,illu/ration3 ,on ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 ! telephone company is a home t[n in/itution1 run by local p4 ,l9k+ toge!r home t[n communities all ov] ,am]ica1 ! telephone makes a neighborhood ( ! nation4 ,! ,telephone 9 ,am]ica ,illu/ration3 ,typical city /reet sc5e ,bell ,telephone ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,?is radio-relay /ation on ,buckhorn ,m\nta9 9 ,colorado is "o ( #ajg 9 ! ,bell ,sy/em's transcont95tal micr[ave sy/em4 ,fla%$ f /ation to /ation1 telephone calls & television programs fir/ spann$ ! cont95t by air 9 #aiea4 ,! ,telephone 9 ,am]ica ,! telephone 0 born 9 ,am]ica & has rea*$ its highe/ developm5t 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce #ahgf1 :5 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell fir/ talk$ successfully ov] 8 primitive telephone1 a network ( voice highways has gr[n up ?r\gh\t ! nation1 l9k+ m ?an fifty-f\r million telephones4 ,ab\t f\r-fif?s ( ^! are own$ by ! ,bell ,sy/em1 :i* is a gr\p ( closely associat$ telephone companies1 a rese>* & developm5t organization & a manufactur+ & supply company1 all head$ by ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company4 ,! o!r telephones are own$ & op]at$ by "s #e1jjj indep5d5t telephone companies & ab\t #bj1jjj rural or f>m] l9es outside ! ,bell ,sy/em b connect+ ) x4 ,bell telephone s]vice is home t[n s]vice4 ,l9k$ ) ?\s&s ( o!r home t[n s]vices1 x makes a neighborhood ( ! nation4 ,! company t furni%es y\r s]vice is "p ( y\r community4 ,its op]ators1 in/all]s & o!r repres5tatives are y\r neighbors4 ,"s may be y\r fri5ds or relatives4 ,its dep>tm5ts are manag$ by y\r fell[ citiz5s--m5 & wom5 :o h come up ?r\gh ! ranks4 ,n9e out ( e t5 telephone calls h&l$ by ^! home t[n p are local calls4 ,! t5? call may g across ! cont95t or across ! ocean4 ,b :]ev] ! calls g1 !y travel by means ( a m>vel\sly ord]$ _w ( wires1 cables1 swit*bo>ds1 dial equipm5t1 radio & above all1 ) ! help ( p work+ toge!r to s]ve ! public4 ,?is booklet gives y a p]sonal glimpse ( t _w4 ,x tells ! /ory ( ! ,bell ,sy/em1 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t mu* t is said "h applies also to ! o!r telephone companies t %>e ) ! ,bell ,sy/em ! privilege & ! responsibility ( provid+ telephone s]vice = ! p ( ,am]ica4 ,beh9d ,y\r ,telephone ,illu/ration3 ,bakelite telephone ,:5 y pick up y\r telephone1 y h at y\r f+]tips a communication sy/em t is ma9ly local 9 its op]ations4 ,probably y w use x mo/ ( ! "t to talk to p 9 or ne> y\r own community1 b :]ev] y wi%1 x c c>ry y\r voice across ! cont95t or ev5 across ! seas to o!r c\ntries4 ,! telephone indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[ includes3 ,telephones s]v+ homes & bus9esses 9 #ge1jjj cities & t[ns1 & m ?an #c1jjj1jjj telephones 9 rural areas4 ,a network ( wire l9k+ ^! telephones4 ,ab\t #ie p] c5t ( ?is wire is 9 /urdy cables1 & almo/ ?ree-fif?s ( ! cable is und]gr\nd4 ,m ?an #be1jjj c5tral (fices 9 :i* telephones are connect$ by means ( swit*+ equipm5t4 ,ov] #i1ejj ( ^! (fices are op]at$ by ,bell ,sy/em companies4 ,lit]ally billions ( small p>ts--relays1 cond5s]s1 resi/ors1 vacuum tubes ea* c>efully design$ & f9ely fa%ion$ s t x w "w 9 h>mony ) all o!r p>ts1 any:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,radio-telephone l9ks to automobiles1 tra9s1 %ips1 airplanes1 & c\ntries ov]seas4 ,a gr[+ sy/em ( radio relay r\tes us$ = transmitt+ bo? long di/ance telephone conv]sations & television programs4 ,highly skill$ telephone p liv+ & work+ 9 ne>ly e ,am]ican community4 ,! ,bell ,sy/em alone employs ab\t #gjj1jjj m5 & wom51 :o are busy plann+1 design+1 manufactur+1 improv+1 build+1 op]at+--all work+ to fulfill ! traditional telephone policy ( provid+ ! be/ possible s]vice at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,9 ! telephone (fice ,e "t y make a telephone call--ei!r by dial+ or by giv+ ! op]ator ! numb]--y fir/ rea* ! telephone c5tral (fice4 ,?is n]ve c5t] ( y\r local telephone sy/em conta9s equipm5t ?r\gh :i* y\r telephone c be connect$ to any o!r telephone y wi% to rea*4 ,9 a small community !re may be only "o c5tral (fice4 ,9 l>ge cities !re are _m ( !m1 all jo9$ by trunk l9es4 ,! t]m telephone ex*ange means ! :ole local area s]v$ by "o or m c5tral (fices4 ,ov] f\r-fif?s ( all ,bell ,sy/em telephones are dial-op]at$4 ,intricate ma*9]y 9 ! c5tral (fice makes connections by obey+ ! electrical signals t y s5d ov] y\r l9e z y turn ! dial on y\r telephone4 ,be=e y dial1 ! equipm5t 9 ! c5tral (fice tells y x is ready to s]ve y by transmitt+ a 8hum-m-m-m0 ov] y\r l9e4 ,y %\ld he> ?is dial tone be=e y />t to dial4 ,! dial tone s]ves ! same purpose z ! op]ator's 8,numb]1 please60 ,illu/ration3 ,telephone company build+s are built to h>monize ) surr\nd+s 9 communities :]e !y are locat$4 ,a c5tral (fice 9 ,cali=nia4 ,illu/ration3 ,ano!r "o 9 ,connecticut4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/+ equipm5t 9 a dial c5tral (fice 9 a l>ge city4 ,telephones t are n dial-op]at$ are connect$ ) manual c5tral (fices1 :]e op]ators seat$ at swit*bo>ds make ! connections by h&4 ,swit*bo>ds diff] greatly 9 size4 ,9 small villages "o or two op]ators h&le all calls4 ,9 l>ge cities ! volume ( calls requires hundr$s ( op]ators work+ at l>ge multiple swit*bo>ds4 ,! t]m multiple comes f ! fact t ! end ( ea* subscrib]'s telephone l9e is duplicat$ or multipl$ at int]vals ?r\gh\t ! swit*bo>d4 ,= example1 a swit*bo>d s]v+ #f1jjj cu/om]s might h positions = #bj op]ators4 ,! bo>d w\ld be multipl$ s t ea* op]ator answ]+ a call f any ( ! gr\p ( cu/om]s assign$ to h]1 c\ld rea* 8 l9e & connect x ) any "o ( ! #e1iii o!rs4 ,writt5 z well z spok5 messages are h&l$ ?r\gh swit*bo>ds4 ,teletypewrit] ,ex*ange ,s]vice 7,,twx7 does = ! writt5 ^w :at ! telephone does = ! spok5 ^w4 ,?is s]vice transmits typewritt5 messages ov] any di/ance ?r\gh connections made by op]ators at swit*bo>ds4 ,x is especially valuable = bus9ess firms2 !re are n[ "s #cg1jjj li/+s 9 ! ,,twx directory4 ,illu/ration3 ,typical traffic curve ,city telephones are g5]ally busie/ betwe5 #i & #aa ,a4,m41 :5 bus9ess is 9 full sw+4 ,!re is ano!r bus9ess peak betwe5 #d & #e ,p4,m4 ,resid5ce telephones are usually busie/ ab\t #g ,p4,m4 ,illu/ration3 ,op]ators1 :o answ] :5 y dial 8,o0 7op]ator71 w l5d a h& if y ne$ help 9 call+ f a dial telephone4 ,! c\rte\s1 helpful s]vice r5d]$ by telephone op]ators has become a traditional "p ( ,am]ican life4 ,ev5 9 communities t h dial s]vice1 8! voice ) a smile0 is on ! job to h&le long di/ance calls1 to provide telephone numb]s n includ$ 9 ! directory1 & to give any o!r help t cu/om]s may desire4 ,ev] s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 ! ,bell companies h kept on in/all+ new equipm5t 9 great quantities to meet ! l>ge/ dem& ev] exp]i5c$ = new telephone s]vice4 ,:]e ! wires g ,! arrangem5t ( wires t connects y\r telephone ) ! c5tral (fice & ) ! telephones ( o!r subscrib]s is some?