] decay & birds nev] light on !m4 ,& e "o :o is liv+ is able to recognize 8 fa!r or gr&fa!r & all ! successive ance/ors f :om he has desc5d$4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,inhisgluair1 n[ ,ini%glory1 is on ! we/ coa/ ( ,irel& 9 c\nty ,mayo4 ,giraldus m5tions ! leg5d b assigns x to a diff]5t locality2 see ,op]a1 ,v1 #hc & note4 ,! ,iri% ,n5nius 7#aic7 adds t ! nails & hair gr[ & t unsalt$ meat does n decay on ! isl&4 ,! isl& is also ref]r$ to 9 ! ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #ajc4 ,!re is /ill ano!r q ext5sive lake t is call$ ,logri4#ahh ,9 t lake is an islet inhabit$ by m5 :o live a celibate life & may be call$1 z "o likes1 ei!r monks or h]mits2 !y live !re 9 su* numb]s t !y fill ! isl&1 ?\gh at times !y are few]4 ,x is said conc]n+ ?is isle t x is heal?ful & q free f diseases1 s t p gr[ ag$ m sl[ly !re ?an else:]e 9 ! l&4 ,b :5 "o does gr[ v old & sickly & c see ! end ( ! days allott$ by ! ,"l1 he has to be c>ri$ to "s place on ! ma9l& to die2 = no "o c die ( disease on ! isl&4 ,"o may sick5 & suff] !re1 b 8 _s _c dep>t f ! body be=e he has be5 remov$ f ! isl&4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,giraldus ref]s briefly to ?is leg5d4 ,op]a1 ,v1 #ha4 ,! editor ( ,giraldus' writ+s adds 9 a note 7ibid473 8! isle ( ! liv+ 0 ?ree miles f ,roscrea1 p>i% ( ,cobally1 9 a lake call$ ,lo* ,cr1 n[ dri$ up40 ,roscrea is ne> ! nor? edge ( ,mun/] n f> f ! ,slieve ,bloom m\nta9s4 ,see also ! ,iri% ,n5nius1 #bag4 ,mey] id5tifies ,logri ) ,lo* ,ree 9 we/ c5tral ,irel&4 riu1 ,,iv1 #g4 ,!re is ano!r l>ge lake :i* ! natives call ,logh]ne4#ahi ,9 ?is lake !re is a great abundance ( fi% ( ! sort t we call salmon2 & ! fi% is s5t into all ! c\ntry ab\t 9 su* quantities t all h pl5ty = table use4 ,9 ?is lake !re are also _m isl&s1 "o ( :i* is call$ ,k]t9agh by ! natives4 ,?is isl& might v well be inhabit$1 z f> z size is conc]n$1 if m5 d>$ occupy x4 ,b x is report$ ab\t ?is isl& t ! p[]s ( evil h z great au?ority ov] "o-half ( x z !y h 9 hell itself4 ,v5turesome m5 :o h tri$ to settle !re h said t !y suff]$ z great tr\ble & torm5t z s\ls are believ$ to suff] 9 hell4 ,b on ! o!r half ( ! isl& !re is a *ur* ) a *ur*y>d ab\t x4 ,bo? halves are n[ des]t$1 h[ev]1 ?\gh we are told t ov] ! half :]e ! *ur* is ! demons h no p[]4#aij ,footnote #ahi3 ,probably ,l\gh ,erne1 ?\gh ,lo* ,uair1 n[ ,l\gh ,owel1 9 ,we/mea? has also be5 sugge/$4 ,footnote #aij3 ,giraldus calls ?is isl& ! ,purgatory ( ,sa9t ,patrick2 b ?is fam\s place 0 8on an isl& 9 ,l\gh ,d]g1 9 c\nty ,donegal40 ,op]a1 ,v1 #hb-hc & note4 ,x seems likely1 h[ev]1 t two diff]5t leg5ds h be5 confus$ 9 ! ,wel%man's acc\nt4 ,x once happ5$ 9 t c\ntry 7& ?is seems inde$ /range7 t a liv+ creature 0 caught 9 ! =e/ z to :i* no "o c\ld say def9itely :e!r x 0 a man or "s o!r animal2 = no "o c\ld get a ^w f x or be sure t x und]/ood human spee*4 ,x _h ! human %ape1 h[ev]1 9 e detail1 bo? z to h&s & face & feet2 b ! entire body 0 cov]$ ) hair z ! bea/s are1 & d[n ! back x _h a long co>se mane l t ( a horse1 :i* fell to bo? sides & trail$ along ! gr\nd :5 ! creature /oop$ 9 walk+4 ,i believe ,i h n[ rec\nt$ mo/ ( ! m>vels t h _! orig9 9 ! nature ( ! l& itself1 s f> z we seem to h sure k conc]n+ !m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xi ,,iri% ,,m>vels ,,:i* ,,h ,,miracul\s ,,orig9s ,son4 ,i consid] x =tunate t ,i _h "s curiosity to "k ab\t ^! matt]s1 = !re are no d\bt _m s ill-in=m$ t !y h nev] he>d ab\t su* ?+s4 ,mo/ m5 :o may he> ^! acc\nts are likely to f9d !m m>vel\s1 ?\gh also some:at in=m+4 ,b s9ce ,i ga!r f y\r rem>ks t !re may be c]ta9 o!r ?+s t are wond]ful & seem wor? discuss+1 ei!r native to ! l& or hav+ "s o!r orig91 ,i wi% to reque/ t no?+ be omitt$ :i* y consid] wor? m5tion+1 n[ t we h tak5 up ^! subjects4 ,fa!r4 ,!re /ill rema9 c]ta9 ?+s t may be ?\ght m>vel\s2 ^!1 h[ev]1 are n native to ! l& b h orig9at$ 9 ! miracul\s p[]s ( holy m51 & we "k ( a tru? t ^! d exi/4 ,c]ta9 ?+s are told1 too1 ( :i* we _c be sure :e!r !y are cr$ible or m]ely ! talk ( m51 ?\gh !y are common rumor 9 t c\ntry2 b :at foll[s we "k to be true beyond a d\bt4 ,9 t same lake t ,i m5tion$ e>li] :i* is call$ ,logri1 lies a little isl& nam$ ,inisclodran4 ,once !re 0 a holy man nam$ ,di]micius :o _h a *ur* on ! isle ne> :i* he liv$4 ,into ?is *ur* & *ur*y>d ( :i* he is ! patron no female creature is all[$ to ent]4 ,all bea/s are aw>e ( ?is1 = bo? birds & o!r animals :i* are )\t human reason avoid x z c>efully z humans d4 ,& no creature ( ! female sex ev] v5tures into t *ur*y>d1 nor c\ld x ent] if x tri$4#aia ,footnote #aia3 ,! holy isl& :i* is %unn$ by all females is m5tion$ by ,giraldus 7,op]a1 ,v1 #hj-ha71 b he fails to give ! "n ( ei!r ! lake or ! isl&4 ,9 ! 8,wond]s ( ,irel&0 7,iri% ,n5nius1 #bag7 ?is isl& is also ! "o on :i* no "o is p]mitt$ to die4 ,a simil> leg5d is allud$ to 9 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #ajg4 ,mey] believes t 8! ,norse v]sion (f]s a comb9ation or confusion ( two diff]5t ,iri% /ories1 "o relat+ to ,di>mait's *ur*y>d 9 ,inis ,clo?rann1 & ! o!r relat+ to an isl& on ,lo* ,cr40 riu1 ,,iv1 #i4 ,once !re 0 a holy man 9 t c\ntry nam$ ,kev9us1 :o liv$ 9 a place call$ ,glumelaga4#aib ,at ! "t he liv$ almo/ z a h]mit1 & ! ev5t :i* we %all n[ relate occurr$ 9 8 day4 ,x s befell t a "y man 0 liv+ ) him1 a k9sman ( 8 :o 0 8 s]vant1 & ! sa9t lov$ ! y\? v mu*4 ,b ! lad fell ill be=e 8 eyes1 & ! malady grew s heavy & sev]e t dea? seem$ imm95t4 ,x 0 9 ! spr+ "t1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 :5 ! man's illness 0 at ! wor/4 ,!n x happ5$ t ! y\? ask$ 8 k9sman ,kev9us to give him an apple1 say+ t he w\ld f9d relief f 8 illness if he got :at he ask$ =4 ,x seem$ unlikely1 h[ev]1 t apples c\ld be gott5 9 t season1 z ! buds _h only j begun to swell & spr\t =? leaves on ! fruit trees4 ,b because ! holy ,kev9us griev$ sorely ov] ! illness ( 8 k9sman1 & also because he 0 unable to procure :at he _h reque/$1 he knelt d[n 9 pray] & implor$ ,god to s5d him some:at ( ^? ?+s1 s t 8 k9sman might f9d ! relief t he ye>n$ =4 ,hav+ ris5 f pray]1 he /epp$ outside & look$ ar\nd4 ,ne> ! h\se /ood a will[ ( l>ge gr[?4 ,kev9us look$ up among ! bran*es ( ! will[ z if expect+ to f9d help & com=t !re2 !n he saw t apples _h gr[n ^u ! will[1 j z !re w\ld be on an apple tree 9 ! prop] season4 ,he pick$ ?ree apples & gave !m to ! y\?1 & aft] ! lad _h eat5 ( ^!1 8 illness began to leave him & he 0 cur$ ( ! malady4 ,b ! will[ has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to keep ! gift t ,god gave x on t occasion1 = e ye> x be>s apples l an apple tree2 & s9ce t day ^! h always be5 call$ ,sa9t ,kev9us' apples4#aic ,!y h be5 c>ri$ into all p>ts ( ,irel& 9 ord] t ^? :o are ill may p>take ( !m2 & !y seem to h virtue 9 all human ailm5ts1 = ^? :o eat ( !m appe> to get relief4 ,b !y are n sweet 9 ta/e & w\ld n be want$ if m5 did n prize !m = _! heal+ prop]ties4 ,_m wond]ful ?+s h come to pass 9 ,irel& :i* c]ta9 highly end[$ sa9ts h br\ght ab\t 9 an in/ant2 & ^!1 too1 mu/ seem v m>vel\s4 ,?us f>1 h[ev]1 we h spok5 only ( su* ?+s z h be5 a*iev$ ?r\gh a hol9ess s great t !y rema9 z a te/imony to ?is day & seem z wond]ful n[ z on ! day :5 !y fir/ occurr$4 ,b ^? o!r matt]s t m5 reg>d z surely g5u9e & speak ( z actual facts we may n[ proce$ to po9t out4 ,footnote #aib3 ,gl5dal\gh4 ,/4 ,kev9 0 ! f\nd] ( ! great abbey ( ,gl5dal\gh4 ,! ye> ( 8 dea? is v>i\sly giv5 z #fag & #fah4 ,footnote #aic3 ,= a less detail$ acc\nt ( ,sa9t ,kev9 & ! wond]ful will[1 see ,giraldus1 ,op]a1 ,v1 #aac4 ,cf4 riu1 ,,iv1 #i4 ,9 t c\ntry !re is also a place call$ ,!m>1#aid :i* 9 old5 times 0 app>5tly a capital or royal bor\gh2 n[1 h[ev]1 x is des]t$1 = no "o d>es to dwell !re4 ,x 0 ?is ev5t t caus$ ! place to be ab&on$3 all ! p 9 ! l& believ$ t ! k+ :o resid$ at ,!m> w\ld always r5d] j decisions & nev] d o!rwise2 al?\gh !y 7 hea!n 9 o!r respects & did n h ! true fai? conc]n+ ,god1 !y held firmly to _! belief t e case w\ld be decid$ prop]ly if t k+ pass$ ^u x2 & nev]1 !y ?\ght1 c\ld an unrighte\s decision come f 8 ?rone4 ,on :at seems to h be5 ! highe/ po9t ( ! bor\gh1 ! k+ _h a h&some & well built ca/le 9 :i* 0 a l>ge & beautiful hall1 :]e he 0 accu/om$ to sit 9 judgm5t4 ,b once x happ5$ t c]ta9 lawsuits came be=e ! k+ = decision 9 :i* 8 fri5ds & acqua9tances 7 int]e/$ on ! "o side1 & he 0 anxi\s to support _! cont5tions 9 e way4 ,b ^? :o 7 int]e/$ 9 ! suits on ! o!r side 7 ho/ile t[>d him1 & he 0 _! enemy4 ,s ! outcome 0 t ! k+ %ap$ 8 decision m accord+ to 8 own wi% ?an to ju/ice4 ,b because an unrighte\s judgm5t _h come :5ce all p expect$ j decisions & because ( ?is popul> belief1 ! judgm5t seat 0 ov]turn$ & ! hall & ! ca/le likewise1 ev5 to _! v f\ndations4 ,! site1 too1 0 ov]turn$1 s t ^? p>ts ( ! e>? :i* _h =m]ly po9t$ d[nw>d 7 n[ turn$ upw>d2 & all ! h\ses & halls 7 turn$ d[n into ! e>? & ?us x has be5 ev] s9ce4 ,b because su* a great miracle happ5$ !re1 no "o has s9ce d>$ to inhabit ! place1 nor has any k+ v5tur$ to set up 8 ?rone !re2 & yet1 x is ! lovelie/ place kn[n 9 all t c\ntry4 ,x is also ?\ght t if m5 %\ld attempt to rebuild ! t[n1 n a s+le day w\ld pass )\t ! appe>ance ( "s new m>vel4 ,footnote #aid3 ,!m> 0 ! anci5t royal seat ,temhair1 n[ ,t>a4 ,x seems to be allud$ to 9 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #aje4 ,cf4 riu1 ,,iv1 #aj4 ,!re is /ill ano!r wond] 9 t c\ntry :i* mu/ seem q incr$ible2 nev]!less1 ^? :o dwell 9 ! l& affirm ! tru? ( x & ascribe x to ! ang] ( a holy man4 ,x is told t :5 ! holy ,patricius#aie prea*$ ,*ri/ianity 9 t c\ntry1 !re 0 "o clan :i* oppos$ him m /ubbornly ?an any o!r p 9 ! l&2 & ^! p /rove to d insult 9 _m ways bo? to ,god & to ! holy man4 ,& :5 he 0 prea*+ ! fai? to !m z to o!rs & came to conf] ) !m :]e !y held _! assemblies1 !y adopt$ ! plan ( h[l+ at him l wolves4 ,:5 he saw t he c\ld d v little to promote 8 mission among ^! p1 he grew v wro? & pray$ ,god to s5d "s =m ( affliction ^u !m to be %>$ by _! po/]ity z a con/ant rem9d] ( _! disob$i5ce4 ,lat] ^! clansm5 did suff] a fitt+ & sev]e ?\gh v m>vel\s puni%m5t1 = x is told t all ! memb]s ( t clan are *ang$ into wolves = a p]iod & roam ?r\gh ! woods fe$+ ^u ! same food z wolves2 b !y are worse ?an wolves1 = 9 all _! wiles !y h ! wit ( m51 ?\gh !y are z eag] to dev\r m5 z to de/roy o!r creatures4 ,x is report$ t to "s ?is affliction comes e sev5? w9t]1 :ile 9 ! int]v5+ ye>s !y are m52 o!rs suff] x cont9u\sly = sev5 w9t]s all told & are nev] /rick5 aga94#aif ,footnote #aie3 ,sa9t ,patrick4 ,footnote #aif3 ,see ! poem on ! 8,wond]s ( ,irel&0 7,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #aje71 :]e ?is trans=mation is allud$ to4 ,/ories ( m5 :o h become wolves are also told 9 ,giraldus1 ,op]a1 ,v1 #aja1 & 9 ! ,iri% ,n5nius1 #bje2 b ^! diff] widely f ! acc\nt giv5 above4 ,/ories ( w]ewolves & lycan?ropy are f\nd 9 folklore ev]y:]e4 ,!re is /ill ano!r matt]1 t ab\t ! m5 :o are call$ 8gelts10#aig :i* mu/ seem wond]ful4 ,m5 appe> to become gelts 9 ?is way3 :5 ho/ile =ces meet & are drawn up 9 two l9es & bo? set up a t]rify+ battle-cry1 x happ5s t timid & y\?ful m5 :o h nev] be5 9 ! ho/ be=e are sometimes seiz$ ) su* fe> & t]ror t !y lose _! wits & run away f ! re/ into ! =e/1 :]e !y seek food l bea/s & %un ! meet+ ( m5 l wild animals4 ,x is also told t if ^! p live 9 ! woods = tw5ty w9t]s 9 ?is way1 fea!rs w gr[ ^u _! bodies z on birds2 ^! s]ve to protect !m f fro/ & cold1 b !y h no l>ge fea!rs to use 9 flight z birds h4 ,b s great is _! fleetness said to be t x is n possible = o!r m5 or ev5 = greyh\nds to come ne> !m2 = ^? m5 c da% up into a tree almo/ z swiftly z apes or squirrels4 ,footnote #aig3 ,gelt 7gjalti7 is evid5tly a ,celtic loanword1 a =m ( ! ,iri% geilt1 mean+ mad or madman4 ,cf4 ! ,adv5tures ( ,suibhne ,geilt1 translat$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,o',keefe4 ,suibhne 0 an ,iri% k+ :o lo/ 8 reason 9 battle & = ye>s aft]w>ds l$ a wild life 9 ! woods4 ,o',keefe ?9ks t ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror mu/ h he>d ! tale ( ,suibhne 7pp4 xxxiv-xxxv74 ,see also riu1 ,,iv1 #ab4 ,!re happ5$ some?+ once 9 ! bor\gh call$ ,clo5a1#aih :i* w also seem m>vel\s4 ,9 ?is t[n !re is a *ur* d$icat$ to ! memory ( a sa9t nam$ ,kiranus4#aii ,"o ,sunday :ile ! populace 0 at *ur* he>+ mass1 x befell t an an*or 0 dropp$ f ! sky z if ?r[n f a %ip2 = a rope 0 atta*$ to x1 & "o ( ! flukes ( ! an*or got caught 9 ! ar* above ! *ur* door4 ,! p all ru%$ out ( ! *ur* & m>vel$ mu* z _! eyes foll[$ ! rope upw>d4 ,!y saw a %ip ) m5 on bo>d float+ be=e ! an*or cable2 & soon !y saw a man leap ov]bo>d & dive d[n to ! an*or z if to release x4 ,! movem5ts ( 8 h&s & feet & all 8 actions appe>$ l ^? ( a man swimm+ 9 ! wat]4 ,:5 he came d[n to ! an*or1 he tri$ to loos5 x1 b ! p imm$iately ru%$ up & attempt$ to seize him4 ,9 ?is *ur* :]e ! an*or 0 caught1 !re is a bi%op's ?rone4 ,! bi%op 0 pres5t :5 ?is occurr$ & =bade 8 p to hold ! man2 =1 said he1 x might prove fatal z :5 "o is held "u wat]4 ,z soon z ! man 0 releas$1 he hurri$ back up to ! %ip2 & :5 he 0 up ! crew cut ! rope & ! %ip sail$ away out ( sight4 ,b ! an*or has rema9$ 9 ! *ur* s9ce !n z a te/imony to ?is ev5t4#bjj ,footnote #aih3 ,kuno ,mey] id5tifies ,clo5a ) ,clonmacnois4 riu1 ,,iv1 #ab4 ,clonmacnois is 9 ,k+'s c\nty eight miles s\?we/ ( ,a?lone4 ,footnote #aii3 ,/4 ,ci>an 7,kiranus7 ( ,clonmacnois 0 ! f\nd] ( a great mona/]y !re4 ,! ye> ( 8 dea? is giv5 z #edg4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,9 ! ,iri% ,n5nius 7#baa-bac7 ! foll[+ v]sion ( ?is tale appe>s4 8,congala*1 son ( ,maelmi?ig1 0 at ! fair ( ,telt[n on a c]ta9 day1 :5 he saw a %ip 7sail+7 along 9 ! air4 ,"o ( ! crew ca/ a d>t at a salmon4 ,! d>t fell d[n 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ga!r+1 & a man came out ( ! %ip aft] x4 ,:5 he seiz$ its end f above1 a man f bel[ seiz$ x f bel[4 ,^u :i* ! man f above said3 #8,i am be+ dr[n$1' said he4 #8,let him g1' said ,congala*2 & he is all[$ to g up1 & !n he goes f !m swimm+40 ,! translation is by ,kuno ,mey]3 riu1 ,,iv1 #ac4 ,congala* 0 an ,iri% k+ 7#idd-ief72 ,telt[n is 9 c\nty ,mea?4 ,! leg5d is allud$ to 9 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #aje1 ) "s diff]5ce 9 details4 ,i believe we h n[ m5tion$ all ! features ( ?is c\ntry t are mo/ wor? discuss+4 ,b !re is "o o!r matt] t ,i c tell ab\t1 if y wi%1 = ! sport or amusem5t ( x4 ,long "t ago a cl[ni% fell[ liv$ 9 t c\ntry2 he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 h[ev]1 & 8 "n 0 ,klefsan4#bja ,x is told ( ?is "o t !re nev] 0 a man :o1 :5 he saw ,klefsan1 0 n compell$ to laugh at 8 amus+ & absurd rem>ks4 ,ev5 ?\gh a man 0 heavy at he>t1 he c\ld n re/ra9 8 laught]1 we are told1 :5 he he>d t man talk4 ,b ,klefsan fell ill & di$ & 0 buri$ 9 ! *ur*y>d l o!r m54 ,he lay long 9 ! e>? until ! fle% _h decay$ f 8 bones1 & 8 bones1 too1 7 l>gely crumbl$4 ,!n x came to pass t o!r corpses 7 buri$ 9 ! same *ur*y>d1 & graves 7 dug s ne> ! place :]e ,klefsan lay t 8 skull 0 une>!d1 & x 0 :ole4 ,!y set x up on a high rock 9 ! *ur*y>d1 :]e x has rema9$ ev] s9ce4 ,b :oev] comes to t place & sees t skull & looks into ! op5+ :]e ! m\? & tongue once 7 imm$iately beg9s to laugh1 ev5 ?\gh he 7 9 a sorr[ful mood be=e he caught sight ( t skull4 ,?us 8 dead bones make almo/ z _m p laugh z he himself did :5 alive4 ,n[ ,i "k ( no fur!r facts ab\t t c\ntry :i* appe> to be suitable mat]ials ) :i* to l5g!n a talk l ?is4 ,footnote #bja3 ,a some:at diff]5t v]sion ( ?is tale is f\nd 9 ! poem on ! 8,wond]s ( ,irel&0 7,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ,,ii1 #aje74 ,see also riu1 ,,iv1 #ad4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xii ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,! ,,icel&ic ,,seas3 ,,:ales2 ,,! ,,krak5 ,son4 ,n[ s9ce we h discuss$ ev]y?+ 9 ,irel& t may be c\nt$ m>vel\s1 let u h a talk ab\t ,icel& & ! wond]s t are f\nd 9 ! ,icel&ic seas4 ,fa!r4 ,aside f ! :ales 9 ! ocean1 !re are1 ,i %\ld say1 b few ?+s 9 ! ,icel&ic wat]s :i* are wor? m5tion+ or discuss+4 ,! :ales v>y mu* bo? 9 k9d & size4 ,^? t are call$ blubb]-cutt]s--& !y are ! mo/ num]\s--gr[ to a l5g? ( tw5ty ells2#bjb a great _m ( !m are1 h[ev]1 s small t !y measure only t5 ells2 ! re/ are 9 betwe51 ea* hav+ its own size4 ,^! fi%es h nei!r tee? nor :alebone1 nor are !y dang]\s ei!r to %ips or m51 b are r dispos$ to avoid ! fi%]m54 ,nev]!less1 !y are con/antly be+ caught & driv5 to l& by ! hundr$s1 & :]e _m are caught1 !y provide mu* food = m54#bjc ,!re are also o!r v>ieties ( small :ales1 su* z ! porpoise1 :i* is nev] long] ?an five ells1 & ! caa+ :ale1 :i* has a l5g? ( sev5 ells only4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,an ell 0 approximately eighte5 in*es4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,:ale fi%+ is an anci5t indu/ry 9 ,norway2 x is m5tion$ z e>ly z ! n9? c5tury 9 ! writ+s ( ,alfr$ ! ,great4 ,see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,i1 #agb4 ,!re is ano!r k9d ( :ales call$ ! grampus1 :i* gr[ no long] ?an twelve ells & h tee? 9 proportion to _! size v mu* z dogs h4 ,!y are also rav5\s = o!r :ales j z dogs are = o!r bea/s4 ,!y ga!r 9 flocks & attack l>ge :ales1 &1 :5 a l>ge "o is caught alone1 !y worry & bite x till x succumbs4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t ?is "o1 :ile def5d+ itself ) mighty bl[s1 kills a l>ge numb] ( !m be=e x p]i%es4 ,!re are two o!r v>ieties1 ! beak$ :ale & ! 8hog :ale10 ! l>ge/ ( :i* are n m ?an tw5ty-five ells 9 l5g?4 ,^! are n fit to be eat51 = ! fat t is drawn f !m _c be dige/$ ei!r by man or by any bea/ t may p>take ( x4 ,= x runs ?r\gh !m & ev5 ?r\gh wood2 & aft] x has /ood a :ile1 sc>cely any vessel c conta9 x1 ev5 if made ( horn4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r types :i* are wor? a pass+ m5tion only1 namely ! 8rav5 :ale0 & ! :ite :ale4#bjd ,! :ite :ales are s nam$ because ( _! sn[ :ite color1 :ile mo/ o!r v>ieties are black1 except t "s ( !m h spots1 su* z ! 8%ield :ale10 ! 8spe> :ale10 & ! bale5 :ale4 ,all ^! k9ds t ,i h j m5tion$ may be freely eat5 & _m o!r k9ds too4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,probably ! beluga1 also call$ :ite :ale4 ,! o!r v>ieties nam$ 9 ?is p>agraph1 except+ ! beak$ :ale & ! bale5 :ale seem n to h be5 id5tifi$ ) any kn[n types ( :ales4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t "s ( !m may h be5 %>ks4 ,see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bdc4 ,!re is ano!r sort ( :ales call$ ! 8fi% driv]10#bje :i* is p]haps ! mo/ useful ( all to m52 = x drives ! h]r+ & all o!r k9ds ( fi% 9 t[>d ! l& f ! ocean outside1 z if appo9t$ & s5t by ! ,"l = ?is purpose4 ,?is is its duty & (fice z long z ! fi%]m5 keep ! peace on ! fi%+ gr\nds4 ,its nature is also peculi> 9 ?is1 t x seem+ly kn[s h[ to sp>e bo? %ips & m54 ,b :5 ! fi%]m5 fall to qu>rel+ & fight+1 s t blood is spilt1 ?is :ale seems able to p]ceive x2 = x moves 9 betwe5 ! l& & ! fi% & *ases ! %oals back into ! ocean1 j z x e>li] _h driv5 !m 9 t[>d ! m54 ,^! :ales are n m ?an ?irty ells 9 l5g?1 or =ty at ! v l>ge/4 ,!y w\ld provide good food1 if m5 7 all[$ to hunt !m1 b no "o is p]mitt$ to cat* or h>m !m1 s9ce !y are ( su* great & con/ant s]vice to m54 ,footnote #bje3 ,! editor ( ! ,sor edition id5tifies ?is ) ! nor-cap] 7,balna glacialis71 ?\gh he ?9ks x possible t ! f9-fi% 7,balnopt]a laticeps7 may be meant 7p4 #abe74 ,ano!r k9d is call$ ! sp]m :ale4 ,^! are too!d :ales1 ?\gh ! tee? are b>ely l>ge en\gh to be c>v$ into fair-siz$ knife h&les or *ess m54 ,!y are nei!r fi]ce nor savage1 b r ( a g5tle nature1 & s f> z possible !y avoid ! fi%]m54 ,9 size !y are ab\t l ^? t ,i m5tion$ la/4 ,_! tee? are s num]\s t m ?an sev5ty c be f\nd 9 ! head ( a s+le :ale ( ?is sort4 ,/ill ano!r species is call$ ! "r :ale2#bjf ?is has no f9s along ! sp9e & is ab\t z l>ge z ! sort t we m5tion$ la/4 ,sea-f>+ m5 fe> x v mu*1 = x is by nature dispos$ to sport ) %ips4 ,footnote #bjf3 ,balna my/icetus2 also call$ b[head or ,gre5l& :ale4 ,!re is ano!r k9d call$ ! ,gre5l& %>k1#bjg :i* is peculi> 9 ?is1 t x has caul & fat 9 ! abdom5 l cattle4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! :ales gr[ to a l5g? ( ?irty ells at mo/4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,x is possible t ! bask+ %>ks are meant r ?an ! ,gre5l& %>ks2 !y are l>g] ?an ! ,gre5l& %>ks1 b d n seem to be common 9 ! ,arctic wat]s4 ,!re are c]ta9 v>ieties t are fi]ce & savage t[>d m5 & are con/antly seek+ to de/roy !m at e *ance4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ ! 8horse :ale10 & ano!r ! 8r$ comb40#bjh ,!y are v voraci\s & malici\s & nev] gr[ tir$ ( slay+ m54 ,!y roam ab\t 9 all ! seas look+ = %ips1 & :5 !y f9d "o !y leap up1 = 9 t way !y are able to s9k & de/roy x ! m quickly4 ,^! fi%es are unfit = human food2 be+ ! natural enemies ( mank9d1 !y are1 9 fact1 loa?some4 ,! l>ge/ ( ?is type nev] gr[ m ?an ?irty or =ty ells 9 l5g?4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,! 8horse :ale0 & ! 8r$ comb0 h n be5 id5tifi$4 ,!re is /ill ano!r sort call$ ! n>:al1 :i* may n be eat5 = fe> ( disease1 = m5 fall ill & die if !y eat ( x4 ,?is :ale is n l>ge 9 size2 x nev] gr[s long] ?an tw5ty ells4 ,x is n at all savage b r tries to avoid fi%]m54 ,x has tee? 9 its head1 all small b "o :i* projects f ! front ( ! upp] jaw4 ,?is too? is h&some1 well =m$1 & /raight z an onion /em4 ,x may gr[ to a l5g? ( sev5 ells & is z ev5 & smoo? z if %ap$ ) a tool4 ,x projects /raight =w>d f ! head :5 ! :ale is travel+2 b %>p & /raight ?\gh x is1 x is ( no s]vice z a def5sive weapon2 = ! :ale is s fond & c>eful ( its tusk t x all[s no?+ to come ne> x4 ,i "k ( no o!r v>ieties ( :ales t are unfit = human food1 only ^! five t ,i h n[ enum]at$3 ! two t ,i m5tion$ fir/ 7 ! beak$ :ale & ! 8hog :ale20 ! ?ree m5tion$ lat] 7 ! 8horse :ale10 ! 8r$ comb10 & ! n>:al4 ,!re are c]ta9 v>ieties ( ev5 great] size :i* ,i h n yet describ$2 & all ^? t ,i %all n[ discuss may be eat5 by m54 ,"s ( !m are dang]\s = m5 to meet1 :ile o!rs are g5tle & peaceable4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ humpback2 ?is fi% is l>ge & v dang]\s to %ips4 ,x has a habit ( /rik+ at ! vessel ) its f9s & ( ly+ & float+ j 9 front ( ! pr[ :]e sailors travel4 ,?\gh ! %ip turn aside1 ! :ale w cont9ue to keep 9 front1 s !re is no *oice b to sail ^u x2 b if a %ip does sail ^u x1 ! :ale w ?r[ ! vessel & de/roy all on bo>d4 ,! l>ge/ ( ^! fi%es gr[ to a l5g? ( sev5ty or eighty ells2 !y are good to eat4 ,!n !re is t k9d :i* is call$ ! ,gre5l& :ale4#bji ,?is fi% gr[s to a l5g? ( eighty or ev5 n9ety ells & is z l>ge ar\nd z x is long2 = a rope t is /ret*$ ! l5g? ( "o w j rea* ar\nd x :]e x is bulkie/4 ,its head is s l>ge t x comprises fully a ?ird ( ! entire bulk4 ,?is fi% is v cleanly 9 *oice ( food2 = p say t x subsi/s :olly on mi/ & ra9 & :atev] falls into ! sea f ! air above4 ,:5 "o is caught & its entrails are exam9$1 no?+ is f\nd 9 its abdom5 l :at is f\nd 9 o!r fi%es t take food1 = ! abdom5 is empty & clean4 ,x _c readily op5 & close its m\?1 = ! :alebone :i* gr[s 9 x w rise#baj & /& upright 9 ! m\? :5 x is op5$ wide2 & consequ5tly :ales ( ?is type (t5 p]i% because ( _! inability to close ! m\?4 ,?is :ale r>ely gives tr\ble to %ips4 ,x has no tee? & is fat & good to eat4 ,footnote #bji3 ,?is is ano!r "n = ! "r :ale describ$ above2 ! au?or's classification 9 ?is case mu/ h be5 bas$ on size only4 ,footnote #baj3 ,! au?or seems to believe t ! :alebone rises f ! l[] jaw or ! floor ( ! m\?2 z a matt] ( fact x is fa/5$ to ! palate4 ,!n !re is a k9d ( :ale call$ ! rorqual1 & ?is fi% is ! be/ ( all = food4 ,x is ( a peaceful disposition & does n bo!r %ips1 ?\gh x may swim v close to !m4 ,?is fi% is ( great size & l5g?2 x is report$ t ! l>ge/ ?us f> caught h measur$ ?irte5 times t5 ells1 t is1 "o hundr$ & ?irty ells by ! t5-c\nt4 ,because ( its quiet & peaceful behavior x (t5 falls a prey to :ale fi%]s4 ,x is bett] = eat+ & smells bett] ?an any ( ! o!r fi%es t we h talk$ ab\t1 ?\gh x is said to be v fat2 x has no tee?4 ,x has be5 ass]t$1 too1 t if "o c get "s ( ! sp]m ( ?is :ale & be p]fectly sure t x came f ?is sort & no o!r1 x w be f\nd a mo/ effective rem$y = eye tr\bles1 leprosy1 ague1 heada*e1 & = e o!r ill t afflicts mank9d4 ,sp]m f o!r :ales also makes good m$ic9e1 ?\gh n s good z ?is sort4 ,& n[ ,i h enum]at$ ne>ly all ! v>ieties ( :ales t are hunt$ by m54 ,!re is a fi% n yet m5tion$ :i* x is sc>cely advisable to speak ab\t on acc\nt ( its size1 :i* to mo/ m5 w seem incr$ible4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 b v few :o c tell any?+ def9ite ab\t x1 inasmu* z x is r>ely se5 by m52 = x almo/ nev] approa*es ! %ore or appe>s :]e fi%]m5 c see x1 & ,i d\bt t ?is sort ( fi% is v pl5tiful 9 ! sea4 ,9 our language x is usually call$ ! 8krak540 ,i c say no?+ def9ite z to its l5g? 9 ells1 = on ^? occasions :5 m5 h se5 x1 x has appe>$ m l an isl& ?an a fi%4 ,nor h ,i he>d t "o has ev] be5 caught or f\nd dead4 ,x seems likely t !re are b two 9 all ! ocean & t ^! beget no (fspr+1 = ,i believe x is always ! same ones t appe>4 ,nor w\ld x be well = o!r fi%es if !y 7 z num]\s z ! o!r :ales1 see+ t !y are s imm5se & ne$ s mu* food4 ,x is said1 t :5 ^! fi%es want some?+ to eat1 !y are 9 ! habit ( giv+ =? a viol5t bel*1 :i* br+s up s mu* food t all sorts ( fi% 9 ! neighborhood1 bo? l>ge & small1 w ru% up 9 ! hope ( gett+ n\ri%m5t & good f>e4 ,mean:ile ! mon/] keeps x m\? op51 & inasmu* z its op5+ is ab\t z wide z a s\nd or fjord1 ! fi%es _c help cr[d+ 9 9 great numb]s4 ,b z soon z its m\? & belly are full1 ! mon/] closes its m\? & ?us cat*es & %uts 9 all ! fi%es t j previ\sly _h ru%$ 9 eag]ly to seek food4#baa ,footnote #baa3 ,! krak5 my? probably came to ! ,nor? ) ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,br5dan1 an ,iri% abbot1 :o 0 believ$ to h made a j\rney into ! ,atlantic ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! olde/ extant =m ( ! leg5d1 ! ,navigatio ,br5dani1 dates f ! elev5? c5tury4 ,= e>li] v]sions ( ! my? see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bcd4 ,n[ we h m5tion$ & describ$ mo/ ( ^? ?+s 9 ! ,icel&ic wat]s t w\ld be c\nt$ wond]ful1 & among !m a few t are m pl5tiful 9 o!r seas ?an 9 ^? :i* we h j discuss$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xiii ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,icel& ,son4 ,n[ s9ce we h nam$ mo/ ( ! species ( fi% t roam ab\t 9 ! ocean1 ^? t are wor? m5tion+ or discuss+1 ,i %\ld l to he> ab\t ^? features ( ! l& itself t are mo/ wor?y ( m5tion4 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! extraord9>y fire :i* rages con/antly 9 t c\ntry8 ,does x rise out ( "s natural peculi>ity ( ! l&1 or c x be t x has its orig9 9 ! _s _w8 ,& :at d y ?9k ab\t ^? t]rify+ e>?quakes t c occur !re1 or ^? m>vel\s lakes1 or ! ice :i* cov]s all ! high] levels8 ,fa!r4 ,z to ! ice t is f\nd 9 ,icel&1 ,i am incl9$ to believe t x is a p5alty :i* ! l& suff]s = ly+ s close to ,gre5l&2 = x is to be expect$ t sev]e cold w\ld come !nce1 s9ce ,gre5l& is ice-clad beyond all o!r l&s4 ,n[ s9ce ,icel& gets s mu* cold f t side & receives b little heat f ! sun1 x necess>ily has an ov]-abundance ( ice on ! m\nta9 ridges4 ,b conc]n+ ! extraord9>y fires :i* burn !re1 ,i sc>cely "k :at to say1 = !y possess a /range nature4 ,i h he>d t 9 ,sicily !re is an imm5se fire ( unusual p[] :i* consumes bo? e>? & wood4 ,i h also he>d t ,sa9t ,gregory has /at$ 9 8 ,dialogues#bab t !re are places ( torm5t#bac 9 ! fires ( ,sicily4 ,b m5 are mu* m incl9$ to believe t !re mu/ be su* places ( torm5t 9 ^? fires 9 ,icel&4 ,= ! fires 9 ,sicily fe$ on liv+ ?+s1 z !y consume bo? e>? & wood4 ,trees live2 !y gr[ & put =? gre5 leaves2 b !y dry up & )] :5 !y beg9 to die2 !re=e1 s9ce !y die :5 !y )]1 !y mu/ be call$ liv+ :ile !y are gre54 ,! e>?1 too1 mu/ be call$ liv+1 inasmu* z x sometimes yields mu* fruitage2 & z soon z "o crop is fall5 into decay1 x gives new gr[?4 ,all liv+ creatures1 too1 are =m$ ( e>?1 & !re=e x surely mu/ be call$ liv+4 ,bo? ^! ?+s1 e>? & wood1 ! fires ( ,sicily c burn & consume z n\ri%m5t4 ,! fire ( ,icel&1 h[ev]1 w burn nei!r e>? nor wood1 ?\gh ^! be ca/ ^u x2 b x fe$s ^u /one & h>d rock & draws vigor f ^! z o!r fires d f dry wood4 ,& nev] is rock or /one s h>d b t ?is fire w melt x l wax & !n burn x l fat oil4 ,b :5 a tree is ca/ ^u ! fire1 x w n burn b be scor*$ only4 ,n[ s9ce ?is fire fe$s on dead ?+s only & rejects ev]y?+ t o!r fires dev\r1 x mu/ surely be said t x is a dead fire2 & x seems mo/ likely t x is ! fire ( hell1 = 9 hell all ?+s are dead4 ,footnote #bab3 ,dialogorum ,libri ,,iv4 ,pope ,gregory di$ 9 #fjd4 ,! ,icel&ic v]sion ( ,gregory's ,dialogues is publi%$ 9 ,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ,i4 ,footnote #bac3 ,x is difficult to det]m9e :e!r ! au?or uses 8places ( torm5t0 z a t]m = hell or = purgatory2 x seems probable1 h[ev]1 t 9 ?is case hell is meant4 ,i am also dispos$ to believe t c]ta9 bodies ( wat] 9 ,icel& mu/ be ( ! same dead nature z ! fire t we h describ$4 ,= !re are spr+s :i* boil furi\sly all ! "t bo? w9t] & summ]4 ,at times ! boil+ is s viol5t t ! heat$ wat] is ?r[n high into ! air4 ,b :atev] is laid ne> ! spr+ at ! "t ( sp\t+1 :e!r x be clo? or wood or any?+ else t ! wat] may t\* :5 x falls d[n aga91 w turn to /one4 ,?is seems to lead to ! conclusion t ?is wat] mu/ be dead1 see+ t x gives a dead "* to :atev] x spr9kles & moi/5s2 = ! nature ( /one is dead4 ,b if ! fire %\ld n be dead b h its orig9 9 "s peculi>ity ( ! c\ntry1 ! mo/ reasonable !ory z to ! =mation ( ! l& seems to be t !re mu/ be _m ve9s1 empty passages1 & wide cavities 9 its f\ndations4 ,at times x may happ5 t ^! passages & cavities w be s completely pack$ ) air1 ei!r by ! w9ds or by ! p[] ( ! ro>+ break]s1 t ! pressure ( ! bla/ _c be conf9$1 & ?is may be ! orig9 ( ^? great e>?quakes t occur 9 t c\ntry4#bad ,n[ if ?is %\ld seem a reasonable or plausible explanation1 x may be t ! great & p[]ful activity ( ! air )9 ! f\ndations ( ! e>? also causes ^? great fires to be lit & to appe>1 :i* bur/ =? 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! l&4#bae ,footnote #bad3 ,= ! hi/ory ( ?is !ory see above1 pp4 #ag-ah4 ,footnote #bae3 ,! numb] ( volcanoes 9 ,icel& is v>i\sly giv51 b ! m reliable au?orities give #ajg4 ,n[ x mu/ n be reg>d$ z settl$ t ! facts are z we h j said2 we h m]ely tri$ to br+ toge!r & comp>e v>i\s op9ions 9 ord] to det]m9e :at seems mo/ reasonable4 ,= we see t all fire orig9ates 9 =ce4 ,if a h>d /one is /rick5 aga9/ h>d iron1 fire comes out ( ! iron & out ( ! en]gy ( ! /roke :5 !y cla%4 ,y c also rub pieces ( wood aga9/ ea* o!r 9 su* a way t _! antagonism w produce fire4 ,x also happ5s frequ5tly t two w9ds ris+ at ! same "t w g aga9/ ea* o!r2 & :5 !y meet 9 ! air1 heavy bl[s fall1 & ^! bl[s give =? a great fire :i* spreads widely ov] ! sky4#baf ,at times x also happ5s t ?is fire is driv5 to ! e>? :]e x causes mu* damage by burn+ h\ses & sometimes =e/s & %ips at sea4 ,b all ! fires t ,i h n[ nam$1 :e!r !y come f iron1 or w9ds collid+ 9 ! air1 or any ( ^? mighty =ces :i* c produce fire1 w consume trees1 =e/s1 & e>?3 :ile ! fire :i* we discuss$ e>li] & :i* appe>s 9 ,icel& refuses all ^! ?+s1 z ,i h already %[n4 ,n[ ^! facts lead to ?is conclusion z to its nature1 t x is m likely to h aris5 f dead ?+s or f l s\rces1 ?an ^? o!r fires t we h n[ discuss$4 ,& 9 case x is z we h imag9$1 x is likely t ! great e>?quakes ( t c\ntry orig9ate 9 ! p[] ( ^? mighty fires t well ?r\gh ! b[els ( ! l&4 ,footnote #baf3 ,! common belief ( m$ieval sci5ti/s 0 t lightn+ 0 caus$ by ! collision ( cl\ds4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xiv ,,! ,,volcanic ,,fires ,,( ,,icel& ,son4 ,i %\ld l v mu*1 ) y\r p]mission1 to ask fur!r ab\t ?is fire4 ,y /at$ e>li] 9 y\r rem>ks t ,gregory has writt5 9 8 ,dialogues t !re are places ( torm5t 9 ,sicily2 b to me x seems m likely t ^? places are 9 ,icel&4 ,y also said t s va/ are ! fires 9 ! b[els ( ! l& t e>?quakes arise out ( _! viol5t movem5ts2 b if ! fires are s de/ructive to /one & rock t x melts !m l wax & fe$s :olly ^u !m1 ,i %\ld imag9e t x w\ld soon consume all ! f\ndations b5ea? ! l& & all ! m\nta9s z well4 ,?\gh y may ?9k ,i am ask+ *ildi% que/ions ab\t ^! ?+s1 /ill ,i entreat y to give indulg5t replies2 =1 ( c\rse1 "o c ask _m que/ions t reveal y\? r ?an wisdom4 ,fa!r4 ,i h no d\bt t !re are places ( torm5t 9 ,icel& ev5 9 places :]e !re is no burn+2 = 9 t c\ntry ! p[] ( fro/ & ice is z b\ndless z t ( fire4 ,!re are ^? spr+s ( boil+ wat] :i* we h m5tion$ e>li]4 ,!re are also ice-cold /reams :i* fl[ out ( ! glaci]s ) su* viol5ce t ! e>? & ! neighbor+ m\nta9s tremble2 = :5 wat] fl[s ) su* a swift & furi\s curr5t1 m\nta9s w %ake because ( its va/ mass & ov]p[]+ /r5g?4 ,& no m5 c g out ^u ^? riv] banks to view !m unless !y br+ long ropes to be ti$ ar\nd ^? :o wi% to explore1 :ile f>!r away o!rs sit hold+ fa/ ! rope1 s t !y may be ready & able to pull !m back if ! turbul5ce ( ! curr5t %\ld make !m dizzy4 ,n[ x seems evid5t to me t :]ev] su* a great viol5ce appe>s & 9 su* t]rible =ms1 !re surely mu/ be places ( torm5t4 ,& ,god has made su* great & t]rify+ ?+s manife/ ^u e>? to man1 n only t m5 may be ! m vigilant1 & may reflect t ^! tortures are inde$ heavy to ?9k ^u1 al?\gh aft] !y dep>t ?is life !y w h to suff] ^? t !y see :ile /ill on e>?2 b ev5 m to make !m reflect t great] /ill are ! ?+s invisible1 :i* !y are n p]mitt$ to see4 ,b ^! ?+s are a te/imony1 t x is n untrue :at we h be5 told1 t ^? m5 :o w n bew>e ( evil de$s & unrighte\sness1 :ile !y live on e>?1 may expect to suff] torm5t :5 !y leave ?is _w4 ,= _m a simple-m9d$ man might ?9k t all ?is 0 m]e deception unwor?y ( notice & told m]ely to t]rify1 if !re 7 no su* evid5ce z :at we h n[ po9t$ out4 ,b n[ no "o c d5y :at he sees be=e 8 own eyes1 s9ce we he> exactly ! same ?+s ab\t ! tortures ( hell z ^? :i* "o c see on ! isl& call$ ,icel&3 = !re are va/ & b\ndless fire1 ov]p[]+ fro/ & glaci]s1 boil+ spr+s1 & viol5t ice-cold /reams4#bag ,footnote #bag3 ,! belief t hell 0 a region ( extreme cold z well z ( heat 0 common 9 ! middle ages4 ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror probably d]iv$ 8 ideas ( hell 9 "p f ! ,old ,norse v]sion ( ! ,elucid>ium ( ,honorius ( ,autun4 ,see ,annal] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #aheg1 #bib4 ,b :at y sugge/$ j n[1 namely t ?is fire is likely to melt & consume ! m\nta9s & ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 s t ! entire l& w be de/roy$1 t _c come to pass be=e ! "t t ,god has appo9t$4 ,= nei!r ?is creat$ =ce nor any o!r gov]ns itself2 b all ?+s are compell$ to move z ,god's provid5ce has orda9$ f ! beg9n+4 ,& y w und]/& ?is bett] if ,i take up c]ta9 ev5ts t c be us$ to illu/rate ^! ?+s4 ,:5 ! "l ( dea? wi%$ to tempt ,job1 he _h no p[] to d s be=e he _h ask$ p]mission2 & :5 ?is _h be5 grant$1 he did n h p[] to c>ry out 8 w f>!r ?an ! p]mission ext5d$2 = he w\ld gladly h sla9 ,job at once1 if t _h be5 all[$4 ,he 0 all[$ to take away ,job's weal? & he took x all at ! fir/ /roke2 b he 0 n p]mitt$ to de/roy ! man himself4 ,z he ye>n$ = p]mission to tempt him ev5 m sev]ely ?an he _h already1 he 0 suff]$ to c>ry out 8 w ^u ,job's body & ^u all ! possessions t belong$ to him4 ,b he 0 n p]mitt$ to sep>ate s\l f body1 be=e ! h\r %\ld come t ,he _h fix$1 ,:o has all p[] ov] life & de/9y4 ,b z soon z ,satan _h receiv$ p]mission to c>ry out 8 desires ^u ,job1 he %[$ imm$iately h[ eag] he 0 to act 9 su* matt]s z 7 )9 8 p[]4 ,= x is writt5 t ,satan took away f ,job 8 abundant weal? & 8 sev5 sons & ?ree daught]s1 & smote 8 body ) t]rible leprosy f ! cr[n to ! sole ( 8 feet4 ,n[ ! mean+ ( ?is 7:i* ought to be not$ c>efully 9 our m9ds7 is t ! ,"l ( life has p[] ov] all ?+s & is k9dly dispos$2 :ile ! "l ( dea? has an evil w1 b has p[] ov] no?+1 except z he receives au?ority be=eh& f ,him ,:o rules ov] all1 ,:o is ,almighty ,god4 ,! devil c1 !re=e1 injure no "o to su* an ext5t t he is consum$ ei!r by ! fires ( dea? :i* he has k9dl$ & cont9ues to ma9ta9 by means ( dreadful e>?quakes1 or by su* o!r fi5di% enmity or malignity z he delights 94 ,= he is all[$ to d no?+ m ?an ! task at h&1 z is evid5t f :at ,i h j relat$ ab\t ! case ( ,job4 ,& if x %\ld be ?\ght necess>y to cite sev]al examples 9 "o spee*1 x w be f\nd t in/ances ( ?is sort are bo? pl5tiful & conv9c+4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xv ,,o!r ,,icel&ic ,,wond]s3 ,,ore ,,& ,,m9]al ,,spr+s ,son4 ,x seems evid5t t ! m examples ,i c he> y cite ( ! sort t leads to k1 ! bett] x w be2 & f ! in/ance t y h j giv5 ,i c see cle>ly t if ,satan 0 n able to c>ry out 8 w aga9/ "o man1 except z f> z he 0 p]mitt$1 he w surely h ev5 less p[] to c>ry out 8 desires aga9/ _m ?\s&s1 ei!r by 8 own ef=t or ?r\gh a s]vant1 except z f> z p]mission has be5 giv54 ,n[ if we are to g on ) ?is ent]ta9+ conv]sation1 z we h be5 do+1 ,i %\ld l to "k1 :e!r !re are any o!r ?+s ab\t ?is isl& :i* y ?9k are wor? discuss+ or :i* seem rem>kable4 ,fa!r4 ,we h already m5tion$ ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ,icel& t is really wor? notic+2 b !re are a few o!r ?+s :i* ,i may discuss1 if y wi%4 ,9 t c\ntry !re is an abundance ( ! ore t iron is made (3 x is call$ 8swamp-ore0 9 ! spee* ( ! p !re1 & ! same t]m is us$ among ourselves4 ,x has happ5$ at times t great deposits ( ?is ore h be5 f\nd1 & m5 h prep>$ to g ?i!r ! next day to smelt x & make iron ( x1 only to f9d x gone1 & none c tell :at becomes ( x4 ,?is is call$ ! 8ore-m>vel0 9 t c\ntry4 ,!re is /ill ano!r m>vel t m5 wond] at4 ,x is report$ t 9 ,icel& !re are spr+s :i* m5 call ale-spr+s4 ,!y are s call$ because ! wat] t runs f !m smells m l ale ?an wat]2 & :5 "o dr9ks ( x1 x does n fill z o!r wat] does1 b is easily dige/$ & goes into ! sy/em l ale4 ,!re are sev]al spr+s 9 t c\ntry t are call$ ale-spr+s2 b "o is ! be/ & mo/ fam\s ( all2 ?is "o is f\nd 9 ! valley call$ ,hit]dale4#bah ,x is told ab\t ?is spr+1 or ! wat] fl[+ f x1 t x ta/es exactly l ale & is v abundant4 ,x is also said t if drunk to excess1 x goes into "o's head4 ,if a h\se is built ov] ! spr+ x w turn aside f ! build+ & break =? some:]e outside4 ,x is fur!r held t p may dr9k z mu* z !y l at ! spr+2 b if !y c>ry ! wat] away1 x w soon lose its virtue & is !n no bett] ?an o!r wat]1 or n s good4 ,n[ we h discuss$ _m & ev5 trifl+ ?+s1 because 9 t c\ntry !y are ?\ght m>vel\s2 & ,i _c recall any?+ else 9 ,icel& t is wor? m5tion+4 ,footnote #bah3 ,m9]al spr+s yield+ c>bonat$ wat]s are f\nd 9 ,icel&1 ?\gh !y are n num]\s4 ,! ,hit]dale spr+ is probably my?ical4 ,see ,h]rmann1 ,isl&1 ,i1 #ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xvi ,,! ,,m>vels ,,( ,,! ,,wat]s ,,ab\t ,,gre5l&3 ,,mon/]s1 ,,seals1 ,,& ,,walruses ,son4 ,n[ t we h ent]$ ^u ?is int]e/+ conv]sation & h spok5 ( ! m>vels t are f\nd 9 ,icel& & ! ,icel&ic seas1 let u close x by call+ to m9d :at is wor? not+ 9 ! wat]s ( ,gre5l& or 9 ! l& itself & ! wond]s t are to be se5 !re4 ,fa!r4 ,x is report$ t ! wat]s ab\t ,gre5l& are infe/$ ) mon/]s1 ?\gh ,i d n believe t !y h be5 se5 v frequ5tly4 ,/ill1 p h /ories to tell ab\t !m1 s m5 mu/ h se5 or caught sight ( !m4 ,x is report$ t ! mon/] call$ m]man is f\nd 9 ! seas ( ,gre5l&4 ,?is mon/] is tall & ( great size & rises /raight out ( ! wat]4 ,x appe>s to h %\ld]s1 neck & head1 eyes & m\?1 & nose & *9 l ^? ( a human be+2 b above ! eyes & ! eyebr[s x looks m l a man ) a peak$ helmet on 8 head4 ,x has %\ld]s l a man's b no h&s4 ,its body app>5tly gr[s n>r[] f ! %\ld]s d[n1 s t ! l[] d[n x has be5 obs]v$1 ! m sl5d] x has seem$ to be4 ,b no "o has ev] se5 h[ ! l[] end is %ap$1 :e!r x t]m9ates 9 a f9 l a fi% or is po9t$ l a pole4 ,! =m ( ?is prodigy has1 !re=e1 look$ mu* l an icicle4 ,no "o has ev] obs]v$ x closely en\gh to det]m9e :e!r its body has scales l a fi% or sk9 l a man4 ,:5ev] ! mon/] has %[n itself1 m5 h always be5 sure t a /orm w\ld foll[4 ,!y h also not$ h[ x has turn$ :5 ab\t to plunge into ! waves & 9 :at direction x has fall52 if x has turn$ t[>d ! %ip & has plung$ 9 t direction1 ! sailors h felt sure t lives w\ld be lo/ on t %ip2 b :5ev] x has turn$ away f ! vessel & has plung$ 9 t direction1 !y h felt confid5t t _! lives w\ld be sp>$1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld enc\nt] r\gh wat]s & sev]e /orms4 ,ano!r prodigy call$ m]maid#bai has also be5 se5 !re4 ,?is appe>s to h ! =m ( a woman f ! wai/ upw>d1 = x has l>ge nipples on its brea/ l a woman1 long h&s & heavy hair1 & its neck & head are =m$ 9 e respect l ^? ( a human be+4 ,! mon/] is said to h l>ge h&s & its f+]s are n p>t$ b b\nd toge!r by a web l t :i* jo9s ! toes ( wat] f[ls4 ,bel[ ! wai/ l9e x has ! %ape ( a fi% ) scales & tail & f9s4 ,x is said to h ?is 9 common ) ! "o m5tion$ be=e1 t x r>ely appe>s except be=e viol5t /orms4 ,its behavior is (t5 some:at l ?is3 x w plunge into ! waves & w always reappe> ) fi% 9 its h&s2 if x !n turns t[>d ! %ip1 play+ ) ! fi%es or ?r[+ !m at ! %ip1 ! m5 h fe>s t !y w suff] great loss ( life4 ,! mon/] is describ$ z hav+ a l>ge & t]rify+ face1 a slop+ =ehead & wide br[s1 a l>ge m\? & wr9kl$ *eeks4 ,b if x eats ! fi%es or ?r[s !m into ! sea away f ! %ip1 ! crews h good hopes t _! lives w be sp>$1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld meet sev]e /orms4 ,footnote #bai3 ,! belief t m]maids liv$ 9 ! ,arctic wat]s 0 "o t 0 long held by ,european navigators4 ,h5ry ,hudson reports t on 8 voyage into ! ,arctic 9 #afjh 7,june #ae7 "s ( 8 m5 saw a m]maid4 8,?is morn+ "o ( our companie look+ ov] boord saw a m]maid1 & call+ up "s ( ! companie to see h]1 "o m came up & by t "t %ee 0 come close to ! %ips side1 look+ e>ne/ly on ! m53 a little aft] a sea came & ov]turn$ h]3 f ! navill upw>d h] backe & brea/s 7 l a womans1 z !y say t saw h]2 h] body z big z "o ( u2 h] sk9 v :ite1 & long haire hang+ d[ne beh9d ( col\r blacke3 9 h] go+ d[ne !y saw h] tayle1 :i* 0 l ! tayle ( a porposse & speckl$ l a macrell40 ,a%]1 ,h5ry ,hudson1 #bh4 ,n[ !re is /ill ano!r m>vel 9 ! seas ( ,gre5l&1 ! facts ( :i* ,i d n "k precisely4 ,x is call$ 8sea h$ges10#bbj & x has ! appe>ance z if all ! waves & tempe/s ( ! ocean h be5 collect$ into ?ree heaps1 out ( :i* ?ree bill[s are =m$4 ,^! h$ge 9 ! entire sea1 s t no op5+ c be se5 any:]e2 !y are high] ?an l(ty m\nta9s & resemble /eep1 ov]hang+ cliffs4 ,9 a few cases only h ! m5 be5 kn[n to escape :o 7 ^u ! seas :5 su* a ?+ occurr$4 ,b ! /ories ( ^! happ5+s mu/ h aris5 f ! fact t ,god has always pres]v$ "s ( ^? :o h be5 plac$ 9 ^! p]ils1 & _! acc\nts h aft]w>ds spread abroad1 pass+ f man to man4 ,x may be t ! tales are told z ! fir/ ones relat$ !m1 or ! /ories may h gr[n l>g] or %runk some:at4 ,consequ5tly1 we h to speak cauti\sly ab\t ?is matt]1 = ( late we h met b v few :o h escap$ ?is p]il & are able to give u tid+s ab\t x4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,! ,dani% sci5ti/ ,i4 ,japetus ,s4 ,/e5/rup has %[n 9 8 pap] 8,hvad er ,kongespeilets ,havgj]d+]80 t ?is ph5om5on is produc$ by sea quakes4 ,! ?ree huge waves did n =m a triangle z ! au?or's acc\nt w\ld seem to imply2 !y 7 ?ree successive waves roll+ 9 t[>d ! %ore4 ,/e5/rup argues *iefly f ! behavior ( sea quakes 9 mod]n times4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie1 #ahga4 ,9 t same ocean !re are _m o!r m>vels1 ?\gh !y _c be reckon$ among ! prodigies4 ,z soon z "o has pass$ ov] ! deepe/ "p ( ! ocean1 he w enc\nt] su* masses ( ice 9 ! sea1 t ,i "k no equal ( x any:]e else 9 all ! e>?4 ,sometimes ^! ice fields are z flat z if !y 7 froz5 on ! sea itself4 ,!y are ab\t f\r or five ells ?ick & ext5d s f> out f ! l& t x may mean a j\rney ( f\r days or m to travel across !m4 ,!re is m ice to ! nor!a/ & nor? ( ! l& ?an to ! s\?1 s\?we/1 & we/2 consequ5tly1 :oev] wi%es to make ! l& %\ld sail ar\nd x to ! s\?we/ & we/1 till he has come pa/ all ^? places :]e ice may be look$ =1 & approa* ! l& on t side4#bba ,x has frequ5tly happ5$ t m5 h s\ght to make ! l& too soon &1 z a result1 h be5 caught 9 ! ice floes4 ,"s ( ^? :o h be5 caught h p]i%$2 b o!rs h got out aga91 & we h met "s ( ^! & h he>d _! acc\nts & tales4 ,b all ^? :o h be5 caught 9 ^! ice drifts h adopt$ ! same plan3 !y h tak5 _! small boats & h dragg$ !m up on ! ice ) !m1 & 9 ?is way h s\ght to rea* l&2 b ! %ip & ev]y?+ else ( value _h to be ab&on$ & 0 lo/4 ,"s h _h to sp5d f\r days or five ^u ! ice be=e rea*+ l&1 & "s ev5 long]4 ,footnote #bba3 ,! settl$ portion ( ,gre5l& is 9 ! s\!rn "p on ! we/ coa/4 ,! au?or wi%es to say t a %ip sail+ f ,norway to ,gre5l& mu/ r\nd ,cape ,f>ewell & proce$ "s di/ance up ! we/ coa/ be=e try+ to make l&4 ,= a discussion ( ! conditions ( settlem5t 9 ,gre5l& & ! navigation ( ! wat]s ab\t ,gre5l&1 see ,hovga>d1 ,! ,voyages ( ! ,norsem5 to ,am]ica1 c4 ii2 ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 cc4 vii1 viii4 ,^! ice floes h peculi> habits4 ,sometimes !y lie z quiet z c be1 ?\gh cut ap>t by creeks or l>ge fjords2 at o!r times !y travel ) a spe$ s swift & viol5t t a %ip ) a fair w9d beh9d is n m spe$y2 & :5 once 9 motion1 !y travel z (t5 aga9/ ! w9d z ) x4 ,!re is also ice ( a diff]5t %ape :i* ! ,gre5l&]s call iceb]gs4 ,9 appe>ance ^! resemble high m\nta9s ris+ out ( ! sea2 !y nev] m+le ) o!r ice b /& by !mselves4 ,9 ^? wat]s !re are also _m ( ^? species ( :ales :i* we h already describ$4 ,x is claim$ t !re are all sorts ( seals1 too1 9 ^? seas1 & t !y h a habit ( foll[+ ! ice1 z if abundant food w\ld nev] be want+ !re4 ,^! are ! species ( seals t are f\nd !re4 ,"o is call$ ! 8corse seal20 its l5g? is nev] m ?an f\r ells4 ,!re is ano!r sort call$ ! 8erk5-seal10#bbb :i* gr[s to a l5g? ( five ells or six at ! v longe/4 ,!n !re is a ?ird k9d :i* is call$ ! 8flett seal10 :i* gr[s to ab\t ! same l5g? z ^? m5tion$ above4 ,!re is /ill a f\r? k9d1 call$ ! be>d$ seal1 :i* occasionally gr[s to a l5g? ( six ells or ev5 sev54 ,9 addition !re are v>i\s small] species1 "o ( :i* is call$ ! saddleback2#bbc x has ?is "n because x does n swim on ! belly l o!r seals b on ! back or side2 its l5g? is nev] m ?an f\r ells4 ,!re rema9s ! smalle/ k9d1 :i* is call$ ! 8%ort seal0 & is n m ?an two ells 9 l5g?4 ,x has a peculi> nature2 = x is report$ t ^! seals c pass "u flat ice masses f\r or ev5 five ells ?ick & c bl[ up ?r\gh !m2 consequ5tly !y c h l>ge op5+s :]e-ev] !y want !m4 ,footnote #bbb3 ,?is is call$ hav]kn 9 mod]n ,norse & seems to be ! same z ! grey seal3 ,hali*o]us gryphus4 ,see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii4 #aee4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,also call$ ! h>p seal3 ,phoca ,grnl&ica4 ,!re /ill rema9s ano!r species :i* ! ,gre5l&]s c\nt among ! :ales1 b :i*1 x seems to me1 ought r to be class$ ) ! seals4#bbd ,^! are call$ walrus & gr[ to a l5g? ( f\rte5 ells or fifte5 at ! v highe/4 ,9 %ape ?is fi% resembles ! seal bo? z to hair1 head1 sk91 & ! webb$ feet beh9d2 x also has ! swimm+ feet 9 front l ! seal4 ,its fle% l t ( o!r seals mu/ n be eat5 on fa/ days4 ,its appe>ance is di/+ui%$ f t ( o!r seals 9 t x has1 9 addition to ! o!r small tee?1 two l>ge & long tusks1 :i* are plac$ 9 ! front "p ( ! upp] jaw & sometimes gr[ to a l5g? ( ne>ly an ell & a half4 ,its hide is ?ick & good to make ropes (2 x c be cut into lea!r /rips ( su* /r5g? t sixty or m m5 may pull at "o rope )\t break+ x4 ,! seals t we h j discuss$ are call$ fi% because !y f9d _! food 9 ! sea & subsi/ ^u o!r fi%es4 ,!y may be freely eat51 ?\gh n l ! :ales1 = :ale fle% may be eat5 on fa/ days l o!r fi% food1 :ile ^! fi%es may be eat5 only on ! days :5 fle% food is all[$4 ,n[ ,i "k ( no?+ else 9 ! wat]s ( ,gre5l& :i* seems wor? m5tion+ or report+1--only ^? ?+s t we h j discuss$4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,?is obs]vation accords ) mod]n sci5tific classification4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xvii ,,! ,,animal ,,life ,,( ,,gre5l& ,,& ,,! ,,"* ,,( ,,! ,,l& ,,9 ,,^? ,,regions ,son4 ,^! ?+s mu/ seem wond]ful to all :o may he> ( !m1--bo? :at is told ab\t ! fi%es & t ab\t ! mon/]s :i* are said to exi/ 9 ^? wat]s4 ,n[ ,i und]/& t ?is ocean mu/ be m tempe/u\s ?an all o!r seas2 & !re=e ,i ?9k x /range t x is cov]$ ) ice bo? 9 w9t] & 9 summ]1 m ?an all o!r seas are4 ,i am also curi\s to "k :y m5 %\ld be s eag] to f>e ?i!r1 :]e !re are su* great p]ils to bew>e (1 & :at "o c look = 9 t c\ntry :i* c be turn$ to use or pleasure4 ,) y\r p]mission ,i also wi% to ask :at ! p :o inhabit ^? l&s live ^u2 :at ! "* ( ! c\ntry is1 :e!r x is ice-clad l ! ocean or free f ice ev5 ?\gh ! sea be froz52 & :e!r corn gr[s 9 t c\ntry z 9 o!r l&s4 ,i %\ld also l to "k :e!r y reg>d x z ma9l& or z an isl&1 & :e!r !re are any bea/s or su* o!r ?+s 9 t c\ntry z !re are 9 o!r l&s4 ,fa!r4 ,! answ] to y\r qu]y z to :at p g to seek 9 t c\ntry & :y !y f>e ?i!r ?r\gh su* great p]ils is to be s\ght 9 man's ?reefold nature4 ,"o motive is fame & rivalry1 = x is 9 ! nature ( man to seek places :]e great dang]s may be met1 & ?us to w9 fame4 ,a second motive is curiosity1 = x is also 9 man's nature to wi% to see & exp]i5ce ! ?+s t he has he>d ab\t1 & ?us to le>n :e!r ! facts are z told or n4 ,! ?ird is desire = ga92 = m5 seek weal? :]ev] !y h he>d t ga9 is to be gott51 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 !re may be great dang]s too4 ,b 9 ,gre5l& x is ?is way1 z y probably "k1 t :atev] comes f o!r l&s is high 9 price1 = ?is l& lies s di/ant f o!r c\ntries t m5 seldom visit x4 ,& ev]y?