,illu/ration3 ,cov] ,picture3 ,select$ 8buttons0 f ! clay bank along ! bea* at ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 7#j4h74 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,button ,,bay ,,/ate ,,p>k ,by ,,h>ry ,w4 ,,dodge1 ,,jr4 ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,=e/s ,,& ,,p>ks ,p]ry ,h4 ,m]rill1 ,director ,,v]mont ,,developm5t ,,dep>tm5t ,,v]mont ,,geological ,,survey ,*>les ,g4 ,doll1 ,/ate ,geologi/ #aifb ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,button ,,bay ,,/ate ,,p>k ,by ,h>ry ,w4 ,dodge1 ,jr4 ,,introduction ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k is locat$ on ! ea/]n %ore ( ,lake ,*ampla9 ) lake frontage on ,button ,bay 7see maps1 ,figs4 #a & #b74 ,?is ,v]mont ,/ate ,p>k is rea*$ f ! ne>e/ l>ge t[n1 ,v]g5nes1 by proce$+ s\?we/1 t[>d ,addison1 on ,/ate ,r\te #bb;,a = 4#be miles beyond ! bridge ov] ,ott] ,creek1 !nce1 "r on ! ,bas9 ,h>bor-,panton road = ano!r #a4d miles to ! fir/ road ent]+ f ! "r4 ,turn "r on ?is1 ! ,bas9 ,h>bor road1 & proce$ = #d4e miles1 !nce1 left = #a4d miles to ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k 7see map1 ,fig4 #b1 note arr[s74 ,a m direct road is plann$ to connect ! ,bas9 ,h>bor ,road ) ! ,p>k1 h[ev]1 ?is r\te has /ill n be5 complet$4 ,prior to its pres5t "n1 ,button ,bay1 ! 8sickle-%ap$ bay0 on :i* ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k is locat$ 0 t]m$ ,button ,m\ld ,bay#a4 ,9 8,! ,j\rnal ( ,william ,gillil&0 :i* is f\nd 9 ! 8,pione] ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ampla9 ,valley0 by ,w9sl[ ,c4 ,watson1 ,albany1 #ahfc1 & "u ! date ( ,septemb] #g1 #agfe1 is f\nd an entry :i* speaks ( 88 7,gillil&7 ov]tak+ #8! ,gov]nors & o!r g5tlem5'#b at ,button ,m\ld ,bay1 & go+ abo>d _! sloop40 ,a book ( *>ts by ,capta9 ,william ,*amb]s conta9s "o entitl$ 8,baye du ,ro*e ,f5due 7,split-,rock ,bay7 & ! s\nd+s tak5 9 ,augu/ #aggi40 ,at ! upp] corn] ( ! *>t is ! "n 8,button ,m\ld ,bay40 ,! fir/ appe>ance ( ! %ort5$ v]sion1 ,button ,bay1 seems to be 9 ,:itelaw's map ( #agif :i* 0 us$ z ! frontispiece ( ! ,c5sus volume1 8,heads ( ,families1 ,v]mont1 #ahjj40 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #a ,,map ,,( ,,we/-,,c5tral ,,v]mont ,,& ,,ea/]n ,,new ,,york ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #b ,:y ! "n ,button ,bay8 ,h4 ,m4 ,seely 7#aiaj1 p4 #bgd7c :5 discuss+ ! %orel9e ( ?is bay /ates1 8,besides %ells1 concretions#d1 "s ( /range imitative =ms 7_m %ap$ l animals71 are loos5$ f ! clay40 ,he goes on to say t a 8=m p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ! banks ( ! bay 7& on ! bea*7 has ! %ape & size ( a turn$ wood button-mold 7mold is commonly spell$ #8m\ld' by ! ,briti%71 a disc ) a hole 9 ! c5t]1 plane 7flat7 on "o side & convex on ! o!r0 7see ,fig4 #c & cov] picture74 ,! abundance ( ^! button mold-%ap$ concretions obvi\sly l$ to ! old] "n1 ,button ,m\ld ,bay :i* 0 lat] %ort5$ to ,button ,bay4 ,,! ,,geology ,,( ,,button ,,bay ,,/ate ,,p>k ,if ! visitor conf9es 8 w&]+s to ! ,/ate ,p>k ! mo/ conspicu\s geological features1 or clues to ! ,p>k's pa/ hi/ory1 are conc5trat$ 9 ! clay banks & adjac5t bea* :i* bord] ,lake ,*ampla9 7see ,fig4 #d74 ,! clays :i* cov] ! entire ,p>k record ?\s&s ( ye>s ( r rec5t ev5ts1 geologically speak+#e1 :i* took place 9 ! ,*ampla9 ,valley4 ,^! clays also record a v significant phase 9 ! developm5t ( pres5t ,lake ,*ampla94 ,be=e discuss+ ! clays x w be necess>y to outl9e "s ( ! geological ev5ts :i* prec$$ ! deposition ( ! clays1 t is1 "s ( ^? ev5ts :i* took place z ! la/ glacial ice lobe sl[ly retreat$ up ! ,*ampla9 ,valley & into ,canada4 ,! au?or has borr[$ heavily f an article by ,donald ,h4 ,*apman entitl$ 8,late-,glacial & ,po/-glacial ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ampla9 ,valley0 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! #aida-aidb 8,report ( ! ,/ate ,geologi/ on ! ,m9]al ,indu/ries & ,geology ( ,v]mont1 tw5ty-?ird ( 7!7 ,s]ies40 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #c4 ,wat]-worn concretions se5 on ! bea* ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,! button-mold %ape ( "s concretions l$ to ! incorporation ( ! ^w 8,button0 9 ! "n ,button ,bay 7,orig9ally1 ,button-,m\ld ,bay74 ,! *isel portion ( ! ,alp9e ice ax head is ab\t #e in*es long4 ,dur+ ! f9al retreat ( ! la/ ice %eet to invade ! ,new ,engl& /ates 7"s #aa1jjj to #ab1jjj ye>s ago7 an ice lobe1 :i* occupi$ ! ,hudson-,*ampla9 ,valley1 sl[ly wa/$ nor?w>d t[>d ! ,canadian bord]4 ,melt-wat] d]iv$ f ! melt+ glacial ice toge!r ) atmosph]ic wat] 7ra9 & sn[7 =m$ a succession ( lakes damm$ on ! nor? by ! glacial ice4 ,^! lakes empti$ to ! s\? ?r\gh ! ,hudson ,valley4 ,?is succession ( lakes & int]m$iate lake /ages w be discuss$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraphs4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #d4 ,view ( bea*1 ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k1 look+ t[>d ! s\!a/4 ,! bea* demon/rates sev]al wat]-level & /orm-level debris l9es4 ,note ! conspicu\s lack ( s& on ?is 8clay0 bea*4 ,! olde/ lake recogniz$ by ! geologi/s is t]m$ 8,lake ,albany0 & 0 conf9$ to ! ,hudson ,valley4 ,at ?is "t ! area ( pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla91 nor? ( ! ,hudson ,valley1 0 /ill cov]$ by glacial ice :i* 0 sl[ly melt+ z ! g5]al regional climate ?r\gh\t ,new ,engl& became w>m] & w>m]4 ,soon ! :ole ,hudson ,valley region began to rise#f out f b5ea? ! lake wat]s & 8,lake ,albany0 %all[$4 ,ev5tually a rock l$ge em]g$ j s\? ( ,s*uyl]ville1 ,new ,york 7actually at ,coveville1 ,new ,york7 ov] :i* ! wat]s f a new lake1 ,lake ,v]mont1 began to fl[4 ,lake ,v]mont1 ) its rock l$ge dam at ,coveville1 began to exp& nor?w>d z ! ice front retreat$ up ! ,*ampla9 ,valley4 ,sev]al di/9ct /ages 9 its developm5t are n[ recogniz$ 9 features#g demon/rat+ pa/ lake levels :i* are abundantly display$ close to ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,! 8lake-level indicators0 or features tell u1 9 addition to ! numb] ( di/9ct lake /ages 9 a giv5 area1 some?+ ab\t pa/ e>? movem5ts4 ,a 8l9e ( lake-level-elevation0#h is drawn ?r\gh ^? features outl9+ ea* pa/ lake or lake /age foll[$ by a comp>ison ( ea* l9e ) ^? l9es con/ruct$ = old] & y\ng] lakes or lake /ages4 ,if1 = any two lake-level l9es comp>$1 ^! l9es are n p>allel1 x c be assum$ t ! e>?'s cru/ 0 tilt$ dur+ ! "t betwe5 ! =mation ( _! lake-level features4 ,?is idea ( tilt+ ( ! e>?'s surface1 :i* is support$ ?r\gh ! /udy ( successive lake levels1 has prov5 ! key to ! pres5t /atus ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,at ! beg9n+ ( its hi/ory ,lake ,v]mont empti$ to ! s\? ?r\gh an outlet *annel locat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,coveville1 ,new ,york 7see map1 ,fig4 #e;,a74 ,?is /age 9 ! developm5t ( ,lake ,v]mont1 (t5 ref]r$ to z ! ,coveville ,/age1 saw lake wat]s fill ! ,*ampla9 ,valley f ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s on ! ea/ to a position we/ ( ! pres5t ,new ,york-,lake ,*ampla9 %orel9e4 ,su* ,v]mont t[ns z ,middlebury1 ,v]g5nes1 ,h9esburg1 ,burl+ton & ,col*e/] w\ld h be5 subm]g$ b5ea? ! lake wat]s 7see map1 ,fig4 #e;,b74 ,c]ta9 high areas su* z ,m\nt ,philo1 ,pease ,m\nta9 & ,cobble ,hill %[ lake-level features along _! sides :i* prove t ^! areas 7 isl&s ris+ above ! level ( ?is pa/ lake4 ,if y visit ,mt4 ,philo ,/ate ,p>k1 locat$ approximately #aa miles nor? ( ,v]g5nes1 "o ( ^! lake-level features1 a wave-cut t]race1 c be se5 at an elevation ( #ede feet & on ! s\? side ( ! hill 7at ! level ( ! second rev]se turn 9 y\r trip to ! summit area74#i ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #e ,,e>ly ,,coveville ,,maximum ,,coveville ,illu/ration3 ,figure #f4 ,look+ we/ f ! top ( ,m\nt ,philo ,/ate ,p>k4 ,! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s are on ! skyl9e1 ,lake ,*ampla9 9 middle backgr\nd & ! ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s /ret* f ,lake ,*ampla9 to ! base ( ,m\nt ,philo4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #g ,,=t ,,ann ,,maximum ,,m>9e ,,maximum ,%ortly aft] ,coveville ,lake ,v]mont rea*$ its maximum size 7see map1 ,fig4 #e;,b71 a s\!rn gorge-outlet 0 =m$ at an elevation l[] ?an ! previ\s ,coveville outlet 9 ! vic9ity ( ,=t ,ann1 ,new ,york 7,=t ,ann is locat$ approximately #h miles s\? ( ! pres5t s\!rn extremity ( ,lake ,*ampla974 ,! level ( ,lake ,v]mont's wat] dropp$ to ! new ,=t ,ann ,/age 7see map1 ,fig4 #g;,a74 ,evid5ce = ?is new lake level is se5 on ! slopes ( ,mt4 ,philo1 ,snake ,m\nta9 & ,cobble ,hill4 ,^! lake-level features are p>allel to & f\nd #ajj feet bel[ ^? ( ! ,coveville ,/age4 ,^! p>allel features1 !n1 indicate t v little1 if any1 tilt+ ( ! e>?'s cru/ _h tak5 place betwe5 ! ,coveville & ,=t ,ann lake /ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #h4 ,bea* & clay banks expos$ along ! ,lake ,*ampla9 portion ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,?is view is t[>d ! nor?we/ & includes a major portion ( ! ,p>k's lake frontage4 ,photo by ,rob]t ,b4 ,williams4 ,?is ,*ampla9 ice lobe cont9u$ to melt & retreat t[>d ! ,canadian bord] & beyond4 ,z ! glacial front approa*$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce valley1 fre% wat] f ,lake ,v]mont began to seep ?r\gh ! retreat+ ice lobe & into ! m>9e wat]s :i* fill$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce area4 ,sev]al %orel9e 7lake-level7 features are f\nd at diff]5t elevations bel[ ! ,=t ,ann ,/age ( ,lake ,v]mont & atte/ to a sl[ l[]+ ( ! lake level by ! escape ( fre% wat] to ! nor?4 ,! conspicu\s clays ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k 7 deposit$ dur+ ! next episode 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ampla9 ,valley1 a developm5t h]ald$ by cont9u$ retreat ( ! ice lobe & contact ) ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce m>9e wat]s4 ,let's take a look at ! clays s well display$ along ! ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k bea* & see if we c piece toge!r _! hi/ory4 ,,! ,,clays ,,( ,,button ,,bay ,,/ate ,,p>k ,! be/ location 9 ! p>k = a good look at ! clays :i* cov] ! entire ,p>k area is along ! lake bea* 7see ,figs4 #d & #h74 ,! bank av]ages #bc feet 9 height measur$ f ! bea* to ! top ( ! bank4 ,! wid? ( ! bea* v>ies seasonally & dur+ /orms z ! wat] level ( ,lake ,*ampla9 fluctuates 7see ,figs4 #d & #h74 ,a walk along ! bea* w reveal "s int]e/+ facts ab\t ! composition ( ! bea* & ! adjac5t clay banks4 ,"o _c help obs]v+ ! sc>city ( s&#aj on ! bea*4 ,! only adjac5t mat]ial to build ?is bea* is clay1 :i* "h conta9s a small quantity ( s& & "s concretions conta9+ lime4 ,! sickle %ape ( ,button ,bay keeps mo/ =eign s& f ! bea*4 ,! small pat*es ( s& pres5t soon give way to blue clay#aa :i*1 9 _m places1 =ms ! base ( ! bea*4 ,?is blue clay c also be se5 9 ! base ( ! bank 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ! ,p>k1 :]e x und]lies & is !re=e old] ?an ! br[n clay4#ab ,actually v little ( ! blue clay is expos$ 9 ! ,p>k4 ,f o!r locations along ! %ore ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & 9 ! m inl& areas ( ! ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s geologi/s h f\nd _m clues to help our und]/&+ ( its hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i;,a4 ,view ( ! ,br[n ,clay at ! base ( ! clay-cliff1 ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,= scale1 note ! small ballpo9t p5 re/+ on top ( l$ge 7left ( c5t]74 ,a close-up view ( ?is l$ge 7p5 9 same location7 is se5 9 ,figure #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #i;,b4 ,close-up view %[+ g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! ,br[n ,clay4 ,notice ! v]tical cracks 9 ! clay4 ,^! cracks or jo9ts are v common 9 ! clays ( ?is ,/ate ,p>k4 ,9 ,augu/ #ahdi ! incomplete skeleton ( a :ale#ac 0 f\nd 9 a railroad cut be+ excavat$ = ! ,rutl& & ,burl+ton ,railroad4 ,?is cut 0 locat$ approximately #ab miles s\? ( ,burl+ton & a mile ea/ ( ,lake ,*ampla94 ,! significant fact ab\t ?is 8f9d0 is t ^! bones 7 f\nd 9 ! same type ( blue clay t occurs at ! bea* 9 ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,clam & oy/] %ells 7,pelecypods7 7 f\nd 9 association ) ! :ale bones4 ,^! pelecypod %ells#ad & ! :ale bones %[ t ^! animals liv$ & di$ 9 cold m>9e wat]s4 ,lake ,*ampla9 today is a fre%-wat] lake & ! fi% & o!r organisms 9 x are ^? ( fre%1 n salty wat]4 ,yet ! blue clays 7& we are soon to le>n1 ! br[n clays7 hold evid5ce prov+ ! exi/5ce ( sea wat] 9 an area :]e a fre%-wat] lake is f\nd today4 ,c ?is be expla9$8 ,! br[n clay =ms mo/ ( ! ,p>k's clay banks 7see ,figs4 #i;,a & #i;,b 74 ,x c be exam9$ easily by ! visitor4 ,! bank is compos$ ( clay & v>iable am\nts ( f9e s&#ae 9 ?9 l5s-%ap$ bodies4 ,! h>d dry out] clay1 if ra9 has n j fall51 ( ! upp] #ae feet ( ! bank appe>s light br[n or tan-:ite & commonly conta9s int]sp]s$ :ite & blue /reaks4 ,9 ! section ( ! bank :i* 0 ! object ( detail$ /udy1 two conspicu\s convolut$ b$s#af 7 f\nd1 "o #e feet above ! bea*1 ! o!r ne>ly #b feet above ! fir/4 ,%ells ( pelecypods#ag occur at two & p]haps ?ree levels )9 ! bank4 ,!y c be se5 easily 9 _m slump$ clay bodies along ! bea* 7see ,fig4 #aj1 9 :i* ! %ells are ma9ly ,macoma & ,saxicava74 ,^! %ells once belong$ to liv+ animals ^: v close relatives & id5tical y\ng] g5]ations are f\nd liv+ today 9 cold ,arctic wat]s4 ,br[n clays 7 deposit$ 9 a m>9e ,*ampla9 ,sea4 ,h[ did ^! m>9e wat]s get into ! ,*ampla9 ,valley8 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #aj4 ,close-up view %[+ ! pelecypod 7clam7 %ells :i* occur )9 ! ,br[n ,clays4 ,note small ,ballpo9t p5 = scale4 ,^! %ells tell u ( ! m>9e orig9 = ^! clays4 ,! pelecypods "h are ,saxicava & ,macoma4 ,rememb] f ! previ\s discussion ( ,lake ,v]mont t z ! ,*ampla9 ice lobe retreat$ into ,canada1 fre% wat] f ,lake ,v]mont began to seep ?r\gh ! ice lobe into ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,valley4 ,?is seepage caus$ a gradual l[]+ ( ! ,lake ,v]mont wat]-level until ! lake rea*$ a /age l[] ?an ! m>9e wat]s ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce ,sea4 ,soon ! sea wat] began to flood ,lake ,v]mont & true m>9e conditions 7 rea*$4 ,^! m>9e wat]s rea*$ z f> s\? z ,:itehall1 ,new ,york1 :i* is locat$ ne> ! s\!rn end ( pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla94 ,! maximum area cov]$ by ! ,*ampla9 ,sea did n equal ! greate/ size atta9$ by ! fre% wat]s ( ,lake ,v]mont4 ,= in/ance1 ! sea did n ext5d z f> ea/ z ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s except 9 ! v nor!rnmo/ region ( ,v]mont4 ,9 ! vic9ity ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k ^! wat]s ext5d$ less ?an a mile ea/ ( ,v]g5nes1 & ! t[ns ( ,middlebury1 ,h9esburg & ,*>lotte w\ld h be5 entirely above wat] 7see map1 ,fig4 #g;,b74 ,x has be5 po/ulat$ t m>9e wat]s ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! l5g? ( ! ,*ampla9 ,valley & into ! ,hudson ,valley1 =m+ a cont9u\s /rip ( m>9e wat] f ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ! ,atlantic ,ocean at ! m\? ( ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,if ?is 7 true1 ,new ,engl& w\ld h be5 an isl& only a few ye>s ago 7geologically speak+74 ,! weight ( evid5ce available today does n support ! prior exi/5ce ( ?is connect+ ribbon ( sea wat]4 ,today ,lake ,*ampla9 conta9s fre% wat] aga91 & ! m>9e conditions h retreat$ back into ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce4 ,:at happ5$ to p]mit a return to fre% wat] conditions8 ,! lakes & lake-/ages discuss$ are kn[n f ! pres5ce ( v>i\s %orel9e features1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ 8high & dry40 ,ea* lake or lake-/age has its own set ( lake-level features4 ,an int]e/+ fact em]ges f a /udy ( any "o =m] lake4 ,! pres5t elevation above sea level ( delimit+ lake-level features is n ! same ?r\gh\t4 ,to expla9 ?is m fully1 ! pres5t elevation ( ^? features =m$ :5 ! ,*ampla9 ,sea 0 at its maximum ext5t w be exam9$4 ,at ,%elburne ,falls ! pres5t elevation ( ^! features is #cjj feet1 at ,/4 ,albans #ddj feet1 & at ,roxton1 ,quebec1 #eeb feet4 ,x w be not$ t proce$+ f s\? 7,%elburne ,falls7 to nor? 7,roxton7 a diff]5ce ( ov] #bej feet is f\nd betwe5 features =m$ at an id5tical "t 9 ! pa/4 ,! wat] 9 any lake is practically level4 ,x !re=e foll[s t ! pres5t #cjj1 #ddj & #eeb foot elevations ( ! %orel9e features are ! result ( subsequ5t tilt+ ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,p]haps ! foll[+ ref]5ce to ! wat] level ( pres5t ,lake ,*ampla9 w help 9 y\r und]/&+ ( ?is tilt+4 ,! pres5t-day av]age level ( ! wat] 9 ,lake ,*ampla9 is ab\t #ib feet above ! level ( ! ,atlantic ,ocean4 ,?is wat]-level elevation is con/ant ?r\gh\t ! ext5t ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & is n1 say1 #ib feet at ,button ,bay & #aib feet at ,burl+ton4 ,aga91 ! only way t features demon/rat+ pa/ lake m>g9s or levels c\ld1 = any "o lake or lake-/age1 n[ exi/ at diff]5t elevations w\ld be if "s e>? movem5ts took place aft] ! =mation ( ! features1 result+ 9 a *ange f _! orig9al elevations4 ,! e>?'s cru/ has be5 tilt$1 high] 9 ! nor? ?an 9 ! s\?1 dur+ rec5t times4 ,?is tilt+ provides ! clue to ! =mation ( pres5t-day ,lake ,*ampla94 ,major tilt+ took place aft] ! maximum m>9e invasion4 ,tilt+ cont9u$1 at a decreas+ rate1 p]haps1 to ! pres5t day4 ,?is tilt+1 ) great] relative rise 9 ! nor?we/1 ev5tually rea*$ a po9t :]e m>9e wat]s 7 exclud$ f ! ,*ampla9 ,bas94 ,fre% wat] sl[ly dilut$ ! salty m>9e wat]4 ,! lake ga!r$ m & m fre% wat] ?r\gh ra9 & melt+ sn[1 & a new outlet =m$ 9 ! nor?1 9 ! approximate location ( ! pres5t ,ri*elieu ,riv]4 ,! area ( ,lake ,*ampla9 sl[ly increas$ to its pres5t size1 & ! clays :i* once =m$ lake & sea bottom became ! 8h>d e>?0 ( ! ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s4 ,cont9u$ tilt+ caus$ flood+ ( ! /reams1 especially 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,lake ,*ampla91 su* z ! n[ swampy ,ott] ,creek & its tribut>y ,dead ,creek 7see map1 ,fig4 #b74 ,?is concludes ! /ory ( ! ,p>k clays4 ,f ! rocks :i* crop out )9 a %ort walk+ di/ance ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k a mu* old] segm5t ( geologic hi/ory c be /udi$4 ,,! ,,old] ,,rocks ,! rocks :i* und]lie ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k c be se5 along ! small creek :i* is locat$ j s\? ( ! ,p>k4 ,x is sugge/$ t ! visitor walk s\?w>d 7to ! "r if approa*+ ! road f ! lake front7 along ! ma9 p>k road until ! fir/ culv]t b5ea? ! road is rea*$4 ,look+ d[n ! creekb$ t[>d ! lake1 "o c readily see ! old] rocks 7see ,a1 ,figure #aa74 ,fossils#ah are f\nd 9 ^! tilt$ rocks :i* tilt or dip t[>d ! nor!a/ & 8/rike0 nor?we/w>d4 ,fossils date ! rocks und]ly+ ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k z ,middle ,ordovician4#ai ,! mo/ abundant fossil is a trilobite1 ,tri>?rus1 b1 ev5 ?is anci5t ar?ropod#bj is n easily f\nd 9 ^! lime/ones & limy %ales4 ,a sket* ( ,tri>?rus 7t portion f\nd fossiliz$7 appe>s 9 ,plate #a4 ,^! rocks conta9+ ,tri>?rus beckii belong to ! ,/ony ,po9t =mation & are ( late ,%]man ,fall or ,d5m>kian age4 ,"o ( ! jobs ( ! geologi/ is to recon/ruct ! paleogeography 7anci5t geography7 ( a region4 ,! diff]5t k9ds ( rocks pres5t & _! di/ribution patt]ns1 toge!r ) ! types ( fossil plants & animals f\nd1 tell ! geologi/ ( pa/ l&s & seas1 w>m & cold climates4 ,! rocks ( ! ,/ony ,po9t =mation 7! rocks :i* und]lie mo/ ( ! ,p>k7 tell ( w>m m>9e wat]s1 a pa/ sea1 bord]$ by relatively l[ l& areas4 ,! fossils conta9$ 9 ! ,/ony ,po9t =mation atte/ to ! pres5ce ( relatively %all[ m>9e wat]s4 ,! fact t ^! ,ordovician rocks are tilt$ & brok5 by faults proves t major e>? movem5ts#ba took place sometime aft] _! li?ification4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate #a #a;,a1 ,b1 ,c2 ,maclurites magnus ,lesueur 7,x #j4e74 ,l[]1 upp] & side views4 ,cr[n ,po9t lime/one4 ,,ga/ropod 7snail74 #b2 ,tri>?rus beckii ,gre5 7,x #c74 ,top view ( c5tral "p ( head region4 ,/ony ,po9t %ale4 ,,trilobite4 #c2 ,saxicava 7,x #c74 ,plei/oc5e m>9e clays4 ,,pelecypod4 #d2 ,macoma 7,x #c74 ,plei/oc5e m>9e clays4 ,,pelecypod4 #e;,a1 ,b2 ,rh9idictya 7,x #i & ,x #a74 ,orwell lime/one4 ,,bryozoan4 #f;,a1 ,b1 ,c3 ,cryptoli?us tesselatus ,gre5 7,x #b74 ,top1 side & front views4 ,gl5s ,falls lime/one4 ,,trilobite4 #g2 ,raf9esqu9a4 ,int]nal view4 ,orwell & ,gl5s ,falls lime/ones4 ,,bra*iopod4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figure #aa ,,geologic ,,map ,,old] ,,rocks 7fault7 ,,cr[n ,,po9t ,,lime/one ,,*azy 7,,valc\r87 7,clay cov]$ 9 mo/ areas7 ,,orwell ,,lime/one 7clay cov]$7 ,,gl5s ,,falls ,,lime/one 7clay cov]$ 9 mo/ areas7 7fault7 ,,/ony ,,po9t ,,=mation 7clay cov]$ 9 mo/ areas7 ,,geology ,,nor? ,,( ,,p>k ,,b\nd>y ,,adapt$ ,,f ,,*>les ,w4 ,,welby--#aifa ,f ! nor? b\nd>y ( ! ,p>k & along ! ,lake ,*ampla9 %orel9e old] & old] ,ordovician rocks are enc\nt]$4#bb ,! rocks 7see geologic map1 ,fig4 #aa71 prim>ily tilt$ m>9e lime/ones1 display a v>iety ( fossils1 "s ( :i* are illu/rat$ 9 ,plate #a4 ,figure #ab is a view ( ! we/ side ( ,button ,isl& %[+ an #ah-;in* ?ick reefy zone 9 ! ,orwell lime/one4 ,! reefy zone is compos$ l>gely ( tumbl$ heads ( colonial corals & /romatoporoids4 ,a select$ li/ ( ref]5ce books & articles1 "s ( :i* conta9 plates pictur+ ,ordovician fossils1 is f\nd at ! end ( ?is section4 ,ordovician & old] rocks 7 lift$1 fold$ & fault$ dur+ ! ,taconic ,di/urbance4 ,dramatic evid5ce = ?is p]iod ( cru/al in/ability is se5 9 ! ,*ampla9 ,?ru/1 a major s]ies ( faults :i* c be se5 ea/ ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,! evid5ce = su* a fault sy/em1 :i* is m fully discuss$ 9 ano!r pamphlet1 is readily se5 on ,m\nt ,philo :]e old] ,cambrian rocks h ov]ridd5 7be5 ?ru/ ov]7 y\ng] ,ordovician ones4 ,z "t pass$ 9 ! ,button ,bay region y\ng] & y\ng] s$im5ts 7 deposit$ ov] ! top ( fold$ & erod$ ,ordovician rocks4 ,^! s$im5ts became rock & 9 turn sl[ly broke into fragm5ts :i* 7 transport$ to o!r areas :]e !y 7 deposit$ aga9 z s$im5ts4 ,! glaci]s pass$ ov]1 leav+ _! rock debris beh9d z !y wa/$ nor?w>d4 ,m>9e clays 7 sl[ly deposit$ f ! wat]s ( ! ,*ampla9 ,sea4 ,today only ! m>9e clays re/+ on ! bevel$ edges ( ,middle ,ordovician rocks c be se5 9 ! ,p>k4 ,! hi/ory ( ! e>? is op5 = all to read4 ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k c tell u only ! hi/ory :i* is record$ 9 its clays & und]ly+ rocks4 ,z we h se51 !re are c]ta9 giant geologic "t gaps 9 ! ,p>k area1 b _m ( ^! d n exi/ 9 o!r places & 9 o!r ,p>ks4 ,if ?is pamphlet has /imulat$ an int]e/ 9 fill+ 9 ^! "t gaps ?r\gh y\r /udy ( rocks 9 o!r places1 !n x has fulfill$ its purpose4 ,! pres5t int]e/ 9 ,space dem&s a good long look at ! ,planet ,e>?4 ,good ,hunt+6 ,illu/ration3 ,figure #ab4 ,b$d$ ,orwell lime/one on op5-lake side ( ,button ,isl&1 %[+ pat*es ( /romatoporoids & colonial corals 7:ite areas74 ,photo by ,c4 ,w4 ,welby4 ,,sugge/$ ,,read+ ,hi/orical ,geology1 by ,c>l ,o4 ,dunb>1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,inc41 ,new ,york1 #aifj4 ,good g5]al treatm5t ( :at ! rocks c & d tell geologi/s ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,e>?4 ,h&book ( ,paleontology = ,beg9n]s & ,amateurs1 ,"p #a1 ,! ,fossils1 by ,w9ifr$ ,goldr+1 ,new ,york ,/ate ,museum ,h&book #i 7obta9able f3 ,paleontological ,rese>* ,in/itution1 #aij ,de>born ,place1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y474 ,fossils1 ,an ,introduction to ,prehi/oric ,life1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,mat!ws ,,iii1 #aifb1 ,b>nes & ,noble1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 ,e>? hi/ory & paleontology1 a g5]al guide = ! amateur collector4 ,b$rock ,geology ( ! ,c5tral ,*ampla9 ,valley ( ,v]mont1 by ,*>les ,w4 ,welby1 #aifa4 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey ,bullet9 #ad4 ,/&>d "w = ! geology 9 ! region ( ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,paleontology ( ! ,*ampla9 ,bas9 9 ,v]mont1 by ,c4 ,w4 ,welby1 ,v]mont ,geology ,s]ies1 ,v]mont ,geological ,survey4 ,a treatise on ! paleontology ( ! ,*ampla9 ,bas9 design$ = ! amateur4 ,9 press4 ,index ,fossils ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 by ,h4 ,w4 ,%im] & ,r4 ,r4 ,%rock1 #aidd1 ,john ,wiley ,sons1 ,inc41 ,new ,york4 ,conta9s _m plates depict+ sev]al ( ! fossils f\nd 9 & adjac5t to ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 ,footnotes #a,mo/ ( ! in=mation = ?is section 0 graci\sly suppli$ by ,cl>a ,e4 ,follette1 ,libr>ian & ,museum ,director1 ,v]mont ,hi/orical ,society1 ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont1 9 a lett] to ! au?or dat$ ,april #bf1 #aifa4 #b8,! gov]nors 7& o!r g5tlem57 appe> to h includ$ ,sir ,h5ry ,moore1 ,gov]nor ( ,new ,york1 ,g5]al ,c>leton1 ,gov]nor ( ,quebec1 ,brig4 ,g5]al ,philip ,s*uyl] 7& ,adolphus ,b5zel1 map mak]74 ,! activities ( ^! p]sons on ! lake at t "t 7 evid5tly conc]n$ ) mak+ obs]vations1 prim>ily to det]m9e b\nd>ies40 #c,seely1 ,h4 ,m41 #aiaj1 ,prelim9>y ,report ( ! ,geology ( ,addison ,c\nty2 ,v]mont ,/ate ,geologi/1 #g? ,bi5nial ,report1 p4 #beg-cae4 #d;,concretions consi/ ( conc5trations ( c]ta9 *emical elem5ts & comp\nds into regul> or irregul> masses4 ,_m times ! c5t] ( a concretion consi/s ( a def9ite nucleus su* z a gra9 ( s& or %ell fragm5t4 ,= a g5]al idea ( ! size & %ape ( ! concretions se5 along ! ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k bea* see ,fig4 #c & cov] picture4 #e,^! clays 7 deposit$ f m>9e wat]s :i* flood$ ! ,*ampla9 ,valley aft] ! f9al retreat ( ! glaci]s :i* completely cov]$ ,new ,engl& dur+ ! 8,great ,ice ,age0 or ,plei/oc5e ,epo*4 ,! ,plei/oc5e ,epo* began approximately "o million ye>s ago & if ! age ( ! ,e>? is consid]$ to be five billion 7#e1jjj million7 ye>s1 !n1 ! clays d record rec5t geologic hi/ory4 #f;,z ! weight ( ! ice 0 remov$ f ! ,hudson ,valley region ! e>?'s cru/1 9 way ( adju/m5t to ?is removal ( weight1 sl[ly began to rise4 ,"s geologi/s d\bt :e!r ! removal ( ice weight alone c acc\nt = ! cru/al rise & propose o!r int]nal =ces z p>tly or :olly responsible4 ,! fact rema9s t ! e>?'s cru/ did rise 9 ?is area4 #g;,z ! ice retreat$1 a succession ( lakes =m$ 9 ! ,*ampla9 ,valley4 ,ea* lake _h a level wat]l9e dur+ its hi/ory & c]ta9 lake%ore features =m$1 z !y d 9 any pres5t-day lake1 ) respect to ea* pa/ level wat]-l9e4 ,= example1 ridges ( s& & gravel 7 heap$ along ! %orel9e by lake waves4 ,wave-cut & wave-built flat areas or t]races 7 =m$ along ! m>g9s ( lakes or along ! sides ( isl&s )9 a lake4 ,/reams ent]+ a lake built deltas by deposit+ mat]ials x _h c>ri$ d[n f ! surr\nd+ highl&s4 #h;,elevation is measur$ 9 feet above ! mean sea level ( today1 ) mean sea level be+ z]o feet4 #i;,a mo/ impressive view c be ga9$ f any "o ( ! sev]al look\t po9ts at ! summit level ( ,mt4 ,philo4 ,look+ to ! we/1 t[>d ,lake ,*ampla91 & s\? 9 ! direction ( ,v]g5nes & ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k1 a ?ree dim5sional view ( an old lake 7,lake ,v]mont7 c be se54 ,9 ?is view ! pres5t ,lake ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s repres5t ! old lake bottom & ! num]\s hills ris+ above ?is ,l[l& 7 once isl&s or ne>-isl&s :i* dott$ ! surface ( ! lake4 ,x takes v little imag9ation to place y\rself on ! 