,illustration3 ,on ,main ,street1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a41 the telephone company is a home town institution1 run by local people4 ,linking together home town communities all over ,america1 the telephone makes a neighborhood of the nation4 ,the ,telephone in ,america ,illustration3 ,typical city street scene ,bell ,telephone ,system ,illustration3 ,this radio-relay station on ,buckhorn ,mountain in ,colorado is one of #ajg in the ,bell ,system's transcontinental microwave system4 ,flashed from station to station1 telephone calls and television programs first spanned the continent by air in #aiea4 ,the ,telephone in ,america ,the telephone was born in ,america and has reached its highest development in this country4 ,since #ahgf1 when ,alexander ,graham ,bell first talked successfully over his primitive telephone1 a network of voice highways has grown up throughout the nation1 linking more than fifty-four million telephones4 ,about four-fifths of these are owned by the ,bell ,system1 which is a group of closely associated telephone companies1 a research and development organization and a manufacturing and supply company1 all headed by the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company4 ,the other telephones are owned and operated by some #e1jjj independent telephone companies and about #bj1jjj rural or farmer lines outside the ,bell ,system but connecting with it4 ,bell telephone service is home town service4 ,linked with thousands of other home town services1 it makes a neighborhood of the nation4 ,the company that furnishes your service is part of your community4 ,its operators1 installers and other representatives are your neighbors4 ,some may be your friends or relatives4 ,its departments are managed by your fellow citizens--men and women who have come up through the ranks4 ,nine out of every ten telephone calls handled by these home town people are local calls4 ,the tenth call may go across the continent or across the ocean4 ,but wherever the calls go1 they travel by means of a marvelously ordered world of wires1 cables1 switchboards1 dial equipment1 radio and above all1 with the help of people working together to serve the public4 ,this booklet gives you a personal glimpse of that world4 ,it tells the story of the ,bell ,system1 but it should be remembered that much that is said here applies also to the other telephone companies that share with the ,bell ,system the privilege and the responsibility of providing telephone service for the people of ,america4 ,behind ,your ,telephone ,illustration3 ,bakelite telephone ,when you pick up your telephone1 you have at your fingertips a communication system that is mainly local in its operations4 ,probably you will use it most of the time to talk to people in or near your own community1 but wherever you wish1 it can carry your voice across the continent or even across the seas to other countries4 ,the telephone industry in the ,united ,states now includes3 ,telephones serving homes and businesses in #ge1jjj cities and towns1 and more than #c1jjj1jjj telephones in rural areas4 ,a network of wire linking these telephones4 ,about #ie per cent of this wire is in sturdy cables1 and almost three-fifths of the cable is underground4 ,more than #be1jjj central offices in which telephones are connected by means of switching equipment4 ,over #i1ejj of these offices are operated by ,bell ,system companies4 ,literally billions of small parts--relays1 condensers1 resistors1 vacuum tubes each carefully designed and finely fashioned so that it will work in harmony with all other parts1 anywhere in the country4 ,radio-telephone links to automobiles1 trains1 ships1 airplanes1 and countries overseas4 ,a growing system of radio relay routes used for transmitting both long distance telephone conversations and television programs4 ,highly skilled telephone people living and working in nearly every ,american community4 ,the ,bell ,system alone employs about #gjj1jjj men and women1 who are busy planning1 designing1 manufacturing1 improving1 building1 operating--all working to fulfill the traditional telephone policy of providing the best possible service at the lowest possible cost4 ,in the telephone office ,every time you make a telephone call--either by dialing or by giving the operator the number--you first reach the telephone central office4 ,this nerve center of your local telephone system contains equipment through which your telephone can be connected to any other telephone you wish to reach4 ,in a small community there may be only one central office4 ,in large cities there are many of them1 all joined by trunk lines4 ,the term telephone exchange means the whole local area served by one or more central offices4 ,over four-fifths of all ,bell ,system telephones are dial-operated4 ,intricate machinery in the central office makes connections by obeying the electrical signals that you send over your line as you turn the dial on your telephone4 ,before you dial1 the equipment in the central office tells you it is ready to serve you by transmitting a 8hum-m-m-m0 over your line4 ,you should hear this dial tone before you start to dial4 ,the dial tone serves the same purpose as the operator's 8,number1 please60 ,illustration3 ,telephone company buildings are built to harmonize with surroundings in communities where they are located4 ,a central office in ,california4 ,illustration3 ,another one in ,connecticut4 ,illustration3 ,testing equipment in a dial central office in a large city4 ,telephones that are not dial-operated are connected with manual central offices1 where operators seated at switchboards make the connections by hand4 ,switchboards differ greatly in size4 ,in small villages one or two operators handle all calls4 ,in large cities the volume of calls requires hundreds of operators working at large multiple switchboards4 ,the term multiple comes from the fact that the end of each subscriber's telephone line is duplicated or multipled at intervals throughout the switchboard4 ,for example1 a switchboard serving #f1jjj customers might have positions for #bj operators4 ,the board would be multipled so that each operator answering a call from any of the group of customers assigned to her1 could reach his line and connect it with any one of the #e1iii others4 ,written as well as spoken messages are handled through switchboards4 ,teletypewriter ,exchange ,service 7,,twx7 does for the written word what the telephone does for the spoken word4 ,this service transmits typewritten messages over any distance through connections made by operators at switchboards4 ,it is especially valuable for business firms2 there are now some #cg1jjj listings in the ,,twx directory4 ,illustration3 ,typical traffic curve ,city telephones are generally busiest between #i and #aa ,a4,m41 when business is in full swing4 ,there is another business peak between #d and #e ,p4,m4 ,residence telephones are usually busiest about #g ,p4,m4 ,illustration3 ,operators1 who answer when you dial 8,o0 7operator71 will lend a hand if you need help in calling from a dial telephone4 ,the courteous1 helpful service rendered by telephone operators has become a traditional part of ,american life4 ,even in communities that have dial service1 8the voice with a smile0 is on the job to handle long distance calls1 to provide telephone numbers not included in the directory1 and to give any other help that customers may desire4 ,ever since ,world ,war ,,ii1 the ,bell companies have kept on installing new equipment in great quantities to meet the largest demand ever experienced for new telephone service4 ,where the wires go ,the arrangement of wires that connects your telephone with the central office and with the telephones of other subscribers is something like a tree4 ,just as twigs lead to branches1 branches to limbs1 and limbs to the trunk1 so individual telephone wires come together in small distribution cables4 ,in turn1 these cables come together in feeder cables that increase in size as they approach the central office4 ,often as many as #b1aba pairs of fine copper wires enter the telephone office in main feeder cables about as big around as a baseball bat4 ,illustration3 ,splicers 8cutting in0 wires in a new cable1 below the street in manhole4 ,illustration3 ,bell telephone installer connects drop wire to new subscriber's home4 ,most wire in city telephone cables lies underground in tile conduits and comes into the telephone office through a cable vault in the basement4 ,if the city has more than one central office1 trunk cables interconnect the offices4 ,at each telephone office the cables run to the terminal room1 where their hundreds or thousands of pairs of wires fan out to terminal blocks on one side of a large distributing frame4 ,other wires run from the opposite side of the distributing frame to the switchboard or dial equipment4 ,cross-connections on the distributing frame bring each telephone user's line to its proper terminal in the switching equipment4 ,a telephone office is dependent on electric power1 both direct and alternating4 ,the direct current comes from storage batteries4 ,these are kept charged by generators driven by the regular current supplied by the power company1 which also provides the electricity needed for other purposes4 ,standby generators1 usually driven by gasoline or diesel engines1 are provided for emergencies in most large offices and in many smaller ones4 ,ringing machines generate alternating current to operate your telephone bell and provide the various signals you hear in your telephone receiver4 ,these machines are installed in pairs so that there will be no interruption of telephone service should one machine fail to operate properly4 ,illustration3 ,technicians check for trouble at a desk in a central office4 ,preventive maintenance1 outside as well as inside telephone offices1 helps provide good service4 ,preventive maintenance1 both inside and outside telephone offices1 is vital in furnishing dependable1 satisfactory telephone service4 ,telephone men periodically check the condition of telephone plant4 ,using steadily improving techniques1 they often discover faults or weaknesses and have them corrected before the customer is aware of them4 ,test desks1 where testmen also track down troubles in the telephone plant1 are essential to giving good service4 ,these are special switchboards with equipment that enables the testman to diagnose the cause and location of trouble on a customer's line4 ,teamwork to serve you well ,in addition to good equipment kept in good condition all the time1 good telephone service depends on capable people who are well trained and skilled in their jobs4 ,illustration3 ,telephone people strive to make the telephone company a friendly1 helpful institution4 ,this young lady is one of the courteous service representatives who assist the customers4 ,not only must these many people perform many different jobs to give you good service but they must work together as a team4 ,in the ,plant department1 linemen1 installers1 cable splicers1 repairmen and others build and maintain the plant so that the operators in the ,traffic department can put your calls through as swiftly as possible4 ,similarly1 the members of the other departments of the company do their work in such a way that they help others do theirs4 ,illustration3 ,good telephone service depends on teamwork of many people working together at different jobs4 ,these girls are typing telephone bills in the ,accounting department of a ,bell telephone company4 ,in every ,bell telephone company there are staff people who are specialists in various phases of the business4 ,they assist the front-line forces in meeting day-to-day problems4 ,they find better1 more efficient ways of doing things4 ,the purpose of all is to serve you well and with unfailing courtesy4 ,telephone people have a genuine desire to make the company a friendly and helpful institution4 ,because telephone men and women are good citizens of your community1 they take pride in conducting the affairs of the company so that the public will think of it1 too1 as a good citizen4 ,a large proportion of the people in the ,bell ,system make a career of telephone work4 ,more than #bde1jjj of them have been in the business over ten years4 ,wages are good1 employment steady1 and working conditions are pleasant4 ,the ,bell companies' ,benefit and ,pension ,plans1 among the oldest and best in industry1 assist employees and their families in meeting the problems that arise from sickness1 accident1 old age and death4 ,opportunity to advance in the organization is open to all on the basis of individual ability4 ,supervisory and management positions are filled from the ranks4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,bell ,,telephone ,,system ,the principal telephone subsidiaries of ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company serve generally the areas shown4 ,the ,southern ,new ,england and ,cincinnati and ,suburban are associated but non-controlled companies4 ,in nearly all areas other telephone companies operate and connect with ,bell ,system lines4 ,,the ,,pacific ,,tel4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,of ,,nevada ,,the ,,mountain ,,states ,,tel4 ,,tel ,,co4 ,,the ,,southern ,,new ,,england ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,new ,,jersey ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,the ,,diamond ,,state ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,the ,,cincinnati ,,and ,,suburban ,,bell ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,the ,,ches4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 7,d4,c47 ,,the ,,ches4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,of ,,baltimore ,,city ,,the ,,ches4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,of ,,virginia ,,the ,,ches4 ,,pot4 ,,tel4 ,,co4 ,,of ,,west ,,virginia ,organized to ,serve ,you ,as a telephone user1 you want to be able to count on your telephone1 to be able to call other telephone users any time1 anywhere4 ,you expect reliable service at low cost4 ,the kind of service you expect depends on teamwork--among telephone people in your local company1 and among the separate companies that make up the ,bell ,system4 ,that is the way the ,bell ,system is organized to serve you4 ,this is what it contains3 ,a group of operating telephone companies1 each known as an ,associated ,company and each serving its particular territory4 ,one of the finest research and development organizations in the world1 ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories4 ,its work consists of research1 development and design in the communications field4 ,it creates apparatus that improves telephone service1 makes it more efficient1 and keeps its cost low4 ,a supply organization1 the ,western ,electric ,company4 ,it manufactures or purchases equipment and supplies for the operating companies on a more economical basis than the individual companies could do for themselves4 ,it distributes equipment and supplies to the various companies4 ,it installs equipment in telephone central offices4 ,a headquarters organization1 the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company4 ,,at,t functions as