+ t is ne$$ to improve ! l& mu/ be pur*as$ abroad1 bo? iron & all ! timb] us$ 9 build+ h\ses4 ,9 return = _! w>es ! m]*ants br+ back ! foll[+ products3 bucksk91 or hides1 sealsk9s1 & rope ( ! k9d t we talk$ ab\t e>li] :i* is call$ 8lea!r rope0 & is cut f ! fi% call$ walrus1 & also ! tee? ( ! walrus4 ,z to :e!r any sort ( gra9 c gr[ !re1 my belief is t ! c\ntry draws b little pr(it f t s\rce4 ,& yet !re are m5 among ^? :o are c\nt$ ! weal?ie/ & mo/ prom95t :o h tri$ to s[ gra9 z an exp]im5t2 b ! great majority 9 t c\ntry d n "k :at bread is1 hav+ nev] se5 x4 ,y h also ask$ ab\t ! ext5t ( ! l& & :e!r x is ma9l& or an isl&2 b ,i believe t few "k ! size ( ! l&1 ?\gh all believe t x is cont95tal & connect$ ) "s ma9l&1 inasmu* z x evid5tly conta9s a numb] ( su* animals z are kn[n to live on ! ma9l& b r>ely on isl&s4 ,h>es & wolves are v pl5tiful & !re are multitudes ( re9de]4 ,x seems to be g5]ally held1 h[ev]1 t ^! animals d n inhabit isl&s1 except :]e m5 h br\ght !m 92 & ev]ybody seems to feel sure t no "o has br\ght !m to ,gre5l&1 b t !y mu/ h run ?i!r f o!r ma9l&s4 ,!re are be>s1 too1 9 t region2 !y are :ite1 & p ?9k !y are native to ! c\ntry1 = !y diff] v mu* 9 _! habits f ! black be>s t roam ! =e/s4 ,^! kill horses1 cattle1 & o!r bea/s to fe$ ^u2 b ! :ite be> ( ,gre5l& w&]s mo/ ( ! "t ab\t on ! ice 9 ! sea1 hunt+ seals & :ales & fe$+ ^u !m4 ,x is also z skillful a swimm] z any seal or :ale4 ,9 reply to y\r "q :e!r ! l& ?aws out or rema9s iceb\nd l ! sea1 ,i c /ate def9itely t only a small "p ( ! l& ?aws out1 :ile all ! re/ rema9s "u ! ice4 ,b nobody kn[s :e!r ! l& is l>ge or small1 because all ! m\nta9 ranges & all ! valleys are cov]$ ) ice1 & no op5+ has be5 f\nd any:]e4 ,b x is q evid5t t !re are su* op5+s1 ei!r along ! %ore or 9 ! valleys t lie betwe5 ! m\nta9s1 ?r\gh :i* bea/s c f9d a way2 = !y c\ld n run ?i!r f o!r l&s1 unless !y %\ld f9d op5 roads ?r\gh ! ice & ! soil ?aw$ out4 ,m5 h (t5 tri$ to g up into ! c\ntry & climb ! highe/ m\nta9s 9 v>i\s places to look ab\t & le>n :e!r any l& c\ld be f\nd t 0 free f ice & habitable4 ,b n[h]e h !y f\nd su* a place1 except :at is n[ occupi$1 :i* is a little /rip along ! wat]'s edge4 ,!re is mu* m>ble 9 ^? p>ts t are inhabit$2 x is v>i\sly color$1 bo? r$ & blue & /reak$ ) gre54 ,!re are also _m l>ge hawks 9 ! l&1 :i* 9 o!r c\ntries w\ld be c\nt$ v preci\s1--:ite falcons1 & !y are m num]\s !re ?an 9 any o!r c\ntry2 b ! natives d n "k h[ to make any use ( !m4#bbe ,footnote #bbe3 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! c5tury ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 falconry 0 a favorite sport ( ! ,european nobility & !re seems to h be5 "s dem& = ,norwegian hawks4 ,9 ! ,close ,rolls ( ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,iii !re are allusions to gifts ( hawks s5t by ! k+ ( ,norway to ! ,engli% k+4 ,see above p4 #bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xviii ,,! ,,products ,,( ,,gre5l& ,son4 ,y /at$ e>li] 9 y\r talk t no gra9 gr[s 9 t c\ntry2 !re=e ,i n[ want to ask y :at ! p :o inhabit ! l& live on1 h[ l>ge ! population is1 :at sort ( food !y h1 & :e!r !y h accept$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,fa!r4 ,! p 9 t c\ntry are few1 = only a small "p is suffici5tly free f ice to be habitable2 b ! p are all ,*ri/ians & h *ur*es & prie/s4 ,if ! l& lay ne> to "s o!r c\ntry x might be reckon$ a ?ird ( a bi%opric2 b ! ,gre5l&]s n[ h _! own bi%op1#bbf z no o!r arrangem5t is possible on acc\nt ( ! great di/ance f o!r p4 ,y ask :at ! inhabitants live on 9 t c\ntry s9ce !y s[ no gra92 b m5 c live on o!r food ?an bread4#bbg ,x is report$ t ! pa/urage is good & t !re are l>ge & f9e f>ms 9 ,gre5l&4 ,! f>m]s raise cattle & %eep 9 l>ge numb]s & make butt] & *eese 9 great quantities4 ,! p subsi/ *iefly on ^! foods & on beef2 b !y also eat ! fle% ( v>i\s k9ds ( game1 su* z re9de]1 :ales1 seals1 & be>s4 ,t is :at m5 live on 9 t c\ntry4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,! diocese ( ,g>d> 9 ,gre5l& 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #aaaj4 ,= an acc\nt ( ! ,norwegian colony 9 ,gre5l& see ,gj]set1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,i1 #aig-bjd4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,cf4 ! papal lett] ( ,alex&] ,,vi1 writt5 9 #adib4 ,olson & ,b\rne1 ,! ,nor?m51 ,columbus1 & ,cabot1 #gc-gd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xix ,,! ,,climate ,,( ,,gre5l&2 ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,son4 ,i believe ,i /ill h "s que/ions to ask ab\t ?is c\ntry4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! fact t ,gre5l& & ! ocean t lies ab\t x h great] masses ( ice ?an any o!r l& or sea8 ,= ,i ga!r f :at y h said t ! ocean is deep & also v salt & always 9 commotion2 & ,i did n suppose t x c\ld freeze readily !re1 s9ce1 :]e ! ocean is deep & ! wat] is salt1 ice =ms ) difficulty1 especially :5 ! sea is 9 turmoil & ! waves roll high4 ,b n[ ,i he> ab\t ^! wat]s t we h j talk$ ab\t & likewise ab\t ! l&1 t !re is nev] an int]val :5 ! l& or ! sea is n cov]$ ) ice1 except t occasionally an op5+ appe>s "h & !re 9 ! ice field2 b ?is is due to ! /irr+ ( ! sea & n to ! heat4 ,n[ s9ce ! l& is con/antly froz5 ov] 9 bo? w9t] & summ]1 ,i wi% to ask y to tell me exactly h[ ! climate is 9 ,gre5l&3 :e!r !re is any w>m? or fair sun%9e z 9 o!r l&s1 or if ! wea!r is always unpleasant1 & :e!r t is :at causes ! excessive ice & fro/4 ,i %\ld l to h y cle> ?is matt] up = me along ) ^? ?+s t ,i ask$ ab\t e>li] 9 our conv]sation1 & :at t ?+ is :i* ! ,gre5l&]s call ! nor!rn lights4#bbh ,all ^! que/ions ,i %\ld l to h y answ]1 & also ?is1 9 :at "p ( ! _w y believe t c\ntry to be locat$3 :e!r x lies some:]e on ! edge ( ! _w or ab\t "s l>ge b5d 9 ! ocean l o!r ext5sive l&s1 see+ t y ?9k x is jo9$ to o!r ma9l&s4 ,footnote #bbh3 ,we %\ld inf] f ! =m ( ?is "q & f ! lat] discussion ( ! nor!rn lights t ?is ph5om5on 0 n prom95t 9 ,norway 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re seem to be p]iods :5 ^! 8lights0 are less 9 evid5ce ?an at o!r times4 ,b x %\ld also be not$ t ! au?or discusses :ales 9 connection ) ,gre5l& & ,icel& only1 ?\gh x is extremely likely t :ales 7 n unkn[n on ! %ores ( ,norway4 ,fa!r4 ,! matt]s ab\t :i* y h n[ inquir$ ,i _c :olly cle> up = y1 inasmu* z ,i h n yet f\nd any "o :o has k ( ! entire 8home-circle0#bbi & its dim5sions & :o has explor$ ! :ole e>? on all its sides1 or ! nature ( ! l&s & ! l&m>ks locat$ !re4 ,if ,i _h ev] met su* a man1 "o :o _h se5 & exam9$ ^! ?+s1 ,i %\ld h be5 able to give y full in=mation ab\t !m4 ,b ,i c at lea/ tell y :at ^? m5 h conjectur$ :o h =m$ ! mo/ reasonable op9ions4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,! 8home-circle0 7kr+la heims9s7 0 ! ,old ,norse translation = ! ,lat9 orbis t]rae1 orb ( ! e>?4 ,! m5 :o h writt5 be/ conc]n+ ! nature ( ! e>?1 foll[+ ! guidance ( ,isidore & o!r le>n$ m51#bcj /ate t !re are c]ta9 zones on ! heav5s "u :i* m5 _c live4 ,"o is v hot &1 because ( ! gl[+ heat :i* burns ev]y?+ t comes b5ea? x1 p _c exi/ "u ?is zone4 ,x seems reasonable t ?is is ! broad pa? ( ! sun1 & ,i believe x is because ?is zone is p]vad$ ) ! sun's flam+ rays t no "o :o wi%es only a mod]ately w>m dwell+ place c live b5ea? x4 ,^! writ]s h also said conc]n+ two o!r zones 9 ! sky t "u !m too ! l& is un9habitable2 because1 on acc\nt ( _! frigidity1 x is no m com=table to dwell "u !m ?an "u ! fir/ m5tion$ :]e ! heat is torrid4 ,= !re ! cold has develop$ su* a p[] t wat] ca/s aside its nature & turns into ice masses2 9 ?is way all ^? l&s become ice-cold1 & ! seas too1 t lie "u ei!r ( ^! two zones4 ,f ?is ,i conclude t !re are five zones 9 ! heav5s3 two "u :i* ! e>? is habitable1 & ?ree "u :i* x is un9habitable4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,isidore ( ,seville 7d4 #fcf7 discusses ! five zones 9 8 ,etymologiae1 iii1 c4 xliv2 xiii1 c4 vi2 & 9 8 ,de ,natura ,r]um1 c4 x4 ,! editors ( ! ,sor edition sugge/ t ! 8o!r le>n$ m50 may be ,macrobius & ,m>tianus ,capella1 ! fam\s encyclop$i/s ( ! fif? c5tury 7p4 #aie74 ,b z ^! writ]s prec$$ ,isidore by ne>ly two c5turies1 x is unlikely t _! works 7 m ?an indirect s\rces = ! sci5tific /atem5ts 9 ! ,speculum ,regale4 ,x is m probable t ! ref]5ce is to su* writ]s z ,b$e1 ,rabanus ,maurus1 & ,honorius ( ,autun1 ?\gh x is impossible to specify :at au?ority 0 foll[$4 ,n[ all ! l& t lies "u ! zones betwe5 ! hot & ! cold belts c be occupi$2 b x is likely t ow+ to location ! l&s diff] some:at1 s t "s are hott] ?an o!rs2 ! hotte/ be+ ^? t are ne>e/ ! torrid belt4 ,b l&s t are cold1 l ours1 lie ne>] ! frigid zones1 :]e ! fro/ is able to use its *ill+ p[]s4 ,n[ 9 my op9ion x seems mo/ probable t ! hot zone ext5ds f ea/ to we/ 9 a curv$ r+ l a flam+ girdle ar\nd ! entire sph]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is q probable t ! cold zones lie on ! out] edges ( ! _w to ! nor? & s\?3 & 9 case ,i h ?\ght ?is out correctly1 x is n unlikely t ,gre5l& lies "u ! frigid belt2 = mo/ ( ^? :o h visit$ ,gre5l& te/ify t !re ! cold has receiv$ its greate/ /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 bo? sea & l& be> te/imony 9 _! v selves t !re ! fro/ & ! ov]p[]+ cold h become dom9ant1 = bo? are froz5 & cov]$ ) ice 9 summ] z well z 9 w9t]4 ,x has be5 /at$ z a fact t ,gre5l& lies on ! out]mo/ edge ( ! e>? t[>d ! nor?2 & ,i d n believe !re is any l& 9 ! home-circle beyond ,gre5l&1 only ! great ocean t runs ar\nd ! e>?4 ,& we are told by m5 :o are in=m$ t alongside ,gre5l& ! *annel is cut ?r\gh :i* ! wide ocean ru%es into ! gap t lies betwe5 ! l& masses & f9ally bran*es out into fjords & inlets :i* cut 9 betwe5 ! l&s :]ev] ! sea is all[$ to fl[ out ^u ! e>?'s surface4 ,y ask$ :e!r ! sun %9es 9 ,gre5l& & :e!r !re ev] happ5s to be fair wea!r !re z 9 o!r c\ntries2 & y %all "k ( a tru? t ! l& has beautiful sun%9e & is said to h a r pleasant climate4 ,! sun's c\rse v>ies greatly1 h[ev]2 :5 w9t] is on1 ! night is almo/ cont9u\s2 b :5 x is summ]1 !re is almo/ con/ant day4 ,:5 ! sun rises highe/1 x has abundant p[] to %9e & give light1 b v little to give w>m? & heat2 /ill1 x has suffici5t /r5g?1 :]e ! gr\nd is free f ice1 to w>m ! soil s t ! e>? yields good & fragrant grass4 ,consequ5tly1 p may easily till ! l& :]e ! fro/ leaves1 b t is a v small "p4 ,b z to t matt] :i* y h (t5 inquir$ ab\t1 :at ^? lights c be :i* ! ,gre5l&]s call ! nor!rn lights1 ,i h no cle> k4 ,i h (t5 met m5 :o h sp5t a long "t 9 ,gre5l&1 b !y d n seem to "k def9itely :at ^? lights are4 ,h[ev]1 x is true ( t subject z ( _m o!rs ( :i* we h no sure k1 t ?\ghtful m5 w =m op9ions & conjectures ab\t x & w make su* guesses z seem reasonable & likely to be true4 ,b ^! nor!rn lights h ?is peculi> nature1 t ! d>k] ! night is1 ! bright] !y seem2 & !y always appe> at night b nev] by day1--mo/ frequ5tly 9 ! d5se/ d>kness & r>ely by moonlight4 ,9 appe>ance !y resemble a va/ flame ( fire view$ f a great di/ance4 ,x also looks z if %>p po9ts 7 %ot f ?is flame up into ! sky2 ^! are ( unev5 height & 9 con/ant motion1 n[ "o1 n[ ano!r d>t+ highe/2 & ! light appe>s to blaze l a liv+ flame4 ,:ile ^! rays are at _! highe/ & brighte/1 !y give =? s mu* light t p out ( doors c easily f9d _! way ab\t & c ev5 g hunt+1 if ne$ be4 ,:]e p sit 9 h\ses t h w9d[s1 x is s light inside t all )9 ! room c see ea* o!r's faces4 ,! light is v *angeable4 ,sometimes x appe>s to gr[ dim1 z if a black smoke or a d>k fog 7 bl[n up among ! rays2 & !n x looks v mu* z if ! light 7 ov]come by ?is smoke & ab\t to be qu5*$4 ,b z soon z ! smoke beg9s to gr[ ?9n]1 ! light beg9s to bright5 aga92 & x happ5s at times t p ?9k !y see l>ge sp>ks %oot+ out ( x z f gl[+ iron :i* has j be5 tak5 f ! =ge4 ,b z night decl9es & day approa*es1 ! light beg9s to fade2 & :5 daylight appe>s1 x seems to vani% entirely4 ,! m5 :o h ?\ght ab\t & discuss$ ^! lights h guess$ at ?ree s\rces1 "o ( :i*1 x seems1 ought to be ! true "o4 ,"s hold t fire circles ab\t ! ocean & all ! bodies ( wat] t /ream ab\t on ! out] sides ( ! globe2 & s9ce ,gre5l& lies on ! out]mo/ edge ( ! e>? to ! nor?1 !y ?9k x possible t ^! lights %9e =? f ! fires t encircle ! out] ocean4 ,o!rs h sugge/$ t dur+ ! h\rs ( night1 :5 ! sun's c\rse is b5ea? ! e>?1 an occasional gleam ( its light may %oot up into ! sky2 = !y insi/ t ,gre5l& lies s f> out on ! e>?'s edge t ! curv$ surface :i* %uts out ! sunlight mu/ be less prom95t !re4 ,b !re are /ill o!rs :o believe 7& x seems to me n unlikely7 t ! fro/ & ! glaci]s h become s p[]ful !re t !y are able to radiate =? ^! flames4 ,i "k no?+ fur!r t has be5 conjectur$ on ?is subject1 only ^! ?ree !ories t ,i h pres5t$2 z to _! correctness ,i d n decide1 ?\gh ! la/ m5tion$ looks q plausible to me4 ,i "k ( no o!r facts ab\t ,gre5l& t seem wor? discuss+ or m5tion+1 only ^? t we h talk$ ab\t & :at we h not$ z ! op9ions ( well-in=m$ m54 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xx ,,! ,,subject ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,lights ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,ev]y?+ t y h told "h seems wond]ful to me1 ?\gh also v in/ructive1 & ?is fact mo/ ( all1 t m51 z y h po9t$ out1 are able to leave ! e>?1 z x 71 & view = !mselves ! b\nd>ies :i* ,god has drawn amid su* great p]ils4 ,y\r la/ rem>k1 h[ev]1 sugge/s t !re is yet a little matt] to inquire ab\t along ?is same l9e4 ,9 speak+ ( ^? ?ree conjectures y said t y ?9k x mo/ likely t ^! lights h _! orig9 9 fro/ & ice2 b j be=e 9 describ+ _! appe>ance1 y add$ t n[ & !n fog & d>k mi/ resembl+ smoke w\ld m\nt up among ^! lights4 ,b ev5 if ! cold %\ld be s preval5t !re z to give rise to ^! lights ) _! fire-l rays1 ,i _c help wond]+ :5ce t smoke c come :i* sometimes appe>s to %ade & becl\d ! light till x seems almo/ qu5*$2 = to me x seems m likely t ! smoke is due to heat ?an to fro/4 ,!re is "o m ?+ t looks /range to me :i* y m5tion$ e>li] 9 y\r spee*1 namely t y consid] ,gre5l& z hav+ a good climate1 ev5 ?\gh x is full ( ice & glaci]s4 ,x is h>d = me to und]/& h[ su* a l& c h a good climate4 ,fa!r4 ,:5 y say1 9 ask+ ab\t ! smoke t sometimes appe>s to accompany ! nor!rn lights1 t y ?9k x m likely t ! smoke comes f heat ?an f cold1 ,i agree ) y4 ,b y mu/ also "k t :]ev] ! e>? is ?aw$ "u ! ice1 x always reta9s "s heat d[n 9 ! dep?s4 ,9 ! same way ! ocean "u ! ice reta9s "s w>m? 9 its dep?s4 ,b if ! e>? 7 :olly )\t w>m? or heat1 x w\ld be "o mass ( ice f ! surface d[n to its l[e/ f\ndations4 ,likewise1 if ! ocean 7 )\t any heat1 x w\ld be solid ice f ! surface to ! bottom4 ,n[ l>ge rifts may appe> 9 ! ice t cov]s ! l& z well z op5+s 9 ! ice ^u ! sea4 ,b :]ev] ! e>? ?aws out & lies b>e1 :e!r 9 places :]e !re is no ice or "u ! yawn+ rifts 9 ! glaci]1 & :]ev] ! sea lies b>e 9 ! op5+s t h =m$ 9 ! ice1 !re /eam is emitt$ f ! l[] dep?s2 & x may be t ?is vapor collects & appe>s l smoke or d>k fog2 & t1 :5ev] x looks z if ! lights are ab\t to be qu5*$ by smoke or fog1 x is ?is vapor t collects be=e !m4 ,9 reply to y\r rem>k ab\t ! climate ( ,gre5l&1 t y ?9k x /range t x is call$ a good climate1 ,i %all tell y some?+ ab\t ! nature ( ! l&4 ,:5 /orms d come1 !y are m sev]e ?an 9 mo/ o!r places1 bo? ) respect to ke5 w9ds & va/ masses ( ice & sn[4 ,b usually ^! spells ( r\gh wea!r la/ only a %ort :ile & come at long int]vals only4 ,9 ! meantime ! wea!r is fair1 ?\gh ! cold is int5se4 ,= x is 9 ! nature ( ! glaci] to emit a cold & cont9u\s brea? :i* drives ! /orm cl\ds away f its face s t ! sky above is usually cle>4#bca ,b ! neighbor+ l&s (t5 h to suff] because ( ?is2 = all ! regions t lie ne> get sev]e wea!r f ?is ice1 inasmu* z all ! /orms t ! glaci] drives away f itself come ^u o!rs ) ke5 bla/s4 ,n[ if ?is is cle> to y1 ,i believe !re is no ne$ ( giv+ any fur!r explanation ( ! subject ?an :at y h n[ he>d4 ,footnote #bca3 ,by glaci] ! au?or evid5tly means ! great inl& ice masses4 ,on ! effect ( ?is inl& ice on ! climate ( ,gre5l& & neighbor+ regions1 see ,nans51 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,,ii1 #bdg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxi ,,! ,,zones ,,( ,,heat ,,& ,,cold ,son4 ,^! ?+s are all cle> to me & x seems reasonable t !y %\ld be z y say4 ,/ill1 !re are a few ?+s t y m5tion$ a little e>li] 9 y\r talk1 :i* ,i wi% to ask ab\t1 if y p]mit4 ,y said t bo? sides ( ! e>? are cold1 ! s\!rn z well z ! nor!rn4 ,b ,i he> x said by all m5 :o come f ! regions to ! s\? t ! f>!r s\? "o travels1 ! hott] ! l&s are4 ,likewise all ! w9ds t come f ! s\? are bo? moi/] & mild] ?an o!r w9ds4 ,9 ! w9t] ^? w9ds always br+ a good ?aw1 :ile o!r w9ds are s cold t !y br+ fro/1 & ice is =m$4 ,& dur+ ! summ] ! s\? w9d is /ill w>m] ?an o!r w9ds4 ,n[ if my que/ions d n tire y & ,i d n seem to ask too mu*1 ,i %\ld l to h y answ] ?is "q too4 ,fa!r4 ,:5 ,i told y t 9 ! skies ?ree belts are trac$ "u :i* x is difficult to cross1 "o torrid & two frigid1 ,i add$ t ! hot belt curves f ea/ to we/4 ,b if ,i h /at$ ?is correctly1 x w be evid5t t ! cold mu/ be z sev]e 9 ! s\!rn p>ts z 9 ! nor!rn4#bcb ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t all ! regions ly+ ne> ! hot belt1 :e!r on ! s\? side or on ! nor?1 are also hot2 b ,i believe ^? l&s to be frigid :i* lie v f> 9 ei!r direction4 ,y h /at$ t all m5 tell u t ! f>!r s\? "o travels1 ! great] ! heat2 b t1 ,i believe1 is due to ! fact t y h nev] f\nd any "o :o has travel$ z f> s\? ( ! hot belt z ^? l&s :i* we h n[ talk$ ( lie to ! nor?4 ,y h also said t ! w9ds :i* come f a s\!rly direction are w>m] ?an ! re/4 ,b x is reasonable t ! s\? w9d %\ld be w>m :5 x rea*es u1 ev5 ?\gh x comes f ! froz5 s\? side ( ! e>?1 = x bl[s ?r\gh ! curv$ r+ ( ! torrid belt4#bcc ,consequ5tly1 ?\gh x bl[s cold f ! s\?1 x is w>m :5 x em]ges on ! nor!rn side4 ,& if p live z ne> ! cold belt on ! s\!rn side z ! ,gre5l&]s d on ! nor!rn1 ,i firmly believe t ! nor? w9d bl[s z w>m to !m z ! s\? w9d to u4 ,= !y mu/ look nor? to see ! midday & ! sun's :ole c\rse1 j z we1 :o dwell nor? ( ! sun1 mu/ look to ! s\?4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,cf4 ,macrobius1 #fja4 8444 = bo? ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn extremities lie /iff ) p]petual fro/1 & !y are l two zones ) :i* ! e>? is girdl$1 b n>r[ z if !y 7 circlets drawn ab\t ! f>!/ regions40 ,footnote #bcc3 ,macrobius /ates ! same belief 9 q simil> t]ms3 ! s\? w9d comes f a froz5 clime j z ! nor? w9d does2 b 8s9ce x comes to u ?r\gh ! flames ( ! torrid zone & mixes ) ! fire1 x becomes hot1 s t :at 0 cold 9 ! beg9n+ comes to u ) w>m?40 7,p4 #fjc47 ,we h said e>li] t 9 w9t] ! sun's c\rse "h is %ort1 b ( su* extraord9>y l5g? 9 summ] t we !n h day ne>ly all ! "t4 ,f ?is y may conclude t ! sun's pa? is q broad & t its c\rse is n n>r[ & /raight z if x 7 always foll[+ a c]ta9 l9e4 ,z soon z x rea*es ! out] edge ( its slop+ circuit t[>d ! s\?1 ^? :o live on ! extreme side ( ! _w to ! s\? h summ] & long sun pa?s1 :ile we h w9t] & little sunlight4 ,& :5 ! sun comes to ! extreme edge ( its circuit to ! nor?1 we h long-cont9u$ sun%9e1 :ile !y h cold w9t]4 ,= x is always ?is way1 t ! sun rises high] 9 ! nor? :5 its pa? decl9es 9 ! s\?3 & :5 its c\rse beg9s to decl9e 9 ! nor?1 x beg9s to wax on ! s\!rn side4 ,y %\ld also "k t ! *ange f day to night is due to ! movem5ts ( ! sun4 ,= "s places h midday :5 o!rs h midnight2 & ! day dawns & bright5s 9 "s places j :5 d>kness beg9s & night falls 9 o!r places4#bcd ,= ! day & ! light always foll[ ! sun1 :ile ! %ad[s flee f x2 /ill !y foll[ aft] x z x moves away2 & !re is always night :]e ! %ad[s are1 b always day :]e ! light is4 ,n[ if y und]/& all ^! ?+s t we h discuss$ 9 ^! h\rs1 ! *ange 9 day & night1 ! c\rse ( ! sun1 & all ! o!r matt]s t we h talk$ ab\t1 y may c\nt y\rself ?or\ghly prep>$ = ! trad]'s call+1 inasmu* z few only h _h m in/ruction 9 ^! subjects ?an y h _h4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,cf4 ,capella1 ,satiricon1 #bjd4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxii ,,! ,,w9ds ,,) ,,respect ,,to ,,navigation ,son4 ,i %\ld inde$ consid] x highly in=m+1 if ,i c\ld rememb] all ! ?+s t y h n[ told me4 ,i ga!r f y\r rem>ks1 h[ev]1 t y seem to ?9k t ,i h ask$ ab\t too _m ?+s 9 ^! our talks4 ,b if y are n we>i$ ) my que/ions1 !re /ill rema9s a little matt] :i*1 ) y\r p]mission1 ,i %\ld l to ask ab\t1 "o t also seems to belong to ! k ( seaf>]s4 ,9 a talk "s "t ago y said t :oev] wi%es to be a m]*ant ought to be prep>$ e>ly 9 spr+1 & be c>eful n to rema9 out at sea too late 9 ! autumn2 b y did n indicate ! e>lie/ "t 9 ! spr+ :5 y ?9k "o may risk a j\rney ov]-seas to o!r c\ntries1 nor h[ late y consid] x safe to sail ! seas 9 autumn4 ,y told h[ ! ocean manages to quiet its /orms1 b y did n %[ "u :at circum/ances x beg9s to gr[ re/less4 ,!re=e ,i w\ld fa9 ask y aga9 to answ] ?is "q1 ev5 if x does annoy y1 = ,i ?9k t a "t may come :5 x w seem bo? ne$ful to "k ?is & in/ructive to und]/& x4 ,fa!r4 ,! matt]s to :i* y are n[ ref]r+ c sc>cely be gr\p$ "u "o head2 = ! seas are n all alike1 nor are !y all ( equal ext5t4 ,small seas h no great p]ils1 & "o may risk cross+ !m at almo/ any "t2 = "o has to make sure ( fair w9ds to la/ a day or two only1 :i* is n difficult = m5 :o und]/& ! wea!r4 ,& !re are _m l&s :]e h>bors are pl5tiful z soon z ! %ore is rea*$4 ,if ! circum/ances are su* t a man c wait = w9ds 9 a good hav5 or may confid5tly expect to f9d good h>bors z soon z he has cross$1 or if ! sea is s n>r[ t he ne$s to provide = a j\rney ( only a day or two1 !n he may v5ture to sail ov] su* wat]s almo/ :5ev] he wi%es4 ,b :]e travel is beset ) great] p]ils1 :e!r because ! sea is wide & full ( dang]\s curr5ts1 or because ! pr[ po9ts t[>d %ores :]e ! h>bors are r5d]$ insecure by rocks1 break]s1 %all[s1 or s& b>s1--:]ev] ! situation is su*1 "o ne$s to use great caution2 & no "o %\ld v5ture to travel ov] su* wat]s :5 ! season is late4 ,n[ z to ! "t t y ask$ ab\t1 x seems to me mo/ correct to say t "o %\ld h>dly v5ture ov]-seas lat] ?an ! beg9n+ ( ,octob]4 ,= at t "t ! sea beg9s to gr[ v re/less1 & ! tempe/s always increase 9 viol5ce z autumn passes & w9t] approa*es4 ,& ab\t ! "t :5 we date ! sixte5? ( ,octob]1 ! ea/ w9d beg9s to look sorr[ful & ?9ks himself disgrac$1 n[ t 8 headge>1 ! gold5 cr[n1 is tak5 away4 ,he puts a cl\d-cov]$ hat on 8 head & brea!s heavily & viol5tly1 z if m\rn+ a rec5t loss4 ,b :5 ! s\!a/ w9d sees h[ vex$ 8 neighbor is1 he is /rick5 ) a d\ble grief3 ! "o sorr[ is t he fe>s ! same deprivation z ! ea/ w9d has suff]$2 ! o!r is grief ov] ! mis=tunes ( 8 good & e/imable neighbor4 ,/irr$ by ! di/ress ( a res5tful m9d1 he knits 8 br[s "u ! hid+ cl\ds & bl[s ! fro? viol5tly ab\t him4 ,:5 ! s\? w9d sees ! wra? ( 8 ne> neighbors1 he wraps himself 9 a cl\d-l9$ mantle 9 :i* he conceals 8 treasures & 8 weal? ( w>m rays & bl[s vigor\sly z if 9 t]rify+ def5ce4 ,& :5 ! s\?we/ w9d obs]ves h[ fri5d%ip has cool$1 n[ t ! truce is brok51 he sobs =? 8 s\l's grief 9 heavy %[]s1 rolls 8 eyes above 8 te>-moi/5$ be>d1 puffs 8 *eeks "u ! cl\dy helmet1 bl[s ! *ill+ scud viol5tly =w>d1 leads =? huge bill[s1 wide-brea/$ waves1 & break]s t ye>n = %ips1 & ord]s all ! tempe/s to da% =w>d 9 angry conte/4 ,b :5 ! we/ w9d obs]ves t a wra?ful bla/ & a sorr[ful sigh+ are com+ across to him f ! ea/1 :5ce =m]ly he 0 accu/om$ to receive %9+ beams ) fe/ive gifts1 he und]/&s cle>ly t ! cov5ant is brok5 & t all treaties are r5\nc$4 ,deeply griev$ & pa9$ because ( ! unpeace1 he puts on a black robe ( m\rn+ ov] :i* he pulls a cl\d-gray cloak1 &1 sitt+ ) wr9kl$ nose & p\t+ lips1 he brea!s heavily ) regretful c>e4 ,& :5 ! ill-temp]$ nor?we/ w9d obs]ves h[ sorr[ful 8 neighbors look1 & sees h[ he himself has suff]$ ! loss ( ! ev5+ beauty :i* he 0 =m]ly accu/om$ to display1 he %[s at once 8 temp] 9 /]n wra?3 he knits 8 br[s fi]cely1 ?r[s rattl+ hail viol5tly ab\t1 & s5ds =? ! roll+ ?und] ) t]rify+ gleams ( lightn+1 ?us display+ on 8 "p a fe>ful & m]ciless ang]4 ,b :5 ! nor? w9d misses ! fri5dl9ess & ! k9d gifts :i* he 0 wont to get f ! s\? w9d1 he seeks out 8 hidd5 treasures & displays ! weal? t he has mo/ (3 he br+s out a dim %e5 :i* glitt]s ) fro/1 places an ice-cold helmet on 8 head above 8 froz5 be>d1 & bl[s h>d aga9/ ! hail-be>+ cl\d-heaps4 ,b ! *ill nor!a/ w9d sits wra?ful ) sn[y be>d & brea!s coldly ?r\gh 8 w9d-swoll5 no/rils4 ,gl>+ fi]cely "u 8 rimy br[s1 he wr9kles 8 *eeks b5ea? 8 cold & cl\dy temples1 puffs 8 j[l ) 8 icy tongue1 & bl[s ! pi]c+ drift-sn[ vigor\sly =?4 ,b s9ce peace has be5 brok5 among ^! eight *iefs & ! w9ds are /irr$ to /ormy viol5ce1 x is no long] advisable = m5 to travel ov]-seas f %ore to %ore because ( great p]ils3 ! days %ort52 ! nights gr[ d>k]2 ! sea becomes re/less2 ! waves gr[ /rong] & ! surf is cold]2 %[]s increase & /orms arise2 ! break]s swell & ! %ores refuse good h>bors2 ! sailors become exhau/$1 ! lad+ is lo/1 & !re is great & con/ant de/ruction ( life due to a too great v5turesom5ess2 s\ls are plac$ 9 p]ils ( judgm5t because ( recklessness & sudd5 dea?4 ,!re=e all s5sible m5 %\ld bew>e & n v5ture ^u ! sea too late 9 ! season2 = !re are _m dang]s to look out = & n "o alone1 if a man d>es too mu* at su* times4 ,consequ5tly1 ! bett] plan is to sail :ile summ] is at its be/2 = "o is n likely to meet mis=tune if !re has be5 c>eful & wise =e?\ght4 ,b x w\ld surely pass all expectations if t 7 to succe$ :i* 0 fooli%ly advis$ & plann$ at ! beg9n+1 ?\gh sometimes ! outcome may be favorable4 ,i consid] x a m s5sible plan = a man to rema9 quiet z long z mu* dang] may be look$ =1 & to enjoy dur+ ! w9t] 9 prop] /yle & 9 re/ful leisure :at he labor$ to w9 dur+ ! summ]1 ?an to risk 9 a little :ile ?r\gh 8 own ob/9ate contriv+ ! loss ( all ! pr(it :i* he /rove to ga9 9 ! summ]4 ,b fir/ ( all a man mu/ h c>e = 8 own p]son2 = he c h no fur!r pr(it1 if x f>es s ill t he himself goes "u4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxiii ,,! ,,prop] ,,season ,,= ,,navigation4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,"p ,son4 ,i did wisely to cont9ue my inquiries :5 we _h our la/ talk2 = y h giv5 replies :i* w be useful z well z in/ructive = all :o h ! s5se to und]/& & pr(it by su* matt]s z we h discuss$4 ,b ,i wi% to ask y aga9 to tell me briefly h[ e>ly 9 ! spr+ & at :at /at$ "t y ?9k "o may v5ture to travel ov]-seas to o!r %ores1 j z ,i ask$ 9 my e>li] inquiries4 ,fa!r4 ,m5 may v5ture out ^u almo/ any sea except ! l>ge/ z e>ly z ! beg9n+ ( ,april4 ,= at ! "t :5 we date ! sixte5? ( ,m>*1 ! days l5g!n1 ! sun rises high]1 & ! nights gr[ %ort]4 ,! nor? w9d g5tly cle>s up ! face ( heav5 ) a light & cool breeze1 bru%es away ! re/less & /orm-lad5 cl\ds1 & ) bli! p]suasiv5ess asks = a new cov5ant4 ,!n peace is r5ew$ among ! w9ds1 = !y all ye>n = re/ aft] ! season ( viol5t wra? & we>isome bla/s2 s !y make a cov5ant once m 9 ! way t we told e>li] :5 we describ$ ! peace mak+4 ,! %[]s cease1 ! waves s9k to re/1 ! break]s flag1 ! swell ( ! noisy ocean dies away1 all ! /orms weak51 & quiet foll[s ^u re/less turmoil4 ,n[ ,i h done z y reque/$3 ,i h po9t$ out ! seasons ) def9ite dates bo? 9 spr+ & fall1 :5 x seems mo/ advisable to brave ! p]ils ( ! sea4 ,i h also in=m$ y z to ! times t seem m suitable = re/ ?an = travel4 ,i h likewise describ$ briefly ! s\rces ( light 9 ! sky & ! belts t are drawn across ! heav51 ^? "u :i* travel is difficult & ^? :i* all[ travel4 ,& if y keep c>efully 9 m9d all ^! ?+s t ,i h discuss$ ) y1 y w nev] be c\nt$ among ! ignorant navigators1 if y %all decide to try ! trad]'s call+4 ,my advice1 !re=e1 is fir/ to fix 9 y\r m9d all ! facts :i* y h n[ he>d2 & lat] y %all h a *ance to ask fur!r que/ions1 if y %\ld wi% to d s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxiv ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,second ,,"p3 ,,! ,,k+ ,,& ,,8 ,,c\rt ,son4 ,! la/ "t t ,i _h a talk ) y1 sire1 ,i he>d a wise spee* f y\r lips1 "o t %\ld pr(it e man :o int5ds to foll[ ! craft ) :i* our conv]sation 0 conc]n$4 ,s9ce !n ,i h m$itat$ on t spee*1 & ,i believe t ,i h fix$ firmly 9 memory mo/ ( ! facts t 7 br\ght out at ! "t1 :atev] luck ,i may h lat] 9 try+ to apply !m4 ,no d\bt ,i ought1 l ev]yone else1 to obs]ve c>efully all ! good :i* ,i h be5 taught2 & m is to be expect$ f ^? :o take ?\ght ?an f ^? :o =get4 ,b :atev] success or good =tune ,i may h 9 ! practice1 ,i delight to le>n :ile ,i h ! opportunity4 ,n[ ,i /ill h "s subjects 9 m9d :i* ,i wi% to inquire ab\t1 b ,i am go+ to ask y\r cons5t to a discussion be=e ,i br+ up ! que/ions 9 :i* ,i am n[ int]e/$2 & :5 ,i h pres5t$ ^!1 ,i %all await y\r answ]s4 ,fa!r4 ,:5 we la/ met & talk$ ab\t ! do+s & mode ( liv+ ( m]*ants1 we m5tion$1 ,i believe1 mo/ ( ! ?+s t 7 9 real ne$ ( discussion2 & ,i feel sure t no man w h ill repute f 8 conduct :o ev]y:]e obs]ves ) c>e :at 0 !n br\ght out4 ,b if y /ill wi% & are anxi\s to make fur!r inquiries into ^! matt]s1 ,i %all be glad to answ]1 if ,i c4 ,& ev5 if y wi% to op5 ano!r discussion1 ,i %all also be glad to answ]1 z f> z ,i h k4 ,y h p]mission1 !re=e1 to ask j z y l2 & on my side !re %all be su* replies z ,god enables me to give4 ,son4 ,! talk t ,i la/ he>d y give conc]n+ ! bus9ess ( m]*ants 0 deliv]$ ) m evid5t wisdom 9 ! answ]s ?an 9 ! que/ions2 & ,i %all n[ let t subject re/4 ,z ,i h 9 m9d1 ) y\r p]mission1 to try t bus9ess1 x may be t a v long "t w pass betwe5 our conv]sations4 ,& :5 ,i am f> away f y1 ,i %all h no opportunity to seek y\r advice1 ?\gh ,i %\ld wi% to d s1 9 case my m9d %\ld turn to "s craft or bus9ess o!r ?an t ( ! m]*ant's trade4 ,b ?\gh1 ,god will+1 we may meet aga9 9 good heal?1 x seems to me advisable to ask ab\t ^? ?+s t ,i am int]e/$ 91 :ile ,i h sure opportunity to le>n4 ,& :ile !re is opportunity we %\ld le>n :at we d n "k1 = ?is reason especially1 t we _c be sure ( a *ance to inquire :5 x seems mo/ ne$ful to seek k4 ,n[ aft] hav+ le>n$ ! trad]'s mode ( liv+ & h[ to travel 9 unkn[n l&s1 x might happ5 t ,i %\ld want to visit ! k+'s c\rt1 :]e ,i c\ld see m p]fect mann]s ?an ^? to be se5 on my comm]cial t\rs2 & !re=e ,i %\ld l to le>n f y1 :ile "h at home1 su* mann]s z are mo/ ne$ful to "k1 :5 "o is at c\rt1 ?\gh x is n sure t ,i %all h to use !m4 ,n[ if su* an int]e/ does n seem wor?less to y1 ,i %\ld l to h y in=m me z to ^? cu/oms t ,i h m5tion$4 ,fa!r4 ,x _c be call$ wor?less curiosity to wi% to "k :at cu/oms prevail & mu/ be obs]v$ at ! k+'s c\rt2 = all c\rtesy & prop] conduct h _! orig9 !re1 if ! mode ( life is z x ought to be & z x 0 orda9$ ( old4 ,/ill1 cu/oms at c\rt are by no means ( "o sort only1 = !re is a multitude ( s]vices & (fices ab\t ! k+1 & ^? ( 8 m5 :o are less 9 rank are usually n held to /rict mann]s4 ,^? :o are high] 9 ! s]vice (t5 diff] mu* 9 mann]s & deportm5t1 s t ! m5 :o obs]ve ! bett] cu/oms are1 un=tunately1 few]1 z a rule1 ?an ^? :o are mod]ately c\rte\s1 or sc>cely s mu*4 ,n[ ,i d n "k ^: conduct y are int]e/$ 91 t ( ! m mann]ly or ( ! great] numb]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxv ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,c\rtesy ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,s]vice ,son4 ,x w\ld be mo/ pr(itable bo? = me & = all o!rs :o are int]e/$ 9 unfamili> subjects1 :e!r good bre$+ or o!r k1 to le>n :at is be/ & mo/ useful4 ,= !re are b few ma/]s :o c tea* su* ?+s1 & !y are all m difficult to grasp ?an ^? subjects :i* are ( b slight value or :olly wor?less4 ,n[ s9ce ,i he> t !re are diff]5ces bo? 9 ! duties ( m5 & 9 ! cu/oms ( ! c\rt1 ,i %all ask y to in=m me z to ! regulations !re & to expla9 h[ ! s]vices diff] & :at belongs to ea*2 also to po9t out ! cu/oms :i* seem good to y & :i* are surely ne$ful to le>n1 if "o wi%es to s]ve a k+ ) honor1 z well z ^? :i* "o :o wi%es to be reput$ a moral man %\ld %un & bew>e (4 ,i h ?is reason1 too1 = seek+ ?is in=mation s e>ne/ly1 t ,i h se5 m5 come f a k+'s h\sehold1 ^: conduct ,i h not$ c>efully1 mo/ ( :om seem$ only ab\t z well-br$ z ^? :o _h nev] be5 at c\rt1 or ev5 less ?an !y4 ,n[ ,i d n "k :i* is ! m likely1 :e!r ,i d n und]/& :at good bre$+ means1 or t ! facts are z !y seem$ to me4 ,fa!r4 ,if x %\ld be y\r fate to s]ve at c\rt & y wi% to be call$ c\rtly & polite1 y w ne$ to bew>e ( :at happ5s to ^? :o come to c\rt )\t mann]s & leave )\t ref9em5t4 ,b s9ce y h ask$ h[ ! s]vices & ! usages at a royal c\rt diff]1 ,i %all n[ expla9 t to y1 & also %[ :y "s return !nce rude & unpoli%$4 ,:5 a dull man f>es to c\rt1 x is z :5 an ignorant fell[ travels to ,j]usalem1 or a simpleton ent]s a good s*ool4 ,an ignorant man :o has be5 to ,j]usalem believes himself well in=m$ & tells _m ?+s ab\t 8 j\rney1 ?\gh *iefly :at seems wor?less to a kn[+ man1 or m]e sport & fool]y4 ,9 ! same way ! simpleton :o comes f s*ool believes himself to be p]fectly educat$2 he /ruts ab\t & %[s great disda9 :5ev] he meets "o :o kn[s no?+4 ,b :5 he meets "o :o is a real s*ol>1 he himself kn[s naught4 ,s x is1 too1 :5 /upid m5 come to ! k+'s c\rt3 !y promptly seek out m5 ( _! own k9d & le>n f !m su* ?+s z are mo/ easily grasp$ & into :i* !y _h gott5 "s insight e>li]2 b ?is is m]e folly & unwisdom4 ,& :5 !y return f c\rt1 !y w display su* mann]s & c\rtesy z !y le>n$ !re4 ,& yet1 _m :o come f /range places1 :e!r f o!r l&s or c\rts1 w behave 9 ?is way2 b :5 ^? :o h rema9$ at home f9d t ^! m5 br+ great tid+s1 !y come to reg>d !m at once z ?or\ghly in=m$1 bo? z to cu/oms & happ5+s1 see+ t !y h visit$ ali5 peoples & =eign l&s2 & ?is is mo/ (t5 ! case ) dull m54 ,n[ if y aim at good bre$+1 bew>e le/ y fall into su* unwisdom4 ,we may n[ take up ! "q h[ ! duties ( ! m5 at c\rt diff] & :at belongs to ea* s]vice4 ,all ! m5 :o h gone to ! k+'s h&#bce are h\sec>les2 b honors & au?ority are di/ribut$ among !m accord+ to ! m]its ( ea* & z ! k+ wi%es to grant4 ,?us "o class ( h\sec>les is made up ( m5 :o are always pres5t at c\rt1 b draw no wages1 & d n eat & dr9k :]e ! hirdm5 take _! meals4 ,!y h to d su* s]vice 9 ! k+'s g>? z ! /ew>d %all assign1 :e!r x be to g on a j\rney or to d manual labor 9 ! g>?4 ,footnote #bce3 ,to g to ! k+'s h& 7ganga konungi til h&a7 is ! te*nical t]m = ! =mal initiation into ! royal s]vice4 8,! k+ 0 9 8 high-seat ) 8 gu>d gr\p$ ab\t him2 across 8 knees lay a sword1 8 "r h& grasp+ ! hilt4 ,! c&idate approa*$1 knelt1 t\*$ ! swordhilt1 & kiss$ ! royal h&4 ,he !n arose & took ! oa? ( fealty4 ,kneel+ once m he plac$ 8 fold$ h&s betwe5 ^? ( ! k+ & kiss$ 8 new "l40 ,l>son1 8,! ,h\sehold ( ! ,norwegian ,k+s 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury30 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,,xiii1 #dfa4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxvi ,,! ,,advantages ,,d]iv$ ,,f ,,s]vice ,,9 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,h\sehold ,son4 ,i pray y1 sire1 n to reg>d me z ?\ghtless or z wi%+ to int]rupt y\r disc\rse1 if ,i inquire briefly ab\t ! duties ( ^! m54 ,fa!r4 ,:ile we are on ?is subject1 y _h bett] ask :at y l1 or y may regret x lat]1 hav+ come away ill-in=m$ ab\t :at y want$ to he>1 because y did n inquire suffici5tly4 ,son4 ,s9ce ^? :om y h j m5tion$ live by labor & manual toil 9 ! k+'s g>? & h no great] honors ?an at home 9 ! c\ntry1 :at advantage d !y f9d 9 be+ ) ! k+ m ?an 9 s]v+ _! p>5ts or k9sm5 9 ! c\ntry or engag+ 9 trade & w9n+ weal? 9 t way8 ,fa!r4 ,!re are _m reasons :y su* m5 w\ld r be at c\rt ?an live 9 ! c\ntry or engage 9 trade4 ,"s pref] be+ at c\rt to liv+ 9 ! c\ntry 7?\gh 9 ! k+'s s]vice _! labor is z burd5some1 or m s7 because1 ?\gh !y are ( excell5t k9%ip1 !y h little weal? & _c engage 9 trade on acc\nt ( _! pov]ty4 ,if !y take up "w 9 ! c\ntry1 !y f9d _m :o h m weal?1 ?\gh !y are no high] 9 k9%ip1 or sc>cely s high4 ,& :5 qu>rels arise1 ! ri* f9d protection 9 _! weal? & ?ru/ ! poor aside1 s t ^! c get no ju/ice 9 _! law suits4 ,consequ5tly su* m5 ?9k x bett] to toil 9 security at c\rt ?an )\t protection 9 ! c\ntry4 ,o!rs may h committ$ manslaught] or h come into o!r difficulties :i* make x urg5t = !m to seek security 9 ! k+'s p[]4 ,"s !re are1 too1 :o always f9d pleasure 9 be+ 9 a ?rong2 !y also feel m secure !re1 :atev] may happ54 ,:5 ^! come back to ! c\ntry :]e e>li] !y seem$ s utt]ly def5seless1 !y reg>d !mselves z ! pe]s ( e "o1 because ( ! protection :i* !y enjoy z k+sm54 ,if "o ( !m is sla9 9 s+le combat1 ! k+ w take =ty m>ks#bcf 9 !gn money#bcg = him z = 8 o!r !gns1 &1 9 addition1 "o m>k gold z h\sec>le f9e1#bch :i* he exacts :5ev] a h\sec>le is sla94 ,footnote #bcf3 ,! m>k z a /&>d ( value 0 widely us$ 9 ! middle ages4 ,orig9ally x 0 a measure ( weight equival5t to eight ounces ( gold or silv]4 ,its value v>i$ at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t places4 ,dr4 ,gj]set e/imates ! pur*as+ p[] ( a m>k ( silv] 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury z equal to t ( #hj at ! pres5t "t4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,,ii1 #ah-ai1 note4 ,footnote #bcg3 ,!gn money 7egngildi7 0 a f9e paid to ! k+ by "o :o _h be5 guilty ( manslaught]4 ,footnote #bch3 ,! h\sec>le f9e 0 high] ?an t exact$ = ! dea? ( a common subject because ! h\sec>le /ood 9 a p]sonal relation to ! k+4 ,y %all also "k t _m come to c\rt f ! c\ntry :o 7 consid]$ ( little consequ5ce !re2 & yet1 x (t5 happ5s t ! k+ gives high honors to su* m5 9 return = _! s]vice1 if !y p]=m x well1 ?\gh !y are b slightly honor$ 9 _! own homes4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :om ! cott]s 9 ! c\ntry seem$ to value highly = _! weal?1 k9dr$1 & fell[%ip1 are (t5 no m reg>d$ at ! royal c\rt ?an 9 _! home communities & sometimes ev5 less4 ,inde$1 ^? :o come to ! k+ ) ri*es are (t5 honor$ less ?an ^? :o come 9 pov]ty4 ,frequ5tly1 m5 :o come to c\rt ) little weal? or none at all & h no *oice b to accept :at ! k+ graci\sly (f]s are set s high 9 ri*es & p[] t !y t[] above _! k9sm51 ?\gh be=e !y came to ! k+ !y 7 n reg>d$ z _! equals4 ,!y w9 ?is ei!r by brav]y 9 w>f>e & good deportm5t at c\rt1 or by be+ fai?ful to ! k+ 9 all ?+s & /riv+ to be discreet & lov+ t[>d him4 ,= ! k+ helps & promotes ^? :om he f9ds to be anxi\s to rema9 truly affectionate t[>d him & to s]ve him 9 loyal fri5d%ip4 ,= ^! reasons a k+ by an act ( grace1 w v (t5 exalt ^? :o are lack+ 9 ri*es2 & !re=e _m su* are enc\rag$ to seek s]vice at c\rt1 :]e !y all expect to w9 rew>ds1 high honors1 & m>k$ advancem5t 9 position4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxvii ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,classes ,,among ,,! ,,k+sm5 ,son4 ,i believe ,i h n[ _h correct & adequate answ]s1 & x no long] seems /range to me t su* m5 z y h j talk$ ab\t w\ld r be k+sm5 ?an rema9 9 ! c\ntry1 ev5 ?\gh _! duties are z toilsome z ^? ( ! f>m]1 or ev5 m s4 ,b n[ ,i wi% to ask y to describe ! o!r s]vices at ! k+'s c\rt1 s t ,i may1 if possible1 ga9 "s k ( e "o ( !m4 ,fa!r4 ,t is surely possible1 & s9ce y are int]e/$ 9 su* matt]s1 ,i %all give y :at in=mation ,i h conc]n+ !m4 ,!re are c]ta9 o!r h\sec>les at ! k+'s c\rt1 :o1 9 addition to ! h\sec>le's title1 h a by-"n & are call$ 8ge/s40#bci ,!y h ?is "n f _! manifold duties2 = !y visit ! homes ( _m1 ?\gh n always ) fri5dly int5t4 ,^! m5 are also 9 ! k+'s pay & get half ! wages ( 8hirdm540 ,^! are ! duties t belong to ! (fice ( ^! m53 !y s]ve z spies ?r\gh\t ! k+'s doma9 to make sure :e!r he has any enemies 9 8 k+dom2 & if su* are f\nd1 ! ge/s are to slay !m1 if !y are able to d s4 ,b if ! k+ s5ds 8 ge/s ^u 8 enemies & ^? aga9/ :om !y are s5t are sla91 !y are to h = _! tr\ble z mu* ( ! enemies' weal? z !y c c>ry away at ! "t1 only no gold1 = t is ! k+'s1 z is all ! re/ t ! ge/s are unable to br+ away4 ,& :5ev] ! k+ becomes aw>e ( an enemy1 x is ! ge/'s duty to pursue ! foeman & ?us to cleanse ! realm4 ,:5ev] !y are pres5t at c\rt1 !y keep ! v>i\s wat*es ab\t ! k+1 j z ! o!rs d :o %>e ! k+'s b\nty 9 ! royal g>?1 except ! head-w>d2#bdj ?is !y d n keep2 nor d !y sit at table to eat or dr9k 9 ! h\se :]e ! k+ d9es ) 8 hirdm51 except at ,*ri/mas & ,ea/]1 :5 !y are to eat ) ! hirdm5 9 ! k+'s hall1 b at no o!r "t4 ,if any ( ^! m5 be sla9 9 s+le combat1 ! k+ exacts z l>ge a f9e bo? 9 !gn money & h\sec>le f9e z = ! dea? ( ^? :om we discuss$ e>li]4 ,footnote #bci3 ,see ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,,xiii1 #dfi-dga4 ,footnote #bdj3 ,! head-w>d 0 /ation$ ne> ! k+'s p]son1 usually outside ! door ( ! *amb] :]e he slept4 ,see ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,,xiii1 #dfb4 ,!re is /ill ano!r class ( royal h\sec>les :o d n %>e ! k+'s tables & b r>ely come to c\rt2 ^! receive no?+ f ! k+ b protection & support 9 secur+ ju/ice f o!rs2 b ^!1 too1 are k+sm54 ,9 case any ( ^! are sla91 ! k+ exacts ! same h\sec>le f9e 9 addition to ! !gn money z 9 ! case ( ^? h\sec>les :o d9e at 8 tables4 ,^! m5 come into 8 s]vice f v>i\s walks ( life3 "s are peasants1 "s m]*ants1 & "s laym54 ,b ?is s]vice !y owe ! k+ be=e all 8 o!r subjects1 namely1 t :]ev] ! k+'s (ficials come at 8 comm& to pres5t ! k+'s causes or bus9ess1 & ^! h\sec>les ( :om we are speak+ are pres5t1 !y mu/ jo9 ! ret9ue ( ^! (ficials & r5d] su* assi/ance z !y c 9 all ! k+'s bus9ess4 ,^!1 too1 may claim support f ! k+sm5 9 _! ef=ts to obta9 ju/ice1 :]ev] !y h suits to br+ up4 ,likewise if any ( ^! m5 are sla91 ! f9es due ! k+ w be increas$ z mu* z = ^? :om we spoke ( e>li]4 ,!re is ano!r class ( royal h\sec>les :o receive money paym5ts f ! k+1 "s twelve aura1#bda "s two m>ks1 "s ?ree m>ks1 & o!rs m1 9 proportion z ! k+ f9ds !m likely to add to 8 /r5g? & cr$it4 ,^! m5 d n d9e ) ! k+ at c\rt2 !y are abroad 9 ! realm 9 a sort ( (ficial capacity1 = "s ( !m are sons ( ! k+'s l&$m51#bdb :ile o!rs are peasants1 ?\gh s weal?y t !y seem to rank ) ! l&$m54 ,^! royal h\sec>les owe ! k+ ! same k9d ( s]vice z ^? :om we h j m5tion$1 b m1 inasmu* z !y h great] pre/ige & enjoy great] favors f ! k+2 & ! f9es due ! k+ 9 case ^! m5 are ill us$ w be increas$ ab\t z mu* z has be5 /at$ be=e4 ,f all ^! k+sm5 t we h n[ told ab\t1 :o d n d9e at 8 tables1 ! k+ may dem& su* s]vice z he f9ds ea* capable (3 "s are call$ to pilot ! long%ips :5 ! k+ sets out on a naval campaign2 "s are s5t abroad 9 embassies to =eign rul]s & o!r pr9ces2 :ile o!rs are s5t out ^u ! sea z trad]s ) ! k+'s w>es or %ips4#bdc ,^! are ! duties t !y are b\nd to p]=m ) su* o!r duties z may arise out ( ! k+'s ne$s4 ,footnote #bda3 ,! ,eyrir 7pl4 aura1 f ,lat9 aurum87 0 an ounce ( silv]1 or "o-eigh? ( a m>k4 ,footnote #bdb3 ,! l&$man 7l5dir mar7 0 "o :o enjoy$ a fief grant$ by ! k+4 ,! t]m 0 also us$ 9 a m re/rict$ s5se = ! local *iefta9s :o 9 return = ! fief enjoy$ gave c]ta9 assi/ance 9 ! local adm9i/ration4 ,see ,norges ,gamle ,love1 ,v1 #cif-cig2 ,gj]set1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,i1 #chg-chh2 ,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,,xiii1 #dfg-dfh4 ,footnote #bdc3 ,! k+s ( m$ieval ,norway seem to h engag$ q actively 9 ! m]cantile pr(ession4 ,! trade ) ! ,f9ns 0 made a royal monopoly at lea/ z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury2 lat] ! trade ) ,gre5l& also pass$ into ! k+'s h&s4 ,n[ ,i h told y ab\t sev]al classes ( ! k+'s s]vants1 & y w h to det]m9e :i* ( ^? enum]at$ seem to y mo/ likely to "k mu* ab\t c\rtly behavior & ! mann]s t ought by "r to be f\nd at a k+'s c\rt2 !y are all k+sm51 h[ev]4 ,& f ?is y w obs]ve t e man _c become p]fect 9 all c\rtly cu/oms & mann]s j z soon z he sees ! k+ & 8 m52 = a man w h to be bo? quick-witt$ & quick to le>n1 :o1 if he lacks 9 bre$+1 is to le>n p]fect c\rtl9ess 9 a ye>'s "t1 ev5 ?\gh e day ( ! ye> is sp5t at c\rt among ! hirdm5 9 ! k+'s own pres5ce4 ,n[ y %all "k ?is ( a tru?1 t !re are _m at c\rt :o h sp5t a l>ge "p ( _! lives !re & h daily opportunities to see good deportm5t1 & yet !y nev] become ei!r c\rtly or well-br$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxviii ,,! ,,honor$ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,k+sm5 ,son4 ,if su* is ! case1 t "s ( ! cu/oms at c\rt are s difficult to le>n t bo? quick wit & cont9u$ obs]vation are necess>y1 x seems evid5t t ! m5 :om y h j n[ spok5 ( c h b slight k ( :at con/itutes deportm5t or good mann]s 9 ! k+'s h\se1 ?\gh !y be k+sm51 s9ce !y come b r>ely into ^? ( ! royal ap>tm5ts :]e good mann]s mu/ especially be obs]v$4 ,b !re is yet some?+ t ,i am anxi\s to "k conc]n+ ! duties ( ^? m5 ( :om y spoke la/3 :at pr(it c su* m5 z h an abundance ( weal? & k9sm5 f9d 9 ! k+'s s]vice & 9 b9d+ !mselves to 8 s]vice ) ! h\sec>le "n z _! only title8 ,:y d n !y r seek ! honor ( be+ call$ hirdm51 or rema9 at home look+ aft] _! prop]ty z o!r husb&m5 d8 ,fa!r4 ,i %\ld say t y h n inquir$ v wisely into ?is matt]2 /ill1 z y d n appe> to be well in=m$ on ?is subject1 ,i ?9k x bett] = y to "q ?an to rema9 ignorant1 & s9ce y h inquir$ ,i ought to answ]4 ,!re are _m reasons1 z we h already said1 :y m5 w\ld r be k+sm5 ?an be call$ by ! peasant's "n only4 ,! fir/ reply mu/ be t ! k+ owns ! entire k+dom z well z all ! p 9 x1 s t all ! m5 :o are 9 8 k+dom owe him s]vice :5ev] 8 ne$s dem& x4 ,?us ! k+ has a "r to call ^u e freeman1 :o seems fitt$ = x or is f\nd to possess suitable insight1 to s]ve 9 embassies to =eign lords2 likewise1 :5 ! k+ calls ^u ! freem5 to pilot 8 %ip 9 w>f>e1 ea* "o :o is appo9t$ mu/ att5d1 ?\gh he be ! k+'s h5*man only s f> z he is 8 subject4 ,ev5 if a k+ %\ld ord] a cl]k or a bi%op ( 8 k+dom to f>e z envoy to ano!r k+ or to ! pope1 if su* is 8 wi%1 ! "o :o is call$ mu/ set out1 unless he is will+ to risk ! k+'s enmity & to be driv5 f ! k+dom4 ,n[ s9ce all ! m5 ( ! realm are ?us b\nd to ! royal s]vice1 :y %\ld n e s5sible man reg>d x a great] advantage to be 9 ! k+'s full protection & fri5d%ip1 no matt] :at may happ5 9 8 int]c\rse ) o!r m51 & to be sup]ior to 8 comrades & hold !m loyal to ! k+ if !y w n o!rwise obey1 ?an to be call$ a m]e cott] :o is con/antly "u ! control ( o!rs1 ?\gh he /ill owes ne>ly ! same duties z o!rwise8 ,v]ily y mu/ "k t to be call$ a k+'s h\sec>le is n to be despis$ z a title ( d]ision2 b x is a "n ( great honor to ev]yone :o be>s x4 ,= nei!r l&$m5 nor hirdm51 ?\gh because ( "s infirmity or because !y are tir$ ( w>f>e !y pref] to cultivate an e/ate 9 ! c\ntry1 are will+ to surr5d] ! h\sec>le "n because ( its honor & security4 ,n[ if !re is any phase ( ?is subject t seems insuffici5tly inquir$ into or expla9$1 we may ext5d ! conv]sation if y wi%4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxix ,,! ,,sup]ior ,,ord] ,,( ,,k+sm53 ,,! ,,hird ,son4 ,?is subject has be5 discuss$ almo/ too fully & has be5 cle>$ up = me ) su* good & complete answ]s t x looks to me z if a man _c disp5se ) ! k+'s support1 if he wi%es to f\nd 8 cause securely4 ,= ! multitude is fickle-m9d$ & ! "o unfair t[>d ! o!r1 except ^? alone to :om ,god has giv5 wisdom & rectitude2 b !y are few only & n ! mass4 ,h[ev]1 z !re are c]ta9 matt]s relat+ to ! s]vice & mann]s at c\rt t are /ill unexpla9$1 ,i %\ld l to he> y discuss ^! fur!r1 le/ ,i cont9ue ignorant ab\t subjects t ,i desire to "k4 ,fa!r4 ,we mu/ n[ speak ab\t ^? ( ! k+'s h\sec>les :o1 if !y give prop] att5tion1 are be/ able to acquire k z to :at is c\nt$ good mann]s 9 royal circles4 ,!y too1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 "*1 & ^? are v (t5 ! few] :o %\ld be ! m num]\s4 ,^! k+sm5 t we are n[ to discuss h1 9 addition to ! h\sec>le "n1 ! title ( hirdm54 ,"s be> t title rightfully1 b to _m x is a nickname4 ,! "o :o orig9at$ ! "n plac$ x on a s\nd basis2 = hirdman means ! same z keep] & gu>dian2 & ^? :o wi% to possess ?is title rightfully %\ld be true keep]s & gu>dians bo? ( ! k+'s p]son & ( all 8 k+%ip4 ,!y %\ld gu>d ! b\nds ( equity among all ! m5 ( ! realm1 :]ev] !y are pres5t :5 suits at law are he>d4 ,!y %\ld also obs]ve good & c\rtly behavior & e useful cu/om1 = !y are at all times ne>e/ ! k+ 9 all matt]s4 ,!y gu>d ! k+'s life & p]son bo? night & day2 !y are always ab\t ! k+ at ! table :5 he eats & dr9ks1 at public assemblies1 & at all g5]al ga!r+s1 l ne> k9sm54 ,^! m5 ought ( "r to be address$ z lords by all m5 :o be> less] titles ?an !y d2 = !y are1 9 a s5se1 /ew>ds ( ! realm1 if !y obs]ve ! cu/oms t are suit$ to _! title4 ,!y %\ld be *os5 f all classes & n f weal?y or di/+ui%$ families only2 b ^? :o are *os5 to ?is dignity %\ld be p]fect 9 all ?+s1 bo? 9 ance/ry & weal?1 & 9 nobility ( m9d & c\rtesy1 b above all 9 conduct4 ,!y ought1 fur!rmore1 be=e all o!rs to obs]ve righte\sness 9 e =m1 s t !y may be able to disc]n cle>ly :at %\ld be lov$ z belong+ to honor & good deportm5t & :at %\ld be %unn$ z lead+ to di%onor & %ame4 ,= :]ev] !y are pres5t1 ! eyes ( all m5 are turn$ ^u _! mann]s & behavior2 all incl9e _! e>s to _! words2 & all expect1 z !y ought1 to f9d !m s mu* m excell5t ?an o!r m5 9 de$s & deportm5t z !y /& ne>] ! k+ 9 s]vice & reg>d ?an 8 o!r m54 ,& if ^! m5 wi% by "r to enjoy ! titles :i* are giv5 !m along ) ! h\sec>le "n1 !y mu/ %un vulg>ity & rud5ess2 !y mu/ also1 m ?an o!r m51 avoid _m ?+s :i* a fooli% desire might sugge/4 ,= _m ?