+ l a tree4 ,j z twigs lead to bran*es1 bran*es to limbs1 & limbs to ! trunk1 s individual telephone wires come toge!r 9 small di/ribution cables4 ,9 turn1 ^! cables come toge!r 9 fe$] cables t increase 9 size z !y approa* ! c5tral (fice4 ,(t5 z _m z #b1aba pairs ( f9e copp] wires ent] ! telephone (fice 9 ma9 fe$] cables ab\t z big ar\nd z a baseball bat4 ,illu/ration3 ,splic]s 8cutt+ 90 wires 9 a new cable1 bel[ ! /reet 9 manhole4 ,illu/ration3 ,bell telephone in/all] connects drop wire to new subscrib]'s home4 ,mo/ wire 9 city telephone cables lies und]gr\nd 9 tile conduits & comes into ! telephone (fice ?r\gh a cable vault 9 ! basem5t4 ,if ! city has m ?an "o c5tral (fice1 trunk cables int]connect ! (fices4 ,at ea* telephone (fice ! cables run to ! t]m9al room1 :]e _! hundr$s or ?\s&s ( pairs ( wires fan out to t]m9al blocks on "o side ( a l>ge di/ribut+ frame4 ,o!r wires run f ! opposite side ( ! di/ribut+ frame to ! swit*bo>d or dial equipm5t4 ,cross-connections on ! di/ribut+ frame br+ ea* telephone us]'s l9e to its prop] t]m9al 9 ! swit*+ equipm5t4 ,a telephone (fice is dep5d5t on electric p[]1 bo? direct & alt]nat+4 ,! direct curr5t comes f /orage batt]ies4 ,^! are kept *>g$ by g5]ators driv5 by ! regul> curr5t suppli$ by ! p[] company1 :i* also provides ! electricity ne$$ = o!r purposes4 ,/&by g5]ators1 usually driv5 by gasol9e or diesel eng9es1 are provid$ = em]g5cies 9 mo/ l>ge (fices & 9 _m small] ones4 ,r++ ma*9es g5]ate alt]nat+ curr5t to op]ate y\r telephone bell & provide ! v>i\s signals y he> 9 y\r telephone receiv]4 ,^! ma*9es are in/all$ 9 pairs s t !re w be no int]ruption ( telephone s]vice %\ld "o ma*9e fail to op]ate prop]ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,te*nicians *eck = tr\ble at a desk 9 a c5tral (fice4 ,prev5tive ma9t5ance1 outside z well z inside telephone (fices1 helps provide good s]vice4 ,prev5tive ma9t5ance1 bo? inside & outside telephone (fices1 is vital 9 furni%+ dep5dable1 satisfactory telephone s]vice4 ,telephone m5 p]iodically *eck ! condition ( telephone plant4 ,us+ /eadily improv+ te*niques1 !y (t5 discov] faults or weaknesses & h !m correct$ be=e ! cu/om] is aw>e ( !m4 ,te/ desks1 :]e te/m5 also track d[n tr\bles 9 ! telephone plant1 are ess5tial to giv+ good s]vice4 ,^! are special swit*bo>ds ) equipm5t t enables ! te/man to diagnose ! cause & location ( tr\ble on a cu/om]'s l9e4 ,teamwork to s]ve y well ,9 addition to good equipm5t kept 9 good condition all ! "t1 good telephone s]vice dep5ds on capable p :o are well tra9$ & skill$ 9 _! jobs4 ,illu/ration3 ,telephone p /rive to make ! telephone company a fri5dly1 helpful in/itution4 ,?is "y lady is "o ( ! c\rte\s s]vice repres5tatives :o assi/ ! cu/om]s4 ,n only mu/ ^! _m p p]=m _m diff]5t jobs to give y good s]vice b !y mu/ "w toge!r z a team4 ,9 ! ,plant dep>tm5t1 l9em51 in/all]s1 cable splic]s1 repairm5 & o!rs build & ma9ta9 ! plant s t ! op]ators 9 ! ,traffic dep>tm5t c put y\r calls ?r\gh z swiftly z possible4 ,simil>ly1 ! memb]s ( ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! company d _! "w 9 su* a way t !y help o!rs d !irs4 ,illu/ration3 ,good telephone s]vice dep5ds on teamwork ( _m p work+ toge!r at diff]5t jobs4 ,^! girls are typ+ telephone bills 9 ! ,acc\nt+ dep>tm5t ( a ,bell telephone company4 ,9 e ,bell telephone company !re are /aff p :o are speciali/s 9 v>i\s phases ( ! bus9ess4 ,!y assi/ ! front-l9e =ces 9 meet+ day-to-day problems4 ,!y f9d bett]1 m effici5t ways ( do+ ?+s4 ,! purpose ( all is to s]ve y well & ) unfail+ c\rtesy4 ,telephone p h a g5u9e desire to make ! company a fri5dly & helpful in/itution4 ,because telephone m5 & wom5 are good citiz5s ( y\r community1 !y take pride 9 conduct+ ! affairs ( ! company s t ! public w ?9k ( x1 too1 z a good citiz54 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! p 9 ! ,bell ,sy/em make a c>e] ( telephone "w4 ,m ?an #bde1jjj ( !m h be5 9 ! bus9ess ov] t5 ye>s4 ,wages are good1 employm5t /eady1 & work+ conditions are pleasant4 ,! ,bell companies' ,b5efit & ,p5sion ,plans1 among ! olde/ & be/ 9 indu/ry1 assi/ employees & _! families 9 meet+ ! problems t arise f sickness1 accid5t1 old age & dea?4 ,opportunity to advance 9 ! organization is op5 to all on ! basis ( individual ability4 ,sup]visory & managem5t positions are fill$ f ! ranks4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,bell ,,telephone ,,sy/em ,! pr9cipal telephone subsidi>ies ( ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company s]ve g5]ally ! areas %[n4 ,! ,s\!rn ,new ,engl& & ,c9c9nati & ,suburban are associat$ b non-controll$ companies4 ,9 ne>ly all areas o!r telephone companies op]ate & connect ) ,bell ,sy/em l9es4 ,,! ,,pacific ,,tel4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,( ,,nevada ,,! ,,m\nta9 ,,/ates ,,tel4 ,,tel ,,co4 ,,! ,,s\!rn ,,new ,,engl& ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,new ,,j]sey ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,! ,,diamond ,,/ate ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,! ,,c9c9nati ,,& ,,suburban ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,! ,,*es4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 7,d4,c47 ,,! ,,*es4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,( ,,baltimore ,,city ,,! ,,*es4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,( ,,virg9ia ,,! ,,*es4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,( ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,organiz$ to ,s]ve ,y ,z a telephone us]1 y want to be able to c\nt on y\r telephone1 to be able to call o!r telephone us]s any "t1 any:]e4 ,y expect reliable s]vice at l[ co/4 ,! k9d ( s]vice y expect dep5ds on teamwork--among telephone p 9 y\r local company1 & among ! sep>ate companies t make up ! ,bell ,sy/em4 ,t is ! way ! ,bell ,sy/em is organiz$ to s]ve y4 ,?is is :at x conta9s3 ,a gr\p ( op]at+ telephone companies1 ea* kn[n z an ,associat$ ,company & ea* s]v+ its p>ticul> t]ritory4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ rese>* & developm5t organizations 9 ! _w1 ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories4 ,its "w consi/s ( rese>*1 developm5t & design 9 ! communications field4 ,x creates app>atus t improves telephone s]vice1 makes x m effici5t1 & keeps its co/ l[4 ,a supply organization1 ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company4 ,x manufactures or pur*ases equipm5t & supplies = ! op]at+ companies on a m economical basis ?an ! individual companies c\ld d = !mselves4 ,x di/ributes equipm5t & supplies to ! v>i\s