8isl& ( ,mt4 ,philo0 & to visualize a boat ti$ to a dock j bel[ ! rocky cliffs on :i* y /&4 ,a trip to ,mt4 ,philo ) its spectacul> view ( ! ,*ampla9 ,l[l&s 7see ,fig4 #f7 is recomm5d$4 #aj,"o ^w ( caution1 ! ,p>k au?orities may import s& f o!r areas ( ,v]mont to improve ! swimm+ facilities along ! bea*4 ,9 ?is case1 ! abundant s& on ! bea* w n con/itute ! 8natural bea* composition0 = ,button ,bay ,/ate ,p>k4 #aa,! blue color is due to ! pres5ce ( f]r\s iron 7bival5t iron7 toge!r ) iron comp\nds 9 :i* iron has its high] *emical val5ce 7f]ric iron74 ,?is f]r\s iron dem&s a *emically r$uc+ environm5t = its =mation & indicates t ! clays 7 deposit$ 9 a %all[ sea or t !y rema9$ = "s "t b5ea? a /able wat]-table4 ,!y conta9$ a fair quantity ( decay+ organic mat]ial4 #ab,! br[n color is due to ! pres5ce ( ! f]ric hydroxide1 goe?ite 7,h,fe,o74 #ac,?is fossil :ale is sci5tifically kn[n z ,delph9apt]us v]montanus 7,?ompson74 #ad,! pelecypods f\nd are sci5tifically kn[n z ,macoma gro5l&ica & ,saxicava rugosa4 #ae,! size limits ( s& lie betwe5 #bmm 9 diamet] 7l>ge/7 & _/mm 9 diamet] 7smalle/74 ,two millimet]s 7mm7 equals approximately _/ in*es4 ,f9e s& w\ld fall betwe5 mm & mm 9 diamet]4 #af;,convolute b$s %[ _! lay]s ?r[n into a s]ies ( folds 7"s q irregul>7 :i* result f ! press+ weight ( ov]ly+ s$im5ts on highly pla/ic lay]s b5ea?4 ,"s feel t ^! folds 7 ! result ( actual fl[age ( ! lay]s 9 ! direction ( _! tilt1 & o!rs cr$it ! di/ort$ b$d+ to ! press+ weight ( l>ge b\ld]s4 ,^! dragg$ across ! lay]s :ile /ill froz5 to ov]rid+ glacial ice4 #ag,! au?or not$ bo? ,macoma gro5l&ica & ,saxicava rugosa 7see ,fig4 #aj & ,plate #a1 ,sket*es #c & #d74 #ah;,fossils are ! pres]v$ evid5ce ( pa/ life 7animal or plant7 z f\nd 9 rocks or s$im5ts1 = example1 ! clams f\nd 9 ! clays4 ,!y may be direct evid5ce1 su* z ! actual %ells or m9]alogically replac$ %ells ( long-dead animals2 or indirect evid5ce1 su* z ! tracks or trails ( animals n[ pres]v$ 9 rocks4 #ai;,geologic "t is divid$ into f\r ,eras :i* are designat$ f olde/ to y\nge/3 ,precambrian1 ,paleozoic1 ,mesozoic1 & ,c5ozoic4 ,ea* ( ^! ,eras is divid$ into geologic ,p]iods ( "t4 ,! ,ordovician ,p]iod is next to ! olde/ ,p]iod ( ! ,paleozoic ,era4 ,?is ,p]iod began "s #dbj million ye>s ago1 & end$ approximately #cfj million ye>s ago4 #bj,pres5t ,ar?ropods include ! insects1 spid]s & crabs4 ,ar?ropods1 :i* are inv]tebrate animals 7)\t backbones71 are *>act]iz$ by jo9t$ legs1 *it9\s out] cov]+ & segm5t$ body p>ts4 ,trilobites 7 v num]\s 9 ! e>ly ,paleozoic seas1 b became ext9ct be=e ! end ( t ,era4 #ba,! fold+ & ! fault+ ( ! ,ordovician rocks took place sometime betwe5 ! clos+ phases ( ! ,ordovician ,p]iod & ! beg9n+ ( late ,silurian "t 7betwe5 #cfj & #ccj million ye>s ago74 ,usually ^! e>? movem5ts are ascrib$ to ! ,taconic ,di/urbance :i* took place at ! end ( ! ,ordovician ,p]iod4 #bb;,a walk along ! bea* 9 ! direction ( ,button ,isl& or 8sickle po9t0 7we/ & !n s\? f ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! ,p>k7 trav]ses ! foll[+ geologic =mations3 ! ,gl5s ,falls lime/one :i* c be se5 on ,%ip ,po9t 7actually an isl& (f ! nor!rn end ( ! ,p>k72 ! ,orwell lime/one1 se5 on ,button ,isl&2 ! ,valc\r =mation :i* makes up 8sickle po9t02 & ! ,cr[n ,po9t lime/one :i* is f\nd on ! ,bas9 ,h>bor-side ( 8sickle po9t40 ,^! rock units belong to ! ,*azyan ,/age 7,cr[n ,po9t lime/one & ,valc\r =mation7 & ! next y\ng] ,mohawkian ,/age 7,orwell & ,gl5s ,falls lime/ones7 ( ! ,middle ,ordovician ,*ampla9ian ,s]ies4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes --,sil5tly correct$ a few typos4 --,reta9$ publication in=mation f ! pr9t$ edition3 ?is e,book is public-doma9 9 ! c\ntry ( publication4 --,9 ! text v]sions only1 text 9 italics is delimit$ by und]scores4