+s become a disgrace bo? 9 words & de$s to well-br$ m51 :i* are n a disgrace to ! vulg> :o behave 9 t way2 :]e=e su* m5 mu/ keep wat* ov] _! tongues & _! behavior4 ,x also frequ5tly happ5s t well tra9$ envoys f o!r l&s come to visit ! k+ & 8 c\rt2 & ! m poli%$ !y are1 ! m c>efully !y obs]ve ! royal s]vice z well z ! mann]s ( ! k+ & 8 c\rti]s & all ! cu/oms t prevail at ! c\rt4 ,on return+ to _! own l&s1 !y w describe ! cu/oms & relate ! happ5+s :i* !y saw or he>d at ! c\rt to :i* !y 7 s5t4 ,b all ! rumors t travel to o!r l&s & are circulat$ ab\t a "l1 if !y be tru?ful1 w usually ei!r br+ him ridicule & contumely or be turn$ to 8 honor4 ,x may also frequ5tly come to pass t ! k+s !mselves ne$ to meet 9 conf]5ce to discuss su* rules & arrangem5ts z mu/ be kept jo9tly by ! k+doms4#bdd ,:]ev] k+s meet1 !re ! be/ m5 are always assembl$2 = ! k+s br+ _! *ief m5 ) !m to su* conf]5ces3 ar*bi%ops1 bi%ops1 e>ls1 l&$m51 & hirdm5 or knights4 ,& ! conduct & bre$+ ( ^? :o assemble are c>efully not$1 fir/ ! mann]s ( ! mighty ones1 & !n ^? ( all ! re/2 = ev]yone wat*es closely ! behavior ( all ! o!rs4 ,& if "o ( ! k+s or "o ( 8 pr9cipal m5 is f\nd indecor\s1 he soon becomes ! subject ( ridicule & contempt & is reg>d$ z a common *url4 ,& if a k+'s ret9ue is f\nd to be poorly tra9$ & is lack+ 9 poli%1 especially if ! s]vice ( ! k+'s ap>tm5ts is n p]=m$ 9 a comely & prop] mann]1 !n ! k+ himself is pron\nc$ unfit2 = x w be held t if he himself 7 polite & p]fect 9 mann]s1 all w\ld acquire good bre$+ f him4 ,consequ5tly x is possible = a c\rtly *ief to suff] great %ame f a vulg> & indec5t man2 :]e=e x is v important t ^? :o wi% to be> a comely & honorable title 9 ! royal pres5ce %\ld be well in=m$ z to :at is becom+ or unbecom+4 ,= "o _c hope = great honors f a k+1 if he has at any "t disgrac$ him :]e _m honorable m5 7 assembl$ & :]e x seem$ v important to ma9ta9 ! k+'s honor1 :i* is ev]y:]e1 = a k+ mu/ n[h]e suff] %ame4 ,he$lessness & evil conduct are !re=e ill becom+ to a man1 if !y br+ him %ame & enmity & cause him to lose 8 honorable "n1 8 good repute1 & 8 fair s]vice1 ev5 ?\gh life & limb be sp>$4 ,& he c ev5 br+ su* deep di%onor ^u 8 k+ t ) _m ( 8 k9dr$ he w be made to suff] a well des]v$ b ignom9i\s dea?4 ,su* grades !re are bo? 9 ! duties & 9 ! titles at ! royal c\rt z y h n[ he>d describ$4 ,b if x seems to y t ev]y?+ has n yet be5 ?or\ghly exam9$1 y may inquire fur!r1 if y l4 ,footnote #bdd3 ,su* meet+s ( two or ?ree ( ! k+s ( ! ,nor? 7 occasionally held all ?r\gh ! lat] middle ages4 ,! conf]5ces 7 (t5 held at "s po9t ne> ! m\? ( ! ,gta ,riv]1 on ! s\?we/ coa/ ( mod]n ,sw$54 ,see above1 p4 #cj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxx ,,h[ ,a ,,man ,,:o ,,wi%es ,,to ,,apply ,,= ,,admission ,,to ,,! ,,royal ,,h\sehold ,,s]vice ,,%\ld ,,approa* ,,! ,,k+ ,son4 ,x seems to me t we %\ld n fail to cont9ue ?is discussion & ,i %all n[ direct my rem>ks & que/ions t[>d "s !me t may help me to see m cle>ly h[ "o1 :o comes to seek honors1 %\ld appe> 9 ! k+'s pres5ce & h[ he mu/ aft]w>ds demean himself 9 ord] to atta9 all ^? di/9ctions ( :i* y h j told4 ,n[ x may happ5 t ,i %all want to f>e to c\rt & jo9 ! k+'s s]vice2 = s9ce my fa!r & my k9sm5 s]v$ ! k+ be=e me & ga9$ honor & high e/eem = _! s]vice1 x is likely t ,i %all wi% to d :at my k9sm5 a*iev$ be=e me4 ,n[ inasmu* z t is likely1 ,i want to ask y to tell me h[ ,i ought to beg9 my spee* :5 ,i come to seek audi5ce ) a k+4 ,/ate x z cle>ly z if y 7 to accompany me to ! royal pres5ce1 & in=m me z to my ge/ures1 my dress1 my mann] ( spee* & all matt]s ( deportm5t t are becom+ 9 ! k+'s company4 ,n[ ?is "t ,i h ask$ z ,i ?\ght be/2 b ev5 ?\gh ,i h inquir$ less wisely ?an ,i ought1 k9dly d z be=e1 giv+ ?\ght to ! que/ions on my "p & to ! replies f y\r side4 ,fa!r4 ,y\r que/ions on ?is subject are n s unwise t "o may n v well answ] !m2 = _m h ne$ to make su* inquiries1 if !y mean to h _! suits br\ght up be=e lords & to h !m plann$ z c>efully z ne$ be4 ,n[ ,i %all try to cle> up ^! matt]s t y h ask$ ab\t1 /at+ :at seems mo/ tru?ful & advisable4 ,:5 y come1 !n1 to :]e ! k+ resides1 int5d+ to become 8 man1 y %\ld inquire c>efully :o ! m5 are 9 ! k+'s company t are be/ able to pres5t m5's bus9ess to ! k+ 9 su* a way t _! spee*es please him ! mo/4 ,z soon z y h le>n$ :o !y are1 y mu/ fir/ make _! acqua9tance & cultivate _! fri5d%ip2 aft] t make y\r err& kn[n & ask !m to und]take y\r suit4 ,if !y und]take y\r bus9ess1 !y c be/ f9d "t & occasion = audi5ce & spee* ) ! k+1 z !y (t5 h spee* ) him4 ,if y are to pres5t y\r reque/ at a "t :5 ! k+ is at ! table1 get sure in=mation :e!r he is 9 good spirits & pleasant humor4 ,if y %\ld obs]ve t 8 disposition is some:at irritable1 or t he is displeas$ ab\t some?+1 or t he has su* important affairs to consid] t y ?9k y\r bus9ess = t reason _c be tak5 up1 !n let y\r suit re/ = ! "t be+ & seek to f9d ! k+ 9 bett] humor "s o!r day4 ,b if y f9d t he is 9 m]ry mood & has no bus9ess to take up ( su* importance t y may n v well /ate y\r err&1 wait1 nev]!less1 till he has ne>ly f9i%$ 8 meal4 ,y\r co/ume y %\ld plan be=eh& 9 su* a way t y come fully dress$ 9 good app>el1 ! sm>te/ t y h1 & we>+ f9e tr\s]s & %oes4 ,y mu/ n come )\t y\r coat2 & also we> a mantle1 ! be/ t y h4 ,= tr\s]s always select clo? ( a br[n dye4 ,x seems q prop] also to we> tr\s]s ( black fur1 b n ( any o!r sort ( clo?1 unless x be sc>let4 ,y\r coat %\ld be ( br[n color or gre5 or r$1 & all su* clo!s are good & prop]4 ,y\r l95 %\ld be made ( good l95 /uff1 b ) little clo? us$2 y\r %irt %\ld be %ort1 & all y\r l95 r light4 ,y\r %irt %\ld be cut some:at %ort] ?an y\r coat2 = no man ( ta/e c deck himself out 9 flax or hemp4 ,be=e y ent] ! royal pres5ce be sure to h y\r hair & be>d c>efully trimm$ accord+ to ! fa%ions ( ! c\rt :5 y jo9 ! same4 ,:5 ,i 0 at c\rt x 0 fa%ionable to h ! hair trimm$ %ort j above ! e>laps & !n comb$ d[n z ea* hair w\ld naturally lie2 b lat] x 0 cut %ort] 9 front above ! eyebr[s4 ,x 0 ! /yle at t "t to we> a %ort be>d & a small m\/a*e2 b lat] ! *eeks 7 %av$ accord+ to ! ,g]man mode2#bde & ,i d\bt t any /yle w ev] come :i* is m becom+ or m suitable 9 w>f>e4 ,footnote #bde3 ,x is impossible to det]m9e :at /yle ( be>d ?is jaarskegg 02 if we may judge f contempor>y ,g]man illu/rations1 ! ,g]man mode 0 a smoo?-%av5 face4 ,see also ,weiss1 ,ko/umekunde1 ,,ii1 #eha4 ,n[ :5 y seem to be 9 prop] /ate to appe> be=e ! k+ bo? z to dress & o!r matt]s1 & if y come at a suitable "t & h p]mission f ! doorkeep] to ent]1 y mu/ h y\r com+ plann$ 9 su* a way t "s capable s]vant c accompany y4 ,b ?\gh y are bo? all[$ to ent]1 d n let him foll[ y f>!r ?an inside ! door or1 at ! f>!/1 up to ! /all]'s seat1 & leave him !re to keep y\r mantle4 ,leave y\r mantle beh9d :5 y g be=e ! k+ & be c>eful to h y\r hair bru%$ smoo?1 & y\r be>d comb$ ) c>e4 ,y mu/ h nei!r hat nor cap nor o!r cov]+ on y\r head2 = "o mu/ appe> be=e lords ) uncov]$ head & unglov$ h&s1 ) a bli! face & ) limbs & body ?or\ghly ba!d4 ,y %\ld also h ! m5 ) y :o are to pres5t y\r suit4 ,=m ! habit ( hold+ y\r head up & y\r :ole body erect :5 walk+2 /rike a dignifi$ gait1 b d n walk too sl[ly4 ,:5 y come into ! k+'s pres5ce1 b[ humbly be=e him & address him 9 ^! words3 8,god give y a good day1 my "l k+60 ,if ! k+ is at ! table :5 y appe> be=e him1 be c>eful n to lean aga9/ ! k+'s bo>d1 z s _m a simpleton does2 & above all d n lean =w>d across x z unmann]ly *urls d1 b rema9 /&+ f> en\gh away f x s t ! s]vice belong+ to ! royal table may h suffici5t space to pass betwe5 ! table & y\rself4 ,b if ! k+ is n at ! table1 approa* 8 seat only s ne> z to leave abundant space = all ! s]vice betwe5 y\rself & ! foot/ools t are be=e ! k+'s seat4 ,:5 /&+ be=e ! k+1 y %\ld dispose ( y\r h&s 9 su* a way t ! ?umb & =ef+] ( ! "r w grasp ! left wri/2 & !n let y\r h&s drop sl[ly be=e y z seems mo/ com=table4 ,!reupon ! m5 *os5 = t purpose %all pres5t y\r err& to ! k+4 ,& if =tune all[s y\r suit to prosp] imm$iately accord+ to y\r wi%es1 y %all g to ! k+'s h& & !reaft] ent] ! fell[%ip ( ! hird accord+ to ! cu/oms :i* ^? :o plead y\r case w tea* y4 ,b if ! k+ makes promise & fixes a day :5 y are to appe> & ! matt] is to be settl$1 x mu/ re/ till t "t4 ,if ! k+ po/pones ! decision1 say+ z is n unlikely3 8,i "k no?+ ab\t ?is man1 ei!r z to repute or mann]s1 & _c reply at once to 8 reque/ b mu/ fir/ obs]ve cle>ly 8 ways ( ?9k+ & do+20 !n ! matt] is clos$ = ! "t be+4 ,b y may1 if y are s dispos$1 cont9ue y\r suit & try to f9d a m conv5i5t "t1 :5 y\r affairs may h a m favorable outcome4 ,h[ev]1 :ile y are seek+ to ga9 ! k+'s favor1 y w ne$ above all to keep close to ! be/ & mo/ discreet m51 & y %\ld (t5 be se5 9 ! company ( ^? :o are de>e/ to ! k+4 ,b pay all ! necess>y outlay out ( y\r own means1 h[ev] long ?is probation may la/1 unless y %\ld sometime be invit$ by ! k+'s ord] to 8 tables4 ,& let x n be true 9 y\r case z is true 9 ! case ( _m an unwise man1 t ! m (t5 y f9d y\rself invit$1 ! m y beg9 to long = ano!r's f>e1 le/ upright m5 come to reg>d y z selfi% & imp]t95t1 & ^? become ho/ile :o 7 =m]ly y\r fri5ds & comrades4 ,walk uprightly1 !re=e1 & be he$ful 9 all su* matt]s1 le/ evil befall y ?r\gh lack ( =esight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxi ,,:y ,,"o ,,%\ld ,,n ,,we> ,a ,,mantle ,,9 ,,! ,,royal ,,pres5ce ,son4 ,if y p]mit1 ,i w ask to be all[$ a few words 9 ?is discussion4 ,on :at d y base y\r /atem5t t x is consid]$ good deportm5t among pr9ces = a man to come b>ehead$ & )\t a mantle :5 he comes to seek audi5ce ) !m4 ,if anyone did ?us 9 ! c\ntry1 ! mob w\ld say t ! man 0 a fool to run ab\t 9 t way )\t a cloak l a n9ny4 ,fa!r4 ,i told y a little e>li] 9 our conv]sation t _m a man goes ab\t 9 ignorance z to :at is fitt+ 9 a k+'s h\se1 because _m ?+s look /upid to ! multitude :i* are consid]$ prop] 9 ! pres5ce ( k+s & o!r great m54 ,n[ y %all "k ( a tru?1 n only t x is fitt+ to come )\t a mantle :5 "o appe>s = ! fir/ "t be=e a k+1 b also t 9 _m places x is z prop] to we> "o's mantle 9 ! royal pres5ce z to leave x (f4 ,b s9ce y h ask$ ! reason :y x %\ld seem m decor\s to appe> be=e pr9ces )\t "o's mantle ?an to we> x1 x might be a m ?an suffici5t answ] to say t x is ! cu/om :]ev] well-br$ m5 appe> 9 ! pres5ce ( mighty lords to come )\t a mantle1 & t :oev] is ignorant ( t cu/om is !re call$ a *url4 ,b ^! facts may s]ve z an additional answ]3 if a man appe>s be=e magnates wrapp$ 9 8 cloak1 he %[s 9 t way t he reg>ds himself z an equal to !m 9 ^: pres5ce he is2 = he comes clad 9 all 8 f9]y l a "l1 & acts z if he ne$ n s]ve any "o4 ,b if he lays aside 8 cloak1 he %[s t he is ready = s]vice1 if ! "o :o is entitl$ to receive r ?an to d s]vice is will+ to accept x4 ,likewise !re are in/ances ( ?is o!r fact1 :i* (t5 necessitates caution1 t _m are envi\s ( a k+2 & if 8 enemy is ra% & bold1 he c inde$ come be=e ! k+ ) hidd5 p]ils & murd]\s weapons1 if he is all[$ to we> 8 mantle2 b he _c easily accompli% ?is if he comes )\t 8 cloak4 ,x is !re=e evid5t t he 0 a wise man :o fir/ orda9$ ! =mality t a man %\ld appe> )\t a mantle be=e great lords & especially be=e k+s4 ,= t cu/om has s9ce l$ to great] security aga9/ secret treason :i* c\ld easily be hidd5 "u ! cloak1 if x 7 worn4 ,! cu/om has also promot$ fair deal+ & concord among m51 = 9 ?is matt] !y all enjoy ! same rights2 & ?is be+ ! accept$ cu/om1 "o is n suspect$ or se>*$ m ?an o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxii ,,rules ,,( ,,spee* ,,& ,,conv]sation ,,9 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,hall ,son4 ,al?\gh ?is cu/om seem$ /range to me be=e ,i he>d y\r comm5t1 x n[ looks z if x 7 f\nd$ on good s5se & is n to be disp5s$ )2 & !re=e x w be well if y w cont9ue to rec\nt & po9t out to me all ! =ms ( spee* & conduct :i* "o ne$s to obs]ve 9 ! pres5ce ( k+s & o!r great m54 ,fa!r4 ,keep c>efully 9 m9d1 :ile 9 ! k+'s pres5ce1 t y ought n to engage 9 conv]sation ) o!r m5 & ?us fail to pay he$ to ev]y?+ t ! k+ says1 le/ x happ51 if he addresses a rem>k to y1 t y h to ask :at he said4 ,= x always looks ill = "o to be s inatt5tive t ! words spok5 to him mu/ be repeat$ be=e he c he>2 & x looks p>ticul>ly bad 9 ! pres5ce ( important m54 ,/ill1 x c v (t5 come to pass1 :5 "o is 9 a "l's pres5ce1 t o!r m5 cr[d ab\t him & ask que/ions ( _m sorts2 sometimes ?is is due to ! /upidity ( ^? :o d ?us1 b (t5 ! reason may be t he :o acts 9 ?is way w\ld n be displeas$ if some?+ %\ld be f\nd to be c5sur$ 9 him :o has a plea to make4 ,n[ if x %\ld happ5 :ile y are /&+ be=e a k+ t "s "o 9 ! meantime %\ld try to address a "q or o!r rem>k to y1 h fri5dly words ready on y\r lips & reply 9 ?is wise3 8,wait a mom5t1 my good man1 :ile ,i li/5 a :ile to :at ! k+ says2 lat] ,i %all be pleas$ to talk ) y z long z y wi%40 ,if he /ill tries to h fur!r words ) y1 speak no m to him !n until ! k+ has f9i%$ 8 rem>ks4 ,if x n[ %\ld happ5 t ! k+ has a few words to say to y1 be v c>eful 9 y\r answ] n to use plural t]ms 9 phrases t ref] to y\rself1 ?\gh y d use ! plural1 z is prop]1 9 all phrases ref]r+ to ! k+4 ,b ev5 m y ne$ to bew>e ( :at fools frequ5tly d1 namely us+ ! plural 9 phrases ref]r+ to y\rself1 :ile y employ ! s+ul> 9 ^? t ref] to ! k+4 ,& if ! k+ %\ld happ5 to speak a few words to y :i* y did n cat*1 & y h to ask :at he said1 d n say 8,eh80 or 8,:at80 or make a fuss ab\t x1 b use only ! ^w 8,sire20 or if y pref] to ask 9 m words3 8,my "l1 be n (f5d$ if ,i ask :at y said to me1 b ,i did n q cat* x40 ,b see to x t x happ5s 9 r>e cases only t ! k+ ne$ to repeat 8 rem>ks to y m ?an once be=e y grasp !m4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxiii ,,! ,,prop] ,,uses ,,( 8,,y0 ,,& 8,,?\0 ,son4 ,on :at gr\nd is x ?\ght bett] to phrase all rem>ks address$ to lords 9 ! plural ?an 9 ! s+ul>8 ,:5 "o directs a pray] to ,god1 ,:o is high] & m excell5t ?an all o!rs1 ! expressions t ref] to ,him are all phras$ 9 ! s+ul>2 = ev]yone :o makes 8 pray] to ,god speaks 9 ?is wise3 8,almighty ,god1 my ,"l1 he> ,?\ my pray] & be ,?\ m m]ciful t[>d me ?an ,i des]ve40 ,b ,i he> no "o =m 8 words 9 ?is wise3 8,my ,"l1 he> my pray] & deal bett] ) me because ( ,y\r m]cy ?an ,i des]ve40 ,n[ ,i am n sure t my "q is a v wise "o2 /ill1 s9ce y h all[$ me to ask :atev] ,i desire to "k1 ,i %all look = an in=m+ reply z be=e1 ev5 ?\gh ,i ask l a *ild4 ,fa!r4 ,i %all inde$ be glad to expla9 ev]y?+ to y z f> z ,i am able2 b ,i d n see :y y are se>*+ into ?is matt] s closely t "o %all ev5 h to give reasons = ! *oice ( t]ms 9 holy pray]4 ,= ! tea*]s ( ! *ur* are f> bett] able to int]pret matt]s t belong to div9ity ?an ,i4 ,b s9ce e "q looks t[>d a reply1 ,i %all expla9 ?is to y 9 a few words1 z x seems mo/ reasonable to me2 & ,i %all take up fir/ :at seems to me ! mo/ important4 ,n[ ,i believe ! t]ms us$ 9 sacr$ pray]s are *os5 s t we call ^u ! div9e "n 9 ! s+ul> r ?an 9 ! plural1 9 ord] t all :o believe 9 ,god may cle>ly und]/& t we believe 9 "o true ,god & n 9 num]\s idols l ! hea!n :o =m]ly call$ ^u sev5 gods4 ,= !y held t "o god rul$ ! heav5s2 ano!r1 ! heav5ly bodies2 a ?ird1 ! e>? & its fruits2 a f\r?1 ! sea & its wat]s2 a fif?1 ! air & ! w9ds2 a six?1 le>n+ & eloqu5ce2 a sev5?1 dea? & hell4 ,n[ we %\ld honor ! "o true ,god ,:om all creation s]ves & call ^u ,him 9 s+ul> t]ms1 le/ false gods obta9 our wor%ip1 if :5 call+ ^u ! div9e "n we use plural t]ms1 z if !re 7 m ?an "o ,god4 ,!re is ?is add$ reason1 t simple-m9d$ folk may conclude t !re are m gods ?an "o if ,8 "n be invok$ 9 plural t]ms4 ,?us x is rightfully & wisely ord]$1 s t a simple & holy fai? %all h no cause to /ray away f ! true highway4 ,n[ if y d n fully grasp ?is spee*1 we %all f9d m to say2 b if x has l$ y to cle>] insight1 we may z well direct our ?\ghts to ! o!r matt]s t y h ask$ ab\t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxiv ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,^! ?+s seem v cle> to me & x appe>s bo? reasonable & necess>y t "o %\ld use ! s+ul> r ?an ! plural 9 address+ ,god1 le/ ! true fai? be debas$ by ! use ( plural expressions & ! cunn+ adv]s>ies obta9 ! wor%ip t a simple & true fai? refuses !m4 ,b n[ ,i wi% to h y turn to :at ,i ask$ ab\t ! mighty m5 ( ?is _w1 & expla9 :y x seems bett] to address !m 9 plural ?an 9 s+ul> t]ms4 ,fa!r4 ,x might be a suffici5t answ] to /ate t x seems bett] to address pr9ces 9 plural ?an 9 s+ul> t]ms = ! reason t well-br$ p h f\nd x s f ! beg9n+2 & x has s9ce become a cu/om among all discreet & c\rte\s m51 & is done 9 honor ( ^? :o are address$ & are entitl$ to a def]5tial mode ( address4 ,b ?is is ! ?\ght :i* !y _h 9 m9d :o orig9at$ ^! expressions1 t m5 ( p[] are n l all o!rs :o h only !mselves & _! h\seholds to c>e = & are responsible = a few m5 only4 ,= *iefta9s are responsible = all ^? :o are subject to !m 9 s]vice or au?ority1 & !y h n only "o man's answ] on ! tongue b h inde$ to answ] = _m4 ,& :5 a good *ief dep>ts ?is life1 x is n z if "o man is lo/1 b x is a great loss to all ^? :o receiv$ support & honors f him2 & !y seem to be ( less consequ5ce aft] !y h lo/ _! *ief ?an be=e :ile he 0 liv+1 unless "o %all come into 8 /ead :o w be z graci\s to !m z ! dep>t$ "o 04 ,n[ s9ce great lords bo? ma9ta9 ! honor ( _m & h great c>es & liabilities on _! acc\nt1 x is surely prop] to honor !m by us+ ! plural =ms ( address 9 all spee* t ^? :o are humbl] & ( less consequ5ce may h to address to !m4 ,b !re rema9 ^? ?+s :i* 7 le>n$ or ?\ght ( :5 ?is cu/om 0 fir/ orda9$3 t k+s & o!r p[]ful m5 are n alone 9 _! delib]ations b are associat$ ) _m o!r wise & di/+ui%$ m52 & !re=e1 :5 a *ief is address$ 9 plural t]ms1 x may be ?\ght t ! words are n address$ to ! k+ alone1 b also to all ^? :o sit 9 8 c\ncils z 8 advis]s4 ,9 my la/ spee* ,i also m5tion$ t y mu/ h c>e nev] to use ! plural 9 expressions ref]r+ to y\rself1 le/ y seem to reg>d y\rself z on an equality ) ! "o to :om y are speak+1 if he is ( high] rank ?an y are4 ,& ev5 :5 y talk ) an equal or ) a humbl] man ?an y are1 x is n fitt+ = y to honor y\rself ) plural t]ms4 ,y mu/ also bew>e :5 9 ! pres5ce ( pr9ces1 le/ y become too v]bose 9 y\r talk2 = great lords & all discreet m5 are displeas$ ) prolixity & reg>d x z t$i\s & wor?less folly4 ,fur!r1 if y h a matt] to pres5t1 :e!r x conc]ns y\rself or o!rs1 pres5t x cle>ly b ) quick utt]ance & 9 ! fewe/ possible words2 = con/antly !re comes be=e k+s & o!r lords su* a great mass ( bus9ess respect+ ! manifold ne$s ( _! subjects1 t !y h nei!r "t nor incl9ation to he> a case discuss$ 9 a long1 detail$ spee*4 ,& x is v evid5t t1 if a man is clev] & flu5t 9 spee*1 he w f9d x easy to /ate 8 case 9 a few rapidly spok5 words1 s t ! "o :o is to reply w grasp x readily4 ,!n1 too1 if "o is n an orator &1 ev5 m1 is awkw>d 9 spee*1 ! brief] ! err& on 8 tongue1 ! bett] x is2 = a man c someh[ manage to get ?r\gh ) a few words & ?us conceal 8 awkw>dness f ^? to :om x is unkn[n4 ,b :5 a man makes an elaborate ef=t1 he w surely seem ! m unskilful ! long] he talks4 ,n[ su* ?+s !re are & o!rs l !m into :i* a man1 if he wi%es to be call$ well-br$1 mu/ get "s insight & :i* he ought to le>n at home be=e he goes v (t5 to h conv]sation ) great lords4 ,& f all ?is y w see h[ c\rtly & cultur$ !y ought to be 9 _! mann]s & conduct :o are con/antly to be ne> a k+ 9 all mann] ( honorable int]c\rse1 s9ce x has appe>$ to kn[+ m5 z if "o is sc>cely prep>$ to come into ! k+'s pres5ce to conv]se ) him unless he has ma/]$ all ^! ?+s t we h n[ talk$ ab\t1 except he %\ld be a p]fect boor1 & n to be reckon$ or class$ among well-br$ p b among ! v *urls4 ,/ill1 y mu/ "k ?is1 too1 t !re are _m :o h sp5t a long "t at c\rt1 & "k b little or no?+ ab\t ^! ?+s4 ,& ?is is true ( ^? :o be> ! hirdman's "n & %\ld be v close to ! k+1 z well z ( ^? :o h less] titles & r>ely see ! k+4 ,x mu/ h be5 ( su* z ^! la/ m5tion$ t y spoke e>li] 9 our conv]sation :5 y rem>k$ t ^? :o came f ! c\rt seem$ no m poli%$ or cultur$1 or ev5 less1 ?an ^? :o _h nev] be5 at c\rt4 ,to t ,i repli$1 & ) tru?1 t ev]yone :o wi%es to be prop] 9 8 conduct ne$s to gu>d aga9/ su* ignorance z !y are guilty (1 :o "k n ! mean+ ( %ame or honor or c\rtesy1 & le>n no?+ f ! conduct ( good & c\rtly m51 ev5 ?\gh !y see x daily be=e _! eyes4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxv ,,conc]n+ ,,failure ,,( ,,crops ,,& ,,de>? ,,9 ,,morals ,,& ,,gov]nm5t ,son4 ,x is a fact t ,i h met "s :o1 ?\gh !y came f c\rt1 ei!r conceal$ ! sort ( mann]s t y h n[ discuss$1 if !y knew !m1 or _h1 z ,i rem>k$1 nev] ga9$ insight into su* matt]s4 ,n[ x is n /range t ^? :o rema9 at home 9 ignorance or are n ( an inquir+ m9d "k little or no?+ ab\t su* ?+s2 b x is m to be wond]$ at1 z y h j said1 t _m rema9 a long "t ) ! k+ & close to him 9 s]vice1 & /ill d n le>n ei!r :at c\rtesy means or :at c\rtly mann]s are4 ,!re=e1 s9ce y h w>n$ me to bew>e ( su* ignorance1 ,i want to ask y h[ ?is c be & h[ a k+ :o is well-br$ & c\rte\s c be will+ to keep m5 ab\t 8 p]son to s]ve him1 :o refuse to live accord+ to good mann]s4 ,= ,i h ?\ght t1 if a k+ is c\rte\s & ref9$1 all w\ld imitate him 9 decorum1 & t he w\ld n c>e mu* = *urli% m54 ,fa!r4 ,x may happ5 sometimes t a husb&man :o is accu/om$ to eat good bread & clean food has to mix *aff or bran ) 8 fl\r s z to make 8 bread & t ( 8 h\sehold la/ long] ?an common2 & at su* times he mu/1 ?\gh reluctant1 p>take ( su* food z is set be=e him 9 ! same ?ankful _s z e>li]1 :5 he 0 giv5 good & clean food2 & su* cases result f gr9d+ necessity1 t is1 f crop failures4 ,b sc>city arises 9 _m ways4 ,sometimes !re is de>? ( gra91 ev5 :5 ! e>? cont9ues to yield grass & /raw1 ?\gh at times x gives nei!r4 ,!re are times1 too1 :5 ! e>? gives good & suffici5t fruitage1 & yet no "o is pr(it$1 = de>? is 9 ! air1 & bad wea!r ru9s ! crops at h>ve/ "t4 ,sometimes smut#bdf causes tr\ble1 ?\gh ! crop is pl5tiful & ! wea!r good4 ,x c also happ5 at times t all vegetation fl\ri%es at its be/1 & !re is no de>?2 & yet !re may be great sc>city on "s man's f>m or among 8 cattle1 or 9 ! ocean1 or 9 ! fre% wat]s1 or 9 ! hunt+ =e/s4 ,sometimes :5 ev]y?+ goes wrong1 x may ev5 come to pass t all ^! failures occur toge!r2 & !n bran w be z de> among m5 z clean fl\r 0 e>li]1 :5 times 7 good1 or ev5 de>] ?an t4 ,all ^! =ms ( de>? :i* ,i h n[ rec\nt$ mu/ be reg>d$ z great calamities 9 e l& :]e !y occur2 & x w\ld mean almo/ complete ru9 if !y %\ld all appe> at ! same "t & cont9ue = a p]iod ( ?ree ye>s4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,skjaak4 ,! translation is unc]ta92 possibly "s sort ( we$ is meant4 ,!re rema9s ano!r k9d ( de>? :i* alone is m di/ress+ ?an all ^? :i* ,i h enum]at$3 de>? may come ^u ! p :o inhabit ! l&1 or1 :at is worse1 !re may come failure 9 ! morals1 ! intellig5ce1 or ! c\nsels ( ^? :o are to gov]n ! l&4 ,= some?+ c be done to help a c\ntry :]e !re is fam9e1 if capable m5 are 9 control & !re is prosp]ity 9 ! neighbor+ l&s4 ,b if de>? comes ^u ! p or ! morals ( ! nation1 f> great] mis=tunes w arise4 ,= "o _c buy f o!r c\ntries ) money ei!r morals or insight1 if :at 0 =m]ly 9 ! l& %\ld be lo/ or de/roy$4 ,b ev5 ?\gh !re be failure ( h>ve/ on a peasant's f>m1 :i* has always be5 good & :i* he & 8 k9sm5 be=e him h own$ a long "t1 he w n take su* an angry dislike to x t1 c>+ no long] :at becomes ( x1 he w proce$ =?) to dispose ( x2 mu* r w he plan to g>n] & /ore grass & *aff z c>efully z he once g>n]$ good & clean gra91 or ev5 m s1 & 9 ?is way provide = 8 h\sehold z be/ he c1 until ,god wills t times %all improve4 ,9 ?is way1 too1 a k+ mu/ act1 if he %\ld suff] ! mis=tune ( de>? ^u ! morals or ! intellig5ce ( 8 realm3 he mu/ n r5\nce ! k+dom1 b necessity may =ce him to rate ! m5 ( little wit z high z ! wise 7 rat$ e>li] :ile ! k+dom /ood highe/ 9 prosp]ity & morals4 ,sometimes puni%m5t w s]ve & sometimes pray]2 some?+ may also be ga9$ ?r\gh in/ruction2 b ! l& mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 e way possible until ,god wills t times %all improve4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxvi ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,su* ,,p]iods ,,( ,,de>? ,,& ,,:at ,,=ms ,,! ,,de>? ,,may ,,take ,son4 ,i see cle>ly n[ t tr\bles may befall m5 9 _m ways1 ! mighty z well z ! humble1 k+s z well z cott]s4 ,b z y h giv5 me ?is fre$om & h all[$ me to "q y 9 our conv]sation1 ,i %all ask y to enl>ge some:at fully ^u ?is spee* be=e we take up ano!r4 ,:at is y\r op9ion z to ! causes ( su* a sev]e de>? z may come ^u ! m9ds ( m51 s t all is ru9$ at ! same "t1 insight & national morals8 ,& d y ?9k su* losses %\ld be trac$ to ! p :o inhabit ! realm or to ! k+ & ! m5 :o manage ! /ate ) him8 ,fa!r4 ,:at y h n[ ask$ ab\t has its orig9 9 v>i\s facts & occurr5ces ( a h>mful "*4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t su* mis=tunes w\ld r>ely appe> among ! p :o inhabit & till ! l&1 if ! m5 :o gov]n ! realm 7 discreet & ! k+ himself 7 wise4 ,b :5 ,god1 because ( ! s9s ( ! p1 det]m9es to visit a l& ) a puni%m5t t means de/ruction to morals & intellect1 ,he w c>ry out ,8 decision promptly1 ?\gh 9 v>i\s ways1 z soon z ,he wills x4 ,in/ances ( ?is h occurr$ frequ5tly & 9 v>i\s places1 :]e tr\ble has come :5 a *iefta91 :o possess$ bo? weal? & wisdom & :o _h be5 highly honor$ by ! k+1 hav+ sat 9 8 c\ncil & %>$ l>gely ) him 9 ! gov]nm5t1 dep>t$ ?is life leav+ f\r or five sons 9 8 place1 all 9 _! e>ly y\? or *ildhood4 ,!n ! k+ & ! :ole realm h suff]$ imm$iate injury3 ! k+ has lo/ a good fri5d1 an excell5t advis]1 & a /rong bulw>k4 ,next ! man's possessions are divid$ into five p>ts1 & all 8 projects are di/urb$4 ,8 h\sehold s9ks 9 importance1 s9ce ea* ( ! sons has b a fif? ( all ! p[] t ! fa!r d]iv$ f 8 means :ile he 0 liv+1 & has ev5 less ( 8 insight & k ( mann]s1 be+ a m]e *ild4 ,great] /ill w ! *ange be if he leaves no son at 8 decease b z _m daught]s z ,i h n[ c\nt$ sons2 b ! v greate/ *ange w come if nei!r sons nor daught]s survive him2 = !n x is likely t 8 possessions w be split up among di/ant relatives1 unless a ne> k9sman be f\nd4 ,n[ if _m su* ev5ts %\ld occur at "o "t 9 a k+dom1 vigor w\ld disappe> f ! k+'s c\ncil1 ?\gh he himself be v capable4 ,& if x %\ld happ5 7= !re are cases ( su* ev5ts z well z ( ! o!rs7 t a k+ dep>t ?is life & leave a "y son :o succe$s to ! pat]nal k+dom1 ?\gh a m]e *ild1 & "y c\nsellors come into ! places ( ! old & wise advis]s :o 7 be=e1--if all ^! ?+s t we h n[ rec\nt$ %\ld happ5 at "o "t1 !n x is highly probable t all ! gov]nm5t ( ! realm w\ld be /rick5 ) de>?1 & t1 :5 ! gov]nm5t goes to ru91 ! morals ( ! nation w\ld also fail to "s ext5t4 ,!re /ill rema9s ! "o cont+5cy :i* is mo/ likely to br+ on su* ye>s ( de>? z produce ! greate/ evils2 & un=tunately !re are no few] in/ances ( su* issues ?an ( ^? t we h j m5tion$4 ,if a k+ :o has gov]n$ a k+dom %\ld happ5 to die1 & leave beh9d ?ree or f\r sons1 & ! m5 :o are likely to be made c\nsellors be all "y & full ( tem]ity1 ?\gh weal?y & ( good ance/ry1 s9ce !y h sprung f families t =m]ly conduct$ ! gov]nm5t ) ! k+1--n[ if a k+dom %\ld come into su* un=tunate circum/ances z h be5 describ$1 ) sev]al heirs at ! same "t1 & ! evil c\nsel is fur!rmore tak5 to give !m all ! royal title & dignity1 !n t realm mu/ be call$ a rudd]less %ip or a decay$ e/ate2 x may be reg>d$ almo/ z a ru9$ k+dom1 = x is s[n ) ! wor/ se$s ( fam9e & ! gra9s ( unpeace4 ,= ! petty k+s1 hav+ r5t ! realm asund]1 w quickly divide ! loyalty ( ! p :o inhabit ! l&1 bo? ( ! ri* & ( ! poor2 & ea* ( ^! lords w !n try to draw fri5ds ab\t him1 z _m z he c4 ,!reupon ea* w beg9 to survey 8 realm z to population & weal?2 & :5 he recalls :at 8 pr$ecessor possess$1 ea* w feel t he has too little4 ,!n ! fri5ds1 too1 ( ea* "o w rem9d him ( & tell ab\t h[ mu* ! k+ :o rul$ be=e him possess$ 9 weal? & numb]s & :at great und]tak+s he set out ^u2 & x seems z if 9 e sugge/ion ea* "o tries to urge 8 "l to seize ^u m ?an he already has4 ,aft] t ^! lords beg9 to treasure ^? ri*es t are ( ! lea/ pr(it to ! k+dom1 namely envy3 trivial matt]s are c>efully g>n]$ & great wra? is bl[n out ( !m4 ,soon ! love ( k9%ip beg9s to decay2 he :o 0 e>li] call$ fri5d & relative is n[ look$ ^u z an evil-do]1 = soon ea* "o beg9s to be suspici\s ( ! o!rs4 ,b :5 suspicion & evil rumors beg9 to appe>1 wick$ m5 ?9k t good times are at h&1 & !y all br+ out _! pl[s4 ,be=e long ! se$s ( ho/ility beg9 to spr\t1 av>ice & iniquity fl\ri%1 & m5 gr[ bold 9 manslay+1 high-h&$ robb]y1 & !ft4 ,n[ if x happ5s t "o ( ^! pr9ces %\ld wi% to puni% ! a=esaid vices 9 8 k+dom1 ! wick$ take refuge 9 ! s]vice ( "s o!r ma/]2 &1 ?\gh !y h be5 driv5 f home because ( _! misde$s1 !y pret5d to h come 9 innoc5ce to escape ! cruel wra? ( _! "l4 ,! "o to :om !y h fl$ gives protection 9 tem]ity r ?an 9 m]cy2 = he wi%es to acquire fri5ds 9 ! o!r's realm1 :o may prove useful to himself & ho/ile to ! o!r 9 case !y %\ld come to disagreem5t4 ,b ^? :o _h to flee because ( _! evil conduct & law-break+ soon beg9 to %[ ho/ility t[>d ! "l ^: subjects !y =m]ly 7 & to r\se z mu* enmity z !y c betwe5 him & ! "o to :om !y h come4 ,!y take rev5ge = _! exile by c>ry+ murd]1 rap9e1 & plund]+ into ! k+dom1 z if !y 7 guiltless & all ! blame lay ) ! "l4 ,soon immorality beg9s to multiply1 = ,god %[s ,8 wra? 9 ?is way1 t :]e ! f\r b\nd>ies ( ! t]ritories ( ^! *iefs t\*1 he places a mov+ :eel :i* turns on a re/less axle4 ,aft] t ea* "o =gets all bro!rly love1 & k9%ip is wreck$4 ,no?+ is n[ sp>$1 = :5ev] ! p are divid$ into _m factions ?r\gh loyalty to diff]5t *iefs1 & ^! fall out1 ! masses w ra%ly pursue _! desires1 & ! morals ( ! nation g to ru94 ,= !n ev]yone makes 8 own moral code accord+ to 8 own way ( ?9k+2 & no "o fe>s puni%m5t any long] :5 ! rul]s fall out & are weak5$ !reby4 ,:5 ea* "o looks only to 8 own tricks & wiles1 great mis=tunes ( all k9ds w come ^u ! l&4 ,murd] & qu>rels w multiply2 _m wom5 w be c>ri$ (f z captives ( w> & violat$1 :ile o!rs w be ensn>$ & s$uc$ into =nication2 *ildr5 w be begott5 9 adult]y & unlawful co-habitation4 ,"s take _! k9swom5 or si/]s-9-law1 :ile o!rs s$uce wives away f _! husb&s2 & ?us all =ms ( :or$om are committ$ & deg5]acy w come to light 9 all ! g5]ations t are begott5 9 su* immorality4 ,e =m ( crime w be committ$4 ,peasants & subjects become defiant & disob$i5t2 !y are n c>eful to avoid crimes1 & ?\gh !y commit _m1 !y atone = few only4 ,tru/+ 9 _! own /r5g? & numb]s1 !y att5d s$iti\s meet+s2 & !y *oose z _! "p :at is likely to br+ a dang]\s outcome1 = !y place all m5 on ! same level1 ! discreet & dec5t ones ) ! co>se & /upid1 & !y scre5 fooli% & iniquit\s m5 f puni%m5t1 ?\gh ^! des]ve x e day4 ,& ?is !y d ei!r by swe>+ falsely & giv+ false witness 9 _! behalf1 or by mak+ a foolh>dy & crafty def5ce at ! c\rt ( trial1 s t ! guilty h to answ] = no?+ be=e ! k+sm5 :o assi/ ! k+ 9 c>ry+ out ! law4 ,= ! un?9k+ mob seem to imag9e t ! k+ 0 appo9t$ to be _! oppon5t2 & a fooli% man reg>ds himself =tunate & highly favor$ 9 ! eyes ( ?\ghtless p1 if he c ma9ta9 himself = "s "t 9 opposition to royal au?ority & ! prescriptions ( law4 ,& if su* m5 h disputes to settle any:]e1 ! wick$ w support ! fooli% "o1 s t he may prevail 9 ! controv]sy2 ?us ! upright & ! peaceful are robb$ ( _! dues4 ,if ! gre$y or ! qu>relsome is sla9 because ( 8 av>ice1 8 /upid k9sm5 :o survive him w feel t _! family has be5 greatly injur$ & impair$ !reby2 & if at "s e>li] "t !re 0 sla9 "o ( _! family :o 0 bo? wise & peaceful1 & ^: wisdom & ev5 temp] prov$ useful to _m1 & if ?is "o 0 aton$ = ) a paym5t to ! k9dr$1 !y w n[ ask z l>ge a f9e = ! unwise z :at 0 =m]ly tak5 = ! prud5t "o2 o!rwise !re w be rev5ge by manslay+4 ,b :5 ,god sees t su* misjudgm5ts1 born ( p]v]sity & unwisdom1 are decre$1 ,he turns ! inju/ice back ^u ^? :o fir/ began to pass unfair & unf\nd$ judgm5ts4 ,= z soon z ! fooli% or ! av>ici\s sees t he is held 9 high reg>d1 ev5 m ?an ! wise ) 8 ev5 temp]1 & t 8 av>ice & folly are turn$ to honor & advancem5t1 he w d accord+ to 8 nature & ! cu/om ( all fooli% m53 he w become m grasp+ & w op]ate m widely 9 8 gre$4 ,& :5 ! mob beg9s to reg>d t z wor?y ( praise & r5[n :i* is evil & %\ld be hat$ by all1 ! second & ! ?ird w le>n x & ! "o aft] ! o!r1 until x becomes common cu/om2 & he alone w be c\nt$ a wor?y man :o is grasp+ & kn[s h[ to detract unju/ly f ano!r's honor to 8 own pr(it4 ,aft] t ! "o deals gre$ily ) ! o!r1 till mis=tune turns aga9/ ! v ones ^: folly & wick$ness orig9ally began ^! evil practices4 ,= "o w f9ally br+ evil ^u ano!r1 w\nds or o!r afflictions1 & ?us all old & lawful ord9ances mu/ decay4 ,n[ ev]yone holds t ! k+ & o!r great lords %\ld temp] ! sev]ity ( ! laws ) m]cy2 b none ( ! common]s seems will+ to deal ju/ly ) ano!r2 inde$1 ea* w\ld r dem& m ?an :at he 0 entitl$ to f ! beg9n+4 ,b :5 all lawful ord9ances & "r puni%m5ts are ignor$ & unlaw & malice take _! place1 & ?is condition becomes s g5]al t ,god is we>i$1 ,he applies ! puni%m5t t is able to rea* all1 s9ce ! guilt has t\*$ all4 ,he ?r[s hatr$ & enmity d[n among ! *iefs :o are plac$ 9 control ( ! realm2 :5 ?+s g ill !re may also come failure ( crops2 & ! *iefs soon beg9 to qu>rel1 = ea* f9ds compla9ts 9 ! o!r's k+dom1 :i* are f9ally settl$ ) slaught] & /rife4 ,b :5ev] fam9e1 murd]1 & w>f>e beg9 to arrive toge!r & visit all ^? :o inhabit ! realm1 ! k+dom w be br\ght ne> to utt] weakness & ru91 if ! p]iod %\ld cont9ue any l5g? ( "t4 ,?\gh laws & useful cu/oms may h be5 obs]v$ & ma9ta9$ to "s ext5t 9 ! times m5tion$ e>li]1 !y w be :olly =gott5 :5ev] su* times appe> z ^? t we h j n[ describ$2 = 9 w>f>e ! be/ m5 & ^? ( ! noble/ k9%ip are de/roy$4 ,b failure ( crops1 rap9e1 & unpeace ( e sort t may !n appe> w rob ^? ( weal? :o are 9 possession ( x & h acquir$ x hone/ly1 :ile he gets x :o c mo/ readily deprive o!rs by !ft & plund]4 ,& :5 su* a "t comes ^u a nation1 x w suff] loss 9 good morals & capable m51 weal? & security1 & e bless+ z long z ,god p]mits ! plague to cont9ue4 ,b ,he metes out accord+ to ,8 m]cy1 = ,he is able to save su* a c\ntry1 :5 ,he f9ds t ! p h be5 suffici5tly *a/is$ = _! s9s4 ,n[ y c imag9e h[ highly moral ! p w become1 if su* a nation is sav$ by ,god's grace & aga9 br\ght "u ! rule ( a s+le mon>*1 & h[ prosp]\s ! realm may become 9 ! p]iod imm$iately foll[+ su* an unre/ z ,i h j describ$4 ,= !n ! k+dom 0 r5t1 ! morals ( ! p 7 confus$1 & _! loyalty 0 divid$ among a numb] ( lords1 ea* "o ( :om 0 /riv+ to contrive & employ aga9/ ! o!rs cunn+1 deception1 disloyalty1 & evil 9 e =m4#bdg ,footnote #bdg3 ,9 ?is *apt] ! au?or has summ$ up ! hi/ory ( ,norwegian k+%ip 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :5 m9orities 7 frequ5t & jo9t k+%ips almo/ ! rule4 ,?ree boys 7 proclaim$ k+s 9 #aajc2 two k+s %>$ ! p[] 9 #aacj2 ! royal title fell to ?ree *ildr5 9 #aacf4 ,at no "t 0 ! realm actually divid$1 ! !ory be+ t ! adm9i/ration & ! rev5ues might be divid$1 :ile ! mon>*y rema9$ a unit4 ,! c5tury 0 a p]iod ( great calamities2 pret5d]s 7 num]\s2 & civil w> rag$ at int]vals4 ,= a full] discussion ( ! !ory ( ,norwegian k+%ip 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies1 see above1 pp4 #ce ff4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxvii ,,! ,,duties1 ,,activities1 ,,& ,,amusem5ts ,,( ,,! ,,royal ,,gu>dsm5 ,son4 ,x is p]fectly evid5t t if all ^! mis=tunes %\ld befall a k+dom & ! p]iod ( tr\ble 7 to cont9ue = "s "t1 ! realm w\ld decl9e4 ,!re surely mu/ be in/ances ( su* an issue1 & we may safely conclude t :]ev] su* ev5ts come to pass1 !re w be mu* evil & manifold mis=tunes be=e !y cease4 ,i also see cle>ly t if ! morals or laws ( a k+dom are und]m9$ by su* tr\bles z y h describ$1 ev5 ?\gh ,god %\ld purpose to rescue x f9ally f di/ress & unpeace & br+ x aga9 "u "o rul] aft] su* tr\bl\s times1 ! p :o survive are likely to be bo? wick$ & vici\s2 & !re w surely be ne$1 z y h said1 ( good in/ruction & at times ev5 ( v sev]e puni%m5t4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 if ! k+dom did possess tol]able morals = a "t be=e ! unpeace came1 he :o is to und]take ! gov]nm5t1 ?\gh he be v wise1 w ne$ to use great det]m9ation & sev]ity = a long p]iod1 if ! realm is to be replac$ on its e>li] foot+4 ,i h be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 y\r discussion ( :at may br+ ! greate/ damage to a k+dom 7& x may be r5d]$ wor?less ?r\gh loss ( morals1 population1 & weal?1 if su* conditions %\ld arise72 & ,i h n[ be5 suffici5tly in=m$ z to h[ matt]s may %ape !mselves1 if mis=tune means to come2 & ,i see cle>ly :at great losses & damage may foll[ su* ev5ts4 ,n[ x seems to me t we h dwelt r long ^u facts :i* mu/ br+ di/ress to ev]yone :o wi%es to be reput$ a moral man 7:]e=e all1 bo? ri* & poor1 %\ld implore ! ,"l to let no su* times come 9 _! days71 & ,i w !re=e return to :at ,i began ) & ask y to po9t out ! mann]s & cu/oms :i* y ?9k w\ld be becom+ to me1 if ,i 7 employ$ 9 ! royal s]vice1 no matt] :at times might come1 ?\gh ,i w pray ! ,"l t z long z ,i live !re may be peace & quiet & prosp]\s times4 ,fa!r4 ,no "o kn[s h[ ,god w ord] su* ?+s dur+ ! days ( any man's lifetime4 ,b if a man det]m9es to be a k+sman & !re happ5s to be mu* di/ress & _m disa/]s at ! "t because ( too _m rul]s or unpeace 9 "s =m1 he mu/ be c>eful to jo9 ! s]vice ( ! "o :o has obta9$ ! p[] 9 ! mo/ legal mann] & is mo/ likely to obs]ve ! cu/oms t rightful & well-br$ k+s h obs]v$ be=e 8 day4 ,he is !n lea/ likely to incur dang] 9 acc\nt+ = 8 s]vice1 :e!r he be call$ to acc\nt 9 ?is _w or 9 ! next4 ,b y h ask$ :at cu/oms y %\ld obs]ve if y 7 b\nd to a royal s]vice1 & on t po9t ,i c v well in=m y4 ,?is %\ld be ! fir/ pr9ciple ( all y\r conduct1 nev] to let y\r he>t be want+ 9 rev]5ce & fe> ( ,god1 to love him above ev]y?+ else1 & next to him to love righte\sness4 ,tra9 y\rself to be fair1 upright1 & temp]ate 9 all ?+s4 ,always keep 9 m9d ! day ( dea? & gu>d c>efully aga9/ vices4 ,rememb] t _m a man lives b a brief "t1 :ile 8 de$s live long aft] him2 & x is ( great importance :at is rememb]$ ab\t him4 ,"s h rea*$ fame ?r\gh good de$s1 & ^! always live aft] !m1 = "o's honor lives =ev]1 ?\gh ! man himself be dead4 ,"s w9 fame by evil de$s & ^! m51 ?\gh !y be dead1 be> a burd5 ( la/+ disgrace :5 _! de$s are recall$2 _! k9sm51 too1 & all _! desc5dants aft] _! days h to be> ! same di%onor4 ,^?1 h[ev]1 are mo/ num]\s :o drop away l cattle & are rememb]$ nei!r = good nor = evil2 b y %all "k ( a tru? t su* is surely n ! purpose ( mank9d2 = all o!r creatures 7 made = ! pleasure & subsi/5ce ( man1 :ile man 0 creat$ to enjoy ! glories ( bo? ?is & ! o!r _w1 if he is to realize ! purpose ( 8 creation4 ,e "o1 !re=e1 :ile he /ill lives1 %\ld /rive to leave a few su* de$s aft] him z w cause him to be rememb]$ ) favor aft] he has dep>t$ ?is life4 ,b ?is is above all ! duty ( k+s & o!r mighty *iefs & ( all ^? :o seek _! society & ent] _! s]vice2 = aft] t a man is no long] look$ ^u z a *url1 b is honor$ z a gov]nor or a *ief2 & ?us he ought to be honor$1 if he /rives to obs]ve ! cu/oms t are becom+ to himself & 8 dignity4 ,take he$ le/ y vacillate 9 fri5d%ip among sev]al *iefs1 z fickle m5 d2 = no "o :o acts ?us c be firm 9 purpose4 ,love y\r "l highly & )\t guile z long z y /ay 9 8 s]vice1 & nev] seek ! society or ! confid5ce ( 8 enemies1 if y wi% to rema9 a man ( honor4 ,above y\r "l y mu/ love ,god alone1 b no o!r man4 ,^! are ! ?+s t y mu/ especially avoid1 le/ !y br+ y an evil "n3 p]jury & false te/imony1 bro!ls1 dr9k+ b\ts1 except 9 ! k+'s h\se or 9 dec5t ga!r+s1 ca/+ dice = silv]1 lu/ aft] bribes1 & all o!r evil covet\sness2 = ^! ?+s are a great disgrace to e k+sman 9 ?is _w & 8 s\l w be 9 p]il 9 ! o!r _w1 if he is f\nd guilty ( su* vices4 ,nev] get drunk1 :]ev] y are2 = x may fall out at any "t t y w be summon$ to he> a dispute or to sup]vise some?+1 or t y w h important bus9ess ( y\r own to look aft]4 ,n[ if su* dem&s %\ld come to a man :ile he is drunk1 he w be f\nd :olly incompet5t2 :]e=e drunk5ness %\ld be avoid$ by ev]yone1 & mo/ ( all by k+sm5 & o!rs :o wi% to be reput$ z wor?y m51 = su* are mo/ frequ5tly call$ to he> suits at law & to o!r important duties4 ,moreov]1 !y ought to set good examples = all1 z "s may wi% to le>n decorum f _! behavior4 ,if y are a k+sman y mu/ obs]ve ! same prud5ce 9 y\r address & habits1 & d n =get ?is4 ,y %\ld frequ5tly be se5 9 y\r "l's pres5ce4 ,e>ly 9 ! morn+ y mu/ escort him to *ur*1 if he obs]ves t cu/om1 z by "r he ought to d2 li/5 att5tively to ! s]vice :ile y are 9 ! *ur*1 & call dev\tly ^u ,god = m]cy4 ,:5 ! k+ leaves ! *ur*1 jo9 him at once & keep suffici5tly ne> him to be 9 sight1 s t he may be able to call y = any purpose1 if he %\ld wi% to d s4 ,b d n keep s close to him z to make him feel annoy$ by y\r pres5ce1 :5 he wi%es to speak ) m5 :om he has call$ to conv]se ) him1 or to discuss su* matt]s z he wi%es to keep secret4 ,nev] %[ an int]e/ 9 ^? affairs :i* y see t y\r "l wi%es to keep to himself1 unless he summons y to %>e k ) him4 ,b if any?+ %\ld come up t y\r "l confides to y b wi%es to h kept secret1 keep x c>efully 9 discreet sil5ce2 d n babble ab\t su* affairs z %\ld be hidd5 9 y\r fidelity4 ,y mu/ also make a habit ( go+ to ! royal ap>tm5ts e>ly 9 ! morn+ be=e ! k+ has aris52 b be sure to come c>efully wa%$ & ba!d & we>+ y\r be/ raim5t2 & wait ne> ! k+'s *amb] until he has aris54 ,g into ! k+'s *amb] if he calls y1 b at no o!r "t2 b :]ev] x is t ! k+ summons y1 y mu/ come into 8 pres5ce )\t y\r mantle4 ,if x is e>ly 9 ! morn+ & y h n se5 him be=e1 wi% him a good day 9 ! words t ,i h already taught y2 b approa* only s ne> z to leave him suffici5t room to conf] ) ! m5 :o are ne>e/ to him1 & rema9 /&+ !re4 ,b if he calls y to come ne>]1 wi%+ to speak ) y 9 private1 !n kneel be=e him b only s ne> t y c readily he> 8 words2 & come )\t y\r mantle4 ,h[ev]1 if he invites y to be seat$1 y may put on y\r cloak1 if y l1 & be seat$ :]e he indicates4 ,n[ :5 x happ5s t ! k+ goes out to seek div]sion1 :e!r x be 9 t[n or 9 ! c\ntry1 or :]ev] he is soj\rn+1 & y & y\r comrades accompany him1 ! ret9ue looks be/1 :e!r y are arm$ or n1 if y walk 9 equal numb]s on ei!r side ( ! k+1 ?\gh nev] 9 compact gr\ps4 ,:]ev] y g he %\ld walk 9 y\r mid/1 & y & y\r companions %\ld be arrang$ 9 equal numb]s be=e & beh9d him & on ei!r side4 ,b none ( y mu/ walk s ne> ! k+ t he has n suffici5t space to conv]se ) ^? :om he summons to him1 :e!r he wi%es to speak ) !m op5ly or 9 private4 ,& ev5 ?\gh he call no "o to h spee* ) him1 keep ! ord] su* t !re is pl5ty ( space ar\nd him on all sides4 ,b :5 ! k+ rides out = amusem5t & y & y\r comrades accompany him1 arrange ! ord] ( rid+ 9 ! way t ,i h sugge/$ ab\t y\r walk+2 only keep at a great] di/ance1 s t no dirt c spla% f y\r horses ^u ! k+1 ev5 ?\gh y ride q rapidly4 ,if ! k+ %\ld call y by "n1 be c>eful n to answ] by 8,eh80 or 8,hm80 or 8,:at80 b r speak 9 ?is wise3 8,yes1 my "l1 ,i am glad to li/560 ,also take good he$ n to ru% away e>ly 9 ! morn+ to eat & dr9k ) gre$y & unmann]ly m54 ,wait1 z cu/om dem&s1 till ! k+'s meal "t1 & take y\r seat at ! royal tables1 :5ev] y are pres5t at c\rt4 ,b :5 ! k+ sits d[n to eat ) 8 hirdm51 ^! ought all to obs]ve good mann]s & dec5t ord]1 & ! "o %\ld nev] run 9 ahead ( ! o!r l an ill-br$ man2 b ea* ought to "k 8 "r place & table companion2 & ! m5 %\ld sit at ! table 9 ! same ord] z :5 !y are out walk+4 ,! m5 %\ld g by twos1 ^? :o sit toge!r1 to lave _! h&s1 :e!r ! wa%+ is done )9 ! hall or )\t1 & !n to ! table1 ea* 9 ! ord] & to ! seat t he kn[s 0 assign$ to him 9 ! beg9n+4 ,! hirdm5 ought to speak 9 a l[ tone at ! table s t n a s+le ^w w be he>d by ^? :o sit on ei!r side ( ! two :o wi% to conv]se2 let ea* "o speak to 8 p>tn] s s(tly t none %all he> b ^? :o are conv]s+2 !n !re w be good deportm5t & quiet 9 ! k+'s hall4 ,y may1 h[ev]1 p>take freely & quickly ( bo? ! food & ! dr9k on ! table accord+ to y\r ne$s )\t suff]+ any discr$it to y\r mann]s2 b always take good he$ n to get drunk4 ,y %\ld ca/ frequ5t glances t[>d ! k+'s seat to see h[ 8 s]vice is go+ =w>d1 & always note c>efully :5 ! k+ raises ! beak] to 8 lips1 = y mu/ n eat :ile he is dr9k+4 ,if y h a cup 9 y\r h&1 set x d[n & d n dr9k j !n4 ,y mu/ %[ ! que5 ev]y:]e ! same honor z y %[ ! k+ accord+ z ,i h told y4 ,& if ! k+ has a gue/ at 8 table :o ought to be %[n ! same def]5ce1 :e!r he be a k+1 an e>l1 an ar*bi%op1 or a bi%op1 y %\ld obs]ve ^! same cu/oms :i* ,i h j taught y4 ,h[ev]1 if ! numb] ( di/+ui%$ p at ! royal table %\ld be l>ge1 y ne$ n obs]ve ?is cu/om z to dr9k+ unless y wi%1 except :5 ! k+ or ! que5 dr9ks1 or :5 !re is ano!r k+ at ! table ) !m4 ,n[ if ! k+'s hirdm5 happ5 to be seat$ toge!r 9 ! royal hall b ) no tables be=e !m & c]ta9 lords come 9 :om ! k+ is pleas$ to receive ) honor1 x is ! duty ( all m5 to rise be=e !m j z be=e _! own lords & to give !m su* cordial greet+s z !y "k t ! k+ desires4 ,b ?is is an honor :i* e k+sman owes to 8 fell[s3 :5 "o :o has be5 abs5t comes 9 & walks t[>d ! seat :]e he has 8 prop] place & position1 ! two :o sit ne>e/ to him on ei!r side %\ld rise1 receive him 9 a fri5dly mann]1 & bid him welcome among !m4 ,:]ev] ! k+sm5 are mu* 9 ! eyes ( o!r m51 :e!r !y sit toge!r at a fea/1 or walk 9 ! k+'s escort1 or g out toge!r to make m]ry1 !y ought always to speak 9 r l[ tones1 to be prop] 9 _! actions & elegant 9 _! spee*1 & to avoid all indec5t talk4 ,all ^! rules :i* ,i h n[ rec\nt$ mu/ be le>n$ & obs]v$ by all k+sm5 :o wi% to be kn[n = good bre$+4 ,b no matt] h[ o!rs behave1 be sure t y obs]ve c>efully all t ,i h taught y1 & be will+ to tea* o!rs :o may wi% to le>n f y4 ,n[ if y\r comrades are plann+ to g f ! k+'s ap>tm5ts to "s dr9k+ b\t or o!r m]rymak+1 & y1 too1 h ! k+'s p]mission to seek div]sion1 y %\ld pref] ! =ms ( amusem5t :i* ,i %all n[ po9t out to y4 ,if y are soj\rn+ :]e horses may be ridd5 & y h y\r own horse1 put on heavy armor &1 m\nt+ y\r horse1 tra9 y\rself 9 ! art ( sitt+ on horseback 9 ! firme/ & mo/ h&some mann]4 ,tra9 y\rself to press ! foot firmly into ! /irrup2 keep y\r leg /iff & ! heel a little l[] ?an ! toes1 except :5 y h to gu>d aga9/ ?ru/s f ! front2 & practice sitt+ firmly ) ! ?ighs press$ close4 ,cov] y\r brea/ & limbs c>efully ) a curv$ %ield4 ,tra9 y\r left h& to grasp firmly ! bridle & ! grip ( ! %ield1 & y\r "r h& to direct ! spe>-?ru/ s t all y\r bodily /r5g? w support x4 ,tra9 y\r good /e$ to ve] ab\t :5 9 full gallop2 keep him clean & 9 good condition2 keep him %od firmly & well1 & provide him ) a /rong & h&some h>ness4 ,b if y are 9 a bor\gh or "s su* place :]e horses _c be us$ = recreation1 y %\ld take up ?is =m ( amusem5t3 g to y\r *amb]s & put on heavy armor2 next look up "s fell[ h5*man 7he may be a native or an ali57 :o likes to drill ) y & :om y "k to be well tra9$ to fight beh9d a %ield or a buckl]4 ,always br+ heavy armor to ?is ex]cise1 ei!r *a9 mail or a ?ick gambison1#bdh & c>ry a heavy sword & a weighty %ield or buckl] 9 y\r h&4 ,9 ?is game y %\ld /rive to le>n suitable ?ru/s & su* c\nt]/rokes z are good1 necess>y1 & conv5i5t4 ,le>n precisely h[ to cov] y\rself ) ! %ield1 s t y may be able to gu>d well :5 y h to deal ) a foeman4 ,if y feel t x is important to be well tra9$ 9 ^! activities1 g ?r\gh ! ex]cise twice a day1 if x is conv5i5t2 b let no day pass1 except holidays1 )\t practic+ ?is drill at lea/ once2 = x is c\nt$ prop] = all k+sm5 to ma/] ?is art &1 moreov]1 x mu/ be ma/]$ if x is to be ( s]vice4 ,if ! drill tires y & makes y ?ir/y1 dr9k a little n[ & !n1 en\gh to qu5* y\r ?ir/2 b :ile ! game is on1 be c>eful n to dr9k till y are drunk or ev5 m]ry4 ,footnote #bdh3 ,! gambison 7panz>i7 0 a =m ( def5sive armor made ( clo? padd$ & quilt$4 ,x is describ$ on page #bag z be+ made 8( s(t l95 ?or\ghly black5$40 ,usually x 0 worn "u ! coat ( mail1 b x c\ld also be worn outside4 ,see ,annal] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #gd ff4 7,blom472 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aha-ahb4 ,if y %\ld l to try a v>iety ( drills & pa/imes1 !re are c]ta9 sports t "o c take up out ( doors1 if t is ?\ght m div]t+4 ,= "o ?+1 y may h a pole prep>$1 some:at heavi] ?an a spe> %aft1 & put up a m>k "s di/ance away = a t>get2 ) ^! y c det]m9e h[ f> & h[ accurately y c ?r[ a spe> & d x effectively4 ,x is also c\nt$ r>e sport & pa/ime to take "o's b[ & g ) o!r m5 to practice ar*]y4 ,ano!r pleasant & useful div]sion is to practice ?r[+ ) a sl+ bo? = di/ance & = accuracy1 & ) a /aff sl+#bdi z well z ) a h& sl+1 & to practice ?r[+ /one missiles4 ,=m]ly ! cu/om 0 = all :o wi%$ to become exp]t 9 su* arts & ?or\ghly pr(ici5t 9 w> & *ivalry to tra9 bo? h&s alike to ! use ( weapons4 ,/rive aft] ! same skill1 if y f9d y\rself gift$ = x1 inasmu* z ^? :o are tra9$ 9 t way are ! mo/ p]fect 9 ^! activities & ! mo/ dang]\s to _! enemies4 ,footnote #bdi3 ,! /aff sl+ 0 a sl+ fa/5$ to ! end ( a /ick2 x 0 an e>li] =m :i* 0 n us$ mu* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,y %\ld abhor & avoid manslay+ 9 e =m except z a lawful puni%m5t or 9 common w>f>e4 ,b 9 ord9>y w>f>e on ! lawful comm& ( y\r *ief1 y ne$ to %un manslay+ no m ?an any o!r de$ :i* y "k to be "r & good4 ,%[ c\rage & brav]y 9 battle2 fight ) prop] & effective bl[s1 su* z y h already le>n$1 z if 9 ! be/ ( humor1 ?\gh fill$ ) noble wra?4 ,nev] fight ) feign$ /rokes1 ne$less ?ru/s1 or unc]ta9 %ots l a fright5$ man4 ,he$ ^! ?