a general staff for the ,bell ,system1 co-ordinating the enterprise and assisting the operating companies4 ,it owns most of the stock of most of the operating companies4 ,it owns nearly all the stock of the ,western ,electric ,company1 and it shares with ,western ,electric the ownership of the ,bell ,laboratories4 ,in conjunction with the ,associated ,companies1 the ,,at,t ,long ,lines ,department furnishes long distance telephone service and other communication services over its lines and radio relay channels4 ,illustration3 ,principal elements of the ,bell ,system ,,american ,,telephone ,,and ,,telegraph ,,company ,,services ,,to ,,telephone ,,companies ,,under ,,license ,,contracts ,,and ,,operation ,,of ,,long-,,distance ,,lines ,,providing ,,interconnection ,,between ,,and ,,through ,,territories ,,of ,,those ,,companies ,,western ,,electric ,,company ,,manufacturing1 ,,purchasing1 ,,distributing ,,and ,,central ,,office ,,installation ,,for ,,the ,,bell ,,system ,,bell ,,telephone ,,laboratories ,,research ,,and ,,development ,,work ,,for ,,the ,,bell ,,system 7,,including ,,western ,,electric ,,company7 ,,subsidiary ,,and ,,other ,,associated ,,telephone ,,companies ,,provide ,,telephone ,,services ,,and ,,facilities ,,within ,,their ,,respective ,,territories ,,with ,,the ,,aid ,,of ,,services ,,received ,,from ,,the ,,american ,,telephone ,,and ,,telegraph ,,company ,,under ,,license ,,contracts ,the organization of the ,bell ,system has grown up in a natural way over a period of many years4 ,the ,american ,bell ,telephone ,company1 predecessor of ,,at,t1 owned the original ,bell patents4 ,it licensed local companies to rent ,bell telephones to their subscribers4 ,ownership of the operating companies by the headquarters organization came about because of their need to finance expanding service1 and as a means of providing the best service at lowest cost4 ,,at,t bought ,western ,electric in #ahhb because it was the best manufacturer of telephone apparatus and because a dependable source of supplies was essential4 ,the ,bell ,laboratories stemmed from the shop where ,alexander ,graham ,bell made the first telephone4 ,the work of the ,laboratories is a continuation1 on a much larger scale1 of early efforts to discover improvements in the art of telephony4 ,illustration3 ,motor launches pull first segment of the new transatlantic telephone cable toward the ,newfoundland shore from ,,hmts ,monarch1 world's largest cable ship4 ,the new underseas cable will link this continent with ,great ,britain4 ,long ,lines--,when you call across the land ,within its own territory your local telephone company provides inter-city service4 ,but when you make a call that crosses the territories of various ,bell companies1 you are served also by the facilities of the ,long ,lines ,department4 ,this organization is responsible as well for overseas telephone service to points in countries abroad4 ,more than #ccg1jjj1jjj conversations a year are handled over ,long ,lines facilities4 ,to handle this volume of conversations and its various other services1 ,long ,lines requires3 ,about #bg1jjj highly trained telephone employees1 including operators1 engineers1 maintenance men1 construction forces1 ,commercial and ,accounting people in #dj states and the ,district of ,columbia4 ,telephone central office forces in #bcc cities and towns4 ,telephone equipment and plant1 including almost #b1djj buildings1 in all but one state4 ,about #bg1jjj1jjj miles of talking circuits4 ,nine years after the telephone was invented1 when the farthest one could talk was from ,new ,york to ,boston1 ,,at,t announced in its charter its plan to connect every place in the country 8by cable and other appropriate means with the rest of the world40 ,long distance lines reached ,chicago in #ahib4 ,gradually1 telephone scientists solved the technical difficulties of transmitting speech over still greater distances4 ,by #aiae1 ,bell engineers had developed vacuum tube amplifiers to step-up fading voice currents1 and the human voice spanned the miles between ,new ,york and ,san ,francisco4 ,illustration3 ,calls to overseas points are handled by operators at three terminals4 ,this ,long ,lines operator at the overseas switchboard in ,new ,york ,city is putting through a call to ,paris4 ,when you call across the sea ,in that same year1 telephone engineers also made history by establishing experimental radio-telephone connections across the ,atlantic between ,arlington1 ,va41 near ,washington4 ,d4 ,c41 to the ,eiffel ,tower in ,paris1 as well as to the ,hawaiian ,islands and ,panama4 ,although ,world ,war ,i delayed the development of overseas service1 years of further experimenting and perfecting led1 in #aibg1 to the opening of regular overseas telephone service between the ,united ,states and ,england4 ,since then service has been extended to more than #ajj countries and territories overseas1 and it is possible now to reach some #if of the world's telephones from any telephone in the ,united ,states4 ,today1 overseas conversations take place at the rate of over #a1jjj1jjj a year4 ,overseas centers in ,new ,york1 ,oakland and ,miami furnish the overseas radiotelephone service1 handling calls in much the same way as other long distance calls4 ,illustration3 ,a ,bell ,laboratories and a ,long ,lines engineer check the quality of a full-color picture at a special monitoring position in one of the ,bell ,system television network control centers4 ,now1 to handle more calls and for greater dependability in telephoning between this continent and ,great ,britain1 the first transatlantic cable is being built4 ,another cable is being built to ,alaska1 which will be able to carry #cf conversations at a time1 and will be immune to atmospheric disturbances that sometimes affect radiotelephone circuits4 ,there is also a new method of radio transmission1 called 8over-the-horizon10 soon to be introduced between ,florida and ,cuba4 ,this will provide needed additional telephone channels and will also open up the possibility of television service over the route4 ,radio and television networks ,not everybody realizes that network radio programs go over telephone channels from point of origin to the local radio stations that actually broadcast them4 ,the ,bell ,system's experience in serving radio networks dates from #aibc1 when network broadcasting began4 ,today1 in order to link the nation's radio stations1 ,long ,lines operates about #bjj1jjj miles of program transmission circuits4 ,and within their own territories1 the operating telephone companies1 too1 furnish some program circuits4 ,bell ,system scientists pioneered also in sending television images from one place to another1 by both wire and radio4 ,the years of experience in serving radio networks have been invaluable in solving the problems of ,,tv network transmission4 ,as of ,july1 #aiee1 the ,system linked about #cfe ,,tv stations in about #bdj ,american cities4 ,to keep pace with the latest developments1 the nationwide ,,tv network has been equipped for color programs1 which are available to over #bcj stations in about #acj cities4 ,illustration3 ,,bell ,,system ,,television ,,network ,,routes ,,july #a1 #aiee ,color and ,monochrome ,available ,to ,cities ,on ,these ,routes ,routes ,equipped ,for ,monochrome ,only ,planned ,other 8,custom-tailored0 services ,long ,lines and the operating companies also provide extensive private line services--that is1 service for customers who have a large enough volume of communications between two or more points to need facilities for their exclusive use1 tailored to their individual requirements4 ,the private line services are provided by means of both wire and radio1 for a specified period of time and usually on a recurring basis4 ,many ,american industries1 the press and governmental agencies use these services1 which include telephone1 teletypewriter1 teletypesetter1 radio and television network transmission1 facsimile and telephotograph4 ,teletypewriter service transmits typewritten messages from one point to another1 whether the sending and receiving machines are in the same building or across the continent4 ,teletypesetter service1 by means of electrical impulses sent over ,bell ,system circuits1 makes it possible to set type for newspaper or other publication use speedily and from a distance4 ,facsimile service reproduces documents1 drawings and maps at the distant end and telephotograph service does the same for pictures4 8,general ,staff0 services benefit all ,serving the local communities in their territories is the responsibility of the operating companies4 ,there are1 however1 general problems shared by all the companies4 ,in order to handle these problems efficiently and at reasonable cost1 the operating companies contract with the ,,at,t ,company for those things that a centralized organization can do better and more economically4 ,this contractual relationship is an outgrowth of the original licensing arrangement1 in which the first telephone companies obtained instruments for the use of their subscribers4 ,it was founded on the necessities of the business4 ,it exists today for the same reason4 ,to meet this responsibility1 ,,at,t is organized to serve the operating companies in matters of engineering and operation1 finance1 accounting and law1 and to assist them in other ways that may help them in conducting their business4 ,through ,,at,t1 patent rights covering the results of ,bell ,system research in communications are made available to the operating companies4 ,it is the ,system's policy also to make licenses under such patents available to others outside the ,system on reasonable terms and on a non-exclusive basis4 ,illustration3 ,placed in service by ,long ,lines1 this teletypewriter system is the 8nerve center0 of a large business having main offices located in many states4 ,among the many ,,at,t staff services to the telephone companies are those described as 8operation and engineering40 ,these include the entire range of construction1 operation1 maintenance1 methods and practices4 ,the ,,at,t general staff constantly studies new ideas for improved equipment and practices that may originate anywhere in the ,system4 ,promising ideas are developed and tested1 usually in collaboration with the ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories4 ,improvements that result are spread over the whole ,bell ,system4 ,besides operation and engineering services1 other ,,at,t groups help the telephone companies devise better business and office routines4 ,still other groups advise the companies on the most efficient methods in accounting1 statistical analyses1 public relations and advertising activities1 and in all the many other phases of the telephone business4 ,out of the savings of the many ,one of ,,at,t's most important services to the operating telephone companies is financial assistance4 ,this is especially true in periods of rapid growth1 like the present4 ,in these times the telephone companies need vast sums of money for equipment and buildings to expand and strengthen the nation's communications network for defense1 and to meet the public demand for telephone service4 ,the money for improving and expanding telephone service comes from people in all walks of life4 ,it comes from the savings of the many1 not the wealth of the few4 ,most of this money is invested in securities of the ,,at,t ,company1 which in turn supplies funds to the operating companies4 ,by mid-#aiee ,,at,t was owned by about #a1cge1jjj people4 ,these owners live in all parts of the country1 in large cities1 small towns and rural areas4 ,they are truly a cross-section of ,america4 ,many ,,at,t share owners are long-time investors4 ,more than a fourth of them have owned their ,,at,t stock ten years or more4 ,and over #fj per cent of these have increased their investment during those ten years4 ,about #cea1jjj of the shareholdings represent two persons--husbands and wives1 mothers and daughters1 sisters and brothers--who have invested savings in their joint names4 ,besides the direct owners of ,,at,t1 many other people--such as insurance company policy holders and bank customers--help indirectly to finance the business through the ,,at,t shares held by organizations and trustees4 ,the largest ,,at,t shareholder is a nation-wide investment firm that holds stock for thousands of customers4 ,among other institutional holders are some #b1ajj churches1 #a1ajj hospitals and homes1 over #a1jjj schools and libraries1 over #ejj foundations and charities4 ,illustration3 ,,distribution ,,of ,a4 ,t4 4 ,t4 ,,share ,,owners ,,end ,,of #aied #fjh1jjj ,,women ,average ,holding #bi ,shares #cea1jjj ,,joint ,,account ,average ,holding #bf ,shares #big1jjj ,,men ,average ,holding #ch ,shares #ea1jjj ,,trustees ,,and ,,organizations ,average ,holding #aid ,shares ,more than #bjj1jjj ,bell ,system employees own ,,at,t stock purchased under payroll sayings plans4 ,many of these1 together with other employees1 are now buying shares under the current payroll sayings plan4 ,such widespread ownership by investors helps make possible the good telephone service you get today4 ,ideals and aims ,the management of the ,bell ,system recognizes its responsibility to treat fairly telephone users1 employees and share owners4 ,it believes that the interests of these three great groups of people are linked closely together4 ,management's aim and responsibility is to see that telephone users get the most and best possible service4 ,the cost of service must be as low as may be consistent with good wages and working conditions for employees and with a reasonable return for share owners on their investment in the business4 ,the ,bell ,system believes that the most and best possible service means telephone service for the nation that1 so far as possible1 is free from imperfections1 errors or delays--service that enables anyone1 anywhere1 to pick up a telephone and talk to anyone else1 clearly1 quickly1 at reasonable cost4 ,illustration3 ,coaxial cable can simultaneously transmit hundreds of telephone conversations and several ,,tv programs4 ,research ,improves ,telephone ,service ,telephone research began in #ahgf in the ,boston attic where ,alexander ,graham ,bell carried on his first successful experiments on the 8electric speaking telephone40 ,from ,bell's modest beginning has evolved the ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories of today1 where over #i1jjj scientists1 engineers1 technicians and auxiliary personnel constantly seek ways to improve telephone service1 widen its usefulness1 and keep its cost low4 ,some members of the ,laboratories are engaged in basic research4 ,they explore the physical sciences--physics1 mathematics1 chemistry--seeking basic knowledge that may contribute to better communications4 ,fundamental development is the second step in the chain leading toward manufacture and use4 ,in the third step1 groups engaged in systems engineering plan how the new knowledge and discoveries of research can be used to create new facilities for telephone service1 improve service1 or reduce costs4 ,final step is the specific development and design of new systems or products4 ,this involves the construction of laboratory