companies4 ,x in/alls equipm5t 9 telephone c5tral (fices4 ,a headqu>t]s organization1 ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company4 ,,at,t functions z a g5]al /aff = ! ,bell ,sy/em1 co-ord9at+ ! ent]prise & assi/+ ! op]at+ companies4 ,x owns mo/ ( ! /ock ( mo/ ( ! op]at+ companies4 ,x owns ne>ly all ! /ock ( ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company1 & x %>es ) ,we/]n ,electric ! own]%ip ( ! ,bell ,laboratories4 ,9 conjunction ) ! ,associat$ ,companies1 ! ,,at,t ,long ,l9es ,dep>tm5t furni%es long di/ance telephone s]vice & o!r communication s]vices ov] its l9es & radio relay *annels4 ,illu/ration3 ,pr9cipal elem5ts ( ! ,bell ,sy/em ,,am]ican ,,telephone ,,& ,,telegraph ,,company ,,s]vices ,,to ,,telephone ,,companies ,,"u ,,lic5se ,,contracts ,,& ,,op]ation ,,( ,,long-,,di/ance ,,l9es ,,provid+ ,,int]connection ,,betwe5 ,,& ,,?r\gh ,,t]ritories ,,( ,,^? ,,companies ,,we/]n ,,electric ,,company ,,manufactur+1 ,,pur*as+1 ,,di/ribut+ ,,& ,,c5tral ,,(fice ,,in/allation ,,= ,,! ,,bell ,,sy/em ,,bell ,,telephone ,,laboratories ,,rese>* ,,& ,,developm5t ,,"w ,,= ,,! ,,bell ,,sy/em 7,,includ+ ,,we/]n ,,electric ,,company7 ,,subsidi>y ,,& ,,o!r ,,associat$ ,,telephone ,,companies ,,provide ,,telephone ,,s]vices ,,& ,,facilities ,,)9 ,,_! ,,respective ,,t]ritories ,,) ,,! ,,aid ,,( ,,s]vices ,,receiv$ ,,f ,,! ,,am]ican ,,telephone ,,& ,,telegraph ,,company ,,"u ,,lic5se ,,contracts ,! organization ( ! ,bell ,sy/em has gr[n up 9 a natural way ov] a p]iod ( _m ye>s4 ,! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company1 pr$ecessor ( ,,at,t1 own$ ! orig9al ,bell pat5ts4 ,x lic5s$ local companies to r5t ,bell telephones to _! subscrib]s4 ,own]%ip ( ! op]at+ companies by ! headqu>t]s organization came ab\t because ( _! ne$ to f9ance exp&+ s]vice1 & z a means ( provid+ ! be/ s]vice at l[e/ co/4 ,,at,t b\ght ,we/]n ,electric 9 #ahhb because x 0 ! be/ manufactur] ( telephone app>atus & because a dep5dable s\rce ( supplies 0 ess5tial4 ,! ,bell ,laboratories /emm$ f ! %op :]e ,alex&] ,graham ,bell made ! fir/ telephone4 ,! "w ( ! ,laboratories is a cont9uation1 on a mu* l>g] scale1 ( e>ly ef=ts to discov] improvem5ts 9 ! art ( telephony4 ,illu/ration3 ,motor laun*es pull fir/ segm5t ( ! new transatlantic telephone cable t[>d ! ,newf\ndl& %ore f ,,hmts ,mon>*1 _w's l>ge/ cable %ip4 ,! new und]seas cable w l9k ?is cont95t ) ,great ,brita94 ,long ,l9es--,:5 y call across ! l& ,)9 its own t]ritory y\r local telephone company provides int]-city s]vice4 ,b :5 y make a call t crosses ! t]ritories ( v>i\s ,bell companies1 y are s]v$ also by ! facilities ( ! ,long ,l9es ,dep>tm5t4 ,?is organization is responsible z well = ov]seas telephone s]vice to po9ts 9 c\ntries abroad4 ,m ?an #ccg1jjj1jjj conv]sations a ye> are h&l$ ov] ,long ,l9es facilities4 ,to h&le ?is volume ( conv]sations & its v>i\s o!r s]vices1 ,long ,l9es requires3 ,ab\t #bg1jjj highly tra9$ telephone employees1 includ+ op]ators1 eng9e]s1 ma9t5ance m51 con/ruction =ces1 ,comm]cial & ,acc\nt+ p 9 #dj /ates & ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia4 ,telephone c5tral (fice =ces 9 #bcc cities & t[ns4 ,telephone equipm5t & plant1 includ+ almo/ #b1djj build+s1 9 all b "o /ate4 ,ab\t #bg1jjj1jjj miles ( talk+ circuits4 ,n9e ye>s aft] ! telephone 0 inv5t$1 :5 ! f>!/ "o c\ld talk 0 f ,new ,york to ,bo/on1 ,,at,t ann\nc$ 9 its *>t] its plan to connect e place 9 ! c\ntry 8by cable & o!r appropriate means ) ! re/ ( ! _w40 ,long di/ance l9es rea*$ ,*icago 9 #ahib4 ,gradually1 telephone sci5ti/s solv$ ! te*nical difficulties ( transmitt+ spee* ov] /ill great] di/ances4 ,by #aiae1 ,bell eng9e]s _h develop$ vacuum tube amplifi]s to /ep-up fad+ voice curr5ts1 & ! human voice spann$ ! miles betwe5 ,new ,york & ,san ,francisco4 ,illu/ration3 ,calls to ov]seas po9ts are h&l$ by op]ators at ?ree t]m9als4 ,?is ,long ,l9es op]ator at ! ov]seas swit*bo>d 9 ,new ,york ,city is putt+ ?r\gh a call to ,p>is4 ,:5 y call across ! sea ,9 t same ye>1 telephone eng9e]s also made hi/ory by e/abli%+ exp]im5tal radio-telephone connections across ! ,atlantic betwe5 ,arl+ton1 ,va41 ne> ,wa%+ton4 ,d4 ,c41 to ! ,eiffel ,t[] 9 ,p>is1 z well z to ! ,hawaiian ,isl&s & ,panama4 ,al?\gh ,_w ,w> ,i delay$ ! developm5t ( ov]seas s]vice1 ye>s ( fur!r exp]im5t+ & p]fect+ l$1 9 #aibg1 to ! op5+ ( regul> ov]seas telephone s]vice betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,engl&4 ,s9ce !n s]vice has be5 ext5d$ to m ?an #ajj c\ntries & t]ritories ov]seas1 & x is possible n[ to rea* "s #if ( ! _w's telephones f any telephone 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,today1 ov]seas conv]sations take place at ! rate ( ov] #a1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,ov]seas c5t]s 9 ,new ,york1 ,oakl& & ,miami furni% ! ov]seas radiotelephone s]vice1 h&l+ calls 9 mu* ! same way z o!r long di/ance calls4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,bell ,laboratories & a ,long ,l9es eng9e] *eck ! quality ( a full-color picture at a special monitor+ position 9 "o ( ! ,bell ,sy/em television network control c5t]s4 ,n[1 to h&le m calls & = great] dep5dability 9 telephon+ betwe5 ?is cont95t & ,great ,brita91 ! fir/ transatlantic cable is be+ built4 ,ano!r cable is be+ built to ,alaska1 :i* w be able to c>ry #cf conv]sations at a "t1 & w be immune to atmosph]ic di/urbances t sometimes affect radiotelephone circuits4 ,!re is also a new me?od ( radio transmission1 call$ 8ov]-!-horizon10 soon to be introduc$ betwe5 ,florida & ,cuba4 ,?is w provide ne$$ additional telephone *annels & w also op5 up ! possibility ( television s]vice ov] ! r\te4 ,radio & television networks ,n ev]ybody realizes t network radio programs g ov] telephone *annels f po9t ( orig9 to ! local radio /ations t actually broadca/ !m4 ,! ,bell ,sy/em's exp]i5ce 9 s]v+ radio networks dates f #aibc1 :5 network broadca/+ began4 ,today1 9 ord] to l9k ! nation's radio /ations1 ,long ,l9es op]ates ab\t #bjj1jjj miles ( program transmission circuits4 ,& )9 _! own t]ritories1 ! op]at+ telephone companies1 too1 furni% "s program circuits4 ,bell ,sy/em sci5ti/s pione]$ also 9 s5d+ television images f "o place to ano!r1 by bo? wire & radio4 ,! ye>s ( exp]i5ce 9 s]v+ radio networks h be5 invaluable 9 solv+ ! problems ( ,,tv network transmission4 ,z ( ,july1 #aiee1 ! ,sy/em l9k$ ab\t #cfe ,,tv /ations 9 ab\t #bdj ,am]ican cities4 ,to keep pace ) ! late/ developm5ts1 ! nationwide ,,tv network has be5 equipp$ = color programs1 :i* are available to ov] #bcj /ations 9 ab\t #acj cities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bell ,,sy/em ,,television ,,network ,,r\tes ,,july #a1 #aiee ,color & ,mono*rome ,available ,to ,cities ,on ,^! ,r\tes ,r\tes ,equipp$ ,= ,mono*rome ,only ,plann$ ,o!r 8,cu/om-tailor$0 s]vices ,long ,l9es & ! op]at+ companies also provide ext5sive private l9e s]vices--t is1 s]vice = cu/om]s :o h a l>ge en\gh volume ( communications betwe5 two or m po9ts to ne$ facilities = _! exclusive use1 tailor$ to _! individual requirem5ts4 ,! private l9e s]vices are provid$ by means ( bo? wire & radio1 = a specifi$ p]iod ( "t & usually on a recurr+ basis4 ,_m ,am]ican indu/ries1 ! press & gov]nm5tal ag5cies use ^! s]vices1 :i* include telephone1 teletypewrit]1 teletypesett]1 radio & television network transmission1 facsimile & telephotograph4 ,teletypewrit] s]vice transmits typewritt5 messages f "o po9t to ano!r1 :e!r ! s5d+ & receiv+ ma*9es are 9 ! same build+ or across ! cont95t4 ,teletypesett] s]vice1 by means ( electrical impulses s5t ov] ,bell ,sy/em circuits1 makes x possible to set type = newspap] or o!r publication use spe$ily & f a di/ance4 ,facsimile s]vice reproduces docum5ts1 draw+s & maps at ! di/ant end & telephotograph s]vice does ! same = pictures4 8,g5]al ,/aff0 s]vices b5efit all ,s]v+ ! local communities 9 _! t]ritories is ! responsibility ( ! op]at+ companies4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 g5]al problems %>$ by all ! companies4 ,9 ord] to h&le ^! problems effici5tly & at reasonable co/1 ! op]at+ companies contract ) ! ,,at,t ,company = ^? ?+s t a c5traliz$ organization c d bett] & m economically4 ,?is contractual relation%ip is an outgr[? ( ! orig9al lic5s+ arrangem5t1 9 :i* ! fir/ telephone companies obta9$ in/rum5ts = ! use ( _! subscrib]s4 ,x 0 f\nd$ on ! necessities ( ! bus9ess4 ,x exi/s today = ! same reason4 ,to meet ?is responsibility1 ,,at,t is organiz$ to s]ve ! op]at+ companies 9 matt]s ( eng9e]+ & op]ation1 f9ance1 acc\nt+ & law1 & to assi/ !m 9 o!r ways t may help !m 9 conduct+ _! bus9ess4 ,?r\gh ,,at,t1 pat5t rights cov]+ ! results ( ,bell ,sy/em rese>* 9 communications are made available to ! op]at+ companies4 ,x is ! ,sy/em's policy also to make lic5ses "u su* pat5ts available to o!rs outside ! ,sy/em on reasonable t]ms & on a non-exclusive basis4 ,illu/ration3 ,plac$ 9 s]vice by ,long ,l9es1 ?is teletypewrit] sy/em is ! 8n]ve c5t]0 ( a l>ge bus9ess hav+ ma9 (fices locat$ 9 _m /ates4 ,among ! _m ,,at,t /aff s]vices to ! telephone companies are ^? describ$ z 8op]ation & eng9e]+40 ,^! include ! entire range ( con/ruction1 op]ation1 ma9t5ance1 me?ods & practices4 ,! ,,at,t g5]al /aff con/antly /udies new ideas = improv$ equipm5t & practices t may orig9ate any:]e 9 ! ,sy/em4 ,promis+ ideas are develop$ & te/$1 usually 9 collaboration ) ! ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories4 ,improvem5ts t result are spread ov] ! :ole ,bell ,sy/em4 ,besides op]ation & eng9e]+ s]vices1 o!r ,,at,t gr\ps help ! telephone companies devise bett] bus9ess & (fice r\t9es4 ,/ill o!r gr\ps advise ! companies on ! mo/ effici5t me?ods 9 acc\nt+1 /ati/ical analyses1 public relations & adv]tis+ activities1 & 9 all ! _m o!r phases ( ! telephone bus9ess4 ,out ( ! sav+s ( ! _m ,"o ( ,,at,t's mo/ important s]vices to ! op]at+ telephone companies is f9ancial assi/ance4 ,?is is especially true 9 p]iods ( rapid gr[?1 l ! pres5t4 ,9 ^! times ! telephone companies ne$ va/ sums ( money = equipm5t & build+s to exp& & /r5g!n ! nation's communications network = def5se1 & to meet ! public dem& = telephone s]vice4 ,! money = improv+ & exp&+ telephone s]vice comes f p 9 all walks ( life4 ,x comes f ! sav+s ( ! _m1 n ! weal? ( ! few4 ,mo/ ( ?is money is inve/$ 9 securities ( ! ,,at,t ,company1 :i* 9 turn supplies funds to ! op]at+ companies4 ,by mid-#aiee ,,at,t 0 own$ by ab\t #a1cge1jjj p4 ,^! own]s live 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 9 l>ge cities1 small t[ns & rural areas4 ,!y are truly a cross-section ( ,am]ica4 ,_m ,,at,t %>e own]s are long-"t inve/ors4 ,m ?an a f\r? ( !m h own$ _! ,,at,t /ock t5 ye>s or m4 ,& ov] #fj p] c5t ( ^! h increas$ _! inve/m5t dur+ ^? t5 ye>s4 ,ab\t #cea1jjj ( ! %>ehold+s repres5t two p]sons--husb&s & wives1 mo!rs & daught]s1 si/]s & bro!rs--:o h inve/$ sav+s 9 _! jo9t names4 ,besides ! direct own]s ( ,,at,t1 _m o!r p--su* z insurance company policy hold]s & bank cu/om]s--help indirectly to f9ance ! bus9ess ?r\gh ! ,,at,t %>es held by organizations & tru/ees4 ,! l>ge/ ,,at,t %>ehold] is a nation-wide inve/m5t firm t holds /ock = ?\s&s ( cu/om]s4 ,among o!r in/itutional hold]s are "s #b1ajj *ur*es1 #a1ajj hospitals & homes1 ov] #a1jjj s*ools & libr>ies1 ov] #ejj f\ndations & *>ities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ribution ,,( ,a4 ,t4 4 ,t4 ,,%>e ,,own]s ,,end ,,( #aied #fjh1jjj ,,wom5 ,av]age ,hold+ #bi ,%>es #cea1jjj ,,jo9t ,,acc\nt ,av]age ,hold+ #bf ,%>es #big1jjj ,,m5 ,av]age ,hold+ #ch ,%>es #ea1jjj ,,tru/ees ,,& ,,organizations ,av]age ,hold+ #aid ,%>es ,m ?an #bjj1jjj ,bell ,sy/em employees own ,,at,t /ock pur*as$ "u payroll say+s plans4 ,_m ( ^!1 toge!r ) o!r employees1 are n[ buy+ %>es "u ! curr5t payroll say+s plan4 ,su* widespread own]%ip by inve/ors helps make possible ! good telephone s]vice y get today4 ,ideals & aims ,! managem5t ( ! ,bell ,sy/em recognizes its responsibility to treat fairly telephone us]s1 employees & %>e own]s4 ,x believes t ! int]e/s ( ^! ?ree great gr\ps ( p are l9k$ closely toge!r4 ,managem5t's aim & responsibility is to see t telephone us]s get ! mo/ & be/ possible s]vice4 ,! co/ ( s]vice mu/ be z l[ z may be consi/5t ) good wages & work+ conditions = employees & ) a reasonable return = %>e own]s on _! inve/m5t 9 ! bus9ess4 ,! ,bell ,sy/em believes t ! mo/ & be/ possible s]vice means telephone s]vice = ! nation t1 s f> z possible1 is free f imp]fections1 errors or delays--s]vice t enables anyone1 any:]e1 to pick up a telephone & talk to anyone else1 cle>ly1 quickly1 at reasonable co/4 ,illu/ration3 ,coaxial cable c simultane\sly transmit hundr$s ( telephone conv]sations & sev]al ,,tv programs4 ,rese>* ,improves ,telephone ,s]vice ,telephone rese>* began 9 #ahgf 9 ! ,bo/on attic :]e ,alex&] ,graham ,bell c>ri$ on 8 fir/ successful exp]im5ts on ! 8electric speak+ telephone40 ,f ,bell's mode/ beg9n+ has evolv$ ! ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories ( today1 :]e ov] #i1jjj sci5ti/s1 eng9e]s1 te*nicians & auxili>y p]sonnel con/antly seek ways to improve telephone s]vice1 wid5 its usefulness1 & keep its co/ l[4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,laboratories are engag$ 9 basic rese>*4 ,!y explore ! physical sci5ces--physics1 ma!matics1 *emi/ry--seek+ basic k t may contribute to bett] communications4 ,fundam5tal developm5t is ! second /ep 9 ! *a9 lead+ t[>d manufacture & use4 ,9 ! ?ird /ep1 gr\ps engag$ 9 sy/ems eng9e]+ plan h[ ! new k & discov]ies ( rese>* c be us$ to create new facilities = telephone s]vice1 improve s]vice1 or r$uce co/s4 ,f9al /ep is ! specific developm5t & design ( new sy/ems or products4 ,?is involves ! con/ruction ( laboratory models1 trial models1 s]vice te/s1 & prep>ations = mass production4 ,?is description is1 ( c\rse1 a highly simplifi$ acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! ,laboratories4 ,! broad functions ( rese>* & developm5t con/antly m]ge4 ,at all times !re mu/ be close co-op]ation among v>i\s gr\ps 9 ! ,laboratories1 betwe5 ! ,laboratories & ! telephone companies1 :]e models are tri$ out1 & betwe5 ! ,laboratories & ,we/]n ,electric1 :]e products are manufactur$4 ,"h is j "o example ( ! way rese>* & developm5t h ext5d$ telephony1 improv$ x1 & r$uc$ its co/3 ,_m ye>s ago1 ! use ( a pair ( wires in/ead ( a s+le1 gr\nd$ wire greatly improv$ transmission & made x possible to talk long] di/ances4 ,?is increas$ ! dem& = s]vice b also increas$ ! numb] ( wires /rung on telephone poles4 ,! l>ge numb] ( wires on t[]+ poles along city /reets began to ca/ %ad[s ( d\bt on ! prospects = fur!r gr[?4 ,compact cables _h to be develop$ & a way f\nd to run !m und]gr\nd4 ,ye>s ( pa9/ak+ /udy & trial accompli%$ ?is4 ,n[ "s ex*ange cables conta9 z _m z #b1aba pairs ( wire4 ,?is cable evolution illu/rates ! doll> value ( telephone rese>* & developm5t4 ,! /&>d cable ( #ahhh conta9$ #ej pairs ( wires & its in/all$ co/ 0 m ?an #aej p] pair-mile4 ,9 #aied1 despite ris+ co/s1 und]gr\nd cable co/ 9 ! ord] ( #bj p] pair-mile 9 place1 & mu* ( x 0 #b1aba-pair4 ,a few mile/ones 9 rese>* ,?r\gh ! ye>s ,bell ,laboratories has l$ progress 9 communications & electronics4 ,no sci5tific a*ievem5t has _h m f>-rea*+ effects on communications ?an ! ,laboratories' "w 9 ! developm5t ( ! vacuum tube4 ,bell sci5ti/s 7 ! fir/ to devise a practical amplifi] tube :i*1 plac$ at int]vals 9 long di/ance l9es1 re/or$ ! en]gy ( weak5+ voice curr5ts1 mak+ x possible to telephone f coa/ to coa/4 ,! ,laboratories 0 ! fir/ to develop automatic equipm5t t c 8rememb]0 telephone numb]s & p]=m o!r complicat$ op]ations 9 ! c5tral (fice4 ,by means ( filt]+ app>atus1 develop$ by ! ,laboratories1 "o high frequ5cy 8c>ri]0 c c>ry _m spee* curr5ts at ! same "t4 ,l>gely because ( c>ri] telephony1 ! ,bell ,sy/em has be5 able to r$uce greatly ! co/ ( long di/ance telephone s]vice4 ,! ,laboratories pione]$ ! developm5t ( coaxial cable & micr[ave radio-relay sy/ems4 ,bo? c be us$ to transmit television programs & hundr$s ( telephone conv]sations4 ,among ! _m o!r a*ievem5ts ( ! ,laboratories h be5 important contributions to ! design ( comput]s--! amaz+ electronic ma*9es t c "w out problems t might o!rwise take mon?s or ye>s ( "w by ma!maticians4 ,a few ye>s ago1 sci5ti/s at ! ,laboratories inv5t$ ! transi/or4 ,?is is a radically new device1 simple 9 design & t9y 9 size1 t p]=ms mo/ ( ! functions ( ! vacuum tube & does o!r ?+s besides4 ,its effect on communications te*nology promises to be revolution>y4 ,e>ly 9 #aied1 ! ,laboratories ann\nc$ a device t realizes "o ( ! anci5t dreams ( mank9d--! ,bell ,sol> ,batt]y1 :i* conv]ts ! sun's light directly into useful am\nts ( electricity4 ,rese>* t l$ to ! transi/or l$ also to ! batt]y--& to a t9y & durable swit* t "o day may h&le ! automatic swit*+ ( y\r telephone calls1 & o!r ?+s n yet imag9$4 ,! ,laboratories & national def5se ,! ,laboratories makes its s]vices available to ! arm$ =ces = "w to :i* x is uniquely suit$4 ,x specializes 9 milit>y communications & ^? in/rum5ts ( w> t dep5d heavily on communications & electronics4 ,9 c>ry+ out its milit>y responsibilities1 ! ,laboratories foll[s ! same "t-te/$ patt]n t guides its ,bell ,sy/em activities4 ,its milit>y "w gr[s out ( rese>*1 fundam5tal developm5t1 sy/ems eng9e]+1 & f9ally specific developm5t & design4 ,illu/ration3 ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories at ,murray ,hill1 ,new ,j]sey ,reliability & tr\ble-free op]ation ?r\gh\t long life are objectives ( ! ,laboratories 9 design+ new equipm5t & products = ! ,bell ,sy/em4 ,! same objectives are also v important 9 design+ milit>y equipm5t4 ,because ( ?is simil>ity 9 ! two fields1 sci5ti/s & eng9e]s 9 ! ,laboratories (t5 divide _! work+ days betwe5 ,bell ,sy/em & milit>y problems4 ,p]sonnel moves frequ5tly betwe5 ! two fields ( endeavor4 ,?us ! ,laboratories' long exp]i5ce 9 ! peacetime sci5ce ( telephony helps /r5g!n ! nation's def5se--& discov]ies t gr[ out ( milit>y prep>$ness help /r5g!n & improve ! nations telephone sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 8,nike10 "o ( ! new weapons 9 ,am]ica's def5se ars5al4 ,?is guid$ missile is direct$ 9 flight by electronic controls design$ by ,bell ,laboratories & made by ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company4 ,illu/ration3 ,sci5ti/s responsible = ! inv5tion ( ! ,bell ,sol> ,batt]y exam9e its *>act]i/ics at ,bell ,laboratories4 ,s]vice ( ,manufacture & ,supply ,! manufacture ( reliable1 /&>diz$ telephone app>atus is a major responsibility ( ano!r ,bell ,sy/em unit1 ! ,we/]n ,electric ,company4 ,x supplies to ! op]at+ companies telephone equipm5t ( high quality at reasonable prices4 ,we/]n ,electric also buys = ! op]at+ telephone companies supplies t x does n itself produce4 ,s9ce l>ge quantities are requir$1 ?is arrangem5t results 9 important economies4 ,we/]n ,electric spe$s deliv]y to ! telephone companies ( ! "r equipm5t & mat]ials1 & ! "r "t1 f /ocks ma9ta9$ 9 di/ribut+ h\ses f coa/ to coa/4 ,also1 specially tra9$ we/]n ,electric =ces in/all = ! ,bell companies mo/ ( ! complicat$ c5tral (fice equipm5t requir$ to connect all p>ts ( ! telephone sy/em4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ ! great value ( c5t]+ ^! responsibilities 9 an organization t works z a unit ( ! ,sy/em t[>d ! same goals z ! telephone companies--a s]vice /eadily improv+ & increas+ 9 value to m & m p4 ,illu/ration3 ,"o ( _m assembly op]ations 9 mak+ ,bell telephones at a ,we/]n ,electric plant 9 ,indianapolis4 ,"o-fif? ( ^! sets are n[ produc$ 9 colors4 ,evolution ( an ,indu/ry ,9 ! fir/ few ye>s aft] ! telephone 0 inv5t$1 six diff]5t manufactur]s made telephone app>atus = ! ,bell companies4 ,ea* produc$ equipm5t ( diff]5t design & quality4 ,x quickly became app>5t t progress dep5d$ ^u /&>diz$ equipm5t ( ! be/ possible quality4 ,9 #ahhb1 ! ,bell ,sy/em pur*as$ ! ,we/]n ,electric ,manufactur+ ,company4 ,?is company _h gr[n out ( a p>tn]%ip =m$ 9 #ahfi by ,enos ,m4 ,b>ton & ,eli%a ,gray4 ,x _h specializ$ at fir/ 9 telegraph & !n 9 telephone equipm5t4 ,own]%ip ( ,we/]n ,electric gave ! ,sy/em assurance ( /&>diz$ equipm5t ( high quality1 reasonable prices1 & a dep5dable s\rce ( supply4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,we/]n ,electric in/all]1 "o ( ! memb]s ( a nation-wide team1 puts ! f9i%+ t\*es on new c5tral (fice swit*+ equipm5t in/all$ = a ,bell telephone company4 ,illu/ration3 ,high-p[]$ optical app>atus is ne$$ to ma9ta9 ! hair-splitt+ tol]ances t are requir$ 9 mak+ m9iature electronic tubes us$ 9 communications equipm5t4 ,gr[+ ) ! ,sy/em1 ,we/]n ,electric became an ent]prise ( national /ature4 ,its manufactur+ op]ations are pr9cipally 9 ,*icago1 ,ill41 ,ke>ny1 ,n4 ,j41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,all5t[n1 ,pa41 ,tonaw&a1 ,n4 ,y41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 & ,w9/on-,salem1 ,n4 ,c4 ,9 ! ye>s s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii ! company's manufactur+ facilities h und]gone an almo/ cont9u\s mod]nization & expansion4 ,9 addition to build+ a numb] ( new factories1 ! company has r5t$ or pur*as$ o!r plants to obta9 ! manufactur+ space requir$ = ! dual job ( furni%+ equipm5t ne$$ by ! arm$ =ces & cont9u+ to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! ,bell ,sy/em4 ,a complex manufactur+ job ,z manufactur+ unit ( ! ,bell ,sy/em1 ,we/]n ,electric mu/ be ready at all times to produce ov] #bjj1jjj diff]5t k9ds ( app>atus & compon5t p>ts = telephone equipm5t4 ,ea* ye>1 ab\t #gj1jjj ( ^! are requir$ & manufactur$4 ,! quantity ( ea* item produc$ v>ies f "o to _m millions4 ,mass production me?ods are us$ :]ev] possible1 b ! items requir$ 9 l>ge quantities are v mu* 9 ! m9ority4 ,9 a rec5t ye>1 less ?an "o p] c5t ( ! products manufactur$ 7 made 9 quantities ( ov] #ajj1jjj4 ,ab\t #cj p] c5t 7 made 9 quantities ( less ?an #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,apply+ lead %ea?+ to telephone cable4 ,illu/ration3 ,ea* ( ,we/]n ,electric's #bi di/ribut+ h\ses ma9ta9s an effici5t repair %op :]e s]vice-worn telephone app>atus is recondition$ s t x w give good s]vice once aga94 ,because telephone equipm5t mu/ be tailor-made--mu* ( x 9 small quantities--x is necess>y = ! manufactur+ & supply unit to h intimate k ( ,bell ,sy/em plant ev]y:]e4 ,& s9ce telephone plant mu/ give tr\ble-free s]vice #bd h\rs a day1 telephone equipm5t mu/ be ( ! highe/ quality & built to exact1 uni=m /&>ds4 ,exp]i5ce has prov$ t ! design1 manufacture & op]ation ( /&>d telephone equipm5t c be accompli%$ be/ :5 ! design]s1 ! mak]s1 & ! op]at+ p "w closely toge!r on ! same team4 ,supplies--:5 & :]e ne$$ ,we/]n ,electric's pur*as+ p con/antly /udy _w m>kets1 prices & pot5tial s\rces ( raw mat]ials & f9i%$ products4 ,!y "w closely ) suppli]s t provide equipm5t & supplies t ,we/]n itself does n make1 s t ^! w meet ! ,bell ,sy/em's high /&>ds4 ,we/]n also helps !m develop bett] production me?ods4 ,illu/ration3 ,a f+]tip view ( a 8#b;,a0 transi/or1 "o model ( ! a/oni%+ electronic device inv5t$ by ,bell ,laboratories & n[ be+ produc$ by ,we/]n ,electric4 ,9 a rec5t ye> ,we/]n ,electric pur*as$ f #bh1jjj l>ge & small suppli]s locat$ 9 ov] #c1jjj t[ns & cities 9 all ! #dh /ates4 ,pur*ases includ$1 9 addition to all k9ds ( raw mat]ials1 f9i%$ products rang+ f p5cils & p5 po9ts to automobiles & telephone poles4 ,we/]n ,electric op]ates #bi di/ribut+ h\ses ?r\gh :i* mat]ials fl[ to ! ,bell companies4 ,ea* h\se is set up to meet ! supplies requirem5ts ( ! telephone company x s]ves4 ,x works closely ) ! telephone organization to deliv] ! goods promptly & effici5tly4 ,ea* di/ribut+ h\se ma9ta9s a repair %op to recondition s]vice-worn telephone app>atus s t x w give good s]vice aga91 or1 if n economical to repair1 to dismantle x = salvage4 ,9 a rec5t ye> ! repair %ops recondition$ ov] #aee1jjj1jjj wor? ( us$ equipm5t = ! telephone companies1 includ+ #e1djj1jjj telephones4 ,highly tra9$ ,we/]n ,electric m5 in/all c5tral (fice equipm5t = ! ,bell telephone companies4 ,altoge!r1 ,we/]n ,electric is able to sup]vise all /eps 9 mak+ ! equipm5t ready = use1 f pur*ase ( raw mat]ials to f9i%$ in/allation4 ,?is assures ! telephone companies t new app>atus w give ! be/ possible s]vice4 ,a national asset ,"t & aga9 ! unifi$ s]vice ( supply )9 ! ,bell ,sy/em has prov$ to be a national asset4 ,aft] hurricanes1 floods & fires1 :5 telephone company p g 8all out0 to re/ore s]vice1 ,we/]n ,electric sw+s into action to deliv] ! ne$$ equipm5t & supplies4 ,& ?is equipm5t is /&>diz$4 ,x is famili> to all telephone p & c be in/all$ quickly any:]e4 ,we/]n's productive capacity is ready also 9 any national def5se em]g5cy4 ,?r\gh\t ,_w ,w> ,,ii all ( ! company's res\rces 7 devot$ to ! ne$s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & its allies = electronic & communications equipm5t1 includ+ rad>1 son> & v>i\s types ( radio equipm5t4 ,9 ! pres5t national def5se program1 ,we/]n is n only help+ to exp& & improve ,am]ica's telephone sy/em1 b is us+ exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 its regul> telephone job to supply specializ$ milit>y equipm5t to ! arm$ =ces4 ,aft] ,_w ,w> ,,ii ,we/]n ,electric produc$ record-break+ quantities ( equipm5t to meet ,am]ica's telephone ne$s4 ,x increas$ its production trem5d\sly to meet ! big dem& = telephones1 will+ly und]tak+ ! f9ancial risks ( a big expansion program s t ! op]at+ companies c\ld s]ve millions ( p fa/] ?an o!rwise possible4 ,s9ce ! end ( ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 prices ( manufactur$ goods ( all k9ds h gone up1 b ,we/]n ,electric prices h gone up f> less ?an ! av]age--z ( ! end ( #aied1 !y _h gone up less ?an half z mu*4 ,because x works z a unit ( ! ,sy/em r ?an t[>d a sep>ate end ( its own4 ,we/]n ,electric plays an ess5tial "p 9 furni%+ ,am]icans ) ! be/ telephone s]vice at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,f ,bell to ,bell ,sy/em ,illu/ration3 ,?is model ( ,bell's fir/ telephone is a duplicate ( ! in/rum5t ?r\gh :i* spee* s\nds 7 fir/ transmitt$ electronically1 #ahge4 ,! telephone we use today is v diff]5t 9 design f ! fir/ in/rum5t inv5t$ by ,alex&] ,graham ,bell1 b x works on ! same pr9ciple4 ,z soon z ,bell prov$ 8 inv5tion practical1 he =esaw x c\ld l9k homes ) (fices1 sweep aside ! isolation ( f>ms1 & b9d toge!r cities & nations ) electrically transmitt$ spee*4 ,alex&] ,graham ,bell _h prep>$ himself to foll[ ! pr(essional foot/eps ( 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 9 ! tea*+ ( prop] articulation & ! correction ( spee* defects4 ,he became a tea*] ( spee* to ! deaf4 ,e>ly 9 8 tra9+1 8 inve/igations into ! nature ( s\nd l$ him to /udy electricity4 ,x 0 out ( ?is "w1 toge!r ) 8 und]/&+ ( ! organs ( spee* & he>+1 t 8 inv5tion grew4 ,he attempt$ to apply s\nd to telegraphy 9 a device call$ ! h>monic telegraph4 ,he hop$ x w\ld transmit sev]al ,morse messages tun$ at diff]+ levels ov] ! same circuit simultane\sly4 ,:ile he 0 work+ ) ?is device1 ,bell conceiv$ ! pr9ciple ( ! telephone4 ,he told 8 "y