+s well t y may be able to mat* y\r oppon5t's skill 9 fight+4 ,be resolute 9 combat b n hot-head$ & lea/ ( all boa/ful4 ,always rememb] t !re may be ^? :o c give good te/imony 9 y\r behalf2 b nev] praise y\r own de$s1 le/ aft] a "t x %\ld come to pass t y are pursu$ = ! slaught] ( m5 ^: dea? is rat$ a great loss & ! rev5ge is direct$ t[>d y by y\r own words4 ,if y are fight+ on foot 9 a l& battle & are plac$ at ! po9t ( a w$ge-%ap$ column1#bej x is v important to wat* ! clos$ %ield l9e 9 ! fir/ onset1 le/ x become dis>rang$ or brok54 ,take he$ nev] to b9d ! front edge ( y\r %ield "u t ( ano!r4#bea ,y mu/ also be specially c>eful1 :5 9 ! battle l9e1 nev] to ?r[ y\r spe>1 unless y h two1 = 9 battle array on l& "o spe> is m effective ?an two swords4 ,b if ! fight is on %ipbo>d1 select two spe>s :i* are n to be ?r[n1 "o ) a %aft long en\gh to rea* easily f %ip to %ip & "o ) a %ort] %aft1 :i* y w f9d p>ticul>ly s]viceable :5 y try to bo>d ! enemy's %ip4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( d>ts %\ld be kept on %ips1 bo? heavy javel9s & light] ones4 ,try to /rike y\r oppon5t's %ield ) a heavy javel91 & if ! %ield glides aside1 attack him ) a light javel91 unless y are able to rea* him ) a long-%aft$ spe>4 ,fight on sea z on l& ) an ev5 temp] & ) prop] /rokes only2 & nev] wa/e y\r weapons by hurl+ !m to no purpose4 ,footnote #bej3 ,! w$ge-%ap$ column 7svnfylk+1 p]haps s nam$ f a fanci$ resemblance to a bo>'s head7 0 a common =m ( battle array among ! ,nor!rn peoples z well z among ! e>ly ,g]mans g5]ally4 ,footnote #bea3 ,z ! %ield 0 born on ! left arm1 ! front edge w\ld be ! "r edge4 ,weapons ( _m sorts may be us$ to advantage on %ipbo>d1 :i* "o has no occasion to use on l&1 except 9 a =tress or ca/le4 ,longh&l$ scy!s#beb & long-%aft$ broadaxes1#bec 8w>-beams0 & /aff sl+s1 d>ts1#bed & missiles ( e sort are s]viceable on %ips4 ,crossb[s & longb[s are useful z well z all o!r =ms ( %oot+ weapons2 b coal & sulphur#bee are1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ effective munitions ( all t ,i h nam$4 ,caltrops#bef ca/ 9 lead & good halb]ds#beg are also effective weapons on %ipbo>d4 ,a t[] jo9$ to ! ma/#beh w be s]viceable along ) ^! & _m o!r def5ses1 z is also a beam clov5 into f\r p>ts & set ) prongs ( h>d /eel1#bei :i* is drawn up aga9/ ! ma/4 ,a 8pr[-bo>0#bfj ) an ironclad sn\t is also useful 9 naval battles4 ,b x is well = m5 to be c>efully tra9$ 9 h&l+ ^! be=e !y h to use !m2 = "o kn[s nei!r ! "t nor ! h\r :5 he %all h to make use ( any p>ticul> k9d ( weapons4 ,b take good he$ to collect z _m types ( weapons z possible1 :ile y /ill h no ne$ ( !m2 = x is always a di/9ction to h good weapons1 &1 fur!rmore1 !y are a good possession 9 times ( necessity :5 "o has to use !m4 ,= a %ip's def5se ! foll[+ arrangem5t is necess>y3 x %\ld be =tifi$ /rongly ) beams & logs built up into a high ramp>t1 ?r\gh :i* !re %\ld be f\r op5+s1 ea* s l>ge & wide t "o or two m5 9 full armor c leap ?r\gh !m2 b outside & along ! ramp>t on bo? sides ( ! %ip !re %\ld be laid a level walk ( planks to /& ^u4#bfa ,?is brea/work mu/ be firmly & c>efully brac$ s t x _c be %ak5 ?\gh "o leaps viol5tly ^u x4 ,wide %ields & *a9 mail ( e sort are good def5sive weapons on %ipbo>d2 ! *ief protection1 h[ev]1 is ! gambison made ( s(t l95 ?or\ghly black5$1 good helmets1 & l[ caps ( /eel4 ,!re are _m o!r weapons t c be us$ 9 naval fights1 b x seems ne$less to discuss m ?an ^? :i* ,i h n[ enum]at$4 ,footnote #beb3 ,^! scy!s 7 app>5tly us$ to cat* & hold ! ho/ile %ips & p]haps also to cut ! ropes on ! %ip4 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #chh4 ,footnote #bec3 ,! broadax 7skeggx7 _h ! blade ext5d$ backw>d some:at l t ( a halb]d1 ?\gh 9 ! latt] case ! ext5sion 0 usually =w>d4 ,see ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #ajh-aaj4 ,footnote #bed3 ,skeptifletta3 a d>t ( "s sort ) a cord atta*$4 ,footnote #bee3 ,coal & sulphur seem to h be5 us$ *iefly to fire ! enemy's %ip4 ,footnote #bef3 ,caltrops 7 in/rum5ts provid$ ) iron prongs & 7 usually scatt]$ :]e ! enemy's horsem5 7 likely to pass1 9 ! hope ( maim+ ! horses4 ,x is evid5t t !y 7 also us$ 9 naval w>f>e1 ! purpose be+ to maim ! m5 on ! enemy's deck4 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #cib4 ,footnote #beg3 ,atgeirr4 ,! translation is d\btful1 b x seems cle> t "s k9d ( spe> useful = /rik+ z well z = ?ru/+ is meant4 ,see ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #ha-hb4 ,footnote #beh3 ,probably "s sort ( a cage plac$ at ! top or ne> ! top ( ! ma/ f :i* m5 ) b[s & sl+s c\ld fight to bett] advantage4 ,see ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahgb1 #bdb2 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aig4 ,footnote #bei3 ,only "o end ( ! beam 0 clov5 9 ?is way4 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #cid-cie4 ,! beam 0 app>5tly fa/5$ to ! ma/ & us$ to cru% ! sides ( ! enemy's %ip 9 mu* ! same way z ! ram 0 us$ aga9/ a ca/le wall4 ,see ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aii4 ,footnote #bfj3 ,! pr[-bo> 7rrgoltr7 0 n a beak b app>5tly "s device fa/5$ to ! pr[ :i* s]v$ mu* ! same purpose1 namely to run d[n & s9k an oppos+ %ip4 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #cie-cif2 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aih-aii4 ,footnote #bfa3 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #cig-cii2 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aif4 ,?is ramp>t 0 built ( logs & planks & rais$ on ! gunwales4 ,sometimes x seems to h be5 plac$ along ! entire l5g? ( ! %ip1 b (t51 p]haps1 only :]e ! %ip 0 l[e/4 ,inside x 0 brac$ ) /rong beams4 ,! plank walk on ! outside project$ ov] ! edge ( ! %ip & 0 no d\bt 9 "p int5d$ to make x difficult = ! enemy to bo>d x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxviii ,,weapons ,,= ,,(f5se ,,& ,,def5se ,son4 ,s9ce we n[ h be=e u a discussion :i* tea*es *iefly h[ a man mu/ prep>e himself to meet 8 enemies 9 attack & def5se1 x seems to me t x w\ld be well to say some?+ ab\t h[ "o has to fight on l&1 on horse or on foot1 & 9 attack+ & def5d+ ca/les4 ,!re=e1 if y feel dispos$ to say any?+ ab\t su* matt]s1 ,i %all be glad to li/54 ,fa!r4 ,! man :o is to fight on horseback ne$s to make sure1 z we h already /at$1 t he is ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 all ! arts ( m\nt$ w>f>e4 ,= 8 horse he w ne$ to provide ?is equipm5t3#bfb he mu/ keep him c>efully & firmly %od2 he mu/ also make sure t ! saddle is /rong1 made ) high b[s1 & provid$ ) /rong gir?s & o!r saddlege>1 includ+ a durable surc+le across ! middle & a brea/ /rap 9 front4#bfc ,! horse %\ld be protect$ 9 su* a way bo? 9 front ( ! saddle & beh9d x t he w n be expos$ to weapons1 spe>-?ru/ or /roke1 or any o!r =m ( attack4 ,he %\ld also h a good %abrack#bfd made l a gambison ( s(t & ?or\ghly black5$ l95 clo?1 = ?is is a good protection aga9/ all k9ds ( weapons4 ,x may be decorat$ z "o likes1 & ov] ! %abrack !re %\ld be a good h>ness ( mail4 ,) ?is equipm5t e "p ( ! horse %\ld be cov]$1 head1 lo9s1 brea/1 belly1 & ! entire bea/1 s t no man1 ev5 if on foot1 %all be able to rea* him ) deadly weapons4 ,! horse %\ld h a /rong bridle1 "o t c be gripp$ firmly & us$ to re9 him 9 or ?r[ him :5 necess>y4 ,ov] ! bridle & ab\t ! entire head ( ! horse & ar\nd ! neck back to ! saddle1 !re %\ld be a h>ness made l a gambison ( firm l95 clo?1 s t no man %all be able to take away ! bridle or ! horse by /eal?4#bfe ,footnote #bfb3 ,on ! equipm5t ( ! horse 9 m$ieval w>f>e1 see ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #ij-ig4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! saddle 0 made ) high b[s be=e & beh9d s z to provide a firm] seat = ! rid]4 ,! surc+le 0 a gir? drawn ov] ! saddle2 ! brea/ /rap s]v$ to keep ! saddle f slipp+ backw>ds4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ia4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,kov]tur1 f m$ieval ,fr5* c\v]ture4 ,b ! c\v]ture 0 n a cov]+ worn und]nea? ! mail2 x 0 probably ! mail itself or an out] cov]+ = ! horse4 ,see ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aia4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,falk believes t ?is description is 9 "s respects inaccurate4 ,no su* elaborate equipm5t c\ld h be5 us$ 9 ! ,nor? :]e cavalry 0 n an important "p ( ! ho/ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,he also d\bts t an equipm5t j l ! "o describ$ 0 9 use any:]e 9 ,europe at ! "t4 ,ibid41 #aij-aia4 ,! m$ieval c\v]ture 0 n plac$ b5ea? ! cov]+ ( mail z ! ,speculum ,regale /ates2 & ,falk c see no reason :y a gambison plac$ b5ea? ! mail %\ld be ornam5t$4 ,x seems cle> t ! au?or is some:at confus$ z to ^! v>i\s cov]+s4 ,! rid] himself %\ld be equipp$ 9 ?is wise3 he %\ld we> good s(t bree*es made ( s(t & ?or\ghly black5$ l95 clo?1 :i* %\ld rea* up to ! belt2 outside ^!1 good mail hose#bff :i* %\ld come up high en\gh to be gird$ on ) a d\ble /rap2 ov] ^! he mu/ h good tr\s]s made ( l95 clo? ( ! sort t ,i h already describ$2 f9ally1 ov] ^! he %\ld h good kneepieces made ( ?ick iron & rivets h>d z /eel4#bfg ,above & next to ! body he %\ld we> a s(t gambison1 :i* ne$ n come l[] ?an to ! middle ( ! ?igh4 ,ov] ?is he mu/ h a /rong brea/plate#bfh made ( good iron cov]+ ! body f ! nipples to ! tr\s]s belt2 outside ?is1 a well-made haub]k & ov] ! haub]k a firm gambison made 9 ! mann] :i* ,i h already describ$ b )\t sleeves4 ,he mu/ h a dirk#bfi & two swords1 "o gird$ on & ano!r hang+ f ! pommel ( ! saddle4 ,on 8 head he mu/ h a dep5dable helmet made ( good /eel & provid$ ) a visor4#bgj ,he mu/ also h a /rong1 ?ick %ield fa/5$ to a durable %\ld] belt &1 9 addition1 a good %>p spe> ) a firm %aft & po9t$ ) f9e /eel4 ,n[ x seems ne$less to speak fur!r ab\t ! equipm5t ( m5 :o fight on horseback2 !re are1 h[ev]1 o!r weapons :i* a m\nt$ w>rior may use1 if he wi%es2 among ^! are ! 8horn b[0#bga & ! weak] crossb[1 :i* a man c easily draw ev5 :5 on horseback1 & c]ta9 o!r weapons1 too1 if he %\ld want !m4 ,footnote #bff3 ,! mail hose 7 made ( *a9 mail4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #gc-gd4 ,footnote #bfg3 ,! kneepieces1 or g5\illres 7 pieces ( armor worn to protect ! knees4 ,footnote #bfh3 ,blom ?9ks t ! brea/plate 0 a new ?+ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 7ibid41 #gf71 b ,falk believes t x 0 us$ q g5]ally 7,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #ahb74 ,footnote #bfi3 ,! dirk 7brynknifr7 0 probably a poni>d-l weapon us$ to pi]ce ! *a9 mail at ! jo9ts4 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #abd4 ,footnote #bgj3 ,! helmet ) ! visor appe>s 9 ! illu/rations ( ! clos+ ye>s ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ! e>li] helmet 0 a /eel cap ) a nose gu>d4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #hc-hd4 ,footnote #bga3 ,little seems to be kn[n ab\t ! hornb[4 ,capta9 ,blom f9ds x m5tion$ 9 ! ,lat9 s\rces z bali/a cornea or bali/a cum cornu4 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #ajj-aja4 ,falk believes t x 0 a b[ :i* 0 re9=c$ on ! inn] side ) horn4 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #ia-ib4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xxxix ,,milit>y ,,eng9es ,son4 ,inasmu* z y seem to ?9k t y h describ$ mo/ ( ! weapons :i* are conv5i5t to h 9 naval w>f>e or 9 fight+ on horseback1 ,i w n[ ask y to say some?+ ab\t ^? :i* y ?9k are mo/ effective 9 besieg+ or def5d+ ca/les4 ,fa!r4 ,all ! weapons t we h j discuss$ z useful on %ips or on horseback c also be us$ 9 attack+ & def5d+ ca/les2 b !re are _m o!r k9ds4 ,if "o is to attack a ca/le ) ! weapons :i* ,i h enum]at$1 he w also h ne$ ( trebuckets3#bgb a few p[]ful ones ) :i* to ?r[ l>ge rocks aga9/ /one walls to det]m9e :e!r !y are able to resi/ su* viol5t bl[s1 & weak] trebuckets = ?r[+ missiles ov] ! walls to demoli% ! h\ses )9 ! ca/le4 ,b if "o is unable to break d[n or %att] a /one wall ) trebuckets1 he w h to try ano!r eng9e1 namely ! iron-head$ ram1#bgc = v few /one walls c )/& its attack4 ,if ?is eng9e fails to batt] d[n or %ake ! wall1 x may be advisable to set ! cat#bgd to "w4 ,a t[] rais$ on :eels#bge is useful 9 besieg+ ca/les1 if x is con/ruct$ s t x rises above ! wall :i* is to be /orm$1 ev5 ?\gh ! diff]5ce 9 height be only sev5 ells2 b ! high] x is1 ! m effective x w be 9 attack+ ano!r t[]4 ,scal+ ladd]s on :eels :i* may be mov$ backw>d & =w>d are also useful = ?is purpose1 if !y are bo>d$ up und]nea? & h good ropes on bo? sides4 ,& we may say briefly ab\t ?is craft1 t 9 besieg+ ca/les use w be f\nd = all sorts ( milit>y eng9es4 ,b :oev] wi%es to jo9 9 ?is mu/ be sure t he kn[s precisely ev5 to ! v h\r :5 he %all h ne$ = ea* device4 ,footnote #bgb3 ,! trebucket 7,fr5* trbu*et7 0 a siege eng9e :i* came into use 9 ! twelf? c5tury2 x 0 work$ by c\nt]poises4 ,= a description see ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #adc-add2 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #ajc-ajd2 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aic-aid4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,! ram 0 a massive beam us$ to batt] d[n walls2 x 0 an inh]itance f antiquity & 0 mu* 9 use4 ,see ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #acb2 ,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #ajd2 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aih4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,grafsv94 ,falk translates ?is ) 8badg]0 & seems to believe t x 0 a %elt] on :eels "u :i* ! attack]s might "w 9 comp>ative safety4 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aif4 ,x is m likely1 h[ev]1 t a 8cat0 is meant4 ,! cat 0 a long po9t$ pole us$ to loos5 ! /ones 9 a wall & ?us to make a brea*4 ,x is also call$ a 8s[0 & ! ,old ,norse t]m grafsv91 8digg+ bo>10 0 evid5tly an attempt to translate ! ,lat9 t]m scr(a or sus1 8hog0 or 8s[40 ,= a description ( ! cat1 see ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #acb4 ,footnote #bge3 ,on ! subject ( ! movable t[] see ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #acd-ace1 #edi4 ,^? :o h to def5d a ca/le may also make use ( ^! weapons :i* ,i h n[ enum]at$ & _m m3 trebuckets bo? l>ge & small1 h& sl+s & /aff sl+s4 ,!y w f9d crossb[s & o!r b[s1 too1 v effective1 z well z e o!r type ( %oot+ weapons1 su* z spe>s & javel9s bo? light & heavy4 ,b to resi/ ! trebuckets1 ! cat1 & ! eng9e call$ ! ram1 x is well to /r5g!n ! entire /one wall on ! inside ) l>ge oak5 timb]s2 ?\gh if e>? & clay are pl5tiful1 ^! mat]ials _h bett] be us$4 ,^? :o h to def5d ca/les are also 9 ! habit ( mak+ curta9s ( l>ge oak b\ghs1 ?ree or ev5 five deep1 to cov] ! entire wall2#bgf & ! curta9 %\ld be ?or\ghly pla/]$ ) good /icky clay4 ,to defeat ! attacks ( ! ram1 m5 h sometimes fill$ l>ge bags ) hay or /raw & l[]$ !m ) light iron *a9s 9 front ( ! ram :]e x s\ght to pi]ce ! wall4 ,x sometimes happ5s t ! %ots fall s rapidly ^u a =tress t ! def5d]s are unable to rema9 at ! battlem5ts2 x is !n advisable to hang out brattices made ( light planks & built high en\gh to rea* two ells above ! op5+s 9 ! p>apet & ?ree ells bel[ !m4 ,!y %\ld be wide en\gh to enable ! m5 to fight ) any sort ( weapons betwe5 ! p>apet & ! brattice wall1 & !y %\ld be hung f sl5d] beams 9 su* a way t !y may be readily drawn 9 & hung out aga9 lat]1 z "o may wi%4#bgg ,footnote #bgf3 ,^! curta9s 7 evid5tly plac$ on ! out] side ( ! wall4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,?is translation ( h5givigsk> is bas$ on ,blom's int]pretation 7,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #aje-ajf1 note74 ,! brattices 7 project+ gall]ies built along ! top ( ! wall & 7 9 use be=e x became cu/om>y to build /one p>apets4 ,cf4 ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #ecd4 ,! 8h$gehog0#bgh w be f\nd an effective device 9 def5d+ a ca/le4 ,x is made ( l>ge1 heavy beams arm$ along ! ridge ) a bru% ( po9t$ oak nails2 x is hung outside ! p>apet to be dropp$ on anyone :o comes too ne> ! wall4 ,turnpikes made ( l>ge heavy logs arm$ ) %>p tee? ( h>d oak may be rais$ on end ne> ! battlem5ts & kept ready to be dropp$ ^u ^? :o approa* ! ca/le4 ,ano!r good device is ! 8bri>10#bgi :i* is made ( good iron & has curv$ ?orns z h>d z /eel ) a b>b on e ?orn2 & ! *a91 f :i* x hangs1 z high up z a man c rea* mu/ be made ( spik$ l9ks1 s t x c be nei!r held nor hewn2 high] up any k9d ( rope t seems suitable may be us$1 only1 x mu/ be firm & /rong4 ,?is bri> is ?r[n d[n among ! enemy 9 ! hope ( cat*+ "o or m ( !m & !n x is pull$ up aga94 ,a 8runn+ :eel0#bhj is also a good weapon = ^? :o def5d ca/les3 x is made ( two mill/ones ) an axle ( t\gh oak jo9+ !m4 ,planks slop+ d[nw>d are laid out ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! wall2 ! :eel is roll$ out ^u ^! & !n d[n ^u ! enemy4 ,footnote #bgh3 ,! h$gehog 7ericius7 9 common use 0 a =m ( ! *eval de frise & 0 laid on ! e>? to imp$e a ho/ile advance4 ,i "k ( no o!r m5tion ( ! device 7igelkttr7 describ$ above4 ,footnote #bgi3 ,capta9 ,blom is dispos$ to look on ! brynklungr z an imag9>y device 7,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$1 #ahfg1 #ajf7 b ,falk f9ds t "s su* in/rum5t 0 9 use 9 ,italy z e>ly z ! t5? c5tury 7,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #aii-bjj74 ,footnote #bhj3 ,devices some:at simil> to ! 8runn+ :eel0 seem to h be5 us$ 9 m$ieval w>f>e1 b ( ?is p>ticul> =m no o!r m5tion has be5 f\nd4 ,see ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #bjj4 ,a 8%ot wagon0#bha is also a good device4 ,?is is made l any o!r wagon ) two or f\r :eels z "o likes & is int5d$ to c>ry a load ( /ones1 hot or cold z "o may pref]4 ,x mu/ also be provid$ ) two firm & /rong *a9s1 "o on ea* side1 :i* c be dep5d$ on to *eck ! wagon ev5 :]e x has a long track to run ^u4 ,x is meant to run on planks set ) a d[nw>d slope1 b "o mu/ be c>eful to keep ! :eels f skidd+ (f ! planks4 ,:5 ! *a9s *eck ! spe$1 ! wagon %oots its load out ^u ! m5 bel[4 ,! m unev5 ! /ones are1 "s l>ge & "s small1 ! m effective ! load w be4 ,canny m51 :o are set to def5d a wall & wi% to ?r[ rocks d[n ^u ! attack+ l9e or ^u ! p5?\se1 make ^! rocks ( clay ) pebbles1 sl+/ones1 & o!r h>d /ones plac$ inside4 ,! clay is burn$ h>d en\gh on ! outside to endure ! flight :ile ! load is be+ ?r[n2 b z soon z ! rocks fall !y break into fragm5ts & consequ5tly _c be hurl$ back aga94 ,to break d[n /one walls1 h[ev]1 l>ge1 h>d rocks are requir$4 ,simil>ly1 :5 "o hurls missiles f a /one =tress aga9/ an oppos+ wood5 t[] or ^u ! axletrees :i* support siege eng9es1 t[]s1 scal+ ladd]s1 cats1 or any o!r eng9e on :eels1 ! l>g] & h>d] ! rocks t are us$1 ! m effective !y w be4 ,footnote #bha3 ,ibid4 ,! 8%ot wagon0 is n m5tion$ else:]e4 ,boil+ wat]1 molt5 glass1 & molt5 lead are also useful 9 def5d+ walls4#bhb ,b if a cat or any o!r cov]$ eng9e :i* _c be damag$ by hot wat] is be+ pu%$ t[>d a ca/le1 x is a good plan1 if ! eng9e is l[] ?an ! walls1 to provide beams c>efully %od ) iron und]nea? & 9 addition arm$ ) l>ge1 %>p1 r$-hot pl[%>es4 ,^! are to be ?r[n d[n ^u ! wood5 eng9e 9 :i* ! pl[%>es are likely to /ick fa/1 :ile ! beams may be hoi/$ up aga94 ,?is attack %\ld be foll[$ up ) pit*1 sulphur1 or boil+ t>4#bhc ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ! ,sor edition1 #dbd-dbe1 :]e ! editor cites a numb] ( ref]5ces to ! use ( fire 9 def5sive w>f>e2 ^! are ne>ly all drawn f ! sagas4 ,footnote #bhc3 ,evid5tly ! purpose w\ld be to cru% ! eng9e ) ! beam1 to set x on fire ) ! hot pl[%>es1 & to put ! assailants to flight ) ! pit*1 sulphur1 or t>2 ^! w\ld also fe$ ! flames4 ,m9es dug 9 ! neighborhood ( a ca/le are also an excell5t protection2 ! deep] & n>r[] !y are1 ! bett] x is2 & :]e m5 are %ov+ m\nt$ eng9es t[>d ! walls1 x 7 well if !re 7 _m m9es4 ,all m9es %\ld h a numb] ( small op5+s1 :i* mu/ be cov]$ s z n to be visible on ! surface4 ,!y %\ld be fill$ ) fuel ( ! mo/ inflammable sort1 peat or any?+ else t burns readily4 ,:5 a ca/le is attack$ at night ei!r f wood5 t[]s or ) scal+ ladd]s or any o!r eng9e on :eels1 ! def5d]s %\ld /eal out & fire ! m9es4#bhd ,footnote #bhd3 ,on ! subject ( m9es see ,oman1 ,art ( ,w>1 #edi-eej4 ,n[ if x %\ld happ5 t ! enemy's /ones come ov] ! battlem5ts ) su* viol5ce t ! m5 _c rema9 9 ! op5 to def5d ! wall1 x is a good plan to set up /rong po/s cut f ?ick oak & to lay l>ge & t\gh cross beams ^u ^!1 !n to ro( ! :ole ov] ) firm oak timb]s1 & f9ally to cov] ! ro(+ ) a lay] ( e>? n less ?an ?ree or f\r ells 9 dep?1 ^u :i* ! rocks may be all[$ to drop4#bhe ,9 l mann] ! attack ( a wood5 t[] t is mov+ t[>d a ca/le may be foil$ by sett+ up /rong1 firm po/s ris+ consid]ably high] ?an ! attack+ t[]4 ,b a m effective contrivance ?an all ! eng9es t ,i h n[ describ$ is a /oop+ %ield-giant :i* brea!s =? flame & fire4#bhf ,& n[ we %all close our acc\nt ( ! eng9es t are useful 9 def5d+ ca/le walls ) ! rem9d] t e sort ( weapon ) :i* "o c %oot1 hurl1 hew1 or ?ru/1 & e k9d t c be us$ 9 attack or def5se may be br\ght into s]vice4 ,footnote #bhe3 ,! po/s 7 app>5tly plac$ on top ( ! wall1 ! purpose be+ to raise ! wall to a great] height z well z to furni% %elt] = ! def5d]s4 ,footnote #bhf3 ,! %ield-giant 0 probably a my?ical device2 b x is possible z has be5 sugge/$ t its fi]y brea? may ref] to ! use ( ,greek fire1 ) :i* ! ,norwegians became acqua9t$ dur+ ! crusades1 or ev5 to e>ly exp]im5ts ) gunp[d]4 ,falk1 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde1 #bjj-bja4 ,x is n kn[n :5 gunp[d] 0 inv5t$1 b ! e>lie/ kn[n =mula = mak+ x is f\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ,rog] ,bacon1 :o 0 a contempor>y ( ! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xl ,,! ,,prop] ,,mann]s ,,& ,,cu/oms ,,( ,a ,,royal ,,c\rt ,son4 ,s9ce y seem to ?9k t suffici5t has be5 said ab\t weapons bo? = attack & def5se1 h[ !y %\ld be made or built1 & on :at occasion ea* k9d %\ld be us$ 7& aft] y\r comm5ts ^! ?+s are v cle> to me71 ,i n[ wi% to ask :e!r !re may n be o!r subjects :i* y ?9k ought to be discuss$1 su* z p]ta9 to cu/oms t "o mu/ obs]ve 9 ! pres5ce ( great m5 or at royal c\rts4 ,fa!r4 ,!re /ill rema9 a numb] ( ?+s :i* a man %\ld n fail to he> discuss$ & to reflect ^u1 if he is to att5d on k+s or o!r magnates & wi%es to be rank$ among !m z a wor?y man4 ,b !re are ?ree ?+s 7:i* are1 h[ev]1 almo/ ! same 9 reality7 :i* "o mu/ obs]ve ) c>e3 !y are wisdom1 good bre$+1 & c\rtesy4 ,x is c\rtesy to be fri5dly1 humble1 ready to s]ve1 & elegant 9 spee*2 to "k h[ to behave prop]ly :ile conv]s+ or mak+ m]ry ) o!r m52 to "k precisely1 :5 a man is conv]s+ ) wom51 :e!r !y be "y or old] 9 ye>s1 ( g5tle or humble e/ate1 h[ to select su* expressions z are suit$ to _! rank & are z prop] = !m to he> z = him to use4 ,9 l mann] :5 "o speaks ) m51 :e!r !y be "y or old1 g5tle or humble1 x is well to "k h[ to employ fitt+ words & h[ to det]m9e :at expressions are prop] = ea* "o to take note (4 ,ev5 :5 m]e pleasantry is int5d$1 x is well to *oose fair & dec5t words4 ,x is also c\rtesy to "k h[ to discrim9ate 9 language1 :5 to use plural & :5 to use s+ul> =ms 9 address+ ! m5 ) :om "o is conv]s+2 to "k h[ to select "o's clo!s bo? z to color & o!r consid]ations2 & to "k :5 to /& or sit1 :5 to rise or kneel4 ,x is also c\rtesy to "k :5 a man ought to let 8 h&s drop g5tly & to keep !m quiet1 or :5 he ought to move !m ab\t 9 s]vice = himself or = o!rs2 to "k 9 :at direction to turn 8 face & brea/1 & h[ to turn 8 back & %\ld]s4 ,x is c\rtesy to "k precisely :5 he is free to we> 8 cloak1 hat1 or coif1 if he has "o1 & :5 ^! are n to be worn2 also to "k1 :5 at ! table1 :e!r good bre$+ dem&s t "o mu/ wat* ! great m5 p>take ( food1 or :e!r "o may eat & dr9k freely 9 any way t seems conv5i5t & prop]4 ,x is also c\rtesy to refra9 f sne]s & contemptu\s je/s1 to "k cle>ly :at *urli%ness is & to avoid x c>efully4 ,x is good bre$+ to be agreeable & nev] ob/9ate :5 "o is ) o!r m51 & to be mode/ 9 demeanor2 to walk a prop] gait :5 on foot & to wat* "o's limbs c>efully :]ev] "o goes to make sure t ea* w move correctly & yet 9 a natural way4 ,x is good bre$+1 too1 :5 "o /rolls ab\t 9 a city among /rang]s1 to keep sil5ce & use few words1 to %un turmoil & disgraceful tippl+1 to puni% !ft & robb]y & all o!r fooli% riot+4 ,x is also good bre$+ to avoid pr(anity1 curs+1 scold+1 & all o!r p]nici\s talk4 ,be c>eful also nev] to appe> z ! advocate ( /upid & di%one/ m5 & especially n to support !m 9 _! impud5ce1 b r to %[ hatr$ = wick$ness 9 e =m4 ,x is good bre$+ to %un *ess & dice1 bro!ls & p]jury1 false te/imony1 & o!r lascivi\sness or fil?y behavior4 ,x %[s good bre$+ to be cleanly 9 food & clo!s2 to take good c>e ( ! %ips1 horses1 weapons1 & build+s t "o may possess2 to be cauti\s & nev] ra% & to be undismay$ 9 times ( /ress2 nev] to be o/5tati\s1 dom9e]+1 or envi\s2 & to %un arrogance & affectation 9 e =m4 ,b ! *ief po9t 9 all conduct is to love ,god & holy *ur*1 to he> mass regul>ly1 to be dilig5t 9 div9e s]vice1 & to implore m]cy = oneself & all o!r ,*ri/ian p4 ,no "o c atta9 to all ^! virtues :i* we h n[ enum]at$ z belong+ to c\rtesy & good bre$+1 unless he is also end[$ ) wisdom4 ,^! gifts w accompany wisdom3 elegance 9 spee*1 eloqu5ce1 insight into prop] conduct1 & ability to discrim9ate betwe5 good mann]s & :at passes = su* 9 ! say+s ( fooli% m51 ?\gh !y are 9 fact bad mann]s4 ,x is also wisdom1 :5 "o is pres5t at ! law c\rt1 or "s o!r place :]e m5 congregate1 & he>s ! spee*es & ! suits ( m51 to be able to disc]n cle>ly :at suits or :at spee*es deliv]$ !re are bas$ on reason & :i* ones are m]ely glib palav] & s5seless v]bosity4 ,x is also wisdom to h a cle> appreciation1 :5 decrees are r5d]$ 9 ! disputes ( m51 ( h[ ^! are /at$1 s t n a ^w w be add$ or tak5 away1 if "o %\ld ne$ to "k !m at "s lat] "t4 ,x is also wisdom to keep fai?fully 9 m9d :at facts 7 discuss$ & :at agreem5ts 7 rea*$4 ,x is wisdom to "k ! law ?or\ghly1 to h cle> p]ceptions ( :at is actual law & :at is m]ely call$ law1 be+ no?+ b quibble & subt]fuge4 ,x is also wisdom1 if "o has a reque/ to make1 to be able to det]m9e :at he may ask = t w prove s]viceable & is prop] = ! o!r to grant2 also1 if "o meets a reque/1 to "k precisely :at he may grant ) propriety & 9 :at matt]s he mu/ be c>eful n to b9d himself or ^? :o come aft] him1 su* ?+s1 namely1 z may prove a disgrace to him r ?an a di/9ction4 ,f9ally1 x is wisdom n to be /rait-h&$ ab\t ?+s :i* "o may j z well dispose (1 le/ su* /9t or /+9ess br+ %ame ^u him4 ,!re is also great wisdom 9 mod]ation & righte\sness4 ,all =ms ( le>n+1 insight1 & good =esight :i* is necess>y to c\rtesy & good bre$+1 to /ew>d%ip1 gov]nm5t & ! en=cem5t ( law1--^!1 too1 are ak9 to wisdom4 ,& y w ne$ to le>n all ?is ?or\ghly1 if y wi% to be kn[n among k+s & *iefta9s z an e/imable man1 = all :o "k ^! ?+s are receiv$ ) favor among ! great4 ,fur!rmore1 ! lives ( m5 :o h ma/]$ ?is k may br+ great honor to !mselves & pr(it to _m o!rs4 ,b wisdom has _m =ms1 = x spr+s f roots :i* h _m bran*es4 ,& f ^! roots ( wisdom rises ! mightie/ ( all /ems1 :i* aga9 divides into l>ge b\ghs1 _m bran*es1 & a multitude ( twigs ( diff]5t sizes1 "s small & "s l>ge4 ,^! are lat] di/ribut$ among m5 9 su* a way t "s obta9 ! l>g] & "s ! small] ones1 & ^! ri*es h _! value accord+ z !y are lov$4 ,he :o is sure to appreciate ?is weal? & %>e x freely receives a l>ge am\nt2 = ! nature ( ?is possession is su* t x is mo/ attract$ to him :o loves x mo/ & uses x mo/ lib]ally4 ,& if m5 knew h[ to value & appreciate ^! ri*es prop]ly1 gold & silv] w\ld seem to !m l ru/1 clay1 or a%es1 :5 comp>$ ) ^! treasures4 ,b he :o wi%es to secure ?is weal? mu/ beg9 9 ?is way3 he mu/ fe> ,almighty ,god & love ,him above all ?+s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xli ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,x 0 cle>ly well-advis$ to cont9ue ?is inquiry1 = n[ ,i h gott5 bo? useful & precise in=mation2 & ?is spee* w surely help e man :o is at lea/ some:at intellig5t to m def9ite ideas ?an he _h be=e4 ,moreov]1 ^? :o h receiv$ only sl5d] w&s f ! b\ghs ( wisdom are m num]\s ?an ^? :o h receiv$ l>ge bran*es1 "s gett+ b ! t9ie/ twigs1 & "s a m]e leaf1 :ile ^? :o get no?+ mu/ inde$ be few4 ,!re=e ,i wi% to ask y to in/ruct me fur!r 9 ! art ( *oos+ & lay+ hold on ^? bran*es :i* may prove useful to myself & o!rs4 ,fa!r4 ,! virtues t ,i h j enum]at$ gr[ especially on ! b\ghs ( wisdom1 b !y ramify into a great _m good bran*es & twigs4 ,n[ ^! are ! bran*es :i* are mo/ useful3 a rational outlook1 a temp]ate m9d1 & ! capacity to det]m9e judici\sly :at "o owes to e o!r man4 ,if y are angry ) any man because ( a law suit or "s evil de$1 take c>eful ?\ght be=e seek+ rev5ge1 z to h[ important ! matt] really is & h[ great a retribution x is wor?4 ,:5 y he> ?+s 9 ! spee* ( o!r m5 :i* (f5d y mu*1 be sure to inve/igate ) reasonable c>e :e!r ! tales be true or false2 b if !y prove to be true & x is prop] = y to seek rev5ge1 take x ) reason & mod]ation & nev] :5 heat$ or irritat$4 ,ev5 ?\gh y he> tid+s :i* seem damag+ to y\rself or y\r bus9ess1 su* z loss ( prop]ty or m51 always be> x ) a calm & undaunt$ temp]4 ,let ! loss ( weal? seem lea/ to y1 = y mu/ be> 9 m9d t x is s9ful to wor%ip weal? or to love x too highly1 ev5 ?\gh x returns a man's love & comes abundantly into 8 keep+4 ,& to love weal? mu*1 :5 x seems incl9$ to turn away f a man & does n return 8 love1 is surely s9ful & w lead to grief4 ,rememb]1 too1 t all come de/itute into ! _w2 & our mode ( dep>ture f ?is life is su* t weal? _c foll[ u out ( ! _w4 ,nev]!less1 y mu/ take he$ t no?+ is lo/ ?r\gh y\r neglect or indiff]5ce4 ,& nev] grieve s deeply ov] a loss t y _c be hopeful & *e]ful z be=e4 ,if y suff] loss ( m51 be> t loss1 too1 ) a calm _s2 = rememb] t e man 9 dep>t+ ?is life fulfils a law 9 human nature1 inasmu* z no "o is creat$ to live =ev] 9 ?is _w4 ,let x grieve y m1 if an acqua9tance ( y\rs :o has n liv$ z he ought "h on e>?1 %\ld die 9 t /ate & leave ! _w 9 disgrace2 b mo/ ( all if y fe> t 8 s\l is 9 p]il2 = su* ?+s are r to be lam5t$ ?an t 9 dy+ he pays a debt to nature4 ,b if he liv$ uprightly :ile on e>? & made prop] provision = 8 s\l be=e he di$1 !n y may take com=t 9 ! good repute t lives aft] him1 & ev5 m 9 ! blissful happ9ess :i* y believe he w enjoy ) ,god 9 ! o!r _w4 ,9 ! same way y mu/ keep y\r _s calm & 9 good control :5 su* ev5ts come to pass z may seem pr(itable to y & /ir y\r he>t to joy & gladness1 :e!r x be ! dea? ( m5 :om y h hat$1 or o!r happ5+s 9 :i* y might seem to f9d pleasure4 ,b if y %\ld happ5 to he> ( ! dea? ( a man :om y c\nt$ an enemy & to :om y _h plann$ to d evil1 if opportunity %\ld be f\nd1 rejoice mu* m 9 t ,god has sav$ y f a ?reefold s9 ?an 9 ! dea? ( him :o has dep>t$4 ,= y %\ld be glad t ,god has prev5t$ y\r h&s f committ+ ! s9ful de$ t 0 9 y\r purpose1 & has reliev$ y\r m9d ( ! long-cont9u$ wra? & bitt]ness :i* y *]i%$ aga9/ y\r enemy :ile he liv$4 ,likewise1 if high honors & dignities %\ld come to y f a k+ or f o!r magnates1 x is important t y %\ld "k h[ to receive !m ) mode/y1 le/ :at befalls s _m an indiscreet man %\ld also happ5 to y4 ,= x is (t5 ! case t :5 "o :o is lack+ 9 good s5se receives any pref]m5t f great m51 he w rate himself s high 9 8 pride & av>ice t he c\nts no o!r man 8 equal4 ,b su* pret5sion leads to ! d[nfall ( ev]yone :o behaves 9 ?is way2 inasmu* z x is ,god's purpose to /rike d[n immod]ate pride ) sacr$ humility2 & ev]yone :o is too pr\d & gre$y 9 8 behavior w surely f9d ,god a con/ant oppon5t4 ,n[ if y %\ld be s =tunate z to receive pref]m5ts f a k+ or o!r pr9ces1 rememb] x is ,god's me?od & purpose1 by prompt+ !m 7= ,he holds ! m9ds & he>ts ( *iefs 9 ,8 h&71 to elevate su* m5 z ,he wi%es to honor & dignity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is also ! duty ( e man to assi/ all ^? :o h less /r5g? ?an he4 ,keep 9 m9d1 !n1 if ,god %\ld raise y up to any place ( honor1 t x mu/ be to ! pr(it ( all :o are less capable ?an y\rself1 except su* z hate morality & "r c\nsel2 to !m x %\ld be a h9drance = a j man to be giv5 p[] & au?ority4 ,if ,god gives y wisdom & cle> insight & y h also ! good =tune to be aw>d$ honors by great m51 !re are c]ta9 vices :i* y ne$ especially to gu>d aga9/3 arrogant self-e/eem1 av>ice t ye>ns = bribes1 & =getful neglect ( ! ne$s ( m5 :o are less capable ?an y\rself4 ,keep con/antly be=e y\r eyes z a w>n+ ! mis=tunes ( ^? :o h fall5 into disgrace because ( immod]ate pride4 ,also keep 9 m9d1 z a com=t+ hope1 ! c>e]s ( m5 :o h receiv$ con/ant honors because ( _! /eadfa/ ju/ice & humility4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlii ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,h[ ,,god ,,rew>ds ,,righte\sness1 ,,humility1 ,,& ,,fidelity1 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,examples ,,drawn ,,f ,,sacr$ ,,& ,,pr(ane ,,hi/ory ,son4 ,i see cle>ly t ,god creates m5 unequal 9 p[] & wisdom because ,he wi%es to see h[ ea* "o is go+ to use :at ,he has end[$ him )1 :e!r 9 high liv+ = ! glorification ( self1 or 9 b\ntiful k9dness t[>d ^? :o h ne$ ( him & h n receiv$ su* gifts f ,god4 ,& n[ ,i want to ask y to cite a few examples bo? ( m5 ^: good s5se & humility h br\ght !m honor & ( su* z h suff]$ de/ruction ?r\gh va9 pride4 ,fa!r4 ,!re h be5 s _m cases ( t sort1 t we %\ld h to ext5d our talk to a great l5g?1 if we 7 to m5tion all ^? ( ei!r class :i* we "k c\ld s]ve z examples to %[ h[ ^! ?+s h work$ out4 ,i %all !re=e "n a few only1 ?\gh "s ( ea* k9d1 = 9 t way a long disc\rse may be ! soon] f9i%$4 ,! foll[+ in/ances are anci5t & easily rememb]$4 ,:5 ,joseph 0 sold into ,egypt1#bhg a mighty "l b\ght him2 b aft] he _h pur*as$ him he f\nd t ,joseph 0 a discreet man1 & he pref]r$ & honor$ him above all 8 o!r s]vants1 n only above ^? :om he kept 9 bondage1 b ev5 above 8 freeborn k9sm52 & he gave into 8 h&s ! ov]sight ( 8 weal? & prop]ty1 h\se & home1 & all 8 welf>e4 ,b because ,joseph 0 a h&some man1 k9d & c\rte\s 9 behavior1 & s5sible 9 spee*1 he won ! love & fri5d%ip ( all :o knew him & 7 subject to ! same "l :o 0 ,joseph's ma/]4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,g5esis1 cc4 xxxix-xli4 ,! au?or treats ! ,biblical n>ratives ) great fre$om4 ,! wife ( ?is mighty man lov$ ,joseph m ?an 0 prop]1 & impell$ by evil desire1 %e s\ght to commit a vile s9 aga9/ h] husb&1 because ( ! love t %e bore = ,joseph2 & %e 0 n a%am$ 9 h] bold passion to intimate to him :at %e _h 9 m9d4 ,b :5 he le>n$ h] purpose1 he repli$ 9 ?is wise3 8,we _c deal ) ea* o!r z equals1 = y are my lady & ,i am y\r ?rall2 & x w\ld be a v great disgrace = y to submit y\rself to me & too bold & ra% 9 me to br+ su* di%onor ^u y4 ,b ev5 worse is ! unfai?fulness t[>d my "l :i* ,i %\ld be guilty (1 if ,i 7 to rew>d 8 k9dness 9 ?is way l a trea*]\s ?rall4 ,= he has tru/$ me1 8 s]vant1 s f> z to give all 8 weal? & ri*es into my h&s & keep+1 & ,i mu/ n deceive my lawful ma/] ) %ameful trea*]y1 unless ,i %\ld wi% to prove ! say+ 9 daily use t x is ill to h a ?rall z a *os5 fri5d40 ,b :5 ! woman saw t ,joseph 0 a good man & wi%$ to be fai?ful1 %e ?\ght x a %ame t he %\ld "k h] fai?lessness1 &1 prompt$ by enmity & n by ju/ice1 %e became anxi\s to "w 8 ru91 if possible4 ,s %e told h] husb& t ,joseph _h made an unseemly reque/ & add$ t x %[$ great audacity 9 a ?rall to make su* bold rem>ks to 8 lady4 ,%e 0 believ$ z a good wife1 & ,joseph 0 ca/ into prison /rongly fett]$ & heavily *a9$1 ! purpose be+ to let him end 8 days by rott+ alive because ( 8 pride & fai?lessness4 ,b :5 ,god1 ,:o always loves ju/ice & humility1 saw ! fai?fulness ( ,joseph :om ,he knew to be innoc5t1 ,he %ap$ ! outcome s t ,joseph pr(it$ by ! condemnation t he _h suff]$ ?\gh innoc5t4 ,= ,god sav$ him f prison "u su* circum/ances t he 0 elevat$ to f> great] prom95ce ?an be=e2 & ,god prompt$ ,k+ ,ph>aoh to make ,joseph ma/] & judge ( all ,egypt next to ! k+ himself2 & ?is (fice he held into 8 old age & z long z he liv$4 ,long aft] ?is & 9 ano!r place1 a some:at simil> exp]i5ce came to a fam\s k+1 :o rul$ ov] _m realms4 ,he 0 call$ by ?ree names1 because ! languages diff]$ 9 ! l&s t he rul$ ov]3 9 "o place he 0 call$ ,artax]xes2 9 ano!r place1 ,cyrus2 & "s tell u t to him ,god spoke ^! k9d words by ! m\? ( 8 prophet3 8,to m9e ano9t$1 to ,cyrus1 ^: "r h& ,i h hold5 to subdue nations be=e him2 & ,i w loose ! lo9s ( k+s10 etc4#bhh ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 ma9ta9 t x 0 ano!r ,cyrus :o is ref]r$ to 9 ?is scripture2 b we %all n discuss ?is any long]1 s9ce we _c be sure :e!r x 0 writt5 ab\t ?is ,cyrus or ano!r4 ,b 9 a ?ird place ! k+ 0 call$ ,ahasu]us4 ,& :]eas he himself 0 mighty & excell5t1 he also _h a weal?y wife nam$ ,va%ti1 :o 0 8 que54 ,once :5 ! k+ 0 abs5t 9 di/ant w>f>e to ext5d 8 dom9ion1 he _h appo9t$ ,que5 ,va%ti to gov]n t "p ( 8 k+dom :]e 8 c\rt resid$4 ,on 8 return home ) a weal? ( spoils1 he made a great fea/ to gladd5 all ^? among 8 lords :o _h accompani$ him on ! campaign2 & ,que5 ,va%ti made ano!r fea/ = h] own lords1 :o _h rema9$ at home to assi/ h] 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,!n ! k+ comm&$ ,va%ti to appe> be=e him 9 8 hall 9 all h] regalia & array$ 9 all ! beauty ( que5ly raim5t & ?us to %[ h] joy 9 8 home-com+ & d honor to 8 fea/4 ,b ,que5 ,va%ti refus$ to obey ! k+'s comm&1 say+ t %e c\ld n leave h] own fea/1 hav+ invit$ _m good *iefs4 ,:5 ! k+ saw h] arrogance & pride1 he conclud$ t %e e/eem$ him no m highly = ! p]il\s toil t he _h endur$ :ile ext5d+ 8 fronti]s ?an %e e/eem$ h]self = hav+ rema9$ quietly at home ) ! reg5cy1 :i* he _h left 9 h] h&s4 ,because ( ?is presumption ! k+ became s wra?ful1 t he decre$ t ,va%ti _h =feit$ ! (fice ( que5 & all ! au?ority :i* %e possess$4 ,& he f\nd a captive maid5 ( ! p ( ,israel1 ^: "n 0 ,e/h]1 :o 0 !n 9 bondage 9 8 k+dom1 ?\gh %e _h sprung f a prom95t family 9 h] native l&1 & ?is maid5 ! k+ plac$ 9 ,va%ti's seat1 end[+ h] ) all ! p[] t ,va%ti _h once possess$2 & he made ,e/h] que5 ( all 8 k+dom4 ,footnote #bhh3 ,isaiah1 xlv1 #a4 ,9 ?is case ! au?or quotes directly f ! ,vulgate3 8,*ri/o meo ,sciro1 cujus appreh5di dext]am1 ut subjiciam ante faciem ejus g5tes et dorsa regum v]tam40 ,a few days lat] ano!r ev5t occurr$ at ?is same c\rt4 ,!re 0 a fam\s & p[]ful *ief nam$ ,haman & he 0 ) ,k+ ,ahasu]us4 ,s highly did ! k+ e/eem ,haman t all ! p 7 ord]$ to obey him & b[ d[n be=e him z be=e ! k+ himself4 ,n[ !re 0 also a man nam$ ,mordecai1 a captive ( ! p ( ,israel1 :o 0 ,que5 ,e/h]'s uncle2 b inasmu* z he 0 bo? poor & 9 bondage1 he d>$ n make kn[n 8 k9%ip to ! que52 nor d>$ ! que5 %[ great] def]5ce to him ?an to any o!r 9 ! royal s]vice4 ,!n x happ5$ "o day1 :5 ,haman ! pr9ce came to see ! k+1 t on 8 return home 8 way pass$ ne> :]e ,mordecai sat4 ,b ,mordecai 0 brood+ ov] ! bondage 9 :i* he _h be5 plac$ along ) ! p :o _h be5 tak5 captive out ( ,israel2 & be+ 9 deep ?\ght he fail$ to notice t ,haman 0 pass+ s ne>1 & consequ5tly did n rise to b[ be=e him4 ,b :5 ,haman saw t an ali5 ?rall neglect$ to b[ ! knee be=e him1 he became s wra?ful t z soon z he came home he ord]$ a high gall[s to be rais$ ne> 8 h\se1 on :i* he int5d$ to hang ,mordecai4 ,he also caus$ lett]s to be s5t ?r\gh\t ! realm p]mitt+ e man to deal ) ! p ( ,israel z he lik$3 :oev] wi%$ to d s might plund] !m1 or =ce !m into bondage & s]vitude1 or ev5 slay !m4 ,:5 ! news ( ?is came to ,mordecai1 necessity compell$ him to deal m boldly ) ! que5 ?an be=e3 he came to wait ^u h]1 &1 ?r[+ himself at h] feet1 he told ^! tid+s ) mu* sorr[4 ,:5 ! que5 he>d t ! entire nation f :i* %e _h sprung 0 condemn$1 %e call$ ^u ,god ) all h] s\l2 next %e s\ght ! k+'s pres5ce1 rob$ 9 ! /ately app>el ( a que51 & fell humbly at 8 feet4 ,b :5 ! que5 _h ent]$ & ! k+ saw t %e came 9 su* deep humility & ) tr\bl$ c\nt5ance1 he p]ceiv$ t %e _h a matt] ( su* great importance to br+ be=e him t %e w\ld h to f9d ! c\rage 9 8 favor to /ate :at conc]n$ h]4 ,tak+ h] h& he rais$ h] up1 spoke g5tly to h]1 seat$ h] beside him1 & bade h] /ate cle>ly all ! details ( h] err&4 ,que5 ,e/h] did z ! k+ comm&$ & relat$ ! :ole ev5t j z x _h occurr$2 & !n %e begg$ him to take action accord+ to royal m]cy r ?an accord+ to ,haman's excessive ang]4 ,:5 ! k+ saw ,haman's b\ndless ambition & arrogant wra?1 he caus$ ,haman himself to be hang$ ^u ! gall[s :i* he _h int5d$ = ,mordecai1 & s5t ord]s ?r\gh\t ! entire realm t ! p ( ,israel be all[$ to live 9 complete fre$om accord+ to ! ord9ances ( _! sacr$ laws2 & he gave to ,mordecai all ! au?ority t ,haman _h once possess$4#bhi ,footnote #bhi3 ,see ,e/h]1 cc4 i-viii4 ,f ?is y w obs]ve t ,god dem&s mod]ation & fairness1 humility1 ju/ice1 & fidelity z a duty f ^? :om he raises to honor4 ,= ,joseph1 z we said be=e1 0 rew>d$ ) spl5did honors & great advancem5t because ( 8 fai?fulness & humility1 al?\gh he _h be5 sold = money l a ?rall into a /range l&2 b ,god soon rais$ him by ! k+'s comm& to be a "l & ! highe/ judge 9 all ,egypt next to ! k+ himself4 ,"o may also obs]ve f ?is h[ mu* x is contr>y to ,god's w to exalt oneself ?r\gh va9 conceit2 = ,que5 ,va%ti lo/ h] que5%ip & all h] p[] 9 a s+le day because ( h] pride1 :ile a captive maid5 ( a /range p 0 appo9t$ 9 h] /ead2 & ,haman lo/ all 8 au?ority 9 a s+le day because ( 8 excessive vanity1 :ile 8 dignities 7 giv5 to a /rang]1 a captive ?rall4 ,n[ if y %\ld w9 honors f great lords1 bew>e ( an outcome l ^? 9 ! /ories :i* y h j he>d1 & !re are _m su*2 b make good use ( ! /ory t ,i told y e>li] ab\t ,joseph4 ,!re are /ill o!r examples :i* g f> back into ! days ( ,emp]or ,con/ant9e3 = ,god _h appo9t$ him rul] ( all ! _w1 & he turn$ to righte\sness & ,*ri/ianity z soon z he came to und]/& ! holy fai?4 ,he gave 8 "m1 ,que5 ,hel5a1 a k+dom ea/ ( ! sea 9 ! l& ( ! ,jews4 ,b because h] realm & dom9ion 7 !re1 %e came to be p]suad$ t no fai? conc]n+ ,god c\ld be correct b t held by ! ,jews2 & z lett]s pass$ betwe5 !m1 ! que5 & h] son ! emp]or1 !y began to realize t !y diff]$ some:at 9 ! beliefs :i* ea* ( !m held conc]n+ ,god4 ,!n ! emp]or comm&$ ! que5 to come ov] ! sea f ! ea/ ) h] wise & le>n$ m5 & _m o!r lords to a meet+ 9 ,rome1 :]e ! v]ities ( ! holy fai? %\ld be exam9$4 ,b :5 ! que5 arriv$ ) h] company1 ! emp]or _h call$ toge!r _m bi%ops includ+ ,pope ,sylve/] & _m wise m51 bo? ,*ri/ians & hea!n4 ,:5 ! conf]5ce _h begun & a c\rt _h be5 appo9t$ to decide betwe5 ! emp]or & ! que51 x became evid5t to bo? t !re 0 likely to be a viol5t dispute betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops & ! le>n$ ,jews & o!r wise m5 :o _h come ) ! que5 f ! ea/1 9 view ( ! fact t ea* side w\ld produce weighty argum5ts f its books aga9/ ! o!r to prove & confirm its own le>n+ & holy fai?4 ,!y saw cle>ly1 !re=e1 t x w\ld be necess>y = ! assembly to appo9t upright judges1 :o c\ld weigh 9 a tol]ant & rational _s all ! argum5ts t might be (f]$ on ei!r side4 ,b :]eas ! emp]or ) ! pope & ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops 0 ! def5d] ( holy ,*ri/ianity & ! que5 ! protect+ %ield ( ! ,jewi% fai?1 x 0 cle> to bo? t x w\ld be improp] = !m to subject !mselves to temptation by act+ z judges 9 ?is dispute4 ,s !y ord]$ a c>eful se>* to be made among ! wise m5 to f9d :e!r !re might be "s 9 all _! numb] :o 7 s reliable 9 wisdom1 judgm5t1 & rightm9d$ness1 t all ^? pres5t c\ld tru/ !m to judge rightly 9 _! conte/4 ,b :5 ! entire multitude _h be5 exam9$1 only two m5 7 f\nd :om ! p d>$ *oose to be judges 9 ^! important matt]s2 & bo? ( ^! m5 7 hea!n & b\nd nei!r to ! law ( ! ,*ri/ians nor to ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,"o ( !m 0 nam$ ,craton3 he 0 a great philosoph] & ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 all le>n+2 he 0 a fri5d ( mighty m5 & enjoy$ _! favor2 b nev] _h he c>$ = m ( ?is _w's ri*es ?an :at he ne$$ = clo!s & food4 ,& :5 great m5 sometimes gave him m ?an he requir$1 he w\ld give away :at he did n consume to su* z 7 ne$y4 ,x 0 also 9 8 nature to speak little b tru?fully1 & no man knew t falsehood _h ev] be5 f\nd on 8 lips2 :]e=e all felt t ! m]its ( wisdom & good "* :i* he possess$ w\ld surely make him wor?y to judge 9 ^! important matt]s4 ,! o!r :o 0 *os5 judge 0 nam$ ,z5ophilus2 he 0 a fam\s & p[]ful pr9ce1 & :]e he direct$ ! gov]nm5t x 0 n kn[n t he _h ev] sw]v$ f ju/ice4 ,he 0 a great ma/] ( eloqu5ce & le>n$ 9 all sci5ce1 fri5dly 9 spee* & affable1 ?\gh a man ( au?ority4 ,nor c\ld anyone recall t falsehood _h ev] be5 f\nd on 8 lips4 ,^! hav+ be5 *os5 to act z judges 9 behalf ( all pres5t1 ! ,*ri/ians & ! ,jews held a c\rt2 & ^! two decid$ all ! disputes1 z !y 7 *os5 to d1 & x 0 f\nd z be=e t 9 no wise did !y deviate f ju/ice4#bij ,footnote #bij3 ,! au?or's s\rce = 8 acc\nt ( ! c\ncil :]e ,craton & ,z5ophilus s]v$ z judges is ! leg5d ( ,pope ,silve/]1 probably ! ,old ,norse v]sion ( ! leg5d1 ,silve/]s ,saga1 publi%$ by ,ung] 9 ,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ,,ii1 #bde-bhf4 ,i h cit$ ^! in/ances t y might appreciate ! humility & rightm9d$ness ( bo? ! emp]or & ! que52 = ?\gh !y 7 lords ( ! entire _w1 !y reg>d$ x z prop] to sit 9 ob$i5ce to *os5 judges :o 7 mu* inf]ior to !mselves 9 bo? p[] & weal? & e o!r respect4 ,likewise y are to appreciate :at great honor ^! m5 ga9$ ?r\gh _! wisdom & uprightness2 = ?\gh !y 7 bo? hea!n1 !y 7 sup]ior to all o!rs z to insight into ! holy fai? & ! _w's welf>e4 ,& n[ y w appreciate :at ,i told y e>li] 9 our conv]sation1 namely1 t mu* dep5ds on ! example t a man leaves aft] him4 ,joseph liv$ be=e ! bir? ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 he 0 sold = money into ,egypt z an ali5 ?rall2 b 8 fai?fulness & humility pleas$ ,god s highly t he 0 made rul] next to ! k+ ( all ^? :o 7 native to ! l& & _h weal? & k9sm5 !re1 :e!r !y 7 ri* or poor4 ,x is _m hundr$ w9t]s s9ce ,joseph di$1 b 8 glory /ill lives & is daily recall$ among all ?\ghtful p ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,que5 ,va%ti di$ long be=e ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 z did ,haman ! pr9ce2 b ! disgrace t came ^u !m because ( _! pride & folly /ill lives4 ,que5 ,e/h] be>s ev5 to ?is day ! liv+ honor :i* %e ga9$ ?r\gh h] humility2 ?\gh %e 0 br\ght to ,india#bia z a captive bondmaid51 %e 0 lat] made que5 ov] _m l>ge k+doms & seat$ ^u ! ?rone f :i* ,que5 ,va%ti 0 bani%$4 ,footnote #bia3 ,n ,india b ,p]sia 9 ! ,biblical /ory2 b ! ,nor?m5 9 ! middle ages us$ ! t]m ,india v mu* z we use ! t]m ,ori5t to-day4 ,al?\gh ! ev5ts t we la/ relat$ 9 speak+ ( ,emp]or ,con/ant9e & 8 "m ,que5 ,hel5a happ5$ aft] ! bir? ( ,*ri/1 x 0 /ill s long ago t no man c recall !m because ( _! antiquity2 yet !y are bright ) honor ev5 to ?is day4 ,craton & ,z5ophilus1 ?\gh !y are dead1 are celebrat$ = _! wisdom & righte\sness4 ,?\gh bo? 7 hea!n m51 !y 7 *os5 to be judges ov] ne>ly all ! p :o 7 9 ! _w1 & 7 ev5 tru/$ 9 behalf ( all m51 bo? ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 to pass judgm5t on ^? laws :i* nei!r ( !m kept1 b ^u :i* ! welf>e ( ! _w nev]!less dep5d$4 ,f su* occurr5ces y w realize t ,god holds 9 ,8 h& ! till] ) :i* ,he turns & moves ! he>ts ( great lords :5ev] ,he wi%es1 & controls all _! ?\ghts accord+ to ,8 w4 ,= ,k+ ,ph>aoh rais$ up ,joseph to a dom9ion above t ( all ! o!r pr9ces :o 7 9 ! k+dom be=e him4 ,ahasu]us depriv$ ,va%ti ( h] que5%ip1 ?\gh %e 0 bo? weal?y & high-born1 & appo9t$ ,e/h] que5 9 h] /ead4 ,he also hang$ ,haman1 ! r5[n$ pr9ce1 & gave all 8 p[] to ,mordecai1 :o 0 once a bondman br\ght captive f a /range l&4 ,emp]or ,con/ant9e plac$ ,craton & ,z5ophilus1 two hea!n m51 9 ! judgm5t seat & tru/$ !m to pass judgm5t on ! v]ities & ! int]pretation ( ! holy fai?4 ,n[ y %all "k ( a tru? t all ^! ev5ts h come to pass ?r\gh ,god's provid5ce & secret comm&s2 & all ^! ?+s are not$ d[n = ! memory ( m5 9 ! future1 s t all may le>n & d]ive pr(it f ! good examples1 b %un ! evil ones4 ,& if x %\ld be y\r =tune to become a k+sman1 rememb] ^! examples t ,i h n[ %[n y 7& !re are a great _m o!rs l !m :i* we h n m5tion$ 9 ?is spee*72 & be sure to foll[ all ^? :i* y see are likely to pr(it y4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xliii ,,! ,,duties ,,& ,,! ,,exalt$ ,,position ,,( ,,! ,,k+ ,son4 ,god rew>d y1 sire1 = tak+ s mu* "t to he> all my que/ions & = giv+ su* v pati5t & useful answ]s3 = ^! talks w surely lead me to ?9k & obs]ve m accurately ?an ,i did be=e4 ,x may also be t o!rs w /udy ^! le>n$ disc\rses 9 ! future & d]ive k1 good insight1 & pr(itable mann]s f !m4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 sev]al o!r ?+s :i* ,i h 9 m9d to inve/igate & wi% v mu* to ask ab\t4 ,& !re=e ,i beg y n yet to gr[ we>y ( tea*+ me2 = y\r p]mission gives me c\rage to confide s fully 9 y t ,i am n likely to ov]look any?+ t my m9d is eag] to "k4 ,inde$1 x seems to me t ?is subject op5s up su* a wide field1 t !re mu/ be _m ?+s left :i* "o ne$s to "k & disc]n fully1 if "o wi%es to be rat$ a wor?y man by k+s or o!r great lords2 & ,i am eag] to he> y talk fur!r ab\t ^! matt]s4 ,b = ?is once ,i wi% to inquire ab\t m5 ( great] importance ?an ^? :o h to s]ve ! mighty4 ,i see cle>ly t ^? :o s]ve are 9 duty b\nd to /rive aft] ! be/ mann]s1 k1 wisdom1 & righte\sness2 b x w\ld seem t ^?1 :o are *iefs & rul]s & :om all o!rs mu/ s]ve1 owe an ev5 great] duty to seek bo? k & insight2 above all x mu/ be _! duty to love e =m ( righte\sness1 s9ce !y h au?ority to puni% all o!rs :o are n righte\s4 ,!re=e ,i wi% to ask ) y\r p]mission :at cu/oms ! k+ himself %\ld obs]ve :i* w\ld accord ) 8 regal dignity4 ,tell me cle>ly s t ,i c und]/& :at bus9ess or conduct is dem&$ ( him e>ly 9 ! morn+ & :at affairs he is lat] occupi$ ) ?r\gh\t ! day2 = he is s highly honor$ & exalt$ ^u e>? t all mu/ b5d & b[ be=e him z be=e ,god4 ,s great is 8 p[] t he may dispose z he likes ( ! lives ( all :o live 9 8 k+dom3 he lets him live :om he wills & causes him to be sla9 :om he wills4 ,b ,i h obs]v$ ?is1 t if a man becomes ano!r's banesman1 all upright m5 f t "t on h an av]sion = him z = a hea!n2 s9ce to slay a man is c\nt$ a great s9 = :i* ! "o :o commits x mu/ suff] great p5ance & mu* tr\ble be=e ,*ri/ian p w aga9 admit him to fell[%ip4 ,& aga91 y told me 9 an e>li] spee* to %un manslaught]2 b y add$ t all manslaught] committ$ by royal comm& or 9 battle ,i ne$ %un no m ?an any o!r de$ :i* is c\nt$ good4 ,n[ if ! k+ has receiv$ su* great au?ority f ,god t all slaught] done by 8 comm& is )\t guilt1 ,i %\ld imag9e t he mu/ ne$ to be v wise1 cauti\s1 & upright 9 all 8 do+s2 & !re=e ,i wi% to h y expla9 fully ! ?