models1 trial models1 service tests1 and preparations for mass production4 ,this description is1 of course1 a highly simplified account of the work of the ,laboratories4 ,the broad functions of research and development constantly merge4 ,at all times there must be close co-operation among various groups in the ,laboratories1 between the ,laboratories and the telephone companies1 where models are tried out1 and between the ,laboratories and ,western ,electric1 where products are manufactured4 ,here is just one example of the way research and development have extended telephony1 improved it1 and reduced its cost3 ,many years ago1 the use of a pair of wires instead of a single1 grounded wire greatly improved transmission and made it possible to talk longer distances4 ,this increased the demand for service but also increased the number of wires strung on telephone poles4 ,the large number of wires on towering poles along city streets began to cast shadows of doubt on the prospects for further growth4 ,compact cables had to be developed and a way found to run them underground4 ,years of painstaking study and trial accomplished this4 ,now some exchange cables contain as many as #b1aba pairs of wire4 ,this cable evolution illustrates the dollar value of telephone research and development4 ,the standard cable of #ahhh contained #ej pairs of wires and its installed cost was more than #aej per pair-mile4 ,in #aied1 despite rising costs1 underground cable cost in the order of #bj per pair-mile in place1 and much of it was #b1aba-pair4 ,a few milestones in research ,through the years ,bell ,laboratories has led progress in communications and electronics4 ,no scientific achievement has had more far-reaching effects on communications than the ,laboratories' work in the development of the vacuum tube4 ,bell scientists were the first to devise a practical amplifier tube which1 placed at intervals in long distance lines1 restored the energy of weakening voice currents1 making it possible to telephone from coast to coast4 ,the ,laboratories was the first to develop automatic equipment that can 8remember0 telephone numbers and perform other complicated operations in the central office4 ,by means of filtering apparatus1 developed by the ,laboratories1 one high frequency 8carrier0 can carry many speech currents at the same time4 ,largely because of carrier telephony1 the ,bell ,system has been able to reduce greatly the cost of long distance telephone service4 ,the ,laboratories pioneered the development of coaxial cable and microwave radio-relay systems4 ,both can be used to transmit television programs and hundreds of telephone conversations4 ,among the many other achievements of the ,laboratories have been important contributions to the design of computers--the amazing electronic machines that can work out problems that might otherwise take months or years of work by mathematicians4 ,a few years ago1 scientists at the ,laboratories invented the transistor4 ,this is a radically new device1 simple in design and tiny in size1 that performs most of the functions of the vacuum tube and does other things besides4 ,its effect on communications technology promises to be revolutionary4 ,early in #aied1 the ,laboratories announced a device that realizes one of the ancient dreams of mankind--the ,bell ,solar ,battery1 which converts the sun's light directly into useful amounts of electricity4 ,research that led to the transistor led also to the battery--and to a tiny and durable switch that one day may handle the automatic switching of your telephone calls1 and other things not yet imagined4 ,the ,laboratories and national defense ,the ,laboratories makes its services available to the armed forces for work to which it is uniquely suited4 ,it specializes in military communications and those instruments of war that depend heavily on communications and electronics4 ,in carrying out its military responsibilities1 the ,laboratories follows the same time-tested pattern that guides its ,bell ,system activities4 ,its military work grows out of research1 fundamental development1 systems engineering1 and finally specific development and design4 ,illustration3 ,bell ,telephone ,laboratories at ,murray ,hill1 ,new ,jersey ,reliability and trouble-free operation throughout long life are objectives of the ,laboratories in designing new equipment and products for the ,bell ,system4 ,the same objectives are also very important in designing military equipment4 ,because of this similarity in the two fields1 scientists and engineers in the ,laboratories often divide their working days between ,bell ,system and military problems4 ,personnel moves frequently between the two fields of endeavor4 ,thus the ,laboratories' long experience in the peacetime science of telephony helps strengthen the nation's defense--and discoveries that grow out of military preparedness help strengthen and improve the nations telephone system4 ,illustration3 8,nike10 one of the new weapons in ,america's defense arsenal4 ,this guided missile is directed in flight by electronic controls designed by ,bell ,laboratories and made by the ,western ,electric ,company4 ,illustration3 ,scientists responsible for the invention of the ,bell ,solar ,battery examine its characteristics at ,bell ,laboratories4 ,service of ,manufacture and ,supply ,the manufacture of reliable1 standardized telephone apparatus is a major responsibility of another ,bell ,system unit1 the ,western ,electric ,company4 ,it supplies to the operating companies telephone equipment of high quality at reasonable prices4 ,western ,electric also buys for the operating telephone companies supplies that it does not itself produce4 ,since large quantities are required1 this arrangement results in important economies4 ,western ,electric speeds delivery to the telephone companies of the right equipment and materials1 and the right time1 from stocks maintained in distributing houses from coast to coast4 ,also1 specially trained western ,electric forces install for the ,bell companies most of the complicated central office equipment required to connect all parts of the telephone system4 ,experience has proved the great value of centering these responsibilities in an organization that works as a unit of the ,system toward the same goals as the telephone companies--a service steadily improving and increasing in value to more and more people4 ,illustration3 ,one of many assembly operations in making ,bell telephones at a ,western ,electric plant in ,indianapolis4 ,one-fifth of these sets are now produced in colors4 ,evolution of an ,industry ,in the first few years after the telephone was invented1 six different manufacturers made telephone apparatus for the ,bell companies4 ,each produced equipment of different design and quality4 ,it quickly became apparent that progress depended upon standardized equipment of the best possible quality4 ,in #ahhb1 the ,bell ,system purchased the ,western ,electric ,manufacturing ,company4 ,this company had grown out of a partnership formed in #ahfi by ,enos ,m4 ,barton and ,elisha ,gray4 ,it had specialized at first in telegraph and then in telephone equipment4 ,ownership of ,western ,electric gave the ,system assurance of standardized equipment of high quality1 reasonable prices1 and a dependable source of supply4 ,illustration3 ,a ,western ,electric installer1 one of the members of a nation-wide team1 puts the finishing touches on new central office switching equipment installed for a ,bell telephone company4 ,illustration3 ,high-powered optical apparatus is needed to maintain the hair-splitting tolerances that