me*anical assi/ant1 ,?omas ,a4 ,watson3 8,if ,i c get a me*anism :i* w make a curr5t ( electricity v>y 9 int5sity z ! air v>ies 9 d5sity :5 a s\nd is pass+ ?r\gh x1 ,i c telegraph any s\nd1 ev5 ! s\nd ( spee*40 ,! twang ( a re$ ,?is idea 0 cle> 9 ,bell's m9d by ! summ] ( #ahga1 b he did n !n "k h[ to r$uce x to practice4 ,on ,june #b1 #ahge1 he succe$$ 9 do+ s4 ,9 adjo9+ attic rooms at #aji ,c\rt ,/reet1 ,bo/on1 he & ,watson 7 try+ out sev]al pairs ( h>monic telegraph in/rum5ts ea* consi/+ ( an electromagnet ) a /eel organ re$ vibrat+ ov] x4 ,"o re$ /uck4 ,watson pluck$ x ) 8 f+] to />t x aga91 b x did n come free1 s ,bell he>d an unusual s\nd4 ,in/ead ( he>+ a s]ies ( electric pulsations1 he recogniz$ ! twang ( a vibrat+ re$6 ,he knew !n t1 z ,watson has put x1 8he 0 he>+1 = ! fir/ "t 9 human hi/ory1 ! tones & ov]tones ( a s\nd transmitt$ by electricity40 ,t aft]noon ,bell direct$ ,watson to make ! in/rum5t t 0 to be ! fir/ ,bell telephone4 ,?is in/rum5t transmitt$ voice tones1 b n until ,m>* #aj1 #ahgf1 did ,bell succe$ 9 transmitt+ an intelligible s5t5ce ( spee*4 ,! telephone talks ,on ! ev5+ ( t day1 z ! "y inv5tor prep>$ a crude exp]im5tal transmitt] to try to s5d 8 voice ov] a wire to a room d[n ! hall :]e ,watson 0 li/5+1 he upset ! acid ( a batt]y4 ,x spill$ ov] 8 clo!s4 ,impulsively1 ,bell call$ out1 8,mr4 ,watson1 come "h3 ,i want y60 ,an in/ant lat] ,watson bur/ into ! room %\t+ 8,mr4 ,bell1 ,i he>d e ^w y said--di/9ctly60 ,bell exhibit$ & demon/rat$ 8 telephone at ! ,philadelphia ,c5t5nial 9 ,june1 #ahgf1 :]e x won ! en?usia/ic approval ( lead]s 9 ! sci5tific _w4 ,b ! g5]al public %[$ little int]e/4 ,! "y inv5tor _h no f9ancial back+ o!r ?an t ( ,?omas ,s&]s & ,g>d9] ,c4 ,hubb>d4 ,9 ! fall ( #ahga ^! m5 _h agre$ to supply funds = ,bell's telegraph exp]im5ts 9 return = a %>e 9 :atev] pat5t rights might result f 8 exp]im5ts4 ,8 telephone pat5ts 7 lat] includ$ 9 ?is agreem5t4 ,bell's fir/ telephone pat5t _h be5 grant$ on ,m>* #g1 #ahgf1 b 0 e>n+ no return4 ,s&]s & ,hubb>d _h advanc$ all !y c\ld4 ,9 ord] to eke out 8 small p]sonal income z a tea*]1 & to provide funds = fur!r exp]im5tation1 ,bell began1 e>ly 9 #ahgg1 to give lectures at :i* he demon/rat$ ! telephone4 ,^! 7 well att5d$1 & acc\nts ( !m 7 widely publi%$4 ,a few =w>d-look+ p began to realize ! usefulness ( ! telephone4 ,9 ,may1 #ahgg1 ! fir/ telephones 7 put into use on a comm]cial basis4 ,soon p ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry began to inquire ab\t h[ to get into ! telephone bus9ess4 ,h[ ! ,bell ,sy/em 0 =m$ ,! comm]cial developm5t ( ! telephone _h begun & ! "t _h come = a m def9ite organization ?an ! r in=mal arrangem5t t _h be5 made betwe5 ,bell1 ,s&]s & ,hubb>d1 into :i* ,watson _h by ?is "t be5 admitt$4 ,?is took ! =m ( a tru/ee%ip1 in/itut$ 9 ,july1 #ahgg1 by ^! f\r own]s ( ! pat5ts4 ,hubb>d 0 tru/ee & virtual executive head ( ! ent]prise4 ,x 0 he :o introduc$ ! policy ( leas+ in/rum5ts in/ead ( sell+ !m & :o introduc$ ! sy/em ( lic5ses to au?oriz$ ag5ts or lic5sees ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry = ! comm]cial developm5t ( ! telephone1 lay+ ! f\ndation = ! ,bell ,sy/em ( today4 ,telephones fir/ 7 leas$ 9 pairs4 ,! lessee put up 8 own wire to connect 8 telephone ) t ( a fri5d or neighbor1 or ran ! l9e betwe5 8 home & place ( bus9ess4 ,!re 0 no way he c\ld talk by telephone ) o!rs 9 ! community :o leas$ in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 8,mr4 ,bell1 ,i he>d e ^w y said--di/9ctly60 ,! int]connection ( ^! individual subscrib]s await$ ! developm5t ( ! telephone swit*bo>d4 ,! fir/ swit*bo>d 0 in/all$ 9 ! (fice ( ,e4 ,t4 ,holmes1 9 ,bo/on1 9 ,may1 #ahgg1 & connect$ f\r banks & a manufactur+ conc]n4 ,x connect$ ^! few telephones 9 ! daytime by wires t 7 us$ = a burgl> al>m sy/em at night4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 became ! fir/ city 9 ! _w to h a comm]cial telephone ex*ange4 ,a swit*bo>d connect+ eight l9es & #ba subscrib]s w5t into s]vice !re 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgh4 ,two ye>s lat] 9 ,april1 #ahhj1 ! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company 0 organiz$4 ,x greatly develop$ ! telephone organization & bus9ess ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,a l9e f ,bo/on to ,provid5ce 0 built 9 #ahha4 ,s]vice betwe5 ,bo/on & ,new ,york1 #bce miles1 op5$ 9 #ahhd4 ,an important /ep 9 ! atta9m5t ( a nation-wide telephone s]vice 0 ! organization ( ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company 9 #ahhe4 ,?is company 0 =m$ to build & op]ate long di/ance l9es to int]connect ! regional companies t _h develop$1 by m]g] & gr[? f e>ly lic5see companies4 ,to atta9 ! ideal ( univ]sal telephone s]vice1 x became increas+ly important to ext5d ! long di/ance l9es ev5 f>!r1 to c>ry on cont9u\s inve/igation 9 ! practical developm5t ( ! telephone art1 to make fur!r progress t[>d ! /&>dization ( app>atus1 equipm5t & me?ods & to h&le economically & effici5tly ! _m g5]al problems %>$ by ! telephone companies4 ,9 #aijj1 !re=e1 ! ,am]ican ,telephone & ,telegraph ,company took ov] ! assets ( ! ,am]ican ,bell ,telephone ,company & became ! headqu>t]s company ( ! ,bell ,sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,arti/'s conception ( ! fir/ comm]cial swit*bo>d1 plac$ 9 s]vice 9 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 #ahgh4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ! telephone indu/ry1 op]ators 7 m54 ,! ,future ,holds ,great ,promise ,illu/ration3 ,bakelite telephone ,ye> aft] ye>1 ! ,bell ,sy/em has provid$ s]vice ( /eadily increas+ value to m & m p4 ,?r\gh times ( boom & depression1 dur+ all-out w> & po/w> readju/m5t1 & n[ 9 a p]iod ( def5se prep>ation1 ! ,bell companies h improv$ & /r5g!n$ ! communications network 9 ord] to d ! be/ possible job = ! nation4 ,"h are "s ( ! accompli%m5ts t h be5 made 9 ! p]iod s9ce #aibj3 ,fa/1 accurate dial s]vice has be5 ext5d$ to m ?an f\r-fif?s ( all ,bell ,sy/em telephones4 ,/urdy cable l9es1 capable ( c>ry+ ?\s&s ( conv]sations1 n[ rea* f bord] to bord]1 & f coa/ to coa/4 ,^! transcont95tal cable l9es are invaluable = ma9ta9+ communications 9 case ( a national em]g5cy4 ,a micr[ave radio relay r\te1 c>ry+ bo? telephone conv]sations & television programs1 n[ spans ! nation4 ,! regional companies ( ! ,bell ,sy/em h enl>g$ _! facilities 9 ord] to take c>e ( ab\t #afj1jjj1jjj telephone conv]sations p] day--m ?an f\r times z _m z 9 #aibj4 ,draw+ ,am]icans clos] toge!r1 long di/ance facilities h be5 exp&$ 9 ord] to h&le m ?an #b1fjj1jjj1jjj int]city calls a ye>1 comp>$ to ab\t #bgj1jjj1jjj 9 #aibj4 ,radio-telephone provides regul> s]vice ov]seas1 to ocean l9]s1 coa/al & inl& wat]craft1 motor vehicles1 tra9s & airplanes4 ,illu/ration3 ,by press+ keys1 ^! op]ators dial calls directly to telephones 9 di/ant places4 ,y\r telephone is m valuable ,y\r telephone is a mu* bett] 8buy0 ?an ev] be=e4 ,_m m p n[ h telephones1 & local call+ areas h be5 ext5d$4 ,y c call m p & m c rea* y4 ,^! days1 :5 ! co/ ( ne>ly ev]y?