+s t ,i h n[ ask$ ab\t1 unless y feel t my que/ions are /upid1 or t ,i am presum+ too mu* 9 %[+ curiosity ab\t ! do+s ( su* great m54 ,fa!r4 ,y\r que/ions are n /upid1 = we may j z well talk ab\t h[ ! k+ has to ord] 8 gov]nm5t or 8 conduct z ab\t o!r m54 ,x surely is 8 b\nd5 duty to seek k & und]/&+1 & he ought inde$ to be well in=m$ z to :at has occurr$ 9 ! pa/1 = 9 t way he w ga9 insight = all ! bus9ess t p]ta9s to 8 k+%ip4 ,y h /at$ t he is highly honor$ & exalt$ on e>? & t all b[ be=e him z be=e ,god2 & ! reason = ?is is t ! k+ repres5ts div9e lord%ip3 = he be>s ,god's own "n & sits ^u ! highe/ judgm5t seat ^u e>?1 :]e=e x %\ld be reg>d$ z giv+ honor to ,god ,himself1 :5 "o honors ! k+1 because ( ! "n :i* he has f ,god4 ,! son ( ,god himself1 :5 he 0 on e>?1 taught by 8 own example t all %\ld honor ! k+ & %[ him due ob$i5ce2 = he comm&$ 8 apo/le ,pet] to draw fi%es up f ! dep? ( ! sea & to op5 ! m\? ( ! fi% t he caught fir/1 & said t he w\ld f9d a p5ny !re1 :i* he ord]$ him to pay to ,caes> z tribute money = !m bo?4 ,f ?is y are to conclude t x is ! duty ( e "o ^u e>? to respect & honor ! royal title :i* an e>?ly man holds f ,god2 = ! v son ( ,god ?\ght x prop] to honor ! royal dignity s highly t he1 to ! glory ( k+%ip1 made himself subject to tribute along ) t "o ( 8 disciples :om he made *ief ( all 8 apo/les & gave all prie/ly honors4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xliv ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,!re rema9s "o ?+1 :i*1 z usual1 ,i %all ne$ to h expla9$ fur!r1 z x is n v cle> to me4 ,y /at$1 & x seems reasonable1 t ! k+ holds a title ( high honor & dignity f ,god ,himself2 b ,i d n see cle>ly :y ,god made ,himself subject to ! tribute ( an e>?ly k+2 s9ce ,he mu/1 x seems to me1 be above all k+s1 see+ t ,he rules ! e>?ly z well z ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,fa!r4 ,t ,god ,himself has honor$ e>?ly k+s y w obs]ve f ! fact t1 :5 ,he came d[n to e>? f ! l(tie/ p9nacles ( heav51 ,he reg>d$ ,himself z hav+ come among m5 z a gue/ & did n wi% to claim a %>e 9 ! e>?ly k+%ip1 ?\gh he might h done s4 ,b ,he fulfill$ ! words t ,david _h spok53 8,! ,"l rule? 9 ! heav5s1 b v]ily he ha? giv5 an e>?ly k+dom to ! sons ( m540#bib ,n[ ,god1 :ile ,he 0 on e>?1 wi%$ to honor e>?ly k+s & k+doms r ?an disp>age !m 9 any way2 = ,he w\ld n deprive ! e>?ly k+%ip ( :at ,he _h =m]ly giv5 into ! control ( e>?ly lords2 b ,god %[$ a p]fect ob$i5ce to ,caes>4 ,y %\ld also obs]ve t1 j z ,god comm&$ ,8 apo/le ,pet] to exam9e ! fir/ fi% t he drew & take a p5ny f its m\? 7& ,god did n want him to exam9e ! second fi% or ! ?ird1 b ! fir/ only71 simil>ly e man %\ld 9 all ?+s fir/ honor ! k+ & ! royal dignity4 ,= ,god ,himself calls ! k+ ,8 ano9t$1 & e k+ :o possesses ! full honors ( royalty is rightly call$ ! ,"l's ano9t$4 ,9 l mann] "o ( ,god's apo/les said 9 a s]mon :ile in/ruct+ ! p 9 ! true fai?3 8,fe> ,god & honor y\r k+10#bic--:i* is almo/ z if he _h lit]ally said t he :o does n %[ p]fect honor to ! k+ does n fe> ,god4 ,footnote #bib3 ,! ref]5ce is evid5tly to ,psalms1 cxv1 #af3 8,! heav5s1 ev5 ! heav5s1 are ! ,"l's3 b ! e>? ha? he giv5 to ! *ildr5 ( m50 7,k+ ,james' v]sion74 ,! ,vulgate reads 7cxiii1 #af71 8,caelum caeli ,dom9o2 t]ram autem d$it filiis hom9um40 ,9 nei!r case is ! idea ( an e>?ly k+%ip impli$4 ,x is evid5t t ! au?or is quot+ & translat+ f memory4 ,footnote #bic3 ,i ,pet]1 ii1 #ag4 ,e k+1 z y h said1 ought1 inde$1 to be wise1 well-in=m$1 & above ev]y?+ upright1 t he may be able to realize fully t he is aft] all m]ely a s]vant ( ,god1 ?\gh he is honor$ & exalt$ s highly 9 ! supreme s]vice ( ,god1 t all b[ d[n be=e him z be=e ,god2 = 9 s do+ !y wor%ip ,god & ! holy "n :i* ! k+ be>s b n ! k+ himself4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! v nature ( k+%ip to inspire all ) a great awe & fe> ( ! k+1 :]e=e e "o trembles :o he>s him nam$4 ,b he ought also to appe> graci\s & fri5dly t[>d all good m51 le/ any "o %\ld fe> him s mu* z to be det]r$ f pres5t+ any important reque/ to him because ( 8 sev]ity4 ,9 ! night1 z soon z ! k+ is sat$ ) sleep1 x %\ld be 8 duty & bus9ess to c5t] 8 ?\ghts ^u ! k+dom z a :ole & to consid] h[ 8 plans may be =m$ & c>ri$ out 9 su* a way t ,god w be well pleas$ ) ! c>e t he gives to ! realm2 also h[ x may be made mo/ pr(itable & ob$i5t to himself2 fur!r :at measure ( firmness he mu/ use 9 re/ra9+ ! ri* le/ !y become too arrogant t[>d ! poor1 & :at caution 9 uplift+ ! poor1 le/ !y gr[ too defiant t[>d ! weal?y2 :]e=e he ne$s to pond] & plan judici\sly h[ to hold ev]yone to mod]ation 9 ! e/ate 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,?is1 too1 ! k+ mu/ be sure to keep 9 8 ?\ghts1 t :5 x becomes necess>y to *a/ise ^? :o are n satisfi$ ) :at ,god has plann$ = !m1 he mu/ n be s l5i5t 9 8 puni%m5t1 t ?is excessive indulg5ce %\ld lead anyone to consid] x safe to transgress :at ought to /& z rightfully orda9$4 ,nor mu/ he be s sev]e 9 8 p5alties t ,god & rightm9d$ m5 w reg>d him z puni%+ m f a cruel disposition ?an f a s5se ( ju/ice4 ,^! ?+s & _m m a k+ ought to reflect ^u at night :5 he is done ) sleep1 = !n few] matt]s w come ^u him unaw>es dur+ ! day1 :5 ! ne$s ( ! l& are pres5t$ to him4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlv ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,mod]ation ,,:i* ,a ,,k+ ,,mu/ ,,obs]ve ,,9 ,,8 ,,judicial ,,s5t5ces ,,& ,,p5alties1 ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,god',s ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,adam ,,& ,,eve1 ,,9 ,,:i* ,,case ,,tru? ,,& ,,ju/ice ,,7 ,,associat$ ,,) ,,peace ,,& ,,m]cy ,son4 ,x is evid5t t a k+ mu/ possess great con/ra9t & an ev5 great] s5se ( ju/ice1 z y rem>k$ e>li]1 if he is to f9d ! true mean 9 met+ out puni%m5t s z to be nei!r too l5i5t nor too sev]e4 ,& n[ ,i wi% to ask :e!r !re are any examples :i* may guide him t[>d ?is mod]ation1 inasmu* z y h /at$ t e k+ %\ld h k ( all ! examples t are to be f\nd4 ,fa!r4 ,i repeat :at ,i said !n t no man ne$s to be m le>n$ or bett] in=m$ 9 all subjects ?an a k+1 = bo? he & 8 subjects h great ne$ ( ?is4 ,b "o :o has a ?or\gh k ( pa/ ev5ts w meet b few cont+5cies t are really unexampl$4 ,n[ ! foll[+ examples are v anci5t1 & e k+ %\ld keep !m frequ5tly be=e 8 eyes & seek guidance f !m = ! gov]nm5t ( 8 k+dom4 ,:5 ,god _h creat$ ! entire _w & _h beautifi$ x ) grass & o!r h]bage1 z well z ) birds & bea/s1 ,he appo9t$ two human be+s1 a man & a woman1 to h dom9ion ov] ev]y?+4 ,he l$ ! two1 ,adam & ,eve1 to ! highe/ po9t ( ,p>adise & %[$ !m all ! birds & bea/s & all ! fl[]s & glories ( ,p>adise4 ,!n ,god said to ,adam & ,eve3 8,all ^! ?+s t y n[ see ,i give to y = y\r ma9t5ance & dom9ion1 if y w keep ! cov5ant :i* ,i n[ e/abli% betwe5 ourselves4 ,b ^! are ! laws :i* y mu/ c>efully obs]ve1 if y wi% to keep ! gifts :i* ,i h n[ giv5 y3 t beautiful tree :i* y see /&+ ) lovely apples 9 ! mid/ ( ,p>adise is call$ ! tree ( k1 & ! fruit :i* ! tree be>s is call$ ! apples ( k4 ,?is tree y mu/ n t\* nor may y eat ( ! apples :i* x be>s1 = z soon z y eat ( !m y %all die2 b ( ev]y?+ else t y n[ see y may freely eat accord+ to desire40 ,f\r si/]s 7 call$ to witness ?is cov5ant1 div9e virg9s1 :o %\ld he> ! laws decre$ & le>n all ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t3 ! fir/ 0 nam$ ,tru?1 ! second1 ,peace1 ! ?ird1 ,ju/ice1 & ! f\r?1 ,m]cy4 ,& ,god spoke ?us to ^! virg9s3 8,i comm& y to see to x t ,adam does n break ?is cov5ant :i* has be5 made betwe5 ,me & him3 foll[ him c>efully & protect him z long z he obs]ves ^! ?+s t are n[ decre$2 b if he transgresses1 y %all sit 9 judgm5t ) y\r ,fa!r1 = y are ! daught]s ( ! v ,judge40 ,:5 ! spee* 0 end$1 ,god vani%$ f ,adam's sight2 & ,adam w5t =? to view ! glories ( ,p>adise4 ,b at t "t ! s]p5t1 :i* 0 m subtle & crafty ?an any o!r bea/1 came 9 ! guise ( a maid5#bid to ,eve1 ,adam's wife1 & address$ h] 9 great fri5dl9ess3 8,bless$ is y\r husb& & y ) him1 s9ce ,god has giv5 all ?+s into y\r p[]2 = x is n[ ! duty ( e bea/ to obey y\r comm&s1 see+ t ,adam is our "l & y are our lady4 ,b n[ ,i want to ask y :e!r ,god has )held any?+ ^u e>? f y\r dom9ion1 or :e!r y may enjoy all ?+s z y wi% )\t hesitation40 ,eve repli$3 8,god has giv5 u dom9ion ov] all ?+s t he has creat$ ^u e>? except ! tree t /&s 9 ! mid/ ( ,p>adise2 ( ?is ,he has =bidd5 u to eat1 hav+ said t we %all die1 if we eat !re(40 ,! s]p5t said to ,eve3 8,oho1 my lady6 ,he does n wi% y to become s wise t y "k bo? good & evil2 = ,he kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil ?+s1 :ile y "k good ?+s only4 ,b :5 y h eat5 ( ! apples ( k1 y w become l ,god & w h k ( evil ?+s z well z ( good40 ,z soon z ! s]p5t _h disappe>$ f ,eve's sight1 %e call$ ,adam h] husb& & told him all ?is spee*4 ,!n %e took two ( ! apples ( k1 ate "o h]self1 & gave ! o!r to ,adam4 ,b :5 !y _h eat5 ^! apples1 _! k 0 ext5d$ to evil ?+s1 z ! s]p5t _h said2 & !y began to obs]ve ! %apes ( bea/s & birds & trees1 & f9ally h[ !y !mselves 7 =m$4 ,!n said ,adam3 8,we are %amefully nak$1 we two1 = !re is no?+ to hide our limbs2 bea/s are cov]$ ) hair & tail1 birds ) fea!rs1 & trees ) bran*es & leaves2 we two alone h %amefully nak$ limbs40 ,!reupon !y took broad leaves f ! trees & cov]$ ^? ( _! memb]s :i* !y 7 mo/ a%am$ to h nak$4 ,!n ,peace came =? & spoke to ,adam & ,eve3 8,n[ y h brok5 ! law & y\r cov5ant ) ,god1 & ,i w no long] give y ! security 9 ! op5 fields t y h ?us f> enjoy$2 b ,i w keep y safe 9 a secret hid+ place until judgm5t is pron\nc$ 9 y\r case2 & ,i give y ?is safety t y may h opportunity to pres5t y\r def5se4 ,b y mu/ take good c>e to make a plea :i* may pr(it y1 & prove a def5se r ?an a detrim5t40 ,tru? came =? & spoke to ,adam3 8,take he$1 :5 y come to plead y\r case1 t y d n lie1 = !n ,i %all te/ify ) y2 tell ev]y?+ j z x happ5$1 = if y lie ab\t any?+1 ,i %all te/ify aga9/ y at once40 ,ju/ice came =? & said3 8,x is my duty & (fice to make sure t y are n unju/ly condemn$2 b ! m y are f\nd guilty ( lies & wrongdo+1 ! m %all ,i oppose y40 ,m]cy came =? & said to ,adam3 8,i %all add assi/ance & m]cy to y\r plea1 if y he$ c>efully all t my si/]s h taught40 ,b fe> _h come ^u ,adam & he w5t away to hide among ! trees1 le/ he %\ld be se5 nak$4 ,footnote #bid3 ,! compil] ( ,/jrn1 an ,old ,norse p>aphrase ( ! l>g] "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 foll[+ ,petrus ,come/or's ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica1 attributes to ,b$e ! /atem5t t ! s]p5t 9 ^? days bore ! face ( a maid5 7p4 #cd74 ,! au?or ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror _c h us$ ,/jrn1 z x seems to be a production ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 nor is !re any evid5ce t he knew ! ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica4 ,at midday ,god w5t =? to view ! beauties ( ,p>adise & ,adam's /ew>d%ip2 b z ,he did n see ,adam 9 ! wide fields1 ,he call$ him1 ask+ :]e he 04 ,adam repli$3 8,i hid myself1 ,"l1 because ,i 0 a%am$ to %[ myself nak$ be=e ,?y face40 ,god answ]$1 say+3 8,:y %\ld/ ?\ be m a%am$ ( ?y nak$ness n[ ?an at our =m] meet+1 unless x be t ?\ ha/ brok5 ! law & ha/ eat5 ( ! apples ( k1 :i* ,i =bade !e to eat40 ,adam repli$ z if def5d+ himself3 8,! woman t ,?\ gave/ me l$ me into ?is fault2 if ,i _h be5 alone ab\t my affairs & if ,?\ had/ n giv5 me ?is wife to advise ) me1 ,i %\ld h kept ! appo9t$ law & %\ld n h transgress$ ,?y comm&40 ,!n ,god said to ,eve3 8,:y did/ ?\ give ?y husb& ?is evil c\nsel to break ! law80 ,eve repli$ z if def5d+ h] case3 8,! crafty s]p5t gave me t evil advice2 _h he n be5 creat$ or appe>$ be=e me1 ,i %\ld n h come ^u ?is evil design40 ,!n ,god said3 8,s9ce ! law has n[ be5 brok51 ,i want ^? virg9s :om ,i appo9t$ keep]s ( our cov5ant to sit 9 judgm5t ) u40 ,!n ,tru? spoke3 8,x is my duty & bus9ess to %[ ,adam's guilt1 inasmu* z he has conceal$ ) a lie :at mo/ ( all l$ him to transgress4 ,= ?is 0 ! *ief motive 9 y\r case1 t ! apples 7 fair & pleasant & sweet to ta/e1 & t y desir$ greatly to be wis] ?an 0 promis$ y4 ,y committ$ a !ft 9 plann+ to take !m secretly1 covet\s robb]y 9 tak+ !m )\t p]mission1 & an act ( insol5t pride 9 wi%+ to become l unto ,god 9 wisdom beyond :at 0 promis$ y40 ,!n ,god said to ,peace t %e %\ld give a brief op9ion 9 ! case4 ,peace answ]$ 9 ?is wise3 8,:]eas ,?\ did/ appo9t me to wat* ov] ,adam's safety z long z !re 0 no transgression1 ,i n[ (f] to br+ him an ev5 great] insecurity1 because he did n "k h[ to keep ! great fre$om :i* he enjoy$ be=e40 ,!n ,god said to ,ju/ice t %e %\ld give judgm5t2 & %e answ]$ 9 ?is wise3 8,s9ce ,adam 0 unable to keep ! fre$om t ,peace _h secur$ = him1 let him n[ suff] mis]y & di/ress in/ead2 & because he covet$ k ( evil ?+s1 let him exp]i5ce evil 9 place ( good2 & because he wi%$ to make himself l ,god 9 k beyond :at 0 p]mitt$1 & blam$ ,god = 8 transgression ) ly+ excuses1 let him suff] ! dea? ( :i* he 0 w>n$ be=e he transgress$40 ,!n ,god said to ,m]cy t %e %\ld pass judgm5t on ?is transgression4 ,m]cy repli$ 9 ^! words3 8,z x is my nature to urge =be>ance & clem5cy to "s degree 9 e case1 ,i reque/ t ,adam be n de/roy$ ?r\gh a m]ciless dea?2 b s9ce he n[ mu/ rep5t ( 8 error z long z he lives1 let him h hope ( m]cy & help 9 8 dea?1 z long z he does n despair40 ,!n x 0 discuss$ :e!r1 9 case he _h sons1 !y %\ld suff] = 8 s91 or be all[$ to enjoy ! gifts & ! ri*es t ,god _h giv5 him at ! beg9n+1 b f :i* he _h be5 ou/$ l an outlaw4 ,ju/ice said3 8,h[ c 8 sons1 :o w be begott5 9 exile1 enjoy ^? gifts t he =feit$ z an outlaw because ( transgression8 ,let 8 sons foll[ him to ! dea?4 ,b :]eas he %all h hope ( m]cy & l5i5cy & ( a return to ! possessions :i* he has n[ =feit$1 let 8 sons be recall$ ) him ?r\gh a new cov5ant40 ,& :5 s5t5ce _h be5 pass$ 9 ,adam's case1 ! si/]s all came to a fri5dly agreem5t2 ,m]cy & ,tru? embrac$ :ile ,ju/ice & ,peace kiss$ ea* o!r ) lov+ ge/ures4#bie ,footnote #bie3 ,! /ory ( ! c\rt proce$+s 9 ,p>adise aft] ! fall ( man & ! discussion betwe5 ,m]cy & ,peace on ! "o side & ,tru? & ,ju/ice on ! o!r 0 widely curr5t 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x made an important sc5e 9 c]ta9 types ( my/]y plays1 & x seems q likely t ! s\rce ( ! v]sion giv5 9 ! ,k+'s ,mirror mu/ be s\ght 9 "s dramatic repres5tation ( ! creation /ory4 ,! acc\nt ( ! trial 0 made ! !me ( two poems 9 ,old ,fr5* :i* h be5 attribut$ to ! ,engli% ecclesia/ics ,ar*bi%op ,langton & ,bi%op ,grossete/e1 bo? ( :om 7 contempor>ies ( our ,norwegian au?or4 ,homilies 7 writt5 on ?is !me 9 ! twelf? c5tury by ,/4 ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clxxxiii1 #ggj7 & by ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor 7ibid41 ,,clxxvii1 #fbc-fbf74 ,!re is a /ill e>li] v]sion ( ! /ory 9 a homily attribut$1 ?\gh = no good reason1 to ! ,v5]able ,b$e4 ,accord+ to ?is /ory a man has a son & f\r daught]s nam$ ,m]cy1 ,tru?1 ,peace1 & ,ju/ice4 ,he also has a s]vant :om he wi%es to try by giv+ him an easy task4 ,! s]vant fails & is h&$ ov] to ! execution]4 ,! daught]s n[ come into viol5t disagreem5t1 b ! son f9ds a way out ( ! difficulty3 he saves ! s]vant & succe$s 9 br++ ! si/]s into agreem5t4 ,ibid41 ,,xciv1 #eje-ejg4 ,w4 ,s*]]1 9 ,zeits*rift fr deuts*e ,alt]tumskunde1 ,n4 ,f41 ,,ix1 #dad-daf1 f9ds traces ( ! leg5d 9 ,talmudic s\rces4 ,9 ! ,hebrew /ory1 h[ev]1 ! disagreem5t is ov] ! exp$i5cy ( creat+ man1 ,m]cy favor+ & ,tru? oppos+ ! project4 ,! ultimate s\rce appe>s to be ,psalms1 lxxxv1 #aj3 8,m]cy & tru? are met toge!r2 righte\sness & peace h kiss$ ea* o!r40 ,= bibliographical in=mation see ,l4 ,petit du ,juleville1 ,les ,my/res1 ,,ii1 #cei4 ,n[ e k+ ought to h ^! two ?+s frequ5tly 9 m9d3 h[ ,god appeas$ ,8 ang] t[>d ! man & ! woman = break+ ! law1 & :at judges ,he call$ 91 le/ ,8 puni%m5t %\ld be too sev]e & m]ciless4 ,moreov]1 a k+ does ju/ice to all m5 :5 he does ju/ice to any man or woman2 b all decisions :i* imply puni%m5t he mu/ always consid] 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! f\r si/]s2 & x mu/ be su* z w br+ !m into agreem5t1 s t !y c kiss & embrace ea* o!r1 9 :i* case ! judgm5t w be nei!r too l5i5t nor too sev]e4 ,a k+ ought to consid] v c>efully h[ to br+ ! m9ds ( ! si/]s into agreem5t2 = 9 all trials !y are arrang$ & seat$ ap>t 9 gr\ps2 ,tru? & ,ju/ice on "o side ( ! c\rt & ,m]cy & ,peace on ! o!r4 ,!y %\ld be agre$ & unanim\s 9 e case2 b x frequ5tly occurs t ,peace & ,m]cy give ! :ole suit ov] to ,tru? & ,ju/ice1 ?\gh all unite 9 ! v]dict none ! less4 ,sometimes x happ5s t ea* ( ! si/]s has a full voice 9 ! decision accord+ to "r reckon+2 b at o!r times x may be t ! l>g] %>e falls to ,peace & ,m]cy2 b ! si/]s are unanim\s 9 ! v]dict none ! less4 ,x has also happ5$ at times t1 aft] a v]dict has be5 rea*$ & confirm$1 ,m]cy & ,peace h ex]cis$ l5i5cy because ( ! pray]s & rep5tance ( him :o 0 9 ne$ ( x4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlvi ,,an ,,example ,,( ,,righte\s ,,sev]ity ,,9 ,,judgm5t ,,drawn ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,god',s ,,condemnation ,,( ,,lucif] ,son4 ,x looks to me n[ z if ?is is a m intricate matt] ?an ,i ?\ght e>li]2 = x mu/ require great und]/&+ & insight to h>monize ! op9ions ( ^! si/]s s t !y w always be unanim\s1 see+ t ! v]dict sometimes leans m to "o side ?an to ! o!r4 ,= y rem>k$ t at times ! :ole v]dict falls to ,tru? & ,ju/ice & no l5i5cy is %[n1 :ile at o!r times ! l>g] %>e may fall to ,peace & ,m]cy2 & y also /at$ t sometimes a s5t5ce has be5 modifi$ aft] x 0 agre$ to & confirm$4 ,n[ y h /at$ t "o c f9d examples ( mo/ ?+s1 if "o looks = !m2 & if !re are any in/ances ( su* proce$+s1 ,i %\ld l to he> ab\t !m1 s t ! subject may look cle>] to me & also to o!rs :o may he> ab\t x4 ,& x mu/ surely be ! highe/ duty ( k+s to be well in=m$ on su* ?+s1 z on all o!r subjects1 s9ce !y w ne$ !m v frequ5tly4 ,fa!r4 ,! _w is n[ s anci5t t1 no matt] :at comes to pass1 "o is likely to f9d t simil> ev5ts h occurr$ be=e2 & no?+ is likely to happ5 ( :i* a le>n$ man c f9d no examples4 ,b ( ! fact t ! entire judgm5t may fall to ,tru? & ,ju/ice1 no m]cy be+ %[n1 !re are cases :i* occurr$ s e>ly t ,i "k ( none be=e !m4 ,:5 ,lucif]1 an angel 9 heav51 turn$ traitor & committ$ a base crime aga9/ 8 ,"l1 ,tru? & ,ju/ice condemn$ him to swift d[nfall )\t hope ( p>don4 ,into ?is condemnation all 8 comrades & c\nsellors fell ) him4 ,& ^! 7 ! crimes :i* ,god puni%$ ) a m]ciless doom4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlvii ,a ,,fur!r ,,discussion ,,( ,,v]dicts ,,& ,,p5alties ,,) ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lucif]',s ,,rebellion ,,& ,,d[nfall ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,s9 ,,& ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,man ,,& ,,woman ,son4 ,i mu/ ask y n to take (f5ce if ! que/ions :i* ,i wi% to br+ up %\ld seem *ildi% & ill advis$2 b s9ce ,i d n fully und]/& ! subject t ,i int5d to ask ab\t next1 x may also be t !re are o!rs :o d n und]/& x any bett] ?an ,i4 ,& x is t matt] ab\t ! s]p5t1 :i*1 y said1 came to ,eve1 & speak+ to h] l a man egg$ h] on to transgress ! law4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask :e!r ! s]p5t1 unlike o!r bea/s1 0 creat$ ) p[] ( spee*2 or :e!r o!r animals c\ld speak 9 ^? days1 ?\gh n[ !y are all dumb2 & = :at reason ! s]p5t wi%$ to lead ! woman into transgression4 ,fa!r4 ,we h _h a v l5g?y spee* be=e u1 & if we 7 to comm5t on ! :ole1 x w\ld l5g!n v mu* a discussion t is already long2 b c]ta9 x is1 we h spok5 v few words :i* w\ld n be 9 ne$ ( comm5t1 if a well in=m$ man1 :o ?or\ghly und]/&s all ^! spee*es1 %\ld come to ! task4 ,b ,i believe x is m advisable = u to cont9ue z we h be5 do+ s9ce we began our conv]sation1 & leave ! task ( gloss+ our rem>ks to o!rs :o may he> !m lat] & are will+ to d ! "w ) fai?ful c>e4 ,/ill1 inasmu* z e "q looks t[>d "s reply or solution1 x is prop] t ,i %\ld enl>ge some:at on ?is spee*1 s z to make ! subject a little cle>] to y & to o!rs :o d n und]/& x bett] ?an y d4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 run ov] x 9 a few words only1 = ,i d n c>e mu* to comm5t on my own rem>ks4 ,y h ask$ :e!r s]p5ts & o!r bea/s 7 creat$ ) ! p[] ( spee* 9 ! days :5 ,adam 0 appo9t$ keep] ( ,p>adise1 & y %all "k ( a tru? t ! gift ( spee* 0 n giv5 to any bodily creature b man4 ,& s9ce y wi% to "k :y spee* 0 giv5 to ! s]p5t & :y x wi%$ to lead ! woman into transgression1 ,i %all n[ proce$ to expla94 ,! explanation beg9s ) ! fact t ,god creat$ angels be=e m54 ,! angels 7 immortal spirits1 free f all corporal weakness1 & end[$ ) great beauty4 ,b ?\gh creat$ ) p]fect beauty1 !y 7 held subject to ?is law1 t !y mu/ %[ love & ob$i5ce t[>d _! ,creator 9 humility & )\t deceit4 ,x 0 promis$ !m t !y %\ld keep _! beauty & all ! o!r honors t ,god _h giv5 !m1 z long z !y kept ?is law2 at ! same "t ,god gave !m full fre$om to violate ! law1 if !y wi%$2 = ,he spoke to !m 9 ?is wise3 8,s9ce y 7 all creat$ at ! same mom5t & none 0 begott5 by ano!r1 ea* "o ( y %all decide = himself & none = ano!r :e!r ^! laws t ,i h n[ orda9$ %all be kept or brok54 ,& if !re are ^? :o transgress !m1 !y %all be driv5 out ( ?is life ( bliss2 :ile ^? :o obs]ve ! laws %all cont9ue to enjoy unceas+ happ9ess & un5d+ life 9 my noble s]vice4 ,& ,i give y all a free *oice to keep ^! laws or to break !m z y may pref]1 9 ord] t ^? :o obs]ve !m may be set ap>t z my *os5 jewels1 :ile ^? :o violate !m %all suff] hatr$ & be driv5 into cruel ?ralldom & wret*$ s]vice40 ,^! angels 7 all fair1 b "o 0 m h&some ?an all ! re/1 :]e=e he 0 call$ ,lucif]2 he 0 appo9t$ *ief ( _m angels & a great multitude made obeisance to him 9 s]vice & fri5d%ip4 ,b ,god hav+ f9i%$ ,8 spee*1 ,lucif] turn$ away f ,god ) all 8 foll[+ z if t[>d ! nor? & spoke ?us3 8,:y %\ld we suff] ?reats f ,god 9 return = our s]vice1 see+ t we h p[]1 beauty & numb]s 9 full measure to ma9ta9 our pre/ige8 ,n[ ,i int5d1 l ,god1 to set up a high-seat 9 ! nor!rn "p ( heav5#bif & to ext5d a wise control ov] half ( heav5 or ev5 m40 ,!n ,god answ]$ & said to ,lucif]3 8,s9ce ?\ ha/ brok5 ! law by trea*]\s rebellion1 ?\ can/ no long] h habitation ) u2 & :]eas ?\ w\ld/ enjoy dom9ion1 dep>t to ! k+dom t is prep>$ = !e1 :]e ?\ %alt h suff]+ in/ead ( fre$om1 mis]y in/ead ( bliss1 sorr[s ( e k9d b no joy4 ,let all ^? g ) !e :o did n oppose ?y design40 ,& z ,god look$ ^u !m 9 ,8 wra?1 all ! heav5s trembl$ be=e ,8 c\nt5ance2 & ,8 enemies fl$ ) a t]rible d[nfall1 & !y suff]$ a horrible *ange ( c\nt5ance 9 ! loss ( _! beauty4 ,!reupon !y s\ght out ! places t 7 assign$ to !m & 7 scatt]$ ab\t 9 all ! caves ( hell1 ea* appo9t$ to a sep>ate s]vice4 ,9 ?is way d>kness 0 sep>at$ f light4 ,footnote #bif3 ,! /atem5t t ,lucif] plann$ to set up a rival ?rone 9 ! nor!rn regions ( heav5 also appe>s 9 ! ,mi*aels ,saga 7,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ,i1 #fgg74 ,x 0 app>5tly a common belief 9 m$ieval ,*ri/5dom & 0 bas$ on ,isaiah1 xiv1 #ac4 ,b :5 ,god _h made man & _h giv5 him a blissful life 9 ,p>adise1 ,lucif] said to 8 companions3 8,x is evid5tly ,god's int5tion to give ?is "o ! dom9ion f :i* ,he drove me out1 unless he %all act c\nt] to ,god's w4 ,ev5 if ,god %\ld appo9t o!r angels 9 our /ead1 we c\ld nev] all[ x1 if we c\ld d any?+ to prev5t x2 b our disgrace w\ld be too great1 if a man =m$ ( clay or ! fil?y du/ ( ! e>? 7 to ent] into ! et]nal happ9ess f :i* we 7 expell$4 ,!re=e we mu/ fight incessantly aga9/ ev]yone :o has su* ambitions & rev5ge our injuries ) fi]ce hatr$ ^u all ^? :om we c ov]come4 ,n[ ,i %all try to ga9 a victory ov] ! fir/ man t ,god has creat$1 s t my companions may be able to ov]come ^? :o come lat]40 ,!n he arm$ himself ) sev5 wiles f :i* he expect$ great aid3 ! fir/ 0 v5om\s envy2 ! second1 burn+ hatr$2 ! ?ird1 false cunn+2 ! f\r?1 speci\s deception2 ! fif?1 haughty arrogance2 ! six?1 covet\s self-seek+2 ! sev5?1 lu/ful desire4 ,!n he said to himself3 8,inasmu* z ,i am n[ an invisible _s1 ,i _c visibly come to h spee* ) physical man1 unless ,i adorn my ugly c\nt5ance ) a c]ta9 corporeal beauty4 ,i %all !re=e ent] ?is s]p5t :i* ,god has creat$ ) ! face ( a maid5 & :i* mo/ resembles man 9 beauty2 & ,i %all speak ) 8 tongue to ,eve1 ,adam's wife1 & le>n f h] :e!r !y are creat$ to full fre$om )\t ob$i5ce to law1 or :e!r ,god has giv5 !m laws to keep1 ?r\gh :i* ,i may be able to ru9 _! cov5ant ) ,him40 ,!reupon ?is envi\s _s s\ght ! s]p5t t is n[ call$ ! asp1 :i* 9 ^? days walk$ ) upright =m on two feet l man & _h a face l a maid5's1 z we h j said4 ,& :5 ! evil m9d$ _s came to ,eve conceal$ 9 ! body ( ?is s]p5t1 he made use ( ! artifice t is call$ speci\s deception1 = he spoke to ,eve ) s$uctive sweetness us+ ^! words3 8,bless$ is ?y husb& & ?\ likewise40 ,?is praise he did n give !m out ( good w2 r did he praise _! happ9ess 9 ord] to drag !m into mis]y ?r\gh hatr$ & envy1 & he us$ false cunn+ :5 he ask$ ,eve to tell him :e!r ,god _h giv5 ev]y?+ to ,adam to control & to enjoy )\t re/riction4 ,b :5 ,eve 9 return = 8 sweet words _h giv5 ! desir$ in=mation1 & he he>d t dea? 0 to be _! "p if !y transgress$1 he 0 glad1 & !n made use ( haughty arrogance 9 sugge/+ to ,eve t !y c\ld become l ,god 9 k 9 ?is respect1 t !y might be able to "k good f evil4 ,b he us$ lu/ful desire :5 he bade h] try h[ sweet & fragrant 0 ! apple ( k :i* 0 =bidd5 h]4 ,& he employ$ covet\s self-seek+ :5 he caus$ ,eve to take = h] own :at ,god _h e>li] =bidd5 h]2 = ,god _h giv5 ev]y?+ into ! p[] ( ,adam & ,eve1 except ?is tree2 b !y long$ to h ?is ev5 )\t p]mission1 ?\gh ev]y?+ else 0 9 _! p[]4 ,!y knew ?is "o diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil1 t good 0 bett] ?an evil2 :]e=e !y fe>$ ! dea? t 0 assur$ !m4 ,b hav+ nev] ta/$ ! bitt]ness ( evil1 !y c\ld n "k :at great mis]y !y w\ld suff] = transgression2 b !y ?\ght x w\ld be a great di/9ction to be l ,god 9 k1 & to "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 good & evil ?+s4 ,b :5 ! s]p5t urg$ ,eve to eat ( ! apples ( k1 %e began to fe> dea?1 & repli$ ?us to ! s]p5t3 8,i fe> t1 if ,i eat1 ,i %all die1 = su* is ,god's ?reat4 ,n[ d y eat fir/ :ile ,i look1 & if y d n die1 ,i w eat1 = if ?is fruit really does possess dea? deal+ p[]s1 x w surely prove baneful to o!r liv+ be+s besides me40 ,!n ! _s t 0 conceal$ 9 ! s]p5t said to himself3 8,i may inde$ eat ! apple1 = x w make me no m guilty or mortal1 inasmu* z ,i am already 9 ! full wra? ( ,god40 ,b ^! words ! woman did n he>4 ,!n ,eve took an apple & plac$ x 9 ! s]p5t's m\? & he ate =?)4 ,& :5 %e saw t x did him no h>m1 %e imm$iately pick$ ano!r apple & ate2 & %e f\nd x v sweet1 j z ! s]p5t _h told h]4 ,!reupon ! s]p5t vani%$ f ,eve's sight2 b %e call$ ,adam h] husb& & told him ^! ?+s4 ,b because he1 too1 fe>$ ! dea? t ,god _h ?reat5$1 he w\ld n eat1 unless he %\ld see ,eve eat fir/4 ,s ,eve took two m apples & boldly ate ! "o =?)1 = %e _h already ta/$ ! sweetness ( ! fruit1 & in/ead ( feel+ %ame = :at %e _h already done1 %e long$ to ta/e x (t5]4 ,:5 ,adam saw t x did h] no h>m 7& he ev5 obs]v$ a pleasurable sweetness ^u h] lips71 he took ! apple t %e _h (f]$ him & ate j z %e _h done4 ,b :5 !y _h eat5 ! apple1 _! eyes 7 op5$ to a great] k ?an !y _h _h be=e1 j z ! s]p5t _h pr$ict$3 = imm$iately !y 7 a%am$ ( _! nak$ limbs1 s9ce !y saw t ! bodies ( ! birds 7 cov]$ ) fea!rs & ^? ( ! bea/s ) hair1 :ile _! own bodies 7 nak$1 & !y 7 mu* a%am$ ( t4 ,b mo/ ( all did x %ame !m to "k t _! transgression _h made !m guilty be=e ,god2 & !y bore _! bodies 9 fe> & 7 a%am$ ( _! nak$ limbs4 ,soon !y w5t to hide among ! trees1 ?us giv+ pro( ( _! %ortsight$ness1 = !y did n realize t ,god _h su* k ( ,8 h&iwork & all ! ?+s t ,he _h made1 t nei!r bu%es nor =e/s c\ld hide !m f ,8 sight1 s9ce ev5 ! secret hid+ places 9 ! cav]ns ( hell lie b>e & visible be=e ,8 eyes at all times4 ,b :ile ,adam 0 9 hid+1 ,god spoke to ! _s t 0 conceal$ 9 ! s]p5t3 8,?r\gh pride & evil int5t ?\ did/ raise ! fir/ rebellion1 !re be+ none to ensn>e !e1 only ?9e own pride & envy2 :]e=e ,m9e ang] rages aga9/ !e )\t m]cy1 & ?\ has =feit$ et]nal happ9ess & all hope ( return+ to x4 ,?\ ha/ n[ a second "t /irr$ ,my he>t to ang] because ( ! s9 t has j be5 committ$4 ,adam w h to suff] puni%m5t = 8 transgression1 b he %all /ill h hope ( return & m]cy1 because he came into ,my wra? on acc\nt ( ?y wick$ness & s$uctive guile4 ,& z ?\ ov]came/ ,adam's wife :ile %e 0 yet a virg91 s %all "o ( h] daught]s1 also a virg91 w9 a triumph ov] !e4 ,& j z ?\ seeme/ n[ to h l$ ,adam ) all 8 possessions & k9%ip z spoils into ?y dom9ion1 s %all "o ( 8 sons se>* all ?y g>n]s & c>ry all ?y treasures away z spoils2 & lead+ =? ,adam & all 8 fai?ful k9sm5 out ( ?y p[] 9 a glori\s triumph1 he %all appo9t him to an honor$ place among 8 sons 9 ! k+dom :i* ?\ w]t fitt+ly depriv$ (4 ,& z a gre5 tree bore ! fruit ?r\gh :i* ?\ ha/ n[ won ?y victory1 s %all a dry tree be> ! fruit ?r\gh :i* ?y victory %all be br\ght to naught40 ,!n ,god spoke to ! s]p5t 9 :i* ! _s _h conceal$ himself3 8,curs$ art ?\ be=e all ! bea/s ^u e>?2 because ?\ ha/ receiv$ ,m9e enemy & conceal$ him f ! eyes ( ,eve to ! end t1 hidd5 9 !e1 he might w9 a victory ov] mank9d4 ,!re=e %alt ?\ lose ! lik5ess to a maid5's face :i* ?y c\nt5ance has borne & %alt h5ce=? be> a grim & ugly face hateful to mank9d2 ?\ %alt lose ! feet t bore ?y body upright & h5ce=? crawl ^u brea/ & belly4 ,bitt] & unclean du/ %all be ?y food1 because ?\ ate/ ( ! apple :i* ?\ tooke/ f ! h& ( ,eve4 ,?\ %alt be a self-*os5 vessel ( v5om & dea? z evid5ce t ?\ did/ hide v5om\s envy 9 ?y body4 ,i decl>e ! cov5ant sund]$ betwe5 !e & all mank9d2 ?y head & neck %all be cru%$ "u ! heel & ! tread ( m5 9 rev5ge = ! trea*]y :i* mank9d has suff]$ ?r\gh ?y slipp]y cunn+4 ,& s9ce ?\ did/ cause man to break ! law ) 8 m\? & 9 eat+1 ! spittle t comes =? f ! m\? ( a fa/+ man %all prove z dang]\s a v5om to ?y life1 if ?\ ta/e x1 z ?y v5om is to man1 if he ta/e x40 ,!n ,god1 call+ ,adam & ,eve1 ask$ :]e !y 74 ,& ,adam repli$3 8,we hid ourselves1 ,"l1 be+ a%am$ to appe> nak$ be=e ,?y face40 ,9 ! fir/ ^w t ,adam answ]$ ,god1 he li$ to ,him2 = !y knew !mselves guilty ( violat+ ! law & hid = t reason2 b ,adam conceal$ ?is 9 ! answ] t he gave to ,god4 ,!n ,god said to him3 8,:y %\ld y be m a%am$ ( y\r nak$ness n[ ?an :5 we la/ talk$ toge!r1 unless x be t y h increas$ 9 k f eat+ ! apples t ,i =bade y80 ,b :5 ,adam saw t he c\ld n conceal h[ !y _h brok5 ! law1 he s\ght to escape by plac+ ! blame = ! act on ano!r r ?an on himself1 = he answ]$ 9 ^! words3 8,if ,i _h be5 alone ab\t my affairs & if ,?\ had/ n giv5 me ?is woman to advise ) me1 ,i %\ld h kept ! appo9t$ law & w\ld n h brok5 ,?y comm&s40 ,^! words add$ greatly to ,adam's guilt 9 ,god's eyes1 = he s\ght def5se r ?an m]cy4 ,b if he _h spok5 9 ?is wise3 8,rememb] n[1 ,o ,"l1 t ,i am =m$ ( fragile /uff l a pot ( brittle clay1 & am 9 great] ne$ ( ,?y =be>ance & m]cy ?an ! m]its ( my case c dem&1 = 9 my weakness ,i h fall5 into great guilt aga9/ ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 because ( my transgression10--!n 8 guilt w\ld at once h be5 less5$ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 inasmu* z he w\ld be seek+ m]cy b n def5se4 ,b :5 ,god he>d ,adam reply+ z if excus+ himself1 ,he said z if 9 wra?3 8,?\ %alt put no blame ^u ,me = creat+ ! woman2 = ,i gave h] to !e to be a delight & a companion1 n t ?\ %\ld/ commit law-break+ by h] c\nsel4 ,i ev5 w>n$ !e n to transgress & told !e :at guilt ?reat5$ if ?\ did/ break ! law4 ,:y !n did/ ?\ foll[ ?y wife's mis]able advice r ?an ,my sav+ c\nsel1 if ?\ did/ n d x ?r\gh pride & av>ice1 wi%+ to equal ,me 9 k & !re=e eag] to "k :at 0 n promis$ !e80 ,aft] t ,god spoke to ,eve3 8,:y did/ ?\ egg ?y husb& on to transgress80 ,& ,eve 0 anxi\s t ano!r %\ld be> ! blame = h] guilt r ?an h]self1 = %e spoke 9 ?is wise3 8,?is crafty s]p5t gave me t evil advice2 _h he n be5 creat$ or appe>$ be=e me1 ,i %\ld n h transgress$ or egg$ on my husb& to transgress40 ,:5 ,god he>d ,eve's excuse1 ,he spoke 9 ,8 wra?3 8,x looks to ,me z if y bo? wi% to blame ,me = y\r law-break+3 ,adam blam$ ,me = hav+ creat$ !e to advise ) him1 & n[ ?\ f9de/ fault ) ,me = hav+ creat$ ! s]p5t4 ,i creat$ ! s]p5t z ,i creat$ all ! o!r bea/s ( ! e>?1 b ,i did n give him to y z a c\nsellor2 on ! contr>y1 ,i made him subject to y\r dom9ion l all ! o!r bea/s ( ! e>?4 ,i w>n$ y bo? to commit no s9 & told y to look = dea?1 if y did4 ,n[ y\r de$ appe>s no bett] 9 y\r def5se ?an be=e 9 ! transgression2 :]e=e y %all suff] ! dea? ) :i* ,i ?reat5$ y4 ,?\gh y may n imm$iately fall d[n dead1 y %all1 nev]!less1 9 y\r dea? suff] a long puni%m5t = y\r (f5ce1 & all y\r (fspr+ %all be responsible ) y = ?is transgression4 ,& ! :ile t y live ^u e>? y %all suff] sorr[ful di/ress in/ead ( enjoy+ ! blissful fre$om :i* y knew n h[ to keep4 ,& :]eas ?\ did/ transgress be=e ,adam1 ,i w increase ?y tr\bles beyond :at y are bo? to suff]3 ?\ %alt be subject to ! control ( ?y husb& & to all 8 comm&s1 & %alt !re=e seem ( less] importance & l[] 9 ! sight ( ?y sons4 ,! *ildr5 t ?\ %alt conceive 9 lu/ful passion ?\ %alt br+ =? 9 pa9 & imm95t p]il2 x %all also be ?y duty to give ?y *ildr5 all =ms ( s]vice 9 toil & tr\blesome c>e :ile br++ !m up40 ,!n ,god said3 8,adam has n[ become z wise z any "o ( u1 kn[+ good & evil4 ,h c>e t he does n eat f ! tree ( life )\t p]mission1 z he did ( ! apples ( k1 le/ he live et]nally 9 8 guilt40 ,!reupon ,god appo9t$ ,*]ubim to gu>d ! pa? lead+ to ! tree ( life ) a flam+ sword :i* con/antly turn$ its fi]y edge 9 e direction s t none c\ld pass =w>d )\t p]mission4 ,!n ,god said to ,adam3 8,because ?\ did/ he>k5 to ?y wife's evil advice r ?an to my good c\nsel & ha/ eat5 ( ! =bidd5 fruit1 ! e>?1 :i* gave !e all mann] ( desirable fruit 9 h] mo!rly k9dness1 %all be curs$ ?r\gh ?y de$4 ,z if 9 sorr[ful wra?1 %e %all refuse !e su* h]bs z ?\ maye/ ?9k suitable = food3 ?i/les & we$s %all %e give !e = h]bs1 unless ?\ till h] soil ) labor & dr5* x ) ?y sweat2 = h5ce=? ?\ %alt ga9 ?y food ^u e>? ) toil40 ,!reaft] ,god gave ,adam & ,eve coats ( sk9 & said to !m3 8,s9ce y are a%am$ ( y\r nak$ limbs1 cov] y\rselves n[ ) ! g>m5ts ( travail & sorr[ & f>e =? into ! wide fields to f9d y\r food ) irksome toil4 ,& f9ally y %all re/ 9 ! dea?like embraces ( e>? & be *ang$ aga9 naturally into ! mortal mat]ials f :i* y 7 made 9 ! beg9n+40 ,!n said ,adam3 8,= ju/ice & m]cy ,i ?ank ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 = ,i see cle>ly h[ greatly ,i h s9n$2 likewise d ,i own ,?y grace 9 t ,i am n to suff] m]ciless de/ruction l ,lucif]4 ,sorr[+ %all ,i desc5d into ! dea?like %ad[s ( hell2 yet ,i %all ev] rejoice 9 ! hope ( return+2 = 9 ?is ,i tru/ to ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 t ,?\ wilt %[ me ! light ( life ev5 9 ! d>kness ( dea?4 ,& ,i %all ev] look =w>d to ! day :5 he1 :o is n[ rejoic+ 9 my mis=tune z 9 a victory won1 %all be afflict$ by our return+ z "o :o is ov]come & depriv$ ( victory40 ,!n ,eve said3 8,?\gh we n[ dep>t 9 sorr[1 ,"l1 because ( our great misdo+1 we %all take joy 9 ,?y m]ciful l5i5ce 9 our di/ress40 ,!n ,god disappe>$ f _! sight2 & !y began to till ! e>? z ,god _h comm&$4 ,n[ ,i h done z y reque/$1 hav+ expla9$ briefly :y ! s]p5t s\ght spee* ) ! woman & :at caus$ him to egg ! woman on to violate ! law4 ,/ill1 ,i h tak5 up only :at is mo/ easily grasp$ 9 ?is spee*2 = ! task ( gloss+ our disc\rse aft] deep m$itation ,i pref] to leave to o!rs4 ,b let u cont9ue /raight ahead 9 ! discussion z we h begun1 s9ce we d n h "t to d bo?4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlviii ,a ,,comm5t>y ,,on ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,lucif] ,son4 ,i n[ see cle>ly :y y reg>d ! answ]s to my la/ que/ions z glosses & int]pretations ( ! spee*es :i* y gave e>li] r ?an a cont9uation ( our orig9al plan2 & ,i fe> t1 if ,i %\ld ask y to enl>ge fur!r ^u ?is subject1 y w consid] my que/ions unwise4 ,b hav+ be5 grant$ fre$om to ask ab\t :atev] ,i h ! curiosity to "k1 ,i %all v5ture ano!r "q3 & ,i %all cont9ue to look = good answ]s z be=e1 ev5 ?\gh my que/ions be *ildi%4 ,n[ y h br\ght out t1 :5 ! s]p5t spoke to ! woman z he did1 x 0 ! _s speak+ ) ! s]p5t's tongue4 ,y h likewise %[n me :y ! woman 0 l$ into s92 t ,lucif] 0 inspir$ by malici\s envy to h9d] man f com+ into ! dom9ion f :i* he himself _h be5 expell$4 ,& 9 y\r discussion ( ! judgm5ts ( ,god y _h some?+ to say bo? ab\t ,lucif] & ab\t ,adam1 :i* ,i am n sure has (t5 be5 he>d be=e4 ,n[ if ,i %\ld on occasion recall ^! rem>ks & repeat !m z ,i h he>d y /ate !m1 x may be t "s "o he>+ me w say t he has nev] he>d ?is acc\nt be=e2 & !re=e ,i want to ask y to tell me :at facts ,i c\ld /ate 9 my reply1 s t ,i %all n seem to )draw my /atem5ts on acc\nt ( ignorance b r f9d su* means to support !m1 t all w ?9k !m true r ?an false4 ,fa!r4 ,! glosses to a spee* are l ! b\ghs & bran*es ( a tree4 ,fir/ ! roots s5d up a /em :i* aga9 bran*es out into _m limbs & b\ghs4 ,& :atev] limb y take1 if y exam9e x ) prop] c>e1 y w f9d x jo9$ to ! /em :i* orig9ally sprang up f ! roots2 & all ! b\ghs & bran*es draw n\ri%m5t f ! roots f :i* ! /em gr[s4 ,b if y hew (f a limb & ca/ x f> away f ! tree1 & "o %\ld f9d x :o kn[s n :]e x grew1 x w look to him l e o!r bran* :i* he f9ds on 8 way1 see+ t he does n "k :]e x has gr[n4 ,b if he c>ries x back to ! /em f :i* x 0 cut & fits x !re1 ! bran* itself w te/ify z to :at roots x sprang f4 ,x is ! same ) ! int]pretation ( a s]mon2 if a man kn[s h[ to pres5t a spee* prop]ly1 he w also "k h[ to int]pret x correctly4 ,b z ,i he> t "s ?+s h be5 introduc$ into ?is discussion :i* h n (t5 be5 he>d1 ,i w n[ d ! que/ion+ = a :ile1 s9ce ,i h answ]$ m ?an ,i h ask$4 ,& fir/ ,i wi% to ask :e!r ?is spee* includ$ any?+ t y already knew4 ,son4 ,!re 7 a few ?+s b n _m4 ,i h he>d x quot$ f ,lucif]'s words t he int5d$ to set 8 ?rone z high z t ( ,god2 b ! answ] t ,god gave to ?is ,i _h nev] he>d int]pret$ be=e1 b n[ y h expla9$ x4 ,fa!r4 ,let me ask aga93 :o d y suppose x 0 t1 /&+ by1 he>d ,lucif]'s boa/ful & trea*]\s words & quot$ !m aft]w>ds8 ,son4 ,i h nev] he>d 8 "n spok5 & ,i am n sure t !y 7 told by any "o :o he>d !m at ! beg9n+4 ,fa!r4 ,b ?is y %all "k ( a surety1 t if ,lucif]'s words h be5 quot$ by "o :o he>d !m 9 ! beg9n+1 he surely mu/ h he>d ^? replies ( ,god also1 :i* ,i h j giv52 & he c\ld h report$ bo? spee*es1 _h he wi%$1 s9ce he he>d ei!r bo? or nei!r4 ,b if he report$ ,lucif]'s trea*]\s boa/+ z he div9$ x1 he surely c\ld h ?\ght out ,god's tru?ful /atem5t ( 8 v5geance 9 ! same way2 = ei!r bo? or nei!r w\ld be true4 ,= at ! v mom5t :5 ,lucif] transgress$1 :e!r 9 ?\ght or 9 words1 ,god _h already purpos$ all ! v5geance t 0 to befall him f ! fir/ h\r to ! la/4 ,s great & all-suffici5t are ,god's ?\ghts & wisdom1 t ! vision ( ! div9e =esight sees 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye all ! ev5ts t %all come to pass f ! fir/ h\r to ! v la/4 ,b ,he )holds 9 div9e pati5ce all ! ?+s t ,he int5ds %all come to pass1 until suitable times appe>2 & ,he w let ev]y?+ happ5 z ,he has purpos$ x h]et(ore4 ,n[ if ,god %\ld h end[$ any "o ) su* great insight & wisdom t he c\ld "k all ! ?\ghts ( ,god & %\ld report !m z if ,god _h disclos$ !m 9 ^w or spee*1 he w\ld by no means be tell+ falsehoods2 = all t ,god has purpos$ has be5 told him 9 8 ?\ghts1 :e!r 8 lips h spok5 ab\t !m or n4 ,! apo/le ,paul tells u t ,god has giv5 m5 8 ,holy ,_s ) a def9ite (fice & activity3 "s receive a _s ( prophecy1 "s a _s ( k & wisdom1 "s a _s ( eloqu5ce1 "s a _s ( und]/&+1 & "s a _s ( skill2#big "s h ^! gifts 9 l>ge measure1 o!rs 9 less2 "s enjoy "o ( ^! gifts1 o!rs two1 /ill o!rs ?ree1 :ile "s h all1 ea* "o z ,god wills to end[ him4 ,footnote #big3 ,i ,cor9?ians1 xii1 #d-aj4 ,b ^? :o1 l ,k+ ,david1 h receiv$ bo? ! _s ( und]/&+ & ( eloqu5ce1 h v5tur$ to compose spee*es & write books 9 ord] t ! spee*es %all n p]i%4 ,9 "s places ,david has told ( ,god's purposes1 9 o!r places ( ,8 de$s1 & 9 /ill o!r places he has report$ ,8 words2 & ^? :o 9 times pa/ h writt5 glosses to ! psalms :i* ,david compos$ h _h m to say ab\t :at 0 9 ,david's m9d ?an ab\t ! words t he wrote4 ,= to e ^w !y h add$ long comm5ts ( :at ,david _h 9 ?\ght :5 he spoke ?is ^w2 & 9 ^! comm5ts !y po9t out ! mean+ :i* he _h 9 8 ?\ghts at e ^w t he wrote 9 ! ,psalt]4 ,9 l mann] !y h proce$$1 :o h int]pret$ ! words ( ! ,evangeli/s1 & !y h br\ght out mu* t ! ,evangeli/s h left unsaid4 ,?us !y h %[n t _! comm5ts are on ! words ( ?\ght :i* ! lips _h left unspok54 ,& if "o has receiv$ ! ,god-giv5 _s ( a p]fect und]/&+1 he has a gift ( su* a nature t1 :5 he he>s a few spok5 words1 he p]ceives _m words ( ?\ght4 ,b ,david did n himself gloss ! ,psalt] = ! reason t he wi%$ to leave to o!rs ! task ( express+ all ^? ?\ghts :i* came up 9 8 m9d1 :ile he cont9u$ writ+ ! ,psalms z orig9ally plann$4 ,?us all d :o h a spee* on ! tongue :i* ought to be int]pret$3 !y proce$ ) ! disc\rse z plann$ & begun1 & leave to o!rs ! task ( express+ 9 words :at is 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,/ill1 y %\ld "k t no "o has gloss$ ! say+s ( ,david :o sat by him1 :ile he 0 compos+ ! ,psalt]1 & ask$ :at 0 9 8 m9d at ! "t4 ,& f ?is y w p]ceive t x is ! grace ( ! _s ( insight :i* guides su* m5 to exam9e ! f\ndations ( ! s]mons t !y he>4 ,next !y inve/igate h[ widely ! roots ramify :i* lie b5ea? ! spee*2 !y consid] c>efully h[ _m limbs gr[ out ( x2 & f9ally !y make a c\nt ( ! bran*es t spr\t f ea* limb4 ,!y also note precisely :at b\gh !y take = !mselves1 t !y may be able to trace x correctly back to ! roots f :i* x orig9ally grew4 ,n[ if y und]/& ?is ?or\ghly & if y inve/igate ) c>e & precision ev]y?+ t y he> told1 y w n fall into error1 no matt] :e!r ! comm5ts t y he> be "r or wrong1 if ,god has giv5 y ! _s t leads to a "r und]/&+4 ,= e man :o is gift$ ) prop] insight & gets into ! "r pa? at ! beg9n+ w be able to f9d ! highways ( reason & to det]m9e :at expressions are suitable & w be/ fit ! circum/ances4 ,n[ ga!r f ^! ?+s :atev] y c t may give insight2 b x does n seem necess>y to discuss !m fur!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,xlix ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,god ,,has ,,all[$ ,,! ,,decision ,,to ,,be ,,fram$ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,/]n ,,dem&s ,,( ,,tru? ,,& ,,ju/ice ,son4 ,god rew>d y1 sire1 = be+ s pati5t 9 answ]+ all ! que/ions t ,i am ask+4 ,i f9d1 h[ev]1 t y ?9k my qu]ies w&] ab\t 9 a *ildi% way1 b z ,i _c keep to ! subject ( ! conv]sation t we h begun1 my que/ions w come d[n "h & !re1 z "o might expect ( y\?ful ignorance4 ,/ill1 x seems t x is bett] to h ask$ ?an n ab\t ! matt] t ,i br\ght up la/1 namely1 h[ "o is to det]m9e :e!r ! glosses are correct or n4 ,n[ ,i und]/& p]fectly y\r /atem5t t a man does n tell a lie ab\t ,god1 if he tells ,god's purposes z if !y 7 ,8 own words2 = :atev] ,god has det]m9$ 9 ,8 own s\l1 ,he has already spok5 to ,himself 9 ,8 ?\ghts1 :e!r ,he has utt]$ !m ) ,8 lips or n2 :]e=e ^? ?+s may be int]pret$ z if spok51 because 9 ,8 m9d ,he has spok5 all t to ,himself4 ,?is1 too1 is cle> to me1 t1 al?\gh no "o is able to div9e :at ,god _h 9 m9d at ! beg9n+1 ,he has ,himself reveal$ x 9 lett+ ^? ?+s come to pass :i* ,he _h ?\ght & purpos$2 = x seems v evid5t t all ^? ?+s :i* ,god has all[$ to occur1 ,he _h ?\ght ^u & wisely plann$ 9 8 own m9d1 be=e !y came to pass4 ,x is also q cle> to me t ^? :o h add$ explanatory glosses to ! writ+s ( ,david1 or o!r m5 :o h writt5 s]mons & set !m 9 books1 h develop$ _! int]pretations by /udy+ out :at fundam5tal ?\ght or purpose _h s9ce ! beg9n+ la9 und]nea? ! words4 ,aft]w>ds !y wisely consid]$ ?is1 too1 ) :at tru? probability might be able to acc\nt = e bran* & twig ( t disc\rse1 s t ! cont5ts might be reveal$4 ,n[ s9ce ^! ?+s beg9 to look some:at cle>] to me1 x may be t ,i %all cont9ue to reflect ^u !m1 if ,god gives me ! necess>y insight4 ,b s9ce ,i realize t y feel x w\ld be a l>ge & t$i\s task bo? to cont9ue ! disc\rse already begun & to make suitable comm5ts1 ,i w n[ ask y to return to ! subject be=e u & to cont9ue sett+ =? ! judgm5t ( ,god1 giv+ cases 9 :i* ,he all[$ ! s5t5ce to be c>ri$ out ) sev]ity accord+ to ! v]dict ( ,ju/ice & ,tru?1 & o!rs 9 :i* ,he %[$ great] l5i5cy4 ,fa!r4 ,! foll[+ in/ances occurr$ long aft] ! fall b _h a simil> outcome4 ,ph>aoh1 ! k+ ( ,egypt1 suff]$ a m]ciless doom by ! judgm5t ( ,tru? & ,ju/ice4#bih ,da?an & ,abiram 7 ju/ly doom$ & de/roy$4#bii ,:5 ,jo%ua l$ ! p ( ,israel into ! l& t ,god _h promis$ !m ,god ord]$ him to puni% ! p :o dwelt 9 ! city call$ ,j]i*o ) su* sev]ity t :atev] 0 liv+ %\ld p]i%4#cjj ,long aft] t1 :5 ,k+ ,saul l$ an invasion into ,amalek1 ,god comm&$ him to slay ev]y?+ t 0 liv+2 b ,saul incurr$ ! ang] ( ,god because he did n c>ry out :at 0 comm&$4#cja ,! case ( ,judas1 "o ( ! apo/les ( ,god1 is among ! examples t belong to a mu* lat] date3 = ,tru? & ,ju/ice condemn$ him )\t m]cy = da/>dly trea*]y t[>d 8 ,"l4 ,!re are _m simil> cases1 ?\gh we h giv5 ^! only2 &1 inasmu* z our spee* w\ld get too long1 we _c include 9 a s+le disc\rse all ! examples t we "k resemble ^!4 ,b :5 ,god decre$ all ^! puni%m5ts :i* we h n[ rec\nt$1 ! si/]s 7 all on ! judgm5t seat ) ,him1 ,tru? & ,ju/ice1 ,m]cy & ,peace1 & !y all agre$ ) ,him & kiss$ & embrac$ ea* o!r4 ,footnote #bih3 ,exodus1 xiv4 ,footnote #bii3 ,numb]s1 xvi4 ,footnote #cjj3 ,jo%ua1 vi4 ,footnote #cja3 ,i ,samuel1 xv4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,l ,,o!r ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,argum5ts ,,( ,,peace ,,& ,,m]cy ,,h ,,_h ,,great] ,,weight ,son4 ,x is q evid5t t 9 ! cases :i* y h n[ rec\nt$1 ,tru? & ,ju/ice _h a l>g] "p 9 ! v]dict ?an ,peace & ,m]cy4 ,b no "o c d\bt t ! si/]s 7 all agre$ 9 ^! decisions1 = we may be sure t ,god nev] passes a m]ciless judgm5t4 ,"o w consequ5tly ne$ to pond] ^! ?+s ) c>eful att5tion & close ?9k+2 = ! judgm5ts ( ,god are l>gely conceal$ f m54 ,!re=e ,i wi% to ask y to po9t out ^? cases 9 :i* ,m]cy & ,peace h *iefly dictat$ ! v]dict1 s t ,i may get insight into dooms ( bo? k9ds1 see+ t examples ( bo? are to be f\nd4 ,fa!r4 ,!re are s _m cases ( ei!r class1 t we _c include all ! v]dicts 9 "o discussion2 /ill1 we c po9t out a few ( !m1 9 ord] t bo? y\r que/ions may be answ]$4 ,! foll[+ are ev5ts :i* occurr$ long ago1 :5 ,a>on & ,ur1 ! bi%ops1#cjb committ$ a great s9 aga9/ ,god 9 t !y gave ,8 p two calves made ( molt5 gold1 ?r\gh :i* ! entire nation 0 l$ a/ray f ! fai?2 = ! p call$ ^! calves ! gods ( ,israel & br\ght sacrifices to !m z to ,god4 ,b :5 ,moses came d[n to ! p 7he _h be5 up on ! m\nta9 :]e he _h spok5 to ,god ,himself71 ! bi%ops ran to meet him1 deeply rep5t+ _! s9s2 &1 fall+ at ,moses' feet1 !y begg$ him to int]c$e = !m ) ,god1 le/ ,he be ang]$ ) !m accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,b :5 ,god saw h[ deeply ! bi%ops rep5t$1 ,he he>d ,moses' pray]1 & ! bi%ops reta9$ ! dignities :i* !y _h be=e1 & !y did p5ance = _! s94 ,! in/ance t ,i h n[ relat$ is "o ( ^? 9 :i* ! great] %>e 9 ! decision 0 assign$ to ,peace & ,m]cy1 ?\gh ,tru? & ,ju/ice also cons5t$ to ! doom2 = ! bi%ops w\ld h suff]$ dea? = ?is (f5ce1 if ,m]cy _h n be5 m l5i5t ) !m ?an !y des]v$4 ,! foll[+ ev5t is l ?is b happ5$ mu* lat]3 ,k+ ,david fell into ?is great s91 t he committ$ adult]y ) ,uriah's wife & aft]w>ds br\ght ab\t ! dea? ( ,uriah himself4 ,aft] ,uriah's dea? ,david took 8 wife & _h h] = 8 own1 & surely he des]v$ dea? = ^! s9s4 ,b he rep5t$ 8 misde$s s deeply be=e ,god & begg$ =giv5ess s humbly = ! s9s confess$1 t ,god he>d 8 pray] & did n take away 8 k+%ip1 b ev5 confirm$ him 9 x1 ?\gh he _h committ$ ^! crimes4#cjc ,footnote #cjb3 ,exodus1 xxxii4 ,no high prie/ by ! "n ( ,ur is m5tion$ 9 ?is connection2 b ,hur1 ! son ( ,caleb1 is associat$ ) ,a>on on two e>li] occasions4 ,see ibid41 xvii1 #aj2 xxiv1 #ad4 ,!re 0 a leg5d t ,ur refus$ to make ! gold5 calf & t ! p spitt+ into 8 face suffocat$ him ) ! spittle4 ,petrus ,come/or1 ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica1 c4 #gc3 ,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,cxcviii1 #aahi4 ,footnote #cjc3 ,,ii ,samuel1 xii4 ,! foll[+ ev5ts occurr$ mu* lat] at ! "t :5 our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 on e>? among m54 ,! bi%ops ( ! ,jews & all _! o!r le>n$ m5 became v ho/ile t[>d him & 7 con/antly /riv+ to f9d some?