are required in making miniature electronic tubes used in communications equipment4 ,growing with the ,system1 ,western ,electric became an enterprise of national stature4 ,its manufacturing operations are principally in ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,kearny1 ,n4 ,j41 ,baltimore1 ,md41 ,allentown1 ,pa41 ,tonawanda1 ,n4 ,y41 ,indianapolis1 ,ind41 and ,winston-,salem1 ,n4 ,c4 ,in the years since ,world ,war ,,ii the company's manufacturing facilities have undergone an almost continuous modernization and expansion4 ,in addition to building a number of new factories1 the company has rented or purchased other plants to obtain the manufacturing space required for the dual job of furnishing equipment needed by the armed forces and continuing to meet the requirements of the ,bell ,system4 ,a complex manufacturing job ,as manufacturing unit of the ,bell ,system1 ,western ,electric must be ready at all times to produce over #bjj1jjj different kinds of apparatus and component parts for telephone equipment4 ,each year1 about #gj1jjj of these are required and manufactured4 ,the quantity of each item produced varies from one to many millions4 ,mass production methods are used wherever possible1 but the items required in large quantities are very much in the minority4 ,in a recent year1 less than one per cent of the products manufactured were made in quantities of over #ajj1jjj4 ,about #cj per cent were made in quantities of less than #aj4 ,illustration3 ,applying lead sheathing to telephone cable4 ,illustration3 ,each of ,western ,electric's #bi distributing houses maintains an efficient repair shop where service-worn telephone apparatus is reconditioned so that it will give good service once again4 ,because telephone equipment must be tailor-made--much of it in small quantities--it is necessary for the manufacturing and supply unit to have intimate knowledge of ,bell ,system plant everywhere4 ,and since telephone plant must give trouble-free service #bd hours a day1 telephone equipment must be of the highest quality and built to exact1 uniform standards4 ,experience has proved that the design1 manufacture and operation of standard telephone equipment can be accomplished best when the designers1 the makers1 and the operating people work closely together on the same team4 ,supplies--when and where needed ,western ,electric's purchasing people constantly study world markets1 prices and potential sources of raw materials and finished products4 ,they work closely with suppliers that provide equipment and supplies that ,western itself does not make1 so that these will meet the ,bell ,system's high standards4 ,western also helps them develop better production methods4 ,illustration3 ,a fingertip view of a 8#b;,a0 transistor1 one model of the astonishing electronic device invented by ,bell ,laboratories and now being produced by ,western ,electric4 ,in a recent year ,western ,electric purchased from #bh1jjj large and small suppliers located in over #c1jjj towns and cities in all the #dh states4 ,purchases included1 in addition to all kinds of raw materials1 finished products ranging from pencils and pen points to automobiles and telephone poles4 ,western ,electric operates #bi distributing houses through which materials flow to the ,bell companies4 ,each house is set up to meet the supplies requirements of the telephone company it serves4 ,it works closely with the telephone organization to deliver the goods promptly and efficiently4 ,each distributing house maintains a repair shop to recondition service-worn telephone apparatus so that it will give good service again1 or1 if not economical to repair1 to dismantle it for salvage4 ,in a recent year the repair shops reconditioned over #aee1jjj1jjj worth of used equipment for the telephone companies1 including #e1djj1jjj telephones4 ,highly trained ,western ,electric men install central office equipment for the ,bell telephone companies4 ,altogether1 ,western ,electric is able to supervise all steps in making the equipment ready for use1 from purchase of raw materials to finished installation4 ,this assures the telephone companies that new apparatus will give the best possible service4 ,a national asset ,time and again the unified service of supply within the ,bell ,system has proved to be a national asset4 ,after hurricanes1 floods and fires1 when telephone company people go 8all out0 to restore service1 ,western ,electric swings into action to deliver the needed equipment and supplies4 ,and this equipment is standardized4 ,it is familiar to all telephone people and can be installed quickly anywhere4 ,western's productive capacity is ready also in any national defense emergency4 ,throughout ,world ,war ,,ii all of the company's resources were devoted to the needs of the ,united ,states and its allies for electronic and communications equipment1 including radar1 sonar and various types of radio equipment4 ,in the present national defense program1 ,western is not only helping to expand and improve ,america's telephone system1 but is using experience gained in its regular telephone job to supply specialized military equipment to the armed forces4 ,after ,world ,war ,,ii ,western ,electric produced record-breaking quantities of equipment to meet ,america's telephone needs4 ,it increased its production tremendously to meet the big demand for telephones1 willingly undertaking the financial risks of a big expansion program so that the operating companies could serve millions of people faster than otherwise possible4 ,since the end of ,world ,war ,,ii1 prices of manufactured goods of all kinds have gone up1 but ,western ,electric prices have gone up far less than the average--as of the end of #aied1 they had gone up less than half as much4 ,because it works as a unit of the ,system rather than toward a separate end of its own4 ,western ,electric plays an essential part in furnishing ,americans with the best telephone service at the lowest possible cost4 ,from ,bell to ,bell ,system ,illustration3 ,this model of ,bell's first telephone is a duplicate of the instrument through which speech sounds were first transmitted electronically1 #ahge4 ,the telephone we use today is very different in design from the first instrument invented by ,alexander ,graham ,bell1 but it works on the same principle4 ,as soon as ,bell proved his invention practical1 he foresaw it could link homes with offices1 sweep aside the isolation of farms1 and bind together cities and nations with electrically transmitted speech4 ,alexander ,graham ,bell had prepared himself to follow the professional footsteps of his father and grandfather in the teaching of proper articulation and the correction of speech defects4 ,he became a teacher of speech to the deaf4 ,early in his training1 his investigations into the nature of sound led him to study electricity4 ,it was out of this work1 together with his understanding of the organs of speech and hearing1 that his invention grew4 ,he attempted to apply sound to telegraphy in a device called the harmonic telegraph4 ,he hoped it would transmit several ,morse messages tuned at differing levels over the same circuit simultaneously4 ,while he was working with this device1 ,bell conceived the principle of the telephone4 ,he told his young mechanical assistant1 ,thomas ,a4 ,watson3 8,if ,i can get a mechanism which will make a current of electricity vary in intensity as the air varies in density when a sound is passing through it1 ,i can telegraph any sound1 even the sound of speech40 ,the twang of a reed ,this idea was clear in ,bell's mind by the summer of #ahga1 but he did