+ is high] ?an ev] be=e1 ! price ( telephone s]vice has rema9$ relatively l[4 ,on ! av]age1 s9ce ! ,korean w>1 ! co/ ( telephone s]vice has gone up mu* less ?an ! co/ ( o!r ?+s y buy4 ,illu/ration3 ,9 ! av]age ex*ange1 telephone cu/om]s are able to rea* ov] five times z _m telephones at local rates z 9 #aibj4 #aibj #cj1jjj #aied #aef1jjj ,*>t bas$ on /udy ( #agj ,u4 ,s4 cities ov] #ej1jjj population4 ,ov] ! ye>s !re has be5 a rem>kable r$uction 9 long di/ance rates4 ,betwe5 #be ( ! pr9cipal cities 9 ! c\ntry1 ! av]age day rate = /ation calls has dropp$ f #f 9 #aibj to ab\t #a4ee today4 ,! day rate = a ,new ,york-,san ,francisco /ation call has be5 r$uc$ f #af4ej to #b4ej4 ,ov]seas rates h be5 cut dra/ically s9ce ! s]vice op5$ 9 #aibg4 ,a ,new ,york-,london call t co/ #ge 9 #aibg n[ co/s only #ab 9 ! daytime1 or #i nights & ,sundays4 ,! goal--con/antly improv+ s]vice ,! ,bell ,sy/em /rives con/antly to improve s]vice4 ,new devices1 new sy/ems1 promise m & bett] telephone s]vice at ! l[e/ possible co/4 ,dial s]vice is be+ ext5d$1 ( c\rse1 to m & m communities4 ,also1 new equipm5t n[ enables op]ators to dial _m long di/ance calls /raight ?r\gh to di/ant telephones )\t ! assi/ance ( o!r telephone op]ators along ! r\te4 ,op]ator long di/ance dial+ networks n[ crisscross ! c\ntry1 rea*+ out to ab\t #c1fjj cities & localities4 ,o!r localities are con/antly be+ jo9$ to ^! networks4 ,9 m ?an #dj t[ns special in/allations enable cu/om]s to dial long di/ance calls directly to m ?an #aa1jjj1jjj telephones f coa/ to coa/4 ,an 8electric bra90 receives a numb] z x is dial$ & completes ! call4 ,an automatic acc\nt+ sy/em ga!rs ! in=mation = bill+4 ,bell telephone eng9e]s plan ! ext5sion ( ?is ,direct ,di/ance ,dial+ to s]ve ! :ole nation 9 a decade or s4 ,bell ,sy/em mobile telephone s]vice is n[ a reality 9 mo/ major cities & on _m highways4 8,travel+ telephones0 are num]\s on %ips t ply coa/al & inl& wat]ways1 & a gr[+ numb] ( pass5g] tra9s n[ (f] regul> telephone s]vice4 ,9 addition1 private l9e mobile telephone sy/ems1 leas$ & s]vic$ by ! v>i\s ,bell telephone companies1 are be+ us$ increas+ly by police dep>tm5ts1 utilities & indu/rial conc]ns4 ,) ! help ( fa/1 economical con/ruction me?ods & new transmission te*niques1 ! ,bell companies are improv+ & ext5d+ telephone s]vice 9 rural areas4 ,p[]-driv5 aug]s quickly drill pole holes4 ,special pl[s place wire und]gr\nd & cov] x1 9 "o op]ation4 ,by means ( special equipm5t1 bo? electric p[] & telephone conv]sations c travel to f>ms ov] ! same wires4 ,illu/ration3 ,in=mation = bill+ toll calls is pun*$ on pap] tape by automatic message acc\nt+ ma*9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,ambulance driv] talks ov] mobile telephone4 ,^! me?ods h help$ telephone eng9e]s & con/ruction =ces put 9 rural telephone facilities ?ree times fa/] ?an ev] be=e4 ,gradually1 ! telephone is elim9at+ ! traditional isolation ( f>m life4 ,rural localities h be5 l9k$ by lit]ally t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles ( new pole l9es1 by mod]n c5tral (fice build+s1 by ! mo/ up-to-date swit*bo>ds4 ,great /rides are be+ made 9 improv+ ! quality ( rural telephone s]vice4 ,) ! /eady pressure ( _w t5sions1 ! ,bell ,sy/em has tak5 _m /eps to make sure t ,am]ica's def5se ne$s w be met4 ,! telephone companies h a good f\ndation to build on4 ,telephone build+s are ( unusually /rong con/ruction4 ,! entire ,unit$ ,/ates is blanket$ by a network ( telephone circuits4 ,am]ican cities are und]laid by networks ( und]gr\nd cables1 :i*1 z w>time exp]i5ce 9 ,japan %[$1 w\ld n g5]ally be de/roy$ ev5 by atom bombs4 ,! nation is n[ spann$--coa/ to coa/1 & nor? to s\?--by 8backbone0 communication r\tes4 ,calls betwe5 cities c be r\t$ ov] _m alt]nate pa?s1 & de/ruction ( telephone facilities at "o po9t w\ld be l ?r[+ a pebble ?r\gh a huge spid] web4 ,:ile s]vice at ! "o po9t might be tempor>ily int]rupt$1 ! nation-wide communications web w\ld cont9ue to function4 ,because ( ! /r5g? & flexibility ( ! telephone network1 ! basic means ( communication 9 ! nation's ,civil ,def5se setup has be5 built ar\nd ! telephone4 ,?r\gh\t ,am]ica ! "w ( improv+ & /r5g!n+ ! telephone sy/em goes on4 ,! goal is to help make ! nation invuln]able aga9/ attack1 & to provide ! public ) ! be/ possible s]vice1 at reasonable co/1 9 rural communities1 9 cities1 & on int]city r\tes4 ,illu/ration3 ,p[] driv5 aug]s help spe$ con/ruction ( rural telephone l9es4 ,illu/ration3 ,civil ,def5se air raid w>n+ network relies ma9ly on telephone communications4 ,/ory )\t an end+ ,nei!r *ance nor m]e good =tune has br\ght ?is nation ! f9e/ telephone s]vice 9 ! _w4 ,am]icans enjoy ?is s]vice z a result ( _! own ent]prise & common s5se4 ,! p ( ?is nation h f\nd m & m ways to use ! telephone 9 _! daily lives4 ,!y h enc\rag$ initiative & inv5tion4 ,!y h made ! job ( provid+ telephone s]vice a public tru/4 ,at ! same "t1 !y h giv5 ! telephone companies1 "u regulation1 ! fre$om & res\rces to d _! job z well z possible4 ,9 ?is climate ( fre$om & responsibility1 ! ,bell telephone companies h provid$ s]vice ( /eadily increas+ value4 ,& ! quality ( s]vice has be5 /eadily improv$4 ,9 ! ye>s s9ce ,_w ,w> ,,ii1 ! public dem& = s]vice has be5 s great t ! ,bell ,sy/em has c>ri$ out ! mo/ ext5sive con/ruction program ev] und]tak5 9 s %ort a "t by any s+le ent]prise4 ,! p ( ,am]ica made ?is program possible4 ,s9ce ! w>1 & ?r\gh #aied1 !y h inve/$ ab\t sev5 billion doll>s ( _! sav+s 9 ,bell ,sy/em securities1 & ?is money has be5 us$ to con/ruct new telephone build+s1 buy new equipm5t1 & ext5d s]vice4 ,n[1 "s t5 ye>s aft] ! w>1 ! t]m 8ext5d s]vice0 means mu* m ?an be+ able to provide a telephone = ^? :o want x4 ,today1 ! telephone 9 ,am]ica has ga9$ _m new dim5sions z ! ,bell ,sy/em (f]s m & m ?+s to meet ! wants ( ! ,am]ican p--?+s t add ev5 m v>iety & conv5i5ce to its s]vice4 ,telephones 9 attractive colors t bl5d or contra/ ) any decorative s*eme2 telephones ) illum9at$ dials t c be se5 9 ! d>k2 telephones ) pu% buttons to answ] z _m z six l9es2 equipm5t t w automatically answ] calls :5 no "o is 91 & give & take record$ messages--^! are only a few ( _m4 ,bell ,sy/em m5 & wom51 ) exp]i5ce & skill1 back$ by ! great flexibility ( _! communications network1 are writ+ ! /ory ( /eadily improv+ telephone s]vice--a /ory t w h no end+4 ,pr9t$ 9 ,u4,s4,a4 #h-ee ,illu/ration3 ,sample telephones ,illu/ration3 ,endpap]s ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4