+ = :i* !y might reproa* him4 ,s !y took a woman :o _h op5ly committ$ adult]y & 0 wor?y ( dea? accord+ to ! law ( ,moses2 ?is woman !y br\ght be=e ,jesus & told him ( h] crimes4 ,!y also said t ! law condemn$ h] to die & ask$ :at s5t5ce he w\ld pass 9 ?is case4 ,jesus repli$ t he :o _h nev] committ$ a s9 %\ld ca/ ! fir/ /one ^u h]4 ,!n !y turn$ away quickly1 n d>+ to "q him fur!r1 = !y all knew !mselves to h s9n$4 ,b ,jesus said to ! woman3 8,woman1 s9ce none ( ^? :o accus$ !e has pass$ judgm5t 9 ?y case1 nei!r w ,i condemn !e to die2 g 9 peace1 b h5ce=? bew>e ( s940 ,!re is ano!r in/ance :i* is l ^? t ,i relat$ e>li]1 & :i* happ5$ 9 ! night :5 ,jesus 0 seiz$4 ,8 apo/le ,pet] _h boa/fully prote/$ t he w\ld nev] =sake him1 ?\gh all o!rs %\ld leave him1 & t he w\ld suff] dea? ) ,jesus be=e he w\ld des]t him l a c[>d4 ,b 9 ! same night :5 ,jesus 0 seiz$1 ,pet] d5i$ ?ree times t he _h be5 ) him1 & ! ?ird "t he confirm$ ! /atem5t ) an oa? t he _h n be5 ,jesus' man4 ,!n he w5t away out ( ! hall :]e ,jesus 0 held & imm$iately began to rep5t 8 s9 & all 8 words & wept bitt]ly4 ,nev]!less1 aft] ,jesus _h ris51 ,pet]'s s9s 7 =giv51 & he reta9$ all ! honors t _h be5 promis$ him be=e4 ,!re is /ill ano!r ev5t :i* came to pass a few days lat] :5 our ,"l 0 crucifi$4 ,two ?ieves 7 crucifi$ ) him1 "o on ei!r side2 bo? _h be5 guilty ( ! same crimes1 murd] & robb]y4 ,b :ile !y hung on ! cross1 "o ( !m took ?\ght to rep5t & implor$ m]cy ( ,jesus1 ?\gh he1 too1 l ! ?ieves1 hung on a cross4 ,8 s9s 7 p>don$ & he 0 giv5 sure promise ( p>adise on t v day2 b 8 companion 0 condemn$ accord+ to 8 de$s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,li ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,?is ,,div]sity ,,9 ,,! ,,v]dicts ,,( ,,god ,son4 ,if e>?ly k+s & o!r *iefs1 :o are appo9t$ to act z judges1 are to adapt _! decisions to ! examples t y h n[ giv51 !y mu/ f9d x v important to le>n precisely :at ea* suit is bas$ ^u2 = 9 _m ( ^! in/ances1 x looks z if ! cases 7 some:at alike 9 appe>ance4 ,/ill1 all ! decisions 9 ! e>li] examples l$ to sev]e puni%m5ts1 :ile 9 ! lat] ones !y all l$ to m]cy & =giv5ess4 ,!re=e ,i n[ wi% to ask y :y ,ph>aoh1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 ! p :o dwelt 9 ,j]i*o1 & ^? ( ,amalek1 :o 7 puni%$ by ,k+ ,saul1 7 all de/roy$ )\t m]cy4 ,fa!r4 ,^! ?+s 7 all done at ! comm& ( ,ju/ice & ,tru?1 ?\gh ,peace & ,m]cy cons5t$4 ,= ,moses daily p]=m$ _m miracles be=e ,k+ ,ph>aoh & comm&$ him to release ,god's p2 & he might h releas$ !m1 _h he wi%$1 )\t suff]+ any injury !reby4 ,he made con/ant promises t x %\ld be done1 b he nev] kept ei!r ^w or promise4 ,n[ x 0 "r t he %\ld p]i% 9 8 /ubborn wick$ness & evil-do+1 s9ce he w\ld accept nei!r m]cy nor p>don1 ?\gh he _h ! opportunity4 ,da?an & ,abiram1 :5 ,moses told !m t !y _h done evil1 became angry & refus$ to rep5t2 & !y p]i%$ )\t m]cy because !y s\ght no m]cy4 ,^? :o dwelt 9 ,j]i*o & ,amalek _h he>d = _m days t !y _h done evil bo? to ,god's p & aga9/ ,8 w b !y (f]$ no atonem5t2 on ! contr>y1 !y propos$ to take up arms 9 _! def5se1 :]e=e !y 7 ov]come by a m]ciless rev5ge4 ,b ^? :om ,i po9t$ out to y 9 ! lat] acc\nts1 ,a>on1 ,ur1 ,david1 & ! o!rs :o 7 m5tion$ 9 ^? examples1 did n conceal _! wick$ness1 b confess$ _! misde$s z !y 72 hop+ = p>don1 !y begg$ m]cy & clem5cy1 & (f]$ to atone1 z ,he %\ld det]m9e1 ,:o1 !y knew1 _h ! decision 9 ,8 p[]4 ,& !y promis$ t nev]more w\ld !y fall into su* guilt1 if !y might become fully reconcil$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,i n[ wi% to ask y :y su* a great di/9ction 0 made 9 ! cases ( ,pet] & ,judas1 ?\gh _! (f5ces appe> simil>4 ,judas return$ ! money t he _h receiv$ & rep5t$ 8 evil de$2 he confess$ t he _h sold 8 innoc5t ,"l1 & ?rew away ! silv]1 say+ t he w\ld n keep :at _h come to him s wrongfully4 ,n[ he 0 de/roy$1 ?\gh he rep5t$2 :ile ,pet] 0 =giv5 at once1 because he rep5t$4 ,fa!r4 ,judas fell 9 ! beg9n+ into s9 ?r\gh av>ice & love ( weal? & took a bribe to betray 8 ,"l4 ,8 rep5tance 0 su* t he c\ld n hope = p>don1 & he ask$ = no m]cy b puni%$ himself ) a sudd5 dea?4 ,b ,pet] wept bitt]ly 9 8 rep5tance1 &1 hop+ = m]cy1 implor$ =giv5ess4 ,fur!rmore1 ,judas _h ! great] guilt1 = he sold 8 ,"l2 & ?\gh he rep5t$1 he crav$ no p>don2 & he did n abide ! judgm5t ( ,god1 b condemn$ himself =?)4 ,b ,pet] d5i$ 8 ,"l ?r\gh sudd5 fe> & rep5t$ imm$iately 9 great sorr[2 he submitt$ to ! judgm5t ( ,god & abid$ x1 & did n condemn himself z ,judas did4 ,!re 0 a simil> outcome 9 ! case ( ! crucifi$ ?ieves4 ,?\gh bo? ackn[l$g$ ! s9s t !y _h committ$1 "o pray$ = m]cy & p>don1 :ile ! o!r ask$ no m]cy b spoke 9 contempt & d]ision r ?an 9 pray] or s]i\s ?\ght4 ,!re=e ^! :om we h n[ nam$ 7 sav$ ?r\gh ! m]ciful judgm5ts ( ,m]cy & ,peace1 ?\gh ,tru? & ,ju/ice agre$ to ! v]dicts4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,liii ,,in/ances ,,9 ,,:i* ,,god ,,has ,,modifi$ ,,8 ,,s5t5ces ,,& ,,! ,,reasons ,,= ,,su* ,,modifications ,son4 ,i am beg9n+ to see ^! ?+s m cle>ly n[ & to und]/& :y x is t ! l>g] %>e 9 a v]dict is sometimes assign$ to ,ju/ice & ,tru? & at o!r times to ,peace & ,m]cy4 ,& n[ ,i want to ask y to discuss ^? cases :i* y m5tion$ e>li] 9 :i* ,god modifi$ ! s5t5ce agre$ ^u1 & to /ate ! causes t l$ to ?is4 ,fa!r4 ,to ?is class belong c]ta9 ev5ts :i* occurr$ a long "t ago 9 ! days :5 ,moses 0 ^u ! m\nta9 call$ ,s9ai4 ,9 ^? days ! great mass ( ! p s9n$ griev\sly & ev5 fell into :or$om1 cohabit+ ) wom5 ( ! hea!n race4 ,b s /rictly _h ,god =bidd5 ?is1 t ev]yone :o fell into t s9 0 held wor?y ( dea?4 ,!n ,god said to ,moses3 8,n[ %alt ?\ cease speak+ ) ,me t ,my wra? may h "t to wax hot aga9/ ?is p :i* ,i gave into ?y *>ge4 ,= !y h fall5 into su* griev\s s9s aga9/ ,my comm&m5ts t ,i int5d to consume !m all 9 ,my fi]ce wra?2 & ,i w give !e ano!r p1 f> bett] & /rong] & m num]\s ?an ?is "o40 ,at ?is po9t x w\ld almo/ seem z if a def9ite s5t5ce _h be5 pass$ 9 ! case ( ?is nation4 ,moses1 h[ev]1 ask$ p]mission to int]c$e briefly 9 behalf ( ! p ( ,israel &1 ?is be+ grant$1 he spoke ^! words4 8,i pray ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 to turn f ,?y wra? & d n de/roy ,?y p1 ?\gh !y h done ill4 ,let n ! ,egyptians h ?is to say1 t ,?\ did/ lead ,?y p out ( ,egypt & out ( _! dom9ion to consume !m 9 ! m\nta9s & ! des]t2 or t ,?\ w]t unable to lead ,?y p into ! l& :i* ,?\ had/ promis$ !m f ! beg9n+4 ,rememb]1 ,o ,"l1 ,?y s]vants ,abraham & ,isaac & ,jacob1 & d n de/roy ! g5]ations t h sprung f ,israel's k9 :i* ,?\ ha/ ,?yself promis$ to multiply ^u e>? & to lead securely into ! l& t is n[ controll$ by ,?9e enemies40#cjd ,god he>d ! pray] ( ,moses2 ,8 wra? 0 appeas$1 & ,he did n slay ! p z ,he _h ?reat5$2 b ,he gave _! puni%m5t into ! h&s ( ,moses1 in/ruct+ him t !y mu/ n :olly escape *a/isem5t1 ?\gh x %\ld n be s sev]e z ,god _h ?reat5$ e>li]4 ,moses return$ ha/ily to ! camp & com+ ^u ! p 9 a tempe/u\s _s & 9 fi]ce wra?1 he slew _m ?\s& m5 9 t day1 & 9 ?is way pacifi$ ! wra? ( ,god4 ,n[ ?is example %[s h[ ,god less5$ a p5alty impos$1 9 t ,he appeas$ ,8 wra? be=e ,moses' pray]4 ,& x %[s t nei!r ( ! si/]s1 ,tru? or ,ju/ice1 suff]$ 9 h] rights by ?is judgm5t1 inasmu* z ,moses slew a great ho/ to pacify ! wra? ( ,god4 ,b ,peace & ,m]cy also _h _! rights1 see+ t less 0 done ?an _h be5 decre$ at fir/4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,exodus1 xxxii1 #g-ad4 ,?is is ano!r in/ance t %[s h[ ,god has modifi$ a judgm5t already pass$4 ,he s5t ,jonah ! prophet to ,n9iveh ) ord]s to tell ! k+ & all ! p ( ! city t )9 ?irty days ,n9iveh %\ld be de/roy$ ) all t 0 !re94 ,jonah did z ,god comm&$ & told ^! ?+s z true tid+s4 ,b :5 ! k+ und]/ood t ! p 7 ( a tru? 9 dang] ( div9e wra? 7= ! nation 0 full ( :or$oms & wick$ness ( e =m7 he desc5d$ f 8 ?rone1 laid aside 8 royal robes1 & did p5ance & fa/$2 & he bade all m5 9 ! city d likewise1 bo? "y & old4 ,& :5 ,god saw t !y rep5t$ ( _! wick$ness ) sorr[ & p5ance 9 _m =ms1 ,he ext5d$ m]cy & de/roy$ nei!r ! city nor ! p )9 x4#cje ,footnote #cje3 ,jonah1 iii4 ,"h is /ill ano!r in/ance t po9ts to ! same result4 ,hezekiah 0 ! "n ( a good k+ 9 ! l& ( ,israel2 he fell ill & m$itat$ deeply ab\t 8 case1 :e!r ,god int5d$ to br+ him ?r\gh ?is illness or to let him die4 ,!n ,god s5t ,isaiah ,8 prophet to him2 & ,god said to ! prophet t ,hezekiah %\ld die ( ?is malady4 ,isaiah w5t to ! k+ & said to him3 8,take good he$ & set y\r h\se 9 ord] & all y\r affairs1 = ,god has said t y %all die ( ?is illness & n live40 ,z soon z ,isaiah _h spok5 ^! words to ! k+1 he dep>t$2 b ! k+ turn$ 8 face to ! wall & pray$ = deliv]ance 9 ^! words3 8,rememb]1 ,o ,"l1 h[ /eadfa/ ,i h be5 9 ,?y s]vice1 = ,i h always oppos$ ,?9e enemies1 & ?is p t ,?\ ha/ giv5 into my keep+ h ,i turn$ f mu* wick$ness :i* _m ( !m practic$ be=e ,i came to ! k+%ip4 ,& !re are ?ree reasons :y ,i am loa? to die s sudd5ly n[ ( ?is illness4 ,! fir/1 :i* ,i fe> ! mo/1 is t ,i may n h kept ,?y comm&m5ts fully1 & if ,i die 9 a /ate ( s9 ,i may look = ,?y v5geance 9 my dea?4 ,! second is t ,i h n yet turn$ all ,?y p :olly away f _! evil ways2 & ,i fe>1 if ,i die sudd5ly n[1 t !y w soon return to _! old abom9ations4 ,! ?ird1 :i* ,i fe> mu*1 is ! victory ( ,?9e enemies ov] ,?y p1 see+ t my son is a *ild2 & 8 p[] to def5d ! p aga9/ ,?9e enemies may prove less ?an is requir$4 ,b if ,?\ wilt he> my pray]1 ,o ,"l1 & add a few days to my life1 all ^! ?+s may be br\ght into a bett] /ate ?an !y are at pres5t40 ,god he>d ,hezekiah's pray] & said to ,isaiah ! prophet3 8,return quickly to ,k+ ,hezekiah & tell him diff]5t tid+s n[ f :at ?\ tolde/ be=e2 = ,i h he>d 8 pray]1 & ,i w add unto ! days ( 8 life fifte5 ye>s beyond :at ,i _h int5d$ = him1 & ,i w deliv] all 8 realm f ! attack ( 8 adv]s>ies40#cjf ,footnote #cjf3 ,,ii ,k+s1 xx2 ,isaiah1 xxxviii4 ,! pray] is imag9>y4 ,"h is ano!r in/ance :i* belongs to a mu* lat] "t4 ,9 ! days :5 ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 "h ^u e>? among m51 "o ( 8 fri5ds1 ,laz>us by "n1 fell ill & di$ ( ! illness4 ,be?any 0 ! "n ( ! t[n :]e ,laz>us 0 buri$4 ,b :5 he _h la9 f\r days 9 ! grave1 ,jesus came to ,be?any4 ,n[ x w\ld seem 9 ,laz>us' case1 z 9 t ( all o!rs :o h dep>t$ f ?is _w1 t an irrevocable s5t5ce _h be5 pass$1 see+ t he _h la9 f\r days a dead man 9 ! e>?1 dea? hav+ ev5 appo9t$ him a place 9 8 k+dom4 ,jesus ord]$ ,laz>us' grave to be op5$1 & call+ him he comm&$ him to te> himself away f ! h&s ( 8 dead companions4 ,!reupon ,laz>us rose f ! dead1 & he liv$ _m days aft] t4 ,!re are _m o!r examples ( ?is k9d1 b ^! are ! ones :i* we h pref]r$ to br+ to light2 & s9ce our talk has be5 q long1 x seems unnecess>y to rec\nt o!rs1 ?\gh !y are pl5tiful4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,liv ,,! ,,k+',s ,,pray] ,son4 ,! m examples ,i he>1 ! m evid5t is ! tru? ( :at y /at$ e>li] 9 y\r rem>ks1 namely t x is v necess>y = k+s & o!r rul]s :o are 9 *>ge ( ju/ice to be widely in=m$1 if !y are to adapt _! v]dicts to ! examples t we h n[ he>d4 ,fa!r4 ,y %\ld und]/& ?is cle>ly t1 s9ce ! k+ holds 8 title f ,god1 x is surely 8 duty to suit 8 decisions to div9e examples2 & ! same is true ( all :o are appo9t$ to pass judgm5t1 bo? cl]ks & laym54 ,= we no long] h opportunity to ask c\nsel on any po9t f ,god's own lips1 z ,moses c\ld2 :]e=e m5 %\ld live accord+ to ! examples t 7 set 9 ^? days :5 x 0 possible to inquire ( ,god ,himself :at ,8 w 0 on any matt]4 ,!re=e1 a k+ ought to keep ^! examples frequ5tly ^u 8 lips & be=e 8 eyes1 & su* o!r examples1 too1 z may give insight = 8 own decisions4 ,! mo/ favorable "t = su* m$itation is at night or 9 ! e>ly morn+ :5 he is sat$ ) sleep4 ,b :5 ! h\r to rise comes & x is "t = ! k+ to he> ! h\rs1 x is 8 duty to g to *ur* & li/5 att5tively to ! mass & to jo9 9 ! pray]s & 9 *ant+ ! psalms if he kn[s !m4 ,l e o!r ,*ri/ian man :o is at pray]s1 ! k+ ought to att5d ) z mu* devotion z if he /ood 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god & spoke to ,god ,himself4 ,he %\ld call to m9d ! words t ,david utt]$ :5 he spoke 9 ?is wise3 8,i %all ev] see ! ,"l be=e my face1 = ,he is always at my "r h&40#cjg ,footnote #cjg3 ,probably f ,psalms1 xvi1 #h 7,vulgate1 xv1 #h73 8,i h set ! ,"l always be=e me1 because ,he is at my "r h&44440 ,a k+ %\ld beg9 8 pray] by %[+ ,god t he holds ! true fai?4 ,next he %\ld make cle> t he gives ?\ght to 8 e>?ly dom9ion & ! div9e p[] ( ,god4 ,!reupon he mu/ confess 8 s9s & misde$s to ,god1 mak+ cle> to ,him t he does n consid] himself z hav+ come )\t guilt or z if def5d+ 8 cause4 ,next he mu/ beg m]cy & =giv5ess = ! transgressions t he has confess$4 ,he mu/ also %[ ,god humbly t he reg>ds himself z com+ be=e ,8 knees z a ?rall or a s]vant1 ?\gh ,god has exalt$ him to p[] among m54 ,he mu/ n fail to rememb] o!rs besides himself 9 pray]3 8 que51 if he has "o1 :o is appo9t$ to rule & def5d ! l& ) him2 8 bi%ops & all o!r le>n$ m5 :o are to aid him 9 ma9ta9+ ,*ri/ianity1 &1 !re=e1 owe ! duty to (f] pray]s = him & = all ! o!r p ( ! k+dom4 ,he ought also to rememb] all 8 o!r lords & knights 9 8 pray] & all ! w>riors :o assi/ him 9 ! gov]nm5t4 ,likewise he mu/ rememb] ! husb&m51 ! h\sehold]s1 & all 8 o!r subjects :o ma9ta9 8 k+dom by labor or o!r ga9ful ef=t4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 rememb] all1 m5 & wom51 = x is _! duty to (f] up holy pray]s = him e day4 ,&1 if he likes1 he may use daily ! foll[+ pray]1 :i* is 9 ! =m t ,i h giv51 b he mu/ pray z dev\tly z if he 7 speak+ to ,god ,himself2 & ^! are ! words ( ! pray]4 8,o ,?\ mo/ m]ciful ,god1 et]nal ,fa!r6 ,o ,?\ mo/ honor$ ,conqu]or1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! only begott5 ,son ( ,god6 ,o ,?\ mo/ g5tle ,com=t]1 ,holy ,_s6 ,o ,?\ p]petual f\nt ( wisdom & complete & un%ak5 fai?1 ,holy ,tr9ity6 ,o ,?\ indivisible ,unity1 "o omnipot5t1 un*angeable ,god3 ,?\ ,:o sitte/ above ! highe/ summits ( heav5 & looke/ into ! hidd5 dep?s bel[6 ,= no creature c escape ,?y dom9ion1 ?\gh x %\ld wi% to flee f ,?y wra?4 ,ev5 ?\gh ,i %\ld m\nt to heav51 ,?\ art !re be=e me2 & ?\gh ,i crawl d[n into ! l[e/ hid+ places ( hell1 ,?y spiritual dom9ion is !re2 & ?\gh ,i 7 to fly ^u ! w+s ( ! w9ds & hide beyond ! utt]mo/ b\nd>ies ( ! ocean solitudes1 ev5 !re ,?y "r h& w\ld seize me & lead me back into ,?y control4 ,= ,?y m9d has numb]$ ! s&s driv5 by ! w9ds & by ! p[] ( ! ocean ab\t all ! e>?1 & ,?9e eye kn[s all ! drops ( ! dewy ra94 ,!re=e1 ,i implore ,!e1 ,o my ,"l1 d n ent] into ! seat ( judgm5t ) me1 ,?y s]vant1 to se>* out my righte\sness2 & d n numb] ! multitude ( my s9s1 b turn ,?y face away f m9e iniquities & cleanse me f my secret faults & wa% away all my guilt4 ,= my s9s are great & lie heavy ^u my head2 !y are s _m t !y seem numb]less to me 9 _! multitude1--s9s t ,i h committ$ 9 va9 ?9k+1 9 fooli% words1 9 neglect+ ,?y comm&m5ts & =gett+ ,?y holy law 9 e way1 9 indiscreet te/imony & ?\ghtless oa?s1 9 judg+ unju/ly betwe5 m51 9 excessive av>ice1 & 9 all mann] ( useless & evil works4 ,i ackn[l$ge & confess to ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 call+ all ,?y sa9ts to witness1 t ,i am s guilty ( misde$s & evil works1 t ,i am already condemn$ by ! multitude ( my transgressions1 unless ,i may %>e 9 ! b5efits ( ! exce$+ abundance ( ,?y m]cy & ( ! good & m]itori\s int]cessions ( my ,lady1 ! holy ,virg9 ,m>y1 & ( all ! sa9ts 9 :om ,?\ ha/ be5 well pleas$ s9ce ! _w began4 ,= ! misde$s & all ! iniquity t ,i h committ$ f my *ildhood to ?is day are uncov]$ & reveal$ unto ,!e1 ev5 ?\gh ,i might wi% to conceal & n confess !m2 = %ort-sight$ frailty 0 n a%am$ to pursue its evil desires be=e ,?y face4 ,b1 ,o ,"l1 inasmu* z ,?\ do/ n delight 9 !m :o are de/roy$ 9 s91 b w\ld/ r t !y %\ld live & be l$ aright1 & because ,?\ kn[e/ t man is frail & )\t /r5g? l ! du/ ( ! e>? or ! crumbl+ leaf1 unless ,?\ /r5g!n him ) ! p[] ( ,?y m]cy1 !re=e1 ,i implore ,!e1 d n puni% me ) ! swift judgm5t ( ,?y wra?2 b let ,?y div9e pati5ce give me "t & w to rep5t & ability to d p5ance4 ,take away f me1 ,o ,"l1 envy & pride1 despair & /ubbornness1 inju/ice & viol5ce1 & dete/able gluttony2 cleanse me f ! sev5 c>d9al s9s & ! curs$ vices :i* spr+ f !m4 ,give me1 ,o ,"l1 love & con/ant hope1 true fai? & humility1 wisdom & ju/ice1 & ample /r5g? to d ,?y w at all times4 ,give me ! sev5 c>d9al gifts ( ! ,holy ,_s ) all ! bless$ fruitage t gr[s out ( ^!2 = ,i am ,?y h&iwork1 creat$ 9 ,?9e image1 ,?y ?rall begott5 9 s9 by ,?y s]vant1 ! son ( ,?y h&maid54 ,b ,?y m]cy has appo9t$ me to ,?9e (fice & has exalt$ me1 ?\gh unwor?y1 to ! royal dignity & ! sacr$ *iefta9%ip2 & ,?\ ha/ appo9t$ me to judge & to gov]n ,?y holy p4 ,!re=e1 ,i pray ,!e1 give m he$ to ! ne$s ( ,?y holy p1 :i* ,?\ ha/ appo9t$ me to rule ov]1 ?an to my m]its2 b give me ! "r und]/&+1 self-control & s5se ( ju/ice1 eloqu5ce1 purpose1 & good int5tions1 s t ,i may be able to judge & det]m9e ! causes ( ri* & poor 9 su* a way t ,?\ wilt be pleas$1 :ile !y rejoice t ju/ice is done among !m4 ,& ,i pray ,!e1 ,o ,"l6 to p\r out ,?y _s ( upright und]/&+ ^u all my c\ncillors & help]s :o assi/ me 9 ma9ta9+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,to my que51 :om ,?\ ha/ jo9$ to me ) ! bonds ( m>riage1 & above all to ! hall[$ /ew>ds & s]vants ( holy *ur*1 ! mo/ em95t prie/1 ! bi%op ( ,rome1 & all our bi%ops1 abbots1 & rul]s1 to our prie/s & to all ! le>n$ m5 :o are 9 _! *>ge1--to all ^!1 ,o ,"l1 give a *a/e & upright _s1 s t !y may %[ _! good works & set ,?y p good examples & give !m "r in/ruction4 ,to ! gov]nors & to all ^? :o assi/ me 9 guid+ & def5d+ ! realm1 give rightm9d$ness1 abhorr5ce ( evil ways1 & ! appreciation & love ( good morals4 ,make m9e enemies truly rep5tant ( _! evil & wick$ness1 cause !m to desi/ f _! f]ocity1 & turn !m to a true fri5d%ip4 ,to ,?y p & all ! commonalty give k & a w to love ,!e1 ! true ,god1 a "r ob$i5ce to _! sup]iors1 good peace & ri* h>ve/s1 & security f enemies4 ,rememb]1 ,o ,"l1 9 ,?y holy m]cy1 all ! races ( mank9d = :om our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,?9e only begott5 son1 %$ 8 blood 9 r$emption1 :e!r !y be /ill liv+ 9 ?is _w or call$ home 9 holy pati5ce by ,?y comm&s4 ,to ^?1 ,o ,"l1 :o are bl9d$ by error & ignorance & !re=e _c disc]n ,?y ,holy ,tr9ity1 s5d ,?y _s ( insight1 t !y may "k & und]/& t ,?\ art ! true ,god & none o!r2 = no "o may approa* ,!e except ,?y holy compassion draws him to ,?y love4 ,& be n wro? ) me1 ,?y s]vant1 ,o ,"l1 because ,i h d>$ to speak ) ,!e at ?is "t1 ev5 ?\gh ,i cont9ue 9 pray]1 b incl9e ,?y compassionate e> & he> & grant :at ,i pray = 9 ,?9e abundant k9dness4 ,i pray ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 nev] to give me into ! h&s ( m9e enemies because ( my misde$s1 or to let me become _! victim or captive1 & nev] to let m9e enemies rejoice 9 my mis=tunes1 :e!r 9 body or 9 _s1 visible or invisible2 b if ,i d aught aga9/ ,?y holy w & comm&m5ts1 take me 9 ,?y "r h& & *a/ise me1 ?\gh n accord+ to my des]ts b accord+ to ! l5i5t judgm5t ( ,?y m]cy2 & give me abundant p[] & resolute /r5g? to oppose all antagonism & all deception4 ,let me suff] no great] temptations ?an my weakness c resi/2 let me n end my days 9 a sudd5 dea?2 & d n call me out ( ?is _w be=e ,i %all h rep5t$ & rightly aton$ = all my s9s2 & :5 ! /riv+s ( ?is _w h ceas$1 let me re/ et]nally ) ,!e & ,?y sa9ts4 ,& f my he>t ,i pray ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 to give me a lawful heir begott5 ( my lo9s1 :om x may please ,!e 9 ,?y m]cy to set aft] my "t 9 ! seat ( honor :]e ,?\ ha/ plac$ me2 & let my high-seat nev] pass into ! p[] ( o!r dyna/ies1 b only to su* z %all spr+ f me1 ! son inh]it+ f ! fa!r 9 e case4 ,& grant1 ,o ,"l1 ,i pray ,!e1 t no bran*es t h sprung f me %all )] or decay2 & let !m n foll[ aft] fooli% m5 into error & neglect1 b give !m insight & wisdom to und]/& & to "k ,?y sacr$ law1 & p[] & a good purpose to love ,!e & ,?y comm&s4 ,= ,?\ only art ! true ,god1 ,:o live? & reigne? =ev]1 _w )\t end4 ,am540#cjh ,footnote #cjh3 ,?is pray] is a translation ( a ,lat9 orig9al :i* ! au?or has incorporat$ & giv5 9 full4 ,bo? ! orig9al & ! au?or's translation are giv5 9 ! manuscripts4 ,n[ ?is pray] t y h j he>d is "o :i* ! k+ may (f] up1 if he wi%es1 ) su* o!r psalms & pray]s z he kn[s4 ,& ?\gh he may n always repeat ?is pray]1 he %\ld1 nev]!less1 pray accord+ to ! plan t is outl9$ 9 ?is pray]4 ,& ?is ,i v]ily believe to be 8 duty e day1 until he has he>d ! h\rs & ! mass1 if he means to obs]ve :at belongs to 8 dignity & to 8 (ficial duties4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lv ,a ,,fur!r ,,discussion ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,bus9ess ,,especially ,,8 ,,judicial ,,duties ,son4 ,i believe y h n[ cle>$ up = me :at y ?9k ought to be a k+'s bus9ess1 at night aft] ! season = sleep is pa/ :ile he is m$itat+ ^u ! ne$s ( 8 realm & subjects1 & 9 ! morn+ :5 he goes to *ur* or to devotional s]vices2 & x seems to me t ^! occupations are bo? useful & important1 s mu* s t !y are indisp5sable4 ,n[ t y h %[n me :at he %\ld be employ$ ) 9 ! night & e>ly 9 ! morn+1 ,i wi% to ask y to cont9ue & to po9t out :at he %\ld be occupi$ ) dur+ ! day3 :e!r x is y\r op9ion t he %\ld pond] ! ne$s ( 8 k+dom :ile awake at night 9 ord] t he may be able to sp5d ! day ) great] fre$om1 aft] ! cu/om :i* ,i he> t k+s n[ foll[ 9 mo/ places1 ei!r 9 rid+ out ) hawks or 9 jo9+ ! *ase ) dogs1 or 9 "s o!r =m ( div]sion1 z ,i he> t k+s are 9 ! habit ( do+ 9 mo/ c\ntries2 or :e!r y ?9k t he %\ld be o!rwise employ$1 if he does z he ought to d1 & t k+s seek ^! div]sions m = ! sake ( recreation ?an because _! rank dem& x4 ,fa!r4 ,i surely d believe1 ) respect to :at y h j ask$ ab\t1 t k+%ip 0 e/abli%$ & appo9t$ to look aft] ! ne$s ( ! :ole realm & p r ?an = sport & va9 amusem5ts4 ,nev]!less1 a k+ mu/ be all[$ to seek div]sion n[ & !n1 ei!r ) hawks1 h\nds1 horses1 or weapons1 s t 8 heal? & agility at arms or 9 any =m ( w>f>e may be pres]v$4 ,8 *ief bus9ess1 h[ev]1 is to ma9ta9 an intellig5t gov]nm5t & to seek good solutions = all ! difficult problems & dem&s :i* come be=e him4 ,& y %all "k ( a tru? t x is j z mu* ! k+'s duty to obs]ve daily ! rules ( ! sacr$ law & to pres]ve ju/ice 9 holy judgm5ts z x is ! bi%op's duty to pres]ve ! ord] ( ! sacr$ mass & all ! canonical h\rs4 ,son4 ,i am inquir+ s closely into ^! ?+s = ! reason t _m believe ! royal dignity to h be5 f\nd$ = su* pleasure-giv+ spl5dor & unre/ra9$ amusem5t z k+s may desire4 ,b n[ ,i see cle>ly f y\r rem>ks t a k+ ought con/antly to labor 9 ! yoke ( ,god2 :]e=e x seems to me t he mu/ h a great burd5 to support e day 9 ! s]i\s int]e/ t he mu/ %[ :5 ! ne$s ( 8 subjects are pres5t$ to him4 ,!re=e ,i wi% to ask y once m to %[ me cle>ly :at %\ld be a k+'s duty aft] ! h\rs h be5 obs]v$4 ,fa!r4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( old at ! "t :5 ! royal (fice 0 e/abli%$ & enjoy$ its greate/ spl5dor1 t1 :5 a k+ no long] /ood 9 fe> ( 8 enemies b sat 9 complete security among 8 h5*m51 he select$ a spl5did h\se :]e he c\ld set up 8 high-seat1 :i* 0 also to s]ve z 8 judgm5t seat2 & ?is ?rone he adorn$ ) e =m ( royal decoration4 ,!n ! k+ sat d[n ^u x & obs]v$ 9 :at glory & spl5dor he sat4 ,next he began to pond] 9 :at way he mu/ occupy ?is glori\s high-seat1 s z n to be driv5 f x ) di%onor 9 spite ( 8 exalt$ position ei!r because ( inju/ice or malice1 indiscretion or folly1 inord9ate ambition1 arrogance1 or excessive timidity4 ,n[ x looks mo/ reasonable to me t1 :]eas k+%ip 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ 9 ?is way z we h j po9t$ out1 a k+ %\ld cont9ue to ma9ta9 ! arrangem5t :i* 0 made 9 ! beg9n+4 ,& z soon z ! k+ comes into ?is seat :i* we h j m5tion$ & has reflect$ ^u all ^? ?+s :i* we h j told ab\t1 x becomes 8 duty to pass judgm5t 9 ! suits & on ! ne$s ( 8 p1 if !y are pres5t$ to him4 ,b :5 !re is no (ficial bus9ess br\ght be=e him1 he %\ld m$itate on ! s\rce ( holy wisdom & /udy ) att5tive c>e all its ways & pa?s4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lvi ,,! ,,spee* ,,( ,,wisdom ,son4 ,i beg y1 sire1 n to be displeas$ ) me1 ?\gh ,i ask ?\ghtless & /upid que/ions2 b x looks to me l a difficult task to se>* out ! v s\rces ( wisdom & le>n its ways & pa?s4 ,& !re=e ,i wi% to ask y to tell me some?+ ab\t ?is =m ( /udy1 s t ,i may1 if possible1 d]ive "s insight f x4 ,fa!r4 ,x ought n to cause displeasure to h "o inquire closely into subjects :i* "o is n likely to und]/& )\t "s direction4 ,b ,god's m]cy reveals & makes kn[n _m ?+s to mank9d :i* w\ld be l>gely hidd5 f !m1 if ,he 7 unwill+ to h !m reveal$4 ,& _m ?+s :i* 7 =m]ly conceal$ 9 ,8 own k ,he has made kn[n to u1 because ,he wi%es man to take a pr(itable int]e/ 9 ! weal? ( k :i* he draws f ! div9e treasures4 ,b z a guide t[>d ?is int]e/ :i* we h j m5tion$ "o %\ld take special note ( ! words t ,wisdom us$ conc]n+ h]self :5 %e spoke 9 ^! t]ms3 8,i am begott5 ( ,god's own he>t2 ,i h proce$$ f ! m\? ( ! ,highe/2 & ,i h ord]$ all ?+s4#cji ,! _s ( ,god mov$ ov] empty space1 & we sep>at$ light f d>kness2 we appo9t$ h\rs & times1 days & nights1 ye>s & w9t]s & ev]la/+ summ]4 ,we built a />-lit ?rone = ! ,k+ ( heav52 yea1 ,god did no?+ except 9 my f>-see+ pres5ce4 ,toge!r we weigh$ ! lightness ( ! air & ! gravity ( ! e>?2 we hung ! pond]\s sph]e ( e>? 9 ! ?9 air & /r5g!n$ ! firmam5t ( heav5 ) mighty =ces4 ,we comm&$ ! blaz+ sun to adorn ! br[ ( day ) %9+ beams2 b ! incon/ant moon we bade illum9e ! d>kness ( night ) its pale %e54 ,we creat$ a comely man 9 our image4 ,god also beautifi$ ! face ( ! e>? ) trees & h]bs yield+ manifold fruits2 ,he call$ =? ! beauties ( ! sky 9 ! =m ( birds ( _m k9ds2 & he conceal$ multitudes ( fi%es ( _m sorts 9 ! dep?s ( ! wat]s4 ,he also comm&$ ! f\r-foot$ bea/s to multiply ^u e>? into _m & div]s species4 ,he gird$ ! entire circle ( ! e>? ) a ro>+ ocean & br9y /reams4 ,he comm&$ fre% wat]s to fl[ =? 9 /eep cascades ov] ! face ( ! l&1 & built ! f\ndations ( ! e>? ) num]\s passages1 t ! fl[+ wat]s might always be able to fulfil ! duties assign$ !m2 & ,he comm&$ ! light vapors to c>ry heavy wat]s ?r\gh ! heights ( ! air by means ( entic+ w>m?4 ,fur!r ,he bade ! w9d-swoll5 cl\ds p\r =? cool %[]s ov] ! face ( ! e>?4 ,& ! ,mak] ( all ?+s bade me ov]see ! :ole artifice ( ! div9e h&iwork4 ,!n ,i mov$ briskly ) tread+ foot ov] ! m\nta9 top2 ,i f>$ lightly ov] smoo? vales & level fields2 ,i /rode ) toilsome & heavy /ep ov] ! r\gh bill[s2 & ,i measur$ ! wid? ( ! level ocean ) g5tle tread4 ,press+ =w>d ) /iff5$ knee1 ,i walk$ ^u ! w+s ( ! /ormy w9ds4 ,) g5tle spee* ,i taught ! sil5t calm its pleas+ mann]4 ,i trac$ my pa? ?r\gh ! heights ( heav5 & ! expanse ( ! air2 ,i scann$ ! curv$ circle ( ! re/less ocean2 & ,i pac$ & measur$ ! entire globe ( ! sph]e-%ap$ e>?4 ,i travel$ ov] hills & m\nta9s2 ,i ran ov] fields & mead[s & level valleys2 & ,i gave honey-l dew to all ! blossom+ h]bs4 ,i pass$ among ?orns & bu%es & ?r\gh =e/s ( e k9d & gave sweet blossoms to ! fruit-be>+ trees4 ,i pit*$ my t5t 9 a %ad[less beam ( light & w5t =? f ?is fair %elt] array$ l a bridegroom & glad l a mighty giant rejoic+ 9 ! race4#caj ,b mortal idols envi$ me1 f\nd me guilty1 & condemn$ me to die4 ,9 wra? ,i desc5d$ to ! l[e/ valleys & ov]turn$ ! /rongholds ( ! mighty ones 9 m9e ang]4 ,) viol5ce ,i %att]$ ! metal gates ( ! /rong ca/les & broke ! firm iron pill>s & ! ?ick b>s ( iron4 ,i took gold & gems & jewels1 ! plund] ( w>f>e1 & !n j\rney$ gladly to ! high] abodes ) priceless booty4 ,i travel$ ?r\gh f>ms & villages & p>i%es (f]+ ! poor a %>e 9 my weal?4 ,i (f]$ ! husb&man fruitful corn & p>tn]%ip ) me4 ,i com=t ! sorr[+2 ,i give re/ to ! we>y1 dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 & food to ! hungry4 ,happy is he :o dr9ks f my cup1 = my bev]age has an unfail+ sweetness4 ,i j\rney ?r\gh ca/les & cities & m>ts2 ,i run ov] h\ses1 m>kets1 & /reets2 ,i call ) a cle> & fri5dly voice1 (f]+ food1 ent]ta9m5t1 & h>mless amusem5t4 ,happy is he :o goes to my table1 = my meat has a m pleas+ sav\r ?an ! sweete/ p]fume2 my dr9k is sweet] ?an honey & cle>] ?an any w9e2 tuneful music is he>d at my table 9 sweet & beautiful melody2 !re are songs & poems su* z r>ely are he>d1 m]rim5t & gladness1 & pure joy unmix$ ) grief4 ,happy is he :o %all live 9 my h\se1 = 9 my h\se are sev5 great pill>s :i* jo9 toge!r ! entire vault "u a good ro(2 !y /& ^u a floor plac$ on immovable f\ndations & !y =tify all ! walls ) great /r5g?4 ,9 ea* ( ^! pill>s may be f\nd ! sev5 lib]al arts ( /udy4 ,fur!rmore1 my h\se is /rewn ) fragrant grasses & lovely h]bs2 x is hung ) beauty & elegance1 & spl5dor 9 e =m4 ,among ! humble ,i am a pleasant companion1 b t[>d ! pr\d ,i am /]n & haughty4 ,9 e s*ool ,i am ! pr9cipal tea*] & ,i am ! highe/ =m ( eloqu5ce 9 e law c\rt4 ,i am ! wise/ among lawy]s & ! *ief ju/ice on e b5*4 ,happy is he :o is f\nd to be a s9c]e companion ( m9e2 = ,i am con/antly ) my companions gu>d+ !m f all p]ils4 ,happy is he :o suff]s no disgrace f me1 = my wra? k9dles a fire 9 its passion :i* burns ev5 to ! l[e/ dep?s2 "s day x w consume ! f\ndations ( ! hills & swall[ up ! e>? ) its teem+ life4 ,:]e c he hide :o seeks to escape f me8 ,! _s ( ,god fills ! entire home-circle & se>*es out ! mean+ & ! int]pretation ( all k40 ,footnote #cji3 ,cf4 ,prov]bs1 viii1 #bb ff42 see also1 among ! 8,apo*rypha10 ,ecclesia/icus 7,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ! son ( ,sira*71 xxiv1 #e ff4 ,footnote #caj3 ,an e*o ( ,psalms1 xix1 #e4 ,! spee* t y h n[ he>d is "o :i* ,wisdom has spok5 ab\t h]self2 !re are o!rs l x1 b l(ti]1 :i* are n repeat$ "h4 ,= ,k+ ,solomon & ,jesus ! son ( ,sira* h writt5 ) mu* skill a great _m s]mons ( ! k9d t ,wisdom has spok5 ab\t h]self 9 div]s ways4 ,b if we 7 to m5tion all ! spee*es t c be f\nd 9 _! writ+s1 our conv]sation w\ld suff] a great delay2 & x seems unnecess>y at ?is "t to br+ into our talk any l5g?y discussion ( ^? ?+s t ,wisdom has said ab\t h]self4 ,h[ev]1 x is ! duty ( e k+ to "k ?or\ghly all ! acc\nts t ,wisdom has giv5 ( h]self or wise m5 l ^? j m5tion$ h writt51 & ea* day to pond] "s "p ( ^? spee*es1 if ! duties ( 8 (fice leave him any "t = t4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lvii ,,difficult ,,duties ,,( ,,! ,,k+',s ,,judicial ,,(fice ,,) ,,illu/rations ,son4 ,s9ce x cle>ly is ! (ficial duty ( a k+ to be well in=m$ 9 all sci5ce1 x is q evid5t t to acquire ! k :i* y h j n[ discuss$ mu/ be ( ! highe/ importance2 = x seems likely t he w be able to ga!r mu* insight f x1 :e!r he wi%es to m$itate on ! greatness ( div9e p[] or on ! ne$s ( m54 ,n[ s9ce y d n c>e to discuss ^! matt]s fur!r1 ,i w ask y to cont9ue y\r rem>ks ) a few words ab\t :at a k+ ought to consid] be=e pass+ judgm5ts1 :5 he comes into ! judgm5t seat to det]m9e ! causes ( m54 ,fa!r4 ,x is inde$ 8 duty1 z y h rem>k$1 to look c>efully into all ^? spee*es t we h n[ spok5 & to /udy !m ?or\ghly1 = ?is reason1 t if he unravels !m ) c>e 9 8 ?\ghts1 he w surely f9d 9 !m1 if he has und]/&+1 ne>ly all ^? ?+s :i* p]ta9 to div9e p[] & :i* %[ h[ ,god has di/ribut$ 8 gifts among m5 & o!r creat$ be+s4 ,= e k+ & e o!r discreet man c le>n 9 ?is way :at he actually is1 & :at he ought to be1 if he wi%es to a*ieve :at ,god has int5d$ = him4 ,y also ask h[ a k+ %\ld weigh ! judgm5ts t he r5d]s 9 ! disputes ( m52 b ,i h giv5 a brief reply to t "q 9 an e>li] talk1 :5 ,i told h[ ,god pass$ judgm5t aft] ,8 cov5ant ) ,adam 0 brok51 & :at judges ,he br\ght ) ,him to ! judgm5t seat4 ,i also gave _m examples to %[ h[ ,god ord]$ ,8 v]dicts 9 c]ta9 cases ( a lat] "t1 ^? ( ,k+ ,ph>aoh & all ! o!rs :o 7 nam$ lat] 9 t conv]sation2 & e k+ ought surely to weigh :at is f\nd 9 ^? examples4 ,he mu/ also consid] ) c>e :e!r a case calls = sev]ity & puni%m5t or :e!r ! doom %\ld be temp]$2 = ! judgm5ts ought n to be equally sev]e 9 all cases4 ,& e s5t5ce %\ld be kept )9 ! b\nds ( ju/ice & fairness2 & "h ,i may cite ano!r example1 if y l4 ,!re is some?+ told ( a c]ta9 k+1 :i* ,i f9d mo/ fitt+ to illu/rate ?is po9t4 ,?is k+ 0 a man ( fame & p[]1 ?or\ghly le>n$ 9 all k & j 9 all 8 decisions4 ,e day !re came be=e him a l>ge numb] ( m5 ^: difficulties he _h to settle2 & e day he sat a long "t on ! judgm5t seat to det]m9e ! suits ( 8 p1 & ) him sat ! wise m51 :om he _h f\nd to be ! mo/ discreet & be/ prep>$ = su* duties4 ,b :5ev] ! k+ sat 9 ?is assembly ) ! wise m5 :om he _h summon$ to s]ve ) him1 arm$ knights /ood ab\t ! h\se to make sure t he c\ld sit 9 p]fect security4 ,! k+ _h _m sons1 "o ( :om1 h[ev]1 0 ! de>e/ ( all2 = ?is son lov$ especially to be ne> 8 fa!r :5ev] possible1 & he frequ5tly sat on ! judgm5t seat ) him4 ,x 0 9 ! k+'s nature to be sl[ 9 rea*+ decisions2 & x 0 said among m5 ( quick m9ds t he w\ld surely be able to settle ! law suits & speak 8 v]dicts m promptly1 if he 7 truly wise4 ,?is rem>k 0 approv$ by ! k+'s son & by _m o!rs among ! wise m52 & s (t5 0 ! say+ repeat$ t ! k+ himself got news ( x4 ,n[ x happ5$ at "o "t t ! k+ 0 indispos$ aft] a ble$+2 & j !n a numb] ( m5 came to br+ _! disputes be=e ! k+4 ,he !n s5t = 8 son1 ! "o :o 0 9 ! habit ( sitt+ 9 judgm5t ) him1 & said to him3 8,summon ! wise m5 :o are accu/om$ to sit 9 judgm5t ) me & g into my judgm5t hall & take my seat = to-day1 & det]m9e z _m ( ! law suits z y possibly c get ov]40 ,x 0 done z ! k+ comm&$4 ,& :5 ! cases 7 pres5t$ to ^? m51 x look$ to !m z if !y c\ld decide ! suits 9 a hurry4 ,b :5 ! k+'s son 0 ready to det]m9e ! disputes :i* _h be5 br\ght be=e him1 he ?\ght he saw ?ree "y m5 com+ =w>d1 h&some yet t]rible 9 appe>ance4 ,two ( !m sat d[n at 8 feet1 "o on ei!r side4 ,"o 0 occupi$ ) a set ( writ+s 9 :i* 7 writt5 out all ! cases t 7 to be settl$ t day1 "o case 9 ea* docum5t4 ,! o!r 0 busy ) balances2 & ^! appe>$ s delicate t1 if a little hair 0 laid ^u !m1 !y w\ld be di/urb$4 ,! "o :o _h ! balances held !m up1 :ile ! o!r1 :o _h ! docum5ts1 laid ! writ+s :i* favor$ him :o _h br\ght ! suit into "o scale & ! writ+ 9 8 behalf :o 0 to reply 9 ! o!r2 b x look$ z if ! scales w\ld nev] balance4 ,!n ! k+'s son ?\ght he saw t c]ta9 docum5ts 7 br\ght out 9 :i* ! decisions & =mal v]dicts 7 drawn up1 j z he _h int5d$ to r5d] judgm5t & all ! wise m5 _h advis$4 ,b ev5 aft] ^! writ+s _h be5 laid 9 ! scales1 !y 7 z f> f balanc+ z be=e4 ,:5 ! k+'s son saw ^! ?+s1 he look$ to see :at ! ?ird "y man 0 do+1 & saw t he /ood ne> ) a drawn sword z if ready to /rike4 ,! sword 0 ke5-edg$ & t]rible1 & ! edges look$ to him z if !y 7 bo? on fire4 ,!n he saw cle>ly t1 if he pass$ judgm5t be=e ! scales balanc$1 ! sword ( ! "y man w\ld imm$iately smite 8 neck4 ,j !n he glanc$ d[n be=e 8 feet1 & !re he saw ! e>? op5 d[nw>ds2 und]nea? he saw ! gap+ jaws ( hell1 z if wait+ = him to come !re4 ,b :5 he saw ^! ?+s1 he ceas$ speak+ & r5d]+ judgm5ts4 ,:5 ! wise m5 rem9d$ him t !re 7 suits to be settl$1 he call$ !m to him1 & ev]yone :o came saw all ^! ?+s t we h n[ describ$4 ,aft] t none d>$ to pron\nce judgm5t1 = ! scales ( ! "y man nev] balanc$1 & no suit 0 settl$ on t day4 ,b !reaft] no man ?\ght x /range if ! k+ 0 sl[ 9 pron\nc+ 8 decisions4 ,ano!r & simil> example is f\nd 9 :at ,i told y e>li] 9 our conv]sation1 :5 we spoke ab\t a city 9 ,irel& call$ ,!m>2#caa & ,i %all repeat t /ory 9 "p1 if y wi%4 ,?is 0 ! lead+ city 9 ,irel& & ! k+ _h 8 *ief resid5ce !re2 & no "o knew ( a f9] city on e>?4 ,?\gh ! inhabitants 7 hea!n at t "t & did n "k ! true fai? ab\t ,god1 !y 7 firm 9 ! belief t !re c\ld be no deviation f righte\sness 9 judgm5t on ! "p ( ! k+ :o dwelt 9 ,!m>2 = no decision 0 pron\nc$ 9 ,irel& :i* !y c\ld consid] j be=e ! k+ at ,!m> _h pass$ ^u x4 ,n[ at "o "t x came to pass t a case 0 br\ght be=e ! k+ :o sat 9 ,!m> 9 :i* 8 fri5ds & k9sm5 7 int]e/$ on ! "o side1 :ile m5 :om ! k+ dislik$ _h a "p on ! o!r side2 & ! k+ %ap$ ! v]dict m accord+ to 8 own w ?an to ju/ice4 ,& ?is soon became evid5t1 = ?ree days lat] ! royal hall & all ! o!r h\ses t ! k+ occupi$ 7 ov]turn$1 s t ! f\ndations po9t$ upw>d1 :ile ! walls & ! battlem5ts po9t$ d[n into ! e>?2 & ! inhabitants imm$iately began to des]t ! city & x 0 nev] occupi$ aft] t4 ,n[ f ^! acc\nts y are to conclude t ,god p]mits su* ?+s to be reveal$ to m51 because ,he wi%es !m to und]/& t su* an outcome is daily prep>$ 9 a spiritual & invisible mann] = m5 :o refuse to r5d] j & "r judgm5ts1 if !y are appo9t$ to det]m9e ! suits ( m54 ,footnote #caa3 ,c4 xi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lviii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,^! examples apply v well to su* m5 z are av>ici\s or ob/9ate or bo?4 ,fa!r4 ,y %all "k ( a tru?1 t :]ev] ju/ice is sold = money or is /rick5 d[n by arrogance1 div9e rev5ge & puni%m5t1 physical or spiritual1 w surely come2 & an in/ance ( ?is c be cit$1 if x is desir$4 ,!re 0 a prom95t citiz5 9 ,a!ns nam$ ,/eph52 he 0 judge 9 all ^? cases t arose )9 ! city2 he 0 n kn[n z an unju/ man4 ,n[ x came to pass t ,/eph5 dep>t$ ?is life1 & two gr\ps ( angels came to meet him1 ! "o wi%+ to support 8 cause1 ! o!r *>g+ him ) mu* & heavy guilt & wi%+ to lead him ) !m to dea?4 ,b :]eas a dispute arose betwe5 !m & nei!r side w\ld yield1 "o ( ! angels propos$ t !y %\ld lead ,/eph5 be=e ! ,judge & let ! dispute be settl$ by ,8 judgm5t4 ,:5 !y came into c\rt1 ! accus+ lawy]s cri$ out say+ t !y _h a grave *>ge aga9/ ,/eph51 namely1 t he _h tak5 a plot ( gr\nd f ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,lawr5ce by an unju/ decree4 ,b ! judge said t ! sa9t %\ld decide t case1 see+ t he 0 ! "o robb$4 ,n[ j z ,sa9t ,lawr5ce came up to he> h[ ! suit 0 go+ =w>d1 "o ( ! angels said to ,/eph53 8,:y d y n call ! holy prie/ ,ju/91 :om y honor$ s highly z to h a *apel built = him ne> y\r hall & :om y h s]v$ 9 _m ?+s8 ,he surely w be able to assi/ y some:at 9 ^! y\r tr\bles40#cab ,ju/9 came at ! mom5t :5 ! suit 0 be+ br\ght up be=e ,sa9t ,lawr5ce2 & aft] ! case _h be5 /at$1 ! sa9t ask$ :y ,/eph5 _h plund]$ him & depriv$ 8 *ur* ( l&4 ,/eph5 repli$ t he did n r5d] t unju/ decision purposely1 b really ?\ght x 0 a j decision4 ,!n ,sa9t ,lawr5ce gripp$ ,/eph5 9 ! side & p9*$ him v h>d4 ,b ,ju/9 int]c$$ = him1 begg+ ! sa9t to %[ m]cy 9 ?is cause1 bo? because ( 8 int]cession & because ,/eph5 did n "k t he _h giv5 an unju/ decision4 ,:ile ,sa9t ,lawr5ce 0 p9*+ 8 side1 ,/eph5 _h a feel+ t ev5 if he 7 to suff] torture = a simil> space ( "t 9 hell1 he w\ld f9d x no m pa9ful ?an ! clut*+ ( ,sa9t ,lawr5ce4 ,b z soon z ,ju/9 int]c$$ = ,/eph51 ! sa9t releas$ him & =gave ! (f5ce4#cac ,footnote #cab3 ,accord+ to ! leg5d ! prie/ ,ju/9 assi/$ at ! fun]al ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ,i1 #dcj4 ,footnote #cac3 ,a some:at diff]5t v]sion ( ?is /ory is giv5 9 ! ,leg5da ,aurea ( ,jacques de ,vorag9e1 :o quotes ! 8,miracles ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y40 ,:5 ! prosecutors he>d t ?is indictm5t _h fail$1 !y %\t$ ev5 m l\dly1 say+ t !y _h /ill great] *>ges aga9/ ,/eph54 ,s !y set =? t a ,roman ^: "n 0 ,t>qu9 _h come to ,a!ns1 & s9ce he 0 an ali5 & _h no k9dr$ !re1 he ?\ght t he might ne$ help f ,/eph5 9 8 important affairs1 see+ t ,/eph5 0 judge & rul] ov] ! :ole city2 & he gave ,/eph5 a f9e horse on condition t he 0 to h ju/ice & equity4 ,!n ! ,judge decre$ t1 if ,/eph5 _h sold ju/ice = money1 he %\ld foll[ t pr(it to de/ruction4 ,b :5 ,/eph5 0 que/ion$ :e!r ?is *>ge 0 true or n1 he d5i$ ! accusation & decl>$ t he c\ld n rememb] ev] hav+ tak5 fee or gift = ju/ice4 ,n[ s9ce ,/eph5 _h d5i$ ! *>ge1 x 0 ord]$ t ,t>qu9 himself %\ld be call$ to /raight5 ! matt]4 ,:5 ,t>qu9 came1 he decl>$ t ?is 0 n a true *>ge aga9/ ,/eph52 = he ass]t$ t ,/eph5 _h nev] tak5 fees = ju/ice s f> z he knew4 8,b hav+ come !re a /rang]10 said ,t>qu91 8,i ?\ght t ,i might ne$ ! good w ( su* a man & gave him ! horse on my own volition & n at 8 reque/40 ,:5 ! accus]s he>d t !y w\ld surely fail 9 ?is indictm5t too1 !y cri$ ev5 m l\dly1 say+ t !y _h a new *>ge aga9/ ,/eph51 mu* great] ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs4 ,!y ass]t$ t he _h arbitr>ily & illegally sav$ ?ree m5 f ! dea? p5alty1 :om bo? law & equity & a j s5t5ce w\ld h condemn$4 ,:5 ,/eph5 0 ask$ :e!r he 0 guilty ( ?is *>ge1 he admitt$ t he _h sav$ ! m5 f dea?1 b decl>$ t he _h always regrett$ hav+ sav$ !m by arbitr>y & illegal means4 ,!n ! ,judge decre$ t1 if he _h rescu$ m5 f dea? by viol5ce :om ju/ice _h condemn$ to die1 he mu/ suff] dea? = x1 unless he w\ld d p5ance :]e ! (f5ce 0 committ$4 ,!n ! prie/ ,ju/9 ask$ ,sa9t ,lawr5ce to help 9 ,/eph5's def5se1 see+ t he _h =giv5 him ! matt] t he _h aga9/ him & no indictm5t _h be5 f\nd true except ! "o t 0 n[ be+ consid]$4 ,s ,lawr5ce & ,ju/9 w5t 9 ha/e to ! que5 &1 fall+ at h] feet1 begg$ h] to reque/ ?is favor1 t ! v]dict be modifi$ s t ,/eph5 might be all[$ to d p5ance 9 ! place :]e he _h (f5d$4 ,:5 ! que5 int]c$$ = ,/eph51 h] reque/ 0 grant$4 ,!reupon he 0 br\ght back to ,a!ns1 & he arose at ! mom5t :5 8 body 0 to be c>ri$ to ! grave4 ,he liv$ ?ree w9t]s aft] t & did p5ance = 8 guilt accord+ to ! in/ruction ( ! bi%op :o 0 9 *>ge ( t city4 ,!re are _m su* examples t c\ld be br\ght up 9 ?is talk1 if x 7 ?\ght necess>y2 & y %\ld n[ conclude f :at ,i set =? 9 my la/ spee* t ! judgm5ts pass$ "h mu/ be c>efully scrut9iz$1 & t x is v important = ^? :o are appo9t$ to be judges to make sure :e!r ! decisions are prop]ly /at$ & ! f9d+s correct4 ,= y he>d h[ precisely ! decrees 7 weigh$ be=e ! k+'s son1 :5 ! scales 7 held up be=e him b w\ld nev] balance2 & h[ he 0 ?reat5$ ) dea?1 if he %\ld pron\nce a diff]5t judgm5t f ! "o t w\ld balance ! scales4 ,y also he>d h[ ,god puni%$ ! k+ & ! city ( ,!m>1 because ! k+ _h di/ort$ a j decision4 ,?\gh ! p did n hold ! true fai? ab\t ,god1 ,he puni%$ ! de$ nev]!less1 because !y believ$ t a wrong decision c\ld nev] come f ,!m>4 ,& 9 ! la/ example y he>d h[ ,/eph5 0 held to acc\nt = all ! dooms t he _h pron\nc$1 & suff]$ a reprim& = hav+ tak5 a gift f a fri5d2 & he 0 condemn$ to die = hav+ sav$ m5 f dea?1 ?\gh _m w\ld reg>d t z a good r ?an an evil de$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lix ,,:5 ,,judgm5ts ,,%\ld ,,be ,,sev]e ,,& ,,:5 ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,be ,,m]ciful ,son4 ,! m examples ( ?is sort ,i he>1 ! m difficult seems ! position ( ^? :o are appo9t$ to judge4 ,i w ask y1 !re=e1 to indicate "s te/ by :i* ,i c "k :5 ! judgm5ts ought to be sev]e & :5 !y %\ld be m l5i5t4 ,fa!r4 ,x is difficult to /ate t 9 def9ite t]ms3 /ill1 all causes t are br\ght be=e ! m5 :o h au?ority to judge w be decid$ 9 "s way4 ,b ,i believe t a purpose to judge z !y ?9k is "r w d ! mo/ to keep !m f fall+ into guilt be=e ,god4 ,= ,/eph5 0 acquitt$ ( ! *>ge t he _h caus$ ! *ur* ( ,sa9t ,lawr5ce to =feit l& by ! fact t he did n "k t 8 decision 0 wrong2 & yet he did n :olly escape puni%m5t1 ?\gh 9 "s respects he 0 puni%$ less ?an he w\ld h be51 if he _h kn[n t 8 v]dict 0 wrong4 ,n[ !re are f\r ?+s :i* he :o goes into ! judgm5t hall mu/ leave outside & nev] all[ to come into ! judgm5t seat ) him or ev5 inside ! door4 ,! fir/ is av>ice2 ! second1 enmity2 ! ?ird1 ob/9acy2 ! f\r?1 fri5d%ip4 ,= y he>d t ,/eph5 0 ord]$ to disclose :e!r he _h accept$ a gift f ,t>qu9 & _h promis$ to secure ju/ice = him 9 return = ! fee4 ,& ! judgm5t 01 t if he _h sold ju/ice = money1 he %\ld foll[ ! fee to de/ruction4 ,y he>d ?is1 too1 t he 0 condemn$ to die = hav+ sav$ m5 f dea? by =ce & 9 defiance ( law4 ,y also he>d 9 ! e>li] acc\nt h[ ! k+ & ! city ( ,!m> p]i%$ because ! k+1 be+ fri5dly to "o side & v ho/ile to ! o!r1 _h di/ort$ a j decision4 ,n[ = su* reasons ^? f\r ?+s mu/ be exclud$1 le/ any "o ( !m %\ld cause a righte\s doom to be di/ort$4 ,y h also ask$ :5 ! s5t5ce %\ld be l5i5t & :5 sev]e1 & t "q c n[ be answ]$ 9 a few words4 ,c>eful acc\nt %\ld be tak5 ( ! circum/ances ( ! man's case :o is accus$4 ,if a *>ge is br\ght aga9/ "o :o is anxi\s to keep ! peace b is driv5 to viol5ce by ! selfi%ness & arrogance ( ano!r1 &1 regrett+ 8 guilt1 is anxi\s to atone = x1--if su* are ! circum/ances1 !re %\ld be l5i5t judgm5t 9 8 case4 ,likewise1 if a man breaks ! law :o is ignorant & does n "k t he is transgress+1 & w\ld n h done ! de$ _h he kn[n x to be contr>y to law1 8 case1 too1 calls = a l5i5t s5t5ce4 ,ev5 :5 ! uglie/ cases t are kn[n among m51 su* z !ft & robb]y1 come up1 "o %\ld inve/igate h[ ! crime came ab\t4 ,if a man is s h>d be/ead t he c get no food ei!r by begg+ or buy+ & _c get "w1 :ile hung] & 8 physical nature drive him beyond endurance1 ! judge %\ld be l5i5t ) him1 ev5 ?\gh he be tak5 9 guilt2 & :5ev] necessity drives a man into crime & law-break+1 ! judgm5t %\ld be temp]$4 ,h[ev]1 if ! accus$ are m5 :o h be5 l$ into crime by insol5ce1 ambition1 av>ice1 or selfi%ness1 ! dooms ought to be sev]e1 ?\gh ju/ice & ! law ( ! l& mu/ be obs]v$ 9 e in/ance4 ,& 9 cases l ^? to :i* we h j ref]r$ ! s5t5ce %\ld be z sev]e z ! law p]mits2 :ile 9 ! cases m5tion$ e>li] ! law %\ld be appli$ ) due all[ance = ! difficulties t 7 at h&4 ,if ! di/ress t l$ to ! tr\ble is consid]$ great1 ! judgm5t %\ld be temp]$ accord+ly4 ,b if a k+ or any rul] :o is a judge & has p[] to puni%1 takes life z a puni%m5t1 he %\ld always d x ) great reluctance1 9 8 he>t lam5t+ ! dea? & ill-=tune ( ! (f5d]4 ,he mu/ take he$1 h[ev]1 le/ he slay out ( 8 own cruelty or 9 ang] & hatr$ = ! "o :o is to die4 ,let him slay him 9 j puni%m5t & out ( love = ^? :o live aft]2 because he believes t !y w live 9 great] security & lead bett] lives aft] hav+ se5 ! dea? & tr\bles ( su* a "o2 & because he int5ds t ! fe> & t]ror :i* ! mis=tunes ( ano!r h br\ght ^u him %all guide ^? to rectitude & good morals1 :om nature is unable to guide because ( _! excessive ambition or /upidity4 ,a fam\s man1 an upright & excell5t emp]or1 once orda9$ respect+ ! decrees ( k+s1 t if a k+ %\ld become s angry ) any "o t he plann$ 8 dea?1 & if 8 guilt 7 n s evid5t t he c\ld ) ju/ice be condemn$ at once to an imm$iate dea?1 t man %\ld be kept 9 ! k+'s g>? or 9 cu/ody =ty days be=e 8 case %\ld be f9ally det]m9$4#cad ,& x w\ld be well if e k+ w\ld obs]ve ?is enactm5t1 9 ord] t he might frame 8 decisions ) reg>d = reason & ju/ice & n 9 sudd5 ang]4 ,if a man is convict$ ( an (f5ce = :i* law & ju/ice impose a f9e b n dea?1 ! k+1 or ! "l :o gov]ns ! l&1 %all seize 8 weal?1 n because he loves & covets ! money1 b because a j p5alty & ! laws ( ! l& dem& x4 ,if all ^! ?+s :i* we h n[ set =? are c>efully obs]v$1 ,i believe t ^? :o are appo9t$ to be judges w suff] no great reproa*es f ,god4 ,footnote #cad3 ,?is is probably an allusion to ! edict ( ,!odosius ,,ii 8:i* int]poses a salut>y int]val ( ?irty days betwe5 ! s5t5ce & ! execution40 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ,,iii1 #agf2 ,momms5 & ,mey] 7editors71 ,!odosiani ,libri ,,xvi1 ,i1 "p #b1 #ejc 7viii1 #dj3ac74 ,! edict 0 probably a "p ( ! p5ance exact$ f ! ,emp]or aft] 8 massacre ( ! ,!ssalonians4 ,see ,ambrosius ,saga 9 ,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ,i1 #dj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lx ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,x seems reasonable t a l&1 :i* is plac$ 9 *>ge ( a rul] :o att5ds c>efully to ^! ?+s1 w be well gov]n$2 & ! p ought to %[ prop] appreciation ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,/ill ) y\r p]mission ,i %all n[ ask ab\t c]ta9 matt]s t int]e/ me conc]n+ rightful v]dicts4 ,y ref]r$ to an ord] giv5 by an emp]or z to puni%m5ts decre$ by a k+ 7:i* looks to me l good law71 t a man :o _h incurr$ ! k+'s wra? %\ld be giv5 a reprieve ( =ty days 9 ! k+'s cu/ody1 le/ a v]dict be r5d]$ too quickly 9 8 case & 9 viol5t ang]2 & x seems to me t a k+ w ne$ to possess mu* good nature1 if he is to sp>e a man 9 8 ang]4 ,b ev5 s righte\s & holy a man z ,moses 0 c\ld n control 8 wra? on t day1 :5 he came 9 ang] to ! p ( ,israel2 = ,i am told t 8 wra? rose to su* viol5ce t he da%$ ! two tables ( /one1 :i* he bore 9 8 arms & ^u :i* ,god ,himself _h writt5 ! t5 comm&m5ts ( ,8 law ) ,8 own f+]s1 aga9/ a rock & broke !m into fragm5ts 9 8 fury2 & ru%+ at once to arms1 he & ! m5 :o 7 ) him slew _m hundr$ p]sons t day4#cae ,i h also he>d t ,david 9 sudd5 wra? ord]$ ! man1 :o came f ! battle 9 :i* ,saul fell1 br++ ! tid+s t ,saul 0 dead1 to be sla9 imm$iately2#caf & he did n ord] him to be kept = fur!r inquiry4 ,footnote #cae3 ,exodus1 xxxii4 ,footnote #caf3 ,,ii ,samuel1 i4 ,fa!r4 ,rememb] :at ,i call$ to y\r att5tion 9 an e>li] rem>k1 namely1 t ^! laws are int5d$ = m5 :o d n fall into su* evid5t transgressions t a rightful v]dict c condemn !m to imm$iate dea?4 ,b :5 ,moses came away f ,god1 he knew ,god's wra? t[>d all ! p ( ,israel1 & consequ5tly did a de$ ( k9dness & n ( hatr$ :5 by ?is *a/isem5t he turn$ !m f error & evil ways2 j z ,i h told y t a k+ 9 puni%+ %\ld be mov$ by k9dness & n by hatr$4 ,= all p5alties t are inflict$ because ( hatr$ are murd]2 :ile puni%m5t inflict$ = ! sake ( love & ju/ice is a holy de$ & n murd]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxi ,,conc]n+ ,,capital ,,puni%m5t ,son4 ,n[1 if y p]mit1 ,i wi% to ask m fully ab\t p5alties2 = few m51 inde$1 are able to compreh5d h[ x c be a good1 holy1 & lov+ de$ to take a man's life2 :]e=e ,i ) _m o!rs on ! outside %\ld l to h y expla9 briefly h[ x c be a good & prop] de$ to slay m5 9 righte\s puni%m5t2 inasmu* z all g5tle & peaceful p]sons h a great av]sion to manslaught]1 reg>d+ x z evil & s9ful4 ,fa!r4 ,! subjects t we are n[ discuss+ are cle>ly illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( ,moses4 ,holy man z he 0 & meek & "r-m9d$ 9 e way1 _h he kn[n t 8 act ( puni%m5t 0 s9ful l any o!r slaught]1 he w\ld n h ord]$ x4 ,b if he _h be5 s zeal\s 9 8 ob/9ate wra? t he _h done ?is de$ 9 ang] r ?an = ! sake ( ju/ice1 ,god's righte\sness w\ld surely h puni%$ him ) a sev]e *a/isem5t & /]n rev5ge = ! great slaught] t he committ$4 ,= ,moses comm&$ e man :o took up arms ) him to sp>e none1 nei!r fa!r nor bro!r nor o!r k9sm51 if !y _h be5 guilty ( ! de$ t _h call$ ,god's ang] d[n ^u !m4 ,moses %[$ a ?reefold righte\sness 9 ?is *a/isem5t3 = ^? :o 7 ) him 9 ! slaught] sanctifi$ _! h&s 9 ! blood ( ^? :om !y slew1 s9ce 9 _! de$ !y r5d]$ ob$i5ce to _! lead] & fulfill$ ! sacr$ laws4 ,^? :o surviv$ regrett$ _! s9s & turn$ _! he>ts to p5it5ce = hav+ brok5 ! law1 :ile ^? :o 7 sla9 7 cleans$ 9 _! p5ance & 9 ! pangs :i* !y suff]$ :5 !y di$4 ,& x 0 mu* bett] = !m to suff] a brief pa9 9 dea? ?an a long torture 9 hell4 ,( ! same "* are ! p5alties t k+s impose2 = a k+ cleanses himself 9 ! blood ( ! unju/1 if he slays !m z a rightful puni%m5t to fulfil ! sacr$ laws4 ,moreov]1 !re are _m capable m5 :o fe> puni%m5t alone1 & w\ld commit crimes if !y 7 n 9 t]ror ( ! k+'s rev5ge4 ,b "o :o is to suff] puni%m5t w confess 8 s9s & rep5t ( 8 misde$s2 ?