not then know how to reduce it to practice4 ,on ,june #b1 #ahge1 he succeeded in doing so4 ,in adjoining attic rooms at #aji ,court ,street1 ,boston1 he and ,watson were trying out several pairs of harmonic telegraph instruments each consisting of an electromagnet with a steel organ reed vibrating over it4 ,one reed stuck4 ,watson plucked it with his finger to start it again1 but it did not come free1 so ,bell heard an unusual sound4 ,instead of hearing a series of electric pulsations1 he recognized the twang of a vibrating reed6 ,he knew then that1 as ,watson has put it1 8he was hearing1 for the first time in human history1 the tones and overtones of a sound transmitted by electricity40 ,that afternoon ,bell directed ,watson to make the instrument that was to be the first ,bell telephone4 ,this instrument transmitted voice tones1 but not until ,march #aj1 #ahgf1 did ,bell succeed in transmitting an intelligible sentence of speech4 ,the telephone talks ,on the evening of that day1 as the young inventor prepared a crude experimental transmitter to try to send his voice over a wire to a room down the hall where ,watson was listening1 he upset the acid of a battery4 ,it spilled over his clothes4 ,impulsively1 ,bell called out1 8,mr4 ,watson1 come here3 ,i want you60 ,an instant later ,watson burst into the room shouting 8,mr4 ,bell1 ,i heard every word you said--distinctly60 ,bell exhibited and demonstrated his telephone at the ,philadelphia ,centennial in ,june1 #ahgf1 where it won the enthusiastic approval of leaders in the scientific world4 ,but the general public showed little interest4 ,the young inventor had no financial backing other than that of ,thomas ,sanders and ,gardiner ,c4 ,hubbard4 ,in the fall of #ahga these men had agreed to supply funds for ,bell's telegraph experiments in return for a share in whatever patent rights might result from his experiments4 ,his telephone patents were later included in this agreement4 ,bell's first telephone patent had been granted on ,march #g1 #ahgf1 but was earning no return4 ,sanders and ,hubbard had advanced all they could4 ,in order to eke out his small personal income as a teacher1 and to provide funds for further experimentation1 ,bell began1 early in #ahgg1 to give lectures at which he demonstrated the telephone4 ,these were well attended1 and accounts of them were widely published4 ,a few forward-looking people began to realize the usefulness of the telephone4 ,in ,may1 #ahgg1 the first telephones were put into use on a commercial basis4 ,soon people throughout the country began to inquire about how to get into the telephone business4 ,how the ,bell ,system was formed ,the commercial development of the telephone had begun and the time had come for a more definite organization than the rather informal arrangement that had been made between ,bell1 ,sanders and ,hubbard1 into which ,watson had by this time been admitted4 ,this took the form of a trusteeship1 instituted in ,july1 #ahgg1 by these four owners of the patents4 ,hubbard was trustee and virtual executive head of the enterprise4 ,it was he who introduced the policy of leasing instruments instead of selling them and who introduced the system of licenses to authorized agents or licensees throughout the country for the commercial development of the telephone1 laying the foundation for the ,bell ,system of today4 ,telephones first were leased in pairs4 ,the lessee put up his own wire to connect his telephone with that of a friend or neighbor1 or ran the line between his home and place of business4 ,there was no way he could talk by telephone with others in the community who leased instruments4 ,illustration3 8,mr4 ,bell1 ,i heard every word you said--distinctly60 ,the interconnection of these individual subscribers awaited the development of the telephone switchboard4 ,the first switchboard was installed in the office of ,e4 ,t4 ,holmes1 in ,boston1 in ,may1 #ahgg1 and connected four banks and a manufacturing concern4 ,it connected these few telephones in the daytime by wires that were used for a burglar alarm system at night4 ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 became the first city in the world to have a commercial telephone exchange4 ,a switchboard connecting eight lines and #ba subscribers went into service there in ,january1 #ahgh4 ,two years later in ,april1 #ahhj1 the ,american ,bell ,telephone ,company was organized4 ,it greatly developed the telephone organization and business throughout the country4 ,a line from ,boston to ,providence was built in #ahha4 ,service between ,boston and ,new ,york1 #bce miles1 opened in #ahhd4 ,an important step in the attainment of a nation-wide telephone service was the organization of ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company in #ahhe4 ,this company was formed to build and operate long distance lines to interconnect the regional companies that had developed1 by merger and growth from early licensee companies4 ,to attain the ideal of universal telephone service1 it became increasingly important to extend the long distance lines even farther1 to carry on continuous investigation in the practical development of the telephone art1 to make further progress toward the standardization of apparatus1 equipment and methods and to handle economically and efficiently the many general problems shared by the telephone companies4 ,in #aijj1 therefore1 the ,american ,telephone and ,telegraph ,company took over the assets of the ,american ,bell ,telephone ,company and became the headquarters company of the ,bell ,system4 ,illustration3 ,artist's conception of the first commercial switchboard1 placed in service in ,new ,haven1 ,conn41 #ahgh4 ,in the early days of the telephone industry1 operators were men4 ,the ,future ,holds ,great ,promise ,illustration3 ,bakelite telephone ,year after year1 the ,bell ,system has provided service of steadily increasing value to more and more people4 ,through times of boom and depression1 during all-out war and postwar readjustment1 and now in a period of defense preparation1 the ,bell companies have improved and strengthened the communications network in order to do the best possible job for the nation4 ,here are some of the accomplishments that have been made in the period since #aibj3 ,fast1 accurate dial service has been extended to more than four-fifths of all ,bell ,system telephones4 ,sturdy cable lines1 capable of carrying thousands of conversations1 now reach from border to border1 and from coast to coast4 ,these transcontinental cable lines are invaluable for maintaining communications in case of a national emergency4 ,a microwave radio relay route1 carrying both telephone conversations and television programs1 now spans the nation4 ,the regional companies of the ,bell ,system have enlarged their facilities in order to take care of about #afj1jjj1jjj telephone conversations per day--more than four times as many as in #aibj4 ,drawing ,americans closer together1 long distance facilities have been expanded in order to handle more than #b1fjj1jjj1jjj intercity calls a year1 compared to about #bgj1jjj1jjj in #aibj4 ,radio-telephone provides regular service overseas1 to ocean liners1 coastal and inland watercraft1 motor vehicles1 trains and airplanes4 ,illustration3 ,by pressing keys1 these operators dial calls directly to telephones in distant places4 ,your telephone is more valuable ,your telephone is a much better 8buy0 than ever before4 ,many more people now have telephones1 and local calling areas have been extended4 ,you can call more people and more can reach you4 ,these days1 when the cost of nearly everything