\gh if he did n see a sudd5 dea? prep>$ = him1 he w\ld %[ no rep5tance4 ,he is1 !re=e1 sav$ by 8 rep5tance & ! pangs :i* he suff]s 9 8 dea?4 ,& x is bett] = him to suff] a brief puni%m5t "h ?an endless agony & torture2 = ,god nev] puni%es ! same s9 twice4 ,consequ5tly ! k+'s puni%m5t becomes a good & k9d de$ t[>d all ^? :o are subject to him1 = he w\ld r h ! "o :o is to be puni%$ suff] a brief pa9 "h = 8 wick$ness ?an to be lo/ =ev]1 9 ! _w to come4 ,?r\gh ?is k9dness he also saves ! righte\s & peaceable f ! av>ice & ! wick$ness ( ! viol5t4 ,we may1 !re=e1 conclude t puni%m5t is a good de$1 if x is exact$ accord+ to a righte\s v]dict2 = ,k+ ,saul 0 depos$ f 8 k+%ip because he fail$ to puni% accord+ to ,god's ord]s at ! "t :5 he invad$ ! k+doms ( ,amalek & ! ,amorites4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxii ,,! ,,same ,,subject ,,cont9u$ ,son4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask y :y ,david slew ! man ( :om we spoke e>li]1 him :o br\ght ! tid+s t ,saul _h fall51 & :e!r he slew him ju/ly or did x f sudd5 ang]4 ,fa!r4 ,:5 ! man _h told ^! tid+s1 ,david ask$ h[ he knew !m4 ,& he said t he _h lift$ up weapons aga9/ ,saul at ! k+'s own reque/4 ,:5 ,david he>d ?is1 he spoke ?us3 8,a wret*$ creature y are1 :o d>$ to lay h&s on ! ,"l's ano9t$2 & x is bett] = y to suff] a swift puni%m5t "h ?an to h ?is crime pursue y into ev]la/+ hell40 ,!reupon ,david ord]$ him to be sla94 ,b :5 he :o _h hop$ to receive a joy\s welcome & good gifts = 8 tid+s1 saw t dea? 0 to be 8 rew>d1 he rep5t$ t he _h falsely imput$ ?is crime to himself & w\ld gladly h )drawn 8 words1 if he _h be5 p]mitt$ to d s4 ,b ,david spoke ?us3 8,y\r own te/imony condemns y & n ,i2 = y h *>g$ y\rself ) ?is murd] ( ! ,"l's ano9t$40 ,we h o!r & simil> in/ances 9 ! case ( ! m5 :o slew ,i%bo%e?1 ! son ( ,saul1 hop+ !reby to w9 ,david's fri5d%ip2 & !y f>$ to ,david ) ! news t !y _h sla9 8 enemy :o _h plann$ to rise up aga9/ him & 8 k+%ip4 ,b :5 ,david he>d ^! tid+s he answ]$ 9 ?is wise2 8,wret*es y are = ?is de$1 hav+ sla9 y\r "l1 ?\gh y 7 ,i%bo%e?'s own m52 y h committ$ a vile & trea*]\s crime 9 lay+ h&s ^u y\r "l1 & y h n act$ z if y 7 my m5 & did ?is out ( loyalty to me4 ,n[ x w be necess>y = y to suff] a swift rev5ge & a prompt puni%m5t1 le/ ?is de$ draw y into ev]la/+ torm5t40 ,!n ,david ord]$ 8 m5 to cut (f _! h&s & feet & aft]w>ds to hang !m beside a pool 9 a city call$ ,hebron4#cag ,footnote #cag3 ,,ii ,samuel1 iv4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxiii ,,! ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,god ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,david ,,& ,,saul ,son4 ,i w v5ture to ask "o m "q ab\t ^? cases 9 :i* x seems to me t ,god has pass$ r /range s5t5ces4 ,i am ask+ *iefly because ,i f9d x h>d to und]/& :at reason or circum/ance c h caus$ ! diff]5ce 9 ^! decrees :i* ,i n[ int5d to br+ up4 ,y /at$ e>li] 9 y\r spee* t ,god depriv$ ,saul ( 8 k+dom because he 0 too l5i5t 9 cases ( homicide1 ?\gh a man w ?9k t ?is 0 no great (f5ce1 z x is easy en\gh to slay multitudes if t be reg>d$ a bett] de$ ?an to let !m live4 ,/ill1 ?is l5i5cy prov$ su* a griev\s fault t ,god said ,he regrett$ hav+ *os5 ,saul k+ ov] 8 p1 & imm$iately ?reat5$--:at ,he lat] c>ri$ out--t ! k+%ip %\ld nev] be transmitt$ to 8 desc5dants2 & imm$iately1 ?\gh ,saul 0 /ill liv+1 ,he appo9t$ ano!r to be k+ aft] 8 days4 ,b aft] ,david _h become k+1 he committ$ a crime :i* w sc>cely seem less :5 reflect$ ^u2 = he committ$ adult]y ) ! wife ( ,uriah 8 knight1 a good & fai?ful man1 & aft]w>ds contriv$ 8 dea?1 n z a j p5alty b because he want$ 8 wife4 ,b lat]1 :5 ,na?an ! prophet po9t$ out ! s9 to ,david & he confess$1 he 0 =giv5 at once2 inde$1 x seem$ z if 8 k+%ip 0 m /able aft] t "t ?an be=e4 ,n[ ,i d n "k :i* is ! worse crime1 to kill an innoc5t man & violate 8 wife1 or to let ! guilty h _! lives4 ,_m a man1 :o is ignorant z to ! reason :y1 may inde$ imag9e t ,god lov$ ,david m ?an ,saul1 & t ,david's crime 0 c\nt$ less = t reason4 ,b inasmu* z ,god always judges accord+ to ju/ice & )\t reg>d to p]sons1 x w\ld be s9ful to hold wrong ideas ab\t ?is2 & x w\ld be well if y c\ld add a few words 9 explanation1 unless y ?9k t my que/ions are /upid4 ,x may also be t great lords :o are *os5 to be judges w get a bett] insight into ^! ?+s1 if !y are cle>ly express$4 ,fa!r4 ,?is "q is ( su* a "* t x w dem& an ext5d$ answ]1 if x is to be fully und]/ood4 ,b s9ce x has be5 br\ght up1 ,i %all be glad to answ] x z f> z ,i c & z briefly z ,i c4 ,fir/ x is necess>y to recall :at ,i said 9 an e>li] spee* :5 we talk$ ab\t dooms1--:5 !y %\ld be sev]e & :5 l5i5t3 ,i !n br\ght out ! fact t if a good & peace-lov+ man %\ld fall into s9 & 8 de$ %\ld seem evil to him & he 7 anxi\s to d p5ance1 !n ! judgm5t ought to be m]ciful 9 8 case on acc\nt ( human nature2 = human nature is s frail t no "o c be s c>eful z nev] to fall into s94 ,b "s add to _! (f5ce by tak+ pride 9 x1 & !y are n c>eful to avoid fall+ into ano!r s94 ,n[ ,david 0 ( all m5 ! mo/ adroit 9 ! use ( weapons 9 w>f>e & he 0 by nature q sev]e 9 righte\s *a/isem5t2 b he 0 a k9d-he>t$ man1 fri5dly t[>d ev]yone1 & sympa!tic t[>d all :o suff]$ mis=tunes4 ,he 0 also tru/wor?y 9 e respect1 hone/ & fai?ful 9 fri5d%ip & 9 all 8 promises1 & s virtu\s t he w\ld all[ no?+ vici\s ab\t 8 p]son1--inde$ 8 l 0 n f\nd among all ! p ( ,israel2 = :5 ,god *ose ,david to be k+1 ,he te/ifi$ 9 ^! words1 say+ t ,he _h f\nd a man aft] ,8 own he>t4 ,b human frailty caus$ him to fall 9 ! matt] t we m5tion$ e>li]3 he violat$ ,uriah's wife4 ,b aft] he _h fall5 into ?is transgression & :5 he 0 once m alone1 he rep5t$ deeply1 sigh+ & weep+4 ,inasmu* z ! rules ( ! law w\ld condemn ?is crime z a %ameful reproa*1 if x 7 rumor$ among ! p1 ,david plann$ to keep ! matt] quiet1 lett+ ,god see 8 rep5tance b keep+ ! p 9 ignorance ( 8 (f5ce1 le/ !y %\ld take 8 misde$ z an example & reg>d x z less s]i\s to fall into s9 & transgression if !y knew ( 8 guilt4 ,s ,david s\ght to hide 8 guilt by a crafty design3 = z soon z he le>n$ t ,ba?%eba1 ,uriah's wife1 0 pregnant1 he s5t = ,uriah1 & hop+ to avoid tak+ 8 life1 he ord]$ him to lie ) 8 wife s t ! (fspr+ might be kn[n z 81 :ile ,david w\ld atone 9 secret = ! s9 ( 8 :or$om & nev] aft]w>d come ne> ,uriah's wife4 ,b :5 he f\nd t ,uriah happ5$ to be unwill+ to lie ) 8 wife1 he contriv$ to conceal 8 s9 f m51 ?\gh he increas$ x 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,lat]1 :5 ,na?an ! prophet *>g$ ,david ) all ?is guilt1 he answ]$ z if condemn+ himself1 speak+ ^! words3 8,s heavy & evil is my transgression t ,i am wor?y ( dea? because ( ?is ?+2 a wret* am ,i to h set su* an example be=e ,god's p1 ov] :om ,he has appo9t$ me rul] & judge2 r w\ld ,i n[ suff] a spe$y dea? ?an h ?is misde$ pursue me to hell4 ,n[ s9ce ,i h set an evil example be=e ! p ( ,god by my s91 ,i am ready to suff] puni%m5t accord+ to ! ,"l's w z a w>n+ to ! p n to fall into su* transgression40 ,b :5 ,tru? & ,ju/ice saw ,david's p5it5ce1 !y p]mitt$ ,m]cy to pass ! judgm5t2 = ! prophet ,na?an repli$ 9 ?is wise3 8,god sees y\r rep5tance1 & ,he does n desire y to suff] dea? = y\r s91 b ,he w puni% y ) an endurable *a/isem5t = ?is de$ be=e y die40 ,n[ y mu/ "k t ,god did n =give ,david's crime s completely z to excuse him f j puni%m5t2 = ?is 0 ! fir/ p5alty t ! k+ suff]$ f ,god3 ! *ild :i* he _h begott5 ) ,ba?%eba 0 a man *ild & v lovely1 :]e=e ,david mu* desir$ t x might live2 b x did n please ,god to let him enjoy ! *ild :i* he _h begott5 9 su* a s9ful way4 ,nev]!less1 ,david lay sev5 days ^u ! e>? 9 ! raim5t ( m\rn+1 fa/+ & implor+ ,god to let ! *ild live4 ,b ,god w\ld n he> 8 pray]1 & ! *ild expir$ on ! sev5? day4#cah ,& ?is 0 ! second puni%m5t1 t ,god refus$ to let ,david build him a temple2#cai ,god ev5 call$ him a murd]]1 because he _h depriv$ ,uriah ( life4 ,b = ! adult]y :i* he _h committ$ ) ,uriah's wife1 he _h to suff] ?is disgrace1 t 8 son ,absalom1 9 ! sight ( all ! p1 w5t 9 unto ,david's concub9es & ?us di%onor$ 8 fa!r be=e all ! p4#cbj ,footnote #cah3 ,! /ory ( ,david's great s9 conc]n+ ,ba?%eba & ,uriah & its consequ5ces is told 9 ,,ii ,samuel1 xi-xii1 b x is probable t ! au?or's s\rce is "s ,biblical p>aphrase r ?an ! ,vulgate itself4 ,footnote #cai3 ,i ,*ronicles1 xxii1 #h4 ,footnote #cbj3 ,,ii ,samuel1 xvi1 #ba-bb4 ,y h also ask$ :i* crime 0 ! worse1 t ,david caus$ ,uriah to be sla9 )\t guilt & s$uc$ 8 wife1 or t ,saul refus$ to kill s _m p ( ,amalek2 & y %all "k ( a tru? t ,saul's crime 0 ! great]2 = no (f5ce is grav] ?an to be disob$i5t t[>d "o's sup]iors1 z ,saul 04 ,& y may obs]ve ev5 at ?is day among cloi/] folk1 t if a monk is disob$i5t t[>d 8 abbot1 :]e an abbot rules ! cloi/]1 or t[>d ! prior1 :]e su* a "o controls1 he is =?) expell$ f ! holy ord] & f ! mona/]y & is !nce=? reg>d$ z a layman4 ,likewise1 if a prie/ refuses to obey 8 sup]ior ! bi%op1 he is at once depriv$ ( cl]ical honors1 & ! "r to say mass is tak5 f him z well z all o!r (ficial duties4 ,9 ! same way1 if a bi%op1 be he humble or p[]ful1 refuses to obey 8 sup]ior1 he is imm$iately %orn ( 8 dignity & all 8 (fice2 & aft] t he is reg>d$ among le>n$ m5 z any o!r layman unwor?y ( any di/9ction4 ,& x ought to be ev5 m evid5t t x c\ld n prosp] ,saul to be disob$i5t to su* a "l z ,god ,himself1 :5 he 0 ord]$ to invade ,amalek & ! l& ( ! ,amorites & to slay all t 0 liv+4 ,god took ,8 rod ( puni%m5t & plac$ x 9 ,saul's h&s1 bidd+ him execute ,8 wra? & sp>e no?+ t 0 liv+2 to burn =tifi$ cities1 f>m/eads1 clo?+1 & :atev] else !re 02 to lay ! entire l& 9 ru9s & ?us cleanse x ) sword & ax & fire4 ,saul1 h[ev]1 c>ri$ out ! v5geance t he 0 *>g$ ) 9 ano!r way1 by de/roy+ ev]y?+ t 0 lack+ 9 beauty or value2 b :atev] seem$ to him to be beautiful1 valuable1 & wor? possess+ he sp>$1 br\ght home to 8 c\ntry1 & di/ribut$ among 8 m54 ,b :5 ,samuel came to ,saul & %[$ him ! wra? ( ,god1 ,saul spoke z if excus+ himself3 8,praise be to ,god1 = ,i h fulfill$ ,8 comm&3 ,i invad$ ,amalek & visit$ ! entire k+dom ) fire & sword2 b ,k+ ,agag ,i h br\ght ) me1 wi%+ to honor ,god's comm& by slay+ him "h1 if ,he wills t he die4 ,fat ox5 & f9e %eep ,i h br\ght hi!r to sacrifice su* to ,god z are acceptable to ,him2 & ! *ildr5 ( ! *ief m5 ,i h br\ght hi!r to be kept 9 bondage & di/ress1 do+ fitt+ s]vice = ourselves40 ,!n ,samuel repli$3 8,h[ c ,god n[ accept t z a sacrifice :i* ,he has ,himself curs$ 9 ,8 ang]8 ,= ,god dem&s a bless$ & n an accurs$ sacrifice2 & y %all "k ( a surety t ob$i5ce is m pleas+ to ,god ?an any sacrifice40 ,tru? /ood by & said3 8,:at ne$ is !re to conceal ! motive t induc$ ,saul to neglect do+ z ,god comm&$ him8 ,saul imag9$ himself s firmly e/abli%$ 9 8 k+%ip t he c\ld ord] ^! ?+s m accord+ to 8 own lik+ ?an to ,god's comm&2 he %[$ excessive pride 9 fail+ to rememb] :o _h giv5 him ! p[]4 ,& ?is is ! reason :y he took good horses1 ox51 %eep1 & mu* else ( value1 t he might satisfy ! gre$ ( 8 knights & ! rapacity ( 8 o!r w>riors r ?an c>ry out ! comm&s ( ,god4 ,& he spoke falsely :5 he said t he _h br\ght horses & %eep & o!r ?+s ( value into 8 k+dom to sacrifice !m to ,god2 = he knew t a curs$ sacrifice 0 n acceptable to ,god40 ,!n ! decision 0 left to ,ju/ice & %e decre$ 9 ?is wise3 8,:]eas ,god took ,8 rod ( puni%m5t1 & plac+ x 9 ,saul's h&s bade him execute ! div9e wra? ^u a curs$ p1 let t puni%m5t n[ come ^u ,saul & 8 family :i* he fail$ to visit ^u ^? :om ,god _h comm&$ him to c>ry x out ^u4 ,b ! same rod ( puni%m5t t 0 giv5 to ,saul to %ake ov] o!rs1 ano!r %all n[ hold & %ake ov] ,saul & all 8 k94 ,& because he wi%$ 9 8 av>ice to possess ! ri*es t 7 =bidd5 him1 let him n[ =feit ^? ri*es t 7 giv5 to him be=e40#cba ,b ! reason :y ,ju/ice pass$ su* a sev]e judgm5t ^u ,saul 0 t ,god knew 8 disposition ?or\ghly4 ,= x 0 9 ,saul's nature to be pr\d & /ubborn 9 ! face ( ,god2 & z soon z he ?\ght himself firmly e/abli%$ 9 8 k+dom1 he became gre$y & av>ici\s1 z is evid5t f ?is acc\nt4 ,footnote #cba3 ,on ?is episode see ,i ,samuel1 xv4 ,n[ !re 0 ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! temp]s ( ,david & ,saul3 :5 ,na?an ! prophet *>g$ ,david ) s91 he spoke reproa*fully ( 8 fault1 almo/ z if condemn+ himself1 & implor$ m]cy1 ?\gh will+ to suff] puni%m5t1 z if prep>$ to accept ) gratitude any t]ms :i* ,god might impose = 8 misde$2 !re=e he won favor ?r\gh ! l5i5t judgm5t ( ,m]cy4 ,yet1 8 son di$ because ( ,uriah's dea?1 ?\gh ,david himself did n die2 & = violat+ ,uriah's wife he suff]$ a great disgrace 9 t 8 son di%onor$ him 9 ! sight ( all ! p4 ,b :5 ,samuel accus$ ,saul ( 8 crime1 he repli$ z if def5d+ 8 cause & prais$ himself = hav+ done s well & spoke 9 ?is wise3 8,praise be to ,god1 = ,i h done :at ,he comm&$20 ?\gh he knew 9 8 own m9d t any?+ else 0 ne>] ! tru?4 ,!re=e he 0 /rick5 by ! s5t5ce ( ,ju/ice1 ,god see+ 8 arrogant boa/+ & ly+ excuses4 ,b 8 arrogance & envy became ev5 m evid5t aft] he discov]$ t ,god 0 angry ) him2 = ,saul fell ill2 & n[ & !n madness came ^u him1 s t he _h to be wat*$ :5 ! malady tr\bl$ him4 ,!n x 0 le>n$ t if a man c\ld be f\nd :o c\ld play ! h>p well be=e him1 he w\ld f9d relief & ! illness w\ld afflict him less4 ,s !y f\nd a lovely y\? ^: "n 0 ,david1 ! son ( ,jesse 9 ,be?lehem1 :o knew h[ to /rike ! h>p skilfully2 he came to ! k+1 & :5ev] ! malady came ^u ,saul1 ,david1 /&+ be=e him1 /ruck ! h>p & ! illness dep>t$ imm$iately4 ,b :5 ,saul discov]$ t ! malady 0 less sev]e1 he lov$ ,david highly & made him 8 %ield be>]4#cbb ,samuel1 h[ev]1 _h already ano9t$ him k+ 9 secret1 no "o kn[+ x b 8 fa!r & 8 bro!rs4 ,david rema9$ ) ,saul _m days & s]v$ him fai?fully2 & all m5 p]ceiv$ t ,god 0 ) him 9 all 8 do+s4 ,saul1 too1 0 well dispos$ t[>d him at fir/3 he gave him 8 daught] & assign$ him a troop to comm&4#cbc ,b aft] ,saul _h won 8 great victory ov] ! ,phili/9es & ,david _h sla9 ! giant ,golia? & !y 7 return+ f ! w>f>e1 wom5 came =? f cities & =tresses1 danc+ t[>d !m & s++ praises to !m = _! victory4 ,& ! burd5 ( _! song 0 ?is1 t ,saul _h conqu]$ a ?\s& b ,david t5 ?\s&4#cbd ,:5 ,saul he>d ?is he 0 seiz$ ) wra? & envy t[>d ,david & said 9 8 own ?\ghts3 8,n[ ,i p]ceive t ,god has *os5 ?is man to take ! k+dom aft] me in/ead ( my sons2 b ,i %all try to upset ?is plan if ,i c1 ?\gh s clev]ly t no "o %all p]ceive t ,i kill him int5tionally40 ,a few days lat] ,saul's habitual illness came ^u him2 b ,david took 8 h>p &1 /&+ be=e him1 play$ z 0 8 wont to relieve ! k+'s illness4 ,saul _h a javel9 9 8 h& :i* he ?rew at ,david1 aim+ to drive x ?r\gh him & p9 him to ! wall ( ! room4 ,?us he _h plann$ to avoid responsibility = ! murd] by lead+ ! p to ?9k he _h done x 9 fr5zy & n ) evil int5t4 ,david escap$ & f\nd security f t p]il4 ,b :5 ,saul saw t ,david _h escap$ & he _h n caught him1 he s5t him on frequ5t =ays among hea!n p 9 ! hope t he w\ld be sla9 9 w>f>e4 ,b ! m frequ5tly ,david w5t out into battle1 ! m frequ5t victories & ! great] honors did he w92 & ,god magnifi$ him be=e ! eyes ( all ! p4 ,& ! m ,saul saw him prosp]1 ! m he envi$ him4#cbe ,footnote #cbb3 ,i ,samuel1 xvi1 #ad-bc4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,ibid41 xviii1 #ab-ba4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,ibid41 xviii1 #f-i4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,cf4 ,i ,samuel1 xix1 #h-aa4 ,n[ y c imag9e ! /ate ( ,k+ ,saul's m9d3 he c\ld say no?+ aga9/ ,david1 only :at 0 good4 ,b s9ce he p]ceiv$ t ,god lov$ ,david mu* because ( 8 humility & loyalty1 he envi$ him z ,ca9 envi$ 8 bro!r ,abel because ,god lov$ him4 ,inde$1 ,saul's enmity t[>d ,david became s evid5t t he c\ld n conceal 8 int5tions to kill him4 ,!n ,jona?an1 ,saul's son1 rem9d$ ! k+ t x w\ld be a s9 to slay an innoc5t man1 speak+ 9 ?is wise3 8,my "l1 :y are y angry ) y\r s]vant ,david8 ,if !re is any guilt on 8 "p t may be injuri\s to y\r k+dom or dignity1 e man :o is ) y "h w seek 8 life2 & we c seize him :5ev] we l1 = he is n on 8 gu>d aga9/ u1 kn[+ himself to be guiltless4 ,he has s]v$ y long & has be5 fai?ful 9 all ?+s2 he f\ght aga9/ great odds :5 he slew ,golia?1 & ,god rescu$ y\r entire k+dom ?r\gh ,david's wond]ful victory1 :i* he won fight+ un>m$ aga9/ a giant4 ,he has wait$ ^u y 9 y\r di/ress+ illness2 & :]ev] y h plac$ him at ! head ( ! ho/1 he has br\ght a vigor\s def5se to y\r k+dom1 & no "o kn[s t he has be5 any?+ b loyal4 ,!re=e conqu] y\r wra?1 sire1 & d n fall into su* an evid5t s9 ( murd] be=e ,god z to slay an innoc5t man40#cbf ,saul1 h[ev]1 became only ! m wra?ful & *>g$ ) treason 8 son & ev]yone else :o spoke a good ^w = ,david4 ,footnote #cbf3 ,cf4 ,i ,samuel1 xix1 #d-g4 ,david fl$ f ,k+ ,saul's wra? ) a few m51 b provid$ ) nei!r clo!s nor weapons4 ,he came to ! city call$ ,nob1 ! bi%op ( :i* 0 ,ahimele*1 a son ( ,ahitub ! bi%op2 b ,ahitub 0 ! son ( ,i*abod1 ! son ( ,ph9eas1 ! son ( ,eli ! bi%op4 ,:5 ,david came to ! bi%op ,ahimele*1 he pret5d$ to be travel+ on an important mission = ,k+ ,saul1 & ask$ him to give him & 8 m5 some?+ to eat & to furni% him ) weapons4 ,! bi%op ,ahimele* gave him su* victuals z he _h1 b weapons he _h none to give him except ! sword t _h belong$ to ,golia?2 & ?is he gave him1 = he did n "k t he 0 a fugitive1 b believ$ he 0 travel+ on ! k+'s err&1 z he _h said4 ,b s fi]ce 0 ,saul's hatr$ t[>d ,david1 t z soon z he le>n$ t ! bi%op ,ahimele* _h giv5 him food1 he seiz$ ! bi%op & all 8 k9sm5 & *>g$ !m ) treason4 ,! bi%op repli$ to ! *>ge 9 ?is wise3 8,my "l1 ,i confess t ,i gave ,david :at food ,i _h & ! weapon t ,i _h1 = he said he 0 travel+ on an important err& on y\r behalf4 ,:y %\ld ,i n give hospitality to a man l ,david1 :o is ! be/ & ! mo/ highly e/eem$ ( all ! m5 t y h ab\t y except y\r sons1 & :o is fur!rmore y\r own son-9-law & has be5 fai?ful to y 9 all ?+s8 ,nev] h ,i _h any design aga9/ y or y\r honor4 ,d n ?9k1 my "l1 t ,i1 y\r s]vant1 h plott$ ) ,david aga9/ y\r w2 ,i c\ld n "k :y ,david travel$ 9 su* di/ress1 = he told me t y _h s5t him ) important err&s2 nor did ,i "k t he _h fall5 into any guilt aga9/ y40 ,!n ,saul repli$ 9 fi]ce ang]3 8,?is ,i swe> t y %all p]i% to-day1 y & all y\r k940 ,!reupon he caus$ ! bi%op to be sla9 along ) eighty-five o!r m51 all ( :om 7 rob$ 9 ! prie/ly dignity4 ,aft] t he ord]$ all :o dwelt 9 ! city ( ,nob to be sla91 ev5 wom5 & *ildr51 & _h ! city burn$4#cbg ,footnote #cbg3 ,on ! fate ( ,ahimele* & ! inhabitants ( ,nob1 cf4 ,i ,samuel1 xxi1 #a-i2 xxii1 #i-ai4 ,n[ ,i h reveal$ to y ! f]ocity :i* ,god f\nd 9 ,saul's he>t :5 he remov$ him f ! k+%ip1 & :i* lat] became evid5t 9 :at y h n[ he>d & 9 mu* else ( l import1 ?\gh ,i h told ?is only4 ,! displeasure :i* ! k+ incurr$ f ,god fell s heavily ^u him1 = ! reason t ,god saw 9 8 he>t ! fi]ce av>ice :i* lat] began to appe>4 ,n[ he want$ to kill ,david1 ?\gh innoc5t1 because he f\nd t ,god lov$ him2 & he slew ! bi%op1 ?\gh guiltless1 & s fi]ce 0 he t he slew ev]y?+ 9 ! city t _h life & aft]w>d burn$ ! city4 ,b :]e ,god _h comm&$ him to use sev]ity ( ?is sort1 !re he _h sp>$2 "h1 h[ev]1 he slew ,god's s]vants 9 defiance ( ,god's comm&4 ,b 9 ,david's case ,god pass$ a m l5i5t judgm5t = ! reason t1 j z he p]ceiv$ ! f]ocity 9 ,saul's he>t1 he f\nd true rep5tance & clem5cy 9 ,david's he>t1 z ,i %all n[ %[ y4 ,!re 0 a son ( ! bi%op ,ahimele*1 ,abia?> by "n1 :o 0 hid 9 a cave :5 all ^? 7 sla9 ( :om ,i h j spok54 ,abia?> fl$ to ,david & told him all ^! happ5+s4 ,b :5 ,david he>d ^! tid+s1 he sigh$ & spoke ?us 9 deep sorr[3 8,may ,god 9 ,8 m]cy =give me = ?is slaught]1 = ,i h too great a %>e 9 x1 hav+ eat5 y\r fa!r's bread4 ,& n[ s9ce y h come hi!r1 abide ) me2 & if ,god p]mits me to live1 ,he w also protect y ) me1 & let :atev] ,god wi%es happ5 to u bo?40 ,!reupon ,david elevat$ him to ! bi%op's (fice :i* 8 fa!r _h held4 ,b :5 ,david's k9sm5 le>n$ t he 0 abid+ 9 ! =e/1 !y jo9$ him ) a l>ge =ce c\nt+ n few] ?an f\r hundr$ m52 & f t "t on ,david grew 9 /r5g? z ,god will$4#cbh ,he camp$ among ! hills ) ?is =ce & made repeat$ attacks on ,saul's enemies1 b nev] on ! k+ himself or 8 m54 ,b :5ev] ,saul le>n$ :]e ,david lay conceal$1 he m>*$ out to seek him1 int5d+ to slay him4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,i ,samuel1 xxii1 #a-b1 #bj-bc4 ,!n x happ5$ once1 :5 ,david & 8 m5 7 hid+ 9 a l>ge cave1 t ,saul ent]$ ?is alone on a necess>y err&4 ,!n said ,david's companions3 8,n[ ,god has fulfill$ :at ,he has promis$ y & has deliv]$ y\r enemy into y\r h&s2 be sure to secure ?is qu>ry40 ,david /ole up & cut a piece (f ,saul's mantle1 ?\gh ! k+ 0 n aw>e ( x1 & return$ to 8 comrades4 ,!n ,david's companions said to him3 8,if y are unwill+ to lay y\r own h& ^u him1 let u kill him40 ,david repli$3 8,my crime w\ld be z great be=e ,god1 :e!r ,i d x myself or bid o!rs d x4 ,god keep me & all our companions f su* a s9 z to lay h&s ^u ! ,"l's ano9t$4 ,he is my ma/] & ,i s]v$ him long2 he is also ! ,"l's ano9t$ & x w\ld be a great crime1 if ,i 7 to lay h&s ^u him1 = ,i h no rev5ge to take ei!r = fa!r or bro!r or any o!r k9sman2 nor is x z if he _h tak5 ! ?rone :i* he sits ^u f my k9sm5 ) viol5ce or deceit2 b ,god *ose him to x & sanctifi$ him to ,8 s]vice1 honor+ him ) ,8 own "n4 ,:]e=e x is "r t ,he ,:o appo9t$ him to ! k+%ip %\ld deprive him ( x accord+ to ,8 w1 b n ,i 9 v5geful audacity4 ,& ,i swe> ?is day t ,god alone %all call him1 :e!r by dem&+ 8 s\l or by caus+ him to fall 9 battle be=e 8 enemies2 b z = my h&s1 !y %all let him live _m days4 ,b ,i regret deeply t ,i injur$ 8 g>m5t if he %all feel hurt or di%onor$ because ( x40 ,:5 ,saul _h dep>t$ & return$ to 8 ho/1 ,david ran up on a hill & cri$3 8,my "l1 ,k+ ,saul6 c y he>80 ,b :5 ,saul turn$ to he> :at ?is man said1 ,david b5t bo? knees to ! e>? & b[+ be=e ! k+ said to him3 8,^? m5 d ill :o tell y1 my "l1 t ,i mean to be y\r enemy2 = n[ ,i h evid5ce "h 9 my h& t y\r life 0 9 my p[] to-day1 :5 y left all y\r ho/ & ent]$ ! cave alone2 & x 0 no less 9 my p[] to injure y\r life ?an y\r clo!s1 = "h ,i h 9 my h& a l>ge piece ( ! skirt ( y\r mantle4 ,n[ let ,god judge betwe5 u4 ,y see h[ !y h told ly+ tales1 :o say t ,i h /riv5 aft] y\r life40 ,saul appreciat$ ^! facts fully1 = ,david spoke ! tru?2 & he promis$ t he w\ld nev]more hate ,david4#cbi ,b n _m days pass$ be=e ,saul w5t out aga9 to seek ,david1 z he did con/antly aft] t4 ,n[ x came to pass ano!r "t1 :5 ,saul _h made a we>isome j\rney 9 se>* ( ,david1 t sleep came ^u ! k+ & all 8 ho/4 ,& ,david w5t into ! camp :]e ,saul lay1 b none 0 aw>e ( x4 ,! man :o accompani$ him 0 nam$ ,abi%ai & he said to ,david3 8,n[ y c see t ,god surely int5ds to deliv] y\r enemy into y\r h&s1 & x is n advisable to refuse :at ,god ,himself (f]s y4 ,i w ?ru/ my spe> ?r\gh him1 if y w p]mit me1 & !n we %all return to our m540 ,david answ]$3 8,god has done ?is to tempt me & to see :e!r ,i w\ld lay my h&s on ,8 ano9t$4 ,n[ ,i mu/ answ] z be=e1 t ,god %all te> ! k+%ip f him1 ei!r by dem&+ 8 s\l or by caus+ him to fall be=e 8 enemies2 b z = my h&s1 !y %all let him live _m days2 = ,i h no rev5ge to *]i% aga9/ him1 ei!r = plund] or = ! loss ( k9sm51 except su* z 0 incurr$ :ile he 0 cleans+ ! l& ) righte\s puni%m5t2 & x is nei!r my prop] bus9ess nor t ( anyone else to take rev5ge = su*2 = x is a m s]i\s matt] ?an ev5 a wise man c conceive to lay h&s on ! ,"l's ano9t$1 :o is d$icat$ & hall[$ to ,god4 ,let u take 8 saddle-cup & 8 spe> = a pro(1 & !n let u return to our =ces40#ccj ,footnote #cbi3 ,! /ory ( ,david & ,saul at ,en-g$i is told 9 ,i ,samuel1 xxiv4 ,footnote #ccj3 ,cf4 ,i ,samuel1 xxvi4 ,n[ y w und]/& ! "* ( bo? ,k+ ,saul & ,david f :at ,i h j told y4 ,david knew t he 0 *os5 ( ,god to gov]n1 t he 0 ! ,"l's ano9t$1 consecrat$ & hall[$ to ,god no less ?an ,saul 04 ,he also knew t ,god _h reject$ ,saul4 ,& ,god deliv]$ ,saul into ,david's h&s1 s t he c\ld h tak5 ,saul's life at any "t1 if he _h wi%$4 ,david %[$ great fai?fulness & humility 9 ?is1 t e "t he saw ,saul1 he b[$ be=e him & salut$ him z any o!r unhall[$ layman w\ld1 :o _h n be5 set ap>t = *iefta9%ip4 ,al?\gh ,saul lay 9 wait = 8 life1 ,david cont9u$ to s]ve him1 & worri$ ! k+'s enemies z mu* z he c\ld4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,saul _h no?+ aga9/ ,david except t he knew ,god _h *os5 him to be k+2 & he %[$ great wick$ness & fi]ce hatr$ 9 /riv+ to slay an innoc5t man1 "o :o s]v$ him fai?fully4 ,he likewise display$ an inord9ate vanity 9 wi%+ to make away ) a man :om ,god ,himself _h *os5 to rule aft] him4 ,= ^! reasons ,god pass$ a sev]e judgm5t 9 ,saul's case2 = ,he saw 9 ,saul's he>t :at m5 c\ld n p]ceive1 ?\gh subsequ5tly ,god made ?is fact evid5t to ! sight ( m54 ,b 9 ,david's case ,god 0 m l5i5t1 = ! reason t ,he f\nd him always humble & fai?ful 9 ev]y?+1 z ,he made cle> to m5 lat] on4 ,!re is fur!r evid5ce ( ?is 9 ! fact1 t z soon z ,david le>n$ t ,saul & 8 son ,jona?an _h fall51 he & all 8 ho/ lam5t$ 9 great sorr[1 & ,david spoke ^! words3 8,be ye curs$1 ye m\nta9s ( ,gilboa6 ,may ,god nev]more s5d ra9 or dew or gr[+ grass ^u y1 = y l$ ,k+ ,saul & 8 son ,jona?an along trea*]\s pa?s 9 _! flight across y\r summits & refus$ to %[ !m s]viceable highways1 :]eby !y c\ld save _! lives f ! h&s ( ! foeman2 nor did y provide !m ) %elt]+ ramp>ts ^u y\r heights4 ,x is a bitt] sorr[ = all ! p ( ,israel1 t spl5did *iefta9s l ,saul & ,jona?an %\ld pass away f c\ncil & gov]nm5t4 ,great /r5g? & p[] h p]i%$ ?is day1 :5 su* excell5t pr9ces are fall5 z ,saul & ,jona?an 71 & ! _m good knights ) _m good weapons & mu* good armor :o h p]i%$ ) !m4 ,let ! less] m5 bew>e ( ,god's wra?1 s9ce ,he has all[$ ! hea!n to lay h&s on ,8 ano9t$4 ,let ! multitude bewail a loss l ?is1 t su* excell5t rul]s %\ld fall be=e ! hea!n40#cca ,su* words & _m m l !m ,david spoke t day1 & ?us he lam5t$ _! dea? r ?an rejoic$ 9 ! fact t ! realm _h fall5 to him & into 8 keep+4 ,f ?is y w obs]ve h[ upright he 01 h[ hone/ & free f faults4 ,b :5ev] human nature caus$ him to fall into s91 he =?) %[$ ke5 rep5tance1 implor+ ,god's m]cy & compassion2 & ,god gave he$ at once to 8 hone/ regret4 ,footnote #cca3 ,cf4 ,david's lam5t 9 ,,ii ,samuel1 i3 #ag-bg4 ,! au?or has made b slight use ( ,david's own language4 ,e>li] 9 our conv]sation we h told h[ ,absalom1 ,k+ ,david's son1 rais$ ! :ole l& 9 revolt aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,b :5 ,david's capta9s happ5$ to meet ,absalom 9 battle & ,david le>n$ ( 8 dea?1 he cri$ out 9 ^! words3 8,:at %all x pr(it me to live1 an ag$ man :o gr[s weak] day by day1 n[ t y1 my son ,absalom1 are dead 9 ! fl[]time ( y\?8 ,w\ld to ,god t ,i c\ld die n[ & t y my son might live60#ccb ,david 0 nev] s bitt] aga9/ o!r m5 b t he w\ld r suff] dea? himself ?an see ano!r's dea?1 except :]e he saw t puni%m5t 0 inflict$ on ! dem& ( ju/ice4 ,?is 0 %[n aga9 at "o "t :5 ,david's entire k+dom incurr$ ! wra? ( ,god1 & a pe/il5ce came ^u ! realm1 s viol5t t p p]i%$ by ?\s&s4 ,:5 ! plague approa*$ ! city ( ,j]usalem1 ,david beheld ! angel1 :o 0 smit+ ! p1 /&+ betwe5 heav5 & e>? ) a blaz+ sword4 ,& :5 he saw ! angel ) ! sword lift$ z if ready to /rike1 he plac$ 8 neck "u ! edge & said3 8,i beg !e1 ,o ,"l1 t ?is sword be r turn$ aga9/ my neck ?an t m ( ,god's p %all n[ be sla91 & t my ,"l's wra? may fall ^u me1 :o am guilty & wor?y ( puni%m5t1 & ^u my family r ?an t ,god's p %all be root$ out on my acc\nt40 ,z soon z ,god saw ,david's regret & he>d 8 v acceptable pray]1 ,he comm&$ ! angel to desi/ f slay+ ! p1 & =?) ! plague ceas$ ev]y:]e 9 ! k+dom4#ccc ,footnote #ccb3 ,cf4 ,,ii ,samuel1 xviii1 #cc4 ,footnote #ccc3 ,cf4 ,,ii ,samuel1 xxiv4 ,f ^! & _m o!r simil> in/ances y w n[ obs]ve h[ full ( grace & goodness ,david 0 t[>d all m54 ,& j z ,god saw k9dl9ess1 m]cy1 & humility 9 8 he>t1 ,he saw av>ice1 f]ocity1 & unmeasur$ pride 9 ,saul's he>t2 consequ5tly e fault 0 grav] be=e ,god 9 ,saul's case ?an 9 ,david's2 = ! m5 7 unlike4 ,david 0 ! meeke/ & ! mo/ m]ciful ( m51 & :5ev] he fell into any fault he implor$ ,god to sp>e him2 b ,saul grew fi]c] & m envi\s ! m s9s he fell into & ! ne>] he saw ,god's wra? approa*+4 ,n[ if y ?9k t ^! answ]s h l$ y to a cle>] und]/&+ ( ! matt]s t y h ask$ ab\t1 ,i believe x w n be necess>y to discuss ^! subjects any fur!r4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxiv ,,illu/rations ,,f ,,! ,,judgm5ts ,,( ,,solomon ,son4 ,i see cle>ly n[ f :at y told 9 y\r la/ spee* t ! judgm5ts 7 l5i5t 9 ,david's case1 because he regrett$ ! s9s into :i* he fell1 b m sev]e 9 ,saul's case1 because he 0 less dispos$ to d p5ance = 8 misde$s4 ,n[ !re are c]ta9 o!r matt]s :i* ,i am mu* int]e/$ 9 & :i* ,i %all ask ab\t ) y\r p]mission1 namely ^? ev5ts t occurr$ aft] ,david's dea?4 ,once :5 two wom5 came be=e ,k+ ,solomon1 qu>rel+ ab\t a *ild1 ! k+ ord]$ ! *ild to be hewn 9 pieces & half giv5 to ea* ( !m3#ccd n[ ,i wi% to ask :e!r1 if nei!r ( ! wom5 _h spok5 up1 ! k+ w\ld h hewn ! *ild asund] or n4 ,footnote #ccd3 ,see ,i ,k+s1 iii1 #af-bh4 ,fa!r4 ,! k+ ord]$ ! *ild to be divid$ because he knew ( a surety t ! "o :o 0 ! "m w\ld n be will+ to h ! *ild divid$4 ,son4 ,i ask$ :e!r ! k+ w\ld h divid$ ! *ild if ! "m _h kept sil5ce4 ,fa!r4 ,if ! "m _h be5 s void ( m]cy t %e w\ld n ask him to sp>e ! *ild1 ! k+ w\ld h divid$ x betwe5 !m4 ,son4 ,w\ld x n look to y l pla9 murd]1 if he _h sla9 an innoc5t *ild1 see+ t x 0 n = puni%m5t8 ,fa!r4 ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 murd] if he _h kill$ ! *ild2 /ill1 ! guilt w\ld n h be5 ) ! k+ b ) ! "m1 if %e _h fail$ to beg m]cy = h] *ild1 :5 %e he>d ! k+ r5d] a fair judgm5t 9 _! case1 :i* %e realiz$ w\ld mean ! *ild's dea?2 !re=e ! guilt w\ld be h]s if %e )held ! mo!rly pity :i* c\ld save ! *ild4 ,son4 ,:at d y ?9k ab\t ! dea? ( ,joab & ,adonijah1 :om ,k+ ,solomon slew8 ,0 t a righte\s judgm5t or n8 ,& :y did ,k+ ,solomon cause ,%imei to be sla9 = curs+ 8 fa!r ,david1 see+ t ,david _h already =giv5 ,%imei ?is (f5ce8 ,fa!r4 ,if ,k+ ,solomon _h done ?is except z lawful puni%m5t1 ,god w\ld h visit$ him ) a wor?y p5alty z = murd]4 ,b aft] he _h done all ?is1 ,god reveal$ ,himself to him 9 a dream & bade him *oose :atev] gift he might wi%4 ,b ,solomon ask$ ,god to give him wisdom & insight into righte\s judgm5ts4 ,!n ,god answ]$ him 9 ?is wise3 8,if ?is *oice 7 giv5 to ! multitude1 !re w\ld be _m :o w\ld *oose ri*es & p[]1 or a long life1 or peace1 or success 9 w>f>e4 ,b because ?\ ha/ *os5 ?is ?+1 ?\ %alt receive :at ?\ ha/ *os5 & likewise all ! o!r gifts t ,i h enum]at$40 ,f ?is y w obs]ve h[ well ,god is pleas$ ) righte\sness 9 judgm5ts2 = ,god gave ,solomon all ! supreme gifts1 because he *ose equity z 8 "p4 ,& y w und]/& t1 if he _h sla9 ^? o!rs unju/ly1 ,god w\ld n h giv5 him su* excell5t gifts z ,he did give him4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxv ,,solomon',s ,,decision ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,%imei ,son4 ,:at y h j said does inde$ seem reasonable4 ,if ,solomon _h be5 l$ to execute ^! m5 ?r\gh selfi%ness & inju/ice1 he w\ld n h receiv$ su* excell5t gifts f ,god1 z 7 giv5 to him aft] t de$ 0 done4 ,/ill1 if ,i may1 ,i %\ld l to ask y to po9t out h[ righte\s dooms are work$ out1 9 ord] t ,i may und]/& m cle>ly1 & o!rs too :o may he> x1 h[ ,solomon c\ld execute ,%imei by righte\s decree1 :5 8 fa!r ,david _h already =giv5 him ! (f5ce4#cce ,footnote #cce3 ,! /ory ( ,%imei is told 9 ,,ii ,samuel1 xvi1 #e-h2 xix1 #af-bc2 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #h-i1 #cf-df4 ,fa!r4 ,solomon did ?is out ( reg>d = ju/ice r ?an f cruelty1 & = ! foll[+ reasons4 ,:5 ,%imei curs$ ,david1 he did x out ( impud5ce & malice1 & = no j cause2 b :5 he begg$ ,david = m]cy1 he ask$ x m because ( fe> ?an ( rep5tance1 = he 0 afraid t ,david w\ld take 8 life z ! sacr$ law dem&$4 ,b :5 he implor$ m]cy ,david repli$ 9 ^! words3 8,i %all n slay y ?is "t1 s9ce y implore my grace2 b keep 9 m9d t y w be puni%$ = ?is de$1 unless y atone 9 true rep5tance40 ,9 ^! words ,david po9t$ out to ,%imei t he ought to atone ) lov+ fri5d%ip = ! words t he _h spok5 9 %e] hatr$4 ,%imei1 h[ev]1 liv$ ! re/ ( 8 days 9 su* a mann] t1 :ile no "o f\nd him to *]i% enmity t[>d ,david1 x nev] appe>$ t he made returns 9 fri5d%ip = ,david's m]cy 9 p]mitt+ him to live :5 ! law dem&$ 8 dea?4 ,b :5 he came be=e ,solomon aft] ,david's dea?1 ! k+ said to him3 8,rememb]1 ,%imei1 t y curs$ ! ,"l's ano9t$2 & x has n appe>$ t y h truly regrett$ x s9ce4 ,b ?is %all be a cov5ant betwe5 u z a rem9d] to rep5tance on y\r "p1 t y %all n enjoy su* complete fre$om z "o :o has nev] fall5 into ?is s94 ,n[ y h l>ge & beautiful dwell+s & _m h\ses "h 9 ,j]usalem & y may live 9 peace )9 ! city1 enjoy+ all y\r possessions accord+ to y\r desire2 b if y ev] g outside ! city1 ! puni%m5t ( ! law %all come ^u y\r head1 s9ce y did n take ?\ght to rep5t be=e ,i rem9d$ y40 ,:5 ! k+ _h ceas$ speak+1 ,%imei express$ himself z ?ankful = ?is agreem5t & said t he %\ld f9d b little inconv5i5ce 9 be+ =bidd5 to leave ! city1 if he might rema9 secure 9 ! k+'s fri5d%ip )9 ! city & enjoy all 8 possessions4 ,?ree ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 ,%imei =got ?is agreem5t & w5t outside ! city to seek div]sion1#ccf z if pr\d ( 8 audacity 9 violat+ ! cov5ant4 ,b z soon z ^! tid+s 7 told to ! k+1 he ord]$ ,%imei to be seiz$ & br\ght be=e him1 & he said to him3 8,y h =gott5 to be a%am$ ( hav+ brok5 ! agreem5t :i* we two made z a rem9d] t y owe rep5tance = hav+ curs$ ! ,"l's ano9t$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 a d\ble guilt ^u y\r head n[2 & x w be bett] = y to suff] a brief puni%m5t "h1 s t o!rs may be w>n$ by y\r mis=tune1 ?an t ?is crime %\ld foll[ y into et]nal dea?1 & o!rs become bold] 9 su* evil1 if y die unpuni%$40 ,!n ! k+ ord]$ him to be kill$ & buri$ outside ! city z a rem9d] & w>n+ to o!rs nev] to break a cov5ant4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,accord+ to ! ,scriptural /ory ,%imei left ,j]usalem to br+ back two runaway s]vants4 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #ci-dj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxvi ,,solomon',s ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,! ,,case ,,( ,,adonijah ,,& ,,8 ,,foll[]s ,son4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask y :y ,solomon caus$ 8 bro!r ,adonijah to be put to dea? = reque/+ ,abi%ag to be 8 wife4 ,fa!r4 ,adonijah _h e>li]1 z y may h he>d1 l$ an upris+ aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,:5 ,david _h become an ag$ man & 0 v decrepit because ( 8 _m ye>s1 ,adonijah appo9t$ himself to be k+ )\t 8 fa!r's k1 & made a fe/ive banquet z newly consecrat$ k+4 ,he s5t h]alds runn+ ?r\gh ! /reets ) pipes & drums to proclaim ?r\gh\t ! city t ,adonijah 0 n[ ! k+4 ,! *ief m5 :o 7 ) him 9 ?is plot 7 ,joab1 ,david's *ief capta9 & 8 k9sman1 & ,abia?> ! bi%op1 & _m o!r lords4 ,b :5 ,zadoc ! bi%op1 ,na?an ! prophet1 ,b5aiah ! capta91 & ,ba?%eba ! que5 came z if 9 deep sorr[ to tell ,david :at great und]tak+s 7 hidd5 f him1 he rema9$ sil5t = "s "t b sigh$ heavily4 ,at la/ he spoke z f a he>t full ( grief & said3 8,my sons are n m9d$ l me1 = ,i s]v$ ,k+ ,saul _m days1 ?\gh he s\ght aft] my life4 ,& yet ,god _h *os5 me to be k+1 = ,he 0 angry ) ,k+ ,saul2 b ,i await$ ! judgm5t ( ,god by :i* he w\ld be depriv$ ( 8 k+dom2 b ,i w\ld n condemn him1 ?\gh he 0 m9e adv]s>y4 ,n[ my son has done t to me :i* ,i w\ld n d to m9e enemy4 ,b because ,adonijah has tak5 ! k+%ip to :i* ,god ,himself appo9t$ me1 ev5 be=e ,i _h r5\nc$ x or ,he ,:o _h *os5 me _h remov$ me1 he %all fall 9 disgrace f ?is dignity1 z t "o fell :o 9 arrogant pride rais$ ! fir/ rebellion aga9/ 8 ,"l40 ,!n ,david said to ,zadoc ! bi%op3 8,take my mule & h>ness him ) all ! acc\trem5ts ) :i* he 0 array$ :5 ,i rode him 9 all my glory & set my son ,solomon ^u him2 & tak+ ,na?an ! prophet ) y & ,b5aiah ! capta9 & all my mo/ loyal *iefs & knights1 ride to ! tab]nacle ( ! ,"l 9 ,zion#ccg & !re ano9t my son ,solomon k+4 ,!n take my own trumpet & let x be s\nd$ ?r\gh\t ! city ) a fe/ive s\nd to proclaim t ,solomon is k+ by ! w ( ,god & ,david's *oice4 ,aft] t y %all br+ my son ,solomon to me t ,i may welcome ! newly appo9t$ k+ to my ?rone40 ,:5 ,david _h ceas$ speak+1 ,zadoc ! bi%op did all ^? ?+s t ! k+ _h comm&$4 ,& :5 ,solomon return$ array$ 9 all ! tok5s ( royalty1 ,david rose to receive him1 b[$ be=e him1 & bless$ him 9 ^! words3 8,praise be to ,!e1 ,o ,god1 t ,?\ w]t pleas$ to exalt me f my l[ e/ate to su* high honors z ,i n[ enjoy1 & ha/ help$ me 9 _m p]ils1 & n[ aft] mu* tr\ble & long toil ha/ br\ght me ! consolation t m9e eyes %\ld behold ! "o sprung f my lo9s :om ,?\ ha/ ,?yself *os5 to sit 9 ! seat ( honor to :i* ,?\ did/ =m]ly appo9t me1 accord+ to ,?y promises1 ,o ,"l4 ,n[ ,i pray ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 give ?is "y man ,david's glory & und]/&+ 9 d\ble & ?reefold measure1 make him a p]fect rul] to gov]n ,?y holy p accord+ to ,?y w40 ,!n ,david kiss$ ,solomon & said to him3 8,! ,god ,:o rules ! heav5s multiply peace to y above all ! k+s ^u e>? & give y bless+s & ! fruits ( e>? & p]fect happ9ess40#cch ,:5 he _h end$ ?is spee* & b5$iction1 ,david said to ,solomon3 8,because ,i f9d t ,god has giv5 y wisdom & und]/&+1 ,i *>ge y to gov]n wisely & ju/ly1 ?\gh some:at sev]ely1 le/ ! k+dom %\ld seem to be lack+ 9 gov]nm5t because ( y\r fa9t-he>t$ness4 ,b temp] ! sev]ity ( puni%m5t1 le/ y be ?\ght too /]n & m]ciless4 ,rememb] y\r k9sman ,joab1 h[ev]1 :o has s]v$ me long & ) mu* labor2 b x is n fitt+ t ! s9ful de$s :i* he has committ$ %\ld foll[ him to hell3 = he slew two excell5t capta9s :o 7 9 my peace1 ,abn] & ,amasa1 :o _h s]v$ ,k+ ,saul ) great fidelity4 ,& !re are _m o!rs :om he slew 9 8 ov]we5+ pride1 b n 9 lawful *a/isem5t4 ,& x is bett] to let him suff] a brief puni%m5t "h ?an t he %\ld be lo/ et]nally because ( ^! crimes4 ,keep also my promise to ,%imei1 ?\gh he curs$ me :5 ,i fl$ f ! viol5ce ( y\r bro!r ,absalom2 b keep x 9 su* a way t he w be rem9d$ to d p5ance = 8 misde$s1 le/ ! curse be =ev] ^u 8 head :i* he incurr$ :5 he curs$ me an innoc5t man4 ,let k9%ip temp] y\r wra? aga9/ y\r bro!r ,adonijah1 if y see t he regrets 8 treasonable upris+ aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,rememb] t ! bi%op ,abia?> lo/ 8 fa!r & all 8 k9sm51 because he gave me food1 :5 ,i came to ,nob a fugitive f ! face ( ,k+ ,saul4 ,abia?> des]ves well = ?is1 too1 t he foll[$ me & bore ! ark ( ,god be=e me1 :5 ,i fl$ f ! face ( y\r bro!r ,absalom4 ,b d n =get to give him a rem9d] to rep5tance = jo9+ y\r bro!r ,adonijah 9 treasonable designs aga9/ me1 le/ ?is (f5ce %\ld foll[ him to 8 dea?4 ,be manly1 /rong1 & sev]e1 b ) mod]ation4 ,d ! w ( ,god 9 all ?+s1 & bo? temporal & et]nal joys %all be add$ to y40#cci ,footnote #ccg3 ,error = ,gihon4 ,footnote #cch3 ,on ! subject ( ,adonijah's rebellion & ,solomon's triumphant accession see ,i ,k+s1 i4 ,! au?or has us$ little m ?an ! outl9e ( ! /ory z giv5 9 ! ,bible4 ,footnote #cci3 ,cf4 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #a-aa4 ,9 ! ,biblical /ory ,david's *>ge to ,solomon comes aft] ! day ( ,solomon's accession1 & n1 z ! au?or has x1 dur+ ! day4 ,!n said ,david to ,zadoc ! bi%op & ,na?an ! prophet3 8,g n[ & prep>e a banquet & lead ,k+ ,solomon into my hall & let him sit 9 my high-seat amid fe/ive joys40 ,& !y did ev]y?+ z ,david bade !m4 ,b :5 ,adonijah's fea/ 0 end$1 ! gue/s he>d s++ & pip+ & all =ms ( m]rim5t1 z if a new joy _h come into ! city4 ,:5 ,adonijah ask$ :at ! m]ry-mak+ signifi$1 :e!r ! rejoic+ 0 9 8 honor or new tid+s _h come1 x 0 told him t ,david _h himself giv5 ,solomon 8 title & all ! royal honors & _h *os5 him to be k+2 & t ,solomon 0 already hall[$ z k+ & sitt+ ^u ,david's ?rone 9 fe/ive raim5t2 & t all ! p rejoic$ 9 ! news z on a m]ry holiday4 ,:5 ,adonijah he>d ?is report1 great t]ror came ^u him & all ^? :o 7 ) him 9 ?is conspiracy1 & !y fl$ e man to 8 h\se4 ,b ,adonijah fl$ to ! tab]nacle ( ! ,"l & laid 8 h& ^u ! sacr$ alt>1 z if tak+ v[s ( *a/ity & s]vice 9 ,god's holy tab]nacle4 ,!reupon he s5t a man to ! k+1 say+3 8,"h %all ,i die1 unless my "l ,k+ ,solomon w promise & assure me t he w n slay me1 8 s]vant1 = ! evil t ,i h done40 ,!n ,k+ ,solomon repli$3 8,adonijah is my bro!r by k9%ip2 !re=e ,i w gladly sp>e him1 if he w %[ true rep5tance = /irr+ up treason & rebellion aga9/ 8 fa!r ,david2 & ,i w be> ?is burd5 ) him be=e ,god on ! condition t he mu/ always cont9ue loyal1 humble1 & free f deceit4 ,b if any treasonable ambitions be f\nd 9 him1 he may expect a swift rev5ge to come ^u 8 head4 ,let him n[ g home to 8 possessions & enjoy !m z long z he keeps :at is n[ decre$40#cdj ,footnote #cdj3 ,cf4 ,i ,k+s1 i1 #da-ec4 ,:5 ! h\r ( ,david's dea? 0 approa*+1 ,solomon frequ5tly visit$ 8 fa!r2 & :5 ! k+ _h dep>t$ ?is life1 he m\rn$ = him _m days1 he & all ! lords 9 ! k+dom2 & he buri$ him ) e =m ( royal pomp & at a va/ outlay4 ,b aft] ,david's dea?1 ,adonijah begg$ ,ba?%eba ! que5 to ask ,k+ ,solomon to give him ,abi%ag to wife4 ,! facts respect+ ,abi%ag 7 ^!3 :5 ,k+ ,david grew old1 *ills ent]$ into 8 fle%1 s t clo!s 7 n suffici5t to keep him w>m2 ,abi%ag 0 a "y virg91 ! faire/ maid 9 ! k+dom & ( ! be/ & noble/ family2 %e 0 br\ght to ,k+ ,david's b$ to lie close to him & w>m him & *]i% him1 9 ! hope t ! k+ might draw w>m? f h] s(t & blossom+ =m & f 8 desire = ! fair virg94 ,david lov$ h] highly ) a p]fect affection1 b z a fo/]-"m1 n z a wife4 ,& = ?is reason ,abi%ag won su* great honor t %e came to be reg>d$ z ! fir/ que5 & %e rank$ above all ! o!r que5s 9 ! eyes ( ! p2 & ?us h] dignity 0 sanctifi$ by ,david's embraces4 ,b ,adonijah _h a purpose 9 seek+ ?is m>riage aft] ,david's decease1 = he hop$ 9 ?is way to obta9 ! k+%ip by deceitful intrigue2 inasmu* z all ! p w\ld say1 if he m>ri$ ,abi%ag1 t he 0 mo/ wor?y to sit on ,david's ?rone :o 0 mo/ wor?y to m\nt 8 b$ & lie 9 ! arms :i* ,david _h hall[$ ) 8 v self4 ,he also presum$1 z seem$ reasonable1 t ! bro!rs & all ! k9sm5 ( ,abi%ag w\ld r h him z k+1 if %e 7 81 ?an a man :o 0 n b\nd to !m 9 ?is way4 ,que5 ,ba?%eba und]took ,adonijah's err& & aft]w>ds w5t to seek an int]view ) h] son ,k+ ,solomon4 ,z soon z %e _h ent]$ ! royal hall1 ! k+ rose to meet 8 "m & l$ h] to a seat at 8 side4 ,!n ! que5 reveal$ h] err&1 speak+ ?us3 8,i h a little favor to ask ( y1 b ,i w n reveal ! reque/ be=e y promise to grant x40 ,! k+ repli$3 8,y are my "m1 & ,i _c refuse :at y wi% to ask2 & ,i surely int5d t y %all h :at y h come to ask =4 ,b x surely behooves y to keep 9 m9d t y %\ld ask only = :at ,i may freely grant40 ,!n said ,ba?%eba ! que5 to ! k+3 8,i h come to ask y to give y\r bro!r ,adonijah ,abi%ag to wife40 ,!n ,k+ ,solomon repli$ 9 great wra?3 8,:at is at ! bottom ( ?is reque/ t ,abi%ag be giv5 to ,adonijah8 ,if y pref] t he %\ld h ! k+%ip r ?an ,i1 !n ask ! k+dom = him2 = y "k t my bro!r ,adonijah is old] ?an ,i & once assum$ ! royal title1 be+ *os5 by ! *ief lords be=e my fa!r _h appo9t$ me to be rul] 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god4 ,joab ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! lords & capta9s & ,abia?> ! bi%op h evid5tly cont9u$ plott+ ) him ev5 to ?is day4 ,abi%ag is ( ! noble/ k9%ip 9 ! city & ! :ole realm2 fur!rmore1 %e is honor$ by all z ! fir/ que5 because ( ! c>e t %e gave my fa!r 9 8 old age4 ,if %e is giv5 to ,adonijah to be 8 wife1 ! p w reg>d him z mo/ wor?y to sit 9 ,david's seat1 s9ce he is ?\ght wor?y to lie 9 ! b$ & 9 ! arms 9 :i* ,david himself lay4 ,n[ :5 ,adonijah _h committ$ treason aga9/ 8 fa!r1 ,i (f]$ to %>e ! responsibility = 8 s9 be=e ,god because ( our k9%ip4 ,b n[ he has repeat$ & trebl$ ! treason aga9/ me1 8 bro!r1 :i* he fir/ committ$ aga9/ 8 fa!r4 ,!re=e ,i swe> by ! ,god ,:o has plac$ me on ,david's ?rone t ,adonijah %all suff] = 8 guilt1 z %all e "o ( ! o!rs :o are ) him 9 ?is traitor\s project40 ,!n ,k+ ,solomon said to ,b5aiah ! capta93 8,g & slay my bro!r ,adonijah1 = ,i w\ld r h him suff] a swift p5alty "h1 su* z ! rules ( ! holy law provide = treason aga9/ "o's "l1 ?an to h him c>ry a traitor's guilt to hell4 ,slay also ,joab my k9sman1 = twice he committ$ vile (f5ces aga9/ ,k+ ,david1 :5 he slew ,abn] & ,amasa1 two r5[n$ capta9s1 ?\gh !y 7 9 ,david's peace & protection4 ,b 8 ?ird & greate/ crime is ?is1 t he 0 traitor to ,david :5 he gave ,adonijah ! royal title2 surely he w be lo/ =ev] 9 ! _w to come1 unless he %all d p5ance 9 ?is _w by suff]+ a lawful puni%m5t40#cda ,footnote #cda3 ,cf4 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #ac ff4 ,9 ?is case ,k+ ,solomon gives cle> pro( t x is q p]missible to break v[s & promises1 if :at has be5 ask$ or grant$ is contr>y to :at is "r4 ,he grant$ :at 8 "m ,ba?%eba ! que5 _h come to reque/ be=e he knew :at x 02 b z soon z he 0 aw>e t ! pray] 0 a p]il\s "o1 he slew ! man :o _h orig9ally made ! reque/4 ,b5aiah did z ,k+ ,solomon comm&$ & slew ,adonijah4 ,b j z ,joab ! capta9 & ,abia?> ! bi%op _h %>$ 9 ! plans to give ,adonijah ! royal title1 !y also _h a %>e 9 8 plan to ask = ,abi%ag to wife2 & :5 !y he>d ( ,adonijah's dea?1 !y =esaw _! own de/ruction4 ,b5aiah seiz$ ,abia?> ! bi%op & l$ him be=e ,k+ ,solomon2 b ,joab fl$ to ,god's tab]nacle & laid 8 h& ^u ! sacr$ horn ( ! alt>1 z if tak+ v[s ( *a/ity & s]vice 9 ,god's holy tab]nacle4 ,b5aiah came to ,god's sanctu>y & said3 8,come =?1 ,joab1 ! k+ comm&s y to come =? out ( ,god's tab]nacle40 ,b ,joab repli$3 8,i h come hi!r into ,god's protection1 & ,i w suff] dea? "h1 if ,i _c rema9 9 security40 ,!n ,b5aiah report$ 8 answ] to ! k+ ?r\gh 8 mess5g]2 & :5 ! mess5g] came be=e ! k+ br++ ! bi%op ,abia?> & relat$ all ^! ?+s1 ,k+ ,solomon said to him3 8,give my comm& to ,b5aiah to slay ,joab :]ev] he be f\nd1 = 8 de$s & ! decrees ( ! sacr$ law slay him & n we40 ,b5aiah did z ,k+ ,solomon comm&$ & slew ,joab :]e he !n /ood4#cdb ,footnote #cdb3 ,cf4 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #bh-cd4 ,b ! k+ spoke 9 ?is wise to ! bi%op ,abia?>3 8,y "k t y h des]v$ dea? accord+ to ! rules ( ! holy law2 b :]eas y lo/ y\r fa!r & all y\r k9sm5 9 ,nob 9 a s+le day1 because y\r fa!r _h giv5 my fa!r ,david food1 & :]eas y also bore ! ark ( ,god be=e my fa!r :5 he fl$ be=e ! face ( my bro!r ,absalom1 !re=e x is "r t = once y %\ld pr(it f ?is & n suff] a sudd5 dea?4 ,& = ?is once y %all pur*ase y\r life on ! foll[+ t]ms1 :i* y mu/ keep z a con/ant rem9d] t y owe p5ance = ! treason :i* y committ$ aga9/ ,david3 g n[ to y\r own fields & abide !re z a husb&man & enjoy all y\r possessions1 on ! condition1 h[ev]1 t y rema9 a till] ( ! soil4 ,b if y ev] /ret* =? y\r h& to p]=m any prie/ly s]vice or (fice1 ! righte\s p5alty ( ! sacr$ law %all surely come ^u y\r head40#cdc ,abia?> w5t home & did z ! k+ comm&$ & liv$ _m days2 b ,%imei di$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 because he fail$ to keep :at _h be5 comm&$1 z we h already told4 ,footnote #cdc3 ,cf4 ,i ,k+s1 ii1 #bf-bg4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxvii ,,:y ,,solomon ,,broke ,,8 ,,promise ,,( ,,peace ,,& ,,security ,,to ,,joab ,son4 ,!re are /ill a few po9ts :i*1 x seems to me1 ,i h n exam9$ suffici5tly4 ,h[ did x occur to ,solomon to break peace ) ,joab1 see+ t he _h fl$ into ,god's protection & into ! h\se1 ! only "o 9 all ! _w1 t 0 d$icat$ to ,god8 ,*ur*es h n[ be5 built 9 almo/ e "p ( ! _w1 & x is consid]$ an evil de$ to slay a man :o has s\ght sanctu>y4 ,b ,i h ?\ght t ! honor ( ,god's holy h\se w\ld be ! m zeal\sly gu>d$ ! few] su* h\ses 74 ,ano!r matt] :i* ,i wi% to ask ab\t is ?is3 h[ did x occur to ,solomon to promise :at 8 "m might reque/ & !n to break 8 promise8 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t a wise man l ,solomon w\ld h asc]ta9$ :at ! reque/ 0 likely to be be=e he gave 8 promise1 & ?us avoid recall+ 8 promise1 if ! reque/ 7 n to 8 lik+4 ,fa!r4 ,i /at$ 9 an e>li] spee* t he :o makes a reque/ %\ld be discreet & ask su* ?+s only z are prop] & may be freely grant$2 & all ^? favors t are wisely ask$ & grant$ 9 l mann] ought to rema9 valid & undi/urb$4 ,b ,solomon set a good & pr(itable example 9 ?is case1 :5 he wisely )drew ! gift t 8 "m _h indiscreetly reque/$1 ?\gh he _h already grant$ x4 ,! foll[+ example :i* is evil & belongs to a mu* lat] date 0 set by ,h]od3 once :5 he 0 fea/+ 9 ,galilee he promis$ to give 8 /ep-daught] :atev] %e might ask2 & on h] "m's advice %e dem&$ ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/4#cdd ,h]od knew t ,john 0 an innoc5t & holy man & deeply regrett$ t he _h made ?is promise4 ,b 8 rep5tance bore no fruit1 inasmu* z he 0 n c>eful to )draw ! gift wisely :i* %e _h reque/$ fooli%ly2 nay m1 he did ! evil de$ t %e _h sugge/$4 ,consequ5tly all 7 de/roy$1 ! wom5 because ( _! reque/ & ,h]od because ( 8 gift4 ,k+ ,solomon1 h[ev]1 ?\ght x bett] to face 8 "m's wra?ful temp] = refus+ wisely :at he _h promis$ ha/ily1 ?an to suff] ! injury t foll[s ! great crime ( all[+ fooli% & s9ful petitions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 y %\ld und]/& cle>ly t x is nev] prop] = a man to be fickle 9 promises1 & ! great] ! man1 ! less fitt+ x is4 ,b no man is all[$ to grant any?+ t may give rise to crime & s91 ev5 ?\gh he has already promis$ to d s4 ,footnote #cdd3 ,cf4 ,mat!w xiv1 #a-ab2 ,m>k1 vi1 #af-bi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxviii ,a ,,discussion ,,( ,,promises3 ,,:5 ,,!y ,,mu/ ,,be ,,kept ,,& ,,:5 ,,!y ,,%\ld ,,be ,,)drawn ,son4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask y to tell me some:at m cle>ly h[ f> "o %\ld keep :at he has pl$g$ & h[ f> he may refuse to c>ry out :at he has promis$4 ,fa!r4 ,:5 a "l is ask$ to grant a favor & ! mean+ ( ! reque/ is made cle> to him1 he ought to pond] c>efully :at x is t he is ask$ to d & :e!r x w br+ him injury or honor4 ,if he sees t he c grant x )\t damage to himself1 he ought next to consid] ! p]son to :om he is to give :at has be5 ask$1 & h[ mu* may be giv5 9 ea* case1 le/ he %\ld h an exp]i5ce l t ( ,h]od1 :i* has already be5 relat$4 ,= ,h]od did n consid] fully ! m]its ( ! "o :o made ! reque/1 or ! occasion1 or h[ mu* he ought to give4 ,!re 0 ?is difficulty1 too1 9 ,h]od's case1 t he 0 drunk :5 he made ! promise2 he _h made a great banquet = all 8 lords1 & he fail$ to consid] ! occasion2 = x 0 n prop] = him to make gifts :ile drunk1 s9ce "o :o is drunk w r>ely be mod]ate 9 mak+ gifts4 ,he also fail$ to obs]ve mod]ation 9 ?is1 t he gave su* an unusual gift to 8 /ep-daught]1 a woman :o 0 n ( 8 k91 = he spoke 9 ^! t]ms3 8,:atsoev] y ask ,i w give y1 ?\gh y ask half ( my k+dom40 ,y w obs]ve f ?is t he 0 half-mad f dr9k :5 he spoke1 = 8 /ep-daught] _h honor$ him m]ely by beat+ ! drum be=e him1 & h] music 0 entitl$ to a mu* small] rew>d ?an ! "o promis$4 ,nor 0 x fitt+ = him to leave ! =m ( ! reque/ z well z ( ! gift to ! tongues ( o!rs1 z he did :5 he spoke z foll[s3 8,:atsoev] y ask y %all h1 ?\gh y ask half ( my k+dom40 ,b if he _h spok5 9 ?is wise3 8,:atev] y ask ) discretion & 9 mod]ation y %all receive1 if ,i c give x10 !n he w\ld h spok5 wisely & well1 & x w\ld h rema9$ ) him :e!r to grant or to refuse4 ,x n[ rema9s to po9t out :at sort ( gifts a rul] may prop]ly give1 :5 he is ask$ to d s4 ,any reque/ may be grant$ :i* w br+ honor & help to him :o asks & w br+ no damage to ! "l :o gives or to any "o else4 ,?us if a "l is ask$ to give assi/ance or money1 he may well give x1 unless 8 honor %\ld be discr$it$ by ! gift2 & he may prop]ly give bo? ! labor & ! money s long z he gives !m to su* z are wor?y ( great honors4 ,b :5 "o is ask$ to grant a reque/ t w\ld debase or di%onor him1 he mu/ refuse x2 & ev5 ?\gh he %\ld make a promise ?\ghtlessly1 x is to be wisely )drawn4 ,& if a man be/[s a g5]\s gift on "o :o %[s little appreciation ( x & is 9 no wise wor?y to h a long & cont9u$ possession ( an important gift1 inasmu* z he does n %[ prop] appreciation1 ?is gift1 too1 %\ld be )drawn2 = 9 ?is case ! man's own ?\ghtlessness & lack ( disc]nm5t take ! gift f him & n ! fickl5ess ( him :o gave4 ,& if "o :o desir$ a gift has obta9$ x ?r\gh falsehood & deceitful pret5ce1 t gift is also to be )drawn1 ev5 ?\gh x has be5 grant$2 & 9 ?is case ! man's own fraud & deceit take ! gift f him & n ! fickl5ess ( him :o promis$ & gave x4 ,b a pr9ce :o means to be cauti\s 9 mak+ gifts mu/ consid] c>efully :at is reque/$1 & :at sort ( man has made ! reque/4 ,& s9ce all d n des]ve equally great gifts1 "o mu/ consid] h[ great a gift ea* "o des]ves & on :at occasion a gift may be giv54 ,!n x %all be said b v seldom t he :o gave has )drawn 8 gift or t he has be5 f\nd to be fickle-m9d$4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxix ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,k+%ip ,,& ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,k+',s ,,responsibility ,,to ,,god ,son4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask :at good reasons !re are :i* w\ld ju/ify ,k+ ,solomon's act 9 caus+ ,joab to be sla9 9 ,god's holy tab]nacle :ile he 0 cl++ to ,god's sacr$ alt>4 ,:y did he n ord] him to be br\ght away fir/ & sla9 aft]w>ds8 ,fa!r4 ,! matt] ab\t :i* y h n[ inquir$ _c be made cle> )\t a l5g?y explanation1 :i* w seem m l a comm5t ?an a prop] cont9uation ( ! conv]sation 9 :i* we are n[ engag$4 ,:5 ,solomon conclud$ t x 0 bett] to slay ,joab :]e he !n 0 ?an to br+ him away1 he 0 n )\t good gr\nds = 8 decision2 = he did n wi% to fall into su* a s9 z ,k+ ,saul fell into :5 he br\ght sacrifices to ,god's holy alt>4 ,n[ ,solomon did n wi% to make ?is a pretext t he int5d$ to br+ gifts or sacrifices to ,god's holy alt>1 z if he 7 c>ry+ out episcopal functions2 nor did he wi% to take away by =ce or viol5ce any?+ t _h come s ne> ,god's holy alt> z ,joab !n 01 inasmu* z he 0 cl++ to ! sacr$ alt>4 ,b ,solomon pond]$ ! :ole matt] 9 8 own m9d3 8,x is my duty to c>ry out ! provisions ( ! sacr$ law1 no matt] :]e ! man happ5s to be ^: case is to be det]m9$2 b x is n my duty to remove a man by =ce or viol5ce :o has fl$ to ! holy place2 = all j decisions are 9 tru? ,god's decisions & n m9e4 ,& ,i "k ( a surety t ,god's holy alt> w n be defil$ or desecrat$ by ,joab's blood1 = x w be %$ 9 righte\s puni%m5t & z a p5ance = him1 b n 9 hatr$ z 9 ! case ( an unju/ v]dict40 ,9 ?is decision ,k+ ,solomon illu/rat$ ! division ( duties t ,god made betwe5 ,moses & ,a>on2 & he did n wi% to di/urb ?is arrangem5t1 le/ he %\ld fall into disfavor ) ,god4 ,= ,god _h m>k$ out _! duties 9 su* a way t ,moses 0 to wat* ov] ! rules ( ! holy law1 :ile ,a>on 0 to c>e = ! sacrifices t might come to ! sacr$ alt>4#cde ,& y %all "k ( a tru? t ?is arrangem5t ought by "r to /& ev5 at ?is day2 & y may be able to see ?is m cle>ly1 if ,i add a few words 9 explanation4 ,= ! reason is ?is1 t ,god has e/abli%$ two h\ses ^u e>?1 ea* *os5 = a def9ite s]vice4 ,! "o is ! *ur*2 9 fact we may give ?is "n to bo?1 if we l1 = ! ^w *ur* means ! same z judgm5t hall1 because !re ! p meet & assemble4 ,^! two h\ses are ! halls ( ,god1 & ,he has appo9t$ two m5 to keep wat* ov] !m4 ,9 "o ( ^! halls ,he has plac$ ,8 table1 & ?is is call$ ! h\se ( bread2 = !re ,god's p ga!r to receive spiritual food4 ,b 9 ! o!r hall ,he has plac$ ,8 holy judgm5t seat2 & !re ! p assemble to he> ! int]pretation ( ,god's holy v]dicts4 ,& ,god has appo9t$ two keep]s to gu>d ^! h\ses3 ! "o is ! k+1 ! o!r ! bi%op4 ,footnote #cde3 ,see ,exodus1 xxviii4 ,n[ ! k+ is appo9t$ to keep wat* ov] ! sacr$ h\se 9 :i* ! holy seat is plac$ & to keep ! holy v]dicts ( ,god4 ,9 temporal matt]s he is to judge betwe5 m5 & 9 su* a way t ! rew>d ( et]nal salvation may be giv5 to him & to all o!rs :o aft] 8 day uphold ! decisions t h be5 ju/ly r5d]$4 ,into 8 h&s ,god has also committ$ ! sword ( puni%m5t ) :i* to /rike :5 ! ne$ arises1 j z ,k+ ,solomon did :5 he laid ,joab "u ! sword ( *a/isem5t1 ) _m o!rs :om he subject$ to righte\s p5alties1 z we h already told4 ,! k+1 !n1 mu/ always /rike1 n 9 hatr$ b = righte\s puni%m5t4 ,b if he slay any "o out ( hatr$1 x is murd]1 & he w h to answ] = x z murd] be=e ,god4 ,y %all also "k ( a tru? t no "o is all[$ to pluck away any ( ^? ?+s t ,god f ! beg9n+ has assign$ to ,8 hall & high-seat2 = t w\ld be to rob ,god ,himself & ,8 holy judgm5t seat & to di/urb arrogantly ! arrangem5t :i* ,god has made4 ,& e "o :o is assign$ to ?is seat %\ld pond] 9 deep ?\ght :at plea he %all h to pres5t :5 he comes be=e 8 own ,judge2 = e man :o comes 9 8 turn be=e ! ,highe/ ,judge1 hav+ be5 /ew>d 9 ,8 hall1 may confid5tly expect ,him to employ "s mode ( address l ! foll[+3 8,?\ be>e/ ,m9e own "n1 = ?\ art bo? k+ & judge z ,i am2 !re=e ,i dem& t ?\ r5d] acc\nt = ?y /ew>d%ip1 inasmu* z ?\ art ! appo9t$ judge & lead] ( ,my p40 ,:]e=e ea* "o w ne$ to prep>e aft] long reflection & ) great c>e :at he is to reply :5 he comes be=e ! ,judge4 ,if ! ar*angel1 9 :om !re is no sign ( weakness1 gives 8 answ] ) fe> & trembl+1 :5 he is call$ ^u to r5d] acc\nt = 8 s]vices to our ,"l & ,k+1 "o c imag9e :at fe> & trembl+ w come ^u a frail & s9ful man1 :5 he is ask$ to r5d] acc\nt = 8 /ew>d%ip 9 ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,b he :o has _h ?is hall 9 8 keep+ w fir/ ( all be ask$ h[ he has dealt out ju/ice among m52 & if he is unable to give a satisfactory acc\nt1 he may expect to he> ?is s5t5ce3 8,?\ wick$ ?rall1 s9ce ?\ ha/ n obs]v$ ju/ice 9 ?y v]dicts1 ?\ %alt f>e ?i!r :]e all v]dicts are evil2 = ?9e own m\? has assign$ !e to ?is place1 inasmu* z x 0 n a%am$ to deliv] di%one/ judgm5ts40 ,b if he c def5d ! ju/ice ( 8 decisions ) good reasons1 he %all f9d joy 9 8 /ew>d%ip & he> ^! words3 8,inasmu* z ?\ ha/ always obs]v$ equity z a judge1 x is fitt+ t ?\ %\ld/ enjoy a righte\s v]dict on e c\nt40 ,he w !n be ask$ fur!r on :at "s ( 8 actions 7 bas$2 & aft] t he w h to %[ h[ discreetly & c>efully he has kept all ^? ?+s :i* ,god 9 ! beg9n+ committ$ to ?is judgm5t seat4 ,b if he has n kept all ^? ?+s :i* ,god 9 ! beg9n+ assign$ to ! holy seat ( judgm5t1 he w be br\ght face to face ) ^? :o h done _! duty well1 su* z ,mel*is$ek or ,moses or ,david or o!rs :o h obs]v$ ^! ?+s z fai?fully z ^? nam$4 ,!n he w he> ^! words spok53 8,if ?\ had/ be5 z ?\ghtful & solicit\s z ^! 7 9 ma9ta9+ ! honors :i* ,i jo9$ 9 ! beg9n+ to ,my holy judgm5t seat1 ?\ w\ld/ h receiv$ ! same rew>ds z ^! enjoy4 ,b n[ ?\ %alt be depriv$ ( an honor "h z great z ! honor :i* ?\ did/ take )\t "r f ,my judgm5t seat2 & to t degree %alt ?\ be reg>d$ less 9 wor? & m]it ?an ^? :o h kept ^! honors unimpair$ :i* ,i entru/$ to !m4 ,:5 ?\ w]t giv5 *>ge ( ,my judgm5t seat1 x 0 n int5d$ t ?\ %\ld/ h p[] to dispose ( s]vices1 honors1 & holy dignities 9 a mann] diff]5t f ! "o t ,i e/abli%$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,= ?is (fice 0 n giv5 !e z an ev]la/+ inh]itance1 b x 0 committ$ to !e = a "t only1 t ?\ mighte/ obta9 an et]nal rew>d1 if ?\ did/ gu>d x fai?fully4 ,?\ w]t giv5 p[] to di/ribute worldly ri*es1 gold & silv]1 ?\gh ) discretion1 b n to dispose ( ! honors & glories ( ,my holy judgm5t seat40 ,b if x is f\nd t he has be5 discreet 9 8 *>ge1 he %all h cause to rejoice 9 8 /ew>d%ip2 he w1 h[ev]1 be exam9$ 9 v>i\s l9es4 ,he w be ask$ h[ he has us$ ! rod ( puni%m5t :i* 0 giv5 into 8 h&s2 & x is v important t ju/ice %all h be5 /rictly obs]v$ 9 p5alties1 le/ x g s ill ) him z ) ,k+ ,saul1 :o fail$ to inflict a j p5alty :i* ,god _h comm&$ him to execute on ! p :o dwelt 9 ,amalek1 b slew unju/ly ! bi%op ,ahimele* & all ! prie/s 9 ,nob4 ,b if x %\ld g s ill ) him :o is ?us call$ to acc\nt = p5alties inflict$1 t he is f\nd to h /umbl$ 9 matt]s l ^? j m5tion$ & 9 :i* ,k+ ,saul fell1 he w soon he> ^! words3 8,lead him yond] :]e ,k+ ,saul & ,h]od & ,n]o & o!rs l !m abide1 & let him dwell !re ) !m1 see+ t he wi%$ to be l !m 9 cruelty40 ,/ill1 if 9 "s cases he has be5 m]ciful 9 s5t5ce & puni%m5t & if !re is good reason :y he %\ld escape ! reproa*es t we h j m5tion$1 ^? facts w n be =gott54 ,= !n he %all f9d happ9ess 9 all 8 /ew>d%ip & v soon %all he> ?is greet+3 8,?\ art welcome1 ?\ fai?ful s]vant & good fri5d1 = ?\ ha/ loyally kept a slight temporal dignity2 n[ ?\ %alt come into joyful possession ( a great honor1 con/ant & ev]la/+1 :olly free f sorr[ & dang]40 ,happy is he :o is p]mitt$ to he> ^! words2 b wret*$ is he :o %all he> ^? words ( wra? :i* we quot$ e>li]4 ,b no "o ne$s to d\bt t ev]yone :o %all be call$ to acc\nt = 8 (fice & /ew>d%ip w be address$ 9 "o ( ^! two ways4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,lxx ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,k+s ,,& ,,bi%ops4 ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,"p ,son4 ,i see cle>ly t "o :o is to wat* ov] ! rules ( ! sacr$ law & deal out ju/ice 9 all cases is surely assign$ a v difficult task4 ,x is also evid5t t ,k+ ,solomon c\ld n be call$ to acc\nt = hav+ ,joab sla9 9 ,god's tab]nacle1 inasmu* z he slew him = a j puni%m5t1 n out ( enmity or 9 hatr$1 z ,ca9 slew 8 bro!r ,abel4 ,god's tab]nacle 0 n defil$ by ,joab's blood1 see+ t x 0 n %$ 9 hatr$2 b ! e>? 0 defil$ by ,abel's blood1 because x 0 %$ 9 hatr$4 ,& ,i und]/& fully t ! s9 & ! desecration are caus$ by ! hatr$ & n by ! puni%m5t4 ,b n[ y h spok5 ( two halls :i* ,god has d$icat$ to ,8 s]vice ^u e>?1 & !re are c]ta9 ?+s t conc]n ^! ab\t :i* ,i wi% to inquire4 ,y h /at$ t 9 "o ( !m ,god has plac$ ,8 judgm5t seat2 y h discuss$ t & also ! (fice ( him :o is 9 *>ge ( x4 ,y h also said t 9 ! o!r hall is ,god's table1 f :i* all ,god's p %all take spiritual food2 & y add$ t ! bi%op has be5 appo9t$ keep] ( ?is hall4 ,n[ ,i wi% to ask y :y ,k+ ,solomon remov$ ,abia?> ! bi%op f ! (fice t _h be5 assign$ to him1 namely t ( keep] ( ! hall to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 & remov$ him s completely t he 0 nev] aft]w>ds all[$ to put =? 8 h& to ! episcopal (fice1 b 0 to live f t "t on z a *url or a pl[boy4 ,b ,i h ?\ght t nei!r ( ^! two keep]s c h au?ority to remove ! o!r f ! (fice :i* has be5 committ$ to him4 ,!re=e ,i %\ld l to h y po9t out a few consid]ations :i* w make cle> h[ ,k+ ,solomon c\ld remove ! bi%op ,abia?> f 8 (fice )\t incurr+ repro( f ,god4 ,fa!r4 ,i call$ y\r att5tion to ^! facts to rem9d y t bo? ^! halls are ,god's h\ses & bo? k+ & bi%op ! s]vants ( ,god & keep]s ( ^! h\ses2 b !y d n own !m 9 ! s5se t !y c take any?+ away f !m t 0 assign$ to !m 9 ! beg9n+4 ,!re=e ! k+ mu/ n pluck any?+ away f ! h\se :i* ! bi%op has 9 8 keep+1 = nei!r %\ld rob ! o!r4 ,& !re %\ld be no plund]+ ( "o by ! o!r1 b ea* ought to support ! o!r = ! same ,"o owns bo? h\ses1 namely ,god4 ,i h also told y t ,god has giv5 ! rod ( puni%m5t into ! h&s ( bo? ! k+ & ! bi%op4 ,! rod ( puni%m5t t has be5 committ$ to ! k+ is a two-edg$ sword3 ) ?is sword x is 8 duty to smite to ! dea? ev]yone :o tries to take any?+ away f ! sacr$ hall ( :i* he is ! gu>dian4 ,b ! k+'s sword is two-edg$ = ! reason t x is also 8 duty to gu>d ! h\se :i* is 9 ! bi%op's keep+1 if ! bi%op is unable to def5d x ) 8 own rod ( puni%m5t4 ,! bi%op %all h 8 rod ( puni%m5t 9 8 m\?1 & he %all smite ) words b n ) h&s l ! k+4 ,& ! bi%op %all /rike 8 bl[ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 if any "o attempt to di%onor ! sacr$ hall t is 9 8 c>e1 he %all refuse him ! table :i* is plac$ 9 ?is holy h\se & ! holy su/5ance :i* is tak5 f ?is table4 ,b :5 ,k+ ,solomon depriv$ ,abia?> ! bi%op ( ! episcopal (fice & dignity1 he said t ,abia?>'s own guilt depriv$ him & n he4 ,s9ce he _h decre$ t ,david %\ld =feit 8 ?rone be=e ,god _h ord]$ x1 & _h *os5 ano!r k+ to replace ,david1 :ile he 0 /ill liv+1 x 0 "r to deprive him ( ! episcopal (fice1 see+ t he want$ to rob ,david ( ! royal (fice4 ,saul's guilt1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 he _h sla9 ! bi%op ,ahimele* & all ! prie/s 9 ! city ( ,nob1 0 a griev\s burd51 because he _h done ?is )\t j cause4 ,b ev5 if ,k+ ,solomon %\ld h kill$ ! bi%op ,abia?>1 he w\ld h be5 )\t guilt2 = ! bi%op _h depriv$ ! h\se ( ,god ( ! "l :om ,god ,himself _h appo9t$ keep] ( ! holy judgm5t seat4 ,! bi%op ,abia?> _h no "r ei!r to appo9t or to remove any "o1 z 0 lat] made evid5t2 = ,david *ose ! "o :om he wi%$ to be k+ 9 8 /ead1 & ! *oice :i* ,abia?> _h made 0 ( no effect4 ,abia?> ! bi%op obta9$ ! episcopal (fice ?r\gh ! w ( ,david :o appo9t$ him to x4 ,n[ y are to und]/& t !re is ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! bus9ess ( a k+ & ! duties ( a bi%op3 ! bi%op is appo9t$ to be ! k+'s tea*]1 c\nsellor1 & guide1 :ile ! k+ is appo9t$ to be a judge & a man ( sev]ity 9 matt]s ( puni%m5t1 to ! great t]ror ( all :o are subject to him4 ,nev]!less1 ! bi%op wields a rod ( puni%m5t z well z ! k+4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! k+'s sword & t ( ! bi%op1 t ! k+'s sword always bites :5 "o /rikes ) x1 & bites to great injury :5 x is us$ )\t "r1 :ile x s]ves him well :om x may /rike :5 x is rightfully us$4 ,b ! bi%op's sword bites only :5 x is us$ rightfully2 :5 x is wrongfully us$1 x injures him :o smites ) x1 n him :o is /rick54 ,:5 ! bi%op /rikes rightfully1 h[ev]1 8 sword w\nds ev5 m deeply ?an ! k+'s4 ,b ?is subject we %all discuss m fully at "s o!r "t1 if x is ?\ght advisable4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bibliography ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,bibliography ,,adam ,,( ,,brem53 ,ge/a ,hamm5burg5sis ,ecclesias ,pontificum1 ed4 ,j4 ,m4 ,lapp5b]g 7,mon4 ,g]4 ,hi/4 ,scriptures1 ,,vii71 ,hanov]1 #ahdf4 ,adv5tures ( ,suibhne ,geilt1 translat$ by ,j4 ,g4 ,o',keefe 7,iri% ,text ,society1 ,,xii71 ,london1 #aiac4 ,,alex&] ,,neckam3 ,de ,naturis ,r]um ,libri ,duo1 ed4 ,?omas ,wright 7,rolls ,s]ies1 ,no4 #cd71 ,london1 #ahfc4 ,,a%]1 ,g4 ,m43 ,h5ry ,hudson ! ,navigator 7,hakluyt ,society71 ,london1 #ahfj4 ,,b$e3 ,op]a ,omnia 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,xc-,,xcv71 ,p>is1 #ahej-ea4 ,,b]n>d 7,sa9t73 ,op]a ,omnia 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clxxxii-,,clxxxv71 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,blom1 ,,otto3 ,bemrkn+] om ,kongespeilets ,affattelse/id 7,a>bg] = ,nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie71 ,cop5hag51 #ahfg4 ,,blom1 ,,otto3 ,lodbss5 fra ,v$elspang 7,a>bg] = ,nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie71 ,cop5hag51 #ahgb4 ,,bull1 ,,edv>d3 ,int]diktet mot ,sv]re 7,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,femte ,rkke1 ,,iii71 ,*ri/iania1 #aiae4 ,,capella1 see ,m>tianus ,capella4 ,,clauss,n1 ,,p$]3 ,norrigis ,bescriffuelse1 ,cop5hag51 #afcc4 ,corpus ,poeticum ,boreale1 ed4 ,gudbr& ,vigfusson & ,f4 ,york ,p[ell1 ,ox=d1 #ahhc1 #b vols4 ,,cosmas3 ,! ,*ri/ian ,topography ( ,cosmas1 an ,egyptian ,monk1 translat$ by ,j4 ,w4 ,mc,crindle1 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,daae1 ,,ludvig3 ,/udi] angaa5de ,kongespeilet 7,a>bg] = ,nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie71 ,cop5hag51 #ahif4 ,elucid>ium1 see ,honorius ( ,autun4 ,elucid>ius 7,annal] = ,nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie71 ,cop5hag51 #aheb 7,dani% translation71 #ahec 7,icel&ic text74 ,,falk1 ,,hjalm>3 ,altnordis*e ,waff5kunde 7,skrift] utgit af ,vid5skapsselskapet1 ,,ii1 ,hi/orisk-filos(isk ,klasse71 ,*ri/iania1 #aiae4 ,,figgis1 ,,john ,,neville3 ,! ,!ory ( ! ,div9e ,"r ( ,k+s1 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 ,,giraldus ,,cambr5sis3 ,op]a1 ed4 ,j4 ,s4 ,brew]1 ,james ,f4 ,dimock1 & ,g4 ,f4 ,w>n] 7,rolls ,s]ies1 ,no4 #ba71 ,london1 #ahfa-ia1 #h vols4 ,,geelmuyd51 ,,hans3 ,om ,/$et = ,kongespeilets ,=fattelse 7,arkiv = ,nordisk ,filologi1 ,i71 ,*ri/iania1 #ahhc4 ,,gibbon1 ,,edw>d3 ,! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ed4 ,j4 ,b4 ,bury1 ,london1 #aiab4 ,,gj]set1 ,,knut3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,norwegian ,p1 ,new ,york1 #aiae1 #b vols4 ,hkon> ,saga1 ed4 ,gudbr& ,vigfusson & ,g4 ,w4 ,das5t1 ,icel&ic ,sagas1 ,,ii1 ,,iv 7,rolls ,s]ies1 ,no4 #hh71 ,london1 #ahhg-id1 #b vols4 ,,heff]mehl1 ,a4 ,v43 ,pre/5 ,iv> ,bodde 7,hi/oriske ,skrift] ,tilegn$e og ,ov]lev]$e ,pr(essor ,dr4 ,ludvig ,daae71 ,*ri/iania1 #aijd4 ,heilagra ,manna ,sgur1 ed4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ung]1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahgg1 #b vols4 ,,he9zel1 ,,ri*>d3 ,excurs b] d5 ,my?us von d5 vi] ,t*t]n ,gottes 7,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]?um1 ,neue ,folge1 ,v71 ,b]l91 #ahgd4 ,,h]rmann1 ,,paul3 ,isl& 9 ,v]gang5heit und ,geg5w>t1 ,leipzig1 #aijg1 #b vols4 ,,h]tzb]g1 ,,ebbe3 ,d5 fr/e norske ,kongekron+ 7,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,fj]de ,rkke1 ,,iii71 ,*ri/iania1 #aije4 ,,honorius ,,( ,,autun3 ,op]a ,omnia 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clxxii71 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,hovga>d1 ,,william3 ,! ,voyages ( ! ,norsem5 to ,am]ica1 ,new ,york1 #aiad4 ,,hudson1 ,,h5ry1 see ,,a%]4 ,,hugh ,,( ,,sa9t ,,victor3 ,op]a ,omnia 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clxxv-,,clxxvii71 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,isidore 7,sa9t7 ( ,seville3 ,op]a ,omnia 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,lxxxi-,,lxxxiv71 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ,,jacobus ,,de ,,vorag9e3 ,! ,gold5 ,leg5d1 ed4 ,george ,v4 ,o',neill1 ,cambridge1 #aiad4 ,kongespegel51 translat$ by ,k4 ,audne1 ,oslo ,*ri/iania1 #aiji-ac4 ,kongespeilet i ,uddrag1 translat$ by ,*r4 ,dorph1 ,cop5hag51 #ahib4 ,kongespeilet1 ed4 ,r4 ,keys]1 ,p4 ,a4 ,mun*1 & ,c4 ,r4 ,ung]1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahdh4 ,kongs-skuggsio1 ,det ,kongelige ,speil1 ,speculum ,regale1 ed4 ,halfdan ,e9]s51 ,sore1 #agfh4 ,konungs ,skuggsj1 ed4 ,george ,t4 ,flom 7,publi%$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ill9ois71 ,urbana1 #aiae4 ,,l>son1 ,,laur5ce ,m43 ,! ,h\sehold ( ! ,norwegian ,k+s 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury 7,am]ican ,hi/orical ,review1 ,,xiii71 #aijh4 ,,l>son1 ,,laur5ce ,m43 ,sci5tific ,k 9 ! ,nor? 9 ! ,?irte5? ,c5tury 7,publications ( ! ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sc&9avian ,/udy1 ,i1 ,no4 #d71 #aiac4 ,macrobius1 ed4 ,f4 ,eyss5h>dt1 ,leipzig1 #ahic4 ,m>tianus ,capella1 ed4 ,f4 ,eyss5h>dt1 ,leipzig1 #ahff4 ,m]eg>to1 ,d5kml] deuts*] ,poesie und ,prosa1 ed4 ,k4 ,mll5h(f & ,w4 ,s*]]1 ,b]l91 #ahib4 ,,met]1 ,,kuno3 ,iri% ,memorabilia 9 ! ,speculum ,regale 7riu1 ,,iv71 #aiaj4 ,,mun*1 ,,pet] ,,&reas3 ,det norske ,folks ,hi/orie1 ,*ri/iania1 #aheb-fc1 #h vols4 ,,nans51 ,,fridtj(3 ,9 ,nor!rn ,mi/s1 ,london1 #aiaa1 #b vols4 ,,n5nius3 ,! ,iri% ,v]sion ( ! ,hi/oria ,britonum ( ,n5nius1 ed4 ,james ,h5?orn ,todd & ,alg]non ,h]b]t 7,iri% ,ar*eological ,society71 ,dubl91 #ahdh4 ,norges gamle ,love indtil #achg1 ed4 ,r4 ,keys]1 ,p4 ,a4 ,mun*1 ,gu/av ,/orm1 & ,ebbe ,h]tzb]g1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahdf-ie1 #e p>ts4 ,,olafs51 ,o43 ,falkefang/5 i ,norge 7,hi/orisk ,tidsskrift1 ,femte ,rkke1 ,,iii71 ,*ri/iania1 #aiae4 ,,olson1 ,,julius ,e4 & ,e4 ,g4 ,,b\rne 7editors73 ,! ,nor?m51 ,columbus1 & ,cabot 7,orig9al ,n>ratives ( ,e>ly ,am]ican ,hi/ory71 ,new ,york1 #aijf4 ,,oman1 ,,*>les3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,w> 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,london1 #aije4 ,,p>is1 ,,mat!w3 ,*ronica ,majora1 ed4 ,h4 ,r4 ,lu>d 7,rolls ,s]ies1 ,no4 #eg71 ,london1 #ahgb-hd1 #g vols4 ,,petit ,,de ,,juleville1 ,l43 ,les ,my/res1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 #b vols4 ,,petrus ,,alfonsus3 ,discipl9e ,cl]icalis 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,clcvii71 ,p>is1 #ahed4 ,,petrus ,,come/or3 ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,cxcviii71 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,,pl9y1 ,c43 ,pl9ii ,secundi ,naturalis ,hi/oriae ,libri ,,xxxvii1 ed4 ,julius ,sillig1 ,hamburg1 #ahea-eh4 ,,rabanus ,,maurus3 ,op]a ,omnia1 7,migne1 ,patrologia ,lat9a1 ,,cvii-,,cxii71 ,p>is1 #ahea-eb4 ,reliquiae ,antiquae1 ed4 ,?omas ,wright & ,james ,or*>d ,halliwell1 #ahda-dc1 #b vols4 ,,riant1 ,,paul3 ,expditions et ,pl]9ages des ,sc&9aves en ,t]re ,sa9te1 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,rotuli ,litt]>um ,claus>um1 ed4 ,t4 ,h>dy 7,record ,commission ,publications71 ,london1 #ahcc1 #b vols4 ,,ruge1 ,,sophus3 ,ges*i*te des ,zeitalt]s d] ,entdeckung51 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,,s*]]1 ,w43 ,die vi] ,t*t] ,gottes 7,zeits*rift fr deuts*es ,alt]?um1 ,neue ,folge1 ,,ix71 ,b]l91 #ahgg4 ,,sol9us3 ,collectanea ,r]um ,memorabilium1 ed4 ,?4 ,momms51 ,b]l91 #ahie4 ,speculum ,regale1 ed4 ,osc> ,br5n]1 ,muni*1 #ahhh4 ,,/e5/rup1 ,i4 ,,japetus ,s43 ,hvad er ,kongespeilets 8,havgj]d+]80 7,a>bg] = nordisk ,oldkyndigh$ og ,hi/orie71 ,cop5hag51 #ahga4 ,/jrn1 ,gammelnorsk ,bibelhi/orie1 ed4 ,c4 ,r4 ,ung]1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahfb4 ,,/orm1 ,,gu/av3 ,brud/ykke af en lat9sk ,ov]sttelse af ,kongespeilet fra det #ad;de ,a>hundr$e 7,arkiv = ,nordisk ,filologi1 ,i71 ,*ri/iania1 #ahhc4 ,,/orm1 ,,gu/av 7editor73 ,en ,tale mod ,biskopp]ne1 ,*ri/iania1 #ahhe4 ,,/orm1 ,,gu/av3 ,om ,tids=holdet mellem ,kongespeilet og ,/jrn samt ,b>laams ,saga 7,arkiv = ,nordisk ,filologi1 ,,iii71 ,*ri/iania1 #ahhf4 ,!odosiani ,libri xvi4441 ed4 ,?4 ,momms5 et ,paulus ,m4 ,mey]1 ,b]l91 #aije1 #c p>ts4 ,vulgate3 ,biblia ,sacra4441 ed4 ,p4 ,mi*ael ,hetz5au]1 ,o5iponte ,innsbruck1 #aijf4 ,,weiss1 ,h4 ,j4 ,k43 ,ko/mekunde1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahfj-gb1 #e vols4 ,,z>ncke1 ,,fri$ri*3 ,d] ,prie/] ,johannes1 ,leipzig1 #ahgi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,index ,a>on1 high prie/ 9 ,israel1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #ceh4 ,abbot1 #bid1 #cbe4 ,abel1 #ccj1 #cfc4 ,abia?>1 ,hebrew prie/1 #df1 #dg1 #ccc1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #cea-cec1 #cfc-cfe4 ,abiram1 ,hebrew rebel1 #bgi1 #bhc4 ,abi%ag1 ,david's wife1 #cdd1 #cdh-cea4 ,abi%ai1 ,david's companion1 #cce4 ,abn]1 ,hebrew capta91 #cdf1 #cea4 ,absalom1 ,david's son1 #cbe1 #cch1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,acrifolium 7aquifolium71 #ajg4 ,adam1 #beb-beg1 #bfa1 #bff-bgc4 ,adam von ,brem51 #ai note4 8,address to ! 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mon>*y1 #dj1 #dg1 #ed2 subord9ate to ! k+1 #agd1 #age1 #ceb1 #cec1 #cfd-cff2 au?ority (1 #ceh1 #cei1 #cfc-cff2 m5tion (1 #aag1 #agh1 #bda1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bia1 #bid1 #cbe1 #cbf1 #cca1 #cdd1 #cde4 ,bj>key code1 a municipal law1 #ha4 ,bj>kudal bog1 ,norwegian m>vel1 #ajd4 ,bl&9a 7,slieve ,bloom m\nta9s 9 ,icel&71 #ajg4 ,blom1 ,otto1 ,capta9 9 ,dani% artill]y1 #cb1 #fb1 #fc4 ,blood f9e1 #fa4 ,blubb]-cutt]s1 #aai4 8,bluem50 7negroes71 #cj4 ,brnhov$1 ,battle (1 #c4 ,brattices1 #bbb4 ,brea/plate1 #bai4 ,bree*es = m\nt$ w>riors1 #bai4 ,bre$+1 ,good1 #bbg-bbi4 ,br5dan1 ,iri% sa9t1 #abe note4 ,br5n]1 ,otto1 editor ( ,speculum ,regale1 #fi4 8,bri>10 weapon = def5se1 #bbc4 ,briti% ,isles1 #bi4 ,broadax1 #bae4 ,caa+ :ale1 #aai4 ,caes>1 ,*ri/'s submission to1 #dc1 #bdh1 #bdi4 ,ca91 #ccj1 #cfc4 ,caltrop1 device us$ 9 w>f>e1 #bae4 ,cap1 hat1 or coif1 ,:5 n to we> a1 #ahb1 #ahd1 #bbg4 ,capella1 ,m>tianus1 encyclop$i/1 #e1 #adg note4 ,cassiodorus1 encyclop$i/1 #e4 ,ca/les1 ,weapons = attack+ or def5d+1 #bbj-bbf4 ,cat1 siege eng9e1 #bba1 #bbb4 ,*ansons de ge/e1 #b4 ,*]ubim1 #bgj4 ,*ess1 #hc1 #bbh4 ,*ri/iania1 #fh4 ,*ri/iania edition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #fb1 #fh1 #fi1 #ga4 ,*ri/9a1 ,norwegian pr9cess1 #ca4 ,*ri/oph]1 ,dani% k+1 #cj4 ,*ur*1 ,!1 relation (1 to ! mon>*y1 #ce-ch1 #ee1 #ceg-cff2 ambitions (1 #cf1 #cg2 oppos$ by ,k+ ,sv]re1 #dj4 ,claussn1 ,p$]1 ,norwegian writ]1 #fe4 ,climate ( ,icel& & ,gre5l&1 #ae1 #if1 #adc1 #adh1 #adi1 #aec2 ( ,irel&1 #bc1 #bd1 #aje1 #ajf2 affect$ by *anges 9 ! sun's c\rse1 #if-ii4 ,clo5a 7,clonmacnois71 ,iri% bor\gh1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,clo!s1 #aha1 #ahb1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bed1 #bga4 ,coal1 ,use (1 9 w>f>e1 #bae4 ,cologne1 #bh4 ,conduct1 ,rules (1 #hj-hc1 #he1 #ahb-ahi1 #bje-baa1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,con/ant9e1 #bdj-bdd4 ,conv]sation1 ,rules gov]n+1 #ahf-aia1 #bji1 #baj1 #bbg4 ,cop5hag51 #ff1 #fg1 #fh4 8,corse seal10 #aci4 ,cosmas1 ,egyptian monk & writ]1 #ah note4 ,c\rt1 ,! royal1 cu/oms (1 #gc1 #agc1 #agf-agi1 #ahc1 #bjh-baa2 promotion at1 #afi2 fa%ions at1 #aha-ahf2 spee* & conv]sation at1 #ahf1 #ahg2 habits suitable to life at1 #bjh-baj4 ,c\rtesy1 ,rules (1 #aa1 #bbg1 #bbh2 see ,c\rt4 ,crafts & pr(essions1 #gc1 #gh4 ,craton1 ,roman philosoph]1 #bdb-bde4 ,crossb[1 #bae1 #bbj4 ,crozi]m51 cl]ical faction 9 ,norway1 #cg1 #ch1 #ed1 #ef4 ,crusades1 ,importance (1 = ! spread ( culture1 #bg1 #cb1 #cc4 ,culture 9 ! m$ieval ,nor?1 #bf-ca4 ,curta91 a type ( =tification1 #bbb4 ,cyrus1 #bcg4 ,daae1 ,ludvig1 ,norwegian hi/orian1 #dd1 #eg1 #fb4 ,dagm> 7,dragomir71 ,dani% que51 #ca4 ,dante1 #di4 ,d>t1 #bae4 ,da?an1 ,hebrew rebel1 #bgi1 #bhc4 ,david1 k+ ( ,israel1 #db1 #df1 #eb1 #bdi1 #bge1 #bgf1 #bgh1 #bha1 #bhd1 #bij1 #bia1 #cag1 #cbj-cdb1 #cdd-ceb1 #cfa1 #cfe4 ,de>? & failure ( crops & morals1 #cc1 #aic-bjd4 ,dea? p5alty1 #cah-cba4 ,def5sor ,pacis1 #di4 ,de ,mon>*ia1 #di4 ,d5m>k1 #c1 #cj1 #ch1 #fg4 ,dialogs ( ,gregory ! ,great1 #abg1 #acj4 ,dice1 ,w>n+ aga9/1 #hc1 #bbh4 ,di]micius1 ,iri% sa9t1 #aaa4 ,dirk1 #bai4 ,discipl9a ,cl]icalis1 #i1 #aj1 #bf4 ,disob$i5ce1 ,s9 (1 #eb1 #ec1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,div9e "r ( k+s1 #da-de1 #di1 #ei1 #bdf-bej1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfj1 #cfd-cff4 ,dooms1 see ,judgm5ts & ,p5alties4 ,dorph1 ,*r41 translator ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #gj note4 ,dragons1 #ajc4 ,drunk5ness1 ,w>n+ aga9/1 #hc1 #bjg1 #baj4 ,e>?1 ,%ape & con/itution ( !1 #ab-ae1 #ig1 #abh1 #adh1 #cjj4 ,e>?quakes1 #ag1 #ah1 #bj1 #ba1 #abf1 #abi4 ,egypt1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bgi1 #bhf4 ,e9]s51 ,halfdan1 editor ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #ff1 #fg4 ,elgest]1 ,mona/]y (1 #dh1 #eb1 #fd4 ,elks1 #bi4 ,ell1 #aai note4 ,elucid>ium1 #aj1 #ge note1 #aca note4 ,embassies1 #bi-ca1 #agb1 #agg1 #agh4 ,emmanuel1 see ,manuel4 ,encyclop$i/s1 #e1 #f4 ,engl&1 #b1 #bi1 #eh4 ,eri*s51 ,jon1 ,icel&ic s*ol>1 #fa1 #fg1 #gj4 ,erik1 ,sw$i% duke1 #fe note4 8,erk5-seal10 #aci4 ,erl+ ,skakke1 ,norwegian magnate1 #cf4 ,esquimaux1 #gi note4 ,e/h]1 que5 ( ,p]sia1 #bch1 #bci1 #bdd4 ,e?ical ideas ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #aa1 #gg1 #gh1 #hj-hc1 #he1 #bje-bjg1 #bac1 #bad1 #bbh-bcd4 ,etna1 ,m\nt1 #ag4 ,eve1 ! fir/ woman1 #beb-bee1 #bfd-bga4 ,excommunication1 #ch1 #dj1 #cfe1 #cff4 ,ey/e91 ,norwegian ar*bi%op1 #cf1 #ch1 #df4 ,falcons1 #ca1 #add4 ,f>oes1 #d1 #cg4 ,f9ns1 #gi note1 #agc note4 ,f9s51 ,hans1 ,icel&ic bi%op1 #fa1 #ff1 #fg4 ,fire1 ,s\rce (1 #abi4 8,fi% driv]10 a sort ( :ale1 #abj1 #aba4 ,fi%es1 ,in/9cts (1 #ij4 ,flemi% t[ns1 #b4 8,flett seal10 #aci4 ,flom1 ,g4 ,t41 editor ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #be note1 #fi1 #gj4 ,france 7& ,fr5*71 #bf1 #bh1 #ci1 #ed1 #ha4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 emp]or1 #cj1 #dd4 ,galilee1 #ced4 ,gambison1 def5sive cov]+1 #bab1 #bag-bai4 ,g>d>1 diocese 9 ,gre5l&1 #ade note4 ,g>?1 ,k+'s1 #afg4 ,geelmuyd51 ,hans1 ,norwegian a/ronom]1 #ei4 8,gelts10 #aaf4 ,geography ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #aa-ag1 #bj4 ,g]many1 #bg1 #bh1 #cc1 #ahb4 ,ge/s1 a high] class 9 ! k+'s gu>d1 #agj1 #aga4 ,geys]s1 #ba1 #abh1 #acj1 #aca4 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 m$ieval writ]1 #bb-bd1 #ajd note1 #ajf-aaj notes4 ,gj]set1 ,knut1 hi/orian1 #afh note4 ,glaci]s1 #ba1 #acj1 #aca1 #aea4 ,glass1 molt51 = def5sive w>f>e1 #bbd4 ,glosses1 #bgb-bgh4 ,glumelaga 7,gl5dal\gh71 ,iri% abbey1 #aab4 ,golia?1 #cbi4 ,gta ,riv]1 #cj4 ,grampus1 #aai1 #abj4 ,gre5l&1 ,geography & climate (1 #d1 #ae1 #af1 #ach1 #aci1 #ada-aej1 #aeb1 #aec1 #aee2 nor!rn lights 91 #ah1 #adf1 #adi-aeb2 :ales 9 ! wat]s (1 #ah1 #aci1 #adj1 #ade2 m>vels (1 #ba1 #aja1 #aje1 #ace-ada2 products & res\rces (1 #adb-ade1 #adi4 ,gre5l& %>ks1 #abb4 ,gre5l& :ale1 #abc1 #abd4 ,gregory ! ,great1 #ag1 #dj1 #abg1 #acj4 ,gregory ,,vii1 #cf4 ,grossete/e1 ,engli% bi%op1 #beg note4 ,gu>dsm51 ,k+'s1 #f1 #bf1 #agf2 see ,k+sm51 ,hirdm51 & ,h\sec>les4 ,hair1 h[ trimm$ & worn at c\rt1 #ahb4 ,hakon ,,iv1 ,norwegian k+1 #d1 #f1 #bb1 #bi-ce1 #dh1 #eg1 #eh1 #fj1 #fd1 #fe4 ,hakon ,v1 ,norwegian k+1 #fe note4 ,hakon's ,saga1 #cj4 ,halb]d1 #bae4 ,halogal&1 di/rict 9 nor!rn ,norway1 #ei1 #ih1 #ii4 ,haman1 magnate at ! ,p]sian c\rt1 #bch-bdj1 #bde4 ,hamburg1 #cf4 ,h& sl+1 #bac1 #bba4 ,hansa1 ! ,g]man1 #b1 #bg4 ,h>es 9 ,gre5l&1 #adc4 ,h>old ,gil*ri/ 7,gille71 #cd1 #cg4 ,haub]k1 #bai4 ,hawks1 #bi1 #big1 #bih2 see ,falcons4 ,headw>d1 #aga4 ,heav5ly bodies1 ,c\rse ( !1 #aa1 #hc1 #hf2 see ,sun & ,moon4 ,hebrides1 #d4 ,hebron1 #cba4 8,h$gehog10 def5sive weapon1 #bbb1 #bbc4 ,heff]mehl1 ,a4 ,v41 ,norwegian writ]1 #ci note1 #eg1 #fb4 ,hel5a1 "m ( ,con/ant9e1 #bda1 #bdd4 ,hell1 place ( cold & heat1 #aca4 ,helmet1 #bai4 ,h5ry ,,iii1 ,engli% k+1 #bi1 #eh4 ,h]od1 ,jewi% k+1 #ced-cef1 #cfb4 ,h]tzb]g1 ,ebbe1 ,norwegian hi/orian1 #cf note4 ,hezekiah1 k+ ( ,juda1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,hirdm51 ,honor$ position (1 #aga1 #agd-agf2 duties (1 #agg2 habits & div]sions (1 #bjg-bac4 ,hi/oria ,s*ola/ica1 #f1 #aj4 ,hit]dale1 place 9 ,icel&1 #acd4 8,hog :ale10 #abj1 #abc4 ,hol>1 t[n 9 ,icel&1 #ff4 ,holly1 holm1 #ajg4 ,hol/e91 #bg4 ,holy ,_s1 ,(fice & gifts ( !1 #bge1 #bib1 #bid4 ,honorius ( ,autun1 m$ieval !ologian1 #aj1 #ge note1 #aca note1 #adg note4 ,horn b[1 #bbj4 ,horse1 ,equipm5t ( !1 9 w>1 #bag1 #bah4 8,horse :ale10 #abb1 #abc4 ,h\sec>le f9e1 #afi1 #aga4 ,h\sec>les1 ,k+'s1 #afg1 #agj-age4 ,h\sehold1 ,! k+'s1 organization & cu/oms (1 #aa1 #bf1 #bi1 #afe1 #aff1 #agh2 h[ to ga9 admission to1 #agi-ahd4 ,h\ses1 ,god's two1 on e>?1 #ceh-cfj1 #cfc1 #cfd4 ,hudson1 ,h5ry1 #acf note4 ,hugh ( ,/4 ,victor1 m$ieval !ologian1 #beg note4 ,humpback1 a sort ( :ale1 #abc4 ,hundr$1 ,! two reckon+s (1 #id4 ,hung>y1 #cc4 ,husb&m51 #f1 #gc1 #ib1 #bia4 ,iceb]gs1 ice floes1 #aja1 #abf1 #ach1 #aci4 ,icel&1 ,norwegian colony1 #d2 climate (1 #ae1 #if1 #abf2 m>vels (1 #ba1 #aja1 #abf-acd2 volcanic fires 91 #ag1 #abf-aca2 geys]s 91 #abh2 m9]al spr+s 91 #acd4 ,idols1 ,wor%ip (1 #ahi4 ,ill9ois1 ,univ]sity (1 #fi4 ,india1 #aa1 #aja1 #ajb1 #bdd4 ,+e1 ,norwegian k+1 #df1 #eh4 ,+eborg1 ,sw$i% du*ess1 #fe note4 ,inhisglu] 7,ini%glory71 isl& 9 ,irel&1 #ajh4 ,inisclodran1 isl& 9 ,irel&1 #aaa4 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 #ch1 #de4 ,int]dict1 #ch4 8,invisible ,society10 ,!1 #ff4 ,irel&1 ,norwegian colony 91 #d1 #bb2 m>vels (1 #aa1 #bc1 #aja1 #ajf-aah2 climate & inhabitants (1 #aje1 #ajf4 ,iri% ,n5nius1 #bd4 ,iron ore f\nd 9 ,icel&1 #acd4 ,isaiah1 ,hebrew prophet1 #bhh1 #bhi4 ,i%bo%e?1 k+ ( ,israel1 #cbj1 #cba4 ,isidore ( ,seville1 encyclop$i/1 #e1 #ac1 #ae note1 #ah1 #adg4 ,isl&1 ,float+1 #ajg1 #ajh2 :]e bodies _c decay1 #ajh1 #aji2 :]e none c die1 #aji2 occupi$ by demons1 #aji1 #aaj2 :]e no female is all[$1 #aaa1 #aab4 ,israel1 ,l& & p (1 #df1 #bch1 #bci1 #bgi1 #bhj1 #bhf1 #cag4 ,italian cities1 #b4 ,iv> ,bodde1 ,norwegian prie/1 #eg-ei1 #fb4 ,javel9s1 #bae4 ,j]i*o1 #bgi1 #bhc4 ,j]ome1 ,sa9t1 #dj4 ,j]usalem1 #if1 #ig1 #aff1 #cch4 ,jesse1 fa!r ( ,k+ ,david1 #cbi4 ,jesus ,*ri/ recogniz$ k+%ip1 #db1 #dc1 #bdg-bdi2 %[$ m]cy to ! woman tak5 9 adult]y1 #bha1 #bhb2 =gave ,pet] & ! ?ief on ! cross1 #bhb2 rais$ ,laz>us1 #bhi4 ,jesus1 son ( ,sira*1 ,hebrew writ]1 #cjc4 ,joab1 ,hebrew capta91 #dg1 #dh1 #fd1 #cda1 #cdd1 #cdf1 #cej-cec1 #ceg-cei1 #cfc4 ,job1 #acb1 #acc4 ,john1 ,norwegian ar*bi%op1 #df4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 #ced4 ,john1 ,engli% k+1 #bi1 #eh4 ,john ( ,p>is1 m$ieval writ]1 #di4 ,jo9t k+%ip1 ,!ory & evils (1 #cc-ce1 #fj1 #fc1 #aih-bja1 #bjc note4 ,jonah1 ,hebrew prophet1 #bhg4 ,jona?an1 ,saul's son1 #ccj4 ,joseph1 #bce1 #bcf1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,jo%ua1 ,hebrew *iefta91 #bgi4 ,judas1 #bgi1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,judgm5ts ( ,god to s]ve z examples1 #bea-beh1 #bgg-bhi2 ( a k+ at times to be l5i5t & at times sev]e1 #bea1 #bei1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #cac-cba2 div]se "* (1 #bhc-bhe2 reasons = modify+1 #bhe-bhi2 ( a k+ to be c>efully ?\ght out1 #cjd-cac2 k+'s responsibility =1 #cfc-cff2 ( ! bi%ops1 #cfd-cff4 ,ju/ice1 div9e virg91 #beb1 #bed1 #bef-bei1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cbd1 #cbh4 ,ju/91 prie/1 #cji-cab4 ,k]t9agh1 isl& 9 ,irel&1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,kev9us1 ,iri% sa9t1 #aab1 #aac4 ,keys]1 ,rudolf1 ,norwegian hi/orian1 #f note1 #fh4 ,k+1 ,!1 au?ority & p[] (1 #ce1 #dj-de1 #eb1 #ge1 #agd1 #age1 #bdf1 #bdg1 #bih1 #bii2 relation (1 to ! *ur*1 #ce1 #cf1 #df-dh1 #cfc-cff2 holds 8 title f ,god1 #dj-dc1 #di1 #bdf-bea1 #bij2 judicial duties (1 #aad1 #aae1 #bea1 #bij1 #cjd-cjh1 #cad1 #ceh-cfj2 cu/oms to be obs]v$ 9 pres5ce (1 #agi-aib1 #bbg1 #bbh2 cap & mantle n to be worn 9 pres5ce (1 #ahb1 #ahd-ahf2 rules ( spee* 9 pres5ce (1 #ahc1 #ahf-aia2 if unwise or "y may br+ ru9 ^u ! l&1 #aig-bjc2 div]sions (1 #bjh1 #bji1 #big1 #bih2 bus9ess (1 dur+ ! day1 #bdf1 #bej1 #bih2 to give ?\ght to ! realm at night1 #bej2 ne$s to be well in=m$1 #bea2 pray] (1 #bij-bif2 %\ld att5d ! s]vices ( ! *ur*1 #bij1 #big2 %\ld m$itate on ! s\rce ( wisdom1 #bii4 ,k+'s ,crag1 ,norwegian bor\gh1 #cj4 ,k+%ip1 ,jo9t1 see ,jo9t k+%ip4 ,k+%ip1 ,norwegian !ory (1 #cc-ce1 #ci-dd4 ,k+sm51 #gh1 #gi1 #he1 #afd2 advantages ( be+1 #afg-agb1 #age2 classes (1 #agj-agc1 #agf2 h[ to become1 #agi-ahd4 duties (1 #bjg-bac4 ,k+'s ,mirror1 ,!1 plan & purpose (1 #f-h1 #gb-gf2 au?or (1 #h1 #i1 #ed-fj1 #gg1 #gi2 relation (1 to o!r works1 #h-aj1 #ai1 #bj1 #bb-bf2 sci5tific notions (1 #aa-ba1 #hc1 #hg1 #ia-ii1 #abf-acb1 #ade1 #adf2 date ( composition (1 #cb1 #ce1 #ee1 #fj-fd2 political !ories (1 #ci-dh2 e?ical & !ological ideas (1 #di-eb2 mod]n *>act]i/ics (1 #ec1 #ed2 place ( composition (1 #ei1 #fj2 manuscripts (1 #fe1 #ff1 #fh-gj2 editions & translations (1 #ff-ga2 m5tion (1 #ci1 #dd1 #df-di1 #eb-ed1 #fa1 #fh1 #ga1 #gd2 see ,speculum ,regale4 ,kiranus1 ,iri% sa9t1 #aag4 ,klefsan1 ,iri% cl[n1 #aah4 ,knee pieces1 #bai4 ,knights1 #agh1 #cbb4 ,k1 ,tree (1 #beb1 #bec1 #bee1 #bfd1 #bfe4 ,kongespegel51 #gj4 ,krak51 ,!1 #bb1 #abe4 ,ladd]s1 ,scal+1 #bba1 #bbe4 ,lakes1 ,miracle work+1 #ajf-aaj4 ,l&$m51 hold]s ( fiefs 9 ,norway1 #agb1 #age4 ,langton1 ,/eph51 ,engli% ar*bi%op1 #beg note4 ,languages1 ,/udy (1 enc\rag$1 #ha4 ,lat9 language1 ,importance ( !1 #ci1 #ed1 #ha4 ,law1 ,/udy (1 #ha4 ,lawr5ce1 ,sa9t1 #cji-cac4 ,laz>us1 #bhi4 ,lead1 ,molt51 useful 9 def5sive w>f>e1 #bbd4 ,leap ye>1 #id4 ,levites1 #ea4 ,lib]al arts1 ,! sev51 #cjc4 ,lic5ti\sness1 to be avoid$1 #hc1 #bjf1 #bbh4 ,lightn+1 ,s\rce (1 #abi4 ,l(ot51 #ei1 #ih note4 ,loge*ag 7,l\gh ,neagh871 lake 9 ,irel&1 #ajf1 #ajg4 ,logh]ne 7,l\gh ,erne or ,l\gh ,owel71 lake 9 ,irel&1 #aji1 #aaj4 ,logri 7,lo* ,cr or ,lo* ,ree71 lake 9 ,irel&1 #aji1 #aaa4 ,longb[1 #bae4 ,l\is ,,ix1 ,fr5* k+1 #ca4 ,l[ ,c\ntries1 #bh4 ,loy*a1 lake 9 ,irel&1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,lucif]1 #bei1 #bfb-bfh1 #bga4 ,lund1 ,sw$i% ca!dral t[n1 #cf4 ,macrobius1 #ae1 #adg note1 #aed note4 ,magnus ,b>eleg1 ,norwegian k+1 #cd4 ,magnus ! ,bl9d1 ,norwegian k+1 #cd4 ,magnus ,erl+sson1 ,norwegian k+1 #cf1 #cg1 #ee4 ,magnus ,lawm5d]1 ,norwegian k+1 #dd1 #fa4 ,magnuss51 ,arne1 antiqu>ian1 #fe4 ,mail hose1 #bai4 ,ma9z1 #bh4 ,man1 ,isle (1 #d1 #bb4 ,mann]s1 ,p]sonal1 #cb1 #afd-aff1 #afi1 #agc1 #agf-ahg1 #aib1 #aic1 #bbg1 #bbh2 see also ,c\rt1 ,h\sehold1 & ,k+4 ,mantle1 ,:5 n to we> a1 #aha1 #ahb1 #ahd-ahf1 #bbg4 ,manuel ,comn5us1 ,byzant9e emp]or1 #fj1 #aja note4 ,m>ble 9 ,gre5l&1 #add4 ,m>k1 measure ( value1 #afh note1 #agb4 ,m>siglio ( ,padua1 m$ieval political !ori/1 #di4 ,m>tianus ,capella1 see ,capella4 ,m>vels1 see ,arctic1 ,gre5l&1 ,icel&1 ,india1 ,irel&1 & ,norway4 ,m>y1 ,! ,virg91 #he4 ,mat!w1 an envoy f ! imp]ial c\rt1 #cj4 ,mat!w ,p>is1 ,engli% monk & hi/orian1 #ca4 ,mel*is$ek1 #cfa4 ,m]*ants & ! m]cantile pr(ession1 #f1 #aa1 #bh1 #gc1 #gh1 #gi-hf1 #ib-id1 #afc1 #afd1 #agc4 ,m]cy1 div9e virg91 #beb1 #bed1 #bef-bei1 #bgi-bha1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cbd1 #cbh4 ,m]eg>to1 ,g]man poem1 #ai note4 ,m]maid1 #bb1 #acf1 #acg4 ,m]man1 #bb1 #ace1 #acf4 ,mey]1 ,kuno1 #be1 #aji note1 #aaf note1 #aag note4 ,milit>y art & eng9es1 #aa1 #cb1 #fb1 #fc1 #baa-bbf4 ,m9]al spr+s 9 ,icel&1 #ba1 #acd1 #ace4 ,m9es 9 w>f>e1 #bbe4 ,m9orities1 #ce1 #fj1 #aig1 #bjc note4 8,mirrors ( ,pr9ces10 #g note4 ,missiles us$ 9 w>f>e1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,mon/]s1 #aja1 #aje1 #aaj1 #aae1 #abe1 #ace-acg4 ,moon1 ,!1 & its influ5ce on ! ocean1 #ib-id1 #cjj4 ,mordecai1 ,hebrew magnate at ! ,p]sian c\rt1 #bch-bdj1 #bde4 ,mre1 ,norwegian %ire1 #ajd4 ,moses1 #ea1 #eb1 #bhj1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhe-bhg1 #bij1 #cag1 #cah1 #ceh1 #cfa4 ,mun*1 ,pet] ,&reas1 ,norwegian hi/orian1 #fh4 ,mun/]1 #ajg note4 ,namdal51 di/rict 9 ,norway1 #i note1 #ei1 #fj4 ,nans51 ,fridtj(1 #bj1 #ba4 ,n>:al1 #abb1 #abc4 ,na?an1 ,hebrew prophet1 #cbb1 #cbd1 #cbh1 #cdd1 #cde1 #cdg4 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,eld] ,pl9y1 #ah4 ,navigation1 ,rules & in=mation relat+ to1 #hc-he1 #ij1 #ajj1 #aef-afb4 ,n]o1 #cfb4 ,nibelungs1 ,tales ( !1 #c4 ,ni*olas ,pet]sson1 ,norwegian bi%op1 #df4 ,ni*olas ,smund>son1 ,norwegian abbot1 #bh note4 ,nid>os1 #i note1 #cf1 #dh2 see ,trondhjem4 ,night & day1 ,*anges (1 #id1 #ih1 #ajd4 ,n9eveh1 #bhg4 ,nob1 city 9 ,israel1 #cca1 #ccb1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cfb1 #cfe4 ,nordl&1 nor!rn ,norway1 #ih note4 ,nor!rn lights1 #ah1 #ai1 #aja1 #adf1 #adi-aeb4 ,norway1 ,colonies (1 #d2 lit]ature (1 9 ! middle ages1 #d-f2 m>vels (1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #ii-aja1 #ajc-aje2 trade (1 #bi2 factional w>f>e 91 #ce1 #eb2 m5tion (1 #bh1 #ei1 #fe1 #fh1 #ach note4 ,occam1 ,william1 m$ieval s*oolman1 #di4 ,olaf1 ,norwegian sa9t & k+1 #cf4 ,ordeal1 ,h>old ,gil*ri/'s1 #cd4 8,ore-m>vel0 9 ,icel&1 #acd4 ,orkneys1 #d4 ,o/5ta1 o/5sa1 m9utes ( "t1 #af1 #bj1 #ie4 ,p>adise1 #beb1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bfc4 ,p>m5ides ( ,ela1 #ae note4 ,patrick1 ,sa9t1 #aaj note1 #aae4 ,paul1 ,norwegian bi%op1 #df4 ,paul1 ,sa9t1 #bge4 ,peace1 div9e virg91 #beb1 #bed1 #bef-bei1 #bgi-bha1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bhg4 ,peasants1 yeom51 #gc1 #gh1 #agb1 #agd2 see ,husb&m54 ,p5alties1 #cah-cbb1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #cbg1 #cbh4 ,p5ance1 ,!ory (1 #ea1 #eb1 #cah1 #cai1 #cba1 #cdc1 #cdf4 ,p5s1 ,sr51 ,icel&ic m]*ant1 #ff4 ,p]sia1 #bdd note4 ,pet]1 ,sa9t1 #db1 #bdh1 #bdi1 #bhb1 #bhd1 #bhe4 ,pet]1 ,skule's son1 #dh4 ,petrify+ wat]s1 #ajd1 #aje1 #ajg1 #abh4 ,petrus ,alfonsus1 #i1 #bf4 ,petrus ,come/or1 #f1 #aj4 ,ph>aoh1 #bcf1 #bdd1 #bgh1 #bhc1 #cje4 ,phili/9es1 #cbi4 ,pilgrims & pilgrimages1 #c1 #ai1 #bg1 #bh4 ,pit*1 ,use (1 9 def5sive w>f>e1 #bbe4 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 #ah4 ,plural & s+ul> t]ms1 ,prop] use (1 #ahg-aij4 ,polo1 ,m>co1 #b4 ,pope1 #age1 #bda1 #bid4 ,porpoise1 #aai4 ,portugal1 #ca4 8,praise ( ,div9e ,wisdom10 ,alex&] ,neckam's1 #ab4 ,pre/] ,john1 #aa1 #aja note4 ,pret5d]s to ! ,norwegian ?rone1 #cd1 #ce1 #dh4 ,promises1 see ,v[s4 ,prop] names1 ,iri%1 #be4 8,pr[-bo>10 device us$ 9 naval w>f>e1 #baf4 ,psalt]1 #bgf4 ,ptolemaic !ory ( ! univ]se1 #ab-ad4 ,purgatory ( ,sa9t ,patrick1 #aaj note4 ,rabanus1 ,maurus1 m$ieval s*ol> & writ]1 #bj1 #ie note1 #adg note4 ,ram1 siege eng9e1 #bba1 #bbb4 8,rav5 :ale10 #abj4 8,r$ comb10 a sort ( :ale1 #abb1 #abc4 ,re9de] 9 ,gre5l&1 #ade4 ,rh9e ,riv]1 #bg1 #bh4 ,riant1 ,c\nt1 #ai4 ,"r :ale1 #aba1 #abc note4 ,rome1 #bg1 #bh1 #bda4 ,rorqual1 #abd4 8,runn+ :eel10 device us$ 9 def5d+ ca/les1 #bbc4 ,sa*s5spiegel1 #h4 ,saddle = use 9 w>f>e1 #bah1 #bai4 ,saddleback1 a sort ( seal1 #adj4 ,sa9t ,edmundsbury1 #ch4 ,salmon1 #aji4 ,samuel1 ,hebrew prophet1 #cbf1 #cbh1 #cbi4 ,sanctu>y1 ,"r (1 #dh1 #fd1 #cdh1 #cea-cec1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfc4 ,satan1 #acb1 #acc4 ,saul1 k+ ( ,israel1 #db1 #eb1 #ec1 #bgi1 #bhc1 #cag1 #cai-cbb1 #cbe-ccg1 #cci1 #cdj1 #cdd1 #cdg1 #ceg1 #cfb4 ,saxon l&s1 #bg1 #bh4 ,sc>let1 #aha4 ,s*]]1 ,w41 #beg note4 ,s*n+1 ,g]h>d1 ,norwegian s*ol>1 #ff1 #fg4 ,scy!s = use 9 w>f>e1 #bae4 8,sea h$ges10 sea quakes1 #ba1 #aja1 #acg1 #ach4 ,seals1 #ba1 #aci1 #adj1 #adb1 #ade4 ,self-control1 ,! virtue (1 #bca-bcc4 ,s]p5t1 ,!1 9 ,p>adise1 #beb1 #bec1 #bee1 #bfa1 #bff-bgj1 #bgb4 ,%abrack1 cov]+ = w> horse1 #bah4 ,%etl&s1 #d4 ,%ield-giant1 milit>y contrivance1 #bbf4 8,%ield :ale10 #abj4 ,%imei1 ,biblical "*1 #cda-cdc1 #cdf1 #cec4 ,%ips1 ,c>e (1 #hc-he2 def5se (1 #bae-bag4 8,%ort seal10 #adj4 8,%ot wagon10 device = def5d+ ca/les1 #bbc1 #bbd4 ,sicily1 #ag1 #cj1 #abg1 #acj4 ,siege w>f>e1 #bbj-bbf4 ,sigurd ,j]usalemf>]1 ,norwegian k+1 #bh note1 #cd4 ,s9ai1 ,m\nt1 #bhe4 ,skis1 ,runn+ on1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,skule1 ,norwegian e>l & duke1 #ca1 #ce1 #dh1 #eb1 #fc1 #fd4 ,society = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sc&9avian ,/udy1 ,!1 #gj4 ,sol9us1 #ai note4 ,solomon1 ,hebrew k+1 #df1 #dg1 #fd1 #cjc1 #cdj-ced1 #ceg1 #ceh1 #cfc-cfe4 8,song ( ! ,high ,"o10 ,eddic poem1 #ej4 ,sor1 ,dani% city1 #ff1 #fg4 ,sor edition ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #fa1 #fe-fh1 #gj1 #abj note4 ,spa91 #ca4 8,spe> :ale10 #abj4 ,speculum ,ecclesiae1 #g4 ,speculum ,majus1 #f4 ,speculum ,naturale1 #g4 ,speculum ,p]fectionis1 #g4 ,speculum ,regale1 #f-i1 #ag1 #ai1 #bb1 #be1 #dc1 #de1 #di1 #ej1 #ef1 #ei1 #fa1 #ff1 #fh-gj1 #gd1 #aja note2 see ,k+'s ,mirror4 ,speculum ,regis1 #h4 ,speculum ,regum1 #h4 ,speculum ,/ultorum1 #g4 ,sp]m1 #abd4 ,sp]m :ale1 #aba4 ,spr+s1 ,m>vel\s1 #ajg4 ,/aff sl+s1 #bac1 #bae1 #bba4 ,/e5/rup1 ,i4 ,japetus ,s41 ,dani% sci5ti/1 #acg note4 ,/eph51 ,a!nian judge1 #cji-cac4 ,/ockholm1 #hb note4 ,/orm1 ,gu/av1 ,norwegian hi/orian1 #fb4 ,/r9dsea1 ,battle (1 #eh4 ,suibhne ,geilt1 ,iri% leg5d>y "*1 #aaf note4 ,sulphur1 ,use (1 9 w>f>e1 #bae1 #bbe4 ,sun1 ,!1 (fice (1 #hg1 #cjj2 effect (1 on ! w9ds1 #hg-hi1 #aeh-afj2 *anges 9 ! c\rse (1 #ib-ii1 #ajd1 #adi1 #aee1 #aef2 influ5ce (1 on climate1 #if-ii4 ,surc+le1 #bah4 ,sv]re1 ,norwegian k+1 #cd1 #cg-ci1 #dg1 #ed-fa4 ,sw$51 #c1 #d1 #cj1 #fe4 ,swords ( k+s & bi%ops1 #cfd-cff4 ,sylve/]1 pope & sa9t1 #bda4 ,table s]vice & mann]s1 #hj1 #baj1 #baa1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,t>1 ,use (1 9 w>f>e1 #bbe ,t>a1 #aac note2 see ,!m>4 ,t>qu91 ,roman citiz51 #caj1 #caa1 #cac1 #cad4 ,!gn1 ,k+'s1 #fa4 ,!gn money1 #afh1 #aga4 ,!m>1 ,iri% bor\gh1 #aac-aae1 #cjh1 #cab1 #cad4 ,!odoric1 #c4 ,!odosius ,,ii1 ,roman emp]or1 #caf note4 ,?ieves1 ,! two1 at ! crucifixion1 #bhb1 #bhe4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 m$ieval philosoph] & !ologian1 #b4 ,tides1 #ab1 #af1 #ag1 #hc1 #hf1 #ib-id4 ,"t1 ,divisions (1 #aa1 #af1 #ic-ie4 ,tools = %ip repairs1 #hd4 ,topographia ,hib]nica ( ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 #bb1 #bc4 ,torm5t1 ,places (1 9 ,sicily & ,icel&1 #acj1 #aca4 ,t[]s = siege w>f>e1 #bae1 #baf1 #bba1 #bbe4 ,trebuckets1 siege eng9es1 #bbj1 #bbb4 ,trondhjem1 #bf1 #df1 #ei1 #fd1 #ff2 see ,nid>os4 ,tru?1 div9e virg91 #beb1 #bed1 #bee1 #beg-bei1 #bgh1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bhe1 #bhg1 #cbd4 ,tunis1 #ca4 ,turnpikes = use 9 def5sive w>f>e1 #bbc4 ,ul/]1 #ajg note4 ,unas1 a ,f>oese1 #cg4 ,ung]1 ,c>l ,r41 editor ( ! ,k+'s ,mirror1 #fh4 ,ur1 ,hebrew high prie/1 #bhj1 #bhd4 ,uriah1 ,hebrew w>rior1 #ec1 #bha1 #cbb-cbe1 #cbh4 ,utre*t1 #bh4 ,vaag1 fi%+ village 9 ,l(ot51 #ih4 ,valdem> ! ,victori\s1 ,dani% k+1 #c1 #d1 #ca4 ,valladolid1 #ca4 ,va%ti1 ,p]sian que51 #bcg1 #bch1 #bdj1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,v5om\s animals unable to live 9 ,irel&1 #ajf4 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais1 encyclop$i/1 #e4 ,volcanic fires1 #ag1 #ba1 #abf-abi1 #acj1 #aca4 ,v[s & promises1 :5 to be kept & :5 brok51 #cec-ceg4 ,vulgate1 #i4 ,wadmol1 clo? = sail repair1 #hd4 ,walrus1 #ba1 #adj1 #ada4 8,w>-beams10 #bae4 ,w>f>e1 ,private1 #ej1 #bca4 ,weapons suitable = w>f>e on l&1 #bac1 #bad1 #bag-bbf2 on bo>d %ips1 #bad-bag4 ,:alebone1 #abd4 ,:ales1 #ah1 #ba1 #aai-abd1 #aci1 #adj1 #ade4 ,:ite be>s1 #adc4 ,:ite :ale1 #abj4 ,william1 k+'s *apla91 #bi1 #eg4 ,william ( ,sab9a1 c>d9al1 #ca1 #ee4 ,will[1 ,miracle ( !1 #aab1 #aac4 ,w9ds1 ,cov5ant ( !1 #hg-hi1 #aeh-afa2 importance (1 9 navigation1 #aej1 #afj4 ,wisdom1 ,s\rce & beg9n+ (1 #gg1 #gh1 #bcj1 #bii1 #cjj2 nature (1 #bbi-bcd1 #cjj1 #cjb1 #cjc2 spee* (1 #cjj-cjc4 ,wod51 #ej4 ,wolves1 ,m5 turn$ into1 #aae2 9 ,gre5l&1 #adc4 ,woman tak5 9 adult]y1 #bha1 #bhb4 ,ye>1 ,divisions ( !1 #id4 ,zadoc1 ,hebrew prie/1 #cdd-cdg4 ,z5ophilus1 ,roman pr9ce1 #bdb-bde4 ,zion 7,gihon71 #cde4 ,zones ( heat & cold1 #ae1 #af1 #adg1 #adh1 #aec-aee1 #afb4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,miss+ or obscur$ punctuation 0 sil5tly correct$4 ,typographical errors 7 sil5tly correct$4 ,inconsi/5t spell+ & hyph5ation 7 made consi/5t only :5 a pr$om9ant =m 0 f\nd 9 ?is book4 ,text t 0 9 italics is enclos$ by und]scores 7italics74