is higher than ever before1 the price of telephone service has remained relatively low4 ,on the average1 since the ,korean war1 the cost of telephone service has gone up much less than the cost of other things you buy4 ,illustration3 ,in the average exchange1 telephone customers are able to reach over five times as many telephones at local rates as in #aibj4 #aibj #cj1jjj #aied #aef1jjj ,chart based on study of #agj ,u4 ,s4 cities over #ej1jjj population4 ,over the years there has been a remarkable reduction in long distance rates4 ,between #be of the principal cities in the country1 the average day rate for station calls has dropped from #f in #aibj to about #a4ee today4 ,the day rate for a ,new ,york-,san ,francisco station call has been reduced from #af4ej to #b4ej4 ,overseas rates have been cut drastically since the service opened in #aibg4 ,a ,new ,york-,london call that cost #ge in #aibg now costs only #ab in the daytime1 or #i nights and ,sundays4 ,the goal--constantly improving service ,the ,bell ,system strives constantly to improve service4 ,new devices1 new systems1 promise more and better telephone service at the lowest possible cost4 ,dial service is being extended1 of course1 to more and more communities4 ,also1 new equipment now enables operators to dial many long distance calls straight through to distant telephones without the assistance of other telephone operators along the route4 ,operator long distance dialing networks now crisscross the country1 reaching out to about #c1fjj cities and localities4 ,other localities are constantly being joined to these networks4 ,in more than #dj towns special installations enable customers to dial long distance calls directly to more than #aa1jjj1jjj telephones from coast to coast4 ,an 8electric brain0 receives a number as it is dialed and completes the call4 ,an automatic accounting system gathers the information for billing4 ,bell telephone engineers plan the extension of this ,direct ,distance ,dialing to serve the whole nation in a decade or so4 ,bell ,system mobile telephone service is now a reality in most major cities and on many highways4 8,traveling telephones0 are numerous on ships that ply coastal and inland waterways1 and a growing number of passenger trains now offer regular telephone service4 ,in addition1 private line mobile telephone systems1 leased and serviced by the various ,bell telephone companies1 are being used increasingly by police departments1 utilities and industrial concerns4 ,with the help of fast1 economical construction methods and new transmission techniques1 the ,bell companies are improving and extending telephone service in rural areas4 ,power-driven augers quickly drill pole holes4 ,special plows place wire underground and cover it1 in one operation4 ,by means of special equipment1 both electric power and telephone conversations can travel to farms over the same wires4 ,illustration3 ,information for billing toll calls is punched on paper tape by automatic message accounting machine4 ,illustration3 ,ambulance driver talks over mobile telephone4 ,these methods have helped telephone engineers and construction forces put in rural telephone facilities three times faster than ever before4 ,gradually1 the telephone is eliminating the traditional isolation of farm life4 ,rural localities have been linked by literally tens of thousands of miles of new pole lines1 by modern central office buildings1 by the most up-to-date switchboards4 ,great strides are being made in improving the quality of rural telephone service4 ,with the steady pressure of world tensions1 the ,bell ,system has taken many steps to make sure that ,america's defense needs will be met4 ,the telephone companies have a good foundation to build on4 ,telephone buildings are of unusually strong construction4 ,the entire ,united ,states is blanketed by a network of telephone circuits4 ,american cities are underlaid by networks of underground cables1 which1 as wartime experience in ,japan showed1 would not generally be destroyed even by atom bombs4 ,the nation is now spanned--coast to coast1 and north to south--by 8backbone0 communication routes4 ,calls between cities can be routed over many alternate paths1 and destruction of telephone facilities at one point would be like throwing a pebble through a huge spider web4 ,while service at the one point might be temporarily interrupted1 the nation-wide communications web would continue to function4 ,because of the strength and flexibility of the telephone network1 the basic means of communication in the nation's ,civil ,defense setup has been built around the telephone4 ,throughout ,america the work of improving and strengthening the telephone system goes on4 ,the goal is to help make the nation invulnerable against attack1 and to provide the public with the best possible service1 at reasonable cost1 in rural communities1 in cities1 and on intercity routes4 ,illustration3 ,power driven augers help speed construction of rural telephone lines4 ,illustration3 ,civil ,defense air raid warning network relies mainly on telephone communications4 ,story without an ending ,neither chance nor mere good fortune has brought this nation the finest telephone service in the world4 ,americans enjoy this service as a result of their own enterprise and common sense4 ,the people of this nation have found more and more ways to use the telephone in their daily lives4 ,they have encouraged initiative and invention4 ,they have made the job of providing telephone service a public trust4 ,at the same time1 they have given the telephone companies1 under regulation1 the freedom and resources to do their job as well as possible4 ,in this climate of freedom and responsibility1 the ,bell telephone companies have provided service of steadily increasing value4 ,and the quality of service has been steadily improved4 ,in the years since ,world ,war ,,ii1 the public demand for service has been so great that the ,bell ,system has carried out the most extensive construction program ever undertaken in so short a time by any single enterprise4 ,the people of ,america made this program possible4 ,since the war1 and through #aied1 they have invested about seven billion dollars of their savings in ,bell ,system securities1 and this money has been used to construct new telephone buildings1 buy new equipment1 and extend service4 ,now1 some ten years after the war1 the term 8extend service0 means much more than being able to provide a telephone for those who want it4 ,today1 the telephone in ,america has gained many new dimensions as the ,bell ,system offers more and more things to meet the wants of the ,american people--things that add even more variety and convenience to its service4 ,telephones in attractive colors that blend or contrast with any decorative scheme2 telephones with illuminated dials that can be seen in the dark2 telephones with push buttons to answer as many as six lines2 equipment that will automatically answer calls when no one is in1 and give and take recorded messages--these are only a few of many4 ,bell ,system men and women1 with experience and skill1 backed by the great flexibility of their communications network1 are writing the story of steadily improving telephone service--a story that will have no ending4 ,printed in ,u4,s4,a4 #h-ee ,illustration3 ,sample telephones ,illustration3 ,endpapers ,transcriber's ,notes --,silently corrected a few typos4 --,retained publication information from the printed edition3 this e,book is public-domain in the country of publication4 --,in the text versions only1 text in italics is delimited by underscores4